{"note": "Atlas entities NAMED in an article's own text, with the sentence and section. Not causes and never presented as causes: this is what the article is about, placed in time. Matching is deliberately narrow - unique multi-word labels, or single words of 8+ characters, case-sensitive on word boundaries - because a wrong match here is a confident row pointing at the wrong century.", "links": {"Q8683": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in the aftermath of the Second World War and ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of the Second World War in 1945, during which the US and USSR had been allies, the USSR installed satellite governments in its occupied territories in Eastern Europe and North Korea by 1949, resulting in the political division of Europe (and Germany) by an \"Iron Curtain\"."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The USSR tested its first nuclear weapon in 1949, four years after the US used its own on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and allied with the People's Republic of China, founded in 1949."}, {"id": "Q151349", "label": "Berlin Blockade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berlin Blockade of 1948 to 1949 was an early confrontation, as was the Korean War of 1950 to 1953, which ended in a stalemate."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berlin Blockade of 1948 to 1949 was an early confrontation, as was the Korean War of 1950 to 1953, which ended in a stalemate."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuban Revolution of 1959 installed the first communist regime in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis began after deployments of US missiles in Europe and Soviet missiles in Cuba; it is widely considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into nuclear war."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuban Revolution of 1959 installed the first communist regime in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis began after deployments of US missiles in Europe and Soviet missiles in Cuba; it is widely considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into nuclear war."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Another major proxy conflict was the Vietnam War of 1955 to 1975, which ended in defeat for the US."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Animosity between the Allies of World War II predated the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "A 1944 accord between Churchill and Stalin further complicated matters in Eastern Europe; the two had agreed to non-interference in one another's spheres of influence, in Greece and in Romania and Bulgaria respectively."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Because of the alignment of many Latin American nations with the United States, the Soviets feared that a pro-American majority would be used against them."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "They opposed the admission of Argentina into the UN, and called for a more expansive Security Council veto."}, {"id": "Q527012", "label": "Stanisław Mikołajczyk", "section": "Background", "says": "Stalin ultimately accommodated the American positions on the UN veto and on the Polish government, allowing Oskar Lange and Stanisław Mikołajczyk to join it."}], "Q2763": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holocaust, known in Hebrew as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered around six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, approximately two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population."}, {"id": "Q36756", "label": "Kristallnacht", "section": "lead", "says": "Meant to force all German Jews to emigrate, regardless of means, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged violence, and orchestrated a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht in November 1938."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, 1.5 to 2 million Jews were murdered by German forces and local collaborators."}, {"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "lead", "says": "By early 1942, following the Wannsee Conference presided by Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazis' Final Solution was implemented to murder all Jews in Europe."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "lead", "says": "By early 1942, following the Wannsee Conference presided by Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazis' Final Solution was implemented to murder all Jews in Europe."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians note that Adolf Hitler frequently communicated major policy decisions verbally to Heinrich Himmler rather than through written directives."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians note that Adolf Hitler frequently communicated major policy decisions verbally to Heinrich Himmler rather than through written directives."}, {"id": "Q158044", "label": "Operation Reinhard", "section": "lead", "says": "The murder rate was most intense during Operation Reinhard from March 1942 to November 1943."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The turn of the twentieth century saw a major effort to establish a German colonial empire overseas, leading to the Herero and Nama genocide and subsequent racial apartheid regime in South West Africa."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "World War I (1914–1918) intensified nationalist and racist sentiments in Germany and other European countries."}], "Q6534": [{"id": "Q620965", "label": "coup of 18 Brumaire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the Coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the monarchy was replaced by the French First Republic in September, followed by the execution of Louis XVI himself in January 1793."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the monarchy was replaced by the French First Republic in September, followed by the execution of Louis XVI himself in January 1793."}, {"id": "Q44197", "label": "Maximilien Robespierre", "section": "lead", "says": "After another revolt in June 1793, the constitution was suspended, and political power passed from the National Convention to the Committee of Public Safety, dominated by radical Jacobins led by Maximilien Robespierre."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Causes", "says": "At the same time, the American Revolution and the European revolts of the 1780s inspired public debate on issues such as patriotism, liberty, equality, and democracy."}], "Q110999040": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the existing war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a \"special military operation,\" saying it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas war since 2014."}, {"id": "Q16474356", "label": "Igor Girkin", "section": "Background", "says": "Their commander, Igor Girkin, acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas, as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory."}, {"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "Background", "says": "Their commander, Igor Girkin, acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas, as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory."}], "Q10806": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The September 11 attacks, colloquially known as 9/11, were a coordinated series of suicide attacks perpetrated by the Islamic terrorist organization al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "Bush that its Counterterrorism Center had identified the attacks as having been the work of al-Qaeda under Osama bin Laden."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States responded by invading Afghanistan and launching its Global War on Terror, with the stated goal of eliminating hostile groups it deemed terrorist organizations and the governments the United States identified as supporting them."}, {"id": "Q877399", "label": "North Atlantic Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "NATO's invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty—its only usage to date—called upon allies to fight al-Qaeda as well."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Qaeda's cited motivations included U.S. support of Israel, the presence of U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1999, al-Qaeda associate Walid bin Attash (\"Khallad\") contacted al-Mihdhar and told him to meet in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; al-Hazmi and Abu Bara al Yemeni would also be in attendance."}, {"id": "Q201430", "label": "George Tenet", "section": "Background", "says": "An FBI liaison asked permission to inform the FBI of the meeting but was told: \"This is not a matter for the FBI.\"\n\nBy late June, senior counter-terrorism official Richard Clarke and CIA director George Tenet were \"convinced that a major series of attacks was about to come\", although the CIA believed the attacks would likely occur in Saudi Arabia or Israel."}], "Q8676": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (\"the North\") and the Confederacy (\"the South\"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union to preserve slavery in the United States."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "The South saw slavery as threatened because of the election of Abraham Lincoln and the growing abolitionist movement in the North."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "lead", "says": "Seven slave states in the South responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederate States of America."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "lead", "says": "Four more Southern states seceded after the war began and, led by its president, Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy comprised eleven states, containing a third of the US population."}, {"id": "Q33132", "label": "Battle of Gettysburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee's incursion north failed at the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the fall of Atlanta in 1864 to Union general William Tecumseh Sherman, followed by his March to the Sea, which culminated in his taking Savannah."}, {"id": "Q12325", "label": "James Buchanan", "section": "Origins", "says": "The US government, under President James Buchanan, refused to relinquish the nation's forts, which the Confederacy claimed were located in their territory."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to Lincoln, the American people had demonstrated, beginning with their victory in the American Revolution and Revolutionary War and subsequent establishment of a sovereign nation, that they could successfully establish and administer a republic."}], "Q12546": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in November 1095—a call to arms for Christians to reconquer Jerusalem from the Muslims, with promises of spiritual reward."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in November 1095—a call to arms for Christians to reconquer Jerusalem from the Muslims, with promises of spiritual reward."}, {"id": "Q51653", "label": "Crusade of 1101", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of 1101, the earliest papally sanctioned expedition inspired by the First Crusade, ended in disastrous defeats."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Edessa, the capital of the first Crusader state, prompted the Second Crusade, which failed in 1148."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "lead", "says": "Having united Egypt and Muslim Syria under his rule, Saladin destroyed their combined armies at the Battle of Hattin in 1187."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusader states survived largely owing to the Third Crusade, a major campaign against Saladin, though Jerusalem remained under Muslim control."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially directed against Egypt, the Fourth Crusade was diverted to the Byzantine Empire, culminating in the Sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire in 1204."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially directed against Egypt, the Fourth Crusade was diverted to the Byzantine Empire, culminating in the Sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire in 1204."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially directed against Egypt, the Fourth Crusade was diverted to the Byzantine Empire, culminating in the Sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire in 1204."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially directed against Egypt, the Fourth Crusade was diverted to the Byzantine Empire, culminating in the Sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire in 1204."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Crusade again targeted Egypt but failed to conquer it in 1219–21."}, {"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Jerusalem was regained through negotiation during the Sixth Crusade in 1229, and in 1239–41 the Barons"}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Sites linked to Jesus's ministry became popular pilgrimage destinations in Roman Palestine."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 395, the Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western Roman Empire had fragmented into smaller kingdoms by 476, while the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire persisted, though it lost vast territories to the rising Islamic Caliphate in the 7th century."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "By the mid-10th century, three rival caliphates had emerged: the Umayyads in al-Andalus (Muslim Spain), the Shi'ite Fatimids in Egypt, and the Abbasids in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q380004", "label": "Ibn Khordadbeh", "section": "Background", "says": "To Muslim observers, such as Ibn Khordadbeh, the remote and less developed Western Europe was merely a source of slaves and raw materials."}, {"id": "Q144565", "label": "Tughril I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1055, their leader Tughril I of the Seljuk clan assumed authority within the Abbasid Caliphate with Caliph Al-Qa'im's consent."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "Background", "says": "Tughril's nephew Alp Arslan crushed the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, opening Anatolia to Turkoman migration."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seljuk Empire emerged as a loose federation of provinces ruled by Seljuk princes, Turkoman warlords and Arab emirs."}], "Q8740": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of the French Union in the First Indochina War, Vietnam's independence was affirmed at the 1954 Geneva Conference, but the country was divided at the 17th parallel: the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh, took control of North Vietnam, while Ngo Dinh Diem led South Vietnam, which the US assumed financial and military support for."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of the French Union in the First Indochina War, Vietnam's independence was affirmed at the 1954 Geneva Conference, but the country was divided at the 17th parallel: the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh, took control of North Vietnam, while Ngo Dinh Diem led South Vietnam, which the US assumed financial and military support for."}, {"id": "Q192502", "label": "Ngô Đình Diệm", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of the French Union in the First Indochina War, Vietnam's independence was affirmed at the 1954 Geneva Conference, but the country was divided at the 17th parallel: the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh, took control of North Vietnam, while Ngo Dinh Diem led South Vietnam, which the US assumed financial and military support for."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1968, the communists under Lê Duẩn launched the Tet Offensive, which was a tactical defeat but contributed to growing American oppositi"}, {"id": "Q604897", "label": "Battle of Dien Bien Phu", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Viet Minh forces encircled the French, using heavy artillery and anti-aircraft batteries to bombard the garrison."}], "Q8663": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union, while South Korea was supported by the United Nations led by the United States under the auspices of the United Nations Command (UNC)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union, while South Korea was supported by the United Nations led by the United States under the auspices of the United Nations Command (UNC)."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union, while South Korea was supported by the United Nations led by the United States under the auspices of the United Nations Command (UNC)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union, while South Korea was supported by the United Nations led by the United States under the auspices of the United Nations Command (UNC)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of World War II in 1945, Korea, which had been a Japanese colony for 35 years, was divided by the Soviet Union and the United States into two occupation zones at the 38th parallel, with plans for a future independent state."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea was led by Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang, and South Korea by Syngman Rhee in Seoul; both claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea was led by Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang, and South Korea by Syngman Rhee in Seoul; both claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea."}, {"id": "Q334297", "label": "Park Hon-young", "section": "Background", "says": "Kim and second-in-command Pak Hon-yong tried to enlist Soviet ambassador Terentii Shtykov."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "PLA forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, while US forces remained stationed in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1950, Stalin was more open to suggestions and believed that the strategic situation had changed: PLA forces under Mao Zedong had secured final victory, US forces had withdrawn from Korea, and the Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb, breaking the US monopoly."}], "Q2487": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch–Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q1527665", "label": "War of the Mantuan Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch–Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch–Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q1419229", "label": "Torstenson War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch–Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch–Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch–Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its causes derived from religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire, sparked by the 16th-century Reformation."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1555 Peace of Augsburg attempted to resolve this by dividing the empire into Catholic and Lutheran states, but was later destabilised by the expansion of Protestantism beyond these boundaries."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "However, its scope and extent were largely the consequence of external drivers such as the French–Habsburg rivalry and the Dutch Revolt."}, {"id": "Q57195", "label": "Frederick V of the Palatinate", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began in 1618, when the Catholic Emperor Ferdinand II was replaced as king of Bohemia by the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Their strategic importance drew in the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, then engaged in the Eighty Years' War, while the acquisition of imperial territories gave rulers like Christian IV of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ongoing motives to intervene."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Their strategic importance drew in the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, then engaged in the Eighty Years' War, while the acquisition of imperial territories gave rulers like Christian IV of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ongoing motives to intervene."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Their strategic importance drew in the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, then engaged in the Eighty Years' War, while the acquisition of imperial territories gave rulers like Christian IV of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ongoing motives to intervene."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Their strategic importance drew in the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, then engaged in the Eighty Years' War, while the acquisition of imperial territories gave rulers like Christian IV of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ongoing motives to intervene."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting ended with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, whose terms included greater autonomy for states like Bavaria and Saxony, Swedish territorial gains in northern Germany, as well as Spain's acceptance of Dutch independence."}, {"id": "Q703081", "label": "Peace of Passau", "section": "Structural origins", "says": "The 16th-century Reformation caused open warfare between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire, which ended with the 1552 Peace of Passau."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Structural origins", "says": "Augsburg also gave individual rulers significantly greater autonomy, allowing larger states to pursue their own objectives, which often clashed with those of central authority or external powers."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Structural origins", "says": "Conflict sometimes superseded religion, with the Protestant states of Saxony and Brandenburg competing with Denmark–Norway and Sweden over the lucrative Baltic trade."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Structural origins", "says": "Since 1440, the position of emperor had been held by the House of Habsburg, the largest single landowner within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Structural origins", "says": "The Habsburgs also controlled the Spanish Empire until 1556, when Charles V divided his possessions between different branches of the family."}, {"id": "Q524189", "label": "Cologne War", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "Disputes occasionally resulted in full-scale conflict like the 1583 to 1588 Cologne War, triggered when its ruler converted to Calvinism."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "In return, the Habsburg heir Archduke Ferdinand required the immediate restoration of any property taken from the Catholic Church since 1555, as opposed to the previous practice whereby each case was assessed separately."}, {"id": "Q60746", "label": "Frederick IV, Elector Palatine", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "When Frederick IV, Elector Palatine formed the Protestant Union in 1608, Maximilian responded by setting up the Catholic League in July 1609."}, {"id": "Q568727", "label": "War of the Jülich Succession", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "Both were largely vehicles for their leaders' dynastic ambitions, but when combined with the 1609 to 1614 War of the Jülich Succession, the result was to increase tensions throughout the empire."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "What began as an internal dynastic dispute within the empire drew in external powers due to the imminent expiry of the 1609 Twelve Years' Truce, which suspended the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "Before restarting hostilities, Ambrosio Spinola, commander in the Spanish Netherlands, needed to secure the Spanish Road, an overland route connecting Habsburg possessions in Italy to Flanders."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "This allowed him to move troops and supplies by road, rather than sea where the Dutch navy was dominant; by 1618, the only part not controlled by Spain ran through the Electoral Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "Background: 1556 to 1618", "says": "Since Emperor Matthias had no surviving children, in July 1617 Philip III of Spain agreed to support Ferdinand II's election as king of Bohemia and Hungary."}], "Q8729": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It can be seen as the precursor for other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, such as the German Revolution of 1918–1919."}, {"id": "Q170306", "label": "German Revolution of 1918–1919", "section": "lead", "says": "It can be seen as the precursor for other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, such as the German Revolution of 1918–1919."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Revolution was inaugurated with the February Revolution in 1917, in the midst of World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the German Empire inflicting defeats on the front, and increasing logistical problems causing shortages of bread and grain, the Russian Army was losing morale, with large scale mutiny looming."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "Factions included the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Anarchists, and the Bolsheviks, a far-left party led by Vladimir Lenin."}, {"id": "Q1322251", "label": "July Days", "section": "lead", "says": "Responding to discontent in Petrograd, the Provisional Government repressed protestors leading to the July Days."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The volatile situation reached its climax with the October Revolution, a Bolshevik armed insurrection in Petrograd beginning 7 November [O.S."}, {"id": "Q153858", "label": "Battle of Tannenberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia's first major battle of the war was a disaster; in the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, over 30,000 Russian troops were killed or wounded and 90,000 captured, while Germany suffered just 12,000 casualties."}, {"id": "Q43989", "label": "Grigori Rasputin", "section": "Background", "says": "Reports of corruption and incompetence in the Imperial government began to emerge, and the growing influence of Grigori Rasputin in the Imperial family was widely resented."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1915, things took a critical turn for the worse when Germany shifted its focus of attack to the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q670489", "label": "Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The superior German Army – better led, better trained, and better supplied – was quite effective against the ill-equipped Russian forces, driving the Russians out of Galicia, as well as Russian Poland during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive campaign."}], "Q10859": [{"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic included socialists, anarchists, communists, and separatists, supported by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic included socialists, anarchists, communists, and separatists, supported by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, traditionalists, syndicalists and fascists, supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, traditionalists, syndicalists and fascists, supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalists were initially led by a military junta, until General Francisco Franco was appointed supreme leader on 1 October 1936 of what he called the Spanish State."}, {"id": "Q1982745", "label": "Spanish Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to rapid socioeconomic and political transformation in the Republican zone, referred to as the Spanish Revolution."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government, but followed official policies of non-intervention."}, {"id": "Q203708", "label": "Manuel Azaña", "section": "Background", "says": "Manuel Azaña was called to form a government before the electoral process had ended."}, {"id": "Q185085", "label": "Miguel de Unamuno", "section": "Background", "says": "Disenchantment with Azaña's rule was also voiced by Miguel de Unamuno, a Republican and one of Spain's most respected intellectuals who, in June 1936, told a reporter that President Manuel Azaña should commit suicide \"as a patriotic act\"."}], "Q12551": [{"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy of Aquitaine and was triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy of Aquitaine and was triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces."}, {"id": "Q2259304", "label": "Edwardian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is commonly divided into three phases, separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453)."}, {"id": "Q3778618", "label": "Lancastrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is commonly divided into three phases, separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453)."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the House of Valois ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the House of Valois ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "Causes and prelude", "says": "France was an ally of the Kingdom of Scotland as English kings had tried to subjugate the country for some time."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "Causes and prelude", "says": "Charles IV formally renewed the treaty in 1326, promising Scotland that France would support the Scots if England invaded their country."}], "Q42005": [{"id": "Q1988505", "label": "Great Famine of 1315–1317", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Death was the second great natural disaster to strike Europe during the late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine of 1315–1317)."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Origin", "says": "The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of the Genoese trading port of Caffa in Crimea by the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg in 1347."}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "Origin", "says": "The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of the Genoese trading port of Caffa in Crimea by the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg in 1347."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Origin", "says": "In 2022, in an article called \"The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia\", researchers pointed to the earliest victims of the plague found at two cemeteries in the Chüy Valley near Lake Issyk-Kul in modern Kyrgyzstan."}], "Q8736": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in the Palace of Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the proximate cause of the war."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty required Germany to disarm, make territorial concessions, extradite alleged war criminals, agree to Kaiser Wilhelm being put on trial, recognise the independence of states whose territory had previously been part of the German Empire, and pay reparations to the Entente powers."}, {"id": "Q9317", "label": "John Maynard Keynes", "section": "lead", "says": "Critics including John Maynard Keynes declared the treaty too harsh, styling it as a \"Carthaginian peace.\" He also said the reparations were excessive and counterproductive with others stating that the reparations contributed significantly to the ensuing hyperinflation."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "lead", "says": "On the other hand, prominent Allied figures such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States never ratified the Versailles Treaty; instead it made a separate peace treaty with Germany, albeit based on the Versailles Treaty."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers."}], "Q80034": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire suffered a series of military defeats and territorial losses, especially during the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "At the orders of Talaat Pasha, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenians were sent on death marches to the Syrian desert in 1915 and 1916."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Massacres and ethnic cleansing of Armenian survivors continued through the Turkish War of Independence after World War I, carried out by Turkish nationalists."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Regarded as \"the apex of horrors conceivable\" before World War II, the genocide destroyed more than two thousand years of Armenian civilization in eastern Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1912 First Balkan War resulted in the loss of almost all of the empire's European territory and the mass expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "CUP leaders such as Talaat and Enver Pasha came to blame non-Muslim population concentrations in strategic areas for many of the empire's problems, concluding by mid-1914 that they were internal tumors to be excised."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "When parts of Eastern Thrace were reoccupied by the Ottoman Empire during the Second Balkan War in mid-1913, there was a campaign of looting and intimidation against Greeks and Armenians, forcing many to emigrate."}], "Q8690": [{"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "It was launched by CCP chairman Mao Zedong in 1966 and lasted until his death in 1976."}, {"id": "Q79546163", "label": "Red August", "section": "lead", "says": "Mass upheaval began in Beijing with Red August in 1966."}, {"id": "Q315475", "label": "Lin Biao", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of Lin Biao in 1971, the Gang of Four became influential in 1972, and the revolution continued until Mao's death in 1976, followed by the arrest of the Gang of Four."}, {"id": "Q48896366", "label": "Guangxi Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "Estimates of the death toll vary, ranging from 1 to 2 million, including the Guangxi Massacre that included cannibalism, as well as massacres in Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Guangdong, Yunnan, and Hunan."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "lead", "says": "Tens of millions were persecuted, including officials such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and Peng Dehuai; millions were persecuted for being members of the Five Black Categories, with intellectuals and scientists labelled as the Stinking Old Ninth."}, {"id": "Q381823", "label": "Peng Dehuai", "section": "lead", "says": "Tens of millions were persecuted, including officials such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and Peng Dehuai; millions were persecuted for being members of the Five Black Categories, with intellectuals and scientists labelled as the Stinking Old Ninth."}, {"id": "Q41570", "label": "Hua Guofeng", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1978, Deng Xiaoping became the paramount leader, replacing Mao's successor Hua Guofeng."}, {"id": "Q705864", "label": "Wu Han", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1959, historian and deputy mayor of Beijing Wu Han published a historical drama entitled Hai Rui Dismissed from Office."}, {"id": "Q236017", "label": "Jiang Qing", "section": "Background", "says": "While Mao initially praised the play, in February 1965, he secretly commissioned Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan to publish an article criticizing it."}, {"id": "Q382645", "label": "Yao Wenyuan", "section": "Background", "says": "While Mao initially praised the play, in February 1965, he secretly commissioned Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan to publish an article criticizing it."}, {"id": "Q472527", "label": "Peng Zhen", "section": "Background", "says": "Yao's article put Beijing mayor Peng Zhen on the defensive."}, {"id": "Q377935", "label": "Yang Shangkun", "section": "Background", "says": "While the \"literary battle\" against Peng raged, Mao fired Yang Shangkun—director of the party's General Office, an organ that controlled internal communications—making unsubstantiated charges."}, {"id": "Q630015", "label": "Wang Dongxing", "section": "Background", "says": "He installed loyalist Wang Dongxing, head of Mao's security detail."}, {"id": "Q544432", "label": "Kang Sheng", "section": "Background", "says": "Mao delivered his final blow to Peng at a high-profile Politburo meeting through loyalists Kang Sheng and Chen Boda."}, {"id": "Q47677", "label": "Chen Boda", "section": "Background", "says": "Mao delivered his final blow to Peng at a high-profile Politburo meeting through loyalists Kang Sheng and Chen Boda."}], "Q122962941": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the start of the Israeli offensive that followed, over 73,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed; several studies in The Lancet indicate this figure is likely a significant undercount."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel and its supporters, including the United States, deny that genocide has occurred."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1948 Palestine war, over 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled and the State of Israel was established over most of what had been Mandatory Palestine, with the exception of two separated territories that became known as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip."}], "Q8669": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Zionists viewed the region of Palestine as the Jewish ancestral homeland and sought to establish a Jewish state or homeland there through colonization, while Arabs generally opposed Zionism, envisioning Palestine as Arab Palestinian land and an essential part of the Arab world."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1920, sectarian conflict had begun following the first, second, and third waves of Zionist migration to Palestine and the Franco-British occupation and administration (1918–1920) of the former territories of Ottoman Syria (1516–1918) and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1920, sectarian conflict had begun following the first, second, and third waves of Zionist migration to Palestine and the Franco-British occupation and administration (1918–1920) of the former territories of Ottoman Syria (1516–1918) and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Conflicts between Israel and various Palestinian factions ebbed and flowed, including the 1987–1993 First Intifada, Israel's intervention in the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War to oust the Palestine Liberation Organization from Lebanon, the 2000–2005 Second Intifada, the 2011–2024 Syrian civil war, and most recently the October 7 attacks in 2023 and ensuing Gaza war."}, {"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "Conflicts between Israel and various Palestinian factions ebbed and flowed, including the 1987–1993 First Intifada, Israel's intervention in the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War to oust the Palestine Liberation Organization from Lebanon, the 2000–2005 Second Intifada, the 2011–2024 Syrian civil war, and most recently the October 7 attacks in 2023 and ensuing Gaza war."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Early in 1948 the United Kingdom announced its firm intention to terminate its mandate in Palestine on 14 May."}], "Q42976": [{"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks as part of the broader Russian Revolution of 1917–1923."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The October Revolution followed and capitalised on the February Revolution earlier that year, which had led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of the Russian Provisional Government."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "lead", "says": "The provisional government, led by Alexander Kerensky, had taken power after Grand Duke Michael, the younger brother of Nicholas II, declined to take power."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The provisional government remained unpopular, especially because it was continuing to fight in World War I, and had ruled with an iron fist throughout mid-1917 (including killing hundreds of protesters in the July Days)."}, {"id": "Q1322251", "label": "July Days", "section": "lead", "says": "The provisional government remained unpopular, especially because it was continuing to fight in World War I, and had ruled with an iron fist throughout mid-1917 (including killing hundreds of protesters in the July Days)."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It declared the Russian Republic on 1 [N.S."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "lead", "says": "23] October 1917, the Petrograd Soviet, led by Leon Trotsky, voted to back a military uprising."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "As the revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into civil war, which lasted until late 1922 and led to the creation of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q276193", "label": "Lavr Kornilov", "section": "Background", "says": "In what became known as the Kornilov affair, General Lavr Kornilov, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July, with Kerensky's agreement directed an army under Aleksandr Krymov to march toward Petrograd to restore order."}, {"id": "Q449064", "label": "Richard Pipes", "section": "Background", "says": "By contrast, historian Richard Pipes has argued that the episode was engineered by Kerensky."}], "Q178810": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syrian civil war was an armed conflict that began with the Syrian revolution in March 2011, when popular discontent with the Ba'athist regime ruled by Bashar al-Assad triggered large-scale protests and pro-democracy rallies across Syria, as part of the wider Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Use of chemical weapons during the war, predominantly by Syrian government forces, was the deadliest since the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q1842866", "label": "Battle of Aleppo", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2016 victory of the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and other pro-Assad forces in the four-year Battle of Aleppo marked the recapture of what had been Syria's largest city before the war."}], "Q40949": [{"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence or simply the American Revolution, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and, commanded by George Washington, defeated the British Army."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The war's outcome seemed uncertain for most of the war, but Washington and the Continental Army's decisive victory in the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 led King George III and the Kingdom of Great Britain to negotiate an end to the war."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The war's outcome seemed uncertain for most of the war, but Washington and the Continental Army's decisive victory in the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 led King George III and the Kingdom of Great Britain to negotiate an end to the war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1783, in the Treaty of Paris, the British monarchy acknowledged the independence of the Thirteen Colonies, leading to the establishment of the United States as an independent and sovereign nation."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1763, after the British Empire gained dominance in North America following its victory over the French in the Seven Years' War, tensions and disputes began escalating between the British and the Thirteen Colonies, especially following passage of the Stamp and Townshend Acts."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1763, after the British Empire gained dominance in North America following its victory over the French in the Seven Years' War, tensions and disputes began escalating between the British and the Thirteen Colonies, especially following passage of the Stamp and Townshend Acts."}, {"id": "Q215687", "label": "Boston Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Army responded by seeking to occupy Boston militarily, leading to the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-1774, with tensions escalating even further between the British Army and the colonies, the British Parliament imposed the Intolerable Acts, an attempt to disarm Americans, leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the first battles of the Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington responded by clandestinely crossing the Delaware River and winning small but significant victories at Trenton and Princeton."}, {"id": "Q34969", "label": "Benjamin Franklin", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "Paine served as secretary, while Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane, sent to France, Britain's longtime rival, to recruit military engineers, were instrumental in securing French aid in Paris."}], "Q37643": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q898487", "label": "Operation Desert Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition's efforts were in two phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, from the bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January until the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February."}, {"id": "Q2349281", "label": "Operation Desert Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition's efforts were in two phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, from the bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January until the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2003, another US-led coalition invaded and occupied Iraq, beginning the Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction between Iraq and the United States."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The US remained officially neutral after Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980, which became the Iran–Iraq War, although it provided resources, political support, and some \"non-military\" aircraft to Iraq."}, {"id": "Q3267722", "label": "Operation Undeniable Victory", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1982, Iran began a successful counteroffensive (Operation Undeniable Victory), and the US increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender."}, {"id": "Q316408", "label": "Abu Nidal", "section": "Background", "says": "When Iraqi president Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties."}, {"id": "Q184650", "label": "Donald Rumsfeld", "section": "Background", "says": "When Iraqi president Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consist"}], "Q33761": [{"id": "Q214088", "label": "Mohamed Bouazizi", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in Tunisia in response to the death of Mohamed Bouazizi by self-immolation."}, {"id": "Q204487", "label": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers deposed include: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, all in 2011; and Ali Abdullah Saleh of Yemen in 2012."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers deposed include: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, all in 2011; and Ali Abdullah Saleh of Yemen in 2012."}, {"id": "Q34105", "label": "Hosni Mubarak", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers deposed include: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, all in 2011; and Ali Abdullah Saleh of Yemen in 2012."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers deposed include: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, all in 2011; and Ali Abdullah Saleh of Yemen in 2012."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Minor protests took place in Djibouti, Mauritania, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and the Western Sahara."}, {"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "lead", "says": "Multiple large-scale conflicts followed: the Syrian civil war; the rise of ISIS, insurgency in Iraq and the following civil war; the Egyptian Crisis, election and removal from office of Mohamed Morsi, and subsequent unrest and insurgency; the Libyan crisis; and the Yemeni crisis and subsequent civil war."}, {"id": "Q17512479", "label": "Arab Winter", "section": "lead", "says": "Some referred to the succeeding and still ongoing conflicts as the Arab Winter."}, {"id": "Q312823", "label": "Wael Ghonim", "section": "Causes", "says": "During the Arab Spring, people created pages on Facebook to raise awareness about alleged crimes against humanity, such as police brutality in the Egyptian Revolution (see Wael Ghonim and Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed)."}, {"id": "Q559182", "label": "Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed", "section": "Causes", "says": "During the Arab Spring, people created pages on Facebook to raise awareness about alleged crimes against humanity, such as police brutality in the Egyptian Revolution (see Wael Ghonim and Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed)."}], "Q545449": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with the invasion by a United States–led coalition, which resulted in the overthrow of the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with the invasion by a United States–led coalition, which resulted in the overthrow of the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein."}, {"id": "Q18357664", "label": "Operation Inherent Resolve", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2014, the US became re-engaged in Iraq, leading a new coalition under Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve, as the conflict evolved into the ongoing Islamic State insurgency."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2014, the US became re-engaged in Iraq, leading a new coalition under Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve, as the conflict evolved into the ongoing Islamic State insurgency."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began on March 20, 2003, when the US, joined by the UK, Australia, and Poland, initiated a \"shock and awe\" bombing campaign."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2008, Bush agreed to withdraw US combat troops, a process completed in 2011 under President Barack Obama."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kofi Annan, then secretary-general of the United Nations, declared the invasion illegal under international law, as it violated the UN Charter."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 2002, former US President Bill Clinton warned about the possible dangers of pre-emptive military action against Iraq."}, {"id": "Q44690", "label": "Lincoln Chafee", "section": "Background", "says": "Only one Republican Senator, Lincoln Chafee, voted against."}, {"id": "Q989", "label": "John Paul II", "section": "Background", "says": "Retired US Marine, former Navy Secretary and future US senator Jim Webb wrote shortly before the vote, \"Those who are pushing for a unilateral war in Iraq know full well that there is no exit strategy if we invade.\" Pope John Paul II also publicly condemned the military intervention, as well as saying directly to Bush privately: \"Mr."}, {"id": "Q131660", "label": "Dominique de Villepin", "section": "Background", "says": "Every violence, against one or a million, is a blasphemy addressed to the image and likeness of God.\"\n\nOn 20 January 2003, French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin declared \"we believe that military intervention would be the worst solution\"."}, {"id": "Q8023", "label": "Nelson Mandela", "section": "Background", "says": "Nelson Mandela voiced his opposition in late January, stating \"All that (Mr."}, {"id": "Q184650", "label": "Donald Rumsfeld", "section": "Background", "says": "Two days later, US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the post-war troop commitment would be less than the number of troops required to win the war."}, {"id": "Q219861", "label": "Paul Wolfowitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz said Shinseki's estimate was \"way off the mark,\" because other countries would take part in an occupying force."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany's Foreign Secretary Joschka Fischer, although having been in favor of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, advised Federal Chancellor Schröder not to join the war in Iraq."}], "Q38789": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its Axis allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southern Russia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its Axis allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southern Russia."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its Axis allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southern Russia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its Axis allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southern Russia."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The city also held significant symbolic importance because it bore the name of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet supreme leader."}, {"id": "Q155008", "label": "Operation Uranus", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 November, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged counterattack targeting the Romanian armies protecting the 6th Army's flanks."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "By the spring of 1942, despite the failure of Operation Barbarossa to defeat the Soviet Union in a single campaign, the Wehrmacht had captured vast territories, including Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic republics."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "On the Western Front, Germany held much of Europe, the U-boat offensive was curbing American support, and in North Africa, Erwin Rommel had just captured Tobruk."}, {"id": "Q150894", "label": "Aleksandr Vasilevsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Stalin desired a general offensive, he was dissuaded by Chief of the General Staff Boris Shaposhnikov, Deputy Chief of the General Staff Aleksandr Vasilevsky, and Western Main Direction commander Georgy Zhukov."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Stalin desired a general offensive, he was dissuaded by Chief of the General Staff Boris Shaposhnikov, Deputy Chief of the General Staff Aleksandr Vasilevsky, and Western Main Direction commander Georgy Zhukov."}, {"id": "Q158287", "label": "Case Blue", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The planned summer offensive, code-named Fall Blau (Case Blue), was to include the German 6th, 17th, 4th Panzer and 1st Panzer Armies."}, {"id": "Q57198", "label": "Wilhelm List", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Army Group South (A), under the command of Wilhelm List, was to continue advancing south towards the Caucasus as planned with the 17th Army and First Panzer Army."}, {"id": "Q57616", "label": "Maximilian von Weichs", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Army Group B was commanded by General Maximilian von Weichs."}, {"id": "Q155620", "label": "Second Battle of Kharkov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Operation Fridericus I by the Germans against the \"Izyum bulge\" pinched off the Soviet salient in the Second Battle of Kharkov and resulted in the envelopment of a large Soviet force between 17 May and 29 May."}], "Q49077": [{"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1956, regional tensions over the Straits of Tiran (giving access to Eilat, a port on Israel's southeastern tip) escalated in what became known as the Suez Crisis, when Israel, along with Britain and France, invaded Egypt over the Egyptian closure of maritime passageways to Israeli shipping, ultimately resulting in the reopening of the Straits of Tiran to Israel and the deployment of the United "}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "In May, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser announced that the Straits of Tiran would again be closed to Israeli vessels."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "James Reston wrote in The New York Times on 23 May 1967: \"In discipline, training, morale, equipment and general competence his [Nasser's] army and the other Arab forces, without the direct assistance of the Soviet Union, are no match for the Israelis. ..."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States estimated Israel would need 7–10 days, with British estimates supporting the U.S. view."}], "Q42937": [{"id": "Q43182", "label": "Eratosthenes", "section": "lead", "says": "Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the twelfth century BC or eleventh century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly correspond to archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VII, and the Late Bronze Age collapse."}], "Q79911": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire, lasting from 1917 to 1922, sparked by the overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire, lasting from 1917 to 1922, sparked by the overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the formation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and later the Soviet Union in most of its territory."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian monarchy ended with the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II during the February Revolution, and Russia was in a state of political flux."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A tense summer culminated in the October Revolution, where the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government of the new Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "The two largest combatants were the Red Army, fighting for the establishment of a Bolshevik-led socialist state headed by Vladimir Lenin, and the forces known as the White movement (and its White Army), led mainly by the right-leaning officers of the Russian Empire, united around the figure of Alexander Kolchak."}, {"id": "Q185718", "label": "Alexander Kolchak", "section": "lead", "says": "The two largest combatants were the Red Army, fighting for the establishment of a Bolshevik-led socialist state headed by Vladimir Lenin, and the forces known as the White movement (and its White Army), led mainly by the right-leaning officers of the Russian Empire, united around the figure of Alexander Kolchak."}, {"id": "Q1436243", "label": "Makhnovshchina", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, rival militant socialists, notably the Ukrainian anarchists of the Makhnovshchina and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, were involved in conflict against the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirteen foreign states intervened against the Red Army, notably the Allied intervention, whose primary goal was re-establishing the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirteen foreign states intervened against the Red Army, notably the Allied intervention, whose primary goal was re-establishing the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was an emergency peace with the German Empire, who had captured vast swathes of the Russian territory during the chaos of the revolution."}, {"id": "Q811250", "label": "Tambov Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "Protests against grain requisitioning of the peasantry were a major component of the Tambov Rebellion and similar uprisings; Lenin's New Economic Policy was introduced as a concession."}], "Q126065": [{"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by Ruhollah Khomeini, an Islamist cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions, and became the country’s supreme leader.The ousting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of Iran's histor"}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by Ruhollah Khomeini, an Islamist cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions, and became the country’s supreme leader.The ousting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of Iran's histor"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup reinstated Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as an absolute monarch and significantly increased the level of influence of the United States over Iran."}, {"id": "Q1068139", "label": "White Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1963, the Shah had launched the White Revolution, a top-down modernization and land reform program that alienated many sectors of society, especially the clergy."}, {"id": "Q7308003", "label": "Regency Council", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi left Iran for exile, leaving his duties to Iran's Regency Council and Shapour Bakhtiar, the opposition-based prime minister."}, {"id": "Q471787", "label": "Shapour Bakhtiar", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi left Iran for exile, leaving his duties to Iran's Regency Council and Shapour Bakhtiar, the opposition-based prime minister."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background (1891–1977)", "says": "Ali Shariati's death in the United Kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration, with the opposition accusing the Shah of murdering him."}], "Q138503695": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel have been at war with Iran and its regional allies."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities broke out after US–Israeli airstrikes killed several Iranian officials, including Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei."}, {"id": "Q134900605", "label": "Twelve-Day War", "section": "lead", "says": "It follows the Twelve-Day War and was preceded by the largest US military buildup in the region since the 2003 invasion of Iraq."}], "Q83085": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Afghan War took place in Afghanistan from December 1979 to February 1989."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Marking the beginning of the 47-year-long Afghan conflict, it saw the Soviet Union and the Communist-led Afghan military fight against the rebelling Afghan mujahideen."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "While backed by various countries and organizations, the majority of the mujahideen's external support came from Pakistan, the United States (as part of Operation Cyclone), the United Kingdom, China, Iran, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, in addition to a large influx of foreign fighters known as the Afghan Arabs."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "While backed by various countries and organizations, the majority of the mujahideen's external support came from Pakistan, the United States (as part of Operation Cyclone), the United Kingdom, China, Iran, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, in addition to a large influx of foreign fighters known as the Afghan Arabs."}, {"id": "Q1585785", "label": "Operation Cyclone", "section": "lead", "says": "While backed by various countries and organizations, the majority of the mujahideen's external support came from Pakistan, the United States (as part of Operation Cyclone), the United Kingdom, China, Iran, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, in addition to a large influx of foreign fighters known as the Afghan Arabs."}, {"id": "Q202770", "label": "Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin, declining to send troops, advised in one call to Afghan prime minister Nur Muhammad Taraki to use local industrial workers in the province."}, {"id": "Q299559", "label": "Nur Muhammad Taraki", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin, declining to send troops, advised in one call to Afghan prime minister Nur Muhammad Taraki to use local industrial workers in the province."}, {"id": "Q765165", "label": "Leonid Brezhnev", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began when the Soviet military, under the command of Leonid Brezhnev, moved into Afghanistan to"}], "Q254106": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean War was fought between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia from October 1853 to February 1856."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Geopolitical causes of the war included the Eastern question (the decline of the Ottoman Empire), the expansion of Russia in the preceding Russo-Turkish wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe."}, {"id": "Q913604", "label": "Battle of Alma", "section": "lead", "says": "They scored an early victory at the Battle of the Alma."}, {"id": "Q464512", "label": "Battle of Balaclava", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians counterattacked in late October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, and a second counterattack at Inkerman ended in a Russian defeat."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "He pursued Catholic support by asserting France's \"sovereign authority\" over the Christian population of Palestine, to the detriment of Russia (the sponsor of Eastern Orthodoxy)."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "Background", "says": "Referring to two previous treaties (one from 1757 and the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca from 1774), the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renounced the French treaty and declared that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon III responded with a show of force by sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea and thereby violated the London Straits Convention."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon III responded with a show of force by sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea and thereby violated the London Straits Convention."}, {"id": "Q700363", "label": "London Straits Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon III responded with a show of force by sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea and thereby violated the London Straits Convention."}, {"id": "Q174772", "label": "Abdülmecid I", "section": "Background", "says": "The gunboat diplomacy show of force, together with money, induced Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty confirming France and the Catholic Church's supreme authority over Christian holy places, including the Church of the Nativity, which had been held by the Greek Orthodox Church."}, {"id": "Q314196", "label": "Karl Nesselrode", "section": "Background", "says": "He had Foreign Minister Count Karl Nesselrode undertake talks with the Ottomans."}], "Q78994": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) were a global series of conflicts fought by a fluctuating array of European coalitions against the French First Republic (1803–04) under the First Consul followed by the First French Empire (1804–1815) under the Emperor of the French, Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) were a global series of conflicts fought by a fluctuating array of European coalitions against the French First Republic (1803–04) under the First Consul followed by the First French Empire (1804–1815) under the Emperor of the French, Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars originated in political forces arising from the French Revolution (1789–1799) and French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) and produced a period of French domination over continental Europe."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars originated in political forces arising from the French Revolution (1789–1799) and French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) and produced a period of French domination over continental Europe."}, {"id": "Q2724511", "label": "War of the Seventh Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars are categorised as seven conflicts, five named after the coalitions that fought Napoleon, plus two named for their respective theatres: the War of the Third Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition, War of the Fifth Coalition, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Seventh Coalition, the Peninsular War, and the French invasion of Russia."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars are categorised as seven conflicts, five named after the coalitions that fought Napoleon, plus two named for their respective theatres: the War of the Third Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition, War of the Fifth Coalition, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Seventh Coalition, the Peninsular War, and the French invasion of Russia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon defeated the allied Russo-Austrian armies in the subsequent war which climaxed in French victories at Ulm and at Austerlitz, leading to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and Austria being forced to make peace."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Hoping to isolate and weaken Britain economically through his Continental System, Napoleon launched an invasion of Portugal, the only remaining British ally in continental Europe."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Britain was irritated by several French actions following the Treaty of Amiens."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bonaparte annexed Piedmont and Elba, made himself President of the Italian Republic, a state in northern Italy that France had set up, and failed to evacuate Holland, as it had agreed to do in the treaty."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Helvetic Republic was set up by France when it invaded Switzerland in 1798."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Helvetic Republic was set up by France when it invaded Switzerland in 1798."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This caused widespread outrage in Britain, which protested that this was a violation of the Treaty of Lunéville."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Although continental powers were unprepared to act, the British decided to send an agent to help the Swiss obtain supplies, and also sent secret orders to the Cape Colony to prevent a Dutch takeover."}, {"id": "Q312577", "label": "Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth", "section": "Prelude", "says": "There was still no thought of going to war; Prime Minister Henry Addington publicly affirmed that Britain was in a state of peace."}], "Q80330": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The English Civil War or Great Rebellion was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the struggle consisted of the First English Civil War and the Second English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "Concern over the political influence of radicals within the New Model Army like Oliver Cromwell led to an alliance between moderate Parliamentarians and Royalists, supported by the Covenanter Scots."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Royalist defeat in the 1648 Second English Civil War resulted in the execution of Charles I in January 1649, and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England."}], "Q33143": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The primary warring states were Great Britain and Prussia fighting against France and Austria, with other countries joining these coalitions: Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Russia, plus Saxony and many other minor states of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the War of the Austrian Succession ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), none of the signatories were happy with the terms, and it was generally viewed as a temporary armistice."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain became a French ally in 1762, unsuccessfully invading Portugal, and losing Havana and Manila to Britain."}, {"id": "Q698686", "label": "Treaty of Hubertusburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict in Europe centred on Austrian attempts to recover Silesia, and ended with the Treaty of Hubertusburg in 1763."}, {"id": "Q310650", "label": "Schaumburg-Lippe", "section": "Background", "says": "They consisted of Hanover (in personal union with the British crown since 1714), Hesse-Kassel, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Würzburg, Ansbach, and Schaumburg-Lippe."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "The Habsburgs' territory (including Austria itself as well as Bohemia, the Austrian Netherlands, and part of Imperial Italy) was mostly within the Holy Roman Empire and other states of the HRE joined the Habsburgs, formally the HRE's sovereigns."}], "Q46362": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Participants were representatives of all European powers (other than the Ottoman Empire) and other stakeholders."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars through negotiation."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars through negotiation."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the negotiation table, the position of France was weak in relation to that of the  United Kingdom, Prussia, Austrian Empire, and the  Russian Empire, partly due to the military strategy of its leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, over the previous two decades, and his recent defeat."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the negotiation table, the position of France was weak in relation to that of the  United Kingdom, Prussia, Austrian Empire, and the  Russian Empire, partly due to the military strategy of its leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, over the previous two decades, and his recent defeat."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia added territory from smaller states: Swedish Pomerania, most of the Kingdom of Saxony, and the western part of the former Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia added territory from smaller states: Swedish Pomerania, most of the Kingdom of Saxony, and the western part of the former Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia added territory from smaller states: Swedish Pomerania, most of the Kingdom of Saxony, and the western part of the former Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "All agreed upon ratifying the creation of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had been created just months before from the former Dutch Seven Provinces together with formerly Austrian territory, and was meant to serve as a buffer between the German Confederation and France."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "All agreed upon ratifying the creation of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had been created just months before from the former Dutch Seven Provinces together with formerly Austrian territory, and was meant to serve as a buffer between the German Confederation and France."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "lead", "says": "Remarkably, negotiations continued unaffected despite the outbreak of fighting triggered by Napoleon's return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days of March to July 1815."}], "Q46083": [{"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Prussian War, occasionally known as the Franco-German War, and sometimes referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between France and the North German Confederation led by Prussia."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "lead", "says": "After Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern of the Roman Catholic branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen had been offered the vacant Spanish throne in 1870 and had withdrawn his acceptance, the French ambassador approached Prussian King Wilhelm I at his vacationing site in Ems demanding Prussia renounce any future claims, which Wilhelm rejected."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "The internal Ems dispatch reported this to Berlin on July 13; Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck quickly then made it public with altered wording."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of hard-fought Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, resulted in the capture of the French Emperor Napoleon III and the decisive defeat of the army of the Second Empire; a Government of National Defense was formed in Paris on 4 September and continued the war for another five months."}, {"id": "Q2358315", "label": "Government of National Defense", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of hard-fought Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, resulted in the capture of the French Emperor Napoleon III and the decisive defeat of the army of the Second Empire; a Government of National Defense was formed in Paris on 4 September and continued the war for another five months."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "Causes", "says": "During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Empress Eugénie, Foreign Minister Drouyn de Lhuys and War Minister Jacques Louis Randon were concerned that the power of Prussia might overtake that of France."}, {"id": "Q115691", "label": "Jacques Louis Randon", "section": "Causes", "says": "During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Empress Eugénie, Foreign Minister Drouyn de Lhuys and War Minister Jacques Louis Randon were concerned that the power of Prussia might overtake that of France."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Causes", "says": "They unsuccessfully urged Napoleon to mass troops at France's eastern borders while the bulk of the Prussian armies were still engaged in Bohemia as a warning that no territorial changes could be effected in Germany without consulting France."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Causes", "says": "As a result, Napoleon demanded from Prussia a return to the French borders of 1814, with the annexation of Luxembourg, most of Saarland, and the Bavarian Palatinate."}], "Q82664": [{"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "In starting the war, the Iraqi government—led by President Saddam Hussein—primarily wanted to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini, Iran's leader following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, from exporting Iran's new state ideology to Iraq."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In starting the war, the Iraqi government—led by President Saddam Hussein—primarily wanted to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini, Iran's leader following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, from exporting Iran's new state ideology to Iraq."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraq was aided by the National Council of Resistance of Iran, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and most Arab countries."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraq was aided by the National Council of Resistance of Iran, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and most Arab countries."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraq was aided by the National Council of Resistance of Iran, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and most Arab countries."}], "Q48314": [{"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (then in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium), being the last engagement with Napoleon I."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "One was a British-led force with units from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of field marshal Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815, the beginning of the Hundred Days, many states that had previously opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition to oppose him again and hurriedly mobilised their armies."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon planned to attack them separately, before they could link up and invade France with other members of the coalition."}, {"id": "Q855429", "label": "Battle of Ligny", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 June, Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Ligny with his main force, while a small portion of the French Imperial Army contested the Battle of Quatre Bras to prevent the Anglo-allied army from reinforcing the Prussians."}, {"id": "Q705936", "label": "Battle of Quatre Bras", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 June, Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Ligny with his main force, while a small portion of the French Imperial Army contested the Battle of Quatre Bras to prevent the Anglo-allied army from reinforcing the Prussians."}, {"id": "Q920107", "label": "Battle of Wavre", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians, which resulted in the separate Battle of Wavre with the Prussian rear-guard on 18–19 June and prevented that French force from participating at Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon I reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This would have pushed Wellington closer to the Prussian forces, led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, but might have cut Wellington's communications with his base at Ostend."}], "Q134949": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940."}, {"id": "Q152306", "label": "Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim", "section": "lead", "says": "Consequently, Finnish commander-in-chief Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim urged a peace deal with the Soviets, while the Finns still retained bargaining power."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2013, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at a meeting with military historians that the Soviets had launched the Winter War to \"correct mistakes\" made in determining the border with Finland after 1917."}, {"id": "Q62519", "label": "Finnish Democratic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 December 1939, the Soviet Union formed a puppet government, named the Finnish Democratic Republic, to govern Finland after Soviet conquest."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the conservative pace that the operation required and demanded new plans be drawn up."}, {"id": "Q207879", "label": "Andrei Zhdanov", "section": "Background", "says": "Convinced of the invasion's forthcoming success, Andrei Zhdanov, chairman of the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union, commissioned a celebratory piece of music from Dmitri Shostakovich, Suite on Finnish Themes, intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki."}, {"id": "Q1378653", "label": "Ivan Maisky", "section": "Background", "says": "Ivan Maisky, the Soviet ambassador to the UK, said: \"Who would help?"}], "Q159950": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895 had ceded the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur to Japan before the Triple Intervention, in which Russia, Germany, and France forced Japan to relinquish its claim."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895 had ceded the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur to Japan before the Triple Intervention, in which Russia, Germany, and France forced Japan to relinquish its claim."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902, and began offering to recognize Russia's dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of Korea as part of Japan's sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth (5 September [O.S."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "lead", "says": "23 August] 1905), mediated by US president Theodore Roosevelt."}, {"id": "Q174971", "label": "Itō Hirobumi", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Japanese statesman Itō Hirobumi started to negotiate with the Russians."}, {"id": "Q493818", "label": "Inoue Kaoru", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Of the five Genrō (elder statesmen) who made up the Meiji oligarchy, Itō Hirobumi and Count Inoue Kaoru opposed the idea of war against Russia on financial grounds, while Katsura Tarō, Komura Jutarō and Field Marshal Yamagata Aritomo favored war."}, {"id": "Q1140896", "label": "Komura Jutarō", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Of the five Genrō (elder statesmen) who made up the Meiji oligarchy, Itō Hirobumi and Count Inoue Kaoru opposed the idea of war against Russia on financial grounds, while Katsura Tarō, Komura Jutarō and Field Marshal Yamagata Aritomo favored war."}, {"id": "Q297636", "label": "Yamagata Aritomo", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Of the five Genrō (elder statesmen) who made up the Meiji oligarchy, Itō Hirobumi and Count Inoue Kaoru opposed the idea of war against Russia on financial grounds, while Katsura Tarō, Komura Jutarō and Field Marshal Yamagata Aritomo favored war."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The 1890s and 1900s marked the height of the \"Yellow Peril\" propaganda by the German government, and the German Emperor Wilhelm II (r."}, {"id": "Q40787", "label": "Nicholas II of Russia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "1888–1918) often wrote letters to his cousin Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, praising him as the \"saviour of the white race\" and urging Russia forward in Asia."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Wilhelm ended his letter with the warning that Japan and China would soon unite against Europe, writing: Twenty to thirty million Chinese, supported by a half dozen Japanese divisions, led by competent, intrepid Japanese officers, full of hatred for Christianity – that is a vision of the future that cannot be contemplated without concern, and it is not impossible."}], "Q48249": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) was a ten-week war in the South Atlantic in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over possession of the Falkland Islands and its dependencies of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) was a ten-week war in the South Atlantic in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over possession of the Falkland Islands and its dependencies of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands."}, {"id": "Q75853", "label": "Jorge Rafael Videla", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the period leading up to the war—and, in particular following the transfer of power between the military dictators General Jorge Rafael Videla and General Roberto Eduardo Viola late in March 1981—Argentina had been in the midst of devastating economic stagnation and large-scale civil unrest against the National Reorganisation Process, the military junta that had been governing the country since"}, {"id": "Q313996", "label": "Roberto Eduardo Viola", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the period leading up to the war—and, in particular following the transfer of power between the military dictators General Jorge Rafael Videla and General Roberto Eduardo Viola late in March 1981—Argentina had been in the midst of devastating economic stagnation and large-scale civil unrest against the National Reorganisation Process, the military junta that had been governing the country since"}, {"id": "Q124993", "label": "Leopoldo Galtieri", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In December 1981, there was a further change in the Argentine military regime, bringing to office a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri (acting president), Air Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo, and Admiral Jorge Anaya."}, {"id": "Q3151731", "label": "Dirty War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By opting for military action, the Galtieri government hoped to mobilise the long-standing patriotic feelings of Argentines towards the islands, diverting public attention from the chronic economic problems and the ongoing human rights violations of its Dirty War, bolstering the junta's dwindling legitimacy."}], "Q49100": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and Soviet Union engaged in massive resupply efforts for their allies (Israel and the Arab states, respectively), which heightened tensions between the two superpowers."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and Soviet Union engaged in massive resupply efforts for their allies (Israel and the Arab states, respectively), which heightened tensions between the two superpowers."}, {"id": "Q309204", "label": "Camp David Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "These shifts contributed to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, leading to the 1978 Camp David Accords, when Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the first time an Arab country recognized Israel."}, {"id": "Q188783", "label": "Moshe Dayan", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Golda Meir, Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan and Chief of General Staff David Elazar met at 8:05 am on the morning of Yom Kippur, six hours before the war began."}, {"id": "Q467177", "label": "David Elazar", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Golda Meir, Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan and Chief of General Staff David Elazar met at 8:05 am on the morning of Yom Kippur, six hours before the war began."}], "Q165058": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians conclude that the famine was deliberately engineered by Joseph Stalin to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "Public discussion of the famine period was banned in the Soviet Union until the glasnost reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized as a genocide by Ukraine and 33 other UN member states, the European Parliament, and 35 of the 50 states of the United States."}], "Q83055": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked a major escalation of World War II, opened the Eastern Front—the largest and deadliest land war in history—and brought the Soviet Union into the Allied powers."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation, code-named after the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (\"red beard\"), put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goals of eradicating communism and conquering the western Soviet Union to repopulate it with Germans under Generalplan Ost, which planned for the removal of the native Slavic peoples by mass deportation to Siberia, Germanisation, enslavement, and genocide."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in July 1940, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the country, which was approved by Adolf Hitler in December."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in July 1940, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the country, which was approved by Adolf Hitler in December."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1941, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, despite receiving intelligence about an imminent attack, did not order a mobilization of the Red Army, fearing that it might provoke Germany."}, {"id": "Q57160", "label": "Friedrich Paulus", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Hitler was warned by many high-ranking military officers, such as Friedrich Paulus, that occupying Western Russia would create \"more of a drain than a relief for Germany's economic situation,\" he anticipated compensatory benefits such as the demobilisation of entire divisions to relieve the acute labour shortage in German industry, the exploitation of Ukraine as a reliable and immense sou"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Hitler was warned by many high-ranking military officers, such as Friedrich Paulus, that occupying Western Russia would create \"more of a drain than a relief for Germany's economic situation,\" he anticipated compensatory benefits such as the demobilisation of entire divisions to relieve the acute labour shortage in German industry, the exploitation of Ukraine as a reliable and immense sou"}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Hitler was further convinced that Britain would sue for peace once the Germans triumphed in the Soviet Union, and if they did not, he would use the resources gained in the East to defeat the British Empire."}], "Q192769": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It began as a rebellion and turned into a revolution eventually creating the sovereign United States, which was the outcome of the associated American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Continental Congress, as the provisional government, established the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as its commander-in-chief in 1775."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout most of the war, the outcome appeared uncertain, but a 1781 victory by Washington and the Continental Army in the Siege of Yorktown led King George III and the Fox–North coalition in government to negotiate the cessation of colonial rule and the acknowledgment of American sovereignty, which was formalized in the Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Discontent with colonial rule began shortly after the French and Indian War, which ended in 1763."}, {"id": "Q215687", "label": "Boston Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "In an effort to quell the mounting rebellion, King George III deployed British troops to the colony of Massachusetts, where there was a conflict in the 1770 Boston Massacre."}, {"id": "Q19024", "label": "Boston Tea Party", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1773, the local faction of the Sons of Liberty orchestrated the Boston Tea Party, during which they dumped chests of taxed tea owned by the British East India Company into the Boston Harbor."}, {"id": "Q785035", "label": "Province of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1774, 12 of the Thirteen Colonies sent delegates to the First Continental Congress (the Province of Georgia joined in 1775)."}], "Q79791": [{"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for 'reconquest') or the fall of al-Andalus was a series of military campaigns by northern Iberian Christian polities against Muslim-ruled al-Andalus, which had been part of the Visigothic Kingdom before the Muslim Conquest of 711."}, {"id": "Q957186", "label": "Battle of Covadonga", "section": "lead", "says": "The beginning of the Reconquista is traditionally dated to the Battle of Covadonga (c."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "718 or 722), approximately a decade after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began, in which the army of the Kingdom of Asturias achieved the first Christian victory over the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate since the beginning of the military invasion."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "718 or 722), approximately a decade after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began, in which the army of the Kingdom of Asturias achieved the first Christian victory over the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate since the beginning of the military invasion."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Following an Almohad resurgence in the 12th century, the Christian kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragón, Navarre, and Portugal made further territorial gains over the ensuing decades."}, {"id": "Q219697", "label": "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa", "section": "lead", "says": "After the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, major Muslim-held centres fell to Christian forces over the course of the 13th century, including Siege of Córdoba in 1236 and the Siege of Seville in 1248, leaving Granada as the only remaining Muslim-ruled state in the south, where it survived as a tributary polity."}, {"id": "Q12216248", "label": "Siege of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "After the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, major Muslim-held centres fell to Christian forces over the course of the 13th century, including Siege of Córdoba in 1236 and the Siege of Seville in 1248, leaving Granada as the only remaining Muslim-ruled state in the south, where it survived as a tributary polity."}, {"id": "Q7510393", "label": "Siege of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "After the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, major Muslim-held centres fell to Christian forces over the course of the 13th century, including Siege of Córdoba in 1236 and the Siege of Seville in 1248, leaving Granada as the only remaining Muslim-ruled state in the south, where it survived as a tributary polity."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest was followed by a series of edicts (1499–1526) that forced the conversions of Muslims in Castile, Navarre, and Aragon; these same groups were expelled from Habsburg Spain by a series of decrees starting in 1609."}, {"id": "Q284003", "label": "Al-Walid I", "section": "Background", "says": "After the establishment of a local emirate, Al-Walid I, ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate, removed many of the successful Muslim commanders."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "Background", "says": "Tariq ibn Ziyad was recalled to Damascus and replaced with Musa ibn-Nusayr, who had been his former superior."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "He was suspected of being under the influence of his wife and was accused of wanting to convert to Christianity and of planning a secessionist rebellion."}, {"id": "Q301261", "label": "Musa ibn Nusayr", "section": "Background", "says": "Sulayman appears to have punished the surviving Musa ibn Nusayr, who died during the Hajj in 716."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Umayyad conquests of 711–718 and the establishment of the state, an expedition suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Toulouse against the armies of the Duchy of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q269536", "label": "Odo the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Odo the Great had married his daughter to Munuza, a rebel and lord of Cerdanya (trans-Pyrenean Catalunya), in an attempt to secure his southern borders to fend off Charles Martel's attacks on the north."}, {"id": "Q2524627", "label": "Battle of the River Garonne", "section": "Background", "says": "However, a major punitive expedition led by Amir Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi defeated and killed Uthman, and the governor then mustered an expedition north across the western Pyrenees, looted areas up to Bordeaux, and then defeated Odo in the Battle of the River Garonne in 732."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "Background", "says": "A desperate Odo turned to his archrival Charles Martel for help, who led the remaining Aquitanian armies alongside his Frankish forces against the Umayyad armies, defeating them in the Battle of Tours on 10 October 732, killing al Ghafiqi."}, {"id": "Q173077", "label": "Battle of Tours", "section": "Background", "says": "A desperate Odo turned to his archrival Charles Martel for help, who led the remaining Aquitanian armies alongside his Frankish forces against the Umayyad armies, defeating them in the Battle of Tours on 10 October 732, killing al Ghafiqi."}], "Q124086054": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Over 1.9 million Palestinians—85% of Gaza's population—were forcibly displaced."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 2023, the government of South Africa instituted proceedings, South Africa v."}, {"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2005, Israel withdrew its ground forces in the context of the Oslo Accords and the Second Intifada."}], "Q170314": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan and its puppet states between 1937 and 1945, following a period of conflict localized to Manchuria that started in 1931."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan and its puppet states between 1937 and 1945, following a period of conflict localized to Manchuria that started in 1931."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia, as the wars became heavily intertwined after Japan attacked the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia, as the wars became heavily intertwined after Japan attacked the United States."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 September 1931, the Japanese staged the Mukden incident, a false flag event fabricated to justify their invasion of Manchuria and establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Nationalist and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forces, respectively led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, had fought each other in the Chinese Civil War since 1927."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Nationalist and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forces, respectively led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, had fought each other in the Chinese Civil War since 1927."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Nationalist and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forces, respectively led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, had fought each other in the Chinese Civil War since 1927."}, {"id": "Q46333", "label": "Long March", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1933, Chiang Kai-shek encircled the Chinese Communists in an attempt to finally destroy them, forcing the Communists into the Long March, resulting in the Communists losing around 90% of their men."}, {"id": "Q244941", "label": "Xi'an Incident", "section": "lead", "says": "As a Japanese invasion became imminent, Chiang eventually formed a United Front with the Communists in 1936, a process that was hastened by the Xi'an Incident."}, {"id": "Q254599", "label": "Battle of Shanghai", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the protracted Battle of Shanghai, the Japanese captured the capital of Nanjing in 1937 and perpetrated the Nanjing Massacre."}, {"id": "Q192055", "label": "Nanjing Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the protracted Battle of Shanghai, the Japanese captured the capital of Nanjing in 1937 and perpetrated the Nanjing Massacre."}, {"id": "Q709261", "label": "Hundred Regiments Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1939, Nationalist forces launched a large scale winter offensive, and in August 1940, CCP forces launched the Hundred Regiments Offensive in central China."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1941, Soviet aid was halted with the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact."}, {"id": "Q717809", "label": "Central Plains War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1930, the Central Plains War broke out across China, involving regional commanders who had fought in alliance with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition, and the Nanjing government under Chiang."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1930, the Central Plains War broke out across China, involving regional commanders who had fought in alliance with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition, and the Nanjing government under Chiang."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1930, the Central Plains War broke out across China, involving regional commanders who had fought in alliance with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition, and the Nanjing government under Chiang."}], "Q189266": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War, or the German–Soviet War, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Front was decisive in determining the outcome in the European theatre of operations in World War II and is the main cause of the defeat of Nazi Germany and the Axis nations."}, {"id": "Q3101105", "label": "Geoffrey Roberts", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Geoffrey Roberts noted that \"more than 80 percent of all combat during the Second World War took place on the Eastern Front\"."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis forces, led by Germany, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis forces, led by Germany, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941."}, {"id": "Q158287", "label": "Case Blue", "section": "lead", "says": "German forces advanced into the Caucasus under Fall Blau (\"Case Blue\"), launched on 28 June 1942."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviets decisively defeated the Axis at the Battle of Stalingrad—the bloodiest battle in the war and arguably in all of human history—making it one of the key turning points of the front."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "A second great Axis defeat, at the Battle of Kursk, crippled German offensive capabilities permanently and cleared the way for Soviet offensives."}, {"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Red Army's enormous success in Operation Bagration, when they destroyed Germany's Army Group Center, several Axis allies defected to the Communists, such as Romania and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Red Army's enormous success in Operation Bagration, when they destroyed Germany's Army Group Center, several Axis allies defected to the Communists, such as Romania and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Empire was defeated in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Empire was defeated in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Empire and the subsequent Russian Republic belonged to the victorious bloc of the Allies, but following the October Revolution in Russia, the Bolshevik government signed the separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918), therefore violating its agreement with the other two members of the Triple Entente and breaking the alliance."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Empire and the subsequent Russian Republic belonged to the victorious bloc of the Allies, but following the October Revolution in Russia, the Bolshevik government signed the separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918), therefore violating its agreement with the other two members of the Triple Entente and breaking the alliance."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Empire and the subsequent Russian Republic belonged to the victorious bloc of the Allies, but following the October Revolution in Russia, the Bolshevik government signed the separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918), therefore violating its agreement with the other two members of the Triple Entente and breaking the alliance."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler had declared his intention to invade the Soviet Union on 11 August 1939 to Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations Commissioner, by saying:\n\nEverything I undertake is directed against the Russians."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed in August 1939 was a non-aggression agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania would return to the Soviet control, while Poland and Romania would be divided."}], "Q21707860": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States, the second largest emitter, withdrew from the agreement in 2020, rejoined in 2021, and withdrew again in 2026."}], "Q99717": [{"id": "Q99850", "label": "Hu Yaobang", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests were initiated by the death of former pro-reform Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Hu Yaobang in April 1989, amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in post-Mao China."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 August 1980, Deng Xiaoping gave a speech titled \"On the Reform of the Party and State Leadership System\" (\"党和国家领导制度改革\") at a full meeting of the CCP Politburo in Beijing, launching political reforms in China."}, {"id": "Q99829", "label": "Zhao Ziyang", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1987, at the 13th National Congress of the CCP, Zhao Ziyang gave a report drafted by Bao Tong on the political reforms."}], "Q26013": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of 1812 was a conflict initiated by the United States against the United Kingdom and its allies fought mainly in North America and at sea during the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of 1812 was a conflict initiated by the United States against the United Kingdom and its allies fought mainly in North America and at sea during the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of 1812 was a conflict initiated by the United States against the United Kingdom and its allies fought mainly in North America and at sea during the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q1324198", "label": "Treaty of Ghent", "section": "lead", "says": "Although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, the war did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on 17 February 1815."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain, engaged in a global war against France, defended its maritime system as necessary to the defeat of Napoleon and treated many impressed sailors as British subjects."}], "Q81545": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Libyan Civil War, also known as the First Libyan Civil War and Libyan Revolution, was an armed conflict fought in 2011 in the North African country of Libya between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups attempting to oust his government."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was ignited by protests in Benghazi beginning on 15 February 2011 inspired by the Arab Spring, which led to clashes with security forces and armed protesters."}, {"id": "Q4843701", "label": "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "section": "Background", "says": "In contrast, a January 2011 report of the United Nations Human Rights Council, on which the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya sat prior to the uprising, released a month before protests began, praised certain aspects of the country's human rights record, including its treatment of women and improvements in other areas."}], "Q11264": [{"id": "Q11270", "label": "Fulgencio Batista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuban Revolution (Spanish: Revolución cubana) was the military and political movement that overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, who had ruled Cuba from 1952 to 1959."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "Among those who opposed the coup was Fidel Castro, then a young lawyer, who initially tried to challenge the takeover through legal means in the Cuban courts."}, {"id": "Q5809", "label": "Che Guevara", "section": "lead", "says": "During their exile, the Castros consolidated their strategy in Mexico and subsequently reentered Cuba in 1956, accompanied by Che Guevara, whom they had encountered during their time in Mexico."}], "Q12583": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the U.S. acquiring sovereignty over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and establishing a protectorate over Cuba."}, {"id": "Q1514908", "label": "Cuban War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence and Philippine Revolution, with the latter later leading to the Philippine–American War."}, {"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence and Philippine Revolution, with the latter later leading to the Philippine–American War."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence and Philippine Revolution, with the latter later leading to the Philippine–American War."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 19th century represented a clear decline for the Spanish Empire, while the United States went from a newly founded country to a rising power."}, {"id": "Q548543", "label": "Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón", "section": "lead", "says": "But historian Andrea Pitzer also points to the actual shift toward savagery of the Spanish military leadership, who adopted the brutal reconcentration policy after replacing the relatively conservative Governor-General of Cuba Arsenio Martínez Campos with the more unscrupulous and aggressive Valeriano Weyler, nicknamed \"The Butcher.\" President Grover Cleveland resisted mounting demands for U.S. in"}, {"id": "Q732892", "label": "Valeriano Weyler", "section": "lead", "says": "But historian Andrea Pitzer also points to the actual shift toward savagery of the Spanish military leadership, who adopted the brutal reconcentration policy after replacing the relatively conservative Governor-General of Cuba Arsenio Martínez Campos with the more unscrupulous and aggressive Valeriano Weyler, nicknamed \"The Butcher.\" President Grover Cleveland resisted mounting demands for U.S. in"}, {"id": "Q35171", "label": "Grover Cleveland", "section": "lead", "says": "But historian Andrea Pitzer also points to the actual shift toward savagery of the Spanish military leadership, who adopted the brutal reconcentration policy after replacing the relatively conservative Governor-General of Cuba Arsenio Martínez Campos with the more unscrupulous and aggressive Valeriano Weyler, nicknamed \"The Butcher.\" President Grover Cleveland resisted mounting demands for U.S. in"}, {"id": "Q35041", "label": "William McKinley", "section": "lead", "says": "But historian Andrea Pitzer also points to the actual shift toward savagery of the Spanish military leadership, who adopted the brutal reconcentration policy after replacing the relatively conservative Governor-General of Cuba Arsenio Martínez Campos with the more unscrupulous and aggressive Valeriano Weyler, nicknamed \"The Butcher.\" President Grover Cleveland resisted mounting demands for U.S. in"}, {"id": "Q11815", "label": "James Monroe", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1823, the fifth American President James Monroe (1758–1831, served 1817–25) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake or expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1823, the fifth American President James Monroe (1758–1831, served 1817–25) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake or expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Before the American Civil War (1861–1865), Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave state."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The U.S. became interested in a trans-isthmus canal in either Nicaragua or Panama and realized the need for naval protection."}, {"id": "Q142988", "label": "Alfred Thayer Maan", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an exceptionally influential theorist; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt, as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an exceptionally influential theorist; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt, as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s."}, {"id": "Q103285", "label": "José Martí", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Meanwhile, the \"Cuba Libre\" movement, led by Cuban intellectual José Martí until he died in 1895, had established offices in Florida."}, {"id": "Q322173", "label": "Tomás Estrada Palma", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The face of the Cuban revolution in the U.S. was the \"Cuban Junta\", under the leadership of Tomás Estrada Palma, who in 1902 became Cuba's first president."}], "Q131297": [{"id": "Q426722", "label": "Rwandan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rwandan genocide, also known as the Tutsi genocide, occurred from 7 April to 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1429076", "label": "Arusha Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "The war reached a tentative peace with the Arusha Accords in 1993."}, {"id": "Q272580", "label": "Juvénal Habyarimana", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994 ignited the genocide, as Hutu extremists used the power vacuum to target Tutsi and moderate Hutu leaders."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the flight of the génocidaires and many Hutu refugees into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), contributing to regional instability and triggering the First Congo War in 1996."}, {"id": "Q838695", "label": "First Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the flight of the génocidaires and many Hutu refugees into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), contributing to regional instability and triggering the First Congo War in 1996."}], "Q133132": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the French National Guard had defended Paris, and working class radicalism grew among its soldiers."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the establishment of the French Third Republic in September 1870 (under French chief-executive Adolphe Thiers from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the French Army by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on 18 March."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the establishment of the French Third Republic in September 1870 (under French chief-executive Adolphe Thiers from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the French Army by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on 18 March."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic tried around 15,000 in court, 13,500 of whom were found guilty; 95 were sentenced to death, 251 to forced labor, and 1,169 to deportation (mostly to New Caledonia)."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Many other Commune supporters, including several of the leaders, fled abroad, mostly to England, Belgium or Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q88851", "label": "Prince Henri, Count of Chambord", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Most electors in France were rural, Catholic and conservative, and this was reflected in the results; of the 645 deputies assembled in Bordeaux on February, about 400 favoured a constitutional monarchy under either Henri, Count of Chambord (grandson of Charles X) or Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (grandson of Louis Philippe)."}, {"id": "Q354477", "label": "Prince Philippe, Count of Paris", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Most electors in France were rural, Catholic and conservative, and this was reflected in the results; of the 645 deputies assembled in Bordeaux on February, about 400 favoured a constitutional monarchy under either Henri, Count of Chambord (grandson of Charles X) or Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (grandson of Louis Philippe)."}, {"id": "Q923619", "label": "Jules Favre", "section": "Prelude", "says": "There were an equal number of more radical republicans, including Jules Favre and Jules Ferry, who wanted a republic without a monarch, and who felt that signing the peace treaty was unavoidable."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "Prelude", "says": "There were an equal number of more radical republicans, including Jules Favre and Jules Ferry, who wanted a republic without a monarch, and who felt that signing the peace treaty was unavoidable."}, {"id": "Q295090", "label": "Léon Gambetta", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Finally, on the extreme left, there were the radical republicans and socialists, a group that included Louis Blanc, Léon Gambetta and Georges Clemenceau."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Finally, on the extreme left, there were the radical republicans and socialists, a group that included Louis Blanc, Léon Gambetta and Georges Clemenceau."}], "Q52418": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Japan launched a surprise military attack on the US Pacific Fleet at its naval base at Pearl Harbor in Oahu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, the US was a neutral country in World War II."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese demands included that the US end its sanctions against Japan, cease aiding China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, and allow Japan access to the resources of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese demands included that the US end its sanctions against Japan, cease aiding China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, and allow Japan access to the resources of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan dispatched its naval attack group on November 26, 1941, just before receiving the Hull note, which stated the US desire that Japan withdraw from China and French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, planned the attack as a pre-emptive strike on the Pacific Fleet, which had been based at Pearl Harbor since 1940 in order to prevent it from interfering with Japan's planned actions in Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to Pearl Harbor, over seven hours Japan launched coordinated attacks on the US-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island, as well as on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to Pearl Harbor, over seven hours Japan launched coordinated attacks on the US-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island, as well as on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to Pearl Harbor, over seven hours Japan launched coordinated attacks on the US-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island, as well as on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q295839", "label": "Chūichi Nagumo", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacking force, commanded by Chūichi Nagumo, launched its attack at 7:48 a.m."}], "Q101534": [{"id": "Q297032", "label": "Georgy Lvov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government under Georgy Lvov replaced the Council of Ministers of Russia."}, {"id": "Q1322251", "label": "July Days", "section": "lead", "says": "After the July Days, in which the government killed hundreds of protesters, Alexander Kerensky became the head of the government."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "lead", "says": "After the July Days, in which the government killed hundreds of protesters, Alexander Kerensky became the head of the government."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The failures of the Provisional Government led to the October Revolution by the communist Bolsheviks later that year."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The erosion of authority in Russia caused by the February Revolution, further exacerbated by the October Revolution, resulted in the Russian Civil War and the eventual formation of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The erosion of authority in Russia caused by the February Revolution, further exacerbated by the October Revolution, resulted in the Russian Civil War and the eventual formation of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia had been suffering from a number of economic and social problems, which compounded after the start of World War I in 1914."}, {"id": "Q221967", "label": "Brusilov Offensive", "section": "Causes", "says": "The army achieved some early victories (such as in Galicia in 1915 and with the Brusilov Offensive in 1916) but also suffered major defeats, notably Tannenberg in August 1914, the Winter Battle in Masuria in February 1915 and the loss of Russian Poland during May to August 1915."}, {"id": "Q43989", "label": "Grigori Rasputin", "section": "Causes", "says": "This left the reins of power to his wife, the German Tsarina Alexandra, who was unpopular and accused of being a German spy, and under the thumb of her confidant – Grigori Rasputin, himself so unpopular that he was assassinated by members of the nobility in December 1916."}, {"id": "Q608740", "label": "Mikhail Rodzianko", "section": "Causes", "says": "The lack of strong leadership is illustrated by a telegram from Octobrist politician Mikhail Rodzianko to the Tsar on 26 February O.S. (11 March N.S) 1917, in which Rodzianko begged for a minister with the \"confidence of the country\" be instated immediately."}], "Q130754": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7), a Mw 9.2–9.3 earthquake struck with its epicenter off the west coast of Aceh, in northern Sumatra, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake caused a massive tsunami with waves up to 30 m (100 ft) high, referred to by British and Commonwealth media as the Boxing Day tsunami, after the Boxing Day holiday, or the Asian tsunami, which devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries, especially in Aceh in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu in India, a"}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also the worst natural disaster in the history of Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand."}], "Q79967": [{"id": "Q44220", "label": "Anders Behring Breivik", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 July 2011, 32-year-old far-right extremist Anders Behring Breivik committed two domestic terrorist attacks in Norway against the government, the civilian population, and a Workers' Youth League (AUF) summer camp, in which a total of 77 people were killed."}, {"id": "Q57665", "label": "Jens Stoltenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The bomb was placed inside a Volkswagen Crafter van next to the tower block housing the office of the then prime minister Jens Stoltenberg."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was the deadliest in Norway since World War II."}], "Q51649": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, which were initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Their aim was to return the Holy Land—which had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century—to Christian rule."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 11th century, although Jerusalem had then been ruled by Muslims for hundreds of years, the practices of the Seljuk rulers in the region began to threaten local Christian populations, pilgrimages from the West, and the Byzantine Empire itself."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest impetus for the First Crusade came in 1095 when  Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos sent ambassadors to the Council of Piacenza to request military support in the empire's conflict with the Seljuk-led Turks."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed later in the year by the Council of Clermont, at which Pope Urban II gave a speech supporting the Byzantine request and urging faithful Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q311845", "label": "Peter the Hermit", "section": "lead", "says": "Thousands of predominantly poor Christians, led by the French priest Peter the Hermit, were the first to respond."}, {"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "What has become known as the People's Crusade passed through Germany and indulged in wide-ranging anti-Jewish activities, including the Rhineland massacres."}, {"id": "Q345544", "label": "Kilij Arslan I", "section": "lead", "says": "On leaving Byzantine-controlled territory in Anatolia, they were annihilated in a Turkish ambush led by the Seljuk Kilij Arslan I at the Battle of Civetot in October 1096."}, {"id": "Q978823", "label": "Battle of Civetot", "section": "lead", "says": "On leaving Byzantine-controlled territory in Anatolia, they were annihilated in a Turkish ambush led by the Seljuk Kilij Arslan I at the Battle of Civetot in October 1096."}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a large feudal host led by notable Western European princes: southern French forces under Raymond IV of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy; men from Upper and Lower Lorraine led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; Italo-Norman forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; as well as various contingents consisting of northern French and Flemish forces under "}, {"id": "Q49967", "label": "Adhemar of Le Puy", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a large feudal host led by notable Western European princes: southern French forces under Raymond IV of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy; men from Upper and Lower Lorraine led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; Italo-Norman forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; as well as various contingents consisting of northern French and Flemish forces under "}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a large feudal host led by notable Western European princes: southern French forces under Raymond IV of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy; men from Upper and Lower Lorraine led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; Italo-Norman forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; as well as various contingents consisting of northern French and Flemish forces under "}, {"id": "Q220994", "label": "Robert Curthose", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a large feudal host led by notable Western European princes: southern French forces under Raymond IV of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy; men from Upper and Lower Lorraine led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; Italo-Norman forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; as well as various contingents consisting of northern French and Flemish forces under "}, {"id": "Q26385", "label": "Vermandois", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a large feudal host led by notable Western European princes: southern French forces under Raymond IV of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy; men from Upper and Lower Lorraine led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; Italo-Norman forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; as well as various contingents consisting of northern French and Flemish forces under "}, {"id": "Q333306", "label": "Robert II", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a large feudal host led by notable Western European princes: southern French forces under Raymond IV of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy; men from Upper and Lower Lorraine led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; Italo-Norman forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; as well as various contingents consisting of northern French and Flemish forces under "}], "Q179975": [{"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1926 and 1927, the KMT and the CCP, allied with one another in the First United Front, had carried out a very successful campaign, the Northern Expedition, against warlords in central China."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1937 to 1945, hostilities were mostly put on hold as the Second United Front fought the Japanese invasion of China with eventual help from the Allies of World War II."}, {"id": "Q32993", "label": "Chinese Communist Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil war resumed as soon as it became apparent that Japanese defeat was imminent, with the communists gaining the upper hand in the second phase of the war from 1945 to 1949, generally referred to as the Chinese Communist Revolution."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Communists gained control of mainland China and proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) in October 1949, while the Republic of China government retreated to the island of Taiwan in December."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Chiang and Li Zongren, whose armies defeated the warlord Sun Chuanfang, moved eastward toward Jiangxi."}, {"id": "Q700554", "label": "Sun Chuanfang", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Chiang and Li Zongren, whose armies defeated the warlord Sun Chuanfang, moved eastward toward Jiangxi."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The leftists rejected Chiang's demand to eliminate Communist influence within the KMT, and Chiang denounced them for betraying Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People by taking orders from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q706491", "label": "Pai Chung-hsi", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 April, many communists within the KMT were purged in Shanghai through hundreds of arrests and executions on the orders of General Bai Chongxi."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "Background", "says": "The CCP referred to this as the 12 April Incident, known in the West as the Shanghai massacre, and the beginning of the White Terror."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "Background", "says": "This incident widened the rift between Chiang and Wang Jingwei, the leader of the left wing faction of the KMT."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Under pressure from Chiang, the left wing of the KMT also began expelling CCP members from the Wuhan Government in July 1927, which in turn was toppled by Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "Background", "says": "The KMT government announced, in conformity with Sun Yat-sen, the formula for the three stages of revolution: military unification, political tutelage, and constitutional democracy."}], "Q124988": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Three such wars took place, involving a total of forty-three years of warfare on both land and sea across the western Mediterranean region, and a four-year-long revolt against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264 BC as a result of Rome's expansionary policy coming into conflict with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island."}, {"id": "Q1132393", "label": "Mercenary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The end of the war sparked a major but eventually unsuccessful revolt within Carthaginian territory known as the Mercenary War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Punic War began in 218 BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 151 BC Carthage attempted to defend itself against Numidian encroachments; Rome used this as a justification to declare war in 149 BC, starting the Third Punic War."}, {"id": "Q596373", "label": "Pyrrhic War", "section": "Background and origin", "says": "By 270 BC, when the last Greek cities of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) submitted after the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War, it had conquered all of peninsular Italy south of the Arno River."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background and origin", "says": "During this period of Roman expansion Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily in a maritime empire (a thalassocracy)."}], "Q131969": [{"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thermopylae () was fought in 480 BC at Thermopylae between the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Xerxes and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Sparta under Leonidas I."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Lasting over the course of three days, it was one of the most prominent battles of both the second Persian invasion of Greece and the wider Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q747679", "label": "Battle of Artemisium", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement occurred simultaneously with the naval Battle of Artemisium: between July and September during 480 BC."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Persian invasion under Xerxes was a delayed response to the failure of the first Persian invasion, which had been initiated by Darius I and ended in 490 BC by an Athenian-led Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Persian invasion under Xerxes was a delayed response to the failure of the first Persian invasion, which had been initiated by Darius I and ended in 490 BC by an Athenian-led Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, the Athenian politician and general Themistocles proposed that the allied Greeks block the advance of the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae while simultaneously blocking the Persian navy at the Straits of Artemisium."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "The city-states of Athens and Eretria had aided the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499–494 BC."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "Background", "says": "A preliminary expedition under Mardonius in 492 BC secured the lands approaching Greece, re-conquered Thrace, and forced Macedon to become a client kingdom of Persia."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The renowned account of the Battle of Thermopylae, as documented by Herodotus, includes a significant consultation with the Oracle at Delphi."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to Plutarch, when one of the soldiers complained that, \"Because of the arrows of the ba"}], "Q182865": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with an invasion by a United States–led coalition under the name Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks (9/11) carried out by the Taliban-allied and Afghanistan-based al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q326668", "label": "Operation Enduring Freedom", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with an invasion by a United States–led coalition under the name Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks (9/11) carried out by the Taliban-allied and Afghanistan-based al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q193968", "label": "Mohammed Omar", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2004, the U.S.-backed Islamic Republic was established, but by then, the Taliban, led by founder Mullah Omar, had reorganized and begun an insurgency against the Afghan government and coalition forces."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the longest war in United States military history, surpassing the Vietnam War by six months."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "An American covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to the killing of Osama bin Laden in 2011, and NATO leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "An American covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to the killing of Osama bin Laden in 2011, and NATO leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan."}], "Q2822795": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 14 June 1985, near the town of Schengen, Luxembourg, by five of the ten member states of the then European Economic Community."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in 1999 they were incorporated into European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty, while providing opt-outs for the only two EU member states that had remained outside the Area: Ireland and the United Kingdom (the latter of which subsequently withdrew from the EU in 2020)."}], "Q43777": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The island of Hispaniola, shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is seismically active and has a history of destructive earthquakes."}], "Q620735": [{"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1991 Georgian independence referendum, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence as a sovereign state amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1991 Georgian independence referendum, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence as a sovereign state amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2000, Vladimir Putin became Russia's president, while Georgia experienced the Rose Revolution in 2003 and moved towards forging closer ties with the United States and NATO."}, {"id": "Q219470", "label": "Rose Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2000, Vladimir Putin became Russia's president, while Georgia experienced the Rose Revolution in 2003 and moved towards forging closer ties with the United States and NATO."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2000, Vladimir Putin became Russia's president, while Georgia experienced the Rose Revolution in 2003 and moved towards forging closer ties with the United States and NATO."}, {"id": "Q23530", "label": "Dmitry Medvedev", "section": "Background", "says": "General Baluyevsky said in 2012 that after President Putin had decided to wage the war against Georgia prior to the May 2008 inauguration of Dmitry Medvedev as president of Russia, a military action was planned and explicit orders were issued in advance before August 2008."}, {"id": "Q737463", "label": "Dmitry Rogozin", "section": "Prelude: April–July 2008", "says": "An allegation of an attack by a NATO MiG-29 was made by the Russian Ambassador to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin."}], "Q129864": [{"id": "Q127369", "label": "Bahadur Shah Zafar", "section": "lead", "says": "After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels quickly reached Delhi, whose 81-year-old Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was declared the Emperor of Hindustan."}], "Q33745": [{"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peloponnesian War was fought in the Eastern Mediterranean between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League from 431 to 404 BC for hegemony over Ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially inconclusive, the intervention of the Persian Empire in support of Sparta in 413 BC allowed the Spartan coalition to decisively defeat Athens, beginning a period of Spartan hegemony over Greece."}, {"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The opening phase, called the Ten Years' War or the Archidamian War, began in 431 BC when the Spartan king Archidamus II invaded Attica with his army."}, {"id": "Q3807161", "label": "Archidamian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The opening phase, called the Ten Years' War or the Archidamian War, began in 431 BC when the Spartan king Archidamus II invaded Attica with his army."}, {"id": "Q932202", "label": "Peace of Nicias", "section": "lead", "says": "With both city-states exhausted from years of fighting, the Peace of Nicias was signed in 421 BC."}, {"id": "Q844289", "label": "Sicilian Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The third phase, the Sicilian Expedition, saw Athens attempt to conquer the Spartan-allied Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q143559", "label": "Lysander", "section": "lead", "says": "While Persia captured the Athenian cities in Asia Minor; Sparta, led by Lysander, built a Persian-financed fleet to break Athens's naval superiority."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "A decade later Athens regained its independence in the Corinthian War, and Sparta's power continued to fall in the years to come."}, {"id": "Q787429", "label": "Thirty Years' Peace", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Thirty Years' Peace was first tested in 440 BC, when Athens's powerful ally Samos rebelled from its alliance with Athens."}, {"id": "Q951932", "label": "Battle of Sybota", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships played a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra."}, {"id": "Q1356189", "label": "Battle of Potidaea", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the subsequent Battle of Potidaea, the Corinthians unofficially aided Potidaea by sneaking contingents of men into the besieged city to help defend it."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These sanctions, known as the Megarian decree, were largely ignored by Thucydides, but some modern ec"}], "Q150995": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed between 4.5 and 8 million people."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed between 4.5 and 8 million people."}, {"id": "Q150575", "label": "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, participated in the treaties."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, with the Habsburgs (rulers of Austria and Spain) and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers (Sweden and certain Holy Roman principalities) allied with France (though Catholic, strongly anti-Habsburg under King Louis XIV)."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Europe had been battered by both the Thirty Years' War and the overlapping Eighty Years' War (begun c."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eighty Years' War was a prolonged struggle for the independence of the Protestant-majority Dutch Republic (the modern Netherlands), supported by Protestant-majority England, against Catholic-dominated Spain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eighty Years' War was a prolonged struggle for the independence of the Protestant-majority Dutch Republic (the modern Netherlands), supported by Protestant-majority England, against Catholic-dominated Spain and Portugal."}], "Q154255": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Munich Agreement was reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy."}, {"id": "Q140359", "label": "First Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement provided for the German annexation of part of the First Czechoslovak Republic called the Sudetenland, where three million people, mainly ethnic Germans, lived."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany had started a low-intensity undeclared war on Czechoslovakia on 17 September 1938."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance, provided the Red Army would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory; both countries refused."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "lead", "says": "The Munich Agreement was soon followed by the First Vienna Award on 2 November 1938, sep"}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from British Conservative government of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain."}, {"id": "Q213526", "label": "Édouard Daladier", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 May, Juliusz Łukasiewicz, the Polish ambassador to France, told French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that if France moved against Germany to defend Czechoslovakia, \"We shall not move.\" Łukasiewicz also told Bonnet that Poland would oppose any attempt by Soviet forces to defend Czechoslovakia from Germany. Édouard Daladier told Jakob Suritz, the Soviet ambassador to France, \"Not only can we"}], "Q164348": [{"id": "Q16410", "label": "Hungarian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (23 October – 4 November 1956; Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom), also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was an attempted countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the policies caused by the government's subordination to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Thousands were killed or wounded, and nearly a quarter of a million Hungarians fled the country."}, {"id": "Q207631", "label": "Mátyás Rákosi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian Revolution began on 23 October 1956 in Budapest when university students appealed to the civil populace to join them at the Hungarian Parliament Building to protest the USSR's geopolitical domination of Hungary through the communist government of Mátyás Rákosi."}, {"id": "Q177917", "label": "Imre Nagy", "section": "lead", "says": "The new government of Imre Nagy disbanded the ÁVH (on 28 October), declared Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact (on 1 November), and pledged to reestablish free elections."}, {"id": "Q306535", "label": "Austrian State Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, on 15 May 1955, a day after the USSR established the Warsaw Pact, the Austrian State Treaty established Austria as a neutral country in the geopolitical cold war between the US and the USSR."}, {"id": "Q211274", "label": "Polish People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1956, the Polish Army violently repressed the workers' uprising at Poznań against the economic policies of the Polish People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q159603", "label": "Władysław Gomułka", "section": "Background", "says": "In October, the Polish government appointed the politically rehabilitated, reform communist Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party to deal with the USSR, and, by 19 October 1956, Gomułka had negotiated greater trade agreements and fewer Red Army troops stationed in Poland."}], "Q182814": [{"id": "Q51", "label": "Antarctica", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, designating the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation, and banning military activity; for the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Since September 2004, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, which implements the treaty system, is headquartered in Buenos Aires, Argentina."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}], "Q486124": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Badr or  sometimes called The Raid of Badr (Arabic: غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ [ɣazwatu badr]; Ghazwatu Badr), also referred to as The Day of the Criterion (Arabic: يَوْمُ الْفُرْقَانْ, Arabic pronunciation: [jawm'ul fur'qaːn]; Yawm al-Furqan) in the Qur'an and by Muslims, was fought on 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH), near the present-day city of Badr, Medina Province in Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad, commanding an army of his Sahaba, defeated an army of the Quraysh led by Amr ibn Hisham, better known among Muslims as Abu Jahl."}, {"id": "Q335430", "label": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "section": "lead", "says": "Abu Sufyan, learning of the Muslim plan to ambush his caravan, changed course and took a longer route away from Muhammad's base at Medina and sent a messenger to Mecca, asking for help."}], "Q83224": [{"id": "Q159597", "label": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman Conquest of England."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman Conquest of England."}, {"id": "Q1113659", "label": "Battle of Fulford", "section": "lead", "says": "Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066."}, {"id": "Q203225", "label": "Battle of Stamford Bridge", "section": "lead", "says": "They were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September."}, {"id": "Q345420", "label": "Tostig Godwinson", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney."}], "Q160077": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, was captured by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, was captured by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed \"the Conqueror\"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q37142", "label": "Konstantinos XI Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed \"the Conqueror\"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed moment of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1,500 years."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman emperor Constantine the Great."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "Background", "says": "In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once: the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once: the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1346 and 1349, the Black Death killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "Background", "says": "The Empire of Trebizond, an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, was also present at the time on the coast of the Black Sea."}], "Q165725": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under Ottoman control."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under Ottoman control."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under Ottoman control."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under Ottoman control."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Although not involved as a combatant, Austria-Hungary became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples."}, {"id": "Q1277369", "label": "Macedonian Struggle", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the course of the Macedonian Struggle these states fought for influence between themselves and the Ottoman government within Ottoman Macedonia, during which their governments came under the control of nationalists."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the course of the Macedonian Struggle these states fought for influence between themselves and the Ottoman government within Ottoman Macedonia, during which their governments came under the control of nationalists."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Balkan War began on 16 June 1913, when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its allotment of territory from Macedonia, attacked its former Balkan League allies."}], "Q181533": [{"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Following several earlier violent incidents, the war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992 when the newly independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was internationally recognized."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The main belligerents were the forces of the government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and those of the breakaway proto-states of the Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the Republika Srpska which were led and supplied by Croatia and Serbia, respectively."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina – which was inhabited by mainly Muslim Bosniaks (44%), Orthodox Serbs (32.5%) and Catholic Croats (17%) – passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the independence declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 March 1992, the Bosnian Serbs, led by Radovan Karadžić, supported by the government of the president of Serbia Slobodan Milošević, and supplied by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), mobilized their forces inside Bosnia and Herzegovina and over the following months seized control of approximately 70% of the country"}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the independence declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 March 1992, the Bosnian Serbs, led by Radovan Karadžić, supported by the government of the president of Serbia Slobodan Milošević, and supplied by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), mobilized their forces inside Bosnia and Herzegovina and over the following months seized control of approximately 70% of the country"}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased throughout late 1992, resulting in the escalation of the Croat–Bosniak War in early 1993."}, {"id": "Q1285208", "label": "Sefer Halilović", "section": "Background", "says": "Speaking for the SDS, Rajko Dukić said that the shooting was evidence that Sarajevo Serbs were in mortal danger and would be more so in an independent Bosnia, which was rejected by Sefer Halilović, founder of the Patriotic League, an early pro-government defence organization, who stated it “wasn't really a wedding” but a provocation and accused the wedding guests of being SDS activists."}, {"id": "Q183848", "label": "Alija Izetbegović", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 March 1992, at a fifth round of negotiations chaired by Cutileiro, all three sides agreed to a version of the “Statement of Principles”, now known as the Carrington–Cutileiro plan: Alija Izetbegović for the SDA, Radovan Karadžić for the SDS and Mate Boban for the HDZ."}, {"id": "Q36111", "label": "Mate Boban", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 March 1992, at a fifth round of negotiations chaired by Cutileiro, all three sides agreed to a version of the “Statement of Principles”, now known as the Carrington–Cutileiro plan: Alija Izetbegović for the SDA, Radovan Karadžić for the SDS and Mate Boban for the HDZ."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From July 1991 to January 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence, the JNA and Serb paramilitaries used Bosnian territory to mount attacks on Croatia."}], "Q150812": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion began on 1 September 1939 when Germany marched into Poland, preceded by the Danzig crisis and by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, which was signed one week before and approved by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union one day before the invasion."}, {"id": "Q165549", "label": "Battle of the Bzura", "section": "lead", "says": "After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q713519", "label": "Saar Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "France invaded a small part of Germany in the Saar Offensive, and the Polish army was effectively defeated even before the British Expeditionary Force could be transported to continental Europe."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never form"}, {"id": "Q707678", "label": "Anglo-German Naval Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 April 1939, Hitler unilaterally withdrew from both the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934 and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "We cannot expect a repetition of Czechoslovakia."}], "Q151616": [{"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony-Poland-Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony-Poland-Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony-Poland-Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden, under Charles XII, and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706, respectively, but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava."}, {"id": "Q130805", "label": "George I of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "lead", "says": "Swedish allies included Holstein-Gottorp, several Polish magnates under Stanisław I Leszczyński (1704–1710) and Cossacks under the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1708–1710)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark invaded Sweden's ally Holstein-Gottorp, while Saxony and Russia declared war on the Swedish Empire and attacked Swedish Livonia and Swedish Ingria, respectively."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden parried the Danes at Travendal (August 1700) and the Russians at Narva (November 1700), and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II's forces through the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Saxony, dethroning Augustus on the way (September 1706) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altranstädt (October 1706)."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden parried the Danes at Travendal (August 1700) and the Russians at Narva (November 1700), and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II's forces through the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Saxony, dethroning Augustus on the way (September 1706) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altranstädt (October 1706)."}, {"id": "Q846708", "label": "Pruth River Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire defeated the Russian–Moldavian army in the Pruth River Campaign, but that peace treaty was in the end without great consequence to Russia's position."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Fighting in the field, the Swedish Army (which during the Thirty Years' War contained more German and Scottish mercenaries than ethnic Swedes, but was administered by the Swedish Crown) was able, in particular, to make quick, sustained marches across large tracts of land and to maintain a high rate of small arms fire due to proficient military drill."}, {"id": "Q928848", "label": "Treaty of Stolbovo", "section": "Background", "says": "The foreign interventions in Russia during the Time of Troubles resulted in Swedish gains in the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617)."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian fortunes began to reverse in the final years of the 17th century, notably with the rise to power of Peter the Great, who looked to address the earlier losses and re-establish a Baltic presence."}, {"id": "Q705427", "label": "Johann Reinhold von Patkul", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1690s, the adventurer Johann Patkul managed to ally Russia with Denmark and Saxony by the secret Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, and in 1700 the three powers attacked."}, {"id": "Q973764", "label": "Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1690s, the adventurer Johann Patkul managed to ally Russia with Denmark and Saxony by the secret Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, and in 1700 the three powers attacked."}], "Q179250": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812, was initiated by Napoleon with the aim of forcing the Russian Empire  to comply with the continental blockade of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812, was initiated by Napoleon with the aim of forcing the Russian Empire  to comply with the continental blockade of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812, was initiated by Napoleon with the aim of forcing the Russian Empire  to comply with the continental blockade of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812, was initiated by Napoleon with the aim of forcing the Russian Empire  to comply with the continental blockade of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning on 24 June 1812, the initial wave of the multinational Grande Armée crossed the Neman River, marking the entry from the Duchy of Warsaw into Russia."}, {"id": "Q239260", "label": "Pyotr Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "Employing extensive forced marches, Napoleon rapidly advanced his army of nearly half a million men through Western Russia,  encompassing present-day Belarus, in a bid to dismantle the disparate Russian forces led by Barclay de Tolly and Pyotr Bagration totaling approximately 180,000–220,000 soldiers at that juncture."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Smolensk, Alexander I appointed Mikhail Kutuzov commander-in-chief of the Russian armies."}, {"id": "Q184320", "label": "Battle of Borodino", "section": "lead", "says": "In the fierce Battle of Borodino, located 110 kilometres (70 mi) west of Moscow, Napoleon failed to destroy the Russian army, while Kutuzov was unable to halt the French advance."}], "Q29269": [{"id": "Q210036", "label": "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Chechen War, also referred to as the First Russo-Chechen War, was a conflict between the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the Russian Federation from 1994 to 1996."}, {"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ended in a peace treaty that saw Russian forces withdraw from the territory only for them to invade again three years later, sparking the Second Chechen War of 1999–2009."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "During the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Chechnya came under the control of a secessionist regime led by Dzhokhar Dudayev."}, {"id": "Q179846", "label": "Dzhokhar Dudayev", "section": "lead", "says": "During the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Chechnya came under the control of a secessionist regime led by Dzhokhar Dudayev."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian president Boris Yeltsin supported anti-Dudayev militias until 1994, when he launched a military operation to \"establish constitutional order in Chechnya\"."}, {"id": "Q370158", "label": "Khasavyurt Accord", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the killing of Dudayev in a Russian airstrike in April 1996, the recapture of Grozny by separatists in August brought about the Khasavyurt Accord which ceased hostilities, and then the Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty in 1997."}, {"id": "Q193354", "label": "Aslan Maskhadov", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Aslan Maskhadov, approximately 2,800 Chechen fighters were killed, while independent sources estimate the number to be between 3,000 and 10,000."}], "Q76026": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greco-Persian Wars, also called the Persian Wars, were a series of armed conflicts involving various Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire from 499 BC to 449 BC."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The precipitating collision between the fractious political world of ancient Greece and the enormous empire of ancient Persia had begun when the Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia in 547 BC."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "lead", "says": "In 499 BC, the Greek tyrant Aristagoras of Miletus embarked on what would ultimately be a failed expedition to conquer Naxos with Persian support."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Anticipating his dismissal, Aristagoras incited Greek city-states in Asia Minor to join him in deposing their Persian rulers, sparking the Ionian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the loss of his regional capital city, the Persian king Darius the Great vowed to exact revenge against the Athenians and the Eretrians."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "In 492 BC, the first Persian invasion of Greece began under the command of Mardonius, who successfully re-subjugated Thrace and Macedon before several mishaps forced an early end to the rest of the campaign."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "lead", "says": "Before they could reach Athens itself, however, the Persians were defeated by the Athenians and the Plataeans in the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the death of Darius in 486 BC, his son Xerxes I took the throne and the responsibility for continuing the Achaemenid Empire's stalled c"}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Other coastal regions of the Persian Empire would contribute ships throughout the course of the wars."}], "Q150229": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the First Sino-Japanese War, villagers in North China feared the expansion of foreign spheres of influence and resented Christian missionaries who ignored local customs and used their power to protect their followers in court."}, {"id": "Q47842", "label": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "section": "lead", "says": "Empress Dowager Cixi, who had initially been hesitant, supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an imperial decree that was a de facto declaration of war on the invading powers."}, {"id": "Q4337436", "label": "Siege of the International Legations", "section": "lead", "says": "They defeated the Imperial Army in Tianjin and arrived in Beijing on 14 August, relieving the 55-day Siege of the International Legations."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "After this event, the government shifted to supporting the Boxer uprising against foreign invaders and the proliferation of Christianity within China."}, {"id": "Q604938", "label": "Convention of Peking", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Tientsin and the Convention of Peking, signed in 1860 after the Second Opium War, had granted foreign missionaries the freedom to preach anywhere in China and to buy land on which to build churches."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Tientsin and the Convention of Peking, signed in 1860 after the Second Opium War, had granted foreign missionaries the freedom to preach anywhere in China and to buy land on which to build churches."}], "Q150701": [{"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a succession crisis, the rival claimants being Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and Archduke Charles of Austria, supported by the Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a succession crisis, the rival claimants being Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and Archduke Charles of Austria, supported by the Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Great Northern War and Queen Anne's War in North America."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Great Northern War and Queen Anne's War in North America."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although weakened by decades of warfare, the Spanish Empire remained a prominent global power when Charles died in 1700."}, {"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The loss of British military and financial support forced their allies to agree to the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, followed by the treaties of Rastatt and Baden in 1714."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Most Spanish possessions in Italy were ceded to Savoy or to Austria, the latter also acquiring the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain retained the key ports of Gibraltar and Menorca and now replaced the Dutch Republic as the leading European naval and commercial power, the latter thereafter declining as a major force."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "For example, in 1670 Charles II of England agreed to support the rights of Louis XIV of France, while the 1689 Grand Alliance committed England and the Dutch Republic to back those of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "For example, in 1670 Charles II of England agreed to support the rights of Louis XIV of France, while the 1689 Grand Alliance committed England and the Dutch Republic to back those of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles II died in 1700, the Spanish Empire was no longer the dominant great power, but still included much of Italy and the Americas, the Spanish Netherlands, and colonies such as the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles II died in 1700, the Spanish Empire was no longer the dominant great power, but still included much of Italy and the Americas, the Spanish Netherlands, and colonies such as the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles II died in 1700, the Spanish Empire was no longer the dominant great power, but still included much of Italy and the Americas, the Spanish Netherlands, and colonies such as the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1700–1721 Great Northern War is considered a connected conflict since it affected the involvement of states such as Sweden, Saxony, Denmark–Norway and Russia."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 killed an estimated 15–25% of the population in present-day Scotland, Scandinavia and the Baltic states, plus another two million in France and Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "Background", "says": "This combination of financial exhaustion and famine led to the October 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, a compromise that left the succession unresolved."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "In February, the Spanish-controlled Duchy of Milan and allied Duchy of Mantua in Northern Italy announced their support for Philip and accepted French troops."}, {"id": "Q766501", "label": "Duchy of Mantua", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "In February, the Spanish-controlled Duchy of Milan and allied Duchy of Mantua in Northern Italy announced their support for Philip and accepted French troops."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "The pro-French Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Maximilian II Emanuel, allowed their troops to replace Dutch garrisons in the 'Barrier' fortresses granted at Ryswick."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "When the exiled James II of England died on 16 September 1701, Louis XIV reneged on his recognition of William III at Ryswick in 1697, and supported the claim of James Francis Edward Stuart to the British throne."}, {"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "When the exiled James II of England died on 16 September 1701, Louis XIV reneged on his recognition of William III at Ryswick in 1697, and supported the claim of James Francis Edward Stuart to the British throne."}, {"id": "Q572597", "label": "Anthonie Heinsius", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "Grand Pensionary Anthonie Heinsius did the same for the Dutch, despite French hopes that internal conflicts would prevent this."}], "Q171416": [{"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trafalgar was a fleet action which took place on 21 October 1805 between the Royal Navy and a combined fleet of the French and Spanish navies during the War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom, the French and Spanish navies planned to take control of the English Channel and provide the French invasion army with safe passage to Britain."}, {"id": "Q315255", "label": "Pierre-Charles Villeneuve", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied fleet, under the command of French Vice-admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, sailed from the port of Cádiz in southern Spain on 18 October 1805."}, {"id": "Q602054", "label": "Federico Gravina", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the senior surviving Spanish commander, Admiral Federico Gravina, led part of the surviving Franco-Spanish fleet away from the storm; he died six months later of wounds sustained during the battle."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 September, Napoleon gave orders for the French and Spanish ships at Cádiz to put to sea at the first favourable opportunity, join with seven Spanish ships of the line then at Cartagena, go to Naples and land the soldiers they carried to reinforce his troops there, then fight decisively if they met a numerically inferior British fleet."}], "Q177918": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Bulgaria, meanwhile, was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia and attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913, which provoked the start of the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bulgaria, meanwhile, was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia and attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913, which provoked the start of the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Bulgaria, meanwhile, was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia and attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913, which provoked the start of the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1867, Serbia and Montenegro had both secured their independence, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Berlin (1878)."}, {"id": "Q1277369", "label": "Macedonian Struggle", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1878 and 1912, the Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia sponsored insurgent groups in Ottoman Macedonia to fight against the government and each other in a conflict known as the Macedonian Struggle."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "Background", "says": "The question of the viability of Ottoman rule was revived after the Young Turk Revolution in July 1908, which compelled the Ottoman Sultan to restore the suspended constitution of the empire."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbia's aspirations to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina were thwarted by the Bosnian crisis, which led to the Austrian annexation of the province in October 1908."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1912, Albanian rebels seeking national autonomy and the re-installment of Sultan Abdul Hamid II to power drove the Young Turkish forces out of Skopje and pressed south towards Manastir (now Bitola), forcing the Young Turks to grant effective autonomy over large regions in June 1912."}, {"id": "Q211827", "label": "Peter I of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 October 1912, King Peter I of Serbia issued a declaration, 'To the Serbian People,' which appeared to support Albanians as well as Serbs:\n\nThe Turkish governments showed no interest in their duties towards their citizens and turned a deaf ear to all complaints and sug"}], "Q186444": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty defines nuclear-weapon states as those that have built and tested a nuclear explosive device before 1967; these are the United States (1945), Russia (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), and China (1964)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty defines nuclear-weapon states as those that have built and tested a nuclear explosive device before 1967; these are the United States (1945), Russia (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), and China (1964)."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea which acceded in 1985 but never came into compliance, announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003—the only state to do so—and carried out its first nuclear test in 2006."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Four UN member states have never accepted the NPT, three of which possess or are thought to possess nuclear weapons: India, Israel, and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, South Sudan, which became independent in 2011, has not joined."}, {"id": "Q521306", "label": "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was followed by the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons."}, {"id": "Q28130514", "label": "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was followed by the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons."}], "Q23365300": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Belgian Government declared three days of national mourning after the bombings, which were the deadliest attacks on Belgium since World War II."}], "Q25893254": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack, saying Lahouaiej-Bouhlel answered its \"calls to target citizens of coalition nations that fight the Islamic State\"."}, {"id": "Q157", "label": "François Hollande", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 July, French president François Hollande called the attack an act of Islamic terrorism, announced an extension of the state of emergency (which had been declared following the November 2015 Paris attacks) for a further three months, and announced an intensification of French airstrikes on ISIL in Syria and Iraq."}], "Q151187": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "They were represented respectively by General Secretary Joseph Stalin, prime ministers Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee, and President Harry S."}, {"id": "Q129006", "label": "Clement Attlee", "section": "lead", "says": "They were represented respectively by General Secretary Joseph Stalin, prime ministers Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee, and President Harry S."}, {"id": "Q128995", "label": "Anthony Eden", "section": "lead", "says": "The foreign ministers and aides played key roles: Vyacheslav Molotov, Anthony Eden and Ernest Bevin, and James F."}, {"id": "Q332365", "label": "Ernest Bevin", "section": "lead", "says": "The foreign ministers and aides played key roles: Vyacheslav Molotov, Anthony Eden and Ernest Bevin, and James F."}], "Q178687": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a conflict between the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan primarily for influence over Korea."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "lead", "says": "After roughly 7 months of sustained military gains by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the ports of Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) and Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895 and signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki two months later, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q701045", "label": "Donghak Peasant Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1894, the Qing government, at the request of the Korean emperor Gojong, sent 2,700 to 2,800 troops to aid in suppressing the Tonghak Peasant Revolution."}, {"id": "Q705189", "label": "Convention of Tientsin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese considered this a violation of the 1885 Convention of Tientsin, which required each side to notify the other of military action near Korea, consequently sending an expeditionary force of 8,000 troops, which landed at Incheon."}, {"id": "Q701890", "label": "Battle of Pungdo", "section": "lead", "says": "About 3,000 Qing troops still remained in Korea, and could be supplied only by sea; on 25 July, the Japanese Navy won the Battle of Pungdo and sank the steamer Kowshing, which was carrying 1,200 Qing reinforcements."}, {"id": "Q715791", "label": "Battle of Pyongyang", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Pyongyang on 15 September, Qing troops retreated to Manchuria, allowing the Japanese to take over Korea."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "Prelude to the war", "says": "On 3 June, King Gojong, on the recommendation of the Min clan and at the insistence of Yuan Shikai, requested aid from the Chinese government in suppressing the Donghak Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q713040", "label": "Ōshima Yoshimasa", "section": "Prelude to the war", "says": "Simultaneously, a reinforced brigade of approximately 8,000 troops (the Oshima Composite Brigade), under the command of General Ōshima Yoshimasa, was also dispatched to Chemulpo by 27 June."}], "Q191282": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Opium War (Chinese: 第一次鴉片戰爭; pinyin: Dìyīcì yāpiàn zhànzhēng), also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between the British Empire and Qing China between 1839 and 1842."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "lead", "says": "The British then imposed the \"Treaty of Nanking\", which forced China to increase foreign trade, give compensation, and cede Hong Kong Island to the British."}, {"id": "Q4870743", "label": "Battle of Chuenpee", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Second Battle of Chuenpi on 7 January 1841, the British forces occupied Hong Kong, formally raising the Union Jack on 26 January 1841."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Second Battle of Chuenpi on 7 January 1841, the British forces occupied Hong Kong, formally raising the Union Jack on 26 January 1841."}, {"id": "Q334351", "label": "Daoguang Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor, rejecting proposals to legalise and tax opium, appointed Viceroy of Huguang Lin Zexu to go to Guangzhou to halt the opium trade completely."}, {"id": "Q184999", "label": "Lin Tse-hsu", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor, rejecting proposals to legalise and tax opium, appointed Viceroy of Huguang Lin Zexu to go to Guangzhou to halt the opium trade completely."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "Lin wrote an open letter to Queen Victoria appealing to her moral responsibility to stop the opium trade, although she never received it."}, {"id": "Q159592", "label": "John Napier", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1834, to accommodate the revocation of the East India Company's monopoly, the British sent William John Napier to Macau along with John Francis Davis and Sir George Robinson, 2nd Baronet, as British superintendents of trade in China."}, {"id": "Q2607699", "label": "John Francis Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1834, to accommodate the revocation of the East India Company's monopoly, the British sent William John Napier to Macau along with John Francis Davis and Sir George Robinson, 2nd Baronet, as British superintendents of trade in China."}, {"id": "Q184780", "label": "Charles Elliot", "section": "Background", "says": "After Lord Napier's death, Captain Charles Elliot received the King's Commission as Superintendent of Trade in 1836 to continue Napier's work of conciliating the Chinese."}], "Q25906338": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "That same evening, Erdoğan stated that they had evidence the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement, and alleged that the United States was harboring Gülen."}, {"id": "Q488200", "label": "Fethullah Gülen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gülen movement was led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and a well-known Islamic scholar who lived in exile in Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q6087480", "label": "Hakan Fidan", "section": "Reasons for failure", "says": "Turkey's National Intelligence Organization (MİT) head Hakan Fidan discovered the coup plot after a report from a major at Army Aviation Command, and the plotters were forced to execute the coup five hours ahead of schedule."}], "Q51656": [{"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the partition of the Byzantine Empire by the Crusaders and their Venetian allies, leading to a period known as the Frankokratia (\"Rule of the Franks\" in Greek)."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1201, the Republic of Venice contracted with the Crusader leaders to build a dedicated fleet to transport their invasion force."}, {"id": "Q205688", "label": "Enrico Dandolo", "section": "lead", "says": "In lieu of payment, the Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo proposed that the Crusaders back him in attacking the rebellious city of Zara (Zadar) on the eastern Adriatic coast."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1203, en route to Jerusalem, the Crusader leadership entered into an agreement with the Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos to divert their main force to Constantinople and restore his deposed father Isaac II Angelos as emperor, who would then add his support to their invasion of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Its planned location made Constantinople not only the capital of the surviving eastern part of the Roman Empire but also a commercial centre that dominated trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea, China, India and Persia."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Ascending as Alexios III Angelos, the new emperor had his brother blinded (a traditional punishment for treason, considered more humane than execution) and exiled."}], "Q62066211": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 March 2019, two consecutive terrorist mass shootings took place in Christchurch, New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q3606816", "label": "Jacinda Ardern", "section": "lead", "says": "Politicians and world leaders condemned it, and the prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, described it as \"one of New Zealand's darkest days\"."}], "Q134301": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Katyn massacre was a series of mass executions of Poles carried out by the Soviet Union between April and May 1940."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The government of Nazi Germany announced the discovery of mass graves in the Katyn Forest in April 1943."}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 March 1940, pursuant to a note to Stalin from Beria, six members of the Soviet Politburo— Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Kliment Voroshilov, Anastas Mikoyan, and Mikhail Kalinin— signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish \"nationalists and counterrevolutionaries\" kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus."}, {"id": "Q229828", "label": "Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 March 1940, pursuant to a note to Stalin from Beria, six members of the Soviet Politburo— Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Kliment Voroshilov, Anastas Mikoyan, and Mikhail Kalinin— signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish \"nationalists and counterrevolutionaries\" kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus."}, {"id": "Q214357", "label": "Gerhard Weinberg", "section": "Background", "says": "The reason for the massacre, according to the historian Gerhard Weinberg, was that Stalin wanted to deprive a potential future Polish military of a large portion of its talent."}], "Q134900605": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States intercepted Iranian attacks and bombed three Iranian nuclear sites on 22 June."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2018, US president Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew from the plan."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced Operation Rising Lion, targeting Iran's main enrichment facility in Natanz, its nuclear scientists, and parts of its ballistic missile program."}, {"id": "Q134884640", "label": "Operation Rising Lion", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced Operation Rising Lion, targeting Iran's main enrichment facility in Natanz, its nuclear scientists, and parts of its ballistic missile program."}], "Q15224558": [{"id": "Q12163419", "label": "Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests were sparked by President Viktor Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union."}, {"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "Euromaidan was the largest democratic mass movement in Europe since 1989 and led to the 2014 Revolution of Dignity."}, {"id": "Q48283", "label": "Yulia Tymoshenko", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 March 2012, the European Union (EU) and Ukraine initiated an Association Agreement; however, EU leaders later stated that the agreement would not be ratified unless Ukraine addressed concerns over a \"stark deterioration of democracy and the rule of law\", including the imprisonment of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012."}, {"id": "Q458282", "label": "Yuriy Lutsenko", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 March 2012, the European Union (EU) and Ukraine initiated an Association Agreement; however, EU leaders later stated that the agreement would not be ratified unless Ukraine addressed concerns over a \"stark deterioration of democracy and the rule of law\", including the imprisonment of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012."}, {"id": "Q892623", "label": "Volodymyr Rybak", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 September 2013, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Volodymyr Rybak expressed confidence that parliament would pass all the laws needed to fulfil the EU's criteria since, except for the Communist Party of Ukraine, \"[t]he Verkhovna Rada has united around these bills.\" According to Pavlo Klimkin, one of the Ukrainian negotiators of the Association Agreement, initially \"the Russians simply did not b"}, {"id": "Q57590", "label": "Mykola Azarov", "section": "Background", "says": "The government also assured, \"Ukraine will resume preparing the agreement when the drop in industrial production and our relations with Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries are compensated by the European market.\" According to Prime Minister Mykola Azarov, \"the extremely ha"}], "Q31900": [{"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia under King Darius I to subjugate Greece."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek army inflicted a crushing defeat on the more numerous Persians, marking a turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Persian invasion was a response to Athenian involvement in the Ionian Revolt, when the city-states of Athens and Eretria each sent a force to support the cities of Ionia in their attempt to overthrow Persian rule."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Herodotus, Darius had his bow brought to him and then shot an arrow \"upwards towards heaven\", saying as he did so: \"Zeus, that it may be granted me to take vengeance upon the Athenians!\" Herodotus further writes that Darius charged one of his servants to say \"Master, remember the Athenians\" three times before dinner each day."}, {"id": "Q210350", "label": "Miltiades", "section": "lead", "says": "Miltiades, the Athenian general, ordered a general attack against the Persian forces, composed primarily of missile troops."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionistic, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian Revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against Naxos, a joint venture between the Persian satrap Artaphernes and the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q207634", "label": "Cleisthenes", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Cleomenes helped install a pro-Spartan tyranny under Isagoras in Athens, in opposition to Cleisthenes, the leader of the traditionally powerful Alcmaeonidae family, who considered themselves the natural heirs to the rule of Athens."}], "Q6271": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second in a series of three wars fought between  Carthage and the Roman Republic, who were at the time the two main powers in the western Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman general Scipio Africanus and Hannibal faced off at the Battle of Zama, which the Romans won, resulting in Carthage’s surrender."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman general Scipio Africanus and Hannibal faced off at the Battle of Zama, which the Romans won, resulting in Carthage’s surrender."}, {"id": "Q200056", "label": "Battle of Zama", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman general Scipio Africanus and Hannibal faced off at the Battle of Zama, which the Romans won, resulting in Carthage’s surrender."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Macedon allied with Carthage, triggering the First Macedonian War, which caused Rome to seek its own allies in the Eastern Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Punic War had ended in a Roman victory in 241 BC after 23 years and enormous losses on both sides."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "As Syracuse and Macedonia joined the Carthaginian side after Cannae, the conflict spread."}, {"id": "Q596373", "label": "Pyrrhic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century and had conquered peninsular Italy south of the Arno River by 270 BC, after the Pyrrhic War when the Greek cities of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) submitted."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "With the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base if it was to confront Rome again; Carthaginian possessions in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were limited to a handful of prosperous coastal cities in the south and Hamilcar took the army which he had led in the Truceless War to Iberia in 237 BC and carved out a quasi-mo"}], "Q6683": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, (April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848) was an invasion of Mexico by the United States."}, {"id": "Q1361674", "label": "Treaties of Velasco", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the 1845 American annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its territory because it refused to recognize the Treaties of Velasco, signed by President Antonio López de Santa Anna after he was captured by the Texian Army during the 1836 Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the 1845 American annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its territory because it refused to recognize the Treaties of Velasco, signed by President Antonio López de Santa Anna after he was captured by the Texian Army during the 1836 Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Texas was de facto an independent country, but most of its Anglo-American citizens who had moved from the United States to Texas after 1822 wanted to be annexed by the United States."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the boundary between Texas and Mexico was disputed, with the Republic of Texas and the U.S. asserting it to be the Rio Grande and Mexico claiming it to be the more northerly Nueces River."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "lead", "says": "Army, under Major General Winfield Scott, invaded the Mexican heartland via an amphibious landing at the port of Veracruz on March 9 and captured the capital, Mexico City, in September 1847."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "Background", "says": "President Vicente Guerrero, a hero of Mexican independence, moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of non-Hispanic colonists from the southern U.S. and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States, including President José Joaquín de Herrera, were viewed as traitors."}, {"id": "Q373622", "label": "José Joaquín de Herrera", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States, including President José Joaquín de Herrera, were viewed as traitors."}], "Q104705419": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On January 6, 2021, the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., was attacked by a mob of supporters of President Donald Trump."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "Attackers sought to keep him in power by preventing a joint session of Congress from counting the Electoral College votes to formalize the victory of then president-elect Joe Biden."}, {"id": "Q24313", "label": "Mike Pence", "section": "lead", "says": "Called to action by Trump on January 5 and 6, thousands of his supporters had gathered in Washington, D.C., to support his false claims that the 2020 election had been \"stolen by emboldened radical-left Democrats\", and to demand that then–vice president Mike Pence and Congress reject Biden's victory."}, {"id": "Q170581", "label": "Nancy Pelosi", "section": "lead", "says": "Some vandalized and looted, including in the offices of House speaker Nancy Pelosi and other Congress members."}, {"id": "Q33190271", "label": "Mark T. Esper", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 9, Trump fired Secretary of Defense Mark Esper and replaced him with Christopher C."}, {"id": "Q6766465", "label": "Mark A. Milley", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director Gina Haspel told Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley \"we are on the way to a right-wing coup\"."}, {"id": "Q4496", "label": "Mitt Romney", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 2, Republican senator Mitt Romney – who himself had lost the 2012 presidential election against Barack Obama, and conceded in an orderly manner – contacted Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, predicting reinforcements would be denied, \"... a senior official at the Pentagon... reports that they are seeing very disturbing social media traffic regarding the protests planned on the 6th."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 2, Republican senator Mitt Romney – who himself had lost the 2012 presidential election against Barack Obama, and conceded in an orderly manner – contacted Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, predicting reinforcements would be denied, \"... a senior official at the Pentagon... reports that they are seeing very disturbing social media traffic regarding the protests planned on the 6th."}, {"id": "Q355522", "label": "Mitch McConnell", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 2, Republican senator Mitt Romney – who himself had lost the 2012 presidential election against Barack Obama, and conceded in an orderly manner – contacted Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, predicting reinforcements would be denied, \"... a senior official at the Pentagon... reports that they are seeing very disturbing social media traffic regarding the protests planned on the 6th."}], "Q134114": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Austerlitz was fought on Monday 2 December 1805, near Austerlitz (then in the Austrian Empire, now in the Czech Republic), being the decisive engagement of the War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Austerlitz was fought on Monday 2 December 1805, near Austerlitz (then in the Austrian Empire, now in the Czech Republic), being the decisive engagement of the War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Austerlitz was fought on Monday 2 December 1805, near Austerlitz (then in the Austrian Empire, now in the Czech Republic), being the decisive engagement of the War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "One force was an imperial Russian army under the command of Tsar Alexander I and General Mikhail Kutuzov, while the other comprised an imperial Austrian army under the command of Emperor Francis II."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "One force was an imperial Russian army under the command of Tsar Alexander I and General Mikhail Kutuzov, while the other comprised an imperial Austrian army under the command of Emperor Francis II."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so he could feign a grave weakness to lure the Allies into thinking that they were facing a weak army, while it was in fact formidable."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger spent 1804 and 1805 in a flurry of diplomatic activity geared towards forming a new coalition against France, and by April 1805, Britain and Russia had signed an alliance."}], "Q151340": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of France (French: Bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) and France during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 September 1939, France and Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, over the German invasion of Poland on 1 September."}, {"id": "Q713519", "label": "Saar Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "In early September 1939, the French army began the limited Saar Offensive but by mid-October had withdrawn to the start line."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "The fascist and collaborationist Vichy government, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain replaced the Third Republic and German military occupation began along the French North Sea and Atlantic coasts and their hinterlands."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, in November 1942, in Case Anton, the Germans and Ita"}, {"id": "Q691565", "label": "Case Anton", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, in November 1942, in Case Anton, the Germans and Ita"}, {"id": "Q190882", "label": "Phoney War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Saar Offensive, a period of inaction called the Phoney War (the French Drôle de guerre, joke war or the German Sitzkrieg, sitting war) set in between the belligerents."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler had hoped that France and Britain would acquiesce in the conquest of Poland and quickly make peace."}], "Q164432": [{"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (c."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "After the initial stages, Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebel-held territories."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself."}, {"id": "Q700035", "label": "Pacification of Ghent", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite steady military and diplomatic successes by the Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration and establishing the Calvinist-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite steady military and diplomatic successes by the Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration and establishing the Calvinist-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite steady military and diplomatic successes by the Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration and establishing the Calvinist-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing a stalemate, the two sides agreed to a Twelve Years' Truce in 1609; when it expired in 1621, fighting resumed as part of the broader Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing a stalemate, the two sides agreed to a Twelve Years' Truce in 1609; when it expired in 1621, fighting resumed as part of the broader Thirty Years' War."}], "Q164983": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied powers (Britain, France and the Russian Empire) unsuccessfully attempted to make the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, capitulate by taking control of the Turkish straits."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied powers (Britain, France and the Russian Empire) unsuccessfully attempted to make the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, capitulate by taking control of the Turkish straits."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli, became the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign is considered by some to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and forecast that Cape Helles (the southern tip of the peninsula) and Gaba Tepe were the likely areas for landing."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and forecast that Cape Helles (the southern tip of the peninsula) and Gaba Tepe were the likely areas for landing."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Prelude", "says": "15,000-25,000 Bosniaks, mostly from the Sandzak Region on the border between Serbia and Montenegro went to Canakkale to fight in the ranks of the Ottoman army."}], "Q174205": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Precipitating factors included the Russian goals of recovering territorial losses endured during the Crimean War of 1853–1856, re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (1396–1878), Bulgaria emerged as an autonomous state with support and military intervention from Russia."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Moreover, Greece annexed parts of Thessaly and Arta."}, {"id": "Q327020", "label": "Alexander Gorchakov", "section": "Background", "says": "The newly appointed Russian chancellor, Alexander Gorchakov, depended upon alliance with Prussia and its chancellor Bismarck."}], "Q19830062": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake) killed 8,962 people and injured 21,952 across the countries of Nepal, India, China and Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "Its epicenter was east of Gorkha District at Barpak, Gorkha, roughly 85 km (53 mi) northwest of central Kathmandu, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi)."}], "Q51654": [{"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the Seljuk forces of Zengi."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The county had been founded during the First Crusade (1096–1099) by Baldwin in 1098."}, {"id": "Q167610", "label": "Eugene III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III and was led in the east by European kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III and was led in the east by European kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles."}, {"id": "Q157133", "label": "Conrad III of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III and was led in the east by European kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles."}, {"id": "Q5626", "label": "Odo of Deuil", "section": "lead", "says": "The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the Crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the Crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Crusader efforts were successful in Iberia, where several territories—including Lisbon, the future capital of the Portuguese Empire—were conquered."}, {"id": "Q188411", "label": "Bernard of Clairvaux", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis consulted Bernard of Clairvaux, who referred him back to Pope Eugene."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "Background", "says": "The pope commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "At Speyer, Conrad III of Germany and his nephew, later Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, received the cross from the hand of Bernard."}], "Q130861": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kursk, also called the Battle of the Kursk Salient, was a major World War II Eastern Front battle between the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in southwestern Russia during the summer of 1943, resulting in a Soviet victory."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kursk, also called the Battle of the Kursk Salient, was a major World War II Eastern Front battle between the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in southwestern Russia during the summer of 1943, resulting in a Soviet victory."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kursk, also called the Battle of the Kursk Salient, was a major World War II Eastern Front battle between the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in southwestern Russia during the summer of 1943, resulting in a Soviet victory."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "It ranks only behind the Battle of Stalingrad several months earlier as the most often-cited turning point in the European theatre of the war."}, {"id": "Q541506", "label": "Battle of Prokhorovka", "section": "lead", "says": "On the southern side, the Soviets also launched powerful counterattacks the same day, one of which led to a large armoured clash, the Battle of Prokhorovka."}], "Q154182": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q159065", "label": "Vistula–Oder Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Vistula–Oder Offensive of January–February 1945, the Red Army had temporarily halted on a line 60 km (37 mi) east of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q57205", "label": "Gotthard Heinrici", "section": "lead", "says": "The first defensive preparations at the outskirts of Berlin were made on 20 March, under the newly appointed commander of Army Group Vistula, General Gotthard Heinrici."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "On 20 April 1945, Hitler's birthday, the 1st Belorussian Front led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov, advancing from the east and north, started shelling Berlin's city centre, while Marshal Ivan Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front broke through Army Group Centre and advanced towards the southern suburbs of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q57271", "label": "Helmuth Weidling", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 April General Helmuth Weidling assumed command of the forces within Berlin."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Army Group Vistula (Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler), conducted Operation Solstice, a counter-attack, but this had failed by 24 February."}, {"id": "Q638112", "label": "Operation Solstice", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Army Group Vistula (Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler), conducted Operation Solstice, a counter-attack, but this had failed by 24 February."}, {"id": "Q155103", "label": "Siege of Budapest", "section": "Background", "says": "In the south, Soviet and Romanian forces conducted the Siege of Budapest."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler insisted on a counter-attack to recapture the Drau-Danube triangle."}, {"id": "Q155995", "label": "Operation Spring Awakening", "section": "Background", "says": "By 16 March, the German Operation Spring Awakening (also the Lake Balaton Offensive) had failed, and a counter-attack by the Red Army took back in 24 hours everything the Germans had taken ten days to gain."}], "Q15920546": [{"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "This took place amid the uncertainty that immediately followed Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first time since World War II that a European country had annexed part of another, and some analysts see the annexation as the beginning of a Second Cold War between Russia and the West."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, Russian president Vladimir Putin told his security chiefs to begin work on \"returning Crimea to Russia\"."}, {"id": "Q15224558", "label": "Euromaidan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Euromaidan protest movement began in Kyiv in late November 2013 after President Viktor Yanukovych, of the Party of Regions, failed to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement."}, {"id": "Q12163419", "label": "Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The Euromaidan protest movement began in Kyiv in late November 2013 after President Viktor Yanukovych, of the Party of Regions, failed to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement."}, {"id": "Q4231352", "label": "Vladimir Konstantinov", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake."}, {"id": "Q471730", "label": "Arsenii Yatseniuk", "section": "Background", "says": "Arseniy Yatsenyuk was appointed by the Rada to serve as the head of a caretaker government until new presidential and parliament elections could be held."}], "Q163891": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister  Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "Many of the wealthiest and most prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris to attend the wedding."}, {"id": "Q28495", "label": "Francis, Duke of Guise", "section": "Background", "says": "The leaders of the Catholic party, they wanted to avenge the death of the two dukes' father Francis, Duke of Guise, whose assassination ten years earlier they believed to have been ordered by Coligny."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duke of Alba: he governed the Netherlands on behalf of Philip II."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Coligny planned to lead a campaign in the Netherlands to participate in the Dutch Revolt to free the region from Spanish control."}], "Q16470": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "German leader Adolf Hitler placed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "German leader Adolf Hitler placed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "After the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his new allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "After the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his new allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In late May 1942, the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a \"... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942.\" However, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill persuaded US President Franklin D."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "Background", "says": "By then, Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad."}], "Q170334": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Srebrenica massacre, also known as the Srebrenica genocide, was the July 1995 genocidal killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "It was mainly perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska under Ratko Mladić, though the Serb paramilitary unit Scorpions also participated."}, {"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "lead", "says": "It was mainly perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska under Ratko Mladić, though the Serb paramilitary unit Scorpions also participated."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre constitutes the first legally recognised genocide in Europe since the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q361189", "label": "Naser Orić", "section": "lead", "says": "Some Serbs have claimed the massacre was retaliation for civilian casualties inflicted on Bosnian Serbs by Bosniak soldiers from Srebrenica under the command of Naser Orić."}, {"id": "Q57431", "label": "Tomislav Nikolić", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2013, Serbian president Tomislav Nikolić apologised for \"the crime\" of Srebrenica but refused to call it genocide."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2005, then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan described the massacre as \"a terrible crime – the worst on European soil since the Second World War\", and in May 2024, the UN designated 11 July as the annual International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica."}], "Q193258": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lausanne (French: Traité de Lausanne; Turkish: Lozan Antlaşması) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged as a second attempt at peace after the failed and unratified Treaty of Sèvres, which had sought to partition Ottoman territories."}, {"id": "Q6541445", "label": "Armistice of Mudanya", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War, Turkish forces recaptured İzmir, and the Armistice of Mudanya was signed in October 1922."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "Background", "says": "After the withdrawal of the Greek forces in Asia Minor and the expulsion of the Ottoman Sultan by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Ankara-based Kemalist government of the Turkish National Movement rejected the territorial losses imposed by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, previously signed by the Ottoman Empire but remaining unratified."}, {"id": "Q183297", "label": "İsmet İnönü", "section": "Background", "says": "Negotiations were undertaken during the Conference of Lausanne. İsmet İnönü was the chief negotiator for Turkey."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary of that time, was the chief negotiator for the Allies, while Eleftherios Venizelos negotiated on behalf of Greece."}], "Q133574091": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake caused extensive damage in Myanmar, particularly in areas near the rupture, and significant damage in neighboring Thailand."}], "Q151860": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Leningrad was a military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Leningrad was a military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Leningrad was a military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "The capture of Leningrad was one of three strategic goals of the German Operation Barbarossa and as a result, Leningrad was the main target of Army Group North."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The strategy was motivated by Leningrad's political status as the former capital of Russia, its symbolic status as the birthplace of the Russian Revolution and the ideological center of Bolshevism, its military importance as a main base of the Soviet Baltic Fleet, and its industrial strength, including its numerous arms factories."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "It has been said that Adolf Hitler was so confident that he would capture Leningrad that he stated that the victory celebrations would be held in the city's Hotel Astoria and he also had invitations printed."}], "Q16335075": [{"id": "Q16902077", "label": "Alexander Boroday", "section": "lead", "says": "DPR leader Alexander Borodai said 50,000 Russian citizens had fought for the separatists by mid-2015, excluding the regular Russian troops that invaded."}, {"id": "Q19249259", "label": "Minsk II", "section": "lead", "says": "A new ceasefire, Minsk II, was agreed on 12 February 2015."}, {"id": "Q548164", "label": "Vladislav Surkov", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaked e-mails and telephone calls later revealed that the Russian state had funded and organized separatists, mainly through Kremlin advisers Vladislav Surkov and Sergey Glazyev."}, {"id": "Q1381768", "label": "Sergey Glazyev", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaked e-mails and telephone calls later revealed that the Russian state had funded and organized separatists, mainly through Kremlin advisers Vladislav Surkov and Sergey Glazyev."}, {"id": "Q15902969", "label": "Pavel Gubarev", "section": "Background", "says": "Pavel Gubarev was proclaimed \"people's governor\" of Donetsk Oblast and Aleksandr Kharitonov \"people's governor\" of Luhansk Oblast."}, {"id": "Q704389", "label": "Arsen Avakov", "section": "Background", "says": "The Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov, said on 9 April 2014 the separatist occupation of Ukrainian government buildings in the Donbas would be ended wi"}], "Q182062": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence fought by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1826, the Greeks were assisted by the British Empire, the Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, especially by the Eyalet of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1826, the Greeks were assisted by the British Empire, the Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, especially by the Eyalet of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1826, the Greeks were assisted by the British Empire, the Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, especially by the Eyalet of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "All Greek territory, except the Ionian Islands, came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century, in the decades surrounding the Fall of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q2091186", "label": "Emmanuil Xanthos", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded by Nikolaos Skoufas, Emmanuil Xanthos, and Athanasios Tsakalov with the aim of liberating Greece."}, {"id": "Q2091471", "label": "Athanasios Tsakalov", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded by Nikolaos Skoufas, Emmanuil Xanthos, and Athanasios Tsakalov with the aim of liberating Greece."}, {"id": "Q319678", "label": "Theodoros Kolokotronis", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1821, the Greeks, under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis, captured Tripolitsa."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Revolts in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece broke out, but were suppressed."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Sultan called in Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son, Ibrahim Pasha, to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gains."}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "lead", "says": "They destroyed the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Navarino, and turned the tide in"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "With the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Britain and the United States and with the aid of sympathizers in Western Europe, they planned the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The society's basic objective was a revival of the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as the capital, not the formation of a national state."}, {"id": "Q220430", "label": "Ioannis Kapodistrias", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1820, Ioannis Kapodistrias, an official from the Ionian Islands who had become the joint foreign minister of Tsar Alexander I, was approached by the Society in order to be named leader but declined the offer; the Filikoi (members of Filiki Eteria) then turned to Alexander Ypsilantis, a Phanariote serving in the Russian army as general and adjutant to Alexander, who accepted."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1821, the Ottoman Empire mainly faced war against Persia and more particularly the revolt by the de facto independent Albanian ruler Ali Pasha of the Pashalik of Yanina, which had forced the vali (governor) of the Morea, Hursid Pasha, and other local pashas to leave their provinces and campaign against the rebel force."}], "Q185729": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is a global military campaign initiated by the United States in response to the September 11 attacks in 2001."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Following its territorial expansion in 2014, the Islamic State also emerged as a key adversary of the United States."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial conflict was aimed at al-Qaeda, with the main theater in Afghanistan and Pakistan, a region that would later be referred to as \"AfPak\"."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial conflict was aimed at al-Qaeda, with the main theater in Afghanistan and Pakistan, a region that would later be referred to as \"AfPak\"."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Fifteen of the nineteen were citizens of Saudi Arabia, and the others were from the United Arab Emirates (2), Egypt, and Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "Fifteen of the nineteen were citizens of Saudi Arabia, and the others were from the United Arab Emirates (2), Egypt, and Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q877399", "label": "North Atlantic Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 September, for the first time, NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which commits each member state to consider an armed attack against one member state to be an armed attack against them all."}, {"id": "Q3362719", "label": "Operation Eagle Assist", "section": "Background", "says": "The invocation of Article 5 led to Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour."}, {"id": "Q684446", "label": "Operation Active Endeavour", "section": "Background", "says": "The invocation of Article 5 led to Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour."}], "Q190029": [{"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The KLA was formed in the early 1990s to fight against the discrimination of ethnic Albanians and the repression of political dissent by the Serbian authorities, which started after the suppression of Kosovo's autonomy and other discriminatory policies against Albanians by Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević in 1989."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The KLA initiated its first campaign in 1995, after Kosovo's case was left out of the Dayton Agreement and it had become clear that President Rugova's strategy of peaceful resistance had failed to bring Kosovo onto the international agenda."}, {"id": "Q28479", "label": "Kumanovo Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with the Kumanovo Agreement, signed on 9 June 1999, with Yugoslav and Serb forces agreeing to withdraw from Kosovo to make way for an international presence."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 March 1989 the Presidency of Yugoslavia imposed special measures assigning responsibility for public security to the federal government."}, {"id": "Q192138", "label": "Ibrahim Rugova", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 May 1992 Kosovar Albanians held unofficial elections for an assembly and president of the Republic of Kosovo and elected Ibrahim Rugova as president."}], "Q19024": [{"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boston Tea Party was an act of protest that took place on December 16, 1773, during the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q258532", "label": "British America", "section": "lead", "says": "Initiated by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, one of the Thirteen Colonies of British America, it escalated tensions between Great Britain and the Patriots, who opposed British policy towards its American colonies."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "lead", "says": "Less than two years later, on April 19, 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord, also in Massachusetts, launched the eight-year American Revolutionary War, which resulted in the independence of the colonies as the United States."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Less than two years later, on April 19, 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord, also in Massachusetts, launched the eight-year American Revolutionary War, which resulted in the independence of the colonies as the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Less than two years later, on April 19, 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord, also in Massachusetts, launched the eight-year American Revolutionary War, which resulted in the independence of the colonies as the United States."}], "Q192055": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking) was the mass rape and murder, between December 1937 and March 1938, of Chinese civilians, noncombatants, and prisoners of war by the Imperial Japanese Army in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place immediately after the Battle of Nanjing and retreat of the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q353901", "label": "Iwane Matsui", "section": "lead", "says": "By early December, the Japanese Central China Area Army under the command of General Iwane Matsui reached the outskirts of the city."}, {"id": "Q701503", "label": "Yasuhiko Asaka", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Yasuhiko Asaka was installed as temporary commander in the campaign, and he issued an order to \"kill all captives\" before the city's capture."}], "Q29198": [{"id": "Q223568", "label": "Omar Suleiman", "section": "lead", "says": "On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF)."}, {"id": "Q45917", "label": "Mohamed Hussein Tantawi", "section": "lead", "says": "The military junta, chaired by defense minister Muhammad Hussein Tantawy, announced on 13 February that the constitution was suspended, both houses of parliament dissolved and the military would govern for six months (until elections could be held)."}, {"id": "Q294765", "label": "Ahmed Shafik", "section": "lead", "says": "The previous cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik, would serve as a caretaker government until a new one was formed."}, {"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "lead", "says": "After the revolution against Mubarak and a period of rule by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the Muslim Brotherhood took power in Egypt through a series of popular elections, with Egyptians electing Islamist Mohamed Morsi to the presidency in June"}, {"id": "Q220296", "label": "Ahmed Nazif", "section": "Background", "says": "The rise to power of powerful businessmen in the NDP, the government and the House of Representatives led to public anger during the Ahmed Nazif government."}, {"id": "Q289706", "label": "Asmaa Mahfouz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Twenty-six-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz was instrumental in sparking the protests."}], "Q51655": [{"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "It recaptured the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, as well as successfully reversing most of Saladin's conquests (primarily in the Kingdom of Jerusalem), but failed in the ultimate goal to conquer Jerusalem (the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus)."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failure of the Second Crusade of 1147–1149, the Zengid dynasty controlled a unified Syria and engaged in a conflict with the Fatimid rulers of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Spurred by religious zeal, King Henry II of England and King Philip II of France (later known as \"Philip Augustus\") ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Spurred by religious zeal, King Henry II of England and King Philip II of France (later known as \"Philip Augustus\") ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Spurred by religious zeal, King Henry II of England and King Philip II of France (later known as \"Philip Augustus\") ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade."}, {"id": "Q319713", "label": "Leopold V, Duke of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Crusaders had driven the Ayyubid army from Acre, Philip—in company with Frederick's successor in command of the German crusaders, Leopold V, Duke of Austria—left the Holy Land in August 1191."}, {"id": "Q940026", "label": "Battle of Arsuf", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a major victory by the Crusaders at the Battle of Arsuf, most of the coastline of the Levant was returned to Christian control."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The failure to re-capture Jerusalem inspired the subsequent Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, but Europeans would"}, {"id": "Q101866", "label": "Gregory VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "Within ten days the new pope, Gregory VIII, was sending out the proclamation of a new crusade."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Along with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and the kings of France and England, there were also numerous other groups of European fighters who went to the Holy Land hoping to recapture Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the summer, various French and Burgundians arrived, including, for example, Theobald V of Blois and his brother Stephen I of Sancerre."}, {"id": "Q382119", "label": "Theobald V, Count of Blois", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the summer, various French and Burgundians arrived, including, for example, Theobald V of Blois and his brother Stephen I of Sancerre."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 September, a large fleet carrying various Frisians and Danes (estimated, likely exaggeratedly, at around 500) landed."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "A small fleet of London fighters also left the Thames in August and reached Portugal a month later."}], "Q99659280": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting began on the morning of 27 September, with an Azerbaijani offensive along the line of contact established in the aftermath of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkey provided military support to Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Three ceasefires brokered by Russia, France, and the United States failed to stop the conflict."}, {"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "Background", "says": "Surveys indicated that the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh did not want to be part of Azerbaijan and in 2020 the Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan announced plans to make Shusha, a city of historical and cultural significance to both Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Artsakh's new capital."}], "Q125092492": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian president Vladimir Putin called the attack a \"barbaric terrorist act\" and said that the gunmen had been arrested."}], "Q165425": [{"id": "Q131945", "label": "Pius V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V and led by the navies of the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V and led by the navies of the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V and led by the navies of the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V and led by the navies of the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Pius V instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory, and Philip II of Spain used the victory to strengthen his position as the \"Most Catholic King\" and defender of Christendom against Muslim incursion."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "For decades, the Ottoman Turks had terrified Europe, and the victories of Suleiman the Magnificent caused Christian Europe serious concern."}, {"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat at Lepanto further exemplified the rapid deterioration of Ottoman might under Selim II, and Christians rejoiced at this setback for the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q334140", "label": "Kara Mustafa Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Ottoman commander, Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, had lost some 50,000 men in the siege and broke his word, imprisoning the Venetians, and had Marco Antonio Bragadin flayed alive."}, {"id": "Q941366", "label": "Marco Antonio Bragadin", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Ottoman commander, Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, had lost some 50,000 men in the siege and broke his word, imprisoning the Venetians, and had Marco Antonio Bragadin flayed alive."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "The members of the Holy League were the Republic of Venice, the Spanish Empire (including the Kingdom of Naples, the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia as part of the Spanish possessions), the Papal States, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchies of Savoy, Urbino and Tuscany, the Knights Hospitaller, and others."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "The members of the Holy League were the Republic of Venice, the Spanish Empire (including the Kingdom of Naples, the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia as part of the Spanish possessions), the Papal States, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchies of Savoy, Urbino and Tuscany, the Knights Hospitaller, and others."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The banner for the fleet, blessed by the Pope, reached the Kingdom of Naples (then ruled by Philip II of Spain) on 14 August 1571, where it was solemnly consigned to John of Austria."}, {"id": "Q729088", "label": "Sebastiano Venier", "section": "Background", "says": "The various Christian contingents met the main force from Venice under Sebastiano Venier, later Doge of Venice, in July and August 1571 at Messina, Sicily."}], "Q200790": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The war took place mainly on the territory of French Algeria, with repercussions in metropolitan France."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As the war dragged on, the French public slowly turned against it and many of France's key allies, including the United States, switched from supporting France to abstaining in the UN debate on Algeria."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "After major demonstrations in Algiers and several other cities in favor of independence (1960) and a United Nations resolution recognizing the right to independence, Charles de Gaulle, the first president of the Fifth Republic, decided to open a series of negotiations with the FLN."}, {"id": "Q1471139", "label": "Evian Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "These concluded with the signing of the Évian Accords in March 1962."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Muslim and European Algerians took part in World War I and fought for France."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "Background", "says": "US President Woodrow Wilson's 1918 Fourteen Points called for \"A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.\" Some Alger"}, {"id": "Q942087", "label": "Messali Hadj", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1926, he founded the Étoile Nord-Africaine (\"North African Star\"), to which Messali Hadj, also a member of the Communist Party and of its affiliated trade union, the Confédération générale du travail unitaire (CGTU), joined the following year."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Vichy France, the French Sctate attempted to abrogate the Crémieux Decree to suppress the Jews' French citizenship, but the measure was never implemented."}, {"id": "Q193043", "label": "Ferhat Abbas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1938, the nationalist leader Ferhat Abbas founded the Algerian Popular Union (Union populaire algérienne)."}], "Q33570": [{"id": "Q153858", "label": "Battle of Tannenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grunwald, also known as the (First) Battle of Tannenberg or the Battle of Žalgiris, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War."}, {"id": "Q937255", "label": "Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grunwald, also known as the (First) Battle of Tannenberg or the Battle of Žalgiris, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen."}, {"id": "Q330895", "label": "Ulrich von Jungingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen."}, {"id": "Q693964", "label": "Treaty of Melno", "section": "lead", "says": "Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the subsequent siege of the Malbork Castle and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Treaty of Melno in 1422."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 20th century, the battle was used in Nazi German and Soviet propaganda campaigns before and during World War II."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The order also paid 300,000 ducats to Sigismund of Hungary, who had ambitions regarding the Principality of Moldavia, for mutual military assistance."}, {"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The order also paid 300,000 ducats to Sigismund of Hungary, who had ambitions regarding the Principality of Moldavia, for mutual military assistance."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "Historical context", "says": "By December 1409, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had agreed on a common strategy: their armies would unite into a single massive force and march together towards Marienburg (Malbork), capital of the Teutonic Order."}], "Q6743": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "De Gaulle's government struggled to regain control, and on 29 May he briefly left to a French military base in West Germany."}], "Q111467700": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre was described by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy as genocide."}, {"id": "Q111513598", "label": "Azatbek Omurbekov", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Ukrainian military intelligence, Russian forces occupying Bucha included the 64th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, headed by Lieutenant Colonel Azatbek Omurbekov, a part of the 35th Combined Arms Army."}, {"id": "Q64632862", "label": "Iryna Venediktova", "section": "Background", "says": "In late March, prior to the Russian retreat from Kyiv, Prosecutor General of Ukraine Iryna Venediktova stated that Ukrainian prosecutors had collected evidence of 2,500 suspected cases of war crimes committed by Russia during the invasion and had identified \"several hundred suspects\"."}], "Q130847": [{"id": "Q548680", "label": "Second Battle of Champagne", "section": "lead", "says": "Using the experience of the Second Battle of Champagne in 1915, the Germans planned to capture the Meuse Heights, an excellent defensive position, with good observation for artillery-fire on Verdun."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "Philippe Pétain ordered there to be no retreat and that German attacks were to be counter-attacked, despite this exposing French infantry to the German artillery."}, {"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "Fleury was captured and the Germans came within 2.5 mi (4 km) of the Verdun citadel but in July the offensive was limited to provide troops, artillery and ammunition for the Battle of the Somme, leading to a similar transfer of the French Tenth Army to the Somme front."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "Attila the Hun failed to seize the town in the fifth century and when the empire of Charlemagne was divided under the Treaty of Verdun (843), the town became part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 awarded Verdun to France."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "Background", "says": "Attila the Hun failed to seize the town in the fifth century and when the empire of Charlemagne was divided under the Treaty of Verdun (843), the town became part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 awarded Verdun to France."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Attila the Hun failed to seize the town in the fifth century and when the empire of Charlemagne was divided under the Treaty of Verdun (843), the town became part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 awarded Verdun to France."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Background", "says": "Attila the Hun failed to seize the town in the fifth century and when the empire of Charlemagne was divided under the Treaty of Verdun (843), the town became part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 awarded Verdun to France."}, {"id": "Q17577", "label": "Joseph Gallieni", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Joffre did not listen but Colonel Driant received the support of the Minister for War Joseph Gallieni."}], "Q184928": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a revolution in the Russian Empire which began on 22 January 1905 and led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Russian Constitution of 1906, the country's first formal constitution."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Further discontent grew due to mounting Russian losses in the Russo-Japanese War, poor conditions for workers, and urban unemployment."}, {"id": "Q299681", "label": "Georgy Gapon", "section": "lead", "says": "9 January] 1905, known as \"Bloody Sunday,\" a peaceful procession of workers, led by Georgy Gapon, was fired on by guards outside the tsar's Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q155329", "label": "Sergei Witte", "section": "lead", "says": "The constitution, drafted by Sergei Witte and enacted on 6 May [O.S."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "Causes", "says": "Student radicalism began around the time Tsar Alexander II came to power."}], "Q186284": [{"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Polish leaders, including Józef Piłsudski, aimed to restore Poland's pre-1772 borders and secure the country's position in the region."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout 1919, Polish forces occupied much of present-day Lithuania and Belarus, emerging victorious in the Polish–Ukrainian War."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout 1919, Polish forces occupied much of present-day Lithuania and Belarus, emerging victorious in the Polish–Ukrainian War."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Soviet forces regained strength after their victories in the Russian Civil War, and Symon Petliura, leader of the Ukrainian People's Republic, was forced to ally with Piłsudski in 1920 to resist the advancing Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Soviet forces regained strength after their victories in the Russian Civil War, and Symon Petliura, leader of the Ukrainian People's Republic, was forced to ally with Piłsudski in 1920 to resist the advancing Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Soviet forces regained strength after their victories in the Russian Civil War, and Symon Petliura, leader of the Ukrainian People's Republic, was forced to ally with Piłsudski in 1920 to resist the advancing Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with a ceasefire on 18 October 1920, and peace negotiations led to the Peace of Riga, signed on 18 March 1921."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the official recognition of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic as Soviet states, undermining Piłsudski's ambitions for an Intermarium federation led by Poland."}, {"id": "Q2895", "label": "Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the official recognition of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic as Soviet states, undermining Piłsudski's ambitions for an Intermarium federation led by Poland."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Jan Kowalewski, a polyglot and amateur cryptographer, broke the codes and ciphers of the army of the West Ukrainian People's Republic and of General Anton Denikin's White Russian forces."}, {"id": "Q297206", "label": "Wacław Sierpiński", "section": "Background", "says": "By early September, he had gathered a group of mathematicians from the University of Warsaw and the University of Lwów (most notably the founders of the Polish School of Mathematics – Stanisław Leśniewski, Stefan Mazurkiewicz and Wacław Sierpiński), who succeeded in breaking the Soviet Russian ciphers as well."}], "Q122371": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, which followed months of negotiations after the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917, was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus)."}, {"id": "Q318330", "label": "Adolph Joffe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet delegation was initially headed by Adolph Joffe, and key figures from the Central Powers included Max Hoffmann and Richard von Kühlmann of Germany, Ottokar Czernin of Austria-Hungary, and Talaat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q61027", "label": "Max Hoffmann", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet delegation was initially headed by Adolph Joffe, and key figures from the Central Powers included Max Hoffmann and Richard von Kühlmann of Germany, Ottokar Czernin of Austria-Hungary, and Talaat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q216109", "label": "Richard von Kühlmann", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet delegation was initially headed by Adolph Joffe, and key figures from the Central Powers included Max Hoffmann and Richard von Kühlmann of Germany, Ottokar Czernin of Austria-Hungary, and Talaat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q78560", "label": "Ottokar Czernin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet delegation was initially headed by Adolph Joffe, and key figures from the Central Powers included Max Hoffmann and Richard von Kühlmann of Germany, Ottokar Czernin of Austria-Hungary, and Talaat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet delegation was initially headed by Adolph Joffe, and key figures from the Central Powers included Max Hoffmann and Richard von Kühlmann of Germany, Ottokar Czernin of Austria-Hungary, and Talaat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1918, the Central Powers demanded secession of all occupied territories of the former Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviets sent a new peace delegation led by Leon Trotsky, which aimed to stall the negotiations while awaiting revolutions in Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet government also confirmed the independence of Finland, which it had recognized in January 1918, and pledged to end its war with the Ukrainian People's Republic, which the Central Powers had recognized under the prior Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (9 February 1918)."}, {"id": "Q191745", "label": "Left SR Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was controversial in Russia, giving a unifying cause to the White movement and opening a rift between the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, whose representatives withdrew from the Council of People's Commissars after its signing and later rebelled in the Left SR Uprising."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918, in which Germany surrendered to the western Allied Powers."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent attempts by the Soviets to restore power in the lost territories during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) had mixed results, with the Red Army losing the three Baltic countries but regaining Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, and Ukraine by 1921."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The large numbers of war casualties and persistent food shortages in the major urban centers brought about civil unrest, known as the February Revolution, that forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate."}, {"id": "Q380286", "label": "Pavel Milyukov", "section": "Background", "says": "Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov sent the Entente Powers a telegram, known as the Milyukov note, affirming to them that the Provisional Government would continue the war with the same war aims that the former Russian Empire had."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, in April 1917, Germany transported Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin and 31 supporters in a sealed train from exile in Switzerland to Finland Station, Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, in April 1917, Germany transported Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin and 31 supporters in a sealed train from exile in Switzerland to Finland Station, Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "At around the same time, the United States entered the war, potentially shifting the balance of the war against the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q1322251", "label": "July Days", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat and ongoing hardships of war led to anti-government riots in Petrograd, the \"July Days\" of 1917."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "25 October], Red Guards seized the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government in what is known as the October Revolution."}], "Q132568": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme; German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and the French Republic against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme; German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and the French Republic against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the battle, British and French forces had penetrated 6.2 miles (10 km) into German-occupied territory along the majority of the front, their largest territorial gain since the First Battle of the Marne in 1914."}], "Q134840": [{"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Verdun (French: Traité de Verdun; German: Vertrag von Verdun), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Verdun (French: Traité de Verdun; German: Vertrag von Verdun), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first in a series of partitions contributing to the dissolution of the empire created by Charlemagne and has been seen as foreshadowing the formation of many of the modern countries of western Europe."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Background", "says": "During his reign, Louis the Pious divided the empire so that each of his sons could rule over their own kingdom under the greater rule of their father."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis’ eldest son, Lothair I, was given the title of emperor but because of several re-divisions by his father and the resulting revolts, he became much less powerful."}], "Q181902": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in the Grand Trianon at Versailles on 4 June 1920, and formally terminated World War I between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in the Grand Trianon at Versailles on 4 June 1920, and formally terminated World War I between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1919, Romania and Czechoslovakia moved their armies further into Hungary, provoking a renewal of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Trianon not only redrew Hungary's borders but also laid down rules for the restoration of economic relations between Hungary and foreign countries, including its neighbors – the Entente allies: Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the withdrawal of Hungarian troops from the Upper Hungarian territories claimed by Prague (Slovakia in December 1918 – January 1919 and Subcarpathian Ruthenia in April–July 1919), Czechoslovakia maintained a blockade on coal exports to Hungary until the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty in June 1920."}], "Q184183": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Balkan War (29 June – 10 August 1913) was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Bulgaria and its former Balkan League allies, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece, who were later joined by Romania and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Balkan War (29 June – 10 August 1913) was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Bulgaria and its former Balkan League allies, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece, who were later joined by Romania and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Balkan War (29 June – 10 August 1913) was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Bulgaria and its former Balkan League allies, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece, who were later joined by Romania and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began when Bulgaria, unhappy with the division of territory after the First Balkan War, launched attacks on Serbian and Greek forces, who repelled the offensive and pushed into Bulgarian territory."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with the Treaty of Bucharest, which compelled Bulgaria to cede significant territory: Southern Dobruja to Romania, parts of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, and Adrianople (Edirne) to the Ottoman Empire under the separate Treaty of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbia expanded its territory and influence, heightening its rivalry with Austria-Hungary."}], "Q214426": [{"id": "Q150688", "label": "Porfirio Díaz", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the decades-long regime of President Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) was increasingly unpopular, there was no foreboding in 1910 that a revolution was about to break out."}, {"id": "Q41718", "label": "Emiliano Zapata", "section": "lead", "says": "He immediately faced the armed rebellion of Emiliano Zapata in Morelos, where peasants demanded rapid action on agrarian reform."}], "Q117716414": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict has also seen heavy influence from foreign powers, especially Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia and the United Arab Emirates, while also experiencing effects from the spillover of neighboring conflicts in the Central African Republic (CAR), Chad and Libya."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict has also seen heavy influence from foreign powers, especially Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia and the United Arab Emirates, while also experiencing effects from the spillover of neighboring conflicts in the Central African Republic (CAR), Chad and Libya."}, {"id": "Q117747625", "label": "Battle of Khartoum", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum, and fighting then spread to the Darfur region."}], "Q119860532": [{"id": "Q20850503", "label": "Yevgeny Prigozhin", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin, who had been leading Wagner Group activities in Ukraine, stood down after reaching an agreement a day later."}, {"id": "Q32024", "label": "Sergei Shoigu", "section": "lead", "says": "Amidst the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Prigozhin had come to publicly express his resentment towards Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov; he frequently blamed both men for Russia's military inadequacies, especially during the Wagner-led battle of Bakhmut, and accused them of handing over \"Russian territories\" to the Ukrainians."}, {"id": "Q36073", "label": "Valery Gerasimov", "section": "lead", "says": "Amidst the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Prigozhin had come to publicly express his resentment towards Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov; he frequently blamed both men for Russia's military inadequacies, especially during the Wagner-led battle of Bakhmut, and accused them of handing over \"Russian territories\" to the Ukrainians."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early morning of 24 June, President of Russia Vladimir Putin appeared in a televised address to denounce the Wagner Group's actions as treason before pledging to quell their uprising."}, {"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "lead", "says": "Ground defenses were concentrated on the approach to Moscow, but before Wagner Group could reach them, President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko brokered a settlement with Prigozhin, who subsequently agreed to halt the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q4446583", "label": "Sergei Surovikin", "section": "Background", "says": "Anonymous U.S. officials later disclosed to The New York Times that Army General Sergey Surovikin had prior knowledge of the planned rebellion."}], "Q153650": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Prussian War (German: Preußisch-Österreichischer Krieg) was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Prussian War (German: Preußisch-Österreichischer Krieg) was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Prussian War (German: Preußisch-Österreichischer Krieg) was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the abolition of the German Confederation and its partial replacement by the unification of all of the northern German states in the North German Confederation that excluded Austria and the other southern German states, a Kleindeutsches Reich."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "Causes", "says": "Prussia could equip its armies with breech-loading rifles and later with new Krupp breech-loading artillery but the Austrian economy was suffering from the effects of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Second Italian War of Independence, so the state was heavily in debt."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "Causes", "says": "Prussia could equip its armies with breech-loading rifles and later with new Krupp breech-loading artillery but the Austrian economy was suffering from the effects of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Second Italian War of Independence, so the state was heavily in debt."}, {"id": "Q639522", "label": "Christopher Clark", "section": "Causes", "says": "Historian Christopher Clark wrote that there is little to suggest that Prussia had an overwhelming economic and industrial advantage over Austria and wrote that a larger portion of the Prussian population was engaged in agriculture than in the Austrian population and that Austrian industry could produce the most sophisticated weapons in the war (rifled artillery)."}], "Q173077": [{"id": "Q201692", "label": "Battle of Poitiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Arabic: معركة بلاط الشهداء, romanized: Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in victory for the Frankish and Aquitanian forces, led by Charles Martel, over the invading Umayyad forces, led by Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, governor of al-Andalus."}, {"id": "Q161841", "label": "Edward Gibbon", "section": "lead", "says": "Many historians, including Edward Gibbon, have credited the Christian victory as an important factor in curtailing the spread of Islam in Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The battlefield was located somewhere between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in northern Aquitaine in western France, near the border of the Frankish realm and the then-independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great."}, {"id": "Q269536", "label": "Odo the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The battlefield was located somewhere between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in northern Aquitaine in western France, near the border of the Frankish realm and the then-independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire and Frankish domination of western Europe for the next century."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Most historians agree that \"the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped the continent's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power.\"\nAfter the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750, internal conflicts within al-Andalus, including revolts and the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba under Abd al-Rahman I, shifted the focus of Andalu"}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Most historians agree that \"the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped the continent's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power.\"\nAfter the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750, internal conflicts within al-Andalus, including revolts and the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba under Abd al-Rahman I, shifted the focus of Andalu"}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "Most historians agree that \"the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped the continent's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power.\"\nAfter the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750, internal conflicts within al-Andalus, including revolts and the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba under Abd al-Rahman I, shifted the focus of Andalu"}, {"id": "Q25596", "label": "Saint Martin", "section": "Background", "says": "A possible motive, according to the second continuator of the Chronicle of Fredegar, were the riches of the Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours, the most prestigious and holiest shrine in western Europe at the time."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "His Austrasian army consisted almost entirely of Rhineland Franks (or German Franks), and large auxiliary forces from east of the Rhine including Thuringians, Alemannis (also called Swabians), and Bavarians recruited from across Germany, although he also sent out word for the Neustrian Franks and Burgundians to join him."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "His Austrasian army consisted almost entirely of Rhineland Franks (or German Franks), and large auxiliary forces from east of the Rhine including Thuringians, Alemannis (also called Swabians), and Bavarians recruited from across Germany, although he also sent out word for the Neustrian Franks and Burgundians to join him."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "Background", "says": "Frisians were also mustered into Martel’s army."}], "Q182515": [{"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Sèvres (French: Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between some of the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire, but not ratified."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Sèvres (French: Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between some of the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire, but not ratified."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The ceding of Eastern Mediterranean lands saw the introduction of novel polities, including the British Mandate for Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty's signatories were stripped of their citizenship by the Grand National Assembly, led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, which ignited the Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q6541445", "label": "Armistice of Mudanya", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities with Britain over the neutral zone of the Straits were narrowly avoided in the Chanak crisis of September 1922, when the Armistice of Mudanya was concluded on 11 October, leading the former Allies of World War I to return to the negotiating table with the Turks in November 1922."}], "Q190517": [{"id": "Q339291", "label": "Wuchang Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The flashpoint came on 10 October 1911 with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion by members of the New Army."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 November 1911, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai (leader of the Beiyang Army) as prime minister, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 January 1912, the Advisory Council declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Tongmenghui, as President of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 January 1912, the Advisory Council declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Tongmenghui, as President of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q299710", "label": "Guangxu Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1898, the Guangxu Emperor turned to reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who offered a program that was inspired in large part by the reforms in Japan."}, {"id": "Q360135", "label": "Kang Youwei", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1898, the Guangxu Emperor turned to reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who offered a program that was inspired in large part by the reforms in Japan."}, {"id": "Q379836", "label": "Liang Chi-chao", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1898, the Guangxu Emperor turned to reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who offered a program that was inspired in large part by the reforms in Japan."}, {"id": "Q47842", "label": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "section": "Background", "says": "The reform was abruptly canceled by a conservative coup, led by Empress Dowager Cixi."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "Attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians in the Boxer Rebellion by Chinese nationalists, which was encouraged by the Empress Dowager, prompted another foreign invasion of Beijing in 1900."}, {"id": "Q1632838", "label": "Second Guangzhou Uprising", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 27 April 1911, an uprising occurred in Guangzhou, known as the Second Guangzhou Uprising (辛亥廣州起義) or Yellow Flower Mound Revolt (黃花岡之役)."}], "Q200485": [{"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norman Conquest of England (or the Conquest) was an 11th-century invasion by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror."}, {"id": "Q159597", "label": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "lead", "says": "Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson."}, {"id": "Q203647", "label": "Harald III of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Another claimant for the throne, the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September, but Godwinson's army defeated and killed Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September."}, {"id": "Q1113659", "label": "Battle of Fulford", "section": "lead", "says": "Another claimant for the throne, the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September, but Godwinson's army defeated and killed Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September."}, {"id": "Q203225", "label": "Battle of Stamford Bridge", "section": "lead", "says": "Another claimant for the throne, the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September, but Godwinson's army defeated and killed Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September."}, {"id": "Q83224", "label": "Battle of Hastings", "section": "lead", "says": "Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at the Battle of Hastings."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 911, the Carolingian French ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under their leader Rollo to settle in Normandy as part of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte."}, {"id": "Q1072330", "label": "Treaty of Saint Clair-sur-Epte", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 911, the Carolingian French ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under their leader Rollo to settle in Normandy as part of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Normans quickly adopted the local culture as they became assimilated by the French, renouncing Norse paganism and converting to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q183499", "label": "Æthelred the Unready", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1002, English king Æthelred the Unready married Emma of Normandy, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q40061", "label": "Emma of Normandy", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1002, English king Æthelred the Unready married Emma of Normandy, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q310999", "label": "Magnus the Good", "section": "Origins", "says": "His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor, Magnus the Good, and the earlier English king Harthacnut"}, {"id": "Q190091", "label": "Harthacanute", "section": "Origins", "says": "His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor, Magnus the Good, and the earlier English king Harthacnut"}], "Q234738": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish War of Independence (15 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after the Ottoman Empire was occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish War of Independence (15 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after the Ottoman Empire was occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "After leading the nationalists to victory, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk introduced revolutionary reforms as president of the new republic."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "While World War I ended for the Ottomans with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allies continued occupying land per the Sykes–Picot Agreement, and to facilitate the prosecution of former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and those involved in the Armenian genocide."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "While World War I ended for the Ottomans with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allies continued occupying land per the Sykes–Picot Agreement, and to facilitate the prosecution of former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and those involved in the Armenian genocide."}, {"id": "Q162543", "label": "Mehmed VI", "section": "lead", "says": "In an atmosphere of turmoil, Sultan Mehmed VI dispatched general Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk), to restore order; however, he became an enabler and leader of Turkish Nationalist resistance."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies pressured the Ottoman \"Istanbul government\" to suspend the Constitution, Parliament, and sign the Treaty of Sèvres, a treaty unfavorable to Turkish interests that the \"Ankara government\" declared illegal."}, {"id": "Q2659746", "label": "Second Battle of İnönü", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Front is known as the Greco-Turkish War. İsmet Pasha (İnönü)'s organization of militia into a regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü."}, {"id": "Q594015", "label": "Battle of Sakarya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turks checked their advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces."}, {"id": "Q6102087", "label": "Great Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turks checked their advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The sudden decision by Bulgaria to sign an armistice cut communications from Constantinople (İstanbul) to Vienna and Berlin, and opened the undefended Ottoman capital to Entente attack."}, {"id": "Q2616976", "label": "Bahaeddin Şakir", "section": "Background", "says": "Talât, Enver Pasha, Cemal Pasha, Doctor Nâzım, Bahaeddin Şakir, and three other high-ranking members of the CUP escaped the Ottoman Empire on a German torpedo boat later that night, plunging the country into a power vacuum."}, {"id": "Q943478", "label": "Damat Ferid Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "One of its old leaders, Damat Ferid Pasha, would form a strong alliance with the Sultan, though he did not rejoin his party."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Their immediate short-term goal was to secure supply lines to assist the Whites in the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Some Ottoman intelligentsia hoped the Empire could become a mandate under the United States, an upstart and trustworthy"}], "Q836386": [{"id": "Q1459699", "label": "Viktor Yushchenko", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests were prompted by reports from several domestic and foreign election monitors as well as the widespread public perception that the results of the run-off vote of 21 November 2004 between leading candidates Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych were rigged by the authorities in favour of the latter."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2004, Russian president Vladimir Putin visited Ukraine numerous times."}, {"id": "Q23530", "label": "Dmitry Medvedev", "section": "Background", "says": "Putin tasked his chief of staff, Dmitry Medvedev, with leading political operations in Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q562213", "label": "Gleb Pavlovsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Medvedev sent trusted advisors, including Gleb Pavlovsky and Sergei Markov, to Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q2442933", "label": "Sergey Markov", "section": "Background", "says": "Medvedev sent trusted advisors, including Gleb Pavlovsky and Sergei Markov, to Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q629702", "label": "Leonid Kuchma", "section": "Prelude to the Orange Revolution", "says": "The 2004 presidential election in Ukraine eventually featured two main candidates:\n\nsitting prime minister Viktor Yanukovych, largely supported by Leonid Kuchma (the outgoing president who had already served two terms in office from 1994 and was precluded from running himself due to the term limits under the constitution)\nthe opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko, leader of the Our Ukraine factio"}, {"id": "Q561122", "label": "Olexander Moroz", "section": "Prelude to the Orange Revolution", "says": "The candidates who came third and fourth collected much less: Oleksandr Moroz of the Socialist Party of Ukraine and Petro Symonenko of the Communist Party of Ukraine received 5.82% and 4.97%, respectively."}, {"id": "Q290689", "label": "Nataliya Vitrenko", "section": "Prelude to the Orange Revolution", "says": "The Progressive Socialist Party's Nataliya Vitrenko, who won 1.53% of the vote, endorsed Yanukovych, who hoped for Petro Symonenko's endorsement but did not receive it."}], "Q152499": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was fought in the Iberian Peninsula by the Iberian nations Spain and Portugal, along with the United Kingdom, against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was fought in the Iberian Peninsula by the Iberian nations Spain and Portugal, along with the United Kingdom, against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was fought in the Iberian Peninsula by the Iberian nations Spain and Portugal, along with the United Kingdom, against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was fought in the Iberian Peninsula by the Iberian nations Spain and Portugal, along with the United Kingdom, against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It overlapped with the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) and the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814)."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It overlapped with the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) and the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814)."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation."}, {"id": "Q1364346", "label": "Battle of Bailén", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1808, the Spanish army in Andalusia defeated the French at the Battle of Bailén, considered the first open-field defeat of the Napoleonic army on a European battlefield."}, {"id": "Q276059", "label": "Battle of Vitoria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following year the Coalition defeated King Joseph Bonaparte's army at the Battle of Vitoria, paving the way for victory in the war in the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "Pursued by the armies of Britain, Spain and Portugal, Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, no longer getting sufficient support from a depleted France, led the exhausted and demoralized French forces in a fighting withdrawal across the Pyrenees during the winter of 1813–1814."}], "Q173034": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese Combined Fleet under the command of Isoroku Yamamoto suffered a decisive defeat by two carrier strike groups of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q314868", "label": "Frank Jack Fletcher", "section": "lead", "says": "Unknown to Yamamoto, U.S. code breakers had determined the date and location of his planned attack, enabling the Americans to prepare their own ambush; Chester Nimitz, commander of the Pacific Fleet, had sent a large force under Frank Jack Fletcher to the Midway area before the Japanese had arrived."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Midway, along with the Guadalcanal campaign, is widely considered a turning point in the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "After Midway and the attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign, Japan's ability to replace its losses in mater"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "To obtain support from the IJA for the Midway operation, the IJN agreed to support their invasion of the United States through the Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska, part of the Alaska Territory."}], "Q178510": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the forces of Hungary, led by King Louis II, and the invading Ottoman Empire, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent and his grand vizier, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the forces of Hungary, led by King Louis II, and the invading Ottoman Empire, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent and his grand vizier, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha."}, {"id": "Q511943", "label": "Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the forces of Hungary, led by King Louis II, and the invading Ottoman Empire, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent and his grand vizier, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha."}, {"id": "Q625380", "label": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The aftermath saw the partition of Hungary between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom in 1541."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "Background", "says": "After 1517, European public opinion became increasingly preoccupied and divided by the Reformation launched by Martin Luther."}, {"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The religious upheaval was compounded by the German Peasants' War of 1524–25, which mobilised considerable forces and, in addition to the material damage, caused more than 100,000 deaths."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "France first sought allies in Eastern Europe against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q683341", "label": "Battle of Bicocca", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Bicocca (1522), King Francis I of France tried – unsuccessfully – to ally himself with King Sigismund I of Poland."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Bicocca (1522), King Francis I of France tried – unsuccessfully – to ally himself with King Sigismund I of Poland."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "However, John Zápolya, the Voivode of Transylvania, showed a willingness to cooperate with the French, although the formal treaty was not signed until 1528."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "To relieve the Habsburg pressure on France, in 1525 Francis asked Suleiman to make war on the Holy Roman Empire, and the road from Turkey to the Holy Roman Empire led across Hungary."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the news of the war, the young King Louis II of Hungary appealed to the European princes for help, but only King Henry VIII of England offered aid (which arrived only in 1527 to Queen Mary"}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "At the news of the war, the young King Louis II of Hungary appealed to the European princes for help, but only King Henry VIII of England offered aid (which arrived only in 1527 to Queen Mary"}], "Q178850": [{"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salamis ( SAL-ə-miss) was a naval battle fought in 480 BC, between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Achaemenid Empire under King Xerxes."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salamis ( SAL-ə-miss) was a naval battle fought in 480 BC, between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Achaemenid Empire under King Xerxes."}, {"id": "Q747679", "label": "Battle of Artemisium", "section": "lead", "says": "In the resulting Battle of Thermopylae, the Spartan rearguard of the Greek force was annihilated, while in the Battle of Artemisium the Greeks suffered heavy losses and retreated after the loss at Thermopylae."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "Xerxes retreated to Asia with much of his army, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece."}, {"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year the remainder of the Persian army was defeated at the Battle of Plataea and the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale."}, {"id": "Q503982", "label": "Battle of Mycale", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year the remainder of the Persian army was defeated at the Battle of Plataea and the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles of Salamis and Plataea thus mark a turning point in the course of the Greco-Persian Wars as a whole; from then onward, the Greek poleis would take the offensive."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499-494 BC, led by the satrap of Miletus, Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499-494 BC, led by the satrap of Miletus, Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499-494 BC, led by the satrap of Miletus, Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499-494 BC, led by the satrap of Miletus, Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "Background", "says": "At the ensuing Battle of Marathon, the Athenians won a remarkable victory, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "Background", "says": "Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Herodotus presents the battle as though it occurred directly after the capture of Athens, but nowhere explicitly states as much."}], "Q179591": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cannae (; Latin: [ˈkanːae̯]) was a key engagement of the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, fought on 2 August 216 BC near the ancient village of Cannae in Apulia, southeast Italy."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cannae (; Latin: [ˈkanːae̯]) was a key engagement of the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, fought on 2 August 216 BC near the ancient village of Cannae in Apulia, southeast Italy."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginians and their allies, led by Hannibal, surrounded and practically annihilated a larger Roman and Italian army under the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro."}, {"id": "Q703580", "label": "Lucius Aemilius Paullus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginians and their allies, led by Hannibal, surrounded and practically annihilated a larger Roman and Italian army under the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro."}, {"id": "Q373061", "label": "Adrian Goldsworthy", "section": "lead", "says": "The loss of life on the Roman side meant it was one of the most lethal single days of fighting in history; historian Adrian Goldsworthy equates the death toll at Cannae to \"the massed slaughter of the British Army on the first day of the Somme offensive in 1916\"."}, {"id": "Q313500", "label": "Quintus Fabius Pictor", "section": "lead", "says": "Authorities resorted to extraordinary measures, which included consulting the Sibylline Books, dispatching a delegation led by Quintus Fabius Pictor to consult the Delphic oracle in Greece, and burying four people alive as a sacrifice to their gods."}, {"id": "Q200056", "label": "Battle of Zama", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans fought for 14 more years until they achieved victory at the Battle of Zama."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As Polybius noted, the capture of Cannae \"caused great commotion in the Roman army; for it was not only the loss of the place and the stores in it that distressed them, but the fact that it commanded the surrounding district\"."}], "Q180897": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues (c."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues (c."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues (c."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "2,100 km or 1,300 mi) west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands visited by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León), thought then to be Cipangu and Antillia, but in fact Cuba and Hispaniola; the treaty itself does not mention Cipangu nor Antillia."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile, modifying an earlier bull by Pope Alexander VI."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 7 June 1494, then ratified by Spain on 2 July 1494, by Portugal on 5 September 1494, and by Pope Julius II on 24 January 1506."}, {"id": "Q1147471", "label": "Treaty of Zaragoza", "section": "lead", "says": "The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal and Spain largely respected the treaties, while the Indigenous peoples of the Americas did not acknowledge them."}], "Q188371": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes and contributing factors", "says": "In 1843 and 1844, blight largely destroyed the potato crops in the Eastern United States."}], "Q192408": [{"id": "Q3486676", "label": "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War, Revolution, or Movement, was a civil war in late imperial China between the Qing dynasty and the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q334732", "label": "Hong Xiuquan", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was led by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka who, after a series of visions, proclaimed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was led by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka who, after a series of visions, proclaimed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Hong sought the religious conversion of the Han people to his syncretic version of Christianity, as well as the political overthrow of the Qing dynasty, and a general transformation of the mechanisms of state."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century, comparable to World War I in terms of deaths."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing military had recently suffered a disastrous defeat in the First Opium War, while the Chinese economy was severely impacted by a trade imbalance caused by the large-scale and illicit importation of opium."}, {"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "Background", "says": "In later embellishments, Hong declared that he saw Confucius being punished by his celestial father for leading the people astray."}], "Q211674": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sykes–Picot Agreement () was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from Russia and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sykes–Picot Agreement () was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from Russia and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was based on the premise that the Triple Entente would achieve success in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition."}, {"id": "Q321955", "label": "Constantinople Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the included Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement, Russia was to get Western Armenia in addition to Constantinople and the Turkish Straits already promised under the 1915 Constantinople Agreement."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palestine region, with a smaller area than the later Mandatory Palestine, was to fall under an \"international administration\"."}, {"id": "Q7075820", "label": "Occupied Enemy Territory Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was initially used directly as the basis for the 1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi, which provided a framework for the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in the Levant."}, {"id": "Q146720", "label": "Mandatory Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Mandates in the Levant and Mesopotamia were assigned at the April 1920 San Remo conference following the Sykes–Picot framework; the British Mandate for Palestine ran until 1948, the British Mandate for Mesopotamia was to be replaced by a similar treaty with Mandatory Iraq, and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon lasted until 1946."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anatolian parts of the agreement were assigned by the August 1920 Treaty of Sèvres; however, these ambitions were thwarted by the"}], "Q214028": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Revolution (French: Révolution de Juillet), also known as the French Revolution of 1830, Second French Revolution, or les Trois Glorieuses (\"the Three Glorious [Days]\"), was a second French Revolution after the first of 1789–99."}, {"id": "Q58202", "label": "July Monarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1830 Revolution marked a shift from that point on as the constitutional monarchy was restored with the July Monarchy; the definite fall of the House of Bourbon in favour of its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by that of popular sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1830 Revolution marked a shift from that point on as the constitutional monarchy was restored with the July Monarchy; the definite fall of the House of Bourbon in favour of its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by that of popular sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q622774", "label": "French Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "After 18 precarious years on the throne, Louis-Philippe was overthrown in the French Revolution of 1848, and Louis Napoleon returned the Bonapartists to power the same year."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After 18 precarious years on the throne, Louis-Philippe was overthrown in the French Revolution of 1848, and Louis Napoleon returned the Bonapartists to power the same year."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 September 1824, after a lingering illness of several months, the 68-year-old Louis XVIII died."}], "Q32929": [{"id": "Q517578", "label": "King George's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include King George's War, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War, and the First and Second Silesian Wars."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include King George's War, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War, and the First and Second Silesian Wars."}, {"id": "Q1362162", "label": "First Carnatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include King George's War, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War, and the First and Second Silesian Wars."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include King George's War, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War, and the First and Second Silesian Wars."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Its immediate cause was the right of Maria Theresa to inherit Austria."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This was challenged by a coalition between France, Prussia, and Bavaria, while Maria Theresa was backed by Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Hanover, collectively known as the Pragmatic Allies."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Neither side was able to achieve a decisive victory and despite success in the Austrian Netherlands, by early 1748 France was close to bankruptcy due to the cost of the war and a crippling British naval blockade."}, {"id": "Q2366970", "label": "Battle of Cartagena de Indias", "section": "lead", "says": "In return for vast expenditure, France gained very little, although their Spanish ally made minor gains in Italy and repelled a British invasion of South America at the Battle of Cartagena de Indias."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the realignment known as the Diplomatic Revolution, and ultimately the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to their respective marriages to Frederick Augustus of Saxony and Charles Albert of Bavaria in 1719, both nieces were obliged to formally renounce their rights to the inheritance."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The problem was exacerbated by tensions within the Empire, caused by dramatic increases in the size and power of Bavaria, Prussia, and Saxony, mirrored by the post-1683 expansion of Habsburg power into lands previously held by the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q371394": [{"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bangladesh Liberation War (Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ, pronounced [mukt̪iɟud̪d̪ʱo]), also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, was an armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in East Pakistan, which resulted in the independence of Bangladesh with the help of India."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began when the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan—under the orders of Yahya Khan—launched Operation Searchlight against East Pakistanis on the night of 25 March 1971, initiating the Bangladesh genocide."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began when the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan—under the orders of Yahya Khan—launched Operation Searchlight against East Pakistanis on the night of 25 March 1971, initiating the Bangladesh genocide."}, {"id": "Q2985554", "label": "Operation Searchlight", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began when the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan—under the orders of Yahya Khan—launched Operation Searchlight against East Pakistanis on the night of 25 March 1971, initiating the Bangladesh genocide."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "India joined the war on 3 December 1971 in support of the Mukti Bahini, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on northern India and massive flight of some 10 million East Pakistani Bengals to the Indian state of West Bengal, following waves of emigration since Partition in 1947."}, {"id": "Q191375", "label": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore the Pakistany army arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman."}, {"id": "Q198313", "label": "Ziaur Rahman", "section": "Background", "says": "Major Ziaur Rahman begun rebelling with his forces was requested to provide security for the radio station and also read the Declaration of independence on 26 March 1971."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "It was then re-transmitted by Radio Australia and later by the BBC."}, {"id": "Q1149", "label": "Indira Gandhi", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1971, Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh."}], "Q381375": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994 in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from Turkey."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The demand to unify with Armenia began in a relatively peaceful manner in 1988; in the following months, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, resulting in ethnic cleansing, including the Sumgait (1988) and Baku (1990) pogroms directed against Armenians, and the Gugark pogrom (1988) and Khojaly Massacre (1992)"}, {"id": "Q218446", "label": "Khojaly Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "The demand to unify with Armenia began in a relatively peaceful manner in 1988; in the following months, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, resulting in ethnic cleansing, including the Sumgait (1988) and Baku (1990) pogroms directed against Armenians, and the Gugark pogrom (1988) and Khojaly Massacre (1992)"}, {"id": "Q4692397", "label": "Aghasi Khanjian", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1936, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia Aghasi Khanjian was murdered by the deputy head (and soon head) of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria after submitting Armenian grievances to Stalin, which included requests to return Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Armenia."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1936, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia Aghasi Khanjian was murdered by the deputy head (and soon head) of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria after submitting Armenian grievances to Stalin, which included requests to return Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Armenia."}, {"id": "Q2412363", "label": "Operation Ring", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sporadic battles between Armenians and Azerbaijanis intensified after Operation Ring."}, {"id": "Q278864", "label": "Andranik Ozanian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many styled themselves in the mold of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Armenian revolutionary figures, such as Andranik Ozanian and Garegin Nzhdeh, who had fought against the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q1650282", "label": "Garegin Nzhdeh", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many styled themselves in the mold of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Armenian revolutionary figures, such as Andranik Ozanian and Garegin Nzhdeh, who had fought against the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many styled themselves in the mold of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Armenian revolutionary figures, such as Andranik Ozanian and Garegin Nzhdeh, who had fought against the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many styled themselves in the mold of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Armenian revolutionary figures, such as Andranik Ozanian and Garegin Nzhdeh, who had fought against the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the end of the war, he held the position of Chief of Staff of the Republic of Artsakh armed forces."}], "Q418151": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Opium War (simplified Chinese: 第二次鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 第二次鴉片戰爭), also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War or Arrow War, was fought between the United Kingdom and France against the Qing dynasty of China between 1856 and 1860."}, {"id": "Q220984", "label": "Opium Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second major conflict in the Opium Wars, which were fought over the right to import opium to China, and resulted in a second defeat for the Qing and the forced legalisation of the opium trade."}, {"id": "Q3127920", "label": "Harry Smith Parkes", "section": "lead", "says": "The British consul, Harry Parkes, protested, upon which the viceroy of Liangguang, Ye Mingchen, delivered most of the sailors to the British on 22 October, but refused to release the rest."}, {"id": "Q708910", "label": "Ye Mingchen", "section": "lead", "says": "The British consul, Harry Parkes, protested, upon which the viceroy of Liangguang, Ye Mingchen, delivered most of the sailors to the British on 22 October, but refused to release the rest."}, {"id": "Q338366", "label": "Michael Seymour", "section": "lead", "says": "The British government decided to seek redress from China and dispatched a naval force led by Michael Seymour, and France joined in the action, citing as its reason the murder of a French missionary in China."}, {"id": "Q334452", "label": "Xianfeng Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Xianfeng Emperor refused to ratify the treaty, after which the Qing general Sengge Rinchen restarted the war with the British and French that month."}, {"id": "Q981183", "label": "Sengge Rinchen", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Xianfeng Emperor refused to ratify the treaty, after which the Qing general Sengge Rinchen restarted the war with the British and French that month."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied reinforcements sailed from Hong Kong, and his troops were defeated."}, {"id": "Q509360", "label": "Prince Gong", "section": "lead", "says": "The emperor and his entourage fled to Rehe, while Prince Gong stayed to conduct the negotiations, signing the Convention of Peking with the alliance on 24 October 1860, thus ratifying the Treaty of Tientsin and bringing the Second Opium War to an end."}, {"id": "Q604938", "label": "Convention of Peking", "section": "lead", "says": "The emperor and his entourage fled to Rehe, while Prince Gong stayed to conduct the negotiations, signing the Convention of Peking with the alliance on 24 October 1860, thus ratifying the Treaty of Tientsin and bringing the Second Opium War to an end."}, {"id": "Q618292", "label": "Treaty of Aigun", "section": "lead", "says": "During and after the Second Opium War, the Qing government was also forced to sign treaties with Russia, such as the Treaty of Aigun and the Convention of Peking."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The war followed on from the First Opium War."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking granted an indemnity and extraterritoriality to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island."}], "Q748780": [{"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Indochina War, known alternatively as the French Indochina War, was fought in French Indochina between the French Union and the Viet Minh and their respective allies, from 19 December 1946 until 11 August 1954."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Indochina south of latitude 16° north was to be included in the South East Asia Command under British Admiral Mountbatten."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 September, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Also in September 1945, Chinese forces entered Hanoi, and Japanese forces north of the 16th parallel surrendered to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1950, the newly established People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the DRV while the United States recognized the State of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1950, the newly established People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the DRV while the United States recognized the State of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1950, the newly established People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the DRV while the United States recognized the State of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "Viet Minh forces seized control from the collapsing Empire of Vietnam, while the Vietnam Nationalist Party and Việt Cách advanced in Tonkin with the support of the Chinese Allied mission, and the Đại Việt Nationalist Party already posed serious competition to the Viet Minh."}], "Q152004": [{"id": "Q492024", "label": "Hilarión Daza", "section": "lead", "says": "Chile protested the violation of the treaty and requested international arbitration, but the Bolivian government, presided by Hilarión Daza, considered this an internal issue subject to the jurisdiction of the Bolivian courts."}, {"id": "Q18014904", "label": "Battle of Tacna", "section": "lead", "says": "Bolivia withdrew after the Battle of Tacna, on 26 May 1880, leaving allied Peru fighting alone for most of the war."}, {"id": "Q1324", "label": "Aníbal Pinto", "section": "Background", "says": "The holder of the Chilean nitrate companies, according to Sater, \"bulldozed\" Chilean President Aníbal Pinto into declaring war to protect the owner of the Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta (CSFA) and then to seize Bolivia's and Peru's salitreras (saltpeter works)."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "A Santiago newspaper claimed that Melchor de Concha y Toro offered President Pinto 2,000,000 Chilean pesos to end the dispute and to return to the 1874 border. \"In other words,\" writes W."}], "Q160387": [{"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of Mark Antony and Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of Mark Antony and Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q48174", "label": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa", "section": "lead", "says": "Mark Antony possessed 500 ships and 70,000 infantry and made his camp at Actium, while Octavian, with 400 ships and 80,000 infantry, arrived from the north and occupied Patrae and Corinth, where, with the help of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, he managed to cut Antony's southward communications with Egypt via the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "He adopted the title of Princeps (\"first citizen\"), and in 27 BC was awarded the title of Augustus (\"revered\") by the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As Augustus, he retained the trappings of a restored Republican leader, but historians generally view his consolidation of power and the adoption of these honorifics as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q39589", "label": "Caesarion", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the triumvirate broke down when Octavian saw Caesarion – the professed son of Julius Caesar and Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt – as a major threat to his power."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the triumvirate broke down when Octavian saw Caesarion – the professed son of Julius Caesar and Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt – as a major threat to his power."}], "Q215112": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Boer War was a conflict fought between 1899 and 1902 between the British Empire and the Boer republics (the South African Republic and Orange Free State) over Britain's influence in Southern Africa."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Boer War was a conflict fought between 1899 and 1902 between the British Empire and the Boer republics (the South African Republic and Orange Free State) over Britain's influence in Southern Africa."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Boer War was a conflict fought between 1899 and 1902 between the British Empire and the Boer republics (the South African Republic and Orange Free State) over Britain's influence in Southern Africa."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Witwatersrand Gold Rush caused an influx of \"foreigners\" (Uitlanders), most of them British from the Cape Colony, to the South African Republic (SAR), an independent Boer Republic."}, {"id": "Q726293", "label": "Redvers Buller", "section": "lead", "says": "In the second phase, British fortunes changed when their commanding officer, General Redvers Buller, was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener, who relieved the besieged cities and invaded the Boer republics at the head of a 180,000-strong expeditionary force."}, {"id": "Q927606", "label": "Treaty of Vereeniging", "section": "lead", "says": "Eager to ensure Boers were released from the camps, most Boer commanders accepted the terms in the Treaty of Vereeniging, surrendering in May 1902."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Prime Minister had to tell a surprised Queen Victoria that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'."}], "Q137612545": [{"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing crackdown, reportedly carried out under orders by Ali Khamenei and senior officials to use live fire on protesters, resulted in massacres that left thousands of protesters dead."}, {"id": "Q334871", "label": "Reza Pahlavi", "section": "lead", "says": "Although largely leaderless, the protests escalated on 8 January following a call for unified protests by Reza Pahlavi, the son of Iran's last shah."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It has accused the United States and Israel of fuelling the protests."}, {"id": "Q134900605", "label": "Twelve-Day War", "section": "Background", "says": "Already in June 2025, during the Twelve-Day War, the exiled crown prince Reza Pahlavi had intensified his political efforts and appealed to the international community to help the Iranian people force out Ali Khamenei's theocratic rule while offering himself up as interim leader to take over running the country."}], "Q1402078": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Warsaw Uprising (Polish: powstanie warszawskie; German: Warschauer Aufstand), sometimes referred to as the August Uprising (Polish: powstanie sierpniowe), or the Battle of Warsaw,  was a major World War II operation by the Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from German occupation."}, {"id": "Q422376", "label": "Operation Tempest", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising began on 1 August 1944 as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest, launched at the time of the Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive."}, {"id": "Q601417", "label": "Lublin–Brest Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising began on 1 August 1944 as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest, launched at the time of the Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive."}, {"id": "Q116080", "label": "Polish Underground State", "section": "lead", "says": "An additional, political goal of the Polish Underground State was to liberate Poland's capital and assert Polish sovereignty before the Soviet Union and Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation, which already controlled eastern Poland, could assume control."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "An additional, political goal of the Polish Underground State was to liberate Poland's capital and assert Polish sovereignty before the Soviet Union and Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation, which already controlled eastern Poland, could assume control."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1944, Poland had been occupied by Nazi Germany for almost five years."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany was fighting a coalition of Allied powers, led by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany was fighting a coalition of Allied powers, led by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States."}, {"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "Background", "says": "If we didn't have Warsaw in the General Government, we wouldn't have four-fifths of the difficulties with which we must contend. – German Governor-General Hans Frank, Kraków, 14 December 1943\nThe Soviets and the Poles had a common enemy – Germany – but were working towards different post-war goals: the Home Army desired a pro-Western, capitalist Poland, but the Soviet leader Stalin intended to est"}, {"id": "Q170356", "label": "Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Home Army commander, Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, took a different approach, and on 20 November, he outlined his own plan, which became known as Operation Tempest."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "On the approach of the Eastern Front, local units of the Home Army were to harass th"}], "Q151005": [{"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine (mainly Saxony and Württemberg)."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine (mainly Saxony and Württemberg)."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This made it the largest of the battles during the Napoleonic Wars and, arguably, the deciding battle of the wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Decisively defeated, Napoleon was compelled to return to France while the Sixth Coalition kept up its momentum, dissolving the Confederation of the Rhine and invading France early the next year."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Emperor Napoleon I attempted to force Emperor Alexander I of Russia into rejoining his unpopular Continental System by invading Russia on 24 June 1812 with around 685,000 troops, and eventually entered Moscow in late 1812, following the bloody, yet indecisive Battle of Borodino."}, {"id": "Q184320", "label": "Battle of Borodino", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Emperor Napoleon I attempted to force Emperor Alexander I of Russia into rejoining his unpopular Continental System by invading Russia on 24 June 1812 with around 685,000 troops, and eventually entered Moscow in late 1812, following the bloody, yet indecisive Battle of Borodino."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "To make matters even worse for Napoleon, in June 1813, the combined armies of Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, had decisively routed the French at the Battle of Vitoria in the Peninsular War, and were now advancing towards the Pyrenees and into France itself."}, {"id": "Q276059", "label": "Battle of Vitoria", "section": "Background", "says": "To make matters even worse for Napoleon, in June 1813, the combined armies of Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, had decisively routed the French at the Battle of Vitoria in the Peninsular War, and were now advancing towards the Pyrenees and into France itself."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Background", "says": "To make matters even worse for Napoleon, in June 1813, the combined armies of Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, had decisively routed the French at the Battle of Vitoria in the Peninsular War, and were now advancing towards the Pyrenees and into France itself."}, {"id": "Q156373", "label": "Nicolas Oudinot", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With the intention of knocking Prussia out of the war as soon as possible, Napoleon sent Marshal Nicolas Oudinot to take the Prussian capital of Berlin with an army of 60,000."}, {"id": "Q339052", "label": "Battle of Großbeeren", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Oudinot was defeated at the Battle of Großbeeren, by the Swedes and Prussians of the Army of the North, just south of the city."}, {"id": "Q647827", "label": "Battle of Dennewitz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, Ney's command disintegrated following a catastrophic defeat at the hands of von Bülow and Charles John at the Battle of Dennewitz."}, {"id": "Q48253", "label": "Battle of Kulm", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Prussians advanced from Wartenburg, the Austrians and Russians from Dresden (which they had recently retaken, after the Battle of Kulm), and the Swedes from the north."}], "Q151290": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km (370 mi) sector of the Eastern Front during World War II, between October 1941 and January 1942."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km (370 mi) sector of the Eastern Front during World War II, between October 1941 and January 1942."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet defensive effort thwarted Germany's attack on Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q57140", "label": "Walther von Brauchitsch", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the failed offensive, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch was dismissed as supreme commander of the German Army on 19 December, with Hitler replacing him in the position."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion plan, called for the capture of Moscow within four months."}], "Q180182": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (硫黄島の戦い, Iōtō no Tatakai,or Iōjima no Tatakai; 19 February – 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps (USMC), United States Navy (USN), and United States Army (USA) landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The five-week battle saw some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q192660", "label": "Battle of Okinawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Lessons learned on Iwo Jima served as guidelines for American forces in the Battle of Okinawa two months later and the planned invasion of the Japanese homeland."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "After the American capture of the Marshall Islands and the air attacks against the Japanese fortress island of Truk Atoll in the Carolines in January 1944, Japanese military leaders reevaluated their strategic position."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "To counter such an offensive, the IJA and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) established an inner line of defenses extending generally northward from the Carolines to the Marianas, from there to Japan via the Volcano Islands, and westward from the Marianas via the Carolines and the Palau Islands to the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q705788", "label": "Hideyoshi Obata", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1944, the Japanese 31st Army, commanded by General Hideyoshi Obata, was activated to garrison this inner line. (Note that an army-sized unit in Imperial Japanese military doctrine was about the size of an American, British Army, or Canadian Army corps.)\nThe commander of the Japanese garrison on Chichi Jima was placed nominally in command of IJA and IJN units in the Volcano Islands."}], "Q183421": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Army  war crime committed on 16 March 1968, involving the mass murder of between 347 and 504 civilians, almost all women, children and elderly men, in Sơn Mỹ village, Quảng Ngãi province, South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Army  war crime committed on 16 March 1968, involving the mass murder of between 347 and 504 civilians, almost all women, children and elderly men, in Sơn Mỹ village, Quảng Ngãi province, South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q435792", "label": "Seymour Hersh", "section": "lead", "says": "The efforts of veteran Ronald Ridenhour and journalist Seymour Hersh broke the news of the massacre to the American public in November 1969, prompting global outrage and contributing to domestic opposition to involvement in the war."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Tet Offensive in January 1968, attacks were carried out in Quảng Ngãi province by the VC 48th Local Force Battalion."}], "Q189508": [{"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "He was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, James's nephew William III of Orange."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "Jacobitism, the political movement that aimed to restore the exiled James or his descendants of the House of Stuart to the throne, persisted into the late 18th century."}, {"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "lead", "says": "The prospect of a Catholic dynasty following the birth of his son James Francis Edward Stuart on 10 June 1688 led some of his domestic opponents to issue the Invitation to William, seeking Dutch support to remove him."}], "Q192050": [{"id": "Q43063", "label": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo."}, {"id": "Q153099", "label": "Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "They were shot at close range while being driven through the provincial capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "They were shot at close range while being driven through the provincial capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident was one of the key events that led to World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received the mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia, while the Ottoman Empire retained official sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Under this same treaty, the Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom, France, the German Empire, Italy, and the Russian Empire) gave official recognition to the Principality of Serbia as a fully sovereign state, which four years later transformed into a kingdom under Prince Milan IV Obrenović who thus became King Milan I of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q313829", "label": "Milan I Obrenović", "section": "Background", "says": "Under this same treaty, the Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom, France, the German Empire, Italy, and the Russian Empire) gave official recognition to the Principality of Serbia as a fully sovereign state, which four years later transformed into a kingdom under Prince Milan IV Obrenović who thus became King Milan I of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "The conspirators installed Peter I of the House of Karađorđević as the new king."}, {"id": "Q1064335", "label": "Pig War", "section": "Background", "says": "These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the \"Pig War\"); the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909); and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Serbia acquir"}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the \"Pig War\"); the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909); and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Serbia acquir"}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the \"Pig War\"); the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909); and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Serbia acquir"}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the \"Pig War\"); the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909); and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Serbia acquir"}], "Q193245": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos), code-named Operation Historic Turn, also known as the 25 April, and Portuguese Revolution  (Portuguese: Revolução Portuguesa) was a military coup in Portugal by officers that on 25 April 1974 overthrew Marcelo Caetano and the Estado Novo regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar (r."}, {"id": "Q310870", "label": "Marcelo Caetano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos), code-named Operation Historic Turn, also known as the 25 April, and Portuguese Revolution  (Portuguese: Revolução Portuguesa) was a military coup in Portugal by officers that on 25 April 1974 overthrew Marcelo Caetano and the Estado Novo regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar (r."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos), code-named Operation Historic Turn, also known as the 25 April, and Portuguese Revolution  (Portuguese: Revolução Portuguesa) was a military coup in Portugal by officers that on 25 April 1974 overthrew Marcelo Caetano and the Estado Novo regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar (r."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos), code-named Operation Historic Turn, also known as the 25 April, and Portuguese Revolution  (Portuguese: Revolução Portuguesa) was a military coup in Portugal by officers that on 25 April 1974 overthrew Marcelo Caetano and the Estado Novo regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar (r."}, {"id": "Q609836", "label": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup came in the midst of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974) in its overseas colonies and produced major social, economic, territorial, demographic, and political changes in Portugal and in Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and other former Portuguese colonies through the Ongoing Revolutionary Process."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup came in the midst of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974) in its overseas colonies and produced major social, economic, territorial, demographic, and political changes in Portugal and in Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and other former Portuguese colonies through the Ongoing Revolutionary Process."}, {"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations with African independence movements began, and by the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea, which became a UN member state as Guinea-Bissau."}, {"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations with African independence movements began, and by the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea, which became a UN member state as Guinea-Bissau."}, {"id": "Q1039", "label": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed in 1975 by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in Africa and the declaration of independence of East Timor in Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "Background", "says": "Independence movements began in the African colonies of Portuguese Mozambique, Portuguese Congo, Portuguese Angola, and Portuguese Guinea."}, {"id": "Q51750785", "label": "Wiriyamu Massacre", "section": "Background", "says": "Atrocities such as the Wiriyamu Massacre undermined the war's popularity and the government's diplomatic position, although details of the massacre are still disputed."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Thousands of left-wing students and anti-war activists avoided conscription by emigrating illegally, primarily to France and the United States."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, three generations of right-wing militants in Portuguese schools were guided by a revolutionary nationalism partially influenced by European neo-fascism, and supported the Portuguese Empire and an authoritarian regime."}], "Q199955": [{"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hundred Days (French: les Cent-Jours IPA: [le sɑ̃ ʒuʁ]) marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days)."}, {"id": "Q298864", "label": "Neapolitan War", "section": "lead", "says": "This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition (French: Guerre de la Septième Coalition), which includes the Waterloo campaign and the Neapolitan War as well as several other minor campaigns."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon returned while the Congress of Vienna was sitting."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon returned while the Congress of Vienna was sitting."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw, and on 25 March, Austria, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom, the four Great Powers and key members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the second restoration of the French kingdom, and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the second restoration of the French kingdom, and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Tsar Alexander I of Russia had expected to absorb much of Poland and to leave a Polish puppet state, the Duchy of Warsaw, as a buffer against further invasion from Europe."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "Background", "says": "Tsar Alexander I of Russia had expected to absorb much of Poland and to leave a Polish puppet state, the Duchy of Warsaw, as a buffer against further invasion from Europe."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "The renewed Prussian state demanded all of the Kingdom of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Castlereagh approached King Frederick William III of Prussia to offer him British and Austrian support for Prussia's annexation of Saxony in return for Prussia's support of an independent Poland."}], "Q200855": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburg monarchy, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of Polish King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburg monarchy, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of Polish King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburg monarchy, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of Polish King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Holy Roman Empire consolidated territorial gains resulting in most of Ottoman Hungary being ceded to Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q334140", "label": "Kara Mustafa Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of the Ottoman Empire and its vassal states were commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha."}, {"id": "Q606621", "label": "Siege of Szigetvár", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Siege of Szigetvár in 1566 blocked the advance of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent towards Vienna and stopped the Ottoman advance towards Vienna that year."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Siege of Szigetvár in 1566 blocked the advance of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent towards Vienna and stopped the Ottoman advance towards Vienna that year."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the political front, the Ottoman Empire had been providing military assistance to the Hungarians and non-Catholic minorities in Habsburg-occupied portions of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1681, Protestants and other anti-Habsburg Kuruc forces, led by Imre Thököly, were reinforced with a significant military contingent from the Ottomans, who recognized Thököly as King of \"Upper Hungary\" (the eastern part of modern-day Slovakia and parts of northeastern Hungary, which he had earlier taken by force from the Habsburgs)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1681, Protestants and other anti-Habsburg Kuruc forces, led by Imre Thököly, were reinforced with a significant military contingent from the Ottomans, who recognized Thököly as King of \"Upper Hungary\" (the eastern part of modern-day Slovakia and parts of northeastern Hungary, which he had earlier taken by force from the Habsburgs)."}, {"id": "Q681401", "label": "Peace of Vasvár", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Yet before the siege, a state of peace had existed for 20 years between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Peace of Vasvár."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1681 and 1682, clashes between the forces of Imre Thököly and the Holy Roman Empire (the border of which was then northern Hungary) intensified, and the incursions of Habsburg forces into central Hungary provided the crucial argument of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in convincing Sultan Mehmed IV and his Divan to allow the movement of the Ottoman army."}], "Q87779": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, also called the Varian Disaster (Latin: Clades Variana) by Roman historians, was a major battle fought between an alliance of Germanic peoples and the Roman Empire between 8 and 11 September 9 CE, possibly near modern Kalkriese."}, {"id": "Q68880", "label": "Arminius", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting began with an ambush by the Germanic alliance on three Roman legions being led by Publius Quinctilius Varus and their auxiliaries; the alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic chieftain and officer of Varus's auxilia."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Teutoburg Forest is considered one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end."}, {"id": "Q191039", "label": "Germanicus", "section": "lead", "says": "Retaliatory campaigns were commanded by Tiberius and Germanicus and enjoyed success, but the Rhine became the border between the Roman Empire and the rest of Germania."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome then made no major incursion into Germania until Marcus Aurelius (r."}, {"id": "Q933963", "label": "Marcomannic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "161–180) during the Marcomannic Wars."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Republic expanded rapidly in the first century BCE, most notably under Julius Caesar, who conquered most of western Europe and parts of the British Isles in the Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE)."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Republic expanded rapidly in the first century BCE, most notably under Julius Caesar, who conquered most of western Europe and parts of the British Isles in the Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE)."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Background", "says": "Troops previously garrisoned in Gaul were pulled out in 31 BCE for the showdown between Octavian and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium."}, {"id": "Q160387", "label": "Battle of Actium", "section": "Background", "says": "Troops previously garrisoned in Gaul were pulled out in 31 BCE for the showdown between Octavian and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium."}, {"id": "Q2175002", "label": "Edward Shepherd Creasy", "section": "Lead-up to battle", "says": "Edward Shepherd Creasy writes that \"This was represented to Varus as an occasion which required his prompt attendance on the spot; but he was kept in studied ignorance of its being part of a concerted national rising; and he still looked on Arminius as his submissive vassal\"."}], "Q120843": [{"id": "Q210036", "label": "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Chechen War (Russian: Втора́я чече́нская война́, Chechen: Шолгӏа оьрсийн-нохчийн тӏом, lit. 'Second Russian-Chechen War') took place in Chechnya and the border regions of the North Caucasus between the Russian Federation and the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, from August 1999 to April 2009."}, {"id": "Q340556", "label": "Zaki Axmad", "section": "lead", "says": "Three months later, the exiled leader of the separatist government, Akhmed Zakayev, called for a halt to armed resistance against the Chechen police force from August."}, {"id": "Q174438", "label": "Madeleine Albright", "section": "Prelude to the Second Chechen War", "says": "In February 2000, the US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright stated they had not seen any evidence that tied the bombings to Chechnya."}, {"id": "Q446865", "label": "Nikolai Patrushev", "section": "Prelude to the Second Chechen War", "says": "FSB chief Nikolai Patrushev announced on television that the apparent bomb had been part of a \"training exercise\"."}, {"id": "Q545569", "label": "Sergei Kovalev", "section": "Prelude to the Second Chechen War", "says": "Many observers, including State Duma deputies Yuri Shchekochikhin, Sergei Kovalev and Sergei Yushenkov, cast doubts on the official version and sought an independent investigation."}, {"id": "Q87015", "label": "Alexander Litvinenko", "section": "Prelude to the Second Chechen War", "says": "Some others, including David Satter, Yury Felshtinsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky and Alexander Litvinenko, as well as the secessionist Chechen authorities, claimed that the 1999 bombings were a false flag attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted the popularity of Prime Minister and former FSB Director Vladimir Putin, brought the pr"}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Prelude to the Second Chechen War", "says": "Some others, including David Satter, Yury Felshtinsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky and Alexander Litvinenko, as well as the secessionist Chechen authorities, claimed that the 1999 bombings were a false flag attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted the popularity of Prime Minister and former FSB Director Vladimir Putin, brought the pr"}], "Q152195": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International, was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and directed against the Communist International (Comintern)."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International, was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and directed against the Communist International (Comintern)."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by the German ambassador-at-large Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Japanese ambassador to Germany Kintomo Mushanokōji."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Other countries joined during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese signatories had hoped that the Anti-Comintern Pact would effectively be an alliance against the Soviet Union, which was how the Soviets perceived it."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "After August 1939, Japan distanced itself from Germany as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anti-Comintern Pact was followed by the September 1940 Tripartite Pact, which identified the United States as the primary threat rather than the Soviet Union, although in theory applying to the Soviets as well; however, by December 1941, this too was virtually inoperative."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anti-Comintern Pact was followed by the September 1940 Tripartite Pact, which identified the United States as the primary threat rather than the Soviet Union, although in theory applying to the Soviets as well; however, by December 1941, this too was virtually inoperative."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Civil War, in which Germany supported the Nationalists and the Soviet Union the Republicans, reinforced the urgency in the mind of the German leadership to create some sort of anti-Soviet military arrangement to counteract a potential aggression by the Soviet Union."}], "Q154674": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Essentially, the treaties allowed Philip V (grandson of King Louis XIV of France) to keep the Spanish throne in return for permanently renouncing his claim to the French throne, along with other necessary guarantees that would ensure that France and Spain should not merge, thus preserving the balance of power in Europe."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and of his grandson Philip on one hand, and representatives of Queen Anne of Great Britain, King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, King John V of Portugal and the United Provinces of the Netherlands on the other."}, {"id": "Q299650", "label": "John V of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and of his grandson Philip on one hand, and representatives of Queen Anne of Great Britain, King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, King John V of Portugal and the United Provinces of the Netherlands on the other."}], "Q179670": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaugamela ( GAW-gə-MEE-lə; Ancient Greek: Γαυγάμηλα, romanized: Gaugámēla, lit. 'the Camel's House'), also called the Battle of Arbela (Ἄρβηλα, Árbēla), took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great and the Persian Army under King Darius III."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaugamela ( GAW-gə-MEE-lə; Ancient Greek: Γαυγάμηλα, romanized: Gaugámēla, lit. 'the Camel's House'), also called the Battle of Arbela (Ἄρβηλα, Árbēla), took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great and the Persian Army under King Darius III."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second and final battle between the two kings, and is considered to be the final blow to the Achaemenid Empire, resulting in its complete conquest by Alexander."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a decisive victory for the League of Corinth, and it led to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire and of Darius III."}, {"id": "Q281368", "label": "Quintus Curtius Rufus", "section": "Background", "says": "Historians Justin, Arrian and Curtius Rufus, writing in the 1st and 2nd centuries, say that Darius had sent a letter to Alexander after the Battle of Issus."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Background", "says": "Diodorus Siculus (1st century Greek historian) likewise mentions the offer of all territory west of the Halys river, a treaty of friendship and a large ransom for Darius' captives."}, {"id": "Q296233", "label": "Parmenion", "section": "Background", "says": "Parmenion was the only one who spoke up, saying, \"If I were Alexander, I should accept what was offered and make a treaty.\" Alexander reportedly replied, \"So should I, if I were Parmenio"}, {"id": "Q1343486", "label": "Peter Green", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Classical scholar Peter Green thinks that Alexander's choice for the northern route caught the Persians off guard."}, {"id": "Q297960", "label": "Cyrus the Younger", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Darius would have expected him to take the faster southern route directly to Babylon, just as Cyrus the Younger had done in 401 BC before his defeat in the Battle of Cunaxa."}, {"id": "Q431205", "label": "Battle of Cunaxa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Darius would have expected him to take the faster southern route directly to Babylon, just as Cyrus the Younger had done in 401 BC before his defeat in the Battle of Cunaxa."}, {"id": "Q2695034", "label": "Jona Lendering", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Historian Jona Lendering, by contrast, argues that Darius intentionally led the Macedonians to Gaugamela, the Persians' preferred battlefield."}], "Q182817": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametová revoluce) or Gentle Revolution (Slovak: nežná revolúcia) was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989."}, {"id": "Q551665", "label": "Miloš Jakeš", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire top leadership of the Communist Party, including General Secretary Miloš Jakeš, resigned on 24 November."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Barbed wire and other obstructions were removed from the border with West Germany and Austria in early December."}, {"id": "Q157651", "label": "Gustáv Husák", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 December, President Gustáv Husák appointed the first largely non-communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigned."}, {"id": "Q150543", "label": "Alexander Dubček", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander Dubček was elected speaker of the federal parliament on 28 December and Václav Havel the president of Czechoslovakia on 29 December 1989."}, {"id": "Q36233", "label": "Václav Havel", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander Dubček was elected speaker of the federal parliament on 28 December and Václav Havel the president of Czechoslovakia on 29 December 1989."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two countries, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two countries, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic."}], "Q184320": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon fought against General Mikhail Kutuzov, whom the Emperor Alexander I had appointed to replace Barclay de Tolly on 29 August after Smolensk was razed and captured by the French and Polish forces."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon fought against General Mikhail Kutuzov, whom the Emperor Alexander I had appointed to replace Barclay de Tolly on 29 August after Smolensk was razed and captured by the French and Polish forces."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Approximately a quarter of a million soldiers were involved in the battle, and it was the bloodiest single day of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q328411", "label": "Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chief of Staff of the Russian 1st Army, Aleksey Yermolov, said the Russian left was shifting positions when the French Army arrived sooner than expected; thus, the Battle of Shevardino became a delaying effort to shield the redeployment of the Russian left."}], "Q200032": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, eastern Turkey)."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, eastern Turkey)."}, {"id": "Q41834", "label": "Romanos IV Diogenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Thomas Asbridge says: \"In 1071, the Seljuqs crushed an imperial army at the Battle of Manzikert (in eastern Asia Minor), and though historians no longer consider this to have been an utterly cataclysmic reversal for the Greeks, it still was a stinging setback.\" It was the only time a Byzantine emperor became the prisoner of a Muslim commander, and the first time since Valerian that a Rom"}, {"id": "Q30594", "label": "Konstantinos IX Monomachos", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Byzantine Empire had remained strong and powerful in the early Middle Ages, it began to decline under the reign of the militarily incompetent Constantine IX Monomachos and again under Constantine X Doukas – a brief two-year period of reform under Isaac I Komnenos merely delayed the decay of the Byzantine army."}, {"id": "Q41660", "label": "Konstantinos X Doukas", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Byzantine Empire had remained strong and powerful in the early Middle Ages, it began to decline under the reign of the militarily incompetent Constantine IX Monomachos and again under Constantine X Doukas – a brief two-year period of reform under Isaac I Komnenos merely delayed the decay of the Byzantine army."}, {"id": "Q41643", "label": "Isaac I Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Byzantine Empire had remained strong and powerful in the early Middle Ages, it began to decline under the reign of the militarily incompetent Constantine IX Monomachos and again under Constantine X Doukas – a brief two-year period of reform under Isaac I Komnenos merely delayed the decay of the Byzantine army."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "Background", "says": "About 1053, Constantine IX disbanded what the 11th century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes called the \"Iberian Army\", which consisted of 50,000 men."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantine made a truce with the Seljuks that lasted until 1064, when a large Seljuk army under Alp Arslan attacked the theme of Iberia and took Ani; after a siege of 25 days, they captured the city."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1069 or 1070, Manuel Komnenos lead an expedition against the Seljuks, thwarting an attack against Iconium with a counterattack."}], "Q208484": [{"id": "Q321936", "label": "Taif Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1989 Taif Agreement laid the foundation for ending the conflict, and most militias were disbanded following the war's conclusion in 1990."}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "Background", "says": "They were forced to relocate after being evicted by King Hussein during the 1970 Black September in Jordan."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Solidarity with the Palestinians was expressed by the Lebanese Sunni Muslims, with the aim to change the political system from one of consensus amongst different sects, towards one where their power share would increase."}], "Q242352": [{"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but related ethnic conflicts, wars of independence, and insurgencies that took place from 1991 to 2001 in what had been the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts both led up to and resulted from the breakup of Yugoslavia, which began in mid-1991, into six independent countries matching the six republics that had previously constituted Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Macedonia, which was later renamed to North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts both led up to and resulted from the breakup of Yugoslavia, which began in mid-1991, into six independent countries matching the six republics that had previously constituted Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Macedonia, which was later renamed to North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts both led up to and resulted from the breakup of Yugoslavia, which began in mid-1991, into six independent countries matching the six republics that had previously constituted Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Macedonia, which was later renamed to North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it increasingly came under the influence of Slobodan Milošević, whose government invoked Serbian nationalism as an ideological replacement for the weakening communist system."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Other irredentist movements have also been brought into connection with the Yugoslav Wars, such as \"Greater Albania\" (from Kosovo, idea abandoned following international diplomacy) and \"Greater Croatia\" (from parts of Herzegovina, abandoned in 1994 with the Washington Agreement)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Often described as one of Europe's deadliest armed conflicts since World War II, the Yugoslav Wars were marked by many war crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, massacres, and mass wartime rape."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bosnian genocide was the first European wartime event to be formally classified as genocidal in character since the military campaigns of Nazi Germany, and many of the key individuals who perpetrated it were subsequently charged with war crimes; the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by the UN in The Hague, Netherlands, to prosecute all individuals"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The state of Yugoslavia was created in the aftermath of World War I, and its population was mostly composed of South Slavic Christians, though the nation also had a substantial Muslim minority."}, {"id": "Q347471", "label": "Stjepan Radić", "section": "Background", "says": "Clear ethnic conflict between the Yugoslav peoples only became prominent in the 20th century, beginning with tensions over the constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in the early 1920s and escalating into violence between Serbs and Croats in the late 1920s after the assassination of Croatian politician Stjepan Radić."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "Background", "says": "The Communist-led Yugoslav Partisans were able to appeal to all groups, including Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, and also engaged in mass killings."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was established under Josip Broz Tito, who maintained a strongly authoritarian leadership that suppressed nationalism and emphasized unity."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "As it became clear that there was no solution that was agreeable to all parties, Slovenia and Croatia moved towards independence."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "The representatives of Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro were replaced with loyalists of the president of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević."}], "Q36749": [{"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état led by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, General Erich Ludendorff, and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état led by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, General Erich Ludendorff, and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q58860", "label": "Gustav Ritter von Kahr", "section": "lead", "says": "The putsch began on the evening of 8 November, when Hitler and a contingent of approximately 600 Sturmabteilung (SA) members marched on the beer hall Bürgerbräukeller, where Gustav Ritter von Kahr — the Minister-President of Bavaria who had banned some of Hitler's previous planned gatherings — was delivering a speech."}, {"id": "Q48244", "label": "Mein Kampf", "section": "lead", "says": "Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess."}, {"id": "Q60742", "label": "Emil Maurice", "section": "lead", "says": "Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess."}, {"id": "Q75866", "label": "Rudolf Hess", "section": "lead", "says": "Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess."}, {"id": "Q62546", "label": "Otto von Lossow", "section": "Background", "says": "Along with von Kahr, Bavarian state police chief Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow formed a ruling triumvirate."}], "Q488278": [{"id": "Q335430", "label": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb led a force of approximately 3,000 men toward Medina to avenge the loss."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "A group of Muslim archers had been stationed by Muhammad on a nearby hill in order to protect the army’s rear and guard against a cavalry attack."}, {"id": "Q826083", "label": "Battle of the Trench", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was seen as a significant setback for the Muslims and a minor victory for the Quraysh as they would return with an even larger force in the Battle of the Trench."}, {"id": "Q122988", "label": "Tariq Ramadan", "section": "Background", "says": "Tariq Ramadan agrees with this reasoning, but also adds that the Battle of Badr in particular was initiated to impress the Meccans, who were becoming increasingly hostile towards Medina."}, {"id": "Q486124", "label": "Battle of Badr", "section": "Background", "says": "Tariq Ramadan agrees with this reasoning, but also adds that the Battle of Badr in particular was initiated to impress the Meccans, who were becoming increasingly hostile towards Medina."}], "Q49097": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "During the war, Zionist forces conquered about 78% of the former territory of the mandate, causing the expulsion and flight of over 700,000 Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution \"recommending to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union\", UN General Assembly Resolution 181(II)."}, {"id": "Q374803", "label": "Benny Morris", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Israeli historian Benny Morris, the Arabs rejected the partition, not because it was supposedly unfair, but because their leaders rejected any form of partition."}, {"id": "Q171328", "label": "Charter of the United Nations", "section": "Background", "says": "They held \"that the rule of Palestine should revert to its inhabitants, in accordance with the provisions of ... the Charter of the United Nations\"."}], "Q6286": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC."}, {"id": "Q6881", "label": "Battle of Cape Ecnomus", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Cape Ecnomus the Carthaginians were again beaten; this was possibly the largest naval battle in history by the number of combatants involved."}, {"id": "Q590014", "label": "Battle of Drepana", "section": "lead", "says": "They also launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet but were defeated at the Battle of Drepana."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Quinqueremes, meaning \"five-oared\", provided the workhorse of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "So ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for \"warship\" in general."}], "Q68969": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "A majority of Croats supported Croatia's independence from Yugoslavia, while many ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, supported by Serbia, opposed the secession and advocated Serb-claimed lands to be in a common state with Serbia."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Most Serbs sought a new Serb state within a Yugoslav federation, including areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina with ethnic Serb majorities or significant minorities, and attempted to conquer as much of Croatia as possible."}, {"id": "Q917606", "label": "Brioni Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatia declared independence on June 25, 1991, but agreed to postpone it with the Brioni Agreement and cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia on October 8, 1991."}, {"id": "Q811629", "label": "Log Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After this failed, Serb forces established the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia, which began with the Log Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1374443", "label": "Operation Flash", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1995, Croatia launched two major offensives known as Operation Flash and Operation Storm; these offensives effectively ended the war in its favor."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1995, Croatia launched two major offensives known as Operation Flash and Operation Storm; these offensives effectively ended the war in its favor."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 14, 1990, the weapons of the TO of Croatia, in Croat-majority regions, were taken away by the JNA, preventing the possibility of Croatia having its own weapons as was done in Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "Borisav Jović, Serbia's representative in the Federal Presidency and a close ally of Slobodan Milošević, claimed that this action came at the behest of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q351852", "label": "Veljko Kadijević", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Jović, on June 27, 1990, he and Veljko Kadijević, the Yugoslav Defence Minister, met and agreed that they should, regarding Croatia and Slovenia, \"expel them forcibly from Yugoslavia, by simply drawing borders and declaring that they have brought this upon themselves through their decisions\"."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Kadijević, of mixed Serb-Croat heritage and a Yugoslav Partisan in World War II, was loyal to Yugoslavia and not a Greater Serbia; Kadijević believed that if Slovenia left Yugoslavia the state would collapse and thus he discussed with Jović about possibly using the JNA to impose martial law in Slovenia to prevent this potential collapse and was willing to wage war with the secessionist re"}], "Q193484": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was assassinated while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas."}, {"id": "Q48745", "label": "Lee Harvey Oswald", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy was in the vehicle with First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Texas governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie, when he was fatally shot from the nearby Texas School Book Depository by Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Marine who had served in Japan and the Philippines, and had espoused communist and socialist beliefs since reading Karl Marx aged 14."}, {"id": "Q9061", "label": "Karl Marx", "section": "Background", "says": "Marine who had served in Japan and the Philippines, and had espoused communist and socialist beliefs since reading Karl Marx aged 14."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Oswald defected to the Soviet Union, and in January 1960 he was sent to work at a factory in Minsk, Belarus."}], "Q202578": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Jewish–Roman War (66–73/74 CE), also known as the War of Destruction, the Great Jewish Revolt, the First Jewish Revolt, or the Jewish War, was the first of three major Jewish rebellions against the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1376454", "label": "Gessius Florus", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions escalated as Governor Gessius Florus looted the temple treasury and massacred Jerusalem's residents, sparking an uprising during which rebels killed the Roman garrison while pro-Roman officials fled."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "lead", "says": "In 67 CE, Vespasian was sent to suppress the revolt, invading Galilee and capturing Yodfat, Tarichaea, and Gamla."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt also hastened the separation between Christianity and Judaism."}], "Q275918": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The early Muslim conquests, or the early Islamic conquests (Arabic: الْفُتُوحَاتُ الإسْلَامِيَّة, romanized: al-Futūḥāt al-ʾIslāmiyya), also known as the Arab conquests, were a series of wars initiated by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and continued by the early Muslims."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 622, he established the first Islamic state in Medina, with Muslim armies expanding rapidly out of Arabia under the succeeding Rashidun Caliphate and then the Umayyad Caliphate, culminating in Muslim rule being established throughout most of the Middle East and North Africa, parts of South Asia and Central Asia, and parts of Southern Europe over the following century."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 622, he established the first Islamic state in Medina, with Muslim armies expanding rapidly out of Arabia under the succeeding Rashidun Caliphate and then the Umayyad Caliphate, culminating in Muslim rule being established throughout most of the Middle East and North Africa, parts of South Asia and Central Asia, and parts of Southern Europe over the following century."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Scottish historian James Buchan: \"In speed and extent, the first Arab conquests were matched only by those of Alexander the Great, and they were more lasting.\" At the height of the expansion, Muslim-ruled territory under the Caliphates is estimated to have covered 13,000,000 square kilometres (5,000,000 sq mi), stretching from the Indian subcontinent (at Sind) in the east to the I"}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Among other socio-political changes, the early Muslim conquests caused a rupture in the status quo dominated by the Sasanian Empire in the east and the Byzantine Empire in the west; Muslim armies overran the Sasanians and confined the Byzantines, who were left with part of Anatolia and Southeastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Among other socio-political changes, the early Muslim conquests caused a rupture in the status quo dominated by the Sasanian Empire in the east and the Byzantine Empire in the west; Muslim armies overran the Sasanians and confined the Byzantines, who were left with part of Anatolia and Southeastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q680793", "label": "Fred Donner", "section": "lead", "says": "American scholar Fred Donner suggests that Muhammad's establishment of the first Islamic state coupled with ideological coherence and mobilization constituted the main factor that propelled his community to successfully establish one of the largest empires in history."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Arab Christian confederations such as the Ghassanids initially allied themselves with the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q943191", "label": "Lakhmids", "section": "Background", "says": "For the Byzantine and Persian empires, they each respectively projected power into the Arabian peninsula through alliances with two major Arab kingdoms, the Ghassanids and the Lakhmids."}], "Q30015850": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the deadliest act of terrorism and the first suicide bombing in the United Kingdom since the 7 July 2005 London bombings."}, {"id": "Q264766", "label": "Theresa May", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Minister Theresa May formed the Commission for Countering Extremism in response to the bombing."}], "Q8641370": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, and British General Bernard Montgomery was named commander of the 21st Army Group, which comprised all the land forces involved in the operation."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler placed  Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler's proclaimed Atlantic Wall in anticipation of landings in France."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler placed  Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler's proclaimed Atlantic Wall in anticipation of landings in France."}, {"id": "Q221111", "label": "Operation Dragoon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies launched a second invasion from the Mediterranean Sea of southern France (code-named Operation Dragoon) on 15 August, and the Liberation of Paris followed on 25 August."}, {"id": "Q696835", "label": "Liberation of Paris", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies launched a second invasion from the Mediterranean Sea of southern France (code-named Operation Dragoon) on 15 August, and the Liberation of Paris followed on 25 August."}], "Q152486": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poltava fought on 8 July 1709, was the decisive and largest battle of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "A Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter I defeated a Swedish army commanded by Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle would lead to the Swedish Empire losing its status as a European great power and also marked the beginning of Russian supremacy in eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the course of six years in the initial stages of the war, King Charles XII and the Swedish Empire had defeated almost all participants in the anti-Swedish coalition, which initially consisted of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Denmark-Norway and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the campaign was complicated by harsh weather conditions and by Russian scorched earth tactics and surprise attacks, which forced Charles to interrupt his march on Moscow and instead march south to establish winter quarters with the help of Ivan Mazepa, hetman of the Cossack Hetmanate Zaporizhian Host."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles and Mazepa retreated with 1,500 men south to the river Dnieper, which they crossed, thus managing to escape the Russians and established themselves in the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Poltava thus marked the end of Sweden's time as the dominant power in the Baltic region, a position which after the war was taken over by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time the Russians were occupied with a large rebellion of Don Cossacks, known as the Bulavin Rebellion (1707–1708)."}, {"id": "Q4098701", "label": "Bulavin Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time the Russians were occupied with a large rebellion of Don Cossacks, known as the Bulavin Rebellion (1707–1708)."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Background", "says": "This revolt was contained in part by the forces of the Cossack Hetmanate led by Hetman Ivan Mazepa."}, {"id": "Q663359", "label": "Battle of Holowczyn", "section": "Background", "says": "In July the Swedes defeated Marshal Boris Sheremetyev's forces at the Battle of Holowczyn and advanced to the Dnieper River."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "Background", "says": "Peter sent Boris Sheremetev to shadow the Swedish army."}, {"id": "Q166015", "label": "Battle of Lesnaya", "section": "Background", "says": "Lewenhaupt followed south and was attacked while crossing a river near a small village that gave its name to the Battle of Lesnaya, losing the supply train and half of his force."}], "Q188495": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Agincourt ( AJ-in-kor(t); French: Azincourt [azɛ̃kuʁ]) was an English victory in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)."}, {"id": "Q392213", "label": "Siege of Orléans", "section": "lead", "says": "This advantage lasted for 14 years, until England was defeated by France in 1429 during the Siege of Orléans."}, {"id": "Q815148", "label": "Siege of Harfleur", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing campaign, many soldiers died from disease, and the English numbers dwindled during the Siege of Harfleur; they attempted to withdraw to English-held Calais but found their path blocked by a considerably larger French army."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "lead", "says": "King Henry V of England led his troops into battle and participated in hand-to-hand fighting."}, {"id": "Q160349", "label": "Charles VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "King Charles VI of France did not command the French army as he suffered from psychotic illnesses and associated mental incapacity."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were commanded by Constable Charles I d'Albret and various prominent French noblemen of the Armagnac party."}, {"id": "Q27759", "label": "Battle of Crécy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Agincourt is one of England's most significant triumphs in the Hundred Years' War, alongside the Battle of Crécy (1346) and the Battle of Poitiers (1356)."}, {"id": "Q201692", "label": "Battle of Poitiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Agincourt is one of England's most significant triumphs in the Hundred Years' War, alongside the Battle of Crécy (1346) and the Battle of Poitiers (1356)."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle serves as the backdrop for notable works such as William Shakespeare's play Henry V, written in 1599."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "He claimed the title of King of France through his great-grandfather Edward III of England, although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands (the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny)."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "Background", "says": "He claimed the title of King of France through his great-grandfather Edward III of England, although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands (the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny)."}, {"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "Background", "says": "In the ensuing negotiations Henry said that he would give up his claim to the French throne if the French would pay the 1.6 million crowns outstanding from the ransom of John II (who had been captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356), and concede English ownership of the lands of Anjou, Brittany, Flanders, Normandy, and Touraine, as well as Aquitaine."}], "Q203824": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italo-Turkish War (Turkish: Trablusgarp Savaşı, \"Tripolitanian War\", Italian: Guerra di Libia, \"War of Libya\"), also known as the Turco-Italian War, was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "These territories became the colonies of Italian Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, which would later merge into Italian Libya."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the vagueness of the text, combined with subsequent adverse events unfavourable to the Ottoman Empire (the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and World War I), allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 122 of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), confirmed by Article 15 of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the vagueness of the text, combined with subsequent adverse events unfavourable to the Ottoman Empire (the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and World War I), allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 122 of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), confirmed by Article 15 of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the vagueness of the text, combined with subsequent adverse events unfavourable to the Ottoman Empire (the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and World War I), allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 122 of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), confirmed by Article 15 of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Balkan League, seeing how easily Italy defeated the Ottomans and motivated by incipient Balkan nationalism, attacked the Ottoman Empire in October 1912, starting the First Balkan War a few days before the end of the Italo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q36488", "label": "Guglielmo Marconi", "section": "lead", "says": "Guglielmo Marconi, the inventor of wireless telegraphy, came to Libya to conduct experiments with the Italian Corps of Engineers."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian claims to Libya date back to the Ottoman defeat by the Russian Empire during the War of 1877–1878 and subsequent disputes thereafter."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, France and the United Kingdom had agreed to the French occupation of Tunisia and British control over Cyprus respectively, which were both parts of the declining Ottoman state."}, {"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Anglo-Russian Convention and the establishment of the Triple Entente, Tsar Nicholas II and King Victor Emmanuel III made the 1909 Racconigi Bargain in which Russia acknowledged Italy's interest in Tripoli and Cyrenaica in return for Italian support for Russian control of the Bosphorus."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Anglo-Russian Convention and the establishment of the Triple Entente, Tsar Nicholas II and King Victor Emmanuel III made the 1909 Racconigi Bargain in which Russia acknowledged Italy's interest in Tripoli and Cyrenaica in return for Italian support for Russian control of the Bosphorus."}, {"id": "Q934468", "label": "Racconigi Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Anglo-Russian Convention and the establishment of the Triple Entente, Tsar Nicholas II and King Victor Emmanuel III made the 1909 Racconigi Bargain in which Russia acknowledged Italy's interest in Tripoli and Cyrenaica in return for Italian support for Russian control of the Bosphorus."}, {"id": "Q2660567", "label": "Enrico Corradini", "section": "Background", "says": "The nationalist Enrico Corradini led the public call for action in Libya and, joined by the nationalist newspaper L'Idea Nazionale in 1911, demanded an invasion."}], "Q205073": [{"id": "Q1206379", "label": "General Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris (officially the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) is a 1928 international agreement on peace in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve \"disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on 27 August 1928, and by most other states soon after."}, {"id": "Q179888", "label": "Aristide Briand", "section": "lead", "says": "Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, the pact served as the legal basis for the concept of a crime against peace, for which the Nuremberg Tribunal and Tokyo Tribunal tried and executed the top leaders condemned for starting World War II."}, {"id": "Q171328", "label": "Charter of the United Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Similar provisions to those in the Kellogg–Briand Pact were later incorporated into the Charter of the United Nations and other treaties, which gave rise to a more activist American foreign policy which began with the signing of the pact."}], "Q221382": [{"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1991, hardliners of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) attempted to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet president and General Secretary of the CPSU at the time."}, {"id": "Q113173", "label": "Gennady Yanayev", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials, including Vice President Gennady Yanayev, who together formed the State Committee on the State of Emergency (Russian: ГКЧП, romanized: GKChP)."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "lead", "says": "The GKChP hardliners dispatched KGB agents who detained Gorbachev at his dacha but failed to detain the recently elected president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Since assuming power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985, Gorbachev had embarked on an ambitious reform program embodied in the twin concepts of perestroika (economic and political restructuring) and glasnost (openness)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1990, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Armenia had already declared the restoration of their independence from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were to sign the Treaty in Moscow on 20 August 1991."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were to sign the Treaty in Moscow on 20 August 1991."}], "Q233568": [{"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt, led by Sultan Saladin."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "These Christian defeats prompted the Third Crusade, which began two years after the Battle of Hattin."}, {"id": "Q294192", "label": "Guy of Lusignan", "section": "Background", "says": "Guy of Lusignan became king of Jerusalem in 1186, in right of his wife, Sibylla, after the death of her son Baldwin V."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided between the \"court faction\" of Guy, consisting of Sibylla and relative newcomers to the kingdom such as Raynald of Châtillon, Gerard of Ridefort and the Knights Templar; versus the \"nobles' faction\", led by Raymond III of Tripoli, who had been a regent for the child-king Baldwin V and had opposed Guy's succession."}, {"id": "Q354389", "label": "Raymond III of Tripoli", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided between the \"court faction\" of Guy, consisting of Sibylla and relative newcomers to the kingdom such as Raynald of Châtillon, Gerard of Ridefort and the Knights Templar; versus the \"nobles' faction\", led by Raymond III of Tripoli, who had been a regent for the child-king Baldwin V and had opposed Guy's succession."}, {"id": "Q316831", "label": "Raynald of Châtillon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1187 Raynald of Châtillon raided a Muslim Hajj caravan while the truce with Saladin was still in place."}, {"id": "Q577190", "label": "Battle of Cresson", "section": "Background", "says": "Gerard de Ridefort and the Templars engaged Gökböri in the Battle of Cresson in May 1187 and were heavily defeated."}], "Q470596": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 69, was the first civil war of the Roman Empire, during which four emperors ruled in succession, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian."}, {"id": "Q1417", "label": "Vitellius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 69, was the first civil war of the Roman Empire, during which four emperors ruled in succession, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 69, was the first civil war of the Roman Empire, during which four emperors ruled in succession, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian."}, {"id": "Q2237125", "label": "Battle of Vesontio", "section": "lead", "says": "Vindex was defeated by the Rhine legions at the Battle of Vesontio, but they too rebelled against Nero."}, {"id": "Q386578", "label": "First Battle of Bedriacum", "section": "lead", "says": "Vitellius won the First Battle of Bedriacum on 14 April, defeating the emperor."}, {"id": "Q2163922", "label": "Second Battle of Bedriacum", "section": "lead", "says": "After his acclamation in Alexandria on 1 July, Vespasian sent his friend Mucianus with a part of his army to fight Vitellius, but the Danubian legions commanded by Antonius Primus had not waited for Mucianus and defeated Vitellius' legions at the Second Battle of Bedriacum on 24 October."}], "Q626058": [{"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karbala (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة كَرْبَلَاء, romanized: Maʿrakat Karbalāʾ) was fought on 10 October 680 (10 Muharram in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar) between the forces of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I (r."}, {"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "680–683), and a small caravan led by Husayn ibn Ali, second son of Ali and grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, at Karbala, in modern-day southern Iraq."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "680–683), and a small caravan led by Husayn ibn Ali, second son of Ali and grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, at Karbala, in modern-day southern Iraq."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to his death, the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I appointed his son Yazid as his successor, making the caliphate hereditary."}, {"id": "Q2617539", "label": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad refused to grant Husayn safe passage unless he submitted to his authority, a condition Husayn rejected."}, {"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "This sparked the Second Fitna, during which the people of Kufa organized two campaigns to avenge the killing of Husayn; first by the Tawwabin, and the second by the revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who ruled over much of Iraq and parts of northwestern Iran for eighteen months and killed several figures responsible for Husayn's death."}, {"id": "Q78002", "label": "Heinz Halm", "section": "lead", "says": "Heinz Halm writes: \"There was no religious aspect to Shi'ism prior to 680."}, {"id": "Q37731", "label": "Uthman ibn Affan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the assassination of the third Rashidun caliph Uthman ibn Affan in 656, the rebels and the townspeople of Medina proclaimed Ali ibn Abi Talib, a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the fourth caliph."}, {"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "Background", "says": "Ali's legitimacy as caliph was denounced by Uthman's cousin Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the long-time governor of Syria, resulting in the First Fitna."}, {"id": "Q423600", "label": "Abd Allah ibn Abbas", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Abd Allah ibn Abbas and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr advised him not to move to Iraq, or if he was determined, not to take women and children with him."}], "Q6334": [{"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Punic War (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Punic War (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Second Punic War ended in 201 BC one of the terms of the peace treaty prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's permission."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome's ally, King Masinissa of Numidia, exploited this to repeatedly raid and seize Carthaginian territory with impunity."}, {"id": "Q2307", "label": "Scipio Aemilianus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman campaign suffered repeated setbacks through 149 BC, only alleviated by Scipio Aemilianus, a middle-ranking officer, distinguishing himself several times."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage and Rome had fought the 23-year-long First Punic War from 264 to 241 BC and the 17-year-long Second Punic War between 218 and 201 BC."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Both wars ended with Roman victories; the Second when the Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal, the premier Carthaginian general of the war, at the Battle of Zama, 160 kilometres (100 mi) south-west of Carthage."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "Both wars ended with Roman victories; the Second when the Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal, the premier Carthaginian general of the war, at the Battle of Zama, 160 kilometres (100 mi) south-west of Carthage."}, {"id": "Q200056", "label": "Battle of Zama", "section": "Background", "says": "Both wars ended with Roman victories; the Second when the Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal, the premier Carthaginian general of the war, at the Battle of Zama, 160 kilometres (100 mi) south-west of Carthage."}], "Q815436": [{"id": "Q208958", "label": "Good Friday Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Unionists and loyalists, who for historical reasons were mostly Ulster Protestants, wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q27", "label": "Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The security forces of the Republic of Ireland played a smaller role."}, {"id": "Q748042", "label": "Irish Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "A marginalised remnant of the Irish Republican Army survived the Irish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q748098", "label": "Border Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "These included severe rioting in Belfast in the 1930s and 1950s, and the IRA's brief Northern Campaign in the 1940s and Border Campaign between 1956 and 1962, which did not enjoy broad popular support among nationalists."}], "Q105180889": [{"id": "Q3331362", "label": "Myint Swe", "section": "lead", "says": "Acting President of Myanmar Myint Swe proclaimed a year-long state of emergency and declared power had been transferred to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Min Aung Hlaing."}, {"id": "Q3462649", "label": "Min Aung Hlaing", "section": "lead", "says": "Acting President of Myanmar Myint Swe proclaimed a year-long state of emergency and declared power had been transferred to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Min Aung Hlaing."}, {"id": "Q8023642", "label": "Win Myint", "section": "lead", "says": "President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, along with ministers, their deputies, and members of Parliament."}, {"id": "Q36740", "label": "Aung San Suu Kyi", "section": "lead", "says": "President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, along with ministers, their deputies, and members of Parliament."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Myanmar, also known as Burma, has been beset with political instability since it was granted independence from the United Kingdom in January 1948."}, {"id": "Q316384", "label": "U Nu", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1958 and 1960, the military formed a temporary caretaker government at the behest of U Nu, the country's democratically elected prime minister, to resolve political infighting."}, {"id": "Q315522", "label": "Ne Win", "section": "Background", "says": "Less than two years later, the military seized power in the 1962 coup, which under the leadership of General Ne Win, precipitated 26 years of military rule."}, {"id": "Q194161", "label": "Aung San", "section": "Background", "says": "Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of General Aung San, the country's founder, became a notable pro-democracy activist during this period."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The coup attempt had been rumored for several days, prompting statements of concern from Western nations such as the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Australia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The coup attempt had been rumored for several days, prompting statements of concern from Western nations such as the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Australia."}], "Q17324420": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers in the West Bank by  Palestinian militants, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) initiated Operation Brother's Keeper, in which it killed 10 Palestinians, injured 130 and imprisoned more than 600."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "Israel blamed Hamas, with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu saying that he had \"unequivocal proof\" that Hamas was involved and that the abduction was linked to Palestinian reconciliation, and the IDF stated that the two men Israel suspected of having kidnapped the teenagers were known members of Hamas."}, {"id": "Q2585691", "label": "Yuval Diskin", "section": "Background", "says": "High-ranking members of Hamas denied the group had any involvement in the incident, and ex-Shin Bet chief Yuval Diskin doubted Hamas had any involvement."}], "Q179288": [{"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389 between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389 between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad I."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389 between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad I."}, {"id": "Q2790626", "label": "Vlatko Vuković", "section": "lead", "says": "The army under Prince Lazar consisted mostly of his own troops, a contingent led by Branković, and a contingent sent from Bosnia by King Tvrtko I, commanded by Vlatko Vuković."}, {"id": "Q2273304", "label": "Moravian Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Lazar was the ruler of Moravian Serbia and the most powerful among the Serbian regional lords of the time, while Branković ruled the District of Branković and other areas, recognizing Lazar as his overlord."}, {"id": "Q3623202", "label": "District of Branković", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Lazar was the ruler of Moravian Serbia and the most powerful among the Serbian regional lords of the time, while Branković ruled the District of Branković and other areas, recognizing Lazar as his overlord."}, {"id": "Q279693", "label": "Stefan Uroš V of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "1331–55) was succeeded by his son Stefan Uroš V \"the Weak\" (r."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "1355–71), whose reign was characterized by the decline of central power and the rise of numerous virtually independent principalities; this period is known as the fall of the Serbian Empire."}, {"id": "Q939570", "label": "Battle of Maritsa", "section": "Background", "says": "Uroš V was neither able to sustain the great empire created by his father nor repulse foreign threats and limit the independence of the nobility; he died childless in December 1371, after much of the Serbian nobility had been destroyed by the Ottomans in the Battle of Maritsa earlier that year."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat of the Ottomans at Pločnik (1386) and Bileća (1388), Murad I, the reigning Ottoman sultan, moved his troops from Philippoupolis to Ihtiman (modern Bulgaria) in the spring of 1388."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "From there they traveled across Velbužd and Kratovo (modern North Macedonia)."}], "Q193689": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the aim of establishing an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was fighting the First World War."}, {"id": "Q274143", "label": "Patrick Pearse", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Irish Volunteers, led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist Patrick Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly and 200 women of Cumann na mBan seized strategically important buildings in Dublin and proclaimed the Irish Republic."}, {"id": "Q213374", "label": "James Connolly", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Irish Volunteers, led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist Patrick Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly and 200 women of Cumann na mBan seized strategically important buildings in Dublin and proclaimed the Irish Republic."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, abolishing the Irish Parliament and giving Ireland representation in the British Parliament."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, abolishing the Irish Parliament and giving Ireland representation in the British Parliament."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, abolishing the Irish Parliament and giving Ireland representation in the British Parliament."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "Background", "says": "From early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the continued lack of adequate political representation, along with the British government's handling of Ireland and Irish people, particularly the Great Famine."}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "Background", "says": "The union was closely preceded by and formed partly in response to the Irish Rebellion of 1798 – whose centenary would prove an influence on the Easter Rising."}, {"id": "Q342765", "label": "Arthur Griffith", "section": "Background", "says": "Yeats and Augusta, Lady Gregory, together with the new political thinking of Arthur Griffith expressed in his newspaper Sinn Féin and organisations such as the National Council and the Sinn Féin League, led many Irish people to identify with the idea of an independent Gaelic Ireland."}, {"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "Yeats and Augusta, Lady Gregory, together with the new political thinking of Arthur Griffith expressed in his newspaper Sinn Féin and organisations such as the National Council and the Sinn Féin League, led many Irish people to identify with the idea of an independent Gaelic Ireland."}, {"id": "Q177235", "label": "Edward Carson, Baron Carson", "section": "Background", "says": "Led by Sir Edward Carson and James Craig, they formed the Ulster Volunteers (UVF) in January 1913."}], "Q194226": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk; Arabic: معركة اليرموك) was a major battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate near the Yarmouk River in Byzantine Syria that marked a crucial point in the Muslim conquest of Syria."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk; Arabic: معركة اليرموك) was a major battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate near the Yarmouk River in Byzantine Syria that marked a crucial point in the Muslim conquest of Syria."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "To check the Arab advance and to recover lost territory, Emperor Heraclius had sent a massive expedition to the Levant in May 636."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the culmination of the first great wave of early Muslim conquests after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which witnessed the rapid advance of the Rashidun Caliphate into both the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the culmination of the first great wave of early Muslim conquests after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which witnessed the rapid advance of the Rashidun Caliphate into both the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the following decade, the Persians were able to conquer Palestine and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q755966", "label": "Battle of Nineveh", "section": "Background", "says": "After his overwhelming victories over the Persians and their allies in the Caucasus and Armenia, Heraclius launched a winter offensive against the Persians in Mesopotamia in 627, winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Nineveh, thus threatening the Persian capital city of Ctesiphon."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "Background", "says": "Discredited by the series of disasters, Khosrow II was overthrown and killed in a coup led by his son Kavad II, who immediately sued for peace and agreed to withdraw from all occupied territories of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q315873", "label": "Kavadh II", "section": "Background", "says": "Discredited by the series of disasters, Khosrow II was overthrown and killed in a coup led by his son Kavad II, who immediately sued for peace and agreed to withdraw from all occupied territories of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In what became known as the Ridda Wars of 632–633, Abu Bakr managed to defeat his opponents and unite Arabia under the central authority of the caliph at Medina."}], "Q229007": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Munich massacre was a terrorist attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, carried out by eight members of the Palestinian militant organisation Black September."}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "lead", "says": "The Munich massacre was a terrorist attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, carried out by eight members of the Palestinian militant organisation Black September."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Black September commander and negotiator Luttif Afif named the operation \"Iqrit and Biram\", after two Palestinian Christian villages whose inhabitants were expelled by Israel during the 1948 Palestine war."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after the hostages were taken, Afif demanded the release of a significant number of Palestinians and non-Arab prisoners held in Israel, as well as one of the West German–imprisoned founders of the Red Army Faction, Ulrike Meinhof."}], "Q689128": [{"id": "Q205783", "label": "Toussaint Louverture", "section": "lead", "says": "Vincent Ogé's 1790 revolt by free Mulattoes (of mixed French and African ancestry) pressured the French Revolutionary government to grant them citizenship in May 1791, leading to further clashes with slave owners that destabilized Saint-Domingue and led to the slave revolt on 21 August 1791, which ended with the former colony's independence on 1 January 1804, with the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture"}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful revolution was a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World and the revolution's effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Compared to other Atlantic revolutions, the events in Haiti have received relatively little public attention in retrospect: historian Michel-Rolph Trouillot characterizes the historiography of the Haitian Revolution as being \"silenced\" by that of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q3163868", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Belley", "section": "Background", "says": "Like Louverture, Jean-Baptiste Belley was an active participant in the insurrection."}], "Q122351413": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was also felt in Spain, Portugal, and Algeria."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Its magnitude also makes it the largest earthquake on the African continent since the 2006 Mw 7.0 Mozambique earthquake and the largest in North Africa since the 1980 Mw 7.1 El Asnam earthquake."}], "Q1413732": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict over the Kashmir region, primarily between India and Pakistan, and also between China and India in the northeastern portion of the region."}, {"id": "Q1470998", "label": "Simla Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "After further fighting during the war of 1971, the Simla Agreement formally established the Line of Control between the territories under Indian and Pakistani control."}], "Q15989108": [{"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "lead", "says": "It caused major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Secondary infections of medical workers occurred in the United States and Spain."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Isolated cases were recorded in Senegal, the United Kingdom and Italy."}], "Q170306": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution), brought down the German Empire at the end of World War I and set the stage for the establishment of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution), brought down the German Empire at the end of World War I and set the stage for the establishment of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution), brought down the German Empire at the end of World War I and set the stage for the establishment of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution reached Berlin on 9 November, a republic was proclaimed, and Emperor Wilhelm II fled to Holland the next day."}, {"id": "Q2646", "label": "Friedrich Ebert", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of Friedrich Ebert, it kept most of the imperial officer corps, administration and judiciary in place so that it could use their expertise to address the crises of the moment."}, {"id": "Q7231", "label": "Rosa Luxemburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spartacist uprising in January 1919 failed in its attempt to create a dictatorship of the proletariat and led to the murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht by members of the Freikorps."}, {"id": "Q75886", "label": "Karl Liebknecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spartacist uprising in January 1919 failed in its attempt to create a dictatorship of the proletariat and led to the murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht by members of the Freikorps."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "Background events", "says": "Wilson's Fourteen Points fed the belief that Germany would get a just peace if it democratised, and so the desire for peace led to demands for democracy."}, {"id": "Q70335", "label": "Hans Mommsen", "section": "Background events", "says": "Collapse, obstruction, and revolution led to the proclamation of the German Republic on 9 November 1918.\"\n\nHistorian Hans Mommsen wrote of the causes of the revolution:The popular movement that swept away the regime in the first days of November 1918 was directed against the usurped authority of the system's military supporters and the social injustice upon which it was founded."}], "Q202161": [{"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, and Switzerland), Britain and Germania."}, {"id": "Q131386", "label": "Battle of Alesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul."}, {"id": "Q178953", "label": "Vercingetorix", "section": "lead", "says": "That failed, and Vercingetorix led a major revolt in 52 BC."}, {"id": "Q280868", "label": "Battle of Gergovia", "section": "lead", "says": "Gallic forces won a notable victory at the Battle of Gergovia, but the Romans' indomitable siege works at the Battle of Alesia crushed the Gallic coalition."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "Rising politician and general Julius Caesar was the Roman commander and agonist of the war."}], "Q211855": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The clashes took place in the context of the national, political, and social turmoil caused by World War I (Eastern Front) in Europe."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "World War I led to the collapse of the Russian Empire, causing a power vacuum in Finland, and the subsequent struggle for dominance led to militarisation and an escalating crisis between the left-leaning labour movement and the conservatives."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "World War I led to the collapse of the Russian Empire, causing a power vacuum in Finland, and the subsequent struggle for dominance led to militarisation and an escalating crisis between the left-leaning labour movement and the conservatives."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the October Revolution, the conservatives were eager for secession from Russia in order to control the left and minimise the influence of the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "Background", "says": "Economically, the Grand Duchy of Finland benefited from having an independent domestic state budget, a central bank with national currency, the markka (deployed 1860), and customs organisation and the industrial progress of 1860–1916."}], "Q217450": [{"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, signed by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States on September 3, 1783, officially ended the War of American Independence and recognized the Thirteen Colonies, which had been part of colonial British America, to be free, sovereign, and independent unified states."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, signed by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States on September 3, 1783, officially ended the War of American Independence and recognized the Thirteen Colonies, which had been part of colonial British America, to be free, sovereign, and independent unified states."}, {"id": "Q258532", "label": "British America", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, signed by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States on September 3, 1783, officially ended the War of American Independence and recognized the Thirteen Colonies, which had been part of colonial British America, to be free, sovereign, and independent unified states."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American cause, including France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic, are known collectively as the Peace of Paris."}], "Q233583": [{"id": "Q2607169", "label": "Operation Gibraltar", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began following Pakistan's unsuccessful Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The seventeen day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armoured vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following a diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following a diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration."}, {"id": "Q2321680", "label": "Tashkent Declaration", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following a diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration."}, {"id": "Q208694", "label": "Sino-Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat in 1962 Sino-Indian War, the Indian military was undergoing major changes in personnel and equipment."}, {"id": "Q128956", "label": "Harold Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1965, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the leadership of Muhammad Ayub Khan, believed the Indian Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir as the Indian military had suffered a loss to China in 1962 in the Sino-Indian War."}], "Q58947": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q3042463", "label": "Uruguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began in late 1864, as a result of a conflict between Paraguay and Brazil caused by the Uruguayan War."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "lead", "says": "The guerrilla war lasted for 14 months until president Francisco Solano López was killed in action by Brazilian forces in the Battle of Cerro Corá on 1 March 1870."}, {"id": "Q3504617", "label": "Battle of Cerro Corá", "section": "lead", "says": "The guerrilla war lasted for 14 months until president Francisco Solano López was killed in action by Brazilian forces in the Battle of Cerro Corá on 1 March 1870."}, {"id": "Q467987", "label": "Manuel Oribe", "section": "Background", "says": "Brazil had carried out three political and military interventions in the politically unstable Uruguay: \n\nin 1851 against Manuel Oribe in order to fight Argentine influence in the country and to end the Great Siege of Montevideo;\nin 1855, at the request of the Uruguayan government and Venancio Flores, leader of the Colorado Party, which was traditionally supported by the Brazilian Empire;\nin 1864, "}, {"id": "Q6130117", "label": "Great Siege of Montevideo", "section": "Background", "says": "Brazil had carried out three political and military interventions in the politically unstable Uruguay: \n\nin 1851 against Manuel Oribe in order to fight Argentine influence in the country and to end the Great Siege of Montevideo;\nin 1855, at the request of the Uruguayan government and Venancio Flores, leader of the Colorado Party, which was traditionally supported by the Brazilian Empire;\nin 1864, "}, {"id": "Q560958", "label": "Venancio Flores", "section": "Background", "says": "Brazil had carried out three political and military interventions in the politically unstable Uruguay: \n\nin 1851 against Manuel Oribe in order to fight Argentine influence in the country and to end the Great Siege of Montevideo;\nin 1855, at the request of the Uruguayan government and Venancio Flores, leader of the Colorado Party, which was traditionally supported by the Brazilian Empire;\nin 1864, "}, {"id": "Q753420", "label": "Atanasio Aguirre", "section": "Background", "says": "Brazil had carried out three political and military interventions in the politically unstable Uruguay: \n\nin 1851 against Manuel Oribe in order to fight Argentine influence in the country and to end the Great Siege of Montevideo;\nin 1855, at the request of the Uruguayan government and Venancio Flores, leader of the Colorado Party, which was traditionally supported by the Brazilian Empire;\nin 1864, "}, {"id": "Q823028", "label": "Bernardo Berro", "section": "Background", "says": "Flores wanted to overthrow the Blanco Party government of president Bernardo Berro, which was allied with Paraguay."}], "Q122976243": [{"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "The day was labelled the bloodiest in Israel's history and \"the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust\" by many figures and media outlets in the West, including then-US president Joe Biden."}], "Q127013": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Final Solution or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question was a plan orchestrated by Nazi Germany during World War II for the total extermination of people they defined as Jews."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Final Solution or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question was a plan orchestrated by Nazi Germany during World War II for the total extermination of people they defined as Jews."}, {"id": "Q59098", "label": "Christopher Browning", "section": "lead", "says": "Christopher Browning, a historian specializing in the Holocaust, wrote that most historians agree that the Final Solution cannot be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time."}, {"id": "Q28085", "label": "Adolf Eichmann", "section": "lead", "says": "Rather, \"it is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental.\" \nIn 1940, following the Fall of France, Adolf Eichmann devised the Madagascar Plan to move Europe's Jewish population to the French colony, but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons, mainly the Allied naval blockade."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the first phase of the systemic mass-murder of Jews began in the occupied eastern territories through the Einsatzgruppen mobile killing units, who rounded up Jews and killed them primarily through mass-shootings and gas vans."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "Background", "says": "Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler became the chief architect of a new plan, which came to be called The Final Solution to the Jewish question."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Background", "says": "On 31 July 1941, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring wrote to Reinhard Heydrich (Himmler's deputy and chief of the RSHA), authorising him to make the \"necessary preparations\" for a \"total solution of the Jewish quest"}], "Q139808": [{"id": "Q185476", "label": "Aëtius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the Battle of the Campus Mauriacus, Battle of Châlons, Battle of Troyes or the Battle of Maurica, took place on 20 June 451 AD, between a coalition, led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I, against the Huns and their vassals, commanded by their king, Attila."}, {"id": "Q110892", "label": "Theodoric I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the Battle of the Campus Mauriacus, Battle of Châlons, Battle of Troyes or the Battle of Maurica, took place on 20 June 451 AD, between a coalition, led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I, against the Huns and their vassals, commanded by their king, Attila."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It proved to be one of the last major military operations of the Western Roman Empire, although Germanic foederati composed the majority of the coalition army."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Huns looted and pillaged much of Gaul and crippled the military capacity of the Romans and Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Nedao in 454, the coalition of the Huns and the incorporated Germanic vassals gradually disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Northern Gaul between the Rhine north of Xanten and the Lys (Germania Inferior) had unofficially been abandoned to the Salian Franks."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Burgundians in Sapaudia were more submissive, but likewise awaiting an opening for revolt."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The historian Jordanes states that Attila was enticed by the Vandal king Genseric to wage war on the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q311888", "label": "Thrasamund", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Christiensen points out that Amalafrida, wife of Thrasamund, was imprisoned and murdered by Hilderic after Thrasamund's death in 523, and that the tale of the blinding of Theodoric's daughter by Huneric was a fabrication."}, {"id": "Q310962", "label": "Hilderic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Christiensen points out that Amalafrida, wife of Thrasamund, was imprisoned and murdered by Hilderic after Thrasamund's death in 523, and that the tale of the blinding of Theodoric's daughter by Huneric was a fabrication."}, {"id": "Q170026", "label": "Valentinian III", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Other contemporary writers offer different motivations: Justa Grata Honoria, the sister of the emperor Valentinian III, had been betrothed to the former consul Bassus Herculanus the year before."}], "Q155723": [{"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) carried out an aerial bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) carried out an aerial bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The official NATO operation code name was Operation Allied Force (Serbian: Савезничка сила / Saveznička sila) whereas the United States called it Operation Noble Anvil (Serbian: Племенити наковањ / Plemeniti nakovanj); in Yugoslavia, the operation was incorrectly called Merciful Angel (Serbian: Милосрдни анђео / Milosrdni anđeo), possibly as a result of a misunderstanding or mistranslation."}, {"id": "Q171328", "label": "Charter of the United Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The Charter of the United Nations prohibits the use of force except in the case of a decision by the Security Council under Article 42, Article 51 or Article 53."}], "Q188532": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial relations among 44 countries, including the United States, Canada, European countries, and Australia, after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement until the Jamaica Accords in 1976."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Barry Eichengreen, the Bretton Woods system operated successfully due to three factors: \"low international capital mobility, tight financial regulation, and the dominant economic and financial position of the United States and the dollar\"."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Preparing to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still being fought, delegates from 44 Allied countries gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference."}], "Q190315": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement or the Dayton Accords (Serbo-Croatian: Dejtonski mirovni sporazum / Дејтонски мировни споразум), and colloquially known as the Dayton (Serbo-Croatian: Dejton / Дејтон), is the peace agreement ending the three-and-a-half-year-long Bosnian War, an armed conflict part of the larger Yugoslav Wars."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement or the Dayton Accords (Serbo-Croatian: Dejtonski mirovni sporazum / Дејтонски мировни споразум), and colloquially known as the Dayton (Serbo-Croatian: Dejton / Дејтон), is the peace agreement ending the three-and-a-half-year-long Bosnian War, an armed conflict part of the larger Yugoslav Wars."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement or the Dayton Accords (Serbo-Croatian: Dejtonski mirovni sporazum / Дејтонски мировни споразум), and colloquially known as the Dayton (Serbo-Croatian: Dejton / Дејтон), is the peace agreement ending the three-and-a-half-year-long Bosnian War, an armed conflict part of the larger Yugoslav Wars."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 21 November 1995 in Dayton, Ohio, United States, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The warring parties agreed to peace and to a single sovereign state known as Bosnia and Herzegovina composed of two parts: the largely Serb-populated Republika Srpska and mainly Croat-Bosniak-populated Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dayton followed the Washington Agreement, signed the year prior, in collective efforts to delineate the country's geography."}], "Q190712": [{"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Joffre, the French commander, maintained good order in his retreating army and was able to reinforce it with troops from his eastern flank and by integrating military reserve units into the regular army."}, {"id": "Q17577", "label": "Joseph Gallieni", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 September, the military governor of Paris, Joseph Gallieni, perceived that the German right flank was vulnerable and positioned his forces to attack."}, {"id": "Q2337526", "label": "First Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "The German armies ceased their retreat after 65 km (40 mi) on a line north of the Aisne River, where they dug in on the heights and fought the First Battle of the Aisne."}, {"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "Both sides next commenced reciprocal operations to envelop the northern flank of their opponent in what became known as the Race to the Sea that culminated in the First Battle of Ypres and led to the bloody four-year long stalemate of trench warfare on the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q363722", "label": "John Keegan", "section": "Background", "says": "By 2 September, John Keegan said that \"the German strategic effort, though neither Moltke nor Kluck perceived it, was beginning to fall apart\"."}], "Q190882": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Phoney War was an eight-month period at the outset of World War II, lasting from September 1939 to May 1940, during which there were virtually no major Allied military land operations on the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "These plans included opening an Anglo-French front in the Balkans, invading Norway to seize control of Germany's main source of iron ore, and imposing an embargo against the Soviet Union, which was Germany's primary oil supplier."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1939, the Soviets attacked Finland in the Winter War, eliciting much debate in France and Britain about mounting an offensive to help Finland."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Axis side during the Phoney period, Nazi Germany initiated attacks at sea in the autumn of 1939 and winter of 1940 against British aircraft carriers and destroyers, sinking several, including the carrier HMS Courageous."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Fascist Italy was not involved militarily in the European war at this time."}], "Q191055": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the Portuguese Empire."}], "Q19686631": [{"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Houthi offensive, allied with military forces loyal to former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh, began fighting the next day in Lahij Governorate."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Concurrently, a coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched military operations by using air strikes and restored the former Yemeni government."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "After the formation of the Southern Transitional Council (STC) in 2017 and the subsequent capture of Aden by the STC forces in 2018, the pro-republican forces became fractured, with regular clashes between pro-Hadi forces backed by Saudi Arabia and southern separatists backed by the United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Islamic State have also carried out attacks against both factions, with AQAP controlling swathes of territory in the hinterlands, and along stretches of the coast."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Historical context", "says": "This rivalry diminished following the decline of Rasulid rule and the increasing involvement of imperial powers, including the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q400961", "label": "Ahmad bin Yahya", "section": "Historical context", "says": "1918–1948) and his son Ahmad bin Yahya (r."}, {"id": "Q49910", "label": "Colony of Aden", "section": "Historical context", "says": "While these developments took place in the North, liberation movements against British presence in Aden Colony and the Aden Protectorate broke out, resulting to the formation in 1967 of a socialist state, (and hence a Soviet ally) in the Southern Arabian region."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "Historical context", "says": "While these developments took place in the North, liberation movements against British presence in Aden Colony and the Aden Protectorate broke out, resulting to the formation in 1967 of a socialist state, (and hence a Soviet ally) in the Southern Arabian region."}], "Q208855": [{"id": "Q560470", "label": "Reginald Dyer", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the public gathering, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer surrounded the people with Gurkhas of Nepalese origin and Sikh infantrymen of the British Indian Army."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The level of casual brutality and the lack of any accountability stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "British political concessions and Whitehall's India Policy after World War I began to change, with the passage of Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917."}, {"id": "Q1001", "label": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "Background", "says": "Mahatma Gandhi, recently returned to India, began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The recently crushed Ghadar conspiracy, the presence of Raja Mahendra Pratap's Kabul mission in Afghanistan (with possible links to Bolshevik Russia), and a still-active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India) led to the appointment of a sedition committee in 1918 chaired by Sidney Rowlatt, an Anglo-Egyptian judge."}, {"id": "Q1259237", "label": "Third Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Ominously, in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah's assassination and the institution of Amanullah Khan in his place."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Ominously, in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah's assassination and the institution of Amanullah Khan in his place."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "Background", "says": "As a reaction to the Rowlatt Act, Muhammad Ali Jinnah resigned from his Bombay seat, writing in a letter to the Viceroy, \"I, therefore, as a protest against the passing of the Bill and the manner in which it was passed tender my resignation ... a Government that passes or sanctions such a law in times of peace forfeits its claim to be called a civilised government\"."}], "Q214456": [{"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Filipino–American War, Philippine Insurrection,  or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged in early 1899 following the United States' annexation of the former Spanish colony of the Philippine Islands under the terms of the December 1898 Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q1361989", "label": "First Philippine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Philippine nationalists had proclaimed independence in June 1898 and constituted the First Philippine Republic in January 1899."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States did not recognize either event as legitimate, and tensions escalated until fighting commenced on February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "lead", "says": "Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901, and the war was officially declared over by the US on July 4, 1902."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Other groups, such as the Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines and quasi-Catholic Pulahan religious movements, continued hostilities in remote areas."}, {"id": "Q4870584", "label": "Battle of Bud Bagsak", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moro Rebellion ended with their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913."}, {"id": "Q732874", "label": "Elwell Stephen Otis", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Referring to the Treaty of Paris, asserting that \"as a result of the victories of American arms, the future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the United States.\" It enjoined military commander Major General Elwell Stephen Otis to inform Filipinos that \"in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain\" the authority of the United States \"is to be exerted for the s"}], "Q269655": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese: 下関条約, Hepburn: Shimonoseki Jōyaku), also known as the Treaty of Maguan in China or the Treaty of Bakan (馬關條約, Bakan Jōyaku) in Japan, was signed in Shimonoseki, Japan, on April 17, 1895, between the Empire of Japan and the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty ended the First Sino-Japanese War, in which the Japanese decisively defeated the Chinese land and naval forces."}, {"id": "Q174971", "label": "Itō Hirobumi", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at the Shunpanrō hotel by Count Itō Hirobumi and Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu for Japan and Li Hongzhang and his son Li Jingfang on behalf of China."}, {"id": "Q704098", "label": "Mutsu Munemitsu", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at the Shunpanrō hotel by Count Itō Hirobumi and Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu for Japan and Li Hongzhang and his son Li Jingfang on behalf of China."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at the Shunpanrō hotel by Count Itō Hirobumi and Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu for Japan and Li Hongzhang and his son Li Jingfang on behalf of China."}, {"id": "Q701091", "label": "Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace conference took place from March 20 to April 17, 1895, and the treaty followed and superseded the Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty of 1871."}, {"id": "Q299710", "label": "Guangxu Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese scholars and officials vigorously opposed the harsh terms of the treaty, but it was ratified by the Guangxu Emperor."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Japan surrendered and later signed the Treaty of Taipei with the Republic of China on 28 April 1952, which officially abrogated the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q707269", "label": "Treaty of Taipei", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Japan surrendered and later signed the Treaty of Taipei with the Republic of China on 28 April 1952, which officially abrogated the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Japan surrendered and later signed the Treaty of Taipei with the Republic of China on 28 April 1952, which officially abrogated the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}], "Q604897": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ was a defeat of the French Union forces by the Viet Minh forces in the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation's purpose was to cut off enemy supply lines into the neighboring Kingdom of Laos (a French protectorate) and draw the Viet Minh into a major confrontation in order to cripple them."}, {"id": "Q179910", "label": "Võ Nguyên Giáp", "section": "lead", "says": "The communist Viet Minh, however, under General Võ Nguyên Giáp, surrounded and besieged the French."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Tenacious fighting on the ground ensued, reminiscent of the trench warfare of World War I."}, {"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "This was agreed in the 1954 Geneva Accords signed ten weeks after the battle."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "Accordingly, Vietnam was also temporarily divided at the 17th parallel, with the North assigned to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, and the South to the State of Vietnam under Bao Dai and Ngo Dinh Diem."}, {"id": "Q192502", "label": "Ngô Đình Diệm", "section": "lead", "says": "Accordingly, Vietnam was also temporarily divided at the 17th parallel, with the North assigned to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, and the South to the State of Vietnam under Bao Dai and Ngo Dinh Diem."}], "Q207318": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars are divided into two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802)."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars are divided into two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802)."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "As early as 1791, the other monarchies of Europe looked with outrage at the revolution and its upheavals; and they considered whether they should intervene, either in support of King Louis XVI to prevent the spread of revolution, or to take advantage of the chaos in France."}, {"id": "Q47365", "label": "Marie Antoinette", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria stationed significant troops on its French border and together with Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which threatened severe consequences should anything happen to King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette."}, {"id": "Q4411", "label": "Battle of Valmy", "section": "lead", "says": "After Austria refused to recall its troops from the French border and to back down on the perceived threat of using force, France declared war on Austria and Prussia in the spring of 1792; both countries responded with a coordinated invasion that was turned back at the Battle of Valmy in September."}, {"id": "Q16209172", "label": "Battle of the Black Mountain", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1794 the situation improved dramatically for the French as huge victories at Fleurus against the Austrians and Dutch and against the Spanish at the Battle of the Black Mountain signalled the start of a new stage in the wars."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1795, the French had captured the Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1795, the French had captured the Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "Weak European states included Sweden, Spain, Poland-Lithuania, Dutch Republic, and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q208300": [{"id": "Q1703495", "label": "Stepan Petrichenko", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Stepan Petrichenko, it was the last major revolt against Bolshevik rule on Russian territory during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Stepan Petrichenko, it was the last major revolt against Bolshevik rule on Russian territory during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Disappointed in the direction of the Bolshevik government, the rebels—whom Leon Trotsky himself had praised earlier as the \"adornment and pride of the revolution\"—demanded a series of reforms: reduction in Bolshevik power, newly elected soviets (councils) to include socialist and anarchist groups, economic freedom for peasants and workers, dissolution of the bureaucratic governmental organs create"}, {"id": "Q188570", "label": "Felix Dzerzhinsky", "section": "lead", "says": "However, he did not personally participate in the military operations or repressions which were organized by Felix Dzerzhinsky."}, {"id": "Q79969", "label": "Emma Goldman", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporters saw the rebels as revolutionary martyrs while the authorities saw the rebels as \"agents of the Entente and counter-revolution.\" The Bolshevik response to the revolt caused great controversy and was responsible for the disillusionment of several supporters of the Bolshevik regime, such as Emma Goldman."}], "Q220984": [{"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Opium War was fought from 1839 to 1842 between China and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Opium War was fought from 1839 to 1842 between China and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Opium War was waged by Britain and France against China from 1856 to 1860, and resulted in China being forced to legalise opium."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "China ceded sovereignty over Hong Kong to the British in 1841, which maintained control over the region until 1997."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "These developments later became central to Nationalist narratives in China and were cited by movements such as the Chinese Communist Party to legitimize efforts to restore sovereignty and resist foreign influence."}], "Q246863": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, and Sweden and Denmark-Norway intervened between 1559 and 1561."}, {"id": "Q2346056", "label": "Kingdom of Livonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state, the Kingdom of Livonia, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1576, Stephen Báthory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden."}, {"id": "Q815196", "label": "Siege of Pskov", "section": "lead", "says": "That was followed by an extended campaign through Russia, culminating in the long and difficult Siege of Pskov."}, {"id": "Q16835712", "label": "Duchy of Estonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa, with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While still involved and with increasing sales, it now shared the market with European mercenary fleets, most notably from the Dutch Seventeen Provinces and France."}, {"id": "Q370963", "label": "Russo-Swedish War of 1554–1557", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before the Livonian War, Sweden had sought expansion into Livonia, but the intervention of the Russian tsar temporarily stalled these efforts through the Russo-Swedish War of 1554–1557, which culminated in the 1557 Treaty of Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q2619606", "label": "Treaty of Novgorod", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before the Livonian War, Sweden had sought expansion into Livonia, but the intervention of the Russian tsar temporarily stalled these efforts through the Russo-Swedish War of 1554–1557, which culminated in the 1557 Treaty of Novgorod."}], "Q309029": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alaska Purchase in 1867 resulted in the transfer of Russian America to the United States for $7.2 million (equivalent to $132 million in 2024)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire had established a colonial presence in parts of North America, but few Russians ever settled in Alaska."}, {"id": "Q83171", "label": "Alexander II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander II of Russia, having faced a catastrophic defeat in the Crimean War, began exploring the possibility of selling the state's Alaskan possessions, which, in any future war, would be difficult to defend from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander II of Russia, having faced a catastrophic defeat in the Crimean War, began exploring the possibility of selling the state's Alaskan possessions, which, in any future war, would be difficult to defend from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander II of Russia, having faced a catastrophic defeat in the Crimean War, began exploring the possibility of selling the state's Alaskan possessions, which, in any future war, would be difficult to defend from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Seward, the U.S. secretary of state at the time, entered into negotiations with Russian diplomat Eduard de Stoeckl towards the United States' acquisition of Alaska after the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1811372", "label": "Territory of Alaska", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally organized as the Department of Alaska, the area was renamed the District of Alaska in 1884 and the Territory of Alaska in 1912, ultimately becoming the modern-day state of Alaska in 1959."}], "Q33132": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gettysburg (locally  ) (July 1–3, 1863) was fought in the American Civil War between the Union and Confederate armies in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q745979", "label": "Battle of Chancellorsville", "section": "lead", "says": "After his success in the Battle of Chancellorsville in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, in May 1863, Lee led his Confederate forces through the Shenandoah Valley to begin the Gettysburg campaign, his second attempt to invade the North."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln initially prodded Major General Joseph Hooker into pursuing Lee, then relieved him of command just three days before the Battle of Gettysburg commenced, replacing him with Meade."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln initially prodded Major General Joseph Hooker into pursuing Lee, then relieved him of command just three days before the Battle of Gettysburg commenced, replacing him with Meade."}, {"id": "Q540971", "label": "John Buford", "section": "lead", "says": "Low ridges to the northwest of Gettysburg were initially defended by a Union cavalry division under Brigadier General John Buford, soon reinforced by two corps of Union infantry."}], "Q473716": [{"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The crucial turning point came when the new Austrian monarch Franz Joseph I arbitrarily revoked the April laws without any legal right (since they had already been ratified by King Ferdinand I)."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, and the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the Habsburg dynasty."}], "Q63245644": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The direct linkage between the two attacks has been questioned by the government of New Zealand and by other experts."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 April 2019, the Amaq News Agency, a propaganda outlet for the Islamic State (IS), stated that \"the perpetrators of the attack targeting the citizens of coalition countries and Christians in Sri Lanka were Islamic State fighters.\" Sri Lanka was not part of the anti-IS coalition, yet the overwhelming majority of those killed in the bombings were Sri Lankan citizens."}, {"id": "Q6737124", "label": "Maithripala Sirisena", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 January 2023, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka ruled that the then-incumbent president Maithripala Sirisena and several other government authorities at the time failed to act on intelligence, and were ordered to pay compensation to victims."}], "Q105570": [{"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The 20 July plot, sometimes referred to as Operation Valkyrie (German: Unternehmen Walküre), was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany, and overthrow the Nazi government on 20 July 1944."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The 20 July plot, sometimes referred to as Operation Valkyrie (German: Unternehmen Walküre), was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany, and overthrow the Nazi government on 20 July 1944."}, {"id": "Q21209", "label": "Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The principal mastermind of the conspiracy, Claus von Stauffenberg, tried to kill Hitler by detonating an explosive hidden in a briefcase."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "Plotters gained a sense of urgency in 1943 after Germany lost the Battle of Stalingrad and Soviet forces began to push towards Germany."}], "Q112967003": [{"id": "Q335188", "label": "Saitō Makoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Leaders from many nations expressed shock and dismay at Abe's assassination, which was the first of a former Japanese prime minister since Saitō Makoto and Takahashi Korekiyo during the February 26 incident in 1936, as well as the first of a major political figure in Japan since Inejiro Asanuma's assassination in 1960."}, {"id": "Q359480", "label": "Fumio Kishida", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Minister Fumio Kishida decided to hold a state funeral for Abe on 27 September."}], "Q156554": [{"id": "Q57612", "label": "Reinhard Scheer", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht, lit. 'Battle of the Skagerrak') was a naval battle between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet, under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, during the First World War."}], "Q200056": [{"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC in what is now Tunisia between a Roman army commanded by Scipio Africanus and a Carthaginian army commanded by Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC in what is now Tunisia between a Roman army commanded by Scipio Africanus and a Carthaginian army commanded by Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Second Punic War and resulted in such a severe defeat for the Carthaginians that they capitulated, while Hannibal was forced into exile."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In 210 BC Scipio took command of the faltering Roman war effort in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) and cleared the peninsula of Carthaginians in five years."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginians and their Numidian allies were repeatedly beaten in battle and the Roman ally Masinissa became the leading Numidian ruler."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Scipio and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, while Carthage recalled armies from Italy commanded by Hannibal and Mago Barca."}, {"id": "Q335604", "label": "Mago", "section": "lead", "says": "Scipio and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, while Carthage recalled armies from Italy commanded by Hannibal and Mago Barca."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "These two lines charged each other, according to the near-contemporary historian Polybius \"with the greatest fire and fury\"."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Punic War was fought between the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC: Carthage and Rome."}, {"id": "Q188322", "label": "Ebro Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage expanded its territory in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) from 236 BC, in 226 BC agreeing the Ebro Treaty with Rome which established the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence."}], "Q208297": [{"id": "Q193689", "label": "Easter Rising", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1916, Irish republicans launched the Easter Rising against British rule and proclaimed an Irish Republic."}], "Q51657": [{"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albigensian Crusade (French: Croisade des albigeois), also known as the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France."}, {"id": "Q161696", "label": "Catharism", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albigensian Crusade (French: Croisade des albigeois), also known as the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France."}, {"id": "Q1334322", "label": "County of Toulouse", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the significant reduction of practicing Cathars and a realignment of the County of Toulouse with the French crown."}, {"id": "Q356564", "label": "Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse", "section": "lead", "says": "After the murder of his legate Pierre de Castelnau in 1208, and suspecting that Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, was responsible, Innocent III declared a crusade against the Cathars."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In desperation, Innocent turned to Philip II of France, urging him either to force Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, to deal with the heresy or depose him militarily."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fourth Crusade, in its late stages at the time, had not shown any signs of going in that direction."}], "Q51661": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "lead", "says": "Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, it aimed to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main Islamic power in the Near East."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade was conducted in response to setbacks in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, beginning with the loss of the Holy City in 1244, and was preached by Innocent IV in conjunction with a crusade against emperor Frederick II, Baltic rebellions and Mongol incursions."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle between the papacy and Holy Roman Empire paralyzed Europe, with few answering Louis' calls for help following his capture and ransoming."}, {"id": "Q243684", "label": "Eighth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The second of Louis' Crusades was his equally unsuccessful 1270 expedition to Tunis, the Eighth Crusade, where he died of dysentery shortly after the campaign landed."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1245, Innocent IV supplemented efforts in the Holy Land and Baltics by sending two embassies to Mongolia to the court of the Great Khan, beginning the attempts at a Franco-Mongol alliance."}, {"id": "Q7520", "label": "Güyük Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1246, he witnessed a Kuriltayi that elevated Güyük Khan to power."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Güyük, after receiving the pope's request for him to accept Christianity, demanded that the pope acknowledge his suzerainty and to come to pay him homage."}, {"id": "Q561440", "label": "Baiju", "section": "Background", "says": "His second embassy was the Dominican Ascelin of Lombardy who travelled to meet the Mongol general Baiju Noyan at Tabriz in May 1247."}], "Q673175": [{"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Wars of Religion (French: Guerres de Religion en France) were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting ended with a compromise in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, who converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed King Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The sudden accidental death of Henry II of France in July 1559 initiated a prolonged struggle for power between his widow Catherine de' Medici and powerful nobles."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Both sides received assistance from external powers, with Spain and Savoy supporting the Catholics, and England and the Dutch Republic backing the Protestants."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "Moderates, also known as Politiques, hoped to maintain order by centralising power and making concessions to Huguenots, rather than the policies of repression pursued by Henry II and his father Francis I."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots; the latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots; the latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes."}, {"id": "Q310334", "label": "Antoine of Navarre", "section": "Background", "says": "Traditional explanations focus on the influence of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre."}], "Q887684": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, occurred between 633 and 651 CE, when the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire as part of the early Muslim conquests, which began under the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 627/628."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, occurred between 633 and 651 CE, when the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire as part of the early Muslim conquests, which began under the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 627/628."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, occurred between 633 and 651 CE, when the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire as part of the early Muslim conquests, which began under the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 627/628."}, {"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "Historical context", "says": "While Arabia was witnessing the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Persia was facing significant political, economic and social challenges, and the Sasanian army had been heavily strained by the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Following the execution of Sasanian shah Khosrow II in 628, Persia's internal political stability began to deteriorate rapidly, leading to ten new royal claimants being enthroned within the next four years."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Later, the regional Rashidun army commander Khalid ibn al-Walid was transferred to oversee the Muslim conquest of the Levant, and as the Rashidun army became increasingly focused on the Byzantine Empire, the newly conquered Mesopotamian territories were retaken by the Sasanian army."}, {"id": "Q380184", "label": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The second Rashidun invasion began in 636, under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, when a decisive victory at the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, put a permanent end to any Sasanian control west of modern-day Iran."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "Sasanian Empire before the conquest", "says": "No effective ruler followed Khosrow II, causing chaos in society and problems in the provincial administration, until Yazdegerd III rose to power."}, {"id": "Q937670", "label": "Rostam Farrokhzād", "section": "Sasanian Empire before the conquest", "says": "Even Rostam Farrokhzad, who was both Eran Spahbod and Viceroy, did not see the Arabs as a threat."}], "Q94916": [{"id": "Q354486", "label": "Emilio De Bono", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 October 1935, two hundred thousand soldiers of the Regio Esercito (Royal Army) commanded by Marshal Emilio De Bono attacked from Italian Eritrea without prior declaration of war."}, {"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 October 1935, two hundred thousand soldiers of the Regio Esercito (Royal Army) commanded by Marshal Emilio De Bono attacked from Italian Eritrea without prior declaration of war."}, {"id": "Q319156", "label": "Rodolfo Graziani", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time a smaller force under General Rodolfo Graziani attacked from Italian Somalia."}, {"id": "Q302519", "label": "Battle of Adwa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 October, Adwa was conquered, a symbolic place for the Italian army as it was the site of their defeat at the Battle of Adwa during the First Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 October, Adwa was conquered, a symbolic place for the Italian army as it was the site of their defeat at the Battle of Adwa during the First Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Exasperated by De Bono's slow and cautious progress, Benito Mussolini replaced him with General Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "lead", "says": "Exasperated by De Bono's slow and cautious progress, Benito Mussolini replaced him with General Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q605626", "label": "Geneva Protocol", "section": "lead", "says": "Frustrated, Mussolini authorized the use of mustard gas, with the Regia Aeronautica (Royal Air Force) dropping 330 tons over the next four months, violating the 1925 Geneva Protocol."}, {"id": "Q1368278", "label": "Battle of Maychew", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 March 1936, the Italians won a decisive victory at the Battle of Maychew, which nullified any possible organized Ethiopian resistance."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Haile Selassie was forced to flee into exile on 2 May, and Badoglio's forces arrived in the capital Addis Ababa on 5 May."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain and France, preferring Italy as an ally against Germany, did not take strong steps to discourage an Italian military buildup on the borders of Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "King Victor Emmanuel III shared the traditional Italian respect for British sea power and insisted to Mussolini that Italy must not antagonise Britain before he assented to the war."}, {"id": "Q151983", "label": "Pierre Laval", "section": "Background", "says": "French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval told Mussolini that he wanted a Franco-Italian alliance against Nazi Germany and that Italy had a \"free hand\" in Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval told Mussolini that he wanted a Franco-Italian alliance against Nazi Germany and that Italy had a \"free hand\" in Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In June, non-interference was further assured by a political rift, which had developed between the United Kingdom and France, because of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement."}, {"id": "Q707678", "label": "Anglo-German Naval Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "In June, non-interference was further assured by a political rift, which had developed between the United Kingdom and France, because of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement."}, {"id": "Q128995", "label": "Anthony Eden", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1935, Anthony Eden arrived in Rome with the message that Britain opposed an invasion and had a compromise plan for Italy to be given a corridor in Ethiopia to link the two Italian colonies in the Horn of Africa, which Mussolini rejected outright."}], "Q911972": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation began after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops (as well as smaller contingents of Dutch and Polish soldiers) were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade."}, {"id": "Q190882", "label": "Phoney War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "Late on 23 May, the halt order was issued by Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt, commander of Army Group A."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler approved this order the next day, and had the German High Command send confirmation to the front."}, {"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "lead", "says": "This gave Allied forces time to construct defensive works and pull back large numbers of troops to fight the Battle of Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1939, after Germany invaded Poland, the United Kingdom sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to aid in the defence of France, landing at Cherbourg, Nantes, and Saint-Nazaire."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "Background", "says": "The area immediately to the north of the Maginot Line was covered by the heavily wooded Ardennes region, which French General Philippe Pétain declared to be \"impenetrable\" as long as \"special provisions\" were taken."}, {"id": "Q218280", "label": "Maurice Gamelin", "section": "Background", "says": "The French commander-in-chief, Maurice Gamelin, also believed the area to be of a limited threat, noting that it \"never favoured large operations\"."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Background", "says": "Erich von Manstein, then Chief of Staff of the German Army Group A, prepared the outline of a different plan and submitted it to the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH; German High Command) via his superior, Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt."}, {"id": "Q70534", "label": "Fedor von Bock", "section": "Background", "says": "Army Group B, under Generaloberst Fedor von Bock, attacked into Belgium, while the three panzer corps of Army Group A under Rundstedt swung around to the south and drove for the Channel."}, {"id": "Q72829", "label": "Rudolf Veiel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The engineers of the 2nd Panzer Division under Generalmajor Rudolf Veiel built five bridges over the Canal Line and only one British battalion barred the way to Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Air Marshal Hermann Göring urged Hitler to let the Luftwaffe, aided by Army Group B, finish off the British."}, {"id": "Q57174", "label": "Franz Halder", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, General Franz Halder noted in his diary that the Luftwaffe was dependent upon the weather and aircrews were worn out after two weeks of battle."}], "Q152033": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Precursors and postmortems", "says": "Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "Precursors and postmortems", "says": "Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in North Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential."}], "Q191721": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion , also known as Playa Girón in Cuba, after the beach where the battle took place, was a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in April 1961 by the United States and the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF), consisting of Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, clandestinely and directly financed by the U.S. government."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion , also known as Playa Girón in Cuba, after the beach where the battle took place, was a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in April 1961 by the United States and the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF), consisting of Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, clandestinely and directly financed by the U.S. government."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure influenced relations between Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "The CIA funded the brigade, which also included approximately 60 members of the Alabama Air National Guard, and trained the unit in Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "Over 1,400 paramilitaries, divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion, assembled and launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua by boat on 17 April 1961."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "Background", "says": "In recently declassified documents, the feelings of the CIA toward Fidel Castro have become more clear."}], "Q192924": [{"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (French: Traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on one side and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other."}, {"id": "Q268970", "label": "Republic of German-Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (French: Traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on one side and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with the Weimar Republic, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with the Weimar Republic, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with the Weimar Republic, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921."}, {"id": "Q7875960", "label": "US–Austrian Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with the Weimar Republic, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921."}, {"id": "Q662961", "label": "Battle of Vittorio Veneto", "section": "Background", "says": "When the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Army culminated at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, the Social Democrat Karl Renner was elected German-Austrian State Chancellor on 30 October."}, {"id": "Q11726", "label": "Karl Renner", "section": "Background", "says": "When the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Army culminated at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, the Social Democrat Karl Renner was elected German-Austrian State Chancellor on 30 October."}, {"id": "Q689527", "label": "Aster Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the course of the Aster Revolution on 31 October, the newly established Hungarian People's Republic under Minister President Mihály Károlyi declared the real union with Austria terminated."}, {"id": "Q16410", "label": "Hungarian People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In the course of the Aster Revolution on 31 October, the newly established Hungarian People's Republic under Minister President Mihály Károlyi declared the real union with Austria terminated."}, {"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the course of the Aster Revolution on 31 October, the newly established Hungarian People's Republic under Minister President Mihály Károlyi declared the real union with Austria terminated."}, {"id": "Q701518", "label": "Armistice of Villa Giusti", "section": "Background", "says": "With the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918, the fate of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was sealed."}, {"id": "Q51068", "label": "Charles I of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 November 1918 Emperor Charles I of Austria officially declared to \"relinquish every participation in the administration\", one day later the provisional assembly declared German-Austria a democratic republic and part of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on the territory of the Cisleithanian (\"Austrian\") half of the former empire, the newly established states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later named Yugoslavia) had been proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on the territory of the Cisleithanian (\"Austrian\") half of the former empire, the newly established states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later named Yugoslavia) had been proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, South Tyrol and Trentino were occupied by Italian forces and Yugoslav troops entered the former Duchy of Carinthia, leading to violent fights."}, {"id": "Q645719", "label": "House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Assembly re-elected Karl Renner state chancellor and enacted the Habsburg Law concerning the banishment of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "Background", "says": "When Chancellor Renner arrived at Saint-Germain in May 1919, he and the Austrian delegation found themselves excluded from the negotiations led by French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau."}], "Q203225": [{"id": "Q159597", "label": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England, on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson."}, {"id": "Q203647", "label": "Harald III of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England, on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson."}, {"id": "Q345420", "label": "Tostig Godwinson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England, on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson."}, {"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle has traditionally been presented as marking the end of the Viking Age, although major Scandinavian campaigns in Britain and Ireland occurred in the following decades, such as those of King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark in 1069–1070 and King Magnus Barefoot of Norway in 1098 and 1102–1103."}, {"id": "Q311996", "label": "Magnus Barefoot", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle has traditionally been presented as marking the end of the Viking Age, although major Scandinavian campaigns in Britain and Ireland occurred in the following decades, such as those of King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark in 1069–1070 and King Magnus Barefoot of Norway in 1098 and 1102–1103."}, {"id": "Q102323", "label": "Snorri Sturluson", "section": "Background", "says": "In King Harald's Saga, Snorri Sturluson states, \"It is said that King Harald had over two hundred ships, apart from supply ships and smaller craft.\" Combined with reinforcements picked up in Orkney, the Norwegian army most likely numbered between 7,000 and 9,000 men."}, {"id": "Q1113659", "label": "Battle of Fulford", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 September they defeated a northern English army led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and his brother Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, at the Battle of Fulford, outside York."}], "Q207327": [{"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sicilian Vespers (Italian: Vespri siciliani; Sicilian: Vespiri siciliani) was a successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out at Easter 1282 against the rule of the French-born king Charles I of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Since taking control of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1266, the Angevin government had made itself unpopular with its exploitative policies and exclusion of native Sicilians from power."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking support for the rebellion, the Sicilians offered the throne to Peter III of Aragon, who claimed the crown on behalf of his wife, Constance of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q286537", "label": "Constance of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking support for the rebellion, the Sicilians offered the throne to Peter III of Aragon, who claimed the crown on behalf of his wife, Constance of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles regarded his Sicilian territories as a springboard for his Mediterranean ambitions, which included the overthrow of Michael VIII Palaiologos of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles regarded his Sicilian territories as a springboard for his Mediterranean ambitions, which included the overthrow of Michael VIII Palaiologos of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantinople was captured during the Fourth Crusade and had been brought into the fold of the Roman Catholic  religion for 57 years under the rule of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantinople was captured during the Fourth Crusade and had been brought into the fold of the Roman Catholic  religion for 57 years under the rule of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q49979", "label": "Steven Runciman", "section": "Background", "says": "As Steven Runciman put it, \"[The Sicilians] saw themselves now being ruled to enable an alien tyrant make conquests from which they would have no benefit\"."}], "Q209387": [{"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ankara or Angora (Ottoman Turkish: آنقره محاربه‌سی, romanized: Anḳara Muḥârebesi) was fought on 28 July 1402, at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of Timur and the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I."}, {"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a major victory for Timur, leading to the Ottoman Interregnum."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Timur, a Turco-Mongol from Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), had built an empire in Central Asia over the years, and became the most powerful ruler in Central Asia since Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Timur, a Turco-Mongol from Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), had built an empire in Central Asia over the years, and became the most powerful ruler in Central Asia since Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "He sought to rebuild the once great Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1380s and 1390s, he invaded and conquered parts of Persia (including Azerbaijan and Upper Mesopotamia), ravaged southern Russia and Ukraine (1395–96), and sacked Delhi (1398)."}], "Q213394": [{"id": "Q204016", "label": "Velupillai Prabhakaran", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning on 23 July 1983, it was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers) led by Velupillai Prabhakaran."}, {"id": "Q242036", "label": "Tamil Eelam", "section": "lead", "says": "The LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north-east of the island in response to continuous discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the predominantly Sinhalese government of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These were carried out by the majority Sinhalese mobs, often with state support, in the years following Sri Lanka's independence from the British Empire in 1948."}, {"id": "Q2670092", "label": "Dominion of Ceylon", "section": "Origin and evolution", "says": "Bandaranaike, the fourth Prime Minister of the Dominion of Ceylon, stated that the Tamils gained a \"dominant position in the public services\" due to their hard work and merit in passing the qualifying examinations."}], "Q218446": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The town was subject to daily shelling and total blockade by Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, population exchanges occurred between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and Meskhetian Turk refugees leaving Central Asia subsequently settled in Khojaly."}], "Q223933": [{"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Belgian Revolution was a conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q1657839", "label": "Ten Days' Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "This Ten Days' Campaign failed because of French military intervention."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "Causes of the revolution", "says": "The action of William I in the field of education (construction of schools, control of the competence of teachers and the creation of new establishments, creation of three State universities) placed it under the total control of the State, which displeased Catholic opinion."}], "Q242099": [{"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Japanese Army accused Chinese dissidents of the act and responded with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established its puppet state of Manchukuo five months later."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Japanese economic presence and political interest in Manchuria had been growing ever since the end of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Portsmouth that ended the war had granted Japan the lease of the South Manchuria Railway branch (from Changchun to Lüshun) of the China Far East Railway."}, {"id": "Q708385", "label": "Li–Lobanov Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese government, however, claimed that this control included all the rights and privileges that China granted to Russia in the 1896 Li–Lobanov Treaty, as enlarged by the Kwantung Lease Agreement of 1898."}, {"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "Background", "says": "Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin tried to deprive Japanese concessions too, but he was assassinated by the Japanese Kwantung Army."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhang Xueliang, Zhang's son and successor, joined the Nanjing Government led by Chiang Kai-shek from anti-Japanese sentiment."}], "Q392541": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of San Francisco, also called the Treaty of Peace with Japan, re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allies on behalf of the United Nations by ending the legal state of war, military occupation and providing for redress for hostile actions up to and including World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by 49 nations on September 8, 1951, in San Francisco, United States, at the War Memorial Opera House."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy and China were not invited, the latter due to disagreements on whether the Republic of China or the People's Republic of China represented the Chinese people."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy and China were not invited, the latter due to disagreements on whether the Republic of China or the People's Republic of China represented the Chinese people."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Korea was also not invited due to a similar disagreement on whether South Korea or North Korea represented the Korean people."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Korea was also not invited due to a similar disagreement on whether South Korea or North Korea represented the Korean people."}, {"id": "Q171328", "label": "Charter of the United Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty relied heavily on the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals."}], "Q51658": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Children's Crusade was a failed popular crusade by European Christians to establish a second Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Holy Land in the early 13th century."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it is called the Children's Crusade, it never received the papal approval from Pope Innocent III to be an actual crusade."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The traditional narrative is likely conflated from a mix of historical and mythical events, including the preaching of visions by a French boy and a German boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims in the Holy Land to Christianity, bands of children marching to Italy, and children being sold into slavery in Tunis."}], "Q622774": [{"id": "Q58202", "label": "July Monarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Revolution of 1848 (French: Révolution française de 1848), also known as the February Revolution (Révolution de février), was a period of civil unrest in France, in February 1848, that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q58326", "label": "French Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Revolution of 1848 (French: Révolution française de 1848), also known as the February Revolution (Révolution de février), was a period of civil unrest in France, in February 1848, that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q157324", "label": "François Guizot", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting on 22 February as a large-scale protest against the government of François Guizot, it later developed into a violent uprising against the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q7771", "label": "Louis-Philippe I", "section": "lead", "says": "After intense urban fighting, large crowds managed to take control of the capital, leading to the abdication of King Louis Philippe I on 24 February and the subsequent proclamation of the Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After intense urban fighting, large crowds managed to take control of the capital, leading to the abdication of King Louis Philippe I on 24 February and the subsequent proclamation of the Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Indeed, most of Bastiat's early works concern the situation in Bayonne and Bordeaux, two large merchant harbors before the Napoleonic Wars, gradually devastated first by Napoleon I's continental blockade, and later by the protectionist legislation of the nineteenth century."}], "Q748042": [{"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Civil War (Irish: Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the Irish War of Independence and accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State, an entity independent from the United Kingdom but within the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Civil War (Irish: Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the Irish War of Independence and accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State, an entity independent from the United Kingdom but within the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Civil War (Irish: Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the Irish War of Independence and accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State, an entity independent from the United Kingdom but within the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Civil War (Irish: Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the Irish War of Independence and accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State, an entity independent from the United Kingdom but within the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil war was waged between the Provisional Government of Ireland and the Anti-Treaty IRA over the Anglo-Irish Treaty."}, {"id": "Q193689", "label": "Easter Rising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government (which became the Free State in December 1922) supported the terms of the treaty, while the anti-Treaty opposition saw it as a betrayal of the Irish Republic proclaimed during the Easter Rising of 1916."}, {"id": "Q173347", "label": "Éamon de Valera", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the three largest political parties in Ireland are direct descendants of the opposing sides in the war: Fine Gael, from the supporters of the pro-Treaty side; Fianna Fáil, the party formed from the bulk of the anti-Treaty republicans by Éamon de Valera; and Sinn Féin, comprising the minority of anti-Treaty republicans who refused to join any partitionist party."}], "Q826083": [{"id": "Q557378", "label": "Salman the Persian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quraysh advanced towards the Muslims, who defended themselves in Medina by digging a trench around their settlement at the suggestion of Salman the Persian."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Banu Nadir, whom Muhammad had previously expelled from Medina on account of an attempted assassination (crime against the state), were also part of this effort and offered the Bedouins half of their crops in Khaybar to persuade them to participate in attacking the Muslims."}, {"id": "Q486124", "label": "Battle of Badr", "section": "Background", "says": "After their expulsion from Mecca, the Muslims fought the Meccan Quraysh at the Battle of Badr in 624, and at the Battle of Uhud in 625."}, {"id": "Q488278", "label": "Battle of Uhud", "section": "Background", "says": "After their expulsion from Mecca, the Muslims fought the Meccan Quraysh at the Battle of Badr in 624, and at the Battle of Uhud in 625."}], "Q84104992": [{"id": "Q53844829", "label": "Giuseppe Conte", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 March 2020, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte expanded the quarantine to all of Lombardy and 14 other northern provinces, and on the following day to all of Italy, placing more than 60 million people in lockdown."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Moreover, 2020 became the year with the highest number of deaths since 1945, when Italy was fighting in World War II on its soil."}], "Q87138": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict was a part of the Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek campaign was launched with the following aims: to put an end to the intensifying Greek genocide, to destroy the Turkish National Movement in Ankara, and to enforce the Treaty of Sèvres."}, {"id": "Q4438385", "label": "Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1921, after another Greek victory in the Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir, the Greek forces almost reached Ankara, but their advance was finally checked by Turkish forces at the Battle of the Sakarya."}, {"id": "Q594015", "label": "Battle of Sakarya", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1921, after another Greek victory in the Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir, the Greek forces almost reached Ankara, but their advance was finally checked by Turkish forces at the Battle of the Sakarya."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "The National Schism in Greece was the deep split of Greek politics and society between two factions, the one led by Eleftherios Venizelos and the other by King Constantine, that predated World War I but escalated significantly over the decision on which side Greece should support during the war."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom had hoped that strategic considerations might persuade Constantine to join the cause of the Allies, but the King and his supporters insisted on strict neutrality, especially whilst the outcome of the conflict was hard to predict."}], "Q112183": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amiens (French: la paix d'Amiens, lit. 'the peace of Amiens') temporarily ended hostilities between France, the Spanish Empire, and the United Kingdom at the end of the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amiens (French: la paix d'Amiens, lit. 'the peace of Amiens') temporarily ended hostilities between France, the Spanish Empire, and the United Kingdom at the end of the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amiens (French: la paix d'Amiens, lit. 'the peace of Amiens') temporarily ended hostilities between France, the Spanish Empire, and the United Kingdom at the end of the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the end of the French Revolutionary Wars; after a short peace it set the stage for the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the end of the French Revolutionary Wars; after a short peace it set the stage for the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain retained Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Trinidad."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) of Amiens on 25 March 1802 (4 Germinal X in the French Revolutionary calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis as a \"Definitive Treaty of Peace\"."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), the Treaty of Amiens marked the end of the Second Coalition, which had waged war against Revolutionary France since its 1798 invasion of Egypt."}], "Q152218": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought primarily in Europe, related conflicts include the Williamite war in Ireland, and King William's War in North America."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen that ended the Franco-Dutch War was the highpoint of the French expansionist policies pursued by Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen that ended the Franco-Dutch War was the highpoint of the French expansionist policies pursued by Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q673556", "label": "War of the Reunions", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next few years, he continued attempts to strengthen France's frontiers, culminating in the 1683 to 1684 War of the Reunions."}, {"id": "Q1041111", "label": "Truce of Ratisbon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Ratisbon guaranteed these new borders for twenty years, but concerns among European Protestant states over French expansion and anti-Protestant policies led to the creation of the Grand Alliance, headed by William of Orange."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This move was designed to extend his influence and pressure the Holy Roman Empire into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and German princes supported the Dutch in opposing French aims, while the November 1688 Glorious Revolution secured English resources and support for the Alliance."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next few years, fighting focused around the Spanish Netherlands, the Rhineland, the Duchy of Savoy, and Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next few years, fighting focused around the Spanish Netherlands, the Rhineland, the Duchy of Savoy, and Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis XIV also recognised William III as the rightful king of England, while the Dutch acquired barrier fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their borders and were granted a favorable commercial treaty, and Spain regained Luxembourg and other territories from France."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "However, both sides viewed the peace as only a pause in hostilities, since it failed to resolve who would succeed the ailing and childless Charles II of Spain as ruler of the Spanish Empire, a question that had dominated European politics for over 30 years."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, both sides viewed the peace as only a pause in hostilities, since it failed to resolve who would succeed the ailing and childless Charles II of Spain as ruler of the Spanish Empire, a question that had dominated European politics for over 30 years."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "This would lead to the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background: 1677 – early 1688", "says": "As many as 200,000 Huguenots fled to England, the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, and Germany, and spread tales of brutality at the hands of the monarch of Versailles."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background: 1677 – early 1688", "says": "As many as 200,000 Huguenots fled to England, the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, and Germany, and spread tales of brutality at the hands of the monarch of Versailles."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background: 1677 – early 1688", "says": "The direct effect on France of the loss of the community is debatable, but the flight helped destroy the pro-French faction in the Dutch Republic because of its Protestant affiliations, and the exodus of Huguenot merchants and the harassment of Dutch merchants living in France also greatly affected Franco-Dutch trade."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Prelude: 1687–1688", "says": "The League of Augsburg had little military power – the Empire and its Allies in the form of the Holy League were still busy fighting the Ottoman Turks in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q70876", "label": "William Egon of Fürstenberg", "section": "Prelude: 1687–1688", "says": "When the Elector died on 3 June 1688, Louis XIV pressed for the pro-French Bishop of Strasbourg, Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, to succeed him."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Prelude: 1687–1688", "says": "With the Ottomans appearing close to collapse, Louis XIV's ministers, Louvois and Colbert de Croissy, felt it essential to have a quick resolution along the German frontier before the Emperor turned from the Balkans to lead a comparatively united German Empire against France on the Rhine and reverse the Ratisbon settlement."}], "Q188972": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict, which erupted shortly after the end of World War II, consisted of a Communist-led uprising against the established government of the Kingdom of Greece."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict, which erupted shortly after the end of World War II, consisted of a Communist-led uprising against the established government of the Kingdom of Greece."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels were supported by Albania and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "With the support of the United Kingdom and the United States, the Greek royal government forces ultimately prevailed."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "With the support of the United Kingdom and the United States, the Greek royal government forces ultimately prevailed."}, {"id": "Q312046", "label": "Alexandros Papagos", "section": "lead", "says": "The DSE, despite a transition to conventional warfare in 1947 and military victories, was defeated by the Hellenic Army, under the command of Marshal Alexandros Papagos in its final stages."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek royal government in the end was funded by the United States (through the Truman Doctrine of 1947 and the Marshall Plan of 1948) and joined NATO (1952), while the insurgents were demoralized by the bitter split between the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin, who wanted to end the war, and Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito, who wanted it to continue."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek royal government in the end was funded by the United States (through the Truman Doctrine of 1947 and the Marshall Plan of 1948) and joined NATO (1952), while the insurgents were demoralized by the bitter split between the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin, who wanted to end the war, and Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito, who wanted it to continue."}, {"id": "Q311207", "label": "Georgios Papandreou", "section": "Background: 1941–1944", "says": "In May 1944, representatives from all political parties and resistance groups came together at the Lebanon Conference under the leadership of Georgios Papandreou."}], "Q193733": [{"id": "Q190731", "label": "Shamil Basayev", "section": "lead", "says": "The hostage-takers were members of the Riyad-us Saliheen, sent by the Chechen warlord Shamil Basayev, who demanded Russia withdraw from and recognize the independence of Chechnya."}], "Q194378": [{"id": "Q83406", "label": "Spartacus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus  by Plutarch, was the last in a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic known as the Servile Wars."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus  by Plutarch, was the last in a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic known as the Servile Wars."}, {"id": "Q11475544", "label": "Servile Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus  by Plutarch, was the last in a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic known as the Servile Wars."}, {"id": "Q370603", "label": "Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "After the rebels realized that the legions of Pompey and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus were moving in to entrap them, the armies of Spartacus launched their full strength against Crassus's legions and were utterly defeated."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Their actions as consuls greatly furthered the subversion of Roman political institutions and contributed to the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire."}], "Q201526": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid (or Persian) Empire, led by Darius III."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid (or Persian) Empire, led by Darius III."}, {"id": "Q319378", "label": "Memnon of Rhodes", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Hellenic League soundly defeated the Persian satraps of Asia Minor, who were led by the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes at the Battle of the Granicus, Darius took personal command of his army."}, {"id": "Q192938", "label": "Battle of the Granicus", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander set out into Asia in 334 BC and defeated the local Persian satraps at the Battle of the Granicus."}, {"id": "Q296233", "label": "Parmenion", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander kept his main army at Tarsus but sent Parmenion ahead to occupy the coast around Issus."}], "Q217981": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as the Battle of Sicily and Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which Allied forces invaded the Italian island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis forces."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Now at Italy's doorstep, the Allied powers—led by the United States and United Kingdom—decided to attack Axis forces in Europe via Italy, rather than Western Europe, due to the wavering Italian morale, control over Mediterranean sea lanes, and the vulnerability of German supply lines along the Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Now at Italy's doorstep, the Allied powers—led by the United States and United Kingdom—decided to attack Axis forces in Europe via Italy, rather than Western Europe, due to the wavering Italian morale, control over Mediterranean sea lanes, and the vulnerability of German supply lines along the Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q1130522", "label": "Operation Mincemeat", "section": "lead", "says": "To divert some Axis forces to other areas, the Allies engaged in deception operations, the most successful of which was Operation Mincemeat."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "These events led to the ousting of Italian leader Benito Mussolini and the fall of his regime, which was replaced by the First Badoglio government."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy's collapse necessitated German troops replacing Italian forces in the country, and to a lesser extent the Balkans, resulting in one-fifth of the German army being diverted from the Eastern Front, a proportion that would remain until near the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel was sent to Greece to assume command."}], "Q2305266": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military conflict by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, 16 days after Nazi Germany invaded Poland from the west."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent military operations lasted for the following 20 days and ended on 6 October 1939 with the two-way division and annexation of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet (as well as German) invasion of Poland was indirectly indicated in the \"secret protocol\" of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed on 23 August 1939, which divided Poland into \"spheres of influence\" of the two powers."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland until the summer of 1941 when Germany terminated its earlier pact with the Soviet Union and invaded the Soviet Union under the code name Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q211274", "label": "Polish People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "An agreement at the Yalta Conference permitted the Soviet Union to annex territories close to the Curzon Line (which almost coincided with all of their Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact portion of the Second Polish Republic), compensating the Polish People's Republic with the greater southern part of East Prussia and territories east of the Oder–Neisse line."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 1939, several months before the invasion, the Soviet Union began strategic alliance negotiations with the United Kingdom and France against the crash militarization of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 1939, several months before the invasion, the Soviet Union began strategic alliance negotiations with the United Kingdom and France against the crash militarization of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Joseph Stalin pursued the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Adolf Hitler, which was signed on 23 August 1939."}, {"id": "Q507739", "label": "Juliusz Rómmel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Juliusz Rómmel of the Polish Army issued an unauthorised order to treat them like an ally before it was too late."}], "Q243620": [{"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "It grew out of resistance to the military junta led by Siad Barre during the 1980s."}, {"id": "Q107177113", "label": "Somaliland War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast, the Somali National Movement in the Somaliland War of Independence in the northwest, and the United Somali Congress in the south."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country: Somaliland and Puntland."}], "Q154577": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Calvinism was not allowed until the Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Augsburg has been described as \"the first step on the road toward a European system of sovereign states.\" The system, created based on the Augsburg Peace, collapsed at the beginning of the 17th century, which was one of the reasons for the Thirty Years' War."}], "Q154940": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Lapland War (Finnish: Lapin sota; Swedish: Lapplandskriget; German: Lapplandkrieg) saw fighting between Finland and Nazi Germany – effectively from September to November 1944 – in Finland's northernmost region, Lapland."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Lapland War (Finnish: Lapin sota; Swedish: Lapplandskriget; German: Lapplandkrieg) saw fighting between Finland and Nazi Germany – effectively from September to November 1944 – in Finland's northernmost region, Lapland."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Finns and the Germans had been fighting together against the Soviet Union since 1941 during the Continuation War (1941–1944), peace negotiations between the Finnish government and the Allies of World War II had been conducted intermittently during 1943–1944, but no agreement had been reached."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Finns and the Germans had been fighting together against the Soviet Union since 1941 during the Continuation War (1941–1944), peace negotiations between the Finnish government and the Allies of World War II had been conducted intermittently during 1943–1944, but no agreement had been reached."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Finns and the Germans had been fighting together against the Soviet Union since 1941 during the Continuation War (1941–1944), peace negotiations between the Finnish government and the Allies of World War II had been conducted intermittently during 1943–1944, but no agreement had been reached."}, {"id": "Q1321586", "label": "Moscow Armistice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moscow Armistice, signed on 19 September 1944, demanded that Finland break diplomatic ties with Germany and expel or disarm any German soldiers remaining in Finland."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wehrmacht successfully withdrew, and Finland upheld its obligations under the Moscow Armistice, but it remained formally at war with the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom until ratification of the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Germany and Finland had been at war with the Soviet Union (USSR) since Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941, co-operating closely in the Continuation War and Operation Silver Fox with the German 20th Mountain Army (German: 20."}, {"id": "Q313442", "label": "Operation Silver Fox", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Germany and Finland had been at war with the Soviet Union (USSR) since Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941, co-operating closely in the Continuation War and Operation Silver Fox with the German 20th Mountain Army (German: 20."}, {"id": "Q3354648", "label": "Operation Birke", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 9 April 1944, the German withdrawal plan was designated as Operation Birke."}, {"id": "Q57544", "label": "Eduard Dietl", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The accidental death of Generaloberst Eduard Dietl on 23 June 1944 brought Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic to the command of the 20th Mountain Army."}, {"id": "Q57585", "label": "Lothar Rendulic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The accidental death of Generaloberst Eduard Dietl on 23 June 1944 brought Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic to the command of the 20th Mountain Army."}, {"id": "Q152306", "label": "Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before deciding to accept the Soviet demands, President Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, former Finnish commander-in-chief, wrote a letter directly to Adolf Hitler:\n\nOur German brothers-in-arms will forever remain in our hearts."}], "Q157627": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the naval history of World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the naval history of World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning on 13 September 1941."}, {"id": "Q190882", "label": "Phoney War", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting immediately after the European war began, during the Phoney War, the battle lasted for over five years until the German su"}, {"id": "Q704536", "label": "London Naval Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, the London Naval Treaty required submarines to abide by \"cruiser rules\", which demanded they surface, search and place ship crews in \"a place of safety\" (for which lifeboats did not qualify, except under particular circumstances) before sinking them, unless the ship in question showed \"persistent refusal to stop...or active resistance to visit or search\"."}, {"id": "Q707678", "label": "Anglo-German Naval Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935 allowed Hitler to renounce the Treaty of Versailles, and to build a fleet 35% the size of Britain's."}, {"id": "Q76437", "label": "Karl Dönitz", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of the German U-boats, Karl Dönitz, had his own opinions."}, {"id": "Q57154", "label": "Erich Raeder", "section": "Background", "says": "In contrast with Hitler and Erich Raeder, chief of the German navy, he considered war with the UK inevitable and that a large surface fleet was not needed, believing U-boats could defeat the British."}], "Q163883": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten-Day War (Slovene: Desetdnevna vojna), or the Slovenian War of Independence (Slovene: Slovenska osamosvojitvena vojna), was a brief armed conflict that followed Slovenia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second of the Yugoslav Wars to start in 1991, following the Croatian War of Independence in March, and by far the shortest of the conflicts with fewest overall casualties."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second of the Yugoslav Wars to start in 1991, following the Croatian War of Independence in March, and by far the shortest of the conflicts with fewest overall casualties."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Slovenia was considered \"ethnically homogeneous\" and therefore of no interest to the Yugoslav government."}, {"id": "Q57627", "label": "Janez Janša", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Defence Minister Janez Janša, they adopted a strategy based on an asymmetric warfare approach."}], "Q208958": [{"id": "Q27", "label": "Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Republic of Ireland, voters were asked whether they would allow the state to sign the Agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes (Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland) to facilitate it."}], "Q210354": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kulikovo (Russian: Куликовская битва, romanized: Kulikovskaya bitva) was fought between the forces of Mamai, a powerful Mongol military commander of the Golden Horde, and Russian forces led by Grand Prince Dmitry of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q25628", "label": "Great stand on the Ugra river", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480 would mark another important turning point in this power shift."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Even though the successor states of the Mongol Empire would manage to burn Moscow in 1571, the Russians defeated them again at the Battle of Molodi later that year."}, {"id": "Q1760784", "label": "Battle of Molodi", "section": "lead", "says": "Even though the successor states of the Mongol Empire would manage to burn Moscow in 1571, the Russians defeated them again at the Battle of Molodi later that year."}, {"id": "Q1367194", "label": "Berdi Beg", "section": "Background", "says": "After the killing of Khan Berdi Beg of the Golden Horde in 1359,  the Great Troubles had arisen there."}, {"id": "Q3820837", "label": "Abdullah Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Mamai enthroned Abdullah Khan in 1361 and after his mysterious death in 1370, Muhammad Bolak was enthroned."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "Background", "says": "Mamai was not a Genghisid (descendant of Genghis Khan), and as such his grip on power was tenuous, as there were true Genghisids with claims to mastery."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Mamai was not a Genghisid (descendant of Genghis Khan), and as such his grip on power was tenuous, as there were true Genghisids with claims to mastery."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "While there was a war of succession in the declining Golden Horde, new political powers were appearing, such as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Principality of Moscow, and the Principality of Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q269109", "label": "Principality of Ryazan", "section": "Background", "says": "While there was a war of succession in the declining Golden Horde, new political powers were appearing, such as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Principality of Moscow, and the Principality of Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of  Algirdas in 1377, his eldest sons Andrei of Polotsk and Dmitri of Bryansk began to struggle with their step-brother Jogaila for their legitimate right to the throne and allied with the Grand Prince of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q2494481", "label": "Andrei of Polotsk", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of  Algirdas in 1377, his eldest sons Andrei of Polotsk and Dmitri of Bryansk began to struggle with their step-brother Jogaila for their legitimate right to the throne and allied with the Grand Prince of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "Background", "says": "Simultaneously with the beginning of the Great Troubles in the Horde in 1359, Prince of Moscow Ivan II died and the new Khan of the Horde by his jarliq (law pronouncement) transferred the throne of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir to the Prince of Nizhny Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince of Tver Mikhail used the help of Lithuania, and in addition, in 1371 Mamai gave him a jarliq to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir."}, {"id": "Q163268", "label": "Principality of Tver", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to his reconstruction, detachments from most of North-Eastern Russia, part of the Princes of the Smolensk Land and part of the Upper Oka Principalities were represented in the army of Dmitry, but there were no troops from Nizhny Novgorod and from the Principality of Tver (except for Kashin, who became independent under the treaty of 1375)."}], "Q212618": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "The epicenter of this megathrust earthquake was near Lumaco, approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) south of Santiago, with Valdivia being the most affected city."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Geological context", "says": "The focus of the earthquake was relatively shallow at 33 km (21 mi), considering that earthquakes in northern Chile and Argentina may reach depths of 70 km (43 mi)."}], "Q219470": [{"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "lead", "says": "The event was brought about by widespread protests over the disputed parliamentary elections and culminated in the resignation of President Eduard Shevardnadze, which marked the end of Soviet-era leadership in the country."}, {"id": "Q43330", "label": "Mikheil Saakashvili", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution derives its name from the climactic moment, when demonstrators led by Mikheil Saakashvili stormed the Parliament session with red roses in hand."}, {"id": "Q229493", "label": "Nino Burjanadze", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution was led by Shevardnadze's former political allies, Mikheil Saakashvili, Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania."}, {"id": "Q312493", "label": "Zurab Zhvania", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution was led by Shevardnadze's former political allies, Mikheil Saakashvili, Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania."}], "Q238262": [{"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nanjing was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain  and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842."}, {"id": "Q838373", "label": "Convention of Chuenpee", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second of what the Chinese later termed the unequal treaties, after the rejected 1841 Convention of Chuenpi, signed by British Superintendent of trade in China, Charles Elliot, and Qing Imperial Commissioner, Qishan, which the treaty was largely based on."}, {"id": "Q184780", "label": "Charles Elliot", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second of what the Chinese later termed the unequal treaties, after the rejected 1841 Convention of Chuenpi, signed by British Superintendent of trade in China, Charles Elliot, and Qing Imperial Commissioner, Qishan, which the treaty was largely based on."}, {"id": "Q1607189", "label": "Henry Pottinger", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 August, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives Keying, Yilibu, and Niu Jian signed the treaty, which consisted of thirteen articles."}, {"id": "Q334351", "label": "Daoguang Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was ratified by the Daoguang Emperor on 27 October and Queen Victoria on 28 December."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was ratified by the Daoguang Emperor on 27 October and Queen Victoria on 28 December."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "The exchange of ratification took place in Hong Kong on 26 June 1843."}, {"id": "Q1368222", "label": "Treaty of the Bogue", "section": "lead", "says": "It was followed in 1843 by the Treaty of the Bogue, which granted extraterritoriality and most favoured nation status."}, {"id": "Q184999", "label": "Lin Tse-hsu", "section": "Background", "says": "When Lin Zexu seized this privately owned opium and ordered the destruction of opium at Humen, Britain first demanded reparations, then declared what became known as the First Opium War."}], "Q28094271": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Islamic State claimed credit for his actions."}, {"id": "Q27429856", "label": "Battle of Mosul", "section": "Background", "says": "From the 2016 northern summer, the Islamic State had been under pressure and had sustained significant territorial losses due to three parallel offensives: the Turkish-Free Syrian Army Western al-Bab offensive and Battle of al-Bab, the Syrian Democratic Forces' Northern Raqqa offensive, and the Battle of Mosul in Iraq."}], "Q295875": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is a collective security agreement between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States that was signed in 1951, and from which New Zealand has been partially suspended since 1986."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is a collective security agreement between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States that was signed in 1951, and from which New Zealand has been partially suspended since 1986."}], "Q329838": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis, was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration."}, {"id": "Q1769", "label": "Severus Alexander", "section": "lead", "says": "The period is usually dated between the death of Severus Alexander (235) and accession of Diocletian (284)."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "lead", "says": "The period is usually dated between the death of Severus Alexander (235) and accession of Diocletian (284)."}, {"id": "Q2321578", "label": "Plague of Cyprian", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the debasement of currency and a breakdown in both trade networks and economic productivity, with the Plague of Cyprian contributing to the disorder."}, {"id": "Q273025", "label": "Gallic Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire (including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and, briefly, Hispania); the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper."}, {"id": "Q877875", "label": "Palmyrene Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire (including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and, briefly, Hispania); the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of Aurelian (270–275) marked a turning point in the crisis period."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "Causes", "says": "Other tribes coalesced into more formidable entities (notably the Alamanni and Franks), or were pushed out of their former territories by more dangerous peoples such as the Sarmatians (the Huns did not appear west of the Volga for another century)."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Sassanids had in 224 and 226 overthrown the Parthian Arsacids, and the Persian King Ardashir I, who also wanted to prove his legitimacy through military successes, had already penetrated into Roman territory at the time of Severus Alexander, probably taking the strategically important cities of Nisibis and Carrhae in 235/236."}], "Q478301": [{"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, and European monarchs loyal to the  Roman Catholic Church, as well as various Hussite factions."}, {"id": "Q43977", "label": "Jan Hus", "section": "lead", "says": "The unrest began after proto-Protestant Christian reformer Jan Hus was executed by the Catholic Church in 1415 for heresy."}, {"id": "Q152148", "label": "Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "When King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, brother of Sigismund, died of natural causes a few years later, the tension stemming from the Hussites grew stronger."}, {"id": "Q215968", "label": "Jan Žižka", "section": "lead", "says": "After the reins of the Hussite army were handed over to yeoman Jan Žižka, internal strife followed."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hussite community included much of the Czech population of the Kingdom of Bohemia and formed a major spontaneous military power."}, {"id": "Q173893", "label": "John Wycliffe", "section": "Origins", "says": "Starting around 1402, priest and scholar Jan Hus denounced what he judged as the corruption of the church and the papacy, and he promoted some of the reformist ideas of English theologian John Wycliffe."}, {"id": "Q23873", "label": "John XXIII", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1411, in the course of the Western Schism, \"Antipope\" John XXIII proclaimed a \"crusade\" against King Ladislaus of Naples, the protector of rival Pope Gregory XII."}, {"id": "Q317593", "label": "Ladislaus of Naples", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1411, in the course of the Western Schism, \"Antipope\" John XXIII proclaimed a \"crusade\" against King Ladislaus of Naples, the protector of rival Pope Gregory XII."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "This angered Sigismund, who was \"King of the Romans\" (head of the Holy Roman Empire, though not yet Emperor) and brother of King Wenceslaus of Bohemia."}], "Q51660": [{"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The diplomatic maneuvering of the Holy Roman emperor and king of Sicily, Frederick II, resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years as well as over other areas of the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q293464", "label": "Al-Kamil", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick II's negotiations and power-sharing agreement and negotiation with envoys from al-Malik Al-Kamil of Egypt, which led to a shared Christian-Muslim governance situation in Jerusalem, made this Crusade different from the others."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick II carried out his maneuvers in 1228 while under excommunication from the Church by Pope Gregory IX."}], "Q548067": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations from August 6 to 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine (then part of Portsmouth, New Hampshire), United States."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "lead", "says": "President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, the first ever American recipient."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty recognized Japan's hegemony in Korea (which soon after became a protectorate of the Empire of Japan), awarded it Russia's lease on the Liaodong Peninsula (which became the Kwantung Leased Territory), control of the Russian-built South Manchuria Railway, and the southern half of the island of Sakhalin (Karafuto)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The war of 1904–1905 was fought between the Russian Empire, an international power with one of the largest armies in the world, and the Empire of Japan, a nation that had only recently industrialized after two-and-a-half centuries of isolation."}, {"id": "Q384091", "label": "Battle of Mukden", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the Battle of Mukden, which was extremely costly to both sides in terms of manpower and resources, Japanese Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō judged that it was now critical for Japan to push for a settlement."}, {"id": "Q1140896", "label": "Komura Jutarō", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the Battle of Mukden, which was extremely costly to both sides in terms of manpower and resources, Japanese Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō judged that it was now critical for Japan to push for a settlement."}, {"id": "Q315559", "label": "Terauchi Masatake", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 8, 1905, Japanese Army Minister Terauchi Masatake met with the American Minister to Japan, Lloyd Griscom, to tell Roosevelt that Japan was ready to negotiate."}, {"id": "Q3192621", "label": "Kaneko Kentarō", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 7, 1905, Roosevelt met with Kaneko Kentarō, a Japanese diplomat, and on June 8, he received a positive reply from Russia."}], "Q829875": [{"id": "Q354695", "label": "Yakubu Gowon", "section": "lead", "says": "During the war years, General Yakubu Gowon served as the head of state of Nigeria, while Biafra was led by Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka \"Emeka\" Odumegwu Ojukwu."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Alongside the concurrent Vietnam War, the Nigerian Civil War was one of the first wars in human history to be televised to a global audience."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were the main supporters of the Nigerian government, while France, Ivory Coast, and Gabon supported Biafra."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were the main supporters of the Nigerian government, while France, Ivory Coast, and Gabon supported Biafra."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were the main supporters of the Nigerian government, while France, Ivory Coast, and Gabon supported Biafra."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The official position of the United States was one of neutrality, considering Nigeria as \"a respo"}], "Q852236": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sayfo (Syriac: ܣܲܝܦܵܐ, lit. 'sword'), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass killing and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sayfo (Syriac: ܣܲܝܦܵܐ, lit. 'sword'), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass killing and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Before World War I, they largely lived in mountainous and remote areas of the Ottoman Empire and Persia, some of which were effectively stateless."}, {"id": "Q6809550", "label": "Mehmed Reshid", "section": "lead", "says": "Governor Mehmed Reshid initiated a genocide of all of the Christian communities in Diyarbekir province, including Syriac Christians, facing only sporadic armed resistance in some parts of Tur Abdin."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "Background", "says": "Violence worsened after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, despite Assyrian hopes that the new government would stop promoting anti-Christian Islamism."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to increasing Kurdish attacks which Ottoman authorities did nothing to prevent, Patriarch of the Church of the East Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin began negotiations with the Russian Empire before World War I."}], "Q110413718": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2022 Kazakh unrest, also known as January Events, Bloody January, or the January Tragedy, was a series of mass protests and civil unrest that began in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in liquefied petroleum gas prices following the lifting of a government-enforced price cap on 1 January."}, {"id": "Q57394", "label": "Nūrsūltan Nazarbaev", "section": "lead", "says": "Growing discontent with the government and former president Nursultan Nazarbayev, who remained the chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, also influenced larger demonstrations."}, {"id": "Q200881", "label": "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Mangystau Region and Almaty, effective from 5 January 2022."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to Tokayev's request, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) – a military alliance of Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan – agreed to deploy troops in Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian President Vladimir Putin described the intervention as a concerted effort to protect regional allies from what he described as colour revolutions \"instigated by foreign interference in allies' internal affairs\"."}], "Q117571": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romani Holocaust, also known as the Porajmos, was the genocide of European Roma and Sinti people during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in 1933, Nazi Germany systematically persecuted the European Roma, Sinti and other peoples through forcible internment and compulsory sterilization."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Adolf Hitler, a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws was issued on 26 November 1935, classifying the Romani people (or Roma) as \"enemies of the race-based state\", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that Nazi Germany had committed genocide against Sinti and Roma people."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered the deportation of all Sinti and Roma from the Greater Germanic Reich, and most were sent to the specially established Gypsy concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau."}], "Q14665": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called 'war' was started in an attempt to cull emus damaging farmland in the Campion district within the Wheatbelt of Western Australia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following World War I, large numbers of discharged veterans who served in the war were given land by the Australian government to take up farming within Western Australia, often in agriculturally marginal areas."}], "Q150939": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Weserübung (Unternehmen Weserübung [ˈveːzɐˌʔyːbʊŋ], (German: \"Operation Weser Exercise\")  was the invasion of Denmark and Norway by Nazi Germany during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Weserübung (Unternehmen Weserübung [ˈveːzɐˌʔyːbʊŋ], (German: \"Operation Weser Exercise\")  was the invasion of Denmark and Norway by Nazi Germany during World War II."}, {"id": "Q5084679", "label": "Norwegian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place from 9 April – 10 June 1940, it was the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 March, the British decided to send an expeditionary force to Norway just as the Winter War was winding down."}], "Q180654": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The motivations for Occupy Wall Street largely resulted from public distrust in the private sector during the aftermath of the Great Recession in the United States."}], "Q192303": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699, in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta, was signed in Karlowitz (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy, on 26 January 1699."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699, in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta, was signed in Karlowitz (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy, on 26 January 1699."}, {"id": "Q517486", "label": "Battle of Zenta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699, in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta, was signed in Karlowitz (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy, on 26 January 1699."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Context and terms", "says": "Following a two-month congress between the Ottoman Empire on one side, and the Holy League of 1684– a coalition of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE), the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice, and Peter the Great, the tsar of Russia, a peace treaty was signed on 26 January 1699."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Context and terms", "says": "Following a two-month congress between the Ottoman Empire on one side, and the Holy League of 1684– a coalition of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE), the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice, and Peter the Great, the tsar of Russia, a peace treaty was signed on 26 January 1699."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Context and terms", "says": "Following a two-month congress between the Ottoman Empire on one side, and the Holy League of 1684– a coalition of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE), the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice, and Peter the Great, the tsar of Russia, a peace treaty was signed on 26 January 1699."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Context and terms", "says": "They also included details on dealing with Ottoman subject populations which picked different sides near the border territories and riverine trade on the borders:\nWhereas during this War many Hungarians and Transylvanians withdrew from their Subjection to his Imperial Majesty to the Frontiers of the Sublime Ottoman Porte, and are to be taken care of in a due manner by the Treaty now concluded betw"}], "Q382116": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caucasian War or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Other territories of the Caucasus (comprising contemporary eastern Georgia, southern Dagestan, Armenia and Azerbaijan) were incorporated into the Russian Empire at various times in the 19th century as a result of Russian wars with Persia."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1801, Russia annexed the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti."}], "Q108102583": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final action of the War in Afghanistan, and marked a total victory for the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the overthrowing of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President Ashraf Ghani and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q172388", "label": "Ashraf Ghani", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the overthrowing of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President Ashraf Ghani and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the overthrowing of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President Ashraf Ghani and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately, US president Joe Biden conceded on 16 August that the collapse \"unfold[ed] more quickly than [they] had anticipated\"."}, {"id": "Q7821917", "label": "Antony Blinken", "section": "lead", "says": "Two weeks later, secretary of state Antony Blinken said it was several thousand US residents and one hundred US citizens."}], "Q111017791": [{"id": "Q17488307", "label": "Aleksandr Zakharchenko", "section": "Background", "says": "In October, then-DPR Prime Minister Alexander Zakharchenko vowed to retake the city."}, {"id": "Q19249259", "label": "Minsk II", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict was frozen when the Minsk II ceasefire agreement was signed in 2015."}], "Q138107": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Sixth Coalition (French: Guerre de la Sixième Coalition; December 1812 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (German: Befreiungskriege) saw a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German states defeat the First French Empire and force Napoleon into exile on Elba."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Sixth Coalition (French: Guerre de la Sixième Coalition; December 1812 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (German: Befreiungskriege) saw a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German states defeat the First French Empire and force Napoleon into exile on Elba."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812 in which they had been forced to support France, Prussia and Austria joined Russia, Britain, Sweden, Portugal and Spain against France."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "The even larger Battle of Leipzig was the largest battle fought in Europe until World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The even larger Battle of Leipzig was the largest battle fought in Europe until World War II."}, {"id": "Q763551", "label": "Battle of Brienne", "section": "lead", "says": "Though it had experienced a second collapse after the battle of Leipzig, the French army managed to regroup and Napoleon struck the allies at the Battle of Brienne and the Battle of Saint-Dizier before his defeat at the Battle of La Rothiere, which motivated the coalition to march on Paris as they sensed Napoleon growing weaker."}, {"id": "Q426026", "label": "Battle of Laon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon then inflicted a series of successive defeats on the allies interrupted only by the (Battle of Laon), beginning with the Six Days' Campaign."}, {"id": "Q1034344", "label": "Six Days' Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon then inflicted a series of successive defeats on the allies interrupted only by the (Battle of Laon), beginning with the Six Days' Campaign."}, {"id": "Q747386", "label": "Battle of Craonne", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Marshal Marmont's pushing back of a second attempt by Prussia to march on Paris, Napoleon followed it up with  the Battle of Craonne and the Battle of Reims, then driving back the Army of Bohemia until he lost momentum during the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube where he was severely outnumbered."}, {"id": "Q1051804", "label": "Battle of Reims", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Marshal Marmont's pushing back of a second attempt by Prussia to march on Paris, Napoleon followed it up with  the Battle of Craonne and the Battle of Reims, then driving back the Army of Bohemia until he lost momentum during the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube where he was severely outnumbered."}, {"id": "Q776552", "label": "Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Marshal Marmont's pushing back of a second attempt by Prussia to march on Paris, Napoleon followed it up with  the Battle of Craonne and the Battle of Reims, then driving back the Army of Bohemia until he lost momentum during the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube where he was severely outnumbered."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "Background: Invasion of Russia", "says": "So began the disastrous Great Retreat, during which the retreating army came under increasing pressure due to lack of food, desertions, and increasingly harsh winter weather, all while under continual attack by the Russian army led by Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Kutuzov, and other militias."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "Background: Invasion of Russia", "says": "Napoleon now left his army to return to Paris and prepare a defence of the Duchy of Warsaw against the advancing Russians."}], "Q153858": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tannenberg, also known as the Second Battle of Tannenberg, was fought between Russia and Germany between 26 and 30 August 1914, the first month of World War I."}, {"id": "Q504378", "label": "Alexander Samsonov", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in the encirclement and the almost complete destruction of the Russian 2nd Army by the German 8th Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome brought considerable prestige to the German army commander, General Paul von Hindenburg, and his rising staff officer, General Erich Ludendorff."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome brought considerable prestige to the German army commander, General Paul von Hindenburg, and his rising staff officer, General Erich Ludendorff."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the battle actually took place near Allenstein (Olsztyn), Hindenburg named it after Tannenberg, 30 km (19 mi) to the west, in order to avenge the Teutonic Knights' defeat at the Battle of Grunwald 500 years earlier."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite their difficulties, the Russians promised the French that they would promptly engage the armies of Austria-Hungary in the south and on day 15 would invade German East Prussia."}, {"id": "Q63715", "label": "Hermann von François", "section": "Prelude: 17–22 August", "says": "Hermann von François was on their left, XVII Corps commanded by Lt."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Prelude: 17–22 August", "says": "August von Mackensen in the center and I Reserve Corps led by Gen."}, {"id": "Q58043", "label": "Otto von Below", "section": "Prelude: 17–22 August", "says": "Otto von Below on the right."}, {"id": "Q57130", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Younger", "section": "Prelude: 17–22 August", "says": "At noon, Prittwitz had telephoned Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke the Younger at OHL (Oberste Heeresleitung, Supreme Headquarters) to report that all was going well; that evening he telephoned again to report disaster."}, {"id": "Q73378", "label": "Friedrich von Scholtz", "section": "Prelude: 17–22 August", "says": "Friedrich von Scholtz."}], "Q154981": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark fought troops of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire representing the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark fought troops of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire representing the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark fought troops of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire representing the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the First Schleswig War (1848–1852), it was fought for control of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Britain and the Russian Empire wanted the Danish St"}], "Q190819": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ireland held a national day of mourning and crowds besieged and burnt down the chancery of the British Embassy in Dublin."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Two investigations were held by the Government of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q192", "label": "David Cameron", "section": "lead", "says": "British prime minister David Cameron formally apologised on behalf of the United Kingdom."}], "Q1922071": [{"id": "Q371394", "label": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The India–Pakistan war of 1971, also known as the third Indo-Pakistani war, was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 until the Pakistani capitulation in Dhaka on 16 December 1971."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The India–Pakistan war of 1971, also known as the third Indo-Pakistani war, was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 until the Pakistani capitulation in Dhaka on 16 December 1971."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirteen days after the war started, India achieved a clear upper hand, and the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military signed the instrument of surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q1034290", "label": "Swaran Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The Indian Government repeatedly appealed to the international community for assistance, but failed to elicit any response, despite External Affairs Minister Swaran Singh meeting foreign ministers of other countries."}, {"id": "Q1149", "label": "Indira Gandhi", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 concluded that, instead of taking in millions of refugees, it was better to go to war with Pakistan, and expressed the full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q334818", "label": "Kazi Nazrul Islam", "section": "Background", "says": "Its jurisdiction was transferred to the provisional Bangladesh government-in-exile, and made its first broadcast on 25 May, the anniversary of the birth of poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (who would later be named Bangladesh's national poet)."}], "Q192473": [{"id": "Q159712", "label": "Fritigern", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adrianople, also known as Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between the Eastern Roman army led by the Roman emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels), led by Fritigern."}, {"id": "Q1366196", "label": "Gothic War of 376–382", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the Gothic War of 376–382, the battle is often considered the start of the events which led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the Gothic War of 376–382, the battle is often considered the start of the events which led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "lead", "says": "A detailed contemporary account of the lead-up to the battle from the Roman perspective was written by Ammianus Marcellinus and forms the culminating point at the end of his history."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 376, the Goths, led by Alavivus and Fritigern, asked to be allowed to settle in the Eastern Roman Empire after being displaced by the invasions of the Huns."}, {"id": "Q562376", "label": "Sebastianus", "section": "Background", "says": "He appointed Sebastianus, newly arrived from Italy, to reorganize the Roman armies already in Thrace."}], "Q194132": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942) was an Allied invasion of French North Africa during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Torch was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to begin their fight against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on a limited scale."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Torch was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to begin their fight against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on a limited scale."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French colonies were aligned with Germany via Vichy France but the loyalties of the population were mixed."}, {"id": "Q156916", "label": "François Darlan", "section": "lead", "says": "The success of Torch caused Admiral François Darlan, commander of the Vichy French forces, who was in Algiers, to order co-operation with the Allies, in return for being installed as High Commissioner, with many other Vichy officials keeping their jobs."}, {"id": "Q503347", "label": "Attack on Mers-El-Kebir", "section": "Background", "says": "The Vichy French Navy were expected to be very hostile after the British Attack on Mers-el-Kébir in June 1940, and the Syria–Lebanon campaign in 1941."}, {"id": "Q318122", "label": "Henri Giraud", "section": "Background", "says": "These officers also asked French General Henri Giraud be moved out of Vichy France to take the lead of the operation."}], "Q200716": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between Macedonia under Philip II and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between Macedonia under Philip II and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes."}, {"id": "Q1249270", "label": "Third Sacred War", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip had brought peace to a war-torn Greece in 346 BC by ending the Third Sacred War and separately concluding his ten-year conflict with Athens for supremacy in the north Aegean with the Peace of Philocrates."}, {"id": "Q1456419", "label": "Peace of Philocrates", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip had brought peace to a war-torn Greece in 346 BC by ending the Third Sacred War and separately concluding his ten-year conflict with Athens for supremacy in the north Aegean with the Peace of Philocrates."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "lead", "says": "The League of Corinth, formed as a result, made all participants allies of Macedon and each other, with Philip as the guarantor of the peace."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Philip was voted as strategos (general) for a pan-Hellenic war against the Achaemenid Empire, which he had long planned."}, {"id": "Q1887681", "label": "Battle of Crocus Field", "section": "Background", "says": "Seeing an opportunity to expand his influence, Philip obliged, and in 353 or 352 BC won a decisive victory over the Phocians at the Battle of Crocus Field in Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Seeing an opportunity to expand his influence, Philip obliged, and in 353 or 352 BC won a decisive victory over the Phocians at the Battle of Crocus Field in Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q1669192", "label": "Fourth Sacred War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Philip's forthcoming campaign in southern Greece became linked with a new, Fourth Sacred War."}], "Q204213": [{"id": "Q842794", "label": "Socialist Republic of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romanian revolution (Romanian: Revoluția română) was a period of violent civil unrest in the Socialist Republic of Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc."}, {"id": "Q80504", "label": "Nicolae Ceaușescu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romanian revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena, and the end of 42 years of Communist rule in Romania."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The party militia was abolished in Poland on 23 November and then in Bulgaria on 25 November."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "The leading role of the party was rescinded from the constitution of Czechoslovakia on 29 November and from that of East Germany on 1 December."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The leading role of the party was rescinded from the constitution of Czechoslovakia on 29 November and from that of East Germany on 1 December."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Even the Soviet Union's Communist regime had started to unravel while Ceaușescu was still in power: on 7 December 1989, one of its 15 Union Republics, Lithuania, removed the leading role of the Communist Party from its constitution."}], "Q206752": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the War of the First Coalition and left Great Britain fighting alone against revolutionary France."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty's public articles concerned only France and Austria and called for a Congress of Rastatt to be held to negotiate a final peace for the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Among other provisions, the treaty meant the definitive end to the ancient Republic of Venice, which was disbanded and partitioned by the French and the Austrians."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The new war, the War of the Second Coalition, ended with the Peace of Lunéville, a peace for the whole empire, in 1801."}], "Q208529": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dunkirk (French: Bataille de Dunkerque) was fought around the French port of Dunkirk (Dunkerque) during the Second World War, between the Allies and Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Allies were losing the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation of British and other Allied forces to Britain from 26 May to 4 June 1940."}, {"id": "Q190882", "label": "Phoney War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began on 10 May 1940."}, {"id": "Q218280", "label": "Maurice Gamelin", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, the Supreme Allied Commander, French General Maurice Gamelin, initiated \"Plan D\" and British and French troops entered Belgium to engage the Germans in the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "What became known as the \"Halt Order\" did not originate with Adolf Hitler."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "Generaloberst (Colonel-General) Gerd von Rundstedt and Generaloberst Günther von Kluge suggested that the German forces around the Dunkirk pocket should cease their advance on the port and consolidate to avoid an Allied breakout."}, {"id": "Q57141", "label": "Günther von Kluge", "section": "lead", "says": "Generaloberst (Colonel-General) Gerd von Rundstedt and Generaloberst Günther von Kluge suggested that the German forces around the Dunkirk pocket should cease their advance on the port and consolidate to avoid an Allied breakout."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 10 May 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom."}], "Q211386": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The event is remembered as the deadliest earthquake in the history of the United States."}], "Q222520": [{"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bannockburn (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Allt nam Bànag or Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich) was fought on 23–24 June 1314, between the army of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, and the army of King Edward II of England, during the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bannockburn (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Allt nam Bànag or Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich) was fought on 23–24 June 1314, between the army of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, and the army of King Edward II of England, during the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q310065", "label": "John of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "King Edward II invaded Scotland after Bruce demanded in 1313 that all supporters still loyal to ousted Scottish king John Balliol acknowledge Bruce as their king or lose their lands."}, {"id": "Q385362", "label": "Edward Bruce", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scottish army was divided into four divisions of schiltrons commanded by (1) Bruce, (2) his brother Edward Bruce, (3) his nephew, Thomas Randolph, the Earl of Moray, and (4) one jointly commanded by Sir James Douglas and the young Walter the Steward."}, {"id": "Q82457", "label": "William Wallace", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a strategy his predecessor William Wallace had not employed."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward I had wanted to expand England to prevent a foreign power such as France from capturing territories in the British Isles."}, {"id": "Q5036985", "label": "Capture of Berwick", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, the English were successful under the command of Edward I: they won victories at the Battle of Dunbar (1296) and at the Capture of Berwick (1296)."}, {"id": "Q499626", "label": "Battle of Stirling Bridge", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Scots defeated the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297."}, {"id": "Q589318", "label": "Battle of Falkirk", "section": "Background", "says": "This was countered by Edward I's victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1298)."}, {"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1304, Scotland had been conquered, but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened."}], "Q223085": [{"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "The Football War (Spanish: guerra del fútbol), also known as the Soccer War or the 100 Hour War, was a brief military conflict fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "The Football War (Spanish: guerra del fútbol), also known as the Soccer War or the 100 Hour War, was a brief military conflict fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969."}, {"id": "Q1783607", "label": "Salvadoran Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war, while brief, had major consequences for both countries and was a major factor in starting the Salvadoran Civil War a decade later."}, {"id": "Q371186", "label": "Oswaldo López Arellano", "section": "Background", "says": "This group put pressure on the President of Honduras, General Oswaldo López Arellano, to protect the property of wealthy landowners from campesinos, many of whom were Salvadoran."}], "Q2454958": [{"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "The major contributing factors in the famine were the policies of the Great Leap Forward (1958 to 1962) and people's communes, launched by Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong, including inefficient food distribution within the nation's planned economy; the state's extremely high grain confiscation rates for foreign exports; the use of poor agricultural techniques and poor irrigation"}, {"id": "Q16988", "label": "Liu Shaoqi", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference in early 1962, Liu Shaoqi, then President of China, formally attributed 30% of the famine to natural disasters and 70% to man-made errors (三分天灾，七分人祸)."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "Causes of the famine", "says": "However, there have been disagreements on the significance of the drought and floods in causing the Great Famine."}], "Q249232": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Third Coalition (French: Guerre de la Troisième Coalition) was a European conflict lasting from 1805 to 1806 and was the first conflict of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I and its ally Spain opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, which was made up of the United Kingdom, the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I and its ally Spain opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, which was made up of the United Kingdom, the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q171416", "label": "Battle of Trafalgar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Royal Navy, however, assured its naval dominance at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805."}, {"id": "Q770116", "label": "Ulm Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The war would be determined on the continent, and the major land operations that sealed the swift French victory involved the Ulm Campaign, a large wheeling manoeuvre by the Grande Armée lasting from late August to mid-October 1805 that captured an entire Austrian army, and the decisive French victory over a combined Austro-Russian force under Alexander I of Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz in e"}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The war would be determined on the continent, and the major land operations that sealed the swift French victory involved the Ulm Campaign, a large wheeling manoeuvre by the Grande Armée lasting from late August to mid-October 1805 that captured an entire Austrian army, and the decisive French victory over a combined Austro-Russian force under Alexander I of Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz in e"}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The war would be determined on the continent, and the major land operations that sealed the swift French victory involved the Ulm Campaign, a large wheeling manoeuvre by the Grande Armée lasting from late August to mid-October 1805 that captured an entire Austrian army, and the decisive French victory over a combined Austro-Russian force under Alexander I of Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz in e"}, {"id": "Q857860", "label": "Battle of Campo Tenese", "section": "lead", "says": "Austerlitz effectively brought the Third Coalition to an end, although later there was a small side campaign against Naples, which also resulted in a decisive French victory at the Battle of Campo Tenese."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Victory at Austerlitz also prompted Napoleon to create the Confederation of the Rhine, a collection of German client states that pledged themselves to raise an army of 63,000 men."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "Victory at Austerlitz also prompted Napoleon to create the Confederation of the Rhine, a collection of German client states that pledged themselves to raise an army of 63,000 men."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a direct consequence of those events, the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist when, in 1806, Francis II abdicated the Imperial throne, becoming Francis I, Emperor of Austria."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "As a direct consequence of those events, the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist when, in 1806, Francis II abdicated the Imperial throne, becoming Francis I, Emperor of Austria."}], "Q27759": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346 in northern France between a French army commanded by King Philip VI and an English army led by King Edward III."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The French attacked the English while they were traversing northern France during the Hundred Years' War, resulting in an English victory and heavy loss of life among the French."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France (r."}], "Q2885072": [{"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge under the general secretaryship of Pol Pot."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge under the general secretaryship of Pol Pot."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge were supported for many years by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), led by Mao Zedong; it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which the Khmer Rouge received came from China, including at least US $1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid in 1975 alone."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After  it seized power in April 1975, the Khmer Rouge wanted to turn the country into an agrarian socialist republic, founded on the policies of ultra-Maoism and influenced by the Cultural Revolution."}, {"id": "Q197170", "label": "Zhang Chunqiao", "section": "lead", "says": "Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge officials met with Mao in Beijing in June 1975, receiving approval and advice, while high-ranking CCP officials such as Politburo Standing Committee member Zhang Chunqiao later visited Cambodia to offer help."}, {"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1976, the Khmer Rouge renamed the country Democratic Kampuchea."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The genocide triggered a second outflow of refugees, many of whom escaped to neighboring Thailand and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Historical background", "says": "There are allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge because it wished to weaken Vietnam's influence in Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, Thailand continued to allow the Khmer Rouge \"to trade and move across the Thai border to sustain their activities ... although international criticism, particularly from the United States and Australia ... caused it to disavow passing any direct military support.\""}], "Q318161": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "All then-existing European countries except  Andorra and Hoxhaist Albania, as well as the United States and Canada (altogether 35 participating states), signed the Final Act in an attempt to improve the détente between the East and the West."}], "Q319260": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris of 1856, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, brought an end to the Crimean War (1853–1856) between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris of 1856, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, brought an end to the Crimean War (1853–1856) between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris of 1856, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, brought an end to the Crimean War (1853–1856) between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris of 1856, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, brought an end to the Crimean War (1853–1856) between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris of 1856, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, brought an end to the Crimean War (1853–1856) between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also had Russia return to Moldavia part of its territory it had annexed in 1812 (to the mouth of the Danube, in southern Bessarabia)."}], "Q422082": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine Revolution was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against the Spanish Empire from 1896 to 1898."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippines was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered a massive decline in the 1820s."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Cuba rebelled in 1895, and in 1898, the United States intervened and the Spanish soon capitulated."}, {"id": "Q1500", "label": "José Rizal", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Andrés Bonifacio, the Katipunan was formed in secrecy in 1892 in the wake of the nascent La Liga Filipina, an organization created by Filipino nationalist José Rizal and others in Spain with the goal of Philippine representation to the Spanish Parliament."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "lead", "says": "However, revolutionaries in the neighboring provinces fared better, particularly in Cavite, where rebels led by Mariano Álvarez and cousins Baldomero and Emilio Aguinaldo won early major victories."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 18th century, Criollo (or Insulares, \"islanders\", as they were locally called) writers began spreading the ideals of the French Revolution in the Philippines."}], "Q473670": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The January Uprising was an insurrection against Russian imperial rule in the Congress Kingdom of Poland and adjacent lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish nobility and urban bourgeois circles longed for the relative sovereignty they had enjoyed in Congress Poland before the previous 1830 November insurgency."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire had been weakened by the Crimean War and had introduced a more liberal attitude in its internal politics which encouraged Poland's underground National Government to plan an organised strike no earlier than the spring of 1863."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire had been weakened by the Crimean War and had introduced a more liberal attitude in its internal politics which encouraged Poland's underground National Government to plan an organised strike no earlier than the spring of 1863."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "Tsar Alexander II curtailed wider support for the insurrection by abolishing serfdom in Poland in 1864, thus depriving Polish gentry and political leaders from their workforce and freeing the peasants from feudal obligation."}], "Q500409": [{"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Persian wars, also called the Roman–Iranian wars, took place between the Roman states and the Iranian empires, beginning with the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire in 54 BC and ending with the Byzantine and the Sasanian empires in 628 AD."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite nearly seven centuries of hostility, the Roman–Persian wars had an entirely inconclusive outcome, as both the Byzantines and the Sasanians were attacked by the Rashidun Caliphate as part of the early Muslim conquests."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab-Muslim offensives resulted in the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and largely confined the Byzantine Empire to Anatolia and southeastern Europe for the ensuing Arab–Byzantine wars."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab-Muslim offensives resulted in the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and largely confined the Byzantine Empire to Anatolia and southeastern Europe for the ensuing Arab–Byzantine wars."}, {"id": "Q1680583", "label": "James Howard-Johnston", "section": "Background", "says": "According to James Howard-Johnston, \"from the third century BC to the early seventh century AD, the rival players [in the East] were grand polities with imperial pretensions, which had been able to establish and secure stable territories transcending regional divides\"."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans and Parthians came into contact through their respective conquests of parts of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "Ruled by the Arsacid dynasty, the Parthians fended off several Seleucid attempts to regain their lost territories, and established several eponymous branches in the Caucasus, namely the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, and the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the Romans expelled the Seleucids from their territories in Anatolia in the early 2nd century BC, following the defeat of Antiochus III the Great at Thermopylae and Magnesia."}], "Q593774": [{"id": "Q123037", "label": "Mohammad Mosaddegh", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 August 1953, Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh was overthrown in a coup d'état that strengthened the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 August 1953, Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh was overthrown in a coup d'état that strengthened the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran."}, {"id": "Q129006", "label": "Clement Attlee", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Britain mobilized its military to seize control of the British-built Abadan oil refinery, then the world's largest, but Prime Minister Clement Attlee opted instead to tighten the economic boycott while using agents to undermine Mosaddegh's government."}, {"id": "Q1306701", "label": "Stephen Kinzer", "section": "Background", "says": "D'Arcy paid £20,000 (equivalent to £2.8 million in 2024), according to journalist-turned-historian Stephen Kinzer, and promised equal ownership shares, with 16% of any future net profit, as calculated by the company."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The company grew slowly until World War I, when Persia's strategic importance led the British government to buy a controlling share in the company, essentially nationalizing British oil production in Iran."}, {"id": "Q4818171", "label": "Persian Constitutional Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The British angered the Persians by intervening in their domestic affairs, including in the Persian Constitutional Revolution."}], "Q734004": [{"id": "Q661994", "label": "Black Saturday", "section": "lead", "says": "Black January (Azerbaijani: Qara Yanvar), also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown on anti-Soviet and anti-Armenian sentiments, Azerbaijani nationalism, and irredentism in Baku on 19 and 20 January 1990, as part of a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Black January (Azerbaijani: Qara Yanvar), also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown on anti-Soviet and anti-Armenian sentiments, Azerbaijani nationalism, and irredentism in Baku on 19 and 20 January 1990, as part of a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Mikhail Gorbachev and Defence Minister Dmitry Yazov asserted that military law was necessary to thwart efforts by the Azerbaijani independence movement to overthrow the Soviet Azerbaijani government."}, {"id": "Q48041", "label": "Dmitry Yazov", "section": "lead", "says": "General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Mikhail Gorbachev and Defence Minister Dmitry Yazov asserted that military law was necessary to thwart efforts by the Azerbaijani independence movement to overthrow the Soviet Azerbaijani government."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to official estimates of Azerbaijan, 147 civilians were killed, 800 people were injured, and five people went missing."}], "Q75756": [{"id": "Q838695", "label": "First Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), just over a year after the First Congo War."}, {"id": "Q135547", "label": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "section": "lead", "says": "The war initially erupted when Congolese president Laurent-Désiré Kabila turned against his former allies from Rwanda and Uganda, who had helped him seize power."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Although a peace agreement was signed in 2002, and the war officially ended on 18 July 2003 with the establishment of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the raising of the DRC's flag in the rebel-controlled city of Goma, violence has persisted in various regions, particularly in the east, through ongoing conflicts such as the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency a"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Congo War and its aftermath caused an estimated 5.4 million deaths, primarily due to disease, malnutrition and war crimes, making it the deadliest conflict since World War II, according to a 2008 report by the International Rescue Committee."}, {"id": "Q3161197", "label": "James Kabarebe", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions reached new heights on 14 July 1998, when Kabila dismissed his Rwandan chief of staff James Kabarebe, replacing him with a native Congolese, chief of staff Célestin Kifwa."}], "Q824165": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and in Africa where it was promised enlargement of its colonies."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and in Africa where it was promised enlargement of its colonies."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Entente also hoped that Romania and Bulgaria would be encouraged to join them after Italy did the same."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Paris Peace Conference after the war, the United States of America applied pressure to void the treaty as contrary to the principle of self-determination."}, {"id": "Q193236", "label": "Gabriele D'Annunzio", "section": "lead", "says": "The results of the Paris Peace Conference transformed wartime national fervour in Italy into nationalistic resentment championed by Gabriele D'Annunzio by declaring that the outcome of Italy's war was a mutilated victory."}, {"id": "Q1423581", "label": "Italian Regency of Carnaro", "section": "lead", "says": "The move became known as the Impresa di Fiume, and D'Annunzio proclaimed the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city before being forced out by the Italian military so that the Free State of Fiume could be established instead."}, {"id": "Q548114", "label": "Free State of Fiume", "section": "lead", "says": "The move became known as the Impresa di Fiume, and D'Annunzio proclaimed the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city before being forced out by the Italian military so that the Free State of Fiume could be established instead."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after the outbreak of World War I, the Triple Entente powers – the United Kingdom, France, and Russia – sought to attract more allies to their side."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "As compensation, Serbia was promised territories which were parts of Austria-Hungary at the time, specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina and an outlet to the Adriatic Sea in Dalmatia."}], "Q856670": [{"id": "Q440", "label": "Salvador Allende", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1973 Chilean coup d'état (Spanish: Golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973) was a military overthrow of the socialist president of Chile Salvador Allende and his Popular Unity coalition government."}, {"id": "Q368", "label": "Augusto Pinochet", "section": "lead", "says": "On 11 September 1973, a group of military officers, led by General Augusto Pinochet, seized power in a coup, ending civilian rule."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2023, declassified documents showed that Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the United States government, which had described Allende as a dangerous communist, were aware of the military's plans to overthrow Allende in the days before the coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2023, declassified documents showed that Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the United States government, which had described Allende as a dangerous communist, were aware of the military's plans to overthrow Allende in the days before the coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Political background", "says": "Throughout the 1960s, the governments of Ecuador (1963), Brazil (1964), Argentina (1966), Peru (1968), and Bolivia (1969) were overthrown and replaced by military governments."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Political background", "says": "Army School of the Americas."}], "Q963303": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Lublin (Polish: Unia lubelska; Lithuanian: Liublino unija) was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest countries in Europe at the time."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, as Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, as Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, as Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages."}, {"id": "Q1352878", "label": "Duchy of Livonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Livonia, tied to Lithuania in real union since the Union of Grodno (1566), became a Polish–Lithuanian condominium."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Livonia, tied to Lithuania in real union since the Union of Grodno (1566), became a Polish–Lithuanian condominium."}, {"id": "Q1028238", "label": "Union of Grodno", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Livonia, tied to Lithuania in real union since the Union of Grodno (1566), became a Polish–Lithuanian condominium."}], "Q108413": [{"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He had a vision that the Christian Messiah, Jesus Christ, had returned to Earth in the form of a Native American."}, {"id": "Q436655", "label": "Black Elk", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lakota ambassadors to Wovoka, Kicking Bear and Short Bull, taught the Lakota that while performing the Ghost Dance, they would wear special Ghost Dance shirts, as had been seen by Black Elk in a vision."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This forced them to rely on the United States government to provide rations and goods, or else face starvation."}], "Q743046": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "All but four of these wars ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a period of stagnation and decline."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of the Russian Empire as a significant European power after Peter the Great oversaw extensive modernization efforts in the early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of the Russian Empire as a significant European power after Peter the Great oversaw extensive modernization efforts in the early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately, however, the end of the Russo-Turkish wars came about with the dissolution of the two belligerents' respective states as a consequence of World War I: the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917 and was ultimately succeeded by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922; while the Ottoman Empire was partitioned between 1918 and 1922 and succeeded by the Republic of Turkey in 1923."}], "Q97384381": [{"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2020–2021 Belarusian protests were a series of mass political demonstrations and protests against the Belarusian government and President Alexander Lukashenko."}, {"id": "Q97010473", "label": "Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, the main opponent of Lukashenko, rejected the results as falsified and claimed instead to have received 60–70% of the votes."}], "Q989092": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Anglo-Afghan War was fought between the Durranis backed by the British Empire and the Sikh Empire, and the Barakzais of Kabul and Kandahar, alongside their regional allies, from 1838 to 1842."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Anglo-Afghan War was fought between the Durranis backed by the British Empire and the Sikh Empire, and the Barakzais of Kabul and Kandahar, alongside their regional allies, from 1838 to 1842."}, {"id": "Q457944", "label": "Shah Shujah Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "The British intervened in a succession dispute stemming from the Durrani succession struggle and backed former king Shuja Shah Durrani, whom they restored to the throne after occupying Kabul in August 1839."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The British-led force and its camp followers were later almost completely destroyed during the 1842 retreat from Kabul, which was later avenged by a widely termed \"Army of Retribution.\" The British forces left Afghanistan after recovering prisoners."}, {"id": "Q983036", "label": "Akbar Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Fateh Jang later abdicated and passed the throne to his younger brother Shahpur Mirza Durrani, whose brief reign supervised by Mohammad Akbar Khan, ended with the return of Dost Mohammad Khan from exile in India."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Fateh Jang later abdicated and passed the throne to his younger brother Shahpur Mirza Durrani, whose brief reign supervised by Mohammad Akbar Khan, ended with the return of Dost Mohammad Khan from exile in India."}], "Q1050999": [{"id": "Q153509", "label": "Makarios III", "section": "lead", "says": "It deposed the Cypriot president Archbishop Makarios III and installed Nikos Sampson."}, {"id": "Q552189", "label": "Nikos Sampson", "section": "lead", "says": "It deposed the Cypriot president Archbishop Makarios III and installed Nikos Sampson."}, {"id": "Q4250299", "label": "Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish invasion ended in the partition of Cyprus along the UN-monitored Green Line, which still divides Cyprus, and the formation of a de facto Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration in the north."}], "Q107461898": [{"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban insurgent group and allied militants conducted a military offensive in 2021 that led to the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the end of the nearly 20-year war in Afghanistan that had begun following the United States invasion of the country."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban insurgent group and allied militants conducted a military offensive in 2021 that led to the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the end of the nearly 20-year war in Afghanistan that had begun following the United States invasion of the country."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban insurgent group and allied militants conducted a military offensive in 2021 that led to the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the end of the nearly 20-year war in Afghanistan that had begun following the United States invasion of the country."}, {"id": "Q283648", "label": "Ismail Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Large numbers of armed civilians, including women, volunteered with the Afghan Army in defense, while some former warlords, notably Ismail Khan, were also recruited."}, {"id": "Q172388", "label": "Ashraf Ghani", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 August, President Ashraf Ghani fled the country and the Taliban captured the Afghan capital Kabul with only sporadic resistance; thus, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan's government fell, resulting in the de facto takeover of the country and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 August, President Ashraf Ghani fled the country and the Taliban captured the Afghan capital Kabul with only sporadic resistance; thus, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan's government fell, resulting in the de facto takeover of the country and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the south and east, various Pakistani militant groups supported the Taliban offensive including Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (which had about 5,000 fighters in Afghanistan), Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Taiba, and Jaish-e-Mohammed."}], "Q107802": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was conducted by a United States–led coalition of mainly American, British, Australian, and Polish troops."}, {"id": "Q9545", "label": "Tony Blair", "section": "lead", "says": "Bush and UK prime minister Tony Blair, the coalition aimed to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)—nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons—and \"free the Iraqi people\" by deposing president Saddam Hussein, in turn ending his \"support for terrorism\"."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Bush and UK prime minister Tony Blair, the coalition aimed to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)—nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons—and \"free the Iraqi people\" by deposing president Saddam Hussein, in turn ending his \"support for terrorism\"."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was strongly opposed by some long-standing US allies, including Canada, France, Germany, and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2004, UN secretary-general Kofi Annan called the invasion illegal under international law, as a breach of the UN Charter."}, {"id": "Q718851", "label": "Battle of Nasiriyah", "section": "lead", "says": "While special forces launched an amphibious assault from the Persian Gulf to secure Basra and the surrounding petroleum fields, the main invasion army occupied southern Iraq, engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah on 23 March."}, {"id": "Q1804983", "label": "Battle of Baghdad", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 April 2003, 22 days after the first day of the invasion, the capital city of Baghdad was captured by coalition forces after the six-day-long Battle of Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "Prelude to the invasion", "says": "The Gulf War began in 1990, and ended in 1991 with a ceasefire between the United Nations coalition and Iraq."}, {"id": "Q2026406", "label": "Operation Southern Watch", "section": "Prelude to the invasion", "says": "The U.S. and its allies tried to keep Saddam Hussein in check with military actions such as Operation Southern Watch, by monitoring and controlling some Iraqi airspace, as well as using economic sanctions."}], "Q12055176": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975."}, {"id": "Q1780216", "label": "Angolan War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "A third movement, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), having fought the MPLA with UNITA during the Angolan War of Independence, played almost no role in the Civil War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is widely considered a Cold War proxy conflict, as the Soviet Union and the United States, with their respective allies Cuba and South Africa, assisted the opposing factions."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is widely considered a Cold War proxy conflict, as the Soviet Union and the United States, with their respective allies Cuba and South Africa, assisted the opposing factions."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is widely considered a Cold War proxy conflict, as the Soviet Union and the United States, with their respective allies Cuba and South Africa, assisted the opposing factions."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict became closely intertwined with the Second Congo War in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo and the South African Border War."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict became closely intertwined with the Second Congo War in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo and the South African Border War."}, {"id": "Q1993848", "label": "South African Border War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict became closely intertwined with the Second Congo War in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo and the South African Border War."}], "Q1238338": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) occurred during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Julius Caesar and Pompey."}, {"id": "Q203681", "label": "Battle of Pharsalus", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive events occurred in 48 BC: Pompey defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in modern Albania, but the subsequent larger Battle of Pharsalus in Greece was won by Caesar, and Pompey's army disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q193506", "label": "Cato the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "Others fought on, including Cato the Younger and Metellus Scipio."}, {"id": "Q849653", "label": "Battle of Thapsus", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar led a military expedition to Asia Minor before attacking North Africa, where he defeated Metellus Scipio in 46 BC at the Battle of Thapsus."}, {"id": "Q516760", "label": "Battle of Munda", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following year, Caesar defeated the last of the Pompeians, in the Battle of Munda in Spain, who were led by his former lieutenant Titus Labienus."}, {"id": "Q311265", "label": "Titus Labienus", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following year, Caesar defeated the last of the Pompeians, in the Battle of Munda in Spain, who were led by his former lieutenant Titus Labienus."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar's comprehensive victory followed by his immediate death left a power vacuum; over the following years his heir Octavian was eventually able to take complete control, forming the Roman Empire as Augustus."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar's comprehensive victory followed by his immediate death left a power vacuum; over the following years his heir Octavian was eventually able to take complete control, forming the Roman Empire as Augustus."}, {"id": "Q313664", "label": "Publius Clodius Pulcher", "section": "Background", "says": "The breakdown of order in 53 and 52 BC was extremely disturbing; men like Publius Clodius Pulcher and Titus Annius Milo were \"essentially independent agents\" leading large violent street gangs in a highly volatile political environment."}, {"id": "Q178953", "label": "Vercingetorix", "section": "Background", "says": "Political agitation to strip Caesar of his command and his legions had already started in the spring of 51 BC: M Claudius Marcellus argued in that year that the capture of Alesia and victory over Vercingetorix meant that Caesar's provincia (i.e., task) in Ga"}], "Q153286": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nystad, or the Treaty of Uusikaupunki, was the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was concluded between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire on 10 September [O.S."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was concluded between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire on 10 September [O.S."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "During the war Peter I of Russia had occupied all Swedish possessions on the eastern Baltic coast: Swedish Ingria (where he began to build the soon-to-be Russian capital of St."}, {"id": "Q52932", "label": "Frederick I of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In Nystad, King Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized the transfer of Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia, while granted toll-free export of grain from Livonia up to a value of 50 000 rubel annually."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty enshrined the rights of the ceded territories to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their Lutheran religion, and for the German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia, the German language; this special position in the Russian Empire was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars from Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) to Alexander II (reign"}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty enshrined the rights of the ceded territories to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their Lutheran religion, and for the German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia, the German language; this special position in the Russian Empire was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars from Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) to Alexander II (reign"}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty enshrined the rights of the ceded territories to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their Lutheran religion, and for the German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia, the German language; this special position in the Russian Empire was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars from Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) to Alexander II (reign"}], "Q154031": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising before the French Revolution in 1789."}, {"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, the war consisted of a series of both economic and religious revolts involving peasants and farmers, sometimes supported by radical clergy like Thomas Müntzer."}, {"id": "Q153981", "label": "Thomas Müntzer", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, the war consisted of a series of both economic and religious revolts involving peasants and farmers, sometimes supported by radical clergy like Thomas Müntzer."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "After the uprising in Germany was suppressed, it flared up briefly in several cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "lead", "says": "In contrast, Martin Luther and other Magisterial Reformers condemned it and sided with the aristocrats."}, {"id": "Q123034", "label": "Huldrych Zwingli", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement was supported by Huldrych Zwingli, but the condemnation by Luther contributed to its defeat."}, {"id": "Q34787", "label": "Friedrich Engels", "section": "Causes", "says": "Friedrich Engels interpreted the war as a case in which an emerging proletariat (the urban class) failed to assert a sense of its own autonomy in the face of princely power and left the rural classes to their fate."}], "Q154426": [{"id": "Q315667", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jena–Auerstedt was fought on Tuesday 14 October 1806, near Jena and Auerstedt (then in the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar and Kingdom of Prussia, now in Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), being the decisive engagement of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jena–Auerstedt was fought on Tuesday 14 October 1806, near Jena and Auerstedt (then in the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar and Kingdom of Prussia, now in Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), being the decisive engagement of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jena–Auerstedt was fought on Tuesday 14 October 1806, near Jena and Auerstedt (then in the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar and Kingdom of Prussia, now in Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), being the decisive engagement of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q158778", "label": "Louis-Nicolas Davout", "section": "lead", "says": "One force was an imperial French force under the command of Napoleon I at Jena, while the other comprised an imperial French corps under the command of Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout at Auerstedt."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces consisted of a Prussian army under the command of Prince Hohenlohe at Jena, and the main Prussian army under the command of Duke Charles William Ferdinand and King Frederick William III at Auerstedt."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces consisted of a Prussian army under the command of Prince Hohenlohe at Jena, and the main Prussian army under the command of Duke Charles William Ferdinand and King Frederick William III at Auerstedt."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians did not forget the military glory of Frederick the Great and venerated it, but by the time of the war, changes were needed for victory, despite the fact that Prussia showed itself well in the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians did not forget the military glory of Frederick the Great and venerated it, but by the time of the war, changes were needed for victory, despite the fact that Prussia showed itself well in the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "At Jena the French were led by Napoleon himself, and at Auerstedt they were led by one of the most outstanding commanders of the Napoleonic Wars, Louis-Nicolas Davout."}], "Q156681": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sedan, also known as the First Battle of Sedan, was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "Resulting in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and over a hundred thousand troops, it effectively decided the war in favour of Prussia and its allies; however, fighting continued under a new French government."}, {"id": "Q158838", "label": "Patrice de MacMahon", "section": "lead", "says": "The 130,000-strong French Army of Châlons, commanded by Marshal Patrice de MacMahon and accompanied by Napoleon III, was attempting to lift the siege of Metz, only to be caught by the Prussian Fourth Army and defeated at the Battle of Beaumont on 30 August."}, {"id": "Q689194", "label": "Battle of Beaumont", "section": "lead", "says": "The 130,000-strong French Army of Châlons, commanded by Marshal Patrice de MacMahon and accompanied by Napoleon III, was attempting to lift the siege of Metz, only to be caught by the Prussian Fourth Army and defeated at the Battle of Beaumont on 30 August."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "lead", "says": "Commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth von Moltke and accompanied by Prussian King Wilhelm I and Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Fourth Army and the Prussian Third Army encircled MacMahon's army at Sedan in a battle of annihilation."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "Commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth von Moltke and accompanied by Prussian King Wilhelm I and Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Fourth Army and the Prussian Third Army encircled MacMahon's army at Sedan in a battle of annihilation."}, {"id": "Q698422", "label": "Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal MacMahon was wounded during the attacks and command passed to General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, until it was assumed by General Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen."}, {"id": "Q2358315", "label": "Government of National Defense", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon III was taken prisoner, while the French government in Paris continued the war and proclaimed a Government of National Defense on 4 September."}, {"id": "Q697266", "label": "Battle of Gravelotte", "section": "Background", "says": "After its pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Gravelotte on 18 August, Marshal François Achille Bazaine's 154,481-man Army of the Rhine retreated to Metz where it was surrounded by 168,435 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies in the siege of Metz beginning on 19 August."}], "Q162665": [{"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nika riots (Greek: Στάσις τοῦ Νίκα, romanized: Stásis toû Níka), Nika revolt or Nika sedition took place against Byzantine emperor Justinian I in Constantinople over the course of a week in 532 AD."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Empire had well-developed associations known as demes, which supported the different factions (or teams) to which competitors in certain sporting events belonged, especially in chariot racing."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "Justinian was nervous: he was in the midst of negotiating with the Persians over peace in the east at the end of the Iberian War, and now he faced a potential crisis in his own capital city."}, {"id": "Q2326066", "label": "Iberian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Justinian was nervous: he was in the midst of negotiating with the Persians over peace in the east at the end of the Iberian War, and now he faced a potential crisis in his own capital city."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Causes", "says": "Concurrently, Justinian was engaged in an unsuccessful war against the Sasanian Empire."}], "Q16954835": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until their expulsion in 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the early 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 2020, the large-scale Second Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in thousands of casualties and a significant Azerbaijani victory."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the breakup of the Russian Empire, the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh formed an unrecognised polity known as the Karabakh Council in 1918."}, {"id": "Q1926064", "label": "Republic of Mountainous Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaders associated with the Republic of Mountainous Armenia and the Dashnak Party attempted to organize a rebellion against Azerbaijani rule, which failed and led to the massacre and displacement of Shusha's Armenian population."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1964, the Armenians of Karabakh sent a letter to leader of the USSR, Nikita Khrushchev, complaining about Azerbaijan's economic management of the region."}, {"id": "Q157451", "label": "Heydar Aliyev", "section": "Background", "says": "Former Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev later admitted to supporting some of these policies."}], "Q1780431": [{"id": "Q104392", "label": "Mohamed Naguib", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 July 1952, a coup began in Egypt with the toppling of King Farouk in a coup d'état by the Free Officers Movement, a group of army officers led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 July 1952, a coup began in Egypt with the toppling of King Farouk in a coup d'état by the Free Officers Movement, a group of army officers led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first three years of the Revolution, the Free Officers moved to abolish the constitutional monarchy and aristocracy of Egypt and Sudan, establish a republic, end the British occupation of the country, and secure the independence of Sudan (previously governed as a condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom)."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The ongoing state of war with Israel also posed a serious challenge, as the Free Officers increased Egypt's already strong support of the Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "These two issues converged in the fourth year of the coup when Egypt was invaded by the United Kingdom, France, and Israel in the Suez Crisis of 1956 (known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression)."}], "Q188925": [{"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Khalkhin Gol (Russian: Бои на Халхин-Голе, romanized: Boy na Khalkhin-Gole; Mongolian: Халхын голын байлдаан, romanized: Khalkhyn golyn baildaan), known in Japan as the Nomonhan Incident (Japanese: ノモンハン事件, Hepburn: Nomonhan jiken) after Nomonhan Burd Obo, were the decisive engagements of the undeclared Soviet–Japanese border conflicts which involved the Soviet Union, Mongolia, Japa"}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet offensive, led by general Georgy Zhukov, utilized airplanes, tanks, and infantry in a simultaneous three-pronged offensive, the first of its kind in modern warfare."}, {"id": "Q155008", "label": "Operation Uranus", "section": "lead", "says": "Similar tactics were later used during Operation Uranus at the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "Similar tactics were later used during Operation Uranus at the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact was later signed in April 1941."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive Soviet victory altered the eventual course of World War II by dissuading the Empire of Japan from any further confrontation with the Soviet Union under its Hokushin-ron (strike north) doctrine."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive Soviet victory altered the eventual course of World War II by dissuading the Empire of Japan from any further confrontation with the Soviet Union under its Hokushin-ron (strike north) doctrine."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive Soviet victory altered the eventual course of World War II by dissuading the Empire of Japan from any further confrontation with the Soviet Union under its Hokushin-ron (strike north) doctrine."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of Mongolia signed a Mutual Assistance Pact in March 1936, allowing the former to send troops to Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q152195", "label": "Anti-Comintern Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same year, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in response."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Japan's full invasion of China in July 1937, the Soviet Union sent the 57th Special Corps led by Ivan Konev to Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q697579", "label": "Battle of Lake Khasan", "section": "Background", "says": "The first major Soviet-Japanese border incident, the Battle of Lake Khasan, occurred in 1938 in Primorye."}, {"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1939, Manchuria was a puppet state of Japan known as Manchukuo, and Mongolia was a communist state allied with the Soviet Union, known as the Mongolian People's Republic."}], "Q205422": [{"id": "Q430053", "label": "Great Sioux War of 1876", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The steady Lakota incursions into treaty areas belonging to the smaller tribes were a direct result of their displacement by the United States in and around Fort Laramie, as well as in reaction to white encroachment into the Black Hills, which the Lakota consider sacred."}, {"id": "Q44555", "label": "Crazy Horse", "section": "lead", "says": "The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake)."}, {"id": "Q188205", "label": "George Armstrong Custer", "section": "lead", "says": "7th Cavalry, a force of 700 men commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (a brevetted major general during the American Civil War), suffered a major defeat."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "7th Cavalry, a force of 700 men commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (a brevetted major general during the American Civil War), suffered a major defeat."}, {"id": "Q2574400", "label": "Battle of the Rosebud", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It was where the Indian encampment had been a week earlier during the Battle of the Rosebud on June 17, 1876."}], "Q205887": [{"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carrhae (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkar.rʰae̯]) was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the ancient town of Carrhae (present-day Harran, Turkey)."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Background", "says": "Greed is often regarded by ancient sources, particularly Plutarch, as his major character fault and his motive for going to war."}, {"id": "Q83406", "label": "Spartacus", "section": "Background", "says": "His major military achievements had been the defeat of Spartacus in 71 BC and his victory at the Battle of the Colline Gate for Sulla a decade earlier."}, {"id": "Q1230563", "label": "Battle of the Colline Gate", "section": "Background", "says": "His major military achievements had been the defeat of Spartacus in 71 BC and his victory at the Battle of the Colline Gate for Sulla a decade earlier."}], "Q207165": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Coral Sea, from 4 to 8 May 1942, was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and naval and air forces of the United States and Australia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Coral Sea, from 4 to 8 May 1942, was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and naval and air forces of the United States and Australia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, the battle was the first naval action in which the opposing fleets neither sighted nor fired upon one another, attacking over the horizon from aircraft carriers instead."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "To strengthen their defensive position in the South Pacific, the Japanese decided to invade and occupy Port Moresby (in the Territory of Papua) and Tulagi (in the southeastern Solomon Islands)."}, {"id": "Q713497", "label": "Shigeyoshi Inoue", "section": "lead", "says": "Two fleet carriers and a light carrier were assigned to provide air cover for the invasion forces, under the overall command of Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies regarded Port Moresby as a key base for a planned counteroffensive, under General Douglas MacArthur, against Japanese forces in the South West Pacific area."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Background", "says": "TF 11, commanded by Rear Admiral Aubrey Fitch and consisting of the carrier Lexington with two cruisers and five destroyers, was between Fiji and New Caledonia."}], "Q212658": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Polish Succession (Polish: Wojna o sukcesję polską; 1733–35) was a major European conflict sparked by a civil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over the succession to Augustus II the Strong, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Polish Succession (Polish: Wojna o sukcesję polską; 1733–35) was a major European conflict sparked by a civil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over the succession to Augustus II the Strong, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "France and Spain, the two Bourbon powers, tested the power of the Austrian Habsburgs in Western Europe, as did the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst Saxony and Russia mobilized to support the eventual victor."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting in Poland–Lithuania resulted in the accession of Augustus III, who in addition to Russia and Saxony, was politically supported by the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bourbons, supported by Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, moved against isolated Habsburg territories."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Rhineland, France successfully took the Duchy of Lorraine, and in Italy, Spain regained control over the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily lost in the War of the Spanish Succession, while territorial gains in northern Italy were limited despite bloody campaigning."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Rhineland, France successfully took the Duchy of Lorraine, and in Italy, Spain regained control over the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily lost in the War of the Spanish Succession, while territorial gains in northern Italy were limited despite bloody campaigning."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "lead", "says": "Although a preliminary peace was reached in 1735, the Treaty of Vienna (1738) ended the war formally, which confirmed Augustus III as king of Poland and his opponent Stanisław Leszczyński was awarded the Duchy of Lorraine and Duchy of Bar, then both fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although a preliminary peace was reached in 1735, the Treaty of Vienna (1738) ended the war formally, which confirmed Augustus III as king of Poland and his opponent Stanisław Leszczyński was awarded the Duchy of Lorraine and Duchy of Bar, then both fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "Francis Stephen, the duke of Lorraine, was given the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in compensation for losing Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q54019", "label": "Stanisław August Poniatowski", "section": "lead", "says": "After August III, there would only be one more king of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski, himself a Russian puppet, and ultimately Poland–Lithuania would be divided up by its neighbors and cease to exist as a sovereign state by the end of the"}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Sigismund II Augustus in 1572, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania was elected by the szlachta, a body composed of the Polish–Lithuanian nobility, in a specially called election sejm."}, {"id": "Q231674", "label": "Marie Leszczyńska", "section": "Background", "says": "Deposed by Stanisław Leszczyński in 1705, he returned four years later and Stanisław fled to France, where his daughter Marie Leszczyńska against all odds married Louis XV in 1725."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Deposed by Stanisław Leszczyński in 1705, he returned four years later and Stanisław fled to France, where his daughter Marie Leszczyńska against all odds married Louis XV in 1725."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustus failed in an attempt to settle the Polish crown on his son, Augustus III, leading to a contest for the throne when he died in 1733."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In the secret 1732 Treaty of the Three Black Eagles, Russia, Austria and Prussia agreed to oppose the election of either Stanislaus or Augustus III and to support Manuel of Portugal instead."}, {"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The Peace of Utrecht ensured the separation of France and Spain despite the close relationship between Louis XV and his uncle Philip V of Spain and the two countries were opponents in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The Peace of Utrecht ensured the separation of France and Spain despite the close relationship between Louis XV and his uncle Philip V of Spain and the two countries were opponents in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "The Peace of Utrecht ensured the separation of France and Spain despite the close relationship between Louis XV and his uncle Philip V of Spain and the two countries were opponents in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)."}, {"id": "Q1127464", "label": "Louis, Dauphin of France", "section": "Background", "says": "When Cardinal Fleury became French chief minister in 1726, he sought a closer relationship with Spain, helped by the birth of Louis, Dauphin of France in 1729, which seemed to ensure that the countries would remain separate."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The current duke Francis Stephen was expected to marry Emperor Charles' heir Maria Theresa, bringing Austria dangerously close to France."}, {"id": "Q697891", "label": "Pacte de Famille", "section": "Background", "says": "Simultaneously, Philip wanted to regain the Italian territories ceded to Austria in 1714, which led to the Franco-Spanish Pacte de Famille in 1733."}], "Q335288": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Cassino, also known as the Battle for Rome, was a series of four military assaults by the Allies against Axis forces in Italy during the Italian Campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Cassino, also known as the Battle for Rome, was a series of four military assaults by the Allies against Axis forces in Italy during the Italian Campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q44265", "label": "Benedict of Nursia", "section": "lead", "says": "Monte Cassino, a historic hilltop abbey founded in 529 by Benedict of Nursia, dominated the nearby town of Cassino and the entrances to the Liri and Rapido valleys."}, {"id": "Q1447505", "label": "Operation Avalanche", "section": "Background", "says": "Clark, which had suffered many casualties during the main landing at Salerno (codenamed Operation Avalanche) in September, moved from the main base of Naples up the Italian \"boot\", and on the eastern front, the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery, advanced up the Adriatic coast."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "Clark, which had suffered many casualties during the main landing at Salerno (codenamed Operation Avalanche) in September, moved from the main base of Naples up the Italian \"boot\", and on the eastern front, the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery, advanced up the Adriatic coast."}], "Q456993": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem marked the successful end of the First Crusade, whose objective was the recovery of the city of Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre from Islamic control."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "lead", "says": "The five-week siege began on 7 June 1099 and was carried out by the Christian forces of Western Europe mobilized by Pope Urban II after the Council of Clermont in 1095."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the chief motivations for the Crusades had been the recent hindering of Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land, impeding a tradition which had taken place since the fourth century."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "lead", "says": "Godfrey of Bouillon, prominent among the Crusader leadership, was elected as the first ruler of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q49967", "label": "Adhemar of Le Puy", "section": "Background", "says": "The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy had died, and Bohemond of Taranto had claimed Antioch for himself."}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "Background", "says": "There was dissent among the princes over what to do next; Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, frustrated, left Antioch to capture the fortress at Maarat al-Numan in the Siege of Ma'arra."}, {"id": "Q2503775", "label": "Siege of Ma'arra", "section": "Background", "says": "There was dissent among the princes over what to do next; Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, frustrated, left Antioch to capture the fortress at Maarat al-Numan in the Siege of Ma'arra."}, {"id": "Q220994", "label": "Robert Curthose", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 January 1099 Raymond began the march south along the coast of the Mediterranean, followed by Robert Curthose and Bohemond's nephew Tancred, who agreed to become his vassals."}], "Q462964": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The November Uprising (Polish: powstanie listopadowe), also known as the Polish–Russian War of 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when young Polish officers from the military academy of the Army of Congress Poland revolted."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Poland, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, was formally a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, but over time Russia increasingly violated its constitutional autonomy."}, {"id": "Q2545325", "label": "Piotr Wysocki", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising began on the night of 29 November 1830 in Warsaw, initiated by a group of young Polish military cadets led by Piotr Wysocki."}, {"id": "Q126656", "label": "Ivan Paskevich", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite several tactical successes—such as the battles of Stoczek and Wawer, the Polish army was outmatched by Russia’s superior numbers and resources under Ivan Paskevich."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Napoleonic Wars and Polish participation in the wars against Russia and Austria resulted in the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Napoleonic Wars and Polish participation in the wars against Russia and Austria resulted in the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrian Empire annexed territories in the south, Prussia took control over the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Poznań in the west and Russia assumed hegemony over the semi-autonomous so-called Congress Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander I of Russia never formally crowned himself as King of Poland."}, {"id": "Q130734", "label": "Nicholas I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicholas I of Russia formally crowned himself as King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw."}], "Q464399": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Entente Cordiale (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃tɑ̃t kɔʁdjal]; lit. 'Cordial Agreement') comprised a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and France which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations."}, {"id": "Q7771", "label": "Louis-Philippe I", "section": "Background", "says": "This was translated into French as Entente Cordiale and used by Louis Philippe I in the French Chamber of Peers that year."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "France had been isolated from the other European powers, in part because of the destruction of the Napoleonic Wars, threat of liberalism and perceived recklessness in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Background", "says": "France had been isolated from the other European powers, in part because of the destruction of the Napoleonic Wars, threat of liberalism and perceived recklessness in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Background", "says": "German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck also managed to estrange France from potential allies, taking advantage of fears France might seek revenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, reverse its territorial losses and continue to press for the conquest of the Saar and territories in the Ruhr."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "Background", "says": "The change had its roots in a British loss of confidence after the Second Boer War and a growing fear of the strength of Germany."}, {"id": "Q295090", "label": "Léon Gambetta", "section": "Background", "says": "As early as March 1881, the French statesman Léon Gambetta and the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, met at the Château de Breteuil to discuss an alliance against Germany."}, {"id": "Q722699", "label": "Fashoda Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "A colonial dispute in 1898  between France and Britain came to boiling point in the Sudan with the Fashoda Incident, in which both countries sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin."}, {"id": "Q503827", "label": "Théophile Delcassé", "section": "Background", "says": "Théophile Delcassé, the newly appointed French foreign minister, nevertheless was keen to gain Britain's friendship in case of any future conflict with Germany."}, {"id": "Q315999", "label": "Joseph Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "On the initiative of Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain, there were three rounds of British-German talks between 1898 and 1901."}], "Q477973": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogoths (Goths) took place from 535 to 554 in the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Corsica."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogoths (Goths) took place from 535 to 554 in the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Corsica."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war had its roots in Justinian's ambition to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost to invading barbarian tribes during the Migration Period."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase starts in 535 with the reconquest of Italy by the Byzantines with Belisarius as the commander-in-chief and ends in 540 with the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase starts in 535 with the reconquest of Italy by the Byzantines with Belisarius as the commander-in-chief and ends in 540 with the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "In 554, Justinian promulgated a pragmatic sanction that prescribed Italy's new government."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "It was seen as a pyrrhic victory for the Byzantines, who were unable to resist an invasion by the Lombards in 568, resulting in Constantinople permanently losing control of large parts of the Italian peninsula."}, {"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "In 476, Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus and declared himself as their king (rex), resulting in the fall of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "To provide a buffer, the Ostrogoths (Goths) of Theodoric the Great were settled as foederati (foreign allies) of the empire in the western Balkans but unrest continued."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike the Vandals or the early Visigoths, the Goths practiced considerable religious tolerance."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "Background", "says": "With the ascension of Emperor Justin I, the end of the Acacian schism between the Eastern and Western churches, and the return of ecclesiastical unity within the East, several members of the Italian senatorial aristocracy began to favor closer ties to Constantinople to balance Gothic power."}, {"id": "Q102851", "label": "Boethius", "section": "Background", "says": "The deposition and execution of the distinguished magister officiorum Boethius and his father-in-law in 524 were part of the slow estrangement from the Gothic regime."}, {"id": "Q110895", "label": "Athalaric", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodoric was succeeded by his 10-year-old grandson Athalaric in August 526, with his mother, Amalasuntha, as regent; she had been educated in the Roman tradition and she began a rapprochement with the Senate and the Empire."}, {"id": "Q371670", "label": "Amalasuntha", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodoric was succeeded by his 10-year-old grandson Athalaric in August 526, with his mother, Amalasuntha, as regent; she had been educated in the Roman tradition and she began a rapprochement with the Senate and the Empire."}, {"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Vandalic War produced an unexpectedly swift and decisive victory for the Byzantine Empire and encouraged Justinian in his ambition to recover the rest of the lost western provinces."}, {"id": "Q312601", "label": "Theodahad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the death of Athalaric in 534, Amalasuntha offered the kingship to her cousin Theodahad, who accepted the offer but then had her arrested; she was killed in early 535."}, {"id": "Q274597", "label": "Theudebert I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Justinian secured the neutrality of the Franks with gifts of gold and adopted the Frankish king Theudebert I as his son."}], "Q570204": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Kalka River was fought between the Mongol Empire, whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai, and a coalition of several Rus' principalities, including Kiev and Galicia-Volhynia, and the Cumans under Köten."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Jebe requested permission from the Mongol emperor, Genghis Khan, to continue his conquests for a few years before returning to the main army via the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "While waiting for Genghis Khan's reply, the duo set out on a raid in which they attacked the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q2534903", "label": "Mstislav Mstislavich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuman Khan fled to the court of his son-in-law, Mstislav Mstislavich of Galicia, whom he convinced to help fight the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1221, the Mongols returned to Azerbaijan and besieged Maragheh, using prisoners as the vanguard to take the brunt of each assault on the city."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "Jebe and Subutai planned to advance south and capture Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and hold it for ransom while the Caliph was in Iraq-i Ajam with a small army."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As the Mongols pursued the Cumans, Jebe sent a detachment to Crimea, where the Republic of Genoa had trading stations."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Mstislav gathered an alliance of the Kievan Rus' princes including Mstislav III of Kiev and Prince Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal, who promised support."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Mstislav gathered an alliance of the Kievan Rus' princes including Mstislav III of Kiev and Prince Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal, who promised support."}], "Q755170": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo–Dutch wars (Dutch: Engels–Nederlandse Oorlogen) were a series of four conflicts fought between the Dutch Republic and the states of England and Great Britain between 1652 and 1784."}, {"id": "Q80330", "label": "English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 (to 1651) began a period in which the Kingdom of England's naval position was severely weakened."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Background", "says": "Its navy was internally divided, though its officers tended to favour the parliamentary side; after the execution by public beheading of King Charles I in 1649, however, Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658, served 1653–1658) was able to unite Great Britain into the republican Commonwealth of England."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Its navy was internally divided, though its officers tended to favour the parliamentary side; after the execution by public beheading of King Charles I in 1649, however, Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658, served 1653–1658) was able to unite Great Britain into the republican Commonwealth of England."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "There were also new points of conflict: with the decline of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the colonial possessions of the Portuguese Empire (already in the midst of the Portuguese Restoration War, 1640–1668) and perhaps even those of the greater Spanish Empire itself were up for grabs."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "There were also new points of conflict: with the decline of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the colonial possessions of the Portuguese Empire (already in the midst of the Portuguese Restoration War, 1640–1668) and perhaps even those of the greater Spanish Empire itself were up for grabs."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "Background", "says": "There were also new points of conflict: with the decline of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the colonial possessions of the Portuguese Empire (already in the midst of the Portuguese Restoration War, 1640–1668) and perhaps even those of the greater Spanish Empire itself were up for grabs."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "There were also new points of conflict: with the decline of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the colonial possessions of the Portuguese Empire (already in the midst of the Portuguese Restoration War, 1640–1668) and perhaps even those of the greater Spanish Empire itself were up for grabs."}, {"id": "Q311455", "label": "William II, Prince of Orange", "section": "Background", "says": "Cromwell feared the influence of both the Orangist faction at home and English royalists exiled to the Republic; the Stadtholders had supported the Stuart monarchs – William II of Orange had married the daughter of Charles I of England in 1641 – and they abhorred the trial and execution of Charles I."}, {"id": "Q81506", "label": "Charles I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Cromwell feared the influence of both the Orangist faction at home and English royalists exiled to the Republic; the Stadtholders had supported the Stuart monarchs – William II of Orange had married the daughter of Charles I of England in 1641 – and they abhorred the trial and execution of Charles I."}], "Q875512": [{"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Turkmenchay was an agreement between Qajar Iran and the Russian Empire, which concluded the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Turkmenchay was an agreement between Qajar Iran and the Russian Empire, which concluded the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was second of the series of treaties (the first was the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the last, the 1881 Treaty of Akhal) signed between Qajar Iran and Imperial Russia that forced Iran to cede or recognize Russian influence over the territories that formerly were part of Iran."}, {"id": "Q210198", "label": "Erivan Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It made Iran cede the control of several areas in the South Caucasus to Russia: the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1546773", "label": "Talysh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It made Iran cede the control of several areas in the South Caucasus to Russia: the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed for Iran by the Crown Prince Abbas Mirza and Allah-Yar Khan Asef al-Dowleh, chancellor to Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, and for Russia by General Ivan Paskievich."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed for Iran by the Crown Prince Abbas Mirza and Allah-Yar Khan Asef al-Dowleh, chancellor to Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, and for Russia by General Ivan Paskievich."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this treaty, as well as the Treaty of Gulistan, Russia completed its conquest of the Caucasian territories from Qajar Iran; what is now Dagestan, eastern Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, all of which had formed part of its very concept for centuries."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Comprising most of the territory ceded in the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties, three separate nations would gain independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991: namely Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia."}], "Q926447": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: Russian: Гюлистанский договор, romanized: Gyulistanskiy dogovor; Persian: عهدنامه گلستان, romanized: Ahdnāme-ye Golestān) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813)."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: Russian: Гюлистанский договор, romanized: Gyulistanskiy dogovor; Persian: عهدنامه گلستان, romanized: Ahdnāme-ye Golestān) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813)."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: Russian: Гюлистанский договор, romanized: Gyulistanskiy dogovor; Persian: عهدنامه گلستان, romanized: Ahdnāme-ye Golestān) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813)."}, {"id": "Q1960952", "label": "Pyotr Kotlyarevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace negotiations were precipitated by the successful storming of Lankaran by General Pyotr Kotlyarevsky on 1 January 1813."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "As a further direct result and consequence of the Treaty of Gulistan in combination with the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, the formerly Iranian territories came under the Russian, and later the Soviet control for approximately 180 years, and Dagestan remains a constituent republic within the Russian Federation to this day."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Comprising most of the territory ceded in Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties, three separate nations would gain independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991: Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "Background", "says": "A few years previously in Iran, Fath Ali Shah Qajar also became the new shah after the assassination of his uncle, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, in 1797."}, {"id": "Q2615347", "label": "Battle of Krtsanisi", "section": "Background", "says": "During and after the Battle of Krtsanisi in 1795, he had regained full control over eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Armenia, and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q379624", "label": "Heraclius II of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "Several years later, after Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha and Heraclius II of Georgia had died as well."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the agreement, Persia entered into the First Russo-Persian War against a militarily-preoccupied Russia, which was heavily invested in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Persian court also requested military and financial aid from France's Napoleon in light of the Franco-Persian alliance."}], "Q106775117": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis was triggered on 6 May, when Palestinians in East Jerusalem began protesting over an anticipated decision of the Supreme Court of Israel on the eviction of six Palestinian families in the East Jerusalem neighborhood of Sheikh Jarrah."}, {"id": "Q127998", "label": "Mahmoud Abbas", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2021 Palestinian legislative election for the Palestinian Legislative Council, originally scheduled for 22 May 2021, was indefinitely postponed on 29 April by President Mahmoud Abbas."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was trying to persuade several extreme-right politicians to form a coalition."}], "Q107529288": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The floods started in the United Kingdom as flash floods causing some property damage and inconvenience."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Later floods affected several river basins across Europe including Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Later floods affected several river basins across Europe including Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland."}], "Q1332160": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indonesian National Revolution (Indonesian: Revolusi Nasional Indonesia), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q130654", "label": "Dutch Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indonesian National Revolution (Indonesian: Revolusi Nasional Indonesia), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949."}, {"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II allies such as the United Kingdom) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II allies such as the United Kingdom) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands, the United States threatening to cut off all economic aid for World War II rebuilding efforts to the Netherlands and the partial military stalemate became such that the Netherlands transferred sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, except for Dutch New Guinea."}], "Q152925": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Locarno Treaties, known collectively as the Locarno Pact, were seven post–World War I agreements negotiated amongst Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia in late 1925."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Locarno Treaties, known collectively as the Locarno Pact, were seven post–World War I agreements negotiated amongst Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia in late 1925."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties effectively went out of force on 7 March 1936 when troops of Nazi Germany entered the demilitarized Rhineland and the other treaty signatories failed to respond."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Revising the Versailles Treaty became an important goal of German politicians during the Weimar Republic."}], "Q156211": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, following Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, following Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The signing of the treaty formally ended the conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the United States), and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The signing of the treaty formally ended the conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the United States), and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe."}, {"id": "Q698686", "label": "Treaty of Hubertusburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria, as they signed a separate agreement, the Treaty of Hubertusburg, five days later."}], "Q19085": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 2, 2011, the United States conducted Operation Neptune Spear, in which SEAL Team Six shot and killed Osama bin Laden at his \"Waziristan Haveli\" in Abbottabad, Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 2, 2011, the United States conducted Operation Neptune Spear, in which SEAL Team Six shot and killed Osama bin Laden at his \"Waziristan Haveli\" in Abbottabad, Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Bin Laden, who founded al-Qaeda and orchestrated the September 11 attacks, had been the subject of a United States military manhunt since the beginning of the war in Afghanistan, but escaped to Pakistan—allegedly with Pakistani support—during or after the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001."}, {"id": "Q2237280", "label": "Battle of Tora Bora", "section": "lead", "says": "Bin Laden, who founded al-Qaeda and orchestrated the September 11 attacks, had been the subject of a United States military manhunt since the beginning of the war in Afghanistan, but escaped to Pakistan—allegedly with Pakistani support—during or after the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "lead", "says": "Approved by American president Barack Obama and involving two dozen Navy SEALs in two Black Hawk helicopters, Operation Neptune Spear was launched from about 120 miles (190 km) away, near the Afghan city of Jalalabad."}], "Q192938": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Granicus in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great of Macedon and the Persian Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Granicus in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great of Macedon and the Persian Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "After winning the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, King Philip II of Macedon forced most of the Greek states into a military alliance, the Hellenic League."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time the Achaemenid Empire had been in crisis since the murder of its king, Artaxerxes III, in 338 BC."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip was succeeded by his son, Alexander III, who had to put down several revolts in the Balkans and Greece first to reassert Macedonian authority."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Darius III had become the new Great King of the Achaemenid Empire around the autumn of 336 BC."}, {"id": "Q319378", "label": "Memnon of Rhodes", "section": "Background", "says": "When this was done he sent Memnon of Rhodes to Asia Minor at the head of a force of Greek mercenaries, who were infantry fighting as hoplites."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The ancient historians Arrian and Diodorus Siculus claim that Memnon advised the Persians to avoid open battle with the Macedonians."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "McCoy compares Memnon's advice with the wise counsel given by Greeks to Persians in the work of Herodotus."}, {"id": "Q721821", "label": "Pierre Briant", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pierre Briant argues that even if the debate took place as described, the rel"}], "Q207576": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1529 siege of Vienna was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna in the Archduchy of Austria, part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1529 siege of Vienna was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna in the Archduchy of Austria, part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1529 siege of Vienna was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna in the Archduchy of Austria, part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "Suleiman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottomans, attacked the city with over 100,000 men, while the defenders, led by Niklas Graf Salm, numbered no more than 21,000."}, {"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Louis' death, rival factions within Hungary selected two successors: Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, supported by the House of Habsburg, and John Zápolya."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Louis' death, rival factions within Hungary selected two successors: Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, supported by the House of Habsburg, and John Zápolya."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Louis' death, rival factions within Hungary selected two successors: Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, supported by the House of Habsburg, and John Zápolya."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Zápolya would eventually seek aid from, and become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, after Ferdinand began to take control of western Hungary, including the city of Buda."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1526, Sultan Suleiman I decisively defeated the forces of King Louis II of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács, paving the way for the Ottomans to gain control of south-eastern Hungary; the childless King Louis died, possibly drowning when he attempted to escape the battlefield."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "His brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, claimed the vacant Hungarian throne."}, {"id": "Q157077", "label": "Mary of Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Queen Mary of Hungary, who was the sister of Charles V, in addition to 1,000 German Landsknechts under Count Niklas Salm, sent a contingent of 700–800 Spanish harquebusiers."}, {"id": "Q94386", "label": "Wilhelm von Roggendorf", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Hofmeister of Austria, Wilhelm von Roggendorf, assumed charge of the defensive garrison, with operational command entrusted to a seventy-year-old German mercenary named Nicholas, Count of Salm, who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Pavia in 1525."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pavle Bakić, the last titular of the Serbian Despotate and ally of Ferdinand, provided 2,000 Serbian hussar cavalry to the defence of Vienna."}], "Q212220": [{"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nicopolis took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied Crusader army, assisted by the Venetian navy, at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis, as it was one of the last major Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the Balkans and had reduced the Byzantine Empire to the area immediately surrounding Constantinople, which they blockaded from 1394 on."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the front line between Islam and Christianity had been moving slowly towards the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Hungary was now the frontier between the two religions in Eastern Europe, and the Hungarians were in danger of being attacked themselves."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Venice feared that Ottoman control of the Balkan peninsula, which included Venetian territories like parts of Morea and Dalmatia, would reduce their influence over the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, and Aegean Sea."}, {"id": "Q165561", "label": "Boniface IX", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1394, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed a new crusade against the Turks, although the Western Schism had split the papacy in two, with rival popes at Avignon and Rome, and the days when a pope had the authority to call a crusade were long past."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The two decisive factors in the formation of the last crusade were the ongoing Hundred Years' War between Richard II's England and Charles VI's France and the support of Philip II, Duke of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Background", "says": "Further, in March 1395, Richard II proposed a marriage between himself and Charles VI's daughter Isabella in the interests of peace and the two kings met in October 1396 on the borders of Calais to agree to the union and to lengthen the Truce of Leulinghem."}], "Q285280": [{"id": "Q7242857", "label": "Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed, \"Pridnestrovie\" being the name for Transnistria in Russian."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "The declaration referred to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact as \"null and void\" and viewed Moldova's Independence as an act of elimination of \"the political and legal consequences of the above\", declaring that the establishment of the Moldavian SSR on the territories of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Hertsa region and the Moldavian ASSR was made in absence of \"any real legal basis\"."}], "Q32832": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Varna took place on 10 November 1444 near Varna in what is today eastern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q54053", "label": "Władysław III of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q957293", "label": "Mircea II of Wallachia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hungarian Kingdom fell into crisis after the death of King Sigismund in 1437."}, {"id": "Q116382", "label": "Ladislaus the Posthumous", "section": "Background", "says": "His son-in-law and successor, King Albert, ruled for only two years and died in 1439, leaving his widow Elizabeth with an unborn child, Ladislaus the Posthumous."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "After he had made peace with the Karaman Emirate in Anatolia in August 1444, he resigned the throne to his twelve-year-old son Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q167561", "label": "Eugene IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Hungary co-operated with Venice and Pope Eugene IV to organize a new crusader army led by Hunyadi and Władysław III."}], "Q155796": [{"id": "Q135645", "label": "Walther Rathenau", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was negotiated by Russian foreign minister Georgi Chicherin and German foreign minister Walther Rathenau."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a major victory for Russia especially and also Germany, and a major disappointment to France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q57204", "label": "Hans von Seeckt", "section": "Background", "says": "Those failures led Germany to look for other alternatives, which reached their most extreme form in the proposal of Hans von Seeckt, the commander of the Reichswehr (German military), who suggested for Germany and Russia to conclude an alliance for a joint invasion of Poland and then a war on France."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1919, the Polish–Soviet War had broken out over border disputes."}], "Q15733401": [{"id": "Q15224558", "label": "Euromaidan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolution of Dignity (Ukrainian: Революція гідності, romanized: Revoliutsiia hidnosti), also known as the Maidan Revolution or the Ukrainian Revolution, took place in Ukraine in February 2014 at the end of the Euromaidan protests."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Protests originally erupted in November 2013 after Yanukovych refused to sign the association agreement with the EU at a meeting of the Eastern Partnership in Vilnius, Lithuania, choosing closer ties with Russia instead."}, {"id": "Q57590", "label": "Mykola Azarov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Prime Minister Mykola Azarov had asked for €20 billion (US$27 billion) in loans and aid."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The European Union and the United States urged Yanukovych to negotiate a peaceful end to the conflict and said they would impose sanctions on government officials if they were found responsible for violence."}], "Q18817": [{"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the coalition invaded France by land and sea, in association with Prussia and Austria attacking from the Austrian Netherlands and the Rhine, and Great Britain supporting revolts in provincial France and laying siege to Toulon in October 1793."}, {"id": "Q1085392", "label": "Battle of Neerwinden", "section": "lead", "says": "France suffered reversals (Battle of Neerwinden, 18 March 1793) and internal strife (War in the Vendée) and responded with draconian measures."}, {"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "France suffered reversals (Battle of Neerwinden, 18 March 1793) and internal strife (War in the Vendée) and responded with draconian measures."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The French established the Batavian Republic as a sister republic (May 1795) in place of the defeated Dutch Republic and gained Prussian recognition of French control of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the first Peace of Basel."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The French established the Batavian Republic as a sister republic (May 1795) in place of the defeated Dutch Republic and gained Prussian recognition of French control of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the first Peace of Basel."}, {"id": "Q685164", "label": "Treaty of Basel", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain made a separate peace accord with France (Second Treaty of Basel) and the French Directory annexed more of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain made a separate peace accord with France (Second Treaty of Basel) and the French Directory annexed more of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain made a separate peace accord with France (Second Treaty of Basel) and the French Directory annexed more of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "North of the Alps, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen defeated the invading armies during the Rhine campaign, but Napoleon Bonaparte succeeded against Sardinia and Austria in northern Italy (1796–1797) near the Po Valley, culminating in the Peace of Leoben and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797)."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "lead", "says": "North of the Alps, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen defeated the invading armies during the Rhine campaign, but Napoleon Bonaparte succeeded against Sardinia and Austria in northern Italy (1796–1797) near the Po Valley, culminating in the Peace of Leoben and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797)."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "As early as 1791, other monarchies in Europe were watching the developments in France with alarm, and considered intervening, either in support of Louis XVI or to take advantage of the chaos in France."}, {"id": "Q151321", "label": "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The key figure, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, brother of the French Queen Marie Antoinette, had initially looked on the Revolution calmly."}, {"id": "Q47365", "label": "Marie Antoinette", "section": "Background", "says": "The key figure, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, brother of the French Queen Marie Antoinette, had initially looked on the Revolution calmly."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 27 August 1791, Leopold and King Frederick William II of Prussia, in consultation with émigré French nobles, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which declared the concern of the monarchs of Europe for the well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them."}, {"id": "Q378572", "label": "Charles François Dumouriez", "section": "Background", "says": "In the end, France declared war on Austria first, with the Assembly voting for war on 20 April 1792, after the presentation of a long list of grievances by the newly appointed foreign minister Charles François Dumouriez, who sought a war which might restore some popularity and authority to the King."}], "Q192135": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed in October 2011 by Australia, Canada, Japan, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed in October 2011 by Australia, Canada, Japan, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States."}], "Q219438": [{"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "lead", "says": "Former United Nations (UN) secretary-general Kofi Annan stated that \"perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol\"."}, {"id": "Q51", "label": "Antarctica", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Protocol, the ozone hole over Antarctica is slowly recovering."}], "Q219697": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Islamic history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (Arabic: معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and the history of medieval Spain."}, {"id": "Q295268", "label": "Alfonso VIII of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christian forces were led by King Alfonso VIII of Castile, joined by his rivals, Kings Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q318272", "label": "Sancho VII of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christian forces were led by King Alfonso VIII of Castile, joined by his rivals, Kings Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q315058", "label": "Peter II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christian forces were led by King Alfonso VIII of Castile, joined by his rivals, Kings Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim army was led by caliph al-Nasir (Miramamolín in the Spanish chronicles), ruler of the Almohad Caliphate, which included the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1195, the Almohads defeated Alfonso VIII of Castile in the Battle of Alarcos."}, {"id": "Q1481920", "label": "Battle of Alarcos", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1195, the Almohads defeated Alfonso VIII of Castile in the Battle of Alarcos."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "Background", "says": "After this battle, the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Navarre entered into an alliance with the Almohad ruler Yaqub al-Mansur and attacked Castile in the Castilian–Leonese War (1196–1197)."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "Background", "says": "After this battle, the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Navarre entered into an alliance with the Almohad ruler Yaqub al-Mansur and attacked Castile in the Castilian–Leonese War (1196–1197)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1211, Yaqub's successor, Muhammad al-Nasir brought a powerful army from Morocco, invaded Christian territory, and captured Salvatierra Castle, the stronghold of the knights of the Order of Calatrava."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "The threat to the Hispanic Christian kingdoms was so great that Pope Innocent III called Christian knights to a crusade."}, {"id": "Q316115", "label": "Alfonso IX of León", "section": "Background", "says": "Alfonso IX of León stood aloof from the enterprise and took advantage of civil war in Portugal to invade that kingdom on the pretext of assisting his former wife."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Alfonso IX of León stood aloof from the enterprise and took advantage of civil war in Portugal to invade that kingdom on the pretext of assisting his former wife."}, {"id": "Q296463", "label": "Afonso II of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Afonso II of Portugal was unable to join the allied kings in person because he was involved in a civil war with his sisters and faced an invasion from León, but nevertheless the Portuguese king still dispatched a contingent of troops to help fight the Almohads."}], "Q223604": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict began the Balkans campaign of World War II between the Axis powers and the Allies, and eventually turned into the Battle of Greece with British and German involvement."}, {"id": "Q2888837", "label": "Battle of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict began the Balkans campaign of World War II between the Axis powers and the Allies, and eventually turned into the Battle of Greece with British and German involvement."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "By September 1940, the Italians had invaded France, British Somaliland and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q189139", "label": "Ioannis Metaxas", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 October, Mussolini issued an ultimatum to Greece demanding the cession of Greek territory, which the Prime Minister of Greece, Ioannis Metaxas, rejected."}, {"id": "Q984165", "label": "Mark Mazower", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the Italian invasion and the Greek counter-offensive of 1940 have been called the \"first Axis setback of the entire war\" by Mark Mazower."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler decided that the increased British intervention in the conflict represented a threat to Germany's rear, while German build-up"}, {"id": "Q1056880", "label": "Cesare Maria De Vecchi", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus during Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano's visit to Albania, posters supporting Albanian irredentism in Chameria were publicly displayed; the governor of the Italian Dodecanese, Cesare Maria De Vecchi, closed the remaining Greek communal schools in the province, and Italian troops were heard singing  \"Andremo nell'Egeo, prenderemo pure il Pireo."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "Background", "says": "Four of the five Italian divisions in Albania moved towards the Greek border, and on 16 August the Italian Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Pietro Badoglio, received orders to begin planning for an attack on Greece."}], "Q228911": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Zulu War, or simply the Zulu War, was fought in present-day South Africa from January to early July 1879 between forces of the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Zulu War, or simply the Zulu War, was fought in present-day South Africa from January to early July 1879 between forces of the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Zulu War, or simply the Zulu War, was fought in present-day South Africa from January to early July 1879 between forces of the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the obstacles were the armed independent states of the South African Republic and the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q747589", "label": "Battle of Isandlwana", "section": "lead", "says": "The war had several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory for the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, followed by the defence of Rorke's Drift by a small British Garrison from an attack by a large Zulu force."}, {"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with famines, diplomatic misadventures, and other unpopular wars overseas (such as the Second Anglo-Afghan War), it contributed to the ejection of Benjamin Disraeli's government from office in 1880, after only one term."}, {"id": "Q27695", "label": "Shaka Zulu", "section": "Background", "says": "Shaka Zulu, the first Zulu king, had through war and conquest built the small Zulu tribe into the Zulu Kingdom, which by 1825 encompassed an area of around 11,500 square miles (30,000 km2)."}, {"id": "Q1392699", "label": "Battle of Blood River", "section": "Background", "says": "Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838, when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by Pretorius at the Battle of Blood River."}], "Q234188": [{"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition loyal to the Toyotomi clan, led by Ishida Mitsunari on behalf of the young child Toyotomi Hideyori, from which several commanders defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory."}, {"id": "Q334107", "label": "Ishida Mitsunari", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition loyal to the Toyotomi clan, led by Ishida Mitsunari on behalf of the young child Toyotomi Hideyori, from which several commanders defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory."}, {"id": "Q313641", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyori", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition loyal to the Toyotomi clan, led by Ishida Mitsunari on behalf of the young child Toyotomi Hideyori, from which several commanders defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory."}, {"id": "Q576338", "label": "Japanese invasions of Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "In the years following the Imjin War and the death of Hideyoshi, factional disputes arose between Ishida Mitsunari and seven former Toyotomi generals including Katō Kiyomasa."}, {"id": "Q1069843", "label": "Katō Kiyomasa", "section": "Background", "says": "In the years following the Imjin War and the death of Hideyoshi, factional disputes arose between Ishida Mitsunari and seven former Toyotomi generals including Katō Kiyomasa."}, {"id": "Q1196817", "label": "Maeda Toshiie", "section": "Background", "says": "After the subsequent death of Maeda Toshiie, a powerful and long-term ally of Hideyoshi and Oda Nobunaga, who had been sympathetic to Mitsunari's posturing, the uneasy balance of power began to dissolve."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Background", "says": "After the subsequent death of Maeda Toshiie, a powerful and long-term ally of Hideyoshi and Oda Nobunaga, who had been sympathetic to Mitsunari's posturing, the uneasy balance of power began to dissolve."}, {"id": "Q1194995", "label": "Fukushima Masanori", "section": "Background", "says": "Tokugawa Ieyasu gathered both Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori to his cause in a bid to challenge the opposition from Mitsunari, who claimed to fight on behalf of the Toyotomi clan."}, {"id": "Q1376605", "label": "Uesugi Kagekatsu", "section": "Background", "says": "Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyori's regents, stood against Ieyasu by building up his army, which Ieyasu officially questioned, demanding answers from Kyoto about Kagekatsu's suspicious activity."}, {"id": "Q1142657", "label": "Mōri Terumoto", "section": "Background", "says": "Mitsunari met with Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Mashita Nagamori and Ankokuji Ekei, conspiring to raise an anti-Tokugawa army, of which Mōri Terumoto was appointed to be the overall commander."}], "Q242644": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, the Battle of Kobarid or the Battle of Karfreit) took place on the Isonzo front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers and took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of Kobarid (now in north-western Slovenia, then part of the Austrian Littoral), and near the river Isonzo."}, {"id": "Q306696", "label": "Austrian Littoral", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers and took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of Kobarid (now in north-western Slovenia, then part of the Austrian Littoral), and near the river Isonzo."}, {"id": "Q62425", "label": "Oskar von Hutier", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier."}, {"id": "Q471232", "label": "Paolo Boselli", "section": "lead", "says": "The rest of the Italian Army retreated 150 kilometres (93 mi) to the Piave River; its effective strength declined from 1,800,000 troops down to 1,000,000 and the government of Prime Minister Paolo Boselli collapsed."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "So, he wrote to Kaiser Wilhelm II and requested that German forces be deployed to Italy."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In August 1917 Paul von Hindenburg and Arthur Arz von Straußenburg decided to send troops from the Eastern Front to the Isonzo Sector."}, {"id": "Q78595", "label": "Arthur Arz von Straußenburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In August 1917 Paul von Hindenburg and Arthur Arz von Straußenburg decided to send troops from the Eastern Front to the Isonzo Sector."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In August 1917 Paul von Hindenburg and Arthur Arz von Straußenburg decided to send troops from the Eastern Front to the Isonzo Sector."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Erich Ludendorff was opposed to this but was overruled."}, {"id": "Q57065", "label": "Otto Hahn", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Later, in September three experts from the Imperial General Staff, led by the chemist Otto Hahn, went to the Isonzo front to find a site suitable for a gas attack."}, {"id": "Q93363", "label": "Svetozar Boroević", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Austro-Hungarian Army Group Boroević, commanded by Svetozar Boroević, was prepared for the offensive."}, {"id": "Q58043", "label": "Otto von Below", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition, a new 14th Army was formed with nine Austrian and six to eight German divisions, which were commanded by the German Otto von Below."}], "Q243979": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the climax of the Mediterranean campaign of 1798, which had started three months earlier after a large French fleet sailed from Toulon to Alexandria carrying an expeditionary force under Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon sought to invade Egypt as the first step in a campaign against British India, as part of a greater effort to drive Britain out of the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q253684": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was a military expedition to Ottoman-held Egypt and Syria led by Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon also sought to sever Britain's connection to its colonial holdings in India, with the long-term ambition of challenging British dominance in the region."}, {"id": "Q332543", "label": "Battle of the Pyramids", "section": "lead", "says": "Advancing rapidly, he defeated the ruling Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids, securing control of Cairo and establishing a French administration."}, {"id": "Q319302", "label": "Jean Baptiste Kléber", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army, left under Jean-Baptiste Kléber, continued to resist, but following his assassination, Jacques-François Menou assumed command and struggled to maintain control."}, {"id": "Q1345264", "label": "Jacques-François Menou", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army, left under Jean-Baptiste Kléber, continued to resist, but following his assassination, Jacques-François Menou assumed command and struggled to maintain control."}, {"id": "Q48584", "label": "Rosetta Stone", "section": "lead", "says": "The discovery of the Rosetta Stone allowed for the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign also contributed to the rise of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who later established modern Egypt."}, {"id": "Q2637668", "label": "Ibrahim Bey", "section": "Background", "says": "His rivals, Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey, took power and took action against the French in the country."}, {"id": "Q715652", "label": "Murad Bey", "section": "Background", "says": "His rivals, Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey, took power and took action against the French in the country."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "France therefore had two formal reasons to intervene: Firstly, the Kingdom of France had been an ally of the Ottoman Sultan since 1536 and could claim to want to restore his authority."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The decision of 1798 was a complex mixture of geostrategic, economic, political and personal interests, dressed up with the ideals of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "Background", "says": "He further wished to strengthen French trade interests over those of Great Britain in the Middle East, hoping to join forces with France's ally Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore in India and an opponent of British control in that country."}], "Q273011": [{"id": "Q85216", "label": "Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz", "section": "lead", "says": "After cutting Melas's line of communications by crossing the river Po and defeating Feldmarschallleutnant (FML) Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz at Montebello on 9 June, the French closed in on the Austrian Army, which had massed in Alessandria."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, their two assaults across the Fontanone stream near Marengo village were repelled, and General Jean Lannes reinforced the French right."}, {"id": "Q313196", "label": "Louis Desaix", "section": "lead", "says": "Bonaparte realized the true position and issued orders at 11:00 am to recall the detachment under Général de Division (GdD) Louis Desaix while he moved his reserve forward."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lacking the large superiority in infantry and artillery enjoyed in many\nRepublican campaigns, the core of Bonaparte's reserve was 30,000 men, mostly from the Batavian Republic, who had been used under Guillaume Marie Anne Brune to crush the rebellion in the Vendée."}], "Q27900": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 717–718, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, was besieged by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 717–718, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, was besieged by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q31755", "label": "Leo III the Syrian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arabs initially hoped to exploit Byzantine civil strife and made common cause with the general Leo III the Isaurian, who had risen up against Emperor Theodosius III."}, {"id": "Q41836", "label": "Theodosios III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arabs initially hoped to exploit Byzantine civil strife and made common cause with the general Leo III the Isaurian, who had risen up against Emperor Theodosius III."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 692, as the Umayyads emerged as victors from their civil war, Emperor Justinian II (r."}, {"id": "Q1995678", "label": "Warren Treadgold", "section": "Background", "says": "In the words of the Byzantinist Warren Treadgold, \"the Arab attacks would in any case have intensified after the end of their own civil war.” With far more men, land, and wealth than Byzantium, the Arabs had begun to concentrate all their strength against it."}], "Q28130514": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty passed on schedule on 7 July with 122 in favour, 1 against (Netherlands), and 1 official abstention (Singapore)."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "None of the states that possess nuclear weapons have joined the treaty, nor have any of the states that participate in nuclear sharing or extended nuclear deterrence relationships, including NATO members, Australia, Belarus, Japan, and South Korea."}], "Q2946372": [{"id": "Q170597", "label": "Amadou Toumani Touré", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 March 2012, President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état over his handling of the crisis, a month before a presidential election was to have taken place."}, {"id": "Q2926766", "label": "Operation Serval", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-2014, the French military in Mali ended its Operation Serval and transitioned to the broader regional counterterrorist effort, Operation Barkhane."}, {"id": "Q17354007", "label": "Opération Barkhane", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-2014, the French military in Mali ended its Operation Serval and transitioned to the broader regional counterterrorist effort, Operation Barkhane."}], "Q322607": [{"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser believed that only military initiative would compel Israel or the international community to facilitate a full Israeli withdrawal from Sinai, and hostilities soon resumed along the Suez Canal."}], "Q426227": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Ypres (German: Dritte Flandernschlacht; French: Troisième Bataille des Flandres; Dutch: Derde Slag om Ieper), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele ( PASH-ən-dayl), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by the Allies against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q5447484", "label": "Fifth Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lys (Fourth Battle of Ypres) and the Fifth Battle of Ypres of 1918, were fought before the Allies occupied the Belgian coast and reached the Dutch frontier."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, opposed the offensive, as did General Ferdinand Foch, the Chief of Staff of the French Army."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, opposed the offensive, as did General Ferdinand Foch, the Chief of Staff of the French Army."}, {"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Matters of dispute by the participants, writers and historians since 1917 include the wisdom of pursuing an offensive strategy in the wake of the Nivelle Offensive, rather than waiting for the arrival of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in France."}, {"id": "Q1364768", "label": "Hubert Gough", "section": "lead", "says": "Controversies also debated are the choice of Flanders, its climate, the selection of General Hubert Gough and the Fifth Army to conduct the offensive and debates over the nature of the opening attack and between advocates of shallow an"}, {"id": "Q690308", "label": "Kerensky Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian army conducted the Kerensky Offensive in Galicia, to honour the agreement struck with the Allies at the Chantilly meeting of 15 to 16 November 1916."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The British and French commanders on the Western Front had to reckon on the German western army (Westheer) being strengthened by reinforcements from the Ostheer on the Eastern Front by late 1917."}, {"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The attack removed the Germans from the dominating ground on the southern face of the Ypres salient, which the 4th Army had held since the First Battle of Ypres in 1914."}], "Q492415": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talas (Chinese: 怛羅斯戰役; pinyin: Dáluósī Zhànyì; Arabic: معركة نهر طلاس, romanized: Maʿrakat nahr Ṭalās) was an armed confrontation between the Abbasid Caliphate along with the Tibetan Empire against the Tang dynasty and its allies in 751."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talas (Chinese: 怛羅斯戰役; pinyin: Dáluósī Zhànyì; Arabic: معركة نهر طلاس, romanized: Maʿrakat nahr Ṭalās) was an armed confrontation between the Abbasid Caliphate along with the Tibetan Empire against the Tang dynasty and its allies in 751."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "Background", "says": "In 705, Qutayba ibn Muslim started to lead the Umayyad army on campaigns to conquer towns across along the Silk Road, exploiting Türgesh infighting."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "Background", "says": "The second confrontation between the Arabs and the Chinese was in 717, when the Umayyads and Tibetans made a coordinated attempt to seize the Tarim Basin and its Four Garrisons of Anxi from the Tang."}, {"id": "Q21029690", "label": "Battle of Aksu", "section": "Background", "says": "However, they were defeated by the Tang military and Karluks of Ashina Xian on August 15th 717, at the Battle of Aksu."}], "Q522837": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bengal famine of 1943 was a famine during World War II in the Bengal Province and Orissa Province of British India."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "An estimated 800,000–3.8 million people died, in the Bengal region (present-day Bangladesh and West Bengal), from starvation, malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions, poor British wartime policies, and lack of health care."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "Background", "says": "East Bengal and west Bengal have different soils."}], "Q605321": [{"id": "Q381754", "label": "Ibrahim Khan Lodi", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526 was fought between the invading forces of Babur against Ibrahim Khan Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, in North India."}, {"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "Background", "says": "Opposed by Muhammad Shaybani to the northwest, Babur sought to expand his kingdom to the southeast, into Punjab, the land of the five rivers."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "At that time, most of North India was part of the Delhi Sultanate, under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty."}], "Q605977": [{"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 October 1806, Prussia declared war on France and joined a renewed coalition, fearing the rise in French power after the defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine in addition to having learned of French plans to cede Prussian-desired Hanover to Britain in exchange for peace."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians in an expeditious campaign that culminated at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt on 14 October 1806."}, {"id": "Q154426", "label": "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians in an expeditious campaign that culminated at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt on 14 October 1806."}, {"id": "Q331347", "label": "Battle of Eylau", "section": "lead", "says": "They then advanced all the way to East Prussia, Poland and the Russian frontier, where they fought an inconclusive battle against the Russians at the Battle of Eylau on 7–8 February 1807."}, {"id": "Q241108", "label": "Battle of Friedland", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian forces were finally crushed by the French at the Battle of Friedland on 14 June 1807, and three days later Russia asked for a truce."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war also saw the end of the British invasions of the River Plate where two unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of the Spanish colony of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, located around the River Plate in South America when the Spanish Empire was still an ally of Napoleonic France against Britain."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "lead", "says": "Through the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, France made peace with Russia, which agreed to join the Continental System."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was particularly harsh on Prussia, however, as Napoleon demanded much of the Prussian territory along the lower Rhine west of the Elbe and in what was part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Respectively, these acquisitions were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Westphalia, led by his brother Jérôme Bonaparte and into the new Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish client state, ruled by his new ally the king of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "Respectively, these acquisitions were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Westphalia, led by his brother Jérôme Bonaparte and into the new Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish client state, ruled by his new ally the king of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "Respectively, these acquisitions were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Westphalia, led by his brother Jérôme Bonaparte and into the new Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish client state, ruled by his new ally the king of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "Origins", "says": "Following his triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz and the subsequent demise of the Third Coalition, Napoleon looked forward to achieving a general peace in Europe, especially with his two main remaining antagonists, Britain and Russia."}, {"id": "Q588075", "label": "Battle of Maida", "section": "Origins", "says": "Apart from some naval clashes and the peripheral Battle of Maida in southern Italy in July 1806 (though these actions are considered part of the tail end of the War of the Third Coalition), the main conflicts between Britain and France during the Fourth Coalition would involve no direct general military confrontation."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "Origins", "says": "Apart from some naval clashes and the peripheral Battle of Maida in southern Italy in July 1806 (though these actions are considered part of the tail end of the War of the Third Coalition), the main conflicts between Britain and France during the Fourth Coalition would involve no direct general military confrontation."}], "Q7126013": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jacquerie (French: [ʒakʁi]) was a popular revolt by peasants that took place in northern France in the early summer of 1358 during the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q315000", "label": "Jean Froissart", "section": "lead", "says": "The aristocratic chronicler Jean Froissart and his source, the chronicle of Jean le Bel, referred to the leader of the revolt as Jacque Bonhomme (\"Jack Goodfellow\"), though in fact the Jacquerie's \"great captain\" was named Guillaume Cale."}, {"id": "Q201692", "label": "Battle of Poitiers", "section": "Background", "says": "After the capture of the French king (John II, Froissart's bon roi Jean \"good king John\") by the English during the Battle of Poitiers in September 1356, power in France devolved fruitlessly among the Estates-General and John's son, the Dauphin, later Charles V."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "After the capture of the French king (John II, Froissart's bon roi Jean \"good king John\") by the English during the Battle of Poitiers in September 1356, power in France devolved fruitlessly among the Estates-General and John's son, the Dauphin, later Charles V."}, {"id": "Q43082", "label": "Charles II of Navarre", "section": "Background", "says": "The Estates-General were too divided to provide effective government and their alliance with King Charles II of Navarre, another claimant to the French throne, provoked disunity amongst the nobles."}, {"id": "Q44732", "label": "Battle of the Golden Spurs", "section": "Background", "says": "The century had begun poorly for the nobles at Courtrai (the \"Battle of the Golden Spurs\"), where they fled the field and left their infantry to be hacked to pieces; they were also accused of having given up their king at the Battle of Poitiers."}], "Q740724": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty set the borders for France under the House of Bourbon and restored territories to other nations."}], "Q821283": [{"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warsaw (Polish: Bitwa Warszawska; Russian: Варшавская битва, Varshavskaya bitva), also known as the Miracle on the Vistula (Polish: Cud nad Wisłą), was a series of battles that resulted in a decisive Polish victory and complete disintegration of the Red Army in August 1920 during the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q142141", "label": "Mikhail Tukhachevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warsaw was fought from August 1920, as Red Army forces commanded by Mikhail Tukhachevsky approached the Polish capital of Warsaw and the nearby Modlin Fortress."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "On August 16, Polish forces commanded by Józef Piłsudski counterattacked from the south, disrupting the enemy's offensive, forcing the Russian forces into a disorganized withdrawal eastward and behind the Neman River."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat crippled the Red Army; Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader, called it \"an enormous defeat\" for his forces."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the same time in 1919, the Bolsheviks had gained the upper hand in the Russian Civil War, having dealt crippling blows to the Russian White Movement."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The two sides were embroiled in the Polish–Ukrainian War, amidst competing territorial claims."}, {"id": "Q242474", "label": "Semyon Budyonny", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Russian 1st Cavalry Army under Semyon Budyonny broke through Polish lines in early June."}], "Q849680": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were initially fought by European colonial empires, the United States, and briefly the Confederate States of America and Republic of Texas against various American Indian tribes in North America."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were initially fought by European colonial empires, the United States, and briefly the Confederate States of America and Republic of Texas against various American Indian tribes in North America."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were initially fought by European colonial empires, the United States, and briefly the Confederate States of America and Republic of Texas against various American Indian tribes in North America."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; many involved retaliatory violence."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "A major turning point came during the War of 1812, when Native confederacies in the Old Northwest and the Southern United States allied with the British against the United States."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the act itself provided for negotiated removals, federal and state authorities subsequently used a combination of treaties, political pressure, and coercion to relocate many Native nations from the southeastern United States to Indian Territory."}], "Q222013": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( BOZ-wərth) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England and Wales in the latter half of the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q101978", "label": "House of Tudor", "section": "lead", "says": "Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first Welsh monarch of England from the House of Tudor by his victory and subsequent marriage to the de facto Yorkist heiress, Elizabeth of York."}, {"id": "Q207953", "label": "Elizabeth of York", "section": "lead", "says": "Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first Welsh monarch of England from the House of Tudor by his victory and subsequent marriage to the de facto Yorkist heiress, Elizabeth of York."}, {"id": "Q170470", "label": "Edward V of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Richard's reign began in 1483 when he ascended the throne after his twelve-year-old nephew, Edward V, was declared illegitimate, likely at Richard's instigation."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lancastrian King Henry VI and his only son, Edward of Westminster, died in the aftermath of the Battle of Tewkesbury."}, {"id": "Q313262", "label": "Edward of Westminster", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lancastrian King Henry VI and his only son, Edward of Westminster, died in the aftermath of the Battle of Tewkesbury."}, {"id": "Q1337059", "label": "Battle of Tewkesbury", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lancastrian King Henry VI and his only son, Edward of Westminster, died in the aftermath of the Battle of Tewkesbury."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The Yorkist king, Edward IV, was in complete control of England."}, {"id": "Q385679", "label": "Jasper Tudor", "section": "Background", "says": "He attainted those who refused to submit to his rule, such as Jasper Tudor and his nephew Henry, naming them traitors and confiscating their lands."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tudors tried to flee to France but strong winds forced them to land in Brittany, which was a semi-independent duchy, where they were taken into the custody of Duke Francis II."}, {"id": "Q229202", "label": "Margaret Beaufort", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II and father of King Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II and father of King Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II and father of King Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II and father of King Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q221367", "label": "Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York", "section": "Background", "says": "His 12-year-old elder son succeeded him as King Edward V; the younger son, nine-year-old Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, was next in line to the throne."}, {"id": "Q229214", "label": "Elizabeth Woodville", "section": "Background", "says": "Some among the council were worried when it became apparent that the relatives of Edward V's mother, Elizabeth Woodville, were plotting to use their control of the young king to dominate the council."}], "Q244932": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Soviet border conflict, also known as the Sino-Soviet crisis, was a seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Union and China in 1969, following the Sino-Soviet split."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1964, the Chinese revisited the matter of the Sino-Soviet border demarcated in the 19th century, claiming the region of Outer Manchuria originally ceded by the Qing dynasty to the Russian Empire by way of unequal treaties."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Sino-Soviet relations worsened further following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Historians have suggested Mao provoked the clash to further the radical sentiments of the Cultural Revolution or to elevate China's international standing towards the Cold War's two superpowers."}, {"id": "Q202770", "label": "Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis de-escalated after Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin met with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on 11 September in Beijing, and a ceasefire was ordered with a return to the status quo ante bellum."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis de-escalated after Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin met with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on 11 September in Beijing, and a ceasefire was ordered with a return to the status quo ante bellum."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "To counterbalance the Soviet threat, the Chinese government sought a rapprochement with the United States."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "lead", "says": "This resulted in a secret visit to China by Henry Kissinger in 1971, which in turn paved the way for President Richard Nixon's official visit to China in 1972."}], "Q255352": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 which erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 which erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service in World War I."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the months following the October 1917 Revolution, the Bolsheviks seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and the Russian Civil War began."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Enver Pasha, former Ottoman war minister and one of the key architects of the Armenian genocide, joined the movement after November 1921, seeking to create a pan-Turkist and pan-Islamist Empire."}], "Q2578778": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the deaths of up to 1.5 million people and the destruction of Circassia, which was then annexed by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Those planned for extermination were mainly the Circassians, who are predominantly Muslims, but other ethnic groups in the Caucasus were also affected, as part of the Caucasian War."}, {"id": "Q1028190", "label": "Grigory Zass", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Russian generals, such as Grigory Zass, described the Circassians as a \"lowly race\" to justify and glorify their wholesale slaughter and their use as human test subjects in unethical scientific experiments."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The native Circassian population was largely decimated or expelled to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7243", "label": "Leo Tolstoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian writer Leo Tolstoy reported that Russian soldiers attacked village houses at night."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "British diplomat Gifford Palgrave, stated that \"their only crime was not being Russian.\" Seeking military intervention against Russia, Circassian officials sent \"A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria\" in 1864, but were unsuccessful in their attempt to solicit aid from the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "British diplomat Gifford Palgrave, stated that \"their only crime was not being Russian.\" Seeking military intervention against Russia, Circassian officials sent \"A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria\" in 1864, but were unsuccessful in their attempt to solicit aid from the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, although it had already been making attempts since the early 18th century, the Russian Empire began to more actively seek to expand its territory to the south at the expense of the neighboring Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran, specifically aiming to incorporate the Caucasus into its domain."}, {"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "Background", "says": "Eastern Georgia for example, comprising the most powerful and dominant Georgian regions of Kartli and Kakheti, had been under intermittent Iranian suzerainty since the 1555 Peace of Amasya."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia eventually found itself able, through instability in the geopolitical situation of Georgia within Qajar Iran, to annex eastern Georgia in the early 19th century, ratified in the 1803 Treaty of Gulistan."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia endeavored to bring the entire Caucasus region under its control, conquering Armenia, Caucasian Azerbaijan, and southern Dagestan, while co-opting the nobility of other areas such as Lower Kabardia and parts of Dagestan."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian Tsars viewed the Circassian tribes in the Caucasus as \"primitive\" humans to either be forcibly converted to Christianity or exterminated and expelled."}, {"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "Prelude: Russo-Circassian War", "says": "From 1802 to 1806, General Pavel Tsitsianov led campaigns in Circassia and targeted Circassian villages."}, {"id": "Q328411", "label": "Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov", "section": "Prelude: Russo-Circassian War", "says": "In 1817, Russian veteran general Aleksey Yermolov arrived in the Caucasus."}], "Q269267": [{"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (French: Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine; Bulgarian: Ньойски договор, romanized: Noĭski dogovor) was a treaty between the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand, and Bulgaria, one of the defeated Central Powers in World War I, on the other."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (French: Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine; Bulgarian: Ньойски договор, romanized: Noĭski dogovor) was a treaty between the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand, and Bulgaria, one of the defeated Central Powers in World War I, on the other."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (French: Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine; Bulgarian: Ньойски договор, romanized: Noĭski dogovor) was a treaty between the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand, and Bulgaria, one of the defeated Central Powers in World War I, on the other."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Neuilly was one of the series of treaties after World War I, which included the Treaty of Versailles, the Treaty of Saint-Germain, the Treaty of Trianon, and the Treaty of Sèvres, which were intended to diminish the military and political strength of the defeated members of the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Neuilly was one of the series of treaties after World War I, which included the Treaty of Versailles, the Treaty of Saint-Germain, the Treaty of Trianon, and the Treaty of Sèvres, which were intended to diminish the military and political strength of the defeated members of the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result the United States did not ratify the treaty."}], "Q308999": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leyte Gulf (23–26 October 1944) was the largest naval battle of World War II and by some criteria the largest naval battle in history, with over 200,000 naval personnel involved."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "After the catastrophic Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, senior Japanese military leaders understood that their remaining naval forces were incapable of achieving a strategic victory against the Allies."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to repel the Allied invasion of the Philippines, but it was defeated by the U.S."}, {"id": "Q467127", "label": "Soemu Toyoda", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Combined Fleet Chief Soemu Toyoda prepared four \"victory\" plans: Shō-Gō 1 (捷1号作戦, Shō ichigō sakusen) envisioned attacking American forces attempting to invade the Philippines, while Shō-Gō 2, Shō-Gō 3 and Shō-Gō 4 were conceived as potential responses to American attacks on Formosa, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Kurile Islands respectively."}, {"id": "Q646375", "label": "Kiyohide Shima", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The \"Southern Force\" under Vice Admirals Shoji Nishimura and Kiyohide Shima would strike at the landing area via the Surigao Strait."}, {"id": "Q187698", "label": "Takeo Kurita", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The \"Center Force\" under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita—by far the most powerful of the attacking Japanese forces—would pass through the San Bernardino Strait into the Philippine Sea, turn southwards, and then also attack the landing area."}], "Q3119132": [{"id": "Q1922071", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "section": "lead", "says": "A long-running dispute over Kashmir and cross-border terrorism have been the predominant cause of conflict between the two states, with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming from the Bangladesh Liberation War in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)."}, {"id": "Q371394", "label": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "section": "lead", "says": "A long-running dispute over Kashmir and cross-border terrorism have been the predominant cause of conflict between the two states, with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming from the Bangladesh Liberation War in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "A long-running dispute over Kashmir and cross-border terrorism have been the predominant cause of conflict between the two states, with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming from the Bangladesh Liberation War in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "A long-running dispute over Kashmir and cross-border terrorism have been the predominant cause of conflict between the two states, with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming from the Bangladesh Liberation War in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)."}], "Q318250": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ogaden War, also known as the Ethio-Somali War (Somali: Dagaalkii Xoraynta Soomaali Galbeed, Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ሶማሊያ ጦርነት, romanized: ye’ītiyop’iya somalīya t’orinet), was a military conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia fought from July 1977 to March 1978 over control of the sovereignty of the Ogaden region."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The intervention drew the disapproval of the Soviet Union, which subsequently withdrew its support for Somalia and backed Ethiopia instead."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1977, Fidel Castro brought together the leaders of Somalia, Ethiopia and Democratic Yemen during a March meeting in Aden, Democratic Yemen, where he suggested an Ethiopian-Somali-Yemeni Socialist Federation."}], "Q4298662": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908; Turkish: Jön Türk Devrimi) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "lead", "says": "Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization of the Young Turks movement, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the Constitution, recall the parliament, and schedule an election."}, {"id": "Q1277369", "label": "Macedonian Struggle", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution took place in Ottoman Rumeli in the context of the Macedonian Struggle and the increasing instability of the Hamidian regime."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Immediately after the revolution, Bulgaria declared independence from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary's annexation of nominal Ottoman territory sparked the Bosnian Crisis."}, {"id": "Q167246", "label": "Bosnian Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Immediately after the revolution, Bulgaria declared independence from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary's annexation of nominal Ottoman territory sparked the Bosnian Crisis."}, {"id": "Q3246667", "label": "Abdul Hamid", "section": "lead", "says": "After an attempted monarchist uprising known as the 31 March incident in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his half-brother Mehmed V ascended the throne."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "lead", "says": "After an attempted monarchist uprising known as the 31 March incident in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his half-brother Mehmed V ascended the throne."}, {"id": "Q199827", "label": "Murad V", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Abdul Hamid II was brought to the throne in August 1876 after a series of palace coups by constitutionalist ministers overthrew first his uncle Abdul Aziz, and then his half-brother Murad V."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Causes", "says": "Starting in the 1890s, chronic intercommunal violence took hold of Ottoman Macedonia in what came known as the Macedonian struggle, as well as in Eastern Anatolia."}], "Q498871": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was once seen as a defining moment in English history, in particular causing a promise by King Richard II to abolish serfdom, and a suspicion of Lollardy, but modern academics are less certain of its impact on subsequent social and economic history."}, {"id": "Q182589", "label": "William Morris", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt has been widely used in socialist literature, including by the author William Morris, and remains a potent symbol for the political left, informing the arguments surrounding the introduction of the Community Charge in the United Kingdom during the 1980s."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt has been widely used in socialist literature, including by the author William Morris, and remains a potent symbol for the political left, informing the arguments surrounding the introduction of the Community Charge in the United Kingdom during the 1980s."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "Background and causes", "says": "Londoners detested John of Gaunt because he was a supporter of the religious reformer John Wycliffe, whom the London public regarded as a heretic."}, {"id": "Q173893", "label": "John Wycliffe", "section": "Background and causes", "says": "Londoners detested John of Gaunt because he was a supporter of the religious reformer John Wycliffe, whom the London public regarded as a heretic."}], "Q540978": [{"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Italian War of Independence was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Italian War of Independence was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "A year prior to the war, in the Plombières Agreement, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "lead", "says": "A year prior to the war, in the Plombières Agreement, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice."}, {"id": "Q681430", "label": "Battle of Magenta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 4 June and pushed back to Lombardy, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the Battle of Solferino on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the Armistice of Villafranca on 12 July."}, {"id": "Q324916", "label": "Battle of Solferino", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 4 June and pushed back to Lombardy, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the Battle of Solferino on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the Armistice of Villafranca on 12 July."}, {"id": "Q305176", "label": "Treaty of Villafranca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 4 June and pushed back to Lombardy, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the Battle of Solferino on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the Armistice of Villafranca on 12 July."}, {"id": "Q2268597", "label": "United Provinces of Central Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the United Provinces of Central Italy, consisting of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the United Provinces of Central Italy, consisting of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860."}, {"id": "Q252580", "label": "Duchy of Modena and Reggio", "section": "lead", "says": "Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the United Provinces of Central Italy, consisting of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860."}, {"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The Piedmontese, following their defeat by Austria in the First Italian War of Independence, recognized their need for allies."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "Background", "says": "That led Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "Background", "says": "That led Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "Private talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate to aid Italy although he was still uncommitted."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Private talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate to aid Italy although he was still uncommitted."}], "Q576338": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasions were launched by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to conquer Korea, and Japan quickly occupied large portions of the country."}, {"id": "Q484271", "label": "Battle of Noryang", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Toyotomi Hideyoshi later died and the Japanese were defeated at the Battle of Noryang, effectively ending the war."}, {"id": "Q467337", "label": "Yoshitoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1587, Hideyoshi had ordered the adopted father of Yoshitoshi and the daimyo of Tsushima Island, Sō Yoshishige (宗義調), to offer the Joseon Dynasty an ultimatum of submission to Japan and participation in the conquest of China."}, {"id": "Q1328807", "label": "Sō Yoshitoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "Even when Hideyoshi reissued his order, Sō Yoshitoshi instead embarked on a campaign to the Korean court to improve relations between the two countries."}], "Q635533": [{"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian–Vietnamese War was an armed conflict from 1978 to 1989 between Democratic Kampuchea and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and their respective allies."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in December 1978, with a Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia which toppled the Khmer Rouge regime and ended in 1989 with the withdrawal of Vietnamese forces from Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q796498", "label": "Third Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "This Cold War conflict was part of the Third Indochina War and Sino-Soviet split with the Soviet Union supporting Vietnam and China supporting Kampuchea."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "This Cold War conflict was part of the Third Indochina War and Sino-Soviet split with the Soviet Union supporting Vietnam and China supporting Kampuchea."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the war was preceded by years of conflict between Vietnam and the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, when the Khmer Rouge-ruled Democratic Kampuchea repeatedly invaded Vietnam, including massacres by the Khmer Rouge, notably the Ba Chúc massacre of over 3,000 Vietnamese civilians in April 1978."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Cambodian capital was captured by the Vietnamese, another communist state was established to replace the old regime while the Khmer Rouge was forced to retreat into the jungle near the border with Thailand where the Khmer Rouge alongside the Khmer People's National Liberation Front, led by Son Sann, and FUNCINPEC, led by former king Norodom Sihanouk, continued to fight the Vietnamese arm"}, {"id": "Q160027", "label": "Son Sann", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Cambodian capital was captured by the Vietnamese, another communist state was established to replace the old regime while the Khmer Rouge was forced to retreat into the jungle near the border with Thailand where the Khmer Rouge alongside the Khmer People's National Liberation Front, led by Son Sann, and FUNCINPEC, led by former king Norodom Sihanouk, continued to fight the Vietnamese arm"}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Cambodian capital was captured by the Vietnamese, another communist state was established to replace the old regime while the Khmer Rouge was forced to retreat into the jungle near the border with Thailand where the Khmer Rouge alongside the Khmer People's National Liberation Front, led by Son Sann, and FUNCINPEC, led by former king Norodom Sihanouk, continued to fight the Vietnamese arm"}], "Q656186": [{"id": "Q151209", "label": "Anne of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict derived from opposition to the centralising policies pursued by the government of Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict derived from opposition to the centralising policies pursued by the government of Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "These in turn were a response to the financial crisis caused by French involvement in the Thirty Years' War, which ended in 1648, and the ongoing Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "These in turn were a response to the financial crisis caused by French involvement in the Thirty Years' War, which ended in 1648, and the ongoing Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Origins", "says": "They were initially supported by members of the regional nobility, who had lost power and influence under Mazarin's predecessor, Cardinal Richelieu, but hoped to regain these privileges."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Origins", "says": "Louis XIV became king in 1643 at the age of five, so France was ruled by a regency dominated by his mother, Anne of Austria, and Mazarin."}], "Q684324": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Fifth Coalition was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the Napoleonic Wars and the Coalition Wars."}, {"id": "Q15053704", "label": "Coalition Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Fifth Coalition was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the Napoleonic Wars and the Coalition Wars."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The main conflict took place in Central Europe between the Austrian Empire of Francis I and Napoleon's French Empire."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were supported by their client states—the Kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and the Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were supported by their client states—the Kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and the Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the Peninsular War against Britain, Spain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the Peninsular War against Britain, Spain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "After France withdrew 108,000 soldiers from Germany, Austria attacked France to seek the recovery of territories lost in the 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon, like the Austrians, had to cope with a multinational army, which included many foreign allies."}, {"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "lead", "says": "The French response, under Louis-Alexandre Berthier, was disorganised but order was imposed with the arrival of Napoleon on 17 April."}, {"id": "Q541626", "label": "Battle of Aspern-Essling", "section": "lead", "says": "A French assault across the Danube was repulsed on 21–22 May at the Battle of Aspern-Essling but a repeat attack was successful in July."}, {"id": "Q467777", "label": "Battle of Wagram", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon won a close battle at the 5–6 July Battle of Wagram, but the Austrian’s stiff resistance throughout the campaign and withdrawal in good order frustrated France’s efforts to score a decisive victory."}, {"id": "Q702099", "label": "Battle of Znaim", "section": "lead", "says": "When the retreating Austrian army turned to face the French at the Battle of Znaim, negotiations mid-battle led to reaching an eponymous armistice on 12 July."}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "Background", "says": "His rough ideas about the possible upcoming campaign included the decision to make the Danube valley the main theatre of operations, as he had done in 1805, and to stop Austrian forces that might invade northern Italy by positioning some of his own forces under the command of Eugène de Beauharnais and Auguste Marmont."}], "Q726261": [{"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War, (Turkish: Fetret devri, lit. 'Interregnum period') was a civil war in the Ottoman realm between the sons of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I following their father's defeat and capture by Timur in the Battle of Ankara on 28 July 1402."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War, (Turkish: Fetret devri, lit. 'Interregnum period') was a civil war in the Ottoman realm between the sons of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I following their father's defeat and capture by Timur in the Battle of Ankara on 28 July 1402."}, {"id": "Q1095044", "label": "Süleyman Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Timur confirmed Mehmed Çelebi as sultan, Mehmed's brothers (İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later Mustafa Çelebi) refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself, which resulted in civil war."}, {"id": "Q944433", "label": "Mustafa Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Timur confirmed Mehmed Çelebi as sultan, Mehmed's brothers (İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later Mustafa Çelebi) refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself, which resulted in civil war."}, {"id": "Q4817327", "label": "Battle of Çamurlu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Interregnum would last a little under 11 years and culminate in the Battle of Çamurlu on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor, crowned himself Sultan Mehmed I, and restored the empire."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Interregnum would last a little under 11 years and culminate in the Battle of Çamurlu on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor, crowned himself Sultan Mehmed I, and restored the empire."}], "Q736268": [{"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish War was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire from 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809 as part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish War was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire from 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809 as part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish War was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire from 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809 as part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the war, the eastern third of Sweden was established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q201625", "label": "House of Bernadotte", "section": "lead", "says": "Other notable effects were the Swedish parliament's adoption of a new constitution and the establishment of the House of Bernadotte, the new Swedish royal house, in 1818."}, {"id": "Q52929", "label": "Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Russian Emperor Alexander I concluded the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon, Alexander, in his letter on 24 September 1807 to the Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf, informed the king that the peaceful relations between Russia and Sweden depended on Swedish agreement to abide by the limitations of the Treaty of Tilsit which in practice meant that Sweden would have been required to cut off tr"}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "The king, who viewed Napoleon as the Antichrist and Britain as his ally against Napoleon's France, was apprehensive of the system's ruinous consequences for Sweden's maritime commerce."}, {"id": "Q2441248", "label": "Anglo-Russian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, the Royal Navy attacked Copenhagen and the Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) was declared."}], "Q75813": [{"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "They resulted in Roman control or influence over Greece and the rest of the eastern Mediterranean basin, in addition to their hegemony in the western Mediterranean after the Pyrrhic and Punic Wars."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditionally, the \"Macedonian Wars\" include the four wars with Macedonia, in addition to one war with the Seleucid Empire, and a final minor war with the Achaean League (which is often considered to be the final stage of the final Macedonian War)."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditionally, the \"Macedonian Wars\" include the four wars with Macedonia, in addition to one war with the Seleucid Empire, and a final minor war with the Achaean League (which is often considered to be the final stage of the final Macedonian War)."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From the close of the Macedonian Wars until the early Roman Empire, the eastern Mediterranean remained an ever shifting network of polities with varying levels of independence from, dependence on, or outright military control by, Rome."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Polybius, who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, Rome's wars with Greece were set in motion after several Greek city-states sought Roman protection against the Macedonian Kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of a destabilizing situation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt."}], "Q84055514": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 18 September 2026, according to Indian government figures, India has the second-highest number of confirmed cases in the world (after the United States) with 45,056,221 reported cases of COVID-19 infection and the third-highest number of COVID-19 deaths (after the United States and Brazil) at 533,849 deaths."}], "Q85125": [{"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups."}, {"id": "Q1274943", "label": "Nicolas Werth", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet archives documented 390,000 deaths during kulak forced resettlement and up to 400,000 deaths of people deported to forced settlements during the 1940s; however, Nicolas Werth places overall deaths closer to some 1 to 1.5 million perishing as a result of the deportations."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 April 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, under its chairman Boris Yeltsin, passed the law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples with Article 2 denouncing all mass deportations as \"Stalin's policy of defamation and genocide.\"\nThe Soviet Union also practiced deportations in occupied territories, with over 50,000 perishing from the Baltic states and "}], "Q989115": [{"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "lead", "says": "It originated from the disputed Treaty of Wuchale, which the Italians claimed turned Ethiopia into an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopians claimed that the treaty simply ensured peace between the two powers."}, {"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "lead", "says": "Full-scale war broke out in 1895, with Italian troops from Italian Eritrea achieving initial successes against Tigrayan warlords at Coatit, Senafe and Debra Ailà, until they were reinforced by a large Ethiopian army led by Emperor Menelik II."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "Full-scale war broke out in 1895, with Italian troops from Italian Eritrea achieving initial successes against Tigrayan warlords at Coatit, Senafe and Debra Ailà, until they were reinforced by a large Ethiopian army led by Emperor Menelik II."}, {"id": "Q302519", "label": "Battle of Adwa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian defeat came about after the Battle of Adwa, where the Ethiopian army dealt the outnumbered Italian soldiers and Eritrean askaris a decisive blow and forced their retreat back into Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q2399119", "label": "Treaty of Addis Ababa", "section": "lead", "says": "The war concluded with the Treaty of Addis Ababa."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Because this was one of the first decisive victories by African forces over a European colonial power, this war became a preeminent symbol of pan-Africanism and secured Ethiopia's sovereignty until the Second Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "With the exceptions of the Ottoman Empire, which still maintained its claim to Eritrea, and Russia, which disliked the idea of an Orthodox nation being subjugated to a Roman Catholic nation, all of the European powers accepted the Italian claim to a protectorate."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian claim that Menelik was aware of Article XVII turning his nation into an Italian protectorate seems unlikely given that the Emperor Menelik sent letters to Queen Victoria in late 1889 and was informed in the replies in early 1890 that Britain could not have diplomatic relations with Ethiopia on the account of Article XVII of the Treaty of Wuchale, a revelation that came as a great shock"}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "Background", "says": "But on the question of further diplomatic contacts, she left no doubt in Menelik's mind: \"We shall communicate to the Government of our Friend His Majesty the King of Italy copies of Your Majesty's letter and of our reply.\" \nFrancesco Crispi, the Italian Prime Minister, was an ultra-imperialist who believed the newly unified Italian sta"}], "Q1025404": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was shot and killed at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., one month into his second term and towards the conclusion of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was shot and killed at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., one month into his second term and towards the conclusion of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8612", "label": "Andrew Johnson", "section": "lead", "says": "Seward, and Vice President Andrew Johnson."}, {"id": "Q448803", "label": "Edwin M. Stanton", "section": "lead", "says": "Lincoln's secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, directed the largest manhunt in US history at the time, involving thousands of troops."}], "Q1076469": [{"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Riga was signed in Riga, Latvia, on 18 March 1921 between Poland on one side and Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine on the other, ending the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921)."}, {"id": "Q318330", "label": "Adolph Joffe", "section": "lead", "says": "The chief negotiators of the peace were Jan Dąbski for the Polish side and Adolph Joffe for the Soviet side."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty, Poland recognized Soviet Ukraine and Belarus, abrogating its 1920 Treaty of Warsaw with the Ukrainian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Riga established a Polish–Soviet border about 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of the Curzon Line, incorporating large numbers of Ukrainians and Belarusians into the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland, by recognising the Bolshevik-controlled Ukrainian and Belarusian states and simultaneously withdrawing recognition of the UPR (its only ally in the Polish–Bolshevik war), was in fact giving up on the federation programme, while Russia agreed to the whole of Galicia, as well as the territories of the former Russian Empire, inhabited largely by non-Polish people, being found within Poland's "}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty lasted until the invasion of Poland by the Soviet Union in 1939, and their borders were redefined by an agreement in 1945."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "World War I removed former state borders across Europe."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Russian Revolution which had renounced Tsarist claims to Poland, as well as the Central Powers provisions for Congress Poland in the March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, The Great War had ended with the collapse of the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Russian Revolution which had renounced Tsarist claims to Poland, as well as the Central Powers provisions for Congress Poland in the March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, The Great War had ended with the collapse of the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity for Poland, under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski, to regain parts of the territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire during the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity for Poland, under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski, to regain parts of the territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire during the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity for Poland, under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski, to regain parts of the territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire during the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity for Poland, under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski, to regain parts of the territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire during the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania."}], "Q109251": [{"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Background", "says": "Diodorus Siculus and Livy report that in 354 BC Rome and the Samnites concluded a treaty, but neither lists the terms agreed upon."}], "Q1123201": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish American wars of independence (Spanish: Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) were a series of conflicts that took place across the Spanish Empire during the early 19th century."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggles in both hemispheres began shortly after the outbreak of the Peninsular War forming part of the broader context of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggles in both hemispheres began shortly after the outbreak of the Peninsular War forming part of the broader context of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the 1898 Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish American independences had as a direct consequence the forced displacement of the royalist Spanish population that suffered a forced emigration during the war and later, due to the laws of Expulsion of the Spaniards from the new states in the Americas w"}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte, as part of his Continental Blockade strategy against the British Empire, forced the Spanish royal family to abdicate the throne, imposed the Bayonne Statute, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Spain."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte, as part of his Continental Blockade strategy against the British Empire, forced the Spanish royal family to abdicate the throne, imposed the Bayonne Statute, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Spain."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In the 18th century, the Habsburg dynasty was replaced by the Bourbons, and the Spanish Empire declined from a global power to a second-rate power following the War of the Spanish Succession, but continued to be an important colonial power due to its possessions in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Historical context", "says": "At the end of 1810, Ferdinand VII of Spain, captive, was recognized by the Cortes of Cádiz and by the governing juntas in the Americas as a king subordinate to popular sovereignty."}], "Q122311648": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Forming as a low-pressure system around 4 September 2023, the storm affected Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey with extensive flooding."}], "Q123070": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was a major armed conflict that saw Russian armies victorious against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Though a series of victories accrued by the Russian Empire led to substantial territorial conquests, including direct conquest over much of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, less Ottoman territory was directly annexed than might otherwise be expected due to a complex struggle within the European diplomatic system to maintain a balance of power that was acceptable to other European states and avoided dire"}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Nonetheless, Russia took advantage of the weakened Ottoman Empire, the end of the Seven Years' War, and the withdrawal of France from Polish affairs to assert itself as one of the continent's primary military powers."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The war left the Russian Empire in a strengthened position to expand its territory and maintain hegemony over the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, eventually leading to the First Partition of Poland."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkish losses included diplomatic defeats which led to its decline as a threat to Europe, the loss of its exclusive control over the Orthodox millet, and the beginning of European bickering over the Eastern question that would feature in European diplomacy until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q199484", "label": "Mustafa III", "section": "Background", "says": "Many noble factions had risen against the power of Sultan Mustafa III and would proceed to break away from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans were also able to levy troops from their vassal state, the Crimean Khanate, to fight the Russians, but their effectiveness was undermined by constant Russian destabilization of the area."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire faced internal division, rebellion and corruption compounded by the re-emergence of a unified Persian leadership, under Nader Shah."}], "Q1356047": [{"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the February Revolution in 1917, the Romanovs and their servants had been imprisoned in the Alexander Palace before being moved to Tobolsk, Siberia, in the aftermath of the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the February Revolution in 1917, the Romanovs and their servants had been imprisoned in the Alexander Palace before being moved to Tobolsk, Siberia, in the aftermath of the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union did not acknowledge the existence of these remains publicly until 1989 during the Glasnost period."}, {"id": "Q4142261", "label": "Filipp Goloshchyokin", "section": "Background", "says": "Filipp Goloshchyokin arrived in Moscow as a representative of the Soviet on 3 July with a message insisting on the Tsar's execution."}, {"id": "Q188570", "label": "Felix Dzerzhinsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Only seven of the 23 members of the Central Executive Committee were in attendance, three of whom were Lenin, Sverdlov and Felix Dzerzhinsky."}], "Q153316": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crete (German: Luftlandeschlacht um Kreta, Greek: Μάχη της Κρήτης), codenamed Operation Mercury (German: Unternehmen Merkur), was a major Axis airborne and amphibious operation during World War II to capture the island of Crete."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Winston Churchill, the British prime minister, sent a telegram to the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir John Dill: \"To lose Crete because we had not sufficient bulk of forces there would be a crime.\"\nThe German Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres, OKH) was preoccupied with finalizing preparations for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and was largely oppo"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Winston Churchill, the British prime minister, sent a telegram to the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir John Dill: \"To lose Crete because we had not sufficient bulk of forces there would be a crime.\"\nThe German Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres, OKH) was preoccupied with finalizing preparations for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and was largely oppo"}, {"id": "Q154720", "label": "Battle of Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "The desire to regain prestige after their defeat by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the Battle of Britain the year before may also have played a role in their thinking, especially before the advent of the much more important invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q93367", "label": "Alexander Löhr", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Luftwaffe commander, Colonel General Alexander Löhr, and the Kriegsmarine commander, Admiral Karlgeorg Schuster, wanted more emphasis on Maleme, to achieve overwhelming superiority of force."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A compromise plan by Hermann Göring was agreed, and in the final draft, Maleme was to be captured first, while not ignoring the other objectives."}], "Q154288": [{"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "lead", "says": "Black September (Arabic: أيلول الأسود, romanized: Aylūl al-ʾAswad), also known as the Jordanian Civil War, was an armed conflict between Jordan, led by King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by chairman Yasser Arafat."}, {"id": "Q1930278", "label": "Battle of Karameh", "section": "lead", "says": "They were headquartered at the Jordanian border town of Karameh, which Israel targeted during the Battle of Karameh in 1968, leading to a surge of Arab support for the fedayeen."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Jordan allowed the fedayeen to relocate to Lebanon via Syria, where they later became involved in the Lebanese Civil War."}], "Q156086": [{"id": "Q60727566", "label": "Treaty of Aachen", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A final version was signed on 18 October 1748 by Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Maria Theresa resented Austria's exclusion from the talks, and blamed Britain for forcing her to accept concessions, while British politicians felt they had received little benefit for the financial subsidies paid to her."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "These issues, combined with other factors, led to the strategic realignment known as the Diplomatic Revolution, and the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Philip V of Spain in July 1746 seemed an opportunity to break the Bourbon alliance, while Newcastle hoped the Orangist revolution would revitalise the Dutch war effort, and allow the Allies to recover the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Philip V of Spain in July 1746 seemed an opportunity to break the Bourbon alliance, while Newcastle hoped the Orangist revolution would revitalise the Dutch war effort, and allow the Allies to recover the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "However, despite French victories in Flanders, the impact of the British naval blockade was such that throughout 1746, Finance Minister Machault repeatedly warned Louis XV of the impending collapse of their financial system."}, {"id": "Q233430", "label": "Second Battle of Cape Finisterre", "section": "Background", "says": "The position became critical after the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747, as the French Navy was no longer strong enough to protect their merchant convoys."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "They agreed to withdraw Austrian troops from the Duchy of Modena and Republic of Genoa, confirm Spanish control of Naples, and provide territorial concessions that would provide Infante Philip of Spain with an Italian state."}], "Q157682": [{"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with strike action by construction workers in East Berlin on 16 June against work quotas during the Sovietization process in East Germany."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1953 uprising was celebrated in West Germany as a public holiday on 17 June until German reunification in 1990, after which it was replaced by German Unity Day, celebrated annually on 3 October."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1952, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany or FRG) rejected the \"Stalin Note\", a proposal sent by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin offering reunification with the Soviet-backed German Democratic Republic (East Germany or GDR) as an independent and politically neutral Germany."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "After these developments, it became clear to both the Soviet Union and the GDR that Germany would remain divided indefinitely."}, {"id": "Q2628", "label": "Walter Ulbricht", "section": "Background", "says": "In East Berlin, General Secretary Walter Ulbricht of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the ruling party of the GDR, interpreted Stalin's failed attempt at German reunification as a \"green light'\" to proceed with the \"accelerated construction of socialism in the GDR\", which the party announced at its Second Party Conference in July 1952."}], "Q207250": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Trasimene was fought when a Carthaginian force under Hannibal ambushed a Roman army commanded by Gaius Flaminius on 21 June 217 BC, during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q1284910", "label": "Gaius Flaminius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Trasimene was fought when a Carthaginian force under Hannibal ambushed a Roman army commanded by Gaius Flaminius on 21 June 217 BC, during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Trasimene was fought when a Carthaginian force under Hannibal ambushed a Roman army commanded by Gaius Flaminius on 21 June 217 BC, during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "War had broken out between Rome and Carthage early in 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q271873", "label": "Battle of the Trebia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans rushed reinforcements north from Sicily but were badly defeated at the Battle of the Trebia."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "These more aggressive commanders engaged Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, resulting in a third and even worse disaster for Rome; it was followed by thirteen more years of war."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "Background", "says": "Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) and marched north into Gaul in May 218 BC, leaving his brother, Hasdrubal Barca, in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia."}, {"id": "Q378957", "label": "Battle of Ticinus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans went on the attack and the local Roman commander, the consul Publius Scipio, personally led a strong force of cavalry and light infantry against the Carthaginian cavalry at the Battle of Ticinus."}, {"id": "Q373061", "label": "Adrian Goldsworthy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy points out that as they passed through territory devastated by the Carthaginians, there would have been a feeling of military failure and humiliation – the army existed to protect its homeland – and that the small farmers of the legions and their landowner officers would have taken this despoliation as an intense provocation."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Romans gained the impression, possibly fostered by Hannibal, that the Carthaginians were fleeing south before them; according to the ancient historian Polybius, they anticipated an easy victory."}], "Q208199": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "From 16 to 18 September 1982, between 1,300 and 3,500 civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias—were killed in Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, with the support of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)."}, {"id": "Q467879", "label": "Elie Hobeika", "section": "lead", "says": "The killings are widely believed to have taken place under the command of Lebanese politician Elie Hobeika, whose family and fiancée had been murdered by Palestinian militants and left-wing Lebanese militias during the Damour massacre in 1976, itself a response to the Karantina massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Shias at the hands of Christian militias."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the attempted assassination of the ambassador, all such justifications had been shot down by its ally, the United States, as an insufficient reason to launch a war against the PLO."}, {"id": "Q130873", "label": "Menachem Begin", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 June 1982, ten days after the start of the invasion, the Israeli Cabinet passed a proposal put forward by the Prime Minister, Menachem Begin, that the IDF should not enter West Beirut but this should be done by Lebanese Forces."}, {"id": "Q365524", "label": "Raphael Eitan", "section": "Background", "says": "The IDF Chief of Staff, Rafael Eitan, had already issued orders that the Lebanese predominantly Christian, right-wing militias should not take part in the fighting and the proposal was to counter public complaints that the IDF were suffering casualties whilst their allies were standing by."}, {"id": "Q315534", "label": "Bachir Gemayel", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 August 1982, Bachir Gemayel, leader of the right-wing Lebanese Forces, was elected President of Lebanon by the National Assembly."}], "Q2092093": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating the largest contiguous empire in history, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered a significant portion of Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongols continued to rule China into the 14th century under the Yuan dynasty, while Mongol rule in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Indian subcontinent, the later Mughal Empire survived into the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "With his wife Hö'elün, whom he had abducted from her previous Merkit husband, Yesugei had several children, including a boy named Temüjin (the future Genghis Khan) who was born c."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1202, Temüjin eradicated the Tatars; this left the Mongols as the preeminent power in eastern Mongolia."}], "Q244980": [{"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Sultan Mehmed II, the Ottoman forces sought to capture the strategic city of Belgrade (Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár), which was then under Hungarian control and was crucial for maintaining control over the Danube River and the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "Captain in Chief of Hungary, John Hunyadi, had garrisoned and strengthened the fortress city at his own expense."}, {"id": "Q384428", "label": "Michael Szilágyi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian defenders, led by Michael Szilágyi, put up a determined resistance against the larger Ottoman army from 4 July."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans would continue their expansion in other directions, and the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and European powers persisted for centuries."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire, under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II, had recently achieved a significant victory by capturing Constantinople in 1453, making it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire, thereby ending the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After conducting two campaigns against the Serbian Despotate in 1454 and 1455, Sultan Mehmed decided to continue his conquests towards the northwest by capturing the strategically important city of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary."}], "Q270517": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was intended to boost Allied morale, to demonstrate the commitment of the United Kingdom to re-open the Western Front, and to support the Soviet Union, which was fighting on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was intended to boost Allied morale, to demonstrate the commitment of the United Kingdom to re-open the Western Front, and to support the Soviet Union, which was fighting on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was intended to boost Allied morale, to demonstrate the commitment of the United Kingdom to re-open the Western Front, and to support the Soviet Union, which was fighting on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q552191", "label": "Dudley Pound", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Sea Lord, Dudley Pound, was opposed to Operation Rutter, which he felt to be too dangerous, but gave his approval as he knew he was out of favor with Churchill."}], "Q461891": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "There were 14 original High Contracting Parties: Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and India), and the United States."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "There were 14 original High Contracting Parties: Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and India), and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "There were 14 original High Contracting Parties: Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and India), and the United States."}], "Q504172": [{"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, fought in July 711 at an unidentified location in what is now southern Spain between the Visigoths under their king, Roderic, and the invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, composed of mainly Berbers and some Arabs under the commander Tariq ibn Ziyad."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, fought in July 711 at an unidentified location in what is now southern Spain between the Visigoths under their king, Roderic, and the invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, composed of mainly Berbers and some Arabs under the commander Tariq ibn Ziyad."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, fought in July 711 at an unidentified location in what is now southern Spain between the Visigoths under their king, Roderic, and the invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, composed of mainly Berbers and some Arabs under the commander Tariq ibn Ziyad."}, {"id": "Q393730", "label": "Achila II", "section": "Background", "says": "Archaeological evidence and two surviving lists of kings show that one Achila II ruled in the northeast of the kingdom at this time, but his relationship to Roderic is unknown."}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "Background", "says": "According to all sources, the earliest being Paul the Deacon, Ṭāriq left from Ceuta (Septem) and landed at the Rock of Calpe, the later Gibraltar, which Arabic sources derive from Jebel Tariq, \"Rock of Ṭāriq\"."}], "Q51650": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Crusade was the beginning phase of the First Crusade whose objective was to retake the Holy Land, and Jerusalem in particular, from Islamic rule."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1095, after the head of the Catholic Church Pope Urban II started to urge faithful Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem, the People's Crusade was conducted for roughly six months from April to October 1096."}, {"id": "Q311845", "label": "Peter the Hermit", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led primarily by Peter the Hermit with forces of Walter Sans Avoir."}, {"id": "Q978823", "label": "Battle of Civetot", "section": "lead", "says": "The peasant army of this crusade was largely destroyed by the forces of the Seljuk Turks under Kilij Arslan at the Battle of Civetot in northwestern Anatolia, though some survivors joined the armies of the Prince's Crusade in Constantinople."}], "Q518753": [{"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sharpeville massacre occurred on 21 March 1960, when police opened fire on a crowd of people who had assembled outside the police station in the township of Sharpeville in the then Transvaal Province of the then Union of South Africa (today part of Gauteng) to protest against the apartheid system and its pass laws."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In present-day South Africa, 21 March is commemorated  as a public holiday in honour of human rights and to commemorate the Sharpeville massacre."}], "Q541369": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, also known as the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia or the Allied invasion of Iran, was the joint invasion of the officially neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, also known as the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia or the Allied invasion of Iran, was the joint invasion of the officially neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The two powers announced that they would stay until six months after the end of the war with their mutual enemy, Nazi Germany (World War II), which turned out to be 2 March 1946."}, {"id": "Q182921", "label": "Reza Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah was forced to abdicate and went into exile, being replaced by his young son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah was forced to abdicate and went into exile, being replaced by his young son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became formal allies, providing further impetus for an Allied invasion."}], "Q567712": [{"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck took full charge of German foreign policy from 1870 to his dismissal in 1890."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1873 he formed the League of the Three Emperors, an alliance of the Kaisers of Germany and Austria-Hungary and the Tsar of Russia."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The second treaty provided that no territorial changes should take place in the Balkans without prior agreement and that Austria could annex Bosnia and Herzegovina when it wished; in the event of war between one party and a great power not party to the treaty, the other two parties were to maintain friendly neutrality."}, {"id": "Q656545", "label": "Reinsurance Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Bismarck was able to temporarily preserve ties with Russia in the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887; but, after his dismissal, this treaty was not renewed, and a Franco-Russian Alliance developed."}, {"id": "Q243799", "label": "Franco-Russian Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "Bismarck was able to temporarily preserve ties with Russia in the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887; but, after his dismissal, this treaty was not renewed, and a Franco-Russian Alliance developed."}], "Q696018": [{"id": "Q319156", "label": "Rodolfo Graziani", "section": "lead", "says": "British metropolitan, Imperial and Commonwealth forces attacked the Italian and Libyan forces of the 10th Army (Marshal Rodolfo Graziani) in western Egypt and Cyrenaica, the eastern province of Libya, from December 1940 to February 1941."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "British metropolitan, Imperial and Commonwealth forces attacked the Italian and Libyan forces of the 10th Army (Marshal Rodolfo Graziani) in western Egypt and Cyrenaica, the eastern province of Libya, from December 1940 to February 1941."}, {"id": "Q352630", "label": "Richard O'Connor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Desert Force (WDF) (Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor) with about 36,000 men, advanced from Mersa Matruh in Egypt on a five-day raid against the Italian positions of the 10th Army, which had about 150,000 troops in fortified posts around Sidi Barrani in Egypt and in Cyrenaica to the west."}, {"id": "Q15310269", "label": "Battle of Beda Fomm", "section": "lead", "says": "The 10th Army was cut off as it retreated towards Tripolitania at the Battle of Beda Fomm, the remnants being pursued to El Agheila on the Gulf of Sirte."}, {"id": "Q2888837", "label": "Battle of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The WDF was unable to continue beyond El Agheila, due to worn-out vehicles and the diversion in March 1941 of the best-equipped units to conduct Operation Lustre for the Battle of Greece."}, {"id": "Q1056", "label": "Italo Balbo", "section": "Background", "says": "The naval gunners also shot down a Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 aircraft and killed Italo Balbo, the Governor-General of Libya and Commander-in-chief of Italian forces in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q280748", "label": "Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Italian advance, Wavell ordered the commander of British Troops Egypt, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, to plan a limited operation to push the Italians back."}], "Q745110": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chaldiran (Persian: جنگ چالدران; Turkish: Çaldıran Savaşı) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and Upper Mesopotamia from Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chaldiran was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war between the Safavids and Ottomans, which only ended in 1555 with the Peace of Amasya."}, {"id": "Q171349", "label": "Abbas the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Safavids eventually reconquered Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia during the reign of Abbas the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q2060524", "label": "Treaty of Zuhab", "section": "lead", "says": "1588–1629), they would be permanently ceded to the Ottomans by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "lead", "says": "Ismail I, the leader of the Safavids, was wounded and almost captured during the battle."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "lead", "says": "His wives were captured by the Ottoman leader Selim I, with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "Background", "says": "After Selim I's successful struggle against his brothers for the throne of the Ottoman Empire, he was free to turn his attention to the internal unrest he believed was stirred up by the Qizilbash, a Twelver Shi'i warrior-dervish group who had sided with other members of the dynasty against him and had been semi-officially supported by Bayezid II."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "His partisans believed he was descended from Muhammad and infallible."}], "Q815567": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake occurred in northern Armenia (then Armenian SSR, as part of the Soviet Union) on 7 December, 1988, at 11:41 local time with a surface-wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating)."}, {"id": "Q765165", "label": "Leonid Brezhnev", "section": "lead", "says": "Earthquake engineering experts scrutinized building construction styles and found fault in the poorly constructed apartments and other buildings that were built during the Era of Stagnation under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "In a sign of the easing tensions of the Cold War, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev formally asked the United States for humanitarian help within a few days of the earthquake, the first such request since the late 1940s."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In a sign of the easing tensions of the Cold War, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev formally asked the United States for humanitarian help within a few days of the earthquake, the first such request since the late 1940s."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "While transporting some of these supplies to the region, a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel, and a transport plane from Yugoslavia, were both destroyed in separate incidents."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Political background", "says": "For the fifteen months prior to the earthquake and at times up to hundreds of thousands of protesters, represented by the Karabakh Committee, were demanding both democracy and the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh (administered by Soviet Azerbaijan but disputed autonomous territory with a 76% Armenian majority and a 23% Azerbaijani minority in 1989) in the mountains of the Karabakh region."}], "Q817206": [{"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian Civil War (Khmer: សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលកម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: Sângkréam Sĭvĭl Kâmpŭchéa) was a civil war in Cambodia fought between the Khmer Rouge against the government of the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian Civil War (Khmer: សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលកម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: Sângkréam Sĭvĭl Kâmpŭchéa) was a civil war in Cambodia fought between the Khmer Rouge against the government of the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the March 1970 coup, the conflict shifted as the Khmer Rouge and forces loyal to Norodom Sihanouk, now supported by North Vietnam and China, fought against the Khmer Republic, which was supported by the United States and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the March 1970 coup, the conflict shifted as the Khmer Rouge and forces loyal to Norodom Sihanouk, now supported by North Vietnam and China, fought against the Khmer Republic, which was supported by the United States and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the March 1970 coup, the conflict shifted as the Khmer Rouge and forces loyal to Norodom Sihanouk, now supported by North Vietnam and China, fought against the Khmer Republic, which was supported by the United States and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the March 1970 coup, the conflict shifted as the Khmer Rouge and forces loyal to Norodom Sihanouk, now supported by North Vietnam and China, fought against the Khmer Republic, which was supported by the United States and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the March 1970 coup, the conflict shifted as the Khmer Rouge and forces loyal to Norodom Sihanouk, now supported by North Vietnam and China, fought against the Khmer Republic, which was supported by the United States and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was part of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "This presence was initially tolerated by Prince Norodom Sihanouk, the Cambodian head of state, but domestic resistance combined with China and North Vietnam aiding the anti-government Khmer Rouge caused him to request help from the Soviet Union to stop this."}], "Q828435": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico (Spanish: Conquista española del Imperio azteca), was a pivotal event that took place during the Spanish colonization of the Americas (the broader European colonization of the Americas), marked by the collision of the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Spanish Empire with its American Indian allies."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico (Spanish: Conquista española del Imperio azteca), was a pivotal event that took place during the Spanish colonization of the Americas (the broader European colonization of the Americas), marked by the collision of the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Spanish Empire with its American Indian allies."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1519 and 1521, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his small army of European soldiers and the large allied army of Indian auxiliaries, overthrew the most powerful pre Columbian empire to exist in Mesoamerica."}, {"id": "Q141791", "label": "Moctezuma II", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II, the Aztec Empire had established dominance over modern central Mexico through military conquest and intricate alliances."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish aggression campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish Armed forces under Cortés and Tlaxcalan Indian warriors led by Indian prince Xicotencatl the Younger captured the Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc and the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan."}], "Q838695": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Congo War, also known as Africa's First World War, was a civil and international military conflict that lasted from 24 October 1996 to 16 May 1997, primarily taking place in Zaire (which was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the conflict)."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the overthrow of Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko, who was replaced by rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila."}, {"id": "Q135547", "label": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the overthrow of Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko, who was replaced by rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict, which also involved multiple neighboring countries, set the stage for the Second Congo War (1998–2003) due to tensions between Kabila and his former allies."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Kabila expelled foreign troops and forged alliances with regional powers such as Angola, Zimbabwe, and Namibia."}], "Q838980": [{"id": "Q726514", "label": "Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was the removal of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the establishment of a local government, the Primera Junta (First Junta), on 25 May."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1808, King Ferdinand VII abdicated in favour of Napoleon, who granted the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1808, King Ferdinand VII abdicated in favour of Napoleon, who granted the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1808, King Ferdinand VII abdicated in favour of Napoleon, who granted the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q2511385", "label": "Primera Junta y messi", "section": "lead", "says": "The newly formed government, the Primera Junta, included only representatives from Buenos Aires and invited other cities of the Viceroyalty to send delegates to join them."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The May Revolution began the Argentine War of Independence, although no declaration of independence from Spain was issued at the"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "Events developed at a slower pace than in the United States independence movement."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Causes", "says": "In 1806, a small British army led by William Carr Beresford managed to occupy Buenos Aires for a brief time; a Montevidean army led by Santiago de Liniers recaptured the city."}, {"id": "Q2361877", "label": "Cornelio Saavedra", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Patricios Regiment, led by Cornelio Saavedra, was the biggest criollo army."}, {"id": "Q171416", "label": "Battle of Trafalgar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Supreme Central Junta replaced Liniers with the naval officer Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, a veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar, to end the political turmoil in the Río de la Plata."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Manuel Belgrano proposed that Liniers should resist on the grounds that he had been confirmed as Viceroy by a King of Spain, whereas Cisneros lacked such legitimacy."}, {"id": "Q5116509", "label": "Chuquisaca Revolution", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 25 May 1809, the Chuquisaca Revolution deposed Ramón García de León y Pizarro as Governor of Chuquisaca and replaced him with Juan Antonio Alvarez de Arenales."}, {"id": "Q3810857", "label": "Juan José Castelli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Juan José Castelli was present at the deliberations of the University of Chuquisaca, where Bernardo Monteagudo developed the Syllogism of Chuquisaca, a legal explanation to justify self-governance."}, {"id": "Q934097", "label": "Bernardo Monteagudo", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Juan José Castelli was present at the deliberations of the University of Chuquisaca, where Bernardo Monteagudo developed the Syllogism of Chuquisaca, a legal explanation to justify self-governance."}], "Q846876": [{"id": "Q541674", "label": "Sten Sture the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "Archbishop Gustav Trolle, demanding economic compensation for things such as the demolition of Almarestäket's fortress, questioned whether the former Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger and his supporters had been guilty of heresy."}, {"id": "Q1606958", "label": "Battle of Bogesund", "section": "Background", "says": "Sture was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund on 19 January 1520."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "During a meeting on what is thought to be Beckholmen, outside of Djurgården, Christian swore that all acts against him would be forgotten, and gave pardon to several named persons (including Gustav Vasa, who had escaped from Denmark, where he had been held hostage)."}], "Q847137": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898, was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, and marked the official end of the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898, was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, and marked the official end of the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898, was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, and marked the official end of the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over the West Indies archipelagos and islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean, the Western Pacific island of Guam in the Mariana Islands in Micronesia, and the Western Pacific archipelago of the Philippines in Southeast Asia to the United States."}, {"id": "Q351722", "label": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first treaty negotiated between the two governments since the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire, apart from some small holdings."}, {"id": "Q205282", "label": "William Jennings Bryan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the U.S., many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, which became one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who opposed imperialism."}, {"id": "Q35041", "label": "William McKinley", "section": "lead", "says": "Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty and was reelected."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "After much of mainland in the Americas had achieved independence, Cubans tried their hand at revolution in 1868–1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José Martí."}, {"id": "Q103285", "label": "José Martí", "section": "Background", "says": "After much of mainland in the Americas had achieved independence, Cubans tried their hand at revolution in 1868–1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José Martí."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "Background", "says": "August 26, 1896, presented the first call to revolt, led by Andrés Bonifacio, succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "Aguinaldo then negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato with the Spaniards and went into exile to Hong Kong along with the other revolutionary leaders."}], "Q849176": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794, Second Polish War, Polish Campaign of 1794, and the Polish Revolution of 1794, was an uprising against the Russian and Prussian influence on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Poland–Lithuania and the Prussian partition in 1794."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794, Second Polish War, Polish Campaign of 1794, and the Polish Revolution of 1794, was an uprising against the Russian and Prussian influence on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Poland–Lithuania and the Prussian partition in 1794."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794, Second Polish War, Polish Campaign of 1794, and the Polish Revolution of 1794, was an uprising against the Russian and Prussian influence on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Poland–Lithuania and the Prussian partition in 1794."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite some local successes of the insurgency, it was ultimately suppressed by Russian general Alexander Suvorov, who was promoted to field marshal in the aftermath of the decisive Battle of Praga; the massacre that followed the battle was evidence of the ruthlessness of war."}, {"id": "Q154382", "label": "Józef Poniatowski", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish military was widely dissatisfied with the capitulation, most commanders considering it premature; Tadeusz Kościuszko, Prince Józef Poniatowski and many others would criticize the king's decision and many, including Kościuszko, resigned their commission shortly afterward."}, {"id": "Q127345", "label": "Hugo Kołłątaj", "section": "Background", "says": "The politicians, grouped around Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kołłątaj, sought contacts with similar opposition groups formed in Poland and by spring 1793 had been joined by other politicians and revolutionaries, including Ignacy Działyński."}], "Q957186": [{"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Covadonga took place in 722 between the army of Pelagius of Asturias and the army of Umayyad Caliphate commanders Alqama and Munuza."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Covadonga took place in 722 between the army of Pelagius of Asturias and the army of Umayyad Caliphate commanders Alqama and Munuza."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "It is traditionally regarded as the foundational event of the Kingdom of Asturias and thus the initial point of the Christian Reconquista (reconquest) of Iberia after the Umayyad conquest of 711."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "It is traditionally regarded as the foundational event of the Kingdom of Asturias and thus the initial point of the Christian Reconquista (reconquest) of Iberia after the Umayyad conquest of 711."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to texts written by Mozarabs in northern Hispania during the late ninth century, the Visigoths in 718 elected a nobleman named Pelagius (c.685–737) as their princeps, or leader."}], "Q1048169": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Berlin (formally the Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East) was signed on 13 July 1878."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "lead", "says": "They reversed some of the extreme gains claimed by Russia in the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, but the Ottomans lost their major holdings in Europe."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of three major peace agreements in the period after the 1815 Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "Chancellor of Germany Otto von Bismarck was the chairman and dominant personality."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The most important task of the Congress was to decide the fate of Bulgaria, but Bulgaria itself was excluded from participation in the talks, at Russian insistence."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The most notable result of the conference was the official recognition of the newly independent states of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro (which had de facto been acting independently for decades)."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Paris Peace Treaty of 1856, which ended the Crimean War, had made the Black Sea a neutral territory."}], "Q1056439": [{"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tartu (Estonian: Tartu rahuleping, lit. 'Tartu peace', Russian: Юрьевский (Тартуский) договор) is a peace treaty that was signed in Tartu on 2 February 1920 between the Republic of Estonia and Soviet Russia, ending the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the treaty stated: \"In consequence of the right of all peoples to self-determination, to the point of seceding completely from the State of which they form part, a right proclaimed by the Socialist and Federal Russian Republic of the Soviets, Russia unreservedly recognizes the independence and sovereignty of the State of Estonia, and renounces voluntarily and forever all sovereign rig"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Estonia before the treaty", "says": "In 1917, three years into World War I, the Russian Empire fell into revolution and civil war."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Estonia before the treaty", "says": "In 1917, three years into World War I, the Russian Empire fell into revolution and civil war."}], "Q1133574": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, while Aisha was a widow of Muhammad; Talha and Zubayr were both early converts to Islam and prominent companions."}], "Q1134220": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of the Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities such as Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Pereyaslavl and Vladimir, including the largest: Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernigov (30,000 inhabitants)."}, {"id": "Q570204", "label": "Battle of the Kalka River", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River on 31 May 1223, which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several principalities as well as the remnants of the Cumans under Köten."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "A full-scale invasion by Batu Khan followed, with most of Kievan Rus' overrun in 1236–1238."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The heavy losses suffered by the Mongols during the invasion period significantly weakened subsequent campaigns, preventing the ruin of the Holy Roman Empire and more western countries."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Even those principalities who avoided physical conquest were eventually forced to accept Mongol supremacy in the form of tribute – as in the case of Galicia–Volhynia, Polotsk and Novgorod – if not outright vassalage, of the Golden Horde, until well into the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "lead", "says": "Although a Russian army defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, the Mongolian demands of tribute from Russian princes continued until about 1480."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, a series of succession crises caused the fracture of the Mongol Empire, and this eventually enabled the regrouped Russians, under the leadership of Ivan the Terrible, to defeat the successor states of the Mongol Empire such as the Khanate of Kazan and the Astrakhan Khanate to establish their own empire."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, a series of succession crises caused the fracture of the Mongol Empire, and this eventually enabled the regrouped Russians, under the leadership of Ivan the Terrible, to defeat the successor states of the Mongol Empire such as the Khanate of Kazan and the Astrakhan Khanate to establish their own empire."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, a series of succession crises caused the fracture of the Mongol Empire, and this eventually enabled the regrouped Russians, under the leadership of Ivan the Terrible, to defeat the successor states of the Mongol Empire such as the Khanate of Kazan and the Astrakhan Khanate to establish their own empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1207, Genghis Khan sent his eldest son Jochi to conquer the tribes north of the Selenga River and in the Irtysh valley, which included the lands of Eastern Europe in the Jochi Ulus."}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The first blow of the united Chingizid army targeted Volga Bulgaria."}], "Q131704535": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "From January 7 to 31, 2025, 14 destructive wildfires affected the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Diego County in California, United States."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "Lead-up", "says": "A news conference held by United States President Joe Biden in Coachella Valley to sign proclamations for the Chuckwalla National Monument and the Sáttítla Highlands National Monument was canceled for excessive winds."}], "Q155008": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Uranus (19–23 November 1942) was a Soviet strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad: the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Uranus (19–23 November 1942) was a Soviet strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad: the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red Army carried out the operation at roughly the midpoint of the five-month long Battle of Stalingrad,   aiming to destroy German forces in and around Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q311787", "label": "Operation Mars", "section": "lead", "says": "Planning for Operation Uranus had commenced in September 1942, and developed simultaneously with plans to envelop and destroy German Army Group Center (Operation Mars) and German forces in the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The German decision to transfer several mechanized divisions from the Soviet Union to Western Europe exacerbated their situation."}, {"id": "Q158287", "label": "Case Blue", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1942, the Wehrmacht began its offensive against Soviet forces opposite of Army Group South, codenamed Case Blue."}, {"id": "Q57174", "label": "Franz Halder", "section": "Background", "says": "Head of Army General Staff General Franz Halder had been dismissed in September after his efforts to warn about the danger which was developing along the over-extended flanks of the Sixth Army and the Fourth Panzer Army."}, {"id": "Q150894", "label": "Aleksandr Vasilevsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Ultimately, command of Soviet efforts to relieve Stalingrad was put under the leadership of General Aleksandr Vasilevsky."}], "Q162284": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Kiev or Kiev operation, known as the Battle of Kiev on the German side (German: Schlacht bei Kiew), was a major battle that resulted in an encirclement of Soviet troops in the vicinity of Kiev during World War II, the capital and most populous city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Kiev or Kiev operation, known as the Battle of Kiev on the German side (German: Schlacht bei Kiew), was a major battle that resulted in an encirclement of Soviet troops in the vicinity of Kiev during World War II, the capital and most populous city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle lasted from 7 July to 26 September 1941 as part of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle lasted from 7 July to 26 September 1941 as part of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q390171", "label": "Mikhail Kirponos", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the Southwestern Front of the Red Army, commanded by Mikhail Kirponos, was encircled, but small groups of Red Army troops managed to escape the pocket in the days after the German panzers attacked east of the city, including the forces of Marshal Semyon Budyonny, Marshal Semyon Timoshenko and Commissar Nikita Khrushchev."}, {"id": "Q191702", "label": "Semyon Timoshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the Southwestern Front of the Red Army, commanded by Mikhail Kirponos, was encircled, but small groups of Red Army troops managed to escape the pocket in the days after the German panzers attacked east of the city, including the forces of Marshal Semyon Budyonny, Marshal Semyon Timoshenko and Commissar Nikita Khrushchev."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the Southwestern Front of the Red Army, commanded by Mikhail Kirponos, was encircled, but small groups of Red Army troops managed to escape the pocket in the days after the German panzers attacked east of the city, including the forces of Marshal Semyon Budyonny, Marshal Semyon Timoshenko and Commissar Nikita Khrushchev."}, {"id": "Q327061", "label": "Battle of Białystok–Minsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an unprecedented defeat for the Red Army, and was more damaging than the Battle of Białystok–Minsk of June–July 1941."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Third Reich, described the Battle of Kiev as \"the biggest battle in the history of the world\", and Joseph Goebbels, the German minister of propaganda, called it \"the greatest battle of annihilation of all time\"."}, {"id": "Q41749", "label": "Joseph Goebbels", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Third Reich, described the Battle of Kiev as \"the biggest battle in the history of the world\", and Joseph Goebbels, the German minister of propaganda, called it \"the greatest battle of annihilation of all time\"."}], "Q170360": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Juni), sometimes referred to as the Second Armistice at Compiègne, was an agreement signed at 18:36 on 22 June 1940 near Compiègne, France, by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Juni), sometimes referred to as the Second Armistice at Compiègne, was an agreement signed at 18:36 on 22 June 1940 near Compiègne, France, by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q76361", "label": "Wilhelm Keitel", "section": "lead", "says": "Signatories for Germany included Colonel General Wilhelm Keitel, head of the German armed forces (OKW), while those on the French side held lower ranks, led by General Charles Huntziger."}, {"id": "Q704264", "label": "Charles Huntziger", "section": "lead", "says": "Signatories for Germany included Colonel General Wilhelm Keitel, head of the German armed forces (OKW), while those on the French side held lower ranks, led by General Charles Huntziger."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decisive German victory in the Battle of France, the armistice established a German occupation zone in Northern and Western France that encompassed about three-fifths of France's European territory, including all English Channel and Atlantic Ocean ports."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler deliberately chose Compiègne Forest as the site to sign the armistice because of its symbolic role as the site of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that signaled the end of World War I with Germany's surrender."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler deliberately chose Compiègne Forest as the site to sign the armistice because of its symbolic role as the site of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that signaled the end of World War I with Germany's surrender."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler deliberately chose Compiègne Forest as the site to sign the armistice because of its symbolic role as the site of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that signaled the end of World War I with Germany's surrender."}], "Q208261": [{"id": "Q451426", "label": "Histiaeus", "section": "lead", "says": "At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "lead", "says": "At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king Darius the Great."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Persian Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Persian Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian cities then remained under Lydian rule until Lydia was in turn conquered by the nascent Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian cities then remained under Lydian rule until Lydia was in turn conquered by the nascent Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q462684", "label": "Harpagus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionians thus prepared to defend themselves, and Cyrus sent the Median general Harpagus to conquer Ionia."}], "Q209312": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire as one of 12 Russo-Turkish wars."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire as one of 12 Russo-Turkish wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The war broke out against the background of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1806, Sultan Selim III of Ottoman Empire, encouraged by the Russian defeat at Austerlitz and advised by the French Empire, deposed the pro-Russian Constantine Ypsilantis as Hospodar of the Principality of Wallachia and Alexander Mourousis as Hospodar of Moldavia, both Ottoman vassal states."}, {"id": "Q2272090", "label": "Konstantinos Ypsilantis", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1806, Sultan Selim III of Ottoman Empire, encouraged by the Russian defeat at Austerlitz and advised by the French Empire, deposed the pro-Russian Constantine Ypsilantis as Hospodar of the Principality of Wallachia and Alexander Mourousis as Hospodar of Moldavia, both Ottoman vassal states."}, {"id": "Q389004", "label": "Principality of Wallachia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1806, Sultan Selim III of Ottoman Empire, encouraged by the Russian defeat at Austerlitz and advised by the French Empire, deposed the pro-Russian Constantine Ypsilantis as Hospodar of the Principality of Wallachia and Alexander Mourousis as Hospodar of Moldavia, both Ottoman vassal states."}, {"id": "Q2833904", "label": "Alexander Mourousis", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1806, Sultan Selim III of Ottoman Empire, encouraged by the Russian defeat at Austerlitz and advised by the French Empire, deposed the pro-Russian Constantine Ypsilantis as Hospodar of the Principality of Wallachia and Alexander Mourousis as Hospodar of Moldavia, both Ottoman vassal states."}], "Q211395": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Passarowitz, or Treaty of Požarevac, was the peace treaty signed in Požarevac (Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац, German: Passarowitz, Turkish: Pasarofça), a town that was in the Ottoman Empire but is now in Serbia, on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire and its adversaries, the Habsburg monarchy and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Passarowitz, or Treaty of Požarevac, was the peace treaty signed in Požarevac (Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац, German: Passarowitz, Turkish: Pasarofça), a town that was in the Ottoman Empire but is now in Serbia, on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire and its adversaries, the Habsburg monarchy and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q871792", "label": "Ottoman Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1714 and 1718, the Ottomans had been successful against Venice in Ottoman Greece and Crete (Ottoman–Venetian War) but had been defeated at Petrovaradin (1716) by the Habsburg troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy (Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718)."}, {"id": "Q26799687", "label": "Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1714 and 1718, the Ottomans had been successful against Venice in Ottoman Greece and Crete (Ottoman–Venetian War) but had been defeated at Petrovaradin (1716) by the Habsburg troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy (Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718)."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Peace was arranged with the intervention of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, and the treaty was signed by Sir Robert Sutton and  Jacob Colyer on behalf of their governments."}, {"id": "Q733355", "label": "Carlo Ruzzini", "section": "Background", "says": "The other signatories were \n\nDamian Hugo, Count of Virmont and  Michael von Talmann for the Habsburg monarchy,\nVendramino Bianchi and Carlo Ruzzini for Venice\nSilindar Ibrahim–aga and Mehmed–efendija for the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q238440": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "8 October) 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), in Navarino Bay (modern Pylos), on the west coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, in the Ionian Sea."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "An Ottoman armada which, in addition to Imperial warships, included squadrons from the eyalets of Egypt and Regency of Algiers and Tunis, was destroyed by an Allied force of British, French and Russian warships."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The context of the three Great Powers' intervention in the Greek conflict was the Russian Empire's long-running expansion at the expense of the decaying Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q958853", "label": "Edward Codrington", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval battle happened more by accident than by design as a result of a manoeuvre by the Allied commander-in-chief, Admiral Edward Codrington, aimed at coercing the Ottoman commander to obey Allied instructions."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Turks had conquered the Greek-controlled Byzantine Empire during the 15th century, taking over its territory and its capital, Constantinople, and becoming its effective successor-state."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "He persuaded his powerful wali (viceroy) of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, who was technically his vassal but in practice autonomous, to deploy his Western-trained and equipped army and navy against the Greeks."}, {"id": "Q2500093", "label": "Richard Church", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek revolutionaries remained defiant, and appointed experienced philhellenic British officers at the head of the army and fleet: Maj Sir Richard Church (land) and Lord Cochrane (sea)."}], "Q241108": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire and the Russian Empire, led by Napoleon I and General Levin August von Bennigsen respectively."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire and the Russian Empire, led by Napoleon I and General Levin August von Bennigsen respectively."}, {"id": "Q57777", "label": "Levin August von Bennigsen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire and the Russian Empire, led by Napoleon I and General Levin August von Bennigsen respectively."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon and the French obtained a decisive victory that routed much of the Russian army, which retreated chaotically over the Alle river by the end of the fighting."}, {"id": "Q331347", "label": "Battle of Eylau", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement at Friedland was a strategic necessity after the Battle of Eylau earlier in 1807 had failed to yield a decisive verdict for either side."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Friedland effectively ended the War of the Fourth Coalition, as Emperor Alexander I reluctantly entered peace negotiations with Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "lead", "says": "These discussions eventually culminated in the Treaties of Tilsit, by which Russia agreed to join the Continental System against Great Britain a"}], "Q2649081": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The German invasion of the Netherlands (Dutch: Duitse aanval op Nederland), otherwise known as the Battle of the Netherlands (Dutch: Slag om Nederland), was a military campaign, part of Case Yellow (German: Fall Gelb), the Nazi German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and France during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The German invasion of the Netherlands (Dutch: Duitse aanval op Nederland), otherwise known as the Battle of the Netherlands (Dutch: Slag om Nederland), was a military campaign, part of Case Yellow (German: Fall Gelb), the Nazi German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and France during World War II."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "German propaganda therefore justified the invasion as a reaction to a supposed Entente attempt to occupy the Low Countries, similar to the justification used by the German Empire to invade Belgium in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "German propaganda therefore justified the invasion as a reaction to a supposed Entente attempt to occupy the Low Countries, similar to the justification used by the German Empire to invade Belgium in World War I."}, {"id": "Q2604", "label": "Pius XII", "section": "Background", "says": "On 4 May Sas again warned that an attack was imminent; this time it coincided with a warning from Pope Pius XII."}], "Q287942": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 resulted from the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829; war broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and in November 1827 revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention\nin retaliation for the participation of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Battle of Navarino of October 1827."}, {"id": "Q1993653", "label": "Akkerman Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 resulted from the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829; war broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and in November 1827 revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention\nin retaliation for the participation of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Battle of Navarino of October 1827."}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 resulted from the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829; war broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and in November 1827 revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention\nin retaliation for the participation of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Battle of Navarino of October 1827."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had bloodily abolished its centuries-old regular army, the Janissary Corps, in 1826."}], "Q499626": [{"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stirling Bridge (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Drochaid Shruighlea) was fought during the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q82457", "label": "William Wallace", "section": "lead", "says": "On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth."}, {"id": "Q310065", "label": "John of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "King John Balliol surrendered to King Edward I of England at Brechin on 10 July, and the Scottish landholders were made to acknowledge Edward's overlordship."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "King John Balliol surrendered to King Edward I of England at Brechin on 10 July, and the Scottish landholders were made to acknowledge Edward's overlordship."}], "Q521799": [{"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Neva (Russian: Невская битва, romanized: Nevskaya bitva; Swedish: slaget vid Neva; Finnish: Nevan taistelu) was fought between the Novgorod Republic, along with Karelians, and the Kingdom of Sweden, including Norwegian, Finnish and Tavastian forces, on the Neva River, near the settlement of Ust-Izhora, on 15 July 1240."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Neva (Russian: Невская битва, romanized: Nevskaya bitva; Swedish: slaget vid Neva; Finnish: Nevan taistelu) was fought between the Novgorod Republic, along with Karelians, and the Kingdom of Sweden, including Norwegian, Finnish and Tavastian forces, on the Neva River, near the settlement of Ust-Izhora, on 15 July 1240."}, {"id": "Q160182", "label": "Honorius III", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Honorius III (1216–1227) received a number of petitions regarding new Baltic crusades, mainly concerning Prussia and Livonia but also a report from the Swedish Archbishop concerning difficulties with their mission in Finland."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Background", "says": "At that time, Honorius responded to the Swedish archbishop only by declaring an embargo against trade with pagans in the region; it is not known if the Swedes requested further help for the moment."}, {"id": "Q3433771", "label": "Second Swedish Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Probably in 1238 or 1239, they made a successful campaign into Tavastia in Finland, known as the \"Second Swedish Crusade\" in later historiography."}], "Q53692": [{"id": "Q65055", "label": "Ahmed Jabari", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 2012, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Pillar of Defense (Hebrew: עַמּוּד עָנָן, ʿAmúd ʿAnán, literally: \"Pillar of Cloud\"), which was an eight-day campaign in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, beginning on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas, by an Israeli airstrike."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palestinians blamed the Israeli government for the upsurge in violence, accusing the IDF of attacks on Gazan civilians in the days leading up to the operation."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "Tel Aviv was hit for the first time since the 1991 Gulf War, and rockets were fired at Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "This outcome surprised Israel and the United States who had anticipated the return of the Fatah opposition to power and, together with the Quartet, they demanded Hamas accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence."}], "Q589318": [{"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Falkirk (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr na h-Eaglaise Brice; Scots: Battle o Fawkirk), on 22 July 1298, was one of the major battles in the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by King Edward I of England, the English army defeated the Scots, led by William Wallace."}, {"id": "Q82457", "label": "William Wallace", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by King Edward I of England, the English army defeated the Scots, led by William Wallace."}, {"id": "Q499626", "label": "Battle of Stirling Bridge", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Stirling Bridge, from November 1297 until January 1298 Wallace led a Scottish army south."}], "Q616109": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, the U.S. government paid Mexico $15 million \"in consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States\" and agreed to pay debts owed to American citizens by the Mexican government."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "Mexicans in areas annexed by the U.S. could relocate within Mexico's new boundaries or receive American citizenship and full civil rights."}, {"id": "Q827212", "label": "Gadsden Purchase", "section": "lead", "says": "The amount of land gained by the United States from Mexico was further increased due to the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, which ceded parts of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico to the United States."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "Mexico had claimed the area in question since winning its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "Mexico had claimed the area in question since winning its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q11881", "label": "John Tyler", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "On 1 March 1845, U.S. president John Tyler signed legislation to authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas, effective on 29 December 1845."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "On 1 March 1845, U.S. president John Tyler signed legislation to authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas, effective on 29 December 1845."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "Both the United Kingdom and France recognized the Republic of Texas's independence and repeatedly tried to dissuade Mexico from declaring war against its northern neighbor."}, {"id": "Q351722", "label": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "Earlier in that year, Mexico had broken off diplomatic relations with the United States, based partly on its interpretation of the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, under which newly independent Mexico claimed it had inherited rights."}, {"id": "Q823433", "label": "Oregon Treaty", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "Meanwhile, Polk settled a major territorial dispute with Britain via the Oregon Treaty, which was signed on 15 June 1846."}, {"id": "Q7796515", "label": "Thornton Affair", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "After the Thornton Affair of 25–26 April, when Mexican forces attacked an American unit in the disputed area, with the result that 11 Americans were killed, five wounded, and 49 captured, Congress passed a declaration of war, which Polk signed on 13 May 1846."}], "Q6165880": [{"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation or simply the Manchurian Operation (Маньчжурская операция), began on 8 August 1945 with the Soviet Union's invasion of the Empire of Japan's puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, in Japanese-occupied Manchuria and Inner Mongolia respectively."}, {"id": "Q697837", "label": "Mengjiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation or simply the Manchurian Operation (Маньчжурская операция), began on 8 August 1945 with the Soviet Union's invasion of the Empire of Japan's puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, in Japanese-occupied Manchuria and Inner Mongolia respectively."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation or simply the Manchurian Operation (Маньчжурская операция), began on 8 August 1945 with the Soviet Union's invasion of the Empire of Japan's puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, in Japanese-occupied Manchuria and Inner Mongolia respectively."}, {"id": "Q220602", "label": "Soviet–Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest campaign of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest campaign of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese government had previously hoped the Soviet Union would act as a third party, and end the Pacific War by negotiating a conditional surrender for Japan with the Western Allies."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese government had previously hoped the Soviet Union would act as a third party, and end the Pacific War by negotiating a conditional surrender for Japan with the Western Allies."}, {"id": "Q665554", "label": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kwantung Army officially surrendered on 16 August, although fighting continued until 2 September, when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed."}, {"id": "Q15242873", "label": "Soviet Civil Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Navy also launched an amphibious assault capturing the northern half of Japanese-occupied Korea, later establishing the Soviet Civil Administration."}, {"id": "Q844551", "label": "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 August it signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Kuomintang government."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 August it signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Kuomintang government."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The resumption of full-scale conflict in the Chinese Civil War prompted the Red Army to withdraw by 3 May 1946, handing much of Manchuria and Inner Mongolia to territories controlled by the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The resumption of full-scale conflict in the Chinese Civil War prompted the Red Army to withdraw by 3 May 1946, handing much of Manchuria and Inner Mongolia to territories controlled by the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War of the early 20th century resulted in a Japanese victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth by which, in conjunction with other later events including the Mukden incident and Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, Japan eventually gained control of Korea, Manchuria and South Sakhalin."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War of the early 20th century resulted in a Japanese victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth by which, in conjunction with other later events including the Mukden incident and Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, Japan eventually gained control of Korea, Manchuria and South Sakhalin."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "In the late 1930s there were a number of Soviet-Japanese border incidents, the most significant being the Battle of Lake Khasan (Changkufeng Incident, July–August 1938) and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan Incident, May–September 1939), which led to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 1941."}], "Q638587": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and the continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars."}], "Q651008": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Corinthian War (395–387 BC) was a conflict in ancient Greece which pitted Sparta against a coalition of city-states comprising Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos, backed by the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was caused by dissatisfaction with Spartan imperialism in the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), both from Athens, the defeated side in that conflict, and from Sparta's former allies, Corinth and Thebes, who had not been properly rewarded."}, {"id": "Q271850", "label": "Agesilaus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking advantage of the fact that the Spartan king Agesilaus II was away campaigning in Asia against the Achaemenid Empire, Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos forged an alliance in 395 BC with the goal of ending Spartan hegemony over Greece; the allies' war council was located in Corinth, which gave its name to the war."}, {"id": "Q1151812", "label": "Battle of Cnidus", "section": "lead", "says": "At first, the Spartans achieved several successes in pitched battles (at Nemea and Coroneia), but lost their advantage after their fleet was destroyed at the naval Battle of Cnidus against the Persian fleet, which effectively ended Sparta's attempts to become a naval power."}, {"id": "Q1132922", "label": "Peace of Antalcidas", "section": "lead", "says": "The King's Peace, also known as the Peace of Antalcidas, was dictated by the Achaemenid King Artaxerxes II in 387 BC, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The King's Peace, also known as the Peace of Antalcidas, was dictated by the Achaemenid King Artaxerxes II in 387 BC, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q461599", "label": "Battle of Leuctra", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace did not last long: war between Sparta and a resentful Thebes resumed in 378 BC, which finally led to the destruction of Spartan hegemony at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC."}], "Q654374": [{"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The techniques of industrial warfare continued to develop and played a vital part during the Hundred Days Offensive in 1918, along with replacement of the Mark IV tank with improved types."}], "Q695020": [{"id": "Q1970821", "label": "Mykola Lebed", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Third Supreme Assembly of the OUN in August 1943, Mykola Lebed criticized the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's actions in Volhynia as \"banditry\"."}, {"id": "Q463766", "label": "Roman Shukhevych", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1944, the UPA command, headed by Roman Shukhevych, issued an order to drive Poles out of"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Both the Polish government-in-exile and the underground state on one side, and the Ukrainian OUN-B on the other, considered the possibility that in the event of mutually exhaustive attrition warfare between Germany and the Soviet Union, the region would become a scene of conflict between Poles and Ukrainians."}], "Q76986": [{"id": "Q314338", "label": "Stanislaw Shushkievich", "section": "lead", "says": "The documentation was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus on 8 December 1991, by leaders of three of the four republics (except for the defunct Transcaucasian SFSR) which had signed the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR:\n\nBelarusian Parliament chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and Prime Minister of Belarus Vyacheslav Kebich\nRussian president Boris Yeltsin an"}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "lead", "says": "The documentation was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus on 8 December 1991, by leaders of three of the four republics (except for the defunct Transcaucasian SFSR) which had signed the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR:\n\nBelarusian Parliament chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and Prime Minister of Belarus Vyacheslav Kebich\nRussian president Boris Yeltsin an"}, {"id": "Q189732", "label": "Leonid Kravchuk", "section": "lead", "says": "The documentation was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus on 8 December 1991, by leaders of three of the four republics (except for the defunct Transcaucasian SFSR) which had signed the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR:\n\nBelarusian Parliament chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and Prime Minister of Belarus Vyacheslav Kebich\nRussian president Boris Yeltsin an"}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "The documentation was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus on 8 December 1991, by leaders of three of the four republics (except for the defunct Transcaucasian SFSR) which had signed the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR:\n\nBelarusian Parliament chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and Prime Minister of Belarus Vyacheslav Kebich\nRussian president Boris Yeltsin an"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The documentation was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus on 8 December 1991, by leaders of three of the four republics (except for the defunct Transcaucasian SFSR) which had signed the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR:\n\nBelarusian Parliament chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and Prime Minister of Belarus Vyacheslav Kebich\nRussian president Boris Yeltsin an"}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The three wanted to avoid what happened in the breakup of Yugoslavia and \"there was no other way out of the situation than a divorce.\"\nThe Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 21 December 1991 was signed on 21 December 1991."}], "Q7930888": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maccabean Revolt (Hebrew: מֶרֶד הַמַּכַּבִּים) or the Hasmonean revolt (מֶרֶד הַחַשְׁמוֹנָאִים) was a Jewish rebellion led by the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and against Hellenistic influence on Jewish life."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "lead", "says": "Seleucid King Antiochus IV Epiphanes launched a massive campaign of repression against the Jewish religion in 168 BCE."}, {"id": "Q111559", "label": "Judah Maccabee", "section": "lead", "says": "This repression triggered the revolt that Antiochus IV had feared, with a group of Jewish fighters led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) and his family rebelling in 167 BCE and seeking independence."}, {"id": "Q1281077", "label": "Battle of Elasa", "section": "lead", "says": "Judas Maccabeus died in 160 BCE at the Battle of Elasa against the Greek general Bacchides, and the Seleucids reestablished direct control for a time, but remnants of the Maccabees under Judas's brother Jonathan Apphus continued to resist from the countryside."}, {"id": "Q75043", "label": "Jonathan Apphus", "section": "lead", "says": "Judas Maccabeus died in 160 BCE at the Battle of Elasa against the Greek general Bacchides, and the Seleucids reestablished direct control for a time, but remnants of the Maccabees under Judas's brother Jonathan Apphus continued to resist from the countryside."}, {"id": "Q359711", "label": "Simon Thassi", "section": "lead", "says": "In 141 BCE, Simon Thassi succeeded in expelling the Greeks from their citadel in Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in 338 BCE, Alexander the Great began an invasion of the Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in 338 BCE, Alexander the Great began an invasion of the Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In 333–332 BCE, Alexander's Macedonian forces conquered the Levant, including Palestine."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander's empire was partitioned in 323 BCE after Alexander's death, and after the Wars of the Diadochi, the territory was taken by what would become Ptolemaic Egypt in 302–301 BCE."}], "Q815161": [{"id": "Q374385", "label": "Balian of Ibelin", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem lasted from 20 September to 2 October 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to the forces of the Ayyubid Sultanate under sultan Saladin."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Though Jerusalem fell, it was not the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as the capital shifted first to Tyre and later to Acre after the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Though Jerusalem fell, it was not the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as the capital shifted first to Tyre and later to Acre after the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Latin Christians responded in 1189 by launching the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa separately."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "Latin Christians responded in 1189 by launching the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa separately."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Jerusalem, weakened by internal disputes, was defeated at the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187."}, {"id": "Q169329", "label": "Conrad of Montferrat", "section": "Background", "says": "The survivors of the battle and other refugees fled to Tyre, the only city able to hold out against Saladin, due to the fortuitous arrival of Conrad of Montferrat."}], "Q836844": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة ٱلْقَادِسِيَّة, romanized: Maʿrakat al-Qādisīya; Persian: نبرد قادسیه, romanized: Nabard-i Qādisiya) took place between the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire in November 636."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة ٱلْقَادِسِيَّة, romanized: Maʿrakat al-Qādisīya; Persian: نبرد قادسیه, romanized: Nabard-i Qādisiya) took place between the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire in November 636."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle allegedly saw the establishment of an alliance between the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q315873", "label": "Kavadh II", "section": "Background", "says": "After a few short months of reign, Kavadh II suddenly died of the plague; the ensuing power vacuum quickly led to a civil war."}, {"id": "Q313629", "label": "Ardashir III", "section": "Background", "says": "Ardashir III (c."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "Background", "says": "621–630), son of Kavadh II, was raised to the throne at age seven, but was killed 18 months later by his general, Shahrbaraz, who then declared himself ruler."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "Background", "says": "He was succeeded by Boran, a daughter of Khosrow II."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "Background", "says": "She was made empress regnant on the understanding that she would vacate the throne upon Yazdegerd III (632–651), the son of Shahriyar and grandson of Khosrow II, attaining majority."}], "Q877450": [{"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Laos was a covert theater during the Vietnam War with both sides receiving heavy external support in a proxy war between the global Cold War superpowers."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Laos was a covert theater during the Vietnam War with both sides receiving heavy external support in a proxy war between the global Cold War superpowers."}, {"id": "Q469498", "label": "Souvanna Phouma", "section": "lead", "says": "The following years were marked by a rivalry between the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right wing under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing Lao Patriotic Front under Prince Souphanouvong and half-Vietnamese future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane."}, {"id": "Q320103", "label": "Souphanouvong", "section": "lead", "says": "The following years were marked by a rivalry between the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right wing under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing Lao Patriotic Front under Prince Souphanouvong and half-Vietnamese future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane."}, {"id": "Q320100", "label": "Kaysone Phomvihane", "section": "lead", "says": "The following years were marked by a rivalry between the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right wing under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing Lao Patriotic Front under Prince Souphanouvong and half-Vietnamese future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Vietnamese Army, in collaboration with the Pathet Lao, invaded Laos in 1958 and 1959, occupying the east of the country to use for its Ho Chi Minh trail supply corridor and as a staging area for offensives into South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Vietnamese Army, in collaboration with the Pathet Lao, invaded Laos in 1958 and 1959, occupying the east of the country to use for its Ho Chi Minh trail supply corridor and as a staging area for offensives into South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "After the communist takeover in Laos, up to 300,000 people fled to neighbouring Thailand, and Hmong rebels began an insurgency against the new government."}], "Q112070734": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial cluster of cases was found in the United Kingdom, where the first case was detected in London on 6 May 2022 in a patient with a recent travel history from Nigeria where the disease has been endemic."}, {"id": "Q16196017", "label": "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 July 2022, the director-general of the WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), stating that \"we have an outbreak that has spread around the world rapidly, through new modes of transmission, about which we understand too little\"."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The director of the Africa CDC, Ahmed Ogwell, said that Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria have reported 1,405 endemic cases with 62 deaths during the first five months of 2022."}], "Q1145682": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (Bulgarian: Илинденско-Преображенско въстание, romanized: Ilindensko-Preobrazhensko vastanie), consisting of the Ilinden Uprising (Macedonian: Илинденско востание, romanized: Ilindensko vostanie; Greek: Εξέγερση του Ίλιντεν, romanized: Exégersi tou Ílinden) and Preobrazhenie Uprising, was an organized revolt against the Ottoman Empire from August to October 1903."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprisings had as an aim the autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions."}, {"id": "Q1771831", "label": "Kruševo Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A provisional government was established in the town of Kruševo, proclaimed as the Kruševo Republic."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "IMARO's inspiration certainly belonged to the nineteenth-century Balkan practice whereby the powers maintained the fiction of Ottoman control over effectively independent states under the guise of autonomous status within the Ottoman state; (Serbia, 1829–1878; Romania, 1829–1878; Bulgaria, 1878–1908)."}], "Q116652301": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "From January 28 to February 4, 2023, a high-altitude balloon originating from China illegally flew across North American airspace, including Alaska, western Canada, and the contiguous United States."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "They believed that while the balloon carried a motor, it could not overcome high altitude winds and the Chinese leadership was not aware of the balloon going off course; U.S. president Joe Biden described the balloon as carrying two railroad cars' equivalent of spy equipment."}, {"id": "Q7821917", "label": "Antony Blinken", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States called the balloon's presence a violation of its sovereignty, and its secretary of state Antony Blinken postponed a long-awaited diplomatic visit to Beijing."}], "Q130731262": [{"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, the government of Francisco Franco initiated work on a \"Southern Solution\" (Spanish: Solución Sur), a giant canal to reroute the Túria River around the south of the city centre, three kilometres from its original course."}], "Q13410316": [{"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan dismissed the protesters as \"a few looters\" on 2 June."}], "Q138414208": [{"id": "Q6401038", "label": "Khawaja Muhammad Asif", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 February 2026, Pakistani Defence Minister Khawaja Asif warned that Pakistan may take action against militants in Afghanistan before the start of the Islamic month of Ramadan if the Taliban failed to deter militant activities from the territory under their control."}], "Q155620": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Kharkov or Operation Fredericus was an Axis counter-offensive in the region around Kharkov against the Red Army Izium bridgehead offensive conducted 12–28 May 1942, on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Kharkov or Operation Fredericus was an Axis counter-offensive in the region around Kharkov against the Red Army Izium bridgehead offensive conducted 12–28 May 1942, on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q191702", "label": "Semyon Timoshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 May 1942, Soviet forces under the command of Marshal Semyon Timoshenko launched an offensive against the German 6th Army from a salient established during the winter counter-offensive."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Critical Soviet errors by several staff officers and by Joseph Stalin, who failed to accurately estimate the 6th Army's potential and overestimated their own newly raised forces, facilitated a German pincer attack on 17 May which cut off three Soviet field armies from the rest of the front by 22 May."}, {"id": "Q158287", "label": "Case Blue", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Army Group South pressed its advantage, encircling the Soviet 28th Army on 13 June in Operation Wilhelm and pushing back the 38th and 9th Armies on 22 June in Operation Fredericus II as preliminary operations to Case Blue, which was launched on 28 June as the main German offensive on the Eastern Front in 1942."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "After the conclusion of the winter offensive, Stalin and the Soviet Armed Forces General Staff (Stavka) believed that the eventual German offensives would aim for Moscow, and also with a big offensive to the south, mirroring Operation Barbarossa and Operation Typhoon in 1941."}, {"id": "Q48053", "label": "Kirill Moskalenko", "section": "Background", "says": "The forces of Marshal Semyon Timoshenko and Lieutenant General Kirill Moskalenko penetrated German positions along the northern Donets River, east of Kharkov."}, {"id": "Q70534", "label": "Fedor von Bock", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Germans had made a major effort to reinforce Army Group South, and transferred Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, former commander of Army Group Center during Operation Barbarossa and Operation Typhoon."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The strategic objective was illustrated after the victories of Erich von Manstein and the 11th Army in the Crimea."}], "Q155726": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Narva on 30 November 1700 was an early battle in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish relief army under Charles XII of Sweden defeated a Russian siege force three to four times its size."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Previously, Charles XII had forced Denmark–Norway to sign the Treaty of Travendal."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Narva was not followed by further advances of the Swedish army into Russia; instead, Charles XII turned southward to expel August the Strong from Livonia and Poland–Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Tsar Peter the Great of Russia took Narva in a second battle in 1704."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Russia made a military alliance with Frederick IV, King of Denmark–Norway; and Augustus the Strong, King of Poland–Lithuania and elector of Saxony, to wage war against Sweden whereupon three countries attacked Sweden from different directions."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth refused to support its king, and Russia waited for a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire to transfer its struggle from south to north."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During November, Russian troops surrounded the city of Narva in Estonia (part of the Swedish Empire at the time), attempting to secure its surrender via siege."}], "Q157873": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Kharkov was a series of battles on the Eastern Front of World War II, undertaken by Nazi Germany's Army Group South against the Soviet Red Army, around the city of Kharkov from 19 February to 15 March 1943."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Kharkov was a series of battles on the Eastern Front of World War II, undertaken by Nazi Germany's Army Group South against the Soviet Red Army, around the city of Kharkov from 19 February to 15 March 1943."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Known to the German side as the Donets Campaign and in the Soviet Union as the Donbass and Kharkov operations, the German counterstrike led to the recapture of the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "As the German 6th Army was encircled in the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army undertook a series of wider attacks against the rest of Army Group South."}, {"id": "Q7097066", "label": "Operation Gallop", "section": "lead", "says": "These culminated on 2 January 1943, when the Red Army launched Operation Star and Operation Gallop, which between January and early February broke German defenses and led to the Soviet recapture of Kharkov, Belgorod, Kursk as well as Voroshilovgrad and Izium."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 February, Field Marshal Erich von Manstein launched his Kharkov counterstrike, using the fresh II SS Panzer Corps and two panzer armies."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "The German forces recaptured Belgorod two days later, creating the salient, which in July 1943 would lead to the Battle of Kursk."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Wehrmacht was equipped with around 3,300 tanks; by 23 January only 495 tanks, mostly of older types, remained operational along the entire length of the Soviet–German front."}, {"id": "Q462301", "label": "Markian Popov", "section": "Background", "says": "A Soviet drive, spearheaded by four tank corps organized under Lieutenant-General Markian Popov, pierced the German front by crossing the Donets River and pressing into the German rear."}], "Q159512": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Legnica (Polish: bitwa pod Legnicą), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz (German: Schlacht von Liegnitz) or Battle of Wahlstatt (German: Schlacht bei Wahlstatt), was fought between the Mongol Empire and combined European forces at the village of Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt), approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of the city of Legnica in the Duchy of Silesia on 9 April 1241."}, {"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Legnica (Polish: bitwa pod Legnicą), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz (German: Schlacht von Liegnitz) or Battle of Wahlstatt (German: Schlacht bei Wahlstatt), was fought between the Mongol Empire and combined European forces at the village of Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt), approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of the city of Legnica in the Duchy of Silesia on 9 April 1241."}, {"id": "Q53446", "label": "Henry II the Pious", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined force of Poles and Moravians under the command of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by Pope Gregory IX, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined force of Poles and Moravians under the command of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by Pope Gregory IX, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place two days before the Mongol victory over the Hungarians at the much larger Battle of Mohi."}, {"id": "Q705874", "label": "Battle of Mohi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place two days before the Mongol victory over the Hungarians at the much larger Battle of Mohi."}, {"id": "Q152370", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "After King Béla IV of Hungary rejected Batu Khan's ultimatum to surrender the Cumans, Subutai began planning the Mongol invasion of Europe."}, {"id": "Q380393", "label": "Orda Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Batu and Subutai were to lead two armies to attack Hungary itself, while a third under Baidar, Orda Khan and Kadan would attack Poland as a diversion to occupy northern European forces which might come to Hungary's aid."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Orda's forces devastated northern Poland and the southwestern border of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q175833", "label": "Wenceslaus I of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "While deciding whether or not to besiege Wrocław, Baidar and Kadan received reports that King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia was two days away with an army over twice the size of Henry's."}], "Q467777": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wagram ([ˈvaɡram]; 5–6 July 1809) was a military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars that ended in a costly but decisive victory for Emperor Napoleon's French and allied army against the Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles of Austria-Teschen."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1809, the French military presence in the Confederation of the Rhine was diminished as Napoleon transferred a number of soldiers to fight in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1809, the French military presence in the Confederation of the Rhine was diminished as Napoleon transferred a number of soldiers to fight in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1809, the French military presence in the Confederation of the Rhine was diminished as Napoleon transferred a number of soldiers to fight in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the Austrian Empire saw its chance to recover some of its former sphere of influence and invaded the Kingdom of Bavaria, a French ally."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the Austrian Empire saw its chance to recover some of its former sphere of influence and invaded the Kingdom of Bavaria, a French ally."}, {"id": "Q541626", "label": "Battle of Aspern-Essling", "section": "lead", "says": "Towards the end of May, Napoleon resumed the offensive, suffering a surprise defeat at the Battle of Aspern-Essling."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His analysis of the battle revealed that he had been unable to capitalise on his numerical superiority and had thus failed to achieve more than a tactical victory.[Note 1]\nAlso of great significance, despite Austrian attempts to trumpet their victory against Napoleon, its political consequences remained limited: there were no signs of a general uprising in Germany, Prussia was still unwilling to e"}], "Q523154": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caucasus campaign, also known as the Caucasus Front, comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caucasus campaign, also known as the Caucasus Front, comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I."}, {"id": "Q1639475", "label": "Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caucasus campaign, also known as the Caucasus Front, comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caucasus campaign, also known as the Caucasus Front, comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caucasus campaign, also known as the Caucasus Front, comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caucasus campaign, also known as the Caucasus Front, comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1917, the Russian advance was halted following the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1926064", "label": "Republic of Mountainous Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "During 1918 the region also saw the establishment of the Central Caspian Dictatorship, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia and an Allied intervention force, nicknamed Dunsterforce, composed of troops drawn from the Mesopotamian and Western Fronts."}, {"id": "Q2287161", "label": "Treaty of Batum", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 3, 1918, the campaign had terminated between the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and on June 4, 1918, the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Batum with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia gaining independence."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 3, 1918, the campaign had terminated between the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and on June 4, 1918, the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Batum with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia gaining independence."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "However, conflict continued as the Ottoman Empire was still engaged with the Central Caspian Dictatorship, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, and the Dunsterforce of the British Empire until the Armistice of Mudros was signed on October 30, 1918."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "War Minister Enver Pasha hoped a success would facilitate opening the route to Tiflis and beyond with a revolt of Caucasian Muslims."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eastern Front had the most Russian manpower and resources."}, {"id": "Q438489", "label": "Sergey Sazonov", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1915, the Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov stated in a meeting with British ambassador George Buchanan and French ambassador Maurice Paléologue that a lasting postwar settlement demanded full Russian possession of Constantinople (the capital city of the Ottoman Empire), the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, southern Thrace up to the Enos-Midia line as well a"}, {"id": "Q715169", "label": "George Buchanan", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1915, the Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov stated in a meeting with British ambassador George Buchanan and French ambassador Maurice Paléologue that a lasting postwar settlement demanded full Russian possession of Constantinople (the capital city of the Ottoman Empire), the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, southern Thrace up to the Enos-Midia line as well a"}, {"id": "Q2164102", "label": "Maurice Paléologue", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1915, the Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov stated in a meeting with British ambassador George Buchanan and French ambassador Maurice Paléologue that a lasting postwar settlement demanded full Russian possession of Constantinople (the capital city of the Ottoman Empire), the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, southern Thrace up to the Enos-Midia line as well a"}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Anglo-Persian Oil Company was in the proposed path of Ottoman ambitions, and owned the exclusive rights to work petroleum deposits throughout the Persian Empire except in the provinces of Azerbaijan, Ghilan, Mazendaran, Asdrabad and Khorasan."}], "Q525758": [{"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The ceremony took place concurrently with ongoing negotiations that started on the initiative of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky to address the issue of the Cossack Hetmanate with the ongoing Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and which concluded the Treaty of Pereiaslav (also known as the March Articles)."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The ceremony took place concurrently with ongoing negotiations that started on the initiative of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky to address the issue of the Cossack Hetmanate with the ongoing Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and which concluded the Treaty of Pereiaslav (also known as the March Articles)."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The ceremony took place concurrently with ongoing negotiations that started on the initiative of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky to address the issue of the Cossack Hetmanate with the ongoing Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and which concluded the Treaty of Pereiaslav (also known as the March Articles)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The ceremony took place concurrently with ongoing negotiations that started on the initiative of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky to address the issue of the Cossack Hetmanate with the ongoing Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and which concluded the Treaty of Pereiaslav (also known as the March Articles)."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Khmelnytsky secured the military protection of the Tsardom of Russia in exchange for allegiance to the tsar."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement precipitated the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "lead", "says": "The definitive legal settlement was effected under the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1686 concluded by Russia and Poland that re-affirmed Russia's sovereignty over the lands of Zaporozhian Sich and left-bank Ukraine, as well as the city of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q2418795", "label": "Zaporizhian Sich", "section": "lead", "says": "The definitive legal settlement was effected under the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1686 concluded by Russia and Poland that re-affirmed Russia's sovereignty over the lands of Zaporozhian Sich and left-bank Ukraine, as well as the city of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q54054", "label": "Władysław IV Vasa", "section": "Background of negotiations", "says": "Many other Ukrainian historians among which are Ivan Krypiakevych, Dmitriy Ilovaisky, Myron Korduba, Valeriy Smoliy and others interpret negotiations as an attempt to attract the tsar to military support of Cossacks and motivate him to struggle for the Polish Crown which became available after the death of Władysław IV Vasa."}, {"id": "Q195625", "label": "George II Rákóczi", "section": "Background of negotiations", "says": "In accreditation letter it was expressed petition for protectorate of the Russian tsar. \"...take under own mercy and defense... whole Ruthenia\" At the same time, similar delegation was sent to the Prince of Transylvania George II Rákóczi to encourage him to fight for the Polish Crown."}, {"id": "Q2470292", "label": "Battle of Zboriv", "section": "Background of negotiations", "says": "August 16, 1649 – hollow victory at the Battle of Zboriv."}], "Q543165": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with the surrender of the fort by the United States Army, beginning the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q472131", "label": "Robert Anderson", "section": "lead", "says": "On December 26, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q12325", "label": "James Buchanan", "section": "lead", "says": "President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln, inaugurated March 4, 1861, following his victory in the election of November 6, 1860."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Background", "says": "After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February, there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery, Alabama."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "When asked about that offer, Abraham Lincoln commented, \"A state for a fort is no bad business.\"\nThe South sent delegations to Washington, D.C., and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States."}], "Q599141": [{"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Antonine Plague of AD 165 to 180 (named for the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus of the Antonine dynasty), also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive epidemic, which affected the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1433", "label": "Lucius Verus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Antonine Plague of AD 165 to 180 (named for the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus of the Antonine dynasty), also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive epidemic, which affected the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Antonine Plague of AD 165 to 180 (named for the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus of the Antonine dynasty), also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive epidemic, which affected the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "lead", "says": "Ammianus Marcellinus reported that the plague spread to Gaul and to the legions along the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q371999", "label": "Eutropios", "section": "lead", "says": "Eutropius stated that a large proportion of the empire's population died from this outbreak."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the contemporary Roman historian Cassius Dio, the disease broke out again nine years later in 189 AD and caused up to 2,000 deaths a day in the city of Rome, 25% of those who were affected."}], "Q641479": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khmelnytsky Uprising, also known as the Cossack–Polish War, Khmelnytsky insurrection, Cossack Revolution, or, in Ukraine, as the National Liberation War, was a successful Cossack rebellion with elements of a religious war that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Originating in Dnieper Ukraine, the uprising resulted in a Cossack victory and led to the creation of the Cossack Hetmanate."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the command of Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, supported by the rebelling Ruthenian peasantry and initially allied with the Crimean Khanate, fought against the Commonwealth's forces."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the command of Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, supported by the rebelling Ruthenian peasantry and initially allied with the Crimean Khanate, fought against the Commonwealth's forces."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising led to the eventual incorporation of eastern Ukraine into the Tsardom of Russia, initiated by the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement."}, {"id": "Q525758", "label": "Treaty of Pereyaslav", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising led to the eventual incorporation of eastern Ukraine into the Tsardom of Russia, initiated by the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1569 the Union of Lublin granted the southern Lithuanian-controlled Ruthenian voivodeships of Volhynia, Podolia, Bracław and Kiev—to the Crown of Poland under the agreement forming the new Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita)."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "The combined lands would be formed into the Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Background", "says": "The growing Russian state in the north sought to acquire the southern lands of Kievan Rus', and with the fall of Constantinople it began this process by insisting that the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus′ was now the primate of the Russian Church."}], "Q654006": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern War of 1655–1660 was fought between the Swedish Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with participation at different times by Russia, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern War of 1655–1660 was fought between the Swedish Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with participation at different times by Russia, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern War of 1655–1660 was fought between the Swedish Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with participation at different times by Russia, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern War of 1655–1660 was fought between the Swedish Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with participation at different times by Russia, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1655, Charles X took advantage of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) to over-run western Poland."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed by Sweden, and John II Casimir Vasa took refuge in Vienna."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed by Sweden, and John II Casimir Vasa took refuge in Vienna."}, {"id": "Q157812", "label": "Frederick III of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "He managed to regain parts of his kingdom in 1656, and the conflict widened when Russia declared war on Sweden, supported by Emperor Leopold and Frederick III of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Previously allied with Sweden, Brandenburg switched sides in 1657 when Casimir granted Frederick William I sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Previously allied with Sweden, Brandenburg switched sides in 1657 when Casimir granted Frederick William I sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1648 Peace of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Years' War confirmed Sweden as a major European power, and the replacement of its rival Denmark-Norway in the Baltic Sea."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1648 Peace of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Years' War confirmed Sweden as a major European power, and the replacement of its rival Denmark-Norway in the Baltic Sea."}, {"id": "Q928848", "label": "Treaty of Stolbovo", "section": "Background", "says": "While Sweden and Russia had been at peace since the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617, the former remained at war with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, although a truce between the two sides had been continually renewed since 1630."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "The Commonwealth had been increasingly weakened by internal rebellions, such as the Khmelnytsky Uprising, while conflict between King John II Casimir Vasa and the Sejm paralysed the administration."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "This drove Charles X Gustav of Sweden to intervene, claiming to be protecting fellow Protestants in Poland."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Background", "says": "He sought support from the Cossack Hetmanate, promising military support if they abandoned the Russians."}], "Q695285": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the end of the 105-day Winter War, upon which Finland ceded border areas to the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q207879", "label": "Andrei Zhdanov", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky for the Soviet Union, and Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden and Väinö Voionmaa for Finland."}, {"id": "Q150894", "label": "Aleksandr Vasilevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky for the Soviet Union, and Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden and Väinö Voionmaa for Finland."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 January 1940, Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov put an end to the puppet Terijoki Government and recognized the Ryti–Tanner government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that the Soviet Union was willing to negotiate peace."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Finland rejected the demands and intensified its pleas to Sweden, France and the United Kingdom for military support by regular troops."}, {"id": "Q152306", "label": "Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim", "section": "Background", "says": "Positive signals, however inconstant, from France and Britain and more realistic expectations of troops from Sweden, for which plans and preparations had been made throughout the 1930s, were further reasons for Finland not to rush into peace negotiations. (See Winter War § Foreign support for more details.)\nIn February 1940, Finland's commander-in-chief, Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim express"}], "Q698985": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "lead", "says": "This period witnessed the fall of Negroponte in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565, the fall of Famagusta (Cyprus) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 (at that time the largest naval battle in history), the fall of Candia (Crete) in 1669, the Venetian reconquest of Morea (Peloponnese) in the 1680s and its loss again in 1715."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "lead", "says": "This period witnessed the fall of Negroponte in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565, the fall of Famagusta (Cyprus) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 (at that time the largest naval battle in history), the fall of Candia (Crete) in 1669, the Venetian reconquest of Morea (Peloponnese) in the 1680s and its loss again in 1715."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the Holy League, reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the Great Turkish War of 1683–99."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the First Balkan War (1912–1913), and culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, leading to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the First Balkan War (1912–1913), and culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, leading to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the First Balkan War (1912–1913), and culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, leading to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q735349": [{"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian conquest of Siberia was a gradual process of military expansion, tribute collection, fort-building, and settlement that began with Yermak Timofeyevich's campaign against the Khanate of Sibir in the 1580s and continued eastward across northern Asia."}], "Q83873593": [{"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "Background", "says": "The pandemic occurred following a series of national protests, which were followed by a strike against pension reform which had been proposed by President Emmanuel Macron in his election manifesto."}], "Q973748": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Geneva Convention IV only concerns protected civilians in occupied territory rather than the effects of hostilities, such as the strategic bombing during World War II."}, {"id": "Q2229133", "label": "Protocol I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Additional Protocol I of 1977 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (API) prohibits all intentional attacks on \"the civilian population and civilian objects.\" It also prohibits and defines \"indiscriminate attacks\" as \"incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military adv"}], "Q111012552": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 2021, as Russian forces built up around Ukraine, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy held a press event on the island, during which he said: \"This island, like the rest of our territory, is Ukrainian land, and we will defend it with all our might.\""}], "Q112114958": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It is regarded by some military analysts to be the bloodiest battle since World War II."}, {"id": "Q114239330", "label": "Olexander Tarnavskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the battle in Bakhmut, Ukrainian Brigadier General Oleksandr Tarnavskyi claimed that Russia held a five-to-one manpower advantage over Ukraine along the eastern front."}], "Q1126268": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Deir Yassin massacre took place on April 9, 1948, when Zionist paramilitaries attacked the village of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, then part of Mandatory Palestine, killing at least 107 Palestinian Arab villagers, including women and children."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "News of the killings was widely publicized, sparking terror among Palestinians across the country, frightening many to flee their homes in anticipation of further violence against civilians by advancing Jewish forces."}, {"id": "Q2573074", "label": "David Shaltiel", "section": "Background", "says": "It remains unclear the exact extent the Haganah coordinated with the Irgun and Lehi in their attack on Deir Yassin, although at the very least Haganah commander David Shaltiel preapproved of the attack (with some sources describing this approval as having been given \"reluctantly\")."}], "Q1160895": [{"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London of 1839, was signed on 19 April 1839 between the major European powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Kingdom of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty, the European powers recognised and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium and established the full independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg."}], "Q1194400": [{"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "lead", "says": "Massacre of Tbilisi  (also known as the Tbilisi tragedy or April 9 Tragedy) refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, on April 9, 1989, when an anti-Soviet, pro-independence and nationalist demonstration was crushed by the Soviet Army, resulting in 21 deaths and hundreds of injuries."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Political groups opposed to the Soviet Union organized a number of protests and gatherings in Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q132387", "label": "Irakli Tsereteli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The protesters, led by the Independence Committee (Merab Kostava, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Giorgi Chanturia, Irakli Bathiashvili, Irakli Tsereteli and others) organized a peaceful demonstration and hunger strikes, demanding the punishment of Abkhaz secessionists and restoration of Georgian independence."}], "Q1417059": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It led to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It led to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil war involved three main factions; the supporters of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali, the Uthmaniyya (partisans of the slain caliph Uthman led primarily by Aisha and Mu'awiya I), and, from 657 onward, the Kharijites, who seceded from Ali's camp following the arbitration at Siffin."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil war involved three main factions; the supporters of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali, the Uthmaniyya (partisans of the slain caliph Uthman led primarily by Aisha and Mu'awiya I), and, from 657 onward, the Kharijites, who seceded from Ali's camp following the arbitration at Siffin."}, {"id": "Q1133574", "label": "Battle of the Camel", "section": "lead", "says": "The two parties fought the Battle of the Camel in December 656, from which Ali emerged victorious."}, {"id": "Q735876", "label": "Battle of Siffin", "section": "lead", "says": "The two parties fought the Battle of Siffin in July 657, which ended in a stalemate and arbitration."}, {"id": "Q2484843", "label": "Battle of Nahrawan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Kharijite violence against civilians, Ali's forces crushed them in the Battle of Nahrawan."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "These battles brought about the near-total collapse of the Sasanians, and restricted the Byzantine Empire to Anatolia, North Africa, and its holdings in Europe."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "He began centralizing power by relying on his Umayyad relatives, who had long opposed Muhammad before converting to Islam in 630."}, {"id": "Q1647787", "label": "Talha ibn Ubaydullah", "section": "Background", "says": "Early settlers also saw their status threatened by land grants in the conquered territories to prominent Qurayshites like Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, as well as land acquisitions by late-arriving tribal chiefs, such as Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays."}, {"id": "Q6418302", "label": "Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays", "section": "Background", "says": "Early settlers also saw their status threatened by land grants in the conquered territories to prominent Qurayshites like Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, as well as land acquisitions by late-arriving tribal chiefs, such as Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays."}], "Q154635": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "2 August] 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold, out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The dangers to Vienna were considerable: Maximilian II Emanuel and Marshal Ferdinand de Marsin's forces in Bavaria threatened from the west, and Marshal Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme's large army in northern Italy posed a serious danger with a potential offensive through the Brenner Pass."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The dangers to Vienna were considerable: Maximilian II Emanuel and Marshal Ferdinand de Marsin's forces in Bavaria threatened from the west, and Marshal Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme's large army in northern Italy posed a serious danger with a potential offensive through the Brenner Pass."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "When Tallard arrived to bolster Maximilian's army, and Prince Eugene of Savoy arrived with reinforcements for the Allies, the two armies finally met on the banks of the Danube in and around the small village of Blindheim, from which the English \"Blenheim\" is derived."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Dutch Republic, only a select few – Grand Pensionary Anthonie Heinsius, Simon van Slingelandt, Jacob Hop, and François Fagel – were involved in the decision to march to the Danube."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Tallard, with 34,000 men, reached Ulm, joining with Maximilian and Marsin at Augsburg on 5 August, although Maximilian had dispersed his army in response to Marlborough's campaign of ravaging the region."}], "Q154860": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Sevastopol, also known as the defence of Sevastopol (Russian: Оборона Севастополя, romanized: Oborona Sevastopolya) or the Battle for Sevastopol (German: Schlacht um Sewastopol;\nRomanian: Bătălia de la Sevastopol; Russian: Битва за Севастополь, romanized: Bitva za Sevastopol'), was a military engagement that took place on the Eastern Front of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was fought by the Axis powers of Germany and Romania against the Soviet Union for control of Sevastopol, a port in Crimea on the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 June 1941, the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa, with Axis land forces reaching the Crimean peninsula in the autumn of 1941 and overrunning most of the area."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Background", "says": "Over a month later, during the capture of Kiev, Generaloberst (General Colonel) Erich von Manstein was given command of the German 11th Army on 17 September."}], "Q163780": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was directed on the one hand against the German invasion of Slovakia by the Wehrmacht, which began on 29 August 1944, and on the other against the Slovak collaborationist regime of the Ludaks under Jozef Tiso."}, {"id": "Q154346", "label": "Jozef Tiso", "section": "lead", "says": "It was directed on the one hand against the German invasion of Slovakia by the Wehrmacht, which began on 29 August 1944, and on the other against the Slovak collaborationist regime of the Ludaks under Jozef Tiso."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the communist takeover in Czechoslovakia in 1948, the Slovak National Uprising underwent strong reinterpretations."}, {"id": "Q296054", "label": "Klement Gottwald", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1944, Klement Gottwald, the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in Moscow, concluded an agreement with Nikita Khrushchev, then general secretary of the Ukrainian Communists, whereby the partisan movement of Czechoslovakia was subordinated to the Ukrainian partisan movement, which was directed from Kiev."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1944, Klement Gottwald, the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in Moscow, concluded an agreement with Nikita Khrushchev, then general secretary of the Ukrainian Communists, whereby the partisan movement of Czechoslovakia was subordinated to the Ukrainian partisan movement, which was directed from Kiev."}], "Q2092033": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Mecca (Arabic: فتح مكة Fatḥ Makka) was a military campaign undertaken by Muhammad and his companions during the Muslim–Quraysh War."}, {"id": "Q1647162", "label": "Treaty of Hudaybiyyah", "section": "Background", "says": "In 628, the Quraysh tribe of Mecca and the Muslims in Medina entered into a 10-year pact called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah."}, {"id": "Q565522", "label": "Ikrima ibn Amr", "section": "Background", "says": "A group of the Quraysh, headed by Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Amr, and Suhayl ibn Amr, provided the Banu Bakr with men and weapons under the cover of darkness, without the awareness of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb."}, {"id": "Q335430", "label": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "section": "Background", "says": "A group of the Quraysh, headed by Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Amr, and Suhayl ibn Amr, provided the Banu Bakr with men and weapons under the cover of darkness, without the awareness of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb."}], "Q215687": [{"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boston Massacre, known in Great Britain as the Incident on King Street, was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in the prelude to the American Revolution in Boston, in what was then the colony of the Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boston Massacre, known in Great Britain as the Incident on King Street, was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in the prelude to the American Revolution in Boston, in what was then the colony of the Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q327071", "label": "Paul Revere", "section": "lead", "says": "The event was subsequently described as \"a massacre\" by Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and other leading Patriots who later became central proponents of independence during the American Revolution and Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "lead", "says": "Eight soldiers, one officer, and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder, and they were defended in court by attorney, and future U.S. president, John Adams."}, {"id": "Q258532", "label": "British America", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 18th century, Boston was the capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, an important shipping town, and along with Philadelphia and present-day New York City, one of the most influential political, economic, and cultural cities in the Thirteen Colonies of pre-Revolutionary British America."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Acts by sending a petition to King George III asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act."}, {"id": "Q272774", "label": "John Hancock", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 10, 1768, customs officials seized Liberty, a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock, on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling."}], "Q221967": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brusilov offensive (Russian: Брусиловский прорыв, romanized: Brusilovskiĭ proryv, lit. 'Brusilov's breakthrough') of June to September 1916 was the Russian Empire's greatest feat of arms during World War I and among the most lethal offensives in world history."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Graydon Tunstall called the Brusilov offensive the worst crisis of World War I for Austria-Hungary and the Triple Entente's greatest victory, but it came at a tremendous loss of life."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive involved a major Russian attack against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q207738", "label": "Aleksey Brusilov", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive is named after the commander in charge of the Southwestern Front of the Imperial Russian Army, General Aleksei Brusilov."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The human and material losses on the Russian side also greatly contributed to the onset of the Russian Revolution the following year."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Background", "says": "This offensive took place at French request – General Joseph Joffre had hoped that the Imperial German Army would transfer more units to the east after the Battle of Verdun began in February 1916."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf had transferred Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza' troops from the Balkans as well as four divisions from the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q621064", "label": "Alexei Evert", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Alexei Evert, commander of the Russian Western Army Group based in Smolensk, favored a defensive strategy and opposed Brusilov's proposed offensive."}, {"id": "Q527156", "label": "Alexei Kuropatkin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Although the Stavka had approved Brusilov's plan, his request for supporting offensives by the neighboring fronts (the Western under Evert and Northern under Aleksey Kuropatkin) was denied."}], "Q257724": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Derg overthrew the Ethiopian Empire and Emperor Haile Selassie in a coup d'état on 12 September 1974, establishing Ethiopia as a Marxist–Leninist state under a military junta and provisional government."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Derg overthrew the Ethiopian Empire and Emperor Haile Selassie in a coup d'état on 12 September 1974, establishing Ethiopia as a Marxist–Leninist state under a military junta and provisional government."}, {"id": "Q607257", "label": "Eritrean War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Groups like the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF) and the Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) had already been fighting against the Ethiopian Empire in the northern Eritrean War of Independence and southern Ogaden insurgency."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union began ending its support for the Derg in the late-1980s and the government was overwhelmed by the increasingly victorious rebel groups."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ethiopian Civil War ended on 28 May 1991 when the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition of left-wing ethnic rebel groups, entered the capital Addis Ababa and President Mengistu Haile Mariam fled the country."}], "Q271873": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Trebia (or Trebbia) was the first major battle of the Second Punic War, fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and a Roman army under Sempronius Longus on 22 or 23 December 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Trebia (or Trebbia) was the first major battle of the Second Punic War, fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and a Roman army under Sempronius Longus on 22 or 23 December 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "War broke out between Carthage and Rome in 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The leading Carthaginian general, Hannibal, responded by leading a large army out of Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), through Gaul, across the Alps and into Cisalpine Gaul (in northern Italy)."}, {"id": "Q378957", "label": "Battle of Ticinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans went on the attack against the reduced force which had survived the rigours of the march, and Publius Scipio personally led the cavalry and light infantry of the army he commanded against the Carthaginian cavalry at the Battle of Ticinus."}, {"id": "Q207250", "label": "Battle of Lake Trasimene", "section": "lead", "says": "The following spring, it moved south into Roman Italy and gained another victory at the Battle of Lake Trasimene."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "In 216 BC Hannibal marched to southern Italy and inflicted the disastrous defeat of the Battle of Cannae on the Romans, the last of what modern historians describe as the three great military calamities suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Scipio was wounded and only saved from death or capture by his 16-year-old son, also named Publius Cornelius Scipio, the future \"Scipio Africanus\"."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the Punic Wars formal battles were usually preceded by the two armies camping two to twelve kilometres (1–8 miles) apart for days or weeks, sometimes forming up in battle order each day."}], "Q273069": [{"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lechfeld, also known as the Second Battle of Lechfeld, was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10 to 12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, defeated the Hungarian army led by Harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr."}, {"id": "Q43915", "label": "Otto I the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lechfeld, also known as the Second Battle of Lechfeld, was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10 to 12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, defeated the Hungarian army led by Harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarians invaded the Duchy of Bavaria in late June or early July 955 with 8,000–10,000 horse archers, infantry, and siege engines, intending to draw the main German army, under Otto I, into battle in the open field and destroy it."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarians invaded the Duchy of Bavaria in late June or early July 955 with 8,000–10,000 horse archers, infantry, and siege engines, intending to draw the main German army, under Otto I, into battle in the open field and destroy it."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarians invaded the Duchy of Bavaria in late June or early July 955 with 8,000–10,000 horse archers, infantry, and siege engines, intending to draw the main German army, under Otto I, into battle in the open field and destroy it."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarians laid siege to Augsburg on the river Lech."}, {"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "As Otto I approached Augsburg on 10 August, a Hungarian surprise attack destroyed the Duchy of Bohemia rearguard legion."}, {"id": "Q455559", "label": "Conrad, Duke of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian force stopped to plunder the German camp and Conrad, Duke of Lorraine led a counter-attack with heavy cavalry, dispersing the Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 947, Berthold, Duke of Bavaria, a competent military leader, died and was succeeded by Henry I, brother of King Otto I."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Background", "says": "Aventinus stated that the Hungarians invaded Bavaria for this reason, but they weren't able to penetrate deep into East Francia."}, {"id": "Q320348", "label": "Widukind", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Widukind, \"he (Otto) started the march against the enemy like he wouldn't get tired in the previous war, only taking some of the Saxons by him, as the Slavic war threatened them\"."}, {"id": "Q1070134", "label": "Simon of Kéza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Simon of Kéza mentions that the Hungarians harassed Augsburg with attacks all day and night."}], "Q28036166": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination took place after several days of protests in Turkey over Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War and the battle over Aleppo."}], "Q694767": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty ended the Fifth Coalition during the Napoleonic Wars, after Austria had been defeated at the decisive Battle of Wagram on 5–6 July."}, {"id": "Q467777", "label": "Battle of Wagram", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty ended the Fifth Coalition during the Napoleonic Wars, after Austria had been defeated at the decisive Battle of Wagram on 5–6 July."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the Peninsular War and the Spanish resistance against Napoleon, Austria had tried to reverse the 1805 Peace of Pressburg by sparking national uprisings in the French-occupied territories of Central Europe (most notably the Tyrolean Rebellion against Napoleon's Bavarian allies)."}, {"id": "Q664364", "label": "Tyrolean Rebellion", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the Peninsular War and the Spanish resistance against Napoleon, Austria had tried to reverse the 1805 Peace of Pressburg by sparking national uprisings in the French-occupied territories of Central Europe (most notably the Tyrolean Rebellion against Napoleon's Bavarian allies)."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Austrians under Archduke Charles were able to repulse them at the Battle of Aspern on 21-22 May; however, Napoleon withdrew his forces and crushed Charles' army at Wagram a few weeks later."}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In October, Austrian Foreign Minister Johann Philipp Stadion was superseded by Klemens von Metternich."}], "Q697842": [{"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "25\", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following a Yugoslav coup d'état that overthrew the pro-Axis government."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion commenced with an overwhelming air attack on Belgrade and facilities of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force (VVKJ) by the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and attacks by German land forces from southwestern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian forces were limited to air and artillery attacks until 11 April, when the Italian Army attacked towards Ljubljana (in modern-day Slovenia) and through Istria and Lika and down the Dalmatian coast."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatia became the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Axis puppet state created during the invasion comprising the Srem, Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as the Croatian lands."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1940, Fascist Italy had attacked the Kingdom of Greece only to be forced back into Italian-occupied Albania."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1940, Fascist Italy had attacked the Kingdom of Greece only to be forced back into Italian-occupied Albania."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "German dictator Adolf Hitler recognised the need to go to the aid of his ally, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Hitler did this not only to restore diminished Axis prestige, but also to prevent Britain from bombing the Romanian Ploiești oilfields from which Nazi Germany obtained most of its oil."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1940 and early 1941, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria all agreed to adhere to the Tripartite Pact and thus join the Axis."}], "Q70207089": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 October 2019, the Trump administration ordered American troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria, where the United States had been supporting its Kurdish allies."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the operation was intended to expel the SDF—designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey \"due to its ties with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)\", but considered an ally against ISIL by the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve—from the border region as well as to create a 30 km-deep (20 mi) \"safe zone\" in Northern Syria whe"}, {"id": "Q18357664", "label": "Operation Inherent Resolve", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the operation was intended to expel the SDF—designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey \"due to its ties with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)\", but considered an ally against ISIL by the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve—from the border region as well as to create a 30 km-deep (20 mi) \"safe zone\" in Northern Syria whe"}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This withdrawal followed a phone call between Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and United States President Donald Trump, wherein Erdoğan informed President Trump that Turkey would \"soon\" be carrying out a planned military offensive into Kurdish-administered northern Syria against SDF-held areas east of the Euphrates river."}, {"id": "Q473239", "label": "Mike Pompeo", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Secretary of State Mike Pompeo denied that this amounted to giving Turkish forces a \"green light\" to attack the SDF while a spokesman for the SDF called the U.S. withdrawal a betrayal."}], "Q713529": [{"id": "Q721965", "label": "Henry Harwood", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kriegsmarine heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee, commanded by Captain Hans Langsdorff, engaged a Royal Navy squadron, commanded by Commodore Henry Harwood, comprising the light cruisers HMS Ajax, HMNZS Achilles (on loan to the New Zealand Division) and the heavy cruiser HMS Exeter."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Harwood's squadron was one of several search groups sent in pursuit by the British Admiralty and sighted Graf Spee off the estuary of the River Plate (a.k.a. the Río de la Plata) near the coasts of Argentina and Uruguay."}], "Q719252": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antietam ( an-TEE-təm), also called the Battle of Sharpsburg (particularly in the Southern United States) took place during the American Civil War on September 17, 1862, near Antietam Creek and Sharpsburg, Maryland, between the Army of Northern Virginia, led by Confederate General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antietam ( an-TEE-təm), also called the Battle of Sharpsburg (particularly in the Southern United States) took place during the American Civil War on September 17, 1862, near Antietam Creek and Sharpsburg, Maryland, between the Army of Northern Virginia, led by Confederate General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q2342042", "label": "Maryland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Maryland Campaign, it was the first field army–level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln, unhappy with McClellan's general pattern of over-caution and his failure to pursue the retreating Lee, relieved McClellan of command in November."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "Background", "says": "Lee's invasion of Maryland was intended to run simultaneously with an invasion of Kentucky by the armies of Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith."}, {"id": "Q551560", "label": "Edmund Kirby Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "Lee's invasion of Maryland was intended to run simultaneously with an invasion of Kentucky by the armies of Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "Some Confederate politicians, including President Jefferson Davis, believed that the prospect of foreign recognition would increase if the Confederacy won a military victory on Union soil; such a victory might gain recognition and financial support from the United Kingdom and France, although there is no evidence that Lee thought the Confederacy should base its military plans on this possibility."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Some Confederate politicians, including President Jefferson Davis, believed that the prospect of foreign recognition would increase if the Confederacy won a military victory on Union soil; such a victory might gain recognition and financial support from the United Kingdom and France, although there is no evidence that Lee thought the Confederacy should base its military plans on this possibility."}, {"id": "Q1542829", "label": "Battle of South Mountain", "section": "Background", "says": "There were two significant engagements in the Maryland campaign prior to the major battle of Antietam: Major General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's capture of Harpers Ferry and McClellan's assault through the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Battle of South Mountain."}], "Q735876": [{"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the First Fitna and is considered a major step towards the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the First Fitna and is considered a major step towards the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q423600", "label": "Abd Allah ibn Abbas", "section": "Background", "says": "Ali replaced Mu'awiya with his cousin Abd Allah ibn Abbas, who feared the retaliation of Mu'awiya and asked Ali to postpone his appointment until his rule was firmly established, according to al-Baladhuri."}], "Q461599": [{"id": "Q1132922", "label": "Peace of Antalcidas", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred in the context of the King's Peace, or Peace of Antalcidas, which had ended the Corinthian War in 386 BC."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred in the context of the King's Peace, or Peace of Antalcidas, which had ended the Corinthian War in 386 BC."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The mainly Theban victory shattered Sparta's immense influence over the Greek peninsula, and the wider Aegean Greek world, which Sparta had gained with its victory in the Peloponnesian War a generation earlier."}, {"id": "Q499229", "label": "Boeotian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This resulted in the Boeotian War starting in 378 BC, and Sparta's succession of failed attempts to regain control of Thebes and Boeotia."}, {"id": "Q373660", "label": "Cleombrotus I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With Thebes now isolated, Sparta saw an opportunity to reassert its supremacy in central Greece, and the Spartans immediately sent king Cleombrotus I marching, from his position in Phocis in central Greece, into Boeotia."}], "Q482456": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, was captured by North Vietnam on 30 April 1975."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, was captured by North Vietnam on 30 April 1975."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "This caused the evacuation of thousands of civilians and U.S. personnel, and ended the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q780730", "label": "Operation Frequent Wind", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of the city was preceded by Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of almost all American civilian and military personnel in Saigon, along with tens of thousands of South Vietnamese civilians who had been associated with the government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "United States ground combat units had left South Vietnam more than two years before the fall of Saigon and were not available to assist with either the defense or the evacuation of Saigon."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "The same day, the Vietnamese National Assembly renamed Saigon Ho Chi Minh City after Ho Chi Minh, the North Vietnamese president who died in 1969."}], "Q487163": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The most commonly mentioned theory cites his relationship with Devyani Rana, whom he had met in the United Kingdom and had been dating for several years."}, {"id": "Q1557792", "label": "Gwalior State", "section": "Background", "says": "Devyani's mother was from the house of Scindia, the former ruling family of the Gwalior State whose members were lower-caste and allegedly far wealthier than the Nepalese monarchs."}], "Q504347": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Philippine Sea was a major naval battle of World War II on 19–20 June 1944 that eliminated the Imperial Japanese Navy's ability to conduct large-scale carrier actions."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during the United States' amphibious reconquest of the Mariana Islands during the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q702216", "label": "Mineichi Koga", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, the Japanese defensive plans had been directly obtained by the Allies from the wreckage of a plane carrying the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet, Admiral Mineichi Koga, in March 1944."}, {"id": "Q308999", "label": "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle, along with the Battle of Leyte Gulf four months later, marked the end of Japanese aircraft carrier operations."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, IJN aircrew losses, suffered during earlier carrier battles at Coral Sea, Midway, and the long Solomon Islands campaign of 1942–43, had greatly weakened the Japanese Navy's ability to project force with its carriers."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "Japan no longer had enough oil tankers to transport the required volume of petroleum from the Dutch East Indies to Japanese refineries."}], "Q529723": [{"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anfal campaign, also known as the Kurdish genocide, was a counterinsurgency operation, described by many scholars and human rights groups as a genocide or ethnic cleansing, which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anfal campaign, also known as the Kurdish genocide, was a counterinsurgency operation, described by many scholars and human rights groups as a genocide or ethnic cleansing, which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi forces were led by Ali Hassan al-Majid, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein."}], "Q631799": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) or Don-Volga-Astrakhan campaign of 1569 (referred to in Ottoman sources as the Astrakhan Expedition) was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the Astrakhan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) or Don-Volga-Astrakhan campaign of 1569 (referred to in Ottoman sources as the Astrakhan Expedition) was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the Astrakhan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) or Don-Volga-Astrakhan campaign of 1569 (referred to in Ottoman sources as the Astrakhan Expedition) was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the Astrakhan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first of twelve Russo-Turkish wars ending with World War I in 1914–18."}], "Q631991": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Russian War of 1654–1667 was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Russian War of 1654–1667 was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late recent decade prior to the conflict, tensions brewed significantly between Poles and Cossacks, ranging from discontent amongst the populace towards religious strife emboldened by the Cossacks' bitterness against the Polish hierarchy; These finally broke in 1648 when the Khmelnytsky insurrection of Zaporozhian Cossacks against the Commonwealth was initiated by Bohdan Khmelnytsky, obtain"}, {"id": "Q54054", "label": "Władysław IV Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "During his preliminary arrangements when he was securing to receive Tatar support, a Polish army dispatched by Władysław IV Vasa advancing in the direction of Ukraine was destroyed within two separate battles in May."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "John II Casimir Vasa immediately begun setting reforms in order to resolve political disputes, ethnic tensions and a whirlwind of conflict unleashed over the provinces."}], "Q657055": [{"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 was fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 was fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q72785", "label": "Cretan State", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the Ottoman victory on the field, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year (as a result of the intervention of the Great Powers after the war), with Prince George of Greece and Denmark as its first High Commissioner."}, {"id": "Q170396", "label": "Prince George of Greece and Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the Ottoman victory on the field, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year (as a result of the intervention of the Great Powers after the war), with Prince George of Greece and Denmark as its first High Commissioner."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The war put the military and political personnel of Greece to test in an official open war for the first time since the Greek War of Independence in 1821."}, {"id": "Q57760", "label": "Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army operated under the guidance of a German military mission led (1883–1895) by Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, who had reorganized the Ottoman military after its defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the numerically superior, better-organized, -equipped, and -led Ottoman forces, heavily composed of Albanian troop levies with combat experience, pushed the Greek forces south out of Thessaly and threatened Athens, only to cease fighting when the Great Powers persuaded the Sultan to agree to an armistice."}, {"id": "Q2749858", "label": "Edhem Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Edhem Pasha had overall command of the Ottoman forces."}], "Q696848": [{"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Iraqi War was a British-led Allied military campaign during the Second World War against the Kingdom of Iraq, then ruled by Rashid Ali al-Gaylani who had seized power in the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état with assistance from Germany and Italy."}, {"id": "Q146720", "label": "Mandatory Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Mandatory Iraq had been governed by the British since 1921."}, {"id": "Q541372", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to Iraq's nominal independence in 1932, Britain concluded the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930, which was opposed by Iraqi nationalists, including Rashid Ali al-Gaylani."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1941, Iraqi nationalists organized the Golden Square coup, with assistance from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1941, Iraqi nationalists organized the Golden Square coup, with assistance from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}], "Q714644": [{"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a result of the imperialistic policies of the Italian prime minister and dictator Benito Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q60699", "label": "Zog I of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "Albania was rapidly occupied, its ruler King Zog I went into exile in the neighboring Kingdom of Greece, and the country was made a part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate in personal union with the Italian Crown."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Albania was rapidly occupied, its ruler King Zog I went into exile in the neighboring Kingdom of Greece, and the country was made a part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate in personal union with the Italian Crown."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Albania was rapidly occupied, its ruler King Zog I went into exile in the neighboring Kingdom of Greece, and the country was made a part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate in personal union with the Italian Crown."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late Ottoman period, with a local weakening of Islam, the Albanian nationalist movement gained the strong support of the two Adriatic sea powers of Austria-Hungary and Italy, which were concerned about pan-Slavism in the wider Balkans and also Anglo-French hegemony, purportedly represented in the area through Greece."}, {"id": "Q2720692", "label": "Vlora War", "section": "Background", "says": "That success did not last long, as Albanian resistance during the subsequent Vlora War and post-war domestic problems forced Italy to pull out in 1920."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Culturally and historically, Albania was important to the nationalistic aims of Italian Fascists, as the territory of Albania had long been part of the Roman Empire, even prior to the annexation of northern Italy by the Romans."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "Chief among them were the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Venice (cf."}], "Q751743": [{"id": "Q70806", "label": "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was also used as the inciting event in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q599141", "label": "Antonine Plague", "section": "Background", "says": "Disease outbreaks were reported in 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185 AD, with the potential cause theorized as the Antonine Plague of 165 to 181CE of smallpox or measles spreading along the Silk Road."}], "Q771451": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Kanagawa, also known as the Kanagawa Treaty (神奈川条約, Kanagawa Jōyaku) or the Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity (日米和親条約, Nichibei Washin Jōyaku), was a treaty signed between the United States and the Tokugawa Shogunate on March 31, 1854."}], "Q80754846": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2020, Qasem Soleimani, an Iranian major general, was assassinated by an American drone strike ordered by U.S. president Donald Trump near Baghdad International Airport in Iraq, while travelling to meet Iraqi prime minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi."}, {"id": "Q357116", "label": "Adil Abdul-Mahdi", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2020, Qasem Soleimani, an Iranian major general, was assassinated by an American drone strike ordered by U.S. president Donald Trump near Baghdad International Airport in Iraq, while travelling to meet Iraqi prime minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Soleimani was commander of the Quds Force, one of five branches of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which is designated as a terrorist organization by both the United States and European Parliament."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "Soleimani was considered the second most powerful person in Iran, subordinate to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, even being considered Khamenei's right-hand man."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Background", "says": "Bush and Barack Obama both considered and rejected targeting Qasem Soleimani, reasoning that it would escalate to a full-scale war."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Adil Abdul-Mahdi, the prime minister of Iraq, said he was scheduled on the day of the attack to meet Soleimani, who was delivering Iran's response to a previous message from Saudi Arabia that Iraq had relayed."}], "Q83889294": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days later, borders to Austria, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and Switzerland were closed."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days later, borders to Austria, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and Switzerland were closed."}, {"id": "Q567", "label": "Angela Merkel", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 April 2020, Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke of \"fragile intermediate success\" that had been achieved in the fight against the pandemic."}], "Q842774": [{"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic)."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic)."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war started in Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and spilled over into the Chełm and Volhynia regions formerly belonging to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of the House of Habsburg's relative leniency toward national minorities, Austria-Hungary was the perfect ground for the development of both Polish and Ukrainian national movements."}, {"id": "Q112081", "label": "Archduke Wilhelm of Austria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Due to the intervention of Archduke Wilhelm of Austria, who adopted a Ukrainian identity and considered himself a Ukrainian patriot, in October 1918 two regiments of mostly Ukrainian troops were garrisoned in Lemberg (modern Lviv)."}], "Q849286": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "It happened at the same time as the Napoleonic Wars had been pushing across Europe."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Selim III of the Ottoman Empire was encouraged by the French Empire to remove multiple lords from their land in Wallachia and Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q2659098", "label": "Battle of Athos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russians then destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Athos to establish naval supremacy."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1811, Grand Vizier Ahmed Pasha gathered 60,000 Turkish soldiers in Ottoman Bulgaria."}], "Q917048": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "It happened within the centuries-long Second Pandemic, a period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics that originated in Central Asia in 1331 (the first year of the Black Death), and included related diseases such as pneumonic plague and septicemic plague, which lasted until 1750."}], "Q1068139": [{"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The White Revolution (Persian: انقلاب سفید, romanized: Enqelâb-e Sefid) or the Shah and People Revolution (Persian: انقلاب شاه و مردم, romanized: Enqelâb-e Šâh o Mardom) was a series of reforms to modernize the Imperial State of Iran launched on 26 January 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and ended with his overthrow in 1979."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the revolution also aroused the antagonism of the Ulama (Islamic clergy) led by Ruhollah Khomeini, the future leader of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, who opposed the erosion of their traditional bases of power, and met with difficulties from a high failure rate for new farms and an exodus of agricultural workers to Iran's major cities."}], "Q1069736": [{"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Croat–Bosniak War or Croat–Muslim War was a conflict between the Bosniak-dominated Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, that lasted from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994."}, {"id": "Q334731", "label": "Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Croat–Bosniak War or Croat–Muslim War was a conflict between the Bosniak-dominated Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, that lasted from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often referred to as a \"war within a war\" because it was part of the larger Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement led to the establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the resumption of joint operations against Serb forces, which helped alter the military balance and bring the Bosnian War to an end."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted 17 Bosnian Croat officials, six of them for participating with Croatian president Franjo Tuđman and other top Croatian officials in a joint criminal enterprise that sought to annex or control Croat-majority parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to ethnically cleanse Bosniaks."}, {"id": "Q965504", "label": "Dobroslav Paraga", "section": "Background", "says": "After Croat-Muslim fighting broke out Dobroslav Paraga, leader of the HSP, ordered the HOS not to cooperate with the HVO and was subsequently arrested on terrorist charges."}], "Q110613097": [{"id": "Q3462649", "label": "Min Aung Hlaing", "section": "lead", "says": "Besides engaging this alliance, the ruling military junta the State Administration Council (SAC), led by Min Aung Hlaing, contended with other anti-regime forces in areas under its control."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 2026, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that around 299,000 people had fled to neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, India, and Thailand."}, {"id": "Q123291016", "label": "Operation 1027", "section": "lead", "says": "In Operation 1027, anti-SAC forces seized Laukkai, the capital of Kokang Self-Administered Zone."}], "Q1137957": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "In late February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia through a coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q296054", "label": "Klement Gottwald", "section": "lead", "says": "After a successful performance during the 1946 parliamentary election, party leader Klement Gottwald became prime minister of a coalition government at the behest of President Edvard Beneš."}, {"id": "Q152274", "label": "Edvard Beneš", "section": "lead", "says": "After a successful performance during the 1946 parliamentary election, party leader Klement Gottwald became prime minister of a coalition government at the behest of President Edvard Beneš."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "This, along with the electoral failures of the French and Italian communist parties, prompted Joseph Stalin to harden his approach and order Gottwald to seize power."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The event alarmed Western countries and helped spur quick adoption of the Marshall Plan, the creation of a state in West Germany, paramilitary measures to keep communists out of power in France, Greece and especially Italy, and steps toward mutual security that would result in the establishment of NATO just over a year later and the definitive drawing of the Iron Curtain until the Revolutions of 1"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of World War II, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) was in a favorable position."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Its powerful influence on Czechoslovak politics since the 1920s, its clean wartime record and cooperation with non-Communist parties, its identification with the Soviet Union, one of the country's liberators, and its determination to become the country's leading political force without alarming the West (a strategy also followed by Communist parties in Italy and in France) dovetailed with popular "}, {"id": "Q78492", "label": "Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk", "section": "Background", "says": "Nonetheless, party leader Klement Gottwald said in 1945 that \"in spite of the favourable situation, the next goal is not soviets and socialism, but rather carrying out a really thorough democratic national revolution\", thereby linking his party to the Czechoslovak democratic tradition (he even claimed to be a disciple of Tomáš Masaryk) and to Czech nationalism by capitalizing on popular intense an"}], "Q1147471": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zaragoza or Saragossa, also called the Capitulation of Zaragoza or Saragossa, was a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III of Portugal and the Habsburg Emperor Charles V in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza."}, {"id": "Q216789", "label": "John III of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zaragoza or Saragossa, also called the Capitulation of Zaragoza or Saragossa, was a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III of Portugal and the Habsburg Emperor Charles V in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zaragoza or Saragossa, also called the Capitulation of Zaragoza or Saragossa, was a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III of Portugal and the Habsburg Emperor Charles V in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty defined the areas of Castilian and Portuguese influence in Asia in order to resolve the \"Moluccas issue\", which had arisen because both kingdoms claimed the lucrative Spice Islands (now Indonesia's Malukus) for themselves, asserting that they were within their area of influence as specified in 1494 by the Treaty of Tordesillas."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "Background", "says": "A Portuguese expedition under Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India in 1498 and the India Armadas quickly overran the major southern ports, defeating Calicut at Cochin in 1504 and Gujarat and its allies at Diu in 1509."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "Background", "says": "Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca—central to Southeast Asian trade—in 1511."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Learning the secret location of the \"spice islands\"—the Bandas and Ternate and Tidore in the Malukus in present-day Indonesia, then the single source of nutmeg and cloves and the main purpose for the European exploration of the Indian Ocean—Albuquerque sent an expedition there under António de Abreu."}, {"id": "Q1496", "label": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "Background", "says": "Letters describing the Spice Islands from Serrão to Ferdinand Magellan, who was his friend and possibly a cousin, helped Magellan persuade the Spanish crown to finance the first circumnavigation of the earth."}, {"id": "Q201510", "label": "Juan Sebastián Elcano", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 November 1521, the Moluccas—\"the cradle of all spices\"—were reached from the east by Magellan's fleet, now under Juan Sebastián Elcano."}, {"id": "Q2091449", "label": "Battle of Mactan", "section": "Background", "says": "Before Magellan and Serrão could meet in the islands, Serrão had died on the island of Ternate, almost at the same time Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Before Magellan and Serrão could meet in the islands, Serrão had died on the island of Ternate, almost at the same time Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines."}], "Q116142348": [{"id": "Q10304982", "label": "Jair Bolsonaro", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 January 2023, following the defeat of then-president Jair Bolsonaro in the 2022 Brazilian general election and the inauguration of his successor Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters attacked Brazil's federal government buildings in the capital, Brasília."}, {"id": "Q37181", "label": "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 January 2023, following the defeat of then-president Jair Bolsonaro in the 2022 Brazilian general election and the inauguration of his successor Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters attacked Brazil's federal government buildings in the capital, Brasília."}], "Q153081": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soweto uprising, also known as the Soweto riots or the Soweto rebellion, was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa during apartheid that began on the morning of 16 June 1976."}, {"id": "Q43033", "label": "Desmond Tutu", "section": "Causes", "says": "Desmond Tutu, the bishop of Lesotho, stated that Afrikaans was \"the language of the oppressor.\" Also, teacher organisations, such as the African Teachers Association of South Africa, objected to the decree."}], "Q154100": [{"id": "Q568387", "label": "Peasants' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Pugachev's Rebellion (Russian: Восстание Пугачёва, romanized: Vosstaniye Pugachyova; also called the Peasants' War 1773–1775 or Cossack Rebellion) of 1773–1775 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II, known today as Catherine the Great, seized power in 1762."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Pugachev's Rebellion (Russian: Восстание Пугачёва, romanized: Vosstaniye Pugachyova; also called the Peasants' War 1773–1775 or Cossack Rebellion) of 1773–1775 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II, known today as Catherine the Great, seized power in 1762."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Pugachev's Rebellion (Russian: Восстание Пугачёва, romanized: Vosstaniye Pugachyova; also called the Peasants' War 1773–1775 or Cossack Rebellion) of 1773–1775 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II, known today as Catherine the Great, seized power in 1762."}, {"id": "Q154240", "label": "Yemelyan Pugachev", "section": "lead", "says": "It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Army, against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Army, against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q122782538", "label": "Battle of Kazan", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the most significant events of the insurrection was the Battle of Kazan in July 1774."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background and aims", "says": "Peter the Great ceded entire villages to favored nobles, while Catherine the Great confirmed the authority of the nobles over the serfs in return for the nobles' political cooperation."}], "Q154942": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Königgrätz (or Battle of Sadová; Czech: Bitva u Hradce Králové) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Königgrätz (or Battle of Sadová; Czech: Bitva u Hradce Králové) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Königgrätz (or Battle of Sadová; Czech: Bitva u Hradce Králové) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 3 July 1866, near the Bohemian city of Hradec Králové (German: Königgrätz) and village of Sadová, now in the Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the single largest battle of the war, and the largest battle in the world since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813."}, {"id": "Q78563", "label": "Ludwig von Benedek", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrian commander-in-chief Ludwig von Benedek had accepted the post with reluctance because he was unfamiliar with both troops and local terrain."}, {"id": "Q60505", "label": "Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the outset of the war in June, the Prussian armies were gathered along the Prussian border – the Army of the Elbe under Karl Herwarth von Bittenfeld at Torgau, the First Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia between Senftenberg and Görlitz, and the Second Army under Crown Prince Frederick William in Silesia west of Neiße (Nysa)."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "The campaign began with Herwarth von Bittenfeld's advance to Dresden in the Kingdom of Saxony, where he easily defeated the Saxon army of 23,000 and joined with the First Army."}], "Q155103": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Budapest or Battle of Budapest, was a major battle fought between Soviet and Romanian forces and Hungarian and German forces for the Hungarian capital of Budapest, near the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The civilian population, numbering 800,000, was not evacuated, and consequently many civilians fell victim to the fighting, the intensity of which contemporary observers compared to that of the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "However, on none of these occasions did they succeed in reaching the city, despite roughly half of the remaining German armored divisions on the Eastern Front being deployed in Hungary."}], "Q157445": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prague offensive (Russian: Пражская стратегическая наступательная операция, romanized: Prazhskaya strategicheskaya nastupatel'naya operatsiya, lit. 'Prague Strategic Offensive Operation') was the last major military operation of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was fought on the Eastern Front from 6 May to 11 May 1945."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought concurrently with the Prague uprising, the offensive significantly helped the liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1945."}], "Q160011": [{"id": "Q40144", "label": "Battle of Coronel", "section": "lead", "says": "The British, after their defeat at the Battle of Coronel on 1 November, sent a large force to track down and destroy the German cruiser squadron."}, {"id": "Q57185", "label": "Maximilian von Spee", "section": "lead", "says": "Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee commanding the German squadron of two armoured cruisers, SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the light cruisers SMS Nürnberg, Dresden and Leipzig, and the colliers SS Baden, SS Santa Isabel, and SS Seydlitz attempted to raid the British supply base at Stanley in the Falkland Islands."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The British squadron consisting of the battlecruisers HMS Invincible and Inflexible, the armoured cruisers HMS Carnarvon, Cornwall and Kent, the armed merchant cruiser HMS Macedonia and the light cruisers HMS Bristol and Glasgow had arrived in the port the day before."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "Background", "says": "Although secrecy of the mission was considered important so as to surprise Spee, Lieutenant Hirst from Glasgow heard locals discussing the forthcoming arrival of the ships while ashore at Cape Verde on 17 November; however the news did not reach Spee."}], "Q162362": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany sought to aid Italy by deploying troops to Romania and Bulgaria and attacking Greece from the east."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état in Yugoslavia on 27 March caused Adolf Hitler to order the conquest of that country."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état in Yugoslavia on 27 March caused Adolf Hitler to order the conquest of that country."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I, with the complete collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Albanians looked to the Kingdom of Italy for protection against its traditional enemies."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1919, Albania's territorial integrity was confirmed at the Paris Peace Conference after United States President Woodrow Wilson opposed a plan by the European powers to divide Albania amongst its neighbors."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after 1925, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini sought to dominate Albania."}, {"id": "Q60699", "label": "Zog I of Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1928, Albania became a kingdom under Zog I, who was a clan chief and former Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 April 1939, Italian troops invaded Albania, overthrew Zog, and annexed the country to the Italian Empire."}], "Q168556": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Schmalkaldic War (German: Schmalkaldischer Krieg; July 1546 – May 1547) was fought within the territories of the Holy Roman Empire between the allied forces of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Maurice, Duke of Saxony against the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League, with the forces directly loyal to Charles fighting under the command of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "In the course of the Lutheran Reformation numerous Imperial States had adopted the new confession, against the opposition of the ruling Catholic House of Habsburg, who recognised these conversions as a quest for increasing autonomy to the detriment of the central Imperial authority."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "At the 1521 Diet of Worms Emperor Charles V had Martin Luther subjected to an Imperial ban and the dissemination of his writings prohibited."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "Background", "says": "At the 1521 Diet of Worms Emperor Charles V had Martin Luther subjected to an Imperial ban and the dissemination of his writings prohibited."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "Background", "says": "The edicts of the Diet condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas, subjecting advocates of Lutheranism to forfeiture of all property, half of the seized property to be forfeit to the imperial government and the remaining half forfeit to the party who brought the accusation."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "This diet was condemned at the Diet of Speyer (1529), provoking the Protestation at Speyer and giving rise to the term \"Protestant.\" This led to the presentation of the Lutheran Augsburg Confession and Catholic Confutatio Augustana at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q76325", "label": "Philipp Melanchthon", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the Confutatio, Philipp Melanchthon prepared the Prima delineatio."}, {"id": "Q506182", "label": "John Frederick I", "section": "Background", "says": "In turn several Lutheran states led by Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse met at the town of Schmalkalden, where they established the Schmalkaldic League in 1531."}, {"id": "Q169319", "label": "Philip I of Hesse", "section": "Background", "says": "In turn several Lutheran states led by Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse met at the town of Schmalkalden, where they established the Schmalkaldic League in 1531."}, {"id": "Q374723", "label": "Treaty of Crépy", "section": "Background", "says": "But in 1544 Charles V returned to Germany from the Italian War after he had signed the Treaty of Crépy and began to forge alliances not only with Pope Paul III but also with Lutheran princes, foremost with Duke Maurice of Saxony, the Albertine cousin of Saxon Elector John Frederick I."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "Background", "says": "But in 1544 Charles V returned to Germany from the Italian War after he had signed the Treaty of Crépy and began to forge alliances not only with Pope Paul III but also with Lutheran princes, foremost with Duke Maurice of Saxony, the Albertine cousin of Saxon Elector John Frederick I."}, {"id": "Q317710", "label": "Maurice of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "But in 1544 Charles V returned to Germany from the Italian War after he had signed the Treaty of Crépy and began to forge alliances not only with Pope Paul III but also with Lutheran princes, foremost with Duke Maurice of Saxony, the Albertine cousin of Saxon Elector John Frederick I."}], "Q16911838": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "The General National Congress (GNC), based in western Libya and backed by various militias with some support from Qatar and Turkey, initially accepted the results of the 2014 election, but rejected them after the Supreme Constitutional Court nullified an amendment regarding the roadmap for Libya's transition and HoR elections.[13] The House of Representatives (or Council of Deputies) is in control"}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to those three factions, there are: the Islamist Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, led by Ansar al-Sharia, which had the support of the GNC and was defeated in Benghazi in 2017; the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant's (ISIL's) Libyan provinces; the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna which expelled ISIL from Derna in July 2015 and was later itself defeated in Derna by the "}, {"id": "Q2298768", "label": "Khalifa Belqasim Haftar", "section": "lead", "says": "On 4 April 2019, Khalifa Haftar, the commander of the Libyan National Army, called on his military forces to advance on Tripoli, the capital of the GNA, in the 2019–20 Western Libya campaign This was met with reproach from United"}], "Q179275": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 2004, an insurgency has been fought in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by Islamist militant groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Jundallah, Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI), the Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM), Al-Qaeda, and their Central Asian allies such as the Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISKP), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, East Turkistan Movement, J"}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Al-Qaeda terrorists fled Afghanistan seeking refuge in the bordering Federally Administered Tribal Areas."}, {"id": "Q208270", "label": "Federally Administered Tribal Areas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Al-Qaeda terrorists fled Afghanistan seeking refuge in the bordering Federally Administered Tribal Areas."}, {"id": "Q40495", "label": "Pervez Musharraf", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan had already joined the US-led war on terror after the 9/11 attacks under Pervez Musharraf."}, {"id": "Q17195717", "label": "Operation Zarb-e-Azb", "section": "lead", "says": "In particular, Operation Zarb-e-Azb resulted in the total loss of TTP territory in Pakistan, transitioning the conflict into an unconventional guerrilla campaign through sleeper cells."}, {"id": "Q2237280", "label": "Battle of Tora Bora", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Battle of Tora Bora in 2002, the Pakistan Army began formal troop deployment at the behest of the federal government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Criticism of Musharraf and the United States grew in Peshawar by a massive communist party in 2003, demanding an end to the operations."}], "Q202512": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 20, 2012, a mass shooting occurred inside a Mershops Town Center Century 16 movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, United States, during a midnight screening of the film The Dark Knight Rises."}], "Q243721": [{"id": "Q237960", "label": "Clodius Albinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Year of the Five Emperors refers to AD 193, in which five men claimed the title of Roman emperor: Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Year of the Five Emperors refers to AD 193, in which five men claimed the title of Roman emperor: Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus."}, {"id": "Q1434", "label": "Commodus", "section": "lead", "says": "The political unrest began with the murder of Emperor Commodus on New Year's Eve 192."}, {"id": "Q1436", "label": "Pertinax", "section": "lead", "says": "Once Commodus was assassinated, Pertinax was named emperor, but immediately aroused opposition in the Praetorian Guard when he attempted to initiate reforms."}, {"id": "Q1440", "label": "Didius Julianus", "section": "lead", "says": "Didius Julianus, who purchased the title from the Praetorian Guard, succeeded Pertinax, but was ousted by Septimius Severus and executed on 1 June."}, {"id": "Q201053", "label": "Pescennius Niger", "section": "lead", "says": "Severus was declared Caesar by the Senate, but Pescennius Niger was hostile so he declared himself emperor."}, {"id": "Q653482", "label": "Battle of Lugdunum", "section": "lead", "says": "After Severus defeated Niger at the Battle of Issus in 194, he turned on Albinus and defeated him at the Battle of Lugdunum in 197."}], "Q335330": [{"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Liberators' civil war between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius, in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Liberators' civil war between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius, in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia."}], "Q392213": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Orléans (12 October 1428 – 8 May 1429) marked a turning point of the Hundred Years' War between France and England."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege took place at the pinnacle of English power during the later stages of the war, but was repulsed by French forces inspired by the arrival of Joan of Arc."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "Background", "says": "The dukes of Orléans were at the head of a political faction known as the Armagnacs, who rejected the Treaty of Troyes and supported the claims of the disinherited and banished Dauphin Charles to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "Background", "says": "The city's association with the Armagnac party made it unlikely to be spared if it fell."}], "Q459162": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Akayev fled to Kazakhstan and then to Russia."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Origins", "says": "In a speech of the time, he warned that no such \"Color Revolution\" should happen in Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q219470", "label": "Rose Revolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "Using a color or floral term evoked similarity with the non-violent Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004), the Czechoslovak Velvet Revolution (1989) and the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (1974)."}, {"id": "Q836386", "label": "Orange Revolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "Using a color or floral term evoked similarity with the non-violent Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004), the Czechoslovak Velvet Revolution (1989) and the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (1974)."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "Using a color or floral term evoked similarity with the non-violent Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004), the Czechoslovak Velvet Revolution (1989) and the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (1974)."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "Using a color or floral term evoked similarity with the non-violent Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004), the Czechoslovak Velvet Revolution (1989) and the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (1974)."}], "Q503982": [{"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mycale was one of the two major battles (the other being the Battle of Plataea) that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mycale was one of the two major battles (the other being the Battle of Plataea) that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens and Corinth; and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens and Corinth; and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "Xerxes then retreated, leaving his general Mardonius with a substantial army to finish off the Greeks the following year."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After Xerxes I was crowned the emperor of the Achaemenid Empire, he quickly resumed preparations for the invasion of Greece, including building two pontoon bridges across the Hellespont."}, {"id": "Q747679", "label": "Battle of Artemisium", "section": "Background", "says": "The Persians also achieved a costly naval triumph at the Battle of Artemisium, where they forced the Greek fleet to withdraw and thus captured the Euripus Strait."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Xerxes left Mardonius with most of his army, and the latter decided to camp for the winter in Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Persian fleet moved from Samos to Mycale for protection according to Herodotus."}], "Q570224": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Other non-signatories include India and Pakistan."}], "Q607257": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate Eritrea Province from the rule of the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie and later the Derg under Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate Eritrea Province from the rule of the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie and later the Derg under Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate Eritrea Province from the rule of the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie and later the Derg under Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Eritrea was an Italian colony from the 1880s until the Italians were defeated by the Allies in World War II in 1941."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterward, Eritrea briefly became a British Military Administration until 1951."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Nations convened after the war to decide Eritrea's future, voting in favor of a federation between Eritrea and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q2603305", "label": "Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Eritrea became a constituent state of the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q9068538", "label": "Ethiopian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the Derg, led by Mengistu, abolished the Ethiopian Empire and established a Marxist-Leninist communist state."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Derg enjoyed support from the Soviet Union and other communist nations in fighting against the Eritreans."}, {"id": "Q2139988", "label": "Eritrean Civil Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Eritrean Civil Wars, the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) emerged as the primary liberation group in 1977, after expelling the ELF from Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "lead", "says": "The EPLF then took advantage of the Ogaden War to intensify its war of attrition against Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian Somaliland and Eritrea were also part of that entity, ruled by a Governor-General or Viceroy."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian Somaliland remained under Italian rule, but as a United Nations protectorate not a colony, until 1960 when it united with British Somaliland, to form the independent state of Somalia."}], "Q63468": [{"id": "Q698281", "label": "Italian War of 1521–1526", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Austria, the Low Countries, and the Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Austria, the Low Countries, and the Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army was led by King Francis I of France, who laid siege to the city of Pavia (then part of the Duchy of Milan within the Holy Roman Empire) in October 1524 with 26,200 troops."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army was led by King Francis I of France, who laid siege to the city of Pavia (then part of the Duchy of Milan within the Holy Roman Empire) in October 1524 with 26,200 troops."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army was led by King Francis I of France, who laid siege to the city of Pavia (then part of the Duchy of Milan within the Holy Roman Empire) in October 1524 with 26,200 troops."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles V, intending to break the siege, sent a relief force of 22,300 troops to Pavia (where the Imperial garrison stationed consisted of 5,000 Germans and 1,000 Spaniards) under the command of the Fleming Charles de Lannoy, Imperial lieutenant and viceroy of Naples, and of the French renegade and captain-general Charles III, Duke of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q506466", "label": "Charles III, Duke of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles V, intending to break the siege, sent a relief force of 22,300 troops to Pavia (where the Imperial garrison stationed consisted of 5,000 Germans and 1,000 Spaniards) under the command of the Fleming Charles de Lannoy, Imperial lieutenant and viceroy of Naples, and of the French renegade and captain-general Charles III, Duke of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q606015", "label": "Antonio de Leyva", "section": "lead", "says": "Other major Imperial commanders were the Italian condottiero Fernando d'Avalos, the German military leader Georg Frundsberg, and the Spanish captain Antonio de Leyva, who was in charge of the Imperial garrison inside Pavia."}, {"id": "Q44601", "label": "Francesco Guicciardini", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Francesco Guicciardini summarised the clash as follows:\n\n The King, fighting very gallantly, sustained the shock of the enemy, who, however, with their firearms obliged those about him to give way, till, the Swiss arriving and the cavalry charging them in flank, the Spaniards were repulsed."}, {"id": "Q683341", "label": "Battle of Bicocca", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French, in possession of Lombardy at the start of the Italian War of 1521–26, had been forced to abandon it after their defeat at the Battle of Bicocca in 1522."}, {"id": "Q3485951", "label": "Siege of Marseille", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While initially successful, the Imperial offensive lost valuable time during the Siege of Marseille and was forced to withdraw back to Italy by the arrival of Francis and the main French army at Avignon."}, {"id": "Q1313351", "label": "Louis II de la Trémoille", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Having entered Milan and installed Louis II de la Trémoille as the governor, Francis (at the urging of Bonnivet and against the advice of his other senior commanders, who favoured a more vigorous pursuit of the retreating Lannoy) advanced on Pavia, where Antonio de Leyva remained with a sizable Imperial garrison of about 9,000."}, {"id": "Q356952", "label": "Anne de Montmorency", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By 2 November, Anne de Montmorency had crossed the Ticino River and invested the city from the south, completing its encirclement."}], "Q644960": [{"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Boyne (Irish: Cath na Bóinne IPA: [ˈkah n̪ˠə ˈbˠoːn̠ʲə]) took place in 1690 between the forces of the deposed King James II, and those of King William III who, with his wife Queen Mary II (his cousin and James's daughter), had acceded to the Crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1689."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought across the River Boyne close to the town of Drogheda in the Kingdom of Ireland, modern-day Ireland, and resulted in a victory for William."}, {"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Williamite War in Ireland continued until the signing of the Treaty of Limerick in October 1691, James fled to France after the Boyne, never to return."}, {"id": "Q1860162", "label": "Treaty of Limerick", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Williamite War in Ireland continued until the signing of the Treaty of Limerick in October 1691, James fled to France after the Boyne, never to return."}], "Q697625": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Belgium or Belgian campaign (10–28 May 1940), formed part of the larger Battle of France, an offensive campaign by Germany during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium under the operational plan Fall Gelb (Case Yellow)."}, {"id": "Q2032618", "label": "Battle of Hannut", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Belgium included the first tank battle of the war, the Battle of Hannut."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest tank battle in history at the time but was later surpassed by the battles of the North African Campaign and the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q714288", "label": "Battle of Fort Eben-Emael", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle also included the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael, the first strategic airborne operation using paratroopers ever attempted."}], "Q705874": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) was a pivotal conflict between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire, led by Batu Khan, sought to expand its territories into Europe, while the Kingdom of Hungary, led by King Béla IV, aimed to protect its borders."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "This was part of their great cavalry raid to explore the lands beyond their knowledge under the direction of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Hungary had tried to convert the Cumans to Christianity and expand its influence over them for several decades beforehand."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The nomadic Cumans did not easily integrate with the settled Hungarians and the nobles were shocked that the king supported the Cumans in quarrels between the two."}, {"id": "Q280338", "label": "Frederick II, Duke of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick II, Duke of Austria and Styria, also arrived there to help him."}], "Q766437": [{"id": "Q37102", "label": "Republic of the Rif", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the Republic of the Rif."}, {"id": "Q18363", "label": "Alfonso XIII", "section": "Origins", "says": "When Alfonso XIII ascended to the throne in 1886, Spain was considered a world power, with colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Origins", "says": "But in the Spanish–American War, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898, and sold the Mariana and Caro"}], "Q778010": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, were the first major military actions between the British Army and Patriot militias from British America's Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces fought day-long running battles in Middlesex County in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, in the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge."}, {"id": "Q19024", "label": "Boston Tea Party", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Boston Tea Party (1773), the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts (early 1774), including the restrictive Massachusetts Government Act."}], "Q795269": [{"id": "Q49090", "label": "Charles Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) was a civil war in Sierra Leone that began on 23 March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), with support from the special forces of Liberian dictator Charles Taylor, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), intervened in Sierra Leone in an attempt to overthrow the Joseph Momoh government."}, {"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "lead", "says": "The RUF joined with the AFRC to capture the capital city, Freetown, with little resistance."}, {"id": "Q888792", "label": "Johnny Paul Koroma", "section": "lead", "says": "The new government, led by Johnny Paul Koroma, declared the war over."}, {"id": "Q443070", "label": "Foday Sankoh", "section": "lead", "says": "Lome gave Foday Sankoh, the commander of the RUF, the vice presidency and control of Sierra Leone's diamond mines in return for a cessation of the fighting and the deployment of a UN peacekeeping force (United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, UNAMSIL) to monitor the disarmament process."}], "Q832273": [{"id": "Q50365049", "label": "Abiy Ahmed", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 June 2018, the ruling coalition of Ethiopia, headed by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, agreed to fully implement the peace treaty signed with Eritrea in 2000, with peace declared by both parties in July 2018, twenty years after the initial confrontation."}], "Q851504": [{"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vouillé (from Latin Campus Vogladensis) was a battle in the Franco-Gothic War and was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, near Poitiers (Gaul), around spring 507 between the Franks, commanded by Clovis, and the Visigoths, commanded by Alaric II."}, {"id": "Q110884", "label": "Alaric II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vouillé (from Latin Campus Vogladensis) was a battle in the Franco-Gothic War and was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, near Poitiers (Gaul), around spring 507 between the Franks, commanded by Clovis, and the Visigoths, commanded by Alaric II."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "After Clovis's victories over the Alemanni east of the Rhine and over the Burgundians in the Rhone Valley, the Franks' growing power posed a threat to Alaric II's territory in Aquitaine and Hispania."}], "Q871366": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The English fleet of 120–150 ships was led by Edward III of England and the 230-strong French fleet by the Breton knight Hugues Quiéret, Admiral of France, and Nicolas Béhuchet, Constable of France."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was one of the opening engagements of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q315000", "label": "Jean Froissart", "section": "Background", "says": "For the most part they lack detail, so much so that the historian Kelly DeVries has commentated that for some aspects of the battle \"we have only a patchwork of interesting anecdotes to lead us to any conclusions.\" The best-known contemporary chronicler of this period of the Hundred Years' War is Jean Froissart."}, {"id": "Q63483", "label": "Jonathan Sumption", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In a feat which the modern historian Jonathan Sumption describes as \"truly remarkable\" a sizeable fleet had been assembled at the Orwell by 20 June."}, {"id": "Q948191", "label": "John Chandos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Edward anchored at Blankenberge and in the evening sent ashore Reginald Cobham, Sir John Chandos, and Stephen Lambkin to reconnoitre the French flee"}], "Q876357": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, there was an acute economic slump, accompanied by chronic unemployment and harvest failure due to the Year Without a Summer, and worsened by the Corn Laws, which kept the price of bread high."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "The event was first labelled the \"Peterloo massacre\" by the radical Manchester Observer newspaper in a bitterly ironic reference to the bloody Battle of Waterloo which had taken place four years earlier."}], "Q920894": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Italian War of Independence (Italian: Prima guerra d'indipendenza italiana), part of the Risorgimento or unification of Italy, was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) and Italian volunteers against the Austrian Empire and other conservative states from 23 March 1848 to 22 August 1849 in the Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q181261", "label": "Carlo Alberto I of Sardinia", "section": "lead", "says": "The part of the conflict which was fought by King Charles Albert of Sardinia against Austria in Northern Italy was a royal war and consisted of two campaigns."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "At the beginning of the royal war, Sardinia was supported by the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, though both quickly withdrew from the conflict."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "At the beginning of the royal war, Sardinia was supported by the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, though both quickly withdrew from the conflict."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "The popular war gave prominence to the military commander Giuseppe Garibaldi."}], "Q1044829": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Russian War was a conflict fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia from 1609 to 1618."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Russian War was a conflict fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia from 1609 to 1618."}, {"id": "Q170172", "label": "Boris Godunov", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland exploited Russia's civil wars when powerful members of the Polish szlachta began influencing Russian boyars and supporting successive pretenders to the title of tsar of Russia against the crowned tsars Boris Godunov (r."}, {"id": "Q209535", "label": "False Dmitriy I", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1605, Polish nobles conducted a series of skirmishes until the death of False Dmitry I in 1606, and they invaded again in 1607 until Russia formed a military alliance with Sweden two years later."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa, declared war on Russia in response in 1609, aiming to gain territorial concessions and to weaken Sweden's ally."}, {"id": "Q932228", "label": "Battle of Klushino", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish forces won  many early victories such as the 1610 Battle of Klushino."}, {"id": "Q1962709", "label": "Ingrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1610, Polish units entered Moscow and Sweden withdrew from the military alliance with Russia, instead triggering the Ingrian War of 1610-1617 between Sweden and Russia."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "Sigismund's son, Prince Władysław of Poland, was elected tsar of Russia by the Seven Boyars in September 1610, but Sigismund refused to allow his son to become the new tsar unless the Muscovites agreed to convert from Eastern Orthodoxy to Catholicism, and the pro-Polish boyars ended their support for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q15756", "label": "Dmitry Pozharsky", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1611, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky formed a new army to launch a popular revolt against the Polish occupation."}, {"id": "Q547759", "label": "Patriarch Philaret of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1613 the Russian Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov, the son of Patriarch Filaret of Moscow, as tsar of Russia, thus inaugurating  the Romanov dynasty and ending the Time of Troubles."}, {"id": "Q542169", "label": "Truce of Deulino", "section": "lead", "says": "With little military action between 1612 and 1617, the war finally ended in 1618 with the Truce of Deulino, which granted the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth certain territorial concessions but preserved Russia's independence."}, {"id": "Q469791", "label": "False Dmitry II", "section": "Background", "says": "The civil war raged on, as in 1607 the False Dmitry II appeared, again supported by some Polish magnates and 'recognized' by Marina Mniszech as her first husband."}, {"id": "Q1140161", "label": "Marina Mniszech", "section": "Background", "says": "The civil war raged on, as in 1607 the False Dmitry II appeared, again supported by some Polish magnates and 'recognized' by Marina Mniszech as her first husband."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1608 together with Aleksander Kleczkowski, Lisowczycy, leading a few hundred Don Cossacks working for the Commonwealth, ragtag szlachta and mercenaries, defeated the army of tsar Vasili Shuyski led by Zakhary Lyapunov and Ivan Khovansky at the Battle of Zaraysk and captured Mikhailov and Kolomna."}], "Q1073476": [{"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition was led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, and was divided into two phases."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase ended in a 1927 political split between two factions of the KMT: the right-leaning Nanjing faction, led by Chiang, and the left-leaning faction in Wuhan, led by Wang Jingwei."}, {"id": "Q699698", "label": "Yen Hsi-shan", "section": "lead", "says": "With the assistance of allied warlords, including Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang, the nationalist forces secured a series of decisive victories against the Beiyang Army."}, {"id": "Q365894", "label": "Feng Yuxiang", "section": "lead", "says": "With the assistance of allied warlords, including Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang, the nationalist forces secured a series of decisive victories against the Beiyang Army."}, {"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "lead", "says": "As they approached Beijing, Zhang Zuolin, leader of the Manchuria-based Fengtian clique, was forced to flee and was later assassinated shortly thereafter by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "lead", "says": "His son, Zhang Xueliang, took over as the leader of the Fengtian clique, and in December 1928, announced that Manchuria would accept the authority of the nationalist government in Nanjing."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before his death in March 1925, Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China and co-founder of the KMT, was supportive of Sino-Soviet co-operation, which had involved forming the First United Front with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before his death in March 1925, Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China and co-founder of the KMT, was supportive of Sino-Soviet co-operation, which had involved forming the First United Front with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This incident sparked outrage throughout China, culminating in the Canton–Hong Kong strike, which began on 18 June 1925, and proved a fertile recruiting ground for the CCP."}, {"id": "Q3272511", "label": "Zhongshan Warship Incident", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 20 March 1926, he launched a bloodless purge of hardline communists who were opposed to the proposed expedition from the Guangzhou administration and its military, known as the Canton Coup."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the same time, Chiang made conciliatory moves toward the Soviet Union, and attempted to balance the need for Soviet and CCP assistance in the fight against the warlords with his concerns about growing communist infl"}], "Q233219": [{"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the previous autumn."}, {"id": "Q57125", "label": "Walther Hermann Nernst", "section": "Background", "says": "The German chemist Walther Nernst was a volunteer driver in 1914 and proposed to Colonel Max Bauer, the German general staff officer responsible for liaison with scientists, that they could empty the opposing trenches by a surprise attack with tear gas."}, {"id": "Q57075", "label": "Fritz Haber", "section": "Background", "says": "Observing a field test of this idea, the chemist Fritz Haber instead proposed using heavier-than-air chlorine gas."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "The professional head of the German Army, General Erich von Falkenhayn, agreed to try the new weapon with the 4th Army."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "Falkenhayn wanted to use the gas to cover the transfer of units to the Eastern Front to assist the Austro-Hungarian Army against the Imperial Russian Army after its losses in 1914."}, {"id": "Q57066", "label": "James Franck", "section": "Background", "says": "The installation was supervised by Haber, Otto Hahn, James Franck and Gustav Hertz."}], "Q2479606": [{"id": "Q2419855", "label": "Ukrainian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian War of Independence, also referred to as the Ukrainian–Soviet War in Ukraine, lasted from March 1917 to November 1921 and was part of the wider Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian War of Independence, also referred to as the Ukrainian–Soviet War in Ukraine, lasted from March 1917 to November 1921 and was part of the wider Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It saw the establishment and development of an independent Ukrainian republic, most of which was absorbed into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic between 1919 and 1920."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Belligerents included Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian anarchists, the forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary, the White Russian Volunteer Army, and Second Polish Republic forces."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Belligerents included Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian anarchists, the forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary, the White Russian Volunteer Army, and Second Polish Republic forces."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "They struggled for control of Ukraine after the February Revolution of 1917."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ensued soon after the October Revolution, when the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin dispatched the Antonov's expeditionary group to Ukraine and Southern Russia."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ensued soon after the October Revolution, when the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin dispatched the Antonov's expeditionary group to Ukraine and Southern Russia."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed war of independence by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict can be viewed within the framework of the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, as well as the closing stage of the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict can be viewed within the framework of the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, as well as the closing stage of the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q371322", "label": "Mykhailo Hrushevskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the February Revolution in March 1917, political and cultural organisations in Kyiv created a council, the Central Rada, and in April the 900 delegates elected Mykhailo Hrushevsky as its leader."}, {"id": "Q47900", "label": "Nestor Makhno", "section": "Background", "says": "In the south of Ukraine, Nestor Makhno began his anarchist activity, disarming deserting Russian soldiers and officers."}], "Q278960": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The PTBT was signed by the governments of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States in Moscow on 5 August 1963 before it was opened for signature by other countries."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The PTBT was signed by the governments of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States in Moscow on 5 August 1963 before it was opened for signature by other countries."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The PTBT was signed by the governments of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States in Moscow on 5 August 1963 before it was opened for signature by other countries."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Signatories Israel and South Africa may have violated it with the 1979 Vela incident."}], "Q334029": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the siege of Boston in the first stage of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q590644", "label": "Joseph Warren", "section": "lead", "says": "American casualties were much fewer, although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary, the final casualty of the battle."}, {"id": "Q1701806", "label": "John Stark", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments under Colonels John Stark and James Reed."}], "Q368689": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Serbian Uprising was an uprising of Serbs in Orašac against the Dahije, and later the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1804 to 7 October 1813."}, {"id": "Q2092429", "label": "Serbian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It later evolved into a war for independence, known as the Serbian Revolution, after more than three centuries of Ottoman Empire rule and brief Austrian occupations."}, {"id": "Q315172", "label": "Karađorđe", "section": "lead", "says": "An assembly chose Karađorđe to lead the uprising, and the rebel army quickly defeated and took over towns throughout the sanjak, technically fighting for the Sultan."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Selim III, fearing their power, ordered all the Pashaliks in the region to crush them."}, {"id": "Q243585", "label": "Second Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising soon resumed with the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815."}, {"id": "Q697368", "label": "Treaty of Sistova", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrians held the city until 1791, when they returned it to the Ottomans under the terms of the Treaty of Sistova."}, {"id": "Q560701", "label": "Osman Pazvantoğlu", "section": "Background", "says": "Many of the Janissaries were employed by or took refuge with Osman Pazvantoğlu, a renegade opponent of Selim in the Sanjak of Vidin."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 15 December 1801, Belgrade Vizier Hadži Mustafa Pasha was executed by Kučuk-Alija, one of four Janissaries originally from the Sanjak of Vidin (modern north-western Bulgaria), the other three being Mehmed Foça-oğlu, Aganli-Bayraktar and Mülla Yusuf."}, {"id": "Q3445471", "label": "Slaughter of the Knezes", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the end of January 1804, throughout the Sanjak, between 70 and 150 knezes (village leaders), livestock merchants and Orthodox priests were executed by the Dahije in an event known as the Slaughter of the Knezes."}, {"id": "Q2272090", "label": "Konstantinos Ypsilantis", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The events in Serbia were being closely monitored by neighbouring Christian states such as Wallachia, an Ottoman client-state bordering Serbia to the northeast, and ruled by the Phanariote Prince Constantine Ypsilantis (who was secretly hostile to Ottoman rule)."}], "Q482402": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ)  refers to a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam, which led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ)  refers to a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam, which led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ)  refers to a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam, which led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "Background", "says": "The Geneva Conference in 1954 was intended to settle outstanding issues following the end of hostilities between France and the Viet Minh at the end of the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Geneva Conference in 1954 was intended to settle outstanding issues following the end of hostilities between France and the Viet Minh at the end of the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q192502", "label": "Ngô Đình Diệm", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1961, South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem faced significant discontent among some quarters of the southern population, including some Buddhists who were opposed to the rule of Diem's Catholic supporters."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "Background", "says": "The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a \"people's war\" on the South at a session in January 1959, and on 28 July, North Vietnamese forces invaded Laos to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail, in support of insurgents in the south."}], "Q52226": [{"id": "Q3428977", "label": "Operation Gothic Serpent", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mogadishu (Somali: Maalintii Rangers, lit. 'Day of the Rangers'), also known as the Black Hawk Down Incident, was part of Operation Gothic Serpent."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 3–4 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States—supported by UNOSOM II—against Somali National Alliance (SNA) fighters and other insurgents in south Mogadishu."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "This, in turn, led US president Bill Clinton to initiate Operation Gothic Serpent in order to capture Aidid."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "No battle since the Vietnam War had killed so many US troops."}, {"id": "Q1820456", "label": "Les Aspin", "section": "Background", "says": "This shift was signaled by Defense Secretary Les Aspin in his 27 August speech, advocating for a decreased military focus in UNOSOM II and urging the UN and the OAU to resume negotiations with all parties."}], "Q54434": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered a related conflict of the 1740 to 1748 War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting formally ended with the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the terms of which meant Britain largely failed to achieve its original territorial and economic ambitions in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht gave British merchants access to markets in Spanish America, including the Asiento de Negros, a monopoly to supply 5,000 slaves a year."}, {"id": "Q1195251", "label": "Treaty of Seville", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the 1729 Treaty of Seville, the Spanish were allowed to check British vessels trading with the Americas for contraband."}, {"id": "Q697891", "label": "Pacte de Famille", "section": "Background", "says": "For their part, the British viewed the 1733 Pacte de Famille between Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain as the first step in being replaced by France as Spain's largest trading partner."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "For their part, the British viewed the 1733 Pacte de Famille between Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain as the first step in being replaced by France as Spain's largest trading partner."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "For their part, the British viewed the 1733 Pacte de Famille between Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain as the first step in being replaced by France as Spain's largest trading partner."}], "Q609836": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese Colonial War (Portuguese: Guerra Colonial Portuguesa), also known in Portugal as the Overseas War (Guerra do Ultramar) or in the former colonies as the War of Liberation (Guerra de Libertação), and also known as the Angolan, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambican Wars of Independence, was a 13-year-long conflict fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Port"}, {"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese Colonial War (Portuguese: Guerra Colonial Portuguesa), also known in Portugal as the Overseas War (Guerra do Ultramar) or in the former colonies as the War of Liberation (Guerra de Libertação), and also known as the Angolan, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambican Wars of Independence, was a 13-year-long conflict fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Port"}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese regime at the time, the Estado Novo, was overthrown by a military coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1960s, various armed independence movements became active such as the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Liberation Front of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde, and the Mozambique Liberation Front."}, {"id": "Q16879646", "label": "Portuguese Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-colonial guerrillas and movements of Portuguese Africa were heavily supported with money, weapons, training and diplomatic lobbying by the Communist Bloc which had the Soviet Union as its lead nation."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-colonial guerrillas and movements of Portuguese Africa were heavily supported with money, weapons, training and diplomatic lobbying by the Communist Bloc which had the Soviet Union as its lead nation."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The end of the war came with the Carnation Revolution military coup of April 1974 in mainland Portugal and was followed by the Ongoing Revolutionary Process."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Political context", "says": "In the late 1950s, the Portuguese Armed Forces saw themselves confronted with the paradox generated by the dictatorial regime of the Estado Novo that had been in power since 1933; on one hand, the policy of Portuguese neutrality in World War II placed the Portuguese Armed Forces out of the way of a possible East-West conflict; on the other, the regime felt the increased responsibility of keeping P"}, {"id": "Q1374575", "label": "Álvaro Holden Roberto", "section": "Political context", "says": "The FNLA, which was headed by Holden Roberto, attacked Portuguese settlers and Africans living in northern Angola from its bases in Congo-Léopoldville."}], "Q630259": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive conflicts between the Byzantine Greeks and Ottoman Turks and their allies that led to the final destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive conflicts between the Byzantine Greeks and Ottoman Turks and their allies that led to the final destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantines, already having been in a weak state even before the dismemberment of their Empire following the Fourth Crusade, failed to recover fully under the rule of the Palaiologos dynasty."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking advantage of a weakening Byzantine Empire, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum began seizing territory in western Anatolia, until the Nicaean Empire was able to repel the Seljuk Turks from the remaining territories still under Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantinople was retaken from the Latin Empire in 1261 by the Nicaean Empire, but the position of the Byzantine Empire in Europe remained uncertain due to the presence of the rival powers in Epirus, Serbia and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantinople was retaken from the Latin Empire in 1261 by the Nicaean Empire, but the position of the Byzantine Empire in Europe remained uncertain due to the presence of the rival powers in Epirus, Serbia and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "lead", "says": "While many Turkish beys participated in the conquest of Byzantine and Seljuk territory, the territories under the control of one such bey, Osman I, posed the greatest threat to Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur's invasion of 1402, and the subsequent Ottoman Interregnum allowed a ruined Constantinople to stave off defeat until it finally fell in 1453."}], "Q638903": [{"id": "Q167360", "label": "First Portuguese Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 5 October 1910 Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução de 5 de outubro de 1910) was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese monarchy and its replacement by the First Portuguese Republic."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1910, the Kingdom of Portugal was in deep crisis: national anger over the 1890 British Ultimatum, the royal family's expenses, the assassination of the King and his heir in 1908, changing religious and social views, instability of the two political parties (Progressive and Regenerator), the dictatorship of João Franco, and the regime's apparent inability to adapt to modern times all led to wide"}, {"id": "Q345926", "label": "Teófilo Braga", "section": "lead", "says": "A provisional government led by Teófilo Braga directed the fate of the country until the approval of the Constitution in 1911, which marked the beginning of the First Republic."}, {"id": "Q154308", "label": "Manuel II of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to his young age (18 years) and the tragic and bloody way in which he reached power, Manuel II of Portugal obtained an initial sympathy from the public."}, {"id": "Q551542", "label": "António José de Almeida", "section": "Background", "says": "The civil committee was formed by Afonso Costa, João Pinheiro Chagas and António José de Almeida, while the admiral Carlos Cândido dos Reis was the leader of the military committee."}], "Q65640303": [{"id": "Q11425", "label": "animation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyoto Animation arson attack occurred at Kyoto Animation's Studio 1 building in the Fushimi ward of Kyoto, Japan, on the morning of 18 July 2019."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It is one of the deadliest massacres in Japan since the end of World War II, the deadliest building fire in Japan since the 2001 Myojo 56 building fire, and the first massacre ever to have occurred at a studio associated with an entertainment company, and the animation industry."}], "Q660004": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1672–1681, a war between the Tsardom of Russia and Ottoman Empire, caused by Turkish expansionism in the second half of the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1672–1681, a war between the Tsardom of Russia and Ottoman Empire, caused by Turkish expansionism in the second half of the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Is the largest and one of the most important series of military campaigns before the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After having captured and devastated the region of Podolia in the course of the Polish–Turkish War of 1672–1676, the Ottoman government strove to spread its rule over all of Right-bank Ukraine with the support of its vassal (since 1669), Hetman Petro Doroshenko."}], "Q665554": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the printed agreement that formalized the surrender of Japan, marking the end of hostilities in World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by representatives from Japan and from the Allied nations: the United States, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by representatives from Japan and from the Allied nations: the United States, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q163244", "label": "Potsdam Declaration", "section": "lead", "says": "However, that designation more frequently refers to the date of Emperor Hirohito's Gyokuon-hōsō (Imperial Rescript of Surrender), the radio broadcast announcement of the acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration at noon Japan Standard Time on 15 August."}], "Q696187": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The situation in the Los Angeles area was resolved after the California National Guard, United States military, and several federal law enforcement agencies deployed more than 10,000 of their armed responders to assist in ending the violence and unrest."}], "Q733364": [{"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By reestablishing Egyptian dominance in the Levant, Thutmose III began a reign in which the Egyptian Empire reached its greatest expanse."}], "Q745979": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chancellorsville, April 30 – May 6, 1863, was a major battle of the American Civil War (1861–1865), and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville campaign."}, {"id": "Q720603", "label": "George Stoneman", "section": "lead", "says": "George Stoneman began a long-distance raid against Lee's supply lines at about the same time."}, {"id": "Q921857", "label": "John Sedgwick", "section": "lead", "says": "John Sedgwick from advancing, while he attacked Hooker's advance with about four-fifths of his army."}, {"id": "Q712059", "label": "William Barksdale", "section": "Background", "says": "William Barksdale on heavily fortified Marye's Heights behind Fredericksburg and one division under Maj."}], "Q75844": [{"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "lead", "says": "Zanzibar was an ethnically diverse state consisting of a number of islands off the east coast of Tanganyika."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Formally separated from German East Africa in 1890, it had become fully independent in 1963, with responsibility for its own defense and foreign affairs, as a result of Britain giving up its protectorate over it."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Bloc powers of East Germany and the Soviet Union, along with the anti-Soviet People's Republic of China, immediately recognised the new government and sent advisors."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Bloc powers of East Germany and the Soviet Union, along with the anti-Soviet People's Republic of China, immediately recognised the new government and sent advisors."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Bloc powers of East Germany and the Soviet Union, along with the anti-Soviet People's Republic of China, immediately recognised the new government and sent advisors."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Karume succeeded in negotiating a merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form the new nation of Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q705537", "label": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1890 during Ali ibn Sa'id's reign, Zanzibar became a British protectorate after the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty separated British and German territory in Central Africa during the Scramble for Africa."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Although never under direct British rule, it was considered part of the British Empire."}], "Q769377": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Storm (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Oluja / Операција Олуја) in August 1995 was the last major battle of the Croatian War of Independence and a major factor in the outcome of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Storm (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Oluja / Операција Олуја) in August 1995 was the last major battle of the Croatian War of Independence and a major factor in the outcome of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, launched to restore Croatian control of 10,400 square kilometres (4,000 square miles) of territory – representing 18.4% of the territory it claimed – and Bosniak control of Western Bosnia, was the largest land battle that took place in Europe between the end of World War II and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Storm was a strategic victory in the Bosnian War, effectively ending the siege of Bihać and placing the HV, Croatian Defence Council (HVO), and the ARBiH in a position to change the military balance of power in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the subsequent Operation Mistral 2."}, {"id": "Q1756737", "label": "Operation Mistral 2", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Storm was a strategic victory in the Bosnian War, effectively ending the siege of Bihać and placing the HV, Croatian Defence Council (HVO), and the ARBiH in a position to change the military balance of power in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the subsequent Operation Mistral 2."}, {"id": "Q811629", "label": "Log Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was conceived on HV and HVO advances made during Operation Summer '95, when strategic positions allowing the rapid capture of the RSK capital Knin were gained, and on the continued arming and training of the HV since the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence, when the RSK was created during the Serb Log Revolution and Yugoslav People's Army intervention."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "A crisis emerged in Yugoslavia with the weakening of the communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republics of Slovenia and Croatia advocated decentralization."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "SR Serbia, headed by Slobodan Milošević, adhered to centralism and single-party rule."}, {"id": "Q838291", "label": "Socialist Republic of Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "After a series of street protests dubbed anti-bureaucratic revolutions by his supporters in 1988-89 succeeded in overthrowing the government of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, as well as the governments of the Serbian autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, replacing their leaders with Milošević allies, Croatia and Slovenia turned against him."}, {"id": "Q626006", "label": "World War II in Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II in Yugoslavia, they operated as \"legalised\" auxiliary forces under Axis control, and most historians who have considered the question regard the Chetnik crimes against Muslims and Croats during this period as constituting genocide."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Background", "says": "On 4 March 1990, 50,000 Serbs rallied at Petrova Gora and shouted negative remarks aimed at Franjo Tuđman, chanted \"This is Serbia\", and expressed support for Milošević."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "The HDZ's election victory caused consternation amongst much of the Croatian Serb population, who likened the resurgence of Croatian nationalism to the return of the fascist Ustaše regime, which ruled the Axis puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Among the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, division existed regarding how to protect the area."}, {"id": "Q2038", "label": "François Mitterrand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the other hand, the Europeans recognized that the US was free to propose military confrontation with the Serbs while relying on the European powers to block any such move, since French President François Mitterrand discouraged any military intervention, greatly aiding the Serb war effort."}, {"id": "Q2105", "label": "Jacques Chirac", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French stance reversed after Jacques Chirac was elected president of France in May 1995, pressuring the British to adopt a more aggressive approach as well."}, {"id": "Q666662", "label": "Janko Bobetko", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Denying Bihać to the Serbs was strategically important to Croatia, and General Janko Bobetko, the Chief of the Croatian General Staff, considered the potential fall of Bihać to represent an end to Croatia's war effort."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In March 1994, the Washington Agreement was signed, ending the Croat–Bosniak War, and providing Croatia with US military advisors from Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI)."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In March 1994, the Washington Agreement was signed, ending the Croat–Bosniak War, and providing Croatia with US military advisors from Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI)."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The US involvement reflected a new military strategy endorsed by Bill Clinton in February 1993."}], "Q817137": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "An armed conflict began in the Republic of Macedonia in 2001 when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) insurgent group, formed from veterans of the Kosovo War and insurgency in the Preševo Valley, attacked Macedonian security forces at the end of January 2001, and ended with the Ohrid Agreement, signed on 13 August of that same year."}, {"id": "Q1363801", "label": "Ohrid Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "An armed conflict began in the Republic of Macedonia in 2001 when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) insurgent group, formed from veterans of the Kosovo War and insurgency in the Preševo Valley, attacked Macedonian security forces at the end of January 2001, and ended with the Ohrid Agreement, signed on 13 August of that same year."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "With it, the Yugoslav Wars had reached Macedonia, which had achieved peaceful independence from Yugoslavia in 1991."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "With it, the Yugoslav Wars had reached Macedonia, which had achieved peaceful independence from Yugoslavia in 1991."}], "Q827212": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gadsden Purchase (Spanish: Venta de La Mesilla, lit. 'La Mesilla sale'), also known as the Treaty of Mesilla, is a 29,640-square-mile (76,800 km2) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the devastating loss of Mexican territory to the U.S. in the Mexican-American War (1846–48) and the ongoing unauthorized military expeditions in the region led by the territorial governor of New Mexico and known filibuster William Carr Lane, some historians argue that Santa Anna may have calculated that it was better to cede territory through a treaty and receive payment rather than havi"}], "Q829104": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700 was part of the joint European effort to confront the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The larger European conflict was known as the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War began after the Tsardom of Russia joined the European anti-Turkish coalition (Habsburg monarchy, Poland–Lithuania, Venice) in 1686, after Poland-Lithuania agreed to recognize Russian incorporation of Kiev and the left bank of Ukraine."}], "Q830059": [{"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied forces of Sun Quan, Liu Bei, and Liu Qi based south of the Yangtze defeated the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied forces of Sun Quan, Liu Bei, and Liu Qi based south of the Yangtze defeated the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "lead", "says": "By doing so,  Liu Bei and Sun Quan prevented Cao Cao from conquering any lands south of the Yangtze, frustrating Cao Cao's efforts to reunify the territories formerly held by the Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan and left them in control of the Yangtze, establishing defensible frontiers that would later serve as the basis for the states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD)."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan and left them in control of the Yangtze, establishing defensible frontiers that would later serve as the basis for the states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD)."}, {"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "Background", "says": "In 200 he had defeated his main rival Yuan Shao at Guandu, reunifying northern China and giving him control of the North China Plain."}, {"id": "Q848062", "label": "Battle of White Wolf Mountain", "section": "Background", "says": "In the winter of 207 he secured his northern flank by defeating the Wuhuan people at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain."}, {"id": "Q470117", "label": "Liu Biao", "section": "Background", "says": "He was opposed by the warlords Liu Biao and Sun Quan."}, {"id": "Q714176", "label": "Liu Cong", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, there was political division as Liu Biao's sons, the elder Liu Qi and the younger Liu Cong, sought to succeed their father."}, {"id": "Q1330310", "label": "Battle of Changban", "section": "Background", "says": "Liu Bei was surrounded and decisively defeated at the Battle of Changban but escaped eastward to Xiakou, where he liaised with Sun Quan's emissary Lu Su."}, {"id": "Q559744", "label": "Lu Su", "section": "Background", "says": "Liu Bei was surrounded and decisively defeated at the Battle of Changban but escaped eastward to Xiakou, where he liaised with Sun Quan's emissary Lu Su."}], "Q847287": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt on 25 November 1177 at Montgisard, in the Levant between Ramla and Yibna."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt on 25 November 1177 at Montgisard, in the Levant between Ramla and Yibna."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, severely afflicted by leprosy, alongside Renaud de Châtillon, led Christian forces against Muslim troops led by Saladin in what became one of the most notable engagements of the Crusades."}, {"id": "Q636520", "label": "Battle of Marj Ayyun", "section": "lead", "says": "While Saladin did defeat Baldwin IV in the Battle of Marj Ayyun in 1179, two years later, Muslim historians considered Saladin's defeat at Montgisard to be so severe that it was only redeemed by his victory ten years later at the battles of Cresson and Hattin and the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1177, King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Philip of Alsace, who had recently arrived on pilgrimage, planned an alliance with the Byzantine Empire for a naval attack on Egypt."}, {"id": "Q316831", "label": "Raynald of Châtillon", "section": "Background", "says": "Though still recovering from malaria, Baldwin, alongside the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon, rode to meet the sultan with, according to William of Tyre, only 375 Knights to attempt to hold Ascalon while the Knights Templar hurried to defend Gaza."}, {"id": "Q311822", "label": "William of Tyre", "section": "Background", "says": "Though still recovering from malaria, Baldwin, alongside the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon, rode to meet the sultan with, according to William of Tyre, only 375 Knights to attempt to hold Ascalon while the Knights Templar hurried to defend Gaza."}], "Q86597695": [{"id": "Q10304982", "label": "Jair Bolsonaro", "section": "lead", "says": "President Jair Bolsonaro perpetuated conspiracy theories surrounding COVID-19 treatments and its origins, and was accused of downplaying effective mitigations and pursuing a strategy of herd immunity."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 18 September 2026, Brazil, with 38,050,567 confirmed cases and 704,066 deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only those of the United States and of India."}], "Q916495": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second in a series of naval wars fought between England and the Dutch Republic and it was driven largely by commercial rivalry, competition over maritime trade, and disputes over overseas colonies and trading posts."}, {"id": "Q331740", "label": "Raid on the Medway", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace talks made little progress until the Dutch Raid on the Medway in June 1667 forced Charles II to agree to the Treaty of Breda."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "By eliminating a number of long-standing issues, the terms eventually made it possible for England and the Dutch Republic to unite against the expansionist policies pursued by Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the short-term however, Charles's desire to avenge this setback led to the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672."}, {"id": "Q755170", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Some historians argue that just as the tactics used by 17th century armies were transformed by the Military Revolution, the Anglo-Dutch Wars marked a similar change in naval practice."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Based on lessons learned from the First Anglo-Dutch War, post-1653 the Dutch navy was re-organised around sixty-four newly built and larger Ships of the line, each with between 40 and 60 guns."}], "Q957586": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish invasion of Armenia, also known as the Turkish–Armenian War and known in Turkey as the Eastern Front (Turkish: Doğu cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence, was a conflict fought between the recently established First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish National Movement, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish invasion of Armenia, also known as the Turkish–Armenian War and known in Turkey as the Eastern Front (Turkish: Doğu cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence, was a conflict fought between the recently established First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish National Movement, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish invasion of Armenia, also known as the Turkish–Armenian War and known in Turkey as the Eastern Front (Turkish: Doğu cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence, was a conflict fought between the recently established First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish National Movement, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty transferred vast portions of eastern Anatolia from the Ottoman Empire to Armenia, including the towns of Trabzon, Erzurum and Van."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "While delegates of the Ottoman government reluctantly signed the treaty following their defeat in World War I, members of the Ottoman parliament refused to ratify it."}, {"id": "Q269182", "label": "Kâzım Karabekir", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1920, remnants of the Ottoman Army's XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir, attacked Western Armenia with orders from the Ankara Government to \"eliminate Armenia physically and politically\"."}, {"id": "Q132856", "label": "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish military victory was followed by the Soviet invasion of Armenia and the establishment of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q1347812", "label": "Treaty of Alexandropol", "section": "lead", "says": "The hostilities ended with the Treaty of Alexandropol and the effective partition of Armenia between Kemalist Turkey and the Soviet Union: most of Western Armenia was transferred to Turkey and Eastern Armenia was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Armenian Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The hostilities ended with the Treaty of Alexandropol and the effective partition of Armenia between Kemalist Turkey and the Soviet Union: most of Western Armenia was transferred to Turkey and Eastern Armenia was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Armenian Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The dissolution of the Russian Empire in the wake of the February Revolution saw the Armenians of the South Caucasus declaring their independence and formally establishing the First Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The dissolution of the Russian Empire in the wake of the February Revolution saw the Armenians of the South Caucasus declaring their independence and formally establishing the First Republic of Armenia."}], "Q101429497": [{"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement was an armistice agreement that ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 9 November by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and ended all hostilities in the Nagorno-Karabakh region from 00:00, on 10 November 2020 Moscow time."}, {"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 9 November by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and ended all hostilities in the Nagorno-Karabakh region from 00:00, on 10 November 2020 Moscow time."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 9 November by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and ended all hostilities in the Nagorno-Karabakh region from 00:00, on 10 November 2020 Moscow time."}, {"id": "Q440824", "label": "Arayik Harutyunyan", "section": "lead", "says": "The president of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, also agreed to an end of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "Renewed hostilities between Azerbaijan and Artsakh together with Armenia began on 27 September 2020."}], "Q111012383": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, this area became part of newly independent Ukraine and was managed by the State Emergency Service of Ukraine."}], "Q1132393": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mercenary War, also known as the Truceless War, was a mutiny by troops that were employed by Carthage at the end of the First Punic War (264–241 BC), supported by uprisings of African settlements revolting against Carthaginian control."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mercenary War, also known as the Truceless War, was a mutiny by troops that were employed by Carthage at the end of the First Punic War (264–241 BC), supported by uprisings of African settlements revolting against Carthaginian control."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily (and father of Hannibal), was given joint command of the army in 240 BC; and supreme command in 239 BC."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily (and father of Hannibal), was given joint command of the army in 240 BC; and supreme command in 239 BC."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "This has been considered to be the single greatest cause of war with Carthage breaking out again in 218 BC in the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Provisions, money and reinforcements poured in; an additional 70,000 men according to Polybius."}], "Q1139887": [{"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Persian king, Fath Ali Shah Qajar, wanted to consolidate the northernmost reaches of his kingdom—modern-day Georgia—which had been annexed by Tsar Paul I several years after the Russo-Persian War of 1796."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in 1813 with the Treaty of Gulistan which ceded the previously disputed territory of Georgia to Imperial Russia, and also the undisputed Iranian territories of Dagestan, most of what is modern Azerbaijan, and minor parts of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in 1813 with the Treaty of Gulistan which ceded the previously disputed territory of Georgia to Imperial Russia, and also the undisputed Iranian territories of Dagestan, most of what is modern Azerbaijan, and minor parts of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "Origins", "says": "Earlier, in 1783, the Georgian king Heraclius II had signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with Russia, bringing his kingdom under Russian protection and swearing allegiance to Empress Catherine."}, {"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1803, the newly appointed governor of the Caucasus, Pavel Tsitsianov, attacked Ganja and captured its citadel on 15 January 1804."}], "Q123210": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)."}, {"id": "Q2096286", "label": "Theater War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791), the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), and the Theatre War."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792, on 25 September 1789, a detachment of the Imperial Russian Army under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q561465", "label": "Ivan Gudovich", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792, on 25 September 1789, a detachment of the Imperial Russian Army under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1794, Odesa replaced Khadjibey by a decree of the Russian Empress Catherine the Great."}, {"id": "Q76555", "label": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In May and June 1787, Catherine II of Russia made a triumphal procession through Novorossiya and the annexed Crimea in company of her ally, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "Background", "says": "These events, the rumors about Catherine's Greek Plan, and the friction caused by the mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had ended the previous Russian-Turkish war, stirred up public opinion in the Ottoman capital Constantinople, while the British and French ambassadors lent their unconditional support to the Ottoman war party."}], "Q250652": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarikamish was an engagement between the Russian and Ottoman Empires during World War I."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat, Ottoman Minister of War Enver Pasha, who had devised the strategy at Sarikamish, blamed the Armenians for the outcome."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia regarded the Caucasus Front as secondary to the Eastern Front, which received the majority of Russian resources."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia had captured the fortress of Kars from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War in 1877, subsequently incorporating it into the militarily administered Kars Oblast."}, {"id": "Q728188", "label": "Hasan İzzet Paşa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The headquarters of the Ottoman Third Army was located in Erzurum, under the command of Hasan Izzet Pasha."}, {"id": "Q1936524", "label": "Bergmann Offensive", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Bergmann Offensive (2 November 1914 – 16 November 1914) ended with the defeat of Russian forces under General Bergmann."}], "Q25857": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of the war, France occupied large parts of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté, both then provinces of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Spain."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of the war, France occupied large parts of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté, both then provinces of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Its name derives from an obscure law known as the Jus Devolutionis, used by Louis XIV to claim that these territories had \"devolved\" to him by right of marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain."}, {"id": "Q152549", "label": "Maria Theresa of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Its name derives from an obscure law known as the Jus Devolutionis, used by Louis XIV to claim that these territories had \"devolved\" to him by right of marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms were agreed by Emperor Leopold I in January 1668, reinforced by the Triple Alliance of England, Sweden and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War, Louis XIV of France married Maria Theresa, eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War, Louis XIV of France married Maria Theresa, eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War, Louis XIV of France married Maria Theresa, eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite being weakened by almost a century of continuous warfare, the Spanish Empire included possessions in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and the Americas, and though no longer the dominant great power, remained largely intact."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite being weakened by almost a century of continuous warfare, the Spanish Empire included possessions in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and the Americas, and though no longer the dominant great power, remained largely intact."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite being weakened by almost a century of continuous warfare, the Spanish Empire included possessions in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and the Americas, and though no longer the dominant great power, remained largely intact."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "Background", "says": "When Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661, Louis took control of the state and initiated an expansionist policy."}, {"id": "Q188971", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Colbert", "section": "Background", "says": "His Finance Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert argued that control of the Spanish Netherlands was essential to French economic growth, which implied conflict with not only France's traditional Habsburg rivals Spain and Austria, but also with the Dutch Republic, a long-term French ally."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "As required by the 1662 Franco-Dutch Treaty of Paris, France entered the Second Anglo-Dutch War in July 1665, providing an excuse for its military build up; Louis also calculated that this would make it harder for the Dutch to oppose him."}, {"id": "Q311469", "label": "Mariana of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip's death in September left his four-year-old son Charles as king, and his widow Mariana of Austria as regent."}], "Q27429856": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the world's single largest military operation overall since the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was considered the toughest urban battle since World War II."}, {"id": "Q2361214", "label": "Battle of Sirte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mosul was concurrent with the Battle of Sirte (2016) in Libya and the Raqqa campaign (2016–17) conducted by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against ISIL's capital city and stronghold in Syria."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "Context", "says": "Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan told the Turkish parliament on 1 October, \"We will play a role in the Mosul liberation operation and no one can prevent us from participating,\" and said their presence was to ensure that Mosul did not fall to Kurdish or Shia control and become a threat to Turkey."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Context", "says": "The United States has reportedly attempted to persuade Iraq to cooperate with Turkey on the Mosul offensive."}, {"id": "Q863496", "label": "Binali Yıldırım", "section": "Context", "says": "We tell them thank you, this is something the Iraqis will handle and the Iraqis will liberate Mosul and the rest of the territories.\" However, on 23 October, Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım announced Turkish troops had fired on ISIL positions near Mosul after requests for assistance from the Peshmerga."}, {"id": "Q15431339", "label": "Fikri Işık", "section": "Context", "says": "Turkey's Minister of Defense Fikri Işık said the deployment was a move to \"prepare for \"important developments\" in the region and be ready for any possible scenario\" and stated that \"further action can be taken if Turkey's red lines are crossed\" warning Shi'ite militias and PKK not to \"terrorize\" and take hold of Iraqi Turkmen-majority regions in the area."}], "Q306123": [{"id": "Q518101", "label": "First Republic of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Civil War (German: Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg) of 12–15 February 1934, also known as the February Uprising (Februaraufstand) or the February Fights (Februarkämpfe), was a series of clashes in the First Austrian Republic between the forces of the authoritarian right-wing government of Engelbert Dollfuss and the Republican Protection League (Republikanischer Schutzbund), the banned pa"}, {"id": "Q11734", "label": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Civil War (German: Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg) of 12–15 February 1934, also known as the February Uprising (Februaraufstand) or the February Fights (Februarkämpfe), was a series of clashes in the First Austrian Republic between the forces of the authoritarian right-wing government of Engelbert Dollfuss and the Republican Protection League (Republikanischer Schutzbund), the banned pa"}, {"id": "Q176495", "label": "Federal State of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1934, Austria's democratic constitution was replaced by the authoritarian constitution of the Federal State of Austria, with the Fatherland Front as the only legal party."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "The Great Depression resulted in high unemployment, and after Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, Nazi sympathisers who wanted unification of Austria with Germany threatened the Austrian state from within."}], "Q313836": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dnieper, known on the German side as the Defensive battles on the Dnieper (German: Abwehrschlachten am Dnepr), was a military campaign that took place in 1943 on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dnieper, known on the German side as the Defensive battles on the Dnieper (German: Abwehrschlachten am Dnepr), was a military campaign that took place in 1943 on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "2,438 Red Army soldiers were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for their involvement."}], "Q319124": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ipsus (Ancient Greek: Ἱψός) was fought between the successors of Alexander the Great (referred to as the Diadochi) in 301 BC near the town of Ipsus in Phrygia."}, {"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus, the Greek Macedonian ruler of large parts of Asia, and his son Demetrius were pitted against the coalition of three other successors of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus, the Greek Macedonian ruler of large parts of Asia, and his son Demetrius were pitted against the coalition of three other successors of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus, the Greek Macedonian ruler of large parts of Asia, and his son Demetrius were pitted against the coalition of three other successors of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus, the Greek Macedonian ruler of large parts of Asia, and his son Demetrius were pitted against the coalition of three other successors of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus, the Greek Macedonian ruler of large parts of Asia, and his son Demetrius were pitted against the coalition of three other successors of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q2543376", "label": "Second War of the Diadochi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Second War of the Diadochi (315 BC), the aging satrap Antigonus I Monophthalmus had been left in undisputed control of the Asian territories of the Macedonian empire (Asia Minor, Syria and the vast eastern satrapies)."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "Background", "says": "This war ended in a compromise peace in 311 BC, after which Antigonus attacked Seleucus, who was attempting to re-establish himself in the eastern Satrapies of the empire."}, {"id": "Q797952", "label": "Babylonian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting Babylonian War lasted from 311 to 309 BC, and resulted in defeat for Antigonus, allowing Seleucus to re-claim the satrapy of Babylonia and overlordship of the territories to the east."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The allied army marched on into Bithynia and went into winter quarters in and around the city of Heraclea."}], "Q327035": [{"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "Axis troops consisting of German (Panzerarmee Afrika; Generaloberst Erwin Rommel) and Italian units fought the British Eighth Army (General Sir Claude Auchinleck, also Commander-in-Chief Middle East) composed mainly of British Commonwealth, Indian and Free French troops."}, {"id": "Q312685", "label": "Claude Auchinleck", "section": "lead", "says": "Axis troops consisting of German (Panzerarmee Afrika; Generaloberst Erwin Rommel) and Italian units fought the British Eighth Army (General Sir Claude Auchinleck, also Commander-in-Chief Middle East) composed mainly of British Commonwealth, Indian and Free French troops."}, {"id": "Q162250", "label": "First Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "As both sides neared exhaustion, the Eighth Army checked the Axis advance at the First Battle of El Alamein."}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Axis retreat to El Agheila after Operation Crusader reduced the supply distance from Tripoli to 460 mi (740 km)."}], "Q327085": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December 1941) was a military operation of the Western Desert campaign during World War II by the British Eighth Army (with Commonwealth, Indian and Allied contingents) against the Axis forces (German and Italian) in North Africa commanded by Generalleutnant (Lieutenant-General) Erwin Rommel."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December 1941) was a military operation of the Western Desert campaign during World War II by the British Eighth Army (with Commonwealth, Indian and Allied contingents) against the Axis forces (German and Italian) in North Africa commanded by Generalleutnant (Lieutenant-General) Erwin Rommel."}, {"id": "Q611089", "label": "Siege of Tobruk", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was intended to bypass Axis defences on the Egyptian–Libyan frontier, defeat the Axis armoured forces near Tobruk, raise the Siege of Tobruk and re-occupy Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was intended to bypass Axis defences on the Egyptian–Libyan frontier, defeat the Axis armoured forces near Tobruk, raise the Siege of Tobruk and re-occupy Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gazala began at the end of May 1942."}], "Q330": [{"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marignano, (or bataille de Marignan in French) which took place on 13–14 September 1515, near the town now called Melegnano, 16 km southeast of Milan, was the last major engagement of the War of the League of Cambrai."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted the French army, led by Francis I, newly crowned King of France, against the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q378739", "label": "Maximilian Sforza", "section": "Background", "says": "The Swiss had taken control of Milan (for France the gateway to Italy) after their victory at the Battle of Novara (1513), and returned to its ducal throne Maximilian Sforza, son of Ludovico Sforza, to make Milan a protectorate of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q236853", "label": "Ludovico Sforza", "section": "Background", "says": "The Swiss had taken control of Milan (for France the gateway to Italy) after their victory at the Battle of Novara (1513), and returned to its ducal throne Maximilian Sforza, son of Ludovico Sforza, to make Milan a protectorate of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Swiss had taken control of Milan (for France the gateway to Italy) after their victory at the Battle of Novara (1513), and returned to its ducal throne Maximilian Sforza, son of Ludovico Sforza, to make Milan a protectorate of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q2705064", "label": "Jacques de la Palice", "section": "Background", "says": "At Villafranca the French, led by Jacques de la Palice, surprised and captured the Papal commander, Prospero Colonna, in a daring cavalry raid deep behind the allied lines (the Chevalier Bayard providing the impetus and expertise)."}, {"id": "Q721211", "label": "Prospero Colonna", "section": "Background", "says": "At Villafranca the French, led by Jacques de la Palice, surprised and captured the Papal commander, Prospero Colonna, in a daring cavalry raid deep behind the allied lines (the Chevalier Bayard providing the impetus and expertise)."}], "Q371573": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippines campaign, Battle of the Philippines, Second Philippines campaign, or the Liberation of the Philippines, codenamed Operation Musketeer I, II, and III, was the American, Filipino, Australian, and Mexican campaign to defeat and expel the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and Philippine Commonwealth military forces, with naval and air support from Australia and the Mexican 201st Fighter Squadron, were still in the process of liberating the Philippines when the Japanese forces in the Philippines were ordered to surrender by Tokyo on 15 August 1945, after the United States dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet-Japanese Wa"}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and Philippine Commonwealth military forces, with naval and air support from Australia and the Mexican 201st Fighter Squadron, were still in the process of liberating the Philippines when the Japanese forces in the Philippines were ordered to surrender by Tokyo on 15 August 1945, after the United States dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet-Japanese Wa"}], "Q391087": [{"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman-Aetolian army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and Antigonid  Macedon, led by Philip V, during the Second Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q349222", "label": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman-Aetolian army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and Antigonid  Macedon, led by Philip V, during the Second Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman-Aetolian army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and Antigonid  Macedon, led by Philip V, during the Second Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Macedonian War (started due to an alliance between Macedon and Carthage against the Romans during the Second Punic War in 215 BC) had ended in a stalemate; between the Roman alliance with Aetolia and the destruction of the Macedonian fleet early in the war, the Macedonians were unable to support Carthage and were forced into a defensive stance."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Macedonian War (started due to an alliance between Macedon and Carthage against the Romans during the Second Punic War in 215 BC) had ended in a stalemate; between the Roman alliance with Aetolia and the destruction of the Macedonian fleet early in the war, the Macedonians were unable to support Carthage and were forced into a defensive stance."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Macedonian War (started due to an alliance between Macedon and Carthage against the Romans during the Second Punic War in 215 BC) had ended in a stalemate; between the Roman alliance with Aetolia and the destruction of the Macedonian fleet early in the war, the Macedonians were unable to support Carthage and were forced into a defensive stance."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "A truce was signed between Macedonia and Rome in 205 BC leading to an uneasy peace."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 202 BC, the Fifth Syrian War would break out, with the Macedonians allying with the Seleucids in a pact to carve up Asia Minor."}], "Q399482": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantinople was besieged by the Arabs in 674–678, in what was the first culmination of the Umayyad Caliphate's expansionist strategy against the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "lead", "says": "Caliph Mu'awiya I, who had emerged in 661 as the ruler of the Muslim Arab empire following a civil war, renewed aggressive warfare against Byzantium after a lapse of some years and hoped to deliver a lethal blow by capturing the Byzantine capital of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "lead", "says": "As reported by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, the Arab attack was methodical: in 672–673 Arab fleets secured bases along the coasts of Asia Minor and then installed a loose blockade around Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q41605", "label": "Constantine IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally the Byzantines, under Emperor Constantine IV, destroyed the Arab navy using a new invention, the liquid incendiary substance known as Greek fire."}, {"id": "Q1680583", "label": "James Howard-Johnston", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the veracity of Theophanes's account was questioned in 2010 by Oxford scholar James Howard-Johnston, and more recently by Marek Jankowiak."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the disastrous Battle of the Yarmuk in 636, the Byzantine Empire withdrew the bulk of its remaining forces from the Levant into Asia Minor, which was shielded from the Muslim expansion by the Taurus Mountains."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "This left the field open for the warriors of the nascent Rashidun Caliphate to complete their conquest of Syria, with Egypt too falling shortly after."}, {"id": "Q1278576", "label": "Battle of the Masts", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the young Muslim navy scored a crushing victory over its Byzantine counterpart in the Battle of the Masts in 655."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace lasted until the end of the Muslim civil war in 661, from which Mu'awiya and his clan emerged victorious, establishing the Umayyad Caliphate."}], "Q465627": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of Rome on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, during the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of Rome on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, during the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles V only intended to threaten military action to make Pope Clement VII accept his terms."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles V only intended to threaten military action to make Pope Clement VII accept his terms."}], "Q1368440": [{"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "Foundation and causes", "says": "The first of these was the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, the second being the Majles’ attempts to reform the tax system and the third being a series of secular reforms proposed by certain Liberals."}], "Q142529": [{"id": "Q314688", "label": "Chadli Bendjedid", "section": "lead", "says": "The election was canceled after the first round; the military effectively took control of the government and forced pro-reform president Chadli Bendjedid from office."}], "Q1463516": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of the political turmoil, failing economy, and limited influence of the new socialist government, both the Sandinista Army, the armed wing of the FSLN government that was supported by the Soviet Union, and the Contras, a newly-formed resistance movement supported by the U.S., fought a bloody insurgency that may have taken more lives than the\noverthrow of the Somoza regime itself."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "Background", "says": "Cuban intervention in Nicaragua under the leadership of Fidel Castro was critical in the military success of the FSLN."}], "Q15871713": [{"id": "Q15224558", "label": "Euromaidan", "section": "lead", "says": "From the end of February 2014, in the aftermath of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, which resulted in the ousting of Russian-leaning Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, demonstrations by Russian-backed, pro-Russian, and anti-government groups (as well as pro-government demonstrations) took place in Crimea, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, and Odesa."}, {"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "From the end of February 2014, in the aftermath of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, which resulted in the ousting of Russian-leaning Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, demonstrations by Russian-backed, pro-Russian, and anti-government groups (as well as pro-government demonstrations) took place in Crimea, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, and Odesa."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "Starting in the Russian media, the wave of unrest came to be referred to in Russia and Russian-controlled parts of Ukraine as the \"Russian Spring,\" a reference to both the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Arab Spring of 2010–2011."}], "Q160205": [{"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious."}, {"id": "Q835646", "label": "Treaty of Prüm", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed an earlier Treaty of Prüm which had split Middle Francia between Lothair I's sons after his death in 855."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed an earlier Treaty of Prüm which had split Middle Francia between Lothair I's sons after his death in 855."}, {"id": "Q708468", "label": "Treaty of Ribemont", "section": "lead", "says": "It was followed by the Treaty of Ribemont."}, {"id": "Q215204", "label": "Louis II of Italy", "section": "Context", "says": "In 869, Lothair II died without legitimate children, so his heir was his brother, Emperor Louis II of Italy."}, {"id": "Q1878022", "label": "Emirate of Bari", "section": "Context", "says": "As Louis was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, his uncles, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, took his inheritance."}, {"id": "Q333802", "label": "Charles of Provence", "section": "Context", "says": "Charles had himself crowned in Metz the same year, but was forced by his brother to partition the short-lived Lotharingia, together with the lands Lothair II acquired after the death of Charles of Provence, as they had agreed at Metz in 868."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "Context", "says": "Their contract of 870 at Meerssen replaced the 843 Treaty of Verdun, after which the Carolingian Empire was also split into three parts, by dividing the northern half of Middle Francia stretching from the Rhone valley to the North Sea, in effect recombining sundered territories of Francia into two larger east and west divisions."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "Their contract of 870 at Meerssen replaced the 843 Treaty of Verdun, after which the Carolingian Empire was also split into three parts, by dividing the northern half of Middle Francia stretching from the Rhone valley to the North Sea, in effect recombining sundered territories of Francia into two larger east and west divisions."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "Context", "says": "In the north, Louis received most of Lothair's Austrasia, with his eastern part including both Aachen and Metz, and most of Frisia."}, {"id": "Q33235", "label": "Upper Burgundy", "section": "Context", "says": "In the south, however, while Louis received most of Upper Burgundy that was left to Lothair (after ceding the southern half to Italy), Charles received Lothair's inheritance in Lower Burgundy (including Lyon and Vienne) and a small western part of Upper Burgundy (parts of Portois and Varais (including Besançon)) – this opened him the way to Italy."}, {"id": "Q33242", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "section": "Context", "says": "In the south, however, while Louis received most of Upper Burgundy that was left to Lothair (after ceding the southern half to Italy), Charles received Lothair's inheritance in Lower Burgundy (including Lyon and Vienne) and a small western part of Upper Burgundy (parts of Portois and Varais (including Besançon)) – this opened him the way to Italy."}, {"id": "Q160190", "label": "Louis III the Younger", "section": "Context", "says": "Louis joined the newly acquired parts of central Austrasia to the subkingdom of his son Louis the Younger in eastern Austrasia, while the illegitimate son of Lothair II, Hugh, was granted the Duchy of Alsace."}, {"id": "Q95950649", "label": "Duchy of Alsace", "section": "Context", "says": "Louis joined the newly acquired parts of central Austrasia to the subkingdom of his son Louis the Younger in eastern Austrasia, while the illegitimate son of Lothair II, Hugh, was granted the Duchy of Alsace."}], "Q165755": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "This left Romania isolated after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see the Armistice of Focșani and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)."}, {"id": "Q15401938", "label": "Truce of Focșani", "section": "lead", "says": "This left Romania isolated after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see the Armistice of Focșani and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)."}, {"id": "Q57165", "label": "Ferdinand I of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Central Powers' ultimatum issued during the meeting between King Ferdinand I of Romania and Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin on 27 February [O.S."}, {"id": "Q78560", "label": "Ottokar Czernin", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Central Powers' ultimatum issued during the meeting between King Ferdinand I of Romania and Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin on 27 February [O.S."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "14 February] 1918 at the Răcăciuni railway station, Ferdinand summoned a Crown Council on 2 March [O.S."}, {"id": "Q868851", "label": "Constantin Prezan", "section": "lead", "says": "After long and difficult discussions, which lasted three days, and despite the strong opposition of Queen Marie and General Constantin Prezan, the Crown Council decided to accept the ultimatum and send envoys to Buftea to negotiate a preliminary peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "20 February] 1918, by which Romania agreed to border rectifications in favor of Austria-Hungary, to cede the whole of Dobruja to Bulgaria, to demobilize at least eight divisions, to evacuate the Austro-Hungarian territory still in its possession, and to allow the transport of Central Powers troops through Western Moldavia and Bessarabia towards Odessa."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "20 February] 1918, by which Romania agreed to border rectifications in favor of Austria-Hungary, to cede the whole of Dobruja to Bulgaria, to demobilize at least eight divisions, to evacuate the Austro-Hungarian territory still in its possession, and to allow the transport of Central Powers troops through Western Moldavia and Bessarabia towards Odessa."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "20 February] 1918, by which Romania agreed to border rectifications in favor of Austria-Hungary, to cede the whole of Dobruja to Bulgaria, to demobilize at least eight divisions, to evacuate the Austro-Hungarian territory still in its possession, and to allow the transport of Central Powers troops through Western Moldavia and Bessarabia towards Odessa."}], "Q2002270": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "In Mozambique, the conflict erupted in 1964 as a result of unrest and frustration amongst many indigenous Mozambican populations, who perceived foreign rule as exploitation and mistreatment, which served only to further Portuguese economic interests in the region."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "As self-determination movements spread throughout Africa after World War II, many Mozambicans became progressively more nationalistic in outlook, and increasingly frustrated by the nation's continued subservience to foreign rule."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The formation of FRELIMO and the support of the Soviet Union and the Communist Bloc through arms and advisers, led to the outbreak of violence that was to last well over a decade."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Nonetheless, Mozambique succeeded in achieving independence on 25 June 1975, after a civil resistance movement known as the Carnation Revolution backed by portions of the military in Portugal overthrew the Salazar regime, thus ending 470 years of Portuguese colonial rule in the East African region."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "FRELIMO's fighting strategy was inspired by anti-colonial wars and other guerrilla campaigns in China, South Vietnam and Algeria."}, {"id": "Q8620", "label": "Kwame Nkrumah", "section": "Background", "says": "FRELIMO was recognized early on by the Organization of African Unity (OAU), a group founded by Kwame Nkrumah and other African leaders, focused on eradicating colonialism and neocolonialism from the African continent."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "Background", "says": "FRELIMO, and other Mozambican liberation groups that preceded it, were based in Tanzania because the character of Portuguese colonization under the Estado Novo was so repressive that it was nearly impossible for such resistance movements to begin and flourish in Mozambique proper."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "Background", "says": "FRELIMO, and other Mozambican liberation groups that preceded it, were based in Tanzania because the character of Portuguese colonization under the Estado Novo was so repressive that it was nearly impossible for such resistance movements to begin and flourish in Mozambique proper."}, {"id": "Q186525", "label": "Julius Nyerere", "section": "Background", "says": "When Tanzania gained independence in 1961, President Julius Nyerere permitted liberation movements in exile, including FRELIMO, to have the country as their base of operations."}, {"id": "Q80504", "label": "Nicolae Ceaușescu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1973, Nicolae Ceaușescu recognized FRELIMO as \"the only legitimate representative of the Mozambican people\", an important precedent."}], "Q223390": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Said to be \"the worst in 60 years\", the drought caused a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya that threatened the livelihood of 9.5 million people."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Other countries in East Africa, including Sudan, South Sudan and parts of Uganda, were also affected by a food crisis."}], "Q2354629": [{"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War, (1948–1960) was a guerrilla war fought in Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya and the Commonwealth (British Empire)."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War, (1948–1960) was a guerrilla war fought in Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya and the Commonwealth (British Empire)."}, {"id": "Q714041", "label": "Chin Peng", "section": "lead", "says": "The leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), Chin Peng, along with his allies, fled into the jungle and formed the MNLA to wage a war for national liberation against British colonial rule."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Many MNLA fighters were veterans of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), a communist guerrilla army previously trained, armed and funded by the British to fight against Japan during World War II."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "Origins", "says": "Disbanded in December 1945, the MPAJA officially turned in its weapons to the British Military Administration, although many MPAJA soldiers secretly hid stockpiles of weapons in jungle hideouts."}], "Q23638613": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 March 2016, on Easter Sunday, at least 75 people were killed (29 fatalities being children), and over 340 were injured, in a suicide bombing that hit the main entrance of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, one of the largest parks in Lahore, Pakistan."}], "Q242864": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests were inspired by the unrest of the 2011 Arab Spring and protests in Tunisia and Egypt and escalated to daily clashes after the Bahraini government repressed the revolt with the support of the Gulf Cooperation Council's Peninsula Shield Force."}, {"id": "Q214088", "label": "Mohamed Bouazizi", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the revolutionary wave of protests in the Middle East and North Africa following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia, the Bahraini protests were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the 70% Shia population."}, {"id": "Q57352", "label": "Hamad II of Bahrain", "section": "lead", "says": "This expanded to a call to end the monarchy of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa following a deadly night raid on 17 February 2011 against protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in the capital Manama, known locally as Bloody Thursday."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 March, 1,000 troops from Saudi Arabia, 500 troops from the United Arab Emirates and naval ships from Kuwait entered Bahrain and crushed the uprising."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 March, 1,000 troops from Saudi Arabia, 500 troops from the United Arab Emirates and naval ships from Kuwait entered Bahrain and crushed the uprising."}], "Q248984": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rashidun Caliphate conquered Byzantine Syria between 634–638 CE as part of the Arab–Byzantine wars and the wider Muslim conquests."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Clashes between the Muslims and the Byzantines on the southern Levantine borders of the Byzantine Empire had occurred previously during the lifetime of Muhammad, with the Battle of Mu'tah in 629 CE."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Clashes between the Muslims and the Byzantines on the southern Levantine borders of the Byzantine Empire had occurred previously during the lifetime of Muhammad, with the Battle of Mu'tah in 629 CE."}, {"id": "Q1639459", "label": "Battle of Mu'tah", "section": "lead", "says": "Clashes between the Muslims and the Byzantines on the southern Levantine borders of the Byzantine Empire had occurred previously during the lifetime of Muhammad, with the Battle of Mu'tah in 629 CE."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "Background", "says": "In Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the Muslims' attempt to take retribution against the Ghassanids after a Ghassanid official executed Muhammad's emissary who was en route to Bosra."}, {"id": "Q1111042", "label": "Usama ibn Zayd", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Farewell Pilgrimage in 632, Muhammad appointed Usama ibn Zayd as the commander of an expeditionary force which was to invade the region of Balqa in the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q5420967", "label": "Expedition of Usama bin Zayd", "section": "Background", "says": "This expedition was known as the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd and its stated aim was to avenge the Muslim losses at the Battle of Mu'tah, in which Usama's father and Muhammad's former adopted son, Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Whether Abu Bakr intended a full-out imperial conquest or not is hard to say; he did, however, set in motion a historical trajectory that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history, starting with a confrontation with the Persian Empire under the general Khalid ibn al-Walid."}], "Q250309": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tarawa was fought on 20–23 November 1943 between the United States and Japan on Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, now part of the Republic of Kiribati but then a Japanese-occupied British colony."}, {"id": "Q710", "label": "Kiribati", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tarawa was fought on 20–23 November 1943 between the United States and Japan on Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, now part of the Republic of Kiribati but then a Japanese-occupied British colony."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the first time in the Pacific War that the United States faced serious Japanese opposition to an amphibious landing."}], "Q254599": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shanghai (traditional Chinese: 淞滬會戰; simplified Chinese: 淞沪会战; pinyin: Sōng hù huìzhàn) was a major battle fought between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China in the Chinese city of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shanghai (traditional Chinese: 淞滬會戰; simplified Chinese: 淞沪会战; pinyin: Sōng hù huìzhàn) was a major battle fought between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China in the Chinese city of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shanghai (traditional Chinese: 淞滬會戰; simplified Chinese: 淞沪会战; pinyin: Sōng hù huìzhàn) was a major battle fought between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China in the Chinese city of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted from August 13 to November 26, 1937, and was arguably the single largest and longest battle of the entire war, with it even regarded by some historians as the first battle of World War II."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the single largest urban battle prior to the Battle of Stalingrad, which occurred almost five years later."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On August 1, 1937, representatives from the United Kingdom, France, United States and Italy along with Japan and China participated in the joint conference held in Shanghai to discuss the ceasefire terms."}, {"id": "Q515545", "label": "January 28 Incident", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The major powers did not wish to see another January 28 Incident, which greatly disrupted foreign economic activities in Shanghai."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Road to Nanjing", "says": "However, Chiang Kai-shek still placed some hope that the Nine-Power Treaty would result in a sanction against Japan by Western powers."}, {"id": "Q2659185", "label": "Nine-Power Treaty", "section": "Road to Nanjing", "says": "However, Chiang Kai-shek still placed some hope that the Nine-Power Treaty would result in a sanction against Japan by Western powers."}], "Q274811": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Élysée Treaty was a treaty of friendship between France and West Germany, signed by President Charles de Gaulle and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer on 22 January 1963 at the Élysée Palace in Paris."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "The Élysée Treaty was a treaty of friendship between France and West Germany, signed by President Charles de Gaulle and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer on 22 January 1963 at the Élysée Palace in Paris."}, {"id": "Q2492", "label": "Konrad Adenauer", "section": "lead", "says": "The Élysée Treaty was a treaty of friendship between France and West Germany, signed by President Charles de Gaulle and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer on 22 January 1963 at the Élysée Palace in Paris."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany started World War II by invading Poland in 1939."}], "Q28136551": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp, while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp, while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The largest wave of Rohingya refugees fled from Myanmar in 2017, resulting in the largest human exodus in Asia since the Indochina refugee crisis after the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "Myanmar, also known as Burma, is a country in Southeast Asia, bounded by the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, and India to the west, and China, Laos and Thailand to the east."}, {"id": "Q36740", "label": "Aung San Suu Kyi", "section": "Background", "says": "Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi was promoted to the State Counsellor of Myanmar after having spent years under house arrest."}], "Q317519": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by Amr ibn al-As conquered Byzantine Egypt between 639 and 642 AD."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The province had been conquered and occupied by the Sasanian Empire for roughly a decade between 618 and 629, before being reconquered by the Byzantines under Emperor Heraclius."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The province had been conquered and occupied by the Sasanian Empire for roughly a decade between 618 and 629, before being reconquered by the Byzantines under Emperor Heraclius."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the mid-630s, the Byzantine Empire had also lost control of Syria and its Ghassanid federate allies in Arabia following a series of defeats by the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Muhammad in 632 AD, the Arab armies of the Rashidun Caliphate began expanding toward both Sasanian Persia and the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q325985": [{"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Acre (also called the fall of Acre) took place in 1291 and resulted in the Crusaders' losing control of Acre to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "When Acre fell, the Crusaders lost their last major stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q725465", "label": "Lorenzo Tiepolo", "section": "Background", "says": "Other sources claim 20 galleys of peasants and unemployed townfolks from Tuscany and Lombardy, led by Nicholas Tiepolo, the son of Doge Lorenzo Tiepolo, who was assisted by the returning Jean de Grailly and Roux of Sully."}, {"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "These were joined by five galleys from King James II of Aragon who wished to help despite his conflict with the Pope and Venice."}], "Q327061": [{"id": "Q70534", "label": "Fedor von Bock", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Białystok–Minsk was a German strategic operation conducted by the Wehrmacht's Army Group Center under Field Marshal Fedor von Bock during the penetration of the Soviet border region in the opening stage of Operation Barbarossa, lasting from 22 June to 9 July 1941."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Białystok–Minsk was a German strategic operation conducted by the Wehrmacht's Army Group Center under Field Marshal Fedor von Bock during the penetration of the Soviet border region in the opening stage of Operation Barbarossa, lasting from 22 June to 9 July 1941."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army Group's 2nd Panzer Group under Colonel General Heinz Guderian and the 3rd Panzer Group under Colonel General Hermann Hoth decimated the Soviet frontier defenses, defeated all Soviet counter-attacks and encircled four Soviet Armies of the Red Army's Western Front near Białystok and Minsk by 30 June."}, {"id": "Q57150", "label": "Hermann Hoth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army Group's 2nd Panzer Group under Colonel General Heinz Guderian and the 3rd Panzer Group under Colonel General Hermann Hoth decimated the Soviet frontier defenses, defeated all Soviet counter-attacks and encircled four Soviet Armies of the Red Army's Western Front near Białystok and Minsk by 30 June."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans destroyed the Soviet Western Front in 18 days and advanced 460 kilometers into the Soviet Union, causing many to believe that the Germans had effectively won the war against the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q342557", "label": "Dmitry Pavlov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Facing Army Group Center was the Red Army's Western Front commanded by General of the Army Dmitry Pavlov."}], "Q331647": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Its inclusion was the culmination of a program of intense lobbying by the United States by the International Intellectual Property Alliance, supported by the European Union, Japan and other developed nations."}], "Q426722": [{"id": "Q4162685", "label": "Rwandan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rwandan Revolution, which broke out in 1959, had replaced the Tutsi monarchy with a Hutu-led republic, forcing more than 336,000 Tutsis to seek refuge in neighbouring countries."}, {"id": "Q1231345", "label": "Paul Kagame", "section": "lead", "says": "A group of these refugees in Uganda founded the RPF which, under the leadership of Fred Rwigyema and Paul Kagame, became a battle-ready army by the late 1980s."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Kagame, who had been in the United States during the invasion, returned to take command."}, {"id": "Q272580", "label": "Juvénal Habyarimana", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of protests forced Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana to begin peace negotiations with the RPF and domestic opposition parties."}, {"id": "Q1429076", "label": "Arusha Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite disruption and killings by Hutu Power, a group of extremists opposed to any deal, and a fresh RPF offensive in early 1993, the negotiations were successfully concluded with the signing of the Arusha Accords in August 1993."}, {"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "Background", "says": "It formed in response to persecution and discrimination against the Tutsi refugees by the regime of Ugandan President Milton Obote."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "Background", "says": "Obote accused the Rwandans of collaboration with his predecessor, Idi Amin, including occupying the homes and stealing the cattle of Ugandans who had fled from Amin."}, {"id": "Q3119017", "label": "Ugandan Bush War", "section": "Background", "says": "The NRA's goal was to overthrow Obote's government, in what became known as the Ugandan Bush War."}], "Q43041167": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "It was felt as far away as Israel and the United Arab Emirates."}], "Q430726": [{"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between Habsburg Spain and the Kingdom of England that was never formally declared."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between Habsburg Spain and the Kingdom of England that was never formally declared."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule."}, {"id": "Q145934", "label": "English Armada", "section": "lead", "says": "In large-scale campaigns, the English repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588, while Spain repelled the English Armada in 1589."}, {"id": "Q1392", "label": "Battle of Nieuwpoort", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign in the Netherlands saw a Spanish veteran force defeated by the Anglo-Dutch at the Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600."}, {"id": "Q646895", "label": "Siege of Ostend", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed a year later by the costly three-year Siege of Ostend, which Spain eventually seized."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was brought to an end in August 1604 with the Treaty of London between the new kings: Philip III of Spain and James I of England."}, {"id": "Q315490", "label": "John Hawkins", "section": "Causes", "says": "The activities of English sailors, begun by Sir John Hawkins in 1562, gained the tacit support of Elizabeth, even though the Spanish government complained that Hawkins's trade with their colonies in the West Indies constituted smuggling."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "Causes", "says": "A slaving expedition led by Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake was surprised by the Spanish in September 1568, and several ships were captured or sunk at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near Veracruz in New Spain."}, {"id": "Q2889912", "label": "Battle of San Juan de Ulúa", "section": "Causes", "says": "A slaving expedition led by Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake was surprised by the Spanish in September 1568, and several ships were captured or sunk at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near Veracruz in New Spain."}, {"id": "Q321325", "label": "António, Prior of Crato", "section": "Causes", "says": "Soon after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, English support was provided to António, Prior of Crato, who then fought in his struggle with Philip II for the Portuguese throne."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Causes", "says": "Soon after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, English support was provided to António, Prior of Crato, who then fought in his struggle with Philip II for the Portuguese throne."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "Causes", "says": "In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France to defeat the Huguenot forces in the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q312903", "label": "Alexander Farnese", "section": "Causes", "says": "The following year was a further blow to the Dutch with the capture of Antwerp by Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma."}, {"id": "Q2602266", "label": "Treaty of Nonsuch", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Treaty of Nonsuch was signed as a result: Elizabeth agreed to provide the Dutch with men, horses, and subsidies, but she declined overall sovereignty."}], "Q46057": [{"id": "Q4872527", "label": "Battle of Tel Hai", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the Battle of Tel Hai in 1920, Jews and Arabs had been involved in a cycle of attacks and counter-attacks, and the immediate spark for the uprising was the murder of two Jews by a Qassamite band, and the retaliatory killing by Jewish gunmen of two Arab labourers, incidents which triggered a flare-up of violence across Palestine."}, {"id": "Q37610", "label": "David Ben-Gurion", "section": "lead", "says": "David Ben-Gurion, leader of the Yishuv, described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass Jewish immigration and fear of the British identification with Zionism."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Economic background", "says": "World War I left Palestine, especially the countryside, deeply impoverished."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "Political and socio-cultural background", "says": "Traditional feasts such as Nebi Musa began to acquire a political and nationalist dimension and new national memorial days were introduced or gained new significance; among them Balfour Day (2 November), the anniversary of the Battle of Hattin (4 July), and beginning in 1930, 16 May was celebrated as Palestine Day."}, {"id": "Q733064", "label": "Joseph Trumpeldor", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The death of al-Qassam generated widespread outrage among Palestinian Arabs, galvanizing public sentiments with an impact similar to the effect on the Yishuv of news of the death of Joseph Trumpeldor in 1920 at the Tel Hai settlement."}], "Q486831": [{"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Aetolian League triggered a small war which drew in Antiochus, Rome and the Seleucids came to blows."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The consul of 190 BC, Lucius Cornelius Scipio, then pursued Antiochus into Asia Minor with the support of the Pergamene king Eumenes II."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "lead", "says": "But after he was defeated by the Roman-led coalition at the Battle of Magnesia, he sued for peace, accepting those Roman demands."}, {"id": "Q39595", "label": "Ptolemy IV Philopator", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "He was, however, interrupted by the death of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt in summer 204 BC, which gave him an opportunity to take Coele Syria, Phoenicia, and Judea from the Ptolemies in the aftermath of the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "He was, however, interrupted by the death of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt in summer 204 BC, which gave him an opportunity to take Coele Syria, Phoenicia, and Judea from the Ptolemies in the aftermath of the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "He was, however, interrupted by the death of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt in summer 204 BC, which gave him an opportunity to take Coele Syria, Phoenicia, and Judea from the Ptolemies in the aftermath of the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "With the conquests of Antiochus and the Roman victory in the Second Punic War, the Aegean was now flanked by two great powers on its east and west."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "Roman influence continued expanding as a result of the Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC), fought between the republic and Philip V of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "Roman influence continued expanding as a result of the Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC), fought between the republic and Philip V of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q659723", "label": "Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "The Roman senate, influenced by a senatorial \"circle of 'eastern experts'\" led by Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, who were veterans of the First Macedonian War, sent an embassy to Philip with an ultimatum."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "The Roman senate, influenced by a senatorial \"circle of 'eastern experts'\" led by Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, who were veterans of the First Macedonian War, sent an embassy to Philip with an ultimatum."}], "Q517486": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a decisive engagement of the Great Turkish War, fought between the forces of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a decisive engagement of the Great Turkish War, fought between the forces of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in a significant Ottoman defeat against a numerically inferior Habsburg force acting on behalf of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q199659", "label": "Mustafa II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1697, the Ottoman Empire launched a renewed campaign to reclaim Hungary, with Sultan Mustafa II personally leading the invasion force."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Ottoman army was in the process of crossing the Tisza River near Zenta, it was engaged in a surprise attack by Habsburg Imperial forces commanded by Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict formally ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, which forced the Ottomans to cede significant territories, including Croatia, Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia to the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Battle of Vienna of 1683, a turning point seemed to have been reached in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, with Austria and its allies capturing more Ottoman lands."}, {"id": "Q4871614", "label": "Battle of Lugos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Subsequently, the Ottoman army commanded by Sultan Mustafa II won three consecutive victories at the Battle of Lugos (1695), Battle of Ulaş (1696), and Battle of Cenei (1696) while the Venetians lost Chios (1695)."}, {"id": "Q2237649", "label": "Battle of Ulaş", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Subsequently, the Ottoman army commanded by Sultan Mustafa II won three consecutive victories at the Battle of Lugos (1695), Battle of Ulaş (1696), and Battle of Cenei (1696) while the Venetians lost Chios (1695)."}, {"id": "Q4870686", "label": "Battle of Cenei", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Subsequently, the Ottoman army commanded by Sultan Mustafa II won three consecutive victories at the Battle of Lugos (1695), Battle of Ulaş (1696), and Battle of Cenei (1696) while the Venetians lost Chios (1695)."}], "Q543255": [{"id": "Q1386727", "label": "Inigo Campioni", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Taranto, also known as the Raid on Taranto, and Operation Judgement took place on the night of 11/12 November 1940 during the Second World War between British naval forces (Admiral Andrew Cunningham) and Italian naval forces (Admiral Inigo Campioni)."}], "Q56768333": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 September 2018, a shallow, large earthquake struck in the neck of the Minahasa Peninsula, Indonesia, with its epicentre located in the mountainous Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The magnitude 7.5–7.6 quake was located 70 km (43 mi) away from the provincial capital Palu and was felt as far away as Samarinda on East Kalimantan and also in Tawau, Malaysia."}], "Q578179": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1963 Skopje earthquake (Macedonian: Скопски земјотрес од 1963 година) occurred in present-day North Macedonia (at the time, it was called the Socialist Republic of Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1963 Skopje earthquake (Macedonian: Скопски земјотрес од 1963 година) occurred in present-day North Macedonia (at the time, it was called the Socialist Republic of Macedonia)."}], "Q582584": [{"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British Empire from 1845 to 1846 around the Firozpur district of Punjab."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British Empire from 1845 to 1846 around the Firozpur district of Punjab."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Immediately after the death of Ranjit Singh, the British East India Company (EIC) had begun increasing its military strength, particularly in the regions adjacent to the Punjab, establishing a military cantonment at Firozpur, only a few miles from the Sutlej River which marked the frontier between British-ruled India and the Sikh Empire."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1843, the British conquered and annexed Sindh (in present-day Pakistan), located to the south of the Punjab, in a move which many British people regarded as cynical and ignoble."}], "Q596373": [{"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pyrrhic War ( PIRR-ik; 281–275 BC) was a conflict fought by Pyrrhus of Epirus and his allies against the Roman Republic, supported by its allies, and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pyrrhic War ( PIRR-ik; 281–275 BC) was a conflict fought by Pyrrhus of Epirus and his allies against the Roman Republic, supported by its allies, and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "He advanced quickly into Latium with interest in supporting the Etruscans against Rome."}], "Q609030": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II by the US military, was fought between the United States and Japan during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of World War II, from 15 September to 27 November 1944, on the island of Peleliu."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II by the US military, was fought between the United States and Japan during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of World War II, from 15 September to 27 November 1944, on the island of Peleliu."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of a larger offensive campaign known as Operation Forager, which ran from June to November 1944 in the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "The strategy proposed by General Douglas MacArthur called for the recapture of the Philippines, followed by the capture of Okinawa, then an attack on the Japanese home islands."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The strategy proposed by General Douglas MacArthur called for the recapture of the Philippines, followed by the capture of Okinawa, then an attack on the Japanese home islands."}], "Q631163": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Deluge was a series of mid-17th-century military campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Northern War of 1655–1660 only; in Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge or less commonly the Russo–Swedish Deluge (Polish: Potop szwedzko-rosyjski) due to the simultaneous Russo-Polish War."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Northern War of 1655–1660 only; in Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge or less commonly the Russo–Swedish Deluge (Polish: Potop szwedzko-rosyjski) due to the simultaneous Russo-Polish War."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Northern War of 1655–1660 only; in Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge or less commonly the Russo–Swedish Deluge (Polish: Potop szwedzko-rosyjski) due to the simultaneous Russo-Polish War."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "In a wider sense, it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, comprising the Polish theatres of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars."}, {"id": "Q721168", "label": "Truce of Andrusovo", "section": "lead", "says": "In a wider sense, it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, comprising the Polish theatres of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars."}, {"id": "Q41502", "label": "Henryk Sienkiewicz", "section": "lead", "says": "The term \"deluge\" (potop in Polish) was popularized by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his novel The Deluge (1886)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Andrzej Rottermund, manager of the Royal Castle in Warsaw, the destruction of Poland in the Deluge was more extensive than the destruction of the country in World War II."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a popular uprising of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Ukrainian peasants discontented with the rule of Polish and Lithuanian magnates."}, {"id": "Q593045", "label": "Battle of Berestechko", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Although the initial phase of the rebellion ended (after much destruction) at the Battle of Berestechko (1651), it brought into focus the rivalry between Russia and the Commonwealth for hegemony over Ukraine and over the eastern Slavic lands in general."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Thus, in October 1653, the Russian Zemsky Sobor declared war on the Commonwealth, and in June 1654 the forces of Tsar Alexis of Russia invaded the eastern half of Poland-Lithuania, starting the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Swedish Empire, which technically already was at war with the Commonwealth (a ceasefire agreement existed from 1629 and was prolonged from 1635 to 1661), invaded in July 1655 and occupied the remaining half of the country."}], "Q685683": [{"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "As Holstein and Lauenburg were member states, the German Confederation supported the rebels as a federal war (Bundeskrieg) according to its statutes."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The Napoleonic Wars, which had ended in 1815, had fanned both Danish and German nationalism."}, {"id": "Q6701", "label": "Jacob Grimm", "section": "Background", "says": "Pan-German ideology had become highly influential in the decades prior to the wars, and writers such as Jacob Grimm (1785–1863) and the Norwegian Peter Andreas Munch (1810–1863) argued that the entire peninsula of Jutland had been populated by Germans before the arrival of Danes and that therefore Germans could justifiably reclaim it."}, {"id": "Q561632", "label": "Peter Andreas Munch", "section": "Background", "says": "Pan-German ideology had become highly influential in the decades prior to the wars, and writers such as Jacob Grimm (1785–1863) and the Norwegian Peter Andreas Munch (1810–1863) argued that the entire peninsula of Jutland had been populated by Germans before the arrival of Danes and that therefore Germans could justifiably reclaim it."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "Background", "says": "Schleswig became a particular source of contention, as it contained a large number of Danes, Germans, and North Frisians."}, {"id": "Q157781", "label": "Christian VIII of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "King Christian VIII of Denmark died in January 1848."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus the duchies appeared likely to pass to the rule of the House of Oldenburg, which might have resulted in a division of Denmark."}], "Q690361": [{"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Long Turkish War, or Thirteen Years' War, was an indecisive land war between the Holy Roman Empire (primarily the Habsburg monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire, primarily over the principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Long Turkish War, or Thirteen Years' War, was an indecisive land war between the Holy Roman Empire (primarily the Habsburg monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire, primarily over the principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Long Turkish War, or Thirteen Years' War, was an indecisive land war between the Holy Roman Empire (primarily the Habsburg monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire, primarily over the principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q701335", "label": "Battle of Sisak", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the spring of 1593, Ottoman forces from the Eyalet of Bosnia laid siege to the city of Sisak in Croatia, starting the Battle of Sisak that eventually ended in a victory for the Christian forces on June 22, 1593."}, {"id": "Q3502774", "label": "Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "That victory marked the end of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493–1593)."}], "Q696462": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippines campaign, also known as the Battle of the Philippines (Filipino: Labanan sa Pilipinas) or the Fall of the Philippines, was the invasion of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan during the Pacific War and World War II."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippines campaign, also known as the Battle of the Philippines (Filipino: Labanan sa Pilipinas) or the Fall of the Philippines, was the invasion of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan during the Pacific War and World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippines campaign, also known as the Battle of the Philippines (Filipino: Labanan sa Pilipinas) or the Fall of the Philippines, was the invasion of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan during the Pacific War and World War II."}, {"id": "Q517297", "label": "Masaharu Homma", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese landings on northern Luzon began two days later, and were followed on 22 December by major landings at Lingayen Gulf and Lamon Bay by the Japanese Fourteenth Army under Masaharu Homma."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The defense of the Philippines was led by Douglas MacArthur, who ordered his soldiers to evacuate Manila to the Bataan Peninsula ahead of the Japanese advance."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign to capture the Philippines took much longer than planned by the Japanese, who in early January 1942 had decided to advance their timetable of operations in Borneo and Indonesia and withdraw their best division and the bulk of their airpower."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "While offensive operations in the Dutch East Indies were unaffected, this heavily hindered operations in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, buying time for the U.S."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "While offensive operations in the Dutch East Indies were unaffected, this heavily hindered operations in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, buying time for the U.S."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "As personnel were routinely transferred back to the United States or separated from the service, the regimental commander, Colonel Samuel L."}], "Q696664": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malayan campaign, referred to by Japanese sources as the Malay Operation (馬来作戦, Maree Sakusen), was a military campaign fought by Allied and Axis forces in Malaya from 8 December 1941 – 15 February 1942 at the opening of the Pacific War and during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time the Japanese 25th Army had captured Singapore, they had suffered between 9,657 and 14,768 casualties."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "Thailand was seen to be under threat from this build-up as well as Malaya."}], "Q696802": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paris Peace Accords (Vietnamese: Hiệp định Paris về Việt Nam, lit. 'Paris Treaty about Vietnam'), officially the Agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in Viet-Nam (Hiệp định về chấm dứt chiến tranh, lập lại hòa bình ở Việt Nam), was a peace agreement signed on 27 January 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was registered by the United States of America on May 13, 1974, with the United Nations Secretariat."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG), and the United States."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG), and the United States."}, {"id": "Q21707860", "label": "Paris Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paris Agreement removed the remaining US forces, and direct US military intervention ended."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission (ICC) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS), which consisted of Canada, Poland, Hungary, and Indonesia, to monitor the agreement."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "lead", "says": "The main negotiators of the agreement were US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and the North Vietnamese Politburo member Lê Đức Thọ."}], "Q696844": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II that commenced 22 January 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II that commenced 22 January 1944."}, {"id": "Q57134", "label": "Albert Kesselring", "section": "lead", "says": "While Lucas consolidated, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, the German commander in the Italian theatre, moved every unit he could spare into a defensive ring around the beachhead."}, {"id": "Q2626460", "label": "Lucian Truscott", "section": "lead", "says": "His replacement was Major General Lucian Truscott, who had commanded the U.S."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "The marshes were turned into cultivatable land in the 1930s under Benito Mussolini."}], "Q697658": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Kharkov was a battle that took place from 20 to 24 October 1941 for control of the city of Kharkov, located in the Ukrainian SSR, during the final stage of Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q204338", "label": "Rodion Malinovsky", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "This offensive resulted in the Soviet 6th Army (commanded by Rodion Malinovsky) and the 38th Army (commanded by Viktor Tsiganov) being pushed back in disarray."}, {"id": "Q169436", "label": "Battle of Rostov", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "This weakened the 17th Army's efforts to protect the flank of the 1st Panzer Army and contributed to the German defeat at the Battle of Rostov."}], "Q699602": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan War, also known as the War of Candia (Italian: Guerra di Candia) or the fifth Ottoman–Venetian war, was a conflict between the Republic of Venice and her allies (chief among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States largely fought over the island of Crete, Venice's largest and richest overseas possession."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan War, also known as the War of Candia (Italian: Guerra di Candia) or the fifth Ottoman–Venetian war, was a conflict between the Republic of Venice and her allies (chief among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States largely fought over the island of Crete, Venice's largest and richest overseas possession."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan War, also known as the War of Candia (Italian: Guerra di Candia) or the fifth Ottoman–Venetian war, was a conflict between the Republic of Venice and her allies (chief among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States largely fought over the island of Crete, Venice's largest and richest overseas possession."}, {"id": "Q5679", "label": "Lord Byron", "section": "lead", "says": "Its prolonged siege, \"Troy's rival\" as Lord Byron called it, forced both sides to focus their attention on the supply of their respective forces on the island."}, {"id": "Q701094", "label": "Siege of Candia", "section": "lead", "says": "This began the final and bloodiest stage of the Siege of Candia, which lasted for more than two years."}, {"id": "Q2288441", "label": "Kingdom of Candia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the loss of Cyprus to the Ottomans in the fourth Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573), the island of Crete (the \"Kingdom of Candia\") was the last major overseas possession of Venice."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Its economy, which had once prospered because of its control over the Eastern spice trade, had suffered as a result of the opening of the new Atlantic trade routes, and from the loss of the important German market because of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q174762", "label": "Murad IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Murad IV was enraged: he threatened to execute all Venetians in the Empire, and put an embargo on Venetian trade."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Background", "says": "A similar episode however in 1644 had an entirely different outcome: on 28 September, the Knights of Malta attacked an Ottoman convoy of sailing ships on its way from Constantinople to Alexandria, aboard which were a number of pilgrims bound for Mecca, including the exiled Kızlar Ağa (Chief Black Eunuch) Sünbül Ağa, the kadi of Cairo and the nurse of the future sultan Mehmed IV."}], "Q730878": [{"id": "Q310900", "label": "Robert Fisk", "section": "lead", "says": "Robert Fisk, who was present at Hama during the events of the massacre, reported that indiscriminate bombing had razed much of the city to the ground and that the vast majority of the victims were civilians."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1980, Muhammad al-Bayanuni, a respected member of the religious hierarchy of Aleppo, became the Islamic Front's Secretary-General, but its leading light remained 'Adnan Sa'd al-Din, the General Supervisor of the Muslim Brothers."}], "Q740791": [{"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Serbo-Bulgarian War or the Serbian–Bulgarian War (Bulgarian: Сръбско-българска война, Srăbsko-bălgarska voyna, Serbian: Српско-бугарски рат, Srpsko-bugarski rat),  a war between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Principality of Bulgaria, erupted on 14 November [O.S."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite Bulgaria's status as a  vassal of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans did not intervene in the war."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary demanded that Bulgaria stop its invasion, and a truce resulted."}, {"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, Serbia's ruler, Milan I (1868–1889), was annoyed that pro-Russian opposition leaders like Nikola Pašić, who had stirred up the Timok Rebellion, had found asylum in Bulgaria after the suppression of the rebellion by the Serbian Army."}, {"id": "Q1861319", "label": "Battle of Slivnitsa", "section": "Background", "says": "As it happened, the Ottomans did not intervene, and the Serbian Army's advance was stopped after the Battle of Slivnitsa."}], "Q767935": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights of Rhodes from their island stronghold and thereby secure Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean."}], "Q827612": [{"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jugurthine War (Latin: Bellum Iugurthinum; 111–105 BC) was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and King Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast roughly corresponding to modern-day Algeria."}], "Q836944": [{"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Frigidus, also called the Battle of the Frigid River, was fought on 5 and 6 September 394 between the armies of the Roman emperor Theodosius the Great and the rebel augustus Eugenius (r."}, {"id": "Q313058", "label": "Eugenius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Frigidus, also called the Battle of the Frigid River, was fought on 5 and 6 September 394 between the armies of the Roman emperor Theodosius the Great and the rebel augustus Eugenius (r."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodosius won the battle and defeated the usurpation of Eugenius and Arbogast, restoring unity to the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "lead", "says": "Timasius, the magister militum, commanded the Theodosian army with help from the magister utriusque militiae Stilicho."}, {"id": "Q46846", "label": "Valentinian II", "section": "lead", "says": "Arbogast, previously the magister militum under Theodosius's brother-in-law and senior co-emperor Valentinian II (r."}, {"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting ended the third civil war of Theodosius's reign, after the two fought against Magnus Maximus (r."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The posthumous accusation of paganism was first levelled by Tyrannius Rufinus to enhance the reputation of Theodosius I, who was a vigorous promoter of Nicene Christianity and the state church of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The posthumous accusation of paganism was first levelled by Tyrannius Rufinus to enhance the reputation of Theodosius I, who was a vigorous promoter of Nicene Christianity and the state church of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q339321", "label": "Battle of the Milvian Bridge", "section": "lead", "says": "Church histories attributed Theodosius's victory at the Frigidus to divine intervention, and Rufinus equated its importance with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge won by Constantine the Great over Maxentius in 312."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Church histories attributed Theodosius's victory at the Frigidus to divine intervention, and Rufinus equated its importance with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge won by Constantine the Great over Maxentius in 312."}, {"id": "Q182070", "label": "Maxentius", "section": "lead", "says": "Church histories attributed Theodosius's victory at the Frigidus to divine intervention, and Rufinus equated its importance with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge won by Constantine the Great over Maxentius in 312."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, Eugenius had removed most of the high civil officers left by Theodosius when he had given the Western half of the empire to Valentinian, so that Theodosius had lost control of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Background", "says": "In the end, however, after declaring his son Honorius, then eight years old, as the western augustus in January of 393, Theodosius finally resolved to invade the West."}], "Q841278": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Jacinto (Spanish: Batalla de San Jacinto), fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day La Porte and Deer Park, Texas, was the final and decisive battle of the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes."}, {"id": "Q1186940", "label": "Martín Perfecto de Cos", "section": "lead", "says": "General Santa Anna, the president of Mexico, and General Martín Perfecto de Cos both escaped during the battle."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "lead", "says": "After being held for about three weeks as a prisoner of war, Santa Anna signed the peace treaty that dictated that the Mexican army leave the region, paving the way for the Republic of Texas to become an independent country."}], "Q841559": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Serbian campaign was a series of military expeditions launched in 1914 and 1915 by the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Serbia during World War I."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "After an unsuccessful invasion by Austria-Hungary in 1914, the Central Powers launched a successful invasion in 1915 and occupied Serbia."}, {"id": "Q93364", "label": "Oskar Potiorek", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign, dubbed a \"punitive expedition\" (German: Strafexpedition) by the Austro-Hungarian leadership, was under the command of Austrian General Oskar Potiorek."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "lead", "says": "The second campaign was launched, under German command, almost a year later, on 6 October 1915, when Bulgarian, Austro-Hungarian, and German forces, led by Field Marshal August von Mackensen, successfully invaded Serbia from three sides, pre-empting an Allied advance from Salonica to help Serbia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "This resulted in the Great Retreat through Montenegro and Albania, the evacuation to Greece, and the establishment of the Macedonian front."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of Serbia gave the Central Powers temporary mastery over the Balkans, opening up a land route from Berlin to Constantinople, allowing the Germans to re-supply the Ottoman Empire for the rest of the war."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbia was then occupied and divided between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q3655726", "label": "Vardar Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Allies launched the Vardar Offensive in September 1918, which broke through the Macedonian front and defeated the Bulgarians and their German allies, a Franco-Serbian force advanced into the occupied territories and liberated Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Austria-Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908–09 by annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron, the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilized peace accords that were already unravelling in what was known as \"the powder keg of Europe.\"\n\nIn 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro and the fracturing Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q187035", "label": "Principality of Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire by creating an independent Principality of Albania and enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "When Bulgaria attacked both Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913, it lost most of its Macedonian region to those countries, and additionally, the Southern Dobruja region to Romania and Adrianople (the present-day city of Edirne) to Turkey in the 33-day Second Balkan War, which further destabilized the region."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student and member of an organization of national revolutionaries called Young Bosnia, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo, Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q43063", "label": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student and member of an organization of national revolutionaries called Young Bosnia, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo, Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia escalated into what is now known as World War I, drawing in Russia, Germany, France, and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Serbia had an experienced army, it was exhausted by the Balkan Wars and poorly equipped, leading the Austro-Hungarians to believe it would fall within less than a month."}], "Q911233": [{"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This period extended across the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), World War I and its aftermath (1914–1919), and the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "This period extended across the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), World War I and its aftermath (1914–1919), and the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This period extended across the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), World War I and its aftermath (1914–1919), and the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The genocide was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "The genocide was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies of World War I condemned the Ottoman government–sponsored massacres."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Some other organisations have also passed resolutions recognising the Ottoman campaign against these Christian minorities as genocide, as have the national legislatures of Armenia, Austria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q77113", "label": "Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg", "section": "Background", "says": "By 31 January 1917, the Chancellor of Germany Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, reported that:\n\nThe indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians."}, {"id": "Q36303", "label": "Thales", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "The geographer Strabo referred to Smyrna as the first Greek city in Asia Minor, and numerous ancient Greek figures were natives of Anatolia, including the mathematician Thales of Miletus (7th century BC), the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (6th century BC), and the founder of Cynicism Diogenes of Sinope (4th century BC)."}, {"id": "Q41155", "label": "Heraclitus", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "The geographer Strabo referred to Smyrna as the first Greek city in Asia Minor, and numerous ancient Greek figures were natives of Anatolia, including the mathematician Thales of Miletus (7th century BC), the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (6th century BC), and the founder of Cynicism Diogenes of Sinope (4th century BC)."}, {"id": "Q59180", "label": "Diogenes of Sinope", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "The geographer Strabo referred to Smyrna as the first Greek city in Asia Minor, and numerous ancient Greek figures were natives of Anatolia, including the mathematician Thales of Miletus (7th century BC), the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (6th century BC), and the founder of Cynicism Diogenes of Sinope (4th century BC)."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "From this point until the late Middle Ages, the majority of Asia Minor practiced Christianity (called Greek Orthodox Christianity after the East–West Schism with the Catholics in 1054) and spoke Medieval Greek as their first language."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "The resultant Greek culture in Asia Minor flourished during a millennium of rule (4th–15th century AD) under the mainly Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q44269", "label": "Saint Nicholas", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "Those from Asia Minor constituted the bulk of the empire's Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians; thus, many renowned Greek figures during late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance came from Asia Minor, including Saint Nicholas (270–343 AD), rhetorician John Chrysostomos (349–407 AD), the architect of Hagia Sophia, Isidore of Miletus (6th century AD), several imperial dynasties, including "}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "Those from Asia Minor constituted the bulk of the empire's Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians; thus, many renowned Greek figures during late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance came from Asia Minor, including Saint Nicholas (270–343 AD), rhetorician John Chrysostomos (349–407 AD), the architect of Hagia Sophia, Isidore of Miletus (6th century AD), several imperial dynasties, including "}, {"id": "Q299446", "label": "Basilios Bessarion", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "Those from Asia Minor constituted the bulk of the empire's Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians; thus, many renowned Greek figures during late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance came from Asia Minor, including Saint Nicholas (270–343 AD), rhetorician John Chrysostomos (349–407 AD), the architect of Hagia Sophia, Isidore of Miletus (6th century AD), several imperial dynasties, including "}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "Origin of the Greek minority", "says": "Even after the Turkic conquests of the interior, the mountainous Black Sea coast of Asia Minor remained the heart of a populous Greek Christian state, the Empire of Trebizond, until its eventual conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1461, a year after the Ottomans conquered the area of Europe which is now the Greek mainland."}], "Q917811": [{"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and the allied Kingdom of Pergamon under Eumenes II against a Seleucid army of Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q361377", "label": "Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and the allied Kingdom of Pergamon under Eumenes II against a Seleucid army of Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q2022162", "label": "Kingdom of Pergamon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and the allied Kingdom of Pergamon under Eumenes II against a Seleucid army of Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and the allied Kingdom of Pergamon under Eumenes II against a Seleucid army of Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and the allied Kingdom of Pergamon under Eumenes II against a Seleucid army of Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q1259381", "label": "Treaty of Apamea", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in a decisive Roman-Pergamene victory, which led to the Treaty of Apamea that ended Seleucid domination in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210-209 BC) and Indian (206-205 BC) campaigns, Antiochus forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210-209 BC) and Indian (206-205 BC) campaigns, Antiochus forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 198 BC, he was victorious in the Fifth Syrian War, taking over Coele-Syria and securing his southeastern border."}, {"id": "Q222930", "label": "Antiochus II Theos", "section": "Background", "says": "Antiochus countered by claiming that he was simply rebuilding the empire of his ancestor Antiochus II Theos and criticized the Romans for meddling in the affairs of the Asia Minor states whose rights were traditionally defended by Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the emergence of a pro-war party led by Scipio Africanus, the Roman Senate exercised restraint."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 193 BC, a representative of the Aetolian League assured Antiochus that the Aetolians would take his side in a future war with Rome, while Antiochus gave tacit support to Hannibal's plans of launching an anti-Roman coup d'état in Carthage."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Achaean League declared war on the Seleucids and Aetolians with the Romans following suit in November 192 BC."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Between December 192 and March 191 BC, Antiochus campaigned in Thessaly and Acarnania."}, {"id": "Q3636407", "label": "Battle of Corycus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, the Roman fleet defeated the Seleucids in the Battle of Corycus in September 191 BC, enabling it to take control of several cities including Dardanus and Sestos on the Hellespont."}, {"id": "Q3242126", "label": "Battle of the Eurymedon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In August 190 BC, the Rhodians defeated Hannibal's fleet at the Battle of the Eurymedon."}, {"id": "Q1288632", "label": "Battle of Myonessus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A month later a combined Roman-Rhodean fleet defeated the Seleucids at the Battle of Myonessus."}], "Q933963": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These wars pitted the Roman Empire against principally the Germanic Marcomanni and Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges; there were related conflicts with several other Germanic, Sarmatian, and Gothic peoples along both sides of the whole length of the Roman Empire's northeastern European border, the river Danube."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle against the Germans and Sarmatians occupied the major part of the reign of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, and it was during his campaigns against them that he started writing his philosophical work Meditations."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle against the Germans and Sarmatians occupied the major part of the reign of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, and it was during his campaigns against them that he started writing his philosophical work Meditations."}, {"id": "Q1429", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "section": "Background", "says": "Secure for many years following his ascension to power, the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius never left Italy; neither did he embark on substantial conquests, all the while allowing his provincial legates to command his legions entirely."}, {"id": "Q373061", "label": "Adrian Goldsworthy", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Adrian Goldsworthy posits that Pius's reluctance to take aggressive military action throughout his reign may have contributed to Parthian territorial ambitions."}, {"id": "Q1433", "label": "Lucius Verus", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting war between Parthia and Rome lasted from 161 to 166 AD (under the joint rule of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus) and, although it ended successfully, its unforeseen consequences for the Empire were great."}, {"id": "Q599141", "label": "Antonine Plague", "section": "Background", "says": "The returning troops brought with them a plague (the so-called Antonine Plague), which would eventually kill an estimated 7 to 8 million people, severely weakening the Empire."}], "Q940026": [{"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arsuf took place on 7 September 1191, as part of the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It saw a multi-national force of Crusaders, led by Richard I of England, defeat a significantly larger army of the Ayyubid Sultanate, led by Saladin."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the engagement, the Crusaders secured control over the central coast of Palestine, including the city of Jaffa."}], "Q104535090": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The adversely affected areas were mostly in the Sisak-Moslavina County and other nearby Croatian counties, as well as some of the nearby areas of Bosnia and Slovenia."}], "Q111014904": [{"id": "Q16696252", "label": "Anton Herashchenko", "section": "Background", "says": "A Ukrainian official, Anton Herashchenko, published footage of a destroyed column of Russian military vehicles near Radensk and Oleshky, just south of Kherson."}], "Q114492886": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The explosion occurred the day after the 70th birthday of Russian President Vladimir Putin and one week after the announcement of the annexation of four Ukrainian regions by Russia."}, {"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, no-one claimed responsibility. and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that his government \"did not order\" it."}, {"id": "Q111024035", "label": "Hanna Malyar", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in July 2023, Ukraine's Deputy Minister of Defense Hanna Maliar acknowledged Ukraine had conducted the attack \"in order to break the logistics of the Russians\"."}, {"id": "Q89191595", "label": "Vasyl Malyuk", "section": "lead", "says": "In August, Vasyl Malyuk, head of the Security Service of Ukraine, gave an interview to The New Voice of Ukraine in which he detailed how a truck carrying explosives was used to cause the explosion."}, {"id": "Q23530", "label": "Dmitry Medvedev", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 2022, Dmitry Medvedev, former President and Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia, said: \"One of the Ukrainian generals talked about the need to strike at the Crimean Bridge."}, {"id": "Q108389921", "label": "Mykhailo Podolyak", "section": "Background", "says": "I hope he understands what the retaliatory target will be.\" In August 2022, Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak told The Guardian: \"It's an illegal construction and the main gateway to supply the Russian army in Crimea."}], "Q1165502": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire, under the command of Emperor Valerian, and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur I, in Edessa (now the Turkish city of Urfa) in 260."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire, under the command of Emperor Valerian, and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur I, in Edessa (now the Turkish city of Urfa) in 260."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire, under the command of Emperor Valerian, and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur I, in Edessa (now the Turkish city of Urfa) in 260."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire, under the command of Emperor Valerian, and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur I, in Edessa (now the Turkish city of Urfa) in 260."}, {"id": "Q177980", "label": "Aemilian", "section": "Background and prelude", "says": "After defeating the usurper Aemilianus and assuming imperial power for himself, Valerian arrived in the eastern provinces as soon as he could (254 or 255) and gradually restored order."}], "Q119123254": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Another dam on the Dnieper was breached twice during World War II in Ukraine."}], "Q12428": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dorylaion or Dorylaeum took place during the First Crusade on 1 July 1097 between the crusader forces and the Seljuk Turks, near the city of Dorylaion in Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q289677", "label": "Tatikios", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to simplify the problem of supplies, the Crusader army had split into two groups: the weaker led by Bohemond of Taranto, his nephew Tancred, Robert Curthose, Robert of Flanders, and the Byzantine general Tatikios in the vanguard; and Godfrey of Bouillon, his brother Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Stephen II of Blois, and Hugh of Vermandois in the rear."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to simplify the problem of supplies, the Crusader army had split into two groups: the weaker led by Bohemond of Taranto, his nephew Tancred, Robert Curthose, Robert of Flanders, and the Byzantine general Tatikios in the vanguard; and Godfrey of Bouillon, his brother Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Stephen II of Blois, and Hugh of Vermandois in the rear."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to simplify the problem of supplies, the Crusader army had split into two groups: the weaker led by Bohemond of Taranto, his nephew Tancred, Robert Curthose, Robert of Flanders, and the Byzantine general Tatikios in the vanguard; and Godfrey of Bouillon, his brother Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Stephen II of Blois, and Hugh of Vermandois in the rear."}, {"id": "Q26385", "label": "Vermandois", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to simplify the problem of supplies, the Crusader army had split into two groups: the weaker led by Bohemond of Taranto, his nephew Tancred, Robert Curthose, Robert of Flanders, and the Byzantine general Tatikios in the vanguard; and Godfrey of Bouillon, his brother Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Stephen II of Blois, and Hugh of Vermandois in the rear."}, {"id": "Q4273", "label": "Raymond of Aguilers", "section": "Background", "says": "However, several sources give much higher Turkish numbers: 150,000 men according to Raymond of Aguilers and 360,000 men reported by Fulcher of Chartres, neither of which are considered possible by modern historians due to the lack of supplies for so many men and horses, and the Turkish use of hit-and-run horse archer tactics, indicating a smaller army."}, {"id": "Q5630", "label": "Fulcher of Chartres", "section": "Background", "says": "However, several sources give much higher Turkish numbers: 150,000 men according to Raymond of Aguilers and 360,000 men reported by Fulcher of Chartres, neither of which are considered possible by modern historians due to the lack of supplies for so many men and horses, and the Turkish use of hit-and-run horse archer tactics, indicating a smaller army."}], "Q126413": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Polish declaration of non-aggression, also known as the German–Polish non-aggression pact, was an agreement between Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic that was signed on 26 January 1934 in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Polish declaration of non-aggression, also known as the German–Polish non-aggression pact, was an agreement between Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic that was signed on 26 January 1934 in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1925, under the Locarno Treaties, it was agreed that France would never send forces into Germany outside of its own occupation zone in the Rhineland and that both Britain and Italy would guarantee the Franco-German border against any attempt to change it from either side."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "From the Polish perspective, the Locarno Treaties were a diplomatic disaster, as the United Kingdom and Italy refused to make the same guarantees for Germany's eastern border, and both would theoretically declare war on France if it moved French Army troops into Germany beyond the Rhineland."}, {"id": "Q188999", "label": "Austen Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "British Foreign Secretary Austen Chamberlain had pushed for the Locarno Treaties as a way for Germany to peacefully revise the Treaty of Versailles in Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q179888", "label": "Aristide Briand", "section": "Background", "says": "French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand carried out a foreign policy aimed at a rapprochement with Germany, which caused much alarm in Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q103955", "label": "Gustav Stresemann", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1928, Briand accepted the offer by German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann that France would end the occupation of the Rhineland five years early and pull out of the Rhineland by June 1930, instead of June 1935, as the Treaty of Versailles had stated."}], "Q1348630": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "These wars began shortly after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 and concluded the next year, with all battles won by the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "These wars began shortly after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 and concluded the next year, with all battles won by the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q558967", "label": "Musaylimah", "section": "lead", "says": "A few months later, Banu Hanifa's chief Musaylimah, a rival claimant of prophethood with an army of allegedly 40,000 soldiers, was killed in the Battle of Yamama."}, {"id": "Q2456292", "label": "Battle of Yamama", "section": "lead", "says": "A few months later, Banu Hanifa's chief Musaylimah, a rival claimant of prophethood with an army of allegedly 40,000 soldiers, was killed in the Battle of Yamama."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The last major rebel attack came from the tribe of Kinda in Hadhramaut in January 633."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 632, Muhammad ordered a large expedition to be prepared against the Byzantine Empire in order to avenge the martyrs of the Battle of Mu'tah."}, {"id": "Q1639459", "label": "Battle of Mu'tah", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 632, Muhammad ordered a large expedition to be prepared against the Byzantine Empire in order to avenge the martyrs of the Battle of Mu'tah."}, {"id": "Q1111042", "label": "Usama ibn Zayd", "section": "Background", "says": "He appointed Usama ibn Zayd, the son of Zayd ibn Harithah who was killed in the Battle at Mu'tah, as commander of this force so he could avenge the death of his father."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Usama raided far and wide in the region of Northern Arabia, starting with the Quza'a, and then made his way to Dawmatu l-Jandal (modern Al Jawf, Saudi Arabia)."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "Background", "says": "Usama next marched to Mu'tah, attacked the Christian Arabs of the tribes of Banu Kalb and the Ghassanids in a small battle."}], "Q1434550": [{"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "A decade later, a reassorted viral strain H3N2 further caused the Hong Kong flu pandemic (1968–1970)."}], "Q1540695": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The January Events (Lithuanian: Sausio įvykiai) were a series of violent confrontations between the civilian population of Lithuania, supporting independence, and the Soviet Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Baltic states, including Lithuania, were forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990 and thereafter underwent a difficult period of emergence."}, {"id": "Q164582", "label": "Vytautas Landsbergis", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 January, the conflict between Chairman of the Parliament Vytautas Landsbergis and the more pragmatic Prime Minister Kazimira Prunskienė culminated in her resignation."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "Background", "says": "Prunskienė met with Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev on that day."}], "Q155995": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Spring Awakening (German: Unternehmen Frühlingserwachen) was the last major German offensive of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was referred to in Germany as the Plattensee Offensive and in the Soviet Union as the Balaton Defensive Operation."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in Western Hungary on the Eastern Front and lasted from 6 March until 15 March 1945."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "Background", "says": "Hitler ordered OB West Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt to withdraw the following units from active combat in the Battle of the Bulge: I SS Panzer Corps with 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) and 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, along with II SS Panzer Corps with 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich and 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen."}, {"id": "Q57175", "label": "Sepp Dietrich", "section": "Background", "says": "These units were to be refitted by 30 January and attached to the 6th Panzer Army under the command of Sepp Dietrich for the upcoming Operation Spring Awakening."}], "Q168268": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Prague (German: Prager Frieden) was a peace treaty signed by the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire at Prague on 23 August 1866."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Prague (German: Prager Frieden) was a peace treaty signed by the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire at Prague on 23 August 1866."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In combination with the treaties of Prussia and several south and central German states, it effectively ended the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was lenient toward the Austrian Empire because Otto von Bismarck had persuaded King Wilhelm I that maintaining Austria's place in Europe would be better for the future of Prussia than harsh terms."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was lenient toward the Austrian Empire because Otto von Bismarck had persuaded King Wilhelm I that maintaining Austria's place in Europe would be better for the future of Prussia than harsh terms."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria lost Veneto, which had been ceded to Napoleon III of France in the Treaty of Vienna, and he in turn ceded it to Italy."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Confederation was abolished."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Five days prior to the Peace of Prague, the North German Confederation had been formed as a military alliance with an agreement to transform the alliance into a nation state made up of the north German states joined together."}], "Q196502": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Cassibile (Italian: Armistizio di Cassibile) was signed on 3 September 1943 by Italy and the Allies, marking the end of hostilities between them during World War II."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice was approved by both Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Pietro Badoglio, who was serving as Prime Minister of Italy at the time."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice was approved by both Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Pietro Badoglio, who was serving as Prime Minister of Italy at the time."}, {"id": "Q333365", "label": "Walter Bedell Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Major-General Walter Bedell Smith for the Allies and Brigade-General Giuseppe Castellano for Italy, at a summit in an Allied military camp at Cassibile, Sicily, which had recently been occupied by the Allies."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany, having anticipated the armistice, responded by attacking Italian forces in Italy, southern France, Greece, Yugoslavia, the Dodecanese, and freeing Benito Mussolini on 12 September."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany, having anticipated the armistice, responded by attacking Italian forces in Italy, southern France, Greece, Yugoslavia, the Dodecanese, and freeing Benito Mussolini on 12 September."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany, having anticipated the armistice, responded by attacking Italian forces in Italy, southern France, Greece, Yugoslavia, the Dodecanese, and freeing Benito Mussolini on 12 September."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian armed forces were forcefully disbanded in the north and center of the country, with most of Italy being occupied by the Germans, who established a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic led by Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q353201", "label": "Dino Grandi", "section": "Background", "says": "To help the execution of his plan, the King asked for the assistance of Dino Grandi (1st Count of Mordano), one of the leading members of the Fascist hierarchy who, in his younger years, had been considered the sole credible alternative to Mussolini as leader of the National Fascist Party."}, {"id": "Q751205", "label": "Giuseppe Bottai", "section": "Background", "says": "The secret rebels later involved Giuseppe Bottai, another high member of the Fascist Directorate and Minister of Culture, and Galeazzo Ciano (the 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari), the second most powerful man in the Fascist Party and Mussolini's son-in-law."}, {"id": "Q220105", "label": "Galeazzo Ciano", "section": "Background", "says": "The secret rebels later involved Giuseppe Bottai, another high member of the Fascist Directorate and Minister of Culture, and Galeazzo Ciano (the 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari), the second most powerful man in the Fascist Party and Mussolini's son-in-law."}, {"id": "Q955197", "label": "Enrico Caviglia", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Grandi had been told that another general of more significant personal and professional qualities (Marshal Enrico Caviglia) would have taken the position."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Adolf Hitler sent several divisions south of the Alps, officially to help defend Italy from Allied landings but really to control the country."}], "Q1987713": [{"id": "Q358874", "label": "Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Blue Star was a military operation by the Indian Armed Forces conducted between 1 and 10 June 1984, with the stated objective of removing Damdami Taksal leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and militants from the buildings of the Golden Temple, the holiest site of Sikhism, in Amritsar."}, {"id": "Q1149", "label": "Indira Gandhi", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 June 1984, after abortive negotiations with the Akalis, the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi ordered the army to launch Operation Blue Star, attacking the Golden Temple and scores of other Sikh temples and sites across Punjab."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Industrial development did not occur at the same pace of agricultural development in Punjab, as the Indian government was reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q5437404", "label": "Fateh Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1950s, the Akali Dal party launched the Punjabi Suba movement, demanding a new state within India with a majority of Punjabi speaking people, out of undivided East Punjab under the leadership of Sant Fateh Singh."}, {"id": "Q4593", "label": "Rajiv Gandhi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bhindar, personally selected by Indira Gandhi, issued a statement that there were no criminals hiding in the complex, and Rajiv Gandhi referred to Bhindranwale as simply a spiritual leader, with no arrest warrant of legal case against him, in March 1984."}], "Q205379": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Breitenfeld, 17 September 1631, took place during the Thirty Years' War outside Breitenfeld, Leipzig, in modern Saxony."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began in June 1630 when nearly 18,000 soldiers under Gustavus Adolphus landed in Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q155534", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "section": "lead", "says": "He made an alliance with John George I, Elector of Saxony, prompting an invasion of Saxony in early 1631 by Imperial troops led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "He marched south along the Oder towards Szczecin and coerced Bogislaw XIV into an alliance which secured Swedish interests in Pomerania against his rival Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q1140492", "label": "Smolensk War", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Sigismund turned his attention to Russia, initiating the 1632 to 1634 Smolensk War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Their caution was reinforced by previous experience, which showed inviting external powers into the Holy Roman Empire was easier than getting them to leave."}, {"id": "Q698045", "label": "Sack of Magdeburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Gustavus put pressure on Brandenburg by sacking Küstrin and Frankfurt an der Oder, while the Sack of Magdeburg in May 1631 provided a powerful warning of the consequences of Imperial victory."}, {"id": "Q1753007", "label": "treaty of Bärwalde", "section": "Background", "says": "Once again, Richelieu used French financial power to bridge differences between the Swedes and the German princes; the 1631 Treaty of Bärwalde provided funds for the Swedes and their Protestant allies, including Saxony and Brandenburg."}], "Q2172846": [{"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian famine of 1921–1922, also known as the Povolzhye famine (Russian: Голод в Поволжье 'Volga region famine'), was a severe famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted until 1922."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine resulted from the combined effects of severe drought, the continued effects of World War I, economic disturbance from the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and failures in the government policy of war communism (especially prodrazvyorstka)."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine resulted from the combined effects of severe drought, the continued effects of World War I, economic disturbance from the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and failures in the government policy of war communism (especially prodrazvyorstka)."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine resulted from the combined effects of severe drought, the continued effects of World War I, economic disturbance from the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and failures in the government policy of war communism (especially prodrazvyorstka)."}], "Q60042839": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "With 426 deaths, the tsunami was the deadliest volcanic tsunami in Indonesia since the 1883 Krakatoa tsunami, which originated from the same island."}], "Q620854": [{"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty confirmed the border between Finland and Soviet Russia after the Finnish Civil War and Finnish volunteer expeditions in Russian East Karelia that resulted in annexation of several Russian districts."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Political background", "says": "This alliance was short lived with the defeat of the central powers during World War I."}], "Q642117": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Nicaea was the first major battle of the First Crusade, taking place from 14 May to 19 June 1097."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicaea, located on the eastern shore of Lake Askania, had been captured from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Turks in 1081, and Nicaea formed the capital of the Sultanate of Rûm."}, {"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1096, the People's Crusade, the first stage of the First Crusade, had plundered the land surrounding the city before being destroyed by the Turks."}, {"id": "Q846670", "label": "Danishmendid dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "He left his family and his treasury behind in Nicaea and went east to fight the Danishmendids for control of Melitene."}], "Q660655": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes was a German offensive in the Eastern Front 2–16 September 1914, during the Russian invasion of East Prussia."}, {"id": "Q153858", "label": "Battle of Tannenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place only days after the Battle of Tannenberg where the German 8th Army encircled and destroyed the Russian 2nd Army."}], "Q682409": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Odessa, known to the Soviets as the defence of Odessa, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Odessa, known to the Soviets as the defence of Odessa, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Odessa, known to the Soviets as the defence of Odessa, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II."}], "Q690470": [{"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Mohács, also known as the Battle of Harsány Mountain, was fought on 12 August 1687 between the forces of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, commanded by the Grand Vizier Sarı Süleyman Pasha, and the forces of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, commanded by Charles of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q2062010", "label": "Sarı Süleyman Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Mohács, also known as the Battle of Harsány Mountain, was fought on 12 August 1687 between the forces of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, commanded by the Grand Vizier Sarı Süleyman Pasha, and the forces of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, commanded by Charles of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Mohács, also known as the Battle of Harsány Mountain, was fought on 12 August 1687 between the forces of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, commanded by the Grand Vizier Sarı Süleyman Pasha, and the forces of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, commanded by Charles of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q321546", "label": "Charles of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Mohács, also known as the Battle of Harsány Mountain, was fought on 12 August 1687 between the forces of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, commanded by the Grand Vizier Sarı Süleyman Pasha, and the forces of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, commanded by Charles of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Great Turkish War began in July 1683 with an attack on Vienna by the Ottoman army."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "The siege was broken by the Battle of Vienna on 12 September, won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the overall command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the Polish forces."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The siege was broken by the Battle of Vienna on 12 September, won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the overall command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the Polish forces."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "The siege was broken by the Battle of Vienna on 12 September, won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the overall command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the Polish forces."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "Background", "says": "The siege was broken by the Battle of Vienna on 12 September, won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the overall command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the Polish forces."}, {"id": "Q697654", "label": "Battle of Buda", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Buda they laid siege to and took over the former Hungarian capital of Buda."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The main army (of about 40,000 troops) under the command of Duke Charles of Lorraine proceeded along the River Danube to Osijek on the River Drava, while another army of about 20,000 men under the command of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria moved along the River Tisza to Szolnok and towards Petrovaradin."}], "Q690989": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement concluded in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, Russia and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and a number of German states drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and a number of German states drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1814, while the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal invaded France across the Pyrenees; Russia, Austria and their allies invaded France across the Rhine and, after the Battle of Paris, entered into negotiations with members of the French government for the abdication of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q780921", "label": "Battle of Paris", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1814, while the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal invaded France across the Pyrenees; Russia, Austria and their allies invaded France across the Rhine and, after the Battle of Paris, entered into negotiations with members of the French government for the abdication of Napoleon."}], "Q696256": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (日ソ中立条約, Nisso Chūritsu Jōyaku), also known as the Japanese–Soviet Non-aggression Pact (日ソ不可侵条約, Nisso Fukashin Jōyaku), was a non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan signed on April 13, 1941, two years after the conclusion of the Soviet-Japanese Border War."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (日ソ中立条約, Nisso Chūritsu Jōyaku), also known as the Japanese–Soviet Non-aggression Pact (日ソ不可侵条約, Nisso Fukashin Jōyaku), was a non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan signed on April 13, 1941, two years after the conclusion of the Soviet-Japanese Border War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement meant that for most of World War II, the two nations fought against each other's allies but not against each other."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On the other hand, the Empire of Japan was bogged down in a seemingly-interminable war against China and had rapidly-deteriorating diplomatic relations with the United States."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "Those factors made the Japanese seek an accommodation with the Soviet Union to improve its international standing and to secure the northern border of Manchukuo from a possible Soviet invasion."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Soviet premier Joseph Stalin was initially unaware of Adolf Hitler's briefing to his generals that an attack on the Soviet Union by the European Axis Powers would let Japan overtly challenge the United States."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "That briefing was based on the belief that if such an attack occurred, the Soviet Union would be too preoccupied with fighting Nazi Germany."}], "Q697579": [{"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Khasan (Russian: Хасанские бои), also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Chinese and Japanese: 張鼓峰事件; Chinese pinyin: Zhānggǔfēng Shìjiàn; Japanese romaji: Chōkohō Jiken), was an attempted military incursion by Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state, into territory claimed and controlled by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Khasan (Russian: Хасанские бои), also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Chinese and Japanese: 張鼓峰事件; Chinese pinyin: Zhānggǔfēng Shìjiàn; Japanese romaji: Chōkohō Jiken), was an attempted military incursion by Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state, into territory claimed and controlled by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "The southern branch of the CER, known in the West as the South Manchuria Railway, became the locus and partial casus belli for the Russo-Japanese War and subsequent incidents, leading to the Second Sino-Japanese War and Soviet–Japanese border conflicts."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "The southern branch of the CER, known in the West as the South Manchuria Railway, became the locus and partial casus belli for the Russo-Japanese War and subsequent incidents, leading to the Second Sino-Japanese War and Soviet–Japanese border conflicts."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1938 alone, four and a half times as many people were purged from the Far Eastern Front (the Soviet command in the region) as in the previous twelve months."}, {"id": "Q48129", "label": "Vasily Blyukher", "section": "Background", "says": "This in combination with lack of infrastructure, the overburdening of the front's commander, Marshal Vasily Blyukher (or Blücher), shortage of equipment, and poor organization led to the Front being in poor shape."}], "Q698706": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Kosovo (Hungarian: második rigómezei csata, Turkish: İkinci Kosova Muharebesi) was a land battle between a Hungarian-led Crusader army and the Ottoman Empire at Kosovo field (the Field of Blackbirds) that took place from 17–20 October 1448."}, {"id": "Q32832", "label": "Battle of Varna", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the culmination of a Hungarian offensive to avenge the defeat at the Battle of Varna four years earlier."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the three-day battle the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Murad II defeated the Crusader army of regent John Hunyadi."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "In the three-day battle the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Murad II defeated the Crusader army of regent John Hunyadi."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "With the end of the half-century-long Crusader threat to their European frontier, Murad's son Mehmed II was free to lay siege to Constantinople in 1453."}, {"id": "Q54053", "label": "Władysław III of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1444, the Hungarian king, Władysław III of Poland, in breach of a ten-year truce that existed with the Ottoman Empire following the Peace of Szeged, launched a new crusade."}, {"id": "Q12809335", "label": "Peace of Szeged", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1444, the Hungarian king, Władysław III of Poland, in breach of a ten-year truce that existed with the Ottoman Empire following the Peace of Szeged, launched a new crusade."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "For a full month the Hungarians stayed encamped awaiting their German, Wallachian, Bohe"}], "Q723608": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and the Dacians under King Decebalus during the reign of Emperor Trajan."}, {"id": "Q28928", "label": "Decebalus", "section": "lead", "says": "Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and the Dacians under King Decebalus during the reign of Emperor Trajan."}, {"id": "Q1423", "label": "Domitian", "section": "lead", "says": "Discontent with the treaty Domitian had concluded with Decebalus in 89 AD persisted, and Trajan, keen to assert himself as a soldier-emperor, took the opportunity to reassert Roman authority."}, {"id": "Q189375", "label": "Apollodorus of Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "Trajan's First Dacian War began in 101 AD, when the emperor led a major offensive across the Danube using a pontoon bridge constructed by his engineer Apollodorus of Damascus, who also cut a road through the river cliffs."}, {"id": "Q2078442", "label": "Second Dacian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 105, Trajan launched the Second Dacian War, this time crossing on the great stone bridge at Drobeta, also designed by Apollodorus."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "Dacia had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Julius Caesar when the Dacians defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Histria."}, {"id": "Q13403337", "label": "Domitian's Dacian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Domitian's Dacian War had re-established peace with Dacia in 89 AD."}], "Q755966": [{"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nineveh was the climactic battle of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-September 627, Heraclius invaded Sasanian Mesopotamia in a surprising, risky winter campaign."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "lead", "says": "Khosrow II appointed Rhahzadh as the commander of an army to confront him."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine victory later resulted in civil war in Persia, and for a period of time restored the (Eastern) Roman Empire to its ancient boundaries in West Asia."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian civil war significantly weakened the Sasanian Empire, contributing to the Muslim conquest of Persia."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While the Siege of Constantinople was taking place, Heraclius allied with what Byzantine sources called the Khazars under Ziebel, who are identified with the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks led by Tong Yabghu, plying him with wondrous gifts and a promise of the reward of the porphyrogenita Eudoxia Epiphania."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While the Siege of Constantinople was taking place, Heraclius allied with what Byzantine sources called the Khazars under Ziebel, who are identified with the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks led by Tong Yabghu, plying him with wondrous gifts and a promise of the reward of the porphyrogenita Eudoxia Epiphania."}], "Q75626": [{"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q110745", "label": "Attalus I", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "It is commonly thought that these skirmishes in the east prevented Macedon from aiding the Carthaginian general Hannibal in the war with Rome."}], "Q768496": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Banana Wars (Spanish: Guerras bananeras, Haitian Creole: Lagè Bannann) were a series of conflicts that consisted of military occupation, police action, and intervention by the United States in Central America and the Caribbean between the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898 and the inception of the Good Neighbor policy in 1934."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Banana Wars (Spanish: Guerras bananeras, Haitian Creole: Lagè Bannann) were a series of conflicts that consisted of military occupation, police action, and intervention by the United States in Central America and the Caribbean between the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898 and the inception of the Good Neighbor policy in 1934."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Treaty of Paris signed in 1898, control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines fell to the United States (surrendered from Spain)."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States conducted military interventions in Cuba, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q1591801", "label": "Hay–Pauncefote Treaty", "section": "Origins", "says": "With the 1901 Hay–Pauncefote Treaty, granting the U.S. control to build the Panama Canal, the U.S. felt the need to protect its economic goals and strategic objectives in the region which would later set the stage for the Banana Wars."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "Origins", "says": "Nicaragua was the main center of unrest against U.S. companies' interest."}, {"id": "Q879169", "label": "Manuel Estrada Cabrera", "section": "Origins", "says": "Two main figures involved were Guatemala's ruler Manuel Estrada Cabrera, who ruthlessly modernized the economy with Indian slave labor, and Nicaragua's Liberal ruler, Jose Santos Zelaya."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "Origins", "says": "Cabrera managed to convince the U.S. representatives in Latin America that he was an enlightened progressive trying to bring Guatemala into the modern age like America."}], "Q84098939": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia had the tenth-highest number of confirmed cases in the world, after the United States, India, France, Brazil, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Italy and Japan."}], "Q845737": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the members of the Western Union, as an expansion to the Treaty of Dunkirk, which had been signed between Britain and France the previous year to guard against possible German or Soviet aggression after the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the members of the Western Union, as an expansion to the Treaty of Dunkirk, which had been signed between Britain and France the previous year to guard against possible German or Soviet aggression after the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the members of the Western Union, as an expansion to the Treaty of Dunkirk, which had been signed between Britain and France the previous year to guard against possible German or Soviet aggression after the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q877399", "label": "North Atlantic Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The need to back up the commitments of the North Atlantic Treaty with appropriate political and military structures led to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)."}, {"id": "Q1206379", "label": "General Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the WEU that was established by the Modified Brussels Treaty was significantly less powerful and ambitious than the original Western Union, German membership of the WEU was considered sufficient for the occupation of the country to end in accordance with the General Treaty."}], "Q846708": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1713, also known as the Pruth River Campaign, was a brief military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1713, also known as the Pruth River Campaign, was a brief military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The main battle took place during 18–22 July 1711 in the basin of the Pruth river near Stănilești after Tsar Peter I entered the Ottoman vassal Principality of Moldavia, following the Ottoman Empire's declaration of war on Russia."}, {"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The main battle took place during 18–22 July 1711 in the basin of the Pruth river near Stănilești after Tsar Peter I entered the Ottoman vassal Principality of Moldavia, following the Ottoman Empire's declaration of war on Russia."}, {"id": "Q313349", "label": "Treaty of the Pruth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman victory led to the Treaty of the Pruth which was confirmed by the Treaty of Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1713 broke out as a result of the Great Northern War, which pitted the Swedish Empire of King Charles XII of Sweden against the Tsardom of Russia of Tsar Peter I."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1713 broke out as a result of the Great Northern War, which pitted the Swedish Empire of King Charles XII of Sweden against the Tsardom of Russia of Tsar Peter I."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1713 broke out as a result of the Great Northern War, which pitted the Swedish Empire of King Charles XII of Sweden against the Tsardom of Russia of Tsar Peter I."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles invaded Russian-ruled Ukraine in 1708, but suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Poltava in the summer of 1709."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III declined incessant Russian demands for Charles's eviction, prompting Tsar Peter I to attack the Ottoman Empire, which in its turn declared war on Russia on 20 November 1710."}, {"id": "Q159933", "label": "Dimitrie Cantemir", "section": "Background", "says": "Concurrently with these events, the ruler (Hospodar) Dimitrie Cantemir of Moldavia and Tsar Peter signed the Treaty of Lutsk (13 April 1711), by which Moldavia pledged to support Russia in its war against the Ottomans with troops and by allowing the Russian army to cross its territory and place garrisons in Moldavian fortresses."}], "Q852365": [{"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite initial successes by the German and Italian forces brought from the mainland and which had withdrawn into and occupied Tunisia, after their defeat in the Western Desert and the success of Operation Torch, massive supply interdiction efforts and Allied assaults from east and west led to the decisive defeat of the Axis."}], "Q862586": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The September Massacres were a series of killings and summary executions of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792 from 2 September to 6 September during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q184623", "label": "Georges Danton", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 September, around 1:00 pm, Minister of Justice Georges Danton delivered a speech in the assembly, stating: \"We ask that anyone refusing to give personal service or to furnish arms shall be punished with death."}, {"id": "Q464513", "label": "Jean-Lambert Tallien", "section": "lead", "says": "The next morning, the surveillance committees of the commune published a circular that called on provincial patriots to defend Paris by eliminating counter-revolutionaries, and the secretary, Jean-Lambert Tallien, called on other cities to follow suit."}, {"id": "Q216063", "label": "Charlotte Corday", "section": "lead", "says": "Charlotte Corday held Jean-Paul Marat responsible, while Madame Roland blamed Danton."}, {"id": "Q122290", "label": "Jean-Paul Marat", "section": "lead", "says": "Charlotte Corday held Jean-Paul Marat responsible, while Madame Roland blamed Danton."}, {"id": "Q236554", "label": "Manon Roland", "section": "lead", "says": "Charlotte Corday held Jean-Paul Marat responsible, while Madame Roland blamed Danton."}, {"id": "Q355112", "label": "Louis Blanc", "section": "lead", "says": "Danton was also accused by later French historians Adolphe Thiers, Alphonse de Lamartine, Jules Michelet, Louis Blanc and Edgar Quinet of doing nothing to stop them."}, {"id": "Q551735", "label": "Edgar Quinet", "section": "lead", "says": "Danton was also accused by later French historians Adolphe Thiers, Alphonse de Lamartine, Jules Michelet, Louis Blanc and Edgar Quinet of doing nothing to stop them."}, {"id": "Q663862", "label": "Georges Lefebvre", "section": "lead", "says": "According to modern historian Georges Lefebvre, the \"collective mentality is a sufficient explanation for the killing\"."}], "Q111013267": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 February 2022, a few hours after the president of Russia, Vladimir Putin announced the beginning of a \"special military operation\" in Ukraine, Russian troops of the Russian Airborne Forces (VDV) made an air assault on Antonov Airport with the objective of capturing it."}], "Q1129412": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords."}, {"id": "Q309204", "label": "Camp David Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords."}], "Q1136575": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandalic War (533–534) was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the Germanic Vandal Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandalic War (533–534) was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the Germanic Vandal Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandalic War (533–534) was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the Germanic Vandal Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first war of Emperor Justinian I's Renovatio imperii Romanorum, wherein the Byzantines attempted to reassert Roman sovereignty over territory formerly controlled by the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "lead", "says": "Under their king, Geiseric, the Vandal navy carried out pirate attacks across the Mediterranean, sacked Rome in 455, and defeated a Roman invasion in 468 at Cape Bon."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "In 530, a palace coup occurred in Carthage due to a defeat against a local chief of the Frexes tribe Antalas, for which Gelimer blamed Hilderic, and the Vandals overthrew the pro-Roman Hilderic and replaced him with his cousin Gelimer."}, {"id": "Q310962", "label": "Hilderic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 530, a palace coup occurred in Carthage due to a defeat against a local chief of the Frexes tribe Antalas, for which Gelimer blamed Hilderic, and the Vandals overthrew the pro-Roman Hilderic and replaced him with his cousin Gelimer."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian took this as a pretext to intervene in Vandal affairs, and after securing the eastern frontier with Sassanid Persia in 532, he began preparing an expedition under general Belisarius, whose secretary Procopius wrote the main historical narrative of the war."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian took this as a pretext to intervene in Vandal affairs, and after securing the eastern frontier with Sassanid Persia in 532, he began preparing an expedition under general Belisarius, whose secretary Procopius wrote the main historical narrative of the war."}, {"id": "Q1127353", "label": "Battle of Ad Decimum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal king hastily gathered his forces and met the Roman army at the Battle of Ad Decimum, near Carthage, on 13 September."}, {"id": "Q598261", "label": "Battle of Tricamarum", "section": "lead", "says": "In December, Gelimer advanced towards Carthage and met the Romans at the Battle of Tricamarum."}, {"id": "Q291932", "label": "Antonina", "section": "Background", "says": "Belisarius was accompanied by his wife, Antonina, and by Procopius, his secretary, who wrote the history of the war."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "Background", "says": "The eunuch Solomon was chosen as Belisarius' chief of staff (domesticus) and the former praetorian prefect Archelaus was placed in charge of the army's provisioning, while Rufinus the Thracian and Aïgan the Hun led the cavalry."}], "Q1154330": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Conflict between King Louis XVI and the country's new revolutionary Legislative Assembly increased through the spring and summer of 1792 as Louis vetoed radical measures voted upon by the Assembly."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 August, the National Guard of the Paris Commune and fédérés from Marseille and Brittany stormed the King's residence in the Tuileries Palace in Paris, which was defended by the Swiss Guards."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 April 1792, the Kingdom of France declared war on Austria."}], "Q11821309": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Belgrade, also known as the Belgrade Peace, was a peace treaty between the Habsburg Monarchy and Ottoman Empire, that was signed on September 18, 1739, in Belgrade (modern Serbia), thus ending the Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739)."}], "Q1330607": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, successor states to Alexander the Great's empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region then called Coele-Syria, more or less equivalent to modern day Israel, Palestine and the Beqaa Valley."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, successor states to Alexander the Great's empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region then called Coele-Syria, more or less equivalent to modern day Israel, Palestine and the Beqaa Valley."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, successor states to Alexander the Great's empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region then called Coele-Syria, more or less equivalent to modern day Israel, Palestine and the Beqaa Valley."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Wars of the Diadochi following Alexander's death, Coele-Syria initially came under the rule of Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Wars of the Diadochi following Alexander's death, Coele-Syria initially came under the rule of Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "Background", "says": "In 301 BC Ptolemy I Soter, who four years earlier had crowned himself King of Egypt, exploited events surrounding the Battle of Ipsus to take control of the region."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "Background", "says": "In 301 BC Ptolemy I Soter, who four years earlier had crowned himself King of Egypt, exploited events surrounding the Battle of Ipsus to take control of the region."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "Background", "says": "The victors at Ipsus, however, had allocated Coele-Syria to Ptolemy's former ally Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "Background", "says": "Seleucus, who had been aided by Ptolemy during his ascent to power, did not take any military action to reclaim the region."}], "Q136033573": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 August 2025, at 23:47 AFT (19:17 UTC), an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw) struck eastern Afghanistan, near the border with Pakistan."}], "Q1455240": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Prague, dated 30 May 1635 Old Style, was a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed by John George I, Elector of Saxony, and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, the terms ended Saxony's support for the anti-Imperial coalition led by Sweden."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Other states within the Holy Roman Empire subsequently joined the treaty, and their exit was a key factor in Catholic France entering the war as an ally of Protestant Sweden."}, {"id": "Q57195", "label": "Frederick V of the Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when the Protestant  Frederick V of the Palatinate, accepted the crown of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "With Bavarian support, Emperor Ferdinand quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "With Bavarian support, Emperor Ferdinand quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q57206", "label": "Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Troops under Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria invaded the Palatinate in 1622 and sent Frederick into exile."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Christian IV of Denmark invaded Northern Germany in support of his fellow Protestants until forced to withdraw in 1629."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "By effectively undoing the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, the edict forced moderate Protestants like John George of Saxony and George William of Brandenburg into opposition."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Pomerania with money from France and support from Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Pomerania with money from France and support from Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden competed with Prussia and the Dutch Republic over the lucrative Baltic trade, and sought to retain its post-1630 acquisition of Swedish Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden competed with Prussia and the Dutch Republic over the lucrative Baltic trade, and sought to retain its post-1630 acquisition of Swedish Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "The execution of Imperial Commander Albrecht von Wallenstein in February 1634 removed a major obstacle since he had become an independent agent."}], "Q1509619": [{"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1299, between an Ottoman Turkish army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under Georgios Mouzalon."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Ottoman Turks."}], "Q15353665": [{"id": "Q57315", "label": "Salva Kiir Mayardit", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the war's end, South Sudan has been governed by a coalition formed by leaders of the former warring factions, Salva Kiir Mayardit and Riek Machar."}, {"id": "Q444994", "label": "Riek Machar", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the war's end, South Sudan has been governed by a coalition formed by leaders of the former warring factions, Salva Kiir Mayardit and Riek Machar."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations were mediated by IGAD, the African Union, the United Nations, China, the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and Norway; the \"Compromise Peace Agreement\" was signed in August 2015."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations were mediated by IGAD, the African Union, the United Nations, China, the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and Norway; the \"Compromise Peace Agreement\" was signed in August 2015."}, {"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Second Sudanese Civil War, the government in Khartoum, beginning in 1984, began a deliberate policy of \"divide and rule\" by arming young men with assault rifles and ammunition and encouraging them to engage in unlimited violence on cattle raids, hoping the resulting ethnic violence would cause so much disunity as to end the rebellion."}], "Q1552718": [{"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was a joint project between Isabella's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand's Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was a joint project between Isabella's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand's Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown of Aragon was less important: apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself, Aragon provided naval collaboration, guns, and some financial loans."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The aftermath of war brought to an end coexistence between religions in the Iberian peninsula: Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492, and by 1501, all of Granada's Muslims were obliged to convert to Christianity, become slaves, or be exiled; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain. \"New Christians\" (conversos) came to be accused of crypto-Islam and crypto-Ju"}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada, and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the Reconquista."}], "Q243618": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Vienna Award was the second of two territorial disputes that were arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Vienna Award was the second of two territorial disputes that were arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q10975458", "label": "Maramureș", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 August 1940, they assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania, including all of Maramureș and part of Crișana, from the Kingdom of Romania to the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 August 1940, they assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania, including all of Maramureș and part of Crișana, from the Kingdom of Romania to the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I, the multiethnic Kingdom of Hungary was divided by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon to form several new nation states, but Hungary noted that the new state borders did not follow ethnic boundaries."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I, the multiethnic Kingdom of Hungary was divided by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon to form several new nation states, but Hungary noted that the new state borders did not follow ethnic boundaries."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The new nation state of Hungary was about a third the size of prewar Hungary, and millions of ethnic Hungarians were left outside the new Hungarian borders."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "The good relations with Germany and Italy allowed Hungary to regain southern Czechoslovakia in the First Vienna Award of 1938 and Subcarpathia in 1939."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "Background", "says": "The good relations with Germany and Italy allowed Hungary to regain southern Czechoslovakia in the First Vienna Award of 1938 and Subcarpathia in 1939."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "In late June 1940, the Romanian government gave in to a Soviet ultimatum and allowed Moscow to take over both Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which had been incorporated into Romania after World War I, as well as the Hertsa region."}], "Q279662": [{"id": "Q315066", "label": "Plutarco Elías Calles", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was instigated as a response to an executive decree by Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles to strictly enforce Article 130 of the Constitution, an implementing act known as the Calles Law."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mexican Army received support from the United States."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion has been variously interpreted as a major event in the struggle between church and state that dates back to the 19th century with the War of Reform, and as the last major peasant uprising in Mexico after the end of the military phase of the Mexican Revolution in 1920."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "Background", "says": "The fomenting conflict attracted the attention of Pope Pius XI, who issued a series of papal encyclicals from 1925 to 1937."}], "Q30327722": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of four initial deadly wildfires erupted across central Portugal in the afternoon of 17 June 2017 within minutes of each other, resulting in at least 66 deaths and 204 injured people."}, {"id": "Q610788", "label": "António Costa", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese officials dispatched more than 1,700 firefighters nationwide to combat the blazes and Prime Minister António Costa declared three days of national mourning."}], "Q944941": [{"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Irish: Éirí Amach 1798; Ulster Scots: \"The Turn Out\"/\"The Hurries\") was a popular insurrection against the British Crown in what was then the separate, but subordinate, Kingdom of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q437962", "label": "Wolfe Tone", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 October, a second French expedition was defeated in a naval action off the coast of County Donegal leading to the capture of the United Irish leader Wolfe Tone."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of the rebellion, Acts of Union 1800 abolished the Irish legislature and brought Ireland under the crown of a United Kingdom through the Parliament at Westminster."}, {"id": "Q208958", "label": "Good Friday Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Renewed in a bicentenary year that coincided with the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the debate over the interpretation and significance of 1798 continues."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "Anticipating war with the new French Republic, George III received a delegation from the convention (including Tone) at Windsor, and the British government pressed the Irish Parliament to match Westminster's Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791."}], "Q111458253": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2022 Sri Lankan protests, also known as Aragalaya (Sinhala: අරගලය, lit. 'The Struggle'), were a series of mass protests that began in March 2022 against the government of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q1538702", "label": "Gotabaya Rajapaksa", "section": "lead", "says": "The protesters' main demand was the resignation of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and key officials from the Rajapaksa family."}, {"id": "Q57338", "label": "Mahinda Rajapaksa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 April, all 26 members of the Second Gotabaya Rajapaksa cabinet resigned with the exception of Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa."}], "Q1121402": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict resulted in the deaths of 1,100–2,000 Lebanese and Palestinians, 20 Israelis, and the internal displacement of 100,000 to 250,000 people in Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "Background", "says": "This violence was exacerbated by an influx of some 3,000 PLO militants who had fled Jordan following the defeat of Palestinian groups to Jordanian forces during the Black September conflict; the Palestinian political cause began to regroup in southern Lebanon and re-shifted the focus of its attacks to Israeli targets, and did so via the Israel–Lebanon border."}], "Q1121532": [{"id": "Q1430929", "label": "Battle of Wadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alcácer Quibir (also known as \"Battle of Three Kings\" (Arabic: معركة الملوك الثلاثة) or \"Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin\" (Arabic: معركة وادي المخازن) in Morocco) was fought in northern Morocco, near the town of Ksar-el-Kebir (variant spellings: Ksar El Kebir, Alcácer-Quivir, Alcazarquivir, Alcassar, etc.) and Larache, on 4 August 1578."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of Portugal and disappearance of the childless Sebastian led to the end of the Aviz dynasty, and the integration of the country into the Iberian Union for 60 years under the Philippine dynasty in a dynastic union with Spain."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of Portugal and disappearance of the childless Sebastian led to the end of the Aviz dynasty, and the integration of the country into the Iberian Union for 60 years under the Philippine dynasty in a dynastic union with Spain."}], "Q112222097": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for President of Russia Vladimir Putin (who has explicitly supported the forced adoptions, including by enacting legislation to facilitate them) and Children's Rights Commissioner Maria Lvova-Belova for their alleged involvement."}, {"id": "Q99521842", "label": "Maria Lvova-Belova", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for President of Russia Vladimir Putin (who has explicitly supported the forced adoptions, including by enacting legislation to facilitate them) and Children's Rights Commissioner Maria Lvova-Belova for their alleged involvement."}, {"id": "Q865344", "label": "Genocide Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "According to international law, including the 1948 Genocide Convention, such acts constitute genocide if done with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nation or ethnic group."}], "Q112524": [{"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "Remnants of the Yuan imperial court retreated northwards and is thereafter known as the Northern Yuan in historiography."}], "Q1130792": [{"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty concluded the Finnish War and was signed in the Finnish town of Fredrikshamn (Hamina)."}, {"id": "Q546048", "label": "Nikolay Rumyantsev", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia was represented by Nikolay Rumyantsev and David Alopaeus (Russian ambassador to Stockholm), while Sweden by Infantry General Kurt von Stedingk (former Swedish ambassador to Saint Petersburg) and Colonel Anders Fredrik Skjöldebrand."}], "Q11475544": [{"id": "Q618066", "label": "First Servile War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Servile Wars were a series of three slave revolts (\"servile\" is derived from servus, Latin for \"slave\") in the late Roman Republic:\n\nFirst Servile War (135−132 BC)  —  in Sicily, led by Eunus, a former slave claiming to be a prophet, and Cleon from Cilicia\nSecond Servile War (104−100 BC) — in Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon\nThird Servile War  (73−71 BC) — in mainland Italy, led by Spartacu"}, {"id": "Q194378", "label": "Third Servile War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Servile Wars were a series of three slave revolts (\"servile\" is derived from servus, Latin for \"slave\") in the late Roman Republic:\n\nFirst Servile War (135−132 BC)  —  in Sicily, led by Eunus, a former slave claiming to be a prophet, and Cleon from Cilicia\nSecond Servile War (104−100 BC) — in Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon\nThird Servile War  (73−71 BC) — in mainland Italy, led by Spartacu"}, {"id": "Q83406", "label": "Spartacus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Servile Wars were a series of three slave revolts (\"servile\" is derived from servus, Latin for \"slave\") in the late Roman Republic:\n\nFirst Servile War (135−132 BC)  —  in Sicily, led by Eunus, a former slave claiming to be a prophet, and Cleon from Cilicia\nSecond Servile War (104−100 BC) — in Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon\nThird Servile War  (73−71 BC) — in mainland Italy, led by Spartacu"}], "Q1187550": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy, a United States senator and candidate in the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, won the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4."}, {"id": "Q43303", "label": "Malcolm X", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy) in 1963, Malcolm X in 1965, and Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1948, he visited Palestine and wrote six dispatches for The Boston Post."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Background", "says": "During a campaign speech, Kennedy declared his support for Israel, stating that in the event of an attack, \"we will stand by Israel and come to her assistance.\" He won the election; during his congressional career, he supported civil rights and opposed Johnson's policies regarding the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "In late January 1968, the Tet Offensive in Vietnam, in the view of historian Lloyd Gardner, \"shattered hopes that the war could be won within a reasonable period of time—if ever—and broke open the cracks in the Democratic coalition\"."}], "Q1334924": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France."}, {"id": "Q169992", "label": "John II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In retrospect, it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)."}, {"id": "Q201692", "label": "Battle of Poitiers", "section": "Background", "says": "King John II of France, taken as a prisoner of war at the Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356), worked with King Edward III of England to write out the Treaty of London."}], "Q1443926": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Декларация и договор об образовании Союза Советских Социалистических Республик) officially created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q76986", "label": "Belovezh Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 December 1991, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian presidents signed the Belovezha Accords."}], "Q1470998": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Simla Agreement, also spelled Shimla Agreement, is a bilateral peace treaty and framework agreement signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Shimla, the capital of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh."}, {"id": "Q371394", "label": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed Pakistan's defeat in the India–Pakistan war of 1971, which began after India intervened in the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan on Mukti Bahini's side against Pakistan Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed Pakistan's defeat in the India–Pakistan war of 1971, which began after India intervened in the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan on Mukti Bahini's side against Pakistan Armed Forces."}], "Q1501724": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Restoration War between Portugal and Spain began in 1641 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, bringing a formal end to the Iberian Union."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Restoration War between Portugal and Spain began in 1641 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, bringing a formal end to the Iberian Union."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco-Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese War until 1663."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco-Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese War until 1663."}, {"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco-Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese War until 1663."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "The war established the House of Braganza as Portugal's new ruling dynasty, replacing the House of Habsburg, which had been united with the Portuguese crown since the 1580 succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The war established the House of Braganza as Portugal's new ruling dynasty, replacing the House of Habsburg, which had been united with the Portuguese crown since the 1580 succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q176253", "label": "Catherine of Braganza", "section": "Context: relations among the European powers", "says": "That took the form of a dynastic marriage in 1662 between Charles II and Afonso VI's sister, Catherine of Braganza, which assured Portugal of outside support in its conflict with Spain."}], "Q162228": [{"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malmedy massacre was a German war crime committed by soldiers of the Waffen-SS on 17 December 1944 at the Baugnez crossroads near the city of Malmedy, Belgium, during the Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945)."}, {"id": "Q57175", "label": "Sepp Dietrich", "section": "Background", "says": "1945) was for the 6th SS Panzer Army, commanded by SS General Sepp Dietrich, to penetrate the Allied front between the towns of Monschau and Losheimergraben (a cross-border village shared by the municipalities of Hellenthal and Büllingen), then cross the River Meuse, and afterwards assault and capture the city of Antwerp."}, {"id": "Q57199", "label": "Joachim Peiper", "section": "Background", "says": "For their part of the Ardennes counter-attack, the Kampfgruppe Peiper was the armored spearhead of the left wing of the 6th SS Panzer Army, under the command of SS-Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Because the strategy of the Ardennes Counteroffensive had reserved the roads with the strongest roadway for the bulk traffic of the tanks of the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, the convoys of Kampfgruppe Peiper traveled secondary roads with weak roadways that proved unsuitable for the weights of armored military vehicles, such as Tiger II tanks."}], "Q162287": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hürtgen Forest (German: Schlacht im Hürtgenwald) was a series of battles fought from 19 September to 16 December 1944, between American and German forces on the Western Front during World War II, in the Hürtgen Forest, a 140 km2 (54 mi2) area about 5 km (3.1 mi) east of the Belgian–German border."}, {"id": "Q327052", "label": "Battle of Aachen", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. commanders' initial goal was to pin down German forces in the area to keep them from reinforcing the front lines farther north in the Battle of Aachen, where the US forces were fighting against the Siegfried Line network of fortified industrial towns and villages speckled with pillboxes, tank traps, and minefields."}, {"id": "Q885019", "label": "Operation Queen", "section": "lead", "says": "In a second phase the Allies wanted to advance to the Rur River as part of Operation Queen."}, {"id": "Q70536", "label": "Walter Model", "section": "lead", "says": "Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model intended to bring the Allied thrust to a standstill."}, {"id": "Q387093", "label": "Battle of Arnhem", "section": "lead", "says": "While he interfered less in the day-to-day movements of units than at the Battle of Arnhem, he still kept himself fully informed on the situation, slowing the Allies' progress, inflicting heavy casualties, and taking full advantage of the fortifications the Germans called the Westwall, and which the Allies knew as the Siegfried Line."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans fiercely defended the area because it served as a staging area for the 1944 winter offensive Wacht am Rhein (known in English-speaking countries as the Battle of the Bulge), and because the mountains commanded access to the Rur Dam at the head of the Rur Reservoir (Rurstausee)."}], "Q165549": [{"id": "Q3042599", "label": "Władysław Bortnowski", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Army Pomorze, under General Władysław Bortnowski, found itself surrounded in the Polish Corridor by German forces on two fronts."}], "Q169436": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rostov (1941) took place on the Eastern Front of World War II around Rostov-on-Don and was fought between Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rostov (1941) took place on the Eastern Front of World War II around Rostov-on-Don and was fought between Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rostov (1941) took place on the Eastern Front of World War II around Rostov-on-Don and was fought between Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rostov (1941) took place on the Eastern Front of World War II around Rostov-on-Don and was fought between Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle comprised three phases: the German Sea of Azov Offensive Operation by Army Group South (General Gerd von Rundstedt) (begun on 12 September 1941), the Soviet Rostov Defensive Operation (5 November 1941 – 16 November 1941) by the Southern Front (General Yakov Timofeyevich Cherevichenko), and the Rostov Offensive Operation (27 November 1941 – 2 December 1941) executed by the same Soviet Fr"}, {"id": "Q57174", "label": "Franz Halder", "section": "lead", "says": "Rundstedt's successor Walther von Reichenau confirmed the retreat order with the backing of the Army High Command Chief of Staff Franz Halder and Hitler relented (details here)."}, {"id": "Q697658", "label": "First Battle of Kharkov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Walther von Reichenau's 6th Army captured Kharkov in the First Battle of Kharkov."}], "Q1759161": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War during World War II."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan's initial goals were to protect the flank of their ongoing offensive in New Guinea, establish a security barrier for the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain, and construct bases from which they could interdict supply lines between the Allied powers of the United States and Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan's initial goals were to protect the flank of their ongoing offensive in New Guinea, establish a security barrier for the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain, and construct bases from which they could interdict supply lines between the Allied powers of the United States and Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan's initial goals were to protect the flank of their ongoing offensive in New Guinea, establish a security barrier for the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain, and construct bases from which they could interdict supply lines between the Allied powers of the United States and Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan's initial goals were to protect the flank of their ongoing offensive in New Guinea, establish a security barrier for the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain, and construct bases from which they could interdict supply lines between the Allied powers of the United States and Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "Japanese troops successfully captured Tulagi, but Japanese attempts to capture Port Moresby were repulsed by American naval forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "Background", "says": "One month later, the Japanese Combined Fleet lost four fleet aircraft carriers at the Battle of Midway."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies began countering the continued threat to Australia via a build-up of troops and aircraft in the region, with the eventual goal of reconquering the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q366731", "label": "Ernest King", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1942 Admiral Ernest King, then Commander-in Chief of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q752431", "label": "New Hebrides", "section": "Background", "says": "Fleet, had advocated an offensive from the New Hebrides through the Solomon Islands to the Bismarck Archipelago."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the American victory at Midway, General Douglas MacArthur, who had taken command of the South West Pacific Area, proposed a lightning offensive to retake Rabaul, which the Japanese were fortifying and utilizing as a major base of operations."}], "Q210862": [{"id": "Q202979", "label": "Cordell Hull", "section": "lead", "says": "Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S. armed intervention in the domestic affairs of Latin America."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The acceptance of Brazil, Peru and the United States as signatories was subject to minor reservations."}], "Q21201293": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake was a magnitude 7.5 earthquake that struck South Asia on 26 October 2015, at 13:39 AFT (14:09 PKT; 14:39 IST; 09:09 UTC) with the epicenter 45 km north of Kuran wa Munjan, Afghanistan, at a depth of 231.0 km."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "By 5 November, it was estimated that at least 399 people were killed, mostly in Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Tremors were felt in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Tremors were felt in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was also felt in the Nepalese capital of Kathmandu."}], "Q22039066": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacker was Nabil Fadli (Arabic: نبيل فضلي), a Syrian member of the Islamic State."}], "Q221941": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1718 to 1720, was a conflict between Spain and a coalition of Austria, Great Britain, France, and Savoy, with the addition of the Dutch Republic in 1719."}, {"id": "Q241110", "label": "Battle of Cape Passaro", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 August, Austria, France, Britain and Savoy formed the Quadruple Alliance, and on 11 August, the Royal Navy defeated a Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro."}, {"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, Spain ceded Sardinia to Austria and Sicily to Savoy."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Their recovery was a priority for the French-born Philip V of Spain."}, {"id": "Q539927", "label": "Giulio Alberoni", "section": "Background", "says": "The objective was reinforced by Chief Minister Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, who, like Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese, was a native of Parma."}, {"id": "Q229867", "label": "Elisabeth Farnese", "section": "Background", "says": "The objective was reinforced by Chief Minister Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, who, like Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese, was a native of Parma."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Charles VI also refused to accept that principle and delayed the implementation of the Barrier Treaty in the newly-acquired Austrian Netherlands, an objective for which the Dutch Republic had effectively bankrupted itself."}], "Q233343": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Bull Run or Battle of Second Manassas was fought August 28–30, 1862, in Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q221469", "label": "First Battle of Bull Run", "section": "lead", "says": "John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run (or First Manassas) fought on July 21, 1861, on the same ground."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "lead", "says": "James Longstreet."}], "Q2355467": [{"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Buxar was fought between 22 and 23 October 1764, between the forces of the British East India Company, under the command of Major Hector Munro, against the combined armies of Shah Alam II, the Emperor of the Mughal Empire; Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Balwant Singh, the Maharaja of the Benares State; Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh."}, {"id": "Q4062556", "label": "Treaty of Allahabad", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was brought to an end by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765."}], "Q243585": [{"id": "Q2092429", "label": "Serbian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Serbian Uprising was the second phase of the Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the re-annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire in 1813."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Serbian Uprising was the second phase of the Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the re-annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire in 1813."}, {"id": "Q368689", "label": "First Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation was enforced following the defeat of the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813), during which Serbia existed as a de facto independent state for over a decade."}, {"id": "Q297557", "label": "Miloš Obrenović I", "section": "Background", "says": "Only a few commanders such as Miloš Obrenović and Stanoje Glavaš remained in Serbia."}], "Q258873": [{"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "Background", "says": "Houteff founded the Davidians based on his prophecy of an imminent apocalypse involving the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and the defeat of the evil armies of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q27118", "label": "Henry McMahon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On July 30, ATF agents David Aguilera and Skinner visited the Branch Davidians' gun dealer Henry McMahon, who tried to get them to talk with Koresh on the phone."}], "Q275618": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The military occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany began with the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, continued with the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The military occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany began with the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, continued with the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Anschluss of Austria in March 1938 and the Munich Agreement in September of that same year, Adolf Hitler annexed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia on 1 October, giving Germany control of the extensive Czechoslovak border fortifications in this area."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Anschluss of Austria in March 1938 and the Munich Agreement in September of that same year, Adolf Hitler annexed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia on 1 October, giving Germany control of the extensive Czechoslovak border fortifications in this area."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally the First Vienna Award gave to Hungary the southern territories of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, mostly inhabited by Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally the First Vienna Award gave to Hungary the southern territories of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, mostly inhabited by Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally the First Vienna Award gave to Hungary the southern territories of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, mostly inhabited by Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q156502", "label": "Emil Hácha", "section": "lead", "says": "The following day, during a visit to Berlin, the Czechoslovak president Emil Hácha was coerced into signing away his country's independence as Hungary annexed the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia."}, {"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "lead", "says": "Reprisal killings were especially harsh after the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, including the infamous Lidice massacre."}, {"id": "Q163780", "label": "Slovak National Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1944 Germany extended the occupation of Czechoslovakia to Hungary in Operation Margarethe, then to Slovakia in August 1944 following the Slovak National Uprising."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation ended with the surrender of Germany at the end of World War II."}], "Q2988530": [{"id": "Q149724", "label": "Faisal II of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi military coup, was a military coup that took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, resulting in the toppling of King Faisal II and the overthrow of the Hashemite-led Kingdom of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi military coup, was a military coup that took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, resulting in the toppling of King Faisal II and the overthrow of the Hashemite-led Kingdom of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q146713", "label": "Arab Federation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi Republic established in its wake ended the Hashemite Arab Federation between Iraq and Jordan that had been established just six months earlier."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Unrest mounted amid economic malaise and widespread disapproval of Western influence, which was exacerbated by the formation of the Baghdad Pact in 1955, as well as Faisal's support of the British-led invasion of Egypt during the Suez Crisis."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Pan-Arabic sentiment in Iraq was further bolstered by the creation of the United Arab Republic in February 1958 under the leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser, a staunch proponent of anti-imperialist causes."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "Pan-Arabic sentiment in Iraq was further bolstered by the creation of the United Arab Republic in February 1958 under the leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser, a staunch proponent of anti-imperialist causes."}, {"id": "Q299732", "label": "Abd al-Karim Qasim", "section": "lead", "says": "A group of Iraqi Free Officers, led by Brigadier Abdul-Karim Qasim and Colonel Abdul Salam Arif, took advantage of the opportunity and instead marched on Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q307494", "label": "Abdul Salam Arif", "section": "lead", "says": "A group of Iraqi Free Officers, led by Brigadier Abdul-Karim Qasim and Colonel Abdul Salam Arif, took advantage of the opportunity and instead marched on Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "By March 1959, the new Iraqi government had withdrawn from the Baghdad Pact and aligned itself with the Soviet Union."}], "Q315342": [{"id": "Q7882199", "label": "Burgundian State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) were a conflict between the Burgundian State and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) were a conflict between the Burgundian State and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "Open war broke out in 1474, and the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was defeated three times on the battlefield in the following years and was killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands then became part of France, and the Burgundian Netherlands and Franche-Comté were inherited by Charles's daughter, Mary of Burgundy, and eventually passed to the House of Habsburg upon her death because of her marriage to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands then became part of France, and the Burgundian Netherlands and Franche-Comté were inherited by Charles's daughter, Mary of Burgundy, and eventually passed to the House of Habsburg upon her death because of her marriage to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands then became part of France, and the Burgundian Netherlands and Franche-Comté were inherited by Charles's daughter, Mary of Burgundy, and eventually passed to the House of Habsburg upon her death because of her marriage to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands then became part of France, and the Burgundian Netherlands and Franche-Comté were inherited by Charles's daughter, Mary of Burgundy, and eventually passed to the House of Habsburg upon her death because of her marriage to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The dukes of Burgundy had succeeded, over a period of about 100 years, in establishing their rule as a strong force between the Holy Roman Empire and France."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Their possessions included, besides their original territories of the Franche-Comté and the Duchy of Burgundy, the economically-strong regions of Flanders and Brabant as well as Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Having already been in conflict with the French king, Burgundy had sided with the English in the Hundred Years' War but then the Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses, when Henry VI sided with France."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "Background", "says": "Having already been in conflict with the French king, Burgundy had sided with the English in the Hundred Years' War but then the Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses, when Henry VI sided with France."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "Having already been in conflict with the French king, Burgundy had sided with the English in the Hundred Years' War but then the Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses, when Henry VI sided with France."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background", "says": "The repercussions of the Black Death also continued to affect Europe and assisted in maintaining a diminished society."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "According to a Cambridge publication on Swiss history, both the Swiss and the Burgundians had made aggression a significant impact on the region's foreign affairs."}], "Q339291": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Taiwan commemorates the anniversary of the uprising's outbreak on 10 October as the National Day of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Boxer Rebellion, many Western powers saw railway investments as part of the consolidation in their spheres of influence over China."}, {"id": "Q672556", "label": "Boxer Protocol", "section": "Background", "says": "Faced with ongoing financial struggles, partly due to ongoing indemnity payments from the Boxer Protocol, the Qing court turned to Sheng Xuanhuai in 1910, a \"classic bureaucratic capitalist\", and adhered to his policy of securing foreign loans through the nationalization of all railway lines."}, {"id": "Q5368776", "label": "Railway Protection Movement", "section": "Background", "says": "This policy was met with stiff resistance, particularly in Sichuan, and the resistance quickly turned into a movement  known as the Sichuan Railway Protection Movement."}, {"id": "Q197432", "label": "Zhao Erfeng", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 September the Viceroy of Sichuan, Zhao Erfeng, was asked to \"intervene vigorously\", and he ordered the arrest of key leaders in the Railway Protection League, then ordered troops to open fire on the protesters."}], "Q351722": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Adams–Onís Treaty was an agreement between Spain and the United States, signed February 22, 1819, by John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onís respectively."}, {"id": "Q11816", "label": "John Quincy Adams", "section": "lead", "says": "The Adams–Onís Treaty was an agreement between Spain and the United States, signed February 22, 1819, by John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onís respectively."}, {"id": "Q767450", "label": "Treaty of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The provisions of the treaty remained in full effect only until August 24, 1821, when the Treaty of Córdoba acknowledged Mexican independence from Spain."}, {"id": "Q616109", "label": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1828 Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States), the border defined by the Adams–Onís Treaty was recognized as the boundary between Mexico and the US, although following the 1845 Texas annexation, it was amended again by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo."}, {"id": "Q2095499", "label": "Pinckney's Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 established borders between the United States and Spanish Florida, but expansion by American settlers into this region led to ongoing disputes between the countries."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of the Peninsular War in 1807 and the Spanish American wars of independence in 1808, undermined Madrid's ability to retain its American territories."}, {"id": "Q900693", "label": "Seminole Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "During the first of the Seminole Wars from 1817 to 1818, the US occupied the rest of Florida, presenting John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, an opportunity to negotiate favorable terms."}], "Q378957": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ticinus was fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and a Roman army under Publius Cornelius Scipio in late November 218 BC as part of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ticinus was fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and a Roman army under Publius Cornelius Scipio in late November 218 BC as part of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "War had been declared early in 218 BC over perceived infringements of Roman prerogatives in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) by Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) over the winter, marching north in May 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "Background", "says": "Hannibal left his brother Hasdrubal Barca in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia."}, {"id": "Q7327810", "label": "Richard Miles", "section": "Background", "says": "The modern historian Richard Miles believes that with these brutal actions Hannibal was sending out a clear message to the other Gallic tribes as to the likely consequences of non-cooperation."}], "Q42725753": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On November 5, 2017, Devin Patrick Kelley shot and killed 26 people and wounded 22 others, including an unborn child, at the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, United States."}], "Q427958": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sinop, or the Battle of Sinope, was a naval battle that took place on 30 November 1853 between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire during the opening phase of the Crimean War (1853–1856)."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sinop, or the Battle of Sinope, was a naval battle that took place on 30 November 1853 between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire during the opening phase of the Crimean War (1853–1856)."}, {"id": "Q345365", "label": "Pavel Nakhimov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian force consisted of six ships of the line, two frigates and three armed steamers, led by Admiral Pavel Nakhimov; the Ottoman defenders were seven frigates, three corvettes and two armed steamers, commanded by Vice Admiral Osman Pasha."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Fearing Russian expansion, the United Kingdom and France issued a concurrent ultimatum: Russia was to fight only defensively."}], "Q43172549": [{"id": "Q10707", "label": "Robert Mugabe", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état was a bloodless military coup that took place in Zimbabwe on 14 to 21 November 2017, when Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was removed as president and party leader of ZANU–PF and was replaced by Emmerson Mnangagwa."}, {"id": "Q510523", "label": "Emmerson Mnangagwa", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état was a bloodless military coup that took place in Zimbabwe on 14 to 21 November 2017, when Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was removed as president and party leader of ZANU–PF and was replaced by Emmerson Mnangagwa."}, {"id": "Q57282", "label": "Jacob Zuma", "section": "lead", "says": "Jacob Zuma, the then president of South Africa, phoned Mugabe and was told that Mugabe was under house arrest but otherwise \"fine\"."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Jacob Zuma, the then president of South Africa, phoned Mugabe and was told that Mugabe was under house arrest but otherwise \"fine\"."}, {"id": "Q7181212", "label": "Phelekezela Mphoko", "section": "lead", "says": "Second Vice-President Phelekezela Mphoko became the Acting President."}], "Q477095": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Suomussalmi was fought between Finnish and Soviet forces in the Winter War."}], "Q51139646": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2018–2019 Gaza border protests, also known as the Great March of Return (Arabic: مسیرة العودة الكبرى, romanized: Masīra al-ʿawda al-kubrā), were a series of demonstrations held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the Gaza–Israel barrier from 30 March 2018 until 27 December 2019, in which Israel killed a total of 223 Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The demonstrators demanded that the Palestinian refugees must be allowed to return to lands they were displaced from in territory that was Mandatory Palestine and is now Israel."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "They protested against Israel's land, air and sea blockade of Gaza and the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel."}], "Q521199": [{"id": "Q267584", "label": "Yemen Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Yemen civil war, also known in Yemen as the 26 September Revolution, was a civil war fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between partisans of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "He dethroned the newly crowned King and Imam Muhammad al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "On the royalist side, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Israel supplied military aid, and Britain offered covert support."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The republicans were supported by Egypt (then formally known as the United Arab Republic or UAR) and were supplied warplanes from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The republicans were supported by Egypt (then formally known as the United Arab Republic or UAR) and were supplied warplanes from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and weapons."}, {"id": "Q2581825", "label": "Michael Oren", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Michael Oren (former Israeli Ambassador to the U.S.) later wrote that Egypt's military adventure in Yemen was so disastrous that the United States' actions in the continuing Vietnam War could easil"}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Michael Oren (former Israeli Ambassador to the U.S.) later wrote that Egypt's military adventure in Yemen was so disastrous that the United States' actions in the continuing Vietnam War could easil"}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "Nasser was also keen to maintain his reputation as an Arab nationalist, setting his sights on expelling British forces from South Yemen, including Britain's presence in the strategic port city of Aden."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Heikal argued that Sallal's revolution could not absorb the massive number of Egyptian personnel who would arrive in Yemen to prop up his regime, and that it would be wise to consider sending Arab nationalist volunteers from throughout the Middle East to fight alongside the republican Yemeni forces, suggesting the Spanish Civil War as a template from which to conduct events in Yemen."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Nasser's considerations for sending troops to Yemen may have included the following:\n\nImpact of his support to the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962\nSyria leaving Nasser's UAR in 1961\nTaking advantage of a breach in British and French relations, which had been strained by Nasser's support for the FLN in Algeria, and primarily as an effort to undermine the Central Treaty Organization ("}], "Q525997": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Georgievsk (Russian: Георгиевский трактат, romanized: Georgievskiy traktat; Georgian: გეორგიევსკის ტრაქტატი, romanized: georgievsk'is t'rakt'at'i) was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti on July 24, 1783."}, {"id": "Q561465", "label": "Ivan Gudovich", "section": "lead", "says": "To restore Russian prestige, Catherine II, on the advice of Ivan Gudovich, belatedly declared war on Persia, but this was short lived."}], "Q541626": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Aspern–Essling (21–22 May 1809), Napoleon crossed the Danube near Vienna, but the French and their allies were attacked and forced back across the river by the Austrians under Archduke Charles."}, {"id": "Q857434", "label": "Battle of Caldiero", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first time Napoleon had been personally defeated in a major battle, as well as his first battle defeat in 10 years since the siege of Acre, and his first battle defeat as head of state, although he did suffer a tactical defeat in the Battle of Caldiero and in the Second Battle of Bassano."}, {"id": "Q791234", "label": "Battle of Bassano", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first time Napoleon had been personally defeated in a major battle, as well as his first battle defeat in 10 years since the siege of Acre, and his first battle defeat as head of state, although he did suffer a tactical defeat in the Battle of Caldiero and in the Second Battle of Bassano."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "The French lost approximately 23,000 men, including one of Napoleon's ablest field commanders and closest friends, Marshal Jean Lannes."}], "Q55153903": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prespa Agreement, also known as the Treaty of Prespa, the Prespes deal or the Prespa accord, is an agreement reached in 2018 between Greece and the then-Republic of Macedonia, under the auspices of the United Nations, resolving a long-standing naming dispute between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed beside the shared Lake Prespa, from which it took its name, and ratified by the parliaments of both countries, the agreement went into force on 12 February 2019, when the two countries notified the UN of the deal's completion, following the ratification of the NATO accession protocol for North Macedonia on 8 February."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, use of the name \"Macedonia\" was disputed between the Southeastern European countries of Greece and the then-Republic of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Greece further accused the Republic of Macedonia of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered part of Greek culture, such as the Vergina Sun and Alexander the Great."}], "Q553184": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gaza–Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948, when about 200,000 of the more than 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes settled in the Gaza Strip as refugees."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel fought three wars in the Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip: the 1948 Palestine war, the Suez Crisis during which Israel first occupied Gaza for a period of four months, and the Six-Day War in 1967 during which Israel captured Gaza from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel fought three wars in the Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip: the 1948 Palestine war, the Suez Crisis during which Israel first occupied Gaza for a period of four months, and the Six-Day War in 1967 during which Israel captured Gaza from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q49105", "label": "First Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "Following two periods of low-level Palestinian insurgency, a major uprising against Israeli rule erupted in 1987, starting a period of unrest known as the First Intifada."}, {"id": "Q34060", "label": "Yitzhak Rabin", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1993 Oslo Accords brought a period of relative calm which was nevertheless disrupted by various events, including Israeli settler violence, suicide attacks by Palestinian militant groups, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, and the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin."}, {"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2000, the Second Intifada began."}], "Q583921": [{"id": "Q610272", "label": "Geneva Convention of 1864", "section": "lead", "says": "It adapts the main protective regime of the First Geneva Convention to combat at sea."}], "Q5933860": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasid revolution (Arabic: اَلثَّوْرَة اَلْعَبَّاسِيَّةِ, romanized: aṯ-Ṯawra al-ʿAbbāsiyyah), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the second major caliphate, by the Hashimiyya movement, resulting in the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517), the third major caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasid revolution (Arabic: اَلثَّوْرَة اَلْعَبَّاسِيَّةِ, romanized: aṯ-Ṯawra al-ʿAbbāsiyyah), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the second major caliphate, by the Hashimiyya movement, resulting in the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517), the third major caliphate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was led by the Abbasid dynasty, descendants of al-ʿAbbas ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the Banu Hashim."}, {"id": "Q335210", "label": "Abu Muslim al Khorasani", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Abu Muslim—who directed the uprising in Khurāsān—played a decisive organizational and military role, his precise ethnic origins remain debated in the sources."}, {"id": "Q20007932", "label": "Third Fitna", "section": "Background", "says": "A succession crisis in 744 led to the Third Fitna, which raged across the Middle East for three years."}, {"id": "Q128371", "label": "Marwan II", "section": "Background", "says": "It was not until 747 that Marwan II was able to pacify the provinces; the Abbasid revolution began within the course of months."}, {"id": "Q1370548", "label": "Nasr ibn Sayyar", "section": "Background", "says": "Nasr ibn Sayyar was appointed governor of Khorasan by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 738."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "Background", "says": "Khorasan's expansive size and low population density meant that the Arab denizens – both military and civilian – lived largely outside of the garrisons built during the spread of Islam into Persia (then under the influence of Zoroastrianism)."}], "Q595545": [{"id": "Q181333", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was conducted by a group of noblemen and wealthy and high-ranking progressives and was led by Francis II Rákóczi; resigned soldiers and peasants also fought alongside the noblemen."}, {"id": "Q769294", "label": "Treaty of Szatmár", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurrection was unsuccessful, ending with the Treaty of Szatmár, by which the Hungarian nobility managed to satisfy some important Hungarian interests."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "International relations provided the Hungarians with an opportunity to liberate themselves from the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With the help of King Louis XIV of France, anti-Habsburg rebels, led by the young nobleman Imre Thököly, rose against the empire in 1678."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With the help of King Louis XIV of France, anti-Habsburg rebels, led by the young nobleman Imre Thököly, rose against the empire in 1678."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1681, the Ottomans joined to help him, and he was recognised as King of Upper Hungary by Sultan Mehmed IV."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, after the Ottomans lost the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Thököly lost Ottoman support and was eventually defeated in 1685."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His alliance with the Ottomans changed the positive perception that Western Europe had about Hungary, and instead of being thought of as the bastion of Christianity, the country was now being thought of as an enemy."}], "Q611089": [{"id": "Q4303510", "label": "Leslie Morshead", "section": "lead", "says": "An  Allied force, consisting mostly of the 9th Australian Division, commanded by Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead, was besieged in the North African port of Tobruk by German and Italian forces."}, {"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1940, the Allies had defeated the Italian 10th Army during Operation Compass (9 December 1940 – 9 February 1941) and trapped the remnants at Beda Fomm."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler felt compelled to send reinforcements, commanded by Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel, to rescue his beleaguered Italian ally."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler felt compelled to send reinforcements, commanded by Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel, to rescue his beleaguered Italian ally."}, {"id": "Q708223", "label": "Operation Sonnenblume", "section": "lead", "says": "Rommel launched Operation Sonnenblume (6 February – 25 May 1941), driving the Allies back across Libya to the Egyptian border."}, {"id": "Q764714", "label": "Operation Brevity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis siege of Tobruk began on 10 April and continued despite two failed Allied relief attempts: Operation Brevity (15–16 May) and Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June)."}, {"id": "Q682399", "label": "Operation Battleaxe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis siege of Tobruk began on 10 April and continued despite two failed Allied relief attempts: Operation Brevity (15–16 May) and Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June)."}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December) succeeded in raising the siege."}, {"id": "Q352630", "label": "Richard O'Connor", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1941, the British XIII Corps, under the command of Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor, surrounded Tobruk as part of Operation Compass."}], "Q636771": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru (Spanish: Conquista española del Imperio incaico), was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas (the broader European colonization of the Americas)."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "lead", "says": "After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, along with his brothers in arms and their Indian auxiliaries, captured the last Sapa Inca, Atahualpa, at the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532."}, {"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "lead", "says": "After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, along with his brothers in arms and their Indian auxiliaries, captured the last Sapa Inca, Atahualpa, at the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532."}, {"id": "Q1425362", "label": "Battle of Cajamarca", "section": "lead", "says": "After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, along with his brothers in arms and their Indian auxiliaries, captured the last Sapa Inca, Atahualpa, at the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Inca Empire, led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions to the Amazon Basin and the surrounding rainforest."}, {"id": "Q205772", "label": "Jared Diamond", "section": "lead", "says": "Some scholars, such as Jared Diamond, believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire, it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1528, Emperor Huayna Capac ruled the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q165968", "label": "Manco Capac", "section": "lead", "says": "He could trace his lineage back to a \"stranger king\" named Manco Cápac, the mythical founder of the Inca clan, who, according to tradition, emerged from a cave in a region called Paqariq Tampu."}, {"id": "Q213758", "label": "Pachacútec", "section": "lead", "says": "Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, Túpac Inca, and the grandson of Pachacuti,"}], "Q653664": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trenton was a short but pivotal American Revolutionary War battle on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "lead", "says": "After General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton the previous night, Washington led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian auxiliaries garrisoned at Trenton."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the battle's small numbers, the victory inspired patriots and sympathizers of the newly formed United States."}, {"id": "Q875270", "label": "Johann Rall", "section": "Background", "says": "Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, expressed some doubts, writing to his cousin in Virginia, \"I think the game is pretty near up.\"\nAt the time a small town in New Jersey, Trenton was occupied by four regiments of Hessian soldiers (numbering about 1,400 men) commanded by Colonel Johann Rall."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "Background", "says": "Washington's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox."}, {"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "Background", "says": "Washington's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox."}, {"id": "Q355680", "label": "Henry Knox", "section": "Background", "says": "Washington's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox."}, {"id": "Q656478", "label": "Benjamin Rush", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before Washington and his troops left, Benjamin Rush came to cheer up the general."}], "Q6542740": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Turkish War, also known as the Habsburg–Ottoman War, was fought from 1788 to 1791, between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q697368", "label": "Treaty of Sistova", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of those gains were lost in the later stages of the war, which ended under the Treaty of Sistova (1791), with minor territorial changes in favor of the Habsburgs."}], "Q666778": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prague uprising (Czech: Pražské povstání) was a partially successful attempt by the Czech resistance movement to liberate the city of Prague from German occupation in May 1945, during the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Eisenhower not to come to the aid of the Czech insurgents, which undermined the credibility of the Western powers in post-war Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q57328", "label": "Karl Hermann Frank", "section": "Background", "says": "In an attempt to reassert German authority, SS police official Karl Hermann Frank broadcast a message over the radio threatening to destroy Prague and drown any opposition in blood."}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "Background", "says": "Military leaders planning an uprising within Prague counted on the loyalty of ethnically Czech members of the city police, gendarmerie and the Government Army of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, as well as employees of key civil services, such as transport workers and the fire brigade."}], "Q682452": [{"id": "Q2889222", "label": "Battle of Malta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Malta (or Battle of Malta) in World War II was a military campaign in the Mediterranean theatre."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Malta (or Battle of Malta) in World War II was a military campaign in the Mediterranean theatre."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "From June 1940 to November 1942, the fight for the control of the strategically important island of the British Crown Colony of Malta pitted the air and naval forces of the Kingdom of Italy and Nazi Germany against the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Navy."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "General Erwin Rommel, de facto field commander of Panzerarmee Afrika in North Africa, recognised its importance quickly."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1942 the Axis lost the Second Battle of El Alamein and the Allies landed forces in Morocco and Algeria in Operation Torch."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1942 the Axis lost the Second Battle of El Alamein and the Allies landed forces in Morocco and Algeria in Operation Torch."}, {"id": "Q955867", "label": "James Somerville", "section": "Background", "says": "The Admiralty had to protect the Suez Canal with the Mediterranean Fleet (Admiral Andrew Cunningham) and Gibraltar with Force H (Vice-Admiral James Somerville)."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The British leadership had further doubts about whether to hold the island in May 1940, when during the Battle of France the French Prime Minis"}], "Q696448": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Ichi-Go (Japanese: 一号作戦, romanized: Ichi-gō Sakusen, lit. 'Operation Number One') was a campaign with several battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China, fought from April to December 1944."}, {"id": "Q700646", "label": "Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou", "section": "lead", "says": "These battles were the Japanese Operation Kogo or Battle of Central Henan, Operation Togo 1 or the Battle of Changheng, and Operation Togo 2 and Togo 3, or the Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou, respectively."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The two primary goals of Ichi-Go were to open a land route to French Indochina, and capture air bases in southeast China from which American bombers were attacking the Japanese homeland and shipping."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "A few days later at the Tehran Conference, the Western Allies and the Soviet Union agreed to prioritize the European theater."}], "Q700705": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saipan was an amphibious assault launched by the United States against the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II between 15 June and 9 July 1944."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saipan was an amphibious assault launched by the United States against the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II between 15 June and 9 July 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saipan was an amphibious assault launched by the United States against the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II between 15 June and 9 July 1944."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial invasion triggered the Battle of the Philippine Sea, which effectively destroyed Japanese carrier-based airpower, and the battle resulted in the American capture of the island."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Saipan was the first objective in Operation Forager, the campaign to occupy the Mariana Islands that got underway at the same time the Allies were invading France in Operation Overlord."}, {"id": "Q528235", "label": "Holland Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "2nd Marine Division, 4th Marine Division, and the Army's 27th Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Holland Smith, landed on the island and defeated the 43rd Infantry Division of the Imperial Japanese Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Yoshitsugu Saitō."}, {"id": "Q243634", "label": "Bonin Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese Imperial War Council established the \"Absolute National Defense Zone\", Zettai Kokubōken) in September 1943, which was bounded by southern half of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, the Bonin Islands, the Marianas, Western New Guinea, Malaya, and Burma."}, {"id": "Q508287", "label": "Takeo Takagi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese Submarine Fleet (6th Fleet), commanded by Vice Admiral Takeo Takagi, whose headquarters was on Saipan, would screen the line."}, {"id": "Q717390", "label": "Kakuji Kakuta", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of this plan, the Japanese could deploy over 500 land-based planes – 147 of them immediately in the Marianas – that made up the 1st Air Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Kakuji Kakuta, whose headquarters were on Tinian."}], "Q714777": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied invasion of Italy was the Allied amphibious landing on mainland Italy that took place from 3 September 1943, during the Italian campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q2572890", "label": "Operation Baytown", "section": "lead", "says": "A preliminary landing in Calabria (Operation Baytown) took place on 3 September, the main invasion force landed on the west coast of Italy at Salerno on 9 September as part of Operation Avalanche at the same time as a supporting operation at Taranto (Operation Slapstick)."}, {"id": "Q1447505", "label": "Operation Avalanche", "section": "lead", "says": "A preliminary landing in Calabria (Operation Baytown) took place on 3 September, the main invasion force landed on the west coast of Italy at Salerno on 9 September as part of Operation Avalanche at the same time as a supporting operation at Taranto (Operation Slapstick)."}, {"id": "Q934889", "label": "Operation Slapstick", "section": "lead", "says": "A preliminary landing in Calabria (Operation Baytown) took place on 3 September, the main invasion force landed on the west coast of Italy at Salerno on 9 September as part of Operation Avalanche at the same time as a supporting operation at Taranto (Operation Slapstick)."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "In mid-August, the Germans had activated Army Group B under Erwin Rommel with responsibility for German troops in Italy as far south as Pisa."}, {"id": "Q57134", "label": "Albert Kesselring", "section": "Background", "says": "Army Command South under Albert Kesselring continued to be responsible for southern Italy and the German High Command formed a new army headquarters to be Army Command South's main field formation."}, {"id": "Q57980", "label": "Heinrich von Vietinghoff", "section": "Background", "says": "The new German 10th Army headquarters, commanded by Heinrich von Vietinghoff, was activated on 22 August."}], "Q770698": [{"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France, a vassal state of Nazi Germany) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France, a vassal state of Nazi Germany) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France, a vassal state of Nazi Germany) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q696848", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) led to the overthrow of the Ali regime and the installation of a pro-British government."}, {"id": "Q156916", "label": "François Darlan", "section": "lead", "says": "During this conflict,  Admiral François Darlan  allowed German aircraft to use Vichy airfields in Syria for attacks against the British in Iraq."}, {"id": "Q2888837", "label": "Battle of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The British invaded Syria and Lebanon in June to prevent the Axis powers from using the Syrian Republic and French Lebanon as bases for attacks on Egypt, during an invasion scare in the aftermath of the Axis victories in the Battle of Greece (6–30 April 1941) and the Battle of Crete (20 May – 1 June)."}, {"id": "Q153316", "label": "Battle of Crete", "section": "lead", "says": "The British invaded Syria and Lebanon in June to prevent the Axis powers from using the Syrian Republic and French Lebanon as bases for attacks on Egypt, during an invasion scare in the aftermath of the Axis victories in the Battle of Greece (6–30 April 1941) and the Battle of Crete (20 May – 1 June)."}, {"id": "Q682399", "label": "Operation Battleaxe", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) in North Africa, the British fought Operation Battleaxe to end the siege of Tobruk and  the East African Campaign (10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941) in Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) in North Africa, the British fought Operation Battleaxe to end the siege of Tobruk and  the East African Campaign (10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941) in Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q704264", "label": "Charles Huntziger", "section": "Background", "says": "The protocols remained unratified, but Charles Huntziger, the Vichy Minister of War, sent orders to Henri Dentz, the High Commissioner for the Levant, to allow aircraft of the German Luftwaffe and the Italian Regia Aeronautica to refuel in Syria."}, {"id": "Q527004", "label": "Henri Dentz", "section": "Background", "says": "The protocols remained unratified, but Charles Huntziger, the Vichy Minister of War, sent orders to Henri Dentz, the High Commissioner for the Levant, to allow aircraft of the German Luftwaffe and the Italian Regia Aeronautica to refuel in Syria."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "Background", "says": "Marked as Iraqi aircraft, Axis aircraft under Fliegerführer Irak landed in Syria en route to the Kingdom of Iraq during the Anglo-Iraqi War."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The British plan of attack devised by Wilson called for four lines of invasion, in Damascus and Beirut, in Palestine, in northern Syria and Palmyra, in central Syria, from Iraq, and in Tripoli (in northern Lebanon) also from Iraq."}], "Q780845": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Thai War (October 1940 – 28 January 1941, Thai: กรณีพิพาทอินโดจีน, romanized: Karani Phiphat Indochin; French: Guerre franco-thaïlandaise) was fought between Thailand and Vichy France over certain areas of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Thai War (October 1940 – 28 January 1941, Thai: กรณีพิพาทอินโดจีน, romanized: Karani Phiphat Indochin; French: Guerre franco-thaïlandaise) was fought between Thailand and Vichy France over certain areas of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Thai War (October 1940 – 28 January 1941, Thai: กรณีพิพาทอินโดจีน, romanized: Karani Phiphat Indochin; French: Guerre franco-thaïlandaise) was fought between Thailand and Vichy France over certain areas of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations shortly before World War II had shown that the French government was willing to alter the boundaries between Thailand and French Indochina, but only slightly."}, {"id": "Q152777", "label": "Plaek Phibunsongkhram", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Fall of France in 1940, Major-General Plaek Phibunsongkhram (popularly known as \"Phibun\"), the prime minister of Thailand, decided that France's defeat strengthened the Thais' negotiating position to regain the vassal state territories that were ceded to France during King Chulalongkorn's reign."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "Background", "says": "The events of Franco-Siamese Crisis of 1893 (Rattanakosin Era R.S.112) and Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 ended with Siam losing the territories of Laos and Cambodia to France."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Battle of France, the French government has decided to sign a non-aggression treaty with Thailand on 12 June 1940 regarding of mutual respect on Thai and French territorial integrity with a joint commission to inspect the borders between Thailand and French Indochina just few days before the total collapse of Metropolitan France to the invading German forces on 17 June 1940."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time Thailand also signed a non-aggression treaty with the British Empire and Japanese Empire on 12 June resulting in Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact of 1940 and Treaty between Thailand and Japan Concerning the Continuance of Friendly Relations and the Mutual Respect of Each Other's Territorial Integrity respectively."}, {"id": "Q170360", "label": "Armistice of 22 June 1940", "section": "Background", "says": "Fall of France and the Armistice of 22 June 1940 led to the creation of Vichy Regime in Southern France."}], "Q815228": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Toulon (29 August – 19 December 1793) was fought at the French Mediterranean naval base of Toulon during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q49765", "label": "Louis XVII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "French Royalists soon became dominant within the revolt and proclaimed the imprisoned child Louis XVII king."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain, Spain, Naples and Sardinia supplied ships and troops to defend the city against the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q723058", "label": "Jacques François Dugommier", "section": "lead", "says": "After General Jacques François Dugommier took command, Republican troops captured Fort Mulgrave—the Allied position known to the French as \"Little Gibraltar\"—during the night of 17–18 December."}, {"id": "Q333843", "label": "Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras", "section": "lead", "says": "In the repression that followed, representatives on mission Paul Barras and Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron ordered mass executions of suspected rebels."}, {"id": "Q1385387", "label": "Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron", "section": "lead", "says": "In the repression that followed, representatives on mission Paul Barras and Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron ordered mass executions of suspected rebels."}], "Q823730": [{"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The breakdown of the initial appeasement later led to a reigniting of the north–south conflict during the Second Sudanese Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2005."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Although there were no notable advancements in political equality and industrialization within the region, they interpreted concepts from Christianity and Western ideals and adopted them into their own culture."}], "Q830626": [{"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bouvines took place on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Although estimates on the number of troops vary considerably among modern historians, at Bouvines, a French army commanded by King Philip Augustus routed a larger allied army led by Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV in one of the rare pitched battles of the High Middle Ages and one of the most decisive medieval engagements."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1214, a coalition was assembled against King Philip Augustus of France, consisting of Otto IV, King John of England, Count Ferrand of Flanders, Count Renaud of Boulogne, Duke Henry I of Brabant, Count William I of Holland, Duke Theobald I of Lorraine, and Duke Henry III of Limburg."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "Having lost all credibility as emperor following the battle, Otto IV was deposed by Pope Innocent III, leading to Frederick II's accession to the Imperial throne."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This confirmed the collapse of the Angevin Empire."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1214, Count Ferdinand of Flanders desired the return of the cities of Aire-sur-la-Lys and Saint-Omer, which he had recently lost to King Philip II of France, in the Treaty of Pont-à-Vendin."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1214, Count Ferdinand of Flanders desired the return of the cities of Aire-sur-la-Lys and Saint-Omer, which he had recently lost to King Philip II of France, in the Treaty of Pont-à-Vendin."}], "Q853754": [{"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saule (Lithuanian: Saulės mūšis / Šiaulių mūšis; German: Schlacht von Schaulen; Latvian: Saules kauja) was fought on 22 September 1236, between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and pagan troops of Samogitians and Semigallians."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sword-Brothers were established in 1202 in Riga to conquer and convert pagan Baltic tribes to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "Background", "says": "The order was in conflict with the papacy under Pope Gregory IX and the Holy Roman Emperor, two of its biggest supporters, over Estonia."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on 19 February 1236, Pope Gregory IX issued a papal bull declaring a crusade against Lithuania."}], "Q866862": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aegospotami (Greek: Μάχη στους Αιγός Ποταμούς) was a naval confrontation that took place in 405 BC and was the last major battle of the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q143559", "label": "Lysander", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, a Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian navy."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At this time, the exiled Athenian leader Alcibiades was living in his ship's castle near the Athenian camp."}], "Q112666390": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "There were between 1,052 to 1,163 deaths and 1,627 to 2,976 injured in Afghanistan and Pakistan."}], "Q1130522": [{"id": "Q82104", "label": "Ian Fleming", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the wider Operation Barclay, Mincemeat was based on the 1939 Trout memo, written by Rear Admiral John Godfrey, the director of the Naval Intelligence Division, and his personal assistant, Lieutenant Commander Ian Fleming."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler was concerned about a Balkan invasion, as the area had been the source of raw materials for the German war industry, including copper, bauxite, chrome and oil."}, {"id": "Q284269", "label": "Operation Barclay", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies knew of Hitler's fears, and they launched Operation Barclay, a deception operation to play upon his concerns and to mislead the Germans into thinking the Balkans were the objective, diverting resources from Sicily."}], "Q1248722": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Italian War of Independence (Italian: Terza guerra d'indipendenza italiana) was a war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire fought between June and August 1866."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict paralleled the Austro-Prussian War and resulted in Austria giving the region of Venetia (present-day Veneto, Friuli and the city of Mantua, the last remnant of the Quadrilatero) to the Second French Empire (acting as intermediary in negotiations), which formally gave it to Italy."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict paralleled the Austro-Prussian War and resulted in Austria giving the region of Venetia (present-day Veneto, Friuli and the city of Mantua, the last remnant of the Quadrilatero) to the Second French Empire (acting as intermediary in negotiations), which formally gave it to Italy."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy had been proclaimed King of Italy on 17 March 1861 but did not control Venetia or the much-reduced Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy had been proclaimed King of Italy on 17 March 1861 but did not control Venetia or the much-reduced Papal States."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "Background", "says": "The first attempt to seize Rome was orchestrated by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1862."}, {"id": "Q697867", "label": "Enrico Cialdini", "section": "Background", "says": "The Piedmontese general Enrico Cialdini, however, sent a division under Colonel Pallavicino to stop the volunteer army."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 April 1866, the Italian government signed a military alliance with Prussia through the mediation of French Emperor Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q471272", "label": "Alfonso La Marmora", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian armies, led by General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, were to engage the Austrians on the southern front."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the outbreak of the war, the Italian military was hampered by several factors:\n\nThe problematic amalgamation of the armies of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the largest components of the new Kingdom of Italy, involved disputes among the chain of command since former enemies were now serving together."}], "Q1322251": [{"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The demonstrations were angrier and more violent than those during the February Revolution months earlier."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "Vladimir Lenin fled to Finland, while Leon Trotsky was among those arrested."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Vladimir Lenin fled to Finland, while Leon Trotsky was among those arrested."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome of the July Days represented a temporary decline in the growth of Bolshevik power and influence in the period before the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q297032", "label": "Georgy Lvov", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, Prime Minister Georgy Lvov announced to the government that he planned to resign on 7 July as well."}], "Q1324198": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "218) was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "218) was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "218) was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q130586", "label": "George IV of the United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was approved by the British Parliament and signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV) on December 30, 1814."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "It took a month for news of the treaty to reach the United States, during which American forces under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815."}, {"id": "Q41894", "label": "Battle of New Orleans", "section": "lead", "says": "It took a month for news of the treaty to reach the United States, during which American forces under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815."}, {"id": "Q11813", "label": "James Madison", "section": "lead", "says": "President James Madison signed the treaty and exchanged final ratified copies with the British ambassador on February 17, 1815."}, {"id": "Q698312", "label": "Aroostook War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty began more than two centuries of peaceful relations between the United States and the United Kingdom despite a few tense moments, such as the Aroostook War in 1838–39, the Pig War in 1859, and the Trent Affair in 1861."}, {"id": "Q1064335", "label": "Pig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty began more than two centuries of peaceful relations between the United States and the United Kingdom despite a few tense moments, such as the Aroostook War in 1838–39, the Pig War in 1859, and the Trent Affair in 1861."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1813, emperor Alexander I of Russia offered to mediate peace negotiations between the British and Americans at Saint Petersburg, but the British rejected Russian mediation and never sent a delegation."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "After the abdication of Napoleon in April 1814, British public opinion demanded major gains in the war against the United States."}], "Q137703947": [{"id": "Q336363", "label": "Ali Larijani", "section": "lead", "says": "Ali Larijani, secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, has been attributed responsibility as one of the key planners of the massacres by former Iranian government officials."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "The crackdown was initiated in pursuit of orders from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and senior officials to use live fire against protesters."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "Khamenei acknowledged \"thousands\" had been killed during the protests, blaming American president Donald Trump for the massacre and accusing those leading the protests of affiliation with the United States and Israel."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Khamenei acknowledged \"thousands\" had been killed during the protests, blaming American president Donald Trump for the massacre and accusing those leading the protests of affiliation with the United States and Israel."}, {"id": "Q5933752", "label": "Masoud Pezeshkian", "section": "lead", "says": "On 11 January 2026, Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian accused the United States and Israel of being behind the unrest and alleged that foreign-backed \"terroris"}], "Q1418582": [{"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q1964224", "label": "Treaty of Rasht", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories remained in Russian hands until some were returned to Iran 9 years later by the Treaty of Resht of 1732 and the remainder 12 years later by the Treaty of Ganja of 1735 during the reign of Anna Ioannovna."}, {"id": "Q406684", "label": "Khanates of the Caucasus", "section": "Background", "says": "South of that, the Khanates of the Caucasus were nominal vassals of Iran."}], "Q14941568": [{"id": "Q923340", "label": "Operation Linda Nchi", "section": "lead", "says": "The militant Islamist group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the incident, which it characterised as retribution for the Kenyan military's deployment in the group's home country of Somalia following Operation Linda Nchi from 2011 to 2012."}], "Q15053704": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards, the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards, the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France – later the First French Empire – and its allies between 1792 and 1815:\n\nWar of the First Coalition (April 1792 – October 1797)\nWar of the Second Coalition (November 1798 – March 1802)\nWar of the Third Coalition (April 1805 – July 1"}, {"id": "Q2724511", "label": "War of the Seventh Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France – later the First French Empire – and its allies between 1792 and 1815:\n\nWar of the First Coalition (April 1792 – October 1797)\nWar of the Second Coalition (November 1798 – March 1802)\nWar of the Third Coalition (April 1805 – July 1"}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France – later the First French Empire – and its allies between 1792 and 1815:\n\nWar of the First Coalition (April 1792 – October 1797)\nWar of the Second Coalition (November 1798 – March 1802)\nWar of the Third Coalition (April 1805 – July 1"}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France – later the First French Empire – and its allies between 1792 and 1815:\n\nWar of the First Coalition (April 1792 – October 1797)\nWar of the Second Coalition (November 1798 – March 1802)\nWar of the Third Coalition (April 1805 – July 1"}], "Q1519107": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan conflict (Pashto: دافغانستان جنګونه; Farsi/Dari: درگیری افغانستان) is the series of events that have kept Afghanistan in a near-continuous state of armed conflict since the 1970s."}, {"id": "Q1138904", "label": "Kingdom of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Early instability followed the collapse of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the largely non-violent 1973 coup d'état, which deposed Afghan monarch Mohammad Zahir Shah in absentia, ending his 40-year-long reign."}, {"id": "Q152265", "label": "Mohammed Zahir Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Early instability followed the collapse of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the largely non-violent 1973 coup d'état, which deposed Afghan monarch Mohammad Zahir Shah in absentia, ending his 40-year-long reign."}, {"id": "Q1415128", "label": "Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "With the concurrent establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan, headed by Mohammad Daoud Khan, the country's relatively peaceful and stable period in modern history came to an end."}, {"id": "Q310247", "label": "Mohammed Daoud Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "With the concurrent establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan, headed by Mohammad Daoud Khan, the country's relatively peaceful and stable period in modern history came to an end."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "However, all-out fighting did not erupt until after 1978, when the Saur Revolution violently overthrew Khan's government and established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q476757", "label": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, all-out fighting did not erupt until after 1978, when the Saur Revolution violently overthrew Khan's government and established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent unrest over the radical reforms that were being pushed by the then-ruling People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) led to unprecedented violence, prompting a large-scale pro-PDPA military intervention by the Soviet Union in 1979."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War, the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War, the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War, the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War, the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone."}, {"id": "Q1585785", "label": "Operation Cyclone", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War, the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone."}, {"id": "Q1415585", "label": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "During this time, the Northern Alliance's Islamic State of Afghanistan enjoyed widespread international recognition and was represented at the United Nations, as opposed to the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which only received diplomatic recognition from three nations."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "During this time, the Northern Alliance's Islamic State of Afghanistan enjoyed widespread international recognition and was represented at the United Nations, as opposed to the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which only received diplomatic recognition from three nations."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "After the September 11 attacks against the United States, which were carried out by the Afghanistan-based group al-Qaeda, the Taliban refused demands by the Bush administration to extradite al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden."}], "Q1620408": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chesma (also known as the Battle of Chesme, Battle of Cheshme or Battle of Cesme Bay) took place on 5–7 July 1770 in and near Çeşme, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chesma (also known as the Battle of Chesme, Battle of Cheshme or Battle of Cesme Bay) took place on 5–7 July 1770 in and near Çeşme, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the Orlov revolt of 1770, a precursor to the later Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), and the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the Ottomans against Russia."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The fleet was commanded by Kapudan Pasha Mandalzade Hüsameddin, in the fourth ship from the front (north end) of the line, with Hasan Pasha in the first ship, Real Mustafa, and Cafer Bey in the seventh."}], "Q165136": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swabian War of 1499 (Alemannic German: Schwoobechrieg; spelling depending on dialect), called Schwabenkrieg or Schweizerkrieg (\"Swiss War\") in Germany and Engadiner Krieg (\"War of the Engadin\") in Austria, was the last major armed conflict between the Old Swiss Confederacy and the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swabian War of 1499 (Alemannic German: Schwoobechrieg; spelling depending on dialect), called Schwabenkrieg or Schweizerkrieg (\"Swiss War\") in Germany and Engadiner Krieg (\"War of the Engadin\") in Austria, was the last major armed conflict between the Old Swiss Confederacy and the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities quickly spread from the Grisons through the Rhine valley to Lake Constance and even to the Sundgau in southern Alsace, the westernmost part of the Habsburg region of Further Austria."}, {"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After their victories in the Burgundian Wars, the Swiss had battle tested troops and commanders."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Swabian side, distrust between the knights and their foot soldiers, disagreements amongst the military leadership, and a general reluctance to fight a war that even the Swabian counts considered to be more in the interests of the powerful Habsburgs than in the interest of the Holy Roman Empire proved fatal handicaps."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "When his military high commander fell in the battle of Dornach, where the Swiss won a final decisive victory, Emperor Maximilian I had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on September 22, 1499, in Basel."}], "Q170113": [{"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Imperial Army forces, including German, Swedish and French contingents, led by Imperial commander-in-chief Count Raimondo Montecuccoli and the army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Imperial Army forces, including German, Swedish and French contingents, led by Imperial commander-in-chief Count Raimondo Montecuccoli and the army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa."}], "Q17984356": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The War in Iraq (2013–2017) was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the forced resignation of al-Maliki in 2014, as well as an airstrike campaign by the United States and a dozen other countries in support of the Iraqi military, participation of American and Canadian troops (predominantly special forces) in ground combat operations, a $3.5 billion U.S.-led program to rearm the Iraqi security forces, a U.S.-led training program that provided tra"}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Other Iraqis and observers see it mainly as a culmination of long-running local sectarianism, exacerbated by the 2003–2011 Iraq War, the subsequent increase in anti-Sunni sectarianism under Prime Minister al-Maliki, and the ensuing bloody crack-down on the 2012–2013 Iraqi protests."}], "Q1842866": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "Author Diana Darke has written that \"The city has long been multi-cultural, a complex mix of Kurds, Iranians, Turkmen, Armenians and Circassians overlaid on an Arab base in which multi-denominational churches and mosques still share the space.\"\nNationwide protests against President Bashar al-Assad began on 15 March 2011, as part of the Arab Spring."}], "Q1926157": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Meuse–Argonne offensive (also known as the Meuse River–Argonne Forest offensive, the Battles of the Meuse–Argonne, and the Meuse–Argonne campaign) was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Meuse–Argonne offensive was the largest in United States military history, involving 1.2 million American soldiers, sailors and marines, along with 800,000 French and 850 Siamese personnel."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was the primary engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in World War I and part of the Allies' Hundred Days Offensive that ended the war."}], "Q215337": [{"id": "Q19943", "label": "Juan Carlos I of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "King Juan Carlos I played a major role in foiling the coup, and the monarchy emerged with renewed legitimacy as a result."}, {"id": "Q156799", "label": "Felipe González", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1988 the Spanish Supreme Court suggested pardoning Alfonso Armada and Tejero; the government of Felipe González pardoned the former."}, {"id": "Q1715348", "label": "Operation Galaxia", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1978, the Operation Galaxia military putsch was put down."}], "Q2308186": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany invaded Denmark on 9 April 1940, during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial plan was to push Denmark to accept that German land, naval and air forces could use Danish bases, but Adolf Hitler subsequently demanded that both Norway and Denmark be invaded."}, {"id": "Q367557", "label": "Thorvald Stauning", "section": "lead", "says": "After less than two hours of struggle, Danish Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning ended the opposition to the German attack, for fear that the Germans would bomb Copenhagen (København), as they had done with Warsaw during the invasion of Poland in September 1939."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans presented the invasion as an act of protection against a supposed imminent attack by the United Kingdom and France."}], "Q2321680": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965."}, {"id": "Q233583", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace was achieved on 23 September through interventions by the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which pushed the two warring countries towards a ceasefire in an attempt to avoid any escalation that could draw in other powers."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace was achieved on 23 September through interventions by the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which pushed the two warring countries towards a ceasefire in an attempt to avoid any escalation that could draw in other powers."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The meeting was hosted by the Soviet Union in the city of Tashkent, Uzbekistan, from 4 to 10 January 1966 in an attempt to create a more permanent settlement between the warring sides."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviets, represented by Soviet politician Aleksei Kosygin, moderated between Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani president Muhammad Ayub Khan."}], "Q233688": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on Elba, entered Paris on 20 March and began the Hundred Days of his restored rule."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "lead", "says": "In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on Elba, entered Paris on 20 March and began the Hundred Days of his restored rule."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "King Louis XVIII, who had fled the country when Napoleon arrived in Paris, took the throne for a second time on 8 July."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to the definitive peace treaty between France and Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia, there were four additional conventions and an act confirming the neutrality of Switzerland, signed on the same day."}], "Q2369584": [{"id": "Q276193", "label": "Lavr Kornilov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kornilov affair, or the Kornilov putsch, was an attempted military coup d'état by the commander in chief of the Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, from 10 to 13 September 1917 (Old Style 28–31 August), against the Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky and the Petrograd Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kornilov affair, or the Kornilov putsch, was an attempted military coup d'état by the commander in chief of the Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, from 10 to 13 September 1917 (Old Style 28–31 August), against the Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky and the Petrograd Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romanov dynastic rule ended in the aftermath of the February Revolution and was replaced by a Provisional Government, which soon proved deeply unpopular due to Russia's continued participation in the First World War and the severe strain it placed on the Russian economy."}, {"id": "Q690308", "label": "Kerensky Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the failure of the Kerensky Offensive and the upheaval of the July Days, new Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky appointed Kornilov Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army."}, {"id": "Q1322251", "label": "July Days", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the failure of the Kerensky Offensive and the upheaval of the July Days, new Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky appointed Kornilov Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the failure of the coup, Kerensky formally abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the creation of the Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "lead", "says": "They were further strengthened through the ammunition and arms meant for defending the capital and the release of prisoners such as Leon Trotsky."}], "Q2405009": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan Civil War of 1989–1992 (Pashto: له ۱۹۸۹ څخه تر ۱۹۹۲ پوري د افغانستان کورنۍ جګړه), also known as the First Afghan Civil War, took place between the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 1989 which ended the Soviet–Afghan War, and 27 April 1992, the day after the proclamation of the Peshawar Accords proclaiming a new interim Afghan government which was supposed to start servin"}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan Civil War of 1989–1992 (Pashto: له ۱۹۸۹ څخه تر ۱۹۹۲ پوري د افغانستان کورنۍ جګړه), also known as the First Afghan Civil War, took place between the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 1989 which ended the Soviet–Afghan War, and 27 April 1992, the day after the proclamation of the Peshawar Accords proclaiming a new interim Afghan government which was supposed to start servin"}, {"id": "Q1415128", "label": "Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Mujahideen groups, some of them ostensibly united as part of the Afghan Interim Government proclaimed as their conviction that they were battling the hostile \"puppet regime\" of the Republic of Afghanistan in Kabul."}, {"id": "Q19882267", "label": "Battle of Jalalabad", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1989, the interim government and the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) attacked the city of Jalalabad and were pushed back three months later in what is known as the Battle of Jalalabad."}, {"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1992, having lost the last remnants of Soviet support, President Mohammad Najibullah agreed to step aside and make way for a mujahideen coalition government."}, {"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "Background (1978–1989)", "says": "According to author Steve Coll, Hekmatyar attacked Ahmad Shah Massoud so often that Washington (who was supporting him through Pakistan) \"feared he might be a secret KGB plant whose mission was to sow disruption within the anti-communist resistance.\" Reports suggest that Hekmatyar's commanders were saving their men and weapons to establish Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin as the dominant organization once "}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background (1978–1989)", "says": "According to author Steve Coll, Hekmatyar attacked Ahmad Shah Massoud so often that Washington (who was supporting him through Pakistan) \"feared he might be a secret KGB plant whose mission was to sow disruption within the anti-communist resistance.\" Reports suggest that Hekmatyar's commanders were saving their men and weapons to establish Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin as the dominant organization once "}], "Q249708": [{"id": "Q1811372", "label": "Territory of Alaska", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aleutian Islands campaign (Japanese: アリューシャン方面の戦い, romanized: Alyūshan hōmen no tatakai) was a military campaign fought between 3 June 1942 and 15 August 1943 on and around the Aleutian Islands, part of the US Territory of Alaska, in the American Theater of World War II during the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q2632857", "label": "American Theater", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aleutian Islands campaign (Japanese: アリューシャン方面の戦い, romanized: Alyūshan hōmen no tatakai) was a military campaign fought between 3 June 1942 and 15 August 1943 on and around the Aleutian Islands, part of the US Territory of Alaska, in the American Theater of World War II during the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aleutian Islands campaign (Japanese: アリューシャン方面の戦い, romanized: Alyūshan hōmen no tatakai) was a military campaign fought between 3 June 1942 and 15 August 1943 on and around the Aleutian Islands, part of the US Territory of Alaska, in the American Theater of World War II during the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aleutian Islands campaign (Japanese: アリューシャン方面の戦い, romanized: Alyūshan hōmen no tatakai) was a military campaign fought between 3 June 1942 and 15 August 1943 on and around the Aleutian Islands, part of the US Territory of Alaska, in the American Theater of World War II during the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "Similarly, the U.S. feared that the islands could be used as bases from which to launch air raids on West Coast cities such as Anchorage, Seattle, San Francisco, or Los Angeles."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "lead", "says": "Many military historians believe that the Japanese invasion of the Aleutians was a diversionary or feint attack during the Battle of Midway that was meant to draw out the U.S."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Pacific Fleet from Midway Atoll, as it was launched simultaneously under the same commander, Isoroku Yamamoto."}], "Q2577772": [{"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, and the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652."}, {"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, and the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "They resulted in the execution of Charles I, the abolition of monarchy, and founding of the Commonwealth of England, a unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1642, failure to break the resulting political deadlock sparked the First English Civil War, which pitted Royalists against both the Parliamentarians and their Covenanter allies in England and Wales."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, in the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed such in 1541 but only fully conquered for the Crown in 1603), tensions had also begun to mount."}], "Q2607023": [{"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Moscow, or Treaty of Brotherhood (Turkish: Moskova Antlaşması, Russian: Московский договор) was an agreement between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM), under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, and Russia, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, signed on 16 March 1921."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Neither the Republic of Turkey nor the Soviet Union had then been established."}, {"id": "Q162543", "label": "Mehmed VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The internationally recognised Turkish government at the time was that of Sultan Mehmed VI, but it was not party to the Treaty of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultan's government had signed the Treaty of Sèvres, which had been repudiated by the Turkish National Movement."}], "Q275019": [{"id": "Q48032", "label": "Vasily Sokolovsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Staged almost simultaneously with the Lower Dnieper Offensive (13 August – 22 September), the offensive lasted two months and was led by General Andrei Yeremenko, commanding the Kalinin Front, and Vasily Sokolovsky, commanding the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q313836", "label": "Battle of the Dnieper", "section": "lead", "says": "Although playing a major military role in its own right, the Smolensk operation was also important for its effect on the Battle of the Dnieper."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Strategic context", "says": "As part of the Soviet planning the German railroad communications were attacked by the partisans during the conduct of Operation Concert, one of the largest railroad sabotage operations of World War II."}], "Q283364": [{"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the climactic field engagement of Frederick's fifth Italian campaign and one of the most consequential battles of the long conflict between the emperor, the northern Italian communes and Pope Alexander III."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "Background", "says": "The later tradition that he personally humbled himself before Henry the Lion at Chiavenna while begging for troops is not securely contemporary and developed only later."}], "Q287422": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, also known as the ABM Treaty or ABMT, was a 1972 arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against strategic ballistic missiles, which are used to deliver nuclear weapons It was intended to reduce pressures to build more nuclear weapons to maintain deter"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, also known as the ABM Treaty or ABMT, was a 1972 arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against strategic ballistic missiles, which are used to deliver nuclear weapons It was intended to reduce pressures to build more nuclear weapons to maintain deter"}], "Q311787": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Mars (Russian: Операция «Марс»), also known as the Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive Operation (Russian: Вторая Ржевско-Сычёвская наступательная операция), was the codename for an offensive launched by Soviet forces against German forces during World War II."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was a joint operation of the Soviet Western Front and Kalinin Front co-ordinated by Georgy Zhukov."}, {"id": "Q261776", "label": "Battles of Rzhev", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was one in a series of particularly bloody engagements that are collectively known in Soviet and Russian histories as the Battles of Rzhev, which occurred near Rzhev, Sychevka and Vyazma between January 1942 and March 1943."}], "Q312268": [{"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The failure of the siege saved the empire from collapse, and, combined with other victories achieved by Emperor Heraclius (r."}, {"id": "Q500409", "label": "Roman–Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "610–641) the previous year and in 627, enabled Byzantium to regain its territories and end the destructive Roman–Persian Wars by enforcing a treaty with borders status quo c."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The new emperor's mismanagement left the Byzantine Empire vulnerable and unstable when the Sassanid king Khosrau II (r."}], "Q555839": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon was retreating toward Poland in chaos after the aborted occupation of Moscow and trying to cross the Berezina River at Borisov."}], "Q569953": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745, took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, near Tournai, in Belgium."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Netherlands offered the best opportunity for a decisive victory, and in April, Saxe besieged Tournai, a key strategic town on the upper Scheldt, compelling the main Allied army to march to its relief."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background: 1740 to 1745", "says": "The War of the Austrian Succession was caused by the death in 1740 of Emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background: 1740 to 1745", "says": "Since he had no sons, his eldest daughter Maria Theresa became heir, even though she was technically barred by Salic law which governed the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background: 1740 to 1745", "says": "Maria Theresa was backed by the Pragmatic Allies, a coalition of Austria, Britain, Hanover, and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "Background: 1740 to 1745", "says": "By 1745, the main beneficiary from four years of conflict was Prussia, which captured the Austrian province of Silesia during the 1740–1742 First Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "Background: 1740 to 1745", "says": "Regaining it was a priority for Maria Theresa and led to the 1744–1745 Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q57841", "label": "Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background: 1740 to 1745", "says": "Charles' son, Maximilian III Joseph, now sued for peace and supported the election of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen, as the new Emperor."}], "Q643925": [{"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Dagestan, alongside a series of apartment bombings in September 1999, served as the main casus belli for the Second Chechen War."}, {"id": "Q190731", "label": "Shamil Basayev", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite this concession, extremists such as Shamil Basayev and the Saudi-born Islamist Ibn Al-Khattab continued to undermine the Maskhadov government."}, {"id": "Q2179301", "label": "Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev", "section": "Background", "says": "Chechen separatist government official Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev claimed that he alerted the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) Director Vladimir Putin, in the summer of 1999, of the imminent invasion of Dagestan."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Background", "says": "Chechen separatist government official Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev claimed that he alerted the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) Director Vladimir Putin, in the summer of 1999, of the imminent invasion of Dagestan."}], "Q655480": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quasi-War, 1798 to 1800, was an undeclared war between the United States and the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quasi-War, 1798 to 1800, was an undeclared war between the United States and the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1793, Congress suspended repayment of loans made by France during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q1568837", "label": "Jay's Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed in 1794 by the Jay Treaty with Great Britain, then engaged in the War of the First Coalition with France."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed in 1794 by the Jay Treaty with Great Britain, then engaged in the War of the First Coalition with France."}, {"id": "Q284553", "label": "Convention of 1800", "section": "lead", "says": "The replacement of the First Republic by the Consulate in November 1799 led to the Convention of 1800, which ended the war."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "This ruling has formed the basis of many similar actions since, including the Vietnam War and the Gulf War in the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "This ruling has formed the basis of many similar actions since, including the Vietnam War and the Gulf War in the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, the United States had agreed to protect the French West Indies in return for French support in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Because the treaty had no termination date, France claimed this obligation included supporting them against Great Britain and the Dutch Republic during the 1792–1797 War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite popular enthusiasm for the French Revolution, there was little support for this in Congress."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1793, Congress suspended repayment of French loans incurred during the Revolutionary War, on the grounds that the execution of Louis XVI and dissolution of the former regime rendered existing agreements void."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "To ensure the U.S. did not become involved, Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1794, while President George Washington issued an executive order forbidding American merchant ships from arming themselves."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "On 2 March 1797, the French Directory issued a decree permitting the seizure of any neutral shipping without a rôle d'équipage listing the nationalities of each crewman."}], "Q655777": [{"id": "Q709224", "label": "Marcus Fabius Ambustus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans sent the three sons of Marcus Fabius Ambustus, one of Rome's most powerful aristocrats, as ambassadors."}], "Q66108236": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On August 3, 2019, a mass shooting occurred at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, United States."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The manifesto cites the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand earlier that year and the far-right conspiracy theory known as the Great Replacement as inspiration for the attack."}], "Q667080": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Basel of 1795 consists of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution (represented by François de Barthélemy)."}, {"id": "Q213645", "label": "Karl August von Hardenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April;\nThe second was with Spain (represented by Domingo d'Yriarte) on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and\nThe third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (represented by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen) on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April;\nThe second was with Spain (represented by Domingo d'Yriarte) on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and\nThe third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (represented by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen) on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q168651", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "lead", "says": "The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April;\nThe second was with Spain (represented by Domingo d'Yriarte) on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and\nThe third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (represented by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen) on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April;\nThe second was with Spain (represented by Domingo d'Yriarte) on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and\nThe third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (represented by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen) on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition."}], "Q6881": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Ecnomus or Eknomos (Ancient Greek: Ἔκνομος) was a naval battle, fought off southern Sicily, in 256 BC, between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic, during the First Punic War (264–241 BC)."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Ecnomus or Eknomos (Ancient Greek: Ἔκνομος) was a naval battle, fought off southern Sicily, in 256 BC, between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic, during the First Punic War (264–241 BC)."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In the century prior to the Punic Wars, boarding had become increasingly common and ramming had declined, as the larger and heavier vessels adopted in this period lacked the speed and manoeuvrability necessary to ram, while their sturdier construction reduced the ram's effect even in case of a successful attack."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These brought the Carthaginian fleet up to 350 ships, nearly all quinqueremes, commanded by Hanno, who had been defeated at Agrigentum six years earlier, and Hamilcar, the victor of the Battle of Thermae (not to be confused with Hamilcar Barca)."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The number of Carthaginians is less certainly known but was estimated by Polybius at 150,000, and most modern historians broadly support this."}], "Q696111": [{"id": "Q315559", "label": "Terauchi Masatake", "section": "lead", "says": "Lasting for over eight weeks, the riots were the largest, most widespread, and most violent popular uprising in modern Japanese history, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Terauchi Masatake administration."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The immediate cause of the riots was the sharp increase in the price of rice and other commodities following the economic boom of World War I."}, {"id": "Q315553", "label": "Hara Takashi", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the riots, the Terauchi government resigned, paving the way for the appointment of Hara Takashi as the first commoner prime minister and the establishment of the first stable party-led cabinets in Japanese history."}, {"id": "Q354687", "label": "Inukai Tsuyoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "Party leaders of the era, such as Hara Takashi, Katō Takaaki, and Inukai Tsuyoshi, were generally elitist and saw their role as guiding public opinion rather than following it."}], "Q696389": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts were a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin), Mongolia (led by Khorloogiin Choibalsan) and Japan (led by Hirohito) in Northeast Asia from 1932 to 1939."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts were a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin), Mongolia (led by Khorloogiin Choibalsan) and Japan (led by Hirohito) in Northeast Asia from 1932 to 1939."}, {"id": "Q311488", "label": "Khorloogiin Choibalsan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts were a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin), Mongolia (led by Khorloogiin Choibalsan) and Japan (led by Hirohito) in Northeast Asia from 1932 to 1939."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts were a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin), Mongolia (led by Khorloogiin Choibalsan) and Japan (led by Hirohito) in Northeast Asia from 1932 to 1939."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviets and Japanese, including their respective client states of Mongolia and Manchukuo, fought in a series of escalating small border skirmishes and punitive expeditions from 1935 until Soviet-Mongolian victory over the Japanese in the 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol, which resolved the dispute and returned the borders to status quo ante bellum."}, {"id": "Q188925", "label": "Battles of Khalkhin Gol", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviets and Japanese, including their respective client states of Mongolia and Manchukuo, fought in a series of escalating small border skirmishes and punitive expeditions from 1935 until Soviet-Mongolian victory over the Japanese in the 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol, which resolved the dispute and returned the borders to status quo ante bellum."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts heavily contributed to the signing of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in 1941."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "In the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War and the Eight Power Intervention against the Boxer Rebellion in China, the Qing hold over Manchuria and Korea had weakened significantly, leading to both the Russian and Japanese Empires vying for control over the territories."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "In the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War and the Eight Power Intervention against the Boxer Rebellion in China, the Qing hold over Manchuria and Korea had weakened significantly, leading to both the Russian and Japanese Empires vying for control over the territories."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905 began when the Empire of Japan (led by Emperor Meiji) launched a surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet stationed at Port Arthur on the Liaodong Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905 began when the Empire of Japan (led by Emperor Meiji) launched a surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet stationed at Port Arthur on the Liaodong Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905 began when the Empire of Japan (led by Emperor Meiji) launched a surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet stationed at Port Arthur on the Liaodong Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Following one and a half years of fighting between the Russian Army and the Japanese Army and the disastrous battle of Tsushima, the Russian Empire (led by Tsar Nicholas II) sued for peace, thereby recognizing Japan's claims to Korea and agreeing to evacuate Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Following the 1918 Siberian intervention by Japan in the Russian Civil War (during/after World War I) in the Russian Far East (later; the Soviet-Russian Far East) and fighting against Vladimir Lenin and the Soviet Bolshevik Communists from 1918 to 1922 after the Japanese took the German Qingdao Colony and the German Marshall Island Colonies from the German Empire (led by Kaiser Wilhelm II) in 1914"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Following the 1918 Siberian intervention by Japan in the Russian Civil War (during/after World War I) in the Russian Far East (later; the Soviet-Russian Far East) and fighting against Vladimir Lenin and the Soviet Bolshevik Communists from 1918 to 1922 after the Japanese took the German Qingdao Colony and the German Marshall Island Colonies from the German Empire (led by Kaiser Wilhelm II) in 1914"}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Following the 1918 Siberian intervention by Japan in the Russian Civil War (during/after World War I) in the Russian Far East (later; the Soviet-Russian Far East) and fighting against Vladimir Lenin and the Soviet Bolshevik Communists from 1918 to 1922 after the Japanese took the German Qingdao Colony and the German Marshall Island Colonies from the German Empire (led by Kaiser Wilhelm II) in 1914"}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Following the 1918 Siberian intervention by Japan in the Russian Civil War (during/after World War I) in the Russian Far East (later; the Soviet-Russian Far East) and fighting against Vladimir Lenin and the Soviet Bolshevik Communists from 1918 to 1922 after the Japanese took the German Qingdao Colony and the German Marshall Island Colonies from the German Empire (led by Kaiser Wilhelm II) in 1914"}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Following the 1918 Siberian intervention by Japan in the Russian Civil War (during/after World War I) in the Russian Far East (later; the Soviet-Russian Far East) and fighting against Vladimir Lenin and the Soviet Bolshevik Communists from 1918 to 1922 after the Japanese took the German Qingdao Colony and the German Marshall Island Colonies from the German Empire (led by Kaiser Wilhelm II) in 1914"}, {"id": "Q157052", "label": "Emperor Taishō", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "From 1918 to 1920 the Imperial Japanese Army (commanded by Emperor Taishō after Meiji died in 1912) were helping the White Army and Alexander Kerensky against the Bolshevik Red Army."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "From 1918 to 1920 the Imperial Japanese Army (commanded by Emperor Taishō after Meiji died in 1912) were helping the White Army and Alexander Kerensky against the Bolshevik Red Army."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "When the Czechoslovak Legion got back to Europe in 1920, Austria-Hungary had already collapsed and Czechoslovakia had been created two years before."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "When the Czechoslovak Legion got back to Europe in 1920, Austria-Hungary had already collapsed and Czechoslovakia had been created two years before."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Japan withdrew from the Russian Revolution and the Civil War in 1922."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "However, following its previous occupation in 1919 and the Soviet intervention in Mongolia of 1921, the Republic of China had to withdraw from Outer Mongolia in 1921."}, {"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "Prelude from 1904 to 1932", "says": "Following Hirohito's Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931–1932, (after Taisho's death in 1926) violations of the borders between Manchukuo, the Mongolian People's Republic and the Soviet Union took place frequently."}], "Q698421": [{"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian invasion of Egypt (Operazione E) was an offensive in the Second World War from Italian Libya, against British, Commonwealth and Free French in the neutral Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 December, before the 10th Army was ready to resume its advance on Mersa Matruh, the Western Desert Force (WDF) began Operation Compass, a five-day raid against the fortified Italian camps outside Sidi Barrani."}, {"id": "Q3608511", "label": "Alberto Pariani", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1936, General Alberto Pariani had been appointed Chief of Staff of the Italian Army."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "By September 1939, sixteen divisions of the 67 in the Italian Army (excluding the garrison of Ethiopia) had been converted to binary divisions and had received their establishment of arms and equipment."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Background", "says": "The 5th Army (5ª Armata) in Tripolitania, the western half of Libya opposite Tunisia, had eight divisions; the 10th Army with six infantry divisions garrisoned the province Cyrenaica in the east."}], "Q715264": [{"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "lead", "says": "Reinhard Heydrich, the commander of the German Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the acting Reichsprotektor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a principal architect of the Holocaust, was attacked during the Second World War in a coordinated operation by the Czechoslovak resistance."}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "Reinhard Heydrich, the commander of the German Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the acting Reichsprotektor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a principal architect of the Holocaust, was attacked during the Second World War in a coordinated operation by the Czechoslovak resistance."}, {"id": "Q152274", "label": "Edvard Beneš", "section": "lead", "says": "The operatives who carried out the assassination were soldiers of the Czechoslovak Army who were prepared and trained by the British Special Operations Executive with the approval of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, led by Edvard Beneš."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Multiple memorials have been created in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the United Kingdom to commemorate both the assassination and its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Multiple memorials have been created in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the United Kingdom to commemorate both the assassination and its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The events have been the subject of various films (usually in the general context of World War II in popular culture and specifically portrayals of Heydrich)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "By late 1941, Nazi Germany and its allies controlled most of Continental Europe, and German forces were approaching Moscow; the Western Allies deemed the Soviet Union's capitulation likely."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Czechoslovak government-in-exile under President Edvard Beneš came under pressure from the British government to take direct action against Nazi Germany, as there had been little visible anti-German resistance in Czechoslovakia since Germany's occupation of the Sudeten regions of the country in 1938."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The takeover of these regions had been accepted by the governments of Britain and France in the Munich Agreement, and Germany began occupying the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 had inspired acts of anti-German sabotage by Czech communists, resulting in Heydrich's appointment."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Resistance movements were active from the very beginning of German occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare (Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece), but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of materiel for Germany."}, {"id": "Q57328", "label": "Karl Hermann Frank", "section": "Background", "says": "Heydrich was chosen over Karl Hermann Frank as an assassination target due to his status as the acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia and his reputation for terrorizing local citizens."}], "Q730553": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Myriokephalon (also known as the Battle of Myriocephalum, Greek: Μάχη του Μυριοκέφαλου, Turkish: Miryokefalon Savaşı or Düzbel Muharebesi) was a battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in the mountains west of Iconium (Konya) in west-central Anatolia on 17 September 1176."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1161, the Seljuk Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II and Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos concluded a peace agreement."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1161, the Seljuk Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II and Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos concluded a peace agreement."}, {"id": "Q846670", "label": "Danishmendid dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The emirs fled to Manuel, who demanded the surrender of the captured territories of the Danishmendids to him, which the Sultan was obliged to do under the treaty."}, {"id": "Q297340", "label": "Niketas Choniates", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates, in the vicinity of the pass there were the ruins of the fortress named Myriokephalon, which gave the name to the battle."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east, he recovered Cilicia from local Armenian dynasts and managed to reduce the Crusader Principality of Antioch to vassal status."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "When the strongest Muslim ruler in Syria Nur ad-Din Zangi died in 1174, his successor Saladin was more concerned with Egypt and Palestine than the territory bordering the Empire."}], "Q74011": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1130, the territories in southern Italy united as the Kingdom of Sicily, which included the island of Sicily, the southern third of the Italian Peninsula (including Benevento, which was briefly held twice), the archipelago of Malta, and parts of North Africa."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the Norman Conquest of England (1066), which took a few years after one decisive battle, the conquest of southern Italy was the product of decades and a number of battles, few decisive."}], "Q743768": [{"id": "Q362113", "label": "William Adelin", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a war of succession precipitated by the accidental death of William Adelin—the only legitimate son of King Henry I—who drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a war of succession precipitated by the accidental death of William Adelin—the only legitimate son of King Henry I—who drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120."}, {"id": "Q150872", "label": "Empress Matilda", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry then sought to leave the English throne to his daughter, Empress Matilda, but was only partially successful in convincing the nobility to support her."}, {"id": "Q111490", "label": "Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Matilda's husband, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, conquered Normandy in her name in 1143, but in England, neither side could achieve victory."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1148 Matilda returned to Normandy, leaving the campaigning in England to her eldest son, Henry FitzEmpress (future King Henry II of England)."}, {"id": "Q237886", "label": "Adela of Normandy", "section": "Origins", "says": "Stephen was the son of Stephen-Henry of Blois, one of the powerful counts of northern France, and Adela of Normandy, daughter of William the Conqueror."}, {"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "Origins", "says": "Stephen was the son of Stephen-Henry of Blois, one of the powerful counts of northern France, and Adela of Normandy, daughter of William the Conqueror."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rumours of his father's cowardice during the First Crusade continued to circulate, and a desire to avoid the same reputation may have influenced some of Stephen's rasher military actions."}], "Q747589": [{"id": "Q228911", "label": "Anglo-Zulu War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Isandlwana (alternative spelling: Isandhlwana) on 22 January 1879 was the second major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom – the Battle of Nyezane having been fought and won earlier on the same day by Colonel Pearson's Coastal Column."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Isandlwana (alternative spelling: Isandhlwana) on 22 January 1879 was the second major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom – the Battle of Nyezane having been fought and won earlier on the same day by Colonel Pearson's Coastal Column."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Isandlwana (alternative spelling: Isandhlwana) on 22 January 1879 was the second major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom – the Battle of Nyezane having been fought and won earlier on the same day by Colonel Pearson's Coastal Column."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the scheme by which Lord Carnarvon had brought about the Confederation of Canada through the 1867 British North America Act, it was thought that a similar plan might succeed in South Africa and in 1877 Sir Henry Bartle Frere was appointed as High Commissioner for Southern Africa to instigate the scheme."}, {"id": "Q950220", "label": "Henry Bartle Frere", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the scheme by which Lord Carnarvon had brought about the Confederation of Canada through the 1867 British North America Act, it was thought that a similar plan might succeed in South Africa and in 1877 Sir Henry Bartle Frere was appointed as High Commissioner for Southern Africa to instigate the scheme."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of the obstacles to such a plan were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand, both of which the British Empire would attempt to overcome by force of arms."}], "Q755955": [{"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danes agreed to the British terms upon hearing news of the assassination of Emperor Paul I of Russia, as his death meant the end of the Russian-led League of Armed Neutrality of which Denmark was a member."}, {"id": "Q1339962", "label": "Hyde Parker", "section": "Background", "says": "The British fleet was under the command of Admiral of the White Sir Hyde Parker, with Vice-Admiral of the Blue Sir Horatio Nelson as his second-in-command."}], "Q76118": [{"id": "Q207363", "label": "Perseus of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC) was a war fought between the Roman Republic and King Perseus of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 179 BC, King Philip V of Macedon died and was succeeded by his ambitious son Perseus."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the war was fought in Macedon as well as neighbouring Thessaly, where the Roman troops were stationed."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In pursuit of an alliance, Perseus married Laodice, the daughter of Seleucus IV the king of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q359222", "label": "Prusias II of Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "Perseus' daughter was set to marry Prusias II of Bithynia (in north-western Anatolia, modern Turkey), who was an enemy of Eumenes II of Pergamon (in western Anatolia), an ally of Rome."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "Background", "says": "Perseus' daughter was set to marry Prusias II of Bithynia (in north-western Anatolia, modern Turkey), who was an enemy of Eumenes II of Pergamon (in western Anatolia), an ally of Rome."}], "Q762732": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sardarabad (Armenian: Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Sardarapati chakatamart; Turkish: Serdarabad Muharebesi) was a battle of the Caucasus campaign of World War I that took place near Sardarabad, Armenia, from 21 to 29 May 1918, between the regular Armenian military units and militia on one side and the Ottoman army that had invaded Eastern Armenia on the other."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle paved the way for the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia and the Treaty of Batum: recognition of Armenia by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2287161", "label": "Treaty of Batum", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle paved the way for the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia and the Treaty of Batum: recognition of Armenia by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle paved the way for the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia and the Treaty of Batum: recognition of Armenia by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q367697", "label": "Halil Kut", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 May, after invading Surmali, Turkish General Halil Kut (the uncle of Enver Pasha) declared in Batumi that \"the Armenians have been defeated and must be obeyed.\" On the other hand, the Armenian delegation represented in the negotiations of Batumi (Alexander Khatisian, Hovhannes Kajaznuni) in a cable sent to Khachatur Karchikyan, the Armenian member in the Transcaucasian Commissariat, recommen"}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 May, after invading Surmali, Turkish General Halil Kut (the uncle of Enver Pasha) declared in Batumi that \"the Armenians have been defeated and must be obeyed.\" On the other hand, the Armenian delegation represented in the negotiations of Batumi (Alexander Khatisian, Hovhannes Kajaznuni) in a cable sent to Khachatur Karchikyan, the Armenian member in the Transcaucasian Commissariat, recommen"}, {"id": "Q738598", "label": "Hovhannes Katchaznouni", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 May, after invading Surmali, Turkish General Halil Kut (the uncle of Enver Pasha) declared in Batumi that \"the Armenians have been defeated and must be obeyed.\" On the other hand, the Armenian delegation represented in the negotiations of Batumi (Alexander Khatisian, Hovhannes Kajaznuni) in a cable sent to Khachatur Karchikyan, the Armenian member in the Transcaucasian Commissariat, recommen"}, {"id": "Q2859495", "label": "Aram Manukian", "section": "Background", "says": "But the decision to surrender Yerevan yielded no practical results, as the Executive Body of the Armenian National Council of Tbilisi – the Special Committee – headed by Yerevan National Council chairman Aram Manukian sharply opposed such a development and overthrew the decision (supreme power in Yerevan and the province of Yerevan was given to the Special Committee)."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 May, Aram Manukian accompanied by Yerevan's commandant Arshavir Shahkhatuni, visited Etchmiadzin to urge Catholicos George V to leave the town for security reasons."}], "Q803887": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty has seen notable violations in offensive biological weapons programs of the Soviet Union, and of Ba'athist Iraq."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty has seen notable violations in offensive biological weapons programs of the Soviet Union, and of Ba'athist Iraq."}], "Q8094772": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 19 May and 21 October 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatoa (located in the Sunda Strait, then part of the Dutch East Indies—modern-day Indonesia) began erupting, lasting more than five months."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 19 May and 21 October 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatoa (located in the Sunda Strait, then part of the Dutch East Indies—modern-day Indonesia) began erupting, lasting more than five months."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The explosion was heard 3,110 kilometres (1,930 mi) away in Perth, Western Australia, and Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,800 kilometres (3,000 mi) away."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "lead", "says": "The explosion was heard 3,110 kilometres (1,930 mi) away in Perth, Western Australia, and Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,800 kilometres (3,000 mi) away."}], "Q815140": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Dubrovnik (Serbo-Croatian: opsada Dubrovnika, опсада Дубровника) was a military campaign fought between the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Croatian forces defending the city of Dubrovnik and its surroundings during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The bombardment provoked international condemnation, and became a public relations disaster for Serbia and Montenegro, contributing to their diplomatic and economic isolation, as well as the international recognition of Croatia's independence."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1992, the JNA retreated to Bosnia and Herzegovina, less than 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) from the coast in some places, and handed over its equipment to the newly formed Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)."}, {"id": "Q4335310", "label": "Operation Tiger", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire region was recaptured by the HV in Operation Tiger and the Battle of Konavle by the end of 1992."}, {"id": "Q200305", "label": "Milo Đukanović", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2000, Montenegrin president Milo Đukanović apologized for the siege, eliciting an angry response from his political opponents and from Serbia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1991, Croatia declared its independence as Yugoslavia disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "The development of the military of Croatia was hampered by a UN arms embargo introduced in September, while the military conflict in Croatia continued to escalate with the Battle of Vukovar, which started on 26 August."}, {"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "Background", "says": "The walled city centre, known as the Old Town, is a site of historical monuments and heritage buildings largely dating to the Republic of Ragusa; the city has been placed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Croatian territory surrounding the city stretches from the Pelješac peninsula to the west and the Prevlaka peninsula in the east at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor on the border with Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q617022", "label": "Blagoje Adžić", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In mid-1991, top JNA commanders—including Yugoslav Federal Defence Minister General Veljko Kadijević, JNA Chief of the General Staff General Blagoje Adžić and deputy defence minister Vice Admiral Stane Brovet—planned a military offensive entailing an attack on the Dubrovnik area followed by a westward JNA advance towards western Herzegovina to link up with the JNA 9th Knin Corps in northern Dalmat"}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In September 1991, the JNA and the leaders of Montenegro agreed that Dubrovnik should be attacked and neutralized to ensure Montenegro's territorial integrity, to prevent ethnic clashes and to preserve the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}], "Q836963": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in April 1559 ended the Italian Wars (1494–1559)."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although he was not a signatory, both were approved by Emperor Ferdinand I, since many of the territorial exchanges concerned states within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II of France abandoned claims on the Italian states ruled by Philip II of Spain (the southern kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, along with the Duchy of Milan in the north), restored an independent Savoy, returned Corsica to Genoa, and formally recognised the Protestant Elizabeth I as queen of England, rather than her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II of France abandoned claims on the Italian states ruled by Philip II of Spain (the southern kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, along with the Duchy of Milan in the north), restored an independent Savoy, returned Corsica to Genoa, and formally recognised the Protestant Elizabeth I as queen of England, rather than her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II of France abandoned claims on the Italian states ruled by Philip II of Spain (the southern kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, along with the Duchy of Milan in the north), restored an independent Savoy, returned Corsica to Genoa, and formally recognised the Protestant Elizabeth I as queen of England, rather than her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II of France abandoned claims on the Italian states ruled by Philip II of Spain (the southern kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, along with the Duchy of Milan in the north), restored an independent Savoy, returned Corsica to Genoa, and formally recognised the Protestant Elizabeth I as queen of England, rather than her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II of France abandoned claims on the Italian states ruled by Philip II of Spain (the southern kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, along with the Duchy of Milan in the north), restored an independent Savoy, returned Corsica to Genoa, and formally recognised the Protestant Elizabeth I as queen of England, rather than her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian Wars between the House of Valois and the House of Habsburg began in 1494, and lasted for over 60 years."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian Wars between the House of Valois and the House of Habsburg began in 1494, and lasted for over 60 years."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of this period, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire were ruled by Emperor Charles V until he abdicated in January 1556 and divided his possessions."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "The lands of the Habsburg monarchy, often referred to as \"Austria\", went to his brother Ferdinand, who was also elected Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q82674", "label": "Mary I", "section": "Background", "says": "His son Philip II of Spain, who married Mary I of England in July 1554, already ruled the Spanish Netherlands and Milan in his own right."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "His son Philip II of Spain, who married Mary I of England in July 1554, already ruled the Spanish Netherlands and Milan in his own right."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "While Spain was a global maritime superpower, the Austrian Habsburgs focused on securing a pre-eminent position in Germany and managing the threat posed by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "Background", "says": "In Germany, conflict between Lutheran and Catholic princes resulted in the 1552 Second Schmalkaldic War, settled by the 1556 Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "In Germany, conflict between Lutheran and Catholic princes resulted in the 1552 Second Schmalkaldic War, settled by the 1556 Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, internal divisions caused by the rise of Protestantism in France exacerbated splits within the nobility, and led to the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion in 1562."}], "Q2321578": [{"id": "Q320372", "label": "The Plague", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plague of Cyprian was a pandemic which afflicted the Roman Empire from about AD 249 to 262, or 251/2 to 270."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plague of Cyprian was a pandemic which afflicted the Roman Empire from about AD 249 to 262, or 251/2 to 270."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "lead", "says": "The plague is thought to have caused widespread manpower shortages for food production and the Roman army, severely weakening the empire during the Crisis of the Third Century."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "210–258), a bishop of Carthage and early Christian writer who documented the plague in his treatise On the Plague."}], "Q243799": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The strengthening of the German Empire, the creation of the Triple Alliance of 1882, and the exacerbation of Franco-German and Russo-German tensions at the end of the 1880s led to a common foreign policy and mutual strategic military interests between France and Russia."}], "Q2497254": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet famine of 1930–1933 was a famine in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine and parts of Russia (Kazakhstan, North Caucasus, Kuban, Volga region, the southern Urals, and western Siberia)."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered the kulaks (land-owning proprietors) \"to be liquidated as a class\"."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "As collectivization expanded, the persecution of the kulaks, ongoing since the Russian Civil War, culminated in a massive campaign of state persecution in 1929–1932, including arrests, deportations, and executions of kulaks."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Some scholars have classified the famines which occurred in Ukraine and Kazakhstan as genocides which were committed by Stalin's government, targeting ethnic Ukrainians and Kazakhs."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "Public discussion of the famine was banned in the Soviet Union until the glasnost period initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s."}], "Q263142": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Java Sea (Indonesian: Pertempuran Laut Jawa, Japanese: スラバヤ沖海戦, romanized: Surabaya oki kaisen, lit. 'Sea Battle off Surabaya') was a decisive naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q437690", "label": "Karel Doorman", "section": "lead", "says": "In secondary actions over successive days, starting when the main Combined Striking Force (CSF) of two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and nine destroyers, led by the Striking Force commander (EC, Eskadercommandant or Squadron Commander), Rear-Admiral Karel Doorman of the Royal Netherlands Navy, attempted to intercept a Japanese troop convoy in the Java Sea, only to be intercepted by the con"}, {"id": "Q1536686", "label": "Battle of Sunda Strait", "section": "lead", "says": "The aftermath of the battle included several smaller actions around Java, including the smaller but also significant Battle of Sunda Strait, which saw the sinking of the heavy cruiser USS Houston, the light cruiser HMAS Perth, and the destroyer HNLMS Evertsen, and the second battle of the Java Sea, where the still crippled Exeter and her escorting destroyers were sunk by a Japanese squadron, inclu"}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "These defeats led to the dissolution of the Allied fleet as a whole, the scuttling of the Dutch navy, and the Japanese occupation of the entire Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies progressed at a rapid pace as the Japanese advanced from their Palau Islands colony and captured bases in Sarawak and the southern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Opposing the invading forces was a small force consisting of Dutch, American, British and Australian warships, many of them of World War I vintage, initially under the command of American Admiral Thomas C."}, {"id": "Q2117492", "label": "Battle of Badung Strait", "section": "Background", "says": "On the night of 19–20 February, an Allied force attacked the Japanese eastern invasion force off Bali in the Battle of Badung Strait."}], "Q276059": [{"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813), a British, Portuguese and Spanish army under the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813), a British, Portuguese and Spanish army under the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813), a British, Portuguese and Spanish army under the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the Peninsular War."}], "Q311726": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the First Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham, Première bataille de Québec), was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War—whose North American theatre is referred to by Americans as the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the First Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham, Première bataille de Québec), was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War—whose North American theatre is referred to by Americans as the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q379812", "label": "James Wolfe", "section": "lead", "says": "British troops commanded by General James Wolfe successfully resisted the column advance of French troops and Canadian militia under General Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm, employing new tactics that proved extremely effective against standard military formations used in most large European conflicts."}, {"id": "Q689183", "label": "Battle of Sainte-Foy", "section": "lead", "says": "The French forces would attempt to recapture Quebec the following spring, and in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, they forced the British to retreat within the city's walls."}], "Q316897": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Malplaquet, 11 September 1709, was fought during the War of the Spanish Succession, near Taisnières-sur-Hon, close to the then border between France and Belgium."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "After taking Tournai in early September, the Allies besieged Mons, whose capture would allow them to enter France itself, and Louis XIV ordered Villars to prevent its loss."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "He accepted most of their terms, including replacing his grandson Philip V of Spain with the Habsburg candidate Archduke Charles, the principle for which they were ostensibly fighting."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Since both Prince Eugene of Savoy and the Dutch opposed his preferred option of Ypres, he agreed to make Tournai the main objective for 1709."}, {"id": "Q316827", "label": "Louis François, duc de Boufflers", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Villars commanded the left, de la Colonie led the centre, with the right, where Villars had placed the bulk of the infantry, led by 67-year-old Marshal Louis-François de Boufflers, who was senior to Villars in rank but volunteered to serve under him."}], "Q3350154": [{"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "lead", "says": "Although pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, Manilal Gandhi and Ramdas Gandhi, they were turned down by Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel, and Governor-General C."}, {"id": "Q9455", "label": "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel", "section": "lead", "says": "Although pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, Manilal Gandhi and Ramdas Gandhi, they were turned down by Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel, and Governor-General C."}], "Q370709": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Callias is a purported peace treaty that supposedly was established around 449 BCE between the Delian League (led by Athens) and the Achaemenid Empire and ended the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Callias is a purported peace treaty that supposedly was established around 449 BCE between the Delian League (led by Athens) and the Achaemenid Empire and ended the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q3242126", "label": "Battle of the Eurymedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The exact date of the treaty is debated, but it is usually placed after the Battle of the Eurymedon (469 or 466) or the Battle of Cypriot Salamis (450)."}], "Q385961": [{"id": "Q183191", "label": "European Convention on Human Rights", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged under the aegis of the Organisation of African Unity (since replaced by the  African Union) which, at its 1979 Assembly of Heads of State and Government, adopted a resolution calling for the creation of a committee of experts to draft a continent-wide human rights instrument, similar to those that already existed in Europe (European Convention on Human Rights) and the Americas (American"}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Oversight and interpretation of the Charter is the task of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, which was set up on November 2, 1987 in Addis Ababa (PM Ebbaa.A), Ethiopia and is now headquartered in Banjul, Gambia."}], "Q393299": [{"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle began the Battle of Arras and was the first attack of the Nivelle Offensive."}], "Q417820": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests were based on concerns that the bills, intended to provide more robust responses to copyright infringement (also known as piracy) arising outside the United States, contained measures that could possibly infringe online freedom of speech, websites, and Internet communities."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to the online protests, there were simultaneous physical demonstrations in several U.S. cities, including New York City, San Francisco and Seattle, and separately during December 2011 a mass boycott of then-supporter GoDaddy."}, {"id": "Q529344", "label": "Ron Wyden", "section": "Background", "says": "It was formally introduced as the Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act in the Senate on December 17 by Senator Ron Wyden, and, in the House on January 18, by Representative Darrell Issa."}, {"id": "Q59315", "label": "Patrick Leahy", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 11, 2012, Senator Patrick Leahy, the main sponsor for PIPA, said of the DNS filtering provision, \"I will therefore propose that the positive and negative effects of this provision be studied before implemented\", reported by some papers as removal of those provisions."}], "Q42440670": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "A Black Standard and a document indicating allegiance to the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) were found in the truck."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A federal grand jury indicted 29-year-old Saipov, who had immigrated to the United States from Uzbekistan in 2010, with eight murders in the aid of racketeering, twelve attempted murders in the aid of racketeering, destruction of a motor vehicle and providing material support for a terrorist organization."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "A federal grand jury indicted 29-year-old Saipov, who had immigrated to the United States from Uzbekistan in 2010, with eight murders in the aid of racketeering, twelve attempted murders in the aid of racketeering, destruction of a motor vehicle and providing material support for a terrorist organization."}], "Q476634": [{"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nanchang Uprising of August 1927 was the point at which conflict between the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalist Party of China (Kuomintang) became an outright rebellion."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nanchang Uprising of August 1927 was the point at which conflict between the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalist Party of China (Kuomintang) became an outright rebellion."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This began the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q697372", "label": "Chang Fa-kwei", "section": "lead", "says": "Deng Yanda, Song Qingling and Zhang Fakui (listed nominally, who later crushed the uprising) were among the political leaders."}, {"id": "Q700713", "label": "He Long", "section": "lead", "says": "Military forces in Nanchang under the leadership of He Long and Zhou Enlai rebelled in an attempt to seize control of the city after the end of the first Kuomintang-Communist alliance."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "lead", "says": "Military forces in Nanchang under the leadership of He Long and Zhou Enlai rebelled in an attempt to seize control of the city after the end of the first Kuomintang-Communist alliance."}, {"id": "Q715844", "label": "Ye Ting", "section": "lead", "says": "Other important leaders in this event were Zhu De, Ye Ting, and Liu Bocheng."}, {"id": "Q701507", "label": "Liu Bocheng", "section": "lead", "says": "Other important leaders in this event were Zhu De, Ye Ting, and Liu Bocheng."}], "Q544090": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Matapan  (Greek: Ναυμαχία του Ταινάρου) was a naval battle during the Second World War between the Allies, represented by the navies of the United Kingdom and Australia, and the Royal Italian Navy, from 27 to 29 March 1941."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Matapan  (Greek: Ναυμαχία του Ταινάρου) was a naval battle during the Second World War between the Allies, represented by the navies of the United Kingdom and Australia, and the Royal Italian Navy, from 27 to 29 March 1941."}, {"id": "Q510846", "label": "Angelo Iachino", "section": "lead", "says": "After the interception and decryption of Italian signals by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park (the decrypted intelligence codenamed Ultra), ships of the Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy, under the command of Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, intercepted and sank or severely damaged several ships of the Italian Regia Marina under Squadron Vice-Admiral Angelo Iachino."}, {"id": "Q43746", "label": "Bonaventure", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Allied warships attached to convoys were available: HMS Defender, Jaguar, and Juno waited in the Kithira Channel and HMS Decoy, Carlisle, Calcutta, and Bonaventure and HMAS Vampire were nearby."}, {"id": "Q378706", "label": "Vincenzo Gioberti", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The fleet also included most of the Italian heavy cruiser force: Zara, Fiume, and Pola, accompanied by four destroyers (Alfredo Oriani, Giosuè Carducci, Vincenzo Gioberti, and Vittorio Alfieri) of the 9th Flotilla; and the heavy cruisers Trieste, Trento, and Bolzano, accompanied by three destroyers (Ascari, Corazziere, and Carabiniere) of the 12th Flotilla."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Joining them were the light cruisers Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi and Giuseppe Garibaldi (8th division) and two destroyers of the 16th Flotilla (Emanuele Pessagno and Nicoloso da Recco) from Brindisi."}], "Q547247": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) against North Vietnam from 2 March 1965 until 2 November 1968, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) against North Vietnam from 2 March 1965 until 2 November 1968, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The objectives of the operation (which evolved over time) were to boost the morale of South Vietnam; to force North Vietnam to stop sending soldiers and materiel into South Vietnam to fight in the communist insurgency; and to destroy North Vietnam's transportation system, industrial base, and air defenses."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Attainment of these objectives was made difficult by both the restraints imposed upon the U.S. and its allies by Cold War exigencies, and the military aid and assistance received by North Vietnam from its communist allies: the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation became the most intense air/ground battle waged during the Cold War period; it was the most difficult such campaign fought by the United States since the aerial bombardment of Germany during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation became the most intense air/ground battle waged during the Cold War period; it was the most difficult such campaign fought by the United States since the aerial bombardment of Germany during World War II."}], "Q56761730": [{"id": "Q754", "label": "Trinidad and Tobago", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been ratified or acceded by 19 countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "With the UN's Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) acting as the technical secretariat for the process, it was drafted between 2015 and 2018 and adopted in Escazú, Costa Rica, on 4 March 2018."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Eleven ratifications were required for the agreement to enter into force, which was achieved on 22 January 2021 with the accession of Mexico and Argentina."}], "Q573972": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rossbach took place on 5 November 1757 during the Third Silesian War (1756–1763, part of the Seven Years' War) near the village of Rossbach (Roßbach), in the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rossbach took place on 5 November 1757 during the Third Silesian War (1756–1763, part of the Seven Years' War) near the village of Rossbach (Roßbach), in the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rossbach took place on 5 November 1757 during the Third Silesian War (1756–1763, part of the Seven Years' War) near the village of Rossbach (Roßbach), in the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "In this 90-minute battle, Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, defeated an Allied army composed of French forces augmented by a contingent of the Reichsarmee (Imperial Army) of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In this 90-minute battle, Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, defeated an Allied army composed of French forces augmented by a contingent of the Reichsarmee (Imperial Army) of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q313435", "label": "Battle of Leuthen", "section": "lead", "says": "There he met the Austrian army at the Battle of Leuthen; he employed similar tactics to again defeat an army considerably larger than his own."}], "Q602744": [{"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied armies developed a multi-stage operation, beginning with Operation Goodwood on 18 July, and continuing with Operation Cobra on 25 July, which saw American forces pushing into a gap around Saint-Lô and overwhelming the defending German forces."}, {"id": "Q714293", "label": "Operation Bluecoat", "section": "lead", "says": "Concurrently, the British/Canadian troops pushed south in Operation Bluecoat, attempting to keep the German armour engaged."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 August, Allied ground forces commander General Bernard Montgomery ordered the Allied armies to converge on the Falaise–Chambois area to envelop Army Group B, with the First US Army forming the southern arm, the British the base, and the Canadians the northern arm of the encirclement."}], "Q603549": [{"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nahavand (Arabic: معركة نهاوند Maʿrakah Nahāwand, Persian: نبرد نهاوند Nabard-e Nahâvand), also spelled Nihavand or Nahawand, was fought in 642 between the Rashidun Muslim forces under An-Numan ibn Muqarrin and Sasanian army under King Yazdegerd III."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended in a victory for the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanids consequently lost the surrounding cities including Spahan (Isfahan)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in 632, the religion that he led dominated the Hejaz (western Arabia)."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the first two caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar, Islam expanded into Palestine and Mesopotamia where it respectively confronted the East Roman and Persian (Sāsānian) empires."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "Background", "says": "With the East Roman defeat at the Battle of Yarmouk (636), the Muslim Arabs were free to turn east to the Euphrates and the Persian heartland."}], "Q617333": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It consists of two distinct phases, the first from May 1635 to October 1648, which is considered a related conflict of the Thirty Years' War, the second continued until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "It consists of two distinct phases, the first from May 1635 to October 1648, which is considered a related conflict of the Thirty Years' War, the second continued until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Major areas of conflict included northern Italy, the Spanish Netherlands and the Rhineland."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "France supported revolts against Spanish rule in Portugal (1640–1668), Catalonia (1640–1653) and Naples (1647), while Spain backed French rebels in the 1647 to 1653 \"Fronde\"."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first phase of the Thirty Years' War, France provided support for both the Dutch Republic and Sweden against Spain and Austria, but prior to May 1635 had avoided direct participation."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "While French territorial gains were relatively modest, they strengthened the kingdom's frontiers, while the marriage of Louis XIV to Maria Theresa of Spain enhanced Bourbon dynastic claims."}, {"id": "Q152549", "label": "Maria Theresa of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "While French territorial gains were relatively modest, they strengthened the kingdom's frontiers, while the marriage of Louis XIV to Maria Theresa of Spain enhanced Bourbon dynastic claims."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "More recent assessments have been more cautious, noting that the conflict itself remained militarily indecisive and that the Spanish Empire retained its vast overseas territories, thus remaining a major power, while some historians argue that Spain escaped with comparatively light terms."}, {"id": "Q57195", "label": "Frederick V of the Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when the Protestant-dominated Bohemian Estates offered the Crown of Bohemia to Frederick V of the Palatinate, in place of the Catholic Ferdinand II."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of the Holy Roman Empire remained neutral, and the Bohemian Revolt was quickly suppressed."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of the Holy Roman Empire remained neutral, and the Bohemian Revolt was quickly suppressed."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "This included backing the Dutch Republic in the Eighty Years' War, as well as funding first Danish, then Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Pomerania, partly to support his Protestant coreligionists, but also to control the Baltic trade, whose tolls provided much of Sweden's income."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Swedish intervention continued after Gustavus' death at Lützen in 1632, it caused tensions with Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia, whose lands were devastated by the plague and famine that accompanied the war."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Rumours of a proposed Austro-Spanish offensive in the Netherlands led Louis XIII of France and Richelieu to decide on direct intervention."}, {"id": "Q61118", "label": "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1635, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar agreed to provide 16,000 troops for a campaign in Alsace and the Rhineland, while Louis XIII simultaneously signed an anti-Spanish alliance with the Dutch, and the Treaty of Compiègne with Sweden."}, {"id": "Q1357802", "label": "Treaty of Compiègne", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1635, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar agreed to provide 16,000 troops for a campaign in Alsace and the Rhineland, while Louis XIII simultaneously signed an anti-Spanish alliance with the Dutch, and the Treaty of Compiègne with Sweden."}], "Q619749": [{"id": "Q191530", "label": "Abdullah Öcalan", "section": "lead", "says": "A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan."}], "Q625133": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aragonese Crusade (1284–1285), also known as the Crusade of Aragon or Crusade against Catalonia, was a military venture waged by the Kingdom of France against the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aragonese Crusade (1284–1285), also known as the Crusade of Aragon or Crusade against Catalonia, was a military venture waged by the Kingdom of France against the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought as an extension of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), the crusade was called by Pope Martin IV in retribution for Peter III of Aragon's intervention in Sicily, which had damaged the political ambitions of the papacy and France."}, {"id": "Q227719", "label": "Martin IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought as an extension of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), the crusade was called by Pope Martin IV in retribution for Peter III of Aragon's intervention in Sicily, which had damaged the political ambitions of the papacy and France."}, {"id": "Q836676", "label": "Kingdom of Majorca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of France, aided by the Kingdom of Majorca, led the crusade."}, {"id": "Q172203", "label": "Philip III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite domestic opposition to the crusade, Philip III of France invaded Catalonia in 1285."}, {"id": "Q285143", "label": "Treaty of Tarascon", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the French army in 1285 effectively ended fighting, and Aragon would make peace with the pope by way of the 1291 Treaty of Tarascon."}], "Q6254": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE), sometimes known as the Second Jewish–Roman War, was a series of uprisings launched by Jewish diaspora communities in several eastern provinces of the Roman Empire during the final years of Emperor Trajan's reign."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprisings broke out almost simultaneously in Egypt, Cyrenaica, and Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebel attacks were directed mainly against locals rather than Roman authorities, with ancient authors such as Cassius Dio and Eusebius, as well as epigraphic evidence, reporting extreme violence."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "There is also a reference in Eusebius to Roman actions against Jews in Mesopotamia, though these events appear to have formed part of a broader local resistance to the Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire, rather than another Jewish uprising."}, {"id": "Q446659", "label": "Lusius Quietus", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, General Lusius Quietus quelled the rebellion in Mesopotamia and was subsequently appointed governor of Judaea."}, {"id": "Q7362066", "label": "Roman Libya", "section": "Background", "says": "The messianic aspect of the revolt is perhaps suggested by Eusebius's reference to Lukuas—the leader of the Jewish rebels in Roman Libya—as \"king\", suggesting that the uprising evolved from an ethnic conflict into a nationalist movement with messianic ambitions for political independence."}], "Q636087": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The East Prussian offensive was a strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The East Prussian offensive was a strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q671528", "label": "Battle of Königsberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Königsberg was a major part of the offensive, which ended in victory for the Red Army."}, {"id": "Q4152048", "label": "Gumbinnen Operation", "section": "lead", "says": "The first East Prussian offensive (also known as the Gumbinnen Operation), took place from 16 to 27 October 1944, and was carried out by the 3rd Belorussian Front under General  I.D."}], "Q662961": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vittorio Veneto was fought from 24 October to 4 November 1918 near Vittorio Veneto on the Italian Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q662947", "label": "Battle of the Piave River", "section": "lead", "says": "After having defeated Austro-Hungarian troops during the Second Battle of the Piave River and recognizing the dire internal situation of Austria-Hungary caused by the course of the war and the blockade of the Adriatic at sea, the Royal Italian Army launched a major offensive: the Italian victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, cont"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "After having defeated Austro-Hungarian troops during the Second Battle of the Piave River and recognizing the dire internal situation of Austria-Hungary caused by the course of the war and the blockade of the Adriatic at sea, the Royal Italian Army launched a major offensive: the Italian victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, cont"}, {"id": "Q242644", "label": "Battle of Caporetto", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Battle of Caporetto, from 24 October to 9 November 1917, the Italian Army suffered over 300,000 casualties (dead, injured and captured) and was forced to withdraw, causing the replacement of the Italian Supreme Commander Luigi Cadorna with General Armando Diaz."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Battle of Caporetto, from 24 October to 9 November 1917, the Italian Army suffered over 300,000 casualties (dead, injured and captured) and was forced to withdraw, causing the replacement of the Italian Supreme Commander Luigi Cadorna with General Armando Diaz."}, {"id": "Q333778", "label": "Armando Diaz", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Battle of Caporetto, from 24 October to 9 November 1917, the Italian Army suffered over 300,000 casualties (dead, injured and captured) and was forced to withdraw, causing the replacement of the Italian Supreme Commander Luigi Cadorna with General Armando Diaz."}, {"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 November, the new Hungarian government of Count Mihály Károlyi decided to recall all of the troops who were conscripted from the territory of Kingdom of Hungary, which was a major blow for the Habsburgs' armies."}, {"id": "Q955197", "label": "Enrico Caviglia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Twelfth Army, consisting of one French and three Italian divisions, was commanded by the English-speaking Lieutenant-General Enrico Caviglia and he had under his command the Tenth Army (Lieutenant-General Lord Cavan) to protect his right flank."}], "Q670489": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gorlice–Tarnów offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gorlice–Tarnów offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia."}, {"id": "Q153858", "label": "Battle of Tannenberg", "section": "Background", "says": "After surrounding and then destroying the Russian 2nd Army at the Battle of Tannenberg in late August, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff wheeled their troops to face the Russian 1st Army at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, almost destroying them before they reached the protection of their own fortresses as they retreated across the border."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "After surrounding and then destroying the Russian 2nd Army at the Battle of Tannenberg in late August, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff wheeled their troops to face the Russian 1st Army at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, almost destroying them before they reached the protection of their own fortresses as they retreated across the border."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "Background", "says": "After surrounding and then destroying the Russian 2nd Army at the Battle of Tannenberg in late August, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff wheeled their troops to face the Russian 1st Army at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, almost destroying them before they reached the protection of their own fortresses as they retreated across the border."}, {"id": "Q660655", "label": "First Battle of the Masurian Lakes", "section": "Background", "says": "After surrounding and then destroying the Russian 2nd Army at the Battle of Tannenberg in late August, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff wheeled their troops to face the Russian 1st Army at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, almost destroying them before they reached the protection of their own fortresses as they retreated across the border."}, {"id": "Q659246", "label": "Battle of Galicia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the Austro-Hungarian Army launched a series of attacks collectively known as the Battle of Galicia that were initially successful but soon turned into a retreat that did not stop until reaching the Carpathian Mountains in late September."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "In fierce winter fighting General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, the chief of staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army, attacked the Russians in an attempt to push them back."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "German Chief of German Great General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn refused, but in April 1915 Conrad threatened a separate peace if the Germans would not help."}], "Q687572": [{"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles resolved the military strategies of the French Chief of Staff General Joseph Joffre with Plan XVII and an offensive adaptation of the German Aufmarsch II deployment plan by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger."}, {"id": "Q57130", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles resolved the military strategies of the French Chief of Staff General Joseph Joffre with Plan XVII and an offensive adaptation of the German Aufmarsch II deployment plan by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger."}, {"id": "Q725621", "label": "Charles Lanrezac", "section": "lead", "says": "The German advance was delayed by the movement of the French Fifth Army under General Charles Lanrezac towards the north-west to intercept them and the presence of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the French left."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "French and British rearguard actions delayed the Germans, allowing the French time to transfer forces on the eastern frontier to the west to defend Paris, culminating in the First Battle of the Marne."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "Hostilities commenced on the frontier of Congress Poland; the French government ordered mobilisation and next day the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage, as German troops were crossing the frontier of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Hostilities commenced on the frontier of Congress Poland; the French government ordered mobilisation and next day the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage, as German troops were crossing the frontier of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Military operations began on the French frontier, Libau was bombarded by a German light cruiser SMS Augsburg and the British government guaranteed naval protection for French coasts."}], "Q688297": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sonderbund War (German: Sonderbundskrieg, French: Guerre du Sonderbund, Italian: Guerra del Sonderbund) of November 1847 was a civil war in Switzerland, then still a relatively loose confederacy of cantons."}, {"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sonderbund consisted of the cantons of Lucerne, Fribourg, Valais, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug, all predominantly Catholic and governed by conservative administrations."}, {"id": "Q687554", "label": "Federal Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "The liberal majority in the Tagsatzung voted to order the Sonderbund dissolved on October 21, 1847; it deemed the Sonderbund a violation of section 6 of the Federal Treaty of 1815, which expressly forbade such separate alliances."}], "Q690308": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "6 July] 1917 and was the last Russian offensive of World War I, named after the minister of war, Alexander Kerensky."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "lead", "says": "6 July] 1917 and was the last Russian offensive of World War I, named after the minister of war, Alexander Kerensky."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II during the February Revolution, the Russian Provisional Government pledged to fulfill Russia's existing commitments to the Triple Entente, which included launching an offensive in the spring of 1917."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was directed at capturing Lemberg and the rest of Galicia from Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q49448", "label": "Robert Nivelle", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Alekseyev, who became the army supreme commander after the Revolution, told his French counterpart Robert Nivelle in March that the offensive would have to be delayed until June, because of low morale, logistical issues, and problems caused by bad weather."}, {"id": "Q2083549", "label": "Alexander Guchkov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Alekseyev was also told by Alexander Guchkov, who was briefly the Minister of War before Kerensky replaced him, that the Petrograd Soviet had the real power and the Provisional Government existed as long as the Soviet allowed it."}, {"id": "Q952851", "label": "Nikolai Ruzsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Generals Nikolai Ruzsky of the Northern Front and Vladimir Smirnov of the Western Front both answered that their troops were not in a condition to go on the attack, while General Aleksei Brusilov at the Southwestern Front was the only one who was optimistic and said that his armies were ready for an offensive."}, {"id": "Q207738", "label": "Aleksey Brusilov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Generals Nikolai Ruzsky of the Northern Front and Vladimir Smirnov of the Western Front both answered that their troops were not in a condition to go on the attack, while General Aleksei Brusilov at the Southwestern Front was the only one who was optimistic and said that his armies were ready for an offensive."}], "Q696168": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, also known as Campaign Plan Granite II, was an offensive launched by the United States against Imperial Japanese forces in the Pacific between June and November 1944 during the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, also known as Campaign Plan Granite II, was an offensive launched by the United States against Imperial Japanese forces in the Pacific between June and November 1944 during the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Nimitz, followed the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and was intended to neutralize Japanese bases in the central Pacific, support the Allied drive to retake the Philippines, and provide bases for a strategic bombing campaign against Japan."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Nimitz, followed the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and was intended to neutralize Japanese bases in the central Pacific, support the Allied drive to retake the Philippines, and provide bases for a strategic bombing campaign against Japan."}, {"id": "Q539107", "label": "Marc Mitscher", "section": "lead", "says": "Task Force 58, commanded by Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher, consisted of 15 carriers, 7 battleships, 11 cruisers, 86 destroyers and over 900 planes."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "In the resulting Battle of the Philippine Sea (also known as the \"Great Marianas Turkey Shoot\") on 19–20 June, the Japanese naval forces were decisively defeated with heavy and irreplaceable losses to their carrier-borne and land-based aircraft."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. then constructed airfields on Saipan and Tinian from which B-29s were able to conduct strategic bombing missions against the Japanese home islands until the end of World War II, including the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki."}], "Q696900": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guam (21 July – 10 August 1944) was the American recapture of the Japanese-held island of Guam, an American territory in the Mariana Islands captured by the Japanese in the First Battle of Guam in 1941 during the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The recapture of Guam and the broader Mariana and Palau Islands campaign resulted in the destruction of much of Japan's naval air power and allowed the United States to establish large airbases from which it could bomb the Japanese home islands with its new strategic bomber, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Saipan was scheduled for 15 June 1944, with landings on Guam tentatively set for just three days later, but the Battle of the Philippine Sea and stubborn resistance by the unexpectedly large Japanese garrison on Saipan led to the invasion of Guam being postponed for over a month."}], "Q698281": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War (French: Sixième guerre d'Italie, lit. 'sixth war of Italy'), was a part of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "lead", "says": "It arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519–1520 and from Pope Leo X's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed the Treaty of Bruges in secret against France, and hostilities resumed on the Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q683341", "label": "Battle of Bicocca", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Bicocca on 27 April 1522, Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French, driving them from Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q233192", "label": "Louise of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Diplomatic manoeuvres to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy, to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "Diplomatic manoeuvres to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy, to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles."}, {"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "A few weeks after his release, he repudiated the terms of the treaty, starting the War of the League of Cognac, during which Charles repulsed Suleiman from the Siege of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Treaty of London (1518), the major European powers (France, England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire) were outwardly friendly towards each other."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "They were divided on the question of the Imperial succession; the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I—intending for a Habsburg to succeed him—campaigned throughout 1518 on behalf of his grandson Charles I of Spain, while Francis I of France put himself forward as an alternate candidate."}, {"id": "Q206512", "label": "Thomas Wolsey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the same time, Francis was faced with Henry's able, efficient and intelligent chief advisor Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, the \"power behind the throne\" who interposed himself into the quarrels of the continent in an attempt to increase both England's influence and his own."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pope Leo X, threatened by the presence of Spanish troops 64 kilometres (40 mi) from the Vatican, supported the French candidacy."}, {"id": "Q262986", "label": "Frederick of Saxony", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The election was not a foregone conclusion; with the exception of Frederick of Saxony and Joachim I of Brandenburg, all the electors accepted large bribes from Charles to obtain their votes."}, {"id": "Q717346", "label": "Treaty of Windsor", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Henry entertained the emperor in Kent for three days, in a meeting that achieved little, although the Treaty of Windsor (16 June 1522) reaffirmed the alliance between England and Aragon."}], "Q698686": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hubertusburg (German: Frieden von Hubertusburg) was signed on 15 February 1763 at Hubertusburg Castle by Prussia, Austria and Saxony to end the Third Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the Treaty of Paris, signed five days earlier, it marked the end of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "It was King Frederick II of Prussia, however, who initiated the hostilities with his attack and capture of Saxony in 1756."}, {"id": "Q700229", "label": "Saxe-Gotha", "section": "Background", "says": "Although in January 1757, the majority of the colleges of the Imperial Diet (minus Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Kassel), Brunswick and Saxe-Gotha) voted against the move for war, Frederick succeeded in his quest for expanding Prussian influence, power and territory."}, {"id": "Q573972", "label": "Battle of Rossbach", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Rossbach, on 5 November 1757, the Prussian army defeated the French and also Imperial troops."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1758, the Anglo-Hanoverian army, an ally of Prussia commanded by Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated the French and occupied the town of Münster."}, {"id": "Q130752", "label": "Elizabeth I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "That occurred as a result of the death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia."}], "Q721168": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "30 January] 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "30 January] 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "30 January] 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654."}, {"id": "Q2620447", "label": "Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin", "section": "lead", "says": "Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (for Russia) and Jerzy Chlebowicz (for the Commonwealth) signed the truce in the village of Andrusovo not far from Smolensk."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Representatives of the Cossack Hetmanate were not allowed."}], "Q744611": [{"id": "Q554292", "label": "Publius Valerius Laevinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heraclea took place in 280 BC between the Romans under the command of consul Publius Valerius Laevinus, and the combined forces of Greeks from Epirus, Tarentum, Thurii, Metapontum, and Heraclea under the command of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q930850", "label": "Lucius Aemilius Barbula", "section": "Background", "says": "In 281 BC, Roman legions under the command of Lucius Aemilius Barbula entered Tarentum and plundered it."}], "Q751398": [{"id": "Q220984", "label": "Opium Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The 13-nation International Opium Commission of Shanghai had been held in response to increasing criticism of the opium trade and to settle the Opium Wars."}], "Q758173": [{"id": "Q320372", "label": "The Plague", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plague of Athens (Ancient Greek: Λοιμὸς τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, Loimos tôn Athênôn) was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year (430 BC) of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plague of Athens (Ancient Greek: Λοιμὸς τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, Loimos tôn Athênôn) was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year (430 BC) of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "lead", "says": "Thucydides, an Athenian survivor, wrote that much of the eastern Mediterranean also saw an outbreak of the disease, albeit with less impact."}, {"id": "Q80398", "label": "Pericles", "section": "Background", "says": "In the face of a combined campaign on land from Sparta and its allies beginning in 431 BC, the Athenians, under the direction of Pericles, pursued a policy of retreat within the city walls of Athens, relying on Athenian maritime supremacy for supply while the superior Athenian navy harassed Spartan troop movements."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "He writes of a disease coming from Ethiopia and passing through Egypt and Libya into the Greek world and spreading throughout the wider Mediterranean; a plague so severe and deadly that no one could recall anywhere its like, and physicians ignorant of its nature not only were helpless but themselves died the fastest, having had the most contact with the sick."}, {"id": "Q844289", "label": "Sicilian Expedition", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Thucydides, not until 415 BC had Athens recovered sufficiently to mount a major offensive, the disastrous Sicilian Expedition."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "Ancient Greek intimacy with African sources is reflected in accurate renditions of monkeys in the art of frescoes and pottery, most notably guenons (Cercopithecus), the type of primates responsible for transmitting Marburg virus into Germany and Yugoslavia when that disease was first characterized in 1967."}, {"id": "Q47154", "label": "Lucretius", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "Writing in the 1st century BC, Lucretius characterized the Athenian plague as having bloody discharges from bodily orifices (Book 6.1146–47: \"sudabant etiam fauces intrinsecus atrae / sanguine\" – the throat sweated within, black with blood)."}, {"id": "Q83375", "label": "Empedocles", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "That descriptor may have been derived from direct observation because Lucretius cited scientific predecessors in Greek Sicily: Empedocles and Acron."}], "Q799299": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "From October 1965 to March 1966, a series of large-scale killings and civil unrest primarily targeting members and supposed sympathizers of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) took place in Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Research and declassified documents demonstrate the Indonesian authorities received support from foreign countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Research and declassified documents demonstrate the Indonesian authorities received support from foreign countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Concurrently, the intelligence agencies of the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia engaged in black propaganda campaigns against Indonesian communists."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Separately, Britain had reasons for seeking Sukarno's removal, as his non-communist government was involved in an undeclared war with neighboring Malaysia, a Commonwealth federation of former British colonies."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "He had met with Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China, and after this meeting had decided to create a militia, called the Fifth Force, which he intended to control personally."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "Background", "says": "It was a conference of mostly former colonised countries throughout Asia and Africa (including China, North Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)."}], "Q815154": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 636 and 637/38, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Rashidun Caliphate took Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 636 and 637/38, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Rashidun Caliphate took Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim conquest of the city solidified Arab control over Palestine, which remained part of various Sunni caliphates until the Shia-led Fatimid Caliphate took over in 969."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim conquest of the city solidified Arab control over Palestine, which remained part of various Sunni caliphates until the Shia-led Fatimid Caliphate took over in 969."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1073 the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, and Christian rulers regained control at the time of the First Crusade in 1099."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "Background", "says": "Just 23 years prior to the Muslim conquest, in 614, it fell to an invading Sassanid army under Shahrbaraz during the last of the Byzantine–Sasanian Wars."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Cross was later returned to Jerusalem by Emperor Heraclius after his final victory against the Persians in 628."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632, Muslim leadership passed to Caliph Abu Bakr (r."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "632–634) following a series of campaigns known as the Ridda Wars."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Once Abu Bakr's sovereignty over Arabia had been secured, he initiated a war of conquest in the east by invading Iraq, then a province of the Sassanid Persian Empire; while on the western front, his armies invaded the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "Background", "says": "610–641) launched a major expedition to regain the lost territory, but his army was defeated decisively at the Battle of Yarmouk in August 636."}], "Q815177": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was the military action against the Almoravid dynasty that brought the city of Lisbon under the definitive control of the new Christian power, the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lisbon was one of the few Christian victories of the Second Crusade—it was \"the only success of the universal operation undertaken by the pilgrim army\", i.e., the Second Crusade, according to the near contemporary historian Helmold, although others have questioned whether it was really part of that crusade."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "It is seen as a pivotal battle of the wider Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q167610", "label": "Eugene III", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Edessa in 1144 (present day Sanliurfa, Turkey) led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146."}, {"id": "Q312767", "label": "Alfonso VII of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "He also authorized Alfonso VII of León and Castile to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1147, a contingent of crusaders left from Dartmouth, Devon in the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q587697", "label": "Afonso I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "There they were convinced to meet with Afonso I of Portugal, who had in 1139 declared himself king of the new Kingdom of Portugal."}], "Q815216": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Sevastopol (at the time called in English the Siege of Sebastopol) lasted from October 1854 until September 1855, during the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q757870", "label": "Charge of the Light Brigade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boulevard de Sébastopol, a major artery in Paris, was named for the victory in the 1850s, while the Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" and Robert Gibb's painting The Thin Red Line."}, {"id": "Q2634456", "label": "Thin Red Line", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boulevard de Sébastopol, a major artery in Paris, was named for the victory in the 1850s, while the Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" and Robert Gibb's painting The Thin Red Line."}, {"id": "Q662242", "label": "Franz Roubaud", "section": "lead", "says": "A panorama of the siege itself was painted by Franz Roubaud."}], "Q836897": [{"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "President Charles de Gaulle ordered that the ruins of the old village be maintained as a permanent memorial and museum."}], "Q84599740": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 8 and 9 February 2020, a mass shooting occurred near and in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, colloquially known as Korat."}], "Q849653": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of the Optimates, led by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, were defeated by the forces of Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q193506", "label": "Cato the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "It was followed shortly by the suicides of Scipio and his ally, Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (Cato the Younger), the Numidian king Juba, and his Roman peer Marcus Petreius."}, {"id": "Q720798", "label": "Marcus Petreius", "section": "lead", "says": "It was followed shortly by the suicides of Scipio and his ally, Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (Cato the Younger), the Numidian king Juba, and his Roman peer Marcus Petreius."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The remaining Optimates, not ready to give up fighting, regrouped in the African provinces of Mauretania."}, {"id": "Q379277", "label": "Juba I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Juba I of Numidia was a valuable local ally."}], "Q86597685": [{"id": "Q5015", "label": "Mette Frederiksen", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Danish case was reported on 27 February, and prime minister Mette Frederiksen announced lockdown measures on 11 March effective from 13 March."}], "Q870684": [{"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Green March (Arabic: المسيرة الخضراء, romanized: al-masīrat ul-khaḍrāʾ) was a strategic mass demonstration in November 1975, coordinated by the Moroccan government and the military, to force Spain to hand over the disputed, autonomous semi-metropolitan province of Spanish Sahara to Morocco."}, {"id": "Q983", "label": "Equatorial Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish government was preparing to abandon the territory as part of the decolonization of Africa, just as it had granted independence to Equatorial Guinea in 1968."}, {"id": "Q1093550", "label": "Western Sahara War", "section": "lead", "says": "The refusal of the Sahrawi people to submit to the Moroccan monarchy shaped the Western Sahara conflict, still unresolved today, whose main episode was the Western Sahara War."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "Background", "says": "A UN visiting mission that toured the territory in May 1974 had concluded that the overwhelming majority of Sahrawis rejected annexation by either Morocco or Mauritania and favored complete independence, with the Polisario Front as their leading political force."}], "Q87070975": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, a 14-day home isolation rule was instituted for anyone who had visited South Korea or Japan, and a ban was placed on non-residents and non-citizens who were in South Korea for 14 days before their arrival."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 March, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared a national state of emergency, saying that existing restrictions would henceforth be legally enforceable, and violators would be fined."}], "Q900945": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Lodi was fought on Tuesday 10 May 1796 between French forces under General Napoleon Bonaparte and an Austrian rear guard commanded by Karl Philipp Sebottendorf at Lodi, Lombardy (then part of the Habsburg monarchy, now in Italy), being one of the key engagements of the Italian Campaign."}], "Q917606": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brioni Agreement, also known as the Brioni Declaration (Croatian: Brijunska deklaracija, Serbian: Brionska deklaracija, Serbian Cyrillic: Брионска декларација, Slovene: Brionska deklaracija) is a document signed by representatives of Slovenia, Croatia, and Yugoslavia under the political sponsorship of the European Community (EC) on the Brijuni Islands on 7 July 1991."}, {"id": "Q317547", "label": "Ante Marković", "section": "lead", "says": "However, ultimately it isolated the federal prime minister Ante Marković in his efforts to preserve Yugoslavia, and effectively stopped any form of federal influence over Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, ultimately it isolated the federal prime minister Ante Marković in his efforts to preserve Yugoslavia, and effectively stopped any form of federal influence over Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q163883", "label": "Ten-Day War", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement put an end to hostilities between the Yugoslav and Slovene forces in the Ten-Day War."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "The delegation consisted of the foreign ministers of Luxembourg, as the incumbent holder of the EC presidency, and Italy and the Netherlands, as the previous and future holders of that office."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "There, the delegation was met by Serbian president Slobodan Milošević who dismissed the prospect of Croatia leaving the Yugoslav federation because its population contained 600,000 Serbs."}, {"id": "Q146496", "label": "Stjepan Mesić", "section": "Background", "says": "The EC delegation appeared to make progress when Serbia responded to the move by ceasing their opposition to the appointment of a Croatian member of the federal presidency, Stjepan Mesić, as President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia on 30 June."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 July, de Michelis was replaced by João de Deus Pinheiro, the Portuguese foreign minister, to maintain the formula of current, former and future EC presidencies comprising the EC delegation as the Netherlands took over the presidency from Luxembourg, while Portugal was scheduled to assume the presidency after the Dutch."}], "Q933745": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Osimo was signed on 10 November 1975 by Italy and Yugoslavia in Osimo, Italy, to definitively divide the Free Territory of Trieste between the two states: the port city of Trieste with a narrow coastal strip to the north-west (Zone A) was given to Italy; a portion of the north-western part of the Istrian peninsula (Zone B) was given to Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q391980", "label": "Free Territory of Trieste", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Osimo was signed on 10 November 1975 by Italy and Yugoslavia in Osimo, Italy, to definitively divide the Free Territory of Trieste between the two states: the port city of Trieste with a narrow coastal strip to the north-west (Zone A) was given to Italy; a portion of the north-western part of the Istrian peninsula (Zone B) was given to Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q1288802", "label": "Miloš Minić", "section": "lead", "says": "For Yugoslavia, the treaty was signed by Miloš Minić, the Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs."}], "Q99979519": [{"id": "Q23810819", "label": "Sooronbay Jeenbekov", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 October 2020, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov announced a state of emergency in the capital city of Bishkek, which was approved the following day by the country's parliament, the Supreme Council."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Background", "says": "Kyrgyzstan had faced two revolutions during the early 21st century, namely the Tulip Revolution in 2005 and the Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010."}, {"id": "Q459162", "label": "Tulip Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Kyrgyzstan had faced two revolutions during the early 21st century, namely the Tulip Revolution in 2005 and the Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010."}, {"id": "Q236023", "label": "Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010", "section": "Background", "says": "Kyrgyzstan had faced two revolutions during the early 21st century, namely the Tulip Revolution in 2005 and the Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010."}], "Q1052120": [{"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The East African campaign (also known as the Abyssinian campaign) was a military campaign fought in East Africa during the Second World War by the Allies of World War II, mainly from the British Empire, against Italy and its colony of Italian East Africa, between June 1940 and November 1941."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The East African campaign (also known as the Abyssinian campaign) was a military campaign fought in East Africa during the Second World War by the Allies of World War II, mainly from the British Empire, against Italy and its colony of Italian East Africa, between June 1940 and November 1941."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 June 1940, an Italian air raid took place on the RAF base at Wajir in Kenya and the air war continued until Italian forces had been pushed back from Kenya and Sudan, through Somaliland, Eritrea and Ethiopia in 1940 and early 1941."}, {"id": "Q1970141", "label": "Battle of Gondar", "section": "lead", "says": "The remnants of the Italian forces in the region surrendered after the Battle of Gondar in November 1941, except for small groups that fought a guerrilla war in Ethiopia against the British until the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, which ended the war between Italy and the Allies."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "lead", "says": "The remnants of the Italian forces in the region surrendered after the Battle of Gondar in November 1941, except for small groups that fought a guerrilla war in Ethiopia against the British until the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, which ended the war between Italy and the Allies."}, {"id": "Q451466", "label": "Orde Wingate", "section": "Background", "says": "Major Orde Wingate was sent to Khartoum with an assistant to join the headquarters of the SDF."}], "Q1061228": [{"id": "Q82992", "label": "Élie Frédéric Forey", "section": "lead", "says": "Lorencez was dismissed from his command, and French troops under Élie Frédéric Forey eventually took the city, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a better equipped force provided patriotic inspiration to the Mexicans."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "Lorencez was dismissed from his command, and French troops under Élie Frédéric Forey eventually took the city, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a better equipped force provided patriotic inspiration to the Mexicans."}, {"id": "Q543570", "label": "Juan Almonte", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 17, 1862, Mexican general Juan Almonte, who had been a foreign minister of the conservative government during the Reform War, and who was brought back to Mexico by the French, released his own manifesto, assuring the Mexican people of benevolent French intentions."}, {"id": "Q2091916", "label": "Reform War", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 17, 1862, Mexican general Juan Almonte, who had been a foreign minister of the conservative government during the Reform War, and who was brought back to Mexico by the French, released his own manifesto, assuring the Mexican people of benevolent French intentions."}], "Q109229068": [{"id": "Q27654948", "label": "Abdalla Hamdok", "section": "lead", "says": "Civilian Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok refused to declare support for the coup and on 25 October called for popular resistance; he was confined to house arrest on 26 October."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 October, the European Union, the United States and other western powers stated that they continued to recognise the Hamdok cabinet as \"the constitutional leaders of the transitional government\" and insisted on their ambassadors having access to Hamdok."}], "Q1121044": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva (also spelled Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva; Polish: unia w Krewie; Lithuanian: Krėvos sutartis) comprised a set of prenuptial promises made at Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in regard to  his prospective marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva (also spelled Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva; Polish: unia w Krewie; Lithuanian: Krėvos sutartis) comprised a set of prenuptial promises made at Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in regard to  his prospective marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1385 negotiations, Jogaila converted to Christianity, married Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland in 1386."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1569, the Polish–Lithuanian union had developed into a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which lasted until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "Grand Duke Algirdas died in 1377 and left the throne to his son Jogaila."}, {"id": "Q128399", "label": "Uliana of Tver", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1384, Jogaila explored another option, presented by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and brokered by his Orthodox mother Uliana of Tver: converting to Orthodoxy and marrying Sophia, daughter of Dmitry Donskoy."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1384, Jogaila explored another option, presented by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and brokered by his Orthodox mother Uliana of Tver: converting to Orthodoxy and marrying Sophia, daughter of Dmitry Donskoy."}], "Q113288859": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "Background", "says": "Higher than average monsoon rains were also recorded in India and Bangladesh."}], "Q1132922": [{"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The King's Peace (387 BC) was a peace treaty guaranteed by the Persian King Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The King's Peace (387 BC) was a peace treaty guaranteed by the Persian King Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q787429", "label": "Thirty Years' Peace", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was a form of  Common Peace, similar to the Thirty Years' Peace which ended the First Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q743776", "label": "First Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was a form of  Common Peace, similar to the Thirty Years' Peace which ended the First Peloponnesian War."}], "Q115322003": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 November 2022, at 13:21 WIB (UTC+07:00), a Mww 5.6 earthquake struck near Cianjur in West Java, Indonesia."}], "Q11924845": [{"id": "Q3984895", "label": "Third Messenian War", "section": "lead", "says": "First Messenian War\nSecond Messenian War\nThird Messenian War"}], "Q122974556": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "In Arabic, the conflict (2023–2024) is referred to as the \"Support War\" or the \"Gaza Support War.\"\nOn 8 October 2023, Hezbollah started firing guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli positions in the Shebaa Farms, which it said was in solidarity with Palestinians following the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel and beginning of Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip."}, {"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2024, Israel intensified its operations with two waves of electronic device attacks targeting Hezbollah's communication systems, and later assassinated the group's leading figures, including Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, and his successor, Hashem Safieddine."}, {"id": "Q5679009", "label": "Hashem Safieddine", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2024, Israel intensified its operations with two waves of electronic device attacks targeting Hezbollah's communication systems, and later assassinated the group's leading figures, including Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, and his successor, Hashem Safieddine."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The ceasefire is being monitored by a panel of five countries, led by the United States, th"}, {"id": "Q723506", "label": "Yoav Gallant", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 2023, Israeli defense minister Yoav Gallant warned that Beirut could meet the same fate as Gaza."}], "Q123912788": [{"id": "Q941013", "label": "Lloyd J. Austin III", "section": "lead", "says": "Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force aimed at ending the blockade and countering threats by Houthi forces against international maritime commerce in the region."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition had more than 20 members Egypt and Saudi Arabia, both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 15 March 2025, attacks in Yemen have intensified during Operation Rough Rider and the United States have conducted over 1,000 airstrikes."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 May 2025, President Donald Trump announced that the Houthis had \"capitulated\" and promised not to attack commercial vessels passing Red Sea and Gulf of Aden."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed \"a new Suez Crisis\" by The Economist."}], "Q1259381": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Apamea was a peace treaty conducted in 188 BC between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III, ruler of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the Roman–Seleucid War."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty took place after Roman victories at the Battle of Thermopylae (in 191 BC), the Battle of Magnesia (in 190 BC), and after Roman and Rhodian naval victories over the Seleucid navy."}], "Q1308854": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "La Noche Triste (\"The Night of Sorrows\", literally \"The Sad Night\"), officially called in Mexico Victorious Night, was an important event during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, where Hernán Cortés and his army of Spanish conquistadors, including their native allies were driven out of the Mexica capital, Tenochtitlan."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "La Noche Triste (\"The Night of Sorrows\", literally \"The Sad Night\"), officially called in Mexico Victorious Night, was an important event during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, where Hernán Cortés and his army of Spanish conquistadors, including their native allies were driven out of the Mexica capital, Tenochtitlan."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "lead", "says": "La Noche Triste (\"The Night of Sorrows\", literally \"The Sad Night\"), officially called in Mexico Victorious Night, was an important event during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, where Hernán Cortés and his army of Spanish conquistadors, including their native allies were driven out of the Mexica capital, Tenochtitlan."}], "Q1327772": [{"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Turkish Army general Osman Pamukoğlu in the 1990s, the Dersim massacre was carried on the operational order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "On November 23, 2011, Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan apologized for the massacre, describing it as \"one of the most tragic events of our near history\" adding that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate response to events on the ground, it was in reality \"an operation which was planned step by step\"."}, {"id": "Q44332", "label": "Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu", "section": "lead", "says": "However, this is viewed with suspicion by some, \"who see it as an opportunistic move against the main opposition party, the secular CHP\", and specifically against Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, an Alevi with roots in the region."}], "Q177109": [{"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak–Hungarian War, or Little War (Hungarian: Kis háború, Slovak: Malá vojna), was a war fought from 23 March to 31 March 1939 between the First Slovak Republic and Hungary in eastern Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak–Hungarian War, or Little War (Hungarian: Kis háború, Slovak: Malá vojna), was a war fought from 23 March to 31 March 1939 between the First Slovak Republic and Hungary in eastern Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q950644", "label": "Carpatho-Ukraine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In mid-1938, his ministry armed the Rongyos Gárda (\"Ragged Guard\"), which began to infiltrate into southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 2 November 1938, it found largely in favour of Hungary and obliged Czechoslovakia to cede to Hungary 11,833 km2 of the south part of Slovakia, which was mostly Hungarian-populated (according to the 1910 census)."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The First Vienna Award did not fully satisfy Hungary, which carried out 22 border clashes between 2 November 1938 and 12 January 1939."}, {"id": "Q156502", "label": "Emil Hácha", "section": "Prelude", "says": "President Emil Hácha dismissed the Slovak government of Jozef Tiso and appointed a new Slovak prime minister, Karol Sidor."}, {"id": "Q154346", "label": "Jozef Tiso", "section": "Prelude", "says": "President Emil Hácha dismissed the Slovak government of Jozef Tiso and appointed a new Slovak prime minister, Karol Sidor."}, {"id": "Q57140", "label": "Walther von Brauchitsch", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the evening of 13 March 1939, Tiso and Ferdinand Ďurčanský met Hitler, Ribbentrop and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q76361", "label": "Wilhelm Keitel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the evening of 13 March 1939, Tiso and Ferdinand Ďurčanský met Hitler, Ribbentrop and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin."}], "Q184637": [{"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898)."}, {"id": "Q1514908", "label": "Cuban War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War."}], "Q19613356": [{"id": "Q204487", "label": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the removal from power of longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in the 2011 Tunisian Revolution, the country has faced occasional attacks from Islamist militants, mainly in remote areas."}], "Q19682450": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia, leading a coalition of nine countries from West Asia and North Africa, staged a military intervention in Yemen at the request of Yemeni president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who had been ousted from the capital, Sanaa, in September 2014 by Houthi insurgents during the Yemeni civil war."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "lead", "says": "Ground forces were subsequently deployed into the country as part of a broader offensive against both Houthi militants and loyalists of Hadi's predecessor, Ali Abdullah Saleh."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates provided air and ground forces, while Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and U.S. private military contractor Constellis headed several ground operations."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "The Houthis were supported by sections of the Yemeni armed forces loyal to the former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was removed from power as part of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings but was later killed by his former Houthi allies."}], "Q1982745": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Revolution was a social revolution that began at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, following the attempted coup to overthrow the Second Spanish Republic and arming of the worker movements and formation of militias to fight the Nationalists."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Revolution was a social revolution that began at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, following the attempted coup to overthrow the Second Spanish Republic and arming of the worker movements and formation of militias to fight the Nationalists."}], "Q1987213": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dyrrhachium took place on October 18, 1081 between the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dyrrhachium took place on October 18, 1081 between the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r."}, {"id": "Q210564", "label": "Michael VII Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Norman conquest of Byzantine Italy and Saracen Sicily, the Byzantine emperor, Michael VII Doukas (r."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "After this victory, the Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "After this victory, the Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Robert was then forced to leave Greece to deal with an attack on his ally, the Pope, by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV (r."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "As they were paid with lands, soon they were powerful enough to challenge Papal authority; in 1054, they defeated the Papal States at the Battle of Civitate, forcing the Holy See to acknowledge their authority."}, {"id": "Q61100", "label": "Battle of Civitate", "section": "Background", "says": "As they were paid with lands, soon they were powerful enough to challenge Papal authority; in 1054, they defeated the Papal States at the Battle of Civitate, forcing the Holy See to acknowledge their authority."}, {"id": "Q117840", "label": "Nicholas II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1059, Pope Nicholas II made Robert Guiscard, of the Hauteville family, Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1059, Pope Nicholas II made Robert Guiscard, of the Hauteville family, Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pope Gregory VII called the Croatian king Demetrius Zvonimir to help the Normans, therefore the Croats and the Normans made a anti-byzantine pact."}], "Q200472": [{"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred on 17 October 1961, during the Algerian War (1954–62)."}, {"id": "Q327009", "label": "Maurice Papon", "section": "lead", "says": "Under orders from the head of the Parisian police, Maurice Papon, the National Police attacked a demonstration by 30,000 pro-National Liberation Front (FLN) Algerians."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre was intentional, as substantiated by historian Jean-Luc Einaudi, who won a trial against Papon in 1999 (Papon had been convicted in 1998 of crimes against humanity for his role under the Vichy collaborationist regime during World War II)."}], "Q20826727": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 August 2015, a bombing took place inside the Erawan Shrine at the Ratchaprasong intersection in Pathum Wan district, Bangkok, Thailand, killing 20 people and injuring 125."}], "Q2092429": [{"id": "Q3445471", "label": "Slaughter of the Knezes", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1804, the Ottoman Janissary decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout Central Serbia, a move known as the Slaughter of the Knezes."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The first part of the period, from 1804 to 1817, was marked by a violent struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire with two armed uprisings taking place, ending with a ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q77184", "label": "Leopold von Ranke", "section": "lead", "says": "The term Serbian Revolution was coined by a German academic historiographer, Leopold von Ranke, in his book Die Serbische Revolution, published in 1829."}, {"id": "Q368689", "label": "First Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The period is further divided as follows:\n\nFirst Serbian Uprising (1804–13), led by Karađorđe Petrović\nHadži-Prodan's rebellion (1814)\nSecond Serbian Uprising (1815–17), led by Miloš Obrenović\nOfficial recognition of the Serbian state (1815–1833)\nOfficial Serbian Constitution (1835)\nThe Proclamation (1809) by Karađorđe in the capital Belgrade represents the probable peak of the first phase."}, {"id": "Q243585", "label": "Second Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The period is further divided as follows:\n\nFirst Serbian Uprising (1804–13), led by Karađorđe Petrović\nHadži-Prodan's rebellion (1814)\nSecond Serbian Uprising (1815–17), led by Miloš Obrenović\nOfficial recognition of the Serbian state (1815–1833)\nOfficial Serbian Constitution (1835)\nThe Proclamation (1809) by Karađorđe in the capital Belgrade represents the probable peak of the first phase."}, {"id": "Q315172", "label": "Karađorđe", "section": "lead", "says": "The period is further divided as follows:\n\nFirst Serbian Uprising (1804–13), led by Karađorđe Petrović\nHadži-Prodan's rebellion (1814)\nSecond Serbian Uprising (1815–17), led by Miloš Obrenović\nOfficial recognition of the Serbian state (1815–1833)\nOfficial Serbian Constitution (1835)\nThe Proclamation (1809) by Karađorđe in the capital Belgrade represents the probable peak of the first phase."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Apart from dispensing with poll tax on non-Muslims (jizya), the revolutionaries also abolished all feudal obligations in 1806, only 15 years after the French Revolution, peasant and serf emancipation thus representing a major social break with the past."}, {"id": "Q297557", "label": "Miloš Obrenović I", "section": "lead", "says": "The rule of Miloš Obrenović consolidated the achievements of the Uprisings, leading to the proclamation of the first constitution in the Balkans"}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "New circumstances, such as the Austrian occupation of Serbia, rise of the Serbian elite across the Danube, Napoleon's conquests in the Balkans, and reforms in the Russian Empire, exposed Serbs to new ideas."}, {"id": "Q202815", "label": "Vuk Karadžić", "section": "Background", "says": "The second figure was Vuk Karadžić (1787)."}], "Q2287161": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batumi on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batumi on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batumi on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batumi on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q372822", "label": "Persian Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917, the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917, the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917, the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations."}, {"id": "Q2028186", "label": "Akaki Chkhenkeli", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 April, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept that position."}], "Q23688698": [{"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The clashes occurred in a region that is disputed between the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and the Republic of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The clashes occurred in a region that is disputed between the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and the Republic of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Nagorno-Karabakh War ended with a ceasefire agreement between the warring parties that came into effect on 12 May 1994."}], "Q243590": [{"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Anglo-Sikh War was a military conflict fought between the Sikh Empire and the East India Company, which took place from 1848 to 1849."}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab and what subsequently became the North-West Frontier Province, by the East India Company."}, {"id": "Q4870727", "label": "Battle of Chillianwala", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the brilliant successes gained by Herbert Edwardes against Mulraj, and Gough's indecisive victories at the Battle of Ramnagar in November and at the Battle of Chillianwala on 13 January 1849, the stubborn resistance at Multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government."}, {"id": "Q4871164", "label": "Battle of Gujrat", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 February, Gough won a complete victory at the Battle of Gujrat."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the war, the Sikh Empire was forced to cede some valuable territory (the Jullundur Doab) to the East India Company, and Gulab Singh, the ruler of Jammu, was allowed to acquire entire Jammu and Kashmir from the Sikh Empire by a large cash payment to the East India Company."}, {"id": "Q58275", "label": "Henry Montgomery Lawrence", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, a British garrison began stationing in Lahore due to the Treaty of Bhairowal, and Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed as the first Resident in Lahore."}, {"id": "Q333140", "label": "Duleep Singh I", "section": "Background", "says": "The boy Maharaja Duleep Singh of the Sikh Empire was allowed to retain his throne, but the British Resident had \"full authority to direct and control all matters in every Department of the State\"."}, {"id": "Q2753670", "label": "Jind Kaur", "section": "Background", "says": "The regency of Maharani Jind Kaur, who is Duleep Singh's mother, was replaced by a Council of Regency composed of leading Chiefs and Sirdars acting under the control and guidance of the British Resident."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of the Sikh Army had to be kept in being, since many predominantly Muslim areas of the Sikh Empire threatened to ally with Dost Mohammed Khan in Afghanistan or to lapse into disorder, and only force of arms could keep them in subjugation."}], "Q2477522": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "Background", "says": "Their territory included modern Bangladesh, and parts of other Indian states."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "It was earlier a province of the Mughal Empire from the 16th century and was ruled by a nawab, or governor."}, {"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1757, at the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company defeated the nawab Siraj Ud Daulah, annexing large portions of Bengal afterwards."}], "Q253155": [{"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty, also known as the Eternal Treaty or the Silver Treaty, was concluded between Ramesses II of the Egyptian Empire and Ḫattušili III of the Hittite Empire around 1259 BC."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty, also known as the Eternal Treaty or the Silver Treaty, was concluded between Ramesses II of the Egyptian Empire and Ḫattušili III of the Hittite Empire around 1259 BC."}, {"id": "Q203729", "label": "Battle of Kadesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Though it is sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh, the text itself does not mention the Battle of Kadesh, which took place around 1274 BC."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt's Kadesh inscriptions provide the best documented description of a battle in all of ancient history; they were first translated by the French scholar Jean-François Champollion, but it was not until 1858 that they were identified with the Hittites in the Bible."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hittite treaty was discovered by Hugo Winckler in 1906 at Boğazkale in Ottoman Empire."}], "Q257758": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the United States, the protests marked a turning point for the civil rights movement, which produced revolutionary movements like the Black Panther Party."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "In reaction to the Tet Offensive, protests also sparked a broad movement in opposition to the Vietnam War all over the United States as well as in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "In reaction to the Tet Offensive, protests also sparked a broad movement in opposition to the Vietnam War all over the United States as well as in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "In Central and Eastern Europe, there were widespread protests that escalated, particularly in the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, in Warsaw, Poland, and in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In Central and Eastern Europe, there were widespread protests that escalated, particularly in the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, in Warsaw, Poland, and in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Outside the Western world there were protests in Japan, Egypt, and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eastern Bloc had already seen several mass protests in the decades following World War II, including the Hungarian Revolution, the uprising in East Germany and several labor strikes in Poland, especially important ones in Poznań in 1956."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eastern Bloc had already seen several mass protests in the decades following World War II, including the Hungarian Revolution, the uprising in East Germany and several labor strikes in Poland, especially important ones in Poznań in 1956."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In China, the Cultural Revolution had reached its peak."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "The authorities suppressed the protest, while President Josip Broz Tito had the protests gradually cease by giving in to some of the students' demands."}], "Q2609193": [{"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guinea-Bissau War of Independence (Portuguese: Guerra de Independência da Guiné-Bissau), also known as the Bissau-Guinean War of Independence, was an armed independence conflict that took place in Portuguese Guinea from 1963 to 1974."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Portugal and the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde, PAIGC), an armed independence movement backed by the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, Algeria and Guinea."}, {"id": "Q213416", "label": "Amílcar Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "After the assassination of PAIGC leader Amílcar Cabral in January 1973, the military conflict reached a stalemate: Portuguese forces were largely confined to major cities and various fortified bases and were patently unable to dislodge PAIGC from the so-called liberated zones."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Carnation Revolution, the new Portuguese government agreed to grant independence to Guinea-Bissau in September 1974 and to Cape Verde a year later."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Carnation Revolution, the new Portuguese government agreed to grant independence to Guinea-Bissau in September 1974 and to Cape Verde a year later."}, {"id": "Q1039", "label": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 18, 1961 PAIGC together with FRELIMO of Mozambique, MPLA of Angola and MLSTP of São Tomé and Príncipe formed the Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies (CONCP) during a conference in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The main goal of the organization was cooperation among the different national liberation movements in the Portuguese Empire."}], "Q2658255": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, sometimes referred to as the Second Palaiologan Civil War, was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, sometimes referred to as the Second Palaiologan Civil War, was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, sometimes referred to as the Second Palaiologan Civil War, was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q37084", "label": "John VI Kantakouzenos", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted on the one hand Andronikos III's chief minister, John VI Kantakouzenos, and on the other a regency headed by the Empress-Dowager Anna of Savoy, the Patriarch of Constantinople John XIV Kalekas, and the megas doux Alexios Apokaukos."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "lead", "says": "As the chief aide and closest friend of Emperor Andronikos III, Kantakouzenos became regent for the underage John V upon Andronikos's death in June 1341."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of several anti-aristocratic uprisings, most notably that of the Zealots in Thessalonica, a majority of the cities in Thrace and Macedonia came under regency control."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "lead", "says": "With assistance from Stefan Dušan of Serbia and Umur Beg of Aydin, Kantakouzenos successfully reversed these gains."}, {"id": "Q717084", "label": "Umur Beg", "section": "lead", "says": "With assistance from Stefan Dušan of Serbia and Umur Beg of Aydin, Kantakouzenos successfully reversed these gains."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1341, the Byzantine Empire was in a state of turmoil, and despite the restoration of the Empire's capital to Constantinople and the recovery of a measure of its former power by Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282), the policies implemented during his reign had exhausted the state's resources, and the Empire's strength waned under his successor, Andronikos II Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "Background", "says": "This caused a flood of refugees into Byzantium's European provinces, while at the same time, the Catalan Company wrought havoc in the imperial domains."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "He inherited vast estates in Macedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, and became a childhood friend and the closest and most trusted advisor of Andronikos III."}, {"id": "Q329708", "label": "Matthew Kantakouzenos", "section": "Background", "says": "Their ties were further strengthened in the spring of 1341, when the latter's eldest son, Matthew Kantakouzenos, wed Irene Palaiologina, a cousin of the Emperor."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1329, his first campaign against the Ottomans resulted in a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Pelekanos, after which the Byzantine position in Bithynia rapi"}], "Q280868": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between a Roman Republican army, led by proconsul Julius Caesar, and Gallic forces led by Vercingetorix, who was also the Arverni chieftain."}, {"id": "Q178953", "label": "Vercingetorix", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between a Roman Republican army, led by proconsul Julius Caesar, and Gallic forces led by Vercingetorix, who was also the Arverni chieftain."}, {"id": "Q311265", "label": "Titus Labienus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After resting his forces at Avaricum, he sent his top legate, Titus Labienus, with four legions north; this to keep the northern Gauls from interfering with his campaign against the Arverni."}], "Q2862267": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean Armistice Agreement (Korean: 한국정전협정; Hanja: 韓國停戰協定) is an armistice that brought about a cessation of hostilities of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Clark representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korea leader Kim Il Sung and General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and Peng Dehuai representing the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "Clark representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korea leader Kim Il Sung and General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and Peng Dehuai representing the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}, {"id": "Q381823", "label": "Peng Dehuai", "section": "lead", "says": "Clark representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korea leader Kim Il Sung and General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and Peng Dehuai representing the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and came into force at 22:00 local time (UTC+09:00) the same day and was designed to \"ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved.\"\nDuring the 1954 Geneva Conference in Switzerland, Chinese Premier and foreign minister Zhou Enlai suggested that a peace treaty should be imp"}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and came into force at 22:00 local time (UTC+09:00) the same day and was designed to \"ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved.\"\nDuring the 1954 Geneva Conference in Switzerland, Chinese Premier and foreign minister Zhou Enlai suggested that a peace treaty should be imp"}, {"id": "Q223677", "label": "John Foster Dulles", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the US secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, did not accommodate this attempt to achieve such a treaty."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The DMZ runs close to the 38th parallel and has separated North and South Korea since the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-December 1950, the United States was discussing terms for an agreement to end the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "Background", "says": "While talk of a possible armistice agreement was circulating, in late May and early June 1951, the President of the Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea) Syngman Rhee opposed peace talks."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "The North Korean side was slow to support armistice talks and only on 27 June 1951 – seventeen days after armistice talks had begun – it did change its slogan of \"drive the enemy into the sea\" to \"drive the enemy to the 38th parallel.\" North Korea was pressured to support armistice talks by its allies the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, whose support was vital to enabling North Ko"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The North Korean side was slow to support armistice talks and only on 27 June 1951 – seventeen days after armistice talks had begun – it did change its slogan of \"drive the enemy into the sea\" to \"drive the enemy to the 38th parallel.\" North Korea was pressured to support armistice talks by its allies the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, whose support was vital to enabling North Ko"}], "Q2916113": [{"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Army and the Razakars militia."}, {"id": "Q371394", "label": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Army and the Razakars militia."}, {"id": "Q2985554", "label": "Operation Searchlight", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 25 March 1971, as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence from the Pakistani state."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 25 March 1971, as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence from the Pakistani state."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 25 March 1971, as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence from the Pakistani state."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local pro-Pakistan militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass killing and genocidal sexual viole"}], "Q29242": [{"id": "Q620735", "label": "Russo-Georgian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 2008, military tensions and clashes erupted into the Russo-Georgian War."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "To counter pro-independence movements in the constituent Soviet republics, the Soviet government under Mikhail Gorbachev adopted a policy of supporting separatist entities within these republics to pressure them into remaining in the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "To counter pro-independence movements in the constituent Soviet republics, the Soviet government under Mikhail Gorbachev adopted a policy of supporting separatist entities within these republics to pressure them into remaining in the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "On 10 November 1989, the South Ossetian Supreme Soviet asked the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic for the status of the region to be upgraded to that of an autonomous republic."}], "Q329534": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lützen, fought on 2 May 1813 near the town of Lützen in Saxony, was a major engagement during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the disaster of French invasion of Russia in 1812, the European powers saw their chance of ridding themselves of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 March, Berlin officially dissolved the alliance with Napoleon and one day later Frederick William III declared war on France."}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout March and April 1813, the French troops in Germany under Marshal Eugène de Beauharnais engaged in a series of skirmishes and retreats as they attempted to regroup and consolidate their positions."}], "Q370706": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "They demanded the release of prisoners in Khuzestan and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom."}], "Q403416": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Nicephorus I, and the First Bulgarian Empire under Khan Krum in July 811."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Nicephorus I, and the First Bulgarian Empire under Khan Krum in July 811."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantines plundered and burned the Bulgar capital Pliska which gave time for the Bulgarians to block passes in the Balkan Mountains that served as exits out of Bulgaria."}], "Q4218": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also known as the Hungarian conquest or the Hungarian land-taking (Hungarian: honfoglalás, lit. 'taking/conquest of the homeland'), was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarians in Central Europe in the late 9th and early 10th century."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the First Bulgarian Empire, East Francia, and Moravia, competed for control of the Carpathian Basin following the collapse of the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the First Bulgarian Empire, East Francia, and Moravia, competed for control of the Carpathian Basin following the collapse of the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They launched a series of campaigns to Western Europe between 899 and 955 and also targeted the Byzantine Empire between 943 and 971."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Gepids survived up until the second half of the 9th century, according to a reference in the Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians to their groups dwelling in Lower Pannonia around 870."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Avars' power was destroyed between 791 and 795 by Charlemagne, who occupied Transdanubia and attached it to his empire."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "A manor defended by timber walls (similar to noble courts of other parts of the Carolingian Empire) was unearthed at Zalaszabar."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "Background", "says": "A charter issued in 860 by King Louis the German for the Mattsee Abbey may well attest that the Onogurs (another people of Turkic origin) were also present in the territory."}], "Q428369": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu (38,000) fought against Takeda Katsuyori's forces (15,000) and the allied forces won a crushing victory over the Takeda clan."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu (38,000) fought against Takeda Katsuyori's forces (15,000) and the allied forces won a crushing victory over the Takeda clan."}, {"id": "Q662482", "label": "Takeda Katsuyori", "section": "Background", "says": "The trigger for the battle was the offensive between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Takeda Katsuyori over the North Mikawa region."}, {"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "Background", "says": "The Takeda and Tokugawa clans had been at war with each other since the lifetime of Takeda Shingen."}, {"id": "Q467417", "label": "Honda Tadakatsu", "section": "Background", "says": "Tokugawa forces sent Honda Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa to capture the Nagashino Castle."}, {"id": "Q1062738", "label": "Sakakibara Yasumasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Tokugawa forces sent Honda Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa to capture the Nagashino Castle."}], "Q431177": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1219 and 1221, the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Both belligerents, although large, had been formed recently: the Khwarazmian dynasty had expanded from their homeland to replace the Seljuk Empire in the late 1100s and early 1200s; nearly simultaneously, Genghis Khan had unified the Mongolic peoples and conquered the Western Xia dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "Both belligerents, although large, had been formed recently: the Khwarazmian dynasty had expanded from their homeland to replace the Seljuk Empire in the late 1100s and early 1200s; nearly simultaneously, Genghis Khan had unified the Mongolic peoples and conquered the Western Xia dynasty."}, {"id": "Q3269746", "label": "Battle of Parwan", "section": "lead", "says": "His son and heir Jalal-al Din managed to mobilize substantial forces, defeating a Mongol general at the Battle of Parwan, but these were crushed by Genghis at the Battle of the Indus a few months later."}, {"id": "Q3269760", "label": "Battle of Indus", "section": "lead", "says": "His son and heir Jalal-al Din managed to mobilize substantial forces, defeating a Mongol general at the Battle of Parwan, but these were crushed by Genghis at the Battle of the Indus a few months later."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The subjugation of the Khwarazmian lands provided a base for the Mongols' later assaults on Georgia and the rest of Persia; when the empire later divided into separate khanates, the Persian lands formerly ruled by the Khwarazmids would be governed by the Ilkhanate, while the northern cities would be ruled by the Chagatai Khanate."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The subjugation of the Khwarazmian lands provided a base for the Mongols' later assaults on Georgia and the rest of Persia; when the empire later divided into separate khanates, the Persian lands formerly ruled by the Khwarazmids would be governed by the Ilkhanate, while the northern cities would be ruled by the Chagatai Khanate."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign, which saw the Mongols engage and defeat a non-sinicized state for the first time, was a pivotal moment in the growth of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "Background", "says": "The dominant power in late twelfth-century Central Asia was the Qara Khitai, which had been founded by Yelü Dashi in the 1130s."}, {"id": "Q1330091", "label": "Yelü Dashi", "section": "Background", "says": "The dominant power in late twelfth-century Central Asia was the Qara Khitai, which had been founded by Yelü Dashi in the 1130s."}, {"id": "Q2629418", "label": "Il-Arslan", "section": "Background", "says": "By comparison, Khwarazm had only one major city in Urgench, and had only come to prominence after 1150 under Il-Arslan."}, {"id": "Q337506", "label": "Ahmad Sanjar", "section": "Background", "says": "However, as the Seljuk Empire slowly fractured after the death of Ahmad Sanjar in 1154, the Khwarazmids were able to take advantage of the chaos due to their geographical proximity; Il-Arslan's son Tekish captured large cities such as Nishapur and Merv in the nearby region of Khorasan, gaining enough power to declare himself a fully-fledged sovereign in 1189."}, {"id": "Q284750", "label": "Al-Nasir", "section": "Background", "says": "Allying with the Abbasid caliph Al-Nasir, he overthrew the last Seljuk emperor, Toghrul III, in 1194, and usurped the sultanate of Hamadan."}, {"id": "Q280697", "label": "Toghrul III", "section": "Background", "says": "Allying with the Abbasid caliph Al-Nasir, he overthrew the last Seljuk emperor, Toghrul III, in 1194, and usurped the sultanate of Hamadan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite a troubled early start to his reign, which saw conflict with the Ghurids of Afghanistan, he followed his predecessor's expansionist policies by subjugating the Qarakhanids and taking their cities, including Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q860152", "label": "Yelü Zhilugu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1211, Kuchlug, a prince of the Naimans, managed to usurp the Qara-Khitai Empire from his father-in-law Yelü Zhilugu with Muhammad's help, but alienated both his subjects and the Khwarazmshah with anti-Muslim measures."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "As a Mongol detachment led by Jebe hunted him down, Kuchlug fled; meanwhile, Muhammad was able to vassalize the territories of Balochistan and Makran, and to gain the allegiance of the Eldiguzids."}, {"id": "Q428400", "label": "Eldiguzids", "section": "Background", "says": "As a Mongol detachment led by Jebe hunted him down, Kuchlug fled; meanwhile, Muhammad was able to vassalize the territories of Balochistan and Makran, and to gain the allegiance of the Eldiguzids."}], "Q43378": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thousand Days' War (Spanish: Guerra de los Mil Días) was a civil war fought in Colombia from 17 October 1899 to 21 November 1902, at first between the Liberal Party and the government led by the National Party, and later – after the Conservative Party had ousted the National Party – between the liberals and the conservative government."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "Conservative and liberal factions of those two countries, as well as of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, backed their respective parties within Colombia."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "Conservative and liberal factions of those two countries, as well as of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, backed their respective parties within Colombia."}, {"id": "Q2090617", "label": "Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "American interests in the Panama Isthmus led to an American intervention and naval deployment in Panama (then part of Colombia) under the guise of upholding the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty."}], "Q477958": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The February 26 incident (二・二六事件, Ni Ni-Roku Jiken), also known as the 2–26 incident, was an attempted coup d'état in the Empire of Japan on 26 February 1936."}, {"id": "Q244926", "label": "May 15 Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "Most notable was the May 15 Incident of 1932 in which young naval officers assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi."}, {"id": "Q354687", "label": "Inukai Tsuyoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "Most notable was the May 15 Incident of 1932 in which young naval officers assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi."}], "Q482525": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "In South Korea, the movement is remembered as a landmark event of not only the Korean independence movement, but of all of Korean history."}, {"id": "Q279790", "label": "May Fourth Movement", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, the movement went on to inspire other movements abroad, including the Chinese May Fourth Movement and Indian satyagraha protests."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "Background", "says": "Of particular interest to them were ideas from the West, particularly liberal democracy, which they received in part via the Japanese Taishō Democracy movement and Wilson's Fourteen Points."}], "Q482635": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kent State shootings (also known as the Kent State massacre) were the killing of four and wounding of nine unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on the Kent State University campus in Kent, Ohio, United States."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The shootings took place on May 4, 1970, during a rally opposing the expanding involvement of the Vietnam War into Cambodia by United States military forces, as well as protesting the National Guard presence on campus and the draft."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The shootings took place on May 4, 1970, during a rally opposing the expanding involvement of the Vietnam War into Cambodia by United States military forces, as well as protesting the National Guard presence on campus and the draft."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "lead", "says": "Krause and Miller were among the more than 300 students who gathered to protest the expansion of the Cambodian campaign, which President Richard Nixon had announced in an April 30 television address."}], "Q4850939": [{"id": "Q982789", "label": "Giuseppe Pinelli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Years of Lead are sometimes considered to have begun with the 1968 movement in Italy and the Hot Autumn strikes starting in 1969;\nthe death of the policeman Antonio Annarumma in November 1969;\nthe Piazza Fontana bombing in December of that year, which killed 17 and was perpetrated by right-wing terrorists in Milan; and the death shortly after of anarchist worker Giuseppe Pinelli while in polic"}, {"id": "Q171834", "label": "Aldo Moro", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, the 1978 kidnapping and murder of former prime minister Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades left a lasting impact on and stunned the nation."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "Origin of the name", "says": "This is closer to the original title, Die bleierne Zeit (The Leaden Time), which refers to the 1950s in West Germany, a period which is perceived as conservative and suppressive by the character of Marianne, a female terrorist within the film."}, {"id": "Q257758", "label": "protests of 1968", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian student movement, part of the global Protests of 1968, began in late 1967."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Background", "says": "It drew ideological inspiration from a mixture of dissident Catholicism, a revival of Marxist thought outside the traditional Communist Party, and international events such as the Vietnam War and the Cultural Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "It drew ideological inspiration from a mixture of dissident Catholicism, a revival of Marxist thought outside the traditional Communist Party, and international events such as the Vietnam War and the Cultural Revolution."}], "Q545068": [{"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also referred to as the 2008 Tibetan uprising in Tibetan media, was a series of protests and demonstrations that initially occurred over the Chinese Communist Party's treatment and persecution of Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q15029", "label": "Hu Jintao", "section": "Background", "says": "Of the 1989 bloody suppression in Lhasa, journalist Jim Yardley wrote:\"In the past China has not hesitated to crush major protests in Tibet or to jail disobedient monks. [Former] President Hu Jintao, who [was] also the general secretary of the Communist Party, served as party boss in Tibet during a violent crackdown in 1989."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "Background", "says": "His support for the bloody suppression of unrest that year earned him the good will of Deng Xiaoping, then the paramount leader, and led directly to his elevation to the Politburo Standing Committee and eventually to China’s top leadership posts.\"\nThe Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) proposed the Middle Way Approach to address the government of China's policies in Tibet."}], "Q688308": [{"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Gustav Vasa, a nobleman, led a rebellion and civil war against King Christian II."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the deposition of King Christian II from the throne of Sweden, effectively ending the Kalmar Union that had united Sweden, Norway, and Denmark."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "Background", "says": "He formed alliances with Pope Leo X and the Swedish Archbishop Gustav Trolle, both of whom depended on him economically, as well as with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Christian II of Denmark/Norway, who asserted his claim to the throne of the Union, including Sweden."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Background", "says": "He formed alliances with Pope Leo X and the Swedish Archbishop Gustav Trolle, both of whom depended on him economically, as well as with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Christian II of Denmark/Norway, who asserted his claim to the throne of the Union, including Sweden."}, {"id": "Q950240", "label": "History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck", "section": "Background", "says": "Another key player was the Hanseatic League, represented by the Free City of Lübeck, which had a virtual monopoly on trade with Sweden and Bergslagen."}, {"id": "Q541674", "label": "Sten Sture the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "The League was allied with the Swedish regents Sten Sture the Younger and later Gustav Vasa, who at times were strongly dependent of the League."}], "Q689527": [{"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aster Revolution or Chrysanthemum Revolution (Hungarian: Őszirózsás forradalom) was a revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aster Revolution or Chrysanthemum Revolution (Hungarian: Őszirózsás forradalom) was a revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q16410", "label": "Hungarian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Austria-Hungary dissolved."}, {"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Spring Offensive collapsed by July."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Unable to halt their advance, Bulgaria capitulated on 29 September; the position of the Austrian military became untenable."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "However, there had been differing opinions over the future dismemberment of Austria-Hungary (the 14 points of Woodrow Wilson in January 1918 had demanded only \"autonomous development\" of nations)."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "By Summer 1918 the Entente recognised the Czechoslovak National Council as the future government of an independent Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q336493", "label": "István Tisza", "section": "Background", "says": "On the same day, former prime minister István Tisza declared the war \"lost\" before Parliament."}, {"id": "Q313557", "label": "Gyula Andrássy", "section": "Background", "says": "He changed his mind following the advice of prominent Hungarian politicians like Gyula Andrássy (then newly appointed Joint Foreign Minister)."}, {"id": "Q78535", "label": "Archduke Joseph August of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Archduke Joseph August of Austria was named homo regius, Governor of Hungary."}], "Q694835": [{"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (also called the Second Morean War, the Small War or, in Croatia, the War of Sinj) was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (also called the Second Morean War, the Small War or, in Croatia, the War of Sinj) was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (also called the Second Morean War, the Small War or, in Croatia, the War of Sinj) was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the resulting Great Turkish War (1683–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "Background", "says": "In the resulting Great Turkish War (1683–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the resulting Great Turkish War (1683–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34481", "label": "Francesco Morosini", "section": "Background", "says": "Venetian troops, under the command of the able general Francesco Morosini (who became Doge of Venice in 1688), were able early in the conflict to seize the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) in 1684, the Peloponnese (Morea) peninsula (1685–1687) and parts of Continental Greece, although attempts to conquer Chalkis (Negroponte), recover Crete and hold on to Chios failed."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "Background", "says": "Venetian troops, under the command of the able general Francesco Morosini (who became Doge of Venice in 1688), were able early in the conflict to seize the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) in 1684, the Peloponnese (Morea) peninsula (1685–1687) and parts of Continental Greece, although attempts to conquer Chalkis (Negroponte), recover Crete and hold on to Chios failed."}, {"id": "Q16958904", "label": "Kingdom of the Morea", "section": "Background", "says": "Already in 1702, there were tensions between the two powers and rumours of war because of the Venetian confiscation of an Ottoman merchant vessel; troops and supplies were moved to the Ottoman provinces adjoining the Venetian \"Kingdom of the Morea\"."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, the Ottomans began a reform of their navy, while Venice found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically from the other European powers: the Holy League had fractured after its victory, and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721) preoccupied the attention of most European states."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, the Ottomans began a reform of their navy, while Venice found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically from the other European powers: the Holy League had fractured after its victory, and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721) preoccupied the attention of most European states."}], "Q696607": [{"id": "Q154164", "label": "Operation Rheinübung", "section": "lead", "says": "The British battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS Hood fought the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, which were attempting to break out into the North Atlantic to attack Allied merchant shipping (Operation Rheinübung) through the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "The British battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS Hood fought the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, which were attempting to break out into the North Atlantic to attack Allied merchant shipping (Operation Rheinübung) through the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "This came from her design as an Admiral-class battlecruiser to meet the threat of the German Mackensen-class battlecruisers during World War I."}], "Q696931": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by forces from both the United States and the Philippines against Imperial Japanese troops in Manila, the capital city of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by forces from both the United States and the Philippines against Imperial Japanese troops in Manila, the capital city of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q254004", "label": "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Americans converged on Manila from different directions, they discovered that most of the Imperial Japanese Army troops defending the city had been withdrawn to Baguio on the orders of General Tomoyuki Yamashita, commander in chief of Japanese Army forces in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Yamashita decided not to declare Manila an open city, as General Douglas MacArthur had done before its capture by Japanese forces in 1941."}], "Q697022": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Scheldt in World War II was a series of military operations to open up the Scheldt river between Antwerp and the North Sea for shipping, so that Antwerp's port could be used to supply the Allies in north-west Europe."}, {"id": "Q1345095", "label": "Guy Simonds", "section": "lead", "says": "The action was under the acting command of the First Canadian's Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds."}, {"id": "Q3485883", "label": "Siege of Dunkirk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Canadians had been delayed for more than a month, and the need to clear the Scheldt had not yet been addressed, due to Allied decisions to spend September focusing on Arnhem (Operation Market Garden), Boulogne (Operation Wellhit), Calais (Operation Undergo) and the opening weeks of the Siege of Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q2321851", "label": "Operation Infatuate", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Infatuate, the capture of Walcheren."}], "Q697059": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hong Kong (8–25 December 1941), also known as the Defence of Hong Kong and the Fall of Hong Kong, was one of the first battles of the Pacific War in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hong Kong (8–25 December 1941), also known as the Defence of Hong Kong and the Fall of Hong Kong, was one of the first battles of the Pacific War in World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "On the same morning as the attack on Pearl Harbor, forces of the Empire of Japan attacked the British Crown colony of Hong Kong around the same time that Japan declared war on Britain."}, {"id": "Q296754", "label": "Battle of Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain's defeat in Hong Kong alongside the Fall of Singapore in 1942 would irreparably damage its reputation in Asia as a major military power."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain first thought of Japan as a threat with the ending of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1921, a threat that increased throughout the 1930s with the escalation of the Second Sino-Japanese War as well as the Japanese invasion of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain first thought of Japan as a threat with the ending of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1921, a threat that increased throughout the 1930s with the escalation of the Second Sino-Japanese War as well as the Japanese invasion of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain first thought of Japan as a threat with the ending of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1921, a threat that increased throughout the 1930s with the escalation of the Second Sino-Japanese War as well as the Japanese invasion of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1941, they reversed their decision and argued that additional reinforcements would provide a military deterrent against the Japanese and reassure Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek that Britain was serious about defending the colony."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "The Gin Drinker's Line was expected to hold out for at least three weeks, following which all defenders would withdraw to Hong Kong Island which would be defended and use of the harbour denied until reinforcements could arrive from Singapore or the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The Gin Drinker's Line was expected to hold out for at least three weeks, following which all defenders would withdraw to Hong Kong Island which would be defended and use of the harbour denied until reinforcements could arrive from Singapore or the Philippines."}], "Q698323": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Another background was international sanctions spearheaded by the United States."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1980s, the Soviet Union embarked on a campaign of radical reform known as perestroika."}], "Q698828": [{"id": "Q2089011", "label": "Siege of Medina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege in Europe during the First World War, and the second-longest in the entire conflict, after the Siege of Medina."}, {"id": "Q1190083", "label": "Nikolay Ivanov", "section": "Background", "says": "General Nikolai Ivanov overwhelmed the Austro-Hungarian forces under Conrad von Hötzendorf during the Battle of Galicia, and the whole Austrian front fell back over 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the Carpathian Mountains."}, {"id": "Q659246", "label": "Battle of Galicia", "section": "Background", "says": "General Nikolai Ivanov overwhelmed the Austro-Hungarian forces under Conrad von Hötzendorf during the Battle of Galicia, and the whole Austrian front fell back over 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the Carpathian Mountains."}], "Q700674": [{"id": "Q207955", "label": "Omar Bradley", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cobra was an offensive launched by the First United States Army under Lieutenant General Omar Bradley seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cobra was an offensive launched by the First United States Army under Lieutenant General Omar Bradley seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q57141", "label": "Günther von Kluge", "section": "lead", "says": "Reinforcements were moved west by Field Marshal Günther von Kluge and employed in various counterattacks, the largest of which, Unternehmen Lüttich (Operation Liège), was launched on 7 August between Mortain and Avranches."}, {"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "Background", "says": "The original plan for the Normandy campaign envisioned strong offensive efforts in both sectors, in which the Second Army (Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Dempsey) would secure Caen and the area south of it and the First U.S."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "General Sir Bernard Montgomery—commanding all Allied ground forces in Normandy—intended Caen to be taken on D-Day, while Cherbourg was expected to fall 15 days later."}, {"id": "Q1361104", "label": "John Crocker", "section": "Background", "says": "The capture of Caen has been described by the British official historian Lionel Ellis as the most important D-Day objective assigned to the British I Corps (Lieutenant-General John Crocker)."}, {"id": "Q2643015", "label": "Operation Perch", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Perch in the week following D-Day and Operation Epsom (26–30 June) brought some territorial gains and depleted its defenders but Caen remained in German hands until Operation Charnwood (7–9 July), when the Second Army managed to take the northern part of the city up to the River Orne in a frontal assault."}, {"id": "Q2348027", "label": "Operation Epsom", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Perch in the week following D-Day and Operation Epsom (26–30 June) brought some territorial gains and depleted its defenders but Caen remained in German hands until Operation Charnwood (7–9 July), when the Second Army managed to take the northern part of the city up to the River Orne in a frontal assault."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Perch in the week following D-Day and Operation Epsom (26–30 June) brought some territorial gains and depleted its defenders but Caen remained in German hands until Operation Charnwood (7–9 July), when the Second Army managed to take the northern part of the city up to the River Orne in a frontal assault."}], "Q706563": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Tsingtao (German: Belagerung von Tsingtau; Japanese: 青島の戦い; simplified Chinese: 青岛战役; traditional Chinese: 青島戰役) was the attack on the German port of Qingdao (Tsingtao) from Jiaozhou Bay during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Tsingtao (German: Belagerung von Tsingtau; Japanese: 青島の戦い; simplified Chinese: 青岛战役; traditional Chinese: 青島戰役) was the attack on the German port of Qingdao (Tsingtao) from Jiaozhou Bay during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "As with the other world powers (including the United States and Japan), Germany began to interfere in Chinese local affairs."}, {"id": "Q5921362", "label": "Juye Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "After two German missionaries were killed in the Juye Incident in 1897, China was forced to agree to the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory in Shandong to Germany in 1898 on a 99-year lease."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain also began to forge close ties with Japan, and diplomatic relations became warmer, with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance being signed on 30 January 1902."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Japan demonstrated its potential by its victory in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War; the alliance continued into World War I."}, {"id": "Q57185", "label": "Maximilian von Spee", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of hostilities in Europe, the ships of the East Asia Squadron under Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee were dispersed at various Pacific colonies on routine missions."}, {"id": "Q40144", "label": "Battle of Coronel", "section": "Background", "says": "The squadron engaged and destroyed two cruisers of a Royal Navy squadron at the Battle of Coronel, before itself being destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q160011", "label": "Battle of the Falkland Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "The squadron engaged and destroyed two cruisers of a Royal Navy squadron at the Battle of Coronel, before itself being destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Kaiser Wilhelm II made the defence of Qingdao a top priority, saying that: \"...it would shame me more to surrender Tsingtao to the Japanese than Berlin to the Russians\"."}], "Q734700": [{"id": "Q1280744", "label": "Vardan Mamikonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Avarayr (Armenian: Ավարայրի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Avarayri chakatamart) was fought on 26 May 451 on the Avarayr Plain in Vaspurakan between a Christian Armenian army under Vardan Mamikonian and Sassanid Persia."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenians were allowed to continue practising Christianity freely."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Armenia under the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was the first nation to officially convert to Christianity, in 301 under Tiridates III."}, {"id": "Q299271", "label": "Bahram V", "section": "Background", "says": "In 428, Armenian nobles petitioned Bahram V to depose Artaxias IV."}, {"id": "Q2632689", "label": "Artaxias IV", "section": "Background", "says": "In 428, Armenian nobles petitioned Bahram V to depose Artaxias IV."}, {"id": "Q310303", "label": "Yazdegerd II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Armenian nobles initially welcomed Persian rule, provided they were allowed to practise Christianity; but Yazdegerd II, concerned that the Armenian Church was hierarchically dependent on the Latin- and Greek-speaking Christian Church (aligned with Rome and Constantinople rather than the Aramaic-speaking and Persian-backed Church of the East) tried to compel the Armenian Church to abandon Rome "}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "Background", "says": "The Armenian nobles initially welcomed Persian rule, provided they were allowed to practise Christianity; but Yazdegerd II, concerned that the Armenian Church was hierarchically dependent on the Latin- and Greek-speaking Christian Church (aligned with Rome and Constantinople rather than the Aramaic-speaking and Persian-backed Church of the East) tried to compel the Armenian Church to abandon Rome "}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "Background", "says": "The unsteadiness of the empire was ever-increasing under Yazdegerd II, who had an uneasy relationship with the aristocracy and was facing a great challenge by the Kidarites in the east."}], "Q786171": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Roman Empire, and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Roman Empire, and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Roman Empire, and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Roman Empire, and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, the Ottomans had to contend with the Safavid Empire and also to a lesser extent the Mamluk Sultanate, which was defeated by the Ottomans under Selim I and later fully incorporated into the empire."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Peace of Westphalia and the War of the Spanish Succession, in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively, left the Austrian Empire as the sole firm possession of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Peace of Westphalia and the War of the Spanish Succession, in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively, left the Austrian Empire as the sole firm possession of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Peace of Westphalia and the War of the Spanish Succession, in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively, left the Austrian Empire as the sole firm possession of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Peace of Westphalia and the War of the Spanish Succession, in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively, left the Austrian Empire as the sole firm possession of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Turkish War ended with the decisive Holy League victory at Zenta."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Intermittent tension between Austria and the Ottoman Empire continued throughout the nineteenth century, but they never fought each other in a war and ultimately found themselves allied in World War I, after which both empires were dissolved."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Origins", "says": "While the Habsburgs were occasionally the Kings of Hungary and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (almost always of the Holy Roman Empire after the 15th century), the wars between the Hungarians and the Ottomans included other dynasties as well."}, {"id": "Q698985", "label": "Ottoman Wars in Europe", "section": "Origins", "says": "Naturally, the Ottoman Wars in Europe attracted support from the West, where the advancing and powerful Islamic state was seen as a threat to Christendom in Europe."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Crusades of Nicopolis (1396) and of Varna (1443–44) marked the most determined attempts by Europe to halt the Turkic advance into Central Europe and the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "Origins", "says": "For a while the Ottomans were too busy trying to put down Balkan rebels such as Vlad Dracula and Skanderbeg."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "Origins", "says": "After King Louis II of Hungary was killed at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, his widow Queen Mary of Austria fled to her brother the Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand I."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Origins", "says": "However another assembly of the nobility elected John Zápolya, who as the voivode of Transylvania had gained popularity among the magnates (and who had closer ties to the Ottoman Sultan), setting the stage for a conflict between the Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q836128": [{"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bir Hakeim (Arabic pronunciation: [biʔr ħaˈkiːm] ) took place at Bir Hakeim, an oasis in the Libyan desert southwest of Tobruk, during the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June 1942)."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1st Free French Brigade (Général de brigade Marie-Pierre Kœnig) defended the position from 26 May to 11 June against Axis forces of the Panzerarmee Afrika (Generaloberst Erwin Rommel) that captured Tobruk ten days later."}, {"id": "Q162250", "label": "First Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "Rommel invaded Egypt, slowed by British delaying actions until the First Battle of El Alamein in July, where the Axis advance was stopped."}, {"id": "Q4942187", "label": "Bonner Fellers", "section": "Background", "says": "Abwehr (German military intelligence) had broken British codes and in late 1941 penetrated Black, the code used by Bonner Fellers, a US military attaché in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q2534481", "label": "Frank Messervy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Advancing toward El Adem at mid-morning, armoured cars of the 90th Light Division overran and scattered the advanced HQ of the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Frank Messervy), near Bir Beuid."}], "Q856168": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "French goods were subject to higher taxes as France had yet to secure trade agreements similar to those which had been established by the United States and United Kingdom, Mexico's two largest trade partners."}], "Q860423": [{"id": "Q164373", "label": "Thaksin Shinawatra", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2006 Thai coup d'état took place on 19 September 2006, when the Royal Thai Army staged a coup d'état against the elected caretaker government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been widely reported in Thailand and elsewhere that General Prem Tinsulanonda, a key person in the military-monarchy nexus, Chairman of the Privy Council, was the mastermind of the coup."}, {"id": "Q379827", "label": "Prem Tinsulanonda", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been widely reported in Thailand and elsewhere that General Prem Tinsulanonda, a key person in the military-monarchy nexus, Chairman of the Privy Council, was the mastermind of the coup."}, {"id": "Q2108126", "label": "Prayut Chanocha", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2006 coup is sometimes called the \"unfinished coup\" because another army general, Prayut Chan-o-cha, staged the 2014 Thai coup d'état eight years later."}, {"id": "Q855252", "label": "Bhumibol Adulyadej", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2005–2006 Thai political crisis began in October 2005, the website of the newspaper Phoochatkarn ran an article alleging that Thaksin had usurped the Royal powers of King Bhumibol Adulyadej by presiding over the ceremony."}], "Q862257": [{"id": "Q126195", "label": "Plymouth Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The British colonization of the New England began in the 17th century, with roughly 20,000 Puritan settlers establishing and joining colonies in North America—primarily Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony—in the Great Migration of 1620–40 alone."}, {"id": "Q5600061", "label": "Great Swamp Fight", "section": "lead", "says": "They attacked and burned Native villages throughout Rhode Island territory, culminating with the attack on the Narragansetts' main fort in the Great Swamp Fight."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Historical context", "says": "John Sassamon was a Native convert to Christianity, commonly referred to as a \"praying Indian\"."}, {"id": "Q729648", "label": "Metacomet", "section": "Historical context", "says": "He was an early graduate of Harvard College and served as a translator and adviser to Metacomet."}], "Q86458103": [{"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case, and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of Vatican City."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The most-affected countries in Europe include Italy, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Russia."}], "Q86521237": [{"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 19 September 2026, at least one case of COVID-19 had been reported in every country in Asia except Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the death toll in Iran and Indonesia are claimed to be much higher than the official figures."}], "Q86675924": [{"id": "Q56226", "label": "Kim Jong-un", "section": "lead", "says": "Kim Jong Un declared a national emergency and a country-wide lockdown."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "North Korea borders China and South Korea, two countries with early outbreaks."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "Background", "says": "Botswana or Laos)."}], "Q86694873": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the autumn 2020 seroprevalence study in Juba in South Sudan, less than 1% of infected were actually reported."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "New variants of concern of the virus were found in Africa: in February 2020 the Beta variant in South Africa, in December 2020 the Eta variant in Nigeria, and in November 2021 the Omicron variant in Botswana."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "New variants of concern of the virus were found in Africa: in February 2020 the Beta variant in South Africa, in December 2020 the Eta variant in Nigeria, and in November 2021 the Omicron variant in Botswana."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Arab Emirates has also stepped forward as a vaccine provider for the continent."}], "Q17512479": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab Winter (Arabic: الشتاء العربي, romanized: ash-shitāʼ al-ʻarabī) is a term referring to the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism in some Arab countries in the 2010s in the aftermath of the Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q186123", "label": "Francis Fukuyama", "section": "lead", "says": "The term was coined by Chinese political scientist Zhang Weiwei during a debate with American political scientist Francis Fukuyama on 27 June 2011."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Perhaps the most significant event of the Arab Winter was the rise of the Islamic State, which controlled swathes of land in the region from 2014 to 2019."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Further, as of mid-2020, a civil war and subsequent intervention by Saudi Arabia continued in Yemen."}], "Q1753578": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Bismarck Sea (2–4 March 1943) took place in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during World War II when aircraft of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q9267262", "label": "George Kenney", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied Air Forces SWPA commander – Lieutenant General George Kenney – ordered an increase in reconnaissance patrols over Rabaul."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Kenney read this Ultra intelligence in the office of the Supreme Allied Commander, SWPA – General Douglas MacArthur – on 25 February."}], "Q17594": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dresden (26–27 August 1813) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place around the city of Dresden in modern-day Germany, then the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite being heavily outnumbered, French forces under Napoleon scored a victory against the Army of Bohemia led by Generalissimo Karl von Schwarzenberg."}, {"id": "Q48253", "label": "Battle of Kulm", "section": "lead", "says": "Three days after the battle, the Coalition surrounded and destroyed a French corps advancing into their line of withdrawal at the Battle of Kulm."}, {"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "By attacking, his corps temporarily held off Schwarzenberg's advanced Russo-Prussian units under General Peter Wittgenstein."}, {"id": "Q1085401", "label": "Battle of Katzbach", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 26 August, Prussian Marshal Blücher crushed Marshal MacDonald's army at the Battle of Katzbach."}], "Q18001626": [{"id": "Q157", "label": "François Hollande", "section": "lead", "says": "The talks involved the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, consisting of representatives of Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), with mediation by the leaders of France (François Hollande) and Germany (Angela Merkel) in the so-called Normandy Format."}, {"id": "Q567", "label": "Angela Merkel", "section": "lead", "says": "The talks involved the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, consisting of representatives of Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), with mediation by the leaders of France (François Hollande) and Germany (Angela Merkel) in the so-called Normandy Format."}, {"id": "Q19249259", "label": "Minsk II", "section": "lead", "says": "Another agreement to end the conflict, known as Minsk II, was signed on 12 February 2015."}], "Q1809288": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Wahhabi war, or Wahhabi war, was fought from early 1811 until 1818 between the Ottomans’ Ottoman Empire, its vassal the Eyalet of Egypt, and the Wahhabis’ Emirate of Diriyah (later known as the first Saudi state), resulting in the destruction of the latter."}, {"id": "Q56885910", "label": "Emirate of Diriyah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Wahhabi war, or Wahhabi war, was fought from early 1811 until 1818 between the Ottomans’ Ottoman Empire, its vassal the Eyalet of Egypt, and the Wahhabis’ Emirate of Diriyah (later known as the first Saudi state), resulting in the destruction of the latter."}, {"id": "Q307187", "label": "Abdulaziz bin Mohammed", "section": "Background", "says": "Wahhabi forces led by Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud entered Mecca in 1803 after defeating Ghalib and forcing his surrender."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "Background", "says": "The assassination in November 1803 of Abdulaziz during prayers in al-Dir'iyya by an Iraqi; was suspected of being orchestrated by the Mamluk governor of Baghdad, which greatly deteriorated Wahhabi-Ottoman relations."}, {"id": "Q2227089", "label": "Saud al-Kabeer", "section": "Background", "says": "After his assassination, Abdulaziz was replaced as his son Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)."}], "Q186336": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (c."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "After the initial stages, Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebel-held territories."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself."}, {"id": "Q700035", "label": "Pacification of Ghent", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite steady military and diplomatic successes by the Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration and establishing the Calvinist-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite steady military and diplomatic successes by the Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration and establishing the Calvinist-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite steady military and diplomatic successes by the Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration and establishing the Calvinist-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing a stalemate, the two sides agreed to a Twelve Years' Truce in 1609; when it expired in 1621, fighting resumed as part of the broader Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing a stalemate, the two sides agreed to a Twelve Years' Truce in 1609; when it expired in 1621, fighting resumed as part of the broader Thirty Years' War."}], "Q1928989": [{"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "The concept of \"mutual aerial observation\" was initially proposed to Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin at the Geneva Conference of 1955 by U.S."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 November 2020, the United States withdrew from the treaty, and on 15 January 2021, Russia also announced its intention to leave, citing the U.S. withdrawal and the inability of member nations to guarantee that information gathered would not be shared with the U.S."}], "Q1960733": [{"id": "Q49090", "label": "Charles Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "President Charles Taylor came to power in 1997 after victory in the First Liberian Civil War which led to two years of peace."}, {"id": "Q1477500", "label": "First Liberian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "President Charles Taylor came to power in 1997 after victory in the First Liberian Civil War which led to two years of peace."}, {"id": "Q1424647", "label": "Comprehensive Peace Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed by the warring parties a week later, marking the political end of the conflict and beginning Liberia's transition to democracy."}, {"id": "Q442511", "label": "Gyude Bryant", "section": "lead", "says": "The National Transitional Government led by interim President Gyude Bryant  governed the country until the 2005 general election."}], "Q1962709": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ingrian War (Swedish: Ingermanländska kriget) was a conflict fought between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia which lasted between 1610 and 1617."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ingrian War (Swedish: Ingermanländska kriget) was a conflict fought between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia which lasted between 1610 and 1617."}, {"id": "Q928848", "label": "Treaty of Stolbovo", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including Ingria) in the Treaty of Stolbovo, which laid an important foundation to Sweden's Age of Greatness."}, {"id": "Q469791", "label": "False Dmitry II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During Russia's Time of Troubles, Vasily IV of Russia was besieged in Moscow by the supporters of the False Dmitry II."}, {"id": "Q52939", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Driven to despair by the Polish intervention, he entered into an alliance with Charles IX of Sweden, who was also waging war against Poland."}, {"id": "Q553292", "label": "Jacob De la Gardie", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Swedish commander Jacob De la Gardie joined his forces with the Russian commander Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and marched from Novgorod towards Moscow in order to relieve the tsar."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sweden's involvement in Russian affairs gave King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland a pretext to declare war on Russia."}, {"id": "Q932228", "label": "Battle of Klushino", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the sudden death of Skopin-Shuisky, De la Gardie's troops were united with Shuisky's army, and the Poles defeated the combined Russo-Swedish force at the Battle of Klushino on 4 July [O.S."}, {"id": "Q2022818", "label": "De la Gardie Campaign", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Swedish mercenaries taking part in the De la Gardie Campaign surrendered and De la Gardie concluded an agreement with Polish hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski."}, {"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Swedish mercenaries taking part in the De la Gardie Campaign surrendered and De la Gardie concluded an agreement with Polish hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski."}], "Q1993171": [{"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1919 Egyptian revolution (Arabic: ثورة 1919, Thawra 1919) was a nation-wide revolution in the Sultanate of Egypt against British occupation that lasted from November 1918 to July 1919."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring right after the end of World War I, the revolution served as the culmination of successive decades of opposition by Egyptian nationalists to occupation, and was directly sparked by the British-ordered exile of Wafd Party leader Saad Zaghloul and several other party members."}, {"id": "Q328734", "label": "Saad Zaghloul", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring right after the end of World War I, the revolution served as the culmination of successive decades of opposition by Egyptian nationalists to occupation, and was directly sparked by the British-ordered exile of Wafd Party leader Saad Zaghloul and several other party members."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately, the United Kingdom would grant subsequent recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 as the Kingdom of Egypt, and the implementation of a new Egyptian constitution in 1923."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately, the United Kingdom would grant subsequent recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 as the Kingdom of Egypt, and the implementation of a new Egyptian constitution in 1923."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had nominal sovereignty over Egypt Eyalet since the 1500s, but in practice Egypt became quite autonomous, especially after the rise to power of Muhammad Ali in 1803–1807 which saw Ottoman influence largely severed."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had nominal sovereignty over Egypt Eyalet since the 1500s, but in practice Egypt became quite autonomous, especially after the rise to power of Muhammad Ali in 1803–1807 which saw Ottoman influence largely severed."}, {"id": "Q616939", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman influence continued to be nominal at best after the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War and the subsequent British occupation and influence on the region."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Caucasus campaign of World War I broke out between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, the British authorities in Egypt declared martial law and implemented several policies which led to the Egyptian economy being harnessed to the British war effort."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 December 1914, the Khedivate of Egypt was elevated to a separate level of Sultanate of Egypt, and declared as a British protectorate, thus terminating definitively the legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty over its province of Egypt."}], "Q2002064": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "New START was a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russia with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms."}, {"id": "Q931492", "label": "START I", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the START I treaty, which expired in December 2009; the proposed START II treaty which never entered into force; and the START III treaty, for which negotiations were never concluded."}, {"id": "Q1187969", "label": "START II", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the START I treaty, which expired in December 2009; the proposed START II treaty which never entered into force; and the START III treaty, for which negotiations were never concluded."}], "Q2119319": [{"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Amasya (Persian: پیمان آماسیه, romanized: Peymān-e Amasiyeh; Turkish: Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on 29 May 1555, between Shah Tahmasp I of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Amasya (Persian: پیمان آماسیه, romanized: Peymān-e Amasiyeh; Turkish: Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on 29 May 1555, between Shah Tahmasp I of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Amasya (Persian: پیمان آماسیه, romanized: Peymān-e Amasiyeh; Turkish: Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on 29 May 1555, between Shah Tahmasp I of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Amasya (Persian: پیمان آماسیه, romanized: Peymān-e Amasiyeh; Turkish: Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on 29 May 1555, between Shah Tahmasp I of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555."}], "Q2120252": [{"id": "Q313124", "label": "Prajadhipok", "section": "lead", "says": "King Prajadhipok remained on the throne and compromised with Khana Ratsadon."}], "Q2258726": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herzegovina uprising (Serbian: Херцеговачки устанак, romanized: Hercegovački ustanak) was an uprising led by the Christian Serb population against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina, from where it spread into Bosnia and Raška."}, {"id": "Q622059", "label": "April Uprising of 1876", "section": "lead", "says": "It was followed by the Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876, and coincided with the Serbian-Turkish wars (1876–1878); these events were each situated within the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels were aided with weapons and volunteers from the principalities of Montenegro and Serbia, whose governments eventually jointly declared war on the Ottomans on 18 June 1876, leading to the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–78) and Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis ended in 1878 with the Congress of Berlin, which granted Montenegro and Serbia independence and placed Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian occupation for 30 years, although it remained de jure Ottoman territory."}, {"id": "Q2092429", "label": "Serbian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Ottoman influence in the region declined as a result of the Serbian Revolution and the Greek War of Independence, in which Christian Serbs and Greeks rebelled against the Ottomans and established the Principality of Serbia and the Hellenic Republic, respectively."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Ottoman influence in the region declined as a result of the Serbian Revolution and the Greek War of Independence, in which Christian Serbs and Greeks rebelled against the Ottomans and established the Principality of Serbia and the Hellenic Republic, respectively."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The growth of  the independence and power of provincial lords also indicated the decline of centralized Ottoman authority; Osman Pazvantoğlu, Ali Pasha, and Husein Gradaščević each led uprisings against the empire, and Muhammad Ali established de facto control over Egypt."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "The growth of  the independence and power of provincial lords also indicated the decline of centralized Ottoman authority; Osman Pazvantoğlu, Ali Pasha, and Husein Gradaščević each led uprisings against the empire, and Muhammad Ali established de facto control over Egypt."}], "Q23045905": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States embassy in Ankara had warned its citizens about a possible attack in the city on 11 March."}], "Q2311171": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Panzerfaust (German: Unternehmen Panzerfaust, lit. 'Operation Armored Fist') was a military operation undertaken in October 1944 by the German Wehrmacht to ensure the Kingdom of Hungary would remain a German ally in World War II."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "When German leader Adolf Hitler received word that Hungary's Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, was secretly negotiating his country's surrender to the advancing Red Army, he sent commando leader Otto Skorzeny of the Waffen-SS and former special forces commander Adrian von Fölkersam to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q117144", "label": "Miklós Horthy", "section": "lead", "says": "When German leader Adolf Hitler received word that Hungary's Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, was secretly negotiating his country's surrender to the advancing Red Army, he sent commando leader Otto Skorzeny of the Waffen-SS and former special forces commander Adrian von Fölkersam to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q89383", "label": "Otto Skorzeny", "section": "lead", "says": "When German leader Adolf Hitler received word that Hungary's Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, was secretly negotiating his country's surrender to the advancing Red Army, he sent commando leader Otto Skorzeny of the Waffen-SS and former special forces commander Adrian von Fölkersam to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Miklós Jr. was informed by the German Security Service through intermediaries that envoys of Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia wanted to meet with him."}], "Q233278": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Iskra (Russian: операция Искра, lit. 'Operation Spark'), a Soviet military operation in January 1943 during World War II, aimed to break the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad."}, {"id": "Q478881", "label": "Sinyavino Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Planning for the operation began shortly after the failure of the Sinyavino Offensive."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad in late 1942 had weakened the German front."}], "Q2341073": [{"id": "Q1178424", "label": "Carlist Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy: the conservative and devolutionist supporters of the late king's brother, Carlos de Borbón (or Carlos V), became known as Carlists (carlistas), while the progressive and centralist supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, were called Liberals (liberales), "}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Aside from being a war of succession, on the question who was the rightful successor to King Ferdinand VII of Spain, the Carlists' goal was the return to an absolute monarchy, while the Liberals sought to defend the constitutional monarchy."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Importantly, it was a precursor to the idea of the two Spains that would surface during the Spanish Civil War a century later."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "By September 1832, it was clear that King Ferdinand would soon die."}], "Q2391429": [{"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake was on 6 October with a surface-wave magnitude of 7.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), in Turkmenistan near Ashgabat."}], "Q2441400": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake struck India and Pakistan on 26 January 2001 at 08:46 am IST."}], "Q25628": [{"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Stand on the Ugra River (Russian: Великое стояние на Угре) or the Standing on the Ugra River, also known as the Battle of the Ugra, was a standoff in 1480 on the banks of the Ugra River between the forces of Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde, and Grand Prince Ivan III of the Grand Duchy of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q735719", "label": "Devlet I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "For example, the Tatars under Devlet I Giray managed to burn Moscow in 1571, only to be defeated at the Battle of Molodi later that year."}, {"id": "Q1760784", "label": "Battle of Molodi", "section": "lead", "says": "For example, the Tatars under Devlet I Giray managed to burn Moscow in 1571, only to be defeated at the Battle of Molodi later that year."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "Background", "says": "The main Russian defence line ran along the Oka River from Kaluga east toward Nizhny Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The land west and south of Kaluga was claimed by Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time the Golden Horde was breaking up and the steppe remnant came to be called the Great Horde."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "Background", "says": "Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland-Lithuania was allied with the Great Horde, while Muscovy was allied with the Crimean Khanate against the Horde."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland-Lithuania was allied with the Great Horde, while Muscovy was allied with the Crimean Khanate against the Horde."}, {"id": "Q191598", "label": "Nikolay Karamzin", "section": "Reasons for Akhmat's withdrawal", "says": "Nikolay Karamzin wrote: \"It should have been an odd image: two armies ran away from each other, not pursued by anyone\", but it is now clear that the two withdrawals were independent."}], "Q261776": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Rzhev (Russian: Ржевская битва, romanized: Rzhevskaya bitva) were a series of Red Army offensives against the Wehrmacht between 8 January 1942 and 31 March 1943, on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Rzhev (Russian: Ржевская битва, romanized: Rzhevskaya bitva) were a series of Red Army offensives against the Wehrmacht between 8 January 1942 and 31 March 1943, on the Eastern Front of World War II."}], "Q277345": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mylae took place in 260 BC during the First Punic War and was the first real naval battle between Carthage and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mylae took place in 260 BC during the First Punic War and was the first real naval battle between Carthage and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The famous Greek historian Polybius wrote that Rome used a wrecked Carthaginian quinquereme captured at Messina as a model for the entire fleet, and that the Romans would have otherwise had no basis for design."}, {"id": "Q453853", "label": "Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rome's two consuls of 260 were Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Gaius Duilius."}, {"id": "Q435408", "label": "Gaius Duilius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rome's two consuls of 260 were Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Gaius Duilius."}, {"id": "Q1432659", "label": "Battle of the Lipari Islands", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, Scipio's first encounter with the enemy in the Battle of the Lipari Islands led to the loss of 17 ships and an embarrassing surrender to the Carthaginians under the general Senator Boodes and the naval commander Hannibal Gisco."}, {"id": "Q361194", "label": "Hannibal Gisko", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, Scipio's first encounter with the enemy in the Battle of the Lipari Islands led to the loss of 17 ships and an embarrassing surrender to the Carthaginians under the general Senator Boodes and the naval commander Hannibal Gisco."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This was the same Hannibal who had retreated after the conquest of Agrigentum, but not the famous Hannibal who would much later invade Italy during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This was the same Hannibal who had retreated after the conquest of Agrigentum, but not the famous Hannibal who would much later invade Italy during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q8739", "label": "Archimedes", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The inventor of the corvus is unknown, but it could have been a Syracusan, such as Archimedes."}], "Q289492": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It spelled the end of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, which would last from 750 to 1258."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It spelled the end of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, which would last from 750 to 1258."}, {"id": "Q335210", "label": "Abu Muslim al Khorasani", "section": "Background", "says": "The revolution began in earnest in Ramadan 129 (June 747) when Abu Muslim raised the black banners of the Abbasid movement in the villages surrounding Merv."}, {"id": "Q128371", "label": "Marwan II", "section": "Background", "says": "During this westward advance, the Umayyad caliph Marwan II arrested the Abbasid leader Ibrahim al-Imam, who died shortly afterwards in custody at Harran."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Leadership passed to his brother Abu al-Abbas, who was hidden in Kufa following a pro-Abbasid coup in the city led by Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Qasri."}, {"id": "Q11925268", "label": "Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Qahtaba fell in battle, his son Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba took command and forced Ibn Hubayra to retire to Wasit, leaving Kufa uncovered."}], "Q29122": [{"id": "Q2248139", "label": "Anglo-Burmese Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The British, eventually waging the Second and Third Anglo-Burmese Wars against a much-weakened Burma, would assume control of the entire country by 1885."}, {"id": "Q38422", "label": "Bagyidaw", "section": "Causes", "says": "On the other hand, Bagyidaw, while eager to gain glory, was more interested in non-martial activities and enjoying trade interactions with Europeans."}, {"id": "Q2578832", "label": "Maha Bandula", "section": "Causes", "says": "Convinced that war was inevitable, Burmese commander-in-chief Maha Bandula, described by the English resident in the Court as \"the Wellington of the army\" became the main proponent of an offensive policy against the British."}], "Q2912306": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wars of the Diadochi (Ancient Greek: Πόλεμοι τῶν Διαδόχων, romanized: Pólemoi tōn Diadóchōn, lit. 'War of the Crown Princes') or Wars of Alexander's Successors of 322–272 BC were a series of conflicts fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the struggle over Macedon and hegemony over Greece was concluded in favour of the Antigonids only in 272 BC with the death of Pyrrhus of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q686411", "label": "Arrhidaeus", "section": "Background", "says": "The empire had no clear successor, with the Argead family at this point consisting of Alexander's mentally disabled half-brother Arrhidaeus, his unborn son Alexander IV, his reputed illegitimate son Heracles, his mother Olympias, his sister Cleopatra, and his half-sisters Thessalonike and Cynane."}, {"id": "Q169915", "label": "Alexander IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The empire had no clear successor, with the Argead family at this point consisting of Alexander's mentally disabled half-brother Arrhidaeus, his unborn son Alexander IV, his reputed illegitimate son Heracles, his mother Olympias, his sister Cleopatra, and his half-sisters Thessalonike and Cynane."}, {"id": "Q223134", "label": "Olympias", "section": "Background", "says": "The empire had no clear successor, with the Argead family at this point consisting of Alexander's mentally disabled half-brother Arrhidaeus, his unborn son Alexander IV, his reputed illegitimate son Heracles, his mother Olympias, his sister Cleopatra, and his half-sisters Thessalonike and Cynane."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "Background", "says": "The empire had no clear successor, with the Argead family at this point consisting of Alexander's mentally disabled half-brother Arrhidaeus, his unborn son Alexander IV, his reputed illegitimate son Heracles, his mother Olympias, his sister Cleopatra, and his half-sisters Thessalonike and Cynane."}, {"id": "Q729432", "label": "Meleager", "section": "Background", "says": "The first of these was led by Meleager, who supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Arrhidaeus."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "Background", "says": "The second was led by Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, who believed it would be best to wait until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana."}, {"id": "Q118992", "label": "Menander", "section": "Background", "says": "Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "Background", "says": "Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia."}, {"id": "Q347164", "label": "Leonnatus", "section": "Background", "says": "Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia."}, {"id": "Q723192", "label": "Neoptolemus", "section": "Background", "says": "Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipater (who had governed them for Alexander) and Craterus, a lieutenant of Alexander."}, {"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "Background", "says": "Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipater (who had governed them for Alexander) and Craterus, a lieutenant of Alexander."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander's secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, was to receive Cappadocia and Paphlagonia."}, {"id": "Q551847", "label": "Oxyartes", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact – Taxiles and Porus ruled over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes ruled Gandara; Sibyrtius ruled Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor ruled Aria and Drangiana; Philip ruled Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes ruled Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates g"}, {"id": "Q930432", "label": "Sibyrtius", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact – Taxiles and Porus ruled over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes ruled Gandara; Sibyrtius ruled Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor ruled Aria and Drangiana; Philip ruled Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes ruled Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates g"}, {"id": "Q929567", "label": "Stasanor", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact – Taxiles and Porus ruled over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes ruled Gandara; Sibyrtius ruled Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor ruled Aria and Drangiana; Philip ruled Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes ruled Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates g"}, {"id": "Q29455", "label": "Atropates", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact – Taxiles and Porus ruled over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes ruled Gandara; Sibyrtius ruled Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor ruled Aria and Drangiana; Philip ruled Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes ruled Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates g"}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact – Taxiles and Porus ruled over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes ruled Gandara; Sibyrtius ruled Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor ruled Aria and Drangiana; Philip ruled Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes ruled Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates g"}], "Q316877": [{"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nancy was the final and decisive battle of the Burgundian Wars, fought on 5 January 1477 outside the walls of Nancy, Lorraine by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, against René II, Duke of Lorraine, and the Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "The largely Swiss vanguard of 7,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry were instructed to attack from the right flank, while the principal thrust would come from the 8,000 infantry and 1,300 cavalry of the center, which was dispatched on a difficult circuitous march round the left flank, over thickly wooded snow-covered slopes out of view of the waiting Burgundians."}], "Q327048": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norwegian heavy water sabotage (Bokmål: Tungtvannsaksjonen; Nynorsk: Tungtvassaksjonen) was a series of Allied-led efforts to halt Nazi German heavy water (deuterium) production via hydroelectric plants in German-occupied Norway during World War II, involving both Norwegian commandos and Allied bombing raids."}], "Q327078": [{"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Kiev defensive operation between the elements of the Red Army's Southwestern Front, retreating from the Lwow salient, and German Army Group South, commanded by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, as part of Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Kiev defensive operation between the elements of the Red Army's Southwestern Front, retreating from the Lwow salient, and German Army Group South, commanded by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, as part of Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q242474", "label": "Semyon Budyonny", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet forces were under overall command of the Southwestern Direction, commanded by Marshal Semyon Budyonny, which included the Southwestern Front commanded by Colonel General Mikhail Kirponos and Southern Front commanded by General Ivan Tyulenev."}, {"id": "Q390171", "label": "Mikhail Kirponos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet forces were under overall command of the Southwestern Direction, commanded by Marshal Semyon Budyonny, which included the Southwestern Front commanded by Colonel General Mikhail Kirponos and Southern Front commanded by General Ivan Tyulenev."}, {"id": "Q948758", "label": "Ivan Tyulenev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet forces were under overall command of the Southwestern Direction, commanded by Marshal Semyon Budyonny, which included the Southwestern Front commanded by Colonel General Mikhail Kirponos and Southern Front commanded by General Ivan Tyulenev."}, {"id": "Q708213", "label": "Battle of Brody", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the initial weeks of Operation Barbarossa, Army Group South had rapidly advanced East, defeating several Soviet mechanized corps at the Battle of Brody 23–30 June."}], "Q372822": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian campaign or invasion of Iran (Persian: اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in various areas of what was then neutral Qajar Iran, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian campaign or invasion of Iran (Persian: اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in various areas of what was then neutral Qajar Iran, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian campaign or invasion of Iran (Persian: اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in various areas of what was then neutral Qajar Iran, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian campaign or invasion of Iran (Persian: اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in various areas of what was then neutral Qajar Iran, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian campaign or invasion of Iran (Persian: اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in various areas of what was then neutral Qajar Iran, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Foreign interests in Persia were primarily driven by its strategic location between British India, Imperial Russia, Afghanistan and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the country's oil reserves, which were first discovered on 26 May 1908."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Foreign interests in Persia were primarily driven by its strategic location between British India, Imperial Russia, Afghanistan and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the country's oil reserves, which were first discovered on 26 May 1908."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Empire established its Intelligence Bureau for the East on the eve of World War I, dedicated to promoting and sustaining subversive and nationalist agitations in British India and the Persian and Egyptian satellite states."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "Background", "says": "Following diplomatic pressure from the British Raj, which feared the influence of Pan-Islamism on the Indian Muslim population, the Russian Empire was urged to deploy significant forces along the Tehran–Hamadan–Khanaqin axis."}], "Q384091": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mukden (19 February – 10 March 1905) was fought in the Russo-Japanese War between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan near the town of Mukden (now Shenyang, China)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mukden (19 February – 10 March 1905) was fought in the Russo-Japanese War between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan near the town of Mukden (now Shenyang, China)."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mukden (19 February – 10 March 1905) was fought in the Russo-Japanese War between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan near the town of Mukden (now Shenyang, China)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest modern-era battle fought prior to World War I, and possibly the largest battle in world history at that point."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese side alone fired 20.11 million rifle and machine gun rounds and 279,394 artillery shells in just over ten days of fighting (while the Russians fired even more), matching the ammunition consumption of the German army in the entire 191-day Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q2440191", "label": "Battle of Liaoyang", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Liaoyang (25 August – 4 September 1904), Russian forces retreated to the river Sha Ho south of Mukden and regrouped."}, {"id": "Q210800", "label": "Siege of Port Arthur", "section": "Background", "says": "However, in part due to the diversion of much manpower and most of the heavy artillery to the simultaneously ongoing Siege of Port Arthur, the Japanese had failed to take advantage of their victory at Liaoyang, allowing the Russians to retreat in good order and to soon launch a counterattack during the Battle of Shaho (12–14 October)."}, {"id": "Q920679", "label": "Battle of Shaho", "section": "Background", "says": "However, in part due to the diversion of much manpower and most of the heavy artillery to the simultaneously ongoing Siege of Port Arthur, the Japanese had failed to take advantage of their victory at Liaoyang, allowing the Russians to retreat in good order and to soon launch a counterattack during the Battle of Shaho (12–14 October)."}, {"id": "Q1358032", "label": "Battle of Sandepu", "section": "Background", "says": "A second Russian counter-offensive, the Battle of Sandepu, fought from 25 to 29 January 1905, was also unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q527156", "label": "Alexei Kuropatkin", "section": "Background", "says": "Though the combined Russian army led by General Aleksey Kuropatkin was set to receive reinforcements via the unfinished Trans-Siberian Railroad, the effects of the Bloody Sunday and the now-ongoing unrest at home placed a strain on the manpower of the whole Imperial Army as much of its resources now had to be dedicated in the quelling of the uprisings throughout its territories."}], "Q385604": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dara was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire in June 530 AD during the Iberian War."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dara was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire in June 530 AD during the Iberian War."}, {"id": "Q2326066", "label": "Iberian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dara was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire in June 530 AD during the Iberian War."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the collapse of diplomatic efforts between the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and Shah Kavadh I, a Sasanian army advanced on the fortified city of Dara, where it was met by a smaller Byzantine force commanded by Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the collapse of diplomatic efforts between the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and Shah Kavadh I, a Sasanian army advanced on the fortified city of Dara, where it was met by a smaller Byzantine force commanded by Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q1265750", "label": "Battle of Callinicum", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the defeat, the Sasanians resumed offensive operations the following year, culminating in the Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Callinicum."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "lead", "says": "The Perpetual Peace treaty was signed in the summer of 532, where the Byzantines paid tribute to the Sasanians."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Iberian king fled from Kavadh, but Kavadh tried to make peace with the Byzantines, and attempted to have Justin I adopt his son Khosrau."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "In 529, the failed negotiations of Justin's successor Justinian prompted him to create leverage over the Sasanians to force a peace treaty."}], "Q387093": [{"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arnhem was fought during the Second World War, as part of the Allied Operation Market Garden."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, who favoured a single push northwards over the branches of the Lower Rhine River, allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the important Ruhr industrial area."}, {"id": "Q2444934", "label": "Operation Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "After nine days of fighting, the remnants of the division were withdrawn in Operation Berlin."}, {"id": "Q70536", "label": "Walter Model", "section": "Background", "says": "Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model – commander of Army Group B – had moved his headquarters to Arnhem and was re-establishing defences in the area and co-ordinating the reorganisation of the scattered units so that by the time the Allies launched Market Garden there would be several units opposing them."}, {"id": "Q57250", "label": "Wilhelm Bittrich", "section": "Background", "says": "The II SS Panzer Corps (Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Bittrich) – comprising the remains of the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen (Walter Harzer) and the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg (Heinz Harmel) –  had moved into the area north of Arnhem to refit and reorganise."}], "Q4071923": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Attack of the Dead Men, or the Battle of Osowiec Fortress, was a battle of World War I that took place at Osowiec Fortress (in present-day northeastern Poland), at 4:00 AM on August 6, 1915."}], "Q4571496": [{"id": "Q34982", "label": "João Goulart", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1964 Brazilian coup d'état (Portuguese: Golpe de estado no Brasil em 1964) was the overthrow of Brazilian president João Goulart by a military coup from March 31 to April 1, 1964, ending the Fourth Brazilian Republic (1946–1964) and initiating the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–1985)."}, {"id": "Q210542", "label": "Fourth Brazilian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1964 Brazilian coup d'état (Portuguese: Golpe de estado no Brasil em 1964) was the overthrow of Brazilian president João Goulart by a military coup from March 31 to April 1, 1964, ending the Fourth Brazilian Republic (1946–1964) and initiating the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–1985)."}, {"id": "Q294430", "label": "Humberto Castelo Branco", "section": "lead", "says": "In his place, Ranieri Mazzilli, the president of the Chamber of Deputies, took over until the election by Congress of general Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, one of the leaders of the coup."}, {"id": "Q310123", "label": "Jânio Quadros", "section": "lead", "says": "Democratically elected vice president in 1960, Jango, as Goulart was known, assumed power after the resignation of president Jânio Quadros, in 1961, and the Legality Campaign, which defeated an attempted military coup to prevent his inauguration."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Brazil's relations with the United States deteriorated and the American government allied with opposition forces and their efforts, supporting the coup."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Cuban Revolution, in 1959, brought Latin America to the center of attention and introduced the goal of avoiding its repetition in the rest of the region."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 made the balance of forces in the region lean towards the U.S. to the detriment of the USSR, allowing a tougher attitude towards Latin American governments."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "Military coups, such as in Argentina and Peru, in 1962, and in Guatemala and Ecuador, in 1963, were an international phenomenon, and the authoritarian governments installed were recognized by the U.S."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "Background", "says": "Military coups, such as in Argentina and Peru, in 1962, and in Guatemala and Ecuador, in 1963, were an international phenomenon, and the authoritarian governments installed were recognized by the U.S."}], "Q47299": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Corupedium, also called Koroupedion, Corupedion or Curupedion (Ancient Greek: Κύρου πεδίον or Κόρου πεδίον, \"the plain of Kyros or Koros\") was the last battle between the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought in 281 BC between the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus I Nicator."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought in 281 BC between the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus I Nicator."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "lead", "says": "Lysimachus had ruled Thrace for decades and parts of western Asia Minor ever since the Battle of Ipsus."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "lead", "says": "Seleucus ruled the Seleucid Empire, including lands currently covered by modern eastern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, and Iran."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Seleucus ruled the Seleucid Empire, including lands currently covered by modern eastern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, and Iran."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the victory gave Seleucus nominal control over nearly every part of Alexander's empire, save the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, his victory was short-lived."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "lead", "says": "The two men had been rivals for a long time as Lysimachus wished to expand his influence east, while Seleucus wished to expand his influence west, however, the event that actually started the war was the murder of Agathocles."}], "Q497189": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Shimoda (下田条約, Shimoda Jouyaku) (formally Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia 日露和親条約, Nichi-Ro Washin Jouyaku) of February 7, 1855, was the first treaty between the Russian Empire, and the Empire of Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Shimoda (下田条約, Shimoda Jouyaku) (formally Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia 日露和親条約, Nichi-Ro Washin Jouyaku) of February 7, 1855, was the first treaty between the Russian Empire, and the Empire of Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate."}, {"id": "Q771451", "label": "Convention of Kanagawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Following shortly after the Convention of Kanagawa signed between Japan and the United States, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku), by opening the ports of Nagasaki, Shimoda and Hakodate to Russian vessels."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following shortly after the Convention of Kanagawa signed between Japan and the United States, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku), by opening the ports of Nagasaki, Shimoda and Hakodate to Russian vessels."}], "Q497797": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought during the American Civil War near Mechanicsville, Virginia, from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3."}, {"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant's Overland Campaign."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln had long advocated this strategy for his generals, recognizing that the city would certainly fall after the loss of its principal defensive army."}], "Q51844684": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 April 2018, beginning at 04:00 Syrian time (UTC+3), the United States, France, and the United Kingdom carried out a series of military strikes involving aircraft and ship-based missiles against multiple government sites in Syria during the Syrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 April 2018, beginning at 04:00 Syrian time (UTC+3), the United States, France, and the United Kingdom carried out a series of military strikes involving aircraft and ship-based missiles against multiple government sites in Syria during the Syrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "As with previous incidents, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other nations accused the Syrian government of being responsible for the use of chemical weapons."}, {"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 2017, French President Emmanuel Macron said the use of chemical weapons in Syria would be a red line requiring immediate reprisal."}], "Q550172": [{"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Breton Succession or Breton Civil War was a conflict between the Counts of Blois and the Montforts of Brittany for control of the Duchy of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q257621", "label": "Joan, Duchess of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also known as the War of the Two Joans (French: guerre des deux Jeannes) due to the involvement of two rival duchesses of that name, Joan of Flanders and Joan of Penthièvre."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war formed an integral part of the early Hundred Years' War due to the proxy involvement of the French and English monarchs in the conflict; the French supported the Blois (female heir) whilst the English backed the Montforts (male heir)."}, {"id": "Q1062615", "label": "Battle of Auray", "section": "lead", "says": "Montfort was ultimately successful following the Battle of Auray in 1364 but, in a surprising turn of events, the Montfortist duke pledged his loyalty to the king of France and not to the Plantagenet king of England who had supported him."}, {"id": "Q211109", "label": "Alexander III of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "Duke Arthur II of Dreux married twice, first to Mary of Limoges (1275–1291), then to Yolande of Dreux (1263–1322), countess of Montfort and widow of King Alexander III of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q544055", "label": "John IV, Duke of Brittany", "section": "Background", "says": "When this failed, he tried to ensure that John of Montfort would never inherit the duchy."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1337 she married Charles of Blois, the second son of a powerful French noble house whose mother's brother was King Philip VI of France."}], "Q574543": [{"id": "Q93181", "label": "Ehud Olmert", "section": "lead", "says": "Bush, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert decided to adhere to the 1981 Begin Doctrine and unilaterally strike to prevent a Syrian nuclear weapons capability, despite serious concerns about Syrian retaliation."}], "Q57830735": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Squirrel Hill neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Jewish neighborhoods in the United States and has historically been the center of Pittsburgh's Jewish community."}], "Q612739": [{"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ordered by U.S. president Jimmy Carter after the staff were seized at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "In the context of the Iranian Revolution, Iran's new leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, stated that the mission had been stopped by an act of God (\"agents of God\") who had foiled the US mission in order to protect Iran and its new Islamist government."}], "Q617321": [{"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Mysore wars were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the neighbouring Madras Presidency), Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Hyder Ali and his succeeding son Tipu Sultan fought the wars on four fronts: with the British attacking from the west, south and east and the Nizam's forces attacking from the north."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "lead", "says": "Hyder Ali and his succeeding son Tipu Sultan fought the wars on four fronts: with the British attacking from the west, south and east and the Nizam's forces attacking from the north."}], "Q617772": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Persian War, also known as the Anglo-Iranian War (Persian: جنگ ایران و انگلستان, romanized: Jang-e Irân o Engelestan), was a war fought between the United Kingdom and Iran, which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Though Herat had been conquered by Iran in 1856, it had declared itself independent under its own rebellious emir and placed itself under the protection of the British in India and in alliance with the Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the context of the Great Game—the Anglo-Russian contest for influence in Central Asia—the British wished Afghanistan to remain an independent country with friendly relation as a buffer state against Russian expansion towards India."}], "Q626191": [{"id": "Q66710", "label": "Daman and Diu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indian annexation of Goa was the process in which the Republic of India annexed the Portuguese State of India, the then Portuguese Indian territories of Goa, Daman and Diu, starting with the armed action carried out by the Indian Armed Forces in December 1961."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In Portugal, it is referred to as the \"Invasion of Goa\"."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "lead", "says": "Jawaharlal Nehru had hoped that the popular movement in Goa and the pressure of world public opinion would force the Portuguese Goan authorities to grant it independence, but without success; consequently, Krishna Menon suggested taking Goa by force."}], "Q630781": [{"id": "Q39595", "label": "Ptolemy IV Philopator", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raphia was fought on 22 June 217 BC near modern Rafah between the forces of Ptolemy IV Philopator, king and pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt and Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire during the Syrian Wars."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raphia was fought on 22 June 217 BC near modern Rafah between the forces of Ptolemy IV Philopator, king and pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt and Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire during the Syrian Wars."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raphia was fought on 22 June 217 BC near modern Rafah between the forces of Ptolemy IV Philopator, king and pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt and Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire during the Syrian Wars."}, {"id": "Q1330607", "label": "Syrian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raphia was fought on 22 June 217 BC near modern Rafah between the forces of Ptolemy IV Philopator, king and pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt and Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire during the Syrian Wars."}, {"id": "Q1418062", "label": "Fourth Syrian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Fourth Syrian War began in 219 BC, during which time Ptolemaic Egypt was ruled by Ptolemy IV, and the Seleucid Empire was ruled by Antiochus III the Great."}], "Q648535": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Patay, fought on 18 June 1429 during the Hundred Years' War, was the culmination of the Loire Campaign between the French and English in north-central France."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "lead", "says": "A victory often credited to Joan of Arc, she was in fact not present for the battle as she had remained with the main body of the French army."}, {"id": "Q290247", "label": "La Hire", "section": "lead", "says": "The vanguard at Patay was led by La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles."}, {"id": "Q971967", "label": "Jean Poton de Xaintrailles", "section": "lead", "says": "The vanguard at Patay was led by La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles."}, {"id": "Q392213", "label": "Siege of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "After the English abandoned the Siege of Orléans on 8 May 1429, the survivors withdrew to garrisons along the Loire."}, {"id": "Q71125", "label": "John Fastolf", "section": "Background", "says": "An English reinforcement army under Sir John Fastolf, which had set off from Paris following the defeat at Orléans, now joined forces with survivors of the besieging army under Lord Talbot and Lord Scales at Meung-sur-Loire."}], "Q653470": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Caucasus was a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus as part of the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Caucasus was a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus as part of the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 July 1942, German troops captured Rostov-on-Don, opening the Caucasus region of the southern Soviet Union to the Germans and threatening the oil fields beyond at Maykop, Grozny, and ultimately Baku."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days prior, Adolf Hitler had issued a directive to launch an operation into the Caucasus named Operation Edelweiß."}, {"id": "Q52315", "label": "Operation Little Saturn", "section": "lead", "says": "Axis forces were compelled to withdraw from the area later that winter as Operation Little Saturn threatened to cut them off."}], "Q666414": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Allied invasion of Germany was coordinated by the Western Allies during the final months of hostilities in the European theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q708235", "label": "Operation Veritable", "section": "lead", "says": "In preparation for the Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine, a series of offensive operations were designed to seize and capture its east and west banks: Operation Veritable and Operation Grenade in February 1945, and Operation Lumberjack and Operation Undertone in March 1945; these are considered separate from the main invasion operation."}, {"id": "Q1635355", "label": "Operation Grenade", "section": "lead", "says": "In preparation for the Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine, a series of offensive operations were designed to seize and capture its east and west banks: Operation Veritable and Operation Grenade in February 1945, and Operation Lumberjack and Operation Undertone in March 1945; these are considered separate from the main invasion operation."}, {"id": "Q1342285", "label": "Operation Lumberjack", "section": "lead", "says": "In preparation for the Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine, a series of offensive operations were designed to seize and capture its east and west banks: Operation Veritable and Operation Grenade in February 1945, and Operation Lumberjack and Operation Undertone in March 1945; these are considered separate from the main invasion operation."}, {"id": "Q1713527", "label": "Operation Undertone", "section": "lead", "says": "In preparation for the Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine, a series of offensive operations were designed to seize and capture its east and west banks: Operation Veritable and Operation Grenade in February 1945, and Operation Lumberjack and Operation Undertone in March 1945; these are considered separate from the main invasion operation."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This is known as the Central Europe Campaign in United States military histories."}, {"id": "Q327052", "label": "Battle of Aachen", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Western Front, the Allies had been fighting in Germany with campaigns against the Siegfried Line since the Battle of Aachen, the Battle of Metz and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in late 1944 and by January 1945, had pushed the Germans back to their starting points during the Battle of the Bulge."}, {"id": "Q1723307", "label": "Battle of Metz", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Western Front, the Allies had been fighting in Germany with campaigns against the Siegfried Line since the Battle of Aachen, the Battle of Metz and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in late 1944 and by January 1945, had pushed the Germans back to their starting points during the Battle of the Bulge."}, {"id": "Q162287", "label": "Battle of Hürtgen Forest", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Western Front, the Allies had been fighting in Germany with campaigns against the Siegfried Line since the Battle of Aachen, the Battle of Metz and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in late 1944 and by January 1945, had pushed the Germans back to their starting points during the Battle of the Bulge."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Western Front, the Allies had been fighting in Germany with campaigns against the Siegfried Line since the Battle of Aachen, the Battle of Metz and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in late 1944 and by January 1945, had pushed the Germans back to their starting points during the Battle of the Bulge."}, {"id": "Q697403", "label": "Operation Plunder", "section": "lead", "says": "During Operation Lumberjack, Operation Plunder and Operation Undertone, German casualties during February–March 1945 are estimated at 400,000 men, including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Eastern Front, the Soviet Red Army (including the Polish Armed Forces in the East under Soviet command), had taken most of Poland, launched an offensive into East Prussia and began their invasion into Eastern Germany in February 1945, and by March were within striking distance of Berlin."}], "Q672571": [{"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was named after General Mikhail Kutuzov, the Russian general credited with saving Russia from Napoleon during the French invasion of Russia in 1812."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was named after General Mikhail Kutuzov, the Russian general credited with saving Russia from Napoleon during the French invasion of Russia in 1812."}, {"id": "Q12136088", "label": "Operation Citadel", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kutuzov was one of two large-scale Soviet operations launched as counteroffensives against Operation Citadel."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In doing so they hoped to cause a general collapse of the German forces in the Soviet Union."}], "Q682482": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 (also known as The War of the Hats or The Hats' war) was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally the Habsburg monarchy in the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 (also known as The War of the Hats or The Hats' war) was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally the Habsburg monarchy in the War of the Austrian Succession."}], "Q694379": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krbava Field (Croatian: Bitka na Krbavskom polju, Krbavska bitka; Hungarian: Korbávmezei csata; Turkish: Krbava Muharebesi) was fought between the Ottoman Empire of Bayezid II and an army of the Kingdom of Croatia, at the time in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary, on 9 September 1493, in the Krbava field, a part of the Lika region in Croatia."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krbava Field (Croatian: Bitka na Krbavskom polju, Krbavska bitka; Hungarian: Korbávmezei csata; Turkish: Krbava Muharebesi) was fought between the Ottoman Empire of Bayezid II and an army of the Kingdom of Croatia, at the time in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary, on 9 September 1493, in the Krbava field, a part of the Lika region in Croatia."}, {"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463, the Ottomans quickly expanded westward, threatening the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia."}], "Q697748": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cer was a military campaign fought between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in August 1914, starting three weeks into the Serbian Campaign of 1914, the initial military action of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "Almost immediately, the new Karađorđević government under King Peter I aligned itself with the Russian Empire and oriented its foreign policy away from its long-time patron, long-time use of Habsburgs, and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Almost immediately, the new Karađorđević government under King Peter I aligned itself with the Russian Empire and oriented its foreign policy away from its long-time patron, long-time use of Habsburgs, and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q1064335", "label": "Pig War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1906, Austria-Hungary closed its border to Serbian agricultural exports in an episode known as the Pig War."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf boasted that it would take Austro-Hungary only three months to defeat Serbia should war erupt between the two nations."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "With Bosnia-Herzegovina firmly in Austro-Hungarian hands, Serbia and several other Balkan states turned to force the Ottoman Empire from southeastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The ensuing Balkan Wars, which lasted from 1912 until 1913, saw Serbia take possession of Kosovo and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The ensuing Balkan Wars, which lasted from 1912 until 1913, saw Serbia take possession of Kosovo and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1914, a Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo."}, {"id": "Q43063", "label": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1914, a Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo."}], "Q699897": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guam was an engagement during the Pacific War in World War II that took place from 8 to 10 December 1941 on Guam in the Mariana Islands between Japan and the United States."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guam was an engagement during the Pacific War in World War II that took place from 8 to 10 December 1941 on Guam in the Mariana Islands between Japan and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guam was an engagement during the Pacific War in World War II that took place from 8 to 10 December 1941 on Guam in the Mariana Islands between Japan and the United States."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States captured Guam from the Kingdom of Spain on 21 June 1898 during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States captured Guam from the Kingdom of Spain on 21 June 1898 during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "While the United States considered increasing Guam's defenses during and after World War I, no action was taken other than to deploy a USMC seaplane unit to the island in 1921."}, {"id": "Q243634", "label": "Bonin Islands", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The South Seas Detachment was concentrated in Korea during November 1941 and, following a brief stay in Japan, sailed for Chichi-jima in the Bonin Islands late that month."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The island was not seen as being useful in efforts to reinforce the Philippines, though it served as a refueling point for Pan Am flying boats and was one of the relay points for the Pacific Cable Company's telegraph cable which linked the Philippines to the US West Coast."}], "Q700027": [{"id": "Q778266", "label": "County of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, French: Union d'Arras, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q309460", "label": "County of Hainaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, French: Union d'Arras, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, French: Union d'Arras, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q700156", "label": "Treaty of Arras", "section": "lead", "says": "These signatories would begin negotiations for a separate peace with the Spanish Crown, which resulted in the Treaty of Arras of 17 May 1579."}, {"id": "Q700035", "label": "Pacification of Ghent", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Pacification of Ghent, the entire Habsburg Netherlands was united in opposition to the government of king Philip II of Spain, the overlord of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Pacification of Ghent, the entire Habsburg Netherlands was united in opposition to the government of king Philip II of Spain, the overlord of the Netherlands."}], "Q700032": [{"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Savo Island, also known as the First Battle of Savo Island and in Japanese sources as the First Battle of the Solomon Sea (第一次ソロモン海戦, Dai-ichi-ji Soromon Kaisen), and colloquially among Allied Guadalcanal veterans as the Battle of the Five Sitting Ducks, was a naval battle during the Solomon Islands campaign of the Pacific War of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Al"}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Savo Island, also known as the First Battle of Savo Island and in Japanese sources as the First Battle of the Solomon Sea (第一次ソロモン海戦, Dai-ichi-ji Soromon Kaisen), and colloquially among Allied Guadalcanal veterans as the Battle of the Five Sitting Ducks, was a naval battle during the Solomon Islands campaign of the Pacific War of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Al"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Savo Island, also known as the First Battle of Savo Island and in Japanese sources as the First Battle of the Solomon Sea (第一次ソロモン海戦, Dai-ichi-ji Soromon Kaisen), and colloquially among Allied Guadalcanal veterans as the Battle of the Five Sitting Ducks, was a naval battle during the Solomon Islands campaign of the Pacific War of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Al"}, {"id": "Q435915", "label": "Gunichi Mikawa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Japanese Navy, in response to Allied amphibious landings in the eastern Solomon Islands, mobilized a task force of seven cruisers and one destroyer under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "This task force sailed from Japanese bases in New Britain and New Ireland down New Georgia Sound (also known as \"The Slot\") with the intention of interrupting the Allied landings by attacking the supporting amphibious fleet and its screening force."}, {"id": "Q1475679", "label": "Battle of Tassafaronga", "section": "lead", "says": "Cox, director of the Naval History and Heritage Command, considers this battle and the Battle of Tassafaronga to be two of the worst defeats in U.S. naval history, surpassed only by the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941."}], "Q700841": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I."}, {"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman territorial gains were confirmed in the Peace of Amasya."}], "Q702638": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tannenberg (German: Unternehmen Tannenberg, Polish: Operacja Tannenberg) was one of the first anti-Polish extermination actions by Nazi Germany in German-occupied Poland from September 1939 to January 1940."}], "Q705553": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maji Maji Rebellion (German: Maji-Maji-Aufstand, Swahili: Vita vya Maji Maji) was an armed rebellion of Africans against German colonial rule in German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania)."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maji Maji Rebellion (German: Maji-Maji-Aufstand, Swahili: Vita vya Maji Maji) was an armed rebellion of Africans against German colonial rule in German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania)."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "Causes", "says": "These were German East Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and part of Mozambique), German Southwest Africa (present-day Namibia), Cameroon, and Togoland (today split between Ghana and Togo)."}], "Q705813": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hohenlinden was fought on 3 December 1800 during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under Jean Victor Marie Moreau won a decisive victory over an Austrian and Bavarian force led by 18-year-old Archduke John of Austria."}, {"id": "Q93427", "label": "Archduke John of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under Jean Victor Marie Moreau won a decisive victory over an Austrian and Bavarian force led by 18-year-old Archduke John of Austria."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The allies were forced into a disastrous retreat that compelled them to request an armistice, effectively ending the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "General of Division Moreau's 56,000-strong army engaged some 64,000 Austrians and Bavarians."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "lead", "says": "This crushing victory, coupled with the narrow French victory at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800, ended the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1801, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Lunéville, accepting French control up to the Rhine and the French puppet republics in Italy and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent Treaty of Amiens between France and Britain began the longest break in the wars of the Napoleonic period."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "Realizing that Kray was no longer up to the task, Emperor Francis II removed him from command."}, {"id": "Q78802", "label": "Johann Amadeus Francis de Paula, Baron of Thugut", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrian chancellor Johann Amadeus von Thugut first offered Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary command of the army but both declined."}, {"id": "Q78542", "label": "Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrian chancellor Johann Amadeus von Thugut first offered Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary command of the army but both declined."}, {"id": "Q319764", "label": "Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrian chancellor Johann Amadeus von Thugut first offered Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary command of the army but both declined."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "Background", "says": "Because his brother, the capable Feldmarschall Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, also refused the command, the emperor appointed another brother, the 18-year-old Archduke John."}, {"id": "Q689584", "label": "Franz von Weyrother", "section": "Background", "says": "To further complicate the clumsy command structure, the aggressive Oberst (Colonel) Franz von Weyrother was named John's chief of staff."}], "Q708217": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Although defeated at sea off Narvik, losing control of the town of Narvik and being pushed back towards the Swedish border, the Germans eventually prevailed because of the Allied evacuation from Norway in June 1940 following the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q150812", "label": "1939 Invasion of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Both sides in the war had an interest in securing this iron supply for themselves and denying it to the enemy, thereby setting the stage for one of the largest battles since the Invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the German invasion, British forces had considered Narvik as a possible landing point for an expedition to help Finland in the Winter War."}], "Q714749": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ia Drang (Vietnamese: Trận Ia Đrăng, [iə̯ ɗrăŋ]; in English ) was the first major battle between the United States Army and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), as part of the Pleiku campaign conducted early in the Vietnam War, at the eastern foot of the Chu Pong Massif in the central highlands of Vietnam, in 1965."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1965, the majority of rural South Vietnam was under limited Viet Cong (VC) control, increasingly supported by People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) regulars from North Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1965, the majority of rural South Vietnam was under limited Viet Cong (VC) control, increasingly supported by People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) regulars from North Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "Background", "says": "Vietnamese communist forces had operated in this area during the previous decade in the First Indochina War against the French, winning a notable victory at the Battle of Mang Yang Pass in 1954."}, {"id": "Q4871659", "label": "Battle of Mang Yang Pass", "section": "Background", "says": "Vietnamese communist forces had operated in this area during the previous decade in the First Indochina War against the French, winning a notable victory at the Battle of Mang Yang Pass in 1954."}], "Q71500435": [{"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "It originated in Santiago and took place in all regions of Chile, with greater effect in the regional capitals."}, {"id": "Q306", "label": "Sebastián Piñera", "section": "lead", "says": "On the same day, president of Chile Sebastián Piñera announced a state of emergency, authorizing the deployment of Chilean Army forces across the main regions to enforce order and prevent the destruction of public property, and invoked before the courts the Ley de Seguridad del Estado (\"State Security Law\") against dozens of detainees."}], "Q737907": [{"id": "Q874283", "label": "Latin League", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended in the dissolution of the Latin League and incorporation of its territory into the Roman sphere of influence, with the Latins gaining partial rights and varying levels of citizenship."}], "Q756413": [{"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Asculum was a battle that took place near Asculum (modern Ascoli Satriano) in 279 BC, and was thought to have lasted either one or two days, between the Roman Republic under the command of the consuls Publius Decius Mus (who by some accounts died before the battle) and Publius Sulpicius Saverrio, and the forces of King Pyrrhus of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q596373", "label": "Pyrrhic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the Pyrrhic War, after the Battle of Heraclea of 280 BC, which was the first battle of the war."}, {"id": "Q744611", "label": "Battle of Heraclea", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the Pyrrhic War, after the Battle of Heraclea of 280 BC, which was the first battle of the war."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "lead", "says": "There currently exist accounts of this battle only by three ancient historians: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Plutarch, and Cassius Dio, although these historians in turn reference other historians whose work is now lost."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "There currently exist accounts of this battle only by three ancient historians: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Plutarch, and Cassius Dio, although these historians in turn reference other historians whose work is now lost."}, {"id": "Q26204", "label": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus", "section": "lead", "says": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus, followed by Dio and Zonaras, instead presents a single-day battle in which Roman forces break through the Epirote centre, producing an inconclusive engagement that ended in the night."}, {"id": "Q299387", "label": "Ptolemy Ceraunus", "section": "Prelude and armies", "says": "According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Pyrrhus had 70,000 infantry, of whom 20,000 were phalangites (including 4,000 Macedonians from Ptolemy Ceraunus)."}, {"id": "Q297377", "label": "Frontinus", "section": "Prelude and armies", "says": "The 1st century AD Roman senator Frontinus estimated a strength of 40,000 men for both sides."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude and armies", "says": "He had cavalry squadrons from Thessaly."}], "Q759988": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zanj Rebellion (Arabic: ثورة الزنج Thawrat al-Zanj / Zinj) was a major revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate, which took place from 869 until 883."}, {"id": "Q2746373", "label": "Ali ibn Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Begun near the city of Basra in present-day southern Iraq and led by one Ali ibn Muhammad, the insurrection involved both enslaved and freed Africans (collectively termed \"Zanj\" in this case) exported in the Indian Ocean slave trade and transported to slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East, principally to drain the region's salt marshes."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout the 860s the various factions in the capital were distracted by this conflict, resulting in the deaths of several caliphs, army commanders and bureaucrats; the outbreak of multiple troop riots; a damaging civil war in 865–866; a great rebellion of the Kharijites in 866; and the virtual bankruptcy of the government."}], "Q769960": [{"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The August Revolution (Vietnamese: Cách mạng tháng Tám), at the time known as the General Uprising (Vietnamese: Tổng khởi nghĩa cướp chính quyền, lit. 'Total uprising to seize power'), was a revolution led by the Viet Minh against the Japanese occupation of Vietnam and the Empire of Vietnam from 16 to 30 August 1945."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese army in Vietnam generally adopted a non-interventionist stance to the revolution as they de facto surrendered to the Allies in World War II."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "Ho Chi Minh, head of the National Liberation Committee of Vietnam, subsequently declared the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) on 2 September 1945 in Hanoi."}], "Q776215": [{"id": "Q529617", "label": "Gnaeus Mallius Maximus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arausio took place on 6 October 105 BC, at a site between the town of Arausio, now Orange, Vaucluse, and the Rhône river, when two Roman armies, commanded by proconsul Quintus Servilius Caepio and consul Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Cimbri and Teuton migratory tribes who were led by Boiorix and Teutobod respectively."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "In terms of losses, this battle is regarded as the worst defeat in the history of ancient Rome, surpassing the Battle of Cannae."}], "Q778800": [{"id": "Q1389040", "label": "Sidney Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered the first pitched battle with this name, as there already had been a naval battle on 1 August 1798, the Battle of the Nile. (A second pitched battle followed on 8 March 1801.)\nNo sooner had the French forces returned from a campaign to Syria, than the Ottoman forces were transported to Egypt by an Anglo-Ottoman fleet under Sidney Smith to put an end to French rule in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Napoleon immediately saw the flaw in the tactic as it meant that the Ottomans had nowhere to run if routed."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "lead", "says": "News of the victory reached France before Napoleon arrived in October and this made him even more popular, an important asset considering the troubles brewing in the French Directory."}, {"id": "Q715652", "label": "Murad Bey", "section": "Background", "says": "Murad Bey, who had managed to escape and join him, said, \"The French dreaded that you could not support the presence, I watch, and they are fleeing before me.\" and Murad replied, \"Pasha, be glad that it suits the French to withdraw because if they turned, you would disappear before them like dust before the north wind.\"\nNapoleon previously received reports that Murad Bey was riding due north, pass"}], "Q829702": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Copenhagen (Danish: Freden i København, Swedish: Freden i Köpenhamn) was signed on 27 May 1660, and marked the conclusion of the Second Northern War between the Swedish Empire and the alliance of Denmark–Norway and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Copenhagen (Danish: Freden i København, Swedish: Freden i Köpenhamn) was signed on 27 May 1660, and marked the conclusion of the Second Northern War between the Swedish Empire and the alliance of Denmark–Norway and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Copenhagen (Danish: Freden i København, Swedish: Freden i Köpenhamn) was signed on 27 May 1660, and marked the conclusion of the Second Northern War between the Swedish Empire and the alliance of Denmark–Norway and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Copenhagen (Danish: Freden i København, Swedish: Freden i Köpenhamn) was signed on 27 May 1660, and marked the conclusion of the Second Northern War between the Swedish Empire and the alliance of Denmark–Norway and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty was a smaller follow-up treaty to that of the Treaty of Roskilde, which decisively delineated the mutually recognized boundaries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; boundaries which are almost exactly the same to this day."}], "Q830912": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The 279 BC invasion of Greece was preceded by a series of earlier military campaigns waged in the southern Balkans favoured by the state of confusion ensuing from the Diadochi Wars after the death of Alexander the Great."}], "Q834195": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 November 2023, Russia withdrew from the treaty, and in response the United States and its NATO allies suspended their participation in the treaty."}], "Q837787": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Novara (or Battle of Bicocca; Bicocca being a borough of Novara) was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia during the First Italian War of Independence, within the era of Italian unification."}, {"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Novara (or Battle of Bicocca; Bicocca being a borough of Novara) was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia during the First Italian War of Independence, within the era of Italian unification."}], "Q844505": [{"id": "Q298133", "label": "Rebiya Kadeer", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese government stated that the riots were planned from abroad by the World Uyghur Congress (WUC) accused its leader Rebiya Kadeer of masterminding the violence."}], "Q852088": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Myanmar has been in armed conflict since 1948, when the country, then known as Burma, gained independence from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q194161", "label": "Aung San", "section": "lead", "says": "Aung San led the Axis-puppet State of Burma before switching sides to the Allies in mid-1944."}, {"id": "Q704358", "label": "State of Burma", "section": "lead", "says": "Aung San led the Axis-puppet State of Burma before switching sides to the Allies in mid-1944."}, {"id": "Q315522", "label": "Ne Win", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1962, Burmese general Ne Win led a military coup, establishing a junta and refusing to adopt a federal system of governance, which led to intensified insurgencies."}, {"id": "Q3462649", "label": "Min Aung Hlaing", "section": "lead", "says": "A military coup in 2021 by commander-in-chief Min Aung Hlaing deposed the civilian government, sparking widespread protests and escalating insurgencies."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1940, during World War II, a group of young Burmese intellectuals left for Japan to receive military training in preparation for an anti-colonial struggle against the British."}, {"id": "Q316384", "label": "U Nu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, Aung San was assassinated shortly afterwards, and the Panglong Agreement was not honoured by the post-independence government under U Nu."}], "Q869045": [{"id": "Q681416", "label": "French and Indian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the United States, it is regarded as a standalone conflict."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Elsewhere it is viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "They were concerned about boundaries and governing authority in the northern and southwestern frontiers of the English colonies, which stretched from the Province of Carolina in the south to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the north, with additional colonial settlements or trading outposts on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay."}], "Q87250732": [{"id": "Q11685764", "label": "Andrej Plenković", "section": "Background and prevention", "says": "Prime Minister Andrej Plenković cited the coronavirus problem as one of the reasons for the change."}, {"id": "Q13639017", "label": "Janez Lenarčič", "section": "Background and prevention", "says": "On 3 February, Beroš met with Stella Kyriakidou, the European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, and Janez Lenarčič, the European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management, to discuss the situation with the coronavirus."}], "Q888904": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ajnadayn (Arabic: معركة أجنادين) was fought in July or August 634 (Jumada I or II, 13 AH), in a location close to Bayt Jibrin; it was the first major pitched battle between the Byzantine (Roman) Empire and the army of the Arab Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q1175909", "label": "David Nicolle", "section": "Background", "says": "According to David Nicolle, the Rashidun army left the capital Medina probably in the autumn of 633, but possibly at the beginning of 634."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "They first engaged and defeated the Byzantines at Dathin on February 4; after that Emperor Heraclius, then stationed in Emesa, had reinforcements sent south to protect Caesarea Maritima."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "Background", "says": "As a possible reaction, Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid was ordered to interrupt operations against the Sassanian Empire and reach Syria, which brought him to engage and defeat the Byzantine-allied Ghassanids by April 24, permitting him to enter almost unopposed in Bosra."}, {"id": "Q3299394", "label": "Sharhabeel ibn Hasana", "section": "Background", "says": "At this point, Khalid converged with several armies, led by other Arab Muslim generals such as Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Amr ibn al-As and Shurahbil ibn Hasana."}, {"id": "Q1373674", "label": "Leone Caetani", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the hypothesis advanced by Miednikoff and Michael Jan de Goeje and summarized by Leone Caetani, it was from the dual form (al-Jannabatayn) of the village the historical name of the battle emerged, by conflation with the plural for \"army\", ajnad."}], "Q891367": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivarian Revolution (Spanish: Revolución bolivariana) is a social revolution and ongoing political process in Venezuela that was started by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) and later the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), and his successors Nicolás Maduro and Delcy Rodríguez."}, {"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivarian Revolution (Spanish: Revolución bolivariana) is a social revolution and ongoing political process in Venezuela that was started by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) and later the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), and his successors Nicolás Maduro and Delcy Rodríguez."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivarian Revolution (Spanish: Revolución bolivariana) is a social revolution and ongoing political process in Venezuela that was started by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) and later the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), and his successors Nicolás Maduro and Delcy Rodríguez."}, {"id": "Q15081116", "label": "Delcy Rodriguez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivarian Revolution (Spanish: Revolución bolivariana) is a social revolution and ongoing political process in Venezuela that was started by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) and later the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), and his successors Nicolás Maduro and Delcy Rodríguez."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivarian Revolution is named after Simón Bolívar, an early 19th-century Venezuelan revolutionary leader, prominent in the Spanish American wars of independence in achieving the independence of most of northern South America from Spanish rule."}, {"id": "Q727036", "label": "Jaime Lusinchi", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, the administration of left-leaning President Jaime Lusinchi was able to restructure the country's debt repayments and offset an economic crisis but allow for the continuation of the government's policies of social spending and state-sponsored subsidies."}, {"id": "Q295790", "label": "Carlos Andrés Pérez", "section": "Background", "says": "Lusinchi's political party, the Democratic Action, was able to remain in power following the 1988 Venezuelan general election, where Carlos Andrés Pérez was elected as President of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q1035320", "label": "Caracazo", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the government's economic reforms and the resulting increase in the price of gasoline and transportation, a wave of protests and riots known as El Caracazo started on 27 February 1989 in Guarenas, spreading to Caracas and surrounding towns."}], "Q909737": [{"id": "Q3151731", "label": "Dirty War", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre followed a series of large demonstrations known as the Mexican Movement of 1968 and is considered part of the Mexican Dirty War when the U.S.-backed Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) government violently repressed political and social opposition."}, {"id": "Q315637", "label": "Gustavo Díaz-Ordaz", "section": "Background", "says": "Mexican President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz struggled to maintain public order during a time of rising social tensions by suppressing independent labor unions and farmers and heavy-handedly trying to direct the economy."}, {"id": "Q335533", "label": "Adolfo López Mateos", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1958, under the previous administration of Adolfo López Mateos (when Díaz Ordaz was Minister of the Interior), labor leader Demetrio Vallejo had been arrested, and later on, in May 1962 peasant activist Rubén Jaramillo was murdered."}, {"id": "Q317681", "label": "Luis Echeverría", "section": "Background", "says": "Large-scale protests grew in size over the summer as the opening of the Olympic Games in mid-October grew nearer, and Minister of the Interior Luis Echeverría was expected to keep public order."}], "Q911448": [{"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Third Battle of Picardy,  was the opening phase of the Allied offensive which began on 8 August 1918, later known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which ultimately led to the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Third Battle of Picardy,  was the opening phase of the Allied offensive which began on 8 August 1918, later known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which ultimately led to the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q2731333", "label": "John Monash", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied forces advanced over 11 kilometres (7 mi) on the first day, one of the greatest advances of the war, with Gen Henry Rawlinson's British Fourth Army, with nine of its 19 divisions supplied by the fast-moving Australian Corps of Lt General John Monash and Canadian Corps of Lt General Arthur Currie, and Gen Marie Eugène Debeney's French First Army playing a decisive role."}, {"id": "Q517904", "label": "Arthur Currie", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied forces advanced over 11 kilometres (7 mi) on the first day, one of the greatest advances of the war, with Gen Henry Rawlinson's British Fourth Army, with nine of its 19 divisions supplied by the fast-moving Australian Corps of Lt General John Monash and Canadian Corps of Lt General Arthur Currie, and Gen Marie Eugène Debeney's French First Army playing a decisive role."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "This led Erich Ludendorff to later describe the first day of the battle as \"the black day of the German Army\"."}, {"id": "Q152008", "label": "Operation Michael", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 March 1918, the German Army had launched Operation Michael, the first in a series of attacks planned to drive the Allies back along the length of the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied general, General Ferdinand Foch, ordered a counteroffensive which led to victory at the Second Battle of the Marne, following which he was promoted to Marshal of France."}, {"id": "Q876417", "label": "Second Battle of the Marne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied general, General Ferdinand Foch, ordered a counteroffensive which led to victory at the Second Battle of the Marne, following which he was promoted to Marshal of France."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "Prelude", "says": "British reinforcements were transferred from the Home Army in Britain and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign."}, {"id": "Q62476", "label": "Georg von der Marwitz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The German front east of Amiens was held by their Second Army (General Georg von der Marwitz) with six divisions in line (and two facing the French 1st Army)."}], "Q929265": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Naissus in 268 or 269 was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor Claudius II Gothicus) and the future Emperor Aurelian near Naissus (Niš)."}, {"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Naissus in 268 or 269 was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor Claudius II Gothicus) and the future Emperor Aurelian near Naissus (Niš)."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Naissus in 268 or 269 was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor Claudius II Gothicus) and the future Emperor Aurelian near Naissus (Niš)."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "lead", "says": "The events around the invasion and the battle are an important part of the history of the Crisis of the Third Century."}, {"id": "Q363468", "label": "Dexippus", "section": "Background", "says": "Then an Athenian militia, led by the historian Dexippus, pushed the invaders to the north where they were intercepted by the Roman army under Gallienus."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "He won an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace, with the aid of the Dalmatian cavalry."}, {"id": "Q312910", "label": "Aureolus", "section": "Background", "says": "After his victory, Gallienus left Lucius Aurelius Marcianus in place and hastily left for Italy, intending to suppress the revolt of his cavalry officer Aureolus."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "Background", "says": "After Gallienus was assassinated outside Milan in the summer of 268 in a plot led by high officers in his army, Claudius was proclaimed emperor and headed to Rome to establish his rule."}, {"id": "Q1267656", "label": "Battle of Lake Benacus", "section": "Background", "says": "After he defeated them in the Battle of Lake Benacus, he was finally able to take care of the invasions in the Balkan provinces."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "Background", "says": "An enormous coalition of \"Scythians\"—actually consisting of Goths (Greuthungi and Thervingi), Gepids, and Peucini, led again by the Heruli—assembled at the mouth of river Tyras (Dniester)."}], "Q954356": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blue Waters was fought at some time in the autumn of 1362 or 1363 on the banks of the Syniukha River, a left tributary of the Southern Bug, between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Principality of Moldavia against the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blue Waters was fought at some time in the autumn of 1362 or 1363 on the banks of the Syniukha River, a left tributary of the Southern Bug, between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Principality of Moldavia against the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blue Waters was fought at some time in the autumn of 1362 or 1363 on the banks of the Syniukha River, a left tributary of the Southern Bug, between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Principality of Moldavia against the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q1483430", "label": "Principality of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanians won a decisive victory and finalized their conquest of the Principality of Kiev, while the Moldavians managed to end their dependence on the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of internal disorder within the Horde, Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania organized a campaign into Tatar lands."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of internal disorder within the Horde, Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania organized a campaign into Tatar lands."}, {"id": "Q1786470", "label": "Battle on the Irpin River", "section": "Background", "says": "Kiev had already come under semi-Lithuanian control after the Battle on the Irpin River in early 1320s, but still paid tribute to the Horde."}], "Q971248": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the 1516–17 war between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate, which ended in an Ottoman victory and conquest of much of the Middle East and brought about the destruction of the Mamluk Sultanate."}], "Q130388076": [{"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began in September 2024 following nearly 12 months of conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, when the former initiated major attacks in Lebanon including an attack on pagers and electronic devices, the assassination of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, and an aerial bombing campaign throughout the country."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 November, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement, mediated by France and the United States."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after the onset of the Gaza war in October 2023, Hezbollah joined the conflict, citing solidarity with Palestinians, which quickly escalated into regular cross-border military exchanges impacting areas in or around northern Israel, southern Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights of Syria."}], "Q131405504": [{"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel declared the 1974 Agreement on Disengagement with Ba'athist Syria to be void."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Yom Kippur War in 1973, Israel and Syria agreed to a ceasefire which created the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), which maintains a small buffer zone between the two countries forces."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1981, Israel annexed the region, a move condemned by the United Nations and unrecognized by any country except the United States (recognized 2019)."}], "Q1327790": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chickamauga, fought on September 18–20, 1863, between the United States Army, or Union Army, and Confederate forces in the American Civil War, marked the end of a U.S."}, {"id": "Q33132", "label": "Battle of Gettysburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle of the war fought in Georgia and the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater, and it involved the second-highest number of casualties after the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"id": "Q541708", "label": "William Rosecrans", "section": "lead", "says": "William Rosecrans and the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "lead", "says": "Braxton Bragg, and was named for Chickamauga Creek."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "lead", "says": "James Longstreet, whose corps had been detached from the Army of Northern Virginia."}], "Q134734343": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 6, 2025, protests began in Los Angeles after Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents raided locations in the region to arrest individuals allegedly involved in illegal immigration to the United States."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "President Donald Trump responded by federalizing the California National Guard, calling for 2,000 guard members to deploy to the city under Joint Task Force 51."}, {"id": "Q461391", "label": "Gavin Newsom", "section": "lead", "says": "Critics, including California governor Gavin Newsom (who has sued Trump over the federalization), described the military response as premature, inflammatory, for political gain, and authoritarian."}], "Q1347605": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "16 September] 1629 in the village of Altmark (Stary Targ), in Poland, by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, with help from Richelieu's envoy Charnacé, ending the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), and freeing King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to enter the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "16 September] 1629 in the village of Altmark (Stary Targ), in Poland, by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, with help from Richelieu's envoy Charnacé, ending the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), and freeing King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to enter the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "16 September] 1629 in the village of Altmark (Stary Targ), in Poland, by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, with help from Richelieu's envoy Charnacé, ending the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), and freeing King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to enter the Thirty Years' War."}], "Q1361929": [{"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "Vital precursors to the conflict included Indonesia's policy of confrontation against Dutch New Guinea from March to August 1962 and the Indonesia-backed Brunei revolt in December 1962."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Malaysia had direct military support from the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Malaysia had direct military support from the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Indonesia had indirect support from the Soviet Union and China, thus making it an episode of the Cold War in Asia."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was an undeclared war with most of the action occurring in the border area between Indonesia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo (known as Kalimantan in Indonesia), with lower intensity covert actions conducted by Indonesia on the Malay Peninsula and in Singapore."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1946 the rajah of Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke ceded the state to the British Crown believing it to be in the best interest of the people of Sarawak following the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q885877", "label": "Duncan Stewart", "section": "Background", "says": "The predominantly Malay anti-cession movement, which rejected the British takeover of Sarawak and had assassinated Duncan Stewart, the first British High Commissioner of Sarawak, may have been the forerunner of the subsequent anti-Malaysia movement in Sarawak, headed by Ahmad Zaidi Adruce."}, {"id": "Q3299246", "label": "Brunei Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sarawak Insurgency began after the Brunei Revolt in 1962 and the SCO would fight alongside the Bruneian rebels and Indonesian forces during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation."}], "Q1363801": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ohrid Framework Agreement (Macedonian: Охридски рамковен договор, romanized: Ohridski ramkoven dogovor, Albanian: Marrëveshja e Ohrit) was the peace deal signed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) and representatives of the Albanian minority on 13 August 2001."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ohrid Framework Agreement (Macedonian: Охридски рамковен договор, romanized: Ohridski ramkoven dogovor, Albanian: Marrëveshja e Ohrit) was the peace deal signed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) and representatives of the Albanian minority on 13 August 2001."}], "Q1363925": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Port Arthur (Japanese: 旅順口海戦, Hepburn: Ryojunkō Kaisen) of 8–9 February 1904 marked the commencement of the Russo-Japanese War."}], "Q1419229": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Torstenson War, 1643 to 1645, was fought between Sweden and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The name derives from Swedish general Lennart Torstenson, and it is considered a related conflict of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q708862", "label": "Treaty of Lübeck", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark–Norway had withdrawn from the Thirty Years' War in the 1629 Treaty of Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q850497", "label": "Second Treaty of Brömsebro", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645), which concluded the war, Denmark–Norway had to make huge territorial concessions and exempt Sweden from the Sound Dues, de facto acknowledging the end of the Danish-Norwegian, and the start of the Swedish, dominium maris baltici."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden had been highly successful in the Thirty Years' War, having defeated Imperial armies in Germany and seen substantial victories under Gustavus Adolphus and after his death, under the leadership of Count Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q211661", "label": "Jämtland", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Sweden was continually threatened by Denmark–Norway, which almost completely encircled Sweden from the south (Blekinge, Scania and Halland), the west (Bohuslän) and the north-west (Jämtland and Härjedalen)."}], "Q1428169": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Barnet was a decisive Yorkist victory in the Wars of the Roses, a dynastic conflict of 15th-century England."}, {"id": "Q1337059", "label": "Battle of Tewkesbury", "section": "lead", "says": "The military action, along with the subsequent Battle of Tewkesbury, secured the throne for Edward IV."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The military action, along with the subsequent Battle of Tewkesbury, secured the throne for Edward IV."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "On Sunday 14 April 1471, Easter Day, near Barnet, then a small Hertfordshire town north of London, Edward led the House of York in a fight against the House of Lancaster, which backed Henry VI for the throne."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yorkist king persuaded his host, Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, to help him regain the English throne."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The Wars of the Roses were a series of conflicts between various English lords and nobles in support of two different royal families descended from Edward III."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "Background", "says": "His wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their son, Edward of Westminster, fled to Scotland and organised resistance."}, {"id": "Q313262", "label": "Edward of Westminster", "section": "Background", "says": "His wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their son, Edward of Westminster, fled to Scotland and organised resistance."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward IV crushed the uprisings and pressured the Scottish government to force Margaret out; the House of Lancaster went into exile in France."}, {"id": "Q437571", "label": "Richard Neville", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Yorkists tightened their hold over England, Edward rewarded his supporters, including his chief adviser, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, elevating them to higher titles and awarding them land confiscated from their defeated foes."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Warwick had planned for Edward to marry a French princess—Bona of Savoy, sister-in-law to Louis XI of France—to create an alliance between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q229214", "label": "Elizabeth Woodville", "section": "Background", "says": "The young king, however, favoured ties with Burgundy and, in 1464, further angered the Earl by secretly marrying Elizabeth Woodville; as an impoverished Lancastrian widow, she was regarded by the Yorkists as an unsuitable queen."}], "Q1456454": [{"id": "Q1259237", "label": "Third Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, also known as the Treaty of Rawalpindi, was a bilateral treaty which brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end.This is regarded as the largest peace treaty since the Treaty of Versailles, which was enacted in the same year."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The war had begun on 3rd May 1919, when the new emir of the Emirate of Afghanistan—Amanullah Khan— invaded British India."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Royal Air Force were also used in bombing and strafing attacks on the frontier tribes as well as targets within Afghanistan, including Kabul and Jalalabad."}], "Q1495944": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian War was an undeclared war fought in the aftermath of World War I between newly independent Lithuania and Poland, with fighting mainly in the Vilnius and Suwałki regions, which was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and lasted from May 1919 to 29 November 1920."}, {"id": "Q2742886", "label": "Lithuanian Wars of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian War was an undeclared war fought in the aftermath of World War I between newly independent Lithuania and Poland, with fighting mainly in the Vilnius and Suwałki regions, which was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and lasted from May 1919 to 29 November 1920."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "From the spring of 1920 onward, the conflict happened alongside the wider Polish–Soviet War and was affected by its progress."}, {"id": "Q1604816", "label": "Lithuanian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish Army seized Vilnius again on April 19, 1919 and came in contact with the Lithuanian Army fighting in the Lithuanian–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1920, Polish forces retreated due to reverses in the Polish–Soviet War and the Lithuanians followed the retreating troops to secure their lands as delineated in the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty."}, {"id": "Q956429", "label": "Suwałki Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Pressured by the League of Nations, Poland signed the Suwałki Agreement on October 7, 1920."}, {"id": "Q458532", "label": "Lucjan Żeligowski", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 8, 1920, Polish general Lucjan Żeligowski staged a mutin"}, {"id": "Q381418", "label": "Augustinas Voldemaras", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuania was represented by Augustinas Voldemaras and Konstantinas Olšauskas, while Poland was represented by Adam Ronikier."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish leader Józef Piłsudski hoped to revive the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see the Intermarium federation) and campaigned for some kind of Polish–Lithuanian union in the Paris Peace Conference."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish leader Józef Piłsudski hoped to revive the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see the Intermarium federation) and campaigned for some kind of Polish–Lithuanian union in the Paris Peace Conference."}], "Q1642045": [{"id": "Q57410", "label": "Shimon Peres", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 2007, President of Israel Shimon Peres formally apologised for the massacre."}], "Q1859103": [{"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armeno-Georgian War was a short border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia, largely over the control of former districts of the Tiflis Governorate, in Borchaly (Lori) and Akhalkalaki."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armeno-Georgian War was a short border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia, largely over the control of former districts of the Tiflis Governorate, in Borchaly (Lori) and Akhalkalaki."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Hovannisian in his book The Republic of Armenia describes the political history of the region of Lori:\n\nThe uchastok (district) of Lori located between Pambak and the Khram River in the northern reaches of the volcanic Armenian plateau, had been detached from the Erivan guberniia in 1862 and added to the Tiflis guberniia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1829, following the Russo-Turkish War, the regions of Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe underwent a significant redistribution of their population after being ceded by the Ottoman Empire to the Russian Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1829, following the Russo-Turkish War, the regions of Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe underwent a significant redistribution of their population after being ceded by the Ottoman Empire to the Russian Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople."}], "Q20978169": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "In Buenos Aires, Argentina, a man died from a stroke while he was evacuating a building."}], "Q2156895": [{"id": "Q339159", "label": "Battle of Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Borneo campaign or Second Battle of Borneo was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific Area during World War II to liberate Japanese-held British Borneo and Dutch Borneo."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Borneo campaign or Second Battle of Borneo was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific Area during World War II to liberate Japanese-held British Borneo and Dutch Borneo."}, {"id": "Q4303510", "label": "Leslie Morshead", "section": "lead", "says": "Designated collectively as Operation Oboe, a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July 1945 were conducted by the Australian I Corps, under Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead, against Imperial Japanese forces who had been occupying the island since late 1941 – early 1942."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was initially planned to involve six stages, but eventually landings were undertaken at four locations: Tarakan, Labuan, North Borneo and Balikpapan."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background", "says": "Borneo was rapidly conquered by the Japanese in the opening weeks of the Pacific War."}], "Q21686043": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "An epidemic of Zika fever, caused by Zika virus, began in Brazil and affected other countries in the Americas  from April 2015 to November 2016."}], "Q220497": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week, were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city."}, {"id": "Q33132", "label": "Battle of Gettysburg", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city."}], "Q2238546": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign was a series of engagements fought from August 1942 to February 1944, in the Pacific theatre of World War II between the United States and Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign was a series of engagements fought from August 1942 to February 1944, in the Pacific theatre of World War II between the United States and Japan."}, {"id": "Q710", "label": "Kiribati", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Galvanic and Operation Kourbash were the codenames for the Gilberts campaign (in modern Kiribati), and included the seizures of Tarawa and Makin, which took place during the Battle of Tarawa on 20–23 November 1943 and the Battle of Makin on 20–24 November 1943."}, {"id": "Q250309", "label": "Battle of Tarawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Galvanic and Operation Kourbash were the codenames for the Gilberts campaign (in modern Kiribati), and included the seizures of Tarawa and Makin, which took place during the Battle of Tarawa on 20–23 November 1943 and the Battle of Makin on 20–24 November 1943."}, {"id": "Q2670873", "label": "Battle of Makin", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Galvanic and Operation Kourbash were the codenames for the Gilberts campaign (in modern Kiribati), and included the seizures of Tarawa and Makin, which took place during the Battle of Tarawa on 20–23 November 1943 and the Battle of Makin on 20–24 November 1943."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Marshall Islands are located approximately 220 miles (350  km) northwest of the Gilbert Islands, and had been occupied by the Japanese since World War I as part of the South Seas Mandate."}, {"id": "Q718763", "label": "South Seas Mandate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Marshall Islands are located approximately 220 miles (350  km) northwest of the Gilbert Islands, and had been occupied by the Japanese since World War I as part of the South Seas Mandate."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "While General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the United States Army in the south Pacific, wanted to push towards the Philippines via New Guinea, United States Navy Admiral Chester W."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "While General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the United States Army in the south Pacific, wanted to push towards the Philippines via New Guinea, United States Navy Admiral Chester W."}], "Q250747": [{"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Race to the Sea (French: Course à la mer; German: Wettlauf zum Meer, Dutch: Race naar de Zee) took place from 17 September to 19 October 1914 during the First World War, after the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August – 13 September) and the German advance into France."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion had been stopped at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September) and was followed by the First Battle of the Aisne (13–28 September), a Franco-British counter-offensive."}, {"id": "Q2337526", "label": "First Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion had been stopped at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September) and was followed by the First Battle of the Aisne (13–28 September), a Franco-British counter-offensive."}, {"id": "Q1653331", "label": "Battle of the Yser", "section": "lead", "says": "After the opposing forces had reached the North Sea, both tried to conduct offensives leading to the mutually costly and indecisive Battle of the Yser from 16 October to 2 November and the First Battle of Ypres from 19 October to 22 November."}, {"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "After the opposing forces had reached the North Sea, both tried to conduct offensives leading to the mutually costly and indecisive Battle of the Yser from 16 October to 2 November and the First Battle of Ypres from 19 October to 22 November."}, {"id": "Q221891", "label": "Second Battle of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "Artillery observation from aircraft and creeping barrages, were first used systematically in the Second Battle of Artois from 9 May to 18 June 1915."}, {"id": "Q2450584", "label": "Battle of Flirey", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Flirey, the German armies attacked from Verdun west to Reims and the Aisne on 20 September, cut the main railway from Verdun to Paris and created the St Mihiel salient."}], "Q2604547": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Rome (Italian: Presa di Roma) occurred on 20 September 1870, as forces of the Kingdom of Italy took control of the city and of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q973573", "label": "Donation of Pepin", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Rome by the Royal Italian Army brought an end to the Papal States, which had existed since the Donation of Pepin in 756, along with the temporal power of the Holy See, and led to the establishment of Rome as the capital of unified Italy."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "Also in July 1870, France declared war on Prussia, and by early August, Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Already in 1866, after the Austro-Prussian War had begun in June, Italy took advantage and attacked Austria to gain territory, and thus allied with Prussia."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Background", "says": "With Papal Rome still guarded by French forces, Italian public opinion again favored the Prussian side at the start of the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early September 1870, King Victor Emmanuel II sent Count Gustavo Ponza di San Martino to Pope Pius IX offering a face-saving proposal that agreed to the peaceful entry of the Italian army into Rome, under the guise of protecting the pope."}, {"id": "Q43720", "label": "Pius IX", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early September 1870, King Victor Emmanuel II sent Count Gustavo Ponza di San Martino to Pope Pius IX offering a face-saving proposal that agreed to the peaceful entry of the Italian army into Rome, under the guise of protecting the pope."}, {"id": "Q674128", "label": "Giovanni Lanza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Along with this letter, Ponza carried a list of provisions from Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza, setting out ten articles as the basis of an agreement between Italy and the Holy See."}], "Q26690015": [{"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on the first day of the operation that it was aimed against both the IS and Syrian Kurdish \"terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria\"."}, {"id": "Q15431339", "label": "Fikri Işık", "section": "Background", "says": "Turkey's defence minister Fikri Işık said that \"preventing the Kurdish PYD party from uniting Kurdish cantons\" east of Jarabulus with those further west was a priority."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the operation, SDF forces including People's Defense Units (YPG) units were advancing on Jarabulus following their military victory over the Islamic State in Manbij."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Turkey's action pitched its military against a force backed by its NATO ally, the United States."}], "Q283062": [{"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Benevento was a major medieval battle fought on 26 February 1266, near Benevento in present-day Southern Italy, between the forces of Charles I of Anjou and those of King Manfred of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Manfred's defeat and death resulted in Charles' conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily, effectively ending the rule of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in the Italian Peninsula and marking the rise of the royal Capetian House of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Manfred's defeat and death resulted in Charles' conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily, effectively ending the rule of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in the Italian Peninsula and marking the rise of the royal Capetian House of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q130221", "label": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the battle, the Hohenstaufen ruler of the Kingdom of Sicily (which included Sicily and southern Italy) was Manfred, illegitimate son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q158246", "label": "Conradin", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the rightful heir to the kingdom was Frederick's legitimate 14-year-old grandson Conradin, living with his uncle and guardian Louis II, Duke of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q61467", "label": "Louis II, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the rightful heir to the kingdom was Frederick's legitimate 14-year-old grandson Conradin, living with his uncle and guardian Louis II, Duke of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q169305", "label": "Urban IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Urban IV determined to take the Kingdom from him, and in 1263, concluded a secret treaty with Charles, promising him the Sicilian throne."}, {"id": "Q172928", "label": "Clement IV", "section": "Background", "says": "After Pope Urban's death in October 1264, Pope Clement IV continued his predecessor's support for Charles."}], "Q312388": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bleiburg repatriations (see terminology) were a series of forced repatriations from Allied-occupied Austria of Axis-affiliated individuals to Yugoslavia in May 1945 after the end of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bleiburg repatriations (see terminology) were a series of forced repatriations from Allied-occupied Austria of Axis-affiliated individuals to Yugoslavia in May 1945 after the end of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "When World War II broke out in 1939, the government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia declared its neutrality."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "By the beginning of 1941, most of its neighbors joined the Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Yugoslavia came under strong pressure to join the Axis and the Yugoslav government signed the Pact on 25 March 1941, the year that Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Yugoslavia came under strong pressure to join the Axis and the Yugoslav government signed the Pact on 25 March 1941, the year that Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler reacted by launching the invasion of Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, allied with forces of Italy and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ustaše were put in power by Hitler who appointed Ante Pavelić as the leader (Poglavnik) of the NDH."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the occupation and division of Yugoslavia, German and other occupation forces introduced anti-semitic laws in accordance with the Nazi Final Solution plan."}], "Q3241199": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict peaked during the Lebanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q321851", "label": "May 17 Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed the May 17 Agreement providing a framework for the establishment of normal bilateral relations between the two countries, but relations were disrupted with takeover of Shia and Druze militias in early 1984."}, {"id": "Q2026496", "label": "Operation Accountability", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel launched two major operations in southern Lebanon during the 1990s: Operation Accountability in 1993 and Operation Grapes of Wrath in 1996."}, {"id": "Q1473919", "label": "Operation Grapes of Wrath", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel launched two major operations in southern Lebanon during the 1990s: Operation Accountability in 1993 and Operation Grapes of Wrath in 1996."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The territories of what would become the states of Israel and Lebanon were once part of the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1299 until its defeat in World War I and subsequent dissolution in 1922."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The territories of what would become the states of Israel and Lebanon were once part of the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1299 until its defeat in World War I and subsequent dissolution in 1922."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1917, the British occupied Palestine and parts of what would become Syria."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1917, the British occupied Palestine and parts of what would become Syria."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The League of Nations officially gave the French the Mandate of Syria and the British the Mandate of Palestine after the 1920 San Remo conference, in accordance with the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The rise of antisemitism in Europe, culminating in the Holocaust during World War II, had meant an increase of Jewish immigrants to a minority Jewish, majority Arab Mandate."}], "Q327044": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Northwind (German: Unternehmen Nordwind) was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "Northwind was launched to support the German Ardennes offensive campaign in the Battle of the Bulge, which by late December 1944 had decisively turned against the German forces."}], "Q3411181": [{"id": "Q3118963", "label": "Central African Republic Bush War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the preceding Central African Bush War (2004–2007), the government of President François Bozizé fought with rebel groups  until a peace agreement was signed in 2007."}, {"id": "Q57452", "label": "François Bozizé", "section": "lead", "says": "In the preceding Central African Bush War (2004–2007), the government of President François Bozizé fought with rebel groups  until a peace agreement was signed in 2007."}, {"id": "Q8202995", "label": "Michel Djotodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bozizé fled the country, and the rebel leader Michel Djotodia declared himself president."}, {"id": "Q15633683", "label": "Catherine Samba-Panza", "section": "lead", "says": "He was replaced by Catherine Samba-Panza, but the conflict continued."}, {"id": "Q57758", "label": "Faustin-Archange Touadéra", "section": "lead", "says": "Faustin-Archange Touadéra, who was elected president in 2016, ran and won the 2020 election, which triggered the main rebel factions to form an alliance opposed to the election called the Coalition of Patriots for Change, which was coordinated by former president Bozizé."}], "Q349422": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "In this battle, the heavily outnumbered Oda clan troops, commanded by Oda Nobunaga, defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto and established Oda as one of the front-running warlords in the Sengoku period."}, {"id": "Q1054305", "label": "Imagawa Yoshimoto", "section": "lead", "says": "In this battle, the heavily outnumbered Oda clan troops, commanded by Oda Nobunaga, defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto and established Oda as one of the front-running warlords in the Sengoku period."}], "Q4203073": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian Wars also called the Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar states of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty."}], "Q426099": [{"id": "Q1653331", "label": "Battle of the Yser", "section": "lead", "says": "Belgian troops from Antwerp withdrew to the Yser river, close to the French border and dug in, to begin the defence of the last unoccupied part of Belgium and fought the Battle of the Yser against the German 4th Army in October and November 1914."}, {"id": "Q671594", "label": "Battle of Liège", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 August the Battle of Liège began, when the Germans tried to capture the fortified city of Liège by a coup de main and then attempted a night attack, which collapsed in confusion until General Erich Ludendorff rallied the infantry."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 August the Battle of Liège began, when the Germans tried to capture the fortified city of Liège by a coup de main and then attempted a night attack, which collapsed in confusion until General Erich Ludendorff rallied the infantry."}, {"id": "Q1497933", "label": "Battle of Haelen", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 August German cavalry and Jäger attacked at the Battle of Halen and were driven off after a ten-hour battle."}], "Q662947": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of the Piave River (or Battle of the Solstice), fought between 15 and 23 June 1918, was a decisive victory for the Italian Army against the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I, as Italy was part of the Allied Forces, while Austria-Hungary was part of the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of the Piave River (or Battle of the Solstice), fought between 15 and 23 June 1918, was a decisive victory for the Italian Army against the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I, as Italy was part of the Allied Forces, while Austria-Hungary was part of the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "Yet Erich Ludendorff, on hearing the news, is reported to have said he 'had the sensation of defeat for the first time'."}, {"id": "Q93363", "label": "Svetozar Boroević", "section": "Background", "says": "Straußenburg's army group commanders, Conrad von Hötzendorf (the former Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff) and Svetozar Boroević, both wished to make a decisive assault against the Italians, but could not agree on where."}], "Q672556": [{"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boxer Protocol was a diplomatic protocol signed in China's capital Beijing on September 7, 1901, between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (including France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, and the United States) as well as Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands, after China's defeat in the intervention to put "}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boxer Protocol was a diplomatic protocol signed in China's capital Beijing on September 7, 1901, between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (including France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, and the United States) as well as Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands, after China's defeat in the intervention to put "}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boxer Protocol was a diplomatic protocol signed in China's capital Beijing on September 7, 1901, between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (including France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, and the United States) as well as Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands, after China's defeat in the intervention to put "}], "Q678227": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fleurus was fought on 26 June 1794 during the War of the First Coalition between the French Revolutionary Army under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and an Austro-Dutch army commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fleurus was fought on 26 June 1794 during the War of the First Coalition between the French Revolutionary Army under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and an Austro-Dutch army commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fleurus was fought on 26 June 1794 during the War of the First Coalition between the French Revolutionary Army under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and an Austro-Dutch army commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied defeat led to the permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and to the dissolution of the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied defeat led to the permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and to the dissolution of the Dutch Republic."}], "Q681401": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Vasvár, signed in Vasvár, was a treaty between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire which followed the Battle of Saint Gotthard of 1 August 1664 (near Mogersdorf, Burgenland), and concluded the Austro-Turkish War (1663–64)."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "In fact, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor wanted peace to be signed so that he could be better prepared against France."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "However, factions within the monarchy insisted on further operations, particularly Croats and Hungarians, mainly because most of their territory was in Ottoman hands, and they wanted to use the opportunity to reclaim their land."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also one of the major factors in the Habsburgs' decision, as the much more valuable estates in the Holy Roman Empire and Italy were threatened by France."}], "Q681430": [{"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Magenta (Italian pronunciation: [maˈdʒenta]) was fought on 4 June 1859 near the town of Magenta in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a crown land of the Austrian Empire, during the Second Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Magenta (Italian pronunciation: [maˈdʒenta]) was fought on 4 June 1859 near the town of Magenta in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a crown land of the Austrian Empire, during the Second Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Magenta (Italian pronunciation: [maˈdʒenta]) was fought on 4 June 1859 near the town of Magenta in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a crown land of the Austrian Empire, during the Second Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferenc Gyulay."}, {"id": "Q698020", "label": "Ferenc Gyulay", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferenc Gyulay."}, {"id": "Q158838", "label": "Patrice de MacMahon", "section": "lead", "says": "Patrice de MacMahon was created Duke of Magenta for his role in this battle, and would later go on to serve as President of the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Patrice de MacMahon was created Duke of Magenta for his role in this battle, and would later go on to serve as President of the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q698440", "label": "Battle of Turbigo", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Camou had crossed the Ticino during the Battle of Turbigo, followed by MacMahon."}], "Q681517": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of the Isonzo (also known as the Isonzo Front by historians, or the Soča Front; Slovene: soška fronta) were a series of twelve battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia, and the remainder in Italy along the Isonzo (Slovene: Soča) River on the eastern sector of the Italian Front between June 1915 and November 1"}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of the Isonzo (also known as the Isonzo Front by historians, or the Soča Front; Slovene: soška fronta) were a series of twelve battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia, and the remainder in Italy along the Isonzo (Slovene: Soča) River on the eastern sector of the Italian Front between June 1915 and November 1"}], "Q682699": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolubara (Serbian Cyrillic: Колубарска битка, German: Schlacht an der Kolubara) was fought between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in November and December 1914, during the Serbian Campaign of 1914."}, {"id": "Q93364", "label": "Oskar Potiorek", "section": "lead", "says": "It commenced on 16 November, when the Austro-Hungarians under the command of Oskar Potiorek reached the Kolubara river during their third invasion of Serbia that year, having captured the strategic town of Valjevo and forced the Serbian army to undertake a series of retreats."}, {"id": "Q2560836", "label": "Liborius Ritter von Frank", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Hungarians retreated to Belgrade, which 5th Army commander Liborius Ritter von Frank deemed untenable."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1914, the Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo."}, {"id": "Q43063", "label": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1914, the Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Belgrade was shelled the following day, which marked the beginning of World War I."}, {"id": "Q313133", "label": "Radomir Putnik", "section": "Background", "says": "The Serbian Army was commanded by Crown Prince Alexander, with the chief of the Serbian general staff, Radomir Putnik, as his deputy and de facto military leader."}, {"id": "Q149281", "label": "Pavle Jurišić Šturm", "section": "Background", "says": "Petar Bojović, Stepa Stepanović, Pavle Jurišić Šturm and Miloš Božanović commanded the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and Užice Armies, respectively."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The Balkan Wars had only just concluded, and Serbia was still recovering."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Representatives of Russia and the United Kingdom \"expressed understanding\" but failed to deliver weapons and munitions."}], "Q695212": [{"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Zsitvatorok (or Treaty of Sitvatorok) was a peace treaty which ended the 13-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Zsitvatorok (or Treaty of Sitvatorok) was a peace treaty which ended the 13-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606."}, {"id": "Q316530", "label": "Stephen Bocskai", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was part of a system of peace treaties which put an end to the anti-Habsburg uprising of Stephen Bocskai (1604–1606)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was negotiated between 24 October and 11 November 1606 ad Situa Torock, at the former mouth of the Žitava River (Hungarian: Zsitva), which flows into the Danube in Royal Hungary (today part of Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Differences between the Ottoman Turkish and the Hungarian texts of the treaty encouraged different interpretations, e.g. the Hungarians offered 200,000 florins as a once-and-for-all tribute (instead of the annual tributes of 30,000 guldens given before the war), whereas the Ottoman text foresaw that the payment was to be repeated after three years."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also explicitly included the Crimean Khanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q114749", "label": "Ahmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 December, Matthias's brother the Emperor Rudolf II ratified the treaty."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At Zsitvatorok, for the first time, the Ottoman sultan, who carried the title Kayser-i Rûm (Caesar of the Roman Empire) since the Fall of Constantinople, recognised the equality of status of the Holy Roman Emperor by titling him Padishah (High King or, more literally, \"Master King\"), which was one of the sultan's own titles."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "At Zsitvatorok, for the first time, the Ottoman sultan, who carried the title Kayser-i Rûm (Caesar of the Roman Empire) since the Fall of Constantinople, recognised the equality of status of the Holy Roman Emperor by titling him Padishah (High King or, more literally, \"Master King\"), which was one of the sultan's own titles."}], "Q696438": [{"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal took place from 12 to 15 November 1942 and was the decisive engagement in a series of naval battles between Allied (primarily American) and Imperial Japanese forces during the months-long Guadalcanal campaign in the Solomon Islands during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal took place from 12 to 15 November 1942 and was the decisive engagement in a series of naval battles between Allied (primarily American) and Imperial Japanese forces during the months-long Guadalcanal campaign in the Solomon Islands during World War II."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "Guadalcanal was the last major naval battle in the Pacific War for the next one and one half years, until the Battle of the Philippine Sea."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "Guadalcanal was the last major naval battle in the Pacific War for the next one and one half years, until the Battle of the Philippine Sea."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The landings were meant to prevent the Japanese using the islands as bases from which to threaten the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign to neutralize the major Imperial Japanese military base at Rabaul, and to support the Allied New Guinea campaign."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's 17th Army, a corps-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant-General Harukichi Hyakutake, with the task of retaking Guadalcanal."}, {"id": "Q435915", "label": "Gunichi Mikawa", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese warships—mainly light cruisers or destroyers from the Eighth Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa—were usually able to make the round trip down \"The Slot\" to Guadalcanal and back in a single night, thereby minimizing their exposure to air attack."}], "Q698027": [{"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising had a significant effect on the Treaty of Versailles, which granted a reconstituted Second Polish Republic the area won by the Polish insurrectionists."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The region had been part of the Kingdom of Poland and then Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth before the 1793 Second Partition of Poland when it was annexed by the German Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The region had been part of the Kingdom of Poland and then Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth before the 1793 Second Partition of Poland when it was annexed by the German Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "It had also, following the 1806 Greater Poland uprising, been part of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815), a French client state during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It had also, following the 1806 Greater Poland uprising, been part of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815), a French client state during the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q698170": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Winter Storm (German: Unternehmen Wintergewitter) was a German offensive in December 1942 during World War II, in which the German 4th Panzer Army failed to break the Soviet encirclement of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Winter Storm (German: Unternehmen Wintergewitter) was a German offensive in December 1942 during World War II, in which the German 4th Panzer Army failed to break the Soviet encirclement of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q155008", "label": "Operation Uranus", "section": "lead", "says": "In late November 1942, the Red Army completed Operation Uranus, encircling some 300,000 Axis personnel in and around the city of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "German forces within the Stalingrad pocket and directly outside were reorganized (22 November 1942) into Army Group Don and placed under the command of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein."}, {"id": "Q57150", "label": "Hermann Hoth", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to German reluctance to weaken certain sectors by redeploying German units, the task of opening a corridor to the encircled German 6th Army fell to the depleted 4th Panzer Army, under the command of Hermann Hoth."}, {"id": "Q52315", "label": "Operation Little Saturn", "section": "lead", "says": "However, on 16 December the Red Army launched Operation Little Saturn and crushed the Italian 8th Army on Army Group Don's left flank, threatening the rear of Manstein's force."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler appointed Field Marshal Erich von Manstein as commander of a new Army Group Don."}], "Q700960": [{"id": "Q313836", "label": "Battle of the Dnieper", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Kiev, known on the German side as the Defensive battle in the Kiev-Zhitomir area (German: Abwehrschlacht im Raum Kiew-Shitomir), was a part of a much wider Soviet offensive in Ukraine known as the Battle of the Dnieper involving three strategic operations by the Soviet Red Army and its Czechoslovak units and one operational counterattack by the Wehrmacht, which took place betw"}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Kursk, the Red Army launched the Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation, pushing Army Group South (Erich von Manstein) back towards the Dnieper River."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Kursk, the Red Army launched the Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation, pushing Army Group South (Erich von Manstein) back towards the Dnieper River."}, {"id": "Q299364", "label": "Nikolai Vatutin", "section": "lead", "says": "When the attempt to cross the Dnieper failed in October, the effort was handed to the 1st Ukrainian Front (Nikolai Vatutin) with some support from the 2nd Ukrainian Front."}], "Q702377": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Yellow Sea (Japanese: 黄海海戦, romanized: Kōkai kaisen; Russian: Бой в Жёлтом море) was a naval battle of the Russo-Japanese War, fought on 10 August 1904."}, {"id": "Q1387366", "label": "Wilgelm Vitgeft", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial Russian Navy's First Pacific Squadron (Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft) had been trapped in Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) since the Imperial Japanese Navy blockade began on 8 February 1904 with the Battle of Port Arthur."}, {"id": "Q1363925", "label": "Battle of Port peturth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial Russian Navy's First Pacific Squadron (Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft) had been trapped in Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) since the Imperial Japanese Navy blockade began on 8 February 1904 with the Battle of Port Arthur."}, {"id": "Q210800", "label": "Siege of Port Arthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Admiral Vitgeft believed in a fleet in being, which simply stayed at anchor, while at the same time contributing some of his weaponry to the Siege of Port Arthur as the safest course to follow."}, {"id": "Q1189368", "label": "Dewa Shigetō", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Japanese ships under Admiral Tōgō were part of the 1st Fleet (第一艦隊, Dai-ichi Kantai) and were composed of the 1st Division consisting of Mikasa, Asahi, Fuji and Shikishima, plus the armored cruisers Nisshin and Kasuga detached from the 5th Division, the 3rd Division (Vice Admiral Dewa Shigetō) consisting of Yakumo, Chitose, Kasagi and Takasago, the 5th Division (Rear Admiral Yamada) consisting"}], "Q1134125": [{"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Troyes was an agreement that King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French throne upon the death of King Charles VI of France."}, {"id": "Q160349", "label": "Charles VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Troyes was an agreement that King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French throne upon the death of King Charles VI of France."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It forms a part of the backdrop of the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War finally won by the French at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, and in which various English kings tried to establish their claims to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q932613", "label": "Battle of Castillon", "section": "lead", "says": "It forms a part of the backdrop of the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War finally won by the French at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, and in which various English kings tried to establish their claims to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "Background", "says": "One year later he was murdered by his Armagnac opponents during what he thought was a diplomatic meeting with the Dauphin Charles on the bridge at Montereau."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "Background", "says": "His son Philip the Good formed an alliance with the English and negotiated the treaty with the English King."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "Background", "says": "Queen Isabeau of Bavaria, Charles VI's wife, whose participation in the negotiations was merely formal, agreed to the treaty disinheriting her son, hoping that if the dynasties were joined through Henry V the war could be ended and leave France in the hands of a vigorous and able king."}, {"id": "Q337057", "label": "Louis I, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "There had been earlier rumours that the Queen had had an affair with her brother-in-law Louis I, Duke of Orléans."}, {"id": "Q298901", "label": "John the Fearless", "section": "Background", "says": "These rumours were gladly taken up by Louis's main rival, John the Fearless, who had had the Duke of Orléans assassinated in 1407."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Burgundians promoted the rumour that Charles was a bastard."}], "Q1144988": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chios massacre (Greek: Η σφαγή της Χίου, pronounced [i sfaˈʝi tis ˈçi.u]) was a catastrophe that resulted in the death, enslavement, and flight of about four-fifths of the total population of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire allowed Chios almost complete control over its own affairs as Chian trade and the very highly valued mastic plant, harvested only on Chios, were of great value to the Ottomans."}], "Q115626700": [{"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The group aimed to re-establish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The group aimed to re-establish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire."}], "Q1207310": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orsha (Belarusian: Bitva pad Voršaj, Polish: Bitwa pod Orszą, Lithuanian: Oršos mūšis), was fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, under the command of Lithuanian Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski; and the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Mikhail Bulgakov-Go"}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orsha (Belarusian: Bitva pad Voršaj, Polish: Bitwa pod Orszą, Lithuanian: Oršos mūšis), was fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, under the command of Lithuanian Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski; and the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Mikhail Bulgakov-Go"}, {"id": "Q712444", "label": "Konstanty Ostrogski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orsha (Belarusian: Bitva pad Voršaj, Polish: Bitwa pod Orszą, Lithuanian: Oršos mūšis), was fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, under the command of Lithuanian Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski; and the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Mikhail Bulgakov-Go"}, {"id": "Q1567698", "label": "Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orsha was part of a long series of Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars conducted by Muscovite rulers striving to gather all the former Kievan Rus' lands under their rule."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orsha was part of a long series of Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars conducted by Muscovite rulers striving to gather all the former Kievan Rus' lands under their rule."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii by Sigismund von Herberstein, the primary source for information on the battle, the much smaller army of Lithuania–Poland (under 30,000 men) defeated a force of 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander."}], "Q130374882": [{"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 September 2024, Hassan Nasrallah, the secretary-general of Hezbollah, was assassinated in an Israeli airstrike in Beirut."}, {"id": "Q130354226", "label": "Ali Karaki", "section": "lead", "says": "The fatalities included: Ali Karaki, the commander of Hezbollah's Southern Front; other senior Hezbollah commanders; and Abbas Nilforoushan, deputy commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and commander of the Quds Force in Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q123760878", "label": "Abbas Nilforoushan", "section": "lead", "says": "The fatalities included: Ali Karaki, the commander of Hezbollah's Southern Front; other senior Hezbollah commanders; and Abbas Nilforoushan, deputy commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and commander of the Quds Force in Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q96782263", "label": "Ibrahim Aqil", "section": "lead", "says": "Earlier in September, some of Hezbollah's most severe setbacks occurred, including the 17 and 18 September explosions of its handheld communication devices and the 20 September assassination of Ibrahim Aqil, commander of the elite Redwan Force."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 September, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu addressed the United Nations (UN), saying Israel was dedicated to peace, but would continue to pursue its ongoing campaign against Hezbollah."}, {"id": "Q318493", "label": "Mohamed Agha", "section": "lead", "says": "Lebanese prime minister Najib Mikati condemned this and prior Israeli attacks on Lebanon, denouncing the ongoing Israeli attacks as \"a war of extermination\"."}, {"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "Background", "says": "Under his leadership, Hezbollah faced criticism for its alleged involvement in the 2005 assassination of Lebanese PM Rafic Hariri and the 2020 Beirut port explosion."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "He has also consistently promoted the \"Axis of Resistance,\" a network of Iran-supported militias focused on opposing Israel and the United States."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "Background", "says": "Iranian officials told Reuters that after the pager attacks, Ali Khamenei sent Abbas Nilforoushan to Nasrallah, warning him that his life was in danger and asking him to flee to Iran; Nasrallah trusted his security and inner circle an"}], "Q131401087": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "Between the end of the ceasefire and the start of the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives HTS leader Ahmed al-Sharaa sought peace deals with the other rebel coalitions, and hunted down Hurras al-Din and Islamic State fighters in rebel-held areas."}, {"id": "Q7459020", "label": "Abbas Araghchi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 2 December, Assad met with Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi to discuss the situation."}], "Q1367199": [{"id": "Q185538", "label": "Constans", "section": "Background: Barbarian invasion of Gaul", "says": "In January 350, the Roman empire was jointly ruled by two sons of Constantine, the Augusti (joint emperors) Constans, who ruled the West, and Constantius II in the East (the third brother, Constantine II, had been deposed and murdered by Constans' agents in 340)."}, {"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "Background: Barbarian invasion of Gaul", "says": "In January 350, the Roman empire was jointly ruled by two sons of Constantine, the Augusti (joint emperors) Constans, who ruled the West, and Constantius II in the East (the third brother, Constantine II, had been deposed and murdered by Constans' agents in 340)."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "Background: Barbarian invasion of Gaul", "says": "In January 350, the Roman empire was jointly ruled by two sons of Constantine, the Augusti (joint emperors) Constans, who ruled the West, and Constantius II in the East (the third brother, Constantine II, had been deposed and murdered by Constans' agents in 340)."}, {"id": "Q212876", "label": "Magnentius", "section": "Background: Barbarian invasion of Gaul", "says": "But in that month, Constans was in his turn overthrown and killed by the usurper Magnentius, a laetus from Gaul who was comes (commander) of an elite brigade in Constans' comitatus (imperial escort army)."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "Background: Barbarian invasion of Gaul", "says": "In the East, Constantius had been engaged in a lengthy war against the Persians under Shah Shapur II (337–350)."}, {"id": "Q263892", "label": "Libanius", "section": "Background: Barbarian invasion of Gaul", "says": "Libanius claims that they were incited to do so by letters from Constantius, in order to create a diversion in Magnentius' rear."}, {"id": "Q1784785", "label": "Battle of Mons Seleucus", "section": "Background: Barbarian invasion of Gaul", "says": "A final encounter at the Battle of Mons Seleucus in the Alps saw further heavy casualties."}], "Q140025": [{"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese invasion of French Indochina (仏印進駐, Futsu-in shinchū) (French: Invasion japonaise de l'Indochine) was a short undeclared military confrontation between Japan and Vichy France in northern French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q709704", "label": "Battle of South Guangxi", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting lasted from 22 to 26 September 1940; the same time as the Battle of South Guangxi in the Sino-Japanese War, which was the main objective as to why Japan occupied Vietnam during this time."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 July, the French parliament voted full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, effectively abrogating the Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, a de facto government-in-exile in opposition to Pétain, called Free France, was formed in London."}], "Q14043328": [{"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Cambrai, also known as the Paz de las Damas or Paix des Dames ('Ladies' Peace'), was an agreement made on 5 August 1529 that ended the French involvement in the War of the League of Cognac between French King Francis I and Emperor Charles V, who was also the King of Spain."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Cambrai, also known as the Paz de las Damas or Paix des Dames ('Ladies' Peace'), was an agreement made on 5 August 1529 that ended the French involvement in the War of the League of Cognac between French King Francis I and Emperor Charles V, who was also the King of Spain."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty confirmed the effective Habsburg hegemony in the Duchy of Milan and in the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace was negotiated and signed at Cambrai by two ladies: Margaret of Austria for the Emperor and Louise of Savoy for the King."}, {"id": "Q233192", "label": "Louise of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace was negotiated and signed at Cambrai by two ladies: Margaret of Austria for the Emperor and Louise of Savoy for the King."}], "Q1421082": [{"id": "Q273253", "label": "Herennius Etruscus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman army was soundly defeated, and Roman emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus, his son, were both killed in battle."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the worst defeats suffered by the Roman Empire against the Germanic tribes, rated by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus as on par with the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9, the Marcomannic invasion of Roman Italy in 170, and the Battle of Adrianople in 378."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the worst defeats suffered by the Roman Empire against the Germanic tribes, rated by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus as on par with the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9, the Marcomannic invasion of Roman Italy in 170, and the Battle of Adrianople in 378."}, {"id": "Q87779", "label": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the worst defeats suffered by the Roman Empire against the Germanic tribes, rated by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus as on par with the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9, the Marcomannic invasion of Roman Italy in 170, and the Battle of Adrianople in 378."}, {"id": "Q171023", "label": "Trebonianus Gallus", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Roman emperor Trebonianus Gallus was forced to allow the Goths to return home with their loot and prisoners."}, {"id": "Q1817", "label": "Philip the Arab", "section": "Background", "says": "First, Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab had refused to continue payments, initiated by Emperor Maximinus Thrax in 238, of annual subsidies to the aggressive tribes of the region."}, {"id": "Q1777", "label": "Maximinus Thrax", "section": "Background", "says": "First, Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab had refused to continue payments, initiated by Emperor Maximinus Thrax in 238, of annual subsidies to the aggressive tribes of the region."}, {"id": "Q1769", "label": "Severus Alexander", "section": "Background", "says": "Second and more important, there were continuous movements of new peoples since the time of Emperor Severus Alexander."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "Background", "says": "It is unlikely that these consisted only of Goths, so the name \"Scythians\", by which the Greek sources referred to them (a geographical definition) seems more appropriate."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Then they probably headed south to besiege Philippopolis (now Plovdiv in Bulgaria)."}], "Q1431007": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of three separate treaties between England and each of its opponents in the Second Anglo-Dutch War: the Dutch Republic, France, and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of three separate treaties between England and each of its opponents in the Second Anglo-Dutch War: the Dutch Republic, France, and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "This changed after the French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in late May, which the Dutch viewed as a more serious threat."}, {"id": "Q331740", "label": "Raid on the Medway", "section": "lead", "says": "War-weariness in England was increased by the June Raid on the Medway."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "With the brief anomaly of the 1672 to 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War, the treaty marked the beginning of an alliance between the English and the Dutch that would last for a century."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "There was a similar struggle over the Atlantic trade between the Dutch West-Indische Compagnie, or WIC, and competitors from Spain, Denmark, Sweden, Portugal and England."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Sugar plantations in the Americas were cultivated by slaves from Africa, fed by colonies in North America, leading to conflict in all three regions."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1664, the English occupied New Netherland, later renamed New York; when another attack captured WIC slave trade posts in modern Ghana, the Dutch sent a fleet to recapture them."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the Franco-Dutch treaty of April 1662, Louis XIV initially remained neutral, as French and Dutch economic interests increasingly diverged over the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q152549", "label": "Maria Theresa of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis considered the Spanish Netherlands his by right of marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain but hoped to acquire them peacefully."}], "Q1434602": [{"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict stemmed from a deterioration in relations that had occurred between the two states after Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had rebuffed Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's entreaties to unify their countries and had started to pursue peace negotiations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict stemmed from a deterioration in relations that had occurred between the two states after Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had rebuffed Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's entreaties to unify their countries and had started to pursue peace negotiations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Under significant pressure from the United States to end the attacks, and attempts from President of Algeria Houari Boumediène and Palestine Liberation Organisation leader Yasser Arafat to mediate a solution, Sadat suddenly declared a ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "lead", "says": "Under significant pressure from the United States to end the attacks, and attempts from President of Algeria Houari Boumediène and Palestine Liberation Organisation leader Yasser Arafat to mediate a solution, Sadat suddenly declared a ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1970s Libya, led by Muammar Gaddafi, began a determined foreign policy of promoting Arab unity."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "When Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, a leading proponent of Arab nationalism, died in September 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, took his place in the discussions."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bolstered by strong oil revenues, he began acquiring a significant amount of weapons from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In February 1974, Sadat told United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to encourage Israel to refrain from attacking Egypt in the event it went to war with Libya."}], "Q145588": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gumbinnen, initiated by forces of the German Empire on 20 August 1914, was a German offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gumbinnen, initiated by forces of the German Empire on 20 August 1914, was a German offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q4012", "label": "Paul von Rennenkampf", "section": "Background", "says": "The German forces faced the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf) and Russian Second Army (Alexander Samsonov)."}, {"id": "Q504378", "label": "Alexander Samsonov", "section": "Background", "says": "The German forces faced the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf) and Russian Second Army (Alexander Samsonov)."}, {"id": "Q149560", "label": "Battle of Stallupönen", "section": "Background", "says": "François' scouts, following his success at the Battle of Stallupönen, reported the northern flank of the Russian First Army was exposed, and requested the 2nd Division for an attack, with support by the XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps."}], "Q15059994": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2024 the proxy war escalated to a series of direct confrontations between the two countries, and in June 2025, they fought a 12-day war, involving the United States."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran cut off relations, but covert ties continued during the subsequent Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Even before 1979, Iranian Islamists had materially supported the Palestinians; after 1979 Iran attempted to form close relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization, and later with Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "Background", "says": "Likewise Ruhollah Khomeini championed the Palestinian people before he became Iran's Supreme Leader in 1979."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Iran withdrew recognition of Israel as a state, and severed all diplomatic, commercial and other ties with Israel, referring to its government as the \"Zionist regime\" and Israel as \"occupied Palestine\"."}], "Q151663": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt occurred in the wake of political instability in the Crown of Castile after the death of Queen Isabella I in 1504."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to Joanna's mental instability, Castile was ruled by the nobles and her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, as a regent, while Joanna was confined."}, {"id": "Q2890338", "label": "Battle of Villalar", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 April 1521, after nearly a year of rebellion, the reorganized supporters of the emperor struck a crippling blow to the comuneros at the Battle of Villalar."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Origins", "says": "Thus, in late March 1520, Charles convened the Cortes in Santiago de Compostela."}, {"id": "Q57087", "label": "Adrian VI", "section": "Origins", "says": "On 20 May, he embarked for Germany, and left as regent of his Spanish possessions his former tutor, Adrian of Utrecht (better known as the future Pope Adrian VI)."}], "Q1540751": [{"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Glorious Revolution (Spanish: la Gloriosa or la Septembrina) took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II."}, {"id": "Q379787", "label": "Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos", "section": "Background", "says": "An 1866 rebellion led by General Juan Prim and a revolt of the sergeants at San Gil barracks, in Madrid, sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that there was serious unrest that could be harnessed if it were properly led."}], "Q16879871": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered the greatest damage, as the rain was the heaviest in 120 years of recorded weather measurements."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Officials in Bosnia stated that the damage could exceed that of the Bosnian War."}], "Q1747156": [{"id": "Q1058", "label": "Narendra Modi", "section": "lead", "says": "Narendra Modi, then Chief Minister of Gujarat and later Prime Minister of India, was accused of condoning the violence, as were police and government officials who allegedly directed the mob and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties."}], "Q176915": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tinian was part of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the United States and Japan on the island of Tinian in the Mariana Islands from 24 July until 1 August 1944."}, {"id": "Q700705", "label": "Battle of Saipan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the conclusion of the Battle of Saipan on 9 July, Major General Harry Schmidt's V Amphibious Corps began preparations to invade nearby Tinian."}, {"id": "Q318500", "label": "Miguel López de Legazpi", "section": "Background", "says": "Along with the other Mariana Islands, Tinian was claimed for Spain by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "They were occupied by Japan during World War I and became part of Japan's South Seas Mandate."}, {"id": "Q718763", "label": "South Seas Mandate", "section": "Background", "says": "They were occupied by Japan during World War I and became part of Japan's South Seas Mandate."}], "Q1780850": [{"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Treaty of Kiel, Norway would enter a union with Sweden under Charles XIII of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q157781", "label": "Christian VIII of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "An insurrection broke out, led by Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark, heir presumptive to the thrones of Denmark and Norway and Governor-general of Norway (and later King Christian VIII of Denmark)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "As the head of the new state, Christian Frederick desperately tried to gain support from the United Kingdom, or any of the other major powers within the Sixth Coalition, in order to maintain Norway's independence."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the foreign diplomats, more concerned with Napoleon, refused to promise any outside support to the Norwegians."}], "Q184310": [{"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cedar Revolution (Arabic: ثورة الأرز, romanized: thawrat al-arz), known in Lebanon as the Independence intifada (انتفاضة الاستقلال, intifadat al-istiqlal), was a chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri."}, {"id": "Q219470", "label": "Rose Revolution", "section": "Origins of the name", "says": "Dobriansky in a news conference, and used to draw a comparison with the Rose Revolution of Georgia, the Orange Revolution of Ukraine, and the Purple Revolution of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q836386", "label": "Orange Revolution", "section": "Origins of the name", "says": "Dobriansky in a news conference, and used to draw a comparison with the Rose Revolution of Georgia, the Orange Revolution of Ukraine, and the Purple Revolution of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Within hours of the assassination, Lebanese prosecutors issued warrants for the arrest of six Australian nationals who flew out of Beirut to Sydney, Australia three hours after the explosion claiming that seats occupied by the men had tested positive for traces of explosives, and that they were traveling without luggage."}, {"id": "Q380437", "label": "Walid Jumblatt", "section": "Background", "says": "Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, a recent adherent to the anti-Syrian opposition, emboldened by popular anger and civic action, alleged in the wake of the assassination that in August 2004 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad threatened Hariri, saying \"[President of Lebanon] Lahoud is me. ..."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "If you and Chirac want me out of Lebanon, I will break Lebanon.\" He was quoted as saying \"When I heard him telling us those words, I knew that it was his condemnation of death.\" The United States, the EU and the UN have stopped short of any accusations, choosing instead to demand a Syrian pullout from Lebanon and an open and international investigation of the assassination."}], "Q1891008": [{"id": "Q179908", "label": "Ahmad ibn Billah", "section": "Background", "says": "King Hassan II of Morocco visited Algiers in March 1963 to discuss the undefined borders, but Algeria's President Ahmed Ben Bella believed the matter should be resolved at a later date."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Ben Bella's fledgling administration was still attempting to rebuild the country after the enormous damage caused by the Algerian War and was preoccupied with an insurgency by the FFS, led by Hocine Aït Ahmed, opposed to Ben Bella's autocratic rule."}, {"id": "Q1622579", "label": "Hocine Aït Ahmed", "section": "Background", "says": "Ben Bella's fledgling administration was still attempting to rebuild the country after the enormous damage caused by the Algerian War and was preoccupied with an insurgency by the FFS, led by Hocine Aït Ahmed, opposed to Ben Bella's autocratic rule."}], "Q1980081": [{"id": "Q1415128", "label": "Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1992–1996 Afghan Civil War, also known as the Second Afghan Civil War, took place between 28 April 1992 — the date a new interim Afghan government was supposed to replace the Republic of Afghanistan of President Mohammad Najibullah—and the Taliban's occupation of Kabul establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996."}, {"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1992–1996 Afghan Civil War, also known as the Second Afghan Civil War, took place between 28 April 1992 — the date a new interim Afghan government was supposed to replace the Republic of Afghanistan of President Mohammad Najibullah—and the Taliban's occupation of Kabul establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1992–1996 Afghan Civil War, also known as the Second Afghan Civil War, took place between 28 April 1992 — the date a new interim Afghan government was supposed to replace the Republic of Afghanistan of President Mohammad Najibullah—and the Taliban's occupation of Kabul establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996."}, {"id": "Q317797", "label": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "section": "lead", "says": "Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and supported by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), refused to form a coalition government and tried to seize Kabul with the help of Khalqists."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban, a new militia created and supported by Pakistan and ISI, became dominant in 1995–96."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was a period of intense conflict and suffering for the people of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1415585", "label": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, on the 26th, several mujahideen groups agreed to the Peshawar Accords, which proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, a government mostly based on Islamic law."}, {"id": "Q188667", "label": "Burhanuddin Rabbani", "section": "Background", "says": "The accords decided that Mojaddedi would be the government's president for two months, until being succeeded by Burhanuddin Rabbani, leader of Jamiat."}], "Q2005090": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ponary massacre (Polish: zbrodnia w Ponarach), or the Paneriai massacre (Lithuanian: Panerių žudynės), was the mass murder of up to 100,000 people, mostly Jews, Poles, and Russians, by German SD and SS and the Lithuanian Ypatingasis būrys killing squads, during World War II and the Holocaust in the Generalbezirk Litauen of Reichskommissariat Ostland."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The murders took place between July 1941 and August 1944 near the railway station at Ponary (now Paneriai), a suburb of today's Vilnius, Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuania became one of the first locations outside occupied Poland in World War II where the Nazis mass-murdered Jews as part of the Final Solution."}, {"id": "Q747312", "label": "Timothy Snyder", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Timothy Snyder, out of 70,000 Jews living in Vilna, only about 7,000 survived the war."}, {"id": "Q4116959", "label": "Żeligowski's Mutiny", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Żeligowski's Mutiny and the creation of the short-lived Central Lithuania, in accordance with international agreements ratified in 1923 by the League of Nations, the town of Ponary became part of the Wilno Voivodship (Kresy region) of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Żeligowski's Mutiny and the creation of the short-lived Central Lithuania, in accordance with international agreements ratified in 1923 by the League of Nations, the town of Ponary became part of the Wilno Voivodship (Kresy region) of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q7571821", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, the region was occupied by the Soviets and after about a month, on October 10, transferred to Lithuania under the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "That project was never completed, and in June 1941 the area was taken by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa."}], "Q210800": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Port Arthur (Japanese: 旅順攻囲戦, romanized: Ryojun Kōisen; Russian: Оборона Порт-Артура, romanized: Oborona Port-Artura; August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905) was the longest and most violent land battle of the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q468122", "label": "Nogi Maresuke", "section": "lead", "says": "However, during the First Sino-Japanese War, General Nogi Maresuke had taken the city from the forces of Qing China in only a few days."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege saw the introduction of much technology used in subsequent wars of the 20th century (particularly in World War I) including massive 28 cm howitzers that fired 217-kilogram (478-pound) shells with a range of  8 kilometers (5.0 miles), rapid-firing light howitzers, Maxim machine guns, bolt-action magazine rifles, barbed wire entanglements, electric fences, arc lamp, searchlights, tactical "}], "Q2116320": [{"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Actium or Actian War (32–30 BC) was the last civil war of the Roman Republic, fought between Mark Antony (assisted by Cleopatra and by extension Ptolemaic Egypt) and Octavian."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Actium or Actian War (32–30 BC) was the last civil war of the Roman Republic, fought between Mark Antony (assisted by Cleopatra and by extension Ptolemaic Egypt) and Octavian."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Both Antony and Octavian's legions were experienced veterans of previous civil wars who had fought together, many also having once served under Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Octavian became the most powerful man in the Roman world and the Senate bestowed upon him the honorific of Augustus in 27 BC."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Octavian, now Augustus, became the first Roman emperor and transformed the republic into the Roman Empire."}], "Q2276692": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Territory of New Guinea on 23 January and Territory of Papua on 21 July and overran western New Guinea (part of the Netherlands East Indies) beginning on 29 March."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "According to John Laffin, the campaign \"was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II.\""}], "Q2305651": [{"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edington or Battle of Ethandun was fought in May 878 between the West Saxon army of King Alfred the Great and the Great Heathen Army led by the Danish warlord Guthrum."}, {"id": "Q650381", "label": "Treaty of Wedmore", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the battle, Guthrum agreed to terms that included his baptism, withdrawal to East Anglia, and the establishment of peace through the Treaty of Wedmore."}], "Q2309409": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Morean war (Italian: Guerra di Morea), also known as the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War, was fought between 1684–1699 as part of the wider conflict known as the \"Great Turkish War\", between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Morean war (Italian: Guerra di Morea), also known as the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War, was fought between 1684–1699 as part of the wider conflict known as the \"Great Turkish War\", between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Morean war (Italian: Guerra di Morea), also known as the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War, was fought between 1684–1699 as part of the wider conflict known as the \"Great Turkish War\", between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Venice had held several islands in the Aegean and the Ionian seas, together with strategically positioned forts along the coast of the Greek mainland since the carving up of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Venice had held several islands in the Aegean and the Ionian seas, together with strategically positioned forts along the coast of the Greek mainland since the carving up of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q34481", "label": "Francesco Morosini", "section": "Background", "says": "During this war, the Venetian commander, Francesco Morosini, made contact with the rebellious Maniots."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 17th century, the Ottomans remained the premier political and military power in Europe, but signs of decline were evident: the Ottoman economy suffered from the influx of gold and silver from the Americas, an increasingly unbalanced budget and repeated devaluations of the currency, while the traditional timariot cavalry system and the Janissaries, who formed the core of the Ottoman armi"}, {"id": "Q174762", "label": "Murad IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The reform efforts of Sultan Murad IV (r."}, {"id": "Q128388", "label": "Treaty of Bakhchisarai", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Bakhchisarai made the river Dnieper the boundary between the Ottoman Empire and Russia."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman siege was broken in the Battle of Vienna by the King of Poland, Jan Sobieski."}, {"id": "Q638146", "label": "Marcantonio Giustinian", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, an anti-Ottoman Holy League was formed at Linz on 5 March 1684 between Emperor Leopold I, Sobieski, and the Doge of Venice, Marcantonio Giustinian."}], "Q2309898": [{"id": "Q6542740", "label": "Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karánsebes (Turkish: Şebeş Muharebesi; German: Rückzug von Karánsebes; Hungarian: Karánsebesi csata; Romanian: Bătălia de la Caransebeș) was a friendly fire incident in the Austrian army, occurring during the night of 21–22 September 1788, during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791."}], "Q2320981": [{"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The November 1688 Glorious Revolution replaced the Catholic James with his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William, who ruled as joint monarchs of England, Ireland, and Scotland."}, {"id": "Q1860162", "label": "Treaty of Limerick", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with the Treaty of Limerick in October 1691."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Treaty of Limerick had offered a series of guarantees to Catholics, subsequent extension of the penal laws, particularly during the War of the Spanish Succession, would further erode their civic rights."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict was part of the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War between Louis XIV of France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition led by William as Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict was part of the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War between Louis XIV of France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition led by William as Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q4274522", "label": "Tyrconnell", "section": "Background", "says": "It also possessed a large Catholic army, built up by the Earl of Tyrconnell since 1687; although the majority were poorly equipped, unpaid recruits, James brought weapons and French regulars with him to provide training."}], "Q233500": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Anglo-Burmese War or the Second Burma War (Burmese: ဒုတိယအင်္ဂလိပ်-မြန်မာစစ် [dṵtḭja̰ ɪ́ɰ̃ɡəleɪʔ mjəmà sɪʔ]; 5 April 1852 – 20 January 1853) was the second of the three wars fought between the Burmese Empire and British Empire during the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q2639320", "label": "Treaty of Yandabo", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1852, Commodore George Lambert was dispatched to Burma by Lord Dalhousie over a number of minor issues related to the Treaty of Yandabo between the countries."}, {"id": "Q333072", "label": "Richard Cobden", "section": "Background", "says": "The nature of the dispute was misrepresented to Parliament, and Parliament played a role in further \"suppressing\" the facts released to the public, but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet, How Wars are Got Up In India; this account by Richard Cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous evidence as t"}], "Q2379101": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War II and The Holocaust, the Zionist movement gained attention and sympathy."}, {"id": "Q2763", "label": "The Holocaust", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War II and The Holocaust, the Zionist movement gained attention and sympathy."}], "Q239255": [{"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The British attack at Arras was part of the Anglo-French Nivelle Offensive, the main part of which was the Second Battle of the Aisne 50 mi (80 km) to the south."}, {"id": "Q1694094", "label": "Second Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "The British attack at Arras was part of the Anglo-French Nivelle Offensive, the main part of which was the Second Battle of the Aisne 50 mi (80 km) to the south."}, {"id": "Q393299", "label": "Battle of Vimy Ridge", "section": "lead", "says": "After a long preparatory bombardment, the Canadian Corps of the First Army in the north fought the Battle of Vimy Ridge, capturing the ridge."}, {"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "New tactics and the equipment to exploit them had been used, showing that the British had absorbed the lessons of the Battle of the Somme and could mount set-piece attacks against field fortifications."}], "Q2456292": [{"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Yamama was fought in December 632 as part of the Ridda Wars against a rebellion within the Rashidun Caliphate in the region of al-Yamama (in present-day Saudi Arabia, South of Riyadh City) between the forces of Abu Bakr and Musaylima, a self-proclaimed prophet."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Yamama was fought in December 632 as part of the Ridda Wars against a rebellion within the Rashidun Caliphate in the region of al-Yamama (in present-day Saudi Arabia, South of Riyadh City) between the forces of Abu Bakr and Musaylima, a self-proclaimed prophet."}, {"id": "Q558967", "label": "Musaylimah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Yamama was fought in December 632 as part of the Ridda Wars against a rebellion within the Rashidun Caliphate in the region of al-Yamama (in present-day Saudi Arabia, South of Riyadh City) between the forces of Abu Bakr and Musaylima, a self-proclaimed prophet."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in June 632, many Arab tribes rebelled against the State of Medina."}, {"id": "Q565522", "label": "Ikrima ibn Amr", "section": "Background", "says": "Abu Bakr appointed Ikrima ibn Amr as the commander of one of the corps."}, {"id": "Q3299394", "label": "Sharhabeel ibn Hasana", "section": "Background", "says": "The next development that Ikrima heard of was that Shurahbil ibn Hasana was marching to join him."}], "Q2475091": [{"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Nemesis (Armenian: «Նեմեսիս» գործողություն, romanized: \"Nemesis\" gortsoghut'iun) was a program of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation to assassinate both Ottoman perpetrators of the Armenian genocide and officials of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic most responsible for the massacre of Armenians during the September Days of 1918 in Baku."}, {"id": "Q2037317", "label": "September Days", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Nemesis (Armenian: «Նեմեսիս» գործողություն, romanized: \"Nemesis\" gortsoghut'iun) was a program of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation to assassinate both Ottoman perpetrators of the Armenian genocide and officials of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic most responsible for the massacre of Armenians during the September Days of 1918 in Baku."}, {"id": "Q2642348", "label": "Karekin Pastermadjian", "section": "lead", "says": "Masterminded by Shahan Natalie, Armen Garo, and Aaron Sachaklian, it was named after the Greek goddess of divine retribution, Nemesis."}, {"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1920 and 1922, a clandestine cell of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation carried out seven killings, the best-known being the assassination of Talaat Pasha, the main orchestrator of the Armenian genocide, by Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian in March 1921 in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) was active within the Ottoman Empire in the early 1890s with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire who advocated for reform and a certain degree of autonomy within the empire."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "Members of the Committee of Union and Progress requested assistance from the party in the conquest of Transcaucasia by inciting a rebellion of Russian Armenians against the Russian Army in the event of a Caucasus Campaign opening up."}], "Q248033": [{"id": "Q1685535", "label": "Jean-François Rewbell", "section": "lead", "says": "Three of the five members of the Directory, Paul Barras, Jean-François Rewbell and Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux, with support of foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, staged the coup d'état that annulled many of the previous election's results and ousted the monarchists from the legislature."}, {"id": "Q1871443", "label": "Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux", "section": "lead", "says": "Three of the five members of the Directory, Paul Barras, Jean-François Rewbell and Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux, with support of foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, staged the coup d'état that annulled many of the previous election's results and ousted the monarchists from the legislature."}, {"id": "Q160499", "label": "Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord", "section": "lead", "says": "Three of the five members of the Directory, Paul Barras, Jean-François Rewbell and Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux, with support of foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, staged the coup d'état that annulled many of the previous election's results and ousted the monarchists from the legislature."}], "Q2490042": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Catholic France had allied with the Protestant forces against the Catholic Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars were largely ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which established a new political order that is now known as Westphalian sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q569485", "label": "Knights' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts began with the minor Knights' War (1522–1523), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts began with the minor Knights' War (1522–1523), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts began with the minor Knights' War (1522–1523), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Westphalia broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "Smaller religious wars continued to be waged in Western Europe until the 1710s, including the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) in the British Isles, the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), and the Toggenburg War (1712) in the Western Alps."}, {"id": "Q690096", "label": "Toggenburg War", "section": "lead", "says": "Smaller religious wars continued to be waged in Western Europe until the 1710s, including the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) in the British Isles, the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), and the Toggenburg War (1712) in the Western Alps."}], "Q252298": [{"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "lead", "says": "After the unilateral self-disarmament of the Hungarian army by the pacifist Hungarian prime minister Count Mihály Károlyi, the Allies of World War I intended that Romania's Army, the Czechoslovak army and the Franco-Serbian armies to occupy various parts of Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the unilateral self-disarmament of the Hungarian army by the pacifist Hungarian prime minister Count Mihály Károlyi, the Allies of World War I intended that Romania's Army, the Czechoslovak army and the Franco-Serbian armies to occupy various parts of Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q2585708", "label": "Henri Mathias Berthelot", "section": "lead", "says": "The French General Staff encouraged a continued Romanian advance to Budapest, with Generals Ferdinand Foch, Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, and Henri Mathias Berthelot particularly in favor of this approach."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of World War I and the proclamation of the independence of Hungary from the Dual Monarchy, the Hungarians tried to convince the Allies that \"Hungary should not be penalized too harshly for the sins of the old\"."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of World War I and the proclamation of the independence of Hungary from the Dual Monarchy, the Hungarians tried to convince the Allies that \"Hungary should not be penalized too harshly for the sins of the old\"."}, {"id": "Q57165", "label": "Ferdinand I of Romania", "section": "Background", "says": "Proclamation of King Ferdinand I of Romania to the Romanian People, 28 August 1916:\n\"In our moral energy and our valour lie the means of giving him back his birthright of a great and free Rumania from the Tisza to the Black Sea, and to prosper in peace in accordance with our customs and our hopes and dreams.\"\nOn August 27, 1916, the Kingdom of Romania declared war against Austria-Hungary and enter"}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "Background", "says": "Proclamation of King Ferdinand I of Romania to the Romanian People, 28 August 1916:\n\"In our moral energy and our valour lie the means of giving him back his birthright of a great and free Rumania from the Tisza to the Black Sea, and to prosper in peace in accordance with our customs and our hopes and dreams.\"\nOn August 27, 1916, the Kingdom of Romania declared war against Austria-Hungary and enter"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "Proclamation of King Ferdinand I of Romania to the Romanian People, 28 August 1916:\n\"In our moral energy and our valour lie the means of giving him back his birthright of a great and free Rumania from the Tisza to the Black Sea, and to prosper in peace in accordance with our customs and our hopes and dreams.\"\nOn August 27, 1916, the Kingdom of Romania declared war against Austria-Hungary and enter"}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Background", "says": "German General August von Mackensen was appointed as the \"military governor\" of the occupied territories of Romania."}, {"id": "Q15401938", "label": "Truce of Focșani", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Russia's ceasefire agreements, the Romanian army was forced to sign the Armistice of Focșani on 9 December 1917."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1918, after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with the Central Powers in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "Romania was alone on the Eastern Front, a situation that far surpassed its military capabilities."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "However, those units were engaged in the protection of Bessarabia against Soviet Russia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 November 1918, Germany signed an armistice with Allies under which they had to immediately withdraw all German troops in Romania and in the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire back to German ter"}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 November 1918, Germany signed an armistice with Allies under which they had to immediately withdraw all German troops in Romania and in the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire back to German ter"}], "Q255997": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "During Yemen's 1994 civil war, the Wahhabis, an Islamic group adhering to a strict version of Sunni Islam found in neighboring Saudi Arabia, helped the government in its fight against the secessionist south."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi's movement accused Ali Abdullah Saleh of massive financial corruption and criticized him for being backed by Saudi Arabia and United States at the expense of the Yemeni people and Yemen's sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi's movement accused Ali Abdullah Saleh of massive financial corruption and criticized him for being backed by Saudi Arabia and United States at the expense of the Yemeni people and Yemen's sovereignty."}], "Q25631175": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dallas protest was one of several held across the United States on the night of July 7."}], "Q274365": [{"id": "Q315522", "label": "Ne Win", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the 1962 military coup, the Burma Socialist Programme Party had ruled the country as a totalitarian one-party state, headed by General Ne Win."}, {"id": "Q36740", "label": "Aung San Suu Kyi", "section": "lead", "says": "During the crisis, Aung San Suu Kyi emerged as a national icon."}], "Q28479": [{"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military Technical Agreement, also known as the Kumanovo Agreement, signed between the International Security Force (KFOR) and the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia, was an accord concluded on 9 June 1999 in Kumanovo, Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military Technical Agreement, also known as the Kumanovo Agreement, signed between the International Security Force (KFOR) and the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia, was an accord concluded on 9 June 1999 in Kumanovo, Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military Technical Agreement, also known as the Kumanovo Agreement, signed between the International Security Force (KFOR) and the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia, was an accord concluded on 9 June 1999 in Kumanovo, Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the end of the Kosovo War, and established new basic relations between Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Force, which would replace units of the Yugoslav Army in Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the end of the Kosovo War, and established new basic relations between Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Force, which would replace units of the Yugoslav Army in Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q378027", "label": "Igor Ivanov", "section": "Background", "says": "There was a claim about a meeting between Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov and U.S."}, {"id": "Q174438", "label": "Madeleine Albright", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Madeleine Albright."}], "Q2992403": [{"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Syrian War took place during 1920 between France and the Hashemite rulers of the newly established Arab Kingdom of Syria."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Near the end of World War I, the Egyptian Expeditionary forces of Edmund Allenby captured Damascus on September 30, 1918, and shortly thereafter on October 3, 1918, Hashemite ruler Faisal entered Damascus as well, in the final stages of the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Near the end of World War I, the Egyptian Expeditionary forces of Edmund Allenby captured Damascus on September 30, 1918, and shortly thereafter on October 3, 1918, Hashemite ruler Faisal entered Damascus as well, in the final stages of the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the implementation of the initially secretive 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement, which divided the occupied remnants of the Ottoman Empire between France and Britain, French military administration was established in the Levant."}, {"id": "Q2572143", "label": "Henri Gouraud", "section": "Background", "says": "General Henri Gouraud was appointed as representative of the French government in the Middle East and commander of the French Army of the Levant, centered in Syria."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On July 2, 1919, the Syrian Congress passed a number of resolutions pertaining to the formation of Syria as a completely independent constitutional monarchy with Faisal as king, asking for assistance from the United States, and the refusal of any rights claimed by the French."}], "Q301487": [{"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brandywine, also known as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, was fought between the American Continental Army of General George Washington and the British Army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777, as part of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brandywine, also known as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, was fought between the American Continental Army of General George Washington and the British Army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777, as part of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "More troops fought at Brandywine than at any other battle of the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1638488", "label": "Battle of Monmouth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the second longest single-day battle of the war, after the Battle of Monmouth, with continuous fighting for 11 hours."}, {"id": "Q88824", "label": "Wilhelm von Knyphausen", "section": "lead", "says": "At this point Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen attacked Chadds Ford and crumpled the American left wing."}, {"id": "Q381854", "label": "Casimir Pulaski", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish General Casimir Pulaski defended Washington's rear, assisting in his escape."}, {"id": "Q862751", "label": "Battle of Long Island", "section": "Background", "says": "He instead employed a flanking maneuver, similar to that used in the Battle of Long Island."}], "Q313435": [{"id": "Q321546", "label": "Charles of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leuthen  was fought on 5 December 1757 between Frederick the Great's Prussian Army and an Austrian army commanded by Prince Charles of Lorraine and Count Leopold Joseph von Daun."}, {"id": "Q93365", "label": "Leopold Joseph von Daun", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leuthen  was fought on 5 December 1757 between Frederick the Great's Prussian Army and an Austrian army commanded by Prince Charles of Lorraine and Count Leopold Joseph von Daun."}, {"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory ensured Prussian control of Silesia during the Third Silesian War, which was part of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory ensured Prussian control of Silesia during the Third Silesian War, which was part of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Leuthen was the last battle at which Prince Charles commanded the Austrian Army before his sister-in-law, Empress Maria Theresa, appointed him as governor of the Habsburg Netherlands and placed Leopold Joseph von Daun in command of the army."}, {"id": "Q573972", "label": "Battle of Rossbach", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November, the French had refused to participate further in Austria's war with Prussia, and after Leuthen (5 December), Austria could not continue the war by itself."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it acquired a specific intensity in the European theater as a result of the competition between Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, and Maria Theresa of Austria."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which concluded the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) between Prussia and Maria Theresa's allies, awarded Silesia to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Maria Theresa had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances and intended to regain her ascendancy in the Holy Roman Empire and to reacquire Silesia."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "Background", "says": "Their alliance also involved the Electorate of Hanover, which was held in personal union by George, along with George's and Frederick's relatives, who ruled the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel."}, {"id": "Q830084", "label": "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "Background", "says": "Their alliance also involved the Electorate of Hanover, which was held in personal union by George, along with George's and Frederick's relatives, who ruled the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel."}, {"id": "Q168651", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "Background", "says": "Their alliance also involved the Electorate of Hanover, which was held in personal union by George, along with George's and Frederick's relatives, who ruled the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel."}], "Q326989": [{"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Morgarten took place on 15 November 1315, when troops of Schwyz, supported by their allies of Uri and Unterwalden, ambushed an Austrian army under the command of Leopold I, Duke of Austria on the shores of Lake Ägeri, in the territory of Schwyz."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swiss victory consolidated the League of the Three Forest Cantons, which formed the core of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Toward the end of the 13th century the House of Habsburg coveted the area around the Gotthard Pass, as it offered the shortest passage to Italy."}, {"id": "Q57161", "label": "Louis IV of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1314 tensions between the Habsburgs and Confederates heightened when Duke Louis IV of Bavaria (who would become Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor) and Frederick the Handsome, a Habsburg prince, each claimed the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor."}], "Q327237": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kivu conflict, is an umbrella term for a series of protracted armed conflicts in the North Kivu and South Kivu provinces in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo which began after the Second Congo War ended."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kivu conflict, is an umbrella term for a series of protracted armed conflicts in the North Kivu and South Kivu provinces in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo which began after the Second Congo War ended."}, {"id": "Q152809", "label": "Laurent Nkunda", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the cessation of hostilities between these two forces, rebel Tutsi forces, formerly under the command of Laurent Nkunda, became the dominant opposition to the government forces."}, {"id": "Q3161197", "label": "James Kabarebe", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions peaked in February 1998 when reports that Colonel James Kabarebe, the Rwandan chief of staff of the Congolese army, planned to redeploy Banyamulenge officers outside the Kivu region started a mutiny in Bukavu."}, {"id": "Q135547", "label": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1998, former AFDL spokesperson and now President Laurent-Désiré Kabila, demanded that Rwandan troops leave Congolese territory."}], "Q3504310": [{"id": "Q1149", "label": "Indira Gandhi", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1984 anti-Sikh riots, also known as the 1984 Sikh massacre, were a series of organised pogroms against Sikhs in India following the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards."}, {"id": "Q1987713", "label": "Operation Blue Star", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination of Indira Gandhi had taken place after she had ordered Operation Blue Star, a military action in June 1984 to secure the Golden Temple, a Sikh temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, which is one of the holiest sites in Sikhism."}, {"id": "Q358874", "label": "Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale", "section": "Background", "says": "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, a prominent Sikh leader of Damdami Taksal, then joined the Akali Dal to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982 to implement the Anandpur Sahib resolution."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "Before British colonisation, Punjab was a region dominated by Sikh states known as Misls, which were later unified into the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "Before British colonisation, Punjab was a region dominated by Sikh states known as Misls, which were later unified into the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q243590", "label": "Second Anglo-Sikh war", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "Following the British victory in the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1849, the Sikh Empire was dissolved and integrated into the Punjab Province."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "The Akali Dal, a Sikh political party, envisioned Khalistan as a theocratic state, comprising parts of what is today Punjab in both India and Pakistan."}], "Q369989": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The UCC was adopted in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1952, and enforced in 1955."}, {"id": "Q217398", "label": "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works", "section": "lead", "says": "It is one of the two principal international conventions protecting copyright; the other is the Berne Convention."}], "Q376154": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Copenhagen (also known as the Bombardment of Copenhagen) occurred between 16 August and 7 September 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q426201", "label": "Gunboat War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle led to the outbreak of the Anglo-Danish Gunboat War, and the Anglo-Russian War of 1807–1812."}, {"id": "Q2441248", "label": "Anglo-Russian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle led to the outbreak of the Anglo-Danish Gunboat War, and the Anglo-Russian War of 1807–1812."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-July 1807, George III authorised a British expedition to monitor Copenhagen and capture the city if necessary."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite being defeated in the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, Denmark–Norway still maintained a considerable navy."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "There was concern in Britain that Napoleon might try to force Denmark to close the Baltic Sea to British ships, perhaps by marching French troops into Zealand."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 January 1808, Lord Hawkesbury told the House of Lords that he had received information from someone on the Continent \"that there were secret engagements in the Treaty of Tilsit to employ the navies of Denmark and Portugal against this country\"."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "On the night of 21 July, Canning received intelligence from Tilsit that Napoleon had tried to persuade Alexander I of Russia to form a maritime league with Denmark and Portugal against Britain."}], "Q3849563": [{"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem of 1244 took place after the Sixth Crusade, when a Khwarazmian army conquered the city on July 15, 1244."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire led the Sixth Crusade from 1228 to 1229 and claimed the title of King of Jerusalem as the husband of Isabella II of Jerusalem, queen since 1212."}, {"id": "Q233809", "label": "Isabella II of Jerusalem", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire led the Sixth Crusade from 1228 to 1229 and claimed the title of King of Jerusalem as the husband of Isabella II of Jerusalem, queen since 1212."}, {"id": "Q1788485", "label": "Barons' Crusade", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, Jerusalem did not remain in the hands of Christians for long, as, despite further territorial gains a few years earlier in the Barons' Crusade, the latter did not control the surroundings of the city sufficiently to be able to ensure an effective defense."}], "Q394387": [{"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of Abbeville, was signed on December 4, 1259, by King Louis IX of France and King Henry III of England."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of Abbeville, was signed on December 4, 1259, by King Louis IX of France and King Henry III of England."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, created an awkward situation whereby the kings of England were sovereign over some of their territory but bound by homage to the kings of France for other rich and well-populated lands on the Continent."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "Historical context", "says": "King John's refusal to answer Philip II of France for the apparent murder of his teenage nephew Arthur gave Philip a pretext for recovering Normandy in 1204."}], "Q427565": [{"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lade (Ancient Greek: Ναυμαχία τῆς Λάδης, romanized: Naumachia tēs Ladēs) was a naval battle which occurred during the Ionian Revolt, in 494 BC."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between an alliance of the Ionian cities (joined by the Lesbians) and the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, and resulted in a decisive victory for the Persians which all but ended the revolt."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between an alliance of the Ionian cities (joined by the Lesbians) and the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, and resulted in a decisive victory for the Persians which all but ended the revolt."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian cities then remained under Lydian rule until Lydia was in turn conquered by the nascent Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian cities then remained under Lydian rule until Lydia was in turn conquered by the nascent Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "About 40 years after the Persian conquest of Ionia, and in the reign of the fourth Persian king, Darius the Great, the stand-in Milesian tyrant Aristagoras found himself in this familiar predicament."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Herodotus presents the revolt as a conseque"}], "Q4338038": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt, and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q745110", "label": "Battle of Chaldiran", "section": "Background", "says": "Having vanquished the Safavid Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, sultan Selim I was eager to conquer the Mamluk Sultanate, which ruled in Syria and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "Background", "says": "Having vanquished the Safavid Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, sultan Selim I was eager to conquer the Mamluk Sultanate, which ruled in Syria and Egypt."}], "Q492324": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seven Days Battles were a series of seven battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2000189", "label": "Battle of Glendale", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee's final opportunity to intercept the Union army was at the Battle of Glendale on June 30, but poorly executed orders and the delay of Stonewall Jackson's troops allowed his enemy to escape to a strong defensive position on Malvern Hill."}, {"id": "Q1934345", "label": "Battle of Malvern Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1, Lee launched futile frontal assaults and suffered heavy casualties in the face of strong infantry and artillery defenses."}, {"id": "Q1421282", "label": "Fitz John Porter", "section": "Background", "says": "Fitz John Porter, was north of the river near Mechanicsville in an L-shaped line facing north–south behind Beaver Dam Creek and southeast along the Chickahominy."}], "Q582953": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Debrecen, called by the Red Army the Debrecen Offensive Operation, was a battle taking place from 6 to 29 October 1944 on the Eastern Front in Hungary during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Debrecen, called by the Red Army the Debrecen Offensive Operation, was a battle taking place from 6 to 29 October 1944 on the Eastern Front in Hungary during World War II."}, {"id": "Q204338", "label": "Rodion Malinovsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was conducted by the 2nd Ukrainian Front under Marshal Rodion Malinovsky."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 September, Bulgaria, another former German ally, declared war on Germany."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Malinovsky and Tolbukhin were promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union for this on 10 and 12 September, respectively."}, {"id": "Q311765", "label": "Jassy–Kishinev Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the Soviet forces were worn down by the Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive and the Belgrade Offensive, and also had to contend with logistical difficulties caused by the different railway gauge used in Romania."}, {"id": "Q670030", "label": "Issa Pliyev", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After a week of fruitless attacks, Malinovsky called off his offensive and ordered the exhausted 6th Guards Tank Army, and the Cavalry Mechanized Groups (CMGs) under Issa Pliyev (7th Mechanized Corps, 4th Guards Cavalry Corps, and 6th Guards Cavalry Corps, with 389 tanks and assault guns) and Sergey Gorshkov (5th Guards Cavalry Corps and 23rd Tank Corps, with 146 tanks and assault guns), to the ar"}, {"id": "Q370815", "label": "Sergey Gorshkov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After a week of fruitless attacks, Malinovsky called off his offensive and ordered the exhausted 6th Guards Tank Army, and the Cavalry Mechanized Groups (CMGs) under Issa Pliyev (7th Mechanized Corps, 4th Guards Cavalry Corps, and 6th Guards Cavalry Corps, with 389 tanks and assault guns) and Sergey Gorshkov (5th Guards Cavalry Corps and 23rd Tank Corps, with 146 tanks and assault guns), to the ar"}], "Q616307": [{"id": "Q228024", "label": "John Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "The English explorer John Smith, though he was not an eyewitness, wrote in his History of Virginia that warriors of the Powhatan \"came unarmed into our houses with deer, turkeys, fish, fruits, and other provisions to sell us.\" They then grabbed any tools or weapons available and killed all of the English settlers they found, including men, women, and children of all ages."}], "Q617210": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q3595694", "label": "Mudhoji II Bhonsle", "section": "lead", "says": "Peshwa Baji Rao II's forces, supported by those of Mudhoji II Bhonsle of Nagpur and Malharrao Holkar III of Indore, rose against the East India Company."}, {"id": "Q2518823", "label": "Treaty of Bassein", "section": "lead", "says": "They attempted to regain the power that was taken away by the British due to the Treaty of Bassein."}], "Q61896704": [{"id": "Q652285", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 1947 Partition of India, the newly formed independent states of Pakistan and India squabbled over it, which led to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 and a subsequent sharing of the state."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "Background", "says": "The nations also partook in another war in 1971 which led to the formation of Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q404517", "label": "Kargil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Both countries developed nuclear weapons in the 1990s and this had a sobering effect on the next major conflict – the 1999 Kargil War."}], "Q622184": [{"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, also known as the Battle of the Field of Blood, the Battle of Sarmada, or the Battle of Balat, Roger of Salerno's Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch was annihilated by the army of Ilghazi of Mardin, the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo on 28 June 1119."}, {"id": "Q550310", "label": "Roger of Salerno", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Roger of Salerno, who was ruling Antioch as regent for Bohemond II, did not take advantage of Ridwan's death; likewise, Baldwin II, Count of Edessa, and Pons, Count of Tripoli, looked after their own interests and did not ally with Roger against Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q2394344", "label": "Battle of Sarmin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1115 Roger defeated a Seljuk Turkish invasion force led by Bursuq ibn Bursuq at the Battle of Sarmin."}], "Q625798": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Compass, a five-day raid by the British in December 1940, was so successful that it led to the destruction of the Italian 10th Army (10ª Armata) over the following two months."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Benito Mussolini sought help from Adolf Hitler, who sent a small German force to Tripoli under Directive 22 (11 January)."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Benito Mussolini sought help from Adolf Hitler, who sent a small German force to Tripoli under Directive 22 (11 January)."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afrika Korps (Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel) was formally under Italian command, as Italy was the main Axis power in the Mediterranean and North Africa."}, {"id": "Q708223", "label": "Operation Sonnenblume", "section": "lead", "says": "In the spring of 1941, Rommel led Operation Sonnenblume, that pushed the Allies back to Egypt, except for the siege of Tobruk at the port."}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of 1941, Axis forces were defeated in Operation Crusader and retired again to El Agheila."}, {"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1942 Axis forces drove the Allies back again, then captured Tobruk after the Battle of Gazala but failed to destroy their opponents."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis invaded Egypt and the Allies retreated to El Alamein, where the Eighth Army fought two defensive battles, then defeated the Axis forces in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighth Army drove Axis forces out of Libya to Tunisia, which was invaded from the west by the Allied First Army in Operation Torch."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis never overcame the supply constraints limiting the size of their land and air forces in North Africa and the desert war became a sideshow for Germany, when the expected quick conclusion of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, was not achieved."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis never overcame the supply constraints limiting the size of their land and air forces in North Africa and the desert war became a sideshow for Germany, when the expected quick conclusion of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, was not achieved."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In Libya, the Royal Army had about 215,000 men and in Egypt, the British had about 36,000 troops and another 27,500 men training in Palestine."}, {"id": "Q966007", "label": "Percy Hobart", "section": "Background", "says": "British forces included the Mobile Division (Egypt) under Major-General Percy Hobart, one of only two British armoured training formations."}, {"id": "Q352630", "label": "Richard O'Connor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Egypt–Libya border was defended by the Egyptian Frontier Force and in June 1940, the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division under Major-General Richard O'Connor took command in the Western Desert, with instructions to drive back the Italians from their frontier posts and dominate the hinterland if war began."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Once the Italians declared war in 1940 and until 1943, merchant ships travelled east from Britain around the Cape of Good Hope, which made Egypt as distant as Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Once the Italians declared war in 1940 and until 1943, merchant ships travelled east from Britain around the Cape of Good Hope, which made Egypt as distant as Australia and New Zealand."}], "Q639827": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Damascus (634) lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 before the city fell to the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Damascus was the first major city of the Eastern Roman Empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria."}, {"id": "Q500409", "label": "Roman–Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The last of the Roman–Persian Wars ended in 628, after Heraclius concluded a successful campaign against the Persians in Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The last of the Roman–Persian Wars ended in 628, after Heraclius concluded a successful campaign against the Persians in Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, Muhammad united the Arabs under the banner of Islam."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 634, Abu Bakr invaded the Byzantine Empire in the Levant and decisively defeated a Byzantine army at the Battle of Ajnadayn."}, {"id": "Q888904", "label": "Battle of Ajnadayn", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 634, Abu Bakr invaded the Byzantine Empire in the Levant and decisively defeated a Byzantine army at the Battle of Ajnadayn."}], "Q661327": [{"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mühlberg took place near Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mühlberg took place near Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q506182", "label": "John Frederick I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q169319", "label": "Philip I of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q374723", "label": "Treaty of Crépy", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1544 the signing of the Treaty of Crépy ended after decades the conflicts between the Emperor and Francis I of France for the control of the Italian peninsula."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1544 the signing of the Treaty of Crépy ended after decades the conflicts between the Emperor and Francis I of France for the control of the Italian peninsula."}], "Q749970": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, also known as the Kashmir insurgency, is an ongoing Islamist separatist militant insurgency against the Indian administration in Jammu and Kashmir, a territory constituting the southwestern portion of the larger geographical region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947."}, {"id": "Q40495", "label": "Pervez Musharraf", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2015, a former President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, admitted that the Pakistani state had supported and trained insurgent groups in Kashmir throughout the 1990s."}], "Q750144": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010 Canterbury earthquake (also known as the Darfield earthquake) struck the South Island of New Zealand with a moment magnitude of 7.1 at 4:35 am local time on 4 September, and had a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale."}], "Q757871": [{"id": "Q295839", "label": "Chūichi Nagumo", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese aircraft carriers (Admiral Chūichi Nagumo) struck Allied shipping, naval bases and airfields around British Ceylon but failed to find most of the Eastern Fleet."}, {"id": "Q354197", "label": "Jisaburō Ozawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Concurrent with Operation C, the IJN dispatched Malaya Force (Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa) consisting of the aircraft carrier Ryūjō, six cruisers, a light cruiser and four destroyers, to raid the northern Bay of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q52418", "label": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "section": "Background", "says": "Matters were made urgent by the Attack on Pearl Harbor that sank much of the United States Pacific Fleet, that exposed the weak forces in Malaya to attack."}], "Q757963": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassin, James Earl Ray, an escaped convict from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested on June 8, 1968, at London's Heathrow Airport, extradited to the United States and charged with the crime."}, {"id": "Q43303", "label": "Malcolm X", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy in 1963 and the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, and two months before the assassination of Robert F."}], "Q7879625": [{"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "Close to 1,000,000 Soviet soldiers of the 1st Belorussian Front (including 78,556 soldiers of the Polish 1st Army), commanded by Marshal Georgy Zhukov, attacked the position known as the \"Gates of Berlin\"."}, {"id": "Q60472", "label": "Theodor Busse", "section": "lead", "says": "They were opposed by about 110,000 soldiers of the German 9th Army, commanded by General Theodor Busse, as part of the Army Group Vistula."}, {"id": "Q13423520", "label": "Battle of the Oder–Neisse", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle is often incorporated into the Battle of the Oder–Neisse."}, {"id": "Q154182", "label": "Battle of Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Oder–Neisse was itself only the opening phase of the Battle of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q282438", "label": "Battle of Halbe", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was the encirclement of the German 9th Army and the ensuing Battle of Halbe in which the 9th Army was destroyed."}], "Q797946": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Partition of Babylon was the first of the conferences and ensuing agreements that divided the territories of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q686411", "label": "Arrhidaeus", "section": "lead", "says": "The settlement saw Arrhidaeus and Alexander's child designated as joint kings with Perdiccas serving as regent."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "lead", "says": "The settlement saw Arrhidaeus and Alexander's child designated as joint kings with Perdiccas serving as regent."}, {"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "lead", "says": "The partition was solidified at the further agreements at Triparadisus and Persepolis over the following years and began the series of conflicts that comprise the Wars of the Diadochi."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "lead", "says": "The partition was solidified at the further agreements at Triparadisus and Persepolis over the following years and began the series of conflicts that comprise the Wars of the Diadochi."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "Antipater, who had been in charge of Macedonia, was in Pella."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Antipater, who had been in charge of Macedonia, was in Pella."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander had summoned Antipater to Babylon a few months before his death, but Antipater, suspecting he would be killed if he went, sent his son Cassander instead."}, {"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "Background", "says": "Craterus, whom Alexander had appointed to replace Antipater, was on his way to Europe with Polyperchon and ten thousand veterans."}, {"id": "Q312008", "label": "Polyperchon", "section": "Background", "says": "Craterus, whom Alexander had appointed to replace Antipater, was on his way to Europe with Polyperchon and ten thousand veterans."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Perdiccas believed he was carrying out Alexander's plans, extending the modified Persian Empire into Greece, western Asia and Africa."}], "Q807741": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Barbary Wars were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) and Morocco of North Africa in the early 19th century."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 and was joined by the newly independent United States."}, {"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Barbary War extended from 10 May 1801 to 10 June 1805, with the Second Barbary War lasting only three days, ending on 19 June 1815."}, {"id": "Q233505", "label": "Second Barbary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Barbary War extended from 10 May 1801 to 10 June 1805, with the Second Barbary War lasting only three days, ending on 19 June 1815."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "lead", "says": "After Thomas Jefferson became president of the U.S. in March 1801, he sent a U.S."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "During the War of 1812, with the encouragement of the United Kingdom, the Barbary corsairs resumed their attacks on American vessels."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "During the War of 1812, with the encouragement of the United Kingdom, the Barbary corsairs resumed their attacks on American vessels."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the American Revolutionary War, the pirates attacked American ships."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Americans resented these payments, arguing that the money would be better spent on a navy that would protect American ships from the attacks of the Barbary pirates, and in the 1800 United States presidential election, Thomas Jefferson won against incumbent second President John Adams in part by noting that the United States was \"subjected to the spoliations of foreign cruisers\" and was humili"}], "Q815160": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome."}, {"id": "Q2307", "label": "Scipio Aemilianus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman campaign suffered repeated setbacks through 149 BC, only alleviated by Scipio Aemilianus, a middle-ranking officer, distinguishing himself several times."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage and Rome fought the 17-year Second Punic War between 218 and 201 BC, which ended with a Roman victory."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in early 201 BC."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the war, the Roman ally Masinissa emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians, the dominant indigenous people in North Africa west of Egypt."}], "Q815210": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is mainly remembered today because it triggered one of the most important wars of antiquity, the Second Punic War."}], "Q830878": [{"id": "Q208331", "label": "Olaf II of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "In this battle, King Olaf II of Norway was killed."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "During the pontificate of Pope Alexander III, the Roman Catholic Church declared Olaf a saint in 1164."}, {"id": "Q203647", "label": "Harald III of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "His younger half-brother, Harald Hardrada, was also present at the battle."}, {"id": "Q203225", "label": "Battle of Stamford Bridge", "section": "lead", "says": "He became King of Norway in 1047, until his death in a failed invasion of England at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066."}, {"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of the century, King Harald Fairhair managed, mainly due to the military superiority gained by his marriage alliance with Hákon Grjótgarðsson of Nidaros, to subjugate these mini–kingdoms, and he created a unified Norwegian state."}, {"id": "Q314477", "label": "Haakon the Good", "section": "Background", "says": "As well as power politics, religion also played a part in these conflicts, as two of the descendants of Harald Fairhair, Haakon the Good and Olaf Tryggvason attempted to convert the then heathen Norwegians to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q213801", "label": "Olaf I of Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "As well as power politics, religion also played a part in these conflicts, as two of the descendants of Harald Fairhair, Haakon the Good and Olaf Tryggvason attempted to convert the then heathen Norwegians to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "As well as power politics, religion also played a part in these conflicts, as two of the descendants of Harald Fairhair, Haakon the Good and Olaf Tryggvason attempted to convert the then heathen Norwegians to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q1288012", "label": "Battle of Nesjar", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1016, he won the Battle of Nesjar against the jarls of Lade."}, {"id": "Q134128", "label": "Cnut the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In the year 1028, the Danish king Cnut the Great made an alliance with the Lades, and Olaf had to go into exile in Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Background", "says": "In the year 1028, the Danish king Cnut the Great made an alliance with the Lades, and Olaf had to go into exile in Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q352133", "label": "Anund Jacob", "section": "Background", "says": "Olaf was supported by the Swedish king Anund Jacob who wanted to weaken Cnut's power and provided Olaf with 400 men and guides that could lead Olaf through Dalarna into Norway."}, {"id": "Q211661", "label": "Jämtland", "section": "Background", "says": "On route, Olaf also recruited several highwaymen before mustering  for forces in Jämtland."}], "Q83873566": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 2 April 2022, the country has reported a cumulative total of 3,684,755 confirmed cases, with 25,318 deaths from the disease, and currently ranked fourth in the number of cases in Southeast Asia, behind Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 2 April 2022, the country has reported a cumulative total of 3,684,755 confirmed cases, with 25,318 deaths from the disease, and currently ranked fourth in the number of cases in Southeast Asia, behind Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was identified to be of the highly transmissible Alpha variant first reported from the United Kingdom, and by 14 April, over a thousand cases per day were being identified, causing a shortage of hospital beds as government policy required admission of all confirmed cases."}, {"id": "Q2108126", "label": "Prayut Chanocha", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the first outbreak, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha declared a state of emergency, effective on 26 March, and the Centre for COVID-19 Situation Administration (CCSA) was established to coordinate the government's response, working in conjunction with the Department of Disease Control and issuing public communications through its spokesperson Taweesin Visanuyothin."}], "Q84055544": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "As of September 18, 2026, there have been 4,173,631 reported cases and 66,864 reported deaths, the fifth highest in Southeast Asia, behind Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "As of September 18, 2026, there have been 4,173,631 reported cases and 66,864 reported deaths, the fifth highest in Southeast Asia, behind Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand."}, {"id": "Q457786", "label": "Rodrigo Duterte", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 24, President Rodrigo Duterte signed the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, granting him additional powers to handle the pandemic."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of January 2020, the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) in Muntinlupa, Metro Manila became the country's first COVID-19 testing laboratory; before this, samples had to be sent to Australia for testing."}, {"id": "Q983324", "label": "Bongbong Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 22, 2023, President Bongbong Marcos lifted the COVID-19 pandemic as a state of public health"}], "Q855429": [{"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was a tactical victory for the French, but the bulk of the Prussian army survived the battle in good order, was reinforced by Prussian troops who had not fought at Ligny, and played a role two days later at the Battle of Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later, the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria, and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later, the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria, and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule."}], "Q856216": [{"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "Lawrence River valley which pitted the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) – who were supported by the Dutch and later the English – against neighbouring Indigenous nations such as the Wendat (Huron), who were supported by the French."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict abated when the Haudenosaunee lost their Dutch allies in New Netherland after the English seized the colony."}, {"id": "Q326028", "label": "Great Peace of Montreal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Haudenosaunee soon established a trading alliance with the English, and periodically fought against the French until the Great Peace of Montreal was signed in 1701."}, {"id": "Q7321", "label": "Jacques Cartier", "section": "Background", "says": "During his three voyages to the New World in the mid-16th century, French explorer Jacques Cartier produced the first written records of Indigenous groups inhabiting the shores of the Gulf of St."}, {"id": "Q68529", "label": "Samuel de Champlain", "section": "Background", "says": "Wars and politics in Europe distracted French efforts at colonization until the beginning of the 17th century, when Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec."}], "Q87193778": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Recovery figures were also disputed, with the Public Health Institute of Montenegro formally requesting an explanation from Serbian authorities in early June following a reported recovery of 4,000 patients in one day."}], "Q897786": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power had captured and occupied a United States capital."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power had captured and occupied a United States capital."}, {"id": "Q1432141", "label": "Battle of Bladensburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat of American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814, a British army led by Major-General Robert Ross marched on Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q1538405", "label": "Robert Ross", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat of American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814, a British army led by Major-General Robert Ross marched on Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was in part a retaliation for prior American actions in British-held Upper Canada, in which U.S. forces had burned and looted York the previous year and had then burned large portions of Port Dover."}, {"id": "Q11813", "label": "James Madison", "section": "lead", "says": "President James Madison, along with his administration and several military officials, evacuated and found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland; Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom was already at war with France when the United States declared war in 1812."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "With the defeat and exile of Napoleon in April 1814,  Britain was able to use its newly available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States."}, {"id": "Q714600", "label": "Alexander Cochrane", "section": "Background", "says": "Early in 1814, Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochrane had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station, controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard, which were used to blockade American ports throughout the war."}], "Q971507": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zela was fought in 47 BC between Julius Caesar and Pharnaces II of the Kingdom of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zela was fought in 47 BC between Julius Caesar and Pharnaces II of the Kingdom of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q63447", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pharnaces had defeated Caesar's Legate Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, and his small Roman and allied army at the Battle of Nicopolis."}], "Q994316": [{"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maysalun (Arabic: معركة ميسلون), also known as the Battle of Maysalun Pass or the Battle of Khan Maysalun (French: Bataille de Khan Mayssaloun), was a four-hour battle fought between the forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and the French Army of the Levant on 24 July 1920 near Maysalun in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1918, Arab rebels, under Hashemite Emir Faisal, captured Damascus during the British-backed Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1918, Arab rebels, under Hashemite Emir Faisal, captured Damascus during the British-backed Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q1049945": [{"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jacobite rising of 1745 was an attempt to regain the British throne for the exiled House of Stuart."}, {"id": "Q312581", "label": "Charles Edward Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was formally launched by Charles Edward Stuart on 19 August 1745 at Glenfinnan in the Scottish Highlands, with the rebels capturing Edinburgh and winning the Battle of Prestonpans in September."}, {"id": "Q546317", "label": "Battle of Prestonpans", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was formally launched by Charles Edward Stuart on 19 August 1745 at Glenfinnan in the Scottish Highlands, with the rebels capturing Edinburgh and winning the Battle of Prestonpans in September."}, {"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "Background", "says": "Neither Mary, who died in 1694, nor her sister Anne, had surviving children, leaving their Catholic half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart as the closest natural heir."}, {"id": "Q57224", "label": "Sophia of Hanover", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Catholics from the succession, when Anne became queen in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant Electress Sophia of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis XIV of France, the primary source of support for the exiled Stuarts, died in 1715 and his successors needed peace with Britain in order to rebuild their economy."}, {"id": "Q1417580", "label": "Battle of Falkirk Muir", "section": "Road to Culloden", "says": "At the Battle of Falkirk Muir on 17 January, the Jacobites at Stirling repulsed a relief force under Henry Hawley, but lack of heavy artillery meant the siege itself made little progress."}, {"id": "Q651919", "label": "Battle of Culloden", "section": "Road to Culloden", "says": "The subsequent Battle of Culloden on 16 April, often cited as the last pitched battle on British soil, lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory."}], "Q1062615": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Auray (29 September 1364) at the Breton-French town of Auray was the decisive confrontation of the Breton War of Succession, a part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q948191", "label": "John Chandos", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, which began as a siege, a Breton army, led by Duke John de Montfort, assisted by English forces commanded by John Chandos, opposed a Breton army led by his rival Charles of Blois and assisted by French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin."}, {"id": "Q314905", "label": "Bertrand du Guesclin", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, which began as a siege, a Breton army, led by Duke John de Montfort, assisted by English forces commanded by John Chandos, opposed a Breton army led by his rival Charles of Blois and assisted by French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin."}], "Q1116626": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 in and around the city of Worcester, England and was the last major battle of the 1642 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "A Parliamentarian army of around 28,000 under Oliver Cromwell defeated a largely Scottish Royalist force of 16,000 led by Charles II of England and Scotland."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "A Parliamentarian army of around 28,000 under Oliver Cromwell defeated a largely Scottish Royalist force of 16,000 led by Charles II of England and Scotland."}], "Q1127353": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ad Decimum took place on 13 September 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, and the Byzantine Empire, under the command of General Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ad Decimum took place on 13 September 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, and the Byzantine Empire, under the command of General Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom under King Hilderic maintained close ties with Emperor Justinian I, but Hilderic's acceptance of Chalcedonian Christianity over Arianism led to his overthrow by his cousin Gelimer in 531."}, {"id": "Q310962", "label": "Hilderic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom under King Hilderic maintained close ties with Emperor Justinian I, but Hilderic's acceptance of Chalcedonian Christianity over Arianism led to his overthrow by his cousin Gelimer in 531."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom under King Hilderic maintained close ties with Emperor Justinian I, but Hilderic's acceptance of Chalcedonian Christianity over Arianism led to his overthrow by his cousin Gelimer in 531."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom under King Hilderic maintained close ties with Emperor Justinian I, but Hilderic's acceptance of Chalcedonian Christianity over Arianism led to his overthrow by his cousin Gelimer in 531."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "Refusing to recognize Gelimer's rule, Justinian launched an expedition in 533 under the command of Belisarius to restore imperial control over North Africa."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "After landing at Caputvada, the Byzantine army advanced toward Carthage, while Gelimer prepared an ambush at the narrows of Ad Decimum using coordinated attacks by his brother Ammatas, his nephew Gibamundus, and his own forces."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Gelimer also sought an alliance with the Ostrogoths in Italy, but Justinian forestalled this by instructing the court at Ravenna not to recognize him."}], "Q1137764": [{"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "Background", "says": "In 540, the capital of the Gothic kingdom, Ravenna, was surrendered to general Belisarius, effectively bringing most of the Italian Peninsula under Byzantine control."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, the Byzantine emperor Justinian I sent his chamberlain, Narses, to lead a new campaign against the Goths."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rome was recaptured without difficulty in July 552, and the keys of its gates were delivered to Justinian."}], "Q1138660": [{"id": "Q1235331", "label": "Greek-Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the most important battles of the Sicilian Wars."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Himera and Rhegion next became allies of Carthage; the tyrants even built up personal relationships with the Magonid dynasty of Carthage."}], "Q1140646": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Formigny, fought on 15 April 1450, took place towards the end of the Hundred Years' War between England and France."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles VII of France used the time afforded by the 1444 Treaty of Tours to reorganise and reinvigorate his armies."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "Background", "says": "In contrast, the English were divided by the internal struggle for power that would lead to the Wars of the Roses beginning in 1455."}], "Q1141485": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Åbo, or the Treaty of Turku, was a peace treaty signed between the Russian Empire and Sweden in Åbo (Turku) on 18 August [O.S."}], "Q1154073": [{"id": "Q110330", "label": "Ephraim Katzir", "section": "lead", "says": "His brother, Ephraim Katzir, was elected President of Israel the following year."}, {"id": "Q555902", "label": "Wadie Haddad", "section": "lead", "says": "The three perpetrators had been trained in Baalbek, Lebanon; the actual planning was handled by Wadie Haddad (a.k.a."}], "Q1190696": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Oranges (Portuguese: Guerra das Laranjas; French: Guerre des Oranges; Spanish: Guerra de las Naranjas) was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Six years later, Napoleon would invade both Portugal and Spain in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "Six years later, Napoleon would invade both Portugal and Spain in the Peninsular War."}], "Q1202492": [{"id": "Q1998495", "label": "Siraj ud-Daulah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Hole of Calcutta was a dungeon in Fort William, Calcutta, measuring 14 by 18 feet (4.3 m × 5.5 m), in which troops of Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, held British prisoners of war on the night of 20 June 1756."}, {"id": "Q2637089", "label": "Nawab of Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Hole of Calcutta was a dungeon in Fort William, Calcutta, measuring 14 by 18 feet (4.3 m × 5.5 m), in which troops of Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, held British prisoners of war on the night of 20 June 1756."}], "Q1203203": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the interim, however, similar wildcat strikes were initiated at other mines across South Africa."}, {"id": "Q57282", "label": "Jacob Zuma", "section": "lead", "says": "This wave of strikes led President Jacob Zuma to deploy the national military to the platinum-mining belt in mid-September and collectively made 2012 the most protest-filled year in the"}], "Q1225409": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moro conflict was an insurgency in the Mindanao region in southern Philippines which involved multiple armed groups."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The root cause of the Moro conflict is associated in a long history of resistance by the Moro people against foreign rule, for centuries the region was under the control of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. had a brief war with Spain in 1898 which ended in the transfer of the Philippines to the United States, and this led to American occupation until 1946."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "During the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, political tensions and open hostilities developed between the government and Moro rebel groups."}, {"id": "Q2005240", "label": "Nur Misuari", "section": "lead", "says": "Although these generally did not last long until University of the Philippines professor Nur Misuari established the Moro National Liberation Front, an armed insurgent group committed to establishing an independent Mindanao, in 1972."}, {"id": "Q248572", "label": "Sultanate of Maguindanao", "section": "Historical antecedents (16th century - 1946)", "says": "During the Spanish–Moro conflict, Spain repeatedly tried to conquer the Moro Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Maguindanao, and the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao like what it did with the former Muslim Rajahnate of Maynila (As the Rajah of Manila, Rajah Matanda was a grandson of the Sultan of Brunei, \"Sultan Bolkiah\" and a Princess of Sulu \"Dayang-dayang Laila Machanai\")."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "Historical antecedents (16th century - 1946)", "says": "Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, another conflict sparked in the southern Philippines between the revolutionary Muslims in the Philippines and the United States military that took place between 1899 and 1913."}, {"id": "Q889233", "label": "Wesley Merritt", "section": "Historical antecedents (16th century - 1946)", "says": "On August 14, 1898, after defeating Spanish forces, the United States claimed the Philippines as its territory under the Treaty of Paris of 1898, establishing a military government under General Wesley Merritt as Military Governor."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "Historical antecedents (16th century - 1946)", "says": "Bates' main goal was to guarantee Moro neutrality in the Philippine–American War, and to establish order in the southern Philippines."}], "Q1427630": [{"id": "Q294439", "label": "Kaloyan of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adrianople occurred around Adrianople on April 14, 1205, between Bulgarians, Cumans and Vlachs under the command of Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, who only months before had been crowned Emperor of Constantinople, allied with Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo."}, {"id": "Q205688", "label": "Enrico Dandolo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adrianople occurred around Adrianople on April 14, 1205, between Bulgarians, Cumans and Vlachs under the command of Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, who only months before had been crowned Emperor of Constantinople, allied with Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was won by the Bulgarian Empire after a successful ambush."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1204, financial difficulties led the armies of the Fourth Crusade to deviate from their intended goal of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, they captured and sacked Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine government was driven out of the city, and a Latin Empire established in its place."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "At first this new power controlled only the environs of Constantinople and the province of Thrace, but eventually it expanded into Bithynia, Thessaly and central and southern Greece."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Around the same time, Tsar Kaloyan, the Tsar of Bulgaria, successfully completed negotiations with Pope Innocent III."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "Around the same time, Tsar Kaloyan, the Tsar of Bulgaria, successfully completed negotiations with Pope Innocent III."}], "Q1500631": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the war took place during World War II, it is unrelated to that conflict, as neither country was supported by either the Allies or the Axis."}, {"id": "Q1801868", "label": "Rio Protocol", "section": "lead", "says": "Both countries signed the Rio Protocol on 29 January 1942, and Peruvian forces subsequently withdrew."}, {"id": "Q2337340", "label": "Cenepa War", "section": "lead", "says": "Enmity over the territorial dispute continued after 1942, and the border disputes were not entirely resolved until the Cenepa War of 1995 and the signing of the Brasilia Presidential Act agreement in October 1998."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "The territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru dated from before Ecuador's independence, as part of a broader dispute between what was then Gran Colombia and Peru."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "The lack of resolution of the dispute, despite several attempts by both parties, led to several conflicting treaties being signed between different parties to the conflict, including Colombia and Brazil, and led to war on several occasions."}, {"id": "Q1972316", "label": "Gran Colombia–Peru War", "section": "Background", "says": "The first of these armed conflicts took place in 1828, when Peru fought against Gran Colombia in the Gran Colombia–Peru War."}, {"id": "Q1786875", "label": "Salomón–Lozano Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "The dispute was again brought into the spotlight after the signing of the Salomón–Lozano Treaty in March 1922 by the governments of Colombia and Peru, which at that time was ruled by Augusto B."}, {"id": "Q128998", "label": "Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro", "section": "Background", "says": "With that, Colombia effectively recognized Peruvian control of the rest of the disputed region south of the Putumayo River.Following the coup d'état against Leguía by troops under the command of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, the treaty was made public and caused much anger among the Peruvian population, which perceived that the treaty awarded Colombia a section of Peruvian territory."}], "Q1505845": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arctic convoys of World War II were 78 convoys that sailed from the United Kingdom, Iceland and North America, most to Arkhangelsk (Archangel) and Murmansk in the northern Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q176796", "label": "Convoy PQ 18", "section": "lead", "says": "The first convoy  series was Convoy PQ 1 to Convoy PQ 18 (outbound) and Convoy QP 1 to Convoy QP 15 (inbound)."}, {"id": "Q4763686", "label": "Anglo-Soviet Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "About 1,400 merchant ships sailed in the convoys, under the Anglo-Soviet Agreement and US Lend-Lease, mainly escorted by ships of the Royal Navy, with support from the Royal Canadian Navy and the US Navy."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "The convoys demonstrated the Western Allied commitment to the Soviet Union before the Operation Overlord, the invasion of France and tied up substantial German naval and air forces."}], "Q1540737": [{"id": "Q3062439", "label": "Franco-Moroccan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout the 19th century, Morocco suffered military defeats at the hands of Europeans powers, notably in the Franco-Moroccan War in 1844."}], "Q1542222": [{"id": "Q365971", "label": "Camille Chamoun", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1958 Lebanon crisis was a political crisis in Lebanon caused by political and religious tensions in the country that included an American military intervention, which lasted for around three months until President Camille Chamoun, who had requested the assistance, completed his term as president of Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "With the crisis over, the United States withdrew."}, {"id": "Q449407", "label": "Fouad Chehab", "section": "Background", "says": "While the United States feared that a movement against Chamoun could harm their interests in the region, they were reluctant to withdraw support for him, as Fouad Chehab, the chief of staff of the Lebanese Army, was the most likely figure to succeed Chamoun."}], "Q1545405": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the establishment of British sovereignty in 1840, New Zealand already contained a small but diverse population of European residents, including traders, whalers, sealers, sailors, missionaries, and migrants from Australia and elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q1192398", "label": "Musket Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Some Māori wanted to sign to consolidate peace and in hopes of ending the long intertribal Musket Wars (1807–1845) others wanted to keep their tino rangatiratanga, such as Tūhoe in Te Urewera."}], "Q161325": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ramillies (), fought on 23 May 1706, was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Grand Alliance – Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic – the battle had followed an indecisive campaign against the Bourbon armies of King Louis XIV of France in 1705."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Grand Alliance – Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic – the battle had followed an indecisive campaign against the Bourbon armies of King Louis XIV of France in 1705."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Allies had captured Barcelona that year, they had been forced to abandon their campaign on the Moselle, had stalled in the Spanish Netherlands and suffered defeat in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q698166", "label": "Battle of Calcinato", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign began well for Louis XIV's generals: in Italy Marshal Vendôme defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Calcinato in April, while in Alsace Marshal Villars forced the Margrave of Baden back across the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q2364744", "label": "Battle of Turin", "section": "lead", "says": "With Prince Eugene's subsequent success at the Battle of Turin in northern Italy, the Allies had imposed the greatest loss of territory and resources that Louis XIV would suffer during the war."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Marlborough wrote an appeal to the Duke of Württemberg, the commander of the Danish contingent: \"I send you this express to request your Highness to bring forward by a double march your cavalry so as to join us at the earliest moment ...\" Additionally, the King in Prussia, Frederick I, had kept his troops in quarters behind the Rhine while his personal disputes with Vienna and the States General a"}], "Q1628477": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Diu was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, in the port of Diu, India, between the Portuguese Empire and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt and the Zamorin of Calicut."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Diu was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, in the port of Diu, India, between the Portuguese Empire and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt and the Zamorin of Calicut."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the Portugal rapidly captured several key ports in the Indian Ocean including Goa, Malacca, and Ormuz."}, {"id": "Q507796", "label": "Gujarat Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The territorial losses crippled the Mamluk Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a battle of annihilation similar to the Battle of Lepanto and the Battle of Trafalgar, and one of the most important in world naval history, for it marks the beginning of European dominance over Asian seas that would last until the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q171416", "label": "Battle of Trafalgar", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a battle of annihilation similar to the Battle of Lepanto and the Battle of Trafalgar, and one of the most important in world naval history, for it marks the beginning of European dominance over Asian seas that would last until the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q2657862", "label": "Lourenço de Almeida", "section": "Background", "says": "The Portuguese commander was the captain-major of the seas of India, Lourenço de Almeida, tasked with overseeing the loading of allied merchant ships in that city and escorting them back to Cochin."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Portuguese were caught off guard (the distinctively European-like ships of Hussein were at first thought to belong to the expedition of Afonso de Albuquerque, assigned to the Arabian Coast), the battle ended as a Pyrrhic victory for the Muslims, who suffered too many losses to be able to proceed towards the Portuguese headquarters in Cochin."}], "Q1640107": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Sidi Ifni had been ceded to the Spanish Empire in 1860 at the end of the Hispano-Moroccan War."}, {"id": "Q1540737", "label": "Hispano-Moroccan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Sidi Ifni had been ceded to the Spanish Empire in 1860 at the end of the Hispano-Moroccan War."}, {"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "lead", "says": "By February 1958, a joint Spanish and French offensive had driven the Moroccans out of Spanish Sahara."}, {"id": "Q9089641", "label": "Treaty of Wad Ras", "section": "Background", "says": "Morocco ceded the city of Sidi Ifni to the Spanish Empire at the conclusion of the Hispano–Moroccan War in 1860 under the Treaty of Wad Ras, but Spain did not occupy the city until 1934."}], "Q17560945": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The unrest sparked a vigorous debate in the United States about the relationship between law enforcement officers and Black Americans, the militarization of police, and the use-of-force law in Missouri and nationwide."}], "Q1773984": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "PRC victory led to the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "Background", "says": "The Khampa Tibetans and Lhasa Tibetans held each other in mutual contempt and dislike, with the Khampas in some cases hating Lhasa rule even more than Chinese rule, which was why the Khampas did little to resist Chinese forces as they entered eastern Kham and subsequently took over the whole of Tibet."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Likewise, the Qinghai (Amdo) Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa) as different from themselves and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the Tibetan Empire."}], "Q1783157": [{"id": "Q380435", "label": "Baruch Goldstein", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 February 1994, Baruch Goldstein, an American-Israeli physician and member of the far-right ultra-Zionist Kach movement, carried out a mass shooting of Palestinians who were praying in the Ibrahimi Mosque (Cave of the Patriarchs) in Hebron."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 February 1994, Baruch Goldstein, an American-Israeli physician and member of the far-right ultra-Zionist Kach movement, carried out a mass shooting of Palestinians who were praying in the Ibrahimi Mosque (Cave of the Patriarchs) in Hebron."}, {"id": "Q34060", "label": "Yitzhak Rabin", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin condemned the attack, describing Goldstein as a \"degenerate murderer\" and \"a shame on Zionism and an embarrassment to Judaism\"."}, {"id": "Q722048", "label": "Baruch Kimmerling", "section": "Background of Baruch Goldstein", "says": "Israeli sociologist Baruch Kimmerling however noted that before the massacre, \"expressions of Palestinian armed resistance were rare and lacked broad popular support, despite the growing colonization of the West Bank and obstacles to Palestinian economic growth.\" On 6 December 1993, Goldstein's close friend Mordechai Lapid and his son Shalom Lapid were killed in Hebron."}], "Q489416": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The April Revolution (Korean: 4.19 혁명), also called the April 19 Revolution or April 19 Movement, were mass protests in South Korea against President Syngman Rhee and the First Republic from April 11 to 26, 1960, which led to Rhee's resignation."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "lead", "says": "The April Revolution (Korean: 4.19 혁명), also called the April 19 Revolution or April 19 Movement, were mass protests in South Korea against President Syngman Rhee and the First Republic from April 11 to 26, 1960, which led to Rhee's resignation."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Rhee resigned on April 26 before fleeing to exile in the United States, and was replaced by Yun Posun, beginning the transition to the Second Republic of South Korea."}, {"id": "Q233263", "label": "Second Republic of South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Rhee resigned on April 26 before fleeing to exile in the United States, and was replaced by Yun Posun, beginning the transition to the Second Republic of South Korea."}, {"id": "Q491559", "label": "First Republic of South Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "He oversaw the transition of power from the United States Army Military Government to the Government of South Korea and the establishment of the First Republic of Korea, and led South Korea during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "He oversaw the transition of power from the United States Army Military Government to the Government of South Korea and the establishment of the First Republic of Korea, and led South Korea during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q186500", "label": "Chang Myon", "section": "Background", "says": "Lee ran against the Democratic Party candidate Chang Myon, who had been South Korea's ambassador to the United States during the Korean War."}], "Q520741": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vukovar massacre, also known as the Vukovar hospital massacre or the Ovčara massacre, was the killing of at least 200 Croatian prisoners of war and civilians by Serb paramilitaries, to whom they had been turned over by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), at the Ovčara farm southeast of Vukovar on 20 November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The ICTY convicted two JNA officers in connection with the massacre, and also tried former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević for a number of war crimes, including those committed at Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1991, Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatia's security forces."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the Federal Presidency."}, {"id": "Q2624653", "label": "Battle of the Barracks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After Croatia launched the Battle of the Barracks on 14–15 September to capture the JNA's facilities in Croatia, the JNA launched a small-scale operation against Vukovar to relieve the city garrison."}], "Q559181": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was fought mainly in Silesia, Moravia and Bohemia (the lands of the Bohemian Crown) and formed one theatre of the wider War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first of three Silesian Wars fought between Frederick the Great's Prussia and Maria Theresa's Austria in the mid-18th century, all three of which ended in Prussian control of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, the wider War of the Austrian Succession continued, and conflict over Silesia would draw Austria and Prussia into a renewed Second Silesian War only two years later."}], "Q575347": [{"id": "Q930013", "label": "Michael I of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1944 Romanian coup d'état, better known in Romanian historiography as the Act of 23 August (Romanian: Actul de la 23 august), was a coup d'état led by King Michael I of Romania during World War II on 23 August 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1944 Romanian coup d'état, better known in Romanian historiography as the Act of 23 August (Romanian: Actul de la 23 august), was a coup d'état led by King Michael I of Romania during World War II on 23 August 1944."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "With the support of several political parties, the king removed the government of Ion Antonescu, which had aligned Romania with Nazi Germany, after the Axis front in northeastern Romania collapsed in the face of a successful Soviet offensive."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "With the support of several political parties, the king removed the government of Ion Antonescu, which had aligned Romania with Nazi Germany, after the Axis front in northeastern Romania collapsed in the face of a successful Soviet offensive."}], "Q589276": [{"id": "Q7888320", "label": "United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective of the convention is to confirm and advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade and was extended in 1956 with the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, under the auspices of the United Nations."}], "Q593024": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sétif and Guelma massacre (also called the Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata massacres or the massacres of 8 May 1945) was a series of massacres by French colonial authorities and pied-noir European settler militias on Algerian civilians in May and June 1945 around the towns of Sétif and Guelma in French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre marked a turning point in Franco-Algerian relations, ultimately leading to the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The anti-colonialist movement started to formalise and organise before World War II, under the leadership of Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas."}, {"id": "Q942087", "label": "Messali Hadj", "section": "Background", "says": "The anti-colonialist movement started to formalise and organise before World War II, under the leadership of Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas."}, {"id": "Q193043", "label": "Ferhat Abbas", "section": "Background", "says": "The anti-colonialist movement started to formalise and organise before World War II, under the leadership of Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "Background", "says": "Algiers served as the capital of Free France from 1943, which created hope for many Algerian Muslim nationalists to achieve independence."}], "Q597478": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vorskla River was fought on August 12, 1399, between the Tatars of the Golden Horde, under Edigu and Temür Qutlugh, and the armies of Tokhtamysh and a large Crusader force led by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q2477899", "label": "Temür Qutlugh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vorskla River was fought on August 12, 1399, between the Tatars of the Golden Horde, under Edigu and Temür Qutlugh, and the armies of Tokhtamysh and a large Crusader force led by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vorskla River was fought on August 12, 1399, between the Tatars of the Golden Horde, under Edigu and Temür Qutlugh, and the armies of Tokhtamysh and a large Crusader force led by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vorskla River was fought on August 12, 1399, between the Tatars of the Golden Horde, under Edigu and Temür Qutlugh, and the armies of Tokhtamysh and a large Crusader force led by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vorskla River was fought on August 12, 1399, between the Tatars of the Golden Horde, under Edigu and Temür Qutlugh, and the armies of Tokhtamysh and a large Crusader force led by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Tokhtamysh escaped to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and asked Vytautas for assistance in retaking the Horde in exchange for surrendering his suzerainty over Ruthenian lands."}], "Q600609": [{"id": "Q196409", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Durbe (Latvian: Durbes kauja, Lithuanian: Durbės mūšis, German: Schlacht an der Durbe) was a medieval battle fought near Durbe, 23 km (14 mi) east of Liepāja, in present-day Latvia during the Livonian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "Some 150 knights were killed, including Livonian master Burkhard von Hornhausen and Prussian land marshal Heinrich Botel."}, {"id": "Q1640209", "label": "Battle of Aizkraukle", "section": "lead", "says": "It was by far the largest defeat of the knights in the 13th century: in the second-largest, the Battle of Aizkraukle, 71 knights were killed."}, {"id": "Q242436", "label": "Mindaugas", "section": "Background", "says": "The Livonian Order had been fighting the Samogitians since 1253, when Mindaugas was crowned as King of Lithuania and transferred parts of Samogitia to the order."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Livonian Order had been fighting the Samogitians since 1253, when Mindaugas was crowned as King of Lithuania and transferred parts of Samogitia to the order."}, {"id": "Q3620958", "label": "Battle of Memel", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Samogitians killed 12 knights in the Battle of Memel, near the newly built Memel Castle (Klaipėda) in 1257, a two-year truce was concluded."}, {"id": "Q55647646", "label": "Battle of Szkudy", "section": "Background", "says": "Once the truce expired, the Samogitians invaded Courland and defeated the knights in the Battle of Skuodas in 1259."}], "Q635028": [{"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bibracte was fought between a Gallic confederation centred around the Helvetii and a Roman army under the command of Gaius Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle of the Gallic Wars."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Helvetii, a confederation of Gallic tribes from the area of modern day Switzerland, had begun a large scale migration of its peoples in March of 58 BC."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Julius Caesar, who had been granted a five-year governorship of Illyricum, Gallia Cisalpina and more importantly Gallia Transalpina, grew concerned about a migration of such magnitude."}], "Q644589": [{"id": "Q611071", "label": "Chadian–Libyan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Toyota War (Arabic: حرب التويوتا, romanized: Ḥarb al-Tūyūtā, Harb-el-Touyouta, French: Guerre des Toyota), also known as the Great Toyota War, was the last phase of the Chadian–Libyan War which took place in 1987 in Northern Chad and on the Chad–Libya border."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began with the Libyan occupation of northern Chad in 1983, when Libya's leader Muammar Gaddafi, refusing to recognise the legitimacy of the Chadian President Hissène Habré, militarily supported the attempt by the opposition Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT) to overthrow Habré."}, {"id": "Q310886", "label": "Hissène Habré", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began with the Libyan occupation of northern Chad in 1983, when Libya's leader Muammar Gaddafi, refusing to recognise the legitimacy of the Chadian President Hissène Habré, militarily supported the attempt by the opposition Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT) to overthrow Habré."}, {"id": "Q548636", "label": "Goukouni Oueddei", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1983, Chad was de facto partitioned, with the northern half controlled by the rebel Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT) headed by Goukouni Oueddei and supported on the ground by Libyan forces, while the south was held by the Western-backed Chadian government guided by Hissène Habré."}], "Q682399": [{"id": "Q611089", "label": "Siege of Tobruk", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June 1941) was a British Army offensive during the Second World War to raise the Siege of Tobruk and re-capture eastern Cyrenaica from German and Italian forces."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June 1941) was a British Army offensive during the Second World War to raise the Siege of Tobruk and re-capture eastern Cyrenaica from German and Italian forces."}, {"id": "Q153316", "label": "Battle of Crete", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of May, the Greek island of Crete had been captured in the Battle of Crete, providing the Luftwaffe with more airfields from which to attack Allied shipping and protect their supply convoys and troops in Cyrenaica; delaying Battleaxe could mean stronger Axis opposition."}], "Q683635": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "As one of the Northern Crusades, it was led primarily by the Catholic Kingdom of Germany — a constituent of the Holy Roman Empire — and directed against the then-pagan Polabian Slavs (or \"Wends\")."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "As one of the Northern Crusades, it was led primarily by the Catholic Kingdom of Germany — a constituent of the Holy Roman Empire — and directed against the then-pagan Polabian Slavs (or \"Wends\")."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As one of the Northern Crusades, it was led primarily by the Catholic Kingdom of Germany — a constituent of the Holy Roman Empire — and directed against the then-pagan Polabian Slavs (or \"Wends\")."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "By the early 12th century, the German archbishoprics of Bremen and Magdeburg sought the conversion to Christianity of neighboring pagan West Slavs through peaceful means."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "During the preparation of the Second Crusade to the Holy Land, a papal bull was issued supporting a crusade against these Slavs."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "Background", "says": "The campaigns of King Henry the Fowler and Emperor Otto the Great led to the introduction of burgwards to protect German conquests in the lands of the Sorbs."}, {"id": "Q43915", "label": "Otto I the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The campaigns of King Henry the Fowler and Emperor Otto the Great led to the introduction of burgwards to protect German conquests in the lands of the Sorbs."}, {"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "Background", "says": "By the early 12th century, the Archbishoprics of Bremen, Magdeburg and Gniezno sought the conversion of the pagan Slavs to Christianity through peaceful means: notable missionaries included Vicelin, Norbert of Xanten, and Otto of Bamberg (sent to Pomerania by Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland)."}], "Q685062": [{"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Madrid was a two-and-a-half-year siege of the Republican-controlled Spanish capital city of Madrid by the Nationalist armies, under General Francisco Franco, during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Madrid was a two-and-a-half-year siege of the Republican-controlled Spanish capital city of Madrid by the Nationalist armies, under General Francisco Franco, during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)."}], "Q690391": [{"id": "Q517486", "label": "Battle of Zenta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans attempted to capture Petrovaradin, the so-called Gibraltar on the Danube, but experienced a great defeat by an army half the size of their own, similar to the defeat they had experienced in 1697 at the Battle of Zenta."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Grand Vizier Damad Ali Pasha was fatally wounded, while the Ottoman army lost 20,000 men and 250 guns to the Habsburg army led by Field Marshal Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Grand Vizier Damad Ali Pasha was fatally wounded, while the Ottoman army lost 20,000 men and 250 guns to the Habsburg army led by Field Marshal Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1715, the Ottoman Empire started to reclaim the Peloponnese, which had been ceded to the Republic of Venice by the Karlowitz Treaty in 1699."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1715, the Ottoman Empire started to reclaim the Peloponnese, which had been ceded to the Republic of Venice by the Karlowitz Treaty in 1699."}, {"id": "Q16958904", "label": "Kingdom of the Morea", "section": "Background", "says": "The Turks, led by Grand Vizier Damat Ali Pasha, easily reconquered the Venetian Kingdom of the Morea (the Greek Peloponnese)."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "42,000 men); Serbian border soldiers from Vojvodina; and the auxiliaries from Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q690685", "label": "János Pálffy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 2 August, the first skirmish between the Imperial vanguard and Ottoman horsemen occurred when Field Marshal Count János Pálffy, with a small body of men, lead a group on reconnaissance but ran into more than 10,000 Turkish cavalry in the area of Karlowitz."}], "Q691565": [{"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "Case Anton (German: Unternehmen Anton) was the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in November 1942."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Case Anton (German: Unternehmen Anton) was the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in November 1942."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Case Anton (German: Unternehmen Anton) was the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in November 1942."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "For Adolf Hitler, the main rationale for permitting a nominally independent France to exist was that it was, in the absence of German naval superiority, the only practical means to deny the use of the French colonies to the Allies."}], "Q696479": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of the Eastern Solomons (also known as the Battle of the Stewart Islands and in Japanese sources as the Second Battle of the Solomon Sea) took place on 24–25 August 1942 and was the third carrier battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II and the second major engagement fought between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the Guadalcanal campaign."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "As at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, the ships of the two adversaries were never within sight of each other."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "lead", "says": "As at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, the ships of the two adversaries were never within sight of each other."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "Marine Corps units, landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases to threaten supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and secure the islands as launching points for a campaign with an eventual goal of isolating the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign."}, {"id": "Q314868", "label": "Frank Jack Fletcher", "section": "Background", "says": "The overall commander of the three carrier task forces was Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, who flew his flag on Saratoga."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Background", "says": "After a successful landing, they remained in the South Pacific Area charged with four main objectives: guarding the line of communication between the major Allied bases at New Caledonia and Espiritu Santo; giving support to Allied ground forces at Guadalcanal and Tulagi against possible Japanese counteroffensives; covering the movement of supply ships aiding Guadalcanal; and engaging and destroyin"}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "Background", "says": "Surprised by the Allied offensive in the Solomons, Japanese naval forces, commanded by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, and army forces prepared a counteroffensive, with the goal of driving the Allies from Guadal"}], "Q696557": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 February 1942, 188 Japanese aircraft, in two separate raids, bombed the Australian town of Darwin, ships in Darwin Harbour and the town's two airfields in an attempt to prevent the Allies from using them as bases to contest the invasion of Timor and Java during World War II."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia."}, {"id": "Q296754", "label": "Battle of Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The event happened just four days after the Fall of Singapore, when a combined Commonwealth force surrendered to the Japanese, the largest surrender in British history."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "As early as August 1941, Darwin had been a key component in the South Pacific air ferry route designed to avoid routes through the Japanese mandate in the central Pacific for bomber reinforcement of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in early December 1941, Darwin's defences were strengthened."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "An improvised plan for support of the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies was completed in Washington on 20 December 1941 by the US Army General Staff."}, {"id": "Q217369", "label": "Bathurst Island", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition to the vessels in port, the American Army supply ships Don Isidro and Florence D., former Philippine vessels acquired as part of the South West Pacific Area command's permanent Army fleet earlier in February, were near Bathurst Island bound for the"}], "Q697368": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Brokered by Great Britain, Prussia and the Netherlands, it was signed in Sistova (modern Svishtov) in Bulgaria on 4 August 1791."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Also, the French Revolution had broken out and demanded Austria's urgent attention."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "Both countries would eventually face France in the War of the Second Coalition, despite fighting different campaigns against the same enemy in Central Europe and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Second Ottoman–Egyptian War, Austria, along with Britain, saved its old rival from early collapse against Muhammad Ali of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "Background", "says": "The two countries would end up teaming against the Allies of World War I, with the Ottomans sending troops to Galicia and the Austro-Hungarians to Gaza before collapsing together."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Austria renounced any expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q896479", "label": "Brabant Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In return, Prussia promised not to expand to the east and not to support the Brabant Revolution."}], "Q698178": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian invasion of France (10–25 June 1940), also called the Battle of the Alps, was the first major Italian engagement of World War II and the last major engagement of the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian invasion of France (10–25 June 1940), also called the Battle of the Alps, was the first major Italian engagement of World War II and the last major engagement of the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The goal of the Italian leader, Benito Mussolini, was the elimination of Anglo-French domination in the Mediterranean, the reclamation of historically Italian territory (Italia irredenta) and the expansion of Italian influence over the Balkans and in Africa."}], "Q699093": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ruhr pocket was a battle of encirclement that took place in April 1945, on the Western Front near the end of World War II in Europe, in the Ruhr Area of Germany."}, {"id": "Q207955", "label": "Omar Bradley", "section": "lead", "says": "12th Army Group (General Omar Bradley) advanced rapidly into German territory south of Army Group B (Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) Walter Model)."}, {"id": "Q70536", "label": "Walter Model", "section": "lead", "says": "12th Army Group (General Omar Bradley) advanced rapidly into German territory south of Army Group B (Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) Walter Model)."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Allied 21st Army Group (Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery) crossed the Rhine in Operation Plunder on 23 March."}, {"id": "Q697403", "label": "Operation Plunder", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Allied 21st Army Group (Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery) crossed the Rhine in Operation Plunder on 23 March."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "North of the Ruhr on 23 March 1945, the British Empire  21st Army Group (Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery), which incorporated the US Ninth Army, launched Operation Plunder (with the airborne Operation Varsity in support) crossing the Rhine at Rees and Wesel."}, {"id": "Q1360624", "label": "Operation Varsity", "section": "Background", "says": "North of the Ruhr on 23 March 1945, the British Empire  21st Army Group (Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery), which incorporated the US Ninth Army, launched Operation Plunder (with the airborne Operation Varsity in support) crossing the Rhine at Rees and Wesel."}, {"id": "Q2694984", "label": "Battle of Remagen", "section": "Background", "says": "The latter was in the process of being redeployed to contain the American bridgehead across the Rhine during the Battle of Remagen."}, {"id": "Q57134", "label": "Albert Kesselring", "section": "Background", "says": "During March 1945, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring was appointed the supreme commander of the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Ruhr, Allied forces primarily faced the remnants of a shattered Wehrmacht, supplemented by SS training units, Volkssturm militia composed of aging men—including World War I veterans—Hitlerjugend units with boys as young as twelve, combat service support personnel, and Luftwaffe crews operating flak guns."}], "Q699271": [{"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "lead", "says": "By the terms of the treaty, Stanisław Leszczyński renounced his claim on the Polish throne and recognized Augustus III, Duke of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "As compensation he received instead the duchies of Lorraine and Bar, which were to pass to his daughter, Maria, the wife of King Louis XV of France, upon his death."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "Francis Stephen, who was the Duke of Lorraine, was indemnified with the vacant throne of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the last Medici having died in 1737."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "In another provision of the treaty, the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily were ceded by Austria to Duke Charles of Parma and Piacenza, the younger son of King Philip V of Spain."}, {"id": "Q11821309", "label": "Treaty of Belgrade", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 18 November 1738, the treaty was one of the last international treaties written in Latin (together with the Treaty of Belgrade signed the following year)."}], "Q703893": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Silesian Uprisings were a series of three uprisings from August 1919 to July 1921 in Upper Silesia, which was part of the Weimar Republic at the time."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethnic Polish and Polish-Silesian insurrectionists, seeking to have the area transferred to the newly founded Polish Republic, fought German police and paramilitary forces, which sought to keep the area part of the new German state founded after World War I and the subsequent revolutions in Germany."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, a strong division emerged between the British prime minister David Lloyd George, who wanted Upper Silesia to remain within Germany, and the French premier Georges Clemenceau, who supported the Polish claim to Upper Silesia."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, a strong division emerged between the British prime minister David Lloyd George, who wanted Upper Silesia to remain within Germany, and the French premier Georges Clemenceau, who supported the Polish claim to Upper Silesia."}], "Q704921": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tanga, also known as the Battle of the Bees, was an unsuccessful invasion of the Port of Tanga in German East Africa by the British Indian Expeditionary Force \"B\" on 3–5 November 1914 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tanga, also known as the Battle of the Bees, was an unsuccessful invasion of the Port of Tanga in German East Africa by the British Indian Expeditionary Force \"B\" on 3–5 November 1914 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q57203", "label": "Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the first major engagement of the East African campaign and saw Aitken's troops defeated by a smaller force of German Schutztruppen under Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and forced to retreat."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The ship's commander, Captain Francis Wade Caulfeild, went ashore giving Tanga one hour to surrender and take down the flag of the German Empire."}], "Q708223": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian 10th Army (10ª Armata) had been destroyed by the British, Commonwealth, Empire and Allied Western Desert Force attacks during Operation Compass (9 December 1940 – 9 February 1941)."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "The first units of the new Deutsches Afrikakorps (DAK), commanded by Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel, departed Naples for Africa and arrived on 11 February 1941. (In the English-speaking world, the term Afrika Korps became a generic term for German forces in North Africa.) On 14 February, advanced units of the 5th Light Afrika Division (later renamed the 21st Panzer Division), Aufklärungsbataillon 3 "}, {"id": "Q326945", "label": "Italo Gariboldi", "section": "lead", "says": "General Italo Gariboldi replaced Maresciallo d'Italia (Marshal of Italy) Rodolfo Graziani as the Governor-General of Libya on 25 March and Generale d'Armata Mario Roatta, Commander in Chief of the Royal Italian Army (Regio Esercito), ordered Graziani to place Italian motorised units in Libya under the new Italian–German command."}, {"id": "Q319156", "label": "Rodolfo Graziani", "section": "lead", "says": "General Italo Gariboldi replaced Maresciallo d'Italia (Marshal of Italy) Rodolfo Graziani as the Governor-General of Libya on 25 March and Generale d'Armata Mario Roatta, Commander in Chief of the Royal Italian Army (Regio Esercito), ordered Graziani to place Italian motorised units in Libya under the new Italian–German command."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 9th Australian Division and the 2nd Armoured Division (minus a brigade group sent to Greece), were left to garrison Cyrenaica under Cyrenaica Command (Lieutenant-General Henry Maitland Wilson), despite the inadequacy of the force if the Germans sent troops to Libya."}, {"id": "Q280748", "label": "Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 9th Australian Division and the 2nd Armoured Division (minus a brigade group sent to Greece), were left to garrison Cyrenaica under Cyrenaica Command (Lieutenant-General Henry Maitland Wilson), despite the inadequacy of the force if the Germans sent troops to Libya."}, {"id": "Q352630", "label": "Richard O'Connor", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Command in Egypt was taken over by Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor and the XIII Corps HQ was replaced by the HQ of the 1st Australian Corps (Lieutenant-General Thomas Blamey)."}, {"id": "Q952813", "label": "Thomas Blamey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Command in Egypt was taken over by Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor and the XIII Corps HQ was replaced by the HQ of the 1st Australian Corps (Lieutenant-General Thomas Blamey)."}], "Q708580": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "An Anglo-Portuguese army under the Earl of Wellington (future Duke of Wellington) defeated Marshal Auguste Marmont's French forces at Arapiles, south of Salamanca, Spain, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Their troops at Salamanca were not those professional soldiers of Austerlitz, Jena and Friedland, but they far surpassed most of the \"motley horde\" Napoleon sent to Russia."}, {"id": "Q278505", "label": "Bertrand Clausel", "section": "lead", "says": "General Bertrand Clauzel, third in seniority, assumed command and ordered a counter-attack by the French reserve toward the depleted Allied centre."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshal Marmont's 50,000-man Army of Portugal contained eight infantry and two cavalry divisions, plus 78 artillery pieces."}], "Q709484": [{"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation began in the early hours of 3 August 1943, with the objective of following up the successful Soviet defensive effort in the Battle of Kursk."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "By 23 August, the troops of the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts had finally liberated Kharkov from German occupation and it was the last time that Kharkov changed hands on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Soviet Southern Front and the Southwestern Front launched a diversionary attack across the Dnieper and Mius Rivers in an apparent attempt to cut off the German forces extended in the southern portion of the German Army Group South on 17 July, its commander General Erich von Manstein  responded by moving the II SS Panzer Corps, XXIV Corps and XLVIII Panzer Corps southward to blunt the Sovi"}, {"id": "Q12136088", "label": "Operation Citadel", "section": "Background", "says": "The former two armies had borne the brunt of the German attack in Operation Citadel."}], "Q717004": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur."}, {"id": "Q254004", "label": "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined forces fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines led by General Tomoyuki Yamashita."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Roosevelt had ordered MacArthur to leave the Philippines and organize the U.S. forces gathering in Australia, which were meant to relieve the USAFFE."}], "Q735377": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish media related the movement to the 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis, the Arab Spring, as well as demonstrations in North Africa, Iran, Greece, Portugal, and Iceland."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish media related the movement to the 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis, the Arab Spring, as well as demonstrations in North Africa, Iran, Greece, Portugal, and Iceland."}, {"id": "Q180654", "label": "Occupy Wall Street", "section": "lead", "says": "This would later expand until influencing the creation of Occupy Wall Street."}], "Q751139": [{"id": "Q80504", "label": "Nicolae Ceaușescu", "section": "lead", "says": "Communist ruler Nicolae Ceaușescu suspended his official visit to Nigeria and declared a state of emergency."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of those buildings were built before World War II, and were not reinforced."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In Bulgaria the earthquake is known as the Vrancea earthquake or Svishtov earthquake."}], "Q759985": [{"id": "Q7265", "label": "Liu Penzi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red Eyebrows later overthrew the Gengshi Emperor and placed their own Han descendant puppet, teenage emperor Liu Penzi, on the throne, who ruled briefly until the Red Eyebrows leaders' incompetence in ruling the territories under their control caused the people to rebel against them, forcing them to retreat and attempt to return home."}], "Q760629": [{"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "lead", "says": "The August Uprising (Georgian: აგვისტოს აჯანყება, romanized: agvist'os ajanq'eba) was an unsuccessful insurrection against Soviet rule in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic from late August to early September 1924."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Aimed at restoring the independence of Georgia from the Soviet Union, the uprising was led by the Committee for Independence of Georgia, a bloc of anti-Soviet political organisations chaired by the Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented the culmination of a three-year struggle against the Bolshevik regime that Soviet Russia's Red Army had established in Georgia during a military campaign against the Democratic Republic of Georgia in early 1924."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Red Army and Cheka troops, under orders of the Georgian Bolsheviks Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, suppressed the insurrection and instigated a wave of mass repressions that killed several thousand Georgians."}, {"id": "Q259843", "label": "Sergo Ordzhonikidze", "section": "lead", "says": "Red Army and Cheka troops, under orders of the Georgian Bolsheviks Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, suppressed the insurrection and instigated a wave of mass repressions that killed several thousand Georgians."}], "Q769358": [{"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "After Totila restored Gothic control over much of the Italian Peninsula, Emperor Justinian appointed his chamberlain, Narses, to assemble an army to bring the war to an end."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Theodoric the Great in 526, the Gothic state entered into a period of instability."}, {"id": "Q371670", "label": "Amalasuntha", "section": "Background", "says": "His daughter Amalasuntha continued pro-Byzantine policies and maintained close ties with Emperor Justinian."}, {"id": "Q312601", "label": "Theodahad", "section": "Background", "says": "After her son's death in 534, opposition intensified, and Theodahad deposed and murdered her in 535."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of Ravenna in May 540 AD, Belisarius restored Sicily and most of the Italian Peninsula to Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "Background", "says": "His stratagem of inducing the Goths to surrender by offering him the Western imperial crown alarmed Emperor Justinian, who recalled him to Constantinople with Ravenna's treasury and the captive king Vitiges but denied him a triumph and reassigned him to the eastern front in advance of the Lazic War (541–562)."}, {"id": "Q1895789", "label": "Battle of Faventia", "section": "Background", "says": "Totila took the initiative and pursued them and defeated a larger Byzantine army at the Battle of Faventia in spring 542."}, {"id": "Q2237629", "label": "Battle of Mucellium", "section": "Background", "says": "Advancing on Florence, Totila again routed Byzantine relief forces at the Battle of Mucellium."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As early as 549, the Emperor Justinian I planned to dispatch an army to Italy to conclude the war with the Goths."}, {"id": "Q741798", "label": "Germanus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It started with the cousin of Justinian, Germanus, who had started recruiting an army for this purpose."}], "Q776609": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arcole or Battle of Arcola (15–17 November 1796) was fought between French and Austrian forces 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Verona during the War of the First Coalition, a part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arcole or Battle of Arcola (15–17 November 1796) was fought between French and Austrian forces 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Verona during the War of the First Coalition, a part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q608030", "label": "József Alvinczi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle saw a bold maneuver by Napoleon Bonaparte's French Army of Italy to outflank the Austrian army led by József Alvinczi and cut off its line of retreat."}, {"id": "Q78691", "label": "Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrians hoped to raise the siege of Mantua where Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser was trapped with a large garrison."}, {"id": "Q2958137", "label": "Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois", "section": "lead", "says": "Davidovich scored a victory against Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois at Calliano and threatened Verona from the north."}], "Q815167": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The first mention of the Rus' near the Byzantine Empire comes from Life of St."}, {"id": "Q41622", "label": "Michael III", "section": "Background", "says": "In April or May, both sides exchanged captives, and the hostilities briefly ceased; however, in the beginning of June, Emperor Michael III left Constantinople for Asia Minor to invade the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "In April or May, both sides exchanged captives, and the hostilities briefly ceased; however, in the beginning of June, Emperor Michael III left Constantinople for Asia Minor to invade the Abbasid Caliphate."}], "Q842357": [{"id": "Q317984", "label": "Emperor Go-Shirakawa", "section": "Context", "says": "Shortly after that, Emperor Go-Shirakawa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui)."}], "Q842621": [{"id": "Q306", "label": "Sebastián Piñera", "section": "lead", "says": "Rancagua, the capital of O'Higgins Region, was also damaged, leading President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of catastrophe in that region."}], "Q849474": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian Adad-idir and possibly to be identified with King Benhadad II of Aram-Damascus; and Ahab, king of Israel."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian Adad-idir and possibly to be identified with King Benhadad II of Aram-Damascus; and Ahab, king of Israel."}, {"id": "Q625649", "label": "Aram-Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian Adad-idir and possibly to be identified with King Benhadad II of Aram-Damascus; and Ahab, king of Israel."}], "Q8543350": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Between the War of 1722–1723 and the War of 1796, there was an interbellum period in which a number of treaties were drawn up between the two nations themselves and between them and the neighbouring Ottoman Empire; Turkish interest in the Caucasian territories further complicated the Russo-Persian Wars, as the two belligerents started forming alliances with the Ottoman Empire at different points o"}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, as a consequence of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Persians ceded much of their Transcaucasian holdings to Russia, thus concluding the War of 1826–1828 and resolving their dispute."}], "Q860150": [{"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Charleroi (French: Bataille de Charleroi) or the Battle of the Sambre, was fought on 21 August 1914, by the French Fifth Army and the German 2nd and 3rd armies, during the Battle of the Frontiers."}], "Q860981": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khotyn or Battle of Chocim or Khotyn War (in Turkish: Hotin Muharebesi) was a combined siege and series of battles which took place from 2 September to 9 October 1621 between a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by the Grand Hetman of Lithuania Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, against an invading Ottoman Imperial army, led by Sultan Osman II, which was stopped until the first autumn sno"}, {"id": "Q540840", "label": "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khotyn or Battle of Chocim or Khotyn War (in Turkish: Hotin Muharebesi) was a combined siege and series of battles which took place from 2 September to 9 October 1621 between a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by the Grand Hetman of Lithuania Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, against an invading Ottoman Imperial army, led by Sultan Osman II, which was stopped until the first autumn sno"}, {"id": "Q172056", "label": "Osman II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khotyn or Battle of Chocim or Khotyn War (in Turkish: Hotin Muharebesi) was a combined siege and series of battles which took place from 2 September to 9 October 1621 between a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by the Grand Hetman of Lithuania Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, against an invading Ottoman Imperial army, led by Sultan Osman II, which was stopped until the first autumn sno"}, {"id": "Q1306345", "label": "Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachnyi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This army numbered 30,000 (18,000 cavalry, 12,000 infantry) and their allied Cossack army led by ataman Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny was composed of 25,000–40,000 troops, mostly infantry, and about 22 guns."}], "Q86913546": [{"id": "Q3318231", "label": "Joko Widodo", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 January 2021, President Joko Widodo was vaccinated at the presidential palace, officially kicking off Indonesia's vaccination program."}], "Q87243915": [{"id": "Q1148669", "label": "Cyril Ramaphosa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 March 2020, the President of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, declared a national state of disaster, and announced measures such as immediate travel restrictions and the closure of schools from 18 March."}], "Q87587763": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The virus spread to Peru on 6 March 2020, when a 25-year-old man who had travelled to Spain, France, and the Czech Republic tested positive."}, {"id": "Q24030720", "label": "Martín Vizcarra", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 March 2020, President Martín Vizcarra announced a country-wide lockdown, closing borders, restricting domestic flights, and forbidding nonessential business operations, excluding health facilities, grocery stores, pharmacies, and banks."}], "Q878102": [{"id": "Q3269455", "label": "Operation Unified Protector", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Odyssey Dawn was the U.S. code name for the American role in the international military operation in Libya to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 during the initial period of 19–31 March 2011, which continued afterwards under NATO command as Operation Unified Protector."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial operation implemented a no-fly zone that was proposed during the Libyan Civil War to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on anti-Gaddafi forces."}, {"id": "Q1316065", "label": "Operation Ellamy", "section": "lead", "says": "The British name for its military support of Resolution 1973 is Operation Ellamy, the Canadian participation is Operation Mobile, and the French participation is Opération Harmattan."}, {"id": "Q1316080", "label": "Operation Mobile", "section": "lead", "says": "The British name for its military support of Resolution 1973 is Operation Ellamy, the Canadian participation is Operation Mobile, and the French participation is Opération Harmattan."}, {"id": "Q921174", "label": "Opération Harmattan", "section": "lead", "says": "The British name for its military support of Resolution 1973 is Operation Ellamy, the Canadian participation is Operation Mobile, and the French participation is Opération Harmattan."}], "Q879980": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Hawk War was a conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The war erupted after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis (Fox), and Kickapoos, known as the \"British Band\", crossed the Mississippi River, to the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Hawk War gave Abraham Lincoln his brief military service, although he saw no combat."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "lead", "says": "Other participants who would later become famous included Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis, and James Clyman."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "Background", "says": "The leader of this group was Keokuk, who had helped defend Saukenuk against the Americans during the War of 1812."}], "Q906912": [{"id": "Q1285898", "label": "Edmund, Earl of Rutland", "section": "lead", "says": "Recent research demonstrates that it was not a battle in the proper sense of a word, but a small-scale skirmish that resulted in the capture and subsequent deaths of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, his second son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, and Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury."}, {"id": "Q437571", "label": "Richard Neville", "section": "lead", "says": "Recent research demonstrates that it was not a battle in the proper sense of a word, but a small-scale skirmish that resulted in the capture and subsequent deaths of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, his second son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, and Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "For several years before the battle, the Duke of York – a descendant of two (both the second and fourth) of Edward III's surviving sons – had become increasingly opposed to the court of the mentally incapacitated Lancastrian King Henry VI (descended from Edward III's third surviving son) and his Queen, the formidable Margaret of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "For several years before the battle, the Duke of York – a descendant of two (both the second and fourth) of Edward III's surviving sons – had become increasingly opposed to the court of the mentally incapacitated Lancastrian King Henry VI (descended from Edward III's third surviving son) and his Queen, the formidable Margaret of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "There were increasingly bitter divisions among the officials and councillors who governed in Henry's name, mainly over the conduct of the Hundred Years' War with France."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "York was not only the wealthiest magnate in the land, but was also descended through both his parents from King Edward III, leading to calls that he be recognised as successor to the childless King Henry."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Beauforts had been made legitimate by a papal bull, but due to a proclamation of Richard II were supposedly barred from the line of succession to the throne."}, {"id": "Q229202", "label": "Margaret Beaufort", "section": "Background", "says": "However, there was always the possibility that this could be circumvented, and the Beaufort line eventually produced King Henry VII and the Tudor dynasty via Somerset's niece, Margaret Beaufort."}, {"id": "Q842796", "label": "First Battle of St Albans", "section": "Background", "says": "At the First Battle of St Albans, many of York's and Salisbury's rivals and enemies were killed, including Somerset, the Earl of"}], "Q926905": [{"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi insurgency lasted from 2003 until 2011, beginning shortly after the 2003 American invasion deposed longtime leader Saddam Hussein, and lasting until the end of the Iraq War and U.S. withdrawal in 2011."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi insurgency lasted from 2003 until 2011, beginning shortly after the 2003 American invasion deposed longtime leader Saddam Hussein, and lasting until the end of the Iraq War and U.S. withdrawal in 2011."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Two years later, the violence of the new insurgency escalated into the Second Iraq War, largely triggered by the rise of the Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2003 invasion of Iraq (20 March – 1 May 2003) began the Iraq War, or Operation Iraqi Freedom, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland invaded Iraq and toppled the government of Saddam Hussein within 26 days of major combat operations."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2003 invasion of Iraq (20 March – 1 May 2003) began the Iraq War, or Operation Iraqi Freedom, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland invaded Iraq and toppled the government of Saddam Hussein within 26 days of major combat operations."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "These were the United States (148,000), United Kingdom (45,000), Australia (2,000), and Poland (194)."}, {"id": "Q718851", "label": "Battle of Nasiriyah", "section": "Background", "says": "While the special forces launched an amphibious assault from the Persian Gulf to secure Basra and the surrounding petroleum fields, the main invasion army moved into southern Iraq, occupying the region and engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah on 23 March."}], "Q97667436": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "In Thailand, protests began in early 2020 with demonstrations against the government of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha."}, {"id": "Q2108126", "label": "Prayut Chanocha", "section": "lead", "says": "In Thailand, protests began in early 2020 with demonstrations against the government of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha."}, {"id": "Q548733", "label": "Rama X of Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "A 19 September rally saw 5,000–10,000 protesters and has been described as an open challenge to King Vajiralongkorn."}], "Q1018743": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Rockefeller Jr. was a part-owner of CF&I who had recently appeared before a United States congressional hearing on the strikes, and he was widely blamed for having orchestrated the massacre."}, {"id": "Q119546", "label": "Howard Zinn", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian and author Howard Zinn described it as \"the culminating act of perhaps the most violent struggle between corporate power and laboring men in American history\"."}], "Q1021175": [{"id": "Q179242", "label": "Laurent Gbagbo", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict pitted the government of Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo against a domestic insurgency led by the New Forces of Ivory Coast (Forces nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire)."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was preceded by a tumultuous decade in the Ivory Coast, marked by an economic downturn and, following the death of long-time Ivorian President Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, a leadership succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q214407", "label": "Félix Houphouët-Boigny", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was preceded by a tumultuous decade in the Ivory Coast, marked by an economic downturn and, following the death of long-time Ivorian President Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, a leadership succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q357779", "label": "Henri Konan Bédié", "section": "lead", "says": "Three successive Ivorian leaders – Henri Konan Bédié from 1993, Robert Guéï from 1999, and Gbagbo from 2000 – exploited the ideology of Ivoirité to repress and marginalise political opposition, notably by disqualifying Alassane Ouattara from contesting elections on the basis of his Burkinabé nationality; in the process, these leaders stoked ethnic tensions and xenophobic sentiment in the country."}, {"id": "Q357802", "label": "Robert Guéï", "section": "lead", "says": "Three successive Ivorian leaders – Henri Konan Bédié from 1993, Robert Guéï from 1999, and Gbagbo from 2000 – exploited the ideology of Ivoirité to repress and marginalise political opposition, notably by disqualifying Alassane Ouattara from contesting elections on the basis of his Burkinabé nationality; in the process, these leaders stoked ethnic tensions and xenophobic sentiment in the country."}, {"id": "Q57413", "label": "Alassane Ouattara", "section": "lead", "says": "Three successive Ivorian leaders – Henri Konan Bédié from 1993, Robert Guéï from 1999, and Gbagbo from 2000 – exploited the ideology of Ivoirité to repress and marginalise political opposition, notably by disqualifying Alassane Ouattara from contesting elections on the basis of his Burkinabé nationality; in the process, these leaders stoked ethnic tensions and xenophobic sentiment in the country."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "Origins and context", "says": "An attempted coup in January 2001, which Gbagbo blamed on the interference of Burkina Faso, led to renewed attacks on Burkinabé resident"}], "Q1028296": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Grozny was the Russian Army's invasion and subsequent conquest of the Chechen capital, Grozny, during the early months of the First Chechen War."}, {"id": "Q179846", "label": "Dzhokhar Dudayev", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack would last from December 1994 to March 1995, which resulted in the military occupation of the city by the Russian Army and rallied most of the Chechen nation around the government of Dzhokhar Dudayev."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle caused enormous destruction and casualties amongst the civilian population and saw the heaviest bombing campaign in Europe since the end of World War II."}], "Q1057910": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guandu was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in 200 AD in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guandu was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in 200 AD in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory was also the point at which Cao Cao became the dominant power in northern China, leading to the establishment of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q1151692", "label": "Battle of Xiapi", "section": "Background", "says": "Yuan Shao held control of the lands north of the Yellow River, namely the Hebei region, while Cao Cao controlled most of the lands south of the Yellow River after he defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 199 and kept Emperor Xian with him in the new capital city of Xu."}, {"id": "Q717972", "label": "Liu Yan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Other deployments along the frontline included Liu Yan (劉延) at Boma (白馬; near present-day Hua County, Henan), Yu Jin at Yan Ford, Cheng Yu at Juancheng (鄄城; near present-day Juancheng County, Shandong), and Xiahou Dun at Meng Ford (孟津; present-day Mengjin County, Henan)."}, {"id": "Q468722", "label": "Yu Jin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Other deployments along the frontline included Liu Yan (劉延) at Boma (白馬; near present-day Hua County, Henan), Yu Jin at Yan Ford, Cheng Yu at Juancheng (鄄城; near present-day Juancheng County, Shandong), and Xiahou Dun at Meng Ford (孟津; present-day Mengjin County, Henan)."}, {"id": "Q378433", "label": "Xiahou Dun", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Other deployments along the frontline included Liu Yan (劉延) at Boma (白馬; near present-day Hua County, Henan), Yu Jin at Yan Ford, Cheng Yu at Juancheng (鄄城; near present-day Juancheng County, Shandong), and Xiahou Dun at Meng Ford (孟津; present-day Mengjin County, Henan)."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the first month of 200, Liu Bei rebelled against Cao Cao and seized Xu Province after killing Che Zhou (車冑), Cao Cao's appointed Inspector (刺史) of Xu Province."}], "Q1059090": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of political protests were organised by the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) (also known as \"Red Shirts\") in Bangkok, Thailand from 12 March to 19 May 2010 against the Democrat Party-led government."}, {"id": "Q174267", "label": "Abhisit Vejjajiva", "section": "lead", "says": "The UDD called for Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva to dissolve parliament and hold elections earlier than the end of term elections scheduled in 2012."}], "Q1089686": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Champ de Mars massacre took place on 17 July 1791 in Paris at the Champ de Mars against a crowd of republican protesters amid the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days before, the National Constituent Assembly issued a decree that King Louis XVI would retain his throne under a constitutional monarchy."}, {"id": "Q314984", "label": "Jacques Pierre Brissot", "section": "lead", "says": "Jacques Pierre Brissot was the editor and main writer of Le Patriote français and president of the Comité des Recherches of Paris, and he drew up a petition demanding the removal of the king."}, {"id": "Q1685301", "label": "Jean Sylvain Bailly", "section": "lead", "says": "However, two suspicious people had been found hiding at the Champ de Mars earlier that day, \"possibly with the intention of getting a better view of the ladies' ankles\"; they were hanged by those who found them, and Paris Mayor Jean Sylvain Bailly used this incident to declare martial law."}, {"id": "Q184623", "label": "Georges Danton", "section": "lead", "says": "Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins had led the crowd, and they returned in even higher numbers that afternoon."}, {"id": "Q249313", "label": "Camille Desmoulins", "section": "lead", "says": "Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins had led the crowd, and they returned in even higher numbers that afternoon."}, {"id": "Q186652", "label": "Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette", "section": "Context", "says": "The Marquis de Lafayette promised on his own life that such a thing was untrue, and was proven wrong when the king did try to escape."}], "Q110663445": [{"id": "Q599988", "label": "Roch Marc Christian Kaboré", "section": "lead", "says": "Several hours later, President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré was reported to have been detained by the soldiers at the military camp in the capital."}, {"id": "Q110666454", "label": "Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup d'état was led by military officer Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba."}, {"id": "Q529272", "label": "Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana", "section": "lead", "says": "Two security officials said at the Sangoulé Lamizana barracks in the capital, \"President Kaboré, the head of parliament, and the ministers are effectively in the hands of the soldiers.\" \nMilitary captain Sidsoré Kader Ouedraogo said the Patriotic Movement for Safeguarding and Restoration \"has decided to assume its responsibilities before history.\" In a statement, he said soldiers were putting an e"}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 2015, Burkina Faso has been fighting Islamic State and al-Qaeda in some parts of the country."}], "Q110685226": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Parallel demonstrations occurred in provincial capitals and at key border crossings with the United States."}], "Q1122337": [{"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon, which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion began in spring 480 BC, when the Persian army crossed the Hellespont and marched through Thrace and Macedonia to Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion began in spring 480 BC, when the Persian army crossed the Hellespont and marched through Thrace and Macedonia to Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q747679", "label": "Battle of Artemisium", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied fleet had also withstood two days of Persian attacks at the Battle of Artemisium, but when news reached them of the disaster at Thermopylae, they withdrew to Salamis."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "lead", "says": "The Athenian general Themistocles succeeded in luring the Persian navy into the narrow Straits of Salamis, where the huge number of Persian ships became disorganised, and were soundly beaten by the Allied fleet."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied victory at Salamis prevented a quick conclusion to the invasion, and fearing becoming trapped in Europe, Xerxes retreated to Asia leaving his general Mardonius to finish the conquest with the elite of the army."}, {"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "lead", "says": "At the ensuing Battle of Plataea, the Greek infantry again proved its superiority, inflicting a severe defeat on the Persians and killing Mardonius in the process."}, {"id": "Q503982", "label": "Battle of Mycale", "section": "lead", "says": "On the same day, across the Aegean Sea an Allied navy destroyed the remnants of the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499–494 BC."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499–494 BC."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499–494 BC."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece."}], "Q1144666": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "They were part of the larger Arab Spring protests."}], "Q1150410": [{"id": "Q452017", "label": "Francisco de Paula Santander", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the overall command of General Simon Bolivar, the Brigadier Generals Francisco de Paula Santander and José Antonio Anzoátegui led a combined patriot army of Neogranadines and Venezuelans that defeated in two hours the Spanish Royalist forces led by Spanish Colonels José María Barreiro and Francisco Jiménez who would both be captured in battle."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle led to the liberation of much of central New Granada and would lead to the union between New Granada and Venezuela creating the Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) in December of that same year."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle led to the liberation of much of central New Granada and would lead to the union between New Granada and Venezuela creating the Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) in December of that same year."}], "Q1150578": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1740 Batavia massacre (Dutch: Chinezenmoord, lit. 'Murder of the Chinese'; Indonesian: Geger Pacinan, lit. 'Chinatown tumult') was a massacre and pogrom of ethnic Chinese residents of the port city of Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early years of the Dutch colonisation of the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), many people of Chinese descent were contracted as skilled artisans in the construction of Batavia on the northwestern coast of Java; they also served as traders, sugar mill workers, and shopkeepers."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Commissioner of Native Affairs Roy Ferdinand, under orders of Governor-General Adriaan Valckenier, decreed on 25 July 1740, that Chinese considered suspicious would be deported to Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and forced to harvest cinnamon."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Commissioner of Native Affairs Roy Ferdinand, under orders of Governor-General Adriaan Valckenier, decreed on 25 July 1740, that Chinese considered suspicious would be deported to Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and forced to harvest cinnamon."}, {"id": "Q130327", "label": "Thomas Stamford Raffles", "section": "Background", "says": "Wealthy Chinese were extorted by corrupt Dutch officials who threatened them with deportation; Stamford Raffles, an explorer, administrator and historian of Java, noted in 1830 that in some Javanese accounts, the Dutch were told by the Dutch-appointed Chinese headman of Batavia, Nie Hoe Kong, to deport all Chinese wearing black or blue because these were thought to be poor."}], "Q1153331": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Ottoman–Venetian War was fought from 1499 to 1503 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for control of contested lands in the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Adriatic Sea."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Ottoman–Venetian War was fought from 1499 to 1503 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for control of contested lands in the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Adriatic Sea."}, {"id": "Q732272", "label": "Kemal Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans, under the command of Admiral Kemal Reis, were victorious and forced the Venetians to recognize their gains at the end of the war."}], "Q1193959": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Toba–Fushimi (鳥羽・伏見の戦い, Toba-Fushimi no Tatakai) occurred between pro-Imperial and Tokugawa shogunate forces during the Boshin War in Japan."}, {"id": "Q287657", "label": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu", "section": "Background", "says": "Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu had earlier resigned his authority to the emperor, agreeing to \"be the instrument for carrying out\" imperial orders."}, {"id": "Q310462", "label": "Saigō Takamori", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the majority of fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji's consultative assembly was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa, Saigō Takamori physically threatened members of the assembly into ordering the confiscation of Yoshinobu's lands."}, {"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "Background", "says": "Although he initially agreed to the court's demands, on 17 January 1868, Yoshinobu declared \"that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the restoration and called on the court to rescind it.\" On 24 January, after considerable provocation by Satsuma's rōnin in Edo, Yoshinobu, from his base at Osaka Castle decided to prepare an attack on Kyōto, ostensibly to dislodge the Satsuma and Chōshū el"}, {"id": "Q428200", "label": "Iwakura Tomomi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The battle started when shogunate forces moved in the direction of Kyoto to deliver a letter from Yoshinobu, warning the Emperor of the intrigues plotted by Satsuma and the court nobles who supported it, such as Iwakura Tomomi."}], "Q124221028": [{"id": "Q112075625", "label": "Daniel Noboa", "section": "lead", "says": "The large-scale attacks were a combination of responses to the escape of Los Choneros leader José Adolfo Macías Villamar in Guayaquil, and President Daniel Noboa declaring a state of emergency and then an internal state of war."}, {"id": "Q518626", "label": "Lenín Moreno", "section": "Background", "says": "According to political analyst Fernando Carrion, from the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, the turning point came when Lenín Moreno came into office in 2017."}, {"id": "Q4414537", "label": "Guillermo Lasso", "section": "Background", "says": "While the poverty rate had fallen from 35% to 21% between 2007 and 2017, the combined effects of a reduction in public spending under the presidencies of Moreno and Guillermo Lasso and the COVID-19 pandemic have pushed it back up to 27% in 2023."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "Geographically, Ecuador is located between Colombia and Peru, the two main cocaine producing countries in the world."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Vox, the lower demand for cocaine in the United States alongside the Colombian peace process created a power vacuum that saw Albanian, Mexican and Venezuelan criminal groups attempt to control drug trafficking routes out of Ecuador."}], "Q125935907": [{"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "lead", "says": "President Emmanuel Macron visited the island on 22 May and asked local representatives to reach a comprehensive agreement within a month, mentioning the possibility of a referendum concerning Paris' desired changes in voter eligibility rules."}, {"id": "Q438465", "label": "Michel Barnier", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 2024, then-French Prime Minister Michel Barnier scrapped the bill, citing the need to restore calm and telling the National Assembly that \"avoiding further unrest\" was a priority."}], "Q127872674": [{"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Weiss (German: Unternehmen Weiß), also known as the Fourth Enemy Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Četvrta neprijateljska ofenziva/ofanziva), was a major Axis offensive launched against the Yugoslav Partisans throughout occupied Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Weiss (German: Unternehmen Weiß), also known as the Fourth Enemy Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Četvrta neprijateljska ofenziva/ofanziva), was a major Axis offensive launched against the Yugoslav Partisans throughout occupied Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Weiss (German: Unternehmen Weiß), also known as the Fourth Enemy Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Četvrta neprijateljska ofenziva/ofanziva), was a major Axis offensive launched against the Yugoslav Partisans throughout occupied Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q626006", "label": "World War II in Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the most significant confrontations of World War II in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis operation prompted the Partisan Supreme Command to enact its plans to drive toward eastern Herzegovina, Sandžak and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, on 16 December 1942 Adolf Hitler ordered the Armed Forces Commander in Southeast Europe, Generaloberst Alexander Löhr, to crush the resistance in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q93367", "label": "Alexander Löhr", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, on 16 December 1942 Adolf Hitler ordered the Armed Forces Commander in Southeast Europe, Generaloberst Alexander Löhr, to crush the resistance in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q165220", "label": "Mario Roatta", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 January Löhr and Mario Roatta, commander of the 2nd Italian Army, met in Zagreb and devised a detailed plan."}], "Q1280119": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ebro (Spanish: Batalla del Ebro, Catalan: Batalla de l'Ebre) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a massive blow to the Second Spanish Republic, with tens of thousands left dead or wounded and little effect on the advance of the Nationalists."}, {"id": "Q1467456", "label": "Battle of Teruel", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republican Northern zone had fallen, and in the winter of 1937/38 the Republican Popular Army had spent its forces in the Battle of Teruel, a series of bloody combats in subzero temperatures around the city of Teruel, which was retaken by the Francoist army in February."}, {"id": "Q312757", "label": "Juan Negrín", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the situation, Spanish premier Juan Negrín approved a plan by General Vicente Rojo Lluch to launch attacks against the main Francoist forces advancing towards Valencia."}, {"id": "Q966133", "label": "Vicente Rojo Lluch", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the situation, Spanish premier Juan Negrín approved a plan by General Vicente Rojo Lluch to launch attacks against the main Francoist forces advancing towards Valencia."}], "Q128996": [{"id": "Q31755", "label": "Leo III the Syrian", "section": "lead", "says": "One division, 20,000 strong under Abdallah al-Battal and al-Malik ibn Shu'aib, was confronted at Akroinon by the Byzantines under the command of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (r."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "lead", "says": "717–741) and his son, the future Constantine V (r."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the beginning of the Muslim conquests, the Byzantine Empire, as the largest, richest, and militarily strongest state bordering the expanding Caliphate, had been the Muslims' primary enemy."}, {"id": "Q2237769", "label": "Battle of Sebastopolis", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the disastrous Battle of Sebastopolis, the Byzantines had largely confined themselves to a strategy of passive defence, while the Muslim armies regularly launched raids into Byzantine-held Anatolia."}], "Q1290590": [{"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Judah's capital city for approximately 30 months."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Judah's capital city for approximately 30 months."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was dissolved, and a large segment of the population was exiled to Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q319034", "label": "Jehoiakim", "section": "lead", "says": "In 601 BC, Jehoiakim, king of Judah, revolted against Babylonian rule despite the strong remonstrances of the prophet Jeremiah."}, {"id": "Q319049", "label": "Jeconiah", "section": "lead", "says": "Jehoiakim died for reasons unclear, and was succeeded by his son, Jeconiah."}, {"id": "Q184273", "label": "Zedekiah", "section": "lead", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and deported Jeconiah and other prominent citizens to Babylon; Jeconiah's uncle, Zedekiah, was installed as king."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Judah was abolished and annexed as a Babylonian province with its center in Mizpah."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "After Babylon had fallen to Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, in 539 BC, he allowed the exiled Judeans to return to Zion and rebuild Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Babylon had fallen to Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, in 539 BC, he allowed the exiled Judeans to return to Zion and rebuild Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q230407", "label": "Kingdom of Israel", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the destruction and fall of the northern Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrian Empire in 732 and 720 BC, Judah lost its sibling Israelite kingdom."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the destruction and fall of the northern Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrian Empire in 732 and 720 BC, Judah lost its sibling Israelite kingdom."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "With the decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the late seventh century BC, the Kingdom of Judah found itself caught between two rival powers: Egypt, then under the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, and the rising Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q633560", "label": "Battle of Carchemish", "section": "Background", "says": "The Egyptians filled the vacuum and briefly dominated the region until the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar II defeated Egypt at the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC."}], "Q1300742": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton or Brainston Moor was fought on 9 September 1513 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland as part of the War of the League of Cambrai and resulted in an English victory."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton or Brainston Moor was fought on 9 September 1513 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland as part of the War of the League of Cambrai and resulted in an English victory."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton or Brainston Moor was fought on 9 September 1513 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland as part of the War of the League of Cambrai and resulted in an English victory."}, {"id": "Q137906", "label": "James IV of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought near Branxton, in the county of Northumberland, in northern England, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by the Earl of Surrey."}, {"id": "Q222013", "label": "Battle of Bosworth Field", "section": "lead", "says": "British historians sometimes use the Battle of Flodden to mark the end of the Middle Ages in the British Isles; another candidate is the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485."}], "Q131389544": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Thompson's death received widespread attention in the United States and led to polarized reactions."}], "Q1330136": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Fallujah, initially codenamed Operation Phantom Fury, Operation al-Fajr (Arabic: الفجر, lit. 'The Dawn') was an American-led offensive of the Iraq War that began on 7 November 2004 and lasted about six weeks."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A joint military effort of the United States, the Iraqi Interim Government, and the United Kingdom, the battle was the war's first major engagement fought solely against the Iraqi insurgency, not the military forces of the Ba'athist Iraq government."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "A joint military effort of the United States, the Iraqi Interim Government, and the United Kingdom, the battle was the war's first major engagement fought solely against the Iraqi insurgency, not the military forces of the Ba'athist Iraq government."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "A joint military effort of the United States, the Iraqi Interim Government, and the United Kingdom, the battle was the war's first major engagement fought solely against the Iraqi insurgency, not the military forces of the Ba'athist Iraq government."}, {"id": "Q1537159", "label": "First Battle of Fallujah", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Phantom Fury took place seven months after the First Battle of Fallujah, an attempt to capture or kill insurgent elements involved in the 2004 Fallujah ambush that killed four employees of the private military contractor Blackwater."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Army, the Second Battle of Fallujah was later described as \"some of the heaviest urban combat Marines and Soldiers have been involved in since Huế City in Vietnam in 1968\" and as the toughest battle the U.S. military has been in since the end of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q2741897", "label": "Jeremy Scahill", "section": "Background", "says": "Journalist Jeremy Scahill later called this incident the Mogadishu moment of the Iraq War (referencing the Battle of Mogadishu, also known as the \"Black Hawk Down\" incident)."}, {"id": "Q52226", "label": "Battle of Mogadishu", "section": "Background", "says": "Journalist Jeremy Scahill later called this incident the Mogadishu moment of the Iraq War (referencing the Battle of Mogadishu, also known as the \"Black Hawk Down\" incident)."}], "Q1341824": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lyndanisse or Lindanise was fought on 15 June 1219 during the North Crusades, between the forces of the invading Kingdom of Denmark and the local non-Christian Estonians."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lyndanisse or Lindanise was fought on 15 June 1219 during the North Crusades, between the forces of the invading Kingdom of Denmark and the local non-Christian Estonians."}, {"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danish victory in the battle, at the site of the later Hanseatic city of Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia) helped King Valdemar II of Denmark to subsequently claim the territory of northern Estonia as his participation in the crusade into Estonia had been undertaken in response to calls from the Pope."}], "Q13435464": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The German invasion of Luxembourg was part of Case Yellow (German: Fall Gelb), the German invasion of the Low Countries—Belgium, Luxembourg and  the Netherlands—and France during World War II."}], "Q1345269": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London (French: Traité de Londres), often called the Second Treaty of London after the 1839 Treaty, granted Luxembourg full independence and neutrality."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It  was signed on 11 May 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and the Luxembourg Crisis."}], "Q1347812": [{"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Alexandropol (Armenian: Ալեքսանդրապոլի պայմանագիր; Turkish: Gümrü Anlaşması or \"Gyumri Treaty\") was a peace treaty between the First Republic of Armenia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty required Armenia to relinquish claims to Western Armenia, cede over half of its territory to Turkey while also transferring Nakhchivan to Azerbaijan, and accept conditions that reduced Armenia to the status of a Turkish client state."}], "Q1348954": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It caused widespread destruction in the central and southern Diocese of Macedonia (modern Greece), Africa Proconsularis (northern Libya), Egypt, Cyprus, Sicily, and Hispania (Spain)."}], "Q135218122": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The flood was the deadliest inland flooding event in the United States since the 1976 Big Thompson River flood, surpassing flooding from Hurricane Helene in 2024."}, {"id": "Q5605224", "label": "Greg Abbott", "section": "lead", "says": "After the disaster, Texas governor Greg Abbott signed a disaster declaration for several counties in Central Texas, and U.S. president Donald Trump signed a federal disaster declaration for Kerr County."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "After the disaster, Texas governor Greg Abbott signed a disaster declaration for several counties in Central Texas, and U.S. president Donald Trump signed a federal disaster declaration for Kerr County."}], "Q136190686": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 September 2025, during the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) conducted an airstrike in the Leqtaifiya district of Qatar's capital Doha, targeting the leadership of Hamas, housed in a Qatari government residential complex, as it met to discuss an active ceasefire proposal presented by the United States."}, {"id": "Q46930", "label": "Khaled Mashal", "section": "lead", "says": "According to reports, the intended targets included four senior Hamas figures: Khalil al-Hayya, Zaher Jabarin, Muhammad Ismail Darwish and Khaled Mashal."}, {"id": "Q23020336", "label": "Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 September, Hamas representatives met Qatari prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani to discuss the U.S. proposal, with plans to reconvene the following day (the day of the attack)."}, {"id": "Q152378", "label": "Ismail Haniyeh", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Barnea's stance reflected dissent in the Israeli security establishment over Netanyahu's timing considering that the location would be in a U.S. ally's territory, and that Hamas leaders were considering the new, U.S.-brokered hostages-for-ceasefire proposal; looking at the success of the covert assassination of Ismail Haniyeh the year prior (using planted explosives), some in the establishment arg"}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Two days prior, U.S. president Donald Trump issued what he described as his \"last warning\" to Hamas, urging the group to agree to a hostage release deal, stating \"the Israelis have accepted my terms."}], "Q1364346": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1808, following the widespread uprisings against the French occupation of Spain, Napoleon organized French units into flying columns to pacify Spain's major centres of resistance."}, {"id": "Q640100", "label": "Battles of El Bruch", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish conventional warfare had started with the Battles of El Bruch."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Months before, thousands of French troops had marched into Spain to support a Spanish invasion of Portugal orchestrated by Napoleon, who used the opportunity to initiate intrigues against the Spanish royal family."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "Background", "says": "A coup d'état, instigated by Spanish aristocrats with French support, forced Charles IV from his throne in favour of his son Ferdinand VII, and in April, Napoleon removed both royals to Bayonne to secure their abdication and replace the Spanish Bourbon line with a Bonapartist dynasty headed by his brother Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "A coup d'état, instigated by Spanish aristocrats with French support, forced Charles IV from his throne in favour of his son Ferdinand VII, and in April, Napoleon removed both royals to Bayonne to secure their abdication and replace the Spanish Bourbon line with a Bonapartist dynasty headed by his brother Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "A coup d'état, instigated by Spanish aristocrats with French support, forced Charles IV from his throne in favour of his son Ferdinand VII, and in April, Napoleon removed both royals to Bayonne to secure their abdication and replace the Spanish Bourbon line with a Bonapartist dynasty headed by his brother Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "However, none of these policies sat well with the Spanish masses, who declared their loyalty to the deposed Ferdinand and revolted at the prospect of a foreign ruler."}, {"id": "Q564763", "label": "Anne Jean Marie René Savary", "section": "Background", "says": "Murat, stricken in an outbreak of rheumatic colic which swept the French camp, quit his command and returned to France for treatment: \"the Spanish priests would have rejoiced if the hand of God had been laid on him whom they called the butcher of the 2nd of May.\" General Anne Jean Marie René Savary, a man \"more distinguished as Minister of Police than as any field commander\", arrived to take comma"}], "Q136889101": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Southern Spear is a United States military and surveillance campaign launched in 2025 by the administration of US president Donald Trump with the declared aims of \"detecting, disrupting, and degrading transnational criminal and illicit maritime networks\"."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Southern Spear is a United States military and surveillance campaign launched in 2025 by the administration of US president Donald Trump with the declared aims of \"detecting, disrupting, and degrading transnational criminal and illicit maritime networks\"."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "Others have said that removal of Nicolás Maduro from power in Venezuela was an objective of the operation."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Others have said that removal of Nicolás Maduro from power in Venezuela was an objective of the operation."}, {"id": "Q107474595", "label": "Dan Caine", "section": "Origins and history", "says": "The New York Times described the Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dan Caine, as a \"major architect\" of the operation."}], "Q1377536": [{"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia."}, {"id": "Q543042", "label": "Latvian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It officially ended the Latvian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I, Soviet Russia wanted to regain Latvia, since it had once been a part of the Russian Empire."}], "Q1378270": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jerusalem also known as the Fall of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's \"Jerusalem Operations\" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to secure the final objective of the Southern Palestine Offensive during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jerusalem also known as the Fall of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's \"Jerusalem Operations\" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to secure the final objective of the Southern Palestine Offensive during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q16931600", "label": "Southern Palestine Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jerusalem also known as the Fall of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's \"Jerusalem Operations\" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to secure the final objective of the Southern Palestine Offensive during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jerusalem also known as the Fall of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's \"Jerusalem Operations\" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to secure the final objective of the Southern Palestine Offensive during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of these victories, the British Empire forces captured Jerusalem and established a new strategically strong fortified line."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "lead", "says": "The prime minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George, described the capture as \"a Christmas present for the British people\"."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "British General Edmund Allenby, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), had won a decisive victory against the German General Erich von Falkenhayn, commander of Ottoman forces in Palestine, at the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 November."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "British General Edmund Allenby, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), had won a decisive victory against the German General Erich von Falkenhayn, commander of Ottoman forces in Palestine, at the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 November."}, {"id": "Q522076", "label": "Harry Chauvel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 15 November the commander of Desert Mounted Corps, Lieutenant General Sir Harry Chauvel, issued orders for the Yeomanry Mounted Division (Major General G. de S."}], "Q14626794": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the deadliest use of chemical weapons in Syrian conflict and since the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said \"the accusations of Damascus using chemical weapons put forth by the United States are not backed by credible facts\"."}], "Q1851730": [{"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "The May Coup (Polish: przewrót majowy or zamach majowy) was a coup d'état carried out in Poland by Marshal Józef Piłsudski from 12 to 14 May 1926."}, {"id": "Q622307", "label": "Kazimierz Bartel", "section": "lead", "says": "A new government was installed, headed by Kazimierz Bartel."}, {"id": "Q310594", "label": "Ignacy Mościcki", "section": "lead", "says": "Ignacy Mościcki became president."}, {"id": "Q470954", "label": "Władysław Grabski", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1925, the government of Prime Minister Władysław Grabski was replaced by the government of Prime Minister Aleksander Skrzyński, which had received support from the National Democrats and the Polish Socialist Party (PPS)."}, {"id": "Q458532", "label": "Lucjan Żeligowski", "section": "Background", "says": "General Lucjan Żeligowski became the new government's minister of military affairs."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "Background", "says": "These included Piłsudski's assessment of the Locarno Treaties signed by the German Weimar Republic and the French Third Republic in 1925, and the Treaty of Berlin, concluded by Germany and the Soviet Union in 1926."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "These included Piłsudski's assessment of the Locarno Treaties signed by the German Weimar Republic and the French Third Republic in 1925, and the Treaty of Berlin, concluded by Germany and the Soviet Union in 1926."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "These included Piłsudski's assessment of the Locarno Treaties signed by the German Weimar Republic and the French Third Republic in 1925, and the Treaty of Berlin, concluded by Germany and the Soviet Union in 1926."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "These included Piłsudski's assessment of the Locarno Treaties signed by the German Weimar Republic and the French Third Republic in 1925, and the Treaty of Berlin, concluded by Germany and the Soviet Union in 1926."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 October, the Treaty of Locarno was signed; the Western Allies of World War I guaranteed the stability of western, but not eastern borders of Germany."}], "Q1859259": [{"id": "Q159161", "label": "Cemal Gürsel", "section": "lead", "says": "After a threat by Ragıp Gümüşpala that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General Cemal Gürsel as their leader."}, {"id": "Q238745", "label": "Adnan Menderes", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the Democrat Party, and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, Adnan Menderes, alongside two of his ministers, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan."}], "Q2038907": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wuhan (traditional Chinese: 武漢會戰; simplified Chinese: 武汉会战; Japanese: 武漢作戦 (ぶかんさくせん)), popularly known to the Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan (traditional Chinese: 武漢保衛戰; simplified Chinese: 武汉保卫战), and to the Japanese as the Capture of Wuhan, was the largest, longest, and bloodiest battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "More than one million National Revolutionary Army troops from the Fifth and Ninth War Zones were put under the direct command of Chiang Kai-shek, defending Wuhan from the Central China Area Army of the Imperial Japanese Army led by Shunroku Hata."}, {"id": "Q706485", "label": "Shunroku Hata", "section": "lead", "says": "More than one million National Revolutionary Army troops from the Fifth and Ninth War Zones were put under the direct command of Chiang Kai-shek, defending Wuhan from the Central China Area Army of the Imperial Japanese Army led by Shunroku Hata."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "Background", "says": "Generals Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi of the Fifth War Zone were assigned to defend the north of the Yangtze, and Chen Cheng of the Ninth War Zone was tasked with defending the south."}, {"id": "Q706491", "label": "Pai Chung-hsi", "section": "Background", "says": "Generals Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi of the Fifth War Zone were assigned to defend the north of the Yangtze, and Chen Cheng of the Ninth War Zone was tasked with defending the south."}, {"id": "Q701313", "label": "Chen Cheng", "section": "Background", "says": "Generals Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi of the Fifth War Zone were assigned to defend the north of the Yangtze, and Chen Cheng of the Ninth War Zone was tasked with defending the south."}, {"id": "Q704640", "label": "Yasuji Okamura", "section": "Background", "says": "Under him, Yasuji Okamura commanded five-and-a-half divisions of the Eleventh Army along both banks of the Yangtze in the main assault on Wuhan, and Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni commanded four-and-a-half divisions of the Second Army along the northern foot of the Dabie Mountains to assist the assault."}, {"id": "Q315717", "label": "Naruhiko Higashikuni", "section": "Background", "says": "Under him, Yasuji Okamura commanded five-and-a-half divisions of the Eleventh Army along both banks of the Yangtze in the main assault on Wuhan, and Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni commanded four-and-a-half divisions of the Second Army along the northern foot of the Dabie Mountains to assist the assault."}, {"id": "Q712201", "label": "Koshirō Oikawa", "section": "Background", "says": "The forces were augmented by 120 ships of the Third Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Koshirō Oikawa, more than 500 planes of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service, and five divisions of Japanese forces from the Central China Area Army to guard the areas in and around Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, and other important cities, which would protect the back of the Japanese forces and complete "}, {"id": "Q709421", "label": "Battle of Xuzhou", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Battle of Xuzhou in May 1938, the Japanese planned an extensive invasion of Hankou and the takeover of Wuhan, and intended to destroy the main force of the National Revolutionary Army."}], "Q2045508": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Java War (Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦗꦮ; Dutch: De Java-oorlog; Indonesian: Perang Jawa), also known in Indonesia as the Diponegoro War (Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ; Indonesian: Perang Diponegoro), was an armed conflict in central and eastern Java from 1825 to 1830, between native Javanese rebels headed by Prince Diponegoro and the Dutch East Indies supported by Javanese princely states."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Java War (Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦗꦮ; Dutch: De Java-oorlog; Indonesian: Perang Jawa), also known in Indonesia as the Diponegoro War (Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ; Indonesian: Perang Diponegoro), was an armed conflict in central and eastern Java from 1825 to 1830, between native Javanese rebels headed by Prince Diponegoro and the Dutch East Indies supported by Javanese princely states."}, {"id": "Q2978493", "label": "Treaty of Giyanti", "section": "lead", "says": "During the early nineteenth century, declining Dutch power along with increased centralization of colonial authorities through brief French and British controls had changed the political order established after the 1755 Treaty of Giyanti, at the expense of the native Javanese princely states."}, {"id": "Q2430565", "label": "Hamengkubuwono III", "section": "lead", "says": "After the deaths of Sultans of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono III and IV, along with the return of Dutch presence, Hamengkubuwono III's eldest son Diponegoro became estranged from Yogyakarta's regency of Hamengkubuwono V and with the colonial government."}, {"id": "Q2581159", "label": "Hamengkubuwono V", "section": "lead", "says": "After the deaths of Sultans of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono III and IV, along with the return of Dutch presence, Hamengkubuwono III's eldest son Diponegoro became estranged from Yogyakarta's regency of Hamengkubuwono V and with the colonial government."}, {"id": "Q2012278", "label": "Hamengkubuwono IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Hamengkubuwono IV died in December 1822, and with the new Sultan Hamengkubuwono V being two years old, Diponegoro was appointed one of his guardians."}], "Q2083368": [{"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Edessa took place from 28 November to 24 December 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the County of Edessa to Imad al-Din Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "This event was the catalyst for the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The County of Edessa was the first of the Crusader states to be established during the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q1500314", "label": "Battle of Harran", "section": "Background", "says": "Count Baldwin II and Joscelin of Courtenay were taken captive after their defeat at the Battle of Harran in 1104."}, {"id": "Q55503", "label": "Joscelin II", "section": "Background", "says": "His successor Joscelin II was forced into an alliance with the Byzantine Empire, but in 1143 both Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus and King Fulk of Jerusalem died."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "His successor Joscelin II was forced into an alliance with the Byzantine Empire, but in 1143 both Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus and King Fulk of Jerusalem died."}, {"id": "Q232151", "label": "Melisende", "section": "Background", "says": "John II was succeeded by his son Manuel I Comnenus, who had to deal with consolidating power at home against his elder brothers, while Fulk was succeeded by his wife Melisende and his son Baldwin III."}, {"id": "Q712674", "label": "Raymond II", "section": "Background", "says": "Joscelin II had also quarreled with Raymond II of Tripoli and Raymond of Poitiers, leaving Edessa with no powerful allies."}, {"id": "Q437271", "label": "Raymond of Poitiers", "section": "Background", "says": "Joscelin II had also quarreled with Raymond II of Tripoli and Raymond of Poitiers, leaving Edessa with no powerful allies."}], "Q2118311": [{"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état took place on 27 March 1941 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, when the regency led by Prince Paul of Yugoslavia was overthrown and King Peter II assumed full monarchical powers."}, {"id": "Q313128", "label": "Prince Paul of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état took place on 27 March 1941 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, when the regency led by Prince Paul of Yugoslavia was overthrown and King Peter II assumed full monarchical powers."}, {"id": "Q219017", "label": "Dušan Simović", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was planned and conducted by a group of pro-Western Serbian nationalist Royal Yugoslav Air Force officers formally led by the Air Force commander, General Dušan Simović, who had been associated with several putsch plots from 1938 onwards."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Communist Party of Yugoslavia played no part in the coup, although it made a significant contribution to the mass street protests in many cities that signalled popular support for it."}, {"id": "Q905523", "label": "Dragiša Cvetković", "section": "lead", "says": "The putsch was successful and deposed the three-member Yugoslav regency (Prince Paul, Radenko Stanković and Ivo Perović) and the government of Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković."}, {"id": "Q254114", "label": "Vladko Maček", "section": "lead", "says": "The military conspirators brought to power the 17-year-old King Peter II (whom they declared to be of age to assume the throne) and formed a weak and divided national unity government with Simović as prime minister and Vladko Maček and Slobodan Jovanović as his vice-premiers."}, {"id": "Q89188", "label": "Slobodan Jovanović", "section": "lead", "says": "The military conspirators brought to power the 17-year-old King Peter II (whom they declared to be of age to assume the throne) and formed a weak and divided national unity government with Simović as prime minister and Vladko Maček and Slobodan Jovanović as his vice-premiers."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The importance of the putsch and subsequent invasion in delaying Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union (which started on 22 June 1941), is still open to debate."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The importance of the putsch and subsequent invasion in delaying Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union (which started on 22 June 1941), is still open to debate."}, {"id": "Q729094", "label": "Martin van Creveld", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1972 military historian Martin van Creveld dismissed the idea, affirming that the invasion of Yugoslavia actually assisted and hastened the overall Balkan campaign, and that other factors determined the start date for Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, formed in 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, incorporated diverse national and religious groups with varied historical backgrounds."}], "Q21190910": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yazidi genocide also known as the 74th firman by Yazidis, was perpetrated by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Amid numerous atrocities committed by the Islamic State, the Yazidi genocide attracted international attention and prompted the United States to establish CJTF–OIR, a military coalition consisting of many Western countries and Turkey, Morocco, and Jordan."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia made emergency airdrops to support Yazidi refugees who were trapped in the Sinjar Mountains due to the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive of August 2014."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia made emergency airdrops to support Yazidi refugees who were trapped in the Sinjar Mountains due to the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive of August 2014."}], "Q2149737": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The adjectival label \"Turkish\" (Icelandic: Tyrkja) does not refer to ethnic Turks, the country of Turkey or Turkic peoples in general; at the time it was a general term for all Muslims of the Mediterranean since the majority were from or subjects of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2164344": [{"id": "Q849680", "label": "American Indian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Army in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of the Third Colorado Cavalry under the command of U.S."}, {"id": "Q1346538", "label": "John Chivington", "section": "lead", "says": "Volunteers Colonel John Chivington attacked a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70 to over 600 Native American people."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1864, Colorado Governor John Evans sent a circular to the Plains Indians, inviting those who were friendly to go to a place of safety at Fort Lyon on the eastern plains, where their people would be given provisions and protection by the United States troops."}], "Q223622": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prague, also known as Battle of Štěrboholy,  was fought on 6 May 1757, during the Third Silesian War and the broader Seven Years' War, between the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prague, also known as Battle of Štěrboholy,  was fought on 6 May 1757, during the Third Silesian War and the broader Seven Years' War, between the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prague, also known as Battle of Štěrboholy,  was fought on 6 May 1757, during the Third Silesian War and the broader Seven Years' War, between the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria."}, {"id": "Q321546", "label": "Charles of Lorraine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Here he established a fortified position to the east of the town, and an additional army under Prince Charles of Lorraine arrived, swelling the Austrian numbers to 60,000."}, {"id": "Q694061", "label": "Battle of Reichenberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The two Austrian commanders were in disagreement about the course of action: von Browne wanted to attack, but Charles decided to wait for Konigseck, who had been defeated at the Battle of Reichenberg but was known to be retreating towards Prague, and possibly even for the arrival of Daun."}], "Q2246615": [{"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is sometimes cited as the point of origin for English national identity: historians such as Michael Livingston argue that \"the men who fought and died on that field forged a political map of the future that remains, arguably making the Battle of Brunanburh one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England, but of the whole of the British Isles.\"\nFollowing an un"}, {"id": "Q272297", "label": "Æthelweard", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Æthelweard wrote around 975 that \"[t]he fields of Britain were consolidated into one, there was peace everywhere, and abundance of all things\"."}, {"id": "Q422205", "label": "Hywel Dda", "section": "Background", "says": "After Æthelstan defeated the Vikings at York in 927, King Constantine of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred I of Bamburgh, and King Owen I of Strathclyde (or Morgan ap Owain of Gwent) accepted Æthelstan's overlordship at Eamont, near Penrith. Æthelstan became King of England and there was peace until 934.\nÆthelstan invaded Scotland with a large military and naval force in 934."}, {"id": "Q209394", "label": "Michael Wood", "section": "Background", "says": "Michael Wood wrote that no source mentions any intrusion into Mercia."}], "Q2281806": [{"id": "Q319896", "label": "Ze'ev Jabotinsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Ben-Gurion said the wall should be \"redeemed,\" predicting it could be achieved in as little as \"another half a year.\" During the spring of 1929 the Revisionist newspaper edited by right-wing leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky, ran a long campaign claiming Jewish rights over the wall and its pavement, going as far as call"}], "Q2421268": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, the United States and the ROC agreed to the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in December 1954."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis de-escalated in April 1955 after Premier Zhou Enlai articulated the PRC's intention to negotiate with the United States at the Bandung Conference, and in May 1955 the  People's Liberation Army ceased shelling Kinmen and Matsu."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States recognized Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang government as the sole legitimate government for all of China."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Korean War broke out, the United States resumed military aid to the ROC and sent the US Navy's Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait."}, {"id": "Q223677", "label": "John Foster Dulles", "section": "Background", "says": "President Truman later ordered John Foster Dulles, the Foreign Policy Advisor to U.S."}, {"id": "Q214758", "label": "Dean Acheson", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Dean Acheson, to carry out his decision on \"neutralizing\"  Taiwan in drafting the Treaty of San Francisco of 1951 (the peace treaty with Japan), which excluded the participation of both the ROC and the PRC."}, {"id": "Q392541", "label": "Treaty of San Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Dean Acheson, to carry out his decision on \"neutralizing\"  Taiwan in drafting the Treaty of San Francisco of 1951 (the peace treaty with Japan), which excluded the participation of both the ROC and the PRC."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Each self-claimed legitimate government of China was excluded from the treaty because the question of China's legitimate government remained unresolved after World War II and the Chinese Civil War, and this was considered an intractable sticking point in otherwise comprehensive and multilaterally beneficial peace negotiations."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Each self-claimed legitimate government of China was excluded from the treaty because the question of China's legitimate government remained unresolved after World War II and the Chinese Civil War, and this was considered an intractable sticking point in otherwise comprehensive and multilaterally beneficial peace negotiations."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "This situation has been used by supporters of Taiwan independence to argue for their position that the sovereignty status of Taiwan was undetermined, despite the Japanese having already agreed to return Taiwan to Republic of China through their Instrument of Surrender signed at end of the War."}], "Q2484843": [{"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nahrawan (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة النَّهْرَوَان, romanized: Ma'rakat an-Nahrawān) was fought between the Kufan forces of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Kharijites, who were primarily composed of qurra originating from across Iraq, in July 658 CE (Safar 38 AH)."}, {"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter were a group of former allies of Ali during the First Fitna."}, {"id": "Q735876", "label": "Battle of Siffin", "section": "lead", "says": "They separated from him following the Battle of Siffin when Ali agreed to settle the conflict with Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the Umayyad governor of Syria, through arbitration, a move labeled by the group as against the Qur'an."}, {"id": "Q37731", "label": "Uthman ibn Affan", "section": "Background", "says": "The controversial policies of the third Rashidun caliph Uthman ibn Affan resulted in a rebellion which culminated in his assassination in 656."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, was subsequently declared as the next Rashidun caliph in Medina."}, {"id": "Q1647787", "label": "Talha ibn Ubaydullah", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of the Quraysh (the grouping of Meccan clans to which Muhammad and all the early caliphs belonged), led by Muhammad's prominent companions Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and Muhammad's widow Aisha, refused to recognize Ali."}, {"id": "Q1133574", "label": "Battle of the Camel", "section": "Background", "says": "Ali emerged victorious against these early opponents at the Battle of the Camel near Basra in November 656, thereupon moving his capital to Kufa."}], "Q2629782": [{"id": "Q1387563", "label": "Hussein Dey", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul escalated into a naval blockade, following which the Kingdom of France invaded Algiers in 1830, and seized other coastal communities."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul escalated into a naval blockade, following which the Kingdom of France invaded Algiers in 1830, and seized other coastal communities."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul escalated into a naval blockade, following which the Kingdom of France invaded Algiers in 1830, and seized other coastal communities."}, {"id": "Q179825", "label": "Abdelkader El Djezairi", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaties with the nationalists under Emir Abdelkader enabled the French to first focus on the elimination of the remnants of the Deylik, achieved with the 1837 siege of Constantine."}, {"id": "Q3062439", "label": "Franco-Moroccan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally driven into Morocco in 1842, by large-scale and heavy-handed French military action, he continued to wage a guerrilla war until the Moroccan government, under French diplomatic pressure following its defeat in the Franco-Moroccan War, attacked him and drove him out of Morocco."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Polignac opened negotiations with Muhammad Ali of Egypt to essentially divide up North Africa."}], "Q29489": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Related protests and attacks resulted in numerous deaths and injuries across the Middle East, Africa, Pakistan, and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Related protests and attacks resulted in numerous deaths and injuries across the Middle East, Africa, Pakistan, and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 29, newly-elected Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi pledged to free Omar Abdel-Rahman, whom he described as a political prisoner."}, {"id": "Q1389012", "label": "Omar Abdel-Rahman", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 29, newly-elected Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi pledged to free Omar Abdel-Rahman, whom he described as a political prisoner."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 2, Egypt formally requested that the United States release Abdel-Rahman."}], "Q2992979": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the Dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 September, Jawaharlal Nehru gave an ultimatum to the Nizam, demanding a ban of the Razakars and the return of Indian troops to Secunderabad."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Siege of Golconda by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1687, the region was renamed as Deccan Subah (due to its geographical proximity in the Deccan Plateau) and in 1713 Qamar-ud-din Khan (later known as Asaf Jah I or Nizam I) was appointed its Subahdar and bestowed with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk by the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Siege of Golconda by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1687, the region was renamed as Deccan Subah (due to its geographical proximity in the Deccan Plateau) and in 1713 Qamar-ud-din Khan (later known as Asaf Jah I or Nizam I) was appointed its Subahdar and bestowed with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk by the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar."}], "Q313442": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Silver Fox (German: Silberfuchs; Finnish: Hopeakettu) or the Murmansk operation (Russian: Мурманская операция) from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint German–Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Silver Fox (German: Silberfuchs; Finnish: Hopeakettu) or the Murmansk operation (Russian: Мурманская операция) from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint German–Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Silver Fox (German: Silberfuchs; Finnish: Hopeakettu) or the Murmansk operation (Russian: Мурманская операция) from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint German–Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Silver Fox (German: Silberfuchs; Finnish: Hopeakettu) or the Murmansk operation (Russian: Мурманская операция) from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint German–Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Finland solidified its independence from Russia in the Finnish Civil War of January to May 1918 between German-supported nationalists and Russian Bolshevik-supported communists, in the closing stages of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Finland solidified its independence from Russia in the Finnish Civil War of January to May 1918 between German-supported nationalists and Russian Bolshevik-supported communists, in the closing stages of World War I."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 August 1939 the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which contained a secret protocol dividing Europe into spheres of influence for each country."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "Background", "says": "With Finland still refusing the Soviet demands, the Soviet Union finally attacked Finland in November 1939, which led to the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union failed to annex Finland, but did receive territory with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty in March 1940."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "The German occupation of Denmark and Norway from April 1940 severed practical Finnish connections to countries other than the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and Sweden."}], "Q321865": [{"id": "Q2388694", "label": "Algiers Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1975 Algiers Agreement, also known as the Algiers Accords and the Algiers Declaration, was signed between Iran and Iraq to settle any outstanding territorial disputes along the Iran–Iraq border."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 September 1980, shortly after the Iranian Revolution, the Iraqi government abrogated the treaty in light of another series of cross-border clashes between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 September 1980, the treaty was completely voided with the Iraqi invasion of Iran, which triggered the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "Iraq encouraged the Arabs of Khuzestan to rebel against the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "Background", "says": "Mustafa al-Barzani met with representatives from the American government to support the Kurds secretly, further weakening the Iraqi position which was further complicated by the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War."}], "Q326417": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2 July 1644, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1639–1653."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined forces of the English Parliamentarians under Lord Fairfax and the Earl of Manchester and the Scottish Covenanters under the Earl of Leven defeated the Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the Marquess of Newcastle."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "After a confused fight lasting two hours, Parliamentarian cavalry under Oliver Cromwell routed the Royalist cavalry from the field and, with Leven's infantry, annihilated the remaining Royalist infantry."}], "Q326668": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was the official name used by the U.S. government for both the first stage (2001–2014) of the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and related military operations during the broader-scale global war on terrorism."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "lead", "says": "After 13 years, on 28 December 2014, President Barack Obama announced the end of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan."}], "Q3435247": [{"id": "Q741798", "label": "Germanus", "section": "Background and context", "says": "Although he reports Saint Germanus coming to Britain after this conflict began, he would have been dead by then, according to his understanding of when it happened."}, {"id": "Q3057629", "label": "Old Saxony", "section": "Background and context", "says": "In a well-known passage, Bede gives a rough description of the homelands of these three peoples and describes the places in Britain where he believed they had settled:\n\nThe Saxons came from what Bede called Old Saxony and settled in Wessex, Sussex and Essex. (Bede also generally used the term \"Saxon\" as a collective term covering all the earliest Germanic settlers and raiders."}], "Q3487920": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Intelligenzaktion (German pronunciation: [ɪntɛliˈɡɛnt͡s.akˌt͡sjoːn] was a series of mass murders committed against the Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, and other prominent members of Polish society) during the early years of the Second World War (1939–45) by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans conducted the operations in accordance with their plan to Germanize the western regions of occupied Poland, before their territorial annexation to the German Reich."}, {"id": "Q702638", "label": "Operation Tannenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Intelligenzaktion was a major step towards the implementation of Sonderaktion Tannenberg (Special Operation Tannenberg), the installation of Nazi policemen and functionaries—from the SiPo (composed of Kripo and Gestapo members), and members of the SD—to manage the occupation and facilitate the realization of Generalplan Ost, the German colonization of Poland."}], "Q3621258": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab invasion of Armenia was a series of military campaigns conducted in 639–661 CE by the Rashidun Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire in Byzantine Armenia as part of the wider early Muslim conquests and centuries-long Arab–Byzantine wars."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab invasion of Armenia was a series of military campaigns conducted in 639–661 CE by the Rashidun Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire in Byzantine Armenia as part of the wider early Muslim conquests and centuries-long Arab–Byzantine wars."}], "Q377542": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"whiskey tax\" became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue to pay the war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War."}], "Q382967": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Damascus took place between 24 and 28 July 1148 O.S. during the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Two Crusader armies from Europe and the army of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem attempted to lay siege to the Seljuk Empire city of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Two Crusader armies from Europe and the army of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem attempted to lay siege to the Seljuk Empire city of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred as the alliance between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Mu'in ad-Din Unur, emir of the city of Damascus, was unraveling and the Crusader County of Edessa was falling to Imad al-Din Zengi, emir of the Seljuk city of Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the Christian armies from Western Europe which responded to the call for a crusade to retake Edessa were armies led Louis VII, King of France, and Conrad III, King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q311822", "label": "William of Tyre", "section": "Background", "says": "There was much discussion, but little debate, and according to William of Tyre the decision to attack Damascus was made unanimously."}], "Q422493": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In a period of three months beginning on 28 April 1947 and with Soviet approval and aid about 141,000 civilians residing around Bieszczady, Low Beskids and most of Zakerzonia were deported to former German territories, ceded to Poland at the Yalta Conference at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time the Soviet Union carried out a parallel action, Operation West (Operatsiia Zakhid, or Operatsiya Zapad), in the Ukrainian SSR."}, {"id": "Q142768", "label": "Karol Świerczewski", "section": "Background", "says": "It is sometimes assumed that the cause for Operation Vistula was the assassination on 28 March 1947 of the Polish communist General Karol Świerczewski in an ambush set up by the UPA."}, {"id": "Q1813369", "label": "Michał Rola-Żymierski", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 16, 1947, the Minister of Public Security (MBP) divisional general Stanisław Radkiewicz and Marshal Michał Rola-Żymierski, the Minister of National Defence, issued the operative and organization plan for an operation named Akcja Wschód ('Operation East') articulating the goal of the operation as \"To solve the Ukrainian problem in Poland once and for all\" and instructing the participants t"}], "Q431806": [{"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the words of Philip II, this conflict cost the largest number of Spanish lives in the New World."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It became known as the Flandes indiano (\"Indian Flanders\"), in reference to the Eighty Years' War in Europe."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "Causes of its origin and length", "says": "It has been conjectured that gold mining was already occurring in Mapuche lands south of the Inca Empire prior to the Spanish arrival and that this would have allowed the Spanish to rapidly identify places with gold."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Causes of its origin and length", "says": "Analysing the situation in the 1650s, the Real Audiencia of Santiago opined that slavery of Mapuches was one of the reasons for constant state of war between the Spanish and the Mapuches."}], "Q48163": [{"id": "Q1248722", "label": "Third Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Custoza took place on the 24 June 1866 during the Third Italian War of Independence in the Italian unification process."}, {"id": "Q471272", "label": "Alfonso La Marmora", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Imperial army, joined by the Venetian Army, jointly commanded by Archduke Albrecht  of Habsburg, defeated the Italian army, led by Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1866, the German Kingdom of Prussia declared war on the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1866, the German Kingdom of Prussia declared war on the Austrian Empire."}], "Q499909": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saxon Wars were 32 years of campaigns and insurrections from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804 when the last rebellion of tribesmen was defeated."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "They resulted in the incorporation of Saxony into the Frankish realm and their forcible conversion from Germanic paganism to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "Nearest to the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia was Westphalia, and farthest was Eastphalia."}, {"id": "Q320348", "label": "Widukind", "section": "lead", "says": "Their main leader Widukind was a resilient and resourceful opponent, but he was defeated and baptized in 785."}], "Q52315": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Little Saturn (Russian: операция «Малый Сатурн», romanized: operatsiya \"Malyy Saturn\") was a Red Army offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II that led to battles in Don and Chir rivers region in German-occupied Soviet Union territory from 16 to 30 December 1942."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Little Saturn (Russian: операция «Малый Сатурн», romanized: operatsiya \"Malyy Saturn\") was a Red Army offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II that led to battles in Don and Chir rivers region in German-occupied Soviet Union territory from 16 to 30 December 1942."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Little Saturn (Russian: операция «Малый Сатурн», romanized: operatsiya \"Malyy Saturn\") was a Red Army offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II that led to battles in Don and Chir rivers region in German-occupied Soviet Union territory from 16 to 30 December 1942."}, {"id": "Q155008", "label": "Operation Uranus", "section": "lead", "says": "The success of Operation Uranus, launched on 19 November 1942, had trapped 250,000 troops of General Friedrich Paulus' German 6th Army and parts of General Hoth's 4th Panzer Army in Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, Joseph Stalin reduced his ambitious plans to a relatively smaller operation codenamed \"Little Saturn\"."}, {"id": "Q157873", "label": "Third Battle of Kharkov", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite these victories, the Soviets themselves became over-extended, setting up the stages for the German offensives of the Third Battle of Kharkov and the Battle of Kursk."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite these victories, the Soviets themselves became over-extended, setting up the stages for the German offensives of the Third Battle of Kharkov and the Battle of Kursk."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Winter Storm (Unternehmen Wintergewitter), undertaken between 12 and 23 December 1942, was the German 4th Panzer Army's attempt to relieve encircled Axis forces during the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Background", "says": "German forces within the Stalingrad Pocket and directly outside were reorganized under Army Group Don, under the command of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein."}], "Q525097": [{"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian expedition of Catherine the Great of 1796, like the Persian expedition of Peter the Great (1722–1723), was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian expedition of Catherine the Great of 1796, like the Persian expedition of Peter the Great (1722–1723), was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent."}, {"id": "Q8543350", "label": "Russo-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian expedition of Catherine the Great of 1796, like the Persian expedition of Peter the Great (1722–1723), was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom of Georgia, a subject of the Persians for many centuries, became a Russian protectorate in 1783, when King Erekle II signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, whereby the Empress promised to defend him in the case of Iranian attack."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "He put an end to the period of dynastic strife and proceeded to re-strengthen the Persian hold on the Caucasus by re-garrisoning the Iranian territories and cities in the area of modern-day Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, as well as ravaging and recapturing Georgia and reducing its capital Tbilisi to a pile of ashes in 1795."}, {"id": "Q1398598", "label": "Javad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Early spring of 1796, Erekle sent his son Alexander and Davit Batonishvili to Ganja with an army assembled by name to punish Javad Khan, from the south."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "It was widely expected that the strong Russian corps would be led by a seasoned general like Alexander Suvorov, the subduer of the 1794 Polish uprising."}], "Q559291": [{"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre was ordered by Heinrich Himmler, who directed to kill \"anything that moves\" to stop the Warsaw Uprising soon after it began."}, {"id": "Q682813", "label": "Heinz Reinefarth", "section": "lead", "says": "However, recent research has shown that the participation of Dirlewanger in the early days of the massacre was limited, and it was the German police forces under Heinz Reinefarth that carried out the majority of murders."}, {"id": "Q381185", "label": "Władysław Bartoszewski", "section": "Origins of the term \"Wola massacre\"", "says": "It was used, for example, by Władysław Bartoszewski in his works on the Warsaw Uprising."}], "Q576292": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (Dutch: Vierde Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog; 1780–1784) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (Dutch: Vierde Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog; 1780–1784) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war, contemporary with the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the insurgent Americans and their French and Spanish allies, American envoy (and future president) John Adams had his credentials accepted as ambassador, establishing diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognize the United States of America in April 1782 as a sov"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the insurgent Americans and their French and Spanish allies, American envoy (and future president) John Adams had his credentials accepted as ambassador, establishing diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognize the United States of America in April 1782 as a sov"}, {"id": "Q130654", "label": "Dutch Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war exposed the decline of the Dutch Empire since the early 18th century, and further cemented Great Britain as the leading commercial power between the two empires."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Second Stadtholderless Period, the Dutch Republic had more or less abdicated its pretences as a major power and this became painfully evident to the rest of Europe during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, the republic remained neutral during the Seven Years' War, which enabled it to avoid expanding its army and navy."}, {"id": "Q131981", "label": "George II of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "The stadtholderian regime was pro-British, with the stadtholder being a grandson of King George II of Great Britain, but his opponents for this reason favoured France, and those opponents were strong enough in the States General of the Netherlands (the governing body of the Republic whose \"first servant\" the stadtholder was) to keep Dutch foreign policy neutral."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The request was met with a hostile reception from Dutch sympathisers with the American Revolution, led by Baron Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol, who convinced the States General to turn it down."}], "Q590014": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Drepana (or Drepanum) took place in 249 BC during the First Punic War near Drepana (modern Trapani) in western Sicily, between a Carthaginian fleet under Adherbal and a Roman fleet commanded by Publius Claudius Pulcher."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "It was seven years before Rome again attempted to field a substantial fleet, while Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower."}, {"id": "Q223134", "label": "Olympias", "section": "Background", "says": "The modern replica galley Olympias has achieved speeds of 8.5 knots (9.8 mph; 15.7 km/h) and cruised at 4 knots (4.6 mph; 7.4 km/h) for hours on end."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The quinquereme was the workhorse of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars, although hexaremes (six oarsmen per bank), quadriremes (four oarsmen per bank) and triremes (three oarsmen per bank) are also occasionally mentioned."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "So ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for \"warship\" in general."}, {"id": "Q3179370", "label": "Lucius Junius Pullus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A large army commanded by the year's consuls Publius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Junius Pullus besieged the city."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Chief among the blockade runners was a galley captained by Hannibal the Rhodian, who taunted the Romans with the superiority of his vessel and crew."}], "Q598774": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) was a continuation of struggle between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over control of Livonia and Estonia, as well as the dispute over the Swedish throne between Charles IX of Sweden and Sigismund III of Poland."}, {"id": "Q52939", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) was a continuation of struggle between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over control of Livonia and Estonia, as well as the dispute over the Swedish throne between Charles IX of Sweden and Sigismund III of Poland."}, {"id": "Q540840", "label": "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz", "section": "lead", "says": "After skirmishes, sieges and battles often aborted by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, a truce was signed until the later invasion by the Russians."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "This conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden traces its roots to the War against Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "In this civil war (1597–1599), Sigismund III Vasa, at one time king of both the Commonwealth and Sweden, lost the throne of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q371409", "label": "Battle of Stångebro", "section": "Background", "says": "After an early stalemate, Sigismund was defeated at the Battle of Stångebro in 1598."}], "Q697053": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Huế (31 January 1968 – 2 March 1968) was a major battle in the Tết Offensive launched by North Vietnam and the Việt Cộng during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Huế (31 January 1968 – 2 March 1968) was a major battle in the Tết Offensive launched by North Vietnam and the Việt Cộng during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially losing control of most of Huế and its surroundings, the combined forces of South Vietnam and the United States gradually recaptured the city after a little over one month of intense fighting."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially losing control of most of Huế and its surroundings, the combined forces of South Vietnam and the United States gradually recaptured the city after a little over one month of intense fighting."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "By the beginning of the North Vietnamese Tet Offensive on 30 January 1968, which coincided with the Vietnamese Tết Lunar New Year, large conventional American forces had been committed to combat operations on Vietnamese soil for almost three years."}], "Q697266": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Privat) on 18 August 1870 was the largest battle of the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q699262", "label": "Battle of Mars-la-Tour", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after Gravelotte, a village in Lorraine, it was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined German forces under King Wilhelm I were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation with 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined German forces under King Wilhelm I were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation with 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men."}, {"id": "Q81518", "label": "François Achille Bazaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal François Achille Bazaine, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St."}, {"id": "Q61474", "label": "Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 August, the Prussian First Army under General Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz launched its VII and VIII Corps in repeated assaults against the French positions, backed by artillery and cavalry support."}, {"id": "Q60505", "label": "Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Second Army, commanded by Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia had met the right wing of the French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal Bazaine, at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour — both sides claimed victory."}], "Q697403": [{"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Plunder was a military operation to cross the Rhine on the night of 23 March 1945, launched by the 21st Army Group under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery."}, {"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "lead", "says": "The crossing of the river was at Rees, Wesel, and south of the river Lippe by the British Second Army under Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey, and the United States Ninth Army under Lieutenant General William H."}, {"id": "Q1360624", "label": "Operation Varsity", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Allied Airborne Army conducted Operation Varsity on the east bank of the Rhine in support of Operation Plunder, consisting of U.S."}, {"id": "Q1635355", "label": "Operation Grenade", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Grenade in February by Simpson's Ninth Army and Harry Crerar's First Canadian Army was also expected to prepare the ground."}], "Q697722": [{"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "An important result of the Battle of Pressburg was that the Kingdom of East Francia could not regain control over the Carolingian March of Pannonia, including the territory of the later Marchia Orientalis (March of Austria), which was lost in 900."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The most significant result of the Battle of Pressburg is that the Hungarians secured the lands they gained during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, prevented a German invasion that jeopardized their future, and established the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "Background", "says": "In 900, the advisors to the new king of East Francia, Louis the Child, led by his regent, Hatto I, Archbishop of Mainz, refused to renew the East Francian (German)–Hungarian alliance, which ended upon the death of Arnulf of Carinthia, the prior king."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 900, the advisors to the new king of East Francia, Louis the Child, led by his regent, Hatto I, Archbishop of Mainz, refused to renew the East Francian (German)–Hungarian alliance, which ended upon the death of Arnulf of Carinthia, the prior king."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, in 900, the Hungarians took over Pannonia (Transdanubia) from the Duchy of Bavaria, then a part of East Francia."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the Battle of Pressburg (Brezalauspurc), most fighting was between the Hungarians and the Bavarians, with the exception of the Hungarian campaign in Saxony in 906."}, {"id": "Q551716", "label": "Mojmir II", "section": "Background", "says": "After losing Pannonia, Luitpold, the Margrave of Bavaria, allied with Bavaria's former enemy, Mojmir II of Moravia."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 902, the Hungarian armies, probably led by Kurszán, defeated Great Moravia and occupied its eastern area, followed by Hungarian suzerainty over the rest of Moravia and Dalamancia (territory in the surroundings of Meissen)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At this time, Bavaria included Pannonia, Ostmark, east from the river Enns, and probably the old lands of the Great Moravia (now the western part of Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Louis the Child and his advisers hoped that the campaign would be a repeat of Charlemagne's success against the Avars in 803, in which the Frankish Empire gained control over the western parts of the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q2899771", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Florian Monastery, located between the rivers Enns and Traun, on the border between Bavaria and the Principality of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q849323", "label": "Battle of Brenta", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While there is no hard evidence of this, it is consistent with their known use of this tactic in other battles from the same period, notably in the Battle of Brenta."}], "Q698226": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–1942 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces of the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–1942 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces of the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–1942 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces of the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}], "Q698269": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "They were signed by the foreign secretaries of the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "They were signed by the foreign secretaries of the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "They were signed by the foreign secretaries of the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "They were signed by the foreign secretaries of the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China."}], "Q700194": [{"id": "Q150320", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The opponents were a Bohemian (Czech) army led by the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia and the German army under the German king Rudolph I of Habsburg in alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q156147", "label": "Ladislaus IV of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The opponents were a Bohemian (Czech) army led by the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia and the German army under the German king Rudolph I of Habsburg in alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q157179", "label": "Conrad IV of Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1250 and subsequently his son Conrad IV of Germany, created a grave crisis for the Holy Roman Empire, as in the following decades several nobles were elected as Rex Romanorum and Emperor-to-be, none of whom were able to gain actual governing power upon the Emperor's death in 1250."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1250 and subsequently his son Conrad IV of Germany, created a grave crisis for the Holy Roman Empire, as in the following decades several nobles were elected as Rex Romanorum and Emperor-to-be, none of whom were able to gain actual governing power upon the Emperor's death in 1250."}, {"id": "Q175833", "label": "Wenceslaus I of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "That same year, Ottokar II, son of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, moved into the princeless Duchies of Austria and Styria."}, {"id": "Q280338", "label": "Frederick II, Duke of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The last Babenberg duke Frederick II of Austria had been killed at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River, in a border conflict he had picked with King Béla IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q446410", "label": "Battle of the Leitha River", "section": "Background", "says": "The last Babenberg duke Frederick II of Austria had been killed at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River, in a border conflict he had picked with King Béla IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q152370", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The last Babenberg duke Frederick II of Austria had been killed at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River, in a border conflict he had picked with King Béla IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q696795", "label": "Battle of Kressenbrunn", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1253, Ottokar II became Bohemian king upon the death of his father; the concentration of power on the western Hungarian border was viewed with suspicion by King Béla IV, who campaigned against Austria and Styria but was finally defeated at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In return, her father Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol received the Duchy of Carinthia as a fief."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Second, he established an — unstable — alliance with Duke Henry I of Lower Bavaria by offering Rudolph's daughter Katharina as wife for the Duke's son, Otto, in addition to the region of present-day Upper Austria as a pledge for her dowry."}], "Q700569": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse was a naval engagement in World War II, as part of the war in the Pacific, that took place on 10 December 1941 in the South China Sea off the east coast of the British colonies of Malaya (present-day Malaysia) and the Straits Settlements (present-day Singapore and its coastal towns), 70 miles (61 nautical miles; 110 kilometres) east of Kuantan, Pahang."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse was a naval engagement in World War II, as part of the war in the Pacific, that took place on 10 December 1941 in the South China Sea off the east coast of the British colonies of Malaya (present-day Malaysia) and the Straits Settlements (present-day Singapore and its coastal towns), 70 miles (61 nautical miles; 110 kilometres) east of Kuantan, Pahang."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse was a naval engagement in World War II, as part of the war in the Pacific, that took place on 10 December 1941 in the South China Sea off the east coast of the British colonies of Malaya (present-day Malaysia) and the Straits Settlements (present-day Singapore and its coastal towns), 70 miles (61 nautical miles; 110 kilometres) east of Kuantan, Pahang."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent 36 Mitsubishi G4M bombers to reinforce the existing Mitsubishi G3M-equipped Kanoya Air Group and Genzan Air Group, whose pilots began training for an attack on the two capital ships."}], "Q703942": [{"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "Background", "says": "Chinese diplomat Li Hongzhang rejected the claim that the murder of Ryukyuans had anything to do with Japan once he learned of Japan's aspirations."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing argued that like in many other countries, the administration of the government did not stretch to every part of a country, similar to the Native American territories in the United States or aboriginal territories in Australia and New Zealand, a view Le Gendre also took before his employment by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing argued that like in many other countries, the administration of the government did not stretch to every part of a country, similar to the Native American territories in the United States or aboriginal territories in Australia and New Zealand, a view Le Gendre also took before his employment by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing argued that like in many other countries, the administration of the government did not stretch to every part of a country, similar to the Native American territories in the United States or aboriginal territories in Australia and New Zealand, a view Le Gendre also took before his employment by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "The magistrate of the Taiwan Circuit learned of the impending Japanese invasion from a Hong Kong newspaper quoting a Japanese news item and reported it to Fujian authorities."}], "Q704536": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The London Naval Treaty, officially the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament, was an agreement between the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States that was signed on 22 April 1930."}, {"id": "Q696550", "label": "Washington Naval Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking to address issues not covered in the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which had created tonnage limits for each nation's surface warships, the new agreement regulated submarine warfare, further controlled cruisers and destroyers, and limited naval shipbuilding."}], "Q11158136": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The shock struck a mountainous area between the cities of Saravan and Khash in Sistan and Balochistan province, Iran, close to the border with Pakistan, with a duration of about 25 seconds."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest earthquake in Iran within the last 300 years, equal in magnitude to the one that shook East Azerbaijan in 1721, which had killed up to 250,000 people, and possibly the largest in the last half-century."}], "Q1138460": [{"id": "Q766437", "label": "Rif War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Annual was fought on 22 July 1921 at Annual, in northeastern Morocco, between the Spanish Army and Riffian Berbers during the Rif War."}, {"id": "Q192894", "label": "Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in major political crises, the fall of several governments, a military dictatorship led by Miguel Primo de Rivera, the abdication of King Alfonso XIII and a complete reassessment of the Spanish colonial policy toward the Rif as the entire Spanish colonial enterprise was at one point threatened."}, {"id": "Q18363", "label": "Alfonso XIII", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in major political crises, the fall of several governments, a military dictatorship led by Miguel Primo de Rivera, the abdication of King Alfonso XIII and a complete reassessment of the Spanish colonial policy toward the Rif as the entire Spanish colonial enterprise was at one point threatened."}, {"id": "Q3180734", "label": "Manuel Fernández Silvestre", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1921, Spanish forces commanded by General Manuel Fernández Silvestre started an offensive into northeastern Morocco from the coastal regions that they already held."}], "Q113900838": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Shaking was widely felt across the country and even in neighbouring Indonesia."}], "Q1140492": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Smolensk War (1632–1634) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia."}, {"id": "Q1383153", "label": "Treaty of Polyanovka", "section": "lead", "says": "Small military engagements produced mixed results for both sides, but the surrender of the main Russian force in February 1634 led to the Treaty of Polyanovka."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1632, Sigismund III Vasa, the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, died."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1632, Sigismund III Vasa, the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, died."}, {"id": "Q54054", "label": "Władysław IV Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Commonwealth nobility quickly elected Sigismund's son Władysław IV Vasa as their new ruler, Poland's neighbours, expecting delays in the electoral process, tested the Commonwealth's perceived weakness."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish king Gustav II Adolph sent envoys to Russia and the Ottoman Empire to propose an alliance and war against the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q727122", "label": "Lew Sapieha", "section": "Background", "says": "In May the Senate of Poland agreed to increase the size of the army, but Grand Lithuanian Hetman Lew Sapieha objected, arguing that the current forces were enough and that war was not likely."}, {"id": "Q542169", "label": "Truce of Deulino", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia's aim was to gain control of Smolensk, which it had ceded to the Commonwealth in 1618 at the Truce of Deulino, ending the last Russo-Polish War."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia's aim was to gain control of Smolensk, which it had ceded to the Commonwealth in 1618 at the Truce of Deulino, ending the last Russo-Polish War."}, {"id": "Q1567698", "label": "Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Smolensk was the capital of the Commonwealth's Smoleńsk Voivodeship, but it had often been contested, and it changed hands many times during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries (from the days of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars)."}], "Q1195058": [{"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT)."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "lead", "says": "The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in the KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in Nanjing, in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in Wuhan, which was led by Wang Jingwei."}, {"id": "Q992318", "label": "Autumn Harvest Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "For the rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising and culminating with the Nanchang Uprising, nominally commencing the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q476634", "label": "Nanchang Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "For the rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising and culminating with the Nanchang Uprising, nominally commencing the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "For the rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising and culminating with the Nanchang Uprising, nominally commencing the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1038900", "label": "Guangzhou Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "With the failure and the crushing of the Guangzhou Uprising however, the power of the CCP was largely diminished, unable to launch another major urban offensive for years."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The April 12 Incident was rooted in the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union, formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "Background", "says": "The April 12 Incident was rooted in the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union, formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923."}, {"id": "Q318330", "label": "Adolph Joffe", "section": "Background", "says": "The April 12 Incident was rooted in the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union, formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923."}, {"id": "Q176578", "label": "Mikhail Borodin", "section": "Background", "says": "The alliance included both financial and military aid as well as a small but important group of Soviet Comintern political and military advisors headed by Mikhail Borodin."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union's conditions included co-operation with the nascent Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "Background", "says": "Internal conflicts between left-wing and right-wing factions of the KMT with regards to the United Front with the CCP continued right up to the launch of the Northern Expedition."}, {"id": "Q3272511", "label": "Zhongshan Warship Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "After Sun's death from cancer in March 1925, KMT leaders continued to push the plan, and after they had purged Guangzhou's Communists and Soviet advisors during the \"Canton Coup\" on 20 March 1926, they finally launched the Expedition that same June."}], "Q1200928": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was briefly fought between the Kingdom of Thailand and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Thailand and Japan then formed an alliance making Thailand part of the Axis alliance until the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q160847", "label": "Hideki Tojo", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 December 1941, Prime Minister Hideki Tojo of Japan stated that he was uncertain where Thailand stood regarding allowing Japanese troops free passage through its territory, but was hopeful a clash could be avoided."}], "Q1201832": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the First Chechen War of 1994 to 1996, a group of Chechen separatists led by Shamil Basayev attacked the southern Russian city of Budyonnovsk near the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria."}, {"id": "Q190731", "label": "Shamil Basayev", "section": "lead", "says": "During the First Chechen War of 1994 to 1996, a group of Chechen separatists led by Shamil Basayev attacked the southern Russian city of Budyonnovsk near the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria."}, {"id": "Q210036", "label": "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria", "section": "lead", "says": "During the First Chechen War of 1994 to 1996, a group of Chechen separatists led by Shamil Basayev attacked the southern Russian city of Budyonnovsk near the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria."}, {"id": "Q190884", "label": "Victor Chernomyrdin", "section": "lead", "says": "Following several failed attempts by the Russian government to respond to the situation with force, Russian prime minister Viktor Chernomyrdin personally agreed to Basayev's demands, securing the release of the hostages."}], "Q1205962": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Castilian Civil War was a war of succession over the Crown of Castile that lasted from 1351 to 1369."}, {"id": "Q298808", "label": "Alfonso XI of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict started after the death of king Alfonso XI of Castile in March 1350."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It became part of the larger conflict then raging between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France: the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It became part of the larger conflict then raging between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France: the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It became part of the larger conflict then raging between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France: the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "Causes", "says": "He had greatly extended the royal authority and had entered into a war with the Crown of Aragon (called \"The War of the Two Peters\")."}, {"id": "Q2664602", "label": "War of the Two Peters", "section": "Causes", "says": "He had greatly extended the royal authority and had entered into a war with the Crown of Aragon (called \"The War of the Two Peters\")."}], "Q123170": [{"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was responsible in part for triggering the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which saw the overthrow of the ruling dynasty under the Iranian monarch and a related outbreak of mass violence."}], "Q1235331": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sicilian Wars, or Greco-Punic Wars, were a series of conflicts fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse over control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean between 580 and 265 BC."}], "Q1264908": [{"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chrysopolis was fought on 18 September 324 between the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius near Chrysopolis (modern Üsküdar), opposite Byzantium (modern Istanbul) on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus."}, {"id": "Q268744", "label": "Martinianus", "section": "lead", "says": "Licinius withdrew his forces from Byzantium to Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy) and gathered the remnants of his army, reinforced by Visigothic auxiliaries and the troops of the co-emperor Martinian."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantine became sole ruler of the Roman Empire, ending the period of the Tetrarchy."}], "Q126913477": [{"id": "Q42410", "label": "Evo Morales", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup followed weeks of political and economic unease, as a split in the ruling party between former president Evo Morales and incumbent Luis Arce hampered the government's ability to address a looming financial crisis."}, {"id": "Q16149892", "label": "Luis Arce", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup followed weeks of political and economic unease, as a split in the ruling party between former president Evo Morales and incumbent Luis Arce hampered the government's ability to address a looming financial crisis."}], "Q131144158": [{"id": "Q57794", "label": "Bidzina Ivanishvili", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling Georgian Dream party, led by Bidzina Ivanishvili, declared victory according to those results."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "High-ranking officials of the Georgian Dream ruling party were sanctioned by the United States, United Kingdom, and a number of individual EU member states."}], "Q1333898": [{"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fei River, also known as the Battle of Feishui (simplified Chinese: 淝水之战; traditional Chinese: 淝水之戰; pinyin: Féishǔi zhī zhàn), took place in the autumn of 383 AD in China, where forces of the Di-led Former Qin dynasty were decisively defeated by the outnumbered army of the Eastern Jin dynasty."}], "Q1339928": [{"id": "Q657967", "label": "Second Barons' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Evesham (4 August 1265) was one of the two main battles of 13th century England's Second Barons' War."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the defeat of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and the rebellious barons by the future King Edward I, who led the forces of his father, King Henry III."}, {"id": "Q2164009", "label": "Battle of Lewes", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Battle of Lewes, de Montfort had won control of royal government, but after the defection of several close allies and the escape from captivity of Prince Edward, he found himself on the defensive."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, had gained a dominant position in the government of the Kingdom of England after his victory at the Battle of Lewes a year earlier."}, {"id": "Q314527", "label": "Richard of Cornwall", "section": "Background", "says": "He also held the King, Prince Edward, and the King's brother Richard of Cornwall in his custody."}], "Q13454627": [{"id": "Q236503", "label": "Fernando Collor", "section": "lead", "says": "By mid-June, the movement had grown to become Brazil's largest since the 1992 protests against former President Fernando Collor de Mello."}], "Q1354080": [{"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Muret (Occitan: Batalha de Murèth), fought on 12 September 1213 near Muret, 25 km (16 mi) south of Toulouse, was the last major battle of the Albigensian Crusade and one of the most notable pitched battles of the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q315058", "label": "Peter II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Although estimates of the sizes of the respective armies vary considerably even among distinguished modern historians, it is most well known for a small force of French knights and crusaders commanded by Simon de Montfort the Elder defeating a much larger allied army led by King Peter II of Aragon and Count Raymond VI of Toulouse."}, {"id": "Q356564", "label": "Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse", "section": "lead", "says": "Although estimates of the sizes of the respective armies vary considerably even among distinguished modern historians, it is most well known for a small force of French knights and crusaders commanded by Simon de Montfort the Elder defeating a much larger allied army led by King Peter II of Aragon and Count Raymond VI of Toulouse."}, {"id": "Q29031", "label": "Charles Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles Oman described the battle as the most remarkable triumphs ever won by a force entirely composed of cavalry over an enemy that used both horse and foot."}, {"id": "Q161696", "label": "Catharism", "section": "Background", "says": "Simon IV de Montfort was the leader of the Albigensian Crusade aimed at destroying Catharism and bringing the Languedoc under Capetian control."}, {"id": "Q1334322", "label": "County of Toulouse", "section": "Background", "says": "He invaded County of Toulouse and exiled its count, Raymond VI."}], "Q1355145": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Italian War, or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Charles VIII of France, who had initial Milanese aid, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Charles VIII of France, who had initial Milanese aid, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pope Innocent VIII, in conflict with King Ferdinand I of Naples over Ferdinand's refusal to pay feudal dues to the papacy, excommunicated and deposed Ferdinand by a bull of 11 September 1489."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pope Innocent VIII, in conflict with King Ferdinand I of Naples over Ferdinand's refusal to pay feudal dues to the papacy, excommunicated and deposed Ferdinand by a bull of 11 September 1489."}, {"id": "Q170353", "label": "René of Anjou", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He was the oldest son of Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine (died 1483), the only surviving child of René of Anjou (died 1480), the last effective Angevin King of Naples until 1442."}, {"id": "Q236853", "label": "Ludovico Sforza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Casus belli of the conflict was the rivalry that arose between the Duchess of Bari, Beatrice d'Este, wife of Ludovico Sforza, known as the Moor, and the Duchess of Milan, Isabella of Aragon, wife of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, who both aspired to control of the Duchy of Milan and to the hereditary title for their children: since 1480 Ludovico Sforza ruled that duchy as regent of his little nephew Gian G"}, {"id": "Q314514", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Sforza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Casus belli of the conflict was the rivalry that arose between the Duchess of Bari, Beatrice d'Este, wife of Ludovico Sforza, known as the Moor, and the Duchess of Milan, Isabella of Aragon, wife of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, who both aspired to control of the Duchy of Milan and to the hereditary title for their children: since 1480 Ludovico Sforza ruled that duchy as regent of his little nephew Gian G"}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Casus belli of the conflict was the rivalry that arose between the Duchess of Bari, Beatrice d'Este, wife of Ludovico Sforza, known as the Moor, and the Duchess of Milan, Isabella of Aragon, wife of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, who both aspired to control of the Duchy of Milan and to the hereditary title for their children: since 1480 Ludovico Sforza ruled that duchy as regent of his little nephew Gian G"}], "Q1357977": [{"id": "Q3953988", "label": "Second Samnite War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caudine Forks (321 BC) was a decisive event of the Second Samnite War."}], "Q1362188": [{"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talikota, also known as that of Rakshasi-Tangadi, (23 January 1565) was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and an alliance of the Deccan sultanates."}, {"id": "Q592872", "label": "Aliya Rama Raya", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in the defeat of Aliya Rama Raya which led to the eventual collapse of the polity and reconfigured Deccan politics."}, {"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Rama Raya, after his installation of a patrimonial state and emerging as the ruler, adopted a political strategy of benefiting from the internecine warfare among the multiple successors of the Bahmani Sultanate, and it worked well for about twenty years of his reign."}, {"id": "Q3764168", "label": "Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over Kalyan and diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures, the four Muslim Sultanates – Hussain Nizam Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar in the center, and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of Golkonda to the east – united in the wake of shrewd marital diplo"}], "Q1377817": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union; also referred to as TSCG, or more plainly the Fiscal Stability Treaty is an intergovernmental treaty introduced as a new stricter version of the Stability and Growth Pact, signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European Union (EU), except the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union; also referred to as TSCG, or more plainly the Fiscal Stability Treaty is an intergovernmental treaty introduced as a new stricter version of the Stability and Growth Pact, signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European Union (EU), except the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom."}], "Q1417205": [{"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a subsidiary action of the Battle of the Frontiers, in which the Allies clashed with the German Army on the French–German frontier."}, {"id": "Q725621", "label": "Charles Lanrezac", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the British fought well and inflicted disproportionate casualties on the numerically superior Germans, they were forced to retreat due to being outnumbered and the sudden retreat of the French Fifth Army (General Charles Lanrezac) which exposed the British right flank."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "Though initially planned as a simple tactical withdrawal and executed in good order, the British retreat from Mons lasted for two weeks and took the BEF to the outskirts of Paris, before it counter-attacked in concert with the French, at the First Battle of the Marne."}, {"id": "Q860150", "label": "Battle of Charleroi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fifth Army, on the right of the BEF, was engaged with the German 2nd Army and the 3rd Army at the Battle of Charleroi."}, {"id": "Q60252", "label": "Alexander von Kluck", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Advancing towards the British was the German 1st Army, commanded by Alexander von Kluck."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 1st Army was composed of four active corps, II Corps (Lieutenant-General Alexander von Linsingen), III Corps, IV Corps (Lieutenant-General Ewald von Lochow) and IX Corps (Lieutenant-General Ferdinand von Quast) and three reserve corps, III Reserve Corps (Lieutenant-General Hans von Beseler), IV Reserve Corps (Lieutenant-General Hans von Gronau) and IX Reserve Corps (Lieutenant-General Max von "}, {"id": "Q73402", "label": "Max von Boehn", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 1st Army was composed of four active corps, II Corps (Lieutenant-General Alexander von Linsingen), III Corps, IV Corps (Lieutenant-General Ewald von Lochow) and IX Corps (Lieutenant-General Ferdinand von Quast) and three reserve corps, III Reserve Corps (Lieutenant-General Hans von Beseler), IV Reserve Corps (Lieutenant-General Hans von Gronau) and IX Reserve Corps (Lieutenant-General Max von "}, {"id": "Q61030", "label": "Karl von Bülow", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Late on 20 August, General Karl von Bülow, the 2nd Army commander, who had tactical control over the 1st Army while north of the Sambre, held the view that an encounter with the British was unlikely and wished to concentrate on the French units reported between Charleroi and Namur, on the south bank of the Sambre; reconnaissance in the afternoon failed to reveal the strength or intentions of the F"}], "Q1425362": [{"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cajamarca, also spelled Cajamalca (though many contemporary scholars prefer to call it the Cajamarca massacre), was the ambush and seizure of the Incan ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cajamarca, also spelled Cajamalca (though many contemporary scholars prefer to call it the Cajamarca massacre), was the ambush and seizure of the Incan ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532."}, {"id": "Q381752", "label": "Titu Cusi Yupanqui", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Titu Cusi Yupanqui (1529–1571), son of Atahualpa's half-brother Manco II, who had escaped the killings of Atahualpa's general Quizquiz, dictated decades later the only Inca account of the events leading up to the battle."}], "Q1456646": [{"id": "Q211109", "label": "Alexander III of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Perth, signed 2 July 1266, ended military conflict between Magnus the Lawmender of Norway and Alexander III of Scotland over possession of the Hebrides and the Isle of Man."}, {"id": "Q2097266", "label": "Battle of Largs", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was agreed three years after the Battle of Largs in 1263."}, {"id": "Q2230310", "label": "Treaty of York", "section": "lead", "says": "Michael Lynch has compared the treaty's importance with that of the Treaty of York of 1237."}, {"id": "Q222616", "label": "James III of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The annuity was paid during subsequent decades, until its cancellation as part of the agreement for the marriage of James III of Scotland and Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland in 1469."}, {"id": "Q233804", "label": "Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The annuity was paid during subsequent decades, until its cancellation as part of the agreement for the marriage of James III of Scotland and Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland in 1469."}], "Q1475243": [{"id": "Q700032", "label": "Battle of Savo Island", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Esperance, also known as the Second Battle of Savo Island and in Japanese sources as the Sea Battle of Savo Island (サボ島沖海戦), took place on 11–12 October 1942, in the Pacific campaign of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and United States Navy."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Esperance, also known as the Second Battle of Savo Island and in Japanese sources as the Sea Battle of Savo Island (サボ島沖海戦), took place on 11–12 October 1942, in the Pacific campaign of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and United States Navy."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval battle was the second of four major surface engagements during the Guadalcanal campaign and took place at the entrance to the strait between Savo Island and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q435915", "label": "Gunichi Mikawa", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of 11 October, Japanese naval forces in the Solomon Islands area—under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa—sent a major supply and reinforcement convoy to their forces on Guadalcanal."}, {"id": "Q713483", "label": "Aritomo Gotō", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time but in a separate operation, three heavy cruisers and two destroyers—under the command of Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō—were to bombard the Allied airfield on Guadalcanal (called Henderson Field by the Allies) with the object of destroying Allied aircraft and the airfield's facilities."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The objective was to deny the islands to the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and secure starting points for a campaign to isolate the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign."}, {"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2,000 to 3,000 Japanese personnel on the islands were taken by complete surprise, and by nightfall on 8 August, the 11,000 Allied troops, under the command of Lieutenant General Alexander Vandegrift, secured Tulagi and nearby small islands as well as the Japanese airfield under construction at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal, named \"Henderson Field\" by the Allies."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's 17th Army—a corps-sized formation headquartered at Rabaul under Lieutenant-General Harukichi Hyakutake—with the task of retaking Guadalcanal."}], "Q1475679": [{"id": "Q700032", "label": "Battle of Savo Island", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tassafaronga, sometimes referred to as the Fourth Battle of Savo Island or in Japanese sources as the Battle of Lunga Point (ルンガ沖夜戦; \"Naval Battle of Lunga\"), was a nighttime naval battle that took place on 30 November 1942 between United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy warships during the Guadalcanal campaign."}, {"id": "Q3929698", "label": "Raizō Tanaka", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eighth Fleet's Guadalcanal Reinforcement Unit, based in the Shortland Islands and under the command of Rear Admiral Raizō Tanaka, was tasked by Mikawa with making the first of five scheduled runs using the drum method on the night of 30 November."}], "Q1528565": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raseiniai (23–27 June 1941) was a large tank battle that took place in the early stages of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raseiniai (23–27 June 1941) was a large tank battle that took place in the early stages of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the elements of the German 4th Panzer Group and the Soviet 3rd Mechanized Corps with the 12th Mechanised Corps, in Lithuania, 75 km (47 mi) north-west of Kaunas."}, {"id": "Q70546", "label": "Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Army Group North, commanded by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, and staging in East Prussia prior to the commencement of the offensive, was the northern of three army groups participating in Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q57367", "label": "Erich Hoepner", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Army Group North controlled the 18th Army and the 16th Army, along with the 4th Panzer Group (General Erich Hoepner)."}, {"id": "Q81047", "label": "Fyodor Kuznetsov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Soviet military administrative control over the Baltic republics area where the Army Group North would be deployed was exercised by the Special Baltic Military District which after the invasion was renamed into the Northwestern Front (Colonel General Fyodor Kuznetsov)."}], "Q1568837": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, commonly known as the Jay Treaty, and also as Jay's Treaty, was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the 1783 Treaty of Paris (which ended the American Revolutionary War), and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade be"}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, commonly known as the Jay Treaty, and also as Jay's Treaty, was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the 1783 Treaty of Paris (which ended the American Revolutionary War), and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade be"}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, commonly known as the Jay Treaty, and also as Jay's Treaty, was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the 1783 Treaty of Paris (which ended the American Revolutionary War), and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade be"}, {"id": "Q178903", "label": "Alexander Hamilton", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Americans, the treaty's policy was designed by Treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton, supported by President George Washington."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Americans, the treaty's policy was designed by Treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton, supported by President George Washington."}, {"id": "Q310847", "label": "John Jay", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was negotiated by John Jay (also a negotiator of the earlier Paris treaty) and gained several of the primary American goals."}, {"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "This included a British withdrawal from forts in the Northwest Territory that Britain had refused to relinquish under the terms of the Treaty of Paris."}], "Q1638488": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monmouth, also known as the Battle of Monmouth Court House, was fought near the Village of Monmouth Court House in modern-day Freehold Borough, New Jersey and Manalapan, on June 28, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted the Continental Army, commanded by General George Washington, against the British Army in North America, commanded by General Sir Henry Clinton."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted the Continental Army, commanded by General George Washington, against the British Army in North America, commanded by General Sir Henry Clinton."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "lead", "says": "This included Major General Horatio Gates, whose political alliance with the \"Conway Cabal\" threatened General Washington's status as commander-in-chief."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1778, the French-American Treaty of Alliance tilted the strategic balance in favor of the Americans, forcing the British to abandon hopes of a military victory and adopt a defensive strategy."}, {"id": "Q390992", "label": "Charles Lee", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington detached around a third of his army and sent it ahead under the command of Major General Charles Lee, hoping to land a heavy blow on the British without becoming embroiled in a major engagement."}], "Q169023": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talavera (27–28 July 1809) was fought just outside the town of Talavera de la Reina, Spain some 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Madrid, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q603213", "label": "Gregorio García de la Cuesta", "section": "lead", "says": "At Talavera, a British army under Sir Arthur Wellesley combined with a Spanish army under General Gregorio García de la Cuesta fought in operations against French-occupied Madrid."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "There they encountered 46,000 French in the corps of Marshal Claude Victor and Major-General Horace Sébastiani, the cavalry reserve, and the Madrid garrison; with the French king of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte in nominal command and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan in actual command."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "There they encountered 46,000 French in the corps of Marshal Claude Victor and Major-General Horace Sébastiani, the cavalry reserve, and the Madrid garrison; with the French king of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte in nominal command and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan in actual command."}], "Q175113": [{"id": "Q702638", "label": "Operation Tannenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The reprisals compounded violence stemming from the German attempts to pacify the city, and the premeditated murder of notable Poles as part of Operation Tannenberg."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the First Partition of Poland."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the First Partition of Poland."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "As a part of Prussia, the city was affected by the unification of Germany in 1871 and became part of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "It would remain a part of the German Empire until the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1920, the Treaty of Versailles awarded the city and the surrounding region to the Second Polish Republic (the administrative region of Pomeranian Voivodeship)."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler revitalized the Völkisch movement, making an appeal to the German minority living outside of Germany's post-World War I borders and recruiting its members for Nazi intelligence."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "By March 1939, these ambitions, charges of atrocities on both sides of the German-Polish border, distrust, and rising nationalist sentiment in Nazi Germany led to the complete deterioration of Polish-German relations."}], "Q177283": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Altmark incident (Norwegian: Altmark-affæren; German: Altmark-Zwischenfall) was a naval incident of World War II between British destroyers and the German tanker Altmark, which happened on 16–17 February 1940."}], "Q1785022": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bohemian Revolt (German: Böhmischer Aufstand; Czech: České stavovské povstání; 1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism."}, {"id": "Q4373", "label": "Battle of White Mountain", "section": "lead", "says": "The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat."}], "Q179077": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Pontiac's War (also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion) was launched in 1763 by a confederation of Native Americans who were dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War (1754–1763)."}], "Q1840117": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille de Québec) was fought on December 31, 1775, between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of Quebec City as part of the invasion of Quebec of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q444947", "label": "Richard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "General Richard Montgomery was killed, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan and more than 400 men were taken prisoner."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "General Richard Montgomery was killed, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan and more than 400 men were taken prisoner."}, {"id": "Q2767", "label": "Daniel Morgan", "section": "lead", "says": "General Richard Montgomery was killed, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan and more than 400 men were taken prisoner."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "lead", "says": "The city's garrison, a motley assortment of regular troops and militia led by Quebec's provincial governor, General Guy Carleton, suffered a small number of casualties."}, {"id": "Q552007", "label": "Ethan Allen", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, a small enterprising force led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the key Fort Ticonderoga on May 10."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Canadiens still clung to the hope that one day Louis XVI would reclaim his kingdom's lost colony of New France, but until then, they wanted to be left alone."}, {"id": "Q179077", "label": "Pontiac's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The memory of Pontiac's War in 1763 had made most of the Indians living in the Ohio River valley,"}], "Q1991765": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "This war was fought between King Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman general Lucius Licinius Murena."}, {"id": "Q708570", "label": "Lucius Licinius Murena", "section": "lead", "says": "This war was fought between King Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman general Lucius Licinius Murena."}], "Q204343": [{"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sellasia took place during the summer of 222 BC between Macedon and the Achaean League, led by Antigonus III Doson, and Sparta under the command of King Cleomenes III."}, {"id": "Q108816", "label": "Antigonus III Doson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sellasia took place during the summer of 222 BC between Macedon and the Achaean League, led by Antigonus III Doson, and Sparta under the command of King Cleomenes III."}, {"id": "Q310811", "label": "Cleomenes III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sellasia took place during the summer of 222 BC between Macedon and the Achaean League, led by Antigonus III Doson, and Sparta under the command of King Cleomenes III."}, {"id": "Q317331", "label": "Aratus of Sicyon", "section": "lead", "says": "This prompted the chief figure of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon, to approach the King of Macedon, Antigonus III Doson, for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "They resorted to this after having their passage blocked by the hostile Aetolian League, who threatened to block their march if they went further south."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Meanwhile, Antigonus revived the Hellenic League of Philip II of Macedon under the name of the \"League of Leagues\" and managed to incorporate most of the Greek city-states in this League."}], "Q20685047": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Kobanî, which is approximately 10 km from Suruç, had been under siege by Islamic State forces until January 2015."}, {"id": "Q1206951", "label": "Devlet Bahçeli", "section": "lead", "says": "The leader of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) Devlet Bahçeli criticized the government for not securing the border beforehand and the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) for endorsing the intended crossing of the vict"}], "Q2153101": [{"id": "Q5809", "label": "Che Guevara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Santa Clara was a series of events in late December 1958 that led to the capture of the Cuban city of Santa Clara by rebel forces under the command of Che Guevara at the end of the Cuban Revolution."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Santa Clara was a series of events in late December 1958 that led to the capture of the Cuban city of Santa Clara by rebel forces under the command of Che Guevara at the end of the Cuban Revolution."}, {"id": "Q11270", "label": "Fulgencio Batista", "section": "lead", "says": "A decisive victory for the rebels who fought against the regime of General Fulgencio Batista, the battle culminated in the Triumph of the Revolution."}], "Q2234632": [{"id": "Q6542740", "label": "Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791", "section": "lead", "says": "September 11] 1789, took place in Wallachia, at the Râmnicul Sărat River, known as the Rymnik, near Râmnicu Sărat or Rymnik (now in Romania) during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 and the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian general Alexander Suvorov, acting together with the Habsburg general Prince Josias of Coburg, attacked the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha, which was much larger."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian general Alexander Suvorov, acting together with the Habsburg general Prince Josias of Coburg, attacked the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha, which was much larger."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian general Alexander Suvorov, acting together with the Habsburg general Prince Josias of Coburg, attacked the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha, which was much larger."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "After Suvorov's retreat from Switzerland, the Prince of Coburg wrote to Suvorov that he appreciated the events he had gone through with him in the Turkish war and regretted that the Russian general had not been able to achieve the upper hand."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1789, the Ottoman vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha, vowing revenge for their forces' defeat at Focșani, raised an army of up to 100,000 men, with 40,000 janissaries and 40,000 cavalry including sipahi and deli, to defeat the combined Austro-Russian armies under generals Alexander Suvorov and Prince Josias of Coburg, the future heroes of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q2309898", "label": "Battle of Karánsebes", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking into account Josias's numbers and the Austrian underperformance in the war, specifically after the so-called \"Battle of Karánsebes\", the Battle of Slatina, and the Battle of Mehadia, the Pasha was convinced that he could defeat this force easily; much of the reason for the Austrian setbacks was their tactic of a thin stretched front."}], "Q2292449": [{"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Craiova (Bulgarian: Крайовска спогодба, romanized: Krayovska spogodba; Romanian: Tratatul de la Craiova) was signed on 7 September 1940 and ratified on 13 September 1940 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Romania."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Craiova (Bulgarian: Крайовска спогодба, romanized: Krayovska spogodba; Romanian: Tratatul de la Craiova) was signed on 7 September 1940 and ratified on 13 September 1940 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Romania."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Under its terms, Romania ceded Southern Dobruja back to Bulgaria, which Romania had gained after the 1913 Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Under its terms, Romania ceded Southern Dobruja back to Bulgaria, which Romania had gained after the 1913 Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dobrujan Germans, who were affected by these relocations, would eventually be transferred to Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike all other territorial treaties mediated by Nazi Germany, the Treaty of Craiova was not reversed by the Allies after World War II, and Southern Dobruja remained Bulgarian."}, {"id": "Q243618", "label": "Second Vienna Award", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Vienna Award, arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, signed on 30 August 1940, assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Vienna Award, arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, signed on 30 August 1940, assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "However, it was also implemented by the indication of Adolf Hitler, who on 31 July 1940 expressed his wish for the south of Dobruja to be returned to Bulgaria to restore the 1912 Bulgaria–Romania border."}], "Q2330335": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire conducted several campaigns in Central Asia after the unification of the Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian Plateau in 1206."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "lead", "says": "Smaller military operations included the destruction of surviving Merkit and Naimans (which involved forays into Cumania) and the conquest of Qara Khitai."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Expansion into Central Asia began in 1209 as Genghis Khan sent an expedition to pursue rivals who had fled to the region and threatened his new empire."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1218 the Mongols controlled all of Xinjiang and by 1221 all the territories of the former Khwarazmian Empire."}], "Q233399": [{"id": "Q190436", "label": "Epaminondas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mantinea was fought on 4 July 362 BC between the Thebans, led by Epaminondas and supported by the Arcadians, Argives, Messenians, Thessalians, Euboeans and the Boeotian league against the Spartans, Eleans, Athenians, and Mantineans."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "Epaminondas's death coupled with the impact on the Spartans of yet another defeat weakened both alliances, and paved the way for Macedonian conquest led by Philip II of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.), Thebes allied with the Spartans against Athens."}, {"id": "Q461599", "label": "Battle of Leuctra", "section": "Background", "says": "A significant blow to Spartan hegemony occurred during the Battle of Leuctra in 371 B.C., where Epaminondas stacked his left flank 50 men deep with elite Theban Soldiers of the Sacred Band led by General Pelopidas in anticipation that the Spartans' strongest soldiers would traditionally be stacked on the right flank."}, {"id": "Q316059", "label": "Pelopidas", "section": "Background", "says": "A significant blow to Spartan hegemony occurred during the Battle of Leuctra in 371 B.C., where Epaminondas stacked his left flank 50 men deep with elite Theban Soldiers of the Sacred Band led by General Pelopidas in anticipation that the Spartans' strongest soldiers would traditionally be stacked on the right flank."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Background", "says": "The historian Diodorus Siculus stated that after the Battle of Leuctra, Epaminondas \"became the foremost man, not only of Thebes, but of all who lived in his time\"."}, {"id": "Q271850", "label": "Agesilaus II", "section": "Background", "says": "At the behest of the Arcadian League in 370 B.C., Epaminondas led a winter campaign in Laconia, plundering the countryside while King Agesilaus II could only watch in Sparta."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "Background", "says": "Subsequently, a Persian diplomatic intervention in 368 B.C. spearheaded by Artaxerxes II attempted to negotiate peace among the Greeks, but Sparta desired to continue the war to regain Messenia, while Thebes desired t"}], "Q233505": [{"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Barbary War, also known as the U.S.–Algerian War and the Algerine War, was a brief military conflict between the United States and the North African state of Algiers in 1815."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Barbary War, also known as the U.S.–Algerian War and the Algerine War, was a brief military conflict between the United States and the North African state of Algiers in 1815."}, {"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Algerian pirates and privateers intermittently preyed on American ships, with Algiers extracting annual tribute from the U.S. since 1795; the First Barbary War in the early 19th century, fought primarily against Algiers' neighbors, failed to stop the problem."}, {"id": "Q11813", "label": "James Madison", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1815, after the end of the War of 1812, U.S. president James Madison requested that Congress declare war against Algiers; legislation was passed on 3 March 1815 authorizing the use of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q720374", "label": "Stephen Decatur", "section": "lead", "says": "In May, a 10-ship squadron led by Commodore Stephen Decatur—a veteran of the First Barbary War—sailed from New York to Algiers."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Barbary War (1801–1805) had led to an uneasy truce between the US and the Barbary states, but American attention turned to Britain and the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the major European powers were still involved in the Napoleonic Wars, which did not fully end until June 1815 (Battle of Waterloo)."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the major European powers were still involved in the Napoleonic Wars, which did not fully end until June 1815 (Battle of Waterloo)."}], "Q233532": [{"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Thorn or Toruń of 1466, also known as the Second Peace of Thorn or Toruń (German: Zweiter Friede von Thorn; Polish: drugi pokój toruński), was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon and the Teutonic Knights, which ended the Thirteen Years' War, the longest of the Polish–Teutonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Thorn or Toruń of 1466, also known as the Second Peace of Thorn or Toruń (German: Zweiter Friede von Thorn; Polish: drugi pokój toruński), was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon and the Teutonic Knights, which ended the Thirteen Years' War, the longest of the Polish–Teutonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q4371264", "label": "Polish–Teutonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Thorn or Toruń of 1466, also known as the Second Peace of Thorn or Toruń (German: Zweiter Friede von Thorn; Polish: drugi pokój toruński), was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon and the Teutonic Knights, which ended the Thirteen Years' War, the longest of the Polish–Teutonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q102605", "label": "Paul II", "section": "Background", "says": "Both sides agreed to seek confirmation from Pope Paul II and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, but the Polish side stressed (and the Teutonic side agreed) that this confirmation would not be needed for validation of the treaty."}], "Q233663": [{"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Anglo-Mysore War was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, Mysore was a key French ally in India, and the conflict between Britain against the French and Dutch in the American Revolutionary War influenced Anglo-Mysorean hostilities in India."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the company's operations were also bolstered by Crown troops sent from Great Britain, and by troops from Hanover, which was also ruled by Great Britain's King George III."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the British seizure of the French port of Mahé in 1779, Mysorean ruler Hyder Ali opened hostilities against the British in 1780, with significant success in early campaigns."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Both France and Britain sent troops and naval squadrons from Europe to assist in the war effort, which widened later in 1780 when Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q333994", "label": "Warren Hastings", "section": "lead", "says": "This resulted in the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore, restoring the status quo ante bellum under terms that company officials, such as Warren Hastings, found extremely unfavourable."}], "Q233702": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was fought mainly in Silesia, Bohemia, and Upper Saxony and formed one theatre of the wider War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second of three Silesian Wars fought between Frederick the Great's Prussia and Maria Theresa's Austria in the mid-18th century, all three of which ended in Prussian control of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict has been viewed as a continuation of the First Silesian War, which had concluded only two years before."}, {"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Continuing conflict over Silesia would draw Austria and Prussia into a Third Silesian War a decade later."}], "Q2342102": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the aftermath of World War II and the Cold War, the Indochina wars (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Đông Dương) were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royali"}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The term \"Indochina\" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The term \"Indochina\" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars included:\n\nThe First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II with the War in southern Vietnam (1945–1946), which acted as the precursor to the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q769960", "label": "August Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, leading to the fall of the Empire of Vietnam and Nguyễn dynasty."}, {"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, leading to the fall of the Empire of Vietnam and Nguyễn dynasty."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from China and the Soviet Union, the communist Viet Minh continued fighting the French Union, including the anti-communist State of Vietnam, ultimately forcing the NATO-backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of the 1954 Geneva Conference."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from China and the Soviet Union, the communist Viet Minh continued fighting the French Union, including the anti-communist State of Vietnam, ultimately forcing the NATO-backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of the 1954 Geneva Conference."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from China and the Soviet Union, the communist Viet Minh continued fighting the French Union, including the anti-communist State of Vietnam, ultimately forcing the NATO-backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of the 1954 Geneva Conference."}, {"id": "Q2643975", "label": "Jean Decoux", "section": "Background", "says": "Governor-general Jean Decoux, under the Vichy regime, allowed Japanese troops into northern Indochina in 1940."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "Background", "says": "Ho Chi Minh, returning to Vietnam from France, helped create the Viet Minh front in 1941, advocating for independence."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "Background", "says": "The 16th parallel was established by the Allies on August 2, 1945, following the Potsdam Conference, dividing Vietnam into two military zones: Chinese Nationalist forces occupied the north, and British forces the south, to disarm Japanese troops."}], "Q2350607": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rumbula massacre is a collective term for incidents on November 30 and December 8, 1941, in which about 25,000 Jews were murdered in or on the way to Rumbula forest near Riga, Latvia, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q77111", "label": "Friedrich Jeckeln", "section": "lead", "says": "In charge of the operation was Höherer SS und Polizeiführer Friedrich Jeckeln, who had previously overseen similar massacres in Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q60343", "label": "Rudolf Lange", "section": "lead", "says": "Rudolf Lange, who later participated in the Wannsee Conference, also took part in organizing the massacre."}, {"id": "Q471495", "label": "Herberts Cukurs", "section": "lead", "says": "Some of the evidence against Latvian Herberts Cukurs is related to the clearing of the Riga Ghetto by the Arajs Kommando."}], "Q2358950": [{"id": "Q745136", "label": "Ankara Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ankara Agreement (1921) (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara, Turkish: Ankara Antlaşması, French: Traité d'Ankara) was signed on 20 October 1921 at Ankara (also known as Angora) between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q1450532", "label": "Franco-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ankara Agreement (1921) (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara, Turkish: Ankara Antlaşması, French: Traité d'Ankara) was signed on 20 October 1921 at Ankara (also known as Angora) between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty changed the Syria–Turkey border set by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres to the benefit of Turkey, ceding it large areas of the Aleppo and Adana vilayets."}, {"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Article 9 of the treaty the Tomb of Suleyman Shah (the burial place of Suleyman Shah, the grandfather of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire) in Syria \"shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there\"."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Article 9 of the treaty the Tomb of Suleyman Shah (the burial place of Suleyman Shah, the grandfather of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire) in Syria \"shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there\"."}, {"id": "Q6541445", "label": "Armistice of Mudanya", "section": "lead", "says": "This annulment of French claims over Turkish land was later officially recognized in the Armistice of Mudanya."}], "Q247395": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hamburger Hill (13–20 May 1969) was fought by United States Army (US Army) and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces against People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces during Operation Apache Snow of  the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "Background", "says": "Its units experienced only light contact on the first day, but documents captured by 3/187th indicated that the PAVN 29th Regiment, nicknamed the \"Pride of Ho Chi Minh\" and a veteran of the 1968 Battle of Hue, was somewhere in the valley."}, {"id": "Q697053", "label": "Battle of Hue", "section": "Background", "says": "Its units experienced only light contact on the first day, but documents captured by 3/187th indicated that the PAVN 29th Regiment, nicknamed the \"Pride of Ho Chi Minh\" and a veteran of the 1968 Battle of Hue, was somewhere in the valley."}], "Q2503775": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ma'arra occurred in late 1098 in the city of Ma'arrat Nu'man, in what is modern-day Syria, during the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Crusaders, including Raymond IV of Toulouse and Bohemond of Taranto, launched the siege of Antioch in October 1097."}, {"id": "Q333306", "label": "Robert II", "section": "Background", "says": "That December, Bohemond and Robert II of Flanders led 20,000 men to forage and plunder the surrounding countryside of food, opening Raymond IV to counterattack by Seljuk Empire commander and Antioch governor Yaghi-Siyan."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "That December, Bohemond and Robert II of Flanders led 20,000 men to forage and plunder the surrounding countryside of food, opening Raymond IV to counterattack by Seljuk Empire commander and Antioch governor Yaghi-Siyan."}, {"id": "Q943749", "label": "Yaghi-Siyan", "section": "Background", "says": "That December, Bohemond and Robert II of Flanders led 20,000 men to forage and plunder the surrounding countryside of food, opening Raymond IV to counterattack by Seljuk Empire commander and Antioch governor Yaghi-Siyan."}], "Q25238182": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Its meaning comes from the crossing of the Rubicon river by Julius Caesar in January 49 BC at the head of the 13th Legion."}], "Q2583734": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first months of the occupation, the Indonesian military faced heavy insurgency resistance in the mountainous interior of the island, but from 1977 to 1978, the military procured new advanced weaponry from the United States,  and other countries, to destroy Fretilin's framework."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "John Taylor writes that Indonesia invaded for three main reasons: (1) to avoid the “negative example” of an independent province, (2) to have access to the high initial estimates of oil and natural gas under the Timor Sea (initial estimates which turned out to be largely mistaken), and (3) following the fall of South Vietnam, to become Southeast Asia's major military partner of the United States."}], "Q258679": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sixth Austro-Turkish War, also known as the Austro-Turkish War of 1663–1664, was a short war between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans managed to capture key strongholds, however, the Habsburg army under Raimondo Montecuccoli succeeded in halting the Ottoman army in the Battle of Saint Gotthard."}], "Q2600326": [{"id": "Q34103", "label": "Second Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It has sometimes been referred to as the Syrian War or Second Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, the Ottoman Empire moved to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, the Ottoman Empire moved to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War."}, {"id": "Q2640981", "label": "Battle of Nezib", "section": "lead", "says": "This resulted in the Battle of Nezib, which led to an Ottoman defeat."}], "Q269207": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sedan or Second Battle of Sedan (12–15 May 1940) took place in World War II during the Battle of France in 1940."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sedan or Second Battle of Sedan (12–15 May 1940) took place in World War II during the Battle of France in 1940."}], "Q2732255": [{"id": "Q491558", "label": "Ibn Taymiyyah", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle has been influential in both Islamic history and contemporary time because of the controversial jihad against other Muslims and Ramadan related fatwas issued by Ibn Taymiyyah."}, {"id": "Q293505", "label": "Al-Nasir Muhammad", "section": "Events just before the battle", "says": "However, Baibars II was in Damascus and sent a message to the Sultan of Egypt, Al-Nasir Muhammad, to come to fight the Mongols."}], "Q286474": [{"id": "Q3487920", "label": "Intelligenzaktion", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the Intelligenzaktion, during Germany's invasion the preceding year, which sought to eliminate the intellectuals and the upper classes of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the Intelligenzaktion, during Germany's invasion the preceding year, which sought to eliminate the intellectuals and the upper classes of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "German leader Adolf Hitler had personally charged GG governor Hans Frank with keeping Poland stable during the invasion of France the following year."}, {"id": "Q60087", "label": "Hans Frank", "section": "lead", "says": "German leader Adolf Hitler had personally charged GG governor Hans Frank with keeping Poland stable during the invasion of France the following year."}], "Q2866985": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York, on September 6, 1901, six months into his second term."}, {"id": "Q348187", "label": "Leon Czolgosz", "section": "lead", "says": "He was shaking hands with the public when an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, shot him twice in the abdomen."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "He was the third American president to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "lead", "says": "He died at 2:15 am on September 14 and was succeeded by his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt."}, {"id": "Q205282", "label": "William Jennings Bryan", "section": "Background", "says": "Elected in 1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the Panic of 1893, he had defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "Background", "says": "McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in emulation of the era's overseas imperialism."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in emulation of the era's overseas imperialism."}], "Q298614": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Asiago, also known as Südtirol Offensive or Battle of the Plateaux (in Italian: Battaglia degli Altipiani), wrongly nicknamed Strafexpedition (German for \"punitive expedition\"; this name has no reference in official Austrian documentation of the time and it is considered to be of popular origin), began with a major offensive launched on 15 May 1916 by the Austro-Hungarians on the ter"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an \"unexpected\" attack that took place in the Asiago plateau (province of Vicenza, in northeast Italy, then at the border between the Kingdom of Italy and Austria-Hungary) after the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo (March 1916)."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "The preparations for the battle began in December 1915, when Conrad von Hötzendorf proposed to his German counterpart, General Erich von Falkenhayn, shifting divisions from the Eastern Front in Galicia to the Tyrol, substituting them with German divisions."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The preparations for the battle began in December 1915, when Conrad von Hötzendorf proposed to his German counterpart, General Erich von Falkenhayn, shifting divisions from the Eastern Front in Galicia to the Tyrol, substituting them with German divisions."}], "Q30648004": [{"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "lead", "says": "The eclipse of Thales was a solar eclipse, which was, according to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing about 150 years later), accurately predicted by the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus."}, {"id": "Q36303", "label": "Thales", "section": "lead", "says": "The eclipse of Thales was a solar eclipse, which was, according to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing about 150 years later), accurately predicted by the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus."}], "Q311759": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vigo Bay, also known as the Battle of Rande (Galician: Batalla de Rande; Spanish: Batalla de Rande) or sometimes as the Battle of Redondela Bay, was a naval engagement fought on 23 October 1702 during the opening years of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q128983", "label": "George Rooke", "section": "lead", "says": "The amphibious assault, however, had proved a disaster, but as Admiral George Rooke retreated home in early October, he received news that the Spanish treasure fleet from America, laden with silver and merchandise, had entered Vigo Bay in northern Spain."}, {"id": "Q547419", "label": "Philips van Almonde", "section": "lead", "says": "Philips van Almonde convinced Rooke to attack the treasure ships, despite the lateness of the year and the fact that the vessels were protected by French ships-of-the-line."}, {"id": "Q156190", "label": "Peter II of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, the victory was a welcome boost to Allied morale and helped persuade Peter II of Portugal to abandon his earlier treaty with France and join the Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the leadership of King William III, the Maritime Powers, England and the Dutch Republic, had resolved upon a Mediterranean strategy for the Allied fleets, a policy continued under William's successors following his death in March 1702."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "It was hoped that this strategy would encourage Portugal to join the Allies, open the Strait of Gibraltar, and secure English naval power in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q1102640", "label": "Cloudesley Shovell", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By mid-October the English government had learnt of the Spanish presence in Vigo Bay, and immediately sent off messengers to scour the seas for Rooke and Admiral Cloudesley Shovell, the latter of whom had been cruising with his squadron off Ushant."}, {"id": "Q132805", "label": "Thomas Hardy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Fortuitously, however, Rooke had already learnt the news of the Spanish convoy from one of his own ships – Captain Thomas Hardy in the Pembroke who had stayed behind to water in the Portuguese port of Lagos."}], "Q321936": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia, it was designed to end the 15 year-long Lebanese Civil War, and reassert the Lebanese government's authority in southern Lebanon, which was controlled at the time by the Christian-separatist South Lebanon Army under the occupational hegemony of Israel."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia, it was designed to end the 15 year-long Lebanese Civil War, and reassert the Lebanese government's authority in southern Lebanon, which was controlled at the time by the Christian-separatist South Lebanon Army under the occupational hegemony of Israel."}], "Q3242848": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence was the first of a series of different  wars between  the Kingdom of England and  the Kingdom of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence was the first of a series of different  wars between  the Kingdom of England and  the Kingdom of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q222520", "label": "Battle of Bannockburn", "section": "lead", "says": "De facto independence was established in 1314 AD  following an English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn."}, {"id": "Q16533921", "label": "Gascon War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence should not be viewed in isolation from the Gascon War and Franco-Flemish War since Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders as part of their initial conflict."}, {"id": "Q195983", "label": "Franco-Flemish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence should not be viewed in isolation from the Gascon War and Franco-Flemish War since Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders as part of their initial conflict."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence should not be viewed in isolation from the Gascon War and Franco-Flemish War since Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders as part of their initial conflict."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence should not be viewed in isolation from the Gascon War and Franco-Flemish War since Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders as part of their initial conflict."}, {"id": "Q310065", "label": "John of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "John Balliol of Scotland allied himself with Philip IV of France in 1295 whilst Guy, Count of Flanders allied himself with Edward I of England."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "When King Alexander III ruled Scotland, the realm saw a period of peace and economic stability."}, {"id": "Q229159", "label": "Margaret, Maid of Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "The only living heir to his throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Margaret fell ill while sailing to Scotland and died in Orkney on 26 September 1290."}], "Q3591483": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1815, Mount Tambora, a volcano on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies), erupted in what is now considered the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1815, Mount Tambora, a volcano on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies), erupted in what is now considered the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history."}], "Q383067": [{"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "Background", "says": "Saragarhi was a small village in the border district of Kohat, situated on the Samana Range, which was located in the North-West Frontier Province of British India (present-day Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Saragarhi was a small village in the border district of Kohat, situated on the Samana Range, which was located in the North-West Frontier Province of British India (present-day Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, a series of forts, originally built by Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Sikh Empire, were consolidated."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, a series of forts, originally built by Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Sikh Empire, were consolidated."}], "Q402312": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dettingen took place on 27 June 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession, near Karlstein am Main in Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q131981", "label": "George II of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Earl of Stair exercised operational control, the Allies were nominally commanded by George II of Great Britain, and Dettingen was the last time a reigning British monarch led troops in combat."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The immediate cause of the War of the Austrian Succession was the death in 1740 of Emperor Charles VI, last male Habsburg in the direct line, leaving his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as heir to the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This dynastic dispute became a Europe-wide issue, because the Austrian monarchy was the most powerful single element in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Austria and Maria Theresa were backed by the Pragmatic Allies, Britain, Hanover and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "To relieve the pressure, in early 1742 Britain agreed to send a naval squadron to the Mediterranean and 17,000 troops to the Austrian Netherlands, under the John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "Background", "says": "However, in June 1742 Austria made peace with Prussia by the Treaty of Breslau."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The focus of the 1743 campaign switched to Germany; the Austrians defeated the Bavarians at Simbach and in mid-June, the Allied army arrived at Aschaffenburg, on the north bank of the river Main."}], "Q4075910": [{"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a military campaign conducted by the 11th Army of the Soviet Russia aimed at installing a Soviet government in the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q131337", "label": "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was dissolved, and the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was established."}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 May 1919, Anastas Mikoyan wrote to Lenin:\n\nIn Azerbaijan, there are greater oil resources, sharper social contradictions, more fertile grounds for a class-based upheaval, and more discontent and hatred against the existing government."}], "Q45156": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "According to some sources, between 60 and 70 Palestinians and 25 Tunisians were killed."}, {"id": "Q34060", "label": "Yitzhak Rabin", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the incident, Israeli Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin ordered plans drawn up for a retaliatory operation against the PLO's base in Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Israel had requested the intelligence from the United States, but the US government turned down the request."}, {"id": "Q264700", "label": "Jonathan Pollard", "section": "Background", "says": "In the end, the intelligence was obtained through Jonathan Pollard, a US naval intelligence analyst who spied for Israel."}, {"id": "Q29427", "label": "Yitzhak Mordechai", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, General Yitzhak Mordechai, who had been designated to command the land incursion, pressed for it to go ahead, but Rabin was worried about the chances of something going wrong and Mordechai was una"}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Diplomatic context", "says": "President Bourguiba had been less radical than some other Arab states, in 1965 he had controversially proposed partition of what had been Palestine, a two-state solution."}, {"id": "Q332323", "label": "Geoffrey Howe", "section": "Diplomatic context", "says": "This was followed by Britain's Prime Minister Thatcher, on a visit to Jordan in early September, announcing the invitation of a Jordanian delegation including two members of the PLO for talks with the British Foreign Secretary, Geoffrey Howe."}], "Q472100": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Retribution (German: Unternehmen Strafgericht) or Operation Punishment was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Retribution (German: Unternehmen Strafgericht) or Operation Punishment was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The bombing occurred in the first days of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q93367", "label": "Alexander Löhr", "section": "lead", "says": "The senior Luftwaffe officer responsible for the bombing, Generaloberst Alexander Löhr, was captured by the Yugoslavs at the end of the war and was tried and executed for war crimes, in part for his involvement in the bombing of Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "Kren was arrested in 1947 on unrelated charges of war crimes stemming from his subsequent service as the head of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In retaliation for the invasion of Yugoslavia, which surrendered on 17 April, the Royal Air Force carried out two bombing raids on Sofia, the capital of Axis Bulgaria, which later took part in Yugoslavia's partition."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Background", "says": "On 27 and 28 March 1941, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring transferred about 500 fighter and bomber aircraft from France and northern Germany to airfields near the Yugoslav border."}], "Q48253": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 29–30 August 1813, during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q506328", "label": "Dominique Vandamme", "section": "lead", "says": "A French corps under General Dominique Vandamme attacked Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy's Russian corps on 29 August."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon sent Marshals Gouvion Saint Cyr and Auguste Marmont to support Vandamme's corps."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Vandamme caught up with Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy's forces near the town of Kulm, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of Aussig (now Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic)."}], "Q506916": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dobro Pole (Serbian: Битка код Доброг Поља, romanized: Bitka kod Dobrog Polja; Greek: Μάχη του Ντόμπρο Πόλε, romanized: Máchi tou Dóbro Póle), also known as the Breakthrough at Dobro Pole (Bulgarian: Пробив при Добро Поле, romanized: Probiv pri Dobro Pole), was a World War I battle fought between 15 and 18 September 1918."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 September, a combined force of Serbian, French and Greek troops attacked the Bulgarian-held trenches in Dobro Pole (\"Good Field\"), at the time part of the Bulgarian-occupied Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Greece (present-day North Macedonia and Greece)."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 September, a combined force of Serbian, French and Greek troops attacked the Bulgarian-held trenches in Dobro Pole (\"Good Field\"), at the time part of the Bulgarian-occupied Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Greece (present-day North Macedonia and Greece)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Central Powers' defeat at the Dobro Pole played a role in the Bulgarian withdrawal from the war and opened the way for the subsequent capture of Vardar Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 28 June 1914, assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 17 August 1916, Bulgaria invaded Greece, easily conquering all Greek territory east of the Struma, since the Greek Army was ordered not to resist by the pro-German King Constantine."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The surrender of territory recently won with difficulty in the Second Balkan War of 1913 was the last straw for many supporters of Liberal Party politician Eleftherios Venizelos."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The surrender of territory recently won with difficulty in the Second Balkan War of 1913 was the last straw for many supporters of Liberal Party politician Eleftherios Venizelos."}, {"id": "Q375302", "label": "Nikola Zhekov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In late July 1918, Bulgarian commander-in-chief Nikola Zhekov sent German field marshal general Paul von Hindenburg a message regarding a rumored Entente offensive, and detailed Bulgaria's inability to adequately defend the Vardar portion of the front."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In late July 1918, Bulgarian commander-in-chief Nikola Zhekov sent German field marshal general Paul von Hindenburg a message regarding a rumored Entente offensive, and detailed Bulgaria's inability to adequately defend the Vardar portion of the front."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Zhekov requested that Germany immediately reinforce the Balkan Front, hinting that Austria-Hungary would also be required to strengthen its positions in Albania."}], "Q517578": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "King George's War (1744–1748) encompassed the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q681416", "label": "French and Indian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars."}, {"id": "Q331323", "label": "William Shirley", "section": "lead", "says": "Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "Causes", "says": "The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was limited to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q785035", "label": "Province of Georgia", "section": "Causes", "says": "The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was limited to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Causes", "says": "The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily."}], "Q524272": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II consisted of the campaigns of the Pacific War in the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Indochina, Burma, India, Malaya, and Singapore between 1941 and 1945."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II consisted of the campaigns of the Pacific War in the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Indochina, Burma, India, Malaya, and Singapore between 1941 and 1945."}], "Q525325": [{"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Gaius Julius Caesar and an army led by Gnaeus Pompey during Caesar's civil war."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Caesar besieged Pompey's camp and constructed a circumvallation thereof, until after months of skirmishes, Pompey was able to break through Caesar's fortified lines, forcing Caesar to make a strategic retreat into Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "Starting in 49 BC, Julius Caesar had crossed the Rubicon and started a civil war in the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Background", "says": "As Pompey raised troops in the east, Caesar needed to strike quickly: he moved some of his troops across the Adriatic but was intercepted, stranding him with seven legions in Greece while the rest of his army remained in Brundisium under Mark Antony."}], "Q528550": [{"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manila Bay, also known as the Battle of Cavite, took place on May 1, 1898, during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q467093", "label": "George Dewey", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Contraalmirante Patricio Montojo."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in Manila Bay in the Philippines, and was the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over the Spanish conduct during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by largely falsified reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population."}, {"id": "Q1514908", "label": "Cuban War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over the Spanish conduct during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by largely falsified reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Asiatic Squadron commanded by Dewey, a veteran of the American Civil War, was ordered to Hong Kong on 25 February as a precaution because of the presence of a Spanish fleet in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "Asiatic Squadron commanded by Dewey, a veteran of the American Civil War, was ordered to Hong Kong on 25 February as a precaution because of the presence of a Spanish fleet in the Philippines."}], "Q544239": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pelusium was the first major battle between the Achaemenid Empire and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "lead", "says": "This decisive battle transferred the throne of the Pharaohs to Cambyses II of Persia, marking the beginning of the Achaemenid Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q926624", "label": "Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "This decisive battle transferred the throne of the Pharaohs to Cambyses II of Persia, marking the beginning of the Achaemenid Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q312045", "label": "Amasis II", "section": "Background", "says": "When the news of the impending battle reached Egypt, Psamtik III (Psammenitus), son and heir of Amasis II, gathered the Egyptian army, stationing it along the fork of the Red Sea and the river Nile."}], "Q552373": [{"id": "Q362068", "label": "Andriscus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Macedonian War (150–148 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by the pretender Andriscus, and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q75813", "label": "Macedonian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last of the Macedonian Wars, and was the last war to seriously threaten Roman control of Greece until the First Mithridatic War sixty years later."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last of the Macedonian Wars, and was the last war to seriously threaten Roman control of Greece until the First Mithridatic War sixty years later."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Macedonian king of the Antigonid dynasty, Perseus, had been defeated and dethroned by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Andriscus was initially successful, defeating Roman clients and a Roman army sent to stop him, and conquering much of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q929498", "label": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus", "section": "lead", "says": "However, he was eventually defeated by another Roman army under Quintus Caecilius Metellus at the Second Battle of Pydna in 148 BC, severely weakening his position; he was subsequently pursued and eventually betrayed to the Romans."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions between the Roman Republic and Macedon had first begun in 215 BC, when Philip V of Macedon allied himself with Rome's rival, Carthage, and declared war on Rome, sparking the First Macedonian War, an indecisive sideshow of the larger Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions between the Roman Republic and Macedon had first begun in 215 BC, when Philip V of Macedon allied himself with Rome's rival, Carthage, and declared war on Rome, sparking the First Macedonian War, an indecisive sideshow of the larger Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions between the Roman Republic and Macedon had first begun in 215 BC, when Philip V of Macedon allied himself with Rome's rival, Carthage, and declared war on Rome, sparking the First Macedonian War, an indecisive sideshow of the larger Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions between the Roman Republic and Macedon had first begun in 215 BC, when Philip V of Macedon allied himself with Rome's rival, Carthage, and declared war on Rome, sparking the First Macedonian War, an indecisive sideshow of the larger Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Although war-weary from the recent Punic War, Rome agreed, and when Philip refused to accept their terms, they declared war on and defeated him in the Second Macedonian War of 200-197 BC, in which Philip was stripped of much territory and prestige, and forced to comply with Rome's demands."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of this conflict, tensions developed between Rome and the Seleucid Empire, whose ambitious monarch, Antiochus III the Great, aimed to attain hegemony over Greece."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of this conflict, tensions developed between Rome and the Seleucid Empire, whose ambitious monarch, Antiochus III the Great, aimed to attain hegemony over Greece."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "Background", "says": "A tenuous peace continued until Eumenes II of Pergamon, a staunch Roman ally and Perseus' arch-rival, went to Rome in 172 BC and persuaded them that Perseus was a threat to Rome and the Greeks, and exhorted them to break his power."}], "Q5555632": [{"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in 743 BC and ended in 724 BC, according to the dates given by Pausanias."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Cause", "says": "The source of this information, Plutarch, states two opinions as to the location of the 9000: either 6000 originally in Lacedaemon with 3000 in Messenia, added by the king Polydorus, victor of the First Messenian War, or 4500 in each region."}, {"id": "Q868", "label": "Aristotle", "section": "Cause", "says": "Aristotle later stated that the Spartans could support 3000 infantry and 1500 cavalry."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Cause", "says": "Burckhardt notes that Polydorus, questioned whether he wanted to go to war against brothers (presumably, Dorians integrated into Messenian society) replied: \"All we want is land not yet distributed; that is, not yet divided by lot for our people.\"\nThucydides states that Sparta controlled 2/5 of the Peloponnese, which according to Nigel Kennel is 8,500 km2 (3,300 sq mi)."}], "Q587983": [{"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Corinth of 146 BC, also known as the Battle of Leucapetra or the Battle of Lefkopetra, was a decisive engagement fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek city-state of Corinth and its allies in the Achaean League."}, {"id": "Q6861027", "label": "Achaean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the end of the Achaean War and the beginning of the period of Roman domination in Greek history, and is also notable for the complete destruction of Corinth by the Romans in its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations broke down between the League and Rome over this issue; Cassius Dio reported that it was the Achaeans (Greeks) who began the quarrel, but Roman expansionism, Achaean demagoguery or even a simple failure of diplomacy have been suggested as reasons."}, {"id": "Q355768", "label": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Senate ordered Lucius Mummius, one of the consuls for the year, to sail from Achaea to Greece to put down the revolt, but in the interim, they authorized Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, who had recently been victorious in the Fourth Macedonian War and had a battle-hardened army in Macedon, to take initial action."}, {"id": "Q552373", "label": "Fourth Macedonian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Senate ordered Lucius Mummius, one of the consuls for the year, to sail from Achaea to Greece to put down the revolt, but in the interim, they authorized Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, who had recently been victorious in the Fourth Macedonian War and had a battle-hardened army in Macedon, to take initial action."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Marching from Macedonia, which had just been turned into a Roman province, the Romans defeated an Achaean army under Critolaos of Megalopolis at the Battle of Scarpheia."}], "Q593267": [{"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred in 1521 following extensive negotiations between local factions and Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Mexica was a critical stage in the Spanish colonization of the Americas."}], "Q593355": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known as Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo) was signed on 4 September 1479 between the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and Afonso V and his son, Prince John of Portugal, on the other side."}, {"id": "Q282135", "label": "War of the Castilian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It put an end to the War of the Castilian Succession, which ended with a victory of the Castilians on land and a Portuguese victory on the sea."}], "Q61100": [{"id": "Q58559", "label": "Leo IX", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Civitate was fought on 18 June 1053 in southern Italy, between the Normans, led by the Count of Apulia Humphrey of Hauteville, and a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army, organised by Pope Leo IX and led on the battlefield by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, and Rudolf, Prince of Benevento."}, {"id": "Q704183", "label": "Gerard, Duke of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Civitate was fought on 18 June 1053 in southern Italy, between the Normans, led by the Count of Apulia Humphrey of Hauteville, and a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army, organised by Pope Leo IX and led on the battlefield by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, and Rudolf, Prince of Benevento."}, {"id": "Q117840", "label": "Nicholas II", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1059 the Normans would create an alliance with the papacy, which included a formal recognition by Pope Nicholas II of the Norman conquest in south Italy, investing Robert Guiscard as Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and Count of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1059 the Normans would create an alliance with the papacy, which included a formal recognition by Pope Nicholas II of the Norman conquest in south Italy, investing Robert Guiscard as Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and Count of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At this point, Benevento was also the border and march land between Rome and the German Empire and the newly established Norman holdings."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Malaterra's account, the native Lombards were responsible for the plot, and a courtier named Rito committed the deed at the castrum of Montillaro."}], "Q611027": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1920s, the most important and profitable Mafia operations in the United States were controlled by Giuseppe \"Joe The Boss\" Masseria in New York City."}], "Q612577": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing dynasty, Russian Empire, Second French Empire, United Kingdom, and the United States were the parties involved."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing dynasty, Russian Empire, Second French Empire, United Kingdom, and the United States were the parties involved."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "They ended the first phase of the Second Opium War, which had begun in 1856 and were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q604938", "label": "Convention of Peking", "section": "lead", "says": "They ended the first phase of the Second Opium War, which had begun in 1856 and were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war."}], "Q615324": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary on the northeastern Italian Front in World War I, between 23 June and 7 July 1915."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary on the northeastern Italian Front in World War I, between 23 June and 7 July 1915."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Italians enjoyed a 2:1 numeric superiority, their offensive failed because the Italian commander, Luigi Cadorna, employed frontal assaults after impressive (but short) artillery barrages."}, {"id": "Q93363", "label": "Svetozar Boroević", "section": "lead", "says": "Early in July the commander of the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army, General Svetozar Boroević, received two reinforcement divisions, which put an end to the Italian efforts at breaking through the Austro-Hungarian lines."}, {"id": "Q233242", "label": "Second Battle of the Isonzo", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was soon followed by the Second Battle of the Isonzo."}], "Q617634": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 (officially, The Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty, in Respect of the United Kingdom, and His Majesty, the King of Egypt) was a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 (officially, The Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty, in Respect of the United Kingdom, and His Majesty, the King of Egypt) was a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "The intense desire for real independence was only partially fulfilled in 1936, when Britain agreed to renegotiate the 1922 declaration of independence, because of Italian expansionism into Ethiopia in 1935."}], "Q617782": [{"id": "Q3374892", "label": "Mysore State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was a conflict in South India during which the Mysore State fought against the East India Company, Maratha Empire and the Hyderabad State (under the suzerainty of Marathas) in 1798–99."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was a conflict in South India during which the Mysore State fought against the East India Company, Maratha Empire and the Hyderabad State (under the suzerainty of Marathas) in 1798–99."}, {"id": "Q1240096", "label": "Hyderabad State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was a conflict in South India during which the Mysore State fought against the East India Company, Maratha Empire and the Hyderabad State (under the suzerainty of Marathas) in 1798–99."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Marathas had promised the land of Uttara Kannada to Mysore, they sided with the Company at the last moment which led to the capture of the capital city Mysore by the Company and the death of the ruler Tipu Sultan in the battle."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company covering parts of present day Kerala–Karnataka; and ceded Coimbatore and Dakshina Kannada to the British."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte's landing in Ottoman Egypt in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India, and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step, as the ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply, \"You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea, with an innumerable"}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte's landing in Ottoman Egypt in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India, and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step, as the ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply, \"You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea, with an innumerable"}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte's landing in Ottoman Egypt in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India, and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step, as the ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply, \"You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea, with an innumerable"}, {"id": "Q4848887", "label": "Baji Rao II", "section": "Background", "says": "Maratha leadership under Peshwa Baji Rao II and Nana Fadnavis maintained a position of strategic neutrality throughout the 1799 campaign."}, {"id": "Q6569426", "label": "Nana Fadnavis", "section": "Background", "says": "Maratha leadership under Peshwa Baji Rao II and Nana Fadnavis maintained a position of strategic neutrality throughout the 1799 campaign."}], "Q635839": [{"id": "Q435352", "label": "Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans involved in the battle of Sentinum were commanded by consuls Publius Decius Mus and Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "Background", "says": "Just prior to and during the first year of this, Rome was also facing a war with the Etruscans."}, {"id": "Q2890214", "label": "Battle of Tifernum", "section": "Background", "says": "Quintus Fabius defeated the Samnites at the Battle of Tifernum and Publius Decius defeated a Samnite force from Apulia near Maleventum."}, {"id": "Q1236683", "label": "Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens", "section": "Background", "says": "The other consul, Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens, had already left for Samnium with two legions and 12,000 allies."}, {"id": "Q5759145", "label": "Appius Claudius", "section": "Background", "says": "Appius Claudius suffered some setbacks so Lucius Volumnius went to Etruria to help."}], "Q645776": [{"id": "Q748042", "label": "Irish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dublin was a week of street battles in Dublin from 28 June to 5 July 1922 that marked the beginning of the Irish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Six months after the Anglo-Irish Treaty ended the recent Irish War of Independence, it was fought between the forces of the new Provisional Government and a section of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that opposed the Treaty."}, {"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Six months after the Anglo-Irish Treaty ended the recent Irish War of Independence, it was fought between the forces of the new Provisional Government and a section of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that opposed the Treaty."}, {"id": "Q342765", "label": "Arthur Griffith", "section": "Background", "says": "His colleagues in the Provisional Government Cabinet, including Arthur Griffith, agreed that Collins must mount decisive military action against them."}], "Q647239": [{"id": "Q57343", "label": "Pierre Nkurunziza", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began following the first multi-party elections in the country since its independence from Belgium in 1962, and is seen as formally ending with the swearing-in of President Pierre Nkurunziza in August 2005."}, {"id": "Q282359", "label": "Michel Micombero", "section": "Background", "says": "These elections were immediately preceded by 25 years of Tutsi military regimes, beginning with Michel Micombero, who had led a successful coup in 1966 and replaced the monarchy with a presidential republic."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "Background", "says": "As many refugees and asylum-seekers left the country for Tanzania and Rwanda."}, {"id": "Q380916", "label": "Pierre Buyoya", "section": "Background", "says": "The last of the coups was in 1987 and installed Tutsi officer Pierre Buyoya."}], "Q649599": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention,  Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention,  Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2980922", "label": "Columbia District", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia."}, {"id": "Q1191091", "label": "Webster–Ashburton Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the continental United States and the United States' first and only permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power, until the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842."}], "Q657967": [{"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Barons' War (1264–1267) was a civil war in England between the forces of barons led by Simon de Montfort against the royalist forces of King Henry III, led initially by the king himself and later by his son, the future King Edward I."}, {"id": "Q1339928", "label": "Battle of Evesham", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after a rule of just over a year, de Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the king at the Battle of Evesham."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Causes", "says": "Henry also became embroiled in funding a war against the Hohenstaufen, on behalf of Pope Innocent IV, in return for the Hohenstaufen Kingdom of Sicily for his second son Edmund."}], "Q658048": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Warsaw (German: Warschauer Vertrag, Polish: Traktat warszawski) was a treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the Polish People’s Republic."}, {"id": "Q2514", "label": "Willy Brandt", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Chancellor Willy Brandt and Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz at the Presidential Palace on 7 December 1970, and it was ratified by the West German Bundestag on 17 May 1972."}, {"id": "Q434797", "label": "Józef Cyrankiewicz", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Chancellor Willy Brandt and Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz at the Presidential Palace on 7 December 1970, and it was ratified by the West German Bundestag on 17 May 1972."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty, both sides committed themselves to nonviolence and accepted the existing border—the Oder–Neisse line, imposed on Germany by the Soviet Union in 1945 following the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty, both sides committed themselves to nonviolence and accepted the existing border—the Oder–Neisse line, imposed on Germany by the Soviet Union in 1945 following the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time the treaty was signed, West German commentators sought to maintain that this could not be a final settlement of the Polish border issue, because Article IV of this treaty stated that previous treaties like the Potsdam Agreement were not superseded by this latest agreement; so it might be argued that the provisions of this treaty could be changed by a final peace treaty between Germany "}, {"id": "Q650979", "label": "German–Polish Border Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, the Oder–Neisse line was reaffirmed without any reservation with the German–Polish Border Treaty, signed on 14 November 1990 by re-united Germany and Poland."}], "Q658731": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, which was one of the biggest and bloodiest battles of the European Middle Ages, was one of the worst disasters ever to befall a Byzantine army, and conversely one of the greatest military successes of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q192264", "label": "Simeon I of Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Bulgarian victory in the war of 894–896, the Byzantines were forced to pay tribute to Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q552447", "label": "Nicholas Mystikos", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander died in the same year and the new government under the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos made desperate attempts to avoid the war, promising that the infant Emperor Constantine VII would marry one of Simeon's daughters."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander died in the same year and the new government under the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos made desperate attempts to avoid the war, promising that the infant Emperor Constantine VII would marry one of Simeon's daughters."}], "Q663435": [{"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mollwitz was fought by Prussia and Austria on 10 April 1741, during the First Silesian War (in the early stages of the War of the Austrian Succession)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mollwitz was fought by Prussia and Austria on 10 April 1741, during the First Silesian War (in the early stages of the War of the Austrian Succession)."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Austrian Succession was sparked by the death of Charles VI in 1740 and the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "That became a European issue because the Habsburg monarchy was the most powerful element in the Holy Roman Empire, a loose federation of mostly-German states."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Its position was threatened by the growing size and power of Bavaria, Prussia, and Saxony, as well as Habsburg expansion into lands held by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q70874", "label": "Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, the Prussians quickly over-ran most of the province and settled into winter quarters but failed to capture the southern fortresses of Glogau, Breslau, and Brieg."}, {"id": "Q112124", "label": "Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg", "section": "Background", "says": "Maria Theresa sent an army of about 20,000 men led by Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg to take back the province and assert herself as a strong monarch."}], "Q6891": [{"id": "Q380401", "label": "Xanthippus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Bagradas River (the ancient name of the Medjerda), also known as the Battle of Tunis, was a victory by a Carthaginian army led by Xanthippus over a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus in the spring of 255 BC, nine years into the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Bagradas River (the ancient name of the Medjerda), also known as the Battle of Tunis, was a victory by a Carthaginian army led by Xanthippus over a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus in the spring of 255 BC, nine years into the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The previous year, the newly constructed Roman navy established naval superiority over Carthage."}, {"id": "Q963839", "label": "Battle of Adys", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead of holding his position, Regulus advanced towards the city of Carthage and defeated the Carthaginian army at the Battle of Adys."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Polybius differs in stating that Regulus initiated the negotiations, hoping to receive the glory of ending the war before his successors arrived to replace him."}], "Q691882": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Münster rebellion (German: Täuferreich von Münster, lit. 'Anabaptist dominion of Münster') was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a communal sectarian government in the German city of Münster – then under the large Prince-Bishopric of Münster in the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q693282": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Turin, June to September 1706, took place during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army led by Louis de la Feuillade besieged the Savoyard capital of Turin, whose relief by Prince Eugene of Savoy has been called the most brilliant campaign of the war in Italy."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1706, France occupied most of the Duchy of Savoy, with the exception of its capital Turin."}, {"id": "Q315513", "label": "Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 April, Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, consolidated the French position in Lombardy by victory at Calcinato."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Siege operations began on 2 June but made little progress, while Prince Eugene out manoeuvred the French field army under Orleans, and joined forces with 7,000 cavalry led by Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession was triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and on 16 November, he became king of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and on 16 November, he became king of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to mainland Spain, this included the Spanish Netherlands, large parts of Italy, and much of Central and South America."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1701, disputes over territorial and commercial rights led to war between France, Spain, and the Grand Alliance, whose candidate was Charles, younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "The following year, French armies under de la Feuillade captured Savoyard territories north of the Alps in Villefranche and the County of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q155596", "label": "Philippe II, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after a serious defeat at Ramillies in Flanders on 23 May, Louis XIV ordered Vendôme back to France and on 8 July he relinquished command in Italy to the inexperienced Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, although it has been argued he was fortunate to be recalled before Prince Eugene exposed his poor strategic planning for the theatre."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Orléans was given Ferdinand de Marsin as his main advisor and while neither was a match for the prince, Vendôme was confident they could prevent him intervening at Turin."}], "Q695198": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the summer of 1480, the Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, and laid siege to Otranto (Kingdom of Naples), finally capturing it on 11 August."}, {"id": "Q2325125", "label": "Paolo Fregoso", "section": "lead", "says": "A year later, Otranto was surrendered by the Ottomans to Duke Alfonso of Calabria after a siege by Neapolitan troops, supported by a Papal fleet (under Paolo Fregoso of Genoa) and Hungarian forces, and amid uncertainty upon the death of sultan Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "A year later, Otranto was surrendered by the Ottomans to Duke Alfonso of Calabria after a siege by Neapolitan troops, supported by a Papal fleet (under Paolo Fregoso of Genoa) and Hungarian forces, and amid uncertainty upon the death of sultan Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background and motive", "says": "Adding to this, Venetian sources infer that the Signoria, through its new bailo in Constantinople, Battista Gritti, told the sultan that he would be within his rights to seize Brindisi, Taranto, and Otranto, since he was the conqueror of Constantinople and these were former outposts of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q539183", "label": "Gedik Ahmed Pasha", "section": "Background and motive", "says": "Early in the Summer of 1480, Kapudan-i Derya Gedik Ahmed Pasha received orders from Mehmed to cross the Strait of Otranto."}], "Q696829": [{"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "It was hoped that the success of the operation could overthrow the pro-German Vichy French administration in the colony, and be replaced by a pro-Allied Free French one under General Charles de Gaulle."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of World War II, the French fleet in the Mediterranean was to have countered the Italian Navy, thereby leaving the British Royal Navy free to concentrate on the German warships in the North Sea and Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat of France and the conclusion of the armistice between France and Nazi Germany in June 1940, there was considerable confusion as to the allegiance of the various French colonies."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "Background", "says": "Some, like Cameroon and French Equatorial Africa, joined the Free French, but others, including the North African colonies, French West Africa, Syria and Indochina, remained under Vichy control."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "Background", "says": "Another Vichy French colony changing sides would have great political impact; the gold reserves of the Banque de France and the Polish government in exile were stored in Dakar; and the port of Dakar was far superior as a naval base to Freetown, British Sierra Leone, which was the only Allied port in the area."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Once the Vichy regime was in power, however, Hermes left port but remained on watch, and was joined by the Australian heavy cruiser HMAS Australia."}], "Q696839": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arras took place on 21 May 1940, during the Battle of France in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "Background", "says": "Army Group A (Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt) defeated the French at the Battle of Sedan from 12 to 15 May and crossed the Meuse."}, {"id": "Q2889367", "label": "Battle of Montcornet", "section": "Background", "says": "A French counter-attack at the Battle of Montcornet on 17 May by the 4e Division Cuirassée (4e DCr, Colonel Charles de Gaulle), from Montcornet to the south, was defeated by an improvised defence and the 10th Panzer Division, which was rushed forward on the French flank."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "Background", "says": "A French counter-attack at the Battle of Montcornet on 17 May by the 4e Division Cuirassée (4e DCr, Colonel Charles de Gaulle), from Montcornet to the south, was defeated by an improvised defence and the 10th Panzer Division, which was rushed forward on the French flank."}, {"id": "Q57177", "label": "Wolfram von Richthofen", "section": "Background", "says": "The German counter-attacks were supported by Fliegerkorps VIII (Generaloberst Wolfram von Richthofen) and the French lost 32 tanks and armoured vehicles."}, {"id": "Q940480", "label": "Gaston Billotte", "section": "Background", "says": "German spearheads broke through the Peronne–Cambrai gap and threatened Boulogne and Calais, cutting the lines of communication of the Allied armies of Groupe d'armées 1 (General Gaston Billotte) in the North-East Theatre of Operations (Général d'armée Alphonse Joseph Georges), separating them from the main French armies south of the Somme."}, {"id": "Q1337896", "label": "Alphonse Georges", "section": "Background", "says": "German spearheads broke through the Peronne–Cambrai gap and threatened Boulogne and Calais, cutting the lines of communication of the Allied armies of Groupe d'armées 1 (General Gaston Billotte) in the North-East Theatre of Operations (Général d'armée Alphonse Joseph Georges), separating them from the main French armies south of the Somme."}, {"id": "Q188684", "label": "Edmund II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 May, General Edmund Ironside, the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, conferred with Lord Gort, commander of the BEF, at his headquarters near Lens and urged Gort to save the BEF, by attacking towards Amiens to the south-west but Gort had only two divisions available for an attack."}, {"id": "Q218280", "label": "Maurice Gamelin", "section": "Background", "says": "On the morning of 20 May, General Maurice Gamelin, the Commander-in-chief of the French armed forces, ordered the armies trapped in Belgium and northern France to fight their way south, to link up with French forces attacking northwards from the Somme river."}, {"id": "Q161076", "label": "Paul Reynaud", "section": "Background", "says": "On the evening of 19 May, the French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud had sacked Gamelin and replaced him with General Maxime Weygand."}, {"id": "Q170357", "label": "Maxime Weygand", "section": "Background", "says": "On the evening of 19 May, the French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud had sacked Gamelin and replaced him with General Maxime Weygand."}], "Q742813": [{"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began with Spain's seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands in one of a series of attempts by Spain, under Isabella II, to reassert its influence over its former South American colonies."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1850s and 1860s, the Spanish engaged in colonial activities around the world, including in Morocco, the Philippines, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic, the last of which it briefly reoccupied."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1862, Spain sent a scientific expedition to South American waters with the covert purpose of reinforcing the financial and legal claims of Spanish citizens residing in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Background", "says": "The expedition was under the command of Admiral Luis Hernández-Pinzón Álvarez, a direct descendant of the Pinzón brothers, who had accompanied Christopher Columbus on his voyage that is generally considered to constitute the discovery  of the Americas by Europeans."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "It stayed in port for a few weeks and then sailed bound for San Francisco, California, United States."}], "Q783058": [{"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Manius Acilius Glabrio against a Seleucid-Aetolian army of Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Manius Acilius Glabrio against a Seleucid-Aetolian army of Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q180281", "label": "Marcus Porcius Cato", "section": "lead", "says": "However, a small Roman force under Marcus Porcius Cato managed to outflank the Seleucids from the hillside after surprising the Aetolian garrison of Fort Callidromus."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 198 BC, Antiochus emerged victorious in the Fifth Syrian War, taking over Coele-Syria and securing his south-eastern border."}, {"id": "Q222930", "label": "Antiochus II Theos", "section": "Background", "says": "Antiochus countered by claiming that he was simply rebuilding the empire of his ancestor Antiochus II Theos and criticized the Romans for meddling in the affairs of Asia Minor states, whose rights were traditionally defended by Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the emergence of a pro-war party led by Scipio Africanus, the Roman Senate exercised restraint."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 193 BC, a representative of the Aetolian League assured Antiochus that the Aetolians would take his side in a future war with Rome, while Antiochus gave tacit support to Hannibal's plans of launching an anti-Roman coup d'état in Carthage."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Achaean League declared war on the Seleucids and Aetolians, with the Romans following suit in November 192 BC."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Antiochus rapidly seized much of southern Thessaly, withdrawing to his winter quarters after running out of supplies."}], "Q783310": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt, a major precursor to the Greek War of Independence (which erupted in 1821), was part of Catherine the Great's so-called \"Greek Plan\" and was eventually suppressed by the Ottomans by June 1771."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had its longest period of peace between 1739 (Treaty of Belgrade) and 1768 - three decades when it did not engage any of its European rivals."}, {"id": "Q11821309", "label": "Treaty of Belgrade", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had its longest period of peace between 1739 (Treaty of Belgrade) and 1768 - three decades when it did not engage any of its European rivals."}], "Q7885422": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Narva was a World War II military campaign, lasting from 2 February to 10 August 1944, in which the German Army Detachment \"Narwa\" and the Soviet Leningrad Front fought for possession of the strategically important Narva Isthmus."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in the northern section of the Eastern Front and consisted of two major phases: the Battle for Narva Bridgehead (February to July 1944), and the Battle of Tannenberg Line (July–August 1944)."}, {"id": "Q6412775", "label": "Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive and Narva Offensives (15–28 February, 1–4 March and 18–24 March) were part of the Red Army Winter Spring Campaign of 1944."}, {"id": "Q692065", "label": "Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "As a continuation of the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive of January 1944, the Soviet Estonian operation pushed the front westward to the Narva River, aiming to destroy \"Narwa\" and thrust deep into Estonia."}, {"id": "Q2026904", "label": "Battle of Tannenberg Line", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing Battle of Tannenberg Line, the German army group held its ground."}, {"id": "Q60400", "label": "Johannes Frießner", "section": "Background", "says": "Infantry General Otto Sponheimer was replaced by General Johannes Frießner and the Sponheimer Group was renamed Army Detachment \"Narwa\" on 23 February."}, {"id": "Q57580", "label": "Felix Steiner", "section": "Background", "says": "As of 1 March 1944, there were a total of 123,541 personnel subordinated to the Army Group, in the following order of battle:\n\nIII SS (Germanic) Panzer Corps – SS-Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner\n11th SS Panzergrenadier Division \"Nordland\"\n4th SS Panzergrenadier Brigade \"Nederland\"\n20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)\nXXVI Army Corps – General Anton Grasser\n11th Infantry Division"}], "Q805061": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Balkan Pact (Greek: Βαλκανικό Σύμφωνο, Macedonian: Балкански пакт, Serbo-Croatian: Balkanski pakt / Балкански пакт, Slovene: Balkanski pakt, Turkish: Balkan Paktı) of 1953, officially known as the Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation, was a treaty signed by Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia on 28 February 1953."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union had been allies in the aftermath of World War II, but bilateral co-operation halted in 1948 through the Tito–Stalin split."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union had been allies in the aftermath of World War II, but bilateral co-operation halted in 1948 through the Tito–Stalin split."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "When the People's Republic of China entered the Korean War in December 1950, the leadership in Belgrade interpreted it as a test by Stalin for potential aggression against Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the People's Republic of China entered the Korean War in December 1950, the leadership in Belgrade interpreted it as a test by Stalin for potential aggression against Yugoslavia."}], "Q815109": [{"id": "Q791234", "label": "Battle of Bassano", "section": "lead", "says": "It was Napoleon's third tactical defeat in his career, being defeated at the Second Battle of Bassano and the Battle of Caldiero three years previously during the Italian campaign, and his first major strategic defeat, along with the last time he was defeated in battle for 10 years."}, {"id": "Q857434", "label": "Battle of Caldiero", "section": "lead", "says": "It was Napoleon's third tactical defeat in his career, being defeated at the Second Battle of Bassano and the Battle of Caldiero three years previously during the Italian campaign, and his first major strategic defeat, along with the last time he was defeated in battle for 10 years."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the failed siege, Napoleon retreated two months later and withdrew to Egypt."}], "Q815143": [{"id": "Q551888", "label": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Gaza, as part of the Wars of Alexander the Great, took place in October of 332 BC."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Resulting in a victory for Macedon, it ended the 31st Dynasty of Egypt, which functioned as a satrapy under the Achaemenid Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q310739", "label": "Hephaestion", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander succeeded in breaching the walls of Gaza by utilizing the engines that he had employed earlier that year, during the siege of Tyre brought by Hephaestion."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "lead", "says": "Batis, the military commander of Gaza's fortress, expected to hold the city as well as the rest of Egypt in complete subjection until the raising of another army by Persian king Darius III; confronting Alexander at Gaza was crucial to denying the Macedonians a route into the Egyptian mainland."}], "Q850497": [{"id": "Q1419229", "label": "Torstenson War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on 13 August 1645, and ended the Torstenson War, a local conflict that began in 1643 (and was part of the larger Thirty Years' War) between Sweden and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on 13 August 1645, and ended the Torstenson War, a local conflict that began in 1643 (and was part of the larger Thirty Years' War) between Sweden and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on 13 August 1645, and ended the Torstenson War, a local conflict that began in 1643 (and was part of the larger Thirty Years' War) between Sweden and Denmark–Norway."}], "Q855271": [{"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jemappes (6 November 1792) took place near the town of Jemappes in Hainaut, Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium), near Mons during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jemappes (6 November 1792) took place near the town of Jemappes in Hainaut, Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium), near Mons during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jemappes (6 November 1792) took place near the town of Jemappes in Hainaut, Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium), near Mons during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q378572", "label": "Charles François Dumouriez", "section": "lead", "says": "General Charles François Dumouriez, in command of an army of French Revolutionary volunteers, faced the Imperial army of Field Marshal Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen and his second-in-command François de Croix, Count of Clerfayt."}, {"id": "Q1085392", "label": "Battle of Neerwinden", "section": "lead", "says": "Dumouriez overran the Austrian Netherlands within a month, but lost it at the Battle of Neerwinden in March."}], "Q857982": [{"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Matabele War was fought between 1893 and 1894 in modern-day Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "lead", "says": "Cecil Rhodes, who was Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, and Leander Starr Jameson, the Administrator of Mashonaland, also tried to avoid war to prevent loss of confidence in the future of the territory."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Cecil Rhodes, who was Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, and Leander Starr Jameson, the Administrator of Mashonaland, also tried to avoid war to prevent loss of confidence in the future of the territory."}, {"id": "Q1390901", "label": "Leander Starr Jameson", "section": "lead", "says": "Cecil Rhodes, who was Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, and Leander Starr Jameson, the Administrator of Mashonaland, also tried to avoid war to prevent loss of confidence in the future of the territory."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "Matters came to a head when Lobengula approved a raid to forcibly extract tribute from a Mashona chief in the district of the town of Fort Victoria, which inevitably led to a clash with the company."}], "Q871617": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The three islands were part of the Russian Empire and strategically dominated the central and northern Baltic Sea."}, {"id": "Q2237192", "label": "Battle of Moon Sound", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Baltic Fleet had to withdraw from the Suur Strait after its losses at the Battle of Moon Sound."}], "Q87222526": [{"id": "Q450675", "label": "Pope Francis", "section": "lead", "says": "In late February 2020, Pope Francis became ill with symptoms of a cold, but tested negative for COVID-19."}, {"id": "Q2494", "label": "Benedict XVI", "section": "lead", "says": "It was announced on January 14, 2021, that both he and Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI had received the first dose of a vaccine."}], "Q87651995": [{"id": "Q200881", "label": "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the outbreak, on 15 March 2020, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency that was initially set to last until 15 April 2020."}], "Q894999": [{"id": "Q849967", "label": "Celtic Britons", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boudican revolt was an armed uprising by native Celtic Britons against the Roman Empire during the Roman conquest of Britain."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boudican revolt was an armed uprising by native Celtic Britons against the Roman Empire during the Roman conquest of Britain."}, {"id": "Q326600", "label": "Gaius Suetonius Paulinus", "section": "lead", "says": "Although heavily outnumbered, the Roman army led by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus decisively defeated the allied tribes in a final battle which inflicted heavy losses on the Britons."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern historians are dependent for information about the uprising and the defeat of Boudica on the narratives written by the Roman historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio, which are the only surviving accounts of the battle known to exist."}, {"id": "Q2054", "label": "Seneca", "section": "Cause of the rebellion", "says": "According to Dio, Roman financiers, such as Seneca the Younger, called in their loans."}], "Q951932": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the immediate catalysts for the Peloponnesian War."}], "Q964226": [{"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "Background", "says": "Recently the Turks, under their energetic leader Osman I, had captured the important city of Prusa (Bursa) in Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "Recently the Turks, under their energetic leader Osman I, had captured the important city of Prusa (Bursa) in Bithynia."}], "Q968676": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dan-no-ura (壇ノ浦の戦い, Dan-no-ura no tatakai) was a major sea battle of the Genpei War, occurring at Dan-no-ura, in the Kanmon Straits off the southern tip of Honshū."}, {"id": "Q316651", "label": "Antoku", "section": "lead", "says": "The young Emperor Antoku was one of those who died among the Taira nobles."}], "Q101305942": [{"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shusha (Azerbaijani: Şuşa döyüşü or Şuşa uğrunda döyüş; Armenian: Շուշիի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Shushii chakatamart) was the final and decisive battle of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, fought between the armed forces of Azerbaijan and the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, militarily supported by Armenia, over the control of the city of Shusha."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shusha (Azerbaijani: Şuşa döyüşü or Şuşa uğrunda döyüş; Armenian: Շուշիի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Shushii chakatamart) was the final and decisive battle of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, fought between the armed forces of Azerbaijan and the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, militarily supported by Armenia, over the control of the city of Shusha."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shusha (Azerbaijani: Şuşa döyüşü or Şuşa uğrunda döyüş; Armenian: Շուշիի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Shushii chakatamart) was the final and decisive battle of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, fought between the armed forces of Azerbaijan and the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, militarily supported by Armenia, over the control of the city of Shusha."}, {"id": "Q7493865", "label": "Siege of Stepanakert", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was captured in 1992 by Armenian Armed Forces to lift the Siege of Stepanakert during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, and its then-predominantly-Azerbaijani population was expelled from it."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was captured in 1992 by Armenian Armed Forces to lift the Siege of Stepanakert during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, and its then-predominantly-Azerbaijani population was expelled from it."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1988, the government of the Armenian-majority NKAO voted in favour of seceding from Azerbaijan and unifying with Armenia, leading to a wider ethnic and territorial conflict between the Armenians and the Azerbaijanis living in the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q440824", "label": "Arayik Harutyunyan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The next day, Armenian Ministry of Defence stated that clashes were taking place in the village, and the self-proclaimed President of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, stated that the Azerbaijani forces were already 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Shusha."}], "Q1021160": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It began during a lull in the Hundred Years' War against the English and overlapped with the Western Schism of the papacy."}, {"id": "Q337057", "label": "Louis I, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Orléans branch of the family, also referred to as the House of Valois-Orléans, stemmed from Louis I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Charles V of France (r."}, {"id": "Q167782", "label": "Charles V of France", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Orléans branch of the family, also referred to as the House of Valois-Orléans, stemmed from Louis I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Charles V of France (r."}, {"id": "Q298892", "label": "Philip the Bold", "section": "Causes", "says": "The House of Valois-Burgundy originated from Charles V's youngest brother, Philip the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q160349", "label": "Charles VI of France", "section": "Causes", "says": "The war's causes were rooted in the unstable reign of King Charles VI of France and also pitted different economic systems against each other: France was very strong in agriculture, with a strong feudal and religious system, while the Duchy of Burgundy was dominated by trade, artisans crafting products, the middle classes, and emerging cities."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "Causes", "says": "The war's causes were rooted in the unstable reign of King Charles VI of France and also pitted different economic systems against each other: France was very strong in agriculture, with a strong feudal and religious system, while the Duchy of Burgundy was dominated by trade, artisans crafting products, the middle classes, and emerging cities."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "Causes", "says": "Burgundy's constituent County of Flanders, with its clothing producers and merchants, significantly depended on the raw material import of English wool."}, {"id": "Q298901", "label": "John the Fearless", "section": "Causes", "says": "On the death of Philip the Bold, his son John the Fearless, who was less linked to Isabeau, lost influence at court."}, {"id": "Q346761", "label": "John, Duke of Berry", "section": "Causes", "says": "The other uncle of Charles VI, John, Duke of Berry, served as a mediator between the Orléans party (which would become the Armagnacs) and the Burgundy party, whose rivalry increased and eventually resulted in civil war."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Causes", "says": "To oppose the territorial expansion of the Dukedom of Burgundy, the Duke of Orléans acquired Luxembourg in 1402."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "Causes", "says": "While Louis I of Orléans, getting 90% of his income from the royal treasury, bought lands and strongholds in the eastern marches of the kingdom that the Burgundians considered their private hunting ground, John the Fearless, lacking the fiery prestige of his father, saw royal largess towards him drying up; Philip received 200,000 livres per year, but Jo"}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Causes", "says": "While Louis I of Orléans, getting 90% of his income from the royal treasury, bought lands and strongholds in the eastern marches of the kingdom that the Burgundians considered their private hunting ground, John the Fearless, lacking the fiery prestige of his father, saw royal largess towards him drying up; Philip received 200,000 livres per year, but Jo"}], "Q1069936": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rivoli (14 January 1797) was a key military engagement during the War of the First Coalition near the village of Rivoli, then part of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rivoli (14 January 1797) was a key military engagement during the War of the First Coalition near the village of Rivoli, then part of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q608030", "label": "József Alvinczi", "section": "lead", "says": "In the climax of the Italian campaign of 1796–1797, the outnumbered French Army of Italy, commanded by General Napoleon Bonaparte, decisively defeated the attacking Austrian army led by General of the Artillery József Alvinczi."}, {"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However Joubert held him off and was subsequently joined by Louis-Alexandre Berthier and, at 2 am on 14 January, by Bonaparte, who brought up elements of André Masséna's division to support Joubert's efforts to form a defensive line on favorable ground just north of Rivoli on the Trambasore Heights."}], "Q1073358": [{"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul Înalt or the Battle of Racova) was a battle that was fought on 10 January 1475, between Stephen III of Moldavia and the Ottoman governor of Rumelia, Hadım Suleiman Pasha."}, {"id": "Q3826903", "label": "Hadım Süleyman Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul Înalt or the Battle of Racova) was a battle that was fought on 10 January 1475, between Stephen III of Moldavia and the Ottoman governor of Rumelia, Hadım Suleiman Pasha."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "Mara Branković (Mara Hatun), the former younger wife of Murad II, told a Venetian envoy that the invasion had been the worst ever defeat for the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q163514", "label": "Sixtus IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Stephen was later awarded the title Athleta Christi (\"Champion of Christ\") by Pope Sixtus IV, who referred to him as \"verus christianae fidei athleta\" (\"the true defender of the Christian faith\")."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict between Stephen and Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II worsened when both laid their claims to the historical region of Southern Bessarabia, now known under the name of Budjak."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict between Stephen and Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II worsened when both laid their claims to the historical region of Southern Bessarabia, now known under the name of Budjak."}, {"id": "Q1040381", "label": "Roman I of Moldavia", "section": "Background", "says": "The region had belonged to Wallachia, but later succumbed to Moldavian influence under Petru Mușat and was possibly annexed to Moldavia in the late 14th century by Roman I of Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q16203075", "label": "Petru II of Moldavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1448, Petru II of Moldavia awarded Chilia to John Hunyadi, the governor of Transylvania, effectively ceding control of the strategic area on the Danube, with access to the Black Sea, to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1448, Petru II of Moldavia awarded Chilia to John Hunyadi, the governor of Transylvania, effectively ceding control of the strategic area on the Danube, with access to the Black Sea, to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q926552", "label": "Bogdan II of Moldavia", "section": "Background", "says": "With the assassination of Bogdan II of Moldavia in 1451 by his brother Petru Aron, the country fell into civil war as two pretenders fought for the throne: Aron and Alexăndrel."}], "Q1073849": [{"id": "Q1072889", "label": "Chilean War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maipú (Spanish: Batalla de Maipú) was fought near Santiago, Chile on 5 April 1818, between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "lead", "says": "The Patriot rebels led by Argentine general José de San Martín effectively destroyed the Spanish forces commanded by General Mariano Osorio, and completed the independence of the core area of Chile from Spanish domination."}, {"id": "Q1350251", "label": "Mariano Osorio", "section": "lead", "says": "The Patriot rebels led by Argentine general José de San Martín effectively destroyed the Spanish forces commanded by General Mariano Osorio, and completed the independence of the core area of Chile from Spanish domination."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "Both armies established their headquarters near each other in the south of Santiago, where San Martín and Osorio prepared for battle."}], "Q1094356": [{"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "lead", "says": "The former Sultanate of Pattani, which included the southern Thai provinces of Pattani (Patani), Yala (Jala), Narathiwat (Menara)—also known as the three Southern Border Provinces (SBP)—as well as neighbouring parts of Songkhla Province (Singgora), and the northeastern part of Malaysia (Kelantan), was conquered by the Kingdom of Siam in 1785 and, except for Kelantan, has been governed by Thailand "}, {"id": "Q164373", "label": "Thaksin Shinawatra", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra assumed wide-ranging emergency powers to deal with the southern violence, but the insurgency escalated further."}], "Q112501": [{"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Three Feudatories, (Chinese: 三藩之亂; pinyin: Sānfān zhī luàn) also known as the Rebellion of Wu Sangui, was a rebellion lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the early Qing dynasty of China, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Three Feudatories, (Chinese: 三藩之亂; pinyin: Sānfān zhī luàn) also known as the Rebellion of Wu Sangui, was a rebellion lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the early Qing dynasty of China, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q152855", "label": "Kingdom of Tungning", "section": "lead", "says": "The feudatories were supported by Zheng Jing's Kingdom of Tungning on the island of Taiwan, which sent forces to invade Mainland China."}, {"id": "Q1198163", "label": "Southern Ming dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to their history as defectors that helped to topple the Southern Ming dynasty, the Three Feudatories failed to win over the support of the general Han populace and were eventually defeated by the Qing forces."}, {"id": "Q310453", "label": "Shunzhi Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Qing dynasty from Manchuria conquered China proper, during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (1643–1661), the central government's authority was not strong enough to control the provinces in southern China directly."}], "Q1143044": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Kawanakajima (川中島の戦い, Kawanakajima no tatakai) were a series of battles fought in the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province from 1553 to 1564."}, {"id": "Q311080", "label": "Uesugi Kenshin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Kawanakajima (川中島の戦い, Kawanakajima no tatakai) were a series of battles fought in the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province from 1553 to 1564."}, {"id": "Q385676", "label": "Ōnin War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Ōnin War (1467–77), the Muromachi shōgun's system and taxation had increasingly less control outside the province of the capital in Kyoto, and powerful lords (daimyōs) began to assert themselves."}], "Q1148862": [{"id": "Q51661", "label": "Seventh Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fariskur was the last major battle of the Seventh Crusade."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought on 6 April 1250, between the Crusaders led by King Louis IX of France (later Saint Louis) and Egyptian forces led by Turanshah of the Ayyubid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Crusaders' defeat at the Battle of Al Mansurah in February 1250, the Battle of Fariskur resulted in the complete defeat of the Crusader army and the capture of Louis IX."}], "Q1154983": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Ottoman–Venetian War was fought between the Republic of Venice with its allies and the Ottoman Empire from 1463 to 1479."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Ottoman–Venetian War was fought between the Republic of Venice with its allies and the Ottoman Empire from 1463 to 1479."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought shortly after the capture of Constantinople and the remnants of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottomans, it resulted in the loss of several Venetian holdings in Albania and Greece, most importantly the island of Negroponte (Euboea), which had been a Venetian protectorate for centuries."}, {"id": "Q213638", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "In the closing years of the war, however, the Republic managed to recoup its losses by the de facto acquisition of the Crusader Kingdom of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Fourth Crusade (1203–1204), the lands of the Byzantine Empire were divided among several Latin states, ushering in the period known in Greek as Latinokratia."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbia was conquered in 1459, and the last Byzantine remnants, the Despotate of Morea and the Empire of Trebizond were subdued in 1460–1461."}], "Q1155993": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests, also known as the Greater Chinese Democratic Jasmine Revolution (Chinese: 中国茉莉花活动), refer to public assemblies in over a dozen cities in the People's Republic of China starting on 20 February 2011, inspired by and named after the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia; the actions that took place at protest sites, and the response by the Chinese government to the ca"}], "Q1192398": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Musket Wars were a series of as many as 3,000 battles and raids fought throughout New Zealand (including the Chatham Islands) among Māori between 1806 and 1845, after Māori first obtained muskets and then engaged in an intertribal arms race in order to gain territory or seek revenge for past defeats."}, {"id": "Q1545405", "label": "New Zealand Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Musket Wars reached their peak in the 1830s, with smaller conflicts between iwi continuing until the mid-1840s; some historians argue the New Zealand Wars were (commencing with the Wairau Affray in 1843 and Flagstaff War in 1845) a continuation of the Musket Wars."}, {"id": "Q1510144", "label": "Wairau Affray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Musket Wars reached their peak in the 1830s, with smaller conflicts between iwi continuing until the mid-1840s; some historians argue the New Zealand Wars were (commencing with the Wairau Affray in 1843 and Flagstaff War in 1845) a continuation of the Musket Wars."}, {"id": "Q2470023", "label": "Flagstaff War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Musket Wars reached their peak in the 1830s, with smaller conflicts between iwi continuing until the mid-1840s; some historians argue the New Zealand Wars were (commencing with the Wairau Affray in 1843 and Flagstaff War in 1845) a continuation of the Musket Wars."}], "Q1197271": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (Japanese: 樺太・千島交換条約, romanized: Karafuto-Chishima Kōkan Jōyaku; Russian: Петербургский договор) between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire  was signed on 7 May 1875, and its ratifications exchanged at Tokyo on 22 August 1875."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (Japanese: 樺太・千島交換条約, romanized: Karafuto-Chishima Kōkan Jōyaku; Russian: Петербургский договор) between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire  was signed on 7 May 1875, and its ratifications exchanged at Tokyo on 22 August 1875."}, {"id": "Q392541", "label": "Treaty of San Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "Differences with its Japanese translation contributed to the controversy on what constitutes the Kuril Islands, claims to which Japan renounced in 1951 by the Treaty of San Francisco."}], "Q1202792": [{"id": "Q202006", "label": "Olusegun Obasanjo", "section": "Background", "says": "The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was established in 2000 by President Olusegun Obasanjo with the sole mandate of developing the petroleum-rich Niger-Delta region of southern Nigeria."}], "Q1233121": [{"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the suppression of the short-lived Lincolnshire Rising of 1536, the traditional historical view portrays the Pilgrimage as \"a spontaneous mass protest of the conservative elements in the North of England angry with the religious upheavals instigated by King Henry VIII\"."}], "Q1254804": [{"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "An estimated 30 members and associates of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by Scottish government forces, allegedly for failing to pledge allegiance to the new monarchs, William II/III and his wife Mary II."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1690, clan leaders loyal to the exiled House of Stuart agreed to swear allegiance to William and Mary, in return for a cash payment of £12,000."}], "Q125955": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nemmersdorf massacre was a civilian massacre  perpetrated by Red Army soldiers in the late stages of World War II."}], "Q1268733": [{"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "At the River Sabis a Roman army under the command of Gaius Julius Caesar fought an association of Belgae tribes, principally the Nervii."}, {"id": "Q106199", "label": "Commentarii de Bello Gallico", "section": "lead", "says": "Few primary sources describe the battle in detail, with most information coming from Caesar's own report on the battle from his book, Commentarii de Bello Gallico."}], "Q1271334": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Partition of Triparadisus was a power-sharing agreement passed at Triparadisus in 321 BC between the generals (Diadochi) of Alexander the Great, in which they named a new regent and arranged the repartition of the satrapies of Alexander's empire among themselves."}, {"id": "Q797946", "label": "Partition of Babylon", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed and modified the Partition of Babylon made in 323 BC upon Alexander's death."}, {"id": "Q686411", "label": "Arrhidaeus", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of Alexander, the rule of his empire was given to his half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus and Alexander's son Alexander IV."}, {"id": "Q169915", "label": "Alexander IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of Alexander, the rule of his empire was given to his half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus and Alexander's son Alexander IV."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "lead", "says": "However, since Philip was mentally ill and Alexander IV born only after the death of his father, a regent was named as Perdiccas; in the meantime, the former generals of Alexander were named satraps of the various regions of his empire."}, {"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "lead", "says": "Several satraps were eager to gain more power, and when Ptolemy I Soter, satrap of Egypt, rebelled with other generals, Perdiccas moved against the former but was killed by a mutiny in his camp."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "lead", "says": "In the meeting called in 321 BC at Triparadisus of all the generals, Antipater was chosen to be a new regent."}], "Q1273678": [{"id": "Q1429332", "label": "Convention on Psychotropic Substances", "section": "lead", "says": "The convention has since been supplemented by the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, which controls LSD, MDMA, and other psychoactive pharmaceuticals, and the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances; the three conventions establish the legal framework for international drug control."}], "Q128281666": [{"id": "Q2345201", "label": "Tommy Robinson", "section": "lead", "says": "Groups involved in the riots included supporters of the defunct Islamophobic group English Defence League (EDL), including its former leader Tommy Robinson, members of the neo-Nazi hate group Patriotic Alternative, and the fascist political p"}, {"id": "Q6383803", "label": "Keir Starmer", "section": "Background", "says": "When the prime minister of the United Kingdom, Keir Starmer, laid flowers in Southport the following day, he was met with \"hostile shouts\" from some of the public, with one asking, \"How many more, Starmer?"}], "Q128388": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bakhchisarai or Treaty of Radzin, (Russian: Бахчисарайский мирный договор; Turkish: Bahçesaray Antlaşması) was signed in Bakhchysarai, which ended the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681), on 3 January 1681 by Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bakhchisarai or Treaty of Radzin, (Russian: Бахчисарайский мирный договор; Turkish: Bahçesaray Antlaşması) was signed in Bakhchysarai, which ended the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681), on 3 January 1681 by Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was also of great international significance and stipulated the signing of “Eternal Peace” in 1686 between Russia and Poland."}], "Q130354504": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks are the deadliest in Lebanon since the end of the Lebanese Civil War, and began five days after Israel performed a deadly pager and walkie-talkie attack on devices intended for Hezbollah members, and three days after Israel performed an airstrike on an apartment complex in Beirut which killed Redwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil as well as 54 others."}, {"id": "Q96782263", "label": "Ibrahim Aqil", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks are the deadliest in Lebanon since the end of the Lebanese Civil War, and began five days after Israel performed a deadly pager and walkie-talkie attack on devices intended for Hezbollah members, and three days after Israel performed an airstrike on an apartment complex in Beirut which killed Redwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil as well as 54 others."}, {"id": "Q318493", "label": "Mohamed Agha", "section": "lead", "says": "Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati called the attacks a \"war of extermination\" and accused Israel of trying to destroy Lebanese villages and towns."}, {"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 September 2024, Israel air strikes assassinated Hassan Nasrallah, who was the Secretary-General of Hezbollah."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "A day after Hamas launched its 7 October 2023 attacks on Israel and Israel began its bombing of Gaza, Hezbollah joined the conflict in \"solidarity with the Palestinians\" by firing on Israeli military outposts in Shebaa Farms, and Golan Heights — both territories under Israeli occupation."}], "Q1788485": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Barons' Crusade (1239–1241), also called the Crusade of 1239, was a crusade to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, was the most successful since the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "lead", "says": "Called by Pope Gregory IX, the Barons' Crusade broadly embodied the highest point of papal endeavor \"to make crusading a universal Christian undertaking.\" Gregory IX called for a crusade in France, England, and Hungary with different degrees of success."}, {"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the crusaders did not achieve glorious military victories, they used diplomacy to successfully play the two warring factions of the Ayyubid dynasty (as-Salih Ismail in Damascus and as-Salih Ayyub in Egypt) against one another for even more concessions than Frederick II had gained during the more well-known Sixth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "For a few years, the Barons' Crusade returned the Kingdom of Jerusalem to its largest size since 1187."}, {"id": "Q314562", "label": "Theobald I of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "This crusade to the Holy Land is sometimes discussed as two separate crusades: that of King Theobald I of Navarre, which began in 1239; and, the separate host of crusaders under the leadership of Richard of Cornwall, which arrived after Theobald departed in 1240."}, {"id": "Q314527", "label": "Richard of Cornwall", "section": "lead", "says": "This crusade to the Holy Land is sometimes discussed as two separate crusades: that of King Theobald I of Navarre, which began in 1239; and, the separate host of crusaders under the leadership of Richard of Cornwall, which arrived after Theobald departed in 1240."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This is because Gregory IX briefly attempted to redirect the target of his new crusade from liberating the Holy Land from Muslims to protecting the Latin Empire of Constantinople from \"schismatic\" (i.e., Orthodox) Christians attempting to retake the city."}, {"id": "Q293464", "label": "Al-Kamil", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the Sixth Crusade in February 1229, Frederick II and Al-Kamil signed a 10-year truce."}, {"id": "Q130875", "label": "House of Hohenstaufen", "section": "Background", "says": "Additionally, the Sixth Crusade was wildly unpopular among the native Christian leaders because the excommunicated Frederick left them defenseless, allied with their Muslim enemies, and attempted to gain control over the Holy Land for the House of Hohenstaufen rather than restore the territories to the local barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "Rachel suum videns reinforced the usage of a vow of redemption policy initiated by previous Pope Innocent III in his bull Quia maior during his campaign for the Fifth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Rachel suum videns reinforced the usage of a vow of redemption policy initiated by previous Pope Innocent III in his bull Quia maior during his campaign for the Fifth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q332704", "label": "John of Brienne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Latin emperor, John of Brienne, the most vigorous papal supporter out of the other rulers, permitted in Constantinople the presence of a Latin patriarch, which promised a possibility of unifying both Greek and Latin churches."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hungarian military elite headed by its king Béla IV declined to go to Constantinople to fight the invading schismatics John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea and Ivan Asen"}], "Q1788506": [{"id": "Q546469", "label": "Peter I of Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The brief Alexandrian Crusade, also called the sack of Alexandria, occurred in October 1365 and was led by King Peter I of Cyprus against Alexandria in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q133046", "label": "Urban V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade was sanctioned by Pope Urban V at the request of Peter I."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade was sanctioned by Pope Urban V at the request of Peter I."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "Although often referred to as and counted among the Crusades, it was relatively devoid of religious impetus and differs from the more prominent Crusades in that it seems to have been motivated largely by economic interests."}], "Q1813378": [{"id": "Q620735", "label": "Russo-Georgian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the only major battle in the Russo-Georgian War."}, {"id": "Q485032", "label": "Sergei Bagapsh", "section": "Background", "says": "48 Russian journalists had already been present for several days at Tsarnayev's hotel as \"if they knew that something was going to happen.\"\nBy 20:16 Moscow Time on 7 August 2008, state-controlled Rossiya TV aired President of Abkhazia Sergei Bagapsh as saying: \"I have spoken to the president of South Ossetia."}, {"id": "Q43330", "label": "Mikheil Saakashvili", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 August 2008, foreign intelligence data indicating the deployment of the Russian forces near the Roki Tunnel became known to the Georgian government and numerous Georgian sources have stated that President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili became aware that more than 100 Russian military transport had already entered the Roki tunnel at about 23:00 on 7 August."}], "Q1827267": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Seljuk wars were a series of conflicts in the Middle Ages between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Seljuk wars were a series of conflicts in the Middle Ages between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "They shifted the balance of power in Asia Minor, Armenia and Syria, sparking multiple wars for control over these regions, including the Crusades."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts lasted until the collapse of the Sultanate of Rum in 1308."}, {"id": "Q846670", "label": "Danishmendid dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "It took another two decades before the Seljuks, Turkomans, Danishmendids and Chaka were in control of most of the Anatolian peninsula, before they were repulsed from the coastlines."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "During the course of the war, the Seljuks and their allies attacked the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, capturing the religious center of Jerusalem and catalyzing the call for the First Crusade by Pope Urban II, after Alexios I Komnenos asked for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "During the course of the war, the Seljuks and their allies attacked the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, capturing the religious center of Jerusalem and catalyzing the call for the First Crusade by Pope Urban II, after Alexios I Komnenos asked for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the course of the war, the Seljuks and their allies attacked the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, capturing the religious center of Jerusalem and catalyzing the call for the First Crusade by Pope Urban II, after Alexios I Komnenos asked for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "During the course of the war, the Seljuks and their allies attacked the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, capturing the religious center of Jerusalem and catalyzing the call for the First Crusade by Pope Urban II, after Alexios I Komnenos asked for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Fourth Crusade however, and the sack of Constantinople in 1204, the Byzantine Empire became fractured, beginning the Struggle for Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the conflict ended, the Seljuks managed to raid and conquer more territory from the weakened Empire of Nicaea, until the Sultanate itself was taken over by the Mongols, leading to the fall of Rum and the rise of the Ghazis, and the conclusive Byzantine–Ottoman wars."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Origins", "says": "The decades following the death of the Byzantine emperor Basil II saw a long series of instability and a weakening of imperial authority and military power, which led to a succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q392653", "label": "Isaac Komnenos", "section": "Origins", "says": "For the next few decades, the Byzantine Empire saw a series of rebellions, including those of Gregory Taronites, Peter Delyan, Theophilos Erotkos, George Maniakes, Leo Tornikios, Hervé Frankopoulos, Isaac Komnenos and Nikoulitzas Delphinas."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "As the Byzantines were making headway against the Arabs in the 10th century, Persia was being ruled by the Ghaznavid Empire."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "Origins", "says": "The migration of the Seljuks into Persia in the 10th century led to the Ghaznavids being overthrown."}, {"id": "Q2628015", "label": "Battle of Kapetron", "section": "Origins", "says": "Their first encounter with the Byzantine Empire was in the Battle of Kapetron in 1048, where they were repulsed."}], "Q1851858": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dakota War of 1862, also known as the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, the Sioux Uprising, the Dakota Uprising, the Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, or Little Crow's War, was an armed conflict between the United States and several eastern bands of Dakota collectively known as the Santee Sioux."}], "Q185407": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "La Violencia (Spanish pronunciation: [la βjoˈlensja], The Violence) was a ten-year wave of civil conflict and unrest in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, mainly fought in the countryside."}, {"id": "Q132479", "label": "Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala", "section": "lead", "says": "La Violencia is considered to have begun with the assassination on 9 April 1948 of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, a Liberal Party presidential candidate and frontrunner for the 1949 November election."}, {"id": "Q2327438", "label": "Bogotazo", "section": "lead", "says": "His murder provoked the Bogotazo rioting, which lasted ten hours and resulted in around 5,000 casualties."}], "Q1927362": [{"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Malta was broken by the Allied re-conquest of Egypt and Libya after the Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November) and by Operation Torch (8–16 November) in the western Mediterranean, which enabled land-based aircraft to escort merchant ships to the island."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Malta was broken by the Allied re-conquest of Egypt and Libya after the Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November) and by Operation Torch (8–16 November) in the western Mediterranean, which enabled land-based aircraft to escort merchant ships to the island."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "Benito Mussolini had monopolised authority over the Italian armed forces since 1933 by taking the offices of Minister of War, Minister of the Navy and Minister of the Air Force."}, {"id": "Q57134", "label": "Albert Kesselring", "section": "Background", "says": "Feldmarschall Albert Kesselring of the Luftwaffe commanded German ground forces in the theatre as Commander-in-Chief South (Oberbefehlshaber Süd, OB Süd) but had no authority over Axis operations in North Africa or the organisation of convoys to Libya."}], "Q1930278": [{"id": "Q322607", "label": "War of Attrition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karameh (Arabic: معركة الكرامة) was a 15-hour military engagement between Israel and the combined forces of Jordan and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the Jordanian border town of Karameh during the War of Attrition on 21 March 1968."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel stated that it aimed to destroy fedayeen camps at Karameh, and to capture the leader of the PLO Yasser Arafat as reprisal."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palestinians had limited success in inflicting Israeli casualties, but King Hussein allowed them to take credit, to the point of proclaiming \"we are all fedayeen\"."}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "lead", "says": "As the PLO's strength began to grow in the aftermath, the fedayeen began to speak openly of overthrowing the Hashemite monarchy, and the ensuing tensions with the Jordanian authorities eventually precipitated in their expulsion to Lebanon in 1971, marking the end of the Black September conflict."}, {"id": "Q305776", "label": "Abba Eban", "section": "Background", "says": "On the other hand, Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban and his chief of bureau Gideon Rafael — mindful of an adverse American reaction due to the good relationship between Jordan and the US — worried a raid could result in innocent civilian deaths and be a political disservice to Israel."}, {"id": "Q467150", "label": "Chaim Bar-Lev", "section": "Background", "says": "Chief of Staff Haim Bar-Lev promised a \"clean action\"."}, {"id": "Q188783", "label": "Moshe Dayan", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan asked for a \"principal approval\" for a raid, but this was denied by the cabinet."}, {"id": "Q146906", "label": "Hussein I of Jordan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 17 March, Dayan warned that the fedayeen were preparing for a \"new wave of terror\", which Israel would take steps to contain if King Hussein of Jordan could not."}], "Q199371": [{"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The series of battles took place in what was then the central and northern parts of Ottoman Palestine and parts of present-day Israel, Syria and Jordan."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "After forces of the Arab Revolt attacked the Ottoman lines of communication, distracting the Ottomans, British and Indian infantry divisions attacked and broke through the Ottoman defensive lines in the sector adjacent to the coast in the set-piece Battle of Sharon."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the battles, Daraa was captured on 27 September, Damascus on 1 October and operations at Haritan, north of Aleppo, were still in progress when the Armistice of Mudros was signed ending hostilities between the Allies and Ottomans."}], "Q2003866": [{"id": "Q195378", "label": "Anglo-Nepalese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and Guru Gajraj Mishra following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16."}, {"id": "Q7884900", "label": "unification of Nepal", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of Sikkim in the east and, in the west, the basins of Gandaki and Karnali and the Uttarakhand regions of Garhwal and Kumaon."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "Geographic Context", "says": "This was significant to the economic well-being of the Kathmandu valley."}], "Q2008448": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa took place during the Crusades, as one of a series of campaigns between the army of Sultan Saladin (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb) and the Crusader forces led by King Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart)."}, {"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa took place during the Crusades, as one of a series of campaigns between the army of Sultan Saladin (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb) and the Crusader forces led by King Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart)."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final battle of the Third Crusade, after which Saladin and King Richard were able to negotiate a truce."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ensured that the Crusader presence in the south of Palestine was secure."}, {"id": "Q940026", "label": "Battle of Arsuf", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 7 September 1191, after the Battle of Arsuf, the Crusader army proceeded from Arsuf to Jaffa, which the Crusaders took and fortified."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During this period, Richard began to receive disturbing news of the activities of his brother John and the French king, Philip Augustus."}], "Q2026080": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Operation Faustschlag or Unternehmen Faustschlag (lit. 'Operation Fist Punch'), also known as the Eleven Days' War, was a Central Powers offensive in World War I."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major offensive on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian forces were unable to put up any serious resistance due to the turmoil of the Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian forces were unable to put up any serious resistance due to the turmoil of the Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution (March 1917) brought down the Tsarist monarchy of the Russian Empire, the Imperial Russian Army was turned into the Russian Army."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Although some Tsarist officers had fled during the February Revolution, or suppressed mutinies by their subordinate soldiers, order was generally maintained."}, {"id": "Q690308", "label": "Kerensky Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The post-imperial Russian Army conducted the Kerensky Offensive in July 1917, but it resulted in a defeat."}, {"id": "Q1322251", "label": "July Days", "section": "Background", "says": "This further weakened the military and fuelled distrust in the Alexander Kerensky-led Provisional Government, but the Bolshevik anti-Kerensky July Days protests in Petrograd as well as Polubotkivtsi uprising in Kiev were successfully repressed."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Kerensky's government and the Petrograd Soviet consolidated domestic political order by proclaiming the Russian Republic on 1 September 1917, thereby definitively abolishing the Russian Empire, as well as foiling the Kornilov affair."}], "Q2067496": [{"id": "Q5005349", "label": "Bahman Jadhuyah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jisr (Arabic: معركة الجسر) was fought at the bank of the Euphrates between Arab Muslims, led by Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi, and the Persian Sasanians, led by Bahman Jaduya."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It is traditionally dated to the year 634 and was the only major Sasanian victory over the invading Rashidun Caliphate army."}], "Q209297": [{"id": "Q162192", "label": "Riograndense Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 20 September 1835, when rebel forces seized Porto Alegre, and soon turned into a wider confrontation between Brazil's imperial government and a coalition led by Bento Gonçalves and Antônio de Sousa Neto, who proclaimed the secession of the province and the creation of the Riograndense Republic following the rebel victory at the battle of Seival in 1836."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "In Rio Grande do Sul, whose economy relied on livestock and the production of jerked beef for the internal market, the immediate cause for revolt lied on the landowners dissatisfaction with high export taxes and import duties on salt imposed by the Imperial government, while Uruguay and Argentina benefited from more favorable taxation in Brazilian markets, thus making the local produce less compet"}, {"id": "Q467976", "label": "Fructuoso Rivera", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 1830s onward, the war also became entangled with the politics of the wider Río de la Plata region, as the rebels pursued agreements and alliances with neighboring Argentine and Uruguayan caudillos, notably Fructuoso Rivera."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, with the participation of the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, the republicans took the war to the Brazilian coast and proclaimed the short-lived Juliana Republic in Santa Catarina following the capture of Laguna."}, {"id": "Q2413855", "label": "Juliana Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, with the participation of the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, the republicans took the war to the Brazilian coast and proclaimed the short-lived Juliana Republic in Santa Catarina following the capture of Laguna."}, {"id": "Q4403481", "label": "Sabinada", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution also influenced other rebel movements in the country, such as the Sabinada, in Bahia, in 1837, and the Liberal Rebellions in Minas Gerais and São Paulo, in 1842."}], "Q2237280": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tora Bora occurred from 30 November to 17 December 2001, as part of the United States invasion of Afghanistan during the war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tora Bora occurred from 30 November to 17 December 2001, as part of the United States invasion of Afghanistan during the war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place around the cave complex of Tora Bora in the Safed Koh mountain range, near Afghanistan's eastern border with Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda conducted terrorist suicide attacks against the U.S. on September 11, 2001."}, {"id": "Q461823", "label": "Tommy Franks", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. may have had a chance of killing bin Laden during the battle; near the start, CIA officer Gary Berntsen asked American general Tommy Franks to send a thousand Army Rangers into the complex to cut off bin Laden from crossing the border."}, {"id": "Q48259", "label": "Dick Cheney", "section": "Background", "says": "Bush and vice president Dick Cheney were inaugurated in January 2001."}, {"id": "Q326668", "label": "Operation Enduring Freedom", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, the U.S. launched Operation Enduring Freedom to dismantle the Taliban regime that had sheltered bin Laden."}], "Q224794": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, also known as the Treaty of London (Dutch: Verdrag van Londen), was a treaty between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in London on 17 March 1824."}, {"id": "Q617263", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was to resolve disputes arising from the execution of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814."}, {"id": "Q219731", "label": "George Canning", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Dutch, it was signed by Hendrik Fagel and Anton Reinhard Falck, and for the British, George Canning and Charles Williams-Wynn."}], "Q2288824": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dinamo Zagreb–Red Star Belgrade riot was a football riot which took place on 13 May 1990 at Maksimir Stadium in Zagreb, SR Croatia, then part of SFR Yugoslavia, between the Bad Blue Boys (supporters of Dinamo Zagreb) and the Delije (supporters of Red Star Belgrade)."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Background", "says": "The second round of voting in Croatia was held on 6 May when the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won under Franjo Tuđman."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "Croatia and Slovenia, under new leadership, were the leading forces behind a drive to reorganize Yugoslavia into a confederation, but were opposed by Serbia under Slobodan Milošević and the still powerful communist system at state-level."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "Croatia and Slovenia, under new leadership, were the leading forces behind a drive to reorganize Yugoslavia into a confederation, but were opposed by Serbia under Slobodan Milošević and the still powerful communist system at state-level."}, {"id": "Q245198", "label": "Željko Ražnatović", "section": "Background", "says": "The Delije were led by Željko Ražnatović (also known as \"Arkan\"), a Serbian nationalist, wanted for various robberies and murders in Europe, who would soon be leading the Serb Volunteer Guard to commit crimes against humanity during the Yugoslav Wars."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The Delije were led by Željko Ražnatović (also known as \"Arkan\"), a Serbian nationalist, wanted for various robberies and murders in Europe, who would soon be leading the Serb Volunteer Guard to commit crimes against humanity during the Yugoslav Wars."}], "Q233352": [{"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chaeronea was fought by the Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Mithridates' general, Archelaus, near Chaeronea, in Boeotia, in 86 BC during the First Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chaeronea was fought by the Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Mithridates' general, Archelaus, near Chaeronea, in Boeotia, in 86 BC during the First Mithridatic War."}], "Q2357517": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "After storming out of a national gun summit in 1987, eight years before the massacre and following two mass shootings in Melbourne earlier in the year, Premier of New South Wales Barrie Unsworth said: \"it will take a massacre in Tasmania before we get gun reform in Australia\", referencing Tasmania's resistance to gun law changes."}], "Q2422375": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginian territories in the south and east of the peninsula were conquered in 206 BC during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was completed after the end of the Roman Republic (27 BC), by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, who annexed the whole of the peninsula to the Roman Empire in 19 BC."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was completed after the end of the Roman Republic (27 BC), by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, who annexed the whole of the peninsula to the Roman Empire in 19 BC."}, {"id": "Q1340107", "label": "Cantabrian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Roman victory in the Cantabrian Wars in the north of the peninsula (the last rebellion against the Romans in Hispania), Augustus conquered the north of Hispania, annexed the whole peninsula and carried out administrative reorganisation in 19 BC."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Hispania Ulterior was divided into the provinces of Baetica (most of modern Andalusia) and Lusitania, which covered present day Portugal up to the River Durius (Douro), the present autonomous community of Extremadura and a small part of the province of Salamanca in today'"}], "Q698045": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This event is considered the worst massacre of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q155534", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Magdeburg citizens refused to pay a tribute demanded by the emperor, Imperial forces under the command of a Flemish mercenary, Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly laid siege to the city within a matter of months."}], "Q700533": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive or Karelian offensive was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive or Karelian offensive was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive or Karelian offensive was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q151860", "label": "Siege of Leningrad", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1944, Soviet forces raised the Siege of Leningrad and drove the German Army Group North back to the Narva-Lake Ilmen-Pskov line."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "After Finland had rejected these peace conditions, and Germany halted the Soviet advance, the Stavka (Main Command of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union) started to prepare for an offensive to force Finland's exit from the war."}], "Q701663": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Travendal was a peace treaty concluded at the outset of the Great Northern War on 18 August 1700 between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Travendal was a peace treaty concluded at the outset of the Great Northern War on 18 August 1700 between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danes only reentered the war after Sweden's major defeat in the Battle of Poltava, 1709, having used the time to reform their army."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was guaranteed by France, the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces (Netherlands) and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1698 and 1699, Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus II the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, as well as Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway agreed on a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire, where minor Charles XII had ascended the throne in 1697."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1698 and 1699, Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus II the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, as well as Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway agreed on a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire, where minor Charles XII had ascended the throne in 1697."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1698 and 1699, Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus II the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, as well as Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway agreed on a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire, where minor Charles XII had ascended the throne in 1697."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1698 and 1699, Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus II the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, as well as Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway agreed on a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire, where minor Charles XII had ascended the throne in 1697."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Holstein-Gottorp, just south of Denmark, was tied to Sweden by the marriage of duke Frederick IV to Hedvig Sophia, daughter of Charles XI of Sweden, in 1698."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Sweden had negotiated the support of the Maritime Powers, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, against Danish assaults on Holstein-Gottorp."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the Maritime Powers prepared for the emerging War of the Spanish Succession and therefore opposed an additional war in the Baltic Sea."}], "Q738132": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Firaz (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة الْفِرَاض) also known as Battle of Firad, took place around January 634 between the Rashidun Caliphate and, reportedly, a combined force from the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Firaz (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة الْفِرَاض) also known as Battle of Firad, took place around January 634 between the Rashidun Caliphate and, reportedly, a combined force from the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Firaz (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة الْفِرَاض) also known as Battle of Firad, took place around January 634 between the Rashidun Caliphate and, reportedly, a combined force from the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In this valley, Firaz at the outermost edge of the Persian Empire still had a Persian garrison."}], "Q738787": [{"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Thucydides describes the Lelantine War as exceptional, the only war in Greece between the mythical Trojan War and the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC in which allied cities rather than single ones were involved."}, {"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Thucydides describes the Lelantine War as exceptional, the only war in Greece between the mythical Trojan War and the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC in which allied cities rather than single ones were involved."}], "Q743776": [{"id": "Q233553", "label": "Second Sacred War", "section": "lead", "says": "This war consisted of a series of conflicts and minor wars, such as the Second Sacred War."}, {"id": "Q975376", "label": "Battle of Oenophyta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Athenians, however, counterattacked and scored a crushing victory over the Boeotians at the Battle of Oenophyta and followed this victory up by conquering all of Boeotia except for Thebes."}, {"id": "Q787429", "label": "Thirty Years' Peace", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Peloponnesian War ended in an arrangement between Sparta and Athens, which was ratified by the Thirty Years' Peace (winter of 446–445 BC)."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "Origins and causes", "says": "Only twenty years before the First Peloponnesian War broke out, Athens and Spartans had fought alongside each other in the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "Origins and causes", "says": "The Athenians rebuilt their walls in secret at the urging of Themistocles, who convinced the Athenians that this was the best way to protect themselves."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Origins and causes", "says": "At this time, one of the first hints of animosity between Athens and Sparta emerged in an anecdote reported by Diodorus Siculus, who said that the Spartans in 475–474 BC considered reclaiming the hegemony of the campaign against Persia by force."}], "Q759998": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Berbers managed to end Umayyad rule in the western Maghreb following the Battle of Badgoura and Battle of the Nobles, the Umayyads scrambled and managed to prevent the core of Ifriqiya (Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and western Libya) and al-Andalus (Spain and Portugal) from falling into rebel hands, notably securing victory in the decisive Battle of al-Asnam."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "Background", "says": "The underlying causes of the revolt were the policies of the Umayyad governors in Kairouan, Ifriqiya, who had authority over the Maghreb (all of North Africa west of Egypt) and Al-Andalus."}, {"id": "Q301261", "label": "Musa ibn Nusayr", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Ifriqiyan Arab governor Musa ibn Nusayr had cultivated his Berber lieutenants (most famously, Tariq ibn Ziyad), his successors, notably Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, had treated their Berber forces particularly poorly."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Ifriqiyan Arab governor Musa ibn Nusayr had cultivated his Berber lieutenants (most famously, Tariq ibn Ziyad), his successors, notably Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, had treated their Berber forces particularly poorly."}, {"id": "Q284003", "label": "Al-Walid I", "section": "Background", "says": "This had become particularly routine during the caliphates of Al-Walid I and Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kharijites preached a puritan form of Islam, promising a new political order, where all Muslims would be equal, irrespective of ethnicity or tribal status,"}], "Q763428": [{"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pelagonia or Battle of Kastoria took place in early summer or autumn 1259, between the Empire of Nicaea and an anti-Nicaean alliance comprising Despotate of Epirus, Kingdom of Sicily and the Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pelagonia or Battle of Kastoria took place in early summer or autumn 1259, between the Empire of Nicaea and an anti-Nicaean alliance comprising Despotate of Epirus, Kingdom of Sicily and the Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pelagonia or Battle of Kastoria took place in early summer or autumn 1259, between the Empire of Nicaea and an anti-Nicaean alliance comprising Despotate of Epirus, Kingdom of Sicily and the Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a decisive event in the history of the Eastern Mediterranean, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople and the end of the Latin Empire in 1261."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The rising power of Nicaea in the southern Balkans, and the ambitions of its ruler, Michael VIII Palaiologos, to recover Constantinople, led the formation of a coalition between the Epirote Greeks, under Michael II Komnenos Doukas, and the chief Latin rulers of the time, the Prince of Achaea, William of Villehardouin, and Manfred of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q729407", "label": "Michael II Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "The rising power of Nicaea in the southern Balkans, and the ambitions of its ruler, Michael VIII Palaiologos, to recover Constantinople, led the formation of a coalition between the Epirote Greeks, under Michael II Komnenos Doukas, and the chief Latin rulers of the time, the Prince of Achaea, William of Villehardouin, and Manfred of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q451156", "label": "William II of Villehardouin", "section": "lead", "says": "The rising power of Nicaea in the southern Balkans, and the ambitions of its ruler, Michael VIII Palaiologos, to recover Constantinople, led the formation of a coalition between the Epirote Greeks, under Michael II Komnenos Doukas, and the chief Latin rulers of the time, the Prince of Achaea, William of Villehardouin, and Manfred of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle cleared the last obstacle to the Nicaean reconquest of Constantinople in 1261 and the re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "It also led to the brief conquest of Epirus and Thessaly by Nicaean forces, although Michael II and his sons rapidly managed to reverse these gains."}, {"id": "Q41640", "label": "Michael II", "section": "lead", "says": "It also led to the brief conquest of Epirus and Thessaly by Nicaean forces, although Michael II and his sons rapidly managed to reverse these gains."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the two main Byzantine Greek contenders for the imperial legacy of Byzantium were the Empire of Nicaea in western Asia Minor, and the Despotate of Epirus in western Greece."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the two main Byzantine Greek contenders for the imperial legacy of Byzantium were the Empire of Nicaea in western Asia Minor, and the Despotate of Epirus in western Greece."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicaea gained an important advantage following the conquest of Macedonia by the Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes (r."}, {"id": "Q60125", "label": "George Akropolites", "section": "Background", "says": "1230–1268), sponsored a rebellion against Nicaea in Macedonia, and invaded the Nicaean domains, capturing the fortress of Prilep and the local Nicaean governor, and future historian, George Akropolites."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "Background", "says": "1246–1278), who was also overlord of the other Latin states of southern Greece, the Duchy of Athens and the Triarchs of Negroponte."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "Background", "says": "1246–1278), who was also overlord of the other Latin states of southern Greece, the Duchy of Athens and the Triarchs of Negroponte."}, {"id": "Q37082", "label": "Theodore II Laskaris", "section": "Background", "says": "1243–1276), while Vatatzes' son and successor, Theodore II Laskaris (r."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "1254–1258), in turn sought the support of Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria (r."}, {"id": "Q37088", "label": "John IV Laskaris", "section": "Background", "says": "Before he could campaign against Epirus, however, he died and was succeeded his young son John IV Laskaris (r."}], "Q767368": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maritz rebellion, also known as the Third Boer War, or the Five Shilling rebellion, was an armed pro-German insurrection in South Africa in 1914, at the start of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maritz rebellion, also known as the Third Boer War, or the Five Shilling rebellion, was an armed pro-German insurrection in South Africa in 1914, at the start of World War I."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by Boers who supported the re-establishment of the South African Republic in the Transvaal."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "Many members of the South African government were themselves Boers who had fought with the Maritz rebels against the British in the Second Boer War, which had ended twelve years earlier."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in August 1914 had long been anticipated, and the government of the Union of South Africa was well aware of the significance of the common border South Africa shared with the German colony of South-West Africa."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in August 1914 had long been anticipated, and the government of the Union of South Africa was well aware of the significance of the common border South Africa shared with the German colony of South-West Africa."}, {"id": "Q159397", "label": "Louis Botha", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Louis Botha informed London that South Africa could defend itself and that the imperial garrison could depart for France; when the British government asked Botha whether his forces would invade German South-West Africa, the reply was that they could and would."}, {"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Louis Botha informed London that South Africa could defend itself and that the imperial garrison could depart for France; when the British government asked Botha whether his forces would invade German South-West Africa, the reply was that they could and would."}, {"id": "Q3643428", "label": "Manie Maritz", "section": "Background", "says": "South African troops were mobilised along the border between the two countries under the command of General Henry Lukin and Lieutenant Colonel Manie Maritz early in September 1914."}], "Q767844": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople in 1203 was a crucial episode of the Fourth Crusade, marking the beginning of a series of events that would ultimately lead to the fall of the Byzantine capital."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "lead", "says": "The crusaders, diverted from their original mission to reclaim Jerusalem, found themselves in Constantinople, in support of the deposed emperor Isaac II Angelos and his son Alexios IV Angelos."}, {"id": "Q37069", "label": "Alexios IV Angelos", "section": "lead", "says": "The crusaders, diverted from their original mission to reclaim Jerusalem, found themselves in Constantinople, in support of the deposed emperor Isaac II Angelos and his son Alexios IV Angelos."}], "Q791185": [{"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bash Abaran (Armenian: Բաշ Աբարանի ճակատամարտ Bash Abarani chakatamart, Turkish: Baş-Abaran Muharebesi) was part of Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the vicinity of Bash Abaran, in 1918."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bash Abaran (Armenian: Բաշ Աբարանի ճակատամարտ Bash Abarani chakatamart, Turkish: Baş-Abaran Muharebesi) was part of Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the vicinity of Bash Abaran, in 1918."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenian victories at Bash Abaran, Sardarabad and Karakilisa, halted the Ottoman invasion of Eastern Armenia and were instrumental in allowing the formation of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q7879226", "label": "Drastamat Kanayan", "section": "lead", "says": "They were opposed by Armenian forces under the command of Drastamat Kanayan."}, {"id": "Q936192", "label": "Movses Silikyan", "section": "lead", "says": "They met an Armenian force of about 1,000 riflemen under the command of Movses Silikyan at the defile of Bash Abaran, about a three-hour march from Yerevan."}], "Q7968673": [{"id": "Q402237", "label": "Battle of Zappolino", "section": "lead", "says": "Modena won the Battle of Zappolino, the only battle of the war."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1176, Frederick Barbarossa was defeated at the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League, which supported Pope Alexander III."}, {"id": "Q283364", "label": "Battle of Legnano", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1176, Frederick Barbarossa was defeated at the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League, which supported Pope Alexander III."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1176, Frederick Barbarossa was defeated at the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League, which supported Pope Alexander III."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Modena was a staunch supporter of the Holy Roman Empire and pledged to be a Ghibelline city."}, {"id": "Q134646", "label": "Boniface VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Boniface VIII confirmed Bologna's title that same year."}, {"id": "Q57161", "label": "Louis IV of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "His elected successor, the Mantuan Passerino Bonacolsi, was an agent of Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q165568", "label": "John XXII", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope John XXII declared Bonacolsi a rebel against the Church and granted indulgences as befit a Crusader to any who could harm his person or his possessions."}], "Q83514": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Framework Convention was signed by the eight Alpine countries (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Switzerland and Slovenia) and the former European Community (now the European Union) and came into effect in 1995."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Framework Convention was signed by the eight Alpine countries (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Switzerland and Slovenia) and the former European Community (now the European Union) and came into effect in 1995."}], "Q837833": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010–2011 Queensland floods were a series of major floods that affected much of Queensland, Australia, between December 2010 and January 2011."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "Background and meteorological history", "says": "On 23 December, a monsoonal trough crossed the coast from the Coral Sea, bringing torrential rain that fell in a broad swath from the Gulf of Carpentaria to the Gold Coast."}], "Q839710": [{"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lidice massacre (Czech: Vyhlazení Lidic) was the complete destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which is now a part of the Czech Republic, in June 1942 on orders from Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and acting Reichsprotektor Kurt Daluege, successor to Reinhard Heydrich."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lidice massacre (Czech: Vyhlazení Lidic) was the complete destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which is now a part of the Czech Republic, in June 1942 on orders from Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and acting Reichsprotektor Kurt Daluege, successor to Reinhard Heydrich."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lidice massacre (Czech: Vyhlazení Lidic) was the complete destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which is now a part of the Czech Republic, in June 1942 on orders from Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and acting Reichsprotektor Kurt Daluege, successor to Reinhard Heydrich."}, {"id": "Q57576", "label": "Kurt Daluege", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lidice massacre (Czech: Vyhlazení Lidic) was the complete destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which is now a part of the Czech Republic, in June 1942 on orders from Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and acting Reichsprotektor Kurt Daluege, successor to Reinhard Heydrich."}, {"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lidice massacre (Czech: Vyhlazení Lidic) was the complete destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which is now a part of the Czech Republic, in June 1942 on orders from Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and acting Reichsprotektor Kurt Daluege, successor to Reinhard Heydrich."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It has gained historical attention as one of the most documented instances of German war crimes during World War II, particularly given the deliberate killing of children."}], "Q84146057": [{"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "Others attributed the success to critical thinking of citizens who have become accustomed to distrusting the competence and political motivations of the government, the World Health Organization, and the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q19217", "label": "Carrie Lam", "section": "lead", "says": "In late November 2020 the city entered a fourth wave, called \"severe\" by Chief Executive Carrie Lam."}], "Q849563": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency in the North Caucasus was a low-level armed conflict between Russia and militants associated with the Caucasus Emirate and, from June 2015, the Islamic State, in the North Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the (Russian-proclaimed) official end of the decade-long Second Chechen War on 16 April 2009."}, {"id": "Q516824", "label": "Alexander Bortnikov", "section": "lead", "says": "While the insurgency was officially declared over on 19 December 2017 when FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov announced the final elimination of the insurgent underground in the North Caucasus, counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus have not ended."}], "Q85872060": [{"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "Stringent government measures have included the 15-day closure of all 81 casinos in the territory in February 2020; in addition, effective 25 March, the territory disallowed connecting flights at its airport as well as entry by all non-residents (with the exception of residents of mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan), and from 6 April, the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge was closed to public trans"}], "Q868027": [{"id": "Q436994", "label": "Kingdom of Dublin", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the power of the Vikings and the Kingdom of Dublin was largely broken."}, {"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Vikings (or Norsemen) began carrying out raids on Gaelic Ireland in the late eighth century, and over the following few decades they founded a number of settlements along the coast."}, {"id": "Q459188", "label": "Kingdom of the Isles", "section": "Background", "says": "Dublin was closely involved in the affairs of the Kingdom of the Isles, which included the Isle of Man and the Hebrides, and when the Dublin king Amlaíb Cuarán was defeated by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill at the Battle of Tara in 980, he was supported by the men of the Isles."}, {"id": "Q259114", "label": "Olaf Cuaran", "section": "Background", "says": "Dublin was closely involved in the affairs of the Kingdom of the Isles, which included the Isle of Man and the Hebrides, and when the Dublin king Amlaíb Cuarán was defeated by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill at the Battle of Tara in 980, he was supported by the men of the Isles."}], "Q87200954": [{"id": "Q17330556", "label": "Peter Pellegrini", "section": "lead", "says": "The virus was confirmed to have spread to Slovakia on 6 March 2020 when Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini announced that a 52-year-old man was infected."}], "Q88460663": [{"id": "Q3331362", "label": "Myint Swe", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 March 2020, the Committee for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), headed by First Vice President Myint Swe and made up of members from the various union ministries, was formed by President Win Myint to combat the spread of COVID-19 in the country."}, {"id": "Q8023642", "label": "Win Myint", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 March 2020, the Committee for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), headed by First Vice President Myint Swe and made up of members from the various union ministries, was formed by President Win Myint to combat the spread of COVID-19 in the country."}], "Q88641716": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "By March 29, over 30,000 cases were confirmed, and New York City had become the worst-affected area in the United States."}], "Q886799": [{"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Bloody Sunday (Irish: Domhnach na Fola) was a day of violence in Dublin on 21 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "This included eighteen British Intelligence agents known as the \"Cairo Gang\"; a nickname which came from their patronage of the Cairo Café on Grafton Street and from their service in British military intelligence in Egypt and Palestine during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q560482", "label": "Cathal Brugha", "section": "Background", "says": "Collins's plan had initially been to kill more than 50 suspected British intelligence officers and informers, but the list was reduced to thirty-five on the insistence of Cathal Brugha, the Minister for Defence for the Irish Republic, reportedly on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence against some of those named."}], "Q901714": [{"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Gaelic Ireland then consisted of several kingdoms, with a High King claiming lordship over most of the other kings."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "This military intervention was sanctioned by King Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q717346", "label": "Treaty of Windsor", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1175 Treaty of Windsor acknowledged Henry as overlord of the conquered territory and Ruaidrí as overlord of the remainder of Ireland, with Ruaidrí also swearing fealty to Henry."}, {"id": "Q167610", "label": "Eugene III", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Synod of Kells, the church of Canterbury had its claims to primacy over the Irish church dismissed by Pope Eugene III, who felt the Irish church could handle its own affairs."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "This resulted in the papal bull Laudabiliter, or an equivalent, which purported to grant Henry II papal authority to intervene in Ireland, such as by conquest."}, {"id": "Q188411", "label": "Bernard of Clairvaux", "section": "Background", "says": "Salisbury had been inspired in his views on the Irish by the \"Life of Malachy\", written by Malachy's friend, Bernard of Clairvaux."}], "Q921497": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center recorded a 3-inch (76 mm) rise in sea levels near the epicenter, and New Zealand scientists determined that the waves measured 14 metres (46 ft) at their highest on the Samoan coast."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "lead", "says": "There were no reports of high waves from Vanuatu, Kiribati, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "There were no reports of high waves from Vanuatu, Kiribati, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands."}], "Q923852": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River."}, {"id": "Q1760784", "label": "Battle of Molodi", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the next year they were defeated in the Battle of Molodi."}, {"id": "Q836169", "label": "Qasim Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The raids began shortly after the establishment of the Russian buffer state, Qasim Khanate, and the domination of Russia in the Russo-Kazan Wars of the late 15th century."}, {"id": "Q1949299", "label": "Russo-Kazan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The raids began shortly after the establishment of the Russian buffer state, Qasim Khanate, and the domination of Russia in the Russo-Kazan Wars of the late 15th century."}], "Q932228": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Klushino, or the Battle of Kłuszyn, was fought on 4 July 1610, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia during the Polish–Russian War, part of Russia's Time of Troubles."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Klushino, or the Battle of Kłuszyn, was fought on 4 July 1610, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia during the Polish–Russian War, part of Russia's Time of Troubles."}, {"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle the outnumbered Polish-Lithuanian force secured a decisive victory over Russia, due to the tactical competence of hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski and the military prowess of Polish hussars, the elite of the army of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle the outnumbered Polish-Lithuanian force secured a decisive victory over Russia, due to the tactical competence of hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski and the military prowess of Polish hussars, the elite of the army of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q2022818", "label": "De la Gardie Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1610, in response to the Polish-Lithuanian advance on Russia, Russia and Sweden formed an alliance, and launched an operation known as the De la Gardie Campaign."}], "Q939103": [{"id": "Q180654", "label": "Occupy Wall Street", "section": "lead", "says": "The first \"Occupy\" protest to receive widespread attention, Occupy Wall Street in Zuccotti Park, Lower Manhattan, began on 17 September 2011."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "By 9 October, Occupy protests had taken place or were ongoing in over 951 cities across 82 countries, and in over 600 communities in the United States."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupy movement took inspiration in part from the Arab Spring, from the 2009 Iranian Green Movement, and from the Spanish Indignados Movement, as well as from the overall global wave of anti-austerity protests of 2010 and following."}, {"id": "Q712469", "label": "Cornel West", "section": "lead", "says": "According to The Washington Post, the movement, which Cornel West described as a \"democratic awakening\", is difficult to distill to a few demands."}], "Q944859": [{"id": "Q317984", "label": "Emperor Go-Shirakawa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Heiji rebellion (平治の乱, Heiji no ran; January 19 – February 5, 1160) was a short civil war between rival subjects of the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan in 1160 fought in order to resolve a dispute about political power."}], "Q964983": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sengoku period Battle of Anegawa (姉川の戦い, Anegawa no Tatakai) (30 July 1570) occurred near Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province, Japan, between the allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, against the combined forces of the Azai and Asakura clans."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sengoku period Battle of Anegawa (姉川の戦い, Anegawa no Tatakai) (30 July 1570) occurred near Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province, Japan, between the allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, against the combined forces of the Azai and Asakura clans."}, {"id": "Q1322768", "label": "Asakura Yoshikage", "section": "Background", "says": "Asakura Yoshikage sent an army to support him, and the combined Azai-Asakura force marched out to confront Nobunaga in the field."}], "Q97303396": [{"id": "Q613051", "label": "Robert Kocharyan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to ex-presidents of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan and Serzh Sargsyan, the skirmishes were provoked by Armenia, and Russian minister of foreign affairs Sergey Lavrov stated that  \"a trigger of sorts was the geographical factor: Armenia’s decision to restore an old border checkpoint, located in 15km distance from Azerbaijan’s export pipelines, caused strong concerns on one side and unwarranted"}, {"id": "Q612803", "label": "Serzh Sargsyan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to ex-presidents of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan and Serzh Sargsyan, the skirmishes were provoked by Armenia, and Russian minister of foreign affairs Sergey Lavrov stated that  \"a trigger of sorts was the geographical factor: Armenia’s decision to restore an old border checkpoint, located in 15km distance from Azerbaijan’s export pipelines, caused strong concerns on one side and unwarranted"}, {"id": "Q58217", "label": "Sergey Lavrov", "section": "lead", "says": "According to ex-presidents of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan and Serzh Sargsyan, the skirmishes were provoked by Armenia, and Russian minister of foreign affairs Sergey Lavrov stated that  \"a trigger of sorts was the geographical factor: Armenia’s decision to restore an old border checkpoint, located in 15km distance from Azerbaijan’s export pipelines, caused strong concerns on one side and unwarranted"}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "This ultimately escalated to the scale of full-on warfare, resulting in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Background", "says": "The primary matter of contention between the warring sides is the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict that escalated to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War between 1988 and 1994, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan."}], "Q104828966": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "A moment magnitude (Mw) 6.2 earthquake struck Majene Regency in West Sulawesi, Indonesia, on 15 January 2021, at 02:28 WITA (18:28 UTC)."}], "Q1052332": [{"id": "Q923340", "label": "Operation Linda Nchi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kenyan invasion of southern Somalia aimed at al-Shabaab, Operation Linda Nchi, began in October 2011."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) and Hizbul Islam have also carried out attacks against both factions."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "Background", "says": "A power-sharing deal was reached in Djibouti between the TFG and Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's ARS-D faction in late 2008."}, {"id": "Q979956", "label": "Hassan Dahir Aweys", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Shabaab, which had broken away from the moderate Islamists, rejected the agreement and expanded its control, later joined by Hizbul Islam—a coalition of insurgent groups from the Ethiopian military occupation era, including the ARS-Asmara faction led by Hassan Dahir Aweys."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Ahlu Sunnah Waljama'ah, backed by Ethiopia and aligned with the TFG, fought and successfully repelled al-Shabaab advances in Galguduud."}, {"id": "Q368887", "label": "Sheikh Ahmed", "section": "Background", "says": "After parliament took in 275 officials from the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, ARS leader Sheikh Ahmed was elected TFG President on 31 January 2009."}], "Q1093550": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Sahara War was an armed conflict between the Sahrawi Indigenous Polisario Front and Morocco from 1975 to 1991 (and Mauritania from 1975 to 1979), being the most significant phase of the Western Sahara conflict."}, {"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict erupted after the withdrawal of Spain from the Spanish Sahara in accordance with the Madrid Accords (signed under the pressure of the Green March), by which it transferred administrative control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, but not sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q549912", "label": "Declaration of Principles on Western Sahara by Spain, Morocco and Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict erupted after the withdrawal of Spain from the Spanish Sahara in accordance with the Madrid Accords (signed under the pressure of the Green March), by which it transferred administrative control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, but not sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q870684", "label": "Green March", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict erupted after the withdrawal of Spain from the Spanish Sahara in accordance with the Madrid Accords (signed under the pressure of the Green March), by which it transferred administrative control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, but not sovereignty."}], "Q113016": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from the United Kingdom and the United States, the majority of Jews in Yemen—as well as 500 Jews in Djibouti and Eritrea and some 2,000 Jews in Saudi Arabia—were brought to Israel."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from the United Kingdom and the United States, the majority of Jews in Yemen—as well as 500 Jews in Djibouti and Eritrea and some 2,000 Jews in Saudi Arabia—were brought to Israel."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from the United Kingdom and the United States, the majority of Jews in Yemen—as well as 500 Jews in Djibouti and Eritrea and some 2,000 Jews in Saudi Arabia—were brought to Israel."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from the United Kingdom and the United States, the majority of Jews in Yemen—as well as 500 Jews in Djibouti and Eritrea and some 2,000 Jews in Saudi Arabia—were brought to Israel."}, {"id": "Q49910", "label": "Colony of Aden", "section": "lead", "says": "British and American transport planes (with Alaska Airlines as a major participant) made hundreds of flights from Aden Colony to facilitate the airlift."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, the Kingdom of Yemen comprised what would, in the future, be known as North Yemen."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The UK controlled the Crown Colony of Aden, which would later become known as South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The community nevertheless sustained a deep religious basis for return to the Land of Israel and Yemenite Jews were among the earliest Zionist immigrants to Palestine."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the course of the British Mandate more than 15,000 Yemenite Jews immigrated to Palestine and by the outbreak of World War II some 28,000 lived among the Yishuv."}], "Q113369056": [{"id": "Q441633", "label": "Albin Kurti", "section": "lead", "says": "Albin Kurti declined to postpone the deadline for license plates and instead announced a phased implementation that would run from November 2022 until April 2023."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "Background", "says": "The aftermath of the Kosovo War led to the United Nations establishing a governance in Kosovo and NATO establishing the Kosovo Force (KFOR)."}, {"id": "Q14605366", "label": "Brussels Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "North Kosovo, a majority Serb region in Kosovo, is also largely opposed to independent Kosovo and prior to the 2013 Brussels Agreement it refused to acknowledge and recognize its independence; in a 2012 referendum, 99% of voters in North Kosovo, with a 75% turnout, rejected the institutions of Kosovo, although the referendum was rejected by Serbia and Kosovo."}], "Q1137013": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Houla massacre (Arabic: مجزرة الحولة) was a mass murder of civilians that took place on May 25, 2012, in the midst of the Syrian Civil War, in the town of Taldou, in the Houla Region of Syria, a string of towns northwest of Homs."}], "Q113996207": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 September, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that two more mass graves had been found \"with hundreds of people\"."}], "Q1150620": [{"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The recently created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and Field Army Bernolák contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 14, 1939, the Slovak State was established as a client state of Germany, which initiated the breakup of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "The southern Slovak part of Czechoslovakia had contained a substantial Hungarian population (Slovakia had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary)."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "Background", "says": "It was taken by the Royal Hungarian Army as a result of the First Vienna Award on November 2, 1938."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Poland had appropriated the area on October 1, 1938, after the previous month's Munich Agreement."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, some Polish politicians supported Hungary in its effort to include areas that were inhabited mostly by Hungarians."}], "Q1185525": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1956 Georgian demonstrations (Georgian: 1956 წლის საპროტესტო გამოსვლები) were a series of protests against Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy that took place in Tbilisi, capital of the Georgian SSR, Soviet Union, and other cities in the republic from 4 to 10 March 1956."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The immediate trigger was the publication of Khrushchev's \"Secret Speech\", which criticized Joseph Stalin, the former Soviet leader born in Georgia."}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, as the protests grew and faced official opposition, demands became more radical, including calls for the removal of Soviet leaders like Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan, the rehabilitation of Stalin's associate Lavrentiy Beria, and even Georgian independence from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "lead", "says": "However, as the protests grew and faced official opposition, demands became more radical, including calls for the removal of Soviet leaders like Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan, the rehabilitation of Stalin's associate Lavrentiy Beria, and even Georgian independence from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "lead", "says": "The demonstrations are considered a key moment in the development of Georgian nationalism and catalysed the emergence of an organised dissident movement, including figures like Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava, who would later lead Georgia to independence in 1991."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Even among families who had suffered during the repressions of the 1930s, Stalin's image was often rehabilitated by the Soviet victory in World War II and his status as the supreme leader."}], "Q1202928": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars are important in the integration of what would become Portugal into the Roman and Latin-speaking world."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In the sequence of the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic defeated Carthage and its colonies in the Mediterranean Coast of the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In the sequence of the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic defeated Carthage and its colonies in the Mediterranean Coast of the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "Historical context", "says": "This marked the first incursion of the Roman Republic into the peninsula and possibly the first clash between Lusitanians and Romans, as Lusitanian mercenaries fought on the Carthaginian side during the Punic Wars."}], "Q122987665": [{"id": "Q122997998", "label": "Vivian Silver", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the civilians killed were women (such as peace activist Vivian Silver), children, and one infant, claiming the lives of 10% of the farming community's residents."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Its members are generally on the secular left, and it includes many peace activists, some of whom assisted Palestinians in Gaza."}], "Q123188898": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 25, 2023, 40-year-old Robert Card carried out a spree shooting in Lewiston, Maine, United States, killing 18 people and wounding 13 others."}], "Q1259275": [{"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of the 18th century, France and Spain were allies, but after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, Spain joined the War of the First Coalition against the French Republic but was defeated in the War of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of the 18th century, France and Spain were allies, but after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, Spain joined the War of the First Coalition against the French Republic but was defeated in the War of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of the 18th century, France and Spain were allies, but after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, Spain joined the War of the First Coalition against the French Republic but was defeated in the War of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1795, Spain and France agreed to the Peace of Basel, with Spain ceding its half of the island of Hispaniola, approximating the modern Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1796 Second Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain allied with France in the War of the Second Coalition and declared war on Britain."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Its loss damaged the prestige of the Spanish government, while the British naval blockade severely affected the economy, which was highly dependent on trade with its colonies in the Americas, particularly the import of silver from New Spain."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Restoring them was a priority, and when Napoleon seized power in the November 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire, he and his deputy Charles Talleyrand stressed the need for French expansion overseas."}, {"id": "Q620965", "label": "coup of 18 Brumaire", "section": "Background", "says": "Restoring them was a priority, and when Napoleon seized power in the November 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire, he and his deputy Charles Talleyrand stressed the need for French expansion overseas."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Terms were contained in the draft 1797 Treaty of Paris which was never approved although similar conditions were imposed on Portugal in the 1801 Treaty of Madrid."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "A third was the restoration of New France in North America, lost after the 1756–1763 Seven Years' War, with Louisiana providing raw materials for French plantations in the Caribbean."}], "Q1260622": [{"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Axona was fought in 57 BC, between the Roman army of Gaius Julius Caesar and the Belgae."}, {"id": "Q106199", "label": "Commentarii de Bello Gallico", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico describes this battle at 2.7 - 2.11."}], "Q126241": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact (Polish: Polsko-radziecki pakt o nieagresji, Russian: Договор о ненападении между СССР и Польшей, transliterated as Dogovor o nenapadenii mezhdu SSSR i Pol'shey) was a non-aggression pact signed in 1932 by representatives of Poland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 1919-1921 Polish–Soviet War, the Polish authorities pursued a policy of \"equal distance\" between Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "Background", "says": "To normalize bilateral contacts with the Soviets, talks were started in January 1926 to prepare a non-aggression pact to strengthen the Polish borders that had been established by the 1921 Peace of Riga and to balance it by a similar pact with Germany."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "However, negotiations with the Germans had not started when those with the Soviet Union were interrupted in June 1927 since the United Kingdom had broken diplomatic relations with the Soviets in May after it found a spy ring, and Soviet Ambassador Pyotr Voykov was assassinated in Warsaw in June."}], "Q1274566": [{"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Arar was fought between the migrating tribes of the Helvetii and six Roman legions under the command of Gaius Julius Caesar in 58 BC."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle of the Gallic Wars and ended in a tactical victory for the outnumbered Roman army."}], "Q1328380": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Inab, also called Battle of Ard al-Hâtim or Fons Muratus, was fought on 29 June 1149, during the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The prince was killed, and the Principality of Antioch was subsequently pillaged and reduced in size as its eastern border was pushed west."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Nur ad-Din's father Zengi in 1146, Prince Raymond of Antioch invaded the vulnerable province of Aleppo (part of the Seljuk Empire), which was threatened by hostile powers on all sides."}, {"id": "Q55503", "label": "Joscelin II", "section": "Background", "says": "Raymond and his Christian neighbor, Count Joscelin II of Edessa, had been enemies since Raymond had refused to send an army to relieve besieged Edessa in 1146."}, {"id": "Q712674", "label": "Raymond II", "section": "Background", "says": "For their part, Count Raymond II of Tripoli and Queen Melisende of Jerusalem refused to aid the prince of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q232151", "label": "Melisende", "section": "Background", "says": "For their part, Count Raymond II of Tripoli and Queen Melisende of Jerusalem refused to aid the prince of Antioch."}], "Q1340107": [{"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Augustus moved to Segisama (modern Sasamon, Burgos) in 26 BC to supervise the campaign in person."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "There are accounts, for instance, of Cantabrians in the army of Hannibal during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "There are accounts, for instance, of Cantabrians in the army of Hannibal during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "With all these antecedents, the Cantabrians began to be known throughout the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q170512", "label": "Apuleius", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "Hostilities resumed In the following two years, with Calvisius Sabinus and the proconsul Sextus Apuleius achieving their respective triumphs in command of the troops."}], "Q1348983": [{"id": "Q356659", "label": "Julio Argentino Roca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of the Desert (Spanish: Conquista del desierto) was an Argentine military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca during the 1870s and 1880s with the intention of establishing dominance over Patagonia, inhabited primarily by Indigenous peoples."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Settlers of European descent moved in and developed the lands through irrigation for agriculture, converting the territory into an extremely productive area that contributed to the status of Argentina as a great exporter of agricultural products during the early 20th century."}, {"id": "Q2422135", "label": "occupation of Araucanía", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest was parallelled by the Occupation of Araucanía, a similar campaign in Chile."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1833, Juan Manuel de Rosas in Buenos Aires Province and other military commanders in the Cuyo region coordinated offensives to try to exterminate the resistant Indigenous tribes, but only Rosas's expedition achieved some success."}], "Q1356189": [{"id": "Q951932", "label": "Battle of Sybota", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Battle of Sybota, it was one of the catalysts for the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Battle of Sybota, it was one of the catalysts for the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q318426", "label": "Perdiccas II of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Athens was afraid that Potidaea would revolt due to Corinthian or Macedonian influence, as Perdiccas II of Macedon was encouraging revolts among Athens' other allies in Thrace."}], "Q1374443": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive occurred in the later stages of the Croatian War of Independence and was the first major confrontation after ceasefire and economic cooperation agreements were signed between Croatia and the RSK in 1994."}, {"id": "Q2595546", "label": "Yasushi Akashi", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the personal representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Yasushi Akashi criticised Croatia for \"mass violations\" of human rights, but his statements were refuted by the Human Rights Watch and to some extent by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights rapporteur Tadeusz Mazowiecki."}, {"id": "Q55922", "label": "Tadeusz Mazowiecki", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the personal representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Yasushi Akashi criticised Croatia for \"mass violations\" of human rights, but his statements were refuted by the Human Rights Watch and to some extent by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights rapporteur Tadeusz Mazowiecki."}, {"id": "Q811629", "label": "Log Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early stages of the Log Revolution, tens of thousands of Serbs fled Croatian-controlled cities, to form the entity known as the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK)."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, culminating in the Battle of the barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, culminating in the Battle of the barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The March 1994 Washington Agreement, ended the Croat–Bosniak War and created conditions for provision of US military aid to Croatia."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The March 1994 Washington Agreement, ended the Croat–Bosniak War and created conditions for provision of US military aid to Croatia."}, {"id": "Q155649", "label": "Richard Holbrooke", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Croatia requested US military advisors from the Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI) to provide training of civil-military relations, programme and budget services of the HV the same month, and the MPRI training was licensed by the US Department of State upon endorsement from Richard Holbrooke in August."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In November 1994, the United States unilaterally ended the arms embargo against Bosnia and Herzegovina, in effect allowing the HV to supply itself as 30% of arms and ammunition shipped through Croatia was kept as a trans-shipment fee."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In November 1994, the United States unilaterally ended the arms embargo against Bosnia and Herzegovina, in effect allowing the HV to supply itself as 30% of arms and ammunition shipped through Croatia was kept as a trans-shipment fee."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The US involvement reflected a new military strategy endorsed by Bill Clinton since February 1993."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Croatia was concerned that the RSK might accept it, but Croatian President Franjo Tuđman realised that Slobodan Milošević, who would ultimately make the decision for the RSK, would not accept the plan for fear that it would set a precedent for a political settlement in Kosovo—allowing Croatia to accept the plan with little possibility for it to be implemented."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Croatia was concerned that the RSK might accept it, but Croatian President Franjo Tuđman realised that Slobodan Milošević, who would ultimately make the decision for the RSK, would not accept the plan for fear that it would set a precedent for a political settlement in Kosovo—allowing Croatia to accept the plan with little possibility for it to be implemented."}], "Q1414998": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Tenaru, sometimes called the Battle of the Ilu River or the Battle of Alligator Creek, was a land battle between the Imperial Japanese Army and Allied ground forces that took place on 21 August 1942, on the island of Guadalcanal during the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "lead", "says": "Major General Alexander Vandegrift, repulsed an assault by the \"First Element\" of the \"Ichiki\" Regiment, under the command of Japanese Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki."}, {"id": "Q1149636", "label": "Kiyonao Ichiki", "section": "lead", "says": "Major General Alexander Vandegrift, repulsed an assault by the \"First Element\" of the \"Ichiki\" Regiment, under the command of Japanese Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Pacific campaign of World War II, on 7 August 1942, U.S. forces landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of isolating the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign."}, {"id": "Q435915", "label": "Gunichi Mikawa", "section": "Background", "says": "That night, as the transports unloaded, the Allied warships screening the transports were surprised and defeated by an Imperial fleet of seven cruisers and one destroyer, commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa."}, {"id": "Q700032", "label": "Battle of Savo Island", "section": "Background", "says": "One Australian and three U.S. cruisers were sunk and one other U.S. cruiser and two destroyers were damaged in the Battle of Savo Island."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 August, the airfield was named Henderson Field after Major Lofton Henderson, a Marine aviator who had been killed at the Battle of Midway."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's 17th Army, a corps-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant-General Harukichi Hyakutake, with the task of r"}], "Q1442050": [{"id": "Q183499", "label": "Æthelred the Unready", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maldon took place on 10 or 11 August 991 AD near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, England, during the reign of Æthelred the Unready."}, {"id": "Q213801", "label": "Olaf I of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "One manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that a certain Olaf, possibly the Norwegian Olaf Tryggvason, led the Viking forces, these estimated to have been between 2,000 and 4,000 fighting men."}], "Q1461147": [{"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned as a swift coup d'état to gain control of the Protestant-dominated central government, it instead developed into the 1641–1653 Irish Confederate Wars, part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned as a swift coup d'état to gain control of the Protestant-dominated central government, it instead developed into the 1641–1653 Irish Confederate Wars, part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q81506", "label": "Charles I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "O'Neill then issued the Proclamation of Dungannon, a forgery claiming he had been authorised by Charles I of England to secure Ireland against his opponents in England and Scotland."}, {"id": "Q1407718", "label": "Confederate Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with members of the Catholic nobility, they created an alternative government known as Confederate Ireland."}], "Q1467456": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Teruel was fought in and around the city of Teruel during the Spanish Civil War between December 1937 and February 1938, during the worst Spanish winter in 20 years."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "With his superiority in men and material, the Nationalist leader Francisco Franco regained Teruel."}, {"id": "Q2562927", "label": "Juan Hernández Saravia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Republican Army was under the command of Juan Hernández Saravia, who had reorganised the army almost from scratch."}, {"id": "Q460529", "label": "Enrique Líster", "section": "Background", "says": "Among his commanders was the trustworthy and able communist commander Enrique Líster and so Saravia chose Lister's division to lead the first assault."}], "Q1476042": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Anaconda or the Battle of Shah-i-Kot was a military operation that took place in early March 2002 as part of the war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q2237280", "label": "Battle of Tora Bora", "section": "lead", "says": "This operation was the first large-scale battle in the post-2001 war in Afghanistan since the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 September 2001, a group of Islamic terrorists attacked the United States."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Background", "says": "They were led by Osama bin Laden, who was the leader of a group called Al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q326668", "label": "Operation Enduring Freedom", "section": "Background", "says": "To respond to this threat, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Tora Bora operation, there was a perception that the reason Osama bin Laden escaped was because there were no US forces in place to stop Al-Qaeda from fleeing into Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even extensive satellite imagery of the Shah-i-Kot area did not reveal much because the Al-Qaeda forces there were too lightly equipped and too adept at camouflage to stand out, unlike the easily recognizable Iraqi tank brigades in the First Gulf War."}], "Q1478267": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (Ям-Запольский) or Jam Zapolski, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (Ям-Запольский) or Jam Zapolski, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (Ям-Запольский) or Jam Zapolski, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the successful Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory, culminating in the siege of Pskov."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the successful Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory, culminating in the siege of Pskov."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "lead", "says": "The truce was concluded with help of papal legate Antonio Possevino and was signed for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Batory and for Russia by Tsar Ivan the Terrible, and established a ten-year truce."}, {"id": "Q727122", "label": "Lew Sapieha", "section": "lead", "says": "The truce was extended for twenty years in 1600, when a diplomatic mission to Moscow led by Lew Sapieha concluded negotiations with Tsar Boris Godunov."}, {"id": "Q170172", "label": "Boris Godunov", "section": "lead", "says": "The truce was extended for twenty years in 1600, when a diplomatic mission to Moscow led by Lew Sapieha concluded negotiations with Tsar Boris Godunov."}], "Q14944216": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2013 Balochistan earthquakes were the deadliest to affect Pakistan since 2005."}], "Q1503611": [{"id": "Q2446231", "label": "Celtiberian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Numantine War (from Bellum Numantinum in Appian's Roman History) was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro, in what is now Spain."}, {"id": "Q1202928", "label": "Lusitanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first war was fought contemporaneously with the Lusitanian War in Hispania Ulterior."}, {"id": "Q331889", "label": "Viriathus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lusitanians were subdued by Sulpicius Galba, who betrayed their surrender and executed their leading men, and the Arevaci of Hispania Citerior continued the war and allied with the Lusitanian leader Viriathus."}, {"id": "Q355768", "label": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus", "section": "lead", "says": "In that year, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus tried and failed to take Numantia by siege, but subjugated all the other tribes of the Arevaci."}, {"id": "Q11472936", "label": "Quintus Pompeius", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor, Quintus Pompeius, was inept and suffered severe defeats at their hands, so he secretly negotiated a peace with the city abiding by the previous treaty."}, {"id": "Q2307", "label": "Scipio Aemilianus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 134 BC, the Consul Scipio Aemilianus was sent to Hispania Citerior to end the war."}, {"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "lead", "says": "He recruited 20,000 men and 40,000 allies, including Numidian cavalry and 12 war elephants under Jugurtha."}, {"id": "Q3778726", "label": "Sertorian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive Roman victory over Numantia ushered in an era of lasting peace in Hispania until the Sertorian War over half a century later."}], "Q1538874": [{"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Meade's 1864 Overland Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Meade's 1864 Overland Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States declared victory because the Union offensive continued and Lee's army suffered losses that could not be replaced."}, {"id": "Q921857", "label": "John Sedgwick", "section": "lead", "says": "Warren and John Sedgwick (who was shot and killed during the battle on May 9) unsuccessfully attempted to dislodge the Confederates under Maj."}, {"id": "Q2744270", "label": "Horatio Wright", "section": "lead", "says": "Horatio Wright on the western edge of the Mule Shoe, which became known as the \"Bloody Angle\", involved almost 24 hours of desperate hand-to-hand fighting, some of the most intense of the Civil War."}, {"id": "Q355444", "label": "Ambrose Burnside", "section": "lead", "says": "Ambrose Burnside were unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "Background", "says": "William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "Grant and President Abraham Lincoln devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions, including attacks against Lee near Richmond, Virginia, and in the Shenandoah Valley, West Virginia, Georgia, and Mobile, Alabama."}], "Q1653331": [{"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The German forces comprised the new 4th Army (Albrecht Duke of Württemberg), with the III Reserve Corps from Antwerp and four new reserve corps from Germany, along with cavalry and heavy artillery units."}], "Q1716388": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Athenian coup of 411 BC was the result of a revolution that took place during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q844289", "label": "Sicilian Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of the financial crisis caused by the failed Sicilian Expedition of the Athenian military in 413 BC, some high-status Athenian men, who had disliked the broad-based democracy of the city-state for a long time, sought to establish an oligarchy of the elite."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement toward oligarchy was led by a number of prominent and wealthy Athenians, who held positions of power in the Athenian army at Samos in coordination with Alcibiades."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Background", "says": "The ancient historian Thucydides mentions that there was already a suspicion of a plot to overthrow the democracy before the battle of Tanagra in 457 BC and rumours of a conspiracy to replace the Athenian democracy just before the Sicilian expedition in 415 BC."}], "Q1792643": [{"id": "Q298808", "label": "Alfonso XI of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Río Salado also known as the Battle of Tarifa (30 October 1340) was a battle of the allied Christian armies of King Alfonso XI of Castile and King Afonso IV of Portugal against the allied Muslim armies of Sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali of the Marinids and Emir Yusuf I of the Emirate of Granada."}, {"id": "Q272903", "label": "Afonso IV of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Río Salado also known as the Battle of Tarifa (30 October 1340) was a battle of the allied Christian armies of King Alfonso XI of Castile and King Afonso IV of Portugal against the allied Muslim armies of Sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali of the Marinids and Emir Yusuf I of the Emirate of Granada."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Río Salado also known as the Battle of Tarifa (30 October 1340) was a battle of the allied Christian armies of King Alfonso XI of Castile and King Afonso IV of Portugal against the allied Muslim armies of Sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali of the Marinids and Emir Yusuf I of the Emirate of Granada."}], "Q1887057": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Halidon Hill took place on 19 July 1333 when a Scottish army under Sir Archibald Douglas attacked an English army commanded by King Edward III of England (r."}, {"id": "Q471796", "label": "Edward Balliol", "section": "lead", "says": "The year before, Edward Balliol had seized the Scottish Crown from five-year-old David II (r."}, {"id": "Q3310304", "label": "Second War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the start of the Second War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1337 the Hundred Years' War broke out between France and England which allowed David II to consolidate his position in Scotland."}, {"id": "Q2204399", "label": "Battle of Neville's Cross", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1346 the Scots were decisively beaten at the Battle of Neville's Cross with heavy loss and David was captured."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q228642", "label": "Isabella of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This brought his regents, Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, to the negotiating table."}, {"id": "Q281648", "label": "Battle of Dupplin Moor", "section": "Background", "says": "Five days after landing in Fife, Balliol's predominantly English force of some 2,000 men met the Scottish army of 15,000–40,000 men and crushed them at the Battle of Dupplin Moor, 2 miles (3 km) south of the Scottish capital, Perth."}], "Q18920465": [{"id": "Q19249259", "label": "Minsk II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major battle during the 2014–2015 phase of the war in Donbas, as the Minsk II ceasefire took effect on 15 February 2015, although fighting continued in Debaltseve for several days after."}, {"id": "Q18001626", "label": "Minsk Protocol", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Minsk Protocol ceasefire agreement was signed on 5 September 2014, intermittent violations occurred around Debaltseve."}, {"id": "Q16474356", "label": "Igor Girkin", "section": "Background", "says": "As the \"LPR\" and \"DPR\" forces commanded by Igor Girkin (who had FSB background) were largely formed of ex-soldiers and people with little military experience, they were losing to Ukrainian army counter-offensive."}], "Q1940446": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Monmouth, implicated as a co-conspirator, went into exile in the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q2557155", "label": "Battle of Sedgemoor", "section": "lead", "says": "However, he failed to attract wider backing and was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685."}, {"id": "Q80330", "label": "English Civil War", "section": "Context", "says": "The English Civil War had left resentment among some of the population about the monarchy and the penalties which had been imposed on the supporters of the Commonwealth."}], "Q1960162": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation München (Romanian: Operațiunea München; German: Unternehmen München; Russian: Операция Мюнхен, romanized: Operatsiya Myunkhen) was the Romanian codename of a joint German-Romanian offensive during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, with the primary objective of recapturing Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, ceded by Romania to the Soviet Union a ye"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation München (Romanian: Operațiunea München; German: Unternehmen München; Russian: Операция Мюнхен, romanized: Operatsiya Myunkhen) was the Romanian codename of a joint German-Romanian offensive during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, with the primary objective of recapturing Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, ceded by Romania to the Soviet Union a ye"}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation München (Romanian: Operațiunea München; German: Unternehmen München; Russian: Операция Мюнхен, romanized: Operatsiya Myunkhen) was the Romanian codename of a joint German-Romanian offensive during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, with the primary objective of recapturing Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, ceded by Romania to the Soviet Union a ye"}, {"id": "Q372473", "label": "Petre Dumitrescu", "section": "lead", "says": "Axis formations involved included the Romanian Third Army (under the command of Petre Dumitrescu) in the north; the German Eleventh Army and subordinated Romanian units (under the command of Eugen Ritter von Schobert) in the center; and the Romanian Fourth Army (under the command of Nicolae Ciupercă) in the south."}, {"id": "Q63948", "label": "Eugen Ritter von Schobert", "section": "lead", "says": "Axis formations involved included the Romanian Third Army (under the command of Petre Dumitrescu) in the north; the German Eleventh Army and subordinated Romanian units (under the command of Eugen Ritter von Schobert) in the center; and the Romanian Fourth Army (under the command of Nicolae Ciupercă) in the south."}], "Q2015687": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It began during the final months of World War I and ended with the establishment of Soviet rule."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict took place against the backdrop of the Russian Civil War and the partition of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict took place against the backdrop of the Russian Civil War and the partition of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Mutual territorial claims, made by the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Republic of Armenia, led to their respective support for Azerbaijani and Armenian militias in the disputed territories."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Armenia fought against Azerbaijani militias in the Erivan Governorate of the former Russian Empire, while Azerbaijan fought Armenian claims to the Karabakh region."}, {"id": "Q2037317", "label": "September Days", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was characterized by outbreaks of massacres and ethnic cleansing (such as the March Days, the September Days, the Shusha massacre, and more broadly, the massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia), which changed the demographics of the region."}], "Q2026625": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sallasil (Arabic: معركة ذات السلاسل Dhat al-Salasil), often referred to as the Battle of Chains, was the first battle fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in April 633."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sallasil (Arabic: معركة ذات السلاسل Dhat al-Salasil), often referred to as the Battle of Chains, was the first battle fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in April 633."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought soon after the Ridda Wars were over and the Arabian Peninsula was united under the authority of the Caliph Abu Bakr."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeating the self-proclaimed prophet Musailima in the Battle of Yamama, Khalid was still in the Yamama district when Abu Bakr sent him orders to fight the Sasanian Empire."}], "Q20281004": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack."}], "Q2050460": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupation of Iceland during World War II began with a British invasion in order to occupy the island and deny it to Germany."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The British forces were later replaced by Canadian and then American forces, even though the United States was not yet in the war."}], "Q2080325": [{"id": "Q453589", "label": "Louis-Joseph de Montcalm", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fort William Henry (3–9 August 1757, French: Bataille de Fort William Henry) was conducted by a French and Indian force led by Louis-Joseph de Montcalm against the British-held Fort William Henry."}, {"id": "Q1121436", "label": "Province of Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "This fort, located at the southern end of Lake George, on the frontier between the British Province of New York and the French Province of Canada, was garrisoned by a poorly supported force of British regulars and provincial militia led by Lieutenant Colonel George Monro."}, {"id": "Q153911", "label": "Louis-Antoine de Bougainville", "section": "Background", "says": "Montcalm's aide, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, observed that attempts to curb that activity would have resulted in the loss of some of these forces."}], "Q2082222": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lazic War, also known as the Colchidian War or in Georgian historiography as the Great War of Egrisi, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lazic War, also known as the Colchidian War or in Georgian historiography as the Great War of Egrisi, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica."}, {"id": "Q15051932", "label": "Fifty-Year Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lazic War lasted for twenty years, from 541 to 562, and ended with the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty, which obligated the Byzantine Empire to pay tribute to Persia each year for the recognition of Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state by the Persians."}, {"id": "Q233136", "label": "Agathias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lazic War is narrated in detail in the works of Procopius and Agathias."}], "Q2091916": [{"id": "Q449399", "label": "Ignacio Comonfort", "section": "lead", "says": "There was intense opposition from conservatives and the Catholic Church over its anti-clerical provisions, but there were also moderate liberals, including President Ignacio Comonfort, who considered the constitution too radical and likely to trigger a civil war."}, {"id": "Q182276", "label": "Benito Juárez", "section": "lead", "says": "Some liberal politicians were arrested, including the president of the Supreme Court of Justice, Benito Juárez."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "Background", "says": "The ensuing backlash would result in Gómez Farías's government being overthrown, and conservatives established the Centralist Republic in 1835, which lasted until the outbreak of the Mexican–American War in 1846."}, {"id": "Q460776", "label": "Juan Álvarez Hurtado", "section": "Background", "says": "A coalition of liberals, including Oaxaca Governor Benito Juárez and Michoacán Governor Melchor Ocampo overthrew Santa Anna, and the presidency passed to a liberal caudillo, Juan Álvarez, in November 1855."}], "Q210602": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boston campaign was the opening campaign of the American Revolutionary War, taking place primarily in the Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boston campaign was the opening campaign of the American Revolutionary War, taking place primarily in the Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, in which the local colonial militias interdicted a British government attempt to seize military stores and leaders in Concord, Massachusetts."}, {"id": "Q334029", "label": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "The main action during the siege, the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, was one of the bloodiest encounters of the war, and resulted in a Pyrrhic British victory."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1775, George Washington took command of the assembled militia and transformed them into a more coherent army."}, {"id": "Q215687", "label": "Boston Massacre", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions led to the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, and the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773."}, {"id": "Q19024", "label": "Boston Tea Party", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions led to the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, and the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773."}, {"id": "Q581935", "label": "Thomas Gage", "section": "Background", "says": "General Thomas Gage, already the commander-in-chief of British troops in North America, was also appointed governor of Massachusetts and was instructed by King George's government to enforce royal authority in the troublesome colony."}], "Q2165215": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi insurgency was an insurgency that began in late 2011 after the end of the Iraq War and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as low-level sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2014, the insurgency escalated dramatically following the conquest of Mosul and major areas in northern Iraq by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a Salafi jihadist militant group and  unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Qutbi-Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam."}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre, thereby merging the new conflict with the Syrian Civil War, into a new, far deadlier conflict."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, which toppled the government of Saddam Hussein."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States officially withdrew its troops from Iraq in 2011, but the insurgency and various dimensions of the civil armed conflict continued."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The invasion began in 2003 when the United States, joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launched a \"shock and awe\" surprise attack without declaring war."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Background", "says": "The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama."}], "Q2237751": [{"id": "Q322043", "label": "Mircea the  Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wallachian army led by Voivod Mircea the Elder opposed the Ottoman invasion personally led by Sultan Bayezid I the Thunderbolt."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wallachian army led by Voivod Mircea the Elder opposed the Ottoman invasion personally led by Sultan Bayezid I the Thunderbolt."}], "Q2299343": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kokoda Track campaign or Kokoda Trail campaign was part of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kokoda Track campaign or Kokoda Trail campaign was part of the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"id": "Q710069", "label": "Tomitarō Horii", "section": "lead", "says": "It was primarily a land battle, between the Japanese South Seas Detachment under Major General Tomitarō Horii and Australian and Papuan land forces under command of New Guinea Force."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese objective was to seize Port Moresby by an overland advance from the north coast, following the Kokoda Track over the mountains of the Owen Stanley Range, as part of a strategy to isolate Australia from the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese objective was to seize Port Moresby by an overland advance from the north coast, following the Kokoda Track over the mountains of the Owen Stanley Range, as part of a strategy to isolate Australia from the United States."}], "Q2316150": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The U-boat campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies, largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean, as part of a mutual blockade between the German Empire and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The U-boat campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies, largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean, as part of a mutual blockade between the German Empire and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The U-boat campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies, largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean, as part of a mutual blockade between the German Empire and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Royal Navy was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the British Empire, whereas the Imperial German Navy surface fleet was mainly restricted to the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and submarine warfare to operate elsewhere."}], "Q2326066": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q943191", "label": "Lakhmids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the Byzantines recovered their position in battles at Dara and Satala while their Ghassanid allies defeated the Sasanian-aligned Lakhmids."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "lead", "says": "A Sasanian victory at \nCallinicum in 531 continued the war for another year until the empires signed the \"Perpetual Peace\"."}, {"id": "Q2576016", "label": "Anastasian War", "section": "Origin", "says": "After the Anastasian War, a seven-year truce was agreed on, yet it lasted for nearly twenty years."}, {"id": "Q173470", "label": "Anastasius I", "section": "Origin", "says": "Even during the war in 505, Emperor Anastasius I had already started fortifying Dara as a counter to the Persian fortress city of Nisibis for a looming conflict."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "Origin", "says": "During the reign of Justin I, investment in  fortification efforts were increased in Dara."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "Origin", "says": "488–531) proposed the adoption of his favoured son Khosrow I by the Emperor Justin I."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Origin", "says": "Whilst initially optimistic of the proposal, Procopius writes that Justin's quaestor Proklos advised against an adoption out of a fear that Khosrow could use it as pretext to claim the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Origin", "says": "Lazica, a Christian Kingdom typically allied with the Persians, converted to Christianity and shifted allegiances to the Romans."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Origin", "says": "As part of his strategic consolidation of power in the East, Justinian further solidified border defences, incorporating Armenian provinces into the empire and stationing Roman garrisons in the area."}], "Q233416": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of St Albans was fought on 17 February 1461 during the Wars of the Roses in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England (the First Battle of St Albans had been fought in 1455)."}, {"id": "Q842796", "label": "First Battle of St Albans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of St Albans was fought on 17 February 1461 during the Wars of the Roses in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England (the First Battle of St Albans had been fought in 1455)."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The victors also released the feeble King Henry VI, who had been Warwick's prisoner, from his captivity, but they ultimately failed to take advantage of their victory."}, {"id": "Q916295", "label": "Battle of Northampton", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Northampton in 1460, Richard of York's nephew, the Earl of Warwick, defeated a Lancastrian army and captured King Henry, who had taken no part."}, {"id": "Q313262", "label": "Edward of Westminster", "section": "Background", "says": "That agreement disinherited Henry's young son, Edward of Westminster."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry's wife, Margaret of Anjou, refused to accept the Act of Accord and took Edward to Scotland to gain support there."}, {"id": "Q906912", "label": "Battle of Wakefield", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Wakefield, the Yorkist army was destroyed; York, Salisbury, and York's second son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, were killed or executed after the battle."}, {"id": "Q1285898", "label": "Edmund, Earl of Rutland", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Wakefield, the Yorkist army was destroyed; York, Salisbury, and York's second son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, were killed or executed after the battle."}], "Q233559": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts include the Nine Years' War, War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years' War, American Revolutionary War and French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q15053704", "label": "Coalition Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts include the Nine Years' War, War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years' War, American Revolutionary War and French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1801, Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1801, Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The period also saw France under the Bourbon dynasty, the regimes of the French Revolution and the First Empire."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "The various wars between the two states during the 18th century usually involved other European countries in large alliances; except for the War of the Quadruple Alliance when they were bound by the Anglo-French Alliance, France and Britain always opposed one another."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of the wars, such as the Seven Years' War, have been considered world wars and included battles in the growing colonies in India, the Americas, and ocean shipping routes around the globe."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of the wars, such as the Seven Years' War, have been considered world wars and included battles in the growing colonies in India, the Americas, and ocean shipping routes around the globe."}], "Q2362482": [{"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Persian invasion of Greece took place from 492 BC to 490 BC, as part of the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with a decisive Athenian-led victory over the Achaemenid Empire during the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with a decisive Athenian-led victory over the Achaemenid Empire during the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "Consisting of two distinct campaigns, the invasion of the independent Greek city-states was ordered by the Persian king Darius the Great, who sought to punish Athens and Eretria after they had supported the earlier Ionian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Consisting of two distinct campaigns, the invasion of the independent Greek city-states was ordered by the Persian king Darius the Great, who sought to punish Athens and Eretria after they had supported the earlier Ionian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "The first campaign, in 492 BC, was led by the Persian commander Mardonius, who re-subjugated Thrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate client kingdom within the Achaemenid Empire; it had been a Persian vassal as early as the late 6th century BC—probably in 512 BC."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionist, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of Ancient Greece may have been inevitable."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against Naxos, a joint venture between the Persian satrap Artaphernes and the Miletus tyrant Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q207634", "label": "Cleisthenes", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Cleomenes helped install a pro-Spartan tyranny under Isagoras in Athens, in opposition to Cleisthenes, the leader of the traditionally powerful Alcmaeonidae family, who considered themselves the natural heirs to the rule of Athens."}], "Q2378252": [{"id": "Q2658252", "label": "Yamato Kinship", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jinshin War (壬申の乱, jinshin no ran) was a war of succession that took place in the Yamato Kingship near the end of Asuka period."}, {"id": "Q314802", "label": "Tenji", "section": "lead", "says": "It broke out in 672 following the death of Emperor Tenji."}, {"id": "Q357242", "label": "Kōbun", "section": "lead", "says": "Tenji had designated his brother, Prince Ōama, as his successor, but later changed his mind in favor of his son, Prince Ōtomo."}, {"id": "Q335181", "label": "Tenmu", "section": "lead", "says": "His uncle Ōama then succeeded to the throne as Emperor Tenmu."}], "Q2440191": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Liaoyang (遼陽会戦, Ryōyō-kaisen; 25 August – 3 September 1904) (Russian: Сражение при Ляояне) was a major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, on the outskirts of the city of Liaoyang in present-day Liaoning Province, China."}, {"id": "Q359819", "label": "Ōyama Iwao", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Imperial Japanese Army landed on the Liaodong Peninsula, Japanese General Ōyama Iwao divided his forces."}, {"id": "Q468122", "label": "Nogi Maresuke", "section": "Background", "says": "The IJA 3rd Army under Lieutenant General Nogi Maresuke was assigned to attack the Russian naval base at Port Arthur to the south, while the IJA 1st Army, IJA 2nd Army and IJA 4th Army would converge on the city of Liaoyang."}, {"id": "Q527156", "label": "Alexei Kuropatkin", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian General Aleksey Kuropatkin planned to counter the Japanese advance with a series of planned withdrawals, intended to trade territory for the time necessary for enough reserves to arrive from Russia to give him a decisive numerical advantage over the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q701150", "label": "Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev", "section": "Background", "says": "However, this strategy was not in favor with the Russian Viceroy Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, who was pushing for a more aggressive stance and quick victory over Japan."}], "Q25591101": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Russia embarked on a campaign to expand the Russian frontier to the east."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This effort continued until the 19th century under the Russian Empire, when the Imperial Russian Army succeeded in conquering all of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the British Empire sought to reinforce India, triggering the Great Game, which ended when both sides eventually designated Afghanistan as a neutral buffer zone."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the British Empire sought to reinforce India, triggering the Great Game, which ended when both sides eventually designated Afghanistan as a neutral buffer zone."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Russian Empire collapsed during World War I, the Russian sphere of influence remained in what was Soviet Central Asia until 1991."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "This region now comprises Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the centre, Kyrgyzstan in the east, Tajikistan in the southeast, and Turkmenistan in the southwest; the Russian language is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This region now comprises Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the centre, Kyrgyzstan in the east, Tajikistan in the southeast, and Turkmenistan in the southwest; the Russian language is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "This region now comprises Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the centre, Kyrgyzstan in the east, Tajikistan in the southeast, and Turkmenistan in the southwest; the Russian language is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This region now comprises Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the centre, Kyrgyzstan in the east, Tajikistan in the southeast, and Turkmenistan in the southwest; the Russian language is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This region now comprises Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the centre, Kyrgyzstan in the east, Tajikistan in the southeast, and Turkmenistan in the southwest; the Russian language is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries."}], "Q2578241": [{"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ramadan Revolution, also referred to as the 8 February Revolution and the February 1963 coup d'état (Arabic: حركة 8 شباط) in Iraq, was a military coup by the Iraqi branch of the Ba'ath Party in February 1963 that overthrew the prime minister of Iraq, Abdul-Karim Qasim in favour of a Ba'athist government."}, {"id": "Q299732", "label": "Abd al-Karim Qasim", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ramadan Revolution, also referred to as the 8 February Revolution and the February 1963 coup d'état (Arabic: حركة 8 شباط) in Iraq, was a military coup by the Iraqi branch of the Ba'ath Party in February 1963 that overthrew the prime minister of Iraq, Abdul-Karim Qasim in favour of a Ba'athist government."}, {"id": "Q307494", "label": "Abdul Salam Arif", "section": "lead", "says": "Qasim's former deputy, Abdul Salam Arif, who was not a Ba'athist, was given the largely ceremonial title of president, while prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was named prime minister."}], "Q2633177": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina, known as Meigō Sakusen (明号作戦, Operation Bright Moon; Chiến dịch Giăng Sáng), was a Japanese operation that took place on 9 March 1945, towards the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q16673775", "label": "Kingdom of Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese were then able to install and create a new Empire of Vietnam, Kingdom of Kampuchea and Kingdom of Luang Prabang which under their direction would acquiesce to their military presence and forestall a potential invasion by the Allies."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of 1945, the understrength Japanese Thirty-Eighth Army was composed of 30,000 troops, a force that was substantially increased by 25,000 reinforcements brought in from China, Thailand, and Burma in the following months."}], "Q451046": [{"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1932 Prussian coup d'état or Preußenschlag (German pronunciation: [ˈpʁɔʏsənˌʃlaːk]; lit. 'Prussian hit') took place on 20 July 1932, when Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, at the request of Franz von Papen, then Reich Chancellor of Germany, replaced the legal government of the Free State of Prussia with von Papen as Reich Commissioner."}, {"id": "Q150552", "label": "Franz von Papen", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1932 Prussian coup d'état or Preußenschlag (German pronunciation: [ˈpʁɔʏsənˌʃlaːk]; lit. 'Prussian hit') took place on 20 July 1932, when Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, at the request of Franz von Papen, then Reich Chancellor of Germany, replaced the legal government of the Free State of Prussia with von Papen as Reich Commissioner."}, {"id": "Q57133", "label": "Kurt von Schleicher", "section": "lead", "says": "A second decree the same day transferred executive power in Prussia to the Reich Minister of the Armed Forces Kurt von Schleicher and restricted fundamental rights."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the coup also weakened the federalist Constitution of the Weimar Republic and ultimately facilitated the centralization of the Reich under Adolf Hitler after he was appointed chancellor in January 1933."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the coup also weakened the federalist Constitution of the Weimar Republic and ultimately facilitated the centralization of the Reich under Adolf Hitler after he was appointed chancellor in January 1933."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Historical context", "says": "They did not favor the National Socialists but rather wanted to create the precursor to a monarchy, an authoritarian presidential regime with a chancellor dependent on the confidence of the president and a parliament severely limited in its rights, similar to the government under the constitution of the German Empire."}], "Q481590": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abushiri Revolt, also known as the Slave Trader Revolt (German: Sklavenhändlerrevolte), but generally referred to by modern historians as the Coastal Rebellion, was an insurrection in 1888–1889 by the Arab, Swahili and African population of the coast of what is now Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q703018", "label": "Barghash bin Said Al Busaidi", "section": "Background", "says": "That met with opposition by Sultan Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar, who nevertheless had to yield after Peters had obtained official support from the Foreign Office in Berlin and a fleet of the Kaiserliche Marine (German Navy) under Konteradmiral Eduard von Knorr appeared off the Zanzibar coast."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "Negotiations between Germany and Britain late in 1886 established the final boundaries of the colony of German East Africa, but reserved a strip of land, ten miles wide, along the coast as the property of the Sultan of Zanzibar."}, {"id": "Q924354", "label": "Khalifah bin Said Al Busaidi", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 April 1888, Sultan Khalifah bin Said finally signed a treaty, leasing the coastal strip to the German East Africa Company."}], "Q486866": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Linebacker II, sometimes referred to as the Christmas bombings and, in Vietnam, the Twelve days and nights, or Điện Biên Phủ of the Sky, was a strategic bombing campaign conducted by the United States against military and industrial areas of North Vietnam from 18 December to 29 December 1972, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Linebacker II, sometimes referred to as the Christmas bombings and, in Vietnam, the Twelve days and nights, or Điện Biên Phủ of the Sky, was a strategic bombing campaign conducted by the United States against military and industrial areas of North Vietnam from 18 December to 29 December 1972, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Linebacker II, sometimes referred to as the Christmas bombings and, in Vietnam, the Twelve days and nights, or Điện Biên Phủ of the Sky, was a strategic bombing campaign conducted by the United States against military and industrial areas of North Vietnam from 18 December to 29 December 1972, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Many historians argue that the shifting dynamics of the strategic triangular diplomacy, which led to the Christmas bombings, played a critical role in changing the North Vietnamese's negotiating strategy and ultimately led to the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in January 1973."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "lead", "says": "After secret meetings in October between lead negotiators Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, an informal agreement was reached."}, {"id": "Q233969", "label": "Le Duc Tho", "section": "lead", "says": "After secret meetings in October between lead negotiators Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, an informal agreement was reached."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms included a total U.S. withdrawal, North Vietnam's recognition of South Vietnam, new borders based on the present front lines, and new elections in the South, which would include the then-banned Communist Party of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "Background", "says": "The North Vietnamese had made significant modifications to their past negotiating position and were hurrying to get the agreement signed before November, believing that President Richard Nixon would be more willing to make concessions before, rather than after, the upcoming presidential election."}], "Q487757": [{"id": "Q484446", "label": "Hyojong of Joseon", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the two later became King Hyojong of Joseon."}, {"id": "Q484453", "label": "Injo of Joseon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Manchu delegates Inggūldai and Mafuta received a cold reception in Hanseong, and King Injo of Joseon refused to meet them or even send a letter, which shocked the delegates."}, {"id": "Q296367", "label": "Hong Taiji", "section": "Background", "says": "The beile (Qing princes) were furious with Joseon's response to Qing overtures and proposed an immediate invasion, but Hong Taiji chose to conduct a raid against Ming first."}], "Q516202": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cherbourg was part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II."}], "Q524189": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cologne War (German: Kölner Krieg, Kölnischer Krieg, Truchsessischer Krieg; 1583–1588) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The war occurred within the context of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation, and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The war occurred within the context of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation, and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Also called the Seneschal's War (Truchsessischer Krieg) or the Seneschal Upheaval (Truchsessischer Wirren) and occasionally the Sewer War, the conflict tested the principle of ecclesiastical reservation, which had been included in the religious Peace of Augsburg (1555)."}, {"id": "Q70963", "label": "Gebhard Truchsess of Waldburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1582, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the Prince-elector of Cologne, converted to Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Several of the barons and counts holding territory with feudal obligations to the Elector also held territory in nearby provinces: Westphalia, Liege, and the Southern, or Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q53448", "label": "Henry III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1586, the conflict expanded further, with the direct involvement of Spanish troops and Italian mercenaries on the Catholic side, and financial and diplomatic support from Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England on the Protestant side."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1586, the conflict expanded further, with the direct involvement of Spanish troops and Italian mercenaries on the Catholic side, and financial and diplomatic support from Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England on the Protestant side."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Empire, which included Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Spain's possessions in the Americas, went to his son, Philip."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Empire, which included Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Spain's possessions in the Americas, went to his son, Philip."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "His brother, Ferdinand, who had negotiated the treaty in the previous year, was already in possession of the Austrian lands and was also the obvious candidate to succeed Charles as Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip's militant response meant the occupation of much of the upper provinces by troops of, or hired by, Habsburg Spain and the constant ebb and flow of Spanish men and provisions over the Spanish road from northern Italy, through the Burgundian lands, into and from Flanders."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "Cause of the war", "says": "Furthermore, Gebhard adhered not to the teachings of Martin Luther, but to those of John Calvin, a form of religious observation not approved by the Augsburg conventions of 1555."}, {"id": "Q37577", "label": "John Calvin", "section": "Cause of the war", "says": "Furthermore, Gebhard adhered not to the teachings of Martin Luther, but to those of John Calvin, a form of religious observation not approved by the Augsburg conventions of 1555."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Cause of the war", "says": "Furthermore, Gebhard adhered not to the teachings of Martin Luther, but to those of John Calvin, a form of religious observation not approved by the Augsburg conventions of 1555."}], "Q537143": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Saadabad (or the Saadabad Pact) was a non-aggression pact signed by Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan on 8 July 1937, and lasted for five years."}, {"id": "Q152265", "label": "Mohammed Zahir Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed in Tehran's Saadabad Palace and was part of an initiative for greater Middle Eastern-oriental relations spearheaded by King Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkey sought friendly relations with its neighbours and was still recovering from its defeat in World War I and the costly victory in the Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkey sought friendly relations with its neighbours and was still recovering from its defeat in World War I and the costly victory in the Turkish War of Independence."}], "Q53725630": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 18, 2018, a school shooting occurred at Santa Fe High School in Santa Fe, Texas, United States, in the Houston metropolitan area."}], "Q55504": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the bloodiest confrontations before the Second Crusade, the battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Crusaders, causing disturbances of power in the Levant and weakening Seljuk domination in the area."}, {"id": "Q302586", "label": "Matthew of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "Contemporary chronicler Matthew of Edessa even states that the remnants of al-Bursuqi's army were chased all the way to Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q51719", "label": "Joscelin I, Count of Edessa", "section": "Background", "says": "Joscelin I, Count of Edessa, had captured Azaz in northern Syria from the atabeg of Aleppo in 1118."}, {"id": "Q550310", "label": "Roger of Salerno", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1119 the Crusaders under Roger of Salerno were severely defeated at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem was captured while patrolling in Edessa in 1123."}, {"id": "Q622184", "label": "Battle of Ager Sanguinis", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1119 the Crusaders under Roger of Salerno were severely defeated at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem was captured while patrolling in Edessa in 1123."}, {"id": "Q51718", "label": "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1119 the Crusaders under Roger of Salerno were severely defeated at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem was captured while patrolling in Edessa in 1123."}], "Q555833": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with unrest elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa, including the disturbances in Syria and Yemen, they were part of the Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Some analysts suggests that since peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanians form the \"bedrock\" of the government's support, while self-identifying Palestinians are generally closer to the opposition."}], "Q577190": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a prelude to the decisive defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin two months later."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a prelude to the decisive defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin two months later."}, {"id": "Q294192", "label": "Guy of Lusignan", "section": "Background", "says": "Baldwin, who suffered from leprosy, had appointed various executive regents during his reign (Reynald of Chatillon in 1177; Guy of Lusignan in 1183) to lead the Frankish armies in his stead."}, {"id": "Q354389", "label": "Raymond III of Tripoli", "section": "Background", "says": "When Baldwin's health degenerated again in early 1185, he appointed Count Raymond III of Tripoli as regent."}], "Q578201": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Forbie, also known as the Battle of La Forbie or the Battle of Hiribya, was fought on October 17–18, 1244 between the allied armies (drawn from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Crusading orders, the breakaway Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs, and Kerak) and the Egyptian army of the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub, reinforced with Khwarezmian mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q51661", "label": "Seventh Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Ayyubid victory led to the call for the Seventh Crusade and marked the collapse of Christian power in the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Al-Mansur, the Emir of Homs and an-Nasir Dawud, ruling Kerak, joined the Templars, the Hospitallers, the Teutonic Knights, the Order of Saint Lazarus, and the remaining forces of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to take the field against the Egyptian Sultanate."}], "Q598261": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tricamarum took place on 15 December 533 between the armies of the Byzantine Empire, under Belisarius, and the Vandal Kingdom, commanded by King Gelimer and his brother Tzazo."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tricamarum took place on 15 December 533 between the armies of the Byzantine Empire, under Belisarius, and the Vandal Kingdom, commanded by King Gelimer and his brother Tzazo."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tricamarum took place on 15 December 533 between the armies of the Byzantine Empire, under Belisarius, and the Vandal Kingdom, commanded by King Gelimer and his brother Tzazo."}, {"id": "Q1127353", "label": "Battle of Ad Decimum", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Byzantine victory at the Battle of Ad Decimum in September 533, Belisarius captured Carthage and prepared to face the remaining Vandal forces led by King Gelimer."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Byzantine victory at the Battle of Ad Decimum in September 533, Belisarius captured Carthage and prepared to face the remaining Vandal forces led by King Gelimer."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory ended the Vandal Kingdom, with the Byzantines claiming control over North Africa, providing Emperor Justinian I with a base for campaigns to reclaim parts of the former Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory ended the Vandal Kingdom, with the Byzantines claiming control over North Africa, providing Emperor Justinian I with a base for campaigns to reclaim parts of the former Western Roman Empire."}], "Q616939": [{"id": "Q365919", "label": "Ahmed ‘Urabi", "section": "lead", "says": "The British conquest of Egypt, also known as the 2nd Anglo-Egyptian War (Arabic: الحرب الإنجليزية المصرية, romanised: al-Ḥarb al-Injlīzīyah al-Miṣrīyah), occurred in 1882 between mostly Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The British conquest of Egypt, also known as the 2nd Anglo-Egyptian War (Arabic: الحرب الإنجليزية المصرية, romanised: al-Ḥarb al-Injlīzīyah al-Miṣrīyah), occurred in 1882 between mostly Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q374306", "label": "Tevfik Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 1880s, the situation became explosive following the revolt of an army officer, Ahmed 'Urabi, against Tewfik Pasha, alongside the growth of anarchist numbers in the country."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It established firm British influence over Egypt at the expense of the Egyptians, the French, and the Ottoman Empire, whose already weak authority became nominal."}], "Q617070": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the century opened with much of the subcontinent under the control of the Mughal Empire, the death in 1707 of Emperor Aurangzeb resulted in the fracturing of the empire, and a struggle among viceroys and other local rulers for territory."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the century opened with much of the subcontinent under the control of the Mughal Empire, the death in 1707 of Emperor Aurangzeb resulted in the fracturing of the empire, and a struggle among viceroys and other local rulers for territory."}, {"id": "Q6932941", "label": "Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah", "section": "Background", "says": "Their eastern holdings at Madras were strongly influenced by treaties with the Nawab of Carnatic, Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, whose territory surrounded Madras."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Nominally ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, Mysore had come into the hands of Hyder Ali, a Muslim military leader, in 1761."}, {"id": "Q162296", "label": "Robert Clive", "section": "Causes of war", "says": "Lord Robert Clive next applied to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who in August 1765 issued a decree granting the company rights to that territory."}, {"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "Causes of war", "says": "Lord Robert Clive next applied to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who in August 1765 issued a decree granting the company rights to that territory."}, {"id": "Q5971343", "label": "Madhavrao I", "section": "Causes of war", "says": "Both he and the Marathas' ruling peshwa, Madhavrao I were concerned over the expansionist threat posed by Hyder Ali."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "Causes of war", "says": "Conflict involving Madras authorities, Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah and Tipu Sultan, was also simmering."}], "Q620585": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a major battle of the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q385679", "label": "Jasper Tudor", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces consisted of, on one side, an army led by Jasper Tudor and his father, Owen Tudor, as well as nobles loyal to King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster, his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their seven-year-old son, Edward, Prince of Wales."}, {"id": "Q361128", "label": "Owen Tudor", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces consisted of, on one side, an army led by Jasper Tudor and his father, Owen Tudor, as well as nobles loyal to King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster, his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their seven-year-old son, Edward, Prince of Wales."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces consisted of, on one side, an army led by Jasper Tudor and his father, Owen Tudor, as well as nobles loyal to King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster, his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their seven-year-old son, Edward, Prince of Wales."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces consisted of, on one side, an army led by Jasper Tudor and his father, Owen Tudor, as well as nobles loyal to King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster, his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their seven-year-old son, Edward, Prince of Wales."}, {"id": "Q906912", "label": "Battle of Wakefield", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 December, York led his men into a trap at the Battle of Wakefield where he was killed."}, {"id": "Q229192", "label": "Catherine of Valois", "section": "Background", "says": "The elder Tudor had been the second husband of Catherine of Valois, widow of Henry V."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "Background", "says": "The elder Tudor had been the second husband of Catherine of Valois, widow of Henry V."}], "Q638850": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) were two Crusades sent by Pope Clement VI against the Beylik of Aydin under Umur Bey which had as their principal target the coastal city of Smyrna in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q170863", "label": "Clement VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) were two Crusades sent by Pope Clement VI against the Beylik of Aydin under Umur Bey which had as their principal target the coastal city of Smyrna in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q717112", "label": "Beylik of Aydın", "section": "Background", "says": "Smyrna had been conquered at the beginning of the 14th century by the Aydinids who had used it since 1326-1329 as base for piracy in the southeastern Mediterranean sea."}, {"id": "Q165568", "label": "John XXII", "section": "Background", "says": "The threat of Turkish piracy in the Aegean Sea had induced Clement's predecessors, John XXII and Benedict XII, to maintain a fleet of four galleys there to defend Christian shipping, but starting in the 1340s, Clement endeavoured with Venetian aid to expand this effort into a full military expedition."}, {"id": "Q170389", "label": "Benedict XII", "section": "Background", "says": "The threat of Turkish piracy in the Aegean Sea had induced Clement's predecessors, John XXII and Benedict XII, to maintain a fleet of four galleys there to defend Christian shipping, but starting in the 1340s, Clement endeavoured with Venetian aid to expand this effort into a full military expedition."}, {"id": "Q712809", "label": "Hugh IV of Cyprus", "section": "Background", "says": "Hugh IV of Cyprus and the Knights Hospitaller joined, and on 2 November 1342, the Pope sent letters to engage the men and ships of Venice."}], "Q639989": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tolvajärvi ([ˈtol.ʋɑˌjær.ʋi]; Finnish: Tolvajärven–Ägläjärven taistelu, Russian: Битва при Толваярви) began on 12 December 1939 and continued for about a week and a half, between Finland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first large offensive victory for the Finns in the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q2383184", "label": "Paavo Talvela", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 December, the IV Army Corps was reorganized by Mannerheim into a Group commanded by Paavo Talvela."}], "Q653482": [{"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lugdunum, also called the Battle of Lyon, was fought on 19 February 197 at Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France), between the armies of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus and of the Roman usurper Claudius Albinus."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Severus' victory finally established him as the sole emperor of the Roman Empire following the Year of the Five Emperors and immediate aftermath."}, {"id": "Q243721", "label": "Year of the Five Emperors", "section": "lead", "says": "Severus' victory finally established him as the sole emperor of the Roman Empire following the Year of the Five Emperors and immediate aftermath."}, {"id": "Q161841", "label": "Edward Gibbon", "section": "lead", "says": "According to English historian Edward Gibbon, the Roman historian Cassius Dio placed the total number of Roman soldiers engaged for both sides combined at 150,000."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "According to English historian Edward Gibbon, the Roman historian Cassius Dio placed the total number of Roman soldiers engaged for both sides combined at 150,000."}, {"id": "Q1436", "label": "Pertinax", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the murder of Emperor Pertinax by the Praetorian Guards on 28 March 193 after a reign of only 3 months, a struggle began for the succession to the throne of the Roman Empire, resulting in the Year of the Five Emperors."}, {"id": "Q1440", "label": "Didius Julianus", "section": "Background", "says": "After the murder of Pertinax, despite the dismay and demonstrations of the plebeians, the praetorians auctioned the empire to the highest bidder, Didius Julianus."}, {"id": "Q201053", "label": "Pescennius Niger", "section": "Background", "says": "The disenchanted Roman crowd called out the name of Pescennius Niger, governor of Roman Syria, who controlled three legions, to come to Rome to take over."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Before moving on Rome to overthrow Didius Julianus, Severus made an alliance with the powerful commander of the three legions and 70 auxiliary regiments in Britannia, Clodius Albinus Severus recognized Albinus as Caesar and apparent heir to himself as Augustus."}, {"id": "Q149747", "label": "Adiabene", "section": "Background", "says": "After arriving at Antioch and consolidating his position, in 195, Severus conducted a campaign against the minor kingdoms Osroene and Adiabene, wresting control of those areas from Parthia."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "Background", "says": "Severus then tried to strengthen his position as Augustus, by describing himself as the son of Marcus Aurelius and brother of Commodus."}, {"id": "Q1434", "label": "Commodus", "section": "Background", "says": "Severus then tried to strengthen his position as Augustus, by describing himself as the son of Marcus Aurelius and brother of Commodus."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "Background", "says": "He also raised his own young son, Bassianus, more commonly known as Caracalla, to the rank of Caesar and gave him the name Marcus Aureli"}], "Q662020": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alsos Mission was an organized effort by a team of British and United States military, scientific, and intelligence personnel to discover enemy scientific developments during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alsos Mission was an organized effort by a team of British and United States military, scientific, and intelligence personnel to discover enemy scientific developments during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Its chief focus was to investigate the progress that Germany was making in the area of nuclear technology, and to seize any German nuclear resources that would either be of use to the Manhattan Project or worth denying to the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Manhattan Project was the Allied nuclear weapons research-and-development program, operated during and immediately after World War II, led by the United States with contributions principally from the United Kingdom and Canada."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Origin", "says": "Allied work on nuclear fission had been motivated by scientists, many of whom were refugees from Nazi Germany, who feared a German atomic bomb program was underway."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler, frequently claimed that Germany was developing secret weapons, and it was feared that these might include nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q151414", "label": "George Marshall", "section": "Origin", "says": "Accordingly, he approached Groves on behalf of General George Marshall, the Chief of Staff of the Army, with that recommendation."}], "Q673641": [{"id": "Q511943", "label": "Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The defenders prevented the advance of the Ottoman army of over 100,000 toward Vienna, under the leadership of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان, romanized: Süleymān) and Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha."}, {"id": "Q606632", "label": "Nikola Jurišić", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first version, Nikola Jurišić rejected the offer to surrender on favourable terms; in the second version, the city was offered terms for a nominal surrender, which the garrison accepted."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Suleiman and Ferdinand then concluded the 1533 Treaty of Constantinople, which confirmed the right of John Zápolya as a king of Hungary but recognised Ferdinand's possession of some of the reoccupied territory."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "Suleiman and Ferdinand then concluded the 1533 Treaty of Constantinople, which confirmed the right of John Zápolya as a king of Hungary but recognised Ferdinand's possession of some of the reoccupied territory."}, {"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "Background", "says": "This campaign is usually considered as the start of the Little War, the period of a series of conflicts between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This campaign is usually considered as the start of the Little War, the period of a series of conflicts between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q677660": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heligoland Bight was the first Anglo-German naval battle of the First World War, fought on 28 August 1914, between ships of the United Kingdom and Germany."}, {"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The war on land led to defeat for the French and their Allies at the Battle of the Frontiers, the German invasion of Belgium and France."}], "Q679600": [{"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Phoenice, also known as the Peace of Phoenice, was a treaty ending the First Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek political balance between Macedon under Philip V and the Aetolian League was upset by the war between Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek political balance between Macedon under Philip V and the Aetolian League was upset by the war between Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip, seeking to enhance his position, raised a fleet and sent emissaries to Hannibal, then occupying part of Italy."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "For two years the allies warred with Macedonia, achieving minor military victories, and politically gaining more allies from among the Greek city-states."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "Other parties to the treaty included Prusias of Bithynia, the Achaeans, the Boeotians, the Thessalians, the Acarnanians, and the Epirots, on the side of Philip, and the Ilians, Attalus, Pleuratus, Nabis of the Lacedaemonians, the Eleans, the Messenians, and Athenians, on the side of Rome."}], "Q681391": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Teschen (German: Frieden von Teschen, lit. 'Peace of Teschen'; French: Traité de Teschen) was signed on 13 May 1779 in Teschen, then in Austrian Silesia, between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia, which officially ended the War of the Bavarian Succession."}, {"id": "Q157548", "label": "War of the Bavarian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Teschen (German: Frieden von Teschen, lit. 'Peace of Teschen'; French: Traité de Teschen) was signed on 13 May 1779 in Teschen, then in Austrian Silesia, between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia, which officially ended the War of the Bavarian Succession."}, {"id": "Q57841", "label": "Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "When the childless Wittelsbach elector Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria died in 1777, the Habsburg emperor Joseph II sought to acquire most of the Electorate of Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate, basing his claim on his marriage with the late elector's sister, Maria Josepha, who had died in 1767."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "When the childless Wittelsbach elector Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria died in 1777, the Habsburg emperor Joseph II sought to acquire most of the Electorate of Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate, basing his claim on his marriage with the late elector's sister, Maria Josepha, who had died in 1767."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles Theodore was amenable to an agreement with Emperor Joseph II that would allow him to acquire parts of the Austrian Netherlands in exchange for parts of his Bavarian inheritance."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "His cause was taken up by Prussian King Frederick the Great, who refused any increase in Austrian territory, and by Saxony, whose Wettin electoral house had married into the Wittelsbach family and therefore had allodial claims to parts of the inheritance."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "That was partly because Empress Maria Theresa (the mother of Joseph II and his co-ruler as Queen of Bohemia and Archduchess of Austria) firmly opposed the war after it became clear that a stalemate had prevailed."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace came at the initiative of the Russian Empress Catherine the Great and was guaranteed by both Russia and France."}], "Q685181": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese invasion of Burma, referred to by the BIA in 1941 as the fourth Anglo-Burmese war or the war of Burmese Independence, was a series of battles fought in the British colony of Burma (present-day Myanmar) as part of the Pacific theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q194161", "label": "Aung San", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1940 Aung San, a Burmese student activist, made contact with Suzuki Keiji in Amoy and voyaged to Japan for talks."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Burma Independence Army (BIA) was officially founded in Bangkok, Thailand on 28 December 1941."}], "Q685201": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred in the German-occupied territory of Serbia during World War II, and came as a reprisal for insurgent attacks in the Gornji Milanovac district that resulted in the deaths of ten German soldiers and the wounding of 26 others."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The number of hostages to be shot was calculated as a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded, a formula devised by Adolf Hitler with the intent of suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre had a profound effect on the course of the war in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "lead", "says": "It exacerbated tensions between the two guerrilla movements, the communist-led Partisans and the royalist, Serbian nationalist Chetniks, and convinced Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović that further attacks against the Germans would only result in more Serb civilian deaths."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "The Partisans were led by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito; the Chetniks were led by Colonel Draža Mihailović, an officer in the interwar Royal Yugoslav Army."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Communist resistance commenced in early July, shortly after the invasion of the Soviet Union, targeting both the Germans and the puppet authorities."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Partisans were well organised and many of their commanders had ample military experience, having fought in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Chetniks were either veterans of the Balkan Wars and World War I or former members of the Royal Yugoslav Army."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Chetniks were either veterans of the Balkan Wars and World War I or former members of the Royal Yugoslav Army."}, {"id": "Q167443", "label": "Milan Nedić", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 August, the Germans replaced Aćimović with another fervent anti-communist, the former Minister of the Army and Navy and Chief of the General Staff, General Milan Nedić, who formed a new puppet government."}, {"id": "Q725863", "label": "Dimitrije Ljotić", "section": "Background", "says": "In effect, the SDK was the military arm of the fascist Yugoslav National Movement (Serbo-Croatian: Združena borbena organizacija rada, Zbor), led by Dimitrije Ljotić."}, {"id": "Q2341712", "label": "Kosta Mušicki", "section": "Background", "says": "It was headed by Kosta Mušicki, a former colonel in the Royal Yugoslav Army, whom Nedić appointed on 6 October 1941."}], "Q685372": [{"id": "Q501303", "label": "Free City of Kraków", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was centered on the city of Kraków, the capital of the small Free City of Cracow."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was directed at the powers that partitioned Poland, especially the nearby Austrian Empire."}], "Q688448": [{"id": "Q158232", "label": "Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick's Prussian army decisively defeated an Austro-Saxon army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine on June 4, 1745, during the Second Silesian War – part of the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick's Prussian army decisively defeated an Austro-Saxon army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine on June 4, 1745, during the Second Silesian War – part of the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick's Prussian army decisively defeated an Austro-Saxon army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine on June 4, 1745, during the Second Silesian War – part of the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Breslau in 1742, which ended the First Silesian War, Prussia under Frederick the Great secured most of Silesia, a wealthy and strategically valuable province previously controlled by the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Breslau in 1742, which ended the First Silesian War, Prussia under Frederick the Great secured most of Silesia, a wealthy and strategically valuable province previously controlled by the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "This territorial loss was a significant blow to Austria and to Empress Maria Theresa personally, as Silesia contributed greatly to Austrian economic and military power."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "Background", "says": "He feared that Austria, having driven the French out of Bohemia, would next seek to reclaim Silesia, which Prussia had seized in the First Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "This alliance was formalized in the so-called \"Warsaw treaty of alliance\" (Britain, Austria, Saxony, and the Dutch Republic), but it was Austria and Saxony who would take direct military action against Prussia in Silesia."}], "Q696689": [{"id": "Q71126", "label": "Hans von Lehwaldt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gross Jägersdorf (Gross-Jägersdorf; 30 August 1757) was a victory for the Russian force under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin over a smaller Prussian force commanded by Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt, during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gross Jägersdorf (Gross-Jägersdorf; 30 August 1757) was a victory for the Russian force under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin over a smaller Prussian force commanded by Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt, during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q632874", "label": "Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin", "section": "lead", "says": "Suspecting collusion between Apraksin and Chancellor Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who had opposed the invasion, Elizabeth of Russia removed Apraksin from command, ordered Bestuzhev-Ryumin to face trial for treason, and appointed William Fermor as the head of the army."}, {"id": "Q130752", "label": "Elizabeth I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Suspecting collusion between Apraksin and Chancellor Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who had opposed the invasion, Elizabeth of Russia removed Apraksin from command, ordered Bestuzhev-Ryumin to face trial for treason, and appointed William Fermor as the head of the army."}, {"id": "Q180806", "label": "William Fermor", "section": "lead", "says": "Suspecting collusion between Apraksin and Chancellor Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who had opposed the invasion, Elizabeth of Russia removed Apraksin from command, ordered Bestuzhev-Ryumin to face trial for treason, and appointed William Fermor as the head of the army."}], "Q696945": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schellenberg took place on 2 July 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Once in southern Germany, the Allies' task was to induce Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, to abandon his allegiance to Louis XIV and rejoin the Grand Alliance; but to force the issue, the Allies first needed to secure a fortified bridgehead and magazine on the Danube, through which their supplies could cross to the south of the river into the heart of the Elector's lands."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Once in southern Germany, the Allies' task was to induce Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, to abandon his allegiance to Louis XIV and rejoin the Grand Alliance; but to force the issue, the Allies first needed to secure a fortified bridgehead and magazine on the Danube, through which their supplies could cross to the south of the river into the heart of the Elector's lands."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Only when Marshal Tallard arrived with reinforcements to strengthen the Elector's forces, and Prince Eugene of Savoy arrived from the Rhine to bolster the Allies, was the stage finally set for the decisive action at the Battle of Blenheim the following month."}, {"id": "Q154635", "label": "Battle of Blenheim", "section": "lead", "says": "Only when Marshal Tallard arrived with reinforcements to strengthen the Elector's forces, and Prince Eugene of Savoy arrived from the Rhine to bolster the Allies, was the stage finally set for the decisive action at the Battle of Blenheim the following month."}, {"id": "Q682729", "label": "First Battle of Höchstädt", "section": "Background", "says": "At the First Battle of Höchstädt in September 1703, a combined Franco-Bavarian force successfully repelled an Imperial offensive into Southern Germany."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Tallard and Villeroy, French commanders in the Rhineland and Spanish Netherlands respectively, were unclear as to the objective, which they believed was either Alsace, or the Moselle River in the north."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the 40,000 Franco-Bavarian troops at Ulm were outnumbered, Maximilian and his French colleague Ferdinand de Marsin expected to be reinforced by Tallard."}], "Q697621": [{"id": "Q652211", "label": "Zheng Zhilong", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1633 they clashed with a fleet led by Zheng Zhilong in the Battle of Liaoluo Bay, ending in Dutch defeat."}, {"id": "Q2025874", "label": "Battle of Liaoluo Bay", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1633 they clashed with a fleet led by Zheng Zhilong in the Battle of Liaoluo Bay, ending in Dutch defeat."}, {"id": "Q704384", "label": "Frederick Coyett", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Frederick Coyett, the governor of Taiwan for the Dutch East India Company, was stationed in Fort Zeelandia with 1,733 people: 905 soldiers and officers, 547 slaves, 218 women and children, and 63 married men, while his subordinate, Valentyn, was in charge of Fort Provintia and its garrison of 140 soldiers."}], "Q699787": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Manila massacre (Filipino: Pagpatay sa Maynila or Masaker sa Maynila), also called the Rape of Manila (Paggahasa ng Maynila), involved atrocities committed against Filipino civilians in the City of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, by Japanese troops during the Battle of Manila (3 February 1945 – 3 March 1945) which occurred during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Manila massacre (Filipino: Pagpatay sa Maynila or Masaker sa Maynila), also called the Rape of Manila (Paggahasa ng Maynila), involved atrocities committed against Filipino civilians in the City of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, by Japanese troops during the Battle of Manila (3 February 1945 – 3 March 1945) which occurred during World War II."}, {"id": "Q254004", "label": "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese commanding general, Tomoyuki Yamashita, and his chief of staff Akira Mutō, were held responsible for the massacre and other war crimes in a trial which started in October 1945."}, {"id": "Q607868", "label": "Akira Mutō", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese commanding general, Tomoyuki Yamashita, and his chief of staff Akira Mutō, were held responsible for the massacre and other war crimes in a trial which started in October 1945."}], "Q700547": [{"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Vengeance was the American military operation to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 18 April 1943 during the Solomon Islands campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Vengeance was the American military operation to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 18 April 1943 during the Solomon Islands campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Vengeance was the American military operation to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 18 April 1943 during the Solomon Islands campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The death of Yamamoto reportedly damaged the morale of Japanese naval personnel, raised the morale of the Allied forces, and was intended as revenge by U.S. leaders, who blamed Yamamoto for the attack on Pearl Harbor that initiated the war between Imperial Japan and the United States."}, {"id": "Q717561", "label": "Operation I-Go", "section": "Background", "says": "He planned to inspect Japanese air units participating in Operation I-Go that had begun 7 April 1943; in addition, the tour would boost Japanese morale following the disastrous Guadalcanal campaign and its subsequent evacuation during January and February."}], "Q701195": [{"id": "Q311787", "label": "Operation Mars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Velikiye Luki, also named Velikiye Luki offensive operation (Russian: Великолукская наступательная операция), started with the attack by the forces of the Kalinin Front against the 3rd Panzer Army during the winter campaign of 1942–1943 with the objective of liberating the Russian city of Velikiye Luki as a previous part of the northern pincer of the Rzhev-Sychevka Strategic Offensiv"}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of Operation Barbarossa, the German army took Velikiye Luki on 19 July 1941 but was forced to retreat the next day due to Soviet counter-attacks breaking the line of communications."}, {"id": "Q8026204", "label": "Winter Campaign of 1941–1942", "section": "Background", "says": "Soviet counter-attacks during the Winter Campaign of 1941–1942, especially the Battles of Rzhev just to the south, formed a large salient in the German lines."}, {"id": "Q261776", "label": "Battles of Rzhev", "section": "Background", "says": "Soviet counter-attacks during the Winter Campaign of 1941–1942, especially the Battles of Rzhev just to the south, formed a large salient in the German lines."}], "Q701335": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place at Sisak, central Croatia, at the confluence of the Sava and Kupa rivers, on the borderland between Christian Europe and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1755483", "label": "Telli Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1591 and 1593 the Ottoman military governor of Bosnia, Beglerbeg Telli Hasan Pasha, attempted twice to capture the fortress of Sisak, one of the garrisoned castles that the Habsburgs maintained in Croatia as part of the Military Frontier."}, {"id": "Q170395", "label": "Clement VIII", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Clement VIII called for a Christian league against the Ottomans, and the Sabor recruited in anticipation a force of about 5,000 professional soldiers."}, {"id": "Q2360973", "label": "Duchy of Carniola", "section": "lead", "says": "The Croatian troops were led by the Ban of Croatia, Tamás Erdődy, while major forces from the Duchy of Carniola and the Duchy of Carinthia were under the commander of the Croatian Military Frontier Andreas von Auersperg, known as the \"Carniolan Achilles\"."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Croatian troops were led by the Ban of Croatia, Tamás Erdődy, while major forces from the Duchy of Carniola and the Duchy of Carinthia were under the commander of the Croatian Military Frontier Andreas von Auersperg, known as the \"Carniolan Achilles\"."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 June, the Austro-Croatian relief army launched a surprise attack on the besieging forces, and at the same time the garrison came out of the fortress to join the attack; the ensuing battle resulted in a crushing defeat for the Bosnian Ottoman army, with Hasan Pasha being killed in action and almost all of his army being wiped out."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Sisak is considered the main catalyst for the start of the Long War which raged between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans from 1593 to 1606."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman officials asked for reports on the issue from the Venetian ambassador in Istanbul, as from the Ottomans' point of view the Uskok raiders were subjected to the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "But the Venetian ambassador rejected the accusations and said that the Uskoks were subjected to the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q702176": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Mediterranean was the naval campaign fought in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 10 June 1940, when Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France and bombed Malta the following day, and ended on 2 May 1945 with the formal surrender of German and Italian Fascist forces in Italy."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was fought primarily between the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), supported by the naval and air forces of its Axis partners, Nazi Germany and Vichy France, and the British Royal Navy, supported by other Allied naval forces, such as those of Australia, the Netherlands, Poland, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was fought primarily between the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), supported by the naval and air forces of its Axis partners, Nazi Germany and Vichy France, and the British Royal Navy, supported by other Allied naval forces, such as those of Australia, the Netherlands, Poland, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was fought primarily between the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), supported by the naval and air forces of its Axis partners, Nazi Germany and Vichy France, and the British Royal Navy, supported by other Allied naval forces, such as those of Australia, the Netherlands, Poland, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, most of the Italian Navy became the Italian Co-belligerent Navy and fought alongside the Allies."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies sank 83 Italian warships totalling 195,100 tons—161,200 by the British Empire and 33,900 by the United States—and 83 submarines."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies sank 83 Italian warships totalling 195,100 tons—161,200 by the British Empire and 33,900 by the United States—and 83 submarines."}], "Q703962": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Luzon (Tagalog: Labanan sa Luzon; Japanese: ルソン島の戦い; Spanish: Batalla de Luzón) was a land battle of the Pacific Theater of Operations of World War II by the Allied forces of the U.S., the Philippines, Mexico, and other allies against forces of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Luzon (Tagalog: Labanan sa Luzon; Japanese: ルソン島の戦い; Spanish: Batalla de Luzón) was a land battle of the Pacific Theater of Operations of World War II by the Allied forces of the U.S., the Philippines, Mexico, and other allies against forces of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The Philippines was considered to be of great strategic importance because its capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "General Douglas MacArthur—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the Bataan Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "General Douglas MacArthur—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the Bataan Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q366731", "label": "Ernest King", "section": "Background", "says": "Pacific Commander Admiral Chester Nimitz and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory was certain."}, {"id": "Q254004", "label": "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These deception operations failed to convince General Tomoyuki Yamashita, the leader of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines, and he built significant defensive positions in the hills and mountains surrounding Lingayen Gulf in Northern Luzon."}], "Q704886": [{"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The South West Africa campaign was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa acting on behalf of the British imperial government at the beginning of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The South West Africa campaign was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa acting on behalf of the British imperial government at the beginning of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q159397", "label": "Louis Botha", "section": "lead", "says": "The South African Prime Minister Louis Botha took the unusual move of leading his troops into battle as commander-in-chief, to the frustration of his cabinet."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in August 1914 had been anticipated and government officials of South Africa were aware of the significance of their common border with the German colony."}, {"id": "Q3643428", "label": "Manie Maritz", "section": "Background", "says": "South African troops were mobilised along the border between the two countries under the command of General Henry Lukin and Lieutenant-Colonel Manie Maritz early in September 1914."}], "Q708862": [{"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in Lübeck on 22 May 1629 by Albrecht von Wallenstein and Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, and on 7 June by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in Lübeck on 22 May 1629 by Albrecht von Wallenstein and Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, and on 7 June by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "It restored to Denmark–Norway its pre-war territory at the cost of final disengagement from imperial affairs."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty of Lübeck ended a stage of the Thirty Years' War referred to as the Lower Saxon or Emperor's War (Danish: Kejserkrigen), which had begun in 1625."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Initial success was with the Danish armies, commanded by Christian IV of Denmark and Ernst von Mansfeld."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "Background", "says": "Initial success was with the Danish armies, commanded by Christian IV of Denmark and Ernst von Mansfeld."}, {"id": "Q155534", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, in 1626, their opponents, a Catholic League army commanded by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, and an army of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein, turned the tide in the battles of Dessau Bridge and Lutter am Barenberge."}, {"id": "Q109252949", "label": "Duchy of Mecklenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "While Christian IV's control of the western Baltic Sea and the Danish isles was unchallenged, Wallenstein was given the Duchy of Mecklenburg vis-a-vis Denmark in January 1628, and was preparing to construct a navy of his own at the occupied ports of Ålborg, Wismar, Rostock, and Greifswald starting in late 1627."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Christian concluded an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in April, and both supported Stralsund in her successful resistance against Wallenstein."}, {"id": "Q653561", "label": "Battle of Wolgast", "section": "Background", "says": "In August, an attempt to secure another bridgehead on the southern Baltic shore failed with Christian's defeat in the Battle of Wolgast."}], "Q709261": [{"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese: 百团大战) or the Hundred Regiments Campaign was a tactical campaign initiated by the Eighth Route Army, led by the Chinese Communist Party, against the Japanese invasion in North China from 20 August 1940, to 24 January 1941."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation secured substantial strategic advantages, inflicted a severe setback on Japan's \"prison cage policy.\" According to the CCP's official histories, it elevated national morale, and highlighted the crucial role of the Chinese Communist Party and its military as a cornerstone in the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "During the summer and autumn of 1940, the circumstances of World War II experienced significant transformations."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "In its pursuit of a \"southward expansion\" policy, Japanese colonial empire escalated its efforts against the Chinese front to compel the Kuomintang government to capitulate, while concurrently directing its primary military forces towards assaults on the anti-Japanese strongholds established by the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "Background", "says": "The Wang Jingwei faction had publicly defected and formed a puppet government."}], "Q717346": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Windsor is a diplomatic alliance signed between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of England on 24 February 1387 in Windsor, Berkshire, and sealed by the marriage of King John I of Portugal (House of Aviz) to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Windsor is a diplomatic alliance signed between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of England on 24 February 1387 in Windsor, Berkshire, and sealed by the marriage of King John I of Portugal (House of Aviz) to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster."}, {"id": "Q236911", "label": "Philippa of Lancaster", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Windsor is a diplomatic alliance signed between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of England on 24 February 1387 in Windsor, Berkshire, and sealed by the marriage of King John I of Portugal (House of Aviz) to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Windsor is a diplomatic alliance signed between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of England on 24 February 1387 in Windsor, Berkshire, and sealed by the marriage of King John I of Portugal (House of Aviz) to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster."}, {"id": "Q1341972", "label": "Battle of Aljubarrota", "section": "lead", "says": "With the victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota, assisted by English archers, John I was recognised as the undisputed King of Portugal, putting an end to the interregnum of the 1383–1385 Crisis."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "With the victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota, assisted by English archers, John I was recognised as the undisputed King of Portugal, putting an end to the interregnum of the 1383–1385 Crisis."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "Background", "says": "John I of Castile (acting upon  Princess Beatrice)."}, {"id": "Q201575", "label": "John I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "John of Aviz\n\nAfter the battle of Aljubarrota,  John of Aviz was crowned as John I of Portugal."}], "Q974160": [{"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cudgel War (also known as the Club War; Finnish: Nuijasota; Swedish: Klubbekriget) was a 1596–1597 peasant uprising in Finland, which was then part of the Kingdom of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern Finnish historiography sees the uprising in the context of the conflict between Duke Charles and Sigismund, King of Sweden and Poland (War against Sigismund)."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "The 25-year war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia had increased the tax burden, the most hated of which was the \"castle camp\", i.e. the accommodation, subsistence and payment of wages at the expense of the peasants."}], "Q1030249": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fahl (Arabic: يوم فحل, romanized: Yawm Faḥl), also known as the Battle of the Marshes (Yawm al-Radagha) and the Battle of Beisan (Yawm Baysān), was a major battle in the Muslim conquest of Byzantine Syria fought by the Arab troops of the Rashidun Caliphate and Byzantine forces at or near Pella (Fahl) and nearby Scythopolis (Beisan), both in the Jordan Valley, in December 634 or Janua"}], "Q107514094": [{"id": "Q57282", "label": "Jacob Zuma", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2021 South African unrest, also known as the July 2021 riots, the Zuma unrest or Zuma riots, was a wave of civil unrest that occurred in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces from 9 to 18 July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma for contempt of court."}], "Q1085392": [{"id": "Q378572", "label": "Charles François Dumouriez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neerwinden (18 March 1793) saw a Republican French army led by Charles François Dumouriez attack a Coalition army commanded by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neerwinden (18 March 1793) saw a Republican French army led by Charles François Dumouriez attack a Coalition army commanded by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coalition army of the Habsburg monarchy together with a small contingent of allied Dutch Republic troops repulsed all French assaults after bitter fighting and Dumouriez conceded defeat, withdrawing from the field."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The French position in the Austrian Netherlands swiftly collapsed, ending the threat to the Dutch Republic and allowing Austria to regain control of its lost province."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the First Coalition engagement was fought at Neerwinden, located 57 kilometres (35 mi) east of Brussels in present-day Belgium."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "He hoped to go to war with the Dutch while keeping the Kingdom of Great Britain neutral."}, {"id": "Q815145", "label": "Great Siege of Gibraltar", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Breda and Geertruidenberg had been bluffed into giving up by the military engineer Jean Claude le Michaud d'Arcon, who had designed the floating batteries at the Great Siege of Gibraltar."}], "Q1086625": [{"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Venice could also not rely on help from the major Christian power of the Mediterranean, Habsburg Spain, which was embroiled in the suppression of the Dutch Revolt and domestically against the Moriscos."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Venice could also not rely on help from the major Christian power of the Mediterranean, Habsburg Spain, which was embroiled in the suppression of the Dutch Revolt and domestically against the Moriscos."}, {"id": "Q941366", "label": "Marco Antonio Bragadin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetian defenders of Famagusta numbered about 8,500 men with 90 artillery pieces and were commanded by Marco Antonio Bragadin."}], "Q113453221": [{"id": "Q1396120", "label": "Yair Lapid", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation, ordered by Prime Minister Yair Lapid and Defense Minister Benny Gantz without prior Cabinet discussion or approval, followed a raid in Jenin in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, in which Israeli forces arrested Bassam al-Saadi, a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in that area."}, {"id": "Q557436", "label": "Benny Gantz", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation, ordered by Prime Minister Yair Lapid and Defense Minister Benny Gantz without prior Cabinet discussion or approval, followed a raid in Jenin in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, in which Israeli forces arrested Bassam al-Saadi, a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in that area."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The clashes resulted in the death of at least 49 Palestinians, including 17 children, according to the Gaza health ministry."}, {"id": "Q122962941", "label": "Gaza War", "section": "Background", "says": "PIJ has been growing in strength since the 2014 Gaza War, and receives weapons and funding from Iran."}], "Q1134821": [{"id": "Q2327452", "label": "Miguel Abadía Méndez", "section": "lead", "says": "After several weeks with no agreement, in which the United Fruit Company refused to negotiate with the workers, the government of Miguel Abadía Méndez assigned Carlos Cortés Vargas as military chief in the Magdalena department and sent 700 men from the Colombian Army to quell the strikers, resulting in the massacre of 47–2000 people (the range owing to the insufficiency of detailed historical reco"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Colombian government was also compelled to work for the interests of the company, considering they could cut off trade of Colombian bananas with significant markets such as the United States and Europe."}], "Q1137980": [{"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ravenna, fought on 11 April 1512, was a major battle of the War of the League of Cambrai."}, {"id": "Q878814", "label": "Ramón de Cardona", "section": "lead", "says": "It saw a Spanish-Papal army under Viceroy of Naples Ramón de Cardona (the Holy League) defeated by France and their Ferrarese allies under Gaston of Foix, who was killed during the battle."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory therefore did not help them secure northern Italy, leading the French to withdraw entirely from Italy in the summer of 1512, as Swiss mercenaries hired by Pope Julius II and Imperial troops under Emperor Maximilian I arrived in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory therefore did not help them secure northern Italy, leading the French to withdraw entirely from Italy in the summer of 1512, as Swiss mercenaries hired by Pope Julius II and Imperial troops under Emperor Maximilian I arrived in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Although he had been successful in a number of sieges, Nemours was aware that the impending invasion of France by Henry VIII of England would cause much of his army to be withdrawn, and he was determined to force the main army of the Holy League into battle before that occurred."}], "Q1139615": [{"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qibya massacre occurred during Operation Shoshana, an Israeli reprisal operation that occurred in October 1953, when IDF's Unit 101 led by future Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon attacked the village of Qibya in the West Bank, which was then under Jordanian control, and killed more than 69 Palestinian civilians, two-thirds of whom were women and children."}, {"id": "Q374803", "label": "Benny Morris", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Benny Morris writes that \"During 1948–49, most of the infiltrators crossed the borders to harvest crops left behind, to plant new crops in their abandoned lands, or to retrieve goods."}], "Q1151812": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cnidus (Greek: Ναυμαχία της Κνίδου) was a military operation conducted in 394 BC by the Achaemenid Empire against the Spartan fleet during the Corinthian War."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cnidus (Greek: Ναυμαχία της Κνίδου) was a military operation conducted in 394 BC by the Achaemenid Empire against the Spartan fleet during the Corinthian War."}, {"id": "Q271850", "label": "Agesilaus II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 394 BC, King Agesilaus II of Sparta and his army were recalled from Ionia to help fight the Corinthian War."}, {"id": "Q463301", "label": "Evagoras", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to Isocrates, King Evagoras I of Cyprus contributed the greatest part of the forces under Conon for the sea fight off Cnidus."}], "Q118583251": [{"id": "Q4154638", "label": "Oleksiy Danilov", "section": "Background", "says": "According to The Moscow Times, in June 2022, \"Ukraine [had] not claimed responsibility for the attacks ... while not formally denying being behind them.\"\nFollowing an attack against Belgorod in April 2022, Oleksiy Danilov, secretary of the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council, joked that these events were related to the establishment of a \"Belgorod People's Republic\"."}], "Q1191091": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Webster–Ashburton Treaty was a treaty that resolved several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies (the region that later became the Dominion of Canada)."}, {"id": "Q11881", "label": "John Tyler", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated in the US federal capital city of Washington, DC, it was signed August 9, 1842, under the new administration of US president John Tyler, who as the former vice president, had just recently succeeded and became chief executive upon the unexpected death of his running mate and predecessor, William Henry Harrison, who had only served a single month in office."}, {"id": "Q11869", "label": "William Henry Harrison", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated in the US federal capital city of Washington, DC, it was signed August 9, 1842, under the new administration of US president John Tyler, who as the former vice president, had just recently succeeded and became chief executive upon the unexpected death of his running mate and predecessor, William Henry Harrison, who had only served a single month in office."}, {"id": "Q698312", "label": "Aroostook War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Daniel Webster–Lord Ashburton negotiations and the newly drawn-up 1842 treaty resolved many of the issues arising from the recent border conflicts and skirmishes between Americans and New Brunswickers in the Aroostook War of 1838–1839."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "It arose from disputes and controversies over the vague indefinite terms and text of the old peace agreement of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which ended the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q649599", "label": "Treaty of 1818", "section": "lead", "says": "Reaffirmation of the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the far western Rocky Mountains defined in the previous Treaty of 1818."}, {"id": "Q106231", "label": "Daniel Webster", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by US secretary of state Daniel Webster, and British diplomat Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton."}], "Q123036458": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the start of the Israeli offensive that followed, over 73,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed; several studies in The Lancet indicate this figure is likely a significant undercount."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel and its supporters, including the United States, deny that genocide has occurred."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1948 Palestine war, over 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled and the State of Israel was established over most of what had been Mandatory Palestine, with the exception of two separated territories that became known as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip."}], "Q1231054": [{"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaza of 312 BC, was fought between the invading army of Ptolemy I Soter and his ally Seleucus I Nicator and the defending army of Demetrius I of Macedon, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaza of 312 BC, was fought between the invading army of Ptolemy I Soter and his ally Seleucus I Nicator and the defending army of Demetrius I of Macedon, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q59734", "label": "Demetrius I of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaza of 312 BC, was fought between the invading army of Ptolemy I Soter and his ally Seleucus I Nicator and the defending army of Demetrius I of Macedon, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaza of 312 BC, was fought between the invading army of Ptolemy I Soter and his ally Seleucus I Nicator and the defending army of Demetrius I of Macedon, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "lead", "says": "Demetrius' advisors had apparently told him to avoid a military confrontation with Ptolemy and Seleucus, who had more military experience, but he ignored their advice; the conflict ended in a decisive defeat for Demetrius, subsequently enabling the absorption of his controlled territory by Ptolemy and Seleucus."}], "Q1231697": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samarra took place in June 363, during the invasion of the Sasanian Empire by the Roman emperor Julian."}], "Q1237867": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liberal Wars (Portuguese: Guerras Liberais), also known as the Portuguese Civil War (Guerra Civil Portuguesa) and the War of the Two Brothers (Guerra dos Dois Irmãos) was a civil war in Portugal that lasted from May 1828 to May 1834, fought between liberal progressive constitutionalists (led by former King Pedro IV) and conservative traditionalists (led by King Miguel I) over the country's sys"}], "Q1245157": [{"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Battle of the Marne frustrated Germany's bold bid for victory in the West and France's efforts failed to take the war to the Germans in Alsace-Lorraine, stalemate ensued."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1914 the professional head of the German army, Erich von Falkenhayn, had been obliged to withdraw some 14 divisions from the Western Front to reinforce the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1914 the professional head of the German army, Erich von Falkenhayn, had been obliged to withdraw some 14 divisions from the Western Front to reinforce the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Background", "says": "The French commander, General Joseph Joffre, saw an opportunity to break through the German field fortifications."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Frévent Conference on 27 July, French failed to persuade Ferdinand Foch that an attack further north offered greater prospects for success."}], "Q1247317": [{"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salamis in 306 BC took place off Salamis, Cyprus between the fleets of Ptolemy I of Egypt and Antigonus I Monophthalmus, two of the Diadochi, the generals who, after the death of Alexander the Great, fought each other for control of his empire."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salamis in 306 BC took place off Salamis, Cyprus between the fleets of Ptolemy I of Egypt and Antigonus I Monophthalmus, two of the Diadochi, the generals who, after the death of Alexander the Great, fought each other for control of his empire."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Wars of the Diadochi that followed the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy I Soter, who had seized control of Egypt, had taken over the island of Cyprus and used it as a base of operations against his rival Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Wars of the Diadochi that followed the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy I Soter, who had seized control of Egypt, had taken over the island of Cyprus and used it as a base of operations against his rival Antigonus I Monophthalmus."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "Background", "says": "Demetrius at the time was in Greece, where in the previous year he had overthrown the garrison installed in Athens by the ruler of Macedon, Cassander."}], "Q1265750": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Callinicum took place on Easter Saturday, 19 April 531 AD between the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire during the Iberian War."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Callinicum took place on Easter Saturday, 19 April 531 AD between the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire during the Iberian War."}, {"id": "Q2326066", "label": "Iberian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Callinicum took place on Easter Saturday, 19 April 531 AD between the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire during the Iberian War."}, {"id": "Q385604", "label": "Battle of Dara", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Persian defeat at the Battle of Dara, the Persian army under the command of Azarethes invaded Syria and advanced toward Antioch by taking a different route in an attempt to regain the initiative in the war."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The unexpected invasion caught the Byzantines off guard, but General Belisarius pursued the Persians with a smaller force, accompanied by allied Ghassanids, to block their advance."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "lead", "says": "The unexpected invasion caught the Byzantines off guard, but General Belisarius pursued the Persians with a smaller force, accompanied by allied Ghassanids, to block their advance."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the final major field engagement of the first phase of Justinian I's war against the Sasanian Empire, which concluded the following year with the Perpetual Peace of 532."}], "Q126876": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saratoga campaign in 1777 was an attempt by the British to gain military control of the strategically important Hudson River valley during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended in the surrender of a British army, which historian Edmund Morgan argues, \"was a great turning point of the war, because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory.\"\nThe primary thrust of the campaign was planned and initiated by Lieutenant General John Burgoyne."}, {"id": "Q1754313", "label": "Battle of Bennington", "section": "lead", "says": "The turning point of the campaign happened in August at the Battle of Bennington when militia forces from Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts defeated, killed, and captured around 1,000 Brunswick–Lüneburg and Hessian troops from Burgoyne's army."}, {"id": "Q846674", "label": "Battles of Saratoga", "section": "lead", "says": "Then, after losses in the Battles of Saratoga in September and October, his deteriorating position and the ever-increasing size of the American army forced him to surrender his forces to the American general Horatio Gates on October 17."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "lead", "says": "Then, after losses in the Battles of Saratoga in September and October, his deteriorating position and the ever-increasing size of the American army forced him to surrender his forces to the American general Horatio Gates on October 17."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "More importantly, it convinced France to enter the war in alliance with the United States, openly providing money, soldiers, and munitions, as well as fighting a naval war worldwide against Britain."}], "Q1277369": [{"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the conflict largely ceased by the Young Turk Revolution, it continued as a low intensity insurgency until the Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the conflict largely ceased by the Young Turk Revolution, it continued as a low intensity insurgency until the Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q657055", "label": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 was a loss that appalled Greeks which led to the dissolution of the Ethniki Eteria, by Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis."}, {"id": "Q708300", "label": "Georgios Theotokis", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 was a loss that appalled Greeks which led to the dissolution of the Ethniki Eteria, by Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis."}], "Q131045530": [{"id": "Q311440", "label": "António Guterres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palestinian Foreign Ministry, Palestinian Football Association, and UN Secretary-General António Guterres were among those condemning the attacks and other actions of the Israeli fans as anti-Arab and anti-Palestinian racism."}, {"id": "Q36756", "label": "Kristallnacht", "section": "Background", "says": "Halsema requested an additional threat assessment from the National Coordinator for Counterterrorism and Security (NCTV), noting increased tensions due to the Gaza war and the upcoming commemoration of the Kristallnacht, but the NCTV found no specific threats."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Local authorities cited concerns over the potential for conflict in various areas, as \"distressing\" incidents targeting minorities—including Jews, Muslims and Palestinians specifically—had occurred before."}], "Q2290814": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1260, Hulagu Khan had invaded the Middle East to Palestine."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "Before he could follow up with an invasion of Egypt, he was called back to Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q244356", "label": "Battle of Ain Jalut", "section": "Background", "says": "This army was defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut and the Mongols were expelled from Palestine and Syria."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "Hulagu returned with another force, but his invasion was permanently delayed after his cousin Berke of the Golden Horde (who had converted to Islam) secretly allied with the Mamluks and instigated a civil war in the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "Background", "says": "After recovering the Levant, the Mamluks went on to invade the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, both Mongol protectorates, but they were defeated, forcing them back to Syria."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "Background", "says": "After recovering the Levant, the Mamluks went on to invade the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, both Mongol protectorates, but they were defeated, forcing them back to Syria."}, {"id": "Q293505", "label": "Al-Nasir Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sultan of Egypt Al-Nasir Muhammad who was in Syria at the time marched with an army of 20,000 to 30,000 Mamluks (more, according to other sources) northwards from Damascus until he met the Mongols two to three Arab farsakhs (6–9 miles) north-east of Homs at Wadi al-Khaznadar on 22 December 1299 at 5 o'clock in the morning."}], "Q2292026": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in the pass of the same name, modern Trayanovi Vrata, in Sofia Province, Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest defeat of the Byzantines under Emperor Basil II."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "One of the reasons for the ten years of inaction was the policy of one of the strongest nobles in Byzantium, Basil Lekapenos, who de facto ruled the Byzantine Empire in the first years of Basil II's reign."}, {"id": "Q744590", "label": "Bardas Skleros", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During that time, the main objective of the government in Constantinople was to crush the rebellion of the military commander Bardas Skleros in Asia Minor between 976 and 979."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "After the fall of Preslav and the north-eastern areas of the Bulgarian Empire his main priority became the war against the Arabs in Syria, which gave the Bulgarians time to prepare for a long struggle from the center of the remaining parts of the Empire around the Ohrid and Prespa Lakes."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Between 982 and 986 the Bulgarians occupied the main city of Thessaly (in modern Greece), Larissa."}], "Q23058648": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests against Donald Trump have occurred in the United States and internationally, mostly after his entry into the 2016 presidential campaign."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2026, large Hands off Greenland protests against Trump took place in several countries in response to Trump's desire to annex Greenland."}], "Q2337526": [{"id": "Q60252", "label": "Alexander von Kluck", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of the Aisne (French: 1ère Bataille de l'Aisne) was the Allied follow-up offensive against the right wing of the German First Army (led by Alexander von Kluck) and the Second Army (led by Karl von Bülow) as they retreated after the First Battle of the Marne earlier in September 1914."}, {"id": "Q61030", "label": "Karl von Bülow", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of the Aisne (French: 1ère Bataille de l'Aisne) was the Allied follow-up offensive against the right wing of the German First Army (led by Alexander von Kluck) and the Second Army (led by Karl von Bülow) as they retreated after the First Battle of the Marne earlier in September 1914."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of the Aisne (French: 1ère Bataille de l'Aisne) was the Allied follow-up offensive against the right wing of the German First Army (led by Alexander von Kluck) and the Second Army (led by Karl von Bülow) as they retreated after the First Battle of the Marne earlier in September 1914."}], "Q2338771": [{"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan War (205–200 BC) was fought by King Philip V of Macedon, the Aetolian League, many Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna were the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens, and Knossos."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan War (205–200 BC) was fought by King Philip V of Macedon, the Aetolian League, many Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna were the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens, and Knossos."}, {"id": "Q110745", "label": "Attalus I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan War (205–200 BC) was fought by King Philip V of Macedon, the Aetolian League, many Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna were the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens, and Knossos."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Macedonians had just concluded the First Macedonian War and Philip, seeing his chance to defeat Rhodes, formed an alliance with Aetolian and Spartan pirates who began raiding Rhodian ships."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "To help achieve his goal, he formed an alliance with the King of the Seleucid Empire, Antiochus the Great, against Ptolemy V of Egypt (the Seleucid Empire and Egypt were the other two Diadochi states)."}, {"id": "Q679600", "label": "Treaty of Phoenice", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 205 BC, the First Macedonian War came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Phoenice, under the terms of which the Macedonians were not allowed to expand westwards."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rome, meanwhile, was preoccupied with Carthage, and Philip hoped to take advantage of this to seize control of the Greek world."}], "Q2345536": [{"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty, the Venetian Republic lost influence over its Dalmatian holdings in exchange for ending hostilities with Louis I of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The other cities in the Dalmatian region were suffering from tug of war between the Venetians and the Hungarians and Croatians, but Ragusa, which was held by Venice, was growing into an economic power house by exploiting its position between the west and the mineral-rich Kingdoms of Serbia and Bosnia and its broader location between Europe and the Levant."}], "Q2346983": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kumanovo (Serbian: Кумановска битка / Kumanovska bitka, Turkish: Kumanova Muharebesi), on 23–24 October 1912, was a major battle of the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q313133", "label": "Radomir Putnik", "section": "Background", "says": "The Serbian Commander-in-Chief was General Radomir Putnik."}, {"id": "Q640347", "label": "Stepa Stepanović", "section": "Background", "says": "Second Army, under Stepa Stepanović, composed of one Serbian and one Bulgarian division (74,000 men), deployed in the area around Kyustendil, was assigned to the easternmost attack, with the objective of attacking the right flank of the enemy."}, {"id": "Q1279640", "label": "Božidar Janković", "section": "Background", "says": "Third Army, under Božidar Janković, composed of four infantry divisions and one infantry brigade (76,000 men), deployed in two groups, the first one at Toplica and the second one at Medveđa, was assigned to the westernmost attack, with the task to take Kosovo and then move south to attack the left flank of the enemy."}, {"id": "Q57760", "label": "Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the initial Ottoman plan, created by Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, the Ottoman forces in Macedonia would stay in defense and, if necessary, retreat to Albania."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the initial Ottoman plan, created by Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, the Ottoman forces in Macedonia would stay in defense and, if necessary, retreat to Albania."}, {"id": "Q680301", "label": "Nazim Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Nazim Pasha, the newly appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman army, decided to surprise the Serbs by taking an offensive in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q27883", "label": "Zeki Kolaç", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman mobilisation in Macedonia was slow, and the Ottoman  Vardar Army, led by Zeki Pasha, had little more than a half of its manpower mobilised when the war started."}], "Q2403418": [{"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "After the May Coup, the throne passed to King Peter I of the Karađorđević dynasty."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup had a significant influence on Serbia's relations with other European powers; the Obrenović dynasty had mostly allied with Austria-Hungary, while the Karađorđević dynasty had close ties with both the Russia and France."}, {"id": "Q310650", "label": "Schaumburg-Lippe", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the pretext of negotiating his marriage to the German Princess Alexandra Caroline zu Schaumburg-Lippe, sister of Queen Charlotte of Württemberg, Alexander sent his father to Karlsbad and Prime Minister Đorđević to Marienbad to sign a contract with Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q255820", "label": "Draga Mašin", "section": "Background", "says": "As soon as he removed the opponents, Alexander was able to announce his engagement to Draga Mašin."}], "Q241110": [{"id": "Q2080397", "label": "Battle of Syracuse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Passaro (also known as the Battle of Avola or the Battle of Syracuse) was a naval battle fought on 11–12 August 1718 between a Royal Navy fleet under Admiral Sir George Byng and a fleet of the Spanish Navy under Lieutenant-general José Antonio de Gaztañeta."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the most significant naval action of the War of the Quadruple Alliance and resulted in a decisive victory for the British fleet, with the Spanish losing seven ships of the line and six frigates in a single day."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 April 1713, after the War of the Spanish Succession, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Provinces, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 April 1713, after the War of the Spanish Succession, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Provinces, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 April 1713, after the War of the Spanish Succession, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Provinces, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 April 1713, after the War of the Spanish Succession, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Provinces, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 April 1713, after the War of the Spanish Succession, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Provinces, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 April 1713, after the War of the Spanish Succession, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Provinces, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "It marked the end of the Spanish Empire in Europe, as the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan and Sardinia were ceded to Austria, the Kingdom of Sicily to Savoy, Prussian Guelders to the Kingdom of Prussia, and Minorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "It marked the end of the Spanish Empire in Europe, as the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan and Sardinia were ceded to Austria, the Kingdom of Sicily to Savoy, Prussian Guelders to the Kingdom of Prussia, and Minorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "It marked the end of the Spanish Empire in Europe, as the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan and Sardinia were ceded to Austria, the Kingdom of Sicily to Savoy, Prussian Guelders to the Kingdom of Prussia, and Minorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "It marked the end of the Spanish Empire in Europe, as the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan and Sardinia were ceded to Austria, the Kingdom of Sicily to Savoy, Prussian Guelders to the Kingdom of Prussia, and Minorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "France had succeeded in placing a king of her own royal house on a neighbouring throne, but the ambitions expressed in the wars of Louis XIV had been defeated and the European system based on the balance of power largely directed by Britain was preserved."}, {"id": "Q539927", "label": "Giulio Alberoni", "section": "Background", "says": "The major political figure Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, who had come from the Duchy of Parma, proceeded to reorganise the royal administration."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "France, under the weakness of Philip of Orleans agreed, and it was proposed to modify the Treaty of Utrecht and force Victor Amadeus II of Savoy to exchange Sicily for Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q385148", "label": "Count Wirich Philipp von Daun", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As Victor Amadeus II of Savoy had agreed to surrender Sicily to the Emperor, the Austrian Viceroy of Naples, Wirich Philipp von Daun, asked Byng to transport 2,000 German infantry under General Wetzel to the citadel of Messina."}], "Q2436825": [{"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish coup of July 1936 was a military uprising against the Second Spanish Republic launched on 17–18 July 1936 by a coalition of conservative, monarchist, and far-right officers and civilians."}, {"id": "Q352918", "label": "Emilio Mola", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned chiefly by Generals Emilio Mola and José Sanjurjo and joined by Francisco Franco, it was intended to overthrow the Popular Front government and replace it with an authoritarian regime."}, {"id": "Q436763", "label": "José Sanjurjo", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned chiefly by Generals Emilio Mola and José Sanjurjo and joined by Francisco Franco, it was intended to overthrow the Popular Front government and replace it with an authoritarian regime."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned chiefly by Generals Emilio Mola and José Sanjurjo and joined by Francisco Franco, it was intended to overthrow the Popular Front government and replace it with an authoritarian regime."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead of securing a rapid transfer of power, the coup only partially succeeded and precipitated the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Carlists and Alfonsist monarchists continued to prepare and received the backing of Benito Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q57681", "label": "José Antonio Primo de Rivera", "section": "Background", "says": "Monarchists, however, turned their attention to the fascist Falange Española, led by José Antonio Primo de Rivera."}, {"id": "Q451370", "label": "Alejandro Lerroux", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1935, a new government under prime minister Alejandro Lerroux saw CEDA increasing its share of ministries to five, with Gil-Robles becoming minister of war."}], "Q2470109": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "Pax Nicephori, Latin for the \"Peace of Nicephorus\", is a term used to refer to both a peace treaty of 803, tentatively concluded between emperors Charlemagne, of the Frankish empire, and Nikephoros I, of the Byzantine Empire, and the outcome of negotiations that took place between the same parties, but were concluded by successor emperors, between 811 and 814."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "lead", "says": "Pax Nicephori, Latin for the \"Peace of Nicephorus\", is a term used to refer to both a peace treaty of 803, tentatively concluded between emperors Charlemagne, of the Frankish empire, and Nikephoros I, of the Byzantine Empire, and the outcome of negotiations that took place between the same parties, but were concluded by successor emperors, between 811 and 814."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Pax Nicephori, Latin for the \"Peace of Nicephorus\", is a term used to refer to both a peace treaty of 803, tentatively concluded between emperors Charlemagne, of the Frankish empire, and Nikephoros I, of the Byzantine Empire, and the outcome of negotiations that took place between the same parties, but were concluded by successor emperors, between 811 and 814."}], "Q2478491": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Messana in 264 BC was the first military clash between the Roman Republic and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the start of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek historian Polybius states in Book One of The Histories: \"Even after long consideration, the (Roman) Senate did not approve the proposal to send help to Messana; they took the view that any advantage which would result from relieving the place would be counterbalanced by the inconsistency of such an action."}, {"id": "Q5759145", "label": "Appius Claudius", "section": "Background", "says": "When his decree had been passed by the people, one of the consuls, Appius Claudius, was appointed to command an expedition, and was given orders to cross to Messana.\"\nAfter this, the Mamertines forced the Punic garrison out of Messana and invited the Roman force into the city."}, {"id": "Q1164281", "label": "Mamertines", "section": "Background", "says": "When his decree had been passed by the people, one of the consuls, Appius Claudius, was appointed to command an expedition, and was given orders to cross to Messana.\"\nAfter this, the Mamertines forced the Punic garrison out of Messana and invited the Roman force into the city."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Carthaginians crucified the garrison commander, Hanno (not the son of Hannibal), on his return to Carthage for what was regarded as his cowardice and lack of judgement in leaving Messana."}], "Q2536997": [{"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shelon (Russian: Шелонская битва, romanized: Shelonskaya bitva) was a decisive battle between the forces of the Grand Principality of Moscow under Ivan III (r."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "1462–1505) and the Novgorod Republic, which took place on the Shelon River on 14 July 1471."}, {"id": "Q4536370", "label": "Treaty of Yazhelbitsy", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Novgorod's invitation of the Lithuanian prince Mikhailo Olelkovich, Ivan III accused Novgorod of betraying the Orthodox faith and violating the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy, signed in 1456."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Novgorod Republic traditionally recognized the authority of the Russian grand princes, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania extended its influence in Novgorod in the early 15th century under Vytautas, who resorted to diplomacy and the threat of war instead of direct military confrontation."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Novgorod Republic traditionally recognized the authority of the Russian grand princes, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania extended its influence in Novgorod in the early 15th century under Vytautas, who resorted to diplomacy and the threat of war instead of direct military confrontation."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations between Novgorod and Lithuania improved under Casimir IV Jagiellon, during whose reign several Lithuanian princes were sent for kormleniye ('feeding')."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations between Novgorod and Lithuania improved under Casimir IV Jagiellon, during whose reign several Lithuanian princes were sent for kormleniye ('feeding')."}, {"id": "Q210359", "label": "Vasily II of Moscow", "section": "Background", "says": "Grand Duke Casimir IV and Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow signed treaties in 1449 that delineated their spheres of influence, with Casimir recognizing the republics of Pskov and Novgorod as dependencies of the Grand Principality of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q4288097", "label": "Muscovite Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Muscovite Civil War, the Novgorodian authorities sympathized with Dmitry Shemyaka."}], "Q2576016": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anastasian War was fought from 502 to 506 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anastasian War was fought from 502 to 506 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q244071", "label": "Kavad I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Persian king Kavad I needed money to pay his debts to the Hephthalites who had helped him regain his throne in 498/499."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Persian king Kavad I needed money to pay his debts to the Hephthalites who had helped him regain his throne in 498/499."}, {"id": "Q173470", "label": "Anastasius I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When the Roman emperor Anastasius I refused to provide any help, Kavad tried to gain the money by force."}], "Q25995756": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 July 2016, a twin bombing occurred in the vicinity of Deh Mazang square in Kabul, capital of Afghanistan, when Enlightenment Movement protesters, mostly from the Hazara ethnic group, were marching against a decision to bypass their region in the development of the TUTAP mega power project."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The terrorist group Islamic State claimed responsibility; however, the same group later on refused it."}, {"id": "Q172388", "label": "Ashraf Ghani", "section": "lead", "says": "Some Hazara protestors allege that Afghan president Ashraf Ghani was behind the attack."}, {"id": "Q31649", "label": "Abdur Rahman Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Hazaras have been subject to discrimination and genocides since the establishment of the current Afghan state by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1919."}], "Q2602809": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt was a failed coup attempt in Estonia on 1 December 1924, conducted by the Comintern, and staged by the Communist Party of Estonia and Bolsheviks who in most part had been infiltrated from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "Background", "says": "The incapacity and death of Vladimir Lenin (21 January 1924) triggered a struggle for power between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "Background", "says": "The incapacity and death of Vladimir Lenin (21 January 1924) triggered a struggle for power between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "The incapacity and death of Vladimir Lenin (21 January 1924) triggered a struggle for power between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin."}], "Q2604642": [{"id": "Q1988505", "label": "Great Famine of 1315–1317", "section": "lead", "says": "The events of the Crisis include the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death of 1347–1351, which caused very high mortality across the region."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The events of the Crisis include the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death of 1347–1351, which caused very high mortality across the region."}, {"id": "Q3044986", "label": "English Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Warfare and popular revolts proliferated across the continent, including the English Wars of the Roses, the French Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, the Hundred Years' War, the Byzantine–Ottoman wars, and the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars."}, {"id": "Q1021160", "label": "Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Warfare and popular revolts proliferated across the continent, including the English Wars of the Roses, the French Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, the Hundred Years' War, the Byzantine–Ottoman wars, and the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Warfare and popular revolts proliferated across the continent, including the English Wars of the Roses, the French Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, the Hundred Years' War, the Byzantine–Ottoman wars, and the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic Church underwent the Western Schism, and the Holy Roman Empire lost much of its central authority following the Great Interregnum (1247–1273), to the advantage of the German princes."}], "Q2620862": [{"id": "Q561414", "label": "Ivan Vyhovskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Konotop or Battle of Sosnivka was fought between a coalition led by the Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks Ivan Vyhovsky and cavalry units of the Russian Tsardom under the command of Semyon Pozharsky and Semyon Lvov, supported by Cossacks of Ivan Bezpaly, on 29 June 1659, near the town of Konotop, Ukraine, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Konotop or Battle of Sosnivka was fought between a coalition led by the Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks Ivan Vyhovsky and cavalry units of the Russian Tsardom under the command of Semyon Pozharsky and Semyon Lvov, supported by Cossacks of Ivan Bezpaly, on 29 June 1659, near the town of Konotop, Ukraine, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This was the time after the death of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, during which many power struggles within the Cossack elite took place."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1656, Russia signed a peace accord in Vilno with Poland in violation of the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, and increased pressure on the Cossack Hetmanate."}, {"id": "Q386038", "label": "Treaty of Hadiach", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As a result, Vyhovsky entered into negotiations with the Poles, and concluded the Treaty of Hadiach on 16 September 1658."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under the planned new treaty three voyevodships of central Ukraine (Kiev, Bratslav and Podilya) were to become an equal constituent nation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth along with Poland and Lithuania under the name of Grand Principality of Rus', forming the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under the planned new treaty three voyevodships of central Ukraine (Kiev, Bratslav and Podilya) were to become an equal constituent nation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth along with Poland and Lithuania under the name of Grand Principality of Rus', forming the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth."}], "Q2633083": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Transylvania was the first major operation of Romania during World War I, beginning on 27 August 1916."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It started as an attempt by the Romanian Army to seize Transylvania, and potentially knock Austria-Hungary out of the war."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Officers from the Romanian General Staff began the planning of a potential invasion of Hungary as early as 1913, following Romania's successful expansion at Bulgaria's expense during the Second Balkan War."}], "Q2656995": [{"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwest Indian War was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory between the United States and a loose confederation of Native American peoples who called themselves the United Indian Nations but are better known today as the Northwestern Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwest Indian War was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory between the United States and a loose confederation of Native American peoples who called themselves the United Indian Nations but are better known today as the Northwestern Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q4186402", "label": "Western Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwest Indian War was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory between the United States and a loose confederation of Native American peoples who called themselves the United Indian Nations but are better known today as the Northwestern Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q849680", "label": "American Indian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States Army considers the conflict to be the first of the American Indian Wars."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "Four years after the confederacy was formed, the Constitution of the United States went into effect; George Washington was sworn in as president, which made him the commander-in-chief of all U.S. military forces."}, {"id": "Q574116", "label": "Anthony Wayne", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to rebuild the U.S."}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "lead", "says": "He proceeded to lead a methodical campaign up the Great Miami and Maumee river valleys in the Ohio Country before leading the Legion to a decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near the Lake Erie in 1794."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "lead", "says": "Wayne subsequently established Fort Wayne at the Miami capital of Kekionga, and the defeated Northwestern Confederacy was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, to the US in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The war confirmed American control over the Northwest Territory, although the region would be invaded by British forces during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the French and Indian War (1754–1763), France lost control of its North American colonies to Great Britain including the region south of the Great Lakes known as the Ohio and Illinois countries."}, {"id": "Q179077", "label": "Pontiac's War", "section": "Background", "says": "That year, a confederation of Natives launched Pontiac's War, an effort to drive the British away."}, {"id": "Q246501", "label": "Treaty of Fort Stanwix", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1768, British officials negotiated the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with the Iroquois, who claimed sovereignty over the Ohio Country."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1768, British officials negotiated the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with the Iroquois, who claimed sovereignty over the Ohio Country."}, {"id": "Q2632175", "label": "Dunmore's War", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, the Shawnees fought and lost Lord Dunmore's War in 1774 with only a few Mingo allies, and they were compelled to assent to the Ohio River boundary between the colonies and Native lands."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Natives allied with the British in the western theater of the American Revolutionary War, seeking to drive out American settlers."}], "Q2736986": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karnal (Persian: نبرد کرنال) (24 February 1739) was a decisive victory for Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, during his invasion of India."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the overwhelming defeat of the Mughal Empire at Karnal, the already-declining Mughal dynasty was critically weakened to such an extent as to hasten its demise."}], "Q2791318": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q2668631", "label": "Archibald James Murray", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q388581", "label": "Second Battle of Gaza", "section": "lead", "says": "This British defeat was followed a few weeks later by the even more emphatic defeat of the Eastern Force at the Second Battle of Gaza in April 1917."}, {"id": "Q2382729", "label": "Raid on the Suez Canal", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1916, the EEF victory at Romani ended the possibility of land-based attacks on the Suez Canal, first threatened in February 1915 by the Ottoman Raid on the Suez Canal."}, {"id": "Q2889191", "label": "Battle of Magdhaba", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1916, the newly created Desert Column's victory at the Battle of Magdhaba secured the Mediterranean port of El Arish and the supply route, water pipeline and railway stretching eastwards across the Sinai Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q3467730", "label": "Battle of Rafa", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1917, the victory of the Desert Column at the Battle of Rafa completed the capture of the Sinai Peninsula and brought the EEF within striking distance of Gaza."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "They bombed Beersheba and the Palestine railway at Tel esh Sheria 12 miles (19 km) to the northwest."}], "Q2888408": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dhu Qar (Arabic: يوم ذي قار), also known as the War of the Camel's Udder, was a pre-Islamic battle fought between Arab tribes and the Persian Sasanian Empire in Southern Iraq between 604 and 611 AD."}, {"id": "Q943191", "label": "Lakhmids", "section": "Background", "says": "Seeking direct control over Arabia, the Persians deposed the Lakhmids in 602 AD."}], "Q298864": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Neapolitan War, also known as the Austro-Neapolitan War, was a conflict between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "It started on 15 March 1815, when King Joachim Murat declared war on Austria, and ended on 20 May 1815, with the signing of the Treaty of Casalanza."}, {"id": "Q666989", "label": "Treaty of Casalanza", "section": "lead", "says": "It started on 15 March 1815, when King Joachim Murat declared war on Austria, and ended on 20 May 1815, with the signing of the Treaty of Casalanza."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "lead", "says": "The war occurred during the Hundred Days between Napoleon's return from exile and before he left Paris to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "The war occurred during the Hundred Days between Napoleon's return from exile and before he left Paris to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q1359641", "label": "Battle of Tolentino", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was triggered by a pro-Napoleon uprising in Naples and ended with a decisive Austrian victory at the Battle of Tolentino, after which Bourbon monarch Ferdinand IV was reinstated as King of Naples and Sicily."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the French Revolutionary Wars the Kingdom of Naples was ruled by Bourbon King Ferdinand IV."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand was a natural opponent of Napoleon and was allied with the Third Coalition against him."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand was a natural opponent of Napoleon and was allied with the Third Coalition against him."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the Treaty of Pressburg, Ferdinand was forced to cede Naples to the French in early 1806."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, ruled Naples."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Background", "says": "Then in 1808, Joseph was installed by Napoleon as King of Spain which led to the Peninsular War, and Napoleon installed his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat, as King of Naples."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "As defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition loomed, Murat increasingly moved away from a hapless Napoleon, eventually signing a treaty with Austria in January 1814 and joining the Allied side."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "But as the Congress of Vienna progressed, Murat's position became less and less secure as there was growing support to restore Ferdinand to the throne."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The most vocal of all Murat's opponents was the United Kingdom, which had never recognized Murat's claim to the throne and, moreover, had been guarding Ferdinand in Sicily, ensuring he retained the Sicilian throne."}], "Q303438": [{"id": "Q1501025", "label": "Utah War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mountain Meadows Massacre (September 7–11, 1857) was a series of attacks during the Utah War that resulted in the mass murder of at least 120 members of the Baker–Fancher wagon train."}, {"id": "Q128026", "label": "Utah Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre occurred in the southern Utah Territory at Mountain Meadows, and was perpetrated by settlers from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) involved with the Utah Territorial Militia (officially called the Nauvoo Legion)."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre occurred in the southern Utah Territory at Mountain Meadows, and was perpetrated by settlers from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) involved with the Utah Territorial Militia (officially called the Nauvoo Legion)."}], "Q3118964": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian Civil War (Italian: Guerra civile italiana, pronounced [ˈɡwɛrra tʃiˈviːle itaˈljaːna]) was a civil war in the Kingdom of Italy fought during the Italian campaign of World War II between Italian fascists (supported by the Axis powers) and Italian partisans (mostly politically organized in the National Liberation Committee) and, to a lesser extent, the Italian Co-belligerent Army."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Italian fascists were soldiers or supporters of the Italian Social Republic, a collaborationist puppet state created under the direction of Nazi Germany during its occupation of Italy."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Italian fascists were soldiers or supporters of the Italian Social Republic, a collaborationist puppet state created under the direction of Nazi Germany during its occupation of Italy."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian Civil War lasted from around 8 September 1943 (the date of the Armistice of Cassibile, between Italy and the Allies) to 2 May 1945 (the date of the Surrender at Caserta)."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The event that later gave rise to the Italian Civil War was the deposition and arrest of Benito Mussolini on 25 July 1943 by King Victor Emmanuel III, after which Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, ending its war with the Allies."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The event that later gave rise to the Italian Civil War was the deposition and arrest of Benito Mussolini on 25 July 1943 by King Victor Emmanuel III, after which Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, ending its war with the Allies."}, {"id": "Q714259", "label": "Operation Achse", "section": "lead", "says": "However, German forces began occupying Italy immediately prior to the armistice, through Operation Achse, and then invaded and occupied Italy on a larger scale after the armistice, taking control of northern and central Italy and creating the Italian Social Republic (RSI), with Mussolini installed as leader after he was rescued by German paratroopers in the Gran Sasso raid."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-fascist victory led to the execution of Mussolini, the liberation of the country from dictatorship, and the birth of the Italian Republic under the control of the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories, which was operational unt"}, {"id": "Q310158", "label": "Palmiro Togliatti", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, in the memory of the partisan fighters, especially those of communist and socialist inspiration, the memory of the Biennio Rosso and of the violent struggles against the fascist squads in the period 1919–1922, considered by some exponents of the left-wing parties (among which Palmiro Togliatti himself) a true \"civil war\" in defence of the popular classes against the reactionary forces"}, {"id": "Q176919", "label": "Severino Di Giovanni", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 March on Rome, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 March on Rome, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community."}, {"id": "Q468823", "label": "March on Rome", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 March on Rome, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community."}, {"id": "Q192348", "label": "Benedetto Croce", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian liberal anti-fascist Benedetto Croce wrote his Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals, which was published in 1925."}, {"id": "Q611927", "label": "Carlo Rosselli", "section": "Background", "says": "Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were Piero Gobetti and Carlo Rosselli."}, {"id": "Q267304", "label": "Giacomo Matteotti", "section": "Background", "says": "After the murder of the socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti (1924) and the decisive assumption of responsibility by Mussolini, the process of totalitarianization of the State began in the Kingdom of Italy, which will give rise to ever greater control and severe persecution of opponents, at risk of imprisonment and confinement."}], "Q3142505": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q79972", "label": "James VI and I", "section": "lead", "says": "Conflict over the role of Parliament and religious practice dated from the accession of James VI and I in 1603."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "He hoped by doing so to obtain funding that would enable him to reverse his defeat by Scots Covenanters in the Bishops' Wars, but in return Parliament demanded a greater share in government than he was willing to concede."}, {"id": "Q326417", "label": "Battle of Marston Moor", "section": "lead", "says": "Royalist successes in 1643 led to an alliance between Parliament and the Scots, who won a series of battles in 1644, the most significant being the Battle of Marston Moor."}, {"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, his refusal to agree to concessions, combined with divisions among his opponents, led to the Second English Civil War in 1648, followed by his execution in January 1649."}], "Q3182543": [{"id": "Q298041", "label": "Kārlis Ulmanis", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1934 Latvian coup d'état (Latvian: 1934. gada 15. maija apvērsums) known in Latvia also as the 15 May Coup (15. maija apvērsums) or Ulmanis' Coup (Ulmaņa apvērsums), was a self-coup by the veteran Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis against the parliamentary system in Latvia."}, {"id": "Q382253", "label": "Alberts Kviesis", "section": "lead", "says": "The incumbent President of Latvia Alberts Kviesis, who was from Ulmanis’ Latvian Farmers' Union, accepted the coup and served out the rest of his term until 10 April 1936."}, {"id": "Q299114", "label": "Konstantin Päts", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, Ulmanis created state-controlled Chambers of Professions, based on the corporatist models of the authoritarian regimes of Konstantin Päts in Estonia and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, Ulmanis created state-controlled Chambers of Professions, based on the corporatist models of the authoritarian regimes of Konstantin Päts in Estonia and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, Ulmanis created state-controlled Chambers of Professions, based on the corporatist models of the authoritarian regimes of Konstantin Päts in Estonia and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal."}], "Q327150": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Norman wars were a series of military conflicts between the Normans and the Byzantine Empire fought from c."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "1040 to 1186 involving the Norman-led Kingdom of Sicily in the west, and the Principality of Antioch in the Levant."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "1040 to 1186 involving the Norman-led Kingdom of Sicily in the west, and the Principality of Antioch in the Levant."}], "Q339052": [{"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Großbeeren occurred on 23 August 1813 in neighboring Blankenfelde and Sputendorf between the Prussian III Corps under Friedrich von Bülow and the Franco-Saxon VII Corps under Jean Reynier."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon had hoped to drive the Prussians out of the Sixth Coalition by capturing their capital, but the swamps south of Berlin combined with rain and marshal Nicolas Oudinot's ill health all contributed to the French defeat."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Battle of Bautzen, in May 1813, during the War of the Sixth Coalition, both sides agreed to a seven-week truce to plan and better prepare."}, {"id": "Q156373", "label": "Nicolas Oudinot", "section": "Prelude", "says": "For this task, he chose one of his bravest and best commanders, Marshal Nicolas Oudinot, to lead the offensive."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Initially, Bernadotte felt that Berlin was not defensible against a large French attack due to the lack of natural barriers to the south of the city and the danger to his line of retreat to Swedish Pomerania in the event Napoleon made the attack against Berlin his main effort."}], "Q339159": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Borneo was the successful campaign by the Empire of Japan for control of British Borneo and Dutch Borneo."}], "Q3621718": [{"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab–Khazar wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Khazar Khaganate and successive Arab caliphates in the Caucasus region from c."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars were a result of attempts by the nascent Rashidun Caliphate to secure control of the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) and North Caucasus, where the Khazars were already established since the late 6th century."}, {"id": "Q7054713", "label": "North Caucasian Huns", "section": "lead", "says": "Large-scale hostilities then ceased for several decades, apart from raids by the Khazars and North Caucasian Huns on the autonomous principalities of the South Caucasus during the 660s and 680s."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict between the Khazars and the Arabs (now under the Umayyad Caliphate) resumed after 707 with occasional raids back and forth across the Caucasus Mountains, intensifying after 721 into a full-scale war."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Maslama then recovered Derbent, which became a major Arab military outpost and colony, before he was replaced by Marwan ibn Muhammad (the future caliph Marwan II) in 732."}, {"id": "Q128371", "label": "Marwan II", "section": "lead", "says": "Maslama then recovered Derbent, which became a major Arab military outpost and colony, before he was replaced by Marwan ibn Muhammad (the future caliph Marwan II) in 732."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background and motives", "says": "To an extent, the Arab–Khazar wars were also linked to the long-lasting struggle of the Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire along the eastern fringes of Anatolia (a theatre of war which adjoined the Caucasus)."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "Background and motives", "says": "The Byzantine emperors pursued close relations with the Khazars which amounted to an alliance for most of the period in question, including the marriage of emperor Justinian II (r."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "Background and motives", "says": "685–695, 705–711) to Khazar princess Theodora in 705."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "Background and motives", "says": "Byzantium profited from the diversion of Muslim armies northwards during the 720s and 730s, and the Byzantine–Khazar entente resulted in another marriage alliance between future emperor Constantine V (r."}], "Q3772246": [{"id": "Q3326429", "label": "mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1859, a brawl occurred between Druze and Maronites in the Metn area in the Christian sector of the Qaimaqamate (more about the events in Beit Meri at \"Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate: 1860 civil war\")."}], "Q379346": [{"id": "Q11869", "label": "William Henry Harrison", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tippecanoe ( TIP-ə-kə-NOO) was fought on November 7, 1811, in Battle Ground, Indiana, between American forces led by then Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and tribal forces associated with Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as \"The Prophet\"), leaders of a confederacy of various tribes who opposed European-American settlement of"}, {"id": "Q777763", "label": "Indiana Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tippecanoe ( TIP-ə-kə-NOO) was fought on November 7, 1811, in Battle Ground, Indiana, between American forces led by then Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and tribal forces associated with Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as \"The Prophet\"), leaders of a confederacy of various tribes who opposed European-American settlement of"}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tippecanoe ( TIP-ə-kə-NOO) was fought on November 7, 1811, in Battle Ground, Indiana, between American forces led by then Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and tribal forces associated with Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as \"The Prophet\"), leaders of a confederacy of various tribes who opposed European-American settlement of"}, {"id": "Q254682", "label": "Tenskwatawa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tippecanoe ( TIP-ə-kə-NOO) was fought on November 7, 1811, in Battle Ground, Indiana, between American forces led by then Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and tribal forces associated with Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as \"The Prophet\"), leaders of a confederacy of various tribes who opposed European-American settlement of"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Tecumseh was not yet ready to oppose the United States by force and was away recruiting allies when Harrison's army arrived."}, {"id": "Q505146", "label": "Joseph Brant", "section": "Background", "says": "The previous generation Mohawk leader Joseph Brant advocated a similar philosophy and called for unification of tribes."}, {"id": "Q735235", "label": "Charles Scott", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Harrison thought that Tecumseh's warriors were \"the finest light infantry troops in the world,\" and later wrote to Charles Scott that the confederation was better armed than most of his own force."}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition to muskets, knives, tomahawks, and clubs, Tecumseh's forces were armed with spears in order to repel bayonet charges, which the U.S. used effectively at the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers."}], "Q39040": [{"id": "Q313320", "label": "Akechi Mitsuhide", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Honnō-ji Incident, Akechi Mitsuhide, a retainer of Oda Nobunaga, attacked Nobunaga as he rested in Honnō-ji, and forced him to commit seppuku."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Honnō-ji Incident, Akechi Mitsuhide, a retainer of Oda Nobunaga, attacked Nobunaga as he rested in Honnō-ji, and forced him to commit seppuku."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirteen days later, Oda's forces under Toyotomi Hideyoshi met Mitsuhide at Yamazaki and defeated him, avenging his lord (Nobunaga) and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself."}, {"id": "Q2900560", "label": "Niwa Nagahide", "section": "Background", "says": "Niwa Nagahide and Oda Nobutaka joined him as he passed through Osaka."}], "Q422376": [{"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tempest or Operation Burza (Polish: akcja „Burza”, sometimes referred to in English as \"Operation Storm\") was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II against occupying German forces by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, abbreviated AK), the dominant force in the Polish resistance."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tempest or Operation Burza (Polish: akcja „Burza”, sometimes referred to in English as \"Operation Storm\") was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II against occupying German forces by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, abbreviated AK), the dominant force in the Polish resistance."}, {"id": "Q116080", "label": "Polish Underground State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish Underground State hoped to take power before the Soviets arrived."}], "Q426926": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "July 18–20] 1656, between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden and Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a major battle in the Second Northern War between Poland and Sweden in the period 1655–1660, also known as The Deluge."}, {"id": "Q152727", "label": "Frederick William of Brandenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The allied armies of Sweden and Brandenburg, commanded by King Charles X of Sweden and Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg, were only 18,000 or 20,000 strong, comprising 12,500 cavalry (60 squadrons), and 5,500 infantry (15 brigades), which included 8,500 Brandenburg men."}], "Q430053": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 in an alliance of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne against the United States."}, {"id": "Q205422", "label": "Battle of the Little Bighorn", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn – often known as Custer's Last Stand and the most storied of the many encounters between the US Army and mounted Plains Indians."}, {"id": "Q2060306", "label": "Red Cloud's War", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1860 on, the Cheyenne were a major force in warfare on the Plains. \"No other group on the plains achieved such centralized tribal organization and authority.\" The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, signed with the US by Lakota and Northern Cheyenne leaders following Red Cloud's War, set aside a portion of the Lakota territory as the Great Sioux Reservation."}], "Q430700": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The massacre was not unusual in Belarus during World War II."}], "Q473862": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On November 5, 2009, a mass shooting took place at Fort Hood near Killeen, Texas, United States."}], "Q495446": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The No Gun Ri massacre was a mass killing of South Korean civilian refugees by United States military air and ground forces near the village of Nogeun-ri (노근리) in central South Korea from July 26 to 29, 1950, during the US Army's retreat in the early phase of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The No Gun Ri massacre was a mass killing of South Korean civilian refugees by United States military air and ground forces near the village of Nogeun-ri (노근리) in central South Korea from July 26 to 29, 1950, during the US Army's retreat in the early phase of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The No Gun Ri massacre was a mass killing of South Korean civilian refugees by United States military air and ground forces near the village of Nogeun-ri (노근리) in central South Korea from July 26 to 29, 1950, during the US Army's retreat in the early phase of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "Then-President Bill Clinton issued a statement of regret, adding the next day that \"things happened which were wrong\", but survivors' demands for an apology and compensation were rejected."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The division of Japan's former Korean colony into two zones at the end of World War II led to years of border skirmishing between U.S.-allied South Korea (the \"Republic of Korea\") and Soviet-allied North Korea (\"Democratic People's Republic of Korea\")."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "The division of Japan's former Korean colony into two zones at the end of World War II led to years of border skirmishing between U.S.-allied South Korea (the \"Republic of Korea\") and Soviet-allied North Korea (\"Democratic People's Republic of Korea\")."}], "Q505699": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first Dutch victory during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Groningen province of the Spanish Netherlands was invaded by an army consisting of 3,900 infantry, led by Louis of Nassau, and 200 cavalry, led by Adolf of Nassau."}, {"id": "Q700300", "label": "Louis of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Groningen province of the Spanish Netherlands was invaded by an army consisting of 3,900 infantry, led by Louis of Nassau, and 200 cavalry, led by Adolf of Nassau."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Both of them were brothers of William I of Orange."}, {"id": "Q701367", "label": "Battle of Jemmingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The invading force, however, did not capture any cities and was soon defeated at the Battle of Jemmingen."}], "Q542169": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Deulino (also known as Peace or Treaty of Dywilino) concluded the Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Deulino (also known as Peace or Treaty of Dywilino) concluded the Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "Władysław IV, son of Commonwealth king Sigismund III Vasa, refused to relinquish his claim to the throne in Moscow."}, {"id": "Q1140492", "label": "Smolensk War", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore, in 1632, when the Truce of Deulino expired and Sigismund III died, hostilities were immediately resumed in the course of a conflict known as the Smolensk War, which ended in the Treaty of Polyanovka in 1634."}, {"id": "Q1383153", "label": "Treaty of Polyanovka", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore, in 1632, when the Truce of Deulino expired and Sigismund III died, hostilities were immediately resumed in the course of a conflict known as the Smolensk War, which ended in the Treaty of Polyanovka in 1634."}], "Q548182": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers of the Third French Republic and Otto von Bismarck of the newly formed German Empire on 26 February 1871."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers of the Third French Republic and Otto von Bismarck of the newly formed German Empire on 26 February 1871."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers of the Third French Republic and Otto von Bismarck of the newly formed German Empire on 26 February 1871."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers of the Third French Republic and Otto von Bismarck of the newly formed German Empire on 26 February 1871."}, {"id": "Q158021", "label": "Treaty of Frankfurt", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ratified by the Treaty of Frankfurt on 10 May of the same year which confirmed the supremacy of the German Empire, replacing France as the dominant military power on the European continent."}, {"id": "Q2358315", "label": "Government of National Defense", "section": "lead", "says": "Paris's governing body, the Government of National Defense had made an armistice, effective from 28 January, by surrendering to the Germans to end the siege of Paris; Jules Favre, a prominent French politician, did so, meeting with Bismarck in Versailles to sign the armistice."}, {"id": "Q923619", "label": "Jules Favre", "section": "lead", "says": "Paris's governing body, the Government of National Defense had made an armistice, effective from 28 January, by surrendering to the Germans to end the siege of Paris; Jules Favre, a prominent French politician, did so, meeting with Bismarck in Versailles to sign the armistice."}], "Q548625": [{"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maiwand (Dari: نبرد میوند, Pashto: د ميوند جگړه) was fought on 27 July 1880 during the Second Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q983046", "label": "Mohammad Ayub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought near the village of Maiwand in Kandahar Province, the battle resulted in an Afghan army of 25,000 regulars and irregulars under Mohammad Ayub Khan defeating a force of 2,476 British and Indian troops under Brigadier-general George Burrows."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the battle proved to be a major setback for the British, they would go on to decisively defeat Ayub Khan at the Battle of Kandahar on 1 September."}], "Q55612707": [{"id": "Q239235", "label": "Louise Arbour", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 March 2017, Louise Arbour was appointed by Secretary-General Guterres as his Special Representative for International Migration and was thus tasked with working with the nations and stakeholders to develop the compact."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "152 countries voted in favor of the resolution to endorse it, while the United States, Hungary, Israel, Czech Republic and Poland voted against it."}], "Q564388": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Defence of the Polish Post Office in Gdańsk (Danzig) was one of the first acts of World War II in Europe, as part of the September Campaign."}, {"id": "Q150812", "label": "1939 Invasion of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 September 1939 the Invasion of Poland was initiated by Germany when the battleship Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the Polish-controlled harbor of Danzig, around 04:45."}], "Q569689": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945) was a military campaign conducted by the Allied air forces during World War II."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting facility was among the most important in the British Empire and included the large King George VI graving dock and Admiralty No.IX floating dry dock."}, {"id": "Q280856", "label": "George VI", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting facility was among the most important in the British Empire and included the large King George VI graving dock and Admiralty No.IX floating dry dock."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Commonwealth forces allocated to Malaya and Singapore were swiftly defeated in the months after the outbreak of the Pacific War, however, and the island was surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942."}], "Q580961": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "The Agacher Strip War (French: Guerre de la Bande d’Agacher), also known as the Christmas War (French: Guerre de Noël), was a brief conflict fought by Burkina Faso and Mali over a 160-kilometre-long (100 mi) strip of land along the border in northern Burkina Faso from 25 to 30 December 1985."}, {"id": "Q202155", "label": "Thomas Sankara", "section": "lead", "says": "Progress on a solution stalled, and in 1983 Burkinabé President Thomas Sankara and Malian President Moussa Traoré decided to have the border dispute settled by the International Court of Justice and subsequently petitioned the body to resolve the issue."}, {"id": "Q313242", "label": "Moussa Traoré", "section": "lead", "says": "Progress on a solution stalled, and in 1983 Burkinabé President Thomas Sankara and Malian President Moussa Traoré decided to have the border dispute settled by the International Court of Justice and subsequently petitioned the body to resolve the issue."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background and border dispute", "says": "The Republic of Upper Volta and the Republic of Mali were granted independence in 1960."}, {"id": "Q314688", "label": "Chadli Bendjedid", "section": "Prelude", "says": "President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid also contacted Sankara and Traoré to encourage a peaceful resolution."}], "Q609013": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tripoli (Arabic: ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻃﺮﺍﺑﻠﺲ ma'arakat Ṭarābulis), sometimes referred to as the Fall of Tripoli (Arabic: سقوط طرابلس suqūt Ṭarābulis), was a military confrontation in Tripoli, Libya, between loyalists of Muammar Gaddafi, the longtime leader of Libya, and the National Transitional Council, which was attempting to overthrow Gaddafi and take control of the capital."}], "Q61042203": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "In the morning of January 27, 2019, two bombs exploded at the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Jolo, Sulu, Philippines."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "It is believed that the Abu Sayyaf militant group carried out the attacks, and the Islamic State claimed responsibility."}, {"id": "Q457786", "label": "Rodrigo Duterte", "section": "lead", "says": "President Rodrigo Duterte responded by issuing an \"all-out war\" directive against the Abu Sayyaf."}, {"id": "Q123665", "label": "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo", "section": "Background", "says": "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, said poverty was also a contributing factor to the bombings as part of the long-time violence in the Mindanao region."}], "Q617350": [{"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) was a military conflict in Southern India between the Sultanate of Mysore and the East India Company, Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore and the Nizam of Hyderabad."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "Background", "says": "Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, and his father Hyder Ali before him, had previously fought twice with the forces of the British East India Company."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "Background", "says": "Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, and his father Hyder Ali before him, had previously fought twice with the forces of the British East India Company."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, and his father Hyder Ali before him, had previously fought twice with the forces of the British East India Company."}, {"id": "Q617070", "label": "First Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Anglo-Mysore War, fought in the 1760s, had ended inconclusively on both sides, with treaty provisions including promises of mutual assistance in future conflicts."}, {"id": "Q233663", "label": "Second Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the British took the French-controlled port of Mahé in 1779, Hyder, who had been receiving military supplies through that port and had placed it under his protection, opened the Second Anglo-Mysore War."}, {"id": "Q333994", "label": "Warren Hastings", "section": "Background", "says": "This war ended with the last British–Indian treaty with an Indian ruler on equal footing, the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore, which restored the status quo ante bellum under terms company officials such as Warren Hastings found extremely unfavourable for the British East India Company."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, unlike the earlier wars, where Tipu and his father confronted the Company, Tipu would now be fighting, in effect, against the British Empire."}], "Q626796": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Taierzhuang (Chinese: 臺兒莊會戰; pinyin: Tái'érzhuāng Huìzhàn) took place during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan at the peak of the Xuzhou Campaign."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan at the peak of the Xuzhou Campaign."}, {"id": "Q80728", "label": "dynamite", "section": "Reasons for the Japanese failure", "says": "Dynamite and grenades were strapped on by Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up."}], "Q632787": [{"id": "Q142529", "label": "Algerian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "An Islamist insurgency is taking place in the Maghreb region of North Africa, followed on from the end of the Algerian Civil War in 2002."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Algerian and other Maghreb governments fighting the militants have worked with the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara began."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Algerian and other Maghreb governments fighting the militants have worked with the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara began."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "While the 2011 Arab Spring affected support for the insurgency, it also presented military opportunities for the jihadists."}, {"id": "Q17354007", "label": "Opération Barkhane", "section": "lead", "says": "They held the territory for almost a year, until being forced out of the urban areas during a French-led foreign intervention, which was succeeded by the Sahel-wide Operation Barkhane."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "In Libya, the Islamic State was able to control some limited territory during the Second Libyan Civil War, amid allegations of local collaboration with its AQIM rival."}], "Q633847": [{"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "Without Chinese acceptance and also for its conflict with the Anglo-Russian Convention, the Government of India regarded the signed bipartite treaty in 1915 as \"for the present invalid\"."}, {"id": "Q353816", "label": "Francis Younghusband", "section": "Background", "says": "British forces, led by Francis Younghusband, militarily intervened in Tibet in 1904 and made a treaty with the Tibetans, the 1904 Lhasa Convention."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "Background", "says": "British forces, led by Francis Younghusband, militarily intervened in Tibet in 1904 and made a treaty with the Tibetans, the 1904 Lhasa Convention."}, {"id": "Q197432", "label": "Zhao Erfeng", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhao Erfeng, who replaced Feng quelled the rebellion using brutal methods."}, {"id": "Q709890", "label": "Tang Shaoyi", "section": "Background", "says": "The British government sought Chinese acceptance of suzerainty over Tibet as part of the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention on Tibet, but was rebuffed by the Chinese envoy Tang Shaoyi, who insisted on China's sovereignty over Tibet."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "However, this was not accepted by the newly founded Republic of China."}], "Q637544": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amphipolis was fought in 422 BC during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q311742", "label": "Brasidas", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 424 BC, in response to the Athenian harassments of the Peloponnese from Pylos and Cythera after the Battle of Pylos, Spartan general Brasidas gained permission to take an army north to attack Athenian holdings in Thrace."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After foiling an Athenian attempt to capture Megara, Brasidas marched his army through Thessaly and linked up with Perdiccas II of Macedon, one of Sparta's northern allies."}, {"id": "Q318426", "label": "Perdiccas II of Macedon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After foiling an Athenian attempt to capture Megara, Brasidas marched his army through Thessaly and linked up with Perdiccas II of Macedon, one of Sparta's northern allies."}], "Q638761": [{"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Every year, on the anniversary of the slaughter and in the presence of the senior officials of the Italian Republic, a solemn state commemoration is held at the monument in honour of the fallen."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Historical background", "says": "On 24 July 1943, the Fascist Grand Council, which the dictator Benito Mussolini had not convened since 1939, met and overwhelmingly voted no confidence in Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The following day, anxious to extricate his country from an unsustainable war, King Victor Emanuel III, the titular head of the Italian state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces under Mussolini, appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio to head a new military government."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Historical background", "says": "On 13 August 1943, Rome was bombed again, and the Badoglio government began secret surrender negotiations with the Allies in Sicily, although still outwardly allied to Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q714259", "label": "Operation Achse", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Germans, anticipating an Italian defection, meanwhile began moving more and more troops into Italy (Operation Achse)."}, {"id": "Q89383", "label": "Otto Skorzeny", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Three days later (on 12 September), Nazi commandos led by Waffen-SS officer Otto Skorzeny, tracked down and rescued Mussolini from his hidden prison in the Gran Sasso and set him up in the puppet regime of the so-called \"Republic of Salò\" in Northern Italy."}], "Q656787": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the last battles fought between the Byzantines and Rashidun Caliphate in the province of Syria."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "Background", "says": "The Rashidun army had decisively won the Battle of the Yarmuk, after which they managed to gain control of the Levant."}], "Q677982": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ascalon took place from 25 January to 22 August 1153, in the time period between the Second and Third Crusades, and resulted in the capture of the Fatimid Egyptian fortress by the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ascalon took place from 25 January to 22 August 1153, in the time period between the Second and Third Crusades, and resulted in the capture of the Fatimid Egyptian fortress by the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Ascalon was an important castle that was used by the Fatimids to launch raids into the Crusader kingdom's territory, and by 1153 it was the last coastal city in Palestine that was not controlled by the Crusaders."}, {"id": "Q146465", "label": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Its capture was a major success for King Baldwin III of Jerusalem and put the Crusaders into a position to invade Egypt."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fatimid Caliphate had been unstable since the assassination of Al-Afdal Shahanshah, the powerful vizier of Egypt, and several of his successors, both caliphs and viziers, were also murdered over the next several decades."}, {"id": "Q551601", "label": "Al-Afdal Shahanshah", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fatimid Caliphate had been unstable since the assassination of Al-Afdal Shahanshah, the powerful vizier of Egypt, and several of his successors, both caliphs and viziers, were also murdered over the next several decades."}, {"id": "Q451427", "label": "Usama ibn Munqidh", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to this the Egyptian vizier Ibn al-Sallar sent Usama ibn Munqidh to make an alliance with Nur ad-Din and organize an attack against the Crusaders, but Nur ad-Din refused, because he was focused on Damascus."}, {"id": "Q232151", "label": "Melisende", "section": "Background", "says": "Baldwin III was the legal heir to the kingdom, but his mother Queen Melisende had been ruling as regent."}, {"id": "Q3111412", "label": "Timurtash", "section": "Background", "says": "Their quarrel was eventually resolved and the kingdom reunited, though not before a Seljuk Turkish prince, Timurtash of Mardin, tried to take advantage of the civil war by attacking towards Jerusalem from Mujir ad-Din's territory."}], "Q682403": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, effective since 1707, brought the Kingdom of England (which already included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland together to be \"United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain\"."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, effective since 1707, brought the Kingdom of England (which already included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland together to be \"United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain\"."}], "Q683341": [{"id": "Q721211", "label": "Prospero Colonna", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined French and Venetian force under Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, was decisively defeated by an Imperial–Spanish and Papal army under the overall command of Prospero Colonna."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "Lautrec then withdrew from Lombardy, leaving the Duchy of Milan in Imperial hands."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is noted chiefly for marking the end of the Swiss dominance among the infantry of the Italian Wars, and of the Swiss method of assaults by massed columns of pikemen without support from other troops."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the start of the war in 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Pope Leo X moved jointly against the Duchy of Milan, the principal French possession in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the start of the war in 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Pope Leo X moved jointly against the Duchy of Milan, the principal French possession in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q378868", "label": "Francesco II Sforza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By January 1522, the French had lost Alessandria, Pavia, and Como; and Francesco II Sforza, bringing further German reinforcements, had slipped past a Venetian force at Bergamo to join Colonna in Milan."}, {"id": "Q728342", "label": "Pedro Navarro, Count of Oliveto", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lautrec had meanwhile been reinforced by the arrival of 16,000 fresh Swiss pikemen and some further Venetian forces, as well as additional companies of French troops under the command of Thomas de Foix-Lescun and Pedro Navarro; he had also secured the services of the condottiere Giovanni de' Medici, who brought his Black Bands into the French service."}], "Q689471": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Albuera (16 May 1811) was a battle during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "From October 1810, Marshal Masséna's French Army of Portugal had been tied down in an increasingly hopeless stand-off against Wellington's Allied forces, safely entrenched in and behind the Lines of Torres Vedras."}, {"id": "Q586992", "label": "Battle of Barrosa", "section": "lead", "says": "Soult was able to capture the strategically important fortress at Badajoz on the border between Spain and Portugal from the Spanish, but was forced to return to Andalusia following Marshal Victor's defeat in March at the Battle of Barrosa."}, {"id": "Q3176687", "label": "Joaquín Blake y Joyes", "section": "lead", "says": "With intelligence of another approaching force—a Spanish army under General Joaquín Blake—he planned to turn Beresford's flank and interpose his army between the two."}, {"id": "Q389349", "label": "Battle of Bussaco", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite his victory over elements of Marshal André Masséna's Army of Portugal at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810, Viscount Wellington was forced by Masséna's subsequent maneuvering to withdraw his numerically inferior force behind the extensive series of fortifications he had prepared around Torres Vedras to protect the approaches to Lisbon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon had previously sent dispatches to Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, commander of the Army of the South, urging him to send assistance to Masséna."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon had previously sent dispatches to Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, commander of the Army of the South, urging him to send assistance to Masséna."}], "Q694478": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lobositz or Lovosice also Lowositz on 1 October 1756 was the opening land battle of the Third Silesian War and the wider Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lobositz or Lovosice also Lowositz on 1 October 1756 was the opening land battle of the Third Silesian War and the wider Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Browne's intelligence told him that the Prussians would exit from the mountains at Lobositz, modern day Lovosice in the Czech Republic a few miles northwest of his fortified base at Budin."}], "Q695666": [{"id": "Q636087", "label": "East Prussian Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The East Prussian Offensive by the Red Army's 3rd Belarusian Front under General Ivan Chernyakhovsky commenced on 13 January 1945 and, with Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky's 2nd Belorussian Front, subsequently cut off East Prussia between 23 January and 10 February 1945."}, {"id": "Q444979", "label": "Ivan Chernyakhovsky", "section": "Background", "says": "The East Prussian Offensive by the Red Army's 3rd Belarusian Front under General Ivan Chernyakhovsky commenced on 13 January 1945 and, with Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky's 2nd Belorussian Front, subsequently cut off East Prussia between 23 January and 10 February 1945."}, {"id": "Q76437", "label": "Karl Dönitz", "section": "Background", "says": "German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz ordered Admiral Kummetz, as Naval High Commander, Baltic, and Rear Admiral Engelhardt, head of the Kriegsmarine's shipping department, to plan and execute the Rettungsaktion (evacuation operation)."}], "Q695943": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Voronezh, or First Battle of Voronezh, was a battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, fought in and around the strategically important city of Voronezh on the Don river, 450 km (280 mi) south of Moscow, from 28 June to 24 July 1942, as the opening move of the German summer offensive in 1942."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Voronezh, or First Battle of Voronezh, was a battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, fought in and around the strategically important city of Voronezh on the Don river, 450 km (280 mi) south of Moscow, from 28 June to 24 July 1942, as the opening move of the German summer offensive in 1942."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was marked by heavy urban and ferocious street-fighting, showing what was to come at the Battle of Stalingrad."}], "Q696300": [{"id": "Q28205", "label": "Battle of the Vistula River", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans redeployed their 9th Army around Thorn, so as to threaten the Russian northern flank, following German reversals after the Battle of the Vistula River."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 November, Paul von Hindenburg was appointed commander of the two German armies on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 November, Paul von Hindenburg was appointed commander of the two German armies on the Eastern Front."}], "Q699262": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mars-la-Tour (also known as the Battle of Vionville or Battle of Rezonville) was fought on 16 August 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, near the village of Mars-la-Tour in northeast France."}, {"id": "Q699238", "label": "Battle of Spicheren", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Battle of Spicheren on 6 August, the German High Command under Graf Helmuth von Moltke the Elder believed that the French Army of the Rhine would not fight on the eastern side of the Moselle."}, {"id": "Q44205", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Elder", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Battle of Spicheren on 6 August, the German High Command under Graf Helmuth von Moltke the Elder believed that the French Army of the Rhine would not fight on the eastern side of the Moselle."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the morning of 15 August, King Wilhelm I, convinced by Quartermaster General Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski's argument that the French would not fight east of Metz, ordered the First Army under General Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz to move forward to the western side of Moselle as well."}, {"id": "Q61474", "label": "Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the morning of 15 August, King Wilhelm I, convinced by Quartermaster General Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski's argument that the French would not fight east of Metz, ordered the First Army under General Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz to move forward to the western side of Moselle as well."}, {"id": "Q62653", "label": "Constantin von Alvensleben", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Friedrich Karl ordered III Corps under General Constantin von Alvensleben to cross the Moselle."}, {"id": "Q686099", "label": "Battle of Borny-Colombey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French withdrawal to the west was ordered on 13 August, interrupted on 14 August by the Battle of Borny-Colombey and resumed on 15 August."}], "Q699411": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Barents Sea was a World War II naval engagement on 31 December 1942 between warships of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) and British ships escorting Convoy JW 51B to Kola Inlet in the USSR."}, {"id": "Q1241158", "label": "Operation Rainbow", "section": "Background", "says": "On 31 December, a German force (Vice-Admiral Oskar Kummetz) based along Altafjord in northern Norway, began Unternehmen Regenbogen (Operation Rainbow)."}, {"id": "Q176796", "label": "Convoy PQ 18", "section": "Background", "says": "After Convoy PQ 18, the force had waited to attack the next Arctic convoy but their temporary suspension by the British during Operation Torch in the Mediterranean and Operation FB, the routing of single ships to Russia, had provided no opportunity to begin the operation."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "Background", "says": "After Convoy PQ 18, the force had waited to attack the next Arctic convoy but their temporary suspension by the British during Operation Torch in the Mediterranean and Operation FB, the routing of single ships to Russia, had provided no opportunity to begin the operation."}], "Q699527": [{"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "The fleet was interned there under the terms of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 while negotiations took place over its fate."}, {"id": "Q57587", "label": "Franz von Hipper", "section": "Background", "says": "On the night of 15 November, Rear-Admiral Hugo Meurer, the representative of Admiral Franz von Hipper, met Admiral David Beatty aboard Beatty's flagship, HMS Queen Elizabeth."}], "Q700860": [{"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eckmühl fought on 21–22 April 1809, was the turning point of the 1809 Campaign, also known as the War of the Fifth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Thanks to the dogged defense waged by the III Corps, commanded by Marshal Davout, and the Bavarian VII Corps, commanded by Marshal Lefebvre, Napoleon was able to defeat the principal Austrian army and wrest the strategic initiative for the remainder of the war."}], "Q701067": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Rhodes of 1480 was the first and failed attempt by the Ottoman Empire to seize the island stronghold of the Knights of Rhodes from Rhodes, despite about 70,000 troops, they successfully defended the island."}], "Q702266": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Korean kingdom of Goryeo."}, {"id": "Q490792", "label": "Sambyeolcho Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite their submission to the Yuan dynasty, internal conflicts among Goryeo's royalty and rebellions against Yuan rule continued, with the most notable being the Sambyeolcho Rebellion."}], "Q703081": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Passau was an attempt to resolve religious tensions in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "After Emperor Charles V won a victory against Protestant forces in the Schmalkaldic War of 1547, he implemented the Augsburg Interim, which largely reaffirmed Roman Catholic beliefs."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "lead", "says": "After Emperor Charles V won a victory against Protestant forces in the Schmalkaldic War of 1547, he implemented the Augsburg Interim, which largely reaffirmed Roman Catholic beliefs."}, {"id": "Q317710", "label": "Maurice of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "This angered many Protestant princes, and led by Maurice of Saxony, in January 1552 several formed an alliance with Henry II of France in the Treaty of Chambord."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "This angered many Protestant princes, and led by Maurice of Saxony, in January 1552 several formed an alliance with Henry II of France in the Treaty of Chambord."}, {"id": "Q1414387", "label": "Treaty of Chambord", "section": "lead", "says": "This angered many Protestant princes, and led by Maurice of Saxony, in January 1552 several formed an alliance with Henry II of France in the Treaty of Chambord."}, {"id": "Q262986", "label": "Frederick of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protestant princes taken prisoner during the Schmalkaldic War, John Frederick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse, were released."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "A precursor to the Peace of Augsburg of September 1555, the Peace of Passau effectively surrendered Charles V's lifelong quest for European religious unity."}, {"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1552 his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria concluded the Peace of Passau, whereby he formally accepted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession, confirmed by the emperor himself in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg."}], "Q707678": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June 1935 was a naval agreement between the United Kingdom and Germany that regulated the size of the Kriegsmarine in relation to the Royal Navy."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was abrogated by Adolf Hitler on 28 April 1939."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "For Germany, the Anglo-German Naval Agreement was intended to mark the beginning of an Anglo-German alliance against France and the Soviet Union, whereas for Britain, the Anglo-German Naval Agreement was to be the beginning of a series of arms limitation agreements that were made to limit German expansionism."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "More importantly, every German government of the Weimar Republic was implacably opposed to the terms of Versailles, and given that Germany was potentially Europe's strongest power, from the British perspective it made sense to revise Versailles in Germany's favour as the best way of preserving the peace; moreover, by allowing Germany some rearmament, Britain might win it to a position favorable to"}, {"id": "Q48244", "label": "Mein Kampf", "section": "Background", "says": "His report concluded with the words:\n\n\"Are we still dealing with the Hitler of Mein Kampf, lulling his opponents to sleep with fair words to gain time to arm his people, and looking always to the day when he can throw off the mask and attack Poland?"}], "Q708173": [{"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the signing of the Armistice of Cassibile on 3 September 1943, Italy joined the Allies."}, {"id": "Q280748", "label": "Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "General Henry Maitland Wilson, the Commander in Chief Middle East Land Forces, had no power to divert troops from Sicily or Italy and permanent uncertainty over the forces at his disposal for an Aegean enterprise."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "Background", "says": "The nearest RAF bases to Rhodes were in Cyprus, about 270 mi (430 km) away and Gambut, about 350 mi (560 km) distant as the war had receded from Egypt after the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942."}], "Q708181": [{"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bastogne (French pronunciation: [bas.tɔɲ] ) was an engagement in December 1944 between American and German forces at the Belgian town of Bastogne, as part of the larger Battle of the Bulge."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Because all seven main roads in the densely wooded Ardennes highlands converged on Bastogne, just a few miles away from the border with neighboring Luxembourg, control of its crossroads was vital to the German attack."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "After the successful invasion of Normandy and the subsequent eastward push through France, the Allied front lines extended from Nijmegen in the north down to neutral Switzerland in the south."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler soon laid out a plan to attack the Allied lines in Belgium and Luxembourg; 25 divisions would launch a surprise attack through the Ardennes, with the aim of crossing the river Meuse (called Maas in German and Dutch) and recapturing Antwerp."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite major misgivings from his senior commanders, including Gerd von Rundstedt and Walther Model, the plan was not modified and the jump-off date was eventually set as 16 December 1944."}, {"id": "Q162287", "label": "Battle of Hürtgen Forest", "section": "Background", "says": "Bastogne, a hub city that commanded several important roads in the area, was defended mainly by the 28th Infantry Division, which had seen continuous fighting from 22 July to 19 November, most recently in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, before being assigned to this relatively quiet area."}, {"id": "Q57211", "label": "Hasso von Manteuffel", "section": "Background", "says": "Hasso von Manteuffel—commanding the 5th Panzer Army—gave Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz′s XLVII Panzer Corps responsibility for capturing Bastogne, before crossing the Meuse near Namur."}, {"id": "Q64291", "label": "Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Hasso von Manteuffel—commanding the 5th Panzer Army—gave Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz′s XLVII Panzer Corps responsibility for capturing Bastogne, before crossing the Meuse near Namur."}], "Q713163": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyūjō incident (宮城事件, Kyūjō Jiken) was an attempted military coup d'état in the Empire of Japan at the end of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "lead", "says": "They attempted to place Emperor Hirohito under house arrest, using the 2nd Brigade Imperial Guard Infantry."}, {"id": "Q909452", "label": "Imperial House of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "When the leaders of the coup attempt recognized that they had failed to convince the remaining army to oust the Imperial House of Japan, they committed ritual suicide."}, {"id": "Q485453", "label": "Korechika Anami", "section": "Background", "says": "At 9 o'clock, in the session held at the Ministry of War, the staff officers complained to the Minister Korechika Anami, and not all of them heeded Anami's explanations."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "After midnight on 12 August a San Francisco radio station (KGEI) relayed the reply from the Allies, and there was a suggestion that the Allies had decided, against the requisition for the protection of the Kokutai from the Imperial Japanese government, that the authority of the sovereignty of the Japanese government and the Emperor would be subordinated to the headquarters of the Allies, a militar"}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "Background", "says": "After midnight on 12 August a San Francisco radio station (KGEI) relayed the reply from the Allies, and there was a suggestion that the Allies had decided, against the requisition for the protection of the Kokutai from the Imperial Japanese government, that the authority of the sovereignty of the Japanese government and the Emperor would be subordinated to the headquarters of the Allies, a militar"}, {"id": "Q163244", "label": "Potsdam Declaration", "section": "Background", "says": "Late on the night of 12 August 1945, Major Kenji Hatanaka, along with Lieutenant Colonels Masataka Ida, Masahiko Takeshita (Anami's brother-in-law), and Masao Inaba, and Colonel Okikatsu Arao, the Chief of the Military Affairs Section, spoke to Anami (the army minister and \"most powerful figure in Japan besides the Emperor himself\"), and asked him to do whatever he could to prevent acceptance of t"}, {"id": "Q472566", "label": "Yoshijirō Umezu", "section": "Background", "says": "He asked Yoshijirō Umezu, the Chief of the Army General Staff, if the war should be continued \""}], "Q715791": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pyongyang (Japanese: 平壌作戦; Chinese: 平壤之戰) was the second major land battle of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q297636", "label": "Yamagata Aritomo", "section": "Background", "says": "The 10,000 troops (not confirmed) of the Imperial Japanese  1st Army, under the overall command of Marshal Yamagata Aritomo consisted of the 5th Provincial Division (Hiroshima) under Lieutenant General, and the 3rd Provincial Division (Nagoya) under Lieutenant General Katsura Tarō."}, {"id": "Q159048", "label": "Katsura Tarō", "section": "Background", "says": "The 10,000 troops (not confirmed) of the Imperial Japanese  1st Army, under the overall command of Marshal Yamagata Aritomo consisted of the 5th Provincial Division (Hiroshima) under Lieutenant General, and the 3rd Provincial Division (Nagoya) under Lieutenant General Katsura Tarō."}, {"id": "Q705072", "label": "Battle of Seonghwan", "section": "Background", "says": "After a brief sortie south for the Battle of Seonghwan on 29 July 1894, the First Army moved towards Pyongyang, rendezvousing with reinforcements, which had landed via the ports of Busan and Wonsan."}, {"id": "Q1188963", "label": "Nozu Michitsura", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant-General Nozu Michitsura commanded the Japanese troops involved in the attack on Pyongyang; which included the Wonson column under Colonel Sato Tadashi, the Sangnyong column under Major-General Tatsumi Naobumi, the Combined Brigade under Major-General Oshima Yoshimasa and finally the Main Division under Nozu himself."}], "Q717809": [{"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Central Plains War (traditional Chinese: 中原大戰; simplified Chinese: 中原大战; pinyin: Zhōngyúan Dàzhàn) was a series of military campaigns in 1929 and 1930 that constituted a Chinese civil war between the Nationalist Kuomintang government in Nanjing led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and several regional military commanders and warlords who were former allies of Chiang."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "The Central Plains War (traditional Chinese: 中原大戰; simplified Chinese: 中原大战; pinyin: Zhōngyúan Dàzhàn) was a series of military campaigns in 1929 and 1930 that constituted a Chinese civil war between the Nationalist Kuomintang government in Nanjing led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and several regional military commanders and warlords who were former allies of Chiang."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Northern Expedition ended in 1928, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and Zhang Fakui broke off relations with Chiang shortly after a demilitarization conference in 1929, and together they formed an anti-Chiang coalition to openly challenge the legitimacy of the Nanjing government."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Northern Expedition ended in 1928, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and Zhang Fakui broke off relations with Chiang shortly after a demilitarization conference in 1929, and together they formed an anti-Chiang coalition to openly challenge the legitimacy of the Nanjing government."}, {"id": "Q697372", "label": "Chang Fa-kwei", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Northern Expedition ended in 1928, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and Zhang Fakui broke off relations with Chiang shortly after a demilitarization conference in 1929, and together they formed an anti-Chiang coalition to openly challenge the legitimacy of the Nanjing government."}], "Q74109": [{"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Fascist Italy set up Albania as its protectorate or puppet state."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and moved against Czechoslovakia without notifying Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in advance, so he decided in early 1939 to proceed with his own annexation of Albania."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and moved against Czechoslovakia without notifying Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in advance, so he decided in early 1939 to proceed with his own annexation of Albania."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III criticised the plan to take Albania as an unnecessary risk."}, {"id": "Q1258191", "label": "Alfredo Guzzoni", "section": "Background", "says": "King Zog refused to accept money in exchange for countenancing a full Italian takeover and colonisation of Albania, and on April 7, 1939, Mussolini's troops, led by General Alfredo Guzzoni, invaded Albania, attacking all Albanian ports simultaneously."}, {"id": "Q220105", "label": "Galeazzo Ciano", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon invading, Galeazzo Ciano tried to reinforce"}], "Q7470324": [{"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "Its primary objective was the restoration of the exiled House of Stuart to the British throne."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1688, the Glorious Revolution replaced James II of England with his daughter Mary II of England, and her husband William III."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1688, the Glorious Revolution replaced James II of England with his daughter Mary II of England, and her husband William III."}, {"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland and Jacobite rising of 1689 in Scotland, there were serious revolts in 1715, 1719 and 1745, French invasion attempts in 1708 and 1744, and numerous unsuccessful plots."}, {"id": "Q79972", "label": "James VI and I", "section": "Political background", "says": "Jacobite ideology originated with James VI and I, who in 1603 became the first monarch to rule all three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Political background", "says": "Its basis was divine right, which emphasised the crown's descent by hereditary right, and represented an attempt by James to forestall controversy over his appointment by Elizabeth I as her successor."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "Political background", "says": "Similar measures in Scotland caused the 1639–1640 Bishops' Wars, and installation of a Covenanter government."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "Political background", "says": "Although Charles and Parliament both supported raising an army to suppress the Rebellion, neither trusted the other with its control; these tensions ultimately led to the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642."}], "Q760002": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprisings lasted from March to April 1991 after a ceasefire following the end of the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The mostly uncoordinated insurgency was fueled by the perception that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had become vulnerable to regime change."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "This perception of weakness was largely the result of the outcome of the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War, both of which occurred within a single decade and devastated the population and economy of Iraq."}], "Q780367": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Plevna or Pleven, was a major battle of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, fought by the joint army of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Romania against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Plevna or Pleven, was a major battle of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, fought by the joint army of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Romania against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Plevna or Pleven, was a major battle of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, fought by the joint army of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Romania against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Russian army crossed the Danube at Svishtov, it began advancing towards the centre of modern Bulgaria, with the aim of crossing the Balkan Mountains to Constantinople, avoiding the fortified Turkish fortresses on the Black Sea coast."}, {"id": "Q546595", "label": "Osman Nuri Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman high command sent an army under the command of Osman Nuri Pasha to reinforce Nikopol, but the city fell to the Russian vanguard in the Battle of Nikopol (16 July 1877) before Osman reached it."}, {"id": "Q2667561", "label": "Battle of Nikopol", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman high command sent an army under the command of Osman Nuri Pasha to reinforce Nikopol, but the city fell to the Russian vanguard in the Battle of Nikopol (16 July 1877) before Osman reached it."}], "Q780730": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Frequent Wind was the final phase in the evacuation of American civilians and \"at-risk\" Vietnamese from Saigon, South Vietnam, before the takeover of the city by the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in the Fall of Saigon."}, {"id": "Q482456", "label": "Fall of Saigon", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Frequent Wind was the final phase in the evacuation of American civilians and \"at-risk\" Vietnamese from Saigon, South Vietnam, before the takeover of the city by the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in the Fall of Saigon."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was carried out on 29–30 April 1975, during the last days of the Vietnam War."}], "Q7837102": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Jaffa, less commonly referred to as the Treaty of Ramla or the treaty of 1192, was a truce agreed to during the Crusades."}, {"id": "Q374385", "label": "Balian of Ibelin", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, negotiated with the help of Balian of Ibelin, guaranteed a three-year truce between the two armies."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty ended the Third Crusade."}], "Q78455589": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The CAA amends the Indian citizenship act to provide accelerated pathway for citizenship for asylum seeking migrants who are Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Parsi, Buddhist, and Christian from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India before 2014, following the religious persecutions."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The CAA amends the Indian citizenship act to provide accelerated pathway for citizenship for asylum seeking migrants who are Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Parsi, Buddhist, and Christian from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India before 2014, following the religious persecutions."}], "Q815108": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of the Alcázar was a highly symbolic Nationalist victory in Toledo in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege ended on September 27 with the arrival of the Army of Africa under Francisco Franco."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Alcázar became the residence of the Spanish monarchs after the reconquest of Toledo from the Moors but was abandoned by Philip II and in the 18th century was converted into a military academy."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Toledo was also the capital of the Spanish Visigothic Kingdom."}], "Q815184": [{"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Nice occurred in 1543 and was part of the Italian War of 1542–46 in which Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent collaborated as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Nice occurred in 1543 and was part of the Italian War of 1542–46 in which Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent collaborated as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Nice occurred in 1543 and was part of the Italian War of 1542–46 in which Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent collaborated as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was part of the 1543–1544 Mediterranean campaign of Hayreddin Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "lead", "says": "A Franco-Ottoman army besieged Nice, breaching the walls and conquering sections of the city, but ultimately retired before taking the citadel due to the arrival of a Imperial-Savoyard relief fleet under Andrea Doria."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Mediterranean, active naval collaboration took place between France and the Ottoman Empire to fight against Spanish forces."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "Background", "says": "Following an agreement between Francis I and Suleyman the Magnificent, through the intervention of the French ambassador in Constantinople, Antoine Escalin des Aimars, best known as Capitan Polin, a fleet of 110 galleys and 50 galiots under Hayreddin Barbarossa left from the Sea of Marmara in mid-May 1543."}, {"id": "Q2853927", "label": "Antoine Escalin des Aimars", "section": "Background", "says": "Following an agreement between Francis I and Suleyman the Magnificent, through the intervention of the French ambassador in Constantinople, Antoine Escalin des Aimars, best known as Capitan Polin, a fleet of 110 galleys and 50 galiots under Hayreddin Barbarossa left from the Sea of Marmara in mid-May 1543."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Franco-Ottoman attention turned towards the Duchy of Savoy, of which Nice was a part."}, {"id": "Q233745", "label": "Beatrice of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Savoy had been a French protectorate for a century, Francis I chose to attack it because Charles III, Duke of Savoy had angered him by marrying Beatrice of Portugal, thus becoming an ally of the Habsburgs."}], "Q815195": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Richmond–Petersburg campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that would be seen fifty years later in World War I, earning it a prominent position in military history."}, {"id": "Q1786801", "label": "Battle of the Crater", "section": "lead", "says": "It also featured the war's largest concentration of African-American troops, who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffin's Farm."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "He devised a coordinated strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points, something President Abraham Lincoln had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war."}, {"id": "Q817488", "label": "Benjamin Franklin Butler", "section": "Background", "says": "His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north, while Major General Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast; Major General Franz Sigel to control the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat General Joseph E."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "Background", "says": "His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north, while Major General Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast; Major General Franz Sigel to control the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat General Joseph E."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "Background", "says": "George Crook and William W."}, {"id": "Q2237043", "label": "Battle of New Market", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May and soon afterward he was replaced by Major General David Hunter."}, {"id": "Q2631722", "label": "David Hunter", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May and soon afterward he was replaced by Major General David Hunter."}, {"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 4, Grant and Meade's Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and entered the area known as the Wilderness of Spotsylvania, beginning the six-week Overland Campaign."}], "Q862443": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vicksburg campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg, Mississippi, a fortress city that dominated the last Confederate-controlled section of the Mississippi River."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "lead", "says": "William Tecumseh Sherman, would advance to the Yazoo River and attempt to reach Vicksburg from the northeast, while Grant took the remainder of the army down the Mississippi Central Railroad."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "Jefferson Davis said, \"Vicksburg is the nail head that holds the South's two halves together.\" While in their hands, it blocked Union navigation down the Mississippi; together with control of the mouth of the Red River and of Port Hudson to the south, it allowed communication with the states west of the river, upon which the Confederates depended extensively for horses, cattle and reinforcements."}, {"id": "Q315607", "label": "David Farragut", "section": "Background", "says": "Admiral David Farragut moved up the river after his capture of New Orleans and on May 18, 1862, demanded the surrender of Vicksburg."}], "Q86694210": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020 with the first confirmed case reported in Melbourne, Australia."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Australia and New Zealand were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction in the community."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant however, by August 2021, the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts."}], "Q87191204": [{"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "The cases were concentrated in the Santiago metropolitan area, with outbreaks in other regions in the country."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "No national lockdown was established in Chile, unlike in neighboring Argentina and Peru, although a night curfew was implemented throughout the country."}], "Q916266": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After suffering a half-century of defeats at the hands of the Ottomans, the Byzantine Empire had lost nearly all of its possessions in Anatolia, except Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Access to the Aegean and Marmara seas meant that the Ottomans could now implement the conquest of the southern Balkans, and could advance further north into the Serbian Empire and Hungary."}], "Q916340": [{"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jameson Raid (Afrikaans: Jameson-inval, lit. ''Jameson's Invasion'', 29 December 1895 – 2 January 1896) was a botched raid against the South African Republic (commonly known as the Transvaal) carried out by British colonial administrator Leander Starr Jameson, under the employment of Cecil Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q1390901", "label": "Leander Starr Jameson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jameson Raid (Afrikaans: Jameson-inval, lit. ''Jameson's Invasion'', 29 December 1895 – 2 January 1896) was a botched raid against the South African Republic (commonly known as the Transvaal) carried out by British colonial administrator Leander Starr Jameson, under the employment of Cecil Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jameson Raid (Afrikaans: Jameson-inval, lit. ''Jameson's Invasion'', 29 December 1895 – 2 January 1896) was a botched raid against the South African Republic (commonly known as the Transvaal) carried out by British colonial administrator Leander Starr Jameson, under the employment of Cecil Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It involved 500 British South Africa Company police and was launched from Rhodesia over the New Year weekend of 1895–96."}, {"id": "Q244407", "label": "Paul Kruger", "section": "lead", "says": "Paul Kruger, for whom Rhodes had great personal hatred, was president of the South African Republic at the time."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The results included embarrassment of the British government; the replacement of Cecil Rhodes as prime minister of the Cape Colony; and the strengthening of Boer dominance of the Transvaal and its gold mines."}, {"id": "Q233657", "label": "Second Matabele War", "section": "lead", "says": "Also, the withdrawal of so many fighting men left Rhodesia vulnerable, one factor that led just a couple of months later to the Second Matabele War."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was a contributory cause of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The Cape Colony had refused to pay the high rates charged by the Transvaal government for use of the Transvaal portion of the railway line to Johannesburg, instead opting to send its goods by wagon train directly across the Vaal River, over a set of fords (known as 'drifts' in South Africa)."}], "Q927606": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vereeniging was a peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State on the one side, and the United Kingdom on the other."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vereeniging was a peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State on the one side, and the United Kingdom on the other."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vereeniging was a peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State on the one side, and the United Kingdom on the other."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vereeniging was a peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State on the one side, and the United Kingdom on the other."}], "Q931125": [{"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Rösselsprung (German: Unternehmen Rösselsprung, lit. 'Knight's move') was a combined airborne and ground assault by the German XV Mountain Corps and collaborationist forces on the Supreme Headquarters of the Yugoslav Partisans in the Bosnian town of Drvar in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Rösselsprung (German: Unternehmen Rösselsprung, lit. 'Knight's move') was a combined airborne and ground assault by the German XV Mountain Corps and collaborationist forces on the Supreme Headquarters of the Yugoslav Partisans in the Bosnian town of Drvar in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Rösselsprung (German: Unternehmen Rösselsprung, lit. 'Knight's move') was a combined airborne and ground assault by the German XV Mountain Corps and collaborationist forces on the Supreme Headquarters of the Yugoslav Partisans in the Bosnian town of Drvar in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "It was launched 25 May 1944, with the goal of capturing or killing Partisan leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito and destroying the headquarters, support facilities and co-located Allied military missions."}, {"id": "Q717127", "label": "Seven Enemy Offensives", "section": "lead", "says": "It is associated with the Seventh Enemy Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Sedma neprijateljska ofenziva) in Yugoslav history, forming part of the Seven Enemy Offensives historiographical framework."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "They had been aware of the presence of the 500th SS Parachute Battalion in Yugoslavia for some time, and of the general threat of an airborne assault for over six months."}], "Q979633": [{"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 820s, the Aghlabids of Ifriqiya (known by medieval Italians as the Saracens) began their conquest of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 820s, the Aghlabids of Ifriqiya (known by medieval Italians as the Saracens) began their conquest of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q781935", "label": "Principality of Benevento", "section": "Background", "says": "Around the same time Radelchis and Siconulf, rivals engaged in civil war over the Principality of Benevento, hired Arab mercenaries."}], "Q989093": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Champagne (French: 1ère Bataille de Champagne) was fought from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 in World War I in the Champagne region of France and was the second offensive by the Allies against the German Empire since mobile warfare had ended after the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders (19 October – 22 November 1914)."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Champagne (French: 1ère Bataille de Champagne) was fought from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 in World War I in the Champagne region of France and was the second offensive by the Allies against the German Empire since mobile warfare had ended after the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders (19 October – 22 November 1914)."}, {"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Champagne (French: 1ère Bataille de Champagne) was fought from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 in World War I in the Champagne region of France and was the second offensive by the Allies against the German Empire since mobile warfare had ended after the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders (19 October – 22 November 1914)."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was part of a French strategy to attack the Noyon Salient, a large bulge in the new Western Front, which ran from Switzerland to the North Sea."}, {"id": "Q2221800", "label": "First Battle of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Artois began on the northern flank of the salient on 17 December and the offensive against the southern flank in Champagne began three days later."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bureau recommended to General Joseph Joffre a dual offensive, with attacks in Artois and Champagne, to crush the Noyon salient."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The report noted that the German offensive in the west was over and four to six corps were being moved to the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q543437", "label": "Louis de Maud'huy", "section": "Background", "says": "Principal attacks were to be made in Artois by the Tenth Army (General Louis de Maud'huy) towards Cambrai and by the Fourth Army (General Fernand de Langle de Cary) in Champagne, from Suippes towards Rethel and Mézières, with supporting attacks elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q1224806", "label": "Fernand de Langle de Cary", "section": "Background", "says": "Principal attacks were to be made in Artois by the Tenth Army (General Louis de Maud'huy) towards Cambrai and by the Fourth Army (General Fernand de Langle de Cary) in Champagne, from Suippes towards Rethel and Mézières, with supporting attacks elsewhere."}], "Q992318": [{"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autumn Harvest Uprising was an insurrection that took place in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces of China, on September 7, 1927, led by Mao Zedong, who established a short-lived Hunan Soviet."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "After initial success, the uprising was brutally put down by Kuomintang forces."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Chiang Kai-shek gaining control of the Kuomintang (KMT) in April 1927, he ordered the extermination of all the communists and socialists within Shanghai."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "Background", "says": "Commonly called the White Terror, this led to a massacre in Hunan in May, followed by a warrant for the arrest of Mao Zedong in 1927."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "Breaking relations between the KMT and Chinese Communist Party, an attempt to take Nanking was made by Zhou Enlai."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "Background", "says": "Breaking relations between the KMT and Chinese Communist Party, an attempt to take Nanking was made by Zhou Enlai."}], "Q1001479": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "The fragile Peace of Amiens of 1802 had come to an end when Napoleon formally annexed the Italian state of Piedmont and on 18 May 1803 Britain was once again at war with France."}, {"id": "Q315255", "label": "Pierre-Charles Villeneuve", "section": "Background", "says": "French Vice-admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve sailed from Toulon on 29 March with eleven ships of the line, six frigates and two brigs."}], "Q104376825": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Retreat was the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army through the mountains of Albania during the winter of 1915–16 in World War I."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "In late October 1915, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria launched a synchronised major offensive, under German leadership, against Serbia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In late October 1915, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria launched a synchronised major offensive, under German leadership, against Serbia."}, {"id": "Q176522", "label": "Maurice Sarrail", "section": "lead", "says": "Earlier that month, France and Britain landed four divisions at Salonika, under the commands of General Maurice Sarrail and General Sir Byron Mahon, to assist their outnumbered Serbian ally caught between the invading forces."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Royal Serbian Army fought while retreating southwards with the plan to withdraw into Macedonia and link up with Entente forces."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "To escape encirclement, on 23 November 1915, the Serbian government and supreme command made the joint decision to retreat across the mountains of Montenegro and Albania."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The retreat involved the remnants of the army, King Peter I, hundreds of thousands of civilian refugees, and prisoners of war."}, {"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "lead", "says": "There, a Serbian government-in-exile was established, headed by Prince-Regent Alexander and Nikola Pašić."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1915, the German Chief of the General Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, persuaded the Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, to launch a renewed invasion of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1915, the German Chief of the General Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, persuaded the Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, to launch a renewed invasion of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Background", "says": "The offensive began on 6 October 1915, as German and Austro-Hungarian forces, commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen, launched a large-scale attack on Serbia from the north and west."}, {"id": "Q2375572", "label": "Kliment Boyadzhiev", "section": "Background", "says": "Its First Army under General Kliment Boyadzhiev, advanced on Niš in order to link with German Eleventh Army."}, {"id": "Q1352383", "label": "Georgi Todorov", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bulgarian Second Army under General Georgi Todorov was to proceed into Macedonia, with the objective of severing the Salonika railway, which ran through the Vardar and Great Morava River valleys, cutting off Serbia’s reinforcements and artillery supplies."}], "Q1048750": [{"id": "Q191014", "label": "Isabel Martínez de Perón", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état overthrew Isabel Perón as President of Argentina on 24 March 1976."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état overthrew Isabel Perón as President of Argentina on 24 March 1976."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry Kissinger met several times with Argentine Armed Forces leaders after the coup, urging them to destroy their opponents quickly before outcry over human rights abuses grew in the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry Kissinger met several times with Argentine Armed Forces leaders after the coup, urging them to destroy their opponents quickly before outcry over human rights abuses grew in the United States."}, {"id": "Q93330", "label": "Juan Perón", "section": "Background", "says": "When president Juan Perón died of natural causes on 1 July 1974, he was succeeded by his wife (then vice-president) Isabel Perón, also known as \"Isabelita\" (Little Isabel)."}], "Q1067429": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests in Saudi Arabia were part of the Arab Spring that started with the 2011 Tunisian revolution."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 2012 demonstrations, protesters chanted slogans against the House of Saud and Minister of Interior, Nayef, calling Nayef a \"terrorist\", \"criminal\" and \"butcher\" and throwing an effigy of Nayef at tanks."}], "Q1072042": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It began when Ethiopian military forces, supported by the United States, invaded Somalia to depose the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and install the Transitional Federal Government (TFG)."}, {"id": "Q1323183", "label": "capture of Mogadishu", "section": "lead", "says": "Overwhelmed, the ICU began disintegrating during the fighting, precipitating a withdrawal from battlefield positions and the Fall of Mogadishu in the final days of 2006."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "TFG speaker of parliament Sharif Hassan Adan announced on 3 December 2006 that Ethiopia had deployed a \"massive military force\" of 15,000 troops."}, {"id": "Q161184", "label": "Meles Zenawi", "section": "Background", "says": "Adan sought to reconcile with the ICU and stated that the blame for any war in Somalia lay on the Ethiopian government led by Meles Zenawi."}], "Q1072889": [{"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It developed in the context of the Spanish American Wars of independence, a military and political process that began after the formation of self-government juntas in the Spanish-American colonies, in response to the capture of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by Napoleonic forces in 1808."}, {"id": "Q28930", "label": "Bernardo O'Higgins", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditionally, Chilean historiography covers this period between the establishment of the First Government Junta of Chile (September 18, 1810) and the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins as Supreme Director of Chile (January 28, 1823)."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also subdivided into three stages: the Patria Vieja (1810–1814), Reconquista (1814–1817) and the Patria Nueva (1817–1823)."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of 1808, the Captaincy General of Chile—one of the smallest and poorest colonies in the Spanish Empire—was under the administration of Luis Muñoz de Guzmán, an able, respected and well-liked Royal Governor."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1808 the overthrow of Charles  and the start of the Peninsular War plunged the empire into a state of agitation."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Charlotte Joaquina, sister of Ferdinand and wife of the King of Portugal, who was living in Brazil, also made attempts to obtain the administration of the Spanish dominions in Latin America."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Charlotte Joaquina, sister of Ferdinand and wife of the King of Portugal, who was living in Brazil, also made attempts to obtain the administration of the Spanish dominions in Latin America."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "Allegedly among her plan was to send armies to occupy Buenos Aires and northern Argentina and to style herself as Queen of La Plata."}], "Q1073446": [{"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish–Novgorodian Wars were a series of armed conflicts in the 12th and 13th centuries between the Novgorod Republic and medieval Sweden over control of the Gulf of Finland."}, {"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "Background", "says": "Scandinavians maintained trade relations and other links with Novgorod from the Viking Age onwards."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the marriage of Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, to Ingegerd of Sweden in 1019, Ladoga became a jarldom within the sphere of Kievan Rus'."}], "Q1076246": [{"id": "Q324748", "label": "Basarab I of Wallachia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Posada (9–12 November 1330) was fought between Basarab I of Wallachia and Charles I of Hungary (also known as Charles Robert)."}, {"id": "Q213061", "label": "Charles I of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Posada (9–12 November 1330) was fought between Basarab I of Wallachia and Charles I of Hungary (also known as Charles Robert)."}], "Q1080711": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian–Ottoman wars (Hungarian: magyar–török háborúk, Turkish: Macaristan-Osmanlı Savaşları) were a series of battles between the Ottoman Empire and the medieval Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q32832", "label": "Battle of Varna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans won a significant victory at the Battle of Varna in 1444, but suffered a defeat at the 1456 Siege of Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q43715", "label": "Vlad the Impaler", "section": "lead", "says": "One notable figure of this period was Vlad the Impaler, who, with limited Hungarian help, resisted Ottoman rule until the Ottomans placed his brother, Radu the Handsome, on the throne of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman success was once again halted at Moldavia due to Hungarian intervention, but the Turks finally succeeded when Moldavia and then Belgrade fell to Bayezid II and Suleiman the Magnificent, respectively."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman success was once again halted at Moldavia due to Hungarian intervention, but the Turks finally succeeded when Moldavia and then Belgrade fell to Bayezid II and Suleiman the Magnificent, respectively."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1526 the Ottomans crushed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács, where King Louis II of Hungary and more than 20,000 of his soldiers died."}, {"id": "Q625380", "label": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this defeat, the eastern region of the Kingdom of Hungary (the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and later Principality of Transylvania) became an Ottoman tributary state, constantly engaged in civil war with Royal Hungary."}, {"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "Background", "says": "In the century after the death of Osman I in 1326, Ottoman rule began to extend over the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans, slowly at first and later in earnest."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Gallipoli was captured in 1354, severing the Byzantine Empire from its continental territories; the important city of Thessaloniki (with a greater population than London at the time) was captured from the Venetians in 1387, and the Turkish victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 (15 June 1389 in the Julian calendar."}], "Q1085253": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place at the Kondurcha River, in the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde, in present-day Samara Oblast, Russia."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur had previously assisted Tokhtamysh in taking the throne of the White Horde in 1378."}, {"id": "Q2553863", "label": "White Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur had previously assisted Tokhtamysh in taking the throne of the White Horde in 1378."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "However Timur took Azerbaijan, which Tokhtamysh believed was rightfully Golden Horde territory."}], "Q1090177": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bath School disaster was a series of violent attacks perpetrated by Andrew Kehoe upon the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, Michigan, United States, on May 18, 1927."}], "Q1122547": [{"id": "Q2606574", "label": "Acre War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Petrópolis, signed on November 17, 1903, in the Brazilian city of Petrópolis, ended the Acre War between Bolivia and Brazil over the then-Bolivian territory of Acre (today the Acre state), a desirable territory in Bolivia-Brazil border during the contemporary rubber boom."}, {"id": "Q1791359", "label": "José Maria da Silva Paranhos", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, drafted by Brazilian foreign affairs minister José Maria da Silva Paranhos, gave Brazil the territory of Acre (191,000 km2), in exchange for over 3,000 km2 of Brazilian territory between the Abuna River and Madeira River, a monetary payment of two million British pounds, paid in two installments, and a pledge of a rail-link between the Bolivian city of Riberalta and the Brazilian city "}], "Q114341504": [{"id": "Q110666454", "label": "Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état took place in Burkina Faso on 30 September 2022, removing Interim President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba over his alleged inability to deal with the country's Islamist insurgency."}, {"id": "Q114341246", "label": "Ibrahim Traoré", "section": "lead", "says": "Captain Ibrahim Traoré took over as interim leader."}, {"id": "Q599988", "label": "Roch Marc Christian Kaboré", "section": "Background", "says": "A group of army officers overthrew President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, installing the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration, a military junta, with Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba as its head."}, {"id": "Q20850503", "label": "Yevgeny Prigozhin", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of the efforts were led by the Wagner Group whose founder, Yevgeny Prigozhin, was a close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin up until the Wagner Group rebellion in June of 2023."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of the efforts were led by the Wagner Group whose founder, Yevgeny Prigozhin, was a close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin up until the Wagner Group rebellion in June of 2023."}], "Q1156738": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Madrid System is administered by the International Bureau of the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland."}], "Q116004": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shipka Pass consisted of four battles that were fought between the Russian Empire, aided by Bulgarian volunteers known as opalchentsi, and the Ottoman Empire for control over the vital Shipka Pass during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shipka Pass consisted of four battles that were fought between the Russian Empire, aided by Bulgarian volunteers known as opalchentsi, and the Ottoman Empire for control over the vital Shipka Pass during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1877, four Russian corps crossed the Danube River and entered Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q701635", "label": "Iosif Gurko", "section": "lead", "says": "Preceding the main Russian army, Iosif Gurko led a detachment of 11,000 men to capture the vital Balkan Mountain passes."}], "Q120201630": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack began in the early hours of 3 July and resulted in the deaths of at least 12 Palestinians, including at least 9 militants, and injuries to 100 others."}, {"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "The assault was the largest incursion and deployment of aerial force against militants in the West Bank in 20 years, since fighting during the Second Intifada."}], "Q1207617": [{"id": "Q126195", "label": "Plymouth Colony", "section": "Origin", "says": "English Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay, along with the Pilgrims from Plymouth Colony, settled at the recently established river towns of Windsor (1632), Wethersfield (1633), Hartford (1635), and Springfield (1636)."}], "Q122982851": [{"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "President Joe Biden, but still continued to severely restrict the amount of aid entering the Gaza Strip."}, {"id": "Q16731317", "label": "Philippe Lazzarini", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 February 2024, UNRWA's director Philippe Lazzarini said that Israel had blocked food for 1.1 million Palestinians in Gaza."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 February 2024, UNRWA's director Philippe Lazzarini said that Israel had blocked food for 1.1 million Palestinians in Gaza."}], "Q1252915": [{"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) was a military campaign carried out by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, in which he besieged Jerusalem, then capital of the Kingdom of Judah."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) was a military campaign carried out by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, in which he besieged Jerusalem, then capital of the Kingdom of Judah."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) was a military campaign carried out by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, in which he besieged Jerusalem, then capital of the Kingdom of Judah."}, {"id": "Q319049", "label": "Jeconiah", "section": "lead", "says": "The city surrendered, and its king Jeconiah was deported to Babylon and replaced by his Babylonian-appointed uncle, Zedekiah."}, {"id": "Q184273", "label": "Zedekiah", "section": "lead", "says": "The city surrendered, and its king Jeconiah was deported to Babylon and replaced by his Babylonian-appointed uncle, Zedekiah."}, {"id": "Q319034", "label": "Jehoiakim", "section": "lead", "says": "Jehoiakim—the king of Judah—seized this opportunity to revolt against Babylonian rule, taking a pro-Egyptian position, despite the strong remonstrances of the prophet Jeremiah."}], "Q1262485": [{"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rome was agreed on 27 January 1924, when Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes agreed that Fiume would be annexed to Italy as the Province of Fiume, and the town of Sušak would be part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q1423581", "label": "Italian Regency of Carnaro", "section": "Background", "says": "After Fiume was under Gabriele D'Annunzio's Italian Regency of Carnaro, the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) created the independent Free State of Fiume, which was immediately recognised by other states, including the United States, France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q548114", "label": "Free State of Fiume", "section": "Background", "says": "After Fiume was under Gabriele D'Annunzio's Italian Regency of Carnaro, the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) created the independent Free State of Fiume, which was immediately recognised by other states, including the United States, France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "After Fiume was under Gabriele D'Annunzio's Italian Regency of Carnaro, the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) created the independent Free State of Fiume, which was immediately recognised by other states, including the United States, France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 September 1923, Gaetano Giardino, an Italian general, was sent by Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini with the task of restoring public order."}], "Q1265861": [{"id": "Q10133", "label": "Suetonius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman historian Suetonius described the uprising as the most difficult conflict faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman historian Suetonius described the uprising as the most difficult conflict faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier."}, {"id": "Q2417655", "label": "Bato I", "section": "lead", "says": "They were led by Bato the Daesitiate, a chieftain of the Daesitiatae in the central part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, and were later joined by the Breuci, a tribe in Pannonia led by Bato the Breucian."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "They were led by Bato the Daesitiate, a chieftain of the Daesitiatae in the central part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, and were later joined by the Breuci, a tribe in Pannonia led by Bato the Breucian."}, {"id": "Q316098", "label": "Marcus Velleius Paterculus", "section": "lead", "says": "Velleius Paterculus called it the Pannonian and Dalmatian War because it involved both regions of Illyricum."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "Illyricum had seen some fighting during the Great Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and the forces of the Senate led by Pompey several decades earlier."}, {"id": "Q315456", "label": "Aulus Gabinius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dalmatians routed Aulus Gabinius, a Caesarian who had been ordered by Caesar to join Cornificius in Illyricum."}, {"id": "Q521446", "label": "Publius Vatinius", "section": "Background", "says": "Caesar demanded a tribute and hostages as compensation, which was standard practice, and sent Publius Vatinius with three legions to enforce this."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "From 35 to 33 BC Octavian (who would soon become the emperor Augustus) undertook military campaigns in the region."}], "Q1267513": [{"id": "Q2237125", "label": "Battle of Vesontio", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vosges, also referred to as the Battle of Vesontio, was fought on September 14, 58 BC between a coalition of Germanic tribes, under the leadership of Ariovistus, and a Roman army supported by Gallic allies under the overall command of Gaius Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vosges, also referred to as the Battle of Vesontio, was fought on September 14, 58 BC between a coalition of Germanic tribes, under the leadership of Ariovistus, and a Roman army supported by Gallic allies under the overall command of Gaius Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "This encounter is the second major battle of the Gallic Wars."}, {"id": "Q1628304", "label": "Battle of Magetobria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 61 BC, the Sequani rewarded Ariovistus with land following his victory at the Battle of Magetobriga."}], "Q128401697": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The non-cooperation movement, also known as the one-point movement, was a disinvestment movement and a mass uprising against the Awami League-led government of Bangladesh, initiated within the framework of the 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement."}, {"id": "Q52183", "label": "Sheikh Hasina", "section": "lead", "says": "The sole demand of this movement was the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet."}, {"id": "Q130255015", "label": "July Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final stage of the wider movement known as the July Uprising."}, {"id": "Q116763154", "label": "Mohammad Shahabuddin", "section": "lead", "says": "Widespread celebrations and violence occurred following her removal, while the military and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an Interim government led by Muhammad Yunus."}, {"id": "Q43969", "label": "Muhammad Yunus", "section": "lead", "says": "Widespread celebrations and violence occurred following her removal, while the military and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an Interim government led by Muhammad Yunus."}], "Q129124": [{"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The 719 Umayyad invasion of Gaul was the continuation of their conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania."}, {"id": "Q173077", "label": "Battle of Tours", "section": "lead", "says": "A major Umayyad raid directed at Tours was defeated in the Battle of Tours in 732."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750, internal conflicts within al-Andalus, including revolts and the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba under Abd al-Rahman I, shifted the focus of Andalusi Muslim leaders towards internal consolidation."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750, internal conflicts within al-Andalus, including revolts and the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba under Abd al-Rahman I, shifted the focus of Andalusi Muslim leaders towards internal consolidation."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750, internal conflicts within al-Andalus, including revolts and the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba under Abd al-Rahman I, shifted the focus of Andalusi Muslim leaders towards internal consolidation."}], "Q1294142": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The foibe massacres (Italian: massacri delle foibe; Slovene: poboji v fojbah; Croatian: masakri fojbe), or simply the foibe, refers to mass killings and deportations during and immediately after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans and OZNA in the then-Italian territories of Julian March (Karst Region and Istria), Kvarner and Dalmatia, against local Italians (Istrian Italians and D"}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The foibe massacres (Italian: massacri delle foibe; Slovene: poboji v fojbah; Croatian: masakri fojbe), or simply the foibe, refers to mass killings and deportations during and immediately after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans and OZNA in the then-Italian territories of Julian March (Karst Region and Istria), Kvarner and Dalmatia, against local Italians (Istrian Italians and D"}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "The foibe massacres (Italian: massacri delle foibe; Slovene: poboji v fojbah; Croatian: masakri fojbe), or simply the foibe, refers to mass killings and deportations during and immediately after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans and OZNA in the then-Italian territories of Julian March (Karst Region and Istria), Kvarner and Dalmatia, against local Italians (Istrian Italians and D"}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Victims also included unarmed and uninvolved civilians, killed in a preventive purge of real, potential or presumed opponents of Titoism, killed along with native anti-fascist autonomists — including the leadership of Italian anti-fascist partisan organizations, opposed to Yugoslav annexation, and leaders of Fiume's Autonomist Party, Mario Blasich and Nevio Skull, who supported local independence "}, {"id": "Q391980", "label": "Free Territory of Trieste", "section": "Origin and meaning of the term", "says": "The terror spread by these disappearances and killings eventually caused the majority of the Italians of Istria, Fiume, and Zara to flee to other parts of Italy or the Free Territory of Trieste."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I, under the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy obtained almost all of Istria with Trieste, the exception being the island of Krk and part of Kastav commune, which went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I, under the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy obtained almost all of Istria with Trieste, the exception being the island of Krk and part of Kastav commune, which went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I, under the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy obtained almost all of Istria with Trieste, the exception being the island of Krk and part of Kastav commune, which went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "The situation deteriorated further after the annexation of the Julian March, especially after Benito Mussolini came to power (1922)."}], "Q130549291": [{"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the killing of Sinwar \"settled the score\", but warned the war would continue with full force until Israel's hostages were returned."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "U.S. president Joe Biden stated \"This is a good day for Israel, for the United States, and for the world\", comparing Sinwar's death to the killing of Osama bin Laden and emphasizing that it presents an opportunity for a \"day after\" in Gaza without Hamas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "U.S. president Joe Biden stated \"This is a good day for Israel, for the United States, and for the world\", comparing Sinwar's death to the killing of Osama bin Laden and emphasizing that it presents an opportunity for a \"day after\" in Gaza without Hamas."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "U.S. president Joe Biden stated \"This is a good day for Israel, for the United States, and for the world\", comparing Sinwar's death to the killing of Osama bin Laden and emphasizing that it presents an opportunity for a \"day after\" in Gaza without Hamas."}, {"id": "Q94839", "label": "Mohammed Deif", "section": "Background", "says": "Committed to the destruction of Israel, he is thought to be, alongside Mohammed Deif, one of the main architects of the October 7 attacks in 2023."}, {"id": "Q152378", "label": "Ismail Haniyeh", "section": "Background", "says": "Sinwar was chosen as head of the movement's political bureau on 6 August 2024 after the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh."}], "Q1355206": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tyndaris was a naval battle of the First Punic War that took place off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in 257 BC."}], "Q1359641": [{"id": "Q298864", "label": "Neapolitan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tolentino was fought from 2–3 May 1815 near Tolentino, Kingdom of Naples in what is now Marche, Italy: it was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the Napoleonic King of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tolentino was fought from 2–3 May 1815 near Tolentino, Kingdom of Naples in what is now Marche, Italy: it was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the Napoleonic King of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tolentino was fought from 2–3 May 1815 near Tolentino, Kingdom of Naples in what is now Marche, Italy: it was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the Napoleonic King of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Hundred Days following Napoleon's return from exile and, like the Battle of Waterloo, resulted in a decisive victory for the Seventh Coalition, leading to the restoration of the previous Bourbon king, Ferdinand I."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Hundred Days following Napoleon's return from exile and, like the Battle of Waterloo, resulted in a decisive victory for the Seventh Coalition, leading to the restoration of the previous Bourbon king, Ferdinand I."}], "Q1410645": [{"id": "Q778", "label": "The Bahamas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bahamas was the most recent country to sign and ratify it in 1982."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States maintained a hemispheric defense policy relative to European influence under the Monroe Doctrine from 1823 onward, and became increasingly interventionist following the 1904 promulgation of the Roosevelt Corollary."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, the American government had been able to secure support for the Allies from all individual governments in the Americas except Uruguay (which remained neutral until 22 February 1945) and Argentina (which had difficult relations with the Allied powers from 1944 to 1945 but declared war on the Axis on 27 March 1945)."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, the American government had been able to secure support for the Allies from all individual governments in the Americas except Uruguay (which remained neutral until 22 February 1945) and Argentina (which had difficult relations with the Allied powers from 1944 to 1945 but declared war on the Axis on 27 March 1945)."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, the American government had been able to secure support for the Allies from all individual governments in the Americas except Uruguay (which remained neutral until 22 February 1945) and Argentina (which had difficult relations with the Allied powers from 1944 to 1945 but declared war on the Axis on 27 March 1945)."}, {"id": "Q161531", "label": "War and Peace", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace, at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City during February and March 1945, discussions of the post-war world order were held by the US Secretary of State and by the foreign secretaries of all the Latin American countries except El Salvador and Argentina, resulting in the Act of Chapultepec of 6 March 1945."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace, at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City during February and March 1945, discussions of the post-war world order were held by the US Secretary of State and by the foreign secretaries of all the Latin American countries except El Salvador and Argentina, resulting in the Act of Chapultepec of 6 March 1945."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "It also shaped Latin American pressure during the United Nations conference in San Francisco for clauses in the UN Charter to facilitate regional collective defense, under Article 51."}], "Q1418016": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish term Heimosodat (singular heimosota) refers to a series of armed conflicts and private military expeditions in 1918–1922 into areas of the former Russian Empire that bordered on Finland and were inhabited in large part by other Finnic peoples."}, {"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Viena expedition (1918)\nMurmansk Legion\nPetsamo expeditions (1918 and 1920)\nEstonian War of Independence (1918–1920)\nPohjan Pojat (lit. 'Sons of the North') and 1st Finnish Volunteer Corps (I Suomalainen Vapaajoukko) helped Estonian troops."}, {"id": "Q2996706", "label": "East Karelian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Revolt of the Ingrian Finns  (1918–1920)\nAunus expedition (1919)\nAdvance on Petrograd (1919)\nEast Karelian Uprising (1921–1922)\n\nThe phenomenon is closely linked to nationalism and irredentism, as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same."}, {"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish Civil War had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The strenuous five-year period of World War II — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm."}], "Q1419973": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The failure of the offensive marked a turning point for Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The failure of the offensive marked a turning point for Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q127872674", "label": "Battle of Neretva", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation immediately followed Operation Weiss, which had failed to accomplish the same objectives, to eliminate the central Partisan formations and capture their commander, Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation immediately followed Operation Weiss, which had failed to accomplish the same objectives, to eliminate the central Partisan formations and capture their commander, Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Axis were preparing for Operation Schwarz, fierce battles were fought on the territory of Herzegovina and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "There were 8,925 Partisans from Croatia (5,195 of those from Dalmatia), 8,293 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1,492 from Serbia (including Vojvodina and Kosovo) and 3,337 from Montenegro."}], "Q1424647": [{"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The CPA was meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, develop democratic governance countrywide, and share oil revenues."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace process was encouraged by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), in addition to a \"troika\" of donor countries comprising the United States, United Kingdom, and Norway."}], "Q1440764": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese forces invaded the island on 19 February 1942 and were resisted by a small, under-equipped force of Allied military personnel—known as Sparrow Force—predominantly from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese forces invaded the island on 19 February 1942 and were resisted by a small, under-equipped force of Allied military personnel—known as Sparrow Force—predominantly from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese forces invaded the island on 19 February 1942 and were resisted by a small, under-equipped force of Allied military personnel—known as Sparrow Force—predominantly from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Portugal was not a combatant, many Timorese and European Portuguese civilians fought with the Allies or provided them with food, shelter and other assistance."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "Background", "says": "Up to this point, the Government of Portugal had declined to co-operate with the Allies, relying on its claim of neutrality and plans to send an 800-strong force from Mozambique to defend the territory against a hypothetical Japanese invasion."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The airfield at Penfui in Dutch Timor also became a key air link between Australia and American forces fighting in the Philippines under General Douglas MacArthur."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The airfield at Penfui in Dutch Timor also became a key air link between Australia and American forces fighting in the Philippines under General Douglas MacArthur."}], "Q1587893": [{"id": "Q101384", "label": "Henry I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tinchebray (alternative spellings: Tinchebrai or Tenchebrai) took place on 28 September 1106, in Tinchebray (today in the Orne département of France), Normandy, between an invading force led by King Henry I of England, and the Norman army of his elder brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q220994", "label": "Robert Curthose", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tinchebray (alternative spellings: Tinchebrai or Tenchebrai) took place on 28 September 1106, in Tinchebray (today in the Orne département of France), Normandy, between an invading force led by King Henry I of England, and the Norman army of his elder brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy."}], "Q16394378": [{"id": "Q16474356", "label": "Igor Girkin", "section": "lead", "says": "It began when Sloviansk was seized by the fifty-strong unit of heavily armed Russian militants led by Russian citizen Igor Girkin."}, {"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement in Sloviansk marked the first military engagement of the War in Donbas."}], "Q1667878": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Neither instrument was effective, but each provided the framework for the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which was spearheaded by the United States and signed by 15 countries in Washington, D.C., on 3 December 1946; the convention took effect on 10 November 1948."}], "Q1694094": [{"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of the Aisne (Bataille du Chemin des Dames or Seconde bataille de l'Aisne, 16 April – mid-May 1917) was the main part of the Nivelle Offensive, a Franco-British attempt to inflict a decisive defeat on the German armies in France."}, {"id": "Q49448", "label": "Robert Nivelle", "section": "lead", "says": "General Robert Nivelle planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "lead", "says": "General Robert Nivelle planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army."}, {"id": "Q1999020", "label": "Battle of the Hills", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 April, the Groupe d'armées de Reserve (GAR, Reserve Army Group) attacked the Chemin des Dames and the next day, the Fourth Army, part of Groupe d'armées de Centre (GAC, Central Army Group), near Reims to the south-east, began the Battle of the Hills."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "Nivelle was superseded by General Philippe Pétain, who adopted a strategy of \"healing and defence\", to resume the wearing-out of the German Army while conserving French infantry."}, {"id": "Q426227", "label": "Third Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "The new French strategy was not one of passive defence; in June and July the Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Armies conducted several limited attacks and the First Army was sent to Flanders to participate in the Third Battle of Ypres."}, {"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "Background", "says": "Towards the end of the Battle of the Somme in 1916, Colonel Fritz von Loßberg (Chief of Staff of the 1st Army) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions (Ablösungsdivisionen)."}], "Q1719427": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lalakaon (Greek: Μάχη τοῦ Λαλακάοντος), or Battle of Poson or Porson (Μάχη τοῦ Πό(ρ)σωνος), was fought in 863 between the Byzantine Empire and an invading Arab army in Paphlagonia (modern northern Turkey)."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lalakaon (Greek: Μάχη τοῦ Λαλακάοντος), or Battle of Poson or Porson (Μάχη τοῦ Πό(ρ)σωνος), was fought in 863 between the Byzantine Empire and an invading Arab army in Paphlagonia (modern northern Turkey)."}, {"id": "Q41622", "label": "Michael III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine army was led by Petronas, the uncle of Emperor Michael III, although Arab sources also mention the presence of the Emperor in person."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine success had another corollary: removing the constant Arab pressure on the eastern frontier allowed the Byzantine government to concentrate on affairs in Europe, particularly in neighboring Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarians were pressured into accepting Byzantine Christianity, beginning their absorption into the Byzantine cultural sphere."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Background: Arab–Byzantine border wars", "says": "With the waning of the military threat posed by the Abbasid Caliphate after 842, and the rise of semi-independent Arab emirates along the eastern Byzantine frontier, the Byzantines could increasingly assert themselves."}], "Q17354007": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was led in co-operation with five countries, all of which are former French colonies that span the Sahel: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger."}, {"id": "Q2926766", "label": "Operation Serval", "section": "lead", "says": "The French military initially intervened in Mali in early 2013 as part of Operation Serval, which successfully regained the northern half of the country from Islamist groups."}, {"id": "Q98497406", "label": "Assimi Goïta", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 May 2021, the 2021 Malian coup d'état was carried out by Vice President Assimi Goïta."}, {"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "lead", "says": "French President Emmanuel Macron announced in June 2021 that the operation would soon end and French forces would pull out in a phased manner, due to France's inability to work with the national governments in the Sahel region."}, {"id": "Q559040", "label": "Jean-Yves Le Drian", "section": "Background", "says": "The former French Defense Minister, Jean-Yves Le Drian, said that France recognised that \"there still is a major risk that jihadists develop in the area that runs from the Horn of Africa to Guinea-Bissau.\" Therefore, Operation Barkhane was launched in order to assure the Sahel nations' security, and in effect France's security."}], "Q1749007": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Talks between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union occurred in October and November 1940, nominally concerning the latter's potential adherent as a fourth Axis power during World War II, among other potential agreements."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Talks between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union occurred in October and November 1940, nominally concerning the latter's potential adherent as a fourth Axis power during World War II, among other potential agreements."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Talks between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union occurred in October and November 1940, nominally concerning the latter's potential adherent as a fourth Axis power during World War II, among other potential agreements."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The negotiations, which occurred during the era of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, included a two-day conference in Berlin between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The negotiations, which occurred during the era of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, included a two-day conference in Berlin between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "lead", "says": "The negotiations, which occurred during the era of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, included a two-day conference in Berlin between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In early June 1940 as the Battle of France was still ongoing, Hitler reportedly told Lt."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Ribbentrop and Benito Mussolini had already speculated at the idea of offering the Soviet Union a free hand in a southern direction."}], "Q1754732": [{"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was fought on 14 May 1509 between the army of King Louis XII of France and the Venetian rear-guard elements commanded by Bartolomeo d'Alviano."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the most significant engagements of the War of the League of Cambrai and a pivotal episode in the broader context of the Italian Wars, with Machiavelli describing it as Venice losing in a single day the territorial gains of eight centuries."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the most significant engagements of the War of the League of Cambrai and a pivotal episode in the broader context of the Italian Wars, with Machiavelli describing it as Venice losing in a single day the territorial gains of eight centuries."}], "Q1759660": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The (Second) Battle of Changsha (6 September – 8 October 1941; Chinese: 第二次長沙會戰) was Japan's second attempt at taking the city of Changsha, China, the capital of Hunan Province, as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chinese army was well aware of the Kwantung Army's build-up in Northeast China in case of a war with the Soviet Union after the German invasion."}], "Q1804983": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States officially declared victory against the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein on April 15, and President George W."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States officially declared victory against the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein on April 15, and President George W."}], "Q1885246": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The May Days, sometimes also called May Events, were a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937 during which factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War engaged one another in street battles in various parts of Catalonia, centered on the city of Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q1982745", "label": "Spanish Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In those events, libertarian socialist supporters of the Spanish Revolution, such as the anarchist CNT and the anti-Stalinist POUM, which opposed a centralized government, faced others, such as the Republican government, Catalan government and the Communist Party of Spain, which believed in a strong central government."}, {"id": "Q7981", "label": "Lluís Companys", "section": "Background", "says": "Just after taking the last rebelling barracks, the anarchist leaders met with the President of the Generalitat de Catalunya Lluís Companys."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) followed the official doctrine of the Soviet Union and supported the separate handling of war and revolution and defending the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) followed the official doctrine of the Soviet Union and supported the separate handling of war and revolution and defending the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "At the other extreme, the anti-authoritarian Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) of former Right and Left Opposition radically opposed Joseph Stalin and supported carrying out the revolution while the war was raging; the anarchists agreed on that point with the POUM."}], "Q1892581": [{"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cumae was a naval battle fought by the combined navies of Syracuse and Cumae against the Etruscans in 474 BC."}], "Q1899132": [{"id": "Q107258515", "label": "Pahlavi Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Black Friday (Persian: جمعه سیاه, romanized: Jom'e-ye Siyāh) was a mass shooting on 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 in the Solar Hijri calendar) in Pahlavi Iran, during which the Imperial Army of Iran killed 64 civilians and injured 205 in Jaleh Square (Persian: میدان ژاله, romanized: Meydān-e Zhāleh), Tehran."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The deaths were a pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution that ended any \"hope for compromise\" between the protest movement and the regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The deaths were a pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution that ended any \"hope for compromise\" between the protest movement and the regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}], "Q191745": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of a number of left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks that took place during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Left SRs had entered the Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia after the October Revolution of 1917, but resigned from the Council of People's Commissars in March 1918 in protest of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk."}, {"id": "Q188570", "label": "Felix Dzerzhinsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels occupied the Cheka headquarters and took its leader Felix Dzerzhinsky hostage, seized the telephone exchange and telegraph office, and issued manifestos."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Previously, the Socialist Revolutionary Party had supported the continuation of the war by the Provisional Government after the February Revolution of 1917."}, {"id": "Q266745", "label": "Maria Spiridonova", "section": "Background", "says": "The Left SRs were given four Commissar positions and high posts within the Cheka, and their leader Maria Spiridonova was appointed head of the Peasant Section of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers' Deputies (VTsIK), making her nominally a chief official over peasant affairs."}], "Q194329": [{"id": "Q815195", "label": "Siege of Petersburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Five Forks was fought on April 1, 1865, southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, around the road junction of Five Forks, Dinwiddie County, at the end of the Siege of Petersburg, near the conclusion of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Five Forks was fought on April 1, 1865, southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, around the road junction of Five Forks, Dinwiddie County, at the end of the Siege of Petersburg, near the conclusion of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union Army commanded by Major General Philip Sheridan defeated a Confederate force from the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Major General George Pickett."}, {"id": "Q454069", "label": "George Pickett", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union Army commanded by Major General Philip Sheridan defeated a Confederate force from the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Major General George Pickett."}, {"id": "Q708656", "label": "Fitzhugh Lee", "section": "lead", "says": "Owing to an acoustic shadow in the woods, Pickett and cavalry commander Major General Fitzhugh Lee did not hear the opening stage of the battle, and their subordinates could not find them."}, {"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (Siege of Petersburg) began when two corps of the Union Army of the Potomac, which were unobserved when leaving Cold Harbor at the end of the Overland Campaign, combined with the Union Army of the James outside Petersburg, but failed to seize the city from a small force of Confederate defenders at the Second Battle of Petersburg on June 15–18, 1864."}, {"id": "Q4801174", "label": "Second Battle of Petersburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (Siege of Petersburg) began when two corps of the Union Army of the Potomac, which were unobserved when leaving Cold Harbor at the end of the Overland Campaign, combined with the Union Army of the James outside Petersburg, but failed to seize the city from a small force of Confederate defenders at the Second Battle of Petersburg on June 15–18, 1864."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "Lee began preparations for the movement and informed Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Confederate States Secretary of War John C."}], "Q2026138": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Hailstone was a large-scale United States Navy air and surface attack on Truk Lagoon on 17–18 February 1944, conducted as part of the American offensive drive against the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "After the outbreak of war with the United States, the 4th Fleet was put under the command of the Combined Fleet, which continued to use Truk as a forward operating base into 1944."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to anchorages for warships and port facilities for shipping between the home islands and the Southern Resources Area, five airfields and a seaplane base were constructed at Truk, making it the only major Japanese airfield within flying range of the Marshall Islands."}], "Q2033079": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after arrival, they stormed a United States weather station, where they killed two United States Navy officers."}, {"id": "Q974210", "label": "Kiichiro Higuchi", "section": "Background", "says": "General Kiichiro Higuchi."}], "Q3079892": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Banu Qaynuqa were a Jewish tribe expelled by the Islamic prophet Muhammad for breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina."}, {"id": "Q461096", "label": "Ibn Hišām", "section": "Background and reason for attack", "says": "According to Ibn Hisham, a dispute broke out between the Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa (the allies of the Khazraj tribe) soon afterwards when a Muslim woman visited a jeweller's shop in the Qaynuqa marketplace and she was pestered to uncover her face."}, {"id": "Q486124", "label": "Battle of Badr", "section": "Background and reason for attack", "says": "In December 623, Muslims led by Muhammad defeated the Meccans of the Banu Quraish tribe in the Battle of Badr."}], "Q3136592": [{"id": "Q659069", "label": "Edmund Andros", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18, 1689, against the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, the governor of the Dominion of New England."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 1680s, King Charles II of England sought to streamline the administration of the American colonies and bring them more closely under crown control."}, {"id": "Q845760", "label": "East Jersey", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1688, its jurisdiction was expanded to include New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey."}, {"id": "Q6273074", "label": "West Jersey", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1688, its jurisdiction was expanded to include New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey."}, {"id": "Q2632251", "label": "Increase Mather", "section": "Background", "says": "The religious leaders of Massachusetts were led by Cotton and Increase Mather."}], "Q315494": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1997 Central European flood or the 1997 Oder Flood of the Oder and Morava river basins in July 1997 affected Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, taking the lives of 114 people and causing material damages estimated at $4.5 billion (3.8 billion euros in the Czech Republic and Poland and 330 million euros in Germany)."}], "Q32493": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rocoux took place on 11 October 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession, near Rocourt, Liège in Belgium."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "Background", "says": "When the War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740, Britain was still fighting the War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain; from 1739 to 1742, the main area of operations was in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "British and Dutch troops initially fought as part of the Pragmatic Army; it was not until March 1744 that France formally declared war on Britain, while the Dutch Republic officially remained neutral until 1747."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "The British still hoped to retrieve their position, and in April, Ligonier assumed command of British and Hanoverian troops for a new offensive in the Austrian Netherlands."}], "Q3269760": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Indus was fought on the banks of the Indus River, on 24 November 1221, between the armies commanded by Jalal al-Din of the Khwarazmian Empire, and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Indus was fought on the banks of the Indus River, on 24 November 1221, between the armies commanded by Jalal al-Din of the Khwarazmian Empire, and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Indus was fought on the banks of the Indus River, on 24 November 1221, between the armies commanded by Jalal al-Din of the Khwarazmian Empire, and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q2975834", "label": "Shihihutug", "section": "lead", "says": "Escaping the Mongols several times, he reached Ghazni and started assembling a large force; he then defeated the Mongol commander Shigi Qutuqu at the Battle of Parwan."}, {"id": "Q3269746", "label": "Battle of Parwan", "section": "lead", "says": "Escaping the Mongols several times, he reached Ghazni and started assembling a large force; he then defeated the Mongol commander Shigi Qutuqu at the Battle of Parwan."}], "Q3297506": [{"id": "Q212068", "label": "Jean-Jacques Dessalines", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1804 Haiti massacre was a genocide carried out by Afro-Haitian soldiers, mostly former slaves, under orders from Jean-Jacques Dessalines against much of the remaining European population in Haiti, which mainly included French people."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Haitian Revolution defeated the French army in November 1803 and the Haitian Declaration of Independence happened on 1 January 1804."}, {"id": "Q23762798", "label": "Dirk Moses", "section": "lead", "says": "Nicholas Robins, Adam Jones, and Dirk Moses theorize that the executions were a \"subaltern genocide\", in which an oppressed group uses genocidal means to destroy its oppressors."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the early-to-mid nineteenth century, the events of the massacre were well known in the United States."}, {"id": "Q1268017", "label": "Dutty Boukman", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1791, a man of Jamaican origin named Dutty Boukman became the leader of the enslaved Africans held on a large plantation in Cap-Français."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the wake of the French Revolution, he planned to massacre all the French living in Cap-Français."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XVI was accused of indifference to the massacre, while the slaves seemed to think the king was on their side."}], "Q3307987": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian plague of 1629–1631, also referred to as the Great Plague of Milan, was part of the second plague pandemic that began with the Black Death in 1348 and ended in the 18th century."}], "Q3321519": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1552, the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Kara Ahmed Pasha laid siege to the Castle of Eger, located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó repelled the attacks and defended the castle, despite being outnumbered approximately 17 to 1."}, {"id": "Q1571856", "label": "Kara Ahmed Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1552, the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Kara Ahmed Pasha laid siege to the Castle of Eger, located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó repelled the attacks and defended the castle, despite being outnumbered approximately 17 to 1."}, {"id": "Q513502", "label": "István Dobó", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1552, the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Kara Ahmed Pasha laid siege to the Castle of Eger, located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó repelled the attacks and defended the castle, despite being outnumbered approximately 17 to 1."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commenced his expansion of the empire in 1520 after the reign of Selim I."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commenced his expansion of the empire in 1520 after the reign of Selim I."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I succeeded to the Bohemian throne but was challenged to the Hungarian throne by the pretender John Zápolya, whose claim was backed by nobles and the Sultan."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Background", "says": "It was not resolved until he renounced the throne in 1570, when he was succeeded by Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q606632", "label": "Nikola Jurišić", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans met resistance during the siege of Güns (Kőszeg) in 1532, where a force of 800 men under Nikola Jurišić managed to hold back the Ottoman armies."}], "Q3434218": [{"id": "Q886923", "label": "Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict followed the presidential elections of 8 February 1948, in which opposition candidate Otilio Ulate defeated the ruling party's Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia."}, {"id": "Q311126", "label": "José Figueres Ferrer", "section": "lead", "says": "This triggered an armed uprising led by José Figueres Ferrer, a businessman who had not participated in the elections, against the government of President Teodoro Picado."}, {"id": "Q887712", "label": "Rafael Ángel Calderón", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1940s, the Costa Rican political scene came to be dominated by Rafael Ángel Calderón, a medical doctor who served as President of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Ideological context", "says": "Calderón had been elected president in 1940 as the candidate of the right, closely allied with the Roman Catholic Church and with the business elite, but his enthusiastic support for the Allies during World War II, and especially his punitive measures against the rich and influential German community in Costa Rica, caused that elite to withdraw its support for him."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Ideological context", "says": "This lack of ideological consistency is further underscored by the fact that during the Civil War, the government forces, despite being allied to the Costa Rican communists, enjoyed the support of right-wing Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza, while Figueres's rebels, who as anti-communists were tacitly supported by the United States, received significant aid from leftist Guatemalan president Ju"}, {"id": "Q881158", "label": "Juan José Arévalo", "section": "Ideological context", "says": "This lack of ideological consistency is further underscored by the fact that during the Civil War, the government forces, despite being allied to the Costa Rican communists, enjoyed the support of right-wing Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza, while Figueres's rebels, who as anti-communists were tacitly supported by the United States, received significant aid from leftist Guatemalan president Ju"}], "Q3485986": [{"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Paris of 845 was the culmination of a Viking invasion of West Francia."}, {"id": "Q314492", "label": "Ragnar Lodbrok", "section": "lead", "says": "The Viking forces were led by a Norse chieftain named \"Reginherus\", or Ragnar, who has been tentatively identified with the legendary saga character Ragnar Lodbrok."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "King Charles the Bald assembled a smaller army in response, but after the Vikings defeated one division, comprising half of the army, the remaining forces retreated."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Frankish Empire was first attacked by Viking raiders in 799 (ten years after the earliest-known Viking attack at Portland, Dorset, in England), which led Charlemagne to create a defence system along the northern coast in 810."}], "Q3687154": [{"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim Aghlabids conquered Sicily between June 827 and 902, when the last major Byzantine stronghold on the island, Taormina, fell."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The opportunity for the Aghlabid emirs of Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia) came in 827, when the commander of the island's fleet, Euphemius, rose in revolt against the Byzantine Emperor Michael II."}, {"id": "Q2541827", "label": "Euphemios", "section": "lead", "says": "The opportunity for the Aghlabid emirs of Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia) came in 827, when the commander of the island's fleet, Euphemius, rose in revolt against the Byzantine Emperor Michael II."}, {"id": "Q41640", "label": "Michael II", "section": "lead", "says": "The opportunity for the Aghlabid emirs of Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia) came in 827, when the commander of the island's fleet, Euphemius, rose in revolt against the Byzantine Emperor Michael II."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine government sent a few expeditions to aid the locals against the Muslims, but preoccupied with the struggle against the Abbasids on their eastern frontier and with the Cretan Saracens in the Aegean Sea, it was unable to mount a sustained effort to drive back the Muslims, who over the next three decades raided Byzantine possessions almost unopposed."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "Background", "says": "In 535, the island came under Byzantine control and was raided by the Ostrogoths in the Gothic War, but calm returned thereafter."}, {"id": "Q502912", "label": "John Bagnell Bury", "section": "Background", "says": "As John Bagnell Bury writes, \"A fruitful land and a desirable possession in itself, Sicily's central position between the two basins of the Mediterranean rendered it an object of supreme importance to any Eastern sea-power which was commercially or politically aggressive; while for an ambitious ruler in Africa it was the steppingstone to Italy and the gates of the Adriatic.\"\nConsequently, the isla"}], "Q370158": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khasavyurt Accord (Chechen: Хаси-Эвлан Барт, Russian: Хасавюртовские соглашения), formally the Khasavyourt Joint Declaration and Principles for Mutual Relations, was an agreement that marked the end of the First Chechen War, signed in Khasavyurt in Dagestan on 30 August 1996 between Alexander Lebed and Aslan Maskhadov."}, {"id": "Q295898", "label": "Alexander Lebed", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khasavyurt Accord (Chechen: Хаси-Эвлан Барт, Russian: Хасавюртовские соглашения), formally the Khasavyourt Joint Declaration and Principles for Mutual Relations, was an agreement that marked the end of the First Chechen War, signed in Khasavyurt in Dagestan on 30 August 1996 between Alexander Lebed and Aslan Maskhadov."}, {"id": "Q193354", "label": "Aslan Maskhadov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khasavyurt Accord (Chechen: Хаси-Эвлан Барт, Russian: Хасавюртовские соглашения), formally the Khasavyourt Joint Declaration and Principles for Mutual Relations, was an agreement that marked the end of the First Chechen War, signed in Khasavyurt in Dagestan on 30 August 1996 between Alexander Lebed and Aslan Maskhadov."}], "Q373401": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Vincent in Portugal as part of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Vincent in Portugal as part of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q1259275", "label": "Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "After the signing of the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1796 allying Spanish and French forces against Great Britain, the Royal Navy blockaded Spain in 1797, impairing communications with its empire."}], "Q377753": [{"id": "Q183499", "label": "Æthelred the Unready", "section": "lead", "says": "Brice's Day massacre was a mass killing of Danes within England on 13 November 1002, on the order of King Æthelred the Unready of England."}, {"id": "Q181896", "label": "Sweyn I of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians think that the invasions of England by the Danish king, Swein Forkbeard, over the following years were in retaliation for the massacre."}, {"id": "Q1442050", "label": "Battle of Maldon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Maldon in 991, Æthelred paid tribute, or Danegeld, to the Danish king. Æthelred married Emma of Normandy in 1002, daughter of Richard I of Normandy; her mother was a Dane named Gunnor, and their son became Edward the Confessor."}, {"id": "Q40061", "label": "Emma of Normandy", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Maldon in 991, Æthelred paid tribute, or Danegeld, to the Danish king. Æthelred married Emma of Normandy in 1002, daughter of Richard I of Normandy; her mother was a Dane named Gunnor, and their son became Edward the Confessor."}], "Q3780506": [{"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Saddam Hussein, the deposed president of Iraq, was captured by the United States military in the town of Ad-Dawr, Iraq, on 13 December 2003."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Saddam Hussein, the deposed president of Iraq, was captured by the United States military in the town of Ad-Dawr, Iraq, on 13 December 2003."}], "Q4162685": [{"id": "Q888396", "label": "Dominique Mbonyumutwa", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution began in November 1959, with a series of riots and arson attacks on Tutsi homes following an attack on one of the few Hutu sub-chiefs, Dominique Mbonyumutwa, by Tutsi extremists."}, {"id": "Q557995", "label": "Grégoire Kayibanda", "section": "lead", "says": "Logiest and Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda declared Rwanda an autonomous republic in 1961, and the country became independent in 1962."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany wanted this region, which was also claimed by Leopold II as part of his own Congo Free State (annexed by Belgium to form the Belgian Congo in 1908)."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany wanted this region, which was also claimed by Leopold II as part of his own Congo Free State (annexed by Belgium to form the Belgian Congo in 1908)."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany wanted this region, which was also claimed by Leopold II as part of his own Congo Free State (annexed by Belgium to form the Belgian Congo in 1908)."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The territory became the western border of German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Belgian forces took control of Rwanda and Burundi during World War I, and the country came under Belgian control in a 1919 League of Nations mandate, named Ruanda-Urundi."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "Background", "says": "Belgian forces took control of Rwanda and Burundi during World War I, and the country came under Belgian control in a 1919 League of Nations mandate, named Ruanda-Urundi."}], "Q4301654": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The first invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Mongol Empire started in March 1241."}], "Q4556932": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 April 1895, a 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck Ljubljana, the capital and largest city of Carniola, a crown land of Austria-Hungary and the capital of modern-day Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 April 1895, a 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck Ljubljana, the capital and largest city of Carniola, a crown land of Austria-Hungary and the capital of modern-day Slovenia."}], "Q4992563": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Latvia, which had declared restoration of independence from the Soviet Union a year earlier, anticipated that the Soviet Union might attempt to regain control over the country by force."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika policies, hoping to salvage the failing Soviet economy."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "This led to unintended consequences as problems within the Soviet Union and crimes of the Soviet regime, previously kept secret and denied by the government, were exposed, causing public dissatisfaction, further deepened by the war in Afghanistan and the Chernobyl disaster starting in April 1986."}], "Q518005": [{"id": "Q315000", "label": "Jean Froissart", "section": "lead", "says": "The strength of the English fleet is estimated as between the 12 galleys given by the Castilian chronicler and naval captain López de Ayala and the 40 sailing ships, of which three ships were warships and 13 barges mentioned by the French chronicler Jean Froissart."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This defeat undermined English seaborne trade and supplies through the English Channel and threatened their Gascon possessions, The battle of La Rochelle was the first important and most consequential English naval defeat of the Hundred Years' War, described by prominent historians as the worst defeat ever inflicted on the English Navy."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council agreed that the lands held by Edward III in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council agreed that the lands held by Edward III in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q201692", "label": "Battle of Poitiers", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1356 a large French army was decisively defeated at the Battle of Poitiers, in which King John II of France (r."}, {"id": "Q169992", "label": "John II of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1356 a large French army was decisively defeated at the Battle of Poitiers, in which King John II of France (r."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "Background", "says": "This eventually led to peace being agreed, and the Treaty of Brétigny was signed in 1360."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "This had been part of the English royal estate in France since the reign of Henry II (r."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "Background", "says": "1154–1189), and by the treaty it and Poitou became fiefdoms of Edward's oldest son, Edward the Black Prince."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1369, arguing that Edward had failed to observe the terms of the treaty, Charles V (r."}, {"id": "Q31880", "label": "Castille War", "section": "Background", "says": "France was newly resurgent; she had recently successfully intervened in the Castilian War of the Two Pedros and in 1368 concluded a treaty which emphasised Castilian naval support."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By 1372 invasion scares in England were common and English rule in the Duchy of Aquitaine was under threat."}, {"id": "Q314905", "label": "Bertrand du Guesclin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1372 the Constable of France, Bertrand du Guesclin, laid siege to the town of La Rochelle and called on the King of Castile, Henry II, to honour his obligations under the 1368 treaty."}], "Q525197": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The White Terror (Russian: Белый террор, romanized: Belyy terror) in the former Russian Empire refers to violence and mass killings carried out by the White movement and its governments of Russia during the Russian Civil War (1917–1923)."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The White Terror (Russian: Белый террор, romanized: Belyy terror) in the former Russian Empire refers to violence and mass killings carried out by the White movement and its governments of Russia during the Russian Civil War (1917–1923)."}, {"id": "Q448142", "label": "Grigory Semyonov", "section": "lead", "says": "The White Terror was most acute in the Far East, under warlords such as Grigory Semyonov and Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg."}, {"id": "Q70542", "label": "Roman von Ungern-Sternberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The White Terror was most acute in the Far East, under warlords such as Grigory Semyonov and Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Bolsheviks' Red Terror officially began on September 5, 1918 in response to several planned assassinations of Bolshevik leaders, incidents of violence carried out by Bolsheviks and their supporters had been ongoing since the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q4398229", "label": "Russian State", "section": "lead", "says": "According to some historians, the White Terror evolved from a disorganized policy to a system of political repression sanctioned by the Russian State and its system of military dictatorship which targeted not only the Bolsheviks, but members of other parties and other people as well."}], "Q548252": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The armies of France and Germany had completed their mobilisation, the French with Plan XVII, to conduct an offensive through Lorraine and Alsace into Germany and the Germans with Aufmarsch II West, for an offensive in the north through Luxembourg and Belgium into France, supplemented with attacks in the south to prevent the French from transferring troops to the greater threat in the north."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Military operations began on the French frontier, Libau was bombarded by the German light cruiser SMS Augsburg and the British government guaranteed naval protection for French coasts."}], "Q552296": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carpi was a series of engagements in the summer of 1701, and the first battle of the War of the Spanish Succession that took place on 9 July 1701 between France and Austria."}], "Q582594": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch colonial empire in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch colonial empire in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa."}], "Q587095": [{"id": "Q1067", "label": "Dante Alighieri", "section": "lead", "says": "An act of treachery during the battle is recorded by Dante Alighieri in the Inferno section of the Divine Comedy."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Guelphs and Ghibellines were rival factions that nominally sided with the Papacy or the Holy Roman Empire, respectively, in Italy in the 12th and 13th centuries."}], "Q590545": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first years of the Pacific War these attacks were limited to the Doolittle Raid in April 1942 and small-scale raids on Japanese military positions in the Kuril Islands from mid-1943."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese military planned to destroy Soviet air bases within range of the home islands if Japan and the Soviet Union ever went to war."}], "Q601359": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Donelson was fought from February 11–16, 1862, in the Western Theater of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q638962", "label": "Simon Bolivar Buckner", "section": "lead", "says": "Simon Bolivar Buckner, who accepted Grant's demand of unconditional surrender later that evening."}, {"id": "Q1368292", "label": "Leonidas Polk", "section": "Background", "says": "Albert Sidney Johnston's two main forces: Major General Leonidas Polk at Columbus, Kentucky, with 12,000 men, and William J."}, {"id": "Q724339", "label": "Don Carlos Buell", "section": "Background", "says": "Don Carlos Buell, who was quartered in Louisville with 45,000 men, might attack Johnston head-on, with Grant following behind Buell."}], "Q604204": [{"id": "Q1195251", "label": "Treaty of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "It eventually ended with a return to the previous status quo ante bellum following the Treaty of Seville."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "During the War of the Spanish Succession, Spain lost Gibraltar to an Anglo-Dutch fleet and when the war finished in 1714, Spain was forced to accept the loss of Gibraltar in the Treaty of Utrecht, but it was a long-term goal of Spain to recover both Gibraltar and the island of Menorca from the British."}, {"id": "Q2472006", "label": "Treaty of Hanover", "section": "Background", "says": "In reaction, Britain signed the Treaty of Hanover with France and Prussia."}], "Q617827": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Mexican–American War in 1846, the United States annexed conflicted territory from Mexico which was the home of both settlers and Apache tribes."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Mexican–American War in 1846, the United States annexed conflicted territory from Mexico which was the home of both settlers and Apache tribes."}, {"id": "Q2791", "label": "Gerónimo", "section": "lead", "says": "Army put over 5,000 soldiers in the field to fight, which resulted in the surrender of Geronimo and 30 of his followers."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederate Army briefly participated in the wars during the early 1860s in Texas, before being diverted to action in the American Civil War in New Mexico and Arizona."}], "Q661425": [{"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Caltabellotta, signed on 31 August 1302, was the last of a series of treaties, including those of Tarascon and Anagni, designed to end the War of the Sicilian Vespers between the Houses of Anjou and Barcelona for ascendancy in the Mediterranean and especially Sicily and the Mezzogiorno."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace divided the old Kingdom of Sicily into an island portion and a peninsular portion."}, {"id": "Q3932086", "label": "Kingdom of Trinacria", "section": "lead", "says": "The island, called the Kingdom of Trinacria, went to Frederick III, who had been ruling it; the Mezzogiorno, called the Kingdom of Sicily contemporaneously but the Kingdom of Naples by modern scholarship, went to Charles II, who had been ruling it."}, {"id": "Q436817", "label": "Roger de Flor", "section": "lead", "says": "The consequences of the treaty meant that Roger de Flor and his Almogavars of the Catalan Company had to seek pay elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "lead", "says": "The consequences of the treaty meant that Roger de Flor and his Almogavars of the Catalan Company had to seek pay elsewhere."}], "Q661759": [{"id": "Q275651", "label": "Leopold III, Duke of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sempach was fought on 9 July 1386, between Leopold III, Duke of Austria and the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sempach was fought on 9 July 1386, between Leopold III, Duke of Austria and the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory helped turn the loosely allied Swiss Confederation into a more unified nation and is seen as a turning point in the growth of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 June, a messenger from Württemberg brought 15 declarations of war."}], "Q664603": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, (Spanish: Tratado germano-español de 1899; German: Deutsch-Spanischer Vertrag 1899) signed by the German Empire and the Kingdom of Spain, involved Spain selling the majority of its Pacific possessions not lost in the Spanish–American War to Germany for 25 million pesetas (equivalent to 17 million marks)."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, (Spanish: Tratado germano-español de 1899; German: Deutsch-Spanischer Vertrag 1899) signed by the German Empire and the Kingdom of Spain, involved Spain selling the majority of its Pacific possessions not lost in the Spanish–American War to Germany for 25 million pesetas (equivalent to 17 million marks)."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, (Spanish: Tratado germano-español de 1899; German: Deutsch-Spanischer Vertrag 1899) signed by the German Empire and the Kingdom of Spain, involved Spain selling the majority of its Pacific possessions not lost in the Spanish–American War to Germany for 25 million pesetas (equivalent to 17 million marks)."}], "Q676676": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Spanish: Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla) was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, which established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal."}, {"id": "Q117101", "label": "John Hay", "section": "lead", "says": "It was named after its two primary negotiators, Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, the French diplomatic representative of Panama, and United States secretary of state John Hay."}, {"id": "Q209169", "label": "Ferdinand de Lesseps", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps, who had built the Suez Canal, started work on a canal traversing the Isthmus of Panama, which was then part of Colombia."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps, who had built the Suez Canal, started work on a canal traversing the Isthmus of Panama, which was then part of Colombia."}, {"id": "Q2131701", "label": "Herrán-Hay treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "The US had negotiated the Hay–Herrán Treaty with Colombia in early 1903 that would give it control of the canal and would include the purchase of the French-held land for $40 million."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "Background", "says": "Justly confident that American President Theodore Roosevelt would support his initiative, he met with Manuel Amador, the leader of the Panamanian independence movement, in a suite in the Waldorf-Astoria hotel in New York where he wrote him a $100,000 check to fund a renewed Panamanian revolt."}], "Q677959": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French hoped to draw the attention of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was allied with Britain and Hanover, away from the Bohemian theatre where Prussia and Austria fought several battles (Lobositz, Prague, Kolin)."}, {"id": "Q573972", "label": "Battle of Rossbach", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This coalition army later met a Prussian army at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 with disaster."}, {"id": "Q378088", "label": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The army was commanded by Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, third son of King George II of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q131981", "label": "George II of Great Britain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The army was commanded by Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, third son of King George II of Great Britain."}], "Q684311": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 16 April 1856 was an international multilateral treaty agreed to by the warring parties in the Crimean War gathered at the Congress at Paris after the peace treaty of Paris had been signed in March 1856."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The primary goal of both the Second French Empire and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was to abolish privateering, a part of naval warfare whereby a belligerent party gave formal permission to privately owned ships by letters of marque to seize enemy vessels."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The primary goal of both the Second French Empire and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was to abolish privateering, a part of naval warfare whereby a belligerent party gave formal permission to privately owned ships by letters of marque to seize enemy vessels."}], "Q685164": [{"id": "Q251597", "label": "Battle of Dornach", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Basel of 22 September 1499 was an armistice following the Battle of Dornach, concluding the Swabian War, fought between the Swabian League and the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Basel of 22 September 1499 was an armistice following the Battle of Dornach, concluding the Swabian War, fought between the Swabian League and the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Basel of 22 September 1499 was an armistice following the Battle of Dornach, concluding the Swabian War, fought between the Swabian League and the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the war had concluded in multiple Swiss victories, both Switzerland and the Swabian League were exhausted, and the leaders of both sides desired peace."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 19th-century Swiss historiography, the treaty was presented as an important step towards de facto independence of the Swiss Confederacy from the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q685757": [{"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The second rebellion of the Alpujarras (Arabic: ثورة البشرات الثانية; 1568–1571), sometimes called the War of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was triggered by Philip II of Spain's Pragmatic Sanction of 1567 and was the second Morisco revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region and on the Granada Altiplano region, northeast of the city of Granada."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1250, the Reconquest of Spain by the Catholic powers had left only the Emirate of Granada, in southern Spain."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1492, Granada city fell to the Catholic Monarchs—Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon—and under the terms of capitulation the whole Muslim-majority region came under Christian rule."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1492, Granada city fell to the Catholic Monarchs—Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon—and under the terms of capitulation the whole Muslim-majority region came under Christian rule."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslims under Christian rule (until then known as Mudejares) were then obliged to convert to Christianity, becoming a nominally Catholic population known as \"Moriscos\"."}, {"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the Morisco population was then expelled from the Kingdom of Granada and was dispersed throughout the Kingdom of Castille (modern-day Castile, Extremadura, and Andalusia)."}], "Q688502": [{"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Morat ((French: Bataille de Morat; German: Schlacht bei Murten) took place during the Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) that was fought on 22 June 1476 between Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, and a Swiss Confederation army at Morat (Murten), about 30 kilometres from Bern."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Morat ((French: Bataille de Morat; German: Schlacht bei Murten) took place during the Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) that was fought on 22 June 1476 between Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, and a Swiss Confederation army at Morat (Murten), about 30 kilometres from Bern."}], "Q688802": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians won a costly victory in one of the bloodiest battles of the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians won a costly victory in one of the bloodiest battles of the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q701139", "label": "Battle of Liegnitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Outnumbered three-to-one, Frederick escaped the Austrian trap by smashing the corps of Feldzeugmeister Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon at the Battle of Liegnitz."}], "Q688978": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cremona took place on the night of 31 January to 1 February 1702, during the War of the Spanish Succession, between a French force under Maréchal Villeroi and an Imperial/Austrian army led by Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cremona took place on the night of 31 January to 1 February 1702, during the War of the Spanish Succession, between a French force under Maréchal Villeroi and an Imperial/Austrian army led by Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q766501", "label": "Duchy of Mantua", "section": "Background", "says": "He was an extremely capable general who easily out manoeuvred his French counterparts, winning battles at Carpi and Chieri, after which his army took up winter quarters in the pro-French Duchy of Mantua."}], "Q690495": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a combined Habsburg-Transylvanian force and the Ottoman Empire near the village of Mezőkeresztes (Turkish: Haçova) in modern-day northern Hungary."}, {"id": "Q171465", "label": "Mehmed III", "section": "Background", "says": "Commanded by Sultan Mehmed III, the army marched through Edirne, Filibe (now known as Plovdiv), Sofia, and Niš to arrive at Belgrade on 9 August."}, {"id": "Q951058", "label": "Damat Ibrahim Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "A war council in the castle of Hatvan was conducted under Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha."}], "Q694073": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Gibraltar by Anglo-Dutch forces of the Grand Alliance occurred between 1 and 4 August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. (see All dates in the annotations) Since the beginning of the war the Alliance had been looking for a harbour in the Iberian Peninsula to control the Strait of Gibraltar and facilitate naval operations against the French fleet in the western Mediterran"}, {"id": "Q156190", "label": "Peter II of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "This strength helped persuade King Peter II of Portugal to sever his alliance with France and Bourbon-controlled Spain, and ally himself with the Grand Alliance in 1703 as the Alliance fleets could campaign in the Mediterranean using access to the port of Lisbon and conduct operations in support of the Austrian Habsburg candidate to the Spanish throne, the Archduke Charles, known to his supporters"}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "This strength helped persuade King Peter II of Portugal to sever his alliance with France and Bourbon-controlled Spain, and ally himself with the Grand Alliance in 1703 as the Alliance fleets could campaign in the Mediterranean using access to the port of Lisbon and conduct operations in support of the Austrian Habsburg candidate to the Spanish throne, the Archduke Charles, known to his supporters"}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt represented the Habsburg cause in the region."}, {"id": "Q128983", "label": "George Rooke", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1704 the prince and admiral George Rooke, commander of the main Grand Alliance fleet, failed to take Barcelona in the name of \"Charles III\"; Rooke subsequently evaded pressure from his allies to make another attempt on Cádiz."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Alliance failed in its objective of replacing Philip V with Charles III as King of Spain, but in the peace negotiations Gibraltar was ceded to Britain."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the War of the Spanish Succession, Portugal was nominally an ally of the Bourbons: France under Louis XIV, and Spain under his grandson, Philip V."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the War of the Spanish Succession, Portugal was nominally an ally of the Bourbons: France under Louis XIV, and Spain under his grandson, Philip V."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Although not a belligerent, Portugal's harbours were closed to the enemies of the Bourbon powers – principally the vessels of England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Prince was the great exponent of the Barcelona plan; he had been in touch with the dissidents within Catalonia and counted on the appearance of the fleet to encourage a rising in favour of 'Charles III'."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 30 May, under cover of the ships' guns, Prince George landed with 1,200 English and 400 Dutch marines; but the governor of Barcelona, Don Francisco de Velasco, had managed to keep the city's disaffected elements quiet and Philip V's partisans on the alert."}, {"id": "Q1102640", "label": "Cloudesley Shovell", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He therefore turned back towards the Straits where the arrival of an English squadron under Cloudesley Shovell had put the Allies on a numerical parity with the Frenc"}], "Q695107": [{"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dybbøl (Danish: Slaget ved Dybbøl; German: Erstürmung der Düppeler Schanzen) was the key battle of the Second Schleswig War, fought between Denmark and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q151305", "label": "Christian IX of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the annexation of the Duchy of Schleswig in November 1863 by Danish king Christian IX (who was also the Duke of Schleswig), Prussia and Austria invaded Jutland in January 1864."}, {"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "Background", "says": "Dybbøl had also been the site of a battlefield in the First Schleswig War."}], "Q695215": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Berlin (German–Soviet Neutrality and Nonaggression Pact) was a treaty signed on 24 April 1926 under which Germany and the Soviet Union pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for five years."}], "Q697680": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tali–Ihantala (June 25 to July 9, 1944) was part of the Finnish-Soviet Continuation War (1941–1944), which occurred during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tali–Ihantala (June 25 to July 9, 1944) was part of the Finnish-Soviet Continuation War (1941–1944), which occurred during World War II."}, {"id": "Q151860", "label": "Siege of Leningrad", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Siege of Leningrad was lifted in January 1944, the Stavka received orders to plan an offensive against Finland to push it out of the war."}, {"id": "Q16471", "label": "Invasion of Normandy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet attack on the Finnish front commenced on the Karelian Isthmus on June 9, 1944, (coordinated with the Allied Invasion of Normandy)."}], "Q697891": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession that brought the House of Bourbon of France to the throne of Spain, Spain and France made a series of agreements that did not unite the two thrones, but did lead to cooperation and military alliance on a defined basis."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession that brought the House of Bourbon of France to the throne of Spain, Spain and France made a series of agreements that did not unite the two thrones, but did lead to cooperation and military alliance on a defined basis."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bourbon alliance would be broken by the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q698292": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Volcano and Ryūkyū Islands campaign was a series of battles and engagements between Allied forces and Imperial Japanese Forces in the Pacific Ocean campaign of World War II between January and June 1945."}, {"id": "Q180182", "label": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "section": "lead", "says": "The two main land battles in the campaign were the Battle of Iwo Jima (16 February to 26 March 1945) and the Battle of Okinawa (1 April to 21 June 1945)."}, {"id": "Q192660", "label": "Battle of Okinawa", "section": "lead", "says": "The two main land battles in the campaign were the Battle of Iwo Jima (16 February to 26 March 1945) and the Battle of Okinawa (1 April to 21 June 1945)."}, {"id": "Q379433", "label": "Operation Ten-Go", "section": "lead", "says": "One major naval battle occurred, called Operation Ten-Go (7 April 1945) after the operational title given to it by the Japanese."}], "Q700134": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nikolayevsk incident or Nikolaevsk incident (Russian: Николаевский инцидент) was a series of mass killings that took place in the region of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur during the Russian Civil War."}], "Q700572": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Attu (codenamed Operation Landcrab), which took place on 11–30 May 1943, was fought between forces of the United States, aided by Canadian reconnaissance and fighter-bomber support, and Japan on Attu Island off the coast of the Territory of Alaska as part of the Aleutian Islands campaign during the American Theater and the Pacific Theater."}, {"id": "Q1811372", "label": "Territory of Alaska", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Attu (codenamed Operation Landcrab), which took place on 11–30 May 1943, was fought between forces of the United States, aided by Canadian reconnaissance and fighter-bomber support, and Japan on Attu Island off the coast of the Territory of Alaska as part of the Aleutian Islands campaign during the American Theater and the Pacific Theater."}, {"id": "Q2632857", "label": "American Theater", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Attu (codenamed Operation Landcrab), which took place on 11–30 May 1943, was fought between forces of the United States, aided by Canadian reconnaissance and fighter-bomber support, and Japan on Attu Island off the coast of the Territory of Alaska as part of the Aleutian Islands campaign during the American Theater and the Pacific Theater."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "I think it is the most important strategic place in the world.\"\nOn 7 June 1942, six months after the United States entered World War II, the 301st Independent Infantry Battalion from the Japanese Northern Army landed unopposed on Attu."}], "Q701644": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590 was one of the many wars between the neighboring arch-rivals of the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting several years prior to the war and up to and including most of the war itself, the Safavids were experiencing significant domestic issues and rivalling noble factions within the court since the death of Shah Tahmasp I."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The war, despite swift Ottoman victories in the first few years and extensive support from the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate during several stages of the war, eventually became geo-politically and military relatively stable for several years with both parties losing and winning smaller battles till around 1580."}, {"id": "Q4872575", "label": "Battle of Torches", "section": "lead", "says": "It eventually had a turning point following the Battle of Torches on 7–11 May 1583 and the assassination of the Safavid generals Mirza Salman Jaberi and Hamza Mirza."}, {"id": "Q298419", "label": "Sokollu Mehmed Paşa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the Sublime Porte, Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was constantly urging against another war, but was overridden by the Sultan."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The sultan saw it as a unique opportunity to conquer once again the territories that had been conquered by Suleiman the Magnificent over Safavid Iran decades earlier, but was not able to hold them for long."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The sultan saw it as a unique opportunity to conquer once again the territories that had been conquered by Suleiman the Magnificent over Safavid Iran decades earlier, but was not able to hold them for long."}], "Q703179": [{"id": "Q710709", "label": "Silla–Tang War", "section": "lead", "says": "It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained."}], "Q703436": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rain took place on 15 April 1632 near Rain in Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeated a Catholic League force led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, who later died of wounds received in the battle."}, {"id": "Q155534", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeated a Catholic League force led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, who later died of wounds received in the battle."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Outnumbered and with many inexperienced troops, Tilly built defensive works along the River Lech, centred on the town of Rain, hoping to delay Gustavus long enough for Imperial reinforcements under Albrecht von Wallenstein to reach him."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Supported by Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia, victory at Breitenfeld in September 1631 gave Gustavus control over much of north and central Germany."}, {"id": "Q550657", "label": "Gustav Horn, Count of Pori", "section": "Background", "says": "While Elector John George invaded Habsburg lands in Bohemia, Gustavus prepared to attack Austria, while his subordinate Gustav Horn advanced into Franconia."}, {"id": "Q498046", "label": "Johan Banér", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, he moved into Bavaria from his winter quarters in Mainz, where by combining his own forces with those led by Horn, Johan Banér, and William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, he assembled around 37,500 men and 72 guns."}, {"id": "Q65133", "label": "William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, he moved into Bavaria from his winter quarters in Mainz, where by combining his own forces with those led by Horn, Johan Banér, and William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, he assembled around 37,500 men and 72 guns."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "His main force of 22,000 was entrenched around Rain, with a detachment of 5,000 covering another crossing at Augsburg (see Map)."}], "Q703482": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bataan (Filipino: Labanan sa Bataan; 7 January – 9 April 1942) was fought by the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth against the Empire of Japan during World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bataan (Filipino: Labanan sa Bataan; 7 January – 9 April 1942) was fought by the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth against the Empire of Japan during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bataan (Filipino: Labanan sa Bataan; 7 January – 9 April 1942) was fought by the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth against the Empire of Japan during World War II."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle represented the most intense phase of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander in chief of the U.S. and Filipino forces in the islands, General Douglas MacArthur, consolidated all of his Luzon-based units on the Bataan Peninsula to fight against the Japanese army."}, {"id": "Q1565693", "label": "Battle of Harpers Ferry", "section": "lead", "says": "The American surrender at Bataan to the Japanese, with 76,000 soldiers surrendering in the Philippines altogether, was the largest in American and Filipino military histories and was the largest United States surrender since the American Civil War's Battle of Harpers Ferry."}, {"id": "Q35041", "label": "William McKinley", "section": "Background", "says": "Brereton to abandon Clark Field, Nichols Field, Fort William McKinley, and Nielson Field for the Pilar, Bataan, Cabcaben and Mariveles gravel strips."}], "Q703523": [{"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stilo (also known as Cape Colonna and Crotone) was fought on 13 or 14 July 982 near Crotone in Calabria between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II and his Italo-Lombard allies and those of the Kalbid emir of Sicily, Abu'l-Qasim, who had declared a holy war against the Germans."}, {"id": "Q4055153", "label": "Abu'l Qasim", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stilo (also known as Cape Colonna and Crotone) was fought on 13 or 14 July 982 near Crotone in Calabria between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II and his Italo-Lombard allies and those of the Kalbid emir of Sicily, Abu'l-Qasim, who had declared a holy war against the Germans."}], "Q704785": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bougainville campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan, named after the island of Bougainville, one of the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bougainville campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan, named after the island of Bougainville, one of the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bougainville campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan, named after the island of Bougainville, one of the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied grand strategy in the South Pacific."}], "Q705571": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The East African campaign in World War I was a series of battles and guerrilla actions, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and the Belgian Congo."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The East African campaign in World War I was a series of battles and guerrilla actions, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and the Belgian Congo."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign all but ended in German East Africa in November 1917 when the Germans entered Mozambique and continued the campaign living off Portuguese supplies."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign all but ended in German East Africa in November 1917 when the Germans entered Mozambique and continued the campaign living off Portuguese supplies."}, {"id": "Q57203", "label": "Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck", "section": "lead", "says": "The strategy of the German colonial forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, was to divert Allied forces from the Western Front to Africa."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "GEA became two League of Nations Class B Mandates, Tanganyika Territory of the United Kingdom and Ruanda-Urundi of Belgium, while the Kionga Triangle was ceded to Portugal."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "lead", "says": "GEA became two League of Nations Class B Mandates, Tanganyika Territory of the United Kingdom and Ruanda-Urundi of Belgium, while the Kionga Triangle was ceded to Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "GEA became two League of Nations Class B Mandates, Tanganyika Territory of the United Kingdom and Ruanda-Urundi of Belgium, while the Kionga Triangle was ceded to Portugal."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "Background", "says": "The Force Publique was constrained to adopt a defensive strategy until 15 August 1914, when German ships on Lake Tanganyika bombarded the port of Mokolobu and then the Lukuga post a week later."}], "Q708088": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the Peninsular War, which was part of the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the Peninsular War, which was part of the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q705972", "label": "Robert Craufurd", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the British army, excluding the elite Light Brigade under Robert Craufurd, suffered from a loss of order and discipline during the retreat."}, {"id": "Q277204", "label": "Convention of Sintra", "section": "Background", "says": "In early October 1808, following the scandal in Britain over the Convention of Sintra and the recall of the generals Dalrymple, Burrard and Wellesley, Sir John Moore took command of the 30,000-man British force in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In early October 1808, following the scandal in Britain over the Convention of Sintra and the recall of the generals Dalrymple, Burrard and Wellesley, Sir John Moore took command of the 30,000-man British force in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "By November 1808 the British army, led by Moore, advanced into Spain with orders to assist the Spanish armies in their struggle against the invading forces of Napoleon."}], "Q709429": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beiping–Tianjin (simplified Chinese: 平津作战; traditional Chinese: 平津作戰; pinyin: Píng Jīn Zùozhàn), also known as the Battle of Beiping, Battle of Peiping, Battle of Beijing, Battle of Peiking, the Peiking–Tientsin Operation, and by the Japanese as the North China Incident (北支事変, Hokushi jihen) (25–31 July 1937) was a series of battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War fought in the proxi"}, {"id": "Q711969", "label": "Song Zheyuan", "section": "Background", "says": "Chinese General Song Zheyuan ordered his forces to hold their positions and attempted to avert war through diplomacy."}, {"id": "Q649596", "label": "Ma Bufang", "section": "Background", "says": "Muslim General Ma Bufang of the Ma clique notified the Chinese government that he was prepared to lead his army into battle against the Japanese when they started the attack on Beijing."}], "Q714274": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siegfried Line campaign was a phase in the Western European campaign of World War II, which involved engagements near the German defensive Siegfried Line."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "This campaign spanned from the end of Operation Overlord and the push across northern France, which ended on 15 September 1944, and concluded with the opening of the German Ardennes counteroffensive, better known as the Battle of the Bulge."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "This campaign spanned from the end of Operation Overlord and the push across northern France, which ended on 15 September 1944, and concluded with the opening of the German Ardennes counteroffensive, better known as the Battle of the Bulge."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "This had arisen from Conscription Crisis of 1917 during World War I; to avoid similar problems in World War II, the National Resources Mobilization Act of 1940 prohibited sending conscripts overseas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "American losses now called on replacements direct from the United States."}], "Q716112": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Saint Petersburg or Treaty of Ili was an unequal treaty between the Russian Empire and the Qing dynasty that was signed in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on 24 February [O.S."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Russian conquest of Turkestan, Russia gained control of eastern Kazakhstan up to the current Chinese border."}, {"id": "Q19914124", "label": "Treaty of Livadia", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1879, he concluded the Treaty of Livadia."}, {"id": "Q971925", "label": "Zeng Jize", "section": "Background", "says": "Zeng Jize was appointed as the new ambassador."}], "Q717373": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese invasion of Taiwan, also known as Yiwei War in Chinese (Chinese: 乙未戰爭; 29 May－18 November 1895), was a conflict between the Empire of Japan and the armed forces of the short-lived Republic of Formosa following the Qing dynasty's cession of Taiwan to Japan in April 1895 at the end of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q319881", "label": "Republic of Formosa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese invasion of Taiwan, also known as Yiwei War in Chinese (Chinese: 乙未戰爭; 29 May－18 November 1895), was a conflict between the Empire of Japan and the armed forces of the short-lived Republic of Formosa following the Qing dynasty's cession of Taiwan to Japan in April 1895 at the end of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese invasion of Taiwan, also known as Yiwei War in Chinese (Chinese: 乙未戰爭; 29 May－18 November 1895), was a conflict between the Empire of Japan and the armed forces of the short-lived Republic of Formosa following the Qing dynasty's cession of Taiwan to Japan in April 1895 at the end of the First Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q718770": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, who had already tried and failed to draw Coalition forces into costly ground engagements by shelling Saudi Arabian positions and oil storage tanks and firing Scud surface-to-surface missiles at Israel, ordered the invasion of Saudi Arabia from southern Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, who had already tried and failed to draw Coalition forces into costly ground engagements by shelling Saudi Arabian positions and oil storage tanks and firing Scud surface-to-surface missiles at Israel, ordered the invasion of Saudi Arabia from southern Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The invasion, which followed the inconclusive Iran–Iraq War and three decades of political conflict with Kuwait, offered Saddam Hussein the opportunity to distract political dissent at home and add Kuwait's oil resources to Iraq's own."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, the United States began marshalling forces from a variety of nations, styled the Coalition, on the Arabian peninsula."}], "Q741547": [{"id": "Q2511409", "label": "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The WCT and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, are together termed WIPO Internet Treaties."}], "Q751143": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Volunteer Campaigns, Slovak uprising of 1848–1849, Slovak Revolt or the Slovak Revolution occurred in Western parts of Upper Hungary (today mostly Western Slovakia) with the aim of equalizing Slovaks, democratizing political life and achieving social justice within the 1848–49 revolutions in the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"id": "Q349893", "label": "Milan Hodža", "section": "Background", "says": "This town in the Žilina Region was the base of Slovak nationalist Michal Miloslav Hodža, uncle of future Czechoslovak politician Milan Hodža."}], "Q7521684": [{"id": "Q34105", "label": "Hosni Mubarak", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency began during the Egyptian Crisis, during which the longtime Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak was overthrown in the 2011 Egyptian revolution."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2014, members of the Ansar Bait al-Maqdis group pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, or ISIS) and proclaimed themselves Sinai Province, with some security officials stating that militants based in Libya established ties with the Sinai Province group and blaming the porous border and ongoing civil war for the increase in sophisticated weapons available to the Isl"}, {"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the overthrow in July 2013 of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi, \"unprecedented clashes\" occurred."}], "Q777332": [{"id": "Q744590", "label": "Bardas Skleros", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arcadiopolis was fought in 970 between a Byzantine army under Bardas Skleros and a Rus' army, the latter also including allied Bulgarian, Pecheneg, and Hungarian (Magyar) contingents."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the preceding years, the Rus' ruler Sviatoslav had conquered northern Bulgaria, and was now menacing Byzantium as well."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was important as it bought time for the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes to settle his internal problems and assemble a large expedition, which eventually defeated Sviatoslav the next year."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 965 or 966, a Bulgarian emissary visited the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (r."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "This forced the Bulgarian tsar, Peter I, to the negotiating table, agreeing to terms favourable to Byzantium."}], "Q792340": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 August, the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium, demanding passage through the country and German forces invaded Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q671594", "label": "Battle of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The German government declared war on Belgium on 4 August; German troops crossed the border and began the Battle of Liège."}, {"id": "Q1417205", "label": "Battle of Mons", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Mons and the Battle of Charleroi, the bulk of the German armies in Belgium marched south into France, leaving small forces to garrison Brussels and the Belgian railways."}, {"id": "Q860150", "label": "Battle of Charleroi", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Mons and the Battle of Charleroi, the bulk of the German armies in Belgium marched south into France, leaving small forces to garrison Brussels and the Belgian railways."}, {"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of the Frontiers ended, the French armies in the north and the BEF began the Great Retreat into France (24 August – 28 September), the Belgian army and small detachments of French and British troops fought in Belgium against German"}], "Q815120": [{"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bari took place 1068–1071, during the Middle Ages, when Norman forces, under the command of Robert Guiscard, laid siege to the city of Bari, a major stronghold of the Byzantines in Italy and the capital of the Catepanate of Italy, starting from 5 August 1068."}], "Q815197": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Petropavlovsk was a military operation in the Pacific theatre of the Crimean War in which British and French naval forces unsuccessfully attempted to capture the Russian port of Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka peninsula."}, {"id": "Q957601", "label": "Yevfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian Vice-Admiral Yevfimiy Putyatin decided he could not meet the allied forces on the open sea, and could not raid allied trade."}, {"id": "Q497189", "label": "Treaty of Shimoda", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian 54-gun frigate Diana rounded Asia and arrived at Shimoda, Japan with the Russian ambassador in late 1854 to negotiate what would become the Treaty of Shimoda."}], "Q83888864": [{"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "lead", "says": "Cambodia's initial response was slow - during the initial outbreak in China, few international travel restrictions were introduced, Cambodian citizens were not evacuated from Wuhan and Prime Minister Hun Sen downplayed the threat."}, {"id": "Q685293", "label": "Péter Szijjártó", "section": "lead", "says": "In November, some restrictions were reinstated in Phnom Penh and thousands of Cambodian government employees and contacts went into quarantine following a one day-visit by Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó, who tested positive after arriving in Bangkok."}], "Q852157": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plitvice Lakes incident (Croatian: Krvavi Uskrs na Plitvicama or Plitvički krvavi Uskrs, both translating as \"Plitvice Bloody Easter\") was an armed clash at the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting prompted the Presidency of Yugoslavia to order the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) to step in and create a buffer zone between the opposing forces."}, {"id": "Q314295", "label": "Milan Babić", "section": "Background", "says": "Milan Babić, a dentist from the southern town of Knin, was elected president."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "Background", "says": "Knin's police chief, Milan Martić, established paramilitary militias."}], "Q870783": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Rhône Crossing was a battle during the Second Punic War in September of 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Hannibal marched on the Italian Alps, and an army of Gallic Volcae attacked the Carthaginian army on the east bank of the Rhône."}, {"id": "Q891971", "label": "Bomilcar", "section": "lead", "says": "Before they crossed the river, the Carthaginians sent a detachment to cross upriver, under Hanno, son of Bomilcar, and took up position behind the Gauls."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage and Rome fought through the First Punic War primarily for supremacy in North Africa and on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and in its surrounding waters."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage and Rome fought through the First Punic War primarily for supremacy in North Africa and on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and in its surrounding waters."}, {"id": "Q1433214", "label": "Treaty of Lutatius", "section": "Background", "says": "It ended with the Treaty of Lutatius, under which Carthage evacuated Sicily and paid an indemnity of 3,200 talents over ten years."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Polybius considered this act of bad faith by the Romans as the single greatest cause of the war with Carthage breaking out again nineteen years later."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after the Roman breached the treaty, Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca led many of his veterans to expand Carthaginian holdings in south-east Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after the Roman breached the treaty, Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca led many of his veterans to expand Carthaginian holdings in south-east Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q188322", "label": "Ebro Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "In 226 BC, the Romans and Carthaginians signed the Ebro Treaty, declaring the Ebro River the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence."}], "Q87706558": [{"id": "Q29032770", "label": "Félix Tshisekedi", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 March, President Félix Tshisekedi announced flight suspensions."}], "Q8807": [{"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "lead", "says": "A failed coup d'état on 11 April 2002 saw Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, ousted from office for 47 hours before being restored to power."}, {"id": "Q1035320", "label": "Caracazo", "section": "lead", "says": "As the plan would have resulted in the killing of hundreds of Venezuelans, as happened during the Caracazo, military high command refused and demanded he resign."}, {"id": "Q878705", "label": "Pedro Carmona", "section": "Background and rising tensions", "says": "It was joined the following day by Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce, headed by Pedro Carmona and Fedepetrol, the country's largest blue-collar petroleum union."}], "Q88137634": [{"id": "Q6138903", "label": "James Marape", "section": "lead", "says": "In March, cases tripled, with Prime Minister James Marape speaking of \"rampant community transmission\"."}], "Q8934": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venezuelan War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia de Venezuela, 1810–1823) was one of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early nineteenth century, when independence movements in South America fought a civil war for secession and against unity of the Spanish Empire, emboldened by Spain's troubles in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venezuelan War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia de Venezuela, 1810–1823) was one of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early nineteenth century, when independence movements in South America fought a civil war for secession and against unity of the Spanish Empire, emboldened by Spain's troubles in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q10463", "label": "Captaincy General of Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The establishment of the Supreme Caracas Junta following the forced deposition of Vicente Emparan as Captain General of the Captaincy General of Venezuela on 19 April 1810, marked the beginnings of the war."}, {"id": "Q8935", "label": "First Republic of Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the 1812 Battle of La Victoria."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the 1812 Battle of La Victoria."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "Simón Bolívar led an \"Admirable Campaign\" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest."}, {"id": "Q8940", "label": "Admirable Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Simón Bolívar led an \"Admirable Campaign\" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest."}, {"id": "Q8950", "label": "Second Republic of Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Simón Bolívar led an \"Admirable Campaign\" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "Only as part of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada in 1819-20 did Venezuela achieve a lasting independence from Spain (initially as part of Gran Colombia)."}], "Q934238": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Twelve Years' Truce was a ceasefire during the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609 and ended on 9 April 1621."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Twelve Years' Truce was a ceasefire during the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609 and ended on 9 April 1621."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce allowed Philip III of Spain to focus his resources elsewhere, while Archdukes Albert and Isabella used it to consolidate Habsburg rule and implement the Counter-Reformation in the Southern Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Context", "says": "After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, Spain's Philip II ordered Alexander Farnese to direct his military actions first towards the failed campaign of the Spanish Armada, then against France to prevent the succession of Henry IV, a Protestant."}, {"id": "Q312903", "label": "Alexander Farnese", "section": "Context", "says": "After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, Spain's Philip II ordered Alexander Farnese to direct his military actions first towards the failed campaign of the Spanish Armada, then against France to prevent the succession of Henry IV, a Protestant."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Context", "says": "After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, Spain's Philip II ordered Alexander Farnese to direct his military actions first towards the failed campaign of the Spanish Armada, then against France to prevent the succession of Henry IV, a Protestant."}, {"id": "Q1392", "label": "Battle of Nieuwpoort", "section": "Context", "says": "While it met with a tactical defeat in the Battle of Nieuwpoort on 2 July 1600, it did succeed in its strategic goal to repel the Dutch invasion of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q359936", "label": "Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases", "section": "Context", "says": "Ambrogio Spinola, who had succeeded Archduke Albert as commander in the field, eventually captured the town on 22 September 1604, but only at the price of accepting the loss of Sluis."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "Context", "says": "In 1598 Henry IV and Philip II had ended the Franco-Spanish War with the Peace of Vervins, thus breaking up the Triple Alliance between France, England and the United Provinces."}, {"id": "Q1188688", "label": "Peace of Vervins", "section": "Context", "says": "In 1598 Henry IV and Philip II had ended the Franco-Spanish War with the Peace of Vervins, thus breaking up the Triple Alliance between France, England and the United Provinces."}], "Q952260": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 April 1091, an invading force of Pechenegs was crushed by the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 April 1091, an invading force of Pechenegs was crushed by the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies."}, {"id": "Q41834", "label": "Romanos IV Diogenes", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 26, 1071, a Byzantine army under Romanos IV Diogenes was defeated by the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert in eastern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q210564", "label": "Michael VII Doukas", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat caused the emperor to be deposed and replaced by the ineffectual Michael VII Doukas, who refused to honour the treaty that had been signed by Romanos."}, {"id": "Q1226606", "label": "Alexios Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "It is against this backdrop of defeat and disaster that Alexios Komnenos, a successful young general and nephew of Isaac I Komnenos, who had been fighting against the Turks since the age of fourteen, ascended the throne on Easter Sunday, April 4, 1081."}, {"id": "Q41643", "label": "Isaac I Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "It is against this backdrop of defeat and disaster that Alexios Komnenos, a successful young general and nephew of Isaac I Komnenos, who had been fighting against the Turks since the age of fourteen, ascended the throne on Easter Sunday, April 4, 1081."}, {"id": "Q335071", "label": "John Julius Norwich", "section": "Background", "says": "According to John Julius Norwich, the significance of Alexios's rise to power was that \"...for the first time in over half a century the empire was in capable hands.\" Alexios determined to restore the fortunes of the Byzantine Empire, whatever the cost."}], "Q963839": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Adys (or Adis) took place in late 256 BC during the First Punic War between a Carthaginian army jointly commanded by Bostar, Hamilcar and Hasdrubal and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead of holding his position, Regulus advanced towards the Carthaginian capital, Carthage."}], "Q965649": [{"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nian Rebellion (Chinese: 捻亂; pinyin: Niǎn Luàn) was an insurrection against the Qing dynasty in northern China from 1851 to 1868, contemporaneously with the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) in southern China."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing government slowly began cleaning up after the disaster but could not provide effective aid, as government finances had been drained during the First Opium War and the ongoing Taiping Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q997220", "label": "White Lotus Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nian rebels seemed to have been influenced by the previous 1794 White Lotus Rebellion, recruiting from secret societies and sects such as the White Lotus, and actively borrowing their terminology and symbols, examples being the practice of sworn brotherhood, five colours of banners, flags with eight trigrams, and the widespread use of units of woman warriors."}], "Q967289": [{"id": "Q743768", "label": "The Anarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "It effectively ended a civil war known as The Anarchy (1138–1154), caused by a dispute over the English crown between King Stephen and Empress Matilda."}, {"id": "Q150872", "label": "Empress Matilda", "section": "lead", "says": "It effectively ended a civil war known as The Anarchy (1138–1154), caused by a dispute over the English crown between King Stephen and Empress Matilda."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Wallingford allowed Stephen to keep the throne until his death (which was to come in October 1154), but ensured that he would be succeeded by Matilda's son Henry II."}], "Q974166": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Montenotte was fought on 12 April 1796, near Montenotte Superiore (then in the Kingdom of Sardinia, now in Italy), being the opening engagement of Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian Campaign."}, {"id": "Q563424", "label": "Johann Peter Beaulieu", "section": "Background", "says": "Bonaparte's Austrian opponent, Feldzeugmeister Johann Peter Beaulieu was also new to the Italian theater of operations."}, {"id": "Q314135", "label": "Pierre Augereau", "section": "Background", "says": "Based on a muster roll from 9 April, Bonaparte's field army consisted of four divisions under Generals of Division Amédée Emmanuel Francois Laharpe, Jean-Baptiste Meynier, Pierre Augereau, and Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier."}, {"id": "Q376344", "label": "Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier", "section": "Background", "says": "Based on a muster roll from 9 April, Bonaparte's field army consisted of four divisions under Generals of Division Amédée Emmanuel Francois Laharpe, Jean-Baptiste Meynier, Pierre Augereau, and Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "Background", "says": "Laharpe and Meynier's divisions formed the advance guard under André Masséna."}], "Q101436761": [{"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "lead", "says": "After Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan announced that he signed an agreement to cede Armenian-occupied territories in Azerbaijan and put an end to six weeks of hostilities over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, thousands of people took to the streets, and hundreds stormed the Parliament building in the capital Yerevan."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "After Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan announced that he signed an agreement to cede Armenian-occupied territories in Azerbaijan and put an end to six weeks of hostilities over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, thousands of people took to the streets, and hundreds stormed the Parliament building in the capital Yerevan."}, {"id": "Q93153", "label": "Armen Sarkissian", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to the two political coalitions, numerous public figures had called on Prime Minister Pashinyan to resign, including the then president of Armenia, Armen Sarkissian, former president Levon Ter-Petrosyan, both catholicoi of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Karekin II and Aram I, and Edmon Marukyan leader of the then third-largest party in parliament Bright Armenia (who announced his own c"}, {"id": "Q612949", "label": "Levon Ter-Petrosyan", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to the two political coalitions, numerous public figures had called on Prime Minister Pashinyan to resign, including the then president of Armenia, Armen Sarkissian, former president Levon Ter-Petrosyan, both catholicoi of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Karekin II and Aram I, and Edmon Marukyan leader of the then third-largest party in parliament Bright Armenia (who announced his own c"}], "Q1034037": [{"id": "Q3884054", "label": "Adriatic Campaign of World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Strait of Otranto of 1917 was the result of an Austro-Hungarian raid during the Adriatic Campaign of World War I on the Otranto Barrage, an Allied naval blockade of the Strait of Otranto."}, {"id": "Q696752", "label": "Otranto Barrage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Strait of Otranto of 1917 was the result of an Austro-Hungarian raid during the Adriatic Campaign of World War I on the Otranto Barrage, an Allied naval blockade of the Strait of Otranto."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on 15 May 1917, and was the largest surface action in the Adriatic Sea during World War I."}, {"id": "Q117144", "label": "Miklós Horthy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Hungarian Navy planned to raid the Otranto Barrage with a force of three light cruisers and two destroyers under the command of Commander (later Admiral) Miklós Horthy in an attempt to break the barrier to allow Austro-Hungarian and Imperial German Navy U-boats freer access to the Mediterranean Sea and Allied shipping."}], "Q1034344": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "A Russian officer arrived at Blücher's headquarters late on the 9th and reported to him and the staff that the army was under threat from the south, while on the night of the 10th intelligence discovered Napoleon himself already at Sézanne."}, {"id": "Q642517", "label": "Battle of Champaubert", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought from 10 February to 15 February during which time Napoleon in the course of his lightning offensive, whilst his opponent did not have time to react, inflicted four defeats on the Army of Silesia by engaging its individual parts sequentially in the Battle of Champaubert, where he routed the entire corps and wedged into the central section of the enemy army, the Battle of Montmirail an"}, {"id": "Q745543", "label": "Battle of Montmirail", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought from 10 February to 15 February during which time Napoleon in the course of his lightning offensive, whilst his opponent did not have time to react, inflicted four defeats on the Army of Silesia by engaging its individual parts sequentially in the Battle of Champaubert, where he routed the entire corps and wedged into the central section of the enemy army, the Battle of Montmirail an"}, {"id": "Q1192053", "label": "Battle of Vauchamps", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought from 10 February to 15 February during which time Napoleon in the course of his lightning offensive, whilst his opponent did not have time to react, inflicted four defeats on the Army of Silesia by engaging its individual parts sequentially in the Battle of Champaubert, where he routed the entire corps and wedged into the central section of the enemy army, the Battle of Montmirail an"}, {"id": "Q763551", "label": "Battle of Brienne", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the Battle of Brienne (29 January 1814) Napoleon surprised Blücher at his headquarters and nearly captured him."}, {"id": "Q568253", "label": "Battle of La Rothière", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At about noon on 2 February Napoleon attacked them opening the Battle of La Rothière."}], "Q1036947": [{"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Delta was a sea battle between Egypt and the Sea Peoples, circa 1175 BC, when the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III repelled a major sea invasion."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict occurred on the shores of the eastern Nile Delta and on the border of the Egyptian Empire in Syria, although precise locations of the battles are unknown."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "Historical background", "says": "They attacked Syria and the Southern Levant, where many cities were burned and ruined. (Carchemish was one of the cities which survived the Sea People's attacks.) Cyprus had also been overwhelmed and its capital sacked."}, {"id": "Q844639", "label": "Battle of Djahy", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Ramesses had fought the Sea Peoples in southern Lebanon at the Battle of Djahy."}, {"id": "Q1760729", "label": "Alashiya", "section": "Historical background", "says": "No land could stand before their arms, from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, Alashiya on being cut off. [ie: cut down]\""}], "Q1048401": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bulgarian Battle of Versinikia (Bulgarian: Битката при Версиникия; Greek: Μάχη της Βερσινικίας) was a battle fought in 813 AD between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire, near the city of Adrianople (Edirne), in modern-day Turkey."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bulgarian Battle of Versinikia (Bulgarian: Битката при Версиникия; Greek: Μάχη της Βερσινικίας) was a battle fought in 813 AD between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire, near the city of Adrianople (Edirne), in modern-day Turkey."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian army, led by Krum of Bulgaria, defeated the Byzantine forces."}, {"id": "Q41652", "label": "Michael I Rangabe", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this defeat, Michael I Rangabe abdicated, with Leo V the Armenian taking the Byzantine throne."}, {"id": "Q41641", "label": "Leo V the Armenian", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this defeat, Michael I Rangabe abdicated, with Leo V the Armenian taking the Byzantine throne."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle further strengthened Bulgarian control in the region after their victory over Nikephoros I two years earlier."}, {"id": "Q1260410", "label": "Treaty of 815", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the Bulgarians controlled the whole region of Eastern Thrace (until the Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 815), with the exception of a few castles that remained in Byzantine control."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "lead", "says": "Krum died on 13 April 814, but his muster of \"5,000 iron-plated wagons [ . . . ] to carry the siege equipment\" alarmed the Byzantine court to such an effect that they asked for the aid of the Carolingian Emperor Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q403416", "label": "Battle of Pliska", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Bulgarian victory over the Byzantine army of Emperor Nikephoros I in the Battle of Pliska in 811, the Byzantine Empire found itself in a difficult situation."}, {"id": "Q237587", "label": "Stauracius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The son of Nikephoros (and legitimate heir to the Imperial Purple), Emperor Staurakios, was badly wounded and paralyzed in the battle and was deposed in the autumn of the same year."}, {"id": "Q116639", "label": "Nikephoros I of Constantinople", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Prokopia failed to persuade her brother Staurakios, who wanted to have Michael blinded, to name the latter as his successor, a group of senior officials (the magistros Theoktistos, Domestic of the Schools Stephen, and as mentioned above Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople) forced Staurakios to abdicate in favor of Michael on 2 October 811."}, {"id": "Q1492048", "label": "Treaty of 716", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Bulgarian delegation was led by a certain Dobromir, but the Byzantine Emperor declined the peace deal, possibly due to concerns related to item three of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 716, which stated that \"The refugees from both sides shall be mutually surrendered, if they are plotting against the authorities.\" That item was important for the Byzantines during the 8th century because the "}], "Q1074467": [{"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Chioggia (Italian: Guerra di Chioggia) was a conflict fought by the Republic of Genoa against the Republic of Venice between 1378 and 1381, the conclusion of an open confrontation that had lasted for years and which had already included some occasional and limited military clashes."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Chioggia (Italian: Guerra di Chioggia) was a conflict fought by the Republic of Genoa against the Republic of Venice between 1378 and 1381, the conclusion of an open confrontation that had lasted for years and which had already included some occasional and limited military clashes."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background", "says": "Genoa, having suffered previous defeats at the hands of the Venetians, had emerged from submission to the Visconti tyrants of Milan during the 14th century, although it had also been severely weakened by the outbreak of the Black Death in 1348, which killed more than 40,000 people in Genoa."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Venice had participated in the dismemberment of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and gradually taken over land on the Adriatic coast, thereby entering into conflict with the Kingdom of Hungary; on the Italian mainland, its terrestrial acquisitions had generated a rivalry with the nearby largest city, Padua."}], "Q1095345": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12 to 16 September 1918, involving the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Pershing of the United States against German positions."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack on Metz was not realized, as the Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch ordered the American troops to march towards Sedan and Mézières, which would lead to the Meuse–Argonne offensive."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Background: The Saint-Mihiel salient", "says": "After the end of the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War, the town was no longer considered important strategically, and France did not develop military installations."}], "Q1109261": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Thessalonica was the capture and subsequent sack of the Byzantine city of Thessalonica by the Abbasid Caliphate and Tulunids in the year 904, led by Leo of Tripoli, a privateer and Muslim convert."}, {"id": "Q726798", "label": "Tulunids", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Thessalonica was the capture and subsequent sack of the Byzantine city of Thessalonica by the Abbasid Caliphate and Tulunids in the year 904, led by Leo of Tripoli, a privateer and Muslim convert."}, {"id": "Q662404", "label": "Leo of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Thessalonica was the capture and subsequent sack of the Byzantine city of Thessalonica by the Abbasid Caliphate and Tulunids in the year 904, led by Leo of Tripoli, a privateer and Muslim convert."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The city, which is now in modern-day Greece, was in 904 A.D. a part of the Byzantine Empire, and was considered the greatest city in the empire, second only to Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q3778593", "label": "Fourth Fitna", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the weakening of centralized power in the Abbasid Caliphate due to  the Fourth Fitna and the Anarchy at Samarra, many areas of the vast Abbasid Caliphate began to break away from the Caliph's control and while still paying religious lip service, acted independently on military and state matters."}], "Q110970851": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bukhara took place in February 1220, during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged assault on the Khwarazmian Empire ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged assault on the Khwarazmian Empire ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q5954482", "label": "Terken Hatun", "section": "Background", "says": "His mother, Terken Khatun, still wielded substantial power in the realm—Peter Golden termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother \"an uneasy diarchy\", which often acted to Muhammad's disadvantage."}], "Q112865573": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests broke out in the autonomous region of Karakalpakstan in Republic of Uzbekistan on 1 July 2022 over proposed amendments by Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the Uzbek President, to the Constitution of Uzbekistan, which would have ended Karakalpakstan's status as an autonomous region of Uzbekistan and right to secede from Uzbekistan via referendum."}, {"id": "Q57808", "label": "Shavkat Mirziyoyev", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests broke out in the autonomous region of Karakalpakstan in Republic of Uzbekistan on 1 July 2022 over proposed amendments by Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the Uzbek President, to the Constitution of Uzbekistan, which would have ended Karakalpakstan's status as an autonomous region of Uzbekistan and right to secede from Uzbekistan via referendum."}], "Q1131857": [{"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "1921 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as 3 Esfand 1299 coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹ with the Solar Persian date), refers to several major events in Qajar Iran in 1921, which eventually led to the deposition of the Qajar dynasty and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of Iran in 1925."}, {"id": "Q188684", "label": "Edmund II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The precise level of British involvement in the coup remains a matter of historical debate, but it is almost certain that Edmund Ironside provided advice to the plotters."}, {"id": "Q317799", "label": "Ahmad Shah Qajar", "section": "Background", "says": "Ahmad Shah Qajar, the shah of Iran at the time, had only been crowned in 1909 at the age of eleven and was considered to be a weak, incompetent ruler, especially after British, Russian, and Ottoman occupations of Persia during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ahmad Shah Qajar, the shah of Iran at the time, had only been crowned in 1909 at the age of eleven and was considered to be a weak, incompetent ruler, especially after British, Russian, and Ottoman occupations of Persia during World War I."}], "Q1249270": [{"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Sacred War (356–346 BC) was fought between the forces of the Delphic and Amphictyonic Leagues, principally represented by Thebes, and latterly by Philip II of Macedon, and the Phocians."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip II used the distraction of the other states to increase his power in central Greece, in the process becoming ruler of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip II used the distraction of the other states to increase his power in central Greece, in the process becoming ruler of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "In the end, Philip's growing power, and the exhaustion of the other states, allowed him to impose a peaceful settlement of the war, marking a major step in the rise of Macedon to pre-eminence in Ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q465694", "label": "Alexander of Pherae", "section": "Background", "says": "By 357 BC, with the Athenians embroiled in the Social War, and Alexander of Pherae (an erstwhile ally of the Phocians) dead, the Thebans deemed that the chance to punish Phocis had come."}], "Q1266649": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dardanos (85 BC) was a treaty between Rome and Pontus signed between Lucius Cornelius Sulla of Rome and King Mithridates VI of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the First Mithridatic War."}], "Q1285884": [{"id": "Q2326066", "label": "Iberian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Perpetual Peace, also called the Treaty of Eternal Peace (Greek: ἀπέραντος εἰρήνη), signed in 532 between the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire and Sassanid Persia, was a peace treaty of indefinite duration, which concluded the Iberian War (527–531) between the two powers."}], "Q1300440": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bucharest was signed by Serbia and Bulgaria on 3 March [O.S."}, {"id": "Q740791", "label": "Serbo-Bulgarian War", "section": "lead", "says": "19 February] 1886 in Bucharest, the capital of Romania, and marked the end of the Serbo-Bulgarian War."}], "Q130297776": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The flooding began in Austria and the Czech Republic, then spread to Poland, Romania and Slovakia, and then onwards to Germany and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The flooding began in Austria and the Czech Republic, then spread to Poland, Romania and Slovakia, and then onwards to Germany and Hungary."}], "Q1326527": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cowpens was a military engagement of the American Revolutionary War fought on January 17, 1781, near the town of Cowpens, South Carolina."}, {"id": "Q2767", "label": "Daniel Morgan", "section": "lead", "says": "An American army of nearly 2,000 regulars and militia under Brigadier general Daniel Morgan defeated a force of about 1,000 British and Loyalist troops commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Banastre Tarleton."}, {"id": "Q332464", "label": "Banastre Tarleton", "section": "lead", "says": "An American army of nearly 2,000 regulars and militia under Brigadier general Daniel Morgan defeated a force of about 1,000 British and Loyalist troops commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Banastre Tarleton."}, {"id": "Q425773", "label": "Battle of Guilford Court House", "section": "lead", "says": "Morgan evaded Cornwallis and joined American General Nathanael Greene’s army near Greensboro, North Carolina, in early February, resulting in the Battle of Guilford Court House."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "On October 14, 1780, Continental Army commander General George Washington chose Nathanael Greene, a Rhode Island Quaker officer, to be commander of the Southern Department of the Continental forces."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "Background", "says": "On October 14, 1780, Continental Army commander General George Washington chose Nathanael Greene, a Rhode Island Quaker officer, to be commander of the Southern Department of the Continental forces."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1780 the Carolinas had been the scene of a long string of disasters for the Continental Army, the worst being the capture of one American army under General Benjamin Lincoln in May 1780 at the siege of Charleston."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "Background", "says": "Later that year, an American army commanded by General Horatio Gates was defeated at the Battle of Camden."}, {"id": "Q1539513", "label": "Battle of Camden", "section": "Background", "says": "Later that year, an American army commanded by General Horatio Gates was defeated at the Battle of Camden."}, {"id": "Q2035455", "label": "Battle of Kings Mountain", "section": "Background", "says": "A victory of Patriot militiamen over their Loyalist counterparts at the Battle of Kings Mountain on the northwest frontier in October had bought time, but the British still occupied most of South Carolina."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the American Revolution, Morgan—whose military experience dated to the French and Indian War (1754–1763)—had served at the siege of Boston in 1775."}], "Q1346429": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Leoben was a general armistice and preliminary peace agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and the First French Republic that ended the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Leoben was a general armistice and preliminary peace agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and the First French Republic that ended the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed at Eggenwaldsches Gartenhaus, near Leoben, on 18 April 1797 (29 germinal V in the French revolutionary calendar) by General Maximilian von Merveldt and the Marquis of Gallo on behalf of the Emperor Francis II and by General Napoléon Bonaparte on behalf of the French Directory."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed at Eggenwaldsches Gartenhaus, near Leoben, on 18 April 1797 (29 germinal V in the French revolutionary calendar) by General Maximilian von Merveldt and the Marquis of Gallo on behalf of the Emperor Francis II and by General Napoléon Bonaparte on behalf of the French Directory."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In the public articles, the Emperor ceded his \"Belgian Provinces\" (the Austrian Netherlands), and in the secret articles, he ceded his Italian states (Lombardy) in exchange for the Italian mainland possessions of the Republic of Venice, which had not yet been conquered."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In the public articles, the Emperor ceded his \"Belgian Provinces\" (the Austrian Netherlands), and in the secret articles, he ceded his Italian states (Lombardy) in exchange for the Italian mainland possessions of the Republic of Venice, which had not yet been conquered."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "lead", "says": "Except for these personal losses to the ruling Habsburgs, the treaty preserved the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire, unlike in the amplified Treaty of Campo Formio of 17 October 1797."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "No final peace between the Holy Roman Empire and France was reached before the outbreak of the War of the Second Coalition in 1799."}], "Q1349891": [{"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaixia, also known as The Last Stand at Wu River, was a battle of annihilation during Early Imperial China, fought between the forces of Han under Liu Bang and Western Chu under Xiang Yu in December 203 BC."}, {"id": "Q574498", "label": "Han Xin", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 204 BC the Han General-in-Chief Han Xin defeated the Chu-Qi coalition in the Battle of Wei River, and in early 203 he completed the Han conquest of the State of Qi, an ally of Western Chu."}], "Q1361210": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Christmas Island was a small engagement which began on 31 March 1942, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "A convoy with a 6-inch gun sailed for Christmas Island from Singapore on 27 March 1942."}, {"id": "Q301300", "label": "Battle of Java", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Battle of Java (28 February – 12 March 1942) the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters issued orders for Operation X, the invasion and occupation of Christmas Island, on 14 March 1942."}, {"id": "Q935282", "label": "Shōji Nishimura", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rear Admiral Shōji Nishimura was assigned to command the Second Southern Expeditionary Fleet's occupation force, with the light cruiser Naka as his flagship."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The garrison, a detachment of the Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery numbered 32 troops, led by Captain L."}], "Q1362053": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Mantinea was fought in 418 BC during the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q932202", "label": "Peace of Nicias", "section": "Background", "says": "In 421 BC, after ten years of war, Athens and Sparta made peace; the Peace of Nicias."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Background", "says": "The army that was amassed was, according to Thucydides, \"the best army ever assembled in Greece to that time\"."}, {"id": "Q3807161", "label": "Archidamian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Enemy control of the town would mean that the Spartans would be unable to move out of their home city and would result in the demise of the Peloponnesian coalition that fought the Archidamian War."}], "Q137036104": [{"id": "Q16855164", "label": "Umaro Sissoco Embaló", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 November 2025, the president of Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embaló, was arrested as part of a coup d'état carried out by Head of the Military Office of the Presidency Brigadier General Dinis Incanha."}, {"id": "Q137049690", "label": "Horta Inta-A Na Man", "section": "lead", "says": "Military officers declared \"total control\" over the country and established the High Military Command for the Restoration of National Security and Public Order led by General Horta Inta-A Na Man."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "This is the ninth coup or attempted coup in Guinea-Bissau since it gained independence from Portugal in 1974, with the last successful coup being in 2012; the two most recent coup attempts, in 2022 and 2023, also targeted Embaló, while there were also allegations of a coup plot at the end of October 2025."}], "Q1389951": [{"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Panium  (also known as Paneion, Ancient Greek: Πάνειον, or Paneas, Πανειάς) was fought in 200 BC near Paneas (Caesarea Philippi) between Seleucid and Ptolemaic forces as part of the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucids were led by Antiochus III the Great, while the Ptolemaic army was led by Scopas of Aetolia."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ptolemaic Kingdom never recovered from its defeat at Panium and ceased to be an independent great power."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 202 BC, Ptolemy son of Thraseas, the Ptolemaic governor of Coele-Syria, defected to the side of Antiochus III the Great, the ruler of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q630781", "label": "Battle of Raphia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Antiochus probably had around 70,000 soldiers, more than the 68,000 he had at the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Polybius identifies the presence of cataphracts, the elite cavalry agema, Tarentines and more cavalry, phalangites, hypaspists, war elephants, unidentified infantry and light skirmishers in the ranks of the Seleucid army at Panium."}], "Q1392699": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blood River, or Voortrekker–Zulu War, (16 December 1838) was fought on the bank of the Ncome River, in what is today KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa between 464 Voortrekkers (\"Pioneers\"), led by Andries Pretorius, and an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 Zulu."}, {"id": "Q440155", "label": "Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blood River, or Voortrekker–Zulu War, (16 December 1838) was fought on the bank of the Ncome River, in what is today KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa between 464 Voortrekkers (\"Pioneers\"), led by Andries Pretorius, and an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 Zulu."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The year 1838 was the most difficult period for the Voortrekkers from when they left the Cape Colony, till the end of the Great Trek."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "This was only achieved after defeating the Zulu Kingdom, at the Battle of Blood River, which took place on Sunday 16 December 1838."}, {"id": "Q982129", "label": "Piet Retief", "section": "Background", "says": "The trekkers—called Voortrekkers after 1880—chose to retaliate after the betrayal murder of chief Trekker leader Piet Retief and his entire entourage, and ten days later the Weenen/Bloukrans massacre where \"not a soul was spared.\"\nDingane had agreed that, if Retief could recover approximately 700 head of cattle stolen from the Zulus by the Tlokwa, he would let them have land upon which to establis"}], "Q1392933": [{"id": "Q2702724", "label": "Operation Magistral", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for Hill 3234 (Russian: Бой у высоты 3234, romanized: Boy u vysoty 3234) was a successful attack battle fought by the 9th Company of the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment, Soviet Airborne Troops, part of Operation Magistral, supported by the Afghan Army's 15th Tank Brigade, 8th, 11th, 12th, 214th, 25th Infantry Division and the 37th Commando Battalion, in Afghanistan against a "}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for Hill 3234 (Russian: Бой у высоты 3234, romanized: Boy u vysoty 3234) was a successful attack battle fought by the 9th Company of the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment, Soviet Airborne Troops, part of Operation Magistral, supported by the Afghan Army's 15th Tank Brigade, 8th, 11th, 12th, 214th, 25th Infantry Division and the 37th Commando Battalion, in Afghanistan against a "}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Two of the soldiers killed, Vyacheslav Aleksandrov and Andrey Melnikov, were posthumously awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q504137", "label": "Boris Gromov", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1987, the Soviet 40th Army under General Boris Gromov began Operation Magistral to open the road from Gardez to Khost near the Pakistani border."}, {"id": "Q186013", "label": "Jalaluddin Haqqani", "section": "Background", "says": "Khost had been cut off for months by mujahideen led by Jalaluddin Haqqani and had to be resupplied by air."}], "Q141072401": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 August 2026, at 05:58 WITA (UTC+8), a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck off the coast of the island of Flores in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia."}], "Q1473919": [{"id": "Q2026496", "label": "Operation Accountability", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1993, Israel responded with a massive attack against the Lebanese Hezbollah (Operation Accountability) to disrupt its actions."}, {"id": "Q215983", "label": "The Grapes of Wrath", "section": "Origins of name", "says": "However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah, or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, The Grapes of Wrath."}], "Q14746872": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syrian revolution was a series of mass protests and civilian uprisings throughout Syria – with a subsequent violent reaction by the Ba'athist regime – lasting from 2011 to 2024 as part of the greater Arab Spring in the Arab world."}, {"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "At the onset of the Arab Spring, Ba'athist Syria was considered as the most restrictive police state in the Arab World; with a tight system of regulations on the movement of civilians, independent journalists and other unauthorized individuals."}], "Q1476126": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Panormus was fought in Sicily in 250 BC during the First Punic War between a Roman army led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus and a Carthaginian force led by Hasdrubal, son of Hanno."}, {"id": "Q586974", "label": "Lucius Caecilius Metellus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Panormus was fought in Sicily in 250 BC during the First Punic War between a Roman army led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus and a Carthaginian force led by Hasdrubal, son of Hanno."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The war had commenced in 264 BC with Carthage in control of much of Sicily, where most of the fighting took place."}, {"id": "Q6881", "label": "Battle of Cape Ecnomus", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeating the Carthaginians at the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, possibly the largest naval battle in history by the number of combatants involved, the Roman army landed in Africa on the Cape Bon Peninsula and began ravaging the Carthaginian countryside."}, {"id": "Q380401", "label": "Xanthippus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Carthaginians gave charge of the training of their army to the Spartan mercenary commander Xanthippus."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Romans avoided battle in 252 and 251 BC; according to Polybius because they feared the war elephants which the Carthaginians had shipped to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q3876718", "label": "Nigel Bagnall", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The historian Nigel Bagnall suggests that survivors of the battle against Xanthippus passed on \"horrific stories\" of the effectiveness of the Carthaginian cavalry and elephants in open battle."}], "Q1497933": [{"id": "Q62476", "label": "Georg von der Marwitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Halen (German: Gefecht bei Halen), also known as the Battle of the Silver Helmets (Dutch: Slag der Zilveren Helmen; French: Bataille des casques d'argent) because of the many cavalry helmets left behind on the battlefield by the German cuirassiers, took place on 12 August 1914 at the beginning of the First World War, between German forces led by Georg von der Marwitz and Belgian troo"}, {"id": "Q44732", "label": "Battle of the Golden Spurs", "section": "lead", "says": "The name of the battle alludes to the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302, where 500 pairs of golden spurs were recovered from the battlefield."}, {"id": "Q28938", "label": "Alfred von Schlieffen", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To defeat France, the German deployment plan, based on work by Alfred von Schlieffen and the younger Helmuth von Moltke, included a rapid push through Belgium to bypass the French fortifications along the border with Germany."}], "Q15092854": [{"id": "Q635533", "label": "Cambodian–Vietnamese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paris Peace Agreements (Khmer: សន្ធិសញ្ញាសន្តិភាពទីក្រុងប៉ារីស ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១; French: Accords de paix de Paris), officially the Comprehensive Cambodian Peace Agreements, was signed on 23 October 1991 and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the Third Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q796498", "label": "Third Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paris Peace Agreements (Khmer: សន្ធិសញ្ញាសន្តិភាពទីក្រុងប៉ារីស ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១; French: Accords de paix de Paris), officially the Comprehensive Cambodian Peace Agreements, was signed on 23 October 1991 and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the Third Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement led to the deployment of the first UN peacekeeping mission (the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia) since the Cold War and the first occasion in which the United Nations took over as the government of a state."}], "Q1526883": [{"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dunes (French: Bataille des Dunes, Spanish: Batalla de las Dunas), also known as the Battle of Dunkirk, took place on 14 June 1658, near the strategic port of Dunkirk in what was then the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dunes (French: Bataille des Dunes, Spanish: Batalla de las Dunas), also known as the Battle of Dunkirk, took place on 14 June 1658, near the strategic port of Dunkirk in what was then the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Franco-Spanish War and concurrent Anglo-Spanish War, a French army under Turenne, supported by troops from the Commonwealth of England, had besieged Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Franco-Spanish War and concurrent Anglo-Spanish War, a French army under Turenne, supported by troops from the Commonwealth of England, had besieged Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q442594", "label": "John Joseph of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by John Joseph of Austria and Louis, Grand Condé, a Spanish force supported by the Royalist Army in Exile and French Fronde rebels attempted to raise the siege but suffered a severe defeat."}, {"id": "Q310837", "label": "Louis, Grand Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by John Joseph of Austria and Louis, Grand Condé, a Spanish force supported by the Royalist Army in Exile and French Fronde rebels attempted to raise the siege but suffered a severe defeat."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite this victory, both the French and Spanish were financially exhausted by the long running war and negotiated the Treaty of the Pyrenees in November 1659."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "When the government of Louis XIV formed an alliance with Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the exiled Charles II of England allied himself with Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Background", "says": "When the government of Louis XIV formed an alliance with Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the exiled Charles II of England allied himself with Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "When the government of Louis XIV formed an alliance with Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the exiled Charles II of England allied himself with Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "When the government of Louis XIV formed an alliance with Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the exiled Charles II of England allied himself with Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon described the battle as Turenne's \"... most brilliant actio"}], "Q1536533": [{"id": "Q467701", "label": "Laureano Gómez", "section": "Background", "says": "Laureano Gómez, the head of the Senate minority, proclaimed, \"Peace, peace, peace in inner Colombia; war, war, war on the border against our despicable enemy.\"\nOn  September 19, El Tiempo reported that it had received over 10,000 letters calling for war and control of Leticia."}], "Q1536618": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chapultepec took place between U.S. troops and Mexican forces holding the strategically located Chapultepec Castle on the outskirts of Mexico City on September 13, 1847 during the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "lead", "says": "On the U.S. side the army was headed by General Winfield Scott, who led a force totaling 7,200 men."}], "Q153702": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beroia (modern Stara Zagora) was fought in 1122 between the Pechenegs and the Byzantine Empire under Emperor John II Komnenos (r."}, {"id": "Q41628", "label": "John II Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beroia (modern Stara Zagora) was fought in 1122 between the Pechenegs and the Byzantine Empire under Emperor John II Komnenos (r."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "1118–1143) in what is now Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1091, the Pechenegs invaded the Byzantine Empire and were crushingly defeated by John II's father Alexios I Komnenos (r."}, {"id": "Q952260", "label": "Battle of Levounion", "section": "Background", "says": "1081–1118) at the Battle of Levounion."}, {"id": "Q4992330", "label": "Michael Angold", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Michael Angold, it is possible that their invasion took place with the connivance of Vladimir Monomakh (r."}], "Q1547791": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spaniards were resolved to abolish pagan forms of worship and replace them with Christianity."}, {"id": "Q271974", "label": "Francisco Vázquez de Coronado", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tiguex War, fought in the winter of 1540–41 by the expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen pueblos of Tiwa Native Americans, was particularly destructive to Pueblo and Spanish relations."}, {"id": "Q2040026", "label": "Juan de Oñate", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1598, Juan de Oñate led 129 soldiers and 10 Franciscan priests, plus a large number of women, children, servants, slaves, and livestock, into the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico."}], "Q1568374": [{"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in the White House by Benjamin Netanyahu and Yasser Arafat, through negotiations led by U.S."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in the White House by Benjamin Netanyahu and Yasser Arafat, through negotiations led by U.S."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "President Bill Clinton, on 23 October 1998."}], "Q1572785": [{"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rabaul, also known by the Japanese as Operation R, an instigating action of the New Guinea campaign, was fought on the island of New Britain in the Australian Territory of New Guinea, from 23 January into February 1942."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a strategically significant defeat of Allied forces by Japan in the Pacific campaign of World War II, with the Japanese invasion force quickly overwhelming the small Australian garrison, the majority of which was either killed or captured."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of Operation Cartwheel, throughout 1943–1945, Allied forces later sought to isolate the Japanese garrison on Rabaul, rather than capturing it, largely using air power to do so, with US and Australian ground forces pursuing a limited campaign in western New Britain during this time."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The capture of New Britain offered them a deep water harbour and airfields to provide protection to Truk and also to interdict Allied lines of communication between the United States and Australia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The capture of New Britain offered them a deep water harbour and airfields to provide protection to Truk and also to interdict Allied lines of communication between the United States and Australia."}], "Q1577800": [{"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Racławice (Polish: Bitwa pod Racławicami) was one of the first battles of the Kościuszko Uprising against Russia."}], "Q15972916": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The protesters perceived the trade pact with the People's Republic of China would hurt Taiwan's economy and leave it vulnerable to political pressure from Beijing, while advocates of the treaty argued that increased Chinese investment would provide a \"necessary boost\" to Taiwan's economy, that the still-unspecified details of the treaty's implementation could be worked out favorably for Taiwan, an"}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Kuomintang was open to a line-by-line review at a second reading of the agreement, the party rejected the possibility that the pact be returned for a committee review."}], "Q1604816": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Soviet War or Lithuanian–Bolshevik War (Lithuanian: karas su bolševikais) was fought between newly independent Lithuania and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "From April 1919, the Lithuanian war went parallel with the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q1495944", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland had territorial claims over Lithuania, especially the Vilnius Region; these tensions spilt over into the Polish–Lithuanian War."}, {"id": "Q376303", "label": "Norman Davies", "section": "lead", "says": "British-Polish historian Norman Davies summarized the situation: \"the German army was supporting the Lithuanian nationalists, the Soviets were supporting the Lithuanian communists and the Polish Army was fighting them all.\" In mid-May, the Lithuanian army, now commanded by General Silvestras Žukauskas, began an offensive against the Soviets in Northeastern Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q2415552", "label": "Silvestras Žukauskas", "section": "lead", "says": "British-Polish historian Norman Davies summarized the situation: \"the German army was supporting the Lithuanian nationalists, the Soviets were supporting the Lithuanian communists and the Polish Army was fighting them all.\" In mid-May, the Lithuanian army, now commanded by General Silvestras Žukauskas, began an offensive against the Soviets in Northeastern Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q1135598", "label": "Battle of Daugavpils", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviets and Lithuanians, separated by the Daugava River, maintained their fronts until the Battle of Daugavpils in January 1920."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed on July 12, 1920."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire after the final partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire after the final partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Three weeks later, the Bolsheviks, encumbered with the Russian Civil War, sued for peace with the Central Powers and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "Background", "says": "That changed when Germany lost the war and signed the Compiègne Armistice of 11 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q381418", "label": "Augustinas Voldemaras", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuania soon began organizing basic institutions and established its first government led by Augustinas Voldemaras."}], "Q1631158": [{"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an episode of the first Castilian Civil War which confronted King Peter of Castile with his half-brother Count Henry of Trastámara who aspired to the throne; the war involved Castile in the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q310963", "label": "Peter of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an episode of the first Castilian Civil War which confronted King Peter of Castile with his half-brother Count Henry of Trastámara who aspired to the throne; the war involved Castile in the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an episode of the first Castilian Civil War which confronted King Peter of Castile with his half-brother Count Henry of Trastámara who aspired to the throne; the war involved Castile in the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "While neither the Kingdom of France nor the Crown of Aragon gave him official assistance, he had on his side many Aragonese Soldiers and the French free companies loyal to his lieutenant the Breton knight and French commander Bertrand du Guesclin."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "While neither the Kingdom of France nor the Crown of Aragon gave him official assistance, he had on his side many Aragonese Soldiers and the French free companies loyal to his lieutenant the Breton knight and French commander Bertrand du Guesclin."}, {"id": "Q314905", "label": "Bertrand du Guesclin", "section": "lead", "says": "While neither the Kingdom of France nor the Crown of Aragon gave him official assistance, he had on his side many Aragonese Soldiers and the French free companies loyal to his lieutenant the Breton knight and French commander Bertrand du Guesclin."}], "Q16471": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, and British General Bernard Montgomery was named commander of the 21st Army Group, which comprised all the land forces involved in the operation."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler placed  Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler's proclaimed Atlantic Wall in anticipation of landings in France."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler placed  Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler's proclaimed Atlantic Wall in anticipation of landings in France."}, {"id": "Q221111", "label": "Operation Dragoon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies launched a second invasion from the Mediterranean Sea of southern France (code-named Operation Dragoon) on 15 August, and the Liberation of Paris followed on 25 August."}, {"id": "Q696835", "label": "Liberation of Paris", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies launched a second invasion from the Mediterranean Sea of southern France (code-named Operation Dragoon) on 15 August, and the Liberation of Paris followed on 25 August."}], "Q166495": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalonia Offensive (Catalan: Ofensiva de Catalunya, Spanish: Ofensiva de Cataluña) was part of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1280119", "label": "Battle of the Ebro", "section": "Background", "says": "After its defeat at the Battle of the Ebro the Republican Army was broken and would never recover."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, after the Munich Agreement, the hope of an intervention of the Western democracies in order to aid the Republic against Germany and Italy vanished."}], "Q1678637": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Battle of Dorylaeum took place near Dorylaeum in October 1147 during the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q58810", "label": "Mesud", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Crusader forces of Conrad III were defeated by the Seljuk Turks led by Sultan Mesud I."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following escalating friction between the Byzantine Empire and the German Crusader army, including armed clashes, the Germans were ferried from the environs of Constantinople to the Asiatic shores of the Bosporus."}], "Q1752689": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nashville was a two-day battle in the Franklin–Nashville campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting west of the coastal states in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q553533", "label": "John Bell Hood", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15–16, 1864, between the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lieutenant General John Bell Hood and the Union Army of the Cumberland (Dept. of the Cumberland) (AoC) under Major General George H."}], "Q1754443": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edson's Ridge, also known as the Battle of the Bloody Ridge, Battle of Raiders Ridge, and Battle of the Ridge, was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Army and Allied (mainly United States Marine Corps) ground forces."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place from 12 to 14 September 1942, on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, and was the second of three separate major Japanese ground offensives during the Guadalcanal campaign."}, {"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "lead", "says": "Major General Alexander Vandegrift repulsed an attack by the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade under the command of Japanese Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi."}, {"id": "Q575796", "label": "Kiyotake Kawaguchi", "section": "lead", "says": "Major General Alexander Vandegrift repulsed an attack by the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade under the command of Japanese Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi."}], "Q1756029": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tonga was the codename given to the airborne operation undertaken by the British 6th Airborne Division between 5 June and 7 June 1944 as a part of Operation Overlord and the D-Day landings during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The two Allied leaders decided that all available Allied forces should be concentrated in the United Kingdom, and that planning for the invasion of North-Western Europe should begin."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the appointment of General Sir Bernard Montgomery to the command of the 21st Army Group and overall command of all ground forces to land in Normandy, the plan underwent a number of further revisions."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By June 1944, this consisted of the 711th and 716th Infantry Divisions; both of which were static formations whose manpower consisted of medically downgraded troops and conscripts recruited from the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rommel had been appointed Inspector General of Coastal Defences and commander of Army Group B, in November 1943, by order of Adolf Hitler."}], "Q1757717": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sikorski–Mayski agreement was a treaty between the Soviet Union and Polish government-in-exile that was signed in London on 30 July 1941."}, {"id": "Q153132", "label": "Władysław Sikorski", "section": "lead", "says": "Its name is taken from its two most notable signatories: the prime minister of Poland, Władysław Sikorski, and the Soviet ambassador to the United Kingdom, Ivan Mayski."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "After signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, the Soviets invaded Poland and took part in its dismemberment."}], "Q1767332": [{"id": "Q1085392", "label": "Battle of Neerwinden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landen, also known as Battle of Neerwinden took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen, then in the Spanish Netherlands, now part of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landen, also known as Battle of Neerwinden took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen, then in the Spanish Netherlands, now part of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Hoping to end the war with a favourable negotiated peace, Louis XIV of France decided first to improve his position by taking the offensive."}, {"id": "Q1636652", "label": "Battle of Steenkerque", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the French forced the Allies from the field, as with the Battle of Steenkerque the previous year, both sides suffered heavy casualties and Louis failed to achieve the decisive result that would force the Allies to negotiate peace."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "Background", "says": "He was also ordered to capture Liège, the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège."}], "Q1781457": [{"id": "Q106164", "label": "João Bernardo Vieira", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guinea-Bissau Civil War was fought from 7 June 1998 to 10 May 1999 and was triggered by an attempted coup d'état against the government of President João Bernardo Vieira led by Brigadier-General Ansumane Mané."}, {"id": "Q570433", "label": "Ansumane Mané", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guinea-Bissau Civil War was fought from 7 June 1998 to 10 May 1999 and was triggered by an attempted coup d'état against the government of President João Bernardo Vieira led by Brigadier-General Ansumane Mané."}], "Q1783252": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Seneffe, 11 August 1674, took place during the Franco-Dutch War, near Seneffe in Belgium, then part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Seneffe, 11 August 1674, took place during the Franco-Dutch War, near Seneffe in Belgium, then part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Since both Louis XIV of France and the Dutch Republic viewed control of the Spanish Netherlands as essential for security and trade, it was a contested area for much of the later 17th century."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Since both Louis XIV of France and the Dutch Republic viewed control of the Spanish Netherlands as essential for security and trade, it was a contested area for much of the later 17th century."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1667-68 War of Devolution with Spain, France occupied much of the region before the Dutch-led Triple Alliance forced them to withdraw in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The unexpected success of his offensive had encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark–Norway joined the anti-French coalition, while in February the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, depriving Louis of a key ally against the Dutch."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark–Norway joined the anti-French coalition, while in February the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, depriving Louis of a key ally against the Dutch."}], "Q1788488": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Barbary Crusade, also called the Mahdia Crusade, was a Franco-Genoese military expedition in 1390 that led to the siege of Mahdia, then a stronghold of the Barbary pirates in Hafsidi Ifriqiya (geographically corresponding to modern Tunisia)."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the lulls of the Hundred Years' War, knights looked for opportunities for glory, honour, and payment."}, {"id": "Q1117895", "label": "Antoniotto Adorno", "section": "Background", "says": "The proposal by the doge Antoniotto Adorno was presented as a crusade."}, {"id": "Q165561", "label": "Boniface IX", "section": "Background", "says": "This crusade was endorsed by Pope Boniface IX of Rome (rather than by Antipope Clement VII of the Avignon Papacy)."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "Background", "says": "This crusade was endorsed by Pope Boniface IX of Rome (rather than by Antipope Clement VII of the Avignon Papacy)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Boniface IX would later proclaim the Crusade of Nicopolis against the Ottoman Empire in 1396."}], "Q179455": [{"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his defeat at Adrianople, in Thrace, Licinius and his main army fell back to the city of Byzantium."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "To maintain his force in Byzantium, and to secure his line of communication between Asia Minor and the city, retaining control of the narrow waters separating Thrace from Bithynia and Mysia now became imperative for Licinius."}, {"id": "Q268744", "label": "Martinianus", "section": "Background", "says": "He also assembled a second military force, under his newly elevated co-emperor Martinian, at Lampsacus (Lapseki) on the Asian shore of the Hellespont."}], "Q180659": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wilson's Creek, also known as the Battle of Oak Hills, was the first major battle of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2008915", "label": "Benjamin McCulloch", "section": "lead", "says": "In August, Confederates under Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch and Missouri State Guard troops under Maj."}, {"id": "Q532248", "label": "Sterling Price", "section": "lead", "says": "Sterling Price approached Brig."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "lead", "says": "Franz Sigel, attacked the Confederates on Wilson Creek about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Springfield."}, {"id": "Q2451867", "label": "Battle of Boonville", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 17, Lyon routed a portion of the Missouri State Guard in the Battle of Boonville."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigel moved to attack Jackson's militia forces in southwestern Missouri but was defeated in the Battle of Carthage on July 5."}], "Q1811747": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Boulgarophygon (Bulgarian: Битка при Булгарофигон; Medieval Greek: Μάχη του Βουλγαρόφυγου) was fought in the summer of 896 near the town of Boulgarophygon (modern Babaeski, Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Boulgarophygon (Bulgarian: Битка при Булгарофигон; Medieval Greek: Μάχη του Βουλγαρόφυγου) was fought in the summer of 896 near the town of Boulgarophygon (modern Babaeski, Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the ensuing battle in the Theme of Macedonia (modern Eastern Thrace), probably around Adrianople, the Byzantines were defeated and their commanders perished."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the main Byzantine forces were engaged in the east against the Arabs, Leo VI turned to the well-tried methods of Byzantine diplomacy and sent envoys with rich gifts to the Magyars, who in that time inhabited the steppes to the north-east of Bulgaria."}], "Q1826682": [{"id": "Q646035", "label": "Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo", "section": "lead", "says": "In March and April 1981, a student protest in Pristina, the capital of the then Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, led to widespread protests by Kosovo Albanians demanding more autonomy within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In March and April 1981, a student protest in Pristina, the capital of the then Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, led to widespread protests by Kosovo Albanians demanding more autonomy within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Presidency of Yugoslavia declared a state of emergency in Pristina and Kosovska Mitrovica, which led to rioting."}], "Q183249": [{"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sit River took place on 4 March 1238 between the Mongol forces of Batu Khan and the army of Vladimir-Suzdal led by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sit River took place on 4 March 1238 between the Mongol forces of Batu Khan and the army of Vladimir-Suzdal led by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q547869", "label": "Yuri II of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sit River took place on 4 March 1238 between the Mongol forces of Batu Khan and the army of Vladimir-Suzdal led by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sit River took place on 4 March 1238 between the Mongol forces of Batu Khan and the army of Vladimir-Suzdal led by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'."}], "Q21036673": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 1, 2015, a school shooting occurred at the Umpqua Community College campus near Roseburg, Oregon, United States."}], "Q2237769": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sebastopolis was fought at Sebastopolis in the middle of the Armeniac Theme in 692 CE between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sebastopolis was fought at Sebastopolis in the middle of the Armeniac Theme in 692 CE between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "lead", "says": "Justinian II sought to restore the territorial extent of the Roman Empire under Justinian I by pursuing military campaigns that reversed the policies of his father, Constantine IV."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Justinian II sought to restore the territorial extent of the Roman Empire under Justinian I by pursuing military campaigns that reversed the policies of his father, Constantine IV."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "Justinian II sought to restore the territorial extent of the Roman Empire under Justinian I by pursuing military campaigns that reversed the policies of his father, Constantine IV."}, {"id": "Q41605", "label": "Constantine IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Justinian II sought to restore the territorial extent of the Roman Empire under Justinian I by pursuing military campaigns that reversed the policies of his father, Constantine IV."}, {"id": "Q772412", "label": "Leontios", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine army, led by Leontios, met the forces of Muhammad ibn Marwan near Sebastopolis in the Armeniac Theme."}, {"id": "Q4897304", "label": "Muhammad ibn Marwan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine army, led by Leontios, met the forces of Muhammad ibn Marwan near Sebastopolis in the Armeniac Theme."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this, Justinian punished the remaining Slavic troops harshly, while the Umayyads resumed raids into Byzantine territory."}], "Q2268427": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty stipulated the conditions under which Romania agreed to join the war on the side of the Entente, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary."}], "Q2320020": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q2374330": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Atlanta took place during the Atlanta campaign of the American Civil War on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "McClellan, a Democrat, ran against President Abraham Lincoln, although he repudiated his own party's platform, which called for an armistice with the Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q2570177", "label": "Battle of Kennesaw Mountain", "section": "Background", "says": "After Johnston's withdrawal following the Battle of Resaca, the two armies clashed again at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, but the Confederate senior leadership in Richmond was unhappy with Johnston's perceived reluctance to fight the Union army, even though he had little chance of winning."}], "Q2404547": [{"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Jadotville ([ʒa.do.vil]) was a major battle during the Congo Crisis, that began on 13 September 1961 and lasted for five days."}, {"id": "Q1148907", "label": "State of Katanga", "section": "lead", "says": "A small contingent of the Irish Army's 35th Battalion serving under the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC), designated \"A\" Company, was besieged at the UN base near the mining town of Jadotville (modern-day Likasi) by Katangese forces loyal to the secessionist State of Katanga."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "Background", "says": "During the ceasefire, UN troops failed to secure Tshombe, who managed to flee into Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q128956", "label": "Harold Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "British Prime Minister Harold Wilson compared the UN peacekeepers’ actions to those of the Soviet Union, by calling them \"The Red Army in blue berets\"."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "British Prime Minister Harold Wilson compared the UN peacekeepers’ actions to those of the Soviet Union, by calling them \"The Red Army in blue berets\"."}], "Q2441248": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Russian War (2 September 1807 – 18 July 1812) was fought between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Russian War (2 September 1807 – 18 July 1812) was fought between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Russian War (2 September 1807 – 18 July 1812) was fought between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It began after Russia signed the Treaty of Tilsit with the First French Empire, which ended hostilities between the two nations."}], "Q2467678": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Humin-Bolimów was an inconclusive battle of World War I fought between January 14 and February 28, 1915 between the Imperial German Army and Russia."}, {"id": "Q684872", "label": "Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is considered a preliminary to the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes."}], "Q24930704": [{"id": "Q51552", "label": "Roman Polanski", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of August 8–9, four members of the Family – Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel and Linda Kasabian – drove from Spahn Ranch to 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, the home Tate shared with her husband, the film director Roman Polanski."}], "Q2502863": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1541 battle of Algiers occurred when Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain attempted to lead an amphibious attack against the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1541 battle of Algiers occurred when Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain attempted to lead an amphibious attack against the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1541 battle of Algiers occurred when Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain attempted to lead an amphibious attack against the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "Algiers had been under the control of the Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent since its help in 1529 by Hayreddin Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Algiers had been under the control of the Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent since its help in 1529 by Hayreddin Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Barbarossa had left Algiers in 1535 to be named High Admiral of the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople, and was replaced as governor by Hasan Agha, a Sardinian eunuch and renegade."}], "Q2510511": [{"id": "Q278399", "label": "Ralph Abercromby", "section": "lead", "says": "The landing of the British expeditionary force under Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby was intended to defeat or drive out an estimated 21,000 remaining French troops in Egypt."}], "Q2562594": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch famine of 1944–1945, also known as the Hunger Winter (from Dutch Hongerwinter), was a famine in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "lead", "says": "It began after the failure of Operation Market Garden, the Allied military offensive against the German occupiers of the Netherlands in September 1944."}], "Q541723": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 526 Antioch earthquake struck Syria and, in particular, the city of Antioch in the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "lead", "says": "This was in the seventh year of the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justin I and occurred under the consulship of Olybrius."}, {"id": "Q193678", "label": "Olybrius", "section": "lead", "says": "This was in the seventh year of the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justin I and occurred under the consulship of Olybrius."}], "Q541958": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mulhouse  (German: Mülhausen), also called the Battle of Alsace (French: Bataille d'Alsace), began on 7 August 1914 and was the opening attack of the First World War by the French Army against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a French attempt to recover Alsace, which France had ceded to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871."}, {"id": "Q548252", "label": "Battle of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Battle of Lorraine, the principal French offensive by the First and Second armies, the Army of Alsace advanced cautiously into the border province of Lorraine (Lothringen)."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Hostilities commenced on the Polish frontier, the French government ordered general mobilisation and the next day, the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium, demanding passage through Belgian territory, as German troops were crossing the frontier of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Military operations began on the French frontier, Libau was bombarded by a German light cruiser SMS Augsburg and the British government guaranteed naval protection for French coasts."}], "Q548680": [{"id": "Q925917", "label": "Third Battle of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Champagne (French: Bataille de Champagne, German: Herbstschlacht, [Autumn Battle]) in the First World War was a French offensive against the German army in Champagne that coincided with the Third Battle of Artois in the north and ended in a German victory."}], "Q549912": [{"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Madrid Accords, formally the Declaration of Principles on Western Sahara, was a treaty between Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania setting out six principles which would end the Spanish presence in the territory of Spanish Sahara and arrange a temporary administration in the area pending a referendum."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed in Madrid on November 14, 1975, six days before Spanish dictator Francisco Franco died, although it was never published on the Boletin Oficial del Estado."}, {"id": "Q870684", "label": "Green March", "section": "Background", "says": "The Madrid Accords followed on the heels of the Green March, a 350,000-strong Moroccan demonstration on 6 November 1975 called by King Hassan II, intended to put pressure on Spanish authorities."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "Background", "says": "Central Intelligence Agency memorandum to Henry Kissinger had stated as much in early October 1975."}, {"id": "Q345385", "label": "Moktar Ould Daddah", "section": "Background", "says": "President Moktar Ould Daddah had claimed the territory as part of \"Greater Mauritania\" even before independence (Ould Ahmed Salem, p."}], "Q5500115": [{"id": "Q826083", "label": "Battle of the Trench", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed on from the Battle of the Trench."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe that once lived in Medina. though previously allied with the Muslims, al-Waqidi states that Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn up by them."}, {"id": "Q369690", "label": "Ibn Kathir", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Peters, Stillman, Guillaume, Inamdar and Ibn Kathir, on the day of the Meccans' withdrawal Muhammad led his forces against Banu Qurayza."}], "Q552574": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cassano took place on 16 August 1705, during the War of the Spanish Succession, near Cassano d'Adda, in Lombardy, Italy."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a French army commanded by the duc de Vendôme, and an Imperial force under Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1703, Victor Amadeus II of Savoy joined the Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession was triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, who on 16 November 1700 became ruler of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, who on 16 November 1700 became ruler of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to mainland Spain, this included the Spanish Netherlands, large parts of Italy, and much of Central and South America."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1701, disputes over territorial and commercial rights led to war between the Bourbon-led kingdoms of France and Spain, and the Grand Alliance, whose candidate was Charles, younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q229861", "label": "Maria Luisa of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1701, both cities were occupied by French troops in alliance with Victor Amadeus II, ruler of Savoy, in return for which his daughter Maria Luisa of Savoy married Philip V."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "During 1704, French forces under de La Feuillade captured Savoyard territories north of the Alps in Villefranche and the County of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "Background", "says": "These Imperial troops were reinforced by 8,000 Prussians under Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau, who were funded by England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "These Imperial troops were reinforced by 8,000 Prussians under Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau, who were funded by England and the Dutch Republic."}], "Q55974069": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 August 2018, a destructive and shallow earthquake measuring Mw 6.9 (ML 7.0 according to BMKG) struck the island of Lombok, Indonesia."}], "Q569485": [{"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The private feud resulted in the death of Sickingen and likely inspired the German Peasants' War of 1524–1526."}, {"id": "Q318622", "label": "Martin Bucer", "section": "Background", "says": "Sickingen helped Johann Reuchlin escape from the Dominicans of Cologne, and sheltered other reformers such as Martin Bucer and Johannes Oecolampadius."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "Background", "says": "He even offered shelter to Martin Luther after the Diet of Worms, but Luther chose to stay with Frederick of Saxony instead."}, {"id": "Q262986", "label": "Frederick of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "He even offered shelter to Martin Luther after the Diet of Worms, but Luther chose to stay with Frederick of Saxony instead."}], "Q587151": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The British invasions of the River Plate were two unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of the Spanish colony of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, located around the Río de la Plata in South America – in present-day Argentina and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasions took place between 1806 and 1807, as part of the Napoleonic Wars, War of the Third Coalition at a time when Spain was an ally of Napoleonic France."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "In Argentine historiography, the two successive defeats of the British expeditionary forces are known collectively as the Reconquista and the Defensa, respectively."}, {"id": "Q2366970", "label": "Battle of Cartagena de Indias", "section": "Background", "says": "Attempts had been made by the British in past conflicts to establish a foothold in South America, like in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias, at the peak of the War of Jenkins' Ear."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "Background", "says": "Attempts had been made by the British in past conflicts to establish a foothold in South America, like in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias, at the peak of the War of Jenkins' Ear."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1780 the British government approved a project of colonel William Fullarton to take the Americas with attacks from both the Atlantic (from Europe) and the Pacific (from India)."}, {"id": "Q311447", "label": "Francisco de Miranda", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda took the opportunity to appear before prime Minister William Pitt with his proposal to emancipate the New World territories under Portuguese and Spanish rule and turn them into a great independent empire governed by a descendant of the Incas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The plan presented in London requested the assistance of Great Britain and the United States to militarily occupy the major South American cities, ensuring that the people would greet the British cordially and would rush to organize sovereign governments."}, {"id": "Q1648086", "label": "Nootka Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nootka Convention in 1790 ended hostilities, and the Miranda mission was canceled."}, {"id": "Q3104280", "label": "Thomas Maitland", "section": "Background", "says": "This proposal was canceled the following year, but was improved by Thomas Maitland in 1800 as the Maitland Plan."}, {"id": "Q333951", "label": "Home Riggs Popham", "section": "Background", "says": "All these proposals were discussed in 1804 by William Pitt, Lord Henry Melville, Francisco de Miranda and Sir Home Riggs Popham."}], "Q588648": [{"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Canton (Chinese: 廣州城戰役) was fought by British and French forces against Qing China on 28–31 December 1857 during the Second Opium War."}, {"id": "Q708910", "label": "Ye Mingchen", "section": "lead", "says": "The British High Commissioner, Lord Elgin, was keen to take the city of Canton (Guangzhou) as a demonstration of power and to capture Chinese official Ye Mingchen, who had resisted British attempts to implement the 1842 Treaty of Nanking."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "lead", "says": "The British High Commissioner, Lord Elgin, was keen to take the city of Canton (Guangzhou) as a demonstration of power and to capture Chinese official Ye Mingchen, who had resisted British attempts to implement the 1842 Treaty of Nanking."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The British had been permitted access to Canton (Guangzhou) at the end of the First Opium War under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, but were being illegally barred from entry by its viceroy Ye Mingchen."}, {"id": "Q2960122", "label": "Charles Rigault de Genouilly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 21 December, Elgin ordered British Admiral Michael Seymour, French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly and British General Charles van Straubenzee to take Canton and handed over full operational control."}], "Q598090": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was Mikhail Kutuzov's decisive battle to force Napoleon to retreat northwest over Mozhaisk to Smolensk on the devastated route of his advance with a higher probability of starvation."}, {"id": "Q25809", "label": "Battle of Krasnoi", "section": "lead", "says": "Kutuzov's next attack against the remnants of the Grande Armée, the Battle of Krasnoi, began on 15 November 1812, three weeks later."}, {"id": "Q1083718", "label": "Battle of Tarutino", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The last major battle had been the Battle of Tarutino on 18 October 1812, that was won by the Russian army."}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 19 October 1812, Napoleon had retreated from Moscow and marched south-west to Kaluga, Eugène de Beauharnais leading the advance."}], "Q601152": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oltenița (or Oltenitza) was fought on 4 November 1853\nand was the first engagement of the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q560045", "label": "Ömer Lütfi Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "In this battle an Ottoman army under the command of Omar Pasha was defending its fortified positions from the Russian forces led by General Peter Dannenberg, until the Russians were ordered to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had responded by moving troops under the general command of Omar Pasha to the right bank to face them."}], "Q601811": [{"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Confederation (Spanish: Guerra de la Confederación) was a military confrontation waged by the United Restoration Army, the alliance of the land and naval forces of Chile and the Restoration Army of Peru, formed in 1836 by Peruvian soldiers opposed to the confederation, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839."}, {"id": "Q899706", "label": "Peru–Bolivian Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Confederation (Spanish: Guerra de la Confederación) was a military confrontation waged by the United Restoration Army, the alliance of the land and naval forces of Chile and the Restoration Army of Peru, formed in 1836 by Peruvian soldiers opposed to the confederation, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was created by General Andrés de Santa Cruz, which caused a power struggle in southern South America, with Chile and the Argentine Confederation, as both distrusted this new and powerful political entity, seeing their geopolitical interests threatened."}, {"id": "Q1329", "label": "Manuel Bulnes", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, Chilean-Peruvian forces of the so-called Restorative Army led by General Manuel Bulnes, obtain a decisive victory in the battle of Yungay in 1839 while Andrés de Santa Cruz had been overthrown from the post of President of Bolivia by general José Miguel de Velasco who betrayed him before knowing the result of the battle."}, {"id": "Q373873", "label": "José Miguel de Velasco", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, Chilean-Peruvian forces of the so-called Restorative Army led by General Manuel Bulnes, obtain a decisive victory in the battle of Yungay in 1839 while Andrés de Santa Cruz had been overthrown from the post of President of Bolivia by general José Miguel de Velasco who betrayed him before knowing the result of the battle."}, {"id": "Q734711", "label": "José Ballivián", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time the general José Ballivián leaving the battlefield and mutinied in La Paz along with Bolivian reserve battalions."}, {"id": "Q1332", "label": "Ramón Freire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the victory of the conservative party in the Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830, former Chilean president General Ramón Freire y Serrano was exiled to Lima."}, {"id": "Q483034", "label": "Robinson Crusoe", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Freire who had managed to capture the city of Ancud was defeated and captured himself, being sent this time to the prison-island of Robinson Crusoe."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Later he was exiled to Australia."}], "Q608438": [{"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cannae took place in 1018 between the Byzantines under the Catepan of Italy Basil Boioannes and the Lombards under Melus of Bari."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Melus of Bari managed to escape to the Papal States and eventually to the court of Holy Roman Emperor Henry II at Bamberg."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "Melus of Bari managed to escape to the Papal States and eventually to the court of Holy Roman Emperor Henry II at Bamberg."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Within a year, a Norman garrison would be stationed at Troia in the pay of the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q608727": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "Background", "says": "In the first half of the first millennium CE, the Korean Peninsula was divided into three kingdoms – Paekche, Silla, and Goguryeo."}, {"id": "Q706581", "label": "Buyeo Pung", "section": "Background", "says": "They welcomed the Paekche prince Buyeo Pung back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, in modern Seocheon County, South Chungcheong) as their headquarters."}, {"id": "Q494525", "label": "Muyeol of Silla", "section": "Background", "says": "Paekche and Yamato Japan had been long-standing allies by this time, and their royal houses were related, so Paekche royals resided in Japan throughout the centuries as a token of goodwill to ask for favors from Japan, but also acting as spies (but only when Paekche was eliminated were Princes Buyeo Pung and his brother, and no other Paekche royal prior, came to be listed in the Nihon Shoki as \"ho"}, {"id": "Q235296", "label": "Kōgyoku", "section": "Background", "says": "Empress Kōgyoku said:\n\n\"We learn that in ancient times there have been cases of troops being asked for and assistance requested: to render help in emergencies, and to restore that which has been interrupted, is a manifestation of ordinary principles of right."}], "Q61829297": [{"id": "Q57308", "label": "Abd al-Aziz Boutafliqa", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2019–2021 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles or Hirak (Arabic: الحِرَاك, romanized: al-Ḥirāk, lit. 'The movement'), began on 16 February 2019, six days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement."}, {"id": "Q142529", "label": "Algerian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "These protests, without precedent since the Algerian Civil War, were peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019."}], "Q620012": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Strasbourg took place during the Franco-Prussian War, and resulted in the French surrender of the fortress on 28 September 1870."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "After the German victory at Wörth, troops from the Grand Duchy of Baden under Prussian General August von Werder were detached to capture Strasbourg with the help of two Prussian Landwehr divisions which had been guarding the North Sea coast."}, {"id": "Q64634", "label": "August von Werder", "section": "lead", "says": "After the German victory at Wörth, troops from the Grand Duchy of Baden under Prussian General August von Werder were detached to capture Strasbourg with the help of two Prussian Landwehr divisions which had been guarding the North Sea coast."}], "Q632313": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658, known in Denmark as the First Charles Gustav War (Danish: Første Karl Gustav-krig) in Norway as Krabbes Feud (Norwegian: Krabbefeiden) and in Sweden as Charles Gustav's First Danish War (Swedish: Karl Gustavs första danska krig), was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark–Norway during the Northern War of 1655–1660."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658, known in Denmark as the First Charles Gustav War (Danish: Første Karl Gustav-krig) in Norway as Krabbes Feud (Norwegian: Krabbefeiden) and in Sweden as Charles Gustav's First Danish War (Swedish: Karl Gustavs första danska krig), was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark–Norway during the Northern War of 1655–1660."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1657, Charles X Gustav of Sweden and his Swedish army were Fighting in the Poland."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "lead", "says": "The rapid Swedish attack across the frozen Belts was completely unexpected; Frederick III considered meeting the Swedish army in battle, but his advisors thought this was too risky and instead Denmark-Norway signed the very harsh Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658."}], "Q636007": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chiari was fought on 1 September 1701 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was part of Prince Eugene of Savoy's campaign to seize the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan in the Italian peninsula, and had followed his victory over Marshal Catinat at the Battle of Carpi in July."}, {"id": "Q552296", "label": "Battle of Carpi", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was part of Prince Eugene of Savoy's campaign to seize the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan in the Italian peninsula, and had followed his victory over Marshal Catinat at the Battle of Carpi in July."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Villeroi replaced Catinat as commander of the Franco–Spanish–Savoyard forces in the theatre, carrying with him orders from King Louis XIV to push the Imperialists out of Italy."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Within a week of the battle England, the Dutch Republic, and Leopold I had signed the second treaty of the Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q315308", "label": "Nicolas Catinat", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After his defeat at the Battle of Carpi on 9 July 1701 the French commander, Nicolas Catinat, precipitously retired behind the river Mincio, leaving Prince Eugene in command of the whole country between that river and the Adige."}], "Q640534": [{"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Faisal–Weizmann agreement was signed by Emir Faisal, the third son of Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi, King of the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz, and Chaim Weizmann, President of the Zionist Organization on 3 January 1919."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Lawrence in Faisal's name to American Zionist leader Felix Frankfurter as two documents to argue that the Zionist plans for Palestine had prior approval of Arabs."}, {"id": "Q2325971", "label": "Yoav Gelber", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli historian Yoav Gelber described the agreement as \"of propaganda value only\", since it quickly became clear that Faisal's conditions would not be met."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "Background: status of Palestine", "says": "At the time the agreement was made, there had preceded it (apart from the Balfour Declaration) the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, the Sykes–Picot Agreement, the Hogarth message, the Bassett Letter, the Declaration to the Seven and the Anglo-French Declaration."}, {"id": "Q27118", "label": "Henry McMahon", "section": "Background: status of Palestine", "says": "Henry McMahon had exchanged letters with Faisal's father Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca in 1915, in which he had promised Hussein control of Arab lands with the exception of \"portions of Syria\" lying to the west of \"the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo\"."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "Background: status of Palestine", "says": "On the basis of McMahon's assurances the Arab Revolt began on 5 June 1916."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude to the agreement", "says": "Weizmann first met Faisal in June 1918, during the British advance from the South against the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Prelude to the agreement", "says": "Weizmann first met Faisal in June 1918, during the British advance from the South against the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}], "Q641309": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Moscow was signed on 12 August 1970 between the Soviet Union and West Germany."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Moscow was signed on 12 August 1970 between the Soviet Union and West Germany."}, {"id": "Q2514", "label": "Willy Brandt", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Willy Brandt and Walter Scheel for West Germany's side and by Alexei Kosygin and Andrei Gromyko for the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q202770", "label": "Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Willy Brandt and Walter Scheel for West Germany's side and by Alexei Kosygin and Andrei Gromyko for the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q184267", "label": "Andrei Gromyko", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Willy Brandt and Walter Scheel for West Germany's side and by Alexei Kosygin and Andrei Gromyko for the Soviet Union."}], "Q647463": [{"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Artaxata was fought near the Arsanias River in 68 BC between an army of the Roman Republic and the army of the Kingdom of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans were led by proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, while the Armenians were led by Tigranes II of Armenia, who was sheltering Mithridates VI of Pontus, his father-in-law and refugee King of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans were led by proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, while the Armenians were led by Tigranes II of Armenia, who was sheltering Mithridates VI of Pontus, his father-in-law and refugee King of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Third Mithridatic War and ended in a Roman victory."}], "Q650411": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) took place during the Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (aided by rebel Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Nogais), fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River."}, {"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet Ottoman troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet Ottoman troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice."}, {"id": "Q2439735", "label": "Gaspar Graziani", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, the sultan sent Iskender Pasha to Moldavia to remove Hospodar Gaspar Graziani, who had allied himself with Poland."}, {"id": "Q172056", "label": "Osman II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Graziani killed the janissaries in Iași, imprisoned envoys of Sultan Osman II (who had ordered his removal from power and his transport to Istanbul) and then prepared to flee, but was forced by Żółkiewski to attach his troops to the Polish–Lithuanian camp."}], "Q657913": [{"id": "Q2981297", "label": "Battle of Konya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iconium (sometimes referred as the Battle of Konya) took place on May 18, 1190, during the Third Crusade, in the expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iconium (sometimes referred as the Battle of Konya) took place on May 18, 1190, during the Third Crusade, in the expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iconium (sometimes referred as the Battle of Konya) took place on May 18, 1190, during the Third Crusade, in the expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Iconium, the capital city of the Sultanate of Rûm under Kilij Arslan II, fell to the Imperial forces."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "Background", "says": "After the disastrous Battle of Hattin and the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187, much of the Crusader states had been seized by Saladin's forces."}, {"id": "Q101866", "label": "Gregory VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Gregory VIII called for the Third Crusade to restore the city to Christian hands and help the remaining crusader strongholds."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor responded to the call after setting his affairs of state in order and urging Philip Augustus to join as well."}, {"id": "Q86978", "label": "Béla III of Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "He was also joined by a contingent of 2,000 men from the Hungarian prince Géza, the younger brother of the king, Béla III of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After passing through today's Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, the forces arrived in Anatolia, held by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After passing through today's Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, the forces arrived in Anatolia, held by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm."}, {"id": "Q504733", "label": "Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 7 May, a 10,000-strong Seljuk army was destroyed by a 2,000-strong mixed infantry-cavalry Crusaders detachment under Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia and the Duke of Dalmatia in the Battle of Philomelion (1190), resulting in 4,174–5,000 deaths for the Seljuks according to the Seljuks' own body count and loss estimates."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "That same day, the Seljuks offered to let Barbarossa and his army pass through their territory for the price of 300 pounds of gold and \"the lands of the Armenians\" (the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Barbarossa refused, supposedly saying \"Rather than making a royal highway with gold and silver, with the help of our Lord Jesus Christ, whose knights we are, the road will have to be opened with iron\"."}], "Q667179": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Gibraltar took place on 25 April 1607, during the Eighty Years' War, when a Dutch fleet surprised and engaged a Spanish fleet anchored at the Bay of Gibraltar."}], "Q668008": [{"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grandson was fought on 2 March 1476, during the Burgundian Wars, and resulted in a major defeat for Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, at the hands of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grandson was fought on 2 March 1476, during the Burgundian Wars, and resulted in a major defeat for Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, at the hands of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}], "Q676692": [{"id": "Q48174", "label": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Naulochus was fought on 3 September 36 BC between the fleets of Sextus Pompeius and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, off Naulochus, Sicily."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Background", "says": "After the strengthening of the bond between Octavian and Mark Antony with the Pact of Brundisium, the two triumvirs had to manage the menace of Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey."}, {"id": "Q295228", "label": "Sextus Pompey", "section": "Background", "says": "After the strengthening of the bond between Octavian and Mark Antony with the Pact of Brundisium, the two triumvirs had to manage the menace of Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey."}, {"id": "Q314710", "label": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "Agrippa named this harbor Portus Julius, or Iulius, after Octavian's assassinated great-uncle, Dictator Gaius Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q2331658", "label": "Titus Statilius Taurus", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, Antony lent Octavian 120 ships under the command of Titus Statilius Taurus, for which Octavian was to give him 20,000 infantry to be recruited from northern Italy."}], "Q677693": [{"id": "Q677490", "label": "Bavaria-Landshut", "section": "Background", "says": "George, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, nicknamed 'the Rich', and his wife Hedwig (Jadwiga) of Poland had no surviving son, so George named his daughter Elisabeth as his heir in his testament of 19 September 1496, along with her fiancé Ruprecht of the Palatinate and any future sons the couple would produce."}, {"id": "Q882631", "label": "Treaty of Pavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Nonetheless, this arrangement stood in contradiction to the Treaty of Pavia (1329), the dynastic law of succession of the House of Wittelsbach."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "Background", "says": "Nonetheless, this arrangement stood in contradiction to the Treaty of Pavia (1329), the dynastic law of succession of the House of Wittelsbach."}, {"id": "Q552033", "label": "Bavaria-Munich", "section": "Background", "says": "Duke Albert IV of Bavaria-Munich did not accept George's decision to disinherit him."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Background", "says": "King Maximilian I summoned the parties to Augsburg for a meeting on 5 February 1504."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "King Maximilian I summoned the parties to Augsburg for a meeting on 5 February 1504."}], "Q688436": [{"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Barcelona (Catalan: Setge de Barcelona, IPA: [ˈsedʒə ðə βəɾsəˈlonə]) was a 13 month battle at the end of the War of Spanish Succession, which pitted Archduke Charles of Austria (backed by Great Britain and the Netherlands, i.e. the Grand Alliance) against Philip V of Spain, backed by France in a contest for the Spanish crown."}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The capitulation of Barcelona represented the fall of the last pro-Habsburg stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as the end of the independent political status (within the framework of a composite monarchy) of the Principality of Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the end of the century, after the death of the childless Charles II (1700), the Crown of Spain went to his chosen successor, Philip V of the House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Grand Alliance of Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic gave military support to a Habsburg claimant of the crown, Archduke Charles, as Charles III of Spain, resulting in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Grand Alliance of Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic gave military support to a Habsburg claimant of the crown, Archduke Charles, as Charles III of Spain, resulting in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Grand Alliance of Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic gave military support to a Habsburg claimant of the crown, Archduke Charles, as Charles III of Spain, resulting in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, repressive measures of the viceroy Francisco de Velasco and authoritarian decisions of the king (some of them contrary to Catalan legislation), as well as the economic policy and distrust to the French absolutism caused Catalonia to switch sides."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Principality of Catalonia, as well as the other states of the Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Valencia, and Mallorca), quickly accepted Charles III as their new monarch."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Britain and the Dutch Republic reached a peace agreement to end the war with France on 11 April 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q163236", "label": "Treaty of Rastatt", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Austria reached a peace agreement to end the war with France on 7 March 1714, Treaty of Rastatt."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Holy Roman Empire reached a peace agreement to end the war with France on 7 September 1714, Treaty of Baden."}, {"id": "Q688939", "label": "Treaty of Baden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Holy Roman Empire reached a peace agreement to end the war with France on 7 September 1714, Treaty of Baden."}], "Q688504": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chotusitz, took place on 17 May 1742, in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic, during the First Silesian War, part of the wider War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chotusitz, took place on 17 May 1742, in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic, during the First Silesian War, part of the wider War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chotusitz, took place on 17 May 1742, in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic, during the First Silesian War, part of the wider War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q321546", "label": "Charles of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Charles of Lorraine, an Imperial force of around 25,000 men was advancing against French-occupied Prague, when it ran into a Prussian army of roughly equal size, commanded by Frederick the Great."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Charles of Lorraine, an Imperial force of around 25,000 men was advancing against French-occupied Prague, when it ran into a Prussian army of roughly equal size, commanded by Frederick the Great."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with the Treaty of Breslau in June 1742, allowing Austria to recapture Prague in December."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities resumed in 1744 with the outbreak of the Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Austrian Succession was sparked by the death of Charles VI in 1740 and the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Austrian dominance of the Holy Roman Empire was increasingly threatened by the rise of Bavaria, Prussia and Saxony respectively."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick advanced into North-East Bohemia, and by 16 May had 10,000 infantry at Kutná Hora, with 18,000 men under Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau a day's march behind."}], "Q689972": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kraśnik (German: Schlacht von Kraśnik) started on August 23, 1914, in the province of Galicia and the adjacent areas across the border in the Russian Empire, in northern Austria (in present-day Poland), and ended two days later."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first victory by Austria-Hungary in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first victory by Austria-Hungary in World War I."}], "Q693496": [{"id": "Q61214", "label": "Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Xanten (German: Vertrag von Xanten) was signed in the Lower Rhenish town of Xanten on 12 November 1614 between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, with representatives from England and France serving as mediators."}, {"id": "Q40746", "label": "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Xanten (German: Vertrag von Xanten) was signed in the Lower Rhenish town of Xanten on 12 November 1614 between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, with representatives from England and France serving as mediators."}, {"id": "Q568727", "label": "War of the Jülich Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord officially ended the War of the Jülich Succession and divided the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg between Wilhelm and Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q648046", "label": "United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord officially ended the War of the Jülich Succession and divided the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg between Wilhelm and Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord officially ended the War of the Jülich Succession and divided the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg between Wilhelm and Sigismund."}], "Q694502": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Málaga, also known as the Battle of Vélez-Málaga, was a major fleet action which took place during the War of the Spanish Succession between an Anglo-Dutch fleet and a Franco-Spanish naval force on 24 August 1704."}, {"id": "Q128983", "label": "George Rooke", "section": "lead", "says": "An Anglo-Dutch fleet under Sir George Rooke was sent into the Mediterranean in 1704, capturing Gibraltar on 4 August."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict erupted over a dispute on whether Bourbon prince Philip of Anjou, supported by King Louis XIV of France, or Habsburg royal Archduke Charles, backed by the Grand Alliance, would succeed to the Spanish throne and assume control over Spain's colonial empire after Charles II of Spain died on 1 November 1700."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict erupted over a dispute on whether Bourbon prince Philip of Anjou, supported by King Louis XIV of France, or Habsburg royal Archduke Charles, backed by the Grand Alliance, would succeed to the Spanish throne and assume control over Spain's colonial empire after Charles II of Spain died on 1 November 1700."}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "Background", "says": "In May of that year, Royal Navy officer Sir George Rooke led a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet into the Mediterranean, accompanied by Austrian army officer Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt and Dutch States Navy admiral Gerard Callenburgh."}, {"id": "Q1102640", "label": "Cloudesley Shovell", "section": "Background", "says": "There, they linked up with an English squadron commanded by Sir Cloudesley Shovell on 27 June and proceeded to lay anchor near Tétouan."}], "Q6957844": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1738, Nader Shah of Iran, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty, invaded Northern India, eventually sacking Delhi in March 1739."}, {"id": "Q2736986", "label": "Battle of Karnal", "section": "lead", "says": "His army easily defeated the crumbling Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and then occupied the Mughal capital."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nader Shah's victory against the weak and crumbling Mughal Empire in the far east meant that he could afford to turn back and resume war against Persia's archrival, the neighbouring Ottoman Empire, as well as launch further campaigns in the North Caucasus and Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nader Shah's victory against the weak and crumbling Mughal Empire in the far east meant that he could afford to turn back and resume war against Persia's archrival, the neighbouring Ottoman Empire, as well as launch further campaigns in the North Caucasus and Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q562502", "label": "Ashraf Hotaki", "section": "Prelude", "says": "1725–1738), a cousin of Ashraf Hotak."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the middle of the 1730s, Hussain Hotak had built up a substantial power base as the ruler of Herat and had been striving for some years to weaken Nader Shah's authority over present-day Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1538447", "label": "Michael Axworthy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Tucker, argues that \"Long before the 1730s, though, Iran had already been in a state of financial crisis, partly because of the continued steady decline in Iranian exports that had caused a substantial reduction in state revenues.\" According to the Iranologist Michael Axworthy, the aim of the invasion was because Nader Shah \"needed a breathing space, for the country to recover, and a new source of"}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Prelude", "says": "India started to fragment after the death of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, eventually becoming a collection of kingdoms ruled by individuals who claimed nominal allegiance to the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Another political danger was the expansion of the Maratha Empire under Bajirao I."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Another political danger was the expansion of the Maratha Empire under Bajirao I."}], "Q69620172": [{"id": "Q518626", "label": "Lenín Moreno", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2019 Ecuadorian protests were a series of protests and riots against austerity measures including the cancellation of fuel subsidies, adopted by President of Ecuador Lenín Moreno and his administration."}, {"id": "Q19581", "label": "Rafael Correa", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in 2007, President Rafael Correa established The Citizens' Revolution, a movement following left-wing policies, which some analysts described as populist."}], "Q697306": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wissembourg or Battle of Weissenburg, the first of the Franco-Prussian War, was joined when three German army corps surprised the small French garrison at Wissembourg on 4 August 1870."}, {"id": "Q684479", "label": "Battle of Wörth", "section": "lead", "says": "The defenders, greatly outnumbered, fought stubbornly \"especially considering they were surprised and greatly outnumbered, that the French sustained their old renown as fighting men and that the first defeat, although severe, reflected no discredit on the soldiers of the 1st Corps.\" The fall of Wissembourg allowed the Prussian army to move into France and compelled Marshal Patrice MacMahon to give"}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1870 Napoleon III had moved the French army into Lorraine and occupied Saarbrücken on 2 August."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon wished to win a significant battle on German soil and ordered Marshal Patrice MacMahon to bring up the French I and V Corps."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He told Douay, commander of the 2nd Division, on 1 August, that \"the information I have received makes me suppose that the enemy has no considerable forces very near his advance posts, and has no desire to take the offensive.\"\nTwo days later, he told MacMahon that he had not found \"a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff.\" Even though Ducrot shrugge"}], "Q697897": [{"id": "Q663574", "label": "Battle of Ticonderoga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carillon, also known as the Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carillon, also known as the Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carillon, also known as the Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q570947", "label": "James Abercrombie", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, which took place primarily on a rise about three-quarters of a mile (one km) from the fort itself, a French army of about 4,000 men under General Marquis de Montcalm and the Chevalier de Lévis defeated a numerically superior force of British troops under General James Abercrombie, which frontally assaulted an entrenched French position without using field artillery, a lack that left"}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "There were several large-scale military movements through the area in both the French and Indian War, as well as the American Revolutionary War with the American Capture of Fort Ticonderoga and the  British siege of the fort two ye"}, {"id": "Q1546173", "label": "Capture of Fort Ticonderoga", "section": "lead", "says": "There were several large-scale military movements through the area in both the French and Indian War, as well as the American Revolutionary War with the American Capture of Fort Ticonderoga and the  British siege of the fort two ye"}], "Q700035": [{"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Its ruler, Philip II of Spain, responded by appointing Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba as Governor-general."}, {"id": "Q307815", "label": "Margaret of Parma", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip soon replaced the most important advisors to former regent Margaret of Parma, either by summarily executing those such as the counts of Egmont and Hoorn, or by driving them into exile, as he did to William of Orange (also known as \"William the Silent\")."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip soon replaced the most important advisors to former regent Margaret of Parma, either by summarily executing those such as the counts of Egmont and Hoorn, or by driving them into exile, as he did to William of Orange (also known as \"William the Silent\")."}], "Q700067": [{"id": "Q699753", "label": "Treaty of Frederiksborg", "section": "lead", "says": "Aspects of the conflict that remained unresolved would be dealt with by two further treaties, the Treaty of Frederiksborg between Sweden and Denmark-Norway in 1720 and the Treaty of Nystad between Sweden and Russia in 1721."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "lead", "says": "Aspects of the conflict that remained unresolved would be dealt with by two further treaties, the Treaty of Frederiksborg between Sweden and Denmark-Norway in 1720 and the Treaty of Nystad between Sweden and Russia in 1721."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick I began negotiating the Treaties of Stockholm following the death of Charles XII of Sweden in 1718."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The death of the Swedish monarch heralded the impending conclusion of the Great Northern War."}], "Q700160": [{"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Breslau was a preliminary peace agreement signed on 11 June 1742 following long negotiations at the Silesian capital Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) by emissaries of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria and King Frederick II of Prussia ending the First Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Breslau was a preliminary peace agreement signed on 11 June 1742 following long negotiations at the Silesian capital Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) by emissaries of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria and King Frederick II of Prussia ending the First Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Breslau was a preliminary peace agreement signed on 11 June 1742 following long negotiations at the Silesian capital Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) by emissaries of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria and King Frederick II of Prussia ending the First Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q688504", "label": "Battle of Chotusitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Secret peace negotiations had been carried on since fall 1741, yet still Frederick invaded Bohemia and defeated the Austrian troops at the Battle of Chotusitz on 17 May 1742."}], "Q700363": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the London Straits Convention concluded on 13 July 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe at the time—Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—the \"ancient rule\" of the Ottoman Empire was re-established by closing the Turkish Straits (the Bosporus and Dardanelles), which link the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, from all warships whatsoever, barring those of the Sultan's allies d"}, {"id": "Q869500", "label": "Montreux Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The modern treaty controlling relations is the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits from 1936, which  is still in force."}, {"id": "Q2718318", "label": "Treaty of the Dardanelles", "section": "Historical background", "says": "It evolved from the earlier Treaty of the Dardanelles, signed between Britain and the Ottomans in 1809."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Beginning in 1831, Egypt, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, was revolting against the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)."}, {"id": "Q1051748", "label": "Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Nevertheless, Russia was then the Ottomans' principal ally; the two countries signed the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, which reflected this alliance."}], "Q702096": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kula Gulf (Japanese: クラ湾夜戦) took place in the early hours of 6 July 1943 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle involved United States and Japanese ships off the eastern coast of Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle involved United States and Japanese ships off the eastern coast of Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands."}], "Q706755": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Washington was fought in New York on November 16, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Washington was fought in New York on November 16, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Continental Army under Commander-in-Chief General George Washington at the Battle of White Plains, the British forces under the command of Lieutenant General William Howe planned to capture Fort Washington, the last American stronghold on Manhattan."}, {"id": "Q960723", "label": "Battle of White Plains", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Continental Army under Commander-in-Chief General George Washington at the Battle of White Plains, the British forces under the command of Lieutenant General William Howe planned to capture Fort Washington, the last American stronghold on Manhattan."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "lead", "says": "General Washington issued a discretionary order to General Nathanael Greene to abandon the fort and remove its garrison, which then numbered 1,200 men but which later grew to 3,000, to New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q390992", "label": "Charles Lee", "section": "Background", "says": "Seven thousand troops were to remain east of the Hudson under the command of Charles Lee to prevent a British invasion of New England; General William Heath with 3,000 men was to guard the Hudson Highlands to prevent any further British advance north, and Washington with 2,000 men was to go to Fort Lee."}, {"id": "Q88824", "label": "Wilhelm von Knyphausen", "section": "Background", "says": "Hessian troops under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen would attack the fort from the north, Percy was to lead a brigade of Hessians and several British battalions from the south, and Lord Cornwallis with the 33rd Regiment of Foot and General Edward Mathew with the light infantry were to attack from the east."}], "Q707038": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Dachau liberation reprisals, German SS troops were killed by outraged U.S. soldiers and concentration camp prisoners at the Dachau concentration camp on April 29, 1945, during World War II."}], "Q707364": [{"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "Christian III was a devoted protestant who had already established Lutheranism as the state religion in Schleswig and Holstein by 1528."}], "Q708253": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "6th Army Group (6th AG) during World War II."}, {"id": "Q327044", "label": "Operation Nordwind", "section": "lead", "says": "During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace."}], "Q708610": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Toulon took place between 29 July and 21 August 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession, when a combined Savoyard-Imperial army supported by a British naval force, attacked the French base at Toulon."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession was triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and on 16 November 1700, he became king of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and on 16 November 1700, he became king of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to mainland Spain, this included the Spanish Netherlands, large parts of Italy, and much of Central and South America."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1701, disputes over territorial and commercial rights led to war between France, Spain, and the Grand Alliance, whose candidate was Charles, younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "During 1704, French Marshall La Feuillade captured Savoyard territories north of the Alps in Villefranche and the County of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q693282", "label": "Siege of Turin", "section": "Background", "says": "Reinforced by German auxiliaries, Prince Eugene broke the Siege of Turin in September; despite a minor French victory at Castiglione, the war in Italy was over."}], "Q709421": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xuzhou was a military campaign between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China forces in early 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xuzhou was a military campaign between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China forces in early 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xuzhou was a military campaign between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China forces in early 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign also saw the first major Chinese victory of the war at Taierzhuang, where warlord armies under the command of Li Zongren and Tang Enbo managed to defeat Japanese forces in fierce close quarters urban warfare."}, {"id": "Q706433", "label": "Tang Enbo", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign also saw the first major Chinese victory of the war at Taierzhuang, where warlord armies under the command of Li Zongren and Tang Enbo managed to defeat Japanese forces in fierce close quarters urban warfare."}, {"id": "Q698131", "label": "Tang Shengzhi", "section": "Background", "says": "Many of Jiang's students were commanders of the Chinese defense, including Chen Cheng, Bai Chongxi, Tang Shengzhi, and Xue Yue."}, {"id": "Q715405", "label": "Xue Yue", "section": "Background", "says": "Many of Jiang's students were commanders of the Chinese defense, including Chen Cheng, Bai Chongxi, Tang Shengzhi, and Xue Yue."}, {"id": "Q254599", "label": "Battle of Shanghai", "section": "Background", "says": "Most mechanized and air forces in eastern China were wiped out in the Battle of Shanghai, which concluded in late November 1937."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Han Fuqu, the chairman of the Shandong province, rejected orders from Chiang Kai-shek and kept retreating to preserve his force."}], "Q713006": [{"id": "Q146328", "label": "Commonwealth of the Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Corregidor (Filipino: Labanan sa Corregidor; Japanese: コレヒドールの戦い), fought on 5–6 May 1942, was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Corregidor (Filipino: Labanan sa Corregidor; Japanese: コレヒドールの戦い), fought on 5–6 May 1942, was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942 ended all organized opposition by the United States Army Forces in the Far East to the invading Japanese forces on Luzon, in the northern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q517297", "label": "Masaharu Homma", "section": "lead", "says": "The island bastion of Corregidor, with its network of tunnels and formidable array of defensive armaments, along with the fortifications across the entrance to Manila Bay, was the remaining obstacle to the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army of Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma."}], "Q714207": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lille or Lille pocket (28–31 May 1940) took place during the Battle of France in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "lead", "says": "The defence of the Lille Pocket enabled more Allied troops to retreat into the Dunkirk perimeter and take part in the Battle of Dunkirk."}], "Q734934": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Four Days' Battle was a naval engagement fought from 11 to 14 June 1666 (1–4 June O.S.) during the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}], "Q737655": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege and Battle of Dorostolon (Silistra) was fought in 971 between the Byzantine Empire and forces of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege and Battle of Dorostolon (Silistra) was fought in 971 between the Byzantine Empire and forces of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantines, led by John I Tzimiskes, were victorious."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During the course of the Rus'-Bulgarian war, Svyatoslav I of Kiev overran the eastern part of the First Bulgarian Empire and established his capital at Pereyaslavets on the Danube."}], "Q756118": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Atlanta campaign was a series of battles fought in the western theater of the American Civil War throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta during the summer of 1864."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "lead", "says": "In July, the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, replaced Johnston with the more aggressive General John B."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "Background", "says": "Meade, Benjamin Butler, Franz Sigel, George Crook, and William W."}], "Q764793": [{"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as King Charles VIII of France left Naples upon hearing the news of the grand coalition assembled against him."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Fornovo was the first major pitched battle of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q675493", "label": "Henry VII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry VII of England was given cash, Ferdinand II of Aragon was given Roussillon, and Emperor Maximillian was given Artois and Franche-Comté."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry VII of England was given cash, Ferdinand II of Aragon was given Roussillon, and Emperor Maximillian was given Artois and Franche-Comté."}], "Q769294": [{"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Szatmár (or the Peace of Szatmár) was a peace treaty concluded at Szatmár (present-day Satu Mare, Romania) on 29 April 1711 between the House of Habsburg emperor Charles VI, the Hungarian estates and the Kuruc rebels."}, {"id": "Q595545", "label": "Rákóczi’s War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It formally ended Rákóczi's War of Independence, which had endured since 1703."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Great Turkish War, the forces of the Habsburg monarchy conquered large parts of Ottoman Hungary."}, {"id": "Q181333", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the new rulers soon met with resistance by the Hungarian magnates led by Francis II Rákóczi, culminating in the rebellion led by Rákóczi, which from 1703 onwards spread throughout Upper Hungary (today mostly Slovakia), Transylvania and Carpathian Ruthenia."}, {"id": "Q720641", "label": "Battle of Trencsén", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels were decisively defeated by a Habsburg army under Field marshal Sigbert Heister, backed by Rascian forces, in the 1708 Battle of Trencsén."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "As the conflict rumbled on, the Hofkriegsrat president Prince Eugene of Savoy appointed the loyal Hungarian Field Marshal János Pálffy chief negotiator."}, {"id": "Q690685", "label": "János Pálffy", "section": "lead", "says": "As the conflict rumbled on, the Hofkriegsrat president Prince Eugene of Savoy appointed the loyal Hungarian Field Marshal János Pálffy chief negotiator."}, {"id": "Q1123522", "label": "Sándor Károlyi", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1710, Pálffy contacted the Kuruc commander Sándor Károlyi and achieved a truce on 13 January 1711."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 February, he left for Poland to seek support from the envoys of Tsar Peter the Great, who nevertheless was involved in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 February, he left for Poland to seek support from the envoys of Tsar Peter the Great, who nevertheless was involved in the Great Northern War."}], "Q770372": [{"id": "Q213416", "label": "Amílcar Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "The goals of the operation included the overthrow of Ahmed Sékou Touré's government, capture of the leader of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Amílcar Cabral, destruction of the naval and air assets of the PAIGC and its Guinean supporters, and the rescue of Portuguese POWs held in Conakry."}, {"id": "Q155402", "label": "Ahmed Sékou Touré", "section": "lead", "says": "The attackers withdrew after rescuing the POWs and destroying some PAIGC ships and Guinean Air Force infrastructure, but failed to capture Amílcar Cabral, the leader of PAIGC guerrillas (who was in Europe at the time), or to topple the regime of Guinean leader Ahmed Sékou Touré."}, {"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1960, Touré welcomed to Guinea and provided support to Amílcar Cabral and his organization, the PAIGC, which was seeking the independence of Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) and Cape Verde from the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1960, Touré welcomed to Guinea and provided support to Amílcar Cabral and his organization, the PAIGC, which was seeking the independence of Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) and Cape Verde from the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1960, Touré welcomed to Guinea and provided support to Amílcar Cabral and his organization, the PAIGC, which was seeking the independence of Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) and Cape Verde from the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1960, Touré welcomed to Guinea and provided support to Amílcar Cabral and his organization, the PAIGC, which was seeking the independence of Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) and Cape Verde from the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q2609193", "label": "Guinea-Bissau War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1963, the PAIGC began the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence."}], "Q778730": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Canusium also known as the Battle of Asculum was a three-day engagement between the forces of Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in Apulia during the spring of 209 BC, the tenth year of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "A larger Roman offensive, of which it was a part, aimed to subjugate and to punish cities and tribes that had abandoned the alliance with Rome after the Battle of Cannae, and to narrow the base of the Carthaginian leader, Hannibal, in southern Italy."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "A larger Roman offensive, of which it was a part, aimed to subjugate and to punish cities and tribes that had abandoned the alliance with Rome after the Battle of Cannae, and to narrow the base of the Carthaginian leader, Hannibal, in southern Italy."}], "Q809687": [{"id": "Q368858", "label": "Mustafa Barzani", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was led by Mustafa Barzani, in an attempt to establish an independent Kurdistan."}, {"id": "Q6067940", "label": "Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations followed the war in an attempt to resolve the conflict, ultimately leading to the Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970, which eventually failed, reigniting war between the two sides in the Second Iraqi–Kurdish War."}, {"id": "Q4116897", "label": "Second Kurdish–Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations followed the war in an attempt to resolve the conflict, ultimately leading to the Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970, which eventually failed, reigniting war between the two sides in the Second Iraqi–Kurdish War."}], "Q811629": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "A full year of tension, including minor skirmishes and sabotage, passed before these events would escalate into the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1988–89, a series of street protests in Yugoslavia by supporters of Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević succeeded in overthrowing the government of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro as well as the governments of the Socialist Autonomous Provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, which were parts of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, replacing their leaders with allies of Milošević."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1988–89, a series of street protests in Yugoslavia by supporters of Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević succeeded in overthrowing the government of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro as well as the governments of the Socialist Autonomous Provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, which were parts of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, replacing their leaders with allies of Milošević."}, {"id": "Q838291", "label": "Socialist Republic of Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1988–89, a series of street protests in Yugoslavia by supporters of Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević succeeded in overthrowing the government of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro as well as the governments of the Socialist Autonomous Provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, which were parts of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, replacing their leaders with allies of Milošević."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1988–89, a series of street protests in Yugoslavia by supporters of Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević succeeded in overthrowing the government of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro as well as the governments of the Socialist Autonomous Provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, which were parts of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, replacing their leaders with allies of Milošević."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The western Yugoslav republics of Slovenia and Croatia successfully resisted the attempts to expand the revolt onto their territories, and turned against Milošević."}, {"id": "Q893817", "label": "Borisav Jović", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Borisav Jović, then president of Yugoslavia, this action was done at the behest of the Republic of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Serb population associated these with the symbols of the Nazi-allied Independent State of Croatia during World War II, although the Croatian checkerboard is a historical symbol that had already officially been contained in the"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Serb population associated these with the symbols of the Nazi-allied Independent State of Croatia during World War II, although the Croatian checkerboard is a historical symbol that had already officially been contained in the"}], "Q83889114": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The highly contagious Delta variant was responsible for the considerably high fatality rate in the country in August 2021, when Sri Lanka became the country with the fourth-largest number of daily deaths in the world by population, behind just Georgia, Tunisia, and Malaysia."}], "Q858913": [{"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the War of the Second Coalition, as part of the larger conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the War of the Second Coalition, as part of the larger conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q330962", "label": "Josef Philipp Vukassovich", "section": "lead", "says": "The French detachment cut off by the combat of Vaprio was afterwards surrounded at Verderio by Josef Philipp Vukassovich, who overcame the weakest French defenses in Brivio."}, {"id": "Q2889186", "label": "Battle of Magnano", "section": "Background", "says": "Feldmarschal-Leutnant (FML) Pál Kray and his Austrians then defeated Schérer at the Battle of Magnano on April 4."}, {"id": "Q112009", "label": "Michael von Melas", "section": "Background", "says": "The arrival of General of the Cavalry Michael von Melas displaced Kray the top Austrian field command."}], "Q858922": [{"id": "Q333346", "label": "Robert I, Count of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cassel was fought in February 1071 between Robert I of Flanders (or Robert the Frisian) and his nephew, Arnulf III (son of Baldwin VI of Flanders)."}, {"id": "Q354338", "label": "Eustace III, Count of Boulogne", "section": "lead", "says": "Arnulf's ranks contained Eustace II and Eustace III of Boulogne."}, {"id": "Q58907", "label": "Philip I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Moreover, Arnulf was supported by King Philip I of France."}], "Q86347874": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "Background", "says": "Protests began across India in December 2019 in response to the passage of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), which allows fast-tracked naturalisation for immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan belonging to six religions — Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Buddhism — but not Islam."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Protests began across India in December 2019 in response to the passage of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), which allows fast-tracked naturalisation for immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan belonging to six religions — Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Buddhism — but not Islam."}], "Q87199320": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The senior United Nations official in the region told the United Nations Security Council in a 23 April 2020 video conference meeting that Israelis and Palestinians are cooperating in unprecedented ways to deal with the pandemic but that Israel must do more to safeguard the health of all people under its control."}], "Q87660365": [{"id": "Q6800406", "label": "Luis Lacalle Pou", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 January 2021, President Luis Lacalle Pou announced during a press conference that the government purchased doses of COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and Sinovac Biotech, while negotiating with a third manufacturer."}], "Q87665038": [{"id": "Q50365049", "label": "Abiy Ahmed", "section": "lead", "says": "The national government, led by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, declared a five-month state of emergency in April 2020 but has allowed economic activities to continue during the public health crisis."}], "Q87836826": [{"id": "Q574", "label": "Timor-Leste", "section": "lead", "says": "The COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste was part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."}], "Q87899016": [{"id": "Q1005", "label": "The Gambia", "section": "lead", "says": "The COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."}], "Q886263": [{"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "lead", "says": "A flower war or flowery war (Nahuatl languages: xōchiyāōyōtl, Spanish: guerra florida) was a ritual war fought intermittently between the Aztec Triple Alliance and its enemies on and off for many years in the vicinity and the regions around the ancient and vital city of Tenochtitlan, probably ending with the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519."}, {"id": "Q614072", "label": "Tlaxcala", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Tlaxcala allied with the Spaniards against the Aztecs, being eager to see their longtime flower war enemies overthrown."}], "Q896479": [{"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brabant Revolution or Brabantine Revolution (French: Révolution brabançonne; Dutch: Brabantse Omwenteling), sometimes referred to as the Belgian Revolution of 1789–1790 in older writing, was an armed insurrection that occurred in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) between October 1789 and December 1790."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brabant Revolution or Brabantine Revolution (French: Révolution brabançonne; Dutch: Brabantse Omwenteling), sometimes referred to as the Belgian Revolution of 1789–1790 in older writing, was an armed insurrection that occurred in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) between October 1789 and December 1790."}, {"id": "Q692015", "label": "United Belgian States", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution, which occurred at the same time as revolutions in France and Liège, led to the brief overthrow of Habsburg rule and the proclamation of a short-lived polity, the United Belgian States."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of rioting and disruption in 1787, known as the Small Revolution, many dissidents took refuge in the neighboring Dutch Republic where they formed a rebel army."}, {"id": "Q689056", "label": "Henri Van der Noot", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vonckists, led by Jan Frans Vonck, advocated progressive and liberal government, whereas the Statists, led by Henri Van der Noot, were staunchly conservative and supported by the Church."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By mid-1790, Habsburg Austria had ended its war with the Ottoman Empire and prepared to suppress the Brabant revolutionaries."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, a liberal like his predecessor, proposed an amnesty for the rebels."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian reestablishment was short-lived, however, and the territory was soon overrun by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of its distinctive course, the Brabant Revolution had been extensively used in historical comparisons with the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q312501", "label": "Henri Pirenne", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians, following Henri Pirenne, have seen it as a key mome"}], "Q909880": [{"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Adrianople of 1568 or Treaty of Edirne of 1568, was concluded in the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), on 17 February 1568, by representatives of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II, ruler of Habsburg monarchy and Ottoman Sultan Selim II."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the siege of Szigetvár, in which the Ottomans took a key Hungarian fortress, but at great cost, including the death of the previous Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent."}], "Q918147": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The military alliance between the United Kingdom and Poland was formalised by the Anglo-Polish Agreement on 31 March 1939, with subsequent addenda of 1940 and 1944, for mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Nazi Germany, as specified in a secret protocol."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The military alliance between the United Kingdom and Poland was formalised by the Anglo-Polish Agreement on 31 March 1939, with subsequent addenda of 1940 and 1944, for mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Nazi Germany, as specified in a secret protocol."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom (First Chamberlain ministry) had been attempting to create a four-way alliance to contain Nazi Germany, with France (then governed by Édouard Daladier), Poland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q389389", "label": "Józef Beck", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck was disturbed by the prospect of any alliance with Stalin's Soviet Union because it conflicted with Poland's policy of maintaining distance from Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union."}], "Q934266": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kollaa was fought from 7 December 1939 to 13 March 1940 in Ladoga Karelia, Finland, as a part of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War."}], "Q9366875": [{"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Trebizond was the successful siege of the city of Trebizond, capital of the Empire of Trebizond, by the Ottomans under Sultan Mehmed II, which ended on 15 August 1461."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Trebizond was the successful siege of the city of Trebizond, capital of the Empire of Trebizond, by the Ottomans under Sultan Mehmed II, which ended on 15 August 1461."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "Still, it failed when Emperor David Megas Komnenos most needed it."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In return for his tiny realm, he would be given properties elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, where he, his family, and his courtiers would live until their execution some two years later."}, {"id": "Q49979", "label": "Steven Runciman", "section": "lead", "says": "With the last members of the Palaiologan dynasty having fled the Despotate of the Morea the previous year for Italy, Trebizond had become the last outpost of Byzantine civilization, which came to an end with Trebizond's fall. \"It was the end of the free Greek world,\" wrote Steven Runciman, who then noted that those Greeks still not under Ottoman rule lived \"under lords of an alien race and an alie"}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "With the last members of the Palaiologan dynasty having fled the Despotate of the Morea the previous year for Italy, Trebizond had become the last outpost of Byzantine civilization, which came to an end with Trebizond's fall. \"It was the end of the free Greek world,\" wrote Steven Runciman, who then noted that those Greeks still not under Ottoman rule lived \"under lords of an alien race and an alie"}, {"id": "Q15730496", "label": "William Miller", "section": "Background", "says": "William Miller quotes Kritoboulos as stating that Emperor David of Trebizond's \"reluctance to pay tribute and the intermarriages with Hassan and the Georgian court provoked the Sultan to invade the Empire.\" On the other hand, Halil İnalcık cites a passage from the 15th-century Ottoman historian Kemal Pasha-zade, who wrote: \n\nThe Greeks used to live on the coasts of the Black and the Mediterranean "}, {"id": "Q739524", "label": "Halil İnalcık", "section": "Background", "says": "William Miller quotes Kritoboulos as stating that Emperor David of Trebizond's \"reluctance to pay tribute and the intermarriages with Hassan and the Georgian court provoked the Sultan to invade the Empire.\" On the other hand, Halil İnalcık cites a passage from the 15th-century Ottoman historian Kemal Pasha-zade, who wrote: \n\nThe Greeks used to live on the coasts of the Black and the Mediterranean "}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By the 1450s, the Ottoman Empire either occupied or had established hegemony over much of the territories the Byzantine Empire held before the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "By the 1450s, the Ottoman Empire either occupied or had established hegemony over much of the territories the Byzantine Empire held before the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1204."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Many of Mehmed's campaigns in that period can be explained by assuming he was taking possession of the bits and fragments that he still did not rule directly: Enos fell after a lightning march in the winter of 1456; after showing unusual patience with the surviving Palaiologoi ruling the Morea, who spent more time fighting each other than paying their tribute, Mehmed at last conquered all but one "}, {"id": "Q536820", "label": "John IV of Trebizond", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor John IV of Trebizond was aware of the threat Mehmed II posed for him at least as early as February 1451, when the Byzantine diplomat George Sphrantzes arrived in Trebizond seeking a bride for his emperor, Constantine XI."}, {"id": "Q433647", "label": "George Sphrantzes", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor John IV of Trebizond was aware of the threat Mehmed II posed for him at least as early as February 1451, when the Byzantine diplomat George Sphrantzes arrived in Trebizond seeking a bride for his emperor, Constantine XI."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "Background", "says": "John had happily related to the visiting diplomat the news of the death of Sultan Murad II and that Mehmed II's youth meant that his empire could last longer and be blessed."}], "Q939211": [{"id": "Q2498418", "label": "Sigurd Hring", "section": "lead", "says": "770, that is described in the sagas as taking place on the Brávellir between Sigurd Hring, king of Sweden and the Geats of Västergötland, and his uncle Harald Wartooth, king of Denmark and the Geats of Östergötland."}], "Q952774": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Invasion of Quebec (June 1775 – October 1776, French: Invasion du Québec) was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q444947", "label": "Richard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort Saint-Jean, and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "lead", "says": "One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort Saint-Jean, and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "The other expedition, under Benedict Arnold, left Cambridge, Massachusetts, and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "lead", "says": "The British sent several thousand troops under General John Burgoyne, including Hessian auxiliaries, to reinforce the province in May 1776."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "Guy Johnson, a Loyalist and British Indian agent living in the Mohawk Valley in New York, was on quite friendly terms with the Iroquois of New York, and was concerned for the safety of himself and his family after it became clear that Patriot sentiment had taken hold in New York."}], "Q954968": [{"id": "Q2543376", "label": "Second War of the Diadochi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought near Gabiene in Persia in the winter of 316-315 BC and ended the Second War of the Diadochi."}, {"id": "Q435274", "label": "Hieronymus of Cardia", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the sole reference of this battle is ultimately from Eumenes' personal aide Hieronymus of Cardia (later transmitted through the historian Diodorus), who later switched his allegiance to Antigonus, he provides a unique perspective from both sides' point of view."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his generals immediately began squabbling over his empire."}, {"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early years of warfare between the Successors, he faced Eumenes, a capable general who had already crushed Craterus."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Antigonus had been a general for Philip II of Macedon and after his assassination for his son Alexander."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "Background", "says": "After Alexander's death, Eumenes quickly showed his skill, allying himself with Perdiccas and winning over much of Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "Here Eumenes held out for more than a year until the death of Antipater threw his opponents into disarray."}, {"id": "Q312008", "label": "Polyperchon", "section": "Background", "says": "He escaped from Nora through trickery, allied himself with Polyperchon (the new Regent of the Empire) and, after gathering a small army, he marched into Cilicia where he made an alliance with Antigenes and Teutamos, the commanders of the Macedonian Silver Shields and the Hypaspists."}, {"id": "Q575274", "label": "Antigenes", "section": "Background", "says": "He escaped from Nora through trickery, allied himself with Polyperchon (the new Regent of the Empire) and, after gathering a small army, he marched into Cilicia where he made an alliance with Antigenes and Teutamos, the commanders of the Macedonian Silver Shields and the Hypaspists."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 317 BC, Eumenes left Cilicia and marched into Syria and Phoenicia, and began to raise a naval force on behalf of Polyperchon."}], "Q1049956": [{"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1527 he drove back the Ottoman vassal John Zápolya and captured Buda, Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, and Székesfehérvár by 1528."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, took no action at this stage despite the pleas of his vassal."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil war was preceded by the death of Louis II of Hungary and the subsequent siege of Buda by the Turks."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Zápolya's followers invoked the decision of the Diet of the Estates, while Ferdinand's followers invoked the blood relationship between the Árpád dynasty and the House of Habsburg (from the First Congress of Vienna)."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Zápolya's followers invoked the decision of the Diet of the Estates, while Ferdinand's followers invoked the blood relationship between the Árpád dynasty and the House of Habsburg (from the First Congress of Vienna)."}], "Q1055227": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The first act was signed by Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, and Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "Politically, Lithuania received more autonomy as, after the death of Vytautas, the Lithuanian nobles could choose another Grand Duke instead of passing the title to Władysław II Jagiełło or his heir."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "lead", "says": "Politically, Lithuania received more autonomy as, after the death of Vytautas, the Lithuanian nobles could choose another Grand Duke instead of passing the title to Władysław II Jagiełło or his heir."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Poland and Lithuania had been joined in a personal union since the Union of Krewo of 1385."}, {"id": "Q597478", "label": "Battle of the Vorskla River", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The union was signed after Vytautas' army was soundly defeated in the Battle of the Vorskla River and weakened Lithuania was looking for Polish support."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Taking advantage of the Lithuanian defeat, the Principality of Smolensk, Veliky Novgorod, and Pskov rebelled against Lithuanian rule, drawing Vytautas into a war with the Grand Principality of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q937255", "label": "Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1409, the second Samogitian uprising against the Teutonic Knights escalated into the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Joint Polish–Lithuanian forces defeated the Knights in the decisive Battle of Grunwald in 1410."}, {"id": "Q834498", "label": "Hunger War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "However, the war did not resolve all the disputes and by 1413 Poland–Lithuania was preparing for another war with the Knights (see Hunger War)."}], "Q1055358": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt of 1573 was a large peasant revolt on territory forming modern-day northwestern Croatia and southeastern Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 16th century, the threat of Ottoman incursions strained the economy of the southern flanks of the Holy Roman Empire, and feudal lords continually increased their demands on the peasantry."}], "Q1062468": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union did not sign the 1951 Treaty of Peace with Japan, which had re‑established peaceful relations between most other Allied Powers and Japan."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, the Soviet Union pledged to support Japan for UN membership and to waive all World War II reparations claims."}], "Q1065729": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Pastorius was a failed German intelligence plan for sabotage inside the United States during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Pastorius was a failed German intelligence plan for sabotage inside the United States during World War II."}, {"id": "Q57129", "label": "Wilhelm Canaris", "section": "Background", "says": "The mission was given to Abwehr chief Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, the head of German military intelligence."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War I he had organized the sabotage of French installations in Morocco, and other German agents entered the United States to attack New York arms factories, including the destruction of munitions supplies at Black Tom Island, in 1916."}], "Q1067191": [{"id": "Q204975", "label": "Gaspard II de Coligny", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 8 August 1570 by Charles IX of France, Gaspard II de Coligny and Jeanne d'Albret, to end the third war (1568-70) of the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 8 August 1570 by Charles IX of France, Gaspard II de Coligny and Jeanne d'Albret, to end the third war (1568-70) of the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace went much further than the March 1568 Peace of Longjumeau by establishing specific rights and responsibilities for French Protestants, generally known as Huguenots."}], "Q1186260": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Creek War (also the Red Stick War or the Creek Civil War) was a regional conflict between opposing Native American factions, European powers, and the United States during the early 19th century."}, {"id": "Q1466527", "label": "Treaty of Fort Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Creek War effectively ended in August 1814 with the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson, when Andrew Jackson forced the Creek confederacy to surrender more than 21 million acres in what is now southern Georgia and central Alabama."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Creek War effectively ended in August 1814 with the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson, when Andrew Jackson forced the Creek confederacy to surrender more than 21 million acres in what is now southern Georgia and central Alabama."}, {"id": "Q325314", "label": "Tecumseh's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was also a continuation of Tecumseh's War in the Old Northwest, and, although a conflict framed within the centuries-long American Indian Wars, it is usually more identified with, and considered an integral part of, the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q849680", "label": "American Indian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was also a continuation of Tecumseh's War in the Old Northwest, and, although a conflict framed within the centuries-long American Indian Wars, it is usually more identified with, and considered an integral part of, the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was also a continuation of Tecumseh's War in the Old Northwest, and, although a conflict framed within the centuries-long American Indian Wars, it is usually more identified with, and considered an integral part of, the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q2896102", "label": "Benjamin Hawkins", "section": "Background", "says": "Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins, who had stronger alliances among the towns of the Lower Creek."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "Background", "says": "Shawnee leader Tecumseh came to the area to encourage the peoples to join his movement to throw the Americans out of Native American territories."}, {"id": "Q254682", "label": "Tenskwatawa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1811, Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa attended the annual Creek council at Tukabatchee."}], "Q1187521": [{"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "The crusade of Barbastro (also known as the siege of Barbastro or battle of Barbastro) was an international expedition, sanctioned by Pope Alexander II, to take the Spanish city of Barbastro, then part of the Hudid Emirate of Lārida."}], "Q1196554": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Minorca was a fleet action fought on 20 May 1756 between the French and British navies during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q130261", "label": "John Byng", "section": "lead", "says": "The decision by the British fleet's commander, Admiral of the Blue John Byng, to withdraw to Gibraltar led directly to the fall of Minorca."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The French had been menacing the British-held garrison on Minorca, which had come under British control during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1708."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Great Britain and France had commenced hostilities in the New World colonies earlier in 1754 (the French and Indian War), and at this point the conflict was not going well for Great Britain."}], "Q123034716": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "In some European countries, and Palestine itself, protestors were criminalized, in countries such as France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Hungary, which restricted pro-Palestinian political speech, while the Israeli media outlet Ynet reported that Hamas in Gaza tortured and executed anti-Hamas demonstrators."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In some European countries, and Palestine itself, protestors were criminalized, in countries such as France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Hungary, which restricted pro-Palestinian political speech, while the Israeli media outlet Ynet reported that Hamas in Gaza tortured and executed anti-Hamas demonstrators."}], "Q1230569": [{"id": "Q314787", "label": "Tariq Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Tariq Ali claimed in his works that the Muslims who had nearly lynched Shuxing'a were not Hui, but belonged to another ethnicity; nevertheless, the Manchu official blamed all Muslims for the incident."}], "Q1259700": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Belchite refers to a series of military operations that took place between 24 August and 7 September 1937, in and around the town of Belchite (almost 4,000 inhabitants in 1936, decreasing to around 2,600 during the battle, from the repression and displacement of the first year), in Aragon during the Spanish Civil War, as part of a much bigger offensive to take Zaragoza, that continue"}, {"id": "Q23434", "label": "Ernest Hemingway", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the Offensive of Zaragoza failed, the Republicans started calling it Battle of Belchite for propaganda reasons instead, so that it would look like a victory, the journalists that came to report the victory, including Ernest Hemingway, contributed to this change of names."}], "Q1262084": [{"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Since at least French rule, first as French Somaliland and then as French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, there have been ethnic tensions in Djibouti between the Issas and the Afars."}, {"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time in 1991, neighboring countries' authoritarian governments were overthrown, Siad Barre in Somalia and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time in 1991, neighboring countries' authoritarian governments were overthrown, Siad Barre in Somalia and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time in 1991, neighboring countries' authoritarian governments were overthrown, Siad Barre in Somalia and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q940821", "label": "People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "Eritrea and Somaliland also declared independence from the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Somali Democratic Republic respectively in 1991."}, {"id": "Q1477220", "label": "Somali Democratic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Eritrea and Somaliland also declared independence from the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Somali Democratic Republic respectively in 1991."}], "Q1263360": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kandahar massacre, also called the Panjwai massacre, was a mass murder that occurred in the early hours of 11 March 2012, when United States Army Staff Sergeant Robert Bales murdered 16 Afghan civilians and wounded six others in the Panjwayi District of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q244631", "label": "Leon Panetta", "section": "lead", "says": "Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta said the soldier would be tried under U.S. military law."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "United States authorities concluded that the killings were the act of a single individual."}], "Q1267122": [{"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "701 BC) was an aborted siege of Jerusalem, then capital of the Kingdom of Judah, carried out by Sennacherib, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "lead", "says": "701 BC) was an aborted siege of Jerusalem, then capital of the Kingdom of Judah, carried out by Sennacherib, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "701 BC) was an aborted siege of Jerusalem, then capital of the Kingdom of Judah, carried out by Sennacherib, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q244912", "label": "Hezekiah", "section": "lead", "says": "Sennacherib's Annals describe how the king trapped Hezekiah of Judah in Jerusalem \"like a caged bird\" and later returned to Assyria when he received tribute from Judah."}, {"id": "Q230407", "label": "Kingdom of Israel", "section": "Background", "says": "In 720 BC, the Assyrian army captured Samaria, the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel, and carried away many Israelites into captivity."}], "Q1269777": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 was a war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden due to Denmark–Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 was a war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden due to Denmark–Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 was a war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden due to Denmark–Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "The two Nordic countries also intended to follow this policy during the War of the Second Coalition and had in 1800, together with Prussia and Russia, formed the Second League of Armed Neutrality in order to protect their merchant fleets from the British policy of unlimited searches of neutral shipping for French contraband."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "The League would however, be dissolved following the Battle of Copenhagen and the death of Tsar Paul I of Russia in 1801."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1805 Sweden joined the war against France, but following the rapid French advance through northwest Germany and the defeat at Lübeck, Swedish forces had to withdraw to Swedish Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Treaties of Tilsit in 1807 the main focus of France and Britain was directed towards Denmark."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon wanted to include the neutral Denmark-Norway in the Continental System while the United Kingdom feared that the Danish fleet should fall into the hands of the French."}, {"id": "Q850497", "label": "Second Treaty of Brömsebro", "section": "Background", "says": "Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark-Norway was reluctant to participate in war against Sweden, but he decided to declare war against Sweden with the aim of conquering the territory which Denmark-Norway had lost after the Treaty of Brömsebro and Treaty of Roskilde."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "Background", "says": "Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark-Norway was reluctant to participate in war against Sweden, but he decided to declare war against Sweden with the aim of conquering the territory which Denmark-Norway had lost after the Treaty of Brömsebro and Treaty of Roskilde."}, {"id": "Q52929", "label": "Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 March 1808 the Danish Minister in Stockholm presented the declaration of war to the Swedish government, and the Swedish king, Gustav IV Adolf replied with planning an invasion of Sjælland, in order to force Denmark to conclude separate"}], "Q1291963": [{"id": "Q1336609", "label": "Chen Youliang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Poyang (Chinese: 鄱陽湖之戰; pinyin: Póyáng Hú Zhīzhàn) was a naval battle which took place (30 August – 4 October 1363) between the rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang during the Red Turban Rebellion which led to the fall of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Poyang (Chinese: 鄱陽湖之戰; pinyin: Póyáng Hú Zhīzhàn) was a naval battle which took place (30 August – 4 October 1363) between the rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang during the Red Turban Rebellion which led to the fall of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q6669561", "label": "Chen Han", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 August 1363, the forces of Chen Han conducted a major amphibious assault on Nanchang but failed to take it due to the defenders' use of cannons and suffered significant losses."}], "Q1314054": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Herrings, also called the Battle of Rouvray, was a military action near the town of Rouvray in France, just north of Orléans, which took place on 12 February 1429, during the siege of Orléans in the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q71125", "label": "John Fastolf", "section": "lead", "says": "This supply convoy was escorted by an English force under Sir John Fastolf and had been outfitted in Paris, from whence it had departed some time earlier."}], "Q1322711": [{"id": "Q698281", "label": "Italian War of 1521–1526", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War (French: Sixième guerre d'Italie, lit. 'sixth war of Italy'), was a part of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War (French: Sixième guerre d'Italie, lit. 'sixth war of Italy'), was a part of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "lead", "says": "It arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519–1520 and from Pope Leo X's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed the Treaty of Bruges in secret against France, and hostilities resumed on the Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q683341", "label": "Battle of Bicocca", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Bicocca on 27 April 1522, Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French, driving them from Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q233192", "label": "Louise of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Diplomatic manoeuvres to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy, to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "Diplomatic manoeuvres to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy, to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles."}, {"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "A few weeks after his release, he repudiated the terms of the treaty, starting the War of the League of Cognac, during which Charles repulsed Suleiman from the Siege of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Treaty of London (1518), the major European powers (France, England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire) were outwardly friendly towards each other."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "They were divided on the question of the Imperial succession; the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I—intending for a Habsburg to succeed him—campaigned throughout 1518 on behalf of his grandson Charles I of Spain, while Francis I of France put himself forward as an alternate candidate."}, {"id": "Q206512", "label": "Thomas Wolsey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the same time, Francis was faced with Henry's able, efficient and intelligent chief advisor Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, the \"power behind the throne\" who interposed himself into the quarrels of the continent in an attempt to increase both England's influence and his own."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pope Leo X, threatened by the presence of Spanish troops 64 kilometres (40 mi) from the Vatican, supported the French candidacy."}, {"id": "Q262986", "label": "Frederick of Saxony", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The election was not a foregone conclusion; with the exception of Frederick of Saxony and Joachim I of Brandenburg, all the electors accepted large bribes from Charles to obtain their votes."}, {"id": "Q717346", "label": "Treaty of Windsor", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Henry entertained the emperor in Kent for three days, in a meeting that achieved little, although the Treaty of Windsor (16 June 1522) reaffirmed the alliance between England and Aragon."}], "Q1324428": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baltic strategic defensive operation (Russian: Прибалтийская стратегическая оборонительная операция, romanized: Pribaltiyskaya strategicheskaya oboronitel'naya operatsiya) encompassed the operations of the Red Army from 22 June to 9 July 1941 conducted over the territories of Soviet-occupied Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in response to the offensive launched by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barb"}], "Q1337302": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Hannibal's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC was one of the major events of the Second Punic War and one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "The two primary sources for the event are Polybius and Livy, who were born c."}, {"id": "Q2695034", "label": "Jona Lendering", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2022 book Hannibal in the Alps by Dutch historian and publicist Jona Lendering concludes that the two primary historical sources provide too little accurate information and too much conflicting information, combined with a lack of historical geographical knowledge and our current knowledge of historical armies in order to define the route of Hannibal's army over the Alps."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the final Carthaginian naval defeat at the Aegates Islands, the Carthaginians surrendered in the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Hamilcar Barca (Barca meaning lightning), a leading member of the patriotic Barcine party in Carthage and a general in the First Punic War, sought to remedy the losses that Carthage had suffered in Sicily to the Romans."}], "Q1348976": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.7 and a maximum perceived intensity of IV (Light) in Jakarta, the capital and largest city of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Several thousand kilometers to the southeast, surges of several meters were observed in northwestern Australia, but in Java the tsunami runups (height above normal sea level) were typically 5–7 meters (16–23 ft) and resulted in the deaths of more than 600 people."}], "Q1349911": [{"id": "Q7210", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of the Han dynasty, Liu Bang—Emperor Gaozu of Han—created princely titles for many of his relatives in certain territories that accounted for between approximately one-third to one-half of the empire."}], "Q13553969": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Ramla (or Ramleh) took place on 7 September 1101 between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fatimids of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The town of Ramla lay on the road from Jerusalem to Ascalon, the latter of which was the largest Fatimid fortress in Palestine."}, {"id": "Q551601", "label": "Al-Afdal Shahanshah", "section": "lead", "says": "From Ascalon the Fatimid vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, launched almost annual attacks into the newly founded Crusader kingdom from 1099 to 1107."}], "Q1361354": [{"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Ireland was established as an English client state in 1542, with various clans accepting English sovereignty under \"surrender and regrant\"."}, {"id": "Q225649", "label": "Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently an Irish confederacy, led by lords Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Hugh Roe O'Donnell, was formed to resist English incursions into their territory."}, {"id": "Q2718416", "label": "Hugh Roe O'Donnell", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently an Irish confederacy, led by lords Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Hugh Roe O'Donnell, was formed to resist English incursions into their territory."}, {"id": "Q1973800", "label": "Battle of the Yellow Ford", "section": "lead", "says": "The confederacy won numerous victories against the royal army, such as the Battle of Clontibret (1595) and the Battle of the Yellow Ford (1598)."}, {"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the end of Gaelic Ireland and paved the way for the Plantation of Ulster."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "By contrast, the English army assisting the Dutch during the Eighty Years' War was never more than 12,000 strong at any one time."}], "Q1362014": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hannibal had lifted the siege of Capua after mauling two Roman consular armies in the Battle of Capua."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hannibal decided to follow Claudius."}, {"id": "Q5759145", "label": "Appius Claudius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While Appius Claudius and his consular army marched west to join his fellow consul, Centenius set off to attack Hannibal in Lucania."}], "Q136409338": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "On September 30, 2025, at 21:59:43 PHT (13:59:43 UTC), an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw) struck the Visayas archipelago in the Philippines."}], "Q1368222": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Bogue (Chinese: 虎門條約) was an unequal treaty between the United Kingdom and China, concluded in October 1843 to supplement the previous Treaty of Nanking."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Bogue (Chinese: 虎門條約) was an unequal treaty between the United Kingdom and China, concluded in October 1843 to supplement the previous Treaty of Nanking."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to conclude the First Opium War, imperial commissioner Qiying and Henry Pottinger concluded the Treaty of Nanking aboard the British warship HMS Cornwallis in 1842 in Nanjing on the behalf of Britain and the Chinese Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1607189", "label": "Henry Pottinger", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to conclude the First Opium War, imperial commissioner Qiying and Henry Pottinger concluded the Treaty of Nanking aboard the British warship HMS Cornwallis in 1842 in Nanjing on the behalf of Britain and the Chinese Qing dynasty."}], "Q1392": [{"id": "Q1526883", "label": "Battle of the Dunes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nieuwpoort (also known as the Battle of the Dunes) was fought on 2 July 1600 during the Eighty Years War and the Anglo-Spanish war in the dunes near Nieuwpoort."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle pitted the military leaders of both of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg Netherlands) against each other: The armies of the Dutch Republic were commanded by Maurice, Count of Nassau; the armies of the Habsburg Netherlands were commanded by Albert, Duke of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q150862", "label": "Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Albert (1559–1621) was son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "His uncle, brother-in-law, and father-in-law was King Philip II of Spain."}], "Q1407018": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paraitakene (also called Paraetacene; Greek: Παραιτακηνή) was fought in 317 BC, during the second of the succession wars that were fought after the death of Alexander the Great; the so called Wars of the Diadochi."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paraitakene (also called Paraetacene; Greek: Παραιτακηνή) was fought in 317 BC, during the second of the succession wars that were fought after the death of Alexander the Great; the so called Wars of the Diadochi."}, {"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early years of warfare between the Diadochi, he faced Eumenes, a capable general who had already crushed the popular general Craterus."}, {"id": "Q575274", "label": "Antigenes", "section": "Background", "says": "Eumenes recruited a small army and marched south into Cilicia where he made an alliance with Antigenes and Teutamus (commanders of the Argyraspides (Silver Shields) and the Hypaspists (Shield-bearers), two corps of veterans of Alexander the Great's wars of conquest)."}], "Q1417787": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty, which was signed on 6 April 1948, the Soviets sought to deter Western or Allied Powers from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territory, and the Finns sought to increase Finland's political independence from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the uncertain status of Finno–Soviet relations in the years after the Continuation War, and the precise interpretation of the treaty's wording, Finland followed the Eastern Bloc countries' decision and did not participate in the Marshall Plan."}, {"id": "Q179858", "label": "Urho Kekkonen", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also a central policy under the presidency of Urho Kekkonen ("}], "Q1429076": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arusha Accords, officially the Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandan Patriotic Front, also known as the Arusha Peace Agreement or Arusha negotiations, were a set of five accords (or protocols) signed in Arusha, Tanzania, on 4 August 1993, by the government of Rwanda and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), under mediation, to end a three-year Rwan"}, {"id": "Q426722", "label": "Rwandan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arusha Accords, officially the Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandan Patriotic Front, also known as the Arusha Peace Agreement or Arusha negotiations, were a set of five accords (or protocols) signed in Arusha, Tanzania, on 4 August 1993, by the government of Rwanda and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), under mediation, to end a three-year Rwan"}], "Q1430939": [{"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought at Fontenoy in the Puisaye, the battle was a major defeat for the allied forces of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine, and a victory for Charles the Bald and Louis the German."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought at Fontenoy in the Puisaye, the battle was a major defeat for the allied forces of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine, and a victory for Charles the Bald and Louis the German."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought at Fontenoy in the Puisaye, the battle was a major defeat for the allied forces of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine, and a victory for Charles the Bald and Louis the German."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities dragged on for another two years until the Treaty of Verdun."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "In three weeks, Louis marched to Auxerre, but his army, dominated by battle-hardened Bavarians, was short of horses."}, {"id": "Q167052", "label": "Gregory IV", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Andreas Agnellus and the Annals of Saint-Bertin, a peace mission from Pope Gregory IV had recently arrived in Francia under Archbishop George of Ravenna."}], "Q1435156": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Methuen Treaty was a military and commercial treaty between England and Portugal signed in 1703 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Methuen Treaty was a military and commercial treaty between England and Portugal signed in 1703 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "The first, signed in May, was a military alliance that cemented allegiances in the War of Spanish Succession, and was a 4-party treaty negotiated by Karl Ernst, Graf von Waldstein for the emperor, Francisco van Schonenberg (AKA Jacob Abraham Belmonte, c.q."}], "Q1456449": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Cardis was a peace settlement made in 1661 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Cardis was a peace settlement made in 1661 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q2620447", "label": "Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin", "section": "lead", "says": "Moreover, all vessels constructed at Kokenhausen (Latvian: Koknese, Russian: Tsarevich-Dmitriev) for the failed Russian siege of Riga were destroyed (the vessels were constructed in a shipyard founded by a boyar named Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin)."}, {"id": "Q928848", "label": "Treaty of Stolbovo", "section": "lead", "says": "Overall, the Peace of Cardis maintained the territorial accords of the Treaty of Stolbovo."}], "Q14575581": [{"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "lead", "says": "For six weeks, the two sites, at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square and al-Nahda Square, had been occupied by supporters of President Mohamed Morsi, who had been overthrown by a military coup the prior month following mass protests against his rule."}, {"id": "Q34105", "label": "Hosni Mubarak", "section": "lead", "says": "The total casualty count made 14 August the deadliest day in Egypt since the 2011 Egyptian revolution which toppled former president Hosni Mubarak."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Initiatives in an attempt to resolve the tension, including foreign-backed efforts by Gulf Arab countries, the European Union and the United States, failed to yield a positive outcome."}], "Q1463237": [{"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "Bill Clinton, then president of the United States, condemned the massacre as a deliberate and indiscriminate act of murder, and the administration  sought to convince the American people that intervention in Yugoslavia was necessary."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Bill Clinton, then president of the United States, condemned the massacre as a deliberate and indiscriminate act of murder, and the administration  sought to convince the American people that intervention in Yugoslavia was necessary."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bill Clinton, then president of the United States, condemned the massacre as a deliberate and indiscriminate act of murder, and the administration  sought to convince the American people that intervention in Yugoslavia was necessary."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Regardless, the actions taken and bloodshed at Račak represented a \"turning point in the war\", drawing sympathy among the Western public, and ultimately played a role in NATO's decision to mount an organized military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}], "Q1478525": [{"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was a pitched battle of the First English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The King then attempted to seize the port of Kingston-upon-Hull where arms and equipment previously collected for the Bishops' Wars had been gathered."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 September, in the first clash between the main Royalist and Parliamentarian armies, Royalist cavalry under Prince Rupert of the Rhine routed the cavalry of Essex's vanguard at the Battle of Powick Bridge."}], "Q14947304": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The new doctrine placed emphasis on defeating Israel, by developing the Syrian military with the support of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Assad would rule Ba'athist Syria until his death in 2000, after which he was succeeded by his son Bashar al-Assad who in turn ruled until the collapse of his regime in December 2024."}], "Q1497996": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, between the forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied (mainly United States Marine Corps) ground forces."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place 7–9 August 1942 on the Solomon Islands, during the initial Allied landings in the Guadalcanal campaign."}, {"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "lead", "says": "Major General Alexander Vandegrift, and the invasion force under Brigadier General William Rupertus, captured the islands of Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "In support of these goals, Japanese forces attacked and took control of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, New Britain, and Guam."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "In support of these goals, Japanese forces attacked and took control of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, New Britain, and Guam."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The airfield—when complete—would protect Japan's major base at Rabaul, threaten Allied supply and communication lines, and establish a staging area for the planned future offensives against Fiji, New Caledonia, and Samoa."}], "Q1508820": [{"id": "Q68478", "label": "Peruvian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Junín was a large cavalry engagement of the Peruvian War of Independence, fought in the highlands of the Junín Region on 6 August 1824."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "The preceding February the royalists had regained control of Lima, and having regrouped in Trujillo, Simón Bolívar in June led his rebel forces south to confront the Spanish under Field Marshal José de Canterac."}], "Q1511107": [{"id": "Q484605", "label": "Christine Lagarde", "section": "Background of the 2011 protests", "says": "Rumours suggesting Greece's future exclusion from the Eurozone also added to frustration, but these were categorically rejected by the Greek government, the European Central Bank, the Bank of Greece and IMF-director nominee, and French Finance Minister, Christine Lagarde."}], "Q1517749": [{"id": "Q332123", "label": "Penda of Mercia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Winwaed was fought on 15 November 655 between King Penda of Mercia and Oswiu of Bernicia, ending in the Mercians' defeat and Penda's death."}, {"id": "Q348955", "label": "Edwin of Northumbria", "section": "Background", "says": "In alliance with Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd he had defeated and killed Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase in 633, and subsequently he defeated and killed Oswald of Northumbria at the Battle of Maserfield in 642."}, {"id": "Q336016", "label": "Oswald of Northumbria", "section": "Background", "says": "In alliance with Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd he had defeated and killed Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase in 633, and subsequently he defeated and killed Oswald of Northumbria at the Battle of Maserfield in 642."}, {"id": "Q1818410", "label": "Battle of Maserfield", "section": "Background", "says": "In alliance with Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd he had defeated and killed Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase in 633, and subsequently he defeated and killed Oswald of Northumbria at the Battle of Maserfield in 642."}], "Q181289": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bodo League massacre (Korean: 보도연맹 학살; Hanja: 保導聯盟虐殺) was the mass killing of alleged communists and communist sympathizers by South Korean forces in the summer of 1950, during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "lead", "says": "South Korean president Syngman Rhee ordered the massacre, but the South Korean government falsely blamed it on the communists led by North Korean leader Kim Il Sung."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "South Korean president Syngman Rhee ordered the massacre, but the South Korean government falsely blamed it on the communists led by North Korean leader Kim Il Sung."}], "Q1822923": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with a military insurrection in the city of Porto, in northern Portugal, that quickly and peacefully spread to the rest of the country."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolution resulted in the return in 1821 of the Portuguese court to Portugal from Brazil, where it had fled during the Peninsular War, and initiated a constitutional period in which the 1822 Constitution was ratified and implemented."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815, a clandestine Supreme Regenerative Council of Portugal and the Algarve was formed in Lisbon by Portuguese army officers and freemasons, headed by General Gomes Freire de Andrade—Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Portugal and former general under Napoleon until his defeat in 1814—with the objective to end British control over Portugal, aiming to promote \"the"}], "Q1826038": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a 1935 bilateral treaty between France and the Soviet Union with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany and reducing the military threat from Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a 1935 bilateral treaty between France and the Soviet Union with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany and reducing the military threat from Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q310100", "label": "Maxim Litvinov", "section": "lead", "says": "It was pursued by Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet foreign minister, and Louis Barthou, the French foreign minister, who was assassinated in October 1934, before negotiations had been finished."}, {"id": "Q151983", "label": "Pierre Laval", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor, Pierre Laval, was sceptical of the desirability and value of an alliance with the Soviet Union."}], "Q183286": [{"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cēsis (Latvian: Cēsu kaujas; Estonian: Võnnu lahing, Battle of Võnnu; German: Schlacht von Wenden, Battle of Wenden), fought near Cēsis (Wenden) in June 1919, was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q543042", "label": "Latvian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cēsis (Latvian: Cēsu kaujas; Estonian: Võnnu lahing, Battle of Võnnu; German: Schlacht von Wenden, Battle of Wenden), fought near Cēsis (Wenden) in June 1919, was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q61959", "label": "Rüdiger von der Goltz", "section": "Background", "says": "The Reserve Corps under general Rüdiger von der Goltz consisted of the Baltische Landeswehr, the Freikorps Iron Division, and the Guard Reserve Division."}, {"id": "Q298041", "label": "Kārlis Ulmanis", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 April 1919, the Latvian government of Kārlis Ulmanis was toppled by the Germans, who installed a puppet German Provisional Government of Latvia headed by Andrievs Niedra."}], "Q1849818": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Edgcote (also known as the Battle of Banbury or the Battle of Danes Moor) took place on 24 July 1469, during the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "By September, though, Edward IV of England was back in control, and Warwick found himself in a situation similar to the one before the battle, prompting him to plan a second rebellion."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "Close allies in deposing Henry VI in 1461, by 1469 the relationship between Warwick and Edward IV had broken down."}, {"id": "Q229214", "label": "Elizabeth Woodville", "section": "Background", "says": "After marrying Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, Edward increasingly relied on her family, who competed with the Nevilles for lands and positions."}, {"id": "Q1370968", "label": "John Conyers", "section": "Background", "says": "Numerous candidates have been suggested:  Sir John Conyers, steward of Warwick's Middleham Castle, either of his sons, another John Conyers or Sir William Conyers of Marske (d."}, {"id": "Q471421", "label": "Henry Percy", "section": "Background", "says": "In May, a second rebellion began, led by a figure known as Robin of Holderness, demanding the restoration of Henry Percy, traditional Earl of Northumberland."}], "Q1887494": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is famous for having begun the Genpei War."}, {"id": "Q11680900", "label": "Imperial Court in Kyoto", "section": "Background", "says": "Minamoto no Yorimasa was an aristocrat, who dominated the Imperial Court in Kyoto."}, {"id": "Q357261", "label": "Takakura", "section": "Prelude", "says": "And on the evening of the fifteenth day of this month the second son of the Ho-o (Emperor Takakura) hurriedly fled to our monastery to escape persecution, and though they have demanded repeatedly that we give him up, our priests unanimously refuse to do so, Therefore this Lay priest is collecting an army to enter our monastery, wishing to destroy at one time both Buddhism and the Monarchy."}], "Q1887690": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress located north of Bactria in Sogdiana (near Samarkand), ruled by Arimazes, was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in the early spring of 327 BC as part of his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress located north of Bactria in Sogdiana (near Samarkand), ruled by Arimazes, was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in the early spring of 327 BC as part of his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q551847", "label": "Oxyartes", "section": "Background", "says": "Oxyartes of Bactria had sent his wife and daughters, one of whom was Roxane, to take refuge in the fortress, as it was thought to be impregnable, and was provisioned for a long siege."}], "Q1891631": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "After securing a bridgehead, Nazi Germany had expected the Netherlands to surrender that day."}, {"id": "Q717830", "label": "Henri Winkelman", "section": "lead", "says": "Isolated pockets of German troops, led by Hans von Sponeck, retreated to the nearby dunes, where they were continually pursued and harassed for five days, when Henri Winkelman, the Dutch commander-in-chief, was forced to surrender by major setbacks on other fronts."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Their intention was to fly over the Netherlands to lull the Dutch into thinking that the United Kingdom was their target."}], "Q1952979": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern Virginia Campaign, also known as the Second Bull Run Campaign or Second Manassas Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during August and September 1862 in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee followed up his successes of the Seven Days Battles in the Peninsula campaign by moving north toward Washington, D.C., and defeating Maj."}, {"id": "Q465291", "label": "John Pope", "section": "lead", "says": "John Pope and his Army of Virginia."}, {"id": "Q2420736", "label": "Battle of Chantilly", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign concluded with another flanking maneuver by Jackson, which Pope engaged at the Battle of Chantilly."}], "Q19646470": [{"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "The stated goal was to dismantle al-Qaeda, which had executed the attacks under the leadership of Osama bin Laden, and to deny al-Qaeda militants a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by toppling the ruling Taliban government."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom was a key ally of the United States, offering support for military action from the start of the invasion preparations."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Bush demanded that the Taliban government hand over Osama bin Laden to the United States, and also expel al-Qaeda militants from Afghanistan; bin Laden had been active in Afghanistan since the Soviet–Afghan War and was already wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for his role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings."}, {"id": "Q326668", "label": "Operation Enduring Freedom", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001, alongside the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2237280", "label": "Battle of Tora Bora", "section": "lead", "says": "However, most members of al-Qaeda and the Taliban were not captured: during the Battle of Tora Bora, several fighters, including bin Laden, escaped into neighboring Pakistan or otherwise retreated to remote regions deep within the Hindu Kush."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, most members of al-Qaeda and the Taliban were not captured: during the Battle of Tora Bora, several fighters, including bin Laden, escaped into neighboring Pakistan or otherwise retreated to remote regions deep within the Hindu Kush."}, {"id": "Q167526", "label": "Muhammad Fahim", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Fahim became the new leader of the Northern Alliance."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Takhar front extended from the Tajikistan border in the north to Parwan in the south, near Kabul."}, {"id": "Q167145", "label": "Muhammad Mohaqiq", "section": "Background", "says": "Dostum's forces were located south of Mazar-i-Sharif, the Hazaras under Muhammad Mohaqiq were in the central Hazarajat region, and Ismail Khan was near Herat."}, {"id": "Q283648", "label": "Ismail Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Dostum's forces were located south of Mazar-i-Sharif, the Hazaras under Muhammad Mohaqiq were in the central Hazarajat region, and Ismail Khan was near Herat."}], "Q20007932": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الثاﻟﺜـة, romanized: al-Fitna al-thālitha),  was a series of civil wars and uprisings against the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q128371", "label": "Marwan II", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with a revolt against al-Walid II in 744, and lasted until 747, when Marwan II emerged as the victor."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The last and most successful of these was the Abbasid Revolution, which began in Khurasan in 747, and ended with the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The last and most successful of these was the Abbasid Revolution, which began in Khurasan in 747, and ended with the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750."}, {"id": "Q128413", "label": "Yazid III", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 744, Yazid III, a son of al-Walid I (r."}, {"id": "Q128307", "label": "Al-Walid II", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Walid II, who was at one of his desert castles, fled to al-Bakhra near Palmyra."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "A pro-Qaysi uprising in Hims followed, under the Sufyanid Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani, but its march on Damascus was decisively defeated by Sulayman who had been released from prison."}, {"id": "Q298403", "label": "Umar II", "section": "Background", "says": "During his brief reign, Yazid III was an exemplary ruler, modelling himself on the pious Umar II (r."}, {"id": "Q1370548", "label": "Nasr ibn Sayyar", "section": "Background", "says": "During his brief tenure, Mansur tried to dismiss the governor of Khurasan, Nasr ibn Sayyar, but the latter managed to maintain his post."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "Background", "says": "744–750), the grandson of Marwan I (r."}], "Q2001981": [{"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "Notably, the Italian Military Support Base in Djibouti contributed, utilizing naval vessels such as the Italian Francesco Mimbelli and San Marco in the Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of Somalia."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, China, Japan, and South Korea sent warships to participate in these activities."}], "Q2003949": [{"id": "Q860150", "label": "Battle of Charleroi", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Fifth Army had retreated after their defeats at the Battle of Charleroi (21–23 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August)."}, {"id": "Q1417205", "label": "Battle of Mons", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Fifth Army had retreated after their defeats at the Battle of Charleroi (21–23 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August)."}, {"id": "Q532574", "label": "Horace Smith-Dorrien", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Having retreated from Mons two days earlier, Le Cateau and Mons being 24.8 mi (39.9 km) apart, the British II Corps (General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien) was exhausted."}], "Q200682": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Queenston Heights was the first major engagement of the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on 13 October 1812, at Queenston in Upper Canada (now Ontario) and was a decisive British victory."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "United States regulars and New York militia led by Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara River from Lewiston and engaged British regulars and Canadian militia led by Major General Isaac Brock."}, {"id": "Q2566", "label": "Isaac Brock", "section": "lead", "says": "United States regulars and New York militia led by Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara River from Lewiston and engaged British regulars and Canadian militia led by Major General Isaac Brock."}, {"id": "Q881002", "label": "William Hull", "section": "Background", "says": "Brigadier General William Hull would attack Amherstburg from Detroit, Major General Van Rensselaer would attack across the Niagara River, another attack would cross Lake Ontario to take Kingston, and Major General Henry Dearborn, the commander-in-chief of the United States Army, would use the Lake Champlain route to capture Montreal."}, {"id": "Q963349", "label": "Henry Dearborn", "section": "Background", "says": "Brigadier General William Hull would attack Amherstburg from Detroit, Major General Van Rensselaer would attack across the Niagara River, another attack would cross Lake Ontario to take Kingston, and Major General Henry Dearborn, the commander-in-chief of the United States Army, would use the Lake Champlain route to capture Montreal."}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "Background", "says": "Solomon van Rensselaer was an experienced soldier who had been wounded at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, and a valuable source of advice to his cousin."}], "Q2038331": [{"id": "Q488278", "label": "Battle of Uhud", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Islamic sources, Banu Mustaliq supported Quraysh and joined it during the Battle of Uhud against the Muslims."}], "Q2073490": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 31 March incident (Turkish: 31 Mart Vakası) was an uprising in the Ottoman Empire in April 1909, during the Second Constitutional Era."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring soon after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, in which the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had successfully restored the Constitution and ended the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring soon after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, in which the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had successfully restored the Constitution and ended the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon entering Constantinople on 24 April Sultan Abdul Hamid II, accused by the CUP of complicity in the uprising, was deposed and the Ottoman National Assembly elevated his half-brother, Mehmed V, to the throne."}, {"id": "Q722306", "label": "Mahmud Shevket Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Mahmud Shevket Pasha, the military general who had organised and led the Action Army, became the most influential figure in the restored constitutional system until his assassination in 1913."}, {"id": "Q3246667", "label": "Abdul Hamid", "section": "Background", "says": "These demands were partly inspired by the Young Ottomans, a secret society of intellectuals which had forced Abdul Hamid to enact a liberal constitution during the brief First Constitutional Era (1876–1878)."}, {"id": "Q367997", "label": "Kıbrıslı Kamil Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the interim government of Kâmil Pasha carried out a series of democratic and administrative reforms, abolishing the secret police and rescinding press censorship powers, permitting free political campaigning ahead of a general election held during November and December."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "This was due to both encroachments by foreign powers and the activity of the empire's ethnic minorities: Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria declared independence, and Greece seized Crete."}], "Q2089011": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Medina lasted from 10 June 1916 to 10 January 1919, when Hejazi Arab rebels surrounded the Islamic holy city, which was then under the control of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Central Powers under the leadership of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed V."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "In an attempt to weaken the Ottomans, the Allies provoked an Arab Revolt within the empire led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali of Mecca."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "In an attempt to weaken the Ottomans, the Allies provoked an Arab Revolt within the empire led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali of Mecca."}], "Q2090617": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty (also known as the Bidlack Treaty and Treaty of New Granada) was a treaty signed between New Granada (today Colombia and Panama) and the United States, on December 12, 1846."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty (also known as the Bidlack Treaty and Treaty of New Granada) was a treaty signed between New Granada (today Colombia and Panama) and the United States, on December 12, 1846."}], "Q2149254": [{"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Scutari, also referred to as the siege of Shkodër (Albanian: Rrethimi i Shkodrës, Serbian: Опсада Скадра), known in Turkish as İşkodra Müdafaası (in Turkish) or İşkodra Savunması , took place from  28 October 1912 to 23 April 1913 when the army of the Kingdom of Montenegro defeated the forces of the Ottoman Empire and captured Shkodër."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Scutari, also referred to as the siege of Shkodër (Albanian: Rrethimi i Shkodrës, Serbian: Опсада Скадра), known in Turkish as İşkodra Müdafaası (in Turkish) or İşkodra Savunması , took place from  28 October 1912 to 23 April 1913 when the army of the Kingdom of Montenegro defeated the forces of the Ottoman Empire and captured Shkodër."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1912, the Balkan League consisting of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria had jointly declared war against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Montenegro mobilized its troops and prepared to attack the Ottoman forces in Albania directly to the south."}], "Q2164009": [{"id": "Q657967", "label": "Second Barons' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lewes was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry sought to escape the restrictions of the provisions and applied to Louis IX of France to arbitrate in the dispute."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Pancras Priory with a force of infantry, while his son, Prince Edward (later King Edward I), commanded the cavalry at Lewes Castle 500 yards (500 m) to the north."}], "Q2204399": [{"id": "Q3310304", "label": "Second War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neville's Cross took place during the Second War of Scottish Independence on 17 October 1346, half a mile (800 m) to the west of Durham, England."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the result of the invasion of France by England during the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "King Philip VI of France (r."}, {"id": "Q239486", "label": "David II of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "In defiance of the truce, hostilities continued on all fronts, although mostly at a lower level; King David II of Scotland (r."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward III of England (r."}], "Q2219412": [{"id": "Q220806", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Melitene in 1100, a Crusader force led by Bohemond I of Antioch was defeated in Melitene in eastern Anatolia by Danishmend Turks commanded by Gazi Gümüshtigin."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "After acquiring the Principality of Antioch in 1098, Bohemond allied himself with the Armenians of Cilicia."}, {"id": "Q630794", "label": "Richard of Salerno", "section": "lead", "says": "Malik Ghazi's Danishmends ambushed the expedition and \"most of the Crusaders were killed.\" Bohemond was captured along with Richard of Salerno."}, {"id": "Q51653", "label": "Crusade of 1101", "section": "lead", "says": "Bohemond was held for ransom until 1103, and his rescue became the object of one column of the ill-fated Crusade of 1101."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle ended the string of victories enjoyed by the participants of the First Crusade."}], "Q223220": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Megalopolis was fought in 331 BC between Spartan-led forces and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander's regent Antipater led the Macedonians to victory over King Agis III."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander, warring in Asia at the time, called it a \"battle of mice\" (Ancient Greek: μυομαχίᾱ), according to Plutarch."}], "Q2237268": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Umm Qasr was the first military confrontation in the Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The port's role grew during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 1991 uprising in Basra, Saddam Hussein decided to punish Basra by focusing development on Umm Qasr."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "Background", "says": "It handled 3,500 tonnes of UN-organized oil-for-food humanitarian aid every day following the Gulf War."}], "Q2237484": [{"id": "Q15542964", "label": "Italian War of 1542–46 Un penesote", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ceresole (Italian pronunciation: [tʃereˈzɔːle]; also Cérisoles) took place on 14 April 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, outside the village of Ceresole d'Alba in the Piedmont region of Italy."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army, commanded by François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien, defeated the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, commanded by Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquis del Vasto."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Ceresole was one of the few pitched battles during the latter half of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As the two armies returned to winter quarters, Francis I of France replaced Boutières with François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien, a prince with no experience commanding an army."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Francis also sent additional troops to the Piedmont, including several hundred heavy cavalry, some companies of French infantry from Dauphiné and Languedoc, and a force of quasi-Swiss from Gruyères."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Montluc apparently convinced Francis to give his assent—contingent on the agreement of Enghien's captains—over the objections of the Comte de Saint-Pol, who complained that a defeat would leave France exposed to an invasion by d'Avalos's troops at a time when Charles V and Henry VIII of England were expected to attack Picardy."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Montluc apparently convinced Francis to give his assent—contingent on the agreement of Enghien's captains—over the objections of the Comte de Saint-Pol, who complained that a defeat would leave France exposed to an invasion by d'Avalos's troops at a time when Charles V and Henry VIII of England were expected to attack Picardy."}], "Q2237576": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heliopolis or Ayn Shams was a decisive battle in 640 between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantine Empire forces for the control of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background to the Islamic conquests", "says": "At the time of the death of Muhammad on 8 June 632, Islam had effectively unified the entire Arabian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background to the Islamic conquests", "says": "By the 630s, Sassanid Persia had descended into a state of civil war, while Byzantium, under the aging emperor Heraclius, its manpower and resources depleted in the struggle with its old adversary, was struggling to re-establish its authority in its newly re-conquered eastern provinces."}], "Q2264459": [{"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Military historian and British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery described it as the turning point where infantry finally displaced cavalry on the battlefield: \"Gonzalo de Córdoba had raised the infantry soldier armed with a handgun to the status of the most important fighting man on the battlefield - a status he was to retain for over 400 years\"."}], "Q2289594": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Revolutions during the 1820s included revolutions in Russia (Decembrist revolt), Spain, Portugal, and the Italian states for constitutional monarchies, and for independence from Ottoman rule in Greece."}], "Q3566991": [{"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem in 63 BC occurred during the campaigns of Roman general Pompey the Great in the East, shortly after his successful conclusion of the Third Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q359684", "label": "Hyrcanus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Pompey had been asked to intervene in a dispute over succession to the Hasmonean throne, which turned into a war between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II."}, {"id": "Q359679", "label": "Aristobulus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Pompey had been asked to intervene in a dispute over succession to the Hasmonean throne, which turned into a war between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "His conquest of Jerusalem spelled the end of an independent Jewish state, and thus the incorporation of Judea as a client kingdom of the Roman Republic and later as a province of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "After Aristobulus had ousted his elder brother from both the throne and the high priesthood in Jerusalem, Antipater the Idumean advised Hyrcanus to enlist the aid of King Aretas III of Nabataea."}, {"id": "Q558770", "label": "Aretas III", "section": "Background", "says": "After Aristobulus had ousted his elder brother from both the throne and the high priesthood in Jerusalem, Antipater the Idumean advised Hyrcanus to enlist the aid of King Aretas III of Nabataea."}, {"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Nabataean army withdrew towards Petra, Aristobulus set off in pursuit and defeated the Nabataeans at Papyron."}, {"id": "Q315456", "label": "Aulus Gabinius", "section": "Background", "says": "When Pompey's General Aulus Gabinius led a force to take Jerusalem, however, Aristobulus's supporters refused to let the Roman troops in."}], "Q3622689": [{"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian–Ottoman wars were fought between the kingdoms remaining from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, in the second half of the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian–Ottoman wars were fought between the kingdoms remaining from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, in the second half of the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars resulted in the collapse and subordination of the Bulgarian Empire, and effectively came to an end with the Ottoman conquest of Tarnovo in July 1393, although other Bulgarian states held out slightly longer, such as the Tsardom of Vidin until 1396 and the Despotate of Dobruja until 1411."}, {"id": "Q927154", "label": "Tsardom of Vidin", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars resulted in the collapse and subordination of the Bulgarian Empire, and effectively came to an end with the Ottoman conquest of Tarnovo in July 1393, although other Bulgarian states held out slightly longer, such as the Tsardom of Vidin until 1396 and the Despotate of Dobruja until 1411."}, {"id": "Q542165", "label": "Despotate of Dobruja", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars resulted in the collapse and subordination of the Bulgarian Empire, and effectively came to an end with the Ottoman conquest of Tarnovo in July 1393, although other Bulgarian states held out slightly longer, such as the Tsardom of Vidin until 1396 and the Despotate of Dobruja until 1411."}], "Q3636447": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its effect was to give the Russian Empire control over most of what is now Turkmenistan, thereby nearly completing the Russian conquest of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its effect was to give the Russian Empire control over most of what is now Turkmenistan, thereby nearly completing the Russian conquest of Central Asia."}], "Q377682": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of the 20th century, Los Angeles was geographically divided by ethnicity, as demographics were being altered by the rapid migration from the Philippines (unincorporated territory of the U.S. at the time) and immigration from Mexico, Japan, Korea, and Southern and Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Minorities working in L.A.'s defense industries as well as those returning after World War II faced widespread discrimination in housing."}, {"id": "Q294358", "label": "Warren Christopher", "section": "Public debate over causes of riots", "says": "Other committee members included Warren Christopher, a Los Angeles attorney who would be the committee's vice chairman, Earl C."}], "Q388210": [{"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Carabobo (Spanish: Batalla de Carabobo), on 24 June 1821, was fought between independence fighters, led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar, and the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre."}, {"id": "Q204946", "label": "Miguel de la Torre y Pando", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Carabobo (Spanish: Batalla de Carabobo), on 24 June 1821, was fought between independence fighters, led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar, and the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Bolívar's decisive victory at Carabobo led to the independence of Venezuela and establishment of the Republic of Gran Colombia."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bolívar's decisive victory at Carabobo led to the independence of Venezuela and establishment of the Republic of Gran Colombia."}, {"id": "Q311447", "label": "Francisco de Miranda", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "Francisco de Miranda, famed patriot that tried to free many Latin American countries alongside Simón Bolívar, had taken control of Caracas from 1810 to 1812."}, {"id": "Q8940", "label": "Admirable Campaign", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "Bolívar then fled from Venezuela, after which he organized the Admirable Campaign in 1813 and re-established the Second Republic of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q8950", "label": "Second Republic of Venezuela", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "Bolívar then fled from Venezuela, after which he organized the Admirable Campaign in 1813 and re-established the Second Republic of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q21296156", "label": "Republic of Venezuela", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "By 1818 the Third Republic of Venezuela had been established with the task of liberating the entirety of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "The Republic of Colombia was formed in 1819, with Bolívar as president."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "The Republic of Colombia was formed in 1819, with Bolívar as president."}, {"id": "Q1364163", "label": "Pablo Morillo", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "In 1820, an armistice was made between the Spanish, under General Pablo Morillo, and the Patriots, under Bolívar."}], "Q3950956": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Qatwan (Chinese: 卡特萬之戰) was fought in September 1141 between the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) and the Seljuk Empire and its vassal-state the Kara-Khanid Khanate."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Qatwan (Chinese: 卡特萬之戰) was fought in September 1141 between the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) and the Seljuk Empire and its vassal-state the Kara-Khanid Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1330091", "label": "Yelü Dashi", "section": "Background", "says": "Liao remnants were led by Yelü Dashi who took the Eastern Karakhanid capital of Balasagun."}], "Q3956": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jarama (6–27 February 1937) was an attempt by General Francisco Franco's Nationalists to dislodge the Republican lines along the river Jarama, just east of Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War."}], "Q400465": [{"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the Ten Years' War of 1868–78 and preceded the final war of 1895–98, which resulted in American intervention and Cuban independence."}], "Q4027380": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet famine of 1946–1947 was a major famine in the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine has been attributed in part to the effects of World War II, and in part on government policy."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1946, the United States provided ships to carry 600,000 tons of grain to France."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Food requisitions in the Soviet occupation zone (the later East Germany) were cut back at the height of the Soviet famine."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The abolition of the ration system was hoped by Soviet leaders to represent an economically powerful and diplomatically sovereign Soviet Union, and was pushed at a time when several countries, including the United Kingdom and France, much richer and much less devastated by the war, still were relying on ration cards as well."}], "Q4135498": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Luby's shooting, also known as the Luby's massacre, was a  mass shooting that took place on October 16, 1991 at a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas, United States."}], "Q4200795": [{"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After conquering the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the Macedonian army undertook an expedition into the Indus Valley in northwestern South Asia."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "lead", "says": "Within two years, Alexander the Great expanded the Macedonian Empire, a Hellenistic kingdom, to include Gandhara and the Indus Valley (present-day Punjab and Sindh), surpassing the earlier frontiers established by the Persian Achaemenid conquest."}, {"id": "Q3110559", "label": "Pauravas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 326 BC, Alexander defeated the Pauravas under Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes, although the engagement was possibly the Macedonians' most costly battle."}, {"id": "Q213074", "label": "Battle of the Hydaspes", "section": "lead", "says": "In 326 BC, Alexander defeated the Pauravas under Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes, although the engagement was possibly the Macedonians' most costly battle."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander's continued eastward march was leading his army into a confrontation with the Nanda Empire, based in Magadha."}, {"id": "Q529850", "label": "Spitamenes", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) in 326 BC to cement his relations with his new Central Asian satrapies, Alexander was finally free to turn his attention to India."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "For Alexander, the invasion of India was a natural consequence of his subjugation of the Achaemenid Empire, as the areas of the Indus Valley had long been under Achaemenid control, since the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley c."}], "Q4349895": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Acilisene, sometimes known as the Partition of Armenia, was a treaty between the Eastern Roman Empire under Theodosius I and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur III, which was resolved in 384 and again in 387."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Acilisene, sometimes known as the Partition of Armenia, was a treaty between the Eastern Roman Empire under Theodosius I and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur III, which was resolved in 384 and again in 387."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Acilisene, sometimes known as the Partition of Armenia, was a treaty between the Eastern Roman Empire under Theodosius I and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur III, which was resolved in 384 and again in 387."}, {"id": "Q310267", "label": "Shapur III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Acilisene, sometimes known as the Partition of Armenia, was a treaty between the Eastern Roman Empire under Theodosius I and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur III, which was resolved in 384 and again in 387."}, {"id": "Q936761", "label": "Pap of Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 367, Arshak II killed himself while in a Sassanid prison, and his son, Pap of Armenia, was murdered by Traianus in 374."}], "Q4416705": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Serbian–Ottoman Wars (Serbian: Српско-османски ратови, romanized: Srpsko-osmanski ratovi), also known as the Serbian–Turkish Wars or Serbian Wars for Independence (Српски ратови за независност, Srpski ratovi za nezavisnost), were two consequent wars (1876–1877 and 1877–1878), fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background and the opposing forces", "says": "In 1875, a revolt of Serbs broke out in Herzegovina, a province of the Ottoman Empire, which soon spread to other regions of the Vilayet of Bosnia, and in the spring of 1876 an uprising of Christian population also broke out in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "Background and the opposing forces", "says": "In the same time, political instability in the Turkish capital culminated on 30 May (1876) when sultan Abdülaziz was deposed and replaced with Murad V."}, {"id": "Q199827", "label": "Murad V", "section": "Background and the opposing forces", "says": "In the same time, political instability in the Turkish capital culminated on 30 May (1876) when sultan Abdülaziz was deposed and replaced with Murad V."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Background and the opposing forces", "says": "Taking advantage of the opportunity, the two semi-independent principalities of Serbia and Montenegro opted for independence and declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 18 June 1876."}], "Q4499410": [{"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holocaust saw the systematic mass murder of Jews in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the General Government, the Crimean General Government and some areas which were located to the east of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (all of those areas were under the military control of Nazi Germany), in the Transnistria Governorate and Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region (all of those areas wer"}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holocaust saw the systematic mass murder of Jews in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the General Government, the Crimean General Government and some areas which were located to the east of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (all of those areas were under the military control of Nazi Germany), in the Transnistria Governorate and Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region (all of those areas wer"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holocaust saw the systematic mass murder of Jews in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the General Government, the Crimean General Government and some areas which were located to the east of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (all of those areas were under the military control of Nazi Germany), in the Transnistria Governorate and Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region (all of those areas wer"}, {"id": "Q2680156", "label": "Wendy Lower", "section": "lead", "says": "Snyder, \"the Holocaust is integrally and organically connected to the Vernichtungskrieg, the war in 1941, and it is organically and integrally connected to the attempt to conquer Ukraine … Had Hitler not had the colonial idea to fight a war in Eastern Europe to control Ukraine, had there not been that idea, there could not have been a Holocaust.\" According to Wendy Lower, the genocide of the Ukrai"}], "Q450318": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Quiberon Bay (known as the Bataille des Cardinaux by the French) was a decisive naval engagement during the Seven Years' War."}], "Q46603": [{"id": "Q1194699", "label": "Treaty of Amity and Commerce", "section": "Context", "says": "Ii Naosuke, a leading figure of the Bakumatsu period and a proponent of the reopening of Japan after more than 200 years of seclusion, was widely criticized for signing on behalf of the Tokugawa Shogunate the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States (negotiated by U.S."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Context", "says": "Ii Naosuke, a leading figure of the Bakumatsu period and a proponent of the reopening of Japan after more than 200 years of seclusion, was widely criticized for signing on behalf of the Tokugawa Shogunate the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States (negotiated by U.S."}, {"id": "Q610626", "label": "Townsend Harris", "section": "Context", "says": "Consul to Japan Townsend Harris) and, soon afterwards, similar treaties with other Western countries."}, {"id": "Q336383", "label": "Tokugawa Iesada", "section": "Context", "says": "He also made strong enemies in the dispute for the succession of Shōgun Tokugawa Iesada, and because he forced retirement on his opponents, specifically the retainers of Mito, Hizen, Owari, Tosa, Satsuma, and Uwajima."}], "Q47489345": [{"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Iranian Revolution, during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the hijab was not compulsory, although some Iranian women chose to wear headscarves or chadors."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Iranian Revolution, during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the hijab was not compulsory, although some Iranian women chose to wear headscarves or chadors."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1979, Ruhollah Khomeini announced that women should observe the Islamic dress code; His statement sparked demonstrations with the 1979 International Women's Day protests in Tehran, which were met by government assurances that the statement was only a recommendation."}, {"id": "Q348144", "label": "Hassan Rouhani", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2018, a government-run survey dating back to 2014 was released by President Hassan Rouhani, showing that 49.8% of Iranians were against compulsory or mandatory hijab."}], "Q479979": [{"id": "Q111975", "label": "Louis of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Abensberg took place on 20 April 1809 between a Franco-German force under the command of Emperor Napoleon I of France and a reinforced Austrian corps led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Louis of Austria."}, {"id": "Q78773", "label": "Johann von Hiller", "section": "lead", "says": "As the day wore on, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Johann von Hiller arrived with reinforcements to take command of the three corps that formed the Austrian left wing."}, {"id": "Q573358", "label": "Battle of Teugen-Hausen", "section": "lead", "says": "After Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout's hard-fought victory at Battle of Teugen-Hausen the previous day, Napoleon determined to break through the Austrian defenses behind the Abens River."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout's hard-fought victory at Battle of Teugen-Hausen the previous day, Napoleon determined to break through the Austrian defenses behind the Abens River."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "The emperor assembled a provisional corps consisting of part of Davout's corps plus cavalry and gave Marshal Jean Lannes command over it."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon directed his German allies from the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Württemberg to attack across the Abens from the west, while Lannes thrust from the north toward Rohr."}, {"id": "Q159631", "label": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon directed his German allies from the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Württemberg to attack across the Abens from the west, while Lannes thrust from the north toward Rohr."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, Hiller withdrew to Landshut, separating the left wing from the main army under Generalissimo Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen near Regensburg (Ratisbon)."}, {"id": "Q367966", "label": "Battle of Landshut", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landshut was fought on 21 April."}, {"id": "Q506328", "label": "Dominique Vandamme", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division Dominique Vandamme would attack Siegenburg with his small Kingdom of Württemberg corps."}], "Q484271": [{"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied force of about 150 Joseon and Ming Chinese ships, led by admirals Yi Sun-sin and Chen Lin, attacked and either destroyed or captured more than half of the 500 Japanese ships commanded by Shimazu Yoshihiro, who was attempting to link-up with Konishi Yukinaga."}, {"id": "Q1156288", "label": "Shimazu Yoshihiro", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied force of about 150 Joseon and Ming Chinese ships, led by admirals Yi Sun-sin and Chen Lin, attacked and either destroyed or captured more than half of the 500 Japanese ships commanded by Shimazu Yoshihiro, who was attempting to link-up with Konishi Yukinaga."}, {"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied force of about 150 Joseon and Ming Chinese ships, led by admirals Yi Sun-sin and Chen Lin, attacked and either destroyed or captured more than half of the 500 Japanese ships commanded by Shimazu Yoshihiro, who was attempting to link-up with Konishi Yukinaga."}, {"id": "Q10061", "label": "Wanli Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Chen Lin reported the news back to the Wanli Emperor, and Chen and Yi were celebrated as national heroes thereafter."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, the wajō could not hold the entire Japanese army, so, in June 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the Taikō who instigated the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), and also the acting Japanese Lord of War, ordered 70,000 troops mostly from the Japanese Army of the Right to withdraw to the archipelago."}], "Q488282": [{"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "Within the Joseon court, Chinese influence grew particularly under the Resident-General Yuan Shikai."}], "Q514382": [{"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Harra (Arabic: يوم الحرة, romanized: Yawm al-Ḥarra, lit. 'Day of al-Harra') was fought between the Umayyad army of the caliph Yazid I (r."}, {"id": "Q3854017", "label": "Meir Jacob Kister", "section": "Background", "says": "The historian Meir Jacob Kister asserts the Medinan rebellion emanated from \"the conflict between the owners of estates and property in Medina and the unjust Umayyad rulers who robbed them of their property\"."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Uthman ibn Muhammad was unable to control the growing opposition to Umayyad rule."}], "Q521868": [{"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sulla had achieved temporary control of Rome and Marius's exile to Africa following his first march on Rome, but departed soon afterwards to lead the First Mithridatic War."}], "Q523857": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Germantown was a major engagement in the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on October 4, 1777, at Germantown, Pennsylvania, between the British Army led by General Sir William Howe and the American Continental Army under General George Washington."}, {"id": "Q301487", "label": "Battle of Brandywine", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Continental Army at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, and the Battle of Paoli on September 20, Howe outmaneuvered Washington, seizing Philadelphia, the capital of the United States, on September 26."}, {"id": "Q4871984", "label": "Battle of Paoli", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Continental Army at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, and the Battle of Paoli on September 20, Howe outmaneuvered Washington, seizing Philadelphia, the capital of the United States, on September 26."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Continental Army at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, and the Battle of Paoli on September 20, Howe outmaneuvered Washington, seizing Philadelphia, the capital of the United States, on September 26."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "lead", "says": "The two flanking columns were composed of 3,000 militia, while the center-left, under Nathanael Greene, the center-right under John Sullivan, and the reserve under Lord Stirling were made up of regular troops."}, {"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "lead", "says": "The two flanking columns were composed of 3,000 militia, while the center-left, under Nathanael Greene, the center-right under John Sullivan, and the reserve under Lord Stirling were made up of regular troops."}, {"id": "Q88824", "label": "Wilhelm von Knyphausen", "section": "lead", "says": "In the main camp, Wilhelm von Knyphausen commanded the British left, while Howe himself personally led the British right."}], "Q524871": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cyzicus (Greek: Kyzikos) took place in May or June 410 BC during the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q354403", "label": "Thrasybulus", "section": "lead", "says": "During the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, and Theramenes routed and destroyed a Spartan fleet commanded by Mindarus."}, {"id": "Q139083", "label": "Theramenes", "section": "lead", "says": "During the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, and Theramenes routed and destroyed a Spartan fleet commanded by Mindarus."}, {"id": "Q2119676", "label": "Battle of Cynossema", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Cyzicus revolted from Athens in the summer of 411, but was recovered by the Athenian fleet after the Battle of Cynossema."}], "Q531916": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Mongol invasion of Burma (Burmese: မွန်ဂို–မြန်မာ စစ် (၁၂၇၇–၁၂၈၇); Chinese: 元緬戰爭) was a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, a division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire that took place between 1277 and 1287."}, {"id": "Q574724", "label": "Narathihapate", "section": "lead", "says": "When King Narathihapate refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent another mission in 1273, again demanding tribute."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "When King Narathihapate refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent another mission in 1273, again demanding tribute."}, {"id": "Q3056666", "label": "Kyawswa of Pagan", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1297, they accepted the voluntary submission of King Kyawswa of Pagan although he controlled littl"}, {"id": "Q26472", "label": "Dali Kingdom", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "Meanwhile, in 1274, the former Dali Kingdom was officially reorganized as the province of Yunnan, with Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar as governor."}], "Q546317": [{"id": "Q312581", "label": "Charles Edward Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "Jacobite forces, led by the exiled Charles Edward Stuart and George Murray, defeated a British government army under Sir John Cope, whose inexperienced troops broke in the face of a Highland charge."}, {"id": "Q348025", "label": "Lord George Murray", "section": "lead", "says": "Jacobite forces, led by the exiled Charles Edward Stuart and George Murray, defeated a British government army under Sir John Cope, whose inexperienced troops broke in the face of a Highland charge."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740, and by 1745, much of the British Army was based in Flanders."}], "Q552351": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Friedlingen took place on 14 October 1702, during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the fighting centred around Friedlingen, now a suburb of Weil am Rhein, on the current border between Baden-Württemberg in Germany, and Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q58755", "label": "Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "A French force under Villars defeated an Imperial army commanded by Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly before, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria joined the French alliance, and Villars was ordered to cross the Rhine at Huningue near the Swiss border, then link up with him."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession began in March 1701, but for the first year was largely confined to the Spanish Netherlands and Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q315308", "label": "Nicolas Catinat", "section": "Background", "says": "The main French army in Alsace was based in Strasbourg, under the overall direction of Nicolas Catinat, commander of operations in Southern Germany and Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q660776", "label": "canton of Basel", "section": "Background", "says": "Judging these too strong for a direct attack, Villars first tried to outflank them by asking permission to enter the neutral Swiss Canton of Basel to the south."}], "Q55390549": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglophone Crisis (French: Crise anglophone), also known as the Ambazonia War, is an ongoing armed conflict in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon, between the Cameroonian government and Ambazonian separatist groups, part of the long-standing Anglophone problem."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Talks mediated by Switzerland in 2019 ultimately failed, and the Ambazonian leadership crisis has complicated any diplomatic process."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "This is where the English language was permanently established for the first time in Southern Cameroons, when missionary Alfred Saker founded a settlement of freed slaves by Ambas Bay in 1858, which was later renamed Victoria (present-day Limbe)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, Kamerun was divided between a French and a British League of Nations Mandate."}, {"id": "Q1028835", "label": "British Cameroons", "section": "Background", "says": "This territory was organized as British Cameroons."}, {"id": "Q298718", "label": "Ahmadou Ahidjo", "section": "Background", "says": "Then-president Ahmadou Ahidjo feared that Southern Cameroons would secede from the union, taking its natural"}, {"id": "Q331401", "label": "Rex Tillerson", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 27 June, United States Congressman Anthony Brown filed a petition with the United States Secretary of State, Rex Tillerson, to call for the government of Cameroon to immediately show concern and solve the ongoing crises."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The United States condemned the loss of life and brutality against Anglophone protesters."}], "Q5599700": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "This plague was the last to affect the area around the Baltic, which had experienced several waves of the plague since the Black Death of the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Cordons sanitaire were established around infected towns like Stralsund and Königsberg; one was also established around the whole Duchy of Prussia and another one between Scania and the Danish isles along the Sound, with Saltholm as the central quarantine station. \"Plague houses\" to quarantine infected people were established within or before the"}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "Byrne from Belmont University, the pandemics were:\n\nthe first plague pandemic from 541 to ~750, spreading from Egypt to the Mediterranean (starting with the Plague of Justinian) and northwestern Europe\nthe second plague pandemic from ~1345 to ~1840, spreading from Central Asia to the Mediterranean and Europe (starting with the Black Death), and probably also to China\nthe third plague pandemic from"}, {"id": "Q917048", "label": "Great Plague of London", "section": "Background", "says": "The plague during the Great Northern War falls within the second pandemic, which by the late 17th century had its final recurrence in western Europe (e.g. the Great Plague of London 1666–68) and, in the 18th century final recurrences in the rest of Europe (e.g. the plague during the Great Northern War in the area around the Baltic sea, the Great Plague of Marseille 1720–22 in southern Europe, and "}, {"id": "Q1936002", "label": "Great Plague of Marseille", "section": "Background", "says": "The plague during the Great Northern War falls within the second pandemic, which by the late 17th century had its final recurrence in western Europe (e.g. the Great Plague of London 1666–68) and, in the 18th century final recurrences in the rest of Europe (e.g. the plague during the Great Northern War in the area around the Baltic sea, the Great Plague of Marseille 1720–22 in southern Europe, and "}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The plague during the Great Northern War falls within the second pandemic, which by the late 17th century had its final recurrence in western Europe (e.g. the Great Plague of London 1666–68) and, in the 18th century final recurrences in the rest of Europe (e.g. the plague during the Great Northern War in the area around the Baltic sea, the Great Plague of Marseille 1720–22 in southern Europe, and "}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "Georg Sticker numbered this epidemic as the \"12th period\" of plague epidemics, first recorded in Ahmedabad in 1683 and until 1724 affecting a territory from India over Persia, Asia Minor, the Levant and Egypt to Nubia and Ethiopia as well as to Morocco and southern France on the one hand and to East Central Europe up to Scandinavia on the other hand."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Sporadically, the plague had entered Poland–Lithuania since 1697, yet the wave of the plague that met and followed the armies of the Great Northern War was first recorded in Poland in 1702."}], "Q560654": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Caucasus expedition was a military expedition sent in late May 1918, by the German Empire to the formerly Russian Transcaucasia during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Caucasus expedition was a military expedition sent in late May 1918, by the German Empire to the formerly Russian Transcaucasia during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Caucasus expedition was a military expedition sent in late May 1918, by the German Empire to the formerly Russian Transcaucasia during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its prime aim was to stabilize the pro-German Democratic Republic of Georgia and to secure oil supplies for Germany by preventing the Ottoman Empire from gaining access to the oil reserves near Baku on the Absheron Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its prime aim was to stabilize the pro-German Democratic Republic of Georgia and to secure oil supplies for Germany by preventing the Ottoman Empire from gaining access to the oil reserves near Baku on the Absheron Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q28048694", "label": "Armistice of Erzincan", "section": "Background", "says": "On December 5, 1917, the Armistice of Erzincan was signed by Russians and Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 20, 1918, Talaat Pasha entered an official protest against the Bolsheviks arming Armenian army legions and replied, \"the Russian leopard had not changed its spots.\" Bolsheviks and Armenians would take the place of Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich's Russian Caucasus Army."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Enver Pasha offered to surrender all Turkish ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "During March 30 to April 2, 1918, thousands of Azeris and other Muslims in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic were massacred by Dashnaks with strong support from Bolshevik Soviets."}, {"id": "Q2028186", "label": "Akaki Chkhenkeli", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for further negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position."}], "Q567343": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Deny Flight was a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operation that began on 12 April 1993 as the enforcement of a United Nations (UN) no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation played a noticeable role in shaping both the Bosnian War and NATO."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background and Operation Sky Monitor", "says": "Initially Deny Flight was intended only to enforce the no-fly zone; however several NATO members , including the United States, were eager to find ways to end the war and improve the situation of civilians, and hoped that military action could do so."}], "Q580765": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Treaty of San Ildefonso, 1 October 1777, fixed borders between the colonial possessions in South America held by Spain and Portugal, primarily in the Río de la Plata region."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "Background", "says": "For nearly 300 years, differing interpretations of the Treaty of Tordesillas led to disputes between Spain and Portugal over the Río de la Plata region."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1750 Treaty of Madrid sought to resolve the dispute, but it was annulled in 1761 by the new Spanish monarch Charles III."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1762, Spain entered the Seven Years' War on the side of France, resulting in the so-called Fantastic War of 1762-1763 with Portugal."}, {"id": "Q431001", "label": "Spanish–Portuguese War of 1762–1763", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1762, Spain entered the Seven Years' War on the side of France, resulting in the so-called Fantastic War of 1762-1763 with Portugal."}, {"id": "Q1365783", "label": "Pedro de Cevallos", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1777, the new Viceroy of Río de la Plata, Pedro de Cevallos took command of a Spanish expeditionary force of 116 ships and 19,000 troops."}, {"id": "Q1058391", "label": "José I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In August, Cevallos learned Joseph I of Portugal had died in February; his daughter, Maria I now sued for peace and offensive operations ceased."}], "Q608021": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Naupactus was a naval battle in the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q311742", "label": "Brasidas", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Spartan government, dismayed by this unexpected reversal, dispatched several advisors (including the aggressive and talented Brasidas) to oversee Cnemus as he resumed the offensive."}], "Q612288": [{"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pločnik was fought sometime between 1385 and 1387 near the village of Pločnik (near Prokuplje in today's southeastern Serbia), between the forces of Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, and the invading Ottoman Army of Sultan Murad I."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pločnik was fought sometime between 1385 and 1387 near the village of Pločnik (near Prokuplje in today's southeastern Serbia), between the forces of Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, and the invading Ottoman Army of Sultan Murad I."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "Background", "says": "Murad I had campaigned against the Karamanids and defeated their army near Konya."}, {"id": "Q337500", "label": "Nâmık Kemâl", "section": "Background", "says": "Murad I consequently ordered an akinji commander, Kula Şahin Bey, to prepare his troops (according to Namık Kemal, this was not Lala Şahin Paşa, as is commonly believed)."}, {"id": "Q1531115", "label": "Lala Şahin Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "Murad I consequently ordered an akinji commander, Kula Şahin Bey, to prepare his troops (according to Namık Kemal, this was not Lala Şahin Paşa, as is commonly believed)."}], "Q616951": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London (French: Traités de Londres, Russian: Лондонская конвенция) was signed in London on 6 July, 1827 by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Bourbon Restoration France and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London (French: Traités de Londres, Russian: Лондонская конвенция) was signed in London on 6 July, 1827 by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Bourbon Restoration France and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The three main European powers had called upon Greece and the Ottoman Empire to cease hostilities that had been going on since the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman rule on 17 March 1821."}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "lead", "says": "At the naval Battle of Navarino, on 20 October 1827, the Allies crushed the combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleet in an overwhelming victory that forcefully and effectively created an independent Greek state."}], "Q617263": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 (also known as the Convention of London; Dutch: Verdrag van Londen) was signed by the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in London on 13 August 1814."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty restored several of the Dutch colonies occupied by British forces during the Napoleonic Wars, although several others were permanently ceded to Britain."}, {"id": "Q224794", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824", "section": "lead", "says": "Disputes arising from the treaty resulted in the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824."}], "Q617650": [{"id": "Q205947", "label": "Claudian", "section": "lead", "says": "This was an early battle in the  Claudian invasion of Britain, led by Aulus Plautius."}, {"id": "Q1051384", "label": "Catuvellauni", "section": "Background", "says": "On the news of the Roman landing, the British tribes united to fight them under the command of Togodumnus and his brother Caratacus of the Catuvellauni tribe."}], "Q638112": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Solstice (German: Unternehmen Sonnenwende), also known as Unternehmen Husarenritt or the Stargard tank battle, was one of the last German armoured offensive operations on the Eastern Front in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Solstice (German: Unternehmen Sonnenwende), also known as Unternehmen Husarenritt or the Stargard tank battle, was one of the last German armoured offensive operations on the Eastern Front in World War II."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "By 18 February, the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front led by Georgy Zhukov had defeated the attack, prompting the Germans to call off the offensive."}, {"id": "Q698067", "label": "East Pomeranian Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite its failure, the operation forced the Soviet High Command (Stavka) to postpone the planned attack on Berlin from February to April, focusing forces on the East Pomeranian Offensive, launched on 24 February and not concluded until 4 April."}], "Q641164": [{"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Naxos (499 BC) was a failed attempt by the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras, operating with support from, and in the name of the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, to conquer the island of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Naxos (499 BC) was a failed attempt by the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras, operating with support from, and in the name of the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, to conquer the island of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Naxos (499 BC) was a failed attempt by the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras, operating with support from, and in the name of the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, to conquer the island of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the opening act of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would ultimately last for 50 years."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "In 492 BC therefore the first Persian invasion of Greece would begin as a consequence of the failed attack on Naxos, and the Ionian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q210443", "label": "Greek Dark Ages", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Greek Dark Ages that followed the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, significant numbers of Greeks had emigrated to Asia Minor and settled there."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian cities then remained under Lydian rule until Lydia was in turn conquered by the nascent Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian cities then remained under Lydian rule until Lydia was in turn conquered by the nascent Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q451426", "label": "Histiaeus", "section": "Background", "says": "Aristagoras's uncle Histiaeus had accompanied Darius on campaign in 513 BC, and when offered a reward, had asked for part of the conquered Thracian territory."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Herodotus recounts that Megabates made inspections of the ships (probably whilst beached for the night), and came across one ship from Myndus which had not posted any sentries."}], "Q642517": [{"id": "Q1034344", "label": "Six Days' Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Champaubert (10 February 1814) was the opening engagement of the Six Days' Campaign."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a French army led by Emperor Napoleon and a small Russian corps commanded by Lieutenant General Count Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev."}, {"id": "Q841047", "label": "Zahar Dimitrijevič Olsufjev", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a French army led by Emperor Napoleon and a small Russian corps commanded by Lieutenant General Count Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev."}, {"id": "Q568253", "label": "Battle of La Rothière", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating Napoleon at the Battle of La Rothière nine days earlier, the two main Allied armies under Austrian Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg and Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher separated."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating Napoleon at the Battle of La Rothière nine days earlier, the two main Allied armies under Austrian Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg and Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher separated."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating Napoleon at the Battle of La Rothière nine days earlier, the two main Allied armies under Austrian Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg and Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher separated."}, {"id": "Q69411", "label": "Karl Freiherr von Müffling", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to Karl Freiherr von Müffling of Blücher's staff, the Army of Silesia counted 57,000 men, including Sacken's 20,000, Yorck's 18,000 and Kaptzevich, Olsufiev and Kleist with a combined 19,000."}, {"id": "Q165519", "label": "August Neidhardt von Gneisenau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Because the horsemen soon withdrew, Blücher's chief of staff August Neidhardt von Gneisenau believed they represented no danger."}], "Q645288": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Thames , also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was an American victory over British forces and Tecumseh's Confederacy during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on October 5, 1813, in Upper Canada near what is now Thamesville, Ontario."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "lead", "says": "Tecumseh was killed, and his confederacy collapsed."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1812, two months after the United States declared war against the United Kingdom, Brigadier General William Hull surrendered Detroit to British and Indigenous forces led by Brock and Tecumseh."}, {"id": "Q881002", "label": "William Hull", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1812, two months after the United States declared war against the United Kingdom, Brigadier General William Hull surrendered Detroit to British and Indigenous forces led by Brock and Tecumseh."}, {"id": "Q586801", "label": "Battle of Frenchtown", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Right Division led by then Colonel Henry Procter and supported by Indigenous auxiliaries led by the Wyandot war leader Roundhead defeated Winchester at the Battle of Frenchtown on January 22, 1813."}, {"id": "Q580513", "label": "Oliver Hazard Perry", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1813, Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry, arrived to take command."}], "Q6497833": [{"id": "Q154164", "label": "Operation Rheinübung", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented the culmination of Operation Rheinübung where the attempt of the Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to disrupt the Atlantic convoys to the United Kingdom failed and resulted in the former's scuttling after battle damage rendered the Bismarck unable to fight back."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented the culmination of Operation Rheinübung where the attempt of the Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to disrupt the Atlantic convoys to the United Kingdom failed and resulted in the former's scuttling after battle damage rendered the Bismarck unable to fight back."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "The third phase on the morning of 27 May was an attack by the British battleships King George V and Rodney, supported by the heavy cruisers Norfolk and Dorsetshire."}, {"id": "Q696607", "label": "Battle of the Denmark Strait", "section": "Background", "says": "In the resulting Battle of the Denmark Strait on 24 May, Bismarck's fuel tanks were damaged and several machinery compartments, including a boiler room, were flooded."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "Background", "says": "The old Revenge-class battleship HMS Ramillies was detached from convoy duty southeast of Greenland and ordered to set a course to intercept Bismarck if she should attempt to raid the sea lanes off North America."}], "Q670128": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pylos, fought at sea and land, took place in 425 BC during the Peloponnesian War at the peninsula of Pylos, on the present-day Bay of Navarino in Messenia, and was an Athenian victory over Sparta."}, {"id": "Q7235", "label": "Sophocles", "section": "lead", "says": "He sent two of his triremes to intercept the Athenian fleet and inform Sophocles and Eurymedon of his danger."}], "Q677929": [{"id": "Q278125", "label": "Thomas Mathews", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial engagement on 21 February was indecisive, and the British continued their pursuit until midday on 22nd before their commander, Admiral of the Blue Thomas Mathews, called off the chase."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The immediate cause of the War of the Austrian Succession was the death in 1740 of Emperor Charles VI, the last male Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "This left his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as heir to the Habsburg monarchy, whose laws excluded women from the succession."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "While the House of Habsburg was the largest single component of the Holy Roman Empire, its pre-eminent position was challenged by rivals like Bavaria, Saxony and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "While the House of Habsburg was the largest single component of the Holy Roman Empire, its pre-eminent position was challenged by rivals like Bavaria, Saxony and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "He was opposed by Maria Theresa and the so-called Pragmatic Allies, which in addition to Austria included Britain, Hanover and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "Background", "says": "In contrast, Spain and Britain had been fighting the War of Jenkins' Ear since 1739, primarily in Spanish America, but also in the Mediterranean, where in 1742 a Spanish squadron led by Juan José Navarro took refuge in the French naval base of Toulon and were prevented from leaving by the British Mediterranean Fleet under Admiral of the Blue Thomas Mathews."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1743 Treaty of Fontainebleau, Louis XV of France and his uncle Philip V of Spain, agreed to a joint invasion of Britain and by late January 1744, more than 12,000 French troops and transports had been assembled at Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1743 Treaty of Fontainebleau, Louis XV of France and his uncle Philip V of Spain, agreed to a joint invasion of Britain and by late January 1744, more than 12,000 French troops and transports had been assembled at Dunkirk."}], "Q68475": [{"id": "Q5116509", "label": "Chuquisaca Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivian War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia de Bolivia, 1809–1825) began with the establishment of government juntas in Sucre and La Paz after the Chuquisaca Revolution and La Paz revolution."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the May Revolution of 1810, which ousted the viceroy in Buenos Aires and established its own junta, the territory was incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "lead", "says": "Buenos Aires then sent three large military expeditions to Upper Peru, headed by Juan José Castelli, Manuel Belgrano and José Rondeau, but the royalists ultimately prevailed over each one."}, {"id": "Q959624", "label": "José Rondeau", "section": "lead", "says": "Buenos Aires then sent three large military expeditions to Upper Peru, headed by Juan José Castelli, Manuel Belgrano and José Rondeau, but the royalists ultimately prevailed over each one."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "After Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre defeated the royalists in the Independence of Peru, Sucre led a campaign that was to defeat the royalists in Charcas for good when the last royalist general, Pedro Antonio Olañeta, suffered death and defeat at the hands of his own defected forces at the Battle of Tumusla."}, {"id": "Q189779", "label": "Antonio José de Sucre", "section": "lead", "says": "After Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre defeated the royalists in the Independence of Peru, Sucre led a campaign that was to defeat the royalists in Charcas for good when the last royalist general, Pedro Antonio Olañeta, suffered death and defeat at the hands of his own defected forces at the Battle of Tumusla."}, {"id": "Q3754515", "label": "Pedro Antonio Olañeta", "section": "lead", "says": "After Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre defeated the royalists in the Independence of Peru, Sucre led a campaign that was to defeat the royalists in Charcas for good when the last royalist general, Pedro Antonio Olañeta, suffered death and defeat at the hands of his own defected forces at the Battle of Tumusla."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "The Colonial Governing Power and the Causes of the War", "says": "As Spanish settlements expanded to the south, the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Charcas grew to include not only present day Bolivia, but also Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and even parts of Peru."}], "Q685798": [{"id": "Q84616", "label": "Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army, commanded by Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze, during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army, commanded by Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze, during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army, commanded by Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze, during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The small town of Winterthur lies 18 kilometers (11 mi) northeast of Zürich, in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q698430", "label": "Heinrich Joseph Johann von Bellegarde", "section": "lead", "says": "By mid-May 1799, the Austrians had wrested control of parts of Switzerland from the French as forces under the command of Hotze and Count Heinrich von Bellegarde pushed them out of the Grisons."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube, now both under the command of André Masséna, sought to prevent this merger."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "Masséna sent Michel Ney and a small mixed cavalry and infantry force from Zürich to stop Hotze's force at Winterthur."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeats at the battles at Ostrach and Stockach, and the Army of the Danube's retreat into the Black Forest, the French Directory had sacked Jean-Baptiste Jourdan in April 1799 and given command of both the Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube to André Masséna."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeats at the battles at Ostrach and Stockach, and the Army of the Danube's retreat into the Black Forest, the French Directory had sacked Jean-Baptiste Jourdan in April 1799 and given command of both the Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube to André Masséna."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "Background", "says": "Not only had they been trounced in southwestern Germany, the legendary Alexander Suvorov was on his way to northern Italy with 60,000 Russians to take command of Coalition forces there."}], "Q691968": [{"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Hube was overruled by Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein, who insisted that the army must breakout to the west, relying on the element of surprise and because the Soviet forces there were weak."}], "Q694054": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Narva (Russian: Осада Нарвы, Swedish: Belägringen av Narva), also known as the second battle of Narva, was the second Russian siege of Swedish Narva during the Great Northern War from 8 July to 20 August 1704."}], "Q694061": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Reichenberg took place during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) on 21 April 1757 near the town of Reichenberg (Czech: Liberec) in Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Reichenberg took place during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) on 21 April 1757 near the town of Reichenberg (Czech: Liberec) in Bohemia."}], "Q695057": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fehrbellin was a battle in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel (stepbrother of Riksamiral Carl Gustaf Wrangel), had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William, the Great Elector, under his Feldmarschall Georg von Derfflinger near the town of Fehrbellin."}, {"id": "Q439909", "label": "Carl Gustaf Wrangel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel (stepbrother of Riksamiral Carl Gustaf Wrangel), had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William, the Great Elector, under his Feldmarschall Georg von Derfflinger near the town of Fehrbellin."}, {"id": "Q152727", "label": "Frederick William of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel (stepbrother of Riksamiral Carl Gustaf Wrangel), had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William, the Great Elector, under his Feldmarschall Georg von Derfflinger near the town of Fehrbellin."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, when Elector Frederick William during the Franco-Dutch War had joined an allied expedition with Emperor Leopold I to Alsace against the forces of King Louis XIV of France, the French persuaded Sweden, which had been increasingly isolated on the continent, to attack Brandenburg while her army was away."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, when Elector Frederick William during the Franco-Dutch War had joined an allied expedition with Emperor Leopold I to Alsace against the forces of King Louis XIV of France, the French persuaded Sweden, which had been increasingly isolated on the continent, to attack Brandenburg while her army was away."}], "Q695314": [{"id": "Q158232", "label": "Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soor (30 September 1745) was a battle between Frederick the Great's Prussian army and an Austro-Saxon army led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine during the Second Silesian War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession)."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soor (30 September 1745) was a battle between Frederick the Great's Prussian army and an Austro-Saxon army led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine during the Second Silesian War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soor (30 September 1745) was a battle between Frederick the Great's Prussian army and an Austro-Saxon army led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine during the Second Silesian War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession)."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred in the vicinity of Soor, also known as Hajnice, in the modern day Czech Republic."}], "Q695325": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kesselsdorf was fought on 15 December 1745, between the Kingdom of Prussia and the combined forces of the Archduchy of Austria and the Electorate of Saxony during the part of the War of the Austrian Succession known as the Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kesselsdorf was fought on 15 December 1745, between the Kingdom of Prussia and the combined forces of the Archduchy of Austria and the Electorate of Saxony during the part of the War of the Austrian Succession known as the Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kesselsdorf was fought on 15 December 1745, between the Kingdom of Prussia and the combined forces of the Archduchy of Austria and the Electorate of Saxony during the part of the War of the Austrian Succession known as the Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kesselsdorf was fought on 15 December 1745, between the Kingdom of Prussia and the combined forces of the Archduchy of Austria and the Electorate of Saxony during the part of the War of the Austrian Succession known as the Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kesselsdorf was fought on 15 December 1745, between the Kingdom of Prussia and the combined forces of the Archduchy of Austria and the Electorate of Saxony during the part of the War of the Austrian Succession known as the Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q61695", "label": "Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians were led by Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, while the Austrians and Saxons were led by Field Marshal Rutowsky."}], "Q696699": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lauffeld took place on 2 July 1747, during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Arguably the most talented general of his generation, Saxe had conquered much of the Austrian Netherlands between 1744 and 1746."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "Background", "says": "When the War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740, Britain was focused on the 1739–1748 War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain, fought mostly in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "British and Dutch troops in Flanders were initially involved as part of the army of Hanover; France did not formally declare war on Britain until March 1744, while the Dutch Republic was technically neutral until 1747."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Maria Theresa had secured her throne and was more interested in rebuilding her army in order to retake Silesia; Austria had only acquired the Austrian Netherlands in 1713 because neither the British nor the Dutch would allow the other to control it and retaining it was not a strategic priority."}], "Q696815": [{"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heligoland (or Helgoland) was fought on 9 May 1864, during the Second Schleswig War, between a Danish squadron led by Commodore Edouard Suenson and a joint Austro-Prussian squadron commanded by the Austrian Commodore Wilhelm von Tegetthoff."}, {"id": "Q310509", "label": "Wilhelm von Tegetthoff", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heligoland (or Helgoland) was fought on 9 May 1864, during the Second Schleswig War, between a Danish squadron led by Commodore Edouard Suenson and a joint Austro-Prussian squadron commanded by the Austrian Commodore Wilhelm von Tegetthoff."}, {"id": "Q475142", "label": "Niels Juel", "section": "lead", "says": "To oppose him, Suenson had available the steam frigates Niels Juel and Jylland and the corvette Hejmdal."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1863, tensions began to increase between the German Confederation and Denmark over the latter's November Constitution, which integrated the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg with Denmark, a violation of the London Protocol that had ended the First Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1863, tensions began to increase between the German Confederation and Denmark over the latter's November Constitution, which integrated the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg with Denmark, a violation of the London Protocol that had ended the First Schleswig War."}], "Q697913": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landeshut was an engagement fought on 23 June 1760 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landeshut was an engagement fought on 23 June 1760 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q440276", "label": "Ernst Gideon von Laudon", "section": "lead", "says": "A Prussian army of 12,000 men under General Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué fought an Austrian army of over 28,000 men under Ernst Gideon von Laudon and suffered a defeat, with its commander wounded and taken prisoner."}], "Q698220": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Lüttich (7–13 August 1944) was the codename of the Nazi German counter-attack during the Operation Overlord, which occurred near U.S. positions near Mortain, in northwestern France."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "In British and American histories of the Second World War, the German Operation Lüttich is known as the Mortain counter-attack, which Hitler ordered to regain territory gained by the First United States Army during Operation Cobra by reaching the coast of the Avranches region, which is at the base of the Cotentin peninsula, in order to isolate the units of the Third United States Army that had adv"}, {"id": "Q602744", "label": "Falaise Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "As the German commanders on the spot had warned Hitler in vain, there was little chance of the attack succeeding, and the concentration of their armoured reserves at the western end of the front in Normandy soon led to disaster, as they were outflanked to their south and the front to their east collapsed, resulting in many of the German troops in Normandy being trapped in the Falaise Pocket."}, {"id": "Q207955", "label": "Omar Bradley", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 July 1944, following six weeks of attritional warfare along a stalemated front, American forces under Lieutenant General Omar Bradley mounted an attack code-named Operation Cobra, which broke through the German defenses near Saint-Lô."}, {"id": "Q714293", "label": "Operation Bluecoat", "section": "Background", "says": "Dempsey, mounted a supporting attack (code-named Operation Bluecoat) on the eastern flank of the American armies."}], "Q699238": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spicheren (also known as the Battle of Forbach) was fought on 6 August 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q44205", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "General Helmuth von Moltke the Elder had originally planned to keep François Achille Bazaine's army around the Saar until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank, while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear."}, {"id": "Q61474", "label": "Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz", "section": "lead", "says": "The aging General Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz made an overzealous, unplanned move, leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "When Napoleon III arrived to take command of the French field army, he followed the urging of his generals and ordered General Lebœuf to besiege Saarbrücken."}], "Q699758": [{"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maxen (20 November 1759) was a battle at Maxen, in the Electorate of Saxony during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maxen (20 November 1759) was a battle at Maxen, in the Electorate of Saxony during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maxen (20 November 1759) was a battle at Maxen, in the Electorate of Saxony during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q72350", "label": "Friedrich August von Finck", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian corps of 14,000 men, commanded by Friedrich August von Finck (one of Frederick the Great's generals), was sent to threaten lines of communication between the Austrian army at Dresden and Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the victories obtained in previous years, 1759 saw a succession of serious failures for the forces of the Kingdom of Prussia, engaged in a relentless struggle against a vast coalition of enemies including the Habsburg monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the victories obtained in previous years, 1759 saw a succession of serious failures for the forces of the Kingdom of Prussia, engaged in a relentless struggle against a vast coalition of enemies including the Habsburg monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After the victories obtained in previous years, 1759 saw a succession of serious failures for the forces of the Kingdom of Prussia, engaged in a relentless struggle against a vast coalition of enemies including the Habsburg monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the victories obtained in previous years, 1759 saw a succession of serious failures for the forces of the Kingdom of Prussia, engaged in a relentless struggle against a vast coalition of enemies including the Habsburg monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the wear and tear of his forces, King Frederick II of Prussia had had to renounce the strategy, by now becoming habitual, of anticipating the movements of his opponents by launching offensives in the direction of the territories occupied by the enemy to instead take a more defensive conduct, aimed at in particular to prevent the gathering into a single mass of the Austrian and Russian armie"}, {"id": "Q72388", "label": "Carl Heinrich von Wedel", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the wear and tear of his forces, King Frederick II of Prussia had had to renounce the strategy, by now becoming habitual, of anticipating the movements of his opponents by launching offensives in the direction of the territories occupied by the enemy to instead take a more defensive conduct, aimed at in particular to prevent the gathering into a single mass of the Austrian and Russian armie"}, {"id": "Q473706", "label": "Battle of Kay", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the wear and tear of his forces, King Frederick II of Prussia had had to renounce the strategy, by now becoming habitual, of anticipating the movements of his opponents by launching offensives in the direction of the territories occupied by the enemy to instead take a more defensive conduct, aimed at in particular to prevent the gathering into a single mass of the Austrian and Russian armie"}, {"id": "Q663376", "label": "Pyotr Saltykov", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the wear and tear of his forces, King Frederick II of Prussia had had to renounce the strategy, by now becoming habitual, of anticipating the movements of his opponents by launching offensives in the direction of the territories occupied by the enemy to instead take a more defensive conduct, aimed at in particular to prevent the gathering into a single mass of the Austrian and Russian armie"}, {"id": "Q440276", "label": "Ernst Gideon von Laudon", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the wear and tear of his forces, King Frederick II of Prussia had had to renounce the strategy, by now becoming habitual, of anticipating the movements of his opponents by launching offensives in the direction of the territories occupied by the enemy to instead take a more defensive conduct, aimed at in particular to prevent the gathering into a single mass of the Austrian and Russian armie"}, {"id": "Q170400", "label": "Battle of Kunersdorf", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the wear and tear of his forces, King Frederick II of Prussia had had to renounce the strategy, by now becoming habitual, of anticipating the movements of his opponents by launching offensives in the direction of the territories occupied by the enemy to instead take a more defensive conduct, aimed at in particular to prevent the gathering into a single mass of the Austrian and Russian armie"}, {"id": "Q50993", "label": "Prince Heinrich of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Austro-Russians faced Frederick in Silesia, a second Austrian army under the command of Marshal Leopold Josef Graf Daun had operated in the lands of the Electorate of Saxony, occupied by the Prussians since the start of the war, against the forces under the command of Prince Henry of Prussia; the Austrians had initially gained ground by even occupying the Saxon capital, Dresden, on 6 Sep"}, {"id": "Q688986", "label": "Battle of Hoyerswerda", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Austro-Russians faced Frederick in Silesia, a second Austrian army under the command of Marshal Leopold Josef Graf Daun had operated in the lands of the Electorate of Saxony, occupied by the Prussians since the start of the war, against the forces under the command of Prince Henry of Prussia; the Austrians had initially gained ground by even occupying the Saxon capital, Dresden, on 6 Sep"}], "Q700218": [{"id": "Q311240", "label": "Pyotr Rumyantsev", "section": "lead", "says": "While the army of the Ottomans and its Crimean Tatar vassals greatly outnumbered the Russian force opposite them, the Russian commander, Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev, deftly arranged his far smaller army in solid infantry squares and surprisingly chose to go on the offensive against the allied forces."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite losing the engagement at Larga and the fact that nearly all of Wallachia and Bessarabia was now in Russian hands, Ivazzade Halil Pasha believed that retaking the initiative from the Russians was still possible."}, {"id": "Q610759", "label": "Qaplan II Giray", "section": "Background", "says": "It only helped convince him such when the Crimean khan Qaplan II Giray sent him Russian prisoners whom the Ottomans thoroughly interrogated."}], "Q700316": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Luzzara took place in Lombardy on 15 August 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession, between a combined French and Savoyard army under Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme, and an Imperial force under Prince Eugene."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession was triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and on 16 November 1700, he became king of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and on 16 November 1700, he became king of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to mainland Spain, this included the Spanish Netherlands, large parts of Italy, and much of Central and South America."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1701, disputes over territorial and commercial rights led to war between France, Spain, and the Grand Alliance, whose candidate was Charles, younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the next 12 months, Imperial general Prince Eugene of Savoy won a series of victories over French commander Villeroi, forcing him to withdraw behind the Adda river."}], "Q700530": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "George was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on 25 November 1943, between Cape St."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "George, New Ireland, and Buka Island (now part of the North Solomons Province in Papua New Guinea)."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last engagement of surface ships in the Solomon Islands campaign."}, {"id": "Q127730", "label": "Arleigh Burke", "section": "lead", "says": "During the engagement, a force of five US Navy destroyers led by Captain Arleigh Burke intercepted a similar sized Japanese force that was withdrawing from Buka towards Rabaul, having landed reinforcements on the island."}], "Q700859": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean campaigns (1687–1689) (Russian: Крымские походы, Krymskiye pokhody) were two military campaigns of the Tsardom of Russia against the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean campaigns (1687–1689) (Russian: Крымские походы, Krymskiye pokhody) were two military campaigns of the Tsardom of Russia against the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q923852", "label": "Crimean-Russian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "They were a part of the Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) and Russo-Crimean Wars."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Having signed the Eternal Peace Treaty with Poland in 1686, Russia became a member of the anti-Turkish coalition (\"Holy League\" — Austria, the Republic of Venice and Poland), which was pushing the Turks south after their failure at Vienna in 1683 (the major result of this war was the conquest by Austria of most of Hungary from Turkish rule)."}], "Q701094": [{"id": "Q2288441", "label": "Kingdom of Candia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege of Candia (now Heraklion, Crete), Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian-ruled capital city of the Kingdom of Candia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with an Ottoman victory, but the effort and cost of the siege contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, especially after the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with an Ottoman victory, but the effort and cost of the siege contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, especially after the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Venice believed that the Ottomans would use any excuse to pursue further hostilities."}], "Q703763": [{"id": "Q158677", "label": "Northern Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stettin (German: Frieden von Stettin, Swedish: Freden i Stettin, Danish: Freden i Stettin) of 13 December 1570, ended the Northern Seven Years' War fought between Sweden and Denmark with its internally fragmented alliance of Lübeck and Poland."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It also settled Swedish, Danish, and Holy Roman Imperial claims regarding the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Yet, because of its inconclusiveness, it did not prevent further warfare between Denmark–Norway and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kalmar Union comprising Sweden, Denmark and Norway, had broken apart in 1523."}, {"id": "Q154041", "label": "Frederick II of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick II of Denmark attempted to restore the Union under his rule."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick underlined his claim by using the Union's three crowns in his coat of arms and invading Sweden in 1563; both actions are considered the starting events of the Seven Years' War."}], "Q708189": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Port Arthur massacre (Chinese: 旅順大屠殺) took place during the First Sino-Japanese War from 21 November 1894 for three days, in the Chinese coastal city of Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou District of Dalian, Liaoning), when advance elements of the First Division of the Japanese Second Army under the command of General Yamaji Motoharu (1841–1897) killed somewhere between 2,600 civilians and 20,000 peop"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Reports of a massacre were first published by the Canadian journalist James Creelman of the New York World, whose account was widely circulated within the United States."}, {"id": "Q359819", "label": "Ōyama Iwao", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the victory at Pyongyang the Japanese Second Army under Marshal Ōyama Iwao (1842–1916) moved northward towards Manchuria, the plan being to seize Port Arthur, headquarters to China's Beiyang Fleet and a highly fortified city that dominated the sea passage from Korea to northeast China."}], "Q708385": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Li–Lobanov Treaty or the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (Chinese: 中俄密約; Russian: Союзный договор между Российской империей и Китаем) was a secret and unequal treaty signed on June 3, 1896 in Moscow by foreign minister Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky on behalf of the Russian Empire and viceroy Li Hongzhang on behalf of Qing China."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Li–Lobanov Treaty or the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (Chinese: 中俄密約; Russian: Союзный договор между Российской империей и Китаем) was a secret and unequal treaty signed on June 3, 1896 in Moscow by foreign minister Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky on behalf of the Russian Empire and viceroy Li Hongzhang on behalf of Qing China."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War and the Triple Intervention, China was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Empire of Japan (230 million kuping taels equal to 8,600 tonnes of silver)."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War and the Triple Intervention, China was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Empire of Japan (230 million kuping taels equal to 8,600 tonnes of silver)."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War and the Triple Intervention, China was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Empire of Japan (230 million kuping taels equal to 8,600 tonnes of silver)."}, {"id": "Q155329", "label": "Sergei Witte", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of this situation, Russian finance minister Sergei Witte established the Russo-Chinese Bank, which was controlled by the Russian government, and agreed to facilitate the loans."}], "Q708451": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The defense of the Great Wall (traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937 and after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The defense of the Great Wall (traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937 and after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The defense of the Great Wall (traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937 and after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "lead", "says": "During this campaign, Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang, and incorporated it into the newly created state of Manchukuo, whose southern frontier was thus extended to the Great Wall of China."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "During this campaign, Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang, and incorporated it into the newly created state of Manchukuo, whose southern frontier was thus extended to the Great Wall of China."}], "Q712505": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Changde (Battle of Changteh; traditional Chinese: 常德會戰; simplified Chinese: 常德会战; pinyin: Chángdé Huìzhàn) was a major engagement in the Second Sino-Japanese War in and around the Chinese city of Changde (Changteh) in the province of Hunan."}, {"id": "Q221519", "label": "Burma Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The purpose of the Japanese offensive was to maintain pressure on the Chinese National Revolutionary Army to reduce its combat ability in the region and its ability to reinforce the Burma Campaign."}], "Q71936844": [{"id": "Q16581287", "label": "Jeanine Áñez", "section": "lead", "says": "After 11 November 2019, there were protests by supporters of the outgoing government in response to Jeanine Áñez becoming the acting president of Bolivia."}, {"id": "Q42410", "label": "Evo Morales", "section": "lead", "says": "The claims of fraud were made after the suspension of the preliminary vote count, in which incumbent Evo Morales was not leading by a large enough margin (10%) to avoid a runoff, and the subsequent publication of the official count, in which Morales won by just over 10%."}, {"id": "Q312668", "label": "Carlos Mesa", "section": "Background", "says": "First was an exit poll that verified 95.6% of votes that showed incumbent President of Bolivia Evo Morales as having 9.33 percentage points over his main opposition and former president, Carlos Mesa."}], "Q723800": [{"id": "Q2665664", "label": "Prussian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Old Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q600609", "label": "Battle of Durbe", "section": "lead", "says": "The second uprising, known in historiography as \"the great Prussian uprising\", was prompted by the 1260 Battle of Durbe, the largest defeat suffered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q169305", "label": "Urban IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Reinforcements for the Knights were slow to arrive, despite repeated encouragements from Pope Urban IV, and the position of the Order looked set to worsen."}, {"id": "Q53460", "label": "Konrad I of Masovia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Teutonic Order was called to the Culmerland in 1226 by Konrad I of Masovia, who began a number of expeditions and crusades against the Prussians and later asked the Knights to protect him from raids by the Prussians."}], "Q733113": [{"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Coronea in 394 BC, also Battle of Coroneia, took place during the Corinthian War, in which the Spartans and their allies under King Agesilaus II defeated a force of Thebans and Argives that was attempting to block their march back into the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q271850", "label": "Agesilaus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Coronea in 394 BC, also Battle of Coroneia, took place during the Corinthian War, in which the Spartans and their allies under King Agesilaus II defeated a force of Thebans and Argives that was attempting to block their march back into the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q1424844", "label": "Battle of Delium", "section": "lead", "says": "It ranks among the deadliest of the Hoplite battles, despite its comparative obscurity, when matched up against more famous battles like the Battle of Delium in 424, and the Battle of Mantinea in 362."}], "Q741777": [{"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Mutina (December 44 – April 43 BC; also called the Mutina war) was a civil war between the Roman Senate and Mark Antony in Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first civil war after the assassination of Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q354990", "label": "Aulus Hirtius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Senate, led by Cicero and the consuls (Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa), attempted to woo Julius Caesar's heir (today known in this period as Octavian, later the future emperor Augustus) to fight against Antony."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Senate, led by Cicero and the consuls (Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa), attempted to woo Julius Caesar's heir (today known in this period as Octavian, later the future emperor Augustus) to fight against Antony."}], "Q788050": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily also took part in negotiations and the treaty thereby determined the political course of all Italy for the next several years."}, {"id": "Q283364", "label": "Battle of Legnano", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed on the heels of the Battle of Legnano of 29 May 1176, a defeat for Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed on the heels of the Battle of Legnano of 29 May 1176, a defeat for Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick quickly thereafter sent envoys to Pope Alexander III at Anagni, asking for an end to the schism between him and Frederick's antipope, Callixtus III."}, {"id": "Q160369", "label": "Callixtus III", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick quickly thereafter sent envoys to Pope Alexander III at Anagni, asking for an end to the schism between him and Frederick's antipope, Callixtus III."}, {"id": "Q234219", "label": "Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "After the treaty, Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy wife of Frederick was no longer referred to as Imperatrix ('empress') in the chancery productions, as her coronation as such had been made by an anti-pope and was thus declared nullified."}, {"id": "Q367387", "label": "William II of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "A fifteen-year peace was concluded between Frederick and William II of Sicily, paving the way for Sicily's golden years of peace and prosperity."}], "Q79546163": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Red August (simplified Chinese: 红八月; traditional Chinese: 紅八月; pinyin: Hóng Bāyuè) is a term used to indicate a period of political violence and massacres in Beijing beginning in August 1966, during the Cultural Revolution."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "On August 18, 1966, Chairman Mao Zedong met with Song Binbin, a leader of the Red Guards, atop Tiananmen."}, {"id": "Q162814", "label": "Xie Fuzhi", "section": "lead", "says": "During the massacres, Mao Zedong publicly opposed any governmental intervention against the student movement, and Xie Fuzhi, the Minister of Ministry of Public Security, instructed police and public security organizations to protect the Red Guards instead of arresting them."}, {"id": "Q36756", "label": "Kristallnacht", "section": "lead", "says": "It has also been compared with Nazi Germany's Kristallnacht, as well as with the Nanjing Massacre conducted by the Japanese military during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q192055", "label": "Nanjing Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "It has also been compared with Nazi Germany's Kristallnacht, as well as with the Nanjing Massacre conducted by the Japanese military during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It has also been compared with Nazi Germany's Kristallnacht, as well as with the Nanjing Massacre conducted by the Japanese military during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s, the Soviet Union ridiculed and criticized Mao's Cultural Revolution fiercely, and some publications in USSR and Eastern Bloc also compared Mao meeting Red Guards on Tiananmen to Adolf Hitler giving speeches to his supporters."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s, the Soviet Union ridiculed and criticized Mao's Cultural Revolution fiercely, and some publications in USSR and Eastern Bloc also compared Mao meeting Red Guards on Tiananmen to Adolf Hitler giving speeches to his supporters."}], "Q815145": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from Britain during the American Revolutionary War."}], "Q815162": [{"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a heavy morale and military blow to the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia, which was forced to submit to Mongol suzerainty, and allowed Batu Khan to proceed westward into Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q269109", "label": "Principality of Ryazan", "section": "Background", "says": "Batu Khan and the Mongols began their invasion in late 1237 by conquering the northeastern Rus' Principality of Ryazan."}], "Q820211": [{"id": "Q499909", "label": "Saxon Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October 782."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October 782."}], "Q839396": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first official international diplomatic act that recognized Greece as a fully sovereign and independent state, separate from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Greek War of Independence, which had broken out in 1821, the autonomy of Greece in one form or another had been recognized already since 1826, and a provisional Greek government under Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias existed, but the conditions of the Greek autonomy, its political status, and the borders of the new Greek state, were being debated between the Great Powers, the Greek"}, {"id": "Q220430", "label": "Ioannis Kapodistrias", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Greek War of Independence, which had broken out in 1821, the autonomy of Greece in one form or another had been recognized already since 1826, and a provisional Greek government under Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias existed, but the conditions of the Greek autonomy, its political status, and the borders of the new Greek state, were being debated between the Great Powers, the Greek"}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories to the protocol initially selected Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as monarch."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "After Leopold declined the offer of the Greek throne, a meeting of the powers at the London conference of 1832 named the 17-year-old Prince Otto of Bavaria as the King of Greece and designated the new state the Kingdom of Greece."}], "Q858108": [{"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Persian wars, also called the Roman–Iranian wars, took place between the Roman states and the Iranian empires, beginning with the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire in 54 BC and ending with the Byzantine and the Sasanian empires in 628 AD."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite nearly seven centuries of hostility, the Roman–Persian wars had an entirely inconclusive outcome, as both the Byzantines and the Sasanians were attacked by the Rashidun Caliphate as part of the early Muslim conquests."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab-Muslim offensives resulted in the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and largely confined the Byzantine Empire to Anatolia and southeastern Europe for the ensuing Arab–Byzantine wars."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab-Muslim offensives resulted in the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and largely confined the Byzantine Empire to Anatolia and southeastern Europe for the ensuing Arab–Byzantine wars."}, {"id": "Q1680583", "label": "James Howard-Johnston", "section": "Background", "says": "According to James Howard-Johnston, \"from the third century BC to the early seventh century AD, the rival players [in the East] were grand polities with imperial pretensions, which had been able to establish and secure stable territories transcending regional divides\"."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans and Parthians came into contact through their respective conquests of parts of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "Ruled by the Arsacid dynasty, the Parthians fended off several Seleucid attempts to regain their lost territories, and established several eponymous branches in the Caucasus, namely the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, and the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the Romans expelled the Seleucids from their territories in Anatolia in the early 2nd century BC, following the defeat of Antiochus III the Great at Thermopylae and Magnesia."}], "Q87580938": [{"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "Data released by the Cypriot government includes cases in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, but does not include cases in Northern Cyprus due to the long-running Cyprus dispute."}], "Q960723": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of White Plains took place during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York."}, {"id": "Q653664", "label": "Battle of Trenton", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington then crossed the Delaware and surprised a brigade of Hessian troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton."}, {"id": "Q862751", "label": "Battle of Long Island", "section": "Background", "says": "After losing the Battle of Long Island on August 27, Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as Manhattan was then called)."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "Background", "says": "Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains, leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under Nathanael Greene to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan."}, {"id": "Q88824", "label": "Wilhelm von Knyphausen", "section": "Background", "says": "On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen."}], "Q990715": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Erie, also known as the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, on Lake Erie off the shores of Ohio during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q645288", "label": "Battle of the Thames", "section": "lead", "says": "This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit, Michigan and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "lead", "says": "This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit, Michigan and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh."}], "Q1014253": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, also known as the Mongol–Jin War, was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1210, a delegation arrived at the court of Genghis Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q5076", "label": "Wanyan Yongji", "section": "Background", "says": "1206–27) to proclaim the ascension of Wanyan Yongji to the Jin throne and demanded the submission of the Mongols as a vassal state."}], "Q1031465": [{"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the capture of Hormuz, the Portuguese had held the Castle of Hormuz for more than a century, since 1507 when Afonso de Albuquerque established it in the capture of Hormuz, giving them full control of the trade between India and Europe through the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "As England was not technically at war with Portugal (in the Iberian Union with Spain), news of Hormuz's capture resulted in political tensions between Spain and England."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "As England was not technically at war with Portugal (in the Iberian Union with Spain), news of Hormuz's capture resulted in political tensions between Spain and England."}, {"id": "Q2738482", "label": "Allahverdi Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Shah Abbas I wished to obtain English support against the Portuguese, and the commander Imam Quli Khan, son of Allahverdi Khan, negotiated with the English to obtain their support, promising the English that they would grant them access to the Persian silk trade."}], "Q1071119": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Homs was a military confrontation between the Syrian government and the Syrian opposition in the city of Homs, a major rebel stronghold during the Syrian Civil War."}], "Q1071644": [{"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "History and socio-political background", "says": "It benefited only belatedly and partially from the agrarian reforms of the Mexican Revolution, due to the political and social control exercised by a conservative oligarchy, known as the “Chiapanec family.” Until the 1970s, large estates maintained forms of exploitation of indigenous labor that were close to feudalism: peasants were subjected to a form of quasi-servitude because, being paid in tok"}], "Q1080899": [{"id": "Q212278", "label": "Kingdom of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Walcheren Campaign (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɑlxərə(n)]) was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Kingdom of Holland in 1809 intended to open another front in the Austrian Empire's struggle with France during the War of the Fifth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Walcheren Campaign (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɑlxərə(n)]) was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Kingdom of Holland in 1809 intended to open another front in the Austrian Empire's struggle with France during the War of the Fifth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the largest British expedition of that year, larger than the army serving in the Peninsular War in the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q467777", "label": "Battle of Wagram", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Battle of Wagram had already occurred before the start of the campaign and the Austrians had effectively already lost the war."}], "Q1083872": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Glorious First of June, also known as the Third Battle of Ushant and the Fourth Battle of Ushant, (known in France as the Bataille du 13 prairial an 2 or Combat de Prairial) was a fleet action fought on 1 June 1794 between the British and French navies during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first and largest fleet action of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q332616", "label": "Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Channel Squadron under Admiral of the Blue Richard Howe, Earl Howe attempted to prevent the passage of a vital French grain convoy from the United States, which was protected by the French Atlantic Squadron commanded by Counter-admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Channel Squadron under Admiral of the Blue Richard Howe, Earl Howe attempted to prevent the passage of a vital French grain convoy from the United States, which was protected by the French Atlantic Squadron commanded by Counter-admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse."}, {"id": "Q1152832", "label": "Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Channel Squadron under Admiral of the Blue Richard Howe, Earl Howe attempted to prevent the passage of a vital French grain convoy from the United States, which was protected by the French Atlantic Squadron commanded by Counter-admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Since early 1792 France had been at war with four of its neighbours on two fronts, battling the Habsburg monarchy and Prussia in the Austrian Netherlands, and the Austrians and Piedmontese in Italy."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "A few weeks later, following the execution of the imprisoned King Louis XVI, diplomatic ties between Britain and France were broken."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 February, France declared war on both Britain and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q1259275", "label": "Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "The aftermath of this siege was punctuated by recriminations and accusations of cowardice and betrayal among the allies, eventually resulting in Spain switching allegiance with the signing of the Treaty of San Ildefonso two years later."}, {"id": "Q1389040", "label": "Sidney Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, the siege produced one major success: Sir Sidney Smith, with parties of sailors from the retreating British fleet, accomplished the destruction of substantial French naval stores and shipping in Toulon."}], "Q108608149": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Authorities had blamed previous school shootings on foreign influence from news of similar incidents in the United States and elsewhere."}], "Q1088879": [{"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "6–9 June] 1799) was fought near the rivers of Tidone, Trebbia, and Nure in northern Italy between the joint Russian and Habsburg army under Alexander Suvorov and the Republican French army of Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre Macdonald."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Second Coalition engagement occurred west of Piacenza, a city located 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Milan."}, {"id": "Q112009", "label": "Michael von Melas", "section": "lead", "says": "Suvorov swiftly concentrated his Russians and the allied Austrians of Michael von Melas to block the French move, eventually covering around 85 km (53 mi) in 36 hours in sweltering heat and heavy equipment."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 April 1799, the French Directory ordered MacDonald to help the French forces in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q85216", "label": "Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 June Suvorov received news from Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz that Victor and Montrichard reinforced MacDonald and that the French captured Pontremoli."}], "Q112842362": [{"id": "Q46999357", "label": "Rustam Muradov", "section": "lead", "says": "This assault in and around the city failed, with large-scale Russian losses and the dismissal of commander Rustam Muradov, who led the attack."}], "Q115651756": [{"id": "Q103838608", "label": "Pedro Castillo", "section": "lead", "says": "After President of Peru Pedro Castillo was ousted on 7 December 2022, a series of political protests against the government of President Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru occurred."}, {"id": "Q106474688", "label": "Dina Boluarte", "section": "lead", "says": "After President of Peru Pedro Castillo was ousted on 7 December 2022, a series of political protests against the government of President Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru occurred."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Boluarte, along with Congress, had been widely disapproved of by voters, with the two receiving the lowest approval ratings among public offices in the Americas."}], "Q11737225": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock."}], "Q117382594": [{"id": "Q111433188", "label": "Vladlen Tatarsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian military blogger Vladlen Tatarsky, real name Maxim Fomin, died as a result of the explosion and 42 people were injured, 24 of whom were hospitalized, including six in critical conditions."}, {"id": "Q89191595", "label": "Vasyl Malyuk", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, Vasyl Malyuk, the head of the Security Service of Ukraine, indirectly confirmed Ukraine's involvement in the assassination."}, {"id": "Q113568088", "label": "Daria Dugina", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, Ukraine was accused of being behind attacks against pro-war figures, such as in the killing of Darya Dugina."}, {"id": "Q20850503", "label": "Yevgeny Prigozhin", "section": "Background", "says": "The café where the explosion occurred belonged to Yevgeny Prigozhin."}], "Q1187461": [{"id": "Q743776", "label": "First Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tanagra was a land battle that took place in Boeotia in 457 BC between Athens and Sparta during the First Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "Background", "says": "Athens did this by waiting to send Athenian politician Themistocles to Lacedaemon until Athens had started constructing the walls resulting in the Long Walls being nearly completed by the time Themistocles told Sparta that there were plans to rebuild the Long Walls.In 464 BC, suffering another Helot rebellion and failing to make progress in the siege against their stronghold Ithome, Sparta had ask"}], "Q1188688": [{"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q170395", "label": "Clement VIII", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q3485809", "label": "Siege of Amiens", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry had declared war on Spain in 1595, and after victory at the Siege of Amiens in 1597, he then promulgated the Edict of Nantes, on 13 April the following year."}], "Q122982818": [{"id": "Q309204", "label": "Camp David Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "It was founded in 1982 by Israelis who left the Sinai after it was given back to Egypt in the Camp David Accords."}], "Q1230563": [{"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In spring of 83 BC Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix had returned to Italy at the head of a battle-hardened veteran army fresh from his victory over king Mithridates of Pontus in the First Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Since Hannibal had made his camp within the third milestone [from Rome] the city had faced no greater danger than when Telesinus went from rank to rank of his army saying: 'Now the Romans face their last day.' Loudly he exhorted his army to defeat the Romans and destroy their city saying: 'These are the wolves who have been tearing at the liberty of Italy."}], "Q123215": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaxartes was fought in 329 BC by Alexander the Great and his Hellenic (Greek) army against the Saka at the River Jaxartes, now known as the Syr Darya River."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The site of the battle straddles the modern borders of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan, just south-west of the ancient city of Tashkent (the modern capital of Uzbekistan) and north-east of Khujand (a city in Tajikistan)."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The site of the battle straddles the modern borders of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan, just south-west of the ancient city of Tashkent (the modern capital of Uzbekistan) and north-east of Khujand (a city in Tajikistan)."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The site of the battle straddles the modern borders of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan, just south-west of the ancient city of Tashkent (the modern capital of Uzbekistan) and north-east of Khujand (a city in Tajikistan)."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The site of the battle straddles the modern borders of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan, just south-west of the ancient city of Tashkent (the modern capital of Uzbekistan) and north-east of Khujand (a city in Tajikistan)."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Crossing the Hellespont in 334 BC, Alexander was determined to become the new monarch of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q192938", "label": "Battle of the Granicus", "section": "Background", "says": "First at the Battle of the Granicus, and then at the Battle of Issus, and then finally at the Battle of Gaugamela, he struck a series of blows from which the Achaemenid royal house could not recover."}, {"id": "Q179670", "label": "Battle of Gaugamela", "section": "Background", "says": "First at the Battle of the Granicus, and then at the Battle of Issus, and then finally at the Battle of Gaugamela, he struck a series of blows from which the Achaemenid royal house could not recover."}], "Q1241158": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Human Rights Watch reported 59 Palestinians killed during 12–24 May, including 11 under age eighteen and 18 armed men."}], "Q1243060": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gospić massacre was the mass killing of 100–120 predominantly Serb civilians in Gospić, Croatia, during the last two weeks of October 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q1285805", "label": "Mirko Norac", "section": "lead", "says": "The killings were ordered by the Secretary of Lika Crisis Headquarters, Tihomir Orešković, and the commander of the 118th Infantry Brigade of the Croatian National Guard, Lieutenant Colonel Mirko Norac."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "No formal investigation was launched until 2000, after three former Croatian intelligence and military police officers informed the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia about the killings."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "The development of the military of Croatia was hampered by a UN arms embargo introduced in September, while the military conflict in Croatia continued to escalate—the Battle of Vukovar started on 26 August."}], "Q124306685": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident occurred one day after Iran carried out aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad within Iraqi semi-autonomous Kurdish region and several strongholds of terrorist groups, in Taltita, Syria, in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibil"}, {"id": "Q124001410", "label": "Razi Mousavi", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident occurred one day after Iran carried out aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad within Iraqi semi-autonomous Kurdish region and several strongholds of terrorist groups, in Taltita, Syria, in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibil"}, {"id": "Q17991320", "label": "Hossein Amir-Abdollahian", "section": "Background", "says": "It also occurred on the same day that Pakistan's caretaker Prime Minister Anwaar ul Haq Kakar and Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian were meeting during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and while joint exercises were being held by the Iranian and Pakistani navies in the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "It also occurred on the same day that Pakistan's caretaker Prime Minister Anwaar ul Haq Kakar and Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian were meeting during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and while joint exercises were being held by the Iranian and Pakistani navies in the Persian Gulf."}], "Q124695144": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Flour Massacre (Arabic: مجزرة الطحين, romanized: majzarat aṭ-ṭaḥīn) occurred in the Gaza Strip on 29 February 2024, when at least 118 Palestinians were killed and 760 injured after Israeli forces opened fire while the Palestinians were seeking food from aid trucks on the coastal al-Rashid Street in Gaza City."}, {"id": "Q968608", "label": "Jan Egeland", "section": "Background", "says": "Concerns about the sparse amount of aid being allowed into Gaza and the chaos it could generate was highlighted by Jan Egeland of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) who described an aid delivery being looted by desperate civilians due to the low amount of aid."}], "Q1248605": [{"id": "Q565409", "label": "Anne Hilarion de Tourville", "section": "lead", "says": "Control of the English Channel temporarily fell into French hands but French Vice-Admiral Anne Hilarion de Tourville failed to pursue the Anglo-Dutch fleet with sufficient vigour, allowing it to fall back to the Thames."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "English Admiral Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, who had advised against engaging the superior French fleet but had been overruled by Queen Mary II and her ministers, was court-martialled for his performance during the battle."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The deposed James II of England fled to Ireland as a first step to regain the throne following his deposition after the Glorious Revolution."}, {"id": "Q21008775", "label": "Siege of Carrickfergus", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1689, Marshal Frederick Schomberg had been sent from England to bolster the forces loyal to King William but after the Siege of Carrickfergus his army had stalled through the winter of 1689–90, suffering from sickness and desertion."}, {"id": "Q1102640", "label": "Cloudesley Shovell", "section": "Background", "says": "Sir Cloudesley Shovell remained in the Irish Sea but his squadron was much too small to stop the French controlling these waters if they chose to do so."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The French decided not to use their fleet as a subsidiary to the Irish campaign; King Louis XIV instead directed his navy against Torrington in the Channel."}], "Q1268954": [{"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "Background", "says": "Starting in 827, Muslim forces began the conquest of Sicily and from 835, the Aghlabids began campaigning on the Italian mainland."}], "Q1272132": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stones River, also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro, was fought from December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863, in Middle Tennessee, as the culmination of the Stones River Campaign in the Western Theater of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "lead", "says": "Braxton Bragg, but the victory was costly for the Union army."}, {"id": "Q1368292", "label": "Leonidas Polk", "section": "lead", "says": "Hardee, followed by that of Leonidas Polk, overran the wing commanded by Maj."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip Sheridan in the right center of the line prevented a total collapse, and the Union assumed a tight defensive position backing up to the Nashville Turnpike."}], "Q1281436": [{"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mardia, also known as Battle of Campus Mardiensis or Battle of Campus Ardiensis, was fought in late 316/early 317 between the forces of Roman Emperors Constantine I and Licinius."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Its location was probably modern Harmanli (Bulgaria) in Thrace."}, {"id": "Q2530931", "label": "Battle of Cibalae", "section": "Background", "says": "After his crushing defeat at the Battle of Cibalae on October 8, 316 (some historians date it in 314), Licinius fled to Sirmium then further south to Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q311274", "label": "Valerius Valens", "section": "Background", "says": "There he collected a second army, under the command of an officer named Valerius Valens whom he raised to the rank of augustus."}], "Q1322760": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the last stages of the Battle of Hakodate during the Boshin War, and occurred near Hakodate in the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido."}], "Q13368710": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 May 2013, violent disturbances broke out in Husby, a suburb dominated by immigrants and second-generation immigrant residents, including a substantial number from Somalia, Eritrea, Afghanistan and Iraq, in northern Stockholm, Sweden."}], "Q134142": [{"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Intervention to Korea (French: Expédition française en Corée, Korean: 병인양요) was an 1866 punitive expedition undertaken by the Second French Empire against Joseon Korea in retaliation for the execution of seven French Catholic missionaries."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "In contemporary South Korea it is known as the Byeongin yangyo, or \"Western disturbance of the byeongin year\"."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Through Korean envoy missions to the Qing court in the 18th century, foreign ideas, including Christianity, began to enter Korea and by the late 18th century Korea had its first native Christians."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "This was done illegally, either via the China–North Korea border or the Yellow Sea."}, {"id": "Q469432", "label": "Heungseon Daewongun", "section": "Background", "says": "The new king's father, Yi Ha-ung, a wily and ambitious man in his early forties, was given the traditional title of the unreigning father of a king: Heungseon Daewongun, or \"Prince of the Great Court\"."}], "Q13553978": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Ramla (or Ramleh) took place in the Levant on 17 May 1102 between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Ramla (or Ramleh) took place in the Levant on 17 May 1102 between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Ramla lay on the road from Jerusalem to Ascalon, the latter of which was the largest Fatimid fortress in Palestine."}, {"id": "Q551601", "label": "Al-Afdal Shahanshah", "section": "Background", "says": "From Ascalon the Fatimid vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, launched almost annual attacks into the newly founded Crusader kingdom from 1099 to 1107."}], "Q1358032": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandepu (also known as the Battle of Heikoutai) (Japanese: 黒溝台会戦 (Kokkōdai no kaisen), Russian: Сражение при Сандепу) was a major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q920679", "label": "Battle of Shaho", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Shaho, the Russian and Japanese forces faced each other south of Mukden until the frozen Manchurian winter began."}, {"id": "Q527156", "label": "Alexei Kuropatkin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian commander, General Aleksey Kuropatkin was receiving reinforcements via the Trans-Siberian Railway but was concerned about the impending arrival of the battle-hardened Japanese Third Army under General Nogi Maresuke to the front after the fall of Port Arthur on 2 January 1905."}, {"id": "Q468122", "label": "Nogi Maresuke", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian commander, General Aleksey Kuropatkin was receiving reinforcements via the Trans-Siberian Railway but was concerned about the impending arrival of the battle-hardened Japanese Third Army under General Nogi Maresuke to the front after the fall of Port Arthur on 2 January 1905."}, {"id": "Q888207", "label": "Nikolai Linevich", "section": "Background", "says": "General Nikolai Linevich had joined Kuropatkin’s staff at Mukden from Vladivostok to command the 1st Manchurian Army and Kuropatkin’s left flank."}], "Q13650248": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire conquered the Qara Khitai (Western Liao Empire) in the year 1218 AD."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the invasion, war with the Khwarazmian Empire and the usurpation of power by the Naiman prince Kuchlug had weakened the Qara Khitai."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "When Kuchlug besieged Almaliq, a city belonging to the Karluks, vassals of the Mongol Empire, and killed their ruler Ozar, who was a grandson-in-law to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan dispatched a force under command of Jebe and Barchuk to pursue Kuchlug."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After his force of over 30,000 was defeated by Jebe at the Khitan capital Balasagun, Kuchlug faced rebellions over his unpopular rule, forcing him to flee to modern Afghanistan, where he was captured by hunters in 1218."}, {"id": "Q860152", "label": "Yelü Zhilugu", "section": "Background", "says": "The Gurkhan Yelü Zhilugu welcomed Kuchlug into his empire, and Kuchlug became an advisor and military commander, eventually marrying one of the daughters of Zhilugu."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Originally a Nestorian, once among the Khitai Kuchlug converted to Buddhism and began persecuting the Muslim majority, forcing them to convert to either Buddhism or Christianity, a move which alienated Kuchlug from most of the population."}], "Q1366089": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Henry was fought on February 6, 1862, in Stewart County, Tennessee, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q505219", "label": "Andrew Hull Foote", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 4 and 5, Grant landed two divisions just north of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. (The troops serving under Grant were the nucleus of the Union's successful Army of the Tennessee, although that name was not yet in use.) Grant's plan was to advance upon the fort on February 6 while it was being simultaneously attacked by Union gunboats commanded by Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote."}, {"id": "Q601359", "label": "Battle of Fort Donelson", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 12, Grant's army proceeded overland 12 miles (19 km) to engage with Confederate troops in the Battle of Fort Donelson."}, {"id": "Q1368292", "label": "Leonidas Polk", "section": "Background", "says": "Leonidas Polk, occupied Columbus, Kentucky, which overlooked strong defensive bluffs, to defend the Mississippi from Federal offensive action and was the terminus of the Memphis & Ohio railroad, which in turn leads southwards to the extremely important Charleston & Memphis railroad."}, {"id": "Q361140", "label": "Albert Sidney Johnston", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1862, a single general, Albert Sidney Johnston, commanded all the Confederate forces from Arkansas to the Cumberland Gap, but his forces were spread too thinly over a wide defensive line."}, {"id": "Q638962", "label": "Simon Bolivar Buckner", "section": "Background", "says": "Simon Bolivar Buckner, in Bowling Green, Kentucky, with 4,000 men; the center consisted of two forts, Forts Henry and Donelson, under the command of Brig."}, {"id": "Q2631722", "label": "David Hunter", "section": "Background", "says": "David Hunter; the Department of Missouri, under Maj."}, {"id": "Q724339", "label": "Don Carlos Buell", "section": "Background", "says": "Don Carlos Buell."}], "Q1367731": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saudi–Yemeni war (Arabic: الحرب السعودية اليمنية) was a war between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Kingdom of Yemen in 1934."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saudi–Yemeni war (Arabic: الحرب السعودية اليمنية) was a war between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Kingdom of Yemen in 1934."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1934, at the start of the war, the Yemen Government and the British representative in Aden made a \"treaty of friendship\", which resolved some of the disputes between Yemen and Britain over Aden and the border between Yemen and the Aden Protectorate, and under which the British guaranteed the independence of Yemen for forty years."}], "Q1369423": [{"id": "Q1360064", "label": "Michigan Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Toledo War (1835–1836), also known as the Michigan–Ohio War or Ohio–Michigan War, was a boundary dispute between the state of Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory over the Toledo Strip."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Michigan government was facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President Andrew Jackson, so it convened what was called the \"Frostbitten Convention\" to accept the compromise and resolve the Toledo War."}, {"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1787, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which created the Northwest Territory in what is now the upper Midwestern United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1787, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which created the Northwest Territory in what is now the upper Midwestern United States."}, {"id": "Q11816", "label": "John Quincy Adams", "section": "Prelude to conflict", "says": "Former United States President John Quincy Adams, who at the time represented Massachusetts in Congress, backed Mich"}], "Q1388058": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Magersfontein ( MAH-khərss-fon-tayn) was fought on 11 December 1899, at Magersfontein, near Kimberley, South Africa, on the borders of the Cape Colony and the independent republic of the Orange Free State (now in Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Northern Cape)."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Magersfontein ( MAH-khərss-fon-tayn) was fought on 11 December 1899, at Magersfontein, near Kimberley, South Africa, on the borders of the Cape Colony and the independent republic of the Orange Free State (now in Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Northern Cape)."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Magersfontein ( MAH-khərss-fon-tayn) was fought on 11 December 1899, at Magersfontein, near Kimberley, South Africa, on the borders of the Cape Colony and the independent republic of the Orange Free State (now in Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Northern Cape)."}, {"id": "Q2237713", "label": "Battle of Paardeberg", "section": "lead", "says": "He subsequently lifted the siege of Kimberley and forced Cronje to surrender at the Battle of Paardeberg."}, {"id": "Q726293", "label": "Redvers Buller", "section": "Background", "says": "Substantial British reinforcements (an army corps under General Redvers Buller) arrived in South Africa and were dispersed to three main fronts."}], "Q1628057": [{"id": "Q727321", "label": "Pedro de Ampudia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Monterrey (September 21–24, 1846) during the Mexican–American War, General Pedro de Ampudia and the Mexican Army of the North was defeated by the Army of Occupation, a force of United States Regulars, Volunteers, and Texas Rangers under the command of General Zachary Taylor."}, {"id": "Q11896", "label": "Zachary Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Monterrey (September 21–24, 1846) during the Mexican–American War, General Pedro de Ampudia and the Mexican Army of the North was defeated by the Army of Occupation, a force of United States Regulars, Volunteers, and Texas Rangers under the command of General Zachary Taylor."}, {"id": "Q431576", "label": "Mariano Arista", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande on 18 May, while in early June, Mariano Arista turned over command of what remained of his army, 2,638 men, to Francisco Mejia, who led them to Monterrey."}], "Q1635328": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Four Days of Naples (Italian: Quattro giornate di Napoli) was an uprising in Naples, Italy, against Nazi German occupation forces from 27 September to 30 September 1943, immediately prior to the arrival of Allied forces in Naples on 1 October during World War II."}], "Q16362506": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian Crusade was a series of campaigns by the Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order under the pretext of forcibly Christianizing the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q196409", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "They first conquered other neighboring Baltic tribes—proto-Latvians (Curonians, Semigallians, Latgalians, Selonians) and Old Prussians—in the Livonian Crusade and Prussian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q2665664", "label": "Prussian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "They first conquered other neighboring Baltic tribes—proto-Latvians (Curonians, Semigallians, Latgalians, Selonians) and Old Prussians—in the Livonian Crusade and Prussian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The grand duchy finally converted to Christianity in 1386, when Grand Duke Jogaila accepted baptism from Poland before his wedding to reigning Queen Jadwiga and coronation as king of Poland."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuania and its new ally, Poland, defeated the order in the decisive Battle of Grunwald in 1410, which is often cited as the end of the Lithuanian Crusade and the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War."}, {"id": "Q937255", "label": "Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuania and its new ally, Poland, defeated the order in the decisive Battle of Grunwald in 1410, which is often cited as the end of the Lithuanian Crusade and the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War."}, {"id": "Q693964", "label": "Treaty of Melno", "section": "lead", "says": "The final peace was reached by the Treaty of Melno (1422), ending 225 years of warfare."}, {"id": "Q188411", "label": "Bernard of Clairvaux", "section": "Background", "says": "Bernard of Clairvaux wrote to the Knights Templar in the Levant that the killing of pagans was also justified: \"The Christian glories in the death of the pagan, because Christ is glorified.\" Only in the 15th century, with the Council of Constance, would that view be contested and a discussion on the rights of pagans begun."}, {"id": "Q242436", "label": "Mindaugas", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuania itself accepted various religions—during the reign of kings Mindaugas and Gediminas, Franciscan and Dominican monasteries had already been established in Lithuania with Lithuanian monks."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "Background", "says": "In his letters to the pope, Gediminas complained that crusaders destroyed Christian churches to have a pretext for war."}, {"id": "Q53460", "label": "Konrad I of Masovia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Teutonic Order was given land near Toruń in the 1220s by Konrad I of Masovia, bringing the crusaders closer to Lithuanian lands."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "Background", "says": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, founded in 1202, began campaigns to expand into the area."}, {"id": "Q2458532", "label": "Terra Mariana", "section": "Background", "says": "Through the Livonian Crusade, they conquered the Terra Mariana that bordered Lithuanian Samogitia, which increased conflicts."}, {"id": "Q853754", "label": "Battle of Saule", "section": "Background", "says": "Those conflicts reached their apex in 1236 with the Battle of Saule near Šiauliai—the Livonian Brothers of the Sword suffered a disastrous defeat."}], "Q1636800": [{"id": "Q702176", "label": "Battle of the Mediterranean", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Spada (Battaglia di Capo Spada) was a naval battle between the Royal Navy and the Regia Marina during the Battle of the Mediterranean in the second World War."}], "Q1637986": [{"id": "Q385604", "label": "Battle of Dara", "section": "Background", "says": "In spring 530, the Persian attack in Mesopotamia met with defeat at the Battle of Dara."}], "Q1671704": [{"id": "Q587983", "label": "Battle of Corinth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nemea of 394 BC, also known in ancient Athens as the Battle of Corinth, was a battle in the Corinthian War, between Sparta and the coalition of Argos, Athens, Corinth, and Thebes."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nemea of 394 BC, also known in ancient Athens as the Battle of Corinth, was a battle in the Corinthian War, between Sparta and the coalition of Argos, Athens, Corinth, and Thebes."}, {"id": "Q2118879", "label": "Battle of Haliartus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hostilities in the Corinthian War began in 395 BC with raiding in northwestern Greece, eventually leading to a clash between Sparta and Thebes at the Battle of Haliartus, a Theban victory."}], "Q168442": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Spanish War of 1625–1630 was fought between Spain and England, with the Dutch Republic and Scotland participating on the English side."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "An offshoot of the Eighty Years' War between the Dutch and Spanish, the conflict's battles consisted of a mixture of land and naval engagements."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It also increased divisions between the Parliament of England and the English monarchy, which would ultimately result in the First English Civil War in 1642."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "European policy in this period was dominated by the outbreak of the Thirty Years War within the Holy Roman Empire in 1618, and renewal of the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic in 1622."}, {"id": "Q57195", "label": "Frederick V of the Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Thirty Years War began when the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate accepted the Crown of Bohemia, replacing Ferdinand II, Catholic heir to the Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1619, Frederick was ousted from Bohemia, while Spanish troops occupied his hereditary lands of the Electoral Palatinate, in preparation for renewing their war with the Dutch."}, {"id": "Q79972", "label": "James VI and I", "section": "Background", "says": "Since Frederick was the son-in-law of James VI and I, king of Scotland and England with his son Charles, Prince of Wales as his heir."}], "Q1704268": [{"id": "Q188684", "label": "Edmund II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended in victory for the Danes, led by King Cnut, who triumphed over an English army led by King Edmund Ironside."}, {"id": "Q183499", "label": "Æthelred the Unready", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 23 April 1016, King Æthelred the Unready died from an illness that he had been suffering from since the previous year."}], "Q1738188": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Abydos was an Athenian naval victory in the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q354403", "label": "Thrasybulus", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the Spartan fleet, under Mindarus, attempted to rescue a small allied fleet that had been driven ashore at Dardanus, but was attacked by the Athenian fleet, under Thrasybulus."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting was evenly contested for a great length of time, but towards evening, the arrival of Alcibiades with Athenian reinforcements tipped the balance in favor of the Athenians, and the Peloponnesians were forced to flee back to their base at Abydos, suffering heavy losses along the way."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Xenophon reports that he was trapped at Rhoeteum, while Diodorus Siculus reports the location as Dardanus; Donald Kagan suggests that Dorieus was driven ashore at Rhoeteum, then managed to advance a little farther towards Abydos before being trapped a second time at Dardanus."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Xenophon reports that he was trapped at Rhoeteum, while Diodorus Siculus reports the location as Dardanus; Donald Kagan suggests that Dorieus was driven ashore at Rhoeteum, then managed to advance a little farther towards Abydos before being trapped a second time at Dardanus."}, {"id": "Q469761", "label": "Donald Kagan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Xenophon reports that he was trapped at Rhoeteum, while Diodorus Siculus reports the location as Dardanus; Donald Kagan suggests that Dorieus was driven ashore at Rhoeteum, then managed to advance a little farther towards Abydos before being trapped a second time at Dardanus."}], "Q1748450": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hedgeley Moor, 25 April 1464, took place during the Wars of the Roses."}], "Q1754459": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Himera River was fought in 311 BC between Carthage and Syracuse near the mouth of the Himera river (the modern Salso river)."}, {"id": "Q313555", "label": "Hanno the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the Great, led the Carthaginians, while the Syracusans were led by Agathocles."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "lead", "says": "Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the Great, led the Carthaginians, while the Syracusans were led by Agathocles."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hamilcar was sent to Sicily with 130 triremes, 2,000 citizen soldiers, 10,000 Libyans, 1,000 mercenaries, 200 Etruscans, and 1,000 Balearic slingers."}], "Q1754785": [{"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Breitenfeld, also known as the First Battle of Leipzig, took place during the Thirty Years' War on 2 November 1642 at Breitenfeld, north-east of Leipzig in Germany."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Breitenfeld, also known as the First Battle of Leipzig, took place during the Thirty Years' War on 2 November 1642 at Breitenfeld, north-east of Leipzig in Germany."}, {"id": "Q316816", "label": "Lennart Torstensson", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish Army commanded by Lennart Torstensson defeated an Imperial Army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy Ottavio Piccolomini."}, {"id": "Q437295", "label": "Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish Army commanded by Lennart Torstensson defeated an Imperial Army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy Ottavio Piccolomini."}, {"id": "Q697963", "label": "Ottavio Piccolomini", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish Army commanded by Lennart Torstensson defeated an Imperial Army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy Ottavio Piccolomini."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Victory allowed the Swedes to occupy and establish a secure base in Leipzig, the second most important town in the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During 1641, the Swedish army narrowly escaped the pursuit by Imperials and Bavarians after its failed attack on the Imperial Diet in Regensburg in January."}, {"id": "Q498046", "label": "Johan Banér", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Its commander Johan Banér lost several thousand men at the battles of Neunburg and Preßnitz until his untimely death at Halberstadt in May."}, {"id": "Q644425", "label": "Franz von Mercy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Because of Kempen, the Westphalian army under Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Bavarians under Franz von Mercy split up from the main Imperial force to contain Guébriant's advance."}, {"id": "Q68163", "label": "Hans Christoff von Königsmarck", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While a mobile force under Hans Christoff von Königsmarck raided westwards towards Quedlinburg as a distraction, Torstensson moved east to Lusatia from where he invaded Silesia."}], "Q175636": [{"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Corbeil was an agreement signed on 11 May 1258, in Corbeil (today Corbeil-Essonnes, in the region of Île-de-France) between Louis IX of France and James I of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Corbeil was an agreement signed on 11 May 1258, in Corbeil (today Corbeil-Essonnes, in the region of Île-de-France) between Louis IX of France and James I of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The French king, as the heir of Charlemagne, renounced the claims of feudal overlordship over the counties historiographically known as the Hispanic March, that is the part of the March of Gothia which remained within the geographical area known from the 12th century onwards as Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q1334322", "label": "County of Toulouse", "section": "lead", "says": "James I renounced claims to Fenouillet-du-Razès and Peyrepertuse, with the castle of Puilaurens, the castle of Fenouillet, the Castellfisel, the castle of Peyrepertuse and the castle of Quéribus; moreover he renounced his feudal overlordship over Toulouse, Saint Gilles, Quercy, Narbonne, Albi, Carcassonne (part of the County of Toulouse since 1213), Razès, Béziers, Lauragais, Termes and Ménerbes ("}, {"id": "Q1481436", "label": "County of Foix", "section": "lead", "says": "James I refused to renounce feudal rights over the County of Foix, initially included in the treaty, when he ratified the document on 16 July 1258, on the grounds that it was not under the overlordship of the king of France."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "lead", "says": "According to this treaty the daughter of James I, Isabella, would marry Philip, son of Louis IX."}, {"id": "Q2991382", "label": "County of Provence", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 July, the Aragonese king renounced his hereditary rights to the County of Provence (then an imperial fief) in favor of Margaret, daughter of his uncle Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (died in 1245) and wife of the French king."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 July, the Aragonese king renounced his hereditary rights to the County of Provence (then an imperial fief) in favor of Margaret, daughter of his uncle Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (died in 1245) and wife of the French king."}, {"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "A secondary effect is that it allowed the transfer of Provence to the Capetian House of Anjou, and after extinction of that house, its incorporation into France."}], "Q1760784": [{"id": "Q735719", "label": "Devlet I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought near the village of Molodi, circa 50 km (31 mi) south of Moscow, in July–August 1572 between the 120,000 horde of Devlet I Giray of Crimea and about 60,000–70,000 Russians and Cossacks led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Tsardom of Russia was involved in the Livonian War, the Crimean khan hoped to make profit from the weakness of its southern borders."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Tsardom of Russia was involved in the Livonian War, the Crimean khan hoped to make profit from the weakness of its southern borders."}, {"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the course of three expeditions, Devlet I Giray devastated South Russia and even sacked and set Moscow on fire in 1571."}], "Q1760930": [{"id": "Q1500631", "label": "Ecuadorian–Peruvian War", "section": "lead", "says": "While Peru felt that the matter was already decided in the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941, Ecuador claimed that the Rio de Janeiro Protocol was not executable because a 78 km section of the border was not precisely defined."}, {"id": "Q2337340", "label": "Cenepa War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the incident, both sides increased their military presence along the Cordillera del Cóndor area and Cenepa Valley, starting an escalating spiral of tension and provocation that finally resulted in another military confrontation in 1995, the Cenepa War."}, {"id": "Q1801868", "label": "Rio Protocol", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Violence occurred most of the time around January, which coincides with the month that the Rio Protocol was signed."}, {"id": "Q709244", "label": "Jaime Roldos Aquilera", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In the book \"Paquisha, all the truth\" by the Ecuadorian writer Claudio Mena, said author maintains that the Ecuadorian president Jaime Roldós Aguilera had planned to inaugurate on February 12 those surveillance posts that Ecuador had installed in Peruvian territory to show the world that this territory was \"Ecuadorian soil\"\nHowever, in 1998, Ecuador recognized the authenticity and validity of the "}], "Q17627724": [{"id": "Q17306873", "label": "Viktor Muzhenko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chief of the General Staff and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Viktor Muzhenko, stated on 26 August 2016 that the cause of the battle's outcome was the involvement of Russian troops, along with Ukrainian commanders' incompetence in the planning of the retreat."}], "Q1763918": [{"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Inca Civil War, also known as the Inca Dynastic War, the Inca War of Succession, or, sometimes, the War of the Two Brothers, was fought between half-brothers Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Capac, over succession to the throne of the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "lead", "says": "The Inca Civil War, also known as the Inca Dynastic War, the Inca War of Succession, or, sometimes, the War of the Two Brothers, was fought between half-brothers Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Capac, over succession to the throne of the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Inca Civil War, also known as the Inca Dynastic War, the Inca War of Succession, or, sometimes, the War of the Two Brothers, was fought between half-brothers Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Capac, over succession to the throne of the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Atahualpa's victory, Spanish forces led by Francisco Pizarro invaded this region."}, {"id": "Q213758", "label": "Pachacútec", "section": "Causes of the division of the empire", "says": "Historian Maria Rostworowski claims that his mother was Tupa Palla from the lineage in Upper Cuzco and the large majority of reliable sources say that Atahualpa was the son of a woman from the panaka of Pachacuti."}], "Q1786470": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle on the Irpin River was a semi-legendary battle between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Principality of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q1483430", "label": "Principality of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle on the Irpin River was a semi-legendary battle between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Principality of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the story, Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, conquered Volhynia before turning his attention to Kiev."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the story, Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, conquered Volhynia before turning his attention to Kiev."}, {"id": "Q1261908", "label": "Principality of Pereyaslavl", "section": "lead", "says": "He was opposed by Prince Stanislav of Kiev allied with the Principality of Pereyaslavl and Bryansk."}, {"id": "Q954356", "label": "Battle of Blue Waters", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuanians gained full control of the city only in 1362 after the Battle of Blue Waters against the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuanians gained full control of the city only in 1362 after the Battle of Blue Waters against the Golden Horde."}], "Q178912": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Vincent on 16–17 January 1780 during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 June 1779 Spain had joined its ally France, which was allied with the United States, in their war with Britain."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Lángara was released on parole; his career did not suffer from the defeat, and he was promoted to lieutenant general by Charles III of Spain."}], "Q1790268": [{"id": "Q1433", "label": "Lucius Verus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (also called the Parthian War of Lucius Verus) was fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q1429", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "section": "Origins to Lucius' dispatch, 161–162", "says": "On his deathbed in the spring of 161, Emperor Antoninus Pius had spoken of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him."}, {"id": "Q342795", "label": "Vologases IV of Parthia", "section": "Origins to Lucius' dispatch, 161–162", "says": "One of those kings, Vologases IV of Parthia, made his move in late summer or early autumn 161."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "Origins to Lucius' dispatch, 161–162", "says": "Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own—Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "Origins to Lucius' dispatch, 161–162", "says": "Marcus Aurelius, who had become emperor on Pius' death on 7 March 161, was unprepared."}, {"id": "Q200929", "label": "Marcus Statius Priscus", "section": "Origins to Lucius' dispatch, 161–162", "says": "Marcus sent Marcus Statius Priscus to replace Severianus as governor of Cappadocia, while Sextus Calpurnius Agricola took Priscus' place as governor of Britain."}], "Q1808375": [{"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Solebay took place on 6 June 1672 New Style, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, near Southwold, Suffolk, in eastern England."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "A Dutch fleet under Michiel de Ruyter attacked a combined Anglo-French force in one of the largest naval battles of the Age of Sail."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1672, both France and England declared war on the Dutch Republic, on the 6 and 7 April respectively."}, {"id": "Q318362", "label": "Johan de Witt", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Johan de Witt, the Dutch Grand Pensionary, still harbored some hope for successful negotiations, especially with the support of influential anti-Catholic English figures such as Sir William Temple and the Earl of Sandwich."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, Louis XIV of France had already revealed his true intentions during a sharp address to the Dutch ambassador, Pieter de Groot, at the New Year's reception at his court."}, {"id": "Q331740", "label": "Raid on the Medway", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Dutch had hoped to repeat the success of the Raid on the Medway and a frigate squadron under Van Ghent sailed up the Thames in May but discovered that Sheerness Fort was now too well prepared to pass."}], "Q18353917": [{"id": "Q354990", "label": "Aulus Hirtius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mutina took place on 21 April 43 BC between the forces loyal to the Senate under consuls Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, supported by the forces of Caesar Octavian, versus the forces of Mark Antony which were besieging the troops of Decimus Brutus."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mutina took place on 21 April 43 BC between the forces loyal to the Senate under consuls Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, supported by the forces of Caesar Octavian, versus the forces of Mark Antony which were besieging the troops of Decimus Brutus."}, {"id": "Q1003174", "label": "Battle of Forum Gallorum", "section": "lead", "says": "Six days earlier, the Battle of Forum Gallorum had ended with heavy losses on both sides and the mortal wounding of consul Pansa."}, {"id": "Q741777", "label": "War of Mutina", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle brought the brief War of Mutina to a victorious end for the Republicans allied with Caesar Octavian, but the situation would change completely the following autumn with the formation of the Second Triumvirate of Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus."}, {"id": "Q294846", "label": "Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the War of Mutina in December 44 BC, Mark Antony besieged Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus – the governor of Cisalpine Gaul – in Mutina in an attempt to force him to surrender the province to him in accordance with an illegal law he had passed earlier that year in June."}], "Q1850527": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baltimore took place between British and American forces on September 12–14, 1814, during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q1538405", "label": "Robert Ross", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Americans were tactically defeated and forced to retreat, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted significant casualties on the British including the commanding general Robert Ross, halted their advance, and allowed the defenders at Baltimore to prepare for an attack."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The resistance of Baltimore's Fort McHenry during bombardment by the Royal Navy inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", which later became the lyrics for \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" the national anthem of the United States."}, {"id": "Q12325", "label": "James Buchanan", "section": "lead", "says": "Future U.S. president James Buchanan served as a private in the defense of Baltimore."}, {"id": "Q660384", "label": "Mississippi Territory", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Mississippi Territory, in an area in modern central Alabama, General Andrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Mississippi Territory, in an area in modern central Alabama, General Andrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814."}, {"id": "Q1785910", "label": "Battle of Horseshoe Bend", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Mississippi Territory, in an area in modern central Alabama, General Andrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of Napoleon in early 1814, the British adopted a more aggressive strategy, intended to compel the United States to negotiate a peace that restored the pre-war status quo."}], "Q1850800": [{"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Saintes (known to the French as the Bataille de la Dominique), also known as the Battle of Dominica, was fought between the British and French navies on 9–12 April 1782 off Dominica during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Saintes (known to the French as the Bataille de la Dominique), also known as the Battle of Dominica, was fought between the British and French navies on 9–12 April 1782 off Dominica during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q197627", "label": "François Joseph Paul de Grasse", "section": "lead", "says": "A British fleet under Admiral of the White Sir George Rodney defeated a French fleet under Lieutenant général des armées navales François Joseph Paul de Grasse, forcing France and Spain to abandon a planned invasion of Britain's colony of Jamaica."}], "Q186107": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In the broader military context, this battle constitutes a keystone in the first campaign in southwestern Germany during the Wars of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second battle between the French Army of the Danube, commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, and the Habsburg Army under Archduke Charles; the armies had met a few days earlier, 20–22 March, on the marshy fields southeast of Ostrach and the Pfullendorf heights."}, {"id": "Q506328", "label": "Dominique Vandamme", "section": "lead", "says": "When a small French force commanded by Dominique Vandamme nearly flanked the Austrian Army, Charles's personal intervention was crucial for the Austrians, buying time for reinforcements to arrive."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the First Coalition forces achieved several initial victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz, Amberg and Würzburg, the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben (17 April 1797) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797)."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1799, the French Directory had become impatient with stalling tactics employed by Austria."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "The uprising in Naples raised further alarms, and recent gains in Switzerland suggested the timing was fortuitous to venture on another campaign in northern Italy and southwestern Germany."}], "Q188322": [{"id": "Q311598", "label": "Hasdrubal the Fair", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ebro Treaty was a treaty signed in 226 BC by Hasdrubal the Fair of Carthage and the Roman Republic, which fixed the river Ebro in Iberia as the boundary between the two respective powers."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ebro Treaty was a treaty signed in 226 BC by Hasdrubal the Fair of Carthage and the Roman Republic, which fixed the river Ebro in Iberia as the boundary between the two respective powers."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "Polybius states that the Carthaginian general Hannibal had been looking for a pretext for war and that the Roman alliance with a town south of the river, contravening the treaty, provided the justification."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Polybius states that the Carthaginian general Hannibal had been looking for a pretext for war and that the Roman alliance with a town south of the river, contravening the treaty, provided the justification."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginians are said to have compared this treaty to the one made between Catulus and Hamilcar Barca in 241 BC."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman envoys did not accept this argument, and war was declared in 218 BC, leading to the Second Punic War, which would last until 201 BC."}], "Q1886703": [{"id": "Q857110", "label": "Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a Roman victory, obtained by consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus."}, {"id": "Q361194", "label": "Hannibal Gisko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginian commander Hannibal Gisco was crucified or stoned to death by his mutinying army."}], "Q1887681": [{"id": "Q1249270", "label": "Third Sacred War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crocus Field (Krokion pedion) (353 BC or 352 BC) was a battle in the Third Sacred War, fought between the armies of Phocis, under Onomarchos, and the combined Thessalian and Macedonian army under Philip II of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crocus Field (Krokion pedion) (353 BC or 352 BC) was a battle in the Third Sacred War, fought between the armies of Phocis, under Onomarchos, and the combined Thessalian and Macedonian army under Philip II of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip's victory secured his appointment as ruler of Thessaly, marking an important step in the rise of Macedon to political ascendancy in Ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip's victory secured his appointment as ruler of Thessaly, marking an important step in the rise of Macedon to political ascendancy in Ancient Greece."}], "Q1894062": [{"id": "Q158246", "label": "Conradin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tagliacozzo was fought on 23 August 1268 between the Ghibelline supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen and the Guelph army of Charles of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "The resulting struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire split the loyalties of many Italians and led to factionalism, the resulting factions being termed the Guelphs and Ghibellines."}, {"id": "Q172928", "label": "Clement IV", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "Pope Clement IV, continuing the policy of his predecessor Pope Urban IV, was determined to check Manfred's growing power."}, {"id": "Q169305", "label": "Urban IV", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "Pope Clement IV, continuing the policy of his predecessor Pope Urban IV, was determined to check Manfred's growing power."}, {"id": "Q283062", "label": "Battle of Benevento", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "Bolstered by papal resources, which included a crusading tithe granted to combat the \"infidel\" Hohenstaufen, Charles entered Italy in 1265 and defeated and killed Manfred the next year at the Battle of Benevento, and began to establish himself as King of Sicily."}], "Q1933729": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Czechoslovak-Polish War, widely known in Czech sources as the Seven-Day War (Czech: Sedmidenní válka) was a military confrontation between Czechoslovakia and Poland over the territory of Cieszyn Silesia in early 1919."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The bulk of the Polish army was engaged in the Polish–Ukrainian War at the time, and the Polish forces faced a numerically superior and better equipped Czech Army in Cieszyn Silesia."}, {"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Cieszyn Silesia or the Duchy of Teschen (Polish: Cieszyn and Czech: Těšín) was a small area in south-eastern Silesia, one of the Duchies of Silesia after the feudal fragmentation of the earlier Duchy of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Cieszyn Silesia or the Duchy of Teschen (Polish: Cieszyn and Czech: Těšín) was a small area in south-eastern Silesia, one of the Duchies of Silesia after the feudal fragmentation of the earlier Duchy of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duchy had been suzerain to the Kingdom of Bohemia, part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown beginning in 1335."}, {"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duchy had been suzerain to the Kingdom of Bohemia, part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown beginning in 1335."}], "Q19362904": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 February 2015, Boris Nemtsov, a Russian politician opposed to the government of Vladimir Putin, was assassinated as he crossed the Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge in central Moscow at 23:31 local time."}], "Q1964075": [{"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1303 Treaty of Paris was a peace treaty between King Edward I of England and Philip IV of France that ended the 1294–1303 Gascon War."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1303 Treaty of Paris was a peace treaty between King Edward I of England and Philip IV of France that ended the 1294–1303 Gascon War."}, {"id": "Q16533921", "label": "Gascon War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1303 Treaty of Paris was a peace treaty between King Edward I of England and Philip IV of France that ended the 1294–1303 Gascon War."}, {"id": "Q676068", "label": "War of Saint-Sardos", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed at Paris on 20 May 1303, largely provided for a return to the status quo ante, and maintained peace between the two realms until the 1324 War of Saint-Sardos."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Henry II and his wife Eleanor, this swelled into what has become known as the Angevin Empire."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Henry II and his wife Eleanor, this swelled into what has become known as the Angevin Empire."}, {"id": "Q134646", "label": "Boniface VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "Revolts in Scotland and in Flanders led both kings to accept mediation under nuncios of Pope Boniface VIII, leading to the 1299 treaties of Montreuil and Chartres."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward married Philip's sister Margaret the same year."}, {"id": "Q1237622", "label": "Henry de Lacy", "section": "Background", "says": "Negotiations for a final treaty were made on behalf of Edward I by Amanieu VII, lord of Albret; Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke; John of Pontoise, bishop of Winchester; Amadeus V, count of Savoy; Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln; and Otto de Grandson, lord of the Isles."}, {"id": "Q333306", "label": "Robert II", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip's envoys included his brother Louis, count of Évreux; Robert II, duke of Burgundy; John II, duke of Brittany; and his chamberlain Pierre de Chambly."}], "Q1970005": [{"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "lead", "says": "The road and railway through Keren were the main routes to the colonial capital of Italian Eritrea at Asmara and the Red Sea port of Massawa, which surrendered to the British after the battle."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "Background", "says": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan shared a 1,600 km (1,000 mi) border with Italian East Africa."}, {"id": "Q2534481", "label": "Frank Messervy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Gazelle Force (Colonel Frank Messervy) was formed on 16 October, as a mobile unit to raid Italian territory and delay an Italian advance."}], "Q2007212": [{"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Otlukbeli was fought between the Aq Qoyunlu and the Ottoman Empire on 11 August 1473."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Otlukbeli was fought between the Aq Qoyunlu and the Ottoman Empire on 11 August 1473."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "In autumn of 1463, the Republic of Venice opened negotiations with Uzun Hasan."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "Background", "says": "In autumn of 1463, the Republic of Venice opened negotiations with Uzun Hasan."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "Background", "says": "These tribes were not subdued for the next fifty years, and from time to time rose in revolt around pretenders to the throne of Karamanids."}, {"id": "Q213638", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "section": "Background", "says": "Uzun Hasan formed alliance with the Venetians and established contacts with the Knights of Rhodes, Kingdom of Cyprus and the Bey of Alaiye."}], "Q2026016": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cartwheel (1943–1944) was a major military operation undertaken by the Allies in the Pacific theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was directed by the Supreme Allied Commander in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), General Douglas MacArthur, whose forces had advanced along the northeast coast of New Guinea and occupied nearby islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "US forces from the South Pacific Area, under Admiral William Halsey, advanced through the Solomon Islands toward Bougainville."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied forces from Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and various Pacific Islands took part in the operation."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied forces from Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and various Pacific Islands took part in the operation."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "Japanese forces had captured Rabaul, on the island of New Britain in the Territory of New Guinea, from Australian forces in February 1942."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshall, whose main goal was for the US to concentrate its efforts against Nazi Germany in Europe and not against the Japanese in the Pacific, proposed a compromise in which the drive towards Rabaul would be divided into three stages; the first under Navy command, and the latter two under MacArthur's direction and the control of the Army."}, {"id": "Q1753578", "label": "Battle of the Bismarck Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "MacArthur's air forces countered in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea from 2–5 March 1943."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "Background", "says": "The disastrous losses suffered by the Japanese prompted Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to initiate Operation I-Go, a protracted series of air attacks against Allied airfields and shipping at both Guadalcanal and New Guinea, during which Japanese naval air strength was significantly attrited."}, {"id": "Q717561", "label": "Operation I-Go", "section": "Background", "says": "The disastrous losses suffered by the Japanese prompted Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to initiate Operation I-Go, a protracted series of air attacks against Allied airfields and shipping at both Guadalcanal and New Guinea, during which Japanese naval air strength was significantly attrited."}], "Q2060419": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), fought 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Madrid, was a Republican attempt to alleviate the pressure exerted by the Nationalists on the capital and on the north during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Furthermore, assistance from the Soviet Union had decreased due to the successful blockade of Republican ports by the Nationalists."}, {"id": "Q312757", "label": "Juan Negrín", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Prime Minister Juan Negrín needed to convince the French Premier Camille Chautemps that the Spanish Republic was still capable of military action after the disastrous losses of Málaga and Bilbao."}], "Q2066129": [{"id": "Q2524228", "label": "Italian War of 1551–1559", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Quentin of 1557 was a decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Empire, at Saint-Quentin in Picardy."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Quentin of 1557 was a decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Empire, at Saint-Quentin in Picardy."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Quentin of 1557 was a decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Empire, at Saint-Quentin in Picardy."}], "Q2081944": [{"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aqaba was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aqaba was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Lawrence (\"Lawrence of Arabia\"), were victorious over the Ottoman Empire defenders."}], "Q2919552": [{"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1386 and 1403, the Timurid Empire invaded the Kingdom of Georgia in the Caucasus eight times."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1386 and 1403, the Timurid Empire invaded the Kingdom of Georgia in the Caucasus eight times."}], "Q2975313": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1820–1823 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1820 to 1823."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1820–1823 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1820 to 1823."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman-Iranian War that began in 1820 was also part of a series of wars between the two empires, which was attributed to the influences of foreign powers, particularly Great Britain and the Russian Empire."}], "Q2991800": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria was a conflict beginning in 967/968 and ending in 971, carried out in the eastern Balkans, and involving the Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Both states prospered during this interlude, but the balance of power gradually shifted in favour of the Byzantines, who made great territorial gains against the Abbasid Caliphate in the east and formed a web of alliances surrounding Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "lead", "says": "By 965/966, the warlike new Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas refused to renew the annual tribute that was part of the peace agreement and declared war on Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "lead", "says": "After stopping a Rus' advance through Thrace at the Battle of Arcadiopolis in 970, the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes led an army north into Bulgaria in 971 and captured Preslav, the capital."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By the beginning of the 10th century, two powers had come to dominate the Balkans: the Byzantine Empire controlled the south of the peninsula and the coasts, and the Bulgarian Empire held the central and northern Balkans."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "Simeon's second son and successor, Peter I (r."}, {"id": "Q41646", "label": "Romanos I Lekapenos", "section": "Background", "says": "927–969), married Maria, the granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos (r."}, {"id": "Q2632670", "label": "John Kourkouas", "section": "Background", "says": "Byzantium used the peace to focus its energy on wars against the Abbasid Caliphate in the East, where a series of campaigns under generals John Kourkouas and Nikephoros Phokas greatly expanded imperial territory."}], "Q30070166": [{"id": "Q310247", "label": "Mohammed Daoud Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1973 Afghan coup d'état, locally known as the Coup of 26 Saratan, The National Revolution and self-proclaimed as the Revolution of 26 Saratan 1352, was led by Army General and prince Mohammad Daoud Khan against his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, on 17 July 1973, which resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan under a one-party system led by Daoud Khan."}, {"id": "Q152265", "label": "Mohammed Zahir Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1973 Afghan coup d'état, locally known as the Coup of 26 Saratan, The National Revolution and self-proclaimed as the Revolution of 26 Saratan 1352, was led by Army General and prince Mohammad Daoud Khan against his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, on 17 July 1973, which resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan under a one-party system led by Daoud Khan."}, {"id": "Q1415128", "label": "Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1973 Afghan coup d'état, locally known as the Coup of 26 Saratan, The National Revolution and self-proclaimed as the Revolution of 26 Saratan 1352, was led by Army General and prince Mohammad Daoud Khan against his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, on 17 July 1973, which resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan under a one-party system led by Daoud Khan."}, {"id": "Q2282006", "label": "Abdul Qadir Dagarwal", "section": "lead", "says": "Daoud Khan was assisted by army officers and civil servants from the Parcham faction of the PDPA, including Air Force colonel Abdul Qadir."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "More than two centuries of royal rule (since the founding of the Durrani Empire in 1747) ended with the coup."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Daoud Khan would himself be overthrown and executed by the PDPA in the Saur Revolution of 1978."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup itself would also kickstart decades of conflict and turmoil in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Some believe the King did this on purpose because of Daoud Khan's strong pro-Pashtunistan views, which he deemed too radical, and which had led to political rifts with Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "A possible involvement of the Soviet Union in the coup has also been debated."}], "Q3113157": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the rioting was widely reported around the United States at the time, few official records documented it."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Tens of thousands of people moved to the North during and after World War I in the Great Migration, unsettling labor markets and introducing more rapid changes into cities."}], "Q3118963": [{"id": "Q57452", "label": "François Bozizé", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion began after François Bozizé seized the nation's presidency in 2003."}], "Q3237019": [{"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing under the Qianlong Emperor launched four invasions of Burma between 1765 and 1769, which were considered one of his Ten Great Campaigns."}, {"id": "Q1044456", "label": "Ten Great Campaigns", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing under the Qianlong Emperor launched four invasions of Burma between 1765 and 1769, which were considered one of his Ten Great Campaigns."}, {"id": "Q1395046", "label": "Hsinbyushin", "section": "lead", "says": "After the close call, King Hsinbyushin redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front."}, {"id": "Q3302610", "label": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1752, a new dynasty called Konbaung rose to challenge Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and went on to reunite much of the kingdom by 1758."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1758–59, King Alaungpaya, the founder of the dynasty, sent an expedition to the farther Shan States (present-day Kachin State and northern and eastern Shan State), which had been annexed by the Qing over two decades earlier, to reestablish Burmese authority. (Nearer Shan States had been reacquired since 1754)."}, {"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1758–59, King Alaungpaya, the founder of the dynasty, sent an expedition to the farther Shan States (present-day Kachin State and northern and eastern Shan State), which had been annexed by the Qing over two decades earlier, to reestablish Burmese authority. (Nearer Shan States had been reacquired since 1754)."}], "Q3299864": [{"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aden Emergency, also known as the 14 October Revolution or the Aden Insurgency, was an armed rebellion led mainly by the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) against the British Protectorate and Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aden Emergency, also known as the 14 October Revolution or the Aden Insurgency, was an armed rebellion led mainly by the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) against the British Protectorate and Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "A state of emergency was then declared in the British Crown colony of Aden and its hinterland, the Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The most well-known groups are:\n\nThe National Liberation Front (NLF)\nThe Front for the Liberation of South Yemen (FLOSY)\nThe South Arabian League (SAL)\nThe Organization for the Liberation of the Occupied South (OLOS)\nThe People's Socialist Party (PLP)\nAmong the main players, the SAL was backed by Saudi Arabia, the FLOSY by Egypt and the Aden Trade Unions."}], "Q3312328": [{"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1529."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1529."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand was both the king of Aragon and regent of Castile in 1512."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "lead", "says": "When Pope Julius II declared a Holy League against France in late 1511, Navarre attempted to remain neutral."}, {"id": "Q14043328", "label": "treaty of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Cambrai between Spain and France in 1529 sealed the division of Navarre along the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q2341073", "label": "First Carlist War", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Navarre lost its status as a kingdom at the end of the First Carlist War."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In summer 1510 the international scene took a sharp turn in the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "Then the formerly allied Papal States and France went to war with one another."}, {"id": "Q236902", "label": "Germaine of Foix", "section": "Background", "says": "A month later, Gaston of Foix died, meaning that Ferdinand's wife Germaine of Foix was able to claim the Pyrenean territories of the Albrets."}], "Q3348645": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) were a series of conflicts between the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman Emperor Augustus responded by rapidly developing military infrastructure across Gaul."}, {"id": "Q156778", "label": "Nero Claudius Drusus", "section": "lead", "says": "His general, Nero Claudius Drusus, began building forts along the Rhine in 13 BC and launched a retaliatory campaign across the Rhine in 12 BC."}, {"id": "Q68880", "label": "Arminius", "section": "lead", "says": "During the return trip from his campaign, Varus' army was ambushed and almost destroyed by a Germanic force led by Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest; Arminius was the leader of the Cherusci, had previously fought in the Roman army, and was considered by Rome to be an ally."}, {"id": "Q87779", "label": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman expansion into Germania Magna stopped as a result, and all campaigns immediately after were in retaliation of the Clades Variana (\"Varian Disaster\"), the name used by Roman historians to describe the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, and to prove that Roman military might could still overcome German lands."}, {"id": "Q191039", "label": "Germanicus", "section": "lead", "says": "The last general to lead Roman forces in the region during this time was Germanicus, the adoptive son of Emperor Tiberius, who in AD 16 had launched the final major military expedition by Rome into Germania."}, {"id": "Q316098", "label": "Marcus Velleius Paterculus", "section": "Campaigns before the Clades Variana", "says": "Velleius Paterculus portrays Germany as essentially conquered, and Cassiodorus writing in the 6th century AD asserts that all Germans living between the Elbe and the Rhine had submitted to Roman power."}, {"id": "Q192365", "label": "Cassiodorus", "section": "Campaigns before the Clades Variana", "says": "Velleius Paterculus portrays Germany as essentially conquered, and Cassiodorus writing in the 6th century AD asserts that all Germans living between the Elbe and the Rhine had submitted to Roman power."}, {"id": "Q1234352", "label": "Marcus Vinicius", "section": "Campaigns before the Clades Variana", "says": "Augustus recalled Ahenobarbus to Rome in 2 BC and replaced him with a more seasoned military commander, Marcus Vinicius."}], "Q3358934": [{"id": "Q161334", "label": "Memelland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Klaipėda Revolt took place in January 1923 in the Klaipėda Region (also known as the Memel Territory or Memelland)."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The region, located north of the Neman River, was detached from East Prussia, German Empire by the Treaty of Versailles and became a mandate of the League of Nations."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuania wanted to unite with the region (part of Lithuania Minor) due to its large Lithuanian-speaking population of Prussian Lithuanians and major port of Klaipėda (Memel) – the only viable access to the Baltic Sea for Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The region remained part of Lithuania until March 1939 when it was transferred to Nazi Germany after a German ultimatum."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "Background", "says": "French Prime Minister and chairman of the Paris Peace Conference Georges Clemenceau commented that the Klaipėda Region was not attached to Lithuania because it had not yet received de jure recognition."}], "Q3392743": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monastir took place near the town of Bitola, North Macedonia (then known as Monastir) during the First Balkan War, between Serbian and Ottoman forces from 16 to 19 November 1912."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monastir took place near the town of Bitola, North Macedonia (then known as Monastir) during the First Balkan War, between Serbian and Ottoman forces from 16 to 19 November 1912."}], "Q3436196": [{"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medo-Persian conflict was a campaign led by the Median king Astyages against Persis in the mid 6th-century BCE."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "After some battles the Persians led by Cyrus the Great emerged victorious, subsequently conquering Median territories and establishing the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After some battles the Persians led by Cyrus the Great emerged victorious, subsequently conquering Median territories and establishing the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "lead", "says": "The main sources on the conflict are the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus and two cuneiform inscriptions of the Babylonian king Nabonidus."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "lead", "says": "The main sources on the conflict are the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus and two cuneiform inscriptions of the Babylonian king Nabonidus."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "Background", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar II (r."}], "Q38130629": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Widespread monsoon flooding occurred in the South Asian countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan from July through September 2017."}], "Q385820": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Context", "says": "Following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, France's international prestige was severely damaged, and both Italy and the United Kingdom attempted to reinforce their influence in Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Context", "says": "Following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, France's international prestige was severely damaged, and both Italy and the United Kingdom attempted to reinforce their influence in Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "In order to limit French influence, Wood obtained the reinstatement of Tunisia as a province of the Ottoman Empire in 1871, although the region's autonomy was also guaranteed."}], "Q389540": [{"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poetovio was fought in 388 between the forces of Western Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus and the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius I."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poetovio was fought in 388 between the forces of Western Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus and the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius I."}, {"id": "Q46720", "label": "Valentinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Emperor Valentinian I, his son Gratian, already co-emperor, assumed the role of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire while his other son, Valentinian II, a child of four, was proclaimed Emperor."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Emperor Valentinian I, his son Gratian, already co-emperor, assumed the role of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire while his other son, Valentinian II, a child of four, was proclaimed Emperor."}, {"id": "Q46846", "label": "Valentinian II", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Emperor Valentinian I, his son Gratian, already co-emperor, assumed the role of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire while his other son, Valentinian II, a child of four, was proclaimed Emperor."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 January 379, months following the death of Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople, Gratian appointed Theodosius as Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 January 379, months following the death of Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople, Gratian appointed Theodosius as Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire."}], "Q4098701": [{"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulavin Rebellion (Russian: Булавинское восстание, romanized: Bulavinskoye vosstaniye; Восстание Булавина, Vosstaniye Bulavina) was a war which took place in the years 1707 and 1708 between the Don Cossacks and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulavin Rebellion (Russian: Булавинское восстание, romanized: Bulavinskoye vosstaniye; Восстание Булавина, Vosstaniye Bulavina) was a war which took place in the years 1707 and 1708 between the Don Cossacks and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was triggered by a number of underlying tensions between the Moscow government under Peter I of Russia, the Cossacks, and Russian peasants fleeing from serfdom in Russia to gain freedom in the autonomous  Don area."}, {"id": "Q598570", "label": "Sloboda Ukraine", "section": "Underlying causes", "says": "As Bakhmut's population consisted predominantly of Cossacks from Sloboda Ukraine, in 1703 Peter I appointed Izium colonel Fedir Shydlovskyi to govern the city."}], "Q4120226": [{"id": "Q307393", "label": "Abdul Rahman Arif", "section": "lead", "says": "The 17 July Revolution (Arabic: انقلاب 17 تموز, romanized: inqilāb 17 Tammūz) was a bloodless coup in Iraq in 1968 led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, and Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud that ousted President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Tahir Yahya and brought the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power."}, {"id": "Q1799369", "label": "Tahir Yahya", "section": "lead", "says": "The 17 July Revolution (Arabic: انقلاب 17 تموز, romanized: inqilāb 17 Tammūz) was a bloodless coup in Iraq in 1968 led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, and Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud that ousted President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Tahir Yahya and brought the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power."}, {"id": "Q12219666", "label": "Salih Mahdi Ammash", "section": "lead", "says": "Ba'athists involved in the coup as well as the subsequent purge of the moderate faction led by Naif included Hardan al-Tikriti, Salih Mahdi Ammash, and Saddam Hussein, the future President of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Ba'athists involved in the coup as well as the subsequent purge of the moderate faction led by Naif included Hardan al-Tikriti, Salih Mahdi Ammash, and Saddam Hussein, the future President of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the coup, the new Iraqi government consolidated power by denouncing alleged American and Israeli machinations, publicly executing 14 people including 9 Iraqi Jews on fabricated espionage charges amidst a broader purge, and working to expand Iraq's traditionally close relations with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q149724", "label": "Faisal II of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The 17 July Revolution is not to be confused with the 14 July Revolution, a coup on 14 July 1958, when King Faisal II was overthrown, ending the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq and establishing the Republic of Iraq, or the 8 February 1963 Ramadan Revolution that brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Party to power for the first time as part of a short-lived coalition government that held power for less than one year"}, {"id": "Q2578241", "label": "Ramadan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The 17 July Revolution is not to be confused with the 14 July Revolution, a coup on 14 July 1958, when King Faisal II was overthrown, ending the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq and establishing the Republic of Iraq, or the 8 February 1963 Ramadan Revolution that brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Party to power for the first time as part of a short-lived coalition government that held power for less than one year"}, {"id": "Q307494", "label": "Abdul Salam Arif", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Presidency of Abdul Rahman Arif, who assumed power following the death of his brother Abdul Salam Arif in April 1966, the United States (U.S.) and Iraq developed closer ties than at any point since the 14 July Revolution of 1958."}, {"id": "Q359560", "label": "Walt Whitman Rostow", "section": "Background", "says": "At Arif's request, President Johnson met five Iraqi generals and Iraqi ambassador Nasir Hani in the White House on 25 January 1967, reiterating his \"desire to build an ever closer relationship between [the] two governments.\" According to Johnson's National Security Adviser, Walt Rostow, the United States National Security Council (NSC) even contemplated welcoming Arif on a state visit to the U.S.,"}, {"id": "Q359766", "label": "Adnan Pachachi", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Iraqi Foreign Minister Adnan Pachachi met with a number of U.S. officials to discuss the escalating Middle East crisis on 1 June, including U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN) Arthur Goldberg, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Eugene V."}, {"id": "Q313258", "label": "Dean Rusk", "section": "Background", "says": "Rostow, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and President Johnson himself."}], "Q42161041": [{"id": "Q42103453", "label": "Battle of Kirkuk", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the conflict was the Battle of Kirkuk, when Iraqi forces routed Peshmerga forces from the city in a surprise dawn-offensive, marking the beginning of clashes."}, {"id": "Q315927", "label": "Masoud Barzani", "section": "Background", "says": "The President of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Masoud Barzani, facilitated the Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum in September 2017."}], "Q430572": [{"id": "Q2097266", "label": "Battle of Largs", "section": "lead", "says": "The war consisted of mainly skirmishes and feuds between the kings, and the only major battle was the indecisive Battle of Largs."}, {"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "Background", "says": "Both the Hebrides and the Isle of Man had come under Norwegian influence dating to the reign of King Harald Fairhair of Norway."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Norwegian suzerainty over the Hebrides had been contested since the 1240s, when the Scottish king, Alexander II, began asking King Haakon IV of Norway if he could purchase the islands from him."}, {"id": "Q316039", "label": "Haakon IV of Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "The Norwegian suzerainty over the Hebrides had been contested since the 1240s, when the Scottish king, Alexander II, began asking King Haakon IV of Norway if he could purchase the islands from him."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "When his son, Alexander III, came to power in 1262 by obtaining majority support among the clansmen, he sent Haakon a final request saying that if Haakon did not sell them the islands they would take them by force."}], "Q4337399": [{"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 19, 1774, he sent a letter to Charles III with this matter, saying that peace between them could only be by sea."}], "Q4513932": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin–Ottoman War (Serbian Cyrillic: Црногорско-турски рат, romanized: Crnogorsko-turski rat, \"Montenegrin-Turkish War\"), also known in Montenegro as the Great War (Вељи рат, Velji rat), was fought between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire between 1876 and 1878."}, {"id": "Q779011", "label": "Principality of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin–Ottoman War (Serbian Cyrillic: Црногорско-турски рат, romanized: Crnogorsko-turski rat, \"Montenegrin-Turkish War\"), also known in Montenegro as the Great War (Вељи рат, Velji rat), was fought between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire between 1876 and 1878."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin–Ottoman War (Serbian Cyrillic: Црногорско-турски рат, romanized: Crnogorsko-turski rat, \"Montenegrin-Turkish War\"), also known in Montenegro as the Great War (Вељи рат, Velji rat), was fought between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire between 1876 and 1878."}, {"id": "Q2586933", "label": "Battle of Vučji Do", "section": "lead", "says": "Six major and 27 smaller battles were fought, among which was the crucial Battle of Vučji Do."}], "Q4559693": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (23 January 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talât Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı "}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "lead", "says": "After receiving the permission of Sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in October 1912, Kâmil Pasha engaged in diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q367997", "label": "Kıbrıslı Kamil Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "After receiving the permission of Sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in October 1912, Kâmil Pasha engaged in diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "After receiving the permission of Sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in October 1912, Kâmil Pasha engaged in diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "After receiving the permission of Sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in October 1912, Kâmil Pasha engaged in diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q680301", "label": "Nazim Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Minister of War, Nazım Pasha, was killed and the Grand Vizier, Kâmil Pasha, was forced to resign."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman victory in the Second Balkan War and the recovery of Edirne in the face of pressure by the Entente powers moved the CUP closer to Germany ahead of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman victory in the Second Balkan War and the recovery of Edirne in the face of pressure by the Entente powers moved the CUP closer to Germany ahead of World War I."}, {"id": "Q401411", "label": "Ahmed Muhtar Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike his predecessor Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, who had been non-partisan, Kâmil Pasha was an ardent anti-Unionist and was determined to use his premiership to destroy the CUP."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, an animosity had already been brewing between Kâmil Pasha and the CUP since the 1908 Young Turk Revolution that had started the Second Constitutional Era."}], "Q459325": [{"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Slavic revolt of 983, Polabian Slavs, Wends, Lutici and Obotrite tribes, that lived east of the Elbe River in modern north-east Germany overthrew an assumed Ottonian rule over the Slavic lands and rejected Christianization under Emperor Otto I."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The Slavic peoples between the Elbe and the Baltic coast had been conquered and nominally converted to Christianity in the campaigns of the German king Henry the Fowler and his son Otto I, who in 962 was crowned Holy Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "Background", "says": "The Slavic peoples between the Elbe and the Baltic coast had been conquered and nominally converted to Christianity in the campaigns of the German king Henry the Fowler and his son Otto I, who in 962 was crowned Holy Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "The conquered area east of the German Duchy of Saxony was initially organized within the vast Saxon Eastern March under Margrave Gero, but divided into smaller marches upon his death in 965."}, {"id": "Q636389", "label": "Archbishopric of Magdeburg", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to stabilize his rule, Otto promoted the conversion of the Slavic population, establishing the bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg in 948, followed by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg in 968, which in particular carried out active missionary work."}], "Q460844": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Unified Task Force (UNITAF), also known as Operation Restore Hope, was a United States–led, United Nations–sanctioned coalition military force deployed to Somalia from 5 December 1992 to 4 May 1993."}, {"id": "Q1477220", "label": "Somali Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established to replace United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I), which had been deployed in April 1992 in response to the 1992 famine—a crisis that followed the 1991 collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic and the full outbreak of the Somali Civil War."}], "Q48883": [{"id": "Q498904", "label": "Pyeongwon", "section": "Background", "says": "However, in Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, king Pyeongwon and his successor, Yeongyang, insisted on maintaining an equal relationship with the Sui dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7418", "label": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Wen of Sui was displeased with the challenge from Goguryeo, which continued small scale raiding into Sui's northern border."}, {"id": "Q2607292", "label": "Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "Wen sent diplomatic papers in 596 after Sui envoys spotted Goguryeo diplomats in the yurt of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and demanded the Goguryeo to cancel any military alliance with the Turks, stop the annual raiding of Sui border regions, and acknowledge Sui as their overlord."}], "Q489959": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Navy Task Force 77 air interdiction campaign conducted against North Vietnam from 9 May to 23 October 1972, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Navy Task Force 77 air interdiction campaign conducted against North Vietnam from 9 May to 23 October 1972, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q2395085", "label": "Easter Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Its purpose was to halt or slow the transportation of supplies and materials for the Nguyen Hue Offensive (known in the West as the Easter Offensive), an invasion of the South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) that had been launched on 30 March."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Its purpose was to halt or slow the transportation of supplies and materials for the Nguyen Hue Offensive (known in the West as the Easter Offensive), an invasion of the South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) that had been launched on 30 March."}, {"id": "Q547247", "label": "Operation Rolling Thunder", "section": "lead", "says": "Linebacker was the first continuous bombing effort conducted against North Vietnam since the end of Operation Rolling Thunder in November 1968."}], "Q490348": [{"id": "Q488547", "label": "Battle of Sarhu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1619, the kingdom of Joseon had sent 10,069 musketeers and 3,000 archers to aid the Ming dynasty in attacking the Later Jin, which culminated in an allied defeat at the Battle of Sarhū."}, {"id": "Q296367", "label": "Hong Taiji", "section": "Background", "says": "Its survivors fled to the Jin court, where they recommended Hong Taiji to invade Joseon."}], "Q4919446": [{"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1970 Cambodian coup d'état (Khmer: រដ្ឋប្រហារឆ្នាំ១៩៧០, French: Coup d'État de 1970) was the removal of the Cambodian Chief of State, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, after a vote in the National Assembly on 18 March 1970."}, {"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "lead", "says": "Emergency powers were subsequently invoked by the Prime Minister Lon Nol, who became effective head of state, and led ultimately to the removal of Queen Sisowath Kossamak and the proclamation of the Khmer Republic later that year."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Emergency powers were subsequently invoked by the Prime Minister Lon Nol, who became effective head of state, and led ultimately to the removal of Queen Sisowath Kossamak and the proclamation of the Khmer Republic later that year."}, {"id": "Q817206", "label": "Cambodian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is generally seen as a turning point in the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "It also marked the change of Cambodia involvement in the Vietnam War, as Lon Nol issued an ultimatum to North Vietnamese forces to leave Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q379203", "label": "Khieu Samphan", "section": "Background", "says": "Although a few communists within the Sangkum – such as Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan – chose to stand, most leftists were decisively defeated."}, {"id": "Q3028702", "label": "In Tam", "section": "Background", "says": "Besides rightist nationalists, liberal modernising elements within the Sangkum, headed by In Tam, had also become increasingly alienated by Sihanouk's autocratic style."}], "Q494058": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sinking of ROKS Cheonan occurred on 26 March 2010, when Cheonan, a Pohang-class corvette of South Korea, carrying 104 personnel, sank off the country's west coast near Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea, killing 46 seamen."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A South Korean-led official investigation carried out by a team of international experts from South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Sweden presented a summary of its investigation on 20 May 2010, concluding that the warship had been sunk by a North Korean torpedo fired by a midget submarine."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "A South Korean-led official investigation carried out by a team of international experts from South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Sweden presented a summary of its investigation on 20 May 2010, concluding that the warship had been sunk by a North Korean torpedo fired by a midget submarine."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the sinking, South Korea imposed sanctions against North Korea, known as the May 24 measures."}], "Q5042244": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1911, France ceded Neukamerun (New Cameroon), a large territory to the east of Kamerun, to Germany as a part of the Treaty of Fez, the settlement that ended the Agadir Crisis."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1914, the German colony of Kamerun made up all of modern Cameroon as well as portions of Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1914, the German colony of Kamerun made up all of modern Cameroon as well as portions of Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "The Belgian Congo bordered the colony to the south-east and French Equatorial Africa lay in the east."}, {"id": "Q1421888", "label": "Ubangi-Shari", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1911–1912 the border with the French colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari and Chad was established and in 1913 the border between the colonies of Nigeria and Kamerun was defined."}], "Q512700": [{"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The main British and French force from the neighbouring colonies of Gold Coast and Dahomey (part of French West Africa) advanced from the coast up the road and railway, as smaller forces converged on Kamina from the north."}, {"id": "Q797527", "label": "British Togoland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1916, Togoland was partitioned by the victors and in July 1922, British Togoland and French Togoland were established as League of Nations mandates."}, {"id": "Q797214", "label": "French Togoland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1916, Togoland was partitioned by the victors and in July 1922, British Togoland and French Togoland were established as League of Nations mandates."}, {"id": "Q438200", "label": "William Robertson", "section": "Background", "says": "William Robertson was the acting-Governor and Captain Frederick Bryant was acting-Commandant of the Gold Coast Regiment."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "Background", "says": "The Defence Scheme for the Gold Coast (1913) provided for war against the French in neighbouring Ivory Coast and the Germans in Togoland; in the event of war with Germany, the colony was to be defended along Lake Volta and the north-eastern frontier, against raiding, the most that the Germans in Togoland were thought capable of."}], "Q516282": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78542", "label": "Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q519875": [{"id": "Q128976", "label": "Alec Douglas-Home", "section": "lead", "says": "The four foreign ministers, Sir Alec Douglas-Home of the United Kingdom, Andrei Gromyko of the Soviet Union, Maurice Schumann of France, and William P."}, {"id": "Q184267", "label": "Andrei Gromyko", "section": "lead", "says": "The four foreign ministers, Sir Alec Douglas-Home of the United Kingdom, Andrei Gromyko of the Soviet Union, Maurice Schumann of France, and William P."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Rogers of the United States signed the agreement and put it into force at a meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers in West Berlin on 3 June 1972."}], "Q537923": [{"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman forces of Selim I defeated the Mamluk forces under Al-Ashraf Tuman bay II."}, {"id": "Q1528131", "label": "Hadim Sinan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman grand vizier, Hadım Sinan Pasha, was killed in action."}], "Q540121": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Maastricht, 13 to 30 June 1673, took place during the Franco-Dutch War, when a French army captured the strategic Dutch fortress of Maastricht on the Meuse river."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1667–1668 War of Devolution, France captured much of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté, but relinquished these gains in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This was forced on Louis XIV of France by the Triple Alliance, composed of the Dutch Republic, England and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q1191077", "label": "Secret Treaty of Dover", "section": "Background", "says": "His response was to diplomatically isolate the Dutch before making another attempt, paying Sweden to remain neutral, and signing the Secret Treaty of Dover with Charles II of England in 1670."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "His response was to diplomatically isolate the Dutch before making another attempt, paying Sweden to remain neutral, and signing the Secret Treaty of Dover with Charles II of England in 1670."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When the French invaded the Dutch Republic in May 1672, they initially seemed to have achieved an overwhelming victory, capturing the major fortresses of Nijmegen and Fort Crèvecœur near 's-Hertogenbosch and occupying Utrecht without a fight."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "However, by late July, the Dutch Water Line had stabilised the front lines, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q560731", "label": "Menno van Coehoorn", "section": "Background", "says": "Dutch engineer Menno van Coehoorn began his career there in 1657, as a young Lieutenant in his father's company."}], "Q5447588": [{"id": "Q37193", "label": "Robert Koch", "section": "lead", "says": "German microbiologist Robert Koch isolated Vibrio cholerae and proposed postulates to explain how bacteria caused disease."}, {"id": "Q2142351", "label": "Waldemar Haffkine", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1892, the Russian-French bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine, developed a cholera vaccine. (See: Scientific advances)"}], "Q552225": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cádiz was an attempt by English and Dutch forces to seize the southern Spanish port of Cádiz in 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "As such, the port's capture would not only help to sever Spain's links with her empire in the Americas, but it would also provide the Allies with a strategically important base from which the English and Dutch navies could control the western Mediterranean Sea."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The military build-up was accompanied by Allied diplomatic measures in Portugal aimed at enticing King Peter II to join the Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q128983", "label": "George Rooke", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the first of the war in the Iberian Peninsula, but due to interservice rivalry, ill discipline, poor co-operation, and a skilful defence from the Marquis of Villadarias, Admiral George Rooke was unable to complete his objective and, after a month, he set sail for home."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 May 1702 the Powers of the Grand Alliance, led by England and the Dutch Republic, declared war on France and Spain."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Leopold I also declared war on the Bourbon powers, but his forces under Prince Eugene had already begun hostilities in northern Italy along the Po Valley in an attempt to secure for Austria the Spanish Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q129967", "label": "Clement XI", "section": "Background", "says": "Count Wratislaw, the Emperor's envoy in England, urged that the sight of an Allied fleet in the Mediterranean would effect a revolution in the Spanish province of Naples; win south Italy from the precarious grip of Philip V; overawe the Francophile Pope Clement XI; and encourage the Duke of Savoy – and other Italian princes – to change sides."}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Methuens were assisted by Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, a cousin of the Empress Eleonora."}], "Q569454": [{"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Drumbeat), and also known among German submarine commanders as the \"American Shooting Season\") was a phase in the Battle of the Atlantic during which Axis submarines attacked merchant shipping and Allied naval vessels along the east coast of North America."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, and as a result their navies could begin the Second Happy Time."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, and as a result their navies could begin the Second Happy Time."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, and as a result their navies could begin the Second Happy Time."}], "Q571694": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bergen on 13 April 1759 saw the French army under de Broglie withstand an allied British, Hanoverian, Hessian, Brunswick army under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick near Frankfurt-am-Main during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bergen on 13 April 1759 saw the French army under de Broglie withstand an allied British, Hanoverian, Hessian, Brunswick army under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick near Frankfurt-am-Main during the Seven Years' War."}], "Q571891": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was felt across northeastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and southern Tibet."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "Eleven are reported dead in Nepal, including three killed when a wall collapsed in the British Embassy in Kathmandu."}], "Q576774": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carentan was an engagement in World War II between airborne forces of the United States Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "Army Group B commander Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ordered von der Heydte to defend the town \"to the last man.\"\nThe 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division stationed at Thouars, ostensibly a mechanized infantry division of the OKW Mobile Reserve but without tanks or adequate transport, was ordered on 7 June to move to Normandy following the Allied landings."}], "Q577081": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Duncan's fleet won a complete victory over de Winter's in what was the most significant engagement between British and Batavian forces during the French Revolutionary Wars, capturing eleven ships without losing any of their own."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1795, the Dutch Republic was overrun by France and reorganised into the Batavian Republic, a French sister republic."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1795, the Dutch Republic was overrun by France and reorganised into the Batavian Republic, a French sister republic."}], "Q579971": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a campaign by the British to expel the French from North America, during the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "General Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau led a force of French regulars and Canadian and Caughnawaga irregulars against Sir William Johnson and his army consisting solely of colonial irregulars and Haudenosaunee (Six Nations Iroquois) warriors under Hendrick Theyanoguin."}], "Q583937": [{"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Chilean society faced a crisis from the late 19th century onwards: what was delicately referred to at the time as the \"social question\"—namely, \"the problem of worsening living and working conditions in the country's mining centers and major cities\" The nitrate miners' strike of December 1907 was the last of a series of strikes and other forms of unrest that began in 1902, chief among them being t"}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Norte Grande, which administratively consisted (before 1974) of the two provinces of Tarapacá and Antofagasta, had been seized by Chile from Bolivia and Peru in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884), giving Chile an area rich in minerals, principally copper and saltpeter (sodium nitrate)."}, {"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Norte Grande, which administratively consisted (before 1974) of the two provinces of Tarapacá and Antofagasta, had been seized by Chile from Bolivia and Peru in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884), giving Chile an area rich in minerals, principally copper and saltpeter (sodium nitrate)."}], "Q594015": [{"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, it was also called Melhâme-i Kübrâ (Islamic equivalent to Armageddon) by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sakarya is considered to be the turning point of the Turkish War of Independence."}], "Q597026": [{"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kerensky–Krasnov uprising was an attempt by Alexander Kerensky to crush the October Revolution and regain power after the Bolsheviks overthrew his government in Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kerensky–Krasnov uprising was an attempt by Alexander Kerensky to crush the October Revolution and regain power after the Bolsheviks overthrew his government in Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q35448", "label": "Pyotr Krasnov", "section": "lead", "says": "He did not get the support of its commander, General Vladimir Cheremisov, who prevented his attempts to gather units to march on Petrograd, but he did get the support of General Pyotr Krasnov, who advanced on the capital with about 700 Cossacks."}], "Q604587": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Buda (4 May – 21 August 1541) ended with the capture of the city of Buda, the historical capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, by the Ottoman Empire, leading to about 150 years of Ottoman rule in parts of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege, part of the Little War in Hungary, was one of the most important Ottoman victories over the Habsburg monarchy during Ottoman–Habsburg wars (16th to 18th century) in Hungary and the Balkans."}], "Q610328": [{"id": "Q78691", "label": "Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Castiglione saw the French Army of Italy under General Napoleon Bonaparte attack an army of the Habsburg monarchy led by Feldmarschall Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser on 5 August 1796."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was one of four famous victories won by Bonaparte during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was one of four famous victories won by Bonaparte during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q815175", "label": "Siege of Mantua", "section": "lead", "says": "Castiglione was the first attempt by the Austrian army to break the French Siege of Mantua, which was the primary Austrian fortress in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "That evening Napoleon ordered Sérurier to lift the siege of Mantua."}, {"id": "Q2889153", "label": "Battle of Lonato", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 August, the French inflicted crippling defeats on the Austrian Right Column in the Battle of Lonato."}], "Q6107218": [{"id": "Q2347668", "label": "Libyan Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1969 Libyan revolution or coup d'état, also known as al-Fateh Revolution or 1 September Revolution, was a coup d'état and revolution carried out by the Free Officers movement, a group of Arab nationalist and Nasserist officers in the Libyan Army, which overthrew the Senussi monarchy of King Idris I and resulted in the formation of the Libyan Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free Officers movement was led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q31454", "label": "Kingdom of Libya", "section": "Background", "says": "The discovery of significant oil reserves in 1959 and the subsequent income from petroleum sales enabled the Kingdom of Libya to transition from one of the world's poorest nations to a wealthy state."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Background", "says": "The Shelhi family, who was highly influential in Cyrenaica, was considered \"utterly corrupt\" and Idris' reliance on them caused discontent among the Libyan people."}, {"id": "Q332360", "label": "Denis Healey", "section": "Background", "says": "Then British Defence Secretary Denis Healey later wrote in his memoir in 1991 that \"it was obvious that the monarchy was likely to fall at any moment to an army coup\", and that the Shelhi family would be the most likely to overthrow the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The British purportedly favored a Shelhi takeover because they feared the Crown Prince, Hasan as-Senussi, would fall under Nasserite influence and Libya would become a client state of Egypt and by extension, the Soviet Union."}], "Q6200334": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Pelium was undertaken by Alexander the Great against the Illyrian tribes in parts of what is modern-day Albania."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was critical for Alexander to take this pass as it provided easy access to Illyria and Macedonia, which was urgently needed in order to quell the unrest in Greece at this time in Athens and Thebes."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "News of the Illyrian revolt under the chieftain Cleitus and Glaukias of the Taulantii first reached the ears of Alexander while he was campaigning on the Danube against some of the northern tribes that his father, Philip II of Macedon had previously reduced to a satisfactory level of subjection, although not outright submission."}, {"id": "Q882934", "label": "Langarus", "section": "Background", "says": "Langarus, of the Agrianians, made frequent incursions into the country of the Autariatae, and managed to put them on guard sufficiently to allow Alexander to march by in relative peace."}], "Q621676": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Appomattox campaign was a series of American Civil War battles fought March 29 – April 9, 1865, in Virginia that concluded with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q194329", "label": "Battle of Five Forks", "section": "lead", "says": "Union victories at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865, and the Third Battle of Petersburg, often called the Breakthrough at Petersburg, on April 2, 1865, opened Petersburg and Richmond to imminent capture."}, {"id": "Q4462586", "label": "Third Battle of Petersburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Union victories at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865, and the Third Battle of Petersburg, often called the Breakthrough at Petersburg, on April 2, 1865, opened Petersburg and Richmond to imminent capture."}, {"id": "Q543094", "label": "Battle of Fort Stedman", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States National Park Service and some historians consider the Battle of Fort Stedman to have been the concluding battle of the siege of Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q387130", "label": "David Dixon Porter", "section": "Campaign prelude", "says": "Grant, Sherman, and Lincoln, joined by Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter, met again on the River Queen."}], "Q622844": [{"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nagyvárad (or Treaty of Grosswardein) was a secret peace agreement between Emperor Ferdinand I and John Zápolya, rival claimants to the Kingdom of Hungary, signed in Grosswardein / Várad (modern-day Oradea, Romania) on February 24, 1538."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand recognized Zápolya as John I, King of Hungary and ruler of two-thirds of the Kingdom, while Zápolya conceded the rule of Ferdinand over western Hungary, and recognized him as heir to the Hungarian throne, since Zápolya was childless."}, {"id": "Q313396", "label": "John Sigismund Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "But in 1540, just before Zápolya's death, his wife bore him a son, John Sigismund Zápolya, and the agreement failed."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "John Sigismund was elected King of Hungary as John II by the Hungarian nobility."}], "Q637320": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of the Isonzo was fought from 18 October to 4 November 1915 between the armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q681517", "label": "Battles of the Isonzo", "section": "Background", "says": "The first move was made in Italy, on the eastern sector; because this was their third attack that year, it was named as the Third Battle of the Isonzo (as the previous two were named the First and Second Battles of the Isonzo)."}, {"id": "Q615324", "label": "First Battle of the Isonzo", "section": "Background", "says": "After roughly two and a half months of reprieve to recuperate from the casualties incurred from frontal assaults from the First Battle of the Isonzo and the Second Battle of the Isonzo, Luigi Cadorna, Italian commander-in-chief, understood that artillery played a fundamental role on the front and brought the total number to 1,250 pieces."}], "Q645905": [{"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "Mieszko I, Poland's first documented ruler based in Greater Poland, had successfully campaigned in the Cedynia area, then a West Slavic tribal territory also coveted by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I and German nobles."}, {"id": "Q275425", "label": "Thietmar of Merseburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Records of the battle are sparse, it was briefly described by the chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg (975−1018), whose father participated in the battle (Chronicon II.19)."}], "Q648993": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Much of the Greek world, regardless of whether they were allies of Demetrius or not, apparently also viewed the siege as a pirate attack and sympathized with the Rhodians, and this attitude existed even in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Background", "says": "Diodorus Siculus reports that the whole strait between Rhodes and the mainland was filled by Demetrius’ armada."}], "Q650381": [{"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Wedmore is a 9th century agreement between King Alfred the Great of Wessex and the Viking king Guthrum the Old."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Sources and historical context", "says": "After fourteen days, the Vikings, according to Asser: \n\n\"..thoroughly terrified by hunger, cold and fear and in the end despair, sought peace on this condition: the king should take as many hostages as he wanted  from them and give none to them..\"\nAlfred accepted Guthrum's surrender and the Vikings gave Alfred peace hostages: \n\n[They] \"swore in addition that they would leave his kingdom immediatel"}, {"id": "Q105092", "label": "Kingdom of Mercia", "section": "Sources and historical context", "says": "Then, as agreed Guthrum and his army moved out of Wessex, and travelled the relatively short distance to Cirencester (in the Kingdom of Mercia) and then eventually  on to East Anglia."}], "Q651391": [{"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karakilisa (Armenian: Ղարաքիլիսայի ճակատամարտ Gharakilisayi chakatamart, Turkish: Karakilise Muharebesi or Karakilise Muharebeleri) took place during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I in the vicinity of Karakilisa (now Vanadzor), on May 25–28, 1918."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karakilisa (Armenian: Ղարաքիլիսայի ճակատամարտ Gharakilisayi chakatamart, Turkish: Karakilise Muharebesi or Karakilise Muharebeleri) took place during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I in the vicinity of Karakilisa (now Vanadzor), on May 25–28, 1918."}], "Q657494": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Retaliatory violence against Hindus also occurred in Pakistan and Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Retaliatory violence against Hindus also occurred in Pakistan and Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q4593", "label": "Rajiv Gandhi", "section": "Background", "says": "This decision was endorsed by Indian National Congress politician Rajiv Gandhi, at that time the Prime Minister of India, who sought to regain support from Hindus he had lost over the Shah Bano controversy."}], "Q657970": [{"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Berlin was a treaty between the Habsburg archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, who was also Queen of Bohemia, and the Prussian king Frederick the Great, signed on 28 July 1742 in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Berlin was a treaty between the Habsburg archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, who was also Queen of Bohemia, and the Prussian king Frederick the Great, signed on 28 July 1742 in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the formal peace treaty that confirmed the preliminary agreement achieved with English mediation by the 11 June Treaty of Breslau, and officially ended the First Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the formal peace treaty that confirmed the preliminary agreement achieved with English mediation by the 11 June Treaty of Breslau, and officially ended the First Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on article 5 of the treaty, to avoid further border disputes, Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary and Bohemia by the present treaty for all eternity and with all sovereignty and independence cedes from the Lands of the Bohemian Crown both Lower and Upper Silesia to His Majesty the King of Prussia, notabene except for the Principality of Teschen and the City of Troppau (...) \n\nMaria Theresa cede"}, {"id": "Q566639", "label": "Duchy of Opava", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on article 5 of the treaty, to avoid further border disputes, Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary and Bohemia by the present treaty for all eternity and with all sovereignty and independence cedes from the Lands of the Bohemian Crown both Lower and Upper Silesia to His Majesty the King of Prussia, notabene except for the Principality of Teschen and the City of Troppau (...) \n\nMaria Theresa cede"}, {"id": "Q671899", "label": "Duchy of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria retained the entire Upper Silesian Duchy of Teschen, ruled by Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q131981", "label": "George II of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "King George II of Great Britain acted as guarantor."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Prussia's former ally King Louis XV of France was upset by this peace agreement that gave the united Austrian, British and Hanoverian forces a free hand to oust the French troops at the 1743 Battle of Dettingen - an alienation that ultimately led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756."}, {"id": "Q402312", "label": "Battle of Dettingen", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Prussia's former ally King Louis XV of France was upset by this peace agreement that gave the united Austrian, British and Hanoverian forces a free hand to oust the French troops at the 1743 Battle of Dettingen - an alienation that ultimately led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace reached was short-lived, as both sides prepared for the Second Silesian War, opened by Frederick marching against Prague in August 17"}], "Q661940": [{"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Novara (also known as the battle of Ariotta) was a battle of the War of the League of Cambrai fought on 6 June 1513, near Novara, in Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Nevertheless, the French under King Louis XII were driven out of the city of Milan the following month by the Holy League."}, {"id": "Q378739", "label": "Maximilian Sforza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the French removal from Milan, Swiss mercenaries installed Maximilian Sforza as Duke of Milan on 29 December 1512."}], "Q663359": [{"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Holowczyn (also spelled  Holofzin or Golovchin) was fought in July 1708 between the Russian army and the Swedish army, led by Charles XII of Sweden, who was only 26 years of age at the time."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition, with Peter I of Russia away the Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev had to contend with the rivalry of Alexander Menshikov."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition, with Peter I of Russia away the Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev had to contend with the rivalry of Alexander Menshikov."}, {"id": "Q156026", "label": "Alexander Menshikov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition, with Peter I of Russia away the Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev had to contend with the rivalry of Alexander Menshikov."}, {"id": "Q1959655", "label": "Anikita Repnin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To the south, General Anikita Repnin deployed his force and fortified his position three kilometers to the southeast, but many fortifications were not completed due to a lack of engineers."}], "Q664581": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Breslau, also known as the battle of Breslau, was a three-month-long siege of the city of Breslau in Lower Silesia, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), lasting to the end of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1944, Adolf Hitler declared the city of Breslau a fortress (Festung), and ordered that it must be defended at all costs."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "Background", "says": "Ahlfen, who commanded for only three weeks, had been personally selected by the Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte), Ferdinand Schörner."}], "Q666674": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pact of Vilnius and Radom (Polish: Unia wileńsko-radomska, Lithuanian: Vilniaus-Radomo sutartis) was a set of three acts passed in Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and confirmed by the Crown Council in Radom, Kingdom of Poland in 1401."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "lead", "says": "The union amended the earlier act of the Union of Krewo (1385) and confirmed the Ostrów Agreement (1392)."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "Vytautas was granted the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania alongside Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, who reserved his rights of an overlord, effectively making them formal coregents, with Jagiełło a dominant one as \"Supreme Duke\"."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Vytautas was granted the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania alongside Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, who reserved his rights of an overlord, effectively making them formal coregents, with Jagiełło a dominant one as \"Supreme Duke\"."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Vytautas, Lithuania was to be ruled by Władysław II Jagiełło or his legal heir."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1399, King Jadwiga of Poland died due to childbirth complications, leaving Władysław II Jagiełło king of a foreign land and without an heir."}, {"id": "Q597478", "label": "Battle of the Vorskla River", "section": "Background", "says": "The same year Vytautas suffered a major defeat in the Battle of the Vorskla River against the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "The same year Vytautas suffered a major defeat in the Battle of the Vorskla River against the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q317078", "label": "Pskov Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, he faced rebellions in the Principality of Smolensk, Pskov Republic, and the Novgorod Republic."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, he faced rebellions in the Principality of Smolensk, Pskov Republic, and the Novgorod Republic."}], "Q671542": [{"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed."}, {"id": "Q379702", "label": "Louis-Eugène Cavaignac", "section": "lead", "says": "The National Guard, led by General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, was called out to quell the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "Over 4,500 people were either killed or injured, while 4,000 insurgents were deported to French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q58326", "label": "French Second Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The provisional government of the French Second Republic was declared after the abdication of the king in February, which immediately enacted democratic reforms such as universal male suffrage."}], "Q672743": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zurich was signed by the Austrian Empire, the French Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia on 10 November 1859."}], "Q682729": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Höchstädt  took place on 20 September 1703 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q158654", "label": "Claude Louis Hector de Villars", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought near Höchstädt an der Donau in Bavaria, a combined Franco-Bavarian force under Claude Louis Hector de Villars defeated an Imperial army led by Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought near Höchstädt an der Donau in Bavaria, a combined Franco-Bavarian force under Claude Louis Hector de Villars defeated an Imperial army led by Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum."}, {"id": "Q58755", "label": "Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Imperial forces under Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden entered Bavaria, and captured Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Imperial forces under Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden entered Bavaria, and captured Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "lead", "says": "Attempts to block the road north nearly succeeded, before a stubborn rearguard action by Prussian troops under Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau enabled the rest of the infantry to make an orderly retreat."}, {"id": "Q154635", "label": "Battle of Blenheim", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1704 Battle of Blenheim was fought over much of the same ground."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "When it began in March 1701, the War of the Spanish Succession was initially focused on the Spanish Netherlands and Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "1703 began with a campaign along the Danube by Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Villars, who had spent the winter in Strasbourg, capital of French Alsace, crossed the Rhine at Kehl on 28 April, and met up with the Bavarians at Ehingen in mid-May."}], "Q683044": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Minden was a major engagement during the Seven Years' War, fought on 1 August 1759."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "An Allied army, under the overall command of Prussian Field Marshal Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated a Franco-Saxon army commanded by Marshal of France, Marquis de Contades."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After a Prussian victory at Rossbach and under pressure from Frederick the Great and William Pitt, King George II disavowed the treaty."}, {"id": "Q677959", "label": "Battle of Hastenbeck", "section": "Background", "says": "That culminated in a significant victory for the French at the Battle of Hastenbeck and the attempted imposition of the Convention of Klosterzeven upon the defeated Allies: Hanover, Prussia and Britain."}, {"id": "Q663450", "label": "Battle of Krefeld", "section": "Background", "says": "Prussia and Britain refused to ratify the convention, and in 1758, a counter-offensive commanded by Ferdinand saw French forces first driven back across the Rhine and then beaten at the Battle of Krefeld."}], "Q684479": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wörth, also known as the Battle of Reichshoffen or as the Battle of Frœschwiller, refers to the second battle of Wörth, which took place on 6 August 1870 in the opening stages of the Franco-Prussian War (the first Battle of Wörth occurred on 23 December 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars)."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wörth, also known as the Battle of Reichshoffen or as the Battle of Frœschwiller, refers to the second battle of Wörth, which took place on 6 August 1870 in the opening stages of the Franco-Prussian War (the first Battle of Wörth occurred on 23 December 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars)."}, {"id": "Q69748", "label": "Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the second battle, troops from  Germany commanded by Crown Prince Frederick William and directed by his chief of staff, General Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, defeated the French under Marshal MacMahon near the village of Wœrth in Alsace, on the Sauer River, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Haguenau."}, {"id": "Q697306", "label": "Battle of Wissembourg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Thereafter the German vedettes held the French under close observation, while the latter moved about within their lines and as far as the village of Wœrth as if in peace, notwithstanding the defeat of a portion of the French army at the Battle of Wissembourg on the previous day."}], "Q689032": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was concluded on 5 May 1762, and ended the fighting in the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Russia."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed the accession of Emperor Peter III, who admired the Prussian king Frederick the Great."}, {"id": "Q698686", "label": "Treaty of Hubertusburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent Treaty of Hubertusburg made peace between Prussia, Austria and Saxony, but \"though it restored the prewar status quo, marked the ascendancy of Prussia as a leading European power.\"\nTwo years after the treaty, Prussia and Russia would enter into a defensive alliance."}], "Q692089": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Drina (Serbian: Bitka na Drini, Битка на Дрини) was fought between Serbian and Austro-Hungarian armies in September 1914, near Loznica, Serbia, during the First Serbian campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q93364", "label": "Oskar Potiorek", "section": "lead", "says": "After a first failed invasion of Serbia where he lost 40,000 men, Oskar Potiorek, the Austro-Hungarian commander of the Balkanstreitkräfte, launched a new offensive across the River Drina at the western Serbian border; after successfully crossing the river the night of 7—8 September the Austro-Hungarian forces were stopped facing strong Serbian defensive positions."}, {"id": "Q697748", "label": "Battle of Cer", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After being defeated in the Battle of Cer in August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian army withdrew across the Drina River into Bosnia and Syrmia."}], "Q693411": [{"id": "Q788050", "label": "Treaty of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a permanent peace that superseded the six-year truce imposed by the Treaty of Venice (22 July 1177)."}], "Q694492": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lille (12 August – 10 December 1708) was the main operation of the 1708 campaign season during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "After an obstinate defence of 120 days, the French garrison surrendered the city and citadel of Lille, commanded by Marshal Boufflers, to the forces of the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy."}], "Q695312": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Breslau (also known as the Battle on the Lohe) was fought on 22 November 1757 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Breslau (also known as the Battle on the Lohe) was fought on 22 November 1757 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it acquired a specific intensity in the European theater based on the recently concluded War of the Austrian Succession (1741–1748)."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, acquired the prosperous province of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Empress Maria Theresa of Austria had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she intended to regain ascendancy in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Empress Maria Theresa of Austria had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she intended to regain ascendancy in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain aligned herself with the Kingdom of Prussia; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in personal union, including Hanover, but also those of his relatives such as in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel."}, {"id": "Q168651", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain aligned herself with the Kingdom of Prussia; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in personal union, including Hanover, but also those of his relatives such as in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel."}, {"id": "Q573972", "label": "Battle of Rossbach", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 November 1757, he defeated the combined French and Austrian force at the Battle of Rossbach."}, {"id": "Q158232", "label": "Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This soon turned out to be a difficult task as he had to face the superior Austrian forces, whose main army of 54,000 troops was led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Count Leopold Joseph von Daun."}, {"id": "Q93365", "label": "Leopold Joseph von Daun", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This soon turned out to be a difficult task as he had to face the superior Austrian forces, whose main army of 54,000 troops was led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Count Leopold Joseph von Daun."}, {"id": "Q86613", "label": "Franz Leopold von Nádasdy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The corps of 28,000 troops under Franz Leopold von Nádasdy was also able to advance to the front."}], "Q695398": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saar Treaty, or Treaty of Luxembourg (German: Vertrag von Luxemburg, French: accords de Luxembourg) is an agreement between West Germany and France concerning the return of the Saar Protectorate to West Germany."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saar Treaty, or Treaty of Luxembourg (German: Vertrag von Luxemburg, French: accords de Luxembourg) is an agreement between West Germany and France concerning the return of the Saar Protectorate to West Germany."}, {"id": "Q310293", "label": "Saar Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saar Treaty, or Treaty of Luxembourg (German: Vertrag von Luxemburg, French: accords de Luxembourg) is an agreement between West Germany and France concerning the return of the Saar Protectorate to West Germany."}], "Q695485": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jumonville Glen, also known as the Jumonville affair, was the opening battle of the French and Indian War, fought on May 28, 1754, near present-day Hopwood and Uniontown in Fayette County, Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "A company of provincial troops from Virginia under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, and a small number of Mingo warriors led by the chieftain Tanacharison (also known as the \"Half King\"), ambushed a force of 35 French Canadians under the command of Joseph Coulon de Jumonville."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Britain and France were not then at war, the event had international repercussions, and was a contributing factor in the start of the Seven Years' War in 1756, also known as the French and Indian War in the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Britain and France were not then at war, the event had international repercussions, and was a contributing factor in the start of the Seven Years' War in 1756, also known as the French and Indian War in the United States."}], "Q699665": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dürenstein (German: Schlacht bei Dürnstein; also known as Dürrenstein, Dürnstein and Diernstein) or the Battle of Krems (Russian: Сражение при Кремсе), on 11 November 1805, was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dürenstein (German: Schlacht bei Dürnstein; also known as Dürrenstein, Dürnstein and Diernstein) or the Battle of Krems (Russian: Сражение при Кремсе), on 11 November 1805, was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "Mikhail Kutuzov, commander of the Coalition force, enticed Mortier to send Gazan's division into a trap and French troops were caught in a valley between two Russian columns."}, {"id": "Q159072", "label": "Battle of Ulm", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought three weeks after the surrender of one Austrian army at the Battle of Ulm and three weeks before the Russo-Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought three weeks after the surrender of one Austrian army at the Battle of Ulm and three weeks before the Russo-Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "The French demanded a high indemnity, and Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, releasing the German states from their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French demanded a high indemnity, and Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, releasing the German states from their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In a series of conflicts in 1803–15 known as the Napoleonic Wars, various European powers formed five coalitions against the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Like the wars sparked by the French Revolution (1789), these further revolutionized the formation, organization and training of European armies and led to an unprecedented militarization, mainly due to mass conscription."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Napoleon made a spectacular return in 1815, known as the Hundred Days, his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the pursuit of his army and himself, his abdication and banishment to the Island of Saint Helena concluded the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Napoleon made a spectacular return in 1815, known as the Hundred Days, his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the pursuit of his army and himself, his abdication and banishment to the Island of Saint Helena concluded the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Napoleon made a spectacular return in 1815, known as the Hundred Days, his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the pursuit of his army and himself, his abdication and banishment to the Island of Saint Helena concluded the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q176306", "label": "Mikhail Miloradovich", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Russian commander Mikhail Miloradovich would approach Gazan's division from the east, supported by Pyotr Bagration's corps, and pin the French in place."}], "Q699753": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Frederiksborg (Danish: Frederiksborgfreden) was a treaty signed at Frederiksborg Castle, Zealand, on 3 July 1720 (14 July 1720 according to the Gregorian calendar), ending the Great Northern War between Denmark–Norway and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Frederiksborg (Danish: Frederiksborgfreden) was a treaty signed at Frederiksborg Castle, Zealand, on 3 July 1720 (14 July 1720 according to the Gregorian calendar), ending the Great Northern War between Denmark–Norway and Sweden."}], "Q700238": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Adrianople, also called the Treaty of Edirne, was signed on 24 June 1713 between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia and confirmed the Treaty of the Pruth of 1711, which had ended the Pruth River Campaign (1710–1711)."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Adrianople, also called the Treaty of Edirne, was signed on 24 June 1713 between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia and confirmed the Treaty of the Pruth of 1711, which had ended the Pruth River Campaign (1710–1711)."}, {"id": "Q313349", "label": "Treaty of the Pruth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Adrianople, also called the Treaty of Edirne, was signed on 24 June 1713 between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia and confirmed the Treaty of the Pruth of 1711, which had ended the Pruth River Campaign (1710–1711)."}, {"id": "Q846708", "label": "Pruth River Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Adrianople, also called the Treaty of Edirne, was signed on 24 June 1713 between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia and confirmed the Treaty of the Pruth of 1711, which had ended the Pruth River Campaign (1710–1711)."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Pruth, signed by Baltacı Mehmet Pasha,  was at first received well in Constantinople, but the dissatisfied pro-war party, supported by King Charles XII of Sweden, who had taken refuge in the Ottoman Empire since 1709, turned public opinion against Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, who was finally relieved from his office."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Ahmed III failed to resume the war with Russia."}], "Q700716": [{"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dresden was signed on 25 December 1745 at the Saxon capital of Dresden between Austria, Saxony and Prussia, ending the Second Silesian War."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1742 Treaty of Breslau, Maria Theresa of Austria, struggling for the succession after her father Emperor Charles VI according to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, had to cede most of the Bohemian province of Silesia to the attacking King Frederick II of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1742 Treaty of Breslau, Maria Theresa of Austria, struggling for the succession after her father Emperor Charles VI according to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, had to cede most of the Bohemian province of Silesia to the attacking King Frederick II of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "She attacked the Electorate of Bavaria and in January 1745 achieved the support of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Saxony to reconquer Silesia."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "She attacked the Electorate of Bavaria and in January 1745 achieved the support of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Saxony to reconquer Silesia."}, {"id": "Q57841", "label": "Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, her rival, Emperor Charles VII, died a few days later, and on 22 April 1745 his son and successor, Elector Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria, concluded the Treaty of Füssen with her."}, {"id": "Q571556", "label": "Treaty of Füssen", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, her rival, Emperor Charles VII, died a few days later, and on 22 April 1745 his son and successor, Elector Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria, concluded the Treaty of Füssen with her."}, {"id": "Q688448", "label": "Battle of Hohenfriedberg", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of May 1745, Austrian and Saxon troops invaded Prussian Silesia but were halted by Prussian forces at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg on 4 June."}, {"id": "Q130752", "label": "Elizabeth I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick, however, had to cope with a rising number of enemy powers and expiring resources, all the more because he had failed to obtain support from Empress Elizabeth of Russia."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "lead", "says": "Overall, the accord ratified and confirmed the tenets of both the Treaty of Breslau and the Treaty of Berlin."}], "Q701092": [{"id": "Q153832", "label": "Alcide De Gasperi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement was a bilateral treaty that was signed by the foreign minister of Austria, Karl Gruber, and the prime minister of Italy, Alcide De Gasperi, on 5 September 1946."}], "Q701139": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Liegnitz on 15 August 1760 saw Frederick the Great's Prussian Army defeat the Austrian army under Ernst von Laudon during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Liegnitz on 15 August 1760 saw Frederick the Great's Prussian Army defeat the Austrian army under Ernst von Laudon during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q686965", "label": "Anhalt-Bernburg", "section": "lead", "says": "A Prussian infantry counter-attack led by the Regiment Anhalt-Bernburg on the left forced the Austrians into retreat."}], "Q701908": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vella Lavella (第二次ベララベラ海戦, Dainiji Berarabera kaisen) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6 October 1943, near the island of Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vella Lavella (第二次ベララベラ海戦, Dainiji Berarabera kaisen) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6 October 1943, near the island of Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q702142", "label": "Battle of Vella Gulf", "section": "Background", "says": "After their defeats around Munda on New Georgia and at sea in the Battle of Vella Gulf, the Japanese began evacuating their garrisons in the central Solomons."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "Troops from the US and New Zealand subsequently landed on Vella Lavella in mid-August and began clearing the coastal areas, pushing the Japanese towards the northwest shore."}], "Q702142": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vella Gulf (ベラ湾夜戦, Berawan yasen) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6–7 August 1943 in Vella Gulf between Vella Lavella and Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands of the southwest Pacific."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vella Gulf (ベラ湾夜戦, Berawan yasen) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6–7 August 1943 in Vella Gulf between Vella Lavella and Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands of the southwest Pacific."}, {"id": "Q1668495", "label": "Battle of Kolombangara", "section": "Background", "says": "After their victory in the Battle of Kolombangara on 13 July 1943, the Japanese had established a powerful garrison of 12,400 around Vila on the southern tip of Kolombangara in an attempt to block further island hopping by the American forces, which had taken Guadalcanal the previous year as part of Operation Cartwheel."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "Background", "says": "After their victory in the Battle of Kolombangara on 13 July 1943, the Japanese had established a powerful garrison of 12,400 around Vila on the southern tip of Kolombangara in an attempt to block further island hopping by the American forces, which had taken Guadalcanal the previous year as part of Operation Cartwheel."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Kennedy, later President of the United States, was rammed and sunk by Amagiri."}], "Q702729": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Invasion of Lingayen Gulf (Pangasinan: Inlusob ed Golfo na Lingayen; Ilocano: Iraraut iti Golfo ti Lingayen; Tagalog: Paglusob sa Golfo ng Lingayen; Spanish: Invasión del Golfo de Lingayén), 3–13 January 1945, was an Allied amphibious operation in the Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Invasion of Lingayen Gulf (Pangasinan: Inlusob ed Golfo na Lingayen; Ilocano: Iraraut iti Golfo ti Lingayen; Tagalog: Paglusob sa Golfo ng Lingayen; Spanish: Invasión del Golfo de Lingayén), 3–13 January 1945, was an Allied amphibious operation in the Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q517297", "label": "Masaharu Homma", "section": "Background", "says": "Shown in the center of the figure left, on 22 December 1941, the Japanese 14th Army—under Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma—landed on the northeastern shores of the gulf, at Agoo, Caba, Santiago and Bauang, where they engaged in a number of relatively minor skirmishes with the defenders, a poorly equipped contingent of predominantly American and Filipino troops."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "Shown in the center of the figure left, on 22 December 1941, the Japanese 14th Army—under Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma—landed on the northeastern shores of the gulf, at Agoo, Caba, Santiago and Bauang, where they engaged in a number of relatively minor skirmishes with the defenders, a poorly equipped contingent of predominantly American and Filipino troops."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "On the day after the defeat, General Douglas MacArthur issued the order to retreat from Luzon and withdraw to Bataan."}], "Q704567": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gemauerthof took place during the Great Northern War, fought south of Riga near Jelgava, in present-day Latvia in July 1705."}, {"id": "Q350346", "label": "Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish forces under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt fought a Russian army under Boris Sheremetev."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish forces under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt fought a Russian army under Boris Sheremetev."}], "Q705261": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Wonderland (Unternehmen Wunderland) was an operation from 16 to 30 August 1942 by the Kriegsmarine in the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea off the Arctic coast of the Soviet Union."}], "Q70580730": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia has a long established independence movement, which seeks to establish Catalonia as an independent and sovereign republic, thus breaking off from the Kingdom of Spain."}, {"id": "Q10819", "label": "Mariano Rajoy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Government, then led by Mariano Rajoy, however, considered this an act of illegal separatism and appealed to the Spanish Supreme Court to block the referendum."}], "Q707269": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (Chinese: 中日和平條約; Japanese: 日華平和条約), formally the Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan (Chinese: 中華民國與日本國間和平條約; Japanese: 日本国と中華民国との間の平和条約) and commonly known as the Treaty of Taipei (Chinese: 臺北和約), was a peace treaty between Japan and the Republic of China (ROC) signed in Taipei, Taiwan on 28 April 1952, and took effect on August 5 the same year,"}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (Chinese: 中日和平條約; Japanese: 日華平和条約), formally the Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan (Chinese: 中華民國與日本國間和平條約; Japanese: 日本国と中華民国との間の平和条約) and commonly known as the Treaty of Taipei (Chinese: 臺北和約), was a peace treaty between Japan and the Republic of China (ROC) signed in Taipei, Taiwan on 28 April 1952, and took effect on August 5 the same year,"}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Neither the Republic of China nor the People's Republic of China was invited to sign the San Francisco Peace Treaty due to disagreements by other countries as to which government was the legitimate government of China during and after the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Neither the Republic of China nor the People's Republic of China was invited to sign the San Francisco Peace Treaty due to disagreements by other countries as to which government was the legitimate government of China during and after the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the ROC itself was not a participant in the San Francisco Peace Conference due to the resumption of the Chinese Civil War after 1945, this treaty largely corresponds to that of San Francisco in respect to the issue of Taiwan."}], "Q708601": [{"id": "Q327179", "label": "Erfurt Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Punctation of Olmütz (German: Olmützer Punktation), also called the Agreement of Olmütz, was a treaty between Prussia and Austria, dated 29 November 1850, by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Punctation of Olmütz (German: Olmützer Punktation), also called the Agreement of Olmütz, was a treaty between Prussia and Austria, dated 29 November 1850, by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership."}, {"id": "Q2670751", "label": "Margraviate of Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was the result of a conference held in Olmütz in the Austrian Margraviate of Moravia (now Olomouc, Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was the result of a conference held in Olmütz in the Austrian Margraviate of Moravia (now Olomouc, Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q529605", "label": "Electorate of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrian and allied armies advanced into the Electorate of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q130734", "label": "Nicholas I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia then decided to give in, partly because Tsar Nicholas I of Russia had chosen the side of Austria in the Warsaw negotiations in October 1850."}], "Q709303": [{"id": "Q1054923", "label": "British Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "It was conducted with the purpose of severing Chinese lines of communication with British Hong Kong, and seizing control of Changsha's food production."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background and forces", "says": "The offensive was originally intended to prevent Chinese forces from reinforcing the British Commonwealth forces engaged in Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q485453", "label": "Korechika Anami", "section": "Background and forces", "says": "Infuriated by Chinese claims of having defeated him in his September-October 1941 Changsha Offensive, Japanese Eleventh Army commander General Korechika Anami originally intended to mount a thrust with his army to support the Twenty-Third Army's attack on Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q715405", "label": "Xue Yue", "section": "Background and forces", "says": "Defending Changsha were Chinese forces under the command of southern General Xue Yue."}], "Q714265": [{"id": "Q2032618", "label": "Battle of Hannut", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Hannut, some 35 km (22 mi) to the north-east, the French retired towards Gembloux and the principal defensive position for the French on the Belgian front."}, {"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "lead", "says": "Strategically the battle was inconclusive, it diverted the First Army from Sedan, which allowed the Germans to achieve the strategic goals of Fall Gelb but the First Army survived and during the Siege of Lille diverted German forces from the Battle of Dunkirk, which allowed the British Expeditionary Force and a substantial French contingent to escape."}], "Q714280": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Totalize (also spelled Operation Totalise in recent British sources) was an offensive launched by Allied troops in the First Canadian Army during the later stages of Operation Overlord, from 8 to 10 August 1944."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "Background", "says": "Several attempts by British and Canadian forces to capture Caen were unsuccessful until 9 July, when all of the city, north of the Orne River, was captured during Operation Charnwood."}, {"id": "Q2165196", "label": "Operation Atlantic", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 18 July and 20 July, British forces launched Operation Goodwood to outflank the city to the east and south, while Canadian forces mounted Operation Atlantic to cross the Orne River and clear the remaining portions of the city."}, {"id": "Q2706523", "label": "Operation Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "From 25 July to 27 July, another attempt was made to take the ridge as part of Operation Spring."}, {"id": "Q2890620", "label": "Battle of Verrières Ridge", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Verrières Ridge had claimed upwards of 2,800 Canadian casualties."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 July, the American First Army began Operation Cobra, which after the first two days, broke through the German defences south of Saint-Lô."}], "Q71443275": [{"id": "Q296771", "label": "Saad Harirị", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests created a political crisis in Lebanon, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation, not demanding any new governmental needs of being the prime minister and echoing protesters' demands for a government of independent specialists."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1997, successive governments maintained a pegged exchange rate between the Lebanese pound and United States dollar."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The reduction of the national deficit as a condition of a package of US$10.2 billion of loans and US$860 million of grants agreed in 2018 with the World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q363392", "label": "Michel Aoun", "section": "Background", "says": "The final session of the budget draft was to be held on 19 October, but was canceled upon the agreement of Prime Minister Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun."}], "Q715182": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salla was fought between Finnish and Soviet troops near Salla in northern Finland during the Winter War."}], "Q715562": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ueno (Japanese: 上野戦争, Hepburn: Ueno Sensō) was a battle of the Boshin War, which occurred on 4 July 1868 (Meiji 1, 15th day of the 5th month), between the troops of the Shōgitai under Shibusawa Seiichirō and Amano Hachirō, and Imperial \"Kangun\" troops."}, {"id": "Q287657", "label": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Shibusawa and Amano initially posted the 2000-strong Shōgitai in Ueno to protect Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who was, at the time, in self-imposed confinement at Ueno's Kan'ei-ji Temple, and Prince Rinnōji no Miya Yoshihisa, the temple abbot who was to become the new dynastic leader of the Tokugawa resistance as \"Emperor Tōbu.\"\nFrom their base, the Shōgitai had been harassing Imperial troops, creating tro"}], "Q716144": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Sook Ching was a mass killing that occurred from 18 February to 4 March 1942 in Singapore after it fell to the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Japanese soldiers engaged in indiscriminate killing and did not try to identify who was 'anti-Japanese.' Singapore was a crucial strategic point in World War II."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Three days later after the fall, on 18 February, the occupying Japanese military began mass killings of a wide range of \"undesirables\", who were mostly ethnic Chinese, influenced by the events of the Second Sino-Japanese War that was raging simultaneously as far back as 1937."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese also brutally subjugated civilians in Burma and Thailand, with estimates of up to 90,000 additional deaths."}], "Q7359741": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rohingya conflict is an ongoing conflict in the northern part of Rakhine State, Myanmar (formerly known as Arakan, Burma), characterised by sectarian violence between the Rohingya Muslim and Rakhine Buddhist communities, a military crackdown on Rohingya civilians by Myanmar's security forces, and militant attacks by Rohingya insurgents in Buthidaung, Maungdaw, and Rathedaung Townships, which b"}, {"id": "Q43033", "label": "Desmond Tutu", "section": "lead", "says": "This has widely been compared to apartheid by many international academics, analysts, and political figures, including Desmond Tutu, a famous South African anti-apartheid activist."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the independence of Myanmar, Rohingya mujahideen fought government forces in an attempt to have the mostly Rohingya populated region around the Mayu peninsula in northern Arakan (present-day Rakhine State) gain autonomy or secede, so it could be annexed by Pakistan's East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Though unofficial, specific undertaking were made to Arakanese Muslims after World War II."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1946, the leaders made calls for annexation of the territory by Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the colonial period, the first mass exodus from what was then East Pakistan took place towards the 1970s."}], "Q87590993": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Cuba also has one of the oldest populations in the Americas and one quarter of the population is considered at-risk."}], "Q87652010": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "To prevent the spread of the disease into Venezuela, the governments of Brazil and Colombia temporarily closed their borders with Venezuela."}], "Q87770827": [{"id": "Q16193885", "label": "Samia Suluhu Hassan", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on 28 June 2021, President Samia Suluhu Hassan announced COVID-19 statistics to the public for the first time since May 2020, with 100 new cases in Tanzania and 70 people in a critical state on ventilators."}], "Q87785296": [{"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The virus was confirmed to have spread to Greenland, an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark, in March 2020."}], "Q920202": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of World War I and took place in the Balkan Theatre."}], "Q920679": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shaho (Japanese: 沙河会戦 (Saka no kaisen), Russian: Сражение на реке Шахе) was the second large-scale land battle of the Russo-Japanese War fought along a 37-mile (60 km) front centered at the Shaho River along the Mukden–Port Arthur spur of the China Far East Railway north of Liaoyang, Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q2440191", "label": "Battle of Liaoyang", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Liaoyang the situation for General Alexei Kuropatkin, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian armies in Manchuria became increasingly unfavorable."}, {"id": "Q359819", "label": "Ōyama Iwao", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese forces commanded by Field Marshal Ōyama Iwao consisted of 170,000 men in 170 battalions, organized into the Japanese 1st Army (General Kuroki Tamemoto) in the east, 2nd Army (General Oku Yasukata) in the west, and 4th Army (General Nozu Michitsura) in the center, and four reserve brigades."}, {"id": "Q1319672", "label": "Kuroki Tamemoto", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese forces commanded by Field Marshal Ōyama Iwao consisted of 170,000 men in 170 battalions, organized into the Japanese 1st Army (General Kuroki Tamemoto) in the east, 2nd Army (General Oku Yasukata) in the west, and 4th Army (General Nozu Michitsura) in the center, and four reserve brigades."}, {"id": "Q968012", "label": "Oku Yasukata", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese forces commanded by Field Marshal Ōyama Iwao consisted of 170,000 men in 170 battalions, organized into the Japanese 1st Army (General Kuroki Tamemoto) in the east, 2nd Army (General Oku Yasukata) in the west, and 4th Army (General Nozu Michitsura) in the center, and four reserve brigades."}, {"id": "Q1188963", "label": "Nozu Michitsura", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese forces commanded by Field Marshal Ōyama Iwao consisted of 170,000 men in 170 battalions, organized into the Japanese 1st Army (General Kuroki Tamemoto) in the east, 2nd Army (General Oku Yasukata) in the west, and 4th Army (General Nozu Michitsura) in the center, and four reserve brigades."}, {"id": "Q2443464", "label": "Pavel Mishchenko", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian forces had 210,000 men in nine corps (261 battalions), organized into the Western Detachment (General Alexandr von Bilderling), Eastern Detachment (Lieutenant General Georgii Stackelberg) and reserves, including the First European Army Corps (Lieutenant General Feofil Meyendorf), Fourth Siberian Army Corps (Lieutenant General Nikolai Zarubaev), Sixth Siberian Army Corps (Lieutenant Gen"}], "Q925828": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Nola was fought in 216 BC between the forces of Hannibal and a Roman force led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus."}], "Q925917": [{"id": "Q1245157", "label": "Battle of Loos", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle included the Battle of Loos by the British First Army."}, {"id": "Q548680", "label": "Second Battle of Champagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive, meant to complement the Second Battle of Champagne, was the last attempt that year by Joseph Joffre, the French commander-in-chief, to exploit an Allied numerical advantage over Germany."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive, meant to complement the Second Battle of Champagne, was the last attempt that year by Joseph Joffre, the French commander-in-chief, to exploit an Allied numerical advantage over Germany."}], "Q926514": [{"id": "Q80398", "label": "Pericles", "section": "lead", "says": "This fleet initially defeated the Samians and blockaded the city, but Pericles, in command, was then forced to lead a substantial portion of the fleet away upon learning that the Persian fleet was approaching from the south."}], "Q935088": [{"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lipany (Czech: Bitva u Lipan), also called the Battle of Český Brod, was fought at Lipany 40 km east of Prague on 30 May 1434 and virtually ended the Hussite Wars."}, {"id": "Q366500", "label": "Prokop the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "An army of moderate Hussite (or Calixtine) nobility and Catholics, called the Bohemian League, defeated the radical Taborites and Orphans (or Sirotci) led by Prokop the Great, the overall commander, and by Jan Čapek of Sány, the cavalry commander."}], "Q939106": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 March 2005, at 23:09:37 WIB, a Mw 8.6–8.7 earthquake struck the Banyak Islands, located off the coast of Aceh, Indonesia."}], "Q940675": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Omani protests (also called the Omani Spring) were a series of protests in Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the \"Arab Spring\"."}, {"id": "Q57331", "label": "Qaboos bin Said Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the responses of the then Sultan Qaboos bin Said was the dismissal of a third of the governing cabinet."}], "Q941932": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The September Uprising (Bulgarian: Септемврийско въстание, Septemvriysko vastanie), also called the September Riots (Септемврийски бунтове), was a 1923 communist insurgency in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q84266", "label": "Karl Radek", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the neutral stance of the Bulgarian Communist Party to the coup, for several days after the coup, the Comintern strongly condemned the neutrality of the BCP, criticized by Grigory Zinoviev, Karl Radek, and especially by Joseph Stalin, who even called for \"a trial of the Communist Party in Bulgaria or its leaders\"."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the neutral stance of the Bulgarian Communist Party to the coup, for several days after the coup, the Comintern strongly condemned the neutrality of the BCP, criticized by Grigory Zinoviev, Karl Radek, and especially by Joseph Stalin, who even called for \"a trial of the Communist Party in Bulgaria or its leaders\"."}, {"id": "Q350248", "label": "Vasil Kolarov", "section": "Background", "says": "The Comintern compared the coup to the Kornilov coup in Russia and the Kapp coup attempt in Germany and issued instructions to organize an uprising and a general strike, and in order to implement this decision, Vasil Kolarov arrived in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q155074", "label": "Georgi Dimitrov", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgi Dimitrov was tasked with attracting factions outside the BCP to participate in the uprising, but especially as the BZNS had been weaked into impotence, the practical outcome of these contact attempts were insignificant."}], "Q956737": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turtucaia (Romanian: Bătălia de la Turtucaia; Bulgarian: Битка при Тутракан, Bitka pri Tutrakan), also known as Tutrakan Epopee (Bulgarian: Тутраканска епопея, Tutrakanska epopeya) in Bulgaria, was the opening battle of the first Central Powers offensive during the Romanian Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turtucaia (Romanian: Bătălia de la Turtucaia; Bulgarian: Битка при Тутракан, Bitka pri Tutrakan), also known as Tutrakan Epopee (Bulgarian: Тутраканска епопея, Tutrakanska epopeya) in Bulgaria, was the opening battle of the first Central Powers offensive during the Romanian Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q1359653", "label": "Stefan Toshev", "section": "Background", "says": "To protect their Danube frontier the Bulgarians had activated their Third Army as early as September 1915, giving its commander, Lieutenant General Stefan Toshev, almost a year to train and equip his troops."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of August the army was subordinated to Army Group Mackensen, under the overall command of Field Marshal August von Mackensen, who had transferred his headquarters from the Macedonian front for the specific purpose of coordinating the offensive against Romania."}], "Q961243": [{"id": "Q4872615", "label": "Battle of Two Rivers", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after, the Picts rose in rebellion against Northumbrian subjugation at the Battle of Two Rivers, recorded in the 8th century by Stephen of Ripon, hagiographer of Wilfrid."}], "Q966386": [{"id": "Q189660", "label": "Chlodomer", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vézeronce was fought on 25 June 524 AD near Vézeronce-Curtin (then Veseruntia), now in Isère, France, between the Franks led by King Chlodomer and the Burgundians commanded by King Godomar."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vézeronce was fought on 25 June 524 AD near Vézeronce-Curtin (then Veseruntia), now in Isère, France, between the Franks led by King Chlodomer and the Burgundians commanded by King Godomar."}, {"id": "Q28984", "label": "Clothar I", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle was part of an expedition against the Burgundians initiated by the four sons and heirs of the Frankish king Clovis I: Childebert I, Chlodomer, Chlothar I, and Theuderic I."}, {"id": "Q233461", "label": "Theuderic I", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle was part of an expedition against the Burgundians initiated by the four sons and heirs of the Frankish king Clovis I: Childebert I, Chlodomer, Chlothar I, and Theuderic I."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "After a previous incursion by the brothers in 523, Burgundian king Sigismund had been captured and executed, on the orders of Chlodomer, and was succeeded by his brother, Godomar."}], "Q978823": [{"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Civetot was fought between the forces of the People's Crusade and of the Seljuk Turks of Anatolia on 21 October 1096."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle brought an end to the People's Crusade; some of the survivors joined the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q311845", "label": "Peter the Hermit", "section": "Background", "says": "Peter the Hermit, the nominal leader of the crusade, had gone back to Constantinople to arrange for supplies and was due back soon, and most of the remaining leaders argued that it would be better to wait for him to return (which he never did)."}], "Q989075": [{"id": "Q2337526", "label": "First Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arras (also known as the First Battle of Arras, 1–4 October 1914), was an attempt by the French Army to outflank the German Army, which was attempting to do the same thing during the \"Race to the Sea\", their reciprocal attempts to exploit conditions created during the First Battle of the Aisne."}, {"id": "Q17510672", "label": "First Battle of Picardy", "section": "lead", "says": "At the First Battle of Picardy (22–26 September) each side had attacked expecting to advance round an open northern flank and found instead that troops had arrived from further south and extended the flank northwards."}, {"id": "Q1127035", "label": "Battle of La Bassée", "section": "lead", "says": "Attempts to encircle Arras from the north were defeated and both sides used reinforcements to try another flanking move further north at the Battle of La Bassée (10 October – 2 November)."}], "Q1025134": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Focșani (also Battle of Fokschani or Battle of Focsani; Hungarian: Foksányi csata) took place during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) on 1 August 1789 (Old Style 21 July) between the Ottoman Empire and the alliance of the Russian Empire and the Habsburg monarchy near Focșani, Moldavia (now in Romania)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Focșani (also Battle of Fokschani or Battle of Focsani; Hungarian: Foksányi csata) took place during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) on 1 August 1789 (Old Style 21 July) between the Ottoman Empire and the alliance of the Russian Empire and the Habsburg monarchy near Focșani, Moldavia (now in Romania)."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians were led by Alexander Suvorov, the Austrians by Prince Josias of Coburg, and the Ottomans by Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians were led by Alexander Suvorov, the Austrians by Prince Josias of Coburg, and the Ottomans by Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha."}, {"id": "Q6424690", "label": "Koca Yusuf Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians were led by Alexander Suvorov, the Austrians by Prince Josias of Coburg, and the Ottomans by Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha."}], "Q106975429": [{"id": "Q98497406", "label": "Assimi Goïta", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of 24 May 2021, the Malian Army led by Vice President Assimi Goïta captured President Bah N'daw, Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Minister of Defence Souleymane Doucouré."}, {"id": "Q324108", "label": "Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta", "section": "Background", "says": "Nine months prior to the 2021 coup, in August 2020, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta was removed from power by a group of military officers."}, {"id": "Q30005153", "label": "Boubou Cisse", "section": "Background", "says": "President Keïta, and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed."}], "Q1073645": [{"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zhovti Vody or Yellow Waters (Ukrainian: Битва під Жовтими Водами; Polish: Bitwa pod Żołtymi Wodami; 29 April — 16 May 1648) was the first significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Zhovti Vody on the Zhovta River in Ukraine, the forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Colonels Mykhailo Krychevsky, Maksym Kryvonis, and Fylon Dzhalaliy with Tugay Bey attacked and defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of Hetman Stefan Potocki and General Stefan Cz"}, {"id": "Q983357", "label": "Tugay Bey", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Zhovti Vody on the Zhovta River in Ukraine, the forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Colonels Mykhailo Krychevsky, Maksym Kryvonis, and Fylon Dzhalaliy with Tugay Bey attacked and defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of Hetman Stefan Potocki and General Stefan Cz"}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Registered Cossacks, who were originally allied with the Crown Army, arrived and unexpectedly joined to the forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Khan İslâm III Giray, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of Hetman Stefan Potocki and General Stefan Czarniecki were annihilated while attempting to retreat in"}, {"id": "Q344132", "label": "İslâm III Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Registered Cossacks, who were originally allied with the Crown Army, arrived and unexpectedly joined to the forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Khan İslâm III Giray, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of Hetman Stefan Potocki and General Stefan Czarniecki were annihilated while attempting to retreat in"}, {"id": "Q2626598", "label": "Mikołaj Potocki", "section": "Background", "says": "Either because they underestimated the size of the uprising, or because they wanted to act quickly to prevent it from spreading, the Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Potocki and Field Crown Hetman Marcin Kalinowski sent a vanguard of 3,500 soldiers under the command of Mikołaj Potocki's son, Stefan Potocki (in fact, commanded by Commissioner Szemberg and Lieutenant Czarniecki) deep into C"}, {"id": "Q963002", "label": "Jeremi Wiśniowiecki", "section": "Background", "says": "Either because they underestimated the size of the uprising, or because they wanted to act quickly to prevent it from spreading, the Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Potocki and Field Crown Hetman Marcin Kalinowski sent a vanguard of 3,500 soldiers under the command of Mikołaj Potocki's son, Stefan Potocki (in fact, commanded by Commissioner Szemberg and Lieutenant Czarniecki) deep into C"}, {"id": "Q2418795", "label": "Zaporizhian Sich", "section": "Background", "says": "It is likely that Krychevsky, en route, contacted Bohdan Khmelnytsky, his old friend (whom he helped to escape into Zaporozhian Sich a year earlier) and the leader of the uprising."}], "Q1082410": [{"id": "Q196409", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Matthew's Day (Estonian: Madisepäeva lahing) was fought near Viljandi (probably in Vanamõisa) on 21 September 1217 during the Livonian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The adversaries were the Sword Brethren (a German Crusading order) with their recently converted Livonian and Latgalian allies versus an army of 6,000 Estonian men from different counties, led by Lembitu, who had attempted to unify the Estonians."}, {"id": "Q25070", "label": "Henry of Latvia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The campaign in Estonia was led by the elder of Sakala, Lembitu, who is referred to by Henry of Latvia with the title princeps ac senior, which in Henry's usage likely signifies a war leader."}], "Q1083718": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "However, despite the pleas of Miloradovich and Yermolov, Kutuzov did not extend his own offensive, fearing to encounter Napoleon himself in battle, while Murat was not pursued as Bennigsen decided not to use the available forces for this purpose."}], "Q1087721": [{"id": "Q57394", "label": "Nūrsūltan Nazarbaev", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Amnesty International, the massacre was a stark illustration of the country's poor human rights record under President Nursultan Nazarbayev."}], "Q10931943": [{"id": "Q156418", "label": "Kingdom of Hawaiʻi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hawaiian Kingdom was overthrown in a coup d'état against Queen Liliʻuokalani that took place on January 17, 1893, on the island of Oahu."}, {"id": "Q1057542", "label": "Republic of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "The committee established the independent nation of the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which occurred in 1898."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The committee established the independent nation of the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which occurred in 1898."}, {"id": "Q163080", "label": "Kalākaua", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1889, Kalākaua traveled to San Francisco for his health, staying at the Palace Hotel."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1889, Kalākaua traveled to San Francisco for his health, staying at the Palace Hotel."}], "Q1094043": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the rebels led to a period of autocratic British rule known as \"Palmerocracy\" (Παλμεροκρατία), that would last until the beginning of World War II."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the outbreak of the First World War, Cyprus was nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire, while in fact being administered by the British Empire as agreed in the Cyprus Convention of 1878."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the outbreak of the First World War, Cyprus was nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire, while in fact being administered by the British Empire as agreed in the Cyprus Convention of 1878."}, {"id": "Q3555069", "label": "Cyprus Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "At the outbreak of the First World War, Cyprus was nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire, while in fact being administered by the British Empire as agreed in the Cyprus Convention of 1878."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece in exchange for the Greek intervention into World War I on the side of the Triple Entente."}, {"id": "Q2748699", "label": "Ronald Storrs", "section": "Background", "says": "The November 1926 appointment of Ronald Storrs (a philhellene) as the new governor of Cyprus, fostered the idea among Greek Cypriot nationalists that British rule would be a stepping stone for the eventual union with Greece."}], "Q111383254": [{"id": "Q65199830", "label": "Serhiy Haidai", "section": "Background", "says": "Four days later, governor of Luhansk Oblast Serhiy Haidai stated that fighting was taking place on the outskirts of Lysychansk, Sievierodonetsk, and Rubizhne."}], "Q126416493": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 June 2024, the Israel Defense Forces rescued four hostages from the Nuseirat refugee camp, and, during the operation, killed at least 276 Palestinians and injured over 698."}, {"id": "Q312901", "label": "Josep Borrell", "section": "lead", "says": "EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell described the events as a \"bloodbath.\" The OHCHR said that both Israeli forces and Palestinian armed groups may have committed war crimes."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nuseirat refugee camp was established in the Gaza Strip after the Palestinians were expelled or fled from Israel during the 1948 Palestine war."}], "Q1265114": [{"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "Mainland Nova Scotia came under British control after the Siege of Port Royal in 1710 and the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 (not including Cape Breton Island), but present-day New Brunswick and Maine remained contested between New England and New France."}, {"id": "Q3118940", "label": "Father Le Loutre's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Similarly, New France established three forts along the border of New Brunswick during Father Le Loutre's War to protect it from a British attack from Nova Scotia."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War, but it had been signed in Europe and had not involved any member of the Wabanaki Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abenaki signed the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth, but none had been consulted about British ownership of Nova Scotia, and the Miꞌkmaq began to make raids against New England fishermen and settlements."}, {"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The three previous Indian Wars were King Philip's War (or the First Indian War) in 1675, King William's War (or the Second Indian War), and Queen Anne's War (or the Third Indian War) from 1703 to 1711."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The three previous Indian Wars were King Philip's War (or the First Indian War) in 1675, King William's War (or the Second Indian War), and Queen Anne's War (or the Third Indian War) from 1703 to 1711."}], "Q1267571": [{"id": "Q31704", "label": "Hákon Sigurðsson", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle played an important role in the struggle by Haakon Sigurdsson  (c."}], "Q1267656": [{"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "Background", "says": "Ιn 268, the Alamanni, who had been making incursions into Roman territory since the reign of Marcus Aurelius, had broken through the Roman frontier at the Danube and crossed the Alps."}, {"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "Background", "says": "The power struggles in Mediolanum due to Aureolus' revolt, the murder of Emperor Gallienus and the resulting confrontation between Aureolus and Claudius, who had been nominated as emperor by Gallienus on his death bed, forced the Romans to denude the frontier of troops."}, {"id": "Q312910", "label": "Aureolus", "section": "Background", "says": "The power struggles in Mediolanum due to Aureolus' revolt, the murder of Emperor Gallienus and the resulting confrontation between Aureolus and Claudius, who had been nominated as emperor by Gallienus on his death bed, forced the Romans to denude the frontier of troops."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "Background", "says": "The power struggles in Mediolanum due to Aureolus' revolt, the murder of Emperor Gallienus and the resulting confrontation between Aureolus and Claudius, who had been nominated as emperor by Gallienus on his death bed, forced the Romans to denude the frontier of troops."}], "Q127638355": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 2023, the United States and several Western allies launched operations in the Red Sea to thwart attacks on ships originating from Yemeni territory and to ensure the security of shipping routes."}], "Q1301424": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nkomati Accord  (officially known as the Agreement on Non-Aggression and Good Neighbourliness between Mozambique and South Africa ) was a non-aggression pact signed on 16 March 1984 between the People's Republic of Mozambique and the Republic of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nkomati Accord  (officially known as the Agreement on Non-Aggression and Good Neighbourliness between Mozambique and South Africa ) was a non-aggression pact signed on 16 March 1984 between the People's Republic of Mozambique and the Republic of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q617078", "label": "People's Republic of Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nkomati Accord  (officially known as the Agreement on Non-Aggression and Good Neighbourliness between Mozambique and South Africa ) was a non-aggression pact signed on 16 March 1984 between the People's Republic of Mozambique and the Republic of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q219918", "label": "Samora Moisés Machel", "section": "lead", "says": "The event took place at the South African town of Komatipoort with the signatories being President of Mozambique  Samora Machel and Prime Minister of South Africa P.W."}, {"id": "Q1568540", "label": "Rome General Peace Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "A permanent peace accord, the Rome General Peace Accords, finally ended the Mozambican Civil War in 1992 and was supervised by the United Nations' ONUMOZ force until 1994."}, {"id": "Q657661", "label": "Mozambican Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "A permanent peace accord, the Rome General Peace Accords, finally ended the Mozambican Civil War in 1992 and was supervised by the United Nations' ONUMOZ force until 1994."}], "Q130255015": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Uprising, also known as the July Mass Uprising, Student-People's Uprising, July Revolution, Gen Z Revolution, or Monsoon Revolution was a mass uprising in Bangladesh in 2024."}, {"id": "Q52183", "label": "Sheikh Hasina", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning as a quota reform movement in June 2024 after the Supreme Court of Bangladesh reinstated the controversial government job quotas which reserved 30% of government job seats for the descendants of the freedom fighters, the protests intensified after Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina referred to the protesters as \"grandchildren of Razakars\", resulting in nationwide anti-government slogans and de"}, {"id": "Q43969", "label": "Muhammad Yunus", "section": "lead", "says": "Coinciding with the first anniversary of the resignation of Hasina, on 5 August 2025, the uprising received constitutional acknowledgment with the announcement of the July Declaration by Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus, which included a pledge to hold a free and fair general election and constitutional referendum on the July Charter alongside the election."}], "Q130714": [{"id": "Q184310", "label": "Cedar Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Cedar Revolution in 2005 and the withdrawal of the occupying Syrian forces from the country, the Lebanese political spectrum has been divided between the anti-Syrian government 14 March alliance and the pro-Syrian government 8 March alliance."}, {"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "Background", "says": "In August, The Jerusalem Post reported that protesters, enraged at Hezbollah's support for Syria's government, burned Hezbollah flags and images of its leader Hassan Nasrallah in several places in Syria."}, {"id": "Q6294", "label": "Hillary Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that it should be \"abundantly clear to those who support Assad [the] 'regime' [that] its days are numbered.\" It was reported that, \"sales of black market weapons in Lebanon have skyrocketed in recent weeks due to demand in Syria.\" In June 2011, clashes in the Lebanese city of Tripoli between members of the Alawite minority, loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Ass"}], "Q132555025": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1820–1823 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1820 to 1823."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1820–1823 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1820 to 1823."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman-Iranian War that began in 1820 was also part of a series of wars between the two empires, which was attributed to the influences of foreign powers, particularly Great Britain and the Russian Empire."}], "Q1326406": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Wanghia (also known as the Treaty of Wangxia; Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire); (Chinese: [中美]望廈條約 /  [中美]望厦条约) was the first of the unequal treaties imposed by the United States on the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "lead", "says": "By the terms of the diplomatic agreement, the United States received the same privileges with China that Great Britain had achieved under the Treaty of Nanking in 1842."}, {"id": "Q11881", "label": "John Tyler", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was subsequently passed by the US Congress and ratified by President John Tyler on January 17, 1845."}], "Q1326831": [{"id": "Q7488", "label": "Emperor Qinzong of Song", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jin forces captured the Song ruler, Emperor Qinzong, along with his father, the retired Emperor Huizong, assorted members of the imperial family from Emperor Taizong's bloodline, aristocrats, and numerous officials of the Song imperial court."}, {"id": "Q5070", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "This came too late: in the fall of 1125, Emperor Taizong of Jin issued an order to launch a full-scale attack on Song territories."}], "Q1343239": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Awa (阿波沖海戦, Awa oki kaisen) occurred on 28 January 1868 during the Boshin War in Japan, in the area of Awa Bay near Osaka."}, {"id": "Q532959", "label": "Enomoto Takeaki", "section": "lead", "says": "Enomoto Takeaki led the shogunal navy to victory at Awa, in one of the few Tokugawa successes of the Boshin War, one day after the start of the land Battle of Toba–Fushimi (which the shogunate lost to the Imperial forces)."}, {"id": "Q1193959", "label": "Battle of Toba-Fushimi", "section": "lead", "says": "Enomoto Takeaki led the shogunal navy to victory at Awa, in one of the few Tokugawa successes of the Boshin War, one day after the start of the land Battle of Toba–Fushimi (which the shogunate lost to the Imperial forces)."}], "Q1345258": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty three years previously, the Republic of China was established in its place."}, {"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was caused by President Yuan Shikai's proclamation of the Empire of China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "In Yunnan, military leaders, including Tang Jiyao, Cai E and Li Liejun, declared their independence and launched military expeditions against Yuan Shikai."}, {"id": "Q532587", "label": "Song Jiaoren", "section": "Origin", "says": "After Yuan Shikai plotted the assassinations of Song Jiaoren and Chen Qimei, founders of the Kuomintang, Sun Yat-sen launched the Second Revolution against him."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "Origin", "says": "After Yuan Shikai plotted the assassinations of Song Jiaoren and Chen Qimei, founders of the Kuomintang, Sun Yat-sen launched the Second Revolution against him."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Origin", "says": "It was unsuccessful, and Sun Yat-sen was forced to flee to Japan while the Kuomintang was dissolved."}], "Q1347209": [{"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Praga or the Second Battle of Warsaw of 1794, also known in Russian and German as the Storming of Praga (Russian: Штурм Праги) and in Polish as the Defence of Praga (Polish: Obrona Pragi), was a successful Russian assault on Praga, the easternmost community of Warsaw, during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794."}], "Q1353773": [{"id": "Q452048", "label": "Hasdrubal Gisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of the Great Plains was fought in 203 BC in modern Tunisia between a Roman army commanded by Publius Cornelius Scipio, and allied Carthaginian and Numidian armies commanded by Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax respectively."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Second Punic War and resulted in a heavy defeat for Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Second Punic War and resulted in a heavy defeat for Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of its defeat in the First Punic War (264–241 BC) Carthage expanded its territory in south-east Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of its defeat in the First Punic War (264–241 BC) Carthage expanded its territory in south-east Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman ally Masinissa took over his kingdom."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Scipio and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, and Carthage recalled armies from Italy commanded by Hannibal and Mago Barca."}, {"id": "Q335604", "label": "Mago", "section": "lead", "says": "Scipio and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, and Carthage recalled armies from Italy commanded by Hannibal and Mago Barca."}], "Q13553993": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Ramla (or Ramleh) took place on 27 August 1105 between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fatimids of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Ramla lay on the road from Jerusalem to Ascalon, the latter of which was the largest Fatimid fortress in Palestine."}, {"id": "Q551601", "label": "Al-Afdal Shahanshah", "section": "Background", "says": "From Ascalon the Fatimid vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, launched almost annual attacks into the newly founded Crusader kingdom from 1099 to 1107."}], "Q1369629": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fraga was a battle of the Spanish Reconquista that took place on 17 July 1134 at Fraga, Aragon, Spain."}, {"id": "Q81833", "label": "Alphonse the Battler", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the combined forces of King Alfonso the Battler and Viscount Centule VI of Béarn, and a variety of Almoravid forces that had come to the aid of the town of Fraga which was being besieged by Alfonso."}], "Q1377639": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a turning point in the American Civil War, with Lee increasingly pushed back toward Richmond until his surrender in April 1865."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Hooker and then (from June 28) by Maj."}, {"id": "Q297121", "label": "George Meade", "section": "lead", "says": "George Meade."}, {"id": "Q33132", "label": "Battle of Gettysburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gettysburg was the deadliest of the war."}], "Q1383153": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Polyanovka, also known as the Peace of Polyanovka (Polish: Pokój w Polanowie; Lithuanian: Polianovkos taika) was a peace treaty signed on 14 June 1634 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia in the village of Semlyovo located near the Polyanovka river between Vyazma and Dorogobuzh."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Polyanovka, also known as the Peace of Polyanovka (Polish: Pokój w Polanowie; Lithuanian: Polianovkos taika) was a peace treaty signed on 14 June 1634 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia in the village of Semlyovo located near the Polyanovka river between Vyazma and Dorogobuzh."}, {"id": "Q1140492", "label": "Smolensk War", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord was signed in the aftermath of the Smolensk War."}], "Q1414900": [{"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "The El Mozote massacre took place both in and around the village of El Mozote, in the Morazán Department, El Salvador, on December 11 and 12, 1981, when the Salvadoran Army killed more than 811 civilians during the Salvadoran Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1783607", "label": "Salvadoran Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The El Mozote massacre took place both in and around the village of El Mozote, in the Morazán Department, El Salvador, on December 11 and 12, 1981, when the Salvadoran Army killed more than 811 civilians during the Salvadoran Civil War."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 2011, the government of El Salvador apologized for the massacre, the largest in the Americas in modern times."}], "Q1429804": [{"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crannon (322 BC), fought between the Macedonian forces of Antipater and Craterus and the forces of a coalition of cities including Athens and the Aetolian League, was the decisive battle of the Lamian War."}, {"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crannon (322 BC), fought between the Macedonian forces of Antipater and Craterus and the forces of a coalition of cities including Athens and the Aetolian League, was the decisive battle of the Lamian War."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crannon (322 BC), fought between the Macedonian forces of Antipater and Craterus and the forces of a coalition of cities including Athens and the Aetolian League, was the decisive battle of the Lamian War."}, {"id": "Q28365", "label": "Lamian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crannon (322 BC), fought between the Macedonian forces of Antipater and Craterus and the forces of a coalition of cities including Athens and the Aetolian League, was the decisive battle of the Lamian War."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Athenians, upon learning of the death of Alexander the Great in June 323 BC, decided to turn against Macedonian hegemony in the rest of Greece."}, {"id": "Q347164", "label": "Leonnatus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The first to respond, Leonnatus, led his forces against the Athenian cavalry but was killed in the subsequent battle."}], "Q1456660": [{"id": "Q543935", "label": "Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Värälä (sometimes known as the Treaty of Wereloe) was signed in Värälä, Elimäki Municipality, Finland, between Russia (represented by Otto Heinrich Igelström) and Sweden (represented by Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt)."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty confirmed status quo ante bellum with respect to the borders; however, Russia's right to interfere with Swedish interior affairs from the Treaty of Nystad was expressly revoked."}, {"id": "Q1141485", "label": "Treaty of Åbo", "section": "lead", "says": "The provisions of the previous Treaty of Åbo were basically confirmed."}, {"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Gustav III had sent to his cousin, Catherine II of Russia, a letter in which he besought her to \"forget the war as a passing cloud\" and invoked their common blood as his claim to enjoy amitie with his cousin."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Gustav III had sent to his cousin, Catherine II of Russia, a letter in which he besought her to \"forget the war as a passing cloud\" and invoked their common blood as his claim to enjoy amitie with his cousin."}], "Q1458777": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the midday and afternoon hours of Wednesday, March 18, 1925, the deadliest tornado in United States history and second-deadliest worldwide moved through Eastern Missouri, Southern Illinois and Southern Indiana, killing 695 people and injuring 2,027 more in what is sometimes known as the Tri-State tornado."}], "Q1465514": [{"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion arose out of concern over Queen Mary I's determination to marry a foreigner, Philip II of Spain, and to return England to the Catholic Church and papal authority."}], "Q1474647": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Kroton in 204 and 203 BC were, as well as the raid in Cisalpine Gaul, the last larger scale engagements between the Romans and the Carthaginians in Italy during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "After Hannibal’s retreat to Bruttium due to the Metaurus debacle, the Romans continuously tried to block his forces from gaining access to the Ionian Sea and cut his eventual escape to Carthage by capturing Kroton, the last port which had remained in his hands after years of fighting."}], "Q1478970": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 AD between a Byzantine expeditionary force and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 AD between a Byzantine expeditionary force and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Background", "says": "In the vacuum, Byzantine and Carthaginian forces in the region were able to push the garrison forces out and back to Cyrenaica."}], "Q1481957": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also the Sioux Treaty of 1868) is an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota, and Arapaho Nation."}, {"id": "Q2060306", "label": "Red Cloud's War", "section": "lead", "says": "It stipulated that the government would abandon forts along the Bozeman Trail and included a number of provisions designed to encourage a transition to farming and to move the tribes \"closer to the white man's way of life.\" The treaty protected specified rights of third parties not partaking in the negotiations and effectively ended Red Cloud's War."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant chose to resolve the situation by unilaterally ordering the Ponca removed to the Indian Territory."}, {"id": "Q312721", "label": "Red Cloud", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was negotiated by members of the government-appointed Indian Peace Commission and signed between April and November 1868 at and near Fort Laramie, in the Wyoming Territory, with the final signatories being Red Cloud himself and others who accompanied him."}], "Q149734": [{"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Bautzen (German: Frieden von Bautzen; Polish: Pokój w Budziszynie; Upper Sorbian: Budyski měr) was a treaty concluded on 30 January 1018, between Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and Bolesław I of Poland which ended a series of Polish-German wars over the control of Lusatia and Upper Lusatia (Milzenerland or Milsko, the eastern part of the margraviate of Meissen (Miśnia)) as well as Bohemi"}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Bautzen (German: Frieden von Bautzen; Polish: Pokój w Budziszynie; Upper Sorbian: Budyski měr) was a treaty concluded on 30 January 1018, between Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and Bolesław I of Poland which ended a series of Polish-German wars over the control of Lusatia and Upper Lusatia (Milzenerland or Milsko, the eastern part of the margraviate of Meissen (Miśnia)) as well as Bohemi"}, {"id": "Q28468", "label": "Mieszko II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The treaty was confirmed by the marriage of Richeza, a niece of Otto III, to Mieszko II, a son of Bolesław I."}], "Q1500211": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cissa was part of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q316475", "label": "Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus", "section": "lead", "says": "A Roman army under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus defeated an outnumbered Carthaginian army under Hanno, thus gaining control of the territory north of the Ebro River that Hannibal had just subdued a few months prior in the summer of 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "A Roman army under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus defeated an outnumbered Carthaginian army under Hanno, thus gaining control of the territory north of the Ebro River that Hannibal had just subdued a few months prior in the summer of 218 BC."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hasdrubal Barca, who was in Cartagena nearly 300 miles away, was caught off guard by the sudden arrival of the Romans, and marched north to join Hanno with an army of 8,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry."}], "Q1542829": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of South Mountain, known in several early Southern accounts as the Battle of Boonsboro Gap, was fought on September 14, 1862, as part of the Maryland campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2342042", "label": "Maryland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the delay bought at South Mountain would allow him to reunite his army and forestall defeat in detail, Lee considered termination of the Maryland Campaign at nightfall."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Background", "says": "James Longstreet."}, {"id": "Q355444", "label": "Ambrose Burnside", "section": "Background", "says": "Ambrose Burnside, the Right Wing, commanded the I Corps (Maj."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Hooker) and IX Corps (Maj."}, {"id": "Q887218", "label": "Edwin Vose Sumner", "section": "Background", "says": "Edwin Vose Sumner, was in reserve."}], "Q15884770": [{"id": "Q6409399", "label": "Sulayman ibn Surad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Penitents were a group of pro-Alid Kufans led by Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion of Muhammad, who wished to atone for their failure to assist Husayn ibn Ali in his abortive uprising against the Umayyads in 680."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Penitents were a group of pro-Alid Kufans led by Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion of Muhammad, who wished to atone for their failure to assist Husayn ibn Ali in his abortive uprising against the Umayyads in 680."}, {"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Penitents were a group of pro-Alid Kufans led by Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion of Muhammad, who wished to atone for their failure to assist Husayn ibn Ali in his abortive uprising against the Umayyads in 680."}, {"id": "Q2617539", "label": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "section": "lead", "says": "They were deserted by most of their supporters shortly before the departure to northern Syria where a large Umayyad army under the command of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad had mustered in preparation for an offensive against Iraq."}], "Q2164950": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lens (20 August 1648) was the last major battle of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)."}, {"id": "Q310837", "label": "Louis, Grand Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "A \nFrench force commanded by Louis, Grand Condé defeated a Spanish army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the four years following the decisive French victory at Rocroi against the Spanish Army of Flanders, the French captured dozens of towns throughout northern France and the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince de Condé was recalled from a failed campaign in Catalonia against the Spanish and appointed commander of the 16,000-man French army opposite the Spanish army of the Archduke and General Jean de Beck, the governor of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince de Condé was recalled from a failed campaign in Catalonia against the Spanish and appointed commander of the 16,000-man French army opposite the Spanish army of the Archduke and General Jean de Beck, the governor of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The French victory contributed to the signing of the Peace of Westphalia but the outbreak of the Fronde rebellion prevented the French from exploiting their victory to the hilt against the Spanish."}], "Q2166222": [{"id": "Q46720", "label": "Valentinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Solicinium was fought in 368 between the Roman army, led by Emperor Valentinian I, and an army of Alamanni invading the province of Gaul."}], "Q2170603": [{"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Issus was the third major battle in AD 194 between the forces of Emperor Septimius Severus and his rival, Pescennius Niger, part of the Year of the Five Emperors."}, {"id": "Q201053", "label": "Pescennius Niger", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Issus was the third major battle in AD 194 between the forces of Emperor Septimius Severus and his rival, Pescennius Niger, part of the Year of the Five Emperors."}, {"id": "Q243721", "label": "Year of the Five Emperors", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Issus was the third major battle in AD 194 between the forces of Emperor Septimius Severus and his rival, Pescennius Niger, part of the Year of the Five Emperors."}, {"id": "Q1436", "label": "Pertinax", "section": "Background", "says": "Pescennius Niger was the Roman governor of Syria who had been acclaimed Emperor by his troops, like Severus, following the death of Pertinax."}, {"id": "Q2451436", "label": "Battle of Nicaea", "section": "Background", "says": "Following its successive defeats at Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea in 193, Niger's army successfully withdrew to the Taurus Mountains, where it fiercely defended the Cilician pass."}], "Q22158904": [{"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik in Croatia) by the Aghlabids of Ifriqiya lasted for fifteen months, beginning in 866 until the lifting of the siege upon the approach of a Byzantine fleet in 868."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik in Croatia) by the Aghlabids of Ifriqiya lasted for fifteen months, beginning in 866 until the lifting of the siege upon the approach of a Byzantine fleet in 868."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "lead", "says": "The failure of the siege and the re-appearance of the Byzantines in the region of Dalmatia signalled the beginning of new aggressive western policy by the new Byzantine emperor, Basil I."}], "Q2237537": [{"id": "Q2656995", "label": "Northwest Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fallen Timbers (20 August 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between the Northwestern Confederacy and United States for control of the Northwest Territory."}, {"id": "Q4186402", "label": "Western Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fallen Timbers (20 August 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between the Northwestern Confederacy and United States for control of the Northwest Territory."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fallen Timbers (20 August 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between the Northwestern Confederacy and United States for control of the Northwest Territory."}, {"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fallen Timbers (20 August 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between the Northwestern Confederacy and United States for control of the Northwest Territory."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "lead", "says": "The following Treaty of Greenville and Jay Treaty forced Native American displacement from most of modern-day Ohio, opening it to White American settlement, along with withdrawal of the British presence from the southern Great Lakes region of the United States."}, {"id": "Q1568837", "label": "Jay's Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The following Treaty of Greenville and Jay Treaty forced Native American displacement from most of modern-day Ohio, opening it to White American settlement, along with withdrawal of the British presence from the southern Great Lakes region of the United States."}, {"id": "Q888614", "label": "James Wilkinson", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In May 1791, Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson launched what he thought was a clever raid at the Battle of Kenapacomaqua, Wilkinson killed nine Wea and Miami, and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief Little Turtle."}, {"id": "Q1355169", "label": "Little Turtle", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In May 1791, Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson launched what he thought was a clever raid at the Battle of Kenapacomaqua, Wilkinson killed nine Wea and Miami, and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief Little Turtle."}, {"id": "Q574116", "label": "Anthony Wayne", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Meanwhile, President Washington commissioned Major General \"Mad\" Anthony Wayne to recruit and train a more effective and larger force."}], "Q2241487": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was signed on September 17, 1851 between United States treaty commissioners and representatives of the Cheyenne, Sioux, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations."}], "Q2243653": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Resaena or Resaina, near present-day Ceylanpınar, Turkey, was fought in 243 between the forces of the Roman Empire, led by the Emperor Gordian III and the Praetorian Prefect Timesitheus against the Sasanian Empire's forces during the reign of Shapur I."}, {"id": "Q1812", "label": "Gordian III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Resaena or Resaina, near present-day Ceylanpınar, Turkey, was fought in 243 between the forces of the Roman Empire, led by the Emperor Gordian III and the Praetorian Prefect Timesitheus against the Sasanian Empire's forces during the reign of Shapur I."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Resaena or Resaina, near present-day Ceylanpınar, Turkey, was fought in 243 between the forces of the Roman Empire, led by the Emperor Gordian III and the Praetorian Prefect Timesitheus against the Sasanian Empire's forces during the reign of Shapur I."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "Background", "says": "These territories had been conquered by Shapur and his father, Ardashir I, when the Roman Empire plunged into the Crisis of the Third Century, a conflict among several pretenders to the imperial throne."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "Background", "says": "These territories had been conquered by Shapur and his father, Ardashir I, when the Roman Empire plunged into the Crisis of the Third Century, a conflict among several pretenders to the imperial throne."}], "Q226032": [{"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The poll tax was introduced by the colonial government to disfranchise the majority of emancipated Jamaicans, being fearful of causing an anti-colonial uprising (such as the Haitian Revolution) if they granted too much political power."}], "Q233373": [{"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "It is described by Polybius at 9.4–7, by Livy at 26.4–6, and by Appian at 37–44 of his Hannibalic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "The defection of Capua to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC was perhaps the most significant of his gains at the expense of the Roman alliance in Italy."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "Background", "says": "The defection of Capua to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC was perhaps the most significant of his gains at the expense of the Roman alliance in Italy."}], "Q2337340": [{"id": "Q1500631", "label": "Ecuadorian–Peruvian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The two nations had signed a border treaty following the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941, but Ecuador later disagreed with the treaty as it applied to the Cenepa and Paquisha areas, and in 1960 it declared the treaty null and void."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Mediation efforts of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and the United States paved the way for the opening of diplomatic conversations that ultimately led to the signing of a definitive peace agreement (the Brasilia Presidential Act) on 26 October 1998."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 2026, it is the most recent military conflict in the Americas between countries contesting sovereignty over territory."}, {"id": "Q1760930", "label": "Paquisha War", "section": "Background", "says": "In modern times there were three previous military confrontations: war between 1857 and 1860, a full-scale war in 1941, the Paquisha War in 1981, both of which had seen the Peruvian military forces prevailing over the Ecuadorian military."}], "Q2341116": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1921 Yakut revolt (Russian: Якутский мятеж, romanized: Yakutsky myatezh) or the Yakut expedition (Russian: Якутский поход, romanized: Yakutsky pokhod) was the last episode and final set of military engagements of the Russian Civil War."}], "Q2343764": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Renntier was a German operation during World War II intended to secure the nickel mines around Petsamo in Finland, against a Soviet attack in the event of a renewed war between Finland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Renntier was a German operation during World War II intended to secure the nickel mines around Petsamo in Finland, against a Soviet attack in the event of a renewed war between Finland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was carried out by the Wehrmacht as part of Operation Barbarossa, the German attack on the Soviet Union and began on 22 June 1941."}, {"id": "Q2310242", "label": "Operation Platinum Fox", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was followed up by Operation Platinum Fox, which was an attack by the two divisions against Murmansk as a part of the larger Operation Silver Fox."}, {"id": "Q313442", "label": "Operation Silver Fox", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was followed up by Operation Platinum Fox, which was an attack by the two divisions against Murmansk as a part of the larger Operation Silver Fox."}], "Q2344156": [{"id": "Q620735", "label": "Russo-Georgian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Kodori Valley was a military operation during the Russo-Georgian War in the Upper Kodori Valley of Abkhazia, a breakaway region of Georgia."}], "Q2349651": [{"id": "Q743768", "label": "The Anarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anarchy at Samarra (Arabic: فوضى سامراء, romanized: fawḍā Sāmarrāʾ) was a period of extreme internal instability from 861 to 870 in the history of the Abbasid Caliphate, marked by the violent succession of four caliphs, who became puppets in the hands of powerful rival military groups."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anarchy at Samarra (Arabic: فوضى سامراء, romanized: fawḍā Sāmarrāʾ) was a period of extreme internal instability from 861 to 870 in the history of the Abbasid Caliphate, marked by the violent succession of four caliphs, who became puppets in the hands of powerful rival military groups."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Divisions within the Turkic army leadership enabled Musta'in to flee to Baghdad in 865 with the support of some Turkic chiefs (Bugha the Younger and Wasif) and the Police chief and governor of Baghdad Muhammad, but the rest of the Turkish army chose a new caliph in the person of al-Mu'tazz and besieged Baghdad, forcing the city's capitulation in 866."}], "Q23498601": [{"id": "Q349062", "label": "Bohemond III of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Antiochene Succession was a series of armed conflicts in northern Syria between 1201 and 1219 over the contested succession to Bohemond III of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Antioch, the leading Christian power in the region during the late 12th century, faced a challenge to its dominance from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Antioch, the leading Christian power in the region during the late 12th century, faced a challenge to its dominance from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia."}, {"id": "Q888113", "label": "Raymond-Roupen", "section": "lead", "says": "Bohemond III's eldest son, Raymond, died in 1197, leaving an infant son, Raymond-Roupen, whose mother, Alice, was Leo's niece and heir presumptive."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Bohemond III and the Antiochene nobility recognised Raymond-Roupen's claim, the commune favoured Bohemond III's younger son, Bohemond, who already held the County of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "After Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Syria and Egypt, nearly destroyed the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late 1180s, Antioch emerged as the leading Christian power in the Levant."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1187, Saladin decisively defeated the field army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin and swiftly conquered nearly all western Christian territories in Syria and Palestine."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1187, Saladin decisively defeated the field army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin and swiftly conquered nearly all western Christian territories in Syria and Palestine."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Third Crusade, a major western European military expedition, ensured the survival of the three Crusader states of Jerusalem, Tripoli, and Antioch."}, {"id": "Q354422", "label": "Henry II, Count of Champagne", "section": "Background", "says": "Peace was brokered by the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Count Henry II of Champagne, who persuaded both Leo and Bohemond to renounce claims of suzerainty over one another."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Leo had united the Armenian Church in Cilicia with Rome and accepted the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI."}], "Q2354105": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "Stanisław I Leszczyński, who had briefly ruled as king during the Great Northern War (his reign was from 1705 to 1709), was elected king by an election sejm held on 10 September 1733, with broad support from the Polish nobility and population, as well as support from France (where his daughter was married to Louis XV), and Sweden (where Charles XII had supported him during his earlier reign)."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Stanisław I Leszczyński, who had briefly ruled as king during the Great Northern War (his reign was from 1705 to 1709), was elected king by an election sejm held on 10 September 1733, with broad support from the Polish nobility and population, as well as support from France (where his daughter was married to Louis XV), and Sweden (where Charles XII had supported him during his earlier reign)."}, {"id": "Q560476", "label": "Peter von Lacy", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 September a Russian army of 20,000 under Peter Lacy arrived in Warsaw, and on 6 October a second sejm (composed of a smaller number of electors who had dissented from the previous election) proclaimed Augustus III king."}], "Q2389457": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The intention to draft the Charter had been formally proposed at the 11th ASEAN Summit held in December 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "At the 12th ASEAN Summit held in January 2007 in Cebu, the Philippines, several basic proposals were made public."}], "Q2395246": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The final result was a ceasefire that effectively ended the First Chechen War of 1994–1996."}], "Q2399119": [{"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed on 26 October 1896, formally ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War on terms mostly favourable to Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed on 26 October 1896, formally ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War on terms mostly favourable to Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q302519", "label": "Battle of Adwa", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty superseded a secret agreement between Ethiopia and Italy negotiated days after the decisive Battle of Adwa in March of the same year, in which Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelik II defeated the Italians."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty superseded a secret agreement between Ethiopia and Italy negotiated days after the decisive Battle of Adwa in March of the same year, in which Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelik II defeated the Italians."}, {"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "lead", "says": "The most important concession the Italians made was the abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the conclusion of this treaty and before the end of the next calendar year, the United Kingdom and France, which had colonial possessions bordering Ethiopia, also concluded treaties with Ethiopia which treated her as an equal."}], "Q2404723": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The U Go offensive, or Operation C (Japanese: ウ号作戦, U Gō sakusen), was the Japanese offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the British Empire in the northeast Indian regions of Manipur and the Naga Hills (then administered as part of Assam)."}, {"id": "Q2153", "label": "Subhas Chandra Bose", "section": "Origins of the Japanese plan", "says": "To some extent, Mutaguchi and Tojo were influenced by Subhas Chandra Bose, who led the Azad Hind, a movement which was dedicated to freeing India from British rule."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Origins of the Japanese plan", "says": "The INA was composed mainly of former prisoners of war from the British Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore, and Indian expatriates in South East Asia who had decided to join the nationalist movement."}], "Q2409298": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nanshan (南山の戦い, Nanzan no tatakai), also known as the battle of Jinzhou or Chinchou (Russian: Сражение при Цзинь-чжоу/Кинь-чжоу), was one of many vicious land battles of the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q1387366", "label": "Wilgelm Vitgeft", "section": "Background", "says": "He had left Major-General Baron Anatoly Stoessel in command of Russian ground forces in the Kwantung Peninsula, and Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft in control of the Russian fleet at Port Arthur."}], "Q2422135": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Chile's War of Independence against the Spanish Empire, relations between the nascent republic and the Mapuches of Araucanía remained mostly amicable."}], "Q2445317": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dumlupınar (Greek: Μάχη του Τουμλού Μπουνάρ, romanized: Máchi tou Toumloú Bounár, Turkish: Dumlupınar (Meydan) Muharebesi, lit. 'Dumlupınar (Field) Battle'), also known as Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief (Turkish: Başkumandanlık Meydan Muharebesi) in Turkey, was one of the important battles in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) (part of the Turkish War of Independence)."}, {"id": "Q594015", "label": "Battle of Sakarya", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the attrition battle on the Sakarya River (Battle of Sakarya) in August–September 1921, the Greek Army of Asia Minor under General Anastasios Papoulas retreated to a defensive line extending from the town of İzmit (ancient Nicomedia) to the towns of Eskişehir and Kara Hisâr-ı Sahib (present-day Afyonkarahisar)."}, {"id": "Q2528529", "label": "Anastasios Papoulas", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the attrition battle on the Sakarya River (Battle of Sakarya) in August–September 1921, the Greek Army of Asia Minor under General Anastasios Papoulas retreated to a defensive line extending from the town of İzmit (ancient Nicomedia) to the towns of Eskişehir and Kara Hisâr-ı Sahib (present-day Afyonkarahisar)."}], "Q2446231": [{"id": "Q1230787", "label": "First Celtiberian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Celtiberian War (181–179 BC) and Second Celtiberian War (154–151 BC) were two of the three major rebellions by the Celtiberians (a loose alliance of Celtic tribes living in east central Hispania, among which we can name the Pellendones, the Arevaci, the Lusones, the Titti and the Belli) against the presence of the Romans in Hispania."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Second Punic War ended, the Carthaginians relinquished the control of its Hispanic territories to Rome."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "The next consul, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, attacked the Vaccaei, a tribe living in the central Duero valley which was not at war with Rome."}, {"id": "Q1202928", "label": "Lusitanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Celtiberian War overlapped with the Lusitanian War of (154–150 BC)."}, {"id": "Q1503611", "label": "Numantine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The third major rebellion following the Celtiberian Wars was the Numantine War (143–133 BC), sometimes considered as the Third Celtiberian War."}, {"id": "Q1055755", "label": "Battle of Ilipa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Romans took over the territories of the Carthaginians in southern Hispania when they defeated them at the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC)."}, {"id": "Q180081", "label": "Cato the Elder", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A consular army by Cato the Elder was sent to the Celtiberia, and, despite not being able to take Saguntia, prompted the Celtiberians to stop hostilities in 195 BC."}], "Q2451530": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mojkovac was a World War I battle fought between 6 and 7 January 1916 near Mojkovac, in today's Montenegro, between the armies of Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mojkovac was a World War I battle fought between 6 and 7 January 1916 near Mojkovac, in today's Montenegro, between the armies of Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mojkovac was a World War I battle fought between 6 and 7 January 1916 near Mojkovac, in today's Montenegro, between the armies of Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mojkovac was a World War I battle fought between 6 and 7 January 1916 near Mojkovac, in today's Montenegro, between the armies of Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro."}], "Q2473448": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lissa, also known as the Battle of Vis (French: Bataille de Lissa; Italian: Battaglia di Lissa; Croatian: Viška bitka), was a naval action fought between a British frigate squadron and a much larger squadron of French and Italian frigates and smaller vessels on Wednesday, 13 March 1811 during the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q699923", "label": "Illyrian Provinces", "section": "lead", "says": "The French needed to control the Adriatic to supply a growing army in the Illyrian Provinces and consequently dispatched an invasion force in March 1811 consisting of six frigates, numerous smaller craft and a battalion of Italian troops."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Napoleonic Wars, the name for a succession of connected conflicts between the armies of the French Emperor Napoleon and his European opponents, were nine years old when the War of the Fifth Coalition ended in 1809."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "The Napoleonic Wars, the name for a succession of connected conflicts between the armies of the French Emperor Napoleon and his European opponents, were nine years old when the War of the Fifth Coalition ended in 1809."}, {"id": "Q1077630", "label": "Septinsular Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Treaty of Tilsit, Russia had granted France control over the Septinsular Republic and withdrawn their own forces from the region, allowing Napoleon freedom of action in the Adriatic."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The French army forming in the Illyrian Provinces was possibly intended for an invasion of the Ottoman Empire in conjunction with the Russians; the two countries had signed an agreement to support one another against the Ottomans at Tilsit."}, {"id": "Q171416", "label": "Battle of Trafalgar", "section": "Background", "says": "To disrupt the preparations of this army, the British Royal Navy, which had controlled most of the Mediterranean since the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, seized the Dalmatian Island of Lissa in 1807 and used it as a base for raiding the coastal shipping of Italy and Illyria."}], "Q2479442": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Margus or Battle of Margum was fought in July 285 for control of the Roman Empire between the armies of Diocletian and Carinus in the valley of the Margus River (today Great Morava) in Moesia (present day Serbia), probably near the settlement of Margum."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Margus or Battle of Margum was fought in July 285 for control of the Roman Empire between the armies of Diocletian and Carinus in the valley of the Margus River (today Great Morava) in Moesia (present day Serbia), probably near the settlement of Margum."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle proved to be the tipping point that led to the eventual resolution of the Crisis of the Third Century and the return of stability to the Empire."}], "Q2485365": [{"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was backed by Spain, then engaged in the 1718–1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance with Britain."}, {"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the terms of Peace of Utrecht that ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, Spain lost Sicily and Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the terms of Peace of Utrecht that ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, Spain lost Sicily and Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q539927", "label": "Giulio Alberoni", "section": "Background", "says": "Their recovery was a priority for the Italian-born Spanish chief minister, Giulio Alberoni, who successfully reoccupied Sardinia in 1717."}, {"id": "Q241110", "label": "Battle of Cape Passaro", "section": "Background", "says": "However, when Spanish troops landed on Sicily in July 1718, the Royal Navy destroyed their fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro, beginning the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q348025", "label": "Lord George Murray", "section": "Background", "says": "Here they were joined by exiles from France, including the Earl of Seaforth, James Keith, the Marquess of Tullibardine, Lord George Murray and Cameron of Lochiel."}], "Q248565": [{"id": "Q311808", "label": "Amalric I of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusader invasions of Egypt were the repeated invasions of Fatimid Egypt from 1163 to 1169 by King Amalric of Jerusalem, who wished to strengthen the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem's position in the Levant by taking advantage of the weakness of the Fatimids."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Later crusades tried to support the Kingdom of Jerusalem by targeting the danger that was Egypt, but to no avail."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the capture of Jerusalem by the forces of the First Crusade, the Fatimids of Egypt launched regular raids into Palestine against the Crusaders, while Zengi of Syria launched a series of successful attacks against the County of Edessa and Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the capture of Jerusalem by the forces of the First Crusade, the Fatimids of Egypt launched regular raids into Palestine against the Crusaders, while Zengi of Syria launched a series of successful attacks against the County of Edessa and Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the capture of Jerusalem by the forces of the First Crusade, the Fatimids of Egypt launched regular raids into Palestine against the Crusaders, while Zengi of Syria launched a series of successful attacks against the County of Edessa and Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the capture of Jerusalem by the forces of the First Crusade, the Fatimids of Egypt launched regular raids into Palestine against the Crusaders, while Zengi of Syria launched a series of successful attacks against the County of Edessa and Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Crusade aimed to reverse the gains of Zengi, ironically with an assault on Damascus, Zengi's most powerful rival."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fatimid Caliphate in the 12th century was riddled with internal squabbles."}], "Q2507413": [{"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Escambray rebellion was an armed conflict from 1959 to 1965 in the Escambray Mountains during which several insurgent groups fought against the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels were a mix of former soldiers of the Batista regime, local farmers, and turncoat ex-guerrillas who had fought alongside Castro against Batista during the Cuban Revolution."}], "Q251184": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Signal Hill, fought on 15 September 1762, was the last battle of the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "John's, being the most easterly city in the Americas, excluding those of Greenland, was an important place for docking ships from Europe and preparing them for further inland river journeys."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "Background", "says": "John's, being the most easterly city in the Americas, excluding those of Greenland, was an important place for docking ships from Europe and preparing them for further inland river journeys."}], "Q251597": [{"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Battle of Dornach was fought on 22 July 1499 between the troops of Emperor Maximilian I and the Old Swiss Confederacy, close to the Swiss village of Dornach."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Battle of Dornach was fought on 22 July 1499 between the troops of Emperor Maximilian I and the Old Swiss Confederacy, close to the Swiss village of Dornach."}, {"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended in a decisive defeat for Maximilian, and concluded the Swabian War between the Swiss and the Swabian League."}], "Q2539788": [{"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Compton's Cafeteria riot occurred in August 1966 in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident was one of the first LGBTQ-related riots in United States history, preceding the more famous 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City by three years."}], "Q2543997": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ladysmith was a protracted engagement in the Second Boer War, taking place between 2 November 1899 and 28 February 1900 at Ladysmith, Natal."}], "Q2570192": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alamana was fought between the Greeks and the Ottoman Empire on 22 April 1821, during the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alamana was fought between the Greeks and the Ottoman Empire on 22 April 1821, during the Greek War of Independence."}], "Q2572890": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Baytown was an Allied amphibious landing on the mainland of Italy that took place on 3 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy, itself part of the Italian Campaign, during the Second World War."}], "Q2575044": [{"id": "Q272196", "label": "Æthelfrith of Northumbria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chester (Old Welsh: Guaith Caer Legion; Welsh: Brwydr Caer) was a major victory for the Anglo-Saxons over the native Britons near the city of Chester, England in the early 7th century. Æthelfrith of Northumbria annihilated a combined force from the Welsh kingdoms of Powys and Rhôs (a cantref of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), and possibly from Mercia as well."}, {"id": "Q816814", "label": "Kingdom of Gwynedd", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chester (Old Welsh: Guaith Caer Legion; Welsh: Brwydr Caer) was a major victory for the Anglo-Saxons over the native Britons near the city of Chester, England in the early 7th century. Æthelfrith of Northumbria annihilated a combined force from the Welsh kingdoms of Powys and Rhôs (a cantref of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), and possibly from Mercia as well."}, {"id": "Q468836", "label": "Rædwald of East Anglia", "section": "lead", "says": "However other historical accounts hold that Æthelfrith died in 616 AD by Rædwald of East Anglia, at the Battle of the River Idle."}], "Q2585904": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was fought between troops of the British First, Third and Fourth Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was fought between troops of the British First, Third and Fourth Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War."}], "Q259526": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Long Tan (18–21 August 1966) took place in a rubber plantation near Long Tân, in Phước Tuy Province, South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Long Tan (18–21 August 1966) took place in a rubber plantation near Long Tân, in Phước Tuy Province, South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "Heavy fighting ensued as the VC attempted to encircle and destroy the Australians, who were resupplied several hours later by two UH-1B Iroquois from No."}], "Q2604253": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "These were the first aircraft shootdowns by the US over the Mediterranean Sea since theater combat in World War II."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "Libya had claimed that the entire Gulf was their territory, at 32° 30′ N, with an exclusive 62-nautical-mile (115 km; 71 mi) fishing zone, which Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi asserted as \"The Line of Death\" in 1973."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "This prompted the United States to conduct Freedom of Navigation (FON) operations in the area since the claim did not meet the criteria established by international law."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "Background", "says": "FON operations intensified when Ronald Reagan became president."}], "Q2618761": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "With this peace treaty, the Khotyn fortress was given to Moldavia as an Ottoman vassal and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth agreed to stop its interference in Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty for the most part repeated the earlier agreement – Treaty of Busza (also known as Treaty of Jaruga) (1617), negotiated by Stanisław Żółkiewski and Iskender Pasha."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "That 1617 treaty stated that Poland would not meddle in the internal affairs of Ottoman vassals in Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia, the Commonwealth was to prevent Cossacks from raiding lands in the Ottoman Empire, while ceding Khotyn."}, {"id": "Q172056", "label": "Osman II", "section": "lead", "says": "Osman wanted to modernize the army, which he blamed for the defeat; his plans for modernization were, however, opposed by the traditional-minded janissaries, culminating in the rebellion of janissaries in 1622, in which Osman II was assassinated."}], "Q2621289": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shusha (Codenamed: Operation Wedding in The Mountains; Armenian: Հարսանիք լեռներում, Harsaniq lernerum; Russian: Свадьба в горах, Svadba v gorakh)  (Armenian: Շուշի, Shushi) was the first significant military victory by Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Shusha was the most important military stronghold that Azerbaijan held in Nagorno-Karabakh – its loss marked a turning point in the war, and led to a series of military victories by Armenian forces in the course of the conflict."}], "Q2628015": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the eastern defences of the Byzantine Empire had been weakened by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (r."}, {"id": "Q30594", "label": "Konstantinos IX Monomachos", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the eastern defences of the Byzantine Empire had been weakened by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (r."}, {"id": "Q2720703", "label": "Qutalmish", "section": "Background", "says": "A first large-scale raid against the eastern Byzantine province of Vaspurakan may have been undertaken around 1045 by Qutalmish, a cousin of the Seljuq ruler Tughril Beg."}, {"id": "Q302586", "label": "Matthew of Edessa", "section": "Background", "says": "The events of this campaign are well attested through the histories of the Armenian historians Aristakes Lastivertsi and Matthew of Edessa, and the Byzantine official John Skylitzes."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "Background", "says": "The events of this campaign are well attested through the histories of the Armenian historians Aristakes Lastivertsi and Matthew of Edessa, and the Byzantine official John Skylitzes."}], "Q2628423": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Białystok Ghetto uprising was an insurrection in the Jewish Białystok Ghetto against the Nazi German occupation authorities during World War II."}, {"id": "Q160161", "label": "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was launched on the night of August 16, 1943 and was the second-largest ghetto uprising organized in Nazi-occupied Poland after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April–May 1943."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "The Białystok Ghetto was set up by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Białystok Ghetto was set up by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}], "Q2628859": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bucharest, also known as the Argeş–Neajlov Defensive Operation in Romania, was the last battle of the Romanian Campaign of 1916 in World War I, in which the Central Powers' combatants, led by General Erich von Falkenhayn, occupied the Romanian capital and forced the Romanian Government, as well as the remnants of the Romanian Army to retreat to Moldavia and re-establish its capital a"}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bucharest, also known as the Argeş–Neajlov Defensive Operation in Romania, was the last battle of the Romanian Campaign of 1916 in World War I, in which the Central Powers' combatants, led by General Erich von Falkenhayn, occupied the Romanian capital and forced the Romanian Government, as well as the remnants of the Romanian Army to retreat to Moldavia and re-establish its capital a"}, {"id": "Q868851", "label": "Constantin Prezan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romanian Army, led by General Constantin Prezan, had previously been unable to stop the German counterattack in Muntenia."}], "Q2661754": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising of 1821 was a social and political rebellion in Wallachia, which was at the time a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q359108", "label": "Tudor Vladimirescu", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolutionary force was centered on a group of Pandur (light infantry) irregulars, whose leader was Tudor Vladimirescu."}, {"id": "Q2092429", "label": "Serbian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "From the beginning, Pandurs were joined by groups of Arnauts and by veterans of the Serbian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pandurs' relationship with the Sacred Band degenerated rapidly, upon revelations that the Russian Empire had not validated Ypsilantis' expedition, and also over Vladimirescu's attempts to quell Eterist violence."}, {"id": "Q2736708", "label": "Alexandros Soutzos", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1818, Caradja abandoned his throne and fled Wallachia, leaving Sultan Mahmud II to appoint an elderly loyalist, Alexandros Soutzos."}], "Q2663703": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Origins and rationale", "says": "There is little to no concrete evidence to suggest that Novgorod actually planned to defect to Poland–Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "Origins and rationale", "says": "Novgorod's planned defection (as well as its alleged plan to convert en masse to the Roman Catholic Church) had been used as part of the justification of Ivan III of Russia for taking direct control of the city in 1478, and it seems that Ivan IV copied his paternal grandfather on this and several other occasions – fighting the same battle twice."}], "Q2668235": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan revolt of 1866–1869 (Greek: Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866) or Great Cretan Revolution (Μεγάλη Κρητική Επανάσταση) was a three-year uprising in Crete against Ottoman rule, the third and largest in a series of Cretan revolts between the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1830 and the establishment of the independent Cretan State in 1898."}, {"id": "Q72785", "label": "Cretan State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan revolt of 1866–1869 (Greek: Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866) or Great Cretan Revolution (Μεγάλη Κρητική Επανάσταση) was a three-year uprising in Crete against Ottoman rule, the third and largest in a series of Cretan revolts between the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1830 and the establishment of the independent Cretan State in 1898."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Christian Cretans had risen up together with the rest of Greece in the Greek Revolution of 1821, but despite successes in the countryside, the Ottomans held out in the four fortified towns of the northern coast (Chania, Rethymno, Irakleio and Agios Nikolaos) and the island was eventually reconquered by 1828, becoming an Egyptian province (Muhammad Ali's Egypt, though nominally a vassal of the "}], "Q2671590": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the River, also known as Battle of Al Madhar, took place in Mesopotamia (Asoristan Province) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the River, also known as Battle of Al Madhar, took place in Mesopotamia (Asoristan Province) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Islamic prophet Muhammad died on 8 June 632, and Abu Bakr succeeded him as first Caliph."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He launched campaigns against the Sassanid Empire and the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) and thus set in motion a historical trajectory that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Ridda Wars, a Muslim tribal chief raided the Persian frontier towns in Iraq."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Muslims invaded the Sassanid Persian Empire in April 633 and defeated the Sassanid army in the Battle of Chains, where the Marzbān (provincial governor) Hormuz was killed by Khalid ibn al-Walid in a duel."}, {"id": "Q2026625", "label": "Battle of Chains", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Muslims invaded the Sassanid Persian Empire in April 633 and defeated the Sassanid army in the Battle of Chains, where the Marzbān (provincial governor) Hormuz was killed by Khalid ibn al-Walid in a duel."}], "Q2672355": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Destruction of Psara (in Greek: Καταστροφή των Ψαρών, Katastrofí ton Psarón) was the killing of thousands of Greeks on the island of Psara by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1824."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1821, the Greek population revolted against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12811089", "label": "Nasuhzade Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "On the night of 6–7 June 1822, the Greeks responded by destroying the flagship of Nasuhzade Ali Pasha in revenge for the Chios massacre, killing 2,300 Turks, as well as the Kapudan Pasha himself."}], "Q2705622": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kiryat Shmona massacre was an attack by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command on civilians in Kiryat Shmona, Israel during the Jewish holiday of Passover on 11 April 1974."}], "Q2707090": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, the fleet of Rus' under Oleg the Wise carried out a military strike against Byzantium in 907, landing a huge army in Thrace and beginning to plunder it, following which the Byzantines offered peace to the Rus'."}, {"id": "Q6131983", "label": "Oleg the Wise", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, the fleet of Rus' under Oleg the Wise carried out a military strike against Byzantium in 907, landing a huge army in Thrace and beginning to plunder it, following which the Byzantines offered peace to the Rus'."}], "Q2721131": [{"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Björkö, also known as the Treaty of Koivisto, was a secret mutual defence agreement signed on 24 July 1905 in Björkö between Wilhelm II of the German Empire and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Björkö, also known as the Treaty of Koivisto, was a secret mutual defence agreement signed on 24 July 1905 in Björkö between Wilhelm II of the German Empire and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia."}, {"id": "Q40787", "label": "Nicholas II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Björkö, also known as the Treaty of Koivisto, was a secret mutual defence agreement signed on 24 July 1905 in Björkö between Wilhelm II of the German Empire and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia."}], "Q2736004": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Palo Alto (Spanish: Batalla de Palo Alto) was the first major battle of the Mexican–American War and was fought on May 8, 1846, on disputed ground five miles (8 km) from the modern-day city of Brownsville, Texas."}, {"id": "Q431576", "label": "Mariano Arista", "section": "lead", "says": "A force of some 3,700 Mexican troops – most of the Army of The North – led by General Mariano Arista engaged a force of approximately 2,300 United States troops – the Army of Occupation led by General Zachary Taylor."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A force of some 3,700 Mexican troops – most of the Army of The North – led by General Mariano Arista engaged a force of approximately 2,300 United States troops – the Army of Occupation led by General Zachary Taylor."}, {"id": "Q11896", "label": "Zachary Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "A force of some 3,700 Mexican troops – most of the Army of The North – led by General Mariano Arista engaged a force of approximately 2,300 United States troops – the Army of Occupation led by General Zachary Taylor."}, {"id": "Q2890818", "label": "Battle of Resaca de la Palma", "section": "lead", "says": "The armies clashed again the next day at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma."}, {"id": "Q7796515", "label": "Thornton Affair", "section": "Background", "says": "The fact that Torrejon had crossed the river and was already further up west was discovered when Captain Thornton and his dragoons who had been sent up the river, fell into an ambuscade and were captured, which came to be known as the Thornton Affair."}, {"id": "Q727321", "label": "Pedro de Ampudia", "section": "Background", "says": "He then gave orders for the batteries at Matamoros to fire upon Fort Brown and sent Pedro de Ampudia with four guns to besiege it."}], "Q2749287": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It eventually led to the resignation of President Suharto and the fall of the New Order government, which had been in power for 32 years and was heavily backed by Western powers such as the United States."}, {"id": "Q76179", "label": "Megawati Soekarnoputri", "section": "Background", "says": "On 27 July 1996, soldiers, police, and civilians attacked the headquarters of the Indonesian Democratic Party (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, PDI) in Central Jakarta, which was occupied by supporters of party leader Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of former President Sukarno."}], "Q2756743": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 October 1981, Anwar Sadat, the president of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate the victory over Israel in the Yom Kippur War, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal at the beginning of the war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the motive has been debated, Sadat's assassination likely stemmed from communist, socialist, and Islamist groups opposed to Sadat's peace initiative with Israel and the United States relating to the Camp David Accords."}, {"id": "Q309204", "label": "Camp David Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the motive has been debated, Sadat's assassination likely stemmed from communist, socialist, and Islamist groups opposed to Sadat's peace initiative with Israel and the United States relating to the Camp David Accords."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "Earlier in Sadat's presidency, Islamists had benefited from the \"rectification revolution\" and the release from prison of activists jailed under Gamal Abdel Nasser, but his Sinai treaty with Israel enraged Islamists, particularly the radical Egyptian Islamic Jihad."}, {"id": "Q353893", "label": "Lawrence Wright", "section": "Background", "says": "According to interviews and information gathered by journalist Lawrence Wright, the group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch \"a complete overthrow of the existing order\" in Egypt."}], "Q2756897": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bosra was fought in 634 CE between the Rashidun Caliphate army and the Byzantine Empire over the possession of the city of Bosra, in Syria."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bosra was fought in 634 CE between the Rashidun Caliphate army and the Byzantine Empire over the possession of the city of Bosra, in Syria."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "Background and sources", "says": "Most traditional Islamic accounts place the battle in the year 634 CE, under the caliph Abu Bakr; other sources place it later, with the chronicles of Theophanes the Confessor placing it during the caliphate of Umar."}, {"id": "Q3299394", "label": "Sharhabeel ibn Hasana", "section": "Background and sources", "says": "According to Islamic accounts, including those found in works of al-Baladhuri, four corps under Khalid ibn al-Walid, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, Shurahbil ibn Hasana, and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan gathered together outside the town."}], "Q27608": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The quake was reportedly felt in Guatemala and in parts of Mexico, El Salvador, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "The quake was reportedly felt in Guatemala and in parts of Mexico, El Salvador, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica."}], "Q288345": [{"id": "Q150872", "label": "Empress Matilda", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lincoln, or the First Battle of Lincoln, occurred on 2 February 1141 in Lincoln, England between King Stephen of England and forces loyal to Empress Matilda."}], "Q2889252": [{"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mărășești (6 August 1917 – 3 September 1917) was the last major battle fought by the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Romania and Russia on the Romanian front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mărășești (6 August 1917 – 3 September 1917) was the last major battle fought by the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Romania and Russia on the Romanian front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q4087448", "label": "Battle of Mărăşti", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 July 1917, the Romanians launched a joint offensive with Russia against the Austro-Hungarian 1st Army, around Mărăști and the lower part of the Siret river, which resulted in the Battle of Mărăști."}], "Q2890128": [{"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Tarain or Second Battle of Tararoi was fought in 1192 between the Ghurid forces of Muhammad Ghuri and the Rajput Confederacy of Prithviraj Chauhan."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is regarded as a watershed event in Medieval India history as it led to the destruction of Rajput powers for a while and laid the foundation of Muslim rule in North India, which led to the establishment of Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q65089139", "label": "First Battle of Tarain", "section": "Background", "says": "Prithviraj Chauhan's forces had defeated the Ghurids at the First Battle of Tarain in 1191."}], "Q2916261": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Garni (Georgian: გარნისის ბრძოლა, Armenian: Գառնիի ճակատամարտ) was fought in 1225 near Garni, in modern day Armenia, then part of the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The invading Khwarazmian Empire was led by Jalal al-Din Mangburni, its last sultan, who had been driven from his realm by the Mongol Empire and was trying to recapture lost territories."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The invading Khwarazmian Empire was led by Jalal al-Din Mangburni, its last sultan, who had been driven from his realm by the Mongol Empire and was trying to recapture lost territories."}], "Q2916659": [{"id": "Q319015", "label": "Yigal Allon", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation commander was Yigal Allon and his deputy was Yitzhak Rabin."}, {"id": "Q34060", "label": "Yitzhak Rabin", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation commander was Yigal Allon and his deputy was Yitzhak Rabin."}], "Q2917077": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Buna–Gona was part of the New Guinea campaign in the Pacific theatre during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought by Australian and United States forces against the Japanese beachheads at Buna, Sanananda and Gona."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "In light of developments in the Solomon Islands campaign, Japanese forces approaching Port Moresby were ordered to withdraw to and secure these bases on the northern coast."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "Japan's entry into World War II and the war in the Pacific commenced with the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, which was coordinated with closely coinciding attacks on Thailand, the Philippines, the American bases on Guam and Wake Island, and the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Japan's entry into World War II and the war in the Pacific commenced with the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, which was coordinated with closely coinciding attacks on Thailand, the Philippines, the American bases on Guam and Wake Island, and the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "Japan's entry into World War II and the war in the Pacific commenced with the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, which was coordinated with closely coinciding attacks on Thailand, the Philippines, the American bases on Guam and Wake Island, and the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "Japan's entry into World War II and the war in the Pacific commenced with the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, which was coordinated with closely coinciding attacks on Thailand, the Philippines, the American bases on Guam and Wake Island, and the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and the fall of Singapore."}, {"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "Background", "says": "Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and the fall of Singapore."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "US President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942."}, {"id": "Q23375", "label": "John Curtin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Australian prime minister, John Curtin, agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur, who became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese 17th Army under Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake was a corps-sized command involved in the New Guinea, Guadalcanal, and Solomon Islands campaigns."}, {"id": "Q356347", "label": "Hitoshi Imamura", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese 8th Area Army, under General Hitoshi Imamura, was mobilised to take overall command in the areas from 16 November 1942."}, {"id": "Q346487", "label": "Hatazō Adachi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese 18th Army, under Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, was also formed, to take over responsibilities for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea, leaving the 17th Army responsible for the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, in March 1942 the Japanese adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States; planning to capture Port Moresby in the Territory of Papua and the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Samoa and New Caledonia."}], "Q2985554": [{"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Searchlight was a military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army in an effort to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in former East Pakistan in March 1971."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan retroactively justified the operation on the basis of anti-Bihari violence carried out en masse by the Bengalis earlier that month."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Ordered by the central government in West Pakistan, the original plans envisioned taking control of all of East Pakistan's major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all Bengali opposition, whether political or military within the following month."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation also directly precipitated the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, in which between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis were killed while around 10 million fled to neighbouring India as refugees."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "The nature of these systematic purges enraged the Bengalis, who declared independence from West Pakistan to establish the new nation of Bangladesh in the erstwhile region of East Bengal."}, {"id": "Q371394", "label": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The widespread violence resulting from Pakistan's Operation Searchlight ultimately led to the Bangladesh Liberation War, in which Mukti Bahini guerrillas fought to remove Pakistani forces from East Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 February 1971, Yahya Khan, then President of Pakistan, under the pressure of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), postponed the national assembly meeting scheduled for March 3rd."}, {"id": "Q191375", "label": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman", "section": "Background", "says": "The PPP had already started lobbying to weaken the stand of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and Bhutto was heard saying that he wanted the Bengalis to stay away."}], "Q3042457": [{"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Platine War (Spanish: Guerra Platina, Portuguese: Guerra do Prata, Guerra contra Oribe e Rosas; 18 August 1851 – 3 February 1852) was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, with the participation of the Republic of Paraguay as Brazil's co-belligerent and ally."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Platine War (Spanish: Guerra Platina, Portuguese: Guerra do Prata, Guerra contra Oribe e Rosas; 18 August 1851 – 3 February 1852) was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, with the participation of the Republic of Paraguay as Brazil's co-belligerent and ally."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was part of a decades-long dispute between Argentina and Brazil for influence over Uruguay and Paraguay, and hegemony over the Platine region (areas bordering the Río de la Plata)."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, had gained dictatorial control over other Argentine provinces, his rule was plagued by a series of regional rebellions."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Uruguay struggled with its own civil war, which started after gaining independence from the Brazilian Empire in 1828 in the Cisplatine War."}, {"id": "Q336247", "label": "Justo José de Urquiza", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1851, it allied with the Argentine breakaway provinces of Corrientes and Entre Ríos (led by Justo José de Urquiza), and the anti-Rosas Colorado party in Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q467987", "label": "Manuel Oribe", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied forces first advanced into Uruguayan territory, defeating Rosas' Blanco party supporters led by Manuel Oribe."}, {"id": "Q616931", "label": "Battle of Caseros", "section": "lead", "says": "The Platine War ended in February of 1852 with the Allied victory at the Battle of Caseros, for some time establishing Brazilian hegemony over much of South America."}, {"id": "Q1791359", "label": "José Maria da Silva Paranhos", "section": "Background", "says": "He was assisted by José Maria da Silva Paranhos (later the Viscount of Rio Branco)."}, {"id": "Q235648", "label": "Carlos Antonio López", "section": "Background", "says": "The Brazilian ambassador in Paraguay, Pimenta Bueno, became a private councilor to President Carlos Antonio López."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 March 1851, the Empire of Brazil openly declared its support of Colorado government of Uruguay against Oribe, something it had been covertly doing for more than two years."}], "Q3042463": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uruguayan War (10 August 1864 – 20 February 1865) was fought between Uruguay's governing Blanco Party and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil and the Uruguayan Colorado Party, covertly supported by Argentina."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uruguayan War (10 August 1864 – 20 February 1865) was fought between Uruguay's governing Blanco Party and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil and the Uruguayan Colorado Party, covertly supported by Argentina."}, {"id": "Q560958", "label": "Venancio Flores", "section": "lead", "says": "The Colorado leader Venancio Flores launched the Liberating Crusade in 1863, an insurrection aimed at toppling Bernardo Berro, who presided over a Colorado–Blanco coalition (fusionist) government."}, {"id": "Q823028", "label": "Bernardo Berro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Colorado leader Venancio Flores launched the Liberating Crusade in 1863, an insurrection aimed at toppling Bernardo Berro, who presided over a Colorado–Blanco coalition (fusionist) government."}, {"id": "Q314362", "label": "Bartolomé Mitre", "section": "lead", "says": "Flores was aided by Argentina, whose president Bartolomé Mitre provided him with supplies, Argentine volunteers and river transport for troops."}, {"id": "Q2672972", "label": "Uruguayan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uruguayan Civil War quickly escalated, developing into a crisis of international scope that destabilized the entire region."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "lead", "says": "Even before the Colorado rebellion, the Blancos within fusionism had sought an alliance with Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López."}, {"id": "Q753420", "label": "Atanasio Aguirre", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1864, Brazil sent Minister Plenipotentiary José Antônio Saraiva to negotiate with Atanasio Aguirre, who had succeeded Berro in Uruguay."}], "Q306150": [{"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Polish War or Polish-Austrian War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and allied states)."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Polish War or Polish-Austrian War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and allied states)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Polish War or Polish-Austrian War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and allied states)."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "In this war, Polish forces of the Napoleon-allied Duchy of Warsaw and assisted by forces of the Kingdom of Saxony, fought against the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "In this war, Polish forces of the Napoleon-allied Duchy of Warsaw and assisted by forces of the Kingdom of Saxony, fought against the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In June, the Russian Empire joined against Austria."}], "Q3062439": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Moroccan War (Arabic: الحرب الفرنسية المغربية, French: Guerre franco-marocaine) was fought between the Kingdom of France and the Sultanate of Morocco from 6 August to 10 September 1844."}, {"id": "Q179825", "label": "Abdelkader El Djezairi", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after the French invasion of Algiers in 1830, the Emir Abdelkader arose as the leader of the resistance."}, {"id": "Q1311465", "label": "Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière", "section": "Background", "says": "Generals Louis Juchault de Lamoricière and Marie Alphonse Bedeau fixed on their encampment on Lalla Maghnia."}, {"id": "Q349167", "label": "Thomas Robert Bugeaud", "section": "Background", "says": "The Governor-General of Algeria and French Marshal Thomas Robert Bugeaud wrote to El-Gennaoui insisting that the border be demarcated along the Kiss River, a position further west than the Tafna River, and threatening of war if Morocco would continue receiving and succouring Abd al-Kader."}], "Q3119017": [{"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "lead", "says": "The unpopular President Milton Obote was overthrown in a coup d'état in 1971 by General Idi Amin, who established a military dictatorship."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "The unpopular President Milton Obote was overthrown in a coup d'état in 1971 by General Idi Amin, who established a military dictatorship."}, {"id": "Q57274", "label": "Yoweri Museveni", "section": "lead", "says": "Several opposition groups claimed the elections were rigged, and united as the NRA under the leadership of Yoweri Museveni to start an armed uprising against Obote's government on 6 February 1981."}, {"id": "Q376073", "label": "Tito Okello", "section": "lead", "says": "Obote was overthrown and replaced as president by his general Tito Okello in 1985 during the closing months of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Obote had been president since Uganda's independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, and his regime saw a general decline in living standards in the country, with growing corruption, factional violence, and persecution of ethnic groups."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "Background", "says": "As Amin was popular in sections of the military, his loyalists responded by acting first and overthrowing the government, forcing Obote into exile in Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q186525", "label": "Julius Nyerere", "section": "Background", "says": "Several opposition factions, including Obote's loyalists, were supported by Tanzania under President Julius Nyerere."}, {"id": "Q202465", "label": "Uganda–Tanzania War", "section": "Background", "says": "War correspondent Al J Venter stated that in case of Obote's return to the presidency \"Uganda will be assured of another war, many times as intense as the current struggle [i.e. the Uganda–Tanzania War]."}], "Q3178783": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon had to win Jaffa before he could advance any further, and the whole expedition's success depended on its capture."}], "Q3235767": [{"id": "Q241386", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus II Gonatas led his forces to victory, possibly over Patroclus, admiral of Ptolemy II."}, {"id": "Q2265548", "label": "Battle of Amorgos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cos is proposed by modern scholars as one of three possible naval battles—along with the Battle of Amorgos (322 BC) and the Battle of Salamis (306 BC)—that provided the occasion for the erection of the statue of the Nike of Samothrace."}], "Q324438": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted Revolutionary France against the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal from March 1793 to July 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted Revolutionary France against the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal from March 1793 to July 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q325314": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Tecumseh's War was a conflict between the United States and Tecumseh's confederacy, led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory."}, {"id": "Q777763", "label": "Indiana Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "Tecumseh's War was a conflict between the United States and Tecumseh's confederacy, led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory."}, {"id": "Q379346", "label": "Battle of Tippecanoe", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the war is often considered to have climaxed with William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, Tecumseh's War essentially continued into the War of 1812 and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the war is often considered to have climaxed with William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, Tecumseh's War essentially continued into the War of 1812 and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The war lasted for two more years, until 1813, when Tecumseh died fighting Harrison's Army of the Northwest at the Battle of Moraviantown in Upper Canada, near present-day Chatham, Ontario, and his confederacy disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q11869", "label": "William Henry Harrison", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, in 1800, William Henry Harrison had become the governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, with the capital at Vincennes."}, {"id": "Q11813", "label": "James Madison", "section": "Background", "says": "To influence those groups to sell the land, Harrison decided, against the wishes of President James Madison, to first conclude a treaty with the tribes willing to sell and use them to help influence those who held out."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "Background", "says": "Only the Miami opposed the treaty; they presented their copy of the Treaty of Greenville and read the section that guaranteed their possession of the lands around the Wabash River."}], "Q326028": [{"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Peace of Montreal (French: La Grande paix de Montréal) was a peace treaty between New France and 39 First Nations of North America that ended the Beaver Wars."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The French, allied to the Hurons and the Algonquins, brokered a peace agreement between their allies and the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee, with over 1,300 Native Americans present, representing over 40 nations."}], "Q327858": [{"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "The creator and chief promoter of the pact was Benito Mussolini, who completed its original manuscript during one of his short stays at Rocca delle Caminate, in March 1933."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "Background", "says": "It reaffirmed each country's adherence to the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Locarno Treaties and the Kellogg-Briand Pact."}], "Q3317226": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Algiers was a large-scale military operation by which the Kingdom of France, ruled by King Charles X, invaded and conquered the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Algiers was a large-scale military operation by which the Kingdom of France, ruled by King Charles X, invaded and conquered the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q1387563", "label": "Hussein Dey", "section": "lead", "says": "The French quickly defeated the troops of Hussein Dey, the Deylikal ruler, but native resistance was widespread."}, {"id": "Q179825", "label": "Abdelkader El Djezairi", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called \"pacification\" was marked by resistance from figures such as Ahmed Bey, Emir Abdelkader, and Lalla Fatma N'Soumer."}, {"id": "Q2636619", "label": "Lalla Fatma N'Soumer", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called \"pacification\" was marked by resistance from figures such as Ahmed Bey, Emir Abdelkader, and Lalla Fatma N'Soumer."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion marked the end of the centuries-old Regency of Algiers and the beginning of the colonial period of French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Algiers was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1529 after the capture of Algiers in 1529 and had been under its direct rule until 1710, when Baba Ali Chaouch achieved de facto independence from the Ottomans, though the Regency was still nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Algiers had greatly benefited from trade in the Mediterranean, and from the massive imports of food from France, largely bought on credit."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dey of Algiers attempted to remedy his steadily decreasing revenues by increasing taxes, which was resisted by the local peasantry, increasing instability in the country and leading to increased piracy against merchant shipping from Europe and the young United States of America."}, {"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "Background", "says": "This, in turn, led to the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War, which culminated in August 1816 when Lord Exmouth executed a naval bombardment of Algiers in response to Algerian massacres of recently freed European slaves."}, {"id": "Q233505", "label": "Second Barbary War", "section": "Background", "says": "This, in turn, led to the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War, which culminated in August 1816 when Lord Exmouth executed a naval bombardment of Algiers in response to Algerian massacres of recently freed European slaves."}], "Q3365438": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It began shortly after the end of World War II, specifically the unconditional surrender of Japan."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, failed negotiations and rising tensions in the north escalated into the full-scale First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1945 at Potsdam, Germany, the Allied leaders made the decision to divide Indochina in half—at the 16th parallel—to allow Chiang Kai-shek to receive the Japanese surrender in the North, while Lord Louis Mountbatten would receive the surrender in the South."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies agreed that France was the rightful owner of French Indochina, but because France was critically weakened as a result of the German occupation, a British-Indian force was installed in order to help the French Provisional Government in re-establishing control over their former colonial possession."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "Background", "says": "After Japan surrendered when Emperor Hirohito announced the capitulation on 15 August, Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of the Southeast Asia Command, was to form an Allied Commission to go to Saigon and a military force consisting of an infantry division that was to be designated as the Allied Land Forces French Indochina (ALFFIC)."}, {"id": "Q375720", "label": "Douglas Gracey", "section": "Background", "says": "Major-General Douglas Gracey was appointed to head the Commission and the 80th Brigade, commanded by Brigadier D."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "In late August 1945, British occupying forces were ready to depart for various Southeast Asian destinations, and some were already on their way, when General Douglas MacArthur caused an uproar at the Southeast Asia Command by forbidding reoccupation until he had personally received the Japanese surrender in Tokyo, which was actually set for 28 August, but a typhoon caused the ceremony to be postpo"}, {"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese then installed the new Empire of Vietnam under Bao Dai hoping to forestall a potential invasion by the Allies."}], "Q3431465": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Sidon occurred in 1110 in the aftermath of the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51717", "label": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The coastal city of Sidon was captured by the forces of Baldwin I of Jerusalem and Sigurd I of Norway, with assistance from the Ordelafo Faliero, Doge of Venice."}], "Q3434300": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Opis was the last major military engagement between the Achaemenid Empire and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which took place in September 539 BC, during the Persian invasion of Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Opis was the last major military engagement between the Achaemenid Empire and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which took place in September 539 BC, during the Persian invasion of Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, Babylonia was the last major power in Western Asia that was not yet under Persian control."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian king Cyrus the Great was subsequently proclaimed as the king of Babylonia and its subject territories, thus ending its independence and incorporating the entirety of the fallen Neo-Babylonian Empire into the greater Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Background", "says": "Its power had grown enormously under its king, Cyrus II, who had conquered a huge swathe of territory to create an empire that covered an area corresponding to the modern countries of Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Its power had grown enormously under its king, Cyrus II, who had conquered a huge swathe of territory to create an empire that covered an area corresponding to the modern countries of Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "Background", "says": "The only remaining significant unconquered power in the Near East was the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which controlled Mesopotamia and subject kingdoms such as Syria, Judea, Phoenicia and parts of Arabia."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "Background", "says": "It had also been suffering severe economic problems exacerbated by plague and famine, and its king Nabonidus was said to be unpopular among many of his subjects for his unconventional religious policies."}], "Q3567380": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Tatar ASSR as a result of the Russian Civil War, in which 500,000 to 2,000,000 peasants died."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The event was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of what became the Soviet Union, in which up to  5,000,000 people died in total."}, {"id": "Q2064151", "label": "Roman Serbyn", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Roman Serbyn, a Ukrainian professor of Russian and East European history, the Tatarstan famine was the first man-made famine in the Soviet Union and systematically targeted ethnic minorities such as Volga Tatars and Volga Germans."}], "Q3623079": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was fuelled mainly by the failure of the central authorities to confront the Mongol menace in north-eastern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The weakness of the state institutions was due to the accelerating feudalisation of the Second Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos tried to exploit this situation and intervened in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q285508", "label": "Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "He sent Ivan Asen III, son of the former Emperor Mitso Asen, to claim the Bulgarian throne at the head of a large Byzantine army."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Ivaylo broke the siege and Ivan Asen III fled back to the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q379723", "label": "Nogai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Surrounded by enemies and with diminishing support due to the constant warfare, Ivaylo fled to the court of the Mongol warlord Nogai Khan to seek aid, but was eventually murdered."}, {"id": "Q448095", "label": "Mengu-Timur", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mongol raids were carried out by the semi-independent chief Nogai Khan, who was more powerful than the legitimate ruler of the Golden Horde, Mengu-Timur (r."}, {"id": "Q318365", "label": "Georgios Pachymeres", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine historian George Pachymeres stated that he was a swineherd who took care of pigs for money."}], "Q3625539": [{"id": "Q37731", "label": "Uthman ibn Affan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph, who ruled from 644 to 656, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house in 656."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the deaths of Muhammad and the first caliph Abu Bakr (r."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was restricted to Anatolia and central North Africa."}], "Q36687031": [{"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "lead", "says": "On the morning of August 14, 2017, significant mudflow events occurred in and around the capital city of Freetown in Sierra Leone."}], "Q372958": [{"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "General Erwin Rommel, the commander of Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika), could not afford to lose forces needed for the defence of the Mareth Line and the effort was abandoned at dusk that day."}, {"id": "Q275640", "label": "Giovanni Messe", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian 1st Army (General Giovanni Messe) occupied the Mareth Line with the 90th Light Division, 164th Light Afrika Division, and the 10th Panzer Division, 15th Panzer Division and the 21st Panzer Division of the Afrika Korps with about 200 tanks and the 80th Infantry Division \"La Spezia\"."}, {"id": "Q2092845", "label": "George Erskine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 7th Armoured Division (Major-General George Erskine) had probed forward from Tripoli, while the 51st (Highland) Division (Major-General Douglas Wimberley) and the 2nd New Zealand Division (Major-General Bernard Freyberg) rested at the port."}, {"id": "Q533801", "label": "Oliver Leese", "section": "Prelude", "says": "XXX Corps (Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese) brought the 2nd New Zealand Division forward from Tripoli, which had the 8th Armoured Brigade and the 201st Guards Brigade under command."}, {"id": "Q327099", "label": "Battle of Kasserine Passe", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allied code breakers of the Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park in England, read Axis Enigma codes and on 25 February, warned Montgomery that Rommel had ordered the termination of the Battle of Kasserine Pass (19–24 February)."}, {"id": "Q434110", "label": "Brian Horrocks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 26 February, the Eighth Army had only about one division at Medenine, most of its tanks were with X Corps (Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks) at Benghazi, 1,000 mi (1,600 km) away and an attack on the Mareth Line could not be ready before 20 March."}], "Q464226": [{"id": "Q695276", "label": "Edward Boscawen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lagos took place between a British fleet commanded by Edward Boscawen and a French fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran over two days in 1759 during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lagos took place between a British fleet commanded by Edward Boscawen and a French fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran over two days in 1759 during the Seven Years' War."}], "Q472672": [{"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iquique was a naval engagement on 21 May 1879, during the War of the Pacific, where a Chilean corvette commanded by Arturo Prat Chacón faced a Peruvian ironclad under Miguel Grau."}, {"id": "Q736578", "label": "Miguel Grau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iquique was a naval engagement on 21 May 1879, during the War of the Pacific, where a Chilean corvette commanded by Arturo Prat Chacón faced a Peruvian ironclad under Miguel Grau."}, {"id": "Q492024", "label": "Hilarión Daza", "section": "Background", "says": "This action prompted Bolivian President Hilarión Daza to declare war on Chile and forced Peru to honor a secret 1873 treaty with Bolivia."}, {"id": "Q980586", "label": "Juan Williams Rebolledo", "section": "Background", "says": "Chilean naval commander Juan Williams Rebolledo planned to sail north with his fleet to engage the Peruvian Navy at Callao and achieve naval dominance."}, {"id": "Q715410", "label": "Arturo Prat", "section": "Background", "says": "The Esmeralda, with Captain Arturo Prat, and the Covadonga, with Captain Carlos Condell, remained at Iquique."}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the same time, Peruvian admiral Grau rallied his crew:\n\n\"Crewmembers and Sailors of the Huáscar, Iquique is in sight, there are our afflicted fellow countrymen from Tarapacá, and also the enemy, still unpunished."}], "Q474843": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1866 Treaty of Vienna was an agreement signed on 3 October 1866 and ratified on 12 October by the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire that concluded the hostilities of the Third War of Italian Independence, a theatre of the concurrent Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1866 Treaty of Vienna was an agreement signed on 3 October 1866 and ratified on 12 October by the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire that concluded the hostilities of the Third War of Italian Independence, a theatre of the concurrent Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "lead", "says": "This represented the final division of the Habsburg ruled Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, as the Lombard half had already been ceded to the French Empire in the earlier 1859 Treaty of Zurich and then by the French Empire to the  Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "Background", "says": "To this end the Piedmontese Prime Minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, forged an alliance with France, agreeing to turn over the French speaking Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice to France in exchange for military support against Austria."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "To this end the Piedmontese Prime Minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, forged an alliance with France, agreeing to turn over the French speaking Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice to France in exchange for military support against Austria."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "Background", "says": "To this end the Piedmontese Prime Minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, forged an alliance with France, agreeing to turn over the French speaking Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice to France in exchange for military support against Austria."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Background", "says": "In mid-June 1866 war broke out between Austria and Prussia over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein and the future of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q685805", "label": "Battle of Bezzecca", "section": "Background", "says": "Austrian forces defeated the Royal Italian Army at the Battle of Custoza and the Italian Navy at Battle of Lissa; however, in the meantime, Giuseppe Garibaldi's volunteers had advanced in the direction of Trento in the invasion of Trentino, winning the Battle of Bezzecca."}], "Q478315": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lyuban, Lyuban offensive operation or Battle of the Volkhov (7 January 1942 – 30 April 1942) (Russian: Любанская наступательная операция; German: Schlacht am Wolchow) was a Soviet offensive operation of World War II."}, {"id": "Q57172", "label": "Georg von Küchler", "section": "lead", "says": "Field Marshal Georg von Küchler counterattacked with an operation called 'Wild Beast\" (Operation Raubtier) and the Soviet 2nd Shock Army was cut off and surrounded."}, {"id": "Q157615", "label": "Andrey Vlasov", "section": "lead", "says": "It was destroyed in June 1942 and its commander Andrey Vlasov was taken prisoner."}], "Q4809533": [{"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I (sometimes called the \"First Battle of the Atlantic\", in reference to the World War II campaign of that name) was the prolonged naval conflict between German submarines and the Allied navies in Atlantic waters –the North Sea, the seas around the British Isles, and the coast of France."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I (sometimes called the \"First Battle of the Atlantic\", in reference to the World War II campaign of that name) was the prolonged naval conflict between German submarines and the Allied navies in Atlantic waters –the North Sea, the seas around the British Isles, and the coast of France."}], "Q4871798": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mount Cadmus took place near Laodicea at Chonae on 6 January 1148 during the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Crusader army, led by Louis VII of France, was defeated by the Seljuks of Rum."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus feared that the Crusaders would strengthen the Principality of Antioch, which he wanted to restore to his sovereignty, and also would weaken the Byzantine-German alliance against Roger II of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q193901", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus feared that the Crusaders would strengthen the Principality of Antioch, which he wanted to restore to his sovereignty, and also would weaken the Byzantine-German alliance against Roger II of Sicily."}], "Q490223": [{"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Count Adolf IV of Schauenburg and Holstein — leading an army consisting of troops from the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, Dithmarschen, Holstein, and various Northern German nobles, defeated King Valdemar II of Denmark and the Welf Otto the Child."}, {"id": "Q703249", "label": "Otto the Child", "section": "lead", "says": "Count Adolf IV of Schauenburg and Holstein — leading an army consisting of troops from the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, Dithmarschen, Holstein, and various Northern German nobles, defeated King Valdemar II of Denmark and the Welf Otto the Child."}, {"id": "Q357200", "label": "Valdemar", "section": "Background", "says": "Valdemar and his predecessor King Canute VI of Denmark had previously conquered Holstein, Mecklenburg, Hamburg, Lübeck (1202), Ratzeburg and the coast of Pomerania, including the island of Rügen."}, {"id": "Q359596", "label": "Canute VI of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Valdemar and his predecessor King Canute VI of Denmark had previously conquered Holstein, Mecklenburg, Hamburg, Lübeck (1202), Ratzeburg and the coast of Pomerania, including the island of Rügen."}], "Q495833": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece signed on 4 December 1897 following the Greco-Turkish War (1897)."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece signed on 4 December 1897 following the Greco-Turkish War (1897)."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "It was fought mainly in Thessaly and Epirus."}, {"id": "Q2749858", "label": "Edhem Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "In Thessaly, the superior Ottoman army commanded by Edhem Pasha defeated the Greeks and captured a large amount of territory, and at the end there was no major Greek force to prevent the Ottomans from capturing Athens."}], "Q513007": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sablat or Záblatí occurred on 10 June 1619, during the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q695234", "label": "Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between a Roman Catholic Imperial army led by Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the Protestant army of Ernst von Mansfeld."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between a Roman Catholic Imperial army led by Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the Protestant army of Ernst von Mansfeld."}], "Q515168": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle off Horaniu (Japanese:  第一次ベララベラ海戦) was a minor naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought near Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle off Horaniu (Japanese:  第一次ベララベラ海戦) was a minor naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought near Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q702142", "label": "Battle of Vella Gulf", "section": "Background", "says": "After the fall of Munda on 4–5 August and defeat in the Battle of Vella Gulf on 6–7 August, the Japanese decided to evacuate their garrisons in the central Solomons, firstly moving to Baanga Island while planning to bring forces south from Rabaul for a potential counterattack."}], "Q524952": [{"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stralsund (Danish: Stralsundfreden 1370, sgd 24 May 1370) ended the Second Danish-Hanseatic War between the Hanseatic League and the Kingdom of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q357200", "label": "Valdemar", "section": "lead", "says": "Valdemar and his Norwegian son-in-law Haakon VI were utterly defeated in the following battles\nThe treaty was negotiated for Denmark by Drost Henning Podebusk and for the Hanseatic League by the burgomasters Jakob Pleskow of Lübeck and Bertram Wulflam of Stralsund."}, {"id": "Q313015", "label": "Haakon VI of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Valdemar and his Norwegian son-in-law Haakon VI were utterly defeated in the following battles\nThe treaty was negotiated for Denmark by Drost Henning Podebusk and for the Hanseatic League by the burgomasters Jakob Pleskow of Lübeck and Bertram Wulflam of Stralsund."}], "Q539707": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Pirna, sometimes referred to as the Investment of Pirna, took place from 10 September to 14 October 1756 as part of the Prussian invasion of Saxony during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Pirna, sometimes referred to as the Investment of Pirna, took place from 10 September to 14 October 1756 as part of the Prussian invasion of Saxony during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the occupation of Dresden by Frederick the Great on 9 September 1756, the Saxon army under Frederick von Rutowski had withdrawn southeast and taken up position at the fortified camp of Pirna."}, {"id": "Q694478", "label": "Battle of Lobositz", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Lobositz, the Austrians withdrew and tried to approach Pirna by a different route, but they failed to make contact with the defenders."}], "Q5432166": [{"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Tripoli was the capture and destruction of the Crusader state of the County of Tripoli (now parts of Lebanon and Syria) by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Tripoli was the capture and destruction of the Crusader state of the County of Tripoli (now parts of Lebanon and Syria) by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred in 1289 and was an important event in the Crusades, as it marked the capture of one of the few remaining major Crusader possessions."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "The County of Tripoli, though founded as a Crusader State and predominantly Christian, had been a vassal state of the Mongol Empire since around 1260, when Bohemond VI, under the influence of his father-in-law Hethum I, King of Armenia, preemptively submitted to the rapidly advancing Mongols."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Context", "says": "The Mamluks took advantage of this to advance northwards from Egypt, and re-establish dominion over Palestine and Syria, pushing the Ilkhans back into Persia."}, {"id": "Q223239", "label": "Abaqa Khan", "section": "Context", "says": "Abaqa Khan, the ruler of the Ilkhanate, who had been sent envoys to Europe in an attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims, had died in 1282."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "Context", "says": "Abaqa Khan, the ruler of the Ilkhanate, who had been sent envoys to Europe in an attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims, had died in 1282."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Context", "says": "Tekuder was assassinated in 1284 and replaced by Abaqa's son Arghun, who was more sympathetic to Christianity."}], "Q551247": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lübeck took place on 6 November 1806 in Lübeck, Germany between soldiers of the Kingdom of Prussia led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who were retreating from defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, and troops of the First French Empire under Marshals Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult, who were pursuing them."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lübeck took place on 6 November 1806 in Lübeck, Germany between soldiers of the Kingdom of Prussia led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who were retreating from defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, and troops of the First French Empire under Marshals Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult, who were pursuing them."}, {"id": "Q154426", "label": "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lübeck took place on 6 November 1806 in Lübeck, Germany between soldiers of the Kingdom of Prussia led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who were retreating from defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, and troops of the First French Empire under Marshals Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult, who were pursuing them."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lübeck took place on 6 November 1806 in Lübeck, Germany between soldiers of the Kingdom of Prussia led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who were retreating from defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, and troops of the First French Empire under Marshals Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult, who were pursuing them."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "In this War of the Fourth Coalition action, the French inflicted a severe defeat on the Prussians, driving them from the neutral city."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After their shattering defeat in October by Napoleon at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, the Prussian armies withdrew to the east bank of the Elbe River north of Magdeburg, then marched northeast, in an attempt to reach the Oder River."}, {"id": "Q4872105", "label": "Battle of Prenzlau", "section": "lead", "says": "Another large segment was intercepted and destroyed in the Battle of Prenzlau by Murat."}, {"id": "Q289255", "label": "Étienne Maurice Gérard", "section": "Background", "says": "Leading one of Bernadotte's cavalry regiments, Colonel Étienne Maurice Gérard captured 400 troops belonging to Blücher and reported that the Prussian was making for Waren."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "Background", "says": "From there, he planned to either join with General Karl Ludwig von Lecoq in the former Electorate of Hanover or Lieutenant General Franz Kasimir von Kleist at Magdeburg."}], "Q557873": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moravia–Ostrava offensive operation (Russian: Моравско-Остравская наступательная операция) was an offensive by the Red Army during World War II that lasted from March 10 to May 6, 1945, and was the Soviet conquest of present-day Eastern Czech Republic (Moravia also part of Polish and Czech Silesia)."}, {"id": "Q705621", "label": "Ivan Yefimovich Petrov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 4th Ukrainian Front (Colonel General Ivan Petrov) and the right wing of the southern 2nd Ukrainian Front (Rodion Malinovsky) were far behind the other fronts of the Red Army."}, {"id": "Q204338", "label": "Rodion Malinovsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 4th Ukrainian Front (Colonel General Ivan Petrov) and the right wing of the southern 2nd Ukrainian Front (Rodion Malinovsky) were far behind the other fronts of the Red Army."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the western part of the High Tatras, a frontal arch had formed, covering the northeastern and southeastern borders of Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q57205", "label": "Gotthard Heinrici", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The enemy Army group Heinrici (German 1st Panzer Army and 1st Hungarian Army), under command of Gotthard Heinrici  counted over 150,000 men, 1,500 guns and mortars, 100 tanks and 120 aircraft."}], "Q5601971": [{"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "lead", "says": "The landing was sanctioned by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, who argued that: \"[a] massacre is taking place over there and there is nobody to protect the Greek population\"."}, {"id": "Q2451365", "label": "occupation of Smyrna", "section": "lead", "says": "The event became important for creating the three-year-long Greek Occupation of Smyrna and was a major spark for the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)."}, {"id": "Q741874", "label": "Somerset Gough-Calthorpe", "section": "Prelude", "says": "British Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe was the primary commander for the operation involving British, U.S, French, Italian, and Greek forces."}], "Q572883": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Verdun was fought between 29 August and 2 September 1792 between French Revolutionary forces and a Prussian army during the opening months of the War of the First Coalition."}], "Q574881": [{"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Philip V of Spain had always aimed to reconquer Naples and Sicily, which Spain lost to the Habsburgs as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Philip V of Spain had always aimed to reconquer Naples and Sicily, which Spain lost to the Habsburgs as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q229867", "label": "Elisabeth Farnese", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1714 he married Elisabeth Farnese, who had dynastic interests in Italy."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under her influence he had attempted without success to recover the Italian holdings in the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When the War of the Polish Succession broke out in 1733, he saw an opportunity to act against the Habsburgs, who had no military support among western European powers (Great Britain and the Dutch Republic opting to remain neutral), with active opposition by France and Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When the War of the Polish Succession broke out in 1733, he saw an opportunity to act against the Habsburgs, who had no military support among western European powers (Great Britain and the Dutch Republic opting to remain neutral), with active opposition by France and Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From there, 21,000 men marched unopposed through the Papal States towards Naples, where Charles entered the city virtually uncontested, and proclaimed himself king of the Two Sicilies on 7 May 1734."}], "Q576390": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Yunnan earthquake was a 5.4 magnitude earthquake that occurred on 10 March 2011 at 12:58 CST, with its epicenter in Yingjiang County, Yunnan, People's Republic of China, near the Burmese border."}], "Q598089": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venetians launched a diplomatic campaign for allies, since the Uskoks were vassals of Archduke Ferdinand of Inner Austria (who was likely to seek help from the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, his uncle and King Philip III of Spain, his brother-in-law)."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venetians launched a diplomatic campaign for allies, since the Uskoks were vassals of Archduke Ferdinand of Inner Austria (who was likely to seek help from the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, his uncle and King Philip III of Spain, his brother-in-law)."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1616, Count John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen agreed to raise 3,000 men in the Dutch Republic for Venetian service."}], "Q60474140": [{"id": "Q57521", "label": "Ali Bongo Ondimba", "section": "lead", "says": "Military officers claimed that they had ousted President Ali Bongo, who was re-elected in 2016 after a controversial election and protests."}], "Q60489": [{"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albanian–Venetian War of 1447–48 (Albanian: Lufta Shqiptaro-Veneciane) was waged between Venetian and Ottoman forces against the Albanians under George Kastrioti Skanderbeg."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was the result of a dispute between the Republic of Venice and the Dukagjini family over the possession of the Dagnum fortress."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, the Republic sent a local force to relieve the besieged fortress of Dagnum, and urged the Ottoman Empire to send an expeditionary force into Albania."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the League of Lezhë defeated both the Venetian forces and the Ottoman expedition."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was, thereafter, left with few soldiers to defend Venetian Albania."}, {"id": "Q342130", "label": "Đurađ Branković", "section": "Background", "says": "The League soon sent envoys to its neighbors, Stefan I Crnojević and Đurađ Branković."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "Background", "says": "Branković, a lord of Serbian Despotate, who was also in dispute with Venice over the Principality of Zeta, expressed his willingness to help Skanderbeg against the Republic but not against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q178085", "label": "Principality of Zeta", "section": "Background", "says": "Branković, a lord of Serbian Despotate, who was also in dispute with Venice over the Principality of Zeta, expressed his willingness to help Skanderbeg against the Republic but not against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q611827": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blanchetaque was fought on 24 August 1346 between an English army under King Edward III and a French force commanded by Godemar du Fay."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Crécy campaign, which took place during the early stages of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q27759", "label": "Battle of Crécy", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days after Blanchetaque, the main French army under Philip was defeated at the Battle of Crécy with heavy loss of life."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France (r."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "1327–1377), Philip's Great Council in Paris on 24 May 1337 agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}], "Q616931": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caseros (Spanish: Batalla de Caseros; Portuguese: Batalha de Caseros) was fought near the town of El Palomar, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between forces of the Argentine Confederation, commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a coalition consisting of the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caseros (Spanish: Batalla de Caseros; Portuguese: Batalha de Caseros) was fought near the town of El Palomar, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between forces of the Argentine Confederation, commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a coalition consisting of the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caseros (Spanish: Batalla de Caseros; Portuguese: Batalha de Caseros) was fought near the town of El Palomar, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between forces of the Argentine Confederation, commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a coalition consisting of the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caseros (Spanish: Batalla de Caseros; Portuguese: Batalha de Caseros) was fought near the town of El Palomar, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between forces of the Argentine Confederation, commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a coalition consisting of the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied forces, known as the Grand Army (Ejército Grande), defeated Rosas, who fled to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q336247", "label": "Justo José de Urquiza", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, Justo José de Urquiza, a caudillo and governor of Entre Ríos, became the provisional Director of the Argentine Confederation and sponsored the creation of the country's constitution in 1853, later becoming the first constitutional president of Argentina in 1854."}], "Q61742338": [{"id": "Q21294765", "label": "Jovenel Moïse", "section": "lead", "says": "These protests gradually evolved into demands for the resignation of President Jovenel Moïse."}, {"id": "Q107451258", "label": "Ariel Henry", "section": "lead", "says": "On 20 July, Ariel Henry assumed the office of acting prime minister."}, {"id": "Q208834", "label": "René Préval", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "A Senate probe released in November 2017 concerning the 2008–2016 period (the René Préval and Michel Martelly administrations) revealed significant corruption had been funded with Venezuelan loans through the Petrocaribe program."}, {"id": "Q57512", "label": "Joseph Michel Martelly", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "A Senate probe released in November 2017 concerning the 2008–2016 period (the René Préval and Michel Martelly administrations) revealed significant corruption had been funded with Venezuelan loans through the Petrocaribe program."}], "Q629965": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658, known as the War of Rupture, was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during a pause in the contemporary Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) as a consequence of the Truce of Vilna."}, {"id": "Q1502680", "label": "Truce of Vilna", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during a pause in the contemporary Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) as a consequence of the Truce of Vilna."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite initial successes, Tsar Alexis of Russia failed to secure his principal objective—to revise the Treaty of Stolbovo, which had stripped Russia of the Baltic coast at the close of the Ingrian War."}, {"id": "Q928848", "label": "Treaty of Stolbovo", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite initial successes, Tsar Alexis of Russia failed to secure his principal objective—to revise the Treaty of Stolbovo, which had stripped Russia of the Baltic coast at the close of the Ingrian War."}, {"id": "Q1962709", "label": "Ingrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite initial successes, Tsar Alexis of Russia failed to secure his principal objective—to revise the Treaty of Stolbovo, which had stripped Russia of the Baltic coast at the close of the Ingrian War."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Poland, captured Warsaw in June 1657 and announced his claims on the Russian occupations in the orbit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (who led Russian diplomacy at the time) decided it was an opportune time to suspend hostilities against the weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and to attack the rear of the Swedish Empire instead"}, {"id": "Q2620447", "label": "Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Poland, captured Warsaw in June 1657 and announced his claims on the Russian occupations in the orbit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (who led Russian diplomacy at the time) decided it was an opportune time to suspend hostilities against the weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and to attack the rear of the Swedish Empire instead"}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Poland, captured Warsaw in June 1657 and announced his claims on the Russian occupations in the orbit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (who led Russian diplomacy at the time) decided it was an opportune time to suspend hostilities against the weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and to attack the rear of the Swedish Empire instead"}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Poland, captured Warsaw in June 1657 and announced his claims on the Russian occupations in the orbit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (who led Russian diplomacy at the time) decided it was an opportune time to suspend hostilities against the weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and to attack the rear of the Swedish Empire instead"}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "To that end he opened negotiations and concluded a truce with Poland in summer 1656 (the Truce of Vilna, also known as the Truce of Niemież), a move which enraged a major ally of Russia, Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky who maintained good relations with Sweden and was fighting against Poland."}], "Q638601": [{"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Skirmish at Bender (Swedish: Kalabaliken i Bender; Finnish: Benderin kalabaliikki; Russian: Перестрелка в Бендерах, romanized: Perestrelka v Benderakh) was devised to remove Charles XII of Sweden from the Ottoman Empire after his military defeats in Russia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Skirmish at Bender (Swedish: Kalabaliken i Bender; Finnish: Benderin kalabaliikki; Russian: Перестрелка в Бендерах, romanized: Perestrelka v Benderakh) was devised to remove Charles XII of Sweden from the Ottoman Empire after his military defeats in Russia."}], "Q641183": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kock was the final battle in the invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q2354908", "label": "Franciszek Kleeberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Independent Operational Group Polesie, led by General Franciszek Kleeberg, fought the German XIV Motorized Corps, which was led by General Gustav Anton von Wietersheim."}, {"id": "Q295688", "label": "Edward Rydz-Śmigły", "section": "Pre-battle context", "says": "During these events, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces during the campaign, while General Franciszek Kleeberg, who commanded Army Area IX and later organized the Independent Operational Group Polesie, was responsible for the defense of the eastern front between Pińsk and Brześć."}], "Q653582": [{"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "lead", "says": "The joint Polish and Lithuanian forces, under command of King Władysław II Jagiełło and Grand Duke Vytautas, besieged the castle between 26 July and 19 September 1410 in a bid for complete conquest of Prussia after the great victory in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg)."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The joint Polish and Lithuanian forces, under command of King Władysław II Jagiełło and Grand Duke Vytautas, besieged the castle between 26 July and 19 September 1410 in a bid for complete conquest of Prussia after the great victory in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg)."}, {"id": "Q221559", "label": "Heinrich von Plauen", "section": "lead", "says": "Marienburg defender Heinrich von Plauen is credited as the savior of the Knights from complete annihilation."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "Background", "says": "Their path was blocked by the Teutonic Knights, who engaged the allied forces in the decisive Battle of Grunwald on 15 July 1410."}, {"id": "Q330895", "label": "Ulrich von Jungingen", "section": "Background", "says": "It is not entirely clear whether von Plauen marched to Marienburg based on pre-battle instructions of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen or on his own initiative to fill the leadership void."}, {"id": "Q2500770", "label": "Pawel Jasienica", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish historian Paweł Jasienica suggested, for example, that Jagiełło might have intentionally given the Knights time to regroup, to keep the Order humbled but not decimated so as to not upset the balance of power between Poland (which would most likely acquire most of the Order possessions if it was totally defeated) and Lithuania; but a lack of primary sources precludes a definitive explanation"}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish historian Paweł Jasienica suggested, for example, that Jagiełło might have intentionally given the Knights time to regroup, to keep the Order humbled but not decimated so as to not upset the balance of power between Poland (which would most likely acquire most of the Order possessions if it was totally defeated) and Lithuania; but a lack of primary sources precludes a definitive explanation"}], "Q654777": [{"id": "Q2706523", "label": "Operation Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack, known as Operation Spring of Youth, is generally considered to have been part of Operation Wrath of God, Israel's retaliation for the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics."}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1972, Israel obtained intelligence on the home addresses of three top PLO officials in Beirut:\n\nMuhammad Youssef al-Najjar (Abu Youssef) – an operations leader in Black September, the group responsible for the 1972 Munich massacre."}], "Q657620": [{"id": "Q903199", "label": "Cimbrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Noreia, in 113 BC, was the opening battle of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes, the Cimbri and the Teutons."}], "Q658845": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and British colonial empires, which itself was a part of the global Seven Years' War."}], "Q668595": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harlem Heights was fought during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War in 1776."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "lead", "says": "The Continental Army, under Commander-in-chief General George Washington, Major General Nathanael Greene, and Major General Israel Putnam, totaling around 9,000 men, held a series of high ground positions in upper Manhattan."}, {"id": "Q622130", "label": "Israel Putnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Continental Army, under Commander-in-chief General George Washington, Major General Nathanael Greene, and Major General Israel Putnam, totaling around 9,000 men, held a series of high ground positions in upper Manhattan."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "Immediately opposite was the vanguard of the British Army totaling around 5,000 men under the command of Major General Henry Clinton."}], "Q668811": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Russian Empire, more than one million people died of cholera."}, {"id": "Q356407", "label": "John Snow", "section": "lead", "says": "That year, the British physician John Snow, who was working in a poor area of London, identified contaminated water as the means of transmission of the disease."}], "Q673556": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Reunions (1683–84) was a conflict between France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, with limited involvement by Genoa."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It can be seen as a continuation of the War of Devolution (1667–1668) and the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), which were driven by Louis XIV's determination to establish defensible boundaries along France's northern and eastern borders."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "It can be seen as a continuation of the War of Devolution (1667–1668) and the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), which were driven by Louis XIV's determination to establish defensible boundaries along France's northern and eastern borders."}, {"id": "Q2281221", "label": "Principality of Orange", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1681, his troops seized Strasbourg and in 1682 occupied the Principality of Orange, then a possession of William of Orange."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "When hostilities began in 1683, French support for the Ottomans in their war with Austria allowed Louis to capture Luxembourg and consolidate his position in Alsace."}, {"id": "Q1041111", "label": "Truce of Ratisbon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Ratisbon that ended the conflict marked the high water mark of French territorial gains under Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Ratisbon that ended the conflict marked the high water mark of French territorial gains under Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, his opponents would recognize the need for unity in order to resist further expansion, leading to the 1689 creation of the Grand Alliance, an anti-French coalition that fought in the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the treaties of Westphalia in 1648, Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668 and Nijmegen in 1678, France acquired territories in the Rhineland and along its northern border with the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "Imperial troops could not respond since they were engaged in the Great Turkish War, the largest offensive ever by the Ottomans against the Empire's eastern border."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on 12 September 1683 a combined Imperial, German and Polish army defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna and forced them to retreat."}], "Q675999": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Downs took place on 21 October 1639 (New Style), during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q470200", "label": "Maarten Tromp", "section": "lead", "says": "A Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Antonio de Oquendo, was decisively defeated by a Dutch force under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp."}, {"id": "Q221357", "label": "Dutch Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined with the repulse of a similar-sized expedition against Dutch Brazil in January 1640, this marked the end of attempts to challenge Dutch maritime supremacy and an acceptance by the Spanish court that the war could not be won."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Franco-Spanish War began in 1635, Spain was already engaged in the Eighty Years War with the Dutch Republic, as well as supporting Emperor Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Franco-Spanish War began in 1635, Spain was already engaged in the Eighty Years War with the Dutch Republic, as well as supporting Emperor Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years War."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Spanish Empire had far greater resources than any of its opponents, fighting on multiple fronts forced them to rely on long and vulnerable lines of communication."}, {"id": "Q61118", "label": "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1638, a French-backed army under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar captured Breisach in Alsace, severing the Spanish Road (see map)."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Spanish defeated Dutch attacks on Dunkirk and Ostend in the Spanish Netherlands, and despite a French naval victory at Getaria in August, forced them to retreat from Fuenterrabía."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1621, the Spanish had avoided major conflict with the Dutch fleet in favour of raids conducted by the Dunkirk-based Armada de Flandes and local privateers on their commercial shipping, their efforts peaking under admiral Francisco de Ribera."}], "Q6808293": [{"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dzungar–Qing Wars (Mongolian: Зүүнгар-Чин улсын дайн, simplified Chinese: 准噶尔之役; traditional Chinese: 準噶爾之役; pinyin: Zhǔngá'ěr zhī Yì; lit. 'Dzungar Campaign'), also known as the Sino-Dzungar Wars, were a decades-long series of conflicts that pitted the Dzungar Khanate against the Qing dynasty and its Mongol vassals."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting took place over a wide swath of Inner Asia, from present-day central and eastern Mongolia to Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang regions of present-day China."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "After the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, China's Mongol rulers withdrew to Mongolia and became known as the Northern Yuan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Over time, the Mongol state disintegrated into a series of Khanates, ruled by various descendants of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q9341", "label": "Ligdan Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing dynasty defeated the Inner Chahar Mongol leader Ligdan Khan and annexed Inner Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q743749", "label": "Erdeni Batur", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dzungar Oirats under Erdeni Batur and Zaya Pandita held a pan-Oirat-Mongol conference in 1640 with all Oirat and Mongol tribes participating except the Inner Mongols under Qing rule."}, {"id": "Q1395045", "label": "Galdan Boshugtu Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon assuming the throne after the death of his brother Sengge in 1670, Galdan Boshugtu Khan launched a series of successful campaigns to expand his territory as far as present-day eastern Kazakhstan, and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon assuming the throne after the death of his brother Sengge in 1670, Galdan Boshugtu Khan launched a series of successful campaigns to expand his territory as far as present-day eastern Kazakhstan, and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon assuming the throne after the death of his brother Sengge in 1670, Galdan Boshugtu Khan launched a series of successful campaigns to expand his territory as far as present-day eastern Kazakhstan, and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia."}, {"id": "Q696094", "label": "Treaty of Nerchinsk", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Nerchinsk prevented an alliance between Galdan and the Russians, leaving the Qing free to attack their Mongol rivals."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dzungars had conquered and subjugated the Uyghurs during the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr after being invited by the Afaqi Khoja to invade the Chingisid Chagatai ruled Yarkent Khanate."}], "Q684113": [{"id": "Q3953988", "label": "Second Samnite War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lautulae was fought in 315 BC during the Second Samnite War, opposing the Roman Republic (led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus) and the Samnites, who defeated the Romans."}, {"id": "Q435352", "label": "Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lautulae was fought in 315 BC during the Second Samnite War, opposing the Roman Republic (led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus) and the Samnites, who defeated the Romans."}, {"id": "Q186023", "label": "Quintus Aulius Cerretanus", "section": "Background", "says": "They chose the latter course and this brought them against the forces of Quintus Aulius Cerretanus at Lautulae."}], "Q684446": [{"id": "Q877399", "label": "North Atlantic Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the first military actions taken by NATO in response to an invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty which provides for collective defense and the first-ever operation conducted by the Alliance in direct application of the defense clause of the Treaty."}], "Q705083": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid at Cabanatuan (Filipino: Pagsalakay sa Cabanatuan), also known as the Great Raid (Filipino: Ang Dakilang Pagsalakay), was a rescue of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp near Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing brutal conditions including disease, torture, and malnourishment, the prisoners feared they would be executed by their captors before the arrival of General Douglas MacArthur and his American forces returning to Luzon."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "After the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 by Japanese forces, it entered World War II to join the Allied forces in their fight against the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "After the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 by Japanese forces, it entered World War II to join the Allied forces in their fight against the Axis powers."}], "Q705962": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greater Poland uprising of 1806 was a Polish military insurrection which occurred in the region of Wielkopolska, also known as Greater Poland, against the occupying Prussian forces after the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772–1795)."}, {"id": "Q158027", "label": "Jan Henryk Dąbrowski", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was organized by General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski to help advancing French forces under Napoleon in liberating Poland from Prussian occupation."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was organized by General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski to help advancing French forces under Napoleon in liberating Poland from Prussian occupation."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wielkopolska Uprising was a decisive factor that allowed the formation of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807) and the inclusion of Wielkopolska in the Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "While the Kingdom of Prussia already possessed a large Polish population in Upper Silesia, it gained additional Polish citizens during the partitions of Poland."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The War of the Fourth Coalition between Napoleonic France and the Kingdom of Prussia gave hope to the Polish inhabitants of Greater Poland of recovering their independence and ending oppressive Prussian rule."}], "Q708574": [{"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stadtlohn was fought on 6 August 1623 between the armies of the Electoral Palatinate and of the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stadtlohn was fought on 6 August 1623 between the armies of the Electoral Palatinate and of the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q155534", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "section": "lead", "says": "The League's forces were led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, the Protestants by Christian of Brunswick."}], "Q710473": [{"id": "Q192055", "label": "Nanjing Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "Both officers were later convicted by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity due to their involvement in atrocities, including the unlawful killing of Chinese POWs and civilians during the Nanjing Massacre, and were executed in 1948."}], "Q714223": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for Brest was fought in August and September 1944 on the Western Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Early in the war, after the Fall of France in 1940, the United States and the United Kingdom began planning an eventual \"Invasion of Western Europe\" to be put into effect when and if the United States joined the war."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Early in the war, after the Fall of France in 1940, the United States and the United Kingdom began planning an eventual \"Invasion of Western Europe\" to be put into effect when and if the United States joined the war."}, {"id": "Q270517", "label": "Dieppe Raid", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Sledgehammer, the capture of Cherbourg, had been considered by the Allies, but it was cancelled after the disastrous 1942 Dieppe Raid."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Patton's Third United States Army, exploiting the success of Operation Cobra."}], "Q714293": [{"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "lead", "says": "The geographical objectives of the attack, undertaken by VIII Corps and XXX Corps of the British Second Army (Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey), were to secure the road junction of Vire and the high ground of Mont Pinçon."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was made at short notice to exploit the success of Operation Cobra by the First US Army after it broke out on the western flank of the Normandy beachhead and to exploit the withdrawal of the 2nd Panzer Division from the Caumont area, to take part in Unternehmen Lüttich (Operation Liège) a German counter-offensive against the Americans."}], "Q719153": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1926 and 1928, Canadian Gordon Stewart Northcott abducted and murdered three boys, and was implicated, but not convicted in the murder of a fourth boy, in Los Angeles and Riverside counties, California, United States."}], "Q7425756": [{"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Persian shah, Khosrow II, had taken advantage of the internal turmoil of the Byzantine Empire after the overthrow of Emperor Maurice by Phocas to attack the Roman provinces in the East."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Persian shah, Khosrow II, had taken advantage of the internal turmoil of the Byzantine Empire after the overthrow of Emperor Maurice by Phocas to attack the Roman provinces in the East."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "By 615, the Persians had driven the Romans out of northern Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine."}], "Q743358": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Latakia (Arabic: معركة اللاذقية; Hebrew: קרב לטקיה) was a small but revolutionary naval action of the Yom Kippur War, fought on 7 October 1973 between Israel and Syria."}], "Q7571821": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty (Lithuanian: Lietuvos-Sovietų Sąjungos savitarpio pagalbos sutartis, Russian: советско-литовский договор о взаимопомощи, romanized: sovetsko-litovskiy dogovor o vzaimopomoshchi) was a bilateral treaty signed between the Soviet Union and Lithuania on October 10, 1939."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "According to official Soviet sources, the Soviet military was strengthening the defenses of a weak nation against possible attacks by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Soviets and Germans re-negotiated the secret protocols of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}], "Q760023": [{"id": "Q657055", "label": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup occurred under simmering tensions in Greek society, which reeled under the effects of a lack of necessary reforms and financial troubles that had been exacerbated by the defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897."}, {"id": "Q209144", "label": "Dimitrios Rallis", "section": "lead", "says": "King George I gave in and replaced Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis with Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "lead", "says": "When a stalemate was reached, the coup leaders appealed to a new figure, Cretan Eleftherios Venizelos, who respected democratic norms in calling for new elections."}], "Q763551": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brienne (29 January 1814) saw an Imperial French army led by Emperor Napoleon attack Prussian and Russian forces commanded by Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brienne (29 January 1814) saw an Imperial French army led by Emperor Napoleon attack Prussian and Russian forces commanded by Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The French emperor hoped to cripple Blücher's army before it could combine with the main Allied army under Austrian field marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg."}, {"id": "Q568253", "label": "Battle of La Rothière", "section": "lead", "says": "Three days later, the two Allied armies combined their 120,000 men and attacked Napoleon in the Battle of La Rothière."}, {"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allied VI Corps under Peter Wittgenstein was approaching Joinville but its cavalry under Peter Petrovich Pahlen reached Brienne."}, {"id": "Q64759", "label": "Carl Philipp von Wrede", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allied V Corps under Karl Philipp von Wrede was between Chaumont and Saint-Dizier."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allied III Corps under Ignaz Gyulai and the IV Corps under Crownprince Frederick William of Württemberg were near Bar-sur-Aube."}, {"id": "Q78916", "label": "Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allied I Corps under Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld was well to the south at Châtillon-sur-Seine and the Reserve under Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly was marching from Langres to Chaumont."}, {"id": "Q157632", "label": "Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allied I Corps under Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld was well to the south at Châtillon-sur-Seine and the Reserve under Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly was marching from Langres to Chaumont."}], "Q767450": [{"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories were the head of the Army of the Three Guarantees, Agustín de Iturbide, and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, Jefe Político Superior Juan O'Donojú."}, {"id": "Q973289", "label": "Juan O’Donojú", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories were the head of the Army of the Three Guarantees, Agustín de Iturbide, and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, Jefe Político Superior Juan O'Donojú."}, {"id": "Q1606520", "label": "Plan of ayala", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty has 17 articles, which developed the proposals of the Plan of Iguala."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish (without authorization) and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the First Mexican Empire, but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to the Grito de Dolores (September 16, 1810)."}], "Q772814": [{"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the eighteenth century, Yucatán's population had expanded considerably, and white and mestizo Mexicans migrated to rural towns."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the Yucatecan congress passed a series of laws that facilitated and encouraged this process."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1850s, the United Kingdom recognized the Maya state because of the value of its trade with British Honduras (present-day Belize) and provided arms to the rebels at the beginning of the insurgency."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1850s, the United Kingdom recognized the Maya state because of the value of its trade with British Honduras (present-day Belize) and provided arms to the rebels at the beginning of the insurgency."}, {"id": "Q1061582", "label": "Chan Santa Cruz", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1893, London signed a new treaty with the Mexican government, recognizing its control of all of the Yucatán, formalizing the border with British Honduras, and closing the British colony to trade with Chan Santa Cruz,"}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The confederation subsequently joined the First Mexican Empire that same year; in 1823 it became a part of the federal Mexican government as the Federated Republic of Yucatán."}, {"id": "Q671658", "label": "Republic of Yucatán", "section": "Background", "says": "The confederation subsequently joined the First Mexican Empire that same year; in 1823 it became a part of the federal Mexican government as the Federated Republic of Yucatán."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "Background", "says": "Near the end of the next decade, several provinces revolted against the central government, including Guatemala in the south and Texas in the north (which was receiving significant unsanctioned European immigration from the United States in the eastern section)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Near the end of the next decade, several provinces revolted against the central government, including Guatemala in the south and Texas in the north (which was receiving significant unsanctioned European immigration from the United States in the eastern section)."}], "Q775561": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Battle of the Isonzo was fought from 9 to 15 March 1916 between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "Background", "says": "After four attempts to cross the Soča river and invade Austro-Hungarian territory, Luigi Cadorna, the Italian commander-in-chief, organized a new offensive following the winter decline in fighting which had allowed the Italian High Command to regroup and organize eight new divisions on the front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The offensive was not launched after detailed strategic planning, but rather as a distraction to shift Central Powers away from the Eastern Front and from Verdun."}], "Q777345": [{"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred during the regency of Anne of Beaujeu in the period after the death of Louis XI and before the majority of Charles VIII."}, {"id": "Q437423", "label": "Philippe de Commines", "section": "lead", "says": "Other leading lords supported the revolt, including Philippe de Commines and Odet d'Aydie, Count of Commines and Governor of Guyenne."}], "Q7837109": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kyakhta (Mongolian: Хиагтын гэрээ; Russian: Кяхтинский договор; Chinese: 中俄蒙協約) was a tri-party treaty signed on 25 May 1915 among Russia, Mongolia, and China."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty severely curtailed the independent status of Mongolia declared in 1911, but eventually became moot after the October Revolution of 1917, and the Mongolian Revolution of 1921."}, {"id": "Q2081446", "label": "Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty severely curtailed the independent status of Mongolia declared in 1911, but eventually became moot after the October Revolution of 1917, and the Mongolian Revolution of 1921."}], "Q7891770": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kraai (lit. 'Operation Crow') was a Dutch military offensive launched in December 1948 against the Republic of Indonesia, after the failure of negotiations with the Republican government."}, {"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was one of two major offensives launched by the Netherlands during the Indonesian National Revolution, the other being Operation Product, and they are collectively referred to as the Police Actions."}, {"id": "Q29050", "label": "Mohammad Hatta", "section": "lead", "says": "With the advantage of surprise, the Dutch managed to capture the Republic of Indonesia's provisional capital of Yogyakarta along with many of its leaders, including President Sukarno and Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta."}, {"id": "Q2367329", "label": "General Soedirman", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial offensive was followed by months of guerrilla warfare against the Dutch at the hands of the Indonesian Army led by General Sudirman."}, {"id": "Q2126105", "label": "Roem–Van Roijen Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined with diplomatic pressure from the international world, this led to negotiations which resulted in the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement."}, {"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was followed by the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference which saw Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty and the establishment of the United States of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "The purpose was to dissolve the Republic of Indonesia and install a more malleable political entity that would join the federal statehood proposed by the Netherlands, thus enabling the Netherlands to preserve its control in Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch East Indies government, NICA, accused Indonesians of breaching the armistice that had been signed following Operation Product."}, {"id": "Q769581", "label": "Renville Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "That armistice, the Renville Agreement, stipulated the withdrawal of Indonesian forces from Dutch-occupied territory in exchange for ending the Dutch naval blockade."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch also timed their attack to co-ordinate with plans by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to dispatch a private plane to fly Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra where they would head an emergency government."}], "Q79629688": [{"id": "Q86832624", "label": "Operation Spring Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 February, after intermittent deadly clashes between Turkish and Syrian forces, Turkey formally intervened in the offensive and announced the beginning of Operation Spring Shield with the aim of pushing Syrian government forces back to pre-offensive frontlines."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 March 2020, a meeting took place between Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Russian president Vladimir Putin in which they agreed on a ceasefire beginning on 6 March that established a six-kilometer secure corridor along the M4 Highway."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 March 2020, a meeting took place between Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Russian president Vladimir Putin in which they agreed on a ceasefire beginning on 6 March that established a six-kilometer secure corridor along the M4 Highway."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The United States strongly condemned the attack."}], "Q796498": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Indochina War was a series of interconnected military conflicts among the various communist factions over strategic influence in mainland Southeast Asia after communist victory in South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in 1975."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict primarily started due to continued raids and incursions by the Khmer Rouge into Vietnamese territory that they sought to retake."}, {"id": "Q635533", "label": "Cambodian–Vietnamese War", "section": "lead", "says": "These incursions would result in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in which the newly unified Vietnam overthrew the Pol Pot regime and the Khmer Rouge, in turn ending the Cambodian genocide."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "lead", "says": "These incursions would result in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in which the newly unified Vietnam overthrew the Pol Pot regime and the Khmer Rouge, in turn ending the Cambodian genocide."}, {"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "lead", "says": "Vietnam had installed a government led by many opponents of Pol Pot, most notably Hun Sen, a former Khmer Rouge commander."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vietnamese push to completely destroy the Khmer Rouge led to them conducting border raids in Thailand against those who had provided sanctuary."}, {"id": "Q623171", "label": "Sino-Vietnamese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese armed forces launched a punitive operation (Sino-Vietnamese War) in February 1979 and attacked Vietnam's northern provinces, determined to contain Soviet/Vietnamese influence and prevent territorial gains in the region."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Vietnam became bogged down in the battlefield and isolated from the international community except for the support of the Soviet Union and its allies."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally regular troop engagements in the region ended after the conclusion of the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, leading to a transitional process and the restoration of a multi-party constitutional monarchy in 1993."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), which had chosen to ally with the USSR, justified incursions into neighbouring Laos and Cambodia during the Second Indochinese War by reference to the international nature of communist revolution, where \"Indochina is a single strategic unit, a single battlefield\" and the Vietnam People's Army's pivotal role in bringing this about."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "Background", "says": "Permanently stationed North Vietnamese troops secured and maintained vital supply routes and strategic staging sites (Ho Chi Minh trail)."}], "Q815110": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Amida was a military investment of the Roman fortified frontier city of Amida (modern Diyarbakır, Turkey) by the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in AD 359 when the Sasanian army under king Shapur II invaded the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in AD 359 when the Sasanian army under king Shapur II invaded the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "lead", "says": "Shapur wanted to exploit the absence of the Roman Emperor Constantius II who was overseeing affairs in the western part of the Empire."}], "Q815157": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kars was the last major operation of the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1855, attempting to alleviate pressure on the defence of Sevastopol, Emperor Alexander II ordered General Nikolay Muravyov to lead his troops against areas of Ottoman interest in Asia Minor."}], "Q815204": [{"id": "Q617782", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Seringapatam (5 April – 4 May 1799) was the final confrontation of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan who ruled after the death of his father."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Seringapatam (5 April – 4 May 1799) was the final confrontation of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan who ruled after the death of his father."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Seringapatam (5 April – 4 May 1799) was the final confrontation of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan who ruled after the death of his father."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British, with the allied Nizam Ali Khan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad and Maratha Empire, achieved a decisive victory after breaching the walls of the fortress at Seringapatam and storming the citadel."}, {"id": "Q3817019", "label": "Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar III", "section": "lead", "says": "The British restored the Wadiyar dynasty back to power after the victory through a treaty of subsidiary alliance and Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was crowned the King of Mysore."}, {"id": "Q617350", "label": "Third Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "Background", "says": "Tipu's forces had been depleted by the Third Anglo-Mysore War and the consequent loss of half his kingdom, but he still probably had up to 30,000 soldiers."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Background", "says": "The contingent was under the command of Brigadier Louis Auguste Chapuis, who had arrived with him some ninety-eight officers and soldiers from Mauritius bringing the total to around 450 men."}], "Q833861": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saragossa, 20 August 1710, took place during the War of the Spanish Succession, near Zaragoza in Spain."}, {"id": "Q695284", "label": "Guido Starhemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "A slightly inferior Franco-Bourbon Spanish army commanded by the Marquis de Bay was severely defeated by a Grand Alliance force under Guido Starhemberg, which included Habsburg Spanish troops."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Victory allowed the Allies to enter Madrid, but lack of supplies forced them to retreat, while defeats at Brihuega in November and Villaviciosa in December effectively ended hopes of deposing Philip V of Spain."}], "Q835649": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greater Poland uprising of 1848 or Poznań Uprising (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1848 roku / powstanie poznańskie) was an unsuccessful military insurrection of Poles against forces of the Kingdom of Prussia during the Revolutions of 1848."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "As the November Uprising in Russian-held Congress Poland began, the Prussians closely worked with Russia in regards to stopping any Polish independence drive."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "As the November Uprising in Russian-held Congress Poland began, the Prussians closely worked with Russia in regards to stopping any Polish independence drive."}, {"id": "Q77888", "label": "Wilhelm von Humboldt", "section": "Background", "says": "Those plans were supported by such prominent public figures such as Carl von Clausewitz, August Neidhardt von Gneisenau, Theodor von Schön, and Wilhelm von Humboldt."}], "Q836837": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Erzincan (Russian: Эрзинджанское сражение, Turkish: Erzincan Muharebesi) was a Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q261965", "label": "Nikolai Yudenich", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1916, Nikolai Yudenich had taken the cities of Erzurum and Trabzon."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Enver Pasha ordered the Third Army, now under Vehip Pasha, to retake Trabzon."}], "Q844639": [{"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Djahy was a major land battle between the forces of Pharaoh Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples who intended to invade and conquer Egypt."}, {"id": "Q1760729", "label": "Alashiya", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Hittite Empire fell, as did the Mycenaean civilization, the kingdom of Alashiya (which consisted of part or all of Cyprus) and Ugarit, and other cultures."}], "Q866062": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Biscari massacre was a war crime committed by members of the United States Army during World War II."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "Patton and the British Eighth Army under General Sir Bernard Montgomery invaded the southeast corner of the island on 10 July 1943."}], "Q113464193": [{"id": "Q111655119", "label": "Battle of Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soledar was a series of military engagements in and around the urban-type settlement of Soledar during the Battle of Donbas in the Russo-Ukrainian war."}, {"id": "Q65088544", "label": "Pavlo Oleksandrovych Kyrylenko", "section": "Background", "says": "The next day, Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko said Russian forces had closed within 20 kilometers of Soledar, while shelling the settlement along with Bakhmut and Kostiantynivka."}, {"id": "Q64737357", "label": "Oleksandr Syrskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "Around fall 2022, high-ranking Ukrainian officer Oleksandr Syrskyi was put in charge of the defense of both Bakhmut and Soledar."}], "Q1140134": [{"id": "Q28025", "label": "Ryukyu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Former Satsuma territories that had been invaded by the Ryukyu Kingdom, such as the Amami Islands, were reintegrated into the Satsuma domain."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the final decades of the 16th century, the Shimazu clan, along with Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who ruled Japan from 1582 to 1598, requested or demanded various types of aid or service from the kingdom on a number of occasions."}, {"id": "Q907317", "label": "Shō Nei", "section": "Background", "says": "King Shō Nei (r."}], "Q1149627": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "A member of the Arab League, the protests in Djibouti showed a clear influence from the concurrent Arab Spring protests in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q57390", "label": "Ismail Omar Guelleh", "section": "Background", "says": "President of Djibouti Ismail Omar Guelleh has been in office since 1999, but his government has been in power for 34 years."}], "Q1154689": [{"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Mareth Line or the Battle of Mareth was an attack in the Second World War by the British Eighth Army (General Bernard Montgomery) in Tunisia, against the Mareth Line held by the Italo–German 1st Army (General Giovanni Messe)."}, {"id": "Q275640", "label": "Giovanni Messe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Mareth Line or the Battle of Mareth was an attack in the Second World War by the British Eighth Army (General Bernard Montgomery) in Tunisia, against the Mareth Line held by the Italo–German 1st Army (General Giovanni Messe)."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first big operation by the Eighth Army since the Second Battle of El Alamein 4+1⁄2 months earlier."}, {"id": "Q553522", "label": "Georges Catroux", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had an advantage because General Georges Catroux, the designer and garrison commander of the Mareth Line in the 1930s, was available in Algiers, to provide information and advice for the attack."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Erwin Rommel, the commander of Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika), could not afford to lose men he  needed to defend the Mareth Line, and abandoned the effort at dusk."}, {"id": "Q372958", "label": "Battle of Medenine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Battle of Medenine was Rommel's last action in the North African Campaign."}], "Q1174179": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jassin (also known as the Battle of Yasin, the Battle of Jasin, the Battle of Jasini or the Battle of Jassini)  \n\nwas a World War I battle that took place on 18– 19 January 1915 at Jassin on the German East African side of the border with British East Africa between a German Schutztruppe force and British and Indian troops."}], "Q1187448": [{"id": "Q1187411", "label": "Gosannen War", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the other major conflicts of the Heian period, such as the Gosannen War and the Genpei War, the Zenkunen war was a struggle for power within the samurai clans."}, {"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the other major conflicts of the Heian period, such as the Gosannen War and the Genpei War, the Zenkunen war was a struggle for power within the samurai clans."}], "Q1187969": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "START II (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States and Russia on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "lead", "says": "Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin on 3 January 1993, banning the use of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)."}], "Q1192865": [{"id": "Q1133757", "label": "Dou Jiande", "section": "Background", "says": "He had led the attack on Dou Jiande and Wang Shichong, whom he defeated in battle, which gained him prestige among his contemporaries."}, {"id": "Q708305", "label": "Wang Shichong", "section": "Background", "says": "He had led the attack on Dou Jiande and Wang Shichong, whom he defeated in battle, which gained him prestige among his contemporaries."}], "Q1192867": [{"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pułtusk (or Pultusk) took place on 26 December 1806 during the War of the Fourth Coalition near Pultusk, Prussia (today Pułtusk, Poland)."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite their strong numerical superiority and artillery, the Russians under the lead of General of Cavalry Levin von Benningsen underwent heavy French attacks by Marshal Jean Lannes, before retiring the next day having suffered great losses like the French, disorganizing their army for the rest of the year."}], "Q1194172": [{"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Novi, which took place on 15 August 1799, was a battle between a combined army of the Habsburg monarchy and the Imperial Russians under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov and a Republican French army under General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert."}, {"id": "Q128743", "label": "Barthélémy Catherine Joubert", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Novi, which took place on 15 August 1799, was a battle between a combined army of the Habsburg monarchy and the Imperial Russians under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov and a Republican French army under General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "As soon as Joubert fell during the battle, Jean Victor Marie Moreau immediately took overall command of the French forces."}, {"id": "Q434541", "label": "Catherine-Dominique Pérignon", "section": "lead", "says": "After a prolonged and bloody struggle, the Austro-Russians broke through the French defenses and drove their enemies into a disorderly retreat, while French division commanders Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon and Emmanuel Grouchy were captured."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the War of the Second Coalition which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the War of the Second Coalition which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q659312", "label": "Ligurian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, French and Cisalpine Italian troops retreated into Genoa and the Ligurian Republic."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Coalition planners proceeded to throw away their advantage by sending Suvorov's Russians to Switzerland, a change of strategy that ended badly."}, {"id": "Q2889186", "label": "Battle of Magnano", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Magnano on 5 April, the Habsburg Austrian army of Paul Kray triumphed over the Republican French army of Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer."}, {"id": "Q78695", "label": "Paul Kray", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Magnano on 5 April, the Habsburg Austrian army of Paul Kray triumphed over the Republican French army of Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer."}, {"id": "Q809415", "label": "Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Magnano on 5 April, the Habsburg Austrian army of Paul Kray triumphed over the Republican French army of Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer."}, {"id": "Q112009", "label": "Michael von Melas", "section": "Background", "says": "Michael von Melas arrived to take command of the Austrian army from Kray on 9 April."}], "Q1195251": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Seville was signed on 9 November 1729 between Britain, France, and Spain, formally ending the 1727–1729 Anglo-Spanish War; the Dutch Republic joined the Treaty on 29 November."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Treaty failed to resolve underlying tensions that led first to the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739, then the wider War of the Austrian Succession in 1740."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Treaty failed to resolve underlying tensions that led first to the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739, then the wider War of the Austrian Succession in 1740."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht confirmed Philip V as the first Bourbon king of Spain, in return for ceding Naples, Sicily, Milan and Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain also retained the Spanish ports of Gibraltar and Mahón, captured during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q229867", "label": "Elisabeth Farnese", "section": "Background", "says": "When Elisabeth Farnese became Philip's second wife in 1714, he already had two sons who were next in line for the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain re-occupied Sardinia unopposed in 1717 but a landing on Sicily in 1718 led to the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "Background", "says": "The two countries agreed a truce in February 1728; hoping to deter Spain from an alliance with Austria, British envoy Benjamin Keene negotiated the Treaty of El Pardo in March."}], "Q1196733": [{"id": "Q217115", "label": "Ramzan Kadyrov", "section": "lead", "says": "Ramzan Kadyrov, the President of Chechnya said, \"We have received information on damage from various districts... each and every [victim] will receive the necessary help and support.\"\nA magnitude 5.3 aftershock struck the region approximately 16 minutes after the initial quake."}], "Q1208996": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lüshunkou (Chinese: 旅順口之戰; Japanese: Ryojunkō-no-tatakai (旅順口の戦い)) was a land battle of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 21 November 1894, in Lüshunkou, Manchuria (later called Port Arthur, in present-day Liaoning Province, China) between the forces of the Empire of Japan and the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1363925", "label": "Battle of Port peturth", "section": "lead", "says": "It is sometimes referred to archaically in western sources as the Battle of Port Arthur (that name is now primarily used for the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904)."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is sometimes referred to archaically in western sources as the Battle of Port Arthur (that name is now primarily used for the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904)."}, {"id": "Q1209808", "label": "Battle of Jiuliancheng", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Jiuliancheng at the Yalu River, and subsequent minor engagements in the Liaodong Peninsula, the strategic aim of Japan was to seize the heavily-defended and strategically important naval base of Lüshunkou, known in the West as \"Port Arthur\"."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "This naval station had taken the Qing government sixteen years to build, and was considered superior to Hong Kong in its facilities."}], "Q1247957": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trois-Rivières was fought on June 8, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "lead", "says": "A British army under Quebec Governor Sir Guy Carleton defeated an attempt by units from the Continental Army under the command of Brigadier General William Thompson to stop a British advance up the Saint Lawrence River valley."}, {"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat, the remainder of the American forces, under the command of John Sullivan, retreated, first to Fort Saint-Jean, and then to Fort Ticonderoga."}], "Q1256789": [{"id": "Q840601", "label": "East Turkestan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ili Rebellion (simplified Chinese: 伊宁事变; traditional Chinese: 伊寧事變; pinyin: Yīníng Shìbiàn) was a separatist uprising by the Turkic peoples of northern Xinjiang (East Turkestan) against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China, from 1944 to 1946."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ili Rebellion (simplified Chinese: 伊宁事变; traditional Chinese: 伊寧事變; pinyin: Yīníng Shìbiàn) was a separatist uprising by the Turkic peoples of northern Xinjiang (East Turkestan) against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China, from 1944 to 1946."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ili Rebellion (simplified Chinese: 伊宁事变; traditional Chinese: 伊寧事變; pinyin: Yīníng Shìbiàn) was a separatist uprising by the Turkic peoples of northern Xinjiang (East Turkestan) against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China, from 1944 to 1946."}, {"id": "Q10988528", "label": "Second East Turkestan Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ili Rebellion began with the East Turkestan National Revolution, known in Chinese historiography as the Three Districts Revolution (simplified Chinese: 三区革命; traditional Chinese: 三區革命; pinyin: Sān-qū Gémìng; Uyghur: ئۈچ ۋىلايەت ئىنقىلابى), which saw the establishment of the Second East Turkestan Republic."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union installed Sheng Shicai as its puppet ruler in Xinjiang in the 1934 Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang and later further entrenched its position in the Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)."}, {"id": "Q466972", "label": "Sheng Shicai", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union installed Sheng Shicai as its puppet ruler in Xinjiang in the 1934 Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang and later further entrenched its position in the Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)."}, {"id": "Q649596", "label": "Ma Bufang", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kuomintang worked with the Hui Muslim Ma Clique warlord of Qinghai, General Ma Bufang, to build up its military forces around Xinjiang and to increase the pressure on Sheng Shicai and the Soviets."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of China National Revolutionary Army units and soldiers belonging to Ma Bufang moved into Xinjiang to take control of the province."}], "Q1267481": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vilnius was concluded on 28 November 1561, during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Vilnius."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vilnius was concluded on 28 November 1561, during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Vilnius."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of Livonia, with the exception of the Free imperial city of Riga, subjected itself to the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus with the Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis)."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Sigismund granted protection from the Tsardom of Russia and confirmed the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Sigismund granted protection from the Tsardom of Russia and confirmed the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Sigismund granted protection from the Tsardom of Russia and confirmed the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti."}, {"id": "Q1352878", "label": "Duchy of Livonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories were re-organized in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia, the latter competing with the Kingdom of Livonia during the war."}, {"id": "Q2346056", "label": "Kingdom of Livonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories were re-organized in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia, the latter competing with the Kingdom of Livonia during the war."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "lead", "says": "After its reconquest, Sigismund's successor Stephen Báthory ignored the privileges of 1561, granted a new constitution and initiated Counter-Reformation."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "When after a further series of wars Livonia capitulated to Russia in 1710, the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti was confirmed by Peter the Great."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, the secularization of the Teutonic Order State, which led to the establishment of the Protestant Duchy of Prussia under the Polish king in 1525, did not affect Livonia, where the Recess of Wolmar (Valmiera) forbade any future secularization in 1546."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Livonian Confederation was in decline due to internal struggles, a faction of the order favored rapprochement with Poland–Lithuania, while another faction violently opposed it."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Riga had turned to the Holy Roman Empire and became a Free imperial city."}], "Q1275200": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sound was a naval engagement which took place on 8 November 1658 (29 October O.S.) during the Second Northern War, near the Sound or Øresund, just north of the Danish capital, Copenhagen."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden had invaded Denmark and an army under Charles X Gustav of Sweden had Copenhagen itself under siege."}, {"id": "Q1386569", "label": "Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch, under the command of Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam with Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer as his flag captain, who had sailed to the Baltic in support of Denmark, had 41 ships with 1,413 guns while the Swedes, under Lord High Admiral Carl Gustaf Wrangel, had 45 ships with 1,838 guns."}, {"id": "Q439909", "label": "Carl Gustaf Wrangel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch, under the command of Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam with Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer as his flag captain, who had sailed to the Baltic in support of Denmark, had 41 ships with 1,413 guns while the Swedes, under Lord High Admiral Carl Gustaf Wrangel, had 45 ships with 1,838 guns."}, {"id": "Q318362", "label": "Johan de Witt", "section": "lead", "says": "Obdam initially received written instructions from the Grand Pensionary, Johan de Witt, that were very complicated and confusing to him."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"anyone\" was a reference to the English, whose powerful fleet had recently defeated the Dutch in the First Anglo-Dutch War, leading to the Dutch suspecting an English fleet present might come to the aid of the Swedish, although the English simply observed the fighting from a distance, being allied to neither side."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 17th century, the Dutch Republic was a sailing nation with great trade interests; not least in the Baltic Sea."}], "Q1280245": [{"id": "Q1280502", "label": "Isa Boletini", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The first major Albanian revolt in 1910 led by Isa Boletini and Idriz Seferi was supported by Bulgaria and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The first major Albanian revolt in 1910 led by Isa Boletini and Idriz Seferi was supported by Bulgaria and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The first major Albanian revolt in 1910 led by Isa Boletini and Idriz Seferi was supported by Bulgaria and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sultan Mehmed V visited Pristina in June 1911 and declared an amnesty for all of those who had participated in the revolt, except for the ones who had committed murder."}, {"id": "Q46932", "label": "Ismail Kemal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the end of 1911 a group of Albanian Members, led by Ismail Qemali, started a debate in the Ottoman parliament."}], "Q128036869": [{"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "Statistical analyses by multiple organizations indicated that the election was won convincingly by Edmundo Gonzalez but those results have not been recognized by incumbent Nicolás Maduro; the Democratic Unitary Platform (PUD), an alliance of opposition parties, released vote tallies at the precinct level indicating that González won by a wide margin, while the government-controlled National Electo"}, {"id": "Q439564", "label": "María Corina Machado", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Elvis Amoroso's statements from the CNE claiming Maduro's victory in the early hours of 29 July, the majority opposition—organized around María Corina Machado and the Democratic Unitary Platform candidate, Edmundo González—and many countries denounced electoral fraud and have either recognized Gonzalez as president-elect or at a minimum called for audits."}, {"id": "Q125342503", "label": "Edmundo González", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Elvis Amoroso's statements from the CNE claiming Maduro's victory in the early hours of 29 July, the majority opposition—organized around María Corina Machado and the Democratic Unitary Platform candidate, Edmundo González—and many countries denounced electoral fraud and have either recognized Gonzalez as president-elect or at a minimum called for audits."}], "Q12809335": [{"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Edirne and the Peace of Szeged were two halves of a peace treaty between Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire and King Vladislaus of the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Edirne and the Peace of Szeged were two halves of a peace treaty between Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire and King Vladislaus of the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q342130", "label": "Đurađ Branković", "section": "lead", "says": "Despot Đurađ Branković of the Serbian Despotate was a party to the proceedings."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "lead", "says": "Despot Đurađ Branković of the Serbian Despotate was a party to the proceedings."}, {"id": "Q32832", "label": "Battle of Varna", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 November 1444 it ended in disaster at the Battle of Varna where the crusaders were wiped out and Vladislaus disappeared."}, {"id": "Q578021", "label": "Julian Cesarini", "section": "Background", "says": "On the same day Vladislaus held a diet at Buda, where he swore before Cardinal Julian Cesarini to lead a new expedition against the Ottomans in the summer."}], "Q1284627": [{"id": "Q134309", "label": "Charles IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Edict of Amboise, also known as the Edict of Pacification, was signed at the Château of Amboise on 19 March 1563 by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son King Charles IX of France."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Edict ended the first war of the French Wars of Religion, inaugurating a period of official peace in France by guaranteeing the Huguenots religious privileges and freedoms."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Edict ended the first war of the French Wars of Religion, inaugurating a period of official peace in France by guaranteeing the Huguenots religious privileges and freedoms."}, {"id": "Q28495", "label": "Francis, Duke of Guise", "section": "Background", "says": "This was immediately denounced by those Catholics who opposed such concessions, led by François, Duke of Guise, who in March oversaw the killing of Protestant worshippers in the Massacre of Vassy, often considered the starting point of the French War of Religion."}, {"id": "Q1086489", "label": "massacre of Vassy", "section": "Background", "says": "This was immediately denounced by those Catholics who opposed such concessions, led by François, Duke of Guise, who in March oversaw the killing of Protestant worshippers in the Massacre of Vassy, often considered the starting point of the French War of Religion."}, {"id": "Q356952", "label": "Anne de Montmorency", "section": "Background", "says": "Anne de Montmorency, the Constable of France, continued negotiations on behalf of the Crown but his terms were also unacceptable; they included a ban on Protestant preachers and the exile of Condé and other Protestant leaders until Charles IX of France reached his majority."}, {"id": "Q310334", "label": "Antoine of Navarre", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly afterwards, King Antoine of Navarre died at Rouen, while Saint André was killed at Dreux in December and Montmorency taken prisoner."}], "Q1287213": [{"id": "Q685976", "label": "Hannibal Mago", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the first battle and great Carthaginian defeat of 480 BC, the Second Battle of Himera was fought near the city of Himera in Sicily in 409 between the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Mago (a king of Carthage of the Magonid family, not the famous Hannibal of the Barcid family) and the Ionian Greeks of Himera aided by an army and a fleet from Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the first battle and great Carthaginian defeat of 480 BC, the Second Battle of Himera was fought near the city of Himera in Sicily in 409 between the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Mago (a king of Carthage of the Magonid family, not the famous Hannibal of the Barcid family) and the Ionian Greeks of Himera aided by an army and a fleet from Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the first battle and great Carthaginian defeat of 480 BC, the Second Battle of Himera was fought near the city of Himera in Sicily in 409 between the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Mago (a king of Carthage of the Magonid family, not the famous Hannibal of the Barcid family) and the Ionian Greeks of Himera aided by an army and a fleet from Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q1278821", "label": "Battle of Selinus", "section": "lead", "says": "Hannibal, acting under the instructions of the Carthaginian senate, had previously sacked and destroyed the city of Selinus after the Battle of Selinus in 409."}, {"id": "Q367407", "label": "Hermocrates", "section": "Background", "says": "Athens had sent fleets to Sicily in 427, 425, and 424 to intervene, which caused Hermocrates of Syracuse to request all Sicilian Greek cities to remain at peace at the congress of Gela in 424."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "Background", "says": "This appeal came at a time when the mainland Greek cities were locked in the Peloponnesian War, and Syracuse, an ally of Sparta, was not focused on Sicily."}], "Q1288632": [{"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting the fleets of the Roman Republic led by Admiral Lucius Aemilius Regillus and its Rhodian allies under Eudamus against a Seleucid fleet of Polyxenidas."}, {"id": "Q763405", "label": "Lucius Aemilius Regillus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting the fleets of the Roman Republic led by Admiral Lucius Aemilius Regillus and its Rhodian allies under Eudamus against a Seleucid fleet of Polyxenidas."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 198 BC, Antiochus emerged victorious in the Fifth Syrian War, taking over Coele-Syria and securing his south-eastern border."}, {"id": "Q222930", "label": "Antiochus II Theos", "section": "Background", "says": "Antiochus countered by claiming that he was simply rebuilding the empire of his ancestor Antiochus II Theos and criticized the Romans for meddling in the affairs of Asia Minor states, whose rights were traditionally defended by Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the emergence of a pro-war party led by Scipio Africanus, the Roman Senate exercised restraint."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 193 BC, a representative of the Aetolian League assured Antiochus that the Aetolians would take his side in a future war with Rome, while Antiochus gave tacit support to Hannibal's plans of launching an anti-Roman coup d'état in Carthage."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Achaean League declared war on the Seleucids and Aetolians, with the Romans following suit in November 192 BC."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Between December 192 and March 191 BC, Antiochus campaigned in Thessaly and Acarnania."}, {"id": "Q1284948", "label": "Gaius Livius Salinator", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A Roman naval force under Gaius Livius Salinator consisting of 81 ships arrived at Piraeus too late to impact the campaign in mainland Greece."}, {"id": "Q3636407", "label": "Battle of Corycus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In September 191 BC, the Roman-Pergamene fleet defeated the Seleucids in the Battle of Corycus, enabling it to take control of several cities including Dardanus and Sestos on the Hellespont."}], "Q1305130": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Saint Sabas (1256–1270; Italian: Guerra di San Saba) was a conflict between the rival Italian maritime republics of Genoa (aided by Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre, John of Arsuf, and the Knights Hospitaller) and Venice (aided by the Count of Jaffa and Ascalon,  John of Ibelin, and the Knights Templar) over control of Acre, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q1365493", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "section": "Cause", "says": "Initially the Genoese navy had a clear upper hand, but its early successes were abruptly reversed when the Republic of Pisa, a former ally, signed a ten-year pact of military alliance with Venice."}], "Q13053166": [{"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet invasion of Armenia was a military campaign which was carried out by the 11th Army of Soviet Russia from 29 November to 4 December 1920 in order to install a new Soviet government in the First Republic of Armenia, a former territory of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet invasion of Armenia was a military campaign which was carried out by the 11th Army of Soviet Russia from 29 November to 4 December 1920 in order to install a new Soviet government in the First Republic of Armenia, a former territory of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q132856", "label": "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion led to the dissolution of the First Republic of Armenia and the establishment of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q1926064", "label": "Republic of Mountainous Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Militant resistance continued in southern Armenia under Nzhdeh's self-declared Republic of Mountainous Armenia until July 1921."}, {"id": "Q80034", "label": "Armenian Genocide", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the new republic faced immense challenges, including refugees from the Armenian Genocide, and military threats from  Azerbaijan and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the new republic faced immense challenges, including refugees from the Armenian Genocide, and military threats from  Azerbaijan and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite not offering to intervene, the United Kingdom advised that Armenia not make any agreements with the Soviets or the Kemalists."}, {"id": "Q2038853", "label": "Simon Vratsian", "section": "Background", "says": "Simon Vratsian, the last prime minister of the First Republic of Armenia, described the crisis as being caught between the \"Bolshevik hammer and the Turkish anvil.\"\nIn September 1920, Turkish forces launched an offensive, capturing Kars on 30 October and Alexandropol by 7 November 1920."}], "Q1313538": [{"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "Origins", "says": "In early September, 1991, during the opening stages of the Croatian War of Independence, Serb-dominated units of the Knin Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), under the command of Colonel Ratko Mladić and supported by the ethnic Serb Krajina militia, conducted offensive operations against areas under the Croatian government's control in Northwestern Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Origins", "says": "Since the Sarajevo armistice, the government of Franjo Tuđman was constantly criticised for using apparently ineffective diplomacy instead of direct military action to liberate the rest of the country."}], "Q1316065": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Ellamy was the codename for the United Kingdom participation in the 2011 military intervention in Libya."}, {"id": "Q3269455", "label": "Operation Unified Protector", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition operation was designated by NATO as Operation Unified Protector, by the US as Operation Odyssey Dawn."}, {"id": "Q878102", "label": "Operation Odyssey Dawn", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition operation was designated by NATO as Operation Unified Protector, by the US as Operation Odyssey Dawn."}, {"id": "Q1316080", "label": "Operation Mobile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Canadian participation as Operation Mobile and the French participation as Opération Harmattan."}, {"id": "Q921174", "label": "Opération Harmattan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Canadian participation as Operation Mobile and the French participation as Opération Harmattan."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The no-fly zone was proposed during the Libyan Civil War to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on anti-Gaddafi forces."}], "Q1327145": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Basra was a battle of World War I which took place south of the city of Basra, in Ottoman Iraq, between British and Ottoman troops from November 11 to November 22, 1914."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Once the Ottoman Empire entered the war against the allies, the completion of the Berlin–Baghdad railway became a threat to the allies, as the actual origin was Hamburg and the intended terminus Basra."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This route from the North Sea to the Indian Ocean posed a major threat to the British Empire which acted promptly to seize Basra and blockade Hamburg."}], "Q133187598": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks were carried out by armed groups aligned with the Syrian caretaker government, at least some of whom were engaged in a counter-insurgency operation against armed remnants of the former Assad regime in the aftermath of the Syrian Civil War."}], "Q133919": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ituri conflict (French: Guerre d'Ituri) is an ongoing low intensity asymmetrical conflict between the agriculturalist Lendu and pastoralist Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri region of the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was largely set off by the Second Congo War, which had led to increased ethnic consciousness, a large supply of small arms, and the formation of various armed groups."}, {"id": "Q1535667", "label": "Operation Artemis", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 2003, the European Union began Operation Artemis, sending a French-led peacekeeping force to Ituri."}, {"id": "Q838695", "label": "First Congo War", "section": "Background", "says": "The subsequent influx of Hutu refugees into the region, which led to the First Congo War, served as further emphasis."}], "Q13416014": [{"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a process that started roughly in 1386, when the first Ottoman attacks on the Kingdom of Bosnia took place."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1451, more than 65 years after its initial attacks, the Ottoman Empire officially established the Bosansko Krajište (Bosnian Frontier), an interim borderland military administrative unit, an Ottoman frontier, in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q700874", "label": "Battle of Bileća", "section": "Origins and etymology", "says": "The Battle of Bileća in 1388 was the first battle of the Ottoman army on the territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "Origins and etymology", "says": "In 1392 the Ottomans established the Skopsko Krajište after the capture of Skopje, the capital of the Serbian Empire between 1346-1371; the term krajište (крајиште) had originally served as an administrative unit of the Serbian Empire or Despotate to designate border regions where the emperor or despot had not established solid and firm control due to raids from hostile neighboring provinces."}], "Q1342065": [{"id": "Q161958", "label": "Eric of Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Engelbrekt rebellion (Engelbrektsupproret) was an uprising during 1434–1436 led by Swedish miner and nobleman Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson and directed against Eric of Pomerania, the king of the Kalmar Union."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Engelbrekt rebellion (Engelbrektsupproret) was an uprising during 1434–1436 led by Swedish miner and nobleman Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson and directed against Eric of Pomerania, the king of the Kalmar Union."}], "Q1362021": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Corinth, also known as the first battle of Corinth, was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30, 1862, in Corinth, Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q233360", "label": "Second Battle of Corinth", "section": "lead", "says": "Hamilton later recounted that the importance of Corinth was summed up as such: \"The Confederate armies had been driven from the Ohio River, almost out of the States of Tennessee and Kentucky a steadying back for a distance of 200 miles Federal occupation reaching the Gulf States where chivalrous foes had been sure Yankee would never set foot.\" Sherman too later wrote of the importance that Corinth"}, {"id": "Q943277", "label": "Battle of Shiloh", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Union Army victory at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6–7, Major General Henry W."}], "Q1362035": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Herdonia was fought in 212 BC during the Second Punic War between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and Roman forces led by Praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of the consul Quintus Fulvius Flaccus."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 212 BC, Hannibal destroyed the Roman army in Campania under the command of Marcus Centenius in the Battle of the Silarus."}, {"id": "Q1362014", "label": "Battle of the Silarus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 212 BC, Hannibal destroyed the Roman army in Campania under the command of Marcus Centenius in the Battle of the Silarus."}], "Q136487699": [{"id": "Q57363", "label": "Andry Rajoelina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 October 2025, CAPSAT, an elite unit of the Madagascar Armed Forces, overthrew the government of President Andry Rajoelina, the culmination of a protest movement which began in late September."}, {"id": "Q136500275", "label": "Michael Randrianirina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 October, CAPSAT colonel Michael Randrianirina was inaugurated as interim president."}], "Q1375813": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oriskany ( or  ) was a major engagement of the Saratoga campaign during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q1134261", "label": "Cornplanter", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Johnson's force were Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mississauga warriors led by Sayenqueraghta, Cornplanter, and Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea)."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle also marked the beginning of a civil war among the Haudenosaunee, as Oneida warriors under Louis Cook and Han Yerry aligned with the Patriot cause, as did the Tuscarora."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1777, the British Army launched a two-pronged attack from Quebec under the command of General John Burgoyne, whose objective was to split New England from the other colonies by gaining control of New York's Hudson Valley."}, {"id": "Q505146", "label": "Joseph Brant", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Leger learned on August 5 that Herkimer and his relief expedition were on their way from a message that Molly Brant had sent to her brother Joseph Brant, the Mohawk leader who led a portion of St."}], "Q1415925": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jankau, took place on 6 March 1645 during the later stages of the Thirty Years' War, near Jankov in Bohemia (today the Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jankau, took place on 6 March 1645 during the later stages of the Thirty Years' War, near Jankov in Bohemia (today the Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q316816", "label": "Lennart Torstensson", "section": "lead", "says": "The more mobile and better led Swedes under Lennart Torstensson effectively destroyed their opponents, commanded by Melchior von Hatzfeldt."}, {"id": "Q78305", "label": "Melchior von Hatzfeldt", "section": "lead", "says": "The more mobile and better led Swedes under Lennart Torstensson effectively destroyed their opponents, commanded by Melchior von Hatzfeldt."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although fighting continued as participants tried to improve their positions, it increased the urgency of negotiations which culminated in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q57195", "label": "Frederick V of the Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when the Protestant-dominated Bohemian Estates offered the Crown to fellow Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate, rather than conservative Catholic Emperor Ferdinand II."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Most members of the Holy Roman Empire remained neutral, and the Bohemian Revolt was quickly suppressed."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Most members of the Holy Roman Empire remained neutral, and the Bohemian Revolt was quickly suppressed."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Financed by Maximilian of Bavaria, an army of the Catholic League launched the Palatinate campaign, and sent Frederick into exile in the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick's replacement by Maximilian as ruler and Prince-elector of the Palatinate changed the nature of the war, drawing in Protestant German states like Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia, as well as external powers like Denmark-Norway."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Pomerania, partly to support his Protestant co-religionists, but also to control the Baltic trade, which provided much of Sweden's income."}, {"id": "Q540704", "label": "Treaty of Prague", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of Sweden's Protestant German allies made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II in the 1635 Treaty of Prague."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite victory at Freiburg in August, the Bavarians under Franz von Mercy could not prevent French troops capturing Philippsburg, and occupying Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q644425", "label": "Franz von Mercy", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite victory at Freiburg in August, the Bavarians under Franz von Mercy could not prevent French troops capturing Philippsburg, and occupying Lorraine."}], "Q1445532": [{"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lule Burgas (Turkish: Lüleburgaz Muharebesi) or Battle of Luleburgas – Bunarhisar (Bulgarian: Битка при Люлебургас – Бунархисар, Turkish: Lüleburgaz – Pınarhisar Muharebesi) took place between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire and was the bloodiest battle of the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lule Burgas (Turkish: Lüleburgaz Muharebesi) or Battle of Luleburgas – Bunarhisar (Bulgarian: Битка при Люлебургас – Бунархисар, Turkish: Lüleburgaz – Pınarhisar Muharebesi) took place between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire and was the bloodiest battle of the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lule Burgas (Turkish: Lüleburgaz Muharebesi) or Battle of Luleburgas – Bunarhisar (Bulgarian: Битка при Люлебургас – Бунархисар, Turkish: Lüleburgaz – Pınarhisar Muharebesi) took place between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire and was the bloodiest battle of the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In terms of forces engaged it was the largest battle fought in Europe between the end of the Franco-Prussian War and the beginning of the First World War."}], "Q1456419": [{"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace of Philocrates is the name of the peace treaty concluded in 346 BCE between  Athens and Macedon under Philip II."}, {"id": "Q1249270", "label": "Third Sacred War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Third Sacred War began shortly after the Phocian seizure of the Temple of Apollo in Delphi."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "In 354 or 353 BCE, the Thessalians, having been defeated by the Phocians, requested that Philip become archon of Thessaly, to which Philip assented, drawing Macedon into the Sacred War."}, {"id": "Q2042616", "label": "Chalkidian League", "section": "Background", "says": "In 352 BC, Philip's erstwhile ally, the Chalkidian League (led by Olynthos), alarmed by Philip's growing power, sought to ally themselves with Athens, in clear breach of their alliance with Philip."}], "Q1456443": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain that was concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668 with the mediation of England in which Spain recognised the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain that was concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668 with the mediation of England in which Spain recognised the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza."}, {"id": "Q311469", "label": "Mariana of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The regent of Spain, Queen Mariana of Austria, the second wife of the late King Philip IV, acted in the name of her young son, Charles II and oversaw the negotiations on the behalf of Spain."}, {"id": "Q156190", "label": "Peter II of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The prince-regent of Portugal, Pedro, the future King Peter II of Portugal, in the name of his incapacitated brother, Afonso VI, represented Portugal."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace was mediated by Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, an ambassador of Charles II of England."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus began the 28-year Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal's military strength was reserved for protecting its own frontiers against Spanish incursions, but after 1648, the end of the Thirty Years' War allowed the reversal of those misfortunes."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The first took place on 8 June 1663, when the count of Vila Flor, Sancho Manoel de Vilhena, with Marshal Frederick Schomberg by his side, utterly defeated John of Austria the Younger, an illegitimate son of Philip IV, at the Battle of Ameixial before he retook Évora, which had been captured earlier that year."}, {"id": "Q2887851", "label": "Battle of Ameixial", "section": "Background", "says": "The first took place on 8 June 1663, when the count of Vila Flor, Sancho Manoel de Vilhena, with Marshal Frederick Schomberg by his side, utterly defeated John of Austria the Younger, an illegitimate son of Philip IV, at the Battle of Ameixial before he retook Évora, which had been captured earlier that year."}, {"id": "Q2889383", "label": "Battle of Montes Claros", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, on 17 June 1665, the marquis of Marialva and Schomberg destroyed a Spanish army, under the Marquis of Caracena at the Battle of Montes Claros, followed by defeat at Vila Viçosa."}], "Q1456685": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary) was signed in 1796."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ratified by the United States Senate unanimously and without debate on June 7, 1797, taking effect June 10, 1797, with the signature of President John Adams."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "lead", "says": "Succeeding Adams as president, Thomas Jefferson refused to continue paying Tripolitania the tributes stipulated by this treaty, partially leading to the First Barbary War."}, {"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Succeeding Adams as president, Thomas Jefferson refused to continue paying Tripolitania the tributes stipulated by this treaty, partially leading to the First Barbary War."}], "Q1509221": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orchomenus was fought in autumn 86 BC between Rome and the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman army was led by Lucius Cornelius Sulla, while Mithridates' army was led by Archelaus."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "After his victory over Archelaus at Chaeronea, Sulla set out for Thessaly to meet the consul Lucius Valerius Flaccus coming from Italy (although Sulla was unaware he had been sent to attack him, not to join with him)."}], "Q1530585": [{"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for Height 776, part of the larger Battle of Ulus-Kert, was an engagement in the Second Chechen War that took place during fighting for control of the Argun River gorge in the highland Shatoysky District of central Chechnya, between the villages of Ulus-Kert and Selmentauzen."}, {"id": "Q740269", "label": "Igor Sergeyev", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 February 2000, just hours after Russian Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev had assured his government that the Second Chechen War was over, an isolated Russian force composed mainly of a company of paratroopers of the 76th Airborne Division from the city of Pskov found itself cut off by a retreating Chechen column led by Shamil Basayev and Ibn Al-Khattab."}, {"id": "Q190731", "label": "Shamil Basayev", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 February 2000, just hours after Russian Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev had assured his government that the Second Chechen War was over, an isolated Russian force composed mainly of a company of paratroopers of the 76th Airborne Division from the city of Pskov found itself cut off by a retreating Chechen column led by Shamil Basayev and Ibn Al-Khattab."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident inspired a Kremlin-funded film, and fascinated Russian leader Vladimir Putin."}], "Q1532978": [{"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oster Conspiracy of 1938, also called the September Conspiracy (German: Septemberverschwörung), was a proposed plan to overthrow German Führer Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime if Germany went to war with Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oster Conspiracy of 1938, also called the September Conspiracy (German: Septemberverschwörung), was a proposed plan to overthrow German Führer Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime if Germany went to war with Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "They planned to overthrow Hitler and the Nazi regime through a storming of the Reich Chancellery by forces loyal to the plot to take control of the government, who would either arrest or assassinate Hitler, and restore the Monarchy under Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, the grandson of Wilhelm II."}, {"id": "Q57129", "label": "Wilhelm Canaris", "section": "Background", "says": "They drew into the conspiracy such people as Generaloberst Ludwig Beck, General Wilhelm Adam, Generaloberst Walther von Brauchitsch, Generaloberst Franz Halder, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, and Generalleutnant Erwin von Witzleben."}, {"id": "Q57156", "label": "Erwin von Witzleben", "section": "Background", "says": "They drew into the conspiracy such people as Generaloberst Ludwig Beck, General Wilhelm Adam, Generaloberst Walther von Brauchitsch, Generaloberst Franz Halder, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, and Generalleutnant Erwin von Witzleben."}, {"id": "Q60650", "label": "Ernst von Weizsäcker", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to these military figures, the conspirators also had contact with Secretary of State Ernst von Weizsäcker and the diplomats Theodor Kordt, Erich Kordt and Hans Bernd Gisevius."}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Neville Chamberlain, apprehensive of the possibility of war, negotiated at length with Hitler and eventually conceded strategic areas of Czechoslovakia to him."}], "Q1533027": [{"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Alais, also known as the Edict of Alès or the Edict of Grace, was a treaty negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders and signed by King Louis XIII of France on 28 June 1629."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Alais, also known as the Edict of Alès or the Edict of Grace, was a treaty negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders and signed by King Louis XIII of France on 28 June 1629."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "It confirmed the basic religious principles of the Edict of Nantes but differed in that it contained additional clauses that stated that the Huguenots no longer had political rights and further demanded for them to relinquish all cities and fortresses immediately."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It did not last permanently, though, as Louis XIV would later resume the persecution of Protestants, culminating in the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685."}], "Q1538397": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the damage occurred in the twin cities of Mexicali and Calexico on the Mexico–United States border."}], "Q15401938": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Focșani (Romanian: Armistițiul de la Focșani, also called the Truce of Focșani) was an agreement that ended the hostilities between Romania (member of the Allied Powers) and the Central Powers in World War I."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "Romania had entered World War I in August 1916, invading Austria-Hungary in an attempt to seize Transylvania."}], "Q1540820": [{"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain's victory in the battle is sometimes regarded as the turning point in the First Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh War began six years after the death of Ranjit Singh, who had established the Sikh Empire in the Punjab."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh War began six years after the death of Ranjit Singh, who had established the Sikh Empire in the Punjab."}, {"id": "Q116222", "label": "Battle of Ferozeshah", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 December and 22 December 1845, the army of the British East India Company commanded by Sir Hugh Gough and the Governor-General of Bengal, Sir Henry Hardinge, fought the bloody Battle of Ferozeshah."}], "Q1543543": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "When he defeated another much smaller force of Carthaginians shortly afterwards, Carthage sued for peace."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "lead", "says": "However, another war between Syracuse and Carthage erupted after Timoleon's death, not long after Agathocles seized power in 317 BC."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Background", "says": "The two primary sources which describe the siege, Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch, give very different accounts."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Background", "says": "The two primary sources which describe the siege, Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch, give very different accounts."}], "Q15553019": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "This incident led to violence in Al Anbar Governorate between the Iraqi Army and a loose alliance of tribal militias and other groups fighting alongside the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}], "Q1560445": [{"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Rébellions de 1837) were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838."}, {"id": "Q1121436", "label": "Province of Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellions led directly to Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America and to the Act of Union 1840 which joined the two colonies into the Province of Canada."}, {"id": "Q2466441", "label": "Lower Canada Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lower Canada Rebellion was more widespread and was more brutally suppressed."}, {"id": "Q389091", "label": "Upper Canada Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Upper Canada Rebellion was suppressed, fighting continued sporadically for months."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Many of the rebels fled to the United States."}, {"id": "Q182454", "label": "William Lyon Mackenzie", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebel leader William Lyon Mackenzie established a short-lived \"Republic of Canada\" on Navy Island in the Niagara River but withdrew from armed conflict soon thereafter."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Atlantic context", "says": "The American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the rebellions in Spanish America in 1810–25 were inspired by republican ideals, but whether the rebels would have gone so far as to usurp the Crown remains a subject for historical debate."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Atlantic context", "says": "The American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the rebellions in Spanish America in 1810–25 were inspired by republican ideals, but whether the rebels would have gone so far as to usurp the Crown remains a subject for historical debate."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "Atlantic context", "says": "The American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the rebellions in Spanish America in 1810–25 were inspired by republican ideals, but whether the rebels would have gone so far as to usurp the Crown remains a subject for historical debate."}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "Atlantic context", "says": "The American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the rebellions in Spanish America in 1810–25 were inspired by republican ideals, but whether the rebels would have gone so far as to usurp the Crown remains a subject for historical debate."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Atlantic context", "says": "He argues that Canadian reformers took their inspiration from the republicanism of the American Revolution."}], "Q1568932": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "3 June] 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "Their Dutch fleets would not be so badly organised or ill-disciplined in the remaining battles of this war and, in Obdam's replacement, Michiel de Ruyter, the Dutch had gained a superb tactician and leader for the remainder of the war."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The English ambassador in France reported that Louis XIV would probably evade his treaty obligations and refuse to be drawn into war with England if the Dutch could be provoked into declaring war: following English attacks on Dutch convoys, one off Cadiz and the other in the English Channel, the Dutch Republic did declare war on England on 4 March 1665."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The English ambassador in France reported that Louis XIV would probably evade his treaty obligations and refuse to be drawn into war with England if the Dutch could be provoked into declaring war: following English attacks on Dutch convoys, one off Cadiz and the other in the English Channel, the Dutch Republic did declare war on England on 4 March 1665."}, {"id": "Q318362", "label": "Johan de Witt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Grand Pensionary and leading Dutch politician, Johan de Witt and other members of the States-General, formed a commission to supervise Obdam, which gave him detailed instructions comprising 26 articles, ordering him to attack the English aggressively when and where he could do them most damage."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Dutch had ordered the construction of many new warships, during and after the First Anglo-Dutch War, including several comparable to the all but the largest English ships to augment the existing fleet, not all of these were completed or fitted out by 1665."}], "Q1583991": [{"id": "Q1812", "label": "Gordian III", "section": "Background", "says": "The initial war began when the Roman Emperor Gordian III invaded the Sasanian Empire in 243 AD."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The initial war began when the Roman Emperor Gordian III invaded the Sasanian Empire in 243 AD."}, {"id": "Q2243653", "label": "Battle of Resaena", "section": "Background", "says": "His troops defeated the Sasanian forces at the Battle of Resaena and advanced as far as Misiche."}], "Q1605229": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Isaurian War was a conflict that lasted from 492 to 497 and that was fought between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire and the rebels of Isauria."}, {"id": "Q173470", "label": "Anastasius I", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the war, Eastern Emperor Anastasius I regained control of the Isauria region and the leaders of the revolt were killed."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of Theodosius II (r."}], "Q16156196": [{"id": "Q157451", "label": "Heydar Aliyev", "section": "lead", "says": "The group aimed to take control of the country from president Heydar Aliyev and reinstall former president Abulfaz Elchibey."}, {"id": "Q319912", "label": "Abulfaz Elchibey", "section": "lead", "says": "The group aimed to take control of the country from president Heydar Aliyev and reinstall former president Abulfaz Elchibey."}, {"id": "Q151729", "label": "Süleyman Demirel", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was foiled when the Turkish President Süleyman Demirel became aware of elements in Turkey supporting the plot, and called Aliyev to warn him."}], "Q1634776": [{"id": "Q170172", "label": "Boris Godunov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of gaining the territory of the Duchy of Estonia along the Gulf of Finland belonging to Sweden since the previous Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q16835712", "label": "Duchy of Estonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of gaining the territory of the Duchy of Estonia along the Gulf of Finland belonging to Sweden since the previous Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of gaining the territory of the Duchy of Estonia along the Gulf of Finland belonging to Sweden since the previous Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q186321", "label": "Feodor I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "As soon as the Truce of Plussa expired early in 1590, a large Russian army led by Godunov and his sickly brother-in-law, Feodor I of Russia, marched from Moscow towards Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q653575", "label": "Treaty of Plussa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 February, the local Swedish governor, Karl Henriksson (Horn), was compelled to sign an armistice, which obliged Sweden to surrender the territories won by the Treaty of Plussa — namely Jama, Koporye, and Ivangorod."}, {"id": "Q52944", "label": "John III of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "This peace settlement displeased John III of Sweden, who sent a fleet to take hold of Ivangorod, but this attempt to besiege the fortress was checked by a Russian castellan."}], "Q1636652": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Steenkerque was fought on 3 August 1692, during the Nine Years' War, near Steenkerque in Belgium, then part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "A French force under Marshal François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, repulsed a surprise attack by an Allied army led by William of Orange."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Once the pioneers had finished their work, Lieutenant General Württemberg was to take possession of Steenkerke with a vanguard of 5,000 to 6,000 Dutch, English, Danish and German infantrymen, and artillery of six low three-pounders and ten regimental pieces."}], "Q1638031": [{"id": "Q452506", "label": "Sten Sture the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brunkeberg was fought on 10 October 1471 between the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder and forces led by Danish king Christian I."}, {"id": "Q69057", "label": "Christian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brunkeberg was fought on 10 October 1471 between the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder and forces led by Danish king Christian I."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Sture won a decisive victory, weakening the Kalmar Union considerably and becoming the effective ruler of Sweden as Lord Regent for most of his remaining life."}], "Q166961": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shrewsbury was fought on 21 July 1403, waged between an army led by the Lancastrian King Henry IV and a rebel army led by Henry \"Harry Hotspur\" Percy from Northumberland."}, {"id": "Q161866", "label": "Henry IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, the first in which English archers fought each other on English soil, reaffirmed the effectiveness of the longbow and ended the Percy challenge to King Henry IV of England."}, {"id": "Q471421", "label": "Henry Percy", "section": "Background", "says": "During the fight of Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV, against Richard II of England, Henry was heavily supported by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester and Henry Percy nicknamed Hotspur."}, {"id": "Q598069", "label": "Battle of Homildon Hill", "section": "Background", "says": "When Henry IV launched his campaign in Scotland in 1401, he shifted the immense financial burden onto the nobility of northern England, while later denying them the lucrative ransom payments from the Scottish nobles captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill."}, {"id": "Q317279", "label": "Owain Glyndŵr", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, a conflict between Owain Glyndŵr, the Lord of Glyndyfrdwy in North Wales, and Lord Grey of Ruthin, a Lancaster supporter and councillor, had escalated into an armed Welsh revolt."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Background", "says": "In a manifesto they charged him with perjury because he claimed the throne in addition to his old lands and titles, raising taxes despite his promise not to and imprisoned and murdered King Richard II."}], "Q16707899": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Jihad of  Usman dan Fodio (Hausa: Jihadin Usman dan Fodio; ) was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q1591030", "label": "Hausa Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a jihad against Gobir and other Hausa Kingdoms of northern Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q1139762", "label": "Kanem-Bornu Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The ancient Kanem–Bornu Empire was losing power by the mid-18th century."}], "Q1687078": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Earnest Will (24 July 1987 – 26 September 1988) was an American military protection of Kuwaiti-owned tankers from Iranian attacks in 1987 and 1988, three years into the Tanker War phase of the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest naval convoy operation since World War II, and flowed from Resolution 598 which had been adopted three days earlier."}], "Q17035545": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1927 Treaty of Jeddah, formally the Treaty between His Majesty and His Majesty the King of the Hejaz and of Nejd and Its Dependencies was signed between the United Kingdom and Ibn Saud."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1927 Treaty of Jeddah, formally the Treaty between His Majesty and His Majesty the King of the Hejaz and of Nejd and Its Dependencies was signed between the United Kingdom and Ibn Saud."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Sir Gilbert Clayton on behalf of the United Kingdom and Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz on behalf of Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd on 20 May 1927."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Sir Gilbert Clayton on behalf of the United Kingdom and Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz on behalf of Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd on 20 May 1927."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The two regions were unified into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Jeddah also addressed the issue of the Red Sea slave trade of Africans to slavery in the Kingdom of Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q7837031", "label": "Treaty of Darin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty superseded the 1915 Treaty of Darin."}], "Q172068": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia started with the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Officially, the area was called then Vardar Banovina, because the use of very name Macedonia was avoided in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of its territory was occupied by Bulgaria, while its westernmost part was ceded to Albania, both aided by German and Italian troops."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The wartime national chauvinism and suffering backlash generated some support for the Communist Partisans, whose power started to grow only in 1943 with the capitulation of Italy and the Soviet victories over Nazi Germany, which turned the tide in the war and the partisans actions became more successful."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "Another key factor was the main goal of the Yugoslav Partisans which could not inspire and attract Macedonians who saw it as a reestablishment of Yugoslavia and the Serbian rule."}, {"id": "Q719133", "label": "Svetozar Vukmanović", "section": "lead", "says": "This changed, when in the beginning of 1943, Tito's special emissary Svetozar Vukmanović arrived in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, and the World War I (1914–1918) divided the region of Macedonia amongst the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "The Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, and the World War I (1914–1918) divided the region of Macedonia amongst the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, and the World War I (1914–1918) divided the region of Macedonia amongst the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The territory was up until that time part of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q672922", "label": "Ivan Mihailov", "section": "Background", "says": "The right-wing Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) led by Ivan Mihailov, was in favor of the creation of a pro-Bulgarian Macedonian state under German and Italian protection."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "However the new state would to be supranational and cantonized, something as \"Switzerland on the Balkans\"."}], "Q1736806": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Tauroggen was an armistice signed 30 December 1812 at Tauragė (now Lithuania) between General Ludwig Yorck on behalf of his Prussian troops and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Imperial Russian Army."}, {"id": "Q703307", "label": "Hans Karl von Diebitsch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Tauroggen was an armistice signed 30 December 1812 at Tauragė (now Lithuania) between General Ludwig Yorck on behalf of his Prussian troops and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Imperial Russian Army."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Yorck's act is traditionally considered a turning point of Prussian history, triggering an insurgency against Napoleon in the Rheinbund."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of the armistice, Tauroggen was situated in the Russian Empire, 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of the Prussian border."}, {"id": "Q76430", "label": "Carl von Clausewitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them was Carl von Clausewitz, who then joined the Russian service as a Lieutenant Colonel."}, {"id": "Q298784", "label": "Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald", "section": "Background", "says": "When Yorck's immediate French superior, Marshal Étienne Macdonald, retreated from the siege of Riga (1812) before Diebitsch's corps, Yorck found himself isolated and eventually surrounded."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "Background", "says": "In fact, the French headquarters were also at Königsberg and the French commander, Joachim Murat, informed Bülow of Yorck's \"treason\" on 1 January."}], "Q174253": [{"id": "Q316059", "label": "Pelopidas", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, a Theban army under Pelopidas was challenged by a substantially larger Spartan force while retreating from an abortive attack on Orchomenus, but successfully attacked and routed the Spartans."}, {"id": "Q354424", "label": "Iphicrates", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the first occasion in the historical record in which a Spartan force had been defeated by a numerically inferior enemy in a set battle (as opposed to irregular warfare, employed by Iphicrates)."}], "Q174574": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Freiburg, fought over three days on 3, 5, and 9 August 1644, took place during the Thirty Years' War, near Freiburg im Breisgau, now in Baden-Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q644425", "label": "Franz von Mercy", "section": "lead", "says": "A French relief army of 16,000, led jointly by Condé and Turenne, sought to recapture the town, which had recently surrendered to a Bavarian force under Franz von Mercy."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The French assaulted these positions on 3 and 5 August, and although they made little progress, the Bavarians were short of supplies."}, {"id": "Q63850", "label": "Johann von Werth", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 November, his successor Josias von Rantzau was ambushed at Tuttlingen by a Bavarian-Imperial army under Franz von Mercy and Johann von Werth."}, {"id": "Q1419229", "label": "Torstenson War", "section": "Background", "says": "The French position was further weakened when Sweden initiated the Torstenson War with Denmark-Norway in December 1643, diverting resources and attention away from Germany."}, {"id": "Q57206", "label": "Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "For the 1644 summer campaign, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, decided to capitalise by forcing Turenne out of his bases on the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "Background", "says": "When his initial assault was repulsed, Turenne broke off the attack and demanded reinforcements from Cardinal Mazarin."}], "Q17514354": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in August 2014 in Sinjar city and Sinjar District in Iraq's Nineveh Governorate and was perpetrated by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 August 2014, the United States and the United Kingdom responded with airstrikes on ISIL units and convoys in northern Iraq, which led to a military intervention from several countries against ISIL."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 August 2014, the United States and the United Kingdom responded with airstrikes on ISIL units and convoys in northern Iraq, which led to a military intervention from several countries against ISIL."}], "Q1752743": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban insurgency began after the group's fall from power during the 2001 war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q43944", "label": "Hamid Karzai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban forces fought against the Afghan government, led by President Hamid Karzai, and later by President Ashraf Ghani, and against a United States-led coalition of forces that has included all members of NATO; the 2021 Taliban offensive resulted in the collapse of the government of Ashraf Ghani."}, {"id": "Q172388", "label": "Ashraf Ghani", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban forces fought against the Afghan government, led by President Hamid Karzai, and later by President Ashraf Ghani, and against a United States-led coalition of forces that has included all members of NATO; the 2021 Taliban offensive resulted in the collapse of the government of Ashraf Ghani."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan extended financial and military aid to the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the United States invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, the Taliban was defeated and many Taliban fighters left the movement or retreated to sanctuaries in the country of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q380159", "label": "Dadullah", "section": "Background", "says": "Dadullah took charge in Zabul province."}, {"id": "Q193968", "label": "Mohammed Omar", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 2004, the then hidden Taliban leader Mohammed Omar announced that the Taliban were launching an insurgency against \"America and its puppets\" (i.e. transitional Afghan government forces) in order to \"regain the sovereignty of our country\"."}], "Q1758572": [{"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hook and Cod wars (Dutch: Hoekse en Kabeljauwse twisten; sometimes semi-anglicised as the wars of the Hoecks and the Cabbeljaws) comprise a series of wars and battles in the County of Holland between 1350 and 1490."}], "Q177464": [{"id": "Q3362247", "label": "Franco-Swedish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, signed on 6 January 1810, ended the Franco-Swedish War after Sweden's defeat by Russia, an ally of France, in the Finnish War of 1808–1809."}, {"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, signed on 6 January 1810, ended the Franco-Swedish War after Sweden's defeat by Russia, an ally of France, in the Finnish War of 1808–1809."}], "Q1784785": [{"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mons Seleucus was fought in 353 between the armies of the Roman emperor Constantius II and the usurper Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q212876", "label": "Magnentius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mons Seleucus was fought in 353 between the armies of the Roman emperor Constantius II and the usurper Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q1424076", "label": "Battle of Mursa Major", "section": "lead", "says": "Support for Magnentius had been eroding since his defeat at the Battle of Mursa Major two years prior; after Mons Seleucus his cause collapsed and he killed himself."}], "Q1787448": [{"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was the 1648 Second English Civil War, in which he was defeated once again."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the First English Civil War began in 1642, the vast majority on both sides believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was divinely mandated."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Background", "says": "Independents opposed any state church, and although smaller in number, included Oliver Cromwell along with a significant portion of the New Model Army."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Having won control of Scotland in the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the Covenanters viewed the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant as a way to preserve their dominance by preventing a Royalist victory in England."}, {"id": "Q719724", "label": "Henry Ireton", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 November, Henry Ireton presented the draft Remonstrance to the Army General Council, which set out a constitutional vision of a state with Charles replaced by an elected mo"}], "Q1790298": [{"id": "Q2320020", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 572 the Byzantine ruler Justin II (reigned 565–578) refused to renew the annual payments to Sassanid Persia that had been part of the peace agreement concluded by his uncle, Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 572 the Byzantine ruler Justin II (reigned 565–578) refused to renew the annual payments to Sassanid Persia that had been part of the peace agreement concluded by his uncle, Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus the Byzantines initiated contacts with the Central Asian Göktürks for a joint effort against Persia, while the Persians intervened in Yemen against the Christian Axumites, allies of Byzantium."}], "Q1794609": [{"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pretoria Convention was the peace treaty that ended the First Boer War (16 December 1880 to 23 March 1881) between the Transvaal Boers and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Under this agreement, the South African Republic regained self-government under nominal British suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q3378038", "label": "London Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "This convention was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "Background", "says": "By the time of the Battle of Majuba, the governments of the South African Republic and Britain were in contact, President Brand of the Orange Free State acting as intermediary."}], "Q18016068": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Seoul was one of the early battles of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the border engagements at the outbreak of the war, it was fought between the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and the Korean People's Army of North Korea from 26 to 28 June 1950 across the central region of South Korea, centering on the city of Seoul."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the border engagements at the outbreak of the war, it was fought between the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and the Korean People's Army of North Korea from 26 to 28 June 1950 across the central region of South Korea, centering on the city of Seoul."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Korea had not anticipated a large-scale offensive, and only some units had independently adopted heightened defensive measures."}], "Q1801868": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries between Peru and Ecuador, or Rio Protocol for short, was an international agreement signed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on January 29, 1942, by the foreign ministers of Peru and Ecuador, with the participation of the United States, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina as guarantors."}, {"id": "Q1500631", "label": "Ecuadorian–Peruvian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protocol was intended to finally resolve the long-running territorial dispute between the two countries, and brought about the official end of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941–1942."}], "Q18145759": [{"id": "Q57905", "label": "Mohammed Basindawa", "section": "lead", "says": "It had origins in Houthi-led protests that began the previous month, and escalated when the Houthis stormed the Yemeni capital Sanaa on 21 September 2014, causing the resignation of Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa, and later the resignation of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and his ministers on 22 January 2015 after Houthi forces seized the presidential palace, residence, and key military insta"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and the United Kingdom both support a political solution in Yemen."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and the United Kingdom both support a political solution in Yemen."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "Fuel subsidies were benefiting powerful political allies of Ali Abdullah Saleh, who were smuggling subsidized oil to neighboring markets where they would reap huge profits."}], "Q1851212": [{"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "Background", "says": "The roças operated as a quasi-feudal system using contract laborers (serviçais) from mainland Africa and Cape Verde."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "Background", "says": "In Gorgulho's assessment the economic modernization policies of the Portuguese Estado Novo regime required breaking São Tomé's dependence on contract laborers from overseas."}], "Q1851834": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Borovo Selo of 2 May 1991, known in Croatia as the Borovo Selo massacre (Croatian: Pokolj u Borovom Selu) and in Serbia as the Borovo Selo incident (Serbian: Инцидент у Боровом Селу), was one of the first armed clashes in the conflict which became known as the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Presidency of Yugoslavia convened several days after the battle and authorised the JNA to deploy to the area to prevent further conflict."}, {"id": "Q314295", "label": "Milan Babić", "section": "Background", "says": "Milan Babić, a dentist from Knin, was elected president of the council, while Knin's police chief, Milan Martić, established a number of paramilitary militias."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "Background", "says": "Milan Babić, a dentist from Knin, was elected president of the council, while Knin's police chief, Milan Martić, established a number of paramilitary militias."}], "Q18545517": [{"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "As their privileges were being gradually removed by the Conducător Ion Antonescu, the Legionnaires revolted."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The new territories, especially Bessarabia and Bukovina, included large numbers of Jews, whose presence stood out because of their distinctive clothing, customs, and language."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Intellectuals together with a wide array of political parties and the clergy led an antisemitic campaign; many of these eventually came to cast their political lot with Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (August 1939) allowed the Soviet Union to take Bessarabia and northern Bukovina in June 1940, leading to the June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum and Soviet occupation of those regions."}, {"id": "Q243618", "label": "Second Vienna Award", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1940 Germany and Italy mediated Romanian disputes with Hungary about Transylvania (resulting in the Second Vienna Award) and with Bulgaria regarding Dobruja (resulting in the Treaty of Craiova)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1940 Germany and Italy mediated Romanian disputes with Hungary about Transylvania (resulting in the Second Vienna Award) and with Bulgaria regarding Dobruja (resulting in the Treaty of Craiova)."}, {"id": "Q2292449", "label": "Treaty of Craiova", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1940 Germany and Italy mediated Romanian disputes with Hungary about Transylvania (resulting in the Second Vienna Award) and with Bulgaria regarding Dobruja (resulting in the Treaty of Craiova)."}], "Q1860316": [{"id": "Q576292", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dogger Bank was a fleet action fought in the North Sea on 5 August 1781 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q1339962", "label": "Hyde Parker", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral of the Blue Sir Hyde Parker and a Dutch squadron under Schout-bij-nacht Johan Zoutman, both of which were escorting convoys."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1780, Great Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic, drawing it militarily into the American War of Independence."}], "Q2025925": [{"id": "Q661994", "label": "Black Saturday", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Agatha (Saturday, June 29, 1946), sometimes called Black Sabbath (Hebrew: השבת השחורה) or Black Saturday because it began on the Jewish sabbath, was a police and military operation conducted by the British authorities in Mandatory Palestine during the Jewish insurgency."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Agatha (Saturday, June 29, 1946), sometimes called Black Sabbath (Hebrew: השבת השחורה) or Black Saturday because it began on the Jewish sabbath, was a police and military operation conducted by the British authorities in Mandatory Palestine during the Jewish insurgency."}, {"id": "Q208477", "label": "Moshe Sharett", "section": "lead", "says": "About 2,700 individuals were arrested, among them future Israeli Prime Minister Moshe Sharett."}, {"id": "Q372479", "label": "Alan Cunningham", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Army had for months wanted to take military action against the Zionist underground organizations, but it had been blocked by High Commissioner Alan Cunningham, who was also particularly opposed to military action being taken against the Jewish Agency."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "Cunningham changed his mind after the \"Night of the Bridges\" and flew to London to meet the British Cabinet and army chief Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery in London."}, {"id": "Q172183", "label": "Chaim Weizmann", "section": "Background", "says": "With reluctance, Cunningham accepted it in the hope that with the more militant Zionists restrained, the way would be open to reaching a political settlement with the more moderate and pro-British leaders such as Chaim Weizmann."}], "Q2034912": [{"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harim (Harenc) was fought on 12 August 1164 at Harim, Syria, between the forces of Nur ad-Din, and a combined army from the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harim (Harenc) was fought on 12 August 1164 at Harim, Syria, between the forces of Nur ad-Din, and a combined army from the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harim (Harenc) was fought on 12 August 1164 at Harim, Syria, between the forces of Nur ad-Din, and a combined army from the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q311808", "label": "Amalric I of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1163, King Amalric I of Jerusalem led an invasion of Egypt, leaving the crusader states open to attack from the east."}, {"id": "Q311822", "label": "William of Tyre", "section": "Background", "says": "As William of Tyre says, \"he stationed his engines around it in the customary manner and began to assault the place with a fury which permitted the inhabitants no rest.\""}], "Q2037317": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The September Days (Armenian: 1918 թ. Բաքվի հայերի կոտորած, romanized: Bakvi hayeri kotorats, lit. '1918 massacre of Baku Armenians') refers to a period during the Russian Civil War and the Battle of Baku in September 1918 when Armenian inhabitants of Baku, Azerbaijan, were massacred by Enver Pasha's Army of Islam and their local Azerbaijani allies when they captured the soon-to-be capital of the "}, {"id": "Q2568851", "label": "Battle of Baku", "section": "lead", "says": "The September Days (Armenian: 1918 թ. Բաքվի հայերի կոտորած, romanized: Bakvi hayeri kotorats, lit. '1918 massacre of Baku Armenians') refers to a period during the Russian Civil War and the Battle of Baku in September 1918 when Armenian inhabitants of Baku, Azerbaijan, were massacred by Enver Pasha's Army of Islam and their local Azerbaijani allies when they captured the soon-to-be capital of the "}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The September Days (Armenian: 1918 թ. Բաքվի հայերի կոտորած, romanized: Bakvi hayeri kotorats, lit. '1918 massacre of Baku Armenians') refers to a period during the Russian Civil War and the Battle of Baku in September 1918 when Armenian inhabitants of Baku, Azerbaijan, were massacred by Enver Pasha's Army of Islam and their local Azerbaijani allies when they captured the soon-to-be capital of the "}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The September Days (Armenian: 1918 թ. Բաքվի հայերի կոտորած, romanized: Bakvi hayeri kotorats, lit. '1918 massacre of Baku Armenians') refers to a period during the Russian Civil War and the Battle of Baku in September 1918 when Armenian inhabitants of Baku, Azerbaijan, were massacred by Enver Pasha's Army of Islam and their local Azerbaijani allies when they captured the soon-to-be capital of the "}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major massacre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q466144", "label": "Stepan Shahumyan", "section": "Background", "says": "Since April 1918, the city of Baku had been governed by a Soviet (council) under the leadership of the Bolshevik Stepan Shahumyan."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Baku Sovnarkom or Soviet had been collaborating with the local branch of the Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party to establish control over the city and its surrounding environs but by the beginning of the summer of that year, it found itself under increasing threat by the advancing armies of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2038283": [{"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Boarn (West Frisian: Slach oan de Boarn; Dutch: Slag aan de Boorne) or Battle by Jirnsum was an 8th century battle between the Franks and the Frisians near the mouth of the river Boarn in what is now Jirnsum in the Dutch province of Friesland."}], "Q2060306": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War or the Powder River War) was an armed conflict between an alliance of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho peoples against the United States and the Crow Nation that took place in the Wyoming and Montana territories from 1866 to 1868."}, {"id": "Q1409225", "label": "Battle of the Hundred-in-the-Hands", "section": "lead", "says": "The largest action of the war, the Fetterman Fight (with 81 men killed on the U.S. side), was the worst military defeat suffered by the U.S. on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian reservation ten years later. \" ... the most dramatic battles between the army and the Dakota [in the 1860s and 1870s] were on lands those Indians had taken from other tribes since 1"}, {"id": "Q205422", "label": "Battle of the Little Bighorn", "section": "lead", "says": "The largest action of the war, the Fetterman Fight (with 81 men killed on the U.S. side), was the worst military defeat suffered by the U.S. on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian reservation ten years later. \" ... the most dramatic battles between the army and the Dakota [in the 1860s and 1870s] were on lands those Indians had taken from other tribes since 1"}, {"id": "Q430053", "label": "Great Sioux War of 1876", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory of the Lakota and their allies endured for eight years until the Great Sioux War of 1876, when the US resumed taking their territories, including the sacred Black Hills."}], "Q2060558": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Pensacola, fought from March 9 to May 10, 1781, was the culmination of Spain's conquest of West Florida during the Gulf Coast Campaign of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q386687", "label": "Bernardo de Gálvez", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was commanded by Bernardo de Gálvez, whose nearly 8,000 troops ultimately overran the British forces in the region."}], "Q2063236": [{"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Majuba Hill on 27 February 1881 was the final and decisive battle of the First Boer War that was a resounding victory for the Boers."}, {"id": "Q679286", "label": "George Pomeroy Colley", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Major General Sir George Pomeroy Colley occupied the summit of the hill on the night of 26–27 February 1881."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Colley's motive for occupying Majuba Hill, near Volksrust, now in South Africa, may have been anxiety that the Boers would soon occupy it themselves, since he had witnessed their trenches being dug in the direction of the hill."}], "Q2064142": [{"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Halmyros, known by earlier scholars as the Battle of the Cephissus or Battle of Orchomenos, was fought on 15 March 1311, between the forces of the Frankish Duchy of Athens and its vassals under Walter of Brienne against the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, resulting in a decisive victory for the mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Halmyros, known by earlier scholars as the Battle of the Cephissus or Battle of Orchomenos, was fought on 15 March 1311, between the forces of the Frankish Duchy of Athens and its vassals under Walter of Brienne against the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, resulting in a decisive victory for the mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Engaged in conflict with their original employers, the Byzantine Empire, the Catalan Company had traversed the southern Balkans and arrived in southern Greece in 1309."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Duke of Athens, Walter of Brienne, hired them to attack the Greek ruler of neighbouring Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, much of Greece came under the rule of Frankish Crusader principalities."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "Background", "says": "The most notable of them were the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Principality of Achaea, and the Duchy of Athens, with its capital at Thebes."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "Background", "says": "The most notable of them were the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Principality of Achaea, and the Duchy of Athens, with its capital at Thebes."}, {"id": "Q15730496", "label": "William Miller", "section": "Background", "says": "In his landmark 1908 history of Frankish Greece, the medievalist William Miller writes of the Duchy of Athens that \"under the dominion of the dukes of the house of de la Roche, trade prospered, manufactures flourished, and the splendours of the Theban court impressed foreigners accustomed to the pomps and pageants of much greater states.\" On 5 October 1308, the last de la Roche Duke of Athens, Guy"}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "Background", "says": "At that time the Greek world was in turmoil owing to the actions of the Catalan Company, a group of mercenaries, veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, originally hired by the Byzantine Empire against the Turks in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Mutual suspicion and quarrels led to war with the Byzantines; evicted from their base in Gallipoli in 1307, the Catalans fought and pillaged their way west through Thrace and Macedonia, until, pressed by Byzantine troops under Chandrenos, they entered Thessaly in early 1309."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "Having just exploited the death of Guy II to repudiate the overlordship of the Dukes of Athens, John turned to Byzantium and the other Greek principality, the Despotate of Epirus, for aid."}], "Q20720722": [{"id": "Q57402", "label": "Daniel Ortega", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2018 Nicaraguan protests began on 18 April 2018 when demonstrators in several cities of Nicaragua began protests against the social security reforms decreed by President Daniel Ortega that increased taxes and decreased benefits."}, {"id": "Q1463516", "label": "Nicaraguan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After five days of unrest in which nearly thirty people were killed, Ortega announced the cancellation of the reforms; however, the opposition has grown through the 2014–2018 Nicaraguan protests to denounce Ortega and demand his resignation, becoming one of the largest protests in his government's history and the deadliest civil conflict since the end of the Nicaraguan Revolution."}], "Q2090475": [{"id": "Q2092939", "label": "First Franco-Dahomean War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1890, the Kingdom of Dahomey and France had gone to war in what is referred to as the First Franco-Dahomean War over the former's rights to certain territories, specifically those in the Ouémé Valley."}], "Q2095678": [{"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Assaye was fought on 23 September 1803 during the Second Anglo-Maratha War between the British and Maratha empires."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was Wellesley's first major victory and one he would later describe as his finest accomplishment on the battlefield, even more so than his more famous victories in the Peninsular War and his defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was Wellesley's first major victory and one he would later describe as his finest accomplishment on the battlefield, even more so than his more famous victories in the Peninsular War and his defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was Wellesley's first major victory and one he would later describe as his finest accomplishment on the battlefield, even more so than his more famous victories in the Peninsular War and his defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo."}], "Q2118879": [{"id": "Q143559", "label": "Lysander", "section": "lead", "says": "Lysander, one of Sparta's most successful generals, was killed in this battle."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Haliartus marked the start of the Corinthian War, which continued until 387 BC."}], "Q2119353": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 550, the Byzantine Empire was struggling to maintain control of Italy after earlier victories under Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "In 550, the Byzantine Empire was struggling to maintain control of Italy after earlier victories under Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his recall by Emperor Justinian I, disagreements among the remaining Byzantine commanders allowed the Goths to recover under their charismatic king, Totila."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, the Byzantine generals Valerian and John the Sanguinary assembled a fleet and sailed toward Sena Gallica to provide relief to Ancon."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Justinian prepared one last major effort to reclaim Italy, under his chamberlain (cubicularius), Narses."}], "Q2140288": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Williamsburg, also known as the Battle of Fort Magruder, took place on May 5, 1862, in York County, James City County, and Williamsburg, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Hooker encountered the Confederate rearguard near Williamsburg."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "lead", "says": "James Longstreet, threatened to overwhelm the Union left flank, until Brig."}, {"id": "Q720603", "label": "George Stoneman", "section": "Background", "says": "George Stoneman to pursue Johnston's rearguard and sent approximately half of his Army of the Potomac along behind Stoneman, under the command of Brig."}], "Q2175943": [{"id": "Q389004", "label": "Principality of Wallachia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Revolutions of 1848, and closely connected with the unsuccessful revolt in the Principality of Moldavia, it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the Regulamentul Organic regime, and, through many of its leaders, demanded the abolition of boyar privilege."}, {"id": "Q950507", "label": "Gheorghe Bibescu", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the Wallachian Militia, the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, whom it replaced with a provisional government and a regency, and in passing a series of major progressive reforms, announced in the Proclamation of Islaz."}, {"id": "Q2005809", "label": "Alexandru II Ghica", "section": "Origins", "says": "After a period of Russian military occupation, Wallachia returned to Ottoman suzerainty while Russian oversight was preserved, and the throne was awarded to Alexandru II Ghica in 1834—this measure was controversial from the onset, given that, despite the popular provisions of the Akkerman Convention, Ghica had been appointed by Russia and the Ottomans, instead of being elected by the Wallachian As"}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "The first liberal movement, taking inspiration from the French Revolution and having for its stated purpose the encouragement of culture, was Societatea Filarmonică (the Philharmonic Society), established in 1833."}, {"id": "Q174772", "label": "Abdülmecid I", "section": "Origins", "says": "This move met with stiff opposition from a majority of deputies in Wallachia, among whom was the radical Ioan Câmpineanu; in 1838, the project was nonetheless passed, when it was explicitly endorsed by Sultan Abdülmecid I and by Prince Ghica."}, {"id": "Q188697", "label": "Alphonse de Lamartine", "section": "Origins", "says": "Societatea Studenților Români (the Society of Romanian Students) was founded in 1846, having the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine for its honorary president."}], "Q2190013": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wyoming was a military engagement during the American Revolutionary War between Patriot militia and a force of Loyalist soldiers and Iroquois warriors."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wyoming was a military engagement during the American Revolutionary War between Patriot militia and a force of Loyalist soldiers and Iroquois warriors."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1777, British general John Burgoyne tried to gain control of the Hudson River valley during the American Revolutionary War, but was forced to surrender after the Battles of Saratoga in October."}, {"id": "Q846674", "label": "Battles of Saratoga", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1777, British general John Burgoyne tried to gain control of the Hudson River valley during the American Revolutionary War, but was forced to surrender after the Battles of Saratoga in October."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "British military officials were concerned that the French might attempt to retake parts of Canada which they had lost in the French and Indian War, so they adopted a more defensive strategy in Quebec."}, {"id": "Q1134261", "label": "Cornplanter", "section": "Background", "says": "Seneca chiefs Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter encouraged Seneca and Cayuga warriors to participate in raids against frontier settlements."}, {"id": "Q505146", "label": "Joseph Brant", "section": "Background", "says": "Similarly, Mohawk war leader Joseph Brant encouraged Mohawk participation and recruited Loyalist volunteers to fight with him."}], "Q21963506": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "13 people in India and Bangladesh were killed, and many buildings in the city of Imphal and surrounding areas were damaged."}], "Q22082249": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union invaded the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island, also known as Karafuto Prefecture."}, {"id": "Q696736", "label": "Karafuto Prefecture", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union invaded the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island, also known as Karafuto Prefecture."}, {"id": "Q220602", "label": "Soviet–Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was part of the Soviet–Japanese War, a minor campaign in the Asian theatre during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was part of the Soviet–Japanese War, a minor campaign in the Asian theatre during World War II."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Japanese invasion of Sakhalin in 1905, control of the island was split according to the Treaty of Portsmouth, with the Russian Empire controlling the northern half and the Empire of Japan controlling the portion south of the 50th parallel north."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Japanese invasion of Sakhalin in 1905, control of the island was split according to the Treaty of Portsmouth, with the Russian Empire controlling the northern half and the Empire of Japan controlling the portion south of the 50th parallel north."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Japanese invasion of Sakhalin in 1905, control of the island was split according to the Treaty of Portsmouth, with the Russian Empire controlling the northern half and the Empire of Japan controlling the portion south of the 50th parallel north."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Yalta Conference in 1945, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin pledged to enter the fight against the Empire of Japan \"two or three months after Germany has surrendered and the war in Europe is terminated.\" That would create another strategic front against Japan, which was deemed necessary to end the war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States would aid the Red Army in Project Hula in preparation for the invasion."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 April, the Soviets formally repudiated the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact."}], "Q221891": [{"id": "Q233219", "label": "Second Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought during the German offensive of the Second Battle of Ypres (21 April – 25 May), which the Germans ended to reinforce the Artois front."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1915, Joffre concluded that a period of inactivity would benefit the Germans more than the French; General Ferdinand Foch, commander of the Groupe Provisoire du Nord (GPN), proposed an offensive in which a \"general action\" on the Western Front including the British, to confuse the defenders and pin down reserves, would complement a \"decisive action\", to break through the German defences a"}, {"id": "Q989093", "label": "First Battle of Champagne", "section": "Background", "says": "It had been impossible to synchronise operations in Artois with the First Battle of Champagne, which ended on 17 March."}, {"id": "Q2331555", "label": "Battle of Neuve Chapelle", "section": "Background", "says": "French doubts about the efficiency of the BEF had not diminished after the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and British doubts about the French had increased after the débâcle at Ypres on 22 April, when French troops had been routed by a German gas attack; Joffre had to agree to place reserves behind the Ypres front to secure British co"}], "Q2236812": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Riachuelo (or Battle of the Riachuelo) was a large and decisive naval battle of the Paraguayan War between Paraguay and the Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Riachuelo (or Battle of the Riachuelo) was a large and decisive naval battle of the Paraguayan War between Paraguay and the Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Riachuelo (or Battle of the Riachuelo) was a large and decisive naval battle of the Paraguayan War between Paraguay and the Empire of Brazil."}], "Q2237307": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sayf al-Dawla had established an emirate based in Aleppo in 945 and quickly emerged as the leading Muslim antagonist of the Byzantine Empire on its eastern frontier."}, {"id": "Q603771", "label": "Emirate of Crete", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-960, taking advantage of the absence of much of the Byzantine army on a campaign against the Emirate of Crete, the Hamdanid prince launched another invasion of Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q2632670", "label": "John Kourkouas", "section": "Background", "says": "In the middle of the 10th century, after a period of expansion on its eastern frontier, led by John Kourkouas, at the expense of the Muslim border emirates, the Byzantine Empire was confronted by the Hamdanid prince Sayf al-Dawla."}], "Q2237447": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cadzand was an early skirmish of the Hundred Years' War fought in 1337."}], "Q2237589": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of its later victories during the war were dependent on German assistance, and it ceased to exist with the disestablishment of Austria-Hungary at the end of the war."}], "Q2237622": [{"id": "Q2237386", "label": "Battle of Bun'ei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kōan, also known as the Second Battle of Hakata Bay, was the second attempt by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China to invade Japan after their failed attempt seven years earlier at the Battle of Bun'ei."}], "Q2246708": [{"id": "Q294192", "label": "Guy of Lusignan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the campaign and Battle of al-Fule (in Crusader terms La Fève, Latin Castrum Fabe), a Crusader force led by Guy of Lusignan skirmished with Saladin's Ayyubid army for more than a week in September and October 1183."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1182, Saladin invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem by way of Eilat, the Transjordan and Galilee."}, {"id": "Q1836863", "label": "Battle of Belvoir Castle", "section": "Background", "says": "During the summer, he was successfully resisted by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the campaign and Battle of Belvoir Castle; however, the Crusader lands were badly damaged by Saracen raiders."}, {"id": "Q234782", "label": "Sibylla", "section": "Background", "says": "Guy of Lusignan, who had married Baldwin's sister Sibylla of Jerusalem in 1180, was appointed regent."}], "Q2254950": [{"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chios was fought in 201 BC between the fleet of Philip V of Macedon and the combined fleet of Rhodes, Pergamum, Byzantium and Cyzicus."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With the First Macedonian War over, Philip started to rebuild his fleet to a size that could challenge the fleets of the Rhodians, Pergamese and Ptolemies."}], "Q2281774": [{"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marj Rahit (Arabic: يوم مرج راهط, romanized: Yawm Marj Rāhiṭ) was one of the early battles of the Second Fitna."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 18 August 684 between the Kalb-dominated armies of the Yaman tribal confederation, supporting the Umayyads under Caliph Marwan I, and the Qays under al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, who supported the Mecca-based Caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it also left a bitter legacy of division and rivalry between the Qays and the Yaman, which would be a constant source of strife and instability for the remainder of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the death of Caliph Mu'awiya I (r."}, {"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Mu'awiya had named his son, Yazid I, as his heir, this choice was not universally recognized, especially by the old Medinan elites, who challenged the Umayyads' claim to keep the succession to the Caliphate within their clan."}, {"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad, and son of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali), and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (the grandson of the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr, and nephew of Muhammad's wife Aisha)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad, and son of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali), and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (the grandson of the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr, and nephew of Muhammad's wife Aisha)."}, {"id": "Q264210", "label": "Mu'awiya II", "section": "Background", "says": "Yazid was succeeded by his son, Mu'awiya II, but his authority was limited to central and southern Syria."}, {"id": "Q2617539", "label": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and Ibn al-Zubayr was acknowledged as caliph by most of the Muslim world: the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, was evicted from the province, coins in Ibn al-Zubayr's name were minted in Persia, and the Qaysi tribes of northern Syria and the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) went over to his cause."}], "Q2291971": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Hispanian army of Pompey Magnus, led by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius."}, {"id": "Q472219", "label": "Lucius Afranius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Hispanian army of Pompey Magnus, led by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius."}, {"id": "Q720798", "label": "Marcus Petreius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Hispanian army of Pompey Magnus, led by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius."}, {"id": "Q203681", "label": "Battle of Pharsalus", "section": "lead", "says": "It allowed Caesar to eliminate the threat of Pompey's forces in Hispania and face Pompey himself in Greece at the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC)."}, {"id": "Q550560", "label": "Gaius Trebonius", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaving the siege of Massilia to Gaius Trebonius and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Caesar moved to Hispania Citerior to reinforce the three legions he had sent there as an advance guard under his legate Fabius."}], "Q2292431": [{"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is only explicitly referred to in a text by Polybius, the ancient Greek historian, which does not give much detail and puts it in the context of other events."}, {"id": "Q521498", "label": "Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter", "section": "lead", "says": "Their commander, the praetor Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, died in the battle."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Polybius: Hereupon the Boii, seeing the Senones expelled from their territory, and fearing a like fate for themselves and their own land, implored the aid of the Etruscans and marched out in full force."}], "Q23020032": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War I, abandoned feral pets in London had become a major issue."}], "Q23045756": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 March 2016, three Islamist gunmen opened fire at a beach resort in Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast, killing at least 19 people and injuring 33 others."}], "Q2305019": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Curupayty was a key battle in the Paraguayan War."}, {"id": "Q599092", "label": "José Eduvigis Díaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paraguayans were led by general José Eduvigis Díaz."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "Paraguay easily repelled the assault, and the battle lasted less than a day."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "lead", "says": "Paraguay's biggest success in the ultimately disastrous war was limited because its military leader, Francisco Solano López, did not counterattack the defeated Allies."}], "Q2327438": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "El Bogotazo (from \"Bogotá\" and the -azo suffix of violent augmentation) was a massive outbreak of rioting after the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 1948 during the government of President Mariano Ospina Pérez."}, {"id": "Q132479", "label": "Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala", "section": "lead", "says": "El Bogotazo (from \"Bogotá\" and the -azo suffix of violent augmentation) was a massive outbreak of rioting after the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 1948 during the government of President Mariano Ospina Pérez."}, {"id": "Q559034", "label": "Mariano Ospina Pérez", "section": "lead", "says": "El Bogotazo (from \"Bogotá\" and the -azo suffix of violent augmentation) was a massive outbreak of rioting after the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 1948 during the government of President Mariano Ospina Pérez."}], "Q233426": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 September 1799) was a key victory by the Republican French army in Switzerland led by André Masséna over a Russian force commanded by Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov near Zürich, as it broke the stalemate that had resulted from the First Battle of Zurich three months earlier and led to the withdrawal of Russia from the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 September 1799) was a key victory by the Republican French army in Switzerland led by André Masséna over a Russian force commanded by Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov near Zürich, as it broke the stalemate that had resulted from the First Battle of Zurich three months earlier and led to the withdrawal of Russia from the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q1376893", "label": "Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 September 1799) was a key victory by the Republican French army in Switzerland led by André Masséna over a Russian force commanded by Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov near Zürich, as it broke the stalemate that had resulted from the First Battle of Zurich three months earlier and led to the withdrawal of Russia from the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q575973", "label": "First Battle of Zurich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 September 1799) was a key victory by the Republican French army in Switzerland led by André Masséna over a Russian force commanded by Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov near Zürich, as it broke the stalemate that had resulted from the First Battle of Zurich three months earlier and led to the withdrawal of Russia from the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q1096347", "label": "Claude Lecourbe", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 and 16 August General Claude Lecourbe with 12,000 men drove the forces of Gottfried von Strauch and Joseph Anton von Simbschen from the St."}], "Q233430": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The second battle of Cape Finisterre was a naval encounter fought during the War of the Austrian Succession on 25 October 1747."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended the following year and under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle France recovered those colonial possessions which had been captured in return for withdrawing from her territorial gains in the Austrian Netherlands (approximately modern Belgium and Luxembourg)."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended the following year and under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle France recovered those colonial possessions which had been captured in return for withdrawing from her territorial gains in the Austrian Netherlands (approximately modern Belgium and Luxembourg)."}], "Q2342042": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maryland campaign (or Antietam campaign) occurred September 4–20, 1862, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q719252", "label": "Battle of Antietam", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day of battle in American history."}, {"id": "Q216124", "label": "Stonewall Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "Stonewall Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured Harpers Ferry (September 12–15), McClellan's army of 102,000 men attempted to move quickly through the South Mountain passes that separated him from Lee."}, {"id": "Q1542829", "label": "Battle of South Mountain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of South Mountain on September 14 delayed McClellan's advance and allowed Lee sufficient time to concentrate most of his army at Sharpsburg."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln used this Union victory as the justification for announcing his Emancipation Proclamation, which effectively ended any threat of European support for the Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "McClellan's Army of the Potomac had invaded the Virginia Peninsula during the Peninsula Campaign and by June stood only a few miles outside the Confederate capital at Richmond."}, {"id": "Q465291", "label": "John Pope", "section": "Background", "says": "John Pope and his Army of Virginia, most significantly at the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas), before McClellan's corps could reinforce Pope."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "He told Confederate President Jefferson Davis in a letter of September 3 that the enemy was \"much weakened and demoralized.\"\nThere were secondary reasons as well."}], "Q2346041": [{"id": "Q3118940", "label": "Father Le Loutre's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Beauséjour was fought on the Isthmus of Chignecto and marked the end of Father Le Loutre's War and\nthe opening of a British offensive in the Acadia/Nova Scotia theatre of the Seven Years' War, which would eventually lead to the end of the French colonial empire in North America."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Beauséjour was fought on the Isthmus of Chignecto and marked the end of Father Le Loutre's War and\nthe opening of a British offensive in the Acadia/Nova Scotia theatre of the Seven Years' War, which would eventually lead to the end of the French colonial empire in North America."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Despite this, France's Louis XV encouraged Acadians to migrate to the land west of the Missaguash, and toward Fort Beauséjour."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Le Loutre also encouraged the Mikmaq to continue to align themselves against the British which they had done since King William's War (1689)."}], "Q2347053": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Callinicus (Greek: μάχη του Καλλίνικου) was fought in 171 BC between Macedonia and the Roman Republic near a hill called Callinicus, close to the Roman camp at Tripolis Larisaia, five kilometres north of Larissa, the capital of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Callinicus (Greek: μάχη του Καλλίνικου) was fought in 171 BC between Macedonia and the Roman Republic near a hill called Callinicus, close to the Roman camp at Tripolis Larisaia, five kilometres north of Larissa, the capital of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought during the first year of the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC)."}, {"id": "Q207363", "label": "Perseus of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Macedonians were led by their king, Perseus of Macedon, while the Roman force was led by the consul Publius Licinius Crassus."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans had their Italian allies with them and were supported by soldiers provided by Eumenes II of Pergamon, as well as a force of Thessalian cavalry and Greek allies."}, {"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "Background", "says": "With the outbreak of war, Roman consul Publius Licinius sailed from Italy to Epirus on the west coast of Greece and marched across most of Greece through arduous mountain passes to reach Thessaly."}], "Q2383784": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of The Hague (also known as the Treaty of Den Haag) was signed on 6 August 1661 between representatives of the Dutch Republic and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of The Hague (also known as the Treaty of Den Haag) was signed on 6 August 1661 between representatives of the Dutch Republic and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q221357", "label": "Dutch Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the treaty, the Dutch Republic recognized Portuguese sovereignty over New Holland (Dutch Brazil) in exchange for an indemnity of 4 million reis, conversion from 2 million caroli guilders, over the span of 16 years."}], "Q2394805": [{"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norman invasion of Wales began shortly after the Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror, who believed England to be his birthright."}, {"id": "Q311996", "label": "Magnus Barefoot", "section": "lead", "says": "In one incident, Gruffudd had some indirect help from King Magnus III of Norway (Magnus Barefoot) who attacked the Normans briefly off the Isle of Anglesey in northwest Wales near Ynys Seiriol, killing Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under William's fourth son, King Henry I, the Normans, now well established in England, responded by pushing west into Wales."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 1150s, Matilda's son King Henry II of England had set upon fighting back, leading his first expedition into Wales in 1157."}, {"id": "Q2618807", "label": "Owain Gwynedd", "section": "lead", "says": "He moved against his adversaries again in 1163, and gained homage from the two most powerful princes of Wales, Rhys ap Gruffydd and Owain Gwynedd, along with the king of Scotland."}], "Q2397066": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Golden Horde entered into a defensive alliance with the Mamluks in Egypt, with the agreement being that each realm would intervene if the other was attacked by the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Golden Horde entered into a defensive alliance with the Mamluks in Egypt, with the agreement being that each realm would intervene if the other was attacked by the Ilkhanate."}], "Q2617894": [{"id": "Q362068", "label": "Andriscus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pydna was fought in 148 BC between Rome and the forces of the Macedonian leader Andriscus."}, {"id": "Q929498", "label": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman force was led by Quintus Caecilius Metellus, and was victorious."}, {"id": "Q552373", "label": "Fourth Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle played an important role in deciding the outcome of the Fourth Macedonian War, and saw the annihilation of the last military-political force of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q207363", "label": "Perseus of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Andriscus, a fuller from Aeolis, claimed the Macedonian throne by claiming to be the son of Perseus of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially unsuccessful, he invaded Macedon with a Thracian army and met with unprecedented success, defeating Rome's Macedonian clients near the Strymon river, crowning himself King of Macedon and overrunning Thessaly, and annihilating a Roman legion sent to stop him, killing the commanding praetor, Publius Juventius Thalna, in the battle."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he could not advance into Greece, being halted by forces of the Achaean League and remnant Roman units stationed there."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "He had also allied himself with Carthage, which was at war with Rome in the Third Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "He had also allied himself with Carthage, which was at war with Rome in the Third Punic War."}, {"id": "Q312431", "label": "Attalus II Philadelphus", "section": "Background", "says": "Metellus chose not to take the usual Epirote route used by previous Roman commanders into Macedon; he advanced along the Thessalian coast  with the assistance of the fleet of Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon; Andriscus, wary of letting Metellus overrunning the coastal districts, engaged him at Pydna."}], "Q2621537": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Castelnuovo was an engagement during the Ottoman-Habsburg struggle for control of the Mediterranean, which took place in July 1539 at the walled town of Castelnuovo, present-day Herceg Novi, Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Castelnuovo had been conquered by elements of various Spanish tercios the year before during the failed campaign of the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire in Eastern Mediterranean waters."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The walled town was besieged by land and sea by a powerful Ottoman army under Hayreddin Barbarossa, who offered an honourable surrender to the defenders."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "These terms were rejected by the Spanish commanding officer Francisco de Sarmiento and his captains even though they knew that the Holy League's fleet, defeated at the Battle of Preveza, could not relieve them."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1538 the main danger to Christianity in Europe was the expansion of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "The armies of the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had been stopped at Vienna in 1529."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Mediterranean, a Christian offensive attempted to eliminate the danger of the great Turkish fleet in 1535, when a strong armada under Don Álvaro de Bazán and Andrea Doria captured the port of Tunis, expelling Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa from the waters of the Western Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Venice, frightened by the loss of their possessions and the ruin of their trade, conducted a vigorous campaign for the creation of a \"Holy League\" to recover the lost territories and expel the Ottomans from the sea."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in creating a league which united the Papacy itself, the Republic of Venice, the Empire of Charles V, the Archduchy of Austria, and the Knights of Malta."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in creating a league which united the Papacy itself, the Republic of Venice, the Empire of Charles V, the Archduchy of Austria, and the Knights of Malta."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in creating a league which united the Papacy itself, the Republic of Venice, the Empire of Charles V, the Archduchy of Austria, and the Knights of Malta."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in creating a league which united the Papacy itself, the Republic of Venice, the Empire of Charles V, the Archduchy of Austria, and the Knights of Malta."}], "Q2628049": [{"id": "Q1352215", "label": "Polish–Russian War of 1792", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zieleńce was a battle in the Polish–Russian War of 1792, in defence of the Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791."}, {"id": "Q154382", "label": "Józef Poniatowski", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on 18 June 1792, between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army of Józef Poniatowski and an Imperial Russian Army group under the command of General Irakly Morkov, which was a part of General Mikhail Krechetnikov's Russian forces invading the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the south."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on 18 June 1792, between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army of Józef Poniatowski and an Imperial Russian Army group under the command of General Irakly Morkov, which was a part of General Mikhail Krechetnikov's Russian forces invading the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the south."}, {"id": "Q428311", "label": "Józef Zajączek", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lubomirski had about 2,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, including units of general Józef Zajączek and Ludwik Trokin."}], "Q2629126": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Plans for the conference had been drawn up by Heinrich von Stephan, Postmaster-General of the German Reichspost who demanded from the neutral Switzerland the organization of an International Postal Congress following the end of the French-German war of 1870–1871."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories of the treaty were the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, Spain, the United States, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Empire, Serbia, the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories of the treaty were the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, Spain, the United States, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Empire, Serbia, the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2629723": [{"id": "Q303767", "label": "Andrei Eberhardt", "section": "Background", "says": "On the morning of 17 November 1914, a Russian force consisting of the pre-dreadnought battleships Evstafi (the flagship), Ioann Zlatoust, Panteleimon, Tri Sviatitelya, Rostislav, three cruisers, and 13 destroyers under Vice Admiral Andrei Eberhardt struck the Ottoman port of Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q62450", "label": "Wilhelm Souchon", "section": "Background", "says": "German Admiral Wilhelm Souchon decided to intercept it as it returned to port."}], "Q2631739": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kaymakchalan was fought between Serbian and Bulgarian troops on the Macedonian front during World War I."}], "Q2632665": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Tragic Week (Spanish: Semana Trágica), also known as Bloody Week, was a series of riots and massacres that took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from January 7 to 14, 1919."}], "Q2632850": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The town was the last stronghold of the Ottoman Empire preventing the Russians from entering Anatolia and Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q278864", "label": "Andranik Ozanian", "section": "lead", "says": "The second confrontation began in February 1916 and ended with the capture of Bitlis by new Russian corps, which largely consisted of the 1st Battalion of the Armenian volunteer units under the command of Andranik Ozanian."}, {"id": "Q261965", "label": "Nikolai Yudenich", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian commander Nikolai Yudenich intended to attack the Turks before they could organize their forces to launch an attack."}, {"id": "Q247611", "label": "Ahmet İzzet Furgaç", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman troops of Ahmed Izzet Pasha were composed of veterans from the Gallipoli campaign."}], "Q2634783": [{"id": "Q311225", "label": "Washington Luís", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution replaced incumbent president Washington Luís with defeated presidential candidate and revolutionary leader Getúlio Vargas, concluding the political hegemony of a four-decade-old oligarchy and beginning the Vargas Era."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution replaced incumbent president Washington Luís with defeated presidential candidate and revolutionary leader Getúlio Vargas, concluding the political hegemony of a four-decade-old oligarchy and beginning the Vargas Era."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "For the following seven years, Vargas achieved an unprecedented consolidation of power with transitional governments until he proclaimed the Estado Novo in 1937 in a coup d'état."}], "Q2640981": [{"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nezib (Arabic: معركة نزب) (present-day Nizip in south-central modern Turkey) was fought on 24 June 1839 between the forces of the quasi-autonomous province of Ottoman Egypt and those of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nezib (Arabic: معركة نزب) (present-day Nizip in south-central modern Turkey) was fought on 24 June 1839 between the forces of the quasi-autonomous province of Ottoman Egypt and those of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q745216", "label": "Soliman Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egyptians were led by Ibrahim Pasha, with Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi (a former French officer who had converted to Islam) commanding the right flank of the Egyptian army."}, {"id": "Q44205", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans were led by Hafiz Mehmed Pasha, with Helmuth von Moltke the Elder playing an advisory role in command of the Ottoman artillery."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Ottoman sultan Mahmud II wished to revoke the concessions he had granted, take revenge on Muhammad Ali (the governor and de facto ruler of Egypt), and restore the prestige of the empire."}], "Q2656382": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christmas Uprising (Serbian: Божићни устанак, romanized: Božićni ustanak), also known as the Christmas Rebellion (Божићна побуна, Božićna pobuna), was a failed uprising in Montenegro led by the Greens in early January 1919."}, {"id": "Q1284747", "label": "Krsto Popović", "section": "lead", "says": "The military leader of the uprising was Krsto Popović and its political leader was Jovan Plamenac."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The assembly decided to directly unify the Kingdom of Montenegro with the Kingdom of Serbia, which would shortly after become the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The assembly decided to directly unify the Kingdom of Montenegro with the Kingdom of Serbia, which would shortly after become the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Multiple historians acknowledge that a majority of Montenegrins supported the unification with other Southern Slavs on a federal basis after the World War I."}, {"id": "Q1393117", "label": "Ivo Banac", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Ivo Banac suggested that the Greens enjoyed support from a larger proportion of the population but were comparably poorly organised, indecisive, and politically divided."}], "Q26690160": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Tremors from the earthquake were felt in Yangon, in the eastern cities of Patna, Guwahati, and Kolkata in India, in Bangkok in Thailand and in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Tremors from the earthquake were felt in Yangon, in the eastern cities of Patna, Guwahati, and Kolkata in India, in Bangkok in Thailand and in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh."}], "Q2669939": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian Civil War of 1432–1438 was a war of succession to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after Vytautas the Great died in 1430 without leaving an heir."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian Civil War of 1432–1438 was a war of succession to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after Vytautas the Great died in 1430 without leaving an heir."}, {"id": "Q1091376", "label": "Sigismund Kęstutaitis", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was fought on the one side by Švitrigaila, allied with the Teutonic Knights, and on the other by Sigismund Kęstutaitis, backed by the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "lead", "says": "The war threatened to sever the Union of Krewo, the personal union between Poland and Lithuania. Švitrigaila's alliance with the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Paul von Rusdorf, launched the Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) but failed to secure victory for Švitrigaila."}, {"id": "Q77415", "label": "Paul von Rusdorf", "section": "lead", "says": "The war threatened to sever the Union of Krewo, the personal union between Poland and Lithuania. Švitrigaila's alliance with the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Paul von Rusdorf, launched the Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) but failed to secure victory for Švitrigaila."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "When Sigismund seized power in Lithuania by staging a coup in 1432, Lithuania split into two opposing camps, and there began three years of devastating hostilities."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in a decisive defeat for Švitrigaila and his ally, the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights, at the Battle of Wiłkomierz in September 1435. Švitrigaila eventually surrendered in 1437; Sigismund Kęstutaitis ruled Lithuania for only eight years before he was assassinated in 1440."}, {"id": "Q1411508", "label": "Battle of Wilkomierz", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in a decisive defeat for Švitrigaila and his ally, the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights, at the Battle of Wiłkomierz in September 1435. Švitrigaila eventually surrendered in 1437; Sigismund Kęstutaitis ruled Lithuania for only eight years before he was assassinated in 1440."}, {"id": "Q1055227", "label": "Union of Horodło", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland had created several tenuous unions in the decades preceding the conflict, including the 1385 Union of Krewo, the 1392 Ostrów Agreement, and the 1413 Union of Horodło."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The two states had successfully joined forces against a common enemy, the Teutonic Knights, at the 1410 Battle of Grunwald."}, {"id": "Q2498514", "label": "Sophia of Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Vytautas' only daughter, Sophia of Lithuania, had married Vasily I of Moscow and had only one surviving son, Vasily II."}, {"id": "Q272156", "label": "Vasily I of Moscow", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Vytautas' only daughter, Sophia of Lithuania, had married Vasily I of Moscow and had only one surviving son, Vasily II."}, {"id": "Q4288097", "label": "Muscovite Civil War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Aside from having his hands full with his own Muscovite War of Succession (1425–1453) against various relatives, he was Orthodox and could not lead the recently Christianized Catholic Grand Duchy."}], "Q2673191": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Tulagi by the Japanese was intended to cover the flank of and provide reconnaissance support for Japanese forces that were advancing on Port Moresby in New Guinea, provide greater defensive depth for the major Japanese base at Rabaul, and serve as a base for Japanese forces to threaten and interdict the supply and communication routes between the United States and Australia and N"}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Tulagi by the Japanese was intended to cover the flank of and provide reconnaissance support for Japanese forces that were advancing on Port Moresby in New Guinea, provide greater defensive depth for the major Japanese base at Rabaul, and serve as a base for Japanese forces to threaten and interdict the supply and communication routes between the United States and Australia and N"}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Tulagi by the Japanese was intended to cover the flank of and provide reconnaissance support for Japanese forces that were advancing on Port Moresby in New Guinea, provide greater defensive depth for the major Japanese base at Rabaul, and serve as a base for Japanese forces to threaten and interdict the supply and communication routes between the United States and Australia and N"}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Without the means to effectively resist the Japanese offensive in the Solomons, the British Resident Commissioner of the Solomon Islands protectorate and the few Australian troops assigned to defend Tulagi evacuated the island just before the Japanese forces arrived on 3 May."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, however, a U.S. aircraft carrier task force en route to resist the Japanese forces advancing on Port Moresby (later taking part in the Battle of the Coral Sea) struck the Japanese Tulagi landing force in an air attack, destroying or damaging several of the Japanese ships and aircraft involved in the landing operation."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "In the words of the Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet \"Secret Order Number One\", dated 1 November 1941, the goals of the initial Japanese campaigns in the impending war were to, \"(eject) British and American strength from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines, (and) to establish a policy of autonomous self-sufficiency and economic independence\"."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "To support these goals, during the first few months of 1942 Japanese forces also attacked and took control of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, the Netherlands East Indies, Wake Island, New Britain, the Gilbert Islands, and Guam."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "To support these goals, during the first few months of 1942 Japanese forces also attacked and took control of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, the Netherlands East Indies, Wake Island, New Britain, the Gilbert Islands, and Guam."}, {"id": "Q713497", "label": "Shigeyoshi Inoue", "section": "Background", "says": "Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue—commander of the Japanese 4th Fleet (also called the \"South Seas Force\") consisting of most of the naval units in the South Pacific area—advocated the seizing of Lae, Salamaua, and Port Moresby in New Guinea and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto—commander of the Combined Fleet—was concurrently planning an operation that he hoped would lure the U.S."}], "Q2701253": [{"id": "Q2524228", "label": "Italian War of 1551–1559", "section": "lead", "says": "The French siege of Calais in early 1558 was part of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between France and England and their respective allies."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pale of Calais had been ruled by England since 1347, during the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q82674", "label": "Mary I", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 1550s, England was ruled by Mary I and her husband Philip II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 1550s, England was ruled by Mary I and her husband Philip II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Kingdom of England supported a Spanish invasion of France, Henry II of France sent François, Duke of Guise, against English-held Calais, defended by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Kingdom of England supported a Spanish invasion of France, Henry II of France sent François, Duke of Guise, against English-held Calais, defended by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth."}, {"id": "Q28495", "label": "Francis, Duke of Guise", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Kingdom of England supported a Spanish invasion of France, Henry II of France sent François, Duke of Guise, against English-held Calais, defended by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth."}, {"id": "Q336091", "label": "Thomas Wentworth", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Kingdom of England supported a Spanish invasion of France, Henry II of France sent François, Duke of Guise, against English-held Calais, defended by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The victory of Louis XI of France over Charles the Bold in 1477 and the annexation of Picardy to the French royal domain marked the end of a status quo over the possession of Calais."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "Background", "says": "The victory of Louis XI of France over Charles the Bold in 1477 and the annexation of Picardy to the French royal domain marked the end of a status quo over the possession of Calais."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "Background", "says": "For nearly a century the House of Valois had preferred to turn their armies towards Italy, rich and technologically ahead of the rest of Europe, rather than take Calais."}, {"id": "Q101430", "label": "Paul IV", "section": "Background", "says": "At the behest of Pope Paul IV, in 1557 France put an end to the Truce of Vaucelles which concluded the tenth Italian war, and resumed hostilities in the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q2237484", "label": "Battle of Ceresole", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, the crown of Spain returned to its customary strategy since the Battle of Ceresole: it again attacked in Picardy and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Constable of Montmorency at the Battle of St."}], "Q2706523": [{"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "The plan was intended to create pressure on the German forces operating on the British and Canadian front simultaneous with Operation Cobra, an American offensive."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "Background", "says": "The districts of Caen north of the Orne were captured during Operation Charnwood (8–9 July 1944) and those south of the Orne had been captured on July 19, during Operation Goodwood, in Operation Atlantic by the II Canadian Corps (Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds) at a cost of 1,349 casualties."}, {"id": "Q2165196", "label": "Operation Atlantic", "section": "Background", "says": "The districts of Caen north of the Orne were captured during Operation Charnwood (8–9 July 1944) and those south of the Orne had been captured on July 19, during Operation Goodwood, in Operation Atlantic by the II Canadian Corps (Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds) at a cost of 1,349 casualties."}, {"id": "Q1345095", "label": "Guy Simonds", "section": "Background", "says": "The districts of Caen north of the Orne were captured during Operation Charnwood (8–9 July 1944) and those south of the Orne had been captured on July 19, during Operation Goodwood, in Operation Atlantic by the II Canadian Corps (Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds) at a cost of 1,349 casualties."}, {"id": "Q57175", "label": "Sepp Dietrich", "section": "Background", "says": "Attempts to take the ridge during Goodwood had been thwarted by the I SS Panzer Corps (General Sepp Dietrich)."}], "Q2706752": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of al-Qaryatayn was a minor battle between the Christian Ghassanid Arab allies of the Byzantine Empire, and the Rashidun Caliphate army."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of al-Qaryatayn was a minor battle between the Christian Ghassanid Arab allies of the Byzantine Empire, and the Rashidun Caliphate army."}], "Q2707263": [{"id": "Q723608", "label": "Trajan's Dacian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Tapae (101) was the decisive battle of the first of Trajan's Dacian Wars, in which the Roman Emperor defeated the Dacian King Decebalus's army."}, {"id": "Q13403337", "label": "Domitian's Dacian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the earlier battles at the same place during Domitian's Dacian War."}], "Q2745368": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 March 1847, during the Mexican–American War, the United States military made an amphibious landing and besieged the key Mexican seaport of Veracruz."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 March 1847, during the Mexican–American War, the United States military made an amphibious landing and besieged the key Mexican seaport of Veracruz."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "Background", "says": "After the battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista, much of Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation was transferred to the command of Major General Winfield Scott in support of the upcoming campaign."}], "Q27761867": [{"id": "Q2361214", "label": "Battle of Sirte", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was concurrent with the Battle of Sirte in Libya, the Battle of Mosul in Iraq, the Battle of al-Bab in the Aleppo Governorate, the Palmyra offensive, the reignition of fighting in Deir ez-Zor's siege, the Central Syria campaign, and the Mayadin offensive."}, {"id": "Q27429856", "label": "Battle of Mosul", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was concurrent with the Battle of Sirte in Libya, the Battle of Mosul in Iraq, the Battle of al-Bab in the Aleppo Governorate, the Palmyra offensive, the reignition of fighting in Deir ez-Zor's siege, the Central Syria campaign, and the Mayadin offensive."}, {"id": "Q4806029", "label": "Ash Carter", "section": "Background", "says": "In late October 2016, the United States Secretary of Defense Ash Carter called for an offensive on Raqqa to take place concurrent with the Battle of Mosul in Iraq."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 October, the President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called the President of the United States Barack Obama and stated that he did not want the People's Protection Units (YPG) to participate in the planned operation, and instead, planned to involve the Turkish Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 October, the President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called the President of the United States Barack Obama and stated that he did not want the People's Protection Units (YPG) to participate in the planned operation, and instead, planned to involve the Turkish Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q304095", "label": "Michael Fallon", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom's Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon rejected the idea of non-Arab forces taking part in the offensive and demanded a purely Arab force."}], "Q27915277": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern Turkish-led forces intended to capture al-Bab from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), as part of the Turkish military intervention in Syria."}, {"id": "Q27429856", "label": "Battle of Mosul", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was concurrent with the other anti-ISIL operations, including the Raqqa campaign launched by the SDF, the Battle of Mosul launched by the Iraqi forces, and the Palmyra offensive, which was successfully conducted by ISIL against Syrian government forces."}], "Q28220588": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Aid often cannot effectively reach the population because of the ongoing civil war and the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia which started in 2015."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the 2019 Global Hunger Index, Yemen has the second-highest hunger score in the world, after the Central African Republic, with a slight worsening since 2000 (increase from 43.2 to 45.9)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Towards the beginning of March of the same year, the United States and Saudi Arabia implemented a series of economic sanctions and a Saudi-led coalition began airstrikes against the Houthi rebels."}], "Q284269": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Barclay was a World War II deception by the Allies in support of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler suspected that the Allies would invade Europe through the Balkans, and Barclay served to reinforce this."}, {"id": "Q1130522", "label": "Operation Mincemeat", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of Barclay the British also launched Operation Mincemeat, where faked documents were planted via Spain, and Operation Waterfall, in which a decoy invasion force was assembled in Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of Barclay the British also launched Operation Mincemeat, where faked documents were planted via Spain, and Operation Waterfall, in which a decoy invasion force was assembled in Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q2579077", "label": "Massacre of Kalavryta", "section": "lead", "says": "Wide-ranging counterguerrilla operations were carried out, culminating in mass reprisals such as the Massacre of Kalavryta and the Distomo massacre."}], "Q284553": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine (French: Traité de Mortefontaine), was signed on September 30, 1800, by the United States and France."}, {"id": "Q655480", "label": "Quasi-War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention terminated the 1778 agreements, confirmed the principle of 'free trade, free goods' between the two countries and ended the 1798–1800 Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war waged primarily in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Alliance (1778) with the then Kingdom of France, in return for financial and military assistance in the American Revolutionary War, the United States agreed to defend French interests in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Alliance (1778) with the then Kingdom of France, in return for financial and military assistance in the American Revolutionary War, the United States agreed to defend French interests in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Alliance (1778) with the then Kingdom of France, in return for financial and military assistance in the American Revolutionary War, the United States agreed to defend French interests in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "As the treaty had no termination date, in theory this included backing the French First Republic against Britain in the 1792–1797 War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "As the treaty had no termination date, in theory this included backing the French First Republic against Britain in the 1792–1797 War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite popular enthusiasm for the French Revolution, there was little support for this in Congress, since neutrality allowed Northern shipowners to earn huge profits evading the British blockade of French ports, while Southern plantation-owners feared the example set by France's abolition of colonial slavery in 1794."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Arguing the Execution of Louis XVI in 1793 voided existing agreements, the American government passed the Neutrality Act of 1794, which unilaterally cancelled the military obligations of the 1778 treaty."}, {"id": "Q1568837", "label": "Jay's Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "It was soon apparent the U.S. interpreted \"neutrality\" differently, while the 1794 Jay Treaty with Britain directly contradicted the 1778 Treaty of Amity and Commerce."}, {"id": "Q1194699", "label": "Treaty of Amity and Commerce", "section": "Background", "says": "It was soon apparent the U.S. interpreted \"neutrality\" differently, while the 1794 Jay Treaty with Britain directly contradicted the 1778 Treaty of Amity and Commerce."}, {"id": "Q2095499", "label": "Pinckney's Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "For decades, American settlers had been moving into this area, despite diplomatic efforts to manage it, including the 1795 Pinckney's Treaty."}], "Q28798841": [{"id": "Q56226", "label": "Kim Jong-un", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam, the older half-brother of the North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, was assassinated at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam, the older half-brother of the North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, was assassinated at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "He had been living abroad since his exile from North Korea in 2003."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The women were identified as Siti Aisyah from Indonesia and Đoàn Thị Hương from Vietnam."}], "Q2885195": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Toulouse took place on April 10, 1814, just four days after Napoleon's surrender of the French Empire to the Sixth Coalition, marking one of the final conflicts of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q3326755", "label": "Manuel Alberto Freire de Andrade y Armijo", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, Wellington's Spanish corps was led by Manuel Freire de Andrade, who had defeated Soult at the Battle of San Marcial last year."}, {"id": "Q2889928", "label": "Battle of San Marcial", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, Wellington's Spanish corps was led by Manuel Freire de Andrade, who had defeated Soult at the Battle of San Marcial last year."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following their successful invasion of France earlier in the year, an allied army of the Sixth Coalition, composed of British, Portuguese and Spanish troops under the supreme command of the Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Marquess of Wellington, laid siege to the city of Toulouse, one of the few remaining urban centres in France still loyal to Napoleon."}], "Q2888010": [{"id": "Q589811", "label": "Hōjō Tokimasa", "section": "Background", "says": "During this time, Yoritomo married Hōjō Masako, the daughter of Hōjō Tokimasa."}, {"id": "Q357261", "label": "Takakura", "section": "Background", "says": "In the following years, the Taira clan attempted to consolidate their position, eventually forcing the Emperor Takakura to abdicate in favour of his infant son, Antoku, whose mother was a Taira."}], "Q2888038": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Otumba was a major battle fought on 7 July 1520 between the Aztec Empire and its allies led by the Cihuacoatl Matlatzincátzin, and Spanish conquistadors under Hernán Cortés, alongside support from the Confederacy of Tlaxcala."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Otumba was a major battle fought on 7 July 1520 between the Aztec Empire and its allies led by the Cihuacoatl Matlatzincátzin, and Spanish conquistadors under Hernán Cortés, alongside support from the Confederacy of Tlaxcala."}, {"id": "Q614072", "label": "Tlaxcala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Otumba was a major battle fought on 7 July 1520 between the Aztec Empire and its allies led by the Cihuacoatl Matlatzincátzin, and Spanish conquistadors under Hernán Cortés, alongside support from the Confederacy of Tlaxcala."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of the battle was a successful defense for the Spanish, which allowed Cortés to reorganize his army, having suffered heavy casualties a few days before during his army's retreat from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, now known as La Noche Triste."}, {"id": "Q1308854", "label": "La Noche Triste", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of the battle was a successful defense for the Spanish, which allowed Cortés to reorganize his army, having suffered heavy casualties a few days before during his army's retreat from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, now known as La Noche Triste."}, {"id": "Q310566", "label": "Diego Velazquez de Cuéllar", "section": "Background", "says": "Cortés had been commissioned by Governor Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar of Spanish-controlled Cuba to lead an expedition in the area, which was dominated by the Aztec Empire."}, {"id": "Q141791", "label": "Moctezuma II", "section": "Background", "says": "In November, a Spanish force entered the city and was greeted by its ruler, Moctezuma II."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "Background", "says": "Cortés was forced to leave a small garrison of men in Tenochtitlan at the command of one of his lieutenants, Pedro de Alvarado, whilst he took his small force to meet Narváez in battle."}], "Q2888222": [{"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Río Burbia or the Battle of the Burbia River was fought in the year 791 between the troops of the Kingdom of Asturias, commanded by King Bermudo I of Asturias, and the troops of the Emirate of Córdoba, led by Yusuf ibn Bukht."}, {"id": "Q379783", "label": "Bermudo I of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Río Burbia or the Battle of the Burbia River was fought in the year 791 between the troops of the Kingdom of Asturias, commanded by King Bermudo I of Asturias, and the troops of the Emirate of Córdoba, led by Yusuf ibn Bukht."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Río Burbia or the Battle of the Burbia River was fought in the year 791 between the troops of the Kingdom of Asturias, commanded by King Bermudo I of Asturias, and the troops of the Emirate of Córdoba, led by Yusuf ibn Bukht."}], "Q2889436": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Melos occurred in 416 BC, during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, when the Athenians attacked Melos, an island in the Aegean Sea roughly 110 kilometres (68 miles) east of mainland Greece."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "lead", "says": "This siege is best remembered for the Melian Dialogue, a dramatization of the negotiations between the Athenians and the Melians before the siege, written by the classical Athenian historian Thucydides."}], "Q2920414": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Basiani (Georgian: ბასიანის ბრძოლა) was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljukid Sultanate of Rum in the Basiani Valley, 60 km north-east of the city of Erzurum in what is now northeast Turkey."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Basiani (Georgian: ბასიანის ბრძოლა) was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljukid Sultanate of Rum in the Basiani Valley, 60 km north-east of the city of Erzurum in what is now northeast Turkey."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the 12th century, the Sultanate of Rum fell into turmoil due to Turkmen raids, the Crusades, and an intense struggle for power among the sons of Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the 12th century, the Sultanate of Rum fell into turmoil due to Turkmen raids, the Crusades, and an intense struggle for power among the sons of Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)."}, {"id": "Q61595", "label": "Suleiman II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1197, Kilij Arslan’s fifth son, Suleiman II of Rum, seized Konya and forced his brother, Kaykhusraw I, into exile in Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q61591", "label": "Kaykhusraw I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1197, Kilij Arslan’s fifth son, Suleiman II of Rum, seized Konya and forced his brother, Kaykhusraw I, into exile in Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "Background", "says": "Suleiman II pursued an expansionist policy, challenging Byzantium, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and Georgia, thereby consolidating most of Anatolia under his rule."}, {"id": "Q36760", "label": "David IV of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "The rise of the Georgian Kingdom, initiated under King David IV the Builder, continued during the reign of Queen Tamar."}, {"id": "Q1048657", "label": "Battle of Shamkor", "section": "Background", "says": "Under her leadership, Georgia defeated a major Muslim coalition at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195."}], "Q481334": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warsaw (also known as the Battle of Rakowitz or Rakowiec) was fought on 31 July 1705 (Gregorian calendar) near Warsaw in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Great Northern War and the 1701–1706 Swedish invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warsaw (also known as the Battle of Rakowitz or Rakowiec) was fought on 31 July 1705 (Gregorian calendar) near Warsaw in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Great Northern War and the 1701–1706 Swedish invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of a power struggle for the Polish–Lithuanian throne, and was fought between Augustus II the Strong and Stanisław Leszczyński and their allies."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of a power struggle for the Polish–Lithuanian throne, and was fought between Augustus II the Strong and Stanisław Leszczyński and their allies."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Augustus entered the Great Northern War as Elector of Saxony and King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and had formed an alliance with Denmark–Norway and Russia."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Augustus entered the Great Northern War as Elector of Saxony and King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and had formed an alliance with Denmark–Norway and Russia."}], "Q484256": [{"id": "Q576338", "label": "Japanese invasions of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Okpo was a military engagement which took place during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), also known as the Imjin War."}, {"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "lead", "says": "Korean commanders Yi Sun-sin and Wŏn Kyun's fleet destroyed a group of anchored Japanese transport ships."}, {"id": "Q379659", "label": "Won Gyun", "section": "lead", "says": "A day later, after destroying an additional 18 Japanese transport vessels in nearby waters, Yi Sun-sin and Wŏn Kyun parted ways and returned to their home ports after receiving news of the fall of Hanseong."}, {"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese invasion of Korea began with the arrival of 400 transports bearing 18,700 men under the command of Konishi Yukinaga on 23 May 1592 for the Siege of Busanjin."}, {"id": "Q497046", "label": "Siege of Busan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese invasion of Korea began with the arrival of 400 transports bearing 18,700 men under the command of Konishi Yukinaga on 23 May 1592 for the Siege of Busanjin."}], "Q484494": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Osan (Korean: 오산 전투) was the first engagement between the United States and North Korea during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Osan (Korean: 오산 전투) was the first engagement between the United States and North Korea during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Osan (Korean: 오산 전투) was the first engagement between the United States and North Korea during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 5, 1950, Task Force Smith, an American task force of 540 infantry supported by an artillery battery, was moved to Osan, south of Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and was ordered to fight as a rearguard to delay the advancing North Korean forces while more US troops arrived to form a stronger defensive line to the south."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Aside from a limited number of HEAT shells for the unit's 105 mm howitzers, crew-served weapons that could defeat T-34/85 tanks from the Soviet Union had not yet been distributed to the US Army forces in South Korea."}], "Q4871242": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery was an armed conflict between Ottoman Empire forces and Armenian militia at the Holy Apostles (Arakhelots) Monastery near Mush, Ottoman Empire in November 1901."}, {"id": "Q278864", "label": "Andranik Ozanian", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1899 several Armenian fedayee commanders were killed, and Andranik Ozanian was given the leadership of all such groups within the Sasun district of Bitlis Vilayet."}], "Q492880": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Taejon (16–20 July 1950) was an early battle of the Korean War, between U.S. and North Korean forces."}, {"id": "Q482979", "label": "Battle of Pusan Perimeter", "section": "lead", "says": "The delay imposed at Taejon probably prevented a U.S. rout during the subsequent Battle of Pusan Perimeter."}, {"id": "Q484494", "label": "Battle of Osan", "section": "Background", "says": "Task Force Smith, an advance element of the 24th Infantry Division, was badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on 5 July, during the first encounter between American and North Korean forces."}], "Q497046": [{"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese invasion force consisting of 400 transports bearing 18,700 men under the command of Konishi Yukinaga departed from Tsushima Island on 23 May and arrived at Busan harbor without any incident."}, {"id": "Q1328807", "label": "Sō Yoshitoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "A single vessel bearing the daimyō of Tsushima Sō Yoshitoshi (who had been a member of the Japanese mission to Korea in 1589) detached from the Japanese fleet with a letter to the commander of Busan, Chŏng Pal, demanding that the Korean forces stand down to allow the Japanese armies to proceed on towards China."}, {"id": "Q379659", "label": "Won Gyun", "section": "Background", "says": "The Joseon fleet of 150 ships did nothing and sat idle at port while Gyeongsang Left Navy Commander Pak Hong reported to Gyeongsang Right Navy Commander Wŏn Kyun, who thought the invasion might have been a really large trade mission."}, {"id": "Q2714642", "label": "Mototsugu Gotō", "section": "Background", "says": "The commanders of the Japanese forces were Konishi, Sō,  Matsura Shigenobu, Arima Harunobu, Ōmura Yoshiaki and Gotō Mototsugu, all of whom (with the exception of Matsura) were Kirishitans, as were many of their men."}], "Q497806": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ērģeme (also Battle of Ermes) (Estonian: Härgmäe lahing; German: Schlacht bei Ermes; Russian: Битва под Эрмесом; Latvian: Ērģemes kauja) was fought on 2 August 1560 in present-day Latvia (near Valka) as part of the Livonian War between the forces of Ivan IV of Russia and the Livonian Confederation."}], "Q499763": [{"id": "Q694458", "label": "Edward Hobart Seymour", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, sent John Russell to suppress the revolt, with the rebels being defeated and its leaders executed two months after the beginning of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q83229", "label": "Edward VI of England", "section": "Background", "says": "One probable cause of the Prayer Book Rebellion was the religious changes recently implemented by the government of the new king, Edward VI."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The Cornish had long regarded themselves as a distinct territory of the Kingdom of England, a belief which was reinforced by the Cornish language's central role as an expression of ethnic identity; as such, the Reformation, with its emphasis on the usage of English, was seen as a threat to the Cornish national identity."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Cornish rebellion of 1497 and the subsequent destruction of monasteries from 1536 through to 1545 under King Henry VIII had brought an end to the formal scholarship, supported by the monastic orders, that had sustained the Celtic Cornish and the Catholic Devonian cultural identities."}], "Q506909": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warburg was fought on 31 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War."}], "Q5162450": [{"id": "Q1483510", "label": "Principality of Wales", "section": "lead", "says": "Royal land was organised under the Statute of Rhuddlan, divided into six shire counties, and incorporated into the new Principality of Wales."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the territories would not be effectively incorporated into the Kingdom of England until the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, Edward's conquest marked the end of Welsh independence."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background: Wales in the High Middle Ages", "says": "Over the following century the Welsh recovery fluctuated and the English kings, notably Henry II, several times sought to conquer or establish suzerainty over the native Welsh principalities."}, {"id": "Q7837154", "label": "Treaty of Montgomery", "section": "Background: Wales in the High Middle Ages", "says": "By the Treaty of Montgomery of 1267, peace was restored and, in return for doing homage to the English king, Llywelyn was recognised as Prince of Wales and his re-conquest of Perfeddwlad was accepted by Henry."}], "Q516642": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed in Berlin on August 25, 1921 in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War I, the German Empire was defeated by the Allied Powers, one of which was the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War I, the German Empire was defeated by the Allied Powers, one of which was the United States."}], "Q519546": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1888, the German Empire intervened by restoring Aweida to the throne and confiscating combatants' firearms; by the time they finished, the German soldiers had confiscated 791 rifles from both belligerents, nearly one gun for every remaining living adult inhabitant of the island."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a distinct polity within German New Guinea in 1906 and it was subsequently captured by the Australian expeditionary force in 1914, at the outbreak of World War I."}], "Q524251": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Zaragoza was the French capture of the Spanish city of Zaragoza in 1809 during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "As a part of the Dos de Mayo Uprising on 2 May the city had already successfully resisted a first siege from 15 June 1808 to 14 August 1808."}, {"id": "Q1364346", "label": "Battle of Bailén", "section": "Background", "says": "Further defeats – especially the surrender of Divisional-general Pierre Dupont de l'Étang at the Battle of Bailén – forced King Joseph Bonaparte to withdraw behind the Ebro river, abandoning most of Spain except a small corner in the north-east and a small area around Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "Further defeats – especially the surrender of Divisional-general Pierre Dupont de l'Étang at the Battle of Bailén – forced King Joseph Bonaparte to withdraw behind the Ebro river, abandoning most of Spain except a small corner in the north-east and a small area around Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q3176687", "label": "Joaquín Blake y Joyes", "section": "Background", "says": "The main armies consisted of those of General Joaquín Blake y Joyes on the north coast, General Francisco Javier Castaños around Tudela and José Rebolledo de Palafox around Zaragoza."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to achieve this, Napoleon wanted the exposed Spanish armies to remain in their current advanced positions."}, {"id": "Q2427013", "label": "Battle of Tudela", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Progress on the fortifications had been slow until the Battle of Tudela."}], "Q5432157": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kabul, capital of Afghanistan, fell in November 2001 to the Northern Alliance forces during the war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of all the losses, surviving members of the Taliban and al-Qaeda, including Osama bin Laden, retreated toward Kandahar, the spiritual birthplace and home of the Taliban movement, and Tora Bora."}, {"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "Background", "says": "By late 2001, the Taliban had seized control of approximately 90% of the country during the 1996–2001 Afghan Civil War, and following the al-Qaeda orchestrated assassination of Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud two days before the September 11 attacks, there were concerns the entire country would fall under Taliban control."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the September 11 attacks, on 14 September, the United States demanded that the Taliban surrender all known al-Qaeda associates, provide intelligence on bin Laden and his affiliates, and expel all terrorists from Afghanistan."}], "Q543994": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hanau was fought from 30 to 31 October 1813 between Karl Philipp von Wrede's Austro-Bavarian corps and Napoleons retreating French during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his defeat at the Battle of Leipzig earlier in October, Napoleon began to retreat from Germany into France in relative safety."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his defeat at the Battle of Leipzig earlier in October, Napoleon began to retreat from Germany into France in relative safety."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Leipzig, the largest and bloodiest encounter of the Napoleonic Wars, began on 16 October 1813, raged for three days and ended with a decisive victory for the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q2518913", "label": "Treaty of Ried", "section": "Background", "says": "The coalition was buoyed by the news that Bavaria, a former French ally, agreed to join the Sixth Coalition according to the Treaty of Ried concluded just before the Battle of Leipzig."}, {"id": "Q64759", "label": "Carl Philipp von Wrede", "section": "Background", "says": "This allowed the coalition to threaten the overall military position of the French by moving a 45,000 - 50,000 Austro-Bavarian army, under the command of Karl Philipp von Wrede, into Napoleon's rear, occupying Würzburg in Franconia."}], "Q544936": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ferrybridge, 28 March 1461, was a preliminary engagement between the houses of York and Lancaster before the larger battle of Towton, during the period now known as the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "Background", "says": "After proclaiming himself king, Edward IV gathered together a large force and marched north towards the Lancastrian position behind the Aire River in Yorkshire."}], "Q551302": [{"id": "Q1067191", "label": "Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty or Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 19 June (OS) or 29 June (NS) 1679 was a peace treaty between France and the Electorate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "lead", "says": "It restored to France's ally Sweden her dominions Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania, lost to Brandenburg in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "It restored to France's ally Sweden her dominions Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania, lost to Brandenburg in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It restored to France's ally Sweden her dominions Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania, lost to Brandenburg in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty is by some considered \"the worst political defeat\" of Elector Frederick William I."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor entered an alliance with the Netherlands and Spain against France on 30 August 1673, and declared war in early 1674."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In support of Louis XIV of France, Charles XI of Sweden invaded Brandenburg in 1674, but was decisively defeated in the Battle of Fehrbellin in 1675."}, {"id": "Q695057", "label": "Battle of Fehrbellin", "section": "Background", "says": "In support of Louis XIV of France, Charles XI of Sweden invaded Brandenburg in 1674, but was decisively defeated in the Battle of Fehrbellin in 1675."}, {"id": "Q641138", "label": "Duchy of Cleves", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaties of Nijmegen (1678/1679) had ended the Franco-Dutch War, France was able to support Sweden again, and invaded the Brandenburgian Duchy of Cleves on the lower Rhine."}], "Q552727": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kerch–Eltigen operation was a World War II amphibious offensive made in November 1943 by the Red Army as a precursor to the Crimean offensive (8 April-12 May 1944), with the object of defeating and forcing the withdrawal of the German forces from the Crimea."}], "Q55816370": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tsuyama massacre (津山事件, Tsuyama jiken) was a mass murder-suicide that occurred on the night of 21 May 1938 in the rural village of Kamocho Yukishige close to Kamo, Tsuyama in Okayama, Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "In that same year, Toi was conscripted due to the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was graded \"C\" (unfit) due to his tuberculosis."}], "Q562277": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Havana was the capture of the Spanish-held city of Havana, Cuba in 1762 as part of the war between Britain and Spain which formed part of the larger Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "The fleet arrived in Barbados on 20 April."}], "Q568727": [{"id": "Q648046", "label": "United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Jülich Succession, also known as the Jülich War or the Jülich-Cleves Succession Crises (German: Jülich-Klevischer Erbfolgestreit), was a war of succession in the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg."}, {"id": "Q675127", "label": "Palatinate-Neuburg", "section": "lead", "says": "At first, the war pitted Catholic Archduke Leopold V against the combined forces of the Protestant claimants, Johann Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg and Wolfgang Wilhelm of Palatinate-Neuburg, ending in the former's military defeat."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was further complicated by the involvement of Spain, the Dutch Republic, France, England, and the Protestant Union, making it closely tied to the Eighty Years' War, as well as part of the European wars of religion."}, {"id": "Q693496", "label": "Treaty of Xanten", "section": "lead", "says": "It was finally settled by the Treaty of Xanten, whose provisions favored Spain, though the conflict was not fully resolved until later."}, {"id": "Q524189", "label": "Cologne War", "section": "Background", "says": "Such interdenominational conflicts such as the Cologne War and the Strasbourg Bishops' War prompted the creation of the Catholic League and the Protestant Union, with the intention of safeguarding the interests of the Holy Roman Empire's Catholic and Protestant nobility, respectively."}, {"id": "Q67345", "label": "John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "section": "Background", "says": "The immediate cause of war was the death of John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg on 25 March 1609, who was affected by serious mental illness, and left no heirs to succeed him."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Rudolf II had claims to the duchies stemming from intermarriage."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "A total of six other claimants appeared, with rulers of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg having the only credible claims through their relationship to John William's sisters."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg claimed the duchies through his wife, a granddaughter of William the Rich, and the most senior female descendent of William the Rich."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "Road to war", "says": "It was small and weak, surrounded by stronger powers like Bavaria and the Electoral Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Road to war", "says": "Though they had failed to acquire support from Denmark-Norway, negotiations with the Dutch Republic had been successful."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "Road to war", "says": "Henry IV of France, like the Dutch, was opposed to a pro-Habsburg ruler in Jülich-Cleves-Berg (see French–Habsburg rivalry)."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Road to war", "says": "Despite being a Catholic, Henry IV wanted to ensure that a Protestant would inherit the duchies, but he didn't necessarily care who."}, {"id": "Q60746", "label": "Frederick IV, Elector Palatine", "section": "Road to war", "says": "Frederick IV, Elector Palatine and head of the Protestant Union, wished for a peaceful settlement."}], "Q573331": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Soviet Credit Agreement (also referred to as the German–Soviet Trade and Credit Agreement) was an economic arrangement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union whereby the latter received an acceptance credit of 200 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ over seven years with an effective interest rate of 4.5 percent."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Soviet Credit Agreement (also referred to as the German–Soviet Trade and Credit Agreement) was an economic arrangement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union whereby the latter received an acceptance credit of 200 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ over seven years with an effective interest rate of 4.5 percent."}, {"id": "Q5552224", "label": "German–Soviet Commercial Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement renewed declined German–Soviet economic relations and was adjusted and expanded with the larger German–Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940 and January 1941 German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "However, German needs for military supplies and Soviet needs for military machinery increased after the Munich Agreement."}], "Q580651": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Glorieta Pass was fought March 26–28, 1862, in the northern New Mexico Territory, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "While not the largest battle of the New Mexico campaign, the Battle of Glorieta Pass ended the Confederacy's efforts to capture the territory and other parts of the western United States."}], "Q581542": [{"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between a Franco-Ottoman fleet under Dragut and a Spanish-Genoese fleet commanded by Andrea Doria."}], "Q586204": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The assaults were parts of the Crimean War and the siege of Sevastopol."}, {"id": "Q456746", "label": "Eduard Totleben", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant Colonel Eduard Totleben, the Russian chief engineer, had begun work on these sites early in the war."}], "Q601872": [{"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ocaña was fought on 19 November 1809 between French forces under Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult against the Spanish army under General Juan Carlos Aréizaga, which suffered its greatest single defeat in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ocaña was fought on 19 November 1809 between French forces under Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult against the Spanish army under General Juan Carlos Aréizaga, which suffered its greatest single defeat in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q3261841", "label": "Louis Emmanuel Rey", "section": "Background", "says": "Brigade: Louis Emmanuel Rey: 12th Light, 43rd Line."}], "Q604185": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "5 January] 1913, was a naval battle during the First Balkan War, in which  the Greeks defeated the second and last attempt of the Ottoman Empire to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles and reclaim supremacy over the Aegean Sea."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "5 January] 1913, was a naval battle during the First Balkan War, in which  the Greeks defeated the second and last attempt of the Ottoman Empire to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles and reclaim supremacy over the Aegean Sea."}, {"id": "Q604175", "label": "Battle of Elli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the loss of a number of Aegean Islands to Greece during the first phase of the war in 1912, and its first defeat at the Battle of Elli, the Ottoman Navy sought to check Greek progress by destroying the Greek fleet docked at the port of Moudros, Lemnos."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the Ottoman side, efforts were made to uplift the morale of the crews, including the hoisting of the original banner of the great corsair and admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa on the flagship, Barbaros Hayreddin, which was named after him."}], "Q62521190": [{"id": "Q348144", "label": "Hassan Rouhani", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Iranians including politicians took to social media platforms to criticize the handling of the floods by the government, specifically President Hassan Rouhani."}], "Q62848344": [{"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "Background", "says": "The Economist argued that a May 2018 meeting between al-Sarraj and Haftar, hosted by French president Emmanuel Macron in the context of French-Italian rivalry with regards to Libya, \"undermined\" the efforts of Ghassan Salamé in facilitating the organising of the Libyan National Conference by Libyans."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "Bloomberg News described Russia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates as \"backers\" of Haftar."}], "Q638462": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Barcelona took place between 14 September and 19 October 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession when a multinational Grand Alliance army led by Lord Peterborough, supporting the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne, captured the city of Barcelona from its Spanish Bourbonic defenders,\nmost of whom then joined the Habsburg army."}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "Background", "says": "Barcelona was recommended as a potential target by the region's former Governor George of Hesse-Darmstadt."}], "Q641064": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Le Paradis massacre was a World War II war crime committed by members of the 14th Company, SS Division Totenkopf, under the command of Hauptsturmführer Fritz Knöchlein."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 27 May 1940, during the Battle of France, at a time when troops of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) were attempting to retreat through the Pas-de-Calais region during the Battle of Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 27 May 1940, during the Battle of France, at a time when troops of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) were attempting to retreat through the Pas-de-Calais region during the Battle of Dunkirk."}], "Q642021": [{"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Demonstration of 20 June 1792 (French: Journée du 20 juin 1792) was the last bloodless attempt made by the revolutionaries of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his current policy and adopt a more compliant role in the escalating frenzy of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Demonstration of 20 June 1792 (French: Journée du 20 juin 1792) was the last bloodless attempt made by the revolutionaries of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his current policy and adopt a more compliant role in the escalating frenzy of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1154330", "label": "10 August insurrection", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, the monarchy was deposed."}], "Q64879": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The British faced a force of Pashtun tribesmen whose tribal lands had been bisected by the Durand Line, the 1,519 mile (2,445 km) border between Afghanistan and British India drawn up at the end of the Anglo-Afghan wars to help hold back what the British feared to be the Russian Empire's spread of influence towards the Indian subcontinent."}], "Q650567": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The third siege of Missolonghi (Greek: Τρίτη Πολιορκία του Μεσολογγίου, often erroneously referred to as the second siege) was fought in the Greek War of Independence, between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek rebels, from 15 April 1825 to 10 April 1826."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The third siege of Missolonghi (Greek: Τρίτη Πολιορκία του Μεσολογγίου, often erroneously referred to as the second siege) was fought in the Greek War of Independence, between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek rebels, from 15 April 1825 to 10 April 1826."}, {"id": "Q459887", "label": "Alexandros Mavrokordatos", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1821, Alexandros Mavrokordatos established a regional government for the territories controlled by the revolutionaries in western Greece, the \"Senate of Western Continental Greece\"."}, {"id": "Q3352014", "label": "Omer Vrioni", "section": "Background", "says": "A 7,000–8,000 strong Ottoman army under Omer Vrioni and Mehmed Reshid Pasha laid siege to the city on 25 October 1822."}, {"id": "Q734967", "label": "Georgios Karaiskakis", "section": "Background", "says": "The subsequent Ottoman attacks were beaten off, and the onset of winter, disease, and the attacks of other Greek forces from the rear under Georgios Karaiskakis forced the Ottoman commanders to lift the siege on 31 December 1822."}, {"id": "Q5679", "label": "Lord Byron", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1824, Lord Byron died in Missolonghi of an illness, adding to the fame of the city."}], "Q652359": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Lund, signed on 16 September (O.S.) / 26 September 1679, was the final peace treaty between Denmark–Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Lund, signed on 16 September (O.S.) / 26 September 1679, was the final peace treaty between Denmark–Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Lund, signed on 16 September (O.S.) / 26 September 1679, was the final peace treaty between Denmark–Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The war had started when Sweden on French initiative attacked Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1678/79, Louis XIV of France ended a series of conflicts by the Treaties of Nijmegen, most notably the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1678/79, Louis XIV of France ended a series of conflicts by the Treaties of Nijmegen, most notably the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q157793", "label": "Christian V of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Before attacking Sweden directly, Christian V of Denmark expelled the Swedish ally Christian Albrecht (or Albert) from Holstein-Gottorp."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "Background", "says": "Later in 1675, the Danish armies sacked Swedish Wismar and Bremen-Verden, participated in the Brandenburg-Prussian campaign in Swedish Pomerania, and started a naval offensive that two years later put an end to Swedish supremacy in the Baltic Sea in the Battle of Køge."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Later in 1675, the Danish armies sacked Swedish Wismar and Bremen-Verden, participated in the Brandenburg-Prussian campaign in Swedish Pomerania, and started a naval offensive that two years later put an end to Swedish supremacy in the Baltic Sea in the Battle of Køge."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "Danish recovery of the provinces lost to Sweden in the Second Northern War however proved difficult, and after the Danish invasion in June 1676 and the subsequent setback in Lund, neither Denmark nor Sweden was able to gain the upper hand in the Scanian theater."}], "Q653575": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty or Truce of Plussa, Pljussa, Plyussa or Narva and Plusa (Russian: Плюсское перемирие, Swedish: Stilleståndsfördrag vid Narva å och Plusa) was a truce between Russia and Sweden, which ended the Livonian War (1558–1583)."}], "Q653706": [{"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syro-Ephraimite War was a conflict which took place in the 8th century BCE between the Kingdom of Judah and an alliance of Aram-Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel based in Samaria."}, {"id": "Q625649", "label": "Aram-Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syro-Ephraimite War was a conflict which took place in the 8th century BCE between the Kingdom of Judah and an alliance of Aram-Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel based in Samaria."}, {"id": "Q230407", "label": "Kingdom of Israel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syro-Ephraimite War was a conflict which took place in the 8th century BCE between the Kingdom of Judah and an alliance of Aram-Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel based in Samaria."}], "Q657024": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bear River Massacre was a United States military attack that killed an estimated 250 to 493 children, women, and men at a Shoshone winter encampment on January 29, 1863."}, {"id": "Q203559", "label": "Brigham Young", "section": "Early history and causes", "says": "Brigham Young declared the policy that Mormon settlers should establish friendly relations with the surrounding American Indian tribes."}], "Q661418": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, was fought on 27 November 1870 between French and Prussian forces during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "Background", "says": "After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War on 19 July 1870, the Prussian Army and the armies of its allies — the other states of the North German Confederation and the independent states in southern Germany — scored a series of victories over the French Army in eastern France."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "At Sedan, German forces encircled and destroyed the French Army of Châlons on 1–2 September 1870 and captured Emperor Napoleon III, prompting a Government of National Defense to form in Paris on 4 September 1870 and declare an end to the Second French Empire and the foundation of the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q2358315", "label": "Government of National Defense", "section": "Background", "says": "At Sedan, German forces encircled and destroyed the French Army of Châlons on 1–2 September 1870 and captured Emperor Napoleon III, prompting a Government of National Defense to form in Paris on 4 September 1870 and declare an end to the Second French Empire and the foundation of the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At Sedan, German forces encircled and destroyed the French Army of Châlons on 1–2 September 1870 and captured Emperor Napoleon III, prompting a Government of National Defense to form in Paris on 4 September 1870 and declare an end to the Second French Empire and the foundation of the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "At Sedan, German forces encircled and destroyed the French Army of Châlons on 1–2 September 1870 and captured Emperor Napoleon III, prompting a Government of National Defense to form in Paris on 4 September 1870 and declare an end to the Second French Empire and the foundation of the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q249976", "label": "Charles Denis Bourbaki", "section": "Background", "says": "By the time Général de division Charles-Denis Bourbaki, the general-in-chief of the northern region, arrived to take command of the new army, named the Army of the North, Farre had raised 14 battalions of troops and six artillery batteries."}, {"id": "Q63558", "label": "Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the German forces freed up by the capitulation of Metz was the Prussian First Army, a force of 43,000 men and 180 guns under the command of Generalleutnant Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel."}, {"id": "Q44205", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Elder", "section": "Background", "says": "In early November 1870, Manteuffel received orders from the Prussian Army chief of staff, Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, to move northwestward into northern France, marching through the Oise and the Somme between Compiègne and Saint-Quentin, and to occupy Amiens and then march towards Rouen in order to strengthen the defenses along the northern flank of the German forces that h"}], "Q661764": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wimpfen took place during the Palatinate campaign period of the Thirty Years' War on 6 May 1622 near Wimpfen."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined forces of the Catholic League and the Spanish Empire under Marshal Tilly and Gonzalo de Córdoba defeated the Protestant forces of Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden."}, {"id": "Q835585", "label": "Battle of Mingolsheim", "section": "Background", "says": "He marched his army to join General Mansfeld's troops and met with them a few days after their victory against Tilly at the Battle of Mingolsheim on April 27."}], "Q675516": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ivry was fought on 14 March 1590, during the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a decisive victory for Henry IV of France, leading French royal and English forces against the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne and Spanish forces under the Count of Egmont."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Henry IV had moved rapidly to besiege Dreux, a town controlled by the Catholic League."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Henry had been reinforced by English troops sent in support by Queen Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q688257", "label": "Appenzell", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The army of the Catholic League, led by the Duke of Mayenne, had 13,000 foot soldiers and 4,000 cavalry, which consisted of citizens led by priests and rebellious nobles, an assortment of German and Swiss mercenaries under Appenzell, and the troopers of the Guise family."}], "Q679589": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Kappel (Erster Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1529 between the Protestant and the Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Kappel (Erster Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1529 between the Protestant and the Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q123034", "label": "Huldrych Zwingli", "section": "Background", "says": "Led by Huldrych Zwingli, the Protestant Canton and City of Zürich had concluded with other Protestant cantons a defensive alliance, the Christliches Burgrecht, which also included the free imperial cities of Konstanz and Strasbourg."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Catholic cantons responded by forming an alliance with Ferdinand of Austria."}], "Q683912": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tractable was the final attack conducted by Canadian and Polish troops, supported by a British tank brigade, during the Battle of Normandy during World War II."}, {"id": "Q512764", "label": "Stanisław Maczek", "section": "lead", "says": "This operation was undertaken by the First Canadian Army with the 1st Polish Armoured Division (Generał brygady Stanisław Maczek) and a British armoured brigade against Army Group B of the Westheer in what became the largest encirclement on the Western Front during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q602744", "label": "Falaise Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite a slow start and limited gains north of Falaise, novel tactics by the 1st Polish Armoured Division during the drive for Chambois enabled the Falaise Gap to be partially closed by 19 August 1944, trapping about 150,000 German soldiers in the Falaise Pocket."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a break-out by the First US Army and the Third US Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy after Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered a counter-offensive against the US breakout, Operation Lüttich."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a break-out by the First US Army and the Third US Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy after Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered a counter-offensive against the US breakout, Operation Lüttich."}, {"id": "Q698220", "label": "Operation Lüttich", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a break-out by the First US Army and the Third US Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy after Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered a counter-offensive against the US breakout, Operation Lüttich."}, {"id": "Q207955", "label": "Omar Bradley", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, commander of the 12th Army Group, was notified of the counter-offensive by signals deciphered via Ultra radio intercepts and prepared to defeat the counter-offensive and to encircle as much of the German force as possible."}, {"id": "Q57141", "label": "Günther von Kluge", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the failure of Lüttich, the town of Falaise became an objective of the Commonwealth forces, to cut off virtually all of Army Group B (Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge)."}, {"id": "Q718465", "label": "Harry Crerar", "section": "Background", "says": "General Harry Crerar, commanding the new First Canadian Army and Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds (II Canadian Corps), planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive, Operation Totalize."}, {"id": "Q714280", "label": "Operation Totalize", "section": "Background", "says": "General Harry Crerar, commanding the new First Canadian Army and Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds (II Canadian Corps), planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive, Operation Totalize."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery hoped that Canadian forces would achieve control of Falaise by midnight on August 14."}], "Q68512664": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2019 Kashmir earthquake struck regions of Pakistan with an epicentre in Azad Kashmir on 24 September at 16:02 local time (11:02 UTC)."}], "Q685933": [{"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "On the occasion of the Balkan crisis, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary and Russian Tsar Alexander II met on 8 July 1876 for secret talks, the results of which were later termed the Reichstadt Agreement (also: Reichstadt Convention) by historians for the sake of brevity."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "On the occasion of the Balkan crisis, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary and Russian Tsar Alexander II met on 8 July 1876 for secret talks, the results of which were later termed the Reichstadt Agreement (also: Reichstadt Convention) by historians for the sake of brevity."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "On the occasion of the Balkan crisis, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary and Russian Tsar Alexander II met on 8 July 1876 for secret talks, the results of which were later termed the Reichstadt Agreement (also: Reichstadt Convention) by historians for the sake of brevity."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Both emperors were in an alliance with each other and the German Empire in the League of the Three Emperors, or Dreikaiserbund."}, {"id": "Q567712", "label": "League of the Three Emperors", "section": "lead", "says": "Both emperors were in an alliance with each other and the German Empire in the League of the Three Emperors, or Dreikaiserbund."}, {"id": "Q327020", "label": "Alexander Gorchakov", "section": "lead", "says": "Present were also the Russian and Austro-Hungarian  foreign ministers, Prince Alexander Gorchakov of Russia and Count Gyula Andrássy of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q313557", "label": "Gyula Andrássy", "section": "lead", "says": "Present were also the Russian and Austro-Hungarian  foreign ministers, Prince Alexander Gorchakov of Russia and Count Gyula Andrássy of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "One week after Montenegro's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire, the monarchs verbally agreed on non-intervention in the Serbian-Ottoman war and in advance on the neutrality of Austria-Hungary in a possible war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "In the event of a victory of the Ottoman Empire over Serbia and Montenegro, it was agreed to restore the pre-war borders."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christians were to be protected and Montenegro was to become independent within its existing borders."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Administrative reforms were to be carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q169491", "label": "Budapest Convention 1877", "section": "lead", "says": "In the event of a Serbian and Montenegrin victory, the Balkans were divided into zones of interest, the annexation of Bosnian-Herzegovinian territories by Austria-Hungary and the borders of Balkan states were discussed, although the extent remained unclear\nThe later Budapest Convention of 1877 confirmed the main points, but when the war concluded with the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, the terms o"}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "lead", "says": "In the event of a Serbian and Montenegrin victory, the Balkans were divided into zones of interest, the annexation of Bosnian-Herzegovinian territories by Austria-Hungary and the borders of Balkan states were discussed, although the extent remained unclear\nThe later Budapest Convention of 1877 confirmed the main points, but when the war concluded with the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, the terms o"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Those events laid the background for the subsequent Crisis of 1885-1888 and ultimately World War I."}], "Q686564": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Serbian–Ottoman War (Serbian: Први српско-турски рат, romanized: Prvi srpsko-turski rat), was a military conflict fought by the Principality of Serbia against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2258726", "label": "Herzegovina Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876, during the Herzegovina Uprising."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire brokered a ceasefire in autumn of 1876 by threatening military intervention, and the European Great Powers then organized the Constantinople Conference to settle the war and wider issues in the Balkans."}], "Q68746792": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 September 2019, a strong magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Seram Island in Maluku, Indonesia, near the provincial capital of Ambon."}], "Q689194": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beaumont on 30 August 1870 was won by Prussia during the Franco-Prussian War."}], "Q691404": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Johnstown Flood, sometimes referred to locally as the Great Flood of 1889, occurred on Friday, May 31, 1889, after the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam, located on the south fork of the Little Conemaugh River, 14 miles (23 km) upstream of the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, United States."}, {"id": "Q188039", "label": "Clara Barton", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton and with 50 volunteers, undertook a major disaster relief effort."}], "Q692752": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Other important reasons for the revolt include: the ongoing struggle for the independence of Spanish colonies all over in South America; the independence of the United States; the generally liberal ideas that came through all of Brazil the century before, including many French Philosophers, such as Montesquieu and Rousseau; the actions of secret societies, which insisted on the liberation of the c"}, {"id": "Q15975", "label": "Montesquieu", "section": "lead", "says": "Other important reasons for the revolt include: the ongoing struggle for the independence of Spanish colonies all over in South America; the independence of the United States; the generally liberal ideas that came through all of Brazil the century before, including many French Philosophers, such as Montesquieu and Rousseau; the actions of secret societies, which insisted on the liberation of the c"}, {"id": "Q2558843", "label": "Minas Gerais Conspiracy", "section": "lead", "says": "This revolution is also notable for being one of the first attempts to establish an independent government in Brazil, as it was preceded by the Inconfidência Mineira."}, {"id": "Q676301", "label": "John VI of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Another group not content with the politics of the King John VI of Portugal and Brazil were military officials of Brazilian descent."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to protect the cities and provide aid in military actions in French Guiana and in the region of Prata, John brought troops from Portugal in order to organize military forces reserving the highest military ranks for the Portuguese nobility."}, {"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was recently declared in 1815, and for the first time Brazil was seen as part of one kingdom."}], "Q694911": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Párkány (Turkish: Ciğerdelen Savaşı) was fought between October 7–9, 1683 in the town of Párkány (today: Štúrovo), in the Ottoman Empire, and the area surrounding it as part of the Polish-Ottoman War and the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Párkány (Turkish: Ciğerdelen Savaşı) was fought between October 7–9, 1683 in the town of Párkány (today: Štúrovo), in the Ottoman Empire, and the area surrounding it as part of the Polish-Ottoman War and the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first stage Polish troops under John III Sobieski were defeated by the Ottoman army under Kara Mehmed Pasha on October 7, 1683."}, {"id": "Q156949", "label": "Charles V, Duke of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "In the second stage Sobieski, supported by Austrian forces under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, defeated the Ottoman forces, which were supported by the troops of Imre Thököly, and gained control of Párkány on October 9, 1683."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "lead", "says": "In the second stage Sobieski, supported by Austrian forces under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, defeated the Ottoman forces, which were supported by the troops of Imre Thököly, and gained control of Párkány on October 9, 1683."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "On May 1, 1683, the Ottoman Empire attacked the Holy Roman Empire and besieged Vienna on July 14, 1683."}, {"id": "Q101286", "label": "Innocent XI", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "On September 6 the Polish army under John III Sobieski arrived in Tulln and united with Imperial forces and additional troops from Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, Franconia and Swabia who had answered the call for a Holy League that was supported by Pope Innocent XI."}, {"id": "Q334140", "label": "Kara Mustafa Paşa", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "The Ottoman army, totaling around 150,000 men under Kara Mustafa Pasha, was defeated on September 11, 1683."}], "Q694983": [{"id": "Q653470", "label": "Battle of the Caucasus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Caucasus was a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus as part of the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Caucasus was a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus as part of the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Caucasus was a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus as part of the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 July 1942, German troops captured Rostov-on-Don, opening the Caucasus region of the southern Soviet Union to the Germans and threatening the oil fields beyond at Maykop, Grozny, and ultimately Baku."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days prior, Adolf Hitler had issued a directive to launch an operation into the Caucasus named Operation Edelweiß."}, {"id": "Q52315", "label": "Operation Little Saturn", "section": "lead", "says": "Axis forces were compelled to withdraw from the area later that winter as Operation Little Saturn threatened to cut them off."}], "Q695673": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Cape Finisterre (14 May 1747) was waged during the War of the Austrian Succession."}], "Q696795": [{"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kressenbrunn (Hungarian: Első morvamezei csata / kroissenbrunni csata) was fought in July 1260 near Groissenbrunn in Lower Austria between the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Kingdom of Hungary for the possession of the duchies of Austria and Styria."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bohemian forces were led by King Ottokar II Přemysl, while the Hungarians were led by his cousin, King Béla IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q152370", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bohemian forces were led by King Ottokar II Přemysl, while the Hungarians were led by his cousin, King Béla IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q175833", "label": "Wenceslaus I of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1251, Ottokar's father King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia had not only granted him the title of a Margrave of Moravia, but also installed him as duke of Austria and Styria, territories that were princeless after the ruling Babenberg dynasty had become extinct in 1246."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "To legitimate his succession, Ottokar in 1252 married the Duchess Margaret of Austria, the sister of the last Babenberg duke and about 26 years his senior."}, {"id": "Q58607", "label": "Daniel of Galicia", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Margaret's niece Gertrude had married Roman Danylovich, son of King Daniel of Galicia and relative of the Árpád dynasty."}, {"id": "Q53443", "label": "Bolesław V the Chaste", "section": "lead", "says": "Béla allied with Daniel of Galicia and Bolesław V the Chaste of Poland and marched against Ottokar."}], "Q697982": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Burkersdorf took place on 21 July 1762 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Burkersdorf took place on 21 July 1762 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q130752", "label": "Elizabeth I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Elizabeth of Russia, czarina of Russia, her nephew Peter III came to the throne."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter was a great admirer of Frederick the Great and all things Prussian, and Frederick used this to his advantage."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter's reign was short-lived, however, as his wife Catherine the Great seized the throne, and he died shortly afterwards."}], "Q698166": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calcinato took place near Calcinato in Lombardy, Italy on 19 April 1706 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1706, France and its allies controlled most of Northern Italy and the Savoyard territories of Villefranche and the County of Savoy, now part of modern-day France."}], "Q698312": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aroostook War (sometimes called the Pork and Beans War), or the Madawaska War, was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838–1839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international boundary between the British colonies of New Brunswick and Lower Canada and the U.S. state of Maine."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aroostook War (sometimes called the Pork and Beans War), or the Madawaska War, was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838–1839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international boundary between the British colonies of New Brunswick and Lower Canada and the U.S. state of Maine."}, {"id": "Q106231", "label": "Daniel Webster", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations between British diplomat Lord Ashburton and US Secretary of State Daniel Webster settled the dispute."}, {"id": "Q1191091", "label": "Webster–Ashburton Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 established the final boundary between the countries, giving most of the disputed area to Maine while preserving an overland connection between Lower Canada and the Maritime colonies."}], "Q699475": [{"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "It formed a part of the War of the League of Cambrai of 1508 to 1516, during the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It formed a part of the War of the League of Cambrai of 1508 to 1516, during the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "King Henry VIII of England and Emperor Maximilian I were besieging the French town of Thérouanne in Artois (now Pas-de-Calais)."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "King Henry VIII of England and Emperor Maximilian I were besieging the French town of Thérouanne in Artois (now Pas-de-Calais)."}, {"id": "Q2705064", "label": "Jacques de la Palice", "section": "lead", "says": "A large body of French heavy cavalry under Jacques de La Palice was covering an attempt by light cavalry to bring supplies to the besieged garrison."}, {"id": "Q162819", "label": "Catherine of Aragon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In Henry's absence across the sea (ad partes transmarinas), Catherine of Aragon would rule England and Wales as Rector and Governor (Rectrix et Gubernatrix)."}, {"id": "Q206512", "label": "Thomas Wolsey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The army was provided by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey as Almoner, and comprised several different types of martial forces including cavalry, artillery, infantry, and longbowmen using arrows with hardened steel heads, designed to penetrate armour more effectively."}, {"id": "Q713043", "label": "Edward Hall", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Edward Hall, the chronicle author, mentions the role of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex in this operation and the advice given by Rhys ap Thomas."}, {"id": "Q264368", "label": "Margaret of Savoy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "An Imperial agent of Margaret of Savoy wrote that two \"obstinate men\" govern everything, these were Charles Brandon, Viscount Lisle who he called the \"Grand Esquire\" and the Almoner Wolsey."}], "Q699511": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian campaign of 1796–1797 (Italian: Campagna d'Italia), also known as the First Italian Campaign, was a series of military operations in Italy during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Napoleon Bonaparte, the First French Republic's Army of Italy fought and defeated the armies of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Papal States, as well as various revolts, notably in the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Napoleon Bonaparte, the First French Republic's Army of Italy fought and defeated the armies of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Papal States, as well as various revolts, notably in the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Next, Napoleon chased the Austrian army across Lombardy, culminating in the French victory at Lodi on 10 May 1796."}, {"id": "Q2004236", "label": "Treaty of Tolentino", "section": "lead", "says": "After the annihilation of the final Austrian relief force at Rivoli in January 1797, the weakened and starved garrison of Mantua finally surrendered on 2 February 1797; Bonaparte was not present at the surrender, as he was occupied with another invasion of the Papal States, resulting in the Treaty of Tolentino on 19 February 1797."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "lead", "says": "Rather than retreat, Napoleon opted to leave his lines of communication exposed and drive further into Austria as a show of force, which culminated with the Peace of Leoben on 18 April 1797."}, {"id": "Q563424", "label": "Johann Peter Beaulieu", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrians also trained the Sardinian army according to their own views, but mutual distrust reigned between the two allies, so much so that the court council had warned Johann Peter Beaulieu, supreme commander of the Austrian troops in Italy, to expect at any moment 'another betrayal."}], "Q701367": [{"id": "Q505699", "label": "Battle of Heiligerlee", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Heiligerlee, the Dutch rebel leader Louis of Nassau (brother of William the Silent) failed to capture the city of Groningen."}, {"id": "Q700300", "label": "Louis of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Heiligerlee, the Dutch rebel leader Louis of Nassau (brother of William the Silent) failed to capture the city of Groningen."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Heiligerlee, the Dutch rebel leader Louis of Nassau (brother of William the Silent) failed to capture the city of Groningen."}], "Q701890": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pungdo (Japanese: 豊島沖海戦, romanized: Hoto-oki kaisen) was the first naval battle of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q701045", "label": "Donghak Peasant Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Both China and Japan had been intervening in Korea against the Donghak Peasant Revolution."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "Background", "says": "However, to prevent the Japanese from perceiving the Chinese actions as a sign of weakness, Li Hongzhang decided to send reinforcements to Korea – though they were to be stationed in the north, at Pyongyang."}], "Q702150": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle off Ulsan (Japanese: 蔚山沖海戦 Urusan'oki kaisen; Russian: Бой в Корейском проливе, Boi v Koreiskom prolive), also known as the Battle of the Japanese Sea or Battle of the Korean Strait, took place on 14 August 1904 between cruiser squadrons of the Imperial Russian Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War, four days after the Battle of the Yellow Sea."}, {"id": "Q702377", "label": "Battle of the Yellow Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle off Ulsan (Japanese: 蔚山沖海戦 Urusan'oki kaisen; Russian: Бой в Корейском проливе, Boi v Koreiskom prolive), also known as the Battle of the Japanese Sea or Battle of the Korean Strait, took place on 14 August 1904 between cruiser squadrons of the Imperial Russian Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War, four days after the Battle of the Yellow Sea."}, {"id": "Q1189368", "label": "Dewa Shigetō", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Russian subsidiary naval base at Vladivostok, although shelled by a Japanese squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Dewa Shigetō in March 1904, remained largely undamaged."}], "Q702169": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front in World War I, between 10 November and 2 December 1915."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front in World War I, between 10 November and 2 December 1915."}], "Q703363": [{"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important battle in the German Peasants' War and the final act of the war in Thuringia: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg."}, {"id": "Q169319", "label": "Philip I of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important battle in the German Peasants' War and the final act of the war in Thuringia: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg."}, {"id": "Q153981", "label": "Thomas Müntzer", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important battle in the German Peasants' War and the final act of the war in Thuringia: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg."}], "Q704248": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thermopylae, on 24–25 April 1941, was part of the German invasion of Greece during World War II."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "In the New Zealand sector, the 5th Brigade was deployed in the foothills along the coastal road south of Lamia near the Spercheios River, covering the bridges on the road to Larisa."}], "Q708866": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gadebusch or Wakenstädt (20 December 1712) was Sweden's final great victory in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q161059", "label": "Frederik IV of Denmark", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Danish army under Frederick IV of Denmark was led by general Jobst von Scholten closer to the Russian-Saxon army, and on 3 December the Danish forces reached the little town of Gadebusch, southwest of Wismar."}], "Q709521": [{"id": "Q168339", "label": "Hisaichi Terauchi", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese forces included the Japanese Northern China Area Army under Hisaichi Terauchi, elements of the Kwantung Army, and elements of the Inner Mongolian Army led by Demchugdongrub."}, {"id": "Q715770", "label": "Demchugdongrub", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese forces included the Japanese Northern China Area Army under Hisaichi Terauchi, elements of the Kwantung Army, and elements of the Inner Mongolian Army led by Demchugdongrub."}, {"id": "Q699698", "label": "Yen Hsi-shan", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese forces were commanded by Yan Xishan (warlord of Shanxi), Wei Lihuang (14th Army Group), and Fu Zuoyi (7th Army Group), as well as Zhu De who led the Eighth Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party (under the Second United Front alliance)."}, {"id": "Q716429", "label": "Wei Lihuang", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese forces were commanded by Yan Xishan (warlord of Shanxi), Wei Lihuang (14th Army Group), and Fu Zuoyi (7th Army Group), as well as Zhu De who led the Eighth Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party (under the Second United Front alliance)."}, {"id": "Q717501", "label": "Fu Zuoyi", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese forces were commanded by Yan Xishan (warlord of Shanxi), Wei Lihuang (14th Army Group), and Fu Zuoyi (7th Army Group), as well as Zhu De who led the Eighth Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party (under the Second United Front alliance)."}, {"id": "Q22513", "label": "Zhu De", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese forces were commanded by Yan Xishan (warlord of Shanxi), Wei Lihuang (14th Army Group), and Fu Zuoyi (7th Army Group), as well as Zhu De who led the Eighth Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party (under the Second United Front alliance)."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese forces were commanded by Yan Xishan (warlord of Shanxi), Wei Lihuang (14th Army Group), and Fu Zuoyi (7th Army Group), as well as Zhu De who led the Eighth Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party (under the Second United Front alliance)."}], "Q710912": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mindanao (Filipino: Labanan sa Mindanaw; Cebuano: Panagsangka sa Mindanaw; Japanese: ミンダナオの戦い) was fought by the Americans and allied Filipino guerrillas against the Japanese forces on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines as part of Operation VICTOR V."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the campaign to liberate the Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Eichelberger—was formally ordered by General Douglas MacArthur to clear the rest of Mindanao, with the start of Operation VICTOR V, with expectations that the campaign would take four months."}], "Q711223": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mindoro (Filipino: Labanan sa Mindoro) took place during World War II between the forces of the United States and Japan, in Mindoro Island in the central Philippines, from 13 to 16 December 1944, during the Philippines campaign."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mindoro (Filipino: Labanan sa Mindoro) took place during World War II between the forces of the United States and Japan, in Mindoro Island in the central Philippines, from 13 to 16 December 1944, during the Philippines campaign."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mindoro (Filipino: Labanan sa Mindoro) took place during World War II between the forces of the United States and Japan, in Mindoro Island in the central Philippines, from 13 to 16 December 1944, during the Philippines campaign."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "The airfields recently constructed at Leyte were deemed unreliable, so potential additional airfields in Mindoro appealed to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, the commanding general of this theater of operations."}, {"id": "Q1362101", "label": "Walter Krueger", "section": "Background", "says": "The US Sixth Army under Lieutenant General Walter Krueger was assigned to seize Mindoro."}, {"id": "Q717004", "label": "Battle of Leyte", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese had begun the deadly practice as a desperate measure during the final stages of the Battle of Leyte and widened its use by December 1944."}], "Q712461": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aizu (Japanese: 会津戦争, romanized: Aizu sensō, lit. 'War of Aizu') was fought in northern Japan from October to November in autumn 1868, and was part of the Boshin War."}], "Q712464": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Five years later in 1871, the United States dispatched a military expedition to Korea, in part to ascertain the fate of the General Sherman."}, {"id": "Q623391", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean government eventually ended its isolationism in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876."}, {"id": "Q220984", "label": "Opium Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "These policies remained in place during the 19th century, a period which saw the rapid increase in Western imperialism in Asia, including the Opium Wars which led to the opening of Qing China to foreign trade."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Increasing Western influence in Asia saw Christian missionaries travel to the region to proselytize, which led them into conflict with various Asian governments over the tensions caused by the introduction of Christianity."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "In China, the activities of Western missionaries indirectly led to the Taiping Rebellion, as Christian rebels led by Hong Xiuquan revolted against the Manchu-ruled Qing government."}, {"id": "Q334732", "label": "Hong Xiuquan", "section": "Background", "says": "In China, the activities of Western missionaries indirectly led to the Taiping Rebellion, as Christian rebels led by Hong Xiuquan revolted against the Manchu-ruled Qing government."}, {"id": "Q469432", "label": "Heungseon Daewongun", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to these developments and what Joseon royalty perceived as a subversive religion, regent Heungseon Daewongun initiated a series of persecutions of Korean Christians in 1866 in which 8,000 were killed, including nine French missionaries."}], "Q712897": [{"id": "Q1473919", "label": "Operation Grapes of Wrath", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack occurred amid heavy fighting between the Israel Defense Forces and Hezbollah during Operation Grapes of Wrath."}, {"id": "Q39318", "label": "Naftali Bennett", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident would attract attention in later years after Naftali Bennett, the commander of the Israeli commando unit which had called in the barrage, entered politics, eventually becoming Prime Minister of Israel."}], "Q714192": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ancona was fought between forces from Poland serving as part of the British Army and German forces that took place from 16 June–18 July 1944 during the Italian campaign in World War II."}, {"id": "Q165544", "label": "Władysław Anders", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 June, Polish II Corps under Lieutenant-General Władysław Anders—which had been taken into British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese, reserve after its efforts in the Battle of Monte Cassino—was brought forward once more to relieve British V Corps and tasked with the capture of Ancona."}, {"id": "Q533801", "label": "Oliver Leese", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 June, Polish II Corps under Lieutenant-General Władysław Anders—which had been taken into British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese, reserve after its efforts in the Battle of Monte Cassino—was brought forward once more to relieve British V Corps and tasked with the capture of Ancona."}, {"id": "Q335288", "label": "Battle of Monte Cassino", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 June, Polish II Corps under Lieutenant-General Władysław Anders—which had been taken into British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese, reserve after its efforts in the Battle of Monte Cassino—was brought forward once more to relieve British V Corps and tasked with the capture of Ancona."}], "Q716562": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last stage of the Boshin War, and occurred around Hakodate in the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō."}, {"id": "Q1193959", "label": "Battle of Toba-Fushimi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Meiji government defeated the forces of the Shōgun at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi and subsequently occupied the Shōgun's capital at Edo."}, {"id": "Q532959", "label": "Enomoto Takeaki", "section": "Background", "says": "Enomoto Takeaki, vice-commander of the Shogunate Navy, refused to remit his fleet to the new government and departed Shinagawa on August 20, 1868, with four steam warships (Kaiyō, Kaiten, Banryū, Chiyodagata) and four steam transports (Kanrin Maru, Mikaho, Shinsoku, Chōgei) as well as 2,000 sailors, 36 members of the \"Yugekitai\" (guerilla corps) headed by Iba Hachiro, several officials of the form"}, {"id": "Q1398227", "label": "Jules Brunet", "section": "Background", "says": "Enomoto Takeaki, vice-commander of the Shogunate Navy, refused to remit his fleet to the new government and departed Shinagawa on August 20, 1868, with four steam warships (Kaiyō, Kaiten, Banryū, Chiyodagata) and four steam transports (Kanrin Maru, Mikaho, Shinsoku, Chōgei) as well as 2,000 sailors, 36 members of the \"Yugekitai\" (guerilla corps) headed by Iba Hachiro, several officials of the form"}, {"id": "Q701182", "label": "Hijikata Toshizō", "section": "Background", "says": "On October 12, 1868, the fleet left Sendai, after having acquired two more ships (Ōe and the Hōō, previously borrowed by Sendai Domain from the Shogunate), and about 1,000 more troops: former Bakufu troops under Ōtori Keisuke, Shinsengumi troops under Hijikata Toshizō, and Yugekitai under Katsutaro Hitomi, as well as several more French advisors (Fortant, Marlin, Bouffier, Garde), who had reached "}], "Q718805": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ormoc Bay was a series of air-sea battles between Imperial Japan and the United States in the Camotes Sea in the Philippines from 9 November to 21 December 1944, at Ormoc, part of the Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ormoc Bay was a series of air-sea battles between Imperial Japan and the United States in the Camotes Sea in the Philippines from 9 November to 21 December 1944, at Ormoc, part of the Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q717004", "label": "Battle of Leyte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ormoc Bay was a series of air-sea battles between Imperial Japan and the United States in the Camotes Sea in the Philippines from 9 November to 21 December 1944, at Ormoc, part of the Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ormoc Bay was a series of air-sea battles between Imperial Japan and the United States in the Camotes Sea in the Philippines from 9 November to 21 December 1944, at Ormoc, part of the Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "The island of Leyte was defended by about 20,000 Japanese; American General Douglas MacArthur thought that the occupation of Leyte would be only a prelude to the major engagement on Luzon."}, {"id": "Q308999", "label": "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial Japanese Navy responded to this attack with a combined fleet attack that led to the Battle of Leyte Gulf from 23 to 26 October."}, {"id": "Q254004", "label": "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "section": "Background", "says": "However, this was not at first clear, and the Japanese commander in the Philippines, General Tomoyuki Yamashita, believed that the United States Navy had suffered severe casualties and that the Allied land forces might be vulnerable."}], "Q739644": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign, the Virginia Campaign, and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and June 1864, towards the end of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip Sheridan."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "Background", "says": "William Tecumseh Sherman succeeded Grant in command of most of the western armies."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "Grant and President Abraham Lincoln devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, Meade, and Benjamin Butler against Lee near Richmond, Virginia; Franz Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E."}, {"id": "Q817488", "label": "Benjamin Franklin Butler", "section": "Background", "says": "Grant and President Abraham Lincoln devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, Meade, and Benjamin Butler against Lee near Richmond, Virginia; Franz Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "Background", "says": "Grant and President Abraham Lincoln devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, Meade, and Benjamin Butler against Lee near Richmond, Virginia; Franz Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "Background", "says": "Johnston, and capture Atlanta; George Crook and William W."}], "Q74072": [{"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Albulena (Albanian: Beteja e Albulenës), also known as the Battle of Ujëbardha, was fought on 2 September 1457 between Albanian forces led by Skanderbeg and an Ottoman army under Evrenosoğlu İsa Bey and Skanderbeg's nephew, Hamza Kastrioti."}, {"id": "Q60692", "label": "Hamza Kastrioti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Albulena (Albanian: Beteja e Albulenës), also known as the Battle of Ujëbardha, was fought on 2 September 1457 between Albanian forces led by Skanderbeg and an Ottoman army under Evrenosoğlu İsa Bey and Skanderbeg's nephew, Hamza Kastrioti."}, {"id": "Q1515617", "label": "Moisi Arianit Golemi", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after his unsuccessful Siege of Berat in 1455, Skanderbeg was betrayed by some of his most trusted officers, among them Moisi Arianit Golemi."}, {"id": "Q3298782", "label": "Battle of Oranik", "section": "lead", "says": "Golemi returned the next year with an Ottoman force under his command, but was defeated at the Battle of Oranik and later re-joined Skanderbeg's army."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Even though Skanderbeg himself had died in January 1468, the war would drag on until 1478 and later in the same year the main Albanian fortress at Krujë fell, finally effecting the annexation of Skanderbeg's Albania by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 had ended with the defeat of John Hunyadi, voivode of Transylvania while Skanderbeg and his forces were on their way; but did not arrive due to his army being blocked off by Đurađ Branković and so he was unable to provide help; Hunyadi engaged the Ottomans thinking Skanderbeg was not coming."}, {"id": "Q342130", "label": "Đurađ Branković", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 had ended with the defeat of John Hunyadi, voivode of Transylvania while Skanderbeg and his forces were on their way; but did not arrive due to his army being blocked off by Đurađ Branković and so he was unable to provide help; Hunyadi engaged the Ottomans thinking Skanderbeg was not coming."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the planned crusade commenced, Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror (Turkish: Fatiḥ) decided to march against Hungary and Albania."}], "Q74302": [{"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 was one of the many military conflicts between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland together with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Ottoman Empire and its vassals."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 was one of the many military conflicts between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland together with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Ottoman Empire and its vassals."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 was one of the many military conflicts between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland together with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Ottoman Empire and its vassals."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 was one of the many military conflicts between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland together with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Ottoman Empire and its vassals."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Mehmed Abazy was the governor of the Ottoman province of Sylistria (Silistra, today in Bulgaria)."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1632, after the death of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, the Tsardom of Russia broke an armistice and started a war with the Commonwealth (Smolensk War 1632–1634)."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1632, after the death of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, the Tsardom of Russia broke an armistice and started a war with the Commonwealth (Smolensk War 1632–1634)."}, {"id": "Q1140492", "label": "Smolensk War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1632, after the death of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, the Tsardom of Russia broke an armistice and started a war with the Commonwealth (Smolensk War 1632–1634)."}, {"id": "Q174762", "label": "Murad IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The sultan claimed ignorance of Abazy's actions but it's possible that sultan Murad IV secretly agreed to the risky campaign against the Commonwealth."}], "Q7445004": [{"id": "Q392541", "label": "Treaty of San Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条約, Nippon-koku to Amerika Gasshūkoku to no aida no anzen hoshō jōyaku) was a treaty signed on September 8, 1951 in San Francisco, California by representatives of the United States and Japan, in conjunction with the Treaty of San Francisco that ended World War II in Asia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条約, Nippon-koku to Amerika Gasshūkoku to no aida no anzen hoshō jōyaku) was a treaty signed on September 8, 1951 in San Francisco, California by representatives of the United States and Japan, in conjunction with the Treaty of San Francisco that ended World War II in Asia."}, {"id": "Q696251", "label": "Occupation of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was imposed on Japan by the United States as a condition for ending the Occupation of Japan and restoring Japan's sovereignty as a nation."}, {"id": "Q315572", "label": "Nobusuke Kishi", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, negotiations between leaders Nobusuke Kishi and Dwight D."}], "Q745728": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Great Britain and Siam (Thai: หนังสือสัญญากรุงเทพมหานครกับกรุงอังกริษเปนทางไมตรีค้าขายกัน), known colloquially as the Bowring Treaty, was the historic landmark treaty signed between the United Kingdom during the reign of Queen Victoria and the Kingdom of Siam during the reign of King Mongkut on 18 April 1855 at Thonburi, Bangkok."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Great Britain and Siam (Thai: หนังสือสัญญากรุงเทพมหานครกับกรุงอังกริษเปนทางไมตรีค้าขายกัน), known colloquially as the Bowring Treaty, was the historic landmark treaty signed between the United Kingdom during the reign of Queen Victoria and the Kingdom of Siam during the reign of King Mongkut on 18 April 1855 at Thonburi, Bangkok."}, {"id": "Q1016779", "label": "Burney Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo–Siamese Burney Treaty of 1826, which Siam made with the British East India Company, stipulated abolition of monopoly of Phra Khlang Sinkha or Royal Warehouse, granting the British merchants free trade in Siam without having to go through the Royal Warehouse, which formerly held monopoly over all Western trades in Siam."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "British merchants in Singapore complained to the British Indian government about Siam's supposed violation of the treaty and, when the latter did not respond, complained directly to the Foreign Office."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As the British Empire arose in power in the Far East in the aftermath of First Opium War, Lord Palmerston the British Foreign Secretary sent Sir James Brooke to obtain a new treaty from Siam in 1850."}, {"id": "Q441276", "label": "James Brooke", "section": "lead", "says": "As the British Empire arose in power in the Far East in the aftermath of First Opium War, Lord Palmerston the British Foreign Secretary sent Sir James Brooke to obtain a new treaty from Siam in 1850."}, {"id": "Q332508", "label": "John Bowring", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1854, Lord Clarendon the British Foreign Secretary appointed Sir John Bowring the Governor of Hong Kong as the British plenipotentiary to conclude a new treaty with Siam."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1854, Lord Clarendon the British Foreign Secretary appointed Sir John Bowring the Governor of Hong Kong as the British plenipotentiary to conclude a new treaty with Siam."}, {"id": "Q3127920", "label": "Harry Smith Parkes", "section": "lead", "says": "Bowring and his assistant Harry Parkes arrived in Bangkok in March 1855."}, {"id": "Q2500952", "label": "Ava Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The Burney Treaty had been signed between the Kingdom of Siam and the British Empire in 1826, coming about as a result of the two powers having a mutual opposition to the Ava Kingdom."}], "Q762600": [{"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans led by Emperor Aurelian, were victorious."}], "Q762717": [{"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 between the Romans under Stilicho and the Visigoths under Alaric I, during the first Gothic invasion of Italy (401–403)."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 between the Romans under Stilicho and the Visigoths under Alaric I, during the first Gothic invasion of Italy (401–403)."}, {"id": "Q102371", "label": "Alaric I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 between the Romans under Stilicho and the Visigoths under Alaric I, during the first Gothic invasion of Italy (401–403)."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodosius I, the last emperor of both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, died in 395, leaving his sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors of the East and West, respectively."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodosius I, the last emperor of both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, died in 395, leaving his sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors of the East and West, respectively."}, {"id": "Q159369", "label": "Arcadius", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodosius I, the last emperor of both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, died in 395, leaving his sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors of the East and West, respectively."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodosius I, the last emperor of both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, died in 395, leaving his sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors of the East and West, respectively."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "Background", "says": "At his death, Theodosius nominated Stilicho to govern the Empire during the minority of his sons."}, {"id": "Q371999", "label": "Eutropios", "section": "Background", "says": "Next, however, he turned on his patron Stilicho, joining with the Eunuch Eutropius to supplant the influence of the Vandal minister over Arcadius; later, they would declare Stilicho a public enemy."}], "Q765499": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "It had been confirmed on the territory by Queen Anne, who had evicted King Louis XIV and his subjects from it by the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "It had been confirmed on the territory by Queen Anne, who had evicted King Louis XIV and his subjects from it by the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "Further notice was given in 1763, when King George III dispossessed King Louis XV of nearly all his colonies of North America at the Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Further notice was given in 1763, when King George III dispossessed King Louis XV of nearly all his colonies of North America at the Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, many Americans migrated there, some of whom favouring annexation of the territory by the United States."}], "Q769581": [{"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Renville Agreement was a United Nations Security Council-brokered political accord between the Netherlands, which was seeking to re-establish its colony in Southeast Asia, and Indonesian Republicans seeking Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution."}, {"id": "Q2112088", "label": "Linggadjati Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Ratified on 17 January 1948, the agreement was an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the disputes that arose following the 1946 Linggadjati Agreement."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 August, the Security Council passed a resolution proposed by the United States that the Security Council tender its good offices to help resolve the Dutch-Indonesian dispute peacefully."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "This assistance would take the form of a Committee of Good Offices (CGO, known locally in Indonesia as the Trilateral Commission (Indonesian: Komisi Tiga Negara, KTN, not to be confused with the current Trilateral Commission)) made up of three representatives, one appointed by the Netherlands, one by Indonesia and a third, mutually agreed by both sides."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch chose a representative from Belgium, Indonesia chose one from Australia and both agreed on the US for the third member."}], "Q778699": [{"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Baler (Filipino: Pagkubkob sa Baler; Spanish: Sitio de Baler) was a battle of the Philippine Revolution."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish–American War had ended with the Treaty of Paris on 10 December 1898, with Spain's surrender and cession of claims over the Philippines to the United States."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish–American War had ended with the Treaty of Paris on 10 December 1898, with Spain's surrender and cession of claims over the Philippines to the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish–American War had ended with the Treaty of Paris on 10 December 1898, with Spain's surrender and cession of claims over the Philippines to the United States."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1897, the Spanish garrisoned Baler with 50 Civil Guard soldiers under Lieutenant José Mota, to prevent Emilio Aguinaldo from receiving smuggled arms."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "Background", "says": "This alliance would end with the outbreak of the Philippine–American War in 1899."}], "Q7837031": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Darin, or the Darin Pact, of 1915 was made between the United Kingdom and Abdulaziz Al Saud (sometimes called Ibn Saud), ruler of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, who founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Darin, or the Darin Pact, of 1915 was made between the United Kingdom and Abdulaziz Al Saud (sometimes called Ibn Saud), ruler of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, who founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932."}, {"id": "Q96028967", "label": "Emirate of Nejd and Hasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Darin, or the Darin Pact, of 1915 was made between the United Kingdom and Abdulaziz Al Saud (sometimes called Ibn Saud), ruler of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, who founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Darin, or the Darin Pact, of 1915 was made between the United Kingdom and Abdulaziz Al Saud (sometimes called Ibn Saud), ruler of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, who founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932."}], "Q7837141": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Manila of 1946, formally the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol, is a treaty of general relations signed on July 4, 1946, in Manila, the capital of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q132711", "label": "Paul V", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by High Commissioner Paul V."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "McNutt as representative of the United States and President Manuel Roxas as representative of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q223419", "label": "Manuel Roxas", "section": "lead", "says": "McNutt as representative of the United States and President Manuel Roxas as representative of the Philippines."}], "Q7837318": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($740 million in 2025), and agreem"}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($740 million in 2025), and agreem"}], "Q784296": [{"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tertry was an important engagement in Merovingian Gaul between the forces of Austrasia under Pepin II on one side and those of Neustria and Burgundy on the other."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tertry was an important engagement in Merovingian Gaul between the forces of Austrasia under Pepin II on one side and those of Neustria and Burgundy on the other."}, {"id": "Q91392", "label": "Pepin of Herstal", "section": "Causes and results", "says": "The powerful Austrasian mayor of the palace, Pepin II (Pepin of Herstal) had concluded peace with his Neustrian counterpart, Waratton, in 680/681, which included the transfer of hostages to ensure peace."}, {"id": "Q295175", "label": "Theuderic III", "section": "Causes and results", "says": "Theuderic III—born and raised in Neustria and a Neustrian at heart—and the nobles of Neustria and Burgundy, under their mayor, Berchar, invaded Austrasia territory."}, {"id": "Q439649", "label": "Rosamond McKitterick", "section": "Causes and results", "says": "According to historian Rosamond McKitterick, the Battle of Tertry constitutes one of the decisive moments for the Carolingian house and its history."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "Causes and results", "says": "Despite the importance of Tertry in strengthening Pepin's position, it was another two generations before Pepin the Short claimed the kingship of the Franks."}], "Q796398": [{"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ba Chúc massacre (Vietnamese: Thảm sát Ba Chúc) was the mass killing of 3,157 civilians in Ba Chúc, An Giang province, Vietnam, by the Kampuchea Revolutionary Army (Khmer Rouge) from 18 to 30 April 1978."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a spillover of the Cambodian genocide which also targeted Vietnamese people mainly in Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "lead", "says": "The event is considered to be the catalyst for the Vietnamese decision to retaliate against Cambodia later that year, which would result in the overthrow of both the Khmer Rouge and its leader Pol Pot."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Background", "says": "Communists in Vietnam and Cambodia allied to fight the U.S.-backed government during the Vietnam War, but after taking power the Khmer Rouge leadership began to purge its ranks of Vietnamese-trained personnel and then began to invade Vietnam."}], "Q797952": [{"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Babylonian War was a conflict fought between 311–309 BC between Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Seleucus I Nicator, ending in a victory for Seleucus."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "The Babylonian War was a conflict fought between 311–309 BC between Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Seleucus I Nicator, ending in a victory for Seleucus."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Babylonian War was a conflict fought between 311–309 BC between Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Seleucus I Nicator, ending in a victory for Seleucus."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict ended any possibility of restoration of the former empire of Alexander the Great, a result confirmed in the Battle of Ipsus."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict ended any possibility of restoration of the former empire of Alexander the Great, a result confirmed in the Battle of Ipsus."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle also marked the birth of the Seleucid Empire by giving Seleucus control over the eastern satrapies of Alexander's former territory."}], "Q815156": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Kerak Castle, one of the most impregnable strongholds in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, underwent its first significant siege in late 1183."}, {"id": "Q316831", "label": "Raynald of Châtillon", "section": "lead", "says": "Saladin, ruler of Egypt and Damascus, besieged Kerak in early November 1183 after its lord, Raynald of Châtillon, conducted raids of Saladin's lands."}, {"id": "Q354389", "label": "Raymond III of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "After the coronation of his nephew, Baldwin V, he accompanied his army to Kerak but ceded command to his kinsman Count Raymond III of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q294192", "label": "Guy of Lusignan", "section": "Background", "says": "He appointed her husband, Guy of Lusignan, to govern the kingdom as regent in his name, but the kingdom's nobles refused to cooperate with Guy on military campaigns."}], "Q815159": [{"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1881, the Mahdist War began in Sudan, led by Muhammad Ahmad who claimed to be the Mahdi."}, {"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1881, the Mahdist War began in Sudan, led by Muhammad Ahmad who claimed to be the Mahdi."}, {"id": "Q310035", "label": "Charles George Gordon", "section": "lead", "says": "The British refused to send a military force to the area, instead appointing Charles George Gordon as Governor-General of Sudan, with orders to evacuate Khartoum and the other garrisons."}], "Q815221": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tyana was carried out by the Umayyad Caliphate in 707–708 or 708–709 in retaliation for a heavy defeat of an Umayyad army under Maimun the Mardaite by the Byzantine Empire in c."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tyana was carried out by the Umayyad Caliphate in 707–708 or 708–709 in retaliation for a heavy defeat of an Umayyad army under Maimun the Mardaite by the Byzantine Empire in c."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "lead", "says": "Tyana initially withstood the siege with success, and the Arab army faced great hardship during the ensuing winter and was on the point of abandoning the siege in spring, when a relief army sent by Emperor Justinian II arrived."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "Justinian, confident in his own strength based on his previous successes, responded in kind."}, {"id": "Q2237769", "label": "Battle of Sebastopolis", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the Umayyads claimed that the Byzantines had broken the treaty and invaded Byzantine territory, defeating the imperial army at the Battle of Sebastopolis in 693."}], "Q826133": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crossing of the Düna (also known as Battle of Daugava or Battle of Spilves) took place during the Great Northern War on July 19, 1701 near the city of Riga, present-day Latvia."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish king Charles XII was in hot pursuit of king Augustus II the Strong of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Saxony."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish king Charles XII was in hot pursuit of king Augustus II the Strong of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Saxony."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the first year of fighting in the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden had delivered two crushing defeats on his enemies."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He then settled to aid the besieged Narva (which at the time belonged to the Swedish Empire)."}, {"id": "Q434533", "label": "Erik Dahlbergh", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Orders were sent from the Swedish king to the governor-general of Livonia, Erik Dahlbergh, in preparations for the crossing before the arrival of the Swedish main army."}, {"id": "Q558983", "label": "Ferdinand Kettler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The allied army was initially under the command of Saxon general Otto Arnold von Paykull and Ferdinand Kettler of Courland, who were both ensured of an easy victory."}], "Q953063": [{"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Westminster of 1674 was the peace treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England, the treaty provided for the return of the colony of New Netherland (now New York) to England and renewed the Treaty of Breda of 1667."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England, the treaty provided for the return of the colony of New Netherland (now New York) to England and renewed the Treaty of Breda of 1667."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England, the treaty provided for the return of the colony of New Netherland (now New York) to England and renewed the Treaty of Breda of 1667."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 9 February 1674 Old Style (19 February 1674 New Style) by Charles II of England and ratified by the States General of the Netherlands on 5 March 1674."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "England was forced to sign the treaty since Parliament would not allow more money to be spent on the war and had become aware of the secret Treaty of Dover in which Charles had promised Louis XIV of France to convert to Catholicism at an opportune moment."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "Background", "says": "France had occupied a large part of the Republic, but the Anglo-French fleet had been heavily damaged by Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "France threatened to conquer the Spanish Netherlands, which would harm English strategic interests."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of the Royal Navy, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a devout Protestant, had begun to lead a vociferous movement aimed at breaking the French alliance."}, {"id": "Q232475", "label": "Mary of Modena", "section": "Background", "says": "The proposed marriage of the King's brother, the Duke of York, with the Catholic Mary of Modena was lamented."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "He made plans to capture the regular treasure fleet sailing from the Dutch East Indies."}], "Q954923": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Zhongdu, the capital of the Jin dynasty and located in present-day Beijing, was progressively isolated by the forces of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Zhongdu, the capital of the Jin dynasty and located in present-day Beijing, was progressively isolated by the forces of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "Background", "says": "His first military operations against a sedentary state took place against the Western Xia dynasty: in 1209–1210, the Mongol army secured the submission of the Xia and a large tribute."}, {"id": "Q5076", "label": "Wanyan Yongji", "section": "Background", "says": "Genghis had several reasons for waging war: to pay his soldiers through plundering the riches of North China, to avenge the long-past murder of his kinsman Ambaghai Khan, to excise any semblance of Mongol subservience to the Jin, and even simply because he hated Wanyan Yongji, the Jin emperor."}, {"id": "Q1018947", "label": "Battle of Yehuling", "section": "Background", "says": "Genghis himself advanced in the direction of the Jin capital Zhongdu, with his general Jebe in the vanguard, beginning the Yehuling Campaign."}], "Q957806": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Geneva Accords were the agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan, were signed on 14 April 1988 at the Geneva headquarters of the United Nations, between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the United States and the Soviet Union serving as guarantors."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Geneva Accords were the agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan, were signed on 14 April 1988 at the Geneva headquarters of the United Nations, between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the United States and the Soviet Union serving as guarantors."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Geneva Accords were the agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan, were signed on 14 April 1988 at the Geneva headquarters of the United Nations, between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the United States and the Soviet Union serving as guarantors."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Geneva Accords were the agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan, were signed on 14 April 1988 at the Geneva headquarters of the United Nations, between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the United States and the Soviet Union serving as guarantors."}, {"id": "Q1415128", "label": "Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The accords consisted of several instruments: a bilateral agreement between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of Afghanistan on the principles of mutual relations, in particular on non-interference and non-intervention; a declaration on international guarantees, signed by the Soviet Union and the United States; a bilateral agreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan on the voluntary"}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It officially began on 15 May 1988 and ended by 15 February 1989, thus putting an end to a nine-year-long Soviet occupation and Soviet–Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "Mikhail Gorbachev felt betrayed, but the Soviet Union was determined to withdraw and so the accords were supplanted with a contradictory \"understanding\" that the arms supply would continue."}, {"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet-backed regime of Mohammad Najibullah failed to win popular support, territory, or international recognition but was able to remain in power until 1992, when it collapsed and was overrun by the mujahideen."}], "Q960894": [{"id": "Q159585", "label": "Boris III of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Hestitantly legitimized by a decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria, the coup overthrew the elected government headed by Aleksandar Stamboliyski of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU), and replaced it with one under Aleksandar Tsankov."}, {"id": "Q313535", "label": "Aleksandar Stamboliyski", "section": "lead", "says": "Hestitantly legitimized by a decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria, the coup overthrew the elected government headed by Aleksandar Stamboliyski of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU), and replaced it with one under Aleksandar Tsankov."}, {"id": "Q443480", "label": "Aleksandar Tsankov", "section": "lead", "says": "Hestitantly legitimized by a decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria, the coup overthrew the elected government headed by Aleksandar Stamboliyski of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU), and replaced it with one under Aleksandar Tsankov."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bulgarian army, defeated in World War I, was limited in size to 20,000 men by the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine."}, {"id": "Q269267", "label": "Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bulgarian army, defeated in World War I, was limited in size to 20,000 men by the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine."}, {"id": "Q459651", "label": "Kimon Georgiev", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1919 a group of officers led by Generals Ivan Valkov and Velizar Lazarov – and joined by Kimon Georgiev and Damyan Velchev – formed the Military League."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "After the war Aleksandar Stamboliyski was released from prison in an effort to quell the civil unrest against the wartime government and Tsar Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Based in the Macedonian region of Bulgaria, the nationalist and revolutionary Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization carried out attacks against Greece and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in attempt to free the Bulgarian lands under Greek and Yugoslav rule."}], "Q961673": [{"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty concluded on 15 May 1768 at Versailles between the Republic of Genoa and France, in which Genoa sold Corsica to France."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A German adventurer, Theodore von Neuhoff, briefly became King of Corsica in 1736, supported by the Dutch Republic and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q71234", "label": "Corsican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1755, a full-fledged Corsican Republic was founded under Pasquale Paoli, and in 1764 Genoa asked France to send troops to the island."}, {"id": "Q152346", "label": "Pasquale Paoli", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1755, a full-fledged Corsican Republic was founded under Pasquale Paoli, and in 1764 Genoa asked France to send troops to the island."}, {"id": "Q2342985", "label": "Battle of Ponte Novu", "section": "lead", "says": "France gained full military control of the island following the Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the French Revolution, the island was considered the personal possession of the King."}], "Q966312": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "With his heavy cavalry he looted the border regions of the Byzantine Empire and on 16 June 763, Constantine V came out of Constantinople with a large army and a fleet of 800 ships, with 12 cavalrymen on each."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "With his heavy cavalry he looted the border regions of the Byzantine Empire and on 16 June 763, Constantine V came out of Constantinople with a large army and a fleet of 800 ships, with 12 cavalrymen on each."}], "Q97160469": [{"id": "Q200015", "label": "Vladimir Zhirinovsky", "section": "Background", "says": "According to LDPR leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky, he suggested Sergei Furgal temporarily resign his powers for the period of the investigation, to avoid a \"hard scenario\"."}], "Q973979": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was later discovered to have been caused by a rupture along a fault that runs underneath the Iran–Afghanistan border."}], "Q975123": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Notium (or Battle of Ephesus) in 406 BC was a Spartan naval victory in the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the battle, the Athenian commander, Alcibiades, left his helmsman, Antiochus, in command of the Athenian fleet, which was blockading the Spartan fleet in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q143559", "label": "Lysander", "section": "lead", "says": "His strategy backfired, and the Spartans under Lysander scored a small but symbolically significant victory over the Athenian fleet."}, {"id": "Q354403", "label": "Thrasybulus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Accordingly, Alcibiades sailed north with a few troopships to assist Thrasybulus in the siege of Phocaea."}], "Q983012": [{"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Adrianople (or Edirne) by the Ottomans occurred sometime in the 1360s, and eventually became the Ottoman capital afterwards, until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453."}], "Q99207513": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was announced by President Donald Trump on September 11, 2020, and followed on from a joint statement, officially referred to as the Abraham Accords, by the United States, Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on August 13, 2020."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2005, Bahrain abandoned its boycott of Israel, in exchange for a free trade agreement with the United States."}, {"id": "Q367825", "label": "Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud", "section": "Background", "says": "King Salman of Saudi Arabia and the leaders of the Sunni countries, including Bahrain, discussed Iran's growing influence and activities in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q57352", "label": "Hamad II of Bahrain", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 2017, the King of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, denounced the Arab League boycott of Israel, saying that the kingdom's citizens were entitled to visit Israel, even though the two countries had no diplomatic relations, in a speech to Rabbi Marvin Hier, the president of the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 8, 2018, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain publicly welcomed and supported the U.S. withdrawal from the Iranian nuclear deal, citing Iran's destabilizing activities in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 8, 2018, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain publicly welcomed and supported the U.S. withdrawal from the Iranian nuclear deal, citing Iran's destabilizing activities in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q487304", "label": "Israel Katz", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 2019, Foreign Minister of Bahrain, Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa, and his Israeli counterpart, Israel Katz, met in the United States."}], "Q101559356": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1975, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion that Morocco and Mauritania possessed no territorial sovereignty over Western Sahara and that the Sahrawis were entitled to the right to self-determination."}, {"id": "Q1093550", "label": "Western Sahara War", "section": "Background", "says": "Weeks later, Moroccan and Mauritanian forces, aided by France, invaded the territory, marking the beginning of the Western Sahara War."}], "Q10360270": [{"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bougainville conflict, also known as the Bougainvillean Civil War, the Solomon Civil War or the Civil War of the North Solomons was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea between the governments of Papua New Guinea, Australia and Indonesia and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), the rest of th"}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bougainville conflict, also known as the Bougainvillean Civil War, the Solomon Civil War or the Civil War of the North Solomons was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea between the governments of Papua New Guinea, Australia and Indonesia and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), the rest of th"}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bougainville conflict, also known as the Bougainvillean Civil War, the Solomon Civil War or the Civil War of the North Solomons was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea between the governments of Papua New Guinea, Australia and Indonesia and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), the rest of th"}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bougainville conflict, also known as the Bougainvillean Civil War, the Solomon Civil War or the Civil War of the North Solomons was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea between the governments of Papua New Guinea, Australia and Indonesia and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), the rest of th"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was described by Bougainvillean President John Momis as the largest conflict in Oceania since the end of World War II in 1945, with an estimated 15,000–20,000 Bougainvilleans dead, although some estimates place the toll as low as between 1,000 and 2,000."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Bougainville was part of German New Guinea, a protectorate of Imperial Germany, from the late 1800s until it was occupied by Australia after the outbreak of World War I in 1914."}], "Q1037676": [{"id": "Q855252", "label": "Bhumibol Adulyadej", "section": "lead", "says": "King Bhumibol Adulyadej summoned both Chamlong and Suchinda on 20 May, and the Suchinda regime later received a sweeping amnesty along with other law reforms, signed by Bhumibol."}, {"id": "Q379827", "label": "Prem Tinsulanonda", "section": "Background", "says": "After military strongman Prem Tinsulanonda stepped down in 1988, Thai military leaders from different Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School (AFAPS) classes began to get involved in Thai politics instead."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Narong Wongwan, STP leader, was designated prime minister, when media alleged that the United States had refused him entry admission due to the suspection of involvement in drug trafficking."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the first round of demonstrations on 20 April, there were around 50,000 people on the Royal Plaza in front of Parliament House, led by opposition parties, Chavalit's New Aspiration Party, Chuan Leekpai's Democrat Party and the Student Federation of Thailand."}], "Q1044456": [{"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Great Campaigns (Chinese: 十全武功; pinyin: Shíquán Wǔgōng) were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid–late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r."}], "Q1049530": [{"id": "Q14689", "label": "Battle of the Ice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karuse or Battle on the Ice was fought on 16 February 1270 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Livonian Order on the frozen Baltic Sea between the island of Muhu and the mainland."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Karuse or Battle on the Ice was fought on 16 February 1270 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Livonian Order on the frozen Baltic Sea between the island of Muhu and the mainland."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, named after the village of Karuse, was the fifth-largest defeat of the Livonian or Teutonic Orders in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "Background", "says": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, a crusading military order established in 1202, set out to conquer and convert to Christianity indigenous peoples of present-day Latvia and Estonia."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, a crusading military order established in 1202, set out to conquer and convert to Christianity indigenous peoples of present-day Latvia and Estonia."}, {"id": "Q55647646", "label": "Battle of Szkudy", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the Livonian defeats in the 1259 Battle of Skuodas and the 1260 Battle of Durbe, the Semigallians rebelled."}, {"id": "Q600609", "label": "Battle of Durbe", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the Livonian defeats in the 1259 Battle of Skuodas and the 1260 Battle of Durbe, the Semigallians rebelled."}, {"id": "Q638655", "label": "Traidenis", "section": "Background", "says": "Traidenis, who became Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1269 or 1270, supported the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Traidenis, who became Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1269 or 1270, supported the rebellion."}], "Q1049697": [{"id": "Q155167", "label": "John of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Teutonic plan was to support John of Bohemia in an invasion of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "Background", "says": "Władysław I the Elbow-high had claimed lordship over Silesia, but John believed that he had an equally valid claim to it."}, {"id": "Q677345", "label": "Luther von Braunschweig", "section": "Background", "says": "Luther von Braunschweig believed that Władysław would be so outraged by this move that he would muster all of the Polish forces to drive John out of Silesia, leaving the Germans free to invade Samogitia without Polish interference."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "A rather large army consisting of Bohemians (Czechs), knights from the Teutonic order, rebel Polish noblemen who wished to make a stand against Władysław, mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire and some English crusaders all set off for Poland."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Władysław scrambled to assemble the Polish forces, along with soldiers from Lithuania and Hungary, into position."}], "Q1054657": [{"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Days of Brescia (Italian: Dieci giornate di Brescia) was a revolt which broke out on 23 March 1849 in the Italian city of Brescia, then part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a Crown land of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Days of Brescia (Italian: Dieci giornate di Brescia) was a revolt which broke out on 23 March 1849 in the Italian city of Brescia, then part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a Crown land of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q43440", "label": "Giosuè Carducci", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it ultimately ended in defeat, the revolt was lauded in a composition by the Italian poet Aleardo Aleardi, who in 1857 depicted Brescia as Leonessa d'Italia (Italian for: \"Lioness of Italy\") for its fierce resistance and its will to not give up in front of a better armed opponent; the expression then became widespread thanks to Giosuè Carducci who reprised it in one of his most famous wor"}], "Q1054868": [{"id": "Q5457361", "label": "Flanders Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hondschoote took place during the Flanders Campaign of the Campaign of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hondschoote took place during the Flanders Campaign of the Campaign of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q1685098", "label": "Jean Nicolas Houchard", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought during operations surrounding the siege of Dunkirk between 6 and 8 September 1793 at Hondschoote, Nord, France, and resulted in a French victory under General Jean Nicolas Houchard and General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan against the command of Marshal Freytag, part of the Anglo-Hanoverian corps of the Duke of York."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought during operations surrounding the siege of Dunkirk between 6 and 8 September 1793 at Hondschoote, Nord, France, and resulted in a French victory under General Jean Nicolas Houchard and General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan against the command of Marshal Freytag, part of the Anglo-Hanoverian corps of the Duke of York."}, {"id": "Q1064944", "label": "Joseph Souham", "section": "Background", "says": "Its defences, manned by 8,000 men under the command of Joseph Souham, were thought to be in a poor state of repair and vulnerable to capture."}], "Q1059732": [{"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wattignies (15–16 October 1793) saw a French army commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan attack a Coalition army directed by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wattignies (15–16 October 1793) saw a French army commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan attack a Coalition army directed by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the First Coalition victory allowed the French to raise the siege of Maubeuge."}, {"id": "Q310767", "label": "Lazare Carnot", "section": "lead", "says": "At a time when failed generals were often executed or imprisoned, Jourdan had to endure interference from Lazare Carnot from the Committee of Public Safety."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1793, the 118,000-strong Coalition army punched a gap in the line of French fortresses along the frontier with the Austrian Netherlands, with the siege of Condé concluding on 12 July and the siege of Valenciennes on 27 July."}, {"id": "Q213573", "label": "Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany headed west toward Dunkirk with 37,000 British, Austrians, Hanoverians and Hessians."}, {"id": "Q1685098", "label": "Jean Nicolas Houchard", "section": "Background", "says": "From 6–8 September, the Army of the North under Jean Nicolas Houchard defeated the Dunkirk covering force in the Battle of Hondschoote, compelling the Duke of York to give up the siege of Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q1054868", "label": "Battle of Hondschoote", "section": "Background", "says": "From 6–8 September, the Army of the North under Jean Nicolas Houchard defeated the Dunkirk covering force in the Battle of Hondschoote, compelling the Duke of York to give up the siege of Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q563424", "label": "Johann Peter Beaulieu", "section": "Background", "says": "Two days later, an Austrian corps led by Johann Peter Beaulieu routed the French and recaptured Menen (Menin)."}, {"id": "Q348431", "label": "Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine", "section": "Background", "says": "His predecessor in command of the Army of the North, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine had been guillotined on 27 August 1793."}], "Q107339234": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the evening hours of 24 June 2021, a rare, violent, and deadly long-tracked tornado struck several villages in the Hodonín and Břeclav districts of the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, killing six people and injuring 576 others."}], "Q1078181": [{"id": "Q334419", "label": "Duong Van Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was led by General Dương Văn Minh and started on 1 November 1963."}, {"id": "Q650194", "label": "Ngo Dinh Nhu", "section": "lead", "says": "Diệm was captured and assassinated the next day, along with his brother and advisor Ngô Đình Nhu."}], "Q1091132": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Agreement was a ground and amphibious operation carried out by British, Rhodesian and New Zealand forces on Axis-held Tobruk from 13 to 14 September 1942, during the Second World War."}], "Q1113509": [{"id": "Q662482", "label": "Takeda Katsuyori", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the final attempt by Takeda Katsuyori to resist the forces of Oda Nobunaga, who had been campaigning against him for some time."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the final attempt by Takeda Katsuyori to resist the forces of Oda Nobunaga, who had been campaigning against him for some time."}, {"id": "Q690464", "label": "Battle of Mikatagahara", "section": "Prelude", "says": "War by the Takeda clan against Oda Nobunaga began in 1572 with the Battle of Mikatagahara, where Takeda Shingen, lord of Kai, Shinano and Suruga provinces, defeated the combined forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu in Totomi province."}, {"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "Prelude", "says": "War by the Takeda clan against Oda Nobunaga began in 1572 with the Battle of Mikatagahara, where Takeda Shingen, lord of Kai, Shinano and Suruga provinces, defeated the combined forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu in Totomi province."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "War by the Takeda clan against Oda Nobunaga began in 1572 with the Battle of Mikatagahara, where Takeda Shingen, lord of Kai, Shinano and Suruga provinces, defeated the combined forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu in Totomi province."}, {"id": "Q2446917", "label": "Oda Nobutada", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In response, on 14 February Nobunaga's army under his son Oda Nobutada invaded Shinano province from the west, rapidly advancing east as Takeda garrisons defected or surrendered without a fight."}], "Q11141442": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The dam failure took place in the context of the Cultural Revolution."}], "Q112535922": [{"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the Second Congo War the eastern provinces of the DRC have been the site of an ongoing insurgency by various rebel groups, most notably the March 23 Movement (M23) in North Kivu and its Twirwaneho affiliate in South Kivu, and the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) in Ituri and North Kivu."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The current stage of the conflict is related to an ongoing campaign that began in March 2022 by the M23 Movement, which the DRC, United Nations, United States, and other Western countries accuse Rwanda of not only supporting but actively fighting for the insurgents."}, {"id": "Q1231345", "label": "Paul Kagame", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned negotiations between Rwandan president Paul Kagame and Congolese president Félix Tshisekedi in December were cancelled over disagreements about preconditions."}, {"id": "Q29032770", "label": "Félix Tshisekedi", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned negotiations between Rwandan president Paul Kagame and Congolese president Félix Tshisekedi in December were cancelled over disagreements about preconditions."}, {"id": "Q426722", "label": "Rwandan Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Rwandan Civil War ended in 1994 as a victory for the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a Tutsi-led army founded by Rwandan exiles in Uganda with the support of Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, the Hutu extremists that perpetrated the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda fled across the border of neighboring Zaire."}, {"id": "Q57274", "label": "Yoweri Museveni", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Rwandan Civil War ended in 1994 as a victory for the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a Tutsi-led army founded by Rwandan exiles in Uganda with the support of Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, the Hutu extremists that perpetrated the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda fled across the border of neighboring Zaire."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "Background", "says": "Zaire, led by the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko, had been undergoing economic and political decline, and its weak state institutions were not capable of maintaining order in the vast country."}, {"id": "Q838695", "label": "First Congo War", "section": "Background", "says": "These events, beginning the First Congo War, have been described as \"to a large degree an extension of the Rwandan civil war,\" due to the close relations that developed between the Banyamulenge and other Congolese Tutsis involved in the rebellion with the Rwandan government."}, {"id": "Q135547", "label": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "section": "Background", "says": "The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL) was founded by a leading member of Mobutu's political opposition, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, in October 1996."}], "Q113435201": [{"id": "Q137649289", "label": "Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The military exercises were the first batch of an ongoing series of large-scale, multi-zonal show of force by China against Taiwan and some of its key foreign backers over the next few years, collectively coined as the Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis."}, {"id": "Q473239", "label": "Mike Pompeo", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 January 2021, the US State Department under Mike Pompeo announced that it was Lifting Self-Imposed Restrictions on the U.S.-Taiwan Relationship, drawing protest from the PRC."}, {"id": "Q941013", "label": "Lloyd J. Austin III", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin responded by condemning China's \"provocative, destabilising\" military activity near Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "Background", "says": "The week before Nancy Pelosi's visit, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping warned U.S."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "Background", "says": "President Joe Biden in a phone call that Washington should abide by the One China principle and that \"those who play with fire will perish by it\"."}], "Q1136870": [{"id": "Q592927", "label": "Battle of Goodwin Sands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandwich, also called the Battle of Dover took place on 24 August 1217 as part of the First Barons' War."}, {"id": "Q2086498", "label": "First Barons' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandwich, also called the Battle of Dover took place on 24 August 1217 as part of the First Barons' War."}, {"id": "Q967814", "label": "Eustace the Monk", "section": "lead", "says": "A Plantagenet English fleet commanded by Hubert de Burgh attacked a Capetian French fleet led by Eustace the Monk and Robert of Courtenay off Sandwich, Kent."}, {"id": "Q365620", "label": "Robert of Courtenay", "section": "lead", "says": "A Plantagenet English fleet commanded by Hubert de Burgh attacked a Capetian French fleet led by Eustace the Monk and Robert of Courtenay off Sandwich, Kent."}, {"id": "Q165284", "label": "Louis VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French fleet was attempting to bring supplies and reinforcements to Prince Louis, later King Louis VIII of France, whose French forces held London at that time."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Signalling his willingness to negotiate an end to the struggle, he agreed to meet at Brentford with adherents of the boy-king Henry III of England."}], "Q114620": [{"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo led by Kusunoki Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada attempted to intercept the Ashikaga forces led by Ashikaga Takauji in Settsu."}, {"id": "Q382234", "label": "Kusunoki Masashige", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo led by Kusunoki Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada attempted to intercept the Ashikaga forces led by Ashikaga Takauji in Settsu."}, {"id": "Q1328796", "label": "Nitta Yoshisada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo led by Kusunoki Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada attempted to intercept the Ashikaga forces led by Ashikaga Takauji in Settsu."}, {"id": "Q4872523", "label": "Battle of Tatarahama", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ashikaga invaded from Kyushu after consolidating their forces at the Battle of Tatarahama and attacked the Imperial force at the Minato River from land and sea."}], "Q1151096": [{"id": "Q470030", "label": "Sun Hao", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign, which started in December 279 or January 280, concluded with complete victory for the Jin dynasty on 1 May 280 when the Wu emperor Sun Hao surrendered."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same year, the Wei regent Sima Zhao sent two former Wu officers Xu Shao (徐紹) and Sun Yu (孫彧), who defected to Wei during the Shouchun rebellion, to deliver a letter to Sun Hao."}, {"id": "Q468767", "label": "Sun Xiu", "section": "Background", "says": "In comparison with Wei and the subsequent Jin dynasty, Wu experienced greater problems of its own: the succession from the third Wu emperor, Sun Xiu, was marred with bloodshed and internal conflict."}], "Q1151692": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiapi was fought between the forces of Lü Bu against the allied armies of Cao Cao and Liu Bei from the winter of 198 to 7 February 199 towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in China."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiapi was fought between the forces of Lü Bu against the allied armies of Cao Cao and Liu Bei from the winter of 198 to 7 February 199 towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in China."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same year, Lü Bu took advantage of the conflict between Liu Bei and Yuan Shu to capture Xiapi (present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu), capital of Xu Province, effectively seizing control of the province from Liu Bei."}, {"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "Background", "says": "Around 197, Yuan Shao was in control of the three provinces of Ji, Qing and Bing north of the Yellow River, so he wrote a letter to Cao Cao in an arrogant tone."}, {"id": "Q847590", "label": "Battle of Wancheng", "section": "Background", "says": "Around the same time, Cao Cao had just been defeated by Zhang Xiu at the Battle of Wancheng and the letter angered him."}], "Q1154912": [{"id": "Q2281470", "label": "Operation Provide Comfort", "section": "Background", "says": "As various battles between separatist Kurds and Iraqi government forces continued until the 1991 uprisings in Iraq, the safety of Kurdish refugees led to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 which was used as a justification to implement Operation Provide Comfort, a US-led multinational military operation that ensured the security of the Iraqi Kurdish region through the u"}], "Q1158759": [{"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "Background", "says": "By December 1942, with Allied forces advancing through Tunisia after landing there the month before in Operation Torch, the North African Campaign was coming to a close; with victory there imminent, discussions began among the Allies regarding the nature of their next objective."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially the British Eighth Army, under the command of General Sir Bernard Montgomery, were to land on the south-eastern corner of the island and advance north to the port of Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q494930", "label": "Matthew Ridgway", "section": "Background", "says": "82nd Airborne Division, under Major General Matthew Ridgway, and the British 1st Airborne Division, under Major-General George F."}], "Q11636595": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Boulogne in 1940 was the defence of the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer by French, British and Belgian troops in the Battle of France during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "lead", "says": "General der Panzertruppe (Lieutenant-General) Heinz Guderian, the commander of XIX Corps, protested that he wanted to rush north up the Channel coast to capture Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q72372", "label": "Friedrich Kirchner", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Parts of the 1st Panzer Division (Lieutenant-General Friedrich Kirchner) and 2nd Panzer Division (Lieutenant-General Rudolf Veiel), both formations of XIX Corps, were also held back to defend bridgeheads over the Somme."}, {"id": "Q72829", "label": "Rudolf Veiel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Parts of the 1st Panzer Division (Lieutenant-General Friedrich Kirchner) and 2nd Panzer Division (Lieutenant-General Rudolf Veiel), both formations of XIX Corps, were also held back to defend bridgeheads over the Somme."}], "Q117447192": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of violent confrontations occurred between Palestinians and Israeli police at the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in Jerusalem in April 2023."}], "Q118234253": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, on the same day, Israel killed two Palestinians in an airstrike against a vehicle in Khan Yunis, and six more in airstrikes on 10 May."}], "Q1185335": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Weihaiwei (Japanese: Ikaiei-no-tatakai (威海衛の戦い) took place between 20 January and 12 February 1895, during the First Sino-Japanese War in Weihai, Shandong Province, China, between the forces of Japan and Qing China."}, {"id": "Q1208996", "label": "Battle of Lushunkou", "section": "Background", "says": "Following its victory at the Battle of Lushunkou on 21 November 1894, the next strategic objective of the Japanese campaign was to neutralize the Qing naval base at Weihaiwai on Shandong Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing naval base at Weihaiwei had been designed with the assistance of German military advisors, and was regarded by western observers as superior to Hong Kong."}], "Q1195810": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 2007, United States president George W."}, {"id": "Q1042", "label": "Seychelles", "section": "lead", "says": "The official area of responsibility comprises Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Seychelles and Kenya."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Outside this Combined Joint Operating Area, the CJTF-HOA has operations in Mauritius, Comoros, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Department of Defense concern that Islamist takfiri, jihadis, and others fleeing from Afghanistan might escape south and west to the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, II Marine Expeditionary Force was directed to establish a task force, to be responsible for Yemen and East Africa, to operate from the former French colony of Djibouti."}], "Q1196063": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of Shu by Wei was a military campaign launched by the dynastic state of Cao Wei against its rival Shu Han in late 263 during the Three Kingdoms period of China."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of Shu by Wei was a military campaign launched by the dynastic state of Cao Wei against its rival Shu Han in late 263 during the Three Kingdoms period of China."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 228 and 234, the Shu regent Zhuge Liang, who advocated an aggressive foreign policy towards Wei, launched a series of five military campaigns (known as the \"Northern Expeditions\") to attack Wei territories in Yong and Liang provinces (covering parts of present-day Gansu and Shaanxi)."}, {"id": "Q740867", "label": "Fei Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "After Zhuge Liang died in 234, his successors Jiang Wan and Fei Yi adopted a more defensive stance against Wei and focused on policies promoting internal development and stability in Shu."}, {"id": "Q280866", "label": "Jiang Wei", "section": "Background", "says": "However, between 240 and 262, the Shu general Jiang Wei followed up on Zhuge Liang's legacy by launching another 11 military campaigns against Wei."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, the Wei general Sima Yi came to power after staging a successful coup d'état in 249."}, {"id": "Q707808", "label": "Sima Shi", "section": "Background", "says": "After his death in 251, his eldest son Sima Shi succeeded him as regent and consolidated power and control over the Wei government."}, {"id": "Q77822", "label": "Cao Fang", "section": "Background", "says": "In 254, Sima Shi deposed the Wei emperor Cao Fang, who tried to seize back power from him, and installed Cao Mao on the throne."}, {"id": "Q550290", "label": "Cao Mao", "section": "Background", "says": "In 254, Sima Shi deposed the Wei emperor Cao Fang, who tried to seize back power from him, and installed Cao Mao on the throne."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Sima Shi's death in 255, his younger brother Sima Zhao became the new regent and continued to monopolise power in Wei."}, {"id": "Q470091", "label": "Cao Huan", "section": "Background", "says": "Cao Huan, who succeeded Cao Mao as the Wei emperor, remained a puppet ruler under Sima Zhao's influence and control."}], "Q1330310": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Changban was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Liu Bei in October 208 in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Changban was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Liu Bei in October 208 in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q470117", "label": "Liu Biao", "section": "Background", "says": "After Cao Cao unified northern China under his control in 207, he made arrangements for a southern campaign on Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), which was governed by Liu Biao at the time."}, {"id": "Q378433", "label": "Xiahou Dun", "section": "Background", "says": "Initial minor invasions led by Xiahou Dun were repelled by Liu Biao's vassal Liu Bei, whose forces were stationed at Xinye County at the northern border of Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q714176", "label": "Liu Cong", "section": "Background", "says": "Around late August or September, when Cao Cao's forces had reached Wancheng (宛城; in present-day Nanyang, Henan), Liu Biao died of illness and was succeeded by his younger son, Liu Cong."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhuge Liang suggested that Liu Bei should attack Liu Cong to secure Jing Province and defend against Cao Cao there, but Liu Bei rejected this and said, \"as Liu Biao was dying, he entrusted his orphans to me."}], "Q134895058": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early morning of June 14, 2025, Minnesota state representative Melissa Hortman was assassinated at her home in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, United States, by Vance Boelter."}, {"id": "Q2434360", "label": "Tim Walz", "section": "lead", "says": "Minnesota governor Tim Walz called the shooting \"an act of targeted political violence\"."}], "Q135319143": [{"id": "Q2640918", "label": "Black July", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the hundreds of Druze civilians killed, the initial phase of the violence is commemorated among the Druze people of Suwayda as Black July."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed a commitment to prevent harm to the Druze in Syria due to Israel's historical commitment to its Druze citizens and their historical and family ties to the Druze in Syria, along with ensuring the demilitarization of the area near the border with Syria."}], "Q1353633": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (小牧・長久手の戦い, Komaki-Nagakute no Tatakai), also known as the Komaki Campaign (小牧の役 Komaki no Eki), was a series of battles in 1584 between the forces of Hashiba Hideyoshi (who would become Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1586) and the forces of Oda Nobukatsu and Tokugawa Ieyasu."}, {"id": "Q3044815", "label": "Oda Nobukatsu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (小牧・長久手の戦い, Komaki-Nagakute no Tatakai), also known as the Komaki Campaign (小牧の役 Komaki no Eki), was a series of battles in 1584 between the forces of Hashiba Hideyoshi (who would become Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1586) and the forces of Oda Nobukatsu and Tokugawa Ieyasu."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (小牧・長久手の戦い, Komaki-Nagakute no Tatakai), also known as the Komaki Campaign (小牧の役 Komaki no Eki), was a series of battles in 1584 between the forces of Hashiba Hideyoshi (who would become Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1586) and the forces of Oda Nobukatsu and Tokugawa Ieyasu."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1583, at the Battle of Shizugatake, Hideyoshi supported Nobukatsu, the second son of Oda Nobunaga, and defeated Shibata Katsuie, who supported Nobunaga's third son, Nobutaka."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1583, at the Battle of Shizugatake, Hideyoshi supported Nobukatsu, the second son of Oda Nobunaga, and defeated Shibata Katsuie, who supported Nobunaga's third son, Nobutaka."}, {"id": "Q1062738", "label": "Sakakibara Yasumasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Ieyasu decided to confront Hideyoshi's forces in Komaki because his general, Sakakibara Yasumasa, suggested the area was favorable for the Tokugawa force to fight incoming enemies from the west."}, {"id": "Q1186700", "label": "Sassa Narimasa", "section": "Background", "says": "The plan was to have Sassa Narimasa in the Hokuriku region attack Toshiie Maeda and Nagahide Niwa, while the Chosokabe would attack Osaka from Awaji while keeping the Mōri clan in check, and cooperate with the Saika Ikki, the Negoro-shū warrior monks, and the Kōsa Hongan-ji Forces to fight the Toyotomi forces simultaneously."}, {"id": "Q1329792", "label": "Ukita Hideie", "section": "Background", "says": "Hideyoshi feared that the Mōri clan would join the battle, and he kept Ukita Hideie and the Inaba clan forces on guard to anticipate any Mōri movement throughout the campaign against Nobukatsu and Ieyasu."}, {"id": "Q837903", "label": "Oda Nagamasu", "section": "Further battles before the truce", "says": "On June 29, Nobukatsu sent Narumi Kitaro, a retainer of Oda Nagamasu, as an emissary to urge Kazumasu to surrender."}, {"id": "Q953624", "label": "Takigawa Kazumasu", "section": "Further battles before the truce", "says": "Takigawa Kazumasu, suffering a disastrous defeat, was forced to flee to Myoshinji Temple in Kyoto."}, {"id": "Q873166", "label": "Ishikawa Kazumasa", "section": "Further battles before the truce", "says": "On July 13, Ieyasu placed Ishikawa Kazumasa in Kuwana Castle and returned to Kiyosu Castle."}], "Q1362016": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beneventum was fought in 214 BC near modern Benevento during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman legions under Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeated Hanno's Carthaginian forces, denying Hannibal reinforcements."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "Livy gives a brief description of the battle,  which was part of the Roman campaign to subdue the southern Italian city-states that had joined Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae."}], "Q1362319": [{"id": "Q702176", "label": "Battle of the Mediterranean", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Sirte was fought between forces of the British Mediterranean Fleet and the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) during the Battle of the Mediterranean in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q2606324", "label": "Raid on Alexandria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following days, two Royal Navy forces based at Malta ran into Italian minefield T off Tripoli and two British battleships were disabled by Italian Human torpedo during the Raid on Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Eighth Army and the Axis armies in North Africa were engaged in battles resulting from Operation Crusader, which had been fought between 18 November and 4 December."}, {"id": "Q1365993", "label": "Philip Vian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 15 December, Breconshire sailed from Alexandria escorted by three cruisers and eight destroyers under Rear-Admiral Philip Vian in HMS Naiad."}], "Q1364027": [{"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch on the Meander (also known as the Battle of Alaşehir) was a military engagement near Antioch-on-the-Meander between the forces of the Empire of Nicaea and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm."}, {"id": "Q61591", "label": "Kaykhusraw I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuk sultan, Kaykhusraw I, was killed on the field of battle."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the capture of Constantinople by the forces of the Fourth Crusade (1204) and the partition of the Byzantine Empire, Theodore Laskaris (r."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicaea was one of the main Greek successor states that claimed the heritage of the Byzantine Empire, the other successor states were Epirus and later the Empire of Thessalonica in western Greece."}, {"id": "Q623151", "label": "Empire of Thessalonica", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicaea was one of the main Greek successor states that claimed the heritage of the Byzantine Empire, the other successor states were Epirus and later the Empire of Thessalonica in western Greece."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicaea was threatened from the north by the new Latin Empire established by the Crusaders, and from the east by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicaea was threatened from the north by the new Latin Empire established by the Crusaders, and from the east by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum."}, {"id": "Q61669", "label": "Ibn Bibi", "section": "Background", "says": "The subsequent events are described in some detail by a number of near-contemporary sources, chiefly the chroniclers Ibn al-Athir and Ibn Bibi on the Seljuk side and the histories of George Akropolites and Nikephoros Gregoras on the Byzantine side, as well as references in other chronicles and the orations in honour of Theodore Laskaris by Niketas Choniates."}, {"id": "Q60125", "label": "George Akropolites", "section": "Background", "says": "The subsequent events are described in some detail by a number of near-contemporary sources, chiefly the chroniclers Ibn al-Athir and Ibn Bibi on the Seljuk side and the histories of George Akropolites and Nikephoros Gregoras on the Byzantine side, as well as references in other chronicles and the orations in honour of Theodore Laskaris by Niketas Choniates."}, {"id": "Q297340", "label": "Niketas Choniates", "section": "Background", "says": "The subsequent events are described in some detail by a number of near-contemporary sources, chiefly the chroniclers Ibn al-Athir and Ibn Bibi on the Seljuk side and the histories of George Akropolites and Nikephoros Gregoras on the Byzantine side, as well as references in other chronicles and the orations in honour of Theodore Laskaris by Niketas Choniates."}], "Q1369379": [{"id": "Q430309", "label": "Dai Viet", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bạch Đằng was a decisive naval battle during the third Mongol invasion of Vietnam between Đại Việt commanded by Commander-in-Chief Prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (Prince Hưng Đạo), and the fleet of the Yuan dynasty, commanded by Admirals Omar and Fan Yi on the Bạch Đằng River (today Quảng Ninh province), which Prince Hưng Đạo staged an ambush that destroyed the Yuan fleet, capturing its gener"}], "Q137209864": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 December 2025, during the Yemeni civil war, the Southern Transitional Council (STC)—a secessionist faction backed by the United Arab Emirates—launched a large-scale military offensive across southern Yemen, breaking years of military stalemate in the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The STC advanced rapidly, seizing several government-held areas in northern Wadi Hadhramaut, including the cities of Seiyun and Tarim."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Codenamed \"Operation Promising Future\", the campaign saw rapid territorial gains, and by 9 December the STC had taken control of most areas spanning the six governorates of the former South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Backed by Saudi Arabia, government forces advanced rapidly, recapturing Seiyun on 3 January and Mukalla the following day, reversing the STC gains."}], "Q1374114": [{"id": "Q51720", "label": "Tancred, Prince of Galilee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turks were led by Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan of Aleppo, while the Crusaders were led by Tancred of Galilee, regent of the Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turks were led by Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan of Aleppo, while the Crusaders were led by Tancred of Galilee, regent of the Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q1500314", "label": "Battle of Harran", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Crusader defeat at the Battle of Harran in 1104, all of Antioch's strongholds east of the Orontes River were abandoned."}, {"id": "Q220806", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to raise additional Crusader reinforcements, Bohemond I of Antioch embarked for Europe, leaving Tancred as regent in Antioch."}], "Q1375800": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Rishki Pass (Bulgarian: Битката при Ришкия проход) or Battle of Veregava took place in the pass of the same name, in Stara Planina, Bulgaria in 759."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Between 756 and 775, the Byzantine emperor Constantine V organised nine campaigns to eliminate Bulgaria and although he managed to defeat the Bulgarians several times, he never achieved his goal."}], "Q1387922": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague has ruled that these crimes amounted to crimes against humanity in numerous verdicts against Croat political and military leaders and soldiers, most notably Dario Kordić, the political leader of Croats in Central Bosnia who was sentenced to 25 years in prison."}, {"id": "Q1283467", "label": "Dario Kordić", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague has ruled that these crimes amounted to crimes against humanity in numerous verdicts against Croat political and military leaders and soldiers, most notably Dario Kordić, the political leader of Croats in Central Bosnia who was sentenced to 25 years in prison."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Ahmići is a village in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the municipality of Vitez in the Lašva Valley."}, {"id": "Q183848", "label": "Alija Izetbegović", "section": "Background", "says": "On 4 April, according to Reuters, the HVO headquarters in Mostar set a deadline for the Chairman of the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović to sign the above agreement."}], "Q139845": [{"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The Deccan wars, also known as Mughal–Maratha wars, were a series of military conflicts between the Mughals and the Marathas after the death of Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji in 1680 until the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "lead", "says": "Both he and his son, Sambhaji (or Shambuji, typically), alternated between rebellion against the Mughal state and service to the Mughal sovereign in an official capacity."}], "Q140392": [{"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zagreb rocket attacks were two rocket attacks conducted by the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina that used multiple rocket launchers to strike the Croatian capital of Zagreb during the  Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zagreb rocket attacks were two rocket attacks conducted by the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina that used multiple rocket launchers to strike the Croatian capital of Zagreb during the  Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q1374443", "label": "Operation Flash", "section": "lead", "says": "The missile attack was carried out on 2 May and 3 May 1995 as retaliation for the Croatian army's offensive in Operation Flash."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) found Croatian Serb leader Milan Martić criminally responsible for\nthe crimes of murder, cruel treatment, and attacks on civilians; characterized the attack as a crime against humanity; and convicted him of ordering the attack."}], "Q14565619": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shumshu, the Soviet invasion of Shumshu in the Kuril Islands, was the first stage of the Soviet Union's Invasion of the Kuril Islands in August–September 1945 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union and Japan maintained neutrality toward each other after signing the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact on 13 April 1941, although the two countries were allied with each other's World War II enemies from 1941 until the conclusion of the war in 1945."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union and Japan maintained neutrality toward each other after signing the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact on 13 April 1941, although the two countries were allied with each other's World War II enemies from 1941 until the conclusion of the war in 1945."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Stalin said that the Soviet entry into the war against Japan would not be possible until after a three-month period following Germany's defeat, per an assurance he offered to the United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union, W."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States soon began the work of meeting the Soviet requirements outside of and in addition to annual Lend-Lease allotments of aid to the Soviets, including the transfer of a dozen types of ships and aircraft from the United States to the Soviet armed forces."}, {"id": "Q1811372", "label": "Territory of Alaska", "section": "Background", "says": "In the spring and summer of 1945, the United States secretly transferred 149 ships and craft – mostly escort vessels, landing craft, and minesweepers – to the Red Fleet at Cold Bay in the Territory of Alaska in Project Hula."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "During August, Soviet forces attacked Japanese forces in the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria, in the Japanese province of Karafuto on the southern half of Sakhalin Island, and the northern half of Korea, a Japanese possession at the time."}], "Q1482311": [{"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Battle of Lake Vadimo was fought in 283 BC between Rome and the combined forces of the Etruscans and the Gallic tribes of the Boii and the Senones."}, {"id": "Q1074016", "label": "Publius Cornelius Dolabella", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman army was led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella."}], "Q1506788": [{"id": "Q765499", "label": "Red River Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870, many Métis moved from Manitoba to the Fort Carlton region of the North-West Territories, where they founded the Southbranch settlements of Fish Creek, Batoche, St."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1884, the Métis in the Southbranch settlements (including many Anglo-Métis) sent a delegation to ask Louis Riel to return from the United States, where he had fled after the Red River Rebellion, to appeal to the government on their behalf."}], "Q1512810": [{"id": "Q334732", "label": "Hong Xiuquan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jintian Uprising was an armed revolt formally declared by Hong Xiuquan, founder and leader of the God Worshippers, on 11 January 1851 during the late Qing dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1843 Hong Xiuquan, Feng Yunshan and Hong Rengan founded the God Worshipping Society, a syncretic sect mixing Protestant Christianity and Chinese folk religion, in Hua County (花縣; present-day Huadu District, Guangdong)."}], "Q1523324": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arnemuiden was a naval battle fought on 23 September 1338 at the start of the Hundred Years' War between England and France."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle featured a vast French fleet under admirals Hugues Quiéret and Nicolas Béhuchet against a small squadron of five great English cogs transporting an enormous cargo of wool to Antwerp, where Edward III of England was hoping to sell it, in order to be able to pay subsidies to his allies."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred near Arnemuiden, the port of the island of Walcheren (now in the Netherlands, but then part of the County of Flanders, formally part of the Kingdom of France)."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred near Arnemuiden, the port of the island of Walcheren (now in the Netherlands, but then part of the County of Flanders, formally part of the Kingdom of France)."}], "Q15712344": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The riots were the most violent scenes the country had seen since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The rioting largely took place in the entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the same level of unrest or activism did not occur in Republika Srpska."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Some news sources, such as BBC and The New York Times, used the name Bosnian Spring when describing the riots, a terminology taken from other events such the Arab Spring and the Prague Spring."}, {"id": "Q52922", "label": "Carl Bildt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish politician Carl Bildt also said that \"in some places there has been talk about a Bosnian Spring\"."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War II, Tuzla developed into a major industrial and cultural centre during the communist period in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}], "Q1573825": [{"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the Sikh Khalsa Army invading British territory."}, {"id": "Q1540820", "label": "Battle of Aliwal", "section": "Background", "says": "Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir Harry Smith at the Battle of Aliwal, in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of Gurkhas."}, {"id": "Q116222", "label": "Battle of Ferozeshah", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the Battle of Ferozeshah, and had withdrawn most of their forces across the Sutlej River."}, {"id": "Q2753670", "label": "Jind Kaur", "section": "Background", "says": "The Regent Jind Kaur who was ruling in the name of her son, the infant Maharaja Duleep Singh, had accused 500 of her officers of cowardice, even flinging one of her garments in their faces."}, {"id": "Q333140", "label": "Duleep Singh I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Regent Jind Kaur who was ruling in the name of her son, the infant Maharaja Duleep Singh, had accused 500 of her officers of cowardice, even flinging one of her garments in their faces."}], "Q1580896": [{"id": "Q310100", "label": "Maxim Litvinov", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after the chief Soviet diplomat moving the negotiations forward, Maxim Litvinov, the treaty provided for immediate implementation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact by its signatories, thereby formally renouncing war as a part of national foreign policy."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Near the end of 1927 correspondence between the foreign diplomatic corps of France and the United States began motion towards an international treaty in which signatories would renounce the use of war as an instrument of political policy."}, {"id": "Q205073", "label": "Kellogg-Briand pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Final language was fairly rapidly agreed upon and on August 27, 1928, there took place a formal signing of what became known as the Kellogg–Briand Pact (named after American Secretary of State Frank B."}, {"id": "Q179888", "label": "Aristide Briand", "section": "Background", "says": "Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand) in Paris."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The communist government of the Soviet Union was divided over the 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact during the negotiation process, kept at arm's length by the capitalist powers behind the treaty and viewing the earnestness and intentions of these great powers with a large measure of cynicism."}, {"id": "Q313623", "label": "Georgy Chicherin", "section": "Background", "says": "Soviet People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin was also sharply critical of the decision to keep the USSR from taking an active part in treaty negotiations as well as formal reservations to the treaty expressed by the governments of Great Britain and France."}], "Q1582486": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the early stages of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Towards the end of 1336, following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France (r."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "1328–1350) and Edward III of England (r."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 May 1337, Philip's Great Council in Paris agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}], "Q16156461": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The virus, which causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), is a novel coronavirus that was first identified in a patient from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 6 June 2012."}], "Q1634968": [{"id": "Q72398", "label": "Richard Heidrich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ortona (20–28 December 1943) was fought between two battalions of elite German Fallschirmjäger (paratroops) from the German 1st Parachute Division under Generalleutnant Richard Heidrich, and assaulting Canadian troops from the 1st Canadian Infantry Division under Major General Christopher Vokes."}, {"id": "Q57134", "label": "Albert Kesselring", "section": "Background", "says": "He quotes Field Marshal Albert Kesselring who said, \"We do not want to defend Ortona decisively .. but the English have made it appear as important as Rome\"; General Joachim Lemelsen, the temporary commander, replied, \"It costs so much in blood, it cannot be justified\"."}, {"id": "Q62707", "label": "Joachim Lemelsen", "section": "Background", "says": "He quotes Field Marshal Albert Kesselring who said, \"We do not want to defend Ortona decisively .. but the English have made it appear as important as Rome\"; General Joachim Lemelsen, the temporary commander, replied, \"It costs so much in blood, it cannot be justified\"."}], "Q1642290": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fleurus, 29 August 1622, took place during the Thirty Years' War near Fleurus in Belgium, then part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fleurus, 29 August 1622, took place during the Thirty Years' War near Fleurus in Belgium, then part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "A Spanish army commanded by Córdoba defeated a larger Protestant mercenary force under Ernst von Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick."}], "Q1657839": [{"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Days' Campaign (Dutch: Tiendaagse veldtocht, French: campagne des Dix-Jours) was a failed military expedition by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands against the secessionist Kingdom of Belgium between 2 and 12 August 1831."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was an attempt by the Dutch King William I to halt the course of the Belgian Revolution which had broken out in August 1830."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was an attempt by the Dutch King William I to halt the course of the Belgian Revolution which had broken out in August 1830."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, the 1815 Congress of Vienna merged the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège, as well as some smaller polities in modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg, with the Dutch Republic to create the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, the 1815 Congress of Vienna merged the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège, as well as some smaller polities in modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg, with the Dutch Republic to create the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, the 1815 Congress of Vienna merged the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège, as well as some smaller polities in modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg, with the Dutch Republic to create the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, the 1815 Congress of Vienna merged the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège, as well as some smaller polities in modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg, with the Dutch Republic to create the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, the 1815 Congress of Vienna merged the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège, as well as some smaller polities in modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg, with the Dutch Republic to create the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q616804", "label": "Saxe-Coburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, when William learned that the revolutionary National Congress had asked Leopold of Saxe-Coburg to become King of the Belgians, he began to prepare his invasion."}], "Q16744102": [{"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "They took place during the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and the War in Donbas, where Russian-backed paramilitaries had taken over parts of eastern Ukraine."}], "Q16800650": [{"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity, the city of Mariupol, in Donetsk Oblast, saw skirmishes break out between Ukrainian government forces, local police, and separatist militants affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q704389", "label": "Arsen Avakov", "section": "Background", "says": "Internal Affairs minister Arsen Avakov said that troops were forced to open fire, resulting in the killing of three of the attackers."}], "Q1786801": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Crater took place during the American Civil War, part of the Siege of Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q815195", "label": "Siege of Petersburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Crater took place during the American Civil War, part of the Siege of Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q925055", "label": "William Mahone", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant considered this failed assault as \"the saddest affair I have witnessed in this war.\"\nThe Confederates quickly recovered, and launched several counterattacks led by Brigadier General William Mahone."}], "Q1888550": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation K (K作戦, Kē-Sakusen) was a Japanese naval operation in World War II, intended as reconnaissance of Pearl Harbor and disruption of repair and salvage operations following the surprise attack on 7 December 1941."}], "Q1888983": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, also known in full as the Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, was agreed in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, 11 December [O.S."}, {"id": "Q610272", "label": "Geneva Convention of 1864", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the First Geneva Convention of 1864."}], "Q1889668": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rusokastro (Bulgarian: Битка при Русокастро, Greek: Μάχη τοῦ Ῥουσοκάστρου) occurred on July 18, 1332 near the village of Rusokastro, Bulgaria, between the armies of the Bulgarian and Byzantine Empires."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1328, the emperors of Bulgaria and Byzantium, Michael Asen III and Andronikos III Palaiologos, signed a secret treaty against Serbia."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the Bulgarian Empire, there were internecine struggles as well but the new Emperor Ivan Alexander knew that the decisive confrontation with Byzantium was yet to come and decided to improve his relations with the Serbs."}], "Q1972316": [{"id": "Q1759249", "label": "Real Audiencia de Quito", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Royal Audience of Quito (Spanish: Real Audiencia de Quito) was established in 1563 by a royal decree of the King of Spain."}], "Q1972326": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lausanne, also known as the Treaty of Ouchy (Italian: Trattato di Losanna or Trattato di Ouchy; Turkish: Uşi Antlaşması), was a peace treaty signed on 18 October 1912 in Ouchy, a district of Lausanne in Switzerland, between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire following the Italian victory in the Italo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lausanne, also known as the Treaty of Ouchy (Italian: Trattato di Losanna or Trattato di Ouchy; Turkish: Uşi Antlaşması), was a peace treaty signed on 18 October 1912 in Ouchy, a district of Lausanne in Switzerland, between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire following the Italian victory in the Italo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lausanne, also known as the Treaty of Ouchy (Italian: Trattato di Losanna or Trattato di Ouchy; Turkish: Uşi Antlaşması), was a peace treaty signed on 18 October 1912 in Ouchy, a district of Lausanne in Switzerland, between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire following the Italian victory in the Italo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "Under its terms, the Ottoman Empire ceded the African provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to Italy, while retaining a nominal religious sovereignty over the local Muslim population through the caliph."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912 made the Ottoman position untenable."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "With the armies of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro launching a coordinated attack in the Balkans, the Ottoman government was compelled to seek an immediate end to the war with Italy in order to redeploy its forces to defend its European territories."}], "Q2165331": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Picquigny was a peace treaty negotiated on 29 August 1475 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Picquigny was a peace treaty negotiated on 29 August 1475 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed from an invasion of France by Edward IV of England in alliance with Burgundy and Brittany."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It left Louis XI of France free to solve the threat posed by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also formally ended the Hundred Years' War, which had been informally finished since 1453."}], "Q2166177": [{"id": "Q228911", "label": "Anglo-Zulu War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ulundi (also known as the Battle of kwaNodwengu or the Battle of oCwecweni) took place at the Zulu capital of Ulundi (Zulu: oNdini) on 4 July 1879 and was the last battle of the Anglo-Zulu War."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Army broke the military power of the Zulu Kingdom by defeating the main Zulu army and capturing and burning the royal kraal of oNdini."}, {"id": "Q949635", "label": "Battle of Kambula", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April 1879, despite the Battle of Kambula and the Battle of Gingindlovu, that had been costly defeats for the Zulus, the British were back at their starting point."}, {"id": "Q1359672", "label": "Evelyn Wood", "section": "Prelude", "says": "4 column (Colonel Evelyn Wood) became the flying column, Colonel Charles Pearson was relieved of command by Major General Henry Crealock and his No.1 column became the 1st Division and Major General Newdigate was given command of the new 2nd Division, accompanied by Chelmsford."}], "Q220766": [{"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manzikert or Battle of Malazgirt (Russian: Битва при Манцикерте Bytva pri Mantsikerte; Turkish: Malazgirt Muharebesi) took place during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I, over the period July 10–26, 1915."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manzikert or Battle of Malazgirt (Russian: Битва при Манцикерте Bytva pri Mantsikerte; Turkish: Malazgirt Muharebesi) took place during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I, over the period July 10–26, 1915."}, {"id": "Q936223", "label": "Battle of Kara Killisse", "section": "lead", "says": "Even though losses were heavy on both sides, the Russians retreated north and the Turks retook Malazgirt then they further advanced towards Karakilise where they were defeated on 5–8 August at the Battle of Kara Killisse."}], "Q220882": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Junction City was an 82-day military operation conducted by United States (US) and South Vietnam forces against Viet Cong (VC) forces begun on 22 February 1967 during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Junction City was an 82-day military operation conducted by United States (US) and South Vietnam forces against Viet Cong (VC) forces begun on 22 February 1967 during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first US combat airborne operation since the Korean War and one of the largest airmobile operations of the war."}], "Q2215044": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It ranks as the deadliest tornado in Missouri in addition to being one of the deadliest in the United States, having the highest death toll since the Glazier–Woodward F5 tornado in Texas and Oklahoma in 1947 and the seventh-deadliest overall in the U.S."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath, President Barack Obama toured the city on May 29, speaking at a memorial service for the victims."}], "Q2230310": [{"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of York was an agreement between the kings Henry III of England and Alexander II of Scotland, signed at York on 25 September 1237, which affirmed that Northumberland (which at the time also encompassed County Durham), Cumberland, and Westmorland were subject to English sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q237889", "label": "Alexander", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of York was an agreement between the kings Henry III of England and Alexander II of Scotland, signed at York on 25 September 1237, which affirmed that Northumberland (which at the time also encompassed County Durham), Cumberland, and Westmorland were subject to English sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The papal legate Otho of Tonengo was already in the Kingdom of England at Henry's request, to attend a synod in London in November 1237."}, {"id": "Q369366", "label": "Matthew Paris", "section": "lead", "says": "This meeting was recorded by the contemporary chronicler Matthew Paris, who disparaged both Alexander and Otho."}], "Q2237111": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final British invasion of the northern states of the United States during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final British invasion of the northern states of the United States during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q602260", "label": "George Prevost", "section": "lead", "says": "Two British forces, an army under Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost and a naval squadron under Captain George Downie converged on the lakeside town of Plattsburgh, New York."}, {"id": "Q328356", "label": "Alexander Macomb", "section": "lead", "says": "Plattsburgh was defended by New York and Vermont militia and detachments of regular troops of the United States Army, all under the command of Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, and ships commanded by Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "When the battle took place, American and British delegates were meeting at Ghent in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, attempting to negotiate a treaty acceptable to both sides to end the war."}, {"id": "Q1850527", "label": "Battle of Baltimore", "section": "lead", "says": "The American victory at Plattsburgh, and the successful defense at the Battle of Baltimore, which began the next day and halted British advances in the Mid-Atlantic states, denied the British negotiators leverage to demand any territorial claims against the United States on the basis of uti possidetis, i.e., retaining territory they held at the end of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q1324198", "label": "Treaty of Ghent", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ghent, in which captured or occupied territories were restored on the basis of status quo ante bellum, i.e., the situation as it existed before the war, was signed three months after the battle."}, {"id": "Q1752783", "label": "Battle of the Chateauguay", "section": "Background", "says": "The losses they inflicted and the restriction they imposed on the movement of men and supplies to Plattsburgh contributed to the defeat of Major General Wade Hampton's advance against Montreal, which finally ended with the Battle of the Chateauguay."}], "Q2237365": [{"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The West Saxons were led by King Æthelred and his younger brother, the future King Alfred the Great, while the Viking commanders were Bagsecg and Halfdan."}, {"id": "Q940959", "label": "Battle of Englefield", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Three days after their arrival they sent out a large foraging party, which was defeated by an army of local levies under the command of Æthelwulf, Ealdorman of Berkshire, at the Battle of Englefield, but only four days later the main West Saxon army under Æthelred and Alfred was defeated at the Battle of Reading."}], "Q2237567": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kopidnadon or Kopidnados took place in September 788 between the armies of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kopidnadon or Kopidnados took place in September 788 between the armies of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q206737", "label": "Irene of Athens", "section": "Background", "says": "In 785, Empress-regent Irene of Athens resolved to cease the payment of the tribute, and warfare recommenced."}], "Q2237785": [{"id": "Q423772", "label": "Uqba ibn Nafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vescera (modern Biskra in Algeria) was fought in 682 or 683 between the Romano-Berbers of King Kusaila and their Byzantine allies from the Exarchate of Africa against an Umayyad Arab army under Uqba ibn Nafi (the founder of Kairouan)."}], "Q2263273": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lilybaeum lasted for nine years, from 250 to 241 BC, as the Roman army laid siege to the Carthaginian-held Sicilian city of Lilybaeum (modern Marsala) during the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome and Carthage had been at war since 264 BC, fighting mostly on the island of Sicily or in the waters around it, and the Romans were slowly pushing the Carthaginians back."}, {"id": "Q1134649", "label": "Battle of the Aegates Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans met it not far from Lilybaeum and at the Battle of the Aegates in 241 BC the Romans defeated the Carthaginian fleet."}, {"id": "Q1235331", "label": "Greek-Punic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The Carthaginians were engaging in their traditional policy of waiting for their opponents to wear themselves out, in the expectation of then regaining some or all of their possessions and negotiating a mutually satisfactory peace treaty, as they had done several times during the Sicilian Wars of the previous two centuries."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During 252 and 251 BC the Roman army avoided battle, according to Polybius because they feared the war elephants which the Carthaginians had shipped to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q586974", "label": "Lucius Caecilius Metellus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The remaining Roman consul, Lucius Caecilius Metellus, sent out skirmishers to harass the Carthaginians, keeping them constantly supplied with javelins from stocks within the city."}], "Q2270347": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between troops loyal to the government of Muammar Gaddafi, and anti-Gaddafi rebels who held Misrata, the third largest city in Libya."}], "Q2288424": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Causes", "says": "The causes of the war were rooted in interrelated issues, Florentine opposition to the expansion of the Papal States in central Italy (which the Avignon Popes had set as a condition for their return), and antipathy toward the Parte Guelfa in Florence."}, {"id": "Q378756", "label": "Bernabò Visconti", "section": "Causes", "says": "Specifically, Florence feared in the autumn of 1372 that Gregory XI intended to reoccupy a strip of territory near Lunigiana, which Florence had conquered from Bernabò Visconti, and that the Ubaldini might switch from Florentine to Papal allegiance."}, {"id": "Q323446", "label": "John Hawkwood", "section": "Causes", "says": "When Gregory XI's war against Milan ended in 1375, many Florentines feared that the pope would turn his military attention toward Tuscany; thus, Florence arranged a nonaggression pact with the English condottiere John Hawkwood, who was Gregory XI's main military commander, at a cost of 130,000 florins, extracted from local clergy, bishops, abbots, monasteries and ecclesiastical institutions, by an"}, {"id": "Q3393334", "label": "Signoria of Florence", "section": "Causes", "says": "When Gregory XI's war against Milan ended in 1375, many Florentines feared that the pope would turn his military attention toward Tuscany; thus, Florence arranged a nonaggression pact with the English condottiere John Hawkwood, who was Gregory XI's main military commander, at a cost of 130,000 florins, extracted from local clergy, bishops, abbots, monasteries and ecclesiastical institutions, by an"}], "Q2330778": [{"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mantinea was fought in 207 BC between Sparta under the tyrant Machanidas, as part of the Aetolian League, and the Achaean League whose forces were led by Philopoemen."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mantinea was fought in 207 BC between Sparta under the tyrant Machanidas, as part of the Aetolian League, and the Achaean League whose forces were led by Philopoemen."}, {"id": "Q366117", "label": "Philopoemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mantinea was fought in 207 BC between Sparta under the tyrant Machanidas, as part of the Aetolian League, and the Achaean League whose forces were led by Philopoemen."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the major land battle in Greece of the First Macedonian War, which had occurred due to Macedonian alliance with Carthage in the aftermath of Hannibal's victory at the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the major land battle in Greece of the First Macedonian War, which had occurred due to Macedonian alliance with Carthage in the aftermath of Hannibal's victory at the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the major land battle in Greece of the First Macedonian War, which had occurred due to Macedonian alliance with Carthage in the aftermath of Hannibal's victory at the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the major land battle in Greece of the First Macedonian War, which had occurred due to Macedonian alliance with Carthage in the aftermath of Hannibal's victory at the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaeans, allies of Macedonia, were victorious."}], "Q233344": [{"id": "Q194378", "label": "Third Servile War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Silarius River was the final, decisive action of the Third Servile War, the last of the Roman Servile Wars."}, {"id": "Q11475544", "label": "Servile Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Silarius River was the final, decisive action of the Third Servile War, the last of the Roman Servile Wars."}, {"id": "Q83406", "label": "Spartacus", "section": "Background", "says": "Marcus Licinius Crassus trapped Spartacus in Bruttium by building a 60-kilometre-long (37 mi) system of ditches and walls."}], "Q2341305": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lenino was a tactical World War II engagement that took place on 12 and 13 October 1943, north of the village of Lenino in the Mogilev region of Byelorussia."}], "Q2354840": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ilomantsi (Finnish: Ilomantsin taistelu) was a part of the Svir–Petrozavodsk Offensive of the Continuation War (1941–1944)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought from 26 July to 13 August 1944, between Finland and the Soviet Union in an area roughly 40 kilometers wide and 30 kilometers deep, near the Finnish-Soviet border, close to the Finnish village of Ilomantsi, in North Karelia."}], "Q2357384": [{"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese conquest of  Goa occurred when the governor Afonso de Albuquerque captured the city in 1510 from the Sultanate of Bijapur."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese conquest of  Goa occurred when the governor Afonso de Albuquerque captured the city in 1510 from the Sultanate of Bijapur."}, {"id": "Q191231", "label": "Manuel I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Albuquerque had been given orders by Manuel I of Portugal to capture Ormus, Aden, and Malacca only."}, {"id": "Q337066", "label": "Francisco de Almeida", "section": "Background", "says": "On 4 November 1509, Afonso de Albuquerque succeeded Dom Francisco de Almeida as Governor of the Portuguese State of India, after the arrival in India of Marshal of Portugal Dom Fernando Coutinho, sent by King Manuel to enforce the orderly succession of Albuquerque to office."}], "Q2371769": [{"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in December 1942 between Allied forces of the Eighth Army (General Bernard Montgomery) and the Axis forces of the German-Italian Panzer Army (Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel), during the long Axis withdrawal from El Alamein to Tunis."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in December 1942 between Allied forces of the Eighth Army (General Bernard Montgomery) and the Axis forces of the German-Italian Panzer Army (Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel), during the long Axis withdrawal from El Alamein to Tunis."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighth Army plan was thwarted when a frontal attack by the British 7th Armoured Division was repulsed by an Italian rearguard action and the outflanking New Zealand units became dispersed in the desert."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement ended with the German-Italian Panzer Army withdrawing into Tripolitana towards Tunisia, where the Tunisia Campaign had begun with the Operation Torch the Allied invasion of French North Africa (8–16 November 1942)."}, {"id": "Q15310269", "label": "Battle of Beda Fomm", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the importance of Benghazi to the Axis supply system, Rommel abandoned the port to avoid a repeat of the disastrous entrapment suffered by the Italians at the Battle of Beda Fomm in February 1941."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite Rommel's concerns of entrapment by a rapid Allied advance across the Cyrenaica bulge, Montgomery was aware that an extended and isolated force could also be vulnerable, as in early 1941 and early 1942."}, {"id": "Q434110", "label": "Brian Horrocks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 26 November, X Corps (Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks) was taken into reserve and XXX Corps (Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese) took over the Eighth Army front line with the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General John Harding), 51st (Highland) Infantry Division (Major-General Douglas Wimberley) and the 2nd New Zealand Division (Major-General Sir Bernard Freyberg)."}, {"id": "Q533801", "label": "Oliver Leese", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 26 November, X Corps (Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks) was taken into reserve and XXX Corps (Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese) took over the Eighth Army front line with the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General John Harding), 51st (Highland) Infantry Division (Major-General Douglas Wimberley) and the 2nd New Zealand Division (Major-General Sir Bernard Freyberg)."}], "Q2372646": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Inspired by Bolshevik ideals and supported by the newly-formed Soviet Union, it was led by a pro-Soviet revolutionary committee which called for the creation of a \"Moldavian Soviet Republic\" and an end to the \"Romanian occupation\" of Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Inspired by Bolshevik ideals and supported by the newly-formed Soviet Union, it was led by a pro-Soviet revolutionary committee which called for the creation of a \"Moldavian Soviet Republic\" and an end to the \"Romanian occupation\" of Bessarabia."}], "Q2391801": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Duquesne was a British assault on the French-controlled Fort Duquesne (later the site of Pittsburgh) on 14 September 1758, during the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "With 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes it also included a contingent of Virginians led by George Washington."}], "Q2397117": [{"id": "Q5072", "label": "Emperor Hailingwang of Jin", "section": "lead", "says": "Soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang, the emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, tried to cross the Yangzi River to attack the Southern Song dynasty."}], "Q2407716": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Sasanian war of 421–422 was a conflict between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanians."}, {"id": "Q299271", "label": "Bahram V", "section": "lead", "says": "The casus belli was the persecution of Christians by the Sasanian king Bahram V, which had come as a response to attacks by Christians against Zoroastrian temples; the Christian Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II declared war and obtained some victories, but in the end, the two powers agreed to sign a peace on the status quo ante."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "lead", "says": "The casus belli was the persecution of Christians by the Sasanian king Bahram V, which had come as a response to attacks by Christians against Zoroastrian temples; the Christian Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II declared war and obtained some victories, but in the end, the two powers agreed to sign a peace on the status quo ante."}, {"id": "Q217290", "label": "Yazdegerd I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 421, Bahram V succeeded his father Yazdegerd I, who shortly before he had been killed, began a persecution of Christians as reprisal for attacks against Zoroastrian temples by Christians during his reign; Bahram continued this persecution, during which many died."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them was James Intercisus, a political counsellor of Yazdegerd's, who had converted to Zoroastrianism but then converted back to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them was James Intercisus, a political counsellor of Yazdegerd's, who had converted to Zoroastrianism but then converted back to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q231919", "label": "Pulcheria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II was at the time deeply influenced by his religious sister Pulcheria, and had become more and more interested in Christianity."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "Background", "says": "For these reasons, when the Persian ambassadors reached the Roman court to demand the return of the fugitives, Theodosius chose to break the peace and declare war, rather than giving them back."}], "Q2440134": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "It saw the end of the last Allied warships operating in the waters around Java, allowing Japanese forces to complete their conquest of the Dutch East Indies unhindered."}, {"id": "Q695748", "label": "Witte Corneliszoon de With", "section": "Background", "says": "The heavy cruiser HMS Exeter—severely damaged in the first Battle of the Java Sea—had withdrawn to Surabaya in the east, escorted by the Dutch destroyer HNLMS Witte de With."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Ford, Alden, and Paul Jones) departed for Australia via Surabaya's shallow eastern channel, and then exited the Java area by going south through the Bali Strait; after a brief encounter with Japanese destroyers they arrived safely at Fremantle on 4 March."}], "Q2441292": [{"id": "Q209439", "label": "Pehr Evind Svinhufvud", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 March 1932, President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud gave a radio speech in which he urged the militiamen to return home and promised that only the leaders would be punished."}], "Q2444934": [{"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "It formed part of the Battle of the Atlantic during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Its main goal was for the battleships to overwhelm the escort of one of the convoys transporting supplies to the United Kingdom and then sink large numbers of merchant ships."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the raid, the German battleships had roamed widely across the Atlantic, ranging from the waters off Greenland to the West African coast."}, {"id": "Q150939", "label": "Operation Weserübung", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1940 the Scharnhorst-class battleships took part in Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Norway."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1940 the German leader Adolf Hitler ordered an intensification of the attacks on Allied shipping in the Atlantic."}], "Q2449358": [{"id": "Q695485", "label": "Battle of Jumonville Glen", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement, along with a May 28 skirmish known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen, was the first military combat experience for George Washington, who was later selected as commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement, along with a May 28 skirmish known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen, was the first military combat experience for George Washington, who was later selected as commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement, along with a May 28 skirmish known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen, was the first military combat experience for George Washington, who was later selected as commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Necessity began the French and Indian War, which later spiraled into the global conflict known as the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Necessity began the French and Indian War, which later spiraled into the global conflict known as the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q5501836", "label": "French Louisiana", "section": "Background", "says": "However, France was able to control the large colonies of New France (modern-day Canada), Acadia, and the French Louisiana with relatively few people by controlling waterways (especially the Saint Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi River) and cultivating strong political and economic relationships with powerful Native American nations."}], "Q246200": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Medina de Rioseco, also known as the Battle of Moclín, was fought during the Peninsular War on 14 July 1808 when a combined body of Spanish militia and regulars moved to rupture the French line of communications to Madrid."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "A fresh campaign, conducted by Napoleon himself with the bulk of the Grande Armée, would be needed to redress the situation."}, {"id": "Q640100", "label": "Battles of El Bruch", "section": "Background", "says": "Conventional warfare in Spain started with the Battles of El Bruch."}], "Q2471586": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pomeranian War was a theatre of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "A Prussian counter-attack of Swedish Pomerania in January 1760 was repelled, and throughout the year Swedish forces again advanced into Prussian territory as far south as Prenzlau before again withdrawing to Swedish Pomerania in the winter."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The main cause for the Swedish intervention in the Seven Years' War was that the Hats faction then in power in Sweden believed Frederick II of Prussia would succumb to his many enemies, thus affording Sweden a risk-free opportunity to recapture its possessions in Pomerania that it had ceded to Prussia in 1720, towards the end of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "The main cause for the Swedish intervention in the Seven Years' War was that the Hats faction then in power in Sweden believed Frederick II of Prussia would succumb to his many enemies, thus affording Sweden a risk-free opportunity to recapture its possessions in Pomerania that it had ceded to Prussia in 1720, towards the end of the Great Northern War."}], "Q2481148": [{"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Disaster of Yongjia (simplified Chinese: 永嘉之乱; traditional Chinese: 永嘉之亂) occurred in July 311 CE, when forces of the Han-Zhao dynasty captured and sacked Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q714159", "label": "Liu Yuan", "section": "Background", "says": "For the rest of his reign, Liu Yuan did not encroach on Luoyang, although his generals continued to raid the North China Plain and recruit more followers."}, {"id": "Q714140", "label": "Liu He", "section": "Background", "says": "He died in August 310 and was succeeded by his heir Liu He."}, {"id": "Q714176", "label": "Liu Cong", "section": "Background", "says": "A week into his reign, Liu He initiated a purge of his brothers, killing all but three before Liu Cong retaliated and killed him."}, {"id": "Q1149197", "label": "Liu Yao", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after taking the throne, Liu Cong renewed efforts to take Luoyang, sending his son Liu Can, Wang Mi, and Liu Yao with 40,000 troops and the Jie general Shi Le to join them at Dayang (in present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi) with 20,000 cavalry troops."}, {"id": "Q1196190", "label": "Shi Le", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after taking the throne, Liu Cong renewed efforts to take Luoyang, sending his son Liu Can, Wang Mi, and Liu Yao with 40,000 troops and the Jie general Shi Le to join them at Dayang (in present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi) with 20,000 cavalry troops."}, {"id": "Q7361", "label": "Emperor Huai of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions were high between Sima Yue and Emperor Huai of Jin; previously in 309, to strengthen his grip on the court, Yue had had the Emperor's favourite courtiers executed and replaced the veteran palace guards, who had participated in various coups during the War of the Eight Princes, with soldiers from his own fief."}, {"id": "Q770951", "label": "War of the Eight Princes", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions were high between Sima Yue and Emperor Huai of Jin; previously in 309, to strengthen his grip on the court, Yue had had the Emperor's favourite courtiers executed and replaced the veteran palace guards, who had participated in various coups during the War of the Eight Princes, with soldiers from his own fief."}, {"id": "Q1152735", "label": "Liu Can", "section": "Background", "says": "Liu Can and Shi Le marched east out of Huanyuan Pass (approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of the Shaolin Monastery in Henan) and Chenggao Pass (in present-day Xingyang, Henan) respectively, launching raids on the commanderies of Liang, Runan, Chenliu and Yingchuan."}], "Q2493908": [{"id": "Q2958137", "label": "Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois", "section": "lead", "says": "Malta had been captured by a French expeditionary force during the Mediterranean campaign of 1798, and garrisoned with 3,000 soldiers under the command of Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The destruction of the French Mediterranean fleet granted control of the sea to the Royal Navy, soon joined by the navies of Portugal, Naples, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire as part of the hastily organised Second Coalition against France."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The destruction of the French Mediterranean fleet granted control of the sea to the Royal Navy, soon joined by the navies of Portugal, Naples, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire as part of the hastily organised Second Coalition against France."}], "Q2495491": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1500–1503) also known as the Second Lithuanian–Muscovite War was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led by Alexander Jagiellon, Konstanty Ostrogski and the Livonian Confederation led by Wolter von Plettenberg against the Principality of Moscow led by Ivan III of Russia and Daniil Shchenya and the Crimean Khanate led by Meñli I Giray."}, {"id": "Q712444", "label": "Konstanty Ostrogski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1500–1503) also known as the Second Lithuanian–Muscovite War was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led by Alexander Jagiellon, Konstanty Ostrogski and the Livonian Confederation led by Wolter von Plettenberg against the Principality of Moscow led by Ivan III of Russia and Daniil Shchenya and the Crimean Khanate led by Meñli I Giray."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1500–1503) also known as the Second Lithuanian–Muscovite War was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led by Alexander Jagiellon, Konstanty Ostrogski and the Livonian Confederation led by Wolter von Plettenberg against the Principality of Moscow led by Ivan III of Russia and Daniil Shchenya and the Crimean Khanate led by Meñli I Giray."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1500–1503) also known as the Second Lithuanian–Muscovite War was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led by Alexander Jagiellon, Konstanty Ostrogski and the Livonian Confederation led by Wolter von Plettenberg against the Principality of Moscow led by Ivan III of Russia and Daniil Shchenya and the Crimean Khanate led by Meñli I Giray."}, {"id": "Q379724", "label": "Meñli I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1500–1503) also known as the Second Lithuanian–Muscovite War was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led by Alexander Jagiellon, Konstanty Ostrogski and the Livonian Confederation led by Wolter von Plettenberg against the Principality of Moscow led by Ivan III of Russia and Daniil Shchenya and the Crimean Khanate led by Meñli I Giray."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hostilities were renewed in May 1500 when Ivan III took advantage of a planned Polish–Hungarian campaign against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q249853": [{"id": "Q877450", "label": "Laotian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "These groups have faced reprisals from the Lao People's Army and Vietnam People's Army for their support of the United States-aligned, anti-communist military campaigns in Laos during the Laotian Civil War, which the insurgency is an extension of itself."}, {"id": "Q772637", "label": "Vang Pao", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 2007, Vang Pao was arrested in the United States for an alleged plot to overthrow the Laotian communist government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 2007, Vang Pao was arrested in the United States for an alleged plot to overthrow the Laotian communist government."}], "Q2499424": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Çatalca was one of the heaviest battles of the First Balkan War fought between 17 and 18 November [O.S."}, {"id": "Q2620533", "label": "Radko Dimitriev", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initiated as an attempt of the combined Bulgarian First and Third armies, under the overall command of lieutenant general Radko Dimitriev, to defeat the Ottoman Army stationed in Çatalca and break through the last Turkish defensive line before the capital Constantinople."}], "Q2510875": [{"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baia (Romanian: Bătălia de la Baia; Hungarian: moldvabányai csata) was fought on December 15, 1467, between Moldavian prince Stephen the Great and the Hungarian king, Matthias Corvinus."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baia (Romanian: Bătălia de la Baia; Hungarian: moldvabányai csata) was fought on December 15, 1467, between Moldavian prince Stephen the Great and the Hungarian king, Matthias Corvinus."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hungarians recruited an army of 40,000, many drawn from Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "Background", "says": "Many knights and Hungarian aristocrats joined, one of them being Stephen Báthory, bringing 500 cannons and other heavy siege equipment."}], "Q2524627": [{"id": "Q4870519", "label": "Battle of Bordeaux", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the River Garonne, also known as the Battle of Bordeaux, was fought in 732 between an Umayyad army led by Abdul Rahman Al-Ghafiqi, governor of Al-Andalus, and Aquitanian forces led by Duke Odo of Aquitaine."}], "Q2525990": [{"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Persian invasion was a response to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt, when the Eretrians and Athenians had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia in their attempt to overthrow Persian rule."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to this raid, the Persian king Darius I swore to have revenge on Athens and Eretria."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "lead", "says": "An Athenian army marched to meet them, and won a famous victory at the Battle of Marathon, thereby ending the first Persian invasion."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the Ionian Revolt, the earliest phase of the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionistic, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of Ancient Greece may have been inevitable."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against Naxos, a joint venture between the Persian satrap Artaphernes and the Miletus tyrant Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Background", "says": "Herodotus suggests that the Eretrians supported the revolt in order to repay the support the Milesians had given Eretria in a past war against Chalcis."}, {"id": "Q317089", "label": "Aeschines", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, when these Athenians arrived at Eretria, they were told by a leading citizen, Aeschines, of the divisions amongst the Eretrians, and he advised them to leave and save themselves."}], "Q2526789": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zeeland occurred on the Western Front during the early stages of the German assault on France and the Low Countries during World War II."}], "Q2533670": [{"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place at Războieni, also known as Valea Albă, on 26 July 1476, between the Moldavian army of Stephen the Great and an invading Ottoman army which was commanded personally by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror."}, {"id": "Q1073358", "label": "Battle of Vaslui", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1475 the Ottoman's attempt to bring Moldavia under their control, at winter by using an army of Rumelian local levies, ended disastrously with a defeat in the Battle of Vaslui."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "During the proper military campaign season, the Ottomans assembled a large army, estimated by contemporary western sources at about 90,000–150,000 soldiers, under the command of Sultan Mehmed II and entered Moldavia in June 1476."}, {"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "Background", "says": "Dennis Deletant and Keith Hitchins regard these numbers as accurate, but according to Kármán Gábor, these sources are undoubtedly exaggerated, the fact that the first 100,000-strong army in Ottoman military history was formed during the reign of Selim II and that Ottoman military records kept at the time of the war recorded that the army was close to 30,000 shows that western sources give exaggera"}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, groups of Tartars from the Crimean Khanate (the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "But according to Shaw Stanford that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tatar forces \"occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube."}], "Q2540658": [{"id": "Q118755", "label": "Michael the Brave", "section": "lead", "says": "13 August] 1595 between the Wallachian army led by Michael the Brave and the Ottoman army led by Koca Sinan Pasha."}, {"id": "Q717115", "label": "Sinan the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "13 August] 1595 between the Wallachian army led by Michael the Brave and the Ottoman army led by Koca Sinan Pasha."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Long Turkish War, fought between Christian and Ottoman forces at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries."}], "Q2549357": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "After suffering defeat at the hands of the First Crusade, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum beat back the Crusade of 1101 and resumed its offensive operations against the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "After suffering defeat at the hands of the First Crusade, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum beat back the Crusade of 1101 and resumed its offensive operations against the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire."}, {"id": "Q51653", "label": "Crusade of 1101", "section": "lead", "says": "After suffering defeat at the hands of the First Crusade, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum beat back the Crusade of 1101 and resumed its offensive operations against the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, suffering from old age, was unable to deal with the swift Turkish raids into what was left of Byzantine Anatolia."}], "Q2562509": [{"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "Background", "says": "This incident, the Bắc Lệ ambush, was the proximate cause of the Sino-French War."}], "Q2574400": [{"id": "Q430053", "label": "Great Sioux War of 1876", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Rosebud or the Battle of Rosebud Creek took place on June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting primarily of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians during the Great Sioux War of 1876."}, {"id": "Q44555", "label": "Crazy Horse", "section": "lead", "says": "General George Crook's offensive was stymied by the Indians, led by Crazy Horse, and he awaited reinforcements before resuming the campaign in August."}, {"id": "Q2060306", "label": "Red Cloud's War", "section": "Background", "says": "After their victory in Red Cloud's War and with the signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), the Lakota and their Northern Cheyenne allies were allocated a reservation including the Black Hills, in Dakota Territory and a large area of unceded territory in what became Montana and Wyoming."}, {"id": "Q1700203", "label": "John Gibbon", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonel John Gibbon led a force from the west; General Alfred Terry (with Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer) came from the east; and General George Crook advanced northward from Fort Fetterman, near present-day Douglas, Wyoming."}, {"id": "Q722473", "label": "Alfred Terry", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonel John Gibbon led a force from the west; General Alfred Terry (with Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer) came from the east; and General George Crook advanced northward from Fort Fetterman, near present-day Douglas, Wyoming."}, {"id": "Q188205", "label": "George Armstrong Custer", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonel John Gibbon led a force from the west; General Alfred Terry (with Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer) came from the east; and General George Crook advanced northward from Fort Fetterman, near present-day Douglas, Wyoming."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonel John Gibbon led a force from the west; General Alfred Terry (with Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer) came from the east; and General George Crook advanced northward from Fort Fetterman, near present-day Douglas, Wyoming."}, {"id": "Q236795", "label": "Calamity Jane", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the teamsters was Calamity Jane, disguised as a man."}], "Q25809": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the four days of combat, Napoleon attempted to rush his troops, stretched out in a 30 mi (48 km) march, past the parallel-positioned Russian forces along the high road."}], "Q2592295": [{"id": "Q2634783", "label": "Revolution of 1930", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 (also known as the Paulista War or Brazilian Civil War) was the uprising by the population of the Brazilian state of São Paulo against the Revolution of 1930, when Getúlio Vargas assumed the nation's presidency."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 (also known as the Paulista War or Brazilian Civil War) was the uprising by the population of the Brazilian state of São Paulo against the Revolution of 1930, when Getúlio Vargas assumed the nation's presidency."}, {"id": "Q311225", "label": "Washington Luís", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1930 revolution affected São Paulo by eroding the autonomy that Brazilian states had under the 1891 constitution, preventing the inauguration of São Paulo governor Júlio Prestes (who had been elected president of Brazil in 1930 and overthrowing President Washington Luís, governor of São Paulo from 1920 to 1924."}, {"id": "Q2414171", "label": "First Brazilian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "These events marked the end of the First Brazilian Republic."}], "Q2598930": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This operation was heavily supported by Australian and United States air and naval units."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background", "says": "Securing Tarakan's oilfields formed one of Japan's early objectives during the Pacific War."}], "Q2603955": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States did not recognize Libya's territorial claims and continued to challenge the line, leading to military hostilities in August 1981 and March 1986."}], "Q2607475": [{"id": "Q51718", "label": "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hab (Arabic: معركة هاب), also known as the Second Battle of Tell Danith, occurred on 14 August 1119, where a Crusader army commanded by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem won a disputed victory over a Muslim army led by Ilghazi of Mardin since the Muslim army claimed it as a victory also."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle stabilised the Principality of Antioch, which had suffered a disastrous defeat only weeks before."}, {"id": "Q622184", "label": "Battle of Ager Sanguinis", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 June 1119, Ilghazi's Turco-Syrian army destroyed the Antiochene army at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "After his great victory, he captured several strongholds in the Principality of Antioch, but more might have been achieved. \"The failure of Il Ghazi to profit from his major victory ... was due not only to his own subsequent and prolonged drunkenness, but to the scattering of his forces in search of plunder.\"\nAs soon as he heard the news, Baldwin brought a force north from his Kingdom of Jerusalem"}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "Background", "says": "On the way, he picked up a contingent from the County of Tripoli under Count Pons."}], "Q2619223": [{"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Aetolian League triggered a small war which drew in Antiochus, Rome and the Seleucids came to blows."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The consul of 190 BC, Lucius Cornelius Scipio, then pursued Antiochus into Asia Minor with the support of the Pergamene king Eumenes II."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "lead", "says": "But after he was defeated by the Roman-led coalition at the Battle of Magnesia, he sued for peace, accepting those Roman demands."}, {"id": "Q39595", "label": "Ptolemy IV Philopator", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "He was, however, interrupted by the death of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt in summer 204 BC, which gave him an opportunity to take Coele Syria, Phoenicia, and Judea from the Ptolemies in the aftermath of the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "He was, however, interrupted by the death of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt in summer 204 BC, which gave him an opportunity to take Coele Syria, Phoenicia, and Judea from the Ptolemies in the aftermath of the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "He was, however, interrupted by the death of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt in summer 204 BC, which gave him an opportunity to take Coele Syria, Phoenicia, and Judea from the Ptolemies in the aftermath of the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "With the conquests of Antiochus and the Roman victory in the Second Punic War, the Aegean was now flanked by two great powers on its east and west."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "Roman influence continued expanding as a result of the Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC), fought between the republic and Philip V of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "Roman influence continued expanding as a result of the Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC), fought between the republic and Philip V of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q659723", "label": "Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "The Roman senate, influenced by a senatorial \"circle of 'eastern experts'\" led by Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, who were veterans of the First Macedonian War, sent an embassy to Philip with an ultimatum."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "Background and cold war", "says": "The Roman senate, influenced by a senatorial \"circle of 'eastern experts'\" led by Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, who were veterans of the First Macedonian War, sent an embassy to Philip with an ultimatum."}], "Q2620022": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (Persian: عهدنامه نصوح پاشا, Turkish: Nasuh Paşa Antlaşması) was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran signed on 20 November 1612."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (Persian: عهدنامه نصوح پاشا, Turkish: Nasuh Paşa Antlaşması) was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran signed on 20 November 1612."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire was engaged in a long and costly war against the Holy Roman Empire, the so called Long war (1593–1606), and there were a series of revolts in Anatolia called the Celali rebellions."}], "Q2624653": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, Croatia made moves towards achieving independence from Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This provided the Croatian forces with a sizable number of weapons—including 250 tanks, hundreds of artillery pieces and a large supply of small arms and ammunition—which proved crucial in defending against JNA advances in the early stage of the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval of a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Croatian President Franjo Tuđman's first plan  was to win support from the European Community (EC) and the United States for Croatia; he dismissed advice to seize JNA barracks and storage facilities in the country."}, {"id": "Q163883", "label": "Ten-Day War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Capture of the JNA barracks and storage depots was first advocated by Špegelj in late 1990; he again urged Tuđman to adopt the plan in early-to-mid 1991 while the JNA fought Slovenia's TO in the Ten-Day War in June–July 1991. Špegelj's calls were echoed by Šime Đodan, who succeeded Špegelj as the Defence Minister in July. Špegelj remained in command of the ZNG."}, {"id": "Q146496", "label": "Stjepan Mesić", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The conference started on 7 September, but only four days later, the Croatian member and chair of the presidency Stjepan Mesić ordered the JNA to return to its barracks within 48 hours."}], "Q262522": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Nikolsburg or Peace of Mikulov, signed on 31 December 1621 in Nikolsburg, Moravia (now Mikulov in the Czech Republic), was the treaty which ended the war between Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania and Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q313494", "label": "Gabriel Bethlen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Nikolsburg or Peace of Mikulov, signed on 31 December 1621 in Nikolsburg, Moravia (now Mikulov in the Czech Republic), was the treaty which ended the war between Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania and Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Nikolsburg or Peace of Mikulov, signed on 31 December 1621 in Nikolsburg, Moravia (now Mikulov in the Czech Republic), was the treaty which ended the war between Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania and Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q2625552": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (日ソ基本条約, Nisso Kihon Jōyaku) was a treaty normalizing relations between the Empire of Japan and the Soviet Union that was signed on 20 January 1925."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (日ソ基本条約, Nisso Kihon Jōyaku) was a treaty normalizing relations between the Empire of Japan and the Soviet Union that was signed on 20 January 1925."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, co-operative relations between Russia and Japan were gradually restored by four sets of treaties signed between 1907 and 1916."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, co-operative relations between Russia and Japan were gradually restored by four sets of treaties signed between 1907 and 1916."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the collapse of the Romanov dynasty, followed by the October Revolution and the Japanese Siberian intervention created a strong distrust between Japan and the newly founded Soviet Union."}], "Q2632944": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second London Naval Treaty was an international treaty intended to limit the growth in naval armaments prior to World War II."}], "Q2637246": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sasireti (Georgian: სასირეთის ბრძოლა) took place in 1042 at the village of Sasireti in the present day Shida Kartli region, not far from the town of Kaspi, during the civil war in the Kingdom of Georgia."}], "Q2639377": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Seven Years' War, the Prussian-held town of Kolberg in Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg) was besieged by Russian forces three times."}, {"id": "Q130752", "label": "Elizabeth I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, when Empress Elizabeth of Russia died only weeks after the Russian victory, her successor, Peter III of Russia, made peace and returned Kolberg to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q151789", "label": "Peter III of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, when Empress Elizabeth of Russia died only weeks after the Russian victory, her successor, Peter III of Russia, made peace and returned Kolberg to Prussia."}], "Q2663279": [{"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Palikao (French: La bataille de Palikao; simplified Chinese: 八里桥之战; traditional Chinese: 八里橋之戰; pinyin: Bālǐqiáo zhī zhàn; lit. 'Battle of the Eight-Mile Bridge') was fought at the bridge of Baliqiao by Anglo-French forces against the Qing dynasty of China during the Second Opium War on the morning of 21 September 1860."}, {"id": "Q700883", "label": "Treaty of Tientsin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1858, the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin stopped the potential visit after capturing the Taku Forts that defended the Hai River, which were returned to the Qing army."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "Sailing from Hong Kong in July, the capture of the Taku Forts on 21 August 1860 had opened up the river route to Beijing."}, {"id": "Q1132618", "label": "James Hope Grant", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant General Sir Hope Grant was the British commander with Charles Cousin-Montauban in charge of the French."}, {"id": "Q707195", "label": "Charles Cousin-Montauban", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant General Sir Hope Grant was the British commander with Charles Cousin-Montauban in charge of the French."}], "Q2700721": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jalula was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after the conquest of Ctesiphon by the latter."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jalula was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after the conquest of Ctesiphon by the latter."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Ctesiphon fell following a siege, several detachments of the Muslim army were immediately sent to the west to capture Qarqeesia and Heet, the forts at the border of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "After withdrawal from Ctesiphon, the Persian armies gathered at Jalula north-east of Ctesiphon, a place of strategic importance from where routes led to Iraq, Khurasan and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q5950143", "label": "Farrukhzad", "section": "lead", "says": "His deputy was General Farrukhzad, a brother of General Rostam Farrokhzād, who had commanded the Persian forces at the Battle of Qadisiyyah."}, {"id": "Q937670", "label": "Rostam Farrokhzād", "section": "lead", "says": "His deputy was General Farrukhzad, a brother of General Rostam Farrokhzād, who had commanded the Persian forces at the Battle of Qadisiyyah."}, {"id": "Q380184", "label": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas", "section": "lead", "says": "As instructed by the Caliph Umar, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas reported everything to Umar."}, {"id": "Q124773809", "label": "Hashim ibn Utba", "section": "lead", "says": "Umar appointed Hashim ibn Utba to the expedition to Jalula."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Defense of Jalula was also very important for the strength of the empire and maintain order in the far-flung frontiers of the Persian Empire."}], "Q2712928": [{"id": "Q3118581", "label": "Nikephoros Ouranos", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a Bulgarian army led by Tsar Samuil, which in the previous year had penetrated south into Greece, and a Byzantine army under the command of General Nikephoros Ouranos."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "lead", "says": "The major historical source on the battle comes from Greek historian John Skylitzes whose Synopsis of Histories (Σύνοψις Ἱστοριῶν) contains a biography of the then-reigning Byzantine emperor, Basil II."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "The major historical source on the battle comes from Greek historian John Skylitzes whose Synopsis of Histories (Σύνοψις Ἱστοριῶν) contains a biography of the then-reigning Byzantine emperor, Basil II."}, {"id": "Q2292026", "label": "Battle of the Gates of Trajan", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the success of the Bulgarians in the Battle of the Gates of Trajan in 986, Byzantium descended into a civil war, further exacerbated by the conflict with the Fatimids in Syria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 991, the Byzantines managed to capture Roman of Bulgaria but this did not stop Samuil who was now de facto the only emperor of Bulgaria."}], "Q2718318": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Dardanelles (also known as the Dardanelles Treaty of Peace, Commerce, and Secret Alliance, the Treaty of Çanak,  the Treaty of Chanak or Turkish: Kale-i Sultaniye Antlaşması) was concluded between the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain on 5 January 1809 at Çanak, Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q31301", "label": "Anglo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty ended the Anglo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q700363", "label": "London Straits Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty anticipated the London Straits Convention of 1841, by which the other major powers committed themselves to this same principle."}], "Q2720985": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kirk Kilisse or Battle of Kirklareli or Battle of Lozengrad was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kirk Kilisse or Battle of Kirklareli or Battle of Lozengrad was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kirk Kilisse or Battle of Kirklareli or Battle of Lozengrad was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7035541", "label": "Nikola Ivanov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Bulgarian Second Army under Nikola Ivanov was assigned to contain and eventually besiege the fortress of Adrianople, while the Bulgarian First Army under Vasil Kutinchev advanced between Adrianople and Lozengrad."}, {"id": "Q12274763", "label": "Vasil Kutinchev", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Bulgarian Second Army under Nikola Ivanov was assigned to contain and eventually besiege the fortress of Adrianople, while the Bulgarian First Army under Vasil Kutinchev advanced between Adrianople and Lozengrad."}, {"id": "Q2620533", "label": "Radko Dimitriev", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Bulgarian Third Army, commanded by Radko Dimitriev, was concealed behind the Bulgarian cavalry and was intended to deliver the principal blow against the Ottoman field forces."}, {"id": "Q680301", "label": "Nazim Pasha", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Minister of War Nazım Pasha instead insisted on taking the offensive, influenced by contemporary doctrines that emphasized aggressive offensive action and by a desire to seize the initiative before the Bulgarian advance developed fully."}], "Q2724181": [{"id": "Q379748", "label": "Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the forces of Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona against the allied forces of Al-Musta'in II of the Taifa of Zaragoza and García Ordóñez de Nájera and Gonzalo Núñez de Lara representing Alfonso VI of León and Castille."}, {"id": "Q33061", "label": "Taifa of Zaragoza", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the forces of Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona against the allied forces of Al-Musta'in II of the Taifa of Zaragoza and García Ordóñez de Nájera and Gonzalo Núñez de Lara representing Alfonso VI of León and Castille."}, {"id": "Q344802", "label": "Sancho Ramírez", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1094, Sancho Ramírez, the King of Aragon and Pamplona initiated a siege of the strategic Muslim city of Huesca."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "Sancho's son and heir, Peter I took command and continued the siege."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "lead", "says": "Later legends hold that during the battle, Saint George appeared above the crown of Aragon, to inspire the Christian army who were heavily outnumbered in this first Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "Later legends hold that during the battle, Saint George appeared above the crown of Aragon, to inspire the Christian army who were heavily outnumbered in this first Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q635213", "label": "Battle of Clavijo", "section": "lead", "says": "This parallels the legendary story of the Battle of Clavijo, over two hundred years earlier, where Saint James was similarly alleged to have appeared before the Christian forces of the Kingdom of Asturias in the battle against the Saracen armies."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "This parallels the legendary story of the Battle of Clavijo, over two hundred years earlier, where Saint James was similarly alleged to have appeared before the Christian forces of the Kingdom of Asturias in the battle against the Saracen armies."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The heraldic war shield known as the Cross of Alcoraz which commemorated the battle was later adopted as the personal coat of arms of King Peter III of Aragon and subsequently incorporated into the flag of the Kingdom of Aragon where it remains to this day."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The heraldic war shield known as the Cross of Alcoraz which commemorated the battle was later adopted as the personal coat of arms of King Peter III of Aragon and subsequently incorporated into the flag of the Kingdom of Aragon where it remains to this day."}], "Q2724886": [{"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1788, Russian forces led by the commander in chief Prince Grigory Potemkin, General Alexander Suvorov, who was called here from near Kinburn Spit with his Phanagorian Regiment and commanded the left wing (until injury and replacement), Prince Nikolai Repnin (the center) and Ivan Möller (the right wing) besieged the city, held by Ottoman troops massively assisted at sea by Hasan Pasha, whose kno"}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1788, Russian forces led by the commander in chief Prince Grigory Potemkin, General Alexander Suvorov, who was called here from near Kinburn Spit with his Phanagorian Regiment and commanded the left wing (until injury and replacement), Prince Nikolai Repnin (the center) and Ivan Möller (the right wing) besieged the city, held by Ottoman troops massively assisted at sea by Hasan Pasha, whose kno"}], "Q2741182": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Vietnamese conflicts of 1979–1991 were a series of border and naval clashes between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979."}, {"id": "Q623171", "label": "Sino-Vietnamese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Vietnamese conflicts of 1979–1991 were a series of border and naval clashes between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "By the early 1990s, along with the withdrawal of Vietnam from Cambodia and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the relationship between the two countries gradually returned to normality."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "By the early 1990s, along with the withdrawal of Vietnam from Cambodia and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the relationship between the two countries gradually returned to normality."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "Background", "says": "On the Chinese side, armies from seven military regions were rotated through this area to \"touch the tiger's butt\", a euphemism for obtaining combat experiences given by Chinese paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping."}], "Q2744242": [{"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "Background", "says": "John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar, standard-bearer for the Jacobite cause in Scotland, mustered Highland chiefs, and, on 6 September, declared James Francis Edward Stuart (the \"Old Pretender\") as King of Scots."}], "Q2744875": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Savannah or the second battle of Savannah was an encounter of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) in 1779."}, {"id": "Q381854", "label": "Casimir Pulaski", "section": "lead", "says": "During the attack, Polish nobleman Count Casimir Pulaski, leading the combined cavalry forces on the American side, was mortally wounded."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the failures of military campaigns in the northern United States earlier in the American Revolutionary War, British military planners decided to embark on a southern strategy to conquer the rebellious colonies, with the support of Loyalists in the South."}, {"id": "Q694048", "label": "Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing", "section": "Background", "says": "He did not realize that the ships he saw were the faster ships of a group sent by French Admiral Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing to tell the American army they had arrived in Georgia."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "General Benjamin Lincoln, commanding those forces, knew that he could not recapture Savannah without naval assistance; for this he turned to the French, who had entered the war as an American ally in 1778."}], "Q2750968": [{"id": "Q278399", "label": "Ralph Abercromby", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by General Sir Ralph Abercromby, the British entrenched army engaged a French force under Divisional-general Jacques-François Menou near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the Mediterranean Sea and Abukir."}, {"id": "Q1345264", "label": "Jacques-François Menou", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by General Sir Ralph Abercromby, the British entrenched army engaged a French force under Divisional-general Jacques-François Menou near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the Mediterranean Sea and Abukir."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "Background", "says": "François Lanusse would lead on the left with the brigades of Valentin and Silly, supported by the infantry Divisions of Antoine-Guillaume Rampon in the centre and Jean Reynier on the right."}], "Q2798534": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tulle massacre was the roundup and summary execution of civilians in the French town of Tulle by the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich in June 1944, three days after the D-Day landings in World War II."}], "Q2801192": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates."}], "Q281648": [{"id": "Q239486", "label": "David II of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dupplin Moor was fought between supporters of King David II of Scotland, the son of King Robert Bruce, and English-backed invaders supporting Edward Balliol, son of King John I of Scotland, on 11 August 1332."}, {"id": "Q471796", "label": "Edward Balliol", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dupplin Moor was fought between supporters of King David II of Scotland, the son of King Robert Bruce, and English-backed invaders supporting Edward Balliol, son of King John I of Scotland, on 11 August 1332."}, {"id": "Q3310304", "label": "Second War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the first major battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland ended in 1328 with the Treaty of Northampton, recognising Bruce as King of Scots, but the treaty was widely resented in England."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "King Edward III of England was happy to cause trouble for his northern neighbour and tacitly supported an attempt to place Balliol on the Scottish throne."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q228642", "label": "Isabella of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This brought his regents, Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, to the negotiating table."}, {"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While the invaders were still disembarking they were confronted by a large Scottish force commanded by Duncan, Earl of Fife, and Robert Bruce (an illegitimate son of King Robert the Bruce)."}], "Q28450472": [{"id": "Q107177113", "label": "Somaliland War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Isaaq genocide also known as the Hargeisa Holocaust, was the systematic, state-sponsored genocide of Isaaq civilians between 1987 and 1989, during the Somaliland War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "It was carried out under the dictatorship of Siad Barre, president of the Somali Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q1477220", "label": "Somali Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was carried out under the dictatorship of Siad Barre, president of the Somali Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "lead", "says": "These refugees, who had arrived after the 1977 Ogaden War, were viewed by the SNM as a paramilitary force used by the state to colonize Isaaq land."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, up to 500,000 Somalilanders, primarily of the Isaaq clan, fled across the border as refugees to Hart Sheik, Ethiopia, in what was described as \"one of the fastest and largest forced movements of people recorded in Africa,\" which resulted in the creation of the world's then-largest refugee camp."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the countryside, the persecution of Isaaq included the creation of a mechanised section of the Somali Armed Forces dubbed as Dabar Goynta Isaaqa (lit. 'The Isaaq Exterminators') consisting entirely of non-Isaaqs (mainly Ogaden); this unit conducted a \"systematic pattern of attacks against unarmed, civilian villages, watering points and grazing areas of Somaliland, killing many of their resident"}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1969, the military seized power in a coup following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke and the ensuing political parliamentary debate on succession, which ended in a deadlock."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Nations Development Programme stated that \"the 21-year regime of Siyad Barre had one of the worst human rights records in Africa.\" The new regime became a client state of the Soviet Union and on the first anniversary of the coup officially adopted scientific socialism as its core ideology."}], "Q2860095": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege followed a brief Ottoman attack on the Kingdom of Sicily and Hospitaller Malta, during which the island of Gozo was invaded and sacked and some 5,000 to 7,000 inhabitants were taken as slaves."}, {"id": "Q3355522", "label": "Hospitaller Malta", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege followed a brief Ottoman attack on the Kingdom of Sicily and Hospitaller Malta, during which the island of Gozo was invaded and sacked and some 5,000 to 7,000 inhabitants were taken as slaves."}, {"id": "Q104866537", "label": "Hospitaller Tripoli", "section": "Background and prelude", "says": "Hospitaller Tripoli was a small city surrounded by a ring of packed earth fortifications, along with a fortress built partly of stone and partly of earth facing the sea, and a smaller fortress known as the castillegio guarding the mouth of the harbour."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background and prelude", "says": "The period of Hospitaller rule was characterised by near-constant conflict between the knights and the Ottoman Empire, and there were also frequent hostilities between the Hospitallers and Tajura, a town close to Tripoli whose population included descendants of those displaced by the 1510 invasion."}, {"id": "Q264097", "label": "Jean de Valette Parisot", "section": "Background and prelude", "says": "In the 1540s, when Jean Parisot de Valette was Governor of Tripoli, the Order considered transferring its headquarters from Birgu on Malta to Tripoli."}], "Q2887968": [{"id": "Q319302", "label": "Jean Baptiste Kléber", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heliopolis was fought between the French Army of the Orient under the command of General Jean-Baptiste Kléber and an Ottoman army at Heliopolis on 20 March 1800."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Ever since Napoleon left Egypt in September 1799, the commander of the Army of the Orient, General Jean-Baptiste Kléber, had been attempting to evacuate his army and return to Europe."}], "Q2888057": [{"id": "Q317984", "label": "Emperor Go-Shirakawa", "section": "lead", "says": "To that end, he burned the Hōjūji Palace, and kidnapped Emperor Go-Shirakawa."}], "Q2888065": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Utica was fought in 203 BC between a Roman army commanded by Publius Cornelius Scipio and the allied armies of Carthage and Numidia, commanded by Hasdrubal Gisgo and Syphax respectively."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Second Punic War and resulted in a heavy defeat for Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of its defeat in the First Punic War (264–241 BC) Carthage expanded its territory in south-east Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of its defeat in the First Punic War (264–241 BC) Carthage expanded its territory in south-east Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Scipio was already anticipating an invasion of North Africa and while still in Spain had been negotiating with the Numidian leaders Masinissa and Syphax."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hannibal was still on Italian soil; there was the possibility of further Carthaginian invasions, shortly to be realised when Mago Barca landed in Liguria; the practical difficulties of an amphibious invasion and its logistical follow up were considerable; and when the Romans had invaded North Africa in 256 BC during the First Punic War they had been driven out with heavy losses, which had re-energ"}, {"id": "Q335604", "label": "Mago", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hannibal was still on Italian soil; there was the possibility of further Carthaginian invasions, shortly to be realised when Mago Barca landed in Liguria; the practical difficulties of an amphibious invasion and its logistical follow up were considerable; and when the Romans had invaded North Africa in 256 BC during the First Punic War they had been driven out with heavy losses, which had re-energ"}], "Q2888305": [{"id": "Q715652", "label": "Murad Bey", "section": "lead", "says": "On their march to Cairo, the French army encountered an Ottoman army consisting of Mamluk cavalry and drafted Fellahins under Murad Bey."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon lined his forces up into infantry squares, a tactic which helped repel the Mamluk cavalry, largely due to their inability to penetrate them without suffering severe casualties."}], "Q2889028": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Kurikara Pass (倶利伽羅峠の戦い, Kurikara tōge no tatakai), also known as the battle of Tonamiyama (砺波山), was a crucial engagement in Japan's Genpei War; in this battle the tide of the war turned in the favour of the Minamoto clan.\n\"Yoshinaka won by a clever strategy; under cover of nightfall his troops enveloped the main body of the Taira, demoralized them by a series of tactical surprises,"}], "Q2889367": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montcornet, on 17 May 1940 took place during the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "The French 4e Division cuirassée (Colonel Charles de Gaulle), attacked the German-held village of Montcornet with over 200 tanks."}], "Q2889417": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Morotai, part of the Pacific War, began on 15 September 1944, and continued until the end of the war in August 1945."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting started when United States and Australian forces landed on the southwest corner of Morotai, a small island in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI), which the Allies needed as a base to support the liberation of the Philippines later that year."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting started when United States and Australian forces landed on the southwest corner of Morotai, a small island in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI), which the Allies needed as a base to support the liberation of the Philippines later that year."}, {"id": "Q2029522", "label": "Ternate Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "It formed part of the Netherlands East Indies and was ruled by the Dutch through the Sultanate of Ternate."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1944, General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of the South West Pacific Area, selected Morotai as the location for air bases and naval facilities needed to support the liberation of Mindanao in the Philippines."}], "Q2890596": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on 20 November 1845, in the waters of the Paraná River, on its right bank and in the north of the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), in a bend where the river narrows and turns, known as Vuelta de Obligado, in what is today the town of Obligado, in San Pedro district."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a confrontation between the province of Buenos Aires, governed by Brigadier Juan Manuel de Rosas – who appointed General Lucio Norberto Mansilla as commander of the defense forces – and the Anglo-French squadron, whose intervention was carried out under the pretext of achieving pacification in the face of the problems existing between Buenos Aires and Montevideo."}, {"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Europeans intended to establish direct trade relations between Britain and France with the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes, without going through Buenos Aires or recognizing Rosas' authority as the person in charge of foreign relations for the Argentine Confederation."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Background", "says": "Rosas's economic policies of requiring trade to pass through the Buenos Aires custom house, which was his method of imposing his will on the Littoral provinces, combined with his attempts to incorporate Paraguay and Uruguay to the confederation, were in conflict with French and British economic interests in the region."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "With the development of steam-powered sailing, which mainly took place in Britain, France, and the United States, in the third decade of the 19th century, large and thus ocean-going merchant and military ships became capable of sailing up rivers at good speeds and with heavy loads."}], "Q2890760": [{"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Bạch Đằng River in late 938 near Hạ Long Bay in northern Vietnam, the military force of the Viet-ruled domain of Tĩnh Hải quân, led by Ngô Quyền, a Viet lord, defeated the invading forces of the Chinese state of Southern Han and put an end to the Third Era of Northern Domination (Chinese ruled Vietnam)."}, {"id": "Q717972", "label": "Liu Yan", "section": "Background", "says": "The leader of the Khuc, Khúc Thừa Mỹ, was taken prisoner by the Southern Han emperor Liu Yan."}], "Q2915580": [{"id": "Q2660910", "label": "Moshe Carmel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by General Moshe Carmel, and aimed at capturing the Upper Galilee region from the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) forces led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji and a Syrian battalion."}], "Q29385187": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 April 2017, the United States conducted an airstrike in Achin District, located in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan, near the border with Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 April 2017, the United States conducted an airstrike in Achin District, located in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan, near the border with Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 April 2017, the United States conducted an airstrike in Achin District, located in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan, near the border with Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria announced the establishment of its Khorasan branch in January 2015, which was the first time the group had officially spread outside the Arab world."}], "Q2980537": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Daraa occurred within the context of the 2011 Arab Spring protests in Syria, in which Daraa was the center of unrest."}], "Q2981856": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Around the same time, a convoy of Europe-bound transports carrying Australian and New Zealand soldiers departed from Albany, Western Australia, with escorts HMAS Melbourne, HMAS Sydney, HMS Minotaur, and the Japanese battlecruiser Ibuki."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Around the same time, a convoy of Europe-bound transports carrying Australian and New Zealand soldiers departed from Albany, Western Australia, with escorts HMAS Melbourne, HMAS Sydney, HMS Minotaur, and the Japanese battlecruiser Ibuki."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background and leadup", "says": "Aware of the increasing efforts to find his ship, von Müller selected the wireless station at Direction Island as his next target, with the hope that, in addition to hampering communications between Australia and the United Kingdom, disabling it would frustrate efforts to coordinate the search for Emden (which by this point included sixteen warships from five Allied nations), and direct them away "}], "Q2985337": [{"id": "Q1362209", "label": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 17 May 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Confederacy and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War it was signed between Warren\nHastings and Mahadaji Shinde."}, {"id": "Q3275992", "label": "Mahadaji Scindia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 17 May 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Confederacy and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War it was signed between Warren\nHastings and Mahadaji Shinde."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Under its terms, the Company retained control of Salsette and Broach and acquired guarantees that the Marathas would defeat Hyder Ali of Mysore and retake territories in the Carnatic."}, {"id": "Q7283047", "label": "Raghunathrao", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, the British agreed to pension off their protégé, Raghunath Rao, and acknowledge Madhavrao II as peshwa of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q6727333", "label": "Madhavrao II", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, the British agreed to pension off their protégé, Raghunath Rao, and acknowledge Madhavrao II as peshwa of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, the British agreed to pension off their protégé, Raghunath Rao, and acknowledge Madhavrao II as peshwa of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Salbai resulted in a period of relative peace between the Maratha Confederacy and the British East India Company until outbreak of the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1802."}], "Q2996302": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fenian raids were a series of incursions carried out by the Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish republican organization based in the United States, on military fortifications, customs posts, and other targets in Canada (called British North America until 1867) in 1866, and again from 1870 to 1871."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "While authorities in the United States arrested the men and confiscated the arms of the Fenian Brotherhood, there was speculation that some in the U.S. government ignored the preparations undertaken by the Fenians due to anger over British assistance to the Confederacy during the American Civil War."}], "Q3025312": [{"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians consider it a direct Catalan revolt against Madrid, fought primarily in Catalonia by the Carlists under General Ramón Cabrera against the forces of the government of Isabella II."}, {"id": "Q526803", "label": "Carlos Luis de Borbón y Bragança", "section": "lead", "says": "Theoretically, the war was fought to facilitate the marriage of Isabella II with the Carlist pretender, Carlos Luis de Borbón (or Carlos VI), which was supported by some doctrinaire elements from the moderate party and by the Carlists."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The marriage never took place, as Isabella II was wed to Francisco de Borbón."}, {"id": "Q957532", "label": "Third Carlist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was rather minor in the Basque Country in the Basque context, a central focus of Carlist uprisings, it was non-existent, so \"Second Carlist War\" invariably refers to the Third Carlist War."}], "Q3025332": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "It forms part of the series of conflicts known collectively as the 1639–1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which include the 1641–1653 Irish Confederate Wars, the 1639–1640 Bishops' Wars, and the 1649–1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It forms part of the series of conflicts known collectively as the 1639–1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which include the 1641–1653 Irish Confederate Wars, the 1639–1640 Bishops' Wars, and the 1649–1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It forms part of the series of conflicts known collectively as the 1639–1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which include the 1641–1653 Irish Confederate Wars, the 1639–1640 Bishops' Wars, and the 1649–1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his defeat in the First English Civil War, in May 1646 Charles I surrendered to the Scots Covenanters, rather than Parliament."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "However, these were poorly co-ordinated and by the end of August 1648, they had been defeated by forces under Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax."}, {"id": "Q550612", "label": "Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron", "section": "lead", "says": "However, these were poorly co-ordinated and by the end of August 1648, they had been defeated by forces under Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the execution of Charles I in January 1649 and establishment of the Commonwealth of England, after which the Covenanters crowned his son Charles II King of Scotland, leading to the 1650 to 1652 Anglo-Scottish War."}], "Q3026815": [{"id": "Q766437", "label": "Rif War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alhucemas landing (Spanish: Desembarco de Alhucemas; also known as Al Hoceima landing) was a military amphibious landing which took place on 8 September 1925 at Alhucemas by the Spanish Army and Navy and by an allied French naval and aerial contingent, that would put an end to the Rif War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Alhucemas is seen as a precursor of the Allied amphibious landings in World War II, and the first successful combined operation of the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q192894", "label": "Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander of the operation was the then dictator of Spain, general Miguel Primo de Rivera, and, as the executive head of the landing forces at the beach of Alhucemas bay, general José Sanjurjo, under whose orders were two army brigades from Ceuta and Melilla, led by Leopoldo Saro Marín and Emilio Fernández Pérez, respectively."}, {"id": "Q436763", "label": "José Sanjurjo", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander of the operation was the then dictator of Spain, general Miguel Primo de Rivera, and, as the executive head of the landing forces at the beach of Alhucemas bay, general José Sanjurjo, under whose orders were two army brigades from Ceuta and Melilla, led by Leopoldo Saro Marín and Emilio Fernández Pérez, respectively."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the officers of the Ceuta brigade, there was the then colonel Francisco Franco who, for his leadership of the Spanish Legion troops in this action, was promoted to brigadier general."}, {"id": "Q1138460", "label": "Battle of Annual", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Annual in July 1921, the Spanish army was unable to regain control of the central Rif region."}], "Q3049873": [{"id": "Q217915", "label": "Piri Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aden revolt of 1548 was a rebellion against Ottoman rule in Yemen, that was suppressed after Ottoman forces under Piri Reis arrived on 26 February 1548."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "Aden had already been captured by the Ottomans for Suleiman the Magnificent in 1538 by Hadim Suleiman Pasha, in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the western coast of India."}], "Q3050672": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Louisbourg (8 June – 26 July 1758) was fought during the Seven Years' War on Cape Breton Island between an attacking British force and defending French and Mi'kmaq troops."}, {"id": "Q379812", "label": "James Wolfe", "section": "Background", "says": "Amherst's brigadiers were Charles Lawrence, James Wolfe and Edward Whitmore, and command of naval operations was assigned to Admiral Edward Boscawen."}, {"id": "Q695276", "label": "Edward Boscawen", "section": "Background", "says": "Amherst's brigadiers were Charles Lawrence, James Wolfe and Edward Whitmore, and command of naval operations was assigned to Admiral Edward Boscawen."}], "Q305133": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kholm Pocket (German: Kessel von Cholm; Russian: Холмский котёл) was the name given for the encirclement of German troops by the Red Army around Kholm, south of Leningrad, in World War II's the Eastern Front, from 23 January 1942 to 5 May 1942."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The air supply of Kholm and Demyansk was successful but led to an overconfidence in the German High Command on the Luftwaffe's ability to supply encircled forces by air, which would lead to disastrous consequences at the Battle of Stalingrad in late 1942 and early 1943."}], "Q3119188": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fernandine Wars (from the Portuguese Guerras Fernandinas) were a series of three conflicts (1369–71, 1372–73, 1381–82) between the Kingdom of Portugal under King Ferdinand I and the Crown of Castile under Kings Henry II and later John I."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fernandine Wars (from the Portuguese Guerras Fernandinas) were a series of three conflicts (1369–71, 1372–73, 1381–82) between the Kingdom of Portugal under King Ferdinand I and the Crown of Castile under Kings Henry II and later John I."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fernandine Wars (from the Portuguese Guerras Fernandinas) were a series of three conflicts (1369–71, 1372–73, 1381–82) between the Kingdom of Portugal under King Ferdinand I and the Crown of Castile under Kings Henry II and later John I."}, {"id": "Q310963", "label": "Peter of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "They were fought over Ferdinand's claim to the Castilian succession after the murder of King Peter of Castile in 1369."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "After signing  the Treaty of Salvaterra, there was a period of civil war (April 1383 – August 1385 Crisis) (1383 – 1385 Portuguese interregnum) in Portugal without a ruling king."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was part of the Hundred Years' War."}], "Q3501165": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Odžak was the last battle of World War II in Europe."}], "Q3544429": [{"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian–Latin wars were a series of conflicts between the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) and the Latin Empire (1204–61)."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian–Latin wars were a series of conflicts between the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) and the Latin Empire (1204–61)."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After that crucial defeat the Latin Empire had to defend itself against Bulgaria and the successor states of the Byzantine Empire, the Nicaean Empire in Asia Minor and the Despotate of Epirus in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "After that crucial defeat the Latin Empire had to defend itself against Bulgaria and the successor states of the Byzantine Empire, the Nicaean Empire in Asia Minor and the Despotate of Epirus in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the conflicts the Bulgarian Empire expanded its territory taking control of most of the Balkan Peninsula while the influence of the Latin Empire was reduced to Constantinople and a few towns and islands."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "With the elimination of the Patriarchate of Constantinople by the Roman Catholic Crusaders, Bulgaria became the centre of Orthodox Christianity."}], "Q3562309": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wars of the Delian League (477–449 BC) were a series of campaigns fought between the Delian League led by Athens and her allies, and the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts represent the continuation of the Greco-Persian Wars, after the second Persian invasion of Greece."}, {"id": "Q3242126", "label": "Battle of the Eurymedon", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia, the Athenians and allied fleet achieved a stunning double victory, destroying a Persian fleet and then landing the ships' marines to attack and rout the Persian army."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Towards the end of the 460s BC, the Athenians took the ambitious decision to support a revolt in the Egyptian satrapy of the Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q370709", "label": "Peace of Callias", "section": "lead", "says": "This campaign marked the end of hostilities between the Delian League and Persia, and some ancient historians claim that a peace treaty, the Peace of Callias, was agreed to cement the final end of the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greco-Persian Wars had their roots in the conquest of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and in particular Ionia, by the Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great shortly after 550 BC."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "The simmering tension finally broke into open revolt due to the actions of the tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "This triggered similar revolutions across Ionia, and indeed Doris and Aeolis, beginning the Ionian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "Background", "says": "However, in a decision of great historic significance, the Persian king Darius the Great decided that, despite successfully subduing the revolt, there remained the unfinished business of exacting punishment on Athens and Eretria for supporting the revolt."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the invasion ended in 490 BC with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "Background", "says": "Between the two invasions, Darius died, and responsibility for the war passed to his son Xerxes I."}], "Q3621804": [{"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marcellae (Bulgarian: Битката при Маркели, Greek: Μάχη των Μαρκελλών) took place in 756 between the armies of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire at Markeli, near the town of Karnobat in south eastern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marcellae (Bulgarian: Битката при Маркели, Greek: Μάχη των Μαρκελλών) took place in 756 between the armies of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire at Markeli, near the town of Karnobat in south eastern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marcellae (Bulgarian: Битката при Маркели, Greek: Μάχη των Μαρκελλών) took place in 756 between the armies of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire at Markeli, near the town of Karnobat in south eastern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "This was mainly because, after significant victories over the Arabs, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V began to fortify his border with Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q1492048", "label": "Treaty of 716", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Khan Kormisosh took those actions, and the construction of a new fortress along the border, as a breach of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 716, signed by Tervel."}], "Q3630511": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Koregaon  was fought on 1 January 1818 between the East India Company and the Peshwa faction of the Maratha Empire, at Koregaon Bhima."}, {"id": "Q4848887", "label": "Baji Rao II", "section": "lead", "says": "A 28,000-strong force led by Peshwa Baji Rao II whilst on their way to attack the company-held Pune, were unexpectedly met by an 800-strong Company force that was on its way to reinforce the British troops in Pune."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Third Anglo-Maratha War, a series of battles that culminated in the defeat of the Peshwa rule and subsequent rule of the British East India Company in nearly all of Western, Central and Southern India."}], "Q3635360": [{"id": "Q2722956", "label": "Pratap Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Haldighati was fought on 18 June 1576 between the Mewar forces led by Maharana Pratap, and the Mughal forces led by Man Singh I of Amber."}, {"id": "Q334752", "label": "Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Abul Fazl version, Pratap was swayed sufficiently to don a robe presented by Akbar and sent his young son, Amar Singh, to the Mughal court."}], "Q368235": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The US–UK Mutual Defense Agreement, or the 1958 UK–US Mutual Defence Agreement, is a bilateral treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom on nuclear weapons co-operation."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The US–UK Mutual Defense Agreement, or the 1958 UK–US Mutual Defence Agreement, is a bilateral treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom on nuclear weapons co-operation."}, {"id": "Q128985", "label": "Harold Macmillan", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of the agreement's strategic value to the United Kingdom, Harold Macmillan (the prime minister who presided over the United Kingdom's entry into the agreement) called it \"the Great Prize\"."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 3 July 1958 after the Soviet Union had shocked the American public with the launch of Sputnik on 4 October 1957, and the British hydrogen bomb programme had successfully tested a thermonuclear device in the Operation Grapple test on 8 November."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The first British atomic bomb was successfully tested in Western Australia in Operation Hurricane on 3 October 1952,\nbut although it was more advanced than the American bombs of 1946, United Kingdom was still several years behind in nuclear weapons technology."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "The October 1956 Suez Crisis brought relations between the United Kingdom and the United States to a low ebb."}], "Q369893": [{"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Angamos (Spanish: Combate de Angamos) was a naval encounter of the War of the Pacific fought between the navies of Chile and Perú at Punta Angamos, on 8 October 1879."}, {"id": "Q980586", "label": "Juan Williams Rebolledo", "section": "lead", "says": "As Grau moved along the Pacific coast, he was chased by Admiral John Williams Rebolledo, who had been ordered to catch Grau no matter what."}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "lead", "says": "It allowed to prepare the invasion of the Tarapacá department, carried out on early November."}], "Q3751377": [{"id": "Q284558", "label": "Al-Hakam I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pancorbo took place in 816 between a Moorish army from the Emirate of Cordoba sent by Al-Hakam I and under the control of Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mugit and pro-Frankish forces under the control of Balask al-Yalasqi."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "Context", "says": "The Emirate of Córdoba was engulfed in conflict as Al-Hakam I fought against the pretensions of his uncles Sulaymán and Abd-Al·lah ibn Abd-ar-Rahman who had rebelled against the Córdoban establishment with the death of Hisham I of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q348593", "label": "Hisham I of Córdoba", "section": "Context", "says": "The Emirate of Córdoba was engulfed in conflict as Al-Hakam I fought against the pretensions of his uncles Sulaymán and Abd-Al·lah ibn Abd-ar-Rahman who had rebelled against the Córdoban establishment with the death of Hisham I of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q360388", "label": "Alfonso II of Asturias", "section": "Context", "says": "The disorder in the Emirate was exploited by the Franks who in 798, convened an assembly under William of Gellone for the purpose of assisting Alfonso II of Asturias and Bahlul Ibn Marzuq against the Córdoban Emirate."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Context", "says": "Their goal was to coordinate operations to take the Upper March in the name of Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "Context", "says": "However, for some reason that did not happen, and instead the Kingdom of Asturias launched attacks upon Lisbon in 797, while Velasco, a Basque commander in control of troops from the northern Christian domains, possibly sent by Sancho I of Gascony, took over Pamplona in 798, and William of Gellone and Louis the Pious launched an expedition to conquer Barcelona later in 801."}], "Q3815421": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican Restoration War or the Dominican War of Restoration (Spanish: Guerra de la Restauración),  called War of Santo Domingo in Spain (Guerra de Santo Domingo), was a guerrilla war between 1863 and 1865 in the Dominican Republic between Dominican nationalists and Spain, the latter of which had recolonized the country 17 years after its independence."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "After setting up a government in Santiago, they expanded guerrilla operations in the south and east."}, {"id": "Q887185", "label": "Pedro Santana", "section": "Background", "says": "General Pedro Santana had wrested the presidency from Buenaventura Báez, who had bankrupted the nation's treasury at great profit to himself."}, {"id": "Q330837", "label": "Buenaventura Báez", "section": "Background", "says": "General Pedro Santana had wrested the presidency from Buenaventura Báez, who had bankrupted the nation's treasury at great profit to himself."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 2, General José Contreras led a failed rebellion, and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez led an invasion from Haiti (who were officially neutral, but also concerned about Spain flexing its muscles in the area), but he was captured and executed on July 4, 1861."}], "Q3850904": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fântâna Albă massacre took place on 1 April 1941 in Northern Bukovina when up to 200 civilians were killed by Soviet Border Troops as they attempted to cross the border from the Soviet Union to Romania near the village of Fântâna Albă, now Staryi Vovchynets in Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2011, the Chamber of Deputies of Romania adopted a law establishing 1 April as the National Day honoring the memory of Romanian victims of massacres at Fântâna Albă, Lunca, and other areas, of deportations, of hunger, and of other forms of repression organized by the Soviet regime in Hertsa (now Ukraine), northern Bukovina, and Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "Background", "says": "In late June 1940, the Kingdom of Romania was forced to withdraw from a territory inhabited by 3.76 million people, submitting to an ultimatum by the Soviet Union that resulted in the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina."}, {"id": "Q15967888", "label": "Eugen Tomac", "section": "Aftermath and larger context", "says": "Gherman points out that these narratives continue to this day: in March 2021, the Facebook page of the Chernivtsi Regional State Administration published a video about the massacre, stating that only 50 people were killed, omitting the fact that these were ethnic Romanians, and labelling the action \"a planned and deliberate act of defiance by the Romanian secret service against the inhabitants of "}], "Q388581": [{"id": "Q2791318", "label": "First Battle of Gaza", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Gaza was fought on 17–19 April 1917, following the defeat of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) at the First Battle of Gaza in March, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Gaza was fought on 17–19 April 1917, following the defeat of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) at the First Battle of Gaza in March, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q2722527", "label": "Battle of Romani", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the EEF victories at the Battle of Romani, the Battle of Magdhaba, and the Battle of Rafa, fought from August 1916 to January 1917, the EEF had pushed the defeated Ottoman Army eastwards."}, {"id": "Q2889191", "label": "Battle of Magdhaba", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the EEF victories at the Battle of Romani, the Battle of Magdhaba, and the Battle of Rafa, fought from August 1916 to January 1917, the EEF had pushed the defeated Ottoman Army eastwards."}, {"id": "Q3467730", "label": "Battle of Rafa", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the EEF victories at the Battle of Romani, the Battle of Magdhaba, and the Battle of Rafa, fought from August 1916 to January 1917, the EEF had pushed the defeated Ottoman Army eastwards."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The EEF reoccupied the Egyptian territory of the Sinai Peninsula and crossed over into the Ottoman Empire territory of southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The EEF reoccupied the Egyptian territory of the Sinai Peninsula and crossed over into the Ottoman Empire territory of southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the result of the First Battle of Gaza had been as close to a British Empire victory as a defeat could get."}], "Q4087410": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, the Khazars sacked Azerbaijan freely at will."}], "Q4090324": [{"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beirut was a naval battle off the coast of Beirut during the Italo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q711569", "label": "Paolo Thaon di Revel", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to prevent such a raid, Rear Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel was ordered to clear the harbour of Beirut of what Ottoman naval vessels he might find there."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "Background", "says": "Revel's force consisted of two armoured cruisers: Giuseppe Garibaldi and Francesco Ferruccio."}], "Q4116897": [{"id": "Q368858", "label": "Mustafa Barzani", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was the second chapter of the Barzani rebellion, initiated by the collapse of the Kurdish autonomy talks and the consequent Iraqi offensive against rebel KDP troops of Mustafa Barzani during 1974–1975."}, {"id": "Q809687", "label": "First Kurdish–Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war came in the aftermath of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970), as the 1970 peace plan for Kurdish autonomy had failed to be implemented by 1974."}], "Q4117235": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berke–Hulegu war was fought between two Mongol leaders, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde and Hulegu Khan of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q177320", "label": "Hulegu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berke–Hulegu war was fought between two Mongol leaders, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde and Hulegu Khan of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berke–Hulegu war was fought between two Mongol leaders, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde and Hulegu Khan of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war overlaps with the Toluid Civil War in the Mongol Empire between two members of the Tolui family line, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, who both claimed the title of Great Khan (Khagan)."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war overlaps with the Toluid Civil War in the Mongol Empire between two members of the Tolui family line, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, who both claimed the title of Great Khan (Khagan)."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war overlaps with the Toluid Civil War in the Mongol Empire between two members of the Tolui family line, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, who both claimed the title of Great Khan (Khagan)."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "lead", "says": "The war overlaps with the Toluid Civil War in the Mongol Empire between two members of the Tolui family line, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, who both claimed the title of Great Khan (Khagan)."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Hulegu headed to Mongolia for the election of a new Khagan to succeed Möngke Khan, but the loss of the Battle of Ain Jalut to the Mamluks forced him to withdraw back to the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Hulegu headed to Mongolia for the election of a new Khagan to succeed Möngke Khan, but the loss of the Battle of Ain Jalut to the Mamluks forced him to withdraw back to the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q244356", "label": "Battle of Ain Jalut", "section": "lead", "says": "Hulegu headed to Mongolia for the election of a new Khagan to succeed Möngke Khan, but the loss of the Battle of Ain Jalut to the Mamluks forced him to withdraw back to the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q982456", "label": "Ulaghchi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1252, Berke converted to Islam, and in 1257 he assumed power in the Golden Horde after the death of Ulaghchi."}, {"id": "Q379723", "label": "Nogai Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Berke became enraged with Hulegu's rampage through Muslim lands, and as a preparatory step, directed his nephew Nogai Khan to raid Poland in 1259 in order to collect booty to finance a war."}], "Q4142067": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazakh famine of 1919–1922, also referred to as the Turkestan famine of 1919–1922, was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Kirghiz ASSR (present-day Kazakhstan) and Turkestan ASSR as a result of the Russian Civil War, in which 400,000 to 750,000 peasants died."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazakh famine of 1919–1922, also referred to as the Turkestan famine of 1919–1922, was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Kirghiz ASSR (present-day Kazakhstan) and Turkestan ASSR as a result of the Russian Civil War, in which 400,000 to 750,000 peasants died."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The event was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of what became the Soviet Union, in which up to 5,000,000 people died in total."}], "Q417744": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660 was a war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660 was a war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of that conflict, the Swedish king Charles X Gustav desired to add the province of Royal Prussia in Poland to the Swedish realm, but his position in the region was not strong enough with the opposition of Brandenburg and Austria."}, {"id": "Q17335", "label": "Treaty of Oliva", "section": "lead", "says": "With the death of the Swedish king, one of the major obstacles to peace was gone and the Treaty of Oliva was signed with the Allies (Poland, Austria and Brandenburg)."}, {"id": "Q2466903", "label": "Hannibal Sehested", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Danish statesman Hannibal Sehested negotiated a peace treaty without any direct involvement by foreign powers and the conflict was resolved with the Treaty of Copenhagen, where Sweden was forced to return Bornholm to Denmark and Trøndelag to Norway."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark-Norway had been forced into a humiliating peace in the Treaty of Roskilde in which Denmark had to cede Scania, Halland and Blekinge on the Scandinavian Peninsula and the island of Bornholm, and Norway lost the provinces of Båhuslen and Trøndelag."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Swedish King maintained that his main goal was to invade Royal Prussia, but he also wanted to punish Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia."}], "Q425773": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guilford Court House was fought on 15 March 1781 during the American Revolutionary War, near Greensboro, North Carolina."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, Cornwallis chose to march into Virginia and attempt to link with roughly 3,500 men under British Major General Phillips and Brigadier General Benedict Arnold."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "These decisions allowed Greene to unravel British control of the South, while leading Cornwallis to Yorktown, where he was forced to surrender to General George Washington and French Lieutenant General Comte de Rochambeau."}, {"id": "Q1326527", "label": "Battle of Cowpens", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 January 1781 Lord Cornwallis learned he had lost one-quarter of his army at the Battle of Cowpens."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "Background", "says": "Yet he was still determined to pursue General Nathanael Greene into North Carolina and destroy Greene's army."}, {"id": "Q332464", "label": "Banastre Tarleton", "section": "Background", "says": "By 14 February, Greene's army was safely across the Dan after a retreat that was, according to British commander Banastre Tarleton, \"judiciously designed and vigorously executed.\" Cornwallis was 240 miles (390 km) from his supply base at Camden, South Carolina."}], "Q428972": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wittstock was fought on 4 October 1636, near Wittstock in northern Germany, during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q498046", "label": "Johan Banér", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie won a decisive victory against a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and John George I, Elector of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Swedish defeat at Nördlingen in 1634, many protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire lost faith in their alliance with Sweden and reconciled with the emperor."}], "Q4295462": [{"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Busza (Busha, Bose) also known as the Treaty of Jaruga was negotiated by Stanisław Żółkiewski of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Iskender Pasha of the Ottoman Empire in Busza (Busha or Bose) near the Yaruha and Dniester rivers on 23 September 1617."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Busza (Busha, Bose) also known as the Treaty of Jaruga was negotiated by Stanisław Żółkiewski of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Iskender Pasha of the Ottoman Empire in Busza (Busha or Bose) near the Yaruha and Dniester rivers on 23 September 1617."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Busza (Busha, Bose) also known as the Treaty of Jaruga was negotiated by Stanisław Żółkiewski of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Iskender Pasha of the Ottoman Empire in Busza (Busha or Bose) near the Yaruha and Dniester rivers on 23 September 1617."}, {"id": "Q2618761", "label": "Treaty of Khotyn", "section": "lead", "says": "This would lead to a new war, but the status quo of the peace of Busza would be confirmed in the aftermath of the Polish-Ottoman War (1620–1621) by the Treaty of Khotyn."}], "Q431849": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stormberg was a British assault on Stormberg Junction on 10 December 1899 during the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, the Boers had taken control of Molten and the heights around Stormberg Junction, as part of their invasion of Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "Background", "says": "When the British first drew up a plan of campaign against the Boer republics, it was intended that the 3rd Division commanded by Major General William Forbes Gatacre would secure the area known as the Cape Midlands, immediately south of the Orange Free State, in preparation for an advance along the railway running from Cape Town to Bloemfontein."}], "Q4338036": [{"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, both the Venetian historian Domenico Malipiero and the Ottoman chronicler Tursun Bey report that as early as 1468, Mehmed II planned to campaign against the Mamluks in Syria, which was only averted by the refusal of Uzun Hassan and Karamanids to cooperate, leading to the invasion and eventual annexation of the Karaman Beylik by Mehmed."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, both the Venetian historian Domenico Malipiero and the Ottoman chronicler Tursun Bey report that as early as 1468, Mehmed II planned to campaign against the Mamluks in Syria, which was only averted by the refusal of Uzun Hassan and Karamanids to cooperate, leading to the invasion and eventual annexation of the Karaman Beylik by Mehmed."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, both the Venetian historian Domenico Malipiero and the Ottoman chronicler Tursun Bey report that as early as 1468, Mehmed II planned to campaign against the Mamluks in Syria, which was only averted by the refusal of Uzun Hassan and Karamanids to cooperate, leading to the invasion and eventual annexation of the Karaman Beylik by Mehmed."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "Background", "says": "When Bayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481, his brother Cem Sultan, who enjoyed great support in Anatolia, rose up and contended with him for the throne."}, {"id": "Q441311", "label": "Cem Sultan", "section": "Background", "says": "When Bayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481, his brother Cem Sultan, who enjoyed great support in Anatolia, rose up and contended with him for the throne."}], "Q43946258": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Mount Agung, a volcano on the island of Bali in Indonesia, erupted five times in late November 2017, causing thousands to evacuate, disrupting air travel and causing environmental damage."}], "Q444590": [{"id": "Q452209", "label": "Radagaisus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Faesulae was fought in 406 as part of the War of Radagaisus between the Goths and  the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Faesulae was fought in 406 as part of the War of Radagaisus between the Goths and  the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "lead", "says": "After General Flavius Stilicho repelled the Visigoths at Pollentia and Verona, he encountered a new incursion of Vandals and Goths led by Radagaisus whose forces attacked Florence."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "After General Flavius Stilicho repelled the Visigoths at Pollentia and Verona, he encountered a new incursion of Vandals and Goths led by Radagaisus whose forces attacked Florence."}], "Q4462585": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coup of June 1907, sometimes known as the Stolypin Coup, was a coup d'état by the cabinet of Pyotr Stolypin and Tsar Nicholas II against the State Duma of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q184928", "label": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "This act is considered by many historians to mark the end of the Russian Revolution of 1905."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it largely succeeded in this objective, it ultimately failed to preserve the Imperial system, which ceased to exist during the Russian Revolution of 1917."}], "Q4462644": [{"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support."}, {"id": "Q372192", "label": "Amursana", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support."}], "Q4538445": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese invasion of Sakhalin was the last land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, and took place from 7 July to 31 July 1905."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "Background", "says": "President Theodore Roosevelt met with Japanese diplomat Kaneko Kentarō and the issue was reconsidered."}, {"id": "Q3192621", "label": "Kaneko Kentarō", "section": "Background", "says": "President Theodore Roosevelt met with Japanese diplomat Kaneko Kentarō and the issue was reconsidered."}, {"id": "Q1189368", "label": "Dewa Shigetō", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial Japanese Army invasion force consisted of 14,000 men of the newly formed IJA 13th Division under General Haraguchi Kensai, supported by a naval force led by Admiral Kataoka Shichirō, consisting of four armored cruisers (under Vice Admiral Dewa Shigetō), four protected cruisers (under Rear Admiral Tōgō Masamichi), four coastal defense ships, nine destroyers and twelve torpedo boats."}], "Q4553468": [{"id": "Q6694", "label": "Alexander von Humboldt", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was studied by Prussian geographer Alexander von Humboldt, when he visited the area in 1801–1802."}], "Q455408": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "They remain the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States east of the Rocky Mountains in recorded history."}, {"id": "Q1500063", "label": "Louisiana Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquakes, as well as the seismic zone of their occurrence, were named for the Mississippi River town of New Madrid, then part of the Louisiana Territory and now within the U.S. state of Missouri."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, by comparison, was felt moderately over roughly 6,200 sq mi (16,000 km2)."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquakes were interpreted by Tecumseh's pan-Indian alliance to mean that Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet must be supported."}], "Q4565209": [{"id": "Q188985", "label": "Ramón Castillo", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1943 Argentine Revolution (also known as the 1943 Argentine coup d'état, the June Revolution or the Revolution of '43) was a coup d'état on 4 June 1943 that ended the government of Ramón Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to the office of vice-president before succeeding to the presidency in 1942 as part of the period known as the Infamous Decade."}, {"id": "Q93330", "label": "Juan Perón", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup of June 4, 1943 is considered by some historians as the true date of the birth of the movement created by Juan Perón."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time when World War II began, Great Britain had a pervading economic influence in Argentina."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time when World War II began, Great Britain had a pervading economic influence in Argentina."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Argentina had traditionally maintained a skeptical stance toward the hegemonic vision of Pan-Americanism that had driven the United States since the 19th century."}], "Q4575745": [{"id": "Q439990", "label": "Thanom Kittikachorn", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising resulted in the end of the ruling military dictatorship of anti-communist Thanom Kittikachorn and altered the Thai political system."}], "Q4810109": [{"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The mass killing was committed in retaliation for an assassination attempt by the Iranian-backed Islamic Dawa Party on the President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Shia-dominated town of Dujail was a stronghold of the Islamic Dawa Party, an Islamist organization involved in the Iranian-backed insurgency against Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime in Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q4870577": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bryansk (30 September – 21 October 1941) was a battle during World War II conducted in the Bryansk Oblast as a part of the overall Moscow campaign."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "lead", "says": "Returning from the Kiev operation, Heinz Guderian attacked in an unexpected direction capturing Bryansk and Oryol with few casualties thereby encircling two Soviet formations, the 13th Army and 3rd Army."}], "Q4872906": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Defile or Battle of the Pass (Arabic: وقعة الشعب, romanized: Waqʿat al-Shʿib) was fought in the Takhtakaracha Pass (in modern Uzbekistan) between a large army of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Türgesh khaganate over three days in July 731 CE."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Defile or Battle of the Pass (Arabic: وقعة الشعب, romanized: Waqʿat al-Shʿib) was fought in the Takhtakaracha Pass (in modern Uzbekistan) between a large army of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Türgesh khaganate over three days in July 731 CE."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The losses suffered by the Khurasani army also led to the transfer of reinforcements from the metropolitan regions of the Caliphate, which in the long term weakened the Umayyad regime and helped bring about its collapse twenty years later in the Abbasid Revolution that began in Khurasan."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "Background", "says": "The region of Transoxiana had been conquered by the Muslim Arabs of the Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim in the reign of al-Walid I (r."}, {"id": "Q5242954", "label": "Day of Thirst", "section": "Background", "says": "These were suppressed with great brutality by the governor of Khurasan, Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi, but in 724 his successor, Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi, suffered a major disaster (the so-called \"Day of Thirst\") while trying to capture Ferghana."}], "Q487332": [{"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "Background", "says": "Yi Ŏkki joined with Yi Sun-sin at Yeosu on 10 August, 1592 [Gregorian Calendar]."}, {"id": "Q379659", "label": "Won Gyun", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 August, 1592 [Gregorian Calendar] they rendezvoused with Wŏn Kyun at Noryang, bringing their total fleet strength to 56 warships."}], "Q4891025": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Canary Islands by the Crown of Castile took place between 1402 and 1496 in two periods: the Conquista señorial, carried out by Castilian nobility in exchange for a covenant of allegiance to the crown, and the Conquista realenga, carried out by the Spanish crown itself during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs."}], "Q490844": [{"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "Gukurahundi, also known as the Matabeleland Massacres, was a series of mass killings and widespread atrocities, widely understood to constitute genocide, committed in Zimbabwe from early 1983 until the Unity Accord in December 1987."}, {"id": "Q470290", "label": "Joshua Nkomo", "section": "lead", "says": "It targeted mainly Ndebele and Kalanga civilians, as well as perceived supporters of opposition leader Joshua Nkomo and his Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)."}, {"id": "Q2444955", "label": "Rhodesian Bush War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally used by ZANU during the Rhodesian Bush War to describe an ideological strategy of taking the war into villages and homesteads."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Rhodesian Bush War the main black nationalist organisation in Southern Rhodesia, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), split in 1963."}], "Q491255": [{"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kinsale (Irish: Léigear Chionn tSáile), also known as the battle of Kinsale, was the ultimate battle in England's conquest of Gaelic Ireland, commencing in October 1601, near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and at the climax of the Nine Years' War—a campaign by Hugh O'Neill, Hugh Roe O'Donnell and other Irish lords against English rule."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kinsale (Irish: Léigear Chionn tSáile), also known as the battle of Kinsale, was the ultimate battle in England's conquest of Gaelic Ireland, commencing in October 1601, near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and at the climax of the Nine Years' War—a campaign by Hugh O'Neill, Hugh Roe O'Donnell and other Irish lords against English rule."}, {"id": "Q2718416", "label": "Hugh Roe O'Donnell", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kinsale (Irish: Léigear Chionn tSáile), also known as the battle of Kinsale, was the ultimate battle in England's conquest of Gaelic Ireland, commencing in October 1601, near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and at the climax of the Nine Years' War—a campaign by Hugh O'Neill, Hugh Roe O'Donnell and other Irish lords against English rule."}], "Q494043": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hill 303 massacre (Korean: 303 고지 학살 사건) was a massacre that took place during the opening days of the Korean War on August 17, 1950, on a hill above Waegwan, Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q482979", "label": "Battle of Pusan Perimeter", "section": "lead", "says": "Forty-one United States Army (US) prisoners of war were murdered by troops of the North Korean People's Army (KPA) during one of the engagements of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter."}], "Q5036981": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "Baghdad, once the capital of the Arab Abbasid Caliphate, was one of the most important cities of the medieval Muslim World."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1508 till 1534 it was ruled by the emerging Safavid dynasty of Iran, which at the time was led by shah Ismail I and shah Tahmasp I successively."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1508 till 1534 it was ruled by the emerging Safavid dynasty of Iran, which at the time was led by shah Ismail I and shah Tahmasp I successively."}, {"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleyman I (Turkish: Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) captured the city without any serious combat during the War of 1532-1555, which was confirmed in the resulting Peace of Amasya."}, {"id": "Q174762", "label": "Murad IV", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1638 Ottoman Sultan Murad IV (great-great-great-grandson of Süleyman I) decided to recapture the city."}], "Q5036982": [{"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1534 capture of Baghdad by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent from the Safavid Shah Tahmasp I was part of his Campaign of the Two Iraqs during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1534 capture of Baghdad by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent from the Safavid Shah Tahmasp I was part of his Campaign of the Two Iraqs during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)."}, {"id": "Q3826903", "label": "Hadım Süleyman Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "Hadım Suleiman Pasha was designated as Governor of Baghdad from 1535 to 1536, starting a long list of Ottoman governors of Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q367697", "label": "Halil Kut", "section": "lead", "says": "Baghdad again belonged to the Ottomans from 1638 until 1917, with its last governor Halil Kut."}], "Q508387": [{"id": "Q93427", "label": "Archduke John of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sacile (also known as the Battle of Fontana Fredda) on 16 April 1809 and its companion Clash at Pordenone on 15 April saw an Austrian army commanded by Archduke John of Austria defeat a Franco-Italian army led by Eugène de Beauharnais and force it to retreat."}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sacile (also known as the Battle of Fontana Fredda) on 16 April 1809 and its companion Clash at Pordenone on 15 April saw an Austrian army commanded by Archduke John of Austria defeat a Franco-Italian army led by Eugène de Beauharnais and force it to retreat."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place east of the Livenza River near Sacile in modern-day Italy during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place east of the Livenza River near Sacile in modern-day Italy during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the war, Eugène proposed to Napoleon that his infantry be formed into three corps, but the emperor had not replied to this request."}], "Q568880": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre of Kondomari (Greek: Σφαγή στο Κοντομαρί) was the execution of male civilians from the village of Kondomari in Crete by an ad hoc firing squad consisting of German paratroopers on 2 June 1941 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q76544", "label": "Kurt Student", "section": "lead", "says": "The shooting was the first of a series of reprisals in Crete, orchestrated by Generaloberst Kurt Student, in retaliation for the participation of Cretans in the Battle of Crete which had ended with the surrender of the island two days earlier."}, {"id": "Q153316", "label": "Battle of Crete", "section": "lead", "says": "The shooting was the first of a series of reprisals in Crete, orchestrated by Generaloberst Kurt Student, in retaliation for the participation of Cretans in the Battle of Crete which had ended with the surrender of the island two days earlier."}], "Q573173": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf, was signed on 12 September 1635 in Sztumska Wieś, Poland, between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "With the latter weakened by its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, it extended the 1629 Truce of Altmark for 26+1⁄2 years, with Sweden making significant concessions."}, {"id": "Q1347605", "label": "Truce of Altmark", "section": "lead", "says": "With the latter weakened by its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, it extended the 1629 Truce of Altmark for 26+1⁄2 years, with Sweden making significant concessions."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This allowed them to focus on the Holy Roman Empire without worrying about a possible new front."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The truce lasted until the outbreak of the Second Northern War in 1655."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Because the Duchy of Prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of Poland by not lending it military support, George William's rule in Prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the Polish king by a viceroy, Jerzy Ossoliński."}, {"id": "Q1377426", "label": "Jerzy Ossoliński", "section": "Background", "says": "Because the Duchy of Prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of Poland by not lending it military support, George William's rule in Prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the Polish king by a viceroy, Jerzy Ossoliński."}], "Q575973": [{"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "The  First Battle of Zurich, from 4 to 7 June 1799, forced French General André Masséna to yield the city of Zurich to the Austrians, under Archduke Charles, and to retreat beyond the Limmat, where he managed to fortify his positions, which resulted in a stalemate."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Helvetic Republic in 1798 became a battlefield of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Helvetic Republic in 1798 became a battlefield of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q1376893", "label": "Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov", "section": "lead", "says": "During the summer, Russian troops, under General Alexander Korsakov, replaced the Austrian troops, and at the Second Battle of Zurich, the French regained control of the city, along with the rest of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q233426", "label": "Second Battle of Zurich", "section": "lead", "says": "During the summer, Russian troops, under General Alexander Korsakov, replaced the Austrian troops, and at the Second Battle of Zurich, the French regained control of the city, along with the rest of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "During the summer, Russian troops, under General Alexander Korsakov, replaced the Austrian troops, and at the Second Battle of Zurich, the French regained control of the city, along with the rest of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Background", "says": "Hotze's advance troops under Petrasch were driven from Frauenfeld by Soult, while against the Archduke Michel Ney erupted from Winterthur, seized Andelfingen and threw back Nauendorf from Pfyn."}], "Q577441": [{"id": "Q112009", "label": "Michael von Melas", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Genoa saw an Austrian army led by Michael von Melas besiege the port of Genoa, which was occupied by a French garrison under the command of André Massena, from 19 April to 4 June 1800."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It formed part of the larger Marengo campaign during the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q85216", "label": "Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz", "section": "lead", "says": "Besieged on land by 24,000 Austrian troops led by Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz and at sea by a Royal Navy squadron under Vice-Admiral of the Red Lord Keith, famine reduced the defenders to starvation."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Austrian army was focused on the siege, a French army under Napoleon invaded Italy from the northwest, winning a major victory at the Battle of Marengo."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Austrian army was focused on the siege, a French army under Napoleon invaded Italy from the northwest, winning a major victory at the Battle of Marengo."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1799, the French Directory deployed the Army of Italy under GD Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer in northern Italy and the 32,010-strong Army of Naples led by GD Étienne Macdonald at Rome and Naples."}, {"id": "Q809415", "label": "Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1799, the French Directory deployed the Army of Italy under GD Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer in northern Italy and the 32,010-strong Army of Naples led by GD Étienne Macdonald at Rome and Naples."}, {"id": "Q298784", "label": "Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1799, the French Directory deployed the Army of Italy under GD Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer in northern Italy and the 32,010-strong Army of Naples led by GD Étienne Macdonald at Rome and Naples."}, {"id": "Q78695", "label": "Paul Kray", "section": "Background", "says": "Because of mismanagement by the Directory, Schérer was left with only 43,000 men in his field army to face a 50,700-man Austrian army commanded by FML Paul Kray."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, a 24,551-strong Russian army under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov was on the march to Italy."}, {"id": "Q2889186", "label": "Battle of Magnano", "section": "Background", "says": "The drawn Battle of Verona on 26 March was followed by the French defeat at the Battle of Magnano on 5 April 1799."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "Background", "says": "Schérer was replaced in command by GD Jean Victor Marie Moreau but the French were beaten at the Battle of Cassano on 27–28 April 1799."}, {"id": "Q1088879", "label": "Battle of Trebbia", "section": "Background", "says": "MacDonald was badly defeated at the Battle of Trebbia on 17–20 June."}, {"id": "Q1194172", "label": "Battle of Novi", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeats continued with the surrender of Mantua on 28 July, the Battle of Novi on 15 August, and the Battle of Genola on 4 November."}, {"id": "Q1379668", "label": "Jean-Étienne Championnet", "section": "Background", "says": "The Army of Italy commander GD Jean-Étienne Championnet wanted to abandon Genoa, but the Directory refused to allow this."}, {"id": "Q620965", "label": "coup of 18 Brumaire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) was successful and on 25 December, Bonaparte became First Consul, a position in which he held dictatorial power."}, {"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 January 1800, Bonaparte ordered GD Louis-Alexandre Berthier to assemble a 60,000-man Reserve Army at Dijon."}], "Q592927": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Dover , fought on 19 May 1652 (29 May 1652 Gregorian calendar), was the first engagement of the First Anglo-Dutch War between the navies of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Dover , fought on 19 May 1652 (29 May 1652 Gregorian calendar), was the first engagement of the First Anglo-Dutch War between the navies of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q470200", "label": "Maarten Tromp", "section": "lead", "says": "It proved to be an indecisive battle involving the flagships of Admirals Maarten Tromp and Robert Blake."}, {"id": "Q320959", "label": "Robert Blake", "section": "lead", "says": "It proved to be an indecisive battle involving the flagships of Admirals Maarten Tromp and Robert Blake."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "Agitation among the Dutch merchants had been further increased by George Ayscue's capture in early 1652 of 27 Dutch ships trading with the royalist colony of Barbados in contravention of an embargo."}], "Q602786": [{"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saalfeld took place on 10 October 1806, at which a French force of 12,800 men commanded by Marshal Jean Lannes defeated a Prussian-Saxon force of 8,300 men under Prince Louis Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saalfeld took place on 10 October 1806, at which a French force of 12,800 men commanded by Marshal Jean Lannes defeated a Prussian-Saxon force of 8,300 men under Prince Louis Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q700663", "label": "Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in Thuringia in what was the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the second clash in the Prussian Campaign of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}], "Q6059644": [{"id": "Q3355522", "label": "Hospitaller Malta", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Gozo, also known as the siege of Gozo (Maltese: L-Assedju t'Għawdex), was an Ottoman invasion of the island of Gozo, then part of Hospitaller Malta, in July 1551."}, {"id": "Q2475368", "label": "Salah Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack, which was led by Sinan Pasha, Dragut, Kambil Bey and Salah Rais, appears to have been launched in retaliation for the capture of Mahdia by the Spanish and Hospitallers the previous year."}, {"id": "Q58732", "label": "Siege of Malta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hospitallers made efforts to improve the defences of Malta after the attack; the fortifications they built later played a key role in the Great Siege of Malta of 1565."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Like most of the population of the Maltese Islands, these were mainly descended from Siculo-Arabic-speaking Muslims who had converted to Christianity in previous centuries."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of Gozo's population lived in one town which consisted of a medieval fortress known as the Castello and a suburb known as the Borgo (now collectively known as Victoria or Rabat)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Maltese Islands were subject to occasional razzias and attacks by Arabs from North Africa, and later by Barbary corsairs and the Ottoman Empire, throughout the 15th and 16th centuries."}], "Q6068230": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi–Kurdish conflict consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the Kurds and the central authority of Iraq starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi–Kurdish conflict consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the Kurds and the central authority of Iraq starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}, {"id": "Q149832", "label": "Kingdom of Kurdistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by Mahmud Barzanji to establish an independent Kingdom of Kurdistan, while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2023, following a series of punitive measures by the central government in Iraq against KRI, Masrour Barzani sent a letter to the President of the United States expressing concerns about a possible collapse of Kurdistan Region, and calling for the United States to intervene."}], "Q6077256": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1776–1779 or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1776–1779 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Zand Iran."}, {"id": "Q146597", "label": "Zand Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1776–1779 or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1776–1779 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Zand Iran."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iranians, ruled by Karim Khan Zand and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand, invaded southern Iraq and after besieging Basra for a year, took the city from the Ottomans in 1776."}, {"id": "Q170707", "label": "Abdul Hamid I", "section": "lead", "says": "In an attempt to raise troops and provisions for this war, Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I, made Suleiman al-Jalili mubayaaci (official of provisions), ordering him to send provisions to Baghdad, which he ignored, instead restricting merchants from selling their goods."}, {"id": "Q560045", "label": "Ömer Lütfi Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Omar Pasha the Mamluk governor of the Ottoman province of Iraq had seized the remnants of Iranian pilgrims who had died during the plague that ravaged Iraq in 1773 and his exaction of payment from Iranian pilgrims to visit the holy Shia places of Najaf and Karbala."}], "Q617924": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Olpae took place during the Peloponnesian War in 426 BC, between armies led by Athens and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q868", "label": "Aristotle", "section": "lead", "says": "The Acarnanians asked for help from both the Athenian general Demosthenes, and the 20 Athenian ships located nearby under the command of Aristotle and Hierophon."}], "Q620244": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bentonville (March 19–21, 1865) was fought in Johnston County, North Carolina, near the village of Bentonville, as part of the Western Theater of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2632587", "label": "Henry Warner Slocum Sr.", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry Warner Slocum and a Right Wing (the Army of the Tennessee) commanded by Maj."}, {"id": "Q736934", "label": "Oliver Otis Howard", "section": "Background", "says": "Oliver Otis Howard."}], "Q62389968": [{"id": "Q2398472", "label": "Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre caused large protests in Mali against the government's perceived inaction, and led to the resignation of Prime Minister Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga and his ruling council."}], "Q624937": [{"id": "Q314457", "label": "Magnus IV of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "The Gutes of Gotland paid taxes to and was a semi-independent part of Sweden under King Magnus IV of Sweden, though the population of Visby was diverse and included people of Ruthenian descent, Danes, and Germans."}], "Q625218": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aragon Offensive was an important military campaign during the Spanish Civil War, which began after the Battle of Teruel."}, {"id": "Q1467456", "label": "Battle of Teruel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aragon Offensive was an important military campaign during the Spanish Civil War, which began after the Battle of Teruel."}], "Q626264": [{"id": "Q1657989", "label": "Ihsan Nuri", "section": "lead", "says": "The leader of the guerrilla forces during the rebellion was Ihsan Nuri of the Jibran branch of the Jalali tribe."}], "Q629096": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalbajar took place in March and April 1993, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the capture of the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan by Armenian military forces."}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Kalbajar was under the control of the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic until November 25, 2020, when Armenian troops returned the region along with other occupied districts surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijani control under a ceasefire agreement mediated by Russia, ending the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Small-scale violence had flared up between the two ethnic groups in February 1988 but soon escalated to use of Soviet-built tanks, helicopters, and fighter bombers appropriated by both sides after the collapse of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q2640375", "label": "Surat Huseynov", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, internal divisions plagued the Azerbaijani war effort, with Colonel Surat Huseynov moving his units away from the frontline to Ganja after being dismissed from his posts, leaving Kalbajar particularly vulnerable."}], "Q630142": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nördlingen (1645) took place on 3 August 1645 in the later stages of the Thirty Years' War,  southeast of Nördlingen near the village of Alerheim."}, {"id": "Q644425", "label": "Franz von Mercy", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined Franco-Hessian army led by d'Enghien and Turenne defeated a Bavarian force led by Franz von Mercy."}, {"id": "Q63850", "label": "Johann von Werth", "section": "Background", "says": "The 16,000-man Imperial-Bavarian army, led by Field Marshal Franz Baron von Mercy and Johann von Werth entrenched on rising ground near the village of Alerheim, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of Nördlingen."}], "Q632663": [{"id": "Q267584", "label": "Yemen Arab Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The modern country of Yemen was split into two countries from 1967 to 1990: the Yemen Arab Republic, or North Yemen, and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, or South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "The modern country of Yemen was split into two countries from 1967 to 1990: the Yemen Arab Republic, or North Yemen, and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, or South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "Ali Abdullah Saleh became president of North Yemen in 1978."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "His government had poor relations with the Zaydis, a branch of Shia Muslims, mainly located in North Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time, al-Qaeda was run by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time, al-Qaeda was run by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "After al-Qaeda's 11 September attacks in 2001, bin Laden hid in Pakistan, and Ayman al-Zawahiri dealt with much of al-Qaeda's affairs in his stead."}], "Q6414580": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The tanker war, part of the larger Iran–Iraq War, was a series of military attacks by Iran and Iraq against merchant vessels in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz from 1981 to 1988."}], "Q64481622": [{"id": "Q27654948", "label": "Abdalla Hamdok", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 2019, during the 39-month planned transition to democracy, an official Khartoum massacre investigation commission was created as required under Article 7. (16) of the Sudanese August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, under the authority of transition period Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok."}], "Q647827": [{"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dennewitz (German: Schlacht von Dennewitz) took place on 6 September 1813 between French forces commanded by Marshal Michel Ney and the Sixth Coalition's Allied Army of the North commanded by Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden, Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow and Bogislav von Tauentzien."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "The French losses, and consequent diplomatic reverses, that resulted from Dennewitz contributed greatly to Napoleon's defeat a month later at the Battle of Leipzig."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In late August 1813, Napoleon decided to order a general offensive to take Berlin, the Prussian capital, with the overall goal of knocking the Prussians out of the war."}], "Q650507": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fujigawa (富士川の戦い, Fujigawa no tatakai) was a battle of the Genpei War of the Heian period of Japanese history."}, {"id": "Q589811", "label": "Hōjō Tokimasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Minamoto no Yoritomo, using Kamakura as his headquarters, sent  his counselor Hōjō Tokimasa in August 1180 to convince the warlords Takeda of Kai and Nitta of Kotsuke to follow Yoritomo's command as he marched against the Taira."}], "Q651150": [{"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "lead", "says": "The Council of Cannstatt, also referred to as the blood court at Cannstatt (Blutgericht zu Cannstatt), was a council meeting at Cannstatt, now a part of Stuttgart, in 746 that took place as a result of an invitation by the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Carloman, the eldest son of Charles Martel, of all nobles of the Alemanni."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Council of Cannstatt, also referred to as the blood court at Cannstatt (Blutgericht zu Cannstatt), was a council meeting at Cannstatt, now a part of Stuttgart, in 746 that took place as a result of an invitation by the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Carloman, the eldest son of Charles Martel, of all nobles of the Alemanni."}, {"id": "Q2208978", "label": "Alamannia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the annals of Metz, the annales Petaviani and an account by Childebrand, Carloman arrested several thousand noblemen who attended accusing them of taking part in the uprising of Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia and Odilo, Duke of Bavaria, and summarily executed them all for high treason."}], "Q653487": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Werben took place during the Thirty Years' War on 7 August 1631 (N.S.), between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Werben took place during the Thirty Years' War on 7 August 1631 (N.S.), between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Werben took place during the Thirty Years' War on 7 August 1631 (N.S.), between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedes had 15,100 soldiers and were led by Gustavus Adolphus, while the Imperialists had 16,200 soldiers and were led by Field-Marshal Count Tilly."}], "Q657502": [{"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Elchingen, fought on 14 October 1805, saw French forces under Michel Ney rout an Austrian corps led by Johann Sigismund Riesch."}, {"id": "Q770116", "label": "Ulm Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon afterward, the Austrians trapped in Ulm surrendered and the French mopped up most of the remaining Austrian forces, bringing the Ulm Campaign to a close."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In late September and early October 1805, Napoleon carried out a gigantic envelopment of the Austrian army in Bavaria led by Karl Mack von Lieberich."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 September, the army of Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl Mack and Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este crossed the Inn River and invaded the Electorate of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 September, the army of Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl Mack and Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este crossed the Inn River and invaded the Electorate of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Mack planned to establish 88 battalions and 148 squadrons on the Lech River near Augsburg by the end of October."}, {"id": "Q323068", "label": "Franjo Jelačić", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of his new strategy, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franjo Jelačić (also Franz Jellacic) was ordered to move from Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke John's Army of the Tyrol to Lake Constance."}, {"id": "Q78723", "label": "Michael von Kienmayer", "section": "Background", "says": "Jellačić would hold the left flank with 11,000 soldiers while Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer 12,000-man corps watched the Bavarians from Ingolstadt."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Jellačić would hold the left flank with 11,000 soldiers while Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer 12,000-man corps watched the Bavarians from Ingolstadt."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand and Mayer appealed to Emperor Francis II."}], "Q661409": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Quentin took place during the Franco-Prussian War when Prussian forces defeated French attempts to relieve the besieged city of Paris."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Prussian armies under Wilhelm I besieged Paris, the Prussian I Army, now under the command of August Karl von Goeben was sent to deal with French forces north of Paris."}, {"id": "Q65591", "label": "August Karl von Goeben", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Prussian armies under Wilhelm I besieged Paris, the Prussian I Army, now under the command of August Karl von Goeben was sent to deal with French forces north of Paris."}, {"id": "Q545751", "label": "Louis Faidherbe", "section": "lead", "says": "Von Goeben marched his army north and met the irregular French army under General Louis Faidherbe near Saint-Quentin."}], "Q664364": [{"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tyrolean Rebellion (German: Tiroler Volksaufstand) was an 1809 rebellion in the County of Tyrol against the Bavarian and French occupation of Tyrol during the War of the Fifth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q11697", "label": "Andreas Hofer", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Andreas Hofer, the rebellion was initially successful in freeing the County of Bavarian occupation, but was later squashed by French troops."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "On top of this, the Bavarians ordered compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1807, with massive fines for refusal."}], "Q667460": [{"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Näfels was fought on 9 April 1388 between the Swiss canton of Glarus, supported by its allies of the Old Swiss Confederation, and the Duchy of Austria ruled by the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Näfels was fought on 9 April 1388 between the Swiss canton of Glarus, supported by its allies of the Old Swiss Confederation, and the Duchy of Austria ruled by the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q661759", "label": "Battle of Sempach", "section": "Background", "says": "A few weeks after the Battle of Sempach on 9 July 1386, the Swiss Confederation captured the Habsburg village of Weesen on the Walensee."}], "Q667606": [{"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Laupen was fought in June 1339, between Bern and its allies on one side, and Freiburg together with feudal landholders from the County of Burgundy and Habsburg territories on the other."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Bern had been allied with Fribourg since 1241, but Fribourg had been sold to the House of Habsburg in 1277."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Fribourg entered a league with neighbouring feudal lords, including the County of Neuchâtel, the County of Savoy and the Prince-Bishop of Basel, raising a force of some 17,000 men, including a force of some 1,000 heavy cavalry \nunder the command of Rudolf von Nidau and Gérard de Valengin."}, {"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "Background", "says": "To raise the siege, Bern raised a force of 6,000, consisting of Bernese, supported by Forest Cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden (who had entered a military alliance with Bern in 1323), and other allies (Simmental, Weissenburg, Oberhasli)."}], "Q668403": [{"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Salynas (German: Frieden von Sallinwerder; Lithuanian: Salyno sutartis) was a peace treaty signed on 12 October 1398 by Vytautas the Great, the ruler of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Salynas (German: Frieden von Sallinwerder; Lithuanian: Salyno sutartis) was a peace treaty signed on 12 October 1398 by Vytautas the Great, the ruler of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"id": "Q508965", "label": "Konrad von Jungingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Salynas (German: Frieden von Sallinwerder; Lithuanian: Salyno sutartis) was a peace treaty signed on 12 October 1398 by Vytautas the Great, the ruler of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"id": "Q693964", "label": "Treaty of Melno", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it did not solve the territorial disputes over Samogitia and they dragged on until the Treaty of Melno in 1422."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "When Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, married Jadwiga of Poland and was crowned as King of Poland in 1386, he appointed his unpopular brother Skirgaila as viceroy for Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q992978", "label": "Skirgaila", "section": "Background", "says": "When Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, married Jadwiga of Poland and was crowned as King of Poland in 1386, he appointed his unpopular brother Skirgaila as viceroy for Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "Vytautas needed to secure his western front as he was planning a massive campaign against the Golden Horde, which resulted in a disaster at the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399."}, {"id": "Q597478", "label": "Battle of the Vorskla River", "section": "Background", "says": "Vytautas needed to secure his western front as he was planning a massive campaign against the Golden Horde, which resulted in a disaster at the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399."}], "Q668577": [{"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Compiègne (1430) was conducted by Duke Philip III of Burgundy after the town of Compiègne had refused to transfer allegiance to him under the terms of a treaty with Charles VII of France."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege is perhaps best known for Joan of Arc's capture by Burgundian troops while accompanying an Armagnac force during a skirmish outside the town on 23 May 1430."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "Although this was otherwise a minor siege, both politically and militarily, and ultimately ended in a defeat for the Burgundians, the capture of Joan of Arc was an important event of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "lead", "says": "Although this was otherwise a minor siege, both politically and militarily, and ultimately ended in a defeat for the Burgundians, the capture of Joan of Arc was an important event of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although this was otherwise a minor siege, both politically and militarily, and ultimately ended in a defeat for the Burgundians, the capture of Joan of Arc was an important event of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "During this era, late in the Hundred Years' War, the politically independent Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was allied with England under the regency of John, Duke of Bedford (who was the uncle of the child King, Henry VI)."}], "Q675000": [{"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gaesatae were led by Viridomarus (Florus) or Britomartus (Plutarch), as the name varies in translation."}, {"id": "Q1284910", "label": "Gaius Flaminius", "section": "Background", "says": "After the successful campaign of consuls Publius Furius Philus and Gaius Flaminius in 223 BC against the Insubres, the latter sent out ambassadors begging for peace to the Roman senate."}, {"id": "Q316475", "label": "Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus", "section": "Background", "says": "The new consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus however strongly urged that no peace should be granted to them."}], "Q870947": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was probably fought near Talas on the Talas River on the Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border, which makes it one of the westernmost points reached by a Chinese army."}, {"id": "Q492415", "label": "Battle of Talas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talas in 751 AD was fought in the same area."}], "Q881762": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The military of the German Empire intervened on several occasions."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "A naval standoff between the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom ensued."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In Laupepa's absence, the Germans supported Tamasese's claim to leadership while Mataʻafa formed a rival government weakly supported by the United States."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1881, Laupepa was recognized as Tafaʻifa by the Western powers most commercially invested in Samoa: the German Empire, the United States, and the British Empire."}], "Q89035147": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso is an ongoing war and civil conflict that began in August 2015, between the Government of Burkina Faso and Jihadist African wings of Al-Qaeda such as: Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), Ansarul Islam, and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS)."}, {"id": "Q110666454", "label": "Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to two military coups in 2022 that brought Lieutenant Colonel Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba and later Captain Ibrahim Traoré to power."}, {"id": "Q114341246", "label": "Ibrahim Traoré", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to two military coups in 2022 that brought Lieutenant Colonel Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba and later Captain Ibrahim Traoré to power."}, {"id": "Q86831539", "label": "War in the Sahel", "section": "lead", "says": "The war has been interpreted as being the Burkinabé theatre of the War in the Sahel."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "By the colonial period, Islam had become the predominant religion in much of the country's north and east, while Christianity was more prevalent in the central and southern regions due in part to French missionary activity."}, {"id": "Q202155", "label": "Thomas Sankara", "section": "Background", "says": "The country underwent major political and economic reforms under President Thomas Sankara, who ruled from 1983 until his assassination in 1987."}, {"id": "Q57324", "label": "Blaise Compaoré", "section": "Background", "says": "Blaise Compaoré seized power in 1987 and ruled Burkina Faso for twenty-seven years."}], "Q901263": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dak To (Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Đắk Tô - Tân Cảnh) in Vietnam was a series of major engagements of the Vietnam War that took place between 3 and 23 November 1967, in Kontum Province, in the Central Highlands of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dak To (Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Đắk Tô - Tân Cảnh) in Vietnam was a series of major engagements of the Vietnam War that took place between 3 and 23 November 1967, in Kontum Province, in the Central Highlands of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The post hoc purported objective of the PAVN forces was to distract American and South Vietnamese forces away from cities towards the borders in preparation for the Tet Offensive."}, {"id": "Q1812156", "label": "Nguyen Chi Thanh", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The PAVN actions around Đắk Tô were part of an overall strategy devised by the Hanoi leadership, primarily that of General Nguyen Chi Thanh."}], "Q910528": [{"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mudki was fought on 18 December 1845, between the forces of the British East India Company and a part of the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sikh Empire of the Punjab had been held together by Maharajah Ranjit Singh."}], "Q9388656": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palmiry massacre was a series of mass executions carried out by Nazi German forces, during World War II, near the village of Palmiry in the Kampinos Forest northwest of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Nazi invasion of Poland, Warsaw was reduced to a provincial city in the newly created General Government."}, {"id": "Q116080", "label": "Polish Underground State", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Warsaw also headquartered the high command of the Polish Underground State and soon became a stronghold of armed and political resistance against the German occupation."}, {"id": "Q60087", "label": "Hans Frank", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 14 December 1943 Governor-General Hans Frank noted in his diary:\n\nThere is a one place in this country which is a source of all our misfortunes – it is Warsaw."}], "Q944568": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malabar rebellion of 1921 (also called Moplah rebellion, and Mappila rebellion, Malayalam: malabār kalāpam) started as a resistance against the British Raj in certain places in the southern part of old Malabar district of present-day Kerala."}], "Q946056": [{"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Cosmin Forest was a military engagement between the Kingdom of Poland and a coalition army led by Stephen the Great consisting of mainly Moldavian forces alongside Transylvanian, Wallachian, Ottoman, and Crimean deployments."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish king, Casimir IV Jagiellon, received papal approval to launch a crusade against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q53451", "label": "John I Albert", "section": "Background", "says": "Casimir died, and his successor, John I Albert, took the initiative for the crusading plans."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "However, John's primary goal was to place his brother, Sigismund, on the Moldavian throne."}], "Q94635": [{"id": "Q146720", "label": "Mandatory Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uqair Protocol or Uqair Convention was an agreement at Uqair on 2 December 1922 that defined the boundaries between Mandatory Iraq, the Sultanate of Nejd and Sheikhdom of Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q3480281", "label": "Sheikhdom of Kuwait", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uqair Protocol or Uqair Convention was an agreement at Uqair on 2 December 1922 that defined the boundaries between Mandatory Iraq, the Sultanate of Nejd and Sheikhdom of Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q266452", "label": "Percy Cox", "section": "lead", "says": "It was made by Percy Cox, the British High Commissioner to Iraq, in response to Ikhwan raiders from Nejd under Ibn Saud attacking Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "It was made by Percy Cox, the British High Commissioner to Iraq, in response to Ikhwan raiders from Nejd under Ibn Saud attacking Kuwait."}], "Q947050": [{"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Edinburgh (also known as the Treaty of Leith) was a treaty drawn up on 5 July 1560 between the Commissioners of Queen Elizabeth I of England with the assent of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation, and the French representatives of King Francis II of France (husband of Mary, Queen of Scots) to formally conclude the siege of Leith and replace the Auld Alliance with France with a new"}, {"id": "Q132548", "label": "Francis II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Edinburgh (also known as the Treaty of Leith) was a treaty drawn up on 5 July 1560 between the Commissioners of Queen Elizabeth I of England with the assent of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation, and the French representatives of King Francis II of France (husband of Mary, Queen of Scots) to formally conclude the siege of Leith and replace the Auld Alliance with France with a new"}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Edinburgh (also known as the Treaty of Leith) was a treaty drawn up on 5 July 1560 between the Commissioners of Queen Elizabeth I of England with the assent of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation, and the French representatives of King Francis II of France (husband of Mary, Queen of Scots) to formally conclude the siege of Leith and replace the Auld Alliance with France with a new"}, {"id": "Q836963", "label": "Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Edinburgh (also known as the Treaty of Leith) was a treaty drawn up on 5 July 1560 between the Commissioners of Queen Elizabeth I of England with the assent of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation, and the French representatives of King Francis II of France (husband of Mary, Queen of Scots) to formally conclude the siege of Leith and replace the Auld Alliance with France with a new"}], "Q956923": [{"id": "Q332123", "label": "Penda of Mercia", "section": "Background", "says": "An alliance between Cadwallon of Gwynedd and King Penda of Mercia had led to an invasion of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q1758473", "label": "Battle of Hatfield Chase", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633, the invading Welsh and Mercians had killed Northumbrian king Edwin and Northumbria was split between its two sub-kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira."}, {"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "Background", "says": "Eanfrith's brother, Oswald, then returned from seventeen years of exile, possibly including time spent in Dál Riata, to claim the crown of Bernicia."}], "Q975376": [{"id": "Q743776", "label": "First Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oenophyta took place between Athens and the Boeotian city-states in 457 BC during the First Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In this period between the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War, alliances and leagues sprang up and collapsed, although there was very little prolonged warfare."}], "Q981042": [{"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Florence took place from 24 October 1529 to 10 August 1530, at the end of the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Congress of Bologna, the Medici Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V agreed to restore the Medici family in Florence."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Congress of Bologna, the Medici Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V agreed to restore the Medici family in Florence."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "They overthrew the Republic of Florence and installed Alessandro de' Medici as the ruler of the city."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French defeats at Naples in 1528 and Landriano in 1529, however, led to Francis I of France concluding the Treaty of Cambrai with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q14043328", "label": "treaty of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The French defeats at Naples in 1528 and Landriano in 1529, however, led to Francis I of France concluding the Treaty of Cambrai with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "When Pope Clement VII and the Republic of Venice also concluded treaties with the Emperor, Florence was left to fight alone."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic resisted this incursion; but, left without allies and betrayed by many of the mercenaries in her employ, Florence was unable to keep fighting indefinitely."}, {"id": "Q633362", "label": "Battle of Gavinana", "section": "lead", "says": "After the capture of Volterra by the Imperial forces and the death of Francesco Ferruccio at the Battle of Gavinana, further resistance became impractical, and the city surrendered in August 1530."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Prince of Orange arrived in Rome at the end of July; there, he was given some 30,000 ducats (with promises of additional funds later) by the Pope, and ordered to attack Perugia (which was held by Malatesta Baglioni) and Florence."}], "Q1016779": [{"id": "Q319669", "label": "Nangklao", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty between Kingdom of Siam and Great Britain commonly known as the Burney Treaty was signed at Bangkok on 20 June 1826 by Henry Burney, an agent of British East India Company, for Britain, and King Rama III for Siam."}, {"id": "Q1352013", "label": "John Crawfurd", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1822, John Crawfurd undertook a mission to the court of King Rama II to determine Siam's position on the Malay states."}, {"id": "Q319675", "label": "Phutthaloetla Naphalai", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1822, John Crawfurd undertook a mission to the court of King Rama II to determine Siam's position on the Malay states."}, {"id": "Q1973084", "label": "Unfederated Malay States", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty acknowledged Siamese claims over the five northern Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, Terengganu (the future Unfederated Malay States) and Patani."}, {"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty further guaranteed the British possession of Penang and rights to trade in Kelantan and Terengganu without Siamese interference."}, {"id": "Q745728", "label": "Bowring Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Burney Treaty did not adequately address commerce, it was a subject of the Bowring Treaty, which was signed by King Mongkut (Rama IV) on 18 April 1855 and liberalised trade rules and regulations."}], "Q1034076": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after the outbreak of World War II in the Pacific troops of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered 22 Australian Army nurses, 60 Australian and British soldiers, and crew members from the Vyner Brooke."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The group were the only survivors from their steamship which had been sunk by Japanese bombers just after the defeat of Singapore."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "After surrendering to local Japanese forces on Bangka Island, which was then part of the Dutch East Indies, the group and its wounded were taken to a beach where they were killed by being bayonetted and machine gunned in the surf."}], "Q1038497": [{"id": "Q34145", "label": "Third Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Andros was an obscure naval battle during the Third Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q241386", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite its numerical superiority, the Egyptian fleet, probably commanded by Sophron of Ephesus, lost to a Macedonian fleet led by Antigonus II Gonatas."}, {"id": "Q39602", "label": "Ptolemy III Euergetes", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the battle, the Egyptian king Ptolemy III Euergetes lost the dominion of the Nesiotic League to Antigonus Gonatas."}], "Q1050440": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tenth Battle of the Isonzo was an Italian offensive against Austria-Hungary during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tenth Battle of the Isonzo was an Italian offensive against Austria-Hungary during World War I."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "Background", "says": "With nine largely unsuccessful Isonzo battles conducted within an eighteen-month period to date, Italian Chief of Staff Luigi Cadorna – responsible for launching all nine – became increasingly uncomfortable at the prospect of German intervention to aid their weakening Austro-Hungarian ally on the Italian Front."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "Background", "says": "The UK's new Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, had long believed that the war could not be won on the Western Front alone."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, Nivelle dispatched Ferdinand Foch to meet with Cadorna and discuss their possible options."}], "Q1052771": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Celali rebellions (Turkish: Celalî ayaklanmaları) were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as celalî, celâli, or jelālī, against the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and early to mid-17th centuries."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "Background", "says": "Avarız and tekalif-i orfiye taxes were increased  in order to pay for the Long Turkish War."}], "Q10748887": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mount Hiei was a battle of the Sengoku period of Japan fought between Oda Nobunaga and the sōhei (warrior monks) of the monasteries of Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei near Kyoto on September 30, 1571."}, {"id": "Q964983", "label": "Battle of Anegawa", "section": "Background", "says": "Nobunaga went on to win the Battle of Anegawa on July 30, 1570."}, {"id": "Q1142446", "label": "Azai Nagamasa", "section": "Background", "says": "However in the battles of Noda Castle and Fukushima Castle on August 26, 1570, the allied forces of Azai Nagamasa and Asakura Yoshikage were victorious."}, {"id": "Q1322768", "label": "Asakura Yoshikage", "section": "Background", "says": "However in the battles of Noda Castle and Fukushima Castle on August 26, 1570, the allied forces of Azai Nagamasa and Asakura Yoshikage were victorious."}, {"id": "Q947533", "label": "Ikkō-ikki", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, Kōsa, who led the Ikkō-ikki issued orders to the Settsu, Kawachi, Omi, Ise, and the Owari monks who were under Nobunaga’s thumb."}, {"id": "Q2900560", "label": "Niwa Nagahide", "section": "Background", "says": "In February of the same year, the isolated Sawayama Castle surrendered, and the castle owner Isono Kazumasa evacuated, so Nobunaga assigned Niwa Nagahide as the castle owner and secured a passage from Gifu Castle to the lakeside plain."}, {"id": "Q1073030", "label": "Sieges of Nagashima", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same month, Nobunaga burned down the villages that participated in the Sieges of Nagashima in Ise."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 1, he ordered Shibata Katsuie and Sakuma Nobumori to besiege Shimura Castle and Kogawa Castle, which were the bases of Rokkaku Yoshikata and Omi's Ikko-ikki."}], "Q10854408": [{"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "The August faction incident, known in North Korean histography as the Second Arduous March, was an unsuccessful attempt to remove Kim Il Sung, the chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and the premier of North Korea, from power by leading North Korean figures from the Soviet faction and the Yan'an faction, with support from China and the Soviet Union, at the second plenary session of the 3"}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The August faction incident, known in North Korean histography as the Second Arduous March, was an unsuccessful attempt to remove Kim Il Sung, the chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and the premier of North Korea, from power by leading North Korean figures from the Soviet faction and the Yan'an faction, with support from China and the Soviet Union, at the second plenary session of the 3"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The August faction incident, known in North Korean histography as the Second Arduous March, was an unsuccessful attempt to remove Kim Il Sung, the chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and the premier of North Korea, from power by leading North Korean figures from the Soviet faction and the Yan'an faction, with support from China and the Soviet Union, at the second plenary session of the 3"}, {"id": "Q381823", "label": "Peng Dehuai", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, the plotters convinced China and the Soviet Union to send a joint delegation headed by Peng Dehuai and Anastas Mikoyan to force Kim to revert his purge."}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, the plotters convinced China and the Soviet Union to send a joint delegation headed by Peng Dehuai and Anastas Mikoyan to force Kim to revert his purge."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "To expand his power, Kim Il Sung imitated Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and implemented a cult of personality to cement his prestige in the party and the country."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Korean War, he was portrayed as a national hero who led the country to victory and was given the title of \"the invincible iron commander\"."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1953, Stalin died, and after a series of power struggles, Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the leader of the Soviet Union."}], "Q10855109": [{"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kapsan faction incident (Korean: 갑산파 사건) was an unsuccessful attempt to undermine the power of Kim Il Sung, the leader of North Korea, around 1967."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kapsan faction incident (Korean: 갑산파 사건) was an unsuccessful attempt to undermine the power of Kim Il Sung, the leader of North Korea, around 1967."}, {"id": "Q10665", "label": "Kim Jong-il", "section": "lead", "says": "His son Kim Jong Il took part in the purges and took over the party's Propaganda and Agitation Department (PAD) in what was the first political task delegated to him by his father, paving the way to his increasingly influential role in the politics of the country, eventually culminating in his succeeding his father upon the latter's death in 1994."}], "Q109666980": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On November 21, 2021, Darrell Edward Brooks Jr. drove a sport utility vehicle (SUV) through the annual Christmas parade in Waukesha, Wisconsin, United States, killing six people and injuring 62 others."}], "Q110778876": [{"id": "Q16855164", "label": "Umaro Sissoco Embaló", "section": "lead", "says": "A few hours later, president Umaro Sissoco Embaló declared the coup over, he said that \"many\" members of the security forces had been killed in a \"failed attack against democracy\"."}], "Q1113432": [{"id": "Q983", "label": "Equatorial Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories included official representatives from all of the Portuguese-language countries except East Timor, which was under Indonesian occupation at the time, but later adhered to the Agreement, in 2004, and Equatorial Guinea, which adopted Portuguese as an official language only in 2010."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 2023, the agreement has been ratified and implemented by the Portuguese-speaking countries Portugal, Brazil and Cape Verde."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Countries like Angola and Mozambique still use the old orthography and have not completed the adoption of the reform."}], "Q1131442": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre in the Great Temple, also called the Toxcatl Massacre, or the Alvarado Massacre, was an event on 22 May 1520, in the Mexica, also known as the Aztec, capital of Tenochtitlan during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, in which the celebration of the Feast of Toxcatl ended in a massacre of Mexica elites."}, {"id": "Q310566", "label": "Diego Velazquez de Cuéllar", "section": "lead", "says": "In late April of 1520, Cuban Governor Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar ordered Spanish conquistador, Pánfilo de Narváez, to arrest Hernán Cortés while he was in Tenochtitlan."}, {"id": "Q40524", "label": "Pánfilo de Narváez", "section": "lead", "says": "In late April of 1520, Cuban Governor Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar ordered Spanish conquistador, Pánfilo de Narváez, to arrest Hernán Cortés while he was in Tenochtitlan."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "In late April of 1520, Cuban Governor Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar ordered Spanish conquistador, Pánfilo de Narváez, to arrest Hernán Cortés while he was in Tenochtitlan."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "lead", "says": "Before he departed, he entrusted one of his captains, Pedro de Alvarado, with governing both the Spanish and Mexica."}, {"id": "Q1308854", "label": "La Noche Triste", "section": "lead", "says": "When Cortés and his men returned, the Mexica drove the Spaniards out of the city on the so-called the Sad Night (La Noche Triste), losing most of their men in battle or as prisoners who were then sacrificed."}], "Q113297332": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 27, 2022, at 8:43:24 a.m. (PHT), an earthquake struck the island of Luzon in the Philippines."}], "Q113565637": [{"id": "Q438839", "label": "Alexander Dugin", "section": "lead", "says": "She was the daughter of Aleksandr Dugin, a far-right political philosopher, whose political views and support for Vladimir Putin she shared."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "She was the daughter of Aleksandr Dugin, a far-right political philosopher, whose political views and support for Vladimir Putin she shared."}, {"id": "Q89191595", "label": "Vasyl Malyuk", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, Vasyl Malyuk, the head of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), indirectly confirmed Ukraine's involvement in the assassination."}], "Q1148483": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Elixheim, 18 July 1705, also known as the Passage of the Lines of Brabant during the War of the Spanish Succession, the Anglo-Dutch forces of the Grand Alliance, under the Duke of Marlborough and Field Marshal Ouwerkerk, successfully broke through the French Lines of Brabant."}], "Q1150265": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 was signed on 16 June 1373 between King Edward III of England and King Ferdinand I and Queen Leonor of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 was signed on 16 June 1373 between King Edward III of England and King Ferdinand I and Queen Leonor of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was temporarily void during the Iberian Union from 1580 to 1640, when the monarchies of Spain and Portugal were in a dynastic union."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "However, with Portugal's restoration of independence, the alliance returned and came to a new height during the Napoleonic Wars when the British sent one of their most successful generals, the Duke of Wellington, to stop Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, with Portugal's restoration of independence, the alliance returned and came to a new height during the Napoleonic Wars when the British sent one of their most successful generals, the Duke of Wellington, to stop Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "lead", "says": "The British also cited the treaty during the 1982 Falklands War."}], "Q1152499": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The first treaty, also called the Harris Treaty, was signed by the United States in July 1858, with France, Russia, Britain and the Netherlands quickly followed within the year: Japan applied to the other nations the conditions granted to the United States under the \"most favoured nation\" provision."}], "Q1154466": [{"id": "Q743768", "label": "The Anarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords (Vietnamese: Loạn 12 sứ quân, chữ Nôm: 亂𨑮𠄩使君; Sino-Vietnamese: Thập nhị sứ quân chi loạn, chữ Hán: 十二使君之亂), also the Period of the 12 Warlords, was a period of chaos and civil war in the history of Vietnam, from 965 to 968 caused by the succession of the Ngô dynasty after the death of King Ngô Quyền."}, {"id": "Q1184365", "label": "Đinh Bộ Lĩnh", "section": "lead", "says": "This period ended in 968 with the unification war of Vietnam by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, who later established the Đinh dynasty."}], "Q1156907": [{"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dacke War (Swedish: Dackefejden) was a peasant uprising led by Nils Dacke in Småland, Sweden, in 1542 against the rule of Gustav Vasa."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "Dacke and his followers were dissatisfied with the heavy tax burden, the introduction of Lutheranism, and the confiscation of Church property (the confiscation and taxes were introduced to pay for the Swedish War of Liberation that had brought Gustav Vasa to power)."}, {"id": "Q688308", "label": "Swedish War of Liberation", "section": "lead", "says": "Dacke and his followers were dissatisfied with the heavy tax burden, the introduction of Lutheranism, and the confiscation of Church property (the confiscation and taxes were introduced to pay for the Swedish War of Liberation that had brought Gustav Vasa to power)."}], "Q116455185": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Palestinian militant groups did not claim the suspect as a member, but called the attack a natural retaliation for the raid in Jenin the day prior that killed 10 Palestinians, while the Palestinian Authority blamed the Israeli government for \"dangerous escalation\"."}], "Q1164601": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective was to link all French possessions in Western Africa, and this was achieved on April 21, 1900, on the right bank of the Chari in what is now Chad opposite Kousséri, in what today is northern Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1899, Rabih received in Dikoa the French representative Ferdinand de Béhagle."}, {"id": "Q285940", "label": "Émile Gentil", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In response, a French column proceeding from Gabon and led by Émile Gentil, supported by the steamboat Leon Blot, confronted Rabih at Kouno at the end of the year."}], "Q117010346": [{"id": "Q183191", "label": "European Convention on Human Rights", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 2024, NGOs and media organisations lodged a legal case against the law in the European Court of Human Rights, arguing that the law violates six articles of the European Convention on Human Rights."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgian Dream and People's Power movement claimed the bill was based on the \"American model\", referring to the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the United States."}, {"id": "Q27885302", "label": "Irakli Kobakhidze", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgian Dream chair and MP Irakli Kobakhidze stated in February 2023 that Parliament would send the bill to the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, expressing confidence the commission would have a positive assessment of the law."}], "Q117747625": [{"id": "Q190758", "label": "War in Darfur", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Khartoum area has experienced civil unrest, violent protests and state repression, the area usually has been spared from warfare, with a major exception being the 2008 Omdurman attack by the Justice and Equality Movement during the War in Darfur."}, {"id": "Q27654948", "label": "Abdalla Hamdok", "section": "Background", "says": "Bashir was eventually overthrown, and a transitional civilian-military administration was put in place, with Abdalla Hamdok becoming the Prime Minister of Sudan and Abdel Fattah al-Burhan becoming the Commander in Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council."}], "Q1187309": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighth Battle of the Isonzo was fought between 10 and 12 October 1916 between Italy and Austria-Hungary."}], "Q1187701": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo was a World War I battle fought by the Italian and Austro-Hungarian Armies on the Italian Front between 18 August and 12 September 1917."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "Background", "says": "On the Soča (Isonzo) River, Luigi Cadorna, the Italian Chief of Staff, concentrated three quarters of his troops: 600 battalions (52 divisions) with 5,200 guns."}], "Q1192053": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vauchamps (14 February 1814) was the final major engagement of the Six Days Campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a part of the Grande Armée under Napoleon I defeating a superior Prussian and Russian force of the Army of Silesia under Field-marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the military career of Napoleon, this was one of his most outstanding tactical victories."}, {"id": "Q312676", "label": "Auguste de Marmont", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 February, reeling from his successive defeats, Blücher looked to disengage from Napoleon and instead manoeuvre with a part of his forces to fall upon the isolated VI Corps of Marshal Auguste de Marmont, who was defending Napoleon's rear."}], "Q1208970": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yingkou (Japanese: Gyūsō sakusen (牛莊作戦)) was a land battle of the First Sino-Japanese War between the forces of Meiji Japan and Qing China, fought outside the treaty port town of Yingkou, Manchuria."}], "Q1209808": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jiuliancheng (九連城之戰) was a land battle of the First Sino-Japanese War between the forces of Meiji Japan and Qing China."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is sometimes referred to as the Battle of the Yalu River (鴨緑江作戦, Ōryokuko Saksuken), thus creating confusion with the previous naval conflict of the same name of 17 September, and the subsequent naval and ground battles of the Russo-Japanese War, with the same name and occurring at much the same location."}, {"id": "Q715791", "label": "Battle of Pyongyang", "section": "Background", "says": "After their defeat at the Battle of Pyongyang, the Beiyang Army made its next stand at the crossing of the Yalu River, the border between Korea and China."}, {"id": "Q297636", "label": "Yamagata Aritomo", "section": "Background", "says": "On the Korean side of the Yalu River, Japanese general Yamagata Aritomo occupied the walled town of Uiju on 23 October 1894 with approximately 20,000 troops of the Japanese First Army, consisting of the 3rd and 5th Divisions."}], "Q12203911": [{"id": "Q299732", "label": "Abd al-Karim Qasim", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1959 Mosul Uprising started with an attempted coup by Arab nationalists in Mosul who wished to depose the then Iraqi Prime Minister Abdul-Karim Qasim, and install an Arab nationalist government which would then join the Republic of Iraq with the United Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1959 Mosul Uprising started with an attempted coup by Arab nationalists in Mosul who wished to depose the then Iraqi Prime Minister Abdul-Karim Qasim, and install an Arab nationalist government which would then join the Republic of Iraq with the United Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "During Qasim's term, there was much debate over whether Iraq should join the United Arab Republic, led by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser."}, {"id": "Q146713", "label": "Arab Federation", "section": "Background", "says": "Jordan had dissolved the Arab Federation after Qasim overthrew the monarchy in Iraq and had  the entire royal family in Iraq executed, along with Prime Minister Nuri al-Said."}], "Q12241913": [{"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khan Yunis massacre took place on 3 November 1956, perpetrated by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the Palestinian town of Khan Yunis and the nearby refugee camp of the same name in the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis."}, {"id": "Q374803", "label": "Benny Morris", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Benny Morris, during an IDF operation to reopen the Egyptian-blockaded Straits of Tiran, Israeli soldiers shot two hundred Palestinians in Khan Yunis and Rafah."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Benny Morris, during an IDF operation to reopen the Egyptian-blockaded Straits of Tiran, Israeli soldiers shot two hundred Palestinians in Khan Yunis and Rafah."}], "Q123291016": [{"id": "Q3462649", "label": "Min Aung Hlaing", "section": "Background", "says": "According to an emergency meeting of the National Defense and Security council, the junta leader Min Aung Hlaing noted that long-standing tensions and scam call centers along the border were exacerbated by Chinese investment."}], "Q124086310": [{"id": "Q892014", "label": "Qasem Soleimani", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination occurred a day before Hezbollah commemorated the fourth anniversary of the assassination (in Hezbollah's view, martyrdom) of senior Iranian IRGC military commander Qasem Soleimani."}], "Q124337072": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 January 2024, at 02:09 CST (18:09 UTC on 22 January), a Ms7.1 or Mw7.0 earthquake occurred in Uqturpan County, also known as Wushi County, in Xinjiang, China, near the border with Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Three people died in Xinjiang, while 74 others were injured, mostly in neighbouring Kazakhstan."}], "Q124618589": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the start of the Israel–Gaza war, the Houthi movement has engaged with and boarded certain ships passing through the Red Sea, as a response to the Israeli attacks in Gaza and the rest of Palestine since October."}], "Q125698224": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "From 18 April to early May 2024, floods hit Kenya, affecting people in 33 of the 47 counties, while also causing devastation in northern Tanzania."}], "Q1260080": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 2004 and 2018, the United States government attacked thousands of targets in northwest Pakistan using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) operated by the United States Air Force under the operational control of the Central Intelligence Agency's Special Activities Division during the war on terror."}, {"id": "Q208270", "label": "Federally Administered Tribal Areas", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of these attacks were on targets in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (now part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) along the Afghan border in northwest Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "lead", "says": "Bush, and increased substantially under his successor Barack Obama."}, {"id": "Q134068", "label": "Nawaz Sharif", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan's former Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, had repeatedly demanded an end to the strikes, stating: \"The use of drones is not only a continual violation of our territorial integrity but also detrimental to our resolve and efforts at eliminating terrorism from our country\"."}, {"id": "Q334902", "label": "Baitullah Mehsud", "section": "lead", "says": "Notable targets of the strikes included Baitullah Mehsud, the leader of the Pakistani Taliban (killed in a strike in South Waziristan on 5 August 2009), Hakimullah Mehsud, Mehsud's successor (killed in a strike on 1 November 2013), and Akhtar Mansour, leader of the Afghan Taliban (killed in a strike on 21 May 2016 in Ahmad Wal, Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q2829007", "label": "Akhtar Mansour", "section": "lead", "says": "Notable targets of the strikes included Baitullah Mehsud, the leader of the Pakistani Taliban (killed in a strike in South Waziristan on 5 August 2009), Hakimullah Mehsud, Mehsud's successor (killed in a strike on 1 November 2013), and Akhtar Mansour, leader of the Afghan Taliban (killed in a strike on 21 May 2016 in Ahmad Wal, Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The operations in Pakistan were closely tied to a related drone campaign in Afghanistan, along the same border area."}], "Q126410": [{"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Estonian and German–Latvian Non-aggression pacts were signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939, by Latvian Foreign Minister Vilhelms Munters and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, Adolf Hitler received the Estonian and Latvian envoys and, in the course of his interviews, stressed the maintaining and strengthening of commercial links between Germany and the Baltic states."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "A non-aggression pact with Lithuania was concluded in March after the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania regarding the Klaipėda Region."}, {"id": "Q161334", "label": "Memelland", "section": "lead", "says": "A non-aggression pact with Lithuania was concluded in March after the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania regarding the Klaipėda Region."}], "Q127946456": [{"id": "Q96863707", "label": "Fuad Shukr", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the attack, Israel killed Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr."}], "Q1281559": [{"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, in 489 opened his first campaign against Odoacer to wrest Italy from him."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, in 489 opened his first campaign against Odoacer to wrest Italy from him."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "Background", "says": "He achieved a solid diplomatic coup by inducing the Vandal King Gaiseric to cede to him Sicily."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "Background", "says": "When Julius Nepos was murdered by two of his retainers in his country house near Salona (May 480), Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins and at the same time established his own rule in Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q193056", "label": "Basiliscus", "section": "Background", "says": "Armatus defected from Basiliscus to Zeno in 476 and was made senior imperial general for life."}], "Q130386843": [{"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "The most severe floods began on 26 September and heavily impacted several of eastern Nepal's districts, especially those districts adjacent to  Kathmandu and the Bagmati River."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The nearby states of India, such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Assam, and parts of northern Bangladesh were also affected."}], "Q1310755": [{"id": "Q1350251", "label": "Mariano Osorio", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rancagua, also known in Chile as the Disaster of Rancagua, occurred on October 1, 1814, to October 2, 1814, when the Spanish Army under the command of Mariano Osorio defeated the Chilean forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 July 1814, the radicals overthrew Supreme Director Francisco de la Lastra and appointed Jose Miguel Carrera as the head of a provisional junta."}, {"id": "Q734977", "label": "Jose Miguel Carrera", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 July 1814, the radicals overthrew Supreme Director Francisco de la Lastra and appointed Jose Miguel Carrera as the head of a provisional junta."}], "Q1324220": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Coal  mines on the islands were owned and operated by Norway at Longyearbyen and by the Soviet Union at Barentsburg; both governments agreed to their destruction and the evacuation of their nationals."}, {"id": "Q194364", "label": "Bear Island", "section": "Background", "says": "From 25 July to 9 August 1940, the Admiral Hipper sailed from Trondheim to search the area from Tromsø to Bear Island and Svalbard (formerly Spitzbergen) and intercept British ships returning from Petsamo but found only a Finnish freighter."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "After Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, German occupation of the islands could threaten the Arctic convoy route to North Russia."}, {"id": "Q1365993", "label": "Philip Vian", "section": "Background", "says": "Rear-Admirals Philip Vian and Geoffrey Miles flew to Polyarnoe in northern Russia and Miles established the British military mission in Moscow."}], "Q132473192": [{"id": "Q2107268", "label": "Prabowo Subianto", "section": "Background", "says": "The protests occurred as a response over controversial policies by Indonesian president Prabowo Subianto and his vice-president Gibran Rakabuming Raka, which include the Free Nutritious Meals (MBG) programme and the enactment of Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2025, which led to massive budget cuts, supposedly to fund it."}], "Q133287207": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 April 2025, the United Kingdom joined the United States in conducting strikes on Houthi targets."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Claiming solidarity with Palestinians and aiming to pressure Israel into agreeing to a ceasefire and lifting its blockade of Gaza, the Houthis launched missiles and drones at vessels traveling near Yemen, and also fired ballistic missiles at Israeli cities, killing at least one civilian in Tel Aviv."}, {"id": "Q123912788", "label": "Operation Prosperity Guardian", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, the United States, the United Kingdom, and a multinational coalition began Operation Prosperity Guardian, combining naval escorts with episodic airstrikes on Houthi military and civilian infrastructure."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 6, President Donald Trump declared the strikes to be over, \"effective immediately,\" as a result of a ceasefire between the US and the Houthis, brokered by Oman."}, {"id": "Q122962941", "label": "Gaza War", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the October 7 attacks in October 2023, they have continued to target commercial shipping in the Red Sea using missiles, drones, and explosive-laden boats, forcing many shipping companies to reroute vessels around southern Africa at higher costs, in an attempt to force a ceasefire in the Gaza War and an end to the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip."}, {"id": "Q7172014", "label": "Pete Hegseth", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early March, Trump partially approved Kurilla's plan, giving it 30 days to exhibit results in a campaign named \"Operation Rough Rider\" by Pete Hegseth."}, {"id": "Q27996060", "label": "Stephen Miller", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The group included accounts that seemed to correspond to Marco Rubio, JD Vance, Tulsi Gabbard, Scott Bessent, Pete Hegseth, John Ratcliffe, Steve Witkoff, Susie Wiles, Joe Kent, and Stephen Miller."}], "Q1348785": [{"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Basuto Gun War, also known as the Basutoland Rebellion, was a conflict between the Basuto and the British Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q2340665", "label": "Basutoland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1879, the Cape Parliament extended the Peace Preservation Act to Basutoland, with the aim of disarming the Basuto people."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the terms of the Disannexation Act, Basutoland was transformed into a British High Commission Territory, and thus not later incorporated into the Union of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q469775", "label": "Moshoeshoe I", "section": "Background", "says": "King Moshoeshoe I united the various Sotho-speaking chieftainships into a single nation during a period of political turbulence known as Lifaqane."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1843, Moshoeshoe had accumulated more horses and guns than any other chieftain in South Africa, but the guns were outdated flintlocks, which had flooded the South African market after the introduction of percussion lock muskets."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "Background", "says": "The Boer Orange Free State was able to procure modern breech-loading rifles and a small amount of artillery."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Basuto, who became part of the British Empire out of necessity, viewed"}, {"id": "Q2547918", "label": "Griqualand West", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many had worked in railway construction and the diamond mines in Griqualand West with the express purpose of purchasing modern breech-loading and smoothbore rifles."}, {"id": "Q950220", "label": "Henry Bartle Frere", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Cape Governor Sir Henry Bartle Frere became impatient at the deliberations and ordered Letsie I to enact disarmament immediately, even before the Basuto delegation had returned from Cape Town."}], "Q1355177": [{"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pankaleia was fought in 978 or 979 between the army loyal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II, commanded by Bardas Phokas the Younger, and the forces of the rebel general Bardas Skleros, which ultimately led to the defeat and exile of the latter."}, {"id": "Q2347035", "label": "Bardas Phokas the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pankaleia was fought in 978 or 979 between the army loyal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II, commanded by Bardas Phokas the Younger, and the forces of the rebel general Bardas Skleros, which ultimately led to the defeat and exile of the latter."}, {"id": "Q744590", "label": "Bardas Skleros", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pankaleia was fought in 978 or 979 between the army loyal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II, commanded by Bardas Phokas the Younger, and the forces of the rebel general Bardas Skleros, which ultimately led to the defeat and exile of the latter."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "lead", "says": "Sources are unclear in the succession and location of the events, so that while earlier scholars followed John Skylitzes in placing the Battle of Pankaleia in March 979 as the decisive victory for loyalist forces, today, following Leo the Deacon's account, it is placed in June 978 and regarded as a defeat for Phokas."}], "Q1355254": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poimanenon or Poemanenum was fought in early 1224 (or possibly late 1223) between the forces of the two main successor states of the Byzantine Empire; the Latin Empire and the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poimanenon or Poemanenum was fought in early 1224 (or possibly late 1223) between the forces of the two main successor states of the Byzantine Empire; the Latin Empire and the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poimanenon or Poemanenum was fought in early 1224 (or possibly late 1223) between the forces of the two main successor states of the Byzantine Empire; the Latin Empire and the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea."}, {"id": "Q37086", "label": "Theodore I Laskaris", "section": "Background and battle", "says": "In November 1221, the energetic founder of the Nicaean Empire, Theodore I Laskaris, died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law, John III Doukas Vatatzes, who had emerged as the victor out of the civil strife that had commenced since the death of Theodore I Laskaris."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "Background and battle", "says": "In November 1221, the energetic founder of the Nicaean Empire, Theodore I Laskaris, died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law, John III Doukas Vatatzes, who had emerged as the victor out of the civil strife that had commenced since the death of Theodore I Laskaris."}, {"id": "Q365620", "label": "Robert of Courtenay", "section": "Background and battle", "says": "The succession was disputed by Theodore's brothers, the sebastokratores Alexios Laskaris and Isaac Laskaris, who rose up in revolt and requested the aid of the Latin emperor, Robert of Courtenay."}, {"id": "Q60125", "label": "George Akropolites", "section": "Background and battle", "says": "The 13th-century Byzantine historian George Akropolites says that Emperor John, \"... won a victory by storm\"."}], "Q13581715": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mediterranean campaign of 1798 was a series of major naval operations surrounding a French expeditionary force sent to Egypt under Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Republic sought to capture Egypt as the first stage in an effort to threaten British India and support Tipu Sultan, and thus force Great Britain to make peace."}, {"id": "Q445924", "label": "Alexander Ball", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 May Nelson collected the ships of the line HMS Alexander and HMS Orion under Captains Alexander Ball and Sir James Saumarez the frigates HMS Emerald and HMS Terpsichore under Captains Thomas Moutray Waller and William Hall Gage and the sloop HMS Bonne Citoyenne under Captain Robert Retalick at Gibraltar, and passed into the Mediterranean."}], "Q136001786": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Hamas's October 7 attacks on Israel in 2023, which led to the Gaza war, the Yemeni Houthis began launching missiles and drones at Israel and at a number of international shipping vessels transiting the Red Sea, actions they say are in solidarity with the Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, a United States–led coalition launched a series of missiles and airstrikes against the Houthis, which ended following a ceasefire deal between the US and the Houthis in May 2025."}], "Q13632820": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constantinople massacre of 1821 was orchestrated by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire against the Greek community of Constantinople in retaliation for the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830)."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constantinople massacre of 1821 was orchestrated by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire against the Greek community of Constantinople in retaliation for the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830)."}], "Q136335092": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "US president Donald Trump directed the United States Armed Forces to begin using military force against certain Latin American drug cartels, characterizing the smugglers as narcoterrorists."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "A sharper escalation came in mid-December, when the US began intercepting and seizing crude oil tankers, imposed a naval quarantine on sanctioned vessels transporting oil to or from Venezuela, and announced plans to designate the Venezuelan government a Foreign Terrorist Organization."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "As the US continued the buildup of military assets to Puerto Rico and El Salvador, subsequent airstrikes destroyed other alleged drug-smuggling vessels, including those allegedly connected to the Colombian National Liberation Army."}, {"id": "Q754", "label": "Trinidad and Tobago", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican Navy engaged to recover drugs from one of the destroyed vessels, and Trinidad and Tobago backed the US."}, {"id": "Q7172014", "label": "Pete Hegseth", "section": "lead", "says": "US defense secretary Pete Hegseth announced Operation Southern Spear would begin later in November, with a fleet using robotics and autonomous systems to target Latin American drug trafficking."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "Experts, the Trump administration, and Venezuelan opposition sources stated that a likely goal of the operation is to force the departure of top figures in the Nicolás Maduro government."}], "Q136377386": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2025 Malagasy protests were decentralized, Gen Z–led protests across Madagascar from September to October 2025, culminating in a coup d'état by the CAPSAT unit, which overthrew sitting President Andry Rajoelina and led to the establishment of the Council of the Presidency for the Re-Foundation of the Republic."}, {"id": "Q57363", "label": "Andry Rajoelina", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2025 Malagasy protests were decentralized, Gen Z–led protests across Madagascar from September to October 2025, culminating in a coup d'état by the CAPSAT unit, which overthrew sitting President Andry Rajoelina and led to the establishment of the Council of the Presidency for the Re-Foundation of the Republic."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "His daughter Ilona Rajoelina was often seen wearing designer brands, while his son Arena Rajoelina reportedly attended the expensive EHL hospitality school in Lausanne, Switzerland."}], "Q1367747": [{"id": "Q256608", "label": "Outer Space Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, also known as the Space Liability Convention, is a treaty from 1972 that expands on the liability rules created in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967."}], "Q137266485": [{"id": "Q16669148", "label": "Patrice Talon", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 December 2025, several soldiers of the Benin Armed Forces (FAB) led by Lieutenant Colonel Pascal Tigri announced on national television the overthrow of Patrice Talon, the president of Benin, following an attack on Talon's residence in Cotonou and the residences of other top-ranking military officials."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "Background", "says": "The governments of Benin's northern neighbors Niger and Burkina Faso were overthrown in 2023 and in 2022, respectively; other countries in the region affected by coups include Mali and Guinea in 2021, and Guinea-Bissau's government was overthrown just the month before."}], "Q138511765": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 March 2026, the Consulate General of the United States in Karachi, Pakistan, was targeted by Shia Muslim protesters following strikes on Iran by the US and Israel in which Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was assassinated."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 March 2026, the Consulate General of the United States in Karachi, Pakistan, was targeted by Shia Muslim protesters following strikes on Iran by the US and Israel in which Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was assassinated."}], "Q139236054": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "This is the second major conflict between chimpanzees that has been observed by primatologists, the first being the Gombe chimpanzee war of the 1970s in Tanzania."}], "Q139807452": [{"id": "Q110520817", "label": "Rodrigo Paz", "section": "lead", "says": "Although President Rodrigo Paz annulled the law on 13 May, protests continued to spread."}, {"id": "Q468810", "label": "Túpac Katari", "section": "lead", "says": "Hundreds of legal cases were opened against protest leaders, with the leader of  Túpac Katari being arrested in early July."}], "Q1411508": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wiłkomierz (see other names) took place on September 1, 1435, near Ukmergė in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q1091376", "label": "Sigismund Kęstutaitis", "section": "lead", "says": "With the help of military units from the Kingdom of Poland, the forces of Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis soundly defeated Švitrigaila and his Livonian allies."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "With the help of military units from the Kingdom of Poland, the forces of Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis soundly defeated Švitrigaila and his Livonian allies."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "The damage inflicted upon the Livonian Order has been compared to the damage of Battle of Grunwald upon the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q16362506", "label": "Lithuanian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle can be seen as the final engagement of the Lithuanian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1430, Vytautas the Great died without an heir."}, {"id": "Q1055227", "label": "Union of Horodło", "section": "Background", "says": "This violated the Union of Horodło of 1413, and outraged the Polish nobles. Švitrigaila prepared for war and enlisted the Teutonic Knights, Moldavia, and the Golden Horde as his allies."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "This violated the Union of Horodło of 1413, and outraged the Polish nobles. Švitrigaila prepared for war and enlisted the Teutonic Knights, Moldavia, and the Golden Horde as his allies."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund Kęstutaitis assumed power in Lithuania when he deposed Švitrigaila in a coup on August 31, 1432. Švitrigaila escaped, established himself in Polotsk, and rallied his supporters from Slavic lands of the Grand Duchy against Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund Kęstutaitis assumed power in Lithuania when he deposed Švitrigaila in a coup on August 31, 1432. Švitrigaila escaped, established himself in Polotsk, and rallied his supporters from Slavic lands of the Grand Duchy against Sigismund."}], "Q1438686": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Plymouth was a naval battle in the First Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "General-at-Sea George Ayscue of the Commonwealth of England attacked an outward bound convoy of the Dutch Republic commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "General-at-Sea George Ayscue of the Commonwealth of England attacked an outward bound convoy of the Dutch Republic commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "General-at-Sea George Ayscue of the Commonwealth of England attacked an outward bound convoy of the Dutch Republic commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q695748", "label": "Witte Corneliszoon de With", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 July De Ruyter was appointed Vice-Commodore, an originally Dutch creation between Captain and Rear-Admiral, with the confederate Dutch fleet and shortly after took over command, in the absence of Vice-Admiral Witte de With, of a squadron assembling in the Wielingen, off the coast of Zealand, to escort a large convoy."}], "Q1447505": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Avalanche was the codename for the Allied landings near the port of Salerno, executed on 9 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II."}, {"id": "Q2572890", "label": "Operation Baytown", "section": "lead", "says": "In order to draw troops away from the landing ground, Operation Baytown was mounted."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a landing by the British Eighth Army, under General Sir Bernard Montgomery, in Calabria in the 'toe' of Italy, on 3 September."}, {"id": "Q934889", "label": "Operation Slapstick", "section": "lead", "says": "Simultaneous sea landings were made by the British 1st Airborne Division at the port of Taranto (Operation Slapstick)."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Background", "says": "The dummies were refurbished and set up in Cyrenaica in a way that would suggest an invasion of the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q980814", "label": "Richard McCreery", "section": "Background", "says": "Dawley, the X British Corps under Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery, and the U.S."}], "Q14750447": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1205 and 1210, and again in 1225-1227, the Mongol Empire embarked on a series of military campaigns that ultimately led to the destruction of the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty in northwestern China."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Hoping to both to plunder and acquire vassalage, Genghis Khan commanded some initial raids against the Western Xia before launching a full-scale invasion in 1209."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, when Genghis invaded the Islamic Khwarazmian Empire in 1219, the Western Xia attempted to break away from Mongol vassalage and form alliances with the Jin and Song dynasties."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western Xia dynasty emerged in 1038—also called \"Xi Xia\", the \"Tangut Empire\", or \"Minya\"—and eventually controlled what are now the northwestern provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q855467", "label": "Ong Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of the Keraites leader Ong Khan to Temüjin's emerging Mongol Empire in 1203, Keriat leader Nilqa Senggum led a small band of followers into Western Xia."}], "Q1475533": [{"id": "Q2042616", "label": "Chalkidian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spartolos took place in 429 BC between Athens and the Chalcidian League and their allies, in the early part of the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spartolos took place in 429 BC between Athens and the Chalcidian League and their allies, in the early part of the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "lead", "says": "To ensure a steady stream of imperial revenue and suppress additional local uprisings, the Athenians dispatched Xenophon (son of Euripides) with 2,000 hoplites and 200 cavalry to launch an attack on Spartolos."}, {"id": "Q48305", "label": "Euripides", "section": "lead", "says": "To ensure a steady stream of imperial revenue and suppress additional local uprisings, the Athenians dispatched Xenophon (son of Euripides) with 2,000 hoplites and 200 cavalry to launch an attack on Spartolos."}], "Q14766991": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The roots are thought to lie in Indian history, stemming from resentment towards the Muslim conquests in India during the Middle Ages, the divisive policies implemented by the colonial government during British rule, and the partition of the Indian subcontinent into a Muslim-majority Pakistan and an Indian state with a sizeable Muslim minority."}], "Q1500532": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cravant was fought on 31 July 1423, during the Hundred Years' War between English and French forces at the village of Cravant in Burgundy, at a bridge and ford on the banks of the river Yonne, a left-bank tributary of the Seine, southeast of Auxerre."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, the English king was permitted to occupy all the country north of the Loire."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1422, with Henry V suddenly dead and an infant King Henry VI of England assuming the throne, hostilities resumed."}, {"id": "Q160337", "label": "Henry VI of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1422, with Henry V suddenly dead and an infant King Henry VI of England assuming the throne, hostilities resumed."}, {"id": "Q723212", "label": "John Stewart, Earl of Buchan", "section": "Background", "says": "This French army contained a large number of Scots under John Stewart, Earl of Buchan, who was commanding the entire mixed force, as well as Spanish and Lombard mercenaries."}], "Q1501750": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vågen was a naval battle between a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet and an English flotilla of warships on 2 August 1665 as part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}], "Q1740516": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Honnecourt took place on 26 May 1642, during the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q252902", "label": "Francisco de Melo", "section": "lead", "says": "A Spanish army led by Francisco de Melo defeated and largely destroyed a French force under the Comte de Guiche."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "With the bulk of French forces committed to the Siege of Perpignan in Catalonia, Melo launched an offensive into Artois, then part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Background", "says": "French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIII decided to make the capture of Perpignan their main objective for 1642, while remaining on the defensive elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIII decided to make the capture of Perpignan their main objective for 1642, while remaining on the defensive elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Hoping to divert resources from Catalonia, Francisco de Melo, the new Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, planned an offensive to retake them, using 30,000 troops from the Army of Flanders, the most experienced formation in the Spanish Empire."}], "Q1759500": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lingones was fought in 298 between the Western Roman Empire and the Alamanni."}, {"id": "Q131195", "label": "Constantius Chlorus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman force was led by Constantius Chlorus, and was victorious."}], "Q1761043": [{"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Algiers, also called the great repression of Algiers, was a campaign fought during the Algerian War."}, {"id": "Q693529", "label": "Jacques Massu", "section": "lead", "says": "Civilian authorities gave full powers to General Jacques Massu who, operating outside legal frameworks between January and September 1957, eliminated the FLN from Algiers."}, {"id": "Q327414", "label": "Rabah Bitat", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1955, Rabah Bitat, head of the FLN in Algiers, was arrested by the French."}], "Q176216": [{"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yellow Tavern was fought on May 11, 1864, as part of the Overland Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yellow Tavern was fought on May 11, 1864, as part of the Overland Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip Sheridan was detached from Grant's Army of the Potomac to conduct a raid on Richmond, Virginia, and challenged Confederate cavalry commander Maj."}, {"id": "Q1425882", "label": "Battle of the Wilderness", "section": "Background", "says": "The two had fought an inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness and were engaged in heavy fighting at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House."}, {"id": "Q1538874", "label": "Battle of Spotsylvania Court House", "section": "Background", "says": "The two had fought an inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness and were engaged in heavy fighting at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House."}], "Q177786": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially aiming to help the Reconquista of Iberia, it failed to gain support from the church or nobility and instead murdered hundreds of Jews in France and Aragon, in Northern Spain."}, {"id": "Q1988505", "label": "Great Famine of 1315–1317", "section": "Causes", "says": "The causes of the movement are complex; however, at the time a series of famines had set in (see the Great Famine of 1315–1317) related to climatic changes (the \"little ice age\") and the economic situation for the rural poor had deteriorated."}], "Q1785910": [{"id": "Q660384", "label": "Mississippi Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought in the Mississippi Territory, now central Alabama."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Native American allies under Major General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Native American allies under Major General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War."}, {"id": "Q1186260", "label": "Creek War", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Native American allies under Major General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War."}], "Q18089561": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hamedan was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Hotak dynasty signed in October 1727 in Hamedan, ending the  Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)."}, {"id": "Q562502", "label": "Ashraf Hotaki", "section": "Background", "says": "As Ottoman expansion into Persia continued, Ashraf Hotak, having recently toppled his cousin, Mahmud Hotak from power, was claiming himself as the sole legitimate ruler of all Persia, and demanded that the Ottomans cede all their annexed territories."}, {"id": "Q31494", "label": "Mahmud Hotaki", "section": "Background", "says": "As Ottoman expansion into Persia continued, Ashraf Hotak, having recently toppled his cousin, Mahmud Hotak from power, was claiming himself as the sole legitimate ruler of all Persia, and demanded that the Ottomans cede all their annexed territories."}, {"id": "Q446965", "label": "Sultan Husayn", "section": "Background", "says": "And as a result, Ashraf Hotak executed Soltan Hoseyn, the former Safavid shah."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "War began as the Ottomans opened hostility in the Azerbaijan region in 1726."}], "Q181480": [{"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vítkov Hill was a part of the Hussite Wars."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the forces of King Sigismund, against Hussite forces under command of Jan Žižka (English: John Zizka)."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Vítkov Hill was located on the edge of the city of Prague and the battle occurred in a vineyard established by Sigismund's father, Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q215968", "label": "Jan Žižka", "section": "Background", "says": "Jan Žižka destroyed the crusaders' relief column, which had to secure supplies that were sent to Hradčany and Vyšehrad."}], "Q183447": [{"id": "Q355643", "label": "Jean-Charles Pichegru", "section": "lead", "says": "Jean-Charles Pichegru was the leader of the French army that invaded the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Jean-Charles Pichegru was the leader of the French army that invaded the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action happened during the War of the First Coalition, which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action happened during the War of the First Coalition, which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "That same day, the Dutch proclaimed the Batavian Republic, effectively ending the war with France and allying itself with France instead."}, {"id": "Q312215", "label": "William V, Prince of Orange", "section": "Background", "says": "However, among the Dutch Navy and the army there were still some who remained loyal to the Stadtholder, and there were fears that Navy ships from Den Helder might sail for England to rejoin William V, Prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q577081", "label": "Battle of Camperdown", "section": "Background", "says": "De Winter had been serving with the French since 1787, and would later command the Dutch fleet in the disastrous Battle of Camperdown."}], "Q1836863": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Entering Palestine from the south of Tiberias, Saladin encountered the Crusader army coming from Transjordan near Belvoir Castle."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1177, Saladin mounted a major invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Egypt and was defeated by Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (the \"Leper King\") at the Battle of Montgisard."}, {"id": "Q847287", "label": "Battle of Montgisard", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1177, Saladin mounted a major invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Egypt and was defeated by Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (the \"Leper King\") at the Battle of Montgisard."}, {"id": "Q636520", "label": "Battle of Marj Ayyun", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1179, Saladin thoroughly defeated Baldwin IV at the Battle of Marj Ayyun and at the Siege of Jacob’s Ford in the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q354389", "label": "Raymond III of Tripoli", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1180, Saladin arranged a truce between himself and two Christian leaders, King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raymond III of Tripoli to prevent bloodshed."}], "Q1855781": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nikiou took place  between Arab Muslim troops under General Amr ibn al-A'as and the Byzantine Empire in Egypt in May of 646."}], "Q18639147": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Bulgarian: Българо–византийска война от 894–896) was fought between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire as a result of the decision of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI to move the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessalonica which would greatly increase the expenses of the Bulgarian merchants."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 (Bulgarian: Българо–византийска война от 894–896) was fought between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire as a result of the decision of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI to move the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessalonica which would greatly increase the expenses of the Bulgarian merchants."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Following intense negotiations with the Papacy in Rome and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Bulgaria converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which caused discontent among part of the nobility who directly associated the new religion with the Byzantine Empire and feared that the country would fall under Byzantine influence."}, {"id": "Q41618", "label": "Leo VI the Wise", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 894 Stylianos Zaoutzes, basileopator and leading minister of Leo VI the Wise (r."}, {"id": "Q1492048", "label": "Treaty of 716", "section": "Prelude", "says": "That move affected not only private interests but also the international commercial importance of Bulgaria and the principle of Byzantine–Bulgarian trade, regulated with the Treaty of 716 and later agreements on the most favoured nation basis."}, {"id": "Q237587", "label": "Stauracius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He befriended Staurakios and Cosmas, who originated from Hellas, merchants greedy for profit and covetous."}, {"id": "Q2079726", "label": "Vasil Zlatarski", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, many historians including Vasil Zlatarski and John Fine consider those claims unlikely, arguing that in the beginning of his reign Simeon needed to consolidate his power and imperial ambitions had not yet been crystallised, therefore his military intervention was a defensive act to protect the Bulgarian commercial interests."}], "Q18639207": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Fallujah was a major battle in the city of Fallujah in western Iraq that took place from late 2013 to early 2014, in which Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants and other Sunni insurgents including Anbar tribal militias captured the city of Fallujah."}], "Q1887009": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "England, at war with France since 1337 in the Hundred Years' War, had sided with John of Montfort's faction in the Breton Civil War shortly after it broke out in 1341."}, {"id": "Q257621", "label": "Joan, Duchess of Brittany", "section": "Background", "says": "John died on 30 April 1341, leaving a disputed succession: both his niece, Joan of Penthièvre, and his younger half-brother, John of Montfort, claimed the dukedom; Joan was married to Charles of Blois, a well-connected and militarily oriented French nobleman who was also a nephew of the King of France."}, {"id": "Q544055", "label": "John IV, Duke of Brittany", "section": "Background", "says": "John died on 30 April 1341, leaving a disputed succession: both his niece, Joan of Penthièvre, and his younger half-brother, John of Montfort, claimed the dukedom; Joan was married to Charles of Blois, a well-connected and militarily oriented French nobleman who was also a nephew of the King of France."}, {"id": "Q288219", "label": "Joanna of Flanders", "section": "Background", "says": "John's wife, Joanna of Flanders, was in Rennes with her two-year-old son, also named John, and the ducal treasury when news of John's capture arrived."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "She despatched her senior counsellor, Amaury of Clisson, to Edward III in England with a large sum in cash to encourage English military intervention and waited on events."}], "Q1887701": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the beginning of Athens's recovery of its Aegean hegemony following its loss in the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q713679", "label": "Timotheus", "section": "lead", "says": "In western waters another great Athenian commander, Timotheus, won the battle of Alyzia against Sparta in 374 BC."}], "Q1890225": [{"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Verona was fought in June 402 by Alaric's Visigoths and a Roman force led by Stilicho."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Verona was fought in June 402 by Alaric's Visigoths and a Roman force led by Stilicho."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Background", "says": "By the time the Magister militum returned he found that Alaric had taken Mediolanum, while Honorius was chased into refuge at Hasta."}], "Q1896360": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Skopje was a battle in 1004 during the Byzantine reconquest of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "The primary reason for mounting a long campaign was the realization by Basil II that Bulgaria could not be conquered in a single campaign."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Once this area was under control, Byzantine forces moved south from Sardika into Macedonia, capturing Berrhoia and reopening the route to Greece."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Byzantine authority was soon restored in Thessaly and in parts of eastern Macedonia, including Voden."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1003, Basil II launched a campaign against the First Bulgarian Empire and after eight months of siege conquered the important town of Vidin to the north-west."}], "Q19359012": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "Opération Sentinelle began after the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks, and was reinforced following the November 2015 Paris attacks, attacks which were claimed to have been perpetrated by the Islamic extremist groups Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Other European countries have also deployed soldiers to protect certain areas due to terror threats or attacks, including in Belgium, Italy, and the United Kingdom."}], "Q19407785": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Tikrit was a battle in which Iraqi Security Forces recaptured the city of Tikrit (the provincial capital of the Saladin Governorate) from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "Tikrit, the hometown of the ex-president Saddam Hussein, fell to ISIL during the offensive in June 2014."}], "Q1949299": [{"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Kazan Wars were a series of short, intermittent wars fought between the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan between 1437 and 1556."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Kazan Wars were a series of short, intermittent wars fought between the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan between 1437 and 1556."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of these were wars of succession in Kazan, in which Muscovy intervened on behalf of the dynastic interests of its main ally, the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of the period, neither side sought to conquer the other, until Ivan the Terrible decided to annex Kazan upon the successful 1552 siege, which was followed by a rebellion lasting until 1556."}], "Q1970159": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grenada took place on 6 July 1779 during the American Revolutionary War in the West Indies between the British Royal Navy and the French Navy, just off the coast of Grenada."}, {"id": "Q507665", "label": "John Byron", "section": "lead", "says": "A British fleet led by Admiral John Byron (the grandfather of Lord Byron) had sailed in an attempt to relieve Grenada, which French forces under Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing had just captured."}, {"id": "Q5679", "label": "Lord Byron", "section": "lead", "says": "A British fleet led by Admiral John Byron (the grandfather of Lord Byron) had sailed in an attempt to relieve Grenada, which French forces under Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing had just captured."}, {"id": "Q694048", "label": "Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing", "section": "lead", "says": "A British fleet led by Admiral John Byron (the grandfather of Lord Byron) had sailed in an attempt to relieve Grenada, which French forces under Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing had just captured."}, {"id": "Q142988", "label": "Alfred Thayer Maan", "section": "lead", "says": "Naval historian Alfred Thayer Mahan described the battle as \"the most disastrous... that the British Navy had encountered since Beachy Head, in 1690.\""}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "He had hoped to capture the key British possession, Barbados, but after making no progress against the prevailing easterly trade winds, he turned his attention instead to Grenada."}], "Q19926256": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palmyra offensive of May 2015 was a military operation launched during the Syrian Civil War by the Islamic State (IS) on May 13–26, 2015, in an attempt to capture the government-held Tadmur District of the Homs Governorate, including the administrative centre of Tadmur, known in English as Palmyra."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruins were part of a desert oasis that was one of the most significant cultural centers of the ancient world, linking the civilizations of Persia, India, China with the Roman Empire through trade."}], "Q1995675": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle of the Pacific War, and was fought between ground forces of the British Indian Army and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle of the Pacific War, and was fought between ground forces of the British Indian Army and the Empire of Japan."}], "Q2002331": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Alte Veste or Battle of Fürth was a significant battle of the Thirty Years' War in which Gustavus Adolphus' attacking forces were defeated by Wallenstein's entrenched troops."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late summer of 1632 the army of Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus met Albrecht von Wallenstein near Nürnberg."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late summer of 1632 the army of Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus met Albrecht von Wallenstein near Nürnberg."}, {"id": "Q703436", "label": "Battle of Rain", "section": "Background", "says": "The earlier successes of Gustavus Adolphus over General Tilly, particularly at Breitenfeld, followed by Tilly's death during the Battle of Rain, forced Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II to recall Albrecht von Wallenstein into military service from retirement."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Subsequently, he had taken the Free Imperial City of Augsburg without struggle, and on 17 May had marched into Munich unmolested."}], "Q2005006": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baltic Sea campaigns were conducted by Axis and Allied naval forces in the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland and the connected lakes Ladoga and Onega on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baltic Sea campaigns were conducted by Axis and Allied naval forces in the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland and the connected lakes Ladoga and Onega on the Eastern Front of World War II."}], "Q2035455": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kings Mountain was a military engagement between Patriot and Loyalist militias in South Carolina during the southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War, resulting in a decisive victory for the Patriots."}, {"id": "Q1811438", "label": "Battle of Waxhaws", "section": "lead", "says": "Some Patriots gave no quarter until their officers re-established control over their men; they were said to be seeking revenge for alleged killings by Banastre Tarleton's militiamen at the Battle of Waxhaws, under the slogan \"Remember Tarleton's Quarter\"."}, {"id": "Q3847089", "label": "William Campbell", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Patriot leaders sent word to Virginia militia leader William Campbell, asking him to join them at Sycamore Shoals."}], "Q2037261": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Asiatic Vespers (also known as the Asian Vespers, Ephesian Vespers, or the Vespers of 88 BC) were massacres of Roman and other Latin-speaking peoples living in parts of western Anatolia c. early 88 BC by forces loyal to Mithridates VI Eupator, ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus, who orchestrated the massacre in an attempt to rid Asia Minor of Roman influence."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Asiatic Vespers (also known as the Asian Vespers, Ephesian Vespers, or the Vespers of 88 BC) were massacres of Roman and other Latin-speaking peoples living in parts of western Anatolia c. early 88 BC by forces loyal to Mithridates VI Eupator, ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus, who orchestrated the massacre in an attempt to rid Asia Minor of Roman influence."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident served as the casus belli or immediate cause of the First Mithridatic War between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "With Nicomedes III of Bithynia, Mithridates saw an opportunity in 108–107 BC and partitioned Paphlagonia."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "With the death of Nicomedes III and the accession of his son Nicomedes IV, Mithridates and Tigranes unseated Ariobarzanes from Cappadocia and, after an assassination attempt failed, expelled Nicomedes IV from Bithynia."}], "Q2060478": [{"id": "Q1733006", "label": "Karl Selter", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact was signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939, by Estonian and German Foreign Ministers Karl Selter and Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact was signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939, by Estonian and German Foreign Ministers Karl Selter and Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q126410", "label": "German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact was also signed on the same day."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "A non-aggression pact with Lithuania was concluded in March after the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania regarding the Klaipėda Region."}, {"id": "Q161334", "label": "Memelland", "section": "lead", "says": "A non-aggression pact with Lithuania was concluded in March after the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania regarding the Klaipėda Region."}], "Q2063617": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Gabbard, was a naval battle fought from 2 to 3 June 1653  during the First Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place near the Gabbard shoal off the coast of Suffolk, England, between fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place near the Gabbard shoal off the coast of Suffolk, England, between fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic."}], "Q2066232": [{"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Warsaw (also the Polish–Ukrainian or Petliura–Piłsudski Alliance or Agreement) of April 1920 was a military-economical alliance between the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petliura, against Bolshevik Russia."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Warsaw (also the Polish–Ukrainian or Petliura–Piłsudski Alliance or Agreement) of April 1920 was a military-economical alliance between the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petliura, against Bolshevik Russia."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Warsaw (also the Polish–Ukrainian or Petliura–Piłsudski Alliance or Agreement) of April 1920 was a military-economical alliance between the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petliura, against Bolshevik Russia."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Warsaw (also the Polish–Ukrainian or Petliura–Piłsudski Alliance or Agreement) of April 1920 was a military-economical alliance between the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petliura, against Bolshevik Russia."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish-Soviet War continued and the territories in question were distributed between Russia and Poland in accordance with the 1921 Peace of Riga."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish leader Józef Piłsudski was trying to create a Poland-led alliance of East European countries, the Międzymorze federation, designed to strengthen Poland and her neighbors at the expense of the Russian Empire, and later of the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish leader Józef Piłsudski was trying to create a Poland-led alliance of East European countries, the Międzymorze federation, designed to strengthen Poland and her neighbors at the expense of the Russian Empire, and later of the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union."}], "Q2070956": [{"id": "Q950644", "label": "Carpatho-Ukraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The National Defense Organization \"Carpathian Sich\" (Ukrainian: Організація народної оборони «Карпатська Січ», romanized: Orhanizacija narodnoï oborony «Karpats'ka Sič», also known as the Carpathian Sich) were Ukrainian nationalist militia soldiers of the short-lived state of Carpatho-Ukraine."}], "Q20717681": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scythian campaign of Darius I was a military expedition into parts of European Scythia by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, in 513 BC."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scythians were an East Iranian-speaking people who had invaded Media, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube and Don Rivers and the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "Further reasons behind the invasion past the Danube", "says": "In strategic terms, Darius must have seen that some Scythian-type peoples extended from Ukraine all the way to what is modern-day Uzbekistan, forming a continuum of dangerous nomadic raiders."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Further reasons behind the invasion past the Danube", "says": "The Persians and the Greeks (many of whom lived in the Persian Empire, while another number lived in the Greek colonies in what is nowadays southern Ukraine) had a common interest in seeking to control the source of Scythian exports of gold, grain, hides, and furs."}], "Q20744392": [{"id": "Q2640375", "label": "Surat Huseynov", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1993 Azeri coup d'état, also known as the Ganja Uprising, was a military coup led by Azerbaijani military commander Surat Huseynov."}, {"id": "Q319912", "label": "Abulfaz Elchibey", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 4, 1993, Huseynov's forces led a march from the city of Ganja to the Azerbaijani capital of Baku in order to overthrow President Abulfaz Elchibey who was elected in independent Azerbaijan's first free election in 1992."}, {"id": "Q157451", "label": "Heydar Aliyev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russia-backed coup ousted Elchibey and installed Heydar Aliyev as president."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Context", "says": "Azerbaijan declared independence from the USSR in 1991 amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Context", "says": "Later that year, Azerbaijan became embroiled in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War against the breakaway Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenian forces."}, {"id": "Q355850", "label": "Ayaz Mutallibov", "section": "Context", "says": "In part due to unrest generated by the conflict, a coup d'état deposed the government of Ayaz Mutallibov, who was replaced in elections in 1992 by Abulfaz Elchibey."}], "Q20949098": [{"id": "Q3627069", "label": "Banate of Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bosnian Crusade was fought against unspecified heretics from 1235 to 1241 and was essentially a Hungarian war of conquest against the Banate of Bosnia that was sanctioned as a crusade."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The failed crusade led to mistrust and hatred for Hungarians among the Bosnians that lasted for centuries."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The first crusade was averted in April 1203, when the Bosnians under Ban Kulin promised to practice Christianity according to the Roman Catholic rite and recognized the spiritual supremacy of the Pope."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "At the height of the Albigensian Crusade against the French Cathars in the 1220s, a rumour broke out that a \"Cathar antipope\", called Nicetas, resided in Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q161696", "label": "Catharism", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bosnians were accused of being sympathetic to Bogomilism, a Christian sect that was closely related to Catharism and likewise dualist."}, {"id": "Q160182", "label": "Honorius III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1221, the concern finally prompted Pope Honorius III to preach a crusade against Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "Background", "says": "Honorius III's successor, Pope Gregory IX, accused the Catholic bishop of Bosnia himself of sheltering heretics, in addition to illiteracy, simony, ignorance of the baptismal formula and failure to celebrate Mass and the sacraments."}], "Q2094999": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Skafida (Bulgarian: Битка при Скафида) was an engagement between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire which occurred in 1304 near Poros (Burgas), modern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Skafida (Bulgarian: Битка при Скафида) was an engagement between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire which occurred in 1304 near Poros (Burgas), modern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Skafida (Bulgarian: Битка при Скафида) was an engagement between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire which occurred in 1304 near Poros (Burgas), modern Bulgaria."}], "Q2097330": [{"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was the first major battle of the Nine Years' War in Italy since Victor Amadeus II of Savoy joined the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV of France earlier that year."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was the first major battle of the Nine Years' War in Italy since Victor Amadeus II of Savoy joined the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV of France earlier that year."}, {"id": "Q315308", "label": "Nicolas Catinat", "section": "lead", "says": "A French force of around 12,000 under Nicolas Catinat defeated a Savoyard army of 18,000 led by Victor Amadeus and the Imperial general Prince Eugène of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1690, the Nine Years' War was in its third year, with both France and the Allies focusing their main effort in the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "Background", "says": "The Savoyard state was split into several distinct areas: the County of Nice and the Duchy of Savoy, both of which are now within modern France, along with the Duchy of Aosta, and Principality of Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Savoyard state was split into several distinct areas: the County of Nice and the Duchy of Savoy, both of which are now within modern France, along with the Duchy of Aosta, and Principality of Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Ignoring Amadeus's own sovereign interests, the French sought guarantees and made their demands on the Duke: Amadeus was either to send 2,000 infantry and three dragoon regiments to assist French forces in the Spanish Netherlands – nearly half his army – or, he was to unite them with Nicolas Catinat's forces for an attack on the Spanish-ruled Duchy of Milan; he was also to hand over to Catinat the"}, {"id": "Q15604942", "label": "Duchy of Montferrat", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Amadeus reiterated his family claim to the Duchy of Montferrat, over which the House of Savoy was in perennial dispute with the Duke of Mantua, stipulating the razing of Casale as the minimum he would accept in this region; he also demanded the reacquisition of Pinerolo as the sine qua non of Savoyard entry into the war on the Allied side, and sought to take over at least one French place in Dauph"}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Amadeus reiterated his family claim to the Duchy of Montferrat, over which the House of Savoy was in perennial dispute with the Duke of Mantua, stipulating the razing of Casale as the minimum he would accept in this region; he also demanded the reacquisition of Pinerolo as the sine qua non of Savoyard entry into the war on the Allied side, and sought to take over at least one French place in Dauph"}], "Q21005831": [{"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Perceval had led the Tory government since 1809, during a critical phase of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q219731", "label": "George Canning", "section": "Background", "says": "Perceval's government was weakened by the refusals to serve of former ministers such as George Canning and William Huskisson."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "It faced massive problems at a time of considerable industrial unrest and at a low point in the war against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q1080899", "label": "Walcheren Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The unsuccessful Walcheren Campaign in the Netherlands was unravelling, and the army of Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, was pinned down in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The unsuccessful Walcheren Campaign in the Netherlands was unravelling, and the army of Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, was pinned down in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "At the outset of his ministry Perceval enjoyed the strong support of King George III, but in October 1810 the king lapsed into insanity and was permanently incapacitated."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "There were frequent calls for modification or repeal of the Orders, which damaged relations with the United States to the point that, by early 1812, the two nations were on the brink of war."}], "Q2110928": [{"id": "Q2335525", "label": "Kaocen Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "In Niger, it is also referred to as the Second or Third Tuareg Rebellion, a reference to the pre-independence rebellions of Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen of the Aïr Mountains in 1914 (Kaocen Revolt) and the rising of Firhoun of Ikazkazan in 1911, who reappeared in Mali in 1916."}], "Q2116669": [{"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mount Dingjun was fought between the warlords Liu Bei and Cao Cao in February 219 during the prelude to the Three Kingdoms stretch of Chinese history."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mount Dingjun was fought between the warlords Liu Bei and Cao Cao in February 219 during the prelude to the Three Kingdoms stretch of Chinese history."}, {"id": "Q847539", "label": "Hanzhong Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Liu Bei's victory in the battle marked a major milestone in his Hanzhong Campaign and allowed him to kill the commander of the Wei's forces, Xiahou Yuan and later taking Hanzhong Commandery."}, {"id": "Q378510", "label": "Xiahou Yuan", "section": "lead", "says": "Liu Bei's victory in the battle marked a major milestone in his Hanzhong Campaign and allowed him to kill the commander of the Wei's forces, Xiahou Yuan and later taking Hanzhong Commandery."}], "Q2119676": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Cynossema (Ancient Greek: Κυνὸς σῆμα) took place in 411 BC during the Second Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q354403", "label": "Thrasybulus", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus, although initially thrown on the defensive by a numerically superior Spartan fleet, won a narrow victory."}, {"id": "Q2244996", "label": "Thrasyllus", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus, although initially thrown on the defensive by a numerically superior Spartan fleet, won a narrow victory."}, {"id": "Q844289", "label": "Sicilian Expedition", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the wake of Athens' defeat in the Sicilian Expedition in 413, a small Spartan fleet commanded by Chalcideus, who was advised and assisted by Alcibiades, succeeded in bringing a number of critical Ionian cities into revolt from the Athenian Empire."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the wake of Athens' defeat in the Sicilian Expedition in 413, a small Spartan fleet commanded by Chalcideus, who was advised and assisted by Alcibiades, succeeded in bringing a number of critical Ionian cities into revolt from the Athenian Empire."}, {"id": "Q355727", "label": "Tissaphernes", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the revolt of the critical city of Miletus, the Persian satrap Tissaphernes concluded an alliance against Athens with Sparta."}], "Q2154977": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Willows (377) took place at a place called ad Salices (\"town by the willows\"), or according to Ammianus, a road way-station called Ad Salices (\"by the Willows\"); probably located within 15 kilometres of Marcianople (modern day Dobrudja, Bulgaria), although its exact location is unknown."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces from the Western Roman Empire under the command of Richomeres advanced westward, while forces of the eastern Roman Empire under Traianus and Profuturus advanced northward where they joined forces to attack the Goths who had recently rebelled under command of Fritigern. and were laying waste to the northern Balkans."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces from the Western Roman Empire under the command of Richomeres advanced westward, while forces of the eastern Roman Empire under Traianus and Profuturus advanced northward where they joined forces to attack the Goths who had recently rebelled under command of Fritigern. and were laying waste to the northern Balkans."}, {"id": "Q159712", "label": "Fritigern", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces from the Western Roman Empire under the command of Richomeres advanced westward, while forces of the eastern Roman Empire under Traianus and Profuturus advanced northward where they joined forces to attack the Goths who had recently rebelled under command of Fritigern. and were laying waste to the northern Balkans."}], "Q2335758": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Gulf Air Flight 771 was an international scheduled passenger flight from Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Pakistan, to Abu Dhabi International Airport, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "Gulf Air Flight 771 was an international scheduled passenger flight from Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Pakistan, to Abu Dhabi International Airport, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Two of the crew were from the United Kingdom; one of them, Sally Anne Townsend, 25, was a native of Peterborough, serving as chief purser on the flight as well as Linda Farthing, 27."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "There were also seven passengers from the United Kingdom, one from the United States, and one from Iran."}], "Q2343263": [{"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Delhi was a decisive conflict of the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking a symbol around which to rally, the first sepoys to rebel sought to reinstate the power of the Mughal Empire, which had ruled much of the Indian subcontinent in the previous centuries."}], "Q2353599": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first combat test in the American Civil War for Brig."}, {"id": "Q1368292", "label": "Leonidas Polk", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant, the future Union Army general in chief and eventual U.S. president, who was fighting Major General Leonidas Polk."}, {"id": "Q532248", "label": "Sterling Price", "section": "Background", "says": "Sterling Price or Brig."}], "Q2356821": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Serav (Persian: عهدنامه سراب, Turkish: Serav Antlaşması) was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia after the Ottoman–Safavid War (1616–1618) (signed on 26 September 1618 in Sarab)."}], "Q2363420": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "On August 21, 2011, an informal ceasefire was called by Israel and Hamas after days of escalating violence in which fifteen Palestinians were killed and many were wounded."}], "Q2363492": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of El Guettar took place from 23 March – 3 April 1943, in south-central Tunisia during the Tunisia Campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q57570", "label": "Hans-Jürgen von Arnim", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by elements of the Army Group Africa under General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, along with Italian First Army under General Giovanni Messe, against the U.S."}, {"id": "Q275640", "label": "Giovanni Messe", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by elements of the Army Group Africa under General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, along with Italian First Army under General Giovanni Messe, against the U.S."}, {"id": "Q327099", "label": "Battle of Kasserine Passe", "section": "Background", "says": "II Corps had been badly mauled in its first encounter with Axis forces in Tunisia during a series of battles that culminated in the disastrous Battle of Kasserine Pass in late February 1943."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "Erwin Rommel—poised on the threshold of a complete tactical victory—turned from the battle to return to his eastward-facing defenses at the Mareth Line when he heard of the approach of Bernard Montgomery′s British 8th Army."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "Erwin Rommel—poised on the threshold of a complete tactical victory—turned from the battle to return to his eastward-facing defenses at the Mareth Line when he heard of the approach of Bernard Montgomery′s British 8th Army."}, {"id": "Q2707601", "label": "Lloyd Fredendall", "section": "Background", "says": "II Corps Commander Lloyd Fredendall."}], "Q2364744": [{"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turin was fought in 312 between Roman emperor Constantine the Great and the troops of his rival Maxentius."}, {"id": "Q182070", "label": "Maxentius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turin was fought in 312 between Roman emperor Constantine the Great and the troops of his rival Maxentius."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Constantine advanced from his portion of the Roman Empire, and crossed the Alps with less than 40,000 veterans at Mont Cenis pass."}], "Q2368123": [{"id": "Q3443265", "label": "Rough Wooing", "section": "lead", "says": "The last pitched battle between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns, it was part of the conflict known as the Rough Wooing."}, {"id": "Q661994", "label": "Black Saturday", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a catastrophic defeat for Scotland, where it became known as \"Black Saturday\"."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "During the final years of his reign, King Henry VIII of England tried to secure an alliance with Scotland by the marriage of the infant Mary, Queen of Scots to his young son, the future Edward VI."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "Background", "says": "During the final years of his reign, King Henry VIII of England tried to secure an alliance with Scotland by the marriage of the infant Mary, Queen of Scots to his young son, the future Edward VI."}, {"id": "Q83229", "label": "Edward VI of England", "section": "Background", "says": "During the final years of his reign, King Henry VIII of England tried to secure an alliance with Scotland by the marriage of the infant Mary, Queen of Scots to his young son, the future Edward VI."}, {"id": "Q2569675", "label": "Treaty of Greenwich", "section": "Background", "says": "The Scots rejected the Treaty of Greenwich."}, {"id": "Q694458", "label": "Edward Hobart Seymour", "section": "Background", "says": "When Henry VIII died in 1547, Edward Seymour, maternal uncle of Edward VI, became Lord Protector."}, {"id": "Q137906", "label": "James IV of Scotland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "James IV of Scotland had made a similar act at Twizell before Flodden in 1513."}], "Q2392991": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ambon (30 January – 3 February 1942) occurred on Ambon Island in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), as part of the Japanese offensive on the Dutch colony during World War II."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ambon (30 January – 3 February 1942) occurred on Ambon Island in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), as part of the Japanese offensive on the Dutch colony during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ambon (30 January – 3 February 1942) occurred on Ambon Island in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), as part of the Japanese offensive on the Dutch colony during World War II."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Yet as far back as 1940, Australia also saw the island's significance as a nearby stepping-stone for Japanese forces to attack Australia from the north."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The carrier fleet returned to Davao, Philippines on 25 January 1942, prior to the invasion on 30 January 1942."}], "Q2394315": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse, part of which is sometimes called the Battle of the Gifu, or the Battle of the Mountain of Blood among the Japanese, took place from 15 December 1942 to 23 January 1943 and was primarily an engagement between United States and Imperial Japanese forces in the hills near the Matanikau River area on Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal"}, {"id": "Q562665", "label": "Alexander M. Patch", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Patch and the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Patch and the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake."}, {"id": "Q696438", "label": "Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "section": "Background", "says": "An attempt by the Japanese to deliver the rest of the 38th Division and its heavy equipment failed during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 12–15 November."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite opposition from Japanese Army leaders who still hoped that Guadalcanal could eventually be retaken, Imperial General Headquarters, with approval from Emperor Hirohito on 31 December, agreed to the evacuation of all Japanese forces from the island and establishment of a new line of defense for the Solomons on New Georgia."}, {"id": "Q2314453", "label": "Operation Ke", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese titled the evacuation effort of their forces from Guadalcanal Operation Ke (ケ号作戦) and planned to execute the operation beginning on 14 January 1943."}], "Q2398589": [{"id": "Q332049", "label": "Manco Inca", "section": "lead", "says": "The 10-month siege of Cusco by the Incan army under the command of Sapa Inca Manco Inca Yupanqui started on 6 May 1536 and ended in March 1537."}, {"id": "Q719855", "label": "Hernando Pizarro", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was held by a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries led by Hernando Pizarro."}, {"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "Background", "says": "Pizarro and his Spanish conquistadors invaded Peru and captured Atahualpa, the Sapa Inca, on November 16, 1532, at Cajamarca."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "Background", "says": "Francisco Pizarro installed Tupac Hualpa, one of Atahualpa's brothers and rivals, in September 1533, as Sapa Inca in an attempt to legally recognize indigenous lineage and subordinate the Incas under Spanish authority."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "Background", "says": "Francisco Pizarro replaced Tupac Hualpa with Manco Inca, another one of Atahualpa's brothers, and son of the last truly unified Inca ruler, Huayna Capac."}], "Q24202": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Preliminary Peace Convention was a bilateral treaty signed on 27 August 1828 between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, after British mediation, that put an end to the Cisplatine War and recognized the independence of Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "The Preliminary Peace Convention was a bilateral treaty signed on 27 August 1828 between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, after British mediation, that put an end to the Cisplatine War and recognized the independence of Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Preliminary Peace Convention was a bilateral treaty signed on 27 August 1828 between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, after British mediation, that put an end to the Cisplatine War and recognized the independence of Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Called the Preliminary Peace Convention as a result of the meetings held by representatives from the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces — the predecessor state for Argentina — between 11 and 27 August 1828 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}], "Q2420736": [{"id": "Q1952979", "label": "Northern Virginia Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chantilly (or Ox Hill, the Confederate name) happened on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia, as the concluding battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chantilly (or Ox Hill, the Confederate name) happened on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia, as the concluding battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q233343", "label": "Second Battle of Bull Run", "section": "lead", "says": "Stonewall Jackson's corps of the Army of Northern Virginia attempted to cut off the line of retreat of the Union Army of Virginia following the Second Battle of Bull Run, but was attacked by two Union divisions."}, {"id": "Q888719", "label": "Isaac Stevens", "section": "lead", "says": "During the ensuing battle, Union division commanders Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny were both killed, but the Union attack halted Jackson's advance."}, {"id": "Q465291", "label": "John Pope", "section": "Background", "says": "John Pope ordered his Army of Virginia to retreat to Centreville."}, {"id": "Q216124", "label": "Stonewall Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "Stonewall Jackson to march his troops around Pope's right flank to get behind the Union position at Centreville."}], "Q2436102": [{"id": "Q727601", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Carrier", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period, anyone arrested and jailed for not consistently supporting the Revolution, or suspected of being a royalist sympathizer, especially Catholic priests and nuns, was cast into the river Loire and drowned on the orders of Jean-Baptiste Carrier, the representative-on-mission in Nantes."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "However, it was the Law of Suspects (French: Loi des suspects) approved by the National Convention of the French First Republic on 17 September 1793 that swept the nation with \"revolutionary paranoia\"."}, {"id": "Q1152", "label": "Auvergne", "section": "Background", "says": "To control the situation, the leaders of the National Convention put Jean-Baptiste Carrier, a native of the Auvergne region, in charge of obtaining food supplies for Republican soldiers in Nantes."}], "Q2436624": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By January 1918, the situation for the Ottoman Army in Palestine had begun to worsen."}], "Q2443770": [{"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Korsuń (Ukrainian: Битва під Корсунем, Корсунська битва, Polish: Bitwa pod Korsuniem, Korsuńska bitwa; 25–26 May 1648) was the second significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi in Ukraine, forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Colonels Mykhailo Krychevsky, Ivan Bohun, Maksym Kryvonis, Martyn Pushkar, Matviy Hladky and Mykhailo Hromyka with Tugay Bey attacked and defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Hetmans Mikoł"}, {"id": "Q983357", "label": "Tugay Bey", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi in Ukraine, forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Colonels Mykhailo Krychevsky, Ivan Bohun, Maksym Kryvonis, Martyn Pushkar, Matviy Hladky and Mykhailo Hromyka with Tugay Bey attacked and defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Hetmans Mikoł"}, {"id": "Q2626598", "label": "Mikołaj Potocki", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi in Ukraine, forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Colonels Mykhailo Krychevsky, Ivan Bohun, Maksym Kryvonis, Martyn Pushkar, Matviy Hladky and Mykhailo Hromyka with Tugay Bey attacked and defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Hetmans Mikoł"}, {"id": "Q1073645", "label": "Battle of Zhovti Vody", "section": "lead", "says": "As in the Battle of Zhovti Vody in 29 April — 16 May 1648 the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces took a defensive position, retreated and were thoroughly routed and destroyed by the forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate."}], "Q2445409": [{"id": "Q163514", "label": "Sixtus IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Ferrara (also known as the Salt War, Italian: Guerra del Sale) was fought in 1482–1484 between Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and the forces mustered by Ercole's personal nemesis, Pope Sixtus IV and his Venetian allies."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "Diplomatic background", "says": "The failure of the Pazzi conspiracy against Florence in 1480 and the unexpected peace resulting from Lorenzo de' Medici's daring personal diplomacy with Ferdinand I of Naples, the Pope's erstwhile champion, was a source of discontent among the Venetians and Pope Sixtus IV alike."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Diplomatic background", "says": "This appeared to be a threat to the mainland interests of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Diplomatic background", "says": "Taking Ferrara's side, which was loosely under the command of Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, were troops of Ercole's father-in-law Ferdinand of Naples, led by his son Alfonso of Calabria, who invaded the Papal States from the south."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Diplomatic background", "says": "Taking Ferrara's side, which was loosely under the command of Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, were troops of Ercole's father-in-law Ferdinand of Naples, led by his son Alfonso of Calabria, who invaded the Papal States from the south."}], "Q2462109": [{"id": "Q450318", "label": "Battle of Quiberon Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Morbihan, also known as the Battle of Quiberon Bay, was a naval battle fought in the summer of 56 BC between the Gallic tribe of the Veneti and a Roman fleet sent by Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Morbihan, also known as the Battle of Quiberon Bay, was a naval battle fought in the summer of 56 BC between the Gallic tribe of the Veneti and a Roman fleet sent by Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a part of the Gallic Wars."}], "Q246833": [{"id": "Q2407716", "label": "Roman–Sasanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Nisibis of 299, also known as the First Peace of Nisibis, was a peace treaty signed in 299 by the Roman and Sasanian empires, and concluded the Roman–Sasanian War of 296–299."}, {"id": "Q964738", "label": "Peter the Patrician", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the treaty are known from a 6th-century summary of its content by Peter the Patrician during the reign of Justinian I."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the treaty are known from a 6th-century summary of its content by Peter the Patrician during the reign of Justinian I."}, {"id": "Q172168", "label": "Galerius", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Roman–Sasanian War of 296–299, despite earlier successes in Mesopotamia, the Sasanian Shah Narseh was defeated by the Roman Caesar Galerius in Armenia in two successive battles."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "Background", "says": "Diocletian and Galerius met at Nisibis in the spring of 299 to discuss the terms of the treaty."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Allegedly, Galerius proposed the submission and conquest of the Sasanian Empire, but this was dismissed by Diocletian, whose more moderate terms were adopted and sent to the Sasanians."}], "Q2472795": [{"id": "Q1365493", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica."}, {"id": "Q227967", "label": "Paschal II", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica."}, {"id": "Q847851", "label": "Norwegian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade."}], "Q2476062": [{"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalan Civil War, also called the Catalonian Civil War or the War against John II, was a civil war in the Principality of Catalonia, then part of the Crown of Aragon, between 1462 and 1472."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalan Civil War, also called the Catalonian Civil War or the War against John II, was a civil war in the Principality of Catalonia, then part of the Crown of Aragon, between 1462 and 1472."}, {"id": "Q312328", "label": "John II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The two factions, the royalists who supported John II of Aragon and the Catalan constitutionalists (Catalanists, pactists, and foralists), disputed the extent of royal rights in Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Thus, the modern concept of homeland had emerged that went beyond mere territorial ascription to take on a legal character, so the Catalan rebellion would be, as the French historian Joseph Calmette described, \"the first of modern revolutions', hundred years before the Dutch Revolt."}, {"id": "Q233865", "label": "Blanche I of Navarre", "section": "Background", "says": "When the war started, John II had been King of Navarre since 1425 through his first wife, Blanche I of Navarre, who had married him in 1420."}, {"id": "Q372977", "label": "Gaston IV of Foix", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles was captured and released; and John tried to disinherit him by illegally naming his daughter Eleanor, who was married to Gaston IV of Foix, his successor."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1451 John's new wife, Juana Enríquez, gave birth to a son, Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "Background", "says": "He also refused to aid his nephew, Ferdinand I of Naples, in securing his throne."}, {"id": "Q310918", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles opened negotiations with Henry IV of Castile, his father's inveterate enemy."}], "Q2504602": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, also known as the Lašva Valley case, refers to numerous war crimes committed during the Bosnian War by the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia's political and military leadership on Bosniak civilians in the Lašva Valley region of Bosnia-Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q1283467", "label": "Dario Kordić", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has ruled that these crimes amounted to crimes against humanity in numerous verdicts against Croat political and military leaders and soldiers, most notably Dario Kordić."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Further concluding that the Croatian Army was involved in the campaign, the ICTY defined the events as an international conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Background", "says": "By the latter part of 1991, the more extreme elements of the party, under the leadership of Mate Boban, Dario Kordić, Jadranko Prlić, Ignac Koštroman and local leaders such as Anto Valenta, and with the support of Franjo Tuđman and Gojko Šušak, had taken effective control of the party."}, {"id": "Q1534460", "label": "Gojko Šušak", "section": "Background", "says": "By the latter part of 1991, the more extreme elements of the party, under the leadership of Mate Boban, Dario Kordić, Jadranko Prlić, Ignac Koštroman and local leaders such as Anto Valenta, and with the support of Franjo Tuđman and Gojko Šušak, had taken effective control of the party."}, {"id": "Q36111", "label": "Mate Boban", "section": "Background", "says": "The ICTY illustrated this with the minutes of a meeting held on 12 November 1991 and signed by Mate Boban and Dario Kordić: \"the Croatian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina must finally embrace a determined and active policy which will realise our eternal dream – a common Croatian state\"."}, {"id": "Q1697877", "label": "Tihomir Blaškić", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 May, Tihomir Blaškić declared the TO illegal on the territory of the Kiseljak municipality."}], "Q2505574": [{"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising took place in the winter of 54–53 BCE and is part of Caesar's Gallic Wars."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Discontent among the subjugated Gauls prompted a major uprising amongst the Belgae against Julius Caesar in the winter of 54–53 BCE, when the Eburones of north-eastern Gaul rose in rebellion."}], "Q2506756": [{"id": "Q159636", "label": "Joseph Priestley", "section": "lead", "says": "The Priestley Riots (also known as the Birmingham Riots of 1791) took place from 14 July to 17 July 1791 in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England; the rioters' main targets were religious dissenters, most notably the politically and theologically controversial Joseph Priestley."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Both local and national issues stirred the passions of the rioters, from disagreements over public library book purchases, controversies over Dissenters' attempts to gain full civil rights and their support of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q9041", "label": "James Watt", "section": "lead", "says": "Industrialist James Watt wrote that the riots \"divided [Birmingham] into two parties who hate one another mortally\"."}, {"id": "Q438131", "label": "Charles James Fox", "section": "Historical context", "says": "While Burke supported aristocracy, monarchy, and the Established Church, liberals such as Charles James Fox supported the Revolution, and a programme of individual liberties, civic virtue and religious toleration, while radicals such as Priestley, William Godwin, Thomas Paine, and Mary Wollstonecraft, argued for a further programme of republicanism, agrarian socialism, and abolition of the \"landed"}, {"id": "Q126462", "label": "Thomas Paine", "section": "Historical context", "says": "While Burke supported aristocracy, monarchy, and the Established Church, liberals such as Charles James Fox supported the Revolution, and a programme of individual liberties, civic virtue and religious toleration, while radicals such as Priestley, William Godwin, Thomas Paine, and Mary Wollstonecraft, argued for a further programme of republicanism, agrarian socialism, and abolition of the \"landed"}, {"id": "Q101638", "label": "Mary Wollstonecraft", "section": "Historical context", "says": "While Burke supported aristocracy, monarchy, and the Established Church, liberals such as Charles James Fox supported the Revolution, and a programme of individual liberties, civic virtue and religious toleration, while radicals such as Priestley, William Godwin, Thomas Paine, and Mary Wollstonecraft, argued for a further programme of republicanism, agrarian socialism, and abolition of the \"landed"}, {"id": "Q2644830", "label": "Alfred Cobban", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Alfred Cobban called the debate that erupted \"perhaps the last real discussion of the fundamentals of politics in [Britain]\"."}], "Q2530225": [{"id": "Q374056", "label": "Nuno Álvares Pereira", "section": "lead", "says": "Nuno Álvares Pereira had been chosen to protect the frontier in this area, amid fear that a Castilian force could enter Portugal here."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Nuno Álvares Pereira had been chosen to protect the frontier in this area, amid fear that a Castilian force could enter Portugal here."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This tactic, in which groups of infantry armed with both missile and hand-to-hand weapons defended themselves from all directions, was so successful that it was still in use over 500 years later during the Napoleonic Wars against mass French cavalry attacks, and during the Zulu War against huge masses of predominantly spear-armed infantry."}], "Q2537219": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Bakhmach (Bitva u Bachmače in Czech), was one of the last battles on the Eastern Front in World War I between the Entente-backed Czechoslovak Legion, Soviet Russia and the Central Powers occupying Ukraine after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Bakhmach (Bitva u Bachmače in Czech), was one of the last battles on the Eastern Front in World War I between the Entente-backed Czechoslovak Legion, Soviet Russia and the Central Powers occupying Ukraine after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The threat was especially grave since captured legionnaires were summarily executed as traitors of Austria-Hungary because at the time Czechoslovakia was part of Austria."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The threat was especially grave since captured legionnaires were summarily executed as traitors of Austria-Hungary because at the time Czechoslovakia was part of Austria."}], "Q2915155": [{"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Musketeer (French: Opération Mousquetaire) was the Anglo-French plan for the invasion of the Suez Canal Zone to capture the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis in 1956."}], "Q2917546": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Radnot was a treaty signed on 6 December 1656 during the Second Northern War in Radnot in Transylvania (now Iernut in Romania)."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Faced with strongly successful Polish resistance to the Swedish invasion, King Charles X Gustav suggested that his adversary be partitioned among Sweden and its allies."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty divided the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between the signing parties."}, {"id": "Q694375", "label": "Bogusław Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "Bogusław Radziwiłł was to receive the Nowogródek Voivodeship."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky was to receive south-eastern parts of the Kingdom of Poland (territories between Batoh and Novhorod-Siverskyi)."}, {"id": "Q195625", "label": "George II Rákóczi", "section": "lead", "says": "George II Rákóczi was to receive southern Polish territories, mostly Lesser Poland (including Kraków)."}], "Q2979703": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Insubria in 203 BC was the culmination of a major war, carried out by the Carthaginian commander Mago, brother of Hannibal Barca, at the end of the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage in what is now northwestern Italy."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Insubria in 203 BC was the culmination of a major war, carried out by the Carthaginian commander Mago, brother of Hannibal Barca, at the end of the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage in what is now northwestern Italy."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "He was quite successful in reigniting the unrest among various peoples (Ligurians, Gauls, Etruscans) against the Roman dominance."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "To counter Scipio, the Carthaginian government recalled Mago from Italy (along with his brother Hannibal, who had been in Bruttium until then)."}], "Q2991463": [{"id": "Q1156738", "label": "Madrid system", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Madrid Protocol, is a complementary legal instrument to the Antarctic Treaty signed in Madrid on 4 October 1991."}, {"id": "Q51", "label": "Antarctica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Madrid Protocol designates Antarctica as a \"natural reserve, devoted to peace and science\" (Art."}], "Q2996706": [{"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The East Karelian Uprising (Finnish: itäkarjalaisten kansannousu, Karelian: päivännouzu karjalan kanzannouzu) and the Soviet–Finnish conflict 1921–1922 were an attempt  by a group of East Karelian separatists supported by Finland to gain independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q313623", "label": "Georgy Chicherin", "section": "Background", "says": "Foreign minister Rudolf Holsti sent a message to his counterpart Georgy Chicherin stating that Finland would disarm the retreating Russian White troops if the Red Army does not occupy the parishes."}], "Q3002716": [{"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, co-premier Hun Sen ousted the other co-premier Norodom Ranariddh."}, {"id": "Q381817", "label": "Norodom Ranariddh", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, co-premier Hun Sen ousted the other co-premier Norodom Ranariddh."}, {"id": "Q2595546", "label": "Yasushi Akashi", "section": "Background", "says": "After being embroiled in civil conflict from the late 1960s until the early 1990s, on March 16, 1992, the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), under UNSYG Special Representative Yasushi Akashi and Lt."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "General John Sanderson, arrived in Cambodia to begin implementation of the UN Settlement Plan, that was concluded as a result of the Paris Peace Accords of 1991."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "Background", "says": "The Khmer Rouge or Party of Democratic Kampuchea (PDK), whose forces were never actually disarmed or demobilized, barred some people from participating in 1993 elections in the 10–15 percent of the country (holding six percent of the population) it then controlled."}, {"id": "Q160027", "label": "Son Sann", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Norodom Ranariddh's royalist FUNCINPEC Party was the top vote recipient with 45.5% vote, followed by Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party (of Son Sann), respectively."}], "Q301300": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Java (Invasion of Java, Operation J) was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It involved forces from the Empire of Japan, which invaded on 28 February 1942, and Allied personnel."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The British, Australian and United States units were commanded by British Major General H."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "The Australian formation – named \"Blackforce\" after its commander, Brigadier Arthur Blackburn V.C. – included the Australian 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion, the Australian 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion, 2/6th Field Company Royal Australian Engineers, a platoon from the 2/1st Headquarters Guard Battalion, about 100 reinforcements diverted en route to Singapore, a handful of soldiers who had escaped from Sin"}], "Q3043924": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kresna–Razlog uprising (Bulgarian: Кресненско-Разложко въстание, romanized: Kresnensko-Razlozhko vastanie), also known as the Kresna uprising (Macedonian: Кресненско востание, romanized: Kresnensko vostanie), was an anti-Ottoman Bulgarian uprising that took place in Ottoman Macedonia, predominantly in the areas of modern Blagoevgrad Province in Bulgaria in late 1878 and early 1879."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kresna–Razlog uprising (Bulgarian: Кресненско-Разложко въстание, romanized: Kresnensko-Razlozhko vastanie), also known as the Kresna uprising (Macedonian: Кресненско востание, romanized: Kresnensko vostanie), was an anti-Ottoman Bulgarian uprising that took place in Ottoman Macedonia, predominantly in the areas of modern Blagoevgrad Province in Bulgaria in late 1878 and early 1879."}, {"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Also, it was supported by detachments which had infiltrated the area from the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Treaty of San Stefano envisioned a large Bulgarian state, which would open Russia to the Mediterranean Sea."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Eastern Rumelia became an autonomous province, while Macedonia remained part of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q30600045": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gallipoli occurred on 29 May 1416 between the fleets of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire off the port city of Gallipoli, the main Ottoman naval base."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gallipoli occurred on 29 May 1416 between the fleets of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire off the port city of Gallipoli, the main Ottoman naval base."}, {"id": "Q1368089", "label": "Pietro Loredan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venetian fleet, under Pietro Loredan, was charged with transporting a Venetian embassy to the Ottoman sultan, but was authorized to attack if the Ottomans refused to negotiate."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of its strategic importance, Sultan Bayezid I took care to improve its fortifications, rebuilding the citadel and strengthening the harbour defences."}, {"id": "Q1095287", "label": "Musa Çelebi", "section": "Background", "says": "Securing right of unimpeded passage through the Dardanelles was a chief issue in Venice's diplomatic relations with the Ottomans: the Republic had secured this in the 1411 treaty with Musa Çelebi, but the failure to renew that agreement in 1414 had again rendered Gallipoli, in the words of the 20th-century Ottomanist Halil İnalcık, \"the main object of dispute in Venetian-Ottoman relations\"."}, {"id": "Q739524", "label": "Halil İnalcık", "section": "Background", "says": "Securing right of unimpeded passage through the Dardanelles was a chief issue in Venice's diplomatic relations with the Ottomans: the Republic had secured this in the 1411 treaty with Musa Çelebi, but the failure to renew that agreement in 1414 had again rendered Gallipoli, in the words of the 20th-century Ottomanist Halil İnalcık, \"the main object of dispute in Venetian-Ottoman relations\"."}], "Q3062299": [{"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Haitian independence debt (French: Dette d'Indépendance Haïtienne) involves an 1825 agreement between Haiti and France that included France demanding an indemnity of 150 million francs in five annual payments of 30 million to be paid by Haiti in claims over property, including Haitian slaves, that was lost through the Haitian Revolution in return for diplomatic recognition."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite several revolutions in France after that date (July Revolution, French Revolution of 1848, Paris Commune), successive governments, be they imperial, monarchist or republican, continued enforcing the debt and coercing Haiti to pay."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Even after the indemnity was paid, Haiti had to continue paying the other loans, and the government of the United States funded the acquisition of Haiti's treasury in 1911, and in 1922, the rest of Haiti's debt was moved to be paid to American investors."}], "Q3062545": [{"id": "Q955867", "label": "James Somerville", "section": "Background", "says": "Force H (Admiral James Somerville) accompanied the convoy and consisted of the battleships HMS Nelson, Rodney and Prince of Wales, with the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal with 12 Swordfish of 807 Naval Air Squadron (NAS) and 27 Fulmars of 808 NAS, the cruisers HMS Kenya, Edinburgh, , Euryalus, Hermione and Sheffield, with the destroyers Cossack, HMS Duncan, Farndale, Foresight, Forester, Fury, ORP"}], "Q3100354": [{"id": "Q497777", "label": "First Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Glorious Revolution of 1868, Spain was thrown into political instability which culminated in the establishment of the First Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 July 1873, intransigents in Cartagena established the Canton of Cartagena, aiming to transform the country into a federal republic based on the model of the cantons of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q548543", "label": "Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón", "section": "lead", "says": "By the following year, the rebellion was suppressed by the forces of Manuel Pavía and Arsenio Martínez Campos."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1868, the reign of Isabella II in Spain was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the promulgation of a new constitution by liberals and progressives."}, {"id": "Q957532", "label": "Third Carlist War", "section": "Background", "says": "But the reign of Amadeo was marked by persistent political instability, beginning with the assassination of Prim and culminating in the outbreak of the Third Carlist War in 1872."}, {"id": "Q553120", "label": "Estanislao Figueras", "section": "Background", "says": "Estanislao Figueras was also replaced as prime minister of Spain by Francesc Pi i Margall, the founder of the federalist movement."}], "Q3153818": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The 806 invasion of Asia Minor was the largest of a long series of military operations launched by the Abbasid Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 806 invasion of Asia Minor was the largest of a long series of military operations launched by the Abbasid Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon coming to the throne, the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I (r."}, {"id": "Q237587", "label": "Stauracius", "section": "lead", "says": "However, this time Harun exacted an additional personal tax levied on the Emperor and his son and heir, Staurakios, as a token of their submission to the Caliph."}, {"id": "Q206737", "label": "Irene of Athens", "section": "Background", "says": "The deposition of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens in October 802 and the accession of Nikephoros I in her place marked the start of a more violent phase in the long history of the Arab–Byzantine wars."}, {"id": "Q2888966", "label": "Battle of Krasos", "section": "Background", "says": "Nikephoros set out to confront the Arabs, but was surprised and heavily defeated at the Battle of Krasos, where he barely escaped with his life."}, {"id": "Q4725318", "label": "Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan", "section": "Background", "says": "Preoccupied with trouble in Khurasan, whose governor, Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan, had aroused the opposition of the local inhabitants, Harun once more accepted tribute and made peace."}], "Q316843": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bautzen (or Battle of Budziszyn, April 1945) was one of the last battles of the Eastern Front during World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bautzen (or Battle of Budziszyn, April 1945) was one of the last battles of the Eastern Front during World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q142768", "label": "Karol Świerczewski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish Second Army under Karol Świerczewski suffered heavy losses, but, with the aid of Soviet reinforcements, prevented the German forces from breaking through to their rear."}, {"id": "Q69630", "label": "Fritz-Hubert Gräser", "section": "Background", "says": "Opposing these forces was the 4th Panzer Army under General Fritz-Hubert Gräser, of Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner's Army Group Center."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Prelude", "says": "For the battle, the Germans had two armored divisions (the 20th and Hermann Göring), two mechanized divisions (the Brandenburg and Hermann Göring 2), an infantry division (the 17th) as well as an infantry division battle group (the remnants of the 545th Volksgrenadier Division)."}], "Q3179531": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon wanted Louisiana as the hub of a new French empire in North America, to replace that lost after the 1763 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q316110", "label": "Manuel Godoy", "section": "lead", "says": "While Spanish chief minister Manuel Godoy was happy to transfer the territory, he demanded six French ships of the line and compensation in Italy to make it politically acceptable to Charles IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q183226", "label": "Charles IV of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "While Spanish chief minister Manuel Godoy was happy to transfer the territory, he demanded six French ships of the line and compensation in Italy to make it politically acceptable to Charles IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q1259275", "label": "Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "lead", "says": "Terms were agreed in the October 1800 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso but kept secret, as French Foreign Minister Talleyrand was negotiating the Convention of 1800 with the United States, which was deeply concerned by French ambitions in North America."}, {"id": "Q284553", "label": "Convention of 1800", "section": "lead", "says": "Terms were agreed in the October 1800 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso but kept secret, as French Foreign Minister Talleyrand was negotiating the Convention of 1800 with the United States, which was deeply concerned by French ambitions in North America."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Terms were agreed in the October 1800 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso but kept secret, as French Foreign Minister Talleyrand was negotiating the Convention of 1800 with the United States, which was deeply concerned by French ambitions in North America."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "lead", "says": "This was achieved by the February 1801 Treaty of Lunéville agreed with Austria, and the Treaty of Florence signed with the Kingdom of Naples on 28 March 1801."}, {"id": "Q2538456", "label": "Treaty of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "This was achieved by the February 1801 Treaty of Lunéville agreed with Austria, and the Treaty of Florence signed with the Kingdom of Naples on 28 March 1801."}, {"id": "Q223793", "label": "Kingdom of Etruria", "section": "lead", "says": "Talleyrand used the treaties to create the Kingdom of Etruria for Charles IV's son-in-law Louis I, and in return Spain announced the transfer of Louisiana."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "lead", "says": "Talleyrand used the treaties to create the Kingdom of Etruria for Charles IV's son-in-law Louis I, and in return Spain announced the transfer of Louisiana."}, {"id": "Q655480", "label": "Quasi-War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Aranjuez was public confirmation of the October 1800 secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, one of a series of agreements negotiated by French Foreign Minister Talleyrand; another was the September Convention of 1800, ending the Quasi-War with the United States."}, {"id": "Q620965", "label": "coup of 18 Brumaire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the November 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire, the new government of First Consul Napoleon and his deputy Talleyrand made colonial expansion a key policy."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "A recent addition to the immense Spanish Empire in the Americas, possession brought Spain into conflict with the United States, whose western expansion required access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "A recent addition to the immense Spanish Empire in the Americas, possession brought Spain into conflict with the United States, whose western expansion required access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans."}, {"id": "Q2095499", "label": "Pinckney's Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "American settlers had been moving into this area for decades, despite diplomatic efforts to manage it, such as the 1795 Pinckney's Treaty."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles' wife Maria Luisa of Parma was the sister of Ferdinand of Parma, whose Duchy of Parma had been occupied by France since 1796; to compensate, Talleyrand proposed creating a kingdom for Louis, younger son of Ferdinand, and nephew of Maria Luisa."}], "Q3197905": [{"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman palace coups of 1807–1808 refers to several coups and rebellions deposing or restoring to the throne three Ottoman sultans, that took place as a result of the attempted reforms of Selim III."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Ottoman Empire was in decline by the early 19th century, and had lost much of the territory it had ruled over only a century earlier."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Causes", "says": "Selim, a composer of some talent as well as an advocate of modernization, was inspired to a certain degree by the French Revolution, his efforts at Westernization culminating with a levy for new regular troops in 1805."}], "Q321851": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The May 17 Agreement of 1983 was an agreement signed between Lebanon and Israel during the Lebanese Civil War on May 17, 1983, after Israel invaded Lebanon to end cross border attacks and besieged Beirut in 1982."}, {"id": "Q328776", "label": "Amine Gemayel", "section": "Political background", "says": "Lebanese President Amine Gemayel had recently been elected after the assassination of his brother President-elect Bachir Gemayel, a longtime ally of Israel, by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party."}, {"id": "Q315534", "label": "Bachir Gemayel", "section": "Political background", "says": "Lebanese President Amine Gemayel had recently been elected after the assassination of his brother President-elect Bachir Gemayel, a longtime ally of Israel, by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party."}], "Q324344": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Roliça (17 August 1808), the first battle fought by the British army during the Peninsular War, an Anglo-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated an outnumbered Imperial French division under General of Division Henri François Delaborde, near the village of Roliça in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q968500", "label": "Henri François Delaborde", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Roliça (17 August 1808), the first battle fought by the British army during the Peninsular War, an Anglo-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated an outnumbered Imperial French division under General of Division Henri François Delaborde, near the village of Roliça in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Roliça (17 August 1808), the first battle fought by the British army during the Peninsular War, an Anglo-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated an outnumbered Imperial French division under General of Division Henri François Delaborde, near the village of Roliça in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "In the months after occupying Portugal, Napoleon attempted the conquest and control of Spain."}, {"id": "Q643722", "label": "Louis Henri Loison", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 July 1808, the French division of General Louis Henri Loison massacred the population, men, women, and children, of Évora."}, {"id": "Q333050", "label": "Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh", "section": "Background", "says": "On the same day, Wellesley received a letter from Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, the Secretary of State for War, that informed him that General Jean-Andoche Junot's forces numbered more than 25,000."}], "Q325013": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Safari (German: Unternehmen Safari) was a German military operation during World War II aimed at disarming the Danish military."}], "Q3263276": [{"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bruneian Civil War (Malay: Perang Saudara Brunei and in Tagalog: Digmaang Sibil sa Brunay) was a civil war in the Bruneian Sultanate from 1661 to 1673 between Abdul Hakkul Mubin and Muhyiddin."}, {"id": "Q16873115", "label": "Abdul Hakkul Mubin of Brunei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bruneian Civil War (Malay: Perang Saudara Brunei and in Tagalog: Digmaang Sibil sa Brunay) was a civil war in the Bruneian Sultanate from 1661 to 1673 between Abdul Hakkul Mubin and Muhyiddin."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "In retaliation, Abdul Hakkul Mubin killed Muhammad Ali and declared himself the fourteenth sultan."}], "Q3267629": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Badr was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War against the forces of Ba'athist Iraq."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Badr was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War against the forces of Ba'athist Iraq."}, {"id": "Q4384303", "label": "Operation Kheibar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After its failure to capture Basra in 1982, Iran launched Operation Kheibar in 1984 to capture the Baghdad-Basra highway."}], "Q3267722": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Fath-ol-Mobin (Persian: عملیات فتح‌المبین, a Quranic phrase meaning \"Undeniable Victory\" or \"Manifest Victory\") was a major Iranian military operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War, in March 1982 and resulted to the Battle of Shush."}, {"id": "Q1308396", "label": "Ali Sayyad Shirazi", "section": "lead", "says": "General Ali Sayad Shirazi and was conducted in four phases."}, {"id": "Q302520", "label": "Efraim Karsh", "section": "lead", "says": "Others (including Efraim Karsh) believe it was actually the operation working in tandem with others which led to the expulsion of Iraqi troops from southern Iran."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 22 September 1980, Saddam Hussein, attempting to copy the success of the Israeli pre-emptive air strike against the Arab air forces in the Six-Day War, launched numerous sorties against Iranian air fields, hoping to destroy the Iranian air force on the ground."}], "Q3271607": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "A tsunami (or multiple tsunamis) in the Pacific Ocean was produced by the earthquake, which was recorded in Hawaii, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "A tsunami (or multiple tsunamis) in the Pacific Ocean was produced by the earthquake, which was recorded in Hawaii, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand."}], "Q327513": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was still reeling from the civil war of 1341–1347, and these concessions made a recovery difficult."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine navy, a notable force in the Aegean during the reign of Andronikos III Palaiologos, was completely destroyed during the civil war."}], "Q3310304": [{"id": "Q471796", "label": "Edward Balliol", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second War of Scottish Independence broke out in 1332, when Edward Balliol led an English-backed invasion of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q310065", "label": "John of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "Balliol, the son of former Scottish king John Balliol, was attempting to make good his claim to the Scottish throne."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "He appealed to the English king, Edward III, who invaded Scotland in 1333 and besieged the important trading town of Berwick."}, {"id": "Q1887057", "label": "Battle of Halidon Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "A large Scottish army attempted to relieve it but was heavily defeated at the Battle of Halidon Hill."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Further French-sponsored peace talks failed in 1336; in May 1337, King Philip VI of France engineered a clear break between France and England, starting the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Further French-sponsored peace talks failed in 1336; in May 1337, King Philip VI of France engineered a clear break between France and England, starting the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2204399", "label": "Battle of Neville's Cross", "section": "lead", "says": "He was surprised by a smaller but nonetheless sizable English force, which crushed the Scots at the Battle of Neville's Cross and captured David."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q228642", "label": "Isabella of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After the newly crowned 14-year-old King Edward III was nearly captured by the Scots in the English disaster at Stanhope Park in 1327, his regents, his mother Isabella of France and her lover Roger Mortimer, were forced to the negotiating table."}], "Q333023": [{"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Danzig (Gdańsk) was captured by the State of the Teutonic Order on 13 November 1308, resulting in a massacre of its inhabitants and marking the beginning of tensions between Poland and the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally the knights moved into the fortress as an ally of Poland against the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Władysław I the Elbow-high had reestablished his power in Poland, but was occupied in the south of his realm."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1308, a rebellion was incited by the local Swienca family allied with Waldemar of Brandenburg, resulting in a Brandenburgian intervention which unseated the forces loyal to Łokietek, who later would become King of Poland."}], "Q3380689": [{"id": "Q1240096", "label": "Hyderabad State", "section": "Background", "says": "The demands also included the Andhra communists' call for the breakup of Hyderabad State and the formation of Visalandhra, an unified Telugu speaking state composed of Telangana and the Andhra region of the Madras Presidency, in line with the Communist Party of India's demand for the linguistic reorganisation of states."}], "Q3393985": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prilep in the First Balkan War took place on 3-5 November 1912 when the Serbian army encountered Ottoman troops near the town of Prilep, in today's North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prilep in the First Balkan War took place on 3-5 November 1912 when the Serbian army encountered Ottoman troops near the town of Prilep, in today's North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Serbs demonstrated the same lack of subtlety in their infantry attacks that caused heavy casualties among all the combatants during the Balkan Wars and would cause many during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The short, sharp battles around Prilep demonstrated that the Ottomans were still capable of opposing the Serbian march through Macedonia."}], "Q3485805": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Alexandria (17 August – 2 September 1801) was fought during the French Revolutionary Wars between French and British forces."}, {"id": "Q767534", "label": "Augustin Daniel Belliard", "section": "Background", "says": "Joined by a sizable Ottoman force, Hutchinson invested Cairo and on 27 June the 13,000-strong French garrison under General Augustin Daniel Belliard, out-manned and out-gunned, surrendered."}], "Q3485863": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople from 1394 to 1402 was a long blockade of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople from 1394 to 1402 was a long blockade of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I."}, {"id": "Q37097", "label": "Manuel II Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The situation became so dire that in December 1399 the Byzantine emperor, Manuel II Palaiologos, left the city to tour the courts of Western Europe in a desperate attempt to secure military aid."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "lead", "says": "Bayezid's defeat in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and the subsequent Ottoman civil war enabled the Byzantines to regain some lost territories in the Treaty of Gallipoli."}, {"id": "Q3997898", "label": "Treaty of Gallipoli", "section": "lead", "says": "Bayezid's defeat in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and the subsequent Ottoman civil war enabled the Byzantines to regain some lost territories in the Treaty of Gallipoli."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos died on February 16, 1391."}, {"id": "Q155915", "label": "Kastamonu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bayezid's campaign, in which Manuel and his nephew John took part, aimed to conquer Kastamonu and Sinop, cities of the Jandarids."}], "Q3485982": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Paris was an assault undertaken in September 1429 during the Hundred Years' War by the troops of the recently crowned King Charles VII of France, with the notable presence of Joan of Arc, to take the city held by the English and Burgundians."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Paris was an assault undertaken in September 1429 during the Hundred Years' War by the troops of the recently crowned King Charles VII of France, with the notable presence of Joan of Arc, to take the city held by the English and Burgundians."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Paris was an assault undertaken in September 1429 during the Hundred Years' War by the troops of the recently crowned King Charles VII of France, with the notable presence of Joan of Arc, to take the city held by the English and Burgundians."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Paris was an assault undertaken in September 1429 during the Hundred Years' War by the troops of the recently crowned King Charles VII of France, with the notable presence of Joan of Arc, to take the city held by the English and Burgundians."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "Background", "says": "After Henry V of England entered Paris in May 1422, the English administration was sympathetic to the citizens of Paris, confirming their former privileges and giving new ones."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "Background", "says": "The Parisians had accepted the English mostly because of their hatred of Charles VII (whom they had nicknamed \"King of Bourges\") and the Armagnac party, who threatened the many liberties that the city had obtained over the centuries."}, {"id": "Q311634", "label": "Gilles de Rais", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 3, Joan of Arc accompanied by the Dukes of Alençon and Bourbon, the counts of Vendôme and Laval, Marshals Gilles de Rais and La Hire and their troops, lodged in the village of La Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q290247", "label": "La Hire", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 3, Joan of Arc accompanied by the Dukes of Alençon and Bourbon, the counts of Vendôme and Laval, Marshals Gilles de Rais and La Hire and their troops, lodged in the village of La Chapelle."}], "Q348998": [{"id": "Q349167", "label": "Thomas Robert Bugeaud", "section": "lead", "says": "French forces under Marshal Thomas Robert Bugeaud routed a much larger, but poorly organized, Moroccan force, mainly fighters from the tribes of Beni Snassen, but also from the Beni Angad and Beni Oukil; under Muhammad, son of the Sultan of Morocco, Abd al-Rahman."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "French forces under Marshal Thomas Robert Bugeaud routed a much larger, but poorly organized, Moroccan force, mainly fighters from the tribes of Beni Snassen, but also from the Beni Angad and Beni Oukil; under Muhammad, son of the Sultan of Morocco, Abd al-Rahman."}], "Q3502774": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (Croatian: Stogodišnji hrvatsko-turski rat, Stogodišnji rat protiv Turaka, Stogodišnji rat s Osmanlijama) was a sequence of conflicts, mostly of relatively low intensity, between the Ottoman Empire and the medieval Kingdom of Croatia (ruled by the Jagiellon and Zápolya dynasties), and the later Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q701335", "label": "Battle of Sisak", "section": "lead", "says": "The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was stopped in the Battle of Sisak 1593."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire held control over parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century, when most of the territories were regained in the Great Turkish War, except for lands known as Turkish Croatia (roughly corresponding to modern day western Bosnia and Herzegovina) which remained in Ottoman hands until the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire held control over parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century, when most of the territories were regained in the Great Turkish War, except for lands known as Turkish Croatia (roughly corresponding to modern day western Bosnia and Herzegovina) which remained in Ottoman hands until the 19th century."}], "Q3536859": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris was signed on 25 June 1802 between the First French Republic, then under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Ottoman Empire, then ruled by Sultan Selim III."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris was signed on 25 June 1802 between the First French Republic, then under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Ottoman Empire, then ruled by Sultan Selim III."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty, the Ottoman Empire also assented to the Treaty of Amiens (25 March 1802), a peace treaty between France and the United Kingdom, which had followed the surrender of French troops in Egypt to the British at the Capitulation of Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty, the Ottoman Empire also assented to the Treaty of Amiens (25 March 1802), a peace treaty between France and the United Kingdom, which had followed the surrender of French troops in Egypt to the British at the Capitulation of Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q5035987", "label": "capitulation of Alexandria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty, the Ottoman Empire also assented to the Treaty of Amiens (25 March 1802), a peace treaty between France and the United Kingdom, which had followed the surrender of French troops in Egypt to the British at the Capitulation of Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q160499", "label": "Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord", "section": "lead", "says": "The French signatory was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord and the Ottoman was Seyyid Mehmed Said Galip Efendi."}], "Q356920": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Golden Stool, also known as the Yaa Asantewaa War, the Third Ashanti Expedition, the Ashanti Uprising, or variations thereof, was a campaign in 1900 during the series of conflicts between the United Kingdom and the Ashanti Empire (later Ashanti Region), an autonomous state in West Africa that fractiously co-existed with the British and its vassal coastal tribes."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Golden Stool, also known as the Yaa Asantewaa War, the Third Ashanti Expedition, the Ashanti Uprising, or variations thereof, was a campaign in 1900 during the series of conflicts between the United Kingdom and the Ashanti Empire (later Ashanti Region), an autonomous state in West Africa that fractiously co-existed with the British and its vassal coastal tribes."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome was the annexation of Ashanti by the British so that it became part of His Majesty's dominions and a British Crown Colony with its administration undertaken by a Chief Commissioner under the authority of the Governor of the Gold Coast."}], "Q3622772": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Negroponte was fought between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II in person, and the garrison of the Venetian colony of Negroponte (Chalcis), the capital of the Venetian possession of Euboea in Central Greece."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Negroponte was fought between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II in person, and the garrison of the Venetian colony of Negroponte (Chalcis), the capital of the Venetian possession of Euboea in Central Greece."}], "Q3625476": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Emesa was laid by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate from December 635 up until March 636."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the Islamic conquest of Emesa, which was a major trading city of the Byzantine Empire in the Levant."}, {"id": "Q888904", "label": "Battle of Ajnadayn", "section": "Background", "says": "After a decisive victory at the Battle of Ajnadayn, the Muslim army conquered Damascus after a nearly 13-month siege in September 634 AD."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "Both hoped that their garrisons would be reinforced by Emperor Heraclius, and as soon as that happened they would repudiate the extortion of the Muslims."}], "Q3636337": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alid revolt of 762–763 or Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul was an uprising by the Hasanid branch of the Alids against the newly established Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alid revolt of 762–763 or Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul was an uprising by the Hasanid branch of the Alids against the newly established Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q144287", "label": "Zayd ibn Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, they were expressed by a succession of failed risings—most notably the Battle of Karbala in 680 and the uprising of Zayd ibn Ali in 740—in support of various Alid claimants, i.e. the descendants of Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad and fourth Caliph (r."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "754–775), in 744, before the Abbasid Revolution."}], "Q3636616": [{"id": "Q5549335", "label": "Gerald Lathbury", "section": "lead", "says": "By this time, with casualties mounting and supplies running short, the parachute brigade commander, Gerald Lathbury, had relinquished control of the bridge to the Germans."}], "Q3651696": [{"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Within days of the news of Burgoyne's surrender reaching France, King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco-American alliance and the French entry into the war, moving the conflict onto a global stage."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Vergennes' diplomatic moves following the French war with Britain also had material impact on the later entry of the Dutch Republic into the war, and declarations of neutrality on the part of other important geopolitical players like Russia."}, {"id": "Q1538124", "label": "Gordon Riots", "section": "lead", "says": "Opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the \"Gordon Riots\"."}, {"id": "Q1850800", "label": "Battle of the Saintes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Spanish alliance, however, in 1782 encountered severe setbacks with the defeat and capture of De Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in April as well as the failure of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September."}, {"id": "Q815145", "label": "Great Siege of Gibraltar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Spanish alliance, however, in 1782 encountered severe setbacks with the defeat and capture of De Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in April as well as the failure of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September."}, {"id": "Q982584", "label": "Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, a series of naval battles between Admirals Edward Hughes and Pierre André de Suffren were fought in a French attempt to displace Britain from her Indian territories."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bourbon War helped secure American independence and bring an end to the First British Empire but turned out to be detrimental to the French crown."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The diplomatic realignment in 1756 had overthrown 200 years of French foreign policy that united the French Crown and the French populace against the House of Habsburg, arguably bringing to France massive territorial gains in repeated wars with Habsburg Austria and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The diplomatic realignment in 1756 had overthrown 200 years of French foreign policy that united the French Crown and the French populace against the House of Habsburg, arguably bringing to France massive territorial gains in repeated wars with Habsburg Austria and Habsburg Spain."}], "Q3658001": [{"id": "Q740791", "label": "Serbo-Bulgarian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pirot (Bulgarian: Битка при Пирот Serbian: Битка код Пирота) took place between 26 and 27 November 1885[a], during the Serbo-Bulgarian War, near the town of Pirot, Serbia."}, {"id": "Q1861319", "label": "Battle of Slivnitsa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Bulgarian victory at the Battle of Slivnitsa, fought from 17 to 19 November 1885, the Bulgarian Army counter-attacked."}], "Q367025": [{"id": "Q365072", "label": "Sverker II of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important battle between the Danish-backed King Sverker II of Sweden and Prince Eric."}, {"id": "Q1778630", "label": "Battle of Gestilren", "section": "lead", "says": "Eric's forces won a crushing victory; however, in July 1210, Sverker returned with a second army and was killed in the Battle of Gestilren."}, {"id": "Q357200", "label": "Valdemar", "section": "Background", "says": "Sverker's relative, King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark, provided Sverker with auxiliaries, including a Czech contingent from Valdemar's father-in-law, King Ottokar I of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q312938", "label": "Ottokar I of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "Sverker's relative, King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark, provided Sverker with auxiliaries, including a Czech contingent from Valdemar's father-in-law, King Ottokar I of Bohemia."}], "Q3696185": [{"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Buzakha was a major military battle in the Ridda Wars or Wars of Apostasy."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place between the army of the Rashidun Caliphate under command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Apostate forces under Tulayha, in September 632."}], "Q370376": [{"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought during the War of the Second Coalition against Revolutionary France between French–Batavian forces under the command of generals Guillaume Brune (commander-in-chief) and Herman Willem Daendels and British–Russian forces under the command of the Duke of York (commander-in-chief) and General Ivan Essen."}, {"id": "Q318790", "label": "Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought during the War of the Second Coalition against Revolutionary France between French–Batavian forces under the command of generals Guillaume Brune (commander-in-chief) and Herman Willem Daendels and British–Russian forces under the command of the Duke of York (commander-in-chief) and General Ivan Essen."}, {"id": "Q741772", "label": "Herman Willem Daendels", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought during the War of the Second Coalition against Revolutionary France between French–Batavian forces under the command of generals Guillaume Brune (commander-in-chief) and Herman Willem Daendels and British–Russian forces under the command of the Duke of York (commander-in-chief) and General Ivan Essen."}], "Q370922": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Valençay was a proposed peace agreement between France and Spain, signed on 8 December 1813, aimed at ending the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after the Château de Valençay, owned by former French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the treaty sought to restore Ferdinand VII of Spain, who had been imprisoned by Napoleon since 1808, to the Spanish throne, which had been occupied by Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after the Château de Valençay, owned by former French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the treaty sought to restore Ferdinand VII of Spain, who had been imprisoned by Napoleon since 1808, to the Spanish throne, which had been occupied by Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after the Château de Valençay, owned by former French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the treaty sought to restore Ferdinand VII of Spain, who had been imprisoned by Napoleon since 1808, to the Spanish throne, which had been occupied by Joseph Bonaparte."}], "Q371409": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stångebro, or the Battle of Linköping, took place at Linköping, Sweden, on 25 September 1598 (O.S.) and effectively ended the personal union between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, that had formed in 1592."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, an army of somewhere between 8,000 and 12,000 commanded by Duke Charles defeated a mixed force of roughly 5,000 and 8,000 men consisting of an invading army of mercenaries in the king's employ and diverse but poorly co-ordinated supporting Swedish noblemen's forces commanded by King of both Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sigismund III Vasa, who was acting to maintain"}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the beginning of the seven decades long Polish–Swedish Wars, which eventually destroyed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the time, arguably the largest nation state in Europe and also led to fall of Swedish Empire in 1721."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the Thirty Years' War which also involved Sweden, under the surface, the dynastic struggles were rooted firmly in religious strife between Protestants and Roman Catholics during the ongoing European wars of religion."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "Sigismund was captured during the battle, but as the Polish–Lithuanian crowned head of state, was allowed to return to the commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q52944", "label": "John III of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "When King John III of Sweden died in 1592, his son Sigismund inherited the throne, despite his Catholic upbringing and despite already being King of Poland–Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "When King John III of Sweden died in 1592, his son Sigismund inherited the throne, despite his Catholic upbringing and despite already being King of Poland–Lithuania."}], "Q3751571": [{"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadalacete was fought in 852 between a coalition of troops from the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Pamplona, and a force of troops from the Umayyad Muslim Emirate of Córdoba under the command of Muhammad I of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadalacete was fought in 852 between a coalition of troops from the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Pamplona, and a force of troops from the Umayyad Muslim Emirate of Córdoba under the command of Muhammad I of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q356624", "label": "Muhammad I of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadalacete was fought in 852 between a coalition of troops from the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Pamplona, and a force of troops from the Umayyad Muslim Emirate of Córdoba under the command of Muhammad I of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "Context", "says": "Hence, the people of Toledo rose in arms, seeking the assistance of the Kingdom of Asturias and Basques as is reported by Ibn Khaldun, quoting verbatim from Spanish-language chronicles of the tenth century:\n\nThe people of Toledo asked for the help of the King of Galicia and the King of the Basques, who came to free them with the help of the city's men."}], "Q3776326": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Paris of 1783 was the set of treaties that ended the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 September 1783, representatives of King George III of Great Britain signed a treaty in Paris with representatives of the United States of America—commonly known as the Treaty of Paris (1783)—and two treaties at Versailles with representatives of King Louis XVI of France and King Charles III of Spain—commonly known as the Treaties of Versailles (1783)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 September 1783, representatives of King George III of Great Britain signed a treaty in Paris with representatives of the United States of America—commonly known as the Treaty of Paris (1783)—and two treaties at Versailles with representatives of King Louis XVI of France and King Charles III of Spain—commonly known as the Treaties of Versailles (1783)."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 September 1783, representatives of King George III of Great Britain signed a treaty in Paris with representatives of the United States of America—commonly known as the Treaty of Paris (1783)—and two treaties at Versailles with representatives of King Louis XVI of France and King Charles III of Spain—commonly known as the Treaties of Versailles (1783)."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 September 1783, representatives of King George III of Great Britain signed a treaty in Paris with representatives of the United States of America—commonly known as the Treaty of Paris (1783)—and two treaties at Versailles with representatives of King Louis XVI of France and King Charles III of Spain—commonly known as the Treaties of Versailles (1783)."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The previous day, a preliminary treaty had been signed with representatives of the States General of the Dutch Republic, but the final treaty which ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War was not signed until 20 May 1784; for convenience, however, it is included in the summaries below."}, {"id": "Q576292", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The previous day, a preliminary treaty had been signed with representatives of the States General of the Dutch Republic, but the final treaty which ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War was not signed until 20 May 1784; for convenience, however, it is included in the summaries below."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty marked the end of the First British Empire."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "France got its revenge over Britain after its defeat in the Seven Years' War and gained Tobago and Senegal but ended up financially exhausted."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was already in financial trouble and its borrowing to pay for the war used up all its credit and created the financial disasters that marked the 1780s, and some historians link those disasters to the coming of the French Revolution."}], "Q386955": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The goal of the uprising was to liberate Azerbaijan from the Soviet army and put an end to the arbitrariness of the communists."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The organisers and leading force of the uprising were officers of the army of the former Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}], "Q398174": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Nicaea of 727 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Umayyad Caliphate to capture the Byzantine city of Nicaea, the capital of the Opsician Theme."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful repulsion of the attack was a major boost for Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian's recently initiated campaign to abolish the veneration of icons in the Empire; Leo claimed it as evidence of divine favour for his policy."}], "Q3997897": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Constantinople (Turkish: İstanbul antlaşması) was signed on 22 July 1533 in Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria after the Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1529–1533."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Constantinople (Turkish: İstanbul antlaşması) was signed on 22 July 1533 in Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria after the Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1529–1533."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Gábor Ágoston calls this a treaty or truce, but defines its nature as mere \"verbal promise\" (correspondences between Ferdinand and his envoy also show the agreement as a matter between Suleyman and the king)."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "lead", "says": "Gábor Ágoston calls this a treaty or truce, but defines its nature as mere \"verbal promise\" (correspondences between Ferdinand and his envoy also show the agreement as a matter between Suleyman and the king)."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "Only the 1547 truce received endorsement from Charles V."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the shah of Safavid Persia, Tahmasp I, became active in the eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q401654": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Villisca axe murders occurred during the night of June 9 to the early morning of June 10, 1912, in the town of Villisca, Iowa, in the United States."}], "Q40559": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Le Mans was a German victory during the Franco-Prussian War that ended French resistance in western France."}, {"id": "Q2358315", "label": "Government of National Defense", "section": "Background", "says": "Chanzy submitted plans to the Government of National Defense for another attack on the German siege army at Paris."}], "Q4060496": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The demilitarisation of Åland was first imposed on Russia after the Crimean War through the Åland convention of 1856, which was incorporated as an appendix to the 1856 Paris Peace Treaty."}, {"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, Åland formed part of the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, Åland formed part of the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the October Revolution, various armed forces were present on the islands."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Winter War between Finland and Soviet Union, Finnish troops were deployed on the islands without protest from the states party to the 1921 convention."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "After the war, the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty required Finland to again demilitarise the islands, and also granted the Soviet Union (later Russia) the right to maintain a diplomatic office in Åland to monitor the demilitarisation."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "After the war, the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty required Finland to again demilitarise the islands, and also granted the Soviet Union (later Russia) the right to maintain a diplomatic office in Åland to monitor the demilitarisation."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Continuation War, the demilitarisation was reaffirmed in the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty."}], "Q4060498": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Invasion of Åland was a 1918 military campaign of World War I in Åland, Finland."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The islands, still hosting Soviet Russian troops, were first invaded by Sweden in late February and then by the German Empire in early March."}, {"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was also related to the Finnish Civil War including minor fighting between the Finnish Whites and the Finnish Reds."}, {"id": "Q1130792", "label": "Treaty of Fredrikshamn", "section": "Background", "says": "The population is Swedish-speaking, but after the 1809 Treaty of Fredrikshamn the islands were ceded to the Russian Empire together with a vast majority of the Finnish-speaking areas of Sweden, becoming the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The population is Swedish-speaking, but after the 1809 Treaty of Fredrikshamn the islands were ceded to the Russian Empire together with a vast majority of the Finnish-speaking areas of Sweden, becoming the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "Background", "says": "The population is Swedish-speaking, but after the 1809 Treaty of Fredrikshamn the islands were ceded to the Russian Empire together with a vast majority of the Finnish-speaking areas of Sweden, becoming the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1856 Treaty of Paris, settling the Crimean War, the Åland Islands were demilitarised."}], "Q4068978": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States has for a longer period of time recognized Iraqi Kurdistan diplomatically which has led the Americans to invite the current Kurdish leader of Iraqi Kurdistan, Masoud Barzani, to the White House and a meeting in Baghdad when the American president was in town."}, {"id": "Q315927", "label": "Masoud Barzani", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States has for a longer period of time recognized Iraqi Kurdistan diplomatically which has led the Americans to invite the current Kurdish leader of Iraqi Kurdistan, Masoud Barzani, to the White House and a meeting in Baghdad when the American president was in town."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "Background", "says": "The visit from United States Vice President, Joe Biden, to the fourth largest city in Iraq, Erbil, also known as the Iraqi Kurdistan capital, helped strengthen their alliance with them."}, {"id": "Q2281470", "label": "Operation Provide Comfort", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States started Operation Provide Comfort and Operation Provide Comfort II in an attempt to defend Kurds fleeing their homes in Northern Iraq as a result of the Iraqi Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States started Operation Provide Comfort and Operation Provide Comfort II in an attempt to defend Kurds fleeing their homes in Northern Iraq as a result of the Iraqi Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q57306", "label": "Jalal Talabani", "section": "Background", "says": "Jalal Talabani, the first Kurdish president of Iraq, was elected in 2005, and Kurds have held the presidential seat since, although the position is somewhat ornamental."}], "Q4077792": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baranovichi offensive was a battle fought on the Eastern Front during World War I between an army of Russia and the forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary in July 1916."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baranovichi offensive was a battle fought on the Eastern Front during World War I between an army of Russia and the forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary in July 1916."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baranovichi offensive was a battle fought on the Eastern Front during World War I between an army of Russia and the forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary in July 1916."}], "Q4090268": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "This victory put Oruç in control of a considerable territory, the size of colonial French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish continued their offensive stance in the following year with an expedition in 1519 against Algiers led by Hugo de Moncada, however Hayreddin Barbarossa with an army composed of 20,000 Algerians and 800 Turks was able to rout the invading forces."}], "Q4111833": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Osijek (Serbo-Croatian: Bitka za Osijek) was the artillery bombardment of the Croatian city of Osijek by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) which took place from August 1991 to June 1992 during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1991, Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, made two unsuccessful attempts to obtain approval from the Yugoslav Presidency to deploy the JNA to disarm Croatian security forces."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "The request was denied on 15 March 1991, and the JNA came under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in the summer of 1991 as the Yugoslav federation started to fall apart."}], "Q4114551": [{"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the toppling of Iskander Ali Mirza, the president of Pakistan, by Muhammad Ayub Khan, the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army."}, {"id": "Q155111", "label": "Iskandar Ali Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed at a plan by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy to unite the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him."}, {"id": "Q2046354", "label": "Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy", "section": "lead", "says": "Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed at a plan by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy to unite the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him."}], "Q4122573": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The English East India Company had been given a monopoly and numerous fortified bases on the western and south-eastern coasts of the Mughal Empire by the Crown, which was permitted by the local governors."}, {"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1682, William Hedges was sent on behalf of the Company to negotiate with the governor of the proto-industrialised Bengal Subah, Shaista Khan, and to obtain a firman, an imperial decree that would allow the English company regular trading privileges across the Mughal provinces."}, {"id": "Q10791211", "label": "Kingdom of Mrauk U", "section": "lead", "says": "They also planned to establish fortified enclaves throughout the region, and attain independence of the surrounding subah from the Mughal territory by bringing the local governors and the Hooghly River under their control, which would later allow formation of relationships with the Kingdom of Mrauk U based in Arakan (today's Myanmar) and hold substantial power in the Bay of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "New peace treaties were negotiated, and the East India Company sent petitions to the emperor, Aurangzeb, about trade involving the Portuguese at Hooghly and religious intolerance of the Tamil community in Madras, but praised Aurangzeb's imperial majesty and compared him with ancient Persia's emperors Cyrus and Darius."}], "Q4141642": [{"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland (or Anglo-Russian expedition to Holland, or Helder Expedition) was a military campaign from 27 August to 19 November 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition, in which an expeditionary force of British and Russian troops invaded the North Holland peninsula in the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland (or Anglo-Russian expedition to Holland, or Helder Expedition) was a military campaign from 27 August to 19 November 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition, in which an expeditionary force of British and Russian troops invaded the North Holland peninsula in the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch Republic, again ruled by the Orangists, had been a member of the First Coalition that opposed the revolutionary French Republic after 1792."}, {"id": "Q5457361", "label": "Flanders Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1795, at the end of their Flanders Campaign, the forces of stadtholder William V of Orange, and his British and Austrian allies were defeated by the invading French army under General Charles Pichegru, augmented by a contingent of Dutch Patriot revolutionaries under General Herman Willem Daendels."}, {"id": "Q741772", "label": "Herman Willem Daendels", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1795, at the end of their Flanders Campaign, the forces of stadtholder William V of Orange, and his British and Austrian allies were defeated by the invading French army under General Charles Pichegru, augmented by a contingent of Dutch Patriot revolutionaries under General Herman Willem Daendels."}, {"id": "Q577081", "label": "Battle of Camperdown", "section": "Background", "says": "This directly led to the debacles of the surrender at Saldanha Bay at the Cape of Good Hope in 1796, and of the Battle of Camperdown in 1797."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Coalition broke up in 1797, but Britain soon found a new ally in Emperor Paul I of Russia."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Allies scored some successes in the land war against France, especially in the puppet Cisalpine Republic and Helvetic Republic where the armies of the Second Coalition succeeded in pushing back the French on a broad front in early 1799."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Allies scored some successes in the land war against France, especially in the puppet Cisalpine Republic and Helvetic Republic where the armies of the Second Coalition succeeded in pushing back the French on a broad front in early 1799."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "The British, especially the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, were eager to maintain this momentum by attacking at other extremes of the French \"empire\"."}], "Q4158587": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The government's official reason for the deportation was an accusation of Axis collaboration during World War II based on the approximately 5,000 Kalmyks who fought in the Nazi-affiliated Kalmykian Cavalry Corps."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "lead", "says": "NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria and his deputy commissar Ivan Serov implemented the forced relocation on direct orders from Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q464719", "label": "Ivan Serov", "section": "lead", "says": "NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria and his deputy commissar Ivan Serov implemented the forced relocation on direct orders from Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria and his deputy commissar Ivan Serov implemented the forced relocation on direct orders from Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalmyks were rehabilitated in 1956 after Nikita Khrushchev became the new Soviet Premier and undertook a process of de-Stalinization."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 November 1989 the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union declared all of Stalin's deportations \"illegal and criminal\"."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1630s, several Oirat tribes from the west Mongolia and Dzungaria regions migrated further west, settling along the Volga river and eventually becoming a differentiated ethnic group called the Kalmyks."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kalmyks became part of the Russian Empire and during the subsequent Russian Civil War, many of them fought with the anti-communist White Russian army."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kalmyks became part of the Russian Empire and during the subsequent Russian Civil War, many of them fought with the anti-communist White Russian army."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Bolsheviks prevailed, many Kalmyks left Russia in 1920, with a significant proportion emigrating to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Bolsheviks prevailed, many Kalmyks left Russia in 1920, with a significant proportion emigrating to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q2895498", "label": "Ben Kiernan", "section": "Background", "says": "Ben Kiernan, an American academic and historian, described Stalin's era as \"by far the bloodiest of Soviet, or even Russian history\"."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941."}], "Q4188858": [{"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Algiers in 1516 was accomplished by the brothers Oruç and Hayreddin Barbarossa against Sālim al-Tūmī, the ruler of the city of Algiers, which was followed by an unsuccessful military campaign by the Spanish Empire and the Sheikh of Ténès to overthrow the newly formed Sultanate of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Algiers in 1516 was accomplished by the brothers Oruç and Hayreddin Barbarossa against Sālim al-Tūmī, the ruler of the city of Algiers, which was followed by an unsuccessful military campaign by the Spanish Empire and the Sheikh of Ténès to overthrow the newly formed Sultanate of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Sālim al-Tūmī had to go to Spain to take an oath of obedience to Ferdinand of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q3446186", "label": "Kingdom of Kuku", "section": "Background", "says": "Oruç, with the help of local troops, came to Algiers with his ally Ahmad al-Kadi of the Kingdom of Kuku and an army composed of 800 Turks and 5,000 Kabyle auxiliaries."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "Sālim Al-Tūmī had a son who  managed to escape and take refuge in Spain, where Charles V reigned."}], "Q4202020": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet invasion of Xinjiang (simplified Chinese: 苏联入侵新疆; traditional Chinese: 蘇聯入侵新疆) was a military campaign of the Soviet Union in the Chinese northwestern region of Xinjiang in 1934."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1934, Ma Zhongying's troops, supported by the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China were on the verge of defeating the Soviet client Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) in the Kumul Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1934, Ma Zhongying's troops, supported by the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China were on the verge of defeating the Soviet client Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) in the Kumul Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q466972", "label": "Sheng Shicai", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1934, Ma Zhongying's troops, supported by the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China were on the verge of defeating the Soviet client Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) in the Kumul Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q4247016", "label": "Kumul Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1934, Ma Zhongying's troops, supported by the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China were on the verge of defeating the Soviet client Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) in the Kumul Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q2661303", "label": "Ma Zhongying", "section": "Background", "says": "Ma Zhongying, a Hui (Chinese Muslim), had earlier attended the Whampoa Military Academy in Nanjing in 1929, when it was run by Chiang Kai-shek, who was also the head of the Kuomintang and leader of China (Nationalist government)."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Ma Zhongying, a Hui (Chinese Muslim), had earlier attended the Whampoa Military Academy in Nanjing in 1929, when it was run by Chiang Kai-shek, who was also the head of the Kuomintang and leader of China (Nationalist government)."}, {"id": "Q714731", "label": "Jin Shuren", "section": "Background", "says": "Ma Zhongying then was sent back to Gansu after graduating from the academy and fought in the Kumul Rebellion where, with the tacit support of the Kuomintang government of China, he tried to overthrow the pro-Soviet provincial government first led by Governor Jin Shuren then duban (military governor) Sheng Shicai."}, {"id": "Q10921952", "label": "Kumul Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Ma invaded Xinjiang in support of Kumul Khanate loyalists and received official approval and designation from the Kuomintang as commander of the 36th Division."}], "Q4207737": [{"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Esztergom occurred between 25 July and 10 August 1543, when the Ottoman army, led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, besieged the city of Esztergom in modern Hungary."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "The siege was part of a struggle between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans following the death of the ruler of Hungary, John Zápolya, on 20 July 1540."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, in the Mediterranean Sea, Suleiman had sent his fleet admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa to cooperate with the French, leading to the siege of Nice."}], "Q42103453": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) invaded Kirkuk was under Iraqi control."}], "Q4335326": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samashki massacre (Russian: Резня в Самашках) was the mass murder of Chechen civilians by Russian Forces in April 1995 during the First Chechen War."}], "Q4337415": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2013 Shahbag protests were widespread demonstrations held in Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Mollah supported West Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and played a crucial role in the murder of numerous Bengali nationalists and intellectuals."}, {"id": "Q371394", "label": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "section": "lead", "says": "Mollah supported West Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and played a crucial role in the murder of numerous Bengali nationalists and intellectuals."}, {"id": "Q5254959", "label": "Delwar Hossain Sayeedi", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 February of the same year, the war tribunal convicted Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, a prominent fundamental-Islamist, of war crimes against humanity and subsequently sentenced him to death; the sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment."}], "Q446410": [{"id": "Q152370", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Leitha River was fought on 15 June 1246 near the banks of the Leitha river between the forces of the King Béla IV of Hungary and Duke Frederick II of Austria."}, {"id": "Q280338", "label": "Frederick II, Duke of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Leitha River was fought on 15 June 1246 near the banks of the Leitha river between the forces of the King Béla IV of Hungary and Duke Frederick II of Austria."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Its exact location is unknown; according to the description delivered by contemporary minnesinger Ulrich von Liechtenstein the battlefield may have been between the towns of Ebenfurth and Neufeld."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories west of the Leitha were incorporated as the March of Styria into the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1180 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa raised the Styrian lands to a duchy, which in 1192 was acquired by the Austrian dukes from the House of Babenberg."}, {"id": "Q705874", "label": "Battle of Mohi", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1241 the Hungarian kingdom suffered heavy losses in the course of the Mongol invasion of Europe, culminating in the disastrous Battle of Mohi."}, {"id": "Q696795", "label": "Battle of Kressenbrunn", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the end of the ruling House of Babenberg and sparked another conflict, the War of the Babenberg Succession over the vacated Imperial fiefs of Austria and Styria between Árpád Hungary and the Bohemian king Ottokar II, leading to the Battle of Kressenbrunn in 1260 and the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278."}, {"id": "Q700194", "label": "Battle on the Marchfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the end of the ruling House of Babenberg and sparked another conflict, the War of the Babenberg Succession over the vacated Imperial fiefs of Austria and Styria between Árpád Hungary and the Bohemian king Ottokar II, leading to the Battle of Kressenbrunn in 1260 and the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278."}], "Q4465891": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1743–1746 or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1743–1746 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran."}, {"id": "Q63149558", "label": "Afsharid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1743–1746 or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1743–1746 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1743, Nader Shah declared war on the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2060524", "label": "Treaty of Zuhab", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Zuhab in 1639 between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire had resulted in peace for 85 years."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Nader Shah afterwards turned east and declared war on the Mughal Empire and invaded India, in order to refund his wars against the Ottomans."}], "Q4470396": [{"id": "Q629702", "label": "Leonid Kuchma", "section": "lead", "says": "\"Ukraine without Kuchma\" (Ukrainian: Україна без Кучми, УБК, romanized: Ukraina bez Kuchmy, UBK) was a mass protest campaign that took place in Ukraine in 2000–2001, demanding the resignation of President Leonid Kuchma."}, {"id": "Q836386", "label": "Orange Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests did not disappear untraced and resulted in consolidation of the democratic opposition which led to the Orange Revolution."}], "Q449436": [{"id": "Q307494", "label": "Abdul Salam Arif", "section": "Background", "says": "Abdul-Karim Qasim's former deputy Abdul Salam Arif (who was not a Ba'athist) was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was named prime minister."}, {"id": "Q355416", "label": "Michel Aflaq", "section": "Background", "says": "Michel Aflaq, who saw himself as the leader of the pan-Arab Ba'athist movement, declared his intent to take control of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party."}], "Q4597199": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 November 2000, at 22:09 (18:09 AZT), a Mw 6.8 earthquake struck with an epicenter just offshore Baku, Azerbaijan."}], "Q464172": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Expeditionary Force, Siberia (AEF in Siberia) was a formation of the United States Army involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russia, after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Expeditionary Force, Siberia (AEF in Siberia) was a formation of the United States Army involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russia, after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of this expedition, early relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were poor."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of this expedition, early relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were poor."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Another major reason was to protect the large quantities of military supplies and railroad rolling stock that the United States had sent to the Russian Far East in support of the Russian Empire's war efforts on the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Another major reason was to protect the large quantities of military supplies and railroad rolling stock that the United States had sent to the Russian Far East in support of the Russian Empire's war efforts on the Eastern Front of World War I."}], "Q4689049": [{"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan–Sikh Wars spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the Indian subcontinent, and saw multiple phases of fighting between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire (and its predecessors), mainly in and around Punjab region."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan–Sikh Wars spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the Indian subcontinent, and saw multiple phases of fighting between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire (and its predecessors), mainly in and around Punjab region."}, {"id": "Q2578028", "label": "Sikh Confederacy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sikh Confederacy had effectively achieved independence from the Mughal Empire in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the Chhota Ghallughara."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sikh Confederacy had effectively achieved independence from the Mughal Empire in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the Chhota Ghallughara."}], "Q471955": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Changsha of 1944 (also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Campaign of Changsha-Hengyang; Chinese: 長衡會戰) was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan by Japanese troops near the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q481552": [{"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Giglio, also known as the Battle of Montecristo, was fought on 3 May 1241 between a combined Imperial, Sicilian and Pisan fleet and a Genoese squadron carrying high-ranking ecclesiastical delegates to a council summoned at Rome by Pope Gregory IX."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The emperor could readily prevent the clergy of the Kingdom of Sicily and much of the German episcopate from attending the projected council, allowing him to concentrate his efforts on stopping the French, English and Spanish prelates whose arrival would give the assembly its wider European weight."}, {"id": "Q1169274", "label": "Battle of Cortenuova", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following Frederick's great victory at the Battle of Cortenuova in 1237, relations between emperor and pope deteriorated rapidly."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Gregory IX increasingly identified the survival of the Lombard communes with the political security of the Papal States, while Frederick regarded papal support for the League as interference with the legitimate exercise of imperial jurisdiction in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "French participation was particularly significant because Louis IX of France had maintained a careful neutrality between the two universal powers; a collective declaration by leading French prelates against Frederick had the potential to disturb that balance."}], "Q4871030": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "He capitalized on the fact that most of the attention of the Spanish armada was put in escorting the Habsburg emperor Charles V to Genoa."}], "Q4871330": [{"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Israeli military invaded the camp, and other areas under the administration of the Palestinian Authority, during the Second Intifada, as part of Operation Defensive Shield."}, {"id": "Q2276724", "label": "Operation Defensive Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "The Israeli military invaded the camp, and other areas under the administration of the Palestinian Authority, during the Second Intifada, as part of Operation Defensive Shield."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite reports of a widespread massacre numbering hundreds of casualties by some Palestinian officials, subsequent investigations found no evidence to substantiate it, and official totals from Palestinian and Israeli sources confirmed between 52 and 54 Palestinians, including civilians, and 23 Israeli soldiers as having been killed in the fighting."}, {"id": "Q302520", "label": "Efraim Karsh", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to Efraim Karsh, before the fighting started, the IDF used loudspeakers broadcasting in Arabic to urge the locals to evacuate the camp, and he estimates that some 11,000 left."}], "Q4871929": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Octodurus took place in the winter of 57–56 BC in the Gallic town of Octodurus in what is now Martigny, Valais, Switzerland."}], "Q4872019": [{"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peshawar was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Mahmud of Ghazni and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This is the first of many major battles in the expansion of the Ghaznavid Empire into the Indian subcontinent by Mahmud."}, {"id": "Q555219", "label": "Alp Tigin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 962, Alp-Tegin, a Turkic ghulam or slave soldier, who rose to be the commander of the army in Khorasan in the service of the Samanids, seized Ghazna and set himself up as a ruler there."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "Background", "says": "Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala attacked the Ghaznavids, but was defeated, then again later when his army of a reported size of over 100,000 was beaten too."}], "Q4872623": [{"id": "Q454265", "label": "Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan", "section": "Background", "says": "General Leopoldo O'Donnell personally took charge of the expedition and divided these forces into three corps."}], "Q487565": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "This event sparked controversy in South Korea over the “blocking maneuver” in response to Northern Limit Line violations."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "The Northern Limit Line  is considered by South Korea to be the maritime boundary between itself and North Korea, while North Korea disagrees and states that the boundary is farther south."}], "Q488547": [{"id": "Q837920", "label": "Yang Hao", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ming responded by dispatching expeditionary forces led by Military Commissioner Yang Hao to besiege the Later Jin capital Hetu Ala from four routes."}], "Q499768": [{"id": "Q208331", "label": "Olaf II of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "King Olaf II of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden took advantage of the commitment of Danish King Cnut in England and began to launch attacks on the Danish in the Baltic Sea."}, {"id": "Q352133", "label": "Anund Jacob", "section": "lead", "says": "King Olaf II of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden took advantage of the commitment of Danish King Cnut in England and began to launch attacks on the Danish in the Baltic Sea."}, {"id": "Q313436", "label": "Olof Skötkonung", "section": "lead", "says": "Coins stating that the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung was King of England have also been found in Sigtuna."}], "Q571675": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Lazaro (16 June 1746) was fought between an Austrian army and a Bourbon army near Piacenza, in Northern Italy during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q43746", "label": "Bonaventure", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bourbon army consisted of a large Spanish force commanded by Jean Bonaventure du Mont, comte de Gages and a somewhat smaller French corps led by Jean-Baptiste Francois des Marets, marquis de Maillebois."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian army was commanded by Josef Wenzel, Prince of Liechtenstein."}, {"id": "Q3636601", "label": "Battle of Rottofreddo", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat caused the Bourbon army to retreat to Genoa, though it had to fight its way out at the subsequent Battle of Rottofreddo."}, {"id": "Q453589", "label": "Louis-Joseph de Montcalm", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis-Joseph de Montcalm was among the notable French combatants."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 December 1740, the Kingdom of Prussia invaded and overran Silesia, a province of Habsburg Austria."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Aggressive diplomacy by the Kingdom of France lured the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Saxony into the anti-Austrian alliance."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Aggressive diplomacy by the Kingdom of France lured the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Saxony into the anti-Austrian alliance."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "Aggressive diplomacy by the Kingdom of France lured the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Saxony into the anti-Austrian alliance."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "With most of Austria's army committed to the war north of the Alps, King Philip V of Spain and his Queen Elizabeth Farnese aimed to grab Habsburg territory in Italy for their son Don Philip."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "After ten months of inconclusive campaigning, 13,000 Spanish under Jean Thierry du Mont, comte de Gages fought 11,000 Austro-Sardinians under Field Marshal (FM) Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun on 8 February 1743."}, {"id": "Q2522057", "label": "Battle of Campo Santo", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Campo Santo, the Allies compelled Spain's army to abandon Bologna and fall back to Rimini."}, {"id": "Q2280582", "label": "Battle of Velletri", "section": "Background", "says": "An Austrian attempt led by Johann Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz to conquer Naples was repelled at the Second Battle of Velletri on 10–11 August 1744."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bourbon allies defeated Sardinian King Charles Emmanuel III at the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo on 30 September 1744."}, {"id": "Q1152443", "label": "Battle of Bassignano", "section": "Background", "says": "With 50,000 troops, the Franco-Spanish allies defeated Charles Emmanuel's 30,000 men at the Battle of Bassignano on 27 September 1745."}], "Q574500": [{"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kolberg (also spelled Colberg or Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kolberg (also spelled Colberg or Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "An army of the First French Empire and several foreign troops (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of Kolberg, the only remaining Prussian-held fortress in the Province of Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q154426", "label": "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "After Prussia lost the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in late 1806, French troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the freikorps of Ferdinand von Schill operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, Victor-Perrin."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon put the siege force under the command of Loison; Frederick William III entrusted Gneisenau with the defense."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon put the siege force under the command of Loison; Frederick William III entrusted Gneisenau with the defense."}, {"id": "Q836680", "label": "Duchy of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "Other reinforcements came from states of the Confederation of the Rhine (Kingdom of Württemberg, Saxon duchies and the Duchy of Nassau), the Kingdom of Holland, and France."}, {"id": "Q212278", "label": "Kingdom of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "Other reinforcements came from states of the Confederation of the Rhine (Kingdom of Württemberg, Saxon duchies and the Duchy of Nassau), the Kingdom of Holland, and France."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started t"}], "Q575737": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Scheveningen was the final naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 31 July 1653 between the fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 31 July 1653 between the fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q2063617", "label": "Battle of the Gabbard", "section": "Background", "says": "After their victory at the Battle of the Gabbard in June 1653, the English fleet of 120 ships under General at Sea George Monck on his flagship Resolution blockaded the Dutch coast, capturing many merchant vessels."}, {"id": "Q470200", "label": "Maarten Tromp", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 July, Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp put to sea in Brederode with a fleet of 100 ships, to lift the blockade at the island of Texel, where Vice-Admiral Witte de With's 27 ships were blockaded by the English."}], "Q575924": [{"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Mathieu took place on 10 August 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai, near Brest, France, between an English fleet of 25 ships commanded by Sir Edward Howard and a Franco-Breton fleet of 22 ships commanded by René de Clermont."}, {"id": "Q2297059", "label": "Battle of the Solent", "section": "lead", "says": "This was one of only two full-fledged naval battles fought by King Henry VIII's Tudor navy, along with the later Battle of the Solent."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "When war with France broke out in April 1512, England's Edward Howard was appointed admiral of a fleet sent by King Henry VIII to control the sea between Brest and the Thames estuary."}], "Q5783538": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Oran by the Spanish Empire took place on May 1509, when an army led by Pedro Navarro on behalf of the Cardinal Cisneros seized the North African city, which was controlled by the Kingdom of Tlemcen (Zayyanid dynasty)."}, {"id": "Q728342", "label": "Pedro Navarro, Count of Oliveto", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Oran by the Spanish Empire took place on May 1509, when an army led by Pedro Navarro on behalf of the Cardinal Cisneros seized the North African city, which was controlled by the Kingdom of Tlemcen (Zayyanid dynasty)."}], "Q579936": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Charnwood was an Anglo-Canadian offensive that took place from 8 to 9 July 1944, during the Battle for Caen, part of the larger Operation Overlord (code-name for the Battle of Normandy) in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q2998523", "label": "Operation Jupiter", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies maintained the initiative and began Operation Jupiter the next day and Operation Goodwood and Operation Atlantic a week later, in which the rest of Caen was secured."}, {"id": "Q2165196", "label": "Operation Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies maintained the initiative and began Operation Jupiter the next day and Operation Goodwood and Operation Atlantic a week later, in which the rest of Caen was secured."}, {"id": "Q1361104", "label": "John Crocker", "section": "Background", "says": "The capture of Caen, while \"ambitious\", was the most important D-Day objective assigned to the British I Corps (Lieutenant-General Sir John Crocker)."}, {"id": "Q2643015", "label": "Operation Perch", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 June the British began Operation Perch, a pincer attack by I Corps and XXX Corps, to encircle Caen from the east and west flanks."}, {"id": "Q700710", "label": "Battle of Villers-Bocage", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Villers-Bocage, the 7th Armoured Division vanguard was ordered to retire and the Panzer-Lehr Division held its positions until XXX Corps captured Tilly-sur-Seulles on 19 June."}, {"id": "Q2348027", "label": "Operation Epsom", "section": "Background", "says": "The next British offensive, codenamed Operation Epsom, was launched by VIII Corps on 26 June, after Operation Martlet (also known as Operation Dauntles"}, {"id": "Q3139030", "label": "Operation Martlet", "section": "Background", "says": "The next British offensive, codenamed Operation Epsom, was launched by VIII Corps on 26 June, after Operation Martlet (also known as Operation Dauntles"}, {"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Miles Dempsey, in command of the British Second Army, was more concerned with the morale-boosting effect of the bombing on his troops, than any material losses it might inflict on the Germans."}], "Q582613": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory, also referred to as the Russo-Polish War of 1577–1582, took place in the final stage of the Livonian War, between 1577 and 1582."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory, also referred to as the Russo-Polish War of 1577–1582, took place in the final stage of the Livonian War, between 1577 and 1582."}, {"id": "Q1352878", "label": "Duchy of Livonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish–Lithuanian forces led by Stephen Báthory successfully fought against the army of Russian tsar Ivan IV (\"the Terrible\") over the Duchy of Livonia and Polotsk."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In the second half of the 16th century, several powers, including Poland, Lithuania, and Russia were engaged in the struggle over the control of the ports in the southern Baltic Sea (Dominium Maris Baltici)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russo-Lithuanian War of 1558–1570, in which Poland aided Lithuania (and in 1569 united with it forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), ended inconclusively with a three-year-long truce."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Polish king Sigismund II Augustus created a brief period in which Tsar Ivan IV of Russia contemplated taking part in the Polish royal election (see Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth), but eventually the Commonwealth elected Stephen Báthory of Poland to its throne, and the hostilities between Russia and the Commonwealth resumed."}], "Q604175": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "3 December] 1912, during the First Balkan War in the Aegean Sea, off at the entrance to the Dardanelles Strait and the island of Imbros, between Ottoman and Greek naval forces."}, {"id": "Q374655", "label": "Pavlos Kountouriotis", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, in which the Greeks, under the command of Pavlos Kountouriotis, consisted of one battleship cruiser, three pre-dreadnoughts, and four destroyers, while the Ottomans, under the command of Ramiz Numan Bey, consisted of two pre-dreadnoughts, two battleship corvettes, one cruiser, and four destroyers, was the largest naval engagement of the Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, in which the Greeks, under the command of Pavlos Kountouriotis, consisted of one battleship cruiser, three pre-dreadnoughts, and four destroyers, while the Ottomans, under the command of Ramiz Numan Bey, consisted of two pre-dreadnoughts, two battleship corvettes, one cruiser, and four destroyers, was the largest naval engagement of the Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 21, 1912, the Greek navy, most likely under the direction of Admiral Kunduriotis and Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, landed troops on Mytilene with permission from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 21, 1912, the Greek navy, most likely under the direction of Admiral Kunduriotis and Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, landed troops on Mytilene with permission from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q680301", "label": "Nazim Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 29, the acting Commander-in-Chief, Nazım Pasha, ordered the navy to immediately go to Çanakkale, that the main force should not operate until the Hamidiye joined, and that only destroyers should attack the Greek forces in front of the strait."}, {"id": "Q367350", "label": "Turgut Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "The next day, the battleships Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis, the destroyers Numûne-i Hamiyet, Gayret-i Vataniye, Samsun and Basra, the torpedo boats Demirhisar, Sultanhisar and Hamidabat, and the repair ship Tirimüjgan departed for Çanakkale."}], "Q6059603": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic prophet Muhammad, took 300 men, to Hijaz reaching to Buhran, where the Banu Sulaym fled in panic."}], "Q60614851": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident – an open assassination of a sitting public official – was unprecedented in Poland's history since World War II, according to the judge passing the sentence in the attacker's resulting murder case, and it shocked the Polish community."}], "Q61116375": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Skanderbeg's rebellion (Albanian: Kryengritja e Skënderbeut) was an almost 25-year long anti-Ottoman rebellion led by the Albanian military commander Skanderbeg in what is today Albania and North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 March 1444, the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire and established the League of Lezhë under Skanderbeg."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 March 1444, the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire and established the League of Lezhë under Skanderbeg."}, {"id": "Q463876", "label": "Lekë Dukagjini", "section": "lead", "says": "After Skanderbeg's death in 1468, the league would continue fighting under Lekë Dukagjini."}, {"id": "Q717820", "label": "Robert Elsie", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of the frequent conflicts between rival families in Albania during Skanderbeg's rebellion, particularly between Skanderbeg and Lekë Dukagjini, Albanian studies scholar Robert Elsie described the period as more of an Albanian civil war."}, {"id": "Q3301817", "label": "Gjergj Arianiti", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Skanderbeg reconciled with Lekë in 1453 and re-allied with Gjergj Arianiti in 1456."}, {"id": "Q37142", "label": "Konstantinos XI Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Successes of the crusaders inspired revolt of Skanderbeg and revolt of Constantine XI Palaiologos in the Despotate of the Morea."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "Background", "says": "In early November 1443, Skanderbeg deserted the forces of Sultan Murad II during the Battle of Nish, while fighting against the crusaders of John Hunyadi."}, {"id": "Q3339470", "label": "Battle of Niš", "section": "Background", "says": "In early November 1443, Skanderbeg deserted the forces of Sultan Murad II during the Battle of Nish, while fighting against the crusaders of John Hunyadi."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "Background", "says": "In early November 1443, Skanderbeg deserted the forces of Sultan Murad II during the Battle of Nish, while fighting against the crusaders of John Hunyadi."}], "Q6130091": [{"id": "Q324534", "label": "Laonikos Chalkokondyles", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Byzantines, there are Doukas and Laonikos Chalkokondyles; for the Genoese, Agostino Giustiniani."}], "Q619030": [{"id": "Q379277", "label": "Juba I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC) occurred near the Bagradas River (the classical name of the Medjerda) in what is now Tunisia on 24 August and was fought between Julius Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio and the Pompeian Republicans under Publius Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia."}, {"id": "Q473280", "label": "Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus", "section": "Background", "says": "Engaged in a civil war with the Roman general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and a hostile group of Republican senators, in 49 BC Julius Caesar sent a force to North Africa under the command of Gaius Scribonius Curio to deal with the Pompeian forces there."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "Engaged in a civil war with the Roman general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and a hostile group of Republican senators, in 49 BC Julius Caesar sent a force to North Africa under the command of Gaius Scribonius Curio to deal with the Pompeian forces there."}], "Q620222": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It was strategic withdrawal by Russian forces on the Eastern Front of World War I, after a successful summer German offensive."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was strategic withdrawal by Russian forces on the Eastern Front of World War I, after a successful summer German offensive."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The German armies were under the command of Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "The limited success of the Hindenburg's Army Group after the sieges of Kaunas and Novogeorgievsk forced the Chief of German Great General Staff, General of Infantry Erich von Falkenhayn, to make the final decision to curtail operations in the German Eastern front, especially since large regroupings of troops were necessary for the offensive against Serbia and strengthening the defense in France an"}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 27–28, 1915, Emperor Wilhelm II, at the insistence of Falkenhayn, issued a directive on the urgent construction of long-term defensive zones on the Eastern Front from the Baltic Sea in the area north of Mitava to the Narew river further to Kovel."}, {"id": "Q61015", "label": "Prince Leopold of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the army groups of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and August von Mackensen should continue the offensive solely with the aim of occupying positions more convenient for defense (bypassing from the north of Białowieża Forest), and the army group of Hindenburg - for \"causing a major defeat to the enemy\"."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the army groups of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and August von Mackensen should continue the offensive solely with the aim of occupying positions more convenient for defense (bypassing from the north of Białowieża Forest), and the army group of Hindenburg - for \"causing a major defeat to the enemy\"."}, {"id": "Q354108", "label": "Mikhail Alekseyev", "section": "Background", "says": "As early as August 17, the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander Nikolai Yanushkevich issued a decision on the division of the armies of the Northwestern Front despite the objections of the Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Alekseyev."}, {"id": "Q952851", "label": "Nikolai Ruzsky", "section": "Background", "says": "On the night of August 31, the directorates of the Northern Front were formed; General of Infantry Nikolai Ruzsky was appointed commander-in-chief, Major General M."}], "Q621827": [{"id": "Q336238", "label": "Kumba Ialá", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 April 2012, a coup d'état in Guinea-Bissau was staged by elements of the armed forces about two weeks before the second round of a presidential election between Carlos Gomes Júnior and Kumba Ialá."}, {"id": "Q57424", "label": "Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo", "section": "lead", "says": "Following international condemnation and sanctions against leaders of the junta, an agreement was signed that led to the third place candidate in the election, Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo, being selected as interim president."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The country has frequently featured military involvement in civil administration since independence from Portugal in 1974."}, {"id": "Q232796", "label": "Malam Bacai Sanhá", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of President Malam Bacai Sanhá on 9 January 2012, a new election was scheduled to be held within 90 days in accordance with the constitution."}, {"id": "Q1253", "label": "Ban Ki-moon", "section": "Background", "says": "In this regard, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called for a \"peaceful, orderly and transparent\" election."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "Background", "says": "The same day as the coup, the two Lusophone countries of Angola and Cape Verde agreed to review their defense cooperation agreements."}], "Q623641": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup d'état of December Twelfth or the 12·12 Military Insurrection (Korean: 12·12 군사 반란; Hanja: 十二十二軍事反亂) was a mutiny which took place on 12 December 1979, in South Korea, where a secret society of military officers known as Hanahoe led by Major General Chun Doo-hwan mutinied against the Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army General Jeong Seung-hwa."}, {"id": "Q14362", "label": "Chun Doo-hwan", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup d'état of December Twelfth or the 12·12 Military Insurrection (Korean: 12·12 군사 반란; Hanja: 十二十二軍事反亂) was a mutiny which took place on 12 December 1979, in South Korea, where a secret society of military officers known as Hanahoe led by Major General Chun Doo-hwan mutinied against the Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army General Jeong Seung-hwa."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "Background", "says": "The assassination of the 3rd President of South Korea, Park Chung Hee, on 26 October 1979 had thrown South Korea into a state of political turmoil."}, {"id": "Q313350", "label": "Choi Kyu-hah", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah immediately became acting President and declared a state of martial law across the nation with the exception of Jeju Province."}, {"id": "Q242651", "label": "Roh Tae-woo", "section": "Background", "says": "Jeong moved to reassign Chun, Roh Tae-woo, and other members of Hanahoe to less important posts to sideline them and prevent Hanahoe’s rise."}], "Q626762": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pułtusk took place on April 21, 1703 in Pułtusk during the Great Northern War."}], "Q640100": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The two battles of the Bruch (Spanish: Batallas del Bruch; Catalan: Batalles del Bruc) were engagements fought successively, at El Bruc, near Barcelona, Catalonia, on 6 and 14 June 1808, during the Peninsular War, by French troops commanded by Brigadier General François de Schwarz and General of Division Joseph Chabran against Spanish volunteers and mercenaries led by General Antoni Franch i Estal"}], "Q645920": [{"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 April 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban of Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Cause", "says": "Eight years earlier, Martin Luther was banned by the Holy Roman Empire at the Diet of Worms of 1521."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Cause", "says": "Emperor Charles V wanted to end the religious unrest between the Catholic majority and the evangelical minority at the Second Diet of Speyer."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Cause", "says": "He again let himself be represented by his brother Ferdinand, since he could not personally appear due to the ongoing war with France."}], "Q646895": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ostend was a three-year siege of the city of Ostend during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The loss of Ostend represented a significant strategic setback for the Dutch Republic and England, but the outcome of the siege also came at great cost to Spain."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "lead", "says": "In this regard, it has been described as a pyrrhic victory, as the financial burden contributed to Spain's bankruptcy in 1607, and led the subsequent Twelve Years' Truce."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "The tercios consisted of recruited soldiers of all domains of the Spanish Habsburg empire; Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Germans, Walloons, Swiss, Burgundians loyal to Spain, and dissident Catholic Irish, along with mercenaries from other countries."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "Background", "says": "The defending forces of Ostend were the army of the United Provinces, reorganized by Maurice of Nassau who also played a part in the development of early modern warfare."}], "Q652284": [{"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion ultimately played to the advantage of Somali President Siad Barre, whose regime saw a surge in domestic support."}], "Q653379": [{"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "Background", "says": "Casimir IV Jagiellon was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Casimir IV Jagiellon was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q53451", "label": "John I Albert", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, after his death in 1492, John I Albert was elected to the Polish throne, while the Lithuanian Council of Lords chose Alexander Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q53450", "label": "Alexander Jagiellon", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, after his death in 1492, John I Albert was elected to the Polish throne, while the Lithuanian Council of Lords chose Alexander Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1490s, Poland faced pressure from the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire, while Lithuania faced the Grand Principality of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1490s, Poland faced pressure from the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire, while Lithuania faced the Grand Principality of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1490s, Poland faced pressure from the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire, while Lithuania faced the Grand Principality of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Ivan III claimed that he inherited rights to all Russian and Orthodox lands after the fall of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1567698", "label": "Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "His ambitions led to beginnings of the century-long Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars."}], "Q663450": [{"id": "Q215480", "label": "Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krefeld (sometimes referred to by its French name of Créfeld, and as Creveld) was fought at Krefeld near the Rhine on 23 June 1758 between a German army under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and a French army under Count Louis of Clermont during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krefeld (sometimes referred to by its French name of Créfeld, and as Creveld) was fought at Krefeld near the Rhine on 23 June 1758 between a German army under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and a French army under Count Louis of Clermont during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hanoverian Army led by Ferdinand, the Duke of Brunswick and brother-in-law of Prussian King Frederick the Great, had driven the French led by the Comte de Clermont back across the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hanoverian Army led by Ferdinand, the Duke of Brunswick and brother-in-law of Prussian King Frederick the Great, had driven the French led by the Comte de Clermont back across the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q2889775", "label": "Battle of Rheinberg", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Rheinberg fought on 12 June proved indecisive."}], "Q663574": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ticonderoga was a minor confrontation at Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga) on July 26 and 27, 1759, during the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q453589", "label": "Louis-Joseph de Montcalm", "section": "lead", "says": "Rather than defend the fort, de Bourlamaque, operating under instructions from General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, withdrew his forces, and attempted to blow up the fort."}, {"id": "Q379812", "label": "James Wolfe", "section": "lead", "says": "The French tactics were sufficient to prevent Amherst's army from joining James Wolfe at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham."}, {"id": "Q311726", "label": "Battle of the Plains of Abraham", "section": "lead", "says": "The French tactics were sufficient to prevent Amherst's army from joining James Wolfe at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1759 campaign, French war planners directed most of their war resources into the European theater of the Seven Years' War."}], "Q672198": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sinsheim took place on 16 June 1674, near Sinsheim in modern Baden-Württemberg, then in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War, a French army under Marshall Turenne defeated an Imperial force led by Aeneas de Caprara."}, {"id": "Q255150", "label": "Aeneas de Caprara", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War, a French army under Marshall Turenne defeated an Imperial force led by Aeneas de Caprara."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began in May 1672, when a French army invaded the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q686601", "label": "Alexander von Bournonville", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 June 1674, Turenne intercepted a slightly larger Imperial detachment of around 8,500 men, on its way to join Alexander von Bournonville and their main army near Heidelberg."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the unexpected success of his offensive encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1673, the French army in the Rhineland under Turenne was faced by Imperial forces under Raimondo Montecuccoli who outmanoeuvred his opponent and helped the Dutch capture Bonn."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Facing war on multiple fronts, Louis relinquished most of his earlier gains to consolidate his position along the French border with the Spanish Netherlands and in the Rhineland."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark joined the anti-French coalition, followed by the February Treaty of Westminster, which ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}], "Q677121": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dessau Bridge (German: Schlacht bei Dessau) was a significant battle of the Thirty Years' War between Danish Protestants and the Imperial German Catholic forces on the Elbe River outside Dessau, Germany on 25 April 1626."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was an attempt by Ernst von Mansfeld to cross the Dessau bridge in order to invade the headquarters of the Imperial Army in Magdeburg, Germany."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Count of Tilly wanted control of the bridge in order to prevent King Christian IV of Denmark from having access to Kassel and to protect the Lower Saxon Circle."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial German forces of Albrecht von Wallenstein handily defeated the Protestant forces of Ernst von Mansfeld in this battle."}], "Q677892": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Freiberg was fought on 29 October 1762 and was the last great battle of the Third Silesian War (and of the wider Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Freiberg was fought on 29 October 1762 and was the last great battle of the Third Silesian War (and of the wider Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q50993", "label": "Prince Heinrich of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Henry of Prussia, younger brother of King Frederick II of Prussia, although commanding an army made up mostly of 'second line' troops and free battalions, decided to take the offensive against the Reichsarmy commanded by Prince Stolberg, who had the support of András Hadik's Austrian Corps."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Henry of Prussia, younger brother of King Frederick II of Prussia, although commanding an army made up mostly of 'second line' troops and free battalions, decided to take the offensive against the Reichsarmy commanded by Prince Stolberg, who had the support of András Hadik's Austrian Corps."}], "Q685805": [{"id": "Q1248722", "label": "Third Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bezzecca was fought on 21 July 1866 between Italy and Austria during the Third Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a victory of Italian volunteers, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, against Austrian forces and occurred during an Italian invasion of Trentino (began in late June)."}], "Q688969": [{"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bromberg (German: Vertrag von Bromberg, Latin: Pacta Bydgostensia) or Treaty of Bydgoszcz was a treaty between John II Casimir Vasa and Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia that was ratified at Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) on 6 November 1657."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bromberg (German: Vertrag von Bromberg, Latin: Pacta Bydgostensia) or Treaty of Bydgoszcz was a treaty between John II Casimir Vasa and Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia that was ratified at Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) on 6 November 1657."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "In exchange for military aid in the Second Northern War and the return of Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia) to Poland, the Polish-Lithuanian monarch granted the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg hereditary sovereignty in the Duchy of Prussia, pawned Draheim (Drahim) and Elbing (Elbląg) to Brandenburg and handed over Lauenburg and Bütow Land to the Hohenzollerns as a hereditary fief."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "In exchange for military aid in the Second Northern War and the return of Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia) to Poland, the Polish-Lithuanian monarch granted the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg hereditary sovereignty in the Duchy of Prussia, pawned Draheim (Drahim) and Elbing (Elbląg) to Brandenburg and handed over Lauenburg and Bütow Land to the Hohenzollerns as a hereditary fief."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "Context", "says": "On 4 June 1563, that provision was changed by King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus in a privilege issued at Petrikau, which, in addition to Albrecht's branch of the House of Hohenzollern (Hohenzollern-Ansbach), allowed the Brandenburg branch of the Hohenzollern as possible successors."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "Context", "says": "After fighting along with the Swedish Army in 1656, most prominently at the Battle of Warsaw, Hohenzollern Frederick William I was willing to abandon his ally when the war had turned against them and signalled his willingness to change sides if Polish King and Lithuanian Garnd Duke John II Casimir Vasa would grant him similar privileges as previously Swedish King Charles X Gustav, conditions that "}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Context", "says": "After fighting along with the Swedish Army in 1656, most prominently at the Battle of Warsaw, Hohenzollern Frederick William I was willing to abandon his ally when the war had turned against them and signalled his willingness to change sides if Polish King and Lithuanian Garnd Duke John II Casimir Vasa would grant him similar privileges as previously Swedish King Charles X Gustav, conditions that "}, {"id": "Q1502680", "label": "Truce of Vilna", "section": "Context", "says": "On 3 November 1656, the Truce of Vilna had promised Alexis of Russia's election as a successor on the Polish throne at the next diet in return for halting his offensive in Poland–Lithuania and to fight Sweden instead."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Context", "says": "On 3 November 1656, the Truce of Vilna had promised Alexis of Russia's election as a successor on the Polish throne at the next diet in return for halting his offensive in Poland–Lithuania and to fight Sweden instead."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Context", "says": "In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there was support for the treaty from the nobles, who hoped for positions with more privilege, but that was not true for the Kingdom of Poland, where the elites looked for ways to circumvent Alexis's succession."}], "Q688986": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hoyerswerda was a minor encounter of September 25, 1759 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) between Prussian and Austrian forces."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hoyerswerda was a minor encounter of September 25, 1759 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) between Prussian and Austrian forces."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following on from the calamitous Prussian defeat at Kunersdorf in August however, this small victory for Frederick the Great, taken together with the one fashioned at Korbitz four days earlier by Friedrich August von Finck, no doubt proved a timely tonic to his fragile confidence."}, {"id": "Q72350", "label": "Friedrich August von Finck", "section": "lead", "says": "Following on from the calamitous Prussian defeat at Kunersdorf in August however, this small victory for Frederick the Great, taken together with the one fashioned at Korbitz four days earlier by Friedrich August von Finck, no doubt proved a timely tonic to his fragile confidence."}], "Q689374": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trautenau (German: Schlacht bei Trautenau) or Battle of Trutnov was fought on 27 June 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War."}], "Q689490": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandfontein was fought between the Union Defence Force of South Africa and the German Empire  on 26 September 1914 at Sandfontein, during the first stage of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandfontein was fought between the Union Defence Force of South Africa and the German Empire  on 26 September 1914 at Sandfontein, during the first stage of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q1723036", "label": "West Africa Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandfontein was fought between the Union Defence Force of South Africa and the German Empire  on 26 September 1914 at Sandfontein, during the first stage of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandfontein was fought between the Union Defence Force of South Africa and the German Empire  on 26 September 1914 at Sandfontein, during the first stage of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q159397", "label": "Louis Botha", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, prime minister Louis Botha found himself in the middle of a confrontation between pro-British loyalists supporting full involvement in the war and Afrikaner nationalists advocating neutrality."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "German colonial troops in South West Africa numbered 140 officers, 2,000 regulars, and 2,500 reservists organized into eight mounted companies, a single camel corp, four field batteries, and an air wing."}, {"id": "Q16512674", "label": "Herero Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The majority of the German army consisted of non Askaris, as the Germans were resented by the African population due to their conduct during the Herero Wars."}], "Q691729": [{"id": "Q544090", "label": "Battle of Cape Matapan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Matapan, also known as the Battle of Cape Matapan, was a naval battle in the Laconian Gulf, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Ottoman Empire on 19 July 1717, off Cape Matapan in southern Greece."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Matapan, also known as the Battle of Cape Matapan, was a naval battle in the Laconian Gulf, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Ottoman Empire on 19 July 1717, off Cape Matapan in southern Greece."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Matapan, also known as the Battle of Cape Matapan, was a naval battle in the Laconian Gulf, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Ottoman Empire on 19 July 1717, off Cape Matapan in southern Greece."}], "Q692137": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The landing at Kip's Bay was a British amphibious landing carried out on September 15, 1776 during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The flight of American troops was so rapid that General George Washington, who was attempting to rally them, was left exposed dangerously close to British lines."}, {"id": "Q622130", "label": "Israel Putnam", "section": "Background", "says": "Anticipating that the British would next attack New York, General George Washington moved his army there to assist General Israel Putnam in the defensive preparations, a task complicated by the large number of potential landing sites for a British force."}, {"id": "Q862751", "label": "Battle of Long Island", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 27, Howe successfully flanked Washington's defenses in the Battle of Long Island, leaving Washington in a precarious position on the narrow Brooklyn Heights, with the British Army in front and the East River behind him."}, {"id": "Q390992", "label": "Charles Lee", "section": "Background", "says": "Leadership was questioned in the ranks, with soldiers openly wishing for the return of the colorful and charismatic General Charles Lee."}], "Q694068": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fraustadt was fought on 2 February 1706 (O.S.) / 3 February 1706 (Swedish calendar) / 13 February 1706 (N.S.) near Fraustadt, now Wschowa, Poland, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q70910", "label": "Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld defeated a larger Saxon–Russian force commanded by Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, consisting of troops from Saxony, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, German mercenaries, and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld defeated a larger Saxon–Russian force commanded by Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, consisting of troops from Saxony, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, German mercenaries, and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q704762", "label": "Battle of Klissow", "section": "Background", "says": "After the victory at the Battle of Kliszów in July 1702, Charles XII negotiated to depose August II from the throne of Poland, but to no avail."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "The strength of the Swedish army, combined with August's agreement with Tsar Peter I, caused many Polish nobles to defect to the pro-Swedish opposition."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1704, August was declared no longer king of Poland, and in July of the same year Stanisław Leszczyński was elected king."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "Background", "says": "In early March 1705, the Russian field marshal Boris Sheremetev organized a meeting with the Saxon general Otto Arnold von Paykull to agree on a joint plan of action to defeat Charles XII."}, {"id": "Q705427", "label": "Johann Reinhold von Patkul", "section": "Background", "says": "The basis of the strategy was a plan drawn up by the nobleman Johann Patkul as early as 1703, which included a combined attack that would neutralize the Swedish army."}], "Q694122": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "19 February] 1714 at the villages of Napue and Laurola, located in the Isokyrö parish of the Swedish Empire (modern-day Finland)."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia and was the final land battle of the Finnish campaign in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia and was the final land battle of the Finnish campaign in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q2578587", "label": "Greater Wrath", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, all of Finland fell under Russian military occupation for the remainder of the war—a seven-year period of hardship known in Finland as the Great Wrath."}], "Q694416": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brześć Litewski (also known as the siege of Brześć, the battle of Brest-Litovsk or simply the battle of Brześć) was a World War II battle involving German and Polish forces that took place between 14 and 17 September 1939, near the town of Brześć Litewski, Poland (now Brest, Belarus)."}], "Q698176": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Vienna, also known as the First Treaty of Vienna, was a series of four treaties signed between 30 April 1725 and 5 November 1725 involving the Habsburg Monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire (on behalf of Austria), and Bourbon Spain."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A new military alliance was formed, with the Russian Empire joining later in 1726."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "This Viennese alliance caused Austria to withdraw from the Quadruple Alliance, resulting in a diplomatic shift which led other great powers to coalesce into the Hanoverian Alliance months later in September."}], "Q700156": [{"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Arras was concluded at Arras on 23 December 1482 between King Louis XI of France and Archduke Maximilian I of Austria."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Arras was concluded at Arras on 23 December 1482 between King Louis XI of France and Archduke Maximilian I of Austria."}, {"id": "Q2209960", "label": "War of the Burgundian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the first phase of the War of the Burgundian Succession, which had broken out in 1477 over the Burgundian inheritance, a collection of Valois-Burgundy domains that included the Burgundian Netherlands and several other possessions of the House of Valois-Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the first phase of the War of the Burgundian Succession, which had broken out in 1477 over the Burgundian inheritance, a collection of Valois-Burgundy domains that included the Burgundian Netherlands and several other possessions of the House of Valois-Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "Context", "says": "The dukes from the House of Valois-Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal House of Valois, had ruled over a significant amount of territories on both sides of the border between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Context", "says": "The dukes from the House of Valois-Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal House of Valois, had ruled over a significant amount of territories on both sides of the border between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "The dukes from the House of Valois-Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal House of Valois, had ruled over a significant amount of territories on both sides of the border between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "Context", "says": "When the last Burgundian duke, Charles the Bold, died at the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477 and left no sons, his daughter Mary of Burgundy claimed all of her father's lands."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "Context", "says": "When the last Burgundian duke, Charles the Bold, died at the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477 and left no sons, his daughter Mary of Burgundy claimed all of her father's lands."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "Context", "says": "That was opposed by the French king, who decided to take possession over those domains of the late duke that belonged to the French realm, including Duchy of Burgundy, County of Vermandois, County of Boulogne, County of Artois, County of Flanders and some other regions."}], "Q700327": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking was a treaty signed on 1 December 1887 between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "Regarded by China as one of the unequal treaties concluded following the Second Opium War, it granted Portugal perpetual colonial rights over Macau in exchange for its cooperation in curbing the smuggling of opium."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Regarded by China as one of the unequal treaties concluded following the Second Opium War, it granted Portugal perpetual colonial rights over Macau in exchange for its cooperation in curbing the smuggling of opium."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "4th.—Portugal engages to cooperate in opium revenue work at Macao in the same way as England at Hong Kong."}], "Q700499": [{"id": "Q706485", "label": "Shunroku Hata", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign or the Chekiang–Kiangsi campaign (Japanese: 浙贛作戦, simplified Chinese: 浙赣战役; traditional Chinese: 浙赣戰役; pinyin: Zhè-Gàn Zhànyì), also known as Operation Sei-go (Japanese: せ号作戦), was a campaign by the China Expeditionary Army of the Imperial Japanese Army under Shunroku Hata and Chinese 3rd War Area forces under Gu Zhutong in Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi fr"}, {"id": "Q698079", "label": "Gu Zhutong", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign or the Chekiang–Kiangsi campaign (Japanese: 浙贛作戦, simplified Chinese: 浙赣战役; traditional Chinese: 浙赣戰役; pinyin: Zhè-Gàn Zhànyì), also known as Operation Sei-go (Japanese: せ号作戦), was a campaign by the China Expeditionary Army of the Imperial Japanese Army under Shunroku Hata and Chinese 3rd War Area forces under Gu Zhutong in Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi fr"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 18, 1942, the United States launched the Doolittle Raid, an attack by 16 B-25 Mitchell bombers from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet on Tokyo, Nagoya, and Yokohama."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Because the raid had to be launched earlier than planned, all but one of the aircraft (which against orders diverted to the Soviet Union) ran out of fuel and crashed in the Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi or their offshore islands."}], "Q700883": [{"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tianjin (Chinese: 中法新約), signed on June 9, 1885, officially ended the Sino-French War."}, {"id": "Q47842", "label": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1884, alarmed by Japanese ambitions in Korea, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered her ministers to extricate China from the undeclared war with France that had broken out on 23 August."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "Background", "says": "A comprehensive peace treaty in ten articles, based on the provisions of the Tianjin Accord of May 11, 1884, was signed at Tianjin on June 9, 1885, by Li Hongzhang on behalf of China and by Jules Patenôtre on behalf of France."}], "Q701808": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Castiglione took place near Castiglione delle Stiviere in Lombardy, Italy on 9 September 1706 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of 1705, France and its allies controlled most of Northern Italy, as well as the Savoyard territories of Villefranche and the County of Savoy, now in modern-day France."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial army in Italy was substantially reinforced, with England and the Dutch Republic financing an army of 20,000 German auxiliaries, which included an additional 10,000 troops from Hesse-Kassel as well as renewing an existing agreement with Prussia."}, {"id": "Q693282", "label": "Siege of Turin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Siege of Turin continued and although the Hessians had not yet arrived, by mid-July Prince Eugene could no longer delay marching to its relief."}, {"id": "Q155596", "label": "Philippe II, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "The new French commander in Italy, Louis XIV's nephew Philippe II, Duke of Orléans followed him, leaving Médavy and 23,000 men to guard the Alpine passes."}], "Q704333": [{"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Macau in 1622 was a conflict of the Dutch–Portuguese War fought in the Portuguese settlement of Macau, in southeastern China."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "When Philip II of Spain became King of Portugal after the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis, Portuguese colonies came under attack from Spain's enemies, especially the Dutch and the English, who were also hoping to expand their overseas empires."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "When Philip II of Spain became King of Portugal after the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis, Portuguese colonies came under attack from Spain's enemies, especially the Dutch and the English, who were also hoping to expand their overseas empires."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The fall of Macau would also leave the Spaniards in the Philippines without means of support and make it easier for the Dutch to mount an attack on Manila."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Macau's defenses in 1622 consisted of a few batteries, one at the west end of the Macau Peninsula (later site of the Fort São Tiago da Barra), and one at each end of the southern bay of Praia Grande (São Francisco on the east and Bom Parto on the west), plus a half-completed Fortaleza do Monte that overlooked the Cathedral of St."}, {"id": "Q470856", "label": "Jan Pieterszoon Coen", "section": "Background", "says": "Judging by these intercepted letters and information available from Japan, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Jan Pieterszoon Coen considered that Macau was not in a position to resist a serious attack, and set his invasion plan in motion."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the invasion, the Portuguese authorities, aware of the territory’s lack of artillery and the imminence of the Dutch attack, sought help from Spanish East Indies in the name of Iberian Union."}], "Q7045496": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Noakhali riots were a series of semi-organised massacres, rapes, and abductions of Hindus, combined with looting and arson of Hindu properties, perpetrated by Muslim mobs in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of the eastern part of British Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) from October to November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule."}, {"id": "Q1001", "label": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "lead", "says": "Mahatma Gandhi camped in Noakhali for four months and toured the district on a mission to restore peace and communal harmony."}, {"id": "Q2096814", "label": "Direct Action Day", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Direct Action Day riots in Kolkata, Husseini began delivering provocative speeches, inciting the Muslim masses to seek revenge for the Kolkata riots."}], "Q782474": [{"id": "Q297812", "label": "François Tombalbaye", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial rebellion erupted in opposition to Chadian President François Tombalbaye, whose regime was marked by authoritarianism, extreme corruption, and favoritism."}, {"id": "Q365169", "label": "Félix Malloum", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1975 Tombalbaye was murdered by his own army, and a military government headed by Félix Malloum emerged and continued the war against the insurgents."}], "Q7837154": [{"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Montgomery was an Anglo-Welsh treaty signed on 29 September 1267 in Montgomeryshire by which Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was acknowledged as Prince of Wales by King Henry III of England (r."}], "Q783792": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of St Quentin Canal was a pivotal battle of World War I that began on 29 September 1918 and involved British, Australian and American forces operating as part of the British Fourth Army under the overall command of General Sir Henry Rawlinson."}, {"id": "Q2731333", "label": "John Monash", "section": "Background", "says": "Rawlinson wanted the Australian Corps, under the command of Lieutenant General Sir John Monash, with its well-earned reputation, to spearhead the attack."}], "Q793922": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Champion Hill, also known as the Battle of Champion's Hill and the Battle of Baker's Creek, of May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War (1861–1865)."}, {"id": "Q1066253", "label": "Siege of Vicksburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Pemberton and defeated it twenty miles to the east of Vicksburg, Mississippi, leading inevitably to the Siege of Vicksburg and surrender."}], "Q794695": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Big Bethel, also known as the Battle of Bethel Church or Great Bethel, was one of the earliest land battles of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q817488", "label": "Benjamin Franklin Butler", "section": "lead", "says": "This garrison was commanded by Major General Benjamin Butler, a former Massachusetts lawyer and politician, who established a new camp at nearby Hampton and another at Newport News."}, {"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Magruder subsequently withdrew to Yorktown and his defensive line along the Warwick River, he had won a propaganda victory, and local Union forces attempted no further significant advance until the Peninsula Campaign of 1862."}], "Q7971587": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, was the first move in a complex and surprise military maneuver organized by George Washington, the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, which culminated in their attack on Hessian forces garrisoned at Trenton."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, was the first move in a complex and surprise military maneuver organized by George Washington, the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, which culminated in their attack on Hessian forces garrisoned at Trenton."}, {"id": "Q653664", "label": "Battle of Trenton", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington and his troops successfully attacked the Hessian forces in the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776."}, {"id": "Q875270", "label": "Johann Rall", "section": "lead", "says": "Other planned crossings in support of the operation were either called off or ineffective, but this did not prevent Washington from surprising and defeating the Hessian troops encamped in Trenton under the command of Johann Rall."}], "Q815112": [{"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "In 1260, Baybars, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria, began to threaten the Principality of Antioch, a Crusader state, which (as a vassal of the Armenians) had supported the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q49979", "label": "Steven Runciman", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "As Steven Runciman relates in his last book about the Crusades, decades before the siege of Antioch (1268), prince Bohemond IV of Antioch had settled his court in the city of Tripoli, capital of his other state, the County of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "As Steven Runciman relates in his last book about the Crusades, decades before the siege of Antioch (1268), prince Bohemond IV of Antioch had settled his court in the city of Tripoli, capital of his other state, the County of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q349097", "label": "Bohemond IV of Antioch", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "As Steven Runciman relates in his last book about the Crusades, decades before the siege of Antioch (1268), prince Bohemond IV of Antioch had settled his court in the city of Tripoli, capital of his other state, the County of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "As Steven Runciman relates in his last book about the Crusades, decades before the siege of Antioch (1268), prince Bohemond IV of Antioch had settled his court in the city of Tripoli, capital of his other state, the County of Tripoli."}], "Q815165": [{"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lucknow was the prolonged defence of the British Residency within the city of Lucknow from rebel sepoys (Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's Army) during the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q58275", "label": "Henry Montgomery Lawrence", "section": "Background to the siege", "says": "He behaved tactlessly, and Sir Henry Lawrence, a very experienced administrator, took up the appointment only six weeks before the rebellion broke out."}], "Q815179": [{"id": "Q61030", "label": "Karl von Bülow", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 21 August, General Karl von Bülow ordered the 1st Army (General Alexander von Kluck) to veer southwards towards Maubeuge."}, {"id": "Q60252", "label": "Alexander von Kluck", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 21 August, General Karl von Bülow ordered the 1st Army (General Alexander von Kluck) to veer southwards towards Maubeuge."}, {"id": "Q62716", "label": "Karl von Einem", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bulow made General Karl von Einem responsible for the investment of Maubeuge, with the VII Corps (less the 14th Division), VII Reserve Corps (less the 13th Reserve Division), IX Corps and the artillery and siege units released by the end of the Siege of Namur."}], "Q815203": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Rouen (29 July 1418 – 19 January 1419) was a major event in the Hundred Years' War, in which English forces loyal to Henry V captured Rouen, the capital of Normandy, from the Norman French."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Rouen (29 July 1418 – 19 January 1419) was a major event in the Hundred Years' War, in which English forces loyal to Henry V captured Rouen, the capital of Normandy, from the Norman French."}], "Q815207": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Silistria, or siege of Silistra, was a key engagement in the Crimean War, fought from 11 May to 23 June 1854 between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in present-day Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Silistria, or siege of Silistra, was a key engagement in the Crimean War, fought from 11 May to 23 June 1854 between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in present-day Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Silistria, or siege of Silistra, was a key engagement in the Crimean War, fought from 11 May to 23 June 1854 between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in present-day Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Silistria, or siege of Silistra, was a key engagement in the Crimean War, fought from 11 May to 23 June 1854 between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in present-day Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q126656", "label": "Ivan Paskevich", "section": "lead", "says": "Orders to retreat were issued by Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich following imperial instructions from Nicholas I of Russia, who had resisted calls for evacuation until faced with isolation and a growing Allied threat."}, {"id": "Q130734", "label": "Nicholas I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Orders to retreat were issued by Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich following imperial instructions from Nicholas I of Russia, who had resisted calls for evacuation until faced with isolation and a growing Allied threat."}, {"id": "Q521500", "label": "Alexander von Lüders", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east, a 50,000-strong force under General Alexander von Lüders advanced from Bessarabia into Dobruja, seizing several key positions between 23 and 29 March."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the east, a 50,000-strong force under General Alexander von Lüders advanced from Bessarabia into Dobruja, seizing several key positions between 23 and 29 March."}, {"id": "Q661233", "label": "Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The central Russian army group under Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov moved toward Silistria, with the aim of capturing the fortress."}], "Q815213": [{"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Syracuse from 877 to 878 led to the fall of the city of Syracuse, the Byzantine capital of Sicily, to the Aghlabids."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "In 875, a new and energetic governor, Ja'far ibn Muhammad, was appointed, determined to capture the city."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "Background", "says": "He appointed a new governor for the island, Ja'far ibn Muhammad, and sent a fleet from the Aghlabid metropolis of Ifriqiya to assist the local Sicilian troops."}], "Q816220": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The perpetrators,  John Allen Muhammad (41 years old at the time) and Lee Boyd Malvo (17), traveled in a blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice sedan."}], "Q82962": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The First M23 rebellion was an armed conflict in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, that occurred between the March 23 Movement (M23) rebel group and Congolese government forces between 4 April 2012 and 7 November 2013."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was part of continued fighting in the region after the formal end of the Second Congo War in 2003."}], "Q83002": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of al-Faw was a battle of the Iran–Iraq War, fought on the al-Faw peninsula between 10 February and 10 March 1986."}, {"id": "Q6135267", "label": "Operation Dawn 8", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 February 1986, Iran launched Operation Dawn 8, a sophisticated and carefully planned amphibious assault across the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud) river against the Iraqi troops defending the strategic al-Faw peninsula, which connects Iraq to the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of al-Faw was a major success for Iran who now held an important strategic position, but worried other states in the region, primarily in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, who increased their support for Iraq."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle damaged the prestige of Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi government, who began extensively improving defenses for the threatened major city of Basra."}], "Q836310": [{"id": "Q3916279", "label": "Portuguese Macau", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests were partially inspired by successful anti-colonial demonstrations in Portuguese Macau which had occurred a few months prior."}, {"id": "Q1439869", "label": "David Trench", "section": "lead", "says": "As many of the bombs were made in pro–Chinese Communist Party (CCP) schools, then governor David Trench decided to close those schools and ban pro-CCP publications in the colony."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests occurred against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution taking place in the People's Republic of China (mainland China), with many of the protesters harbouring leftist views and sympathies toward the CCP."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests occurred against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution taking place in the People's Republic of China (mainland China), with many of the protesters harbouring leftist views and sympathies toward the CCP."}, {"id": "Q1054923", "label": "British Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "After the riots, the British Hong Kong government publicly reflected on its failure to address certain social grievances and carried out major social reforms."}], "Q83780345": [{"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' \"Final Solution\" to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive."}, {"id": "Q159065", "label": "Vistula–Oder Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' \"Final Solution\" to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1940 and 1945, about 1.3 million people (mostly Jews) were deported to Auschwitz by Nazi Germany; 1.1 million were murdered."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Red Army had already liberated concentration camps in the Baltic area in early- to mid-1944, and other concentration camps continued to be liberated until the German surrender and the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945."}], "Q840790": [{"id": "Q239260", "label": "Pyotr Bagration", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Avoiding French envelopment attempts at the beginning of the invasion, the Russian Second Western Army under Prince Pyotr Bagration was ordered on 7 July to join, via Mogilev, the First Western Army of Barclay de Tolly."}], "Q853668": [{"id": "Q874283", "label": "Latin League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trifanum was fought in 340 BC between the Roman Republic and the Latin League."}, {"id": "Q571269", "label": "Battle of Vesuvius", "section": "lead", "says": "He pursued the Latins to the north following the Battle of Vesuvius and met them at Trifanum near the mouth of the Liri River."}], "Q885019": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Queen was an American operation during World War II on the Western Front at the German Siegfried Line."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing Battle of the Bulge led to the immediate cessation of Allied offensive efforts into Germany until February 1945."}, {"id": "Q60045", "label": "Albert Speer", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the increasing Allied bombing campaign and the loss of territories and factories, Germany reached its peak of wartime production in the autumn of 1944, after the reforms of Albert Speer and the increased use of forced labour."}, {"id": "Q61403", "label": "Gustav-Adolf von Zangen", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies, therefore, faced two armies: the 15th army under the command of General der Infanterie Gustav-Adolf von Zangen which was positioned in the Hürtgen Forest; and the 7th Army under the command of General der Panzertruppe Erich Brandenberger was positioned in the north in the Roer plains."}, {"id": "Q60898", "label": "Erich Brandenberger", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies, therefore, faced two armies: the 15th army under the command of General der Infanterie Gustav-Adolf von Zangen which was positioned in the Hürtgen Forest; and the 7th Army under the command of General der Panzertruppe Erich Brandenberger was positioned in the north in the Roer plains."}], "Q113482948": [{"id": "Q54964679", "label": "Valerii Zaluzhnyi", "section": "Cause", "says": "On 7 September 2022, Ukrainian commander-in-chief Valerii Zaluzhnyi said that it had been a missile strike by Ukraine."}], "Q1140266": [{"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Elmina was a military engagement of the Dutch-Portuguese War, fought near the  castle of São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) in the Portuguese Gold Coast in 1625."}], "Q114643080": [{"id": "Q58682", "label": "Tank Man", "section": "lead", "says": "1974), has been dubbed Bridge Man or Banner Man in reference to Tank Man."}, {"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "Background", "says": "This protest against Xi Jinping and his policies was rare, as it came just days before the start of the CCP National Congress, a period during which the authorities imposed extremely tight control over protests and dissent."}], "Q1149869": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Westport was a battle of the American Civil War fought on October 23, 1864, in modern Kansas City, Missouri."}, {"id": "Q532248", "label": "Sterling Price", "section": "lead", "says": "Curtis decisively defeated an outnumbered Confederate force under Major General Sterling Price, forcing his army to retreat and marking the turning point of his Missouri Expedition."}], "Q1150374": [{"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "Yi Province would serve as the foundation of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan invited Liu Bei to take Yi Province with him, but the latter strongly rebutted the former, saying: \"if you're going to conquer the land of Shu, I will loosen my hair and become a hermit in the deep hills."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "Background", "says": "In 211, Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province, heard that Cao Cao was planning to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery."}, {"id": "Q197259", "label": "Zhang Lu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 211, Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province, heard that Cao Cao was planning to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery."}], "Q115124248": [{"id": "Q16728456", "label": "Debretsion Gebremichael", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 September, TPLF chairperson Debretsion Gebremichael sent a letter to the UN making a request for peace."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "Return to the constitutionally recognized borders of Tigray as they stood prior to the outbreak of hostilities in November 2020.\"\nOn 5 October, both the Ethiopian government and Tigrayan rebel forces accepted an invitation by the AU to have peace talks in South Africa, initially scheduled to take place between 7–8 October."}], "Q1160074": [{"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "Background", "says": "Several kingdoms in the Levant ceased to pay taxes to the Assyrian king Sennacherib."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "Background", "says": "In retribution, he initiated a campaign to re-subjugate the rebelling kingdoms, among them the Kingdom of Judah."}], "Q1169274": [{"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick had achieved the diplomatic recovery of the city of Jerusalem during the Sixth Crusade, reversed papal incursions against his rule in southern Italy in the War of the Keys, consolidated his highly centralized rule in the Kingdom of Sicily, defeated the rebellion of his son Henry (VII), restored royal authority in Germany and reconciled the Welfs to Hohenstaufen power, acquired direct aut"}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick had achieved the diplomatic recovery of the city of Jerusalem during the Sixth Crusade, reversed papal incursions against his rule in southern Italy in the War of the Keys, consolidated his highly centralized rule in the Kingdom of Sicily, defeated the rebellion of his son Henry (VII), restored royal authority in Germany and reconciled the Welfs to Hohenstaufen power, acquired direct aut"}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lombard communes represented the principal political and military barrier to the extension of effective imperial authority across northern Italy, while Pope Gregory IX increasingly regarded their survival as essential to the balance of power on the peninsula."}], "Q11703010": [{"id": "Q454265", "label": "Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Revolution of 1854, also known by the name Vicalvarada, started with a confrontation between rebel troops under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan and government troops near the village of Vicálvaro."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "This incident was followed by a military coup and a popular uprising, which occurred between 28 June and 28 July 1854, during the reign of Isabella II of Spain."}], "Q11710470": [{"id": "Q379723", "label": "Nogai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by Talabuga Khan and Nogai Khan in 1287–1288."}], "Q11710528": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by General Boroldai (Burundai) of the Golden Horde in 1259–1260."}], "Q1186733": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Patricio was fought on February 27, 1836, between Texian rebels and the Mexican army, during the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1135419", "label": "José de Urrea", "section": "lead", "says": "Unbeknownst to the Texians, on February 18 Mexican General José de Urrea had led a large contingent of troops from Matamoros into Texas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Texas provisional government had named Sam Houston the commander of a new regular army in Texas, but without authority over the volunteers who reported to Johnson."}], "Q1187406": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Graus was a battle of the Reconquista, traditionally said to have taken place on 8 May 1063."}, {"id": "Q379792", "label": "Ramiro I of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Either in or as a result of the battle, King Ramiro I of Aragon died."}, {"id": "Q296863", "label": "Ferdinand I of León and Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "Ramiro's first attempt to take Graus, the northernmost Muslim outpost in the valley of the Cinca, took place in 1055, probably in response to the defeat of García Sánchez III of Navarre at Atapuerca the year before (1054), which placed Ferdinand I of León and Castile in a commanding position against Ramiro's western border and the Muslim Taifa of Zaragoza to his south."}, {"id": "Q33061", "label": "Taifa of Zaragoza", "section": "lead", "says": "Ramiro's first attempt to take Graus, the northernmost Muslim outpost in the valley of the Cinca, took place in 1055, probably in response to the defeat of García Sánchez III of Navarre at Atapuerca the year before (1054), which placed Ferdinand I of León and Castile in a commanding position against Ramiro's western border and the Muslim Taifa of Zaragoza to his south."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "His first expedition against Graus failed, and in 1059 Ferdinand succeeded in extorting parias (tribute) from Zaragoza."}, {"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "lead", "says": "Ramiro marched on Graus again in the spring of 1063, but this time the Zaragozans had with them 300 Castilian knights under the infante Sancho the Strong and (possibly) his general Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, better known as El Cid."}, {"id": "Q708843", "label": "Reinhart Dozy", "section": "lead", "says": "Reinhart Dozy argued that Ramiro survived four months after the battle and that neither the Cid nor Sancho took any part in it."}], "Q118906917": [{"id": "Q37181", "label": "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva", "section": "lead", "says": "During and after the 2022 Brazilian general election, a network of members of former president Jair Bolsonaro's government and of the Brazilian Armed Forces planned to subvert the transition of power to newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, arrest Supreme Federal Court (STF) justice Alexandre de Moraes and Federal Senate president Rodrigo Pacheco, and shut down several government inst"}, {"id": "Q10304982", "label": "Jair Bolsonaro", "section": "lead", "says": "The trial of the leadership group took place between 2 and 11 September 2025 before the First Panel of the Supreme Federal Court and resulted in the conviction of all the defendants, with Jair Bolsonaro being sentenced to 27 years and 3 months in prison."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in July 2025, the Trump administration in the United States began openly clashing with Brazilian authorities, claiming Bolsonaro was the victim of a witch hunt without presenting solid grounds."}], "Q11924841": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Within this war, a series of battles occurred and plundering was carried out by the Goths and their allies in the eastern territory of the Roman Empire, specifically in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q1817", "label": "Philip the Arab", "section": "lead", "says": "With the cessation of the payment of tribute previously made by the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r."}, {"id": "Q273253", "label": "Herennius Etruscus", "section": "lead", "says": "249–251) and his co-emperor Herennius Etruscus (r."}, {"id": "Q171023", "label": "Trebonianus Gallus", "section": "lead", "says": "The imperial successor Trebonianus Gallus (r."}, {"id": "Q177980", "label": "Aemilian", "section": "lead", "says": "251–253) pledged to pay an annual tribute if the invaders left, however, he did not keep his promise, which provoked new attacks in 253, although the governor and future emperor Aemilianus (r."}, {"id": "Q1769", "label": "Severus Alexander", "section": "Background", "says": "Two factors can be distinguished that contributed to the growing discontent of the population living north of the Danube during the 3rd century, which culminated in the outbreak of the Gothic War: The first and most important was that since the time of Severus Alexander (r."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "Background", "says": "Subsequently, in the spring of 238, groups of warriors of this same people, generically referred to as Scythians, crossed the lands of the Carpiani, Dacians, and invaded Lower Moesia, where they captured and plundered the city of Istros."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "Background", "says": "244–249), who, emboldened by his political successes, specifically in relation to the Sassanid Empire of Shapur I (r."}, {"id": "Q1777", "label": "Maximinus Thrax", "section": "Background", "says": "240, 242–272), decided to review the situation of the Germanic tribes and resolved to stop paying the annual tributes established in 238 by Maximinus Thrax (r."}], "Q119625147": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, which commenced with the Soviet Kerch-Feodosia Landing Operation (Russian: Керченско-Феодосийская десантная операция, romanized: Kerchensko-Feodosiyskaya desantnaya operatsiya) and ended with the German Operation Bustard Hunt (German: Unternehmen Trappenjagd), was a World War II battle between Erich von Manstein's German and Romanian 11th Army and the Soviet Crim"}, {"id": "Q48149", "label": "Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The plan was drawn up by the Transcaucasian Front's chief of staff General-Major Fyodor Tolbukhin."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The mass of Sponeck's units had been transferred for the assault on Sevastopol and he had only the 46th Infantry Division under Lieutenant General Kurt Himer who had assumed his command on 17 December, two coastal artillery battalions equipped with obsolete World War I artillery pieces, a combat engineer regiment and a Luftwaffe anti-aircraft battalion."}], "Q1200808": [{"id": "Q2991012", "label": "Earl of Desmond", "section": "lead", "says": "They were rebellions by the Earl of Desmond, the head of the FitzGerald dynasty in Munster, and his followers, the Geraldines and their allies, against the threat of the extension of the English government over the province."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Causes", "says": "Elizabeth I summoned the heads of both houses to London to explain their actions."}], "Q1205096": [{"id": "Q1078359", "label": "Battle of Yamen", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat devastated the Southern Song dynasty, which collapsed several years later at the Battle of Yamen."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Lü Wenhuan, commander-in-chief of the Southern Song dynasty, surrendered to Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan in 1273."}, {"id": "Q334398", "label": "Yue Fei", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1133, the famous Song general Yue Fei led many successful campaigns against the Jin dynasty, in the Xiangyang area."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Xiangyang surrendered to the army of the Mongol Empire without resistance in 1236."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The sudden death of Möngke Khan forced the imperial army of the Mongol Empire to withdraw from the Song territory in 1259–60."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1260, Kublai Khan was proclaimed successor to the throne after the death of his brother Möngke, as was his youngest brother Ariq Böke."}], "Q12136088": [{"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Citadel (German: Unternehmen Zitadelle) was the German offensive operation in July 1943 against Soviet forces in the Kursk salient, proposed by Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein during the Second World War on the Eastern Front that initiated the Battle of Kursk."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Citadel (German: Unternehmen Zitadelle) was the German offensive operation in July 1943 against Soviet forces in the Kursk salient, proposed by Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein during the Second World War on the Eastern Front that initiated the Battle of Kursk."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Citadel (German: Unternehmen Zitadelle) was the German offensive operation in July 1943 against Soviet forces in the Kursk salient, proposed by Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein during the Second World War on the Eastern Front that initiated the Battle of Kursk."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Allied invasion of Sicily began, Adolf Hitler was forced to divert troops training in France to meet the Allied threats in the Mediterranean, rather than use them as a strategic reserve for the Eastern Front."}], "Q12244179": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sufetula (Arabic: معركة سبيطلة, romanized: Ma'rakat Sbeitla) took place in 647 between the Arab Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Exarchate of Africa was in internal turmoil due to the conflict between the mainly Orthodox Chalcedonian population and the supporters of Monotheletism, an attempt at compromise between Chalcedonianism and Monophysitism devised and promoted by Emperor Heraclius in 638."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Background", "says": "In 642–643, the Arabs had seized Cyrenaica and the eastern half of Tripolitania, along with Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q718985", "label": "Gregory the Patrician", "section": "Background", "says": "In 646, the exarch Gregory the Patrician launched a rebellion against Emperor Constans II."}], "Q1229305": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Empire fought against the Sasanian Empire, which was ruled at the time by Shapur II, and sought to capture the Sasanian capital city Ctesiphon."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Empire fought against the Sasanian Empire, which was ruled at the time by Shapur II, and sought to capture the Sasanian capital city Ctesiphon."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Empire fought against the Sasanian Empire, which was ruled at the time by Shapur II, and sought to capture the Sasanian capital city Ctesiphon."}], "Q123668173": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 2011, the volcano has been at the level II (Waspada) of a four-tier alert system set up by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia."}], "Q125273168": [{"id": "Q865344", "label": "Genocide Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack occurred the week after a unanimous International Court of Justice ruling in the ongoing Genocide Convention case that ordered Israel to ensure the unhindered flow of aid into Gaza."}, {"id": "Q5563383", "label": "Giora Eiland", "section": "Background", "says": "Giora Eiland, a retired Major General, wrote: \"In order to make the siege effective, we have to prevent others from assisting in Gaza.\" His words were quoted by the South African delegation at the ICJ."}], "Q125349769": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "While it was felt across the New York metropolitan area; the Philadelphia metropolitan area; the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area; and other parts of the northeastern United States between Virginia and Maine, it had a relatively minor impact, with no major damage reported."}], "Q1259603": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "484–573) were a series of Samaritan insurrections in the province of Palaestina Prima against the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q125988461": [{"id": "Q29032770", "label": "Félix Tshisekedi", "section": "lead", "says": "Targeting President Félix Tshisekedi and his Economy Minister Vital Kamerhe, the assailants attacked both the Palais de la Nation and Kamerhe's residence."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The orchestrator of the coup was Christian Malanga, a Congolese native who lived in the United States as a political asylee."}], "Q1260410": [{"id": "Q41641", "label": "Leo V the Armenian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of 815 (Bulgarian: Договор от 815) was a 30-year peace agreement signed in Constantinople between the Bulgarian Khan Omurtag and the Byzantine Emperor Leo V the Armenian."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "For a little over a decade until his death in 814, Krum achieved significant successes over the Byzantine Empire, seizing the important city of Serdica in 809 and decisively defeating the Byzantine armies at the Varbitsa pass and at Versinikia."}], "Q126140767": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack, which set the camp on fire, killed between 45 and 50 Palestinians and injured more than 200."}], "Q1286106": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Ottoman Empire entered into World War I, the British feared for the safety of the Persian Gulf oil facilities."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Ottoman Empire entered into World War I, the British feared for the safety of the Persian Gulf oil facilities."}, {"id": "Q266452", "label": "Percy Cox", "section": "Background", "says": "The 6th (Poona) Division (Lieutenant-General Arthur Barrett), with Sir Percy Cox as Political Officer was ordered to prepare for field service in France as part of Indian Expeditionary Force A."}], "Q1288667": [{"id": "Q2313318", "label": "Battle of Chengpu", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring three and a half decades after the Battle of Chengpu, where Jin decisively defeated Chu, the battle was a major victory for Chu, cementing the position of its ruler King Zhuang as a hegemon among the vassal states of the Zhou dynasty."}, {"id": "Q561973", "label": "Duke Wen of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Jin–Chu rivalry had last come to a head with the decisive defeat of Chu at the Battle of Chengpu, where Duke Wen of Jin became hegemon among the states; after the death of Duke Wen, Chu attempted to reassert its position with northern campaigns, but the presence of Zhao Dun as premier of Jin rendered them unwilling to risk direct conflict."}], "Q13142258": [{"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It brought an end to the Sixth Crusade, led by Frederick, by restoring the city of Jerusalem and a few other territories to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose king at the time was Frederick's infant son Conrad."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "It brought an end to the Sixth Crusade, led by Frederick, by restoring the city of Jerusalem and a few other territories to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose king at the time was Frederick's infant son Conrad."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1213, Pope Innocent III proclaimed a new crusade, what became the Fifth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1213, Pope Innocent III proclaimed a new crusade, what became the Fifth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q233809", "label": "Isabella II of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "On the eve of his crusade, Frederick's wife, Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem died, leaving their infant son, Conrad, as king of Jerusalem with Frederick, erstwhile king consort, as regent."}], "Q1319855": [{"id": "Q175772", "label": "Sunjata Keïta", "section": "lead", "says": "1235), was a confrontation between Sosso king Sumanguru Kanté and Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sundiata Keita's forces roundly defeated those of Sumanguru Kanté, guaranteeing the pre-eminence of Keita's new Mali Empire over West Africa."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the late twelfth century, the formerly dominant Ghana Empire had collapsed, following internal strife and political intervention of the Almoravids in the eleventh century."}], "Q1330595": [{"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fancheng or the Battle of Fan Castle was fought between the warlords Liu Bei and Cao Cao in 219 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fancheng or the Battle of Fan Castle was fought between the warlords Liu Bei and Cao Cao in 219 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q378439", "label": "Cao Ren", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 218, Cao Cao sent general Cao Ren to Wan (宛; in present-day Nanyang, Henan) in preparation to launch a strike against Guan Yu."}, {"id": "Q222797", "label": "Guan Yu", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 218, Cao Cao sent general Cao Ren to Wan (宛; in present-day Nanyang, Henan) in preparation to launch a strike against Guan Yu."}, {"id": "Q847539", "label": "Hanzhong Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "After taking Hanzhong Commandery by defeating Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign in May 219, Liu Bei further expanded his territorial gains in June 219 by sending Meng Da and Liu Feng to take Fangling (房陵; present-day Fang County, Hubei) and Shangyong (上庸; north of present-day Zhushan County, Hubei) commanderies."}], "Q1330937": [{"id": "Q955867", "label": "James Somerville", "section": "Background", "says": "Their main naval force there, the British-led Eastern Fleet which was headed by Admiral James Somerville, was weak."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "Also in early 1944, the Japanese military transferred its main naval striking force, the Combined Fleet, to Singapore."}, {"id": "Q366731", "label": "Ernest King", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The decision to attack Sabang was made in response to a request from the head of the US Navy, Admiral Ernest King."}], "Q13403337": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Domitian's Dacian War was a conflict between the Roman Empire and the Dacian Kingdom, which had invaded the province of Moesia."}, {"id": "Q309869", "label": "Burebista", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the reign of Burebista, widely considered the greatest Dacian king (r."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustus later came into conflict with Dacia after it sent envoys offering its support against Mark Antony in exchange for \"requests\"."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustus later came into conflict with Dacia after it sent envoys offering its support against Mark Antony in exchange for \"requests\"."}], "Q1342523": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (Japanese: 日英和親条約, Hepburn: Nichi-Ei Washin Jōyaku; The Anglo Japanese Convention of 1854) was the first treaty between the United Kingdom and Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate."}, {"id": "Q771451", "label": "Convention of Kanagawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on October 14, 1854, it paralleled the Convention of Kanagawa, a similar agreement between Japan and the United States six months earlier which effectively ended Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on October 14, 1854, it paralleled the Convention of Kanagawa, a similar agreement between Japan and the United States six months earlier which effectively ended Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku)."}], "Q1343040": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ushant (also called the First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought during the American Revolutionary War between French and British fleets 100 miles (160 km) west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off the westernmost point of France."}], "Q134459237": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "A brief armed conflict between India and Pakistan began on 7 May 2025, after India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, in a military campaign codenamed Operation Sindoor."}, {"id": "Q28935729", "label": "JD Vance", "section": "lead", "says": "US vice president JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio held extensive correspondence with both Indian and Pakistani officials during the negotiations."}, {"id": "Q324546", "label": "Marco Rubio", "section": "lead", "says": "US vice president JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio held extensive correspondence with both Indian and Pakistani officials during the negotiations."}], "Q1358091": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Uedahara (上田原の戦い) was the first defeat suffered by Takeda Shingen, and the first field battle in Japan in which firearms were used."}], "Q13600791": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gol-Zarriun, also known as Battle of Bukhara, took place around 563 when the Sasanian Empire and the First Turkic Khaganate allied with each other against the Hephthalite Empire."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gol-Zarriun, also known as Battle of Bukhara, took place around 563 when the Sasanian Empire and the First Turkic Khaganate allied with each other against the Hephthalite Empire."}, {"id": "Q310233", "label": "Peroz I", "section": "Context", "says": "In 484, Peroz I, the grandfather of Khosrow I Anushirvan (r."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "Context", "says": "531–579), was killed in the Battle of Herat by the Hephthalites and allowed them to annex much of Khorasan from the Sasanians."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "Context", "says": "After a peace agreement with the Byzantines in the west, Khosrow I was able to focus his attention on the Eastern Hephthalites and avenge the death of his grandfather."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "Context", "says": "In 557/563, the Sasanians and Göktürks made an alliance and launched a two-pronged attack on the Hephthalites, taking advantage of their disorganization and disunity."}], "Q1361240": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Philadelphia in 1390 marked the conquest of the last independent Byzantine city in Asia Minor by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q37097", "label": "Manuel II Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was subjected to a siege by the Ottoman forces, which included a Byzantine contingent led by Manuel II Palaiologos and John VII, who were political hostages of Sultan Bayezid I."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was subjected to a siege by the Ottoman forces, which included a Byzantine contingent led by Manuel II Palaiologos and John VII, who were political hostages of Sultan Bayezid I."}, {"id": "Q2422572", "label": "Siege of Nicomedia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Siege of Nicomedia in 1337, the city of Philadelphia was the last city in Anatolia to remain under Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Philadelphia was in theory under the Byzantine Empire, it was situated away from the coast, and in the middle of a vast and oftentimes hostile Ottoman-occupied territory, which made it virtually independent, and more influenced by the Knights of Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379, the Ottomans supported John V Palaiologos in regaining his throne."}], "Q1365483": [{"id": "Q212890", "label": "Denis I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Alcañices or Treaty of Alcanises was signed in Alcañices between King Denis of Portugal and King Fernando IV of Castile in 1297."}, {"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "Denis was the grandson of King Alfonso X of Castile and essentially an administrator and not a warrior king."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Fernando then married Denis's daughter, Infanta Constance of Portugal, making her Queen of Castile."}, {"id": "Q1190696", "label": "War of the Oranges", "section": "lead", "says": "The only area still disputed is the village of Olivenza, which was under Portuguese sovereignty from 1297 to 1801, when it was occupied by Spain during the War of the Oranges and ceded that year under the Treaty of Badajoz, treaty which was declared null by Portugal during the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The only area still disputed is the village of Olivenza, which was under Portuguese sovereignty from 1297 to 1801, when it was occupied by Spain during the War of the Oranges and ceded that year under the Treaty of Badajoz, treaty which was declared null by Portugal during the Congress of Vienna."}], "Q137567": [{"id": "Q336538", "label": "Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans were led by Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, and were victorious over the rebels."}], "Q1375894": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Nachshon (Hebrew: מבצע נחשון, Mivtza Nahshon;  5–16 April 1948) was a military operation of the Haganah during the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine and part of Plan Dalet."}, {"id": "Q37610", "label": "David Ben-Gurion", "section": "Background", "says": "Yishuv leader David Ben-Gurion decided to launch Nachshon in order to open up the city and provide supplies to the Jewish residents."}], "Q1377132": [{"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "lead", "says": "Kieft's War (1643–1645), also known as the Wappinger War, was a conflict between the colonial province of New Netherland and the Wappinger and Lenape Indians in what is now New York and New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q161536", "label": "Peter Stuyvesant", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch West India Company was displeased with Kieft and recalled him, but he died in a shipwreck while returning to the Netherlands; Peter Stuyvesant succeeded him in New Netherland."}, {"id": "Q1207617", "label": "Pequot War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony, Mohegan Indians, and Narragansett Indians had defeated the Dutch-allied Pequot tribe during the Pequot War (1636–1638), which eased the way for the English to take over the northern reaches of New Netherland along the Connecticut River."}, {"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Still, he left two weeks before Kieft's arrival to establish New Sweden in the poorly developed southern reaches of the colony along the Delaware Valley."}], "Q138715235": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "His death occurred as part of the 2026 Iran war, which began on 28 February with airstrikes on various Iranian targets by the United States and Israel."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "Larijani was the top target and most senior official to be killed after the assassination of Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei."}, {"id": "Q5933752", "label": "Masoud Pezeshkian", "section": "Background", "says": "Having been appointed secretary of the Supreme National Security Council by President Masoud Pezeshkian in August 2025, Ali Larijani was described by numerous newspapers as the most powerful man or de facto leader of Iran in the lead-up to the 2026 Iran war."}], "Q1402530": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of 73 Easting was fought on 26 February 1991, during the Gulf War, between Coalition armored forces (US VII Corps and UK 1st Armoured Division) and Iraqi armored forces (Republican Guard and Tawakalna Division)."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Task Force 1-41 Infantry breached the berm on the borders between Saudi Arabia and Iraq which was the initial Iraqi defensive position and performed reconnaissance and counter reconnaissance missions prior to the 2nd ACR's actions."}], "Q1402894": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin campaign in January 1916 was a part of the Serbian campaign during World War I, in which Austria-Hungary defeated and occupied the Kingdom of Montenegro, an ally of the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin campaign in January 1916 was a part of the Serbian campaign during World War I, in which Austria-Hungary defeated and occupied the Kingdom of Montenegro, an ally of the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin campaign in January 1916 was a part of the Serbian campaign during World War I, in which Austria-Hungary defeated and occupied the Kingdom of Montenegro, an ally of the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The remnants of the Serbian army had retreated through Montenegro and Albania, and were being evacuated by allied ships from 12 December first to Italy and later to Corfu."}, {"id": "Q84874", "label": "Stjepan Sarkotić", "section": "lead", "says": "One in the west under command of Stjepan Sarkotić between Trebinje and Cattaro, composed of the XIX Armeekorps, reinforced with troops from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q78544", "label": "Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza", "section": "lead", "says": "In the east and north, the VIII Armeekorps under command of Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza was to attack the Montenegrin troops there."}], "Q1402902": [{"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Dervish War, also called the Somaliland campaign, was a conflict in the Horn of Africa, between the Dervish, a movement led by Sayid Muhammed Abdullah Hassan, which continued independently for 21 years between 1899 and 1920, and the imperial powers of Abyssinia, Britain and Italy."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ethiopian Empire, the Kingdom of Italy and some Somali clans also fought against the Dervish."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, the Ottoman Empire and Germany supported the Dervish movement; with their defeat, the Dervishes were left with no allies."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, the Ottoman Empire and Germany supported the Dervish movement; with their defeat, the Dervishes were left with no allies."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1887, Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II conquered the city of Harar during his efforts to expand the empire and in 1891, announced a programme of ambitious colonialism to the European powers."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1897 in order to appease Menelik's expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1897 in order to appease Menelik's expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897."}, {"id": "Q1567243", "label": "Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1897 in order to appease Menelik's expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897."}], "Q1414195": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dinboz or Dimbos (Turkish: Dimbos Muharebesi) took place between the Ottoman Beylik (later Ottoman Empire) and the Byzantine Empire in 1303."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dinboz or Dimbos (Turkish: Dimbos Muharebesi) took place between the Ottoman Beylik (later Ottoman Empire) and the Byzantine Empire in 1303."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos tried to form an alliance with the Ilkhanid Mongols against the Ottoman Turkish threat."}], "Q1422925": [{"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Val-ès-Dunes (Valesdunes) was fought in 1047 by the combined forces of the Norman duke William I and the French king Henry I against the forces of several rebel Norman barons, led by William's cousin Guy of Brionne."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Val-ès-Dunes (Valesdunes) was fought in 1047 by the combined forces of the Norman duke William I and the French king Henry I against the forces of several rebel Norman barons, led by William's cousin Guy of Brionne."}], "Q1430929": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wadi, occurring on 13 January 1916, was an unsuccessful attempt by British forces fighting in Ottoman Iraq during World War I to relieve beleaguered forces under Sir Charles Townshend then under siege by the Ottoman Sixth Army at Kut-al-Amara."}, {"id": "Q333688", "label": "Charles Townshend", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wadi, occurring on 13 January 1916, was an unsuccessful attempt by British forces fighting in Ottoman Iraq during World War I to relieve beleaguered forces under Sir Charles Townshend then under siege by the Ottoman Sixth Army at Kut-al-Amara."}, {"id": "Q367697", "label": "Halil Kut", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1915, Ottoman forces under the command of Halil Kut and the German commander Baron von der Goltz, surrounded an Anglo-Indian force of 25,000 men and began the Siege of Kut-Al Amara, a city 50 miles (80 km) south of Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q555614", "label": "John Nixon", "section": "Background", "says": "Replying to pleas for help from Major Charles Townshend, Mesopotamian Theatre commander Sir John Nixon dispatched the British Tigris Corps of 19,000 men under Lieutenant General Sir Fenton Aylmer to relieve the besieged garrison."}], "Q1450451": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Switzerland (German: Franzoseneinfall) occurred from January to May 1798 as part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The independent Old Swiss Confederacy collapsed from the invasion and simultaneous internal revolts called the \"Helvetic Revolution\"."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swiss ancien régime institutions were abolished and replaced by the centralised Helvetic Republic, one of the sister republics of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swiss ancien régime institutions were abolished and replaced by the centralised Helvetic Republic, one of the sister republics of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q116280", "label": "Frédéric-César de La Harpe", "section": "Background", "says": "Several Vaudois patriots such as Frédéric-César de La Harpe advocated for independence."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1797, French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who had just successfully conquered northern Italy and founded the Cisalpine Republic, pressed the French Directory to occupy Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1797, French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who had just successfully conquered northern Italy and founded the Cisalpine Republic, pressed the French Directory to occupy Switzerland."}], "Q1456086": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nez Perce War was an armed conflict in 1877 in the Western United States that pitted several bands of the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans and their allies, a small band of the Palouse tribe led by Red Echo (Hahtalekin) and Bald Head (Husishusis Kute), against the United States Army."}, {"id": "Q43527", "label": "Sitting Bull", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Crows' refusal of aid, they sought sanctuary with the Lakota led by Sitting Bull, who had fled to Canada in May 1877 to avoid capture following the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn."}, {"id": "Q205422", "label": "Battle of the Little Bighorn", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Crows' refusal of aid, they sought sanctuary with the Lakota led by Sitting Bull, who had fled to Canada in May 1877 to avoid capture following the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn."}, {"id": "Q453666", "label": "Chief Joseph", "section": "lead", "says": "A large majority of the surviving Nez Perce represented by Chief Joseph of the Wallowa band of Nez Perce, surrendered to Brigadier Generals Oliver Otis Howard and Nelson A."}, {"id": "Q736934", "label": "Oliver Otis Howard", "section": "lead", "says": "A large majority of the surviving Nez Perce represented by Chief Joseph of the Wallowa band of Nez Perce, surrendered to Brigadier Generals Oliver Otis Howard and Nelson A."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "lead", "says": "Army's Department of the Columbia, which was tasked with forcing the Nez Perce onto the reservation and whose jurisdiction was extended by General William Tecumseh Sherman to allow Howard's pursuit."}, {"id": "Q1420228", "label": "Oregon Territory", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1855, at the Walla Walla Council, the Nez Perce were coerced by the federal government into giving up their ancestral lands and moving to the Umatilla Reservation in Oregon Territory with the Walla Walla, Cayuse, and Umatilla tribes."}], "Q1464392": [{"id": "Q903199", "label": "Cimbrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Burdigala (the Roman name for Bordeaux) took place during the Cimbrian War in 107 BC."}, {"id": "Q464897", "label": "Gaius Popillius Laenas", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between a combined Celtic-Germanic army including the Helvetian Tigurini under the command of Divico, and the forces of the Roman Republic under the command of Lucius Cassius Longinus, Lucius Caesoninus, and Gaius Popillius Laenas."}, {"id": "Q657620", "label": "Battle of Noreia", "section": "Context", "says": "In 113 BC, the Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons invaded Roman territory, defeating an army under the command of Gnaeus Papirius Carbo in Noricum at the Battle of Noreia."}, {"id": "Q940041", "label": "Marcus Junius Silanus", "section": "Context", "says": "When denied, the Germanic force marched all the way to Gallia Narbonensis where they defeated another Roman army under the command of Marcus Junius Silanus at an unknown location."}], "Q1545288": [{"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising received its name through association with the anti-French uprising of the Sicilian Vespers of the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Battaia urged caution, but conte Emilei noted that passive resistance had already lost them Brescia, and that Verona's citizens were ready to take up arms against the Jacobin Lombards."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "The final days before the revolt", "says": "Napoleon (then marching towards Austria) was convinced that the last forces of the Venetian Republic had concentrated in the stronghold at Verona."}], "Q15473934": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege of Kaifeng from 1232 to 1233, the Mongol Empire captured Kaifeng, the capital of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty had been at war for nearly two decades, beginning in 1211 after the Jin dynasty refused the Mongol offer to submit as a vassal. Ögedei Khan sent two armies to besiege Kaifeng, one led by himself, and the other by his brother Tolui."}, {"id": "Q5081", "label": "Emperor Aizong of Jin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emperor Aizong of Jin fled the city for the town of Caizhou."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Genghis Khan was declared Khaghan in 1206."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty ruled parts of the western China, while the Song dynasty reigned over the south."}, {"id": "Q5076", "label": "Wanyan Yongji", "section": "Background", "says": "They may have also harbored a grudge against the Jin for assassinating Ambaghai, one of Genghis' predecessors, and for the Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji's rude behavior to Genghis Khan when Wanyan Yongji was still a Jurchen prince."}, {"id": "Q3560494", "label": "Eastern Xia", "section": "Background", "says": "Wannu, realizing the Jin dynasty was on the verge of collapse, rebelled and declared himself king of Eastern Xia in 1215."}], "Q1551546": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The New People's Army rebellion (often shortened to NPA rebellion) is an ongoing armed conflict between the government of the Philippines and the New People's Army, the armed wing of the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "Less than two years later, President Ferdinand Marcos introduced martial law, leading to the radicalization of many young people and a rapid growth of the CPP-NPA."}, {"id": "Q736833", "label": "Jose Maria Sison", "section": "Background", "says": "The New People's Army was established by Jose Maria Sison and Bernabe Buscayno as the armed wing of the CPP-MLM."}], "Q1552787": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dathin (Arabic: داثن) took place during the Arab–Byzantine Wars between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire in February 634, which became very famous in the literature of the period."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dathin (Arabic: داثن) took place during the Arab–Byzantine Wars between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire in February 634, which became very famous in the literature of the period."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "AG 945, indiction VII: On Friday, 4 February, [i.e., 634 CE / Dhul Qa'dah 12 AH] at the ninth hour, there was a battle between the Romans and the Arabs of Maḥmet [Syr. tayyāyē d-MḤMT] in Palestine twelve miles east of Gaza."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the near-contemporary Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati, the Muslim victory was celebrated by the local Jews, who had been a persecuted minority within the Roman Empire."}], "Q1573520": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Teardrop was a United States Navy operation during World War II, conducted between April and May 1945, to sink German U-boats approaching the Eastern Seaboard that were believed to be armed with V-1 flying bombs."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Five of the seven submarines in the group stationed off the United States were sunk, four with their entire crews."}], "Q1576717": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Dungeness took place on 30 November 1652 (10 December in the Gregorian calendar)  during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the cape of Dungeness in Kent."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1652 the government of the Commonwealth of England, the Council of State, mistakenly believing that the United Provinces after their defeat at the Battle of the Kentish Knock would desist from bringing out a fleet so late in the season, sent away ships to the Mediterranean and the Baltic."}, {"id": "Q1814494", "label": "Battle of the Kentish Knock", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1652 the government of the Commonwealth of England, the Council of State, mistakenly believing that the United Provinces after their defeat at the Battle of the Kentish Knock would desist from bringing out a fleet so late in the season, sent away ships to the Mediterranean and the Baltic."}], "Q1584610": [{"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Navarrese Civil War of 1451–1455 pitted John II of the Kingdom of Navarre against his son and heir-apparent, Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Navarrese Civil War of 1451–1455 pitted John II of the Kingdom of Navarre against his son and heir-apparent, Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q233865", "label": "Blanche I of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "When the war started, John II had been King of Navarre since 1425 through his first wife, Blanche I of Navarre, who had married him in 1420."}, {"id": "Q358365", "label": "Charles III of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "When Blanche died in 1441, John retained the government of her lands and dispossessed his own eldest son, Charles (born 1421), who had already been made Prince of Viana by his grandfather Charles III of Navarre in 1423."}, {"id": "Q372977", "label": "Gaston IV of Foix", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles was defeated at the Battle of Aybar in 1452, captured, and released; and John tried to disinherit him by illegally naming his daughter Eleanor, who was married to Gaston IV of Foix, his successor."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1451, John's new wife, Juana Enríquez, gave birth to a son, Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1452, Charles fled his father first to France, where he vainly sought allies, and later to the court of his uncle, John's elder brother, Alfonso V of Aragon at Naples."}, {"id": "Q2476062", "label": "Catalan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Navarrese Civil War presaged the Catalan Civil War of 1462–72, in which John's ill-treatment of Charles was a precipitating event."}], "Q15991222": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 was a pivotal agreement concluded between the governments of Malaysia and Singapore on 7 August 1965."}, {"id": "Q296317", "label": "Tunku Abdul Rahman", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the agreement encompassed a Proclamation to be issued by Malaysian Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, while a separate Proclamation of Singapore was delivered by Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew."}, {"id": "Q131248", "label": "Kuan Yew Lee", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the agreement encompassed a Proclamation to be issued by Malaysian Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, while a separate Proclamation of Singapore was delivered by Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Singapore Act 1966, enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom a year later, gave statutory recognition to the agreement and admitted Singapore into the Commonwealth of Nations with retrospective effect from the date of independence."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The Singapore Act 1966, enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom a year later, gave statutory recognition to the agreement and admitted Singapore into the Commonwealth of Nations with retrospective effect from the date of independence."}], "Q16176384": [{"id": "Q261703", "label": "Yuriko Koike", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 2017, the Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike has consistently expressed skepticism that the massacre occurred."}], "Q16205928": [{"id": "Q335684", "label": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 January 1966, soldiers led by Kaduna Nzeogwu and four others carried out a military putsch, killing 22 people, including Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Northern Premier Ahmadu Bello, many senior politicians, senior Army officers and their wives, and sentinels on protective duty."}, {"id": "Q401032", "label": "Ahmadu Bello", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 January 1966, soldiers led by Kaduna Nzeogwu and four others carried out a military putsch, killing 22 people, including Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Northern Premier Ahmadu Bello, many senior politicians, senior Army officers and their wives, and sentinels on protective duty."}, {"id": "Q181782", "label": "Nnamdi Azikiwe", "section": "Background", "says": "The president of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe left the country in late 1965, first for Europe, then on a cruise to the Caribbean."}], "Q1634613": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt was an attempt by a  group of Sri Lankans and Maldivians led by businessman Abdullah Luthufee and assisted by armed mercenaries of a Tamil secessionist organization from Sri Lanka, the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), to overthrow the government of the Republic of Maldives."}], "Q1651134": [{"id": "Q469648", "label": "Louis II, Count of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Roosebeke (sometimes referred by its contemporary name as Battle of Westrozebeke) took place on 27 November 1382 on the Goudberg between a Flemish army under Philip van Artevelde and a French army under Louis II of Flanders who had called upon the help of the French king Charles VI after he had suffered a defeat during the Battle of Beverhoutsveld."}], "Q1669489": [{"id": "Q3445341", "label": "Saintonge War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Taillebourg, a major medieval battle fought in July 1242, was the decisive engagement of the Saintonge War."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "lead", "says": "It  pitted a French Capetian army under the command of King Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, and his younger brother Alphonse of Poitiers, against forces led by King Henry III of England, his brother Richard of Cornwall and their stepfather Hugh X of Lusignan."}, {"id": "Q343969", "label": "Alphonse, Count of Poitiers", "section": "lead", "says": "It  pitted a French Capetian army under the command of King Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, and his younger brother Alphonse of Poitiers, against forces led by King Henry III of England, his brother Richard of Cornwall and their stepfather Hugh X of Lusignan."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It  pitted a French Capetian army under the command of King Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, and his younger brother Alphonse of Poitiers, against forces led by King Henry III of England, his brother Richard of Cornwall and their stepfather Hugh X of Lusignan."}, {"id": "Q314527", "label": "Richard of Cornwall", "section": "lead", "says": "It  pitted a French Capetian army under the command of King Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, and his younger brother Alphonse of Poitiers, against forces led by King Henry III of England, his brother Richard of Cornwall and their stepfather Hugh X of Lusignan."}, {"id": "Q257036", "label": "Hugh X of Lusignan", "section": "lead", "says": "It  pitted a French Capetian army under the command of King Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, and his younger brother Alphonse of Poitiers, against forces led by King Henry III of England, his brother Richard of Cornwall and their stepfather Hugh X of Lusignan."}, {"id": "Q29031", "label": "Charles Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Charles Oman; the English and their allies were routed and forced to make peace but the King of France contented himself of leaving things as they had been before the war."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle put down the Poitevin revolt and marked the end of Henry III's hopes of restoring the Angevin Empire, which had collapsed during his father's reign."}, {"id": "Q231788", "label": "Isabella of Angoulême", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many nobles from Aquitaine attended the court, among them Isabella of Angoulême and her husband, the Count of La Marche, Hugh de Lusignan."}], "Q16827799": [{"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople of 1411 occurred during the Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War, (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413), following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I by the Central Asian warlord Timur."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople of 1411 occurred during the Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War, (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413), following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I by the Central Asian warlord Timur."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur after the Battle of Ankara, his brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa Çelebi, refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself."}, {"id": "Q1095044", "label": "Süleyman Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur after the Battle of Ankara, his brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa Çelebi, refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself."}, {"id": "Q944433", "label": "Mustafa Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur after the Battle of Ankara, his brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa Çelebi, refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Interregnum lasted until the Battle of Camurlu on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor in the strife, crowned himself sultan Mehmed I, and restored peace to the empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Battle of Ankara, the Byzantine Empire was a mere pawn of outside forces for several decades but after the defeat of the Ottomans by Timur, the Empire – for a short while – became a player in Ottoman domestic politics and intrigue."}, {"id": "Q37097", "label": "Manuel II Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos supported Süleyman as claimant to the Ottoman throne."}, {"id": "Q37074", "label": "John VII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "They signed the treaty of Gallipoli with the Byzantine regent John VII Palaiologos in 1403, as the emperor Manuel II Palaiologos was traveling in western Europe at the time."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By this treaty, Süleyman gave up certain territories along the Marmara coast, as well as the major city of Thessaloniki to the Byzantine Empire in return for Byzantine support during the interregnum and declared himself sultan of the empire in Edirne, the capital in Rumeli of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q4871484", "label": "Battle of Kosmidion", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite defeating his brother and rival for the Ottoman throne, Musa, at the Battle of Kosmidion in June 1410, Süleyman's popularity waned."}], "Q16931483": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal–Safavid war of 1649–1653 was fought between the Mughal and Safavid empires in the territory of modern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1638, Shah Jahan, assisted by Kamran Khan and Malik Maghdood, had marched on Kandahar and negotiated the surrender from the Persian commander, Ali Mardan Khan."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Firstly, the Mughal Empire in India was often viewed by them as a painfully small compensation for the loss of their ancient capital – Samarkand – which they had been driven out of by the Uzbeks."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "In the following year, Aurangzeb, another son, routed an Uzbek force outside of Balkh and captured the city."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "This was done in support of Nazr Muhammad and his son, Abd al-Aziz, against the Toqai-Timurid ruler of Balkh."}], "Q16931639": [{"id": "Q315902", "label": "Hormizd IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian civil war of 589–591 was a conflict that broke out in 589, due to the great deal of dissatisfaction among the nobles towards the rule of Hormizd IV."}, {"id": "Q311283", "label": "Bahram Chobin", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil war lasted until 591, ending with the overthrow of the Mihranid usurper Bahram Chobin and the restoration of the Sasanian family as the rulers of Iran."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "lead", "says": "His son, Khosrow II, was thereafter crowned as king."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "Background", "says": "When Khosrow I ascended the Sasanian throne in 531, he began a series of reforms that was started by his father and predecessor Kavadh I."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "These reforms were mostly aimed at the elites of the Sasanian Empire, who had become too powerful and had been able to depose several Sasanian rulers."}], "Q16933070": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samoan crisis was a standoff between the United States, the German Empire, and the British Empire from 1887 to 1889 over control of the Samoan Islands during the First Samoan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samoan crisis was a standoff between the United States, the German Empire, and the British Empire from 1887 to 1889 over control of the Samoan Islands during the First Samoan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samoan crisis was a standoff between the United States, the German Empire, and the British Empire from 1887 to 1889 over control of the Samoan Islands during the First Samoan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q881762", "label": "Samoan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samoan crisis was a standoff between the United States, the German Empire, and the British Empire from 1887 to 1889 over control of the Samoan Islands during the First Samoan Civil War."}], "Q16957926": [{"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1025 AD, the Chola Emperor Rajendra I launched naval invasions on Srivijaya in maritime Southeast Asia, leading to the fall of the Sailendra Dynasty of Srivijaya."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Several places in present-day Indonesia and Malay Peninsula were invaded by Rajendra I of the Chola dynasty."}, {"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 9th and 10th centuries, Srivijaya had close ties with the Pala Empire in Bengal."}, {"id": "Q501356", "label": "Suryavarman I", "section": "Background", "says": "King Suryavarman I of the Khmer Empire sought assistance from Rajendra Chola I against the Tambralinga kingdom."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "King Suryavarman I of the Khmer Empire sought assistance from Rajendra Chola I against the Tambralinga kingdom."}], "Q169602": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jakobstadt (Lithuanian: Jėkabpilio mūšis, Latvian: Kauja pie Jēkabpils, Swedish: Slaget vid Jakobstadt, Polish: Krzyżbork) was fought in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q350346", "label": "Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 25 July 1704 (O.S.) / 26 July 1704 (Swedish calendar) / 5 August 1704 (N.S.) between a Swedish army under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt and a combined Polish/Russian force under Great Hetman Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki at the town of Jēkabpils (German: Jakobstadt) in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia."}, {"id": "Q2467381", "label": "Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 25 July 1704 (O.S.) / 26 July 1704 (Swedish calendar) / 5 August 1704 (N.S.) between a Swedish army under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt and a combined Polish/Russian force under Great Hetman Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki at the town of Jēkabpils (German: Jakobstadt) in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia."}], "Q16976566": [{"id": "Q1359023", "label": "Raul Khadjimba", "section": "lead", "says": "Opposition leader Raul Khajimba was elected president with a narrow majority of the vote."}, {"id": "Q485032", "label": "Sergei Bagapsh", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 2011, Sergei Bagapsh died in office, leading to the 2011 presidential election."}, {"id": "Q313355", "label": "Alexander Ankvab", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander Ankvab won with 54.9% of the votes."}], "Q17048924": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1635, Cambodian ships brought products and silk to sell on the island of Java (Indonesia), but these goods were intercepted by the Dutch in the Sea of Makassar in the Sulawesi archipelago and detained for a year."}], "Q1720027": [{"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paju (Estonian: Paju lahing) was fought in Paju, near Valga, Estonia, on 31 January 1919 during the Estonian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q433818", "label": "Johan Laidoner", "section": "Background", "says": "Commander-in-chief Johan Laidoner reinforced the Estonian advance in the south, including Finnish volunteers, The Sons of the North, led by Col."}], "Q1766951": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Syme was a naval battle in 411 BC between Sparta and Athens, during the Peloponnesian War."}], "Q1779008": [{"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anghiari was fought on 29 June 1440, between the forces of Milan and the League of some Italian states led by the Republic of Florence in the course of the Wars in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q2506432", "label": "Wars in Lombardy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anghiari was fought on 29 June 1440, between the forces of Milan and the League of some Italian states led by the Republic of Florence in the course of the Wars in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q762", "label": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is well known for its depiction in a failed attempt at a painting by Leonardo da Vinci, now known only by its preparatory sketches."}, {"id": "Q1399", "label": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also remarkable for the fact that though the battle lasted all day, involving several thousand troops, it was said that only one soldier was killed; according to Niccolò Machiavelli, after four hours of skirmishing, the single death occurred \"when a soldier fell off his horse\"."}], "Q1784900": [{"id": "Q44200", "label": "Billy the Kid", "section": "lead", "says": "Bonney (\"Billy the Kid\")."}, {"id": "Q450746", "label": "Pat Garrett", "section": "lead", "says": "Pat Garrett was named County Sheriff in 1880, and he hunted down Billy the Kid, killing two other former Regulators in the process."}], "Q17985150": [{"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Léopoldville riots were an outbreak of civil disorder in Léopoldville (modern-day Kinshasa) in the Belgian Congo which took place in January 1959 and which were an important moment for the Congolese independence movement."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Following these riots, a round table conference was organized in Brussels to negotiate the terms of Congo's independence, The Congo received its independence on 30 June 1960, becoming the Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Background", "says": "King Leopold II of the Belgians, frustrated by Belgium's lack of international power and prestige, attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the largely unexplored Congo Basin."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "Background", "says": "With support from a number of Western countries, who viewed Leopold as a useful buffer between rival colonial powers, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "During the latter stages of World War II a new social stratum emerged in the Congo, known as the évolués."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "While there were no universal criteria for determining évolué status, it was generally accepted that one would have \"a good knowledge of French, adhere to Christianity, and have some form of post-primary education.\" Up into the 1950s most évolués were concerned only with social inequalities and their treatment by the Belgians."}, {"id": "Q206048", "label": "Joseph Kasa-Vubu", "section": "Background", "says": "A slew of new political parties competed for popular support, including the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO), led by Joseph Kasa-Vubu and the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), led by Patrice Lumumba."}, {"id": "Q161672", "label": "Patrice Lumumba", "section": "Background", "says": "A slew of new political parties competed for popular support, including the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO), led by Joseph Kasa-Vubu and the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), led by Patrice Lumumba."}], "Q1807251": [{"id": "Q297278", "label": "John II of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Higueruela (lit. 'Battle at the little fig tree') was fought in the vega of the river Genil near Granada on 1 July 1431 between the forces of John II of Castile, led by Álvaro de Luna, and troops loyal to Muhammed IX, Nasrid Sultan of Granada."}, {"id": "Q251471", "label": "Álvaro de Luna, Constable of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Higueruela (lit. 'Battle at the little fig tree') was fought in the vega of the river Genil near Granada on 1 July 1431 between the forces of John II of Castile, led by Álvaro de Luna, and troops loyal to Muhammed IX, Nasrid Sultan of Granada."}], "Q1814863": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stromboli, also known as the Second Battle of Stromboli or the Battle of Alicudi, took place on 8 January, 1676, during the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q329966", "label": "Abraham Duquesne", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred between a French fleet of 20 ships under Abraham Duquesne and a combined fleet of 19 allied ships (18 Dutch and one Spanish ship) under Lieutenant-Admiral-General Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred between a French fleet of 20 ships under Abraham Duquesne and a combined fleet of 19 allied ships (18 Dutch and one Spanish ship) under Lieutenant-Admiral-General Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q939845", "label": "Battle of Augusta", "section": "lead", "says": "The fleets fought again several months later at the Battle of Augusta in April."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the Franco-Spanish War, the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 provided for Louis XIV to marry Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, who was to bring a substantial dowry to Louis and who renounced her right to inherit the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the Franco-Spanish War, the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 provided for Louis XIV to marry Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, who was to bring a substantial dowry to Louis and who renounced her right to inherit the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the Franco-Spanish War, the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 provided for Louis XIV to marry Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, who was to bring a substantial dowry to Louis and who renounced her right to inherit the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the Franco-Spanish War, the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 provided for Louis XIV to marry Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, who was to bring a substantial dowry to Louis and who renounced her right to inherit the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the Franco-Spanish War, the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 provided for Louis XIV to marry Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, who was to bring a substantial dowry to Louis and who renounced her right to inherit the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "On the death of Philip IV in September 1665, his infant son Charles II of Spain the child of Philip's second wife Mariana of Austria was proclaimed king."}, {"id": "Q311469", "label": "Mariana of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "On the death of Philip IV in September 1665, his infant son Charles II of Spain the child of Philip's second wife Mariana of Austria was proclaimed king."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1667 in the War of Devolution was initially very successful, with the ending of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch began discussions with England and Sweden on creating a diplomatic alliance to protect Spain against France."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1667 in the War of Devolution was initially very successful, with the ending of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch began discussions with England and Sweden on creating a diplomatic alliance to protect Spain against France."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1667 in the War of Devolution was initially very successful, with the ending of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch began discussions with England and Sweden on creating a diplomatic alliance to protect Spain against France."}], "Q1821843": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Pillow, also known as the Fort Pillow Massacre, was fought on April 12, 1864, at Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River in Henning, Tennessee, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q366102", "label": "Nathan Bedford Forrest", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended with Confederate soldiers commanded by Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest massacring Union soldiers (many of them U.S."}], "Q182530": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Badajoz was one of the first major engagements of the Spanish Civil War, resulting in a tactical and strategic Nationalist victory, however at a significant cost in time and troops."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "After several days of shelling and bombardment, Nationalists stormed the fortified border city of Badajoz on August 14, 1936, cutting off the Spanish Republic from neighbouring Portugal and linking the northern and southern zones of Nationalist control (although actual contact with General Emilio Mola's northern troops was not established until September 8)."}], "Q1844815": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Dynekilen (Danish: Slaget ved Dynekilen) took place on 8 July 1716 during the Great Northern War between a Dano-Norwegian fleet under Peter Tordenskjold and a Swedish fleet under Olof Strömstierna."}, {"id": "Q699748", "label": "Peter Tordenskjold", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Dynekilen (Danish: Slaget ved Dynekilen) took place on 8 July 1716 during the Great Northern War between a Dano-Norwegian fleet under Peter Tordenskjold and a Swedish fleet under Olof Strömstierna."}, {"id": "Q161059", "label": "Frederik IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "After Sweden lost at the Battle of Poltava, Frederik IV of Denmark, the Danish-Norwegian king, declared war against Sweden on 28 October 1709."}], "Q1862475": [{"id": "Q315308", "label": "Nicolas Catinat", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marsaglia or Orbassano was a battle in the Nine Years' War, fought in Italy on 4 October 1693, between the French army of Marshal Nicolas Catinat and the army of the Grand Alliance under Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marsaglia or Orbassano was a battle in the Nine Years' War, fought in Italy on 4 October 1693, between the French army of Marshal Nicolas Catinat and the army of the Grand Alliance under Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy."}], "Q18920234": [{"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "It formed part of the Australian invasion of North Borneo, and was initiated by the Allied forces as part of a plan to capture the Brunei Bay area and develop it into a base to support future offensives."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Pacific War, it formed part of the British-administered Straits Settlements and had a population of 8,960."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "The island had a town, Victoria, on its south coast which fronted onto Victoria Harbour, with a population of 8,500 and limited port facilities."}, {"id": "Q339159", "label": "Battle of Borneo", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 January 1942, Japanese forces captured Labuan unopposed during the Battle of Borneo."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "Labuan was to be developed as an airbase and form part of a string of strategic positions which would allow the Allies to control the seas off the Japanese-occupied coast between Singapore and Shanghai."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The British leadership did not want the BPF to be diverted from the main theatre of operations off Japan and preferred to establish a base for the fleet in the Philippines."}], "Q1895789": [{"id": "Q4263465", "label": "Siege of Verona", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the failed Siege of Verona by the Byzantines, Totila, with about 5,000 men, pursued the retreating Byzantine force of roughly 12,000 troops."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the Gothic kingdom, in May 540 AD, the Byzantine general Belisarius had succeeded in restoring former Western Roman territories (Sicily and most of the Italian Peninsula) to Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Byzantine Emperor Justinian recalled Belisarius to Constantinople, because he was alarmed by his general's stratagem, which induced the Goths to surrender by offering Belisarius the Western Roman imperial crown."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The general was also needed on the eastern front against the Persians in the upcoming Lazic War (541–562)."}], "Q1907402": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Karantina massacre (Arabic: مجزرة الكرنتينا; French: Massacre de La Quarantaine/Karantina) took place on 18 January 1976, early in the Lebanese Civil War."}], "Q1935145": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Corridor 92 (Serbo-Croatian: Операција Коридор 92, Operacija Koridor 92) was the largest operation conducted during the Bosnian War by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) against the forces of the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Croatian Army (HV) in the Bosanska Posavina region of northern Bosnia and Herzegovina between 24 June and 6 October 1992."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Corridor 92 (Serbo-Croatian: Операција Коридор 92, Operacija Koridor 92) was the largest operation conducted during the Bosnian War by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) against the forces of the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Croatian Army (HV) in the Bosanska Posavina region of northern Bosnia and Herzegovina between 24 June and 6 October 1992."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This reorganisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the 29 February – 1 March 1992 referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-May 1992, when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Prelude", "says": "That prevented the supply of Banja Luka as well as the bulk of the territory gained by the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) and Croatian Serbs in Croatia since the initial phase of the Croatian War of Independence."}], "Q19429010": [{"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "They took place during the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and the War in Donbas, where Russian-backed paramilitaries had taken over parts of eastern Ukraine."}], "Q2078945": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Unternehmen Paula (Operation Paula) is the German codename for a Luftwaffe operation to destroy the remaining units of the Armée de l'Air (AdA, French Air Force) during the Battle of France in 1940."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "After the declaration of war on Nazi Germany by the United Kingdom and France, in the aftermath of the German invasion of Poland, nine months of stalemate took place along the Western Front named the Phoney War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "After the declaration of war on Nazi Germany by the United Kingdom and France, in the aftermath of the German invasion of Poland, nine months of stalemate took place along the Western Front named the Phoney War."}, {"id": "Q190882", "label": "Phoney War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the declaration of war on Nazi Germany by the United Kingdom and France, in the aftermath of the German invasion of Poland, nine months of stalemate took place along the Western Front named the Phoney War."}, {"id": "Q713519", "label": "Saar Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The only military action was the French Army's Saar Offensive which was terminated in controversial circumstances."}, {"id": "Q57174", "label": "Franz Halder", "section": "Background", "says": "General Franz Halder, the chief of staff of the Army, presented the first plan for Fall Gelb (\"Case Yellow\") on 19 October 1939."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "The operation was a limited operation in which Luxembourg and the Low Countries were to be conquered in order to provide a base for further operations against France at a later date and amounted to a less ambitious re-run of the infamous Schlieffen Plan which failed during the First World War in 1914."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "It was rejected by Adolf Hitler and at the turn of the year, Heinz Guderian's chief of staff, Erich von Manstein secured Hitler's attention with a modified version."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Background", "says": "It was rejected by Adolf Hitler and at the turn of the year, Heinz Guderian's chief of staff, Erich von Manstein secured Hitler's attention with a modified version."}, {"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the British Army escaped during the Battle of Dunkirk."}], "Q2081717": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Amboyna massacre (also known as the Amboyna trial) was the 1623 torture and execution on Ambon Island (present-day Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia) of twenty-one men, including ten in the service of the English East India Company, as well as Japanese and Portuguese traders and a Portuguese man, by agents of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), on accusations of treason."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "From its inception, the Dutch Republic was at war with the Spanish crown (which was in a dynastic union with the Portuguese crown from 1580 to 1640)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1598 the king of Spain embargoed Dutch trade with Portugal, and so the Dutch went looking for spices themselves in the areas that had been apportioned to Portugal under the Treaty of Tordesillas."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1598 the king of Spain embargoed Dutch trade with Portugal, and so the Dutch went looking for spices themselves in the areas that had been apportioned to Portugal under the Treaty of Tordesillas."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "In February, 1605 Steven van der Hagen, admiral of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), conquered the Portuguese fortress of Victoria at Amboyna, thereby taking over the Portuguese trading interests at Victoria."}], "Q2089132": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Commanders Amr bin al-A’as and Sharhabeel marched to reoccupy Palestine and Jordan, which was completed by the end of the year."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the mass evacuation of Syria ordered by Heraclius, it would be surprising if Menas had even a tenth of this recorded figure, while it is somewhat unlikely Abu Ubayda and Khalid would have as many men as this with the detachment of the corps of Yazid, Shurahbil, and Amr."}], "Q2096286": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Theatre War (Swedish: Teaterkriget), Cowberry War, Cranberry War or Lingonberry War (Norwegian: Tyttebærkrigen, Danish: Tyttebærkrigen), was a brief war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden, starting on 24 September 1788, formally lasting until 9 July 1789."}, {"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "When Gustav III of Sweden, on his own initiative and unconstitutionally, attacked Russia in 1788 and thereby started the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90, Denmark-Norway found itself in an awkward position."}, {"id": "Q211661", "label": "Jämtland", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite strong popular support, Sweden had only 10,000 men who had to be divided between Skåne, Jämtland, and Bohuslän."}], "Q209716": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Zaragoza (also known as the siege of Saragossa) was a bloody struggle in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q592179", "label": "Jean-Antoine Verdier", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under General Lefebvre-Desnouettes and subsequently commanded by General Jean-Antoine Verdier besieged, repeatedly stormed, and was repulsed from the Spanish city of Zaragoza in the summer of 1808."}, {"id": "Q640100", "label": "Battles of El Bruch", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish conventional warfare had started with the Battles of El Bruch."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon at first thought that they were a series of isolated uprisings and despatched a number of small columns to quell them."}], "Q209721": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cabezón was an engagement early in the Peninsular War on 12 June 1808 between Spain's Army of Castile, under Cuesta, based at Valladolid, and detachments of Marshal Bessières' French Army Corps under generals General Lasalle and Merle."}], "Q2113036": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The French expedition to Ireland, known in French as the Expédition d'Irlande (French pronunciation: [ɛkspedisjɔ̃ diʁlɑ̃d], \"Expedition to Ireland\"), was an unsuccessful attempt by the French Republic to assist the outlawed Society of United Irishmen in their planned rebellion against British rule during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1796, the French Directory gathered a force of between 12,000 and 25,000 French Revolutionary Army troops at Brest under General Lazare Hoche in readiness for a landing at Bantry Bay in December."}, {"id": "Q367042", "label": "Lazare Hoche", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1796, the French Directory gathered a force of between 12,000 and 25,000 French Revolutionary Army troops at Brest under General Lazare Hoche in readiness for a landing at Bantry Bay in December."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Revolution which began in 1789 spread support for republicanism across Europe."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the countries most affected was the Kingdom of Ireland, a client state of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q437962", "label": "Wolfe Tone", "section": "Background", "says": "Their efforts were supported by Wolfe Tone, another United Irishmen leader who travelled to Paris to appeal to the French Directory in person."}, {"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "Background", "says": "France had long planned to invade the British Isles, but such ambitions had been repeatedly thwarted by several factors, including being occupied by other wartime fronts, the War in the Vendée and the poor state of the French Navy."}, {"id": "Q1083872", "label": "Glorious First of June", "section": "Background", "says": "The final problem was a major cause for concern: several French naval officers had either been executed or went into exile due to the Revolution and the Navy itself had endured a series of military setbacks, culminating in a tactical defeat at the Glorious First of June in 1794 and the disastrous Croisière du Grand Hiver in 1795."}], "Q2119018": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1698 Treaty of The Hague, also known as the 1698 Treaty of Den Haag or First Partition Treaty was  one of two attempts by France, Great Britain, and the Dutch Republic to achieve a diplomatic solution to the issues that led to the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1698 Treaty of The Hague, also known as the 1698 Treaty of Den Haag or First Partition Treaty was  one of two attempts by France, Great Britain, and the Dutch Republic to achieve a diplomatic solution to the issues that led to the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "As he was childless, the closest heirs were of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy or the French House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The acquisition by either of the undivided Spanish Empire would change the European balance of power."}, {"id": "Q57909", "label": "Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 11 October 1698, the treaty made the six-year-old Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria heir to the Spanish throne, with Spain's European possessions divided between France and Austria."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The death of Joseph Ferdinand in February 1699 led to the Second Partition Treaty, or Treaty of London, in March 1700."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Spain's financial and military power had declined during the 17th century, the Spanish Empire remained powerful and largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and large areas of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Spain's financial and military power had declined during the 17th century, the Spanish Empire remained powerful and largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and large areas of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Spain's financial and military power had declined during the 17th century, the Spanish Empire remained powerful and largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and large areas of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q1191077", "label": "Secret Treaty of Dover", "section": "Background", "says": "For example, it had been referenced in the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover between England and France and the 1689 Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1665, Louis XIV fought a series of wars to achieve defensible borders and establish French military supremacy in Europe, most recently the 1688–1697 Nine Years' War against the Grand Alliance."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "Background", "says": "The war ended with the Treaty of Ryswick, producing only minor gains for France, and Louis accepted that he could not achieve his objectives without external support."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis's concern was increased by Austrian victories over the Ottoman Empire and resulting conquest of Hungary and Transylvania."}], "Q2119849": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The (First) Battle of Vlaardingen was fought on 29 July 1018 between troops of the Holy Roman Empire and West Frisia (which would later become known as the County of Holland)."}, {"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "The (First) Battle of Vlaardingen was fought on 29 July 1018 between troops of the Holy Roman Empire and West Frisia (which would later become known as the County of Holland)."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of a trade dispute, Emperor Henry II sent an army towards West Frisia to subdue the rebellious Count Dirk III."}, {"id": "Q660393", "label": "Lower Lotharingia", "section": "Political background", "says": "The north-western part of the empire, Lower Lotharingia, was ruled by Duke Godfrey of Verdun."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "Causes", "says": "Emperor Henry II organised his expedition against the Frisians and their count for two reasons."}], "Q2131701": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "Hay and the diplomat Tomás Herrán of Colombia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Had it been ratified, it would have allowed the United States a renewable lease of 100 years on a six-mile-wide strip across the isthmus of Panama (then part of Colombia) for $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000, both payments being in gold coin."}], "Q2165196": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Overlord plans called for British Second Army to secure the city and form a line from Caumont-l'Éventé to the south-east of Caen, thus acquiring ground for airfields and protecting the left flank of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q2643015", "label": "Operation Perch", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Perch, a pincer attack by I and XXX Corps, began on 7 June, with the intention of encircling Caen from the east and west."}, {"id": "Q2348027", "label": "Operation Epsom", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 June the British launched Operation Epsom, an attempt by Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor's VIII Corps to outflank Caen's defenses by crossing the River Odon to the west of the city then circling eastward."}, {"id": "Q3139030", "label": "Operation Martlet", "section": "Background", "says": "The attack was preceded by Operation Martlet, which secured VIII Corps' line of advance by capturing the high ground on their right."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 10 July General Bernard Montgomery, commander of all Allied ground forces in Normandy, held a meeting with Lieutenant-Generals Miles Dempsey and Omar Bradley, respectively the commanders of British Second Army and the United States First Army, at his headquarters to discuss the next attacks to be launched by 21st Army Group following the conclusion of Operation Charnwood and the failure of the "}, {"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 10 July General Bernard Montgomery, commander of all Allied ground forces in Normandy, held a meeting with Lieutenant-Generals Miles Dempsey and Omar Bradley, respectively the commanders of British Second Army and the United States First Army, at his headquarters to discuss the next attacks to be launched by 21st Army Group following the conclusion of Operation Charnwood and the failure of the "}, {"id": "Q207955", "label": "Omar Bradley", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 10 July General Bernard Montgomery, commander of all Allied ground forces in Normandy, held a meeting with Lieutenant-Generals Miles Dempsey and Omar Bradley, respectively the commanders of British Second Army and the United States First Army, at his headquarters to discuss the next attacks to be launched by 21st Army Group following the conclusion of Operation Charnwood and the failure of the "}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 10 July General Bernard Montgomery, commander of all Allied ground forces in Normandy, held a meeting with Lieutenant-Generals Miles Dempsey and Omar Bradley, respectively the commanders of British Second Army and the United States First Army, at his headquarters to discuss the next attacks to be launched by 21st Army Group following the conclusion of Operation Charnwood and the failure of the "}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Montgomery approved Operation Cobra, a major break out attempt to be launched by the First Army on 18 July, and ordered Dempsey to \"go on hitting: drawing the German strength, especially the armour, onto yourself - so as to ease the way for Brad[ley]\"."}, {"id": "Q93845", "label": "Charles Foulkes", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charles Foulkes, would attack from Caen to the s"}], "Q2226033": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Langensalza was fought on 9 June 1075 between forces of King Henry IV of Germany and several rebellious Saxon noblemen on the River Unstrut near Langensalza in Thuringia."}, {"id": "Q262192", "label": "Agnes of Poitou", "section": "Background", "says": "From the start of his reign in 1065, 15-year-old Henry IV suffered numerous setbacks enforcing his Imperial authority in Saxony after the regency of his mother Agnes of Poitou."}, {"id": "Q65006", "label": "Otto of Nordheim", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1070/71 Henry had already picked a quarrel with the Saxon count Otto of Nordheim, then Duke of Bavaria, and Magnus Billung, son of Duke Ordulf of Saxony."}], "Q2237094": [{"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ostrołęka of 26 May 1831 was one of the largest engagements of Poland's November Uprising."}, {"id": "Q703307", "label": "Hans Karl von Diebitsch", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the day, Polish forces under Jan Skrzynecki fought for the control over the town of Ostrołęka against the assaulting Russian forces of Hans Karl von Diebitsch."}, {"id": "Q266339", "label": "Józef Bem", "section": "lead", "says": "Józef Bem."}], "Q2237192": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moon Sound was a naval battle fought between the forces of the German Empire, and the Russian Republic (and three British submarines) in the Baltic Sea during Operation Albion from 16 October 1917 until 3 November 1917 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moon Sound was a naval battle fought between the forces of the German Empire, and the Russian Republic (and three British submarines) in the Baltic Sea during Operation Albion from 16 October 1917 until 3 November 1917 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q871617", "label": "Operation Albion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moon Sound was a naval battle fought between the forces of the German Empire, and the Russian Republic (and three British submarines) in the Baltic Sea during Operation Albion from 16 October 1917 until 3 November 1917 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moon Sound was a naval battle fought between the forces of the German Empire, and the Russian Republic (and three British submarines) in the Baltic Sea during Operation Albion from 16 October 1917 until 3 November 1917 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Many suspected that sections of the government, which would soon be overthrown in the October Revolution, now wanted to abandon Petrograd so the revolution could be pacified."}], "Q2237649": [{"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Olasch (also Ólas, Ulaş, Olaschin) took place after a Habsburg Imperial army led by Saxon Elector General, Augustus II the Strong, laid siege to Turkish held Temesvár."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 August 1696, after learning that Sultan Mustafa II's relief army was crossing the Danube at Pancsova, Augustus gave up the siege and headed to meet the Ottoman army."}], "Q2255524": [{"id": "Q1752", "label": "Macrinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch (8 June 218) was fought between the Roman army of the Emperor Macrinus and his rival Elagabalus, whose troops were commanded by General Gannys, probably a short distance from Antioch."}, {"id": "Q1762", "label": "Elagabalus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch (8 June 218) was fought between the Roman army of the Emperor Macrinus and his rival Elagabalus, whose troops were commanded by General Gannys, probably a short distance from Antioch."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "lead", "says": "Macrinus was elevated to the throne with the support of the Roman army following the assassination of his predecessor, Caracalla, by a disaffected soldier whilst on campaign against Parthia on 8 April 217."}, {"id": "Q46840", "label": "Diadumenian", "section": "lead", "says": "He sent his son and co-emperor, Diadumenian, to Parthia and tried to return to Rome, but both were caught en route and executed."}], "Q2265621": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Køge Bay was a naval battle between Denmark-Norway and Sweden that took place in the bay off of Køge 1–2 July 1677 during the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q475142", "label": "Niels Juel", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a major success for Admiral Niels Juel after his previous victory one month earlier at the Battle of Møn, and is regarded as the greatest victory in Danish naval history."}, {"id": "Q10671391", "label": "Battle of Mön", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a major success for Admiral Niels Juel after his previous victory one month earlier at the Battle of Møn, and is regarded as the greatest victory in Danish naval history."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark, the Dutch Republic, Brandenburg and several German states were at war with Sweden and its allies as part of the larger Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q695057", "label": "Battle of Fehrbellin", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin against a Brandenburg army, Swedish possessions in northern Germany were under great pressure and in need of reinforcements."}, {"id": "Q736140", "label": "Battle of Öland", "section": "Background", "says": "Attempts to relieve the southern Baltic provinces had failed and the Danish fleet had inflicted a stunning blow to the Swedish navy at the Battle of Öland in June 1676."}], "Q2272823": [{"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 716 King of the Franks Chilperic II and Mayor of the Palace Ragenfrid invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Mayor of the Palace Theudoald and Neustrian regent Plectrude."}, {"id": "Q468187", "label": "Ragenfrid", "section": "lead", "says": "In 716 King of the Franks Chilperic II and Mayor of the Palace Ragenfrid invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Mayor of the Palace Theudoald and Neustrian regent Plectrude."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 716 King of the Franks Chilperic II and Mayor of the Palace Ragenfrid invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Mayor of the Palace Theudoald and Neustrian regent Plectrude."}, {"id": "Q437737", "label": "Theudoald", "section": "lead", "says": "In 716 King of the Franks Chilperic II and Mayor of the Palace Ragenfrid invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Mayor of the Palace Theudoald and Neustrian regent Plectrude."}, {"id": "Q463984", "label": "Plectrude", "section": "lead", "says": "In 716 King of the Franks Chilperic II and Mayor of the Palace Ragenfrid invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Mayor of the Palace Theudoald and Neustrian regent Plectrude."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles Martel had been imprisoned at Cologne by Plectrude, and following his escape he was acclaimed mayor of the palace of Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q2531046", "label": "Battle of Amblève", "section": "lead", "says": "He fell on the army of Chilperic II, and at the Battle of Amblève near Amel as they returned triumphantly from Cologne, he crushed their army."}], "Q2273280": [{"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Immae was fought in 272 between the Roman army of Emperor Aurelian, and the armies of the Palmyrene Empire, whose leader, Empress Zenobia, had usurped Roman control over the eastern provinces."}, {"id": "Q877875", "label": "Palmyrene Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Immae was fought in 272 between the Roman army of Emperor Aurelian, and the armies of the Palmyrene Empire, whose leader, Empress Zenobia, had usurped Roman control over the eastern provinces."}, {"id": "Q348583", "label": "Odaenathus", "section": "Background and prelude to war", "says": "Septimius Odaenathus, a chieftain out of Palmyra, improvised an army that proved highly successful in repelling the Sassanid onslaught."}, {"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "Background and prelude to war", "says": "He was so successful that Gallienus made him a king and protector of the eastern empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background and prelude to war", "says": "After his death his wife Queen Zenobia assumed direct control (through her son) of the eastern Roman Empire provinces that were under Palmyrian protection."}], "Q2309606": [{"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mediolanum took place in 259, between the Alemanni and the Roman legions under the command of Emperor Gallienus."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "Background", "says": "When Roman Emperor Valerian rose to power in October 253, he had his son Gallienus elevated to the position of co-emperor."}, {"id": "Q114072", "label": "Ingenuus", "section": "Background", "says": "The situation was so perilous that in 259, the legions of Pannonia and Moesia rebelled and declared Ingenuus as emperor."}], "Q2311799": [{"id": "Q966525", "label": "North Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Santander was fought in the War in the North campaign of the Spanish Civil War during the summer of 1937 and saw the victory of Italian and Nationalist forces against the Republicans."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Santander was fought in the War in the North campaign of the Spanish Civil War during the summer of 1937 and saw the victory of Italian and Nationalist forces against the Republicans."}, {"id": "Q2726112", "label": "Battle of Bilbao", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 June 1937, after exactly one week of fighting, the Battle of Bilbao result in the Nationalists gaining total control over the Bay of Biscay."}], "Q2312517": [{"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrian troops assaulted an entrenched Franco-Sardinian position, and were ultimately repulsed, due in part to the death of their commander, Florimund Mercy, and the wounding of his second in command, Frederick of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Eugene of Savoy, in a letter dated April 26, ordered Mercy to begin the campaign; total Austrian forces in northern Italy had grown to more than 55,000."}], "Q2331686": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 October 1709, during the Great Northern War, the alliance between the Russian Empire and Denmark-Norway was renewed in the Treaty of Copenhagen."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 October 1709, during the Great Northern War, the alliance between the Russian Empire and Denmark-Norway was renewed in the Treaty of Copenhagen."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles XII of Sweden had destroyed the previous alliance in Travendal (1700)."}], "Q2333407": [{"id": "Q2399696", "label": "Battle of Contreras", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Churubusco took place on August 20, 1847, while Santa Anna's army was in retreat from the Battle of Contreras during the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Churubusco took place on August 20, 1847, while Santa Anna's army was in retreat from the Battle of Contreras during the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Collectively, this was the largest mass execution in United States history."}], "Q233417": [{"id": "Q653664", "label": "Battle of Trenton", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Assunpink Creek, also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, was a battle between American and British troops that took place in and around Trenton, New Jersey, on January 2, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War, and resulted in an American victory."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Assunpink Creek, also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, was a battle between American and British troops that took place in and around Trenton, New Jersey, on January 2, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War, and resulted in an American victory."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the victory at the Battle of Trenton early in the morning of December 26, 1776, General George Washington of the Continental Army and his war council expected a strong British counterattack."}, {"id": "Q5343297", "label": "Edward Hand", "section": "lead", "says": "His advance was significantly slowed by defensive skirmishing by American riflemen under the command of Edward Hand, and the advance guard did not reach Trenton until twilight."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "Background", "says": "On the night of December 25–26, 1776, George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, crossed the Delaware River with his army, and attacked the Hessian garrison at the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26."}], "Q2334896": [{"id": "Q52929", "label": "Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup resulted in the deposition of King Gustav IV Adolf and the introduction of a new Instrument of Government."}, {"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was provoked by the disastrous Finnish War."}, {"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Riksdag declared the king deposed and elected his uncle Charles XIII as the new king."}], "Q2361214": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sirte was the final and most decisive battle of the First Libyan Civil War, beginning when the National Liberation Army attacked the last remnants of the Libyan army still loyal to Muammar Gaddafi in his hometown and designated capital of Sirte, on the Gulf of Sidra."}], "Q2364604": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Wenden were a series of battles for control of the stronghold of Wenden (Cēsis, Kiesia, Võnnu), in present-day Latvia, fought during the Livonian War in 1577 and 1578."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the turning point in the Livonian War, shifting the initiative from the Tsardom of Russia to Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the turning point in the Livonian War, shifting the initiative from the Tsardom of Russia to Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q2346056", "label": "Kingdom of Livonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It also marked the end of the Kingdom of Livonia, which collapsed when Magnus retired to Courland."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "Background", "says": "John III and Stephen Báthory formed an alliance against Ivan IV in December 1577, after Báthory had concluded the Danzig War."}], "Q2368744": [{"id": "Q189575", "label": "Ion Iliescu", "section": "Background", "says": "Ion Iliescu and the National Salvation Front (FSN) seized power during the 1989 revolution."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The FSN, which was widely known from the revolution and associated with it, won 66.3% of the votes, while the next party – the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania – obtained only 7.2% of the votes, followed by the National Liberal Party at 6.4%, with the Ecological Movement of Romania (MER) and the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD) trailing at around 2.6% (see 1990 Roman"}], "Q2379459": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bila Tserkva was a peace treaty signed on 28 September 1651, between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks in the aftermath of the Battle of Bila Tserkva."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Signing for Lithuania were Prince Janusz Radziwill (1612-1655), Palatine Jerzy Karol Hlebowicz, and Wincenty Gosiewski."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Signing for the Zaporozhian Host was Bohdan Khmelnytsky \"on behalf of the entire host\"."}, {"id": "Q729936", "label": "Treaty of Zboriv", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the concluded agreement, the number of Registered Cossacks was reduced from 40,000 (the Treaty of Zboriv) to 20,000 and their residence restricted to the area of the Kiev Voivodeship."}], "Q2394303": [{"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift, while the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift, while the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake."}, {"id": "Q1233721", "label": "Toshinari Shōji", "section": "lead", "says": "Sebree, attacked a concentration of Japanese Army troops, most of whom belonged to the 230th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Toshinari Shōji."}, {"id": "Q327121", "label": "Masao Maruyama", "section": "Background", "says": "His 2nd Division (augmented by troops from the 38th Division)—under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each—was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River."}, {"id": "Q575796", "label": "Kiyotake Kawaguchi", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2nd Division was split into three units; the Left Wing Unit under Major General Yumio Nasu containing the 29th Infantry Regiment, the Right Wing Unit under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi consisting of troops from the 230th Infantry Regiment (from the 38th Infantry Division), and the division reserve led by Maruyama comprising the 16th Infantry Regiment."}, {"id": "Q1386011", "label": "Chesty Puller", "section": "Background", "says": "Over two consecutive nights Maruyama's forces conducted numerous, unsuccessful frontal assaults on positions defended by troops of the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) under Lieutenant Colonel Chesty Puller and the U.S."}], "Q2396752": [{"id": "Q51718", "label": "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marj al-Saffar was fought on January 25, 1126 between a Crusader army led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and the Seljuk Emirate of Damascus, which was ruled by Toghtekin."}, {"id": "Q727005", "label": "Toghtekin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marj al-Saffar was fought on January 25, 1126 between a Crusader army led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and the Seljuk Emirate of Damascus, which was ruled by Toghtekin."}], "Q2465567": [{"id": "Q310203", "label": "Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2008 Mauritanian coup d'état was a military coup that took place in Mauritania on August 6, 2008, when President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi was ousted from power by the Armed Forces of Mauritania, led by a group of high-ranking generals he had dismissed from office earlier that day."}, {"id": "Q294969", "label": "Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz", "section": "Background", "says": "General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was one of the leading figures in the August 2005 coup that ended Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya's 21 years in power."}], "Q2498197": [{"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Yibneh (Yibna) in 1123, a Crusader force led by Eustace Grenier crushed a Fatimid army from Egypt sent by vizier Al-Ma'mun between Ascalon and Jaffa."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Crusade captured Jerusalem from the Fatimids, vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah mounted a series of invasions \"almost annually\" from 1099 to 1107 against the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Crusade captured Jerusalem from the Fatimids, vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah mounted a series of invasions \"almost annually\" from 1099 to 1107 against the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Jerusalem was weakened by the capture of King Baldwin II by the Artuqids in northern Syria; the kingdom was at this time governed by the regent Eustace Grenier."}], "Q2500742": [{"id": "Q238688", "label": "Floriano Peixoto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brazilian Naval Revolts (Portuguese: Revoltas da Armada, lit. 'Navy's Revolt') were armed mutinies promoted mainly by admirals Custódio José de Melo and Saldanha da Gama and their fleet of rebel Brazilian navy ships against the claimed unconstitutional staying in power of president Floriano Peixoto."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolts had a number of causes: \"personal animosities in the ruling elite; friction in federal-state relations and between the president and Congress; militarism; government extravagance; army navy rivalry; and some lingering monarchical sentiments following the overthrow of the empire in 1889.\"\nThe United States supported the incumbent government against the insurgents."}], "Q2506432": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wars in Lombardy were a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan and their respective allies, fought in four campaigns in a struggle for hegemony in Northern Italy that ravaged the economy of Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wars in Lombardy were a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan and their respective allies, fought in four campaigns in a struggle for hegemony in Northern Italy that ravaged the economy of Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q1456635", "label": "Treaty of Lodi", "section": "lead", "says": "They lasted from 1423 until the signing of the Treaty of Lodi in 1454."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "During their course, the political structure of Italy was transformed: out of a competitive congeries of communes and city-states emerged the five major Italian territorial powers that would make up the map of Italy for the remainder of the 15th century and the beginning of the Italian Wars at the turn of the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "They were Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States and Naples."}], "Q2590545": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Taganrog is a name given in some Russian histories to Anglo-French naval operations in the Sea of Azov between June and November 1855 during the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April 1854, Tolstoy assumed command at Taganrog, along with Ivan Krasnov (who commanded the Don Cossacks in the region) and prepared his forces."}], "Q2591793": [{"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Warsaw Uprising of 1794 or Warsaw Insurrection (Polish: insurekcja warszawska) was an armed insurrection by the people of Warsaw early in the Kościuszko Uprising."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Supported by the Polish Army, the uprising aimed to throw off control by the Russian Empire of the Polish capital city (Warsaw)."}, {"id": "Q1577800", "label": "Battle of Racławice", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 17 April 1794, soon after Tadeusz Kościuszko's victory at the Battle of Racławice."}], "Q2602266": [{"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nonsuch was signed on 10 August 1585 by Elizabeth I of England and the Dutch rebels fighting against Spanish rule."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first international treaty signed by what would become the Dutch Republic."}], "Q2606937": [{"id": "Q695943", "label": "Battle of Voronezh", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1943 Battle of Voronezh or Voronezh–Kastornoye offensive operation (often credited in Russian as the liberation of Voronezh (освобождение Воронежа)) was a Soviet counter-offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II on recapturing the city of Voronezh during January 1943."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1943 Battle of Voronezh or Voronezh–Kastornoye offensive operation (often credited in Russian as the liberation of Voronezh (освобождение Воронежа)) was a Soviet counter-offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II on recapturing the city of Voronezh during January 1943."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1943 Battle of Voronezh or Voronezh–Kastornoye offensive operation (often credited in Russian as the liberation of Voronezh (освобождение Воронежа)) was a Soviet counter-offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II on recapturing the city of Voronezh during January 1943."}], "Q2607169": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan launched a major offensive named Operation Grand Slam on 1 September 1965 in India's Jammu and Kashmir, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which was the first major engagement between the two neighbouring states since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948."}, {"id": "Q4335259", "label": "Operation Grand Slam", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan launched a major offensive named Operation Grand Slam on 1 September 1965 in India's Jammu and Kashmir, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which was the first major engagement between the two neighbouring states since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948."}, {"id": "Q233583", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan launched a major offensive named Operation Grand Slam on 1 September 1965 in India's Jammu and Kashmir, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which was the first major engagement between the two neighbouring states since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948."}, {"id": "Q652285", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan launched a major offensive named Operation Grand Slam on 1 September 1965 in India's Jammu and Kashmir, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which was the first major engagement between the two neighbouring states since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1960s Pakistan received 700 million dollars of military aid from United States, by signing a defense agreement in 1954, which significantly modernized Pakistan's military equipment."}, {"id": "Q208694", "label": "Sino-Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat in 1962 Sino-Indian War, the Indian Military was undergoing massive changes both in personnel and equipment."}], "Q2615472": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mexican Border War was a series of military engagements between the United States military and several Mexican factions in the Mexican–American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mexican Border War was a series of military engagements between the United States military and several Mexican factions in the Mexican–American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Empire, a major trading partner with Mexico and a rival of the United States and its allies, was involved."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1914, the United States occupied Veracruz, aiming to cut off supplies of ammunition from the German Empire to Mexico at the start of World War I."}], "Q2617799": [{"id": "Q560731", "label": "Menno van Coehoorn", "section": "lead", "says": "French forces, guided by Vauban, forced the town's surrender on 5 June, but the citadel, staunchly defended by Menno van Coehoorn, managed to hold on until 30 June before capitulating, bringing an end to the 36-day siege."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Concerned that King William III planned to recapture the stronghold, King Louis XIV subsequently ordered his commander-in-chief, the duc de Luxembourg, to join battle with the Allies in the field, resulting in the bloody Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Concerned that King William III planned to recapture the stronghold, King Louis XIV subsequently ordered his commander-in-chief, the duc de Luxembourg, to join battle with the Allies in the field, resulting in the bloody Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August."}, {"id": "Q1636652", "label": "Battle of Steenkerque", "section": "lead", "says": "Concerned that King William III planned to recapture the stronghold, King Louis XIV subsequently ordered his commander-in-chief, the duc de Luxembourg, to join battle with the Allies in the field, resulting in the bloody Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August."}, {"id": "Q1860162", "label": "Treaty of Limerick", "section": "Background", "says": "That force consisted of 12,000 Catholic Irish troops, released after the conclusion of the Irish war under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, supported by a similar number of French troops."}], "Q2619692": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Te-li-ssu (得利寺の戦い Tokuriji no tatakai), also called Battle of Wafangou (Russian: Бой у Вафангоу) after the nearby railway station, was a land battle of the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q968012", "label": "Oku Yasukata", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought on 14–15 June 1904 between the Japanese Second Army under General Oku Yasukata and the Russian First Siberian Army Corps under Lieutenant General Georgii Stackelberg, at a hamlet some 80 mi (130 km) north of Port Arthur, Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q2409298", "label": "Battle of Nanshan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the loss to the Japanese at the Battle of Nanshan, the Russian Viceroy Yevgeni Alekseyev came under extreme political pressure to make a military advance to prevent the complete encirclement of Port Arthur."}, {"id": "Q527156", "label": "Alexei Kuropatkin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Russian Army in Manchuria, General Alexei Kuropatkin, disagreed vehemently to this plan, which he felt to be both foolhardy and dangerous, and he preferred to wait in Mukden for the Trans-Siberian Railway to bring him the reinforcements he felt necessary for an offensive."}, {"id": "Q468122", "label": "Nogi Maresuke", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 May, General Baron Nogi Maresuke arrived at Dalny to assume command of the new Japanese Third Army, consisting of the 1st and 11th Divisions."}], "Q2621757": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lal Masjid (Urdu: لال مسجد محاصرہ; code-named Operation Sunrise initially code-named as Operation Silence) was an armed confrontation in July 2007 between a Islamist fundamentalist private militia and the government of Pakistan, led by president Pervez Musharraf and prime minister Shaukat Aziz."}, {"id": "Q40495", "label": "Pervez Musharraf", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lal Masjid (Urdu: لال مسجد محاصرہ; code-named Operation Sunrise initially code-named as Operation Silence) was an armed confrontation in July 2007 between a Islamist fundamentalist private militia and the government of Pakistan, led by president Pervez Musharraf and prime minister Shaukat Aziz."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The military response was the result of not only pressure from locals but also diplomatic pressure from China and the United States."}, {"id": "Q208270", "label": "Federally Administered Tribal Areas", "section": "lead", "says": "In its aftermath, the Taliban and their affiliated tribal militant groups in Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Khyber Pakthunkhwa renounced the Waziristan Accord, a ten-month-old peace agreement with the Pakistani government."}, {"id": "Q1987713", "label": "Operation Blue Star", "section": "lead", "says": "Regarded as one of the longest urban battles in Pakistan's history, the event has also been likened by historians to both the Waco siege and Operation Blue Star."}], "Q2628082": [{"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory limited Mongol influence in Asia Minor and led to open hostilities between the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Mongol Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory limited Mongol influence in Asia Minor and led to open hostilities between the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Mongol Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Egyptian Mamluks used the time to reform their forces and make political alliances with the Crusader States and the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1277, Mamluk leader Baybars became concerned with the expansion of Mongol power into the Sultanate of Rum and launched an invasion into Asia Minor."}], "Q2628112": [{"id": "Q685976", "label": "Hannibal Mago", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginian army under Himilco (a member of the Magonid family and kinsman of Hannibal Mago), which had spent the winter and spring in the captured city of Akragas, marched to confront the Greeks at Gela."}, {"id": "Q367407", "label": "Hermocrates", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syracuse government had deposed Daphnaeus, the unsuccessful general of the Greek army at Akragas, with Dionysius, another officer who had been a follower of Hermocrates."}, {"id": "Q363468", "label": "Dexippus", "section": "Background", "says": "He got the government to recall political exiles who were former followers of Hermocrates, and then marched to Gela, which was under the command of the Spartan Dexippus."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "He gave his soldier double pay from the confiscated property of the dead generals, then returned to Syracuse to accuse his fellow generals of taking bribes from Carthage."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "The armies and terrain, as well as the circumstances at Cannae, differed greatly from those at Gela and the battle plans of Hannibal and Dionysius reflected this:\n\nHannibal planned to fight the Romans outside their camp while Dionysius planned to attack the Carthaginians within their camp."}], "Q2632175": [{"id": "Q246501", "label": "Treaty of Fort Stanwix", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict resulted from escalating violence between white settlers, who, in accordance with previous treaties, especially the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), were exploring and moving into land south of the Ohio River (modern West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, and Kentucky), and the Ohio Country Shawnee who had historical hunting rights in the south of Ohio lands of the Haudenosaunee Conf"}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was a major resetting of the Appalachian boundary defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which ended the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "When the American Revolutionary War broke out between the American settlers and the British in 1775, the war factions of the Indian nations quickly gained power."}], "Q2638382": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Musa Qala (also Qaleh or Qal'eh) was a British-led military action in Helmand Province, southern Afghanistan, launched by the Afghan National Army and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) against the Taliban on 7 December 2007."}], "Q2643015": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was intended to encircle and seize the German occupied city of Caen, which was a D-Day objective for the British 3rd Infantry Division in the early phases of Operation Overlord."}, {"id": "Q1756029", "label": "Operation Tonga", "section": "lead", "says": "I Corps began the eastern thrust two days later from the Orne bridgehead, which had been secured in Operation Tonga on D-Day."}, {"id": "Q700710", "label": "Battle of Villers-Bocage", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 June, after two days of battle including the Battle of Villers-Bocage, the 7th Armoured Division was ordered to withdraw towards Caumont."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, the supreme commander in the west (OB West), ordered Panzergruppe West to plan a counter-attack for 10 June."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This attack was cancelled by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel the commander of Army Group B, due to lack of troops."}], "Q2652686": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Burmese independence from the United Kingdom, many ethnic minorities, including the Kachins, campaigned for self-determination and independence."}], "Q2656396": [{"id": "Q310918", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando (Spanish: Tratado de los Toros de Guisando) is the name of a treaty agreed on top of the hill of Guisando near the Bulls of Guisando (located in Ávila, Spain) on 19 September 1468, between Henry IV of Castile and his half-sister Isabella of Castile."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty granted Isabella the title of Princess of Asturias and so she became heiress presumptive to the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "A civil war began in Castile in 1464 when a group of noblemen rebelled in an attempt to force the abdication of Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q605625", "label": "Antonio Venier", "section": "lead", "says": "Rather than continuing the civil war, Isabella preferred to negotiate with Henry IV sending Giacopo Antonio Venier as mediator."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "With the treaty, the allegiance of the whole Kingdom of Castile was to return to the King and Isabella was to become his heiress presumptive, receive the title of Princess of Asturias as well as a large endowment."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the unapproved wedding of Isabella with Ferdinand of Aragon caused Henry IV to shun the treaty."}, {"id": "Q282135", "label": "War of the Castilian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "This was one of the events that eventually led to the War of the Castilian Succession a few years later."}], "Q2659098": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Athos (also known as the Battle of Monte Sancto or the Battle of Lemnos) took place on 1–2 July 1807New Style as a part of the Napoleonic Wars during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812."}, {"id": "Q638642", "label": "Dmitry Senyavin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian squadron under Vice Admiral Dmitry Senyavin defeated Kapudan Pasha Seydi Ali's Ottoman Turkish squadron."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1806, the Ottoman Sultan Selim III felt threatened by Russian activities associated with the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sultan closed the Turkish Straits to Russian shipping and declared war on the Russian Empire."}], "Q2659387": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beauport, also known as the Battle of Montmorency, fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the British and French armed forces during the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian War and the War of Conquest) of the French province of Canada."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beauport, also known as the Battle of Montmorency, fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the British and French armed forces during the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian War and the War of Conquest) of the French province of Canada."}, {"id": "Q379812", "label": "James Wolfe", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack conducted by the British against the French defense line of Beauport, some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Quebec was checked, and the army of General James Wolfe retreated with 443 casualties and losses."}], "Q2659746": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of İnönü (Turkish: İkinci İnönü Muharebesi) was fought between March 23 and April 1, 1921 near İnönü in present-day Eskişehir Province, Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), also known as the western front of the larger Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q2660012", "label": "First Battle of İnönü", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Battle of İnönü, where Miralay (Colonel) İsmet Bey fought against a Greek detachment out of occupied Bursa, the Greeks prepared for another attack aiming the towns of Eskisehir and Afyonkarahisar with their inter-connecting rail-lines."}], "Q2662144": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pondicherry was a naval battle between a British squadron under Vice-Admiral George Pocock and French squadron under Comte d'Aché on 10 September 1759 off the Carnatic coast of India near Pondicherry during the Seven Years' War."}], "Q2664985": [{"id": "Q318912", "label": "Eric the Victorious", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fýrisvellir was fought in the 980s on the plain called Fýrisvellir, where modern Uppsala is situated, between King Eric the Victorious and an invading force."}, {"id": "Q106837", "label": "Saxo Grammaticus", "section": "lead", "says": "It is mentioned by Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum and in a number of medieval Icelandic sources, including Eyrbyggja saga, Knýtlinga saga, and Hervarar saga."}, {"id": "Q213801", "label": "Olaf I of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "An account is found in the Old Norse translation of Oddr Snorrason's lost Latin life of the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason, known as Odds saga munks, and a more detailed account in the short story Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa, which is included in the saga of the Norwegian king Olaf II in Flateyjarbók; this version includes skaldic verses including two lausavísur by Þórvaldr Hjaltason."}], "Q26709211": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Karposh's rebellion or Karposh's uprising (Macedonian: Карпошово востание, Karpošovo vostanie; Bulgarian: Карпошово въстание, Karposhovo vastanie) was a Christian anti-Ottoman uprising in the Central Balkans that took place in October 1689 during the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The leader of the rebellion, was born in the Sanjak of Üsküp in the then Rumelia Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, probably in the village of Vojnik (near Kumanovo, present-day North Macedonia), and named Petar (Macedonian: Петар, Bulgarian: Петър, lit. 'Peter')."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The leader of the rebellion, was born in the Sanjak of Üsküp in the then Rumelia Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, probably in the village of Vojnik (near Kumanovo, present-day North Macedonia), and named Petar (Macedonian: Петар, Bulgarian: Петър, lit. 'Peter')."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the army of the Holy Roman Empire advanced into the Ottoman Balkans, Karposh moved to the area of Znepole (near Tran, on today's Serbo-Bulgarian border), and began to organise anti-Ottoman resistance-detachments there."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Ottoman Empire suffered defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and was forced to withdraw rapidly from Central Europe."}], "Q26761773": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "A bombing at the Roxas Night Market occurred in Davao City, Philippines, on September 2, 2016, causing at least 14 deaths and 70 injuries."}, {"id": "Q457786", "label": "Rodrigo Duterte", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 28, 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte ordered the Armed Forces of the Philippines to capture and eliminate Abu Sayyaf members, after the group beheaded an 18-year-old boy on August 22, 2016, after the victim's family failed to pay ransom."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "On July 7, 2016, Davao City Vice Mayor Paolo Duterte announced that the city was facing threats from Islamic State, prompting authorities to increase security in the area."}, {"id": "Q1491004", "label": "Sara Duterte", "section": "Background", "says": "Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte had previously ordered the popular night market to be closed due to \"a number of violations and complaints\"."}], "Q2694984": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Remagen was an 18-day battle during the Allied invasion of Germany in World War II."}, {"id": "Q697403", "label": "Operation Plunder", "section": "lead", "says": "American forces captured the bridge and rapidly expanded their first bridgehead across the Rhine, two weeks before Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's meticulously planned Operation Plunder."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 March, German Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler ordered Schutzstaffel (SS) General Hans Kammler to fire V2 rockets to destroy the bridge."}], "Q2700708": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of New Orleans (April 25 – May 1, 1862) during the American Civil War was a turning point in the war that precipitated the capture of the Mississippi River."}, {"id": "Q41894", "label": "Battle of New Orleans", "section": "Background", "says": "A formative event in the early history of New Orleans was the 1815 Battle of New Orleans."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "Background", "says": "Fought during the War of 1812, the battle's American victory led by General Andrew Jackson enhanced his political career."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "Fought during the War of 1812, the battle's American victory led by General Andrew Jackson enhanced his political career."}, {"id": "Q11820", "label": "Martin Van Buren", "section": "Background", "says": "Along with Martin Van Buren, he founded the Democratic Party."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "This powerful political movement also produced sectional tension between the northern and southern portions of the United States, resulting in the creation of the Whig Party to oppose the new Democratic Party."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "The victory of Abraham Lincoln, the Republican presidential candidate, in the election of 1860, resulted in the secession crisis and was a catalyst to the American Civil War."}], "Q2704829": [{"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Roman General Vespasian and his son Titus, both future emperors, the siege ended with the sacking of the town, the deaths of most of its inhabitants and the enslavement of the rest."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was chronicled by Josephus, who had personally commanded the Jewish forces at Yodfat and was subsequently captured by the Romans."}], "Q2708643": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Irish Agreement was a 1985 treaty between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland which aimed to help bring an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q27", "label": "Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Irish Agreement was a 1985 treaty between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland which aimed to help bring an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q7416", "label": "Margaret Thatcher", "section": "lead", "says": "The Agreement was signed on 15 November 1985, at Hillsborough Castle, by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach (prime minister) Garret FitzGerald."}, {"id": "Q381681", "label": "Jack Lynch", "section": "Background", "says": "During her first term as prime minister, Thatcher had unsuccessful talks with Irish taoiseachs Jack Lynch and Charles Haughey on solving the conflict in Northern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q333735", "label": "Charles Haughey", "section": "Background", "says": "During her first term as prime minister, Thatcher had unsuccessful talks with Irish taoiseachs Jack Lynch and Charles Haughey on solving the conflict in Northern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "Background", "says": "Haughey resumed power shortly afterwards and took Argentina's side during the Falklands War, leading to the meeting scheduled for July 1982 to be cancelled."}], "Q2711484": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "At least 952 people were killed; 944 in El Salvador and 8 in Guatemala, over 5,500 were injured and nearly 200 were left missing due to the earthquake; every single department in the country reported casualties and severe damage, and damage from the earthquake was reported in five countries throughout Central America."}], "Q2732058": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "Abnormally warm waters had been widespread off West Africa whereas relatively cold surface waters had stretched between western Europe and the southeastern United States."}], "Q2734129": [{"id": "Q282135", "label": "War of the Castilian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Toro was part of the War of the Castilian Succession, fought on 1 March 1476, near the city of Toro, between the Castilian-Aragonese troops of the Catholic Monarchs and the Portuguese-Castilian forces of Afonso V and Prince John of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Toro was part of the War of the Castilian Succession, fought on 1 March 1476, near the city of Toro, between the Castilian-Aragonese troops of the Catholic Monarchs and the Portuguese-Castilian forces of Afonso V and Prince John of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "As noted by Spanish academic António Serrano: \"From all of this it can be deduced that the battle [of Toro] was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule the Spanish throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful w"}], "Q2734925": [{"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sulla had achieved temporary control of Rome and Marius's exile to Africa following his first march on Rome, but departed soon afterwards to lead the First Mithridatic War."}], "Q2737158": [{"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation included an attack on the headquarters of Erwin Rommel, the commander of Panzergruppe Afrika in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "lead", "says": "It was timed for the night of 17/18 November 1941, just before the start of Operation Crusader."}], "Q2742723": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Flood of 1993 (or Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993) was a flood that occurred in the Midwestern United States, along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries, from April to October 1993."}, {"id": "Q1147270", "label": "Great Mississippi Flood of 1927", "section": "lead", "says": "Within this zone, the flooded area totaled around 30,000 square miles (78,000 km2) and was the worst such U.S. disaster since the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, as measured by duration, area inundated, persons displaced, crop and property damage, and number of record river levels."}], "Q2748355": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Route Coloniale 4, also called the Autumn-Winter Border Campaign (Chiến Dịch Biên Giới Thu Đông) by the Viet Minh, was a battle of the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q748098", "label": "Border Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The aim of Việt Minh in the 1950 Border Campaign was clearing the way to the Vietnam-China border for the supply flow from the newly formed People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The aim of Việt Minh in the 1950 Border Campaign was clearing the way to the Vietnam-China border for the supply flow from the newly formed People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "Background", "says": "During the French Indochina War (1946–1954), French forces attempted to re-establish colonial control of Vietnam, while the Vietnamese guerrilla forces, the communist Việt Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh fought for independence."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Background", "says": "Their situation improved in 1949 after the Chinese People's Liberation Army of Mao Zedong defeated the Nationalist army led by Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Their situation improved in 1949 after the Chinese People's Liberation Army of Mao Zedong defeated the Nationalist army led by Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q179910", "label": "Võ Nguyên Giáp", "section": "Background", "says": "Võ Nguyên Giáp, the military leader of the Việt Minh, launched an offensive against the French in early 1950."}], "Q3360277": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship (German: Türkisch-Deutscher Freundschaftsvertrag, Turkish: Türk-Alman Dostluk Paktı) was a non-aggression pact signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey on 18 June 1941 in Ankara by German ambassador to Turkey Franz von Papen and Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs Şükrü Saracoğlu."}, {"id": "Q150552", "label": "Franz von Papen", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship (German: Türkisch-Deutscher Freundschaftsvertrag, Turkish: Türk-Alman Dostluk Paktı) was a non-aggression pact signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey on 18 June 1941 in Ankara by German ambassador to Turkey Franz von Papen and Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs Şükrü Saracoğlu."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Turkish President İsmet İnönü pursued a policy of neutrality, tried to avoid involvement in the war and sought to acquire military equipment from both the Axis powers and the Allies."}, {"id": "Q183297", "label": "İsmet İnönü", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Turkish President İsmet İnönü pursued a policy of neutrality, tried to avoid involvement in the war and sought to acquire military equipment from both the Axis powers and the Allies."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "As Germany was preparing to invade Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941, Axis troops massed along the Bulgarian border and demanded permission to transit through its territory."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "On 1 March 1941, inspired by irredentist claims to territory in Greece (East Macedonia and Thrace) and Yugoslavia (Vardar Macedonia), Bulgaria signed the Tripartite Pact with the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "On 1 March 1941, inspired by irredentist claims to territory in Greece (East Macedonia and Thrace) and Yugoslavia (Vardar Macedonia), Bulgaria signed the Tripartite Pact with the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "On 1 March 1941, inspired by irredentist claims to territory in Greece (East Macedonia and Thrace) and Yugoslavia (Vardar Macedonia), Bulgaria signed the Tripartite Pact with the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "On 4 March 1941, Franz von Papen forwarded a letter from Adolf Hitler to İnönü in which Hitler wrote that he had not started the war and did not intend to attack Turkey."}, {"id": "Q149724", "label": "Faisal II of Iraq", "section": "Geopolitical context", "says": "On April 18, while the negotiations were still taking place, British forces invaded Iraq, by June 3 the coup was defeated and the regime of Emir Abdul-Illah (regent of four-year-old King Faisal II) restored."}], "Q3362719": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Eagle Assist was a NATO operation where AWACS aircraft patrolled the skies over the United States following the September 11 attacks."}, {"id": "Q877399", "label": "North Atlantic Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 4, about a month after the September 11 attacks, the North Atlantic Council decided to operationalize Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty."}], "Q3363578": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the nascent war on terror, the United States, like Russia, wanted Georgia to regain control of the Gorge, both to suppress the jihadist threat and to contain the escalation in \nGeorgia-Russian tensions."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. set up a train-and-equip program, which it described as intended to help Georgia's military assert itself in the Gorge, and which also helped prepare Georgian troops to fight alongside the U.S. in \nAfghanistan and Iraq."}, {"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian media reported that Chechens captured by Abkhaz forces had claimed that President Eduard Shevardnadze had personally approved the operation."}], "Q3376121": [{"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holocaust saw the genocide of Jews in the Kingdom of Romania and in Romanian-controlled territories of the Soviet Union between 1940 and 1944."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holocaust saw the genocide of Jews in the Kingdom of Romania and in Romanian-controlled territories of the Soviet Union between 1940 and 1944."}, {"id": "Q223414", "label": "Octavian Goga", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1937, the government of Octavian Goga came to power; Romania thus became the second overtly-antisemitic state in Europe."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "169 of 22 January 1938, which invalidated the citizenship which Jews had obtained at the beginning of World War I, and required all Jews who lived in Romania to present their documentation for review."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Romania was the second country which enacted antisemitic legislation in Europe, after Nazi Germany, and the only country which did so before the 1938 Anschluss, or German annexation of Austria. and the only country other than Germany itself which \"implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings.\" The antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germa"}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of such anti-Semitic laws, hundreds of Jewish families, mostly but not entirely from Bessarabia, applied to the Italian consulate for visas to Italian-occupied Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of such anti-Semitic laws, hundreds of Jewish families, mostly but not entirely from Bessarabia, applied to the Italian consulate for visas to Italian-occupied Ethiopia."}], "Q339303": [{"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mediterranean Agreements (German: Mittelmeerentente; French: Entente de la Méditerranée) were a series of treaties signed in 1887 by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with Italy on 12 February (through the mediation of Germany), with Austria-Hungary on 24 March and with Spain on 4 May."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mediterranean Agreements (German: Mittelmeerentente; French: Entente de la Méditerranée) were a series of treaties signed in 1887 by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with Italy on 12 February (through the mediation of Germany), with Austria-Hungary on 24 March and with Spain on 4 May."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In fact, one of the objectives was to halt the expansion of the Russian Empire in the Balkans and her wish to control the straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From that perspective it also assured the survival of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "From the point of view of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the benefit of these agreements to which Germany was not a party, was in bringing Britain closer to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q656545", "label": "Reinsurance Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty potentially conflicted with the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887, between Germany and Russia."}], "Q3405472": [{"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Aberconwy was signed on the 10th of November 1277, and was made between King Edward I of England and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales."}], "Q3445471": [{"id": "Q368689", "label": "First Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The event triggered the First Serbian Uprising, aimed at putting an end to the centuries of Ottoman occupation."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "Background", "says": "The reign of Selim III (1789–1806) saw internal conflicts, with tumult among the pashas, ayans and kircalis."}], "Q3446722": [{"id": "Q752431", "label": "New Hebrides", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to Vanuatu's independence, the islands were known as the New Hebrides."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The New Hebrides were governed by a condominium of France and the United Kingdom."}], "Q3458323": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was suppressed by the French Army of the Orient under Napoleon."}], "Q3488959": [{"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Russia by Charles XII of Sweden was a campaign undertaken during the Great Northern War between Sweden and the allied states of Russia, Poland, and Denmark."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Russia by Charles XII of Sweden was a campaign undertaken during the Great Northern War between Sweden and the allied states of Russia, Poland, and Denmark."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion began with Charles's crossing of the Vistula on 1 January 1708, and effectively ended with the Swedish defeat in the Battle of Poltava on 8 July 1709, though Charles continued to pose a military threat to Russia for several years while under the protection of the Ottoman Turks."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In the years preceding the invasion of Russia, Charles had inflicted significant defeats on the Danish and Polish forces, and enthroned the king Stanisław Leszczyński in Poland."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Historical context", "says": "As a consequence of this rapid initiation of the campaign, Charles nearly gave battle with Peter the Great just one month into the campaign, reaching Grodno, now in Belarus, a mere two hours after Russian forces had abandoned it."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "Historical context", "says": "He chose to continue his invasion now because he expected Swedish reinforcements and the alliance of the Cossacks under Ivan Mazepa."}], "Q3493399": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace of Raciążek was a treaty signed on 22 May 1404 between Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Teutonic Knights, regarding the control of the Dobrzyń Land and Samogitia."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland in essence confirmed the Treaty of Kalisz of 1342 and Lithuania – the Treaty of Salynas of 1398."}, {"id": "Q668403", "label": "Treaty of Salynas", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland in essence confirmed the Treaty of Kalisz of 1342 and Lithuania – the Treaty of Salynas of 1398."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1402 the Order allied with Lithuanian duke Švitrigaila, brother of Władysław II Jagiełło, who promised to follow the Treaty of Salynas and cede Samogitia to the Knights."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "When neither side could achieve decisive victory and Vytautas the Great wanted to direct his attention to a war against Yury of Smolensk, the negotiations started in summer 1403."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "That led to a new war between Poland–Lithuania and the Knights, who were decisively defeated in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410."}], "Q3494883": [{"id": "Q2078442", "label": "Second Dacian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarmizegetusa (also spelled Sarmizegethuza) was a siege of Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia, fought in Trajan's Second Dacian War in 106 between the army of the Roman Emperor Trajan, and the Dacians led by King Decebalus."}, {"id": "Q28928", "label": "Decebalus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarmizegetusa (also spelled Sarmizegethuza) was a siege of Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia, fought in Trajan's Second Dacian War in 106 between the army of the Roman Emperor Trajan, and the Dacians led by King Decebalus."}], "Q3500162": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bijeljina massacre involved the killing of civilians by Serb paramilitary groups in Bijeljina on 1–2 April 1992 in the run-up to the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The SDG were under the command of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which was controlled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1990 and 1991, Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina had proclaimed a number of Serbian Autonomous Oblasts with the intent of later unifying them into a homogeneous Serb territory."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1992, the SDS assembly proclaimed the \"Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina\" and Radovan Karadžić, its soon-to-be president, announced that a \"unified Bosnia and Herzegovina no longer exists\"."}], "Q3502459": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Dionysius, after securing peace with Carthage in 405 BC, had steadily increased his military power and had tightened his grip on Syracuse."}], "Q3504102": [{"id": "Q221357", "label": "Dutch Brazil", "section": "Background", "says": "Facing an uprising by the Portuguese planters in Dutch Brazil and having concluded a Peace Treaty with the Spanish in 1647, the Dutch sent an expeditionary force to Brazil, consisting of 41 ships with 6000 men."}], "Q3504617": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cerro Corá (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsero koˈɾa]) was the last major battle of the Paraguayan War, fought on 1 March 1870, in the vicinity of Cerro Corá, 454 kilometres (280 mi) northeast of Paraguay's capital Asunción."}], "Q3511112": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "By occasionally allying itself with the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Muslim emirate of Damascus successfully resisted Zengi's efforts to conquer that city."}], "Q3536812": [{"id": "Q10748344", "label": "Provisional Central Government of Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty officially transferred sovereignty over Vietnam to former emperor Bảo Đại and the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q2572351", "label": "treaty of Saigon", "section": "Background", "says": "The new treaty replaced the notoriously vague 'Philastre treaty' of 15 March 1874 (the Treaty of Saigon), which had given France limited commercial privileges in Tonkin."}], "Q3555032": [{"id": "Q743776", "label": "First Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Their immediate dismissal upon arrival is said to have been a key event that led up to the First Peloponnesian War."}], "Q3558438": [{"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Suvorov's Swiss campaign took place on Swiss territory between September and October 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "Gotthard under the command of Field Marshal Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky, with orders to march against General André Masséna to drive him out of the Helvetic Republic."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Gotthard under the command of Field Marshal Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky, with orders to march against General André Masséna to drive him out of the Helvetic Republic."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "After the important victories of the previous months during the campaign in Italy, Suvorov had remained in control of the situation in the northern part of the Peninsula and a final defeat of the French seemed imminent with the Russian general determined to march even to France, but the divisions and rivalries of the coalesced powers would soon favor the resurgence of the revolutionary armies: fea"}, {"id": "Q1096347", "label": "Claude Lecourbe", "section": "lead", "says": "Gotthard after fierce battles and then marched laboriously along the Reuss River valley, constantly opposed by General Claude Lecourbe."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "General Masséna then sent the divisions of Generals Honoré Gazan and Édouard Mortier, coordinated by General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, to block the Russian advance between Schwyz and Glarus; Suvorov then headed for the Linth, having achieved some success and captured Glarus, one of the main goals; although his soldiers under Bagration's tactical control came to a stalemate at Näfels against General Gabr"}, {"id": "Q233426", "label": "Second Battle of Zurich", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Suvorov's situation, isolated in the mountains, with scarce supplies and opposed on all fronts by French troops, became increasingly difficult; after learning of the defeat of Generals Korsakov and Hotze in the Second Battle of Zurich and the Battle of Linth River, he had no choice but to attempt to retreat eastward for the purpose of rescuing the remnants of his now heavily strained army."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Political and military background", "says": "The divisions and rivalries among the coalesced powers, Kingdom of Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and Russian Empire, however, did not allow them to take advantage of the victories in Italy, favoring instead soon the recovery of the forces of the First French Republic: the British were afraid that Russian influence in Italy would become too great and that Tsarist power would overlook the Medite"}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Political and military background", "says": "The divisions and rivalries among the coalesced powers, Kingdom of Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and Russian Empire, however, did not allow them to take advantage of the victories in Italy, favoring instead soon the recovery of the forces of the First French Republic: the British were afraid that Russian influence in Italy would become too great and that Tsarist power would overlook the Medite"}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "Political and military background", "says": "The British government, worried that Republican France might use the powerful Dutch fleet to threaten the British Isles directly, had then prepared new war plans that included redeploying the Russian army to Switzerland to facilitate the landing of an Anglo-Russian coalition in the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Political and military background", "says": "General Michael von Melas's Austrian army was to garrison Piedmont and seize Cuneo; at the same time Archduke Charles was to move from Switzerland to Germany along the Rhine so that Austria would also have a chance to oust the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "Reasons for the defeat", "says": "As early as October 22, Tsar Paul I, in his letter to Emperor Francis II officially announcing Russia's exit from the coalition, focused the main reasons for the Russian defeat on the removal of Archduke Charles from Switzerland before the reunification of Suvorov's army with Korsakov's had been completed:\n\n\"Your Majesty must already be aware of the consequences that resulted with the removal from"}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Reasons for the defeat", "says": "As early as October 22, Tsar Paul I, in his letter to Emperor Francis II officially announcing Russia's exit from the coalition, focused the main reasons for the Russian defeat on the removal of Archduke Charles from Switzerland before the reunification of Suvorov's army with Korsakov's had been completed:\n\n\"Your Majesty must already be aware of the consequences that resulted with the removal from"}], "Q3564426": [{"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "November] 1916 between the Kingdom of Greece and the Allied Powers, arising from a dispute over Greece's neutrality in World War I, and followed by reprisals and riots against Greek supporters of the Allies."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "November] 1916 between the Kingdom of Greece and the Allied Powers, arising from a dispute over Greece's neutrality in World War I, and followed by reprisals and riots against Greek supporters of the Allies."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies feared that the Central Powers, with Greek support, might launch an attack against the Franco-British army that had been invited to Thessaloniki by former Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to assist Serbia and bivouacked there since late 1915."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the failure of negotiations, combined with the Bulgarian Army's advance in Macedonia, led to a military coup by pro-Allied Greek officers supporting Venizelos in Thessaloniki."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Supported by the Allies, in October 1916, Venizelos established a provisional government in northern Greece to form an army to reclaim territories lost to Bulgaria, thus splitting Greece into two factions."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Greece emerged victorious after the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars, almost doubling its territory and population."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The ownership of the Greek-occupied eastern Aegean islands was contested by the Ottoman Empire, which claimed them as its own."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the north, Bulgaria, defeated in the Second Balkan War, was engineering revanchist strategies against Greece and Serbia."}, {"id": "Q43063", "label": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia in 1914."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary to declare war against countries allied with Serbia, which triggered the involvement of the Triple Entente and started World War I."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek leadership was divided between Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, who supported Great Britain and the Allies, and King Constantine, who had been educated in Germany, was married to Sophia of Prussia, the sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and harbored strong sympathies for the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Both men aspired to the prevailing Greek irredentist ideal, known since the mid-19th century as the Megali Idea, the revival of the Byzantine Empire with the capture of Constantinople and Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1915, Britain offered Greece \"territorial concessions in Asia Minor\" if it would participate in the upcoming Gallipoli Campaign."}, {"id": "Q374655", "label": "Pavlos Kountouriotis", "section": "Causes", "says": "Venizelos, Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis, and General Danglis formed a triumvirate provisional government and, on 9 October, moved to Thessaloniki to assume command of the National Defence and the formal establishment of the provisional government."}], "Q3608484": [{"id": "Q3656242", "label": "Battle of Jeddah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Mecca in 1813 took place several days after the Ottoman Capture of Jeddah in the First Campaign of the Ottoman–Wahhabi war."}], "Q3625456": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Buda (14 July – 30 October 1684)  was a siege by the Holy Roman Empire of the Ottoman fortress of Buda."}, {"id": "Q156949", "label": "Charles V, Duke of Lorraine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In May 1684, an army of 38,000–43,000 men marched under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine to capture the city of Buda from the Turks."}, {"id": "Q58755", "label": "Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden arrived at the castle town of Visegrád on 15 June."}, {"id": "Q4872699", "label": "Battle of Vác", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 27 June the imperial army met a strong Turkish force of 17,000 men at the Battle of Vác under the command of Grand Vizier Kara İbrahim Pasha, who would eventually drive out the Habsburgs."}], "Q3625498": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Naples, also known as the siege of Neapolis, took place in 542–543 AD during the Gothic War (535–554) when the Ostrogoths (Goths) captured it from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of Ravenna in 540 AD, Belisarius restored much of Italy to Byzantine rule but was recalled by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who distrusted his actions and needed him on the eastern front."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of Ravenna in 540 AD, Belisarius restored much of Italy to Byzantine rule but was recalled by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who distrusted his actions and needed him on the eastern front."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The general's departure was also needed on the eastern front against the Persians in the upcoming Lazic War (541–562)."}, {"id": "Q1895789", "label": "Battle of Faventia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This led to the Battle of Faventia in spring 542, where Totila, commanding an army of about 5,000 men, pursued and defeated the Byzantine army."}], "Q36302993": [{"id": "Q4683097", "label": "Yogi Adityanath", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yogi Adityanath led government had ignored repeated requests for clearing the dues despite warning about supply being cut, and faced heavy criticism."}], "Q3636512": [{"id": "Q11794886", "label": "Siege of Lwów", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lwów (sometimes called the Siege of Lwów) was a World War II battle for the control over the formerly Polish city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) between the Polish Army and the invading Wehrmacht and the Red Army."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lwów (sometimes called the Siege of Lwów) was a World War II battle for the control over the formerly Polish city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) between the Polish Army and the invading Wehrmacht and the Red Army."}], "Q3636526": [{"id": "Q21862905", "label": "Battle of Stelai", "section": "lead", "says": "It is sometimes known as the Second Battle of Milazzo, counting the Battle of Stelai as the First Battle of Milazzo."}], "Q3653895": [{"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "lead", "says": "A military coup d'état overthrew the president of Uganda, Milton Obote, on January 25, 1971."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place while Obote was attending the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Singapore, and was staged by Idi Amin, the commander of the Uganda Army at the time."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place while Obote was attending the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Singapore, and was staged by Idi Amin, the commander of the Uganda Army at the time."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The British government was also opposed to Obote's Move to the Left, a series of socialist-orientated policies that hindered the operations of international corporations; in addition, the British government feared that these initiatives would provoke the departure of the Asian community in Uganda, who were British subjects and would likely emigrate the United Kingdom, a possibility the UK governme"}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Israel initially maintained close relations with Obote's government, and used Uganda as a means to channel support to Anyanya rebels in southern Sudan with the hope of distracting Sudan from supporting Palestine in the Arab–Israeli conflict."}], "Q3656308": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monastir (1917) was a failed French attack against German-Bulgarian fortifications North and West of Monastir, between 12 March and 26 May 1917, during the Salonika Campaign in World War I."}, {"id": "Q176522", "label": "Maurice Sarrail", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied commander-in-chief, Maurice Sarrail, made plans for a large spring offensive in 1917, besides attacking the Crna Bend and Doiran, he also planned an attack north and west of Monastir to give the city, which was always under fire, a more expansive breathing space."}], "Q3660954": [{"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Three Henries was a brief rebellion of three German princes, all called Henry, against Emperor Otto II in 976–977, with a final peace imposed in 978."}, {"id": "Q454304", "label": "Henry II, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The three Henries were: Henry I, Bishop of Augsburg, Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, and Henry I, Duke of Carinthia."}], "Q368257": [{"id": "Q685976", "label": "Hannibal Mago", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginian army under Hannibal Mago besieged the Dorian Greek city of Akragas in retaliation for the Greek raids on Punic colonies in Sicily."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "During the siege, Hannibal and a large number of  Carthaginian soldiers perished from the plague, and the survivors were in dire straits after the Greeks managed to cut their supply lines."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage had stayed away from Sicilian affairs for almost seventy years following the defeat at Himera in 480 BC; during the intervening time Greek culture had started to penetrate the Elymian, Sikanian and Sicel cities in Sicily."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "Background", "says": "This appeal came at a time when the mainland Greek cities were locked in the Peloponnesian War, and Syracuse, an ally of Sparta, was not focused on Sicily."}], "Q3696172": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zafar took place in 632 between Khalid ibn al-Walid, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a tribal chieftess called Salma."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Ridda Wars."}], "Q3724348": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mostar was fought during the Bosnian War first in 1992 and then again later in 1993 to 1994."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially lasting between April 1992 and June 1992, it involved the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) fighting against the Serb-dominated Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) after Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence from Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially lasting between April 1992 and June 1992, it involved the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) fighting against the Serb-dominated Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) after Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence from Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q6470616", "label": "Operation Jackal", "section": "lead", "says": "That phase ended in June 1992 after the success of Operation Jackal, launched by the Croatian Army (HV) and HVO."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "lead", "says": "As the wider conflict matured and the political landscape changed, the Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks began to fight against each other, culminating in the Croat–Bosniak War."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities ended with the signing of the Washington Agreement in March 1994 and the establishment of the Croat–Bosniak federation."}, {"id": "Q183848", "label": "Alija Izetbegović", "section": "Background", "says": "During the war in Croatia, Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović issued a televised statement declaring neutrality, stating that \"this is not our war\", and the Sarajevo government initially did not take significant defensive measures against a potential attack by Bosnian Serb forces and the JNA."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 March 1991, Croatian president Franjo Tuđman met with Serbian president Slobodan Milošević in Karađorđevo, reportedly to discuss the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 March 1991, Croatian president Franjo Tuđman met with Serbian president Slobodan Milošević in Karađorđevo, reportedly to discuss the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q36111", "label": "Mate Boban", "section": "Background", "says": "It vowed to respect the Bosnian government under the condition that Bosnia and Herzegovina was independent of \"the former and every kind of future Yugoslavia.\" Mate Boban was established as its president."}], "Q3752313": [{"id": "Q3751537", "label": "Battle of Albelda", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Laturce, also known as the second Battle of Albelda, was a victory for the forces of Ordoño I of Asturias and his ally García Íñiguez of Pamplona over the latter's uncle and former ally, Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi, the Banu Qasi lord of Borja, Zaragoza, Terrer, and Tudela, Navarre, in 859 or 860."}, {"id": "Q223646", "label": "Ordoño I of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Laturce, also known as the second Battle of Albelda, was a victory for the forces of Ordoño I of Asturias and his ally García Íñiguez of Pamplona over the latter's uncle and former ally, Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi, the Banu Qasi lord of Borja, Zaragoza, Terrer, and Tudela, Navarre, in 859 or 860."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christians counted 12,000 Muslim cavalry among the dead, and in the Muslim camp were found the treasures which Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, had recently sent to the Muslim warlord."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christians counted 12,000 Muslim cavalry among the dead, and in the Muslim camp were found the treasures which Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, had recently sent to the Muslim warlord."}, {"id": "Q635213", "label": "Battle of Clavijo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Laturce provided aspects for the fictional Battle of Clavijo."}], "Q3796996": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid on Pula was an Italian Navy operation conducted during the night of 31 October – 1 November 1918, at the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "She was anchored, with several other vessels, in the Adriatic port of Pula–the main naval base of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q701518", "label": "Armistice of Villa Giusti", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid took place during the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the collapse of its armed forces at the Italian Front, which led the Austro-Hungarian command to request and negotiate the Armistice of Villa Giusti days later."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "In those circumstances, the Italian government ordered its armed forces to continue to advance as far as possible to occupy the territory that the Allies of World War I promised to Italy under the 1915 Treaty of London in order to entice Italy to join the war."}, {"id": "Q515684", "label": "Anton Korošec", "section": "Background", "says": "Those efforts culminated in the unsuccessful 1917 May Declaration championed by Anton Korošec, the leading Slovene (and South Slavic) member of the Imperial Council."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Simultaneously, the Entente offered Serbia Bačka, Bosnia, Herzegovina, parts of Dalmatia, Syrmia, and Slavonia as compensation for territories expected to be offered to Bulgaria to secure its alliance."}, {"id": "Q571638", "label": "Ante Trumbić", "section": "Background", "says": "A group of politicians, led by Frano Supilo and Ante Trumbić, established the Yugoslav Committee to promote the self-determination of South Slav-inhabited lands from Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "After Serbia failed to persuade the Entente to apply the principle of self-determination to the South Slav lands, the Yugoslav Committee endorsed a political union of the South Slav territories of Austria-Hungary with Serbia and the creation of Yugoslavia, seeing unification as necessary to prevent the partitioning of Croatia between Italy, Serbia, and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 October 1918, the National Council declared the independence of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, claiming to represent South Slavs living in Croatia-Slavonia and the city of Rijeka, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austrian Littoral (Istria, Trieste, and Gorizia), Carniola, Styria, Carinthia, Bačka, Banat, Baranya, and Međimurje."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to the Austro-Hungarian navy representative at the negotiations, Fregattenkapitän Prince Johannes of Liechtenstein, the Supreme Command in Vienna, feared that the negotiations would be jeopardised because the draft terms demanded the surrender of a navy that had already been handed over to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even before the fleet transfer, the British had intercepted a message from Vienna to the Austro-Hungarian naval attaché in the Ottoman Empire informing the diplomat of the scheduled transfer, but it was disregarded on the assumption that Italy had a historic right to capture the Austro-Hungarian navy."}], "Q380067": [{"id": "Q722463", "label": "Stanisław Koniecpolski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish forces, including the winged hussars, were led by Crown Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski and imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg, sent by Emperor Ferdinand II to aid Sigismund III, met with troops commanded by Swedish King Gustav II Adolf, who supported the Protestant Lutherans of Germany and northern Europe."}, {"id": "Q648095", "label": "Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish forces, including the winged hussars, were led by Crown Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski and imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg, sent by Emperor Ferdinand II to aid Sigismund III, met with troops commanded by Swedish King Gustav II Adolf, who supported the Protestant Lutherans of Germany and northern Europe."}], "Q389853": [{"id": "Q313531", "label": "Juan María Bordaberry", "section": "lead", "says": "President Juan María Bordaberry closed parliament and ruled with the assistance of a junta of military generals."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with most of the trade union leaders in jail, dead, or exiled to Argentina."}, {"id": "Q367083", "label": "Jorge Pacheco Areco", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "On September 9, 1971, President Jorge Pacheco Areco instructed the armed forces to conduct anti-guerrilla operations against the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "The role of the Armed Forces in political life continued to increase with training and support from the United States."}], "Q389932": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Messines was fought in October 1914 between the armies of the German Empire against the British Empire and France, as part of what came to be called the Race to the Sea: reciprocal attempts by the German and Entente armies to attack beyond the northern flank of their opponent."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Messines was fought in October 1914 between the armies of the German Empire against the British Empire and France, as part of what came to be called the Race to the Sea: reciprocal attempts by the German and Entente armies to attack beyond the northern flank of their opponent."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "Background", "says": "The moves of the German 7th Army and then the 6th Army from Alsace and Lorraine had been intended to secure German lines of communication through Belgium, where the Belgian army had sortied several times during the period between the Franco-British Great Retreat and the First Battle of the Marne."}], "Q3997909": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, published in the Spanish Gaceta on 30 March 1901 under the title Convention between Spain and France for the delimitation of the possessions of both countries on the coast of the Sahara and on that of the Gulf of Guinea, was signed on 27 June 1900 between representatives of the Kingdom of Spain (under the government of the regent Queen Maria Christina of Austria) and the Frenc"}, {"id": "Q538125", "label": "Maria Christina of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, published in the Spanish Gaceta on 30 March 1901 under the title Convention between Spain and France for the delimitation of the possessions of both countries on the coast of the Sahara and on that of the Gulf of Guinea, was signed on 27 June 1900 between representatives of the Kingdom of Spain (under the government of the regent Queen Maria Christina of Austria) and the Frenc"}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, published in the Spanish Gaceta on 30 March 1901 under the title Convention between Spain and France for the delimitation of the possessions of both countries on the coast of the Sahara and on that of the Gulf of Guinea, was signed on 27 June 1900 between representatives of the Kingdom of Spain (under the government of the regent Queen Maria Christina of Austria) and the Frenc"}, {"id": "Q169502", "label": "Émile Loubet", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, published in the Spanish Gaceta on 30 March 1901 under the title Convention between Spain and France for the delimitation of the possessions of both countries on the coast of the Sahara and on that of the Gulf of Guinea, was signed on 27 June 1900 between representatives of the Kingdom of Spain (under the government of the regent Queen Maria Christina of Austria) and the Frenc"}, {"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty delimited the borders of the Spanish colonies in the Sahara desert (Río de Oro, part of Spanish Sahara) and Equatorial Africa (Spanish Guinea) with respect to the adjoining French colonies on Africa."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal maintained control until 1777, when the islands and commercial rights were ceded to Spain by the Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1777, and by the Treaty of El Pardo of 1778 between Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Charles III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q1259275", "label": "Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal maintained control until 1777, when the islands and commercial rights were ceded to Spain by the Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1777, and by the Treaty of El Pardo of 1778 between Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Charles III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal maintained control until 1777, when the islands and commercial rights were ceded to Spain by the Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1777, and by the Treaty of El Pardo of 1778 between Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Charles III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q773874", "label": "Maria I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal maintained control until 1777, when the islands and commercial rights were ceded to Spain by the Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1777, and by the Treaty of El Pardo of 1778 between Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Charles III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal maintained control until 1777, when the islands and commercial rights were ceded to Spain by the Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1777, and by the Treaty of El Pardo of 1778 between Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Charles III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q983", "label": "Equatorial Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1778 and 1810, the territory of Equatorial Guinea was administered by the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, based in Buenos Aires, through the Governorate of Fernando Po and Annobon."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1827 to 1843, the United Kingdom had a base on Bioko to suppress the transatlantic slave trade, which was later moved to Sierra Leone following an agreement with Spain in 1843."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1827 to 1843, the United Kingdom had a base on Bioko to suppress the transatlantic slave trade, which was later moved to Sierra Leone following an agreement with Spain in 1843."}], "Q4065191": [{"id": "Q15053704", "label": "Coalition Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Spanish War was fought between 1796 and 1802, and again from 1804 to 1808, as part of the First Coalition Wars."}, {"id": "Q2438029", "label": "Antonio Ricardos y Carrillo de Albornoz", "section": "Background", "says": "The main Spanish general was Antonio Ricardos, who failed to secure a decisive victory, despite initial successes."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "French forces elsewhere quickly overran the Austrian Netherlands after the Battle of Fleurus, and the Dutch Republic collapsed under huge pressure."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "French forces elsewhere quickly overran the Austrian Netherlands after the Battle of Fleurus, and the Dutch Republic collapsed under huge pressure."}, {"id": "Q16209172", "label": "Battle of the Black Mountain", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of the Black Mountain, the French Republican forces gained a huge advantage, and by 1795, the Peace of Basel was signed, forcing Spain and Prussia to exit the Coalition."}, {"id": "Q316110", "label": "Manuel Godoy", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1796, encouraged by massive French gains in the Rhine campaign and the Italian campaign, Spanish prime minister Manuel Godoy signed the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso, establishing a Franco-Spanish alliance and common war against Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q1881990", "label": "Second Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1796, encouraged by massive French gains in the Rhine campaign and the Italian campaign, Spanish prime minister Manuel Godoy signed the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso, establishing a Franco-Spanish alliance and common war against Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q697891", "label": "Pacte de Famille", "section": "Background", "says": "The alliance continued the longstanding cooperation between France and Spain established by the Pacte de Famille in 1733, broken only by the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The alliance continued the longstanding cooperation between France and Spain established by the Pacte de Famille in 1733, broken only by the French Revolution."}], "Q4079409": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Batken conflict (Kyrgyz: Баткен окуясы, romanized: Batken okuyasy, Russian: Баткенские события) was a period of armed clashes between militants of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan, with support to the former being provided by the Uzbek Ground Forces."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was caused by incursions of IMU militants into Uzbek and Kyrgyz territory from Tajikistan and was in part, centered on the unilateral demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border by Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was caused by incursions of IMU militants into Uzbek and Kyrgyz territory from Tajikistan and was in part, centered on the unilateral demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border by Uzbekistan."}], "Q4087313": [{"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peking (Chinese: 北京之戰), or historically the Relief of Peking (Chinese: 北京解圍戰), was the battle fought on 14–15 August 1900 in Beijing, in which the Eight-Nation Alliance relieved the siege of the Peking Legation Quarter during the Boxer Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "From 20 June 1900, Boxers and Imperial Chinese Army troops had besieged foreign diplomats, citizens and soldiers within the legations of Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Britain, France, Italy, The German Empire, Japan, Netherlands, The Russian Empire, Spain and the United States."}, {"id": "Q694458", "label": "Edward Hobart Seymour", "section": "Background", "says": "The first attempt to relieve the legations by a force of over 2,000 sailors and marines commanded by British Admiral Edward Seymour was turned back by strong opposition on 26 June."}], "Q4087429": [{"id": "Q2657862", "label": "Lourenço de Almeida", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cannanore took place in 1506 off the harbour of Cannanore in India, between the Indian fleet of the Zamorin of Calicut and a Portuguese fleet under Lourenço de Almeida, son of the Viceroy Almeida."}, {"id": "Q4087480", "label": "Battle of Chaul", "section": "lead", "says": "It was followed by another Portuguese success at the siege of Cannanore in 1507, but then a Portuguese defeat at the Battle of Chaul in 1508."}], "Q4087436": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krivolak (in Bulgarian: Криволашко сражение, Битка при Криволак) was a World War I battle, fought between 21 October and 22 November 1915."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 October, Bulgarian troops attacked the French-held positions near the Strumica rail station, at the time part of the Kingdom of Serbia (present-day North Macedonia), starting the battle."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 28 June 1914, assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers (November 1914), the decisive factor in the Balkans became the attitude of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers (November 1914), the decisive factor in the Balkans became the attitude of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q740791", "label": "Serbo-Bulgarian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bulgaria and Serbia had fought each other twice in the previous thirty years: in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 and the Second Balkan War of 1913."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bulgaria and Serbia had fought each other twice in the previous thirty years: in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 and the Second Balkan War of 1913."}, {"id": "Q682699", "label": "Battle of Kolubara", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the victory of the Serbian army in the Battle of Kolubara in December 1914, the Serbian front saw a lull until the early autumn of 1915."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under the command of Field Marshal August von Mackensen, the Austro-Hungarian Balkan Army, the German 11th Army and river flotillas on the Danube and the Sava began an offensive on 6 October 1915, the largest offensive against Serbia."}], "Q4090467": [{"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chenogne massacre was a war crime committed by members of the 11th Armored Division, an American combat unit, near Chenogne, Belgium, on January 1, 1945, during the American counteroffensive at Bastogne, a part of the Battle of the Bulge."}], "Q4100487": [{"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukhara operation (1920), was a military conflict fought between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Young Bukharans against the Emirate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukhara operation (1920), was a military conflict fought between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Young Bukharans against the Emirate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q68682", "label": "Bukharan People's Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The war lasted between 28 August and 2 September 1920, ending in the defeat of the Emirate of Bukhara, which was replaced by the RSFSR-controlled Bukharan People's Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q4521263", "label": "Xah Murad", "section": "Background", "says": "The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of the throne by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara from their position as ataliq."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Civil War erupted on 7 November 1917, pitting the Bolshevik-led Red Army against the White Army."}, {"id": "Q185718", "label": "Alexander Kolchak", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat of the White Army troops led by Alexander Kolchak during the second half of 1919 radically changed the situation on the Turkestani theater of the war."}, {"id": "Q191882", "label": "Mikhail Frunze", "section": "Background", "says": "A surge in the activities of the leftist Young Bukharans movement in August 1920 prompted Red Army commander Mikhail Frunze to act in their support."}], "Q4110457": [{"id": "Q1420115", "label": "Russo-Persian War of 1826–28", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Erivan (or Erevan/Yerevan; Persian: فتح ایروان, romanized: Fath e Iravān; Russian: Взятие Эривани, romanized: Vzyatie Ėrivani) took place on 1 October 1827, during the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28."}], "Q4118093": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ctesiphon took place from January to March 637, shortly after the Rashidun Caliphate defeated the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ctesiphon took place from January to March 637, shortly after the Rashidun Caliphate defeated the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Sasanian Emperor Yazdegerd III, fearing an invasion, acted quickly when he received news from his intelligence."}, {"id": "Q124773809", "label": "Hashim ibn Utba", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When Sa'd learned of the Sasanian detachments on the main road leading to Ctesiphon, he decided to increase the mobility of his army; thus, Sa'd divided the rest of his army into four bodies, under the command of 'Abd Allāh bin Muṭ'im, Shuraḥbīl bin al-Simṭ, Hashim ibn Utba and Khālid bin 'Urfuṭa."}, {"id": "Q3777163", "label": "Hormuzan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hormuzan withdrew with his forces to his province of Khuzistan, after which the other Persian generals returned their units"}], "Q4118371": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Ottoman Empire (today's Bulgaria), the cities of Ruse, Varna and Vidin were almost completely destroyed."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Ottoman Empire (today's Bulgaria), the cities of Ruse, Varna and Vidin were almost completely destroyed."}], "Q4120277": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Samoan Civil War was a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoan island chain, located in the South Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Samoan Civil War was a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoan island chain, located in the South Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "At the war's conclusion in 1899, the United States were granted the eastern section of the islands, the Germans were granted the western section of the islands, and the British were given the northern Solomon Islands of Choiseul, Isabel and the Shortland Islands that had formerly belonged to Germany."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The German half was occupied and annexed by New Zealand in 1914 and is now an independent nation – Samoa."}], "Q4124982": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the end of the First Libyan Civil War, which overthrew Muammar Gaddafi, there was violence involving various militias and the new state security forces."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2012, Islamists attacked the United States consulate building in Benghazi, killing the US ambassador and three others."}], "Q4126350": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kenesary's Rebellion (Kazakh: Кенесары көтерілісі, romanized: Kenesary köterılısı) was the longest uprising of the Kazakh people on the territory of modern Kazakhstan under the leadership of Khan Kenesary Qasymov against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Kenesary's Rebellion (Kazakh: Кенесары көтерілісі, romanized: Kenesary köterılısı) was the longest uprising of the Kazakh people on the territory of modern Kazakhstan under the leadership of Khan Kenesary Qasymov against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2498819", "label": "Abul Khair Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1731, the Khan of the Junior Zhuz Abul Khair Khan recognized the protectorate of the Russian Empire."}], "Q4126360": [{"id": "Q317279", "label": "Owain Glyndŵr", "section": "lead", "says": "1416 by Owain Glyndŵr against the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "1416 by Owain Glyndŵr against the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q422205", "label": "Hywel Dda", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1404, after a series of successful castle sieges and battlefield victories, Owain summoned a parliament, later announcing plans to reintroduce the traditional Welsh laws of Hywel Dda, establish an independent Welsh church, and build two universities."}, {"id": "Q160349", "label": "Charles VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Owain also formed an alliance with Charles VI of France, and in 1405 a French army landed in Wales to support the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "He ignored two offers of a pardon from the new King Henry V and Welsh resistance continued in small pockets of the country for several more years utilising guerrilla tactics."}], "Q4152048": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gumbinnen Operation, also known as the Goldap Operation (or Goldap-Gumbinnen Operation, Russian: Гумбиннен-Гольдапская наступательная операция), was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front late in 1944, in which forces of the 3rd Belorussian Front attempted to penetrate the borders of East Prussia."}], "Q4156944": [{"id": "Q184928", "label": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moscow uprising, centered in Moscow's Presnensky district between 7 and 18 December 1905, was the climax of the Russian Revolution of 1905."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moscow revolutionaries gained experience during the uprising that helped them succeed years later in the October Revolution of 1917."}], "Q4166614": [{"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "lead", "says": "Algirdas organized the raids against Dmitry Donskoy in support of the Principality of Tver, chief rival of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Algirdas organized the raids against Dmitry Donskoy in support of the Principality of Tver, chief rival of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q163268", "label": "Principality of Tver", "section": "lead", "says": "Algirdas organized the raids against Dmitry Donskoy in support of the Principality of Tver, chief rival of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q7837134", "label": "Treaty of Lyubutsk", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1372, the Lithuanian army was stopped near Lyubutsk where, after a standoff, the Treaty of Lyubutsk was concluded."}, {"id": "Q1188685", "label": "Mikhail II of Tver", "section": "lead", "says": "Mikhail II of Tver had to acknowledge Dmitry as \"elder brother\"."}, {"id": "Q954356", "label": "Battle of Blue Waters", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362 Lithuania took over the Principality of Kiev and became a direct neighbor of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q1483430", "label": "Principality of Kiev", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362 Lithuania took over the Principality of Kiev and became a direct neighbor of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "Mikhail was released when envoys of the Golden Horde arrived and Dmitry did not want to involve the Tatars in the Moscow–Tver dispute."}, {"id": "Q128399", "label": "Uliana of Tver", "section": "Background", "says": "Mikhail fled to Lithuania to ask assistance of Algirdas, who was married to his sister Uliana of Tver."}], "Q4191053": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It affected the Seljuk Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia, in modern-day Azerbaijan and Georgia."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "It affected the Seljuk Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia, in modern-day Azerbaijan and Georgia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It affected the Seljuk Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia, in modern-day Azerbaijan and Georgia."}], "Q4247016": [{"id": "Q2661303", "label": "Ma Zhongying", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kumul Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion from 1931 to 1934 of Kumulik Uyghurs who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, the governor of Xinjiang Province."}, {"id": "Q714731", "label": "Jin Shuren", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kumul Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion from 1931 to 1934 of Kumulik Uyghurs who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, the governor of Xinjiang Province."}, {"id": "Q10921952", "label": "Kumul Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kumulik Uyghurs were loyal to the Kumul Khanate and wanted to restore the heir to the khanate and overthrow Jin."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his unapproved negotiations with the Soviet Union, so Chinese Premier Chiang Kai-shek secretly approved of the operation while ostensibly acknowledging Jin as governor."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his unapproved negotiations with the Soviet Union, so Chinese Premier Chiang Kai-shek secretly approved of the operation while ostensibly acknowledging Jin as governor."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his unapproved negotiations with the Soviet Union, so Chinese Premier Chiang Kai-shek secretly approved of the operation while ostensibly acknowledging Jin as governor."}], "Q428035": [{"id": "Q974166", "label": "Battle of Montenotte", "section": "Background", "says": "The French advanced through the Cadibona Pass to defeat the isolated right wing of the Habsburg army, commanded by Feldmarschal-Leutnant (FML) Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau, at the Battle of Montenotte on 12 April."}], "Q4288097": [{"id": "Q1282755", "label": "Vasily Kosoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The two warring parties were Vasily II, the son of the previous Grand Prince of Moscow Vasily I, and on the other hand his uncle, Yury Dmitrievich, the Prince of Zvenigorod, and the sons of Yuri Dmitrievich, Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' of 1236–1241 left the Rus' principalities subjugated by the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' of 1236–1241 left the Rus' principalities subjugated by the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1380 Dmitry Donskoy, the prince of Moscow, even managed to fight the troops of Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo and win."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1380 Dmitry Donskoy, the prince of Moscow, even managed to fight the troops of Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo and win."}], "Q4296566": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christmas Battles (Latvian: Ziemassvētku kaujas; German: Aa-Schlachten; Russian: Митавская операция) were offensive operations conducted by the Imperial Russian Army and Latvian Riflemen during World War I in the area of Jelgava, Latvia, by the Russian 12th Army of the Northern Front."}, {"id": "Q2620533", "label": "Radko Dimitriev", "section": "lead", "says": "Radko Dimitriev; it was opposed by the German 8th Army."}], "Q4303874": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were commanded by Field Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, while the Russians were led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky."}, {"id": "Q540840", "label": "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were commanded by Field Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, while the Russians were led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky."}, {"id": "Q15756", "label": "Dmitry Pozharsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were commanded by Field Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, while the Russians were led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky."}, {"id": "Q932228", "label": "Battle of Klushino", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Battle of Klushino in the summer of 1610, Tsar Vasili IV of Russia was deposed and taken to Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q193232", "label": "Vasili IV of Russia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Battle of Klushino in the summer of 1610, Tsar Vasili IV of Russia was deposed and taken to Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q469791", "label": "False Dmitry II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The boyars, clergy, and citizens of Moscow, in fear of False Dmitry II, accepted the Polish prince Wladyslaw IV Vasa as their new tsar."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Amidst anarchy and the breakdown of the central government, the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod led by Kuzma Minin assembled the Second People's Militia, under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky."}], "Q431001": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish–Portuguese War (1762–1763) or Fantastic War (Portuguese: Guerra Fantástica; French: Guerre Fantastique; Mirandese: Guerra de l Mirandun; Spanish: Guerra Fantástica) was fought as part of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The first and main theatre of the war was an invasion of Portugal by Spain in alliance with France against the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which ended after three disastrous invasions."}, {"id": "Q193157", "label": "Ferdinand VI of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Ricardo Wall, prime minister to King Ferdinand VI of Spain, was opposed to the pro-French party at court who wanted to enter the war on the side of France."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "All this changed when Ferdinand died in 1759 and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Charles III."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "Background", "says": "All this changed when Ferdinand died in 1759 and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Charles III."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "Background", "says": "Fearing a British victory over France, Charles signed the Family Compact with France (both countries were ruled by branches of the House of Bourbon) in August, and claimed compensation for attacks by English privateers in Spanish waters."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "Background", "says": "A new treaty between Spain and Portugal, the Treaty of El Pardo of 1761, rendered the Treaty of Madrid null and void."}], "Q432515": [{"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Algeciras was fought on 6 July 1801 between a Royal Navy squadron and a smaller French Navy squadron lying at anchor in the Spanish port of Algeciras during the Algeciras campaign of the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The French squadron, under Counter-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois, had stopped at Algeciras en route to the major Spanish naval base at Cádiz, where they were to form a combined French and Spanish fleet for operations against Britain and its allies in the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the initial attack caused severe damage to the French ships, light winds and shallow water led to the British ship HMS Hannibal grounding under heavy fire while the French vessels were driven on shore to prevent their capture."}, {"id": "Q124649", "label": "Second Battle of Algeciras", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Spanish squadron departed with Linois's ships, they were attacked again by Saumarez's squadron at the Second Battle of Algeciras and caught at night by faster and more manoeuvrable ships, which resulted i"}], "Q4337382": [{"id": "Q4087429", "label": "Battle of Cannanore", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the Battle of Cannanore, in which the fleet of the Zamorin was defeated by the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q174432", "label": "Pedro Álvares Cabral", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1501, shortly after the opening of hostilities between the Portuguese admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral and the Zamorin of Calicut, the Kōlattiri Raja of Cannanore invited the Portuguese to trade in the spice markets of Cannanore instead."}, {"id": "Q337066", "label": "Francisco de Almeida", "section": "Background", "says": "Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese vice-roy of the Indies, secured permission to erect the stone fortress of Santo Angelo in Cannanore."}], "Q4337436": [{"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of the International Legations was a pivotal event during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, in which foreign diplomatic compounds in Peking were besieged by Chinese Boxers and Qing Dynasty troops."}], "Q4373383": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A number of armed engagements between the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate and the Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean took place during the early part of the 16th century."}], "Q4400947": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula (Chinese: 旅大租地條約; Russian: Русско-китайская конвенция), also known as the Pavlov Agreement, is an unequal treaty signed between Alexander Pavlov of the Russian Empire and Li Hongzhang of the Qing dynasty of China on 27 March 1898."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula (Chinese: 旅大租地條約; Russian: Русско-китайская конвенция), also known as the Pavlov Agreement, is an unequal treaty signed between Alexander Pavlov of the Russian Empire and Li Hongzhang of the Qing dynasty of China on 27 March 1898."}], "Q4412123": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monarchy of the North (Portuguese: Monarquia do Norte), officially the Kingdom of Portugal (Reino de Portugal), was a short-lived counter-revolution against the First Portuguese Republic and a monarchist government that was established in Northern Portugal in early 1919."}, {"id": "Q167360", "label": "First Portuguese Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monarchy of the North (Portuguese: Monarquia do Norte), officially the Kingdom of Portugal (Reino de Portugal), was a short-lived counter-revolution against the First Portuguese Republic and a monarchist government that was established in Northern Portugal in early 1919."}, {"id": "Q1822923", "label": "Liberal Revolution of 1820", "section": "Background", "says": "The North of Portugal has often been the historical setting for revolutions and revolts against the position of the Portuguese government, from the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which went against the absolutist government, to the Republican Revolt of 1891, which went against the monarchist government."}, {"id": "Q154308", "label": "Manuel II of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "When the 5 October 1910 revolution deposed King Manuel II of Portugal, the Portuguese monarchy, which traced its roots back to 868, was supplanted by the First Portuguese Republic."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "King Manuel II and the royal family, now banished from Portuguese soil, fled from Ericeira into exile, first to Gibraltar and then to the United Kingdom, where the British monarch gave them refuge."}], "Q443057": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Caribbean refers to a naval campaign waged during World War II that was part of the Battle of the Atlantic, from 1941 to 1945."}, {"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Caribbean refers to a naval campaign waged during World War II that was part of the Battle of the Atlantic, from 1941 to 1945."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The refinery at Pointe-à-Pierre on Trinidad was the largest in the British Empire and Lago Oil and Transport Company was another large refinery on Dutch-owned Aruba."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Isles required four oil tankers of petroleum daily during the early war years, and most of it came from Venezuela, through Curaçao, after Italy blocked passage through the Mediterranean Sea from the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Caribbean held additional strategic significance to the United States."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom based No."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "British troops occupied Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire soon after the Netherlands were captured by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "Background", "says": "The French island of Martinique was perceived as a possible base for Axis ships as British relationships with Vichy France deteriorated following the Second Armistice at Compiègne."}, {"id": "Q760", "label": "Saint Lucia", "section": "Background", "says": "The September 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement enabled the United States to build airfields in British Guiana, and on the islands of Great Exuma, Trinidad, Antigua, and Saint Lucia."}], "Q443587": [{"id": "Q150812", "label": "1939 Invasion of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the opening battles of the Invasion of Poland and World War II in general."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the opening battles of the Invasion of Poland and World War II in general."}, {"id": "Q57172", "label": "Georg von Küchler", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the forces of the Polish Modlin Army under General Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski and the German 3rd Army under General Georg von Küchler."}], "Q446495": [{"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty went into effect on October 23, 1978, with the state visit of Vice Premier of the PRC Deng Xiaoping (1904 – 1997) to Japan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty ultimately consisted of five articles, and was strongly opposed by the Soviet Union."}], "Q4477441": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Urfa resistance (Armenian: Ուրֆայի հերոսամարտի, Turkish: Urfa İsyanı) was an effort by some Ottoman Armenians in Urfa to defend themselves against the Armenian genocide launched by the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q448675": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alvensleben Convention was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, named after general Gustav von Alvensleben."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alvensleben Convention was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, named after general Gustav von Alvensleben."}, {"id": "Q327020", "label": "Alexander Gorchakov", "section": "lead", "says": "Petersburg on 8 February 1863 by General Alvensleben and Alexander Gorchakov, the Russian Foreign Minister."}], "Q449550": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975 in Alvor, Portugal, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November and formally ended the 13-year-long Angolan War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q1780216", "label": "Angolan War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975 in Alvor, Portugal, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November and formally ended the 13-year-long Angolan War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q12055176", "label": "Angolan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This initiated the Angolan Civil War."}], "Q4497453": [{"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khivan campaign of 1839–1840 was a failed Russian attempt to conquer the Khanate of Khiva."}], "Q455747": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Appenzell Wars (German: Appenzeller Kriege) were a series of conflicts that lasted from 1401 until 1429 in the Appenzell region of modern-day Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Gallen, against the traditional medieval power structure represented by the House of Habsburg and the Prince-Abbot of the Abbey of St."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in greater autonomy for Appenzell and its association with the Old Swiss Confederacy, of which it would become a member (canton) in 1513."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1392, Kuno, whose rule became increasingly authoritarian, formed an alliance with the Duchy of Austria, which was renewed in 1402."}], "Q4569951": [{"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état was attempted against Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia on 13 December 1960 by the Council of the Revolution, a cabal of four conspirators led by brothers Germame Neway and Brigadier General Mengistu Neway, commander of the Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard)."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup leaders aimed to install a new government to be nominally under the rule of Haile Selassie's eldest son, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen, which would address the increasing economic and social problems the Ethiopian Empire was facing."}, {"id": "Q9068538", "label": "Ethiopian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup attempt is considered the most serious threat to Haile Selassie's rule between 1941 and his deposition in 1974 during the Ethiopian Revolution."}], "Q4590555": [{"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loudoun Hill was fought on 10 May 1307, between a Scots force led by King Robert the Bruce and the English commanded by Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke."}], "Q459575": [{"id": "Q472143", "label": "Neil Ritchie", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was carried out by XII Corps (Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie) by the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Lewis Lyne), the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division (Major-General Ivor Thomas) and the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division (Major-General Edmund Hakewill-Smith)."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "Background", "says": "After the German offensive in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge), the Allies withdrew troops to stop the German advance in the First US Army sector."}], "Q464194": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR) was an international body established in 1949 by the Western Allies to regulate the coal and steel industries of the Ruhr area in West Germany."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ruhr Authority was set out in the communiqué issued on 7 June 1948, after the London Six-Power Conference between the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France and the Benelux countries."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ruhr was also a major exporter of coal, essential for a large part of the French, Belgian and Luxembourg steel industries."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following both World War I and World War II, a shortage of coking coal caused the steel industries of Western Europe to operate below capacity."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Following both World War I and World War II, a shortage of coking coal caused the steel industries of Western Europe to operate below capacity."}, {"id": "Q312026", "label": "Georges Bidault", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Will Clayton and French officials, including Georges Bidault and Jean Monnet."}, {"id": "Q159700", "label": "Jean Monnet", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Will Clayton and French officials, including Georges Bidault and Jean Monnet."}], "Q469416": [{"id": "Q473983", "label": "Battle of Tuchola Forest", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred at the start of the invasion of Poland and was part of the larger Battle of Tuchola Forest."}, {"id": "Q68166", "label": "Hans Gollnick", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "Polish units were engaged in battle from 05:00 against elements of German 76th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Hans Gollnick) of 20th Motorised Division under Lt."}, {"id": "Q3301685", "label": "Mauritz von Wiktorin", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "Mauritz von Wiktorin, which operated on the left (northern) flank of XIX Panzer Corps under Gen."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "Heinz Guderian."}], "Q4763630": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Hundred Years' War (French: Première Guerre de Cent Ans; 1159–1259) was a series of conflicts and disputes during the High Middle Ages in which the House of Capet, rulers of the Kingdom of France, fought the House of Plantagenet (also known as the House of Anjou or the Angevins), rulers of the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Hundred Years' War (French: Première Guerre de Cent Ans; 1159–1259) was a series of conflicts and disputes during the High Middle Ages in which the House of Capet, rulers of the Kingdom of France, fought the House of Plantagenet (also known as the House of Anjou or the Angevins), rulers of the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Hundred Years' War (French: Première Guerre de Cent Ans; 1159–1259) was a series of conflicts and disputes during the High Middle Ages in which the House of Capet, rulers of the Kingdom of France, fought the House of Plantagenet (also known as the House of Anjou or the Angevins), rulers of the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "While not a widely used term, \"First Hundred Years’ War\" is the designation most often applied to this period, referring retrospectively to the Anglo-French conflicts preceding the later, more widely recognized Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the later Hundred Years' War, this conflict was not a single war, but rather a historiographical periodisation to encompass dynastically related conflicts revolving around the dispute over the Angevin Empire."}], "Q4763686": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was a declaration signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union on 12 July 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was a declaration signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union on 12 July 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was a declaration signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union on 12 July 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In the agreement, the UK and the Soviet Union pledged to cooperate in the war against Nazi Germany and not to make a separate peace with Germany."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union and the Third Reich signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression pact between the two nations, on 23 August 1939."}], "Q481325": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Philippsburg was conducted by French forces against troops of the Holy Roman Empire in the fortress of Philippsburg in the Rhine River valley during the War of the Polish Succession."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "An Imperial relief army of 70,000 under the aging Prince Eugene of Savoy (accompanied by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia) was unsuccessful in actually relieving the siege."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "On the death of Augustus II on 1 February 1733, the Polish throne was claimed by both his son, Augustus III, and by Stanislas I, father in law of King Louis XV."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark and the Republic of Venice recognised that Austro-Russian aggression against Poland was the casus belli and pledged to remain neutral."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis XV's courtiers (including the princes of Conti and Eu, the counts of Clermont,  Charolais and Belle-Isle, the  duc de Richelieu, but also Maurice de Saxe, Augustus III's half-brother and the former lover of Anna Ivanovna, now the tsarina of Russia) joined up under marshal James FitzJames, Duke of Berwick to form an army for invading the Rhineland with the objectives of gaining the Duchy of L"}], "Q48150708": [{"id": "Q18357664", "label": "Operation Inherent Resolve", "section": "lead", "says": "The Operation Inherent Resolve coalition delivered air and artillery strikes on Syrian Armed Forces and pro-government militias after they reportedly engaged a U.S. military and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) position in the region."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As unconfirmed accounts of casualties among Russian Wagner Group mercenaries in the strike emerged, the incident was billed by media as \"the first deadly clash between citizens of Russia and the United States since the Cold War\"."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 2014, the United States began to undertake efforts to establish a global coalition with the declared aim of countering the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant."}, {"id": "Q331401", "label": "Rex Tillerson", "section": "Background", "says": "This intent was, in mid-January 2018, clearly broadcast by Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who said the Trump administration would maintain an open-ended military presence in Syria to counter Iranian influence and ensure the departure of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad."}, {"id": "Q20850503", "label": "Yevgeny Prigozhin", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 February 2018, The Washington Post cited unnamed sources in U.S. intelligence as alleging that the communications intercepted days before and after the incident between Russian businessman Yevgeny Prigozhin, who was believed to finance Wagner, and senior Syrian officials, such as Mansour Fadlallah Azza"}], "Q482970": [{"id": "Q576338", "label": "Japanese invasions of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sacheon was a naval engagement on May 29, 1592 (Gregorian: July 8, 1592) during the Imjin War (1592–98)."}, {"id": "Q379659", "label": "Won Gyun", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Yi Sunsin received news from Wŏn Kyun that the Japanese were already at Sacheon and the surrounding area."}], "Q4992248": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination, also known by its code name Operación Ogro or Ogro Operazioa (Operation Ogre), is considered to have been the biggest attack against the Francoist State since the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939 and had far-reaching consequences within the politics of Spain."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of 1973, the physical health of dictator Francisco Franco had declined significantly, and it epitomized the final crisis of the Francoist regime."}, {"id": "Q365172", "label": "Carlos Arias Navarro", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, he chose Carlos Arias Navarro, who originally announced a partial relaxation of the most rigid aspects of the Francoist State, but quickly retreated under pressure from the búnker."}], "Q499229": [{"id": "Q190436", "label": "Epaminondas", "section": "lead", "says": "A clever tactician, Epaminondas crushed the hitherto invincible Spartan army at Leuctra in 371 BC, thereby ending Sparta's hegemony and starting Thebes' own hegemony over Greece."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Sparta had emerged victorious from the Peloponnesian War against Athens (431–404 BC), and occupied a hegemonic position over Greece."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting Corinthian War (395–387 BC) ended with a difficult Spartan victory, but the Boeotian League headed by Thebes was also disbanded."}, {"id": "Q316059", "label": "Pelopidas", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the seizure of the Theban citadel by the Spartans, Pelopidas and other leading Theban democrats fled to Athens where Pelopidas took the lead in a conspiracy to liberate Thebes."}], "Q5037002": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Damascus marked a victory of the British and Arab armies in their campaign against the Ottoman empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture took place on 1 October 1918 after the capture of Haifa and the victory at the Battle of Samakh which opened the way for the pursuit north from the Sea of Galilee and the Third Transjordan attack which opened the way to Deraa and the inland pursuit, after the decisive Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Megiddo during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World Wa"}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "With the British Empire forces having gained all objectives during the battles of Sharon and Nablus; breaking the Ottoman front line and the extensive flank attacks by infantry divisions which continued while the cavalry divisions rode many miles to encircle, they destroyed two Ottoman armies west of the Jordan River with a third Ottoman army in full retreat, many of whom were forced to march afte"}], "Q506846": [{"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Neuss, from 1474–75, was linked to the Cologne Diocesan Feud and part of the Burgundian Wars."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege, led by Charles the Bold against the Imperial City of Neuss, was unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To secure his western border, Charles concluded a treaty with Louis XI of France and then prepared to march into the Rhine valley; contemporaries suspected his real motive was the eventual reconquest of all of Alsace."}], "Q507357": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was a great Bulgarian victory which forced the Magyars of the Etelköz realm to abandon the steppes of southern Ukraine, as well as their aspirations of subduing Danube Bulgaria, retreating to the newly occupied lands beyond the Carpathian Mountains, centering on Pannonia, from where they would stage their next war, against Moravians this time, defeating them and establishing a new Hunga"}, {"id": "Q41618", "label": "Leo VI the Wise", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "In 894 a war broke out between Bulgaria and Byzantium after the decision of Emperor Leo VI the Wise, to implement a request of his father-in-law, basileopater Stylianos Zaoutzes, to move the center of the Balkan trade activities from Constantinople to Thessaloniki, turned out inducing higher tariffs on Bulgarian trade."}], "Q508088": [{"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Olomouc took place in 1758 when a Prussian army led by Frederick the Great besieged the Austrian city of Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic) during the Prussian invasion of Moravia in the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Olomouc took place in 1758 when a Prussian army led by Frederick the Great besieged the Austrian city of Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic) during the Prussian invasion of Moravia in the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Olomouc took place in 1758 when a Prussian army led by Frederick the Great besieged the Austrian city of Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic) during the Prussian invasion of Moravia in the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War)."}], "Q5144758": [{"id": "Q3056269", "label": "Eric Foner", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Eric Foner describes the massacre as the worst instance of racial violence during Reconstruction."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In a major case, the court ruled in United States v."}], "Q5166252": [{"id": "Q217398", "label": "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works", "section": "Legal context", "says": "By the mid-1950s, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Buenos Aires Convention and Universal Copyright Convention granted strong rights to creators of printed or artistic content – and also to composers and performers of music – in most first world countries."}, {"id": "Q369989", "label": "Universal Copyright Convention", "section": "Legal context", "says": "By the mid-1950s, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Buenos Aires Convention and Universal Copyright Convention granted strong rights to creators of printed or artistic content – and also to composers and performers of music – in most first world countries."}], "Q516749": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The March Incident (三月事件, Sangatsu Jiken) was an abortive coup d'état attempt in the Empire of Japan, in March 1931, launched by the radical Sakurakai secret society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups."}, {"id": "Q1151130", "label": "Kingorō Hashimoto", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Kingoro Hashimoto and Capt."}, {"id": "Q1091111", "label": "Isamu Chō", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Isamu Chō."}, {"id": "Q297628", "label": "Saionji Kinmochi", "section": "Background and history", "says": "After the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Duke Saionji Kinmochi (the last genrō) and Lord Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki considered recommending Gen."}, {"id": "Q920993", "label": "Makino Nobuaki", "section": "Background and history", "says": "After the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Duke Saionji Kinmochi (the last genrō) and Lord Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki considered recommending Gen."}, {"id": "Q1148095", "label": "Kazushige Ugaki", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Kazushige Ugaki to the post of prime minister."}, {"id": "Q385236", "label": "Shūmei Ōkawa", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Ultra-rightist civilian organizations led by Kan'ichirō Kamei and Shūmei Ōkawa fomented a commotion outside the Diet Building in Tokyo late in February 1931."}], "Q523742": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bombardment of Papeete occurred in French Polynesia when German warships attacked on 22 September 1914, during World War I."}, {"id": "Q40144", "label": "Battle of Coronel", "section": "lead", "says": "The main strategic consequence of the engagement was the disclosure of the cruisers' positions to the British Admiralty, which led to the Battle of Coronel where the entire German East Asia Squadron defeated a Royal Navy squadron."}, {"id": "Q57185", "label": "Maximilian von Spee", "section": "Background", "says": "Word of war reached Admiral Maximilian von Spee—of the German East Asia Squadron—while at Ponape (17 July – 6 August)."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "Spee then learned that Australian and New Zealand forces had captured German Samoa, and he sailed off in his flagship Scharnhorst—along with her sister ship Gneisenau—to engage what Allied forces they could find there."}], "Q525480": [{"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In October 1938, together with the territory of Trans-Olza, it was annexed by the Second Polish Republic; therefore, Poland controlled a key railroad connection, the Košice-Bohumín railway line."}], "Q526104": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dalj massacre was the killing of Croats in Dalj, Croatia from 1 August 1991 until June 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q1851834", "label": "Battle of Borovo Selo", "section": "lead", "says": "The SAO SBWS was declared an autonomous territory in eastern Croatia following the Battle of Borovo Selo just to the south of Dalj."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "After the war, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) charged high-ranking SAO SBWS and Serbian officials, including Slobodan Milošević and Goran Hadžić, with war crimes committed in Dalj."}, {"id": "Q295043", "label": "Goran Hadžić", "section": "lead", "says": "After the war, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) charged high-ranking SAO SBWS and Serbian officials, including Slobodan Milošević and Goran Hadžić, with war crimes committed in Dalj."}, {"id": "Q1284308", "label": "Jovica Stanišić", "section": "lead", "says": "Two Serbian State Security officials, Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović, were convicted for a murder in Daljska Planina in June 1992."}, {"id": "Q314295", "label": "Milan Babić", "section": "Background", "says": "Milan Babić, a dentist from the southern town of Knin, was elected president."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "Background", "says": "Knin's police chief, Milan Martić, established paramilitary militias."}], "Q5264903": [{"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "lead", "says": "Despenser's Crusade (or the Bishop of Norwich's Crusade, sometimes just Norwich Crusade) was a military expedition led by the English bishop Henry le Despenser in 1383 that aimed to assist the city of Ghent in its struggle against the supporters of Antipope Clement VII."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during the great Papal schism and the Hundred Years' War between England and France."}, {"id": "Q173893", "label": "John Wycliffe", "section": "lead", "says": "Among contemporary critics of the crusade were John Wycliffe and the chronicler Jean Froissart, who charged its leaders with hypocrisy."}, {"id": "Q315000", "label": "Jean Froissart", "section": "lead", "says": "Among contemporary critics of the crusade were John Wycliffe and the chronicler Jean Froissart, who charged its leaders with hypocrisy."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "Background", "says": "One side, led by John of Gaunt, put forward a crusade to establish him on the throne of Castile, and gained the support of the upper chamber, the later House of Lords."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The former option, the way of Portugal (chemin de Portyngale), was a pet project of John of Gaunt's."}, {"id": "Q108442", "label": "Ferdinand I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In January or February 1380, Ferdinand I of Portugal declared for Clement, but then on 29 August 1381 he went over to Urban's camp."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, in March 1382, Urban issued the bull Regimini sacrosancte, condemning the Castilian king, Henry II, as a schismatic."}], "Q532544": [{"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Svindax (Georgian: სვინდაქსის ბრძოლა) was fought during the spring of 1022 between the Byzantine army of Emperor Basil II and the Georgian army of King George I."}], "Q534990": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Rudolph I at Germersheim on 15 July 1291, his son Albert I was the most obvious successor to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "Albert's army included contingents from the Habsburg territories, Hungary, Switzerland and those of Henry II, Prince-Bishop of Constance."}], "Q5403659": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egyptian–Ethiopian War was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt, an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, from 1874 to 1876."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egyptian–Ethiopian War was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt, an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, from 1874 to 1876."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egyptian–Ethiopian War was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt, an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, from 1874 to 1876."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "Background", "says": "Multiple times throughout the early 19th century, Ottoman Egypt attempted to assert their control over the region around the modern Ethiopian-Sudanese border, putting them into conflict with the regional rulers of Ethiopia's western Begemder province, such as at Wadkaltabu, Gallabat, and Dabarki."}, {"id": "Q159378", "label": "Isma'il Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Ali's grandson, Isma'il Pasha, became Khedive in 1863, and sought to expand this burgeoning empire further southwards."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Whilst Ethiopia's history mirrored that of Egypt in many respects, with both having ancient, continuous civilizations home to both Muslims and Orthodox Christians, the rapid modernization of Egypt under Muhammad Ali, and Isma'il's own enormous modernizing projects, convinced the Khedive that war with Ethiopia would result in certain Egyptian victory."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, King Yohannes IV became the King of kings of Ethiopia in 1872 after defeating Tekle Giyorgis II in battle."}, {"id": "Q59761", "label": "Tekle Giyorgis II", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, King Yohannes IV became the King of kings of Ethiopia in 1872 after defeating Tekle Giyorgis II in battle."}], "Q541564": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle on the Elster (German: Schlacht bei Hohenmölsen) was the third and last battle between the Salian king Henry IV of Germany and anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, fought on October 14, 1080 near Hohenmölsen on the White Elster river."}, {"id": "Q438435", "label": "Rudolf of Rheinfelden", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle on the Elster (German: Schlacht bei Hohenmölsen) was the third and last battle between the Salian king Henry IV of Germany and anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, fought on October 14, 1080 near Hohenmölsen on the White Elster river."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1076, Pope Gregory VII had excommunicated Henry over the Investiture Controversy."}, {"id": "Q178219", "label": "Battle of Mellrichstadt", "section": "Background", "says": "Their forces first met in the Battle of Mellrichstadt on 7 August 1078 and again in the Battle of Flarchheim on 27 January 1080."}, {"id": "Q322345", "label": "Battle of Flarchheim", "section": "Background", "says": "Their forces first met in the Battle of Mellrichstadt on 7 August 1078 and again in the Battle of Flarchheim on 27 January 1080."}, {"id": "Q347013", "label": "Vratislaus II of Bohemia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Henry marched through Thuringia trying to unite his forces from southern and western Germany with those of Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia and Margrave Egbert II of Meissen."}], "Q543075": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Army Fort Mears at Dutch Harbor on Amaknak Island, opening the Aleutian Islands campaign of World War II."}], "Q5439864": [{"id": "Q2577358", "label": "Tovmas Nazarbekian", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Republic of Armenia was Sovietized in December 1920, about 1,000 Armenian officers were arrested by the new Bolshevik authorities, including generals Tovmas Nazarbekian and Movses Silikyan."}, {"id": "Q936192", "label": "Movses Silikyan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Republic of Armenia was Sovietized in December 1920, about 1,000 Armenian officers were arrested by the new Bolshevik authorities, including generals Tovmas Nazarbekian and Movses Silikyan."}, {"id": "Q762732", "label": "Battle of Sardarabad", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1921, many heroes of the Battle of Sardarabad were shot, including Daniel Bek-Pirumyan, while his brother Poghos Bek-Pirumyan committed suicide after being tortured."}], "Q5474897": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Four-Power Treaty (四カ国条約, Shi-ka-koku Jōyaku) was a treaty signed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Japan at the Washington Naval Conference on 13 December 1921."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the main result of the Four-Power Treaty was the termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902."}], "Q5547987": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Georgian–Seljuk wars (Georgian: საქართველო-სელჩუკთა ომები, romanized: sakartvelo-selchuk'ta omebi), also known as Georgian Crusade, is a long series of battles and military clashes that took place from 1064 until 1213, between the Kingdom of Georgia and the different Seljukid states that occupied most of South Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q2738355", "label": "Great Turkish Invasion", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is preceded by deadly raids in the Caucasus by the Turks in the 11th century, known in Georgian historiography as the Great Turkish Invasion."}, {"id": "Q2628015", "label": "Battle of Kapetron", "section": "Background", "says": "Liparit, who had been fighting on the Byzantine side, was captured at the Battle of Kapetron."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Byzantine Empire and Georgia had centuries-long cultural and religious ties, and the Seljuqs posed a substantial threat to the empire itself, Constantinople's aggressiveness on the Caucasian political scene contributed to an atmosphere of distrust and recrimination, and prevented the two Christian nations from effective cooperation against the common threat."}], "Q5552224": [{"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1940 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (Russian: Хозяйственное соглашение между Союзом Советских Социалистических Республик и Германией; also known as Economic Agreement of 11 February 1940 Between the German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was an economic arrangement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on 11 February 1940."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1940 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (Russian: Хозяйственное соглашение между Союзом Советских Социалистических Республик и Германией; also known as Economic Agreement of 11 February 1940 Between the German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was an economic arrangement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on 11 February 1940."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1940 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (Russian: Хозяйственное соглашение между Союзом Советских Социалистических Республик и Германией; also known as Economic Agreement of 11 February 1940 Between the German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was an economic arrangement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on 11 February 1940."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union in violation of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and all economic agreements between the two countries ended."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1939, three German trade partners—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—were given no choice but to sign a so-called Pact of defense and mutual assistance which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them."}], "Q556776": [{"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "After the conquest of Granada by Spain and the fall of the Emirate of Granada the Mediterranean coast of the Sultanate of Fez became very unsettled, often raided by Barbary pirates or pirates from Cádiz."}, {"id": "Q593355", "label": "Treaty of Alcáçovas", "section": "lead", "says": "However, by the end of the Granada War, Melilla was in the Portuguese zone of influence under the terms of the 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas the crown of Castile attempted to conquer of Melilla but still needed to end the Conquest of the Canary Islands, not to mention the economic efforts set on the voyages of Christopher Columbus."}, {"id": "Q4891025", "label": "Conquest of the Canary Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas the crown of Castile attempted to conquer of Melilla but still needed to end the Conquest of the Canary Islands, not to mention the economic efforts set on the voyages of Christopher Columbus."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas the crown of Castile attempted to conquer of Melilla but still needed to end the Conquest of the Canary Islands, not to mention the economic efforts set on the voyages of Christopher Columbus."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The prominent Duke of Medina Sidonia, one of the wealthiest men in the Crown of Castile, contributed soldiers to the Battle of Aguere during the Conquest of the Canary Islands, and sent  Pedro Estopiñán to Melilla with ships, soldiers and builders."}, {"id": "Q1273257", "label": "Battle of Aguere", "section": "lead", "says": "The prominent Duke of Medina Sidonia, one of the wealthiest men in the Crown of Castile, contributed soldiers to the Battle of Aguere during the Conquest of the Canary Islands, and sent  Pedro Estopiñán to Melilla with ships, soldiers and builders."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wattasid ruler Muhammad al-Shaykh sent a detachment of cavalry to retake the city, but they were repulsed by the guns of the Spanish ships."}], "Q5601911": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek civil wars of 1823–1825 occurred alongside the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of March 1821, Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottoman Empire and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had already captured Kalamata and Tripolitsa."}, {"id": "Q319678", "label": "Theodoros Kolokotronis", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of March 1821, Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottoman Empire and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had already captured Kalamata and Tripolitsa."}, {"id": "Q459887", "label": "Alexandros Mavrokordatos", "section": "Background", "says": "Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part, and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part."}], "Q561512": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blumenau or Battle of Lamač was the last battle fought in the Austro-Prussian War, on 22 July 1866 (on the day of the conclusion of peace), with the Austrians defending against the Prussian army."}], "Q56324566": [{"id": "Q849967", "label": "Celtic Britons", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boudican revolt was an armed uprising by native Celtic Britons against the Roman Empire during the Roman conquest of Britain."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boudican revolt was an armed uprising by native Celtic Britons against the Roman Empire during the Roman conquest of Britain."}, {"id": "Q326600", "label": "Gaius Suetonius Paulinus", "section": "lead", "says": "Although heavily outnumbered, the Roman army led by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus decisively defeated the allied tribes in a final battle which inflicted heavy losses on the Britons."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern historians are dependent for information about the uprising and the defeat of Boudica on the narratives written by the Roman historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio, which are the only surviving accounts of the battle known to exist."}, {"id": "Q2054", "label": "Seneca", "section": "Cause of the rebellion", "says": "According to Dio, Roman financiers, such as Seneca the Younger, called in their loans."}], "Q571269": [{"id": "Q737907", "label": "Second Latin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vesuvius (also known as the Battle of the Veseris) was the first recorded battle of the Latin War."}], "Q572291": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter portion of the wars intersected with the larger conflict between France and Spain known as the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "Background", "says": "The origins of the Guelders Wars is traced back to 1471, when Charles the Bold lent 300,000 gold guilders to Arnold, Duke of Guelders."}, {"id": "Q464362", "label": "Arnold, Duke of Guelders", "section": "Background", "says": "The origins of the Guelders Wars is traced back to 1471, when Charles the Bold lent 300,000 gold guilders to Arnold, Duke of Guelders."}, {"id": "Q152420", "label": "Duchy of Guelders", "section": "Background", "says": "As a \"bail\", in order to protect himself in case he would not be repaid, Charles chose the title of the Duchy of Guelders."}], "Q573358": [{"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Teugen–Hausen or the Battle of Thann was an engagement that occurred during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Teugen–Hausen or the Battle of Thann was an engagement that occurred during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q158778", "label": "Louis-Nicolas Davout", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought on 19 April 1809 between the French III Corps led by Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout and the Austrian III Armeekorps commanded by Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen."}, {"id": "Q474448", "label": "Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought on 19 April 1809 between the French III Corps led by Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout and the Austrian III Armeekorps commanded by Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen."}, {"id": "Q700860", "label": "Battle of Eckmühl", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the Battle of Teugen–Hausen, the fighting marked the first day of a four-day campaign, culminating in the French victory at the Battle of Eckmühl."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria's invasion of the Kingdom of Bavaria caught Emperor Napoleon I of France's Franco-German army by surprise."}, {"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the advance of Archduke Charles's Austrian army was slow, mistakes by Napoleon's subordinate Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier placed Davout's corps in great peril."}, {"id": "Q83808", "label": "François Joseph Lefebvre", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 April 1809, Archduke Charles gave notice to the French ambassador at Munich and Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre that Austria and France were at war."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon did not expect the Austrians to declare war, but when it became obvious that war was imminent, he believed that hostilities would start after 15 April."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the right wing of the Grande Armée was 120 kilometres (75 mi) distant, with only a thin line of Bavarians holding the center."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "On the right wing, General Nicolas Oudinot's II Corps was ordered to move toward Regensburg, while Marshal André Masséna's IV Corps was directed to move from Ulm to Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the emperor instructed Oudinot to support Lefebvre, and directed Général de Division Dominique Vandamme's small Württemberg corps to march"}], "Q573380": [{"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was concluded by the Kingdom of Poland under King Casimir III the Great and the State of the Teutonic Order under Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Ludolf König von Wattzau."}, {"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "It was concluded by the Kingdom of Poland under King Casimir III the Great and the State of the Teutonic Order under Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Ludolf König von Wattzau."}, {"id": "Q672408", "label": "Ludolf König", "section": "lead", "says": "It was concluded by the Kingdom of Poland under King Casimir III the Great and the State of the Teutonic Order under Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Ludolf König von Wattzau."}], "Q573963": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kloster Kampen (also known as the Battle of Kloster Kamp or Battle of Campen) was a French victory over an Anglo-German army during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the autumn of 1760 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, the commander of the allied army saw the French were threatening Hanover."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Prince of Brunswick set up a formal siege of Wesel building two pontoon bridges over the river."}, {"id": "Q3101410", "label": "George Augustus Eliott", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Major General George Augustus Eliott commanded the approach vanguard, 2 squadrons of Prussian Hussars, the Royal Dragoons, the Inniskilling Dragoons along with the 87th and 88th Highlanders."}], "Q574365": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gitschin or Jičín (German: Schlacht bei Gitschin) took place during the Austro-Prussian War on 29 June 1866, ending with a Prussian victory over the Austrian forces."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "There is a memorial there today at Jičín in the Czech Republic."}], "Q577353": [{"id": "Q560731", "label": "Menno van Coehoorn", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1692, the Dutch military engineer Menno van Coehoorn made the Citadel one of the strongest defensive points in Flanders, but the garrison had less than 5,000 soldiers, many of them poorly trained Spanish troops with low morale."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After 1693, Louis XIV followed a largely defensive strategy in Flanders."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "French victories at Steinkirk and Landen and the capture of Namur, Mons, Huy and Charleroi failed to force the Dutch Republic out of the war."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "While this theatre is commonly referred to as Flanders, most campaigning took place in the Spanish Netherlands, a compact area 160 km (99 mi) wide, the highest point only 100 m (330 ft) above sea level, and dominated by canals and rivers."}], "Q580417": [{"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Skirmish of Pastrengo, also known as Battle of Pastrengo or Charge of Pastrengo, was fought between the Piedmontese and Austrian army on 30 April 1848, in the course of the First Italian War of Independence."}], "Q589285": [{"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tondibi was the decisive confrontation in the 16th-century invasion of the Songhai Empire by the army of the Saadi dynasty in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1578, Morocco successfully repelled an invasion by Portugal at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, forces decimating the large Portuguese army."}, {"id": "Q1121532", "label": "Battle of Alcácer Quibir", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1578, Morocco successfully repelled an invasion by Portugal at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, forces decimating the large Portuguese army."}], "Q590195": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ngomano or Negomano was fought between Germany and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ngomano or Negomano was fought between Germany and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q4871634", "label": "Battle of Mahiwa", "section": "lead", "says": "A force of Germans and Askaris under Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck had recently won a costly victory against the British at the Battle of Mahiwa, in present-day Tanzania and ran very short of food and other supplies."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "A force of Germans and Askaris under Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck had recently won a costly victory against the British at the Battle of Mahiwa, in present-day Tanzania and ran very short of food and other supplies."}], "Q5913740": [{"id": "Q558242", "label": "Mir Wais Hotak", "section": "Background", "says": "Some subjects such as Mir Wais Hotak, a well-respected tribe leader, attempted to inform Shah Sultan Hussayn of the risks that a lack of strong leadership could cause for the empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Safavids, at that time being strongly in favor of Shia Islam, heavily oppressed the Sunni Pashtuns in what is now Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q31494", "label": "Mahmud Hotaki", "section": "Background", "says": "He eventually died in 1715, and soon after his death, his son Mahmud Hotak took over his battle and led the Pashtun army to the capital of the empire Isfahan in 1722."}], "Q592069": [{"id": "Q118755", "label": "Michael the Brave", "section": "Background", "says": "Michael the Brave marched into Transylvania to fight against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q666499", "label": "Ieremia Movilă", "section": "Background", "says": "The neighboring rulers Andrew Báthory in Transylvania and Ieremia Movilă in Moldavia were friendly towards Poland."}], "Q5942412": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake occurred at 02:59 local time on 12 December 1979, with the epicenter just offshore from the border between Ecuador and Colombia, near the port city of Tumaco."}], "Q600016": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Loire Campaign during the Hundred Years' War, where the forces of Charles VII of France successfully recaptured much of the region, following  their victory at the Siege of Orléans."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Loire Campaign during the Hundred Years' War, where the forces of Charles VII of France successfully recaptured much of the region, following  their victory at the Siege of Orléans."}, {"id": "Q392213", "label": "Siege of Orléans", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Loire Campaign during the Hundred Years' War, where the forces of Charles VII of France successfully recaptured much of the region, following  their victory at the Siege of Orléans."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "Background", "says": "In early March 1429, Joan of Arc arrived at Chinon to meet with Charles VII and, after being examined by church officials in Poitiers, joined a large force which set out to relieve the siege at Orléans."}, {"id": "Q71125", "label": "John Fastolf", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, on 8 June, Sir John Fastolf finally left Paris with a reinforcing army of several thousand, headed for the Loire River valley."}], "Q601317": [{"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln had long advocated this strategy for his generals, recognizing that the city would certainly fall after the loss of its principal defensive army."}], "Q6587159": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran signed on 24 September 1736, ending the Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735)."}, {"id": "Q63149558", "label": "Afsharid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran signed on 24 September 1736, ending the Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735)."}, {"id": "Q7836956", "label": "Treaty of Ahmet Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (1732) between the two countries had been found unsatisfactory in both countries."}, {"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Mahmut I didn't approve the abandonment of Tabriz and Nader, the future Shah of Iran dethroned Tahmasp II for accepting Ottoman control of the Caucasus."}], "Q661686": [{"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Höchst (20 June 1622) was fought between a Catholic League army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and a Protestant army commanded by Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, close to the town of Höchst, today a suburb of the city of Frankfurt am Main."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q835585", "label": "Battle of Mingolsheim", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1622, Tilly had lost the Battle of Mingolsheim to Ernst von Mansfeld."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1622, Tilly had lost the Battle of Mingolsheim to Ernst von Mansfeld."}, {"id": "Q661764", "label": "Battle of Wimpfen", "section": "Background", "says": "In early May, however, Tilly won a decisive engagement with Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach at the Battle of Wimpfen, which dispersed or killed approximately 3/4 of Georg Friederich's army, leaving only Christian of Brunswick and Ernst von Mansfeld to command in the coming battle."}], "Q157648": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918, speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "lead", "says": "However, his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "lead", "says": "However, his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "However, his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism."}, {"id": "Q297793", "label": "Vittorio Emanuele Orlando", "section": "lead", "says": "However, his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States had joined the Triple Entente in fighting the Central Powers on April 6, 1917."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, immediately after the October Revolution in 1917."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Three days earlier United Kingdom prime minister Lloyd George had made a speech setting out the UK's war aims which bore some similarity to Wilson's speech but which proposed reparations be paid by the Central Powers and which was more vague in its promises to the non-Turkish subjects of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q190758": [{"id": "Q150851", "label": "Colin Powell", "section": "lead", "says": "U.S. secretary of state Colin Powell described the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The JEM had the most to gain from the talks and could have seen semi-autonomy, much like South Sudan."}, {"id": "Q983119", "label": "Irwin Cotler", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation."}], "Q192660": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Okinawa (Japanese: 沖縄戦, Hepburn: Okinawa-sen), codenamed Operation Iceberg, was a major battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by the United States Army and United States Marine Corps forces against the Imperial Japanese Army."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q300879", "label": "Operation Downfall", "section": "lead", "says": "After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Kadena Air Base on the island as a staging point for Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands,\n340 mi (550 km) away."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States created the Tenth Army, a cross-branch force consisting of the U.S."}], "Q203233": [{"id": "Q162296", "label": "Robert Clive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company, under the leadership of Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757."}, {"id": "Q2637089", "label": "Nawab of Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company, under the leadership of Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757."}, {"id": "Q46798", "label": "Ahmed Shahe Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory was made possible by the betrayal of Mir Jafar, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah's commander in chief, as well as much of the Bengal Subah's armies being earlier committed against an Afghan invasion led by Ahmad Shah Durrani against the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory was made possible by the betrayal of Mir Jafar, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah's commander in chief, as well as much of the Bengal Subah's armies being earlier committed against an Afghan invasion led by Ahmad Shah Durrani against the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q1998495", "label": "Siraj ud-Daulah", "section": "lead", "says": "The belligerents were the British East India Company and the Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was waged during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the French East India Company (La Compagnie des Indes Orientales) sent a small contingent to fight against the British."}], "Q151835": [{"id": "Q320", "label": "Michelle Bachelet", "section": "lead", "says": "President Michelle Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and deployed the military to the worst-affected areas."}], "Q154697": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Historians generally consider it part of the global Seven Years' War, which lasted from 1756 to 1763, although in the United States it is often viewed as a distinct conflict unassociated with any larger European war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Historians generally consider it part of the global Seven Years' War, which lasted from 1756 to 1763, although in the United States it is often viewed as a distinct conflict unassociated with any larger European war."}, {"id": "Q695485", "label": "Battle of Jumonville Glen", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1754, this led to the Battle of Jumonville Glen, when Virginia militia led by George Washington ambushed a French patrol."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1754, this led to the Battle of Jumonville Glen, when Virginia militia led by George Washington ambushed a French patrol."}, {"id": "Q113412", "label": "Edward Braddock", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1755, Edward Braddock, the new Commander-in-Chief, North America, planned a four-way attack on the French."}, {"id": "Q3177722", "label": "Braddock Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "None succeeded, while the Braddock Expedition ended in disaster at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, with Braddock himself dying of his wounds a few days later."}, {"id": "Q524828", "label": "Battle of the Monongahela", "section": "lead", "says": "None succeeded, while the Braddock Expedition ended in disaster at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, with Braddock himself dying of his wounds a few days later."}, {"id": "Q2080325", "label": "Siege of Fort William Henry", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seven Years' War began in 1756, and a number of disastrous campaigns in 1757, including the Louisbourg Expedition and Siege of Fort William Henry led to the fall of the British government."}, {"id": "Q5501836", "label": "French Louisiana", "section": "lead", "says": "France also gave French Louisiana west of the Mississippi to their ally Spain in the separate Treaty of Fontainebleau, in compensation for their losses to Britain."}, {"id": "Q298156", "label": "René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle", "section": "Background", "says": "Saint-Pierre said, \"As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.\" He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier."}], "Q160161": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was an uprising by the Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to the gas chambers of the Majdanek and Treblinka extermination camps in 1943."}, {"id": "Q965477", "label": "Grossaktion Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Grossaktion Warsaw of summer 1942, in which more than a quarter of a million Jews were deported from the ghetto to Treblinka and murdered, the remaining Jews began to build bunkers and smuggle weapons and explosives into the ghetto."}, {"id": "Q76992", "label": "Jürgen Stroop", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising started on 19 April when the ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop, who ordered the destruction of the ghetto, block by block, ending on 16 May."}, {"id": "Q160817", "label": "Marek Edelman", "section": "lead", "says": "Marek Edelman, the last surviving ŻOB commander who died in 2009, said their inspiration to fight was \"not to allow the Germans alone to pick the time and place of our deaths\"."}, {"id": "Q84441", "label": "Odilo Globočnik", "section": "Background", "says": "Thousands of Jews were killed by rampant disease and starvation under SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik and SS-Standartenführer Ludwig Hahn, even before the mass deportations from the ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp began."}, {"id": "Q95875", "label": "Ludwig Hahn", "section": "Background", "says": "Thousands of Jews were killed by rampant disease and starvation under SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik and SS-Standartenführer Ludwig Hahn, even before the mass deportations from the ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp began."}, {"id": "Q78678", "label": "Hermann Höfle", "section": "Background", "says": "Just before the operation began, the German \"Resettlement Commissioner\" SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle called a meeting of the Ghetto Jewish Council Judenrat and informed its leader, Adam Czerniaków, that he would require 7,000 Jews a day for \"resettlement to the East\"."}, {"id": "Q113914", "label": "Ferdinand Sammern-Frankenegg", "section": "Background", "says": "The Grossaktion was directed by SS-Oberführer Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg, the SS and Police Leader of the Warsaw area since 1941."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "Background", "says": "He would be relieved of duty as SS and Police Leader after failing to pacify the ghetto resistance and be subsequently replaced by Jürgen Stroop, who had been sent to Warsaw by Heinrich Himmler on 17 April 1943."}], "Q194113": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "19 February] 1878 by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and by Foreign Minister Saffet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Pasha on behalf of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "19 February] 1878 by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and by Foreign Minister Saffet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Pasha on behalf of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty provided for the establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria following almost 500 years of Ottoman rule in the Bulgarian lands."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the enlarged Bulgaria envisioned by the treaty alarmed neighboring states as well as France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the enlarged Bulgaria envisioned by the treaty alarmed neighboring states as well as France and the United Kingdom."}], "Q203729": [{"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kadesh was a major military conflict in the early 13th century BC, between the attacking Ramesses II of the Egyptian Empire and defending Muwatalli II of the Hittite Empire."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kadesh was a major military conflict in the early 13th century BC, between the attacking Ramesses II of the Egyptian Empire and defending Muwatalli II of the Hittite Empire."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "He  broke through and, with the arrival of a rearguard Egyptian force, managed to reverse the disaster and drive off the Hittites."}, {"id": "Q158052", "label": "Amenhotep II", "section": "Background", "says": "Thutmose I, Thutmose III, and his son and coregent Amenhotep II fought battles from Megiddo north to the Orontes, including conflict with Kadesh."}, {"id": "Q157985", "label": "Thutmose IV", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reigns of Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III, Egypt continued to lose territory to the Mitanni in northern Syria."}, {"id": "Q157995", "label": "Horemheb", "section": "Background", "says": "Horemheb (d."}, {"id": "Q157918", "label": "Seti I", "section": "Background", "says": "Like his father Ramesses I, Seti I was a military commander who set out to restore Egypt's empire to the days of the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaohs almost a century before."}], "Q208694": [{"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1826, British India gained a common border with Tibet after the British wrested control of Manipur and Assam from the Burmese, following the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824–1826."}, {"id": "Q3536822", "label": "Treaty of Lhasa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1904, in order to skew Tibet away from Russian influence, an Anglo-Tibetan treaty was written called the Convention of Lhasa."}, {"id": "Q633847", "label": "Simla Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 1911 Revolution, UK sat a weakened China along with Tibet in the Simla Convention to settle the borders between Tibet, China and British India."}, {"id": "Q27118", "label": "Henry McMahon", "section": "Background", "says": "The foreign secretary of the British Indian government, Henry McMahon was the driving force in this conference."}], "Q239060": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q27118", "label": "Henry McMahon", "section": "lead", "says": "On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916."}, {"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1918, the rebels had captured Damascus and proclaimed the Arab Kingdom of Syria, a short-lived monarchy that was led by Hussein's son Faisal I."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1918, the rebels had captured Damascus and proclaimed the Arab Kingdom of Syria, a short-lived monarchy that was led by Hussein's son Faisal I."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This was gradually broken by the Turkish War of Independence, which established the present-day Republic of Turkey."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "Background", "says": "The Young Turk Revolution began on 3 July 1908 and quickly spread throughout the empire."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Sultan Abdul Hamid II was forced to announce the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of the Ottoman parliament."}, {"id": "Q516749", "label": "March Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "He was driven away to exile in Selanik by the 31 March Incident, in which the Young Turks defeated the countercoup."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "Background", "says": "He was eventually replaced by his brother Mehmed V."}], "Q369560": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A large army commanded by Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, attacked the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate after a series of provocations from its ruler, caliph al-Musta'sim."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "A large army commanded by Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, attacked the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate after a series of provocations from its ruler, caliph al-Musta'sim."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the accession of his brother Möngke Khan to the Mongol throne in 1251, Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was dispatched westwards to Persia to secure the region."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the accession of his brother Möngke Khan to the Mongol throne in 1251, Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was dispatched westwards to Persia to secure the region."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In contrast to the exaggerations of later Muslim historians, Baghdad prospered under Hulegu's Ilkhanate, although it did decline in comparison to the new capital, Tabriz."}, {"id": "Q26472", "label": "Dali Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "While Kublai was sent to vassalize the Dali Kingdom and resume the war against the Southern Song, Hulegu was dispatched westwards to destroy the Ismaili Assassins and to ensure the submission of the Abbasid caliphs."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "The force contained troops from vassalized Armenia, including its king Hetoum I, a thousand-strong corps of military engineers led by Guo Kan, auxiliaries from all over the empire, and generals from all the branches of the Mongol imperial family, including three princes from the Golden Horde, the Chagatayid prince Teguder, and possibly one of Genghis Khan's grandsons through his daughter Checheikh"}, {"id": "Q2631314", "label": "Arghun Aqa", "section": "Background", "says": "Setting out in October 1253, he spent the next years passing through Transoxiana and received homage from local rulers, including Arghun Aqa at Kish in November 1255; early the following year, he entered the Assassins' heartland of Kohistan."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "The Grand Master of the Assassins, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, had died in December 1255, and Hulegu sent ambassadors to his young successor, Rukn al-Din Khurshah."}], "Q389646": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Approximately two million people joined their hands to form a human chain spanning 675 kilometres (419 mi) across the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, with a combined population of around eight million citizens, who had been subject to the Soviet Union's repression for more than 45 years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Approximately two million people joined their hands to form a human chain spanning 675 kilometres (419 mi) across the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, with a combined population of around eight million citizens, who had been subject to the Soviet Union's repression for more than 45 years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, in which Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania were (as \"spheres of influence\") divided between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, in which Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania were (as \"spheres of influence\") divided between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet-Nazi pact led to the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 and the Soviet invasion and occupation of the Baltic countries in June 1940."}, {"id": "Q312469", "label": "Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 August, Pravda published an extensive interview with Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev, chairman of a 26-member commission set up by the Congress of People's Deputies to investigate the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its secret protocols."}], "Q473845": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On April 20, 1999, high school senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold murdered 13 students and one teacher in a school shooting and attempted bombing at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado, United States."}], "Q51659": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Crusade (September 1217 – August 29, 1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid Sultanate, led by Sultan al-Adil, brother of Saladin."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q271104", "label": "Andrew II of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q437303", "label": "Leopold VI, Duke of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q332704", "label": "John of Brienne", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "A German army led by cleric Oliver of Paderborn, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I of Holland, then joined the Crusade in Acre, with a goal of first conquering Egypt, viewed as the key to Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q293464", "label": "Al-Kamil", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Kamil, now Sultan of Egypt, offered attractive peace terms, including the restoration of Jerusalem to Christian rule."}, {"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultan was rebuked by Pelagius several times, and the Crusaders marched south towards Cairo in July 1221."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1212, Innocent III had been pope for 14 years and faced the disappointment of the Fourth Crusade and its inability to recover Jerusalem, the on-going Albigensian Crusade, begun in 1209, and the popular fervor of the Children's Crusade of 1212."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1212, Innocent III had been pope for 14 years and faced the disappointment of the Fourth Crusade and its inability to recover Jerusalem, the on-going Albigensian Crusade, begun in 1209, and the popular fervor of the Children's Crusade of 1212."}, {"id": "Q51658", "label": "Children's Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1212, Innocent III had been pope for 14 years and faced the disappointment of the Fourth Crusade and its inability to recover Jerusalem, the on-going Albigensian Crusade, begun in 1209, and the popular fervor of the Children's Crusade of 1212."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Latin Empire of Constantinople was established, with the emperor Baldwin I essentially elected by the Venetians. (The imperial crown was at first offered to doge Enrico Dandolo, who refused it.) The first Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, the Venetian Thomas Morosini, was contested by the pope as uncanonical."}, {"id": "Q205688", "label": "Enrico Dandolo", "section": "Background", "says": "The Latin Empire of Constantinople was established, with the emperor Baldwin I essentially elected by the Venetians. (The imperial crown was at first offered to doge Enrico Dandolo, who refused it.) The first Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, the Venetian Thomas Morosini, was contested by the pope as uncanonical."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip of Swabia was locked in a dispute of the throne in Germany with Otto of Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "Sicily was ruled by the child-king Henry II and Spain was occupied in their crusade against the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "Background", "says": "Sicily was ruled by the child-king Henry II and Spain was occupied in their crusade against the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q234706", "label": "Maria of Montferrat", "section": "Background", "says": "In Jerusalem, John of Brienne became the effective ruler of the kingdom through his marriage to Maria of Montferrat."}, {"id": "Q233809", "label": "Isabella II of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1212, Isabella II of Jerusalem was proclaimed queen of Jerusalem shortly after her birth, and her father John became regent."}, {"id": "Q23498601", "label": "War of the Antiochene Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "Antioch was consumed with the War of the Antiochene Succession, begun with the death of Bohemond III, not to be resolved until 1219."}], "Q243684": [{"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighth Crusade was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX Against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis."}], "Q28036573": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack and released a video of the perpetrator, Anis Amri, pledging allegiance to the terror group's leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi."}], "Q404517": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was fought between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in the Kargil district of Ladakh, then part of the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir and along the Line of Control (LoC)."}, {"id": "Q3445917", "label": "Operation Meghdoot", "section": "Background", "says": "Some writers have speculated the operation's objective may also have been retaliation for India's Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier."}, {"id": "Q34413", "label": "Benazir Bhutto", "section": "Background", "says": "On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s, the army had given Pakistani leaders (Zia ul Haq and Benazir Bhutto) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region, but these plans were shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all-out war."}], "Q49103": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Israeli military operation, codenamed Operation Peace for Galilee, was launched after gunmen from the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q130873", "label": "Menachem Begin", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin blamed the PLO, using the incident as a casus belli."}, {"id": "Q315534", "label": "Bachir Gemayel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lebanese Forces however, despite their clandestine alliance with Israel, refused to participate in the war against the PLO as their leader Bachir Gemayel viewed any direct involvement as assisting an invading army."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy Israeli bombardment, the PLO and their allies negotiated a ceasefire with the aid of United States special envoy Philip Habib."}, {"id": "Q972052", "label": "Philip Habib", "section": "lead", "says": "Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy Israeli bombardment, the PLO and their allies negotiated a ceasefire with the aid of United States special envoy Philip Habib."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "lead", "says": "The PLO, led by Yasser Arafat, were evacuated from Lebanon, overseen by a multinational peacekeeping force."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "There was outrage at the IDF's role in the Israeli-backed, Phalangist-perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Shias."}, {"id": "Q321851", "label": "May 17 Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The May 17 Agreement of 1983 ended the state of war between Israel and Lebanon, and provided for an Israeli withdrawal from the country."}, {"id": "Q107957", "label": "Alexander Haig", "section": "Background", "says": "In a meeting my father had with Alexander Haig and Philip Habib on 25 May 1982, Habib repeated what he had already said many times before: \"Terrorist attacks against Israelis and Jews in Europe are not included in the cease-fire agreement."}, {"id": "Q316408", "label": "Abu Nidal", "section": "Background", "says": "A faction sympathetic to Abu Nidal forced a military confrontation, with accompanying arrests and executions — an event unprecedented in PLO internal disputes'."}, {"id": "Q298649", "label": "George Habash", "section": "Background", "says": "It presumed that Arafat had complete control, not only over all factions within the PLO such as the rejectionist Popular Front of George Habash, but also over those outside such as Abu Nidal's Fatah Revolutionary Council and Ahmed Jibril's Popular Front — General Command."}], "Q58732": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Siege of Malta (Maltese: L-Assedju l-Kbir) occurred in 1565 when the Ottoman Empire attempted to conquer the island of Malta, then held by the Knights Hospitaller."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1565, Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Sultan, made a second attempt to take Malta."}, {"id": "Q9068", "label": "Voltaire", "section": "lead", "says": "This victory became one of the most celebrated events of sixteenth-century Europe, to the point that Voltaire said in 1753: \"Rien n’est plus connu que ce siége, où la fortune de Soliman échoua.\" (Nothing is more known than this siege, where the fortune of Suleiman failed).\" It undoubtedly contributed to the eventual erosion of the European perception of Ottoman invincibility, although the Mediterr"}], "Q68750": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mexican War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia de México, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Spain in 1808 touched off a crisis of legitimacy of crown rule, since he had placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne after forcing the abdication of the Spanish monarch Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q55636", "label": "Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla", "section": "lead", "says": "The first uprising for independence was led by parish priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who issued the Cry of Dolores on 16 September 1810."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency devolved into guerrilla warfare, with Vicente Guerrero emerging as a leader."}], "Q74623": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "Intensive fighting began in 1683 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was a resounding defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost substantial territory, in Hungary and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as in part of the western Balkans."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French did not join the Holy League, as France had agreed to reviving an informal Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1673, in exchange for Louis XIV being recognized as a protector of Catholics in the Ottoman domains."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Louis XIV took advantage of the conflict to extend France's eastern borders, seizing Luxembourg in the War of the Reunions, but deciding that it was unseemly to be fighting the Holy Roman Empire at the same time of its struggle with the Ottomans, he agreed to the Truce of Ratisbon in 1684."}, {"id": "Q673556", "label": "War of the Reunions", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Louis XIV took advantage of the conflict to extend France's eastern borders, seizing Luxembourg in the War of the Reunions, but deciding that it was unseemly to be fighting the Holy Roman Empire at the same time of its struggle with the Ottomans, he agreed to the Truce of Ratisbon in 1684."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Louis XIV took advantage of the conflict to extend France's eastern borders, seizing Luxembourg in the War of the Reunions, but deciding that it was unseemly to be fighting the Holy Roman Empire at the same time of its struggle with the Ottomans, he agreed to the Truce of Ratisbon in 1684."}, {"id": "Q1041111", "label": "Truce of Ratisbon", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Louis XIV took advantage of the conflict to extend France's eastern borders, seizing Luxembourg in the War of the Reunions, but deciding that it was unseemly to be fighting the Holy Roman Empire at the same time of its struggle with the Ottomans, he agreed to the Truce of Ratisbon in 1684."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore, the French besieged Philippsburg on 27 September 1688, breaking the truce and triggering the separate Nine Years' War against the Grand Alliance, which included the Dutch Republic, the Holy Roman Empire and, after the Glorious Revolution, England as well."}, {"id": "Q517486", "label": "Battle of Zenta", "section": "lead", "says": "The war then fell into a stalemate, and peace was concluded in 1699, which began following the Battle of Zenta in 1697 when an Ottoman attempt to retake their lost possessions in Hungary was crushed by the Holy League."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Background (1667–1683)", "says": "Following Bohdan Khmelnytsky's rebellion, the Tsardom of Russia in 1654 acquired territories from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (currently parts of eastern Ukraine), while some Cossacks stayed in the southeastern part of the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "Background (1667–1683)", "says": "Their leader, Petro Doroshenko, sought the Ottoman Empire's protection and in 1667 attacked the Polish commander John Sobieski."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Background (1667–1683)", "says": "In August 1672, Sultan Mehmed IV, who knew that the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was weakened by internal conflicts, attacked Kamenets Podolski, a large city on the border of the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q2165429", "label": "Treaty of Buchach", "section": "Background (1667–1683)", "says": "After three months, the Poles were forced to sign the Treaty of Buchach in which they agreed to cede Kamenets, Podolia and to pay tribute to the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q1779177", "label": "Treaty of Żurawno", "section": "Background (1667–1683)", "says": "The war ended on 17 October 1676 with the Treaty of Żurawno in which the Turks retained control over only Kamenets-Podolski."}, {"id": "Q743046", "label": "Russo-Turkish Wars", "section": "Background (1667–1683)", "says": "This Turkish attack also led in 1676 to the beginning of the Russo-Turkish Wars."}], "Q8628": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The War in the Vendée (French: Guerre de Vendée [ɡɛʁ də vɑ̃de]) was a counter-revolutionary insurrection that took place in the Vendée region of France from 1793 to 1796, during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q7126013", "label": "Jacquerie", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, the revolt was similar to the 14th-century Jacquerie peasant uprising, but the Vendée quickly became counter-revolutionary and Royalist."}, {"id": "Q249960", "label": "Chouannerie", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was comparable to the Chouannerie, which took place concurrently (1794–1800) in the area north of the Loire."}, {"id": "Q2889455", "label": "Battle of Nantes", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels briefly overran the towns of Fontenay-le-Comte, Thouars, Saumur and Angers, but were halted at the Battle of Nantes."}, {"id": "Q140694", "label": "Alexis de Tocqueville", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexis de Tocqueville noted that most French nobles lived in cities by 1789."}], "Q114065797": [{"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "The government's response to the protests and its \"brutal and disproportionate use of force against peaceful protesters and children\" was widely condemned, but Supreme Leader of Iran  Ali Khamenei dismissed the unrest as \"riots\" and part of a \"hybrid war\" against Iran created by foreign enemy states and dissidents abroad."}], "Q201692": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poitiers was fought on 19 September 1356, during the Hundred Years' War, between a French army commanded by King John II and an Anglo-Gascon force under Edward, the Black Prince."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poitiers was fought on 19 September 1356, during the Hundred Years' War, between a French army commanded by King John II and an Anglo-Gascon force under Edward, the Black Prince."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Nineteen years after the start of the war, Edward, the Black Prince, the eldest son and heir of King Edward III of England, launched a major campaign in south-west France."}, {"id": "Q63483", "label": "Jonathan Sumption", "section": "Background", "says": "The modern historian Jonathan Sumption describes the French national administration as \"fall[ing] apart in jealous acrimony and recrimination\"."}], "Q204636": [{"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in August 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia, and was fought between an Achaemenid army led by Mardonius (allied with Boeotia, Thessaly, and Macedon) and the Spartan-led Hellenic alliance including Athens, Corinth, Tegea, Megara and other city-states."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in August 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia, and was fought between an Achaemenid army led by Mardonius (allied with Boeotia, Thessaly, and Macedon) and the Spartan-led Hellenic alliance including Athens, Corinth, Tegea, Megara and other city-states."}, {"id": "Q503982", "label": "Battle of Mycale", "section": "lead", "says": "The destruction of this army, and the remnants of the Persian navy allegedly on the same day at the Battle of Mycale, decisively ended the invasion."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Achaemenid Emperor Xerxes I, after his accession in 486 BCE, quickly initiated his preparations for an invasion of Greece, including the task of building two pontoon bridges across the Hellespont."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Herodotus, the Spartans were at that time celebrating the festival of Hyacinthus, and delayed making a decision for ten days, until they were persuaded of the danger to all of Greece if the Athenians surrendered."}, {"id": "Q294942", "label": "Aristides", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Athenians under the command of Aristides joined the Allied army at Eleusis in Attica."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under the guidance of their commanding general, Pausanias, the Greeks took up positions opposite the Persian lines but remained on high ground."}], "Q210137": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 October 2005, at 08:50:39 PKT, a Mw 7.6 earthquake struck the Azad Kashmir region in northern Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At least 87,350 people were killed and 200,000 were injured in Pakistan, with an additional 1,360 deaths and 7,082 injuries in India and 4 deaths in eastern Afghanistan."}], "Q235344": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a pivotal event and military engagement in the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 23, approximately 1,500 Mexicans marched into San Antonio de Béxar as the first step in a campaign to retake Texas."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "lead", "says": "The news sparked a scramble to join the Texian army and a panic, known as \"The Runaway Scrape\", in which the Texian army, most settlers, and the government of the new, self-proclaimed, but officially unrecognized Republic of Texas fled eastward toward the U.S. ahead of the advancing Mexican Army."}, {"id": "Q841278", "label": "Battle of San Jacinto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Texians defeated the portion of the Mexican Army led by Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "In Mexico, the battle has often been overshadowed by events from the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848."}, {"id": "Q1109279", "label": "First Mexican Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1835, following the repeal of the federalist 1824 Constitution of Mexico, Mexico adopted Las Siete Leyes (\"The Seven Laws\"), a new constitutional framework that replaced the First Mexican Republic with a unitary republic officially named the Mexican Republic (Spanish: República Mexicana)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The border region of Mexican Texas was largely populated by immigrants from the United States, some legal but most illegal."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "On January 14, Neill approached one of these men, Sam Houston, for assistance in gathering supplies, clothing, and ammunition."}], "Q29100": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab–Byzantine wars or Muslim–Byzantine wars were a series of wars from the 7th to 11th centuries between successive Muslim states and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began during early Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun Caliphate, part of the initial spread of Islam."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rashidun were succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, who over the next fifty years captured Byzantine Cyrenaica and launched repeated raids into Byzantine Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rashidun were succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, who over the next fifty years captured Byzantine Cyrenaica and launched repeated raids into Byzantine Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 750 the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate, who were less expansionist than their predecessors."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "The prolonged and escalating Byzantine–Sasanian wars of the 6th and 7th centuries and the recurring outbreaks of bubonic plague (Plague of Justinian) left both empires exhausted and vulnerable in the face of the sudden emergence and expansion of the Arabs."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "The last of the wars between the Roman and Persian empires ended with victory for the Byzantines: Emperor Heraclius regained all lost territories, and restored the True Cross to Jerusalem in 629."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 620s, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad had already managed to unify much of Arabia under Muslim rule via conquest as well as making alliances with neighboring tribes, and it was under his leadership that the first Muslim–Byzantine skirmishes took place."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "Background", "says": "Just a few months after Emperor Heraclius and the Persian general Shahrbaraz agreed on terms for the withdrawal of Persian troops from occupied Byzantine eastern provinces in 629, Arab and Byzantine troops confronted each other at the Battle of Mu'tah in response to the murder of Muhammad's ambassador at the hands of the Ghassanids, a Byzantine vassal kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1639459", "label": "Battle of Mu'tah", "section": "Background", "says": "Just a few months after Emperor Heraclius and the Persian general Shahrbaraz agreed on terms for the withdrawal of Persian troops from occupied Byzantine eastern provinces in 629, Arab and Byzantine troops confronted each other at the Battle of Mu'tah in response to the murder of Muhammad's ambassador at the hands of the Ghassanids, a Byzantine vassal kingdom."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "Background", "says": "Just a few months after Emperor Heraclius and the Persian general Shahrbaraz agreed on terms for the withdrawal of Persian troops from occupied Byzantine eastern provinces in 629, Arab and Byzantine troops confronted each other at the Battle of Mu'tah in response to the murder of Muhammad's ambassador at the hands of the Ghassanids, a Byzantine vassal kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad died in 632 and was succeeded by Abu Bakr, the first Caliph with undisputed control of the entire Arabian Peninsula after the successful Ridda Wars, which resulted in the consolidation of a powerful Muslim state throughout the peninsula."}], "Q309184": [{"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "lead", "says": "An alliance of western samurai, particularly the domains of Chōshū, Satsuma, and Tosa, and court officials secured control of the Imperial Court and influenced the young Emperor Meiji."}, {"id": "Q287657", "label": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu", "section": "lead", "says": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the sitting shōgun, realizing the futility of his situation, abdicated and handed over political power to the emperor."}, {"id": "Q714006", "label": "Republic of Ezo", "section": "lead", "says": "Those loyal to the Tokugawa shōgun retreated to northern Honshū and later to Hokkaido, where they founded the Republic of Ezo."}, {"id": "Q716562", "label": "Battle of Hakodate", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat at the Battle of Hakodate broke this last holdout and left the Emperor as the de facto supreme ruler throughout the whole of Japan, completing the military phase of the Meiji Restoration."}, {"id": "Q310462", "label": "Saigō Takamori", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the persistence of Saigō Takamori, a prominent leader of the Imperial faction, the Tokugawa loyalists were shown clemency, and many former shogunate leaders and samurai were later given positions of responsibility under the new government."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Western nations, especially the United Kingdom and France, were de"}, {"id": "Q299179", "label": "Emperor Kōmei", "section": "Political background", "says": "In late 1866, however, first shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi and then Emperor Kōmei died and were succeeded by Tokugawa Yoshinobu and Emperor Meiji respectively."}], "Q329203": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Boer War (Afrikaans: Eerste Vryheidsoorlog, lit. 'First Freedom War'), also known as the Transvaal War, was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881 between the United Kingdom and Boers of the Transvaal (as the South African Republic was known while under British administration)."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Boer War (Afrikaans: Eerste Vryheidsoorlog, lit. 'First Freedom War'), also known as the Transvaal War, was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881 between the United Kingdom and Boers of the Transvaal (as the South African Republic was known while under British administration)."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Empire's expansion in South Africa was accelerated due to the desire to control trade routes between India via the Cape of Good Hope, the discovery of diamonds in Kimberley in 1867, and the race against other European powers to control as much of Africa as possible."}, {"id": "Q2340665", "label": "Basutoland", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1868 the United Kingdom annexed Basutoland (modern Lesotho in the Drakensberg mountains, surrounded by the Cape Colony, the Orange Free State and Natal), following an appeal from Moshoeshoe, the leader of a mixed group of mostly Sotho-speaking refugees from the Difaqane who sought British protection from both the Boers and the Zulus."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1868 the United Kingdom annexed Basutoland (modern Lesotho in the Drakensberg mountains, surrounded by the Cape Colony, the Orange Free State and Natal), following an appeal from Moshoeshoe, the leader of a mixed group of mostly Sotho-speaking refugees from the Difaqane who sought British protection from both the Boers and the Zulus."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1868 the United Kingdom annexed Basutoland (modern Lesotho in the Drakensberg mountains, surrounded by the Cape Colony, the Orange Free State and Natal), following an appeal from Moshoeshoe, the leader of a mixed group of mostly Sotho-speaking refugees from the Difaqane who sought British protection from both the Boers and the Zulus."}, {"id": "Q747314", "label": "Bechuanaland Protectorate", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Germans annexed Damaraland and Namaqualand (modern Namibia) in 1884, the British annexed Bechuanaland in two parts in 1885: the Bechuanaland Protectorate (modern Botswana) and British Bechuanaland (later part of the Cape Colony)."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Germans annexed Damaraland and Namaqualand (modern Namibia) in 1884, the British annexed Bechuanaland in two parts in 1885: the Bechuanaland Protectorate (modern Botswana) and British Bechuanaland (later part of the Cape Colony)."}, {"id": "Q2786767", "label": "Battle of Blaauwberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Blaauwberg (1806), Britain had formally acquired the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa from the Dutch in 1814 after the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Blaauwberg (1806), Britain had formally acquired the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa from the Dutch in 1814 after the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The formal abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1834"}], "Q334502": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 AD), also known as the Bar Kokhba War, the War of Betar, and the Third (or Second) Jewish–Roman War, was the last and most devastating of three major Jewish rebellions against the Roman Empire."}], "Q122100": [{"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet–Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet–Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet–Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet–Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II."}, {"id": "Q1321586", "label": "Moscow Armistice", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with a Finnish declaration of war on 25 June 1941 and ended on 19 September 1944 with the Moscow Armistice."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Finland had previously fought the Winter War from 1939 to 1940, which ended with the Soviet failure to conquer Finland and the Moscow Peace Treaty."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Finland had previously fought the Winter War from 1939 to 1940, which ended with the Soviet failure to conquer Finland and the Moscow Peace Treaty."}, {"id": "Q154940", "label": "Lapland War", "section": "lead", "says": "Finland was also required by the agreement to expel German troops from Finnish territory, which led to the Lapland War between Finland and Germany."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact."}], "Q131386": [{"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia (September 52 BC) was the climactic military engagement of the Gallic Wars, fought around the Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement) of Alesia in modern France, a major centre of the Mandubii tribe."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by the Roman army of Julius Caesar against a confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni."}, {"id": "Q178953", "label": "Vercingetorix", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by the Roman army of Julius Caesar against a confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni."}, {"id": "Q106199", "label": "Commentarii de Bello Gallico", "section": "lead", "says": "The event is described by Caesar himself in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico as well as several later ancient authors (namely Plutarch and Cassius Dio)."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "lead", "says": "The event is described by Caesar himself in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico as well as several later ancient authors (namely Plutarch and Cassius Dio)."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "The event is described by Caesar himself in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico as well as several later ancient authors (namely Plutarch and Cassius Dio)."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Helvetii, a federation of tribes from what is now Switzerland, planned a migration to the Atlantic coast through Gaul, Caesar went to Geneva and forbade the Helvetii to move into Gaul."}], "Q154596": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaties of Tilsit (French: Traités de Tilsit), also collectively known as the Peace of Tilsit (German: Friede von Tilsit; Russian: Тильзитский мир, romanized: Tilzitski mir), were two peace treaties signed by French Emperor Napoleon in the town of Tilsit (today Sovetsk, Russia) in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland, at the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaties of Tilsit (French: Traités de Tilsit), also collectively known as the Peace of Tilsit (German: Friede von Tilsit; Russian: Тильзитский мир, romanized: Tilzitski mir), were two peace treaties signed by French Emperor Napoleon in the town of Tilsit (today Sovetsk, Russia) in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland, at the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties were made at the expense of King Frederick William III of Prussia, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armée had captured Berlin and pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "From these territories, Napoleon had created French client states, which were formalised and recognised at Tilsit: the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig; the other ceded territories were awarded to existing French client states and to Russia."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "From these territories, Napoleon had created French client states, which were formalised and recognised at Tilsit: the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig; the other ceded territories were awarded to existing French client states and to Russia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon not only cemented his control of Central Europe but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, the United Kingdom and Sweden, triggering the Anglo-Russian and Finnish wars."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "Tilsit also freed French forces for the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Central Europe became a battlefield again in 1809 when Austria engaged France in the War of the Fifth Coalition and in 1812, Napoleon started the invasion of Russia in June 1812."}], "Q189930": [{"id": "Q380229", "label": "Antony Beevor", "section": "lead", "says": "Antony Beevor said that Market Garden \"was a bad plan right from the start and right from the top\"."}, {"id": "Q333365", "label": "Walter Bedell Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "Ultra reports revealed the movement of the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions to the area north and east of Arnhem, creating enough concern for Eisenhower to send his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, to raise the issue with Montgomery on 15 September."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Background", "says": "The tanks likely belonged to the II./Fallschirm-Panzer Ersatz und Ausbildungs Regiment Hermann Göring, which was later located near Son (north of Eindhoven) on 17 Sept"}], "Q208156": [{"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Major military efforts were taken by Kublai Khan of the Yuan dynasty in 1274 and 1281 to conquer the Japanese archipelago after the submission of the Korean kingdom of Goryeo to vassaldom."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The term was later adopted in the 20th century to describe Japanese pilots who deliberately crashed their aircraft into enemy warships during the last years of World War II."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Kublai was declared Khagan of the Mongol Empire in 1260, although it was not widely recognized by the Mongols in the west, and established his capital at Khanbaliq (now in Beijing) in 1264."}], "Q213074": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Hydaspes also known as Battle of Jhelum, or First Battle of Jhelum, was fought between the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great and the Pauravas under Porus in May of 326 BC."}, {"id": "Q3110559", "label": "Pauravas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Hydaspes also known as Battle of Jhelum, or First Battle of Jhelum, was fought between the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great and the Pauravas under Porus in May of 326 BC."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the banks of the Hydaspes River in what is now the Punjab province of Pakistan, as part of Alexander's Indian campaign."}, {"id": "Q551888", "label": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Macedonians' engagement with the Indians at Hydaspes remains a very significant historical event during the Wars of Alexander the Great, as it resulted in the exposure of Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent, which would continue to affect Greeks and Indians for centuries to come."}, {"id": "Q529850", "label": "Spitamenes", "section": "Background", "says": "After Alexander defeated the last of the Achaemenid Empire's forces under Bessus and Spitamenes in 328 BC, he began a new campaign to further extend his empire towards India in 327 BC."}, {"id": "Q319378", "label": "Memnon of Rhodes", "section": "Background", "says": "According to historian Peter Green, Porus' performance in the battle out-classed both Memnon of Rhodes and Spitamenes."}], "Q217528": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "McVeigh, a combat veteran of the Gulf War, had rented a Ryder truck, which he later filled with the explosives used in the attack."}, {"id": "Q1604442", "label": "Ruby Ridge", "section": "lead", "says": "McVeigh and Nichols were primarily motivated by their anger at the U.S. federal government, particularly its handling of the law enforcement sieges at Ruby Ridge in 1992 and Waco in 1993, as well as the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "lead", "says": "McVeigh had timed the retaliatory attack to coincide with the second anniversary of the end of the siege in Waco and the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first engagements of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "McVeigh had timed the retaliatory attack to coincide with the second anniversary of the end of the siege in Waco and the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first engagements of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, which limited access to habeas corpus in the United States, among other provisions."}], "Q218678": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The North African campaign of World War II took place in North Africa from 11 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the Allies and the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "It included campaigns in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert campaign, Desert War), in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch), and in Tunisia (Tunisia campaign)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942."}, {"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "The British recaptured Sidi Barrani in December during Operation Compass."}, {"id": "Q708223", "label": "Operation Sonnenblume", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian 10th Army was destroyed and the German Afrika Korps was dispatched to North Africa in February 1941 in Operation Sonnenblume to reinforce the Italians and prevent an Axis defeat."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "Battles for control of Libya and Egypt followed, with advances and retreats until the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 when the Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery) defeated the German–Italian Panzerarmee Afrika and forced its remnants into Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Battles for control of Libya and Egypt followed, with advances and retreats until the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 when the Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery) defeated the German–Italian Panzerarmee Afrika and forced its remnants into Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Torch, the Anglo-American landings in North-West Africa in November 1942 and fighting against Vichy France forces (which then changed sides), the Allies trapped about 250,000 German and Italian personnel in northern Tunisia, forcing their surrender in May 1943."}], "Q219230": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marco Polo Bridge incident, also known as the Lugou Bridge incident or the July 7 incident, was a three-day battle that began on 7 July 1937 in the district of Beijing between the 29th Army of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marco Polo Bridge incident is generally regarded as the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China had been heightened since the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and their 1932 creation of a puppet state, Manchukuo, with Puyi, the deposed Qing dynasty emperor, as its head of state."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China had been heightened since the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and their 1932 creation of a puppet state, Manchukuo, with Puyi, the deposed Qing dynasty emperor, as its head of state."}, {"id": "Q715590", "label": "Tanggu Truce", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kuomintang (KMT) government of China refused to recognize Manchukuo but did agree to the Tanggu Truce with Japan in 1933."}, {"id": "Q672556", "label": "Boxer Protocol", "section": "Background", "says": "By the terms of the Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901, China had granted nations with legations in Beijing the right to station guards at twelve specific points along railways connecting Beijing with Tianjin."}], "Q223126": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "It was between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of the northern part of the Gran Chaco region (known in Spanish as the Chaco Boreal), which was thought to be rich in petroleum."}, {"id": "Q3309369", "label": "Gregorio Pacheco", "section": "Origins", "says": "The first confrontation between the two countries dates back to 1885, when Bolivian president Gregorio Pacheco founded Puerto Pacheco, a port on the Upper Paraguay River, asserting that this new settlement was well inside Bolivian territory."}, {"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1888, the Paraguayan government sent the gunboat Pirapó, commanded by Paraguayan War veteran Domingo Antonio Ortiz, which forcibly evicted the Bolivians from the settlement."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Origins", "says": "However, neither Paraguay nor Bolivia had an arms industry, and both countries had to import vast quantities of arms from Europe and the United States to arm themselves for the coming conflict."}], "Q244356": [{"id": "Q248786", "label": "Bahri dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ain Jalut (Arabic: معركة عين جالوت, romanized: Ma'rakat 'Ayn Jālūt), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Ilkhanate on 3 September 1260 near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ain Jalut (Arabic: معركة عين جالوت, romanized: Ma'rakat 'Ayn Jālūt), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Ilkhanate on 3 September 1260 near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley."}, {"id": "Q177320", "label": "Hulegu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Continuing the westward expansion of the Ilkhanate, the armies of Hulegu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad in 1258, along with the Ayyubid capital of Damascus sometime later."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after this, Möngke Khan was slain in battle against the Southern Song."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Hulegu returned to Mongolia with the bulk of his army to attend the kurultai in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approximately 10,000 troops west of the Euphrates under the command of Kitbuqa."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Learning of these developments, Qutuz quickly advanced his army from Cairo towards Palestine."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Mongols had reached Baghdad, their army included Cilician Armenians and even some Frankish forces from the Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Assassins in Persia fell, the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad was destroyed (see Battle of Baghdad) and the Ayyubid dynasty in Damascus fell as well."}, {"id": "Q1804983", "label": "Battle of Baghdad", "section": "Background", "says": "The Assassins in Persia fell, the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad was destroyed (see Battle of Baghdad) and the Ayyubid dynasty in Damascus fell as well."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "Hulegu's plan was then to proceed southwards through the Kingdom of Jerusalem towards the Mamluk Sultanate, to confront the major Islamic power."}], "Q273348": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A product of the long-running French–Habsburg rivalry, its primary belligerents were France versus the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, supported by numerous Italian states at different stages, along with England, and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A product of the long-running French–Habsburg rivalry, its primary belligerents were France versus the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, supported by numerous Italian states at different stages, along with England, and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The collapse of the Italic League in 1492 allowed Charles VIII of France to invade Naples in 1494, which drew in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q836963", "label": "Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, under which France was largely expelled from Italy, but in exchange gained Calais from England, and the Three Bishoprics from Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Spain acquired sovereignty over the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily in southern Italy, as well the Duchy of Milan in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Spain acquired sovereignty over the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily in southern Italy, as well the Duchy of Milan in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q1399", "label": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "section": "lead", "says": "Literate commanders and modern printing methods also make them one of the first conflicts with a significant number of contemporary accounts, including those of Francesco Guicciardini, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Blaise de Montluc."}, {"id": "Q378025", "label": "Blaise de Montluc", "section": "lead", "says": "Literate commanders and modern printing methods also make them one of the first conflicts with a significant number of contemporary accounts, including those of Francesco Guicciardini, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Blaise de Montluc."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "Largely driven by the rivalry between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, the long-running Wars in Lombardy had finally been ended by the 1454 Treaty of Lodi."}, {"id": "Q2506432", "label": "Wars in Lombardy", "section": "Background", "says": "Largely driven by the rivalry between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, the long-running Wars in Lombardy had finally been ended by the 1454 Treaty of Lodi."}, {"id": "Q1456635", "label": "Treaty of Lodi", "section": "Background", "says": "Largely driven by the rivalry between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, the long-running Wars in Lombardy had finally been ended by the 1454 Treaty of Lodi."}, {"id": "Q2445409", "label": "War of Ferrara", "section": "Background", "says": "Followed shortly thereafter by a non-aggression pact known as the Italic League, it led to a forty-year period of stability and economic expansion, marred only by the 1479 to 1481 Pazzi conspiracy and 1482 to 1484 War of Ferrara."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This originated when Louis XI of France inherited the County of Provence from his cousin Charles IV of Anjou in 1481, along with the Angevin claim to the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q2991382", "label": "County of Provence", "section": "Background", "says": "This originated when Louis XI of France inherited the County of Provence from his cousin Charles IV of Anjou in 1481, along with the Angevin claim to the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "Background", "says": "This originated when Louis XI of France inherited the County of Provence from his cousin Charles IV of Anjou in 1481, along with the Angevin claim to the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q675493", "label": "Henry VII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "These included the November 1492 Peace of Étaples with Henry VII of England and the March 1493 Treaty of Barcelona with Ferdinand II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q2414192", "label": "Treaty of Barcelona", "section": "Background", "says": "These included the November 1492 Peace of Étaples with Henry VII of England and the March 1493 Treaty of Barcelona with Ferdinand II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "These included the November 1492 Peace of Étaples with Henry VII of England and the March 1493 Treaty of Barcelona with Ferdinand II of Aragon."}], "Q309204": [{"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "lead", "says": "The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the president of the United States in Maryland."}, {"id": "Q130873", "label": "Menachem Begin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the president of the United States in Maryland."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the president of the United States in Maryland."}, {"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "lead", "says": "The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The first framework (A Framework for Peace in the Middle East), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of any Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations."}], "Q316743": [{"id": "Q243684", "label": "Eighth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "In practice an extension of the Eighth Crusade, it was the last of the Crusades to reach the Holy Land before the fall of Acre in 1291, which brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "In practice an extension of the Eighth Crusade, it was the last of the Crusades to reach the Holy Land before the fall of Acre in 1291, which brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there."}], "Q37001445": [{"id": "Q10819", "label": "Mariano Rajoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prime Minister of Spain, Mariano Rajoy, called the attack in Barcelona a jihadist attack."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Amaq News Agency attributed indirect responsibility for the attack to the Islamic State."}], "Q4373": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of White Mountain was fought on 8 November 1620 outside Prague in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "An army backing Frederick V led by Christian of Anhalt was defeated by forces supporting his rival Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, under Bucquoy and Count Tilly."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the early 17th century, most of the Bohemian estates, although under the dominion of the predominantly Catholic Holy Roman Empire, had large Protestant populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1617, as the health of Emperor Matthias deteriorated, his cousin Ferdinand – a devout Catholic and proponent of the Counter-Reformation – was named his successor as Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This incident, known as the Third Defenestration of Prague, triggered the Bohemian Revolt."}], "Q49092": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949), also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine (29 November 1947 – 14 May 1948) as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war."}, {"id": "Q374803", "label": "Benny Morris", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Benny Morris, by the end of 1947, the Palestinians already \"had a healthy and demoralising respect for the Yishuv's military power\" and if it came to battle, the Palestinians expected to lose."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Benny Morris, by the end of 1947, the Palestinians already \"had a healthy and demoralising respect for the Yishuv's military power\" and if it came to battle, the Palestinians expected to lose."}], "Q620965": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coup of 18 Brumaire (French: Coup d'État du 18 Brumaire) brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In the view of most historians, it ended the French Revolution and would soon lead to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the view of most historians, it ended the French Revolution and would soon lead to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French."}, {"id": "Q877619", "label": "French Consulate", "section": "lead", "says": "This bloodless coup d'état overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate."}, {"id": "Q294344", "label": "Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès", "section": "Context", "says": "In May 1799, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès had been elected to the Directory, where he steadily consolidated his power."}, {"id": "Q1194172", "label": "Battle of Novi", "section": "Context", "says": "However, when Joubert fell at the Battle of Novi in August 1799, he turned to Napoleon, having been advised to do so by General Moreau."}, {"id": "Q289628", "label": "Étienne Eustache Bruix", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Between 19 and 20 October, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, Pierre-Louis Roederer, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Boulay de la Meurthe and Étienne Eustache Bruix approached Napoleon in an attempt to win him over to their cause."}, {"id": "Q333843", "label": "Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Influenced by his wife Joséphine, Napoleon subsequently turned to Paul Barras."}, {"id": "Q216958", "label": "Joseph Fouché", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The innermost circle, who were aware of the full extent of the plot, consisted solely of: Napoleon Bonaparte, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, Joseph Fouché and Roger Ducos."}, {"id": "Q1663883", "label": "Roger Ducos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The innermost circle, who were aware of the full extent of the plot, consisted solely of: Napoleon Bonaparte, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, Joseph Fouché and Roger Ducos."}], "Q623171": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "China launched an offensive ostensibly in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978, which ended the rule of the Khmer Rouge."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "China launched an offensive ostensibly in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978, which ended the rule of the Khmer Rouge."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict had a lasting impact on the relationship between China and Vietnam, and diplomatic relations between the two countries were not fully restored until 1991, following the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops from Cambodia and the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Background", "says": "Vietnam's claim to be the world's third largest military power following its victory in the Vietnam War also increased Chinese apprehensions."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1978, the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party discussed possible military action against Vietnam in order to disrupt Soviet deployments and, two months later, PLA General Staff recommended punitive actions against Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "Background", "says": "Vietnam joined the CMEA and, on 3 November, the Soviet Union and Vietnam signed a 25-year mutual defense treaty, which made Vietnam the \"linchpin\" in the Soviet Union's \"drive to contain China\". (However, the Soviet Union had shifted from open animosity towards more normalized relations with China soon after.) Vietnam called for a special relationship between the three Indochinese countries, but t"}], "Q652285": [{"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first of the India–Pakistan wars between the two newly independent nations; both were dominions within the British Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q12446053", "label": "Hari Singh I of Kashmir", "section": "lead", "says": "Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, was facing an uprising by his Muslim subjects in Poonch, and lost control in portions of the western districts."}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was initially fought by the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and by militias from the frontier tribal areas adjoining the North-West Frontier Province."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to 1815, the area now known as Jammu and Kashmir comprised 22 small independent states (16 Hindu and six Muslim) carved out of territories controlled by the Amir (King) of Afghanistan, combined with those of local small rulers."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "These small states, ruled by Rajput kings, were variously independent vassals of the Mughal Empire since the time of Emperor Akbar or sometimes controlled from Kangra state in the Himachal area."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the decline of the Mughals, turbulence in Kangra and invasions of Gorkhas, the hill states fell successively under the control of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh war (1845–46) was fought between the Sikh Empire, which asserted sovereignty over Kashmir, and the East India Company."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Because they could not readily raise this sum, the East India Company allowed the Dogra ruler Gulab Singh to acquire Kashmir from the Sikh kingdom in exchange for making a payment of 750,000 rupees to the company."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "Background", "says": "Gulab Singh became the first maharaja of the newly formed princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, founding a dynasty that was to rule the state, the third-largest principality during the British Raj, until India gained its independence in 1947."}], "Q468823": [{"id": "Q431330", "label": "Luigi Facta", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 October, the fascist demonstrators and Blackshirt paramilitaries approached the capital; Prime Minister Luigi Facta wished to declare a state of siege, but this was overruled by King Victor Emmanuel III, who, fearing bloodshed, persuaded Facta to resign by threatening to abdicate."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 October, the fascist demonstrators and Blackshirt paramilitaries approached the capital; Prime Minister Luigi Facta wished to declare a state of siege, but this was overruled by King Victor Emmanuel III, who, fearing bloodshed, persuaded Facta to resign by threatening to abdicate."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1919, Benito Mussolini founded the first Italian Fasces of Combat (FIC) at the beginning of the so-called Red Biennium, a two-year long social conflict between the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the liberal and conservative ruling class."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Local elites felt themselves vulnerable and established an alliance with the small Fascist movement, which contained many veterans of World War I and had a reputation for violence, in the hope of using Fascist paramilitary squads to destroy socialist organizations."}, {"id": "Q193236", "label": "Gabriele D'Annunzio", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1919, Gabriele D'Annunzio and his armed followers took over the Adriatic town of Fiume, seeking to secure its transfer from the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to Italy."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1919, Gabriele D'Annunzio and his armed followers took over the Adriatic town of Fiume, seeking to secure its transfer from the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to Italy."}], "Q482407": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Geneva Conference was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War and involved several nations."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Geneva Conference was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War and involved several nations."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in Geneva, Switzerland, from 26 April to 21 July 1954."}, {"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "On the other hand, the Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "On the other hand, the Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Diplomats from South Korea, North Korea, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States participated in the Korean side of the conference from April 26 to June 15."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Diplomats from South Korea, North Korea, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States participated in the Korean side of the conference from April 26 to June 15."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The conference dealt with the Indochina issue from May 8 to July 21, involving representatives from France, China, the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), the State of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos, and the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "The conference dealt with the Indochina issue from May 8 to July 21, involving representatives from France, China, the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), the State of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos, and the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conference dealt with the Indochina issue from May 8 to July 21, involving representatives from France, China, the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), the State of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos, and the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Three binding ceasefire agreements about Indochina ended hostilities in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Worsening relations between the North (communist) and the South (anti-communist) would eventually lead to the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Following World War II, with the overthrow of French colonial rule and the surrender of Japan, the French returned to reconquer Indochina; meanwhile, the Vietnamese were locked in a civil strife over the destiny of their postcolonial state."}, {"id": "Q604897", "label": "Battle of Dien Bien Phu", "section": "Background", "says": "After a series of offensives, hostilities culminated in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, resulting in the convening of the Geneva Conference."}], "Q541191": [{"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty (Irish: An Conradh Angla-Éireannach), commonly known in Ireland as The Treaty and officially the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was an agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the government of the Irish Republic that concluded the Irish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty (Irish: An Conradh Angla-Éireannach), commonly known in Ireland as The Treaty and officially the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was an agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the government of the Irish Republic that concluded the Irish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State within a year as a self-governing dominion within the \"community of nations known as the British Empire\", a status \"the same as that of the Dominion of Canada\"."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State within a year as a self-governing dominion within the \"community of nations known as the British Empire\", a status \"the same as that of the Dominion of Canada\"."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed in London on 6 December 1921, by representatives of the British government (which included Prime Minister David Lloyd George, who was head of the British delegates, and Winston Churchill, who was Secretary of State for the Colonies) and by representatives of the government of the Irish Republic (which included Michael Collins, who was Secretary of State for Finance, and Ar"}, {"id": "Q342765", "label": "Arthur Griffith", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed in London on 6 December 1921, by representatives of the British government (which included Prime Minister David Lloyd George, who was head of the British delegates, and Winston Churchill, who was Secretary of State for the Colonies) and by representatives of the government of the Irish Republic (which included Michael Collins, who was Secretary of State for Finance, and Ar"}, {"id": "Q31573", "label": "Southern Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "As required by its terms, the agreement was approved by \"a meeting\" of the members elected to sit in the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and [separately] by the British Parliament."}, {"id": "Q748042", "label": "Irish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the treaty was narrowly approved, the split led to the Irish Civil War, which was won by the pro-treaty side."}], "Q696835": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liberation of Paris (French: Libération de Paris) was a battle that took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Paris had been occupied by Nazi Germany since the signing of the Armistice of 22 June 1940, after which the Wehrmacht occupied northern and western France."}, {"id": "Q170360", "label": "Armistice of 22 June 1940", "section": "lead", "says": "Paris had been occupied by Nazi Germany since the signing of the Armistice of 22 June 1940, after which the Wehrmacht occupied northern and western France."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "General Charles de Gaulle argued that French sovereignty should be restored quickly to avoid the kind of occupation government imposed on Allied-occupied Italy."}, {"id": "Q783684", "label": "Provisional Government of the French Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Choltitz surrendered the German garrison on 25 August, and de Gaulle arrived the same day to assume control of the city as head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, delivering a speech at the Hôtel de Ville that credited the liberation to the French people themselves."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "Background", "says": "In late July 1944, the Allied breakout in Operation Cobra and the closure of the Falaise pocket radically shifted the campaign's tempo."}, {"id": "Q151983", "label": "Pierre Laval", "section": "Prelude", "says": "17 August: German authorities forcibly evacuated Vichy Prime Minister Pierre Laval from Paris to Belfort, leaving the capital without a functioning civil government and accelerating the flight of remaining Vichy administrators and German embassy personnel."}, {"id": "Q57141", "label": "Günther von Kluge", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 17 August — the same day Taittinger and Nordling appealed to him directly — Choltitz received a telegram from Field Marshal Günther von Kluge instructing: \"I give the order for the neutralization and destruction envisaged for Paris.\""}], "Q95965839": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests, riots, and demonstrations against police brutality began in Minneapolis in the United States on May 26, 2020 as reactions to the murder of George Floyd, a 46-year-old unarmed African American man, by city police during an arrest."}], "Q1127302": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Estonian War of Independence, also known as the Estonian Liberation War, and War of Freedom  in Estonia, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom and Finland, against the Soviet Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919 and the 1919 aggression of the pro–German Baltische Landeswehr."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was the struggle of the newly established democratic state of Estonia for independence in the aftermath of World War I."}], "Q123227": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "10 July] 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 with major concessions to Russia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "10 July] 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 with major concessions to Russia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "10 July] 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 with major concessions to Russia."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The concessions to Russia were not merely territorial; not only was the Crimean Khanate (not Crimea proper) effectively ceded to Russia, but Russia also gained the right to construct a Russian Orthodox church in Constantinople, claiming to be the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q126306": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Decembrist revolt (Russian: Восстание декабристов, romanized: Vosstaniye dekabristov, lit. 'Uprising of the Decembrists') was a failed coup d'état led by liberal military and political dissidents against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q176306", "label": "Mikhail Miloradovich", "section": "lead", "says": "A standoff ensued, during which Nicholas' envoy, Mikhail Miloradovich, was assassinated."}], "Q1455917": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Visigothic Kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Visigothic Kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "lead", "says": "705–715), military commander Tariq ibn Ziyad departed from North Africa under the command of Musa ibn Nusayr in early 711 to cross the Straits of Gibraltar, with a force of about 1,700 men, to launch a military expedition against the Visigothic Kingdom based in Toledo, which encompassed the former territory of Roman Hispania."}, {"id": "Q301261", "label": "Musa ibn Nusayr", "section": "lead", "says": "705–715), military commander Tariq ibn Ziyad departed from North Africa under the command of Musa ibn Nusayr in early 711 to cross the Straits of Gibraltar, with a force of about 1,700 men, to launch a military expedition against the Visigothic Kingdom based in Toledo, which encompassed the former territory of Roman Hispania."}, {"id": "Q504172", "label": "Battle of Guadalete", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete in July the same year, Tariq was reinforced by an Arab force led by his superior wali Musa ibn Nusayr and continued northward."}, {"id": "Q759998", "label": "Berber (Amazigh) Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "From 740 to 742, the invasion was then disrupted by the Berber Revolt, and in 755 when an Abbasid force led by Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri landed to claim the territory from the Umayyads."}, {"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "lead", "says": "However, an Umayyad army was decisively defeated by Pelagius of Asturias at the Battle of Covadonga in the mountains of Asturias, securing a Christian stronghold in Northern Spain."}, {"id": "Q957186", "label": "Battle of Covadonga", "section": "lead", "says": "However, an Umayyad army was decisively defeated by Pelagius of Asturias at the Battle of Covadonga in the mountains of Asturias, securing a Christian stronghold in Northern Spain."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "By 781, Abd al-Rahman I had quashed all rebellions and rivals and consolidated Umayyad rule over an almost wholly reunified Iberia, a presence that would remain until the Reconquista, which was aimed at reclaiming the entire Iberian Peninsula for Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "By 781, Abd al-Rahman I had quashed all rebellions and rivals and consolidated Umayyad rule over an almost wholly reunified Iberia, a presence that would remain until the Reconquista, which was aimed at reclaiming the entire Iberian Peninsula for Christianity."}, {"id": "Q3489169", "label": "Roger Collins", "section": "Background", "says": "Roger Collins writes that the paucity of early sources means that detailed specific claims need to be regarded with caution."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Background", "says": "The Umayyads took control of Hispania from the Visigoths, who had ruled for roughly 300 years."}, {"id": "Q393730", "label": "Achila II", "section": "Background", "says": "There are accounts of a dispute with Achila II, son of his predecessor Wittiza."}], "Q14689": [{"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on the frozen Lake Peipus when the united forces of the Republic of Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal (also referred to by the proper noun as simply Vladimir), led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, emerged victorious against the forces of the Livonian Order and Bishopric of Dorpat, led by Bishop Hermann of Dorpat."}, {"id": "Q174044", "label": "Alexander Nevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on the frozen Lake Peipus when the united forces of the Republic of Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal (also referred to by the proper noun as simply Vladimir), led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, emerged victorious against the forces of the Livonian Order and Bishopric of Dorpat, led by Bishop Hermann of Dorpat."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome of the battle has been traditionally interpreted by Russian historiography as significant for the balance of power between Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "It is disputed whether the battle should be considered a \"crusade\" or not, and whether it therefore represented a significant defeat for the Catholic forces during the Northern Crusades, thus bringing an end to their campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic and other Rus' territories."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is disputed whether the battle should be considered a \"crusade\" or not, and whether it therefore represented a significant defeat for the Catholic forces during the Northern Crusades, thus bringing an end to their campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic and other Rus' territories."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "Background", "says": "Researchers have endeavoured to look for Swedish motives to advance into the Neva river basin, often by reference to the letter which Pope Gregory IX sent to the archbishop of Uppsala at the end of 1237, suggesting that a crusade should be held in southwestern Finland against the Tavastians, who allegedly reverted to their pagan beliefs."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "Background", "says": "After Novgorod tried to subjugate Lett tribes south of Yuryev in 1212, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword captured Yuryev in 1224, which became the Bishopric of Dorpat's capital."}, {"id": "Q60952", "label": "Albert of Riga", "section": "Background", "says": "1227) married off his daughter to Theoderic of Buxhövden, brother of bishops Albert of Riga and Hermann of Dorpat."}], "Q153376": [{"id": "Q162250", "label": "First Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Alam el Halfa had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt."}, {"id": "Q541997", "label": "Battle of Alam el Halfa", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Alam el Halfa had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1942 Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, commander of Eighth Army, opened his offensive against the Axis forces."}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended the Axis threat to the Middle East and Iran and revived the morale of the western Allies, being their first large success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "The end of the battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch on 8 November, which opened a second front in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "Panzer Army Africa (Panzerarmee Afrika/Armata Corazzata Africa Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel) composed of German and Italian tank and infantry units, subordinated to the new Italian command structure Delease (North African Command Delegation, Lieutenant-General Curio Barbasetti) had advanced into Egypt after its success at the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June 1942)."}, {"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "Background", "says": "Panzer Army Africa (Panzerarmee Afrika/Armata Corazzata Africa Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel) composed of German and Italian tank and infantry units, subordinated to the new Italian command structure Delease (North African Command Delegation, Lieutenant-General Curio Barbasetti) had advanced into Egypt after its success at the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June 1942)."}, {"id": "Q984342", "label": "William Gott", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant-General William Gott was made commander of the Eighth Army but was killed when his transport aircraft was shot down by Luftwaffe fighters; Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery was flown from Britain to replace him."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Eighth Army was being supplied with men and materials from the United Kingdom, India, Australia and New Zealand, as well as with trucks and the new Sherman tanks from the United States."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Eighth Army was being supplied with men and materials from the United Kingdom, India, Australia and New Zealand, as well as with trucks and the new Sherman tanks from the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Eighth Army was being supplied with men and materials from the United Kingdom, India, Australia and New Zealand, as well as with trucks and the new Sherman tanks from the United States."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rommel continued to request equipment, supplies and fuel but the priority of the German war effort was the Eastern Front and very limited supplies reached North Africa."}, {"id": "Q58745", "label": "Georg Stumme", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Rommel was ill and in early September, arrangements were made for him to return to Germany on sick leave and for General der Panzertruppe Georg Stumme to transfer from the Russian front to take his place."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His only hope now relied on the German forces fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad quickly to defeat the Red Army, then move south through the Trans-Caucasus and threaten Iran (Persia) and the Middle East."}], "Q117100709": [{"id": "Q3318398", "label": "Mohamed Bazoum", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 July 2023, a coup d'état occurred in Niger when the presidential guard detained President Mohamed Bazoum, and presidential guard commander General Abdourahamane Tiani proclaimed himself the leader of a military junta shortly after confirming the coup a success."}, {"id": "Q120965176", "label": "Abdourahamane Tiani", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 July 2023, a coup d'état occurred in Niger when the presidential guard detained President Mohamed Bazoum, and presidential guard commander General Abdourahamane Tiani proclaimed himself the leader of a military junta shortly after confirming the coup a success."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was condemned by the United States and France, and by the West African regional bloc ECOWAS, the latter of which threatened military intervention against the junta, leading to the 2023–2024 Niger crisis."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "Background", "says": "The coup came in the wake of recent coups in nearby countries, such as in Guinea, Mali, and Sudan in 2021, and two in Burkina Faso in January and September 2022, which has led to the region being called a \"coup belt\"."}, {"id": "Q3510872", "label": "Bola Tinubu", "section": "Background", "says": "Chairman Bola Tinubu warned that they will not allow another coup in the region and would take up these issues with the African Union and Western countries."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "The country frequently ranks at the bottom of the UN's Human Development Index and has also suffered from Islamist insurgencies led by Al-Qaeda, Islamic State and Boko Haram, despite its military receiving training and logistical support from the United States, France and Turkey, which have bases in the country."}], "Q139676879": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The ship departed from Ushuaia, Argentina, on 1 April with plans to visit Antarctica and several islands in the South Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q51", "label": "Antarctica", "section": "lead", "says": "The ship departed from Ushuaia, Argentina, on 1 April with plans to visit Antarctica and several islands in the South Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the ship was docked at Praia, Cape Verde, for three days, no one disembarked, as local facilities were unable to handle a safe evacuation."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 15 May 2026, former passengers were hospitalized or quarantined in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Saint Helena, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Passengers mostly came from Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, while the bulk of the crew came from the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Passengers mostly came from Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, while the bulk of the crew came from the Philippines."}], "Q154102": [{"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Pressburg was signed in Pressburg (today Bratislava) on 26 December 1805 between French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, as a consequence of the French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December)."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Pressburg was signed in Pressburg (today Bratislava) on 26 December 1805 between French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, as a consequence of the French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December)."}, {"id": "Q310528", "label": "Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein, and the Hungarian Count Ignác Gyulay for the Austrian Empire and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand for France."}, {"id": "Q78783", "label": "Ignác Gyulay", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein, and the Hungarian Count Ignác Gyulay for the Austrian Empire and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand for France."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein, and the Hungarian Count Ignác Gyulay for the Austrian Empire and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand for France."}], "Q175653": [{"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Sarajevo (Serbo-Croatian: Опсада Сарајева, Opsada Sarajeva) was a prolonged military blockade of Sarajevo, the capital of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the ethnically charged Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Sarajevo (Serbo-Croatian: Опсада Сарајева, Opsada Sarajeva) was a prolonged military blockade of Sarajevo, the capital of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the ethnically charged Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was initially besieged by the Yugoslav People's Army, before they were replaced by elements of the newly-formed Army of Republika Srpska."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "Lasting from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 (1,425 days), the siege was three times longer than the Battle of Stalingrad and more than a year longer than the siege of Leningrad, making it the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia after the 1992 Bosnian independence referendum, the Bosnian Serbs—whose strategic goal was to create a new Bosnian Serb state of Republika Srpska (RS) that would include Bosniak-majority areas—encircled Sarajevo with an initial siege force of 13,000 stationed in the surrounding hills."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia after the 1992 Bosnian independence referendum, the Bosnian Serbs—whose strategic goal was to create a new Bosnian Serb state of Republika Srpska (RS) that would include Bosniak-majority areas—encircled Sarajevo with an initial siege force of 13,000 stationed in the surrounding hills."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was eventually lifted following the signing of the Dayton Agreement on 14 December 1995."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "From its establishment after World War II until its breakup in 1991 and 1992, the government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia suppressed the nationalist sentiments which existed among the many ethnic and religious groups which comprised the population of the country, a policy which prevented the occurrence of chaos and the breakup of the state."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "From its establishment after World War II until its breakup in 1991 and 1992, the government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia suppressed the nationalist sentiments which existed among the many ethnic and religious groups which comprised the population of the country, a policy which prevented the occurrence of chaos and the breakup of the state."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "When Yugoslavia's longtime leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito died in 1980, this policy of containment underwent a dramatic reversal."}], "Q1773926": [{"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congo Crisis (French: Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict between 1960 and 1965 in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo)."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congo Crisis (French: Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict between 1960 and 1965 in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Constituting a series of civil wars, the Congo Crisis was also a proxy conflict in the Cold War, in which the Soviet Union and the United States supported opposing factions."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Constituting a series of civil wars, the Congo Crisis was also a proxy conflict in the Cold War, in which the Soviet Union and the United States supported opposing factions."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule: this led to the country's independence on 30 June 1960."}, {"id": "Q639073", "label": "South Kasai", "section": "lead", "says": "Katanga and South Kasai seceded with Belgian support."}, {"id": "Q1267", "label": "Dag Hammarskjöld", "section": "lead", "says": "Amid continuing unrest and violence, the United Nations deployed peacekeepers, but UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld refused to use these troops to help the central government in Léopoldville (Kinshasa) fight the secessionists."}, {"id": "Q161672", "label": "Patrice Lumumba", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, the charismatic leader of the largest nationalist faction, reacted by calling for assistance from the Soviet Union, which promptly sent military advisers and other support."}, {"id": "Q206048", "label": "Joseph Kasa-Vubu", "section": "lead", "says": "The involvement of the Soviets split the Congolese government and led to an impasse between Lumumba and President Joseph Kasa-Vubu."}, {"id": "Q316942", "label": "Antoine Gizenga", "section": "lead", "says": "A rival government of the \"Free Republic of the Congo\" was founded in the eastern city of Stanleyville, present day Kisangani, by Lumumba supporters led by Antoine Gizenga."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Belgians hoped that an independent Congo would form part of a federation, like the French Community or Britain's Commonwealth of Nations, and that close economic and political association with Belgium would continue."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Background", "says": "In a ceremony at the Palais de la Nation in Léopoldville, King Baudouin gave a speech in which he presented the end of colonial rule in the Congo as the culmination of the Belgian \"civilising mission\" begun by Leopold II."}, {"id": "Q43303", "label": "Malcolm X", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Lumumba's address was acclaimed by figures such as Malcolm X, it nearly provoked a diplomatic incident with Belgium; even some Congolese politicians perceived it as unnecessarily provocative."}], "Q203681": [{"id": "Q1238338", "label": "Caesar's Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War fought on 9 August 48 BC near Pharsalus in Central Greece."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the Roman Republic under the command of Pompey."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Caesar then withdrew east into Thessaly, partly to relieve one of his legates from attack by Metellus Scipio's forces arriving from Syria."}], "Q216165": [{"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Utrecht (Dutch: Unie van Utrecht) was an alliance based on an agreement concluded on 23 January 1579 between a number of Dutch provinces and cities, to reach a joint commitment against the king, Philip II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q700035", "label": "Pacification of Ghent", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Utrecht complemented the so-called General Union of 1576, established by the Pacification of Ghent, which is why it is also referred to as the Further Union."}], "Q217145": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "In summer 1942, the Allies decided to mount major offensives in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands with the objectives of defending sea lines to Australia and eventually attacking the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "In summer 1942, the Allies decided to mount major offensives in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands with the objectives of defending sea lines to Australia and eventually attacking the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Nimitz, while the Japanese defense consisted of the Combined Fleet under Isoroku Yamamoto and the Seventeenth Army under Harukishi Hyakutake."}, {"id": "Q696438", "label": "Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign also involved major naval battles, including the Battles of Savo Island, the Eastern Solomons, Cape Esperance, and the Santa Cruz Islands, culminating in a decisive Allied victory at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in mid-November."}, {"id": "Q1475679", "label": "Battle of Tassafaronga", "section": "lead", "says": "Further engagements took place at the Battle of Tassafaronga and Battle of Rennell Island."}, {"id": "Q610242", "label": "Battle of Rennell Island", "section": "lead", "says": "Further engagements took place at the Battle of Tassafaronga and Battle of Rennell Island."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign followed the successful Allied defensive actions at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in May and June 1942."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign followed the successful Allied defensive actions at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in May and June 1942."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was followed by other major Allied offensives in the Pacific, most notably: the Solomon Islands campaign, New Guinea campaign, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, the Maria"}, {"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "Background", "says": "Marine Major General Alexander Vandegrift was ordered to move his 1st Marine Division from the United States to New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "Marine Major General Alexander Vandegrift was ordered to move his 1st Marine Division from the United States to New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q752431", "label": "New Hebrides", "section": "Background", "says": "Other Allied land, naval and air units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides and New Caledonia."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Other Allied land, naval and air units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides and New Caledonia."}], "Q158021": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Frankfurt (French: Traité de Francfort; German: Friede von Frankfurt) was a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871 by the German Empire and the French Third Republic, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Frankfurt (French: Traité de Francfort; German: Friede von Frankfurt) was a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871 by the German Empire and the French Third Republic, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Frankfurt (French: Traité de Francfort; German: Friede von Frankfurt) was a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871 by the German Empire and the French Third Republic, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War."}], "Q162250": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert campaign of World War II, fought in Egypt between Axis (German and Italian) forces of the Panzer Army Africa—which included the Afrika Korps under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel—and Allied (British Empire and Commonwealth) forces of the Eighth Army under General Claude Auchinleck."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert campaign of World War II, fought in Egypt between Axis (German and Italian) forces of the Panzer Army Africa—which included the Afrika Korps under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel—and Allied (British Empire and Commonwealth) forces of the Eighth Army under General Claude Auchinleck."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert campaign of World War II, fought in Egypt between Axis (German and Italian) forces of the Panzer Army Africa—which included the Afrika Korps under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel—and Allied (British Empire and Commonwealth) forces of the Eighth Army under General Claude Auchinleck."}, {"id": "Q312685", "label": "Claude Auchinleck", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert campaign of World War II, fought in Egypt between Axis (German and Italian) forces of the Panzer Army Africa—which included the Afrika Korps under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel—and Allied (British Empire and Commonwealth) forces of the Eighth Army under General Claude Auchinleck."}], "Q162333": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian campaign of World War II, also called the Liberation of Italy following the German occupation in September 1943, consisted of Allied and Axis operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to 1945."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Sicily in July 1943 led to the collapse of the Fascist Italian regime and the fall of Mussolini, who was deposed and arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III on 25 July."}, {"id": "Q238", "label": "San Marino", "section": "lead", "says": "Both sides committed war crimes during the conflict, and the independent states of San Marino and Vatican City surrounded by Italian territory also suffered damage."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "Both sides committed war crimes during the conflict, and the independent states of San Marino and Vatican City surrounded by Italian territory also suffered damage."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Fascist Italy, prior to its collapse, suffered about 200,000 casualties, mostly prisoners-of-war taken in the invasion of Sicily, including more than 40,00"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Strategic background", "says": "The United States, with the larger U.S."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Strategic background", "says": "There was even pressure from some Latin American countries to stage an invasion of Spain, which, under Francisco Franco, was friendly to the Axis nations, although not a participant in the war."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Strategic background", "says": "Italian divisions on occupation and coastal defence duties in the Balkans and France would be withdrawn to defend Italy, while the Germans would have to transfer troops from the Eastern Front to defend Italy and the entire southern coast of France, relieving pressure on the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Strategic background", "says": "Italian divisions on occupation and coastal defence duties in the Balkans and France would be withdrawn to defend Italy, while the Germans would have to transfer troops from the Eastern Front to defend Italy and the entire southern coast of France, relieving pressure on the Soviet Union."}], "Q163244": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and President of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan, as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and President of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan, as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and President of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan, as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference."}], "Q18641076": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan launched a rescue operation undertaken by the Pakistan Army's Special Services Group (SSG) special forces, who killed all six terrorists and rescued 960 people."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The mastermind of the attack, Omar Khorasani, was killed in Afghanistan on 7 August 2022 by a roadside mine."}, {"id": "Q17195717", "label": "Operation Zarb-e-Azb", "section": "Background", "says": "The military offensive, Operation Zarb-e-Azb, was launched in the wake of the 8 June attack on Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, for which the TTP claimed responsibility."}], "Q188799": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Virginia Tech shooting was a spree shooting and mass shooting that occurred on Monday, April 16, 2007, comprising two attacks on the campus of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States."}, {"id": "Q494431", "label": "Seung-Hui Cho", "section": "lead", "says": "Seung-Hui Cho, a 23-year-old undergraduate student at the university, killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi-automatic pistols before committing suicide."}], "Q2092950": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hamidian massacres, also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacres were named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the declining Ottoman Empire, reasserted pan-Islamism as a state ideology."}, {"id": "Q3246667", "label": "Abdul Hamid", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Abdul Hamid sent the Ottoman army into the area and also armed groups of Kurdish irregulars."}], "Q233507": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Anglo-Afghan War was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan."}, {"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Anglo-Afghan War was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan."}, {"id": "Q40427", "label": "Sher Ali Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Anglo-Afghan War was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Anglo-Afghan War was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was split into two campaigns – the first began in November 1878 with the British invasion of Afghanistan from India."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sher Ali Khan opted to leave Kabul in order to seek political and military aid from the Russian Empire, and died in Mazar-e Sharif trying to reach the Russian border, leaving the throne to his son Mohammad Yaqub Khan."}, {"id": "Q613704", "label": "Mohammad Yaqub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Sher Ali Khan opted to leave Kabul in order to seek political and military aid from the Russian Empire, and died in Mazar-e Sharif trying to reach the Russian border, leaving the throne to his son Mohammad Yaqub Khan."}, {"id": "Q259430", "label": "Treaty of Gandamak", "section": "lead", "says": "Ali's successor Yaqub immediately sued for peace and the Treaty of Gandamak was then signed on 26 May 1879."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The British sent an envoy and mission led by Sir Louis Cavagnari to Kabul, but on 3 September this mission was massacred and the conflict was reignited by Ayub Khan which led to the abdication of his brother Yaqub."}, {"id": "Q31649", "label": "Abdur Rahman Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period, Abdur Rahman Khan, an opponent of the British, began distinguishing himself as a possible successor candidate to become the Amir of Afghanistan through his exploits in northern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q268600", "label": "Mohammad Afzal Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Afzalids were originally supporters of Mohammad Afzal Khan to the throne of Afghanistan during the civil war on Dost Mohammad's succession."}], "Q26749": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The overall goal of Britain and Russia was to stop the expansion of the French Republic and to restore the monarchy in France, while Austria – weakened and in deep financial debt from the War of the First Coalition – sought primarily to recover and strengthen its position."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The second half of the war saw Napoleon and Moreau inflict major defeats, defeating most of the Coalition, which resulted in the status quo from the previous war being upheld."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Franco-Austrian Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801, France held all of its previous gains and obtained new lands in Tuscany, in Italy."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, followed by the Ottomans in June 1802, which brought an interval of peace in Europe that lasted several months until Britain declared war on France in May 1803, initiating the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, followed by the Ottomans in June 1802, which brought an interval of peace in Europe that lasted several months until Britain declared war on France in May 1803, initiating the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In the War of the First Coalition (1792–97), France fought against most of the states with which it shared a border, as well as Great Britain, Portugal and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte's efforts in the northern Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Treaty of Leoben (18 April 1797) and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797), leaving Britain to fight on alone against France, Spain and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon Bonaparte's efforts in the northern Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Treaty of Leoben (18 April 1797) and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797), leaving Britain to fight on alone against France, Spain and the Netherlands."}], "Q279790": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Students gathered in front of Tiananmen to protest the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles decision to allow the Empire of Japan to retain territories in Shandong that had been surrendered by the German Empire after the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Students gathered in front of Tiananmen to protest the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles decision to allow the Empire of Japan to retain territories in Shandong that had been surrendered by the German Empire after the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914."}, {"id": "Q706563", "label": "Siege of Tsingtao", "section": "lead", "says": "Students gathered in front of Tiananmen to protest the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles decision to allow the Empire of Japan to retain territories in Shandong that had been surrendered by the German Empire after the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "China had entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente in 1917."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "Background", "says": "The European delegations, led by French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, were primarily interested in punishing Germany."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the American delegation promoted Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and the ideals of self-determination, they were unable to advance these ideals in the face of stubborn resistance by David Lloyd George and Clemenceau."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the American delegation promoted Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and the ideals of self-determination, they were unable to advance these ideals in the face of stubborn resistance by David Lloyd George and Clemenceau."}], "Q296754": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Singapore was captured from the British by the Empire of Japan in February 1942 during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall or Battle of Singapore took place in the South–East Asian theatre of the Pacific War, with fighting lasting from 8 to 15 February 1942."}, {"id": "Q254004", "label": "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the battle, Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita had advanced with approximately 30,000 men down the Malayan Peninsula in the Malayan campaign."}, {"id": "Q19175", "label": "Arthur Percival", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Lieutenant-General, Arthur Percival, commanded 85,000 Allied troops at Singapore, although many units were under-strength and most units lacked experience."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese 25th Army invaded Malaya from Indochina, moving into northern Malaya and Thailand by amphibious assault on 8 December 1941."}, {"id": "Q2889419", "label": "Battle of Muar", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the Battle of Singapore the most resistance was met at the Battle of Muar which involved the 8th Australian Division and the 45th Indian Brigade."}, {"id": "Q23375", "label": "John Curtin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the weeks preceding the invasion, Commonwealth forces suffered a number of both subdued and openly disruptive disagreements amongst its senior commanders, as well as pressure from Australian Prime Minister John Curtin."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Six of the United Kingdom battalions (in the 54th and 55th Brigades of the British 18th Infantry Division) had only just landed in Malaya, and the other seven battalions were under-manned."}], "Q302519": [{"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adwa was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 1 March 1896, near the town of Adwa between the Ethiopian Empire under Emperor Menelik II and an Italian colonial force led by General Oreste Baratieri."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 1 March 1896, near the town of Adwa between the Ethiopian Empire under Emperor Menelik II and an Italian colonial force led by General Oreste Baratieri."}, {"id": "Q733360", "label": "Oreste Baratieri", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 1 March 1896, near the town of Adwa between the Ethiopian Empire under Emperor Menelik II and an Italian colonial force led by General Oreste Baratieri."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a dispute over the interpretation of the Treaty of Wuchale, Italy attempted to force Ethiopia to abide by the Italian version of the treaty and impose a protectorate over Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q2399119", "label": "Treaty of Addis Ababa", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat forced Italy to recognize Ethiopia's sovereignty in the Treaty of Addis Ababa."}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "lead", "says": "Adwa resulted in the fall of the government of Francesco Crispi and secured de jure Ethiopian sovereignty until the Second Italo-Ethiopian War forty years later."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Adwa resulted in the fall of the government of Francesco Crispi and secured de jure Ethiopian sovereignty until the Second Italo-Ethiopian War forty years later."}, {"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1889, the Italians signed the Treaty of Wuchale with King Menelik of Shewa."}, {"id": "Q2625892", "label": "Alula Engida", "section": "Background", "says": "By June 1894, even the leading figures of Tigray, headed by Ras Mengesha Yohannes and Ras Alula, traveled to Addis Ababa to pay homage to the Emperor, completing his political consolidation before the military confrontation."}, {"id": "Q2888324", "label": "Battle of Coatit", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1895, Baratieri's army defeated Ras Mengesha Yohannes in the Battle of Coatit, forcing Mengesha to retreat further south."}], "Q322943": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paris Peace Treaties (French: Traités de Paris) were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of World War II in 1945."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States, and France) negotiated the details of peace treaties with the former (mostly minor) European Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis powers, namely Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States, and France) negotiated the details of peace treaties with the former (mostly minor) European Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis powers, namely Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland."}], "Q332543": [{"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring near the village of Embabeh, Ottoman Egypt, the battle was named by Napoleon after the distant Great Pyramid of Giza."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring near the village of Embabeh, Ottoman Egypt, the battle was named by Napoleon after the distant Great Pyramid of Giza."}, {"id": "Q715652", "label": "Murad Bey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey, two Georgian Mamluks who commanded the country’s military forces, prepared to oppose the advance."}, {"id": "Q2637668", "label": "Ibrahim Bey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey, two Georgian Mamluks who commanded the country’s military forces, prepared to oppose the advance."}], "Q339321": [{"id": "Q182070", "label": "Maxentius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October AD 312."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q142999", "label": "Eusebius of Caesarea", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Christian chroniclers Eusebius of Caesarea and Lactantius, the battle marked the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q209102", "label": "Lactantius", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Christian chroniclers Eusebius of Caesarea and Lactantius, the battle marked the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Christian chroniclers Eusebius of Caesarea and Lactantius, the battle marked the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "Background", "says": "Eusebius then continues to describe the labarum, the military standard used by Constantine in his later wars against Licinius, showing the Chi-Rho sign."}], "Q392538": [{"id": "Q369981", "label": "Youssef ibn Tashfin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqah (Arabic: معركة الزلاقة, romanized: Maʿrakat az-Zallāqah), was a conflict fought in 1086 between the Almoravid army, led by their king, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and the forces of King Alfonso VI of Castile."}], "Q459447": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown and the surrender at Yorktown, took place in 1781 and was the final major land engagement of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "It was won decisively by the Continental Army, led by George Washington, with support from the Marquis de Lafayette and French Army troops, led by Comte de Rochambeau, and a French Navy force commanded by the Comte de Grasse, defeating the British Army commanded by British Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis."}, {"id": "Q186652", "label": "Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette", "section": "lead", "says": "It was won decisively by the Continental Army, led by George Washington, with support from the Marquis de Lafayette and French Army troops, led by Comte de Rochambeau, and a French Navy force commanded by the Comte de Grasse, defeating the British Army commanded by British Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his superior officer, Henry Clinton, was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep-water port, which he began to do at Yorktown."}, {"id": "Q1419459", "label": "Battle of the Chesapeake", "section": "lead", "says": "In the beginning of September, he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves, which was dispatched to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake."}], "Q500067": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bucharest (Romanian: Tratatul de la București; Serbian: Букурештански мир; Bulgarian: Букурещки договор; Greek: Συνθήκη του Βουκουρεστίου) was concluded on 10 August 1913, by the delegates of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty was concluded in the aftermath of the Second Balkan War and amended the previous Treaty of London, which ended the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty was concluded in the aftermath of the Second Balkan War and amended the previous Treaty of London, which ended the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its gains in the First Balkan War, and especially with Greek and Serbian gains in Macedonia, launched an attack on its former allies in June 1913."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its gains in the First Balkan War, and especially with Greek and Serbian gains in Macedonia, launched an attack on its former allies in June 1913."}, {"id": "Q7836972", "label": "Treaty of Athens", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, bilateral treaties were later concluded with Bulgaria (Treaty of Constantinople) and Greece (Treaty of Athens)."}], "Q584617": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q367997", "label": "Kıbrıslı Kamil Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The London Conference had ended on 23 January 1913, when the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état took place and Ottoman Grand Vizier Kâmil Pasha was forced to resign."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Coup leader Enver Pasha withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the Conference, and the Treaty of London was signed without the presence of the Ottoman delegation."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Coup leader Enver Pasha withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the Conference, and the Treaty of London was signed without the presence of the Ottoman delegation."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Further border changes were ratified in the Treaty of Bucharest in August 1913, following the conclusion of the Second Balkan War."}], "Q646322": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Dutch War, 1672 to 1678, was primarily fought by France and the Dutch Republic, with both sides backed at different times by a variety of allies."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Third Anglo-Dutch War of 1672 to 1674 and the Scanian War of 1675 to 1679."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Related conflicts include the Third Anglo-Dutch War of 1672 to 1674 and the Scanian War of 1675 to 1679."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, by late July the position had stabilised, while concern over French gains brought the Dutch support from Emperor Leopold I, Spain and Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Now facing a war of attrition on several fronts, Louis XIV of France instead focused on strengthening French borders with the Spanish Netherlands and Rhineland, while a coalition led by William of Orange sought to minimise any losses."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Now facing a war of attrition on several fronts, Louis XIV of France instead focused on strengthening French borders with the Spanish Netherlands and Rhineland, while a coalition led by William of Orange sought to minimise any losses."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "This position helped him create the anti-French Grand Alliance that fought in the Nine Years' War (1688-1697), and the subsequent War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Dutch received limited French support during the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667) but increasingly preferred a weak Spain as a neighbour to a strong France."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "Shortly after talks to end the Anglo-Dutch War began in May 1667, Louis launched the War of Devolution, rapidly occupying most of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Origins", "says": "In July, the Treaty of Breda ended the Anglo-Dutch War, leading to talks between the Dutch and Charles II of England on a common diplomatic front against France."}], "Q82542": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tet Offensive was both a major escalation and one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (VC) launched a surprise attack on 30 and 31 January 1968 against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), the United States Armed Forces and their allies, targeting military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was a military defeat for North Vietnam, and neither uprisings nor ARVN unit defections occurred in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q913848", "label": "Richard Helms", "section": "Background", "says": "George Allen, Carver's deputy, placed responsibility for the agency's capitulation with Richard Helms, the director of the CIA."}], "Q83872271": [{"id": "Q84020678", "label": "Zeng Guang", "section": "Context", "says": "Zeng Guang, the chief scientist at China CDC believed that a quicker publication of the epidemic information was a lesson that China learned from the SARS outbreak as the lack of information release worsened the outbreak."}, {"id": "Q9196554", "label": "Li Lanjuan", "section": "Context", "says": "Chinese academic Li Lanjuan and her group were the first to reveal the virus's transmission methods, molecular mechanisms and effective treatment."}, {"id": "Q9096750", "label": "Zhong Nanshan", "section": "Context", "says": "Despite confidence in winning the next battle against SARS, Zhong Nanshan who earned fame in fighting the SARS outbreak in 2003 still held a conservative attit"}], "Q1122110": [{"id": "Q558515", "label": "Rahmon Nabiyev", "section": "lead", "says": "Regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan rose up against the newly formed government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulob regions."}], "Q1341539": [{"id": "Q489416", "label": "April Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saur Revolution, also known as the April Revolution or the April Coup, was a violent coup d'état and uprising staged on 27 and 28 April 1978 by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which overthrew Afghan president Mohammad Daoud Khan, who had himself taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état and established an autocratic one-party system in the country."}, {"id": "Q310247", "label": "Mohammed Daoud Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saur Revolution, also known as the April Revolution or the April Coup, was a violent coup d'état and uprising staged on 27 and 28 April 1978 by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which overthrew Afghan president Mohammad Daoud Khan, who had himself taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état and established an autocratic one-party system in the country."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful PDPA uprising resulted in the creation of a socialist Afghan government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union, with Nur Muhammad Taraki serving as the PDPA's General Secretary of the Revolutionary Council."}, {"id": "Q299559", "label": "Nur Muhammad Taraki", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful PDPA uprising resulted in the creation of a socialist Afghan government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union, with Nur Muhammad Taraki serving as the PDPA's General Secretary of the Revolutionary Council."}, {"id": "Q63831", "label": "Hafizullah Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was ordered by PDPA member Hafizullah Amin, who would become a significant figure in the revolutionary Afghan government."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saur Revolution involved heavy fighting throughout Afghanistan and resulted in the deaths of as many as 2,000 military personnel and civilians combined."}, {"id": "Q152265", "label": "Mohammed Zahir Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "With the support and assistance of minority political party the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Mohammad Daoud Khan took power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état by overthrowing the monarchy ruled by his first cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, and established the first Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1415128", "label": "Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "With the support and assistance of minority political party the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Mohammad Daoud Khan took power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état by overthrowing the monarchy ruled by his first cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, and established the first Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "President Daoud was convinced that closer ties and military support from the Soviet Union would allow Afghanistan to take control of Pashtun lands in northwestern Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q317797", "label": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the government issued a statement deploring the assassination and claiming Gulbuddin Hekmatyar responsible, Nur Muhammad Taraki of the PDPA charged that the government was responsible, a belief that was shared by much of the Kabul intelligentsia."}, {"id": "Q63827", "label": "Babrak Karmal", "section": "Background", "says": "During the funeral ceremonies for Khyber, a protest against the government occurred, and shortly thereafter, most of the leaders of PDPA, including Babrak Karmal, were arrested."}], "Q137383251": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 December 2025, an antisemitic and Islamic State (IS) –inspired terrorist attack occurred at the Archer Park area of Bondi Beach in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, during a celebration of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah attended by around 1,000 people."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Islamic State later claimed credit for the attack."}, {"id": "Q335697", "label": "Anthony Albanese", "section": "lead", "says": "The Australian prime minister, Anthony Albanese, said the shooting was \"deliberately targeted at the Jewish community on the first day of Chanukah\"."}], "Q137847": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Adrianople (also called the Treaty of Edirne) concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q957733", "label": "Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 14 September 1829 in Adrianople by Count Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov of Russia and Abdülkadir Bey of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q156556": [{"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kiel (Danish: Kieltraktaten) or Peace of Kiel (Swedish and Norwegian: Kielfreden or freden i Kiel) was concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Sweden on one side and the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway on the other side on 14 January 1814 in Kiel."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kiel (Danish: Kieltraktaten) or Peace of Kiel (Swedish and Norwegian: Kielfreden or freden i Kiel) was concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Sweden on one side and the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway on the other side on 14 January 1814 in Kiel."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the hostilities between the parties in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, where the United Kingdom and Sweden were part of the anti-French alliance (the Sixth Coalition) while Denmark–Norway was allied to the French Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the hostilities between the parties in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, where the United Kingdom and Sweden were part of the anti-French alliance (the Sixth Coalition) while Denmark–Norway was allied to the French Empire."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the hostilities between the parties in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, where the United Kingdom and Sweden were part of the anti-French alliance (the Sixth Coalition) while Denmark–Norway was allied to the French Empire."}, {"id": "Q155002", "label": "Frederick VI of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick VI of Denmark joined the anti-French alliance, ceded Heligoland to Britain, and further ceded the Kingdom of Norway to Sweden in return for Swedish Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick VI of Denmark joined the anti-French alliance, ceded Heligoland to Britain, and further ceded the Kingdom of Norway to Sweden in return for Swedish Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "Also the Treaty of Kiel states: \"...and provinces, constituting the kingdom of Norway, [..], together with their dependencies (Greenland, the Faroe Isles, and Iceland, excepted); [...] shall belong in full and sovereign property to the King of Sweden,...\", clearly indicating that they were until 1814 regarded as a part of Norway."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden therefore refused to hand over Swedish Pomerania, which instead passed to Prussia after the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}, {"id": "Q33773", "label": "Convention of Moss", "section": "lead", "says": "After a short war with Sweden, Norway accepted entering into a personal union with Sweden at the Convention of Moss."}, {"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formally established when the Storting elected Charles XIII as king of Norway on 4 November 1814."}, {"id": "Q52929", "label": "Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf entered an alliance with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Russian Empire against Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805, and declared war on Napoleonic France."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf entered an alliance with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Russian Empire against Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805, and declared war on Napoleonic France."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "Background", "says": "In July, 1807, after the decisive victory by Napoleonic forces over the armies of Russia, the two states signed one of the Treaties of Tilsit, wherein Russia was obligated to attack enemies of Napoleonic France."}, {"id": "Q2441248", "label": "Anglo-Russian War", "section": "Background", "says": "This precipitated the Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812) and an alignment between Denmark-Norway and France, where the Danes joined the Continental System and engaged in the Gunboat War against the British."}, {"id": "Q426201", "label": "Gunboat War", "section": "Background", "says": "This precipitated the Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812) and an alignment between Denmark-Norway and France, where the Danes joined the Continental System and engaged in the Gunboat War against the British."}, {"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "Background", "says": "When Gustav IV Adolf refused to break his alliance with the United Kingdom, the Russian Tsar invaded Finland in 1808 and severed it from Sweden in the Finnish War."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Previously, on 23 March 1813, Sweden had declared war on Napoleon."}], "Q1639459": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mu'tah (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة, romanized: Maʿrakat Muʿtah, or Arabic: غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة Ghazwat Muʿtah) took place in September 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH), between the forces of Muhammad and the army of the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid vassals."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mu'tah (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة, romanized: Maʿrakat Muʿtah, or Arabic: غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة Ghazwat Muʿtah) took place in September 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH), between the forces of Muhammad and the army of the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid vassals."}, {"id": "Q5420967", "label": "Expedition of Usama bin Zayd", "section": "lead", "says": "Three years later the Muslims would return to defeat the Byzantine forces in the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantines were reoccupying territory following the peace accord between Emperor Heraclius and the Sasanid general Shahrbaraz in July 629."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantines were reoccupying territory following the peace accord between Emperor Heraclius and the Sasanid general Shahrbaraz in July 629."}], "Q167246": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bosnian Crisis, also known as the Annexation Crisis (German: Bosnische Annexionskrise, Turkish: Bosna Krizi; Serbo-Croatian: Aneksiona kriza, Анексиона криза) or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted on 5 October 1908 when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire but under Austro-Hungarian administration si"}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bosnian Crisis, also known as the Annexation Crisis (German: Bosnische Annexionskrise, Turkish: Bosna Krizi; Serbo-Croatian: Aneksiona kriza, Анексиона криза) or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted on 5 October 1908 when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire but under Austro-Hungarian administration si"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bosnian Crisis, also known as the Annexation Crisis (German: Bosnische Annexionskrise, Turkish: Bosna Krizi; Serbo-Croatian: Aneksiona kriza, Анексиона криза) or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted on 5 October 1908 when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire but under Austro-Hungarian administration si"}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "This unilateral action – timed to coincide with Bulgaria's declaration of independence from the Ottoman Empire on 5 October – sparked protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbors, Serbia and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the crisis ended with what appeared to be a total Austro-Hungarian diplomatic victory, it permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary and its neighbors, especially Serbia, Italy and Russia, and in the long term helped lay the grounds for World War I."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Tsar, Alexander II, wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, wanted and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Budapest Conventions of 1877, the two powers agreed that Russia would annex Bessarabia, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the pending war with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q700363", "label": "London Straits Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "What stopped the Russians from driving the Ottomans completely out of Europe was the willingness of the other great powers, particularly Britain and Austria-Hungary, to enforce an earlier treaty, the London Straits Convention of 1841, which stated that the Straits of Constantinople would be closed to warships during time of war."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "Background", "says": "After their victory in the war, the Russians then imposed the Treaty of San Stefano on the Ottomans, which, in part, reneged on pledges made in the Budapest Convention and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Article 25 stated that \"The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary\" and continued \"Austria-Hungary reserves the right to maintain garrisons and to have military and trading roads over the whole area of that portion the Sanjak of Novi Pazar of the ancient Vilayet of Bosnia.\"\nThe Bosniak-dominated Sanjak of Novi Pazar separated Montenegro from Serbi"}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrian occupation of the Sanjak was also significant because it provided Austria-Hungary with a staging area for possible future expansion towards the Aegean port of Salonika in Ottoman-controlled Macedonia."}], "Q169072": [{"id": "Q185407", "label": "La Violencia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is historically rooted in the conflict known as La Violencia, which was triggered by the 1948 assassination of liberal political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán and in the aftermath of the anti-communist repression in rural Colombia in the 1960s that led Liberal and Communist militants to re-organize into the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)."}, {"id": "Q132479", "label": "Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is historically rooted in the conflict known as La Violencia, which was triggered by the 1948 assassination of liberal political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán and in the aftermath of the anti-communist repression in rural Colombia in the 1960s that led Liberal and Communist militants to re-organize into the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)."}, {"id": "Q455692", "label": "Gustavo Rojas Pinilla", "section": "Background", "says": "Much of the background of the Colombian conflict is rooted in La Violencia, a conflict in which liberal and leftist parties united against the dictator of Colombia, Gustavo Rojas Pinilla."}, {"id": "Q345571", "label": "Belisario Betancur", "section": "Causes", "says": "In 1985, during peace talks with then-President Belisario Betancur, the FARC created the left-wing Patriotic Union party as a route from violence to mainstream politics."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "Organized crime in Colombia grew increasingly powerful in the 1970s and 80s with the introduction of massive drug trafficking to the United States from Colombia."}, {"id": "Q187413", "label": "Álvaro Uribe Vélez", "section": "Causes", "says": "During the presidency of Álvaro Uribe, the government applied more military pressure on the FARC and other outlawed far-left groups."}], "Q220602": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Mongolian People's Republic toppled the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo in Manchuria and Mengjiang in Inner Mongolia, as well as northern Korea, Karafuto on the island of Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands."}, {"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Mongolian People's Republic toppled the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo in Manchuria and Mengjiang in Inner Mongolia, as well as northern Korea, Karafuto on the island of Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Mongolian People's Republic toppled the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo in Manchuria and Mengjiang in Inner Mongolia, as well as northern Korea, Karafuto on the island of Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands."}, {"id": "Q697837", "label": "Mengjiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Mongolian People's Republic toppled the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo in Manchuria and Mengjiang in Inner Mongolia, as well as northern Korea, Karafuto on the island of Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Mongolian People's Republic toppled the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo in Manchuria and Mengjiang in Inner Mongolia, as well as northern Korea, Karafuto on the island of Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of Japan's Kwantung Army helped bring about the Japanese surrender and the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War of the early 20th century resulted in a Japanese victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth by which, in conjunction with other later events including the Mukden Incident and Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, Japan eventually gained control of Korea, Manchuria and South Sakhalin."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War of the early 20th century resulted in a Japanese victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth by which, in conjunction with other later events including the Mukden Incident and Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, Japan eventually gained control of Korea, Manchuria and South Sakhalin."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "In the late 1930s were a number of Soviet-Japanese border incidents, the most significant being the Battle of Lake Khasan (Changkufeng Incident, July–August 1938) and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan Incident, May–September 1939), which led to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 1941."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "With success at the Battle of Stalingrad and the eventual defeat of Germany becoming increasingly certain, the Soviet attitude to Japan changed, both publicly, with Stalin making speeches denouncing Japan, and covertly, with the Soviets building up forces and supplies in the Far East."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background and buildup", "says": "At the Yalta Conference (February 1945), Stalin secured from Roosevelt the promise of Stalin's Far Eastern territorial desires in return for agreeing to enter the Pacific War within two or three months of the defeat of Germany."}], "Q221111": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Although initially designed to be executed in conjunction with Operation Overlord, the June 1944 Allied landing in Normandy, insufficient resources led to the cancellation of the second landing."}, {"id": "Q2709773", "label": "Henry Kent Hewitt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western Naval Task Force was formed under the command of Vice Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt to carry the U.S."}, {"id": "Q562665", "label": "Alexander M. Patch", "section": "Background", "says": "The main ground force for the operation was the US Seventh Army commanded by Alexander Patch."}, {"id": "Q2626460", "label": "Lucian Truscott", "section": "Background", "says": "The US Army's VI Corps, commanded by Major General Lucian Truscott, would carry out the initial landing and be followed by the French Army B under command of Général Jean de Lattre de Tassigny."}, {"id": "Q81114", "label": "Jean de Lattre de Tassigny", "section": "Background", "says": "The US Army's VI Corps, commanded by Major General Lucian Truscott, would carry out the initial landing and be followed by the French Army B under command of Général Jean de Lattre de Tassigny."}], "Q221670": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro."}, {"id": "Q924894", "label": "Luis Méndez de Haro", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "France entered the Thirty Years' War after the Spanish Habsburg victories in the Dutch Revolt in the 1620s and at the Battle of Nördlingen against Sweden in 1634."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "France entered the Thirty Years' War after the Spanish Habsburg victories in the Dutch Revolt in the 1620s and at the Battle of Nördlingen against Sweden in 1634."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Background", "says": "During the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained the Sundgau and cut off Spanish access to the Netherlands from Austria, and leading to an increase in hostilities between the French and Spanish."}, {"id": "Q1526883", "label": "Battle of the Dunes", "section": "Background", "says": "An Anglo-French alliance was victorious at the Battle of the Dunes on 14 June 1658, but the following year the war ground to a halt when the French campaign to take Milan was defeated."}], "Q2888837": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The German invasion of Greece or Operation Marita (German: Unternehmen Marita), were the attacks on Greece by Italy and Germany during World War II."}, {"id": "Q223604", "label": "Greco-Italian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian invasion in October 1940, which is usually known as the Greco-Italian War, was followed by the German invasion in April 1941."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "German troops invaded from Bulgaria, creating a second front."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Greece received a small reinforcement from British, Australian, and New Zealand forces in anticipation of the German attack."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler later blamed the failure of his invasion of the Soviet Union on Mussolini's failed conquest of Greece."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler later blamed the failure of his invasion of the Soviet Union on Mussolini's failed conquest of Greece."}, {"id": "Q68400", "label": "Andreas Hillgruber", "section": "lead", "says": "German historian Andreas Hillgruber accused Hitler of trying to deflect blame for his country's defeat from himself to his ally, Italy."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The German plan of attack was influenced by their army's experiences during the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Once Southern Yugoslavia was overrun by German armour, the Metaxas Line could be outflanked by highly mobile forces thrusting southward from Yugoslavia."}], "Q306535": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 15 May 1955 in Vienna, at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union) and the Austrian government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 15 May 1955 in Vienna, at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union) and the Austrian government."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 15 May 1955 in Vienna, at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union) and the Austrian government."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The neighbouring Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia acceded to the treaty subsequently."}], "Q324916": [{"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Solferino (referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino) on 24 June 1859 was the climactic battle of the Second Italian War of Independence and resulted in the victory of the allied French army under Napoleon III and the Piedmont-Sardinian army under Victor Emmanuel II (together known as the Franco-Sardinian alliance) against the Austrian army under Emperor Franz J"}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Solferino (referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino) on 24 June 1859 was the climactic battle of the Second Italian War of Independence and resulted in the victory of the allied French army under Napoleon III and the Piedmont-Sardinian army under Victor Emmanuel II (together known as the Franco-Sardinian alliance) against the Austrian army under Emperor Franz J"}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Solferino (referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino) on 24 June 1859 was the climactic battle of the Second Italian War of Independence and resulted in the victory of the allied French army under Napoleon III and the Piedmont-Sardinian army under Victor Emmanuel II (together known as the Franco-Sardinian alliance) against the Austrian army under Emperor Franz J"}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Solferino (referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino) on 24 June 1859 was the climactic battle of the Second Italian War of Independence and resulted in the victory of the allied French army under Napoleon III and the Piedmont-Sardinian army under Victor Emmanuel II (together known as the Franco-Sardinian alliance) against the Austrian army under Emperor Franz J"}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "There were approximately 300,000 soldiers on both sides in the most important battle, the largest since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813."}, {"id": "Q12091", "label": "Henry Dunant", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle led the Swiss Henry Dunant to write his book A Memory of Solferino."}], "Q331347": [{"id": "Q57777", "label": "Levin August von Bennigsen", "section": "lead", "says": "26 and 27 Jan.] 1807 between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army under the command of General Levin August von Bennigsen near the town of Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was fought during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was fought during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon's armies had smashed the army of the Austrian Empire in the Ulm Campaign and the combined Austrian and Russian armies at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805."}, {"id": "Q770116", "label": "Ulm Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon's armies had smashed the army of the Austrian Empire in the Ulm Campaign and the combined Austrian and Russian armies at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon's armies had smashed the army of the Austrian Empire in the Ulm Campaign and the combined Austrian and Russian armies at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 October 1806, Napoleon crushed the armies of the Kingdom of Prussia at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt and hunted down the scattered Prussians at Prenzlau, Lübeck, Erfurt, Pasewalk, Stettin, Magdeburg and Hamelin."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 October 1806, Napoleon crushed the armies of the Kingdom of Prussia at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt and hunted down the scattered Prussians at Prenzlau, Lübeck, Erfurt, Pasewalk, Stettin, Magdeburg and Hamelin."}, {"id": "Q154426", "label": "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 October 1806, Napoleon crushed the armies of the Kingdom of Prussia at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt and hunted down the scattered Prussians at Prenzlau, Lübeck, Erfurt, Pasewalk, Stettin, Magdeburg and Hamelin."}, {"id": "Q932448", "label": "Mikhail Kamensky", "section": "Background", "says": "These were largely Russians under the command of the frail 68-year-old Field Marshal Count Mikhail Kamensky."}, {"id": "Q1982573", "label": "Battle of Czarnowo", "section": "Background", "says": "The French seized a crossing over the Wkra on 23 December at the Battle of Czarnowo."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Background", "says": "Incorporating a Prussian corps on his right, he first bumped into elements of the VI Corps of Marshal Michel Ney, who had disobeyed his emperor's orders and advanced far north of his assigned winter cantonments."}, {"id": "Q4871761", "label": "Battle of Mohrungen", "section": "Background", "says": "Tough fighting at the Battle of Mohrungen allowed Bernadotte's corps to escape serious damage and pull back to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q239260", "label": "Pyotr Bagration", "section": "Background", "says": "By a stroke of luck, a band of Cossacks captured a messenger carrying Napoleon's plans to Bernadotte and quickly forwarded the information to General Pyotr Bagration."}], "Q31944": [{"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist War (Arabic: الثورة المهدية, romanized: ath-Thawra al-Mahdiyya; 1881–1899) was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese, led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, who had proclaimed himself the \"Mahdi\" of Islam (the \"Guided One\"), and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt, initially, and later the forces of Britain."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist War (Arabic: الثورة المهدية, romanized: ath-Thawra al-Mahdiyya; 1881–1899) was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese, led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, who had proclaimed himself the \"Mahdi\" of Islam (the \"Guided One\"), and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt, initially, and later the forces of Britain."}, {"id": "Q3125368", "label": "Mahdist Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist State launched several unsuccessful invasions of their neighbours, expanding the scale of the conflict to also include the Italian Empire, the Congo Free State and the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist State launched several unsuccessful invasions of their neighbours, expanding the scale of the conflict to also include the Italian Empire, the Congo Free State and the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist State launched several unsuccessful invasions of their neighbours, expanding the scale of the conflict to also include the Italian Empire, the Congo Free State and the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist State launched several unsuccessful invasions of their neighbours, expanding the scale of the conflict to also include the Italian Empire, the Congo Free State and the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The last organised resistance from the Mahdists ended the next year, leading to the creation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956), a de jure condominium of the British Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt, in which Britain had de facto control over Sudan."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The last organised resistance from the Mahdists ended the next year, leading to the creation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956), a de jure condominium of the British Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt, in which Britain had de facto control over Sudan."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The last organised resistance from the Mahdists ended the next year, leading to the creation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956), a de jure condominium of the British Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt, in which Britain had de facto control over Sudan."}, {"id": "Q159378", "label": "Isma'il Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "By the mid-19th century, Egypt was ruled by Isma'il Pasha of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q374306", "label": "Tevfik Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "This foreign intervention undermined Ismail's authority and led to his forced abdication in 1879 in favor of his son Tewfik Pasha."}, {"id": "Q310035", "label": "Charles George Gordon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1873, Ismail appointed General Charles George Gordon as Governor of the Equatorial Provinces of Sudan, later expanding his authority to include Darfur."}], "Q327052": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aachen was a battle of World War II, fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between 12 September and 21 October 1944."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 September, British, American, and Polish forces launched Operation Market Garden, an ambitious attempt to bypass the Siegfried Line by crossing the Lower Rhine River in the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q70536", "label": "Walter Model", "section": "Background", "says": "German casualties in France had been high – Field Marshal Walter Model estimated that his 74 divisions had the actual strength of just 25 – but the Western Allies' logistical problems gave the Germans a respite, which they used to begin rebuilding their strength."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "It was, however, an important symbol to both the Nazi regime and the German people; not only was it the first German city threatened by an enemy during World War II, it was also the historic capital of Charlemagne, founder of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "It was, however, an important symbol to both the Nazi regime and the German people; not only was it the first German city threatened by an enemy during World War II, it was also the historic capital of Charlemagne, founder of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Historical propaganda produced under Nazi Germany had portrayed Charlemagne as the founder of Germany's \"first\" empire and whose legacy the Nazis claimed; as such, it was of immense psychological value."}], "Q464512": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War, was part of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55), an attempt by the British, French and Ottoman allies to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russia's principal naval base on the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q913604", "label": "Battle of Alma", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement followed the earlier Allied victory in September at the Battle of the Alma, where the Russian General Menshikov had positioned his army in an attempt to stop the Allies progressing south towards their strategic goal."}, {"id": "Q2634456", "label": "Thin Red Line", "section": "lead", "says": "When the redoubts fell, the Russian cavalry moved to engage the second defensive line in the South Valley, held by the Ottoman and the British 93rd Highland Regiment in what came to be known as the \"Thin Red Line\"."}, {"id": "Q1234327", "label": "Pavel Liprandi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the forefront of these reinforcements was the 12th Infantry Division – part of the Russian 4th Corps – under General Pavel Liprandi."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This division, consisting of the Azovsky, Dnieper, Ukraine and Odessa regiments, along with four batteries of artillery, had arrived from Bessarabia; by the time the division had reached the Crimea, Menshikov had decided on the plan to use them to attack the Allied rear from Chorgun, and march on Balaclava."}], "Q476855": [{"id": "Q610057", "label": "Dedan Kimathi", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 signalled the defeat of the Mau Mau, and essentially ended the British military campaign."}, {"id": "Q2354629", "label": "Malayan Emergency", "section": "lead", "says": "Frank Füredi, in The Mau Mau War in Perspective, suggests this was due to a British divide and rule strategy, which they had developed in suppressing the Malayan Emergency (1948–60)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of World War I, squatters had become well established on European farms and plantations in Kenya, with Kikuyu squatters constituting the majority of agricultural workers on settler plantations."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ordinance of 1939 finally eliminated squatters' remaining tenancy rights, and permitted settlers to demand 270 days' labour from any squatters on their land. and, after World War II, the situation for squatters deteriorated rapidly, a situation the squatters resisted fiercely."}], "Q501866": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and a coalition of Caribbean countries invaded the island nation of Grenada at dawn on 25 October 1983."}, {"id": "Q2152097", "label": "People's Revolutionary Government", "section": "lead", "says": "It was triggered by strife within the People's Revolutionary Government, which led to the house arrest and execution of the previous leader and second Prime Minister of Grenada, Maurice Bishop, and to the establishment of the Revolutionary Military Council, with Hudson Austin as chairman."}, {"id": "Q468234", "label": "Maurice Bishop", "section": "lead", "says": "It was triggered by strife within the People's Revolutionary Government, which led to the house arrest and execution of the previous leader and second Prime Minister of Grenada, Maurice Bishop, and to the establishment of the Revolutionary Military Council, with Hudson Austin as chairman."}, {"id": "Q953795", "label": "Hudson Austin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was triggered by strife within the People's Revolutionary Government, which led to the house arrest and execution of the previous leader and second Prime Minister of Grenada, Maurice Bishop, and to the establishment of the Revolutionary Military Council, with Hudson Austin as chairman."}, {"id": "Q7416", "label": "Margaret Thatcher", "section": "lead", "says": "British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher privately disapproved of the mission, in part because she was not consulted in advance and was given very short notice of the military operation, despite Grenada being a member of the Commonwealth, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher privately disapproved of the mission, in part because she was not consulted in advance and was given very short notice of the military operation, despite Grenada being a member of the Commonwealth, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state."}, {"id": "Q434142", "label": "Caspar Weinberger", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the key invasion planners were Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and his senior military assistant Colin Powell."}, {"id": "Q150851", "label": "Colin Powell", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the key invasion planners were Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and his senior military assistant Colin Powell."}], "Q505939": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the Croatian War of Independence the Baroque town was a prosperous, mixed community of Croats, Serbs and other ethnic groups."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "As Yugoslavia began to break up, Serbia's President Slobodan Milošević and Croatia's President Franjo Tuđman began pursuing nationalist politics."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "As Yugoslavia began to break up, Serbia's President Slobodan Milošević and Croatia's President Franjo Tuđman began pursuing nationalist politics."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "lead", "says": "As Yugoslavia began to break up, Serbia's President Slobodan Milošević and Croatia's President Franjo Tuđman began pursuing nationalist politics."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Vukovar was ethnically cleansed of its non-Serb population and became part of the self-declared proto-state known as the Republic of Serbian Krajina."}, {"id": "Q321885", "label": "Erdut Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Vukovar remained in Serb hands until 1998, when it was peacefully reintegrated into Croatia with the signing of the Erdut Agreement."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1945, Yugoslavia was governed as a federal socialist state comprising six newly created republics – Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1945, Yugoslavia was governed as a federal socialist state comprising six newly created republics – Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "The current border between Serbia and Croatia was defined in 1945 by a Yugoslav federal government commission which assigned areas with a Serb majority to the Socialist Republic of Serbia and those with a Croat majority to the Socialist Republic of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito in 1980, long-suppressed ethnic nationalism revived and the individual republics began to assert their authority more strongly as the federal government weakened."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "Slovenia and Croatia moved towards multi-party democracy and economic reform, but Serbia's authoritarian communist President Slobodan Milošević opposed reform and sought to increase the power of the Yugoslav government."}, {"id": "Q298063", "label": "Vojislav Šešelj", "section": "Prelude to the battle", "says": "The White Eagles, a Serbian paramilitary group led by Vojislav Šešelj, moved into the Serb-populated village of Borovo Selo just north of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q1534460", "label": "Gojko Šušak", "section": "Prelude to the battle", "says": "There were allegations that Gojko Šušak, at the time the Deputy Minister of Defence, led the attack."}, {"id": "Q1851834", "label": "Battle of Borovo Selo", "section": "Prelude to the battle", "says": "The Battle of Borovo Selo represented the worst act of violence between the country's Serbs and Croats since the Second World War."}], "Q651919": [{"id": "Q312581", "label": "Charles Edward Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "A Jacobite army under Charles Edward Stuart was decisively defeated by a British government force commanded by the Duke of Cumberland, thereby ending the Jacobite rising of 1745."}, {"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles landed in Scotland in July 1745, seeking to restore his father James Francis Edward Stuart to the British throne."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "Background", "says": "The Jacobite rising of 1745 began on 23 July when Charles Edward Stuart landed in the Western Isles and launched an attempt to reclaim the British throne for the exiled House of Stuart."}, {"id": "Q1417580", "label": "Battle of Falkirk Muir", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 January the Jacobites repulsed a government relief force under Henry Hawley at the Battle of Falkirk Muir, although the siege itself made little progress."}], "Q671594": [{"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "The German 1st Army arrived late 5 August 1914 and captured the city on 7 August when Erich Ludendorff drove in and convinced the garrison to surrender."}, {"id": "Q62476", "label": "Georg von der Marwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "The cavalry component consisted of Höheres Kavallerie-Kommando II (II Cavalry Corps [HKK II]), Lieutenant-General Georg von der Marwitz), consisting of the 2nd (Major-General Friedrich von Krane), 4th (Lieutenant-General Otto von Garnier) and the 9th (Major-General Karl-Ulrich von Bülow) cavalry divisions. (A German Cavalry Corps was not an army corps in the conventional sense but the largest Germ"}], "Q677316": [{"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans retained the initiative, and by 88 BC the conflict was largely over, and Roman attention had been captured by the ongoing First Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "Newer lands had also been forcibly taken from southern Italian cities that had sided with Hannibal during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "Newer lands had also been forcibly taken from southern Italian cities that had sided with Hannibal during the Second Punic War."}], "Q844886": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire (66–73 CE)."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman forces led by Titus, son of the emperor Vespasian, besieged Jerusalem, the Jewish capital and the revolt's main stronghold."}, {"id": "Q334502", "label": "Bar Kokhba revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "In 130, the emperor Hadrian re-founded Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina, a Roman colony dedicated to Jupiter, paving the way for the last major Jewish rebellion: the Bar Kokhba Revolt."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "Background", "says": "Josephus recounts several omens said to have foretold the destruction of Jerusalem in the years before it fell."}], "Q862099": [{"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "lead", "says": "In September and October 1993, a constitutional crisis arose in the Russian Federation from a conflict between the then Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the country's parliament."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic turned into an independent country, the Russian Federation."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic turned into an independent country, the Russian Federation."}, {"id": "Q537251", "label": "Ruslan Khasbulatov", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 September, the parliament (led by Supreme Soviet Chairman Ruslan Khasbulatov) impeached Yeltsin, proclaimed vice president Alexander Rutskoy the acting president, and barricaded itself in the White House building."}, {"id": "Q314116", "label": "Alexander Rutskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 September, the parliament (led by Supreme Soviet Chairman Ruslan Khasbulatov) impeached Yeltsin, proclaimed vice president Alexander Rutskoy the acting president, and barricaded itself in the White House building."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The ten-day conflict became the deadliest single event of street fighting in Moscow's history since the October Revolution; 147 people were killed and 437 wounded according to the official Russian government statistics."}], "Q115468992": [{"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "lead", "says": "The subjects in protest evolved throughout the course of the unrest, ranging from discontent with the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its general secretary Xi Jinping, to inhumane working conditions brought on by the lockdowns, and human rights abuses against ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 October 2022, on the eve of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, a man hung two anti-lockdown and pro-democracy banners on the parapet of the Sitong Bridge in Beijing."}], "Q1259218": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the invading army of the Durrani Empire."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the invading army of the Durrani Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghans were supported by three key allies in India: Najib-ud-Daula who persuaded the support of the Rohilla chiefs, elements of the declining Mughal Empire, and most prized the Oudh State under Shuja-ud-Daula."}, {"id": "Q18129046", "label": "Oudh State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghans were supported by three key allies in India: Najib-ud-Daula who persuaded the support of the Rohilla chiefs, elements of the declining Mughal Empire, and most prized the Oudh State under Shuja-ud-Daula."}, {"id": "Q642993", "label": "Shuja-ud-Daula", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghans were supported by three key allies in India: Najib-ud-Daula who persuaded the support of the Rohilla chiefs, elements of the declining Mughal Empire, and most prized the Oudh State under Shuja-ud-Daula."}, {"id": "Q46798", "label": "Ahmed Shahe Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "Militarily, the battle pitted the artillery, musketry, and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry, musketry (jezail) and mounted artillery (zamburak) of the Afghans and the Rohillas led by Ahmad Shah Durrani and Najib ud-Daula."}, {"id": "Q167283", "label": "Timur Shah Durrani", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1758 they nominally occupied Delhi, captured Lahore and drove out Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Abdali."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In desperation they appealed to Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, to halt the threat."}, {"id": "Q3634691", "label": "Maharaja Surajmal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before Battle of Panipat a war council was formed by Maratha commander-in-chief Sadashiv Rao Bhau in which Raja Suraj Mal was invited to give advice for war strategy against Abdali."}, {"id": "Q7283047", "label": "Raghunathrao", "section": "Reasons for the outcome", "says": "Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to reinforce the army."}], "Q136210698": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "Kirk had been a close ally of US president Donald Trump and a highly influential figure in the MAGA movement."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination was highlighted as an instance of increasing political violence in the United States and was condemned by national and foreign leaders."}], "Q138507700": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "His death occurred as part of a wider joint operation by Israel and the United States using strategic locations intelligence from the US's Central Intelligence Agency to determine the whereabouts of several leaders."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "Following initial Israeli reports that Khamenei had been killed in the operation, US president Donald Trump and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that Khamenei was dead."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Following initial Israeli reports that Khamenei had been killed in the operation, US president Donald Trump and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that Khamenei was dead."}, {"id": "Q134900605", "label": "Twelve-Day War", "section": "lead", "says": "A previous plan to assassinate Khamenei by Israel during the Twelve-Day War on 15 June 2025 was vetoed by Trump, according to unnamed US officials."}], "Q1420115": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran, which was fought over territorial disputes in the South Caucasus region."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran, which was fought over territorial disputes in the South Caucasus region."}, {"id": "Q4110457", "label": "Capture of Erivan", "section": "lead", "says": "Initiated by Russian expansionist aims and intensified by Iranian resistance, the war witnessed significant military engagements, including the Battle of Ganja and Capture of Erivan."}, {"id": "Q126656", "label": "Ivan Paskevich", "section": "lead", "says": "However Russian reinforcements under the newly appointed General Ivan Paskevich turned the war decisively in Russia's favor, capturing the important city of Tabriz in northwestern Iran."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "The war concluded with the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, which stripped Iran of its last remaining territories north of Aras river in the Caucasus, which comprised all of modern Armenia, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iğdır Province in Turkey."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war concluded with the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, which stripped Iran of its last remaining territories north of Aras river in the Caucasus, which comprised all of modern Armenia, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iğdır Province in Turkey."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "Background", "says": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "Background", "says": "After many years of being subject to Iranian rule, the Christian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (located in Eastern Georgia) decided to reject their rule."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the previous shah Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (r."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Iranians ended up losing the war and were forced to sign the Treaty of Gulistan."}, {"id": "Q328411", "label": "Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 1825, the northern bank of Lake Gokcha, which the Iranians believed to be a part of their realm, was seized by the Russians under the orders of Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, the governor of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Russians also constructed a small fort on the frontier with Erivan, which the Qajar crown prince Abbas Mirza protested against."}, {"id": "Q1840195", "label": "Hossein Khan Sardar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the middle of 1825, the fort was attacked by the troops of the Iranian governor of the Erivan Khanate, Hossein Khan Sardar."}, {"id": "Q210198", "label": "Erivan Khanate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 8 July, the Russians captured the town of Bash Aparan in the northern Erivan Khanate, deep within Iranian territory."}], "Q151850": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent population loss saw the Christchurch main urban area fall behind the Wellington equivalent, to decrease from second- to third-most populous area in New Zealand."}], "Q156447": [{"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatory parties were the French Republic and Emperor Francis II, who signed on his own behalf as ruler of the hereditary domains of the House of Austria and on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatory parties were the French Republic and Emperor Francis II, who signed on his own behalf as ruler of the hereditary domains of the House of Austria and on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories were Joseph Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian foreign minister."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty formally ended Austrian and Imperial participation in the War of the Second Coalition and the French Revolutionary Wars, as well as the Imperial Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty formally ended Austrian and Imperial participation in the War of the Second Coalition and the French Revolutionary Wars, as well as the Imperial Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December."}, {"id": "Q705813", "label": "Battle of Hohenlinden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "lead", "says": "Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Lunéville, which largely confirmed the Treaty of Campo Formio (17 October 1797), which itself had confirmed the Peace of Leoben (18 April 1797)."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "lead", "says": "Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Lunéville, which largely confirmed the Treaty of Campo Formio (17 October 1797), which itself had confirmed the Peace of Leoben (18 April 1797)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom was the sole nation still at war with France for another year."}], "Q162357": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Smolensk (German: Kesselschlacht bei Smolensk, lit. 'Cauldron-battle at Smolensk') was a battle during the second phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, in World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Smolensk (German: Kesselschlacht bei Smolensk, lit. 'Cauldron-battle at Smolensk') was a battle during the second phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Smolensk (German: Kesselschlacht bei Smolensk, lit. 'Cauldron-battle at Smolensk') was a battle during the second phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, in World War II."}, {"id": "Q70534", "label": "Fedor von Bock", "section": "Background and planning", "says": "The main attack, aimed at Moscow, was carried out by Army Group Centre (Fedor von Bock)."}, {"id": "Q191702", "label": "Semyon Timoshenko", "section": "Background and planning", "says": "Stalin placed Field Marshal Semyon Timoshenko in command and transferred five armies out of the strategic reserve to Timoshenko."}, {"id": "Q701195", "label": "Battle for Velikiye Luki", "section": "Background and planning", "says": "In Soviet histories, the great Battle (Srazheniye)[b] of Smolensk  (10 July – 10 September 1941) is divided into the following phases and operations:\n\nSmolensk Defensive Operation (10 July – 10 August 1941)\nSmolensk Offensive Operation (21 July – 7 August 1941)\nRogechev-Zhlobin Offensive Operation (13–24 July 1941)\nGomel-Trubchevsk Defensive Operation (24 July – 30 August 1941)\nDukhovschina Offens"}], "Q1676845": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The military history of South Africa chronicles a vast time period and complex events from the dawn of history until the present time."}], "Q1988505": [{"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Famine started with bad weather in spring 1315."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "For example, localised famines occurred in the Kingdom of France during the 14th century in 1304, 1305, 1310, 1315–1317 (the Great Famine), 1330–1334, 1349–1351, 1358–1360, 1371, 1374–1375 and 1390."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Kingdom of England, the most prosperous kingdom affected by the Great Famine, there were additional famines in 1321, 1351 and 1369."}], "Q2002975": [{"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) was a protracted and countrywide armed conflict in the then Kingdom of Nepal between the Kingdom's rulers and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), with the latter making significant use of guerrilla warfare."}], "Q210005": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred concurrently with the Arab Spring that broke out throughout the Middle East and North Africa in 2011."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "lead", "says": "In its early phase, protests in Yemen were initially against unemployment, economic conditions, corruption, and the authoritarian regime led by President Ali Abdullah Saleh as well as against the government's proposals to modify Yemen's constitution."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2010, Yemen had the fourth lowest Human Development Index rating in the Arab world after Sudan, Djibouti and Mauritania."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2010, Yemen had the fourth lowest Human Development Index rating in the Arab world after Sudan, Djibouti and Mauritania."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "It was also facing a conflict with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as a revolt from South Yemen secessionists, who wanted to see the old South Yemen reconstituted."}], "Q212234": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Roskilde was negotiated at the parsonage of  Høje Taastrup Church and was concluded on 26 February (OS) or 8 March 1658 (NS) in the Danish city of Roskilde during the Second Northern War between Frederick III of Denmark–Norway and Karl X Gustav of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Roskilde was negotiated at the parsonage of  Høje Taastrup Church and was concluded on 26 February (OS) or 8 March 1658 (NS) in the Danish city of Roskilde during the Second Northern War between Frederick III of Denmark–Norway and Karl X Gustav of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Northern Wars progressed, Charles X Gustav of Sweden crossed the frozen straits from Jutland and occupied the Danish island of Zealand, with the invasion beginning on 11 February 1658."}], "Q253774": [{"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "lead", "says": "The An Lushan rebellion was a civil war in China that lasted from 755 to 763, at the approximate midpoint of the Tang dynasty (618–907)."}, {"id": "Q708319", "label": "An Qingxu", "section": "lead", "says": "An Lushan led the rebellion for two years before he was assassinated by his son An Qingxu."}, {"id": "Q1328480", "label": "Shi Siming", "section": "lead", "says": "Two years after An Qingxu's ascension, Shi Siming, the governor of Pinglu Commandery and a close ally of An Lushan, killed An Qingxu and usurped the leadership."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "The fear of repeating Tang's commandery secessionism also led the Song dynasty that followed to distrust and oppress prominent military commanders even when invaded by hostile foreign states such as Liao, Western Xia and Jin."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "He took advantage of various circumstances, such as popular discontent with an extravagant Tang court, the synchronous Sogdian-involved Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad dynasty, and eventually the absence of strong troops guarding the palace coupled with a string of natural disasters."}], "Q25980": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gleiwitz incident, or Gliwice incident, was a false flag attack on the radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz (then Germany and now Gliwice, Poland) staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939."}, {"id": "Q1806797", "label": "Operation Himmler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gleiwitz incident is the best-known action of Operation Himmler, a series of special operations undertaken by the Schutzstaffel (SS) to serve German propaganda at the outbreak of war."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and the European theatre of World War II had begun."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Context", "says": "German newspapers and politicians, including Adolf Hitler, had made accusations against Polish authorities for months before the 1939 invasion of organising or tolerating violent ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans living in Poland."}], "Q312492": [{"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herero and Nama genocide, or the Namibian genocide, was the extermination of the Herero and the Nama people in German South West Africa (now Namibia) perpetrated by the German Empire between 1904 and 1908."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herero and Nama genocide, or the Namibian genocide, was the extermination of the Herero and the Nama people in German South West Africa (now Namibia) perpetrated by the German Empire between 1904 and 1908."}, {"id": "Q178842", "label": "Battle of Waterberg", "section": "lead", "says": "After reinforcements arrived from Germany, the Herero were surrounded and routed at the Battle of Waterberg in August."}, {"id": "Q65898", "label": "Lothar von Trotha", "section": "lead", "says": "German commander Lothar von Trotha ordered the execution of all Herero men, but in practice, women and children were also killed."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered Trotha to abolish the expulsion and extermination policy which led to the incarceration of all Herero people in concentration camps, where around half of those captured died due to disease, malnourishment and overwork."}], "Q313329": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred in connection with the German revolution that broke out just before the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q2646", "label": "Friedrich Ebert", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was primarily a power struggle between the supporters of the provisional government led by Friedrich Ebert of the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), which favored a social democracy, and those who backed the position of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, which wanted to set up a council republic similar to the one establish"}, {"id": "Q75886", "label": "Karl Liebknecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was primarily a power struggle between the supporters of the provisional government led by Friedrich Ebert of the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), which favored a social democracy, and those who backed the position of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, which wanted to set up a council republic similar to the one establish"}, {"id": "Q7231", "label": "Rosa Luxemburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was primarily a power struggle between the supporters of the provisional government led by Friedrich Ebert of the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), which favored a social democracy, and those who backed the position of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, which wanted to set up a council republic similar to the one establish"}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The party's involvement hampered its position throughout the life of the Weimar Republic, although quashing the uprising allowed elections for the National Assembly to take place as scheduled on 19 January 1919."}, {"id": "Q84327", "label": "Heinrich August Winkler", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians, such as Heinrich August Winkler and Sebastian Haffner, consider the name to be misleading because the Spartacists (KPD) had neither wanted, planned, nor led the revolt."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background and causes", "says": "On 10 November 1918, the Council of the People's Deputies under the co-leadership of Friedrich Ebert of the Majority Social Democratic Party (MSPD) and Hugo Haase of the more left-wing Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) was formed as a provisional government following the collapse of the German Empire at the end of World War I."}], "Q379433": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kikusui I (菊水作戦, Kikusui Sakusen 1; Operation Chrysanthemum Water 1), best known as Operation Ten-Go (天号作戦, Ten-Gō Sakusen), literally Operation Heaven and in Japanese sources as the Battle off Cape Bono (坊ノ岬沖海戦, Bōno Misaki Oki-Kaisen) was the last major Japanese naval operation in the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q192660", "label": "Battle of Okinawa", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1945, the Japanese battleship Yamato, the largest battleship in the world, and nine other Japanese warships, embarked from Japan for a suicide attack on Allied forces engaged in the Battle of Okinawa."}, {"id": "Q6403604", "label": "Operation Kikusui", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kikusui I, best known as Operation Ten-Go, refers specifically to Yamato's sortie, while Operation Kikusui refers specifically to all Japanese kamikaze operations during the entire Okinawa campaign."}, {"id": "Q12296445", "label": "Asiatic-Pacific Theater", "section": "lead", "says": "The sinking of Yamato demonstrated U.S. air supremacy in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater and the vulnerability of surface ships without air cover to aerial attack."}, {"id": "Q300879", "label": "Operation Downfall", "section": "lead", "says": "The designation of Yamato as a beached fortification against Allied aerial and naval bombardment of Okinawa would have become detrimental towards the invading armies, in that, alike to Operation Downfall, the anticipated losses would have substantially increased for maritime combatants at large, likewise with surrounding infantry support."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1945, following the Solomon Islands campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the once-formidable Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet was reduced to just a handful of operational warships and a few remaining aircraft and aircrew."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1945, following the Solomon Islands campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the once-formidable Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet was reduced to just a handful of operational warships and a few remaining aircraft and aircrew."}, {"id": "Q308999", "label": "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1945, following the Solomon Islands campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the once-formidable Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet was reduced to just a handful of operational warships and a few remaining aircraft and aircrew."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "Background", "says": "In March, when briefing Emperor Hirohito on Japan's response to the expected invasion of Okinawa, Japanese military leaders explained that the Imperial Japanese Army was planning extensive air attacks, including the use of kamikaze tactics."}, {"id": "Q467127", "label": "Soemu Toyoda", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting plan, drafted under the direction of the Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Soemu Toyoda, called for Yamato and her escorts to attack the U.S. fleet supporting troops landing on the western coast of Okinawa."}, {"id": "Q460399", "label": "Seiichi Itō", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite obeying orders to prepare for the mission, the commander of the Ten-Go force, Vice Admiral Seiichi Itō, still refused to actually order his ships to carry it out, believing the plan to be futile and wasteful."}], "Q4411": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valmy, also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "In this early part of the Revolutionary Wars—known as the War of the First Coalition—the new French government was in almost every way unproven, and thus the small, localized victory at Valmy became a huge psychological victory for the Revolution at large."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "King Frederick William II of Prussia had the support of Great Britain and the Austrian Empire to send the Duke of Brunswick towards Paris with a large army."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "King Frederick William II of Prussia had the support of Great Britain and the Austrian Empire to send the Duke of Brunswick towards Paris with a large army."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "The French commander Charles Dumouriez, meanwhile, had been marching his army northeast to attack the Austrian Netherlands, but this plan was abandoned because of the more immediate threat to Paris."}], "Q44732": [{"id": "Q1095120", "label": "Battle of Courtrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Dutch: Guldensporenslag; French: Bataille des éperons d'or) or Battle of Courtrai was a military confrontation between the royal army of France and rebellious forces of the County of Flanders on 11 July 1302 during the 1297–1305 Franco-Flemish War."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Dutch: Guldensporenslag; French: Bataille des éperons d'or) or Battle of Courtrai was a military confrontation between the royal army of France and rebellious forces of the County of Flanders on 11 July 1302 during the 1297–1305 Franco-Flemish War."}, {"id": "Q195983", "label": "Franco-Flemish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Dutch: Guldensporenslag; French: Bataille des éperons d'or) or Battle of Courtrai was a military confrontation between the royal army of France and rebellious forces of the County of Flanders on 11 July 1302 during the 1297–1305 Franco-Flemish War."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "King Philip IV of France immediately organized an expedition of 8,000 troops, including 2,500 men-at-arms, under Count Robert II of Artois to put down the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q262726", "label": "Robert II, Count of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "King Philip IV of France immediately organized an expedition of 8,000 troops, including 2,500 men-at-arms, under Count Robert II of Artois to put down the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The French had about 1,000 crossbowmen, most of whom were from the Kingdom of France and perhaps a few hundred recruited from northern Italy and Spain."}], "Q459282": [{"id": "Q192667", "label": "Manuel Noriega", "section": "lead", "says": "The purpose of the invasion was to depose the de facto ruler of Panama, General Manuel Noriega, who was wanted by U.S. authorities for racketeering and drug trafficking."}, {"id": "Q443831", "label": "Guillermo Endara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Panama Defense Forces (PDF) were dissolved, and president-elect Guillermo Endara was sworn into office."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations seeking his resignation, which began under the presidency of Ronald Reagan, were ultimately unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "Background", "says": "President Jimmy Carter and the de facto leader of Panama, General Omar Torrijos, signed the Torrijos–Carter Treaties, which set in motion the process of handing over the canal to Panamanian control by 2000."}, {"id": "Q277343", "label": "Torrijos–Carter Treaties", "section": "Background", "says": "President Jimmy Carter and the de facto leader of Panama, General Omar Torrijos, signed the Torrijos–Carter Treaties, which set in motion the process of handing over the canal to Panamanian control by 2000."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Noriega had sided with the U.S. rather than the Soviet Union in Central America, notably in sabotaging the forces of the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, and the revolutionaries of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "Background", "says": "Noriega had sided with the U.S. rather than the Soviet Union in Central America, notably in sabotaging the forces of the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, and the revolutionaries of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "Background", "says": "Noriega had sided with the U.S. rather than the Soviet Union in Central America, notably in sabotaging the forces of the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, and the revolutionaries of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q435792", "label": "Seymour Hersh", "section": "Background", "says": "President Ronald Reagan opened negotiations with Noriega, requesting that the Panamanian leader step down after his criminal activities were publicly exposed in The New York Times by Seymour Hersh."}], "Q1209169": [{"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict coincided with the civil war within Georgia proper, where supporters of the ousted president Zviad Gamsakhurdia clashed with the post-coup government led by Eduard Shevardnadze."}, {"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict coincided with the civil war within Georgia proper, where supporters of the ousted president Zviad Gamsakhurdia clashed with the post-coup government led by Eduard Shevardnadze."}], "Q1259237": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Anglo-Afghan War, also known as the Third Afghan War, the British-Afghan War of 1919, and in Afghanistan as the War of Liberation, was a short war which began on 3 May and ended on 8 August 1919."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Emir of the Emirate of Afghanistan Amanullah Khan declared the holy war of Jihad against the British in the hope to proclaim full independence, as well as to strengthen his own legitimacy."}, {"id": "Q1456454", "label": "Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 was signed on 8 August which resulted in the Afghans re-gaining de jure control of foreign affairs from Britain, and the Afghans recognizing the Durand Line as the international border between India and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict however, incited numerous uprisings in Waziristan that lasted until the end of the British Raj."}], "Q127378229": [{"id": "Q130255015", "label": "July Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "While it started as a student movement, the movement later escalated into a fully-fledged mass uprising known as the July Uprising."}, {"id": "Q52183", "label": "Sheikh Hasina", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 July, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina made controversial remarks about the anti-quota protests, escalating the situation and raising the public's anger."}], "Q128172378": [{"id": "Q5933752", "label": "Masoud Pezeshkian", "section": "lead", "says": "Haniyeh was killed in his accommodation in a military-run guesthouse after attending the inauguration ceremony for Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian."}, {"id": "Q94839", "label": "Mohammed Deif", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 July 2024, Israel attempted to assassinate Hamas military chief Mohammed Deif, with the Israel Defense Forces announcing his death on 1 August."}, {"id": "Q96863707", "label": "Fuad Shukr", "section": "Background", "says": "Hours before Haniyeh's death, Israel announced the assassination of Fuad Shukr, a senior Hezbollah leader in Beirut."}], "Q13605743": [{"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 3, 2013, then-President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi was overthrown by a coup d'etat led by Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who led a coalition to remove Morsi from power and suspend the Egyptian constitution of 2012."}, {"id": "Q13593432", "label": "Adly Mansour", "section": "lead", "says": "Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood leaders, were placed under house arrest and Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour was declared interim president of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q34105", "label": "Hosni Mubarak", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 2011, Hosni Mubarak resigned after 18 days of mass demonstrations that ended his 29-year rule of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q381113", "label": "Amr Moussa", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 2012, following the protests against the Constitutional Declaration by Morsi, opposition politicians – including Mohamed ElBaradei, Amr Moussa and Hamdeen Sabahi, according to The Wall Street Journal – started holding confidential meetings with army leaders, in order to discuss ways of removing President Morsi."}, {"id": "Q1400040", "label": "Hamdeen Sabahi", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 2012, following the protests against the Constitutional Declaration by Morsi, opposition politicians – including Mohamed ElBaradei, Amr Moussa and Hamdeen Sabahi, according to The Wall Street Journal – started holding confidential meetings with army leaders, in order to discuss ways of removing President Morsi."}], "Q1514908": [{"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuban War of Independence, fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, following the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880)."}, {"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuban War of Independence, fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, following the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the course of the war, Spain sent 220,285 soldiers to Cuba, the largest army to cross the Atlantic until World War II, according to the Library of Congress."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The final three months of the conflict saw major escalation which evolved into the Spanish–American War, with United States armed forces being deployed to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to fight against Spain."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The final three months of the conflict saw major escalation which evolved into the Spanish–American War, with United States armed forces being deployed to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to fight against Spain."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The final three months of the conflict saw major escalation which evolved into the Spanish–American War, with United States armed forces being deployed to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to fight against Spain."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Before these changes, Cuba—unlike most countries in the Americas—upheld slavery and was still under colonial control as neighboring countries were gaining independence."}, {"id": "Q103285", "label": "José Martí", "section": "Background", "says": "José Martí was a significant figure during Cuba's liberation movement and maintains a prominent legacy in the country to this day."}], "Q161141": [{"id": "Q170306", "label": "German Revolution of 1918–1919", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz, its goal was to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic, and establish an autocratic government."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz, its goal was to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic, and establish an autocratic government."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "After Germany had lost World War I (1914–1918), the German Revolution of 1918–1919 ended the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Empire was abolished and a democratic system, the Weimar Republic, was established in 1919 by the Weimar National Assembly."}, {"id": "Q57353", "label": "Gustav Noske", "section": "Background", "says": "President Friedrich Ebert, Chancellor Gustav Bauer, and Defence Minister Gustav Noske were all members of the SPD."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty had been dictated by the victorious Allies of World War I; it forced Germany to assume responsibility for the war, reduced the area of Germany and imposed huge reparation payments and military restrictions on the nation."}], "Q1616064": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mithridatic Wars were three conflicts fought between the Roman Republic and the Pontic kingdom of Mithridates VI Eupator."}, {"id": "Q2037261", "label": "Asiatic Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in 88 BC in the aftermath of the Asiatic Vespers, the first war was conducted by Lucius Cornelius Sulla, alongside and independent of Marian generals also assigned to the war."}, {"id": "Q1266649", "label": "Treaty of Dardanos", "section": "lead", "says": "They were mainly in Greece and mostly concluded in 85 BC with the Treaty of Dardanos, expelling Mithridates from the Aegean and forcing him to give up occupied territories in western Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "Against Mithridates the main Roman commanders were Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Pompey."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "Pompey's eastern settlements after the third war saw Rome annex Pontus (it became part of provincial Bithynia) and annex Syria."}, {"id": "Q353702", "label": "Nicomedes III of Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "But after Mithridates, along with Nicomedes III of Bithynia, invaded and partitioned Paphlagonia in 108/7 BC the Romans sent envoys demanding them to give up their conquests; rebuffed, but without any mandate for Roman intervention, nothing was done."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "But after Mithridates, along with Nicomedes III of Bithynia, invaded and partitioned Paphlagonia in 108/7 BC the Romans sent envoys demanding them to give up their conquests; rebuffed, but without any mandate for Roman intervention, nothing was done."}], "Q167259": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lützen, fought on 16 November 1632, was one of the most important of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus, supported by troops from Saxony and Hesse-Kassel, narrowly defeated an Imperial force under Albrecht von Wallenstein."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus, supported by troops from Saxony and Hesse-Kassel, narrowly defeated an Imperial force under Albrecht von Wallenstein."}, {"id": "Q155127", "label": "Axel Oxenstierna", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the loss of their king, the Swedes continued the war under the direction of Axel Oxenstierna."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began in June 1630 when nearly 18,000 troops under Gustavus Adolphus landed in the Duchy of Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Backed by French subsidies and supported by Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia, he defeated Imperial armies at Breitenfeld in September 1631, then Rain in April 1632."}], "Q174990": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gwangju Uprising, also known in South Korea as the May 18 Democratization Movement (Korean: 5·18 민주화 운동), was a series of student-led demonstrations that took place in Gwangju, South Korea, in May 1980, against the coup d'état of May Seventeenth by Chun Doo-hwan that strengthened his power."}, {"id": "Q14362", "label": "Chun Doo-hwan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gwangju Uprising, also known in South Korea as the May 18 Democratization Movement (Korean: 5·18 민주화 운동), was a series of student-led demonstrations that took place in Gwangju, South Korea, in May 1980, against the coup d'état of May Seventeenth by Chun Doo-hwan that strengthened his power."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States under the Carter administration, fearing that North Korea might intervene, gave approval to Chun to retake the city and also considered contingency plans to send extra U.S. troops to South Korea if the uprising spread to other cities."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States under the Carter administration, fearing that North Korea might intervene, gave approval to Chun to retake the city and also considered contingency plans to send extra U.S. troops to South Korea if the uprising spread to other cities."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "Background", "says": "The assassination of President Park Chung Hee on 26 October 1979 triggered a number of democracy movements that had previously been suppressed under Park's tenure."}, {"id": "Q313350", "label": "Choi Kyu-hah", "section": "Background", "says": "Park's successor, Choi Kyu-hah, had no real control over the government and Chun Doo-hwan, chief of the Defense Security Command (DSC), was able to seize control of the military in the coup d'état of December Twelfth."}, {"id": "Q45785", "label": "Kim Dae-jung", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 May, opposition leaders Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam held a joint press conference, echoing the students' demands."}, {"id": "Q165210", "label": "Kim Young-sam", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 May, opposition leaders Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam held a joint press conference, echoing the students' demands."}], "Q1750892": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Constantinople occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Crusaders sacked and destroyed most of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the capture of the city, the Latin Empire (known to the Byzantines as the Frankokratia, or the Latin occupation) was established and Baldwin IX of Flanders crowned emperor in Hagia Sophia."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "Byzantine aristocrats also established a number of small independent splinter states—one of them being the Empire of Nicaea, which eventually recaptured Constantinople in 1261 and proclaimed the reinstatement of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the restored Empire never managed to reclaim all its former territory or attain its earlier economic strength, and it gradually succumbed to the rising Ottoman Empire over the following two centuries."}, {"id": "Q37069", "label": "Alexios IV Angelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexios IV Angelos, the son of deposed emperor Isaac II Angelos persuaded Boniface of Montferrat and the Venetians to help him reinstate his father and make him co-emperor of the Byzantines by diverting the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexios IV Angelos, the son of deposed emperor Isaac II Angelos persuaded Boniface of Montferrat and the Venetians to help him reinstate his father and make him co-emperor of the Byzantines by diverting the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople."}], "Q1282732": [{"id": "Q5614269", "label": "Guatemalan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Democratic elections in 1944 and 1951 which were during the Guatemalan Revolution had brought popular leftist governments to power, who sought to ameliorate working conditions and implement land distribution."}, {"id": "Q468224", "label": "Carlos Castillo Armas", "section": "lead", "says": "A United States-backed coup d'état in 1954 installed the military regime of Carlos Castillo Armas to prevent reform."}, {"id": "Q887685", "label": "Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1970, Colonel Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio was the first of a series of military dictators who represented the Institutional Democratic Party or PID."}, {"id": "Q467077", "label": "Efraín Ríos Montt", "section": "lead", "says": "The PID lost its grip on Guatemalan politics when General Efraín Ríos Montt along with a group of junior army officers, seized power in a military coup on 23 March 1982."}, {"id": "Q549431", "label": "Jorge Ubico", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1931, the dictator General Jorge Ubico came to power, backed by the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1931, the dictator General Jorge Ubico came to power, backed by the United States."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Ubico considered himself to be \"another Napoleon\"."}], "Q1551794": [{"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "At the war's end in February 1932, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation lasted until mid-August 1945, towards the end of the Second World War, in the face of an onslaught by the Soviet Union and Mongolia during the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation lasted until mid-August 1945, towards the end of the Second World War, in the face of an onslaught by the Soviet Union and Mongolia during the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, the Liaodong peninsula was a leased territory of Japan."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "Background", "says": "In Manchuria, nationalists under the former Japanese ally Zhang Xueliang had aroused intense anti-Japanese sentiment."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1928 Zhang reunited with the Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek, forming the Nationalist government."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1928 Zhang reunited with the Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek, forming the Nationalist government."}, {"id": "Q335191", "label": "Kijūrō Shidehara", "section": "Background", "says": "Radical groups within the government and the Army schemed for the opportunity to act on the “Manchurian question.” The Hamaguchi government, and especially the non-interventionist policy in China of Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara, was considered negative for future Japanese interests."}, {"id": "Q704374", "label": "Seishirō Itagaki", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Believing that taking full control of Manchuria would be in the best interests of Japan, and acting in the spirit of the Japanese concept of (jap. 下克上, gekokujō the low overturns the high),  Kwantung Army Colonel Seishirō Itagaki and Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara devised a plan to provoke Japan into invading Manchuria by setting up a false flag incident for the pretext of invasion."}, {"id": "Q715235", "label": "Kanji Ishiwara", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Believing that taking full control of Manchuria would be in the best interests of Japan, and acting in the spirit of the Japanese concept of (jap. 下克上, gekokujō the low overturns the high),  Kwantung Army Colonel Seishirō Itagaki and Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara devised a plan to provoke Japan into invading Manchuria by setting up a false flag incident for the pretext of invasion."}], "Q158677": [{"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern Seven Years' War (also known as the Nordic Seven Years' War, the First Northern War, the Seven Years' War of the North or the Seven Years War in Scandinavia) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark–Norway, Lübeck, and Poland–Lithuania between 1563 and 1570."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern Seven Years' War (also known as the Nordic Seven Years' War, the First Northern War, the Seven Years' War of the North or the Seven Years War in Scandinavia) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark–Norway, Lübeck, and Poland–Lithuania between 1563 and 1570."}, {"id": "Q154041", "label": "Frederick II of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was motivated by the dissatisfaction of King Frederick II of Denmark with the dissolution of the Kalmar Union, and the will of King Eric XIV of Sweden to break Denmark's dominating position."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was motivated by the dissatisfaction of King Frederick II of Denmark with the dissolution of the Kalmar Union, and the will of King Eric XIV of Sweden to break Denmark's dominating position."}, {"id": "Q52945", "label": "Eric XIV of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was motivated by the dissatisfaction of King Frederick II of Denmark with the dissolution of the Kalmar Union, and the will of King Eric XIV of Sweden to break Denmark's dominating position."}, {"id": "Q1638031", "label": "Battle of Brunkeberg", "section": "Context", "says": "A successful rebellion in 1471 led to Swedish victory at the Battle of Brunkeberg, which established a powerful anti-Union movement under the leadership of the Bonde–Sture nobles."}, {"id": "Q154460", "label": "Christian II of Denmark", "section": "Context", "says": "In 1520, Christian II of Denmark reconquered Sweden and took a bloody revenge on the anti-Union faction at the Stockholm Bloodbath."}, {"id": "Q846876", "label": "Stockholm Bloodbath", "section": "Context", "says": "In 1520, Christian II of Denmark reconquered Sweden and took a bloody revenge on the anti-Union faction at the Stockholm Bloodbath."}, {"id": "Q688308", "label": "Swedish War of Liberation", "section": "Context", "says": "The violence elicited strong reactions in Sweden for years to come, and the Union was broken by the successful Swedish War of Liberation from 1521 to 1523."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Context", "says": "The subsequent Danish kings Frederick I and Christian III, turned their attention mainly on the Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein and the Count's Feud civil war, and relations with Sweden were generally peaceful."}, {"id": "Q707364", "label": "Count's Feud", "section": "Context", "says": "The subsequent Danish kings Frederick I and Christian III, turned their attention mainly on the Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein and the Count's Feud civil war, and relations with Sweden were generally peaceful."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "Context", "says": "In Sweden, the internal power vacuum, combined with the abdication of Christian II, provided the opportunity for Gustav Vasa to consolidate control of Sweden and claim the throne in June 1523, with the support of peasants and the Hanseatic towns of Lübeck and Danzig."}], "Q167396": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Balkan Pact, or Balkan Entente, was a treaty signed by Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia on 9 February 1934 in Athens, aimed at maintaining the geopolitical status quo in the region after the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Balkan Pact, or Balkan Entente, was a treaty signed by Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia on 9 February 1934 in Athens, aimed at maintaining the geopolitical status quo in the region after the end of World War I."}], "Q17335": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty or Peace of Oliva (Polish: Pokój Oliwski; Swedish: Freden i Oliva; German: Vertrag von Oliva) was one of the peace treaties ending the Second Northern War (1655–1660)."}, {"id": "Q1456449", "label": "Treaty of Cardis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Oliva, the Treaty of Copenhagen in the same year, and the Treaty of Cardis in the following year marked the high point of the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Oliva, the Treaty of Copenhagen in the same year, and the Treaty of Cardis in the following year marked the high point of the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "At Oliwa (Oliva), Poland, peace was made between Sweden, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "At Oliwa (Oliva), Poland, peace was made between Sweden, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden was accepted as sovereign in Swedish Livonia, Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in Ducal Prussia and John II Casimir Vasa withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories were the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, Elector Frederick William I of Brandenburg and King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland."}, {"id": "Q920243", "label": "Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie", "section": "lead", "says": "Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, the head of the Swedish delegation and the minor regency, signed on behalf of his nephew, King Charles XI of Sweden, who was still a minor."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, the head of the Swedish delegation and the minor regency, signed on behalf of his nephew, King Charles XI of Sweden, who was still a minor."}], "Q202465": [{"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uganda–Tanzania War, known in Tanzania as the Kagera War (Swahili: Vita vya Kagera) and in Uganda as the 1979 Liberation War, was fought between Uganda and Tanzania from October 1978 until June 1979 and led to the overthrow of Ugandan President Idi Amin."}, {"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was preceded by a deterioration of relations between Uganda and Tanzania following Amin's 1971 overthrow of President Milton Obote, who was close to the President of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere."}, {"id": "Q186525", "label": "Julius Nyerere", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was preceded by a deterioration of relations between Uganda and Tanzania following Amin's 1971 overthrow of President Milton Obote, who was close to the President of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere."}, {"id": "Q57274", "label": "Yoweri Museveni", "section": "lead", "says": "Nyerere also mobilised Ugandan rebels loyal to Obote and Yoweri Museveni to weaken Amin's regime."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "While the TPDF prepared to clear the way to the Ugandan capital of Kampala, Muammar Gaddafi, the leader of Libya and an ally of Amin, dispatched several thousand troops to Uganda to assist the Uganda Army."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The reform had disastrous consequences for the economy, which were further exacerbated by a United States boycott of Ugandan coffee on account of the government's failure to respect human rights."}], "Q21083277": [{"id": "Q58198", "label": "Ahmet Davutoğlu", "section": "lead", "says": "Various political parties ended up cancelling their election campaigns while three days of national mourning were declared by the Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 October, one of the two suicide bombers was officially identified as the younger brother of the perpetrator of the Suruç bombing; both brothers had suspected links to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the ISIL affiliated Dokumacılar group."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "Background", "says": "When the attacks took place, the preceding AK Party government led by Ahmet Davutoğlu remained in power until a new coalition government could be formed, with an interim election government also headed by Davutoğlu taking office on 28 August 2015 after President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for a new election."}], "Q221469": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Bull Run, called the Battle of First Manassas by Confederate forces, was the first major battle of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q707558", "label": "Irvin McDowell", "section": "lead", "says": "Yielding to political pressure, Brigadier General Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brigadier General P."}], "Q2300090": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hunayn (Arabic: غَزْوَة حُنَيْن, romanized: Ġazwat Ḥunayn) was a conflict between the Muslims of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tribes of Qays in the aftermath of the conquest of Mecca."}], "Q2326099": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "lead", "says": "The previous war between the two powers had ended in 591 after the emperor Maurice helped the Sasanian king Khosrow II regain his throne."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The counter-attacks of the new Byzantine emperor Heraclius from 622 to 626 eventually forced the Persians onto the defensive."}, {"id": "Q755966", "label": "Battle of Nineveh", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Nineveh (627), Iranian forces were finally broken, forcing civil war-torn Persia to seek peace."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "They were thus vulnerable to the emergence of the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate in the 630s, whose forces invaded both empires."}, {"id": "Q2320020", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591", "section": "Background", "says": "After decades of inconclusive fighting, Emperor Maurice ended the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 by helping the exiled Sasanian prince Khosrow, the future Khosrow II, to regain his throne from the usurper Bahram Chobin."}, {"id": "Q311283", "label": "Bahram Chobin", "section": "Background", "says": "After decades of inconclusive fighting, Emperor Maurice ended the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 by helping the exiled Sasanian prince Khosrow, the future Khosrow II, to regain his throne from the usurper Bahram Chobin."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "Background", "says": "The generosity and campaigns of emperor Tiberius II had eliminated the surplus in the treasury left from the time of Justin II."}], "Q236023": [{"id": "Q484816", "label": "Kurmanbek Bakiyev", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution, also known as the Second Kyrgyz Revolution, the Melon Revolution, the April Events, or officially as the People's April Revolution (Kyrgyz: Апрель Элдик революциясы, romanized: Aprel Yeldik revolyutsiyasy), began in April 2010 with the ousting of Kyrgyz president Kurmanbek Bakiyev in the capital Bishkek."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The violence ultimately led to the consolidation of a new parliamentary system in Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "During the general mayhem, exiles from the Uzbek minority claim they were assaulted and driven to Uzbekistan, with some 400,000 Kyrgyzstani citizens becoming internally displaced."}, {"id": "Q485136", "label": "Roza Otunbayeva", "section": "lead", "says": "Then-head of the Interim government Roza Otunbayeva indicated that the death toll is tenfold higher than was previously reported, which brings the number of the dead to 2,000 people."}, {"id": "Q459162", "label": "Tulip Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Some people in the media suggested that the riots in the country and the opposition claim of having taken over the government were akin to the Tulip Revolution in 2005."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 April Russia also imposed duties on energy exports to Kyrgyzstan, claiming that a customs union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan had forced it."}, {"id": "Q769921", "label": "Michael McFaul", "section": "Background", "says": "Michael McFaul, a senior United States White House adviser on Russian affairs stated in Prague that the seizure of power by the Kyrgyz opposition was not anti-American in nature, and was not a Russian backed coup."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Background", "says": "You've seen the level of Russia's joy when they saw Bakiyev gone.\" Furthermore, Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, was the first foreign leader to recognise Roza Otunbayeva as the new Kyrgyz leader, and rang her soon after she announced she was in charge, while the deputy head of the interim Kyrgyz government, Almazbek Atambayev, flew to Moscow on 9 April for consultation with unspecified Rus"}, {"id": "Q24692", "label": "Almazbek Atambaev", "section": "Background", "says": "You've seen the level of Russia's joy when they saw Bakiyev gone.\" Furthermore, Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, was the first foreign leader to recognise Roza Otunbayeva as the new Kyrgyz leader, and rang her soon after she announced she was in charge, while the deputy head of the interim Kyrgyz government, Almazbek Atambayev, flew to Moscow on 9 April for consultation with unspecified Rus"}], "Q46999835": [{"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "The first protest took place in Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city by population, initially focused on the economic policies of the country's government; as protests spread throughout the country, their scope expanded to include political opposition to the theocratic government of Iran and its longtime Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei."}, {"id": "Q348144", "label": "Hassan Rouhani", "section": "lead", "says": "While some analysts suggest the protests are a result of unfavorable economic policies adopted by the administration of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, others say that dissatisfaction with the theocratic regime and the Supreme Leader are the actual causes of the unrest."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The current Iranian regime came into power following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw the Pahlavi dynasty overthrown in favor of a theocratic Islamic Republic led by Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "Background", "says": "The current Iranian regime came into power following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw the Pahlavi dynasty overthrown in favor of a theocratic Islamic Republic led by Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1989, Ali Khamenei has ruled Iran as Supreme Leader, making him the second-longest serving head of state in the Middle East (after Oman's Sultan Qaboos), as well as the second-longest serving Iranian leader of the last century, after Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}], "Q47465940": [{"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that the operation in Afrin would be followed by a push to the town of Manbij, which the US-backed SDF captured from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in 2016,  Turkish forces stopped a few kilometres short of the town."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that the operation in Afrin would be followed by a push to the town of Manbij, which the US-backed SDF captured from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in 2016,  Turkish forces stopped a few kilometres short of the town."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "While the PKK has been designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the United States, the United States' position on the YPG is that it is not a terrorist organization, a stance that has generated much conflict between the two NATO allies."}], "Q51653": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of 1101, also known as the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted, was launched in the aftermath of the First Crusade with calls for reinforcements from the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem and to rescue the famous Bohemond of Taranto from Muslim captivity."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of 1101, also known as the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted, was launched in the aftermath of the First Crusade with calls for reinforcements from the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem and to rescue the famous Bohemond of Taranto from Muslim captivity."}, {"id": "Q227967", "label": "Paschal II", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Paschal II, successor to Urban II (who died before learning of the outcome of the crusade that he had called), urged a new expedition."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Paschal II, successor to Urban II (who died before learning of the outcome of the crusade that he had called), urged a new expedition."}, {"id": "Q44269", "label": "Saint Nicholas", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "After defeating a part of the Pisan fleet off Rhodes and then stealing the relics of Saint Nicholas from the Byzantine Greek Orthodox bishop of Myra in Lycia, the Venetians had continued east to the Levant."}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "Off Cyprus they encountered Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, who was sailing to Constantinople to meet with Emperor Alexios I."}, {"id": "Q598142", "label": "Dagobert of Pisa", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "Joining the Venetians in Jaffa was Dagobert of Pisa."}, {"id": "Q311822", "label": "William of Tyre", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "Dagobert envisaged turning Jerusalem into a fiefdom of the pope, and according to William of Tyre, he forced Godfrey to concede Jerusalem and Jaffa to him."}, {"id": "Q51720", "label": "Tancred, Prince of Galilee", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "Along with him was Tancred of Galilee, the nephew of Dagobert’s ally, Bohemond, and who was also a supporter of Dagobert’s schemes."}, {"id": "Q4323", "label": "Albert of Aix", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "After visiting Caesarea in June 1100,  Albert of Aix and Ekkehard of Aura suggest that Godfrey had fallen ill and after being ill for a month and a half, he died in Jerusalem on 18 July 1100."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "Being at Jaffa at the time of Godfrey's death, Dagobert and Tancred could do nothing to stop Warner of Grez, Godfrey's most influential retainer, from immediately taking possession of the Tower of David in Jerusalem while other Godfrey loyalists took other towers in order to prevent him from entering and annexing the Holy City for the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q608772", "label": "Arnulf of Chocques", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "Although Warner soon died, two other members of Godfrey’s faction, Geldemar Carpenel and Arnulf of Chocques, sent a delegation to Godfrey's brother, Baldwin I of Edessa, urging him to come to Jerusalem and become king."}, {"id": "Q220806", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "To prevent Baldwin from seizing Godfrey's realm, Dagobert and Tancred sought assistance from Bohemond I of Antioch,  stating that Baldwin's rule would \"bring about the downfall of the church and the destruction of Christianity itself.\" In order to increase his powerbase, Dagobert"}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Cause of Crusade", "says": "To prevent Baldwin from seizing Godfrey's realm, Dagobert and Tancred sought assistance from Bohemond I of Antioch,  stating that Baldwin's rule would \"bring about the downfall of the church and the destruction of Christianity itself.\" In order to increase his powerbase, Dagobert"}], "Q533034": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Westerplatte was the first battle of the German invasion of Poland, marking the start of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the mid-1920s, the Second Polish Republic established the Polish Military Transit Depot (Wojskowa Składnica Tranzytowa, WST) on the Westerplatte peninsula in the Free City of Danzig."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the re-establishment of Polish independence after World War I, much of the surrounding region became part of Poland."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In March 1939, a German ultimatum to Lithuania led to Germany's annexation of the nearby Lithuanian coastal Klaipėda Region; subsequently, the Westerplatte garrison was placed on alert."}, {"id": "Q161334", "label": "Memelland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In March 1939, a German ultimatum to Lithuania led to Germany's annexation of the nearby Lithuanian coastal Klaipėda Region; subsequently, the Westerplatte garrison was placed on alert."}], "Q579179": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days before the attack, the city had been captured by Iran as part of Operation Zafar 7 of the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2010, the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal officially defined the Halabja chemical attack as a genocidal massacre against the Kurdish people during the time of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "International sources for technology and chemical precursors", "says": "Most precursors for chemical weapons production came from Singapore (4,515 tons), the Netherlands (4,261 tons), Egypt (2,400 tons), India (2,343 tons), and West Germany (1,027 tons)."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "International sources for technology and chemical precursors", "says": "Most precursors for chemical weapons production came from Singapore (4,515 tons), the Netherlands (4,261 tons), Egypt (2,400 tons), India (2,343 tons), and West Germany (1,027 tons)."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "International sources for technology and chemical precursors", "says": "Singapore-based firm Kim Al-Khaleej, affiliated to the United Arab Emirates, supplied more than 4,500 tons of VX, sarin and mustard gas precursors and production equipment to Iraq."}], "Q604938": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Peking or First Convention of Peking is an agreement comprising three distinct unequal treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire in 1860."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 October 1860, at the culmination of the Second Opium War, the British and French troops entered the Forbidden City in Peking."}, {"id": "Q509360", "label": "Prince Gong", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the decisive defeat of the Chinese, Prince Gong was compelled to sign two treaties on behalf of the Qing government with Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, who represented Britain and France respectively."}], "Q623164": [{"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Five Days of Milan (Italian: Cinque giornate di Milano [ˈtʃiŋkwe dʒorˈnaːte di miˈlaːno]) was an insurrection and a major event in the Revolutionary Year of 1848 that started the First Italian War of Independence."}], "Q623994": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q287422", "label": "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979 in Vienna, in response to the 1980 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan the US Senate chose not to ratify the treaty."}, {"id": "Q931492", "label": "START I", "section": "lead", "says": "The talks led to the STARTs, or Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties, which consisted of START I, a 1991 completed agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, and START II, a 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia which never entered into effect, both of which proposed limits on multiple-warhead capacities and other restrictions on each side's number of nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q1187969", "label": "START II", "section": "lead", "says": "The talks led to the STARTs, or Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties, which consisted of START I, a 1991 completed agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, and START II, a 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia which never entered into effect, both of which proposed limits on multiple-warhead capacities and other restrictions on each side's number of nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q2002064", "label": "New START", "section": "lead", "says": "A successor to START I, New START, was proposed and was eventually ratified in February 2011."}], "Q659246": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Galicia, also known as the Great Battle of Galicia, was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I in 1914."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Galicia, also known as the Great Battle of Galicia, was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I in 1914."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "When war came the Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf planned to launch an offensive into Russian Poland with his northern armies (the 1st and 4th)."}, {"id": "Q1190083", "label": "Nikolay Ivanov", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian war plan called for Nikolai Ivanov, the Russian commander of the Southwest Front, to counter an anticipated Austro-Hungarian offensive thrusting eastward from Lemberg."}], "Q696217": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Matsukura Katsuie, the daimyō of the Shimabara Domain, enforced unpopular policies originally set by his father Matsukura Shigemasa that drastically raised taxes to construct the new Shimabara Castle and violently prohibited Christianity."}], "Q699849": [{"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Silesian Wars (German: Schlesische Kriege) were three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia, under King Frederick the Great, and Habsburg Austria, under Empress Maria Theresa, for control of the Central European region of Silesia, now in south-western Poland."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Silesian Wars (German: Schlesische Kriege) were three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia, under King Frederick the Great, and Habsburg Austria, under Empress Maria Theresa, for control of the Central European region of Silesia, now in south-western Poland."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The First (1740–1742) and Second (1744–1745) Silesian Wars formed parts of the wider War of the Austrian Succession, in which Prussia was a member of a coalition seeking territorial gain at Austria's expense."}, {"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Silesian War (1756–1763) was a theatre of the global Seven Years' War, in which Austria in turn led a coalition of powers aiming to seize Prussian territory."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Silesian War (1756–1763) was a theatre of the global Seven Years' War, in which Austria in turn led a coalition of powers aiming to seize Prussian territory."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict over Silesia foreshadowed a wider Austro-Prussian struggle for hegemony over the German-speaking peoples, which would later culminate in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}], "Q706183": [{"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-French or Franco-Chinese War, also known as the Tonkin War, was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 to April 1885 between the French Third Republic and the Qing dynasty for influence in Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q47842", "label": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "section": "lead", "says": "On another note, the war strengthened the dominance of Empress Dowager Cixi over the Qing government but France securing its strategic objective did not prevent the collapse of French Prime Minister Jules Ferry's government for whom the Tonkin Affair was ignominious."}, {"id": "Q1926906", "label": "Henri Rivière", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1881, French Commandant Henri Rivière was sent with a small military force to Hanoi to investigate Vietnamese complaints about the activities of French merchants."}, {"id": "Q709550", "label": "Liu Yongfu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Vietnamese government, unable to confront Rivière with its own ramshackle army, once again enlisted the help of Liu Yongfu, whose well-trained and seasoned Black Flag soldiers would prove a thorn in the side of the French."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French minister to China, Frédéric Bourée, was so alarmed by the prospect of war with China that in November and December he negotiated a deal with the Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang to divide Tonkin into French and Chinese spheres of influence."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "Prelude", "says": "There had recently been a change of government in France, and the new administration of Jules Ferry strongly favoured colonial expans"}], "Q737542": [{"id": "Q968676", "label": "Battle of Dan-no-ura", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing Battle of Uji took place just outside Kyoto, starting a five-year-long war, concluding with a decisive Minamoto victory in the naval Battle of Dan-no-ura."}, {"id": "Q357261", "label": "Takakura", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1180, Taira no Kiyomori put his grandson Antoku (then only 2 years of age) on the throne after the abdication of Emperor Takakura."}], "Q741098": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Antioch took place during the First Crusade in 1097 and 1098, on the Crusaders' way to Jerusalem through Syria."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusaders sieged the city held by the Seljuk Empire from 20 October 1097 to 3 June 1098, when the Crusaders successfully took the city."}, {"id": "Q365543", "label": "Kerbogha", "section": "lead", "says": "The second siege led to the Battle of Antioch in which the Crusaders defeated the Seljuks led by Kerbogha."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusaders then established the Principality of Antioch, ruled by Bohemond of Taranto."}, {"id": "Q943749", "label": "Yaghi-Siyan", "section": "lead", "says": "Anticipating that it would be attacked, the Seljuk governor of the city, Yağısıyan, began stockpiling food and sending requests for help."}, {"id": "Q4273", "label": "Raymond of Aguilers", "section": "Background", "says": "There are four narrative accounts: those of Fulcher of Chartres, Peter Tudebode, and Raymond of Aguilers, and the anonymous Gesta Francorum."}, {"id": "Q247729", "label": "Jonathan Riley-Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Jonathan Riley-Smith offers a rough guide, suggesting that perhaps 43,000 people (including soldiers, armed poor, and non-combatants) were involved in the siege of Nicaea in June 1097, while as few as 15,000 may have taken part in the siege of Jerusalem in July 1099."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "The city's defences dated from the reign of the Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Byzantine Empire reconquered Antioch in 969, a programme of fortification building was undertaken in the surrounding area to secure the gains."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Yaghi-Siyan was aware of the approaching Crusader army as it marched through Anatolia in 1097; the city stood between the Crusaders and Palestine."}], "Q75665": [{"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon, and Rome, allied with Pergamon, Rhodes, Athens, Athamania, Dardania, Illyria and since 199 BC, the Aetolian League."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon, and Rome, allied with Pergamon, Rhodes, Athens, Athamania, Dardania, Illyria and since 199 BC, the Aetolian League."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat at Cynoscephalae, Philip was forced to abandon Orestis and all possessions in Thessaly and southern Greece, Thrace and Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q39595", "label": "Ptolemy IV Philopator", "section": "Background", "says": "In 204 BC, King Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt died, leaving the throne to his six-year-old son Ptolemy V."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus the Great of the Seleucid Empire decided to exploit the weakness of the young king by taking Ptolemaic territory for themselves and they signed a secret pact defining spheres of interest, opening the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus the Great of the Seleucid Empire decided to exploit the weakness of the young king by taking Ptolemaic territory for themselves and they signed a secret pact defining spheres of interest, opening the Fifth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q110745", "label": "Attalus I", "section": "Background", "says": "His success at taking cities such as Kios worried the state of Rhodes and King Attalus I of Pergamon who also had interests in the area."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "At this point, although they appeared to have the upper hand, Rhodes and Pergamon still feared Philip so much that they sent an appeal to the rising power of Rome, which had just emerged victorious from the Second Punic War against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "At this point, although they appeared to have the upper hand, Rhodes and Pergamon still feared Philip so much that they sent an appeal to the rising power of Rome, which had just emerged victorious from the Second Punic War against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans had previously fought the First Macedonian War against Philip V over Illyria, which had been resolved by the Peace of Phoenice in 205 BC."}, {"id": "Q706722", "label": "Marcus Valerius Laevinus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Senate passed a supportive decree and Marcus Valerius Laevinus was sent to investigate."}, {"id": "Q1076902", "label": "Chremonidean War", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after this, King Attalus I arrived in Athens with Rhodian ambassadors and convinced the Athenians, who had maintained strict neutrality since the end of the Chremonidean War, to declare war on Macedon in the aftermath of the Cretan War (205-200 BC)."}], "Q827472": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Often considered the last action of the First Crusade, the Crusader army led by Godfrey of Bouillon defeated and drove off a Fatimid army of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "lead", "says": "Often considered the last action of the First Crusade, the Crusader army led by Godfrey of Bouillon defeated and drove off a Fatimid army of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Godfrey's command the 10,200-strong Crusader army took the offensive, leaving Jerusalem on 10 August to protect the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q608772", "label": "Arnulf of Chocques", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusaders marched barefoot, carrying the relic of the True Cross with them, accompanied by patriarch Arnulf of Chocques."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1097 the Fatimids of Egypt sought an agreement with the Crusaders to fight against the Seljuk Empire in Syria."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Crusaders had negotiated with the Fatimids during their march to Jerusalem, but no satisfactory compromise could be reached—the Fatimids were willing to give up control of Syria but not Palestine, but this was unacceptable to the Crusaders, whose goal was the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q311845", "label": "Peter the Hermit", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 August Godfrey led the remaining Crusaders out of Jerusalem towards Ascalon, a day's march away, while Peter the Hermit led both the Catholic and Greek Orthodox clergy in prayers and a procession from the Holy Sepulchre to the Temple."}, {"id": "Q333306", "label": "Robert II", "section": "Background", "says": "Robert II of Flanders and Arnulf accompanied Godfrey, but Raymond IV of Toulouse and Robert of Normandy stayed behind, either out of a quarrel with Godfrey or because they preferred to hear about the Egyptian army from their own scouts."}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "Background", "says": "Robert II of Flanders and Arnulf accompanied Godfrey, but Raymond IV of Toulouse and Robert of Normandy stayed behind, either out of a quarrel with Godfrey or because they preferred to hear about the Egyptian army from their own scouts."}, {"id": "Q4273", "label": "Raymond of Aguilers", "section": "Background", "says": "At the head of the army, Arnulf carried the relic of the Cross, while Raymond of Aguilers carried the relic of the Holy Lance that had been discovered at Antioch the previous year."}], "Q842380": [{"id": "Q823730", "label": "First Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan 6 years after the war ended."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II and was marked by numerous human rights violations, including slavery and mass killings."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "Background and causes", "says": "The south was held to be more similar to the other East African colonies – Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda – while northern Sudan was more similar to Arabic-speaking Egypt."}], "Q846674": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Saratoga were fought September 19 and October 7, 1777 over the same ground by the American Continental Army and the British Army near Saratoga, New York during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "lead", "says": "In both battles, General John Burgoyne commanded the British forces, while Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold oversaw the American forces."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "lead", "says": "In both battles, General John Burgoyne commanded the British forces, while Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold oversaw the American forces."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "In both battles, General John Burgoyne commanded the British forces, while Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold oversaw the American forces."}, {"id": "Q1115886", "label": "Philip Schuyler", "section": "Background", "says": "The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne's capture of Ticonderoga early in July, under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler, and was encamped south of Stillwater, New York."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Major General Benjamin Lincoln, a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia."}, {"id": "Q2767", "label": "Daniel Morgan", "section": "Background", "says": "He also sent some of the best forces from his own army: Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps, which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, chosen for their sharpshooting ability."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "Background", "says": "A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights, just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles (16 km) south of Saratoga; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko."}], "Q853976": [{"id": "Q1653331", "label": "Battle of the Yser", "section": "lead", "says": "North of Ypres, the fighting continued in the Battle of the Yser (16–31 October), between the German 4th Army, the Belgian army and French marines."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "lead", "says": "General Erich von Falkenhayn, head of the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, the German General Staff) tried a limited offensive to capture Ypres and Mont Kemmel (Kemmelberg) from 19 October to 22 November."}, {"id": "Q1127035", "label": "Battle of La Bassée", "section": "Background", "says": "The outflanking attempts resulted in indecisive encounter battles through Artois and Flanders, at the Battle of La Bassée (10 October – 2 November), the Battle of Messines (12 October – 2 November) and the Battle of Armentières (13 October – 2 November)."}, {"id": "Q2887888", "label": "Battle of Armentières", "section": "Background", "says": "The outflanking attempts resulted in indecisive encounter battles through Artois and Flanders, at the Battle of La Bassée (10 October – 2 November), the Battle of Messines (12 October – 2 November) and the Battle of Armentières (13 October – 2 November)."}], "Q88259708": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was also felt in Slovenia."}], "Q937255": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, also known as the Great Teutonic War, occurred between 1409 and 1411 between the Teutonic Knights and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q152148", "label": "Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "As neither side was ready for a full-scale war, Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia brokered a nine-month truce."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "After the truce expired in June 1410, the military-religious monks were decisively defeated in the Battle of Grunwald, one of the largest battles in medieval Europe."}, {"id": "Q2665664", "label": "Prussian Crusade", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1230, the Teutonic Knights, a crusading military order, moved to the Kulmerland (today within the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship) and, upon the request of Konrad I, king of the Masovian Slavs, launched the Prussian Crusade against the pagan Prussian clans."}, {"id": "Q16362506", "label": "Lithuanian Crusade", "section": "Historical background", "says": "For about a hundred years the Knights fought the Lithuanian Crusade raiding the Lithuanian lands, particularly Samogitia as it separated the Knights in Prussia from their branch in Livonia."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1385, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania proposed to marry reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland in the Union of Kreva."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Jogaila converted to Christianity and was crowned as the King of Poland thus creating a personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q3493399", "label": "Peace of Raciąż", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The territorial disputes continued over Samogitia, which was in Teutonic hands since the Peace of Raciąż of 1404."}], "Q939570": [{"id": "Q380071", "label": "Vukašin Mrnjavčević", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict pitted the Ottoman forces under Lala Şahin Pasha and Hacı İlbey against a coalition of Serbian lords, led by King Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his brother Despot Jovan Uglješa who sought to halt the Ottomans' westward advance."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended in a decisive Ottoman victory in which both Serbian commanders were killed, marking the decline of Serbian power in Macedonia and paving the way for Ottoman expansion into the central Balkans."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Serbian Empire had entered a period of decline following the death of Emperor Stefan Dušan in 1355."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Serbian Empire had entered a period of decline following the death of Emperor Stefan Dušan in 1355."}, {"id": "Q279693", "label": "Stefan Uroš V of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "His successor, Stefan Uroš V, was unable to maintain central authority, and the empire fragmented as its vassals asserted independence."}, {"id": "Q178085", "label": "Principality of Zeta", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the summer of 1371, Vukašin marched to the Principality of Zeta to support his relative Đurađ Balšić in a conflict with Nikola Altomanović."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Believing Ottoman control in the region was weak while Murad I was in Asia Minor, Uglješa saw an opportunity to launch a surprise attack on the Ottoman capital, Adrianople (modern Edirne)."}], "Q1054975": [{"id": "Q160387", "label": "Battle of Actium", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Preveza (also known as Prevesa) was a naval engagement that occurred on 28 September 1538 near Preveza in the Ionian Sea in northwest Greece, in the same area as the Battle of Actium in 31 BC."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was between an Ottoman fleet, led by Kapudan Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa, and a Holy League of Venetian and Hispano-Imperial composition, led by Genoese admiral Andrea Doria."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was between an Ottoman fleet, led by Kapudan Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa, and a Holy League of Venetian and Hispano-Imperial composition, led by Genoese admiral Andrea Doria."}, {"id": "Q613478", "label": "Battle of Djerba", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was amongst the three largest in the Mediterranean in the sixteenth century, alongside the Battle of Djerba and the Battle of Lepanto."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was amongst the three largest in the Mediterranean in the sixteenth century, alongside the Battle of Djerba and the Battle of Lepanto."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire as the first naval power in the Mediterranean, which lasted thirty years until their loss in Lepanto in 1571."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1537, commanding a large Ottoman fleet, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured several Aegean and Ionian islands belonging to the Republic of Venice, namely Syros, Aegina, Ios, Paros, Tinos, Karpathos, Kasos, and Naxos, thus annexing the Duchy of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1538, Pope Paul III assembled a Holy League, comprising the Papal States, Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, and the Knights of Malta, to confront Barbarossa's fleet."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1538, Pope Paul III assembled a Holy League, comprising the Papal States, Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, and the Knights of Malta, to confront Barbarossa's fleet."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1538, Pope Paul III assembled a Holy League, comprising the Papal States, Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, and the Knights of Malta, to confront Barbarossa's fleet."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "Andrea Doria, the Genoese admiral in service to Emperor Charles V, was in command the armada."}, {"id": "Q7521762", "label": "Sinan Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "Sinan Reis, an Ottoman lieutenant, suggested landing troops at Actium on the Gulf of Arta, near Preveza."}], "Q111014380": [{"id": "Q54964679", "label": "Valerii Zaluzhnyi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ukrainian military first started preparing the defence of Kharkiv Oblast in case of a Russian invasion after the appointment of Valerii Zaluzhnyi as commander-in-chief in July 2021."}], "Q1123353": [{"id": "Q228911", "label": "Anglo-Zulu War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rorke's Drift, also known as the Defence of Rorke's Drift, was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War."}, {"id": "Q747589", "label": "Battle of Isandlwana", "section": "lead", "says": "After a large contingent of Zulu warriors broke off from the main force during the final hours of the British defeat at the day-long Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879, they travelled ten kilometres (six miles) to attack Rorke's Drift later that day, with fighting continuing into the following day."}], "Q1132835": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan crisis (Persian: غائلهٔ آذربایجان, romanized: Qā'ele-ye Āzarbāyejān) in Iranian sources, was one of the first crises during the aftermath of World War II, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory despite repeated assurances."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan crisis (Persian: غائلهٔ آذربایجان, romanized: Qā'ele-ye Āzarbāyejān) in Iranian sources, was one of the first crises during the aftermath of World War II, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory despite repeated assurances."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan crisis (Persian: غائلهٔ آذربایجان, romanized: Qā'ele-ye Āzarbāyejān) in Iranian sources, was one of the first crises during the aftermath of World War II, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory despite repeated assurances."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States pressure on the Soviet Union to withdraw is the earliest evidence of success with what would become the new strategy of the Truman Doctrine and containment."}, {"id": "Q107258515", "label": "Pahlavi Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "In August–September 1941, Pahlavi Iran had been jointly invaded and occupied by the Allied powers: the Soviet Red Army invaded in the north; the British invaded from the south into the centre."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "However, when this deadline came in early 1946, the Soviets, under Joseph Stalin, remained in Iran."}, {"id": "Q400712", "label": "Ahmad Qavam", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiation by Iranian premier Ahmad Qavam and diplomatic pressure on the Soviets by the United States eventually led to Soviet withdrawal and dissolution of the separatist Azerbaijani and Kurdish states."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "After Germany broke its pact with the Soviets and invaded the USSR in June 1941, the United Kingdom  and the Soviet Union jointly occupied neutral Iran as a preventive measure, starting on August 25, 1941."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Rezā Shāh was forced to abdicate on September 16, 1941, and exiled to Mauritius; his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the crown prince, became the new monarch."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Rezā Shāh was forced to abdicate on September 16, 1941, and exiled to Mauritius; his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the crown prince, became the new monarch."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout the rest of the war, the United Kingdom and the United States used Iran as an important supply line to the Soviet war effort against Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the occupation of Iran was scheduled to end after the war at the Potsdam Conference following Germany's surrender, Stalin objected to Churchill's proposal for an early allied withdrawal from Iran ahead of the agreed-upon schedule set at the Tehran Conference."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-December 1945, with the use of troops and secret police, they had set up two pro-Soviet \"People's Democratic Republics\" within Iranian territory, the Azerbaijan People's Government headed by Sayyid Jafar Pishevari and the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad under President Pesheva Qazi Muhammad."}], "Q1151913": [{"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Anglo-Dutch War, or First Dutch War, was a naval conflict between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Anglo-Dutch War, or First Dutch War, was a naval conflict between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1665, Dutch objections to the Navigation Acts and English concerns over their rival's trading practices led to the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q320959", "label": "Robert Blake", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1649 and 1650, General-at-Sea Robert Blake drove the Royalist fleet under Prince Rupert from its bases in Ireland and pursued it to the port of Lisbon, where it was protected by the harbour's forts and the Portuguese king's refusal to let Blake enter the port."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Council of State decided to reinforce Blake and authorised him to seize ships from Brazil in reprisal, and to withdraw the English envoy to Portugal, whose departure in July 1650 created a state of war."}, {"id": "Q1116626", "label": "Battle of Worcester", "section": "Background", "says": "Infuriated by the treatment of the English delegation in the Hague and emboldened by their victory against Charles II and his forces at the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651, the English Parliament, as noted above, passed the first of the Naviga"}], "Q122442": [{"id": "Q6424690", "label": "Koca Yusuf Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 9 January 1792 (O.S.: 29 December 1791) by Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha and Prince Bezborodko (who had succeeded Prince Potemkin as the head of the Russian delegation when Potemkin died)."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "lead", "says": "It confirmed the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774, wherein the Ottomans had ceded suzerainty over the Crimean Khanate to Russia."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It confirmed the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774, wherein the Ottomans had ceded suzerainty over the Crimean Khanate to Russia."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans also acknowledged Georgia (the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti) as a Russian protectorate."}], "Q123285238": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "These actions provoked a military response from Israel, as well as the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "These actions provoked a military response from Israel, as well as the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "To avoid being attacked, hundreds of commercial vessels were rerouted to sail around South Africa."}, {"id": "Q123912788", "label": "Operation Prosperity Guardian", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States-led Operation Prosperity Guardian was launched to protect Red Sea shipping."}, {"id": "Q123819200", "label": "Yahya Saree", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 May 2024, Yemeni general Yahya Saree said, \"We will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the Mediterranean Sea in any area we are able to reach\"."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 May 2025, US president Donald Trump announced a cessation of US strikes as a result of a bilateral ceasefire between the US and the Houthis."}], "Q1233475": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Roncevaux Pass was the only significant defeat of Charlemagne in his military career, and he would never take it upon himself to lead an army to battle in Spain, having to rely instead on his generals for future campaigns."}, {"id": "Q185427", "label": "The Song of Roland", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is recounted in the 11th century The Song of Roland, the oldest surviving major work of French literature, and in Orlando Furioso, one of the most celebrated works of Italian literature."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "With the rise of the Carolingians and Pepin the Short's war on Aquitaine, the Duchy of Aquitaine led by Waifer was defeated and the Franks encroached farther into the duchy."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "However, as of 778 Charlemagne expanded Frankish takeover of Aquitaine to present-day Gascony, by appointing trusted Franks, Burgundians, and Church officials in key regional positions and establishing counties, such as Fezensac, Bordeaux, and Toulouse, on the left bank of the Garonne."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "The three rulers also conveyed that the caliph of Baghdad, Muhammad al-Mahdi, was preparing an invasion force against Abd ar-Rahman."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Background", "says": "Charlemagne led the Neustrian army over Vasconia into the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees through Catalonia."}], "Q126604": [{"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The arbitration and award were direct consequences of the previous month's Munich Agreement, which resulted in the partitioning of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The arbitration and award were direct consequences of the previous month's Munich Agreement, which resulted in the partitioning of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany and Italy had supported the territorial claims of  Hungary, and revision of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, imposed on Hungary in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany and Italy had supported the territorial claims of  Hungary, and revision of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, imposed on Hungary in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany had already violated the Versailles Treaty via the remilitarisation of the Rhineland (7 March 1936) and the Anschluss of Austria (12 March 1938)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Vienna Award separated, from Czechoslovakia, territories in southern Slovakia and southern Carpathian Rus' which were mostly Hungarian-populated and returned them to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-March 1939 Adolf Hitler gave Hungary permission to occupy the remainder of Carpathian Rus' (officially known as Carpatho-Ukraine since December 1938)."}, {"id": "Q950644", "label": "Carpatho-Ukraine", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-March 1939 Adolf Hitler gave Hungary permission to occupy the remainder of Carpathian Rus' (officially known as Carpatho-Ukraine since December 1938)."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the end of World War I and the Treaties of Trianon and Saint Germain, the Carpathian region of the former Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) in Austria-Hungary had, to the north, bordered the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a constituent part of Austria's Cisleithania."}, {"id": "Q2396442", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the end of World War I and the Treaties of Trianon and Saint Germain, the Carpathian region of the former Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) in Austria-Hungary had, to the north, bordered the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a constituent part of Austria's Cisleithania."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the end of World War I and the Treaties of Trianon and Saint Germain, the Carpathian region of the former Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) in Austria-Hungary had, to the north, bordered the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a constituent part of Austria's Cisleithania."}, {"id": "Q41749", "label": "Joseph Goebbels", "section": "lead", "says": "Six months after Hungary occupied the remainder of Carpathian Rus', in September 1939, in the wake of the German invasion of Poland, the Polish government and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers, airmen, and ground crews, including Stanisław Maczek's 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade, as well as volunteers (collectively known as \"Sikorski's tourists\" by reference to an official statement by Joseph G"}, {"id": "Q349893", "label": "Milan Hodža", "section": "Background", "says": "The central government in Prague was aware that the delegation should be led by a Slovak and considered Milan Hodža or Imrich Karvaš."}, {"id": "Q154346", "label": "Jozef Tiso", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the creation of an autonomous government, Foreign Minister František Chvalkovský proposed its representatives: Jozef Tiso or Ferdinand Ďurčanský."}], "Q2288144": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Bulgarian wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire which began already in the late 5th century when the Bulgars defeated a 15.000 Roman army led by Magister Aristus (499 AD)."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Bulgarian wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire which began already in the late 5th century when the Bulgars defeated a 15.000 Roman army led by Magister Aristus (499 AD)."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine and First Bulgarian Empire continued to clash over the next century with varying success, until the Bulgarians, led by Krum, inflicted a series of crushing defeats on the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "His son Peter I negotiated another long-lasting peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "lead", "says": "In 971 John I Tzimiskes, the Byzantine emperor, subjugated much of the weakening Bulgarian Empire by defeating Boris II and capturing Preslav, the Bulgarian capital."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the end of his rule, the Byzantines regained the upper hand, and under Basil II they won the Battle of Kleidion and completely conquered Bulgaria in 1018."}, {"id": "Q584047", "label": "Battle of Kleidion", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the end of his rule, the Byzantines regained the upper hand, and under Basil II they won the Battle of Kleidion and completely conquered Bulgaria in 1018."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "After the army of the Fourth Crusade conquered Constantinople in 1204, Kaloyan, the Bulgarian emperor, tried to establish friendly relations with the crusaders."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the newly created Latin Empire spurned any offer of alliance with the Bulgarians."}], "Q23835355": [{"id": "Q19581", "label": "Rafael Correa", "section": "lead", "says": "President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency; 13,500 military personnel and police officers were dispatched for recovery operations."}], "Q2444955": [{"id": "Q4516015", "label": "Chimurenga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Rhodesian Civil War, the Second Chimurenga or the Zimbabwe War of Independence, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the unrecognised state of Rhodesia (later the temporary British colony of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, and now the independent Zimbabwe)."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Rhodesian Civil War, the Second Chimurenga or the Zimbabwe War of Independence, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the unrecognised state of Rhodesia (later the temporary British colony of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, and now the independent Zimbabwe)."}, {"id": "Q313424", "label": "Ian Douglas Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict pitted three forces against one another: the Rhodesian white minority-led government of Ian Smith (later the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa); militant African guerillas organisations such as the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), the military wing of Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU); and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary A"}, {"id": "Q318479", "label": "Abel Muzorewa", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict pitted three forces against one another: the Rhodesian white minority-led government of Ian Smith (later the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa); militant African guerillas organisations such as the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), the military wing of Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU); and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary A"}, {"id": "Q890120", "label": "Zimbabwe Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The war and its subsequent Internal Settlement, signed in 1978 by Smith and Muzorewa, led to the implementation of universal suffrage in June 1979 and the end of white minority rule in Rhodesia, which was renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia under a black majority government."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations between the government of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the government of the United Kingdom, and Mugabe and Nkomo's united \"Patriotic Front\" took place at Lancaster House, London in December 1979, and the Lancaster House Agreement was signed."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The Rhodesian government contended that it was defending Western values, Christianity, the rule of law, and democracy by fighting Communists, but it was unwilling to compromise on most political, economic and social inequalities."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The war ended when, at the behest of both South Africa (its major supporter) and the United States, the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government ceded power to Britain in the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The war ended when, at the behest of both South Africa (its major supporter) and the United States, the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government ceded power to Britain in the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979."}, {"id": "Q10707", "label": "Robert Mugabe", "section": "Background", "says": "The new government, headed by Robert Mugabe, was recognised internationally, and the country was renamed Zimbabwe."}], "Q244939": [{"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The February 28 incident (also called the February 28 massacre, the 228 incident, or the 228 massacre) was an anti-government uprising in Taiwan in 1947 that was violently suppressed by the Kuomintang–led Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC)."}, {"id": "Q188408", "label": "Chen Yi", "section": "lead", "says": "Directed by provincial governor Chen Yi and president Chiang Kai-shek, thousands of civilians were killed beginning on February 28."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Directed by provincial governor Chen Yi and president Chiang Kai-shek, thousands of civilians were killed beginning on February 28."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1945, following the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, the Allies handed administrative control of Taiwan over to China, thus ending 50 years of Japanese colonial rule."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "lead", "says": "Two years later, and for 38 years thereafter, the island would be placed under martial law in a period known as the \"White Terror\"."}, {"id": "Q315528", "label": "Lee Teng-hui", "section": "lead", "says": "President Lee Teng-hui became the first president to discuss the incident publicly on its anniversary in 1995."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War II, Taiwan was placed under the administrative control of the Republic of China to provide stability until a permanent arrangement could be made."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Now that the land has been recovered, the people who originally had the nationality of our country shall, effective on 25 December 1945, resume the nationality of our country.\" However, the governments of two of the allied powers, the United Kingdom and the United States, made it clear that they did not agree with Chinese government's unilateral proclamation about changing the territorial sovereig"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Now that the land has been recovered, the people who originally had the nationality of our country shall, effective on 25 December 1945, resume the nationality of our country.\" However, the governments of two of the allied powers, the United Kingdom and the United States, made it clear that they did not agree with Chinese government's unilateral proclamation about changing the territorial sovereig"}], "Q247253": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khe Sanh (21 January – 9 July 1968) was conducted in the Khe Sanh area of northwestern Quảng Trị Province, Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khe Sanh (21 January – 9 July 1968) was conducted in the Khe Sanh area of northwestern Quảng Trị Province, Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q298793", "label": "William Westmoreland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "James Marino wrote that in 1964, General William Westmoreland, the US commander in Vietnam, had determined, \"Khe Sanh could serve as a patrol base blocking enemy infiltration from Laos; a base for... operations to harass the enemy in Laos; an airstrip for reconnaissance to survey the Ho Chi Minh Trail; a western anchor for the defenses south of the DMZ; and an eventual jumping-off point for ground"}], "Q28365": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lamian War or the Hellenic War (323–322 BC), was an unsuccessful attempt by Athens and a large coalition of Greek states to end the hegemony of Macedonia over Greece just after the death of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lamian War or the Hellenic War (323–322 BC), was an unsuccessful attempt by Athens and a large coalition of Greek states to end the hegemony of Macedonia over Greece just after the death of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "This decree meant that Athens had to surrender the island of Samos, colonised by Athenian clerurchs since 365 BC, while the Aetolian League had to leave Oiniadai, taken c.330 BC."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greeks were initially successful under their Athenian commander-in-chief Leosthenes, who managed to besiege Antipater, the Macedonian general in Europe, in the city of Lamia, which gave its name to the war."}, {"id": "Q983668", "label": "Cleitus the White", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the arrival of a large Macedonian fleet commanded by Cleitus the White from the Levant turned the tide in favour of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "At the head of a large merged army, Antipater defeated the Greeks in Thessaly at the Battle of Krannon, after which he received the surrender of every city-state in central Greece."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "lead", "says": "While Antipater was turning his forces west to deal with the Aetolian League, the last member of the Greek alliance still fighting, he was called back to Asia by the beginning of the Wars of the Diadochi between Alexander's generals."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 338 BC, the Macedonian king Philip II defeated a coalition of Greek states led by Thebes and Athens at the battle of Chaeronea."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "Background", "says": "He then forced the Greeks into an hegemonic alliance called the League of Corinth in order to secure his back while he started a war of conquest against the Persian empire, but resentment remained high among the Greeks."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 335 Thebes revolted at the news that the new Macedonian king Alexander III had died, but he acted quickly and razed Thebes to the ground."}], "Q300879": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Downfall was the proposed plan by United States and British Empire forces for the invasion of the Japanese home islands near the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Downfall was the proposed plan by United States and British Empire forces for the invasion of the Japanese home islands near the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Downfall was the proposed plan by United States and British Empire forces for the invasion of the Japanese home islands near the end of World War II."}], "Q315921": [{"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thirteen Years' War (German: Dreizehnjähriger Krieg; Polish: wojna trzynastoletnia), also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict fought in 1454–1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thirteen Years' War (German: Dreizehnjähriger Krieg; Polish: wojna trzynastoletnia), also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict fought in 1454–1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, this tension led to an uprising by the Prussian Confederation representing the Prussian nobility and cities, who sought the protection of the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1454 Poland was in conflict with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which meant that although Casimir IV was Grand Duke of Lithuania as well as King of Poland, Lithuania sent no aid during the war to Poland and, aside from a few ineffective raids, did not participate during the conflict."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1454 Poland was in conflict with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which meant that although Casimir IV was Grand Duke of Lithuania as well as King of Poland, Lithuania sent no aid during the war to Poland and, aside from a few ineffective raids, did not participate during the conflict."}, {"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The southern border of Poland was more or less secure because of the weakness of the Bohemian lands, which resulted from the Hussite Wars."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "France and England were too weakened after the Hundred Years' War, and England was also embroiled in civil war, the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "Background", "says": "France and England were too weakened after the Hundred Years' War, and England was also embroiled in civil war, the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duke of Burgundy, Flanders, and the Netherlands, Philip the Good, was more interested in creating an independent Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duke of Burgundy, Flanders, and the Netherlands, Philip the Good, was more interested in creating an independent Kingdom of Burgundy."}], "Q327099": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the Tunisian campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Axis forces, led by Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, were primarily from the Afrika Korps Assault Group, the Italian Centauro Armored Division and two Panzer divisions detached from the 5th Panzer Army."}, {"id": "Q2707601", "label": "Lloyd Fredendall", "section": "lead", "says": "II Corps (Major General Lloyd Fredendall), the British 6th Armoured Division (Major General Charles Keightley) and other parts of the First Army (Lieutenant General Kenneth Anderson)."}, {"id": "Q259769", "label": "Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson", "section": "lead", "says": "II Corps (Major General Lloyd Fredendall), the British 6th Armoured Division (Major General Charles Keightley) and other parts of the First Army (Lieutenant General Kenneth Anderson)."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "Background", "says": "U.S. and British forces landed at several points along the coast of French Morocco and Algeria on November 8, 1942, during Operation Torch."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "This came only days after the breakthrough of the British Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery) following the Second Battle of El Alamein."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "Background", "says": "This came only days after the breakthrough of the British Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery) following the Second Battle of El Alamein."}, {"id": "Q57134", "label": "Albert Kesselring", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On February 18, Rommel submitted his proposals to Albert Kesselring, who forwarded them with his blessing to the Comando Supremo in Rome."}], "Q41894": [{"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815, between the British Army under Major General Sir Edward Pakenham and the United States Army under Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, roughly 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the current suburb of Chalmette, Louisiana."}, {"id": "Q1500063", "label": "Louisiana Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the climax of the five-month Gulf Campaign (September 1814 to February 1815) by Britain to try to take New Orleans, West Florida, and possibly the Louisiana Territory which began at the First Battle of Fort Bowyer."}, {"id": "Q1324198", "label": "Treaty of Ghent", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place 15 days after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812, on December 24, 1814, though it would not be ratified by the United States (and therefore did not take effect) until February 16, 1815, as news of the agreement had not yet reached the United States from Europe."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place 15 days after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812, on December 24, 1814, though it would not be ratified by the United States (and therefore did not take effect) until February 16, 1815, as news of the agreement had not yet reached the United States from Europe."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place 15 days after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812, on December 24, 1814, though it would not be ratified by the United States (and therefore did not take effect) until February 16, 1815, as news of the agreement had not yet reached the United States from Europe."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "There was a major concern that the British and their Spanish allies wanted to reclaim the territories of the Louisiana Purchase because they did not recognize any land deals made by Napoleon (starting with the 1800 Spanish cession of Louisiana to France, followed by the 1804 French sale of Louisiana to the United States)."}], "Q4205368": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of Judaea against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE."}, {"id": "Q202578", "label": "First Jewish-Roman War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was driven by Jewish aspirations to restore the political independence lost when Rome conquered the Hasmonean kingdom, and unfolded over three major uprisings: the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), the Kitos War (116–118 CE) and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)."}, {"id": "Q334502", "label": "Bar Kokhba revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was driven by Jewish aspirations to restore the political independence lost when Rome conquered the Hasmonean kingdom, and unfolded over three major uprisings: the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), the Kitos War (116–118 CE) and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)."}, {"id": "Q6254", "label": "Diaspora Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians also include the Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE) which coincided with the Kitos War, when Jewish communities across the Eastern Mediterranean rose up against Roman rule."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "As Jewish life in Judaea became untenable, two major shifts occurred: within the Land of Israel, the cultural center shifted northward to Galilee, while internationally, Babylonia and other diaspora communities across the Mediterranean and Near East gained unprecedented importance, eventually comprising the majority of the Jewish population."}, {"id": "Q266591", "label": "Salome Alexandra", "section": "Background", "says": "That year, the Roman general Pompey intervened in a succession war between brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, who were fighting for the throne following the death of their mother, Queen Salome Alexandra."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "Fifteen years later, Julius Caesar visited the region and improved Jewish status, restoring some territories to Jewish control and appointing Hyrcanus as ethnarch."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "Background", "says": "After his death in 4 BCE, his realm was divided among his sons: Archelaus became ethnarch of Judaea, Samaria, and Idumaea, while Herod Antipas governed Galilee and Perea."}, {"id": "Q371624", "label": "Judas of Galilee", "section": "Background", "says": "In 6 CE, Quirinius, the governor of Syria, conducted a census in Judaea, triggering an uprising led by Judas of Galilee."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "Background", "says": "Judas led what Josephus described as the 'fourth philosophy,' rejecting Roman rule and affirmed God's sole kingship."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "Background", "says": "Although initially pacified (the years between 7 and 26 being relatively quiet), the province continued to be a source of trouble under Emperor Caligula (after 37)."}], "Q504739": [{"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pydna took place in 168 BC between Rome and Macedon during the Third Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q207363", "label": "Perseus of Macedon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Third Macedonian War started in 171 BC, after a number of acts on the part of King Perseus of Macedon incited Rome to declare war."}, {"id": "Q2347053", "label": "Battle of Callinicus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the end of the year, the tide changed dramatically and Perseus had gained a success at the Battle of Callinicus and regained most of his losses, including the important religious city of Dion."}, {"id": "Q703580", "label": "Lucius Aemilius Paullus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The next year, command of the Roman expeditionary force passed to Lucius Aemilius Paullus, an experienced soldier who was one of the consuls for the year."}, {"id": "Q503320", "label": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To force Perseus from his position, Paullus sent a small force (8,200 foot and 120 horse) under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum to the coast, a feint to convince Perseus that he was attempting a riverborne flanking maneuver."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The night before the battle there was a lunar eclipse, which was perceived by the Macedonians as an ill omen; according to Plutarch, they interpreted it as a sign of their king's demise."}], "Q52967": [{"id": "Q211274", "label": "Polish People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The first of several massive protests against the communist government of the Polish People's Republic took place in Poznań from 28 to 30 June 1956."}, {"id": "Q1361127", "label": "Stanislav Poplavsky", "section": "lead", "says": "About 400 tanks and 10,000 soldiers of the Polish People's Army and the Internal Security Corps under the command of the Polish-Soviet general Stanislav Poplavsky were ordered to suppress the demonstration and during the pacification fired at the protesting civilians."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Nikita Khrushchev's speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences had wide implications both inside the Soviet Union and in other communist countries."}, {"id": "Q55832", "label": "Bolesław Bierut", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Poland's hardline Communist leader Bolesław Bierut on 12 March 1956—allegedly from shock at the content of the Secret Speech—gave further fuel to the movement for change."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "It promoted discussions about Polish independence, questioned the efficiency of the state controlled economy, and government disdain and even persecution of World War II veterans of Polish Armed Forces in the West and Armia Krajowa."}], "Q584047": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kleidion (Ancient Greek: Κλειδίον; or Clidium, after the medieval name of the village of Klyuch, lit. 'key'; also known as the Battle of Belasitsa) took place on 29 July 1014, between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kleidion (Ancient Greek: Κλειδίον; or Clidium, after the medieval name of the village of Klyuch, lit. 'key'; also known as the Battle of Belasitsa) took place on 29 July 1014, between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the culmination of the nearly half-century struggle between the Byzantine Emperor Basil II and the Bulgarian emperor Samuel in the late 10th and early 11th centuries."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the engagement did not end the First Bulgarian Empire, the Battle of Kleidion reduced its ability to resist Byzantine advances, and it has been considered the pivotal encounter of the war with Byzantium."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 968, Bulgaria was invaded from the north by the Kievan prince Sviatoslav."}, {"id": "Q270740", "label": "Samuel of Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Opposing him were the western Bulgarians, now led by Samuel of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q2712928", "label": "Battle of Spercheios", "section": "Background", "says": "However, his invasion of southern Greece, that reached as far as Corinth, resulted in a major defeat in the Battle of Spercheios in 996."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1005, Basil had regained control of Thessaly and parts of southern Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1005, Basil had regained control of Thessaly and parts of southern Macedonia."}], "Q157548": [{"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Bavarian Succession (German: Bayerischer Erbfolgekrieg; 3 July 1778 – 13 May 1779) was a dispute between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia over succession to the Electorate of Bavaria after the extinction of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Bavarian Succession (German: Bayerischer Erbfolgekrieg; 3 July 1778 – 13 May 1779) was a dispute between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia over succession to the Electorate of Bavaria after the extinction of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach."}, {"id": "Q57841", "label": "Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 December 1777, Maximilian III Joseph, the last of the junior Wittelsbach line, died of smallpox, leaving no children."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "For King Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph's claim threatened Prussian influence in German politics, but he questioned whether he should preserve the status quo through war, diplomacy, or trade."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Holy Roman emperors had been elected from the House of Habsburg for most of the previous three centuries."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles VI arranged a marriage of his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, to Francis III of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "Francis relinquished the Duchy of Lorraine neighbouring France in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to make himself a more appealing candidate for eventual election as emperor."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "Background", "says": "Francis relinquished the Duchy of Lorraine neighbouring France in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to make himself a more appealing candidate for eventual election as emperor."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On paper, many heads of state and, most importantly, the rulers of the German states of the Holy Roman Empire, accepted the Pragmatic Sanction and the idea of Francis as the next emperor."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "Two key exceptions, the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Saxony, held important electoral votes and could impede or even block Francis' election."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "During the subsequent War of the Austrian Succession, he successfully captured Prague, where he was crowned King of Bohemia."}], "Q158054": [{"id": "Q1248722", "label": "Third Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lissa (also known as the Battle of Vis; Croatian: Bitka kod Visa) was fought on 20 July 1866 between the Italian and Austrian navies near the island of Lissa in the Adriatic Sea during the Third Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q310509", "label": "Wilhelm von Tegetthoff", "section": "lead", "says": "An Italian fleet under Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano engaged an Austrian fleet led by Vice-Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff in an attempt to break Austria's naval dominance in the Adriatic."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly before the Italians were ready to resume the offensive, the French emperor Napoleon III telegraphed the Italians on the night of 4 July that Austria had offered to cede Veneto to him on the basis of an armistice in order to return it to Italy."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Napoleon III's own plans were thwarted by the news of the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Königgrätz."}], "Q159072": [{"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ulm on 16–20 October 1805 was a series of skirmishes, at the end of the Ulm campaign, which allowed Napoleon I to trap an entire Austrian army under the command of Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich with minimal losses and to force its surrender near Ulm in the Electorate of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Bavarians allied with France, an Austrian army of 72,000 men under Karl Mack von Leiberich prematurely invaded Bavaria while the nearest Russian troops were still marching through Poland."}, {"id": "Q93489", "label": "Karl Mack von Leiberich", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Bavarians allied with France, an Austrian army of 72,000 men under Karl Mack von Leiberich prematurely invaded Bavaria while the nearest Russian troops were still marching through Poland."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon had 177,000 troops of the Grande Armée at Boulogne, ready to invade England."}, {"id": "Q1960626", "label": "Battle of Wertingen", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 October, Franz Xaver von Auffenberg's division was cut to pieces by Joachim Murat's Cavalry Corps and Jean Lannes' V Corps at the Battle of Wertingen."}, {"id": "Q771598", "label": "Battle of Haslach-Jungingen", "section": "Background", "says": "His army was blocked by Pierre Dupont de l'Etang's VI Corps division and some cavalry in the Battle of Haslach-Jungingen on 11 October."}], "Q163236": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rastatt was a peace treaty between France and Austria that was concluded on 7 March 1714 in the Baden city of Rastatt to end the War of the Spanish Succession between both countries."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed the Treaty of Utrecht of 11 April 1713, which had ended hostilities between France and Spain, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, on the other."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed the Treaty of Utrecht of 11 April 1713, which had ended hostilities between France and Spain, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, on the other."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "A third treaty at Baden, Switzerland, was required to end the hostilities between France and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A third treaty at Baden, Switzerland, was required to end the hostilities between France and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q158654", "label": "Claude Louis Hector de Villars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rastatt was negotiated by Marshal of France, Claude Louis Hector de Villars, and the Austrian Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rastatt was negotiated by Marshal of France, Claude Louis Hector de Villars, and the Austrian Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Great Britain feared a possible personal union of Austria and Spain under the Emperor Charles VI, who took the imperial throne in 1711 and claimed the Spanish throne, since that would shift the European balance of power toward the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After those defeats, Emperor Charles VI accepted an offer by Louis XIV of France to reopen negotiations."}], "Q164393": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "They ended the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance, which included the Dutch Republic, the Holy Roman Empire, England, Scotland, and Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "One of a series of wars fought by Louis XIV of France between 1666 and 1714, neither side was able to make significant territorial gains."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations were delayed by the question of who would inherit the Spanish Empire from the childless and terminally ill Charles II of Spain, the closest heirs being Louis and Emperor Leopold I."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations were delayed by the question of who would inherit the Spanish Empire from the childless and terminally ill Charles II of Spain, the closest heirs being Louis and Emperor Leopold I."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "He finally did so with great reluctance on 30 October 1697, but the Peace was generally viewed as a truce; Charles' death in 1700 led to the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "In Europe, France evacuated several territories it had occupied since the 1679 Treaty of Nijmegen, including Freiburg, Breisach and the Duchy of Lorraine; conversely, it retained Strasbourg."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Background", "says": "Although fighting largely ended in Europe after 1695, the subsidiary conflict known as King William's War continued in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Although fighting largely ended in Europe after 1695, the subsidiary conflict known as King William's War continued in the Americas."}], "Q18937": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mesopotamian campaign or Mesopotamian front (Turkish: Irak Cephesi) was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the British Empire, with troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from the British Raj, and the Central Powers, primarily the Ottoman Empire, over control of Ottoman Iraq."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mesopotamian campaign or Mesopotamian front (Turkish: Irak Cephesi) was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the British Empire, with troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from the British Raj, and the Central Powers, primarily the Ottoman Empire, over control of Ottoman Iraq."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mesopotamian campaign or Mesopotamian front (Turkish: Irak Cephesi) was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the British Empire, with troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from the British Raj, and the Central Powers, primarily the Ottoman Empire, over control of Ottoman Iraq."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mesopotamian campaign or Mesopotamian front (Turkish: Irak Cephesi) was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the British Empire, with troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from the British Raj, and the Central Powers, primarily the Ottoman Empire, over control of Ottoman Iraq."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mesopotamian campaign or Mesopotamian front (Turkish: Irak Cephesi) was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the British Empire, with troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from the British Raj, and the Central Powers, primarily the Ottoman Empire, over control of Ottoman Iraq."}, {"id": "Q1286106", "label": "Fao Landing", "section": "lead", "says": "It started after the British Fao Landing in 1914, which sought to protect Anglo-Persian Oil Company oil fields in Khuzestan province and the Shatt al-Arab waterway."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Iraq and further partition of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q4872358", "label": "Battle of Shaiba", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the landings, British forces won a string of victories along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, including the repulse of an Ottoman attempt to retake Basra at the Battle of Shaiba."}, {"id": "Q815166", "label": "Siege of Kut", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Kut led to the defeat of the British force, later called \"the worst defeat of the Allies in World War I\"."}, {"id": "Q62450", "label": "Wilhelm Souchon", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 October 1914, Ottoman warships commanded by the German admiral Wilhelm Souchon, bombarded several Russian Black Sea ports, prompting a Russian declaration of war on 2 November 1914, with Britain and France following suit on 5 November."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "With the Ottoman Empire now at war with the principal allied powers, its priorities included the Caucasus Campaign against Russia, with the Ottoman war minister, Enve"}], "Q195378": [{"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Nepalese War (1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816), also known as the Gorkha War, was fought between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal."}, {"id": "Q2003866", "label": "Sugauli Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with the Treaty of Sugauli."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1801, the Company established a British Residency in Kathmandu to seek a stronger hold over the region."}, {"id": "Q574450", "label": "Prithvi Narayan Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "The Shah era of Nepal began with the Gorkha King Prithvi Narayan Shah invading Kathmandu Valley, which consisted of the capital of the Malla confederacy."}], "Q196409": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Livonian crusade consisted of the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – modern Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal-sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12th–13th century."}], "Q1993848": [{"id": "Q1207604", "label": "Namibian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The South African Border War, also known as the Namibian War of Independence, and sometimes denoted in South Africa as the Angolan Bush War, was a largely asymmetric conflict that occurred in Namibia (then South West Africa), Zambia, and Angola from 26 August 1966 to 21 March 1990."}, {"id": "Q12055176", "label": "Angolan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The South African Border War was closely intertwined with the Angolan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following several years of unsuccessful petitioning through the United Nations and the International Court of Justice for Namibian independence from South Africa, SWAPO formed the PLAN in 1962 with material assistance from the Soviet Union and sympathetic African states such as Tanzania, Ghana, and Algeria."}, {"id": "Q386051", "label": "Battle of Cuito Cuanavale", "section": "lead", "says": "The state of war between South Africa and Angola briefly ended with the short-lived Lusaka Accords, but resumed in August 1985 as both PLAN and UNITA took advantage of the ceasefire to intensify their own guerrilla activity, leading to a renewed phase of FAPLA combat operations culminating in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The South African Border War was virtually ended by the Tripartite Accord, mediated by the United States, which committed to a withdrawal of Cuban and South African military"}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The increasing likelihood of armed conflict in South West Africa had strong international foreign policy implications, for both Western Europe and the Soviet bloc."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "South Africa's participation in the Korean War produced a significant warming of relations between Malan and the United States, despite American criticism of apartheid."}], "Q2087792": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Adana massacre (Armenian: Ադանայի կոտորած; Turkish: Adana Katliamı) occurred in the Adana vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "lead", "says": "After revolutionary groups had secured the deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the restoration of the Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) in 1908, a military revolt directed against the Committee of Union and Progress seized Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q1399635", "label": "Vahakn Dadrian", "section": "Background", "says": "From this document the historian Vahakn Dadrian culls the text:\n\nThe Turks, masters for centuries, found their great stumbling block in equality with the Christians..."}, {"id": "Q3246667", "label": "Abdul Hamid", "section": "Background", "says": "Abdul Hamid became celebrated, in this context, according to Doughty-Wylie, because he \"had set the fashion of massacres\"."}], "Q233414": [{"id": "Q455424", "label": "Bairam Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "On learning of the loss, Akbar and his guardian Bairam Khan marched to reclaim those territories."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Humayun, the successor of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, had lost his inheritance when he was chased out of India by Sher Shah Suri, who established the Sur Empire in 1540."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "Background", "says": "Humayun, the successor of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, had lost his inheritance when he was chased out of India by Sher Shah Suri, who established the Sur Empire in 1540."}, {"id": "Q373650", "label": "Sur Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Humayun, the successor of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, had lost his inheritance when he was chased out of India by Sher Shah Suri, who established the Sur Empire in 1540."}], "Q327270": [{"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain."}], "Q333463": [{"id": "Q1253", "label": "Ban Ki-moon", "section": "lead", "says": "UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon had initially asked for US$460 million (€420 million) for emergency relief, noting that the flood was the worst disaster he had ever seen."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Causes", "says": "An article in the New Scientist attributed the cause of the exceptional rainfall to \"freezing\" of the jet stream, a phenomenon that reportedly also caused unprecedented heat waves and wildfires in Russia as well as the 2007 United Kingdom floods."}], "Q3778687": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romanian War of Independence (Romanian: Războiul de Independență al României) is the name used in Romanian historiography to refer to the phase of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), in which Romania, fighting on the Russian side of the war, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "4 April] 1877, Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty at Bucharest under which Russian troops were allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition that Russia respected the integrity of Romania."}, {"id": "Q294832", "label": "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", "section": "Background", "says": "Romania had been a widely autonomous principality since 1862, when the personal union of Moldavia and Wallachia under Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza was turned into a full union."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Much like the states of the Holy Roman Empire after 1648, Romania de facto acted as an independent principality."}], "Q385676": [{"id": "Q467337", "label": "Yoshitoshi", "section": "Origin", "says": "In 1467, these conflicts finally led to the Ōnin War between the Eastern Army, led by Hosokawa Katsumoto and including Hatakeyama Masanaga, Shiba Yoshitoshi, and Ashikaga Yoshimi, and the Western Army, led by Yamana Sōzen and including Hatakeyama Yoshinari, Shiba Yoshikado, and Ashikaga Yoshihisa."}], "Q40144": [{"id": "Q57185", "label": "Maximilian von Spee", "section": "lead", "says": "The East Asia Squadron (German: Ostasiengeschwader or Kreuzergeschwader) of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee met and overpowered a British squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock."}, {"id": "Q455022", "label": "Christopher Cradock", "section": "lead", "says": "The East Asia Squadron (German: Ostasiengeschwader or Kreuzergeschwader) of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee met and overpowered a British squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock."}, {"id": "Q160011", "label": "Battle of the Falkland Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Shock at the British losses led the Admiralty to send more ships, including two modern battlecruisers, which in turn destroyed Spee and the majority of his squadron on 8 December at the Battle of the Falkland Islands."}], "Q468293": [{"id": "Q807741", "label": "Barbary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War and the Barbary Coast War, was a conflict during the 1801–1815 Barbary Wars, in which the United States fought against Ottoman Tripolitania."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War and the Barbary Coast War, was a conflict during the 1801–1815 Barbary Wars, in which the United States fought against Ottoman Tripolitania."}, {"id": "Q1529261", "label": "Tripolitania vilayet", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War and the Barbary Coast War, was a conflict during the 1801–1815 Barbary Wars, in which the United States fought against Ottoman Tripolitania."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "lead", "says": "United States president Thomas Jefferson refused to pay this tribute."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Barbary War was the first major American war fought outside the New World, and in the Arab world, besides the American–Algerian War (1785–1795)."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "Background and overview", "says": "Prior to signing of the Treaty of Paris, which formalized the United States' independence from Great Britain, American shipping was protected by France during the revolutionary years under the Treaty of Alliance (1778–83)."}], "Q483039": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Inchon (Korean: 인천 상륙 작전; Hanja: 仁川上陸作戰; MR: Inch'ŏn sangnyuk chakchŏn), also called the Inchon landings, was an amphibious invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations Command."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent UN recapture of Seoul partially severed the KPA's supply lines in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The UN and ROK forces were commanded by General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of the United States Army."}, {"id": "Q18016068", "label": "First Battle of Seoul", "section": "Background", "says": "The city had fallen in the first days of the war in the First Battle of Seoul."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "He also said he decided days after the war began that the battered, demoralized, and under-equipped ROK, many of whom did not support the South Korean government put in power by the United States, could not hold off the KPA even with American support."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "He also faced the challenge that the USMC, reduced in size following World War II, had to rebuild the 1st Marine Division, using elements of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade fighting at Pusan as well as the 1st Marine Regiment and the 7th Marine Regiment, which pulled US Marines from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea to Korea for the task."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Within weeks of the outbreak of the Korean War, the Soviet Union had shipped naval mines to North Korea for use in coastal defense, with Soviet naval mine warfare experts providing technical instruction in laying and employment of the mines to North Korean personnel."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Within weeks of the outbreak of the Korean War, the Soviet Union had shipped naval mines to North Korea for use in coastal defense, with Soviet naval mine warfare experts providing technical instruction in laying and employment of the mines to North Korean personnel."}], "Q504934": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Sea flood of 1953, also known as the Big Flood or East Coast Flood (in England) or as the Flood Disaster (Dutch: Watersnoodramp), was a flood caused by a heavy storm surge in the North Sea that struck low-lying coastal areas of the Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom."}], "Q508258": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1959 Tibetan uprising or Lhasa uprising began on 10 March 1959 as a series of protests in the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, fueled by fears that the government of the People's Republic of China planned to arrest the Dalai Lama."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "Thousands of Tibetans were killed during the 1959 uprising, but the exact number is disputed."}], "Q5084679": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norwegian campaign (8 April – 10 June 1940) involved the attempt by Allied forces to defend northern Norway coupled with the Norwegian military's resistance to the country's invasion by Nazi Germany in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norwegian campaign (8 April – 10 June 1940) involved the attempt by Allied forces to defend northern Norway coupled with the Norwegian military's resistance to the country's invasion by Nazi Germany in World War II."}, {"id": "Q154927", "label": "Haakon VII of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was fought until 10 June 1940 and saw the escape of King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was fought until 10 June 1940 and saw the escape of King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It had moderate success but made a rapid strategic retreat after the Battle of France began in May."}], "Q51651": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rhineland massacres, also known as the German Crusade of 1096 (Hebrew: גזרות תתנ״ו, romanized: Gezērot-Tatnu, lit. 'Edicts of 4856'), were a series of mass murders of Jews in the Rhineland (part of the Holy Roman Empire) which took place in 1096, which is the year 4856 in the Hebrew calendar, which is abbreviated in Hebrew as Hebrew: גזרות תתנ״ו, romanized: taṯnu They were perpetrated by mobs "}, {"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rhineland massacres, also known as the German Crusade of 1096 (Hebrew: גזרות תתנ״ו, romanized: Gezērot-Tatnu, lit. 'Edicts of 4856'), were a series of mass murders of Jews in the Rhineland (part of the Holy Roman Empire) which took place in 1096, which is the year 4856 in the Hebrew calendar, which is abbreviated in Hebrew as Hebrew: גזרות תתנ״ו, romanized: taṯnu They were perpetrated by mobs "}, {"id": "Q311845", "label": "Peter the Hermit", "section": "lead", "says": "Prominent leaders of crusaders involved in the massacres included Peter the Hermit and, especially, Count Emicho."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "Background", "says": "While none of the Crusades explicitly targeted Jews, the fervor for religious war sometimes turned into outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence in Europe, even though both ecclesiastical and secular authorities condemned it."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "Background", "says": "The focus on the Crucifixion of Jesus and the call for violence against enemies of the Christian faith during the Crusades, as exemplified by the preaching of Pope Urban II in 1095–1096 and Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146–1147, was additionally translated into animosity towards Jews."}, {"id": "Q188411", "label": "Bernard of Clairvaux", "section": "Background", "says": "The focus on the Crucifixion of Jesus and the call for violence against enemies of the Christian faith during the Crusades, as exemplified by the preaching of Pope Urban II in 1095–1096 and Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146–1147, was additionally translated into animosity towards Jews."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Background", "says": "These are all viewed \"in the traditional terms of governmental outlawry rather than unbridled popular attacks.\" Also, many movements against Jews (such as forced conversions by King Robert the Pious of France, Richard II of Normandy, and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor around 1007–1012) were suppressed by various popes and bishops."}, {"id": "Q103556", "label": "Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "These are all viewed \"in the traditional terms of governmental outlawry rather than unbridled popular attacks.\" Also, many movements against Jews (such as forced conversions by King Robert the Pious of France, Richard II of Normandy, and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor around 1007–1012) were suppressed by various popes and bishops."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The passions that were aroused within the Catholic community by Pope Urban II's call for the First Crusade had moved the persecution of Jews into a new chapter in history where previous constraints no longer held."}], "Q51846024": [{"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2018 Armenian Revolution, most commonly known in Armenia as #MerzhirSerzhin (Armenian: #ՄերժիրՍերժին, lit. '#RejectSerzh'), was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament – Nikol Pashinyan (head of the Civil Contract party)."}], "Q569287": [{"id": "Q551521", "label": "Licio Gelli", "section": "lead", "says": "Investigations in the 2020s, following prosecutions from the Bologna Corte d'Assise, declared Licio Gelli, along with other members of the masonic lodge and secret society Propaganda Due, as the mastermind behind the massacre."}], "Q606621": [{"id": "Q467477", "label": "Nikola Šubić Zrinski", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the defending forces of the Habsburg monarchy under the leadership of Nikola IV Zrinski, the former Ban of Croatia, and the invading Ottoman army under the nominal command of Sultan Suleiman."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Vienna was not threatened again until the Battle of Vienna in 1683."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "lead", "says": "The importance of the battle was considered so great that the French clergyman and statesman Cardinal Richelieu was reported to have described it as \"the battle that saved (Western) civilization\"."}], "Q60963": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a result of expansionist policy by the Bolsheviks, who aimed to control as much as possible of the lands which had been part of the former Russian Empire until the turbulent events of the First World War, as well as the revolutionary efforts of mostly Russian-based Georgian Bolsheviks, who did not have sufficient support in their native country to seize power without external inte"}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was largely engineered by two influential Georgian-born Soviet officials, Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who on 14 February 1921 received the consent of Russian leader Vladimir Lenin to advance into Georgia, on the pretext of supporting the alleged \"peasants' and workers' rebellion\" in the country."}, {"id": "Q259843", "label": "Sergo Ordzhonikidze", "section": "lead", "says": "It was largely engineered by two influential Georgian-born Soviet officials, Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who on 14 February 1921 received the consent of Russian leader Vladimir Lenin to advance into Georgia, on the pretext of supporting the alleged \"peasants' and workers' rebellion\" in the country."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was largely engineered by two influential Georgian-born Soviet officials, Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who on 14 February 1921 received the consent of Russian leader Vladimir Lenin to advance into Georgia, on the pretext of supporting the alleged \"peasants' and workers' rebellion\" in the country."}, {"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian forces took the Georgian capital Tbilisi (then known as Tiflis to most non-Georgian speakers) after heavy fighting and declared the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 25 February 1921."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution that began in Russia in 1917, Georgia effectively became independent."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1918 it joined with Armenia and Azerbaijan to form the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, but left after one month and declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia on 26 May, followed the next day by both Armenia and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1918 it joined with Armenia and Azerbaijan to form the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, but left after one month and declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia on 26 May, followed the next day by both Armenia and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1918 it joined with Armenia and Azerbaijan to form the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, but left after one month and declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia on 26 May, followed the next day by both Armenia and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgia engaged in small conflicts with its neighbouring states as it attempted to establish its borders, though it was able to maintain independence and de facto international recognition throughout the Russian Civil War, including being recognized by Soviet Russia in the Treaty of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "Prelude to the war", "says": "The Sovietization of the Caucasus appeared to Bolshevik leaders to be a task which would be easier to achieve while the Allied powers were preoccupied with the Turkish War of Independence; furthermore, the Ankara-based Turkish national government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had expressed its full commitment to close co-operation with Moscow, promising to compel \"Georgia ... and Azerbaijan ... to ente"}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "Prelude to the war", "says": "The Sovietization of the Caucasus appeared to Bolshevik leaders to be a task which would be easier to achieve while the Allied powers were preoccupied with the Turkish War of Independence; furthermore, the Ankara-based Turkish national government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had expressed its full commitment to close co-operation with Moscow, promising to compel \"Georgia ... and Azerbaijan ... to ente"}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "Prelude to the war", "says": "The Sovietization of the Caucasus appeared to Bolshevik leaders to be a task which would be easier to achieve while the Allied powers were preoccupied with the Turkish War of Independence; furthermore, the Ankara-based Turkish national government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had expressed its full commitment to close co-operation with Moscow, promising to compel \"Georgia ... and Azerbaijan ... to ente"}], "Q631795": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalmar War (1611–1613) was fought between Denmark–Norway and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52939", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1607, Charles IX of Sweden declared himself \"King of the Lapps in Nordland\" and began \"collecting\" taxes in Norwegian territory, even south of Tromsø."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "King Charles IX of Sweden ignored the protests of King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway."}], "Q657661": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mozambican Civil War (Portuguese: Guerra Civil Moçambicana) was a civil war fought in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992 due to a combination of local strife and the polarizing effects of Cold War politics."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "RENAMO opposed FRELIMO's attempts to establish a socialist one-party state, and was heavily backed by the anti-communist governments of Rhodesia and South Africa who supported them in order to undermine FRELIMO's support for militant nationalist organisations in their own countries."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "RENAMO opposed FRELIMO's attempts to establish a socialist one-party state, and was heavily backed by the anti-communist governments of Rhodesia and South Africa who supported them in order to undermine FRELIMO's support for militant nationalist organisations in their own countries."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Three neighboring states—Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Malawi—eventually deployed troops into Mozambique to defend their own vested economic interests against RENAMO attacks."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mozambican Civil War ended in 1992, following the collapse of support from the Soviet Union and South Africa for FRELIMO and RENAMO, respectively."}, {"id": "Q1568540", "label": "Rome General Peace Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Direct peace talks began around 1990 with the mediation of the Mozambican Church Council and the Italian government; these culminated in the Rome General Peace Accords which formally ended hostilities."}], "Q681712": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gangut (Russian: Гангутское сражение; Finnish: Riilahden taistelu; Finland Swedish: Slaget vid Rilax; Swedish: Sjöslaget vid Hangö udd) took place on 27 JulyJul./ 7 August 1714Greg. during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), in the waters of Riilahti Bay, north of the Hanko Peninsula, near the site of the modern-day city of Hanko (Hangö), Finland, between the Swedish Navy and Imperia"}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Tsar Peter I had begun his offensive in Finland in the spring of 1713."}], "Q728480": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death."}, {"id": "Q252902", "label": "Francisco de Melo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1635, fearing a peace too favorable to the House of Habsburg after a string of Protestant defeats, France decided to intervene directly and declared war on the Habsburgs and Spain, despite France being a Catholic power that had suppressed its own Protestant rebellions."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "An initial invasion of the Spanish Netherlands ended in failure, and the French retreated to their borders."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Background", "says": "December 1642 brought the death of Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to Louis XIII of France, followed by the King's own death on 14 May 1643, when his four-year-old son Louis XIV inherited the throne."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "December 1642 brought the death of Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to Louis XIII of France, followed by the King's own death on 14 May 1643, when his four-year-old son Louis XIV inherited the throne."}, {"id": "Q1740516", "label": "Battle of Honnecourt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Honnecourt in May 1642 had opened the way towards Paris, and the renowned Spanish Army of Flanders advanced through the Ardennes into northern France with 27,000 men in the hope of relieving pressure on Catalonia and in Franche-Comté."}], "Q747679": [{"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place simultaneously with the land battle at Thermopylae, in August or September 480 BC, off the coast of Euboea and was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens, Corinth and others, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place simultaneously with the land battle at Thermopylae, in August or September 480 BC, off the coast of Euboea and was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens, Corinth and others, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece, which had been ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "lead", "says": "The Athenian general Themistocles proposed that the Allied Greeks block the advance of the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae and simultaneously block the Persian navy at the Straits of Artemisium."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "Fearing being trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece."}, {"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, however, saw an Allied army decisively defeat the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, thereby ending the Persian invasion."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "A Thessalian delegation suggested that the allies could muster in the narrow Vale of Tempe, on the borders of Thessaly, and thereby block Xerxes's advance."}], "Q751186": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought December 11–15, 1862, in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, in the eastern theater of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q355444", "label": "Ambrose Burnside", "section": "lead", "says": "Ambrose Burnside and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under Gen."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "A visitor to the battlefield described the battle as a \"butchery\" to U.S. president Abraham Lincoln."}, {"id": "Q216124", "label": "Stonewall Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "Stonewall Jackson to the south but was finally repulsed."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "lead", "says": "Sumner and Joseph Hooker to launch multiple frontal assaults against Lt."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "But when he saw how slowly Burnside was moving (and Confederate president Jefferson Davis expressed reservations about planning for a battle so close to Richmond), he directed all of his army toward Fredericksburg."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Background", "says": "James Longstreet had arrived and Lee placed them on the ridge known as Marye's Heights to the west of town, with Anderson's division on the far left, McLaws's directly behind the town, and Pickett's and Hood's to the right."}], "Q811250": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tambov Rebellion of 1920–1922 was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1343261", "label": "Alexander Stepanovich Antonov", "section": "lead", "says": "In Soviet historiography, the rebellion was referred to as the Antonovschina (\"Antonov's mutiny\"), so named after Alexander Antonov, a former official of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, who opposed the government of the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1904, Alexander Antonov was sentenced to twenty years in prison for blowing up a train, but received an amnesty from the Russian Provisional Government following the February Revolution and returned to his native Tambov, where he served in the local militia in Kirsanov."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The peasants of Tambov largely supported the October Revolution, since Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Land legalized the expropriation of property."}], "Q815116": [{"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "This pivotal siege formed part of what later became known as the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Egypt was ruled by the Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty from 969, independent from the Sunni Abbasid rulers in Baghdad and with a rival Shi'ite caliph—that is successor to the Muslim prophet Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q146465", "label": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "This encouraged Baldwin III of Jerusalem to plan an invasion that was only halted by the payment by Egypt of a tribute of 160,000 gold dinars."}, {"id": "Q311808", "label": "Amalric I of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Shawar asserted his independence and allied with Baldwin's brother and successor Amalric of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q287848", "label": "As-Salih Ismail", "section": "Background", "says": "As Nur al-Din's territories fragmented after his death, Saladin legitimised his ascent through positioning himself as a defender of Sunni Islam subservient to both the Caliph of Baghdad and Nur al-Din's son and successor, As-Salih Ismail al-Malik."}], "Q815233": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tyre was carried out by Alexander the Great in 332 BC during his campaigns against the Persians."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "At first, the Macedonian army was unable to capture the city of Tyre, which was a strategic coastal base on the Mediterranean Sea, through conventional means because it was on an island that was 1 kilometer off the coast of modern-day Lebanon (at the time Phoenicia) and had walls right up to the sea."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the siege, the city held approximately 40,000 people, though the women and children had been evacuated to Carthage, the former Phoenician colony and then Mediterranean power."}], "Q823433": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oregon Treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oregon Treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q649599", "label": "Treaty of 1818", "section": "lead", "says": "The area had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818."}, {"id": "Q2980922", "label": "Columbia District", "section": "Background", "says": "The region west of those mountains was known to the Americans as the Oregon Country and to the British as the Columbia Department or Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company. (Also included in the region was the southern portion of another fur district, New Caledonia.) The treaty provided for joint control of that land for ten years."}, {"id": "Q11881", "label": "John Tyler", "section": "Background", "says": "Presidents John Tyler and James K."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Polk to settle the boundary at the 49th parallel north, American expansionists of the \"All Oregon\" movement called for the annexation of the entire region up to Parallel 54°40′ north, the southern limit of Russian America as established by parallel treaties between the Russian Empire and the United States (1824) and Britain (1825)."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the outbreak of the Mexican–American War in April 1846 diverted U.S. attention and military resources, a compromise was reached in the ongoing negotiations in Washington, D.C., and the matter was then settled by the Polk administration (to the surprise of its own party's hardliners) to avoid a two-war situation, and another war with the formidable military strength of the United Kin"}], "Q83872291": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Both were followed by a second outbreak introduced by travellers and returnees from Europe and the United States between 11 March 2020 and 23 March 2020."}, {"id": "Q132345", "label": "Shinzō Abe", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 January 2020, former prime minister Shinzo Abe established the Japan Anti-Coronavirus National Task Force to oversee the government's response to the pandemic."}], "Q843962": [{"id": "Q202553", "label": "Than Shwe", "section": "lead", "says": "In the event, Senior General Than Shwe remained in power until he retired in 2011 at age 78."}], "Q862751": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, was an action of the American Revolutionary War fought on August 27, 1776, at and near the western edge of Long Island in present-day Brooklyn."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the British in the siege of Boston on March 17, Continental Army commander-in-chief George Washington relocated his army to defend the port city of New York, located at the southern end of Manhattan Island."}, {"id": "Q622130", "label": "Israel Putnam", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On August 24, Washington replaced Sullivan with Israel Putnam who commanded the troops on Long Island."}], "Q871407": [{"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the aftermath of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was intended to settle the Adriatic question, which referred to Italian claims over territories promised to the country in return for its entry into the war against Austria-Hungary, claims that were made on the basis of the 1915 Treaty of London."}, {"id": "Q306696", "label": "Austrian Littoral", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo, Italy, generally redeemed the promises of territorial gains in the former Austrian Littoral by awarding Italy territories generally corresponding to the peninsula of Istria and the former Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, with the addition of the Snežnik Plateau, in addition to what was promised by the London treaty."}, {"id": "Q692946", "label": "Gorizia and Gradisca", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo, Italy, generally redeemed the promises of territorial gains in the former Austrian Littoral by awarding Italy territories generally corresponding to the peninsula of Istria and the former Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, with the addition of the Snežnik Plateau, in addition to what was promised by the London treaty."}, {"id": "Q548114", "label": "Free State of Fiume", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also established the Free State of Fiume, the city-state consisting of the former Austro-Hungarian Corpus separatum that consisted of Rijeka and a strip of coast giving the new state a land border with Italy at Istria."}, {"id": "Q1423581", "label": "Italian Regency of Carnaro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rapallo was also condemned by the Italian general Gabriele d'Annunzio, who previously had seized Rijeka with his troops, establishing there a state known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1917, Italy used the issue of the annexation of Montenegro by Serbia, or the unification of the countries, known as the Montenegrin question, to pressure Serbia into making concessions regarding Italian demands."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Italian representatives at the peace conference were demanding enforcement of the Treaty of London and the additional award of Rijeka, Woodrow Wilson opposed  their demands and put forward his Fourteen Points, which favoured a solution that relied on local self-determination, arguing that the Treaty of London was invalid."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Italian representatives at the peace conference were demanding enforcement of the Treaty of London and the additional award of Rijeka, Woodrow Wilson opposed  their demands and put forward his Fourteen Points, which favoured a solution that relied on local self-determination, arguing that the Treaty of London was invalid."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "Background", "says": "The British prime minister David Lloyd George only supported a free-city status for Zadar and Šibenik, while the French prime minister Georges Clemenceau only supported such a status for Zadar."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "Background", "says": "The British prime minister David Lloyd George only supported a free-city status for Zadar and Šibenik, while the French prime minister Georges Clemenceau only supported such a status for Zadar."}, {"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "Background", "says": "By late 1919, representatives of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, led by former Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and foreign minister Ante Trumbić, could not agree with Italian diplomats on the border question."}, {"id": "Q571638", "label": "Ante Trumbić", "section": "Background", "says": "By late 1919, representatives of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, led by former Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and foreign minister Ante Trumbić, could not agree with Italian diplomats on the border question."}], "Q91129213": [{"id": "Q3099714", "label": "Justin Trudeau", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 1, 2020, in the wake of the attacks, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, following through on a 2019 campaign promise, announced an immediate ban on some 1,500 makes and models of \"military-grade assault-style\" weapons, including two of the five guns used in the attacks."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Wortman obtained the gun illegally within Canada, while the other four guns he used included a Smith & Wesson 5946 handgun stolen from an RCMP officer he had killed and three guns smuggled in from the United States."}], "Q928848": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stolbovo  (Russian: Столбовский мир; Swedish: Freden i Stolbova) was a peace treaty that ended the Ingrian War (Ingermanländska kriget), which had been fought between the Swedish Empire and the Russian Tsardom between 1610 and 1617."}], "Q87473205": [{"id": "Q55439659", "label": "Fahrettin Koca", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 September 2020, Turkish Minister of Health Fahrettin Koca acknowledged that since 29 July, the reported number of cases was limited to symptomatic cases that required monitoring, which was met with rebuke by the Turkish Medical Association."}], "Q922661": [{"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States Air Force (USAF), Navy, and Marine Corps carried out air strikes, code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon, against Libya on 15 April 1986 in retaliation for the West Berlin discotheque bombing ten days earlier, which U.S. president Ronald Reagan blamed on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States Air Force (USAF), Navy, and Marine Corps carried out air strikes, code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon, against Libya on 15 April 1986 in retaliation for the West Berlin discotheque bombing ten days earlier, which U.S. president Ronald Reagan blamed on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The strikes primarily used F-111 Aardvark fighter-bombers, launched from RAF Lakenheath in the United Kingdom, and A-6E Intruder attack aircraft launched from the USS America (CV-66) and USS Coral Sea (CV-43) in the Gulf of Sidra."}, {"id": "Q107957", "label": "Alexander Haig", "section": "Origins", "says": "Secretary of State Alexander Haig wanted to take proactive measures against Gaddafi because he had been using former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operatives (most notably Edwin P."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "Origins", "says": "West Germany and the United States obtained cable transcripts from Libyan agents in East Germany who were involved in the attack."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Origins", "says": "West Germany and the United States obtained cable transcripts from Libyan agents in East Germany who were involved in the attack."}], "Q925960": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates conquered the Byzantine Exarchate of North Africa commencing in 647 and concluding in 709, when the Byzantine Empire lost its last remaining strongholds in the Maghreb to Caliph al-Walid I."}, {"id": "Q423772", "label": "Uqba ibn Nafi", "section": "lead", "says": "After a long interim, campaigns restarted in 665, in 670 Uqba ibn Nafi founded Qayrawan, Abu al-Muhajir Dinar began the pivotal rapprochement policy with the Berbers and their large scale recruitment, Numidia was subjugated and in 683 Uqba pushed all the way to the Atlantic, ultimately being defeated upon his return, reversing all Muslim gains."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "In 694 a new army was sent, taking Carthage and ending the Byzantine presence by 698."}, {"id": "Q301261", "label": "Musa ibn Nusayr", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next decade Musa ibn Nusayr then conquered modern day Algeria and Morocco, began the mass recruitment and Islamization of the Berbers on a scale unseen elsewhere, and set the stage for the 711 conquest of Iberia."}, {"id": "Q603549", "label": "Battle of Nahāvand", "section": "Background", "says": "By 642 AD, under Caliph Umar, Arab Muslim forces had taken control of Mesopotamia (638 AD), Syria (641 AD), Egypt (642 AD), and had invaded Armenia (642 AD), all territories previously split between the warring Byzantine and Sasanian empires, and were concluding their conquest of Sasanian Persia with their defeat of the Persian army at the Battle of Nahāvand."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "In 644 at Medina, Umar was succeeded by Uthman, during whose twelve-year rule Armenia, Cyprus, and all of modern-day Iran, would be added to the expanding Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "With Afghanistan and North Africa being targets of major invasions and Muslim sea raids ranging from Rhodes to the southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, the Byzantine navy was defeated in the eastern Mediterranean."}], "Q931492": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive arms."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive arms."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "lead", "says": "Proposed by U.S. president Ronald Reagan, it was renamed START I after negotiations began on START II."}, {"id": "Q4263317", "label": "Lisbon Protocol", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Lisbon Protocol bound the successor states Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, to the terms of START, as all four were in possession of former Soviet strategic nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Lisbon Protocol bound the successor states Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, to the terms of START, as all four were in possession of former Soviet strategic nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 April 2010, the replacement New START Treaty was signed in Prague by U.S. president Barack Obama and Russian president Dmitry Medvedev."}, {"id": "Q23530", "label": "Dmitry Medvedev", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 April 2010, the replacement New START Treaty was signed in Prague by U.S. president Barack Obama and Russian president Dmitry Medvedev."}, {"id": "Q2002064", "label": "New START", "section": "lead", "says": "However, on 21 February 2023, Russia suspended its participation in New START but it did not withdraw from the treaty, and clarified that it would continue to abide by the numerical limits in the treaty."}], "Q931982": [{"id": "Q808027", "label": "Treaty of Bardo", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Treaty of Fes was modelled after the Treaty of Bardo of 12 May 1881, which made Tunisia a French protectorate and severely limited the Bey's authority."}], "Q932202": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Nicias was a peace treaty signed between the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in March 421 BC that ended the first half of the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q311742", "label": "Brasidas", "section": "Background", "says": "At least 120 were Spartiates, who had recovered by 424 BC, when the Spartan general Brasidas captured Amphipolis."}, {"id": "Q1424844", "label": "Battle of Delium", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same year, the Athenians suffered a major defeat in Boeotia at the Battle of Delium, and in 422 BC, they were defeated again at the Battle of Amphipolis in their attempt to take back that city."}, {"id": "Q637544", "label": "Battle of Amphipolis", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same year, the Athenians suffered a major defeat in Boeotia at the Battle of Delium, and in 422 BC, they were defeated again at the Battle of Amphipolis in their attempt to take back that city."}, {"id": "Q670128", "label": "Battle of Pylos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Athenian regretted not reaching an agreement earlier when a favourable opportunity for a peace treaty was offered by Sparta during the Battle of Pylos."}], "Q932613": [{"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "Background", "says": "The breakdown of the 1420 Treaty of Troyes began the final stage of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The breakdown of the 1420 Treaty of Troyes began the final stage of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q160337", "label": "Henry VI of England", "section": "Background", "says": "After three hundred years of Plantagenet rule, though, the citizens of Bordeaux considered themselves as subjects of the English monarch and sent messengers to Henry VI of England demanding that he recapture the province."}, {"id": "Q175971", "label": "Jean Bureau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French army was commanded by committee; Charles VII's ordnance officer Jean Bureau laid out the camp to maximise French artillery strength."}], "Q961430": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was waged between the Ottoman Empire (with the Barbary States)and the Republic of Venice, the latter joined by the Holy League, a coalition of Christian states formed by the pope which included Spain (with Naples and Sicily), the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "It was waged between the Ottoman Empire (with the Barbary States)and the Republic of Venice, the latter joined by the Holy League, a coalition of Christian states formed by the pope which included Spain (with Naples and Sicily), the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was waged between the Ottoman Empire (with the Barbary States)and the Republic of Venice, the latter joined by the Holy League, a coalition of Christian states formed by the pope which included Spain (with Naples and Sicily), the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "It was waged between the Ottoman Empire (with the Barbary States)and the Republic of Venice, the latter joined by the Holy League, a coalition of Christian states formed by the pope which included Spain (with Naples and Sicily), the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was waged between the Ottoman Empire (with the Barbary States)and the Republic of Venice, the latter joined by the Holy League, a coalition of Christian states formed by the pope which included Spain (with Naples and Sicily), the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "lead", "says": "Two months later, at the Battle of Lepanto, the united Christian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet."}, {"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Selim II had made the conquest of the island his first priority even before his accession in 1566, relegating Ottoman aid to the Morisco Revolt against Spain and attacks against Portuguese activities in the Indian Ocean to a secondary priority."}, {"id": "Q298419", "label": "Sokollu Mehmed Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the existing peace treaty with Venice, renewed as recently as 1567, and the opposition of a peace party around Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, the war party at the Ottoman court prevailed."}, {"id": "Q529665", "label": "Lala Kara Mustafa Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sultan's old tutor, Lala Mustafa Pasha, was appointed as commander of the expedition's land"}], "Q967844": [{"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The bombings, together with the 1999 war of Dagestan, triggered the Second Chechen War."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The handling of the crisis by Vladimir Putin, who was prime minister at the time, boosted his popularity greatly and helped him attain the presidency within a few months."}, {"id": "Q193354", "label": "Aslan Maskhadov", "section": "lead", "says": "Chechen militants were blamed for the bombings, but denied responsibility, along with Chechen president Aslan Maskhadov."}, {"id": "Q446865", "label": "Nikolai Patrushev", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, FSB director Nikolai Patrushev announced that the incident in Ryazan had been an anti-terror drill and the device found there contained only sugar, and freed the FSB agents involved."}, {"id": "Q545569", "label": "Sergei Kovalev", "section": "lead", "says": "An independent public commission to investigate the bombings was chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev."}], "Q976827": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The East India Company's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb died in March 1707."}, {"id": "Q544228", "label": "Bahadur Shah I", "section": "Background", "says": "He was succeeded by Bahadur Shah I, but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of Jahandar Shah and later emperors."}, {"id": "Q544182", "label": "Jahandar Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "He was succeeded by Bahadur Shah I, but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of Jahandar Shah and later emperors."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Dost Ali's death sparked a power struggle between his son-in-law Chanda Sahib, supported by the French, and Muhammad Ali, supported by the British."}, {"id": "Q560071", "label": "Joseph François Dupleix", "section": "Background", "says": "One major instigator of the Carnatic wars was the Frenchman Joseph François Dupleix, who arrived in India in 1715, rising to become the French East India Company's governor in 1742."}], "Q1025466": [{"id": "Q294846", "label": "Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The conspirators, numbering 60 individuals and led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, stabbed Caesar approximately 23 times."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These events ultimately culminated in the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus, marking the beginning of the Principate era."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "These events ultimately culminated in the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus, marking the beginning of the Principate era."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "Causes", "says": "Julius Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the Gallic Wars, fully conquering the region of Gaul (roughly equivalent to modern-day France)."}, {"id": "Q2039", "label": "Titus Livius", "section": "Causes", "says": "Roman historian Titus Livius describes three incidents that occurred from 45 to 44 BC as the final causes of Caesar's assassination – the \"three last straws\" as far as some Romans were concerned."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "Causes", "says": "According to Roman historian Cassius Dio, after the Senate had voted to bestow a large number of honors upon Caesar, they decided to present them to him formally, and marched as a senatorial delegation to the Temple of Venus Genetrix."}, {"id": "Q10133", "label": "Suetonius", "section": "Causes", "says": "Roman historian Suetonius wrote (almost 150 years later) that Caesar failed to rise in the temple, either because he was restrained by Lucius Cornelius Balbus (the future consul) or that he balked at the suggestion he should rise."}], "Q1052651": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Madagascar (5 May – 6 November 1942) was an Allied campaign to capture the Vichy French−controlled island Madagascar during World War II."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The seizure of the island by the British was to deny Madagascar's ports to the Imperial Japanese Navy and to prevent the loss or impairment of the Allied shipping routes to India, Australia and Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 December, General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French in London, sent a letter to the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, in which he also urged a Free French operation against Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q696829", "label": "Battle of Dakar", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he also made it clear to planners that he did not feel Britain had the resources to mount such an operation and, following experience in the Battle of Dakar in September 1940, did not want a joint operation launched by British and Free French forces to secure the island."}, {"id": "Q157068", "label": "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma", "section": "Background", "says": "As a preliminary battle outline, Churchill gave the following guidelines to the planners for Operation Bonus:\n\nForce H, the ships guarding the Western Mediterranean, should move south from Gibraltar and should be replaced by an American Task Force\nThe 4,000 men and ships proposed by Lord Mountbatten for the operation should be retained as the nucleus around which the plan should be built\nThe opera"}], "Q383614": [{"id": "Q1196716", "label": "Renya Mutaguchi", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army, Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, enlarged the plan to invade India itself and perhaps even overthrow the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army, Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, enlarged the plan to invade India itself and perhaps even overthrow the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "If the Japanese were able to gain a strong foothold in India they would demonstrate the weakness of the British Empire and provide encouragement to Indian nationalists in their decolonization efforts."}], "Q4142069": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933, also known as the Asharshylyq, was a famine in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, then part of the Soviet Union, during which an estimated 1.3 to 2.3 million people died, the majority of them ethnic Kazakhs."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine was a direct result of Soviet collectivization policies, implemented in Kazakhstan under the authority of First Secretary Filipp Goloshchyokin."}, {"id": "Q4142261", "label": "Filipp Goloshchyokin", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine was a direct result of Soviet collectivization policies, implemented in Kazakhstan under the authority of First Secretary Filipp Goloshchyokin."}, {"id": "Q165058", "label": "Holodomor", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine began in late 1930, a year before the worst phase of the Ukrainian famine, or Holodomor, and lasted through 1933."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Large numbers of survivors fled permanently to China, Afghanistan, and other regions."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "These changes set the stage for further disruptions in the early 20th century, as the region grappled with the aftermath of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "These changes set the stage for further disruptions in the early 20th century, as the region grappled with the aftermath of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "This transition placed the region under the influence of policies enacted by the Soviet government, particularly the first five-year plan implemented under the leadership of Joseph Stalin."}], "Q431205": [{"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in the late summer of 401 BC between the Persian king Artaxerxes II and his brother Cyrus the Younger for control of the Achaemenid throne."}, {"id": "Q297960", "label": "Cyrus the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in the late summer of 401 BC between the Persian king Artaxerxes II and his brother Cyrus the Younger for control of the Achaemenid throne."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "lead", "says": "The main source is Xenophon, a Greek soldier who participated in the fighting."}], "Q475780": [{"id": "Q1142657", "label": "Mōri Terumoto", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, the Toyotomi clan also failed to convince the Mōri clan under the lead of Mōri Terumoto to join their side, Terumoto instead supported the Tokugawa shogunate, as on November 3, Terumoto ordered his vassals Mōri Motochikazu and Motoyuki Sugimori, who were in charge in Mori Hidemoto's absence, to send half of the troops east if Hidemoto asked them to march out to aid the shogunate in fi"}, {"id": "Q313866", "label": "William Adams", "section": "Background", "says": "This incident was reported by William Adams to the shogunate, who purchased the entire quantity of lead on offer."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Later in June, Tokugawa Ieyasu purchased a large amount of cannons, gunpowder, and bullets from British merchants, with Adams acting as the middleman, the prices being 1 kan for cannons, 2.3 bun for gunpowder, and 1.6 bun for bullets."}], "Q503347": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack on Mers-el-Kébir (Battle of Mers-el-Kébir) on 3 July 1940, during the Second World War, was a British naval attack on French Navy ships at the naval base at Mers El Kébir, near Oran, on the coast of French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was the main part of Operation Catapult, a British plan to neutralise or destroy French ships to prevent them from falling into German hands after the Allied defeat in the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q156916", "label": "François Darlan", "section": "lead", "says": "Admiral François Darlan, commander of the French Navy, assured the British, even after the French armistices with Germany and Italy that the fleet would remain under French control."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Philippe Pétain, who was appointed the Prime Minister of France on 16 June, severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 July."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Philippe Pétain, who was appointed the Prime Minister of France on 16 June, severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 July."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 November 1942, after the beginning of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, the French Navy foiled Case Anton, a German and Italian operation to capture its ships at Toulon, by scuttling them."}, {"id": "Q691565", "label": "Case Anton", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 November 1942, after the beginning of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, the French Navy foiled Case Anton, a German and Italian operation to capture its ships at Toulon, by scuttling them."}], "Q516760": [{"id": "Q311265", "label": "Titus Labienus", "section": "lead", "says": "With the military victory at Munda and the deaths of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius (eldest son of Pompey), Caesar was politically able to return in triumph to Rome, and then govern as the elected Roman dictator."}, {"id": "Q1533153", "label": "Gnaeus Pompeius", "section": "lead", "says": "With the military victory at Munda and the deaths of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius (eldest son of Pompey), Caesar was politically able to return in triumph to Rome, and then govern as the elected Roman dictator."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the assassination of Julius Caesar furthered the long Republican decline that led to the Roman Empire, initiated with the reign of the emperor Augustus."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the assassination of Julius Caesar furthered the long Republican decline that led to the Roman Empire, initiated with the reign of the emperor Augustus."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the assassination of Julius Caesar furthered the long Republican decline that led to the Roman Empire, initiated with the reign of the emperor Augustus."}], "Q541506": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prokhorovka was fought on 12 July 1943 near Prokhorovka, 87 kilometres (54 mi) southeast of Kursk, in the Soviet Union, during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place on the Eastern Front, the engagement was part of the wider Battle of Kursk and occurred when the 5th Guards Tank Army of the Soviet Red Army attacked the II SS-Panzer Corps of the German Waffen-SS in one of the largest tank battles in history."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place on the Eastern Front, the engagement was part of the wider Battle of Kursk and occurred when the 5th Guards Tank Army of the Soviet Red Army attacked the II SS-Panzer Corps of the German Waffen-SS in one of the largest tank battles in history."}, {"id": "Q12136088", "label": "Operation Citadel", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1943, the German leadership began preparing for Operation Citadel, with the objective of enveloping and destroying the Soviet forces in the Kursk salient by attacking and breaking through the base of the salient from north and south simultaneously."}, {"id": "Q672571", "label": "Operation Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "After a week of fighting, the Soviets launched their counteroffensives: Operation Kutuzov on the northern side and a coinciding one on the southern side."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1st SS-Panzergrenadier Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler captured Komsomolets State Farm and Hill 241.6."}], "Q543042": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The war involved Latvia (its provisional government supported by Estonia, Poland and the Western Allies—particularly the navies of the United Kingdom and France) against the Russian SFSR and the Bolsheviks' short-lived Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q2300296", "label": "Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The war involved Latvia (its provisional government supported by Estonia, Poland and the Western Allies—particularly the navies of the United Kingdom and France) against the Russian SFSR and the Bolsheviks' short-lived Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This West Russian Volunteer Army (sometimes called the Bermontians) included Germans and former Russian prisoners of war nominally allied with the White Army in the Russian Civil War, but both Bermondt-Avalov and von der Goltz were more interested in eliminating the nationalists than fighting the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "With the assistance of the Second Polish Republic and Estonia, the Latvian forces cleared Latgale from the Soviet forces by February 1920, effectively ending the war until a peace treaty in August 1920."}, {"id": "Q1135598", "label": "Battle of Daugavpils", "section": "lead", "says": "Certain episodes of the Latvian Independence War were also part of the Polish-Soviet War, particularly the Battle of Daugavpils."}], "Q551888": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They began with his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire, which was ruled by Darius III."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "lead", "says": "They began with his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire, which was ruled by Darius III."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite his military accomplishments, Alexander did not establish a stable empire, and his untimely death threw the vast territories he conquered into a series of civil wars known as the Wars of the Diadochi."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander ascended to the throne of Macedon following the assassination of his father, Philip II (r."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "lead", "says": "During his two decade reign, Philip II had unified the poleis or Greek city-states of mainland Greece under the Macedonian led League of Corinth."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "His campaign of conquests which began in Greece spanned across Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greater Iran, Afghanistan, and India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The borders of his Macedonian Empire extended as far east as the city of Taxila in modern-day Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to his death, Alexander had also made plans for a Macedonian military and mercantile expedition into the Arabian Peninsula, after which he planned to turn west to Carthage."}], "Q853685": [{"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first agreement between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic regulating their border on the Karelian Isthmus and parts of modern-day Finland."}, {"id": "Q2619606", "label": "Treaty of Novgorod", "section": "lead", "says": "Three years later, Novgorod signed the Treaty of Novgorod with the Norwegians."}, {"id": "Q690861", "label": "Treaty of Teusina", "section": "lead", "says": "The border between Sweden and Russia did not change until the signing of the Treaty of Teusina in 1595, as all future Russian–Swedish treaties until then confirmed the border."}], "Q870196": [{"id": "Q1456660", "label": "Treaty of Värälä", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was ended by the Treaty of Värälä on 14 August 1790 and took place concomitantly with both the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791), Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) and Theatre War."}, {"id": "Q2096286", "label": "Theater War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was ended by the Treaty of Värälä on 14 August 1790 and took place concomitantly with both the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791), Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) and Theatre War."}, {"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "King Gustav III of Sweden initiated the war for domestic political reasons, hoping to gain support from the opposition."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite forming an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, Sweden failed to secure support from Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The war led to Denmark–Norway declaring war on Sweden, but peace was eventually signed on 9 July 1789 after diplomatic intervention by Great Britain and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q736140", "label": "Battle of Öland", "section": "lead", "says": "Both Swedish and Russian navies engaged in multiple indecisive battles throughout the conflict, such as the Battle of Öland and the First and Second Battle of Svensksund."}, {"id": "Q2578430", "label": "Battle of Svensksund", "section": "lead", "says": "Both Swedish and Russian navies engaged in multiple indecisive battles throughout the conflict, such as the Battle of Öland and the First and Second Battle of Svensksund."}, {"id": "Q2495510", "label": "Battle of Reval", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter naval battle was the biggest success of the Swedes in this war, whereas the greatest Russian success at sea was the Battle of Reval."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Empress Catherine II of Russia, distracted by other conflicts and concerns, also desired peace."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western powers — such as Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Prussia — were alarmed by a string of Russian victories in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) and lobbied for the war in the north, which would have diverted the attention of Catherine II of Russia from the Southern theatre."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "It was at their instigation that Gustav concluded an alliance with the Ottoman Empire in the summer of 1788."}], "Q913604": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Alma (short for Battle of the Alma River) took place during the Crimean War between an allied expeditionary force (made up of French, British, and Ottoman forces) and Russian forces defending the Crimean Peninsula on 20 September 1854."}, {"id": "Q115687", "label": "Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied commanders, Maréchal Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud and Lord Raglan, then marched toward the strategically important port city of Sevastopol, 45 km (28 miles) away."}, {"id": "Q374393", "label": "Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian commander Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov rushed his available forces to the last natural defensive position before the city, the Alma Heights, south of the Alma River."}], "Q934157": [{"id": "Q68478", "label": "Peruvian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish: Batalla de Ayacucho, IPA: [baˈtaʎa ðe aʝaˈkutʃo]) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q189779", "label": "Antonio José de Sucre", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the campaign of Antonio José de Sucre continued through 1825 in Upper Peru, and the siege of the fortresses Chiloé and Callao eventually ended in 1826."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1820, Spain underwent a political upheaval, beginning with a revolt against the king, Ferdinand VII."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Background", "says": "An expedition of 20,000 soldiers was to be sent to Río de la Plata (roughly the present-day territories of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay) to help the royalists of America, but instead, they revolted with the encouragement of General Rafael Riego."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "In the subsequent weeks the revolt spread, and King Ferdinand was forced to restore the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812, which he had suppressed six years earlier."}, {"id": "Q1606520", "label": "Plan of ayala", "section": "Background", "says": "This was done through the Plan of Iguala, which they negotiated with the remaining patriots, and the Treaty of Córdoba, which they negotiated with the new head of government, Juan O'Donojú."}, {"id": "Q767450", "label": "Treaty of Córdoba", "section": "Background", "says": "This was done through the Plan of Iguala, which they negotiated with the remaining patriots, and the Treaty of Córdoba, which they negotiated with the new head of government, Juan O'Donojú."}, {"id": "Q973289", "label": "Juan O’Donojú", "section": "Background", "says": "This was done through the Plan of Iguala, which they negotiated with the remaining patriots, and the Treaty of Córdoba, which they negotiated with the new head of government, Juan O'Donojú."}, {"id": "Q1350251", "label": "Mariano Osorio", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat of the royalist expedition into Chile under Mariano Osorio and advances into Peru made by José de San Martín left Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela politically discredited."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat of the royalist expedition into Chile under Mariano Osorio and advances into Peru made by José de San Martín left Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela politically discredited."}, {"id": "Q379638", "label": "Agustín Gamarra", "section": "Background", "says": "Their first victory came against the patriot army commanded by Domingo Tristán and Agustín Gamarra in campaigns in the Ica Region."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "Background", "says": "The year 1823 ended with De La Serna destroying another patriot army commanded by Andrés de Santa Cruz and Agustín Gamarra in yet another open campaign in Puno, which started with the Battle of Zepita and resulted in the occupation of"}], "Q976887": [{"id": "Q216943", "label": "Jacobo Árbenz", "section": "lead", "says": "The democratically elected Guatemalan president Jacobo Árbenz was deposed in a coup d'état in 1954, marking the end of the Guatemalan Revolution."}, {"id": "Q5614269", "label": "Guatemalan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The democratically elected Guatemalan president Jacobo Árbenz was deposed in a coup d'état in 1954, marking the end of the Guatemalan Revolution."}, {"id": "Q468224", "label": "Carlos Castillo Armas", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup installed the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian rulers in Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q549431", "label": "Jorge Ubico", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guatemalan Revolution began in 1944, after a popular uprising toppled the military dictatorship of Jorge Ubico."}, {"id": "Q881158", "label": "Juan José Arévalo", "section": "lead", "says": "Juan José Arévalo was elected president in Guatemala's first democratic election."}, {"id": "Q223677", "label": "John Foster Dulles", "section": "lead", "says": "Eisenhower was elected U.S. president in 1952, promising to take a harder line against communism, and his staff members John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles had significant links to the United Fruit Company."}, {"id": "Q317243", "label": "Allen Dulles", "section": "lead", "says": "Eisenhower was elected U.S. president in 1952, promising to take a harder line against communism, and his staff members John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles had significant links to the United Fruit Company."}, {"id": "Q34189", "label": "Pablo Neruda", "section": "Genesis and prelude", "says": "Articles published in the U.S. press often reflected this predisposition to see communist influence; for example, a New York Times article about the visit to Guatemala by Chilean poet Pablo Neruda highlighted his communist beliefs, but neglected to mention his reputation as the greatest living poet in Latin America."}, {"id": "Q333365", "label": "Walter Bedell Smith", "section": "Genesis and prelude", "says": "Undersecretary of State Walter Bedell Smith would later become a director of the company, while Eisenhower's personal assistant Ann C."}], "Q105367670": [{"id": "Q3462649", "label": "Min Aung Hlaing", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests in Myanmar, known locally as the Spring Revolution (Burmese: နွေဦးတော်လှန်ရေး, Burmese pronunciation: [nwè.ú.tɔ̀.l̥àɰ̃.jé]), began in early 2021 in opposition to the coup d'état on 1 February, staged by Min Aung Hlaing, the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces, the Tatmadaw."}], "Q1071578": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon occupied Smolensk by driving out Prince Pyotr Bagration's Second Army."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This force of 5,500–7,200 infantry, 1,500 cavalry and 10–14 guns was attacked by 20,000 Frenchmen under Murat and Marshal Michel Ney beginning around 2:30 PM on 14 August."}, {"id": "Q25809", "label": "Battle of Krasnoi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French had multiple excellent chances in the First Battle of Krasnoi to annihilate the Russians but failed to do so."}], "Q1078359": [{"id": "Q7503", "label": "Emperor Bing of Song", "section": "Background", "says": "The imperial court later sought refuge in Lantau Island's Mui Wo, where Zhao Shi eventually died; he was succeeded by his younger sibling, Zhao Bing, who was seven."}], "Q1113659": [{"id": "Q203647", "label": "Harald III of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "King Harald III of Norway, also known as Harald Hardrada, a claimant to the English throne, and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar."}, {"id": "Q345420", "label": "Tostig Godwinson", "section": "lead", "says": "King Harald III of Norway, also known as Harald Hardrada, a claimant to the English throne, and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar."}, {"id": "Q159597", "label": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "Background", "says": "On the day of King Edward's funeral, 6 January, Harold Godwinson, the Earl of Wessex, rushed to London, where he was crowned king in the Abbey of Saint Peter of Westminster, by Ealdred, Archbishop of York."}, {"id": "Q33923", "label": "Saint Peter", "section": "Background", "says": "On the day of King Edward's funeral, 6 January, Harold Godwinson, the Earl of Wessex, rushed to London, where he was crowned king in the Abbey of Saint Peter of Westminster, by Ealdred, Archbishop of York."}, {"id": "Q356298", "label": "Orderic Vitalis", "section": "Background", "says": "The medieval historian Orderic Vitalis has a different version of this story; he says that Tostig travelled to Normandy to enlist the help of William, Duke of Normandy."}], "Q1127337": [{"id": "Q272082", "label": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola", "section": "Background", "says": "Tacitus states that Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who was the Roman governor and Tacitus's father-in-law, had sent his fleet ahead to panic the Caledonians, and, with light infantry reinforced with British auxiliaries, reached the site, which he found occupied by the enemy."}], "Q1160070": [{"id": "Q596373", "label": "Pyrrhic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) was the last battle of the Pyrrhic War."}, {"id": "Q744611", "label": "Battle of Heraclea", "section": "Background", "says": "Pyrrhus won two battles (the Battle of Heraclea and the Battle of Asculum) which were highly wasteful for him because he suffered heavy casualties."}], "Q1163186": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The backdrop of the battle was the unification of Norway into a single independent state after longstanding Danish efforts to control the country, combined with the spread of Christianity in Scandinavia."}, {"id": "Q213801", "label": "Olaf I of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "King Olaf Tryggvason was sailing to, or home from, an expedition in Wendland (Pomerania), when he was ambushed by an alliance of Svein Forkbeard, King of Denmark, Olof Skötkonung (also known as Olaf Eiríksson or Olaf the Swede), King of Sweden, and Eirik Hákonarson, Jarl of Lade."}, {"id": "Q313436", "label": "Olof Skötkonung", "section": "lead", "says": "King Olaf Tryggvason was sailing to, or home from, an expedition in Wendland (Pomerania), when he was ambushed by an alliance of Svein Forkbeard, King of Denmark, Olof Skötkonung (also known as Olaf Eiríksson or Olaf the Swede), King of Sweden, and Eirik Hákonarson, Jarl of Lade."}, {"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "Context", "says": "In traditional historiography the rise of Harald Fairhair in the ninth century started the process of unification of the country and the consolidation of royal power."}, {"id": "Q2084425", "label": "Vingulmark", "section": "Context", "says": "Harald's descendants, and other claimants to the throne, had to contend with strong regional leaders such as the Jarls of Lade in the north and the rulers of Vingulmark in the east, while the kings of Denmark claimed regions in the south and were eager to acquire Norwegian vassals to increase their influence."}, {"id": "Q201041", "label": "Harald Bluetooth", "section": "Context", "says": "In the 970s, Haakon Sigurdsson, Jarl of Lade, became the most powerful man in Norway, at first supported by Harald Bluetooth of Denmark and paying tribute to him—though the two later fell out over religious matters."}, {"id": "Q1288012", "label": "Battle of Nesjar", "section": "Context", "says": "The same interests which clashed in the Battle of Svolder were to divide Norway for decades to come, leading to further major engagements, including the Battle of Nesjar and the Battle of Stiklestad."}, {"id": "Q830878", "label": "Battle of Stiklestad", "section": "Context", "says": "The same interests which clashed in the Battle of Svolder were to divide Norway for decades to come, leading to further major engagements, including the Battle of Nesjar and the Battle of Stiklestad."}, {"id": "Q310999", "label": "Magnus the Good", "section": "Context", "says": "The resolution came in 1035 with the accession of the Norwegian Magnus the Good to the throne of an independent and Christian Norway."}], "Q1342568": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A naval conflict between the Dutch Republic and England, in alliance with France, it is considered a related conflict of the wider 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "A naval conflict between the Dutch Republic and England, in alliance with France, it is considered a related conflict of the wider 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover, Charles II of England agreed to support an attack by Louis XIV of France on the  Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover, Charles II of England agreed to support an attack by Louis XIV of France on the  Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "By doing so, Louis hoped to gain control of the Spanish Netherlands, while Charles sought to restore the damage to his prestige caused by the 1667 Raid on the Medway."}, {"id": "Q331740", "label": "Raid on the Medway", "section": "lead", "says": "By doing so, Louis hoped to gain control of the Spanish Netherlands, while Charles sought to restore the damage to his prestige caused by the 1667 Raid on the Medway."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "In early June, the Anglo-French fleet was badly damaged by the Dutch under Michiel de Ruyter at the Battle of Solebay."}, {"id": "Q1808375", "label": "Battle of Solebay", "section": "lead", "says": "In early June, the Anglo-French fleet was badly damaged by the Dutch under Michiel de Ruyter at the Battle of Solebay."}, {"id": "Q318362", "label": "Johan de Witt", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly thereafter, Johan de Witt resigned as Grand Pensionary, and Charles' nephew William III of Orange was appointed Stadtholder."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1652–1654 First Anglo-Dutch War was the result of commercial rivalry and Orangist support for the exiled Charles II, uncle of William of Orange."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite their long-standing support in the Dutch Eighty Years' War against Spain, French objectives in the Low Countries threatened Dutch commercial interests."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1665, an attack by the Duke of York on the West-Indische Compagnie led to the Second Anglo-Dutch War; in the first 18 months, the Dutch suffered a serious naval defeat at Lowestoft, an invasion by Münster and an attempted Orangist coup, both financed by England."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "When the States of Holland blocked his requests for territorial compensation, Louis launched the War of Devolution in May 1667 and rapidly occupied much of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté."}], "Q1471139": [{"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Accords ended the Algerian War with a cease-fire that was declared on the 19th March 1962, and effectively formalised the status of Algeria as an independent nation."}, {"id": "Q314265", "label": "Pierre Mendès France", "section": "Historical Context", "says": "The French Government led by Pierre Mendès France declined their requests because of the pressure established by the pieds-noirs and the political context in France."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "Historical Context", "says": "The war escalated until 1958 with the end of the Fourth Republic and the arrival of Charles de Gaulle to power."}], "Q1585785": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992, prior to and during the military intervention by the Soviet Union in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992, prior to and during the military intervention by the Soviet Union in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q476757", "label": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992, prior to and during the military intervention by the Soviet Union in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q200499", "label": "Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq", "section": "lead", "says": "The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with jihadist ties, that were favored by the regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet intervention."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with jihadist ties, that were favored by the regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet intervention."}, {"id": "Q41675", "label": "Guinness World Records", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cyclone is recognized by the Guinness World Records as the most expensive covert action in history."}, {"id": "Q299559", "label": "Nur Muhammad Taraki", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki, communists seized power in Afghanistan on 27 April 1978."}, {"id": "Q63831", "label": "Hafizullah Amin", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a general uprising in April 1979, Taraki was deposed by Khalq's rival Hafizullah Amin in September."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Declassified U.S. government records and the testimony of Soviet officials document meetings between Amin and U.S. officials in the months preceding the Soviet-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q462054", "label": "Archer Blood", "section": "Background", "says": "During meetings with Archer Blood and Bruce Amstutz, the U.S. chargé d'affaires in Kabul, Amin expressed a commitment to improve relations with the U.S. and stated that he operated independently of the USSR; Amin's meetings were apparently conducted in secret from Soviet officials."}, {"id": "Q131355", "label": "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto", "section": "Background", "says": "Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Jimmy Carter's presidency due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, but Carter told National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance as early as January 1979 that it was vital to \"repair our relationships with Pakistan\" in light of th"}, {"id": "Q168041", "label": "Zbigniew Brzezinski", "section": "Background", "says": "Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Jimmy Carter's presidency due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, but Carter told National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance as early as January 1979 that it was vital to \"repair our relationships with Pakistan\" in light of th"}, {"id": "Q296661", "label": "Cyrus Vance", "section": "Background", "says": "Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Jimmy Carter's presidency due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, but Carter told National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance as early as January 1979 that it was vital to \"repair our relationships with Pakistan\" in light of th"}, {"id": "Q212979", "label": "Robert Gates", "section": "Background", "says": "According to former CIA official Robert Gates, \"the Carter administration turned to CIA ... to counter Soviet and Cuban aggression in the Third World, particularly beginning in mid-1979.\" In March 1979, \"CIA sent several covert action options rela"}], "Q161391": [{"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "Background", "says": "The men of the rebellious battalion were former Red Army soldiers from the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic captured on the Eastern front."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans also promised that Georgia would regain its independence from the Soviet Union following a German victory."}], "Q1758028": [{"id": "Q216983", "label": "Kenan Evren", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1980 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish: 12 Eylül darbesi, lit. 'September 12 coup d'état'), headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third coup d'état in the history of the Republic of Turkey, the previous having been the 1960 coup and the 1971 coup by memorandum."}, {"id": "Q180280", "label": "Turgut Özal", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1983 elections was won by center-right/liberal Motherland Party led by Turgut Özal, who himself was half-Kurdish and led Turkey until his death in 1993."}, {"id": "Q151729", "label": "Süleyman Demirel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1975 conservative Justice Party (Turkish: Adalet Partisi) leader Süleyman Demirel was succeeded as prime minister by the leader of the social-democratic Republican People's Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), Bülent Ecevit."}, {"id": "Q192634", "label": "Bülent Ecevit", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1975 conservative Justice Party (Turkish: Adalet Partisi) leader Süleyman Demirel was succeeded as prime minister by the leader of the social-democratic Republican People's Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), Bülent Ecevit."}, {"id": "Q243550", "label": "Necmettin Erbakan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Demirel formed a coalition with the Nationalist Front (Turkish: Milliyetçi Cephe), the National Salvation Party (Turkish: Millî Selamet Partisi, an Islamist party led by Necmettin Erbakan), and the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (Turkish: Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi, MHP) led by Alparslan Türkeş."}, {"id": "Q735688", "label": "Alparslan Türkeş", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Demirel formed a coalition with the Nationalist Front (Turkish: Milliyetçi Cephe), the National Salvation Party (Turkish: Millî Selamet Partisi, an Islamist party led by Necmettin Erbakan), and the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (Turkish: Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi, MHP) led by Alparslan Türkeş."}], "Q1763834": [{"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Azov campaigns of 1695–1696 (Russian: Азо́вские похо́ды, romanized: Azovskiye Pokhody) were two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov (garrison – 7,000 men) with the aim of controlling the southern mouth of the Don River gaining access to the Sea of Azov and entrance to the Black Sea."}], "Q1783607": [{"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "The Salvadoran Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil de El Salvador) was a twelve-year civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador that was backed by the United States, against the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups that was backed by Cuba under Fidel Castro and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Salvadoran Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil de El Salvador) was a twelve-year civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador that was backed by the United States, against the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups that was backed by Cuba under Fidel Castro and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Salvadoran Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil de El Salvador) was a twelve-year civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador that was backed by the United States, against the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups that was backed by Cuba under Fidel Castro and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Salvadoran Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil de El Salvador) was a twelve-year civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador that was backed by the United States, against the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups that was backed by Cuba under Fidel Castro and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q939859", "label": "1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre", "section": "Background", "says": "The rebellion was brutally suppressed in La Matanza, during which approximately 30,000 civilians were murdered by the armed forces."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 July 1969, an armed conflict erupted between El Salvador and Honduras over immigration disputes caused by Honduran land reform laws."}, {"id": "Q223085", "label": "Hundred Hour War", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict (known as the Football War) lasted only four days but had major long-term effects for Salvadoran society."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "In the years following the war, the government expanded its purchases of arms from sources such as Israel, Brazil, West Germany and the United States."}, {"id": "Q715119", "label": "Arturo Armando Molina", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1972 Salvadoran presidential election was marred by massive electoral fraud,  which favored the military-backed National Conciliation Party (PCN), whose candidate Arturo Armando Molina was a colonel in the Salvadoran Army."}], "Q18071930": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle for Kobanî was considered a turning point in the war against Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Syrian Civil War, the People's Protection Units (YPG) took over Kobanî (Arabic: Ayn al-Arab) on 19 July 2012."}], "Q181146": [{"id": "Q16950966", "label": "May Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dos de Mayo or Second of May Uprising took place in Madrid, Spain, on 2–3 May 1808."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "These actions led to the Spanish people revolting against French occupation and outbreak of the Peninsular War, and ended the Franco-Spanish alliance in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "These actions led to the Spanish people revolting against French occupation and outbreak of the Peninsular War, and ended the Franco-Spanish alliance in the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q1814446": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The British administrative headquarters for Mandatory Palestine, housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, were bombed in a terrorist attack on 22 July 1946, by the militant right-wing Zionist underground organization Irgun during the Jewish insurgency."}, {"id": "Q2025925", "label": "Operation Agatha", "section": "lead", "says": "The main motive of the bombing was to destroy documents incriminating the Jewish Agency in attacks against the British, which were obtained during Operation Agatha, a series of raids by mandate authorities."}], "Q1993653": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It also provided for the retreat of Ottoman forces from both Danubian Principalities after their prolonged stay following military actions in 1821 (that were carried in response to the Filiki Etaireía in the Greek War of Independence), and Tudor Vladimirescu's uprising."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbs were also granted freedom of movement through the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q20295077": [{"id": "Q313539", "label": "Beji Caid Essebsi", "section": "Background", "says": "Secularist Beji Caid Essebsi was elected president in the 2014 Tunisian presidential election."}], "Q221519": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burma campaign was a series of battles fought in the British colony of Burma as part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It primarily involved forces of the Allies (mainly from the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States) against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "It primarily involved forces of the Allies (mainly from the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States) against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It primarily involved forces of the Allies (mainly from the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States) against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It primarily involved forces of the Allies (mainly from the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States) against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q704358", "label": "State of Burma", "section": "lead", "says": "Imperial Japan was supported by the Thai Phayap Army, as well as two collaborationist independence movements and armies, The State of Burma and the Provisional Government of Free India."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Nominally independent puppet states were established in the conquered areas and some territories were annexed by Thailand."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "This, together with other factors such as famine and disorder in British India and the priority given by the Allies to the defeat of Nazi Germany, prolonged the campaign and divided it into four phases: the Japanese invasion, which led to the expulsion of British, Indian and Chinese forces in 1942; failed attempts by the Allies to mount offensives into Burma, fr"}], "Q136344": [{"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Köse Dağ took place in eastern Anatolia on 26 June 1243 when an army of the Sultanate of Rum, led by Sultan Kaykhusraw II, confronted an invading Mongol army under the general Baiju and was decisively defeated."}, {"id": "Q467001", "label": "Kaykhusraw II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Köse Dağ took place in eastern Anatolia on 26 June 1243 when an army of the Sultanate of Rum, led by Sultan Kaykhusraw II, confronted an invading Mongol army under the general Baiju and was decisively defeated."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the pivotal event of the Mongol conquest of Anatolia: Rum, previously a significant independent power in the eastern Mediterranean, was reduced to the status of a client kingdom, and its territories were later absorbed into the Mongol Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire first achieved territorial contact with Rum in the early 1230s by conquering a large swathe of western Iran, but largely left it alone over the next decade."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, under their general Chormaqan, Mongol armies subjugated Transcaucasia and reduced the Kingdom of Georgia to a vassal state."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1071, the Seljuk Turks decisively defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and quickly overran Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q730338", "label": "Suleiman ibn Qutulmish", "section": "Background", "says": "One Seljuk prince, Suleiman ibn Qutalmish, established an independent state in the region six years later."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mongol Empire was established in 1206 by Genghis Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "Background", "says": "During his reign, the Mongols dismantled the Jin dynasty and the Western Xia state in northern China, the Qara Khitai in Turkestan, and the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "Background", "says": "During his reign, the Mongols dismantled the Jin dynasty and the Western Xia state in northern China, the Qara Khitai in Turkestan, and the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During his reign, the Mongols dismantled the Jin dynasty and the Western Xia state in northern China, the Qara Khitai in Turkestan, and the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Genghis's son and successor Ögedei Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q61964", "label": "Kayqubad baraa I", "section": "Background", "says": "Kayqubad I, the sultan of Rum between 1220 and 1237, had correctly feared that Jalal al-Din's activities would draw the attention of the Mongols to the lands surrounding his realm."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These included knights from the Crusader Latin Empire, nobles from the Greek remnants of the Byzantine Empire, and warriors from the Ayyubids of Aleppo and the Arab tribes of Iraq, while Kaykhusraw commanded a contingent of Georgian knights because of his marriage to Tamar, a Georgian princess."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Kaykhusraw also concluded a treaty with John III Vatatzes, the ruler of the Empire of Nicaea (a Byzantine successor state), who likely hoped Rum would remain a buffer state between his realm and the Mongols."}], "Q140119396": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 8, 2026, at 07:37:40 PhST (23:37:40 UTC on June 7), a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck offshore southern Mindanao in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake also caused severe damage, one death and several injuries on the Sangihe and Talaud Islands of North Sulawesi, Indonesia."}], "Q1419459": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a fleet action which took place near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781 during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q197627", "label": "François Joseph Paul de Grasse", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a British fleet led by Rear-Admiral of the Red Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet under Lieutenant général des armées navales François Joseph Paul de Grasse."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "Background", "says": "The British forces were led at first by the turncoat Benedict Arnold, and then by William Phillips before General Charles, Earl Cornwallis, arrived in late May with his southern army to take command."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "In June, Cornwallis marched to Williamsburg, where he received a confusing series of orders from General Sir Henry Clinton that culminated in a directive to establish a fortified deep-water port (which would allow resupply by sea)."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 May, Generals George Washington and Rochambeau, respectively the commanders of the Continental Army and the Expédition Particulière, met at the Vernon House in Newport, Rhode Island to discuss potential operations against the British and Loyalists."}], "Q14303815": [{"id": "Q44700", "label": "European Theater of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Castle Itter was fought on 5 May 1945, in the Austrian village of Itter in the North Tyrol region of the country, during the last days of the European Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q110517047", "label": "Operation Cowboy", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is one of two known times during the war in which Americans and Germans fought side by side, the other being Operation Cowboy, and the only known time where an active member of the Waffen-SS fought on the Allied side."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Popular accounts have called it the strangest battle of World War II."}, {"id": "Q57679", "label": "Oswald Pohl", "section": "Background", "says": "The castle was seized from Grüner by SS Lieutenant General Oswald Pohl under the orders of Heinrich Himmler on 7 February 1943."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "Background", "says": "The castle was seized from Grüner by SS Lieutenant General Oswald Pohl under the orders of Heinrich Himmler on 7 February 1943."}, {"id": "Q213526", "label": "Édouard Daladier", "section": "Background", "says": "Notable prisoners included tennis player Jean Borotra, former prime ministers Édouard Daladier and Paul Reynaud, former commanders-in-chief Maxime Weygand and Maurice Gamelin, Charles de Gaulle’s elder sister Marie-Agnès de Gaulle, right-wing leader and French resistance member François de La Rocque, and trade union leader Léon Jouhaux."}, {"id": "Q161076", "label": "Paul Reynaud", "section": "Background", "says": "Notable prisoners included tennis player Jean Borotra, former prime ministers Édouard Daladier and Paul Reynaud, former commanders-in-chief Maxime Weygand and Maurice Gamelin, Charles de Gaulle’s elder sister Marie-Agnès de Gaulle, right-wing leader and French resistance member François de La Rocque, and trade union leader Léon Jouhaux."}, {"id": "Q170357", "label": "Maxime Weygand", "section": "Background", "says": "Notable prisoners included tennis player Jean Borotra, former prime ministers Édouard Daladier and Paul Reynaud, former commanders-in-chief Maxime Weygand and Maurice Gamelin, Charles de Gaulle’s elder sister Marie-Agnès de Gaulle, right-wing leader and French resistance member François de La Rocque, and trade union leader Léon Jouhaux."}, {"id": "Q1339879", "label": "François de La Rocque", "section": "Background", "says": "Notable prisoners included tennis player Jean Borotra, former prime ministers Édouard Daladier and Paul Reynaud, former commanders-in-chief Maxime Weygand and Maurice Gamelin, Charles de Gaulle’s elder sister Marie-Agnès de Gaulle, right-wing leader and French resistance member François de La Rocque, and trade union leader Léon Jouhaux."}], "Q1477500": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "President Samuel Doe's regime of  totalitarianism and widespread corruption led to calls for withdrawal of the support of the United States, by the late 1980s."}, {"id": "Q49090", "label": "Charles Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1989, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) led by Charles Taylor invaded Liberia from Ivory Coast to overthrow Doe, and gained control over most of Liberia within a year."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1989, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) led by Charles Taylor invaded Liberia from Ivory Coast to overthrow Doe, and gained control over most of Liberia within a year."}, {"id": "Q1960733", "label": "Second Liberian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace lasted for two years until the Second Liberian Civil War broke out when anti-Taylor forces invaded Liberia from Guinea in April 1999."}], "Q14947002": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The recent phase of the conflict started after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and ended with the oppression of Chechen separatist leaders and crushing of the separatist movement in the republic proper in 2017."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire ostensibly had little interest in the North Caucasus other than as a communication route to its ally the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) and its enemies, the Persian and Ottoman Empires, but growing tensions triggered by Russian activities in the region resulted in an uprising of Chechens against the Russian presence in 1785, followed by further clashes and the outbr"}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire ostensibly had little interest in the North Caucasus other than as a communication route to its ally the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) and its enemies, the Persian and Ottoman Empires, but growing tensions triggered by Russian activities in the region resulted in an uprising of Chechens against the Russian presence in 1785, followed by further clashes and the outbr"}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire ostensibly had little interest in the North Caucasus other than as a communication route to its ally the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) and its enemies, the Persian and Ottoman Empires, but growing tensions triggered by Russian activities in the region resulted in an uprising of Chechens against the Russian presence in 1785, followed by further clashes and the outbr"}, {"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "By late 1994, the First Chechen War broke out, and after two years of fighting, the Russian government negotiated a ceasefire in August 1996."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Russia's entry into the region followed Tsar Ivan the Terrible's conquest of the Golden Horde's Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan in 1556, initiating a long struggle for control of the North Caucasus routes with other contemporary powers including Persia, the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Origins", "says": "Russia's entry into the region followed Tsar Ivan the Terrible's conquest of the Golden Horde's Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan in 1556, initiating a long struggle for control of the North Caucasus routes with other contemporary powers including Persia, the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate."}], "Q1500314": [{"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harran took place on 7 May 1104 between the Crusader states of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa, and the Seljuk Turks."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harran took place on 7 May 1104 between the Crusader states of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa, and the Seljuk Turks."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle against the newfound Crusader states in the aftermath of the First Crusade, marking a key turning point against Frankish expansion."}, {"id": "Q220806", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "For his further support Baldwin sought help from Bohemond I of Antioch and Tancred, Prince of Galilee."}, {"id": "Q51720", "label": "Tancred, Prince of Galilee", "section": "Background", "says": "For his further support Baldwin sought help from Bohemond I of Antioch and Tancred, Prince of Galilee."}], "Q1567698": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars (also known as the Russo-Lithuanian Wars or simply Muscovite Wars or Lithuanian Wars) were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (in the later wars allied with the Kingdom of Poland) and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which was later unified with other Russian principalities to eventually become the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars (also known as the Russo-Lithuanian Wars or simply Muscovite Wars or Lithuanian Wars) were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (in the later wars allied with the Kingdom of Poland) and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which was later unified with other Russian principalities to eventually become the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "After several defeats at the hands of Ivan III and Vasily III, the Lithuanians were increasingly reliant on Polish aid, which eventually became an important factor in the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the first series of wars in the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania controlled vast stretches of Eastern European land, from Kiev to Mozhaysk, following the collapse of Kievan Rus' after the Mongol invasions."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Conflicts resumed during the reign of Dmitry's son Vasily I, who was married to Sophia, the sole daughter of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas the Great."}, {"id": "Q269109", "label": "Principality of Ryazan", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1394, Vytautas devastated the Principality of Ryazan, leaving many settlements in ashes."}, {"id": "Q1483495", "label": "Principality of Smolensk", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1402, he quarrelled with his son-in-law over control of the Principality of Smolensk."}], "Q161033": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Demyansk Pocket (German: Kessel von Demjansk; Russian: Демя́нский котёл) was the name given to the pocket of German troops encircled by the Red Army around Demyansk, south of Leningrad, on World War II's Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q305133", "label": "Kholm Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "A much smaller force was surrounded in the Kholm Pocket at the town of Kholm, about 100 km (62 mi) to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "Its success was a major contributor to the decision by the Army High Command to try the same tactic during the Battle of Stalingrad, but it then failed to save the 6th Army, commanded by Friedrich Paulus."}, {"id": "Q57160", "label": "Friedrich Paulus", "section": "lead", "says": "Its success was a major contributor to the decision by the Army High Command to try the same tactic during the Battle of Stalingrad, but it then failed to save the 6th Army, commanded by Friedrich Paulus."}], "Q166015": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lesnaya was fought on 9 October 1708 during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter I of Russia led a flying corps (corps volant [ru]), supported by two additional divisions, to destroy a convoy under general Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt that was heading for the Swedish main army in Ukraine with reinforcements and supplies."}, {"id": "Q350346", "label": "Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter I of Russia led a flying corps (corps volant [ru]), supported by two additional divisions, to destroy a convoy under general Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt that was heading for the Swedish main army in Ukraine with reinforcements and supplies."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter caught up with the convoy at the village of Lesnaya (Lyasnaya) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, present-day Belarus."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1700, Sweden and its ally Holstein-Gottorp were attacked by a coalition of Saxony, Russia, and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q161059", "label": "Frederik IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Frederick IV of Denmark invaded Holstein-Gottorp and laid siege to Tönning, but was quickly defeated following a Swedish landing at Humlebæk under Charles XII of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Frederick IV of Denmark invaded Holstein-Gottorp and laid siege to Tönning, but was quickly defeated following a Swedish landing at Humlebæk under Charles XII of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Saxons and their allies were beaten at the battle of Düna near Riga in 1701, which paved the way for a Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth to have Augustus removed from the Polish throne."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1704, following the defeats at Kliszów, Kraków, Pultusk and Toruń, Augustus was replaced on the throne by the Swedish-installed Stanisław Leszczyński, who made peace with Sweden the next year."}, {"id": "Q683569", "label": "Mikhail Golitsyn", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Early on 8 October, the Russians launched a two-front attack on the Swedish rear as it was crossing the Rasta at Dolgii Mokh; von Pflug with up to 5,000 men confronted Berndt Otto Stackelberg from the west, who was protecting the crossing with two or three regiments of infantry, while Mikhail Golitsyn and Alexander Menshikov sought to ford the stream further up north with several thousand men."}, {"id": "Q156026", "label": "Alexander Menshikov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Early on 8 October, the Russians launched a two-front attack on the Swedish rear as it was crossing the Rasta at Dolgii Mokh; von Pflug with up to 5,000 men confronted Berndt Otto Stackelberg from the west, who was protecting the crossing with two or three regiments of infantry, while Mikhail Golitsyn and Alexander Menshikov sought to ford the stream further up north with several thousand men."}], "Q167759": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The endeavour was ultimately unsuccessful, as the combined strength of the three nations and their statements of neutrality were insubstantial in the face of the massive armies of Poland, Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Reasons for failure", "says": "The Polish government used the incident as leverage to force Lithuania back into diplomatic contact with Poland."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Reasons for failure", "says": "Moreover, the Entente had never materialized into a real political force because it maintained its miscalculated policy of maintaining its neutrality, even with World War II imminent."}], "Q16914766": [{"id": "Q2108126", "label": "Prayut Chanocha", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 May 2014, the Royal Thai Armed Forces, led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, the commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army, launched a coup d'état, the twelfth since the country's first coup in 1932, against the caretaker government following six months of political crisis."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Seven years later, it developed into the 2020–2021 Thai protests to reform the monarchy of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q164373", "label": "Thaksin Shinawatra", "section": "Background", "says": "Four years later, Thaksin Shinawatra had become the first prime minister of Thailand to complete a full term in office, and his rule is generally agreed to have been one of the most distinctive in the country's modern history."}, {"id": "Q174267", "label": "Abhisit Vejjajiva", "section": "Background", "says": "From abroad he has continued to influence Thai politics, through the People's Power Party that ruled in 2008, and its successor organisation Pheu Thai Party, as well as the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship or Red Shirts movement that were cracked down by Anupong Paochinda and Prayut Chan-o-cha's army, together with the Abhisit Vejjajiva and Suthep Thaugsuban's Democrat Party governm"}, {"id": "Q57670", "label": "Yingluck Shinawatra", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 2011 general election, Yingluck Shinawatra and the Pheu Thai Party (PTP) won a landslide victory and formed the government with Yingluck as prime minister."}], "Q571354": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Novocherkassk massacre (Russian: Новочеркасский расстрел, romanized: Novocherkasskiy rasstrel) took place on 2 June 1962 in Novocherkassk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, when Soviet Army soldiers and MVD Internal Troops, supported by KGB units, fired on unarmed demonstrators protesting economic conditions."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre took place during a strike that began the previous day at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Works (NEVZ) after the government under Nikita Khrushchev announced nationwide price increases for meat and butter, which coincided with pay cuts at the factory."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "Background", "says": "Novocherkassk, historically the capital of the Don Cossacks, had become a significant industrial city in the Soviet era, with a population of 130,000 in 1962."}], "Q592550": [{"id": "Q17500081", "label": "Ganden Phodrang", "section": "lead", "says": "Tibet was ruled by the 13th Dalai Lama under the Ganden Phodrang government as a Himalayan state nominally under the protectorate (or suzerainty) of the Chinese Qing dynasty until the 1911 Revolution, after which a period of de facto Tibetan independence (1912–1951) followed."}, {"id": "Q25238", "label": "Thubten Gyatso", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, had fled to safety, first to Mongolia and then to China proper."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, had fled to safety, first to Mongolia and then to China proper."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The poorly trained and equipped Tibetans proved no match for the modern equipment and training of the British Indian forces."}, {"id": "Q3536822", "label": "Treaty of Lhasa", "section": "lead", "says": "At Lhasa, the Commission forced remaining Tibetan officials to sign the Convention of Lhasa, before withdrawing to Sikkim in September, with the understanding the Chinese government would not permit any other country to interfere with the administration of Tibet."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "Background", "says": "On top of this, there were rumours and suspicions in the British colonial government that the Tibetans had reached a secret understanding with the Russians over Tibet, and that Russia was providing arms and fighting forces to Tibet against the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian influence in Tibet would afford them a direct route to British India, breaking the chain of quasi-autonomous buffer-states that separated the Raj from the Russian Empire to the north."}], "Q604739": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Zara or siege of Zadar (Croatian: opsada Zadra; Hungarian: Zára ostroma; 10–24 November 1202) was the first major action of the Fourth Crusade and the first attack against a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "Although some of the crusaders refused to take part in the siege, the attack on Zadar began in November 1202 despite letters from Pope Innocent III forbidding such an action and threatening excommunication."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Innocent's plan also called for the invading armies to travel to Egypt by sea and seize the Nile Delta, which would then be used as a base from which to invade Palestine."}], "Q611789": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The defense of Brest Fortress was the first battle of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union launched on 22 June 1941."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The defense of Brest Fortress was the first battle of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union launched on 22 June 1941."}, {"id": "Q694416", "label": "Battle of Brześć Litewski", "section": "Background", "says": "The area around the nineteenth-century Brest Fortress was the site of the 1939 Battle of Brześć Litewski, when the German XIX Panzer Corps captured it from the Polish Army during the Polish September Campaign."}], "Q61732241": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "India blamed neighbouring Pakistan for the attack, while the latter condemned the attack and denied having any connections to it."}], "Q617409": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine War of Independence (Spanish: guerra de la independencia argentina) was a set of military events from 1810 to 1825 which resulted in the consolidation of Argentina as an independent country from Spanish rule."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "This began the May Revolution in Buenos Aires, as soon as the news was known."}, {"id": "Q2511385", "label": "Primera Junta y messi", "section": "Background", "says": "It was replaced by a new one, the Primera Junta."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Background", "says": "The Junta was initially resisted by all the main locations around Buenos Aires: Córdoba, Montevideo, Paraguay and the Upper Peru."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "Santiago de Liniers came out of his retirement in Córdoba and organized an army to capture Buenos Aires, Montevideo had naval supremacy over the city, and Vicente Nieto organized the actions at the Upper Peru."}, {"id": "Q981309", "label": "José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa", "section": "Background", "says": "Nieto proposed to José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, viceroy of the Viceroyalty of Peru at the North, to annex the Upper Peru to it."}, {"id": "Q48684", "label": "Francisco Javier de Elío", "section": "Background", "says": "Buenos Aires was declared a rogue city by the Council of Regency, which appointed Montevideo as capital of the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, and Francisco Javier de Elío the new viceroy."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Patriots supported the legitimacy of the Juntas in the Americas, while royalists supported instead the Council of Regency; both acted on behalf of Ferdinand VII."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Patriots supported the legitimacy of the Juntas in the Americas, while royalists supported instead the Council of Regency; both acted on behalf of Ferdinand VII."}], "Q618066": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Origins", "says": "Following the final expulsion of the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War, there were great changes in land ownership in Sicily."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to Diodorus Siculus, politically influential slave-owners, often Roman equites, did not provide enough food and clothing for their slaves."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Roman conquest of Macedonia, in which thousands of the conquered were sold into slavery, the slave-dealing of the Cretan and Cilician pirates whose activity was practically unchecked at this time, as well as the oppression of corrupt Roman provincial governors, who were known to organize man-hunts after lower-class country provincials (to be sold as slaves)—all contributed to a constant supply"}], "Q622059": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The April Uprising (Bulgarian: Априлско въстание, romanized: Aprilsko vastanie) was an insurrection organised by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire from April to May 1876."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The shift in public opinion, in particular, in the Ottoman Empire's hitherto closest ally, the British Empire, eventually led to the re-establishment of a separate Bulgarian state in 1878."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1875, taxes levied on non-Muslims were raised for fear of state bankruptcy, which, in turn, caused additional tension between Muslims and Christians and led to the Herzegovinian rebellion and the Stara Zagora revolt in Bulgaria."}], "Q629636": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The focus of the protests were the ruling party, United Russia, and its leader Vladimir Putin, the prime minister and former president, who announced his intention to run for president again in 2012."}, {"id": "Q836386", "label": "Orange Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The largest two events were in Moscow: the \"anti-Orange protest\" (alluding to the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the most widely known colour revolution to Russians), aimed against \"orangism\", \"collapse of the country\", \"perestroika\" and \"revolution\", the largest protest action of all the protests so far according to the police; and a"}], "Q634629": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Towton took place on 29 March 1461 during the Wars of the Roses, near Towton in North Yorkshire."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "Yorkist forces decisively defeated Lancastrian supporters of Henry VI, securing the English throne for Edward IV."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Yorkist forces decisively defeated Lancastrian supporters of Henry VI, securing the English throne for Edward IV."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VI succeeded his father, Henry V, when he was nine months old in 1422, but was a weak, ineffectual and mentally unsound ruler, which encouraged the nobles to scheme for control over him."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "The situation deteriorated in the 1450s into a civil war between his Beaufort relatives and his wife, Queen Margaret, on one side, with those of his cousin Richard, Duke of York, on the other."}], "Q636365": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cambrai, also known by its second stage as the War of the Holy League, was fought from December 1508 to December 1516, as part of the wider Italian Wars of 1494–1559."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The main participants of the war, who fought for its entire duration, were France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice; they were joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe, including Spain, England, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Ferrara, and the Swiss."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The main participants of the war, who fought for its entire duration, were France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice; they were joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe, including Spain, England, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Ferrara, and the Swiss."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The main participants of the war, who fought for its entire duration, were France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice; they were joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe, including Spain, England, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Ferrara, and the Swiss."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The main participants of the war, who fought for its entire duration, were France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice; they were joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe, including Spain, England, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Ferrara, and the Swiss."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The main participants of the war, who fought for its entire duration, were France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice; they were joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe, including Spain, England, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Ferrara, and the Swiss."}, {"id": "Q693570", "label": "Duchy of Ferrara", "section": "lead", "says": "The main participants of the war, who fought for its entire duration, were France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice; they were joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe, including Spain, England, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Ferrara, and the Swiss."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Pope Julius II, intending to curb Venetian influence in northern Italy, brought together the League of Cambrai, an anti-Venetian alliance consisting of him, Maximilian I, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, which was formally concluded in December 1508."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Pope Julius II, intending to curb Venetian influence in northern Italy, brought together the League of Cambrai, an anti-Venetian alliance consisting of him, Maximilian I, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, which was formally concluded in December 1508."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Pope Julius II, intending to curb Venetian influence in northern Italy, brought together the League of Cambrai, an anti-Venetian alliance consisting of him, Maximilian I, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, which was formally concluded in December 1508."}, {"id": "Q330", "label": "Battle of Marignano", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of Francis I, who had succeeded Louis on the throne of France, the French and Venetians would regain the territory they had lost in a campaign culminating in the Battle of Marignano in 1515; the treaties of Noyon (August 1516) and Brussels (December 1516), which were implemented by January 1517, would essentially return the map of Italy to the status quo of 1508."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the aftermath of the First Italian War (1494–1498), Pope Alexander VI had, with French assistance, moved to consolidate Papal control over central Italy by seizing the Romagna."}, {"id": "Q187998", "label": "Cesare Borgia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The illegitimate son of the Pope, Cesare Borgia, acting as Gonfalonier of the Papal armies, had expelled the Bentivoglio family from Bologna, which they had ruled as a fief, and was well on his way towards establishing a permanent Borgia state in the region when Alexander died on 18 August 1503."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Republic of Venice, although willing to acknowledge Papal sovereignty over these port cities along the Adriatic coast and willing to pay Julius II an annual tribute, refused to surrender the cities themselves."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In response, Julius concluded an alliance with France and the Holy Roman Empire against Venice; the death of Isabella I of Castile (26 November 1504) and the resulting collapse of relations between the parties soon dissolved the alliance (the Treaty of Blois (1504), which had ended the Italian Wars of 1499–1504, became a 'dead letter'), but not before Venice had been induced to abandon several of "}, {"id": "Q2087151", "label": "Italian Wars of 1499–1504", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In response, Julius concluded an alliance with France and the Holy Roman Empire against Venice; the death of Isabella I of Castile (26 November 1504) and the resulting collapse of relations between the parties soon dissolved the alliance (the Treaty of Blois (1504), which had ended the Italian Wars of 1499–1504, became a 'dead letter'), but not before Venice had been induced to abandon several of "}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1507, Julius returned to the question of the cities in Venetian hands; once again rebuffed by the Senate, he encouraged Emperor Maximilian I to attack the Republic."}], "Q673265": [{"id": "Q57137", "label": "Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist was removed from the command of Army Group A (from April 2: \"Army Group South Ukraine\") on March 30, 1944."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He was succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner."}], "Q86756826": [{"id": "Q57792", "label": "Mark Rutte", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 2020, Prime Minister Mark Rutte called for herd immunity as an important method to stop the pandemic."}], "Q867691": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake (also known as the Bantul earthquake) occurred at 05:53 local time on 27 May with a moment magnitude of 6.4 and a maximum MSK intensity of VIII (Damaging) in the Yogyakarta region of Java, Indonesia."}], "Q903199": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Italia and Rome itself had been seriously threatened."}, {"id": "Q827612", "label": "Jugurthine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cimbrian threat, along with the Jugurthine War, allegedly inspired the putative Marian reforms of the Roman legions, a view now contested by modern historians."}, {"id": "Q194378", "label": "Third Servile War", "section": "lead", "says": "Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling gladiators during the Third Servile War."}], "Q943277": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the American Civil War fought on April 6–7, 1862."}, {"id": "Q361140", "label": "Albert Sidney Johnston", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant was the Union commander, while General Albert Sidney Johnston was the Confederate commander until his battlefield death, when he was replaced by his second-in-command, General P."}, {"id": "Q724339", "label": "Don Carlos Buell", "section": "lead", "says": "Overnight, Grant's Army of the Tennessee was reinforced by one of its divisions stationed farther north, and was also joined by portions of the Army of the Ohio, under the command of Major General Don Carlos Buell."}], "Q1053476": [{"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Loma Prieta segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been relatively inactive since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (to the degree that it was designated a seismic gap) until two moderate foreshocks occurred in June 1988 and again in August 1989."}], "Q1064335": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the British–U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island (present-day Canada) and the Washington Territory (present-day State of Washington)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the British–U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island (present-day Canada) and the Washington Territory (present-day State of Washington)."}, {"id": "Q454069", "label": "George Pickett", "section": "Background", "says": "The theories are given credence when it is noted that later Major General Silas Casey, then a lieutenant colonel and deputy commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment, was reduced to a support role for lower ranked Captain George Pickett who was given independent jurisdiction over a vast area by General William Harney, then a brevet major."}], "Q107354956": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States–Taliban deal, officially known as the Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the United States of America and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (commonly known as the Taliban and not recognized by the United States as a state) and commonly known as the Doha Accord, was a peace agreement signed by the United States and the Taliban on 29 February 2020 in Doha, Qatar, "}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States–Taliban deal, officially known as the Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the United States of America and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (commonly known as the Taliban and not recognized by the United States as a state) and commonly known as the Doha Accord, was a peace agreement signed by the United States and the Taliban on 29 February 2020 in Doha, Qatar, "}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States–Taliban deal, officially known as the Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the United States of America and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (commonly known as the Taliban and not recognized by the United States as a state) and commonly known as the Doha Accord, was a peace agreement signed by the United States and the Taliban on 29 February 2020 in Doha, Qatar, "}, {"id": "Q145193", "label": "Zalmay Khalilzad", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated for the U.S. by Zalmay Khalilzad for the first Trump administration, the negotiations for the agreement did not involve the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Afghan government at the time."}, {"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated for the U.S. by Zalmay Khalilzad for the first Trump administration, the negotiations for the agreement did not involve the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Afghan government at the time."}], "Q107442287": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "A group of 28 foreign mercenaries, mostly from Colombia, are alleged to be responsible for the killing."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "First Lady Martine Moïse was also shot multiple times in the attack and was airlifted to the United States for emergency treatment."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "These meetings were conducted in Florida and the Dominican Republic months before the assassination."}], "Q111383245": [{"id": "Q64737357", "label": "Oleksandr Syrskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 February 2024, with the last Ukrainian supply routes into the city under serious threat, commander-in-chief Oleksandr Syrskyi announced that Ukrainian forces were being withdrawn from the city \"to avoid encirclement and preserve the lives and health of service personnel.\"\nThe capture of Avdiivka was Russia's largest territorial advance since capturing Bakhmut in May 2023, and was considered "}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been noted that Russian forces may have lost more soldiers during the battle, according to Ukrainian estimates and pro-Russian bloggers, than during the entirety of the Soviet–Afghan War, though casualty figures for both sides remain impossible to verify."}], "Q112016": [{"id": "Q551888", "label": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Persian Gate took place as part of the Wars of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "lead", "says": "In the winter of 330 BC, Ariobarzanes of Persis led a last stand with his outnumbered Persian army at the Persian Gate, near Persepolis, and held back the Macedonian army for approximately a month."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, through captured prisoners of war or a local shepherd, Alexander found a path around to flank the Persian troops from the rear, allowing him to capture half of Persia proper in another decisive victory against the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, King Darius III was trying to raise a new army at Ecbatana."}, {"id": "Q296233", "label": "Parmenion", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander's general, Parmenion, took one half along the Royal Road, and Alexander himself took the route towards Persis."}], "Q112016492": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 14, 2022, a mass shooting occurred in Buffalo, New York, United States, at a Tops Friendly Markets supermarket in the East Side neighborhood."}, {"id": "Q45956", "label": "Kathy Hochul", "section": "lead", "says": "Governor Kathy Hochul promised policy changes in the state as a result of the attack while condemning the shooter; shortly afterwards, the state of New York banned most semi-automatic sales to people under 21 and certain types of body armor."}], "Q1134649": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Aegates was a naval battle fought on 10 March 241 BC between the fleets of Carthage and Rome during the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Aegates was a naval battle fought on 10 March 241 BC between the fleets of Carthage and Rome during the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6095291", "label": "Gaius Lutatius Catulus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginians were commanded by Hanno, and the Romans were under the overall authority of Gaius Lutatius Catulus, but Quintus Valerius Falto commanded during the battle."}, {"id": "Q1433214", "label": "Treaty of Lutatius", "section": "lead", "says": "As a direct result, Carthage sued for peace and agreed to the Treaty of Lutatius, by which Carthage surrendered Sicily to Rome and paid substantial reparations."}, {"id": "Q313555", "label": "Hanno the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Hanno the Great was put in charge of operations in Africa in 248 BC and went on to conquer considerable territory by 241 BC."}, {"id": "Q3876718", "label": "Nigel Bagnall", "section": "Background", "says": "The historian Nigel Bagnall considers that during this period Carthage viewed Sicily as a secondary theatre."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When Hamilcar Barca took command of the Carthaginians on Sicily in 247 BC he was only given a small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Chief among the blockade runners was a galley captained by Hannibal the Rhodian, who taunted the Romans with the superiority of his vessel and crew."}], "Q1137302": [{"id": "Q3125368", "label": "Mahdist Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Omdurman,  also known as the Battle of Karary, was fought during the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan between a British–Egyptian expeditionary force commanded by British Commander-in-Chief (sirdar) major general Horatio Herbert Kitchener and a Sudanese army of the Mahdist State, led by Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (the Khalifa), the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Omdurman,  also known as the Battle of Karary, was fought during the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan between a British–Egyptian expeditionary force commanded by British Commander-in-Chief (sirdar) major general Horatio Herbert Kitchener and a Sudanese army of the Mahdist State, led by Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (the Khalifa), the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad."}, {"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Omdurman,  also known as the Battle of Karary, was fought during the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan between a British–Egyptian expeditionary force commanded by British Commander-in-Chief (sirdar) major general Horatio Herbert Kitchener and a Sudanese army of the Mahdist State, led by Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (the Khalifa), the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad."}, {"id": "Q476402", "label": "Battle of Umm Diwaykarat", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat a year later, the remaining Mahdist forces were defeated and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat a year later, the remaining Mahdist forces were defeated and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established."}, {"id": "Q478597", "label": "Battle of El Obeid", "section": "Background", "says": "At El Obeid on 3 November 1883, an Egyptian force under General William Hicks, sent by the Egyptian government to put down the uprising, was defeated by the Mahdi's army during the Battle of Shaykan."}], "Q1143379": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "They retreated into the mountains of the central Caucasus and gradually started moving south, across the Caucasus Mountains into the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q195972", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 17th century, under pressure from the Kabardian princes, Ossetians started a second wave of migration from the North Caucasus to the Kingdom of Kartli."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1944 and 1952 Ossetian language schools were closed by the Soviet Union and the broadcasting and publishing in Ossetian was curtailed."}], "Q1145411": [{"id": "Q55636", "label": "Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence."}], "Q1178424": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the decades prior to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, the Spanish crown had repeatedly tried to reassert the control over the periphery and tried to clamp down on the autonomies."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In the decades prior to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, the Spanish crown had repeatedly tried to reassert the control over the periphery and tried to clamp down on the autonomies."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "When King Ferdinand VII of Spain died in 1833, his widow, Queen Maria Cristina, became regent on behalf of their two-year-old daughter Queen Isabella II."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "When King Ferdinand VII of Spain died in 1833, his widow, Queen Maria Cristina, became regent on behalf of their two-year-old daughter Queen Isabella II."}, {"id": "Q434529", "label": "Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara", "section": "Background", "says": "However, they were ultimately defeated by the liberal forces led by General Baldomero Espartero."}], "Q1192043": [{"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q500409", "label": "Roman–Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first series of conflicts in what would be 682 years of Roman–Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q205887", "label": "Battle of Carrhae", "section": "lead", "says": "This first incursion against Parthia was repulsed, notably at the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC)."}, {"id": "Q1269411", "label": "Parthamaspates of Parthia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 113 AD, the Roman Emperor Trajan made eastern conquests and the defeat of Parthia a strategic priority, and successfully overran the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon, installing Parthamaspates of Parthia as a client ruler."}, {"id": "Q342795", "label": "Vologases IV of Parthia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in the 2nd century, war over Armenia broke out again in 161, when Vologases IV defeated the Romans there."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 195, another Roman invasion of Mesopotamia began under the Emperor Septimius Severus, who occupied Seleucia and Babylon, however he was unable to take Hatra."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "lead", "says": "Parthia ultimately was taken by a Persian rebellion led by Ardashir I, who entered Ctesiphon in 226."}], "Q1192616": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Didgori (Georgian: დიდგორის ბრძოლა, romanized: didgoris brdzola) was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuk Empire at the narrow place of Didgori, 40 km west of Tbilisi, on August 12, 1121."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Didgori (Georgian: დიდგორის ბრძოლა, romanized: didgoris brdzola) was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuk Empire at the narrow place of Didgori, 40 km west of Tbilisi, on August 12, 1121."}], "Q12302518": [{"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1996–2001 Afghan Civil War, also known as the Third Afghan Civil War, took place between the Taliban's conquest of Kabul and their establishing of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996, and the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October 2001: a period that was part of the Afghan Civil Wars that had started in 1989, and also part of the conflict (in wider sense) in Afghanistan "}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1996–2001 Afghan Civil War, also known as the Third Afghan Civil War, took place between the Taliban's conquest of Kabul and their establishing of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996, and the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October 2001: a period that was part of the Afghan Civil Wars that had started in 1989, and also part of the conflict (in wider sense) in Afghanistan "}, {"id": "Q1415585", "label": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State of Afghanistan government remained the recognized government of Afghanistan by most of the international community."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban's Islamic Emirate government, however, received recognition from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban's Islamic Emirate government, however, received recognition from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "lead", "says": "The defense minister of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Massoud, created the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) in opposition to the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the conflict, the Taliban received military support from Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background and history", "says": "After the attacks of September 11, 2001 on U.S. soil, the United States and Britain launched an air assault on Afghanistan on 7 October 2001, which the Taliban referred to as an \"attack on Islam\"."}], "Q1246569": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre of the Latins was a massacre of Genoese and Pisans in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, in April 1182."}, {"id": "Q240604", "label": "Maria of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "After Manuel I Komnenos' death in 1180, the Genoese and the Pisans of Constantinople dominated the city's maritime trade and financial sector, largely due to favouritism by the Latin princess and regent Maria of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q41830", "label": "Andronikos I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "This caused a coup d'etat in April 1182 by Andronikos I Komnenos, who entered the city with a wave of popular support."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexios' grandson, Manuel I Komnenos, wishing to reduce their influence, began to reduce the privileges of Venice while concluding agreements with her rivals: Pisa, Genoa, and Amalfi."}], "Q1278576": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Masts (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة ذَات الصَّوَارِي, romanized: Maʿrakat Dhāt al-Ṣawārī) was a naval battle fought in 655 between the Byzantine Empire led by Emperor Constans II (r."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "641–668), and the Rashidun Caliphate under the command of Abu al-A'war, admiral of Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 650s the Rashidun Caliphate completed its conquest of the Sasanian Empire and continued its successful expansion into the territories of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q423552", "label": "Abd Allah ibn Sa'ad", "section": "Background", "says": "In 645, Abd Allah ibn Sa'd was appointed as the governor of Egypt by Caliph Uthman, replacing the semi-independent 'Amr ibn al-'As."}, {"id": "Q185538", "label": "Constans", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Constans embarked against it with a large fleet."}], "Q129099995": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "As of September 2024, more than 29,000 cases have been reported, with over 800 fatalities (~3% fatality rate), nearly all in the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}], "Q1321586": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice restored the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940, with a number of modifications."}], "Q1337059": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tewkesbury (4 May 1471) was one of the most decisive battles of the Wars of the Roses in England."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "King Edward IV and his forces loyal to the House of York completely defeated those of the rival House of Lancaster."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lancastrian king, Henry VI, who was a prisoner in the Tower of London, died shortly after the battle, likely murdered, although the official cause was stated as being of 'great melancholy'."}, {"id": "Q634629", "label": "Battle of Towton", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1461 the Yorkist claimant, Edward, Earl of March, was proclaimed King Edward IV and defeated the supporters of the weak, intermittently insane Lancastrian King Henry VI at the Battle of Towton."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "Background", "says": "His wife, Margaret of Anjou, and their 13-year-old son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales were exiled and impoverished in France."}, {"id": "Q229214", "label": "Elizabeth Woodville", "section": "Background", "says": "They became estranged when Edward spurned the French diplomatic marriage that Warwick was seeking for him and instead married Elizabeth Woodville, widow of an obscure Lancastrian gentleman, in secret in 1464."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward, meanwhile, reversed Warwick's policy of friendship with France by marrying his sister Margaret to Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward, meanwhile, reversed Warwick's policy of friendship with France by marrying his sister Margaret to Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy."}], "Q1341972": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aljubarrota was fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile on 14 August 1385."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aljubarrota was fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile on 14 August 1385."}, {"id": "Q201575", "label": "John I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his Constable Nuno Álvares Pereira, with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese and French allies, as well as Genoese mercenaries at São Jorge, between the towns of Leiria and Alcobaça, in central Portugal."}, {"id": "Q374056", "label": "Nuno Álvares Pereira", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his Constable Nuno Álvares Pereira, with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese and French allies, as well as Genoese mercenaries at São Jorge, between the towns of Leiria and Alcobaça, in central Portugal."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his Constable Nuno Álvares Pereira, with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese and French allies, as well as Genoese mercenaries at São Jorge, between the towns of Leiria and Alcobaça, in central Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his Constable Nuno Álvares Pereira, with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese and French allies, as well as Genoese mercenaries at São Jorge, between the towns of Leiria and Alcobaça, in central Portugal."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The end of the 14th century in Europe was a time of revolution and crisis, with the Hundred Years' War between the English and the French for Western France, the Black Death devastating the continent, and famine afflicting the poor."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The end of the 14th century in Europe was a time of revolution and crisis, with the Hundred Years' War between the English and the French for Western France, the Black Death devastating the continent, and famine afflicting the poor."}, {"id": "Q108442", "label": "Ferdinand I of Portugal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In October 1383, King Ferdinand I of Portugal died with no son to inherit the crown."}, {"id": "Q233745", "label": "Beatrice of Portugal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The only surviving child of his marriage with Leonor Telles de Meneses was a girl, Princess Beatrice of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April of that same year Ferdinand had signed the Treaty of Salvaterra de Magos with King Juan I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q295824", "label": "Peter I of Portugal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The first clear act of hostility was carried out in December 1383 by the faction of John (João), the Grand Master of the Military Order of Aviz (and a natural son of Peter I of Portugal), with the murder of João Fernandes Andeiro, the Count of Ourém, adviser and lover of Queen Leonor."}, {"id": "Q2530225", "label": "Battle of Atoleiros", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April 1384, in Alentejo, a punitive Castilian expedition was promptly defeated by Nuno Álvares Pereira, leading a much smaller Portuguese army at the Battle of Atoleiros."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In October 1384, Richard II wrote to John, reportin"}], "Q1351498": [{"id": "Q371967", "label": "Operation Moses", "section": "lead", "says": "Two prior, similar missions, Operation Moses and Operation Joshua, were forced to cease after Ethiopia and Sudan pulled their quiet permission."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Two prior, similar missions, Operation Moses and Operation Joshua, were forced to cease after Ethiopia and Sudan pulled their quiet permission."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1991, the sitting Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was close to being toppled with the military successes of Eritrean and Tigrayan rebels, threatening Ethiopia with dangerous political destabilization."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States became involved in the planning of Operation Solomon after it was brought to the US government's attention by American Jewish leaders of the AAEJ that Ethiopian Jewry was living in danger."}, {"id": "Q1368337", "label": "Tesfaye Genre Kidan", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the efforts of the diplomats, the acting President of Ethiopia Tesfaye Gebre Kidan made the ultimate decision to allow the Israeli a"}], "Q1362209": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first conflict fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India."}, {"id": "Q2985337", "label": "Treaty of Salbai", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in 1782 following the Treaty of Salbai."}, {"id": "Q7283047", "label": "Raghunathrao", "section": "lead", "says": "As per the treaty, both sides returned each other's captured territory, and the British withdrew their support for Raghunathrao."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "The British and Marathas would not fight against each other again until the Second Anglo-Maratha War 20 years later."}], "Q1366196": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gothic War of 376–382 was one of several Gothic Wars in Roman history in which the Goths fought against the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This particular conflict included the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of Adrianople, which is commonly seen as a cause of the decline of the Western Roman Empire, although its significance is widely debated."}, {"id": "Q159712", "label": "Fritigern", "section": "Background", "says": "There were two groups: the Thervings led by Fritigern and Alavivus and the Greuthungi led by Alatheus and Saphrax."}, {"id": "Q343018", "label": "Eunapius", "section": "Background", "says": "Eunapius states their number as 200,000 including civilians, but Peter Heather estimates that the Thervings may have had only 10,000 warriors and 50,000 people in total, with the Greuthungi about the same size."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "Background", "says": "Eunapius states their number as 200,000 including civilians, but Peter Heather estimates that the Thervings may have had only 10,000 warriors and 50,000 people in total, with the Greuthungi about the same size."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "It took them some time to arrive, for the Emperor was in Antioch preparing for a campaign against the Sasanian Empire over control of Armenia and Iberia."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The group of Thervings under the leaders named Alavivus and Fritigern were favored for crossing since their group had already allied with Valens and converted to Christianity in the wake of a civil war among the Thervings after 370."}, {"id": "Q312598", "label": "Athanaric", "section": "Background", "says": "The Therving leader Athanaric, who had confronted Valens in his Gothic War of 367-369 was denied entry, as were the Greuthungi, against whom the Roman army and naval forces blocked the river to deny their crossing."}], "Q1378244": [{"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Washington Agreement (Croatian: washingtonski sporazum; Bosnian: vašingtonski sporazum) was a ceasefire agreement between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, signed on 18 March 1994 in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q334731", "label": "Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Washington Agreement (Croatian: washingtonski sporazum; Bosnian: vašingtonski sporazum) was a ceasefire agreement between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, signed on 18 March 1994 in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q684999", "label": "Mate Granić", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak."}, {"id": "Q3437194", "label": "Krešimir Zubak", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Croat and Bosnian (in that time Bosniak) government forces was divided into ten autonomous cantons, establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and ending the Croat-Bosniak War."}, {"id": "Q3540932", "label": "Split Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequently signed Split Agreement resulted in the creation of a loose confederation between Croatia and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as one of its goals."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Croat–Bosniak War was a conflict between the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, on the one hand, and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the other."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "It lasted from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994, and is considered often as a \"war within a war\" as it was a part of the much larger Bosnian War."}], "Q1429256": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Shocked by the defeat of the Kingdom of France in the Italian War of 1521, Pope Clement VII, together with the Republic of Venice, began to organize an alliance to drive Charles V from the Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Henry VIII of England, thwarted in his requests to have the treaty signed in England, refused to join."}], "Q149560": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stallupönen, fought between Russian and German armies on August 17, 1914, was the opening battle of World War I on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stallupönen, fought between Russian and German armies on August 17, 1914, was the opening battle of World War I on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q63715", "label": "Hermann von François", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans under the command of Hermann von François conducted a successful counterattack against four Russian infantry divisions from different infantry corps, which heavily outnumbered them but were separated from each other, creating a gap between the 27th Infantry Division and the 40th Infantry Division, and had little coordination with each other."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Russia had mobilised with a view to attacking Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia, but as German mobilisation would result in a major attack on France, the Russians had to devote the main strength of their regular army to launching an early attack on East Prussia in an attempt to draw off German troops from the Western Front.Germany's attack on France followed the Schlieffen Plan, a flanking adva"}, {"id": "Q4012", "label": "Paul von Rennenkampf", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Russia deployed the 1st Army, commanded by Paul von Rennenkampf, and the 2nd Army, commanded by Alexander Samsonov, for the attack."}, {"id": "Q504378", "label": "Alexander Samsonov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Russia deployed the 1st Army, commanded by Paul von Rennenkampf, and the 2nd Army, commanded by Alexander Samsonov, for the attack."}], "Q1569328": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Attacks are often directed at individuals perceived as supporting the Nigerian government or Islamic State after the split between them, including civil servants, local defense groups, Muslim leaders who oppose the group and other rebels like al-Qaeda and Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q1364672", "label": "Mohammed Yusuf", "section": "lead", "says": "Boko Haram's initial uprising failed, and its leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed by the Nigerian government."}, {"id": "Q2822101", "label": "Abubakar Shekau", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement consequently fractured into autonomous groups and started an insurgency, though rebel commander Abubakar Shekau managed to achieve a kind of primacy among the insurgents."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "International context", "says": "Despite this, there were concerns that conflict could spread to Nigeria's neighbours, especially Cameroon, where it existed at a relatively low level until 2014, subsequently escalating considerably."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "International context", "says": "Western nations, including Britain, France, Israel, and the United States, pledged support including technical expertise and training."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "International context", "says": "The New York Times reported in March 2015 that hundreds of private military contractors from South Africa and other countries play a decisive role in Nigeria's military campaign, operating attack helicopters and armored personnel carriers and assisting in the planning of operations."}], "Q1647768": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC) was a large conflict in Anatolia and ancient Greece in opposition to the Roman Republic by the Pontic kingdom ruled by Mithridates VI Eupator."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "lead", "says": "His campaign was swift: in 86 BC, he took Athens, then crushed Mithridates' general Archelaus in central Greece at the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos."}, {"id": "Q1991765", "label": "Second Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Sulla's settlement of the East was short-lived; hostilities rapidly resumed in the Second Mithridatic War (83–81 BC), fought on the Roman side by Murena, the lieutenant that Sulla had left behind in Asia."}, {"id": "Q316059", "label": "Pelopidas", "section": "Origins of the war", "says": "The king wanted to gain time and sent his ambassador Pelopidas to last chance negotiations with Aquillius in Pergamon, which took place in the spring of 89."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Origins of the war", "says": "These negotiations were marred with sophistry and spurious agreements; Mithridates listed his claims over Cappadocia and Bithynia and presented himself as a victim of Nicomedes' pillage, while the latter detailed how Mithridates breached the treaties and prepared for war."}], "Q170400": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Third Silesian War and the wider Seven Years' War, the battle involved over 100,000 men."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Third Silesian War and the wider Seven Years' War, the battle involved over 100,000 men."}, {"id": "Q663376", "label": "Pyotr Saltykov", "section": "lead", "says": "An Allied army commanded by Pyotr Saltykov and Ernst Gideon von Laudon that included 41,000 Russians and 18,500 Austrians defeated Frederick the Great's army of 50,900 Prussians."}, {"id": "Q440276", "label": "Ernst Gideon von Laudon", "section": "lead", "says": "An Allied army commanded by Pyotr Saltykov and Ernst Gideon von Laudon that included 41,000 Russians and 18,500 Austrians defeated Frederick the Great's army of 50,900 Prussians."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This represented the penultimate success of the Russian Empire under Elizabeth of Russia and was arguably Frederick's worst defeat."}, {"id": "Q130752", "label": "Elizabeth I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "This represented the penultimate success of the Russian Empire under Elizabeth of Russia and was arguably Frederick's worst defeat."}], "Q1051202": [{"id": "Q75826", "label": "Catiline", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catilinarian conspiracy, sometimes Second Catilinarian conspiracy, was an attempted coup d'état by Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline) to overthrow the Roman consuls of 63 BC – Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Antonius Hybrida – and forcibly assume control of the state in their stead."}, {"id": "Q435213", "label": "Gaius Antonius Hybrida", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catilinarian conspiracy, sometimes Second Catilinarian conspiracy, was an attempted coup d'état by Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline) to overthrow the Roman consuls of 63 BC – Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Antonius Hybrida – and forcibly assume control of the state in their stead."}], "Q10658304": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "According to researchers' estimates, excess mortality from Russian influenza in the Russian Empire for the period 1889–1890 could be from 60,000 to 90,000 people, with lethality from the virus, a little more than 0.2%."}], "Q1070890": [{"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in December 1991 with the coup against the first democratically-elected President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, by the rebel factions of the Georgian National Guard and the Mkhedrioni paramilitary."}, {"id": "Q967713", "label": "Tengiz Kitovani", "section": "Background", "says": "The National Guard of Georgia, the major paramilitary force in the country, split into two factions; pro- and anti-Gamsakhurdia, the latter being headed by the sacked National Guard commander Tengiz Kitovani."}, {"id": "Q969062", "label": "Jaba Ioseliani", "section": "Background", "says": "Another paramilitary organization, the Mkhedrioni, led by Jaba Ioseliani, also sided with the opposition."}], "Q108419092": [{"id": "Q4413", "label": "Alpha Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 September 2021, President of Guinea Alpha Condé was captured by the country's armed forces in a coup d'état after gunfire in the capital, Conakry."}, {"id": "Q108418519", "label": "Mamadi Doumbouya", "section": "lead", "says": "Special forces commander Mamady Doumbouya released a broadcast on state television announcing the dissolution of the constitution and government."}], "Q1132579": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Princeton was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, fought near Princeton, New Jersey on January 3, 1777, and ending in a small victory for the Colonials."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a surprise attack at Trenton early in the morning of December 26, 1776, General George Washington of the Continental Army decided to attack the British in New Jersey before entering the winter quarters."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "lead", "says": "On December 30, he crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q653664", "label": "Battle of Trenton", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776, Washington withdrew back to Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q233417", "label": "Battle of the Assunpink Creek", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of January 2, 1777, Washington repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek."}, {"id": "Q3030909", "label": "Hugh Mercer", "section": "lead", "says": "On January 3, Brigadier General Hugh Mercer of the Continental Army clashed with two regiments under the command of Mawhood."}, {"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "lead", "says": "In Princeton, Brigadier General John Sullivan encouraged some British troops who had taken refuge in Nassau Hall to surrender, ending the battle."}], "Q1141380": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wake Island was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on Wake Island."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The assault was one of five simultaneous assaults on American naval and air bases in the Pacific on the morning of 8 December 1941 (7 December in Hawaii), with the Battle of Wake Island ending on 23 December, with the surrender of American forces to the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on and around the atoll formed by Wake Island and its minor islets of Peale and Wilkes Islands by the air, land, and naval forces of the Japanese Empire against those of the United States, with marines playing a prominent role on both sides."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The island was held by the Japanese for the duration of the Pacific War; the remaining Japanese garrison on the island surrendered to a detachment of United States Marines on 4 September 1945, after the earlier surrender on 2 September 1945 on the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay to General Douglas MacArthur."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The island was held by the Japanese for the duration of the Pacific War; the remaining Japanese garrison on the island surrendered to a detachment of United States Marines on 4 September 1945, after the earlier surrender on 2 September 1945 on the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay to General Douglas MacArthur."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The flying boats were some of the largest fixed-wing aircraft of the day, and the tickets were very expensive but did allow a much faster trip to Asia and Australia."}], "Q1144824": [{"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nivelle Offensive in April and May had failed to achieve its more grandiose aims, had led to the demoralisation of French troops and confounded the Anglo-French strategy for 1917."}, {"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the First Battle of Ypres in 1914, much of the drainage had been destroyed, though some parts were restored by land drainage companies from England."}, {"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A new line, incorporating the revised principles of defence derived from the experience of the Battle of the Somme, known as the Flandernstellung, began in February 1917."}], "Q1209946": [{"id": "Q233500", "label": "Second Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war saw the loss of sovereignty of an independent Burma under the Konbaung dynasty, whose rule had already been reduced to the territory known as Upper Burma, the region of Lower Burma having been annexed by the British in 1853, following the Second Anglo-Burmese War."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the war, Burma came under the rule of the British Raj as one of its provinces."}, {"id": "Q470986", "label": "Thibaw Min", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a succession crisis in Burma in 1878, the British Resident in Burma was forcibly withdrawn, on the orders of King Thibaw Min ending official diplomatic relations between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The British considered a new war in response but other continuing wars in Africa and Afghanistan led them to reject a war at that time."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "Background", "says": "Officially it was to gather industrial knowledge, but it soon made its way to Paris where it began negotiations with the French Foreign Minister Jules Ferry."}], "Q124254493": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 12 January 2024 and 6 May 2025 the United States and the United Kingdom, with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and New Zealand, launched a series of cruise missile and airstrikes against the Houthi movement in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 12 January 2024 and 6 May 2025 the United States and the United Kingdom, with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and New Zealand, launched a series of cruise missile and airstrikes against the Houthi movement in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 12 January 2024 and 6 May 2025 the United States and the United Kingdom, with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and New Zealand, launched a series of cruise missile and airstrikes against the Houthi movement in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Houthis had previously declared that their attacks were in support of Palestinians during the Gaza war; Houthi attacks on shipping were condemned by the United Nations Security Council the day before the initial strike."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "US President Joe Biden ordered the strikes, and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak convened his cabinet to authorize British participation."}, {"id": "Q20055561", "label": "Rishi Sunak", "section": "lead", "says": "US President Joe Biden ordered the strikes, and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak convened his cabinet to authorize British participation."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "US President Donald Trump ordered the operation with over 1,000 airstrikes having been conducted by the end of April, with UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer authorizing strikes as well."}, {"id": "Q6383803", "label": "Keir Starmer", "section": "lead", "says": "US President Donald Trump ordered the operation with over 1,000 airstrikes having been conducted by the end of April, with UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer authorizing strikes as well."}], "Q125371": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed in 1979 in Bonn, West Germany, the convention entered into force in 1983."}], "Q127299": [{"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolín (Kolin) on 18 June 1757 saw 54,000 Austrians under Count von Daun defeat 34,000 Prussians under Frederick the Great during the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolín (Kolin) on 18 June 1757 saw 54,000 Austrians under Count von Daun defeat 34,000 Prussians under Frederick the Great during the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick stopped the bombardment of Prague and maintained the siege under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, while the king marched against the Austrians on 13 June along with Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau's troops."}], "Q129151": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1938 Yellow River flood (simplified Chinese: 花园口决堤事件; traditional Chinese: 花園口決堤事件; pinyin: Huāyuánkǒu Juédī Shìjiàn; lit. 'Huayuankou Dam Burst Incident') was a man-made flood in China from June 1938 to January 1947 created by the intentional destruction of levees on the Yellow River in Huayuankou, Henan, by the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "There were three long-term strategic intentions behind the decision to cause the flooding: firstly, the flood in Henan safeguarded the Guanzhong section of the Longhai railway, a major northwestern route used by the Soviet Union to send supplies to the NRA from August 1937 to March 1941."}], "Q48202": [{"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire, commanded by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire, commanded by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia."}], "Q509417": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy (Russian: Корсунь-Шевченковская операция; Ukrainian: Корсунь-Шевченківська операція), also known as the Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket, was a World War II battle fought from 24 January to 16 February 1944 in the course of the Soviet Dnieper–Carpathian offensive in Ukraine, following the Korsun–Shevchenkovsky offensive."}, {"id": "Q299364", "label": "Nikolai Vatutin", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, commanded, respectively, by Nikolai Vatutin and Ivan Konev, encircled German forces of Army Group South in a pocket near the Dnieper River."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, commanded, respectively, by Nikolai Vatutin and Ivan Konev, encircled German forces of Army Group South in a pocket near the Dnieper River."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Mobile Soviet offensives were the hallmark of the Eastern Front for the remainder of the war."}], "Q535542": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belgrade (Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár ostroma) in 1521 is an event that followed as a result of the third major Ottoman attack on this Hungarian stronghold in the Ottoman–Hungarian wars at the time of the greatest expansion of the Ottoman Empire to the west."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent launched his army in mid-May 1521."}, {"id": "Q838407", "label": "Piri Mehmed Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "Hain Ahmed Pasha, the rival of Piri Mehmed Pasha, who would later have a role in Piri's dismissal from the grand vizierate, suggested taking first Šabac, then cross the Sava and strike Buda."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Piri argued that if they didn't capture Belgrade before attacking the Hungarian capital Buda, the Hungarians could cut them off in their return to Belgrade."}], "Q541195": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (日英同盟, Nichi-Ei Dōmei) was an alliance between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Japan which was effective from 1902 to 1923."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (日英同盟, Nichi-Ei Dōmei) was an alliance between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Japan which was effective from 1902 to 1923."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "lead", "says": "By contrast, it came at a time of Japan's ascendancy; Japan had not only successfully abrogated the unequal treaties it was previously subject to by the Western powers, but was now a fledging empire in its own right: Japan had imposed its own unequal treaty on Korea in 1876 and now controlled Formosa (Taiwan) as a colony, as Taiwan been ceded by Qing China to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, af"}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "By contrast, it came at a time of Japan's ascendancy; Japan had not only successfully abrogated the unequal treaties it was previously subject to by the Western powers, but was now a fledging empire in its own right: Japan had imposed its own unequal treaty on Korea in 1876 and now controlled Formosa (Taiwan) as a colony, as Taiwan been ceded by Qing China to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, af"}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Article 3 of the alliance promised support if either signatory became involved in war with more than one power, and thus deterred France from assisting its ally Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905."}, {"id": "Q464399", "label": "Entente Cordiale", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, France concluded the Entente Cordiale with Britain and limited its support of Russia to providing loans."}], "Q541997": [{"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "Panzerarmee Afrika (Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel), attempted an envelopment of the British Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery)."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Panzerarmee Afrika (Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel), attempted an envelopment of the British Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery)."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "Montgomery did not exploit his defensive victory, preferring to continue the methodical build up of strength for his autumn offensive, the Second Battle of El Alamein."}, {"id": "Q162250", "label": "First Battle of El Alamein", "section": "Background", "says": "A lull followed the Axis failure in the First Battle of El Alamein and the counterattacks by the Eighth Army (General Sir Claude Auchinleck) in July 1942."}, {"id": "Q312685", "label": "Claude Auchinleck", "section": "Background", "says": "A lull followed the Axis failure in the First Battle of El Alamein and the counterattacks by the Eighth Army (General Sir Claude Auchinleck) in July 1942."}, {"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "Background", "says": "The original Axis plan for the Battle of Gazala in June had been to capture Tobruk then pause for six weeks on the Egyptian frontier to prepare an invasion of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "General Sir Harold Alexander, the new Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of Middle East Command, had only a short distance from the supply bases and ports in Egypt to the front line but supplies from Britain, the Commonwealth and the United States still took a long time to arrive."}, {"id": "Q434110", "label": "Brian Horrocks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "XIII Corps (Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks) held the ground south of Ruweisat Ridge."}], "Q572676": [{"id": "Q76437", "label": "Karl Dönitz", "section": "Background", "says": "The submarine base had been inspected by the U-boat Commander in Chief, Vizeadmiral Karl Dönitz, the day before the raid."}], "Q576364": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an uprising against the Roman Empire started by the Batavi, a small but militarily powerful Germanic tribe that inhabited Batavia, on the delta of the river Rhine."}, {"id": "Q348926", "label": "Quintus Petillius Cerialis", "section": "lead", "says": "After these initial successes, a massive Roman army led by the Roman general Quintus Petillius Cerialis eventually defeated the rebels."}], "Q595320": [{"id": "Q45792", "label": "King Arthur", "section": "lead", "says": "It is chiefly known today for the involvement of the man who would later be remembered as the legendary King Arthur."}], "Q611071": [{"id": "Q644589", "label": "Toyota War", "section": "lead", "says": "What followed was the Toyota War, in which the Libyan forces were routed and expelled from Chad, putting an end to the conflict."}, {"id": "Q365169", "label": "Félix Malloum", "section": "Background", "says": "The rapprochement was not to last long, as on 13 April 1975 a coup d'état removed Tombalbaye and replaced him with General Félix Malloum."}, {"id": "Q310886", "label": "Hissène Habré", "section": "Background", "says": "The insurgents split on the issue of Libyan support in October 1976, with a minority leaving the militia and forming the Armed Forces of the North (FAN), led by the anti-Libyan Hissène Habré."}, {"id": "Q548636", "label": "Goukouni Oueddei", "section": "Background", "says": "The majority, willing to accept an alliance with Gaddafi, was commanded by Goukouni Oueddei."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Malloum-Habré accord was actively promoted by Sudan and Saudi Arabia, both of which feared a radical Chad controlled by Gaddafi."}], "Q627656": [{"id": "Q16835712", "label": "Duchy of Estonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Saint George's Night Uprising in 1343–1345 (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus, Estonian pronunciation: [jyri.øː yles.tɤus]) was an unsuccessful attempt by the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order to rid themselves of German and Danish rulers and landlords who had conquered the country in the 13th "}, {"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "Saint George's Night Uprising in 1343–1345 (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus, Estonian pronunciation: [jyri.øː yles.tɤus]) was an unsuccessful attempt by the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order to rid themselves of German and Danish rulers and landlords who had conquered the country in the 13th "}, {"id": "Q196409", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Saint George's Night Uprising in 1343–1345 (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus, Estonian pronunciation: [jyri.øː yles.tɤus]) was an unsuccessful attempt by the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order to rid themselves of German and Danish rulers and landlords who had conquered the country in the 13th "}], "Q633560": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carchemish was a battle fought around 605 BCE between the armies of Egypt, allied with the remnants of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the armies of Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carchemish was a battle fought around 605 BCE between the armies of Egypt, allied with the remnants of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the armies of Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar II was given command of this Babylonian force while Nabopolassar, his father and the king of Babylonia, was still in Babylon."}, {"id": "Q125102", "label": "Necho II", "section": "lead", "says": "Necho II, the king of Egypt, led the Egyptian and Assyrian forces in the battle."}, {"id": "Q319034", "label": "Jehoiakim", "section": "Background", "says": "Necho II used the death of Josiah to install a new king to the Judean throne, Jehoiakim, who would serve as an Egyptian ally and vassal."}], "Q707238": [{"id": "Q383614", "label": "Battle of Kohima", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the simultaneous Battle of Kohima on the road by which the encircled Allied forces at Imphal were relieved, the battle was the turning point of the Burma campaign, part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the simultaneous Battle of Kohima on the road by which the encircled Allied forces at Imphal were relieved, the battle was the turning point of the Burma campaign, part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II."}], "Q708213": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the most intense armored engagements in the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa, and some say that it may surpass the more famous Battle of Prokhorovka."}, {"id": "Q541506", "label": "Battle of Prokhorovka", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the most intense armored engagements in the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa, and some say that it may surpass the more famous Battle of Prokhorovka."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "It is by far the battle with the largest number of tanks participating (incorrectly, the Battle of Prokhorovka, part of the Battle of Kursk, is seen as the biggest tank battle)."}, {"id": "Q57137", "label": "Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 1st Panzer Group, led by Generaloberst Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, was ordered to secure the Bug River crossings and advance to Rovno and Korosten with the strategic objective of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q390171", "label": "Mikhail Kirponos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Southwestern Front, under the command of General Mikhail Kirponos, had received incomplete intelligence on the size and direction of the German attack."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "3\" on the authority of Chief of General Staff Georgy Zhukov."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the end of 22 June, Zhukov was on his way to the Southwestern Front headquarters at Ternopil along with Nikita Khrushchev, the former head of the Organizational Department of the Ukrainian Communist Party's Central Committee, to ensure these orders were carried out."}], "Q714259": [{"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Several German divisions had entered Italy after the fall of Benito Mussolini in July 1943, while Italy was officially still an ally of Germany, despite the protests of the new Italian government under Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "lead", "says": "Several German divisions had entered Italy after the fall of Benito Mussolini in July 1943, while Italy was officially still an ally of Germany, despite the protests of the new Italian government under Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Some individual soldiers and sometimes whole units, like the 24th Infantry Division \"Pinerolo\" in Thessaly, went over to the local resistance."}], "Q714320": [{"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The disaster, dubbed the \"Quake of the Century\" by the local media, had a profound effect on the economy of the island and the consciousness of the people, and dissatisfaction with the government's performance in reacting to it was cited by a Taiwanese sociologist as a factor in the unseating of the ruling Kuomintang party in the 2000 presidential election."}], "Q714557": [{"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "lead", "says": "This is the only major war Ashoka fought after his accession to the throne, and marked the close of the empire-building and military conquests of ancient India that began with the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Kalinga was under the rule of the Nanda Empire who ruled over the region from their capital in Magadha until their fall in 321 BCE."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Ashoka set himself to the task of conquering and annexing Kalinga to the vast Maurya Empire as soon as he securely established himself as the Emperor."}], "Q742306": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of his Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar invaded Britain twice: in 55 and 54 BC."}, {"id": "Q849967", "label": "Celtic Britons", "section": "lead", "says": "The force was so imposing that the Celtic Britons did not initially contest Caesar's landing, waiting instead until he began to move inland."}, {"id": "Q363623", "label": "Cassivellaunus", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar eventually penetrated into Middlesex and crossed the Thames, forcing the British warlord Cassivellaunus to pay tribute to Rome and setting up Mandubracius of the Trinovantes as a client king."}, {"id": "Q106199", "label": "Commentarii de Bello Gallico", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar included accounts of both invasions in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, which contains the earliest surviving significant eyewitness descriptions of the island's people, culture and geography."}], "Q757870": [{"id": "Q464512", "label": "Battle of Balaclava", "section": "lead", "says": "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a military action undertaken by British light cavalry against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, resulting in many casualties to the cavalry."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a military action undertaken by British light cavalry against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, resulting in many casualties to the cavalry."}], "Q767848": [{"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adrianople was fought in Thrace on July 3, 324, during a Roman civil war, the second to be waged between the two emperors Constantine I and Licinius."}, {"id": "Q2530931", "label": "Battle of Cibalae", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantine had, in a previous war (in 316), defeated Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae and conquered from him the entire Balkan Peninsula, with the exception of Thrace and Lower Moesia."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Background", "says": "By 324 Constantine was ready to renew the conflict, and when his army, in pursuit of a raiding force of Visigoths, or possibly Sarmatians, crossed into Licinius' territory, an opportune casus belli was created."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "Background", "says": "By 324 Constantine was ready to renew the conflict, and when his army, in pursuit of a raiding force of Visigoths, or possibly Sarmatians, crossed into Licinius' territory, an opportune casus belli was created."}], "Q780921": [{"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paris or the Storming of Paris (30–31 March 1814) saw the Allied forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Württemberg attack Paris defended by troops of the First French Empire under Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paris or the Storming of Paris (30–31 March 1814) saw the Allied forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Württemberg attack Paris defended by troops of the First French Empire under Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paris or the Storming of Paris (30–31 March 1814) saw the Allied forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Württemberg attack Paris defended by troops of the First French Empire under Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q312676", "label": "Auguste de Marmont", "section": "lead", "says": "Faced with a hopeless situation, Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier agreed to a ceasefire with the Allies in the late afternoon."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The French evacuated Paris on 31 March according to the terms of the convention reached with the Allied leaders Tsar Alexander I of Russia, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Austrian Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The French evacuated Paris on 31 March according to the terms of the convention reached with the Allied leaders Tsar Alexander I of Russia, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Austrian Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "This defeat marked the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition and soon forced Emperor Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "This defeat marked the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition and soon forced Emperor Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "Background", "says": "After being decisively defeated by the Coalition armies at the Battle of Leipzig on 16–19 October 1813, Napoleon with 60,000–70,000 French soldiers retreated across the Rhine River in November 1813."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "All the former French allies in Germany such as the Kingdom of Bavaria now switched sides and joined the Coalition."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "Background", "says": "Against this, the Allies had 156,868 men in the Army of Bohemia under Schwarzenberg, 77,100 soldiers in the Army of Silesia under Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, 30,000 Prussians under Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow, and 36,000 Russians under Lieutenant General Ferdinand von Wintzingerode."}, {"id": "Q63023", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow von Dennewitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Against this, the Allies had 156,868 men in the Army of Bohemia under Schwarzenberg, 77,100 soldiers in the Army of Silesia under Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, 30,000 Prussians under Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow, and 36,000 Russians under Lieutenant General Ferdinand von Wintzingerode."}, {"id": "Q64442", "label": "Ferdinand von Wintzingerode", "section": "Background", "says": "Against this, the Allies had 156,868 men in the Army of Bohemia under Schwarzenberg, 77,100 soldiers in the Army of Silesia under Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, 30,000 Prussians under Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow, and 36,000 Russians under Lieutenant General Ferdinand von Wintzingerode."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Army of Bohemia deployed on the upper Rhine while assigning 12,000 men to occupy Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to recruiting new soldiers, Napoleon transferred troops from the armies of Marshals Jean-de-Dieu Soult and Louis-Gabriel Suchet that were opposing the British, Portuguese, and Spanish armies in southwest France."}, {"id": "Q316518", "label": "Louis-Gabriel Suchet", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to recruiting new soldiers, Napoleon transferred troops from the armies of Marshals Jean-de-Dieu Soult and Louis-Gabriel Suchet that were opposing the British, Portuguese, and Spanish armies in southwest France."}, {"id": "Q703307", "label": "Hans Karl von Diebitsch", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He asked the opinions of Generals Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Hans Karl von Diebitsch, and Karl Wilhelm von Toll."}, {"id": "Q571642", "label": "Karl Wilhelm von Toll", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He asked the opinions of Generals Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Hans Karl von Diebitsch, and Karl Wilhelm von Toll."}, {"id": "Q597249", "label": "Battle of Fère-Champenoise", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 25 March 1814, their 19,000 soldiers encountered Coalition forces in the Battle of Fère-Champenoise and were badly beaten, suffering 6,000 casualties and losing 45 guns."}, {"id": "Q7723", "label": "Napoleon II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Empress Marie Louise and her son Napoleon II left Paris on 29 March and traveled south."}], "Q815166": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Christopher Catherwood has called the siege \"the worst defeat of the Allies in World War I\"."}, {"id": "Q333688", "label": "Charles Townshend", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 6th (Poona) Division of the Indian Army, under Major-General Charles Townshend, had fallen back to the town of Kut after retreating from Ctesiphon."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The British Empire forces arrived at Kut around 3 December 1915."}], "Q815192": [{"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was the most important event of the reign of Charles the Fat and a turning point in the fortunes of the Carolingian dynasty and the history of France."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "It also proved for the Franks the strategic importance of Paris at a time when it also was one of the largest cities in West Francia."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "Background", "says": "Originally this was Robert the Strong, margrave of Neustria and missus dominicus for the Loire Valley."}, {"id": "Q1542647", "label": "Battle of Brissarthe", "section": "Background", "says": "He began fortifying the capital and fought the Norsemen continuously until his death in the Battle of Brissarthe."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "Background", "says": "West Francia suffered under a series of short-reigning kings after the death of Charles the Bald in 877."}], "Q835881": [{"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "The goal of Bodenplatte was to gain air superiority during the stagnant stage of the Battle of the Bulge so that the German Army and Waffen-SS forces could resume their advance."}, {"id": "Q2739491", "label": "Arthur Coningham", "section": "Background", "says": "The Royal Air Force (RAF) and its Second Tactical Air Force—under the command of Air Marshal Arthur Coningham—moved No."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Operation Market Garden had failed in 1944, by 1945 the Allies had overrun most of the southern Netherlands and the Scheldt Estuary."}], "Q83873548": [{"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The first confirmed case in Australia was identified on 25 January 2020, in Victoria, when a man who had returned from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, tested positive for the virus."}], "Q83873573": [{"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "The first case in Nepal was confirmed on 23 January 2020 when a 31-year-old student, who had returned to Kathmandu from Wuhan on 9 January, tested positive."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "India, the United States and Germany increased their support to Nepali health sectors."}], "Q842796": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of St Albans took place on 22 May 1455, at St Albans, 22 miles (35 km) north of London, and traditionally marks the beginning of the Wars of the Roses in England."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "Somerset was killed in the battle, and King Henry VI captured, clearing the way for a subsequent parliament to appoint Richard of York Lord Protector."}], "Q848056": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Metaurus was a pivotal battle in the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, fought in 207 BC near the Metauro River in Italy."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Metaurus was a pivotal battle in the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, fought in 207 BC near the Metauro River in Italy."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginians were led by Hasdrubal Barca, brother of Hannibal, who was to have brought siege equipment and reinforcements for Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carthaginians were led by Hasdrubal Barca, brother of Hannibal, who was to have brought siege equipment and reinforcements for Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Claudius Nero quickly reached Marcus Livius, who was camped at Sena along with the praetor Porcius Licinius."}], "Q859612": [{"id": "Q2444934", "label": "Operation Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "Scharnhorst and Gneisenau had arrived in Brest on 22 March 1941 after the success of Operation Berlin in the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1941, Adolf Hitler ordered the Oberkommando der Marine (OKM; German Navy High Command) to plan an operation to return the ships to German bases, in case of a British invasion of Norway."}, {"id": "Q57154", "label": "Erich Raeder", "section": "Background", "says": "OKM preferred the Denmark Strait passage to Germany and Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) Erich Raeder called a journey along the English Channel impossible."}], "Q868481": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hampton Roads, also referred to as the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack or the Battle of Ironclads, was a naval battle during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q948252", "label": "Franklin Buchanan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the action was halted by darkness and falling tide, so Virginia retired to take care of her few wounded—which included her captain, Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan—and repair her minimal battle damage."}, {"id": "Q2303939", "label": "Gideon Welles", "section": "Background", "says": "Intelligence that the Confederates were working to develop an ironclad caused consternation for the Union, but Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles waited for Congress to meet to request permission to consider building armored vessels; Congress gave this permission on August 3, 1861."}], "Q87648634": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, passengers who have been to most of Europe, as well as South Korea and Japan, within the past 14 days, were barred from entering Armenia."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The border of Armenia with the Republic of Artsakh was closed in order to prevent the virus from spreading to the unrecognized republic (which \"de facto\" proclaimed its independence in a nationwide referendum on 10 December 1992)."}], "Q889879": [{"id": "Q318811", "label": "Tongzhi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877), also known as the Tongzhi Hui Revolt (traditional Chinese: 同治回亂; simplified Chinese: 同治回乱; pinyin: Tóngzhì Huí Luàn, Xiao'erjing: تُ‌جِ خُوِ لُوًا, Dungan: Тунҗы Хуэй Луан), was a war fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q1230569", "label": "Panthay Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The term sometimes includes the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, which occurred during the same period."}, {"id": "Q230200", "label": "Zuo Zongtang", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was eventually suppressed by Qing forces led by Zuo Zongtang."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Large numbers of Han people were also relocated to Inner Mongolia after the war."}], "Q900693": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seminole Wars (also known as the Florida Wars) were a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminoles that took place in Florida between about 1816 and 1858."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "What began as small cross-border skirmishes became the First Seminole War, as Andrew Jackson led U.S. forces into Florida—despite Spanish objections—to pursue the Seminoles."}, {"id": "Q351722", "label": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1819 the U.S. and Spain agreed to transfer Florida in the Adams–Onís Treaty."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1832 by the Treaty of Payne's Landing, however, the federal government under United States President Andrew Jackson demanded that they leave Florida altogether and relocate to Indian Territory (modern day Oklahoma) as per the Indian Removal Act of 1830."}, {"id": "Q2976715", "label": "Second Seminole War", "section": "lead", "says": "Those who refused to move resisted violently, leading to the Second Seminole War (1835–1842), which was by far the longest and most wide-ranging of the three conflicts."}, {"id": "Q1466527", "label": "Treaty of Fort Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "The land in southern Georgia had been ceded by the Creeks in the Treaty of Fort Jackson, but the Mikasukis did not consider themselves Creek, did not feel bound by the treaty which they had not signed, and did not accept that the Creeks had any right to cede Mikasuki land."}], "Q913818": [{"id": "Q125102", "label": "Necho II", "section": "lead", "says": "This Battle of Megiddo is recorded as having taken place in 609 BC, when Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt led his army to Carchemish (northern Syria) to join with his allies, the fading Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the surging Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "lead", "says": "This Battle of Megiddo is recorded as having taken place in 609 BC, when Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt led his army to Carchemish (northern Syria) to join with his allies, the fading Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the surging Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This Battle of Megiddo is recorded as having taken place in 609 BC, when Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt led his army to Carchemish (northern Syria) to join with his allies, the fading Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the surging Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This Battle of Megiddo is recorded as having taken place in 609 BC, when Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt led his army to Carchemish (northern Syria) to join with his allies, the fading Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the surging Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "This required passing through territory controlled by the Kingdom of Judah."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is recorded in the Hebrew Bible, the Greek 1 Esdras, and the writings of Jewish historian Josephus."}, {"id": "Q5432159", "label": "Fall of Harran", "section": "lead", "says": "While Necho II gained control of the Kingdom of Judah, the Assyrian forces lost to the Babylonians and Medes at the Fall of Harran, after which Assyria largely ceased to exist as an independent state."}], "Q917376": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Agrigentum (Sicily, 262 BC) was the first pitched battle of the First Punic War and the first large-scale military confrontation between Carthage and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Agrigentum (Sicily, 262 BC) was the first pitched battle of the First Punic War and the first large-scale military confrontation between Carthage and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q1164281", "label": "Mamertines", "section": "Prelude to the Siege of Agrigentum", "says": "Hiero II, then leader of Syracuse, campaigned against the Mamertines."}, {"id": "Q453947", "label": "Appius Claudius Caudex", "section": "Prelude to the Siege of Agrigentum", "says": "In 264 BC, the Roman Senate voted to send an expedition to Sicily under the command of Appius Claudius Caudex, one of the consuls for that year."}, {"id": "Q373061", "label": "Adrian Goldsworthy", "section": "Prelude to the Siege of Agrigentum", "says": "Adrian Goldsworthy has maintained that it was highly unlikely, and that, although the Romans knew war with Syracuse was almost a certainty, they believed their military would deter or swiftly defeat any opposition in Sicily."}], "Q949724": [{"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Naseby took place on 14 June 1645 during the First English Civil War, near the village of Naseby in Northamptonshire."}, {"id": "Q550612", "label": "Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parliamentarian New Model Army, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, destroyed the main Royalist army under Charles I and Prince Rupert."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parliamentarian New Model Army, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, destroyed the main Royalist army under Charles I and Prince Rupert."}, {"id": "Q333673", "label": "William Waller", "section": "Background", "says": "The two commanders involved, Essex and Manchester, were accused by many in Parliament of lacking commitment, a group that included moderates like William Waller as well as radicals like Cromwell."}, {"id": "Q1424943", "label": "Henry Vane the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "In December, Henry Vane the Younger introduced the Self-denying Ordinance, requiring any military officers to resign from Parliament."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine, recently appointed senior commander, wanted to link up with his brother Prince Maurice at Chester and retake the north, a key source of recruits and supplies."}], "Q975430": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Storm-333 (Russian: Шторм-333, Shtorm-333) was a military raid executed by the Soviet Union in Afghanistan on 27 December 1979."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Storm-333 (Russian: Шторм-333, Shtorm-333) was a military raid executed by the Soviet Union in Afghanistan on 27 December 1979."}, {"id": "Q63831", "label": "Hafizullah Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "Special forces and airborne troops stormed the heavily fortified Tajbeg Palace in Kabul and assassinated Afghan leader Hafizullah Amin, a Khalqist of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) who had taken power in the Saur Revolution of April 1978."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Special forces and airborne troops stormed the heavily fortified Tajbeg Palace in Kabul and assassinated Afghan leader Hafizullah Amin, a Khalqist of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) who had taken power in the Saur Revolution of April 1978."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the start of the Soviet–Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q63827", "label": "Babrak Karmal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the operation, a total of 1,700 Afghan soldiers who surrendered to Soviet forces were taken prisoner, and the Soviets installed Babrak Karmal, the leader of the PDPA's Parcham faction, as Amin's successor."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Documents released following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s revealed that the Soviet leadership believed Amin had secret contacts within the American embassy in Kabul and \"was capable of reaching an agreement with the United States\"; however, allegations of Amin colluding with the Americans have been widely discredited, with the Soviet archives revealing that the story of Amin as"}, {"id": "Q476757", "label": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was initially led by Nur Muhammad Taraki, who was pro-Soviet Union, which resulted in cordial Afghan–Soviet relations."}, {"id": "Q299559", "label": "Nur Muhammad Taraki", "section": "Background", "says": "The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was initially led by Nur Muhammad Taraki, who was pro-Soviet Union, which resulted in cordial Afghan–Soviet relations."}], "Q98371472": [{"id": "Q167846", "label": "Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan", "section": "Background", "says": "As early as 1971, the year in which the UAE became an independent country, the first president of the UAE Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan had referred to Israel as \"the enemy\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The UAE and the United States had a strategic relationship since the 1990 Gulf War, growing to a significant US Air Force presence at Al Dhafra Air Base after the September 11 attacks."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "Background", "says": "The UAE and the United States had a strategic relationship since the 1990 Gulf War, growing to a significant US Air Force presence at Al Dhafra Air Base after the September 11 attacks."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "Benjamin Netanyahu, the prime minister of Israel, reported at the end of June 2020 that the two countries were in cooperation to fight the coronavirus and that the head of the Mossad, Yossi Cohen, had traveled numerous times to the UAE."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Currently, Iran and Saudi Arabia are engaged in backing different factions in proxy wars from Syria to Yemen, with the UAE supporting the Saudi-led and US-sponsored coalition against the Iran-aligned forces."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2019, the Trump administration reversed decades of American policy by declaring that the West Bank settlements did not violate international law, a decision that threatened the two-state solution that had long been seen as the key to lasting peace between Israel and the Palestinians."}], "Q98457371": [{"id": "Q324108", "label": "Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta", "section": "lead", "says": "The soldiers detained several government officials including President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, who resigned and dissolved the government."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "On a subregional level, the coup also marked an end to a period of nearly six years, since the 2014 Burkina Faso uprising and the ousting of Burkina Faso's president Blaise Compaoré, during which there was not a single undemocratic change of government in West Africa."}, {"id": "Q57324", "label": "Blaise Compaoré", "section": "lead", "says": "On a subregional level, the coup also marked an end to a period of nearly six years, since the 2014 Burkina Faso uprising and the ousting of Burkina Faso's president Blaise Compaoré, during which there was not a single undemocratic change of government in West Africa."}], "Q1018969": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout 1895–96 Armenians in the Ottoman Empire suffered a wave of violence commonly known as the Hamidian massacres."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The pre-war (World War I) demographic statistics of the Van Province, Ottoman Empire had different values based on different sources."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "Prelude: Caucasian campaign", "says": "The first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign took place on 2 November 1914 with the Bergmann Offensive."}, {"id": "Q1936524", "label": "Bergmann Offensive", "section": "Prelude: Caucasian campaign", "says": "The first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign took place on 2 November 1914 with the Bergmann Offensive."}, {"id": "Q40787", "label": "Nicholas II of Russia", "section": "Prelude: Caucasian campaign", "says": "During December 1914, Nicholas II of Russia visited the Caucasian front."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Prelude: Caucasian campaign", "says": "Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha wanted to encircle the Russian forces between Sarikamish and Ardahan."}, {"id": "Q372822", "label": "Persian Campaign", "section": "Prelude: Caucasian campaign", "says": "On 11 December 1914 Ottoman preparations for their Persian Campaign began with Enver Pasha's order to form a provisional force that would be channeled into the planned theatre using the road"}], "Q1051748": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (once commonly spelled Unkiar Skelessi, and translating to The Treaty of \"the Royal Pier\" or \"the Sultan's Pier\") was a treaty signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt that same year."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (once commonly spelled Unkiar Skelessi, and translating to The Treaty of \"the Royal Pier\" or \"the Sultan's Pier\") was a treaty signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt that same year."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (once commonly spelled Unkiar Skelessi, and translating to The Treaty of \"the Royal Pier\" or \"the Sultan's Pier\") was a treaty signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt that same year."}, {"id": "Q1339722", "label": "Convention of Kutahya", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sultan finally submitted, which led to the Convention of Kütahya in May 1833, which officially granted Mehmed Ali control of Syria, Adana, Tripoli, Crete, and Egypt, though these titles were not guaranteed to be hereditary upon his death."}], "Q1052780": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Sherman's March to the Sea, officially known as the Savannah campaign, or simply Sherman's March, was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by United States Army major general William T."}], "Q1055755": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ilipa () was an engagement considered by many as Scipio Africanus's most brilliant victory in his military career during the Second Punic War in 206 BC."}, {"id": "Q728550", "label": "Battle of Baecula", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Carthaginian defeat at the Battle of Baecula and Hasdrubal Barca's (Hannibal's brother) departure for Italy, new reinforcements were sent to Iberia from Carthage at the beginning of 207 BC under the command of Hanno, who joined Mago Barca (Hannibal's younger brother)."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Carthaginian defeat at the Battle of Baecula and Hasdrubal Barca's (Hannibal's brother) departure for Italy, new reinforcements were sent to Iberia from Carthage at the beginning of 207 BC under the command of Hanno, who joined Mago Barca (Hannibal's younger brother)."}, {"id": "Q452048", "label": "Hasdrubal Gisco", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Additionally, Hasdrubal Gisco advanced his army from Gades (modern-day Cadiz) in Andalusia."}, {"id": "Q940041", "label": "Marcus Junius Silanus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Facing such a powerful enemy force, Scipio decided to send a detachment under the command of Marcus Junius Silanus to defeat Mago first; Mago's camp was attacked by surprise by the Roman troops and scattered."}], "Q1066253": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q297121", "label": "George Meade", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee's defeat at Gettysburg by Major General George Meade the previous day, the war's turning point."}], "Q1066650": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Los Angeles, also known as the Great Los Angeles Air Raid, is the name given by contemporary sources to a rumored attack on the continental United States by Imperial Japan and the subsequent anti-aircraft artillery barrage which took place from late February 24, to early February 25, 1942, over Los Angeles, California."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident occurred less than three months after the U.S. entered World War II in response to the Imperial Japanese Navy's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, and one day after the bombardment of Ellwood near Santa Barbara on 23 February."}, {"id": "Q526220", "label": "Frank Knox", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, the target of the aerial barrage was thought to be an attacking force from Japan, but speaking at a press conference shortly afterward, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox called the purported attack a \"false alarm\"."}], "Q1086489": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre is identified as the first major event in the French Wars of Religion."}], "Q663405": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zorndorf, during the Seven Years' War, was fought on 25 August 1758 between Russian troops commanded by Count William Fermor and a Prussian army commanded by King Frederick the Great."}, {"id": "Q180806", "label": "William Fermor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zorndorf, during the Seven Years' War, was fought on 25 August 1758 between Russian troops commanded by Count William Fermor and a Prussian army commanded by King Frederick the Great."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zorndorf, during the Seven Years' War, was fought on 25 August 1758 between Russian troops commanded by Count William Fermor and a Prussian army commanded by King Frederick the Great."}], "Q671528": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Königsberg, also known as the Königsberg offensive, was one of the last operations of the East Prussian offensive during World War II."}, {"id": "Q697172", "label": "Courland Pocket", "section": "Prelude and initial attacks", "says": "On 25 January 1945, in a tacit acknowledgement that German forces in East Prussia and the Courland Pocket were far behind the new front line,  Hitler renamed three army groups."}, {"id": "Q508062", "label": "Heiligenbeil Pocket", "section": "Prelude and initial attacks", "says": "Those forces, now redesignated as Army Group North, were compressed by further Soviet attacks into three pockets: one around Königsberg, one on the adjacent Sambia Peninsula, and one on the coast of the Vistula Lagoon to the south-west (the Heiligenbeil Pocket)."}, {"id": "Q60353", "label": "Erich Koch", "section": "Prelude and initial attacks", "says": "On his return from a visit to Berlin, Erich Koch, the Gauleiter of East Prussia, chose to stay in the relative safety of Pillau to organize the evacuation rather than return to Königsberg."}], "Q690489": [{"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Paris took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the North German Confederation, led by the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Paris took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the North German Confederation, led by the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was the culmination of the Franco-Prussian War, which saw the Second French Empire attempt to reassert its dominance over continental Europe by declaring war on the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was the culmination of the Franco-Prussian War, which saw the Second French Empire attempt to reassert its dominance over continental Europe by declaring war on the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation had recently emerged victorious in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which led to the questioning of France's status as the dominant power of continental Europe."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "With a declaration of war by the French parliament on 16 July 1870, Imperial France soon faced a series of defeats at German hands over the following months, leading to the Battle of Sedan, which, on 2 September 1870, saw a decisive defeat of French forces and the capture of the French emperor, Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q2358315", "label": "Government of National Defense", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the capture of Napoleon III, the Second French Empire collapsed and the Third French Republic was proclaimed under the provisional Government of National Defense."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "French defeat in the war would directly lead to a victorious North German Confederation unifying with still-independent South German states and declaring the German Empire as well as a disgruntled and radicalized Parisian population taking control of Paris and forming the Paris Commune."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "lead", "says": "French defeat in the war would directly lead to a victorious North German Confederation unifying with still-independent South German states and declaring the German Empire as well as a disgruntled and radicalized Parisian population taking control of Paris and forming the Paris Commune."}, {"id": "Q58600", "label": "Frederick III, German Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "As early as August 1870, the Prussian 3rd Army led by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia (the future Frederick III, German Emperor), had been marching towards Paris."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Personally leading the Prussian forces, King William I of Prussia, along with his chief of staff Helmuth von Moltke, took the 3rd Army and the new Prussian Army of the Meuse under Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony, and marched on Paris virtually unopposed."}, {"id": "Q441235", "label": "Louis Jules Trochu", "section": "Background", "says": "In Paris, the governor and commander-in-chief of the city's defenses, General Louis Jules Trochu, assembled a force of 60,000 regular soldiers who had managed to escape from Sedan under Joseph Vinoy or who were gathered from depot troops."}, {"id": "Q475784", "label": "Joseph Vinoy", "section": "Background", "says": "In Paris, the governor and commander-in-chief of the city's defenses, General Louis Jules Trochu, assembled a force of 60,000 regular soldiers who had managed to escape from Sedan under Joseph Vinoy or who were gathered from depot troops."}], "Q690959": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire took place from March 1848 to November 1849."}], "Q694604": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The current treaty, which took effect on June 23, 1960, revised and replaced an earlier version of the treaty, which had been signed in 1951 in conjunction with the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty that terminated World War II in Asia as well as the U.S.-led Occupation of Japan (1945–1952)."}, {"id": "Q696251", "label": "Occupation of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The current treaty, which took effect on June 23, 1960, revised and replaced an earlier version of the treaty, which had been signed in 1951 in conjunction with the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty that terminated World War II in Asia as well as the U.S.-led Occupation of Japan (1945–1952)."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has never been amended since 1960 and thus has lasted longer in its original form than any other treaty between two great powers since the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q315572", "label": "Nobusuke Kishi", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States agreed to a revision, negotiations began in 1958, and the new treaty was signed by Eisenhower and Japanese prime minister Nobusuke Kishi at a ceremony in the East Room of the White House in Washington, D.C., on January 19, 1960."}], "Q696823": [{"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "lead", "says": "British and Canadian forces captured the area of Caen north of the Orne during Operation Charnwood (8–9 July), while the suburbs south of the river were captured by the II Canadian Corps during Operation Atlantic (18–20 July)."}, {"id": "Q2165196", "label": "Operation Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "British and Canadian forces captured the area of Caen north of the Orne during Operation Charnwood (8–9 July), while the suburbs south of the river were captured by the II Canadian Corps during Operation Atlantic (18–20 July)."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 July the First Army began Operation Cobra, co-ordinated with the Canadian Operation Spring at Verrières (Bourguébus) ridge, south of Caen."}, {"id": "Q2706523", "label": "Operation Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 July the First Army began Operation Cobra, co-ordinated with the Canadian Operation Spring at Verrières (Bourguébus) ridge, south of Caen."}, {"id": "Q1756029", "label": "Operation Tonga", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before dawn on D-Day, the 6th Airborne Division, with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion attached, was to conduct Operation Tonga."}, {"id": "Q1361104", "label": "John Crocker", "section": "Prelude", "says": "I Corps (Lieutenant-General John Crocker) was to land with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division (Major-General Rod Keller) to the west on Juno with the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade and advance south to cut the Caen–Bayeux road as far as Carpiquet, north-west of Caen."}, {"id": "Q1890662", "label": "Rod Keller", "section": "Prelude", "says": "I Corps (Lieutenant-General John Crocker) was to land with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division (Major-General Rod Keller) to the west on Juno with the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade and advance south to cut the Caen–Bayeux road as far as Carpiquet, north-west of Caen."}], "Q699669": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, fought during 25–27 October 1942, was the fourth aircraft carrier battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "In support of this offensive, and with the hope of engaging Allied naval forces, Japanese carriers and other large warships moved into a position near the southern Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 August 1942, Allied forces, predominantly from the United States, landed on Japanese-occupied Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the US and Australia, and to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of neutralizing the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign."}, {"id": "Q696479", "label": "Battle of the Eastern Solomons", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24–25 August, in which the fleet carrier USS Enterprise was heavily damaged and forced to sail to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for a month of major repairs, three US carrier task forces remained in the South Pacific area."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Background", "says": "In this area of operations, the carriers were charged with guarding the line of communication between the major Allied bases at New Caledonia and Espiritu Santo, supporting the Allied ground forces at Guadalcanal and Tulagi against any Japanese counteroffensives, covering the movement of supply ships to Guadalcanal, and engaging and destroying any Japanese warships, especially carriers, that came "}, {"id": "Q1475243", "label": "Battle of Cape Esperance", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the same day a major reinforcement convoy reached Guadalcanal, but a force of supporting heavy cruisers was prevented from bombarding Henderson Field and turned back in what became known as the Battle of Cape Esperance."}], "Q700710": [{"id": "Q57201", "label": "Michael Wittmann", "section": "lead", "says": "In a few minutes, tanks, anti-tank guns and transport vehicles were destroyed, many by SS-Obersturmführer Michael Wittmann."}, {"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "Background", "says": "The envelopment of Caen had been prevented by the Germans on the right flank of XXX Corps, at the junction between the British Second Army (Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey) and the First US Army; five German Kampfgruppen (battle groups), including the last reserves of LXXXIV Korps, had been destroyed, leaving only the remnants of the 352nd Infantry Division defending the front from Trévières to A"}, {"id": "Q63830", "label": "Hans Freiherr von Funck", "section": "Background", "says": "Although reluctant to commit the 2nd Panzer Division piecemeal, General der Panzertruppe Hans Freiherr von Funck, commander of the XLVII Panzer Korps, rushed the divisional reconnaissance battalion to Caumont to hold the high ground."}, {"id": "Q2493517", "label": "Gerard Bucknall", "section": "Background", "says": "Dempsey ordered the XXX Corps commander, Lieutenant-General Gerard Bucknall and the 7th Armoured Division commander, Major-General George Erskine, to disengage the 7th Armoured Division from Tilly-sur-Seulles, move through the gap, seize Villers-Bocage and menace the exposed left flank of the Panzer-Lehr Division."}, {"id": "Q2092845", "label": "George Erskine", "section": "Background", "says": "Dempsey ordered the XXX Corps commander, Lieutenant-General Gerard Bucknall and the 7th Armoured Division commander, Major-General George Erskine, to disengage the 7th Armoured Division from Tilly-sur-Seulles, move through the gap, seize Villers-Bocage and menace the exposed left flank of the Panzer-Lehr Division."}], "Q700886": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1422, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1422, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1422, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "When Murad II emerged as the winning successor to his father, he marched into Byzantine territory."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1422, Manuel II was struck by paralysis and had to hand over most of his official duties to his eldest son, John VIII ."}], "Q701045": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Angered that the Qing government had not informed them before intervening (as promised in the Convention of Tientsin), Japan started the First Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q702189": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Niš was a peace treaty signed on 3 October 1739 in Niš (nowadays in Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, to end the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Niš was a peace treaty signed on 3 October 1739 in Niš (nowadays in Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, to end the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)."}], "Q73194": [{"id": "Q5611975", "label": "Julian Corbett", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1921, the official historian Julian Corbett wrote,\n\nTwo of the most efficient and powerful British squadrons...knowing approximately what to expect...had failed to bring to action an enemy who was acting in close conformity with our appreciation and with whose advanced screen contact had been established."}], "Q733739": [{"id": "Q481499", "label": "İbn Tanrıverdi", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the figure of 230,000 deaths reported by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century is most likely based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the large seismic event of 30 September 1139 in the Transcaucasian city of Ganja."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "The Crusader states set up by Western Europeans, such as the Principality of Antioch, were in a state of constant armed conflict with the Muslim states of Northern Syria and the Jazeerah, principally Aleppo and Mosul."}], "Q74298": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 was fought by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 was fought by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1779177", "label": "Treaty of Żurawno", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with the Treaty of Żurawno, by which the Commonwealth ceded control of most of its territories in Central Ukraine to the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a prelude to the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Petro Doroshenko Hetman of Zaporizhian Host, aiming to gain control of Ukraine but facing defeats from other factions struggling over control of that region, in a final bid to preserve his power in Ukraine, signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed IV in 1669 that recognized the Cossack Hetmanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Petro Doroshenko Hetman of Zaporizhian Host, aiming to gain control of Ukraine but facing defeats from other factions struggling over control of that region, in a final bid to preserve his power in Ukraine, signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed IV in 1669 that recognized the Cossack Hetmanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the meantime, Commonwealth forces were trying to put down unrest in Ukraine, but were weakened by decades long wars (Khmelnytsky Uprising, The Deluge and Russo-Polish War (1654–1667))."}, {"id": "Q2469274", "label": "Adil Giray", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1670, however, hetman Doroshenko tried once again to take over Ukraine, and in 1671 Khan of Crimea, Adil Giray, supportive of the Commonwealth, was replaced with a new one, Selim I Giray, by the Ottoman sultan."}, {"id": "Q735711", "label": "Selim I Giray", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1670, however, hetman Doroshenko tried once again to take over Ukraine, and in 1671 Khan of Crimea, Adil Giray, supportive of the Commonwealth, was replaced with a new one, Selim I Giray, by the Ottoman sultan."}], "Q125257835": [{"id": "Q4188894", "label": "Mohammad-Reza Zahedi", "section": "lead", "says": "Quds Force commander in Syria and Lebanon Mohammad Reza Zahedi was the attack's target and was killed in it."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Additionally, it has been involved in training and funding paramilitary forces from Hezbollah, along with foreign militias from Iraq and Afghanistan, not only in Syria but also in neighboring Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q124001410", "label": "Razi Mousavi", "section": "Background", "says": "Notably, Israel carried out the assassination of Razi Mousavi, a senior Iranian general, in the Syrian capital of Damascus on 25 December 2023, and Brigadier General Sadegh Omidzadeh, an intelligence officer with the IRGC Quds Force, on 20 January 2024."}, {"id": "Q124325881", "label": "Sadegh Omidzadeh", "section": "Background", "says": "Notably, Israel carried out the assassination of Razi Mousavi, a senior Iranian general, in the Syrian capital of Damascus on 25 December 2023, and Brigadier General Sadegh Omidzadeh, an intelligence officer with the IRGC Quds Force, on 20 January 2024."}], "Q125504601": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "The floods had a significant impact across the region, with Oman and the United Arab Emirates being particularly affected, resulting in the deaths of at least 46 people, including 20 in Oman, and 18 in Iran."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Yemen, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia also experienced heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding."}], "Q12645587": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign to establish Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina lasted from 29 July to 20 October 1878 against the local resistance fighters, Muslims and Orthodox Serbs, supported unofficially by troops of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Congress of Berlin was organized by the new German Empire for the Great Powers, on demand of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Congress of Berlin was organized by the new German Empire for the Great Powers, on demand of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austro-Hungarians also received the right to occupy strategic posts in the sanjak of Novi Pazar:\n\nThe provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "The government of Austria-Hungary, not desiring to undertake the administration of the Sanjak of Novi-Pazar, which extends between Serbia and Montenegro in a South-Easterly direction to the other side of Mitrovitza, the Ottoman administration will continue to exercise its functions there."}, {"id": "Q313557", "label": "Gyula Andrássy", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Ottomans protested both occupations, also that of Novi Pazar, the Imperial and Royal (K.u.K.) Foreign Minister Gyula Andrássy secretly assured on the last day of the congress that the occupation was \"to be regarded as provisional\"."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "This, however, did cause concern for the Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid II, due to the expected discrimination of the Muslim minority."}], "Q1265674": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q172168", "label": "Galerius", "section": "lead", "says": "In 303, the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding Christians' legal rights and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditionally, the reign of Constantine the Great (306–337 AD) and Licinius' Edict of Milan in 313 have marked the end of the persecution."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman Emperors before Diocletian were reluctant to legislate against Christianity."}, {"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "Background", "says": "Christian communities grew quickly in many parts of the empire (and especially in the East) after 260, when Gallienus brought peace to the Church."}, {"id": "Q287819", "label": "Timothy Barnes", "section": "Background", "says": "Perhaps, as the historian Timothy Barnes has suggested, the long-established Church had become another accepted part of their lives."}, {"id": "Q203445", "label": "Porphyry", "section": "Background", "says": "Within the highest ranks of the imperial administration, however, there were men who were ideologically opposed to the toleration of Christians, like the philosopher Porphyry of Tyre and Sossianus Hierocles, governor of Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "Within the highest ranks of the imperial administration, however, there were men who were ideologically opposed to the toleration of Christians, like the philosopher Porphyry of Tyre and Sossianus Hierocles, governor of Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q297040", "label": "Apollonius of Tyana", "section": "Background", "says": "If Christians applied their principles consistently, he argued, they would pray to Apollonius of Tyana instead of Jesus."}], "Q1273506": [{"id": "Q470072", "label": "King Zhou of Shang", "section": "lead", "says": "1046 BC) was fought between forces of the ancient Chinese  Shang dynasty led by  Di Xin and the rebel state of Zhou led by King Wu."}, {"id": "Q319329", "label": "Wang Chong", "section": "Background", "says": "However, these charges made by the Zhou are not reflected in contemporary evidence, and later scholars, such as Wang Chong and Luo Mi, dispute these claims."}, {"id": "Q735420", "label": "Di Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "The oracle bone evidence from Di Xin's period that is extant demonstrates sacrifices made towards Di Yi and other ancestors, and the rewarding of citizens for participating in ritual like any other ruler."}], "Q1327861": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major bombing campaign against Iraqi targets, from 16 to 19 December 1998, by the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major bombing campaign against Iraqi targets, from 16 to 19 December 1998, by the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "President Bill Clinton announced that he had ordered strikes against Iraq."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates initially announced they would deny the U.S. military the use of local bases for the purpose of air strikes against Iraq."}], "Q1328537": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle has long been associated with the Miracle or legend of Ourique, according to which Christ Crucified appeared to Afonso Henriques on the night before the battle and revealed the coat of arms of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal had been involved in the Reconquista or reconquest of territory back to Christendom ever since the capture of Porto by Vímara Peres in 868."}, {"id": "Q452111", "label": "Vímara Peres", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal had been involved in the Reconquista or reconquest of territory back to Christendom ever since the capture of Porto by Vímara Peres in 868."}, {"id": "Q2733432", "label": "Battle of São Mamede", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of São Mamede in 1128, Afonso Henriques wrested control of the County of Portugal from the regent-countess Teresa, who was driven to exhile as her forces were defeated on the field."}, {"id": "Q1139807", "label": "County of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of São Mamede in 1128, Afonso Henriques wrested control of the County of Portugal from the regent-countess Teresa, who was driven to exhile as her forces were defeated on the field."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "Background", "says": "The Almoravid ruler Ali Ibn Yusuf called inscreasingly on the resources of al-Andalus to face a revolt by the Almohads in Morocco."}], "Q133441461": [{"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2025-2026 Turkish protests are an ongoing series of demonstrations across Turkey, Northern Cyprus and the Turkish diaspora that began on 19 March 2025 following the detention and arrest of Istanbul mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu and more than 100 other opposition members, officials businessmen and protesters by Turkish authorities. İmamoğlu, a member of the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) who"}, {"id": "Q59313241", "label": "Ekrem İmamoğlu", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2025-2026 Turkish protests are an ongoing series of demonstrations across Turkey, Northern Cyprus and the Turkish diaspora that began on 19 March 2025 following the detention and arrest of Istanbul mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu and more than 100 other opposition members, officials businessmen and protesters by Turkish authorities. İmamoğlu, a member of the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) who"}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2025-2026 Turkish protests are an ongoing series of demonstrations across Turkey, Northern Cyprus and the Turkish diaspora that began on 19 March 2025 following the detention and arrest of Istanbul mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu and more than 100 other opposition members, officials businessmen and protesters by Turkish authorities. İmamoğlu, a member of the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) who"}], "Q133821305": [{"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 August 2025, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan and Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, with the mediation of United States president Donald Trump, initialed an agreement and signed a joint declaration emphasizing the need to continue efforts toward the signing and final ratification of the agreement."}, {"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 August 2025, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan and Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, with the mediation of United States president Donald Trump, initialed an agreement and signed a joint declaration emphasizing the need to continue efforts toward the signing and final ratification of the agreement."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 August 2025, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan and Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, with the mediation of United States president Donald Trump, initialed an agreement and signed a joint declaration emphasizing the need to continue efforts toward the signing and final ratification of the agreement."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 August 2025, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan and Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, with the mediation of United States president Donald Trump, initialed an agreement and signed a joint declaration emphasizing the need to continue efforts toward the signing and final ratification of the agreement."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave's government, the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Background", "says": "It was the heaviest fighting between ethnic Armenian and Azerbaijani forces since the 1994 ceasefire after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}], "Q1348955": [{"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reapers' War (Catalan: Guerra dels Segadors, Eastern Catalan: [ˈɡɛrə ðəls səɣəˈðos]; Spanish: Guerra de los Segadores, French: Guerre des faucheurs), also known as the Catalan Revolt or Catalan Revolution, was a conflict that affected the Principality of Catalonia between 1640 and 1659, in the context of the Franco-Spanish War of 1635–1659."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reapers' War (Catalan: Guerra dels Segadors, Eastern Catalan: [ˈɡɛrə ðəls səɣəˈðos]; Spanish: Guerra de los Segadores, French: Guerre des faucheurs), also known as the Catalan Revolt or Catalan Revolution, was a conflict that affected the Principality of Catalonia between 1640 and 1659, in the context of the Franco-Spanish War of 1635–1659."}, {"id": "Q42345047", "label": "Catalan Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Incited by an unrest among the Catalan peasantry and institutions, as well as French diplomatic movements, the war resulted in the establishment of the short-lived Catalan Republic and the subsequent clash of Spanish and French armies on Catalan soil for over a decade."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "It had an enduring effect in the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), which ceded the County of Roussillon and the northern half of the County of Cerdanya to France (see French Cerdagne), splitting these northern Catalan territories off from the Principality of Catalonia, and thereby receding the borders of Spain to the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q1541813", "label": "County of Roussillon", "section": "lead", "says": "It had an enduring effect in the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), which ceded the County of Roussillon and the northern half of the County of Cerdanya to France (see French Cerdagne), splitting these northern Catalan territories off from the Principality of Catalonia, and thereby receding the borders of Spain to the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q652275", "label": "County of Cerdanya", "section": "lead", "says": "It had an enduring effect in the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), which ceded the County of Roussillon and the northern half of the County of Cerdanya to France (see French Cerdagne), splitting these northern Catalan territories off from the Principality of Catalonia, and thereby receding the borders of Spain to the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The war had its roots in the discomfort generated in Catalan society by the presence of the royal army (made mostly of mercenaries from different nationalities) during the Franco-Spanish War between the Kingdom of France and the Monarchy of Spain as part of the Thirty Years' War, as well the opposition of Catalan institutions to the centralised policies of the Royal Court."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The war had its roots in the discomfort generated in Catalan society by the presence of the royal army (made mostly of mercenaries from different nationalities) during the Franco-Spanish War between the Kingdom of France and the Monarchy of Spain as part of the Thirty Years' War, as well the opposition of Catalan institutions to the centralised policies of the Royal Court."}, {"id": "Q371833", "label": "Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares", "section": "Background", "says": "Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, the chief minister of Philip IV, had been trying to distribute more evenly the huge economic and military burden of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, the chief minister of Philip IV, had been trying to distribute more evenly the huge economic and military burden of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q2997849", "label": "Corpus de Sang", "section": "Background", "says": "The revolt grew, until the Corpus Christi day of May 1640 in Barcelona, with an uprising known as 'Bloody Corpus' (Catalan: Corpus de Sang), under the slogans \"Long live the faith of Christ!\", \"The King our Lord has declared war on us!\" \"Long live the land, death to bad government\", \"Reap our chains\"."}], "Q1349575": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally signed in 1929 in Warsaw (hence the name), it was amended in 1955 at The Hague, Netherlands, and in 1971 in Guatemala City, Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "United States courts have held that, at least for some purposes, the Warsaw Convention is a different instrument from the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol."}, {"id": "Q326303", "label": "Montreal Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, replaced the Warsaw Convention system in countries ratifying it."}], "Q1352215": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition, and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition, and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition, and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The war took place in two theaters: a northern in Lithuania and a southern in what is now Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q154382", "label": "Józef Poniatowski", "section": "lead", "says": "In both, the Polish forces retreated before the numerically superior Russian forces, though they offered significantly more resistance in the south, thanks to the effective leadership of Polish commanders Prince Józef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kościuszko."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "lead", "says": "In both, the Polish forces retreated before the numerically superior Russian forces, though they offered significantly more resistance in the south, thanks to the effective leadership of Polish commanders Prince Józef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kościuszko."}, {"id": "Q2628049", "label": "Battle of Zieleńce", "section": "lead", "says": "The largest success of the Polish forces was the defeat of one of the Russian formations at the Battle of Zieleńce on 18 June; in the aftermath of the battle the Polish highest military award, Virtuti Militari, was established."}, {"id": "Q2889345", "label": "Battle of Mir", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians' greatest success in this war was the Battle of Mir on 11 June (O.S."}, {"id": "Q54019", "label": "Stanisław August Poniatowski", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended when the Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski decided to seek a diplomatic solution, asked for a ceasefire with the Russians and joined the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Empire and Archduchy of Austria were engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792 and the Austro-Turkish War, 1787–1791); the Russians also found themselves simultaneously fighting in the Russo-Swedish War, 1788–1790."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Empire and Archduchy of Austria were engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792 and the Austro-Turkish War, 1787–1791); the Russians also found themselves simultaneously fighting in the Russo-Swedish War, 1788–1790."}, {"id": "Q2630181", "label": "Alexander Bezborodko", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia had viewed Poland as a de facto protectorate. \"The worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign\" was the reaction of one of Russia's chief foreign policy authors, Alexander Bezborodko, when he learned of the new constitution."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Prussia was also strongly opposed to the new Polish constitution, and Polish diplomats received a note that the new constitution changed the Polish state so much that Prussia did not consider its obligations binding."}, {"id": "Q62565", "label": "Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg", "section": "Background", "says": "The Prussian statesman Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives: \"The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution\", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition."}], "Q1355391": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought in Appomattox County, Virginia, on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last, and ultimately one of the most consequential, battles of the American Civil War (1861–1865)."}, {"id": "Q815195", "label": "Siege of Petersburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the nine-and-a-half-month Siege of Petersburg and Richmond, retreated west, hoping to join his army with Confederate forces, the Army of Tennessee in North Carolina."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "Union infantry and cavalry forces under General Philip Sheridan pursued and cut off the Confederates' retreat just southwest of the small central Virginia village of Appomattox Court House."}, {"id": "Q80766", "label": "Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain", "section": "lead", "says": "Gordon to Union Brigadier General Joshua Chamberlain marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia with the parole of its nearly 28,000 remaining officers and men, free to return home without their major weapons but enabling men to take their horses and officers to retain their sidearms, and effectively ending the war in Virginia."}], "Q1360624": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Varsity (24 March 1945) was a successful airborne forces operation launched by Allied troops toward the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q697403", "label": "Operation Plunder", "section": "lead", "says": "Varsity was part of Operation Plunder, the Anglo-American-Canadian effort, led by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, to cross the northern Rhine River and from there enter Northern Germany."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Varsity was part of Operation Plunder, the Anglo-American-Canadian effort, led by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, to cross the northern Rhine River and from there enter Northern Germany."}, {"id": "Q2095810", "label": "William Simpson", "section": "Background", "says": "Ninth Army, under Lieutenant General William Simpson, crossing the Rhine at Rees, Wesel, and an area south of the Lippe Canal."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "Background", "says": "One of these airborne formations, the British 6th Airborne Division, commanded by Major-General Eric Bols, was a veteran division; it had taken part in Operation Overlord, the assault on Normandy in June the previous year."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "Background", "says": "The division did not participate in Operation Market Garden."}], "Q139998119": [{"id": "Q13628723", "label": "Jared Kushner", "section": "lead", "says": "A second major front opened on 16 May at Zvërnec, near the Narta Lagoon, over preparatory works and proposed luxury tourism developments linked to the Sazan Island and Zvërnec resort project, backed by American investor Jared Kushner."}, {"id": "Q316901", "label": "Edi Rama", "section": "lead", "says": "As the demonstrations expanded, they evolved into broader opposition against the government of Prime Minister Edi Rama, corruption, state capture, media capture, poor governance and democratic backsliding."}, {"id": "Q57625", "label": "Sali Berisha", "section": "lead", "says": "Many demonstrations have also criticized opposition leader Sali Berisha and the Democratic Party of Albania, with slogans portraying both Rama and Berisha as part of the same political establishment."}], "Q178621": [{"id": "Q220806", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Deabolis (Greek: συνθήκη της Δεαβόλεως) was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Deabolis (Greek: συνθήκη της Δεαβόλεως) was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Deabolis (Greek: συνθήκη της Δεαβόλεως) was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the treaty was not immediately enforced, it was intended to make the Principality of Antioch a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the treaty was not immediately enforced, it was intended to make the Principality of Antioch a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Bohemond, the son of Alexios' former enemy Robert Guiscard, claimed Antioch for himself."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, he was given the titles of sebastos (noble) and doux (duke) of Antioch, and he was guaranteed the right to bequeath the County of Edessa to his heirs."}], "Q18357664": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) was the United States military's operational name for the international war against the Islamic State (IS)—a group also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) or its Arab acronym \"Daesh\"—including both a campaign in Iraq and a campaign in Syria, with a closely related campaign in Libya."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) was the United States military's operational name for the international war against the Islamic State (IS)—a group also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) or its Arab acronym \"Daesh\"—including both a campaign in Iraq and a campaign in Syria, with a closely related campaign in Libya."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "Of the airstrikes, some 80% have been conducted by the military of the United States, with the rest by the United Kingdom (Operation Shader), Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Jordan, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates."}], "Q19249259": [{"id": "Q157", "label": "François Hollande", "section": "lead", "says": "The talks involved the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, consisting of representatives of Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), with mediation by the leaders of France (François Hollande) and Germany (Angela Merkel) in the so-called Normandy Format."}, {"id": "Q567", "label": "Angela Merkel", "section": "lead", "says": "The talks involved the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, consisting of representatives of Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), with mediation by the leaders of France (François Hollande) and Germany (Angela Merkel) in the so-called Normandy Format."}, {"id": "Q18001626", "label": "Minsk Protocol", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2014, the first Minsk Protocol, or Minsk I, was signed by representatives of the Trilateral Contact Group and, without recognition of their status, by the then-leaders of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)."}], "Q1968718": [{"id": "Q146880", "label": "State of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Syrian Revolt (Arabic: الثورة السورية الكبرى, romanized: al-thawrah al-Sūriyyah al-kubrā), also known as the Revolt of 1925, was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927."}, {"id": "Q146740", "label": "Jabal Druze", "section": "lead", "says": "The leading rebel forces initially comprised fighters of the Jabal Druze State in southern Syria, and were later joined by Sunni, Druze and Shiite and factions all over Syria."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The common goal was to end French occupation in the newly mandated regions, which passed from Ottoman to French administration following World War I."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Faisal I had been proclaimed King of Syria in March 1920, but following a French ultimatum and the defeat of Syrian forces at the Battle of Maysalun in July 1920, French troops occupied Damascus and ended Faisal's rule, forcing him into exile."}, {"id": "Q994316", "label": "Battle of Maysalun", "section": "lead", "says": "Faisal I had been proclaimed King of Syria in March 1920, but following a French ultimatum and the defeat of Syrian forces at the Battle of Maysalun in July 1920, French troops occupied Damascus and ended Faisal's rule, forcing him into exile."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had promised the Hashemites control over a united Arab state consisting of the bulk of Arabic-speaking lands from which the Ottomans withdrew, even as the Allies made other plans for the region in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement."}, {"id": "Q1337578", "label": "Ibrahim Hananu", "section": "Background", "says": "French forces entering Syria faced resistance from local factions in the north in 1919, with the prominent Alawite sheikh Saleh al-Ali launching a revolt in the coastal mountain range and Ibrahim Hananu leading a revolt in Aleppo and the surrounding countryside."}, {"id": "Q2992403", "label": "Franco-Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The brief Franco-Syrian War saw the Hashemites' pan-Arab forces defeated by the French in the Battle of Maysalun on 23 July, and the kingdom dissolved."}, {"id": "Q130802", "label": "Alawite State", "section": "Background", "says": "France then divided the country into several autonomous entities: State of Damascus, State of Aleppo, Greater Lebanon, Alawite State and Jabal Druze State."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Causes", "says": "In 1923, the leaders of Jabal al-Druze, a region in the southeast of the Mandate of Syria, had come to an agreement with French authorities, hoping for the same degree of autonomy they had enjoyed under the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q176522", "label": "Maurice Sarrail", "section": "Causes", "says": "In the meantime, Sultan al-Atrash, the most ambitious member of the al-Atrash family, sent a delegation to Beirut to inform the French High Commissioner, General Maurice Sarrail, that Captain Cabrillet's actions were antagonizing most of the Druze population."}], "Q2000527": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siachen conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen Glacier conflict or the Siachen War, was a military conflict between India and Pakistan over the disputed 1,000-square-mile (2,600 km2) Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q3445917", "label": "Operation Meghdoot", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was started in 1984 by India's successful capture of the Siachen Glacier as part of Operation Meghdoot, and continued with Operation Rajiv in 1987."}], "Q2086498": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Barons' War (1215–1217) was a civil war in the Kingdom of England in which a group of rebellious major landowners (commonly referred to as barons) led by Robert Fitzwalter waged war against King John."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict resulted from King John's disastrous wars against King Philip II of France which led to the collapse of the Angevin Empire, and John's subsequent refusal to accept and abide by Magna Carta, which John had sealed on 15 June 1215."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict resulted from King John's disastrous wars against King Philip II of France which led to the collapse of the Angevin Empire, and John's subsequent refusal to accept and abide by Magna Carta, which John had sealed on 15 June 1215."}, {"id": "Q353", "label": "Blanche of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "After a fleet assembled by his wife Blanche of Castile attempted to bring him French reinforcements but was defeated off the coast of England on 24 August 1217, he was forced to make peace on English terms."}], "Q2091449": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mactan (Filipino: Labanan sa Mactan; Spanish: Batalla de Mactán) was fought on a beach in Mactan Island (now part of Cebu, Philippines) between Spanish forces led by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, along with local allies, and Lapulapu, the chieftain of the island, on the early morning of April 27, 1521."}, {"id": "Q1496", "label": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mactan (Filipino: Labanan sa Mactan; Spanish: Batalla de Mactán) was fought on a beach in Mactan Island (now part of Cebu, Philippines) between Spanish forces led by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, along with local allies, and Lapulapu, the chieftain of the island, on the early morning of April 27, 1521."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Magellan, a Portuguese-born commander serving the Spanish Empire who led an expedition that ultimately circumnavigated the world for the first time, commanded a small Spanish contingent in an effort to subdue Mactan under the Spanish crown."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of Magellan's influence with Rajah Humabon, an order was issued to each of the nearby chiefs to provide food supplies for the ships and to convert to Christianity."}], "Q2248139": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Burmese Wars, also known as the Indo-Burmese Wars, were an armed conflict between two expanding empires, the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty, that became British Indian Empire's most expensive and longest war, costing 5–13 million pounds sterling (£400 million – £1.1 billion as of 2019) and spanning over 60 years."}], "Q2299845": [{"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tigranocerta (Armenian: Տիգրանակերտի ճակատամարտ, Tigranakerti tchakatamart) was fought on 6 October 69 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and the army of the Kingdom of Armenia led by King Tigranes the Great."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tigranocerta (Armenian: Տիգրանակերտի ճակատամարտ, Tigranakerti tchakatamart) was fought on 6 October 69 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and the army of the Kingdom of Armenia led by King Tigranes the Great."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman force, led by Consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, defeated Tigranes, and as a result, captured Tigranes' capital city of Tigranocerta."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle arose from the Third Mithridatic War being fought between the Roman Republic and Mithridates VI of Pontus, whose daughter Cleopatra was married to Tigranes."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle arose from the Third Mithridatic War being fought between the Roman Republic and Mithridates VI of Pontus, whose daughter Cleopatra was married to Tigranes."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle arose from the Third Mithridatic War being fought between the Roman Republic and Mithridates VI of Pontus, whose daughter Cleopatra was married to Tigranes."}, {"id": "Q1616064", "label": "Mithridatic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "This period of Armenian hegemony in the region, however, was coming close to an end with a series of Roman victories in the Roman–Mithridatic Wars."}, {"id": "Q5759145", "label": "Appius Claudius", "section": "Background", "says": "Lucullus sent an ambassador named Appius Claudius to Antioch to demand that Tigranes surrender his father-in-law; should he refuse, Armenia would face war with Rome."}], "Q233642": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Second Anglo-Maratha War (from 1803 –1805) was a large conflict within the Maratha Empire involving the East India Company."}, {"id": "Q7283047", "label": "Raghunathrao", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had supported the Peshwa Raghunathrao in the First Anglo-Maratha War, and they continued with his son, Baji Rao II."}, {"id": "Q1362209", "label": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had supported the Peshwa Raghunathrao in the First Anglo-Maratha War, and they continued with his son, Baji Rao II."}, {"id": "Q4848887", "label": "Baji Rao II", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had supported the Peshwa Raghunathrao in the First Anglo-Maratha War, and they continued with his son, Baji Rao II."}, {"id": "Q6569426", "label": "Nana Fadnavis", "section": "Background", "says": "Lord Mornington, the Governor-General of British India had repeatedly offered a subsidiary treaty to the Peshwa and Scindia, but Nana Fadnavis refused strongly."}, {"id": "Q3630499", "label": "Yashwantrao Holkar", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1802, the combined armies of Peshwa Baji Rao II and Scindia were defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar, ruler of Indore, at the Battle of Poona."}, {"id": "Q2518823", "label": "Treaty of Bassein", "section": "Background", "says": "Baji Rao II fled to British protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power."}], "Q2370272": [{"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Unification Act (Ukrainian: Акт Злуки, romanized: Akt Zluky, IPA: [ˈɑkt ˈzlukɪ]; or Велика Злука, Velyka Zluka, IPA: [ˈwɛlɪkɐ ˈzlukɐ], literally \"Great Union\") was an agreement signed by the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Sophia Square in Kyiv on 22 January 1919."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Unification Act (Ukrainian: Акт Злуки, romanized: Akt Zluky, IPA: [ˈɑkt ˈzlukɪ]; or Велика Злука, Velyka Zluka, IPA: [ˈwɛlɪkɐ ˈzlukɐ], literally \"Great Union\") was an agreement signed by the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Sophia Square in Kyiv on 22 January 1919."}], "Q2419855": [{"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian–Soviet War (Ukrainian: українсько-радянська війна, romanized: ukrainsko-radianska viina) is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917 and 1921, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks (Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR)."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ensued soon after the October Revolution when Lenin dispatched Antonov's expeditionary group to Ukraine and Southern Russia."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was complicated by the involvement of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, non-Bolshevik Russians of the White Army, and the armies of the Second Polish Republic, Austria-Hungary, and the German Empire, among others."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was complicated by the involvement of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, non-Bolshevik Russians of the White Army, and the armies of the Second Polish Republic, Austria-Hungary, and the German Empire, among others."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution of 1917, the nationalities within the Russian Republic (formerly the Russian Empire) demanded national autonomy from Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution of 1917, the nationalities within the Russian Republic (formerly the Russian Empire) demanded national autonomy from Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution of 1917, the nationalities within the Russian Republic (formerly the Russian Empire) demanded national autonomy from Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "Background", "says": "The Secretary of Military Affairs, Symon Petliura, expressed his intentions to unite both the Southwestern and Romanian fronts that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of Colonel General Dmitry Shcherbachev."}, {"id": "Q887438", "label": "Dmitry Shcherbachev", "section": "Background", "says": "The Secretary of Military Affairs, Symon Petliura, expressed his intentions to unite both the Southwestern and Romanian fronts that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of Colonel General Dmitry Shcherbachev."}], "Q2426040": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Thessalonica between 1422 and 1430 saw the Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Murad II, capture the city of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Thessalonica between 1422 and 1430 saw the Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Murad II, capture the city of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, the city remained in Ottoman hands for the next five centuries until it became part of the Kingdom of Greece in 1912."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "lead", "says": "Thessalonica had already been under Ottoman control from 1387 to 1403 before returning to Byzantine rule in the aftermath of the Battle of Ankara."}, {"id": "Q944433", "label": "Mustafa Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1422, after the Byzantines supported Mustafa Çelebi, a rival pretender against him, Murad attacked Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Unable to provide manpower or resources for the city's defence, its ruler, Andronikos Palaiologos, handed it over to the Republic of Venice in September 1423."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Christian powers of the region, notably the declining Byzantine Empire, were weak and divided, allowing a rapid Turkish expansion across the region, conducted both by the Ottomans themselves and by semi-independent Turkish ghazi warrior-bands."}, {"id": "Q37097", "label": "Manuel II Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Thessalonica, ruled by the Byzantine prince and future emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Emperor John V Palaiologos in 1391, however, Manuel II escaped Ottoman custody and went to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor, succeeding his father."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "Background", "says": "This angered Sultan Bayezid I, who laid waste to the remaining Byzantine territories, and then turned on Chrysopolis, which was captured by storm and largely destroyed."}, {"id": "Q3997898", "label": "Treaty of Gallipoli", "section": "Background", "says": "In exchange for his support, by the Treaty of Gallipoli the Byzantine emperor secured, among other concessions, the return of Thessalonica, part of its hinterland, the Chalcidice peninsula, and the coastal region between the rivers Strymon and Pineios."}], "Q2475925": [{"id": "Q355416", "label": "Michel Aflaq", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was planned by the military committee, rather than the Ba'ath Party's civilian leadership, but Michel Aflaq, the leader of the party, consented to the conspiracy."}, {"id": "Q732137", "label": "Essam Sirius", "section": "lead", "says": "The leading members of the military committee throughout the planning process and in the immediate aftermath of taking power were Muhammad Umran, Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad, who belonged to the minority Alawite community."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The committee enlisted the support of two Nasserists, Rashid al-Qutayni and Muhammad al-Sufi, and the independent Ziad al-Hariri."}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party maintained its grip on power for over 61 years, through its control of the military, security apparatus, political system and the Mukhabarat, with the country being taken over by its Secretary-General Bashar al-Assad in 2000 until his overthrow during the Syrian Civil War in 2024."}], "Q2568851": [{"id": "Q930648", "label": "Lionel Dunsterville", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı döyüşü, Turkish: Bakü Muharebesi, Russian: Битва за Баку) took place in August and September 1918 between the Ottoman–Azerbaijani coalition forces led by Nuri Pasha and Bolshevik–ARF Baku Soviet forces, later succeeded by the British–Armenian–White Russian forces led by Lionel Dunsterville, and saw Soviet Russia briefly re-enter the war."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during World War I, was a conclusive part of the Caucasus Campaign, but a beginning of the Armenian–Azerbaijani War."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during World War I, was a conclusive part of the Caucasus Campaign, but a beginning of the Armenian–Azerbaijani War."}, {"id": "Q2015687", "label": "Armenian–Azerbaijani War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during World War I, was a conclusive part of the Caucasus Campaign, but a beginning of the Armenian–Azerbaijani War."}, {"id": "Q28048694", "label": "Armistice of Erzincan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917, this new \"Transcaucasian Committee\" endorsed the Armistice of Erzincan which was signed by the Russians with the command of the Ottoman Third Army."}, {"id": "Q372822", "label": "Persian Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "A number of Russian troops left for the Persian Campaign, contrary to the rules of the Armistice."}, {"id": "Q2027563", "label": "Nikolai Baratov", "section": "Background", "says": "General Nikolai Baratov remained in Hamadan and at Kermanshah, a Russian colonel named Lazar Bicherakhov remained with 10,000 troops."}, {"id": "Q4087610", "label": "Lazar Bicherakhov", "section": "Background", "says": "General Nikolai Baratov remained in Hamadan and at Kermanshah, a Russian colonel named Lazar Bicherakhov remained with 10,000 troops."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 February 1918, it proclaimed Transcaucasia independent as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic."}, {"id": "Q2366085", "label": "Ali-Agha Shikhlinski", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It included the Ottoman 5th Caucasian and 15th divisions, and the Azerbaijani Muslim Corps under general Ali-Agha Shikhlinski."}, {"id": "Q190636", "label": "Centrocaspian Dictatorship", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under their command were about 6,000 Centrocaspian Dictatorship troops of the Baku Army or Baku Battalions."}], "Q2583092": [{"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was fought by the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate members, or Triumvirs) against the forces of Caesar's assassins, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, referred to as the Liberatores."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the murder of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius (the two main conspirators, also known as the Liberatores) had left Italy and taken control of all Eastern provinces (from Greece and Macedonia to Syria) and of the allied Eastern kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 42 BC, Gaius Norbanus Flaccus and Lucius Decidius Saxa were sent by the triumvirs with an eight-legion advance guard into Macedonia against the murderers of Julius Caesar."}], "Q2584439": [{"id": "Q936803", "label": "First Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Egyptian–Ottoman War or First Syrian War (1831–1833) was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Egyptian–Ottoman War or First Syrian War (1831–1833) was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Egyptian–Ottoman War or First Syrian War (1831–1833) was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt is recorded as planning to extend his rule to the Ottoman Empire's Syrian provinces as early as 1812, secretly telling the British consul of his designs on the territory that year."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1825, the Sultan again called on Muhammad Ali to suppress a local uprising, this time a nationalist revolution by Greek Christians."}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "Background", "says": "The joint British–Russian–French fleet destroyed Muhammad Ali's fleet that October at the Battle of Navarino, and Ibrahim’s forces were expelled from the Morea a year later following the arrival of a French expeditionary force and a settlement negotiated by the European powers."}], "Q2587808": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holocaust saw the ghettoization, robbery, deportation and mass murder of Jews in occupied Poland by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland while the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east."}, {"id": "Q158044", "label": "Operation Reinhard", "section": "lead", "says": "1.8 million Jews were killed in Operation Reinhard, shot in roundups in ghettos, died during the train journey, or killed by poison gas in the extermination camps."}, {"id": "Q2415901", "label": "allied-occupied Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Especially after the Kielce pogrom, many fled to displaced persons camps in Allied-occupied Germany."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After the foundation of the Second Polish Republic simultaneously with the armistice of 11 November 1918 ending World War I, Jews suffered from institutionalized discrimination and many were poor."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Prejudice was intensified during World War I, when many Jews from the occupied eastern territories moved to Germany."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Background", "says": "In Poland, after the beginning of the Great Depression and the death of Marshal Józef Piłsudski in 1935, the situation of Polish Jews worsened."}], "Q264737": [{"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks, who were fighting under Clovis I, and the Alamanni, whose leader is not known."}, {"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "Background", "says": "The Franks were two neighboring peoples, and allies: the Salian Franks, whose king was Clovis, and the Ripuarian Franks, whose capital was Cologne and whose king was Sigebert the Lame."}, {"id": "Q316860", "label": "Ripuarian Franks", "section": "Background", "says": "The Franks were two neighboring peoples, and allies: the Salian Franks, whose king was Clovis, and the Ripuarian Franks, whose capital was Cologne and whose king was Sigebert the Lame."}], "Q26493": [{"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dandanaqan (Persian: نبرد دندانقان) was fought in 1040 between the Seljuq Turkmens and the Ghaznavid Empire near the city of Merv (now in Turkmenistan)."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dandanaqan (Persian: نبرد دندانقان) was fought in 1040 between the Seljuq Turkmens and the Ghaznavid Empire near the city of Merv (now in Turkmenistan)."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seljuk, led by Chaghri, returned and fell upon the disorganized Ghaznavids and defeated them."}], "Q2665664": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Some Prussians took refuge in neighboring Lithuania."}], "Q2672972": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporters of the two opposing presidents Rivera and Oribe formed two political parties: the Colorado Party and the National Party, both of which received backing and support from foreign sources, including neighboring Empire of Brazil, the Argentine Confederation, Buenos Aires Province as well as European powers, primarily the British Empire and the Kingdom of France, but also a legion of Italian"}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporters of the two opposing presidents Rivera and Oribe formed two political parties: the Colorado Party and the National Party, both of which received backing and support from foreign sources, including neighboring Empire of Brazil, the Argentine Confederation, Buenos Aires Province as well as European powers, primarily the British Empire and the Kingdom of France, but also a legion of Italian"}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporters of the two opposing presidents Rivera and Oribe formed two political parties: the Colorado Party and the National Party, both of which received backing and support from foreign sources, including neighboring Empire of Brazil, the Argentine Confederation, Buenos Aires Province as well as European powers, primarily the British Empire and the Kingdom of France, but also a legion of Italian"}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporters of the two opposing presidents Rivera and Oribe formed two political parties: the Colorado Party and the National Party, both of which received backing and support from foreign sources, including neighboring Empire of Brazil, the Argentine Confederation, Buenos Aires Province as well as European powers, primarily the British Empire and the Kingdom of France, but also a legion of Italian"}], "Q26799687": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) was fought between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz was not an acceptable permanent agreement for the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Twelve years after Karlowitz, it began the long-term prospect of taking revenge for its defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Three days later, Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks at the Battle of Petrovaradin."}, {"id": "Q690391", "label": "Battle of Petrovaradin", "section": "lead", "says": "Three days later, Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks at the Battle of Petrovaradin."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, after the Austrians captured Belgrade, the Turks sought peace, and the Treaty of Passarowitz was signed on 21 July 1718."}, {"id": "Q389004", "label": "Principality of Wallachia", "section": "lead", "says": "Principality of Wallachia (an autonomous Ottoman vassal) ceded Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia) to the Habsburg monarchy, which established the Banat of Craiova."}], "Q288251": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cisplatine War was an armed conflict fought in the 1820s between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over control of the Banda Oriental following its annexation by Brazil as the Cisplatina province."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cisplatine War was an armed conflict fought in the 1820s between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over control of the Banda Oriental following its annexation by Brazil as the Cisplatina province."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought in the aftermath of the United Provinces' and Brazil's independence from Spain and Portugal, respectively, and resulted in the independence of Cisplatina as the Oriental State of Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1816, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves carried out an invasion of the Banda Oriental and, after defeating the local resistance led by José Gervasio Artigas, annexed it under the name of Cisplatina."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1816, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves carried out an invasion of the Banda Oriental and, after defeating the local resistance led by José Gervasio Artigas, annexed it under the name of Cisplatina."}, {"id": "Q649615", "label": "Juan Antonio Lavalleja", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1825, a group of patriots known as the Thirty-Three Orientals, supported by the Argentine government and led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja, launched a rebellion against Brazil."}, {"id": "Q966952", "label": "William Brown", "section": "lead", "says": "At sea, however, the Brazilian Navy obtained better results, despite the Argentine resistance, whose small fleet, led by Irish-born admiral William Brown, was mostly destroyed."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 May 1825, the Congress of the United Provinces ordered Manuel José García to be sent to Upper Peru as a plenipotentiary to secure Simón Bolívar's support against Brazil, which was seen as an \"arm of the Holy Alliance in the Americas\"."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Argentine historian Ángel Carranza, the people and the press in Argentina \"ardently clamored for the vindication of the usurped property\"."}], "Q30041564": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Marawi (Filipino: Pagkubkob sa Marawi), also known as the Marawi crisis (Krisis sa Marawi) and the Battle of Marawi (Labanan sa Marawi), was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Philippines, that started on May 23, 2017, between Philippine government security forces against militants affiliated with the Islamic State (IS), including the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Salafi jihadist grou"}, {"id": "Q3155477", "label": "Isnilon Hapilon", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Philippine government, the clashes began during an offensive in Marawi to capture Isnilon Hapilon, the leader of the Islamic State's affiliate Abu Sayyaf group, after receiving reports that Hapilon was in the city, possibly to meet with militants of the Maute group."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "A deadly firefight erupted when Hapilon's forces opened fire on the combined army and police teams and called for reinforcements from the Maute group, an armed group that pledged allegiance to the Islamic State and which is believed to be responsible for the 2016 Davao City bombing, according to military spokesmen."}], "Q312212": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nördlingen, fought over two days from 5 to 6 September 1634, was a major battle of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "An Imperial–Spanish force led by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Ferdinand of Hungary inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedish–German army led by Gustav Horn and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar."}, {"id": "Q550657", "label": "Gustav Horn, Count of Pori", "section": "lead", "says": "An Imperial–Spanish force led by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Ferdinand of Hungary inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedish–German army led by Gustav Horn and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This allowed them to block the Spanish Road, an overland supply route running from Italy to Flanders, used to support Spain's war against the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began in June 1630 when nearly 18,000 troops under Gustavus Adolphus landed in the Duchy of Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began in June 1630 when nearly 18,000 troops under Gustavus Adolphus landed in the Duchy of Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "In July, the coalition defeated an Imperial army at Oldendorf in Lower Saxony; a few months later, Emperor Ferdinand II dismissed his leading general Albrecht von Wallenstein, who was assassinated by Imperial agents in February 1634."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, newly appointed Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, recruited an army of 11,700 in Italy, which in May crossed the Alps through the Stelvio Pass."}, {"id": "Q498046", "label": "Johan Banér", "section": "Background", "says": "While Johan Banér and Hans von Arnim invaded Bohemia, Gustav Horn tried to block the Spanish by investing Überlingen, and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar sought to consolidate his position in Franconia by taking Kronach."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Horn and Bernhard met at Augsburg on 12 July and marched towards the Bohemian border, hoping the threat of them combining with Arnim would force Ferdinand to abandon the siege."}, {"id": "Q62332", "label": "Johann von Aldringen", "section": "Background", "says": "Although they defeated an Imperial blocking force under Johann von Aldringen at Landshut on 22 July, the siege continued and Regensburg surrendered on 26 July."}], "Q313349": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Pruth was signed on the banks of the river Prut between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia on 23 July 1711 ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1713 with the assistance of Peter Shafirov."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Pruth was signed on the banks of the river Prut between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia on 23 July 1711 ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1713 with the assistance of Peter Shafirov."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty stipulated the return of Azov Fortress to the Ottomans, Taganrog and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished, and the Tsar pledged to stop interfering in the affairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which the Russians increasingly saw as under their sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The indirect causes of the war can be attributed to the aggressive expansion of the Swedish Empire throughout the 16th and 17th centuries."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeat at the Battle of Narva in 1700, Russia was invaded by King Charles XII as part of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q846708", "label": "Pruth River Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The Pruth River Campaign erupted as a direct result of the defeat of King Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava in the summer of 1709 and his retreat into the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "Background", "says": "The Pruth River Campaign erupted as a direct result of the defeat of King Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava in the summer of 1709 and his retreat into the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "In his role as envoy, the General was to accomplish the following tasks: (i) to work for the deposition of the Grand Vizier Tchorlulu Ali Pasha, who was considered friendly to the Russians, (ii) to prepare the foundations of a Turkish-Swedish alliance (directed against Russia), (iii) to bring Turkey into a war against Russia; (iv) to prevent the recognition of Augustus II as King of Poland by the "}], "Q316139": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oudenarde, also known as the Battle of Oudenaarde, was a major engagement of the War of the Spanish Succession, pitting an Anglo-Dutch force consisting of eighty thousand men under the command of the Duke of Marlborough, Lord Overkirk and Prince Eugene of Savoy against a French force of eighty-five thousand men under the command of the Duc de Bourgogne and the Duc de Vendôme, the bat"}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oudenarde, also known as the Battle of Oudenaarde, was a major engagement of the War of the Spanish Succession, pitting an Anglo-Dutch force consisting of eighty thousand men under the command of the Duke of Marlborough, Lord Overkirk and Prince Eugene of Savoy against a French force of eighty-five thousand men under the command of the Duc de Bourgogne and the Duc de Vendôme, the bat"}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought near the city of Oudenaarde, at the time part of the Spanish Netherlands, on 11 July 1708."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession, fought from 1701 to 1714, was a European conflict in the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700, the last Habsburg monarch of Spain."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "His closest heirs were members of the Austrian Habsburg and French Bourbon families; acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either threatened the European balance of power and thus the other leading powers became involved."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles bequeathed an undivided monarchy of Spain to his grandnephew Philip, who was a grandson of Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Disputes over territorial and commercial rights led to war in 1701 between the Bourbons of France and Spain and the Grand Alliance, whose candidate was Charles, younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The primary opponents of the Bourbon succession were the Kingdom of England (later the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union with Scotland), the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "The primary opponents of the Bourbon succession were the Kingdom of England (later the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union with Scotland), the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The primary opponents of the Bourbon succession were the Kingdom of England (later the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union with Scotland), the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The primary opponents of the Bourbon succession were the Kingdom of England (later the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union with Scotland), the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic."}], "Q320394": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Almansa took place on 25 April 1707, during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bourbon army was commanded by the Duke of Berwick, illegitimate son of James II of England, while Habsburg forces were led by Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, an exiled French Huguenot."}, {"id": "Q511089", "label": "Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bourbon army was commanded by the Duke of Berwick, illegitimate son of James II of England, while Habsburg forces were led by Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, an exiled French Huguenot."}, {"id": "Q156190", "label": "Peter II of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Grand Alliance secured an operations base in Lisbon when Peter II of Portugal changed sides in May 1703, and the following March, Archduke Charles of Austria arrived to head a land campaign."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "An attempt in May 1706 by Philip V of Spain to retake Barcelona failed, while his absence allowed an Allied force to capture Madrid and Zaragossa but they could not be resupplied so far from their bases and were forced to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "Background", "says": "By November 1706, Philip controlled the Crown of Castile, Murcia and parts of the Kingdom of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the course of 1706, Allied victories in the Spanish Netherlands and Italy forced the French onto the defensive and Galway sought to take advantage by launching a new offensive in 1707."}], "Q321885": [{"id": "Q5330471", "label": "Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Erdut Agreement (Serbo-Croatian: Erdutski sporazum / Ердутски споразум), officially the Basic Agreement on the Region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium, is an agreement reached on 12 November 1995 between the authorities of the Republic of Croatia and the local Serb authorities of the Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia region on the peaceful resolution to the Croatian "}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Erdut Agreement (Serbo-Croatian: Erdutski sporazum / Ердутски споразум), officially the Basic Agreement on the Region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium, is an agreement reached on 12 November 1995 between the authorities of the Republic of Croatia and the local Serb authorities of the Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia region on the peaceful resolution to the Croatian "}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The signers were Hrvoje Šarinić, the former prime minister of Croatia, and Milan Milanović, a local Serb politician representing the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) under instructions from the authorities of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The witnesses were Peter Galbraith, the ambassador of the United States to Croatia at the time, and Thorvald Stoltenberg, the United Nations intermediary."}, {"id": "Q377977", "label": "Thorvald Stoltenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The witnesses were Peter Galbraith, the ambassador of the United States to Croatia at the time, and Thorvald Stoltenberg, the United Nations intermediary."}, {"id": "Q65362", "label": "SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium had previously been controlled by the RSK, and before that by the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "As a part of his Bosnia peace efforts United States President Bill Clinton also stated:\n\n\"There must be a long-term plan for resolving the situation in Eastern Slavonia ... based on Croatian sovereignty and the principles of the Z-4 Plan (e.g."}], "Q3288108": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bosnian genocide took place during the Bosnian War of 1992–1995 and includes the Srebrenica massacre of July 1995 or the wider crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing campaign perpetrated throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)."}, {"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "lead", "says": "The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) men and boys, as well as the mass expulsion of another 25,000–30,000 Bosniak civilians by VRS units under the command of General Ratko Mladić."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Srebrenica massacre was found to be an act of genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, a finding upheld by the ICJ."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 March 2016, former Bosnian Serb leader and the first president of the Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadžić, was found guilty of genocide in Srebrenica, war crimes, and crimes against humanity and sentenced to 40 years in prison."}], "Q386038": [{"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hadiach (Polish: Unia hadziacka; Ukrainian: Гадяцький договір, romanized: Hadyatsʹkyy dohovir) was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach, Cossack Hetmanate (present-day Ukraine) between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Stanisław Kazimierz Bieniewski representing Poland and Kazimieras Liudvikas Jevlaševskis representing Lithuania) and Ukrainian Cossacks"}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hadiach (Polish: Unia hadziacka; Ukrainian: Гадяцький договір, romanized: Hadyatsʹkyy dohovir) was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach, Cossack Hetmanate (present-day Ukraine) between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Stanisław Kazimierz Bieniewski representing Poland and Kazimieras Liudvikas Jevlaševskis representing Lithuania) and Ukrainian Cossacks"}, {"id": "Q561414", "label": "Ivan Vyhovskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hadiach (Polish: Unia hadziacka; Ukrainian: Гадяцький договір, romanized: Hadyatsʹkyy dohovir) was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach, Cossack Hetmanate (present-day Ukraine) between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Stanisław Kazimierz Bieniewski representing Poland and Kazimieras Liudvikas Jevlaševskis representing Lithuania) and Ukrainian Cossacks"}, {"id": "Q1973017", "label": "Pavlo Teteria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hadiach (Polish: Unia hadziacka; Ukrainian: Гадяцький договір, romanized: Hadyatsʹkyy dohovir) was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach, Cossack Hetmanate (present-day Ukraine) between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Stanisław Kazimierz Bieniewski representing Poland and Kazimieras Liudvikas Jevlaševskis representing Lithuania) and Ukrainian Cossacks"}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was designed to elevate the Cossacks (Ruthenians) to a position equal to that of Poland and Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian union and in fact transforming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów, lit. 'Republic of Three Nations'; Lithuanian: Trijų Tautų Respublika; Belarusian: Рэч Паспалітая трох народаў, roman"}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "A way to establish a Grand Principality of Ruthenia was considered by the Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky at various times, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection against Polish rule in the mainly ethnically-Ukrainian territories (see Khmelnytsky Uprising)."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "A way to establish a Grand Principality of Ruthenia was considered by the Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky at various times, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection against Polish rule in the mainly ethnically-Ukrainian territories (see Khmelnytsky Uprising)."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Hetman Vyhovsky supported the negotiations with the Commonwealth, especially after he suppressed a revolt led by colonel Martyn Pushkar of Poltava in June 1658, and severed relations with Tsardom of Russia for its violations of the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654."}, {"id": "Q525758", "label": "Treaty of Pereyaslav", "section": "Background", "says": "Hetman Vyhovsky supported the negotiations with the Commonwealth, especially after he suppressed a revolt led by colonel Martyn Pushkar of Poltava in June 1658, and severed relations with Tsardom of Russia for its violations of the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654."}], "Q389257": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arginusae took place in 406 BC during the Peloponnesian War near the city of Canae in the Arginusae Islands, east of the island of Lesbos."}, {"id": "Q143559", "label": "Lysander", "section": "lead", "says": "At Sparta, meanwhile, traditionalists who had supported Callicratidas pressed for peace with Athens since they knew that a continuation of the war would lead to the reascendence of their opponent Lysander."}, {"id": "Q866862", "label": "Battle of Aegospotami", "section": "lead", "says": "The Athenians, however, rejected the offer, and Lysander departed to the Aegean to take command of the Spartan fleet for the remainder of the war, which would be decided less than a year later by his total victory at the Battle of Aegospotami."}, {"id": "Q2244996", "label": "Thrasyllus", "section": "Background", "says": "In a highly unorthodox arrangement, the fleet was commanded collaboratively by eight generals: Aristocrates, Aristogenes, Diomedon, Erasinides, Lysias, Pericles, Protomachus and Thrasyllus."}], "Q1425882": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Wilderness was fought on May 5–7, 1864, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant's 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "lead", "says": "At dawn on May 6, Hancock attacked along the Plank Road, driving Hill's corps back in confusion, but the First Corps of Lieutenant General James Longstreet arrived in time to prevent the collapse of the Confederate right flank."}, {"id": "Q1538874", "label": "Battle of Spotsylvania Court House", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 7, Grant disengaged and moved to the southeast, intending to leave the Wilderness to interpose his army between Lee and Richmond, leading to the Battle of Todd's Tavern and Battle of Spotsylvania Court House."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "Background", "says": "Brigadier generals George Crook and William W."}, {"id": "Q504369", "label": "Henry Halleck", "section": "Background", "says": "Grant's campaign objective of the destruction of Lee's army coincided with the preferences of both Lincoln and his military chief of staff, Henry Halleck."}], "Q1481920": [{"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195), was fought between the Almohads led by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur and King Alfonso VIII of Castile."}, {"id": "Q295268", "label": "Alfonso VIII of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195), was fought between the Almohads led by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur and King Alfonso VIII of Castile."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1190, Almohad caliph al-Mansur traveled from North Africa to al-Andalus to invade Portugal, which had captured the city of Silves the prior year."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Mansur then initiated plans to lead an expedition back into al-Andalus to deal with the Christians invaders."}, {"id": "Q316115", "label": "Alfonso IX of León", "section": "Background", "says": "He intended on barring access to the rich Tagus valley, and did not wait for the reinforcements en route from King Alfonso IX of León and King Sancho VII of Navarre."}, {"id": "Q318272", "label": "Sancho VII of Navarre", "section": "Background", "says": "He intended on barring access to the rich Tagus valley, and did not wait for the reinforcements en route from King Alfonso IX of León and King Sancho VII of Navarre."}], "Q150495": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake measured Mw 6.8 and had an epicenter northwest of the border between Myanmar, Thailand and Laos."}], "Q1520145": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is a treaty adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly held in Geneva, Switzerland on 21 May 2003."}], "Q1537159": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Fallujah, code-named Operation Vigilant Resolve, was an American-led operation of the Iraq War against militants in Fallujah as well as an attempt to apprehend or kill the perpetrators of the killing of four U.S. contractors in March 2004."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "Fallujah had generally benefited economically under Saddam Hussein, and many residents were employed as military and intelligence officers by his administration."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The town council and Hamed were both considered to be nominally pro-American, and their election originally meant that the United States had decided that the city was unlikely to become a hotbed of activity, and didn't require any immediate troop presence."}], "Q1538855": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Angaur was a major battle of the Pacific campaign in World War II, fought on the island of Angaur in the Palau Islands from 17 September to 22 October 1944."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "The weak defenses of the Palaus and the potential for airfield construction made them attractive targets for the Americans after the capture of the Marshall Islands, but a shortage of landing craft meant that operations against the Palaus could not begin until the Mariana Islands were secure."}, {"id": "Q160847", "label": "Hideki Tojo", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese defending both Peleliu and Angaur, were the combat-hardened men of the 14th Infantry Division with four years of experience fighting in Manchuria behind them, and personally sent to defend the Palaus by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo."}], "Q1637896": [{"id": "Q257724", "label": "Ethiopian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine as a whole took place a decade into the Ethiopian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "Background", "says": "Then in 1974, a group of military officers known as the Derg overthrew Haile Selassie."}], "Q1643006": [{"id": "Q317291", "label": "Abdul Haris Nasution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coordinating Minister for Defense and Security, General Abdul Haris Nasution, survived the assassination attempt in his house after being urged to escape by his wife, and he jumped into the residence of the Iraqi ambassador next door."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "His \"anti-imperialist\" ideology made Indonesia increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union and particularly China."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "His \"anti-imperialist\" ideology made Indonesia increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union and particularly China."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1960s, the conflict between the army and the PKI intensified when the PKI asked President Sukarno to support the establishment of a Angkatan kelima, a left-wing militia of workers and peasants armed primarily to support the ongoing confrontation with Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "By late 1965, the army was divided between a left-wing faction allied with the PKI and a right-wing faction that was being courted by the United States."}], "Q169598": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Honnō-ji Incident (本能寺の変, Honnō-ji no Hen) was the attempted assassination of Japanese daimyo Oda Nobunaga at Honnō-ji in Kyoto in 1582."}, {"id": "Q313320", "label": "Akechi Mitsuhide", "section": "lead", "says": "Nobunaga was on the verge of unifying the country, but died by seppuku in the unexpected rebellion of his vassal Akechi Mitsuhide."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "Nobunaga's death was avenged two weeks later when his retainer Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeated Mitsuhide in the Battle of Yamazaki, paving the way for Hideyoshi to complete the unification of Japan."}, {"id": "Q39040", "label": "Battle of Yamazaki", "section": "lead", "says": "Nobunaga's death was avenged two weeks later when his retainer Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeated Mitsuhide in the Battle of Yamazaki, paving the way for Hideyoshi to complete the unification of Japan."}, {"id": "Q1113509", "label": "Battle of Tenmokuzan", "section": "Background", "says": "Earlier that year, he had destroyed the Takeda clan, at the Battle of Tenmokuzan, leaving central Japan firmly under his control; his rivals, the Mōri clan and the Uesugi clan, were both weakened by internal strife."}, {"id": "Q311080", "label": "Uesugi Kenshin", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Uesugi Kenshin had left the Uesugi clan torn by an internal conflict between his two adopted sons."}, {"id": "Q859815", "label": "Ishiyama Hongan-ji War", "section": "Background", "says": "The nearly decade-long Ishiyama Hongan-ji War had already ended with the defeat of the Ikkō-ikki."}, {"id": "Q947533", "label": "Ikkō-ikki", "section": "Background", "says": "The nearly decade-long Ishiyama Hongan-ji War had already ended with the defeat of the Ikkō-ikki."}, {"id": "Q2900560", "label": "Niwa Nagahide", "section": "Background", "says": "Nobunaga ordered Hashiba Hideyoshi to attack the Mōri clan in the Chūgoku region; Niwa Nagahide to prepare for an invasion of Shikoku; Takigawa Kazumasu to watch the Hōjō clan from Kōzuke Province and Shinano Province; and Shibata Katsuie to invade Echigo Province, the home domain of the Uesugi clan."}, {"id": "Q953624", "label": "Takigawa Kazumasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Nobunaga ordered Hashiba Hideyoshi to attack the Mōri clan in the Chūgoku region; Niwa Nagahide to prepare for an invasion of Shikoku; Takigawa Kazumasu to watch the Hōjō clan from Kōzuke Province and Shinano Province; and Shibata Katsuie to invade Echigo Province, the home domain of the Uesugi clan."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "Background", "says": "Nobunaga ordered Hashiba Hideyoshi to attack the Mōri clan in the Chūgoku region; Niwa Nagahide to prepare for an invasion of Shikoku; Takigawa Kazumasu to watch the Hōjō clan from Kōzuke Province and Shinano Province; and Shibata Katsuie to invade Echigo Province, the home domain of the Uesugi clan."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Tokugawa Ieyasu went to Azuchi Castle to thank Nobunaga for giving him the Suruga province."}], "Q170265": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Bautzen (20–21 May 1813), a combined Prusso-Russian army, retreating after their defeat at Lützen and massively outnumbered, was pushed back by Napoleon but escaped destruction."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "Some sources claim that Marshal Michel Ney failed to block their retreat."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians were led by General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, and the Russians by General Peter Wittgenstein."}, {"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians were led by General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, and the Russians by General Peter Wittgenstein."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Finally, generals Wittgenstein and Blücher were ordered to stop at Bautzen by Tsar Alexander I and King Frederick William III."}], "Q1764124": [{"id": "Q1616064", "label": "Mithridatic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC), the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, was fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC), the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, was fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ended in defeat for Mithridates; it ended the Pontic Kingdom and the Seleucid Empire (by then a rump state), and also resulted in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ended in defeat for Mithridates; it ended the Pontic Kingdom and the Seleucid Empire (by then a rump state), and also resulted in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome."}, {"id": "Q321371", "label": "Bosporan Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The most important cities and people of the Crimea, the Tauric Chersonesus and the Bosporan Kingdom readily surrendered their independence in return for Mithridates' protection against the Scythians, their ancient enemies."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "Background", "says": "The most important cities and people of the Crimea, the Tauric Chersonesus and the Bosporan Kingdom readily surrendered their independence in return for Mithridates' protection against the Scythians, their ancient enemies."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "He contrived to partition Paphlagonia and Galatia with King Nicomedes III of Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q353702", "label": "Nicomedes III of Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "He contrived to partition Paphlagonia and Galatia with King Nicomedes III of Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q315480", "label": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "The next ruler of Bithynia, Nicomedes IV of Bithynia, was a figurehead manipulated by the Romans."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The period between the Second and Third wars of Rome and the Pontic Kingdom (81–75 BC) is discussed under the Kingdom of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "There it can be seen how the long piracy wars were a development out of the First Mithridatic War and especially of the alliance between Mithridates VI and Sertorius, which in joining those two threats into a unity much larger than its parts had the serious potential of overturning Roman power."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Mithridates, who had been rebuilding his forces, launched an invasion of Bithynia."}], "Q1788393": [{"id": "Q714820", "label": "Satsuma Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, where the heavily outnumbered samurai under Saigō Takamori made their last stand against Imperial Japanese Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi."}, {"id": "Q310462", "label": "Saigō Takamori", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, where the heavily outnumbered samurai under Saigō Takamori made their last stand against Imperial Japanese Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi."}, {"id": "Q297636", "label": "Yamagata Aritomo", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, where the heavily outnumbered samurai under Saigō Takamori made their last stand against Imperial Japanese Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Army's victory consolidated their power, and the Satsuma Rebellion was the last instance of internal mutiny seen in the Empire of Japan."}], "Q179001": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, also known as the Bread Peace (German: Brotfrieden) or Peace of Brest (Ukrainian: Берестейський мир, romanized: Beresteiskyi myr, \"Berestian Peace\"), was signed on 9 February 1918 between the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, also known as the Bread Peace (German: Brotfrieden) or Peace of Brest (Ukrainian: Берестейський мир, romanized: Beresteiskyi myr, \"Berestian Peace\"), was signed on 9 February 1918 between the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, also known as the Bread Peace (German: Brotfrieden) or Peace of Brest (Ukrainian: Берестейський мир, romanized: Beresteiskyi myr, \"Berestian Peace\"), was signed on 9 February 1918 between the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended Ukraine's involvement in World War I and saw the Central Powers recognise the UPR's sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, which followed the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917, was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus)."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "While various negotiators at Brest-Litovsk were seeking to establish a general peace, the Austro-Hungarian delegation was in desperate need of getting access to Ukrainian foodstuffs to address a disastrous famine unfolding amongst its military and civilian population, choosing to sign a separate peace first with the Ukrainian People's Republic delegation, sent from the Central Rada in Kiev (modern"}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace delegation from Soviet Russia, led by Leon Trotsky, did not recognise the UPR delegation, instead recognising a delegation from the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets based in Kharkov (modern Kharkiv)."}, {"id": "Q2381337", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace delegation from Soviet Russia, led by Leon Trotsky, did not recognise the UPR delegation, instead recognising a delegation from the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets based in Kharkov (modern Kharkiv)."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish representatives from Congress Poland and Austrian Galicia also objected to several terms in the treaty (particularly the concession of Kholm Governorate to Ukraine), and the fact that the Central Powers chose to conclude a separate peace with Ukraine rather than working out a general peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q1508143", "label": "Ukrainian State", "section": "lead", "says": "The presence of Central Powers forces undermined the independence of the Rada and lead to establishment of the Ukrainian State of Hetman Pavlo"}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Because of the civil unrest in the Russian Republic culminating in the October Revolution, the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Rada (20 November 1917) declared the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic under the government of the General Secretariat of Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Because of the civil unrest in the Russian Republic culminating in the October Revolution, the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Rada (20 November 1917) declared the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic under the government of the General Secretariat of Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 December 1917, Vladimir Lenin, as the head of the Sovnarkom, released an ultimatum in which he accused the Central Rada of disorganising the front lines, stopping \"any troops going into the region of the Don, the Urals, or elsewhere\"; sheltering political enemies such as the members of the Cadet Party and those who had sided with Kaledin and requiring to \"put an end to the attempts to crush "}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the representatives of the British and the French Empires did not wish to recognise Ukrainian sovereignty, considering it as a part of their major ally, the Russian Empire, the treaty gave a chance for some recognition in the face of the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "Background", "says": "Austria-Hungary was edging towards a military victory on all fronts by late 1917, but the Austrian political leadership had been getting increasingly desperate for food since late 1917, in order to feed its starving civilian population in Cisleithania and prevent famine and large-scale civil unrest."}], "Q613478": [{"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Until about 1573 the Mediterranean headed the list of Spanish priorities under Philip II of Spain (1556–98); under his leadership the Habsburg galley fleet increased to about 100 ships, and more in wartime."}, {"id": "Q1525723", "label": "Giovanni Andrea Doria", "section": "lead", "says": "However, with the sudden flight of their admiral, Giovanni Andrea Doria, the Christian fleet disbanded in their way out and became easy prey."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Since losing against the Ottoman fleet of Hayreddin Barbarossa at the Battle of Preveza in 1538 and the disastrous expedition of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor against Barbarossa in Algiers in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean Sea, the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, felt more and more threatened by the Ottomans and their allies, the Barbary corsairs."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Since losing against the Ottoman fleet of Hayreddin Barbarossa at the Battle of Preveza in 1538 and the disastrous expedition of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor against Barbarossa in Algiers in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean Sea, the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, felt more and more threatened by the Ottomans and their allies, the Barbary corsairs."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "Since losing against the Ottoman fleet of Hayreddin Barbarossa at the Battle of Preveza in 1538 and the disastrous expedition of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor against Barbarossa in Algiers in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean Sea, the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, felt more and more threatened by the Ottomans and their allies, the Barbary corsairs."}, {"id": "Q949051", "label": "Piyale Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Indeed, by 1558, Piali Pasha had raided the Balearic Islands, and, together with Dragut, raided the Mediterranean coasts of Spain."}, {"id": "Q101430", "label": "Paul IV", "section": "Background", "says": "King Philip II of Spain appealed to Pope Paul IV and his allies in Europe to organize an expedition to retake Tripoli from Dragut, who had captured the city from the Knights Hospitaller in August 1551 and had subsequently been made Bey (Governor) of Tripoli by Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "King Philip II of Spain appealed to Pope Paul IV and his allies in Europe to organize an expedition to retake Tripoli from Dragut, who had captured the city from the Knights Hospitaller in August 1551 and had subsequently been made Bey (Governor) of Tripoli by Suleiman the Magnificent."}], "Q629485": [{"id": "Q132345", "label": "Shinzō Abe", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Minister Shinzō Abe broke off from his election campaign to visit Kashiwazaki and promised to \"make every effort towards rescue and also to restore services such as gas and electricity\"."}], "Q630644": [{"id": "Q683044", "label": "Battle of Minden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Weser River, sometimes known as the First Battle of Minden or Battle of Idistaviso, was fought in 16 AD between Roman legions commanded by Roman Emperor Tiberius's heir and adopted son, Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic peoples, commanded by Arminius."}, {"id": "Q191039", "label": "Germanicus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Weser River, sometimes known as the First Battle of Minden or Battle of Idistaviso, was fought in 16 AD between Roman legions commanded by Roman Emperor Tiberius's heir and adopted son, Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic peoples, commanded by Arminius."}, {"id": "Q68880", "label": "Arminius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Weser River, sometimes known as the First Battle of Minden or Battle of Idistaviso, was fought in 16 AD between Roman legions commanded by Roman Emperor Tiberius's heir and adopted son, Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic peoples, commanded by Arminius."}, {"id": "Q87779", "label": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germanic chief, Arminius, had been instrumental in the organising of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, in which three Roman legions moving west to winter quarters were ambushed and annihilated by allied Germanic forces in the deep forests of western Germania."}], "Q6445763": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Kurdish nationalist uprisings have periodically occurred in Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Turkish state and continuing to the present day with the current PKK–Turkey conflict."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Kurdish nationalist uprisings have periodically occurred in Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Turkish state and continuing to the present day with the current PKK–Turkey conflict."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of Abdul Hamid II, who was Caliph as well as Sultan, the Kurds were loyal subjects of the Caliph and the establishment of a secular republic after the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924 became a source of widespread resentment."}], "Q646409": [{"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of 1197, also known as the Crusade of Henry VI (German: Kreuzzug Heinrichs VI.) or the German Crusade (Deutscher Kreuzzug), was a crusade launched by the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI in response to the aborted attempt of his father, Emperor Frederick I, during the Third Crusade in 1189–90."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of 1197, also known as the Crusade of Henry VI (German: Kreuzzug Heinrichs VI.) or the German Crusade (Deutscher Kreuzzug), was a crusade launched by the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI in response to the aborted attempt of his father, Emperor Frederick I, during the Third Crusade in 1189–90."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The emerging throne conflict between his brother Philip of Swabia and the Welf rival Otto of Brunswick made many higher-ranking crusaders return to Germany in order to protect their interests in the next imperial election."}], "Q681416": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The title French and Indian War in the singular is used in the United States specifically for the warfare of 1754–1763, which composed the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War and the aftermath of which led to the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The title French and Indian War in the singular is used in the United States specifically for the warfare of 1754–1763, which composed the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War and the aftermath of which led to the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The title French and Indian War in the singular is used in the United States specifically for the warfare of 1754–1763, which composed the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War and the aftermath of which led to the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The French and Indian Wars were preceded by the Beaver Wars."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces, but all pitted the Kingdom of Great Britain, its colonies, and their Indigenous allies on one side against the Kingdom of France, its colonies, and its Indigenous allies on the other."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces, but all pitted the Kingdom of Great Britain, its colonies, and their Indigenous allies on one side against the Kingdom of France, its colonies, and its Indigenous allies on the other."}], "Q683848": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vienna (Danish: Freden i Wien; German: Frieden von Wien) was a peace treaty signed on 30 October 1864 in Vienna between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Kingdom of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vienna (Danish: Freden i Wien; German: Frieden von Wien) was a peace treaty signed on 30 October 1864 in Vienna between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Kingdom of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vienna (Danish: Freden i Wien; German: Frieden von Wien) was a peace treaty signed on 30 October 1864 in Vienna between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Kingdom of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q704288", "label": "Duchy of Holstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark ceded the Duchy of Schleswig (except for the island of Ærø, which remained Danish) the Duchy of Holstein and the Duchy of Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q520149", "label": "Gastein Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "A subsequent treaty between Austria and Prussia on August 14, 1865 known as the Gastein Convention provided that Prussia would administer Schleswig and Austria would similarly govern Holstein."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Disputes over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein would lead to the 1866 Austro-Prussian War."}], "Q68478": [{"id": "Q934157", "label": "Battle of Ayacucho", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 secured the independence of Peru and definitively ended Spanish rule in South America."}, {"id": "Q1806552", "label": "Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, although not the first or the last, was the most significant and culminated in violent repression by the viceregal authorities."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's 1808 invasion of Spain resulted in the abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII  in favour of Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's 1808 invasion of Spain resulted in the abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII  in favour of Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's 1808 invasion of Spain resulted in the abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII  in favour of Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q981309", "label": "José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Peru was a stronghold for royalists, with Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa using Peru as a base for counterrevolutionary forces."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1820, the Liberating Expedition of Peru, under the command of Argentine general José de San Martín, forced the viceroyalty to abandon Lima and retreat to Cusco."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "However, disagreements between San Martín and Simón Bolívar at the Guayaquil Conference over how to govern divided patriot forces and led to San Martín's withdrawal in 1822."}, {"id": "Q315937", "label": "Túpac Amaru II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bourbon Reforms increased the unease, and the dissent had its outbreak in the 1780–1781 uprising led by Túpac Amaru II."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Peninsular War (1807–1814) central authority in the Spanish Empire was lost and many regions established autonomous juntas."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Peninsular War (1807–1814) central authority in the Spanish Empire was lost and many regions established autonomous juntas."}], "Q684872": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes or Winter Battle of the Masurian Lakes, known in Germany as the Winter Battle in Masuria and in Russia as the Battle of Augustowo, was the northern part of the Central Powers' offensive on the Eastern Front in the winter of 1915 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes or Winter Battle of the Masurian Lakes, known in Germany as the Winter Battle in Masuria and in Russia as the Battle of Augustowo, was the northern part of the Central Powers' offensive on the Eastern Front in the winter of 1915 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans, led by Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East Paul von Hindenburg, would attack eastward from their front line in western Poland, which had been occupied after the Battle of Łódź in 1914, toward the Vistula River and also in East Prussia in the vicinity of the Masurian Lakes (site of the 1914 Battle of the Masurian Lakes)."}, {"id": "Q696300", "label": "Battle of Łódź", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans, led by Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East Paul von Hindenburg, would attack eastward from their front line in western Poland, which had been occupied after the Battle of Łódź in 1914, toward the Vistula River and also in East Prussia in the vicinity of the Masurian Lakes (site of the 1914 Battle of the Masurian Lakes)."}, {"id": "Q73372", "label": "Alexander von Linsingen", "section": "Background", "says": "They would be led by General Alexander von Linsingen."}], "Q690464": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mikatagahara (三方ヶ原の戦い, Mikatagahara no tatakai) took place during the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen and Tokugawa Ieyasu in Tōtōmi Province on January 25, 1573."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mikatagahara (三方ヶ原の戦い, Mikatagahara no tatakai) took place during the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen and Tokugawa Ieyasu in Tōtōmi Province on January 25, 1573."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "Shingen attacked Ieyasu on the plain of Mikatagahara north of Hamamatsu during his campaign against Oda Nobunaga while seeking a route from Kōfu to Kyoto."}, {"id": "Q467417", "label": "Honda Tadakatsu", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same month, Ieyasu sent Naitō Nobunari, Honda Tadakatsu, and Ōkubo Tadasuke, to lead the vanguard, where they met Takeda forces led by Yamagata Masakage and Baba Nobuharu at the Battle of Hitokotosaka."}, {"id": "Q1204342", "label": "Baba Nobuharu", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same month, Ieyasu sent Naitō Nobunari, Honda Tadakatsu, and Ōkubo Tadasuke, to lead the vanguard, where they met Takeda forces led by Yamagata Masakage and Baba Nobuharu at the Battle of Hitokotosaka."}, {"id": "Q953624", "label": "Takigawa Kazumasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Against the advice provided by Sakuma Nobumori and Takigawa Kazumasu, who had been sent by Nobunaga, and by his own generals, Matsudaira Koretada and Ishikawa Kazumasa, Ieyasu refused to allow the Takeda to pass through his territory unhindered, and drew up his forces on a high plain called Mikatagahara, at the time located just north of Hamamatsu."}], "Q690481": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Slankamen was fought on 19 August 1691, near Slankamen in the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia (modern-day Vojvodina, Serbia), between the Ottoman Empire, and Habsburg Austrian forces during the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Slankamen was fought on 19 August 1691, near Slankamen in the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia (modern-day Vojvodina, Serbia), between the Ottoman Empire, and Habsburg Austrian forces during the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle saw a Turkish-Transylvanian force led by Emeric Thököly and Mustafa Köprülü suffer an overwhelming defeat by an Imperial army commanded by Ludwig Wilhelm of Baden."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans suffered a series of defeats against the Austrians in the 1680s, most notably at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Buda in 1686, Belgrade in 1688 and Bosnia in 1689."}], "Q692065": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Leningrad–Novgorod strategic offensive was a strategic offensive during World War II."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Approximately two weeks later, the Red Army regained control of the Moscow–Leningrad railway, and on 26 January 1944 Joseph Stalin declared that the siege of Leningrad was lifted, and that German forces were expelled from the Leningrad Oblast."}, {"id": "Q233278", "label": "Operation Spark", "section": "Background", "says": "In the fall of 1943, preparations had begun to design another plan to retake the outskirts of Leningrad from the Germans, after the only partially successful Operation Iskra in January that year which had followed the failed Sinyavino Offensive of late 1942."}, {"id": "Q478881", "label": "Sinyavino Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "In the fall of 1943, preparations had begun to design another plan to retake the outskirts of Leningrad from the Germans, after the only partially successful Operation Iskra in January that year which had followed the failed Sinyavino Offensive of late 1942."}], "Q709333": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Coming two weeks after Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, it was the first major battle of the war to fall within the time frame of what is widely considered World War II."}, {"id": "Q704374", "label": "Seishirō Itagaki", "section": "Background and strategy", "says": "In early September, Japanese General Toshizō Nishio of the \"Japanese Expeditionary Forces to China\" and Lieutenant-General Seishirō Itagaki set out to capture Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan."}], "Q714288": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "By attacking through the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium, the German Oberkommando der Wehrmacht planned to outflank the Maginot Line, and advance through southern Belgium and into northern France, cutting off the British Expeditionary Force and a large part of the French forces and forcing the French government to surrender."}, {"id": "Q76544", "label": "Kurt Student", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Kurt Student, who proposed the deployment of the two airborne divisions, argued that their presence would hold open the southern approaches to Rotterdam, prevent the movement of Dutch reserves based in north-west Holland and any French Army forces sent to aid the Dutch defenders, and deny the use of airfields to Allied aircraft, all of which would aid a rapid advance by the 18th Army."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Adolf Hitler, who had taken a personal interest in the arrangements for the assault force, had ordered that"}], "Q715886": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The German battleship Scharnhorst sailed to implement Operation Ostfront, an attack on Arctic convoys carrying supplies from the western Allies to the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Since August 1941, the western Allies had run convoys of ships from the United Kingdom and Iceland to the northern ports of the Soviet Union to provide essential supplies for their war effort on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "Since August 1941, the western Allies had run convoys of ships from the United Kingdom and Iceland to the northern ports of the Soviet Union to provide essential supplies for their war effort on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q689123", "label": "Convoy PQ 17", "section": "Background", "says": "Even the threat of these ships' presence was enough to cause disastrous consequences for the convoys, such as Convoy PQ 17 that was scattered and mostly sunk by German forces after false reports of the Tirpitz sailing to intercept them."}], "Q732064": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople or Istanbul was signed on 13 July 1700 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople or Istanbul was signed on 13 July 1700 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian tsar Peter the Great secured possession of the Azov region and freed his forces to participate in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian tsar Peter the Great secured possession of the Azov region and freed his forces to participate in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q313349", "label": "Treaty of the Pruth", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711, after the Ottoman Empire became involved in this war."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When the other members of the league — the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - had reached their war aims, they concluded a peace with the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II at Karlowitz (1699), which completely ignored Russian interests."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "When the other members of the league — the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - had reached their war aims, they concluded a peace with the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II at Karlowitz (1699), which completely ignored Russian interests."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "When the other members of the league — the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - had reached their war aims, they concluded a peace with the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II at Karlowitz (1699), which completely ignored Russian interests."}, {"id": "Q199659", "label": "Mustafa II", "section": "Background", "says": "When the other members of the league — the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - had reached their war aims, they concluded a peace with the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II at Karlowitz (1699), which completely ignored Russian interests."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When the negotiations progressed slowly and Peter the Great came under time pressure to attack the Swedish Empire in the Great Northern War (see below), he urged Ukraintsev to come to a peace soon, and the Russian condition of Black Sea access was dropped."}], "Q764967": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 May 2005, protests erupted in Andijan, Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uzbek government ordered the closing of the United States Karshi-Khanabad Air Base and improved ties with the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation, who supported the government's response in Andijan."}], "Q770536": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Inkerman was fought during the Crimean War on 5 November 1854 by the allied armies of Britain and France against the Imperial Russian Army."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The allied armies of Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire had landed on the west coast of Crimea on 14 September 1854, intending to capture the Russian naval base at Sevastopol."}, {"id": "Q913604", "label": "Battle of Alma", "section": "Background", "says": "The allied armies fought off and defeated the Russian Army at the Battle of Alma, forcing them to retreat in some confusion toward the River Kacha."}], "Q770951": [{"id": "Q208442", "label": "Wade-Giles", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Eight Princes, Rebellion of the Eight Kings, or Rebellion of the Eight Princes (simplified Chinese: 八王之乱; traditional Chinese: 八王之亂; pinyin: bā wáng zhī luàn; Wade–Giles: pa wang chih luan) was a series of coups and civil wars among kings/princes (Chinese: wáng 王) of the Chinese Western Jin dynasty from 291 to 306 AD."}, {"id": "Q7357", "label": "Emperor Hui of Jin", "section": "lead", "says": "The period spanned the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin, whose powerful relatives fiercely contended with one another over his regency and succession in light of his developmental disability."}, {"id": "Q1349911", "label": "Rebellion of the Seven States", "section": "lead", "says": "At no point in the whole conflict were all of the eight princes on one side of the fighting (as opposed to, for example, the Rebellion of the Seven States)."}, {"id": "Q7360", "label": "Sima Lun", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial conflicts prior to the coalition against Sima Lun in 301 were also not wars, but rather a series of political intrigues and coups d'état."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 249, Sima Yi, an official, general, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, effectively seized control of Wei after instigating a successful coup against his co-regent, Cao Shuang."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 249, Sima Yi, an official, general, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, effectively seized control of Wei after instigating a successful coup against his co-regent, Cao Shuang."}, {"id": "Q699624", "label": "Cao Shuang", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 249, Sima Yi, an official, general, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, effectively seized control of Wei after instigating a successful coup against his co-regent, Cao Shuang."}, {"id": "Q707808", "label": "Sima Shi", "section": "Background", "says": "Sima Yi and two of his sons, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao, came to serve as the de facto rulers of Wei in succession, while the Wei emperors were reduced to puppet rulers."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "Background", "says": "Sima Yi and two of his sons, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao, came to serve as the de facto rulers of Wei in succession, while the Wei emperors were reduced to puppet rulers."}, {"id": "Q7356", "label": "Emperor Wu of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 266, Sima Zhao's eldest son, Sima Yan, also known as Emperor Wu of Jin, forced the Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate the throne and established the Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q470091", "label": "Cao Huan", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 266, Sima Zhao's eldest son, Sima Yan, also known as Emperor Wu of Jin, forced the Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate the throne and established the Jin dynasty."}], "Q774487": [{"id": "Q657620", "label": "Battle of Noreia", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of Roman defeats at the Battle of Noreia, the Battle of Burdigala, and most notably at the Battle of Arausio, the Romans under Gaius Marius finally defeated the Teutons and Ambrones as they attempted to advance through the Alps into Italy."}, {"id": "Q1464392", "label": "Battle of Burdigala", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of Roman defeats at the Battle of Noreia, the Battle of Burdigala, and most notably at the Battle of Arausio, the Romans under Gaius Marius finally defeated the Teutons and Ambrones as they attempted to advance through the Alps into Italy."}, {"id": "Q776215", "label": "Battle of Arausio", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of Roman defeats at the Battle of Noreia, the Battle of Burdigala, and most notably at the Battle of Arausio, the Romans under Gaius Marius finally defeated the Teutons and Ambrones as they attempted to advance through the Alps into Italy."}, {"id": "Q42596", "label": "Frédéric Mistral", "section": "lead", "says": "Victoire, with the Roman victory at the battle of Aquae Sextiae, but Frédéric Mistral and other scholars have debunked this theory."}, {"id": "Q940041", "label": "Marcus Junius Silanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Another consul, Marcus Junius Silanus, was sent to take care of the renewed Germanic threat."}], "Q807843": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "They were the first of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, that also include the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, and the 1650 to 1652 Anglo-Scottish War."}, {"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "They were the first of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, that also include the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, and the 1650 to 1652 Anglo-Scottish War."}, {"id": "Q3536756", "label": "Treaty of Berwick", "section": "lead", "says": "In June, English and Scottish armies assembled near Berwick-upon-Tweed, but withdrew without fighting, after signing the Treaty of Berwick (1639)."}, {"id": "Q976820", "label": "Battle of Newburn", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scots invaded and occupied parts of northern England, after winning a victory at the Battle of Newburn."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This ended the Bishops' Wars, but political differences between Charles and the new English Parliament led to the First English Civil War in August 1642."}, {"id": "Q79972", "label": "James VI and I", "section": "Background", "says": "When James VI and I succeeded as king of England in 1603, he viewed a unified Church of Scotland and England as the first step in creating a centralised, Unionist state."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Scots volunteers and mercenaries fought on the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War, while Scotland had close economic and cultural links with the Dutch Republic, then fighting for independence from Catholic Spain."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Scots volunteers and mercenaries fought on the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War, while Scotland had close economic and cultural links with the Dutch Republic, then fighting for independence from Catholic Spain."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, many Scots had been educated in French Huguenot universities, the majority of which were suppressed by Louis XIII in the 1620s."}], "Q815128": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege, American patriot militia led by newly-installed Continental Army commander George Washington prevented the British Army, which was garrisoned in Boston, from moving by land."}, {"id": "Q355680", "label": "Henry Knox", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1775, George Washington sent Henry Knox on a mission to bring the heavy artillery that had recently been captured at Fort Ticonderoga."}, {"id": "Q19024", "label": "Boston Tea Party", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the Boston Tea Party and other acts of protest, 4,000 British troops were sent to occupy Boston under the command of General Thomas Gage and to pacify the restive Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q581935", "label": "Thomas Gage", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the Boston Tea Party and other acts of protest, 4,000 British troops were sent to occupy Boston under the command of General Thomas Gage and to pacify the restive Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the Boston Tea Party and other acts of protest, 4,000 British troops were sent to occupy Boston under the command of General Thomas Gage and to pacify the restive Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q272774", "label": "John Hancock", "section": "Background", "says": "Parliament authorized Gage to disband the government of Massachusetts Bay, led by John Hancock and Samuel Adams, among numerous other powers."}, {"id": "Q212963", "label": "Samuel Adams", "section": "Background", "says": "Parliament authorized Gage to disband the government of Massachusetts Bay, led by John Hancock and Samuel Adams, among numerous other powers."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "Background", "says": "British forces went to seize military supplies from the town of Concord on April 19, 1775, but militia companies from surrounding towns opposed them at the Battles of Lexington and Concord."}], "Q815170": [{"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of La Rochelle (French: le siège de La Rochelle, or sometimes le grand siège de La Rochelle) was a result of a war between the French royal forces of King Louis XIII and the Huguenots of La Rochelle in 1627–1628."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of La Rochelle (French: le siège de La Rochelle, or sometimes le grand siège de La Rochelle) was a result of a war between the French royal forces of King Louis XIII and the Huguenots of La Rochelle in 1627–1628."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1598 Edict of Nantes that ended the French Wars of Religion granted Protestants, commonly known as Huguenots, a large degree of autonomy and self-rule."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The assassination of Henry IV of France in 1610 led to the appointment of Marie de' Medici as regent for her nine-year-old son, Louis XIII."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking La Rochelle was a priority for Louis and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu; it was then the second- or third-largest city in France, with over 30,000 inhabitants, and one of its most important ports."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When James I refused, he approached the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q1357802", "label": "Treaty of Compiègne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Protestant Dutch agreed to provide naval backing in the 1624 Treaty of Compiègne."}], "Q843588": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Moshtarak (Dari for Together or Joint), also known as the Battle of Marjah, was an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) pacification offensive in the town of Marjah, Helmand Province, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1330136", "label": "Second Battle of Fallujah", "section": "lead", "says": "ISAF chose to heavily publicize the operation before it was launched, comparing its scope and size to the 2004 Second Battle of Fallujah, in the hopes that Taliban fighters in the town would flee."}], "Q846491": [{"id": "Q352035", "label": "Quintus Lutatius Catulus", "section": "lead", "says": "A Celtic-Germanic confederation under the command of the Cimbric king Boiorix was defeated by a Roman army under the joint command of the consul Gaius Marius and the proconsul Quintus Lutatius Catulus."}, {"id": "Q903199", "label": "Cimbrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the end of the Cimbrian War."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "They invaded Noricum (located in present-day Austria and Slovenia) which was inhabited by the Taurisci people, friends and allies of Rome."}, {"id": "Q657620", "label": "Battle of Noreia", "section": "Background", "says": "An engagement, later called the Battle of Noreia, took place, in which the invaders completely overwhelmed the Roman Legions and inflicted a devastating loss on them."}, {"id": "Q940041", "label": "Marcus Junius Silanus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman consul, Marcus Junius Silanus, was sent to take care of the renewed Germanic threat."}, {"id": "Q1464392", "label": "Battle of Burdigala", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Burdigala destroyed the Romans' hopes of definitively defeating the Cimbri and so the Germanic threat continued."}, {"id": "Q529617", "label": "Gnaeus Mallius Maximus", "section": "Background", "says": "In 105 BC, Caepio's command was prorogued and a further six legions were raised in Rome by Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, one of the consuls of 105 BC."}], "Q854206": [{"id": "Q34448", "label": "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad", "section": "lead", "says": "After incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declared victory in the 2009 Iranian presidential election, protests broke out in major cities across Iran in support of opposition candidates Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi."}, {"id": "Q217154", "label": "Mir-Hossein Mousavi", "section": "lead", "says": "After incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declared victory in the 2009 Iranian presidential election, protests broke out in major cities across Iran in support of opposition candidates Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "lead", "says": "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei ordered an investigation into the claims of electoral fraud and irregularities, as requested by Green Movement leaders."}, {"id": "Q545979", "label": "Mohsen Rezaee", "section": "Background", "says": "Candidates Mohsen Rezaee and Mousavi have lodged official complaints."}], "Q86929": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached the Ukraine, Italy, Spain, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic and Russia."}], "Q87119811": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Seven Hungarians living in Wuhan, who wanted to move back to Europe, were transported through France and placed in quarantine for two weeks."}], "Q87250803": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was the cause of a respiratory illness (coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19), found in a cluster of people in Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China, which had been reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019."}], "Q883298": [{"id": "Q1226580", "label": "Dinmukhamed Konayev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jeltoqsan (Kazakh: Желтоқсан көтерілісі, romanized: Jeltoqsan köterılısı, lit. 'December uprising'), also spelled Zheltoksan, or December of 1986, were protests that took place in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, in response to CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, and his replacement with"}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jeltoqsan (Kazakh: Желтоқсан көтерілісі, romanized: Jeltoqsan köterılısı, lit. 'December uprising'), also spelled Zheltoksan, or December of 1986, were protests that took place in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, in response to CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, and his replacement with"}], "Q937332": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish expedition besieging Riga was defeated by a smaller Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth relief force and abandoned the attempt."}, {"id": "Q52939", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "The forces of Charles IX of Sweden were numerically superior and were composed of 10,868 men and 11 cannon."}, {"id": "Q540840", "label": "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz", "section": "Background", "says": "The army, led by the Great Hetman of Lithuania Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, was tired and starving; however, the soldiers admired their leader."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "He promised to pay army wages from his own fortune, resulting in an influx of recruits from Lithuania."}], "Q973573": [{"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donation of Pepin, or Donation of Pippin, was the transfer of Frankish territory in Central Italy to Pope Stephen II made by Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, in 756."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Credited with \"effectively establishing the temporal authority of the papacy,\" the Donation took place amid the Byzantine Empire's decline in Italy and marked both \"an important moment in the papal–Carolingian alliance\" and an \"important step\" in the formation of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "With the fall of Ravenna, the imperial capital in Italy, to Aistulf, King of the Lombards in 751, \"any semblance of imperial protection for Rome\" had vanished and the pope, who had technically been a Byzantine subject to this point, turned to Pepin for assistance."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donation was subsequently \"confirmed by Pippin's successors, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, in 778 and 817 respectively,\" as both \"sought to strengthen their ties with the pope.\" Although the Donation \"involved territories that were technically not Pippin's to give,\" the inability of the Byzantine Empire to control these lands signalled that \"the imperial presence in central Italy\" was at an"}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donation was subsequently \"confirmed by Pippin's successors, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, in 778 and 817 respectively,\" as both \"sought to strengthen their ties with the pope.\" Although the Donation \"involved territories that were technically not Pippin's to give,\" the inability of the Byzantine Empire to control these lands signalled that \"the imperial presence in central Italy\" was at an"}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donation was subsequently \"confirmed by Pippin's successors, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, in 778 and 817 respectively,\" as both \"sought to strengthen their ties with the pope.\" Although the Donation \"involved territories that were technically not Pippin's to give,\" the inability of the Byzantine Empire to control these lands signalled that \"the imperial presence in central Italy\" was at an"}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "lead", "says": "Before gaining Pepin's help, the pope had in fact appealed to Byzantine Emperor Constantine V without success."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 751, Aistulf, king of the Lombards, conquered what remained of the exarchate of Ravenna, the last vestige of the Roman Empire in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "Background", "says": "He then sent envoys to Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, with a letter requesting his support and the provision of a Frankish escort so that Stephen could go to Pepin to confer."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "Original promise", "says": "On 28 July in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, the Pope anointed Pepin and his sons Charles and Carloman as kings of the Franks and patricians of the Romans."}], "Q1030724": [{"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency in the Preševo Valley was an approximately two year-long armed conflict between 12 June 1999 until 1 June 2001, between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the ethnic Albanian separatists of the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB)."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "There were instances during the conflict in which the Yugoslav government requested Kosovo Force (KFOR) support in suppressing UÇPMB attacks since they could only use lightly armed military forces as part of the Kumanovo Treaty that ended the Kosovo War, which created a buffer zone between FR Yugoslavia and Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "There were instances during the conflict in which the Yugoslav government requested Kosovo Force (KFOR) support in suppressing UÇPMB attacks since they could only use lightly armed military forces as part of the Kumanovo Treaty that ended the Kosovo War, which created a buffer zone between FR Yugoslavia and Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Albanian-populated region became a part of Serbia in 1913, after the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q28479", "label": "Kumanovo Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "It began in February 1998 and ended on 10 June 1999, when the Kumanovo Agreement was signed."}], "Q1070342": [{"id": "Q1265114", "label": "Father Rale's War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763."}, {"id": "Q3118940", "label": "Father Le Loutre's War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the terms of the 1697 Peace of Ryswick, which ended the Nine Years' War, the boundaries and outposts of New France, New England, and New York remained substantially unchanged."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "Causes of the war", "says": "King James II of England, a Catholic, was deposed at the end of 1688 in the Glorious Revolution during which William III and Mary II, who were Protestants, took the throne."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "Causes of the war", "says": "King James II of England, a Catholic, was deposed at the end of 1688 in the Glorious Revolution during which William III and Mary II, who were Protestants, took the throne."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Causes of the war", "says": "William joined the League of Augsburg in its war against France, which had begun in 1688, where James had fled."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Causes of the war", "says": "New England and the Iroquois at times fought New France and their Wabanaki allies."}, {"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "Causes of the war", "says": "For their part, in response to King Philip's War, the five Indigenous tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the English from further expansion."}], "Q1072330": [{"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) is the foundational treaty of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to Charles III, the king of West Francia, following the Siege of Chartres."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) is the foundational treaty of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to Charles III, the king of West Francia, following the Siege of Chartres."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) is the foundational treaty of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to Charles III, the king of West Francia, following the Siege of Chartres."}, {"id": "Q208082", "label": "Robert I of France", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 July the Franks under Robert the Count of Paris, who would later be Robert I of France, relieved Chartres resulting in a close Viking defeat."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "Background", "says": "Though weakened, the Vikings were still a formidable force, and in the aftermath Charles the Simple who was with the army decided to negotiate a peace with Rollo."}], "Q107487626": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Protesters abroad called for the United States to provide humanitarian aid to help the citizens."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "Background", "says": "The economic crises emerged from a combination of factors, including reduced financial support (subsidized fuel) from Cuba's ally Venezuela, the United States embargo against Cuba and United States sanctions (tightened by the Trump administration in 2019), and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, which hit the industry of tourism in Cuba and led to a decrease in remittances from Cubans abroad."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "Pavel Vidal, a former Cuban central bank economist who teaches at Javeriana University in Colombia, stated that reforms in Cuba \"do not depend on the embargo, and the embargo should be eliminated unilaterally, independently from reforms in Cuba."}], "Q1076902": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chremonidean War (Ancient Greek: Χρεμωνίδειος Πόλεμος) (267–261 BC) was fought by a coalition of Greek city-states and Ptolemaic Egypt against Antigonid Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chremonidean War is poorly documented and known mostly through fragmentary accounts by later historians Pausanias and Justin."}, {"id": "Q39576", "label": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "section": "lead", "says": "Athens and Sparta sought a restoration of their former independence, while the ambitions of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, in the Aegean were threatened by Antigonus Gonatas's fleet, so he built an anti-Macedonian coalition among the Greek city-states."}, {"id": "Q3235767", "label": "Battle of Cos", "section": "lead", "says": "This action, called the Battle of Cos, also features in the narrative of the second of the Syrian Wars with a strong alternative date of 258 or 255 BC."}, {"id": "Q1330607", "label": "Syrian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This action, called the Battle of Cos, also features in the narrative of the second of the Syrian Wars with a strong alternative date of 258 or 255 BC."}], "Q108137226": [{"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republican insurgency in Afghanistan is an ongoing conflict waged by armed factions loyal to the defunct Islamic Republic of Afghanistan against the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republican insurgency in Afghanistan is an ongoing conflict waged by armed factions loyal to the defunct Islamic Republic of Afghanistan against the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "Background", "says": "In these conflicts, Panjshir was under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Massoud who was killed by a suicide bomber in 2001."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after, the United States invasion of Afghanistan resulted in the overthrow of the previously dominant, Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the eventual establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1980s and 1990s, Panjshir's forces had been able to keep supply lines to Tajikistan open."}], "Q1099263": [{"id": "Q324534", "label": "Laonikos Chalkokondyles", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian, Laonikos Chalkokondyles, notes that the Ottomans took advantage of the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 to capture the city: \"Andronikos decided that he should hold the throne himself, as his grandfather had already grown old, and so they fell out with each other."}, {"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was at this time that Prusa was besieged, starved out, and taken by Osman, and other cities in Asia Minor were also captured.\"\nAccording to some sources Osman I died of natural causes just before the fall of the city, while others suggest that he lived long enough to hear about the victory on his death-bed and was buried in Bursa afterwards."}], "Q111037776": [{"id": "Q51107051", "label": "Rafael Grossi", "section": "Background", "says": "Rafael Grossi, the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, stated that the IAEA had been informed by Russian authorities that Russian forces were in control of territory around the nuclear power plant."}], "Q697172": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Courland Pocket was a pocket located on the Courland Peninsula in Latvia on the Eastern Front of World War II from 9 October 1944 to 22 May 1945."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Courland Pocket was a pocket located on the Courland Peninsula in Latvia on the Eastern Front of World War II from 9 October 1944 to 22 May 1945."}, {"id": "Q687465", "label": "Baltic Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Army Group North of the Wehrmacht were surrounded in western Latvia by the Red Army after the Baltic Offensive, when forces of the 1st Baltic Front reached the Baltic Sea near Memel (Klaipėda) after the collapse of Army Group Centre during Operation Bagration."}, {"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "Army Group North of the Wehrmacht were surrounded in western Latvia by the Red Army after the Baltic Offensive, when forces of the 1st Baltic Front reached the Baltic Sea near Memel (Klaipėda) after the collapse of Army Group Centre during Operation Bagration."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, with the goal of reaching the A–A line."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, with the goal of reaching the A–A line."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, with the goal of reaching the A–A line."}, {"id": "Q823909", "label": "Operation Doppelkopf", "section": "Background", "says": "After Operation Bagration ended, the Soviet forces continued the clearing of the Baltic coast, despite German attempts to restore the front in Operation Doppelkopf."}], "Q698067": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The East Pomeranian strategic offensive operation (Russian: Восточно-Померанская наступательная операция) was an offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front."}], "Q700874": [{"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bileća was fought in August 1388 between the forces of the Kingdom of Bosnia, led by Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, and the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Lala Shahin Pasha."}, {"id": "Q2790626", "label": "Vlatko Vuković", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bileća was fought in August 1388 between the forces of the Kingdom of Bosnia, led by Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, and the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Lala Shahin Pasha."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bileća was fought in August 1388 between the forces of the Kingdom of Bosnia, led by Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, and the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Lala Shahin Pasha."}, {"id": "Q1531115", "label": "Lala Şahin Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bileća was fought in August 1388 between the forces of the Kingdom of Bosnia, led by Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, and the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Lala Shahin Pasha."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Having turned rulers of various countries in Macedonia into their vassals, the Ottomans under Murad I started launching raids to the west, towards the Adriatic coast."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "Background", "says": "Having turned rulers of various countries in Macedonia into their vassals, the Ottomans under Murad I started launching raids to the west, towards the Adriatic coast."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Bosnia was thought far enough to be safe from an Ottoman incursion and in the east it was shielded by a belt of independent states that rose after the fall of the Serbian Empire."}, {"id": "Q319605", "label": "Tvrtko I of Bosnia", "section": "Background", "says": "The hostility between King Tvrtko I of Bosnia and Đurađ II Balšić, ruler of Zeta (one of the Serbian statelets) and vassal of Murad, led to clashes between Bosnians and Turks earlier than would have been expected."}, {"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "Background", "says": "It was likely suggested and enabled by Đurađ, and caused panic in the neighbouring Republic of Ragusa."}], "Q700893": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of Tunis (called Jornada de Túnez in Spanish sources) in 1535 occurred when the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his allies captured the city of Tunis from the control of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of Tunis (called Jornada de Túnez in Spanish sources) in 1535 occurred when the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his allies captured the city of Tunis from the control of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic fleet, which included admirals Andrea Doria and Bazán the Elder, captured the fleet of grand Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, who had turned Tunis into his naval base for future invasions of Italy and Spain."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic fleet, which included admirals Andrea Doria and Bazán the Elder, captured the fleet of grand Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, who had turned Tunis into his naval base for future invasions of Italy and Spain."}, {"id": "Q1341781", "label": "Henry Kamen", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest was one of the largest amphibious operations of the 16th century; historian Henry Kamen described it as \"the most imposing ever mounted by Christian powers in the long history of the western Mediterranean\"."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summoned from Algiers, to build a large war fleet for Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "He recruited forces from the Republic of Genoa under his grand admiral Andrea Doria, the Spanish navy under Álvaro de Bazán the Elder, the Portuguese armada under his brother-in-law Infante Luís, the Papal fleet under Virginio Orsini and the Knights of Malta under Aurelio Botigela."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "Background", "says": "Unexpectedly, the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World, in the form of two million gold ducats extracted by Francisco Pizarro for releasing the Inca king Atahualpa, whom he nevertheless executed on 29 August 1533."}, {"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "Background", "says": "Unexpectedly, the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World, in the form of two million gold ducats extracted by Francisco Pizarro for releasing the Inca king Atahualpa, whom he nevertheless executed on 29 August 1533."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "King Henry VIII of England and the Republic of Venice were also invited, but declined."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "King Henry VIII of England and the Republic of Venice were also invited, but declined."}], "Q700937": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean campaign was conducted by the Axis as part of Operation Barbarossa during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean campaign was conducted by the Axis as part of Operation Barbarossa during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The invading force was led by Germany with support from Romania and Italy, while the Soviet Union took up defensive positions throughout the Crimean Peninsula."}], "Q701180": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nanking (or Nanjing) was fought in early December 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army for control of Nanjing (Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng), the capital of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nanking (or Nanjing) was fought in early December 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army for control of Nanjing (Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng), the capital of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q254599", "label": "Battle of Shanghai", "section": "lead", "says": "After Japan and China went to war in July 1937, their forces fought the vicious three-month Battle of Shanghai, both suffering heavy casualties."}, {"id": "Q353901", "label": "Iwane Matsui", "section": "lead", "says": "The task of occupying Nanjing was given to General Iwane Matsui, the commander of Japan's Central China Area Army, who believed that the capture of the national capital would force China to surrender."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek decided to defend the city and appointed Tang Shengzhi to command the Nanjing Garrison Force, a hastily assembled army of local conscripts and the remnants of the Chinese units who had fought in Shanghai."}, {"id": "Q698131", "label": "Tang Shengzhi", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek decided to defend the city and appointed Tang Shengzhi to command the Nanjing Garrison Force, a hastily assembled army of local conscripts and the remnants of the Chinese units who had fought in Shanghai."}, {"id": "Q698079", "label": "Gu Zhutong", "section": "lead", "says": "He then instructed Gu Zhutong, then in Jiangbei, to convey this message by phone to Tang Shengzhi."}, {"id": "Q705832", "label": "Ho Ying-chin", "section": "Background", "says": "Chiang ran into stiff opposition from his officers, including the powerful Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission He Yingqin, the Deputy Chief of Staff Bai Chongxi, the head of the Fifth War Zone Li Zongren, and his German advisor Alexander von Falkenhausen."}, {"id": "Q706491", "label": "Pai Chung-hsi", "section": "Background", "says": "Chiang ran into stiff opposition from his officers, including the powerful Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission He Yingqin, the Deputy Chief of Staff Bai Chongxi, the head of the Fifth War Zone Li Zongren, and his German advisor Alexander von Falkenhausen."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "Background", "says": "Chiang ran into stiff opposition from his officers, including the powerful Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission He Yingqin, the Deputy Chief of Staff Bai Chongxi, the head of the Fifth War Zone Li Zongren, and his German advisor Alexander von Falkenhausen."}, {"id": "Q62521", "label": "Alexander von Falkenhausen", "section": "Background", "says": "Chiang ran into stiff opposition from his officers, including the powerful Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission He Yingqin, the Deputy Chief of Staff Bai Chongxi, the head of the Fifth War Zone Li Zongren, and his German advisor Alexander von Falkenhausen."}, {"id": "Q17135", "label": "Soong May-ling", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Among those Chinese who did manage to escape Nanjing were Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Soong Mei-ling, who had flown out of Nanjing on a private plane just before the crack of dawn on December 7."}], "Q702250": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Revolution that was triggered by the councils swept aside the Hohenzollern monarchy within a few days, brought about the end of the German Empire and led to the establishment of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Revolution that was triggered by the councils swept aside the Hohenzollern monarchy within a few days, brought about the end of the German Empire and led to the establishment of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Allied successes during the Hundred Days Offensive, the new German government under Prince Max of Baden, at the insistence of the Supreme Army Command, asked President Woodrow Wilson on 5 October 1918 to mediate an armistice."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Allied successes during the Hundred Days Offensive, the new German government under Prince Max of Baden, at the insistence of the Supreme Army Command, asked President Woodrow Wilson on 5 October 1918 to mediate an armistice."}], "Q705373": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The first set of missiles fired in mid-to-late 1995 was allegedly intended to send a strong signal to the Republic of China government (ROC) under President Lee Teng-hui, who had been seen as \"moving its foreign policy away from the One-China policy\", as claimed by the PRC."}, {"id": "Q315528", "label": "Lee Teng-hui", "section": "lead", "says": "The first set of missiles fired in mid-to-late 1995 was allegedly intended to send a strong signal to the Republic of China government (ROC) under President Lee Teng-hui, who had been seen as \"moving its foreign policy away from the One-China policy\", as claimed by the PRC."}], "Q705537": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty (German: Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag; also known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890) was an agreement signed on 1 July 1890 between Germany and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord gave Germany control of the Caprivi Strip (a ribbon of land that gave German South-West Africa access to the Zambezi River), the strategically located archipelago of Heligoland in the North Sea, and the heartland of German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord gave Germany control of the Caprivi Strip (a ribbon of land that gave German South-West Africa access to the Zambezi River), the strategically located archipelago of Heligoland in the North Sea, and the heartland of German East Africa."}], "Q705936": [{"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Quatre Bras was fought on 16 June 1815, as a preliminary engagement to the decisive Battle of Waterloo that occurred two days later."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place near the strategic crossroads of Quatre Bras and was contested between elements of the Duke of Wellington's Anglo-allied army and the left wing of Napoleon Bonaparte's French Armée du Nord under Marshal Michel Ney."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These observations led Wellington to conclude that Napoleon was bringing the main force of his army to bear against the Prussians; he at once proposed to assist von Blücher by first advancing straight upon Frasnes and Gosselies, as soon as he was able to concentrate sufficient force, and then attack the French from their left and rear, thus providing a powerful diversion to aid the Prussians, sinc"}], "Q708468": [{"id": "Q160190", "label": "Louis III the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ribemont was a dynastic treaty concluded in the city of Ribemont in February 880, between the East Frankish king Louis the Younger, and his cousins, West Frankish kings Louis III and Carloman II."}, {"id": "Q192846", "label": "Carloman II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ribemont was a dynastic treaty concluded in the city of Ribemont in February 880, between the East Frankish king Louis the Younger, and his cousins, West Frankish kings Louis III and Carloman II."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty secured concord between two branches of the Carolingian dynasty, and also confirmed the previously agreed (879) transfer of the western half of Lotharingia from the West Frankish jurisdiction to the East Frankish king, who already ruled over eastern Lotharingia."}], "Q709370": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union captured the Kuril Islands from Japan in 1945 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union captured the Kuril Islands from Japan in 1945 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q220602", "label": "Soviet–Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion, part of the Soviet–Japanese War, was decided on when plans to land on Hokkaido were abandoned."}], "Q714196": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, codenamed Operation Grapeshot, was the final Allied attack during the Italian Campaign in the final stages of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q335288", "label": "Battle of Monte Cassino", "section": "Background", "says": "On the right of the river's salient was 8th Indian Infantry Division, reprising the role they played crossing the Rapido in the final Battle of Monte Cassino."}], "Q714684": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gabon (French: Bataille du Gabon), also called the Gabon Campaign (Campagne du Gabon), occurred in November 1940 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in forces under the orders of General Charles de Gaulle taking the colony of Gabon and its capital, Libreville, from Vichy France, and the rallying of French Equatorial Africa to Free France."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in forces under the orders of General Charles de Gaulle taking the colony of Gabon and its capital, Libreville, from Vichy France, and the rallying of French Equatorial Africa to Free France."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in forces under the orders of General Charles de Gaulle taking the colony of Gabon and its capital, Libreville, from Vichy France, and the rallying of French Equatorial Africa to Free France."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "Background", "says": "Philippe Pétain established a collaborationist government in Vichy to administer unoccupied French territory."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 June French General Charles De Gaulle broadcast an appeal over the radio to his compatriots abroad, calling on them to reject the Vichy regime and join the United Kingdom in its war against Germany and Italy."}, {"id": "Q1028848", "label": "French Cameroons", "section": "Background", "says": "A small group of Gaullists seized control of French Cameroon the following morning, and on 28 August a Free French official ousted the pro-Vichy governor of French Congo."}, {"id": "Q1421888", "label": "Ubangi-Shari", "section": "Background", "says": "The next day the governor of Ubangi-Shari declared that his territory would support De Gaulle."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the rallying of Cameroon on 27 August, the authorities in Gabon decided to reinforce their frontier with that province along with the Ntem river."}], "Q715590": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the Tangku Truce (Japanese: 塘沽協定, Hepburn: Tōko kyōtei; traditional Chinese: 塘沽協定; simplified Chinese: 塘沽协定; pinyin: Tánggū Xiédìng), was a ceasefire that was signed between military forces of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan in Tanggu, Tianjin, on May 31, 1933."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the Tangku Truce (Japanese: 塘沽協定, Hepburn: Tōko kyōtei; traditional Chinese: 塘沽協定; simplified Chinese: 塘沽协定; pinyin: Tánggū Xiédìng), was a ceasefire that was signed between military forces of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan in Tanggu, Tianjin, on May 31, 1933."}, {"id": "Q1210368", "label": "Tanggu District", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the Tangku Truce (Japanese: 塘沽協定, Hepburn: Tōko kyōtei; traditional Chinese: 塘沽協定; simplified Chinese: 塘沽协定; pinyin: Tánggū Xiédìng), was a ceasefire that was signed between military forces of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan in Tanggu, Tianjin, on May 31, 1933."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "The last emperor of the Qing dynasty, Puyi, who was living in exile in the foreign concessions in Tianjin, was convinced by the Japanese to accept the throne of the new Empire of Manchukuo, which remained under the control of the Imperial Japanese Army."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese army was under explicit instructions from Japanese Emperor Hirohito, who wanted a quick end to the China conflict and for Japan not to venture beyond the Great Wall."}], "Q728550": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baecula was a major field battle in Iberia during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman Republican and Iberian auxiliary forces under the command of Scipio Africanus routed the Carthaginian army of Hasdrubal Barca."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman Republican and Iberian auxiliary forces under the command of Scipio Africanus routed the Carthaginian army of Hasdrubal Barca."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to Polybius, after Scipio’s surprise attack and capture of Carthago Nova, the three Carthaginian armies in Iberia remained separated, and their generals at odds with each other, thus giving the Romans a chance to deal with them one by one."}], "Q729936": [{"id": "Q2470292", "label": "Battle of Zboriv", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zboriv was signed on 18 August 1649, after the Battle of Zboriv when the Crown forces of about 35,000, led by King John II Casimir of Poland, clashed against a combined force of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Khan İslâm III Giray of Crimea respectively, which numbered about 50,000."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zboriv was signed on 18 August 1649, after the Battle of Zboriv when the Crown forces of about 35,000, led by King John II Casimir of Poland, clashed against a combined force of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Khan İslâm III Giray of Crimea respectively, which numbered about 50,000."}, {"id": "Q344132", "label": "İslâm III Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zboriv was signed on 18 August 1649, after the Battle of Zboriv when the Crown forces of about 35,000, led by King John II Casimir of Poland, clashed against a combined force of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Khan İslâm III Giray of Crimea respectively, which numbered about 50,000."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Zboriv plays an important role in history of Ukraine as it turned the former mutineers against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into citizens of a new political community."}], "Q742693": [{"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Damietta of 1218–1219 was part of the Fifth Crusade in which the Crusaders attacked the Egyptian port city of Damietta."}, {"id": "Q676555", "label": "Francis of Assisi", "section": "lead", "says": "St Francis of Assisi is believed to have made a well-received but ultimately unsuccessful attempt to convert Egypt's Sultan al-Kamil during the siege."}], "Q131389033": [{"id": "Q183191", "label": "European Convention on Human Rights", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 2024, NGOs and media organisations lodged a legal case against the law in the European Court of Human Rights, arguing that the law violates six articles of the European Convention on Human Rights."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgian Dream and People's Power movement claimed the bill was based on the \"American model\", referring to the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the United States."}, {"id": "Q27885302", "label": "Irakli Kobakhidze", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgian Dream chair and MP Irakli Kobakhidze stated in February 2023 that Parliament would send the bill to the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, expressing confidence the commission would have a positive assessment of the law."}], "Q1315743": [{"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup d'état of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III), at the time President of France under the Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup d'état of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III), at the time President of France under the Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Code-named Operation Rubicon and timed to coincide with the anniversary of his uncle Napoleon I's coronation and victory at Austerlitz, the coup dissolved the National Assembly, granted dictatorial powers to the president and preceded the establishment of the Second French Empire a year later."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "Causes", "says": "Contrary to the Party's expectations that Louis-Napoleon would be easy to manipulate (Adolphe Thiers had called him a \"cretin whom we will lead [by the nose]\"), he proved himself an agile and cunning politician."}], "Q1341655": [{"id": "Q7075820", "label": "Occupied Enemy Territory Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1920 Nebi Musa riots or 1920 Jerusalem riots took place in the British-controlled part of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration from 4 to 7 April 1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q4872527", "label": "Battle of Tel Hai", "section": "lead", "says": "The riots came shortly after the Battle of Tel Hai amid increasing pressure on Arab nationalists in Syria in the course of the Franco-Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q2992403", "label": "Franco-Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The riots came shortly after the Battle of Tel Hai amid increasing pressure on Arab nationalists in Syria in the course of the Franco-Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In particular, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to an undertaking by the victorious powers, predominantly Great Britain and France, to assume a 'holy mission of civilization' in the power vacuum of the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q733064", "label": "Joseph Trumpeldor", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 March 1920, the death of Joseph Trumpeldor in the Battle of Tel Hai at the hands of a Shia group from Southern Lebanon caused deep concern among Jewish leaders, who made numerous requests to the OETA administration to address the Yishuv's security and forbid a pro-Syrian public rally."}, {"id": "Q2748699", "label": "Ronald Storrs", "section": "Background", "says": "However, their fears were largely discounted by the Chief Administrative Officer General Louis Bols, Military Governor Ronald Storrs and General Edmund Allenby, despite a warning from the head of the Zionist Commission Chaim Weizmann that a \"pogrom is in the air\", supported by assessments available to Storrs."}, {"id": "Q172183", "label": "Chaim Weizmann", "section": "Background", "says": "However, their fears were largely discounted by the Chief Administrative Officer General Louis Bols, Military Governor Ronald Storrs and General Edmund Allenby, despite a warning from the head of the Zionist Commission Chaim Weizmann that a \"pogrom is in the air\", supported by assessments available to Storrs."}, {"id": "Q319896", "label": "Ze'ev Jabotinsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Although this request was declined, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, together with Pinhas Rutenberg, led an effort to openly train Jewish volunteers in self-defense, an"}, {"id": "Q475380", "label": "Pinhas Rutenberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Although this request was declined, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, together with Pinhas Rutenberg, led an effort to openly train Jewish volunteers in self-defense, an"}], "Q1348866": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (Chinese: 海原大地震; pinyin: Hǎiyuán dà dìzhèn) occurred in Haiyuan County, Ningxia Province, Republic of China at 19:05:53 (UTC+8) on 16 December 1920."}], "Q1400402": [{"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reconquest of Constantinople was the recapture of the city of Constantinople in 1261 AD from the Latin Empire by Nicaean forces led by the general Alexios Strategopoulos."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The reconquest of the city led to the re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty after an interval of 57 years, during which Constantinople had been the capital of the Latin Empire, a crusader state installed by Latin forces of the Fourth Crusade following the sack of Constantinople in 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The reconquest of the city led to the re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty after an interval of 57 years, during which Constantinople had been the capital of the Latin Empire, a crusader state installed by Latin forces of the Fourth Crusade following the sack of Constantinople in 1204."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his victory at the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259 AD against an anti-Nicaean coalition, Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos was left free to pursue the reconquest of Constantinople, a primary goal of the Byzantine rump states in both Epirus and Asia Minor since 1204."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his victory at the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259 AD against an anti-Nicaean coalition, Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos was left free to pursue the reconquest of Constantinople, a primary goal of the Byzantine rump states in both Epirus and Asia Minor since 1204."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1259 the remnants of the Latin Empire were reduced to the city of Constantinople and its immediate environs, cut off from both the remaining Latin states of Greece and from the Nicaeans' Greek rival, the Despotate of Epirus."}], "Q1429332": [{"id": "Q1273678", "label": "Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs", "section": "lead", "says": "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 did not ban the many newly discovered psychotropics, since its scope was limited to drugs with cannabis, coca and opium-like effects."}], "Q1450532": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco–Turkish War, known as the Cilicia Campaign (French: La campagne de Cilicie) in France and as the Southern Front (Turkish: Güney Cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey, was a series of conflicts fought between France (the French Colonial Forces and the French Armenian Legion) and the Turkish National Forces (led by the Turkish provisional government after 4 September 1920)"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco–Turkish War, known as the Cilicia Campaign (French: La campagne de Cilicie) in France and as the Southern Front (Turkish: Güney Cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey, was a series of conflicts fought between France (the French Colonial Forces and the French Armenian Legion) and the Turkish National Forces (led by the Turkish provisional government after 4 September 1920)"}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Armistice of Mudros, the French Army had moved into Çukurova in accordance with the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916."}], "Q1474893": [{"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cleomenean War (229/228–222 BC) was fought between Sparta and the Achaean League for the control of the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q310811", "label": "Cleomenes III", "section": "lead", "says": "In 235 BC, Cleomenes III (r."}, {"id": "Q317331", "label": "Aratus of Sicyon", "section": "lead", "says": "At Mount Lycaeum he defeated an army under Aratus of Sicyon, the strategos of the Achaean League, that had been sent to attack Elis, and then routed a second army near Megalopolis."}, {"id": "Q108816", "label": "Antigonus III Doson", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing Spartan domination, Aratus was forced to turn to Antigonus III Doson (r."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 229 BC, Cleomenes took the important cities Tegea, Mantineia, Caphyae, and Orchomenus in Arcadia, who had by then allied themselves with the Aetolian League, a powerful Greek confederation of city states in central Greece."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Historians Polybius and Sir William Smith claim that Cleomenes seized the cities by treachery; however, Richard Talbert, who translated Plutarch's account of Sparta, and historian N."}, {"id": "Q559411", "label": "William Smith", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Historians Polybius and Sir William Smith claim that Cleomenes seized the cities by treachery; however, Richard Talbert, who translated Plutarch's account of Sparta, and historian N."}], "Q1481878": [{"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Simele massacre (Syriac: ܦܪܲܡܬܵܐ ܕܣܸܡܹܠܹܐ, romanized: Premta d'Simele,  Arabic: مذبحة سميل, romanized: maḏbaḥat Simīl), also known as the Assyrian affair, was a massacre committed by the Kingdom of Iraq under the leadership of Kurdish army general Bakr Sidqi."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "With Iraqi independence, the new Assyrian spiritual-temporal leader, Shimun XXI Eshai (Catholicos Patriarch of the Church of the East), demanded an autonomous Assyrian homeland within Iraq, seeking support from the United Kingdom and pressing his case before the League of Nations in 1932."}], "Q1501025": [{"id": "Q128026", "label": "Utah Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Utah War (1857–1858), also known as the Utah Expedition, the Utah Campaign, Buchanan's Blunder, the Mormon War, or the Mormon Rebellion, was an armed confrontation between the armed forces of the US government and the Mormon settlers in the Utah Territory."}, {"id": "Q303438", "label": "Mountain Meadows massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the war featured no significant military battles, it included the Mountain Meadows Massacre, where Mormon militia members disarmed and murdered about 120 settlers traveling to California with tensions from the Utah War being cited as a contributing factor to the massacre."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the Saints sincerely declared their loyalty to the United States and celebrated the Fourth of July every year with unabashed patriotism, but they were undisguisedly critical of the federal government, which they felt had driven them out from their homes in the east."}, {"id": "Q203559", "label": "Brigham Young", "section": "Background", "says": "Brigham Young echoed the opinion of many Latter-day Saints when he declared \"I love the government and the Constitution of the United States, but I do not love the damned rascals that administer the government.\"\nThe Mormons also maintained a governmental and legal regime in \"Zion\", which they believed was perfectly permissible under the Constitution, but which was fundamentally different from that"}], "Q152295": [{"id": "Q64064", "label": "War of the Limburg Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the decisive battle of the War of the Limburg Succession, fought for the possession of the Duchy of Limburg between on one side the Archbishop Siegfried II of Cologne and Count Henry VI of Luxembourg, and on the other side, Duke John I of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q108921", "label": "Siegfried II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the decisive battle of the War of the Limburg Succession, fought for the possession of the Duchy of Limburg between on one side the Archbishop Siegfried II of Cologne and Count Henry VI of Luxembourg, and on the other side, Duke John I of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q83678", "label": "Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the decisive battle of the War of the Limburg Succession, fought for the possession of the Duchy of Limburg between on one side the Archbishop Siegfried II of Cologne and Count Henry VI of Luxembourg, and on the other side, Duke John I of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q545424", "label": "John the Victorious", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the decisive battle of the War of the Limburg Succession, fought for the possession of the Duchy of Limburg between on one side the Archbishop Siegfried II of Cologne and Count Henry VI of Luxembourg, and on the other side, Duke John I of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "John intended to enlarge his Brabant territory and re-unite the former Duchy of Lower Lorraine in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q154164": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Rheinübung (German: Unternehmen Rheinübung) was the sortie into the Atlantic by the new German battleship Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen on 18–27 May 1941, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "This operation aimed to disrupt Allied shipping to the United Kingdom as the previously successful Operation Berlin had done."}, {"id": "Q2444934", "label": "Operation Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "This operation aimed to disrupt Allied shipping to the United Kingdom as the previously successful Operation Berlin had done."}, {"id": "Q696607", "label": "Battle of the Denmark Strait", "section": "lead", "says": "After Bismarck had sunk HMS Hood during the Battle of the Denmark Strait (24 May), it culminated with the sinking of the Bismarck (27 May), while Prinz Eugen escaped to port in occupied France."}, {"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "From that point on, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) would rely only on U-boats to wage the Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Such an outcome would shift the balance of power in Europe decisively, potentially giving Nazi Germany control over Western Europe without a nearby base of opposition."}], "Q1567567": [{"id": "Q335533", "label": "Adolfo López Mateos", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proposed by Adolfo López Mateos, the President of Mexico, and promoted by the Mexican diplomats Alfonso García Robles, Ismael Moreno Pino and Jorge Castañeda  as a response to the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proposed by Adolfo López Mateos, the President of Mexico, and promoted by the Mexican diplomats Alfonso García Robles, Ismael Moreno Pino and Jorge Castañeda  as a response to the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)."}, {"id": "Q576", "label": "Jorge Alessandri", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, López Mateos invited President of Bolivia Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President of Brazil João Goulart, President of Chile Jorge Alessandri, and President of Ecuador Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy to make a public statement following the Crisis."}, {"id": "Q718247", "label": "Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, López Mateos invited President of Bolivia Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President of Brazil João Goulart, President of Chile Jorge Alessandri, and President of Ecuador Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy to make a public statement following the Crisis."}], "Q1568965": [{"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pteria (Ancient Greek: Πτερία) was fought in 547 BC between the Persian forces of Cyrus the Great and the Lydian forces of Croesus."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Oracle suggested vaguely that, \"if King Croesus crosses the Halys River, a great empire will be destroyed.\" Croesus received these words most favorably, instigating a war that ironically would eventually end not the Persian Empire but his own."}], "Q1582992": [{"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tanganyika laughter epidemic of 1962 was an outbreak of mass hysteria in or near the village of Kashasha on the western coast of Lake Victoria in Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), near the border with Uganda."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tanganyika laughter epidemic of 1962 was an outbreak of mass hysteria in or near the village of Kashasha on the western coast of Lake Victoria in Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), near the border with Uganda."}], "Q1644792": [{"id": "Q874283", "label": "Latin League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Regillus was a legendary Roman victory over the Latin League shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic and as part of a wider Latin War."}, {"id": "Q737907", "label": "Second Latin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Regillus was a legendary Roman victory over the Latin League shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic and as part of a wider Latin War."}, {"id": "Q193047", "label": "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latins were led by an elderly Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last King of Rome, who had been expelled in 509 BC, and his son-in-law, Octavius Mamilius, the dictator of Tusculum."}, {"id": "Q26204", "label": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus", "section": "Background", "says": "The other major source for this historical period, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, also places the battle in 496 BC."}], "Q1669285": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid-August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the Arab–Byzantine Wars."}, {"id": "Q60199", "label": "Theophilos", "section": "lead", "says": "833–842), in retaliation to a virtually unopposed expedition launched by the Byzantine emperor Theophilos (r."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, the emperor began to publicly associate himself with the memory of the militarily successful and fanatically iconoclast emperor Constantine V (r."}], "Q2461485": [{"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "Eventually the YAR's parliament approved the constitution and the Republic of Yemen was declared on 22 May 1990 with Ali Abdullah Saleh becoming president and Ali Salem al-Beidh Vice President."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the newly unified nation faced political crisis when an estimated 800,000 Yemeni nationals and overseas workers were sent home by Saudi Arabia following Yemen's decision not to support Coalition forces in the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the newly unified nation faced political crisis when an estimated 800,000 Yemeni nationals and overseas workers were sent home by Saudi Arabia following Yemen's decision not to support Coalition forces in the Gulf War."}], "Q2478583": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Compacts of Free Association (COFA) are international agreements establishing and governing the relationships of free association between the United States and the three Pacific Island sovereign states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and the Republic of Palau."}], "Q2479435": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It can also be seen as an extension of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)."}, {"id": "Q2026496", "label": "Operation Accountability", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel launched two major operations in southern Lebanon during the 1990s: Operation Accountability in 1993 and Operation Grapes of Wrath in 1996."}, {"id": "Q1473919", "label": "Operation Grapes of Wrath", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel launched two major operations in southern Lebanon during the 1990s: Operation Accountability in 1993 and Operation Grapes of Wrath in 1996."}, {"id": "Q315534", "label": "Bachir Gemayel", "section": "Background", "says": "This goal was not realized, partly because of the assassination of President Bachir Gemayel in September 1982, and the refusal of the Lebanese Parliament to endorse the accord."}], "Q2524228": [{"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1551–1559 began when Henry II of France declared war against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, with the intent of recapturing parts of Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs."}, {"id": "Q836963", "label": "Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended following the signing of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis between the monarchs of Spain, England and France in 1559."}], "Q25830856": [{"id": "Q457786", "label": "Rodrigo Duterte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine drug war, also referred to as the Philippine war on drugs, is the intensified anti-drug campaign initiated during the administration of Rodrigo Duterte, who served as President of the Philippines from June 30, 2016, to June 30, 2022."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine drug war, also referred to as the Philippine war on drugs, is the intensified anti-drug campaign initiated during the administration of Rodrigo Duterte, who served as President of the Philippines from June 30, 2016, to June 30, 2022."}, {"id": "Q983324", "label": "Bongbong Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2022, Duterte urged his successor, Bongbong Marcos, who won the 2022 Philippine presidential election, to continue the war on drugs in \"his own way\" to protect the youth."}], "Q259430": [{"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gandamak (Dari: معاهده گندمک, Pashto: د گندمک تړون) officially ended the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q613704", "label": "Mohammad Yaqub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan emir Mohammad Yaqub Khan ceded various frontier areas as well as Afghanistan's control of its foreign affairs to the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan emir Mohammad Yaqub Khan ceded various frontier areas as well as Afghanistan's control of its foreign affairs to the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 26 May 1879 by King Mohammad Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan and Sir Louis Cavagnari of the British Government of India at a British army camp near the village of Gandamak, about 70 miles (110 km) east of Kabul."}, {"id": "Q40427", "label": "Sher Ali Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 July 1878, a Russian delegation arrived in Kabul without the explicit invitation of the Afghan emir Sher Ali Khan."}], "Q269606": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople (Treaty of İstanbul) was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria signed on 29 September 1913 after the Second Balkan War at the Ottoman capital Constantinople, modern İstanbul."}, {"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople (Treaty of İstanbul) was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria signed on 29 September 1913 after the Second Balkan War at the Ottoman capital Constantinople, modern İstanbul."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople (Treaty of İstanbul) was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria signed on 29 September 1913 after the Second Balkan War at the Ottoman capital Constantinople, modern İstanbul."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the coalition of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro defeated the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the coalition of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro defeated the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Although peace talks between Bulgaria and her other neighbours were held in Bucharest, the Ottoman Empire was not represented there and conducted separate negotiations which led to the Treaty of Constantinople."}], "Q2726734": [{"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Homs was fought in western Syria on 29 October 1281, between the armies of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt and the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire centered on Iran."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Homs was fought in western Syria on 29 October 1281, between the armies of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt and the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire centered on Iran."}, {"id": "Q223239", "label": "Abaqa Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mongols, led by the Ilkhanid ruler Abaqa Khan and later by his successor Ahmed Tekuder, continued to regard Syria as part of their political and military sphere of interest."}], "Q2742886": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian Wars of Independence (Lithuanian: Lietuvos nepriklausomybės kovos), also known as the Freedom Struggles (Lithuanian: Laisvės kovos), refer to three wars Lithuania fought defending its independence at the end of World War I: with Bolshevik forces (December 1918 – August 1919), Bermontians (October 1919 – December 1919), and Poland (April 1919 – November 1920)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q381418", "label": "Augustinas Voldemaras", "section": "Background", "says": "The first national government, led by Augustinas Voldemaras, was formed."}], "Q2748496": [{"id": "Q4335310", "label": "Operation Tiger", "section": "lead", "says": "Exercise Tiger, or Operation Tiger, was one of the rehearsals for the D-Day invasion of Normandy."}], "Q277392": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) was a conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) was a conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q172056", "label": "Osman II", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with the Commonwealth withdrawing its claims on Moldavia and led to the eventual demise of the Sultan Osman II."}, {"id": "Q2618761", "label": "Treaty of Khotyn", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also known as the Khotyn War, because it was ended by the Treaty of Khotyn (9 October 1621) in the aftermath of the final Battle of Khotyn (1621)."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Another reason causing the war was the recent outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, and the request of support from the Protestant rebel leaders in Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q313494", "label": "Gabriel Bethlen", "section": "Background", "says": "Gabriel Bethlen, prince of Transylvania saw an opportunity to unite the two Hungarian principalities, Transylvania and Royal Hungary, and unsuccessfully attacked Vienna in November 1619."}, {"id": "Q723957", "label": "Battle of Humenné", "section": "Background", "says": "They defeated the Hungarian lord George Rákóczi at the Battle of Humenné in 1619, and thus, cut the supply lines of Transylvanian forces."}, {"id": "Q2439735", "label": "Gaspar Graziani", "section": "Background", "says": "Then Gaspar Graziani, ruler of Moldavia, switched sides and joined Poland."}], "Q282135": [{"id": "Q310918", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of King Henry IV of Castile in late 1474,\nthe supporters of his reputed daughter, Joanna 'la Beltraneja', waged a war for the succession to the Crown of Castile against the supporters of his half-sister, Isabella, who prevailed by 1479."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of King Henry IV of Castile in late 1474,\nthe supporters of his reputed daughter, Joanna 'la Beltraneja', waged a war for the succession to the Crown of Castile against the supporters of his half-sister, Isabella, who prevailed by 1479."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The war had a marked international character, as Isabella was married to Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Crown of Aragon, while Joanna married her uncle King Afonso V of Portugal at the suggestion of her supporters."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The war had a marked international character, as Isabella was married to Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Crown of Aragon, while Joanna married her uncle King Afonso V of Portugal at the suggestion of her supporters."}, {"id": "Q299119", "label": "Afonso V of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The war had a marked international character, as Isabella was married to Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Crown of Aragon, while Joanna married her uncle King Afonso V of Portugal at the suggestion of her supporters."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "France intervened in support of Portugal, as they were rivals with Aragon for territory in Italy and Roussillon."}, {"id": "Q2734129", "label": "Battle of Toro", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite a few initial successes by the supporters of Joanna, a lack of military aggressiveness by Afonso V and the stalemate in the Battle of Toro (1476) led to the disintegration of Joanna's alliance and the recognition of Isabella in the Courts of Madrigal-Segovia (April–October 1476):\n\"In 1476, immediately after the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo [near Toro], Ferdinand and Isabella hailed th"}, {"id": "Q3772937", "label": "Battle of Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1478, the Portuguese navy defeated the Castilians in the decisive Battle of Guinea."}, {"id": "Q593355", "label": "Treaty of Alcáçovas", "section": "lead", "says": "The war concluded in 1479 with the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which recognized Isabella and Ferdinand as sovereigns of Castile and granted Portugal hegemony in the Atlantic, with the exception of the Canary Islands."}, {"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict has also been called the Second Castilian Civil War, but this name may lead to confusion with the other civil wars that involved Castile in the 14th and 15th centuries."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "At other times the term Peninsular War has been used, but it is easily confused with the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "At other times the term Peninsular War has been used, but it is easily confused with the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q134588", "label": "Nicholas V", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in 1452, Pope Nicholas V and his successor, Callixtus III, modified the previous policy of the neutrality of the Holy See and issued a series of bulls favourable to Portugal."}, {"id": "Q160369", "label": "Callixtus III", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in 1452, Pope Nicholas V and his successor, Callixtus III, modified the previous policy of the neutrality of the Holy See and issued a series of bulls favourable to Portugal."}], "Q282226": [{"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian invasions of Europe (Hungarian: kalandozások, German: Ungarneinfälle) occurred in the 9th and 10th centuries, during the period of transition in the history of Europe of the Early Middle Ages, when the territory of the former Carolingian Empire was threatened by invasion by the Magyars (Hungarians) from the east, the Viking expansion from the north, and the Arabs from the south."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian invasions of Europe (Hungarian: kalandozások, German: Ungarneinfälle) occurred in the 9th and 10th centuries, during the period of transition in the history of Europe of the Early Middle Ages, when the territory of the former Carolingian Empire was threatened by invasion by the Magyars (Hungarians) from the east, the Viking expansion from the north, and the Arabs from the south."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) in a planned manner, with a long period of settlement between 862 and 895, and launched a number of campaigns both westward into former Francia and southward into the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "The westward raids were stopped only with the Magyar defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, which led to the revival of the Holy Roman Empire in 962, producing a new political order in Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The westward raids were stopped only with the Magyar defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, which led to the revival of the Holy Roman Empire in 962, producing a new political order in Western Europe."}], "Q28482411": [{"id": "Q80504", "label": "Nicolae Ceaușescu", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, on 1 February, the protests swelled to over 300,000 people throughout the country, continuing then daily and peaking on 5 February, when over 500,000 Romanians protested throughout the country, making the protests the largest since the Romanian Revolution of December 1989 and the overthrowing of Nicolae Ceaușescu."}, {"id": "Q701484", "label": "Klaus Iohannis", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the government did not publish the government meeting's agenda for that day, the President of Romania, Klaus Iohannis, took it upon himself to attend and preside over the meeting, as envisioned by Article 87 of the Constitution of Romania."}], "Q28933": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC."}, {"id": "Q319378", "label": "Memnon of Rhodes", "section": "lead", "says": "Orontobates and Memnon of Rhodes entrenched themselves in Halicarnassus."}], "Q2926766": [{"id": "Q17354007", "label": "Opération Barkhane", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation ended on 15 July 2014, and was replaced by Operation Barkhane, launched on 1 August 2014 to fight Islamist fighters in the Sahel."}, {"id": "Q3275982", "label": "Mokhtar Belmokhtar", "section": "lead", "says": "Three of the five Islamic leaders, Abdelhamid Abou Zeid, Abdel Krim and Omar Ould Hamaha were killed, while Mokhtar Belmokhtar fled to Libya and Iyad ag Ghali fled to Algeria."}], "Q3423445": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "When Rajiv Gandhi was the prime minister, he sent the Indian Army as a part of a peace keeping force in 1987 to intervene in the Sri Lankan civil war between the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE."}, {"id": "Q204016", "label": "Velupillai Prabhakaran", "section": "lead", "says": "Three individuals—including LTTE chief Velupillai Prabhakaran and intelligence chief Pottu Amman—were declared absconding."}, {"id": "Q248484", "label": "Inder Kumar Gujral", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent accusations of conspiracy have been addressed by two commissions of inquiry and have brought down at least one national government, the government led by Inder Kumar Gujral in 1998."}, {"id": "Q242036", "label": "Tamil Eelam", "section": "Background", "says": "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, was the foremost of these groups, and sought the formation of an independent state of Tamil Eelam from the northern and eastern portions of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q1149", "label": "Indira Gandhi", "section": "Background", "says": "Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in October 1984 after the assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi."}], "Q3427966": [{"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "lead", "says": "On April 24, 1644, Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt."}, {"id": "Q10069", "label": "Chongzhen Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of the city's fall, the last Ming emperor, the Chongzhen Emperor, hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City."}, {"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "lead", "says": "As Li Zicheng advanced toward him with his army, the general Wu Sangui, tasked by the Ming with guarding one of the gates of the Great Wall, swore allegiance to the Manchus and allowed them to enter China."}, {"id": "Q310453", "label": "Shunzhi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 6, the Manchus and Wu entered the capital and proclaimed the young Shunzhi Emperor as the new Emperor of China."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne in 1661, and in 1662 his regents initiated the Great Clearance to defeat the resistance of Ming loyalists in South China."}, {"id": "Q152855", "label": "Kingdom of Tungning", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1662, the general Koxinga expelled Dutch colonists and founded the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, a Ming loyalist state, with the aim of reconquering China."}], "Q369291": [{"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Spanish War of 1654–1660 was fought between the Commonwealth of England and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Spanish War of 1654–1660 was fought between the Commonwealth of England and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo-Spanish war with the larger Franco-Spanish War, with major land actions that took place in the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo-Spanish war with the larger Franco-Spanish War, with major land actions that took place in the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the war was terminated after the Restoration of King Charles II of England in 1660, tensions in the Caribbean with regard to the English possession of Jamaica kept the conflict going intermittently for over ten years."}, {"id": "Q215502", "label": "Henry Morgan", "section": "lead", "says": "This included raids on Spanish territory by notable Privateer Henry Morgan."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the First Anglo-Dutch War came to an end, Cromwell turned his attention to the conflict between France and Spain, both traditional rivals of England."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "By going to war with Spain, he also sought a return to a policy of commercial opportunism pursued in the days of Elizabeth I and subsequently abandoned by her Stuart successors."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "Background", "says": "Cromwell's attack on Spanish trade and treasure routes immediately recalled the exploits of Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh; and it is not by accident that printed accounts of their activities began to circulate in England at this time."}, {"id": "Q189144", "label": "Walter Raleigh", "section": "Background", "says": "Cromwell's attack on Spanish trade and treasure routes immediately recalled the exploits of Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh; and it is not by accident that printed accounts of their activities began to circulate in England at this time."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "Background", "says": "During the first year of the Protectorate, Cromwell conducted negotiations with the French statesman Cardinal Mazarin, resulting in the drafting of an Anglo-French alliance against Spain in October 1655."}], "Q370963": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1554–1557, considered a prelude to the Livonian War of 1558–1583, arose out of border skirmishes."}, {"id": "Q2619606", "label": "Treaty of Novgorod", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended when the parties agreed on a truce in the Treaty of Novgorod (1557)."}], "Q39154": [{"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soissons was fought in 486 between Frankish forces under Clovis I and the Gallo-Roman domain of Soissons under Syagrius."}, {"id": "Q207499", "label": "Syagrius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soissons was fought in 486 between Frankish forces under Clovis I and the Gallo-Roman domain of Soissons under Syagrius."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The territory of the former Western Roman Empire at that time fell under the jurisdiction of Emperor Zeno in Constantinople, but his authority was minimal."}, {"id": "Q336937", "label": "Aegidius", "section": "Background", "says": "From the scarce sources it can be concluded that in the period before, the Roman army in Gaul was led by Aegidius, the father of Syagrius, until his death in 464 or 465."}, {"id": "Q207121", "label": "Libius Severus", "section": "Background", "says": "After the fall of Emperor Majorianus in 461, a Civil War broke out, in which Aegidius resisted Ricimer who had elevated Libius Severus (461-465) to emperor in Ravenna."}, {"id": "Q211772", "label": "Anthemius", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Anthemius  (465-472) who became emperor after Libius Severus, the western emperor seems to have gained more authority again."}, {"id": "Q888057", "label": "Ragnachar", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, there were more war leaders which had to be taken into account, Arbogast in Trier, in Cologne rex Sigobert and rex Ragnachar reigned in Camberabia."}], "Q41320": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Denain was fought on 24 July 1712 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a French victory, under Marshal Villars, against Dutch and Austrian forces, under Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In itself a local and tactical victory, Denain was made decisive by its relentless exploitation by Villars, who skillfully maneuvered to reclaim strategic border fortifications that would blunt any allied effort to renew their advance on Paris and dictate peace terms to Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q552351", "label": "Battle of Friedlingen", "section": "Background", "says": "The early victories of Marshal Villars at the Battle of Friedlingen and the Battle of Höchstadt were followed by numerous defeats to the Allied forces, most notably the armies under Prince Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The field deputies promised them that the Dutch Republic would pay them instead."}], "Q426201": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gunboat War (1807–1814) was a naval conflict between Denmark–Norway and Great Britain supported by Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gunboat War (1807–1814) was a naval conflict between Denmark–Norway and Great Britain supported by Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q3044986", "label": "English Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In Scandinavia it is seen as the later stage of the English Wars, whose commencement is accounted as the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "This came as a basis of Denmark-Norway's policy of armed neutrality during the latter stages of the French Revolutionary Wars, where Denmark used its naval forces to protect trade flowing within, into and out of the Danish-Norwegian waters."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Hostilities between Denmark-Norway and the United Kingdom broke out again by the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807, when the British attacked the Danish capital to ensure that the Danish-Norwegian fleet did not fall into the hands of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Hostilities between Denmark-Norway and the United Kingdom broke out again by the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807, when the British attacked the Danish capital to ensure that the Danish-Norwegian fleet did not fall into the hands of Napoleon."}], "Q483458": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jeju uprising (in South Korea, the Jeju April 3 incident, Korean: 제주 4·3 사건) was an uprising on Jeju Island, South Korea, from April 1948 to May 1949."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "lead", "says": "Following independence in August 1948, the First Republic of Korea (ROK) under President Syngman Rhee escalated the suppression of the uprising on Jeju Island by declaring martial law in November and beginning an \"eradication campaign\" against insurgents in the rural areas of Jeju in March 1949, defeating them within two months."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, many imprisoned insurgents and supporters were extrajudicially executed, and the existence of the uprising was officially censored and repressed in South Korea for several decades."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1946 USAMGIK dissolution of the provisional People's Republic of Korea and their associated People's Committees on the mainland sparked the Autumn Uprising of 1946, which did not spread to Jeju (as its PC still operated virtually undisturbed by the American military government) but did contribute to rising tensions on the island."}, {"id": "Q484437", "label": "Autumn Uprising of 1946", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1946 USAMGIK dissolution of the provisional People's Republic of Korea and their associated People's Committees on the mainland sparked the Autumn Uprising of 1946, which did not spread to Jeju (as its PC still operated virtually undisturbed by the American military government) but did contribute to rising tensions on the island."}], "Q515561": [{"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the victorious Viking chief Harald Fairhair proclaimed himself the first king of the Norwegians, merging several petty kingdoms under a single monarch for the first time."}], "Q524208": [{"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Erzurum offensive (Russian: Эрзурумское сражение, romanized: Erzurumskoe srazhenie; Turkish: Erzurum Taarruzu) or Battle of Erzurum (Turkish: Erzurum Muharebesi) was a major winter offensive by the Imperial Russian Army on the Caucasus Campaign, during the First World War that led to the capture of the strategic city of Erzurum."}, {"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the end of the Gallipoli Campaign would free up considerable Turkish soldiers, which made Nikolai Yudenich, the commander of the Russian Caucasus Army, prepare to launch an offensive."}, {"id": "Q261965", "label": "Nikolai Yudenich", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the end of the Gallipoli Campaign would free up considerable Turkish soldiers, which made Nikolai Yudenich, the commander of the Russian Caucasus Army, prepare to launch an offensive."}], "Q525934": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lake Naroch offensive in 1916 was an unsuccessful Russian offensive on the Eastern Front in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lake Naroch offensive in 1916 was an unsuccessful Russian offensive on the Eastern Front in World War I."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "lead", "says": "It was launched at the request of Marshal Joseph Joffre and intended to relieve the German pressure on French forces."}, {"id": "Q527156", "label": "Alexei Kuropatkin", "section": "Background", "says": "After some discussion, the point chosen was the junction between the two fronts.\" The Northern Front, commanded by Alexei Kuropatkin, and West Front, commanded by Alexei Evert, had 266,000 and 643,000 infantry respectively, while the opposing Germans amounted to 495,000."}, {"id": "Q621064", "label": "Alexei Evert", "section": "Background", "says": "After some discussion, the point chosen was the junction between the two fronts.\" The Northern Front, commanded by Alexei Kuropatkin, and West Front, commanded by Alexei Evert, had 266,000 and 643,000 infantry respectively, while the opposing Germans amounted to 495,000."}], "Q533090": [{"id": "Q8739", "label": "Archimedes", "section": "lead", "says": "During the siege, the city was protected by weapons developed by the prominent inventor and polymath Archimedes, who was slain at the conclusion of the siege by a Roman soldier, in contravention of the Roman proconsul Marcellus's instructions to spare his life."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sicily, which was wrested from Carthaginian control during the First Punic War (264–241 BC), was the first province of the Roman Republic not directly part of Italy."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Despite the assassination of Hieronymus and the removal of the pro-Carthaginian leaders, Rome's threatening reaction to the danger of a Syracusan alliance with Carthage would force the new republican leaders of Syracuse to prepare for war."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Despite diplomatic attempts, war broke out between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Syracuse in 214 BC, while the Romans were still busy battling with Carthage at the height of the Second Punic War (218–201 BC)."}, {"id": "Q5264", "label": "Hippocrates", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The city had been retaken by the pro-Carthaginian faction, led by the Greco-Carthaginian Epicydes, who had served under Hannibal Barca in Italy, and his brother Hippocrates, both of whom had named themselves tyrant."}], "Q581401": [{"id": "Q3044986", "label": "English Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blore Heath took place during the English Wars of the Roses on 23 September 1459, at Blore Heath, Staffordshire."}, {"id": "Q842796", "label": "First Battle of St Albans", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, an uneasy peace held in England."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "Background", "says": "Queen Margaret of Anjou continued to raise support for King Henry VI amongst noblemen, distributing an emblem of a silver swan to knights and squires enlisted by her personally, whilst the Yorkist command under the Duke of York was finding plenty of anti-royal support despite the severe punishment for raising arms against the king."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "Queen Margaret of Anjou continued to raise support for King Henry VI amongst noblemen, distributing an emblem of a silver swan to knights and squires enlisted by her personally, whilst the Yorkist command under the Duke of York was finding plenty of anti-royal support despite the severe punishment for raising arms against the king."}], "Q593045": [{"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Berestechko (28 June – 10 July 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Berestechko (28 June – 10 July 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Berestechko (28 June – 10 July 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Berestechko (28 June – 10 July 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q730067", "label": "Ivan Bohun", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Berestechko in Ukraine forces of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Otaman Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Colonels Ivan Bohun and Fylon Dzhalaliy with Khan İslâm III Giray and Tugay Bey, who was killed in the battle, were defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of the Polish Ki"}, {"id": "Q344132", "label": "İslâm III Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Berestechko in Ukraine forces of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Otaman Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Colonels Ivan Bohun and Fylon Dzhalaliy with Khan İslâm III Giray and Tugay Bey, who was killed in the battle, were defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of the Polish Ki"}, {"id": "Q983357", "label": "Tugay Bey", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Berestechko in Ukraine forces of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Otaman Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Colonels Ivan Bohun and Fylon Dzhalaliy with Khan İslâm III Giray and Tugay Bey, who was killed in the battle, were defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of the Polish Ki"}], "Q60270": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dukla Pass, also known as the Dukla, Carpatho–Dukla, Rzeszów–Dukla, or Dukla–Prešov offensive, was the battle for control over the Dukla Pass on the border between Poland and Slovakia on the Eastern Front of World War II between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September–October 1944."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dukla Pass, also known as the Dukla, Carpatho–Dukla, Rzeszów–Dukla, or Dukla–Prešov offensive, was the battle for control over the Dukla Pass on the border between Poland and Slovakia on the Eastern Front of World War II between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September–October 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dukla Pass, also known as the Dukla, Carpatho–Dukla, Rzeszów–Dukla, or Dukla–Prešov offensive, was the battle for control over the Dukla Pass on the border between Poland and Slovakia on the Eastern Front of World War II between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September–October 1944."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dukla Pass, also known as the Dukla, Carpatho–Dukla, Rzeszów–Dukla, or Dukla–Prešov offensive, was the battle for control over the Dukla Pass on the border between Poland and Slovakia on the Eastern Front of World War II between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September–October 1944."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Dukla Pass, also known as the Dukla, Carpatho–Dukla, Rzeszów–Dukla, or Dukla–Prešov offensive, was the battle for control over the Dukla Pass on the border between Poland and Slovakia on the Eastern Front of World War II between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September–October 1944."}, {"id": "Q163780", "label": "Slovak National Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation's primary goal, to provide support for the Slovak National Uprising, was not achieved, but it concluded the full liberation of the Ukrainian SSR."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "Background", "says": "On 31 August, Soviet marshal Ivan Konev was ordered to prepare plans for an offensive to destroy Nazi forces in Slovakia."}], "Q602880": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anchialus (Bulgarian: Битката при Анхиало) (Medieval Greek: Μάχη του Αγχίαλου) occurred in 708 near the modern-day town of Pomorie, Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "In 705, the Bulgarian Khan, Tervel helped the ex-emperor of Byzantium, Justinian II, regain his throne after 10 years in exile."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "To show his gratitude, Justinian gave the Bulgarians an enormous quantity of gold, silver, and silk, as well as the \"Zagore\" area, located between Stara Zagora, Sliven, and the Black Sea."}], "Q60727566": [{"id": "Q567", "label": "Angela Merkel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Emmanuel Macron in the coronation hall of the Aachen City Hall on 22 January 2019."}, {"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Emmanuel Macron in the coronation hall of the Aachen City Hall on 22 January 2019."}], "Q610242": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major naval engagement between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Guadalcanal campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred in the South Pacific between Rennell Island and Guadalcanal in the southern Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of isolating the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign."}, {"id": "Q696438", "label": "Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "section": "Background", "says": "The last major attempt by the Japanese to drive Allied forces from Guadalcanal and Tulagi was defeated during the decisive Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in early November 1942."}, {"id": "Q2314453", "label": "Operation Ke", "section": "Background", "says": "The evacuation was code-named Operation Ke (ケ号作戦), and was scheduled to begin on 14 January 1943."}], "Q612286": [{"id": "Q755966", "label": "Battle of Nineveh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Nineveh, also called the Battle of Nineveh, was a major battle that marked the climax of the Conquest of the Assyrian Empire in 612 BC."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Nineveh, also called the Battle of Nineveh, was a major battle that marked the climax of the Conquest of the Assyrian Empire in 612 BC."}, {"id": "Q5432152", "label": "Fall of Assur", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Assyrian defeat at the Fall of Assur, an allied army which involved the combined forces of Medes and the Babylonians besieged Nineveh (in modern-day Mosul) and took what was, at that time, one of the greatest cities in the world, with the Medes playing a major part in the city's downfall."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Nineveh led to the destruction of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the dominant state in the Ancient Near East over the following three years."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Babylon became the imperial center of Mesopotamia for the first time in over a thousand years, leading to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, claiming imperial continuity as a new dynasty."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Neo-Assyrian Empire emerged in the 10th century BCE and peaked in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, succeeding the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366–1074 BC) as the largest empire the world had yet seen."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "Background", "says": "By the reign of Ashurbanipal, it controlled or held in vassalage most of the nations and city-states from the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) in the north to Egypt, Arabia and central Iran/Persia in the east to Cyprus and the Hellenic and Phoenician  Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia and the Levant in the west."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "By the reign of Ashurbanipal, it controlled or held in vassalage most of the nations and city-states from the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) in the north to Egypt, Arabia and central Iran/Persia in the east to Cyprus and the Hellenic and Phoenician  Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia and the Levant in the west."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "Background", "says": "An alliance was formed between external states, such as the Chaldeans, who took advantage of the upheavals in Assyria to take control of much of Babylonia with the aid of the Babylonians themselves."}, {"id": "Q391038", "label": "Shamash-shum-ukin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Assyrian chronicles end abruptly in 639 BC after the destruction of Susa, the capital of Elam, and the subjugation of a rebellious Babylon ruled by Ashurbanipal's own brother Shamash-shum-ukin."}], "Q616851": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Peace Treaty of Versailles in 1919 after World War I, the idea put forward by the League of Nations to create mandates for the territories that the defeated Central Powers had occupied began to take shape."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "At the San Remo Conference in April 1920, Britain was awarded the Mandate for Mesopotamia, as Iraq was called in the Western world and a mandate for Palestine."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Iraqis began to fear that Iraq would be incorporated into the British Empire."}], "Q618048": [{"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état, also known as the 9 September coup d'état (Bulgarian: Деветосептемврийски преврат, romanized: Devetoseptemvriyski prevrat), was a coup that overthrew the government of Kingdom of Bulgaria on the eve of 9 September 1944."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, in Egypt the government had entered separate peace talks with the United Kingdom and the United States, hoping to secure the dispatch of British and American troops in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, in Egypt the government had entered separate peace talks with the United Kingdom and the United States, hoping to secure the dispatch of British and American troops in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the guerrilla actions of the partisans did not cease, the alliance with Nazi Germany was not disbanded and no attempts were made to normalize the relations with Moscow, causing the Soviet Union to treat the new government with suspicion."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the guerrilla actions of the partisans did not cease, the alliance with Nazi Germany was not disbanded and no attempts were made to normalize the relations with Moscow, causing the Soviet Union to treat the new government with suspicion."}], "Q629302": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lutter (German: Lutter am Barenberge) took place on 27 August 1626 during the Thirty Years' War, south of Salzgitter, in Lower Saxony."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined Danish-German force led by Christian IV of Denmark was defeated by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, commanding an army of the Catholic League loyal to Emperor Ferdinand II."}, {"id": "Q155534", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined Danish-German force led by Christian IV of Denmark was defeated by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, commanding an army of the Catholic League loyal to Emperor Ferdinand II."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "Christian's campaign plan for 1626 consisted of three parts; while he led the main army against Tilly, Ernst von Mansfeld would attack Wallenstein, supported by Christian of Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q677121", "label": "Battle of Dessau Bridge", "section": "lead", "says": "In the event, Mansfeld was defeated at the Battle of Dessau Bridge in April, while Christian of Brunswick's attack failed, and he died of disease in June."}, {"id": "Q708862", "label": "Treaty of Lübeck", "section": "lead", "says": "Many of his German allies abandoned him, and although the war continued until the Treaty of Lübeck in June 1629, defeat at Lutter effectively ended Christian's hopes of expanding his German possessions."}, {"id": "Q704288", "label": "Duchy of Holstein", "section": "Background", "says": "As ruler of the Duchy of Holstein, part of the Holy Roman Empire, Christian IV of Denmark was also a member of the Lower Saxon Circle or kreis."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Although its members were overwhelmingly Protestant, both they and the Upper Saxon Circle remained neutral during the early stages of the Thirty Years' War, which began with the 1618 Bohemian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1625, they increasingly feared Emperor Ferdinand intended to reclaim former Catholic properties in North-West Germany now held by Protestants."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "This seemed confirmed when Halberstadt was occupied in early 1625 by forces of the Catholic League led by Tilly, while an Imperial army under Albrecht von Wallenstein attacked Magdeburg."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1625, Christian was appointed commander of the Upper and Lower Circle forces; these numbered less than 7,000 ill-trained militia, most of whom were only fit for garrison duty, and recruiting professional troops required subsidies from England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q568387", "label": "Peasants' War", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Wallenstein was then diverted to deal with the Peasants' War in Upper Austria, leaving Christian confident he outnumbered Tilly."}], "Q63096026": [{"id": "Q22949078", "label": "Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Defense Minister Lieutenant General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf, the high command of the Sudanese Armed Forces dissolved the National Legislature, suspended the constitution, and declared a three-month state of emergency, before ultimately agreeing to a power-sharing arrangement with civilian forces that paved the way for a transitional government."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "Background", "says": "Sudan's economy suffered a massive structural blow following the secession of South Sudan in 2011, which deprived Khartoum of crucial oil revenues."}], "Q635150": [{"id": "Q702176", "label": "Battle of the Mediterranean", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calabria (Battaglia di Punta Stilo) on 9 July 1940, was a naval battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in the Second World War between ships of the Regia Marina and those of the Mediterranean Fleet."}], "Q636520": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marj Ayyun was a military confrontation fought at Marj Ayyun near the Litani River (modern-day Lebanon) in June 1179 between the Kingdom of Jerusalem under Baldwin IV and the Ayyubid armies under the leadership of Saladin."}, {"id": "Q847287", "label": "Battle of Montgisard", "section": "Background", "says": "In that year King Baldwin IV surprised and defeated the Saracen host at the Battle of Montgisard."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "Background", "says": "Together with the Knights Templar led by Odo of St Amand and a force from the County of Tripoli led by Count Raymond III, Baldwin moved northeast."}], "Q641205": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "To that end, they worked with German intelligence and accepted military assistance from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "To that end, they worked with German intelligence and accepted military assistance from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background and coup", "says": "Iraq severed relations with Nazi Germany on 5 September 1939 following the outbreak of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background and coup", "says": "By this time, Iraq had become a refuge for Palestinian Arab leaders who had fled Mandatory Palestine as a result of the failed 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine."}], "Q643987": [{"id": "Q318803", "label": "Lucius Antonius", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by Lucius Antonius (the younger brother of Mark Antony) and the Umbrians of Perusia in support of Mark Antony against his political enemy Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus)."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by Lucius Antonius (the younger brother of Mark Antony) and the Umbrians of Perusia in support of Mark Antony against his political enemy Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus)."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by Lucius Antonius (the younger brother of Mark Antony) and the Umbrians of Perusia in support of Mark Antony against his political enemy Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus)."}], "Q644346": [{"id": "Q180073", "label": "Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, also known as Treaty of Meaux, was signed on 12 April 1229 between Raymond VII of Toulouse and Louis IX of France in Meaux near Paris."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris, also known as Treaty of Meaux, was signed on 12 April 1229 between Raymond VII of Toulouse and Louis IX of France in Meaux near Paris."}, {"id": "Q353", "label": "Blanche of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis was still a minor, and it was his mother Blanche of Castile, as regent, who was instrumental in forging the treaty."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement officially ended the Albigensian Crusade, and according to the terms of the treaty, Raymond's daughter Joan was to be married to Louis' brother Alphonse."}, {"id": "Q1122980", "label": "Comtat Venaissin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Papacy gained the Comtat Venaissin."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "lead", "says": "Raymond regained his feudal rights but had to swear allegiance to Louis IX."}], "Q676340": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Calais (4 September 1346 – 3 August 1347) occurred at the conclusion of the Crécy campaign, when an English army under the command of King Edward III of England successfully besieged the French town of Calais during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Calais (4 September 1346 – 3 August 1347) occurred at the conclusion of the Crécy campaign, when an English army under the command of King Edward III of England successfully besieged the French town of Calais during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q27759", "label": "Battle of Crécy", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 August 1346, fighting on ground of their own choosing, the English inflicted a heavy defeat on a large French army led by their king Philip VI at the Battle of Crécy."}, {"id": "Q1398338", "label": "Jean de Vienne", "section": "lead", "says": "A week later the English invested the well-fortified port of Calais, which had a strong garrison under the command of Jean de Vienne."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France (r."}], "Q688339": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Retreat was a strategic withdrawal and evacuation on the Eastern Front of World War I in 1915."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Retreat was a strategic withdrawal and evacuation on the Eastern Front of World War I in 1915."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Russian Army gave up the salient in Galicia and Congress Poland."}, {"id": "Q57204", "label": "Hans von Seeckt", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the German success with their Gorlice–Tarnów offensive, Hans von Seeckt proposed that August von Mackensen's 11th Army should advance north towards Brest-Litovsk, with their flanks shielded by the rivers Vistula and Bug."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "Mackensen and Chief of the German Great General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn supported this strategy of attacking the Russian salient in Poland, and forcing a decisive battle."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Ober Ost, led by Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, would attack towards the southeast, while Mackensen turned north, and the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army attacked east."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "Background", "says": "Ober Ost, led by Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, would attack towards the southeast, while Mackensen turned north, and the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army attacked east."}, {"id": "Q62428", "label": "Max von Gallwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ober Ost 12th Army, led by Max von Gallwitz, would advance to the northeast of Warsaw, while the 9th Army, led by Prince Leopold of Bavaria, the Woyrsch Corps, led by Remus von Woyrsch, and the Austro-Hungarian 1st Army, led by Paul Puhallo von Brlog, pushed the Russians eastward to the Vistula."}, {"id": "Q61015", "label": "Prince Leopold of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ober Ost 12th Army, led by Max von Gallwitz, would advance to the northeast of Warsaw, while the 9th Army, led by Prince Leopold of Bavaria, the Woyrsch Corps, led by Remus von Woyrsch, and the Austro-Hungarian 1st Army, led by Paul Puhallo von Brlog, pushed the Russians eastward to the Vistula."}, {"id": "Q73372", "label": "Alexander von Linsingen", "section": "Background", "says": "The Army of the Bug, led by Alexander von Linsingen, the Austro-Hungarian 2nd and 7th Armies, led by Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli and Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin respectively, protected Mackensen's eastern flank."}, {"id": "Q155457", "label": "Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli", "section": "Background", "says": "The Army of the Bug, led by Alexander von Linsingen, the Austro-Hungarian 2nd and 7th Armies, led by Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli and Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin respectively, protected Mackensen's eastern flank."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "On Mackensen's western flank was the Austro-Hungarian 4th Army, led by Archduke Joseph Ferdinand."}], "Q688847": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Metz was a siege fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 19 August to 27 October 1870, and ended in a decisive allied German victory."}, {"id": "Q697266", "label": "Battle of Gravelotte", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Army of the Rhine under François Bazaine retreated into the Metz fortress after its defeat by the Germans at the Battle of Gravelotte on 18 August 1870."}, {"id": "Q60505", "label": "Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortress was promptly surrounded by German forces under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q81518", "label": "François Achille Bazaine", "section": "lead", "says": "French food supplies ran out on 20 October and François Achille Bazaine surrendered the fortress and the entire Army of the Rhine, some 193,000 men, into German hands on 27 October."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Metz was annexed into the German Empire after the signing of the Treaty of Frankfurt on 10 May 1871."}, {"id": "Q158021", "label": "Treaty of Frankfurt", "section": "lead", "says": "Metz was annexed into the German Empire after the signing of the Treaty of Frankfurt on 10 May 1871."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Napoleon III and Marshal Patrice de MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine."}, {"id": "Q158838", "label": "Patrice de MacMahon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Napoleon III and Marshal Patrice de MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine."}, {"id": "Q698422", "label": "Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With MacMahon wounded on the previous day, General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field."}], "Q688939": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Baden, signed 7 September 1714 in Baden, Switzerland, made peace between France and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Baden, signed 7 September 1714 in Baden, Switzerland, made peace between France and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt, it was one in a series of agreements ending the 1701 to 1713 War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q690291": [{"id": "Q1080711", "label": "Ottoman–Hungarian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Breadfield (Hungarian: Kenyérmezei csata, German: Schlacht auf dem Brodfeld, Romanian: Bătălia de la Câmpul Pâinii, Turkish: Ekmek Otlak Savaşı) was the most tremendous conflict fought in Transylvania up to that time in the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars, taking place on 13 October 1479, on the Breadfield near the Saxon village of Alkenyér (also Zsibód, German: Unterbrodsdorf, Romanian: Șibo"}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of the battle was an important victory for the Kingdom of Hungary and the Serbian Despotate."}, {"id": "Q687184", "label": "Stephen V Báthory", "section": "Background", "says": "When King Matthias was alerted, according to the testament of Miklós Pozsegai, made in Garignica on 11 July, he ordered Stephen V Báthory, the Voivode of Transylvania and his general Pál Kinizsi to mobilize."}], "Q690861": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty restored the borders predating the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "King Sigismund stated, that the minimal demands set by the Swedes would be a return to pre-war borders, and gain some compensation over territories."}], "Q695925": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hochkirch took place on 14 October 1758, during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hochkirch took place on 14 October 1758, during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After several weeks of maneuvering for position, an Austrian army of 80,000 commanded by Lieutenant Field Marshal Leopold Josef Graf Daun surprised the  Prussian army of 30,000–36,000 commanded by Frederick the Great."}, {"id": "Q93365", "label": "Leopold Joseph von Daun", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In September and early October 1758, Lieutenant Field Marshal Count Leopold Joseph von Daun and his 80,000-man army camped near the town of Stolpen."}], "Q697654": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Buda (Hungarian: Buda visszafoglalása, lit. 'Recapture of Buda') was a military engagement during the Great Turkish War, in which forces of the Holy League, led by the Habsburg Monarchy, recaptured the fortified city of Buda (now part of modern-day Budapest) from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Buda (Hungarian: Buda visszafoglalása, lit. 'Recapture of Buda') was a military engagement during the Great Turkish War, in which forces of the Holy League, led by the Habsburg Monarchy, recaptured the fortified city of Buda (now part of modern-day Budapest) from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q101286", "label": "Innocent XI", "section": "Background", "says": "With the aid of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League was formed on 5 March 1684, with King Jan Sobieski of Poland, Emperor Leopold I and the Republic of Venice agreeing to an alliance against the Turks."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "With the aid of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League was formed on 5 March 1684, with King Jan Sobieski of Poland, Emperor Leopold I and the Republic of Venice agreeing to an alliance against the Turks."}], "Q2646343": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The second cholera pandemic (1826–1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across Western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "The United States believed that cholera was brought by recent immigrants, specifically the Irish, and epidemiologists understand they were carrying disease from British ports."}], "Q2655890": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the NKVD, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily in Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, and Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the NKVD, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily in Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, and Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Barbarossa surprised the NKVD, whose jails and prisons in territories annexed by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were crowded with political prisoners."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Barbarossa surprised the NKVD, whose jails and prisons in territories annexed by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were crowded with political prisoners."}, {"id": "Q1972681", "label": "Orest Subtelny", "section": "Background", "says": "The official Soviet count had more than 9,800 reportedly executed in prisons, 1,443 executed in the process of evacuation, 59 killed for attempting to escape, 23 killed by German bombs and 1,057 deaths from other causes.\n\"It was not only the numbers of the executed\", wrote historian Yury Boshyk, who was quoted by Orest Subtelny, of the murders, \"but also the manner in which they died that shocked "}], "Q266909": [{"id": "Q161141", "label": "Kapp Putsch", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a left-wing workers' revolt triggered by the call for a general strike in response to the Kapp Putsch, then became an armed rebellion when far-left workers used the strike as an opportunity to attempt the establishment of a council republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Social Democratic Party, which had led the governments of the Weimar Republic until then, lost 62 seats in the Reichstag at the June 1920 general election, in part because of the way it had handled the uprising."}, {"id": "Q170306", "label": "German Revolution of 1918–1919", "section": "Background", "says": "A more fundamental cause of the violent uprising was the schism in the left-wing parties after the strike, which had become evident in the early days of the German Revolution of 1918–1919."}], "Q2669609": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kaunas pogrom was a massacre of Jews living in Kaunas, Lithuania, that took place on 25–29 June 1941; the first days of Operation Barbarossa and the Nazi occupation of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kaunas pogrom was a massacre of Jews living in Kaunas, Lithuania, that took place on 25–29 June 1941; the first days of Operation Barbarossa and the Nazi occupation of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q61945", "label": "Franz Walter Stahlecker", "section": "Background", "says": "Nazi SS Brigadeführer Franz Walter Stahlecker arrived in Kaunas on the morning of 25 June."}], "Q2672432": [{"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1293 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia, with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1293 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia, with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "lead", "says": "After a fierce campaign, Kediri surrendered, but the Yuan forces were betrayed by their erstwhile ally, Majapahit, under Raden Wijaya."}, {"id": "Q49334", "label": "Raden Wijaya", "section": "lead", "says": "After a fierce campaign, Kediri surrendered, but the Yuan forces were betrayed by their erstwhile ally, Majapahit, under Raden Wijaya."}], "Q2720692": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Vlorë, occupied by Italy since late 1914 (six months before it joined the Allied Powers and entered World War I), was attacked four times by Albanian nationalists."}, {"id": "Q297190", "label": "Giovanni Giolitti", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian prime minister Giovanni Giolitti, considering the occupation of Vlorë pointless and unpopular, negotiated a treaty of compromise with the Albanians."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "Under this agreement, Italy promised to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary within one month in exchange for territorial gains at the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q367132", "label": "Francesco Saverio Nitti", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti also sought a mandate over the rest of the country following the secret Treaty of London."}], "Q277450": [{"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aceh War (Indonesian: Perang Aceh; Acehnese: Prang Acèh; 1873–1904), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aceh War (Indonesian: Perang Aceh; Acehnese: Prang Acèh; 1873–1904), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aceh War (Indonesian: Perang Aceh; Acehnese: Prang Acèh; 1873–1904), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch rule over modern-day Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q224794", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of the 19th century, Aceh's independence had been guaranteed by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824."}, {"id": "Q1061057", "label": "Aceh Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of Sultan Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah (1838–1870), the Aceh Sultanate brought the regional rajas under its control and extended its domain over the east coast."}, {"id": "Q770776", "label": "Dutch Gold Coast", "section": "Background", "says": "In return, Britain gained control of the Dutch Gold Coast in Africa and equal commercial rights in Siak."}], "Q280468": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ấp Bắc was a major battle fought on 2 January 1963 during the Vietnam War in Định Tường Province, South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ấp Bắc was a major battle fought on 2 January 1963 during the Vietnam War in Định Tường Province, South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "At that time, North Vietnam was hoping for an election, promised under the Geneva Accords of 1954, that would unite North and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "At that time, North Vietnam was hoping for an election, promised under the Geneva Accords of 1954, that would unite North and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "It was also worried about inciting the United States into directly supporting South Vietnam and had recommended avoiding battle at all costs."}], "Q29680": [{"id": "Q48883", "label": "Goguryeo–Sui War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salsu was a major battle that occurred in the year 612 during the second campaign of the Goguryeo–Sui War between Goguryeo of Korea and Sui of China."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salsu was a major battle that occurred in the year 612 during the second campaign of the Goguryeo–Sui War between Goguryeo of Korea and Sui of China."}], "Q2993743": [{"id": "Q184928", "label": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacres started during the Russian Revolution of 1905."}], "Q30140821": [{"id": "Q27429856", "label": "Battle of Mosul", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ran concurrently with the conclusion of the Battle of Mosul (2016–2017), which had started seven months earlier, as part of an effort by the CJTF–OIR and its allies to strip ISIL of its regional centers of power and to dismantle it as a state."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle began in the wake of a tumultuous period for the coalition, as internal pressures had been elevated by the Qatar diplomatic crisis, which had seen diplomatic relations between Qatar and other coalition members severed, and was publicly supported by President Donald Trump."}], "Q3499292": [{"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 was a series of conflicts between the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos over control of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 was a series of conflicts between the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos over control of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 was a series of conflicts between the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos over control of the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q3544805": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae (Latin for \"Partition of the lands of the empire of Romania [i.e., the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire]), or Partitio regni Graeci (\"Partition of the kingdom of the Greeks\"), was a treaty signed among the crusaders after the sack of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, by the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae (Latin for \"Partition of the lands of the empire of Romania [i.e., the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire]), or Partitio regni Graeci (\"Partition of the kingdom of the Greeks\"), was a treaty signed among the crusaders after the sack of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, by the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It established the Latin Empire and arranged the nominal partition of the Byzantine territory among the participants of the Crusade, with the Republic of Venice being the greatest titular beneficiary."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "It established the Latin Empire and arranged the nominal partition of the Byzantine territory among the participants of the Crusade, with the Republic of Venice being the greatest titular beneficiary."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "However, because the crusaders did not in fact control most of the Empire, local Byzantine Greek nobles established a number of Byzantine successor kingdoms (Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, Despotate of Epirus)."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latin Empire established by the treaty would last until 1261, when the Empire of Nicaea reconquered Constantinople, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q5361", "label": "Geoffrey of Villehardouin", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Crusader and chronicler Geoffrey of Villehardouin, by previous agreement, Boniface should receive the territories lying beyond the Bosporus and Marmara Sea, \"towards Turkey\", as well as \"the isle of Greece\"."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "Background", "says": "However, to placate Boniface, Baldwin agreed to assign to him the Kingdom of Thessalonica instead."}], "Q3636391": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khotyn or Battle of Chocim, also known as the Hotin War, took place on 11 November 1673 in Khotyn, where the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Grand Hetman of the Polish Crown John Sobieski defeated Ottoman Empire forces, with Moldavian and Wallachian regiments, led by Hüseyin Pasha."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khotyn or Battle of Chocim, also known as the Hotin War, took place on 11 November 1673 in Khotyn, where the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Grand Hetman of the Polish Crown John Sobieski defeated Ottoman Empire forces, with Moldavian and Wallachian regiments, led by Hüseyin Pasha."}, {"id": "Q2165429", "label": "Treaty of Buchach", "section": "lead", "says": "It reversed the fortunes of the previous year, when Commonwealth weakness led to the signing of the Treaty of Buchach, and allowed John Sobieski to win the upcoming royal election and become the King of Poland."}], "Q374212": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the First World War, the ownership of the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was disputed between the newly established republics of the Armenia and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom had a small detachment of troops stationed in Shusha and acceded to Sultanov's appointment as provisional governor, but insisted that a final decision on the territory's ownership could only be decided at a future peace conference."}], "Q385180": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Yalu River (simplified Chinese: 黄海海战; traditional Chinese: 黃海海戰; pinyin: Huáng Hǎi Hǎizhàn; Japanese: 黄海海戦, romanized: Kōkai-kaisen; lit. 'Naval Battle of the Yellow Sea') was the largest naval engagement of the First Sino-Japanese War, and took place on 17 September 1894, the day after the Japanese victory at the land Battle of Pyongyang."}, {"id": "Q715791", "label": "Battle of Pyongyang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Yalu River (simplified Chinese: 黄海海战; traditional Chinese: 黃海海戰; pinyin: Huáng Hǎi Hǎizhàn; Japanese: 黄海海戦, romanized: Kōkai-kaisen; lit. 'Naval Battle of the Yellow Sea') was the largest naval engagement of the First Sino-Japanese War, and took place on 17 September 1894, the day after the Japanese victory at the land Battle of Pyongyang."}, {"id": "Q702377", "label": "Battle of the Yellow Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is also known by a variety of other names: Battle of Haiyang Island, Battle of Dadonggou, Battle of the Yellow Sea and Battle of Yalu, after the location of the battle, which was in the Yellow Sea off the mouth of the Yalu River, not in the river itself."}, {"id": "Q710382", "label": "Ito Sukeyuki", "section": "Background", "says": "The main fleet consisted of the cruisers Matsushima (flagship), Chiyoda, Itsukushima, Hashidate, the ironclads Fusō, and Hiei, under the command of Admiral Itō Sukeyuki."}, {"id": "Q590021", "label": "Kabayama Sukenori", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Kabayama Sukenori was on a tour of inspection and aboard Saikyō Maru."}], "Q392601": [{"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "The federal government, severely limited in its prerogatives under the Articles of Confederation, found itself unable to finance troops to put down the rebellion; it was consequently put down by the Massachusetts State Militia under William Shepard, alongside a privately funded local militia led by former Continental Army officer Benjamin Lincoln."}, {"id": "Q272774", "label": "John Hancock", "section": "Background", "says": "Many of these merchants passed on this demand to their customers, although Governor John Hancock did not impose hard currency demands on poorer borrowers and refused to actively prosecute the collection of delinquent taxes."}], "Q444881": [{"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Altranstädt was concluded between Charles XII of Sweden and Augustus the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, on 13 October 1706, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Altranstädt was concluded between Charles XII of Sweden and Augustus the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, on 13 October 1706, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Altranstädt was concluded between Charles XII of Sweden and Augustus the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, on 13 October 1706, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Altranstädt was concluded between Charles XII of Sweden and Augustus the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, on 13 October 1706, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "On behalf of Charles XII, who had occupied much of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Great Northern War, Stanisław Leszczyński was crowned king of Poland on 4 October 1705."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Background", "says": "On behalf of Charles XII, who had occupied much of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Great Northern War, Stanisław Leszczyński was crowned king of Poland on 4 October 1705."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "A faction of the commonwealth, organized in the Sandomierz Confederation, remained loyal to Saxon elector Augustus the Strong, Polish king since 1697 and allied against Charles XII with Russian tsar Peter the Great."}, {"id": "Q434380", "label": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld", "section": "Background", "says": "His attempt to regain control in Poland–Lithuania was thwarted by Charles XII in the Battle of Grodno and by Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld in the Battle of Fraustadt, both in the first months of 1706."}, {"id": "Q694068", "label": "Battle of Fraustadt", "section": "Background", "says": "His attempt to regain control in Poland–Lithuania was thwarted by Charles XII in the Battle of Grodno and by Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld in the Battle of Fraustadt, both in the first months of 1706."}], "Q720498": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The social reforms of the French Revolution had been well received by the majority of the populace of France, but the Revolution's strongly anti-Catholic stance had created anti-Republican sympathies in many Roman Catholics."}, {"id": "Q1292599", "label": "François de Charette", "section": "Background", "says": "A rebel army titled Armée catholique et royale now proved to be a thorn in the side of the Revolutionary government in Paris, under leaders such as François de Charette de la Contrie and Maurice d'Elbée."}, {"id": "Q727601", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Carrier", "section": "Background", "says": "The Revolutionary Committee of Public Safety ordered General Jean-Baptiste Carrier to pacify the region, and over several months Carrier ruthlessly suppressed the Vendée."}, {"id": "Q829443", "label": "Battle of Savenay", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 December 1793, the Chouan rebellion subsided following a major defeat at the Battle of Savenay."}, {"id": "Q367042", "label": "Lazare Hoche", "section": "Background", "says": "The Convention immediately ordered General Louis Lazare Hoche to proceed to the Vendée and force the Chouans to agree to a cessation of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q1685104", "label": "Jean-Nicolas Stofflet", "section": "Background", "says": "A small contingent of Royalists under the command of General Jean-Nicolas Stofflet and the fanatical Etienne-Alexandre Bernier refused to accept the peace settlement and continued to offer resistance to Hoche's army."}], "Q72367808": [{"id": "Q17984356", "label": "Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017", "section": "Background", "says": "By July 2014, these factions which merged with ISIL had occupied most of Al-Anbar, Ninawa, Salah ad-Din, Kirkuk and Diyala which ignited the War in Iraq (2013–2017)."}, {"id": "Q357116", "label": "Adil Abdul-Mahdi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 27 September 2019, Iraqi Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi issued a decision to transfer Abdel-Wahab Al-Saedi, a Lieutenant General at the time, from ICTS to the Ministry of Defence."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Causes, goals and methods", "says": "US President Donald Trump accused Iran of \"orchestrating\" the attack on the embassy and added that they would be held \"fully responsible\"."}, {"id": "Q892014", "label": "Qasem Soleimani", "section": "Causes, goals and methods", "says": "In the aftermath, the commander of Iran's Quds Force, Major General Qasem Soleimani, and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis were tracked down and assassinated in a U.S. drone strike near Baghdad International Airport."}], "Q7533201": [{"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1913, there was a cholera outbreak in forces of the Romanian Army which were taking part in military operations of the Second Balkan War in Bulgarian areas."}], "Q764714": [{"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "While Allied divisions were being diverted from North Africa, the Italians reinforced their positions and were supported by the arrival of the German Afrika Korps under Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "Rapidly taking the offensive against his distracted and over-stretched opponent, by April 1941 Rommel had driven the British and Commonwealth forces in Cyrenaica back across the Egyptian border."}, {"id": "Q984342", "label": "William Gott", "section": "lead", "says": "With few battle-ready units to draw on, in the wake of Rommel's recent successes, on 15 May Brigadier William Gott attacked in three columns with a mixed infantry and armoured force."}, {"id": "Q2756836", "label": "Operation Skorpion", "section": "lead", "says": "Eleven days later the Halfaya Pass was recaptured by Axis forces in Operation Skorpion."}, {"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "Background", "says": "In early September 1940, the Italian 10th Army based in Libya conducted the Italian invasion of Egypt, and three months later the British and Commonwealth troops of the Western Desert Force began a counter-offensive, codenamed Operation Compass."}, {"id": "Q2888837", "label": "Battle of Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "The advance was halted in February 1941 due to supply shortages and because priority had been given to the Battle of Greece."}, {"id": "Q280748", "label": "Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the next few months, HQ Cyrenaica lost its commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, followed by the 2nd New Zealand Division and the 6th Australian Division when they were sent to Greece in Operation Lustre."}, {"id": "Q708223", "label": "Operation Sonnenblume", "section": "Background", "says": "From February 1941 until early May, Operation Sonnenblume saw the arrival of the German Afrika Korps in Tripoli to reinforce their Italian allies."}, {"id": "Q352630", "label": "Richard O'Connor", "section": "Background", "says": "Neame and the General Officer Commanding British Troops in Egypt—Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor—were captured and the British command structure had to be reorganised."}, {"id": "Q1448158", "label": "Noel Beresford-Peirse", "section": "Background", "says": "HQ Cyrenaica was dissolved on 14 April and its command functions taken over by a new HQ Western Desert Force (Lieutenant-General Noel Beresford-Peirse)."}], "Q820183": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nuremberg trials were international criminal trials held by France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States against leaders of defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of several countries across Europe and committing atrocities against their citizens in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nuremberg trials were international criminal trials held by France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States against leaders of defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of several countries across Europe and committing atrocities against their citizens in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nuremberg trials were international criminal trials held by France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States against leaders of defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of several countries across Europe and committing atrocities against their citizens in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nuremberg trials were international criminal trials held by France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States against leaders of defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of several countries across Europe and committing atrocities against their citizens in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Origin", "says": "The United States and United Kingdom refused to endorse this proposal, citing the failure of war crimes prosecutions following World War I."}, {"id": "Q698269", "label": "Moscow Declaration", "section": "Origin", "says": "On 1 November 1943, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States issued the Moscow Declaration, warning Nazi leadership of the signatories' intent to \"pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth ... in order that justice may be done\"."}], "Q835646": [{"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Prüm, concluded on 19 September 855, was the second of the main partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "lead", "says": "As Emperor Lothair I was approaching death, he divided his realm of Middle Francia among his three sons."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "As Emperor Lothair I was approaching death, he divided his realm of Middle Francia among his three sons."}, {"id": "Q333356", "label": "Pepin I of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "From 830, Lothair and his brothers Pepin I of Aquitaine (died 838) and Louis the German had fought several inner dynastic battles with their father Emperor Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "Background", "says": "From 830, Lothair and his brothers Pepin I of Aquitaine (died 838) and Louis the German had fought several inner dynastic battles with their father Emperor Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Background", "says": "From 830, Lothair and his brothers Pepin I of Aquitaine (died 838) and Louis the German had fought several inner dynastic battles with their father Emperor Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "Background", "says": "The emperor's death in 840 started another fight for the inheritance between his three surviving sons Lothair I, Louis the German, and Charles the Bald (the son of Louis the Pious' second marriage)."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "Background", "says": "He concluded his fighting and in August 843 signed the Treaty of Verdun with his younger brothers."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of this treaty, the empire of late Louis the Pious (\"Francia\") was officially divided between his three surviving sons: Louis the German received the lands east of the Rhine and Aare rivers (\"East Francia\"), Charles the Bald the territories west of the Scheldt, Meuse, Saône, and Rhône (\"West Francia\"), while Lothair retained the interjacent lands from Frisia to Italy, including the cit"}], "Q83873556": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 10 February 2023, with over 5 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, a high of approximately 323,000 active cases, nearly 40,000 deaths, and over 66 million tests, the country was ranked third in the number of COVID-19 cases in Southeast Asia behind Vietnam and Indonesia, and fourth in the number of COVID-19 deaths in Southeast Asia behind Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 10 February 2023, with over 5 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, a high of approximately 323,000 active cases, nearly 40,000 deaths, and over 66 million tests, the country was ranked third in the number of COVID-19 cases in Southeast Asia behind Vietnam and Indonesia, and fourth in the number of COVID-19 deaths in Southeast Asia behind Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q85988778", "label": "Noor Hisham Abdullah", "section": "lead", "says": "Since January 2020, the medical response and preparedness for the outbreak in Malaysia were overseen by the Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah under the Health Ministry of four successive governments led by the Mahathir, Muhyiddin, Ismail Sabri, and Anwar Ibrahim cabinets."}, {"id": "Q299574", "label": "Anwar Ibrahim", "section": "lead", "says": "Since January 2020, the medical response and preparedness for the outbreak in Malaysia were overseen by the Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah under the Health Ministry of four successive governments led by the Mahathir, Muhyiddin, Ismail Sabri, and Anwar Ibrahim cabinets."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The first cases in Malaysia were confirmed among travellers from China in Johor via Singapore on 25 January 2020, and continued to be limited to a few imported cases until March 2020, when several local clusters emerged."}, {"id": "Q1060949", "label": "Muhyiddin Yassin", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the surge of cases in March 2020, the Malaysian government, led by Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, imposed a nationwide lockdown known as the Movement Control Order (MCO), which came into effect on 18 March 2020."}], "Q87250948": [{"id": "Q57627", "label": "Janez Janša", "section": "lead", "says": "The first case in Slovenia was confirmed one day after Janez Janša was elected prime minister."}], "Q875912": [{"id": "Q170597", "label": "Amadou Toumani Touré", "section": "lead", "says": "The soldiers, who said they had formed the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State, declared the following day that they had overthrown the government of Amadou Toumani Touré, forcing him into hiding."}, {"id": "Q372780", "label": "Dioncounda Traoré", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 April, the junta agreed with Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) negotiators that they would step down from power in return for the end of sanctions, giving power to a transitional government led by parliament speaker Dioncounda Traoré."}, {"id": "Q372679", "label": "Amadou Sanogo", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following days, both Touré and coup leader Amadou Sanogo formally resigned; however, as of 16 May, the junta was still \"widely thought to have maintained overall control\"."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tuareg rebels had been bolstered by an influx of battle-hardened, well-armed fighters returning from the Libyan Civil War, to which they had traveled to fight for Muammar Gaddafi, the Libyan leader who was deposed and killed."}], "Q916295": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a major battle of the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces were an army led by nobles loyal to King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster, his Queen Margaret of Anjou and their six-year-old son Edward, Prince of Wales, on one side, and the army of Edward, Earl of March, and Warwick the Kingmaker on the other."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing forces were an army led by nobles loyal to King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster, his Queen Margaret of Anjou and their six-year-old son Edward, Prince of Wales, on one side, and the army of Edward, Earl of March, and Warwick the Kingmaker on the other."}, {"id": "Q1285898", "label": "Edmund, Earl of Rutland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duke of York and his second son Edmund, Earl of Rutland, retired to the relative safety of Dublin, Ireland."}], "Q133309815": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel's missile and artillery attack killed more than 400 Palestinians, including 263 women and children according to the Gaza Health Ministry, making it one of the deadliest in the Gaza war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Codenamed Operation Might and Sword (Hebrew: מבצע עוז וחרב, Mivtza Oz VaḤerev) by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), it was carried out in coordination with the United States."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "After the first phase ended on 1 March, Hamas intended to move to the second phase of negotiations – as envisioned in the original ceasefire deal – while Benjamin Netanyahu and the Trump administration insisted on renegotiating the overall terms."}, {"id": "Q64595113", "label": "José Manuel Albares", "section": "lead", "says": "This has been disputed by experts such as Miranda Cleland of Defence for Children International and Spanish foreign minister José Manuel Albares, who believe Israel \"indiscriminately attacked\" the Gaza Strip."}], "Q1351462": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Damour massacre took place on 20 January 1976, during the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q310900", "label": "Robert Fisk", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Robert Fisk, the town was the first to be subject to ethnic cleansing in the Lebanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "That occurred as part of a series of events during the Lebanese Civil War in which Palestinians joined the Muslim forces, in the context of the Christian-Muslim divide, and soon Beirut was divided along the Green Line, with Christian enclaves to the east and Muslims to the west."}], "Q1359846": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893, known in Thailand as the Incident of Rattanakosin Era 112 (Thai: วิกฤตการณ์ ร.ศ."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "112,\nRTGS: wikrittakan roso-roisipsong, [wí krít tàʔ kaːn rɔː sɔ̌ː rɔ́ːj sìp sɔ̌ːŋ]) was a conflict between the French Third Republic and the Kingdom of Siam."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siamese subsequently agreed to cede the area that constitutes most of present-day Laos to France, an act that led to the significant expansion of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q766871", "label": "Auguste Pavie", "section": "Context", "says": "The conflict started when French Indochina's governor-general Jean de Lanessan sent Auguste Pavie as consul to Bangkok to bring Laos under French rule."}], "Q136430456": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests in Bangladesh in 2024 are widely cited as the first successful Gen Z revolution, inspiring other Gen Z-led protests, including Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, Maldives, Mongolia, Madagascar, Morocco, Serbia, India, Albania, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan as well as in other parts of the world."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "To date, the earliest known use of the term was in an opinion piece by French market research company Ipsos published on 8 December 2019, referring to the Fridays for Future and Hong Kong 2019 protests, which have generally been considered the beginning of the movement."}, {"id": "Q130255015", "label": "July Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Some protests, like Bangladesh's 2024 July Uprising and Nepal, have resulted in the overthrow of national governments."}, {"id": "Q574", "label": "Timor-Leste", "section": "Background", "says": "The protests in Bangladesh in 2024 are widely cited as the first successful Gen Z revolution in the world, inspiring similar Gen Z protests in other Asian countries including Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and the Maldives."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "Background", "says": "The protests in Bangladesh in 2024 are widely cited as the first successful Gen Z revolution in the world, inspiring similar Gen Z protests in other Asian countries including Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and the Maldives."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "Background", "says": "The global wave of demonstrations then reached further with similar youth-led protests springing up in Madagascar and Morocco."}], "Q1372308": [{"id": "Q316658", "label": "Go-Toba", "section": "lead", "says": "Jōkyū War (承久の乱, jōkyū no ran), also known as the Jōkyū Disturbance or the Jōkyū Rebellion, was fought in Japan between the forces of Retired Emperor Go-Toba and those of the Hōjō clan, regents of the Kamakura shogunate, whom the retired emperor was trying to overthrow."}, {"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "Background", "says": "These allies consisted primarily of members of the Taira clan, and other enemies of the Minamoto, the victors in the Genpei War, and clan of the shōguns."}], "Q1400440": [{"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Velbazhd (Bulgarian: битка при Велбъжд, romanized: bitka pri Velbazhd; Serbian: Битка код Велбужда, romanized: Bitka kod Velbužda) was fought by the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia on 28 July 1330, near the town of Velbazhd (present day Kyustendil)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The growing power of the Serbian Kingdom from the late 13th century raised serious concerns in the traditional Balkan powers Bulgaria and Byzantine Empire which agreed for joint military actions against Serbia in 1327."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The growing power of the Serbian Kingdom from the late 13th century raised serious concerns in the traditional Balkan powers Bulgaria and Byzantine Empire which agreed for joint military actions against Serbia in 1327."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarians did not lose territory after the battle but were unable to stop the Serbian advance towards Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbia managed to conquer Macedonia and parts of Thessaly and Epirus reaching its greatest territorial extent ever."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "lead", "says": "Their new king Stefan Dušan was crowned Emperor with support from Bulgarian Patriarch Symeon in 1346."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During the long but unsuccessful reign of Emperor Constantine Tikh Asen (1257–1277) the Bulgarian Empire lost its possessions in northern Macedonia including Skopje, the original feudal estate of the Emperor to the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During the internal war in the Byzantine Empire (1320–1328) waged between the aged emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his ambitious grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos, the Serbian king Stefan Uroš III (also known as Stefan Dečanski) actively supported the side of the old emperor and in the process gained some minor forts in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During the internal war in the Byzantine Empire (1320–1328) waged between the aged emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his ambitious grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos, the Serbian king Stefan Uroš III (also known as Stefan Dečanski) actively supported the side of the old emperor and in the process gained some minor forts in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q314346", "label": "Stefan Uroš III", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During the internal war in the Byzantine Empire (1320–1328) waged between the aged emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his ambitious grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos, the Serbian king Stefan Uroš III (also known as Stefan Dečanski) actively supported the side of the old emperor and in the process gained some minor forts in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Previously, in 1324, he divorced and ousted his wife and Stefan's sister Anna Neda, and married Andronikos III's sister  Theodora."}], "Q1422396": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Madrid (also known as the Treaty of Limits of the Conquests) was an agreement concluded between Spain and Portugal on 13 January 1750."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal also recognized Spain's claim to the Philippines while Spain acceded to the westward expansion of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "Background", "says": "See also Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)\n\nEarlier treaties, such as the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Treaty of Zaragoza, drawn up by both countries and mediated by Pope Alexander VI, stipulated that the Portuguese Empire in South America could extend no further west than 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands (called the Tordesillas meridian, approximately the 46th meridian)."}, {"id": "Q1147471", "label": "Treaty of Zaragoza", "section": "Background", "says": "See also Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)\n\nEarlier treaties, such as the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Treaty of Zaragoza, drawn up by both countries and mediated by Pope Alexander VI, stipulated that the Portuguese Empire in South America could extend no further west than 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands (called the Tordesillas meridian, approximately the 46th meridian)."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "Background", "says": "See also Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)\n\nEarlier treaties, such as the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Treaty of Zaragoza, drawn up by both countries and mediated by Pope Alexander VI, stipulated that the Portuguese Empire in South America could extend no further west than 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands (called the Tordesillas meridian, approximately the 46th meridian)."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "See also Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)\n\nEarlier treaties, such as the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Treaty of Zaragoza, drawn up by both countries and mediated by Pope Alexander VI, stipulated that the Portuguese Empire in South America could extend no further west than 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands (called the Tordesillas meridian, approximately the 46th meridian)."}], "Q1424844": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Delium (or Delion, a city in Boeotia) took place in 424 BC, during the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q5264", "label": "Hippocrates", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 424 BC, the Athenian generals Demosthenes and Hippocrates planned to invade Boeotia."}], "Q1425658": [{"id": "Q1072889", "label": "Chilean War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, took place on February 12, 1817."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the Andes, from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and led by Captain–General José de San Martín, defeated a Spanish force commanded by Rafael Maroto."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the Andes, from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and led by Captain–General José de San Martín, defeated a Spanish force commanded by Rafael Maroto."}, {"id": "Q3120467", "label": "Rafael Maroto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the Andes, from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and led by Captain–General José de San Martín, defeated a Spanish force commanded by Rafael Maroto."}, {"id": "Q28930", "label": "Bernardo O'Higgins", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon reaching Chile, San Martín allied with Chilean patriot Bernardo O'Higgins, who commanded his own army."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "A force of around 1,500 men, led by Brigadier Rafael Maroto, moved to block San Martín's advance at Chacabuco, a valley near Santiago."}], "Q1432659": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lipari Islands or Battle of Lipara was a naval encounter fought in 260 BC during the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was little more than a skirmish, but is notable as the first naval encounter of the Punic Wars and the first time Roman warships had engaged in battle."}, {"id": "Q223134", "label": "Olympias", "section": "Background", "says": "The modern replica galley Olympias has achieved speeds of 8.5 knots (9.8 mph; 15.7 km/h) and cruised at 4 knots (4.6 mph; 7.4 km/h) for hours on end."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "The quinquereme was the workhorse of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars, so ubiquitous that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for \"warship\" in general."}], "Q1456635": [{"id": "Q2506432", "label": "Wars in Lombardy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lodi, or Peace of Lodi, was a peace agreement which brought to an end the Wars in Lombardy between the Venetian Republic and the Duchy of Milan, signed in the city of Lodi on 9 April 1454."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lodi, or Peace of Lodi, was a peace agreement which brought to an end the Wars in Lombardy between the Venetian Republic and the Duchy of Milan, signed in the city of Lodi on 9 April 1454."}, {"id": "Q289285", "label": "Filippo Maria Visconti", "section": "Political background", "says": "After the death of the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447, the Golden Ambrosian Republic was proclaimed in Milan."}, {"id": "Q746443", "label": "Golden Ambrosian Republic", "section": "Political background", "says": "After the death of the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447, the Golden Ambrosian Republic was proclaimed in Milan."}, {"id": "Q310536", "label": "Francesco I Sforza", "section": "Political background", "says": "The rulers decided to entrust the defense of the newborn state to Francesco I Sforza."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "Political background", "says": "In fact, for some time Venice had not abandoned its ambitions to expand into Lombardy and thus forged an alliance with Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Naples, and the emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, against Francesco Sforza and his allies."}], "Q1458235": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Upper Baetis was a double battle, comprising the battles of Castulo and Ilorca, fought in 211 BC during the Second Punic War between a Carthaginian force led by Hasdrubal Barca (Hannibal's brother) and a Roman force led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Before this defeat, the brothers had spent seven years (218–211 BC) campaigning against the Carthaginians in Hispania, thus limiting the resources available to Hannibal, who was simultaneously fighting the Romans in Italy."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat of Hasdrubal Barca in the Battle of Dertosa in the spring of 215 BC, the Romans had secured their bases north of the Ebro."}, {"id": "Q1788933", "label": "Battle of Dertosa", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat of Hasdrubal Barca in the Battle of Dertosa in the spring of 215 BC, the Romans had secured their bases north of the Ebro."}, {"id": "Q335604", "label": "Mago", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Hasdrubal had been reinforced by two armies, led respectively by his younger brother, Mago Barca, and Hasdrubal Gisco."}, {"id": "Q452048", "label": "Hasdrubal Gisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Hasdrubal had been reinforced by two armies, led respectively by his younger brother, Mago Barca, and Hasdrubal Gisco."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Livy's chronology is confused and contradicted by Polybius, who explicitly states that the Scipio brothers did not venture south of the Ebro until 212 BC."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "The Scipios had persuaded Syphax, a Numidian king, to open hostilities against Carthage with an army that had been trained by Statorius, a Roman centurion, in 213 or 212 BC."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "Background", "says": "Hasdrubal Barca returned to Iberia in late 212 BC, bringing with him 3,000 Numidians under Masinissa, the future king of Numidia."}], "Q1459494": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Klokotnitsa (Bulgarian: Битката при Клокотница, Bitkata pri Klokotnitsa) occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa (today in Haskovo Province, Bulgaria) between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Klokotnitsa (Bulgarian: Битката при Клокотница, Bitkata pri Klokotnitsa) occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa (today in Haskovo Province, Bulgaria) between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q623151", "label": "Empire of Thessalonica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Klokotnitsa (Bulgarian: Битката при Клокотница, Bitkata pri Klokotnitsa) occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa (today in Haskovo Province, Bulgaria) between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q313427", "label": "Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Around 1221–1222 Emperor Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria made an alliance with Theodore Komnenos Doukas, the ruler of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Around 1221–1222 Emperor Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria made an alliance with Theodore Komnenos Doukas, the ruler of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Secured by the treaty, Theodore managed to conquer Thessalonica from the Latin Empire, as well as lands in Macedonia including Ohrid, and establish the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Secured by the treaty, Theodore managed to conquer Thessalonica from the Latin Empire, as well as lands in Macedonia including Ohrid, and establish the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q365620", "label": "Robert of Courtenay", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "After the death of the Latin emperor Robert of Courtenay in 1228, Ivan Asen II was considered the most probable choice for regent of Baldwin II."}], "Q1474180": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Belleau Wood (1–26 June 1918) was a major battle that occurred during the German spring offensive in World War I, near the Marne River in France."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1918, with nearly 50 additional divisions freed by the Russian surrender on the Eastern Front, the German Army launched a series of attacks on the Western Front, hoping to defeat the Allies before U.S. forces could be fully deployed."}, {"id": "Q2462283", "label": "Third Battle of the Aisne", "section": "Background", "says": "A third offensive launched in May against the French between Soissons and Reims, known as the Third Battle of the Aisne, saw the Germans reach the north bank of the Marne River at Château-Thierry, 95 kilometres (59 mi) from Paris, on 27 May."}, {"id": "Q3167633", "label": "Jean-Marie Degoutte", "section": "Background", "says": "Just as German offensive came to an end, French general Jean Degoutte ordered American forces to take the Bois de Belleau, a small patch of forest near the southwestern extremity of the German salient."}], "Q1477050": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chattanooga campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in October and November 1863, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1327790", "label": "Battle of Chickamauga", "section": "lead", "says": "Rosecrans's Union Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Chickamauga in September, the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "lead", "says": "Braxton Bragg besieged Rosecrans and his men by occupying key high terrain around Chattanooga, Tennessee."}, {"id": "Q740330", "label": "George Henry Thomas", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 18, Grant removed Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland and replaced him with Major General George Henry Thomas."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Hooker fought off a Confederate counterattack at the Battle of Wauhatchie on October 28–29, 1863."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "lead", "says": "William Tecumseh Sherman maneuvered to launch a surprise attack against Bragg's right flank on Missionary Ridge."}], "Q1482369": [{"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The Markale massacres were two bombardments, with at least one of them confirmed to have been carried out by the Army of Republika Srpska, targeting civilians at the Markale (marketplace) during the siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Markale massacres were two bombardments, with at least one of them confirmed to have been carried out by the Army of Republika Srpska, targeting civilians at the Markale (marketplace) during the siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter attack was the alleged reason for NATO air strikes (Operation Deliberate Force) against Bosnian Serb forces that would eventually lead to the Dayton Peace Accords and the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q1273114", "label": "Stanislav Galić", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in its appeal judgement of Stanislav Galić in 2006 summarized the evidence and ruled that the conclusion that the shells had been fired from a location occupied by Serb forces was a reasonable one; nevertheless, Radovan Karadžić during his trial before ICTY tried to use this claim to his defence, but was found guilty."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in its appeal judgement of Stanislav Galić in 2006 summarized the evidence and ruled that the conclusion that the shells had been fired from a location occupied by Serb forces was a reasonable one; nevertheless, Radovan Karadžić during his trial before ICTY tried to use this claim to his defence, but was found guilty."}], "Q1519015": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1994 Northridge earthquake affected Greater Los Angeles, California, United States, on January 17, 1994, at 04:30:55 PST."}], "Q152008": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Michael (German: Unternehmen Michael) was a major German military offensive during World War I that began the German spring offensive on 21 March 1918."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "Two days later, General Erich Ludendorff, the chief of the German General Staff, adjusted his plan and pushed for an offensive due west, along the whole of the British front north of the River Somme."}, {"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the ground fought over was the wilderness left by the Battle of the Somme in 1916."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The arrival in France of large reinforcements from the United States replaced Entente casualties but the German Army was unable to recover from its losses before these reinforcements took the field."}, {"id": "Q1063735", "label": "Second Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Michael failed to achieve its objectives and the German advance was reversed during the Second Battle of the Somme, 1918 (21 August – 3 September) in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Michael failed to achieve its objectives and the German advance was reversed during the Second Battle of the Somme, 1918 (21 August – 3 September) in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The German army trained using open-warfare tactics which had proved effective on the Eastern Front, particularly at the Battle of Riga in 1917."}, {"id": "Q11347885", "label": "Battle of Riga", "section": "Background", "says": "The German army trained using open-warfare tactics which had proved effective on the Eastern Front, particularly at the Battle of Riga in 1917."}, {"id": "Q1364768", "label": "Hubert Gough", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To the south, the Fifth Army (General Hubert Gough) held the line down to the junction with the French at Barisis."}], "Q15243731": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2013–2014 Thai political crisis was a period of political instability in Thailand."}, {"id": "Q57670", "label": "Yingluck Shinawatra", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis eventually resulted in the removal of incumbent Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, a coup d'état, and the establishment of a military junta."}, {"id": "Q174267", "label": "Abhisit Vejjajiva", "section": "Background", "says": "This would have included the corruption charges laid against Thaksin following the 2006 coup, as well as the murder charges against then Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and Deputy PM Suthep Thaugsuban related to their conduct during the 2010 mass protests in support of Thaksin."}], "Q1536686": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sunda Strait was a naval battle which occurred during World War II in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java, and Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "In late February 1942, Japanese amphibious forces were preparing to invade Java, in the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q437690", "label": "Karel Doorman", "section": "Background", "says": "On 27 February, the main American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) naval force, under Admiral Karel Doorman–a Dutch officer–steamed northeast from Surabaya to intercept an Imperial Japanese navy invasion fleet."}, {"id": "Q263142", "label": "Battle of the Java Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "The ABDA force engaged the Japanese force in the Battle of the Java Sea."}, {"id": "Q356347", "label": "Hitoshi Imamura", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By chance, just after 22:00, a Japanese invasion convoy bound for West Java –  including the entire Sixteenth Army, under Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura, in over 50 transport ships –  was entering Bantam Bay, near the northwest tip of Java."}, {"id": "Q187698", "label": "Takeo Kurita", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Japanese troop transports were escorted by the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, led by Rear Admiral Kenzaburo Hara, and the 7th Cruiser Division, under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita."}], "Q1538124": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The riots occurred near the height of the American War of Independence of 1775 to 1783,\nat a time when the Kingdom of Great Britain, with no major allies, not only had an American colonial rebellion to suppress, but had also become embroiled in wars against  France and  Spain, and would soon go to war against the  Dutch Republic\nas well."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The riots occurred near the height of the American War of Independence of 1775 to 1783,\nat a time when the Kingdom of Great Britain, with no major allies, not only had an American colonial rebellion to suppress, but had also become embroiled in wars against  France and  Spain, and would soon go to war against the  Dutch Republic\nas well."}, {"id": "Q165792", "label": "Edmund Burke", "section": "lead", "says": "Edmund Burke later recalled the riots as a dangerous foretaste of the 1789 French Revolution:\n\nWild and savage insurrection quitted the woods, and prowled about our streets in the name of reform...."}], "Q1550466": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Seven Pines, also known as the Battle of Fair Oaks or Fair Oaks Station, took place on May 31 and June 1, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "The more aggressive Lee initiated the Seven Days Battles, leading to a Union retreat in late June."}, {"id": "Q707558", "label": "Irvin McDowell", "section": "Background", "says": "Irvin McDowell, scheduled to march south from Fredericksburg to reinforce his army, and thus needed to protect their avenue of approach."}], "Q15542964": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England."}, {"id": "Q2452024", "label": "Italian War of 1536–1538", "section": "lead", "says": "The war arose from the failure of the Truce of Nice, which ended the Italian War of 1536–1538, to resolve the long-standing conflict between Charles and Francis—particularly their conflicting claims to the Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The war arose from the failure of the Truce of Nice, which ended the Italian War of 1536–1538, to resolve the long-standing conflict between Charles and Francis—particularly their conflicting claims to the Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q374723", "label": "Treaty of Crépy", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles came to terms with Francis by the Treaty of Crépy in late 1544, but the death of Francis's younger son, the Duke of Orléans—whose proposed marriage to a relative of the Emperor was the foundation of the treaty—made it moot less than a year afterwards."}, {"id": "Q62483", "label": "William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was engaged in the Guelders Wars, a dispute with Charles over the succession in Guelders, sealed his alliance with Francis by marrying Francis's niece, Jeanne d'Albret."}, {"id": "Q572291", "label": "Guelders Wars", "section": "Prelude", "says": "William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was engaged in the Guelders Wars, a dispute with Charles over the succession in Guelders, sealed his alliance with Francis by marrying Francis's niece, Jeanne d'Albret."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Prelude", "says": "French efforts farther east were more fruitful, leading to a renewed Franco-Ottoman alliance; Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman E"}], "Q155676": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Somosierra took place on 30 November 1808, during the Peninsular War, when a combined Franco-Napoleonic Spanish-Polish force under the direct command of Napoleon I forced a passage through a Spanish division stationed at the Sierra de Guadarrama, which shielded Madrid from direct French attack."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon overwhelmed the Spanish positions in a combined arms attack, sending the Polish Chevau-légers of the Imperial Guard at the Spanish guns while French infantry advanced up the slopes."}, {"id": "Q431767", "label": "Battle of Zornoza", "section": "Background", "says": "French invasion of Spain had started with the Battle of Zornoza."}, {"id": "Q564763", "label": "Anne Jean Marie René Savary", "section": "Background", "says": "On the evening of 28 November the brigade at Sepúlveda, made up of the 3rd Battalion of the Walloon Guards, the Jaén and Irlanda Regiments and the 1st Battalion of the Seville Volunteers, repulsed a French attack by the two Fusilier Regiments of the Middle Guard, commanded by General Anne Jean Marie René Savary."}, {"id": "Q604128", "label": "Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish troops were forced to withdraw in the gathering darkness when their cavalry was defeated by the cavalry brigade of General Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle."}], "Q1591145": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of New Carthage took place in early 209 BC when a Roman army under Publius Cornelius Scipio successfully assaulted New Carthage, the capital of Carthaginian Iberia, which was defended by a garrison under Mago."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In 211 BC the Romans in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were heavily defeated at the battle of the Upper Baetis."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "Background", "says": "The Carthaginian armies were well away from the area occupied by the Romans: one was in central Iberia led by the overall Carthaginian commander in Iberia, Hasdrubal Barca; one near Gades (modern Cádiz); and the third in Lusitania (approximately modern Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q311598", "label": "Hasdrubal the Fair", "section": "Prelude", "says": "New Carthage (known to the Romans as Carthago Nova) was founded in about 227 BC by the then ruler of Carthaginian Iberia, Hasdrubal the Fair."}], "Q1633167": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Behind the uprising lurked the rivalry between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin relatives of the two wives of the late Tsar Aleksey, who died in 1676, for dominant influence on the administration of the Tsardom of Russia."}], "Q163476": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 was a conflict fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 was a conflict fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q2060524", "label": "Treaty of Zuhab", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the Ottomans were able to recover Baghdad, taking heavy losses in the final siege, and the signing of the Treaty of Zuhab ended the war in an Ottoman victory."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history, notably during the reigns of Nader Shah (1736–1747) and Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779), it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "lead", "says": "Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history, notably during the reigns of Nader Shah (1736–1747) and Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779), it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history, notably during the reigns of Nader Shah (1736–1747) and Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779), it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q745110", "label": "Battle of Chaldiran", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Chaldiran eliminated Safavid influence in Anatolia, during the war of 1532–55 the Ottomans conquered Arab Iraq, taking Baghdad in 1534 and securing recognition of their gains by the Treaty of Amasya in 1555."}, {"id": "Q6000379", "label": "Arab Iraq", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Chaldiran eliminated Safavid influence in Anatolia, during the war of 1532–55 the Ottomans conquered Arab Iraq, taking Baghdad in 1534 and securing recognition of their gains by the Treaty of Amasya in 1555."}, {"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "Background", "says": "The Persians were hard pressed, as the Ottoman advances were combined with an attack by the Shaybanids into Persian Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q171349", "label": "Abbas the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Persian Shah, Abbas the Great (reigned 1588–1629), reorganized his army, raising the new gholam infantry in imitation of the Janissaries, conscripted from tens of thousands of mostly Circassians and Georgians armed with the best equipment and training, and bided his time."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1603, he launched an offensive that retook Tabriz, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the same year."}, {"id": "Q172056", "label": "Osman II", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1622, following a successful conclusion of the war against the Mughals, and encouraged by the internal turmoil within the Ottoman Empire that followed the murder of Sultan Osman II (r."}], "Q1641241": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadalajara (8–23 March 1937) saw the victory of the Spanish Republican Army (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR) and of the International Brigades over the Italian and Nationalist forces attempting to encircle Madrid during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Background", "says": "After the collapse of the third offensive on Madrid, Spanish Nationalist General Francisco Franco decided to continue with a fourth offensive aimed at closing the pincer around the capital."}, {"id": "Q3956", "label": "Battle of Jarama", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nationalist forces, after a defeat at the Battle of Jarama, were exhausted and could not create the necessary momentum to carry the operation through."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian dictator Benito Mussolini endorsed the operation and committed Italian units to it."}, {"id": "Q165220", "label": "Mario Roatta", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italian commander, General Mario Roatta, planned to surround the defences of Madrid from the north-east."}], "Q167002": [{"id": "Q89383", "label": "Otto Skorzeny", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Greif (English: Griffin; German: Unternehmen Greif) was a special operation commanded by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Greif (English: Griffin; German: Unternehmen Greif) was a special operation commanded by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Greif (English: Griffin; German: Unternehmen Greif) was a special operation commanded by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was the brainchild of Adolf Hitler, and its purpose was to capture one or more of the bridges over the Meuse River before they could be destroyed."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "There was an earlier Nazi military operation that used this name, namely an anti-partisan operation conducted by the German Army, begun on 14 August 1942, in the vicinity of Orsha and Vitebsk in the Soviet Union."}], "Q16871984": [{"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "lead", "says": "The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Toluid Civil War, and the wars that followed it, such as the Berke–Hulegu war and the Kaidu–Kublai war, weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the Mongol Empire and split the empire into autonomous khanates."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "Möngke handed control over the Caucasus region to the Golden Horde in 1252."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Hulagu of the Ilkhanate seized control of the Caucasus from the Golden Horde, and his sacking of Baghdad in 1258 angered Berke, a convert to Islam."}], "Q176416": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sphacteria was a land battle of the Peloponnesian War, fought in 425 BC between Athens and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q670128", "label": "Battle of Pylos", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Pylos and subsequent peace negotiations, which failed, a number of Spartans were stranded on the island of Sphacteria."}], "Q18195753": [{"id": "Q18001626", "label": "Minsk Protocol", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite a ceasefire agreement, the Minsk Protocol, in place since 5 September 2014, fighting broke out between the warring parties on 28 September 2014."}], "Q1834148": [{"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Rome took place on 2 March 537 – 12 March 538 AD and it was the city's first siege during the Gothic War (535–554) between the defending Byzantine Empire's forces under the leadership of General Belisarius against a numerically superior Ostrogothic (Goths) force under King Vitiges."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodoric the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q371670", "label": "Amalasuntha", "section": "Background", "says": "After Theodoric's death in 526, his daughter, Amalasuintha, attempted to continue pro-Byzantine policies and maintain close ties with Byzantium under Emperor Justinian I."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "After Theodoric's death in 526, his daughter, Amalasuintha, attempted to continue pro-Byzantine policies and maintain close ties with Byzantium under Emperor Justinian I."}, {"id": "Q312601", "label": "Theodahad", "section": "Background", "says": "Following her son's death in 534, the opposition revived the question of succession, culminating in Amalasuintha's deposition and murder by Theodahad in 535."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "Justinian considered this as a casus belli justification to intervene militarily in the Italian Peninsula; framing his campaign as both a defense of a legitimate ruler and a restoration of imperial authority, he launched a military campaign that became known as the Gothic War."}], "Q1837308": [{"id": "Q203501", "label": "Igor of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rus'–Byzantine War of 941 took place during the reign of Igor of Kiev."}], "Q19283494": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 February 2015, the Islamic State released a video online showing photos of 21 Christian construction workers—twenty from Egypt and one from Ghana—that they had kidnapped in the city of Sirte, Libya, and who they reported had been killed for their faith in Jesus Christ."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 February 2015, the Islamic State released a video online showing photos of 21 Christian construction workers—twenty from Egypt and one from Ghana—that they had kidnapped in the city of Sirte, Libya, and who they reported had been killed for their faith in Jesus Christ."}, {"id": "Q450675", "label": "Pope Francis", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2023, Pope Francis announced that the 21 Christian men murdered by IS would also be commemorated by the Catholic Church and listed within the Roman Martyrology in what was described as a major ecumenical decision."}], "Q192836": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine compounded the Time of Troubles (1598–1613), when the Tsardom of Russia was unsettled politically and was later invaded (1605–1618) by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine compounded the Time of Troubles (1598–1613), when the Tsardom of Russia was unsettled politically and was later invaded (1605–1618) by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}], "Q1935947": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eniwetok was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought from 17 to 23 February 1944 on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eniwetok was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought from 17 to 23 February 1944 on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q1789376", "label": "Battle of Kwajalein", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Eniwetok followed the American success in the Battle of Kwajalein to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following World War I, the atoll became part of the Japanese South Seas Mandate."}, {"id": "Q718763", "label": "South Seas Mandate", "section": "Background", "says": "Following World War I, the atoll became part of the Japanese South Seas Mandate."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Gilbert Islands fell to the United States in late 1943, the Imperial Japanese Army assigned defense of Eniwetok to the 1st Amphibious Brigade, recently formed from reservists of the 3rd Independent Garrison in Manchukuo, 3,940 men under the command of Major General Yoshimi Nishida, first arriving on 4 January 1944."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Gilbert Islands fell to the United States in late 1943, the Imperial Japanese Army assigned defense of Eniwetok to the 1st Amphibious Brigade, recently formed from reservists of the 3rd Independent Garrison in Manchukuo, 3,940 men under the command of Major General Yoshimi Nishida, first arriving on 4 January 1944."}, {"id": "Q2026138", "label": "Operation Hailstone", "section": "Background", "says": "Spruance executed Operation Hailstone, an American carrier strike against the Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands destroying 39 warships and more than 200 planes."}], "Q2014021": [{"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London (Spanish: Tratado de Londres), signed on 18 August O.S. (28 August N.S.) 1604, concluded the nineteen-year Anglo-Spanish War soon after the death of the childless Elizabeth I of England and the accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of England in 1603 as James I."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1600, Archduke Albert, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands, opened secret negotiations with England for a settlement but did not inform Madrid."}, {"id": "Q158256", "label": "Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Letters from representatives showed that Albert, Isabella Clara Eugenia, and Philip were still anxious for peace despite their difference in policies."}, {"id": "Q166623", "label": "Johan van Oldenbarnevelt", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, heading the delegation of the States of Holland, tried to attract the complicity of the new English monarch in the conflict in Flanders, of which the focus was the Siege of Ostend."}, {"id": "Q646895", "label": "Siege of Ostend", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, heading the delegation of the States of Holland, tried to attract the complicity of the new English monarch in the conflict in Flanders, of which the focus was the Siege of Ostend."}], "Q2022139": [{"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The night attack at Târgoviște (Romanian: Atacul de noapte de la Târgoviște) was a battle fought between forces of Prince Vlad III of Wallachia and Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on Thursday, 17 June 1462."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The night attack at Târgoviște (Romanian: Atacul de noapte de la Târgoviște) was a battle fought between forces of Prince Vlad III of Wallachia and Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on Thursday, 17 June 1462."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle started after Mehmed II, who already had tense relations with Vlad, discovered his alliance with Hungary's king Matthias Corvinus and ordered his forces to ambush him."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Vlad foiled the attack and invaded Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "Background", "says": "In Anatolia, the Greek Empire of Trebizond was still resisting the Ottomans, and to the East the White Sheep Turkomans of Uzun Hasan, together with other smaller states, threatened the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "Background", "says": "In Anatolia, the Greek Empire of Trebizond was still resisting the Ottomans, and to the East the White Sheep Turkomans of Uzun Hasan, together with other smaller states, threatened the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "Background", "says": "In the West, Skanderbeg in Albania continued to trouble the Sultan, while Bosnia was sometimes reluctant in paying the jizya."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Wallachia controlled the left bank of the Danube, and Mehmed wanted to have control over the river, as naval attacks could be launched against his empire all the way from the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 September 1459, Pope Pius II called for a new crusade against the Ottomans and on January 14, 1460, at the Congress of Mantua, the Pope proclaimed the official crusade that was to last for three years."}], "Q2032618": [{"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "The primary purpose of the Germans was to tie down the strongest elements of the French First Army and keep it away from the main German attack by Army Group A through the Ardennes, as laid down in the German operational plan Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), by General Erich von Manstein."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The delay was to entice the Allies into believing the main thrust would, like the Schlieffen Plan in World War I, come through Belgium and then down into France."}], "Q2043711": [{"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds."}], "Q2052417": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The conventions put an end to the Allied occupation of West Germany."}, {"id": "Q128995", "label": "Anthony Eden", "section": "lead", "says": "This was eventually overcome by the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden proposing that West Germany become a member of NATO and the removal of the references to the European Defense Community in the Bonn–Paris conventions."}], "Q2073517": [{"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC), Macedon had given Sparta control over Argos, an important city on the Aegean coast of Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "Argos joined the Achaean League, and the Laconian towns were placed under Achaean protection."}, {"id": "Q334478", "label": "Demaratus", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the Spartan regent Machanidas in 207 BC in battle against the Achaean League, Nabis overthrew the reigning king Pelops\nwith the backing of a mercenary army and placed himself on the throne, claiming descent from the Eurypontid king Demaratus."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Polybius described Nabis's force as \"a crowd of murderers, burglars, cutpurses and highwaymen\"."}, {"id": "Q366117", "label": "Philopoemen", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spartans captured Messene but were soon forced to abandon it when the army of Megalopolis arrived under the command of Philopoemen."}], "Q209965": [{"id": "Q57438", "label": "Macky Sall", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting again emerged in 2010 and 2011 but waned following the April 2012 election of Macky Sall."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Though Senegal was colonized by France in the nineteenth century, Portugal was the first European country to make contact with the country."}], "Q2164870": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eureka Rebellion involved gold miners who revolted against the British administration of the colony of Victoria, Australia, during the Victorian gold rush."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Origins in the Victorian gold rush", "says": "La Trobe's successor as lieutenant-governor, Sir Charles Hotham, took up his commission in Victoria on 22 June 1854."}], "Q22090310": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The California genocide was a series of genocidal massacres of the Indigenous peoples of California by United States governments, soldiers and settlers during the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "It began following the American conquest of California in the Mexican–American War and the subsequent influx of American settlers to the region as a result of the California gold rush."}, {"id": "Q461391", "label": "Gavin Newsom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2019, the governor of California, Gavin Newsom, described the events as \"genocide\", adding, \"...that's the way it needs to be described in the history books.\" He also apologized for the \"violence, discrimination and exploitation sanctioned by state government throughout its history\"."}, {"id": "Q1317969", "label": "Thomas Hart Benton", "section": "Background", "says": "Frémont is employed by US Senator Thomas Hart Benton and US President Andrew Jackson to explore land routes to California and prepare to conquer the territory from Mexico."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "Frémont is employed by US Senator Thomas Hart Benton and US President Andrew Jackson to explore land routes to California and prepare to conquer the territory from Mexico."}], "Q221703": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ardennes took place during the First World War fought on the frontiers of France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg from 21 to 23 August 1914."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Empire defeated the Third French Republic and forced a French retreat."}, {"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the larger Battle of the Frontiers, the first battle of the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Military operations began on the French frontier, Libau was bombarded by the German light cruiser SMS Augsburg and the British government guaranteed naval protection for French coasts."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Prelude", "says": "French commander-in-chief Joseph Joffre ordered an attack through the Ardennes forest in support of the French invasion of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q725621", "label": "Charles Lanrezac", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By 20 August, however, it was becoming clear, first to the Fifth Army (General Charles Lanrezac) and then to Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre, that a large German force was gathering in the area."}], "Q2287308": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople signed on 21 July 1832 and was the product of the London Conference of 1832 which opened in February 1832 with the participation of the Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 July 1832 British ambassador Sir Stratford Canning and the other representatives concluded the Treaty of Constantinople, which set the boundaries of the new Kingdom of Greece along the Arta–Volos line."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Powers ratified the terms of the Constantinople Arrangement in connection with the border between Greece and the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol of 30 August 1832, which marked the end of the Greek War of Independence and established modern Greece as an independent state free of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q873152": [{"id": "Q11734", "label": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Putsch (German: Juliputsch) was a failed coup d'état in Austria against the Fatherland Front government of Engelbert Dollfuss by Austrian Nazis from 25 to 30 July 1934."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Legion and Austrian Schutzstaffel soldiers with support from Nazi Germany attempted to depose Dollfuss's Austrofascist regime in favor of a pro-Nazi government under Anton Rintelen of the Christian Social Party."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Putsch ultimately failed when Adolf Hitler withdrew his support for the coup after Fascist Italy guaranteed to diplomatically support Austria against a German invasion."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Putsch ultimately failed when Adolf Hitler withdrew his support for the coup after Fascist Italy guaranteed to diplomatically support Austria against a German invasion."}, {"id": "Q738635", "label": "Kurt Schuschnigg", "section": "lead", "says": "Kurt Schuschnigg succeeded Dollfuss as Chancellor of Austria and the Fatherland Front remained in power under the Federal State of Austria until the Anschluss in 1938."}, {"id": "Q176495", "label": "Federal State of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Kurt Schuschnigg succeeded Dollfuss as Chancellor of Austria and the Fatherland Front remained in power under the Federal State of Austria until the Anschluss in 1938."}, {"id": "Q518101", "label": "First Republic of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the 1920s, the First Austrian Republic had been plagued by political violence between various right-wing and left-wing factions."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg, giving an enormous boost to Austrian Nazis, who strongly supported unification with Germany."}, {"id": "Q60087", "label": "Hans Frank", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 March, the situation was exacerbated by Hans Frank, the Nazi Minister of Justice of Bavaria, who in a public speech threatened the Austrian government with an armed intervention by Nazi forces."}, {"id": "Q306123", "label": "Austrian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1934, Dollfuss and his Fatherland Front emerged victorious in the four-day Austrian Civil War against the Social Democrats."}], "Q87540454": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the week ending on 11 April, new cases in Bangladesh grew by 1,155 percent, the highest in Asia, ahead of Indonesia, with 186 percent."}], "Q87708832": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongolia is the fifth most affected country in East Asia, after South Korea, Japan, North Korea and Taiwan."}], "Q890341": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thymbra was the decisive battle in the war between Croesus of the Lydian Kingdom and Cyrus II of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q1568965", "label": "Battle of Pteria", "section": "lead", "says": "Cyrus, after he had pursued Croesus into Lydia after the drawn Battle of Pteria, met the remnants of Croesus' partially disbanded army in battle on the plain north of Sardis in December 547 BC."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "Background", "says": "Xenophon tells us that Croesus had an army of 420,000 men, which was composed of 60,000 Babylonians, Lydians, and Phrygians, also Cappadocians, plus nations of the Hellespont."}], "Q891773": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shimonoseki campaign (Japanese: 下関戦争/馬関戦争, Hepburn: Shimonoseki Sensō/Bakan Sensō; \"Shimonoseki War\") was a series of military engagements in 1863 and 1864, fought to control the Shimonoseki Straits of Japan by joint naval forces from the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and the United States, against the Japanese feudal domain of Chōshū, which took place off and on the coast of Shimon"}], "Q89695985": [{"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The first confirmed case relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen was announced on 10 April 2020 with an occurrence in Hadhramaut."}, {"id": "Q19686631", "label": "Yemeni Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is seen to be extremely vulnerable to the outbreak, given the dire humanitarian situation due to the Yemeni Civil War, exacerbated by the ongoing famine, cholera outbreaks, and military blockade by Saudi Arabia and its allies."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is seen to be extremely vulnerable to the outbreak, given the dire humanitarian situation due to the Yemeni Civil War, exacerbated by the ongoing famine, cholera outbreaks, and military blockade by Saudi Arabia and its allies."}], "Q903378": [{"id": "Q189450", "label": "Asparuh of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Bulgars of Asparuh of Bulgaria, who had recently invaded the Balkans, and the Byzantine Empire, which ultimately lost the battle."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Bulgars of Asparuh of Bulgaria, who had recently invaded the Balkans, and the Byzantine Empire, which ultimately lost the battle."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was crucial for the creation of the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "In 632, Khan Kubrat united the Bulgars into the state of Old Great Bulgaria along the coasts of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Batbayan, the eldest son, inherited the throne in Poltava but was defeated by and submitted to the rule of his ambitious brother Cozarig (Kotrag) who had undermined the state's unity by leading his Don-Volga \"Kutrigs\" in expansion campaigns extending his empire to the north where Volga Bulgaria would eventually form."}, {"id": "Q41605", "label": "Constantine IV", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "After this success the emperor Constantine IV was free to move against the Bulgars and led an army against Asparuh."}], "Q1428015": [{"id": "Q124754", "label": "Pius VII", "section": "lead", "says": "The Concordat of 1801 is an agreement between the First French Republic and the Holy See, signed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII on 15 July 1801 in Paris."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It sought national reconciliation between the French Revolution and Catholics and solidified the Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored."}], "Q1444930": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philadelphia campaign (1777–1778) was a British military campaign during the American Revolutionary War designed to gain control of Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "Philadelphia was the  Revolutionary-era capital where the Second Continental Congress convened, formed the Continental Army, and appointed George Washington as its commander in 1775, and later authored and unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence the following year, on July 4, 1776, which formalized and escalated the war."}, {"id": "Q301487", "label": "Battle of Brandywine", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington prepared defenses against Howe's movements at Brandywine Creek, but was flanked and beaten back in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "lead", "says": "Howe's campaign was controversial because, while he succeeded in capturing the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia, he proceeded slowly and did not aid the concurrent campaign of John Burgoyne further north, which ended in disaster for the British in the Battles of Saratoga and brought France into the war."}, {"id": "Q846674", "label": "Battles of Saratoga", "section": "lead", "says": "Howe's campaign was controversial because, while he succeeded in capturing the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia, he proceeded slowly and did not aid the concurrent campaign of John Burgoyne further north, which ended in disaster for the British in the Battles of Saratoga and brought France into the war."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "Howe resigned during the occupation of Philadelphia and was replaced by his second-in-command, General Sir Henry Clinton."}, {"id": "Q1638488", "label": "Battle of Monmouth", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington's forces shadowed the withdrawing British Army until they clashed at the Battle of Monmouth, one of the war's largest battles."}], "Q1456423": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Badajoz is a peace treaty of the 19th century signed by Spain and Portugal on 6 June 1801."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "On the same day, Portugal signed a separate Treaty of Badajoz with France, which Napoleon, then First Consul of France, refused to sign."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of the 18th century, Spain and France were allies but after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, it joined the War of the First Coalition against the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of the 18th century, Spain and France were allies but after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, it joined the War of the First Coalition against the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "For much of the 18th century, Spain and France were allies but after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, it joined the War of the First Coalition against the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Charles IV, government was controlled by Chief Minister Manuel Godoy, as the King spent most of his time hunting."}, {"id": "Q316110", "label": "Manuel Godoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Charles IV, government was controlled by Chief Minister Manuel Godoy, as the King spent most of his time hunting."}, {"id": "Q1881990", "label": "Second Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "Driven by Godoy, Spain agreed to an alliance with France in the August 1796 Second Treaty of San Ildefonso and declared war on Britain, then engaged in the 1798-1802 War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "Driven by Godoy, Spain agreed to an alliance with France in the August 1796 Second Treaty of San Ildefonso and declared war on Britain, then engaged in the 1798-1802 War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q1190696", "label": "War of the Oranges", "section": "Background", "says": "British troops were withdrawn from Portugal in early 1801; Godoy returned as Chief Minister and in May, Spain invaded Portugal in the War of the Oranges."}, {"id": "Q580765", "label": "First Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "These had been fixed by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777 and the 1778 Treaty of El Pardo but war in Europe gave both sides an excuse to improve their positions."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "Background", "says": "These had been fixed by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777 and the 1778 Treaty of El Pardo but war in Europe gave both sides an excuse to improve their positions."}], "Q1473722": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dekemvriana (Greek: Δεκεμβριανά, \"December events\") was a series of clashes fought during World War II in Athens from 3 December 1944 to 11 January 1945."}, {"id": "Q960657", "label": "Ronald Scobie", "section": "lead", "says": "However, on 1 December, Lieutenant-General Ronald Scobie unilaterally ordered EAM-ELAS to disarm."}, {"id": "Q693729", "label": "Aris Velouchiotis", "section": "lead", "says": "The clashes were limited to Athens, while elsewhere in Greece the situation remained tense but peaceful, with the exception of Epirus where Aris Velouchiotis attacked the forces of Napoleon Zervas."}, {"id": "Q698278", "label": "Napoleon Zervas", "section": "lead", "says": "The clashes were limited to Athens, while elsewhere in Greece the situation remained tense but peaceful, with the exception of Epirus where Aris Velouchiotis attacked the forces of Napoleon Zervas."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by a period of \"White Terror\" against the Greek Left, which contributed to the outbreak of the Greek Civil War in 1946."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by a period of \"White Terror\" against the Greek Left, which contributed to the outbreak of the Greek Civil War in 1946."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "By the summer of 1944, the Soviet forces advancing into Romania and towards Yugoslavia meant that the Germans still in the Balkans were at risk of being cut off."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In September, Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin's armies advanced into Bulgaria, forcing the resignation of the country's pro-Nazi government and the establishment of a pro-Communist regime, and the withdrawal of Bulgarian troops from Greek Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "In September, Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin's armies advanced into Bulgaria, forcing the resignation of the country's pro-Nazi government and the establishment of a pro-Communist regime, and the withdrawal of Bulgarian troops from Greek Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q112462", "label": "Hermann Neubacher", "section": "Background", "says": "He cites German plenipotentiary Hermann Neubacher for this claim."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "However, they did not take full control because the KKE leadership was instructed by the Soviet Union not to precipitate a crisis that could jeopardize Allied unity and put Stalin's larger postwar objectives at risk."}], "Q1495481": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stoke Field, which took place at East Stoke, Nottinghamshire, on 16 June 1487, may be considered the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, since it was the last major engagement between contenders for the throne whose claims derived from descent from the houses of Lancaster and York."}, {"id": "Q222013", "label": "Battle of Bosworth Field", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bosworth Field, two years previously, had established Henry VII on the throne, ending the last period of Yorkist rule and initiating that of the Tudors."}, {"id": "Q709506", "label": "Lambert Simnel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stoke Field was the decisive engagement in an attempt by leading Ricardian Yorkists to unseat the King in favour of the pretender Lambert Simnel."}], "Q1509663": [{"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dunbar was the only significant field action of the campaign of 1296 during the beginning of the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "King Edward I of England had invaded Scotland in March 1296 to punish King John Balliol for his refusal to support English military action in France."}, {"id": "Q310065", "label": "John of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "King Edward I of England had invaded Scotland in March 1296 to punish King John Balliol for his refusal to support English military action in France."}], "Q1516439": [{"id": "Q101384", "label": "Henry I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brémule was fought on 20 August 1119 between Henry I of England and Louis VI the Fat of France."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry I had to defend his holdings in Normandy several times and his victory at this battle repelled a French invasion."}, {"id": "Q362113", "label": "William Adelin", "section": "lead", "says": "The French defeat at Brémule effectively crippled the barons' rebellion and led to King Louis' having to accept William Adelin as Duke of Normandy."}], "Q1518266": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III had gathered a large army of caliphal fighters, with the help of the Andalusi governor of Zaragoza, Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Tujibi."}], "Q1527665": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered a related conflict of the 1618 to 1648 Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand withdrew his troops in response to Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, and both sides agreed a truce in October 1630."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the diversion of Imperial resources from Germany helped the Swedes establish themselves within the Holy Roman Empire, where they would remain until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "Both territories were part of the Holy Roman Empire and of strategic importance to the area known as Lombardy, dominated by the Spanish-governed Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "Background", "says": "This allowed Spain and Austria to threaten France's restive southern provinces of Languedoc and the Dauphiné, as well as protecting the overland supply route known as the Spanish Road."}, {"id": "Q131579", "label": "Urban VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "However, this expansion caused tensions with their regional rivals, Venice and Pope Urban VIII, ruler of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "However, this expansion caused tensions with their regional rivals, Venice and Pope Urban VIII, ruler of the Papal States."}], "Q15285397": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Anti-Serb riots, consisting of large-scale violence against Serbs, occurred in Sarajevo on 28 and 29 June 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by the 19-year-old Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, anti-Serb sentiment ran high throughout Austria-Hungary and resulted in violence against Serbs."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by the 19-year-old Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, anti-Serb sentiment ran high throughout Austria-Hungary and resulted in violence against Serbs."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "On the night of the assassination, countrywide anti-Serb riots and demonstrations were organised in other parts of Austria-Hungary took place, particularly on the territory of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia."}, {"id": "Q93364", "label": "Oskar Potiorek", "section": "Background", "says": "They were organised and encouraged by Oskar Potiorek, the Austro-Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina  who had been responsible for the security of the Archduke and his wife on the day of the assassination."}], "Q153325": [{"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of Jewish uprisings in ghettos and extermination camps, Heinrich Himmler ordered the murder of the remaining Jewish forced laborers in the Lublin District of German-occupied Poland."}, {"id": "Q65047", "label": "Jakob Sporrenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "That day, SS and Police Leader Jakob Sporrenberg, who was in charge of the operation, held a conference to plan it."}, {"id": "Q158044", "label": "Operation Reinhard", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1942, 360,000 of the Jews who lived in the Lublin District of the General Governorate of German-occupied Poland were murdered during Operation Reinhard."}, {"id": "Q84441", "label": "Odilo Globočnik", "section": "Background", "says": "Himmler ordered Friedrich Krüger, Higher SS and Police Leader in the General Governorate, to carry out the mass murder operation; Krüger delegated it to SS and Police Leader Jakob Sporrenberg, who had recently succeeded Odilo Globocnik."}], "Q1533828": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 or the War of the Armenian Succession  was fought between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over control of Armenia, an important buffer state between the two realms."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 or the War of the Armenian Succession  was fought between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over control of Armenia, an important buffer state between the two realms."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Armenia had been a Roman client state since the days of Emperor Augustus, but in 52/53, the Parthians succeeded in installing their own candidate, Tiridates, on the Armenian throne."}, {"id": "Q313066", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo", "section": "lead", "says": "The war, which was the only major foreign campaign of his reign, began with rapid success for the Roman forces, led by the able general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo."}, {"id": "Q2263382", "label": "Battle of Rhandeia", "section": "lead", "says": "As soon as these had been dealt with, however, the Parthians turned their attention to Armenia, and after a couple of years of inconclusive campaigning, inflicted a heavy defeat on the Romans in the Battle of Rhandeia."}, {"id": "Q500409", "label": "Roman–Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict was the first direct confrontation between Parthia and the Romans since Crassus' disastrous expedition and Mark Antony's campaigns a century earlier, and would be the first of a long series of wars between Rome and Iranian Empires over Armenia (see Roman–Persian Wars)."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The largest and most important of these was the Kingdom of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q561316", "label": "Tigranes III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 20 BC, Augustus succeeded in establishing a Roman protectorate over the country, when Tigranes III was enthroned as king of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman-supported king, Mithridates, recovered his throne with the support of Emperor Claudius in 42 AD, but was deposed in 51 AD by his nephew Rhadamistus of Iberia."}, {"id": "Q541979", "label": "Rhadamistus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman-supported king, Mithridates, recovered his throne with the support of Emperor Claudius in 42 AD, but was deposed in 51 AD by his nephew Rhadamistus of Iberia."}, {"id": "Q312446", "label": "Vologases I of Parthia", "section": "Background", "says": "His rule quickly became unpopular, however, and this gave the newly crowned king Vologases I of Parthia the opportunity to intervene."}], "Q1539513": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Camden, also known as the Battle of Camden Court House, was fought on August 16, 1780, as part of the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "lead", "says": "A British army of 2,100 regulars and militia under Lieutenant-general Lord Cornwallis engaged an American army of 4,000 regulars and militia under Major General Horatio Gates four miles north of Camden, South Carolina."}, {"id": "Q1638488", "label": "Battle of Monmouth", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the British defeat at Saratoga in 1777, and the Battle of Monmouth in 1778, the French entered the American Revolutionary War in June 1778, followed by the Spanish in June 1779."}, {"id": "Q3235083", "label": "Siege of Charleston", "section": "Background", "says": "This campaign repeated the successful December 1778 Capture of Savannah, with Sir Henry Clinton's successful Siege of Charleston in May 1780."}, {"id": "Q1811438", "label": "Battle of Waxhaws", "section": "Background", "says": "Clinton returned to New York on 5 June, after the southern remnants of the Continental Army were defeated in May at the Battle of Waxhaws, tasking Lord Cornwallis with the pacification of the remaining portions of the state."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "General George Washington sent Continental Army regiments south, consisting of the Maryland Line and Delaware Line, under the temporary command of Major General Jean, Baron de Kalb."}], "Q1541340": [{"id": "Q702176", "label": "Battle of the Mediterranean", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Spartivento (Battaglia di Capo Teulada) was a naval battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in the Second World War, fought between naval forces of the Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina on 27 November 1940."}], "Q1541473": [{"id": "Q183226", "label": "Charles IV of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a secret agreement signed on 27 October 1807 in Fontainebleau, France between King Charles IV of Spain and the French Emperor Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a secret agreement signed on 27 October 1807 in Fontainebleau, France between King Charles IV of Spain and the French Emperor Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty, the House of Braganza was to be driven from the Kingdom of Portugal with the country subsequently divided into three regions, the north and south to be ruled by Louis II, King of Etruria and Spanish minister Manuel Godoy respectively, while the provinces of Beira, Tras-os-Montes and Portuguese Estremadura would remain in abeyance until a later peace."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty, the House of Braganza was to be driven from the Kingdom of Portugal with the country subsequently divided into three regions, the north and south to be ruled by Louis II, King of Etruria and Spanish minister Manuel Godoy respectively, while the provinces of Beira, Tras-os-Montes and Portuguese Estremadura would remain in abeyance until a later peace."}, {"id": "Q316110", "label": "Manuel Godoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty, the House of Braganza was to be driven from the Kingdom of Portugal with the country subsequently divided into three regions, the north and south to be ruled by Louis II, King of Etruria and Spanish minister Manuel Godoy respectively, while the provinces of Beira, Tras-os-Montes and Portuguese Estremadura would remain in abeyance until a later peace."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated and agreed between Don Eugenio Izquierdo, plenipotentiary of Charles IV, and Marshal Géraud Duroc as the representative of Napoleon, the accord contained 14 articles along with supplementary provisions relating to troop allocations for the planned invasion of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q550690", "label": "Géraud Duroc", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated and agreed between Don Eugenio Izquierdo, plenipotentiary of Charles IV, and Marshal Géraud Duroc as the representative of Napoleon, the accord contained 14 articles along with supplementary provisions relating to troop allocations for the planned invasion of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated and agreed between Don Eugenio Izquierdo, plenipotentiary of Charles IV, and Marshal Géraud Duroc as the representative of Napoleon, the accord contained 14 articles along with supplementary provisions relating to troop allocations for the planned invasion of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q29031", "label": "Charles Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian Charles Oman, it is probable that Napoleon never had any intention of carrying out the treaty's provisions."}], "Q1541862": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1412 Compromise of Caspe  (Compromiso de Caspe in Spanish, Compromís de Casp in Catalan) was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives of the constituent realms of the Crown of Aragon (the Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Valencia, and Principality of Catalonia), meeting in Caspe, to resolve the interregnum following the death of King Martin of Aragon in 1410 without a legitimate hei"}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1412 Compromise of Caspe  (Compromiso de Caspe in Spanish, Compromís de Casp in Catalan) was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives of the constituent realms of the Crown of Aragon (the Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Valencia, and Principality of Catalonia), meeting in Caspe, to resolve the interregnum following the death of King Martin of Aragon in 1410 without a legitimate hei"}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1412 Compromise of Caspe  (Compromiso de Caspe in Spanish, Compromís de Casp in Catalan) was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives of the constituent realms of the Crown of Aragon (the Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Valencia, and Principality of Catalonia), meeting in Caspe, to resolve the interregnum following the death of King Martin of Aragon in 1410 without a legitimate hei"}, {"id": "Q332681", "label": "Martin of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1412 Compromise of Caspe  (Compromiso de Caspe in Spanish, Compromís de Casp in Catalan) was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives of the constituent realms of the Crown of Aragon (the Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Valencia, and Principality of Catalonia), meeting in Caspe, to resolve the interregnum following the death of King Martin of Aragon in 1410 without a legitimate hei"}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Succession through the male line, as ordained in the will of James I of Aragon should have gone to James II, Count of Urgell, however multiple others claimed the throne, which led to the \"conclave\" and compromise."}, {"id": "Q925944", "label": "James II, Count of Urgell", "section": "lead", "says": "Succession through the male line, as ordained in the will of James I of Aragon should have gone to James II, Count of Urgell, however multiple others claimed the throne, which led to the \"conclave\" and compromise."}], "Q15856657": [{"id": "Q840601", "label": "East Turkestan", "section": "lead", "says": "Police said that they had confiscated a black, hand-painted East Turkestan flag at the scene, which is associated with the Uyghur separatists from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region."}], "Q2075775": [{"id": "Q5555632", "label": "First Messenian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It started around 40 years after the end of the First Messenian War with a slave rebellion."}, {"id": "Q2887969", "label": "Battle of Hysiae", "section": "lead", "says": "Other scholars, however, assign earlier dates, claiming, for example, that 668 BC is the date of the war's start, pointing at Sparta's defeat at the First Battle of Hysiae as a possible catalyst for the uprising."}], "Q2076444": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caen was an assault conducted on 26 July 1346 by forces from the Kingdom of England, led by King Edward III, on the French-held town of Caen and Normandy as a part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caen was an assault conducted on 26 July 1346 by forces from the Kingdom of England, led by King Edward III, on the French-held town of Caen and Normandy as a part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caen was an assault conducted on 26 July 1346 by forces from the Kingdom of England, led by King Edward III, on the French-held town of Caen and Normandy as a part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q27759", "label": "Battle of Crécy", "section": "lead", "says": "After turning north they heavily defeated the French at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France (r."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "1327–1377), on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council in Paris agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the ground that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}], "Q2077856": [{"id": "Q23530", "label": "Dmitry Medvedev", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement, signed on 21 April 2010 in Kharkiv, Ukraine, by Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych and Russian president Dmitry Medvedev and ratified by the parliaments of the two countries on 27 April 2010, aroused much controversy in Ukraine."}], "Q2081446": [{"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongolian Revolution of 1921, locally known as the People's Revolution of 1921, was a military and political event by which Mongolian revolutionaries, with the assistance of the Soviet Red Army, expelled Russian White Guards from the country, and founded the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Although nominally independent, the Mongolian People's Republic was a satellite state of the Soviet Union until the democratic revolution in January 1990."}, {"id": "Q353547", "label": "Bogd Khan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Bogd Khan assumed the same powers—symbolic and real—of Qing emperors in the past."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Republic of China, for its part, did all it could to re-establish Chinese sovereignty over the country."}], "Q2105495": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "An interregnum and a war of succession began in the Kingdom of Portugal in 1383 when King Ferdinand I died leaving no sons and ended when King John I was crowned in 1385 after his victory during the Battle of Aljubarrota."}, {"id": "Q1341972", "label": "Battle of Aljubarrota", "section": "lead", "says": "An interregnum and a war of succession began in the Kingdom of Portugal in 1383 when King Ferdinand I died leaving no sons and ended when King John I was crowned in 1385 after his victory during the Battle of Aljubarrota."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "That contrasted with the lengthy civil wars in France (Hundred Years' War) and England (War of the Roses), which had aristocratic factions fighting powerfully against a centralised monarchy."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In Portugal it is sometimes known simply as the Interregnum (or the First Interregnum, if the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis is counted as a \"Second Interregnum\"), the 1383–1385 crisis (Crise de 1383–1385) or the Avis Revolution (Revolução de Avis)."}, {"id": "Q108442", "label": "Ferdinand I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1383, King Ferdinand I of Portugal was dying."}, {"id": "Q233745", "label": "Beatrice of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "From his marriage to Leonor Telles de Menezes, only Princess Beatrice of Portugal survived."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the king settled for his wife's first choice, King John I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand had waged three wars against Castile during his reign, and the marriage, celebrated in May 1383, was intended to put an end to hostilities by a union of the two crowns but was not a widely accepted solution."}, {"id": "Q295824", "label": "Peter I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "There were two candidates, both illegitimate half-brothers of Ferdinand:\n\nJohn, son of Peter I of Portugal and Inês de Castro, then lived in Castile."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "John, Grandmaster of Avis, another natural son of Peter I, was very popular among the Portuguese middle class and traditional aristocracy."}], "Q2165429": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Buchach was signed on 18 October 1672 in Buczacz (Buchach) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, who had been unable to raise a suitable army, on the one side  and the Ottoman Empire on the other side, ending the first phase of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)."}, {"id": "Q54041", "label": "Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Buchach was signed on 18 October 1672 in Buczacz (Buchach) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, who had been unable to raise a suitable army, on the one side  and the Ottoman Empire on the other side, ending the first phase of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Buchach was signed on 18 October 1672 in Buczacz (Buchach) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, who had been unable to raise a suitable army, on the one side  and the Ottoman Empire on the other side, ending the first phase of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)."}, {"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty Poland:\n\nceded territory of Podolian Voivodeship to the Ottomans\nagreed to pay a yearly tribute of 22,000 thaler\nceded territory of Bratslav Voivodeship and southern Kiev Voivodeship to the Cossack Hetmanate (Ottoman Ukraine), which fought alongside the Ottomans under Petro Doroshenko."}, {"id": "Q1779177", "label": "Treaty of Żurawno", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1676, it was revised with the Treaty of Żurawno (today in Zhuravne, Stryi Raion)."}], "Q2176345": [{"id": "Q169329", "label": "Conrad of Montferrat", "section": "lead", "says": "An Ayyubid army commanded by Saladin made an amphibious assault on the city, defended by Conrad of Montferrat."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "Background", "says": "After the disastrous Battle of Hattin, much of the Holy Land had been lost to Saladin, including Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q1388825", "label": "Reginald of Sidon", "section": "Background", "says": "Reginald of Sidon was in charge of Tyre and was in the process of negotiating its surrender with Saladin, but the arrival of Conrad and his soldiers prevented it."}], "Q225562": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shizugatake (賤ヶ岳の戦い, Shizugatake no Tatakai) took place during the Sengoku period of Japan between Toyotomi Hideyoshi (then Hashiba Hideyoshi) and Shibata Katsuie in Nagahama, Ōmi Province over a period of two days beginning on the 20th day of the fourth month of Tenshō 11 (equivalent to 10-11 June 1583 on the Gregorian calendar)."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shizugatake (賤ヶ岳の戦い, Shizugatake no Tatakai) took place during the Sengoku period of Japan between Toyotomi Hideyoshi (then Hashiba Hideyoshi) and Shibata Katsuie in Nagahama, Ōmi Province over a period of two days beginning on the 20th day of the fourth month of Tenshō 11 (equivalent to 10-11 June 1583 on the Gregorian calendar)."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "Katsuie supported Oda Nobutaka's claim as successor of Oda Nobunaga in a succession dispute within the Oda clan that benefitted Hideyoshi."}, {"id": "Q1353633", "label": "Battle of Komaki and Nagakute", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shizugatake allowed Hideyoshi to consolidate his position as Oda Nobunaga's successor, and was one of the last challenges to his rule along with the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in 1584."}, {"id": "Q349345", "label": "George Sansom", "section": "lead", "says": "George Sansom states the Battle of Shizugatake \"must be regarded as one of the decisive battles in Japanese history.\""}, {"id": "Q2446917", "label": "Oda Nobutada", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1582, Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful daimyō in Japan, and his eldest son and heir Oda Nobutada were killed at the Honno-ji Incident after being betrayed by Akechi Mitsuhide."}, {"id": "Q313320", "label": "Akechi Mitsuhide", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1582, Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful daimyō in Japan, and his eldest son and heir Oda Nobutada were killed at the Honno-ji Incident after being betrayed by Akechi Mitsuhide."}, {"id": "Q3044815", "label": "Oda Nobukatsu", "section": "Background", "says": "Nobunaga's second and third eldest sons, Oda Nobukatsu and Oda Nobutaka, respectively, began to quarrel over who would succeed him."}, {"id": "Q39040", "label": "Battle of Yamazaki", "section": "Background", "says": "Hideyoshi, having defeated Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki and with Nobunaga's heir being an infant, was in a very strong position to unofficially succeed Nobunaga himself."}], "Q2270170": [{"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Nepalese War (Nepali: नेपाल-चीन युद्ध), also known as the Sino-Gorkha War and in Chinese as the campaign of Gorkha (Chinese: 廓爾喀之役), was a war fought between the Qing dynasty of China and the Kingdom of Nepal in the late 18th century following an invasion of Tibet by the Nepalese Gorkhas."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nepalese Army under Bahadur Shah plundered Tibet, which was a Qing protectorate, and Tibetans signed the Treaty of Kerung paying annual tribute to Nepal."}, {"id": "Q698065", "label": "Fuk'anggan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Tibetans requested Chinese intervention and the Chinese imperial military forces under Fuk'anggan were sent to Tibet and repulsed the Gurkhas from the Tibetan plateau in 1792."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "Sino-Tibetan forces marched into Nepal up to Nuwakot (near Nepal's capital Kathmandu) but faced a strong Nepalese counterattack."}, {"id": "Q574450", "label": "Prithvi Narayan Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "When Prithvi Narayan Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom launched an economic blockade on the Kathmandu Valley during his unification campaign, Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu faced an economic crisis which he tried to alleviate by minting low quality coins mixed with copper."}, {"id": "Q3332217", "label": "Gorkha Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "When Prithvi Narayan Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom launched an economic blockade on the Kathmandu Valley during his unification campaign, Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu faced an economic crisis which he tried to alleviate by minting low quality coins mixed with copper."}, {"id": "Q2714575", "label": "Rana Bahadur Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1788, Bahadur Shah, the youngest son of Prithivi Narayan Shah, and the uncle and regent of the minor king Rana Bahadur Shah, had inherited an aggravated coinage problem."}], "Q2273348": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maraga massacre (Armenian: Մարաղայի կոտորած, romanized: Maraghayi kotorats) was the mass murder of Armenian civilians in the village of Maraga (Maragha) by Azerbaijani troops, which had captured the village on April 10, 1992, in the course of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the census of 1989 the village had a population of 4660, predominantly ethnic Armenians including a few Armenian families who escaped pogroms but were forcefully deported from Sumgait, Baku, and other areas of Soviet Azerbaijan."}], "Q2273445": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Yalu River (Amnok River) lasted from April 30 to May 1, 1904 and was the first major land battle during the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought near Wiju (modern village of Sinuiju, North Korea) on the lower reaches of the Yalu River, on the border between Korea and China."}], "Q2276724": [{"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Defensive Shield (Hebrew: מִבְצָע חוֹמַת מָגֵן Mīvtzāh Ḥōmat Māgēn) was a 2002 Israeli military operation in the Israeli-occupied West Bank during the Second Intifada."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation began with an Israeli incursion into Ramallah, where Yasser Arafat was placed under siege at his compound."}, {"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 5, while talking with reporters in the Knesset cafeteria, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, pointing to the bloodiest week against Israelis since the start of the Second Intifada, explained the cabinet's decision: \"The Palestinians must be hit, and it must be very painful. ..."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 5, while talking with reporters in the Knesset cafeteria, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, pointing to the bloodiest week against Israelis since the start of the Second Intifada, explained the cabinet's decision: \"The Palestinians must be hit, and it must be very painful. ..."}], "Q2314453": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Ke (ケ号作戦, Ke-gō Sakusen) was the largely successful withdrawal of Japanese forces from Guadalcanal, concluding the Guadalcanal Campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Commanders of the operation included Isoroku Yamamoto and Hitoshi Imamura."}, {"id": "Q356347", "label": "Hitoshi Imamura", "section": "lead", "says": "Commanders of the operation included Isoroku Yamamoto and Hitoshi Imamura."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "lead", "says": "The decision to withdraw was endorsed by Emperor Hirohito on 31 December 1942."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Around the same time, IJA and IJN air forces began an air superiority campaign around the Solomon Islands and New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q610242", "label": "Battle of Rennell Island", "section": "lead", "says": "During the air campaign, a US cruiser was sunk in the Battle of Rennell Island and one of its escorting destroyers was heavily damaged by torpedo bombing."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Japanese air and naval forces would conduct conspicuous maneuvers and minor attacks around New Guinea and the Marshall Islands along with deceptive radio traffic to try to confuse the Allies as to their intentions."}, {"id": "Q922241", "label": "Nobutake Kondō", "section": "Background", "says": "Yamamoto detailed aircraft carriers Jun'yō and Zuihō, battleships Kongō and Haruna – with four heavy cruisers and a destroyer as the screening force – under Nobutake Kondō to provide distant cover for Ke around Ontong Java in the northern Solomons."}, {"id": "Q344529", "label": "Shintarō Hashimoto", "section": "Background", "says": "Command of the Reinforcement Unit was then shifted to Rear Admiral Tomiji Koyanagi, though Koyanagi was in turn shortly replaced by the recently promoted Rear Admiral Shintarō Hashimoto."}], "Q2314717": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers was signed on 10 February 1947, formally ending World War II hostilities between the parties."}, {"id": "Q391980", "label": "Free Territory of Trieste", "section": "lead", "says": "The transfer of several territories in the eastern Adriatic that Italy had obtained following the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920 and the Treaty of Rome in 1924 was penalized, and the Free Territory of Trieste was established."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy renounced its colonial and overseas possessions, officially recognized Ethiopia and Albania as independent, and was required to pay war reparations."}], "Q233242": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria-Hungary in the Italian Front in World War I, between 18 July and 3 August 1915."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria-Hungary in the Italian Front in World War I, between 18 July and 3 August 1915."}], "Q233657": [{"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Chimurenga, also known as the Second Matabele War, was fought between 1896 and 1897 in the region that later became Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Chimurenga, also known as the Second Matabele War, was fought between 1896 and 1897 in the region that later became Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)."}, {"id": "Q1390901", "label": "Leander Starr Jameson", "section": "lead", "says": "Only a few months earlier, the British South Africa Company's Administrator General for Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops and armaments to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid."}, {"id": "Q916340", "label": "Jameson Raid", "section": "lead", "says": "Only a few months earlier, the British South Africa Company's Administrator General for Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops and armaments to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid."}], "Q2350166": [{"id": "Q2414171", "label": "First Brazilian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Canudos (Portuguese: Guerra de Canudos, pronounced [ˈɡɛʁɐ dʒi kɐˈnudus]) was a conflict between the First Brazilian Republic and the residents of Canudos in the northeastern state of Bahia, between 1896 and 1897."}], "Q2351714": [{"id": "Q2889681", "label": "Battle of Sapienza", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Zonchio (Turkish: Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi, also known as the Battle of Sapienza or the First Battle of Lepanto) took place on four separate days: 12, 20, 22, and 25 August 1499."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Zonchio (Turkish: Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi, also known as the Battle of Sapienza or the First Battle of Lepanto) took place on four separate days: 12, 20, 22, and 25 August 1499."}, {"id": "Q732272", "label": "Kemal Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1499 Kemal Reis set sail from Constantinople with a force of 10 galleys and 4 other types of ships, and in July met with the huge, 260-ship Ottoman fleet led by Kapudan Pasha Küçük Davud, beginning a large scale war against the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1499 Kemal Reis set sail from Constantinople with a force of 10 galleys and 4 other types of ships, and in July met with the huge, 260-ship Ottoman fleet led by Kapudan Pasha Küçük Davud, beginning a large scale war against the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q602332", "label": "Antonio Grimani", "section": "Background", "says": "On July 5, Giacomo Giustiniani from Cerigo warned Venetian captain-general Antonio Grimani that the Ottoman fleet was placed between Cerigo and Negroponte with unknown plans."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "Background", "says": "On July 5, Giacomo Giustiniani from Cerigo warned Venetian captain-general Antonio Grimani that the Ottoman fleet was placed between Cerigo and Negroponte with unknown plans."}], "Q2363565": [{"id": "Q57331", "label": "Qaboos bin Said Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dhofar rebellion, also known as the Dhofar War, or the 9 June revolution, was a revolution that began in 1965 in the Dhofar region of the Arabian Peninsula against British imperialism and Sultans Said ibn Taimur and Qaboos bin Said of the Al Bu Said dynasty in Oman."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Several factors, such as the British withdrawal from Aden and support from South Yemen and China, brought the rebels increased success, with the communists controlling the entirety of the region by the late 1960s."}, {"id": "Q879869", "label": "Said bin Taimur Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1970 Omani coup d'état led to the overthrow of Sultan Said bin Taimur by his reformist son Qaboos bin Said, who was backed by a major British military intervention in the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1452350", "label": "Fred Halliday", "section": "Background", "says": "Fred Halliday described the Isolation of Oman, saying that \"If North Yemen was regarded as an isolated Arabian country, a Middle Eastern Tibet, Oman was so cut off from the outside world that no one even noticed it was isolated; until 1970 it was ultra-Tibet.\"\nDhofar was independent for most of its history."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "Background", "says": "Separated from the more populous part of Oman by hundreds of miles of desert, Dhofar has been and is more closely linked religiously, tribally, economically, and linguistically to the Hadhramaut area of Yemen than to the rest of Oman."}], "Q2420811": [{"id": "Q319302", "label": "Jean Baptiste Kléber", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mount Tabor was fought on 16 April 1799 between French forces commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte and Jean-Baptiste Kléber against an Ottoman army under Abdullah Pasha al-Azm, the pasha of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "By April, during the siege of Acre, Napoleon had become concerned about his strategic situation and the possible presence of large Ottoman forces in the vicinity."}], "Q2422839": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It played an important role in the expansion of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2448644": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Four major military campaigns were launched by the Mongol Empire, and later the Yuan dynasty, against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam) in 1258, 1282–1284, 1285, and 1287–1288."}, {"id": "Q1069320", "label": "Ulanqatai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol general Uriyangkhadai was successful in capturing the Vietnamese capital Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day Guangxi as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in Sichuan under Möngke Khan and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day Shandong and Henan."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol general Uriyangkhadai was successful in capturing the Vietnamese capital Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day Guangxi as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in Sichuan under Möngke Khan and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day Shandong and Henan."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1283, Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty launched a naval invasion of Champa that also resulted in the establishment of tributary relations."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1254, Kublai returned to Mongolia to consult with his brother about the khagan title."}], "Q244926": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The May 15 incident (五・一五事件, Goichigo jiken) was an attempted coup d'état in the Empire of Japan, on May 15, 1932, launched by reactionary elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy, aided by cadets in the Imperial Japanese Army and civilian remnants of the ultranationalist League of Blood (Ketsumei-dan)."}, {"id": "Q354687", "label": "Inukai Tsuyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated by 11 young naval officers."}, {"id": "Q704536", "label": "London Naval Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of the ratification of the London Naval Treaty limiting the size of the Imperial Japanese Navy, a movement grew within the junior officer corps to overthrow the government, and to replace it with military rule."}], "Q2462283": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of the Aisne (French: 3e Bataille de l'Aisne) was part of the German spring offensive during World War I that focused on capturing the Chemin des Dames Ridge before the American Expeditionary Forces arrived completely in France."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The massive surprise attack (named Blücher-Yorck after two Prussian generals of the Napoleonic Wars) lasted from 27 May until 4 June 1918 and was the first full-scale German offensive following the Lys Offensive in Flanders in April."}, {"id": "Q2337526", "label": "First Battle of the Aisne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans held the Chemin des Dames Ridge from the First Battle of the Aisne in September 1914 to 1917, when General Mangin captured it during the Second Battle of the Aisne (in the Nivelle Offensive)."}, {"id": "Q1694094", "label": "Second Battle of the Aisne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans held the Chemin des Dames Ridge from the First Battle of the Aisne in September 1914 to 1917, when General Mangin captured it during the Second Battle of the Aisne (in the Nivelle Offensive)."}, {"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans held the Chemin des Dames Ridge from the First Battle of the Aisne in September 1914 to 1917, when General Mangin captured it during the Second Battle of the Aisne (in the Nivelle Offensive)."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Blücher-Yorck was planned primarily by General Erich Ludendorff, the First Quartermaster-General of the German Army, who was certain that success at the Aisne would lead the German armies to within striking distance of Paris."}], "Q2467248": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Granada, also known as the Surrender of Granada or the Capitulations, was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491, between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, Aragon, and Sicily."}, {"id": "Q1552718", "label": "Granada War", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the Granada War, which had started in 1482 and culminated in the siege and battle of Granada, which began in spring 1491."}], "Q2470144": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople, also known as the Peace of Istanbul or the Treaty of Ferhad Pasha (Turkish: Ferhat Paşa Antlaşması), was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire ending the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590."}, {"id": "Q159934", "label": "Murad III", "section": "lead", "says": "The war started when the Ottomans, then ruled by Murad III, invaded the Safavid possessions in Georgia, during a period of Safavid weakness."}], "Q249960": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chouannerie (French pronunciation: [ʃwanʁi] ; from the Chouan brothers, two of its leaders) was a royalist uprising or counter-revolution in twelve of the western départements of France, particularly in the provinces of Brittany and Maine, against the First Republic during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was comparable to the War in the Vendée, which took place in the Vendée region."}, {"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "A first attempt at staging an uprising was carried out by the Association bretonne to defend the French monarchy and reinstate the devolved government, specific laws, and customs of Duchy of Brittany, which had all been repealed in 1789."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Origins", "says": "In another incident, the following spring, in the area around Quimper, a justice of the peace led several parishes in an uprising in the name of King Louis XVI against the local authorities."}], "Q2506639": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malagasy Uprising (French: Insurrection malgache; Malagasy: Tolom-bahoaka tamin' ny 1947) was a Malagasy nationalist rebellion against French colonial rule in Madagascar, lasting from March 1947 to February 1949."}, {"id": "Q525141", "label": "Radama I the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the kingdom had existed since the early 16th century, it expanded its control beyond its traditional borders in the 1820s under King Radama I, who the British government officially recognized as the sovereign over the entire island of Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q233326", "label": "Ranavalona III", "section": "Background", "says": "Queen Ranavalona III was allowed to remain as a figurehead until the emergence of a popular uprising, termed the Menalamba rebellion, for which the queen was held responsible."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Conscription of Malagasy soldiers to fight for France in World War I strengthened resentment of foreign rule, and in the interwar period these nationalist organizations proliferated."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Popular anger was especially aroused by its policies of forced labor in lieu of taxes, involuntary conscription into the army to fight in World War II, and the required contribution of large quantities of rice per head annually."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "Background", "says": "Malagasy hopes for greater sovereignty were stirred by remarks given by General Charles de Gaulle at the Brazzaville Conference in 1944, where de Gaulle announced all colonies were thereafter French overseas territories entitled to representation in the French National Assembly, and promised citizenship rights to residents of its overseas colonies."}], "Q252698": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Yury of Suzdal is mentioned in Russian chronicles as leading the army in what was initially supposed to be a campaign against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}], "Q2528398": [{"id": "Q51661", "label": "Seventh Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1245, during the First Council of Lyon, Pope Innocent IV gave his full support to the Seventh Crusade being prepared by Louis IX, King of France."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis IX sent a letter to as-Salih Ayyub."}], "Q2532815": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armero tragedy (Spanish: Tragedia de Armero [tɾaˈxeðja ðe aɾˈmeɾo]) occurred following the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano in Tolima, Colombia, on November 13, 1985."}], "Q255006": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty – which ended the Fourth Austro-Turkish War – was highly unpopular in the Military Frontier, and those who were involved in the conspiracy intended to reopen hostilities with the Ottoman Empire after they broke away from Habsburg rule."}, {"id": "Q508799", "label": "Petar Zrinski", "section": "lead", "says": "The attempted coup against Leopold I was led by the Hungarian count Ferenc Wesselényi, the Croatian viceroy Nikola Zrinski, his brother and heir Petar Zrinski, and Petar Zrinski's brother-in-law Fran Krsto Frankopan."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Causes", "says": "The expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe began in the second half of the 14th century leading to confrontation with both Serbia and the Byzantine Empire and culminating in the defeat of both nations in, respectively, the Battle of Kosovo (1389) and the Fall of Constantinople (1453)."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "Causes", "says": "The expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe began in the second half of the 14th century leading to confrontation with both Serbia and the Byzantine Empire and culminating in the defeat of both nations in, respectively, the Battle of Kosovo (1389) and the Fall of Constantinople (1453)."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Causes", "says": "By September 1656, the stalemate between the two great powers of Eastern Europe began to shift as the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV with the aid of his Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha set out to reform the Ottoman military."}, {"id": "Q728324", "label": "Köprülü Mehmed Paşa", "section": "Causes", "says": "By September 1656, the stalemate between the two great powers of Eastern Europe began to shift as the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV with the aid of his Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha set out to reform the Ottoman military."}, {"id": "Q195625", "label": "George II Rákóczi", "section": "Causes", "says": "The ensuing battles killed the Transylvanian ruler George II Rákóczi."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "Causes", "says": "Although initially reluctant to commit forces and cause an outright war with the Ottomans, he had by 1661 sent some 15,000 of his soldiers under his field marshal Raimondo Montecuccoli."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Causes", "says": "Adding to his forces was an army of native Croats and Hungarians l"}], "Q2570156": [{"id": "Q296950", "label": "Antanas Smetona", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état (Lithuanian: 1926-ųjų perversmas) was a military coup d'état in Lithuania that replaced the democratically elected government with a authoritarian regime led by Antanas Smetona."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuania was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1795."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "It was occupied by Germany during World War I, and declared itself independent on 16 February 1918."}, {"id": "Q2742886", "label": "Lithuanian Wars of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The next two years were marked by the  Lithuanian Wars of Independence, which delayed international recognition and the establishment of political institutions."}, {"id": "Q4116959", "label": "Żeligowski's Mutiny", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1920, Poland annexed Vilnius, the historic and modern capital of Lithuania, and the area surrounding it; known as Żeligowski's Mutiny, this action caused ongoing tension between the two powers in the interwar period."}, {"id": "Q381418", "label": "Augustinas Voldemaras", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustinas Voldemaras represented Lithuania at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 and later served as prime minister, minister of defense, and minister of foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q356670", "label": "Kazys Grinius", "section": "Background", "says": "Kazys Grinius had chaired a post-World War I repatriation commission, and served as head of the 6th cabinet of ministers and in the First and Second Seimas."}, {"id": "Q28909", "label": "Mykolas Sleževičius", "section": "Background", "says": "Mykolas Sleževičius served as prime minister in 1918 and 1919, oversaw the organization of the Lithuanian armed forces in 1920, and was a member of the Second Seimas between 1922 and 1926."}, {"id": "Q468823", "label": "March on Rome", "section": "Causes", "says": "Historians have pointed to specific European precedents in the 1920s that may have had an influence, including the 1922 March on Rome by Benito Mussolini in Italy and the May 1926 Coup of Józef Piłsudski in Poland."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Causes", "says": "Historians have pointed to specific European precedents in the 1920s that may have had an influence, including the 1922 March on Rome by Benito Mussolini in Italy and the May 1926 Coup of Józef Piłsudski in Poland."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Causes", "says": "Historians have pointed to specific European precedents in the 1920s that may have had an influence, including the 1922 March on Rome by Benito Mussolini in Italy and the May 1926 Coup of Józef Piłsudski in Poland."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Causes", "says": "At the time, the Soviet Union was not a member of the League of Nations."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Causes", "says": "France and the United Kingdom were looking for reliable partners in Eastern Europe, and the Baltic states were contemplati"}], "Q2588587": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nisibis was fought in the summer of 217 between the armies of the Roman Empire under the newly ascended emperor Macrinus and the Parthian army of King Artabanus IV."}, {"id": "Q1752", "label": "Macrinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nisibis was fought in the summer of 217 between the armies of the Roman Empire under the newly ascended emperor Macrinus and the Parthian army of King Artabanus IV."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the battle, Macrinus was forced to seek peace, paying the Parthians a huge sum and abandoning the invasion of Mesopotamia that Caracalla had begun a year before."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 210s, a civil war broke out in the Parthian Empire, where Artabanus IV rose up against his brother Vologases VI."}, {"id": "Q318023", "label": "Vologases VI of Parthia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 210s, a civil war broke out in the Parthian Empire, where Artabanus IV rose up against his brother Vologases VI."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "Background", "says": "Artabanus rejected this, demanding financial compensation, the rebuilding of the destroyed towns and the cession of the Roman provinces of northern Mesopotamia, only recently conquered by Septimius Severus."}], "Q2618099": [{"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Moscow in 1382 was a battle between the Principality of Moscow and Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Moscow in 1382 was a battle between the Principality of Moscow and Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, Prince Dmitry Donskoy was not in the city as he was seeking assistance from other Russian territories."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "lead", "says": "This brutality demonstrated that the Golden Horde still had the power to suppress and control Russian territories, despite their earlier setback at the Battle of Kulikovo."}, {"id": "Q570204", "label": "Battle of the Kalka River", "section": "Background", "says": "Even though it was his rival warlord Mamai who was defeated at Kulikovo, and Tokhtamysh personally defeated Mamai the next year at the Battle of the Kalka River (1381) to become the undisputed khan of the Golden Horde, he wanted to make Moscow an example of what happened if anyone dared defy Mongol supremacy over the principalities."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "Background", "says": "Tokhtamysh allied himself (in part through coercion) with the princes of Tver, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod against Muscovy, and launched a surprise attack on the city in 1382."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Dmitry Donskoy, who had led his largely Muscovite army to a pyrrhic victory at Kulikovo two years earlier, abandoned his capital and fled north, leaving the dismayed citizens of Moscow to ask a Lithuanian prince named Ostei (or Ostej), a grandson of Algirdas, to lead the defence."}], "Q2622890": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded in re-unifying the nation, after several campaigns following the death of Oda Nobunaga in 1582."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded in re-unifying the nation, after several campaigns following the death of Oda Nobunaga in 1582."}, {"id": "Q736948", "label": "Hōjō Ujimasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Hideyoshi asked Hōjō Ujimasa and Ujinao (father and son), to attend the imperial visit to Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's residence and office in Kyoto), but Ujimasa refused."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Ujimasa held a faint hope that Date Masamune would come to offer support, and if the battle reached a stalemate, Tokugawa Ieyasu would defect to his side."}], "Q2630469": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776 and the winter months of 1777 was a series of American Revolutionary War battles for control of the Port of New York and the state of New Jersey, fought between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776 and the winter months of 1777 was a series of American Revolutionary War battles for control of the Port of New York and the state of New Jersey, fought between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington."}, {"id": "Q668595", "label": "Battle of Harlem Heights", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington suffered a series of further defeats in Manhattan but prevailed in a skirmish at the Battle of Harlem Heights and eventually withdrew his troops successfully to White Plains, New York."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "lead", "says": "Washington and much of his army crossed the Hudson River to Rockland County and then south into New Jersey, retreated across the state, and then crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q334029", "label": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "section": "Background", "says": "They defeated Patriot forces in the Battle of Bunker Hill, suffering very high casualties."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When news of this expensive British victory reached London, General William Howe and Lord George Germain, the British official responsible, determined that a \"decisive action\" should be taken against New York City using forces recruited from throughout the British Empire as well as troops hired from small German states."}, {"id": "Q390992", "label": "Charles Lee", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1776, Washington ordered Charles Lee to raise troops and take command of New York's defenses."}, {"id": "Q622130", "label": "Israel Putnam", "section": "Background", "says": "Concerned that General Howe was sailing directly to New York, Washington hurried regiments from Boston, including General Israel Putnam, who commanded the troops until Washington himself arrived in mid-April."}, {"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of April, Washington dispatched General John Sullivan with six regiments to the north to bolster the faltering Quebec campaign."}], "Q2639320": [{"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Yandabo (Burmese: ရန္တပိုစာချုပ် [jàɰ̃dəbò sàdʑoʊʔ]) was the peace treaty that ended the First Anglo-Burmese War."}], "Q2646216": [{"id": "Q5264", "label": "Hippocrates", "section": "Origin and initial spread", "says": "Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about an illness resembling cholera about 2,400 years ago, as did Roman physician Galen roughly 500 years later in the 2nd century."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "Origin and initial spread", "says": "Having begun in southern India, it would later spread to eastern India and eventually Sri Lanka."}], "Q2659185": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nine-Power Treaty (Kyūkakoku Jōyaku (Japanese: 九カ国条約)) or Nine-Power Agreement (Chinese: 九國公約; pinyin: jiǔ guó gōngyuē) was a 1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of China as per the Open Door Policy."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nine-Power Treaty was signed on 6 February 1922 by all of the attendees to the Washington Naval Conference: Belgium, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nine-Power Treaty was signed on 6 February 1922 by all of the attendees to the Washington Naval Conference: Belgium, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United States."}], "Q2664371": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Tunis in 1574 marked the conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire, which had seized the place a year earlier."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Tunis in 1574 marked the conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire, which had seized the place a year earlier."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "Tunis had initially been conquered by the Ottomans under Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1534."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "In the next year, however, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had launched a major expedition and captured it in turn."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bey of Algiers Uluj Ali Pasha captured Tunis in 1569 for the Ottoman Empire, but in the aftermath of the 1571 Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto, John of Austria re-conquered Tunis in October 1573."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bey of Algiers Uluj Ali Pasha captured Tunis in 1569 for the Ottoman Empire, but in the aftermath of the 1571 Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto, John of Austria re-conquered Tunis in October 1573."}], "Q2697981": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine Civil Wars (Spanish: Guerras civiles argentinas) were a series of civil conflicts of varying intensity that took place from 1814 to 1853 in the territories of Argentina."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning concurrently with the Argentine War of Independence (1810 to 1818), the conflicts prevented the formation of a stable governing body until the signing of the Argentine Constitution of 1853, followed by low-frequency skirmishes that ended with the Federalization of Buenos Aires in 1880."}, {"id": "Q3042457", "label": "Platine War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, conflicting interests did not permit the creation of a governing body until the Pact's defeat during the Platine War."}, {"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Later conflicts centered around commercial control of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers and of Buenos Aires, the country's only port, which saw the secession of Buenos Aires from the Argentine Confederation."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "Breakaway nations and former territories of the Viceroyalty such as the Banda Oriental, Paraguay, and Upper Peru were involved to varying degrees."}], "Q2706283": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1693 Sicily earthquake was a natural disaster that struck parts of southern Italy near Sicily, then a territory part of the Crown of Aragon by the Kings of Spain Calabria and Malta, on 11 January at around 21:00 local time."}], "Q2708273": [{"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "Three revolutions against the Bourbon ruled Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had previously occurred on the island of Sicily starting from 1800: this final one, which commenced on 12 January 1848, resulted in an independent state (the self-proclaimed Kingdom of Sicily) which survived for 16 months."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Three revolutions against the Bourbon ruled Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had previously occurred on the island of Sicily starting from 1800: this final one, which commenced on 12 January 1848, resulted in an independent state (the self-proclaimed Kingdom of Sicily) which survived for 16 months."}, {"id": "Q228284", "label": "Expedition of the Thousand", "section": "lead", "says": "It was in effect a curtain-raiser to the end of the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies, finally completed by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand in 1860, the Siege of Gaeta of 1860–1861 and the proclamation of the unified Kingdom of Italy."}], "Q2737628": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It began when the Russian Empire entered Circassia and occupied Mozdok, which prompted the Circassian people to organize a resistance movement to preserve their independence."}, {"id": "Q130271137", "label": "Battle of Qbaada", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next century, the Imperial Russian Army expanded across the country until the last Circassian fighters were defeated in the Battle of Qbaada."}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it initially involved only Russia and Circassia, the conflict soon drew in a number of other Caucasian nations after they also became targets for Russian conquests, and it is consequently sometimes considered to be the western half of the Caucasian War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Upwards of 2,000,000 Circassians were killed during this period, while another 1,500,000 were displaced to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q328411", "label": "Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov", "section": "Before the war", "says": "Another view held by a smaller number of scholars is that proper warfare began in 1817 with the arrival of Aleksey Yermolov, and prior to that it was merely clashes."}], "Q277337": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chosin Reservoir, also known as the Chosin Reservoir Campaign or the Battle of Lake Changjin (Korean: 장진호 전투; Hanja: 長津湖戰鬪; MR: Changjinho chŏnt'u), was a battle in the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place about a month after the People's Republic of China entered the conflict and sent the 9th Corps of the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) to infiltrate the northeastern part of North Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place about a month after the People's Republic of China entered the conflict and sent the 9th Corps of the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) to infiltrate the northeastern part of North Korea."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Smith were encircled and attacked by about 120,000 Chinese troops under the command of Song Shilun, who had been ordered by Mao Zedong to destroy the UN forces."}, {"id": "Q493313", "label": "Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River", "section": "lead", "says": "The withdrawal of the US Eighth Army from northwest Korea and its recovery by Chinese forces in the aftermath of the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River and the evacuation of the X Corps from the port of Hungnam in northeast Korea marked the withdrawal of UN troops from North Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "United Nations (UN) forces advanced rapidly into North Korea with the intention of reuniting North and South Korea before the end of 1950."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Faced with the sudden attacks by Chinese forces in the Eighth Army sector, General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Eighth Army to launch the Home-by-Christmas Offensive."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As the US X Corps was pushing towards the reservoir, the Chinese formulated their strategy, based on their experiences in the Chinese Civil War."}], "Q27850765": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2016 Kaikōura earthquake was a Mw 7.8 earthquake in the South Island of New Zealand that occurred two minutes after midnight on 14 November 2016 NZDT (11:02 on 13 November UTC)."}], "Q28169617": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Babylon occurred in 539 BCE, when the Achaemenid Empire conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Babylon occurred in 539 BCE, when the Achaemenid Empire conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The success of the Persian campaign, led by Cyrus the Great, brought an end to the reign of the last native dynasty of Mesopotamia and gave the Persians control over the rest of the Fertile Crescent."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "lead", "says": "Nabonidus, the final Babylonian king and son of the Assyrian priestess Adad-guppi, had ascended to the throne by overthrowing his predecessor Labashi-Marduk in 556."}, {"id": "Q346539", "label": "Adad-guppi", "section": "lead", "says": "Nabonidus, the final Babylonian king and son of the Assyrian priestess Adad-guppi, had ascended to the throne by overthrowing his predecessor Labashi-Marduk in 556."}, {"id": "Q3434300", "label": "Battle of Opis", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 539, the Persian army secured a crucial victory in the Battle of Opis, thereafter triumphantly entering the city of Babylon."}], "Q282438": [{"id": "Q60472", "label": "Theodor Busse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Halbe (German: Kesselschlacht von Halbe, Battle of the Halbe Pocket; Russian: Хальбский котёл, Halbe pocket)  was a battle lasting from April 24 to May 1, 1945, in which the German Ninth Army under the command of General Theodor Busse was destroyed as a fighting force by the advancing Red Army during the Battle of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q154182", "label": "Battle of Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Halbe (German: Kesselschlacht von Halbe, Battle of the Halbe Pocket; Russian: Хальбский котёл, Halbe pocket)  was a battle lasting from April 24 to May 1, 1945, in which the German Ninth Army under the command of General Theodor Busse was destroyed as a fighting force by the advancing Red Army during the Battle of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q60357", "label": "Walther Wenck", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ninth Army, encircled in a large pocket in the Spree Forest region south-east of Berlin, attempted to break out westwards through the village of Halbe and the pine forests south of Berlin to link up with the German Twelfth Army commanded by General Walther Wenck with the intention of heading west and surrendering to the Western Allies."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "To do this, the Ninth Army had to fight its way through three lines of Soviet troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front under the command of Marshal Ivan Konev, while at the same time units of the 1st Belorussian Front, under the command of Marshal Georgy Zhukov, attacked the German rearguard from the northeast."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "To do this, the Ninth Army had to fight its way through three lines of Soviet troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front under the command of Marshal Ivan Konev, while at the same time units of the 1st Belorussian Front, under the command of Marshal Georgy Zhukov, attacked the German rearguard from the northeast."}], "Q2888296": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The city's defenses fell under Portuguese control after a carefully prepared attack, and the successful capture of the city marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Ceuta's position opposite the straits of Gibraltar gave it control of one of the main outlets of the trans-African Sudanese gold trade; and it could enable Portugal to flank its most dangerous rival, Castile."}, {"id": "Q2688156", "label": "Abu Said Uthman III", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations between the Marinids of Morocco and the Nasrids of Granada in southern Iberia were strained after Abu Said Uthman III had attempted to capture Gibraltar in 1411, and Yusuf III of Granada in response instigated a revolt in Morocco, by supporting a rival claimant to the throne."}, {"id": "Q1346443", "label": "Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations between the Marinids of Morocco and the Nasrids of Granada in southern Iberia were strained after Abu Said Uthman III had attempted to capture Gibraltar in 1411, and Yusuf III of Granada in response instigated a revolt in Morocco, by supporting a rival claimant to the throne."}, {"id": "Q17030701", "label": "Kingdom of Tlemcen", "section": "Background", "says": "A new crisis ocurred in 1414, as the neighbouring Kingdom of Tlemcen managed to briefly install Ahmad Ibn Abi Salim as governor of Ceuta, but he was ousted by Salah ben Salah, though Ibn Abi Salim still took the citys naval forces with him."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1270, king Louis IX landed an army in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q243684", "label": "Eighth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1270, king Louis IX landed an army in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q1788488", "label": "Barbary Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1390, Mahdia was attacked by a Franco-Genoese force in what became known as the Barbary Crusade."}, {"id": "Q1341972", "label": "Battle of Aljubarrota", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeating a Castillian army that had invaded Portugal in 1385 at the Battle of Aljubarrota, the recently crowned King John I of Portugal signed a peace treaty with Castille, in 1411."}, {"id": "Q201575", "label": "John I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeating a Castillian army that had invaded Portugal in 1385 at the Battle of Aljubarrota, the recently crowned King John I of Portugal signed a peace treaty with Castille, in 1411."}], "Q2913821": [{"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1730–1735 was a conflict between the forces of Safavid Iran and those of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1735."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Persian War of 1730–1735 was a conflict between the forces of Safavid Iran and those of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1735."}], "Q2994973": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in mid-1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an expansion of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in mid-1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an expansion of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in mid-1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an expansion of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q817206", "label": "Cambodian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in mid-1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an expansion of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "lead", "says": "A change in the Cambodian government allowed an opportunity to destroy the bases in 1970, when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed and replaced by pro-U.S."}, {"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "lead", "says": "General Lon Nol."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of South Vietnamese–Khmer Republic operations captured several towns, but the PAVN/VC military and political leadership narrowly escaped the cordon."}], "Q3042723": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 8 August 1967 by the foreign ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, it formally established the Association to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, cultural, technical, and administrative fields, and to foster regional peace and stability through adherence to the United Nations Charter and the rule"}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 8 August 1967 by the foreign ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, it formally established the Association to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, cultural, technical, and administrative fields, and to foster regional peace and stability through adherence to the United Nations Charter and the rule"}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 8 August 1967 by the foreign ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, it formally established the Association to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, cultural, technical, and administrative fields, and to foster regional peace and stability through adherence to the United Nations Charter and the rule"}, {"id": "Q1361929", "label": "Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation", "section": "Background", "says": "During a banquet in Bangkok to commemorate the end of Konfrontasi and the start of rapprochement, Thanat quietly floated the idea of a broader alliance to Indonesia's Foreign Minister Adam Malik."}, {"id": "Q76297", "label": "Adam Malik", "section": "Background", "says": "During a banquet in Bangkok to commemorate the end of Konfrontasi and the start of rapprochement, Thanat quietly floated the idea of a broader alliance to Indonesia's Foreign Minister Adam Malik."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Indeed, Malik was eager to reintegrate Indonesia into regional affairs after Sukarno's isolationism, had been \"courting an invitation to join\" a revived ASA even before 1967."}, {"id": "Q296317", "label": "Tunku Abdul Rahman", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Tunku Abdul Rahman discussed the possibility of expanding the ASA organisation."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Malik envisioned Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand as the founder members, with Singapore also included, though its status as a founding member remained uncertain."}], "Q113621": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Milne Bay (25 August – 7 September 1942), also known as Operation RE or the Battle of Rabi (ラビの戦い) by the Japanese, was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q697059", "label": "Battle of Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese thrust into the Pacific region had begun in early December 1941 with attacks against British and Commonwealth forces in the Battle of Hong Kong and the Malayan campaign, and against the US Pacific Fleet, much of which was caught at anchor in Pearl Harbor."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "They rapidly advanced south, overwhelming resistance in Malaya, capturing Singapore in February 1942, and successfully occupying Timor, Rabaul and the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "They rapidly advanced south, overwhelming resistance in Malaya, capturing Singapore in February 1942, and successfully occupying Timor, Rabaul and the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "While a Japanese naval operation aimed at capturing Port Moresby was defeated in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May, elsewhere American forces in the Philippines capitulated, and Japanese forces advanced towards India through Burma."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "While a Japanese naval operation aimed at capturing Port Moresby was defeated in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May, elsewhere American forces in the Philippines capitulated, and Japanese forces advanced towards India through Burma."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific Area, General Douglas MacArthur, decided to establish airbases to protect Port Moresby."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "To the west, he authorised the construction of an airbase at Merauke in Netherlands New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "For that reason, an airstrip suitable for heavy bombers was desired so that they could stage there from Port Moresby and bases in northern Australia."}, {"id": "Q952813", "label": "Thomas Blamey", "section": "Background", "says": "The Commander in Chief of Allied Land Forces, General Sir Thomas Blamey, selected a garrison for Boston on 24 May."}, {"id": "Q9267262", "label": "George Kenney", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Major General George Kenney, the commander of the Allied Air Forces, ordered air patrols stepped up over the likely Japanese invasion routes."}], "Q115105": [{"id": "Q109860", "label": "Dagobert I", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the contemporary Chronicle of Fredegar, the Battle of Wogastisburg (also called the siege of Wogastisburg) was an engagement of Slavic tribesmen (Sclav, cognomento Winidi) led by Samo fighting the Franks led by Dagobert I in 631 or 632."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The Frankish armies advanced into the area of the Slavic tribal union in three groups – Alamanni, Lombards, and Austrasian Franks."}], "Q1151705": [{"id": "Q5349053", "label": "Eighteen Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Qin dynasty was overthrown, the empire was divided into the Eighteen Kingdoms, ruled by enfeoffed rebel leaders and surrendered Qin generals according to the arrangement by Xiang Yu, the hegemon warlord."}, {"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Qin dynasty was overthrown, the empire was divided into the Eighteen Kingdoms, ruled by enfeoffed rebel leaders and surrendered Qin generals according to the arrangement by Xiang Yu, the hegemon warlord."}, {"id": "Q1349891", "label": "Battle of Gaixia", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars ended with a total victory to Liu Bang at the Battle of Gaixia, during which Xiang Yu committed suicide after losing all his men in a last stand."}], "Q1154050": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsula campaign (also known as the Peninsular campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March to July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater."}, {"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee turned the subsequent Seven Days Battles into a humiliating Union defeat."}, {"id": "Q2140288", "label": "Battle of Williamsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The first heavy fighting of the campaign occurred during the Battle of Williamsburg in which the Union troops managed some tactical victories, but the Confederates continued their withdrawal."}, {"id": "Q1362294", "label": "Battle of Drewry's Bluff", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Battle of Drewry's Bluff, an attempt by the US Navy to reach Richmond by way of the James River was repulsed."}, {"id": "Q1550466", "label": "Battle of Seven Pines", "section": "lead", "says": "As McClellan's army reached the outskirts of Richmond, a minor battle occurred at Hanover Court House, but it was followed by a surprise attack by Johnston at the Battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "Background", "says": "Winfield Scott retired and McClellan became general in chief of all the Union armies."}], "Q115626981": [{"id": "Q103838608", "label": "Pedro Castillo", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 December 2022, Pedro Castillo, the then-President of Peru, made an attempt to dissolve the Congress amidst looming removal proceedings."}, {"id": "Q106474688", "label": "Dina Boluarte", "section": "lead", "says": "Vice President Dina Boluarte was sworn in as the new president later that day."}, {"id": "Q133040", "label": "Alberto Fujimori", "section": "lead", "says": "This event was widely characterized as an attempted coup d'état by Peruvian politicians, the Constitutional Court, Peruvian media, and some international news organizations, drawing comparisons to the autogolpe of Alberto Fujimori during the 1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état."}], "Q1187249": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Portuguese or the Turco-Portuguese confrontations refers to a series of different military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire, or between other European powers and the Ottoman Empire in which relevant Portuguese military forces participated."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Portuguese or the Turco-Portuguese confrontations refers to a series of different military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire, or between other European powers and the Ottoman Empire in which relevant Portuguese military forces participated."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the Adal Sultanate, with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the Ethiopian Empire, which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of Cristóvão da Gama, the son of the famous explorer Vasco da Gama."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the Adal Sultanate, with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the Ethiopian Empire, which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of Cristóvão da Gama, the son of the famous explorer Vasco da Gama."}, {"id": "Q736159", "label": "Cristóvão da Gama", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the Adal Sultanate, with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the Ethiopian Empire, which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of Cristóvão da Gama, the son of the famous explorer Vasco da Gama."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "lead", "says": "These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the Adal Sultanate, with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the Ethiopian Empire, which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of Cristóvão da Gama, the son of the famous explorer Vasco da Gama."}], "Q118951": [{"id": "Q1365493", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory of Genoa and the destruction of the Pisan fleet marked the decline of the Republic of Pisa."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 13th century, the Republic of Genoa conquered numerous settlements in Crimea, where the Genoese colony of Caffa was established."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The alliance with the restored Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty increased the wealth and power of Genoa and simultaneously decreased Venetian and Pisan commerce."}], "Q1191854": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "One was supplied, on the condition that the cannon would be returned to the Mexicans on request."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "News of the skirmish spread throughout the United States, where it was often referred to as the \"Lexington of Texas\"."}, {"id": "Q235344", "label": "Battle of the Alamo", "section": "lead", "says": "It may have been buried and rediscovered in 1936, or it may have been seized by Mexican troops after the Battle of the Alamo."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On September 27, 1835, a detachment of 100 dragoons of the Segunda Compañía Volante de San Carlos de Álamo de Parras, led by Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda, left San Antonio de Béxar, carrying an official order for Ponton to return the cannon."}], "Q1192118": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chemulpo Bay was a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), which took place on 9 February 1904, off the coast of present-day Incheon (then called Chemulpo), Korea."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Chemulpo had strategic significance, as it was the main port for the Korean capital of Seoul, and was also the main invasion route used previously by Japanese forces in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894."}], "Q1196236": [{"id": "Q9263", "label": "Esen Taishi", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1449, Esen Taishi, leader of the Oirat Mongols, launched a large-scale, three-pronged invasion of China."}, {"id": "Q9983", "label": "Zhengtong Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite having capable generals, Emperor Yingzong of Ming, under the influence of eunuch Wang Zhen who dominated the Ming court at the time, made the decision to personally lead his armies into battle against Esen."}, {"id": "Q716074", "label": "Wang Zhen", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite having capable generals, Emperor Yingzong of Ming, under the influence of eunuch Wang Zhen who dominated the Ming court at the time, made the decision to personally lead his armies into battle against Esen."}, {"id": "Q9988", "label": "Jingtai Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "His plan was foiled due to the steadfast leadership of the commander in the capital, Yu Qian, and the ascension of the captured Emperor's brother, the Jingtai Emperor."}], "Q1208479": [{"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Georgian–Ossetian conflict of 1918–1920 were a series of uprisings, which took place in the Ossetian-inhabited areas of what is now South Ossetia, a breakaway republic in Georgia, against the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic and then the Menshevik-dominated Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Georgian–Ossetian conflict of 1918–1920 were a series of uprisings, which took place in the Ossetian-inhabited areas of what is now South Ossetia, a breakaway republic in Georgia, against the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic and then the Menshevik-dominated Democratic Republic of Georgia."}], "Q12406742": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The New Britain campaign was a World War II campaign fought between Allied and Imperial Japanese forces."}, {"id": "Q356347", "label": "Hitoshi Imamura", "section": "Background", "says": "These were centred on the headquarters of the Eighth Area Army, under the command of General Hitoshi Imamura: the 17th Division (11,429 personnel at the end of the war); the 38th Division (13,108); the 39th Brigade (5,073); the 65th Brigade (2,729); the 14th Regiment (2,444); the 34th Regiment (1,879) and the 35th Regiment (1,967)."}], "Q18380506": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2014 Burkina Faso uprising was a series of demonstrations and riots in Burkina Faso in October 2014 that quickly spread to multiple cities."}, {"id": "Q57324", "label": "Blaise Compaoré", "section": "lead", "says": "They began in response to attempts at changing the constitution to allow President Blaise Compaoré to run again and extend his 27 years in office."}, {"id": "Q57413", "label": "Alassane Ouattara", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a tumultuous day on 30 October, which included the involvement of former Defence Minister Kouamé Lougué and the burning of the National Assembly and other government buildings as well as the ruling Congress for Democracy and Progress party's headquarters, Compaoré dissolved the government and declared a state of emergency before eventually fleeing to Côte d'Ivoire with the support of Ivo"}, {"id": "Q18402168", "label": "Yacouba Isaac Zida", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Lieutenant Colonel Yacouba Isaac Zida also staked a claim to be interim head of state citing Traoré's unpopularity."}], "Q1850313": [{"id": "Q208993", "label": "Nicholas Roerich", "section": "Origins", "says": "An idea about the protection of cultural monuments was formulated for the first time by Nicholas Roerich in 1899."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Origins", "says": "During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Roerich expressed an idea about the necessity of a special treaty for the protection of institutions and cultural monuments."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1914, Roerich appealed to the high command of the Imperial Russian Army, as well as the governments of the United States and France with an idea of conclusion of an international agreement aimed on the protection of cultural values during armed conflicts."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Origins", "says": "He created a poster \"Enemy of Mankind\" denouncing the barbaric destruction of cultural monuments, and picture \"Glow\" expressing a protest against World War I."}], "Q18701760": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Mosul refers to a historical event in Iraq, occurring between 4 and 10 June 2014, when Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and allied insurgents captured the city of Mosul from the Iraqi Army."}, {"id": "Q27429856", "label": "Battle of Mosul", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraqi forces initiated an offensive to retake the city in 2016; the Battle of Mosul ended in its liberation in July the following year."}], "Q18732673": [{"id": "Q2822101", "label": "Abubakar Shekau", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks are said to have resulted in Boko Haram extending its control to over 70% of Borno State, while its leader, Abubakar Shekau, claimed responsibility for the massacre in a video statement, saying that they \"were not much\" and that the group's insurgency \"would not stop\"."}], "Q1881990": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on 19 August 1796 between the Spanish Empire and the First French Republic."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the agreement, France and Spain would become allies and combine their forces against the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "It ended the War of the Pyrenees from 1793 to 1795."}], "Q1907348": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The 6 October 1976 massacre, also known as the 6 October event (Thai: เหตุการณ์ 6 ตุลา RTGS: het kan hok tula) in Thailand, was a violent crackdown by Thai police and lynching by right-wing paramilitaries and bystanders against leftist protesters who had occupied Bangkok's Thammasat University and the adjacent Sanam Luang, on 6 October 1976."}, {"id": "Q439990", "label": "Thanom Kittikachorn", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the massacre, thousands of leftists, including students, workers and others, had been holding ongoing demonstrations against the return of exiled former Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn to Thailand since mid-September."}, {"id": "Q548733", "label": "Rama X of Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "The following day, as Seni struggled to put together his cabinet, a Thai language newspaper, Dao Siam (ดาวสยาม), published a photograph of the mock hanging on its front page, pointing out that the student at the end of the noose allegedly bore a resemblance to Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn."}], "Q1926257": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pancho Villa Expedition, now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition but originally referred to as the \"Punitive Expedition, US Army,\" was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco \"Pancho\" Villa from March 14, 1916, to February 7, 1917, during the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pancho Villa Expedition, now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition but originally referred to as the \"Punitive Expedition, US Army,\" was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco \"Pancho\" Villa from March 14, 1916, to February 7, 1917, during the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920."}, {"id": "Q2615472", "label": "Mexican Border War", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa's attack on the town of Columbus, New Mexico, an incident of the larger Mexican Border War."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "The declared objective of the expedition by the administration of US President Woodrow Wilson was the capture of Villa."}], "Q1980621": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople was signed on 25 January 1479, which officially ended the sixteen-year-long war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople was signed on 25 January 1479, which officially ended the sixteen-year-long war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire engaged in a long war since 1463, which had cost Venice dearly in treasure and blood."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetians were gradually being deprived of any reliable allies as well: the King of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus, who had previously attacked the Ottomans in the Balkans, was embroiled in quarrels with the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III."}, {"id": "Q317894", "label": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the peace in Italy itself—where Venice, Milan and Florence stood opposed to the Papacy and the Kingdom of Naples—was more fragile than ever after the assassination of the Duke of Milan, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, in December 1476, precluding any assistance from the other Italian states."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the death of Uzun Hasan, the Aq Qoyunlu ruler of Persia, in January 1478, removed Venice's hopes for an eastern challenge to the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the death of Uzun Hasan, the Aq Qoyunlu ruler of Persia, in January 1478, removed Venice's hopes for an eastern challenge to the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "In this context, a peace offer initiated by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II in late 1477 was seized upon by the Signoria of Venice, which instructed the fleet commander (provveditore d'armata) Tommaso Malipiero to offer the return of all Ottoman lands captured by Venice, as well as significant concessions: the island of Lemnos, the Mani Peninsula in the southern Morea, the fortress of Croia (Krujë) a"}], "Q2026308": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Praying Mantis was the 18 April 1988 attack by the United States on Iranian naval targets in the Persian Gulf in retaliation for the mining of a U.S. warship four days earlier."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during the US presidency of Ronald Reagan and the rule of Supreme Leader of Iran Ruhollah Khomeini."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during the US presidency of Ronald Reagan and the rule of Supreme Leader of Iran Ruhollah Khomeini."}, {"id": "Q1687078", "label": "Operation Earnest Will", "section": "lead", "says": "Roberts struck a mine while transiting international waters as part of Operation Earnest Will, the 1987–88 effort to protect reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers from Iranian attacks during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Roberts struck a mine while transiting international waters as part of Operation Earnest Will, the 1987–88 effort to protect reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers from Iranian attacks during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q4115715", "label": "Operation Nimble Archer", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 November 2003, the International Court of Justice dismissed the claim but ruled that Operation Praying Mantis and the previous October's Operation Nimble Archer \"cannot be justified as measures necessary to protect the essential security interests of the United States of America.\"\nPraying Mantis was the largest of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Navy's five major surface engagements since World War II."}], "Q2053006": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German ships evaded the British fleet and passed through the Dardanelles to reach Constantinople, where they were eventually handed over to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q62450", "label": "Wilhelm Souchon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Dispatched in 1912, the Mittelmeerdivision of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), comprising only the Goeben and Breslau, was under the command of Konteradmiral Wilhelm Souchon."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on 28 July 1914, Souchon was at Pola in the Adriatic where Goeben was undergoing repairs to her boilers."}], "Q2061304": [{"id": "Q227976", "label": "John X", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope John X personally led the Christian forces into battle."}, {"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "Background", "says": "After a series of ravaging attacks against the main sites of the Lazio in the second half of the 9th century, the Aghlabids established a colony next to the ancient city of Minturnae, near the Garigliano River."}, {"id": "Q167052", "label": "Gregory IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The Christian armies united the pope with several south Italian princes of Lombard or Greek extraction, including Guaimar II of Salerno, John I of Gaeta and his son Docibilis, Gregory IV of Naples and his son John, and Landulf I of Benevento and Capua."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine Empire participated by sending a strong contingent from Calabria and Apulia under the strategos of Bari, Nicholas Picingli."}], "Q2069434": [{"id": "Q153509", "label": "Makarios III", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup plotters removed the sitting President of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III, from office and installed pro-Enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson."}, {"id": "Q552189", "label": "Nikos Sampson", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup plotters removed the sitting President of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III, from office and installed pro-Enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Cyprus was established in 1960 with the London and Zurich Agreements, and the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots were the two founding communities."}, {"id": "Q460912", "label": "Dimitrios Ioannidis", "section": "Background", "says": "Dimitrios Ioannidis, the de facto leader of the junta, believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathizer."}], "Q2087151": [{"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q236853", "label": "Ludovico Sforza", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "His invasion of Naples in 1501 eventually led to war with Ferdinand of Aragon, who expelled the French in 1504."}], "Q2090584": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mafeking was a 217-day siege battle for the town of Mafeking (now called Mahikeng) in South Africa during the Second Boer War from October 1899 to May 1900."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mafeking was a 217-day siege battle for the town of Mafeking (now called Mahikeng) in South Africa during the Second Boer War from October 1899 to May 1900."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Shortly before the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, Lord Wolseley, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, who had failed to persuade the British government to send troops to the region, instead sent Colonel Robert Baden-Powell, accompanied by a handful of officers, to the Cape Colony to raise two regiments of mounted rifles from Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Shortly before the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, Lord Wolseley, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, who had failed to persuade the British government to send troops to the region, instead sent Colonel Robert Baden-Powell, accompanied by a handful of officers, to the Cape Colony to raise two regiments of mounted rifles from Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Their aims were to  maintain a mobile cavalry force on the frontier with the Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q916340", "label": "Jameson Raid", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many of Baden-Powell's recruits were untrained and he was aware of the Boers' greatly superior numbers, commando tactics and the failure of the earlier Jameson Raid and decided that the best way to tie down Boer troops would be through defence rather than attack."}], "Q2092225": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congress of Arras was a diplomatic congregation established at Arras in the summer of 1435 during the Hundred Years' War, between representatives of England, France and Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first negotiation since the Treaty of Troyes and replaced the fifteen-year agreement between Burgundy and England that would have seen the dynasty of Henry V inherit the French crown."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first negotiation since the Treaty of Troyes and replaced the fifteen-year agreement between Burgundy and England that would have seen the dynasty of Henry V inherit the French crown."}, {"id": "Q700156", "label": "Treaty of Arras", "section": "lead", "says": "Toward the close of the Hundred Years' War, both the Congress and the subsequent Treaty of Arras represented diplomatic failures for England and major successes for France and led to the expulsion of the English from France."}], "Q2095768": [{"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Lam Son 719 or 9th Route – Southern Laos Campaign (Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Lam Sơn 719 or Chiến dịch đường 9 – Nam Lào) was a limited-objective offensive campaign conducted in the southeastern portion of the Kingdom of Laos."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was carried out by the armed forces of South Vietnam between 8 February and 25 March 1971, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was carried out by the armed forces of South Vietnam between 8 February and 25 March 1971, during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States provided logistical, aerial and artillery support for the operation, but its ground forces were prohibited by law from entering Laotian territory."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective of the campaign was the disruption of a possible future offensive by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), whose logistical system within Laos was known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Truong Son Road to North Vietnam)."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry Kissinger."}, {"id": "Q469498", "label": "Souvanna Phouma", "section": "Background", "says": "McCain Jr (CINCPAC) communicated with Admiral Thomas Moorer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs, that an offensive against the Ho Chi Minh Trail might compel Prince Souvanna Phouma, prime minister of Laos, \"to abandon the guise of neutrality and enter the war openly.\" Although technically neutral, the Laotian government had allowed the CIA and U.S."}], "Q2096814": [{"id": "Q2046354", "label": "Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Indian National Congress' version of the events, the blame tends to be laid squarely on the Muslim League and in particular on the Chief Minister of Bengal, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Thus, the riots opened the way to a partition of Bengal between a Hindu-dominated Western Bengal including Calcutta and a Muslim-dominated Eastern Bengal (now Bangladesh)."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1946 Cabinet Mission to India for planning of the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership proposed a three-tier structure: a centre, groups of provinces and provinces."}, {"id": "Q129006", "label": "Clement Attlee", "section": "Background", "says": "British Prime Minister Clement Attlee sent a three-member Cabinet Mission to India aimed at discussing and finalising plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "Background", "says": "After holding talks with the representatives of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League—the two largest political parties in the Constituent Assembly of India—on 16 May 1946, the Mission proposed a plan of composition of the new Dominion of India and its government."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan of 16 June, as had the central presidium of Congress."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 July, however, Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress President, held a press conference in Bombay declaring that although the Congress had agreed to participate in the Constituent Assembly, it reserved the right to modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it saw fit."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "He said that if the Muslims were not granted a separate Pakistan then they would launch \"direct action\"."}], "Q233386": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The second battle of Herdonia took place in 210 BC during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Hannibal, leader of the Carthaginians, who had invaded Italy eight years earlier, encircled and destroyed a Roman army which was operating against his allies in Apulia."}], "Q2585300": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain captured Basra from the Ottoman Empire in 1914."}, {"id": "Q696848", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Second World War, the brief Anglo-Iraqi War broke out during 1941."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The city was a major target during the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s and was bombed by the US during the 1991 Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "Background", "says": "The city was a major target during the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s and was bombed by the US during the 1991 Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "Basra was the site of a 1991 uprising to overthrow Saddam Hussein after the US had driven the Iraqi Army from Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States bombed Basra routinely throughout the 1990s and leading up to the Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States bombed Basra routinely throughout the 1990s and leading up to the Iraq War."}], "Q2599625": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hira (Arabic: معركة الحيرة) was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate in 633."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hira (Arabic: معركة الحيرة) was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate in 633."}], "Q2600516": [{"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1920 Kiev offensive (or Kiev expedition, Polish: wyprawa kijowska) was a major part of the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an attempt by the armed forces of the recently established Second Polish Republic led by Józef Piłsudski, in alliance with the Ukrainian People's Republic led by Symon Petliura, to seize the territories of modern-day Ukraine which mostly fell under Soviet control after the October Revolution as the Russian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an attempt by the armed forces of the recently established Second Polish Republic led by Józef Piłsudski, in alliance with the Ukrainian People's Republic led by Symon Petliura, to seize the territories of modern-day Ukraine which mostly fell under Soviet control after the October Revolution as the Russian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an attempt by the armed forces of the recently established Second Polish Republic led by Józef Piłsudski, in alliance with the Ukrainian People's Republic led by Symon Petliura, to seize the territories of modern-day Ukraine which mostly fell under Soviet control after the October Revolution as the Russian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an attempt by the armed forces of the recently established Second Polish Republic led by Józef Piłsudski, in alliance with the Ukrainian People's Republic led by Symon Petliura, to seize the territories of modern-day Ukraine which mostly fell under Soviet control after the October Revolution as the Russian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an attempt by the armed forces of the recently established Second Polish Republic led by Józef Piłsudski, in alliance with the Ukrainian People's Republic led by Symon Petliura, to seize the territories of modern-day Ukraine which mostly fell under Soviet control after the October Revolution as the Russian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q242474", "label": "Semyon Budyonny", "section": "lead", "says": "At first, the war was successful for the allied Polish and Ukrainian armies, which captured Kiev (Kyiv) on 7 May 1920, but soon the campaign's progress was dramatically reversed due to a Red Army counter-offensive, in which the 1st Cavalry Army of Semyon Budyonny played a prominent part."}, {"id": "Q61385", "label": "Galician Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of the Soviet advance, the short-lived Galician Soviet Socialist Republic was created."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish-Soviet War ended with the Peace of Riga of 1921, which settled the border between Poland and the Russian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q313623", "label": "Georgy Chicherin", "section": "Background", "says": "They decided that peace with Poland would be desirable and on 22 December 1919, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin sent Warsaw the first of several peace offers."}], "Q2628377": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fontainebleau, signed on November 3, 1762, was a secret agreement of 1762 in which the Kingdom of France ceded Louisiana to Spain."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed the last battle in the French and Indian War in North America, the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762, which confirmed British control of Canada."}, {"id": "Q251184", "label": "Battle of Signal Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty followed the last battle in the French and Indian War in North America, the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762, which confirmed British control of Canada."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In Europe, the associated Seven Years' War continued to rage."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Having lost Canada (New France), King Louis XV of France proposed to King Charles III of Spain that France should give Spain \"the country known as Louisiana, as well as New Orleans and the island in which the city is situated.\"\nCharles ratified the treaty on November 13, 1762, and Louis ratified it ten days later."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Having lost Canada (New France), King Louis XV of France proposed to King Charles III of Spain that France should give Spain \"the country known as Louisiana, as well as New Orleans and the island in which the city is situated.\"\nCharles ratified the treaty on November 13, 1762, and Louis ratified it ten days later."}], "Q2657479": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Admiral John Jellicoe, commanding the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow, was ordered to despatch the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron (Vice-Admiral David Beatty), with HMS Lion, Queen Mary, Tiger and New Zealand, together with the 2nd Battle Squadron (Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender) comprising the modern dreadnoughts HMS King George V, Ajax, Centurion, Orion, Monarch and Conqueror, with the 1st Light Cruiser"}], "Q2664602": [{"id": "Q310963", "label": "Peter of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a struggle between two claimants to the throne of Castile, Peter of Castile and Peter IV of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q336823", "label": "Peter IV of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a struggle between two claimants to the throne of Castile, Peter of Castile and Peter IV of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The former Peter (Castilian) was supported by England and several English nobles led by King Edward III and his son, Edward, the Black Prince, while the latter Peter (Aragonese) was supported by France."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "The former Peter (Castilian) was supported by England and several English nobles led by King Edward III and his son, Edward, the Black Prince, while the latter Peter (Aragonese) was supported by France."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict also brought in the involvement of the kingdoms of Navarre and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The war resulted in Aragon gaining the upper hand, but it also devastated its economy that was already reeling from the effects of the Black Death."}, {"id": "Q314905", "label": "Bertrand du Guesclin", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry was also supported by the French commander Bertrand du Guesclin and his free companies that he managed to persuade."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Two Peters can thus be considered an extension of the wider Hundred Years' War as well as the First Castilian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Two Peters can thus be considered an extension of the wider Hundred Years' War as well as the First Castilian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "Background", "says": "Peter of Castile sought to claim the Kingdom of Valencia, which included parts of Murcia, Elche, Alicante, and Orihuela."}], "Q2665626": [{"id": "Q16931600", "label": "Southern Palestine Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beersheba (Turkish: Birüssebi Muharebesi, German: Schlacht von Beerscheba) was fought on 31 October 1917, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked and captured the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group garrison at Beersheba, beginning the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beersheba (Turkish: Birüssebi Muharebesi, German: Schlacht von Beerscheba) was fought on 31 October 1917, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked and captured the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group garrison at Beersheba, beginning the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beersheba (Turkish: Birüssebi Muharebesi, German: Schlacht von Beerscheba) was fought on 31 October 1917, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked and captured the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group garrison at Beersheba, beginning the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q61808", "label": "Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "German general Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was commander of the three divisions of the Ottoman Fourth Army."}, {"id": "Q335717", "label": "Philip Chetwode", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode, commanding the EEF's Eastern Force, began the stalemate in Southern Palestine, defending essentially the same entrenched lines held at the end of the second battle."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "lead", "says": "In June, the Ottoman Fourth Army was reorganised when the new Yildirim Army Group was established, commanded by German General Erich von Falkenhayn."}, {"id": "Q2668631", "label": "Archibald James Murray", "section": "lead", "says": "About the same time, British General Edmund Allenby replaced General Archibald Murray as commander of the EEF."}], "Q2722527": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Romani was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine campaign during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This British Empire victory ensured the safety of the Suez Canal from ground attacks and ended the Central Powers' plans to disrupt traffic through the canal by gaining control of the strategically important northern approaches to it."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The pursuit by the Anzac Mounted Division, which ended at Bir el Abd on 12 August, began the Sinai and Palestine Campaign."}], "Q281089": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rout of Ludford Bridge was a largely bloodless confrontation fought in the early years of the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q842796", "label": "First Battle of St Albans", "section": "Background", "says": "In the first pitched battle of the wars, the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, Richard of York, backed by his brother in law the Earl of Salisbury and Salisbury's son the Earl of Warwick, had eliminated most of his rivals at court."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "He reaffirmed his allegiance to the (Lancastrian) King, Henry VI and was reappointed Lord Protector, until February 1456."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Henry's Queen, Margaret of Anjou, suspected that Richard ultimately intended to supplant her infant son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales and become King himself."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "Margaret took this to be open defiance of Henry's authority."}, {"id": "Q581401", "label": "Battle of Blore Heath", "section": "Background", "says": "Warwick successfully evaded Somerset, while Audley's forces were routed at the bloody Battle of Blore Heath."}], "Q28205": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vistula River, also known as the Battle of Warsaw and Ivangorod, was a major Russian victory against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vistula River, also known as the Battle of Warsaw and Ivangorod, was a major Russian victory against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q153858", "label": "Battle of Tannenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians, believing in their own strength, recovered from the defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg, and became confident that they were superior to the Germans."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "The armies that the Russian commander Grand Duke Nicholas was assembling in Congress Poland were still enlarging, including the arrival of crack troops from Siberia, freed by the Japanese declaration of war against Germany on 23 August."}, {"id": "Q660655", "label": "First Battle of the Masurian Lakes", "section": "Background", "says": "It already had mauled two Russian armies at Tannenberg and at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "Background", "says": "To support the reeling Austro-Hungarian Armies, OHL (Oberste Heeresleitung, German supreme headquarters) formed a new German 9th Army in Silesia, to be commanded by General Richard von Schubert, with Erich Ludendorff, transferred from 8th Army, as chief of staff."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "Ludendorff quickly evaluated the situation in Silesia and convinced the new commander at OHL, Erich von Falkenhayn, to strengthen the 9th Army and also to make Paul von Hindenburg commander of both German armies in the east."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Ludendorff quickly evaluated the situation in Silesia and convinced the new commander at OHL, Erich von Falkenhayn, to strengthen the 9th Army and also to make Paul von Hindenburg commander of both German armies in the east."}], "Q2889354": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monastir offensive was an Allied military operation against the forces of the Central Powers during World War I, intended to break the deadlock on the Macedonian front by forcing the capitulation of Bulgaria and relieving the pressure on Romania."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monastir offensive was an Allied military operation against the forces of the Central Powers during World War I, intended to break the deadlock on the Macedonian front by forcing the capitulation of Bulgaria and relieving the pressure on Romania."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "On their part, the Bulgarians had urged for an offensive in Macedonia since the beginning of the year, now planning to strike with the First Army and Second Army on both Allied flanks."}, {"id": "Q1359653", "label": "Stefan Toshev", "section": "Background", "says": "The need for an Allied attack against Bulgaria became even more urgent in early September 1916, as the Bulgarian Third Army under general Stefan Toshev and field marshal Mackensen achieved decisive victories against the Romanian and Russians in the battles of Tutrakan and Dobrich."}], "Q29321": [{"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, also known as the Moscow Peace Treaty, was signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia on July 12, 1920."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuania declared independence from the former Russian Empire on February 16, 1918."}, {"id": "Q2742886", "label": "Lithuanian Wars of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "That marked the beginning of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Background", "says": "That marked the beginning of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q188271", "label": "Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas", "section": "Background", "says": "In Vilnius, the Bolsheviks proclaimed a puppet Soviet government, led by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas."}, {"id": "Q80211", "label": "Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1919, the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was merged with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, to form Litbel."}, {"id": "Q68678", "label": "Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1919, the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was merged with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, to form Litbel."}], "Q2992361": [{"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion served as a catalyst for the subsequent Falklands War."}], "Q302625": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As well as being the natural course for the Russian Empire to take upon the declaration of war on the German Empire, it was also an attempt to focus the Imperial German Army on the Eastern Front, as opposed to the Western Front as part of the alliance and to force Germany to fight a two front war."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As well as being the natural course for the Russian Empire to take upon the declaration of war on the German Empire, it was also an attempt to focus the Imperial German Army on the Eastern Front, as opposed to the Western Front as part of the alliance and to force Germany to fight a two front war."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "As well as being the natural course for the Russian Empire to take upon the declaration of war on the German Empire, it was also an attempt to focus the Imperial German Army on the Eastern Front, as opposed to the Western Front as part of the alliance and to force Germany to fight a two front war."}], "Q304403": [{"id": "Q958393", "label": "John Frost", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of 27 February, after a period of intense training and several delays due to poor weather, a company of airborne troops under the command of Major John Frost parachuted into France a few miles from the installation."}], "Q3082702": [{"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brazilian War of Independence (Portuguese: Guerra de Independência do Brasil) was an armed conflict that led to the separation of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "Brazilian forces, consisting of regular troops, local militias, and a hastily assembled fleet, defeated the Portuguese garrisons to establish the Empire of Brazil under emperor Pedro I."}, {"id": "Q3536871", "label": "Treaty of Rio de Janeiro", "section": "lead", "says": "The war formally ended with the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro in 1825, in which Portugal recognized Brazil's independence."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The war formally ended with the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro in 1825, in which Portugal recognized Brazil's independence."}], "Q3087968": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking to consolidate control over the Hijaz, Muhammad marched with his forces to the fortified city of Ta'if, stronghold of the Thaqif tribe and a long-standing commercial rival of Mecca."}], "Q3119136": [{"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The war arose out of the Franco-Ottoman alliance between Francis I of France and Süleyman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war arose out of the Franco-Ottoman alliance between Francis I of France and Süleyman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The war arose out of the Franco-Ottoman alliance between Francis I of France and Süleyman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "Background", "says": "These fears were further strengthened when following the Battle of Antipaxos against imperial admiral Andrea Doria, the Ottomans suddenly laid siege to the Venetian Island of Corfu in the Adriatic (Siege of Corfu 1537), thus breaking the peace treaty signed with Venice in 1502."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "Background", "says": "These events resolved Pope Paul III of the need to form a Holy League (1538) to combat and to deter the Ottoman assaults that were expected in the next year."}], "Q3268036": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "There was a campaign of ethnic cleansing in the area of the town of Foča committed by Serb military, police, and paramilitary forces on Bosniak civilians from 7 April 1992 to January 1994 during the Bosnian War."}], "Q3299246": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brunei revolt (Malay: Pemberontakan Brunei) or Brunei rebellion of 1962 was an insurrection in the British protectorate of Brunei by opponents of its monarchy's proposed inclusion in the Federation of Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgents were members of the TNKU (North Kalimantan National Army), a militia supplied by Indonesia and linked to the left-wing Brunei People's Party (BPR), which favoured a pro-Indonesian North Borneo Federation."}, {"id": "Q40512", "label": "Omar Ali Saifuddien III of Brunei", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt began to break down within hours, having failed to achieve key objectives such as the capture of Brunei Town and Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "Background", "says": "The northern part of the island of Borneo was composed of three British territories: the colonies of Sarawak and North Borneo (to be renamed Sabah) and the protectorate of the Sultanate of Brunei."}, {"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The northern part of the island of Borneo was composed of three British territories: the colonies of Sarawak and North Borneo (to be renamed Sabah) and the protectorate of the Sultanate of Brunei."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Philippines and particularly Indonesia opposed any move toward unification of North Borneo and Sarawak with the new federation."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, the Chief of Staff in the British Far East Headquarters in Singapore did review and update the contingency plan, PALE ALE, for Brunei."}], "Q33773": [{"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "It also became the de facto peace agreement and formed the basis for the personal union between Sweden and Norway that was established when the Norwegian Stortinget (Parliament) elected Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway on 4 November 1814."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1814, Denmark–Norway was on the losing side in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1814, Denmark–Norway was on the losing side in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Kiel, negotiated on 14 January 1814, Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden, of the new House of Bernadotte."}, {"id": "Q201625", "label": "House of Bernadotte", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Kiel, negotiated on 14 January 1814, Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden, of the new House of Bernadotte."}], "Q3439047": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia Dominicana) was a war of independence that began when the Dominican Republic declared independence from the Republic of Haiti on February 27, 1844 and ended on January 24, 1856."}, {"id": "Q605428", "label": "Charles Rivière-Hérard", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1844, Haitian soldiers invaded the Dominican Republic at the behest of President Charles Rivière-Hérard, but withdrew within a month after logistical difficulties and effective Dominican resistance."}, {"id": "Q560853", "label": "Faustin Soulouque", "section": "lead", "says": "Three years later, Haiti's President Faustin Soulouque launched his first invasion of the Dominican Republic, but his army was beaten back by forces under General Pedro Santana."}, {"id": "Q887185", "label": "Pedro Santana", "section": "lead", "says": "Three years later, Haiti's President Faustin Soulouque launched his first invasion of the Dominican Republic, but his army was beaten back by forces under General Pedro Santana."}, {"id": "Q3963507", "label": "José Núñez de Cáceres", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 9, 1821 the former Captain general in charge of the colony, José Núñez de Cáceres, influenced by all the Revolutions that were going on around him, finally decided to overthrow the Spanish government and declared independence from Spanish rule, this would usher in an Ephemeral Independence."}], "Q3555069": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878 was a secret agreement reached between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire which granted administrative control of Cyprus to Britain (see British Cyprus), in exchange for its support of the Ottomans during the Congress of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878 was a secret agreement reached between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire which granted administrative control of Cyprus to Britain (see British Cyprus), in exchange for its support of the Ottomans during the Congress of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q15240466", "label": "British Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878 was a secret agreement reached between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire which granted administrative control of Cyprus to Britain (see British Cyprus), in exchange for its support of the Ottomans during the Congress of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention was abrogated by the British on 5 November 1914, when Britain and the Ottoman Empire found themselves at war with each other following the Ottoman entry into World War I."}], "Q3560385": [{"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1966 Syrian coup d'état (21–23 February) the government of the Syrian Arab Republic was overthrown and replaced."}, {"id": "Q732137", "label": "Essam Sirius", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party were removed from power by a union of the party's Military Committee and the Syrian Regional Branch, under the leadership of Salah Jadid."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite this, the Assad regime and Ba'athist Iraq continued its propaganda campaigns against each other and the Ba'athist schism persisted."}], "Q3620958": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Memel or the siege of Memel (German: Erste Kurlandschlacht) was a battle which took place on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Memel or the siege of Memel (German: Erste Kurlandschlacht) was a battle which took place on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive drove remaining German forces in the area that is now Lithuania and Latvia into a small bridgehead in Klaipėda (Memel) and its port, leading to a three-month siege of that position."}, {"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Soviet Operation Bagration, the June–August 1944 offensive to liberate Soviet Byelorussia, had seen the German Army Group Centre nearly destroyed and driven from what is now Belarus, most of what is now Lithuania and much of Poland."}], "Q3656607": [{"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Xerigordos in 1096 (often Xerigordon in modern historical literature) pitted 6,000 Germans of the People's Crusade under Rainald of Broyes against the Turks commanded by Elchanes, general of Kilij Arslan, the Seljuk Sultan of Rûm."}, {"id": "Q345544", "label": "Kilij Arslan I", "section": "Background", "says": "The young Sultan Kilij Arslan I was in the middle of a military campaign to the east, fighting the Danishmend emirate."}], "Q3778726": [{"id": "Q922459", "label": "Marcus Perperna Veiento", "section": "lead", "says": "Marcus Perperna Veiento and Gaius Herennius were defeated by Pompey at the Battle of Valentia, while Metellus defeated Hirtuleius at the Battle of Italica."}, {"id": "Q2889842", "label": "Battle of Saguntum", "section": "lead", "says": "Sertorius engaged Pompey at the indecisive Battle of Sucro, and then the combined armies of Pompey and Metellus at the indecisive Battle of Saguntum."}], "Q385677": [{"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Myeongnyang was fought on October 26, 1597 between the Joseon Navy led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin and the Japanese navy in the Myeongnyang Strait, near Jindo Island, off the southwest corner of the Korean Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q1377984", "label": "Tōdō Takatora", "section": "lead", "says": "Tōdō Takatora, one of the commanders of the Japanese navy, was wounded during the battle and many others were killed."}, {"id": "Q379659", "label": "Won Gyun", "section": "Background", "says": "Yi's rival, Admiral Wŏn Kyun, took command of the Joseon fleet, which under Yi's careful management had grown from 63 heavy warships to 166."}, {"id": "Q483088", "label": "Battle of Chilcheollyang", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Chilcheollyang, the Japanese navy, with Tōdō Takatora in overall command, outmaneuvered the Joseon navy and virtually wiped it out."}], "Q390286": [{"id": "Q315513", "label": "Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Villaviciosa (11 December 1710) was a battle between a Franco-Spanish army led by Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme and Philip V of Spain and a Grand Alliance army commanded by Austrian General Guido Starhemberg."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Villaviciosa (11 December 1710) was a battle between a Franco-Spanish army led by Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme and Philip V of Spain and a Grand Alliance army commanded by Austrian General Guido Starhemberg."}, {"id": "Q695284", "label": "Guido Starhemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Villaviciosa (11 December 1710) was a battle between a Franco-Spanish army led by Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme and Philip V of Spain and a Grand Alliance army commanded by Austrian General Guido Starhemberg."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the War of the Spanish Succession, one day after a Vendôme's army overran a smaller British force under James Stanhope at Brihuega."}, {"id": "Q150665", "label": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1710, 23,000 Grand Alliance troops invaded Spain to secure the country for the Habsburg Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor."}], "Q399224": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Franco-Prussian War, the tradition of Camarón was embraced as a founding myth of the Legion."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Jeanningros sent the 3rd company of the 1st Battalion to reinforce the convoy guard when Indian spies told him the Mexicans would ambush the convoy."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Francisco de Paula Milán's Center Brigade, consisting of National Guard troops from Cordoba, Xalapa, Coscomatepec de Bravo and Veracruz, plus dragoons and lancers."}], "Q4062556": [{"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 16 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert Clive, of the East India Company, in the aftermath of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764."}, {"id": "Q732026", "label": "Alamgir II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 16 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert Clive, of the East India Company, in the aftermath of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764."}, {"id": "Q162296", "label": "Robert Clive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 16 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert Clive, of the East India Company, in the aftermath of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764."}, {"id": "Q2355467", "label": "Battle of Buxar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 16 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert Clive, of the East India Company, in the aftermath of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was handwritten by I'tisam-ud-Din, a Bengali Muslim scribe and diplomat to the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q642993", "label": "Shuja-ud-Daula", "section": "lead", "says": "Awadh was returned to Shuja-ud-Daula, but Allahabad and Kora were taken from him."}], "Q4115121": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Miletus was Alexander the Great's first siege and naval encounter with the Achaemenid Empire."}], "Q4205775": [{"id": "Q80211", "label": "Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A year earlier, on June 15, 1940, the Red Army occupied Lithuania and established the unpopular Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, which silenced its critics and suppressed resistance with political repression and state terrorism."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "When Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Lithuanian Activist Front initiated the June uprising for which it had been preparing since late 1940 and formed the short-lived provisional government."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "When Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Lithuanian Activist Front initiated the June uprising for which it had been preparing since late 1940 and formed the short-lived provisional government."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "For many Lithuanians, even a somewhat autonomous status, akin to the Slovak Republic, was appealing compared to the Soviet occupation."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background and preparations", "says": "In 1918, Lithuania achieved independence in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution and secured its statehood during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background and preparations", "says": "In 1918, Lithuania achieved independence in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution and secured its statehood during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence."}, {"id": "Q2742886", "label": "Lithuanian Wars of Independence", "section": "Background and preparations", "says": "In 1918, Lithuania achieved independence in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution and secured its statehood during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence."}], "Q425617": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Verneuil was a battle of the Hundred Years' War, fought on 17 August 1424 near Verneuil-sur-Avre in Normandy between an English army and a combined Franco-Scottish force, augmented by Milanese heavy cavalry."}, {"id": "Q321881", "label": "Jean de Wavrin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundian chronicler Jean de Wavrin, who fought in the battle, estimated 1,600 English killed, although the English commander, John, Duke of Bedford, claimed to have lost only two men-at-arms and \"a very few archers\"."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "The French army was under the command of the Count of Aumale, a French commander who had defeated the English at La Brossiniere and the Burgundians at Le Buissiere."}], "Q425882": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople (Russian: Константинопольский договор,) Russo-Ottoman Treaty or Treaty of the Partition of Persia (Iran Mukasemenamesi) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople (Russian: Константинопольский договор,) Russo-Ottoman Treaty or Treaty of the Partition of Persia (Iran Mukasemenamesi) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Constantinople (Russian: Константинопольский договор,) Russo-Ottoman Treaty or Treaty of the Partition of Persia (Iran Mukasemenamesi) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them."}], "Q4438492": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Central Asian revolt of 1916, also known as the Semirechye Revolt and as Urkun in Kyrgyzstan, was an anti-Russian uprising by the indigenous inhabitants of Russian Turkestan sparked by the conscription of Muslims into the Russian military for service on the Eastern Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Central Asian revolt of 1916, also known as the Semirechye Revolt and as Urkun in Kyrgyzstan, was an anti-Russian uprising by the indigenous inhabitants of Russian Turkestan sparked by the conscription of Muslims into the Russian military for service on the Eastern Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Central Asian revolt of 1916, also known as the Semirechye Revolt and as Urkun in Kyrgyzstan, was an anti-Russian uprising by the indigenous inhabitants of Russian Turkestan sparked by the conscription of Muslims into the Russian military for service on the Eastern Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian state was not able to restore order to parts of the Empire until after the outbreak of the October Revolution, and the subsequent Basmachi revolt (1916–1923) further destabilized the Central Asian region."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander Kerensky and some Russian historians were the first to bring international attention to these events."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 2, 1886, and March 25, 1891, several acts were adopted which were \"Regulations on the management of the Turkestan Krai\" and \"Regulations on the management of Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Semirechye, Ural and Turgai regions\" that allowed most of the lands of these regions to be transferred to the ownership of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1906 to 1912, as a result of Stolypin reforms in Kazakhstan and the rest of Central Asia, up to 500,000 peasant households were transported from central regions of Russia, which divided about 17 tithes of developed lands."}], "Q460280": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The communist insurgency in Hamburg was futile, lacking support from the rest of Germany or from the Soviet Union, and disintegrated within a day."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1919 and 1923, the Weimar Republic was in crisis and there were many violent conflicts between left-wing and right-wing elements."}, {"id": "Q40625", "label": "occupation of the Ruhr", "section": "Background", "says": "The Occupation of the Ruhr region further radicalized the political disputes."}, {"id": "Q1494320", "label": "Küstrin Putsch", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 October, the Black Reichswehr attempted the Küstrin Putsch."}, {"id": "Q103955", "label": "Gustav Stresemann", "section": "Background", "says": "Two weeks later, on 13 October, the Reichstag adopted an enabling act under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution that, with the stipulation that any decree made under it could be rejected by the Reichstag, was to facilitate a de jure dictatorship by Chancellor Gustav Stresemann until either a change of government or 31 March 1924."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Leon Trotsky and other influential members of the Soviet Politburo and the Comintern advanced the idea, but Heinrich Brandler, head of the KPD, felt it was premature."}], "Q481526": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre was a World War II mass shooting of Jews carried out in the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa, by the German Police Battalion 320 along with Friedrich Jeckeln's Einsatzgruppen, Hungarian soldiers, and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre was a World War II mass shooting of Jews carried out in the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa, by the German Police Battalion 320 along with Friedrich Jeckeln's Einsatzgruppen, Hungarian soldiers, and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police."}], "Q4817850": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Relatively small-scale incursions had taken place under the Rashidun Caliphate, but it was not until after the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate that an organized military effort was made to conquer the region that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Relatively small-scale incursions had taken place under the Rashidun Caliphate, but it was not until after the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate that an organized military effort was made to conquer the region that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Relatively small-scale incursions had taken place under the Rashidun Caliphate, but it was not until after the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate that an organized military effort was made to conquer the region that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Relatively small-scale incursions had taken place under the Rashidun Caliphate, but it was not until after the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate that an organized military effort was made to conquer the region that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign continued under the Abbasid Caliphate and gradually saw the Islamization of the region."}, {"id": "Q12060881", "label": "Chinese Empire", "section": "Background: Transoxiana before the Arab conquest", "says": "To its south it was bordered by the Tien Shan Mountains, behind which lay Kashgar and the other city-states of the Tarim Basin, the westernmost outposts of the Chinese Empire."}], "Q482979": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the first major engagements of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "UN forces, having been repeatedly defeated by the advancing KPA, were forced back to the \"Pusan Perimeter\", a 140-mile (230 km) defense line around an area on the southeastern tip of South Korea that included the port of Busan (then spelled Pusan)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The UN troops, consisting mostly of forces from the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA), United States, and United Kingdom, mounted a last stand around the perimeter, fighting off repeated KPA attacks for six weeks as they were engaged around the cities of Taegu, Masan, and Pohang and the Naktong River."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The UN troops, consisting mostly of forces from the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA), United States, and United Kingdom, mounted a last stand around the perimeter, fighting off repeated KPA attacks for six weeks as they were engaged around the cities of Taegu, Masan, and Pohang and the Naktong River."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the outbreak of the Korean War, the United Nations decided to commit troops in support of South Korea, which had been invaded by the neighboring North Korea."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "However, US forces in the Far East had been steadily decreasing since the end of World War II, five years earlier, and at the time the closest forces were the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army, which was headquartered in Japan."}, {"id": "Q4870302", "label": "Battle of Andong", "section": "Background", "says": "The ROK defended Yeongdeok fiercely before being forced back, and managed to repel KPA forces in the Battle of Andong."}, {"id": "Q492880", "label": "Battle of Taejon", "section": "Background", "says": "The 24th Division, the first US division committed, took heavy losses in the Battle of Taejon in mid-July, which they were driven from after heavy fighting."}], "Q499799": [{"id": "Q170390", "label": "County of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The worse-affected areas were in the County of Oldenburg, around Jever, Kehdingen, and the principality of East Frisia."}], "Q512914": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tidal Wave was an air attack by bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) based in Libya on nine oil refineries around Ploiești, Romania, on 1 August 1943, during World War II."}], "Q517941": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The US Geological Survey reported that the first earthquake occurred 60 km (37 mi) north of Quetta and 185 km (115 mi) southeast of the Afghanistan city of Kandahar at 04:09 local time (28 October, 23:09 UTC) at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi), at 30.653°N, 67.323°E."}], "Q524828": [{"id": "Q1425882", "label": "Battle of the Wilderness", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Monongahela (also known as the Battle of Braddock's Field and the Battle of the Wilderness) took place on July 9, 1755, at the beginning of the French and Indian War at Braddock's Field in present-day Braddock, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) east of Pittsburgh."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Monongahela (also known as the Battle of Braddock's Field and the Battle of the Wilderness) took place on July 9, 1755, at the beginning of the French and Indian War at Braddock's Field in present-day Braddock, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) east of Pittsburgh."}, {"id": "Q113412", "label": "Edward Braddock", "section": "lead", "says": "A British force under General Edward Braddock, moving to take Fort Duquesne, was defeated by a force of French and Canadian troops under Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu with its American Indian allies."}, {"id": "Q3177722", "label": "Braddock Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat marked the end of the Braddock Expedition, by which the British had hoped to capture Fort Duquesne and gain control of the strategic Ohio Country."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "He specifically asked for George Washington, who accompanied him on the march, to oversee his burial."}, {"id": "Q258532", "label": "British America", "section": "Background", "says": "He added to this by recruiting provincial troops in British America, swelling his forces to roughly 2,200 by the time he set out from Fort Cumberland, Maryland on 29 May."}], "Q1073488": [{"id": "Q191060", "label": "Manuel Zelaya", "section": "lead", "says": "It was triggered after President Manuel Zelaya refused to comply with a Honduran Supreme Court ruling."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "Rather than putting him on trial, the army flew him to Costa Rica."}, {"id": "Q299442", "label": "Roberto Micheletti", "section": "lead", "says": "Later that day, after presenting a resignation letter of disputed authenticity, the Honduran Congress voted to remove Zelaya from office and appointed congressional head Roberto Micheletti, the constitutional successor, to complete his term."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the first coup in Honduras since 1978."}, {"id": "Q8044708", "label": "Xiomara Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 2021, over a decade after the coup, Zelaya's wife, former First Lady Xiomara Castro de Zelaya, was elected as Honduras's first female president."}], "Q1088364": [{"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally planned by General Erich Ludendorff as Operation George but was reduced to Operation Georgette, with the objective of capturing Ypres, forcing the British forces back to the Channel ports and out of the war."}, {"id": "Q152008", "label": "Operation Michael", "section": "lead", "says": "In planning, execution and effects, Georgette was similar to (although smaller than) Operation Michael, earlier in the Spring Offensive."}, {"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "In planning, execution and effects, Georgette was similar to (although smaller than) Operation Michael, earlier in the Spring Offensive."}], "Q1092673": [{"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ciompi Revolt ([ˈt͡ʃom.pi], CHOM-pee; Italian: Tumulto dei Ciompi) was a rebellion among unrepresented labourers which occurred in the Republic of Florence in Tuscany, Italy, from 1378 to 1382."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background", "says": "Adding to the need for more military forces was the increased crime and attacks directed at merchants and at pilgrims passing through Florence that developed after the Black Death."}], "Q1093286": [{"id": "Q312681", "label": "Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia", "section": "lead", "says": "A week later, King Victor Amadeus III sued for peace, taking his kingdom out of the First Coalition."}], "Q111014585": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 February 2022 at 08:39 WIB, a moment magnitude (Mw) 6.2 earthquake struck West Sumatra, Indonesia at a depth of 4.0 km (2.5 mi)."}], "Q111015277": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "After Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilization of Russia's military reserves on 21 September, over 2,000 people were detained in mass street protests in the following days."}], "Q111487687": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy reported the town's devastation on 7 April 2022, a week after the Bucha massacre was discovered."}], "Q111598844": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 2022, days of heavy rain across KwaZulu-Natal in southeastern South Africa led to deadly floods."}], "Q111648183": [{"id": "Q747312", "label": "Timothy Snyder", "section": "lead", "says": "Scholars and commentators including Eugene Finkel, Timothy Snyder and Gregory Stanton; and legal experts such as Otto Luchterhandt and Zakhar Tropin, have made claims of varying degrees of certainty that Russia is committing genocide in Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q2493058", "label": "Gregory Stanton", "section": "lead", "says": "Scholars and commentators including Eugene Finkel, Timothy Snyder and Gregory Stanton; and legal experts such as Otto Luchterhandt and Zakhar Tropin, have made claims of varying degrees of certainty that Russia is committing genocide in Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 March 2023, following an investigation of war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russian Commissioner for Children's Rights, for the unlawful deportation and transfer of children from Ukraine to Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q17279118", "label": "Agnès Callamard", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Bucha massacre, Secretary General Agnès Callamard said that crimes committed \"are not isolated incidents and are likely part of an even larger pattern of war crimes, including extrajudicial executions, torture, and rape in other occupied regions of Ukraine.\"\nAccording to Dr."}, {"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "Background", "says": "Its goal is \"to take revenge on the population for the audacity to resist.\" Watling noted that similar tactics were used in the Second Chechen War, in the Afghanistan conflict, and during World War II."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Its goal is \"to take revenge on the population for the audacity to resist.\" Watling noted that similar tactics were used in the Second Chechen War, in the Afghanistan conflict, and during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Its goal is \"to take revenge on the population for the audacity to resist.\" Watling noted that similar tactics were used in the Second Chechen War, in the Afghanistan conflict, and during World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Representatives of the intelligence communities of the United Kingdom and Germany reported that the killings of civilians were organized."}], "Q112245529": [{"id": "Q54964679", "label": "Valerii Zaluzhnyi", "section": "lead", "says": "Ukraine's commander-in-chief Valerii Zaluzhnyi confirmed the loss of Marinka the next day."}, {"id": "Q32024", "label": "Sergei Shoigu", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu had said that since 2014, Ukrainian forces turned Marinka into a \"powerful fortified area, which is connected by underground passages. [...] Each street has its own well-fortified and fairly well-protected structures from all attacks, both from the air and artillery, long-term firing points, complex underground communication systems.\"\nOn 3 June 2015, Marinka "}], "Q1132994": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War or the War of the Holy League was the Polish side of the conflict that is otherwise known as the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began with a Polish victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which restored to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands lost in the previous Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76))."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began with a Polish victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which restored to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands lost in the previous Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76))."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began with a Polish victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which restored to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands lost in the previous Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76))."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last conflict between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire; despite the Polish victory, it marked the decline of power not only the Ottoman Empire but also the Commonwealth, which would never again interfere in affairs outside its declining borders."}], "Q113954021": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The European Parliament, as well as the United States and France – two of the three co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group – called on Azerbaijan to withdraw its troops from internationally recognised Armenian territory."}], "Q1153261": [{"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising broke out in 1594, in the initial stage of the Long Turkish War, and was fought by local Serbs, numbering some 5,000, who managed to quickly take over several towns in the region before being crushed by the Ottoman army."}, {"id": "Q138465", "label": "Saint Sava", "section": "lead", "says": "The relics of Saint Sava were burnt by the Ottomans as a retaliation."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Mutiny struck throughout the Ottoman Empire, the rebellion of the capital troops in January 1593 assuring the government to seek out a new war of conquest to get out of the crisis."}, {"id": "Q701335", "label": "Battle of Sisak", "section": "Background", "says": "The defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Sisak (22 June 1593) and the uncertain outcome of fighting in Upper Hungary in the beginning of the Long Turkish War (1593–1606) woke up internal problems and also jeopardized Ottoman rule in the vassal principalities of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q368154", "label": "Sigismund Báthory", "section": "Prelude", "says": "They gathered in the frontier towards Transylvania (ruled by Ottoman vassal Sigismund Báthory), where numerous hajduk bands were active before the war, and received help from Đorđe Palotić, the Ban of Lugos, and Ferenc Geszti, one of the main Transylvanian commanders."}], "Q1153610": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's spring 1862 campaign through the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "Banks's army), but it proved to be a strategic Confederate victory because President Abraham Lincoln reinforced the Union's Valley forces with troops that had originally been designated for the Peninsula campaign against Richmond."}, {"id": "Q855913", "label": "Battle of McDowell", "section": "lead", "says": "Frémont's army in the Battle of McDowell, preventing a potential combination of the two Union armies against him."}, {"id": "Q923522", "label": "James Shields", "section": "lead", "says": "James Shields recaptured Front Roy"}], "Q117244307": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 March 2023, a magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan, with an intermediate depth of approximately 187 km (116 mi)."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At least 21 people were killed in Afghanistan and neighboring Pakistan."}], "Q1518023": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maguindanao massacre (also known as the Ampatuan massacre, named after the town where mass graves of victims were found) occurred on the morning of November 23, 2009, in the town of Ampatuan in Maguindanao, Philippines (now located in Maguindanao del Sur)."}, {"id": "Q1480", "label": "Corazon Aquino", "section": "Background", "says": "Andal Ampatuan Sr. first came into prominence when President Corazon Aquino appointed him as Chief-of-Offices of Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak) in 1986 immediately after the People Power Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1274389", "label": "People Power Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Andal Ampatuan Sr. first came into prominence when President Corazon Aquino appointed him as Chief-of-Offices of Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak) in 1986 immediately after the People Power Revolution."}, {"id": "Q123665", "label": "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo", "section": "Background", "says": "Members of Lakas-Kampi-CMD, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo listed Andal Sr. as a major ally in Mindanao."}], "Q1536103": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lund, part of the Scanian War, was fought on December 4, 1676, in an area north of the city of Lund in Scania in southern Sweden, between the invading Danish army and the army of Charles XI of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lund, part of the Scanian War, was fought on December 4, 1676, in an area north of the city of Lund in Scania in southern Sweden, between the invading Danish army and the army of Charles XI of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q157793", "label": "Christian V of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danish had an army of about 13,000 under the personal command of 30-year-old King Christian V of Denmark, aided by General Carl von Arensdorff."}, {"id": "Q3132764", "label": "Simon Grundel-Helmfelt", "section": "lead", "says": "The victorious Swedish army, which numbered about 8,000, was commanded by Field Marshal Simon Grundel-Helmfelt and the 21-year-old Swedish king Charles XI."}], "Q1546173": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Fort Ticonderoga occurred during the American Revolutionary War on May 10, 1775, when a small force of Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold surprised and captured the fort's small British garrison."}, {"id": "Q552007", "label": "Ethan Allen", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Fort Ticonderoga occurred during the American Revolutionary War on May 10, 1775, when a small force of Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold surprised and captured the fort's small British garrison."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Fort Ticonderoga occurred during the American Revolutionary War on May 10, 1775, when a small force of Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold surprised and captured the fort's small British garrison."}, {"id": "Q355680", "label": "Henry Knox", "section": "lead", "says": "The cannons and other armaments at Fort Ticonderoga were later transported to Boston by Colonel Henry Knox in the noble train of artillery and used to fortify Dorchester Heights and break the standoff at the siege of Boston."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga's location did not appear to be as strategically important as it had been in the French and Indian War, when the French famously defended it against a much larger British force in the 1758 Battle of Carillon, and when the British captured it in 1759."}, {"id": "Q697897", "label": "Battle of Carillon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga's location did not appear to be as strategically important as it had been in the French and Indian War, when the French famously defended it against a much larger British force in the 1758 Battle of Carillon, and when the British captured it in 1759."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "Background", "says": "After the war began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the British General Thomas Gage realized the fort would require fortification, and several colonists had the idea of capturing the fort."}, {"id": "Q581935", "label": "Thomas Gage", "section": "Background", "says": "After the war began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the British General Thomas Gage realized the fort would require fortification, and several colonists had the idea of capturing the fort."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "Background", "says": "Gage, writing from the besieged city of Boston following Lexington and Concord, instructed Quebec's governor, General Guy Carleton, to rehabilitate and refortify the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point."}], "Q15729130": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2013, a series of protests, political demonstrations, and civil insurrection began in Venezuela due to the country's high levels of urban violence, inflation, and chronic shortages of basic goods and services."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "President Maduro described the protests as a \"coup\" attempt, and blamed the United States for them."}, {"id": "Q8781", "label": "Henrique Capriles", "section": "Background", "says": "Moderate opposition leaders Henrique Capriles and Henri Falcón argued for 'unity' and dialogue with the government, and attended meetings held by the president to discuss cooperation among the country's mayors and governors."}, {"id": "Q5715461", "label": "Henri Falcón", "section": "Background", "says": "Moderate opposition leaders Henrique Capriles and Henri Falcón argued for 'unity' and dialogue with the government, and attended meetings held by the president to discuss cooperation among the country's mayors and governors."}, {"id": "Q1672657", "label": "Leopoldo López", "section": "Background", "says": "Other opposition leaders, such as Leopoldo López and Marina Corina Machado, opposed dialogue and called for a new strategy to force an immediate change in the government."}], "Q1573604": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eupatoria (Russian: Штурм Евпатории, lit. 'Storm of Eupatoria'; Turkish: Gözleve Muharebesi) occurred on 17 February 1855 during the Crimean War when the army of the Russian Empire unsuccessfully attempted to capture the Crimean port city of Eupatoria held by the forces of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eupatoria (Russian: Штурм Евпатории, lit. 'Storm of Eupatoria'; Turkish: Gözleve Muharebesi) occurred on 17 February 1855 during the Crimean War when the army of the Russian Empire unsuccessfully attempted to capture the Crimean port city of Eupatoria held by the forces of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eupatoria (Russian: Штурм Евпатории, lit. 'Storm of Eupatoria'; Turkish: Gözleve Muharebesi) occurred on 17 February 1855 during the Crimean War when the army of the Russian Empire unsuccessfully attempted to capture the Crimean port city of Eupatoria held by the forces of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 March 1854, the United Kingdom and France formally entered the Crimean War as allies of the Ottoman Empire by declaring war against Russia."}, {"id": "Q156026", "label": "Alexander Menshikov", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1854, Tsar Nicholas I wrote to Prince Alexander Menshikov, the Russian Commander-in-chief for the Crimean War, demanding that the reinforcements being sent to Crimea be put to a useful purpose and expressing a fear that enemy landings at Eupatoria were a danger."}], "Q1586264": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cassel, also known as the Battle of Peene, took place on 11 April 1677 during the Franco-Dutch War, near Cassel, 15 km (9 mi) west of Saint-Omer."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army commanded by the duc de Luxembourg defeated a combined Dutch–Spanish force under William of Orange."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "At the start of 1677, peace negotiations opened at Nijmegen; France already held most of the positions in the Spanish Netherlands that Louis XIV of France considered necessary for a defensible border."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "At the start of 1677, peace negotiations opened at Nijmegen; France already held most of the positions in the Spanish Netherlands that Louis XIV of France considered necessary for a defensible border."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "This was made possible by the Triple Alliance of the Dutch Republic, England and Sweden; to break this up, King Louis XIV of France paid Sweden to remain neutral, while King Charles II of England agreed to an alliance against the Dutch in the 1670 Treaty of Dover."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When France invaded the Dutch Republic in May 1672 at the start of the Franco-Dutch War, it initially seemed to have won an overwhelming victory."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Dutch position stabilised, while concern at French gains brought them support from Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, Emperor Leopold and Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "The anti-French alliance was strengthened when Denmark-Norway joined in January 1674, while the Third Anglo-Dutch War ended with the February Treaty of Westminster."}, {"id": "Q296555", "label": "Philippe I, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "Another 12,000 troops were detached to take Saint-Omer, led by Louis' brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans and Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières."}, {"id": "Q1872081", "label": "Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières", "section": "Background", "says": "Another 12,000 troops were detached to take Saint-Omer, led by Louis' brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans and Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières."}], "Q1612417": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fleurus, fought on 1 July 1690 near Fleurus, then part of the Spanish Netherlands, now in modern Belgium, was a major engagement of the Nine Years' War."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army led by Marshall Luxembourg defeated an Allied force under Waldeck."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Luxembourg's victory had limited strategic impact, since Louis XIV of France ordered him to end his campaign in the Spanish Netherlands, and instead reinforce the Dauphin on the Rhine."}], "Q1635231": [{"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hexham, 15 May 1464, marked the end of significant Lancastrian resistance in the north of England during the early part of the reign of Edward IV."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VI, however, was kept safely away (having been captured in battle three times earlier), and escaped to the north."}], "Q1639273": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anzen or Dazimon was fought on 22 July 838 at Anzen or Dazimon (now Dazmana (Akçatarla), Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anzen or Dazimon was fought on 22 July 838 at Anzen or Dazimon (now Dazmana (Akçatarla), Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q60199", "label": "Theophilos", "section": "lead", "says": "Theophilos with his army confronted the smaller Muslim army, under the Iranian vassal prince Afshin, at Dazimon."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "Background", "says": "Afshin's force included, according to John Skylitzes, the entire army of the vassal Armenian princes, and numbered an estimated 20,000 (Haldon) to 30,000 men (Treadgold), among whom were some 10,000 Turkish horse-archers."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Under their leader Nasr (converted to Christianity and baptized as Theophobos), these people had fled religious persecution in the caliphate, deserted to the empire in the previous"}], "Q166087": [{"id": "Q57291", "label": "Mwai Kibaki", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis erupted after incumbent  President Mwai Kibaki was declared the winner of the 2007 presidential election."}, {"id": "Q57657", "label": "Raila A Odinga", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporters of Kibaki's main opponent in that election, Raila Odinga of the Orange Democratic Movement, alleged electoral manipulation."}], "Q16738501": [{"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shepherds' Crusade of 1251 or the Pastoureaux or Pastorelli of 1251 was a popular crusade in northern France aimed at rescuing King Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51661", "label": "Seventh Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shepherds' Crusade of 1251 or the Pastoureaux or Pastorelli of 1251 was a popular crusade in northern France aimed at rescuing King Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1249, Saint Louis IX of France went away on crusade, leaving his mother, Blanche of Castile, as regent during his absence."}, {"id": "Q353", "label": "Blanche of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1249, Saint Louis IX of France went away on crusade, leaving his mother, Blanche of Castile, as regent during his absence."}, {"id": "Q1148862", "label": "Battle of Fariskur", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis was defeated and captured in Egypt at the Battle of Fariskur."}], "Q17199280": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Camp Speicher massacre was the mass killing of around 1,700 unarmed, Shia cadets of the Iraqi Armed Forces by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), on 12 June 2014."}], "Q172368": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sirmium, Battle of Semlin or Battle of Zemun (Hungarian: zimonyi csata) was fought on July 8, 1167 between the Byzantine Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantines achieved a decisive victory, forcing the Hungarians to sue for peace on Byzantine terms."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos attempted to achieve a diplomatic and dynastic settlement with the Kingdom of Hungary."}], "Q1778229": [{"id": "Q3428977", "label": "Operation Gothic Serpent", "section": "lead", "says": "Three months into the conflict, the US military implemented Operation Gothic Serpent to assist UNOSOM II against the SNA with special forces."}, {"id": "Q52226", "label": "Battle of Mogadishu", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon after, the infamous Battle of Mogadishu took place, signifying the end of the hunt for Aidid and military operations in Somalia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States withdrew six months after the battle, and the remaining UN forces departed from Somalia in early 1995, concluding the operation."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "During March 1993, several weeks before UNOSOM II was created, the first UN sponsored Somali peace conference was being held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}], "Q1779177": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, signed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, ended the second phase of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, signed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, ended the second phase of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)."}, {"id": "Q2165429", "label": "Treaty of Buchach", "section": "lead", "says": "It revised the 1672 Treaty of Buchach, and was more favorable to the Commonwealth, which no longer had to pay tribute, and regained about one third of the Ukrainian territories lost in the Buchach treaty."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon afterwards, the Great Turkish War broke out."}], "Q1781531": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1885 to 1908, many atrocities were committed in the Congo Free State (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo) under the absolute rule of King Leopold II of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q12967", "label": "Leopold II of Belgium", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1885 to 1908, many atrocities were committed in the Congo Free State (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo) under the absolute rule of King Leopold II of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the European powers recognized the claims of a supposedly philanthropic organisation run by Leopold II, to most of the Congo Basin region."}], "Q1789376": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place 31 January – 3 February 1944, on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q250309", "label": "Battle of Tarawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Employing learned lessons from the Battle of Tarawa, the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Employing learned lessons from the Battle of Tarawa, the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north."}], "Q23057866": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palmyra offensive (March 2016) was a military operation of the Syrian Arab Army, supported by Russian airstrikes, to recapture from the Islamic State the city of Tadmur (near the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra), which was strategically important for both forces due to its position in central Syria."}], "Q233594": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second War of Kappel (German: Zweiter Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1531 between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second War of Kappel (German: Zweiter Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1531 between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q679589", "label": "First War of Kappel", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace concluded after the First War of Kappel two years earlier had prevented an armed confrontation, but the tensions between the two parties had not been resolved, and provocations from both sides continued, fuelled in particular by the Augsburg Confession of 1530."}, {"id": "Q123034", "label": "Huldrych Zwingli", "section": "Background", "says": "The Protestant canton of Zürich and Huldrych Zwingli, leader of the Swiss Reformation, feared a military action by Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria and his brother Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor against Swiss Protestants, and saw the five Catholic cantons of Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug and Unterwalden) as potential allies of the two Habsburg sovereigns."}, {"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "Background", "says": "The Protestant canton of Zürich and Huldrych Zwingli, leader of the Swiss Reformation, feared a military action by Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria and his brother Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor against Swiss Protestants, and saw the five Catholic cantons of Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug and Unterwalden) as potential allies of the two Habsburg sovereigns."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, as the Catholic cantons refused to help the Three Leagues in the Grisons against the Duchy of Milan during the Musso War of March–April 1531, Zürich promptly considered this a breach of contracts between the Confederacy and the Three Leagues and declared an embargo against the five cantons."}], "Q2359563": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tel al-Zaatar massacre was the killing of approximately 1,500 Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims in the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon on 12 August 1976."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre occurred during the Lebanese Civil War, after the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp had been under siege since January 1976 by Lebanese Christian militias of the Lebanese Front led by the Kataeb Phalangists."}, {"id": "Q661994", "label": "Black Saturday", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a killing of five Phalangists in the Christian controlled area of Fanar on December 6, 1975, Maronite local militia captured hundreds of Muslims in East Beirut at random and massacred 150 to 200 of them in what became known as Black Saturday."}], "Q2366970": [{"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (Spanish: Sitio de Cartagena de Indias, lit. 'Siege of Cartagena de Indias') took place during the 1739 to 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear between Spain and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of long-standing commercial tensions, the war was primarily fought in the Caribbean; the British tried to capture key Spanish ports in the region, including Porto Bello and Chagres in Panama, Havana, and Cartagena de Indias in present-day Colombia."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Both countries shifted their focus to the wider European War of the Austrian Succession and hostilities ended with the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "Background", "says": "After Cartagena's capture in 1585 by an English force under Sir Francis Drake, its fortifications were rebuilt by the Italian engineer Battista Antonelli."}], "Q2394344": [{"id": "Q2607475", "label": "Battle of Hab", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also known as the First Battle of Tell Danith, distinguishing it from the Battle of Hab of 1119, the Second Battle of Tell Danith."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1114, a severe earthquake struck the Principality of Antioch, damaging many of its castles."}, {"id": "Q1296751", "label": "Muhammad I Tapar", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1111, the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I Tapar had directed a series of attacks on the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa, which were both established in 1098 in the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1111, the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I Tapar had directed a series of attacks on the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa, which were both established in 1098 in the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1111, the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I Tapar had directed a series of attacks on the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa, which were both established in 1098 in the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q727005", "label": "Toghtekin", "section": "Background", "says": "Here Roger came to an agreement with his Muslim allies, Toghtekin of Damascus, Ilghazi of Mardin, and Lu'lu' al-Yaya of Aleppo."}], "Q2401715": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the United States, Iran, and Pakistan signed it on 12 December 1977, which signifies an intention to work towards ratifying it."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iranian signature was given prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q16959211", "label": "Noura Erakat", "section": "lead", "says": "According to legal scholar and human rights attorney Noura Erakat, the Israeli non-ratification of Protocol I and II to the Geneva Conventions allows the Israeli government to recognize the Israeli-Palestinian conflict ''neither as a civil war ('non-international armed conflict,' NIAC) nor a war against a liberation movement ('international armed conflict,' IAC).'' This way, force used by Palestin"}], "Q2427013": [{"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tudela (23 November 1808) saw an Imperial French army led by Marshal Jean Lannes attack a Spanish army under General Castaños."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The combat occurred near Tudela in Navarre, Spain during the Peninsular War, part of a wider conflict known as the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The combat occurred near Tudela in Navarre, Spain during the Peninsular War, part of a wider conflict known as the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q431767", "label": "Battle of Zornoza", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon's invasion of Spain had started  with the Battle of Zornoza."}], "Q2427419": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The boundary drawn up between the two nations was the Uruguay River, with Portugal possessing the land east of the river."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The seven missions were called San Miguel, Santo Ángel, San Lorenzo Martir, San Nicolás, San Juan Bautista, San Luis Gonzaga, and San Francisco de Borja."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, Spain and Portugal annulled the 1750 treaty in the Treaty of El Pardo (1761), with Spain regaining control over the seven missions and its surrounding territory."}], "Q2427503": [{"id": "Q2165196", "label": "Operation Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 July, the British I Corps conducted an attack to secure a series of villages to the east of VIII Corps; to the west, the II Canadian Corps launched Operation Atlantic, synchronised with Goodwood, to capture the Caen suburbs south of the Orne River."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "While Goodwood failed in its primary aim, it forced the Germans to keep powerful formations opposite the British and Canadians on the eastern flank of the Normandy beachhead and Operation Cobra, the First US Army attack which began on 25 July, caused the weaker German defences opposite to collapse."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "Background", "says": "They discussed 21st Army Group operations, following the conclusion of Operation Charnwood and the failure of the First US Army break-out offensive."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The order was also sent to senior planners in the United Kingdom so that air support for the operation could be secured."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Among its occupants was Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, the commander of Army Group B, who was seriously wounded, leaving Army Group B temporarily leaderless."}], "Q2446643": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raate Road (Finnish: Raatteen tien taistelu) was fought during the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in January 1940, as a part of the Battle of Suomussalmi."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raate Road (Finnish: Raatteen tien taistelu) was fought during the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in January 1940, as a part of the Battle of Suomussalmi."}, {"id": "Q477095", "label": "Battle of Suomussalmi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raate Road (Finnish: Raatteen tien taistelu) was fought during the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in January 1940, as a part of the Battle of Suomussalmi."}], "Q2471587": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venetian–Genoese Wars were four conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa which took place between 1256 and 1381."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venetian–Genoese Wars were four conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa which took place between 1256 and 1381."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in the 11th century, Venice and Genoa had built commercial empires which, in the 13th century, became thalassocracies so solid as to oust the other maritime republics and to make the two cities privileged interlocutors of state structures such as the Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, etc."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "In the second half of the 13th century the tensions between Venice and Genoa, exacerbated by the Venetian control over Constantinople following the Fourth Crusade, exploded."}, {"id": "Q1305130", "label": "War of Saint Sabas", "section": "lead", "says": "The first conflict, known as the War of Saint Sabas (1256-1270), was a Venetian victory, though it did not undermine the growing Genoese power in Constantinople and the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q894486", "label": "War of the Straits", "section": "lead", "says": "After a temporary alliance against the Mongols during the siege of Caffa (1346), Venice and Genoa clashed again in the War of the Straits (1350-1355), during which Venice dragged in the Crown of Aragon, Genoa's emerging Tyrrhenian rival."}, {"id": "Q1074467", "label": "War of Chioggia", "section": "lead", "says": "The fourth conflict, the War of Chioggia (1377-1381), saw Venice surrounded by various fronts, with the Genoese reaching the entrance to the Venetian Lagoon, but, with an enormous war effort, Venice achieved the final victory, saving the city from destruction, even without a debilitating economic outlay."}, {"id": "Q2597432", "label": "Battle of Modon", "section": "lead", "says": "Acts of piracy between the Venetians and Genoese (subject to French control in the meantime) continued until the Venetian victory at the Battle of Modon (1403)."}, {"id": "Q2506432", "label": "Wars in Lombardy", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirty years later, the two republics faced each other again in the Battle of San Fruttuoso (1431), but in the context of the Wars in Lombardy and with Genoa then subject to the Visconti of Milan."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The real cause of the truce between Venice and Genoa starting in the 15th century was their involvement in systematic conflicts with other powers: for Genoa the confrontation with Aragon, then concluded by the subjugation of the Genoese to the Kingdom of Spain in the 16th century; for Venice the exhausting, centuries-old conflict with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The real cause of the truce between Venice and Genoa starting in the 15th century was their involvement in systematic conflicts with other powers: for Genoa the confrontation with Aragon, then concluded by the subjugation of the Genoese to the Kingdom of Spain in the 16th century; for Venice the exhausting, centuries-old conflict with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "Background", "says": "The Crusades offered these cities, the so-called maritime republics (Amalfi, Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Ancona and Ragusa) the opportunity to expand trade, which was already active, with the Levant: thousands of inhabitants of these cities flocked to the East, creating warehouses, colonies and commercial establishments, supporting the Crusaders both logistically (e.g. the Genoese supplied the troops of "}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1261, the Byzantine-Nicene emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos allied himself with Genoa to reconquer Constantinople from the Latins and signed the Treaty of Nymphaeum which granted the Genoese important commercial privileges in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean in exchange for their active support against the other Latin powers and, above all, Venice."}], "Q2476810": [{"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nymphaeum was a trade and defense pact signed between the Empire of Nicaea and the Republic of Genoa in Nymphaion in March 1261."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nymphaeum was a trade and defense pact signed between the Empire of Nicaea and the Republic of Genoa in Nymphaion in March 1261."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty would have a major impact on both the restored Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Genoa that would later dictate their histories for several centuries to come."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Nicaea was established as one of the successor states to the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After a violent and chaotic beginning, Nicaea was able to preserve its hold on the territories along the western coast of Asia Minor against the Latin Empire to the north and the Seljuk Turks to the east."}], "Q2484240": [{"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vertières (French: Bataille de Vertières; Haitian Creole: Batay Vètyè) was the last major battle of the Saint-Domingue expedition and the final phase of the Haitian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1240667", "label": "Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Rochambeau", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 18 November 1803 between the rebel Indigenous Army under Jean Jacques Dessalines and François Capois and French forces under Donatien de Rochambeau, who were committed to regaining control of the island."}, {"id": "Q205783", "label": "Toussaint Louverture", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1802, Governor-General Toussaint Louverture was arrested by French forces."}], "Q2563208": [{"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Aleppo, the Byzantine stronghold and one of few remaining Byzantine castles in the northern Levant after the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, was laid between August and October 637."}], "Q2576277": [{"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, Dubrovnik was the capital of the Republic of Ragusa."}], "Q2599340": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The war, which started with the revolt of the Sicilian Vespers, was fought over competing dynastic claims to the throne of Sicily and grew to involve the Crown of Aragon, Angevin Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of France, and the papacy."}, {"id": "Q625133", "label": "Aragonese Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "After Aragonese successes, the war grew into the concurrent Aragonese Crusade as the Kingdom of France intervened against Aragon in Iberia."}, {"id": "Q661425", "label": "Peace of Caltabellotta", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in 1302 in the Peace of Caltabellotta, by which Sicily became an independent kingdom ruled by the House of Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Marked by intermittent land engagements, decisive battles at sea, siege warfare and political maneuvering, the war resulted in the division of the old Kingdom of Sicily; the island of Sicily came to be ruled as the Kingdom of Sicily (Trinacria) under the House of Barcelona, while the Southern Italian territories of the former kingdom became the Kingdom of Naples, ruled by the House of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q836676", "label": "Kingdom of Majorca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vesperan conflict led to an era of Aragonese expansion in the Western Mediterranean, as the kingdom gained suzerainty over the Kingdom of Majorca and Sardinia."}], "Q2605231": [{"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "The Algiers putsch (Arabic: انقلاب 1961 في الجزائر; French: Putsch d'Alger or Coup d'État d'Alger), also known as the putsch of the generals (Putsch des généraux), was a failed coup d'état intended to force French President Charles de Gaulle not to abandon French Algeria, the resident European community and pro-French Algerians."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Algiers putsch (Arabic: انقلاب 1961 في الجزائر; French: Putsch d'Alger or Coup d'État d'Alger), also known as the putsch of the generals (Putsch des généraux), was a failed coup d'état intended to force French President Charles de Gaulle not to abandon French Algeria, the resident European community and pro-French Algerians."}, {"id": "Q377585", "label": "Maurice Challe", "section": "lead", "says": "Organised in French Algeria by retired French Army generals Maurice Challe (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), Edmond Jouhaud (former Inspector General of the French Air Force), André Zeller (former Chief of Staff of the French Army) and Raoul Salan (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), it took place from the afternoon of 21 to 26 April 1961 in the midst of the Algerian War (19"}, {"id": "Q241944", "label": "Raoul Salan", "section": "lead", "says": "Organised in French Algeria by retired French Army generals Maurice Challe (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), Edmond Jouhaud (former Inspector General of the French Air Force), André Zeller (former Chief of Staff of the French Army) and Raoul Salan (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), it took place from the afternoon of 21 to 26 April 1961 in the midst of the Algerian War (19"}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Organised in French Algeria by retired French Army generals Maurice Challe (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), Edmond Jouhaud (former Inspector General of the French Air Force), André Zeller (former Chief of Staff of the French Army) and Raoul Salan (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), it took place from the afternoon of 21 to 26 April 1961 in the midst of the Algerian War (19"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The following day, President De Gaulle made a famous speech on television, dressed in his World War II uniform (he was 70 years old and long since a civilian head of state) ordering the French people and military to help him."}, {"id": "Q193043", "label": "Ferhat Abbas", "section": "Context", "says": "Speaking for the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA, the political arm of the FLN), Ferhat Abbas called for a boycott of the referendum, as did 16 retired French generals and factions among the pied noir (French settler) community opposed to independence."}], "Q2606574": [{"id": "Q2414171", "label": "First Brazilian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Acre War, known in Brazil as Acrean Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução Acreana) and in Spanish as Guerra del Acre (\"War of the Acre\") was a border conflict between Bolivia and the First Brazilian Republic over the Acre Region, which was rich in rubber and gold deposits."}, {"id": "Q1122547", "label": "Treaty of Petrópolis", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict had two phases between 1899 and 1903, and ended with an Acrean victory and the subsequent Treaty of Petrópolis, which ceded Acre to Brazil."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Causes", "says": "From the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century, rubber trees were crucial to the automobile and transport industry, as synthetic rubber for manufacturing tires and other objects was not discovered until around World War II."}], "Q2608210": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paracuellos massacres (Spanish: Matanzas de Paracuellos) were a series of mass killings of prisoners of war deemed to have been part of or supporting the Nationalists by the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War that took place before and during the Siege of Madrid during the early stages of the war."}, {"id": "Q685062", "label": "Siege of Madrid", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paracuellos massacres (Spanish: Matanzas de Paracuellos) were a series of mass killings of prisoners of war deemed to have been part of or supporting the Nationalists by the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War that took place before and during the Siege of Madrid during the early stages of the war."}, {"id": "Q312040", "label": "Francisco Largo Caballero", "section": "Background", "says": "The prisoners came under the control of the new Junta de Defensa de Madrid (Committee for the Defence of Madrid), an emergency committee left in charge of the city on November 7, after the Republican government  led by Francisco Largo Caballero, evacuated Madrid for its temporary capital, Valencia."}, {"id": "Q380229", "label": "Antony Beevor", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the British historian Antony Beevor, the order to kill the prisoners most likely came from the Spanish communist José Cazorla Maure or, more indirectly, from the Soviet advisor Mikhail Koltsov."}, {"id": "Q968099", "label": "Mikhail Koltsov", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the British historian Antony Beevor, the order to kill the prisoners most likely came from the Spanish communist José Cazorla Maure or, more indirectly, from the Soviet advisor Mikhail Koltsov."}], "Q2617818": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1982 Lebanon War, the city of Beirut was besieged by Israel following the breakdown of the ceasefire that had been imposed by the United Nations amidst the Lebanese Civil War."}], "Q261982": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Ottoman alliance was ratified by the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire  on August 2, 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Ottoman alliance was ratified by the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire  on August 2, 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Ottoman alliance was ratified by the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire  on August 2, 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V specifically wanted the Empire to remain a non-belligerent nation."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "Background", "says": "The Baghdad Railway would have advanced Germany's imperial ambitions, including the settlement of Germans in Anatolia, and given the Germans greater flexibility in transporting their troops to the Persian Gulf and on to British Raj."}], "Q2628454": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 546, Rome was besieged for a year by the Gothic king Totila during the Gothic War between the Ostrogoths (Goths) and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "Attempts by General Belisarius to relieve the city failed due to poor coordination and setbacks."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "His stratagem of inducing the Goths to surrender by offering him the Western imperial crown alarmed Emperor Justinian, who recalled him to Constantinople with Ravenna's treasury and the captive king Vitiges but denied him a triumph and reassigned him to the eastern front in advance of the Lazic War (541–562)."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "Background", "says": "His stratagem of inducing the Goths to surrender by offering him the Western imperial crown alarmed Emperor Justinian, who recalled him to Constantinople with Ravenna's treasury and the captive king Vitiges but denied him a triumph and reassigned him to the eastern front in advance of the Lazic War (541–562)."}, {"id": "Q1895789", "label": "Battle of Faventia", "section": "Background", "says": "Totila took the initiative and pursued them and defeated a larger Byzantine army at the Battle of Faventia in spring 542."}, {"id": "Q2237629", "label": "Battle of Mucellium", "section": "Background", "says": "Advancing on Florence, Totila again routed Byzantine relief forces at the Battle of Mucellium."}], "Q2631076": [{"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belgrade was the capture by the Habsburg forces under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy of the strategically-important city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belgrade was the capture by the Habsburg forces under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy of the strategically-important city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III sued for peace, resulting in the Treaty of Passarowitz a year later, which completed the transfer of the remainder of Hungary, the Banat of Temeswar with lower Syrmia, and the city of Belgrade with central Serbia into Habsburg hands."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III sued for peace, resulting in the Treaty of Passarowitz a year later, which completed the transfer of the remainder of Hungary, the Banat of Temeswar with lower Syrmia, and the city of Belgrade with central Serbia into Habsburg hands."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "The allies of Austria were Russia, which limited itself to a prudent line of defense, and Poland; both allies were still militarily engaged in the Great Northern War against Sweden and Charles XII."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the states of the Holy Roman Empire provided only a modest cash contribution and Bavaria joined the side of Austria."}, {"id": "Q690391", "label": "Battle of Petrovaradin", "section": "Background", "says": "After the success of his 1716 campaign, with the defeat of a much larger Ottoman army at the Battle of Petrovaradin and the successful siege of Temeşvar, Eugene of Savoy had one main objective: the conquest of the fortress of Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These were reinforced by 5,700 Bavarians, Austrian troops stationed in the Banat, and volunteers from half the royal houses of Europe, including a company of Frenchmen led by the grandson of the late Louis XIV (both Count of Charolais and Prince of Dombes took part in the siege), for a total of about 100,000 men."}], "Q26496": [{"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Surabaya (Javanese: ꦦꦺꦂꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦫꦤ꧀ ꦯꦸꦫꦧꦪ; Indonesian: Pertempuran Surabaya) was a major battle in the Indonesian National Revolution fought between regular infantry and militia of the Indonesian nationalist movement and British and British Indian troops against the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta declared the independence of Indonesia in Jakarta, two days after the Japanese emperor's surrender in the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 September 1945, a group of Dutch internees supported by the Japanese raised the Dutch flag outside the Hotel Yamato (formerly Hotel Oranje, now Hotel Majapahit) in Surabaya, East Java."}], "Q2665637": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Baghdad (11 March 1917) occurred during the Mesopotamian campaign, fought between the forces of the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Baghdad (11 March 1917) occurred during the Mesopotamian campaign, fought between the forces of the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Baghdad (11 March 1917) occurred during the Mesopotamian campaign, fought between the forces of the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}], "Q2670327": [{"id": "Q1949299", "label": "Russo-Kazan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Kazan, also known as the Fall of Kazan, was the decisive military campaign of the Russo-Kazan Wars in 1552 that resulted in the capture of Kazan and the annexation of the Khanate of Kazan by the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Kazan, also known as the Fall of Kazan, was the decisive military campaign of the Russo-Kazan Wars in 1552 that resulted in the capture of Kazan and the annexation of the Khanate of Kazan by the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Kazan, also known as the Fall of Kazan, was the decisive military campaign of the Russo-Kazan Wars in 1552 that resulted in the capture of Kazan and the annexation of the Khanate of Kazan by the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebel governments emerged in Çalım and Mişätamaq, while a new khan was invited from the Nogai Horde."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1547 and in 1549–1550, Ivan the Terrible besieged Kazan, but supply difficulties forced him to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q2429871", "label": "Shahghali", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace party agreed to accept the pro-Russian Shah-Ali as khan."}, {"id": "Q2640696", "label": "Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan", "section": "Background", "says": "The patriotic party regained power, Shah Ali fled and Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan was called in as khan."}], "Q2704666": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was launched in conjunction with a Syrian military offensive against the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, triggering the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q322607", "label": "War of Attrition", "section": "lead", "says": "During the War of Attrition, which preceded Operation Badr, both Egypt and Syria (previously constituents of the United Arab Republic) had been seeking to recover the territories that Israel had captured from them during the 1967 Arab–Israeli War."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "During the War of Attrition, which preceded Operation Badr, both Egypt and Syria (previously constituents of the United Arab Republic) had been seeking to recover the territories that Israel had captured from them during the 1967 Arab–Israeli War."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "Prelude: 1967–1970", "says": "Nasser died in September 1970 and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat."}], "Q2730371": [{"id": "Q295228", "label": "Sextus Pompey", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey, the last surviving son of Pompey the Great and the last leader of the Optimate faction, waged a civil war between 42 BC and 36 BC."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The war however also led to the breakdown of the Triumvirate itself since Octavian was able to take advantage of discontent in Lepidus' camp to sideline his partner, leaving Octavian and Mark Antony as only rulers of the Roman world and setting the stage for the War of Actium."}, {"id": "Q2116320", "label": "Final War of the Roman Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The war however also led to the breakdown of the Triumvirate itself since Octavian was able to take advantage of discontent in Lepidus' camp to sideline his partner, leaving Octavian and Mark Antony as only rulers of the Roman world and setting the stage for the War of Actium."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Context", "says": "Sextus' father, Pompey, had been an enemy of Julius Caesar for many years, and this enmity finally boiled over in 49 BC with the beginning of Caesar's Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1238338", "label": "Caesar's Civil War", "section": "Context", "says": "Sextus' father, Pompey, had been an enemy of Julius Caesar for many years, and this enmity finally boiled over in 49 BC with the beginning of Caesar's Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1533153", "label": "Gnaeus Pompeius", "section": "Context", "says": "Pompey was executed in 48 BC by the Egyptians, but Sextus and his brother, Gnaeus Pompeius, continued fighting until 45 BC, when it was clear that Caesar was the victor."}], "Q2733432": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of São Mamede (Portuguese: Batalha de São Mamede) took place on 24 June 1128 near Guimarães and is considered an important event in the process that led to the establishment of Portugal as an independent kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1139807", "label": "County of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Though he took control of the County of Portugal, he remained a vassal of King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, who was nominally the overlord of the county."}, {"id": "Q312767", "label": "Alfonso VII of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "Though he took control of the County of Portugal, he remained a vassal of King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, who was nominally the overlord of the county."}, {"id": "Q1328537", "label": "Battle of Ourique", "section": "lead", "says": "He later adopted the title of King of Portugal, following his victory at the Battle of Ourique in 1139, and his royal title was recognized by Alfonso VII of León and Castile in the Treaty of Zamora in 1143."}], "Q278903": [{"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lechaeum (391 BC) was fought between the Athenians and the Spartans during the Corinthian War; it ended in an Athenian victory."}, {"id": "Q354424", "label": "Iphicrates", "section": "lead", "says": "During the battle, the Athenian general Iphicrates took advantage of the situation when a Spartan hoplite regiment operating near Corinth was marching through open terrain without the protection of any missile throwing troops."}], "Q28149391": [{"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Hours after the incident, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed the Islamic State for the attack, raising questions about how he came to that conclusion."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Hours after the incident, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed the Islamic State for the attack, raising questions about how he came to that conclusion."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was condemned by the United Nations, European Union, the United States and others."}], "Q283511": [{"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The Triple Alliance was a defence pact signed on 4 January 1717 in The Hague between the Dutch Republic, France and Great Britain, against Bourbon Spain in an attempt to maintain the agreements of the 1713–15 Peace of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance became the Quadruple Alliance the next year, after the accession of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession had ended with a compromise: Philip V of Bourbon was recognised as king of Spain, but he and his descendants had to renounce all claims to the French throne, while the French king Louis XIV and his descendants had to renounce all claims to the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession had ended with a compromise: Philip V of Bourbon was recognised as king of Spain, but he and his descendants had to renounce all claims to the French throne, while the French king Louis XIV and his descendants had to renounce all claims to the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q155596", "label": "Philippe II, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, he supported the Cellamare conspiracy to seize the French regency (exerted by Philippe II, Duke of Orléans over infant king Louis XV) for himself."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, he supported the Cellamare conspiracy to seize the French regency (exerted by Philippe II, Duke of Orléans over infant king Louis XV) for himself."}], "Q28703": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brécourt Manor Assault (6 June 1944) during the US parachute assault of the Normandy Invasion of World War II is often cited as a classic example of small-unit tactics and leadership in overcoming a larger enemy force."}], "Q2883469": [{"id": "Q209617", "label": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état in Haiti on 29 February 2004, following several weeks of conflict, resulted in the removal of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide from office."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "He went into exile, being flown directly to the Central African Republic, before eventually settling in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "He went into exile, being flown directly to the Central African Republic, before eventually settling in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q323218", "label": "Boniface Alexandre", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Aristide's departure, an interim government led by President Boniface Alexandre and Prime Minister Gérard Latortue was installed, and 2,700 foreign troops were deployed to Haiti under the U.S.-led Operation Secure Tomorrow to stop the breakdown of public order."}], "Q2887868": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Adrianople (Bulgarian: oбсада на Одрин, obsada na Odrin; Serbian: oпсада Једрена, opsada Jedrena; Turkish: Edirne kuşatması), was fought during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was reoccupied and retained by the Ottomans during the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q7035541", "label": "Nikola Ivanov", "section": "lead", "says": "The victors were under the overall command of Bulgarian General Nikola Ivanov while the commander of the Bulgarian forces on the eastern sector of the fortress was General Georgi Vazov, the brother of the famous Bulgarian writer Ivan Vazov and of General Vladimir Vazov."}, {"id": "Q310630", "label": "Ivan Vazov", "section": "lead", "says": "The victors were under the overall command of Bulgarian General Nikola Ivanov while the commander of the Bulgarian forces on the eastern sector of the fortress was General Georgi Vazov, the brother of the famous Bulgarian writer Ivan Vazov and of General Vladimir Vazov."}, {"id": "Q2039111", "label": "Vladimir Vazov", "section": "lead", "says": "The victors were under the overall command of Bulgarian General Nikola Ivanov while the commander of the Bulgarian forces on the eastern sector of the fortress was General Georgi Vazov, the brother of the famous Bulgarian writer Ivan Vazov and of General Vladimir Vazov."}], "Q2887977": [{"id": "Q318023", "label": "Vologases VI of Parthia", "section": "Background", "says": "Around 208 Vologases VI succeeded his father Vologases V as king of the Arsacid Empire."}, {"id": "Q313920", "label": "Vologases V of Parthia", "section": "Background", "says": "Around 208 Vologases VI succeeded his father Vologases V as king of the Arsacid Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "He ruled as the uncontested king from 208 to 213 but afterwards fell into a dynastic struggle with his brother Artabanus IV, who by 216 was in control of most of the empire, even being acknowledged as the supreme ruler by the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "Background", "says": "Artabanus IV soon clashed with the Roman emperor Caracalla, whose forces he managed to contain at Nisibis in 217."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sasanian family had, meanwhile, quickly risen to prominence in their native Pars, and had now under prince Ardashir I begun to conquer the neighboring regions and more distant territories, such as Kirman."}], "Q2935371": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cochinchina campaign was a series of military operations between 1858 and 1862, launched by a joint naval expedition force on behalf of the French Empire and the Kingdom of Spain against the Nguyễn period Vietnamese state."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially a limited punitive expedition against the execution of two Spanish Catholic missionaries in Đại Nam, the ambitious French emperor Napoleon III however, authorized the deployment of increasingly larger contingents, that subdued Đại Nam territory and established French economic and military dominance."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "Background", "says": "Certain elements of the French establishment argued that the Vietnamese emperor Gia Long owed France greater goodwill for the assistance that the Kingdom of France had provided him with in his struggle against his Tây Sơn dynasty opponents."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Certain elements of the French establishment argued that the Vietnamese emperor Gia Long owed France greater goodwill for the assistance that the Kingdom of France had provided him with in his struggle against his Tây Sơn dynasty opponents."}, {"id": "Q1851231", "label": "Pigneau de Behaine", "section": "Background", "says": "Gia Long contended that the French government had failed to honor the Treaty of Versailles (1787) and assisted him in the civil war since those who had helped him were volunteers such as Pierre Pigneau de Behaine, or adventurers, not officials."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "But this event coincided with France dispatching a military expedition to China during the outbreak of the Second Opium War."}], "Q2935421": [{"id": "Q931982", "label": "Treaty of Fes", "section": "lead", "says": "The French launched campaigns against the Sultanate of Morocco which culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Fes and establishment of the French Protectorate in Morocco on 30 March 1912."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "France later concluded, on 27 November, the Treaty of Madrid with the Kingdom of Spain which established the Spanish protectorate in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q348998", "label": "Battle of Isly", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Empire considerably expanded their activities in the Sultanate of Morocco after the Battle of Isly (1844)."}, {"id": "Q1540737", "label": "Hispano-Moroccan War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860), the Kingdom of Spain joined with the United Kingdom to oppose France, who from her position in Algeria seemed then to be the greatest threat to Morocco."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860), the Kingdom of Spain joined with the United Kingdom to oppose France, who from her position in Algeria seemed then to be the greatest threat to Morocco."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This not only confirmed Berlin's isolation — only Austria-Hungary offered support — but more importantly France and Britain strengthened the Entente."}], "Q305176": [{"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Villafranca, concluded by Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph I of Austria on July 11, 1859, set the stage for the end of the Second Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Villafranca, concluded by Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph I of Austria on July 11, 1859, set the stage for the end of the Second Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Villafranca, concluded by Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph I of Austria on July 11, 1859, set the stage for the end of the Second Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice, which King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia also signed on July 12, was ratified by the Treaty of Zürich of November 1859."}, {"id": "Q672743", "label": "Treaty of Zürich", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice, which King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia also signed on July 12, was ratified by the Treaty of Zürich of November 1859."}], "Q3063789": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "These events inspired similar autonomist movements across South America, and triggered an almost decade-long rebellion culminating in the founding of the Republic of Colombia, which spanned present-day Colombia, mainland Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela, along with parts of northern Peru and northwestern Brazil."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Gran Colombia would ultimately dissolve in 1831, it was for a time among the most powerful countries in the Western Hemisphere, and played an influential role in shaping the political development of other newly sovereign South American states."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Colombia was the first nation of South America to gain independence from a European power and is the third-oldest independent republic in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States from the American Revolution against the British and Haiti from the Haitian Revolution against the French and white settlers."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Colombia was the first nation of South America to gain independence from a European power and is the third-oldest independent republic in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States from the American Revolution against the British and Haiti from the Haitian Revolution against the French and white settlers."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Colombia was the first nation of South America to gain independence from a European power and is the third-oldest independent republic in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States from the American Revolution against the British and Haiti from the Haitian Revolution against the French and white settlers."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Political background", "says": "More importantly to events in New Granada, in the neighboring Royal Audiencia of Quito—a territory under the auspices of the Viceroy of New Granada— a group of Criollos led by Juan Pío Montúfar, the second Marquis of Selva Alegre, established the autonomous junta Luz de América on August 10, swearing loyalty to Ferdinand VII, but rejecting the viceregal authorities."}], "Q31301": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Turkish War               of 1807–1809 was a part of the Napoleonic Wars, was fought between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Turkish War               of 1807–1809 was a part of the Napoleonic Wars, was fought between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Turkish War               of 1807–1809 was a part of the Napoleonic Wars, was fought between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q3242126": [{"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting the fleets of Rhodes under admiral Eudamus against a Seleucid fleet of Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting the fleets of Rhodes under admiral Eudamus against a Seleucid fleet of Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 198, Antiochus emerged victorious in the Fifth Syrian War, taking over Coele-Syria and securing his south-eastern border."}, {"id": "Q222930", "label": "Antiochus II Theos", "section": "Background", "says": "Antiochus countered by claiming that he was simply rebuilding the empire of his ancestor Antiochus II Theos and criticized the Romans for meddling in the affairs of Asia Minor states, whose rights were traditionally defended by Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter 196/195, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the emergence of pro-war party led by Scipio Africanus, the Roman Senate exercised restraint."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 193, a representative of the Aetolian League assured Antiochus that the Aetolians would take his side in a future war with Rome, while Antiochus gave tacit support to Hannibal's plans of launching an anti-Roman coup d'état in Carthage."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Achaean League declared war on the Seleucids and Aetolians, with the Romans following suit in November 192."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Between December 192 and March 191, Antiochus campaigned in Thessaly and Acarnania."}, {"id": "Q1284948", "label": "Gaius Livius Salinator", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A Roman naval force under Gaius Livius Salinator consisting of 81 ships arrived at the Piraeus too late to impact the campaign in mainland Greece."}, {"id": "Q3636407", "label": "Battle of Corycus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In September 191, the Roman fleet defeated the Seleucids in the Battle of Corycus, enabling it to take control of several cities including Dardanus and Sestos on the Hellespont."}, {"id": "Q763405", "label": "Lucius Aemilius Regillus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In spring 190, a Rhodian squadron united with the Roman fleet off Samos, where Roman admiral Lucius Aemilius Regillus took overall command."}], "Q3269746": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Parwan was fought between Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni of the Khwarazmian Empire and the Mongols ruled by Genghis Khan in September 1221 AD during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire at Parwan, north of Kabul, in present-day Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Parwan was fought between Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni of the Khwarazmian Empire and the Mongols ruled by Genghis Khan in September 1221 AD during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire at Parwan, north of Kabul, in present-day Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Parwan was fought between Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni of the Khwarazmian Empire and the Mongols ruled by Genghis Khan in September 1221 AD during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire at Parwan, north of Kabul, in present-day Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q2975834", "label": "Shihihutug", "section": "lead", "says": "Jalal ad-Din had previously attacked a detachment of Mongols near Wilan (Waliyan), which provoked Genghis Khan into sending an army of 30,000 troops under Shigi Qutuqu."}], "Q331740": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on the Medway, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War between 12 June to 14 June 1667, was a successful attack conducted by the Dutch navy on English warships laid up in the fleet anchorages off Chatham Dockyard and Gillingham in the county of Kent."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch, under nominal command of Willem Joseph van Ghent and Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, over several days bombarded and captured the town of Sheerness, sailed up the Thames Estuary to Gravesend, then sailed into the River Medway to Chatham and Gillingham, where they engaged fortifications with cannon fire, burned or captured three capital ships and ten more ships of the line, and cap"}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Politically, the raid was disastrous for the war plans of Charles II of England."}, {"id": "Q734934", "label": "Four Days' Battle", "section": "Prelude", "says": "They had made earlier plans for such an attack in 1666 after the Four Days' Battle but were prevented from carrying them out by their defeat in the St James's Day Battle."}, {"id": "Q318362", "label": "Johan de Witt", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The mastermind behind the plan was the leading Dutch politician Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt."}, {"id": "Q249292", "label": "Cornelis de Witt", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His brother Cornelis de Witt accompanied the fleet to supervise."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Based on these assumptions De Witt thought it best to end the war quickly with a clear victory, thereby ensuring a more advantageous settlement for the Dutch Republic."}], "Q3354826": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Red Wings (often incorrectly referred to as Operation Redwing or Operation Red Wing), informally referred to as the Battle of Abbas Ghar, was a joint military operation conducted by the United States in the Pech District of Kunar Province, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Red Wings (often incorrectly referred to as Operation Redwing or Operation Red Wing), informally referred to as the Battle of Abbas Ghar, was a joint military operation conducted by the United States in the Pech District of Kunar Province, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "While the goal of the operation was partially achieved, Shah regrouped in neighboring Pakistan and returned with more men and armaments, boosted by the notoriety he gained from his ambush and helicopter shoot-down du"}, {"id": "Q317797", "label": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "section": "Background and development", "says": "His overall intelligence picture of Shah took a substantial leap when 2nd Lieutenant Regan Turner, a platoon commander with 2/3's \"Whiskey Company\" – a weapons company augmented to function like an infantry line company, gathered a wealth of human intelligence about Shah during a patrol including his full name: Ahmad Shah Dara-I-nur (Ahmad Shah of the Valley of the Enlightened ones); his birthplac"}], "Q338935": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom."}], "Q3505185": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the most devastating earthquake in SR Montenegro, then part of Yugoslavia, and was mostly felt along the Montenegrin and Albanian coastline."}], "Q3544130": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Damghan earthquake or the Qumis earthquake occurred on 22 December 856 (242 AH) in Khorasan province, Abbasid Caliphate."}], "Q87729501": [{"id": "Q1568274", "label": "Hage Geingob", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 March 2020, president Hage Geingob declared a state of emergency which introduced measures such as the closure of all borders, suspension of gatherings and economic related resolutions."}], "Q87899022": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Several major world powers have a military presence in Djibouti, including China, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States."}], "Q901954": [{"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Danzig (19 March – 24 May 1807) was the French encirclement and capture of Danzig during the War of the Fourth Coalition."}], "Q920107": [{"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wavre was the final major military action of the Hundred Days campaign and the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wavre was the final major military action of the Hundred Days campaign and the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q70858", "label": "Johann von Thielmann", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 18–19 June 1815 between the Prussian rearguard, consisting of the Prussian III Corps under the command of General Johann von Thielmann (whose chief-of-staff was Carl von Clausewitz) and three corps of the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy."}, {"id": "Q76430", "label": "Carl von Clausewitz", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 18–19 June 1815 between the Prussian rearguard, consisting of the Prussian III Corps under the command of General Johann von Thielmann (whose chief-of-staff was Carl von Clausewitz) and three corps of the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "A blocking action, this battle kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "A blocking action, this battle kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q855429", "label": "Battle of Ligny", "section": "Background", "says": "Following defeat at the Battle of Ligny two days earlier, the Prussian army retreated north in good order and formed up at Wavre."}, {"id": "Q506328", "label": "Dominique Vandamme", "section": "Background", "says": "The French units in the order of battle were:\n\nIII Corps (General Dominique Vandamme)\n17,099 infantry – 38 guns\nIV Corps (General Étienne Maurice Gérard)\n15,013 infantry – 38 guns\nII Cavalry Corps (General Remy Exelmans)\n3,392 infantry – 12 guns\nIV (Hussars) Cavalry Division (General Pierre Soult)\n1,485 infantry – 8 guns detached from the I Cavalry Corps\n5,000 cavalry from the Reserve Army\nGrouchy"}, {"id": "Q289255", "label": "Étienne Maurice Gérard", "section": "Background", "says": "The French units in the order of battle were:\n\nIII Corps (General Dominique Vandamme)\n17,099 infantry – 38 guns\nIV Corps (General Étienne Maurice Gérard)\n15,013 infantry – 38 guns\nII Cavalry Corps (General Remy Exelmans)\n3,392 infantry – 12 guns\nIV (Hussars) Cavalry Division (General Pierre Soult)\n1,485 infantry – 8 guns detached from the I Cavalry Corps\n5,000 cavalry from the Reserve Army\nGrouchy"}], "Q924625": [{"id": "Q220227", "label": "Mamadou Tandja", "section": "lead", "says": "Soldiers attacked the presidential palace in Niamey under weapons fire at midday and captured President Mamadou Tandja, who was chairing a government meeting at the time."}, {"id": "Q356835", "label": "Salou Djibo", "section": "lead", "says": "Later in the day, the rebels announced on television the formation of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy (CSRD), headed by chef d'escadron Salou Djibo."}, {"id": "Q353198", "label": "Seyni Kountché", "section": "Background", "says": "Tandja was one of Niger's most enduring politicians, first entering politics through his participation in the 1974 coup d'état that brought Seyni Kountché to power."}], "Q930550": [{"id": "Q743776", "label": "First Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Coronea (also known as the First Battle of Coronea) took place between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Boeotian League in 447 BC during the First Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q975376", "label": "Battle of Oenophyta", "section": "lead", "says": "In 457 BC the Athenians had taken control of Boeotia at the Battle of Oenophyta, and spent the next ten years attempting to consolidate the League's power."}, {"id": "Q370709", "label": "Peace of Callias", "section": "lead", "says": "In 454 BC Athens lost a fleet attempting to aid an Egyptian revolt against Persia; fearing revolts by the other members of the Delian League, Athens moved the treasury to their city from Delos in 453 BC, and signed the Peace of Callias with Persia around 450 BC."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat led to revolts on Euboea and in Megara, which in turn led to further conflict with Sparta, contributing to the Peloponnesian War."}], "Q934626": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is generally regarded as one of the first naval battles of the American Revolutionary War, and one of the first fought by the Continental Navy."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the ships in the American fleet under the command of Benedict Arnold were captured or destroyed by a British force under the overall direction of General Guy Carleton."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the ships in the American fleet under the command of Benedict Arnold were captured or destroyed by a British force under the overall direction of General Guy Carleton."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "Background", "says": "The American Revolutionary War, which began in April 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, widened in September 1775 when the Continental Army embarked on an invasion of the British Province of Quebec."}, {"id": "Q1115886", "label": "Philip Schuyler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The shipbuilding at Skenesborough was overseen by Hermanus Schuyler (possibly a relation of Major General Philip Schuyler), and the outfitting was managed by military engineer Jeduthan Baldwin."}], "Q944855": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Pilsen, 19 September to 21 November 1618, was the first significant action of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Bohemian Revolt, a Bohemian army under Ernst von Mansfeld captured Plzeň."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Bohemian Revolt, a Bohemian army under Ernst von Mansfeld captured Plzeň."}], "Q945700": [{"id": "Q57350", "label": "Idriss Déby", "section": "lead", "says": "By the mid-1990s the civil war had somewhat stabilised, and in 1996 Idriss Déby, a northerner, was confirmed president in Chad's first democratic election."}], "Q956429": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Suwałki Agreement, Treaty of Suvalkai, or Suwalki Treaty (Polish: Umowa suwalska, Lithuanian: Suvalkų sutartis) was an agreement signed in the town of Suwałki between Poland and Lithuania on October 7, 1920."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Both countries had re-established their independence in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q1495944", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "They lacked well-defined borders, which caused the Polish–Lithuanian War over territorial disputes in the Suwałki and Vilnius Regions."}, {"id": "Q2599728", "label": "Battle of the Niemen River", "section": "lead", "says": "In late September 1920, Polish forces defeated the Soviets at the Battle of the Niemen River, thus militarily securing the Suwałki Region and opening the possibility of an assault on the city of Vilnius (Wilno)."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish Chief of State, Józef Piłsudski, had planned to take over the city since mid-September in a false flag operation known as Żeligowski's Mutiny."}, {"id": "Q4116959", "label": "Żeligowski's Mutiny", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish Chief of State, Józef Piłsudski, had planned to take over the city since mid-September in a false flag operation known as Żeligowski's Mutiny."}, {"id": "Q458532", "label": "Lucjan Żeligowski", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish general Lucjan Żeligowski, acting under Piłsudski's secret orders, pretended to disobey stand-down orders from the Polish military command and marched on Vilnius."}, {"id": "Q523380", "label": "Republic of Central Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Suwałki Agreement was to take effect at noon on October 10. Żeligowski established the Republic of Central Lithuania which, despite intense protests by Lithuania, was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic in 1923."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Suwałki Agreement was to take effect at noon on October 10. Żeligowski established the Republic of Central Lithuania which, despite intense protests by Lithuania, was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic in 1923."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The most contentious issue was Vilnius, the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a population, according to the 1916 German census, divided about evenly between Jews and Poles, but with only a 2–3% Lithuanian minority."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, signed in July 1920 between Lithuania and the Russian SFSR, drew the eastern border of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Background", "says": "That month, during the Polish–Soviet War, the Red Army pushed Polish forces from the contested territories, including Vilnius."}], "Q1398069": [{"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amba Alagi was the first in a series of battles between the Italian General Baratieri and Ethiopia's Emperor Menelik during the First Italo-Ethiopian War."}], "Q1402751": [{"id": "Q189779", "label": "Antonio José de Sucre", "section": "lead", "says": "The encounter, fought in the context of the Spanish American wars of independence, pitted a Patriot army under General Antonio José de Sucre against a Royalist army commanded by Field Marshal Melchor Aymerich."}, {"id": "Q1759249", "label": "Real Audiencia de Quito", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the Royalist forces loyal to Spain brought about the liberation of Quito, and secured the independence of the provinces belonging to the Real Audiencia de Quito, or Presidencia de Quito, the Spanish colonial administrative jurisdiction from which the Republic of Ecuador would eventually emerge."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "Background", "says": "By that time, the tide of the wars of independence in South America had turned decisively against Spain: Simón Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Boyacá (August 7, 1819) had sealed the independence of the former Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, while to the south, José de San Martín, having landed with his army on the Peruvian coast in September 1820, was preparing the campaign for the independence o"}], "Q1420382": [{"id": "Q616939", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tel El Kebir (often spelled Tel-El-Kebir), fought on 13 September 1882 at Tell El Kebir in Egypt, 110 km north-north-east of Cairo, proved the decisive engagement of the Anglo-Egyptian War of 1882."}], "Q1424076": [{"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mursa was fought on 28 September 351 between the eastern Roman armies led by the Emperor Constantius II and the western forces supporting the usurper Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q212876", "label": "Magnentius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mursa was fought on 28 September 351 between the eastern Roman armies led by the Emperor Constantius II and the western forces supporting the usurper Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q185538", "label": "Constans", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans were all Caesars overseeing particular regions of the empire, although none of them were powerful enough to claim the title of Augustus."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans were all Caesars overseeing particular regions of the empire, although none of them were powerful enough to claim the title of Augustus."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "After attempting to impose his authority over Carthage and being blocked, Constantine II attacked his brother Constans in 340, but was ambushed and killed near Aquileia in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "Background", "says": "After attempting to impose his authority over Carthage and being blocked, Constantine II attacked his brother Constans in 340, but was ambushed and killed near Aquileia in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "Background", "says": "In the meantime, Constantius was engaged in a difficult war against the Persians under Shapur II in the east."}], "Q1430709": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon also promised to furnish the Shah with arms, officers and workmen."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "France on its side required the Shah to declare war against the United Kingdom, to expel all British people from Persia, and to maintain an open way if France wanted to attack British possessions in the Far East."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, just two months after signing the treaty with Persia, France concluded the Treaties of Tilsit with Russia, effectively abandoning Iran in its struggle against Russian expansion."}], "Q1432624": [{"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Genkō War (元弘の乱, Genkō no Ran), also known as the Genkō Incident (元弘の變, Genkō no Hen), was a civil war fought in Japan between the Emperor Go-Daigo and the Kamakura Shogunate from 1331 to 1333."}, {"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "Background", "says": "Go-Daigo became Emperor of Japan in 1318 and sought to remove the Kamakura Shogunate, which had ruled Japan as a de facto military government from the city of Kamakura since the Genpei War in 1185, and restore power to civilian government under the Imperial House in Kyoto."}], "Q1433214": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lutatius was the agreement between Carthage and Rome of 241 BC (amended in 237 BC), that ended the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lutatius was the agreement between Carthage and Rome of 241 BC (amended in 237 BC), that ended the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict."}, {"id": "Q6095291", "label": "Gaius Lutatius Catulus", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the fighting during the war took place on, or in the waters around, the island of Sicily and in 241 BC a Carthaginian fleet was defeated by a Roman fleet commanded by Gaius Lutatius Catulus while attempting to lift the blockade of its last, beleaguered, strongholds there."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "Accepting defeat, the Carthaginian Senate ordered their army commander on Sicily, Hamilcar Barca, to negotiate a peace treaty with the Romans, on whatever terms he could negotiate."}], "Q1509437": [{"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1495–1497, known in Sweden as the Stures' Russian War (Swedish: Sturarnas ryska krig) and in Russia as the First Swedish War (Russian: Первая Шведская война), was a border war between the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War of 1495–1497, known in Sweden as the Stures' Russian War (Swedish: Sturarnas ryska krig) and in Russia as the First Swedish War (Russian: Первая Шведская война), was a border war between the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden earlier fought wars against the Novgorod Republic, before Novgorod was formally annexed to Moscow in 1478 – an event that led to the emergence of a unified Russian state."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1397 Sweden had, together with the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, formed the tripartite union known as the Kalmar Union."}, {"id": "Q452506", "label": "Sten Sture the Elder", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1471 it was ruled by a regent (Swedish: riksföreståndare), Sten Sture the Elder and was de facto independent, but theoretically it was still part of the Union, a large proportion of its political class favoured close ties with Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1471 it was ruled by a regent (Swedish: riksföreståndare), Sten Sture the Elder and was de facto independent, but theoretically it was still part of the Union, a large proportion of its political class favoured close ties with Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q853685", "label": "Treaty of Nöteborg", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1493, King Hans attempted to put further pressure on Sten by concluding an alliance with Grand Prince Ivan, promising that if he managed to take control of Sweden he would restore the Russo-Swedish border to the line stipulated by the Treaty of Nöteborg."}], "Q1511663": [{"id": "Q12055176", "label": "Angolan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The intervention came after the outbreak of the Angolan Civil War, which occurred after the former Portuguese colony was granted independence after the Angolan War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q1780216", "label": "Angolan War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The intervention came after the outbreak of the Angolan Civil War, which occurred after the former Portuguese colony was granted independence after the Angolan War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The previously unimportant civil war quickly developed into a major proxy war between the Eastern Bloc (led by the Soviet Union) and the Western Bloc (led by the United States)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The previously unimportant civil war quickly developed into a major proxy war between the Eastern Bloc (led by the Soviet Union) and the Western Bloc (led by the United States)."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Apartheid South Africa and the United States backed UNITA and the FNLA, while communist nations backed the MPLA."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "South Africa spent the following decade launching bombing and strafing raids from its bases in South West Africa into southern Angola, while UNITA engaged in ambushes, hit-and-run attacks, and harassment of Cuban units."}, {"id": "Q386051", "label": "Battle of Cuito Cuanavale", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1988, Cuban troops, now amounting to around 55,000 troops, intervened to avert a military disaster in a Soviet-led People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) offensive against UNITA, which was still supported by South Africa, leading to the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and the opening of a second front."}, {"id": "Q46809", "label": "Raúl Castro", "section": "Background", "says": "In a memorandum of 11 August 1975, Major Raúl Diaz Argüelles to Major Raúl Castro explained the reasons for the visit and briefed on the contents of the talks."}], "Q1519203": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mobile Bay of August 5, 1864, was a naval and land engagement of the American Civil War in which a Union fleet commanded by Rear Admiral David G."}, {"id": "Q948252", "label": "Franklin Buchanan", "section": "lead", "says": "Farragut, assisted by a contingent of soldiers, attacked a smaller Confederate fleet led by Admiral Franklin Buchanan and three forts that guarded the entrance to Mobile Bay: Morgan, Gaines and Powell."}], "Q1525846": [{"id": "Q2946372", "label": "Mali War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2012 Tuareg rebellion was the early phase of the Mali War; from January to April 2012, a war was waged against the Malian government by rebels with the goal of attaining independence for the northern region of Mali, known as Azawad."}, {"id": "Q170597", "label": "Amadou Toumani Touré", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 March, President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état over his handling of the crisis, a month before a presidential election was to have taken place."}, {"id": "Q247657", "label": "Bilal Ag Acherif", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 June, Islamists from the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA) clashed with the MNLA in the Battle of Gao, wounding MNLA secretary-general Bilal Ag Acherif and taking control of the city."}, {"id": "Q25520", "label": "Iyad Ag Ghaly", "section": "Background", "says": "The movement's leader Iyad Ag Ghali, who was part of the early 1990s rebellion, is believed to be linked to an offshoot of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) that is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama."}], "Q15562333": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "This pandemic is based on the strain called El Tor; it started in Indonesia in 1961 and spread to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), by 1963."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This pandemic is based on the strain called El Tor; it started in Indonesia in 1961 and spread to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), by 1963."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "This pandemic is based on the strain called El Tor; it started in Indonesia in 1961 and spread to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), by 1963."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It went to India in 1964, and into the Soviet Union by 1966."}], "Q1566835": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising in Montenegro (Serbo-Croatian: Ustanak u Crnoj Gori / Устанак у Црној Гори), commonly known as the 13 July Uprising (Serbo-Croatian: Trinaestojulski ustanak / Тринаестојулски устанак) was an uprising against Italian occupation forces in Montenegro (Axis occupied Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire nation rejected the privileged position offered by its occupiers, rejected the capitulation in order to fight for Yugoslavia, together with \"Russia\" (the nationalist insurgents perceived the Soviet Union as Russia at the beginning of the uprising)."}, {"id": "Q606771", "label": "Pavle Đurišić", "section": "lead", "says": "The main insurgent commanders included the former officers Colonel Bajo Stanišić  and Major Đorđije Lašić, with Captain Pavle Đurišić emerging as one of the principal leaders after he distinguished himself during the successful attack he led on Berane alongside communist forces."}, {"id": "Q1288790", "label": "Alessandro Pirzio Biroli", "section": "lead", "says": "The counter-offensive by more than 70,000 Italian troops, commanded by General Alessandro Pirzio Biroli, was assisted by Sandžak Muslim militia and Albanian irregular forces from border areas between Montenegro and Albania, and suppressed the uprising within six weeks."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "Josip Broz Tito dismissed Milovan Đilas from the command of Partisan forces in Montenegro because of his mistakes during the uprising, particularly because Đilas chose a frontal struggle instead of gue"}, {"id": "Q153909", "label": "Milovan Đilas", "section": "lead", "says": "Josip Broz Tito dismissed Milovan Đilas from the command of Partisan forces in Montenegro because of his mistakes during the uprising, particularly because Đilas chose a frontal struggle instead of gue"}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1941, Germany and Italy invaded Montenegro, the Germans from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Italians from Albania."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "But the event that triggered the uprising was the proclamation of a restored Kingdom of Montenegro headed by an Italian regent and led by Montenegrin separatist Sekula Drljević and his supporters, known as \"Greens\" (zelenaši)."}, {"id": "Q656898", "label": "Sekula Drljević", "section": "Background", "says": "But the event that triggered the uprising was the proclamation of a restored Kingdom of Montenegro headed by an Italian regent and led by Montenegrin separatist Sekula Drljević and his supporters, known as \"Greens\" (zelenaši)."}], "Q15692027": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tsaritsyn was a military confrontation between the Red Army and the White Army during the Russian Civil War for control of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd), a significant city and port on the Volga River in southwestern Russia."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The city, which had been an important center of support for the October Revolution and remained in the hands of the Reds, was besieged three times by anti-Bolshevik Don Cossacks under the command of Pyotr Krasnov: July–September 1918, September–October 1918, and January–February 1919."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "lead", "says": "The city, which had been an important center of support for the October Revolution and remained in the hands of the Reds, was besieged three times by anti-Bolshevik Don Cossacks under the command of Pyotr Krasnov: July–September 1918, September–October 1918, and January–February 1919."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "This was because Joseph Stalin took part in the defense of the city between July 1918 and January 1920."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Russian Revolution, the heavily industrialized city of Tsaritsyn became a powerful revolutionary center."}, {"id": "Q2453974", "label": "Don Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1918, the Don Soviet Republic collapsed and the anti-communist Don Republic was established in the region."}, {"id": "Q186185", "label": "Kliment Voroshilov", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1918, the Southern Front of the Red Army was brought under the command of Kliment Voroshilov, a revolutionary from Donbas."}, {"id": "Q35448", "label": "Pyotr Krasnov", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, ataman Pyotr Krasnov convinced the Don krug to occupy the cities bordering the Don Republic, including Tsaritsyn, Kamyshin, Balashov, Povorino, Novokhopyorsk, Kalach, and Boguchar."}], "Q1606520": [{"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plan of Iguala, also known as the Plan of the Three Guarantees (\"Plan Trigarante\") or Act of Independence of North America, was a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plan stated that Mexico was to become a constitutional monarchy, whose sole official religion would be Roman Catholicism, in which both the Peninsulares (people born in Spain and residing in Mexico) and the Americanos (people born in Mexico, that is, the Americas) would enjoy equal political and social rights."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "The two main figures behind the Plan were Agustín de Iturbide (who would become Emperor of Mexico) and Vicente Guerrero, revolutionary rebel leader and later President of Mexico."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "lead", "says": "The two main figures behind the Plan were Agustín de Iturbide (who would become Emperor of Mexico) and Vicente Guerrero, revolutionary rebel leader and later President of Mexico."}, {"id": "Q973289", "label": "Juan O’Donojú", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 August 1821, Iturbide and Spanish viceroy Juan O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba in Córdoba, Veracruz, ratifying the Plan of Iguala, and thus confirming Mexico's independence."}, {"id": "Q767450", "label": "Treaty of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 August 1821, Iturbide and Spanish viceroy Juan O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba in Córdoba, Veracruz, ratifying the Plan of Iguala, and thus confirming Mexico's independence."}], "Q16146587": [{"id": "Q15240466", "label": "British Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cyprus Emergency was a conflict fought in British Cyprus between April 1955 and March 1959."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Cyprus was a territory of the Ottoman Empire from the late 16th century until it became a protectorate of the United Kingdom under nominal Ottoman suzerainty at the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878 after the Russo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Cyprus was a territory of the Ottoman Empire from the late 16th century until it became a protectorate of the United Kingdom under nominal Ottoman suzerainty at the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878 after the Russo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q3555069", "label": "Cyprus Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "Cyprus was a territory of the Ottoman Empire from the late 16th century until it became a protectorate of the United Kingdom under nominal Ottoman suzerainty at the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878 after the Russo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1915, Cyprus was formally annexed into the British Empire after the Ottomans had entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers against the British, and it was initially governed by a military administration until 1925, when it was proclaimed the Crown Colony of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1915, Cyprus was formally annexed into the British Empire after the Ottomans had entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers against the British, and it was initially governed by a military administration until 1925, when it was proclaimed the Crown Colony of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "These measures were in place until the start of World War II."}], "Q209359": [{"id": "Q353907", "label": "Jean-Andoche Junot", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Vimeiro (sometimes shown as \"Vimiera\" or \"Vimeira\" in contemporary British texts) on 21 August 1808, the British under General Arthur Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington) defeated the French under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [viˈmɐjɾu]), near Lisbon, Portugal, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Vimeiro (sometimes shown as \"Vimiera\" or \"Vimeira\" in contemporary British texts) on 21 August 1808, the British under General Arthur Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington) defeated the French under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [viˈmɐjɾu]), near Lisbon, Portugal, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Vimeiro (sometimes shown as \"Vimiera\" or \"Vimeira\" in contemporary British texts) on 21 August 1808, the British under General Arthur Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington) defeated the French under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [viˈmɐjɾu]), near Lisbon, Portugal, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q324344", "label": "Battle of Roliça", "section": "Background", "says": "The British intervention started with the Battle of Roliça."}, {"id": "Q138105", "label": "François Étienne de Kellermann", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition, François Étienne de Kellermann commanded a 2,100-man reserve made up of four converged grenadier battalions."}], "Q2198292": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Triple Alliance (Dutch: Triple Alliantie; Swedish: Trippelalliansen) was signed by the Kingdom of England, the Swedish Empire and the Dutch Republic in May 1668."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Triple Alliance (Dutch: Triple Alliantie; Swedish: Trippelalliansen) was signed by the Kingdom of England, the Swedish Empire and the Dutch Republic in May 1668."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Triple Alliance (Dutch: Triple Alliantie; Swedish: Trippelalliansen) was signed by the Kingdom of England, the Swedish Empire and the Dutch Republic in May 1668."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in response to the occupation of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté by France."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of three separate agreements: a defensive alliance, an undertaking to oblige Spain and France to make peace, and secret clauses that included mediating an end to the war between Spain and Portugal and enforcing the peace by military action if required."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1663, Louis XIV had accepted that French and Dutch objectives in the Low Countries were incompatible and used the Second Anglo-Dutch War to launch the War of Devolution in May 1667."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1663, Louis XIV had accepted that French and Dutch objectives in the Low Countries were incompatible and used the Second Anglo-Dutch War to launch the War of Devolution in May 1667."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1663, Louis XIV had accepted that French and Dutch objectives in the Low Countries were incompatible and used the Second Anglo-Dutch War to launch the War of Devolution in May 1667."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He and Leopold were co-heirs to Charles of Spain, and in January 1668, they signed a treaty that divided the Spanish Empire if Charles died without an heir, and it awarded Louis the Spanish Netherlands and set the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance was short-lived since both Sweden and England backed France at the outset of the Franco-Dutch War four years later, but it marked the point at which England and the Dutch came to see France as a common threat."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "That made it the forerunner of the Grand Alliance, which fought the 1688-1697 Nine Years' War and the 1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War, Louis XIV of France married Maria Theresa of Spain, eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q152549", "label": "Maria Theresa of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War, Louis XIV of France married Maria Theresa of Spain, eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War, Louis XIV of France married Maria Theresa of Spain, eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "To prevent its acquisition by France, Maria Theresa renounced her inheritance rights and in return Louis was promised a dowry of 500,000 gold écus, a huge sum that was never paid."}, {"id": "Q188971", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Colbert", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1661, French Finance Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert argued economic growth required possession of the Spanish Netherlands and the port of Antwerp."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In September, Philip died, leaving his four-year-old son Charles II of Spain as king, and his widow, Mariana of Austria, as regent."}, {"id": "Q311469", "label": "Mariana of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "In September, Philip died, leaving his four-year-old son Charles II of Spain as king, and his widow, Mariana of Austria, as regent."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "Background", "says": "On 27 May, the Treaty of Madrid ended the 1654-1660 Anglo-Spanish War, and England agreed to mediate an end to the Portuguese Restoration War in return for commercial concessions."}], "Q2219890": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Calais (1940) was a battle for the port of Calais during the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q11636595", "label": "Battle of Boulogne", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was fought at the same time as the Battle of Boulogne, just before Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) through Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Franco-British counter-attack at the Battle of Arras (21 May), German units were held back to be ready to resist a resumption of the counter-attack on 22 May, despite the protests of General Heinz Guderian, the commander of the XIX Armee Korps, who wanted to rush north up the Channel coast to capture Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "Background", "says": "Within a few days, Army Group A (Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt) broke through the French Ninth Army (General André Corap) in the centre of the French front near Sedan and drove westwards down the Somme river valley, led by Panzergruppe Kleist comprising XIX Armee Korps under Generalleutnant Heinz Guderian and the XLI Armee Korps (Generalleutnant Georg-Hans Reinhardt)."}, {"id": "Q60552", "label": "Georg-Hans Reinhardt", "section": "Background", "says": "Within a few days, Army Group A (Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt) broke through the French Ninth Army (General André Corap) in the centre of the French front near Sedan and drove westwards down the Somme river valley, led by Panzergruppe Kleist comprising XIX Armee Korps under Generalleutnant Heinz Guderian and the XLI Armee Korps (Generalleutnant Georg-Hans Reinhardt)."}, {"id": "Q57150", "label": "Hermann Hoth", "section": "Background", "says": "The neighbouring XV Korps (General Hermann Hoth) was held back in reserve and a division of the XLI Korps was moved eastwards, when the corps was only 31 miles (50 km) from Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q1361104", "label": "John Crocker", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 3rd RTR was part of the 1st Heavy Armoured Brigade (Brigadier John Crocker) and had been about to leave for Cherbourg, to join the 1st Armoured Division, which was assembling at Pacy-sur-Eure in Normandy."}], "Q2236782": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "Baldwin IV took control over the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the age of thirteen after the death of his father Amalric I in 1174, the same year that Saladin came to power."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Baldwin was a staunch believer in Christianity and, as a result, Saladin's biggest problem to overcome."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "As one Crusade scholar wrote with regards to Montgisard, \"[t]his was a striking achievement – the only defeat in pitched battle that Saladin suffered before the advent of Richard the Lionheart and the Third Crusade\"."}], "Q2237594": [{"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lutos occurred in 794 when the Emir of Cordoba, Hisham I sent military incursions against the Kingdom of Asturias under the command of the brothers Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Walid ibn Mugaith and Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-Walid ibn Mugaith."}], "Q2237798": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thebes took place between the army of Alexander the Great and the Greek city of Thebes in 335 BC immediately outside of and in the city proper in Boeotia."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Thebans had reluctantly accepted this, as well as their compulsory membership in the League of Corinth, which had been previously imposed by Philip II of Macedon, Alexander's father."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "Background", "says": "Darius III started to distribute money to the Greek city-states with the hope that they would rise against Alexander who planned to invade the Persian empire."}, {"id": "Q319378", "label": "Memnon of Rhodes", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to this, he had sent his most able general Memnon of Rhodes against the Macedonian troops that were already stationed in Ionia at this time."}], "Q2265686": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The French attempt to restore James II to the English throne—the Williamite War in Ireland—ended in defeat in October 1691."}, {"id": "Q333596", "label": "Edward Russell", "section": "lead", "says": "However, when he finally did so in late May, the two fleets under Admiral Edward Russell had already met up and were 82 strong when they encountered the French off Cape Barfleur."}, {"id": "Q1248605", "label": "Battle of Beachy Head", "section": "Background", "says": "The French victory at the Battle of Beachy Head two years earlier, in June 1690, had opened up the possibility of destroying a significant part of the Anglo-Dutch fleet and landing an invading army in England."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XIV and his naval minister Louis Phélypeaux planned to land an army in England and restore James II to the throne."}, {"id": "Q565409", "label": "Anne Hilarion de Tourville", "section": "Background", "says": "The French commander Admiral Anne Hilarion de Tourville was to bring the French fleet up from Brest, collect the transports and the troops, then fight off the English fleet and land the army in England."}, {"id": "Q547419", "label": "Philips van Almonde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch had despatched a fleet, under Philips van Almonde, from the Texel in April, which was making its way south."}], "Q2277035": [{"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for Henderson Field, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal or Battle of Lunga Point by the Japanese, took place from 23 to 26 October 1942 on and around Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a land, sea, and air battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II and was fought between the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy and Allied forces, mainly U.S."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "lead", "says": "Marine and Army forces repulsed an attack by the Japanese 17th Army under the command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake."}, {"id": "Q696438", "label": "Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "section": "lead", "says": "They attempted to deliver further reinforcements, but failed during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November 1942, and Japan conceded defeat in the struggle for the island and evacuated many of its remaining forces by the first week of February 1943."}, {"id": "Q327121", "label": "Masao Maruyama", "section": "Background", "says": "His 2nd Division (augmented by one regiment from 38th Division), under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River."}, {"id": "Q575796", "label": "Kiyotake Kawaguchi", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2nd Division was split into three units; the Left Wing Unit under Major General Yumio Nasu containing the 29th Infantry Regiment, the Right Wing Unit under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi consisting of the 230th Infantry Regiment (from the 38th Infantry Division), and the division reserve led by Maruyama comprising the 16th Infantry Regiment."}, {"id": "Q1233721", "label": "Toshinari Shōji", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When he refused, Kawaguchi was relieved of command and replaced by Colonel Toshinari Shōji, commander of the 230th Infantry Regiment."}], "Q2280517": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Marino was an engagement on 17–20 September 1944 during the Italian Campaign of the Second World War, in which German Army forces occupied the neutral Republic of San Marino and were then attacked by Allied forces."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "It was reported to have declared war against the United Kingdom in September 1940, though the Sammarinese government later transmitted a message to the British government stating that it had not."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1942, the Sammarinese government reiterated it was not at war with the United States, a position that was confirmed by the US State Department."}, {"id": "Q2237517", "label": "Battle of Gemmano", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the left flank of the assault, the attack had been halted in the Battle of Gemmano, to the south of the Conca river."}], "Q2286942": [{"id": "Q316475", "label": "Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ebro River was a naval battle fought near the mouth of Ebro River in the spring of 217 BC between a Carthaginian fleet of approximately 40 quinqueremes, under the command of Himilco, and a Roman fleet of 35 ships, under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "Hasdrubal Barca, the Carthaginian commander in Iberia, had launched a joint expedition to destroy the Roman base north of the Ebro River."}, {"id": "Q1500211", "label": "Battle of Cissa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After Hanno's defeat in the Battle of Cissa in the winter of 218 BC, Gnaeus Scipio had spent his time consolidating his hold on the Iberian regions north of the Ebro and raiding the Iberian territory of Carthage south of the Ebro from his base at Tarraco."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After Hanno's defeat in the Battle of Cissa in the winter of 218 BC, Gnaeus Scipio had spent his time consolidating his hold on the Iberian regions north of the Ebro and raiding the Iberian territory of Carthage south of the Ebro from his base at Tarraco."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Punic naval contingent in Iberia contained 32 quinqueremes and 5 triremes in 218 BC when Hannibal had departed from Iberia."}], "Q2297338": [{"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Combat of the Thirty (French: Combat des Trente, Breton: Emgann an Tregont), occurring on 26 March 1351, was an episode in the Breton War of Succession fought to determine who would rule the Duchy of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The challenge was issued by Jean de Beaumanoir, a captain of Charles of Blois supported by King Philip VI of France, to Robert Bemborough, a captain of Jean de Montfort supported by Edward III of England."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The challenge was issued by Jean de Beaumanoir, a captain of Charles of Blois supported by King Philip VI of France, to Robert Bemborough, a captain of Jean de Montfort supported by Edward III of England."}, {"id": "Q315000", "label": "Jean Froissart", "section": "lead", "says": "In the words of Jean Froissart, the warriors \"held themselves as valiantly on both sides as if they had been all Rolands and Olivers\"."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background and cause", "says": "It came to be absorbed into the larger Hundred Years' War between France and England, with England supporting the Montforts and France supporting the Blois family."}], "Q2302690": [{"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian Tobacco Protest (Persian: نهضت تنباکو, romanized: nehzat-e tanbāku) was a Twelver Shia Muslim revolt in Qajar Iran against an 1890 tobacco concession granted by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar to the British Empire, granting control over growth, sale, and export of tobacco to an Englishman, Major G."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian Tobacco Protest (Persian: نهضت تنباکو, romanized: nehzat-e tanbāku) was a Twelver Shia Muslim revolt in Qajar Iran against an 1890 tobacco concession granted by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar to the British Empire, granting control over growth, sale, and export of tobacco to an Englishman, Major G."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Reeling from defeats in wars against the Russian Empire in 1813 and 1828, as well as the British Empire in 1857, not only was the Qajar government forced to grant countless concessions to foreign powers, but Iranian bazaaris (merchants) were left in a highly vulnerable position as they were unable to compete with the numerous economic advantages gained by merchants from Europe."}], "Q2313318": [{"id": "Q561973", "label": "Duke Wen of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 636 BC, Chong'er, a ducal prince of Jin, after nineteen years in exile traveling throughout numerous states, came to power as Duke Wen of Jin with the help of Duke Mu of Qin."}], "Q2334699": [{"id": "Q260437", "label": "Atropatene", "section": "lead", "says": "Antony's Atropatene campaign, also known as Antony's Parthian campaign, was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "Antony's Atropatene campaign, also known as Antony's Parthian campaign, was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Antony's Atropatene campaign, also known as Antony's Parthian campaign, was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Julius Caesar had planned an invasion of Parthia but died before he could implement it."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace was later negotiated by Augustus."}, {"id": "Q205887", "label": "Battle of Carrhae", "section": "Background", "says": "Julius Caesar, after ensuring victory in his civil war, planned a campaign into the Parthian Empire in 44 BC to avenge the earlier defeat of a Roman army led by Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae."}, {"id": "Q295228", "label": "Sextus Pompey", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon, with the triumvirs preoccupied with the revolt of Sextus Pompey in Sicily, Parthia attacked Roman-controlled Syria and the client kingdom of Judea."}, {"id": "Q359684", "label": "Hyrcanus II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Judean high priest and puppet Roman ruler, Hyrcanus II, was overthrown and sent as prisoner to Seleucia, and the pro-Parthian Hasmonean Antigonus was installed in his place."}, {"id": "Q359679", "label": "Aristobulus II", "section": "Background", "says": "Antigonus was the only remaining son of the former King Aristobulus II, whom the Romans deposed and installed the weaker Hyrcanus II as high priest (but not king) in 63 BC."}, {"id": "Q551516", "label": "Quintus Labienus", "section": "Background", "says": "In Anatolia, the Parthians allied with Quintus Labienus, son of Caesar's former general and later antagonist Titus Labienus, and penetrated deep into the west and defeated a Roman army under Decidius Saxa."}, {"id": "Q311265", "label": "Titus Labienus", "section": "Background", "says": "In Anatolia, the Parthians allied with Quintus Labienus, son of Caesar's former general and later antagonist Titus Labienus, and penetrated deep into the west and defeated a Roman army under Decidius Saxa."}], "Q2334746": [{"id": "Q316059", "label": "Pelopidas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cynoscephalae was a military engagement in 364 BC between the forces of Thebes and its Thessalian allies, led by Pelopidas, against the army of Alexander of Pherae."}, {"id": "Q465694", "label": "Alexander of Pherae", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cynoscephalae was a military engagement in 364 BC between the forces of Thebes and its Thessalian allies, led by Pelopidas, against the army of Alexander of Pherae."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Pelopidas's army defeated Alexander's much larger force, ending Alexander's attempts to secure hegemony in Thessaly, though Pelopidas himself was killed."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the account of Diodorus Siculus, who wrote in the first century BCE, Alexander had around 20,000 troops; Plutarch, who wrote between the first and second centuries CE, claims that Alexander's infantry outnumbered Pelopidas's by a factor of two to one."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the account of Diodorus Siculus, who wrote in the first century BCE, Alexander had around 20,000 troops; Plutarch, who wrote between the first and second centuries CE, claims that Alexander's infantry outnumbered Pelopidas's by a factor of two to one."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "Background", "says": "The historian Fred Eugene Ray Jr, citing an estimate of Thessaly's total ability to produce cavalry made by Xenophon in the fourth century BCE, suggests that Alexander could have had 4,000 cavalry and a total of 17,000 troops; Romm estimates that his overall force was twice the size of Pelopidas's."}], "Q2342758": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Chernaya (also Tchernaïa; Russian: Сражение у Черной  речки, Сражение у реки Черной, literally: Battle of the Black River) was fought at the Traktir Bridge on the Chernaya River during the Crimean War on August 16, 1855."}], "Q2348027": [{"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was intended to outflank and seize the German-occupied city of Caen from the west, an important Allied objective, in the early stages of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of north-west Europe."}, {"id": "Q3139030", "label": "Operation Martlet", "section": "lead", "says": "Preceded by Operation Martlet to secure the right flank of the advance, Operation Epsom began early on 26 June, with units of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division advancing behind a creeping artillery barrage."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Many casualties were suffered by both sides but unlike General Bernard Montgomery, the Allied commander in Normandy, Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel was unable to withdraw units into reserve after the battle, as they were needed to hold the front line."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "Many casualties were suffered by both sides but unlike General Bernard Montgomery, the Allied commander in Normandy, Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel was unable to withdraw units into reserve after the battle, as they were needed to hold the front line."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "lead", "says": "The British retained the initiative, attacked several more times over the following two weeks and captured Caen in Operation Charnwood in mid-July."}, {"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Overlord called for the British Second Army (Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey), to secure the Caen and then form a front line from Caumont-l'Éventé to the south-east of Caen."}, {"id": "Q516202", "label": "Battle of Cherbourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Bradley), while it fought the Battle of Cherbourg."}, {"id": "Q2643015", "label": "Operation Perch", "section": "Background", "says": "Abandoning the direct approach, Operation Perch—a pincer attack by I and XXX Corps—was launched on 7 June, to encircle Caen from the east and west."}, {"id": "Q700710", "label": "Battle of Villers-Bocage", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Villers-Bocage led to the vanguard of the 7th Armoured Division being ambushed and withdrawing from the town but by 17 June, Panzer Lehr had also been forced back and XXX Corps had taken Tilly-sur-Seulles."}], "Q2352036": [{"id": "Q40495", "label": "Pervez Musharraf", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1999 military takeover in Pakistan was a bloodless coup d'état initiated by the military staff at the Joint Staff HQ working under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf."}, {"id": "Q134068", "label": "Nawaz Sharif", "section": "lead", "says": "The instigators seized control of the civilian government of the popularly elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 12 October 1999."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 December 2000, Musharraf unexpectedly issued a pardon to Nawaz Sharif to be flown to Saudi Arabia."}], "Q2372093": [{"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians were led by Alexander Suvorov, who had defeated the Ottoman Turkish forces at Kinburn, Focsani, and Rymnik, as well as participating in the siege of Ochakov."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Sea rowing flotilla was commanded by the Spanish admiral José de Ribas (Iosif Deribas) who was in the service of the Russian Empire."}], "Q2395085": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Easter Offensive, also known as the 1972 Spring–Summer Offensive (Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Xuân–Hè 1972) by North Vietnam, or the Fiery Red Summer (Mùa hè đỏ lửa) in South Vietnamese literature, was a military campaign conducted by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against a force consisting of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the United States military between 30 March and 22 Oc"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Easter Offensive, also known as the 1972 Spring–Summer Offensive (Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Xuân–Hè 1972) by North Vietnam, or the Fiery Red Summer (Mùa hè đỏ lửa) in South Vietnamese literature, was a military campaign conducted by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against a force consisting of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the United States military between 30 March and 22 Oc"}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Easter Offensive, also known as the 1972 Spring–Summer Offensive (Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Xuân–Hè 1972) by North Vietnam, or the Fiery Red Summer (Mùa hè đỏ lửa) in South Vietnamese literature, was a military campaign conducted by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against a force consisting of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the United States military between 30 March and 22 Oc"}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "This conventional invasion (the largest since the crossing of 300,000 Chinese troops across the Yalu River into North Korea during the Korean War) was a radical departure from previous North Vietnamese offensives."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "This conventional invasion (the largest since the crossing of 300,000 Chinese troops across the Yalu River into North Korea during the Korean War) was a radical departure from previous North Vietnamese offensives."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was designed to achieve a decisive victory, which even if it did not lead to the collapse of South Vietnam, would greatly improve the North's negotiating position at the Paris Peace Accords."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was designed to achieve a decisive victory, which even if it did not lead to the collapse of South Vietnam, would greatly improve the North's negotiating position at the Paris Peace Accords."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "This first attempt by North Vietnam to invade the south since the Tet Offensive of 1968, became characterized by conventional infantry–armor assaults backed by heavy artillery, with both sides fielding the latest in technological advances in weapons systems."}, {"id": "Q489959", "label": "Operation Linebacker", "section": "lead", "says": "One result of the offensive was the launching of Operation Linebacker, the first sustained bombing of North Vietnam by the U.S. since November 1968."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "Background", "says": "In December, intelligence became conclusive that PAVN units supporting Khmer Rouge operations in Cambodia began returning to the border areas."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "Background", "says": "In December, intelligence became conclusive that PAVN units supporting Khmer Rouge operations in Cambodia began returning to the border areas."}, {"id": "Q499056", "label": "Melvin Laird", "section": "Background", "says": "In January, Defense Intelligence Agency officers briefed Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird to state that PAVN would attack after the Tết holidays and that the offensive would involve the widespread use of armored forces."}], "Q23965844": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Toropets–Kholm offensive was a military operation conducted south of Lake Ilmen by the Red Army during World War II, from 9 January–6 February 1942."}, {"id": "Q305133", "label": "Kholm Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation contributed to the formation of the Kholm Pocket and the encirclement of the Wehrmacht's II Army Corps in the Demyansk Pocket."}, {"id": "Q161033", "label": "Demyansk Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation contributed to the formation of the Kholm Pocket and the encirclement of the Wehrmacht's II Army Corps in the Demyansk Pocket."}, {"id": "Q1064496", "label": "Pavel Kurochkin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet North-Western Front—under General Pavel Kurochkin—was given two tasks to be executed from its position south of Lake Ilmen."}], "Q2422572": [{"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "Orhan's victory sealed Ottoman control of Bithynia."}], "Q243587": [{"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Some Russian historians believe the uprising represented a reactionary rebellion against the progressive innovations of Peter the Great, who had left the country on a tour of cities in northern and western Europe at the time."}], "Q2452024": [{"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian war of 1536–1538 was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan, which Charles had granted to his son Philip."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Overall, the Holy Roman Empire and Spain retained Milan and solidified Habsburg primacy over Italy, but Savoy and Piedmont were occupied by France."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war strengthened animosity between the Habsburgs and the French, and reinforced ties between France and the Ottoman Empire, which had sided with Francis I against Charles V."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The war strengthened animosity between the Habsburgs and the French, and reinforced ties between France and the Ottoman Empire, which had sided with Francis I against Charles V."}, {"id": "Q378868", "label": "Francesco II Sforza", "section": "Causes", "says": "The war began in 1536 between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France commenced upon the death of Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan."}], "Q2456110": [{"id": "Q610759", "label": "Qaplan II Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of (the) Larga was fought by a combined force of 65,000 Crimean Tatars and 15,000 Ottomans under Qaplan II Giray, against 38,000 Russians under Field-Marshal Rumyantsev on the banks of the Larga River, a tributary of the Prut River, in Moldavia (now in Moldova), for eight hours on 18 July 1770 (O.S."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "lead", "says": "For this victory, Rumyantsev was awarded the Order of Saint George of the 1st degree."}, {"id": "Q700218", "label": "Battle of Kagul", "section": "lead", "says": "Two weeks later, the Russians scored an even greater victory in the Battle of Kagul."}], "Q2459925": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Uclés was fought on 29 May 1108 during the Reconquista period near Uclés just south of the river Tagus between the Christian forces of Castile and León under Alfonso VI and the forces of the Muslim Almoravids under Tamim ibn-Yusuf."}], "Q2512587": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nymphaeum (Greek: Συνθήκη του Νυμφαίου) was a peace treaty signed in December 1214 between the Nicaean Empire, successor state of the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin Empire, which was established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade of 1204."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nymphaeum (Greek: Συνθήκη του Νυμφαίου) was a peace treaty signed in December 1214 between the Nicaean Empire, successor state of the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin Empire, which was established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade of 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nymphaeum (Greek: Συνθήκη του Νυμφαίου) was a peace treaty signed in December 1214 between the Nicaean Empire, successor state of the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin Empire, which was established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade of 1204."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Latin holdings were confined to the north-western part of Anatolia, comprising the coasts of Bithynia and most of Mysia."}], "Q2517808": [{"id": "Q1056715", "label": "Ōshio Heihachirō", "section": "lead", "says": "In the last year of the famine, Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who had refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city."}], "Q2530931": [{"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "lead", "says": "306–337) and Licinius (r."}, {"id": "Q221465", "label": "Hydatius", "section": "Background", "says": "The unreliable fasti (chronicles) of Hydatius dates the battle to 8 October 314, but the remaining literary and numismatics evidence point to the battle being fought in 316."}], "Q2542813": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ullais (Arabic: معركة أليس) was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in the middle of June 633 AD in  Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Persian Sasanian and Arab Christian casualties."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ullais (Arabic: معركة أليس) was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in the middle of June 633 AD in  Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Persian Sasanian and Arab Christian casualties."}, {"id": "Q1392699", "label": "Battle of Blood River", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ullais (Arabic: معركة أليس) was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in the middle of June 633 AD in  Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Persian Sasanian and Arab Christian casualties."}, {"id": "Q2542830", "label": "Battle of Walaja", "section": "Background", "says": "After their defeat at the Battle of Walaja, the Sassanid survivors of the battle who consisted mostly of Christian Arabs fled from the battlefield, crossed the River Khaseef (a tributary of the Euphrates) and moved between it and the Euphrates."}, {"id": "Q5005349", "label": "Bahman Jadhuyah", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Ardsheer meanwhile sent orders to Bahman Jaduya to proceed to Ullais and take command of Arab contingents there and stop the Muslims advance at Ullais."}], "Q2542830": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Walaja (Arabic: معركة الولجة) was fought in Mesopotamia in May 633 between the Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn al-Walid and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha against the Sassanid Empire and its Arab allies."}, {"id": "Q1050354", "label": "Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Walaja (Arabic: معركة الولجة) was fought in Mesopotamia in May 633 between the Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn al-Walid and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha against the Sassanid Empire and its Arab allies."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Khalid defeated the Sasanian forces by using a variation of the double envelopment tactical manoeuvre, similar to the manoeuvre that Hannibal had used to defeat the Roman forces at the Battle of Cannae."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "Khalid defeated the Sasanian forces by using a variation of the double envelopment tactical manoeuvre, similar to the manoeuvre that Hannibal had used to defeat the Roman forces at the Battle of Cannae."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Islamic prophet Muhammad died on 8 June 632, Abu Bakr succeeded him as first Caliph."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Once the rebellions had been put down, Abu Bakr realized that the Sassanid Empire and the Byzantine Empire both threatened the borders of the nascent Muslim state and that passiveness would only lead to invasion."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He therefore launched campaigns against the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire, setting in motion a historical trajectory that in just a few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Ridda Wars a Muslim tribal chief raided the Persian frontier towns in Iraq."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Muslims invaded the Sassanid Persian Empire in April 633, and defeated the Sassanid army in two consecutive battles: the Battle of Chains and the Battle of River."}, {"id": "Q2026625", "label": "Battle of Chains", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Muslims invaded the Sassanid Persian Empire in April 633, and defeated the Sassanid army in two consecutive battles: the Battle of Chains and the Battle of River."}, {"id": "Q2671590", "label": "Battle of River", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Muslims invaded the Sassanid Persian Empire in April 633, and defeated the Sassanid army in two consecutive battles: the Battle of Chains and the Battle of River."}], "Q2570386": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Al-Anbar (Arabic: معركة الأنبار) was between the Muslim Arab army under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Sasanian Empire."}], "Q2577289": [{"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392 was the second civil conflict between Jogaila, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "At issue was control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then the largest state in Europe."}, {"id": "Q992978", "label": "Skirgaila", "section": "lead", "says": "Jogaila had been crowned King of Poland in 1386; he installed his brother Skirgaila as ruler of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "Background", "says": "The family of Gediminas ruled a state that covered the territories of present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Transnistria, and parts of Poland and Russia."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "Gediminas died in 1341; afterwards his sons Algirdas and Kęstutis, the fathers of Jogaila and Vytautas, co-ruled the Grand Duchy peacefully."}, {"id": "Q355869", "label": "Kęstutis", "section": "Background", "says": "Gediminas died in 1341; afterwards his sons Algirdas and Kęstutis, the fathers of Jogaila and Vytautas, co-ruled the Grand Duchy peacefully."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "Jogaila created a significant new alliance with the Kingdom of Poland when he secured an agreement, known as the Union of Krewo (August 1385), to marry the twelve-year-old Queen\nof Poland Jadwiga of Poland."}, {"id": "Q16362506", "label": "Lithuanian Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The Union was an unwelcome development for the Teutonic Knights, as it united Poland and Lithuania, two states hostile to the Order, and a Christianized Lithuania deprived the Knights of their ideological justification for waging the Lithuanian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "Background", "says": "Vytautas became duke of Hrodna and Podlaskie; Jogaila known now by his Christian name Władysław II (Władysław II Jagiełło) designated his brother Skirgaila regent in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "Background", "says": "Vytautas was supported by Lithuanians who resented the Polish interpretation of the recent Union of Krewo."}], "Q2578094": [{"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid war of 1603–1612 consisted of two wars between Safavid Iran under Shah Abbas I and the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed III and his son Ahmed I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid war of 1603–1612 consisted of two wars between Safavid Iran under Shah Abbas I and the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed III and his son Ahmed I."}, {"id": "Q171465", "label": "Mehmed III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid war of 1603–1612 consisted of two wars between Safavid Iran under Shah Abbas I and the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed III and his son Ahmed I."}, {"id": "Q114749", "label": "Ahmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Safavid war of 1603–1612 consisted of two wars between Safavid Iran under Shah Abbas I and the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed III and his son Ahmed I."}], "Q2584397": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels, led by veterans of the Greek War of Independence, demanded the granting of a constitution and the departure of the Bavarian officials that dominated the government."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "They wished for the Bavarians, above all the much-despised Major Hess, to be sent back to their country and for a constitution to be granted."}], "Q2603206": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Batavian Revolution (Dutch: De Bataafse Revolutie) was a time of political, social and cultural turmoil at the end of the 18th century that marked the end of the Dutch Republic and saw the proclamation of the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Batavian Revolution (Dutch: De Bataafse Revolutie) was a time of political, social and cultural turmoil at the end of the 18th century that marked the end of the Dutch Republic and saw the proclamation of the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "He asked his brother-in-law Frederick William II of Prussia for help, and in 1787 a relatively small Prussian army restored the Orangists to power with little fighting."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the French Revolution began in 1789, \"Patriot\" dissent grew, and in the severe winter of 1794/'95 a French army with some \"Patriot\" Dutch units invaded over the frozen frontier rivers, leading to the Batavian Revolution and the proclamation of the Batavian Republic in 1795."}, {"id": "Q576292", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of the 18th century, the Netherlands found themselves in a deep economic crisis, caused by the devastating Fourth Anglo-Dutch War."}], "Q2605977": [{"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dunbar was fought between the English New Model Army, under Oliver Cromwell, and a Scottish army commanded by David Leslie on 3 September 1650 near Dunbar, Scotland."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Before they would permit him to return from exile in the Dutch Republic to take up his crown, they demanded that he first sign both Covenants: recognising the authority of the Kirk in religious matters and that of parliament in civil affairs."}, {"id": "Q550612", "label": "Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron", "section": "Background", "says": "They pressured Thomas Fairfax, lord general of the New Model Army, to launch a preemptive attack."}], "Q2606324": [{"id": "Q153316", "label": "Battle of Crete", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks came at a difficult time for the Mediterranean Fleet, after the loss of the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal and the battleship Barham to U-boats, the loss of ships during the Battle of Crete and the sinking of much of Force K on an Italian minefield, the day before the human torpedo attack on Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q728006", "label": "Junio Valerio Borghese", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 3 December, the submarine Scirè (Lieutenant Junio Valerio Borghese) of the Italian Regia Marina left the naval base of La Spezia carrying three manned torpedoes, nicknamed maiali (pigs)."}], "Q2615347": [{"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krtsanisi (Georgian: კრწანისის ბრძოლა, romanized: k'rts'anisis brdzola, Persian: نبرد کرتسانیسی) was fought between the army of Qajar Iran (Persia) and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heracli"}, {"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krtsanisi (Georgian: კრწანისის ბრძოლა, romanized: k'rts'anisis brdzola, Persian: نبرد کرتسانیسی) was fought between the army of Qajar Iran (Persia) and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heracli"}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krtsanisi (Georgian: კრწანისის ბრძოლა, romanized: k'rts'anisis brdzola, Persian: نبرد کرتسانیسی) was fought between the army of Qajar Iran (Persia) and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heracli"}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Russian Empire had officially declared in the Treaty of Georgievsk of 1783 that it would protect Heraclius's kingdom against any Iranian attempts to re-subjugate Georgia, Russia did not intervene to protect its ally."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, in order to restore Russian prestige, Catherine the Great launched a punitive campaign against Iran in 1796, but it was soon recalled after Catherine's death the same year."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After these wars, Iran ceded Transcaucasia and Dagestan to imperial Russia per the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828)."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "After these wars, Iran ceded Transcaucasia and Dagestan to imperial Russia per the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828)."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Heraclius II, respectively, as a reward for their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Heraclius II, respectively, as a reward for their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "Background", "says": "At about the same time, Karim Khan Zand had ascended the Iranian throne; Heraclius II quickly tendered his de jure submission to the new Iranian ruler, however, de facto, he remained autonomous."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1783, Heraclius placed his kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Georgievsk."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike Peter I, Catherine, the then ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire, both immediate bordering geo-political rivals of Russia."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the next several years, Russia would be too occupied with Turkey (due to the 1768-74 war), Poland, and the European consequences of the French Revolution to give Georgia much attention."}], "Q2656683": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Simba rebellion, also known as the Orientale revolt, was a regional uprising which took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1963 and 1965 in the wider context of the Congo Crisis and the Cold War."}, {"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Simba rebellion, also known as the Orientale revolt, was a regional uprising which took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1963 and 1965 in the wider context of the Congo Crisis and the Cold War."}, {"id": "Q161672", "label": "Patrice Lumumba", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion, located in the east of the country, was led by the followers of Patrice Lumumba, who had been ousted from power in 1960 by Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Joseph-Désiré Mobutu and subsequently killed in January 1961 in Katanga."}, {"id": "Q206048", "label": "Joseph Kasa-Vubu", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion, located in the east of the country, was led by the followers of Patrice Lumumba, who had been ousted from power in 1960 by Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Joseph-Désiré Mobutu and subsequently killed in January 1961 in Katanga."}, {"id": "Q971340", "label": "Pierre Mulele", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was contemporaneous with the Kwilu rebellion led by fellow Lumumbist Pierre Mulele in central Congo."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "The causes of the Simba Rebellion should be viewed as part of the wider struggle for power within the Republic of the Congo following independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960 as well as within the context of other Cold War interventions in Africa by the West and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The causes of the Simba Rebellion should be viewed as part of the wider struggle for power within the Republic of the Congo following independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960 as well as within the context of other Cold War interventions in Africa by the West and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q316942", "label": "Antoine Gizenga", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1961, this change in power led Antoine Gizenga to declare the creation of a rebel government in Stanleyville."}], "Q2657887": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman, or the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, was a formal trade agreement signed between the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain took advantage of the unrest and offered its hand in helping the Ottoman Empire defeat Mehmed Ali Pasha, in exchange for complete access to Ottoman trade markets."}, {"id": "Q334374", "label": "David Urquhart", "section": "Background", "says": "After 1834 neither party wanted to renew the original agreement as it stood; so, Reşit Pasha (advisor to the Sultan), David Urquhart (an English diplomat), Lord Posonby (the British Ambassador) and Counsel General John Cartwright, worked to form the Treaty of Balta Liman."}], "Q2661859": [{"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the only battle of the war fought in British Malaya."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "Background", "says": "Penang is an island off the west coast of Malaya, now the present day Malaysia."}], "Q2667645": [{"id": "Q159512", "label": "Battle of Legnica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the Battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia and High Duke of Poland."}, {"id": "Q53446", "label": "Henry II the Pious", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the Battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia and High Duke of Poland."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, the Mongol goal was to use a small detachment to prevent the Poles from assisting Hungary until the Hungarians were defeated."}, {"id": "Q380393", "label": "Orda Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "That army, under Baidar, Kadan and Orda Khan, began scouting operations in late 1240."}, {"id": "Q16933165", "label": "Duchy of Sandomierz", "section": "Background", "says": "A Mongol detachment, advancing from Ruthenia through Volodymyr-Volhynskyi, invaded the Duchy of Sandomierz in the winter of 1240–1241."}], "Q2670873": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Makin was an engagement of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought from 20 to 24 November 1943 on Makin Atoll in the Gilbert Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "The end of the Aleutian Islands campaign and progress in the Solomon Islands, combined with increasing amounts of men and materiel, gave the United States Navy the resources to make an invasion of the central Pacific in late 1943."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "Background", "says": "Admiral Chester Nimitz had argued for this invasion earlier in 1943, but the resources were not available to carry it out at the same time as Operation Cartwheel, the envelopment of Rabaul in the Bismarck Islands."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "Nimitz, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), to submit a plan to occupy the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q528235", "label": "Holland Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "5th Fleet's amphibious troops were designated the V Amphibious Corps and placed under Marine Corps Major General Holland Smith."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "The V Amphibious Corps had two divisions, the 2nd Marine Division based in New Zealand, and the U.S."}], "Q2707120": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Wuchale (also spelled Treaty of Ucciale; Italian: Trattato di Uccialli, Amharic: የውጫሌ ውል) was a treaty signed between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "The signing parties were King Menelik II of Shewa, acting as Emperor of Ethiopia, and Count Pietro Antonelli representing Italy, on 2 May 1889, established the treaty after the  Italian occupation of Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The signing parties were King Menelik II of Shewa, acting as Emperor of Ethiopia, and Count Pietro Antonelli representing Italy, on 2 May 1889, established the treaty after the  Italian occupation of Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "When Menelik II denounced the treaty in 1893, Italy attempted to forcefully impose the protectorate over Ethiopia in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, which ended with Italy's defeat at the Battle of Adwa and the resulting Treaty of Addis Ababa."}, {"id": "Q302519", "label": "Battle of Adwa", "section": "lead", "says": "When Menelik II denounced the treaty in 1893, Italy attempted to forcefully impose the protectorate over Ethiopia in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, which ended with Italy's defeat at the Battle of Adwa and the resulting Treaty of Addis Ababa."}, {"id": "Q2399119", "label": "Treaty of Addis Ababa", "section": "lead", "says": "When Menelik II denounced the treaty in 1893, Italy attempted to forcefully impose the protectorate over Ethiopia in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, which ended with Italy's defeat at the Battle of Adwa and the resulting Treaty of Addis Ababa."}], "Q2725993": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Padri Wars (also called the Minangkabau War) was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West Sumatra, Indonesia between the Padri and the Adat."}, {"id": "Q3177715", "label": "Pagaruyung Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "But after the occupation of the Pagaruyung Kingdom by Tuanku Pasaman, one of the Padri leaders in 1815, on 21 February 1821, the Minangkabau nobility made a deal with the Dutch in Padang to help them fight the Padri."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Padri, like contemporaneous jihadists in the Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa, were Islamist purists who had made the hajj to Mecca and returned inspired to bring the Qur'an and sharia to a position of greater influence in Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1820s, the Dutch had yet to consolidate their possessions in some parts of the Dutch East Indies (later Indonesia) after that were returned to them by the British after the Napoleonic Wars.."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1820s, the Dutch had yet to consolidate their possessions in some parts of the Dutch East Indies (later Indonesia) after that were returned to them by the British after the Napoleonic Wars.."}], "Q2742323": [{"id": "Q313427", "label": "Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople took place between 1235 and late 1236 when a joint Bulgarian–Nicaean army led by Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Emperor of Nicaea John III Doukas Vatatzes conducted an unsuccessful siege of the capital of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople took place between 1235 and late 1236 when a joint Bulgarian–Nicaean army led by Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Emperor of Nicaea John III Doukas Vatatzes conducted an unsuccessful siege of the capital of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople took place between 1235 and late 1236 when a joint Bulgarian–Nicaean army led by Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Emperor of Nicaea John III Doukas Vatatzes conducted an unsuccessful siege of the capital of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege arose from the prolonged conflict between the Latin Empire, Bulgaria and the Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Nicaea and Despotate of Epirus, following the capture and sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege arose from the prolonged conflict between the Latin Empire, Bulgaria and the Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Nicaea and Despotate of Epirus, following the capture and sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege arose from the prolonged conflict between the Latin Empire, Bulgaria and the Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Nicaea and Despotate of Epirus, following the capture and sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege arose from the prolonged conflict between the Latin Empire, Bulgaria and the Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Nicaea and Despotate of Epirus, following the capture and sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Each aimed to revive or establish an empire in the territories of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q365620", "label": "Robert of Courtenay", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Asen was led by the Latins to believe he would become emperor of Constantinople following the death of Robert of Courtenay in 1228."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latins terminated negotiations after the Bulgarians defeated Epirus at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230, as the Latins sought only to prevent an alliance between Bulgaria and Epirus."}, {"id": "Q332704", "label": "John of Brienne", "section": "lead", "says": "The announcement that John of Brienne had become the new Latin emperor angered Asen."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the north, Bulgarians gathered an army aimed to control parts of Macedonia and Thrace, regions claimed by the Latin Empire."}], "Q2789344": [{"id": "Q1282732", "label": "Guatemalan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guatemalan genocide (Spanish: Genocidio guatemalteco), also referred to as the Maya genocide (Genocidio maya), or the Silent Holocaust (Holocausto silencioso), was the mass killing of the Maya Indigenous people during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive Guatemalan military governments that first took power following the CIA-instigated 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of the 1980s the Guatemalan army relied on fellow pariah-states like Argentina and South Africa for supplies.\"\nAn estimated 200,000 Guatemalans were killed during the war, including at least 40,000 persons enforced disappearances."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of the 1980s the Guatemalan army relied on fellow pariah-states like Argentina and South Africa for supplies.\"\nAn estimated 200,000 Guatemalans were killed during the war, including at least 40,000 persons enforced disappearances."}], "Q2887924": [{"id": "Q41657", "label": "Romanos III Argyros", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Azaz was an engagement fought in August 1030 near the Syrian town of Azaz between the Byzantine army, led by Emperor Romanos III Argyros (r."}, {"id": "Q42534103", "label": "Treaty of Safar", "section": "Background", "says": "The Emirate of Aleppo had been a Byzantine vassal since the 969 Treaty of Safar, but in the years before the death of Basil II (r."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Emirate of Aleppo had been a Byzantine vassal since the 969 Treaty of Safar, but in the years before the death of Basil II (r."}, {"id": "Q7404509", "label": "Salih ibn Mirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Mirdasid emir Salih ibn Mirdas was killed by the Fatimids at the Battle of al-Uqhuwana in Palestine in 1029, he was succeeded by his young sons Nasr and Thimal."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Mirdasid emir Salih ibn Mirdas was killed by the Fatimids at the Battle of al-Uqhuwana in Palestine in 1029, he was succeeded by his young sons Nasr and Thimal."}, {"id": "Q557361", "label": "Yahya of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the medieval Arabic chroniclers Yahya of Antioch (d."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "Background", "says": "On the other hand, the contemporary Byzantine historians John Skylitzes and Michael Psellos hold that the impending campaign was motivated by Romanos's quest for glory."}, {"id": "Q294109", "label": "Michael Psellos", "section": "Background", "says": "On the other hand, the contemporary Byzantine historians John Skylitzes and Michael Psellos hold that the impending campaign was motivated by Romanos's quest for glory."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite, or rather because of, his complete lack of military experience, Romanos was eager to imitate the deeds of Basil II and his predecessors; according to Psellos, he wanted to emulate the ancient Roman emperors such as Trajan and Augustus, or even Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite, or rather because of, his complete lack of military experience, Romanos was eager to imitate the deeds of Basil II and his predecessors; according to Psellos, he wanted to emulate the ancient Roman emperors such as Trajan and Augustus, or even Alexander the Great."}], "Q2915203": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ethiopian–Adal War, also known as the Abyssinian–Adal War and Futūḥ Al-Ḥabaša (Arabic: فتوح الحبش, lit. 'Conquest of Abyssinia'), was a war fought between the Christian Ethiopian Empire and the Muslim Adal Sultanate from 1529 to 1543."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ethiopian–Adal War, also known as the Abyssinian–Adal War and Futūḥ Al-Ḥabaša (Arabic: فتوح الحبش, lit. 'Conquest of Abyssinia'), was a war fought between the Christian Ethiopian Empire and the Muslim Adal Sultanate from 1529 to 1543."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christian Ethiopian troops were drawn mainly from Tigray, Gojjam, Begemder, Angot, Qeda,,Gan, Medri Bahri, Gafat, and a certain numbers of Agaw troops At the closing of the war, the Christian forces were supported by the Portuguese Empire with no less than 400 musketeers."}, {"id": "Q558437", "label": "Lebna Dengel", "section": "Background", "says": "The period following his death at the hands of the Abyssinians under Lebna Dengel was marked by an extended military succession crisis in Adal known as the Adalite Civil War, which concluded with Ahmed taking control."}, {"id": "Q581685", "label": "Yeshaq I", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Yeshaq I (1414–1429) was probably the first to acquire them, employing a former Turkish governor of Upper Egypt, Tabunga Muqrif, to train his men in their use, but for nearly a century afterward few such weapons reached the interior."}], "Q2915236": [{"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem in early 614 was a significant development in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the result of a major offensive by the Sasanian Empire across the Fertile Crescent, culminating in the annexation of Jerusalem and Palaestina Prima as a whole."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian advance had been bolstered by the timely outbreak of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius, owing to decades of persecution of Jews and Samaritans by the Byzantine Empire, although the Heraclian dynasty itself had only been in power for four years."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian advance had been bolstered by the timely outbreak of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius, owing to decades of persecution of Jews and Samaritans by the Byzantine Empire, although the Heraclian dynasty itself had only been in power for four years."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 613, Sasanian king Khosrow II had appointed his army chief Shahrbaraz to lead a campaign into the Byzantines' Diocese of the East."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "lead", "says": "In 613, Sasanian king Khosrow II had appointed his army chief Shahrbaraz to lead a campaign into the Byzantines' Diocese of the East."}, {"id": "Q173470", "label": "Anastasius I", "section": "lead", "says": "By this time, the grand inner harbour had silted up and was useless, but the city continued to be an important maritime hub after Byzantine emperor Anastasius I Dicorus ordered the outer harbour's reconstruction."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantines eventually recovered their lost territories before being pushed out indefinitely by the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 638, whereafter the ban on Jews was lifted and Christian rule over Jerusalem ended until the Crusades."}], "Q736140": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a part of the Scanian War (1675–1679) fought for supremacy over the southern Baltic."}, {"id": "Q982247", "label": "Cornelis Tromp", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied force under the leadership of the Dutch admiral Cornelis Tromp took full advantage of the ensuing disorder on the Swedish side."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark needed the sea lanes to invade Scania, and Sweden needed to reinforce Swedish Pomerania on the Baltic coast; both stood to gain by taking control of the Baltic trade routes."}, {"id": "Q968941", "label": "Gustaf Otto Stenbock", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1675 the Swedish fleet under Gustaf Otto Stenbock put to sea, but sailed no further than Stora Karlsö off Gotland before it had to turn back to Stockholm after less than two weeks, beset by cold and stormy weather, disease, and the loss of vital equipment."}, {"id": "Q475142", "label": "Niels Juel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A Danish fleet of 20 ships under Admiral Niels Juel put to sea in March 1676, and on 29 April his forces landed on Gotland, which surrendered."}], "Q751236": [{"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dreux was fought on 19 December 1562 between Catholics and Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q356952", "label": "Anne de Montmorency", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholics were led by Anne de Montmorency while Louis I, Prince of Condé, led the Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q316913", "label": "Louis, Prince of Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholics were led by Anne de Montmorency while Louis I, Prince of Condé, led the Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "Though commanders from both sides were captured, the French Catholics won the battle which would constitute the first major engagement of the French Wars of Religion and the only major engagement of the first French War of Religion."}], "Q762458": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ruspina was fought on 4 January 46 BC in the Roman province of Africa, between the Republican forces of the Optimates and forces loyal to Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republican army was commanded by Titus Labienus, Caesar's former lieutenant during the Gallic Wars who had defected to the Republican side at the beginning of the civil war."}], "Q767124": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ctesiphon took place on 29 May 363 between the armies of Roman Emperor Julian and an army of the Sasanian Empire (during Shapur II's reign) outside the walls of the Persian capital Ctesiphon."}, {"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 3, 361, Constantius II died in the city of Mopsucrene, leaving his cousin Flavius Claudius Julianus, known to history as Julian the Apostate, as sole emperor of Rome."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "Background", "says": "Turning next to foreign policy, Julian saw the previously unchecked military incursions of Shapur II of Persia against the Eastern Roman provinces as posing the greatest external threat."}], "Q769906": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sixth Battle of the Isonzo, better known as the Battle of Gorizia, was the most successful Italian offensive along the Soča (Isonzo) River during World War I."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf had reduced the Austro-Hungarian forces along the Soča front to reinforce his Trentino Offensive and also to assist with the defense of the Russian Brusilov Offensive taking place on the Eastern front."}, {"id": "Q221967", "label": "Brusilov Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf had reduced the Austro-Hungarian forces along the Soča front to reinforce his Trentino Offensive and also to assist with the defense of the Russian Brusilov Offensive taking place on the Eastern front."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian Chief-of-Staff Luigi Cadorna, along with Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta – Commander of the Italian Third Army, turned his attention to the Isonzo front and particularly, the city of Gorizia."}], "Q770116": [{"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ulm campaign was a series of French and Bavarian military maneuvers and battles to outflank and capture an Austrian army in 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Grande Armée, led by Emperor Napoleon, had 210,000 troops organized into seven corps and hoped to knock out the Austrian army in the Danube before Russian reinforcements could arrive."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory at Ulm did not end the war since a large Russian army under Mikhail Kutuzov was near Vienna to defend the city against the French."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 December, the massive Battle of Austerlitz, causing 24,000 to 36,000 casualties, removed Austria from the war."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Treaty of Pressburg in late December brought the Third Coalition to an end and established Napoleonic France as the major power in Central Europe, which led to the War of the Fourth Coalition against the Kingdom of Prussia and Russia the following year."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Treaty of Pressburg in late December brought the Third Coalition to an end and established Napoleonic France as the major power in Central Europe, which led to the War of the Fourth Coalition against the Kingdom of Prussia and Russia the following year."}], "Q776552": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube (20–21 March 1814) saw an Imperial French army under Napoleon face a much larger Allied army led by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube (20–21 March 1814) saw an Imperial French army under Napoleon face a much larger Allied army led by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube (20–21 March 1814) saw an Imperial French army under Napoleon face a much larger Allied army led by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon spent three days resting his troops at Reims while Marshal Michel Ney reoccupied Châlons-sur-Marne."}, {"id": "Q2201389", "label": "Jan Willem Janssens", "section": "Background", "says": "Ney was joined by a 3,000-man division that Jan Willem Janssens brought in from the Ardennes garrisons."}, {"id": "Q790119", "label": "Battle of Bar-sur-Aube", "section": "Background", "says": "On 27 February, Schwarzenberg defeated Oudinot in the Battle of Bar-sur-Aube, forcing MacDonald to withdraw to the west."}, {"id": "Q64759", "label": "Carl Philipp von Wrede", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austro-Bavarian V Corps under Karl Philipp von Wrede was ordered to hold Arcis until the remainder of Schwarzenberg's army could retreat east from Troyes to Bar-sur-Aube."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrian army commander ordered Crown Prince William of Württemberg to assume command of the Allied III, IV and VI Corps and move to Charmont-sous"}], "Q787429": [{"id": "Q743776", "label": "First Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty brought an end to the conflict commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War, which had been raging since c."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Ultimately, the peace treaty failed in achieving its goal, with the outbreak of the Second Peloponnesian War in 431 BC."}], "Q805050": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Maurice's Balkan campaigns were a series of military expeditions conducted by Roman Emperor Maurice (reigned 582–602) in an attempt to defend the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire from the Avars and the South Slavs."}, {"id": "Q173470", "label": "Anastasius I", "section": "lead", "says": "Maurice was the only East Roman emperor, other than Anastasius I, who did his best to implement determined Balkan policies during Late Antiquity by paying adequate attention to the safety of the northern frontier against barbarian incursions."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the second half of his reign, the Balkan campaigns were the main focus of Maurice's foreign policies, as a favourable peace treaty with the Persian Empire in 591 enabled him to shift his experienced troops from the Persian front to the region."}], "Q808027": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bardo (French: Traité du Bardo, Arabic: معاهدة باردو) or Treaty of Ksar Saïd established a French protectorate over Tunisia that lasted until World War II."}, {"id": "Q2996359", "label": "Conventions of La Marsa", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Conventions of La Marsa of 8 June 1883 gave France a right to intervene in Tunisia's domestic affairs."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "Background", "says": "Jules Ferry, the French foreign minister, managed to send a French expeditionary force of approximately 36,000 troops to defeat the Khroumer tribe."}], "Q815121": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was one of the bloodiest in the Napoleonic Wars and was considered a costly victory by the British, with some 4,800 Allied soldiers killed or wounded in a few short hours of intense fighting during the storming of the breaches as the siege drew to an end."}], "Q834498": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hunger War (German: Hungerkrieg, Polish: Wojna głodowa) or Famine War was a brief conflict between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights in summer 1414 in an attempt to resolve territorial disputes."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "In comparison, approximately 200 friars perished in the Battle of Grunwald of 1410, one of the biggest battles in medieval Europe."}, {"id": "Q937255", "label": "Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War of 1410–1411 not all issues between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Teutonic Knights were settled."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Background", "says": "Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great demanded the entire right bank of the Neman River including the town of Memel (Klaipėda)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 May 1413, Benedict made the decision and recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including  Klaipėda, to Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q221559", "label": "Heinrich von Plauen", "section": "Background", "says": "The Knights refused to accept this decision and Teutonic Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen ordered Teutonic armies into northern Poland."}, {"id": "Q684456", "label": "Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg", "section": "Background", "says": "The army, commanded by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, returned into Prussia after just 16 days of campaign."}], "Q836424": [{"id": "Q625380", "label": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Speyer, signed at the Diet of Speyer in 1570, was a peace agreement between the two Hungarian Kingdoms, Royal Hungary led by Maximilian II, and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, ruled by John Sigismund Zápolya, which lead to the establishment of the Principality of Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q313396", "label": "John Sigismund Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Speyer, signed at the Diet of Speyer in 1570, was a peace agreement between the two Hungarian Kingdoms, Royal Hungary led by Maximilian II, and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, ruled by John Sigismund Zápolya, which lead to the establishment of the Principality of Transylvania."}], "Q84590527": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "United States cruises restarted in June 2021."}], "Q86832624": [{"id": "Q17045790", "label": "Hulusi Akar", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar, the primary objective of Operation Spring Shield was to achieve a ceasefire agreement within the framework of the Astana talks and to establish stability in the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone."}], "Q112206624": [{"id": "Q111655119", "label": "Battle of Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Donbas was a military offensive that was part of the wider eastern front of the Russo-Ukrainian war."}], "Q112628065": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The M23 campaign is an ongoing series of military offensives launched by the March 23 Movement (M23), a Rwandan-backed rebel paramilitary group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, since March 2022."}, {"id": "Q152809", "label": "Laurent Nkunda", "section": "Background", "says": "The agreement, which was negotiated after the arrest of CNDP leader General Laurent Nkunda, included provisions for prisoner releases, CNDP's transformation into a political party, refugee reintegration, and the incorporation of CNDP members into government institutions and the national army."}], "Q1132940": [{"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish — Cossack–Tatar War (Ukrainian: Польсько-козацько-татарська війна, Polish: Wojna polsko - kozacko-tatarska) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-allied Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Ottoman-allied states of the Cossack Hetmanate and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish — Cossack–Tatar War (Ukrainian: Польсько-козацько-татарська війна, Polish: Wojna polsko - kozacko-tatarska) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-allied Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Ottoman-allied states of the Cossack Hetmanate and the Crimean Khanate."}], "Q11347885": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Riga offensive (Russian: Рижская операция), also called the Jugla offensive or the Battle of Riga (German: Schlacht um Riga), took place in early September 1917 and was the last major campaign on the Eastern Front of World War I before the Russian Provisional Government and its army began disintegrating."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Riga offensive (Russian: Рижская операция), also called the Jugla offensive or the Battle of Riga (German: Schlacht um Riga), took place in early September 1917 and was the last major campaign on the Eastern Front of World War I before the Russian Provisional Government and its army began disintegrating."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial German Army advanced through most of Lithuania and southern Latvia during the Russian Great Retreat in the summer of 1915, putting them in the vicinity of one of the largest industrial cities of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial German Army advanced through most of Lithuania and southern Latvia during the Russian Great Retreat in the summer of 1915, putting them in the vicinity of one of the largest industrial cities of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "German quartermaster-general Erich Ludendorff gave the order for an offensive in the direction of Riga in early August 1917, shortly after defeating the Kerensky offensive, with the goal of pressuring Russia to accept a peace deal."}, {"id": "Q871617", "label": "Operation Albion", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Riga weakened the Russian front line along the Baltic Sea, bringing German forces closer to Petrograd, and was followed by Operation Albion, a German amphibious landing on several islands in the Baltic."}, {"id": "Q62425", "label": "Oskar von Hutier", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was also the first large scale use of stormtrooper infantry tactics by the German Army, which had been pioneered by Oskar von Hutier, before the"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "After the successful Gorlice–Tarnów offensive by Germany and Austria-Hungary from May to July 1915 led to the elimination of Russia's entire Polish salient, the Great Retreat saw Russia also abandon much of western Belarus and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Tenth Army under Paul von Hindenburg initially wanted to break through the Vilnius–Kaunas gap to then turn from the north and capture Minsk, a major Russian communication and transportation center in the region."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "February] 1917, a series of events in Petrograd led to the capital being taken over by revolutionary soldiers and demonstrators in what became known as the February Revolution."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "Background", "says": "Regardless, Alexander Kerensky and the Provisional Government wanted to continue the war effort, including an offensive that had been planned since 1916."}], "Q1141614": [{"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiaoting (Chinese: 猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling (Chinese: 夷陵之戰) and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the Shu Han and Eastern Wu dynasties, in the years 221 and 222 during the early Three Kingdoms period of China."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiaoting (Chinese: 猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling (Chinese: 夷陵之戰) and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the Shu Han and Eastern Wu dynasties, in the years 221 and 222 during the early Three Kingdoms period of China."}, {"id": "Q470080", "label": "Lü Meng", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 219, Lü Meng, a general serving under Sun Quan, led an army to invade Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 219, Lü Meng, a general serving under Sun Quan, led an army to invade Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q1330595", "label": "Battle of Fancheng", "section": "Background", "says": "Guan Yu, Liu Bei's general in charge of guarding Jing Province, was away at the Battle of Fancheng and did not know about the invasion until after he returned from his Pyrrhic victory at Fancheng."}, {"id": "Q313333", "label": "Cao Pi", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 November 220, Emperor Xian, the figurehead monarch of the Eastern Han dynasty, abdicated in favour of Cao Pi and ended the Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 May 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor of the Han, effectively establishing a new state (today known as Shu Han) in opposition to Cao Pi's Wei."}, {"id": "Q222797", "label": "Guan Yu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Liu Bei desired to avenge Guan Yu and take back Jing Province, so he made preparations for war against Sun Quan."}, {"id": "Q197183", "label": "Zhang Fei", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Liu Bei ordered Zhang Fei to lead 10,000 troops from Langzhong to join him at Jiangzhou."}], "Q114717": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege or battle of Pavia was fought in 773–774 in northern Italy, near Ticinum (modern Pavia), and resulted in the victory of the Franks under Charlemagne against the Lombards under King Desiderius."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege or battle of Pavia was fought in 773–774 in northern Italy, near Ticinum (modern Pavia), and resulted in the victory of the Franks under Charlemagne against the Lombards under King Desiderius."}, {"id": "Q297520", "label": "Desiderius", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege or battle of Pavia was fought in 773–774 in northern Italy, near Ticinum (modern Pavia), and resulted in the victory of the Franks under Charlemagne against the Lombards under King Desiderius."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "Background", "says": "Charlemagne, rex Francorum, had succeeded to the throne in 768 jointly with his brother Carloman."}], "Q1147270": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was the most destructive river flood in the history of the United States, with 27,000 square miles (70,000 km2) inundated in depths of up to 30 feet (9 m) over the course of several months in early 1927."}], "Q1151536": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III (20 May 1795) was the final major popular uprising of the French Revolution."}], "Q1155064": [{"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Theodosius authorized his Gothic soldiers to punish the people of the city resulting in the killing of a large number of citizens when they were assembled in the city's hippodrome."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Theodosius I, also known as Theodosius the Great, became emperor in 379."}], "Q1184835": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "After this, Hannibal retreated to Brutium and Marcellus conquered the towns of Maronea and Meles in Samnium."}, {"id": "Q974512", "label": "Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "Shortly thereafter, the Carthaginian general returned to Apulia and defeated proconsul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus in the Second Battle of Herdonia."}], "Q1195263": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ekeren, which took place on 30 June 1703, was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In France Louis XIV was also displeased, as his superior force had let the Dutch escape."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Marlborough took command of the combined Anglo-Dutch army on 1 July and he and Athlone, at the head of 60,000 men, went on the offensive by moving into the Spanish Netherlands."}], "Q11982546": [{"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran was one of the largest nationwide uprisings in the country against the new state following the Iranian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Though Shīʿa Kurds and some Sunni tribal leaders approved of the Shīʿa Islamic State, most Sunni Kurdish leftists and communists continued to push for the independence of Kurdistan.[3] A portion of the Naqshbandi Order also opposed the new state, aligning with the Iraqi army and forming the Sipay Rizgari militant group, under the guidance of Sheikh Muhammad Uthman Siraj al-Din."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The start of the Iran–Iraq War in September 1980 saw the Iranian government increasing efforts to snuff the Kurdish rebellion, the only 1979 uprising that remained, in part due to the province's proximity to the Iraqi border."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "After failed rebellions in 1946 and 1967, Kurdish political organizations continued to push for revolution against the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a move that brought Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to power in February 1979."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "Background", "says": "After failed rebellions in 1946 and 1967, Kurdish political organizations continued to push for revolution against the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a move that brought Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to power in February 1979."}], "Q1207697": [{"id": "Q9961", "label": "Jianwen Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jingnan campaign, or the campaign to clear away disorders, was a three-year civil war from 1399 to 1402 in the early years of the Ming dynasty of China between the Jianwen Emperor and his uncle, Zhu Di, Prince of Yan."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "Road to war", "says": "He refrained from openly hostile actions because his three sons had been residing at the Nanjing court since the funeral of the Hongwu Emperor, effectively holding them as hostages."}], "Q1210277": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ezeiza massacre (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈsejsa]) took place on June 20, 1973, at Puente 12, the intersection of General Ricchieri freeway (the Ezeiza Airport access) and Camino de Cintura (provincial route 4), some 10 km from Ezeiza International Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina."}, {"id": "Q5809", "label": "Che Guevara", "section": "Political context", "says": "On June 2, 1973, José Ignacio Rucci, general secretary of the CGT, had responded to a Cuban delegate to the CGT congress asking for a toast in honour of Che Guevara, that they were against left-wing imperialism."}], "Q1616794": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Achilles was a NATO operation, part of the War in Afghanistan."}], "Q16208146": [{"id": "Q40013", "label": "Arsinoe IV of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Alexandria was a series of skirmishes and battles occurring between the forces of Julius Caesar, Cleopatra VII, Arsinoe IV, and Ptolemy XIII, between 48 and 47 BC."}, {"id": "Q39938", "label": "Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His arrival in Egypt coincided with political tension between King Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and his sister Queen Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His arrival in Egypt coincided with political tension between King Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and his sister Queen Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q39991", "label": "Ptolemy XII Auletes", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the death of their father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, the pair were decided to co-rule Egypt as was stated in Ptolemy XII's will."}, {"id": "Q887042", "label": "Septimius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Recognizing the opportunity to gain Julius Caesar's favor, upon his arrival in Egypt, Pompey was murdered by Achillas and Lucius Septimius (former soldiers in his army) under the orders of the eunuch Pothinus and Theodotus of Chios."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Historian Cassius Dio claimed Caesar's sorrow was insincere– citing Caesar's long-standing hatred for Pompey, claiming even that Pompey had been Caesars “antagonist and rival,” therefore his display of remorse was ingenuine."}], "Q1631029": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Perryville, also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills, was fought on October 8, 1862, in the Chaplin Hills west of Perryville, Kentucky, as the culmination of the Confederate Heartland Offensive (Kentucky Campaign) during the American Civil War."}], "Q1639136": [{"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Medak Pocket (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Medački džep, Операција Медачки џеп), officially called by Croatians Operation Pocket-93 (Operacija Džep-93) was a military operation undertaken by the Croatian Army between 9 – 17 September 1993, in which a salient reaching the south suburbs of Gospić, in the south-central Lika region of Croatia then under the control of the self-proclaimed Republ"}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "In Canada, the battle was considered to be one of the most severe battles fought by the Canadian Forces since the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "By March 1991, tensions between Croats and Serbs escalated into the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) declared its intention to secede from Croatia and join the Republic of Serbia while the Government of Croatia declared it a rebellion."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) declared its intention to secede from Croatia and join the Republic of Serbia while the Government of Croatia declared it a rebellion."}], "Q1640209": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aizkraukle or Ascheraden was fought on 5 March 1279 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by Traidenis, and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order near Aizkraukle (German: Ascheraden) in present-day Latvia."}, {"id": "Q638655", "label": "Traidenis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aizkraukle or Ascheraden was fought on 5 March 1279 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by Traidenis, and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order near Aizkraukle (German: Ascheraden) in present-day Latvia."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aizkraukle or Ascheraden was fought on 5 March 1279 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by Traidenis, and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order near Aizkraukle (German: Ascheraden) in present-day Latvia."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The castle was of great strategic importance: it was used as a base for raids into central Lithuania in hopes that a weakened Traidenis would discontinue his support of Semigalians who rebelled against the order."}, {"id": "Q3497927", "label": "Edvardas Gudavičius", "section": "Background", "says": "However, newer research by Edvardas Gudavičius and Artūras Dudonis deny a direct cause and effect relationship between the siege and the campaign, as the siege is dated 1274."}, {"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "Background", "says": "Livonia and Lithuania also competed for trade along the Daugava River and for influence in the Principality of Polotsk."}], "Q1641195": [{"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huế massacre (Vietnamese: Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế, lit. 'Tết Offensive massacre in Huế') was the summary executions and mass murder perpetrated by the Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) during their capture, military occupation and later withdrawal from the city of Huế during the Tet Offensive, considered one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huế massacre (Vietnamese: Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế, lit. 'Tết Offensive massacre in Huế') was the summary executions and mass murder perpetrated by the Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) during their capture, military occupation and later withdrawal from the city of Huế during the Tet Offensive, considered one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) released a list of 4,062 victims identified as having been either murdered or abducted."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) released a list of 4,062 victims identified as having been either murdered or abducted."}], "Q164697": [{"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Riade, also called Battle of Merseburg or Battle at the Unstrut, was fought between the troops of East Francia under King Henry I and the Magyars at an unidentified location in northern Thuringia along the river Unstrut on 15 March 933."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Riade, also called Battle of Merseburg or Battle at the Unstrut, was fought between the troops of East Francia under King Henry I and the Magyars at an unidentified location in northern Thuringia along the river Unstrut on 15 March 933."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Magyars (Hungarians), who had originally served as mercenaries under Emperor Arnulf, after his death in 899 began to campaign in the Kingdom of Italy and East Francia."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 906 they broke up Great Moravia and one year later destroyed a Bavarian army under Margrave Luitpold at the Battle of Pressburg."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 906 they broke up Great Moravia and one year later destroyed a Bavarian army under Margrave Luitpold at the Battle of Pressburg."}], "Q16693088": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Persian War of 1651–1653 was an armed conflict in the North Caucasus fought between the Safavid Empire and the Tsardom of Russia, associated with the Safavid plans to strengthen its position in the region and to exclude Russia."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1653 Alexis of Russia and the Russian government, which thought about sending the Russian Zaporozhian Army, but did not want to disperse its forces, sent an embassy to Persia for a peaceful settlement of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q157159", "label": "Abbas II", "section": "lead", "says": "Shah Abbas II agreed, stating that the conflict was initiated without his consent."}], "Q1672808": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "Although linked to the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the war in Ireland had its own distinct causes and objectives rooted in resistance to English rule, the recovery of confiscated lands and the defence of Irish interests."}, {"id": "Q1461147", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1641", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with the Irish Rebellion of 1641, when local Catholics tried to seize control of the Dublin Castle administration."}, {"id": "Q80330", "label": "English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Disagreements over how to deal with the rebellion helped spark the English Civil War in mid-1642."}, {"id": "Q522168", "label": "Battle of Benburb", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederates continued to fight the Parliamentarians in Ireland, and decisively defeated the Covenanter army in the Battle of Benburb."}], "Q17001322": [{"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Donetsk Airport took place between fighters associated with the Donetsk People's Republic and Ukrainian government forces that took place at Donetsk International Airport on 26–27 May 2014, as part of the war in Donbas that began after the 2014 Revolution of Dignity."}], "Q1754313": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bennington was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, part of the Saratoga campaign, that took place on August 16, 1777, on the John Green farm in Walloomsac, New York, about 10 miles (16 km) from its namesake, Bennington, Vermont."}, {"id": "Q1701806", "label": "John Stark", "section": "lead", "says": "An American force of 2,000 men, primarily New Hampshire and Massachusetts militiamen, led by General John Stark, and reinforced by militiamen from the independent Vermont Republic led by Colonel Seth Warner and members of the Green Mountain Boys, decisively defeated a detachment of General John Burgoyne's army led by Lieutenant-Colonel Friedrich Baum, and supported by additional troops under Lieut"}, {"id": "Q1649602", "label": "Vermont Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "An American force of 2,000 men, primarily New Hampshire and Massachusetts militiamen, led by General John Stark, and reinforced by militiamen from the independent Vermont Republic led by Colonel Seth Warner and members of the Green Mountain Boys, decisively defeated a detachment of General John Burgoyne's army led by Lieutenant-Colonel Friedrich Baum, and supported by additional troops under Lieut"}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "Baum's detachment of 700 men consisted of Hessian and British Army troops, Canadian and Loyalist irregulars and a number of Iroquois warriors."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "While in Manchester, General Benjamin Lincoln, whose promotion in preference to Stark had been the cause for Stark's resignation from the Continental Army, attempted to assert Army authority over Stark and his men."}, {"id": "Q1115886", "label": "Philip Schuyler", "section": "Background", "says": "Lincoln returned to the American camp at Stillwater, where he and General Philip Schuyler hatched a plan for Lincoln, with 500 men, to join with Stark and Warner in actions to harass Burgoyne's communications and supply lines at Skenesboro."}], "Q1764042": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Palos, also known as the Second Battle of Cape Palos, was the biggest naval battle of the Spanish Civil War, fought on the night of March 5–6, 1938, east of Cape Palos near Cartagena, Spain."}], "Q1788933": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ibera, also known as the Battle of Dertosa, was fought in the spring of 215 BC on the south bank of the Ebro River near the town of Ibera and was part of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "A Roman army, under the command of the brothers Gnaeus and Publius Scipio, defeated a similarly sized Carthaginian army under Hasdrubal Barca."}, {"id": "Q1500211", "label": "Battle of Cissa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans, under Gnaeus Scipio, had invaded Iberia in late 218 BC and established a foothold after winning the Battle of Cissa."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "This lodgement, on the north-east Iberian coast, between the Ebro and the Pyrenees, blocked the route of any reinforcements from Iberia for the army of Hannibal, who had invaded Italy from Iberia earlier in the year."}, {"id": "Q2286942", "label": "Battle of Ebro River", "section": "lead", "says": "Hasdrubal attempted to evict the Romans in 217 BC, but this ended in defeat when the Carthaginian naval contingent was mauled at the Battle of Ebro River."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Under pressure from Carthage to reinforce Hannibal, and having been strongly reinforced, Hasdrubal marched north again in early 215 BC."}], "Q1795374": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile was an armed conflict and insurgency in the Sudanese states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile (known as the Two Areas) between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N), a northern offshoot of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in now neighbouring South Sudan."}, {"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "After some years of relative calm following the 2005 agreement which ended the Second Sudanese Civil War between the Sudanese government and SPLM rebels, fighting broke out again in the lead-up to South Sudan's independence on 9 July 2011, starting in South Kordofan on 5 June and spreading to the neighboring Blue Nile state in September."}, {"id": "Q190758", "label": "War in Darfur", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is intertwined with the War in Darfur, since in November 2011 SPLM-N established a loose alliance with Darfuri rebels, called Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF)."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "As of October 2014, some two million people have been affected by the conflict, with more than 500,000 having been displaced and about 250,000 of them fleeing to South Sudan and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q111692884", "label": "Southern Sudan Autonomous Region", "section": "Background", "says": "As South Kordofan was slated to remain with Sudan while Northern Bahr el Ghazal was seceding together with the rest of what was then Southern Sudan Autonomous Region, the status of Abyei was unclear, and both Khartoum and Juba claimed the area as their own."}, {"id": "Q1424647", "label": "Comprehensive Peace Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Both the Sudanese government and the government of Southern Sudan accused one another of violating the terms of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement."}, {"id": "Q101547", "label": "Thabo Mbeki", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 2011, an African Union panel headed by former South African president Thabo Mbeki tried to de-escalate the situation through north–south talks in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa."}, {"id": "Q6294", "label": "Hillary Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "The US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon welcomed the accord but said the real test would be how both sides would implement the deal."}, {"id": "Q1253", "label": "Ban Ki-moon", "section": "Background", "says": "The US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon welcomed the accord but said the real test would be how both sides would implement the deal."}, {"id": "Q3511006", "label": "Mohamed Ahmed", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 June, a statement was attributed to the NCP's official in charge of the Abyei file, Didiri Mohamed Ahmed, as saying that there was an understanding reached at the Addis Ababa meeting between the two parties that South Sudan would concede future ownership of Abyei to"}], "Q181293": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1312, Charles besieged Sáros Castle, (now part of Slovakia - Šariš Castle) controlled by the Abas."}], "Q1818410": [{"id": "Q336016", "label": "Oswald of Northumbria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maserfield, (Welsh: Cad Maes Cogwy) was fought on 5 August 641 or 642 (642 according to Ward) between the Anglo-Saxon kings Oswald of Northumbria and Penda of Mercia allied with Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd, ending in Oswald's defeat, death, and dismemberment."}, {"id": "Q332123", "label": "Penda of Mercia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maserfield, (Welsh: Cad Maes Cogwy) was fought on 5 August 641 or 642 (642 according to Ward) between the Anglo-Saxon kings Oswald of Northumbria and Penda of Mercia allied with Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd, ending in Oswald's defeat, death, and dismemberment."}, {"id": "Q816814", "label": "Kingdom of Gwynedd", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maserfield, (Welsh: Cad Maes Cogwy) was fought on 5 August 641 or 642 (642 according to Ward) between the Anglo-Saxon kings Oswald of Northumbria and Penda of Mercia allied with Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd, ending in Oswald's defeat, death, and dismemberment."}, {"id": "Q348955", "label": "Edwin of Northumbria", "section": "Background", "says": "\"Since the death of Oswald's uncle Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase in 633, the Mercians under Penda had presented an obstacle to the power of Northumbria over the lands of Britain south of the Humber."}], "Q18208094": [{"id": "Q26690015", "label": "Operation Euphrates Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 August 2016, the Turkish Armed Forces began a direct military intervention into Syria by declaring Operation Euphrates Shield, mainly targeting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 August 2016, the Turkish Armed Forces began a direct military intervention into Syria by declaring Operation Euphrates Shield, mainly targeting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}], "Q1852373": [{"id": "Q216787", "label": "David I of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "English forces under William of Aumale repelled a Scottish army led by King David I of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q122479", "label": "Malcolm IV of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "David held these throughout the Anarchy, but on the death of David, his successor Malcolm IV of Scotland was soon forced to surrender David's gains to Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "David held these throughout the Anarchy, but on the death of David, his successor Malcolm IV of Scotland was soon forced to surrender David's gains to Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q101384", "label": "Henry I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "David had gained the Scottish throne largely because of the support of his brother-in-law Henry I of England, and he had attempted to remodel Scotland to be more like Henry's England."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Henry I in 1135, weakening England, made David more reliant on his native subjects, and allowed him to contemplate winning control over substantial areas of northern England."}, {"id": "Q1235472", "label": "Henry of Huntingdon", "section": "Campaigning in 1138 before the battle", "says": "Both Ailred and Henry of Huntingdon report a speech made to the Anglo-Normans before battle was joined."}], "Q1855461": [{"id": "Q2086498", "label": "First Barons' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Lincoln occurred at Lincoln Castle on Saturday 20 May 1217, during the First Barons' War, between the forces of the future Louis VIII of France and those of King Henry III of England."}, {"id": "Q165284", "label": "Louis VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Lincoln occurred at Lincoln Castle on Saturday 20 May 1217, during the First Barons' War, between the forces of the future Louis VIII of France and those of King Henry III of England."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Lincoln occurred at Lincoln Castle on Saturday 20 May 1217, during the First Barons' War, between the forces of the future Louis VIII of France and those of King Henry III of England."}], "Q18702324": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The Libyan crisis is the current humanitarian crisis and political-military instability occurring in Libya, beginning with the Arab Spring protests of 2011, which led to two civil wars, foreign military intervention, and the ousting and killing of Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Libyan crisis is the current humanitarian crisis and political-military instability occurring in Libya, beginning with the Arab Spring protests of 2011, which led to two civil wars, foreign military intervention, and the ousting and killing of Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q105319569", "label": "Abd al-Hamid Dbeibeh", "section": "lead", "says": "Since March 2022, two different governments control the country: the Tripoli-based and internationally recognized Government of National Unity, which controls the western part of the country and is led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh; and the House of Representatives-recognized Government of National Stability, which nominally governs the central and eastern part of Libya and is led by Osama Hammad under t"}, {"id": "Q2298768", "label": "Khalifa Belqasim Haftar", "section": "lead", "says": "Since March 2022, two different governments control the country: the Tripoli-based and internationally recognized Government of National Unity, which controls the western part of the country and is led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh; and the House of Representatives-recognized Government of National Stability, which nominally governs the central and eastern part of Libya and is led by Osama Hammad under t"}, {"id": "Q2347668", "label": "Libyan Arab Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After the king fled the country, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic, with the motto \"freedom, socialism, and unity\"."}], "Q19021": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 October 1848, as the troops of the Austrian Empire were preparing to leave Vienna to suppress the Hungarian Revolution, a crowd sympathetic to the Hungarian cause (of workers, students and mutinous soldiers) tried to prevent them from leaving."}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "lead", "says": "The first victim to the Revolutions of 1848 was Klemens von Metternich, who resigned as the Foreign Minister on March 13, 1848."}, {"id": "Q455008", "label": "Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 October, Emperor Ferdinand I fled with his court to Olmütz under the protection of Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz."}, {"id": "Q154418", "label": "Josip Jelačić", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 October, under the command of General Windisch-Grätz and Count Josip Jelačić, the Austrian and Croatian armies numbering around 75,000 troops total, started a bombardment of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q266339", "label": "Józef Bem", "section": "lead", "says": "The defence was led by the Polish General Józef Bem."}, {"id": "Q214977", "label": "Robert Blum", "section": "lead", "says": "Except for him, who managed to escape, all the leaders of the resistance were executed in the days following—including Wenzel Messenhauser, the journalist Alfred Julius Becher, Hermann Jellinek and the Radical member of parliament Robert Blum, despite his insistence of parliamentary immunity."}], "Q1934137": [{"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg was an Albanian nobleman who decided to return to his homeland and take the reins of a new Albanian league against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg was an Albanian nobleman who decided to return to his homeland and take the reins of a new Albanian league against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "He then formed the League of Lezhë, a confederation of Albanian princes united in war against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "Realising the threat, Murad II sent one of his most experienced generals, Ali Pasha, to crush the new state with a force of 25,000–40,000 men."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Realising the threat, Murad II sent one of his most experienced generals, Ali Pasha, to crush the new state with a force of 25,000–40,000 men."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle encouraged Pope Eugenius IV and John Hunyadi to organise a new crusade against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1444."}, {"id": "Q1396923", "label": "Jovan Kastriot", "section": "Background", "says": "Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, the son of the powerful prince Gjon Kastrioti, had been a vassal of the Ottoman Empire as a sipahi, or cavalry commander."}], "Q196176": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising of Asen and Peter (Bulgarian: Въстание на Асен и Петър) was a revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains, then the theme of Paristrion of the Byzantine Empire, caused by a tax increase."}, {"id": "Q310633", "label": "Demetrius of Thessaloniki", "section": "lead", "says": "Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria and the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, ruled by the Asen dynasty."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria and the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, ruled by the Asen dynasty."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria and the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, ruled by the Asen dynasty."}, {"id": "Q86978", "label": "Béla III of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Isaac II Angelus, in order to raise money for his wedding with the daughter of King Béla III of Hungary, levied a new tax which fell heavily on the population of the Haemus Mountains."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Preslav, capital of the First Bulgarian Empire, was raided, and it was after this symbolic incident that Peter assumed the insignia of Tsar (or Emperor)."}], "Q1970141": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Gondar was the main town of Amhara in the mountains north of Lake Tana in Ethiopia, at an elevation of 7,000 ft (2,100 m) and had an Italian garrison of 40,000 men, commanded by Generale Guglielmo Nasi."}, {"id": "Q1970005", "label": "Battle of Keren", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat of the Italians at the Battle of Keren (1 April 1941), many of the remaining Italians withdrew to the strongholds of Amba Alagi, Jimma and Gondar."}], "Q1972096": [{"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is estimated that between 5,000 and 8,000 civilians were killed during the siege, making it the bloodiest episode of the Second Chechen War."}, {"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Supported by the Russian Air Force, the Russian forces vastly outnumbered and out-gunned the Chechen irregulars, who numbered around 3,000 fighters, and was considerably larger and much better prepared than the force sent to take the Chechen capital in the First Chechen War."}], "Q1975400": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Nile in early 47 BC saw the combined Roman–Egyptian armies of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII defeat those of the rival Queen Arsinoe IV and King Ptolemy XIII and secure the throne of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q40013", "label": "Arsinoe IV of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Nile in early 47 BC saw the combined Roman–Egyptian armies of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII defeat those of the rival Queen Arsinoe IV and King Ptolemy XIII and secure the throne of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He was attempting to resolve the Egyptian Civil War between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A Jewish force, led by Antipater, also joined them."}], "Q1985934": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Winchelsea or the Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer (\"the Spaniards on the Sea\") was a naval battle that took place on 29 August 1350 as part of the Hundred Years' War between England and France."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a victory for an English fleet of 50 ships, commanded by King Edward III, over a Castilian fleet of 47 larger vessels, commanded by Charles de la Cerda."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, on 24 May Philip's Great Council in Paris agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, on 24 May Philip's Great Council in Paris agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q871366", "label": "Battle of Sluys", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1340 Edward III smashed the French fleet at the Battle of Sluys."}, {"id": "Q27759", "label": "Battle of Crécy", "section": "Background", "says": "The English then soundly beat the French at the Battle of Crécy and captured the major French port city of Calais."}], "Q19898749": [{"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "Minutes later, another 6.3-magnitude earthquake hit Nepal with its epicenter in Ramechhap, east of Kathmandu."}], "Q1997647": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quadruple Alliance (Russian: Четверной союз, romanized: Chetvernoy soyuz, German: Vierfache Allianz) was formed by the monarchist Great Powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain to counter the military and revolutionary republican political threats posed by the expansion of the First French Empire under Napoleon I and to fight the War of the Seventh Coalition."}, {"id": "Q2724511", "label": "War of the Seventh Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quadruple Alliance (Russian: Четверной союз, romanized: Chetvernoy soyuz, German: Vierfache Allianz) was formed by the monarchist Great Powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain to counter the military and revolutionary republican political threats posed by the expansion of the First French Empire under Napoleon I and to fight the War of the Seventh Coalition."}], "Q200749": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the first disturbances preceding the French Revolution and is credited by a few historians as its start."}, {"id": "Q289522", "label": "Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, the Archbishop of Toulouse and Controlleur whom Louis XVI appointed on 8 April 1787, was attempting to abolish the parlements to work around their refusal to enact a new tax to deal with France's unmanageable public debt."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, the Archbishop of Toulouse and Controlleur whom Louis XVI appointed on 8 April 1787, was attempting to abolish the parlements to work around their refusal to enact a new tax to deal with France's unmanageable public debt."}, {"id": "Q437832", "label": "Charles Alexandre de Calonne", "section": "Background", "says": "This blocked the reforms of the king's minister Charles Alexandre de Calonne and the Assembly of Notables of January 1787."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly before 7 June 1788, a large meeting of judges at Grenoble decided to call together the old Estates of the province of Dauphiné, which was one of the bodies across France that traditionally had assessed taxes for the provinces."}], "Q2025973": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Babylift was a mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other Western countries at end of the Vietnam War, in April 1975."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Babylift was a mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other Western countries at end of the Vietnam War, in April 1975."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Babylift was a mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other Western countries at end of the Vietnam War, in April 1975."}], "Q2026406": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "United States Central Command's Joint Task Force Southwest Asia (JTF-SWA) had the mission of monitoring and controlling the airspace south of the 32nd Parallel (extended to the 33rd Parallel in 1996) in southern and south-central Iraq during the period following the end of the 1991 Persian Gulf War until the 2003 invasion of Iraq."}], "Q2026486": [{"id": "Q209617", "label": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Uphold Democracy was a multinational military intervention in Haiti designed to remove the military regime led and installed by Raoul Cédras after the 1991 coup d'état overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "After Jean-Bertrand Aristide became Haiti's first freely-elected president in 1990 and was overthrown in 1991, the United States, in cooperation with the Organization of American States, imposed economic sanctions to pressure the military junta to restore democracy."}, {"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation began on 19 September, though two days before that a U.S. delegation led by Jimmy Carter arrived in Haiti for negotiations."}, {"id": "Q754", "label": "Trinidad and Tobago", "section": "Background", "says": "At a meeting in Port Royal, Jamaica on 22 July 1994, the CARICOM nations of Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago each agreed to send a platoon of troops."}], "Q2026904": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q307473", "label": "Mart Laar", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Soviet forces were constantly reinforced, their overall casualties are estimated by Estonian historian Mart Laar to be 170,000 dead and wounded."}, {"id": "Q48134", "label": "Leonid Govorov", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Marshal Leonid Govorov considered the Tannenberg Line as the key position of Army Group North and concentrated the best forces of the Leningrad Front."}, {"id": "Q2443235", "label": "Ivan Fedyuninsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Ivan Fedyuninsky, commanding the 2nd Shock Army."}], "Q2047022": [{"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1894, Sultan Abdul Hamid II began to target the Armenian people in a precursor of the Hamidian massacres."}], "Q2065046": [{"id": "Q779168", "label": "Halfdan Ragnarsson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vikings were led by Bagsecg and Halfdan Ragnarsson and the West Saxons by King Æthelred and his brother, the future King Alfred the Great."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vikings were led by Bagsecg and Halfdan Ragnarsson and the West Saxons by King Æthelred and his brother, the future King Alfred the Great."}, {"id": "Q940959", "label": "Battle of Englefield", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Three days after their arrival they sent out a large foraging party, which was defeated by an army of local levies under the command of Æthelwulf, Ealdorman of Berkshire, at the Battle of Englefield."}], "Q20650851": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashidun caliph (r."}, {"id": "Q2484843", "label": "Battle of Nahrawan", "section": "lead", "says": "Ibn Muljim had entered Kufa with the intention of killing Ali, probably in revenge for the Kharijites' defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination of Ali paved the way for his rival Mu'awiya to found the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q732429", "label": "Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Mani' al-Baghdadi", "section": "Background", "says": "In particular, the Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (d."}], "Q2079940": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire launched numerous invasions into the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327, with many of the later raids made by the Qara'unas of Mongol origin."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Mongols progressed into the Indian hinterland and reached the outskirts of Delhi, the Delhi Sultanate of India led a campaign against them in which the Mongol army suffered serious defeats."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kashmiris revolted in 1254–1255, and Möngke Khan, who became Great Khan in 1251, appointed his generals, Sali and Takudar, to replace the court and appointed the Buddhist master, Otochi, as darugachi of Kashmir."}], "Q2089020": [{"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 10, the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, the leader of the Banu Hashim clan, started a revolt against the Ottoman Caliphate from this city."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mecca was part of the Arab Revolt of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mecca was part of the Arab Revolt of World War I."}], "Q2097266": [{"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "Victory was achieved by the Scots with a crafty three-tiered strategy on the part of the young Scottish king, Alexander III: plodding diplomacy forced the campaign to bad weather months and a ferocious storm ravaged the Norwegian fleet, stripping it of many vessels and supplies and making the forces on the Scottish coast vulnerable to an attack that forced the Norwegians into a hasty retreat that "}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the mid-13th century, two Scottish kings, Alexander II and his son Alexander III, attempted to incorporate the region into their own realm."}, {"id": "Q1781786", "label": "Somerled", "section": "Context", "says": "1095); the other consisting of mainland territories in Argyll, and the islands of Islay, Jura, Mull, and possibly Uist—controlled by the descendants of Somerled (d."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "Context", "says": "The Norwegians, under Haakon, overcame a period of internal strife, from 1161 to 1208, and oversaw the submission of the Faroe Islands, the Greenland settlements, and Iceland, in the mid 13th century."}], "Q20977821": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt was a failed coup d'état launched on 16 September 2015 in Burkina Faso, when members of the Regiment of Presidential Security (RSP) – a controversial autonomous military unit, formed under President Blaise Compaoré – detained the country's government."}, {"id": "Q57324", "label": "Blaise Compaoré", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt was a failed coup d'état launched on 16 September 2015 in Burkina Faso, when members of the Regiment of Presidential Security (RSP) – a controversial autonomous military unit, formed under President Blaise Compaoré – detained the country's government."}, {"id": "Q18402168", "label": "Yacouba Isaac Zida", "section": "lead", "says": "Among those detained were the transitional President Michel Kafando, Prime Minister Yacouba Isaac Zida (who was also the former deputy commander of the RSP), and numerous members of the cabinet."}, {"id": "Q202155", "label": "Thomas Sankara", "section": "lead", "says": "This transitional government was formed in the wake of the 2014 Burkinabé uprising, when a popular movement overthrew the long-time president Compaoré, who himself had come to power in a 1987 coup against the left-wing leader Thomas Sankara."}, {"id": "Q20978710", "label": "Gilbert Diendéré", "section": "lead", "says": "The RSP was successful in seizing control of Ouagadougou and proclaimed the establishment of a new junta, headed by General Gilbert Diendéré, to oversee the transition to new elections."}], "Q2117322": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Yashima (屋島の戦い) was one of the battles of the Genpei War on March 22, 1185, in the Heian period."}, {"id": "Q316651", "label": "Antoku", "section": "Background", "says": "Here they had a fortress, and an improvised palace for Emperor Antoku and the imperial regalia, which they had taken earlier in the war."}], "Q2117492": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Badung Strait was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the night of 19/20 February 1942 in Badung Strait (not to be confused with the West Java city of Bandung) between the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Dutch Admiral Karel Doorman's naval forces were scattered around Indonesia, but the invasion of Bali could not be ignored; it would give the Japanese an airbase within range of the ABDA naval base at Surabaya, so he sent in all available ships."}], "Q2127400": [{"id": "Q1238338", "label": "Caesar's Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Massilia, including two naval engagements, was an episode of Caesar's Civil War, fought in 49 BC between forces loyal to the Optimates and a detachment of Caesar's army."}, {"id": "Q550560", "label": "Gaius Trebonius", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was conducted by Gaius Trebonius, one of Caesar's senior legates, while the naval operations were in the capable hands of Decimus Brutus, Caesar's naval expert."}], "Q2138526": [{"id": "Q631795", "label": "Kalmar War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Knäred (Danish: Freden i Knærød, Swedish: Freden i Knäred) was signed on 21 January 1613 and ended the Kalmar War (1611–1613) between Denmark-Norway and Sweden."}], "Q2143253": [{"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The ʻUrabi revolt, also known as the ʻUrabi Revolution (Arabic: الثورة العرابية), was a nationalist uprising in the Khedivate of Egypt from 1879 to 1882."}, {"id": "Q365919", "label": "Ahmed ‘Urabi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by and named for Colonel Ahmed Urabi and sought to depose the khedive, Tewfik Pasha, and end British and French influence over the country."}, {"id": "Q374306", "label": "Tevfik Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by and named for Colonel Ahmed Urabi and sought to depose the khedive, Tewfik Pasha, and end British and French influence over the country."}, {"id": "Q616939", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was ended by the Anglo-Egyptian War and the British takeover of the country, beginning the history of Egypt under the British."}], "Q370671": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Franklin was fought on November 30, 1864, in Franklin, Tennessee, as part of the Franklin–Nashville Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q996047", "label": "John Schofield", "section": "lead", "says": "Confederate Lieutenant General John Bell Hood's Army of Tennessee conducted numerous frontal assaults against fortified positions occupied by the Union forces under Major General John Schofield and was unable to prevent Schofield from executing a planned, orderly withdrawal to Nashville."}, {"id": "Q1752689", "label": "Battle of Nashville", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas in the subsequent Battle of Nashville, the Army of Tennessee retreated with barely half the men with which it had begun the short offensive, and was effectively destroyed as a fighting force for the remainder of the war."}, {"id": "Q1246956", "label": "Earl Van Dorn", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1864 Battle of Franklin was the second military action in the vicinity; a battle fought there on April 10, 1863, was a minor action associated with a reconnaissance in force by Confederate cavalry under Major General Earl Van Dorn."}], "Q3778593": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Fitna, Fourth Muslim Civil War, or Great Abbasid Civil War resulted from the conflict between the brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun over the succession to the throne of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q1814900", "label": "Tahir ibn Husayn", "section": "lead", "says": "In 811, al-Amin's troops marched against Khurasan, but al-Ma'mun's general Tahir ibn Husayn defeated them in the Battle of Ray, and then invaded Iraq and besieged Baghdad itself."}, {"id": "Q3817928", "label": "Battle of Ray", "section": "lead", "says": "In 811, al-Amin's troops marched against Khurasan, but al-Ma'mun's general Tahir ibn Husayn defeated them in the Battle of Ray, and then invaded Iraq and besieged Baghdad itself."}, {"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Ma'mun chose to remain in Khorasan, however, rather than coming to the capital."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "The two main contenders, Muhammad al-Amin and Abdallah al-Ma'mun, were born six months apart in AH 170 (786/7) with al-Ma'mun being the elder."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "In contrast to the exclusively Arab-ruled Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid state was under heavy Iranian, and particularly Khurasani, influence."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Abbasid Revolution, which brought the Abbasids to power, originated in Khurasan, and the Abbasid dynasty relied heavily on Khurasanis as military leaders and administrators."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "A third son, al-Qasim (al-Mu'tamin), was also added as third heir and received responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q3778623": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Three Henrys (French: Guerre des trois Henri), also known as the Eighth War of Religion (French: Huitième guerre de Religion), took place during 1585–1589, and was the eighth conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q53448", "label": "Henry III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a three-way war fought between King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques; King Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German Protestant princes; and Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II"}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a three-way war fought between King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques; King Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German Protestant princes; and Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II"}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a three-way war fought between King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques; King Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German Protestant princes; and Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II"}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a three-way war fought between King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques; King Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German Protestant princes; and Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II"}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a three-way war fought between King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques; King Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German Protestant princes; and Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II"}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "The underlying cause of the war was the looming royal succession crisis from the death of heir presumptive, Francis, Duke of Anjou (Henry III's brother), on 10 June 1584, which made the Protestant Henry of Navarre heir to the throne of the childless Henry III, whose death would extinguish the House of Valois."}, {"id": "Q491951", "label": "Treaty of Nemours", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began when the Catholic League convinced (or forced) King Henry III to issue the Treaty of Nemours (7 July 1585), an edict outlawing Protestantism and annulling Henry of Navarre's right to the throne."}, {"id": "Q133350", "label": "Sixtus V", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1585, Pope Sixtus V excommunicated both Henry of Navarre and his cousin and leading general Henri, Prince of Condé to remove them from the royal succession."}, {"id": "Q430973", "label": "Henri, Prince of Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1585, Pope Sixtus V excommunicated both Henry of Navarre and his cousin and leading general Henri, Prince of Condé to remove them from the royal succession."}], "Q383866": [{"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Turin (Italian: Trattato di Torino; French: Traité de Turin) concluded between France and Piedmont-Sardinia on 24 March 1860 is the instrument by which the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice were annexed to France, ending the centuries-old Italian rule of the region."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Turin (Italian: Trattato di Torino; French: Traité de Turin) concluded between France and Piedmont-Sardinia on 24 March 1860 is the instrument by which the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice were annexed to France, ending the centuries-old Italian rule of the region."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Napoleon III of France and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, met in secret at Plombières-les-Bains on 21 July 1858."}, {"id": "Q181261", "label": "Carlo Alberto I of Sardinia", "section": "Background", "says": "The late King Charles Albert of Sardinia (1798–1849) had been an active Italian nationalist."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "The formerly Savoyard province of Carouge, adjacent to Geneva, had been transferred to Switzerland in 1816 under an earlier Treaty of Turin, as part of the unbundling of Napoleon I's First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The formerly Savoyard province of Carouge, adjacent to Geneva, had been transferred to Switzerland in 1816 under an earlier Treaty of Turin, as part of the unbundling of Napoleon I's First French Empire."}], "Q386051": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was fought intermittently between 14 August 1987 and 23 March 1988, south and east of Cuito Cuanavale, Angola, by the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) and Cuba against South Africa and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War."}, {"id": "Q12055176", "label": "Angolan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was fought intermittently between 14 August 1987 and 23 March 1988, south and east of Cuito Cuanavale, Angola, by the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) and Cuba against South Africa and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War."}, {"id": "Q1993848", "label": "South African Border War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was fought intermittently between 14 August 1987 and 23 March 1988, south and east of Cuito Cuanavale, Angola, by the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) and Cuba against South Africa and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the largest engagement of the Angolan conflict and the biggest conventional battle on the African continent since World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "After several failed attempts to take control of Southern Angola in 1986, eight FAPLA brigades mustered for a final offensive—Operation Saluting October—in August 1987 with extensive auxiliary support from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Angolan Civil War played out against the backdrop of the Cold War struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "For 13 years until 1974, three armed groups fought for Angola's independence from Portugal: the Soviet-backed Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (with its armed wing FAPLA), led by Agostinho Neto; the conservative National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto and supported by Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaïre; and UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi."}, {"id": "Q181665", "label": "Agostinho Neto", "section": "Background", "says": "For 13 years until 1974, three armed groups fought for Angola's independence from Portugal: the Soviet-backed Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (with its armed wing FAPLA), led by Agostinho Neto; the conservative National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto and supported by Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaïre; and UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi."}, {"id": "Q1374575", "label": "Álvaro Holden Roberto", "section": "Background", "says": "For 13 years until 1974, three armed groups fought for Angola's independence from Portugal: the Soviet-backed Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (with its armed wing FAPLA), led by Agostinho Neto; the conservative National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto and supported by Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaïre; and UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "Background", "says": "For 13 years until 1974, three armed groups fought for Angola's independence from Portugal: the Soviet-backed Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (with its armed wing FAPLA), led by Agostinho Neto; the conservative National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto and supported by Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaïre; and UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi."}, {"id": "Q273051", "label": "Jonas Malheiro Savimbi", "section": "Background", "says": "For 13 years until 1974, three armed groups fought for Angola's independence from Portugal: the Soviet-backed Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (with its armed wing FAPLA), led by Agostinho Neto; the conservative National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto and supported by Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaïre; and UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Carnation Revolution of April 1974 in Portugal, the new revolutionary government of Portugal let go of Portugal's African overseas possessions, including Angola."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Cuban leader Fidel Castro, the presence of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) in Angola was in accordance with an \"internationalist mission\" to combat colonialism and \"defend [Angolan] independence\"."}], "Q4087317": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first half of the 8th century, a series of battles took place in the Indian subcontinent between the Umayyad Caliphate and Indian kingdoms situated to the east of the Indus River, beginning with the Arab conquest of Sindh (present day Pakistan) during 711–713."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first half of the 8th century, a series of battles took place in the Indian subcontinent between the Umayyad Caliphate and Indian kingdoms situated to the east of the Indus River, beginning with the Arab conquest of Sindh (present day Pakistan) during 711–713."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) launched a few raids into India, but no larger campaign took place."}, {"id": "Q284003", "label": "Al-Walid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of Al-Walid I (705–715) saw the most dramatic Umayyad conquests in a period of barely ten years; North Africa, Hispania, Transoxiana, and Sindh were subdued and conquered by the Arabs."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Sindh, ruled by King Dahir of the Brahmin Chach dynasty, was captured by the Umayyad general Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, which became a second-level province of the Caliphate (iqlim) and a suitable base for excursions into India, but, after Ibn al-Qasim's departure in 715 most of his captured territories were recaptured by Indian kings."}, {"id": "Q314791", "label": "Yazid II", "section": "lead", "says": "Yazid II (720–724) launched the third Umayyad expansion along all the warring frontiers, including in India, which resulted in a series of battles between the Arabs and Silluka (725–750) of the Pratiharas of Mandavyapura, Nagabhata I of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, Siladitta IV (710-740) of Maitraka dynasty, Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty, and other small Indian kingdoms between 724 and"}, {"id": "Q5324", "label": "Gurjara-Pratihara", "section": "lead", "says": "Yazid II (720–724) launched the third Umayyad expansion along all the warring frontiers, including in India, which resulted in a series of battles between the Arabs and Silluka (725–750) of the Pratiharas of Mandavyapura, Nagabhata I of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, Siladitta IV (710-740) of Maitraka dynasty, Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty, and other small Indian kingdoms between 724 and"}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, the governor of Bahrain and Oman, had dispatched the naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the Sasanian Empire, and further east to the borders of India."}, {"id": "Q4872166", "label": "Battle of Rasil", "section": "Background", "says": "Abdi and Hakam al Taghilbi later defeated a Sindhi army in the Battle of Rasil in 644 beside the Indian Ocean sea coast, then reached the Indus River."}], "Q4125": [{"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order."}], "Q4132516": [{"id": "Q501303", "label": "Free City of Kraków", "section": "Background", "says": "In the autonomous Free City of Cracow, patriotic Polish intellectuals and nobles (szlachta) had made plans for a general uprising in partitioned Poland and intended to re-establish a unified and independent country."}, {"id": "Q685372", "label": "Kraków Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kraków Uprising began on the night of 20 February and initially met with limited successes."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The crownland (province) of Galicia was the largest, most populous and poorest province in the Austrian Empire and was disparagingly known in Vienna as Halbasien (\"Half-Asia\")."}], "Q4166578": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khanwa was fought at Khanwa in modern-day Rajasthan on 16 March 1527, between the Mughal Empire, led by Babur, and the Kingdom of Mewar, led by Rana Sanga for supremacy of Northern India."}, {"id": "Q17319155", "label": "Kingdom of Mewar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khanwa was fought at Khanwa in modern-day Rajasthan on 16 March 1527, between the Mughal Empire, led by Babur, and the Kingdom of Mewar, led by Rana Sanga for supremacy of Northern India."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khanwa was fought at Khanwa in modern-day Rajasthan on 16 March 1527, between the Mughal Empire, led by Babur, and the Kingdom of Mewar, led by Rana Sanga for supremacy of Northern India."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1523 he received invitations from Alam Khan Lodi, brother of Sikandar Lodi, Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, Ibrahim's uncle, to invade the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q605321", "label": "Battle of Panipat", "section": "Background", "says": "Babur continued his conquest and annihilated the Lodi sultanate's army in the First Battle of Panipat, where he killed the Sultan and founded the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q7426275", "label": "Satish Chandra", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Satish Chandra speculates that Sanga may have imagined a long, drawn-out struggle taking place between Babur and Lodi, following which he would be able to take control of the regions he"}], "Q426026": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Laon, fought on March 9–10, 1814, was a pivotal engagement during the waning months of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Blücher's Prusso-Russian force, occupying a tough defensive position at the town of Laon, repelled attacks by and successfully counterattacked French Emperor Napoleon and his subordinate corps commander, Marshal Marmont."}], "Q4263317": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lisbon Protocol to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was a document signed by representatives of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine that recognized the four states as successors of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all of them assume obligations of the Soviet Union under the START I treaty."}, {"id": "Q931492", "label": "START I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lisbon Protocol to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was a document signed by representatives of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine that recognized the four states as successors of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all of them assume obligations of the Soviet Union under the START I treaty."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The protocol also committed Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as non-nuclear-weapon states, which was completed by 1994."}, {"id": "Q186444", "label": "Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "section": "lead", "says": "The protocol also committed Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as non-nuclear-weapon states, which was completed by 1994."}, {"id": "Q1000658", "label": "Budapest Memorandum", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1994 Budapest Memorandum implemented the removal of nuclear weapons from Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine by 1996, in exchange for security guarantees."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The protocol was signed in Lisbon, Portugal, on 23 May 1992."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Zlenko\nFor the United States of America: James A."}], "Q4301653": [{"id": "Q136344", "label": "Battle of Köse Dağ", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongols invaded Anatolia at various times, starting with the campaign of 1241–1243 that culminated in the Battle of Köse Dağ."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335."}, {"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman ruler Osman I was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in the 1320s."}], "Q4301657": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to conquer various empires ruling over China for 74 years (1205–1279)."}, {"id": "Q26472", "label": "Dali Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It spanned over seventy years in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty, Western Liao, Western Xia, Tibet, the Dali Kingdom, the Southern Song, and the Eastern Xia."}, {"id": "Q3560494", "label": "Eastern Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "It spanned over seventy years in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty, Western Liao, Western Xia, Tibet, the Dali Kingdom, the Southern Song, and the Eastern Xia."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan started the conquest with small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan started the conquest with small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1279, the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan formally established the Yuan dynasty in the Chinese tradition, having crushed the last Song resistance, marking the reunification of China under Mongol rule, the first time that non-Han people had ruled the entire country."}], "Q4360220": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "12 September] 1723 concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "12 September] 1723 concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "lead", "says": "In return the shah promised to permanently cede to Russia: ... the towns of Darband (Derbent), Baku, with all the territories belonging to them, as well as the provinces: Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad, so that they might support the forces which His Imperial Majesty [the Tsar] will send to help His Shahian Majesty against rebels, without demanding money for it.\"\nThe signatory on the Safavid sid"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "There's also a possibility that Tahmasp II was aware of Russia's secret negotiations with the Ottoman Empire (see Treaty of Constantinople (1724))."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "All conquered and gained territories were returned to Iran which now led by the emerging Nader Qoli Beg (later known as Nader Shah) in 1732 and 1735 respectively, under the terms of the Treaty of Resht and Treaty of Ganja, during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna."}, {"id": "Q1964224", "label": "Treaty of Rasht", "section": "lead", "says": "All conquered and gained territories were returned to Iran which now led by the emerging Nader Qoli Beg (later known as Nader Shah) in 1732 and 1735 respectively, under the terms of the Treaty of Resht and Treaty of Ganja, during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna."}], "Q4446152": [{"id": "Q1326831", "label": "Jingkang Incident", "section": "lead", "says": "They captured Qinzong, many members of the imperial family and high officials of the Song imperial court in an event known as the Jingkang Incident."}, {"id": "Q334398", "label": "Yue Fei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the 1130s but were bogged down by a pro-Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by Song generals, including Yue Fei and Han Shizhong."}, {"id": "Q842316", "label": "Treaty of Shaoxing", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Shaoxing (1142) set the boundary of the two empires along the Huai River, but conflicts between the two dynasties continued until the fall of Jin in 1234."}, {"id": "Q5072", "label": "Emperor Hailingwang of Jin", "section": "lead", "says": "A war against the Song begun by the 4th Jin emperor, Wanyan Liang, was unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q2397117", "label": "Battle of Caishi", "section": "lead", "says": "He lost the Battle of Caishi (1161) and was later assassinated by his own disaffected officers."}], "Q4520158": [{"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "lead", "says": "There, the Qing prince-regent Dorgon allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui to defeat peasant rebel leader Li Zicheng, founder of the short-lived Shun dynasty, allowing Dorgon and the Qing army to rapidly conquer Beijing."}, {"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "lead", "says": "There, the Qing prince-regent Dorgon allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui to defeat peasant rebel leader Li Zicheng, founder of the short-lived Shun dynasty, allowing Dorgon and the Qing army to rapidly conquer Beijing."}], "Q452575": [{"id": "Q282172", "label": "Sakae Ōsugi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Amakasu Incident (甘粕事件, Amakasu Jiken) was a 1923 political murder of two prominent Japanese anarchists, Ōsugi Sakae and Itō Noe, together with Ōsugi's six-year-old nephew Munekazu Tachibana."}], "Q4551791": [{"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1679 Armenia earthquake (also called Yerevan earthquake or Garni earthquake) took place on June 4 in the Yerevan region of Armenia, then part of the Safavid Iran."}], "Q6861027": [{"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaean War of 146 BC was fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek Achaean League, an alliance of Achaean and other Peloponnesian states in ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q552373", "label": "Fourth Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final stage of Rome's conquest of mainland Greece, taking place just after the Fourth Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome and Achaea had been allies since the Second Macedonian War fifty years prior, but tensions between the two polities had been building up over the previous few decades, primarily over Roman efforts to throttle Achaean regional ambitions, particularly the long-desired assimilation of Sparta into the league, and the taking of large numbers of Achaean hostages by Rome in the aftermath of the Thir"}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome and Achaea had been allies since the Second Macedonian War fifty years prior, but tensions between the two polities had been building up over the previous few decades, primarily over Roman efforts to throttle Achaean regional ambitions, particularly the long-desired assimilation of Sparta into the league, and the taking of large numbers of Achaean hostages by Rome in the aftermath of the Thir"}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome swiftly defeated the League's main force near Scarpheia, before advancing on the League's capital of Corinth, where they defeated the remnants of the Achaean forces outside the walls and then brutally sacked the city, the same year in which they destroyed Carthage."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the election of the populist generals Critolaos and Diaeus, economic proposals were made which would relieve the debt burden of the poor, free native-born and native-bred slaves, and increase taxes on the rich, all of which, according to Polybius, had the desired effect of increasing support for a nationalistic dispute with Rome amongst the lower classes of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q362068", "label": "Andriscus", "section": "Background", "says": "An uprising around this time by the pretender Andriscus in the Fourth Macedonian War may also have spread to Achaea, giving hope that Rome, engaged in the Third Punic War to the West, would be too busy to deal with Greek rebellions against Roman rule."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "An uprising around this time by the pretender Andriscus in the Fourth Macedonian War may also have spread to Achaea, giving hope that Rome, engaged in the Third Punic War to the West, would be too busy to deal with Greek rebellions against Roman rule."}, {"id": "Q445455", "label": "Lucius Mummius Achaicus", "section": "Background", "says": "Roman foreign policy in the Greek east in the period following the Third Macedonian War had also become increasingly in favour of micromanagement and the forced breaking-up of large entities, seen by the regionalisation of Macedon by the general Lucius Mummius Achaicus and the Senate's mission to the magistrate Gallus, upon the application of the town Pleuron to leave the Achaean League, to sever "}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "Background", "says": "Roman foreign policy in the Greek east in the period following the Third Macedonian War had also become increasingly in favour of micromanagement and the forced breaking-up of large entities, seen by the regionalisation of Macedon by the general Lucius Mummius Achaicus and the Senate's mission to the magistrate Gallus, upon the application of the town Pleuron to leave the Achaean League, to sever "}, {"id": "Q302813", "label": "Sextus Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "A Roman effort at restoring peace, led by Orestes' former co-consul Sextus Julius Caesar, went badly, and the Achaeans, outraged at Rome's actions, and whipping up populist sentiment, declared war on Sparta, electing Critolaos as stra"}], "Q688081": [{"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mühldorf (also known as the Battle of Ampfing) was fought near Mühldorf am Inn on September 28, 1322 between the Duchy of (Upper) Bavaria and the Archduchy of Austria."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bavarians were led by German King Louis of Wittelsbach, while the Austrians were under the command of his cousin, Anti-king Frederick of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "The early 14th century had the powerful dynasties of Habsburg, Luxembourg, and Wittelsbach rivaling for the rule over the Holy Roman Empire, and the prince-electors were anxious not to allow a noble family to install a hereditary monarchy."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The early 14th century had the powerful dynasties of Habsburg, Luxembourg, and Wittelsbach rivaling for the rule over the Holy Roman Empire, and the prince-electors were anxious not to allow a noble family to install a hereditary monarchy."}, {"id": "Q155167", "label": "John of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg in 1313, the electoral college denied the succession of his son John of Bohemia and instead accorded its favour to Louis of Wittelsbach and Frederick of Habsburg, but it was split over the question of whom to choose."}, {"id": "Q693562", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Cologne, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Bohemia, and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg voted for Frederick as Rex Romanorum."}], "Q688821": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Distomo massacre (Greek: Σφαγή του Διστόμου; German: Massaker von Distomo or the Distomo-Massaker) was a Nazi war crime which was perpetrated by members of the Waffen-SS in the village of Distomo, Greece, in 1944, during the German occupation of Greece during World War II."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The heavy losses taken on the Eastern Front had caused the SS to lower its standards as the war went on and many of the teenagers in the company were underaged with some as young as 14 or 15."}, {"id": "Q984165", "label": "Mark Mazower", "section": "Background", "says": "British historian Mark Mazower described the 2nd Company as being made up of a \"lethal combination\" of ill-trained volksdeutsche teenagers determined to prove their sense of deutschtum (Germanness) with fanatical SS officers."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "SS-Hauptsturmführer Fritz Lautenbach began his career in the elite 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and was known to be a militant Nazi."}], "Q693964": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 27 September 1422, between the Teutonic Knights and an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at Lake Melno (German: Melnosee, Meldensee; Polish: Jezioro Mełno), east of Graudenz (Grudziądz)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Knights and Lithuania regarding Lithuania Minor and Samogitia, which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace transferred Samogitia to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but only for the lifetimes of Polish King Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło) and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace transferred Samogitia to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but only for the lifetimes of Polish King Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło) and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "When Sigismund delivered an unfavorable judgment to the Lithuanians, Jogaila and Vytautas invaded the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights in July 1422, starting the Gollub War."}, {"id": "Q77415", "label": "Paul von Rusdorf", "section": "Background", "says": "The Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf, were unable to mount a suitable defense."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "However Poland–Lithuania decided to end the conflict before reinforcements from the Holy Roman Empire could arrive through Farther Pomerania."}], "Q694606": [{"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The first major engagement of the Second Italian War of Independence, it was fought between Austrian troops commanded by Field Marshal Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen against Piedmontese cavalry and French infantry headed by General Élie Frédéric Forey."}, {"id": "Q82992", "label": "Élie Frédéric Forey", "section": "lead", "says": "The first major engagement of the Second Italian War of Independence, it was fought between Austrian troops commanded by Field Marshal Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen against Piedmontese cavalry and French infantry headed by General Élie Frédéric Forey."}, {"id": "Q698020", "label": "Ferenc Gyulay", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Feldzeugmeister Ferenc Gyulay, commanding the Austrian 2nd Army, deployed the VII Korps along the Sesia, the II and III Korps at Mortara, the VIII Korps at Pavia, and the V Korps between Pavia and Mortara."}], "Q695203": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tanne Ost (\"Fir East\") was a German operation during World War II to capture the island Suursaari (Swedish: Hogland; Russian: Гогланд, romanized: Gogland) in the Gulf of Finland before it could fall into Soviet hands."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Finnish preparations to separately conclude the war against the Soviet Union prompted Germans to prepare for such an eventuality."}, {"id": "Q3354648", "label": "Operation Birke", "section": "Background", "says": "German plans for  both of the Tanne operations were planned alongside the Operation Birke, the German 20th Mountain Army's evacuation and on 5 July 1944, the Tanne operations were assigned solely to the Kriegsmarine."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The operation was initially planned with another operation to capture Åland (Tanne West), which was not carried out both because the units reserved for the operation were already deployed to the Eastern Front and because Sweden had warned against operations in Åland."}], "Q697267": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Almenar took place near Balaguer in Catalonia, on 27 July 1710, during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the spring of 1709, France was financially exhausted, the severe winter of 1708/09 led to widespread famine and Louis XIV was forced to withdraw French troops from Spain to reinforce his northern frontier."}, {"id": "Q316897", "label": "Battle of Malplaquet", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, although the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709 was technically an Allied victory, the casualties shocked Europe and halted their advance into France."}, {"id": "Q695284", "label": "Guido Starhemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The illness of the Allied commander Guido Starhemberg enabled Philip to capture a number of small towns but after several weeks of marching and counter-marching, on 27 July Stanhope's division crossed the Segres at Alfarràs and combined with Starhemberg's forces on the heights of Almenar."}], "Q697823": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Antwerp (Dutch: val van Antwerpen [vɑl vɑn ˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)]) on 17 August 1585 took place during the Eighty Years' War, after a siege lasting over a year from July 1584 until August 1585."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Antwerp was the focal point of the Protestant-dominated Dutch Revolt, but was forced to surrender to the Spanish forces under the command of Alessandro Farnese."}, {"id": "Q554961", "label": "Alessandro Farnese", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Antwerp was the focal point of the Protestant-dominated Dutch Revolt, but was forced to surrender to the Spanish forces under the command of Alessandro Farnese."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time Antwerp, in modern Belgium, was not only the largest city of the Habsburg Netherlands, but was also the cultural, economic, and financial centre of the Seventeen Provinces and of Northwestern Europe."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Antwerp became even more engaged in the rebellion against the rule of Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The city joined the Union of Utrecht (1579) and became the capital of the Dutch Revolt, which no longer was merely a Protestant rebellion but had become a revolt of all Dutch provinces."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Relieved from the great battles with the Ottomans in the Mediterranean, Philip II of Spain turned his attention back to the uprising in the Low Countries and in the autumn of 1577 sent prince Alessandro Farnese with reinforcement troops to aid Don Juan of Austria in Flanders regain control over Flanders, Brabant, and the United Provinces."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Don Juan died on October 1, 1578, whereupon Farnese became the Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands and Captain-General of the army of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q312903", "label": "Alexander Farnese", "section": "Background", "says": "In mid-June, 1584, Alexander Farnese had decided the time was right to make preparations for besieging Antwerp."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "Background", "says": "When the siege of Antwerp began (1584) most of the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant had been recaptured in the preceding year."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "Background", "says": "When the siege of Antwerp began (1584) most of the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant had been recaptured in the preceding year."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "Background", "says": "The Prince of Parma's forces had been reinforced in the previous years, both in quantity and quality, yet at the start of the siege, his troops did not exceed 10,000 infantrymen and 1,700 cavalrymen."}], "Q697941": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gotland, which occurred in July 1915, was a naval battle of World War I between the German Empire and the Russian Empire, assisted by a submarine of the British Baltic Flotilla."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gotland, which occurred in July 1915, was a naval battle of World War I between the German Empire and the Russian Empire, assisted by a submarine of the British Baltic Flotilla."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gotland, which occurred in July 1915, was a naval battle of World War I between the German Empire and the Russian Empire, assisted by a submarine of the British Baltic Flotilla."}], "Q699902": [{"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belgrade was a successful attempt by Habsburg troops under the command of the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian II Emanuel to capture the city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belgrade was a successful attempt by Habsburg troops under the command of the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian II Emanuel to capture the city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), the siege lasted a month and culminated in the capture of the city on 6 September 1688."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire suffered several major defeats at war with the Holy League, which significantly contributed to development of the crisis that resulted with the deposition of sultan Mehmed IV to advance into Ottoman territory."}], "Q700848": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of London of 1840 was a treaty with the title of Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, signed on 15 July 1840 between the Great Powers of United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia on one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Because Muhammad Ali of Egypt did not accept the terms of the convention, the Oriental Crisis of 1840 resulted."}], "Q700880": [{"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dubravnica was fought in the summer of 1380 or December 1381, on the Dubravnica River near Paraćin in today's central Serbia, between the Serbian forces of Prince Lazar of Serbia led by commanders Vitomir and Crep and the invading Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dubravnica was fought in the summer of 1380 or December 1381, on the Dubravnica River near Paraćin in today's central Serbia, between the Serbian forces of Prince Lazar of Serbia led by commanders Vitomir and Crep and the invading Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I."}], "Q702579": [{"id": "Q780845", "label": "Franco-Thai War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ko Chang took place on 17 January 1941 during the Franco-Thai War."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle prompted Japan to intervene diplomatically and mediate a ceasefire, which left Thailand in control of the contested areas of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle prompted Japan to intervene diplomatically and mediate a ceasefire, which left Thailand in control of the contested areas of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "Within a month of the engagement, Vichy France and Thailand negotiated a peace that ended the war."}], "Q704550": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hel (Polish: Obrona Helu, literally \"the Defense of Hel\") was a World War II engagement fought from 1 September to 2 October 1939 on the Hel Peninsula, of the Baltic Sea coast, between invading German forces and defending Polish units during the German invasion of Poland (also known in Polish historiography as the September Campaign)."}, {"id": "Q473983", "label": "Battle of Tuchola Forest", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning on 20 September 1939, after the Polish Army Pomorze had been defeated in the Battle of Tuchola Forest and after other Polish coastal strongholds had capitulated in the Battle of Westerplatte, Battle of Gdynia and the Battle of Kępa Oksywska, Hel was the only substantial pocket of Polish military resistance left in northern Poland."}], "Q704762": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kliszów (also spelled Klissow or Klezow) took place on July 19, 1702, near the village of Kliszów in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kliszów (also spelled Klissow or Klezow) took place on July 19, 1702, near the village of Kliszów in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under the command of King Charles XII of Sweden defeated a Polish–Saxon army twice the size that was led by King Augustus II the Strong."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish army under the command of King Charles XII of Sweden defeated a Polish–Saxon army twice the size that was led by King Augustus II the Strong."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1702, Charles captured Warsaw, the Commonwealth's capital, where he received intelligence that Augustus was assembling a large Saxon army in Kraków."}, {"id": "Q434380", "label": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld", "section": "Background", "says": "The king contemplated launching a surprise attack against Augustus on the morning of July 8 but on the advice of Lieutenant General Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, he decided to wait another day for Mörner's and Stenbock's troops to arrive at his camp."}], "Q867154": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Château-Thierry (12 February 1814) saw the Imperial French army commanded by Emperor Napoleon attempt to destroy a Prussian corps led by Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg and an Imperial Russian corps under Fabian Wilhelm von Osten-Sacken."}, {"id": "Q65432", "label": "Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Château-Thierry (12 February 1814) saw the Imperial French army commanded by Emperor Napoleon attempt to destroy a Prussian corps led by Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg and an Imperial Russian corps under Fabian Wilhelm von Osten-Sacken."}, {"id": "Q1034344", "label": "Six Days' Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "This action occurred during the Six Days' Campaign, a series of victories that Napoleon won over Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's Army of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating Napoleon in the Battle of La Rothière, Blücher's army separated from the main Allied army of Austrian field marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg."}, {"id": "Q642517", "label": "Battle of Champaubert", "section": "lead", "says": "Catching the Silesian Army badly strung out, Napoleon demolished Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev's Russian corps in the Battle of Champaubert on 10 February."}, {"id": "Q745543", "label": "Battle of Montmirail", "section": "lead", "says": "Turning west, the French emperor defeated Sacken and Yorck in the hard-fought Battle of Montmirail on the following day."}, {"id": "Q1192053", "label": "Battle of Vauchamps", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon soon found that Blücher was advancing to attack him with two more corps and the Battle of Vauchamps was fought on 14 February."}, {"id": "Q568253", "label": "Battle of La Rothière", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allies were jubilant after beating Napoleon in the Battle of La Rothière on 1 February 1814."}, {"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Russian corps of Peter Wittgenstein and a Cossack scouting force under Alexander Nikitich Seslavin would provide the link between the two armies."}, {"id": "Q157632", "label": "Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 5 February, Russian General Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly ordered Seslavin's force away to the extreme left flank without notifying Blücher."}, {"id": "Q156373", "label": "Nicolas Oudinot", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French emperor calculated that Marshals Claude Perrin Victor and Nicolas Oudinot with 39,000 troops would be able to hold off the cautious Schwarzenberg."}], "Q87589392": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Honduras on 10 March 2020, when two women tested positive for the virus after one of them landed on Toncontín International Airport in a flight from Madrid, Spain, and the other on Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport in a flight from Geneva, Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q332111", "label": "Francisco Morazán", "section": "lead", "says": "Confirmed cases have been reported in all 18 departments of the country, with the majority of cases located in Cortés and Francisco Morazán."}], "Q87936974": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "Transparency International cited El Salvador and Colombia as examples of an \"explosion of irregularities and corruption cases\" related to the handling of the pandemic in Latin America."}], "Q892169": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Utus was fought in 447 between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Huns led by Attila at Utus, a river that is today the Vit in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Utus was fought in 447 between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Huns led by Attila at Utus, a river that is today the Vit in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q653919", "label": "Marcellinus Comes", "section": "lead", "says": "Only a few short passages from Byzantine sources (Jordanes' Romana, the chronicle of Marcellinus Comes, and the Paschal Chronicle) are available."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Danubian defenses were breached and the Huns had overrun Pannonia Secunda and devastated Moesia, Theodosius II recognized the need for a more proactive stance against the Huns in anticipation of future conflicts."}], "Q903248": [{"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Polotsk, which took place on 17–18 August 1812, Russian troops under the command of Peter Wittgenstein fought French and Bavarian troops led by Nicolas Oudinot near the city of Polotsk, halting Oudinot's advance toward Saint Petersburg once more as at the Battle of Klyastitsy."}, {"id": "Q156373", "label": "Nicolas Oudinot", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Polotsk, which took place on 17–18 August 1812, Russian troops under the command of Peter Wittgenstein fought French and Bavarian troops led by Nicolas Oudinot near the city of Polotsk, halting Oudinot's advance toward Saint Petersburg once more as at the Battle of Klyastitsy."}, {"id": "Q840194", "label": "Battle of Klyastitsy", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Polotsk, which took place on 17–18 August 1812, Russian troops under the command of Peter Wittgenstein fought French and Bavarian troops led by Nicolas Oudinot near the city of Polotsk, halting Oudinot's advance toward Saint Petersburg once more as at the Battle of Klyastitsy."}, {"id": "Q738802", "label": "Second Battle of Polotsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Polotsk should be distinguished from the Second Battle of Polotsk which took place during the same campaign two months later."}], "Q906834": [{"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Niḫriya was the culminating point of the hostilities between the Hittites and the Assyrians for control over the remnants of the former empire of Mitanni in Upper Mesopotamia, in the second half of the 13th Century BC."}, {"id": "Q354903", "label": "Suppiluliuma I", "section": "lead", "says": "When Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "lead", "says": "1344–1322 BC) conquered Mitanni, he created two provinces (Aleppo and Carchemish), and distributed the large part of territories of this kingdom among his allies."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "lead", "says": "Information relating to the conflict contained in the Hittite tablet KBo IV 14 has been interpreted by Nemirovsky to show that the battle must have occurred some ten years before the end of Šulmānu-ašarēd's reign (which he dates to 1264–1234 BC), and that this might necessitate picking the Egyptian \"Middle Chronology\" for the accession of Ramesses II, placing it in 1290 BC, rather than 1279 BC (as"}], "Q909819": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010–11 Ivorian crisis was a political crisis in Ivory Coast which began after Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, was proclaimed the winner of the Ivorian election of 2010, the first election in the country in 10 years."}, {"id": "Q179242", "label": "Laurent Gbagbo", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010–11 Ivorian crisis was a political crisis in Ivory Coast which began after Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, was proclaimed the winner of the Ivorian election of 2010, the first election in the country in 10 years."}, {"id": "Q57413", "label": "Alassane Ouattara", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposition candidate, Alassane Ouattara, and a number of countries, organisations and leaders worldwide claimed Ouattara had won the election."}], "Q926489": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "29 May] 1807 off the town of Heilsberg (now Lidzbark Warmiński), during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon also arrived on the battlefield, but it was Murat who initiated the battle."}], "Q934889": [{"id": "Q1447505", "label": "Operation Avalanche", "section": "lead", "says": "A shortage of transport aircraft meant the division could not land in their traditional way by parachute and glider, and all the landing craft in the area were already allocated to the other landings: Operation Avalanche at Salerno on the western coast, and Operation Baytown at Calabria."}, {"id": "Q2572890", "label": "Operation Baytown", "section": "lead", "says": "A shortage of transport aircraft meant the division could not land in their traditional way by parachute and glider, and all the landing craft in the area were already allocated to the other landings: Operation Avalanche at Salerno on the western coast, and Operation Baytown at Calabria."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon after, the division, minus the 2nd Parachute Brigade, sailed for England in preparation for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q3636616", "label": "Operation Fustian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The only units with any combat experience were the 1st Parachute Brigade, which had fought with distinction as an independent brigade in North Africa and in Operation Fustian during the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the 1st Airlanding Brigade, understrength with only two battalions, which had also fought in Sicily during Operation Ladbroke."}, {"id": "Q1158759", "label": "Operation Ladbroke", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The only units with any combat experience were the 1st Parachute Brigade, which had fought with distinction as an independent brigade in North Africa and in Operation Fustian during the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the 1st Airlanding Brigade, understrength with only two battalions, which had also fought in Sicily during Operation Ladbroke."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Also, the 2nd Parachute Brigade was the only full strength unit, as the 4th Parachute Brigade had only two battalions, with its third battalion still forming in Palestine."}, {"id": "Q494930", "label": "Matthew Ridgway", "section": "Prelude", "says": "82nd Airborne Division, under Major General Matthew Ridgway, as part of the Salerno landings."}], "Q939358": [{"id": "Q244356", "label": "Battle of Ain Jalut", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Mamluk victory over the Ilkhanids at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260, the whole of Syria, including Aleppo, fell into Mamluk hands."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "lead", "says": "Alerted of this, the Ayyubid ruler of Homs, Al-Ashraf Musa, formed a coalition with the Emir of Hama, Al-Mansur, and the Mamluk Emirs of Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q309461", "label": "Al-Ashraf", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslims were divided into three groups: the center led by Al-Ashraf, the right under Al-Mansur, and the left under the Emirs of Aleppo."}], "Q939859": [{"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "La Matanza (Spanish for 'The Massacre') refers to a communist-indigenous rebellion that took place in El Salvador between 22 and 25 January 1932."}, {"id": "Q319419", "label": "Maximiliano Hernández Martínez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Salvadoran government, led by General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, who had assumed power following the 1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, declared martial law, and ordered the suppression of the revolt."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The military government was dissolved two days later when Martínez was declared as the country's acting president, however, his government was not recognized by the United States."}], "Q94414": [{"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Lake Vadimo was fought in 310 BC between Rome and the Etruscans, and ended up being the largest battle between these nations."}], "Q957532": [{"id": "Q3025312", "label": "Second Carlist War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is sometimes referred to as the \"Second Carlist War\", as the earlier \"Second\" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial in political consequence."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Leading up to the war, Queen Isabella II abdicated the throne in 1868, and the unpopular Amadeo I, son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, was proclaimed King of Spain in 1870."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Leading up to the war, Queen Isabella II abdicated the throne in 1868, and the unpopular Amadeo I, son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, was proclaimed King of Spain in 1870."}, {"id": "Q497777", "label": "First Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Carlist War saw a series of regime changes in Spain, beginning with the declaration of the First Spanish Republic after the abdication of Amadeo I in February 1873."}, {"id": "Q32347", "label": "Alfonso XII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Over one year later, in December 1874, a military coup installed a new Bourbon monarch, Alfonso XII, marking the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain."}, {"id": "Q2341073", "label": "First Carlist War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the chartered territories, home rule provisions, left over from the resolution of the First Carlist War, were abolished, and conscription of youth in the Spanish army became compulsory."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "Background", "says": "72.34% of the loan was provided by the Rothschild's Houses of Paris and London, for which Alphonse Rothschild and his Spanish agent Ignacio Bauer were awarded the Great Cross of Charles III."}], "Q965477": [{"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "lead", "says": "The killing centre had been completed 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Warsaw only weeks earlier, specifically for the Final Solution."}, {"id": "Q84441", "label": "Odilo Globočnik", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by the SS-leader Brigadeführer Odilo Globocnik, the campaign, codenamed Operation Reinhard, became the critical part of the Holocaust in occupied Poland."}, {"id": "Q158044", "label": "Operation Reinhard", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by the SS-leader Brigadeführer Odilo Globocnik, the campaign, codenamed Operation Reinhard, became the critical part of the Holocaust in occupied Poland."}], "Q973764": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye (or the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe) was an alliance agreement between the Russian Empire under Tsar Peter the Great and Poland–Saxony under King Augustus II."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye (or the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe) was an alliance agreement between the Russian Empire under Tsar Peter the Great and Poland–Saxony under King Augustus II."}, {"id": "Q705427", "label": "Johann Reinhold von Patkul", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated by Johann Patkul and signed on 22 November 1699 in Preobrazhenskoye (now a part of Moscow), a favoured residence of the tsar."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed an informal meeting of Peter and Augustus at Rava-Ruska in August 1698."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty called for the partition of the Swedish Empire among Denmark-Norway, Russia, Saxony and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty called for the partition of the Swedish Empire among Denmark-Norway, Russia, Saxony and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the treaty, the Great Northern War began."}], "Q1001093": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turckheim took place on 5 January 1675 during the Franco-Dutch War at a site between the towns of Colmar and Turckheim in Alsace."}, {"id": "Q686601", "label": "Alexander von Bournonville", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army, commanded by the Viscount of Turenne, defeated the armies of Austria and Brandenburg, led by Alexander von Bournonville and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The aggressive campaign of Louis XIV against the Netherlands, since 1672, had provoked a hostile reaction of other European states like Austria (who controlled the Holy Roman Empire) and Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The aggressive campaign of Louis XIV against the Netherlands, since 1672, had provoked a hostile reaction of other European states like Austria (who controlled the Holy Roman Empire) and Brandenburg."}], "Q1003174": [{"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Forum Gallorum was fought on 14 April 43 BC between the forces of Mark Antony and legions loyal to the Roman Senate under the overall command of consul Gaius Pansa, aided by his fellow consul Aulus Hirtius."}, {"id": "Q354990", "label": "Aulus Hirtius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Forum Gallorum was fought on 14 April 43 BC between the forces of Mark Antony and legions loyal to the Roman Senate under the overall command of consul Gaius Pansa, aided by his fellow consul Aulus Hirtius."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The untested Caesar Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) guarded the Senate's camp."}, {"id": "Q741777", "label": "War of Mutina", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the War of Mutina in late 44 BC, he moved to invest the homonymous city in an attempt to force Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, the governor of Cisalpine Gaul, to give it up to him in accordance with an illegal law he had passed previously that year in June."}, {"id": "Q294846", "label": "Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the War of Mutina in late 44 BC, he moved to invest the homonymous city in an attempt to force Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, the governor of Cisalpine Gaul, to give it up to him in accordance with an illegal law he had passed previously that year in June."}], "Q1006077": [{"id": "Q2619223", "label": "Aetolian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Social War, also War of the Allies and the Aetolian War, was fought from 220 BC to 217 BC between the Hellenic League under Philip V of Macedon and the Aetolian League, Sparta and Elis."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Social War, also War of the Allies and the Aetolian War, was fought from 220 BC to 217 BC between the Hellenic League under Philip V of Macedon and the Aetolian League, Sparta and Elis."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus, a decision was taken in the summer of 220 BC; after consulting their respective assemblies, the allies ratified their declaration of war on the Aetolian League."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Although acting as though he was responding to the complaints of the league members, Philip was very interested in war to establish himself as a victorious leader and to consolidate the power of Macedonia in Greece."}, {"id": "Q3118998", "label": "War against Lyctus", "section": "Background", "says": "As one of the first acts of war, Philip sent a force to Crete to intervene in the Lyttian War and to wrest the island from the Aetolians, which was quickly successful."}, {"id": "Q310811", "label": "Cleomenes III", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, however, news of the death of the Lacedaemonian king Cleomenes III in Egypt, triggered a political change in Sparta, which allowed the Aetolian envoy Machatas to win the newly-elected king Lycurgus over for an alliance with Aetolia."}], "Q10130": [{"id": "Q5169434", "label": "Operation Vigorous", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Vigorous was a west-bound convoy from Alexandria and Operation Harpoon was an east-bound convoy from Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q4942187", "label": "Bonner Fellers", "section": "lead", "says": "News of the two operations had been unwittingly revealed to the Axis by the US Military Attaché in Egypt, Colonel Bonner Fellers, who had been submitting detailed military reports on British activities to Washington."}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "Background", "says": "After the success of Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December 1941), the Eighth Army advanced 800 km (500 mi) westwards to El Agheila in Libya, capturing airfields and landing grounds to provide air cover for Malta convoys."}, {"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June), Panzerarmee Afrika attacked first again but appeared close to defeat until 11 June."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While scaring off the small escorting vessels of the crippled ships and according to post-battle reports from both sides, Raimondo Montecuccoli hit the minesweeper HMS Hebe at \"approx."}], "Q1018682": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nisour Square massacre occurred on September 16, 2007, when employees of Blackwater Security Consulting (now Constellis), which was a private military company contracted by the United States government to provide security services in Iraq, shot at Iraqi civilians, killing 17 and injuring 20 in Nisour Square, Baghdad, while escorting a U.S. embassy convoy."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2020, all four convicted were pardoned by President Donald Trump."}], "Q1018947": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yehuling, including the Battle of Huihe River, the Battles at Wild Fox Ridge, and the Battle of Badger Mouth, was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty in 1211, during the first stage of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "The aim of the 1211–1212 campaign was not to conquer territory, but as a chevauchée to plunder, gather information, and diminish Jin control in North China, before returning to Mongolia."}], "Q1021172": [{"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic of the Congo Civil War, also known as the Second Brazzaville-Congolese Civil War, was the second of two ethnopolitical civil conflicts in the Republic of the Congo which lasted from 5 June 1997 to 29 December 1999."}, {"id": "Q57418", "label": "Denis Sassou-Nguesso", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ended following the intervention of the Angolan military, which reinstated former president Denis Sassou Nguesso to power."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) gained its independence from France in 1960, and soon entered a period of political turbulence."}, {"id": "Q379725", "label": "Pascal Lissouba", "section": "Background", "says": "The elections concluded with Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS) candidate Pascal Lissouba winning the presidential race, Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development's (MCDDI) Bernard Kolelas coming second, and Congolese Labor Party's (PCT) Sassou Nguesso running third."}], "Q1035320": [{"id": "Q295790", "label": "Carlos Andrés Pérez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Caracazo is the name given to the wave of protests, riots, and looting that started on 27 February 1989 in the Venezuelan city of Guarenas, spreading to Caracas and surrounding towns following austerity measures from President Carlos Andrés Pérez."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "Background", "says": "During the presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez from 1973 to 1979, the political elite in Venezuela believed that the nation faced a near-unlimited supply of cash flow due to high oil prices at the time and his administration racked on large amounts of debt."}, {"id": "Q727036", "label": "Jaime Lusinchi", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, the administration of President Jaime Lusinchi was able to restructure the country's debt repayments and offset an economic crisis but allowed for the continuation of the government's policies of social spending and state-sponsored subsidies."}], "Q1041111": [{"id": "Q673556", "label": "War of the Reunions", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Ratisbon, or Truce of Regensburg, concluded the War of the Reunions, fought by France against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Ratisbon, or Truce of Regensburg, concluded the War of the Reunions, fought by France against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce was signed on 15 August 1684 at the Dominican convent in Ratisbon (now in Bavaria) between the French King Louis XIV, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, and the Spanish King Charles II."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish crown was involved because of its sovereignty over the Spanish Netherlands, once part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The final agreements allowed Louis to retain Strasbourg, Luxembourg, and most other Reunion gains, but he had to hand back Courtrai and Dixmude."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The truce was supposed to last twenty years, but Louis terminated it after four years by declaring war on the Dutch Republic on 16 November and by invading Philippsburg on 27 September 1688, thereby starting the Nine Years' War."}], "Q1041813": [{"id": "Q699600", "label": "Zhang Xun", "section": "lead", "says": "The Manchu Restoration or Dingsi Restoration (Chinese: 丁巳復辟), also known as Zhang Xun Restoration (simplified Chinese: 张勋复辟; traditional Chinese: 張勳復辟), or Xuantong Restoration (simplified Chinese: 宣统复辟; traditional Chinese: 宣統復辟), was an attempt to restore the Chinese monarchy by General Zhang Xun, whose army seized Beijing and briefly reinstalled the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, Puyi, to th"}, {"id": "Q716136", "label": "Li Yuanhong", "section": "Background", "says": "The confrontation between President Li Yuanhong and Premier Duan Qirui about whether to join the Allied Powers in World War I and declare war on Germany led to political unrest in the capital Beijing in the spring of 1917."}, {"id": "Q706172", "label": "Duan Qirui", "section": "Background", "says": "The confrontation between President Li Yuanhong and Premier Duan Qirui about whether to join the Allied Powers in World War I and declare war on Germany led to political unrest in the capital Beijing in the spring of 1917."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The confrontation between President Li Yuanhong and Premier Duan Qirui about whether to join the Allied Powers in World War I and declare war on Germany led to political unrest in the capital Beijing in the spring of 1917."}], "Q104541845": [{"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trocadero, fought on 31 August 1823, was a significant battle in France's expedition in support of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The French defeated the Spanish liberal forces and restored Ferdinand to absolute rule."}], "Q1063735": [{"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a series of successful counter-offensives in response to the German Spring Offensive, after a pause for redeployment and supply."}], "Q1072592": [{"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spion Kop (Dutch: Slag bij Spionkop; Afrikaans: Slag van Spioenkop) was a military engagement between British forces and two Boer Republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, during the campaign by the British to relieve the besieged city Ladysmith during the initial months of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spion Kop (Dutch: Slag bij Spionkop; Afrikaans: Slag van Spioenkop) was a military engagement between British forces and two Boer Republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, during the campaign by the British to relieve the besieged city Ladysmith during the initial months of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spion Kop (Dutch: Slag bij Spionkop; Afrikaans: Slag van Spioenkop) was a military engagement between British forces and two Boer Republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, during the campaign by the British to relieve the besieged city Ladysmith during the initial months of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q159397", "label": "Louis Botha", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Boers under General Louis Botha held the Tugela River against him."}, {"id": "Q868249", "label": "Battle of Colenso", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In late December, 1899, Buller made a frontal assault on the Boer positions at the Battle of Colenso."}, {"id": "Q74338", "label": "Charles Warren", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Buller delegated control of his main force to General Sir Charles Warren, to cross at Trichardt's Drift."}], "Q1085401": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Katzbach on 26 August 1813, was a major battle of the Napoleonic Wars between the forces of the First French Empire under Marshal MacDonald and a Russo-Prussian army of the Sixth Coalition under Prussian Marshal Graf (Count) von Blücher."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Katzbach on 26 August 1813, was a major battle of the Napoleonic Wars between the forces of the First French Empire under Marshal MacDonald and a Russo-Prussian army of the Sixth Coalition under Prussian Marshal Graf (Count) von Blücher."}, {"id": "Q17594", "label": "Battle of Dresden", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place the same day as the Battle of Dresden, it resulted in a Coalition victory, with the French retreating to Saxony."}, {"id": "Q165519", "label": "August Neidhardt von Gneisenau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the first day, Blücher and his chief of staff August Neidhardt von Gneisenau became separated and did not issue orders for troop movements until late in the day, slowing down the Allied advance."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "For the next five days, the Silesian Army engaged in a series of fierce and costly rearguard actions against the pursuing French forces, which were personally commanded by Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q1064944", "label": "Joseph Souham", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Late on 24 August, Ney turned over command to Joseph Souham, who spent 25 August moving his corps into MacDonald's line."}], "Q1087909": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict between forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, and supporters of the internationally recognised president-elect Alassane Ouattara."}, {"id": "Q179242", "label": "Laurent Gbagbo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict between forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, and supporters of the internationally recognised president-elect Alassane Ouattara."}, {"id": "Q57413", "label": "Alassane Ouattara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict between forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, and supporters of the internationally recognised president-elect Alassane Ouattara."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The international community, including the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the European Union, the United States, and former colonial power France affirmed their support for Ouattara, who was \"almost universally acknowledged to have defeated [Gbagbo] at the ballot box,\" and called for Gbagbo to step down."}], "Q1091051": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a series of actions undertaken by NATO whose stated aim was to establish long-term peace during and after the Bosnian War."}], "Q10952572": [{"id": "Q473247", "label": "Habibullāh Kalakāni", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebelling, and subsequently governing Saqqawist (Saqāwīhā) forces under Habibullāh Kalakāni fought against various opposing tribes and rival monarchs in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, among whom Mohammed Nādir Khān eventually achieved a preponderant role."}, {"id": "Q1138904", "label": "Kingdom of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebelling, and subsequently governing Saqqawist (Saqāwīhā) forces under Habibullāh Kalakāni fought against various opposing tribes and rival monarchs in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, among whom Mohammed Nādir Khān eventually achieved a preponderant role."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite early successes, such as the capture of Kabul and defeat of Amanullah Khan on 17 January 1929 or the capture of Kandahar on 3 June, the Saqqawists were eventually deposed by anti-Saqqawist forces led by Nadir on 13 October 1929, leading to Nadir's ascension as King of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite early successes, such as the capture of Kabul and defeat of Amanullah Khan on 17 January 1929 or the capture of Kandahar on 3 June, the Saqqawists were eventually deposed by anti-Saqqawist forces led by Nadir on 13 October 1929, leading to Nadir's ascension as King of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Amānullāh Khān reigned in Afghanistan from 1919, achieving full independence from the British Empire shortly afterwards."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Treaty of Rawalpindi was concluded in 1921, Afghanistan had already begun to establish its own foreign policy, including diplomatic relations with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1919."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The rivalry of the great powers in the region might have remained subdued had it not been for the dramatic change in government in Moscow brought about by the Russian Revolution of 1917."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In the case of Afghanistan, the Soviets could achieve a dual purpose: by strengthening relations with the leadership in Kabul, they could also threaten Britain, which was one of the Western states supporting counter-revolution in the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "Background", "says": "In his attempts to end British control of Afghan foreign policy, Amanullah sent an emissary to Moscow in 1919; Vladimir Lenin received the envoy warmly and responded by sending a Soviet representative to Kabul to offer aid to Amānullāh's government."}], "Q1116528": [{"id": "Q357261", "label": "Takakura", "section": "Background", "says": "Nara was regarded as a rebel against the throne because it had sided with Miidera and received Prince Takakura when he led the revolt."}], "Q1122422": [{"id": "Q887269", "label": "Higinio Morínigo", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1940 President Higinio Morínigo suspended the constitution and banned political parties."}], "Q1132313": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Khorramshahr was a major battle in the Iran–Iraq War, beginning shortly after the Iraqi invasion of Iran in September 1980."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Finally, on September 17, Iraqi president Saddam Hussein declared the 1975 Algiers Agreement null and void, thus setting the countdown to war, which would begin a few days later."}], "Q113317": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lilybaeum was the first clash between the navies of Carthage and Rome in 218 BC during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lilybaeum was the first clash between the navies of Carthage and Rome in 218 BC during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Roman involvement in Messina in Sicily in 264 BC led to the First Punic War, which cost Carthage her Sicilian holdings, naval supremacy and a large indemnity."}, {"id": "Q1132393", "label": "Mercenary War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman actions during the Mercenary War favoured Carthage, but they seized Sardinia and Corsica after that war concluded."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage rebuilt her fortunes by conquering parts of Iberia under the leadership of Hamilcar, Hasdrubal and Hannibal during 237–218 BC."}, {"id": "Q311598", "label": "Hasdrubal the Fair", "section": "Background", "says": "Rome, at the instigation of Massalia, signed a treaty with Hasdrubal the Fair in 226 BC, which established the Ebro as the limit of Carthaginian power in Iberia."}], "Q1876031": [{"id": "Q51661", "label": "Seventh Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Damietta occurred in 1249 and was part of the Seventh Crusade."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis IX of France landed at Damietta in 1249."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis ignored the agreement made during the Fifth Crusade that Damietta should be given to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now a rump state in Acre, but he did set up an archbishop there (Gilles of Saumur, under the authority of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Robert of Nantes) and used the city as a base to direct military operations against the Muslims of Syria."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis ignored the agreement made during the Fifth Crusade that Damietta should be given to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now a rump state in Acre, but he did set up an archbishop there (Gilles of Saumur, under the authority of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Robert of Nantes) and used the city as a base to direct military operations against the Muslims of Syria."}], "Q1893619": [{"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of The Hague was signed on 17 February 1720 between Spain and the Quadruple Alliance, established by the 1718 Treaty of London."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Its members included Britain, France, the Dutch Republic and Austria."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "By signing, Spain joined the Alliance, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance and accepting the terms of the Treaty of London."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The central principle of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht ending the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession was that neither France nor Austria could be united with Spain."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The central principle of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht ending the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession was that neither France nor Austria could be united with Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In return, Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, was confirmed as the first Bourbon king of Spain."}, {"id": "Q539927", "label": "Giulio Alberoni", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip viewed regaining these as vital to his prestige and this became the key foreign policy objective for Spain's new Chief Minister, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni."}, {"id": "Q229867", "label": "Elisabeth Farnese", "section": "Background", "says": "A native of Parma, Alberoni arranged the 1714 marriage between Philip and Elisabeth Farnese, niece of the Duke of Parma."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "When Louis XIV died in 1715, his five-year-old great-grandson became Louis XV; if he died, the closest legitimate heir was his uncle, Philip of Spain, casting doubt on the renunciation made at Utrecht."}], "Q1923018": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of El Pardo signed on 11 March 1778 sought to end conflict between Spain and Portugal in the Río de la Plata region, along the modern boundary between Argentina and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of El Pardo signed on 11 March 1778 sought to end conflict between Spain and Portugal in the Río de la Plata region, along the modern boundary between Argentina and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q983", "label": "Equatorial Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "It confirmed Spanish ownership of Colonia del Sacramento, now in Uruguay, while Portugal ceded possession of strategically important territories in Africa, now the modern state of Equatorial Guinea."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "Background", "says": "For nearly 300 years, differing interpretations of the Treaty of Tordesillas led to border disputes between Spain and Portugal over the Río de la Plata region."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The two countries attempted to settle this dispute by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid but it was annulled by Charles III of Spain in 1761."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain entered the Seven Years' War on the side of France in 1762; their invasion of Portugal ended in disaster, but they captured Colonia del Sacramento and lands now in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul."}, {"id": "Q1058391", "label": "José I of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Fighting ended in February 1777 when Joseph I of Portugal died and his daughter, Spanish-born Maria I, sued for peace."}, {"id": "Q580765", "label": "First Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "The October 1777 First Treaty of San Ildefonso established a Boundary Commission to demarcate borders in the Río de la Plata region, which were later confirmed by the Treaty of El Pardo."}], "Q1931877": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Anadyr (Russian: Анадырь) was the code name used by the Soviet Union for its Cold War secret operation in 1962 of deploying ballistic missiles, medium-range bombers, and a division of mechanized infantry to Cuba to create an army group that would be able to prevent an invasion of the island by United States forces."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Anadyr (Russian: Анадырь) was the code name used by the Soviet Union for its Cold War secret operation in 1962 of deploying ballistic missiles, medium-range bombers, and a division of mechanized infantry to Cuba to create an army group that would be able to prevent an invasion of the island by United States forces."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "However, part of it was foiled when the United States discovered the plan, prompting the Cuban Missile Crisis."}], "Q1934345": [{"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final battle of the Seven Days Battles during the American Civil War, taking place on a 130-foot (40 m) elevation of land known as Malvern Hill, near the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia and just one mile (1.6 km) from the James River."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final battle of the Seven Days Battles during the American Civil War, taking place on a 130-foot (40 m) elevation of land known as Malvern Hill, near the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia and just one mile (1.6 km) from the James River."}, {"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seven Days Battles were the climax of the Peninsula Campaign, during which McClellan's Army of the Potomac sailed around the Confederate lines, landed at the tip of the Virginia Peninsula, southeast of Richmond, and struck inland towards the Confederate capital."}, {"id": "Q1421282", "label": "Fitz John Porter", "section": "lead", "says": "Fitz John Porter, took up positions on the hill on June 30."}, {"id": "Q216124", "label": "Stonewall Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "Stonewall Jackson had problems collecting the Confederate artillery."}, {"id": "Q659645", "label": "Lewis Armistead", "section": "lead", "says": "Lewis Armistead, and three successive waves of Confederate infantry charges triggered by unclear orders from Lee and the actions of Maj."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Prelude", "says": "James Longstreet eventually rode after Magruder, and persuaded him to reverse course."}], "Q193993": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pea Ridge (March 7–8, 1862), also known as the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern, took place during the American Civil War near Leetown, northeast of Fayetteville, Arkansas."}, {"id": "Q1246956", "label": "Earl Van Dorn", "section": "lead", "says": "Major General Earl Van Dorn had launched a Confederate counteroffensive, hoping to recapture northern Arkansas and Missouri."}, {"id": "Q532248", "label": "Sterling Price", "section": "Background", "says": "Sterling Price out of the state."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "Background", "says": "Franz Sigel, a German immigrant who had expected to command the army forces into Arkansas."}, {"id": "Q2008915", "label": "Benjamin McCulloch", "section": "Background", "says": "While Curtis kept position along Little Sugar Creek, Confederate generals Sterling Price and Benjamin McCulloch went into Fayetteville evacuating the city and setting up camp in the Boston Mountains."}], "Q1939977": [{"id": "Q154934", "label": "Ecgberht", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ellendun or Battle of Wroughton was fought between Ecgberht of Wessex and Beornwulf of Mercia in September 825."}, {"id": "Q818595", "label": "Beornwulf of Mercia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ellendun or Battle of Wroughton was fought between Ecgberht of Wessex and Beornwulf of Mercia in September 825."}, {"id": "Q2308616", "label": "Frank Stenton", "section": "lead", "says": "Sir Frank Stenton described it as \"one of the most decisive battles of English history\"."}, {"id": "Q272148", "label": "Æthelbald of Mercia", "section": "Background", "says": "While Wessex had at times been obliged to recognise the overlordship of Æthelbald of Mercia, it appears to have escaped the dominance of the Mercians thereafter."}, {"id": "Q233573", "label": "Offa of Mercia", "section": "Background", "says": "Ecgberht's father Ealhmund was king of Kent in the 780s, which had brought his family into conflict with the ambitions of Offa of Mercia, who sought to impose direct rule on Kent."}, {"id": "Q762675", "label": "Coenwulf", "section": "Background", "says": "Beornwulf seized the Mercian throne from Ceolwulf, who had in 821 succeeded on the death of his brother, the long-reigning and powerful Coenwulf."}], "Q1968528": [{"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were seven extremely long-range airstrikes conducted during the 1982 Falklands War by Royal Air Force (RAF) Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from Nos."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Beetham argued that the Vulcan threat would cause the Argentines to retain fighters in the north of Argentina."}], "Q1974201": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Geronium (also spelled Gerunium) was a significant engagement fought between the forces of Carthage and the Roman Republic during the summer and autumn of 217 BC, amid the broader context of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Geronium (also spelled Gerunium) was a significant engagement fought between the forces of Carthage and the Roman Republic during the summer and autumn of 217 BC, amid the broader context of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his successful maneuvering in the Battle of Ager Falernus, Hannibal led his army northward before turning east toward Molise, passing through the rugged terrain of Samnium."}], "Q1983926": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sidi Bou Zid (Unternehmen Frühlingswind/Operation Spring Breeze) took place during the Tunisia Campaign from 14–17 February 1943, in World War II."}, {"id": "Q57570", "label": "Hans-Jürgen von Arnim", "section": "lead", "says": "Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen von Arnim commanded several experienced combat units, including the 10th Panzer Division and the 21st Panzer Division of the 5th Panzer Army, which were to sweep north and west towards the Kasserine Pass, while another battle group attacked Sidi Bou Zid from the south."}, {"id": "Q2707601", "label": "Lloyd Fredendall", "section": "lead", "says": "Corps under Major General Lloyd Fredendall."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied attempt to capture Tunis, in late 1942 after Operation Torch, had failed, and since the year end a lull had settled on the theatre, as both sides paused to rebuild their strength."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1943, the German-Italian Panzer Army (Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee) commanded by General Erwin Rommel had retreated to the Mareth Line, a line of defensive fortifications near the coastal town of Medenine in southern Tunisia built by the French before the war."}, {"id": "Q381244", "label": "Alphonse Juin", "section": "Background", "says": "Corps (Lieutenant-General Lloyd Fredendall) and the poorly equipped French XIX Corps (Alphonse Juin)."}], "Q1999889": [{"id": "Q927043", "label": "Pascual Cervera y Topete", "section": "lead", "says": "Sampson and Winfield Scott Schley, against a Spanish fleet led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, which occurred during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Sampson and Winfield Scott Schley, against a Spanish fleet led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, which occurred during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over the Spanish conduct during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by largely exaggerated reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cubans."}, {"id": "Q1514908", "label": "Cuban War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over the Spanish conduct during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by largely exaggerated reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cubans."}, {"id": "Q2258793", "label": "Ramón Blanco y Erenas", "section": "Background", "says": "However, US land forces began to drive on Santiago de Cuba, and by the end of June 1898, Cervera found himself unable to remain safely in the harbor, and Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas wanted a sortie: \"it is better for the honor of our arms that the squadron perish in battle....\"\nThe breakout was planned for 09:00 on July 3."}], "Q2003416": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle, took place during 18–20 February 1653 (28 February – 2 March 1653 (Gregorian calendar)), during the First Anglo-Dutch War, when the fleet of the Commonwealth of England under General at Sea Robert Blake was attacked by a fleet of the Dutch Republic under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp escorting merchant shipping through the English Channel."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle, took place during 18–20 February 1653 (28 February – 2 March 1653 (Gregorian calendar)), during the First Anglo-Dutch War, when the fleet of the Commonwealth of England under General at Sea Robert Blake was attacked by a fleet of the Dutch Republic under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp escorting merchant shipping through the English Channel."}, {"id": "Q320959", "label": "Robert Blake", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle, took place during 18–20 February 1653 (28 February – 2 March 1653 (Gregorian calendar)), during the First Anglo-Dutch War, when the fleet of the Commonwealth of England under General at Sea Robert Blake was attacked by a fleet of the Dutch Republic under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp escorting merchant shipping through the English Channel."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle, took place during 18–20 February 1653 (28 February – 2 March 1653 (Gregorian calendar)), during the First Anglo-Dutch War, when the fleet of the Commonwealth of England under General at Sea Robert Blake was attacked by a fleet of the Dutch Republic under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp escorting merchant shipping through the English Channel."}, {"id": "Q470200", "label": "Maarten Tromp", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle, took place during 18–20 February 1653 (28 February – 2 March 1653 (Gregorian calendar)), during the First Anglo-Dutch War, when the fleet of the Commonwealth of England under General at Sea Robert Blake was attacked by a fleet of the Dutch Republic under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp escorting merchant shipping through the English Channel."}, {"id": "Q2063617", "label": "Battle of the Gabbard", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle failed to settle supremacy of the English Channel, although both sides claimed victory, and ultimate control over the Channel would only be decided at the Battle of the Gabbard which allowed the English to blockade the Dutch coast until the Battle of Scheveningen, where Admiral Maarten Tromp was killed in a firefight."}, {"id": "Q575737", "label": "Battle of Scheveningen", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle failed to settle supremacy of the English Channel, although both sides claimed victory, and ultimate control over the Channel would only be decided at the Battle of the Gabbard which allowed the English to blockade the Dutch coast until the Battle of Scheveningen, where Admiral Maarten Tromp was killed in a firefight."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the rise of the English Parliament under Oliver Cromwell saw the deterioration of diplomacy between the two as the Dutch stadtholder financially supported the Royalists."}, {"id": "Q80330", "label": "English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the English Civil War, the Dutch had taken advantage of the internal strife within their neighbours, and greatly expanded their maritime presence throughout the world's merchant harbours and routes, ultimately even challenging English control in its colonies, and the Dutch even boasted of driving all nations out of the sea."}, {"id": "Q1116626", "label": "Battle of Worcester", "section": "Background", "says": "This changed when Parliamentary armies finally routed the Royalists at the Battle of Worcester, effectively ending the English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "With Cromwell fully in power, the Parliament passed the Navigation Act 1651, requiring all goods destined to English ports to be transported by English ships, which impacted part of the Dutch ability to trade, since they were cut off from all of England's colonies in the Americas and elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "The translation of Parliament's words into action came when Sir George Ayscue folded Barbados into the Commonwealth and seized 27 Dutch merchantmen."}, {"id": "Q675999", "label": "Battle of the Downs", "section": "Background", "says": "This fleet was put under the command of Admiral Maarten Tromp, who had defeated the sixth and final Spanish Armada at the Battle of the Downs, 31 October 1639."}], "Q2004236": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tolentino was a peace treaty between Revolutionary France and the Papal States, signed on 19 February 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the events following the Italian campaign of 1796–1797, during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q776609", "label": "Battle of the Bridge of Arcole", "section": "lead", "says": "Having defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Mantua, at the Battle of Arcole and in the Battle of Rivoli, Bonaparte had no more enemies in northern Italy and was able to devote himself to the Papal States."}], "Q2007565": [{"id": "Q44732", "label": "Battle of the Golden Spurs", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French king wanted revenge for the defeat in Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302 after which the Flemish retook Douai and Lille."}, {"id": "Q2431866", "label": "Battle of Zierikzee", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It was the combined northern force in Zeeland that struck the first blow on 10–11 August, when it soundly defeated Guy of Namur's army and navy at the Battle of Zierikzee."}], "Q2412363": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Ring (Russian: Операция «Кольцо», romanized: Operatsia Kol'tso; Armenian: «Օղակ» գործողություն, Oghak gortsoghut'yun), known in Azerbaijan as Operation Chaykand (Azerbaijani: Çaykənd əməliyyatı) was the codename for the May 1991 military operation conducted by the Soviet Army, Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) of the USSR and OMON units of the Azerbaijan SSR in th"}, {"id": "Q1031880", "label": "Thomas de Waal", "section": "lead", "says": "British journalist Thomas de Waal has described Operation Ring as the Soviet Union's first and only civil war and as the \"beginning of the open, armed phase of the Karabakh conflict.\" Some authors have also described the actions of the joint Soviet and Azerbaijani force as ethnic cleansing."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "Background", "says": "Official petitions were sent by Armenian leaders to the Soviet government in Moscow in order to address the issue but were rejected by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "First implemented in 1985, when Gorbachev came into power, the liberalization of political and economical constraints in the Soviet Union gave birth to numerous nationalist groups in the different Soviet republics who insisted that they be given the right to secede and form their own independent countries."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "By late 1989, the Communist Parties of the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had largely been weakened in power."}], "Q2426368": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bardia was fought between 3 and 5 January 1941, as part of Operation Compass, the first British military operation of the Western Desert campaign of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory at Bardia enabled the Allied forces to continue the advance into Libya and capture almost all of Cyrenaica, which led to Operation Sonnenblume, German intervention in the fighting in North Africa, changing the nature of the war in the theatre."}], "Q2428599": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "4 December] 1888 – 9 October 1934) was King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 16 August 1921 to 3 October 1929 and King of Yugoslavia from 3 October 1929 until his assassination."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "He was de facto head of state of Serbia from 1914 to 1918 and of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1921 as regent for his father, Peter I."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Karađorđević had been removed from power in Serbia 30 years prior by the rival House of Obrenović, and Alexander spent his early life in exile with his father in Montenegro and then Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Karađorđević had been removed from power in Serbia 30 years prior by the rival House of Obrenović, and Alexander spent his early life in exile with his father in Montenegro and then Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander distinguished himself as a commander during the Balkan Wars, leading the Serbian army to victory over the Ottoman Turks and the Bulgarians."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, Alexander oversaw the unification of Serbia and the former Austro-Hungarian provinces of Croatia-Slavonia, Slovenia, Vojvodina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Dalmatia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on the basis of the Corfu Declaration."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, Alexander oversaw the unification of Serbia and the former Austro-Hungarian provinces of Croatia-Slavonia, Slovenia, Vojvodina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Dalmatia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on the basis of the Corfu Declaration."}, {"id": "Q347471", "label": "Stjepan Radić", "section": "lead", "says": "An extended political crisis followed, culminating in the assassination of Croat leader Stjepan Radić."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Alexander abrogated the Vidovdan Constitution in 1929, prorogued the parliament, changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and established a royal dictatorship."}], "Q24287229": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In late May and early June 2016 flooding began after several days of heavy rain in Europe, mostly Germany and France, but also Austria, Belgium, Romania, Moldova, Netherlands and the United Kingdom."}], "Q2428844": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The large scale of the demonstrations, estimated at no fewer than 40,000 protesters, dwarfed any previous demonstration in the United States against a world meeting of any of the organizations generally associated with economic globalization, such as the WTO, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank."}], "Q246553": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nuremberg (German: Schlacht um Nürnberg), also called the Fall of Nuremberg, was a five-day battle between the forces of the United States 7th Army on one side, and Nazi Germany on the other during the last days of World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nuremberg (German: Schlacht um Nürnberg), also called the Fall of Nuremberg, was a five-day battle between the forces of the United States 7th Army on one side, and Nazi Germany on the other during the last days of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nuremberg (German: Schlacht um Nürnberg), also called the Fall of Nuremberg, was a five-day battle between the forces of the United States 7th Army on one side, and Nazi Germany on the other during the last days of World War II."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "After fierce fighting, the 7th Army captured Aschaffenburg in Bavaria on 3 April and Heilbronn in Württemberg on 12 April, which left Nuremberg wide open to American attack."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 April the German High Command ordered the unconditional defense of all cities and Adolf Hitler placed Reich Defense Commissioner and Gauleiter of Franconia Karl Holz in charge of the German forces around Nuremberg."}], "Q2479447": [{"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 365, while Valens was absent from Constantinople, Procopius emerged from exile, seizing control of the capital city and the adjoining provinces of Thrace and Bithynia."}], "Q248712": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Komarow (known in Russia as the Battle of Tomaszów) was a battle on the Eastern Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Komarow (known in Russia as the Battle of Tomaszów) was a battle on the Eastern Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q57130", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "In pre-war planning, on 2 August, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger wrote Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, \"The German army corps marching on Kalisz-Czenstochau will in any case begin an advance on Radom-Nowo-Alexandriya via Kalisz-Czenstochau on the 12th day of mobilisation."}, {"id": "Q155457", "label": "Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli", "section": "Background", "says": "Kövess commanded an Army Group on the eastern flank, consisting of XII Corps, with the 2nd Army, commanded by Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli."}], "Q2496712": [{"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "The demonstrations of 5 and 6 June, also called the events of June 1963 or (using the Iranian calendar) the 15 Khordad protests (Persian: تظاهرات پانزده خرداد), were protests in Iran against the arrest of Ruhollah Khomeini after his denouncement of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and Israel."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The demonstrations of 5 and 6 June, also called the events of June 1963 or (using the Iranian calendar) the 15 Khordad protests (Persian: تظاهرات پانزده خرداد), were protests in Iran against the arrest of Ruhollah Khomeini after his denouncement of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and Israel."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Fifteen years later, Khomeini led the Iranian Revolution which overthrew the Shah and the Imperial State of Iran and established the Islamic Republic of Iran."}, {"id": "Q1068139", "label": "White Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1963, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, started several programs which were known as \"the Revolution of the Shah and the People\" or the White Revolution."}], "Q2511385": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Primera Junta (\"First Junta\"), or Junta Provisional Gubernativa de las Provincias del Río de la Plata (\"Provisional Governing Junta of the Provinces of the Río de la Plata\"), is the most common name given to the first government of what would eventually become Argentina."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed on 25 May 1810, as a result of the events of the May Revolution."}], "Q2530200": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mentana was fought on November 3, 1867, near the village of Mentana, located north-east of Rome (then in the Papal States, now modern Lazio), between French-Papal troops and the Italian volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mentana was fought on November 3, 1867, near the village of Mentana, located north-east of Rome (then in the Papal States, now modern Lazio), between French-Papal troops and the Italian volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "When the first Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy met in Turin, Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy was proclaimed King of Italy on March 17, 1861, and Rome was declared capital of Italy on March 27, 1861."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Italian government could not take its seat in Rome because Emperor Napoleon III maintained a French garrison there to prop up Pope Pius IX."}, {"id": "Q43720", "label": "Pius IX", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Italian government could not take its seat in Rome because Emperor Napoleon III maintained a French garrison there to prop up Pope Pius IX."}], "Q2545349": [{"id": "Q239502", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Galicia–Volhynia Wars were several wars fought in the years 1340–1392 over the succession in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as Ruthenia."}, {"id": "Q891323", "label": "Bolesław Jerzy of Mazovia", "section": "lead", "says": "After Yuri II Boleslav was poisoned by local Ruthenian nobles in 1340, both the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland advanced claims over the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "After Yuri II Boleslav was poisoned by local Ruthenian nobles in 1340, both the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland advanced claims over the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2310836", "label": "Lubart", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead of promoting his son Liubartas (who was married to Andrew's daughter) and causing a war with Poland, Gediminas of Lithuania compromised with Władysław I of Poland."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead of promoting his son Liubartas (who was married to Andrew's daughter) and causing a war with Poland, Gediminas of Lithuania compromised with Władysław I of Poland."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead of promoting his son Liubartas (who was married to Andrew's daughter) and causing a war with Poland, Gediminas of Lithuania compromised with Władysław I of Poland."}], "Q2577392": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gravia Inn (Greek: Μάχη στο Χάνι της Γραβιάς) was fought between Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gravia Inn (Greek: Μάχη στο Χάνι της Γραβιάς) was fought between Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q3352014", "label": "Omer Vrioni", "section": "lead", "says": "120 men, repulsed an Ottoman army numbering 8,000 to 9,000 men and artillery under the command of Omer Vrioni and Köse Mehmed."}, {"id": "Q2570192", "label": "Battle of Alamana", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army under the command of Omer Vrioni, following his defeat of the Greeks at the Battle of Alamana and the execution of their leader, Athanasios Diakos, planned to attack the Peloponnese with an army of 11,000 men."}, {"id": "Q469525", "label": "Athanasios Diakos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army under the command of Omer Vrioni, following his defeat of the Greeks at the Battle of Alamana and the execution of their leader, Athanasios Diakos, planned to attack the Peloponnese with an army of 11,000 men."}, {"id": "Q1335936", "label": "Odysseas Androutsos", "section": "lead", "says": "However, his army was met by a Greek group numbering 120 men, under the command of Odysseas Androutsos, who had barricaded themselves inside an old inn."}], "Q2594768": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It is this version of the Geneva Conventions which covered the treatment of prisoners of war during World War II."}, {"id": "Q3984882", "label": "Third Geneva Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "It is the predecessor of the Third Geneva Convention signed in 1949."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of World War I they revealed several deficiencies as well as a lack of precision."}], "Q260684": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Balkan campaign of Alexander the Great took place in 335 BC, against a number of rebellious vassals of the Macedonian kingdom."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "In 336 BC, while attending the wedding of his daughter by Olympias, Cleopatra and Olympias' brother, Alexander I of Epirus at Aegae, Philip II was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguard, Pausanias."}, {"id": "Q335658", "label": "Alexandros I of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 336 BC, while attending the wedding of his daughter by Olympias, Cleopatra and Olympias' brother, Alexander I of Epirus at Aegae, Philip II was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguard, Pausanias."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 336 BC, while attending the wedding of his daughter by Olympias, Cleopatra and Olympias' brother, Alexander I of Epirus at Aegae, Philip II was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguard, Pausanias."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "lead", "says": "In 336 BC, while attending the wedding of his daughter by Olympias, Cleopatra and Olympias' brother, Alexander I of Epirus at Aegae, Philip II was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguard, Pausanias."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "News of Philip's death roused many states into revolt including Thebes, Athens, Thessaly and the Thracian tribes to the north of Macedon."}], "Q2612839": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Stralsund, 13 May to 4 August 1628, took place during the Thirty Years' War when an Imperial Army under Albrecht von Wallenstein attempted to capture the key Baltic Sea port of Stralsund."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Stralsund, 13 May to 4 August 1628, took place during the Thirty Years' War when an Imperial Army under Albrecht von Wallenstein attempted to capture the key Baltic Sea port of Stralsund."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Then an independent city and part of the Hanseatic League, Stralsund was initially reinforced by small numbers of Scots mercenaries in Danish service, before Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden sent a larger force under Alexander Leslie."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It provided Gustavus a bridgehead within the Holy Roman Empire that in 1630 facilitated Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Christian IV of Denmark invaded the Holy Roman Empire in 1625, hoping to expand his possessions, but instead suffered a series of defeats by Imperial forces under Albrecht von Wallenstein."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "The November 1627 Capitulation of Franzburg required all ports in the Duchy of Pomerania to submit to occupation by Imperial troops."}], "Q2976715": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between the United States and groups of people collectively known as Seminoles, consisting of Creek and Black Seminoles as well as other allied tribes (see below)."}, {"id": "Q900693", "label": "Seminole Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a series of conflicts called the Seminole Wars."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1835 Thompson called the chiefs together to read a letter from President Andrew Jackson to them."}], "Q2980084": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaties of Erzurum were two treaties that were ratified in 1823 and 1847 which settled boundary disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Persia."}], "Q2981297": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Konya was fought on December 21, 1832, between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, just outside the city of Konya in modern-day Turkey."}, {"id": "Q3123755", "label": "Reşid Mehmed Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Egyptians were led by Ibrahim Pasha, while the Ottomans were led by Reşid Mehmed Pasha."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Egyptians rapidly occupied Jerusalem and the coastal regions of Palestine and Lebanon, except for Acre, which had impregnable walls and a strong garrison of about 3,000 hardened fighters with much artillery."}], "Q2985977": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) was the last in a series fought by Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1600 and 1629."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1626, Gustavus Adolphus landed in Polish Prussia in an attempt to capture Gdańsk, but neither side could win a decisive advantage and the war became a stalemate."}, {"id": "Q1347605", "label": "Truce of Altmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the September 1629 Truce of Altmark, the Commonwealth accepted the loss of what became Swedish Livonia, including the strategic Baltic Sea port of Riga."}, {"id": "Q573173", "label": "Treaty of Stuhmsdorf", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden also retained its gains in Prussia, although these were returned in the 1635 Treaty of Stuhmsdorf."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The end of hostilities permitted Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War in June 1630."}], "Q2986186": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kinburn, a combined land-naval engagement during the final stage of the Crimean War, took place on the tip of the Kinburn Peninsula (on the south shore of the Dnieper–Bug estuary in what is now Ukraine) on 17 October 1855."}], "Q3023525": [{"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mecca in September–November 683 was one of the early battles of the Second Fitna."}, {"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Mecca was a sanctuary for Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, who was among the most prominent challengers to the hereditary succession to the Caliphate by Yazid I of the Umayyad dynasty."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the death of the founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, Mu'awiya I (r."}, {"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad, and son of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali), and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (the grandson of the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr, and nephew of Muhammad's wife Aisha)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad, and son of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali), and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (the grandson of the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr, and nephew of Muhammad's wife Aisha)."}, {"id": "Q76897", "label": "Julius Wellhausen", "section": "Background", "says": "For his plundering of Medina, subsequent tradition remembers Muslim ibn Uqba as, in the words of Julius Wellhausen, the \"heathen incarnate\", although in the earlier sources he is represented as devout and reluctant to undertake the task assigned to him by the Caliph."}], "Q3032218": [{"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Background", "says": "At Huế, Harmand presented a brutal ultimatum to the Vietnamese court, written in a style reminiscent of the Melian dialogue of Thucydides and couched in terms that brooked no compromise."}], "Q303801": [{"id": "Q104419", "label": "Joseph Kony", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Ugandan Civil War, militant Joseph Kony formed the Lord's Resistance Army and launched an insurgency against the newly installed President Yoweri Museveni."}, {"id": "Q57274", "label": "Yoweri Museveni", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Ugandan Civil War, militant Joseph Kony formed the Lord's Resistance Army and launched an insurgency against the newly installed President Yoweri Museveni."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Currently, there is low-level LRA activity in eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Currently, there is low-level LRA activity in eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic."}, {"id": "Q376073", "label": "Tito Okello", "section": "Background", "says": "The National Resistance Army (NRA), commanded by Yoweri Museveni, overthrew President Tito Okello in January 1986."}], "Q3042255": [{"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The Višegrad massacres were acts of mass murder committed against the Bosniak civilian population of the town and municipality of Višegrad during the ethnic cleansing of eastern Bosnia by Republika Srpska police and military forces during the spring and summer of 1992, at the start of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Višegrad massacres were acts of mass murder committed against the Bosniak civilian population of the town and municipality of Višegrad during the ethnic cleansing of eastern Bosnia by Republika Srpska police and military forces during the spring and summer of 1992, at the start of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "lead", "says": "The viciousness of the crimes of violence committed by the Army of Republika Srpska in the Višegrad massacres and the effectiveness with which the town's entire Bosniak population was either killed or deported by Republika Srpska forces in 1992, long before similar events in Srebrenica, have been described as epitomising the genocide of the Bosniak population of eastern Bosnia carried out on order"}, {"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "lead", "says": "The viciousness of the crimes of violence committed by the Army of Republika Srpska in the Višegrad massacres and the effectiveness with which the town's entire Bosniak population was either killed or deported by Republika Srpska forces in 1992, long before similar events in Srebrenica, have been described as epitomising the genocide of the Bosniak population of eastern Bosnia carried out on order"}], "Q3066272": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1891–1892 famine in the Russian Empire, sometimes called the Tsar Famine, Tsar's Famine or Black Earth Famine, began along the Volga River and spread as far as the Urals and the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q7243", "label": "Leo Tolstoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Leo Tolstoy, who participated in helping peasants affected by crop failures, denied that there were any deaths from starvation. \"If we define 'starvation' as a lack of food that leads to illness and death, as was recently reported in India, then there was no such starvation in 1891\"."}], "Q3068453": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, the first Rus'–Byzantine Treaty was concluded in 907 as a result of Oleg's raid against Constantinople."}], "Q3089540": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 was part of the campaign by Soviet Russia into areas abandoned by the Ober Ost garrisons that were being withdrawn to Germany following that country's defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The initially successful offensive against the Republic of Estonia ignited the Estonian War of Independence which ended with the Soviet recognition of Estonia."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Similarly, the campaigns against the Republic of Latvia and Republic of Lithuania ultimately failed, resulting in the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty and Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty respectively."}, {"id": "Q1377536", "label": "Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty (1920)", "section": "lead", "says": "Similarly, the campaigns against the Republic of Latvia and Republic of Lithuania ultimately failed, resulting in the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty and Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty respectively."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Similarly, the campaigns against the Republic of Latvia and Republic of Lithuania ultimately failed, resulting in the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty and Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty respectively."}, {"id": "Q842199", "label": "Belarusian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In Belarus, the Belarusian People's Republic was conquered and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q68678", "label": "Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia", "section": "lead", "says": "In Belarus, the Belarusian People's Republic was conquered and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q1604816", "label": "Lithuanian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign eventually became bogged down, leading to the Estonian Pskov Offensive, the White Russian Petrograd Offensives, the Lithuanian–Soviet War, the Latvian War of Independence and the continuation of the Ukrainian–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q543042", "label": "Latvian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign eventually became bogged down, leading to the Estonian Pskov Offensive, the White Russian Petrograd Offensives, the Lithuanian–Soviet War, the Latvian War of Independence and the continuation of the Ukrainian–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q2419855", "label": "Ukrainian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign eventually became bogged down, leading to the Estonian Pskov Offensive, the White Russian Petrograd Offensives, the Lithuanian–Soviet War, the Latvian War of Independence and the continuation of the Ukrainian–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Bolshevik Russia lost the European lands the Russian Empire had annexed in the 18th and 19th centuries."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the German defeat on the Western Front and the internal dissolution of Austria-Hungary made the plans for the creation of Mitteleuropa obsolete."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Hence, as Leon Trotsky remarked, the revolution should be \"brought on the bayonets\" (of the Red Army), as \"through Kiev leads the straight route for uniting with the Austro-Hungarian revolution, just as through Pskov and Vilnius goes the way for uniting with the German revolution."}, {"id": "Q142141", "label": "Mikhail Tukhachevsky", "section": "Background", "says": "The concept was developed in 1918 but officially published under that name first in 1920 (Wojennaja Mysl i Riewolucija, 3/1920, Mikhail Tukhachevsky."}], "Q31307": [{"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burmese–Siamese War of 1765–1767, also known as the War of the Second Fall of Ayutthaya (Thai: สงครามคราวเสียกรุงศรีอยุธยาครั้งที่สอง) was the second military conflict between Burma under the Konbaung dynasty and Ayutthaya Kingdom under the Siamese Ban Phlu Luang dynasty that lasted from 1765 until 1767; the war ended the 417-year-old Ayutthaya Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "lead", "says": "King Alaungpaya, the dynastic founder, led his Burmese forces of 40,000 men, and with his son Prince of Myedu as vanguard commander, invaded Siam in late 1759 to early 1760."}, {"id": "Q1395046", "label": "Hsinbyushin", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Myedu ascended the Burmese throne as King Hsinbyushin in late 1763."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "lead", "says": "Burma sent forces to successfully conquer Lanna Chiang Mai in 1762–1763."}, {"id": "Q3178132", "label": "Naungdawgyi", "section": "Background", "says": "After the demise of Alaungpaya, his eldest son Naungdawgyi succeeded to the throne in 1760 as the new Burmese king but Burma descended into a short period of internal upheaval."}, {"id": "Q889151", "label": "Uthumphon", "section": "Background", "says": "The more-capable Uthumphon, the former king, had left monkhood to lead commands against the Burmese invasion of 1760."}, {"id": "Q779323", "label": "Ekkathat", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1760, Uthumphon visited his brother Ekkathat on one day but found Ekkathat having bare sword laying on his laps – a gesture of political aggression and enmity."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "Background", "says": "Prince Thepphiphit, who had earlier been exiled to Sri Lanka after his failed rebellion in 1758, became involved in political conflicts in Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q6416215", "label": "Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch conspired with native Sinhalese nobles, including the monks of Siam Nikaya sect, to assassinate King Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy and to replace him with the Siamese prince Thepphiphit in 1760."}], "Q314076": [{"id": "Q682736", "label": "Ernest of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Leipzig or Partition of Leipzig (German: Leipziger Teilung) was signed on 11 November 1485 in the city of Leipzig, between Ernest, Elector of Saxony and his younger brother Albert III, the sons and heirs of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (d."}, {"id": "Q693562", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Leipzig treaty provisions, Ernest kept the Saxon electoral title (attached to the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg) and several domains in southern parts of Thuringia, while Albert received the Saxon ducal title and rule over the old Margraviate of Meissen, together with various domains in northern parts of Thuringia."}, {"id": "Q170180", "label": "Margraviate of Meissen", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Leipzig treaty provisions, Ernest kept the Saxon electoral title (attached to the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg) and several domains in southern parts of Thuringia, while Albert received the Saxon ducal title and rule over the old Margraviate of Meissen, together with various domains in northern parts of Thuringia."}], "Q3153817": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 782 was one of the largest operations launched by the Abbasid Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 782 was one of the largest operations launched by the Abbasid Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q237587", "label": "Stauracius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasid prince sent for a truce and detained the high-ranking Byzantine envoys, who included Empress Irene's chief minister, Staurakios."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of the internal difficulties of the Umayyad Caliphate that resulted from the civil wars of the 740s and the subsequent Abbasid Revolution, the Byzantines under Emperor Constantine V (r."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of the internal difficulties of the Umayyad Caliphate that resulted from the civil wars of the 740s and the subsequent Abbasid Revolution, the Byzantines under Emperor Constantine V (r."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of the internal difficulties of the Umayyad Caliphate that resulted from the civil wars of the 740s and the subsequent Abbasid Revolution, the Byzantines under Emperor Constantine V (r."}], "Q3272511": [{"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The Canton Coup of 20 March 1926, also known as the Zhongshan Incident or the March 20th Incident, was a purge of Chinese Communist Party elements of the National Revolutionary Army in Guangzhou (then romanized as \"Canton\") undertaken by Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "The Canton Coup of 20 March 1926, also known as the Zhongshan Incident or the March 20th Incident, was a purge of Chinese Communist Party elements of the National Revolutionary Army in Guangzhou (then romanized as \"Canton\") undertaken by Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident solidified Chiang's power immediately before the successful Northern Expedition, turning him into the paramount leader of the country."}], "Q3309289": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The events were the first such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, and marked \"the first time that [the genocide] was publicly commemorated in Soviet Armenia.\""}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 March 1954, Anastas Mikoyan gave a speech in Yerevan, where he called for the rehabilitation of the poet Yeghishe Charents and urged Armenians to reaffirm their national identity."}, {"id": "Q8047172", "label": "Yakov Zarobyan", "section": "Background", "says": "In this more open environment, the Armenian government of Yakov Zarobyan, with the approval of Moscow, decided to organize an official commemoration of the Armenian genocide on its 50th anniversary in 1965."}], "Q331725": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Domstadtl (also spelled Domstadt, Czech: Domašov) was a battle between the Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia in the Moravian village of Domašov nad Bystřicí during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) on 30 June 1758, preceded by a minor clash at Guntramovice (Gundersdorf) on 28 June."}, {"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Domstadtl (also spelled Domstadt, Czech: Domašov) was a battle between the Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia in the Moravian village of Domašov nad Bystřicí during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) on 30 June 1758, preceded by a minor clash at Guntramovice (Gundersdorf) on 28 June."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Domstadtl (also spelled Domstadt, Czech: Domašov) was a battle between the Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia in the Moravian village of Domašov nad Bystřicí during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) on 30 June 1758, preceded by a minor clash at Guntramovice (Gundersdorf) on 28 June."}, {"id": "Q440276", "label": "Ernst Gideon von Laudon", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrians under the command of Major General Ernst Gideon von Laudon and Major General Joseph von Siskovits attacked and destroyed a supply convoy bound for the Prussian army besieging Olomouc (Olmütz)."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian victory saved the city and the Prussian King Frederick the Great was forced to leave Moravia."}], "Q3329738": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blair Mountain was the largest labor uprising in United States history and is the largest armed uprising since the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blair Mountain was the largest labor uprising in United States history and is the largest armed uprising since the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1018743", "label": "Ludlow Massacre", "section": "Background", "says": "The agents were also responsible for the Ludlow Massacre of 1914 in Colorado."}], "Q3339470": [{"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nish (early November 1443) was fought between the Crusaders led by John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković and the Ottoman Empire led by Kasım Pasha."}, {"id": "Q342130", "label": "Đurađ Branković", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nish (early November 1443) was fought between the Crusaders led by John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković and the Ottoman Empire led by Kasım Pasha."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nish (early November 1443) was fought between the Crusaders led by John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković and the Ottoman Empire led by Kasım Pasha."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "Hunyadi, at the head of the vanguard, crossed the Balkans through the Gate of Trajan, captured Nish, defeated three Ottoman pashas, and after taking Sofia from the Ottomans, united with the royal army and defeated Sultan Murad II at Snaim (Kustinitza)."}, {"id": "Q54053", "label": "Władysław III of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1440 John Hunyadi became the trusted adviser and most highly regarded soldier of king Władysław III of Poland."}], "Q337960": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ratisbon, also called the Battle of Regensburg, was a meeting engagement fought on 23 April 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, between the army of the French Empire, led by Napoleon I, and that of the Austrian Empire, led by Archduke Charles."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ratisbon, also called the Battle of Regensburg, was a meeting engagement fought on 23 April 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, between the army of the French Empire, led by Napoleon I, and that of the Austrian Empire, led by Archduke Charles."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "During the assault, Marshal Jean Lannes led his troops up ladders onto the walls, and Napoleon was wounded in his ankle by a small artillery round."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "During the assault, Marshal Jean Lannes led his troops up ladders onto the walls, and Napoleon was wounded in his ankle by a small artillery round."}], "Q338370": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grengam (Russian: Гренгамское морское сражение, Swedish: Slaget vid Ledsund or Slaget vid Föglöfjärden, Finnish: Flisön taistelu) of 1720 was the last major naval battle of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian forces conducted further operations against the Swedish coast in 1721 before the Treaty of Nystad ended the war."}], "Q3417663": [{"id": "Q109251", "label": "Samnite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Samnite Wars and the Punic Wars, in which Gallic forces sometimes made common cause with Rome's enemies, the Romans found themselves in near-total control of Italy, including Cisalpine Gaul."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Samnite Wars and the Punic Wars, in which Gallic forces sometimes made common cause with Rome's enemies, the Romans found themselves in near-total control of Italy, including Cisalpine Gaul."}], "Q3485883": [{"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Dunkirk in the Second World War (also known as the Second Battle of Dunkirk) began in September 1944, when the Second Canadian Division surrounded the fortified city and port of Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "German units within the fortress withstood probing attacks and as the opening of the port of Antwerp was more important, the 21st Army Group commander, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, decided to contain but not capture Dunkirk with the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortress, commanded by Admiral Friedrich Frisius, eventually surrendered unconditionally to Brigadier General Alois Liška, the commander of the Czechoslovak brigade group, on 9 May 1945, a day after the surrender of Nazi Germany took effect."}], "Q3494380": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prague, which occurred between 25 July and 1 November 1648 was the last action of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "While the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia were proceeding, Sweden took the opportunity to mount one last campaign into Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "lead", "says": "The main result, and probably the main aim, was to loot the fabulous art collection assembled in Prague Castle by Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1552–1612), the pick of which was taken down the Elbe in barges and shipped to Sweden."}], "Q3536871": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro is the treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Empire of Brazil, signed August 29, 1825, which recognized Brazil as an independent nation, formally ending the Brazilian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro is the treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Empire of Brazil, signed August 29, 1825, which recognized Brazil as an independent nation, formally ending the Brazilian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q3082702", "label": "Brazilian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro is the treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Empire of Brazil, signed August 29, 1825, which recognized Brazil as an independent nation, formally ending the Brazilian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was ratified by the Emperor of Brazil on August 24, 1825, and by the King of Portugal on November 15, 1825, and on that same date the two instruments of ratification were exchanged between Brazilian and Portuguese diplomats in Lisbon."}], "Q3540197": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652), also known as the Third Civil War, was the final conflict in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between shifting alliances of religious and political factions in England, Scotland and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scots had fought in support of the English Parliamentarians in the First English Civil War, but sent an army in support of Charles I into England during the Second English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scots had fought in support of the English Parliamentarians in the First English Civil War, but sent an army in support of Charles I into England during the Second English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "The leaders of the English Commonwealth government felt threatened and on 22 July the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell invaded Scotland."}, {"id": "Q2887993", "label": "Battle of Inverkeithing", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 July 1651 the English crossed the Firth of Forth in specially constructed boats and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Inverkeithing on 20 July."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 May, with the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, the country became a republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Before they would permit him to return from exile in the Dutch Republic to take up his crown, they demanded he sign both Covenants: recognising the authority of the Kirk in religious matters, and that of Parliament in civil affairs."}], "Q3555020": [{"id": "Q202578", "label": "First Jewish-Roman War", "section": "lead", "says": "The hilltop fortress of Masada, in present-day Israel, was successfully besieged and taken by Roman imperial forces between 72 and 73 AD, during the final period of the First Jewish–Roman War."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege is recorded by a single contemporary written source, The Jewish War by Josephus."}, {"id": "Q2704829", "label": "Siege of Yodfat", "section": "Background", "says": "After being captured during the Siege of Yodfat and then freed by Vespasian, Josephus chronicled the Roman campaign."}, {"id": "Q51672", "label": "Herod the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 37 and 31 BC Herod the Great fortified it as a refuge for himself in the event of a revolt."}], "Q3588173": [{"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the Argead kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of less than 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the Argead kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of less than 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king."}, {"id": "Q808052", "label": "Bardylis", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip II also fought against the Illyrian king Bardylis, who threatened Macedonia proper, and against Grabos II and Pleuratus in Illyria (centred in modern-day Albania)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In his newly conquered territories, he founded new cities such as Philippi (modern Filippoi, Greece), Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Herakleia Sintike (modern Rupite, Bulgaria), and Herakleia Lynkestis (modern Bitola, North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "In his newly conquered territories, he founded new cities such as Philippi (modern Filippoi, Greece), Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Herakleia Sintike (modern Rupite, Bulgaria), and Herakleia Lynkestis (modern Bitola, North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q1249270", "label": "Third Sacred War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the defence of the Amphictyonic League of Delphi and in conjunction with the Thessalian League, Macedonia became a key player in the Third Sacred War (356–346 BC), defeating the Phocians, commanded by Onomarchus, at the Battle of Crocus Field in 352 BC."}, {"id": "Q1887681", "label": "Battle of Crocus Field", "section": "lead", "says": "In the defence of the Amphictyonic League of Delphi and in conjunction with the Thessalian League, Macedonia became a key player in the Third Sacred War (356–346 BC), defeating the Phocians, commanded by Onomarchus, at the Battle of Crocus Field in 352 BC."}, {"id": "Q1456419", "label": "Peace of Philocrates", "section": "lead", "says": "While poised to launch a direct assault on Athens in 346 BC, the Macedonian king was met with an Athenian embassy that arranged the Peace of Philocrates."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 360 BC, the Macedonian army under Perdiccas III had been defeated in battle by the Illyrians; Perdiccas and 4,000 troops had been killed."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "Background", "says": "The Illyrians prepared to invade Macedon; meanwhile, the Paionians were ravaging Macedonian territory, the Thracians were preparing to invade in support of the pretender Pausanias, as were the Athenians, in support of a different pretender, Argeus."}, {"id": "Q175811", "label": "Amyntas IV of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "The nominal heir of Perdiccas, his son Amyntas IV, was at this time still an infant."}], "Q3636516": [{"id": "Q144565", "label": "Tughril I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Manzikert in 1054 was a successful defence of the city of Manzikert by Byzantine forces under Basil Apokapes, against the Seljuks under Tughril I."}], "Q367966": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landshut took place on 21 April 1809 between the French, Württembergers (VIII Corps) and Bavarians (VII Corps) under Napoleon which numbered about 60,000 strong, and 40,000 Austrians under the General Johann von Hiller."}, {"id": "Q78773", "label": "Johann von Hiller", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landshut took place on 21 April 1809 between the French, Württembergers (VIII Corps) and Bavarians (VII Corps) under Napoleon which numbered about 60,000 strong, and 40,000 Austrians under the General Johann von Hiller."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was preceded by the first battle of Landshut (16 April 1809) between Archduke Louis's vanguard under Joseph Radetzky and Bernhard Deroy's Bavarian III Division, in which the Austrians forced the Bavarians to retreat, with little loss on both sides."}], "Q3718708": [{"id": "Q2054", "label": "Seneca", "section": "lead", "says": "The contemporary philosopher and dramatist Seneca the Younger wrote an account of the earthquake in the sixth book of his Naturales quaestiones, entitled De Terrae Motu (Concerning Earthquakes)."}], "Q3739093": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi ja NSV Liidu vaheline vastastikuse abistamise pakt, Russian: Пакт о взаимопомощи между СССР и Эстонией, romanized: Pakt o vzaimopomoshchi mezhdu SSSR i Estoniyey), also known as the Bases Treaty (Estonian: baaside leping) was a bilateral treaty between the Soviet Union and Estonia, signed in Moscow on 28 September 1939."}, {"id": "Q1733006", "label": "Karl Selter", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs Karl Selter and Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs Karl Selter and Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1939 the Soviet Union asserted its control over the Baltic states with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}], "Q3902588": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire waged a series of wars on the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary and several adjacent lands in Southeastern Europe from 1526 to 1568."}, {"id": "Q625380", "label": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The simultaneous war of succession between Habsburg-controlled western \"Royal Hungary\" and the Zápolya-ruled pro-Ottoman \"Eastern Hungarian Kingdom\" is known as the Little War in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "lead", "says": "The simultaneous war of succession between Habsburg-controlled western \"Royal Hungary\" and the Zápolya-ruled pro-Ottoman \"Eastern Hungarian Kingdom\" is known as the Little War in Hungary."}], "Q3997898": [{"id": "Q1095044", "label": "Süleyman Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gallipoli, concluded in January or early February 1403, was a peace treaty between Süleyman Çelebi, ruler of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, and the main Christian regional powers: the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Duchy of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gallipoli, concluded in January or early February 1403, was a peace treaty between Süleyman Çelebi, ruler of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, and the main Christian regional powers: the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Duchy of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gallipoli, concluded in January or early February 1403, was a peace treaty between Süleyman Çelebi, ruler of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, and the main Christian regional powers: the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Duchy of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Gallipoli, concluded in January or early February 1403, was a peace treaty between Süleyman Çelebi, ruler of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, and the main Christian regional powers: the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Duchy of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "lead", "says": "Concluded in the aftermath of the Battle of Ankara, while Süleyman tried to strengthen his own position in the succession struggle with his brothers, the treaty brought major concessions to the Christian states, especially the Byzantines, who regained lost territories and achieved a position of nominal superiority over the Ottoman ruler."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "Its provisions were honoured by Süleyman as well as by Mehmed I, the victor of the Ottoman succession struggle, but collapsed after Mehmed's death in 1421 becase Manuel forced Murad II hand when he backed a pretender."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "Its provisions were honoured by Süleyman as well as by Mehmed I, the victor of the Ottoman succession struggle, but collapsed after Mehmed's death in 1421 becase Manuel forced Murad II hand when he backed a pretender."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 July 1402, in the Battle of Ankara, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I was defeated and captured by the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "As in Anatolia, the sudden collapse of Ottoman power left a power vacuum, in which the various Christian powers of the region—the Byzantines, the Hungarians, the Republic of Venice, and a number of minor rulers—each tried to secure their interests as best possible, while being too weak to actually challenge Ottoman power."}, {"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Interregnum)."}, {"id": "Q37097", "label": "Manuel II Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetians also contacted the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, who at the time was in Paris on a grand journey seeking help in the West, urging him to return home, since Manuel's nephew and regent, John VII Palaiologos, was known to sympathize with Venice's maritime and commercial rivals, the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q37074", "label": "John VII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetians also contacted the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, who at the time was in Paris on a grand journey seeking help in the West, urging him to return home, since Manuel's nephew and regent, John VII Palaiologos, was known to sympathize with Venice's maritime and commercial rivals, the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q602484", "label": "Antonio I Acciaioli", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetians, who among other concerns wanted to use Ottoman influence to settle their rivalry with the Florentine Antonio I Acciaioli, who had captured Athens, sent their most experienced diplomat, the lord of Andros, Pietro Zeno, as their negotiator, along with Marco Grimani, while Genoa named Jean de Chateaumorand as its envoy to the eastern potentates."}], "Q400061": [{"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty (or Song–Yuan War) was the final phase of the Mongol conquest of China, beginning under Ögedei Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "1229–1241) and being completed under Kublai Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered the last great military achievement of the Mongol Empire; upon its completion, the Mongols ruled all of continental East Asia under the Han-style Yuan dynasty that had been founded as a division of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1227, Genghis Khan dispatched a plan to capture the Jin capital by passing through Song territory upon his death."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "Prelude and surrender of Song (1260–1276)", "says": "From 1260 to 1264, he first faced civil insurrection within the Mongol empire, led by his younger brother, Ariq Böke, who had been left in command of the north and stationed at the Mongol capital, Karakorum."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "Prelude and surrender of Song (1260–1276)", "says": "This led to the Toluid Civil War and was followed by a major confrontation at the Diaoyu Fortress in Sichuan in 1265."}, {"id": "Q7498", "label": "Emperor Duzong of Song", "section": "Prelude and surrender of Song (1260–1276)", "says": "The Wuying Pagoda was rebuilt in 1270 (咸淳六年) in the throes of the overthrow of the Southern Song during the reign of Emperor Duzong."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "Prelude and surrender of Song (1260–1276)", "says": "After this defeat, Aju asked Kublai for the powerful siege machines of the Ilkhanate."}], "Q4087480": [{"id": "Q4337382", "label": "Siege of Cannanore", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the Siege of Cannanore in which a Portuguese garrison successfully resisted an attack by Southern Indian rulers."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Venice broke diplomatic relations with Portugal and started to look at ways to counter its intervention in the Indian Ocean, sending an ambassador to the Egyptian court."}], "Q4110453": [{"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "lead", "says": "The governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the city of Malacca in 1511."}, {"id": "Q191231", "label": "Manuel I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Malacca was the result of a plan by King Manuel I of Portugal, who since 1505 had intended to beat the Castilians to the Far-East, and Albuquerque's own project of establishing firm foundations for Portuguese India, alongside Hormuz, Goa, and Aden, to ultimately control trade and thwart Muslim shipping in the Indian Ocean."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires, who lived in Malacca between 1512 and 1514, as many as 84 dialects were spoken in Malacca."}, {"id": "Q702918", "label": "Ma Huan", "section": "Background", "says": "Ma Huan noted in the prior century: \"All is sandy, saltish land."}], "Q4120385": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacres of Diyarbakır were massacres that took place in the Diyarbekir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire between the years of 1894 and 1896 by Muslims, a majority of whom were ethnic Kurds."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "Three European Powers - Britain, France and Russia - thinking that reform of the Ottoman local government would help to prevent violence as occurred in Sasun, proposed to Sultan Abdul Hamid II a reform plan, planning control of the Kurds and the employment of Christian assistant-governors."}], "Q427513": [{"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rising of the North of 1569, also called the Revolt of the Northern Earls, Northern Rebellion or the Rebellion of the Earls, was an unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rising of the North of 1569, also called the Revolt of the Northern Earls, Northern Rebellion or the Rebellion of the Earls, was an unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q82674", "label": "Mary I", "section": "Background", "says": "Elizabeth I succeeded her half-sister Mary I as queen of England in 1558."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Elizabeth's accession was disputed due to the questioned legitimacy of the marriage of her parents (Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn), and Elizabeth's own questioned legitimacy due to the Act of Succession 1536."}, {"id": "Q80823", "label": "Anne Boleyn", "section": "Background", "says": "Elizabeth's accession was disputed due to the questioned legitimacy of the marriage of her parents (Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn), and Elizabeth's own questioned legitimacy due to the Act of Succession 1536."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "Opponents of Elizabeth looked to Mary, Queen of Scots, the descendant of Henry VIII's sister Margaret."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The claims were initially put forward by Mary's father-in-law, King Henry II of France, and Mary upheld them after her return to Scotland in 1561."}, {"id": "Q1233121", "label": "Pilgrimage of Grace", "section": "Background", "says": "This position was especially strong in Northern England, where several powerful nobles were Roman Catholics; there had been similar risings against Henry VIII; the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536 and Bigod's Rebellion of 1537."}], "Q427853": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "Hannibal temporarily managed to raise the siege of Capua."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Capua had defected to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC."}, {"id": "Q5759145", "label": "Appius Claudius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 212 BC, the elected consuls, Appius Claudius and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, resolved to besiege Capua."}], "Q429655": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cedar Mountain, also known as Slaughter's Mountain or Cedar Run, took place on August 9, 1862, in Culpeper County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q465291", "label": "John Pope", "section": "Background", "says": "John Pope was placed in command of the newly constituted Union Army of Virginia."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "Background", "says": "Franz Sigel, was positioned at Sperryville on the Blue Ridge Mountains, its center, under Maj."}, {"id": "Q707558", "label": "Irvin McDowell", "section": "Background", "says": "Irvin McDowell was at Falmouth on the Rappahannock River."}], "Q431488": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Breda of 1624–1625 occurred during the Eighty Years' War and was carried out by the Army of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege resulted in the fortified city of Breda passing from the control of the Dutch Republic to that of the Habsburg Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q359936", "label": "Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of the Spanish army was Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, a renowned military strategist from Italy."}, {"id": "Q2176092", "label": "Carlos Coloma", "section": "Background", "says": "Spinola was the commander of the reserve forces until 31 October when he transferred them to the command of Carlos Coloma."}], "Q4350095": [{"id": "Q316384", "label": "U Nu", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 2 March 1962 coup, the military replaced the civilian AFPFL-government headed by Prime Minister U Nu with the Union Revolutionary Council Chaired by General Ne Win."}, {"id": "Q315522", "label": "Ne Win", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 2 March 1962 coup, the military replaced the civilian AFPFL-government headed by Prime Minister U Nu with the Union Revolutionary Council Chaired by General Ne Win."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The military continued to be perceived as crucial to ensuring social stability, which was a high priority among the Burmese people following years of colonialism and World War II."}, {"id": "Q7233551", "label": "Union of Burma (1948–1962)", "section": "Causes for the coup", "says": "A reason, which is highlighted by multiple historians, is that the coup was a response to a growing fear within the army that the Union of Burma was drifting towards disintegration under the AFPFL-Government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes for the coup", "says": "In 1962 it was clear that the United States had a great interest in Asian countries bordering communist powers, which meant that Burma was a possible subject of interest with the country's borders to China."}], "Q438252": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Old Zurich War (German: Alter Zürichkrieg; 1440–1446) was a conflict between the canton of Zurich and the other seven cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy over the succession to the Count of Toggenburg."}, {"id": "Q150966", "label": "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Zurich retaliated by making an alliance with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor of the house of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick appealed to Charles VII of France to attack the confederates and the latter sent a force of about 30,000 Armagnac mercenaries under the command of the Dauphin via Basel to relieve the city."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick appealed to Charles VII of France to attack the confederates and the latter sent a force of about 30,000 Armagnac mercenaries under the command of the Dauphin via Basel to relieve the city."}], "Q4382589": [{"id": "Q117144", "label": "Miklós Horthy", "section": "lead", "says": "After Miklós Horthy was chosen Regent of Hungary on  1 March 1920, Charles I of Austria, who had reigned in Hungary as Charles IV, made two unsuccessful attempts to retake the throne."}, {"id": "Q51068", "label": "Charles I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "After Miklós Horthy was chosen Regent of Hungary on  1 March 1920, Charles I of Austria, who had reigned in Hungary as Charles IV, made two unsuccessful attempts to retake the throne."}, {"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles's last Hungarian prime minister, Mihály Károlyi, took advantage of the situation and proclaimed the Hungarian Democratic Republic, with himself as provisional president."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The continued Allied occupation made Károlyi's situation untenable, and in March 1919 he was pushed out of office by a Social Democratic-Communist coalition that proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic."}], "Q4390509": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medvedev Forest massacre (Russian: Медведевский расстрел) or Orel massacre (Орловский расстрел) was a mass execution in the Soviet Union carried out by the Soviet secret police NKVD on 11 September 1941."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Less than three months after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, 157 political prisoners incarcerated at Oryol Prison were executed in Medvedev Forest, just outside the Russian city of Oryol, on the personal order of Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 September 1941, on the order of Lavrentiy Beria, the NKVD composed a list of 170 Oryol prisoners to be executed."}, {"id": "Q553762", "label": "Vasiliy Ulrikh", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 September, judges Vasiliy Ulrikh (as chairman of the collegium), Dmitri Kandybin and Vasiliy Bukanov, without any litigation and without any kind of investigation, formally sentenced 161 persons to death."}, {"id": "Q937", "label": "Albert Einstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Many of those executed were foreign citizens, among them mathematician Fritz Noether, whose liberation Albert Einstein had demanded."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medvedev Forest massacre came less than three months after Operation Barbarossa, and less than four weeks before the German Nazis invaded the city of Oryol."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Red Army liberated Oryol on 5 August 1943, during the Battle of Kursk."}], "Q444003": [{"id": "Q150552", "label": "Franz von Papen", "section": "lead", "says": "The national government under Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen and Reich President Paul von Hindenburg used the incident as a rationale to depose the acting government of the Free State of Prussia by means of an emergency decree in what came to be known as the Prussian coup d'état of 20 July 1932."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The national government under Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen and Reich President Paul von Hindenburg used the incident as a rationale to depose the acting government of the Free State of Prussia by means of an emergency decree in what came to be known as the Prussian coup d'état of 20 July 1932."}, {"id": "Q155398", "label": "Heinrich Brüning", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 June 1932 the Papen government, in order to show its gratitude to the Nazi Party for tolerating their minority cabinet, lifted the ban on the SS and SA that had been issued by the government of Reich Chancellor Heinrich Brüning in April 1932."}], "Q47015896": [{"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi conflict is a series of violent events that began with the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq and deposition of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, followed by a series of conflicts including the protracted Iraq War (2003–2011), the Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013), the War in Iraq (2013–2017), and most recently, the small-scale Islamic State insurgency in 4 provinces located in Northern Iraq si"}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi conflict is a series of violent events that began with the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq and deposition of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, followed by a series of conflicts including the protracted Iraq War (2003–2011), the Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013), the War in Iraq (2013–2017), and most recently, the small-scale Islamic State insurgency in 4 provinces located in Northern Iraq si"}, {"id": "Q17984356", "label": "Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi conflict is a series of violent events that began with the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq and deposition of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, followed by a series of conflicts including the protracted Iraq War (2003–2011), the Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013), the War in Iraq (2013–2017), and most recently, the small-scale Islamic State insurgency in 4 provinces located in Northern Iraq si"}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi conflict is a series of violent events that began with the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq and deposition of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, followed by a series of conflicts including the protracted Iraq War (2003–2011), the Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013), the War in Iraq (2013–2017), and most recently, the small-scale Islamic State insurgency in 4 provinces located in Northern Iraq si"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing 2003–2011 Iraq War, the Multi-National Force (MNF–I) led by the United States helped to establish a Shia-dominated federal government, which was soon opposed by an Iraqi insurgency."}, {"id": "Q9545", "label": "Tony Blair", "section": "Background", "says": "Bush and Tony Blair worked to build a case for invading Iraq, culminating in the U.S."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary-General Kofi Annan described the war as illegal, saying in an interview in 2004 that it was \"not in conformity with the Security Council.\"\nRevelations of faulty evidence and shifting rationales became the focal point for critics of the war, who charge that the George W."}], "Q473706": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kay (German: Schlacht bei Kay), also referred to as the Battle of Sulechów, Battle of Züllichau, or Battle of Paltzig, was an engagement fought on 23 July 1759 during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q72388", "label": "Carl Heinrich von Wedel", "section": "lead", "says": "General Carl Heinrich von Wedel, the commander of the Prussian army of 26,000–28,000 men, attacked a larger Russian army of 40,000–41,000 men commanded by Count Pyotr Saltykov."}, {"id": "Q663376", "label": "Pyotr Saltykov", "section": "lead", "says": "General Carl Heinrich von Wedel, the commander of the Prussian army of 26,000–28,000 men, attacked a larger Russian army of 40,000–41,000 men commanded by Count Pyotr Saltykov."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, King Frederick II of Prussia was determined to force the Russians into a decisive engagement in order to prevent them joining up with the main Austrian army."}], "Q478881": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sinyavino offensive (or third Sinyavino offensive) was an operation planned by the Soviet Union in the summer of 1942 with the aim of breaking the siege of Leningrad, which had begun the previous summer, to establish a reliable supply line to Leningrad."}], "Q833119": [{"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bratislava–Brno offensive was an offensive conducted by the Red Army in western Slovak Republic and south Moravia towards the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bratislava–Brno offensive was an offensive conducted by the Red Army in western Slovak Republic and south Moravia towards the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "In the spring of 1945, the Red Army launched a major offensive on the southern wing of the Eastern Front."}], "Q835585": [{"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "Early in the spring of 1621, a mercenary force under the command of Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, crossed the Rhine River from Alsace to junction with a force under Ernst von Mansfeld."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined, the armies aimed to prevent a link-up between Count Tilly and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, arriving with an army 20,000 strong from the Spanish Netherlands under orders from General Ambrosio Spinola."}, {"id": "Q661764", "label": "Battle of Wimpfen", "section": "lead", "says": "The two armies would engage later in the month at the Battle of Wimpfen."}], "Q87477462": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The virus was confirmed to have spread to Costa Rica on 6 March 2020, after a 49-year-old woman tourist from New York, United States, tested positive for the virus."}], "Q87669612": [{"id": "Q2134696", "label": "Alejandro Giammattei", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 31, president of Guatemala Alejandro Giammattei issued a prohibition for the arrival of visitors coming from the People's Republic of China due to the international concern for the outbreak that originated in Wuhan."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 31, president of Guatemala Alejandro Giammattei issued a prohibition for the arrival of visitors coming from the People's Republic of China due to the international concern for the outbreak that originated in Wuhan."}], "Q87770645": [{"id": "Q558575", "label": "Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed", "section": "lead", "says": "It has also been speculated that President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed may use the pandemic as an excuse to postpone elections."}], "Q897466": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Głogów or Defense of Głogów (German: Schlacht bei Glogau, Polish: Obrona Głogowa) took place on 24 August 1109 at the Silesian town of Głogów, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish army was led by Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth, while the invading Imperial forces were commanded by King Henry V of Germany and included a Bohemian contingent under Duke Svatopluk of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish army was led by Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth, while the invading Imperial forces were commanded by King Henry V of Germany and included a Bohemian contingent under Duke Svatopluk of Bohemia."}], "Q913464": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Nola was fought in 214 BC between Hannibal and a Roman army led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip V of Macedon promised Hannibal that he would provide naval and military support."}, {"id": "Q313675", "label": "Hiero II of Syracuse", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, Hiero II of Syracuse had recently died, and his successor, Hieronymus of Syracuse, concluded a treaty with Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q2485987", "label": "Hieronymus of Syracuse", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, Hiero II of Syracuse had recently died, and his successor, Hieronymus of Syracuse, concluded a treaty with Hannibal."}], "Q919834": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Ramadan was an Iranian offensive in the Iran–Iraq War that consisted of three separate attacks that lasted for 6 weeks."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was launched by Iran on 13 July 1982 near Basra and featured the use of human wave attacks in the largest land battle since World War II."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Saddam Hussein used the Israeli invasion of Lebanon as an excuse to seek an end to the war and send the Palestinians aid."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Saddam Hussein used the Israeli invasion of Lebanon as an excuse to seek an end to the war and send the Palestinians aid."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini rejected peace offers from Baghdad and began preparing to expand into Iraq."}], "Q922200": [{"id": "Q310963", "label": "Peter of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montiel was fought on 14 March 1369 between the Franco-Castilian forces supporting Henry of Trastámara and the Granadian-Castilian forces supporting the reigning Peter of Castile."}, {"id": "Q314905", "label": "Bertrand du Guesclin", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward, Prince of Wales (known as the Black Prince), in his capacity as Prince of Aquitaine, led the English forces and the French were led by Bertrand du Guesclin."}], "Q947960": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, the Arab Spring spread across the West Asia and North Africa."}, {"id": "Q204487", "label": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "After the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Tunisia on 14 January 2011, millions of people began demonstrating across the region in a broad movement aimed at various issues such as their standards of living or influencing significant reforms, with varying degrees of success."}, {"id": "Q34105", "label": "Hosni Mubarak", "section": "Background", "says": "With the successful ousting of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak on 11 February 2011 following that of President Ben Ali of Tunisia, renewed protests began in Iran."}], "Q948810": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schöngrabern, also known as the Battle of Hollabrunn, was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition, fought on 16 November 1805 near Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, four weeks after the Battle of Ulm and two weeks before the Battle of Austerlitz (Slavkov, Moravia - now Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schöngrabern, also known as the Battle of Hollabrunn, was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition, fought on 16 November 1805 near Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, four weeks after the Battle of Ulm and two weeks before the Battle of Austerlitz (Slavkov, Moravia - now Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q159072", "label": "Battle of Ulm", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schöngrabern, also known as the Battle of Hollabrunn, was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition, fought on 16 November 1805 near Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, four weeks after the Battle of Ulm and two weeks before the Battle of Austerlitz (Slavkov, Moravia - now Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schöngrabern, also known as the Battle of Hollabrunn, was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition, fought on 16 November 1805 near Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, four weeks after the Battle of Ulm and two weeks before the Battle of Austerlitz (Slavkov, Moravia - now Czech Republic)."}], "Q123014721": [{"id": "Q122962941", "label": "Gaza War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 2014 Gaza War, the Israeli military repelled an amphibious assault on the base."}], "Q123059058": [{"id": "Q188783", "label": "Moshe Dayan", "section": "Background", "says": "His funeral witnessed a powerful eulogy by Moshe Dayan, then Chief of Staff, which emphasized the challenges faced by Israel and the constant threat from its neighbors."}, {"id": "Q12407008", "label": "Herzi Halevi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2025, IDF Chief of Staff Herzi Halevi later remarked that he had known for years that the base was positioned in a problematic area, but that it was not moved for budgetary reasons."}], "Q1230787": [{"id": "Q1503611", "label": "Numantine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The other two were the Second Celtiberian War (154–151 BC) and the Numantine War (143–133 BC)."}, {"id": "Q1055755", "label": "Battle of Ilipa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans took over the territories of the Carthaginians in southern Hispania when they defeated them at the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC)."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans took over the territories of the Carthaginians in southern Hispania when they defeated them at the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC)."}], "Q123124528": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting on 17 October 2023, and in response to United States support for Israel in the Gaza war, Iran-backed militias initiated a coordinated series of more than 170 attacks on US military bases and assets in Syria, Iraq, and Jordan."}], "Q1231684": [{"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Châlons, also known as the First Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, was fought in 273 or 274 in the land of the Catalauni, at an unknown location probably not far from the present-day Châlons-en-Champagne, France."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the Roman Emperor Aurelian defeated the Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire, whose territories were thus recovered by the Roman Empire after 14 years of separation."}, {"id": "Q312672", "label": "Tetricus I", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the Roman Emperor Aurelian defeated the Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire, whose territories were thus recovered by the Roman Empire after 14 years of separation."}, {"id": "Q273025", "label": "Gallic Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the Roman Emperor Aurelian defeated the Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire, whose territories were thus recovered by the Roman Empire after 14 years of separation."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the Roman Emperor Aurelian defeated the Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire, whose territories were thus recovered by the Roman Empire after 14 years of separation."}, {"id": "Q328050", "label": "Faustinus", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Tetricus' hold on his domain was steadily weakening, as he faced continuous raids from Germanic tribes and internal troubles with the rebellion of Faustinus, a provincial governor."}], "Q124309366": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Pakistan, the strikes resulted in the deaths of two children and injured four people."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident occurred one day after Iran carried out aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad within Iraqi semi-autonomous Kurdish region and several strongholds of terrorist groups, in Taltita, Syria, in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibil"}, {"id": "Q124001410", "label": "Razi Mousavi", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident occurred one day after Iran carried out aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad within Iraqi semi-autonomous Kurdish region and several strongholds of terrorist groups, in Taltita, Syria, in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibil"}, {"id": "Q17991320", "label": "Hossein Amir-Abdollahian", "section": "Background", "says": "It also occurred on the same day that Pakistan's caretaker Prime Minister Anwaar ul Haq Kakar and Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian were meeting during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and while joint exercises were being held by the Iranian and Pakistani navies in the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "It also occurred on the same day that Pakistan's caretaker Prime Minister Anwaar ul Haq Kakar and Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian were meeting during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and while joint exercises were being held by the Iranian and Pakistani navies in the Persian Gulf."}], "Q1278821": [{"id": "Q685976", "label": "Hannibal Mago", "section": "lead", "says": "The ten-day-long siege and battle was fought in Sicily between the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Mago (a king of Carthage of the Magonid family, not the famous Hannibal of the Barcid family) and the Dorian Greeks of Selinus."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The ten-day-long siege and battle was fought in Sicily between the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Mago (a king of Carthage of the Magonid family, not the famous Hannibal of the Barcid family) and the Dorian Greeks of Selinus."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The ten-day-long siege and battle was fought in Sicily between the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Mago (a king of Carthage of the Magonid family, not the famous Hannibal of the Barcid family) and the Dorian Greeks of Selinus."}], "Q12813016": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish capture of Smyrna or the Liberation of İzmir (Turkish: İzmir'in Kurtuluşu) marked the end of the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War, and the culmination of the Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q2445317", "label": "Battle of Dumlupınar", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 September 1922, following the headlong retreat of the Greek army after its defeat at the Battle of Dumlupınar and its evacuation from western Anatolia, the Turkish 5th Cavalry Corps under the command of Major-General Fahrettin Altay within the Turkish Army under the command of Mustafa Kemal Pasha marched into the city of Smyrna (modern İzmir), bringing three years of Greek occupation to an en"}, {"id": "Q5429616", "label": "Fahrettin Altay", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 September 1922, following the headlong retreat of the Greek army after its defeat at the Battle of Dumlupınar and its evacuation from western Anatolia, the Turkish 5th Cavalry Corps under the command of Major-General Fahrettin Altay within the Turkish Army under the command of Mustafa Kemal Pasha marched into the city of Smyrna (modern İzmir), bringing three years of Greek occupation to an en"}], "Q128293": [{"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "Book 2 of The History of Rome recounts beliefs about how Tarquin the Proud was expelled and his attempts to return with an allied army of Etruscans."}, {"id": "Q223440", "label": "Lucius Junius Brutus", "section": "lead", "says": "Livy also includes a duel to the death fought between Roman consul Lucius Junius Brutus and Tarquin's son Aruns, in which both died spearing the other."}, {"id": "Q187489", "label": "Silvanus", "section": "lead", "says": "He does not say where precisely the battle took place, but does say that the Roman god Silvanus made a prophecy of Roman victory in the Silva Arsia (Arsian forest), a place of unknown location but presumably on the border of Rome's territory and Veii's territory."}, {"id": "Q193047", "label": "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus", "section": "Background", "says": "The deposed king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, whose family originated from Tarquinii in Etruria, garnered the support of the Etruscan cities of Veii and Tarquinii, recalling to the former their regular losses of war and of land to the Roman state, and to the latter his family ties."}], "Q1283832": [{"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Asfeld was fought in 552 between the Lombards and the Gepids."}], "Q1288821": [{"id": "Q310035", "label": "Charles George Gordon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Desert Column, a force of approximately 1,400 soldiers, started from Korti, Sudan on 30 December 1884; the Desert Column's mission, in a joint effort titled the \"Gordon Relief Expedition\", was to march across the Bayuda Desert to the aid of General Charles George Gordon at Khartoum, Sudan, who was besieged there by Mahdist forces."}], "Q1289831": [{"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavia or Battle of Ticinum was fought in 271 near Ticinum (Pavia) in Italy, and resulted in the Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Juthungian army."}, {"id": "Q762600", "label": "Battle of Fano", "section": "Background", "says": "They defeated Aurelian's army at the Battle of Placentia but, on their way to attack the defenseless city of Rome, they were repulsed by the imperial army at the Battle of Fano."}], "Q1289843": [{"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Placentia was fought in 271 between a Roman army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Juthungi tribe, near modern Piacenza."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Anonymous Continuator of Cassius Dio, he immediately sent them a message demanding their surrender, which they rejected by saying that if he wanted to challenge them they would show him how a free people could fight."}], "Q130271137": [{"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "A significant development in the wider Caucasian War, it was after the Battle of Qbaada that the Russian Empire annexed Circassia and initiated the Circassian genocide, in which 95% to 97% of the country's population was ethnically cleansed, leading to the creation of the Circassian diaspora."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A significant development in the wider Caucasian War, it was after the Battle of Qbaada that the Russian Empire annexed Circassia and initiated the Circassian genocide, in which 95% to 97% of the country's population was ethnically cleansed, leading to the creation of the Circassian diaspora."}, {"id": "Q1408764", "label": "Circassia", "section": "lead", "says": "A significant development in the wider Caucasian War, it was after the Battle of Qbaada that the Russian Empire annexed Circassia and initiated the Circassian genocide, in which 95% to 97% of the country's population was ethnically cleansed, leading to the creation of the Circassian diaspora."}], "Q131842850": [{"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu also said the operation is an action against the \"Iranian axis\", referring to the Iranian support of West Bank militants, and Israeli far-right finance minister Bezalel Smotrich said it marks the start of a campaign to protect Israeli settlements in the occupied region."}, {"id": "Q18759744", "label": "Bezalel Smotrich", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu also said the operation is an action against the \"Iranian axis\", referring to the Iranian support of West Bank militants, and Israeli far-right finance minister Bezalel Smotrich said it marks the start of a campaign to protect Israeli settlements in the occupied region."}, {"id": "Q487304", "label": "Israel Katz", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli defense minister Israel Katz said it marks a shift in the IDF's security plan in the West Bank and was \"the first lesson from the method of repeated raids in Gaza\", later clarifying that Israeli forces planned to maintain a long-term military presence in Jenin beyond the operation's conclusion."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "More than 40,000 Palestinians have been forced to leave their homes due to the operation, with the rate of displacement being the highest since the 1967 Palestinian expulsions."}, {"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "According to UNRWA, Iron Wall is \"the longest and most destructive\" Israeli operation since the Second Intifada."}], "Q1328499": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brihuega took place on 8 December 1710 in the War of the Spanish Succession, during the Allied retreat from Madrid to Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q315513", "label": "Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme", "section": "lead", "says": "A British Army rearguard led by James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope was cut off and trapped within the town of Brihuega before being overwhelmed by a Franco-Spanish army under the command of Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 21 September the Archduke—Charles III of Spain, according to the Allies—entered his prospective capital."}, {"id": "Q695284", "label": "Guido Starhemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Guido Starhemberg marched ahead with the main body of 12,000 men, a day's march ahead of the British troops, 4,000 men under James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope."}], "Q1668495": [{"id": "Q702096", "label": "Battle of Kula Gulf", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolombangara (Japanese:  コロンバンガラ島沖海戦) (also known as the Second Battle of Kula Gulf) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the night of 12/13 July 1943, off the northeastern coast of Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolombangara (Japanese:  コロンバンガラ島沖海戦) (also known as the Second Battle of Kula Gulf) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the night of 12/13 July 1943, off the northeastern coast of Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolombangara (Japanese:  コロンバンガラ島沖海戦) (also known as the Second Battle of Kula Gulf) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the night of 12/13 July 1943, off the northeastern coast of Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the early stages of the New Georgia campaign when an Imperial Japanese Navy force, carrying reinforcements south to Vila, Solomon Islands, was intercepted by a task force of U.S. and New Zealand light cruisers and destroyers."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied campaign in New Georgia had begun on 30 June 1943 as part of their advance through the central Solomon Islands towards Rabaul under the guise of Operation Cartwheel."}], "Q1692857": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Losecoat Field (also known as the Battle of Empingham) was fought on 12 March 1470, during the Wars of the Roses."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle secured the defeat of the poorly organised Welles Uprising against King Edward IV, but ultimately led to the defection of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence to the Lancastrian cause after they were forced to flee the country having been implicated in the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q437571", "label": "Richard Neville", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle secured the defeat of the poorly organised Welles Uprising against King Edward IV, but ultimately led to the defection of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence to the Lancastrian cause after they were forced to flee the country having been implicated in the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q1849818", "label": "Battle of Edgcote", "section": "Background", "says": "Almost a year earlier, in July 1469, an army loyal to the Yorkist king, King Edward IV was defeated at the Battle of Edgcote by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, his disaffected former supporter; Edward himself was subsequently captured in Olney, Buckinghamshire."}], "Q16937456": [{"id": "Q16902077", "label": "Alexander Boroday", "section": "Background and Events", "says": "Later on the same day, DPR prime minister Alexander Borodai confirmed that the insurgents had withdrawn from Kramatorsk, and retreated to Donetsk city."}], "Q17019401": [{"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Mecca (Arabic: حصار مكة) occurred at the end of the Second Fitna in 692 when the forces of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan besieged and defeated his rival, the caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in his center of power, the Islamic holy city of Mecca."}, {"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Caliph Yazid in 683, Ibn al-Zubayr had been recognized as caliph in most of the provinces of the Caliphate, while the Umayyads, who had ruled the Caliphate since the end of the First Fitna, had been confined to their stronghold of Syria."}, {"id": "Q293460", "label": "Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating his enemies in Syria and Iraq, he sent his general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf to Mecca to defeat Ibn al-Zubayr."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ka'ba, which had been damaged by the bombardment, was rebuilt according to its original plan from the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "Background", "says": "With the death of the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya I, in April 680, the Second Fitna broke out, when the prominent Muslim leaders Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn ibn Ali, and the people of Medina revolted against the new caliph Yazid I."}, {"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "With the death of the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya I, in April 680, the Second Fitna broke out, when the prominent Muslim leaders Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn ibn Ali, and the people of Medina revolted against the new caliph Yazid I."}, {"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "Background", "says": "With the death of the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya I, in April 680, the Second Fitna broke out, when the prominent Muslim leaders Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn ibn Ali, and the people of Medina revolted against the new caliph Yazid I."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "He offered Ibn al-Zubayr allegiance on the condition that he relocate to Syria, headquarters of the Umayyad Caliphate, but Ibn al-Zubayr refused and Ibn Numayr left with his troops."}, {"id": "Q264210", "label": "Mu'awiya II", "section": "Background", "says": "Yazid was succeeded by his son Mu'awiya II whose authority was restricted to parts of Syria."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "Background", "says": "Ibn al-Zubayr lost much of Iraq to the pro-Alid Mukhtar al-Thaqafi; while the Kharijites, with whom Ibn al-Zubayr had allied during the earlier siege, denounced him after he claimed the Caliphate and started undermining him."}, {"id": "Q4871691", "label": "Battle of Maskin", "section": "Background", "says": "After quelling internal disturbances, Abd al-Malik invaded Iraq and killed Mus'ab at the Battle of Maskin in October 691."}], "Q1703402": [{"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "lead", "says": "The Harrying of the North was a series of military campaigns waged by William the Conqueror in the winter of 1069–1070 to subjugate Northern England, where the presence of the last Wessex claimant, Edgar Ætheling, had encouraged Anglo-Saxon Northumbrian, Anglo-Scandinavian and Danish rebellions."}, {"id": "Q215224", "label": "Edgar Ætheling", "section": "lead", "says": "The Harrying of the North was a series of military campaigns waged by William the Conqueror in the winter of 1069–1070 to subjugate Northern England, where the presence of the last Wessex claimant, Edgar Ætheling, had encouraged Anglo-Saxon Northumbrian, Anglo-Scandinavian and Danish rebellions."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the Norman Conquest, the earldom of Northumbria differed from much of the rest of the Kingdom of England in its geography, political traditions and cultural identity."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the Norman Conquest, the earldom of Northumbria differed from much of the rest of the Kingdom of England in its geography, political traditions and cultural identity."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "The northern frontier with the Kingdom of Scotland was permeable and changeable in a way England's south coast was not."}], "Q1710916": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cedar Creek, or Battle of Belle Grove, was fought on October 19, 1864, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q257497", "label": "Jubal Early", "section": "lead", "says": "During the morning, Lieutenant General Jubal Early appeared to have a victory for his Confederate army, as he captured over 1,000 prisoners and over 20 artillery pieces while forcing seven enemy infantry divisions to fall back."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union army, led by Major General Philip Sheridan, rallied in late afternoon and drove away Early's men."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union victory aided the reelection of Abraham Lincoln, and along with earlier victories at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, won Sheridan lasting fame."}, {"id": "Q889233", "label": "Wesley Merritt", "section": "Background", "says": "By October 8, Rosser's men were near the Union cavalry division commanded by Brigadier General George Custer, while Lomax was near the division commanded by Brigadier General Wesley Merritt."}], "Q1720307": [{"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Hellespont took place in 321 or 320 BC between the armies of Craterus and Neoptolemus against Eumenes."}, {"id": "Q723192", "label": "Neoptolemus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Hellespont took place in 321 or 320 BC between the armies of Craterus and Neoptolemus against Eumenes."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "lead", "says": "Eumenes and Neoptolemus were sent by Perdiccas to prevent Craterus crossing the Hellespont into Asia, but Neoptolemus deserted to join Craterus."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC threw his empire into a state of political and military turmoil, with his generals and governors splitting up the empire as his “Successors” (the Diadochi)."}, {"id": "Q230258", "label": "Cleopatra of Macedon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Perdiccas inherited the main Macedonian army and the title ‘regent of the Asiatic Empire.’ He also tried to marry Alexander’s sister Cleopatra of Macedon, which would have given him a claim to the Macedonian throne."}], "Q1723525": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the site of the present day Lebanese city of Tripoli, in the aftermath of the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "It led to the establishment of the fourth Crusader state, the County of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1099 siege of Jerusalem was a success and led to the foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q345544", "label": "Kilij Arslan I", "section": "Background", "says": "Raymond participated in this crusade as well and returned to Syria after escaping from his defeat at the hands of Kilij Arslan I in Anatolia."}], "Q1758033": [{"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Sèvres was signed the Kurds began to feel more trustful that they were able to reach at least some sort of an autonomous government for themselves."}, {"id": "Q1792793", "label": "Sheikh Ubeydullah", "section": "Background", "says": "Abdulkadir Ubeydullah, the son of Sheikh Ubeydullah and the president of the SAK, supported the idea of a Kurdish autonomy within Turkey."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "Mustafa Kemal followed up on the events in the Dersim area and as it came to his knowledge that some of the Kurds were pursuing autonomy in line with the fourteen points announced by US president Woodrow Wilson, he answered that the plan of Wilson was worthless for the peoples in the eastern provinces and they should rather follow his Turkish nationalist movement."}], "Q1765847": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The H-3 airstrike (Persian: عملیات اچ۳) was a surprise air attack by the Iranian Air Force during the Iran–Iraq War on 4 April 1981 against the Iraqi Air Force's H-3 Air Base in western Iraq."}], "Q1775224": [{"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 September 1941 after six weeks under sail, Maid Honor arrived at Freetown, Sierra Leone."}, {"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "Background", "says": "Freetown was the agreed rendezvous for both groups, Appleyard's party having arrived at the end of August."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "Background", "says": "While the commandos were searching for the German submarine bases, SOE agents had become aware of three vessels in the port of Santa Isabel on the Spanish island of Fernando Po 30 kilometres (19 mi) off the coast of Africa near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon."}], "Q1785755": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baugé, fought between the English and a Franco-Scots army on 22 March 1421 at Baugé, France, east of Angers, was a major defeat for the English in the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q723212", "label": "John Stewart, Earl of Buchan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Scots, 5,000 strong, were led by both John Stewart, Earl of Buchan, and Gilbert Motier de La Fayette, the Marshal of France, while the 4,000 strong English army (of which only 1,500 were deployed) was led by the king's brother Thomas, Duke of Clarence, who was killed in the action."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1415 Henry V, with the intention of resuming the war, sailed from England to France with a force of about 10,500."}, {"id": "Q188495", "label": "Battle of Agincourt", "section": "Background", "says": "He then pursued a highly successful military campaign, including the decisive victory at the Battle of Agincourt."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus he regained from the French crown much of England's previously held lands in France, and got the upper hand in French politics, so much so that the 1420 Treaty of Troyes would make him the next king of France."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "The situation for the former was desperate, having lost Normandy to the English and Paris to the Burgundians."}, {"id": "Q2032430", "label": "Walter Bower", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the chronicles of Walter Bower both commanders agreed to a short truce for Easter."}], "Q1785811": [{"id": "Q622059", "label": "April Uprising of 1876", "section": "lead", "says": "The Batak massacre was a massacre of Bulgarians in the town of Batak by Ottoman irregular cavalry troops in 1876, at the beginning of the Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876."}, {"id": "Q82006", "label": "Benjamin Disraeli", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-Turkish and pro-Bulgarian public mood made it difficult for Benjamin Disraeli to implement his policy, prevented Britain from intervening on behalf of the Ottoman Empire and created the international conditions for the Russian invasion of 1877."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-Turkish and pro-Bulgarian public mood made it difficult for Benjamin Disraeli to implement his policy, prevented Britain from intervening on behalf of the Ottoman Empire and created the international conditions for the Russian invasion of 1877."}], "Q178842": [{"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Waterberg (Battle of Ohamakari) took place on August 11, 1904, at the Waterberg, German South West Africa (modern day Namibia), and was the decisive battle in the Herero uprising."}], "Q1789244": [{"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tophane Agreement was a treaty between the Principality of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire signed on 5 April [O.S."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tophane Agreement was a treaty between the Principality of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire signed on 5 April [O.S."}, {"id": "Q159591", "label": "Alexander of Battenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed by the Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Kamil Pasha and the Bulgarian foreign minister Iliya Tsanov, as well the ambassadors of the Great Powers, the agreement recognized the Prince of Bulgaria (Alexander of Battenberg at the time) as Governor-General of the autonomous Ottoman Province Eastern Rumelia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In this way, the de facto Unification of Bulgaria which had taken place on 18 September [O.S."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Bulgaria later regained the lands lost in this treaty following victory in the First Balkan War (1912–13)."}], "Q1808450": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Buena Vista (February 22–23, 1847), known as the Battle of La Angostura in Mexico, and sometimes as Battle of Buena Vista/La Angostura, was a battle of the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q11896", "label": "Zachary Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between U.S. forces, largely volunteers, under General Zachary Taylor, and the much larger Mexican Army under General Antonio López de Santa Anna."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome of this battle was unforeseeable: there were factors that could grant Mexicans a proper victory on the battlefield, despite the US overall superiority."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "Background", "says": "Polk had placed General Winfield Scott as commander of all the U.S. forces in Mexico."}, {"id": "Q1628057", "label": "Battle of Monterrey", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Monterrey and the end of the armistice, Taylor's Army of Occupation with Brigadier General William J."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "General José de Urrea's cavalry would simultaneously retake Ciudad Victoria and cut off Monterrey from the port of Matamoros, Tamaulipas."}], "Q1811438": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Waxhaws (also known as the Waxhaws Massacre, Buford's Massacre, and  Battle of Waxhaw Creek) was a military engagement which took place near Lancaster, South Carolina on May 29, 1780, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q332464", "label": "Banastre Tarleton", "section": "lead", "says": "A provincial unit, the British Legion commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, overtook a Patriot force led by Abraham Buford."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1780, General Sir Henry Clinton brought an army south and captured Charleston, South Carolina on May 12, 1780, after a siege."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charleston's commander, General Benjamin Lincoln, had ordered him to take a defensive position near Lenud's Ferry on the Santee River outside the city, but Lincoln surrendered around the time Buford reached this position."}], "Q1860162": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Limerick (Irish: Conradh Luimnigh), signed on 3 October 1691, ended the Williamite War in Ireland, a conflict related to the Nine Years' War (1688–1697)."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Lieutenant-General de Ginkell, leader of government forces in Ireland, signed on behalf of William III and his wife Mary II."}, {"id": "Q4274522", "label": "Tyrconnell", "section": "Background", "says": "The Irish Jacobites were broadly divided into a pro-war faction, headed by Sarsfield, who argued military victory was still possible, and those led by Tyrconnell, who advocated negotiating peace while they still retained an army."}], "Q1874850": [{"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Democratic Republic of Georgia, led by the Social Democratic Party, or Menshevik Party, declared its independence from Russia on 26 May 1918."}, {"id": "Q379627", "label": "Noe Zhordania", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Georgian prime minister Noe Zhordania was anxious above all to secure for Georgia international recognition and so agreed to the terms as offered by the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q964826", "label": "Lev Karakhan", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty was finally signed in Moscow by Grigol Uratadze for Georgia and Lev Karakhan for Russia on 7 May 1920."}], "Q188148": [{"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Syracuse in 827–828 marks the first attempt by the Aghlabids to conquer the city of Syracuse in Sicily, then a Byzantine province."}, {"id": "Q2541827", "label": "Euphemios", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aghlabid army had only months before landed on Sicily, ostensibly in support of the rebel Byzantine general Euphemius."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "In the face of Byzantine reinforcements, the new Arab leader, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Jawari, abandoned the siege and withdrew to the southwestern part of the island, which remained in their hands."}], "Q1887932": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an engagement between the Royal Sardinian Army and the army of the Papal States during the Piedmontese invasion of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 September 1860, Sardinian Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, issued an ultimatum to the Papal Secretary of State, Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli, demanding the dismissal of foreign mercenary units in the Papal army."}, {"id": "Q1311465", "label": "Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière", "section": "Background", "says": "The strategic objective of the Papal commander, General Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, was to march his field army to the port city of Ancona."}, {"id": "Q697867", "label": "Enrico Cialdini", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sardinian command, led overall by General Manfredo Fanti with General Enrico Cialdini commanding the primary operational column, sought to intercept the Papal army before it could reach the coastal fortress."}], "Q18882013": [{"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "Mariupol had come under attack multiple times in the previous year in the course of the War in Donbas, including in May–June 2014, when the city was under the control of Russian controlled forces; and in the September 2014 offensive."}, {"id": "Q17488307", "label": "Aleksandr Zakharchenko", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels denied the attack, but their leader, Alexander Zakharchenko, announced an offensive against Mariupol in the early morning of this day."}, {"id": "Q18920465", "label": "Battle of Debaltseve", "section": "Background", "says": "Mariupol and Battle of Debaltseve were high-stake arenas for pro-Russian and Ukrainian forces as both cities are vital transport hubs, described as a \"gateway to a land-bridge\" to Russian-annexed Crimea, and strategically crucial to the pro-Russian objective of opening up and linking areas under their control with a view to securing the entire Donetsk and Luhansk regions."}], "Q1915188": [{"id": "Q1968705", "label": "Ronnie Brunswijk", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict primarily involved the Jungle Commando, a rebel group composed largely of Saramaka (Maroon) fighters and led by former soldier Ronnie Brunswijk, and the Surinamese National Army, commanded by then-army chief and de facto head of state Dési Bouterse."}, {"id": "Q57667", "label": "Desi Bouterse", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict primarily involved the Jungle Commando, a rebel group composed largely of Saramaka (Maroon) fighters and led by former soldier Ronnie Brunswijk, and the Surinamese National Army, commanded by then-army chief and de facto head of state Dési Bouterse."}], "Q1934591": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the wider Borneo campaign of the Pacific War, it was fought between 10 June and 15 August 1945 in North Borneo (later known as Sabah)."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the wider Borneo campaign of the Pacific War, it was fought between 10 June and 15 August 1945 in North Borneo (later known as Sabah)."}], "Q1935163": [{"id": "Q650194", "label": "Ngo Dinh Nhu", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels launched the coup in response to Diệm's autocratic rule and the negative political influence of his brother Ngô Đình Nhu and sister-in-law Madame Nhu."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "These included a group of anti-Diệm civilians who charged across the palace walls at Thi's urging and were cut down by loyalist gunfire.\nĐông and Thi fled to Cambodia, while Diệm berated the United States for a perceived lack of support during the crisis."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "These included a group of anti-Diệm civilians who charged across the palace walls at Thi's urging and were cut down by loyalist gunfire.\nĐông and Thi fled to Cambodia, while Diệm berated the United States for a perceived lack of support during the crisis."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "Background", "says": "The revolt was led by 28-year-old Lieutenant Colonel Vương Văn Đông, a northerner, who had fought with the French Union forces against the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Thuy was a wealthy Saigon-based lawyer, and had been a political activist since World War II."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "The VNQDĐ had run a military academy in Yunnan near the Chinese border with the assistance of their nationalist Chinese counterparts, the Kuomintang."}], "Q1935427": [{"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was so named because of associations with the Hussite wars, ie. the notion of an analogy which had recently taken place in Prague, Bohemia, at that time closely associated with France through the House of Luxembourg, kings of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Its causes lay in the centralizing reforms of Charles VII at the close of the Hundred Years' War, a period of 'brigand-soldiery'."}, {"id": "Q692291", "label": "Charles I of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "The main instigator was Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, who three years before had attempted a similar rising, and had been forced to ask pardon of the king."}, {"id": "Q449008", "label": "John V, Duke of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "He and his illegitimate brother, John, were joined by the former favourite Georges de la Tremoille, John V, Duke of Brittany, who allied himself with the English, the Duke of Alençon, the Count of Vendôme, and mercenaries captains like Rodrigo de Villandrando, Antoine de Chabannes, or Jean de la Roche."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duke of Bourbon won over the Dauphin Louis—afterwards King Louis XI—then only sixteen years old, and proposed to set aside the king in his favour, making him regent."}, {"id": "Q175971", "label": "Jean Bureau", "section": "lead", "says": "The royal artilleries of Jean Bureau battered down the feudal strongholds."}, {"id": "Q1152", "label": "Auvergne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dauphin and the Duke of Alençon failed to bring about any sympathetic rising in Auvergne, and the Praguerie was over, except for some final pillaging and plundering in Saintonge and Poitou, which the royal army failed to prevent."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles then attempted to ensure the loyalty of the Duke of Bourbon by the gift of a large pension, forgave all the rebellious gentry, and installed his son in Dauphiné."}], "Q1967790": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 November, a small, newly-formed Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth fleet, using purchased German ships and foreign (mainly Dutch) sailors, emerged from Danzig to defeat the Swedish blockading squadron."}], "Q1968883": [{"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Enraged by the killing of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch by Bruce and his followers at Dumfries and Bruce's coronation, Edward I of England named Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, special lieutenant for Scotland."}, {"id": "Q471421", "label": "Henry Percy", "section": "Background", "says": "Pembroke moved quickly, and by the middle of summer he had made his base at Perth, along with Henry Percy and Robert Clifford with an army of about 3000 men drawn from the northern counties."}], "Q1970470": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The New Georgia campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific Theater of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The New Georgia campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific Theater of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied strategy in the South Pacific to isolate the Japanese base around Rabaul."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign took place in the New Georgia Islands in the central Solomon Islands and followed the Allied capture of the Russell Islands."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "A large number of Japanese troops concentrated on Kolombangara late in the campaign but were bypassed by US troops who landed on Vella Lavella in mid-August and were later reinforced by New Zealand troops."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "As it became clear at the end of 1942 that they could not hold Guadalcanal, the Japanese commanders guessed that the Allies would move toward the Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain, and that the central Solomon Islands were logical steps on the way."}], "Q2005392": [{"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Andelot (or Pact of Andelot) was signed at Andelot-Blancheville in 587 between King Guntram of Burgundy and Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q312606", "label": "Childebert II", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the accord, Brunhilda agreed that Guntram adopt her son Childebert II as his successor and ally himself with Childebert against the revolted leudes."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "lead", "says": "Gregory of Tours wrote in his Historia Francorum that in the thirteenth year of Childebert, he went on an embassy for the king from Metz to Chalon to meet Guntram, who alleged that prior promises were being broken, especially concerning the division of Senlis."}], "Q20088734": [{"id": "Q303421", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irmandiño revolts (or Irmandiño Wars) were two revolts that took place in the 15th-century Kingdom of Galicia against attempts by the regional nobility to maintain their rights over the peasantry and the bourgeoisie."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite being joined to the Crown of Castile with the dynastic union of the Kingdoms of León and Castile in 1037, the Kingdom of Galicia maintained unique features, characterized by an economy which depended heavily on agriculture and a society marked by enormous feudal power that was concentrated in both secular and ecclesiastical lords."}], "Q2015343": [{"id": "Q661994", "label": "Black Saturday", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cairo Fire (Arabic: حريق القاهرة), also known as Black Saturday, was a series of riots that took place on 26 January 1952, marked by the burning and looting of some 750 buildings—retail shops, cafes, cinemas, hotels, restaurants, theatres, nightclubs, and the city's Casino Opera —in downtown Cairo."}, {"id": "Q4871286", "label": "Battle of Ismailia", "section": "lead", "says": "The direct trigger of the riots was the Battle of Ismailia, an attack on an Egyptian police installation in Ismaïlia by British forces on 25 January, in which roughly 50 auxiliary policemen were killed."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The fire is thought by some to have signalled the end of the Kingdom of Egypt."}], "Q2026496": [{"id": "Q321936", "label": "Taif Agreement", "section": "Historical background", "says": "When the Taif Agreement was signed, it amended the Lebanese constitution to end the civil war, and disband all Lebanese militias."}], "Q2032683": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Málaga was the culmination of an offensive in February 1937 by the combined Nationalist and Italian forces to eliminate Republican control of the province of Málaga during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany was also involved through air and naval support."}], "Q2064362": [{"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which was itself part of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), during which Louis XIV of France invaded the Republic and sought to establish control over the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which was itself part of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), during which Louis XIV of France invaded the Republic and sought to establish control over the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which was itself part of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), during which Louis XIV of France invaded the Republic and sought to establish control over the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which was itself part of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), during which Louis XIV of France invaded the Republic and sought to establish control over the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "English involvement came about because of the Treaty of Dover, secretly concluded by Charles II of England, and which was highly unpopular with the English Parliament."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine commanded the Allied fleet of more than 100 warships and 28 fireships, taking control of the centre himself, with Jean II d'Estrées commanding the van, and Sir Edward Spragge the rear division."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch fleet of 75 warships and 22 fireships was commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral-General Michiel de Ruyter, with Lieutenant-Admirals Adriaen Banckert in charge of the van and Cornelis Tromp the rear."}, {"id": "Q982247", "label": "Cornelis Tromp", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch fleet of 75 warships and 22 fireships was commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral-General Michiel de Ruyter, with Lieutenant-Admirals Adriaen Banckert in charge of the van and Cornelis Tromp the rear."}], "Q2065299": [{"id": "Q294147", "label": "William Bligh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rum Rebellion of 1808 was a coup d'état in the British penal colony of New South Wales, staged by the New South Wales Corps in order to depose Governor William Bligh."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first half of the 19th century, it was widely referred to in Australia as the Great Rebellion."}], "Q2091313": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eilabun massacre was committed on 30 October 1948 by the Israel Defense Forces as part of the 1948 Palestine war."}], "Q2091385": [{"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arawe (also known as Operation Director) was fought between Allied and Japanese forces during the New Britain campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arawe (also known as Operation Director) was fought between Allied and Japanese forces during the New Britain campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle formed part of the Allied Operation Cartwheel and was a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester in late December 1943."}], "Q2095499": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Pinckney's Treaty,  also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed on October 27, 1795, by the United States and Spain."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1763, Great Britain established two colonies, East Florida and West Florida, out of territory along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast ceded from France and Spain after the French and Indian War, which formed part of the larger Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1763, Great Britain established two colonies, East Florida and West Florida, out of territory along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast ceded from France and Spain after the French and Indian War, which formed part of the larger Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q5501836", "label": "French Louisiana", "section": "Background", "says": "The British received all of Spanish Florida from Spain and received the portion of French Louisiana east of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, from France as well as all of French Louisiana west of the Mississippi that had been secretly given to Spain the previous year."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "Both East Florida and West Florida were never extensively settled by the British and were ceded to Spain (which ruled both provinces as separate and apart from Louisiana) in the 1783 Treaty of Paris at the end of the American Revolutionary War."}], "Q2097350": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 May 1995, the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) launched an artillery attack against the town of Tuzla as part of the Bosnian War, which left 71 civilians dead and another 240 wounded."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite this, the then Mayor of Tuzla declared support for the newly formed Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "Background", "says": "Following this incident, units of the Army of the Republika Srpska set up artillery positions east of the city."}], "Q21030182": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kunduz took place from April to October 2015 for control of the city of Kunduz, located in northern Afghanistan, with Taliban fighters attempting to seize the city and displace Afghan security forces."}], "Q2119318": [{"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian coup d'état of 1886, also known as the 9 August coup d'état (Bulgarian: Деветоавгустовски преврат, Devetoavgustovski prevrat) was an attempted dethronement of Knyaz Alexander Battenberg in Principality of Bulgaria, carried out on 9 August 1886."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) Bulgaria was liberated from Ottoman rule and Knyaz Alexander Battenberg was elected in 1879 as Prince of Bulgaria at the request of the Russian Emperor, his uncle, Alexander II."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "The latter was assassinated in 1881 and was succeeded by the conservative Alexander III."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "Background", "says": "The Rusophiles had valued Russia's role in supporting the restoration of Bulgaria as a state in the boundaries, promised by the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano."}], "Q2137777": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bagrevand was fought on 25 April 775, in the plains of Bagrevand, between the forces of the Armenian princes who had rebelled against the Abbasid Caliphate and the caliphal army."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle signalled the beginning of large-scale Armenian migration into the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q2141140": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1670 Treaty of Madrid was highly favourable to England, as its adverse possession in the Caribbean Sea and the rest of the Americas was confirmed and made legal by Spain."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "lead", "says": "Before 1670, Spain had exclusively regarded the Americas as Spanish territory with the exception of Brazil, which was Portuguese according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas that had confirmed Christopher Columbus' claim of the New World for Spain since 12 October 1494."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "In Europe, the conflict ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees (between France and Spain) and King Charles II of England's restoration in 1660, but a treaty between England and Spain was never signed."}, {"id": "Q215502", "label": "Henry Morgan", "section": "Background", "says": "The region thus remained in a state of war, and privateer raids were launched on the Spanish Main led by buccaneers notably Christopher Myngs and Henry Morgan under the behest of Jamaican Governor Thomas Modyford As far as Modyford was concerned, Jamaica would never be secure until Spain had acknowledged England's possession of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands and in a treaty."}, {"id": "Q5785", "label": "Cayman Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "The region thus remained in a state of war, and privateer raids were launched on the Spanish Main led by buccaneers notably Christopher Myngs and Henry Morgan under the behest of Jamaican Governor Thomas Modyford As far as Modyford was concerned, Jamaica would never be secure until Spain had acknowledged England's possession of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands and in a treaty."}], "Q3183865": [{"id": "Q4307741", "label": "Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was led by Red Guards commander Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov as part of the Soviet expeditionary force against Kaledin and the Central Council of Ukraine."}], "Q3187015": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "In the French Wars of Religion, the Day of the Barricades (in French: Journée des barricades), 12 May 1588, was an outwardly spontaneous public uprising in staunchly Catholic Paris against the moderate, hesitant, temporising policies of Henry III."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was in fact called forth by the \"Council of Sixteen\" (Conseil des Seize), representing the sixteen quartiers of Paris, led by Henry I, Duke of Guise, head of the Catholic League, and coordinated in detail by Philip II of Spain's ambassador, Bernardino de Mendoza."}], "Q3233509": [{"id": "Q349222", "label": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman forces were led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus and the Macedonian ones were led by Philip V."}], "Q3235083": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Charleston was a major engagement and major British victory in the American Revolutionary War, fought in the environs of Charles Town (today Charleston), between March 29 and May 12, 1780."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "After approximately six weeks of siege, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, commanding the Charleston garrison, surrendered his forces to the British."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "Background", "says": "An army invading from Quebec under John Burgoyne had surrendered to the Americans under Horatio Gates at the Battles of Saratoga, which inspired both the Kingdom of France and Spain to declare war on Great Britain in support of the Americans."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "Background", "says": "An army invading from Quebec under John Burgoyne had surrendered to the Americans under Horatio Gates at the Battles of Saratoga, which inspired both the Kingdom of France and Spain to declare war on Great Britain in support of the Americans."}, {"id": "Q846674", "label": "Battles of Saratoga", "section": "Background", "says": "An army invading from Quebec under John Burgoyne had surrendered to the Americans under Horatio Gates at the Battles of Saratoga, which inspired both the Kingdom of France and Spain to declare war on Great Britain in support of the Americans."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "An army invading from Quebec under John Burgoyne had surrendered to the Americans under Horatio Gates at the Battles of Saratoga, which inspired both the Kingdom of France and Spain to declare war on Great Britain in support of the Americans."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "Having replaced his superior as Commander-in-Chief of the American Station, Sir Henry Clinton withdrew all his forces back to New York City to reinforce the city against a possible Franco-U.S. attack."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "Stymied by the Fabian strategy adopted by Continental general George Washington and, under increasing political pressure to deliver victory, the British turned to launching their \"Southern Strategy\" to force a capitulation of the Americans."}, {"id": "Q88824", "label": "Wilhelm von Knyphausen", "section": "Background", "says": "Clinton evacuated Newport, Rhode Island, in October 1779, and left the substantial garrison of New York City under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen."}], "Q3269455": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation began with a naval arms embargo, while command of the no-fly zone and the air strikes against Libyan Armed Forces remained under command of the international coalition, led by France, the United Kingdom and the United States, due to lack of consensus between NATO members."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation began with a naval arms embargo, while command of the no-fly zone and the air strikes against Libyan Armed Forces remained under command of the international coalition, led by France, the United Kingdom and the United States, due to lack of consensus between NATO members."}, {"id": "Q878102", "label": "Operation Odyssey Dawn", "section": "lead", "says": "A few days later, on 27 March NATO decided to implement all military aspects of the UN resolution and formal transfer of command occurred at 06:00 GMT on 31 March 2011, formally ending the national operations such as the U.S.-coordinated Operation Odyssey Dawn."}, {"id": "Q942901", "label": "Second Battle of Benghazi", "section": "Background", "says": "Two days later, on 19 March, France intervened in the imminent Second Battle of Benghazi with air strikes on Gaddafi armor and troops and eventually forced them back."}, {"id": "Q921174", "label": "Opération Harmattan", "section": "Background", "says": "The official names for the interventions by the coalition members are Opération Harmattan by France; Operation Ellamy by the United Kingdom; Operation Mobile for the Canadian participation and Operation Odyssey Dawn for the United States."}, {"id": "Q1316065", "label": "Operation Ellamy", "section": "Background", "says": "The official names for the interventions by the coalition members are Opération Harmattan by France; Operation Ellamy by the United Kingdom; Operation Mobile for the Canadian participation and Operation Odyssey Dawn for the United States."}, {"id": "Q1316080", "label": "Operation Mobile", "section": "Background", "says": "The official names for the interventions by the coalition members are Opération Harmattan by France; Operation Ellamy by the United Kingdom; Operation Mobile for the Canadian participation and Operation Odyssey Dawn for the United States."}], "Q3273519": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Naval Battle of Casablanca was a series of naval engagements fought between American ships covering the invasion of North Africa and Vichy French ships defending the neutrality of French Morocco in accordance with the Second Armistice at Compiègne during World War II."}, {"id": "Q170360", "label": "Armistice of 22 June 1940", "section": "lead", "says": "French defenders interpreted the first contacts as a diversionary raid for a major landing in Algeria; and Germany regarded the surrender of six Moroccan divisions to a small commando raiding force as a clear violation of French obligations to defend Moroccan neutrality under the Armistice of 22 June 1940 at Compiègne."}, {"id": "Q333388", "label": "Jean Bart", "section": "Background", "says": "One quadruple 380 mm/45 Modèle 1935 gun turret of the modern battleship Jean Bart was operational, although the battleship remained incomplete following escape from the Saint-Nazaire shipyards during the German invasion of 1940."}], "Q3293566": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Gloucester was fought in the Pacific theater of World War II between Japanese and Allied forces on the island of New Britain, Territory of New Guinea, between 26 December 1943 and 16 January 1944."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "lead", "says": "Codenamed Operation Backhander, the US landing formed part of the wider Operation Cartwheel, the main Allied strategy in the South West Pacific Area and Pacific Ocean Areas during 1943–1944."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese drive on Port Moresby during 1942 and early 1943 had been defeated during the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Kokoda Track campaign."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies then seized the initiative and implemented Operation Cartwheel, a series of subordinate operations aimed at the reduction of the Japanese base at Rabaul and then severing of lines of communication in the South West Pacific Area, as the Allies advanced towards the Philippines where operations were planned for 1944–1945."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 September 1943, General Douglas MacArthur issued orders for the invasion of New Britain, codenamed Operation Dexterity."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 September 1943, General Douglas MacArthur issued orders for the invasion of New Britain, codenamed Operation Dexterity."}, {"id": "Q9267262", "label": "George Kenney", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant General George Kenney, the US air commander, believed that the landing at Cape Gloucester was unnecessary."}], "Q3354882": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The British decision to strike Kaafjord was motivated by fears that the battleship, upon re-entering service, would attack strategically important convoys carrying supplies to the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q2684105", "label": "Operation Source", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 September 1943 two British X-class midget submarines penetrated the defences around the battleship at her main anchorage at Kaafjord in northern Norway during Operation Source and placed explosive charges in the water beneath her."}, {"id": "Q715886", "label": "Battle of the North Cape", "section": "Background", "says": "During the period the ship was under repair, Scharnhorst, the only remaining operational German battleship, was sunk on 26 December during the Battle of the North Cape."}], "Q3394064": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the fall of its capital, the Bulgarian Empire was reduced to a few fortresses along the Danube."}], "Q3394704": [{"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Invasion of Corsica of 1553 occurred when French, Ottoman, and Corsican exile forces combined to capture the island of Corsica from the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "lead", "says": "The island had been administered since 1453 by the Genoese Bank of Saint George."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "The French king Henry II had entered the Italian War of 1551–1559 against Habsburg Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q2524228", "label": "Italian War of 1551–1559", "section": "Background", "says": "The French king Henry II had entered the Italian War of 1551–1559 against Habsburg Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "The French king Henry II had entered the Italian War of 1551–1559 against Habsburg Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "Looking for allies, Henry II, following the Franco-Ottoman alliance policy of his father Francis I, sealed a treaty with Suleiman the Magnificent in order to cooperate against the Habsburgs in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q3094028", "label": "Gabriel de Luetz", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans, accompanied by the French ambassador Gabriel de Luetz, had already defeated a Genoese fleet under Andrea Doria in the Battle of Ponza the previous year in 1552."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans, accompanied by the French ambassador Gabriel de Luetz, had already defeated a Genoese fleet under Andrea Doria in the Battle of Ponza the previous year in 1552."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 February 1553, a new Franco-Ottoman treaty of alliance, involving naval collaboration against the Habsburgs, was signed between France and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q3402214": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "French and Spanish forces invaded Portugal from 19–30 November 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars, sparking the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "French and Spanish forces invaded Portugal from 19–30 November 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars, sparking the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q353907", "label": "Jean-Andoche Junot", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Spanish invasion force was led by General Jean-Andoche Junot, while the Portuguese were under the nominal command of Prince Regent John, the future King John VI of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q676301", "label": "John VI of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Spanish invasion force was led by General Jean-Andoche Junot, while the Portuguese were under the nominal command of Prince Regent John, the future King John VI of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the invasion, Napoleon had issued an ultimatum to the Portuguese government, which reluctantly acceded to most of his demands."}, {"id": "Q245874", "label": "Battle of Évora", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year saw the Portuguese revolt against their French occupiers, leading to the Battle of Évora in July 1808."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Treaties of Tilsit ended the War of the Fourth Coalition, Emperor Napoleon of France had already expressed irritation that Portugal was open to trade with the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Treaties of Tilsit ended the War of the Fourth Coalition, Emperor Napoleon of France had already expressed irritation that Portugal was open to trade with the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly afterward, the First French Empire placed all Portuguese shipping in its ports under embargo."}, {"id": "Q550690", "label": "Géraud Duroc", "section": "Background", "says": "The document was drawn up by Napoleon's marshal of the palace Géraud Duroc and Eugenio Izquierdo, an agent for Manuel de Godoy, Prince of the Peace."}], "Q3403025": [{"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Peñón of Algiers was accomplished when the beylerbey of Algiers, Hayreddin Barbarossa, captured the fortress called Peñón of Algiers, on a small islet facing the Algerian city of Algiers from the Habsburg Spaniards."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Sālim al-Tūmī had to go to Spain to take an oath of obedience to Ferdinand of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q4090268", "label": "Fall of Tlemcen", "section": "Background", "says": "Khair ad-Din, succeeding Aruj after the latter was killed in a battle against the Spaniards at the Fall of Tlemcen (1517)."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "Background", "says": "The capture of Algiers in 1516 had been made possible with the support of the Ottoman Sultan Selim I."}], "Q3436155": [{"id": "Q890341", "label": "Battle of Thymbra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Sardis (547/546 BC) was the last decisive conflict after the Battle of Thymbra, which was fought between the forces of Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Sardis (547/546 BC) was the last decisive conflict after the Battle of Thymbra, which was fought between the forces of Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "Background", "says": "Croesus hoped to quell the growing power of Achaemenid Persia, expand his own dominions and revenge the deposition of his brother-in-law Astyages."}], "Q3446062": [{"id": "Q2354629", "label": "Malayan Emergency", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the end of the Malayan Emergency in 1960, the predominantly ethnic Chinese Malayan National Liberation Army, armed wing of the MCP, had retreated to the Malaysian-Thailand border where it had regrouped and retrained for future offensives against the Malaysian government."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict further coincided with renewed domestic tensions between ethnic Malays and Chinese in Peninsular Malaysia and regional military tensions due to the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malayan Communist Party received some support from the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency ended on 2 December 1989 when the MCP signed a peace accord with the Malaysian government at Hat Yai in southern Thailand."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "Background", "says": "During the first Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), the MCP launched an unsuccessful insurrection against the Federation of Malaya."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The independence of the Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957 removed the major cause for the communists as the Federation had gained full autonomy from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the MCP was based in southern Thailand, most of its recruits were Thai Malays and people from Kelantan, a northeastern Malaysian state."}, {"id": "Q714041", "label": "Chin Peng", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1961, Chin Peng met Deng Xiaoping in China."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1961, Chin Peng met Deng Xiaoping in China."}], "Q3498428": [{"id": "Q551516", "label": "Quintus Labienus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, the Parthians returned in 40 BC with an even larger force, along with the rebel Roman Quintus Labienus in their service."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Many of the Roman troops in Syria at the time were former Republicans who had once fought against Mark Antony in the service of Brutus and Cassius, and many may have gone over to their fellow Republican Quintus Labienus in joining the Parthian invaders, further weakening the Roman position in the east."}], "Q511578": [{"id": "Q453874", "label": "Marcus Valerius Corvus", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is described by the Roman historian Livy (59 BC – AD 17) as part of  Book Seven of his history of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, where he narrates how the Roman consul Marcus Valerius Corvus won a hard-fought battle against the Samnites at Mount Gaurus, near Cumae, in Campania."}, {"id": "Q772631", "label": "Aulus Cornelius Cossus", "section": "Background", "says": "The two Roman consuls for 343, Marcus Valerius Corvus and Aulus Cornelius Cossus, both marched their armies against the Samnites - Valerius into Campania and Cornelius into Samnium."}], "Q519818": [{"id": "Q439909", "label": "Carl Gustaf Wrangel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zusmarshausen was fought on 17 May 1648 between Bavarian-Imperial forces under von Holzappel and an allied Franco-Swedish army under the command of Carl Gustaf Wrangel and Turenne in the modern Augsburg district of Bavaria, Germany."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zusmarshausen was fought on 17 May 1648 between Bavarian-Imperial forces under von Holzappel and an allied Franco-Swedish army under the command of Carl Gustaf Wrangel and Turenne in the modern Augsburg district of Bavaria, Germany."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied force emerged victorious, and the Imperial army was only rescued from annihilation by the stubborn rearguard fighting of Raimondo Montecuccoli and his cavalry."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Zusmarshausen was the last major battle of the war to be fought on German soil during the Thirty Years' War, and was also the largest battle (in terms of numbers of men involved; casualties were relatively light) to take place in the final three years of the war."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Swedes in particular were keen to win a final decisive victory against the Habsburg monarchy in order to secure territorial concessions within the Holy Roman Empire, and also to make the most of the war while it lasted by invading and plundering the rich Habsburg province of Bohemia, which was one of the few parts of the Empire to have been left largely untouched by the fighting so far."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Melander attempted to prevent his two enemies from combining, but the obstructionism of his ostensible ally Archbishop-Elector Ferdinand of Cologne hindered his movements, prohibiting the Westphalian army under General Lamboy to leave his territory, and Melander was eventually compelled to retreat to avoid being caught between the French and Swedish armies."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In May the Franco-Swedish army advanced southward into Württemberg and then swung east to confront Melander and Gronsfeld in Bavaria."}], "Q521923": [{"id": "Q2471586", "label": "Pomeranian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hamburg was signed on 22 May 1762 in Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia during the Pomeranian War, a theater of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hamburg was signed on 22 May 1762 in Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia during the Pomeranian War, a theater of the Seven Years' War."}], "Q5242954": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"Day of Thirst\" (Arabic: ﻳﻮﻢ ﺍلعطش, romanized: Yawm al-aṭash) is the name traditionally given in Arabic historiography to a battle fought in 724 between the Turkic Türgesh Khaganate and the Umayyad Caliphate on the banks of the Syr Darya river, in Transoxiana (in modern Tajikistan, Central Asia)."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "Background", "says": "The region of Transoxiana had been conquered by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim in the reign of al-Walid I (r."}], "Q5245689": [{"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Tunis occurred on 16 August 1534 when Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the city from the Hafsid ruler Muley Hasan."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summoned from Algiers, to build a large war fleet in the arsenal of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1535 however, upon the plea of Muley Hasan, Emperor Charles V mounted a counter-offensive and retook the city in the conquest of Tunis of 1535."}], "Q5306924": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Human Rights Watch, abuses in the Drenica region during the Kosovo War 1998–1999 \"were so widespread that a comprehensive description is beyond the scope of this report\"."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Key atrocities took place in the period of February – March 1998 in the Çirez, Likoshan, and Prekaz and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, from March to June 1999 in the villages of Izbica, Rezalla, Poklek and Çikatovë e Vjetër."}], "Q531523": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This truce was developed after France and Sweden invaded Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q57206", "label": "Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Both invading nations forced Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, to conclude the truce and renounce his alliance with Emperor Ferdinand III."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Maximilian broke the truce on 14 September and returned to his alliance with Ferdinand."}], "Q535811": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Langensalza was fought on 27 June 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War, near Bad Langensalza in what is now modern Germany, between the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Langensalza was fought on 27 June 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War, near Bad Langensalza in what is now modern Germany, between the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Langensalza was fought on 27 June 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War, near Bad Langensalza in what is now modern Germany, between the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "Background", "says": "After declaring that he felt \"trapped, like a fox indoors... [with] no choice but to bite my way out,\" the Kingdom of Prussia's Wilhelm I initiated the Austro-Prussian War to conquer and unite a majority of the German principalities."}, {"id": "Q57428", "label": "Georg V of Hanover", "section": "Background", "says": "King George V of Hanover believed he could negotiate independently with the Austrians and Prussians, which wasted time that could have been used to strengthen his forces by joining other German states."}, {"id": "Q65591", "label": "August Karl von Goeben", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 June, Prussian forces began moving against all three German states, with those of General August Karl von Goeben approaching Hanover."}], "Q537576": [{"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre of the Acqui Division, also known as the Cephalonia massacre, was a war crime by German soldiers against POWs of the Italian 33rd Infantry Division \"Acqui\" on the island of Cephalonia, Greece, in September 1943, following the Armistice of Cassibile during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q714259", "label": "Operation Achse", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decision of the Italian government to negotiate a surrender to the Allies in 1943, the German Army tried to disarm the Italians during Operation Achse."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the largest prisoner of war massacres of the war, along with the Katyn massacre carried out by the Soviet Union, and it was one of many atrocities committed by the 1st Mountain Division (German: 1."}], "Q541081": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Noisseville on 31 August 1870 was fought during the Franco-Prussian War and ended in a Prussian victory."}, {"id": "Q81518", "label": "François Achille Bazaine", "section": "lead", "says": "Traveling from Metz, the French forces under Marshal François Achille Bazaine attempted to break through the investing line of the Prussian forces under Prince Frederick Charles."}], "Q54802312": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption was an eruption of Volcán de Fuego in Guatemala on Sunday 3 June 2018."}], "Q549605": [{"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian Civil War of 1381–1384 was the first struggle for power between the cousins Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and later King of Poland, and Vytautas the Great."}, {"id": "Q661712", "label": "Treaty of Dovydiškės", "section": "lead", "says": "It began after Jogaila signed the Treaty of Dovydiškės with the Teutonic Knights which was aimed against his uncle Kęstutis, father of Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q355869", "label": "Kęstutis", "section": "lead", "says": "It began after Jogaila signed the Treaty of Dovydiškės with the Teutonic Knights which was aimed against his uncle Kęstutis, father of Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "Brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis peacefully co-ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis peacefully co-ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q128399", "label": "Uliana of Tver", "section": "Background", "says": "Algirdas died in 1377 and left the throne to Jogaila, his eldest son from the second marriage with Uliana of Tver."}, {"id": "Q992978", "label": "Skirgaila", "section": "Background", "says": "In summer 1379, Jogaila's brother Skirgaila was sent to the Knights to discuss the situation, possible ways of converting to Christianity, and termination of the Livonian Order's support to Andrei."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "In summer 1379, Jogaila's brother Skirgaila was sent to the Knights to discuss the situation, possible ways of converting to Christianity, and termination of the Livonian Order's support to Andrei."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1380, Jogaila, without Kęstutis, made a five-month truce with the Livonian Order to protect his Lithuanian domains and cease Livonian support to Andrei of Polotsk."}, {"id": "Q2494481", "label": "Andrei of Polotsk", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1380, Jogaila, without Kęstutis, made a five-month truce with the Livonian Order to protect his Lithuanian domains and cease Livonian support to Andrei of Polotsk."}, {"id": "Q683621", "label": "Winrich von Kniprode", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 31, 1380, Jogaila and Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode signed the secret Treaty of Dovydiškės."}], "Q552392": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Haguro had been operating as a supply ship for Japanese garrisons in the Dutch East Indies and the Bay of Bengal since 9 April 1945."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 May, Haguro left Singapore, escorted by the destroyer Kamikaze, to evacuate the Japanese garrison in the Andaman Islands located in Port Blair back to Singapore."}], "Q558435": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege of Mainz (German: Belagerung von Mainz), from 14 April to 23 July 1793, a coalition of Prussia, Austria, and other German states led by the Holy Roman Empire besieged and captured Mainz from revolutionary French forces."}], "Q5614269": [{"id": "Q549431", "label": "Jorge Ubico", "section": "lead", "says": "The period in the history of Guatemala between the coups against Jorge Ubico in 1944 and Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 is known locally as the Revolution (Spanish: La Revolución)."}, {"id": "Q216943", "label": "Jacobo Árbenz", "section": "lead", "says": "The period in the history of Guatemala between the coups against Jorge Ubico in 1944 and Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 is known locally as the Revolution (Spanish: La Revolución)."}, {"id": "Q879169", "label": "Manuel Estrada Cabrera", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1898 and 1920, Manuel Estrada Cabrera granted significant concessions to the United Fruit Company, an American corporation which traded in tropical fruit, and dispossessed many indigenous people of their communal lands."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "This junta continued Ubico's oppressive policies, until it was toppled in a military coup led by Jacobo Árbenz in October 1944, an event also known as the \"October Revolution\"."}, {"id": "Q881158", "label": "Juan José Arévalo", "section": "lead", "says": "These elections were won in a landslide by Juan José Arévalo, a progressive professor of philosophy who had become the face of the popular movement."}], "Q561493": [{"id": "Q349086", "label": "Leopold III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Neuberg, concluded between the Austrian duke Albert III and his brother Leopold III at Neuberg Abbey on 25 September 1379, determined the division of the Habsburg hereditary lands into the Albertinian line and the Leopoldian line."}, {"id": "Q156404", "label": "Rudolf IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Albert and Leopold were the younger brothers of Duke Rudolf IV of Austria, who upon the death of his father Duke Albert II in 1358 had assumed the rule not only over the Austrian duchy, but also over the Duchy of Styria, ruled in personal union with Austria according to the 1186 Georgenberg Pact, and over the Duchy of Carinthia with the adjacent March of Carniola."}, {"id": "Q580447", "label": "Duchy of Styria", "section": "Background", "says": "Albert and Leopold were the younger brothers of Duke Rudolf IV of Austria, who upon the death of his father Duke Albert II in 1358 had assumed the rule not only over the Austrian duchy, but also over the Duchy of Styria, ruled in personal union with Austria according to the 1186 Georgenberg Pact, and over the Duchy of Carinthia with the adjacent March of Carniola."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "Background", "says": "Albert and Leopold were the younger brothers of Duke Rudolf IV of Austria, who upon the death of his father Duke Albert II in 1358 had assumed the rule not only over the Austrian duchy, but also over the Duchy of Styria, ruled in personal union with Austria according to the 1186 Georgenberg Pact, and over the Duchy of Carinthia with the adjacent March of Carniola."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Rudolf, an energetic monarch struggling with the rivalling Wittelsbach and Luxembourg dynasties, immediately elevated himself to an Austrian archduke by the Privilegium Maius."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1363 he acquired the County of Tyrol from the last Meinhardiner countess Margaret and the next year added \"Duke of Carniola\" to his titles."}], "Q568253": [{"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Rothière (1 February 1814) saw the Coalition forces of the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Bavaria, and Kingdom of Württemberg attack a French army led by Emperor Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q159631", "label": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Rothière (1 February 1814) saw the Coalition forces of the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Bavaria, and Kingdom of Württemberg attack a French army led by Emperor Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Rothière (1 February 1814) saw the Coalition forces of the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Bavaria, and Kingdom of Württemberg attack a French army led by Emperor Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The main Coalition army was under the command of Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg but Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher was given tactical control of the fighting."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "The main Coalition army was under the command of Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg but Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher was given tactical control of the fighting."}, {"id": "Q763551", "label": "Battle of Brienne", "section": "lead", "says": "After clashing with Blücher's forces in the Battle of Brienne on 29 January, Napoleon lingered in the area too long."}, {"id": "Q790119", "label": "Battle of Bar-sur-Aube", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube on 24 January 1814 was the first significant clash."}, {"id": "Q273883", "label": "Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier", "section": "Background", "says": "In this battle, Marshal Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso with 20,000 men fought with part of the Army of Bohemia before retreating to Troyes."}, {"id": "Q65432", "label": "Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "His intention was to attack Blücher's army while it was separated from a Prussian corps led by Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Background", "says": "On the morning of 1 February, Napoleon directed Marshal Michel Ney to march from Brienne to Troyes."}], "Q673411": [{"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arbedo was fought on 30 June 1422 between the Duchy of Milan and the Swiss Confederation, and ended with a Milanese victory."}, {"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1419, the Swiss cantons of Uri and Unterwalden bought the fortified town of Bellinzona from the House of Sax but were unable to defend it adequately."}], "Q681814": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Groningen was a battle that took place in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q76722", "label": "Maximilian Henry of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Bernhard von Galen along with Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, under Cologne would invade the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Bernhard von Galen along with Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, under Cologne would invade the Dutch Republic."}], "Q683271": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Menu was a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) tactical bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 to 26 May 1970 as part of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Menu was a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) tactical bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 to 26 May 1970 as part of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and base areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN – commonly referred to during the war as the North Vietnamese Army, NVA) and the Viet Cong (VC), which used them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The impact of the bombing campaign on the Khmer Rouge guerrillas, the PAVN, and Cambodian civilians in the bombed areas is disputed by historians."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "An official United States Air Force record of US bombing activity over Indochina from 1964 to 1973 was declassified by US President Bill Clinton in 2000."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "lead", "says": "Newly inaugurated President Richard Nixon authorized for the first time use of long-range Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers to carpet bomb Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "Background", "says": "From the onset of hostilities in South Vietnam and the Kingdom of Laos in the early 1960s, Cambodia's Prince Norodom Sihanouk had maintained a delicate domestic and foreign policy balancing act."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "Background", "says": "From the onset of hostilities in South Vietnam and the Kingdom of Laos in the early 1960s, Cambodia's Prince Norodom Sihanouk had maintained a delicate domestic and foreign policy balancing act."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1966, Sihanouk made an agreement with Zhou Enlai of the People's Republic of China that would allow PAVN and VC forces to establish base areas in Cambodia and to use the port of Sihanoukville for the delivery of military material."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1966, Sihanouk made an agreement with Zhou Enlai of the People's Republic of China that would allow PAVN and VC forces to establish base areas in Cambodia and to use the port of Sihanoukville for the delivery of military material."}, {"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1968, he had agreed to reopen diplomatic relations and, in August, formed a Government of National Salvation under the pro-US General Lon Nol."}, {"id": "Q209989", "label": "Hubert Humphrey", "section": "Background", "says": "Nixon's main opponent, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, was also committed to a diplomatic solution, and Nixon had presented himself during the election as the man best capable of reaching a favorable peace deal in Paris."}], "Q686099": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Borny–Colombey or the Battle of Colombey-Nouilly took place on 14 August 1870 as part of the Franco-Prussian War."}], "Q687151": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Golub War was a two-month war of the Teutonic Knights against the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1422."}, {"id": "Q693964", "label": "Treaty of Melno", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Melno officially ended the war, which resolved territorial disputes between the Knights and Lithuania over Samogitia that had dragged on since 1398."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Melno officially ended the war, which resolved territorial disputes between the Knights and Lithuania over Samogitia that had dragged on since 1398."}, {"id": "Q834498", "label": "Hunger War", "section": "Background", "says": "When numerous attempts at negotiations failed, a brief Hunger War broke out in summer 1414."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "This decision was probably influenced by the fact that Sigismund hoped to receive support from the Teutonic Knights in his war with the Hussites, who were supported by Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Background", "says": "This decision was probably influenced by the fact that Sigismund hoped to receive support from the Teutonic Knights in his war with the Hussites, who were supported by Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q169612", "label": "Martin V", "section": "Background", "says": "Jogaila unsuccessfully appealed to Pope Martin V."}], "Q689007": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen, also known as the Battle of Kirchdenkern), took place during the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and an Anglo-German force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen, also known as the Battle of Kirchdenkern), took place during the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and an Anglo-German force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick."}], "Q689183": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sainte-Foy (French: Bataille de Sainte-Foy) sometimes called the Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille du Quebec), was fought on April 28, 1760, near the British-held town of Quebec in the French province of Canada during the Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in the United States)."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sainte-Foy (French: Bataille de Sainte-Foy) sometimes called the Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille du Quebec), was fought on April 28, 1760, near the British-held town of Quebec in the French province of Canada during the Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in the United States)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sainte-Foy (French: Bataille de Sainte-Foy) sometimes called the Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille du Quebec), was fought on April 28, 1760, near the British-held town of Quebec in the French province of Canada during the Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in the United States)."}, {"id": "Q311726", "label": "Battle of the Plains of Abraham", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was notably bloodier than the Battle of the Plains of Abraham of the previous September, with 833 French casualties to 1,124 British casualties."}, {"id": "Q2668150", "label": "James Murray", "section": "Background", "says": "He hoped to besiege Quebec and force its surrender in the spring, when he expected a French fleet to arrive in his support\nGeneral James Murray, left in command at Quebec, believed that his army was too small to adequately defend the walls of Quebec, which had not been improved since the British capture of the town."}], "Q6899566": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest is the alleged plot to invade Tibet by Genghis Khan in 1206, which is considered anachronistic; there is no evidence of Mongol-Tibetan encounters prior to the military campaign in 1240."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "This is generally considered to have marked the beginning of Mongol rule over Tibet, as well as the establishment of patron and priest relationship between Mongols and Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "These relations were continued by Kublai Khan, who founded the Mongol Yuan dynasty and granted authority over whole Tibet to Drogon Chogyal Phagpa, nephew of Sakya Pandita."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 17th century, the Oirat Mongols again conquered the region and established the Khoshut Khanate."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Since then the Mongols had intervened in Tibetan politics until the Qing conquest of Mongolia and Dzungaria."}], "Q692885": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Ivory Coast was a mission conducted by United States Special Operations Forces and other American military elements to rescue U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the first joint military operation in United States history conducted under the direct control of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Army Special Forces soldiers by helicopter at the Sơn Tây prisoner-of-war camp, which was located 23 miles (37 km) west of Hanoi, North Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "lead", "says": "Criticism of the failure to detect the removal of the POWs prior to the raid, both public and within the administration of Richard Nixon, led to a major reorganization of the United States intelligence community a year later."}], "Q6990159": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been described as one of the worst pogroms since World War II and one of the deadliest pogroms against a minority community in post-partition India."}], "Q700866": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire on 21–22 July 1739 in Grocka, near Belgrade in the Habsburg-held Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q11821309", "label": "Treaty of Belgrade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans were victorious, and proceeded with the Siege of Belgrade, that led to the conclusion of the Treaty of Belgrade on 18 September 1739."}], "Q702255": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Gulf of Riga was a World War I naval operation of the German High Seas Fleet against the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea in August 1915."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation's objective was to destroy the Russian naval forces in the Gulf in preparation for landing German troops to facilitate the fall of Riga in the later stages of the Central Powers' offensive on the Eastern Front in 1915."}, {"id": "Q57587", "label": "Franz von Hipper", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The German naval forces, under the command of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper, included the four Nassau-class and four Helgoland-class battleships, the battlecruisers SMS Moltke, Von der Tann, and Seydlitz, and a number of smaller craft."}], "Q705072": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Seonghwan (成歓の戦い) was the first major land battle of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q713040", "label": "Ōshima Yoshimasa", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 July, charged with implementing the Imperial Japanese Army's commission from new Korean government to expel the Chinese Beiyang Army from Korean territory by force, a detachment of the Japanese First Army consisting of 4,000 men and four artillery pieces under command of Major General Ōshima Yoshimasa marched south from Seoul towards the major port city of Asan."}, {"id": "Q701890", "label": "Battle of Pungdo", "section": "Background", "says": "However, expected Chinese reinforcements from Taku, had been lost in the naval Battle of Pungdo on 25 July 1894, in which the British-chartered transport Kowshing had been sunk."}], "Q705409": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Helsingborg was the last major engagement of the Great Northern War to take place on Swedish soil."}, {"id": "Q449530", "label": "Magnus Stenbock", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a decisive victory of a Swedish force of 14,000 men under the command of Magnus Stenbock against a Danish force of equal strength under the command of Jørgen Rantzau, ensuring that Denmark's final effort to regain the Scanian territories that it had lost to Sweden in 1658 failed."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark–Norway had been forced out of the Great Northern War by the Treaty of Traventhal in 1700, but had long planned on reopening hostilities with the goal of reconquering the lost provinces of Scania, Halland and Blekinge."}], "Q708235": [{"id": "Q718465", "label": "Harry Crerar", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was conducted by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, primarily consisting of the First Canadian Army under Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar and the British XXX Corps under Lieutenant-general Brian Horrocks."}, {"id": "Q434110", "label": "Brian Horrocks", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was conducted by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, primarily consisting of the First Canadian Army under Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar and the British XXX Corps under Lieutenant-general Brian Horrocks."}, {"id": "Q1635355", "label": "Operation Grenade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied advance proceeded more slowly than expected and at greater cost as the American southern pincer, Operation Grenade, was delayed by the deliberate flooding of the Roer River by German forces under Alfred Schlemm, which allowed them to be concentrated against the Commonwealth advance."}, {"id": "Q71119", "label": "Alfred Schlemm", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied advance proceeded more slowly than expected and at greater cost as the American southern pincer, Operation Grenade, was delayed by the deliberate flooding of the Roer River by German forces under Alfred Schlemm, which allowed them to be concentrated against the Commonwealth advance."}, {"id": "Q2025992", "label": "Operation Blockbuster", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 February, once clear of the Reichswald, and with the towns of Kleve and Goch in their control, the offensive was renewed as Operation Blockbuster and linked up with the U.S."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "Background", "says": "In the event, Veritable was delayed by the diversion of forces to stem the German attack through the Ardennes in December, (Battle of the Bulge or the Ardennes Offensive) and the advantages to the Allies of hard, frozen ground were lost."}, {"id": "Q924898", "label": "William H. Simpson", "section": "Background", "says": "Ninth Arm (Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson) increased to ten divisions, starting on 10 February."}], "Q709352": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan campaign was a series of battles and engagements fought in and around the Japanese home islands, between Allied forces and the forces of Imperial Japan during the last stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan campaign lasted from April 1942 to the end of the Pacific War in September 1945."}], "Q709365": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Đắk Sơn Massacre was the massacre of Montagnard villagers perpetrated by the Viet Cong on 5 December 1967 during the Vietnam War, in the village of Đắk Sơn, Phước Long province, South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Đắk Sơn Massacre was the massacre of Montagnard villagers perpetrated by the Viet Cong on 5 December 1967 during the Vietnam War, in the village of Đắk Sơn, Phước Long province, South Vietnam."}], "Q709385": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nanchang (simplified Chinese: 南昌会战; traditional Chinese: 南昌會戰) was a military campaign fought in 1939 around Nanchang, Jiangxi between the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and the Japanese Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q2038907", "label": "Battle of Wuhan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major conflict after the 1938 Battle of Wuhan."}, {"id": "Q709521", "label": "Battle of Taiyuan", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite heavy losses of many of the Chinese Air Force's top veteran fighter pilots and most of the equipment over the course of the Battle of Shanghai, Battle of Taiyuan, and Battle of Nanjing, the Chinese Air Force was revitalized through the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, and the Chinese pilots along with the Soviet Volunteer Group of pilots continued to put up resistance in the air over Nanch"}, {"id": "Q716159", "label": "Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite heavy losses of many of the Chinese Air Force's top veteran fighter pilots and most of the equipment over the course of the Battle of Shanghai, Battle of Taiyuan, and Battle of Nanjing, the Chinese Air Force was revitalized through the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, and the Chinese pilots along with the Soviet Volunteer Group of pilots continued to put up resistance in the air over Nanch"}, {"id": "Q701313", "label": "Chen Cheng", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nationalist government reorganized the chain of command in the Ninth War Zone, with Chen Cheng remaining in the nominal post while Xue Yue was assigned to conduct the actual operations."}, {"id": "Q715405", "label": "Xue Yue", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nationalist government reorganized the chain of command in the Ninth War Zone, with Chen Cheng remaining in the nominal post while Xue Yue was assigned to conduct the actual operations."}], "Q709396": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pingxingguan (simplified Chinese: 平型关战役; traditional Chinese: 平型關戰役) was the initial significant confrontation in northwestern Shanxi after the commencement of the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War at the Pingxing Pass."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pingxingguan Ambush, commonly called the Great Victory of Pingxingguan, was a part of this battle fought on 25 September 1937, at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, between the Eighth Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party and the Imperial Japanese Army."}, {"id": "Q699698", "label": "Yen Hsi-shan", "section": "lead", "says": "Yan Xishan, commander of the Second War Zone, dismissed a counterattack plan suggested by Chinese general Fu Zuoyi without adequate assessment, despite the circumstances."}, {"id": "Q717501", "label": "Fu Zuoyi", "section": "lead", "says": "Yan Xishan, commander of the Second War Zone, dismissed a counterattack plan suggested by Chinese general Fu Zuoyi without adequate assessment, despite the circumstances."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the capture of Beiping (present Beijing) at the end of July 1937, Japanese forces advanced along the Beijing–Baotou railway to Inner Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Having anticipated the move, Chiang Kai-shek had appointed the Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan as Pacification Director of Taiyuan."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Background", "says": "In accordance with this deployment order, under the directions of Mao Zedong and Zhu De, the Eighth Route Army's 115th and 120th Divisions traversed the Yellow River in late August and early September, respectively."}, {"id": "Q22513", "label": "Zhu De", "section": "Background", "says": "In accordance with this deployment order, under the directions of Mao Zedong and Zhu De, the Eighth Route Army's 115th and 120th Divisions traversed the Yellow River in late August and early September, respectively."}], "Q709855": [{"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese soldiers had been deployed to Shandong province to protect Japanese commercial interests in the province, which were threatened by the advance of Chiang's Northern Expedition to reunite China under a Kuomintang government."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese soldiers had been deployed to Shandong province to protect Japanese commercial interests in the province, which were threatened by the advance of Chiang's Northern Expedition to reunite China under a Kuomintang government."}, {"id": "Q700554", "label": "Sun Chuanfang", "section": "lead", "says": "When the NRA approached Jinan, the Beiyang government-aligned army of Sun Chuanfang withdrew from the area, allowing for the peaceful capture of the city by the NRA."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "NRA forces initially managed to coexist with Japanese troops stationed around the Japanese consulate and businesses, and Chiang Kai-shek arrived to negotiate their withdrawal on 2 May."}, {"id": "Q712780", "label": "Huang Fu", "section": "Background", "says": "Following these incidents, NRA commander Chiang Kai-shek made repeated statements to the effect that he would not tolerate anti-foreign attacks by his soldiers, and the KMT foreign minister Huang Fu said that they would \"protect to their fullest ability the lives and property of foreigners in China in accordance with international law and usage\"."}], "Q715567": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma  (甲州勝沼の戦い, Kōshū-Katsunuma no tatakai) took place between pro-Imperial and Tokugawa shogunate forces during the Boshin War in Japan."}, {"id": "Q1193959", "label": "Battle of Toba-Fushimi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle followed the Battle of Toba–Fushimi on 29 March 1868 (Gregorian calendar)."}], "Q715579": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Utsunomiya Castle (宇都宮城の戦い, Utsunomiyajō no tatakai) took place between pro-imperial and Tokugawa shogunate forces during the Boshin War in Japan in May 1868 at Utsunomiya Castle."}, {"id": "Q1049123", "label": "Ōtori Keisuke", "section": "Background", "says": "In early spring 1868, former Tokugawa retainers under Ōtori Keisuke and Hijikata Toshizō left the shōgun's capital of Edo en masse and gathered at Kōnodai."}, {"id": "Q701182", "label": "Hijikata Toshizō", "section": "Background", "says": "In early spring 1868, former Tokugawa retainers under Ōtori Keisuke and Hijikata Toshizō left the shōgun's capital of Edo en masse and gathered at Kōnodai."}, {"id": "Q287657", "label": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu", "section": "Background", "says": "The daimyō of Utsunomiya, Toda Tadatomo, was absent, as he had been charged by Tokugawa Yoshinobu with traveling to Kyoto and submitting a letter of apology and submission."}, {"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon his arrival in Ōtsu, Toda was met by Satsuma–Chōshū forces and placed under confinement, as such a message reaching the ears of Emperor Meiji might have resulted in a premature pardon that would have complicated the alliance's anti-Tokugawa military objectives."}], "Q716629": [{"id": "Q717521", "label": "Battle of West Hubei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Changjiao massacre (simplified Chinese: 厂窖惨案; traditional Chinese: 廠窖慘案) was a massacre of Chinese civilians by the China Expeditionary Army, a general army of the Imperial Japanese Army, in Changjiao, Hunan during the early stage of the Battle of West Hubei."}, {"id": "Q706485", "label": "Shunroku Hata", "section": "lead", "says": "Shunroku Hata was the commander of the Japanese forces."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "Victims included 7,000 residents of Changjiao town, 12,000 refugees who fled to Changjiao, 5,000 officers and soldiers of the 73rd Corps and other units of the Kuomintang, and more than 6,000 civilians in areas near Changjiao."}], "Q73670": [{"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "The first siege of Krujë (Albanian: Rrethimi i parë i Krujës) occurred in 1450 when an Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his crown prince Mehmed II tried to besiege the Albanian town of Krujë."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The first siege of Krujë (Albanian: Rrethimi i parë i Krujës) occurred in 1450 when an Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his crown prince Mehmed II tried to besiege the Albanian town of Krujë."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "The League of Lezhë, led by Skanderbeg, experienced low morale after losing Svetigrad and Berat between 1448 and 1450."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "The League of Lezhë, led by Skanderbeg, experienced low morale after losing Svetigrad and Berat between 1448 and 1450."}, {"id": "Q73682", "label": "Vrana Konti", "section": "lead", "says": "After leaving a protective garrison of 4,000 men under his trusted lieutenant Vrana Konti (also known as Kont Urani), Skanderbeg harassed the Ottoman camps around Krujë and attacked the supply caravans of Sultan Murad II's army."}], "Q744969": [{"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "lead", "says": "The unified Qin dynasty, who conquered all other states under Qin Shi Huang, dispatched Meng Tian in 215 BC in a successful campaign to expel the Xiongnu from the Ordos region (which was often used as a staging area to threaten Qin's Guanzhong heartland)."}, {"id": "Q1151702", "label": "Meng Tian", "section": "lead", "says": "The unified Qin dynasty, who conquered all other states under Qin Shi Huang, dispatched Meng Tian in 215 BC in a successful campaign to expel the Xiongnu from the Ordos region (which was often used as a staging area to threaten Qin's Guanzhong heartland)."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the subsequent civil war following the Qin dynasty's collapse gave the Xiongnu confederacy, which were then unified into a large nomadic empire under Modu Chanyu, the opportunity to reinvade the Ordos region."}, {"id": "Q3271565", "label": "Battle of Baideng", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Han dynasty was established in 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu tried to fight off Xiongnu invasions but had himself trapped in an ambush during the Battle of Baideng, and a truce was negotiated by bribing Modu's wife, thus ending the first Han–Xiongnu conflict."}, {"id": "Q701330", "label": "Wei Qing", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Wu then started deploying younger generations of offensive military commanders such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, and launched several victorious expeditions to control the Ordos Plateau, Hexi Corridor and Western Regions, eventually pushing the Xiongnu north beyond the Gobi Desert with a decisive campaign in 119 BC."}, {"id": "Q380583", "label": "Huo Qubing", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Wu then started deploying younger generations of offensive military commanders such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, and launched several victorious expeditions to control the Ordos Plateau, Hexi Corridor and Western Regions, eventually pushing the Xiongnu north beyond the Gobi Desert with a decisive campaign in 119 BC."}, {"id": "Q7196", "label": "Qin Er Shi", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after Qin Shi Huang's sudden death, the ensuing political corruption and chaos during the short reign of Qin Er Shi led to various anti-Qin rebellions, eventually bringing about the collapse of the Qin dynasty."}], "Q745543": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montmirail (11 February 1814) was fought between a French force led by Emperor Napoleon and two Allied corps commanded by Fabian Wilhelm von Osten-Sacken and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg."}, {"id": "Q65432", "label": "Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montmirail (11 February 1814) was fought between a French force led by Emperor Napoleon and two Allied corps commanded by Fabian Wilhelm von Osten-Sacken and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred near Montmirail, France, during the Six Days Campaign of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q642517", "label": "Battle of Champaubert", "section": "lead", "says": "After Napoleon crushed Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev's small isolated corps in the Battle of Champaubert on 10 February, he found himself in the midst of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's widely-spread Army of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "Background", "says": "On the 1st of February 1814, Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher commanding 80,000 Allied soldiers from his own Army of Silesia and Austrian field marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg's Army of Bohemia defeated Napoleon with 45,000 French troops in the Battle of La Rothière."}, {"id": "Q568253", "label": "Battle of La Rothière", "section": "Background", "says": "On the 1st of February 1814, Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher commanding 80,000 Allied soldiers from his own Army of Silesia and Austrian field marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg's Army of Bohemia defeated Napoleon with 45,000 French troops in the Battle of La Rothière."}, {"id": "Q312676", "label": "Auguste de Marmont", "section": "Background", "says": "While sending out patrols to determine the precise whereabouts of the Prussian field marshal's army, Napoleon sent Marshal Auguste de Marmont with 8,000 troops to Sézanne."}, {"id": "Q156373", "label": "Nicolas Oudinot", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshal Nicolas Oudinot with 20,000 men including the newly formed VII Corps, a 5,000-man Young Guard division, National Guards and a cavalry force under Pierre Claude Pajol was instructed to guard the bridges at Bray-sur-Seine, Montereau, Pont-sur-Yonne and Sens."}], "Q7509962": [{"id": "Q2992403", "label": "Franco-Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1920 capture of Damascus was the final stage of the Franco-Syrian War in which French forces captured Damascus with little resistance."}, {"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arab Kingdom of Syria was brought to an end, and the French mandate of Syria was put into effect."}, {"id": "Q146562", "label": "State of Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly afterward, in September 1920, Damascus was established as the capital of the State of Damascus under a French mandate."}, {"id": "Q994316", "label": "Battle of Maysalun", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maysalun resulted in a crushing Syrian defeat."}], "Q7510395": [{"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied forces of the Byzantine Empire, Principality of Antioch and County of Edessa invaded Muslim Syria."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "The allied forces of the Byzantine Empire, Principality of Antioch and County of Edessa invaded Muslim Syria."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Freed from immediate external threats in the Balkans or in Anatolia, having defeated the Hungarians in 1129, and having forced the Anatolian Turks on the defensive by a series of campaigns from 1130 to 1135, the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos (r."}, {"id": "Q41628", "label": "John II Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "Freed from immediate external threats in the Balkans or in Anatolia, having defeated the Hungarians in 1129, and having forced the Anatolian Turks on the defensive by a series of campaigns from 1130 to 1135, the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos (r."}, {"id": "Q178621", "label": "Treaty of Devol", "section": "Background", "says": "These rights dated back to the Treaty of Devol of 1108, though Byzantium had not been in a position to enforce them."}, {"id": "Q437271", "label": "Raymond of Poitiers", "section": "Background", "says": "John demanded the unconditional surrender of Antioch and, after asking the permission of King Fulk of Jerusalem, Raymond of Poitiers agreed to surrender the city to John."}], "Q759979": [{"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Earls in 1075 was a rebellion of three earls against William I of England (William the Conqueror)."}, {"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Earls in 1075 was a rebellion of three earls against William I of England (William the Conqueror)."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last serious act of resistance against William in the Norman Conquest."}, {"id": "Q49961", "label": "Odo, Earl of Kent", "section": "Cause", "says": "Ralph in the meantime encountered a much superior force under the warrior bishops Odo of Bayeux and Geoffrey de Montbray (the latter ordered that all rebels should have their right foot cut off) near Cambridge and retreated hurriedly to Norwich, hotly pursued by the royal army."}], "Q767317": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Greenville, also known to Americans as the Treaty with the Wyandots, etc., but formally titled A treaty of peace between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias was a 1795 treaty between the United States and indigenous nations "}, {"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Greenville, also known to Americans as the Treaty with the Wyandots, etc., but formally titled A treaty of peace between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias was a 1795 treaty between the United States and indigenous nations "}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed at Fort Greenville, now Greenville, Ohio, on August 3, 1795, following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers a year earlier in August 1794."}, {"id": "Q2656995", "label": "Northwest Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended the Northwest Indian War of 1785–1795 in the Ohio Country of the old Northwest Territory (1787–1803), and limited Indian country to remaining lands of northwestern Ohio, and began the practice of annual payments of goods, supplies and food, following the land concessions."}, {"id": "Q4186402", "label": "Western Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties to the treaty were a coalition of Native American tribes known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States government represented by new United States Army General Anthony Wayne (1745–1796), and local frontiersmen."}, {"id": "Q574116", "label": "Anthony Wayne", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties to the treaty were a coalition of Native American tribes known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States government represented by new United States Army General Anthony Wayne (1745–1796), and local frontiersmen."}], "Q782441": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1991, a delegation to East Timor consisting of members of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal and twelve journalists was planned during a visit from UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights on Torture, Pieter Kooijmans."}, {"id": "Q259317", "label": "Amy Goodman", "section": "Background", "says": "Foreigners who had come to East Timor to observe the Portuguese delegation included independent US journalists Amy Goodman and Allan Nairn, and British cameraman Max Stahl."}], "Q7836956": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (Persian:عهدنامه احمد پاشا, Turkish: Ahmet Paşa Antlaşması) was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "However, during the short rule of Afghanistan based Hotaki dynasty, chaos in Iran resulted in clashes along frontiers, especially in Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Peter I of Russia began to occupy the Iranian territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, gains which were confirmed by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)."}], "Q784397": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of an attempt by the South Vietnamese navy to remove the Chinese navy from the area towards the end of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the conflict, part of the Paracel Islands was controlled by China and another part was controlled by South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The fleet was in disrepair due to the Cultural Revolution."}], "Q7847144": [{"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Adrianople in 1547, named after the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), was signed between Ferdinand I of Austria  and Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Adrianople in 1547, named after the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), was signed between Ferdinand I of Austria  and Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "When Louis II of Hungary fell at Mohacs fighting the Turks in 1526, his crown was thrown to the Habsburgs."}], "Q786595": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Lebanon hosts more than 400,000 Palestinian refugees, some 215,000 of whom live in camps, including the descendants of those who fled from Palestine during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1962, Palestinians were categorized as foreigners in Lebanon, regardless of how long they had lived there."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lebanese Civil War left the government and general populace deeply suspicious of Palestinian refugees because of their involvement in the war."}], "Q7875960": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty is a peace treaty between the United States and Austria, signed in Vienna on August 24, 1921, in the aftermath of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The US government declared war on Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917."}], "Q80264": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Makassar Strait, also known as the Action of Madura Strait, the Action North of Lombok Strait and the Battle of the Flores Sea, was a naval battle of the Pacific theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q437690", "label": "Karel Doorman", "section": "lead", "says": "An American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) fleet—under Schout-bij-nacht (Rear Admiral) Karel Doorman—was on its way to intercept a Japanese invasion convoy reported as bound for Surabaya (its destination was actually Makassar), when it was attacked by 36 Mitsubishi G4M1 \"Betty\" and 24 Mitsubishi G3M2 \"Nell\" medium bombers, which forced the fleet to retreat."}], "Q814223": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Khorramshahr, also known in Iran as the Liberation of Khorramshahr (Persian: آزادسازی خرمشهر, romanized: Âzâdsâzī-ye Khorramshahr) was the Iranian recapture of the city of Khorramshahr on 24 May 1982, during the Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q815146": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jasna Góra (also known less accurately as the battle of Częstochowa, Polish: Oblężenie Jasnej Góry) took place in the winter of 1655 during the Second Northern War, or 'The Deluge' – as the Swedish invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is known."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jasna Góra (also known less accurately as the battle of Częstochowa, Polish: Oblężenie Jasnej Góry) took place in the winter of 1655 during the Second Northern War, or 'The Deluge' – as the Swedish invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is known."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The decade of the 1650s marked the end of the Golden Age of Poland, as it had become embroiled in a series of wars, particularly the Chmielnicki Uprising and the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As the Swedes approached, the monks feared that the Protestants would loot their Catholic sanctuary, seeing as the great European religious war of the 17th century, the Thirty Years' War, had barely ended."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Prior of the monastery, Augustyn Kordecki, while repeatedly requesting aid from the King of Poland, John II Casimir, offered to recognise Charles X Gustav of Sweden as King to prevent a military conflict."}], "Q81914341": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Taal Volcano in Batangas, Philippines began to erupt on January 12, 2020, when a phreatomagmatic eruption from its main crater spewed ashes over Calabarzon, Metro Manila, and some parts of Central Luzon and Ilocos Region, resulting in the suspension of school classes, work schedules, and flights in the area, as well as temporarily drying up Taal Main Crater Lake and destroying Vulcan Point, an Isl"}], "Q838373": [{"id": "Q184780", "label": "Charles Elliot", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Chuenpi (also \"Chuenpee\", pinyin: Chuān bí) was a tentative agreement between British Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade in China Charles Elliot and Qing Imperial Commissioner Qishan during the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Chuenpi (also \"Chuenpee\", pinyin: Chuān bí) was a tentative agreement between British Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade in China Charles Elliot and Qing Imperial Commissioner Qishan during the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Chuenpi (also \"Chuenpee\", pinyin: Chuān bí) was a tentative agreement between British Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade in China Charles Elliot and Qing Imperial Commissioner Qishan during the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q334351", "label": "Daoguang Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston stated that Elliot acquired too little while the Daoguang Emperor believed Qishan conceded too much."}, {"id": "Q1607189", "label": "Henry Pottinger", "section": "lead", "says": "Palmerston appointed Major-General Henry Pottinger to replace Elliot, while the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing appointed Yishan to replace Qishan."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the convention was unratified, many of the terms were later included in the Treaty of Nanking (1842)."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "Elliot replied the next day, accepting Hong Kong."}], "Q83887526": [{"id": "Q5785", "label": "Cayman Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "At 02:10 PM local time (UTC-5) on 28 January 2020, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 Mw struck the north side of the Cayman Trough, north of Jamaica and west of the southern tip of Cuba, with the epicenter being 80 miles (130 km) east-southeast of Cayman Brac, Cayman Islands, and 83 miles (134 km) north of Montego Bay, Jamaica."}], "Q842361": [{"id": "Q741354", "label": "Petar Snačić", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gvozd Mountain took place in 1097 and was fought between the army of Petar Snačić and King Coloman I of Hungary."}], "Q85760415": [{"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Phnom Penh was the capture of Phnom Penh, capital of the Khmer Republic (in present-day Cambodia), by the Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975, effectively ending the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Phnom Penh was the capture of Phnom Penh, capital of the Khmer Republic (in present-day Cambodia), by the Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975, effectively ending the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Phnom Penh was the capture of Phnom Penh, capital of the Khmer Republic (in present-day Cambodia), by the Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975, effectively ending the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q817206", "label": "Cambodian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Phnom Penh was the capture of Phnom Penh, capital of the Khmer Republic (in present-day Cambodia), by the Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975, effectively ending the Cambodian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "With a Khmer Rouge victory imminent, the United States government evacuated US nationals and allied Cambodians on 12 April."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khmer Rouge ordered the evacuation of Phnom Penh, emptying the city except for expatriates who took refuge in the French embassy until 30 April, when they were transported to Thailand."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of 1975, the Khmer Republic, a United States-supported military government, controlled only the Phnom Penh area and a string of towns along the Mekong River that provided the crucial supply route for food and munitions coming upriver from South Vietnam."}], "Q862440": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The integrity of the Byzantine Empire itself was under serious threat after a full-scale rebellion, led by Bardas Skleros, broke out in 976."}, {"id": "Q744590", "label": "Bardas Skleros", "section": "Background", "says": "The integrity of the Byzantine Empire itself was under serious threat after a full-scale rebellion, led by Bardas Skleros, broke out in 976."}, {"id": "Q1363706", "label": "David III of Tao", "section": "Background", "says": "In the urgency of a situation, Georgian prince David III of Tao aided Basil II and after the decisive loyalist victory at the Battle of Pankaleia, he was rewarded by lifetime rule of key imperial territories in eastern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Background", "says": "In the urgency of a situation, Georgian prince David III of Tao aided Basil II and after the decisive loyalist victory at the Battle of Pankaleia, he was rewarded by lifetime rule of key imperial territories in eastern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q1355177", "label": "Battle of Pankalia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the urgency of a situation, Georgian prince David III of Tao aided Basil II and after the decisive loyalist victory at the Battle of Pankaleia, he was rewarded by lifetime rule of key imperial territories in eastern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q467266", "label": "Bagrat III of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "This agreement destroyed a previous arrangement by which David had made his adopted son, Bagrat III of Georgia, his heir."}], "Q86695115": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The first cases of the COVID-19 pandemic in North America were reported in the United States on 23 January 2020."}, {"id": "Q763", "label": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "section": "lead", "says": "Saint Kitts and Nevis was the last North American country to report a case of COVID-19, doing so on 25 March."}], "Q868249": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Colenso, also known as the Battle of Colenso, was the third and final battle fought during the Black Week of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between British and Boer forces from the independent South African Republic and Orange Free State in and around Colenso, Natal, South Africa on 15 December 1899."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between British and Boer forces from the independent South African Republic and Orange Free State in and around Colenso, Natal, South Africa on 15 December 1899."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between British and Boer forces from the independent South African Republic and Orange Free State in and around Colenso, Natal, South Africa on 15 December 1899."}], "Q15051932": [{"id": "Q964738", "label": "Peter the Patrician", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, negotiated by Peter the Patrician for the Byzantine emperor Justinian I and Izadgushasp for the Sassanid king Khosrau I ended the 20-year-long war over the Caucasian kingdom of Lazica."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, negotiated by Peter the Patrician for the Byzantine emperor Justinian I and Izadgushasp for the Sassanid king Khosrau I ended the 20-year-long war over the Caucasian kingdom of Lazica."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In a separate treaty, the Christians in the Sasanian Empire were promised freedom of religion."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "lead", "says": "The peace treaty was to last for 50 years, but it remained in effect only until 572, when Justin II broke the treaty after years of increased tensions at multiple fronts, initiating the war of 572–591."}, {"id": "Q336070", "label": "Menander Protector", "section": "lead", "says": "Among ancient sources, Menander Protector and Theophylaktos Simokattes blame Justin II, while Theophanes of Byzantium disagrees."}], "Q1520241": [{"id": "Q2038126", "label": "Tuscarora War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tuscarora War and its lengthy aftermath played a major role in the outbreak of the Yamasee War."}], "Q1527921": [{"id": "Q3456469", "label": "Republic of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liège Revolution, sometimes known as the Fortunate Revolution (French: Heureuse Révolution; Walloon: Binamêye revolucion), against the reigning prince-bishop of Liège, started on 18 August 1789 and lasted until the destruction of the Republic of Liège and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège by Austrian forces in 1791."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liège Revolution, sometimes known as the Fortunate Revolution (French: Heureuse Révolution; Walloon: Binamêye revolucion), against the reigning prince-bishop of Liège, started on 18 August 1789 and lasted until the destruction of the Republic of Liège and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège by Austrian forces in 1791."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liège Revolution was concurrent with the French Revolution and its effects were long-lasting and eventually led to the abolition of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and its final annexation by French revolutionary forces in 1795."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "Origins of discontent (1684–1789)", "says": "This arrival caused political discussions then criticism of the Ancien Régime."}], "Q1543531": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tanagra took place during the Peloponnesian War in 426 BC between Athens, Tanagra and Thebes."}], "Q1547153": [{"id": "Q182070", "label": "Maxentius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Verona was fought in 312 between the forces of the Roman emperors Constantine I and Maxentius."}], "Q1553270": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "Significant tremors were felt in areas up to several hundred kilometers away, including Mexico City and also in Guatemala."}], "Q1565693": [{"id": "Q2342042", "label": "Maryland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q719252", "label": "Battle of Antietam", "section": "lead", "says": "After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "Harpers Ferry is a small town at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Shenandoah River, the site of a historic Federal arsenal founded by President George Washington in 1799  and a bridge for the critical Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the Potomac."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Background", "says": "James Longstreet which Lee sent north to Hagerstown to protect against the reported movement of Pennsylvania militia there, which proved illusory—Lee sent three columns of troops to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from separate dir"}], "Q1570898": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Nasr, also known as Operation Hoveyzeh, was a major battle in the Iran–Iraq War fought in early January 1981."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 22 September 1980, Iraqi military forces under the command of Saddam Hussein invaded Iran."}, {"id": "Q191577", "label": "Operation Morvarid", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Iraq's navy also suffered destruction (Operation Morvarid)."}, {"id": "Q273866", "label": "Abolhassan Banisadr", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A power struggle began within the new government in Tehran between President Abolhassan Banisadr and the opposition Islamic Republic Party (IRP), led by Prime Minister Mohammad-Ali Rajai."}, {"id": "Q310592", "label": "Mohammad-Ali Rajai", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A power struggle began within the new government in Tehran between President Abolhassan Banisadr and the opposition Islamic Republic Party (IRP), led by Prime Minister Mohammad-Ali Rajai."}], "Q1578852": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marcellae (Bulgarian: Битката при Маркели; Greek: Μάχη των Μαρκελλών) was fought on the 20 July 792 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, led by Constantine VI, and those of the First Bulgarian Empire under Kardam."}, {"id": "Q41661", "label": "Konstantinos VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marcellae (Bulgarian: Битката при Маркели; Greek: Μάχη των Μαρκελλών) was fought on the 20 July 792 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, led by Constantine VI, and those of the First Bulgarian Empire under Kardam."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marcellae (Bulgarian: Битката при Маркели; Greek: Μάχη των Μαρκελλών) was fought on the 20 July 792 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, led by Constantine VI, and those of the First Bulgarian Empire under Kardam."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting took place at Marcellae (Markeli), near the modern town of Karnobat in southeastern Bulgaria, the same site as an earlier battle in 756."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Bulgarians finally had the opportunity to intensify their campaigns in Slavic-populated Macedonia."}], "Q1582511": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ctesiphon (Turkish: Selman-ı Pak Muharebesi) was fought in November 1915 by the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire, within the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ctesiphon (Turkish: Selman-ı Pak Muharebesi) was fought in November 1915 by the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire, within the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ctesiphon (Turkish: Selman-ı Pak Muharebesi) was fought in November 1915 by the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire, within the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q555614", "label": "John Nixon", "section": "lead", "says": "Sir John Nixon, had met with success in Ottoman Iraq since it had landed at Al-Faw Peninsula upon the Ottoman Empire's declaration of war on 5 November 1914."}], "Q1587362": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ćuška massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Qyshkut, Serbian: Масакр у Ћушкој, romanized: Masakr u Ćuškoj) was the killing of 41 Kosovo Albanian civilians, all men aged 19 to 69, by Serbian security forces, the Yugoslav Army and paramilitaries on 14 May 1999 during the Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q313573", "label": "Agim Çeku", "section": "Background", "says": "Agim Çeku, a Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) commander, was a village native and his father who was residing there was killed in the massacre; however many from the Serb forces stated that his death was not the primary purpose of the attack."}], "Q1635355": [{"id": "Q924898", "label": "William H. Simpson", "section": "lead", "says": "Ninth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson, in February 1945, which marked the beginning of the Allied invasion of Germany."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "Ninth Army—operating under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group since the Battle of the Bulge—was to cross the Roer and link up with the Canadian First Army, under Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar, coming from the Nijmegen area of the Netherlands in Operation Veritable, which had started at 05:00 on 8 February."}, {"id": "Q718465", "label": "Harry Crerar", "section": "lead", "says": "Ninth Army—operating under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group since the Battle of the Bulge—was to cross the Roer and link up with the Canadian First Army, under Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar, coming from the Nijmegen area of the Netherlands in Operation Veritable, which had started at 05:00 on 8 February."}, {"id": "Q708235", "label": "Operation Veritable", "section": "lead", "says": "Ninth Army—operating under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group since the Battle of the Bulge—was to cross the Roer and link up with the Canadian First Army, under Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar, coming from the Nijmegen area of the Netherlands in Operation Veritable, which had started at 05:00 on 8 February."}, {"id": "Q70527", "label": "Gerd von Rundstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "During the two weeks that the river was flooded, Hitler would not allow Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt to withdraw behind the Rhine, arguing that it would only delay the inevitable fight."}, {"id": "Q61403", "label": "Gustav-Adolf von Zangen", "section": "lead", "says": "Those forces comprised the 15th Army, commanded by Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, and the 1st Parachute Army, commanded by Alfred Schlemm."}, {"id": "Q71119", "label": "Alfred Schlemm", "section": "lead", "says": "Those forces comprised the 15th Army, commanded by Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, and the 1st Parachute Army, commanded by Alfred Schlemm."}], "Q163959": [{"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Héricourt was fought on 13 November 1474 near Héricourt, Burgundy, as part of the Burgundian Wars."}, {"id": "Q7882199", "label": "Burgundian State", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in victory for the Swiss Confederacy and its allies over the Burgundian State."}], "Q1643008": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Gebora took place during the Peninsular War between Spanish and French armies on 19 February 1811, northwest of Badajoz, Spain."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In a bid to help extricate Marshal André Masséna's army from its position in Portugal—mired in front of Lisbon's defensive Lines of Torres Vedras—Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult led part of the French Armée du Midi (Army of the South) from Andalusia into the neighbouring Spanish region of Extremadura and laid siege to the important fortress town of Badajoz."}, {"id": "Q389349", "label": "Battle of Bussaco", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite his partial victory over Marshal Masséna in Portugal at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810, Lord Wellington was forced by Masséna's manoeuvres to retreat behind the extensive lines of Torres Vedras, a series of forts defending the Portuguese capital of Lisbon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon had previously sent dispatches to Marshal Soult, commander of the Army of the South, urging him to send assistance to Masséna in Portugal."}], "Q1708064": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the capture of Port Royal in Acadia, during King William's War, the New Englanders hoped to seize Quebec City itself, the capital of New France."}, {"id": "Q125029", "label": "Louis de Buade de Frontenac", "section": "lead", "says": "The loss of the Acadian fort shocked the Canadiens, and Governor-General Louis de Buade de Frontenac ordered the immediate preparation of the city for a possible siege."}, {"id": "Q1896325", "label": "William Phips", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the militia on shore were constantly harassed by local militia until their retreat, while the expedition's ships, commanded by Sir William Phips, were nearly destroyed by cannon volley fire from the top of the city."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, a mobile war party of 150 Albany militiamen and Iroquois warriors under Captain John Schuyler marched and canoed overland to Montreal, imitating the petite guerre tactics (long-range expeditions into enemy territory) perfected by the French colonists."}], "Q1711538": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Iron Gate (Battle of Hermannstadt/Szeben by older historiography) was fought between the army of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire on 18 March and 22 March 1442, near Marosszentimre (now Sântimbru, Romania) and after at the Iron Gate Pass of Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian forces were commanded by John Hunyadi and the Ottoman forces by Mezid Bey, the Marcher Lord of Nicopolis."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1438, Sultan Murad II personally led the largest raid on Hungary in living memory, an Ottoman expedition in Transylvania."}], "Q1723307": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Metz was fought during World War II at the French city of Metz, then part of Nazi Germany, from late September 1944 through mid-December as part of the Lorraine Campaign between the U.S."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Metz was fought during World War II at the French city of Metz, then part of Nazi Germany, from late September 1944 through mid-December as part of the Lorraine Campaign between the U.S."}, {"id": "Q62764", "label": "Otto von Knobelsdorff", "section": "lead", "says": "Third Army commanded by Lieutenant General George Patton and the German Army commanded by General Otto von Knobelsdorff."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Located between the rivers Moselle and Seille, the city of Metz had been fortified since the 1880s, when the area became part of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "Background", "says": "Eisenhower called a halt to the advance so that supplies could be stockpiled for Operation Market Garden, an attempt to break into the German Ruhr Valley in the north."}], "Q2155032": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople in 1260 was the failed attempt by the Nicene Empire, the major remnant of the fractured Byzantine Empire, to retake Constantinople from the Latin Empire and re-establish the City as the political, cultural and spiritual capital of a revived Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Constantinople in 1260 was the failed attempt by the Nicene Empire, the major remnant of the fractured Byzantine Empire, to retake Constantinople from the Latin Empire and re-establish the City as the political, cultural and spiritual capital of a revived Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204, the Byzantine Empire was divided among Latin Crusader states and a few Byzantine Greek remnants, the chief of which were the Despotate of Epirus in western Greece and Albania, and the Nicaean Empire in western and northwestern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204, the Byzantine Empire was divided among Latin Crusader states and a few Byzantine Greek remnants, the chief of which were the Despotate of Epirus in western Greece and Albania, and the Nicaean Empire in western and northwestern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "Background", "says": "At first it seemed as if the city would fall to Epirus, whose ruler Theodore Komnenos Doukas crowned himself emperor at Thessalonica in 1225/1227."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "Background", "says": "Epirote power however was broken at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 against Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Epirote power however was broken at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 against Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "Background", "says": "Thus the path opened up for Nicaea, under John III Doukas Vatatzes (r."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Vatatzes, the Nicaeans seized most of Thrace and Macedonia from Epirus and Bulgaria, becoming the strongest state of the region."}, {"id": "Q37082", "label": "Theodore II Laskaris", "section": "Background", "says": "The Latin Empire gained a short reprieve with Vatatzes' death, as his son and successor Theodore II Laskaris (r."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after Theodore II's death, the ambitious Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q37088", "label": "John IV Laskaris", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) ascended the throne, at first ostensibly as guardian of the infant John IV Laskaris (r."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "Background", "says": "At this juncture, a coalition of Nicaea's enemies was formed, comprising Epirus, the Principality of Achaea, and the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "At this juncture, a coalition of Nicaea's enemies was formed, comprising Epirus, the Principality of Achaea, and the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The alliance however was dealt a crushing blow at the Battle of Pelagonia in summer 1259."}], "Q2165486": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval battle was a result of Allied landings at Cape Torokina in the first action in the Bougainville campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was significant as part of a broader Allied strategy—known as Operation Cartwheel—aimed at isolating and surrounding the major Japanese base at Rabaul."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval battle took place at the end of the first day of the landings around Cape Torokina, as the Japanese sortied a large force from Rabaul in an effort to replicate the success they had achieved at Savo Island in August 1942, in response to Allied amphibious landings in the eastern Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q1538427", "label": "Matsuji Ijūin", "section": "Background", "says": "The left screen was commanded by Rear Admiral Ijuin Matsuji, while the right was under Rear Admiral Morikazu Osugi's command."}], "Q2166297": [{"id": "Q1051804", "label": "Battle of Reims", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Reims or Battle of Durocortorum was fought in 356 between the Western Roman army led by Western Roman emperor Julian and the Alamanni."}], "Q2177009": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian invasion of Manchuria or Chinese expedition (Russian: Китайская экспедиция) occurred in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) when concerns regarding Qing China's defeat by the Empire of Japan, and Japan's brief occupation of Liaodong, caused the Russian Empire to speed up their long held designs for imperial expansion across Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian invasion of Manchuria or Chinese expedition (Russian: Китайская экспедиция) occurred in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) when concerns regarding Qing China's defeat by the Empire of Japan, and Japan's brief occupation of Liaodong, caused the Russian Empire to speed up their long held designs for imperial expansion across Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian invasion of Manchuria or Chinese expedition (Russian: Китайская экспедиция) occurred in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) when concerns regarding Qing China's defeat by the Empire of Japan, and Japan's brief occupation of Liaodong, caused the Russian Empire to speed up their long held designs for imperial expansion across Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Boxer Rebellion, the Russian military temporarily evacuated from and immediately reoccupied Mukden."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion concluded with the full occupation of Manchuria by Russia, causing tensions that led to the Russo-Japanese War."}], "Q2204664": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Leghorn took place on 4 March 1653 (14 March Gregorian calendar),  during the First Anglo-Dutch War, near Leghorn (Livorno), Italy."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1652 the government of the Commonwealth of England, mistakenly believing that the United Provinces after their defeat at the Battle of the Kentish Knock would desist from bringing out fleets so late in the season, split their fleet between the Mediterranean and home waters."}, {"id": "Q1814494", "label": "Battle of the Kentish Knock", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1652 the government of the Commonwealth of England, mistakenly believing that the United Provinces after their defeat at the Battle of the Kentish Knock would desist from bringing out fleets so late in the season, split their fleet between the Mediterranean and home waters."}, {"id": "Q982247", "label": "Cornelis Tromp", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the Dutch captains at the battle was son of Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp, Cornelis Tromp, who was to become a famous admiral himself and one of the most celebrated and controversial figures in Dutch naval history due to his actions in the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q755170", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the Dutch captains at the battle was son of Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp, Cornelis Tromp, who was to become a famous admiral himself and one of the most celebrated and controversial figures in Dutch naval history due to his actions in the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the Dutch captains at the battle was son of Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp, Cornelis Tromp, who was to become a famous admiral himself and one of the most celebrated and controversial figures in Dutch naval history due to his actions in the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Scanian War."}], "Q2237038": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maciejowice was fought on 10 October 1794, between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire during the Polish Uprising of 1794."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Poles were led by Tadeusz Kościuszko."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "Kościuszko with 6,200 men, who planned to prevent the linking of three larger Russian corps, commanded by generals Fyodor Denisov, Ivan Fersen and Alexander Suvorov."}], "Q2237381": [{"id": "Q317984", "label": "Emperor Go-Shirakawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Minamoto no Yoshinaka made his final stand at Awazu, after fleeing from his cousins' armies, which confronted him after he attacked Kyoto, burning the Hōjūjiden, and kidnapping Emperor Go-Shirakawa."}], "Q2237386": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bun'ei also known as the First Battle of Hakata Bay was the first major attempt by the Mongol Empire to invade Japan."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Kublai Khan had spent the 1260s attempting to secure Japanese submission, initially through diplomatic envoys and veiled threats."}], "Q2237713": [{"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought near Paardeberg Drift on the banks of the Modder River in the Orange Free State near Kimberley (now in Letsemeng Local Municipality, Free State)."}, {"id": "Q1388058", "label": "Battle of Magersfontein", "section": "lead", "says": "Battles were fought on this front at Graspan, Belmont, Modder River before the advance was halted for two months after the British defeat at the Battle of Magersfontein."}, {"id": "Q591879", "label": "Piet Cronjé", "section": "lead", "says": "The army of Boer General Piet Cronjé was retreating from its entrenched position at Magersfontein towards Bloemfontein after its lines of communication were cut by Major General John French, whose cavalry had recently outflanked the Boer position to relieve Kimberley."}], "Q2259892": [{"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1084, Italo-Normans sacked Rome, the result of the Pope Gregory VII's call for aid from the duke of Apulia, Robert Guiscard."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The pope had been besieged in the Castel Sant'Angelo by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in June 1083 and called for aid from Guiscard, who was then fighting the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in the Balkans."}], "Q2282672": [{"id": "Q202582", "label": "Lansana Conté", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 December 2008, a coup d'état occurred in Guinea, shortly after the death of long-time president Lansana Conté."}, {"id": "Q314271", "label": "Moussa Dadis Camara", "section": "lead", "says": "A junta called the National Council for Democracy and Development (French: Conseil National de la Démocratie et du Development, CNDD), headed by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, seized power and announced that it planned to rule the country for two years prior to a new presidential election."}, {"id": "Q4413", "label": "Alpha Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "Camara did indeed step down after Alpha Condé was elected in the 2010 election."}], "Q22948744": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The first rebellion of the Alpujarras of 1499–1501 (Arabic: ثورة البشرات الأولى) was a series of uprisings by the Muslim population of the Kingdom of Granada, Crown of Castile (formerly, the Emirate of Granada) against their Catholic rulers."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The first rebellion of the Alpujarras of 1499–1501 (Arabic: ثورة البشرات الأولى) was a series of uprisings by the Muslim population of the Kingdom of Granada, Crown of Castile (formerly, the Emirate of Granada) against their Catholic rulers."}, {"id": "Q2467248", "label": "Treaty of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "They began in 1499 in the city of Granada in response to mass forced conversions of the Muslim population to the Catholic faith, which were perceived as violations of the 1491 Treaty of Granada."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic forces, on some occasions led personally by King Ferdinand, succeeded in suppressing the revolts and inflicted severe punishment on the Muslim population."}, {"id": "Q312763", "label": "Muhammad XII of Granada", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1492, after a decade-long campaign, Muhammad XI of Granada (also known as \"Boabdil\") surrendered the Emirate to the Catholic forces led by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1492, after a decade-long campaign, Muhammad XI of Granada (also known as \"Boabdil\") surrendered the Emirate to the Catholic forces led by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1492, after a decade-long campaign, Muhammad XI of Granada (also known as \"Boabdil\") surrendered the Emirate to the Catholic forces led by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q342392", "label": "Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1499, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the archbishop of Toledo, arrived in Granada and began working alongside Talavera."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "Background", "says": "Emboldened by the increase in conversions, Cisneros intensified the efforts and in December 1499 he told Pope Alexander VI that three thousand Muslims converted in a single day."}], "Q2303566": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "About 130 Palestinians, and 1 Israeli were killed."}], "Q2312422": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Perso-Turkic war of 627–629 was the final conflict between the Sasanian Empire and the Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Perso-Turkic war of 627–629 was the final conflict between the Sasanian Empire and the Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities were initiated in 627 by Tong Yabghu Qaghan of the Western Göktürks and Emperor Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities were initiated in 627 by Tong Yabghu Qaghan of the Western Göktürks and Emperor Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities were initiated in 627 by Tong Yabghu Qaghan of the Western Göktürks and Emperor Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "Background", "says": "Istämi sent an embassy led by the Sogdian diplomat Maniah directly to Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to Justin II, but also proposed an alliance against Sassanid Persia."}], "Q2333111": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November 1914, and the Ottomans responded with their own declaration on 11 November."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November 1914, and the Ottomans responded with their own declaration on 11 November."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "From the beginning, the Ottomans had planned an invasion of Britain's Aden Protectorate in cooperation with the local Arab tribes."}, {"id": "Q276098", "label": "Ahmet Tevfik Okday", "section": "Background", "says": "Mirliva Ali Sait Pasha was appointed to command the 39th Division, and Miralay Hüseyin Ragıp Pasha to the 40th Division, by Mirliva Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, commander of the VII Corps."}, {"id": "Q2900391", "label": "Ömer Fahreddin Türkkan", "section": "Background", "says": "Further north, the Hejaz Expeditionary Force remained under the independent command of Omer Fakhri Pasha."}], "Q2549350": [{"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Philomelion (Latinised as Philomelium - modern Akşehir) of 1116 consisted of a series of clashes over a number of days between a Byzantine expeditionary army under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and the forces of the Sultanate of Rûm under Sultan Malik Shah; it occurred in the course of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars."}, {"id": "Q1378373", "label": "Malik Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Philomelion (Latinised as Philomelium - modern Akşehir) of 1116 consisted of a series of clashes over a number of days between a Byzantine expeditionary army under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and the forces of the Sultanate of Rûm under Sultan Malik Shah; it occurred in the course of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the success of the First Crusade, the Byzantine armed forces, led by John Doukas the megas doux, reconquered the Aegean coastline and much of the interior of western Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q51653", "label": "Crusade of 1101", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the failure of the Crusade of 1101, the Seljuq and Danishmend Turks resumed their offensive operations against the Byzantines."}], "Q2551797": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yorktown or Siege of Yorktown was fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862, as part of the Peninsula campaign of the American Civil War."}], "Q2558843": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The external inspiration was the independence of thirteen British colonies in North America following the American Revolutionary War, a development that impressed the intellectual elite of particularly the captaincy of Minas Gerais."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Conspirators seeking independence from Portugal planned to rise up in rebellion on the day that the derrama would be instituted."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the best known participants were Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, best known as \"Tiradentes\"; José Álvares Maciel, a philosopher and chemistry student; and lieutenant colonel Francisco de Paula Freire de Andrade (1756–1792) of the regiment of dragoons."}], "Q2563105": [{"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hephthalite–Gokturk raids of 614–616 were incursions by the Hephthalites and Gokturks into the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hephthalite–Gokturk raids of 614–616 were incursions by the Hephthalites and Gokturks into the Sasanian Empire."}], "Q2567468": [{"id": "Q57830", "label": "Frank Bainimarama", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fijian coup d'état of December 2006 was a coup d'état in Fiji carried out by Commodore Frank Bainimarama against Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase and President Josefa Iloilo."}, {"id": "Q316317", "label": "Josefa Iloilo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fijian coup d'état of December 2006 was a coup d'état in Fiji carried out by Commodore Frank Bainimarama against Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase and President Josefa Iloilo."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Australia and New Zealand condemned the coup, and several international organizations imposed penalties on Fiji."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Australia and New Zealand condemned the coup, and several international organizations imposed penalties on Fiji."}, {"id": "Q1396178", "label": "Winston Peters", "section": "Background", "says": "New Zealand's Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters invited Qarase to New Zealand in order to negotiate with Bainimarama."}], "Q2570407": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Muzayyah (Arabic: معركة المصيخ) was between the Muslim Arab army and the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persians decided to throw the Muslims back into the desert and regain the territories and the prestige which the Persian Empire had lost."}, {"id": "Q2542813", "label": "Battle of Ullais", "section": "Background", "says": "By now, Bahman had organised a new army, made up partly of the survivors of the Battle of Ullais, partly of veterans drawn from garrisons in other parts of the Empire, and partly of fresh recruits."}], "Q2586110": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bosnian Muslims widely shared the view that the military reform was the beginning of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and that after it collapses, the European Christians would persecute them to Damascus, which was seen as a sign of the last days."}], "Q2586933": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vučji Do was a major battle of the Montenegrin-Ottoman War of 1876-78 that took place on 18 July 1876 in Vučji Do, Montenegro, fought between the combined forces of Montenegrin and Eastern Herzegovinian tribes (battalions) against the Ottoman Army under Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha."}, {"id": "Q401411", "label": "Ahmed Muhtar Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vučji Do was a major battle of the Montenegrin-Ottoman War of 1876-78 that took place on 18 July 1876 in Vučji Do, Montenegro, fought between the combined forces of Montenegrin and Eastern Herzegovinian tribes (battalions) against the Ottoman Army under Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Uprising in Herzegovina continued, Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary proposed a two-month truce at the meeting held in mid-May."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time negotiations between the Serbian and Montenegrin governments result to the two declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876."}], "Q2590269": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cabanagem (Portuguese pronunciation: [kabaˈnaʒẽj]; 1835–1840) was a popular revolution and pro-separatist movement that occurred in the then province of Grão-Pará, Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During independence, Grão-Pará mobilized itself to expel reactionary forces which tried to reintegrate Brazil into the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Until 1822 Grão-Pará had been a separate viceroyalty from Brazil, reporting itself directly to Portugal; after Brazilian independence Grão-Pará decided to join Brazil."}, {"id": "Q939", "label": "Pedro I of Brazil", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1831 – a few months after the abdication of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil at Rio de Janeiro – a rebellion in the military garrison of Belém do Pará broke out, and Batista Campos was imprisoned as one of the implicated leaders."}], "Q2597051": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blackett Strait (Japanese:  ビラ・スタンモーア夜戦 (Battle of Vila–Stanmore)) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on 6 March 1943 in the Blackett Strait, between Kolombangara and Arundel Island in the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blackett Strait (Japanese:  ビラ・スタンモーア夜戦 (Battle of Vila–Stanmore)) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on 6 March 1943 in the Blackett Strait, between Kolombangara and Arundel Island in the Solomon Islands."}], "Q2599728": [{"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Niemen River was the second-largest battle of the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q142141", "label": "Mikhail Tukhachevsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Mikhail Tukhachevsky ordered a general retreat toward the Bug River, but by then he had lost contact with most of his forces near Warsaw, and all the Bolshevik plans had been thrown into disarray by communication failures."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Although successful, the Polish counter-attack in the battle of Warsaw created an awkward situation for Polish commander in chief Józef Piłsudski."}], "Q2600616": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories were  France, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Papal States and Spain, all of whom agreed not to attack one another and to come to the aid of any that were under attack."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories were  France, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Papal States and Spain, all of whom agreed not to attack one another and to come to the aid of any that were under attack."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Leo X originally called for a five-year peace while the monarchs of Europe helped him fight back the rising power of the Ottoman Empire, which was encroaching into the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Leo X originally called for a five-year peace while the monarchs of Europe helped him fight back the rising power of the Ottoman Empire, which was encroaching into the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Wolsey was very keen on instead making lasting peace and persuaded Henry VIII to avoid war and to take a more diplomatic route in foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q2445409", "label": "War of Ferrara", "section": "Background", "says": "Only the small War of Ferrara between the Republic of Venice and the Papal States for the control of Ferrara caused a temporary lapse in the peace."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "Only the small War of Ferrara between the Republic of Venice and the Papal States for the control of Ferrara caused a temporary lapse in the peace."}], "Q2602904": [{"id": "Q167782", "label": "Charles V of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cocherel was fought on 16 May 1364 between the forces of  Charles V of France and the forces of Charles II of Navarre (known as Charles the Bad) under the command of Bertrand du Guesclin, over the succession to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q43082", "label": "Charles II of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cocherel was fought on 16 May 1364 between the forces of  Charles V of France and the forces of Charles II of Navarre (known as Charles the Bad) under the command of Bertrand du Guesclin, over the succession to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q314905", "label": "Bertrand du Guesclin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cocherel was fought on 16 May 1364 between the forces of  Charles V of France and the forces of Charles II of Navarre (known as Charles the Bad) under the command of Bertrand du Guesclin, over the succession to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cocherel was fought on 16 May 1364 between the forces of  Charles V of France and the forces of Charles II of Navarre (known as Charles the Bad) under the command of Bertrand du Guesclin, over the succession to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q169992", "label": "John II of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1363 the Navarrese used the captivity of John II of France in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Although there was no formal treaty, Edward III of England supported the Navarrese moves, particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "Background", "says": "There had been a peace treaty known as the Treaty of Brétigny  in place between England and France since 1360."}], "Q2619606": [{"id": "Q853685", "label": "Treaty of Nöteborg", "section": "lead", "says": "A few years earlier, in 1323, Novgorod had settled its conflict with Sweden in the Treaty of Nöteborg."}, {"id": "Q316039", "label": "Haakon IV of Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "The first mention of an attempt to reach a mutual agreement is dated to 1250–1251, when Aleksandr Nevsky visited Haakon IV and concluded a peace treaty."}], "Q2627940": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterward, Cử escaped to Cambodia, but Quốc was arrested and imprisoned."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The media speculated that the United States would use the incident to justify the deployment of combat troops to South Vietnam; in the event, the U.S. remained circumspect."}], "Q2638505": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Hova Wars, also known as the Franco-Malagasy Wars, were two French military interventions in Madagascar between 1883 and 1896 that overthrew the ruling monarchy of the Merina Kingdom, and resulted in Madagascar becoming a French colony."}, {"id": "Q1071439", "label": "Merina Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Hova Wars, also known as the Franco-Malagasy Wars, were two French military interventions in Madagascar between 1883 and 1896 that overthrew the ruling monarchy of the Merina Kingdom, and resulted in Madagascar becoming a French colony."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning with the arrival of European powers to Madagascar, the United Kingdom and France both developed ambitions to control Madagascar, a rich island with strategic importance in regard to the sea passage to India."}, {"id": "Q525141", "label": "Radama I the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The first significant European influence in Imerina was the arrival of a handful of British missionaries in the capital of Antananarivo in 1820 during the reign of Radama I, who invited them to establish schools and teach the Merina free populace how to read."}, {"id": "Q169794", "label": "Ranavalona I", "section": "Background", "says": "Several years into the reign of Queen Ranavalona I, which began in 1828, the monarchy became increasingly disapproving of the growing popularity of the Christianity that the missionaries had introduced, and encouraged them to cease teaching religion while continuing to provide technical and vocational training to create a cadre of skilled craftsmen."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Several years into the reign of Queen Ranavalona I, which began in 1828, the monarchy became increasingly disapproving of the growing popularity of the Christianity that the missionaries had introduced, and encouraged them to cease teaching religion while continuing to provide technical and vocational training to create a cadre of skilled craftsmen."}], "Q2641750": [{"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Goose Green (Spanish: Batalla de Pradera del Ganso) was fought from the 28th to the 29th of May 1982 by British and Argentine forces during the Falklands War."}], "Q2664174": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kamdesh took place during the War in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q2890373", "label": "Battle of Wanat", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was the bloodiest battle for US forces since the Battle of Wanat in July 2008, which occurred 20 miles (32 km) away from Kamdesh."}], "Q2665461": [{"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "lead", "says": "Shapur I used Roman incursions into Armenia as pretext and resumed hostilities with the Romans."}], "Q2666515": [{"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans were led in person by Emperor Constantius II, while the Persian army was led by King Shapur II of Persia."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans were led in person by Emperor Constantius II, while the Persian army was led by King Shapur II of Persia."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When Shapur II, who ascended to the throne of the Sasanian Empire in 309 (at the time an unborn infant), came of age and took in hand the administration of his kingdom, he dedicated himself to a lifelong mission of restoring his country's military power, and avenging its recent defeats by the Romans and Saracens."}], "Q267339": [{"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grand Port was fought on 20–27 August 1810 between the British and French navies over the harbour of Grand Port, then in Isle de France, as part of the Mauritius campaign of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grand Port was fought on 20–27 August 1810 between the British and French navies over the harbour of Grand Port, then in Isle de France, as part of the Mauritius campaign of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q916562", "label": "Guy-Victor Duperré", "section": "lead", "says": "The position was seized by a British landing party on 13 August, and when a French squadron under Captain Guy-Victor Duperré approached the bay nine days later, the British squadron's commander, Captain Samuel Pym, decided to lure them into coastal waters where his forces could ambush them."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the French ships were also badly damaged in the exchange of gunfire, the battle was a disaster for the British: one ship was captured after suffering irreparable damage, the grounded ships were scuttled to prevent their capture by French boarding parties and the remaining frigate was seized as it left the harbour by the main French squadron from Port Napoleon under Commodore Jacques Hamel"}], "Q2717440": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Acosta Ñu (Guarani: Acosta Ñu ñorairõ), also known as the Children's Battle (Spanish: Batalla de los Niños) in Paraguay and the Battle of Campo Grande (Portuguese: Batalha de Campo Grande) in Brazil, took place on 16 August 1869."}, {"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major engagement of the Paraguayan War between the Triple Alliance and Paraguay."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "Background", "says": "Francisco Solano López, the Paraguayan president, refused to surrender and retreated to the hills, vowing to keep fighting to the end."}, {"id": "Q738679", "label": "Bernardino Caballero", "section": "Background", "says": "The Count of Eu and the main Allied troops advanced and took Caacupé on August 15, though López had already moved to Caraguatay, leaving Bernardino Caballero to guard the rear."}, {"id": "Q559950", "label": "Eusebio Ayala", "section": "Background", "says": "In an attempt to block the Paraguayan Army from retreating to Caraguatay, the Count of Eu sent a cavalry division to Barrero Grande (now Eusebio Ayala), while the 1st Corps pursued López."}], "Q2738355": [{"id": "Q36760", "label": "David IV of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuq invasions resulted in a severe crisis in the kingdom of Georgia, leaving several of its provinces depopulated and weakening the royal authority, until the tide was reversed by the military victories of King David IV (r."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seljuks made their first appearances in Georgia in the 1060s, when the Sultan Alp Arslan laid waste to the south-western provinces of the Georgian kingdom and reduced Kakheti."}], "Q2750389": [{"id": "Q368689", "label": "First Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mišar (Serbian: Бој на Мишару, romanized: Boj na Mišaru) was fought between Serbian revolutionaries and an Ottoman army, it took place from 13 to 15 August 1806 during the First Serbian Uprising."}, {"id": "Q315172", "label": "Karađorđe", "section": "lead", "says": "After repulsing an Ottoman force at Ivankovac, the year before, the Serbian insurgents under Karađorđe took strong position, entrenched in sconces on the field of Mišar Hill, near Šabac west of Belgrade."}], "Q2778755": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign (17 February 1915 – 9 January 1916) took place against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q25040984", "label": "Black Sea Raid", "section": "Background", "says": "Hostilities began on 28 October, when the Ottoman fleet, including Goeben and Breslau (flying the Ottoman flag and renamed Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli but still commanded by German officers and manned by German crews) conducted the Black Sea Raid."}], "Q27988133": [{"id": "Q27429856", "label": "Battle of Mosul", "section": "lead", "says": "The unexpected blitz offensive occurred concurrently with three major anti-ISIL offensives: the Turkish Western al-Bab offensive and Battle of al-Bab north of Aleppo, the Kurdish-Arab Raqqa campaign, and the Iraqi Battle of Mosul in Iraq, which saw all three gaining ground from the Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The unexpected blitz offensive occurred concurrently with three major anti-ISIL offensives: the Turkish Western al-Bab offensive and Battle of al-Bab north of Aleppo, the Kurdish-Arab Raqqa campaign, and the Iraqi Battle of Mosul in Iraq, which saw all three gaining ground from the Islamic State."}], "Q28136238": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the occupation period, the Indonesian government received diplomatic and military support from Australia and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During the occupation period, the Indonesian government received diplomatic and military support from Australia and the United States."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "A significant body of scholarship has concluded that Indonesia perpetrated genocide in East Timor."}, {"id": "Q2895498", "label": "Ben Kiernan", "section": "lead", "says": "Many scholars, including Ben Kiernan, who has documented the atrocities in detail, define the campaign as genocide."}], "Q282140": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The earthquake was strongly felt throughout the country, including the capital Belgrade, as well as in Bulgaria (damage was caused in Belogradchik) and Romania."}], "Q282940": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Serbia were also affected."}], "Q283015": [{"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Conquered by the English a few years earlier as a staging point for a planned invasion of southern France, the French attack recaptured the bridge and the town, providing a vital supply conduit for the summer offensive in the north and the coronation of King Charles VII of France."}, {"id": "Q392213", "label": "Siege of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "The Siege of Orléans."}, {"id": "Q600016", "label": "Battle of Jargeau", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Jargeau."}, {"id": "Q1618756", "label": "Battle of Meung-sur-Loire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Meung-sur-Loire."}, {"id": "Q648535", "label": "Battle of Patay", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Patay."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "Background", "says": "At the risk of royal disfavor Joan of Arc accepted this aid."}], "Q28842978": [{"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2017 Belarusian protests were a series of demonstrations and street protests against President Alexander Lukashenko that broke out in late February 2017."}], "Q2885880": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1990 Luzon earthquake occurred on July 16 at 4:26 p.m. (PHDT) on the densely populated island of Luzon in the Philippines."}], "Q2888122": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Basra became a center of smuggling activity in Iraq, including cigarette smuggling, opium from Afghanistan via Iran, oil and gas smuggling, illegal weapons, and other criminal rackets."}, {"id": "Q892014", "label": "Qasem Soleimani", "section": "Background", "says": "General Qasem Soleimani of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) ordered this truce."}], "Q2888162": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between Greek and Ottoman forces during the last stages of the First Balkan War, and revolved around the forts of Bizani, which covered the approaches to Ioannina, the largest city in the region."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the campaign in Macedonia was over, many Greek troops were redeployed to Epirus, where Crown Prince Constantine himself assumed command."}], "Q2888258": [{"id": "Q697842", "label": "Invasion of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1941 Treaties of Rome were a series of treaties concluded by the Kingdom of Italy and the collaborationist Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) on 18 May 1941, following the Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1941 Treaties of Rome were a series of treaties concluded by the Kingdom of Italy and the collaborationist Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) on 18 May 1941, following the Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, the treaties established that the NDH's Ustaše regime, led by Ante Pavelić, would offer the position of the King of Croatia to a member of the House of Savoy, as appointed by Victor Emmanuel III."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, the treaties established that the NDH's Ustaše regime, led by Ante Pavelić, would offer the position of the King of Croatia to a member of the House of Savoy, as appointed by Victor Emmanuel III."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties, and further agreements based upon them, created resentment by the Croats, regardless of their position towards the regime, and contributed to an increasingly successful uprising against Axis occupation led by the Yugoslav Partisans."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "This policy facilitated the Partisans' withdrawal after defeats in Montenegro and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, and establishment of the Bihać Republic in November 1942."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "This policy facilitated the Partisans' withdrawal after defeats in Montenegro and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, and establishment of the Bihać Republic in November 1942."}, {"id": "Q112416", "label": "Edmund Glaise-Horstenau", "section": "Background", "says": "By 22 April, Germany posted Edmund Glaise-Horstenau as plenipotentiary general of the NDH, and Siegfried Kasche as its envoy, while Italy dispatched Raffaele Casertano as its special representative to Zagreb."}, {"id": "Q215947", "label": "Siegfried Kasche", "section": "Background", "says": "By 22 April, Germany posted Edmund Glaise-Horstenau as plenipotentiary general of the NDH, and Siegfried Kasche as its envoy, while Italy dispatched Raffaele Casertano as its special representative to Zagreb."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Hitler reversed his initial decision to leave Bosnia and Herzegovina to Italy, and foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Galeazzo Ciano met in Vienna on 21–22 April to establish a demarcation line, splitting the NDH approximately down the middle from northwest to southeast."}, {"id": "Q220105", "label": "Galeazzo Ciano", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Hitler reversed his initial decision to leave Bosnia and Herzegovina to Italy, and foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Galeazzo Ciano met in Vienna on 21–22 April to establish a demarcation line, splitting the NDH approximately down the middle from northwest to southeast."}], "Q2888407": [{"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Derna at Derna, Cyrenaica, was a military engagement in April–May 1805 of a mercenary army recruited and led by United States Marines under the command of U.S."}, {"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Derna and the broader First Barbary War highlighted the challenges faced by the United States in dealing with piracy and asserting its interests in the Mediterranean during the early years of its existence as a nation."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Derna and the broader First Barbary War highlighted the challenges faced by the United States in dealing with piracy and asserting its interests in the Mediterranean during the early years of its existence as a nation."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "Background", "says": "Eaton had been granted permission from the United States government and President Thomas Jefferson to back the claim of Hamet Karamanli, the rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q2622048", "label": "Yusuf Karamanli", "section": "Background", "says": "Hamet had been deposed by his younger brother Yusuf Karamanli, who had assassinated their older brother by shooting him in front of their mother."}], "Q2888423": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Domokos (Turkish: Dömeke muharebesi) took place between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Domokos (Turkish: Dömeke muharebesi) took place between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece."}, {"id": "Q2749858", "label": "Edhem Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of the Ottoman army at Elassona (Turkish: Alasonya) was Edhem Pasha (later gained the title Gazi) ."}, {"id": "Q1236827", "label": "Ricciotti Garibaldi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman army in Domokos was 45,000 strong and the Greek army was 40,000 strong   The Greek side also had 2000 Italian irregulars under the command of Ricciotti Garibaldi."}], "Q2888462": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Drăgășani (or Dragashani) was fought on 19 June 1821 in Drăgășani, Wallachia, between the Ottoman forces of Sultan Mahmud II and the Greek Filiki Etaireia insurgents as a part of the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "Ypsilantis, a general in the Russian Army and aide-de-camp to Tsar Alexander I, had hoped that his actions would cause the Russian Empire to intervene on behalf of the Greek insurgents, but the Emperor, a leading proponent of the Concert of Europe, disavowed any relation with him and effectively gave the Ottomans the \"green light\" to march into the Principalities to deal with the insurrection."}, {"id": "Q359108", "label": "Tudor Vladimirescu", "section": "Context", "says": "At the same time, Ypsilantis clashed with the Wallachian Pandur leader Tudor Vladimirescu, who was ultimately tortured and killed by the Etaireia, causing the Wallachian rebel troops to withdraw from the conflict."}], "Q2888583": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Oswego was one in a series of early French victories in the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War won in spite of New France's military vulnerability."}], "Q2888946": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1689, he began the Williamite War in Ireland, with a simultaneous revolt led by Dundee, previously his military commander in Scotland."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "Background", "says": "Memories of the 1638-to-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant many feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', and refused to support either the Monmouth Rebellion or Argyll's Rising in June 1685."}, {"id": "Q1940446", "label": "Monmouth Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "Memories of the 1638-to-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant many feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', and refused to support either the Monmouth Rebellion or Argyll's Rising in June 1685."}], "Q2888966": [{"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krasos took place during the Arab–Byzantine Wars in August 804, between the Byzantines under Emperor Nikephoros I (r."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Nikephoros' accession in 802 resulted in a resumption of warfare between Byzantium and the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q206737", "label": "Irene of Athens", "section": "Background", "says": "The deposition of Empress Irene of Athens (r."}], "Q2889462": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Najaf a battle during the Iraq War between United States-Iraqi government forces and the Shia insurgent Mahdi Army led by Muqtada al-Sadr in the Iraqi city of Najaf in April 2004 and conflict began again in August 2004."}], "Q2889635": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poljana took place outside of Poljana, near the town of Prevalje in Yugoslavia (modern-day Slovenia) between the Yugoslav Army and a column of 30,000 retreating Axis soldiers, which consisted of the German Wehrmacht, the Croatian Armed Forces (which consisted of Home Guard and Ustaše soldiers), the Montenegrin People's Army (which was of former Chetniks and survivors of the Battle of"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was one of the last confrontations of World War II in Europe taking place on 14 and 15 May 1945, 6 days after Germany unconditionally capitulated."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Yugoslavia was invaded by Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria on 6 April 1941."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "Background", "says": "The Italians and Germans supported the proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), a puppet state led by dictator Ante Pavelić who was also the leader of the ultranationalist Ustaše movement."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "The country was founded on the territories of modern-day Croatia and all of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "Background", "says": "However, two main forms of opposition emerged in importance and size, the Serbian monarchist Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović and the multi-ethnic communist Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "However, two main forms of opposition emerged in importance and size, the Serbian monarchist Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović and the multi-ethnic communist Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q1263175", "label": "Mladen Lorković", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lorković-Vokić plot was discovered before it could be carried out and resulted in the imprisonment and execution of conspirators Mladen Lorković and Ante Vokić, as well as those involved with the planning."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Partisans began approaching the capital of Zagreb, the government of the Independent State of Croatia began preparations to flee the country."}], "Q2889946": [{"id": "Q3556730", "label": "Hasan Tahsin Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle fought between Greek forces under Crown Prince Constantine and Ottoman forces under General Hasan Tahsin Pasha during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle fought between Greek forces under Crown Prince Constantine and Ottoman forces under General Hasan Tahsin Pasha during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle began when the Greek army attacked the Ottoman defensive line at the Sarantaporo pass, which connected Thessaly with central Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle began when the Greek army attacked the Ottoman defensive line at the Sarantaporo pass, which connected Thessaly with central Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the conclusion of the Greek War of Independence, the Megali Idea (Great Idea) ideology came to dominate Greek foreign policy."}, {"id": "Q657055", "label": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897", "section": "Background", "says": "The disastrous Greek defeat in the short Greco-Turkish War of 1897 exposed major flaws in the Greek Army's organization, training and logistics."}, {"id": "Q708300", "label": "Georgios Theotokis", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon his appointment in December 1905, Georgios Theotokis became the first postwar Greek prime minister to focus his attention on strengthening the army."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Rather than taking power for themselves, the putschists invited Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos to rule the country."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty was signed on 15 July 1912, with the two countries agreeing to assist each other in case of a defensive war and to safeguard the rights of Christian populations in Ottoman-held Macedonia, thus joining the loose Balkan League alliance with Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty was signed on 15 July 1912, with the two countries agreeing to assist each other in case of a defensive war and to safeguard the rights of Christian populations in Ottoman-held Macedonia, thus joining the loose Balkan League alliance with Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q57760", "label": "Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Considered to be nearly impenetrable it was dubbed \"the graveyard of the Greek Army\" by the Prussian Field Marshal Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz."}], "Q2890741": [{"id": "Q644960", "label": "Battle of the Boyne", "section": "Background", "says": "The violence arose out of the yearly Orange Order marches commemorating the Battle of the Boyne."}], "Q2890774": [{"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Saw was the culminating battle of a campaign fought between a Carthaginian army led by Hamilcar Barca and a rebel force led by Spendius in 238 BC in what is now northern Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage was fighting a coalition of mutinous soldiers and rebellious African cities in the Mercenary War which had started in 241 BC."}, {"id": "Q1132393", "label": "Mercenary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage was fighting a coalition of mutinous soldiers and rebellious African cities in the Mercenary War which had started in 241 BC."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Provisions, money and reinforcements poured in; eventually another 70,000 men joined the anti-Carthaginian movement, according to the ancient historian Polybius, although many would have been tied down in garrisoning their home towns against Carthaginian retribution."}], "Q2890968": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for Australia is a contested historiographical term used to claim a coordinated link between a series of battles near Australia during the Pacific War of the Second World War alleged to be in preparation for a Japanese invasion of the continent."}], "Q2915021": [{"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation is named after Ezra and Nehemiah, who led groups of Jews from exile in Babylonia to return to Judea in the 5th century BC, as written in the books of the Hebrew Bible that bear their names."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "With the affirmation of the 1947 Partition Plan for Palestine, and Israeli Independence in 1948, the Jews began to feel that their lives were in danger. \"Immediately after the establishment of the State of Israel, the Iraqi government adopted a policy of anti-Jewish discrimination, mass dismissals from government service, and arrests.\" Jews working in government jobs were dismissed, and hundreds w"}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Iraqi government took in only 4,000 of the 246,000 Palestinians who left the country during the 1948–49 war, and refused to submit to American and British pressure to admit more."}], "Q500395": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cornish rebellion of 1497 (Cornish: Rebellyans Kernow), also known as the First Cornish rebellion, was a popular uprising in the Kingdom of England, which began in Cornwall and culminated with the Battle of Deptford Bridge near London on 17 June 1497."}, {"id": "Q549757", "label": "Perkin Warbeck", "section": "lead", "says": "It may have led Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne, to choose Cornwall as his base later in the year for another attempt to overthrow Henry VII: an episode known as the Second Cornish uprising of 1497."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The privileges, which included exemption from certain royal and local taxes, had been granted by  Edward I in 1305."}, {"id": "Q137906", "label": "James IV of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "Being threatened in 1496 with invasion by James IV of Scotland and the pretender Perkin Warbeck, Henry VII levied an extraordinary series of financial demands on his subjects: a forced loan in late 1496, and in early 1497 a double portion of fifteenths and tenths taxation and a special subsidy levy."}], "Q510943": [{"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Preston was fought on 17 August 1648 during the Second English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "A Parliamentarian army commanded by Lieutenant General Oliver Cromwell attacked a considerably larger force of Royalists under James Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton, near the Lancashire town of Preston; the Royalists were defeated with heavy losses."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First English Civil War between Royalist supporters of Charles I and an alliance of Parliamentarian and Scottish forces ended in 1646 with Charles defeated and imprisoned."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles I, king of Scotland and England in a personal union, went to war with his Scottish subjects in the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640."}], "Q541362": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lutterberg took place on 10 October 1758 during the Seven Years' War between a French force of 42,000 commanded by Charles, Prince of Soubise and a much smaller Anglo-German force commanded by General Christoph Ludwig von Oberg."}, {"id": "Q658916", "label": "Charles, Prince of Soubise", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lutterberg took place on 10 October 1758 during the Seven Years' War between a French force of 42,000 commanded by Charles, Prince of Soubise and a much smaller Anglo-German force commanded by General Christoph Ludwig von Oberg."}], "Q5420967": [{"id": "Q1111042", "label": "Usama ibn Zayd", "section": "lead", "says": "The Expedition of Usama bin Zayd was a military expedition of the early Muslim Caliphate led by Usama ibn Zayd that took place in June 632, in which Muslim forces raided Byzantine Syria."}, {"id": "Q1639459", "label": "Battle of Mu'tah", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition came three years after the Battle of Mu'tah."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Islamic prophet Muhammad appointed Usama ibn Zayd as the commander of an expeditionary force which was to invade the region of Balqa in the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Islamic prophet Muhammad appointed Usama ibn Zayd as the commander of an expeditionary force which was to invade the region of Balqa in the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "Background", "says": "In Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the Muslims' attempt to take retribution against the Ghassanids after a Ghassanid official executed Muhammad's emissary who was en route to Bosra."}], "Q543028": [{"id": "Q739669", "label": "Black Kettle", "section": "lead", "says": "Black Kettle and his people had been at peace and were seeking peace."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty, they were – according to the final treaty text as affirmed by Congress – required to move south from present-day Kansas and Colorado to a new reservation in Indian Territory (modern Oklahoma)."}], "Q543048": [{"id": "Q3884054", "label": "Adriatic Campaign of World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bombardment of Ancona was a naval engagement of the Adriatic Campaign of World War I between the navies of Italy and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bombardment of Ancona was a naval engagement of the Adriatic Campaign of World War I between the navies of Italy and Austria-Hungary."}], "Q547651": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bazeilles was fought on 1 September 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War as a portion of the larger Battle of Sedan and was one of the first battles to feature modern urban warfare tactics."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was, in effect, an ambush of the Bavarians (who were allies of the Prussians), by a small detachment of the \"Blue Division\" Troupes de marine (known also as marsouins), under the command of Élie de Vassoigne."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "Although outnumbered ten to one, the French held the village until Napoleon III gave orders to withdraw."}], "Q551428": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande on 28 November 1870 took place during the Franco-Prussian War, which was won by Prussia."}, {"id": "Q62653", "label": "Constantin von Alvensleben", "section": "Background", "says": "The nearest reinforcements were ten miles away at Pithiviers under General Constantin von Alvensleben."}], "Q553024": [{"id": "Q4120277", "label": "Second Samoan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripartite Convention of 1899 concluded the Second Samoan Civil War, resulting in the formal partition of the Samoan archipelago into a German colony and a United States territory."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripartite Convention of 1899 concluded the Second Samoan Civil War, resulting in the formal partition of the Samoan archipelago into a German colony and a United States territory."}], "Q560410": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Trio (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Operacija Trio) was the first large-scale joint German-Italian counter-insurgency operation of World War II conducted in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which included modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Trio (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Operacija Trio) was the first large-scale joint German-Italian counter-insurgency operation of World War II conducted in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which included modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "These included the communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and Serb nationalist Chetniks."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The joint Italian-Chetnik offensive in Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina formed the other element."}, {"id": "Q717127", "label": "Seven Enemy Offensives", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Enemy Offensive forms part of the Seven Enemy Offensives framework in Yugoslav historiography."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Trio, the Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito, his Supreme Headquarters and the Partisan main force, consisting of the 1st and 2nd proletarian brigades, withdrew from their base of operations around Foča."}, {"id": "Q558137", "label": "Operation Southeast Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1942, the Romanija detachment had borne the brunt of Operation Southeast Croatia and had been effectively destroyed."}, {"id": "Q701914", "label": "Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "Many had withdrawn across the Drina river  into the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia to avoid engagement with German and NDH forces."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "These \"volunteer detachments\" were under the control of the supreme headquarters of the renamed People's Liberation Partisan and Volunteer Army of Yugoslavia, and were established from former Chetnik-aligned fighters as the Jahorina, Foča, Vlasenica, Srebrenica and Krajina volunteer detachments."}, {"id": "Q167443", "label": "Milan Nedić", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1942, Major Jezdimir Dangić and other former Royal Yugoslav Army officers (many of whom had allegiance to the Serbian puppet regime of Milan Nedić or Draža Mihailović) entered eastern Bosnia from occupied Serbia, where some of them had withdrawn to avoid Operation Southeast Croatia."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1942, Major Jezdimir Dangić and other former Royal Yugoslav Army officers (many of whom had allegiance to the Serbian puppet regime of Milan Nedić or Draža Mihailović) entered eastern Bosnia from occupied Serbia, where some of them had withdrawn to avoid Operation Southeast Croatia."}], "Q561899": [{"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was planned by Georgy Zhukov in the wake of the successful Operation Iskra and envisaged two separate encirclements."}, {"id": "Q233278", "label": "Operation Spark", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was planned by Georgy Zhukov in the wake of the successful Operation Iskra and envisaged two separate encirclements."}], "Q567787": [{"id": "Q190882", "label": "Phoney War", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the end of the \"Phoney War\" and the beginning of World War II in Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the end of the \"Phoney War\" and the beginning of World War II in Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q154927", "label": "Haakon VII of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "A small fleet of the Nazi German navy (the Kriegsmarine) led by the heavy cruiser Blücher was dispatched up the Oslofjord to begin the German invasion of Norway, to seize the Norwegian capital Oslo and capture King Haakon VII and his government."}], "Q570919": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Coulmiers was fought on 9 November 1870 between French and Bavarian forces during the Franco-Prussian War, ending in French victory."}], "Q571556": [{"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Füssen (German: Frieden von Füssen) was a peace treaty signed at Füssen, between the Electorate of Bavaria and Habsburg Austria."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 22 April 1745, it ended the participation of Bavaria on the French side in the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "On the same day as his coronation in Frankfurt, however, Austrian troops occupied Bavaria and Hungarian hussars plundered Munich and the Bavarians were forced also to evacuate Bohemia which they had occupied for a few months."}, {"id": "Q57841", "label": "Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "When Charles VII died in Munich on 20 January 1745, his successor as Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian III Joseph, signed a preliminary peace with Austria."}, {"id": "Q663502", "label": "Battle of Pfaffenhofen", "section": "Background", "says": "After the decisive defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April, Maximilian Joseph chose for peace."}], "Q706392": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) is a free trade agreement (FTA) between the governments of the People's Republic of China (mainland China, PRC, commonly \"China\") and the Republic of China (ROC, commonly \"Taiwan\"), that aims to reduce tariffs and commercial barriers as well as improve cross-strait relations."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact was signed on June 29, 2010, in Chongqing, and was seen as the most significant agreement since the two sides split after the Chinese Civil War in 1949, since neither governments recognize the other as being the sole government of China."}, {"id": "Q3847080", "label": "Lai Ching-te", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 2024, following the inauguration of Lai Ching-te, the PRC suspended preferential tariff arrangements on 134 items under the ECFA."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "The ECFA has been compared with the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements mainland China signed with the Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong and Macau."}], "Q706535": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the massacre, 60,000 workers started a strike in Lille — one of the most important demonstrations in France during World War II under German occupation."}], "Q7105514": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Osage Indian murders was a serial killing event that took place in Osage County, Oklahoma, United States, during the 1910s–1930s."}], "Q714979": [{"id": "Q64307", "label": "Kurt Feldt", "section": "lead", "says": "To facilitate an attack from the north, Wehrmacht elements commanded by General Kurt Feldt first needed to cross the Afsluitdijk, a 32-kilometer-long (20 mi) causeway and dike connecting the country's northern provinces to its western province of North Holland and ultimately to Amsterdam and beyond."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 as part of Fall Gelb, simultaneously invading Belgium and France through the Ardennes."}], "Q716750": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maastricht was one of the first battles that took place during the German Campaign on the Western Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In May 1940, the German Army executed Fall Gelb, the plan for the conquest of the Low Countries to gain a base for air-attacks on the United Kingdom and a possible continued offensive to occupy the whole of France, the so-called Fall Rot."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By March 1940, the General staff had accepted a proposal by Erich von Manstein to let the smaller Army Group B lure the best French and British divisions into central Belgium in order to have them cut off by a surprise advance through the difficult terrain of the Ardennes by the larger Army Group A."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To this end Adolf Hitler personally devised a commando operation to land with twelve glider planes on the top of the fort complex and penetrate with heavy hollow charges the cannon turrets."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This strategic position was the main reason the city became part of the Dutch Republic in the first place when it was captured in 1632 by stadtholder Frederick Henry, prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the Belgian Revolution of 1830, the garrison remained loyal to the Kingdom of Netherlands."}], "Q717505": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xinkou (simplified Chinese: 忻口会战; traditional Chinese: 忻口會戰; pinyin: Xīnkǒu Huìzhàn) was a decisive engagement of the Taiyuan Campaign, the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q699698", "label": "Yen Hsi-shan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Commander of the 2nd War Zone, Yan Xishan, ordered Chinese troops to retreat and set up a defense line in Niangziguan and Pingxingguan."}, {"id": "Q315475", "label": "Lin Biao", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even after the Eighth Route Army led by Lin Biao successfully ambushed the Japanese at the Battle of Pingxingguan, the Chinese defenders suffered heavy casualties under Japanese artillery and tank assaults and were forced to retreat to Wutaishan to set up another defense line at Xinkou."}, {"id": "Q709396", "label": "Battle of Pingxingguan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even after the Eighth Route Army led by Lin Biao successfully ambushed the Japanese at the Battle of Pingxingguan, the Chinese defenders suffered heavy casualties under Japanese artillery and tank assaults and were forced to retreat to Wutaishan to set up another defense line at Xinkou."}], "Q717561": [{"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation I-Go (い号作戦, I-Go sakusen) was an aerial counter-offensive launched by Imperial Japanese forces against Allied forces during the Solomon Islands and New Guinea campaigns in the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation I-Go (い号作戦, I-Go sakusen) was an aerial counter-offensive launched by Imperial Japanese forces against Allied forces during the Solomon Islands and New Guinea campaigns in the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q152325", "label": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place from 1–16 April 1943, Japanese aircraft—primarily from Imperial Japanese Navy units under the command of Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto and Jinichi Kusaka—attacked Allied ships, aircraft, and land installations in the southeast Solomon Islands and New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q1573496", "label": "Jinichi Kusaka", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place from 1–16 April 1943, Japanese aircraft—primarily from Imperial Japanese Navy units under the command of Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto and Jinichi Kusaka—attacked Allied ships, aircraft, and land installations in the southeast Solomon Islands and New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q1753578", "label": "Battle of the Bismarck Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "In early March 1943, the Japanese suffered heavy losses at the hands of Allied aircraft during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea."}], "Q722051": [{"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Ashanti wars were a series of five conflicts that took place between 1824 and 1900 between the Ashanti Empire—in the Akan interior of the Gold Coast—and the British Empire and its African allies."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Ashanti wars were a series of five conflicts that took place between 1824 and 1900 between the Ashanti Empire—in the Akan interior of the Gold Coast—and the British Empire and its African allies."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Ashanti wars were a series of five conflicts that took place between 1824 and 1900 between the Ashanti Empire—in the Akan interior of the Gold Coast—and the British Empire and its African allies."}], "Q7318712": [{"id": "Q184928", "label": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "A major part of the Russian Revolution of 1905 took place in the Russian Partition of Poland and lasted until 1907 (see Congress Poland and Privislinsky Krai)."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "A major part of the Russian Revolution of 1905 took place in the Russian Partition of Poland and lasted until 1907 (see Congress Poland and Privislinsky Krai)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Some Polish historians even consider the events of that period a fourth Polish uprising against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Worsening economic conditions (the recession of 1901-1903) contributed to mounting political tensions in the Russian Empire, including Poland; the economy of the Kingdom of Poland was also being significantly hit by the aftershocks of the Russo-Japanese War; by late 1904 over 100,000 Polish workers had lost their jobs."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "News and attitudes of the 1905 Russian Revolution quickly spread from Saint Petersburg (where demonstrators were massacred on January 22) across the Russian Empire and into Russian-controlled Poland."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Background", "says": "The wing of the Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) that was loyal to Józef Piłsudski believed that Poles must show their determination to regain independence through active, violent protests against the Russians."}], "Q7443083": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The second battle of Dongola or siege of Dongola was a military engagement between early Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Nubian-Christian forces of the kingdom of Makuria in 652."}], "Q748219": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brandy Station, also called the Battle of Fleetwood Hill, was the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the American Civil War, as well as the largest ever to take place on American soil."}, {"id": "Q2520510", "label": "Alfred Pleasonton", "section": "lead", "says": "Alfred Pleasonton against Maj."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Background", "says": "James Longstreet and Richard S."}], "Q7510393": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Seville (July 1247 – November 1248) was a 16-month successful investment during the Reconquista of Seville by forces of Ferdinand III of Castile."}, {"id": "Q243122", "label": "Ferdinand III of Castille", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Seville (July 1247 – November 1248) was a 16-month successful investment during the Reconquista of Seville by forces of Ferdinand III of Castile."}], "Q759835": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil wars of the Tetrarchy were a series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting from 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD."}, {"id": "Q182070", "label": "Maxentius", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil wars of the Tetrarchy were a series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting from 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD."}, {"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil wars of the Tetrarchy were a series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting from 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tetrarchy was the administrative division of the Roman Empire instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tetrarchy was the administrative division of the Roman Empire instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q46768", "label": "Maximian", "section": "Background", "says": "The first phase, sometimes referred to as the Diarchy (\"the rule of two\"), involved the designation of the general Maximian as co-emperor – firstly as Caesar (junior emperor) in 285, followed by his promotion to Augustus in 286."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "The first phase, sometimes referred to as the Diarchy (\"the rule of two\"), involved the designation of the general Maximian as co-emperor – firstly as Caesar (junior emperor) in 285, followed by his promotion to Augustus in 286."}, {"id": "Q172168", "label": "Galerius", "section": "Background", "says": "In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two Caesars (one responsible to each Augustus) – Galerius and Constantius Chlorus."}, {"id": "Q131195", "label": "Constantius Chlorus", "section": "Background", "says": "In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two Caesars (one responsible to each Augustus) – Galerius and Constantius Chlorus."}, {"id": "Q189095", "label": "Maximinus Daza", "section": "Background", "says": "They in turn appointed two new Caesars, Severus in the west under Constantius, and Maximinus Daza in the east under Galerius."}], "Q761009": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros took place during the Napoleonic Wars, on 10 and 11 November 1808 at the village of Espinosa de los Monteros in the Cantabrian Mountains."}, {"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dos de Mayo Uprising had put Iberia in revolt against French rule."}], "Q765175": [{"id": "Q3556730", "label": "Hasan Tahsin Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yenidje, also transliterated as Yenice (Greek: Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών, Battle of Giannitsa), was a major battle between Greek forces under Crown Prince Constantine and Ottoman forces under General Hasan Tahsin Pasha and took place between October 19–20 (O.S.), 1912 during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yenidje, also transliterated as Yenice (Greek: Μάχη των Γιαννιτσών, Battle of Giannitsa), was a major battle between Greek forces under Crown Prince Constantine and Ottoman forces under General Hasan Tahsin Pasha and took place between October 19–20 (O.S.), 1912 during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "During 1912, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro joined in a Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "During 1912, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro joined in a Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During 1912, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro joined in a Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek Army of Thessaly crossed into Ottoman territory in the early morning hours of 5 October, finding most border posts to be abandoned."}], "Q766072": [{"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Órbigo, also known as the Battle of the Urbicus and the Battle of Campus Paramus took place in 456 when the Visigoths of Theodoric II defeated the Suevi Kingdom and sacked their capital Braga."}, {"id": "Q195443", "label": "Theodoric II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Órbigo, also known as the Battle of the Urbicus and the Battle of Campus Paramus took place in 456 when the Visigoths of Theodoric II defeated the Suevi Kingdom and sacked their capital Braga."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Emperor Avitus requested his allies the Visigoths of Theodoric II and the Burgundians of Gondiloc and Chilperic to attack the Suebi for him."}, {"id": "Q221465", "label": "Hydatius", "section": "lead", "says": "Rechiar was injured during the battle, but according to Hydatius he managed to flee to Portuscale (today Porto) in the heart of his kingdom."}], "Q77929275": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the eruption, investigations resulted in WorkSafe New Zealand charging the owners of the island and multiple tour operators as well as government and scientific agencies under the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 for failing to ensure the health and safety of workers and others."}], "Q902181": [{"id": "Q171416", "label": "Battle of Trafalgar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Ortegal was the final action of the Trafalgar campaign, and was fought between a squadron of the Royal Navy and a remnant of the fleet that had been defeated earlier at the Battle of Trafalgar."}], "Q904495": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Luxembourg was a siege by France of the Habsburg-held Fortress of Luxembourg that lasted from 1794 until 7 June 1795, during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q310767", "label": "Lazare Carnot", "section": "lead", "says": "Luxembourg's long defence led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg \"the best [fortress] in the world, except Gibraltar\", giving rise to the city's nickname 'the Gibraltar of the North'."}], "Q904938": [{"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gorjani (Croatian: Bitka kod Gorjana, German: Schlacht bei Gorjani) or Battle of Đakovo (Hungarian: Diakovári csata) was fought on 9 October 1537 at Gorjani, a place in Slavonia (today in eastern Croatia), between the towns of Đakovo and Valpovo, as part of the Little War in Hungary as well as the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War."}, {"id": "Q3502774", "label": "Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gorjani (Croatian: Bitka kod Gorjana, German: Schlacht bei Gorjani) or Battle of Đakovo (Hungarian: Diakovári csata) was fought on 9 October 1537 at Gorjani, a place in Slavonia (today in eastern Croatia), between the towns of Đakovo and Valpovo, as part of the Little War in Hungary as well as the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "After seven years of war and the failed Siege of Vienna in 1529, the Treaty of Konstantiniyye was signed, in which John Zápolya was recognized by the Austrians as King of Hungary as an Ottoman vassal, and the Ottomans recognized Habsburg rule over Royal Hungary."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "This treaty satisfied neither John Zápolya nor Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, whose armies began to skirmish along the borders."}], "Q909396": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The New Fourth Army Incident (Chinese: 新四軍事件), also known as the South Anhui Incident or Wannan Incident (Chinese: 皖南事變), occurred in China in January 1941 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Chinese Civil War was in theory suspended, uniting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Nationalists under a United Front against the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The New Fourth Army Incident (Chinese: 新四軍事件), also known as the South Anhui Incident or Wannan Incident (Chinese: 皖南事變), occurred in China in January 1941 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Chinese Civil War was in theory suspended, uniting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Nationalists under a United Front against the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Causes", "says": "For PRC historians the incident began in December 1940, when Chiang Kai-shek ordered Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army to withdraw from Anhui and Jiangsu to the north of the old Yellow River track in a month."}], "Q919922": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mallorca, also known as the Mallorca Landings, was an amphibious landing of Republican forces in 1936, early in the Spanish Civil War, aimed at driving the Nationalists from Mallorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic."}], "Q921174": [{"id": "Q878102", "label": "Operation Odyssey Dawn", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States' counterpart to this was Operation Odyssey Dawn, the Canadian counterpart was Operation Mobile and the British counterpart was Operation Ellamy."}, {"id": "Q1316080", "label": "Operation Mobile", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States' counterpart to this was Operation Odyssey Dawn, the Canadian counterpart was Operation Mobile and the British counterpart was Operation Ellamy."}, {"id": "Q1316065", "label": "Operation Ellamy", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States' counterpart to this was Operation Odyssey Dawn, the Canadian counterpart was Operation Mobile and the British counterpart was Operation Ellamy."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The no-fly zone was proposed during the Libyan Civil War to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on anti-Gaddafi forces."}], "Q92987578": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongols launched a campaign against the Nizari Ismaili state in 1253 after the invading the Khwarazmian Empire and a series of Nizari–Mongol conflicts."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign against the Nizaris and later the Abbasid Caliphate was intended to establish a new khanate in the region—the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign against the Nizaris and later the Abbasid Caliphate was intended to establish a new khanate in the region—the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q403910", "label": "Ala al-Din Muhammad III", "section": "lead", "says": "Hülegü's campaign began with attacks on strongholds in Quhistan and Qumis amidst intensified internal dissensions among Nizari leaders under Imam Muhammad III of Alamut whose policy was to fight against the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Möngke Khan later ordered a general massacre of all Nizaris, including Khurshah and his family."}], "Q934807": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventh Battle of the Isonzo was fought from 14 to 17 September 1916 between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q769906", "label": "Sixth Battle of the Isonzo", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the Italian successes during the Trentino Offensive and the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo in the spring of 1916."}], "Q9377266": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alexandrian war, also called the Alexandrine war, was a phase of Caesar's civil war in which Julius Caesar involved himself in an Egyptian dynastic struggle."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "Caesar attempted to mediate a succession dispute between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII and exact repayment of certain Egyptian debts."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "After Caesar's successful invasion of Macedonia and victory at Pharsalus in 48 BC, he put Pompey to flight across the Mediterranean."}], "Q937828": [{"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund III Vasa, who had discreetly supported the Dmitry from the beginning, had no intention of abiding by the concluded treaty, which was evidenced by the arrival in August 1608 in the camp of the second Dmitry of a faithful supporter of the king, the starost Jan Piotr Sapieha, who was the cousin of the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania Lev Sapieha."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Eventually, Vasily Shuisky concluded an alliance treaty with Sweden in February 1609, soon after the treaty with the Swedes, he began to make territorial claims against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and assumed the provocative title of Duke of Polotsk, although Polotsk belonged to Lithuania again after the Batory wars."}, {"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund III Vasa, who had already decided to go to war with Russia in August 1608 and for this reason sought the support of Field Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who, in view of the vacancy in the position of Grand Hetman, was the supreme military commander in the Crown after the King."}, {"id": "Q132711", "label": "Paul V", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Pope Paul V declared an indulgence and jubilee for the royal victory."}], "Q938724": [{"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Goito was fought between the Piedmontese and the Austrian army on 30 May 1848, in the course of the First Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q623164", "label": "Five Days of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "Having evacuated Milan after the Five Days of Milan on 22 March 1848, field marshal Radetzky regrouped his forces in the Quadrilatero, composed of the four supporting fortresses of Peschiera, Mantua, Verona and Legnago."}], "Q938980": [{"id": "Q312775", "label": "Samuel Aba", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter Orseolo, who had been deposed by Samuel Aba in 1041, returned with the assistance of Emperor Henry III, and invaded Hungary in June 1044."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hungary was made a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire, though it was not to remain so for long."}], "Q939845": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Augusta took place near Augusta, Sicily on 22 April 1676 during the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q329966", "label": "Abraham Duquesne", "section": "lead", "says": "It featured a French fleet under Abraham Duquesne, and a combined Dutch-Spanish fleet, under the overall command of Francisco de la Cerda."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "It featured a French fleet under Abraham Duquesne, and a combined Dutch-Spanish fleet, under the overall command of Francisco de la Cerda."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended when the Dutch admiral, Michiel de Ruyter, extracted his squadron from being attacked by superior French numbers, although he was mortally wounded in doing so."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Since both Louis XIV of France and the Dutch Republic viewed control of the Spanish Netherlands as essential for security and trade, it was a contested area for much of the later 17th century."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Since both Louis XIV of France and the Dutch Republic viewed control of the Spanish Netherlands as essential for security and trade, it was a contested area for much of the later 17th century."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Since both Louis XIV of France and the Dutch Republic viewed control of the Spanish Netherlands as essential for security and trade, it was a contested area for much of the later 17th century."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1667-68 War of Devolution with Spain, France occupied much of the region before the Dutch-led Triple Alliance forced them to withdraw in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark–Norway joined the anti-French coalition, while in February the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, depriving Louis of a key ally against the Dutch."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark–Norway joined the anti-French coalition, while in February the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, depriving Louis of a key ally against the Dutch."}], "Q941312": [{"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the outcome of the Siege of Béziers, which was the first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The Albigensian Crusade was initiated in the Kingdom of France at the behest of Pope Innocent III."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "The Albigensian Crusade was initiated in the Kingdom of France at the behest of Pope Innocent III."}, {"id": "Q356564", "label": "Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse", "section": "Background", "says": "Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, had difficult relations with Innocent and was accused of sheltering heretics."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "By 20 July, the Crusaders had gathered at the strongly Catholic town of Montpellier, which was a vassal to the Kingdom of Aragon."}], "Q945396": [{"id": "Q26385", "label": "Vermandois", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles was imprisoned by Herbert II of Vermandois and held captive until his death in 929."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "Rudolph, Duke of Burgundy, Robert's son-in-law, succeeded him as ruler of West Francia."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles' attempts to restore Carolingian power over Lotharingia, the homeland of his ancestors and first wife Frederonne, led him to be chosen as King of Lotharingia in 911 and to a conflict of interest with the local nobility such as Gilbert of Lorraine."}], "Q945596": [{"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Golymin (or Gołymin) took place on 26 December 1806 during the War of the Fourth Coalition at Gołymin, Poland, between around 22,000 Russian soldiers with 28 guns under Prince Golitsyn and 38,000 French soldiers under Marshal Murat."}], "Q949635": [{"id": "Q228911", "label": "Anglo-Zulu War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kambula took place on 29 March 1879, during the Anglo-Zulu War, when a Zulu military force attacked the British camp at Kambula, having routed the mounted element of the British force at the Battle of Hlobane the day before."}, {"id": "Q1670862", "label": "Battle of Hlobane", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kambula took place on 29 March 1879, during the Anglo-Zulu War, when a Zulu military force attacked the British camp at Kambula, having routed the mounted element of the British force at the Battle of Hlobane the day before."}, {"id": "Q2166177", "label": "Battle of Ulundi", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended after the Zulu defeat at the Battle of Ulundi on 4 July 1879."}, {"id": "Q1359672", "label": "Evelyn Wood", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the disaster at the Battle of Hlobane on 28 March 1879, the forces of Colonel Evelyn Wood prepared to receive an attack by the entire Zulu impi, of which they had encountered only the leading sections."}, {"id": "Q747589", "label": "Battle of Isandlwana", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Wood also now received information that the impi was nearly 21,000 men strong, consisting of regiments that had already defeated the British at the Battle of Isandlwana and other battles."}], "Q950481": [{"id": "Q617772", "label": "Anglo-Persian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris (1857) (Persian: عهدنامه پاریس ۱۸۵۷, romanized: Ahdnāme-ye Paris 1857) marked the end of the hostilities of the Anglo-Persian War."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Treaty, the Persians agreed to withdraw from Herat, later allowing Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan to occupy it."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Treaty, the Persians agreed to withdraw from Herat, later allowing Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan to occupy it."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "Similar to how the Treaty of Turkmenchay with Russia in 1828 marked a turning point in relations between Iran and Russia, so too did the Treaty of Paris with Iran and Britain."}], "Q960449": [{"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led an army into Albania to defeat Skanderbeg, the leader of the League of Lezhë, which was created in 1444 after he began his war against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led an army into Albania to defeat Skanderbeg, the leader of the League of Lezhë, which was created in 1444 after he began his war against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led an army into Albania to defeat Skanderbeg, the leader of the League of Lezhë, which was created in 1444 after he began his war against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led an army into Albania to defeat Skanderbeg, the leader of the League of Lezhë, which was created in 1444 after he began his war against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q102605", "label": "Paul II", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeing that his situation had become unfavorable, Skanderbeg made a trip to Italy where he would try to convince Pope Paul II and Ferdinand I of Naples to give him aid for his war."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeing that his situation had become unfavorable, Skanderbeg made a trip to Italy where he would try to convince Pope Paul II and Ferdinand I of Naples to give him aid for his war."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand and the Republic of Venice likewise deferred Skanderbeg's requests to the pope."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand and the Republic of Venice likewise deferred Skanderbeg's requests to the pope."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "Having defeated the Ottomans in many battles he allied with Western Christian states and leaders, especially with Alfonso V of Aragon and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "Having defeated the Ottomans in many battles he allied with Western Christian states and leaders, especially with Alfonso V of Aragon and the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 August 1464, Pope Pius II, one of Skanderbeg's major benefactors, died and his plans for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "Background", "says": "The alliances and promises for help from the major Christian powers were canceled with the exception of the Kingdom of Hungary under Matthias Corvinus and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetian Senate informed the Hungarians of the joint Albanian-Venetian success on 29 September."}], "Q962676": [{"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cabochien revolt was an episode in the civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians which was in turn a part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cabochien revolt was an episode in the civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians which was in turn a part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q298901", "label": "John the Fearless", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundian leader John the Fearless was the power behind the revolt, in the context of the ongoing civil war."}, {"id": "Q337057", "label": "Louis I, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 November 1407, Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of king Charles VI (known as \"Charles the Beloved\" and \"Charles the Mad\"), was murdered by masked assassins in the service of John the Fearless."}], "Q976865": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London in 1864 resulted in the United Kingdom ceding the United States of the Ionian Islands to Greece."}, {"id": "Q1063498", "label": "United States of the Ionian Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London in 1864 resulted in the United Kingdom ceding the United States of the Ionian Islands to Greece."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Ever since the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, the people of the Ionian Islands had pressed for union, or enosis, with Greece."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ever since the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, the people of the Ionian Islands had pressed for union, or enosis, with Greece."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "This policy was also favoured by Queen Victoria."}, {"id": "Q197692", "label": "Harilaos Trikoupis", "section": "lead", "says": "After long negotiations with Greece, the Treaty of London was signed by Greek delegate Charilaos Trikoupis on 29 March 1864."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 May 1864 the British departed and the Ionian Islands became three provinces of the Kingdom of Greece, although Britain retained use of the port on Corfu."}], "Q999235": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ager Falernus was a skirmish during the Second Punic War between the armies of Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ager Falernus was a skirmish during the Second Punic War between the armies of Rome and Carthage."}, {"id": "Q207250", "label": "Battle of Lake Trasimene", "section": "lead", "says": "After winning the Battle of Lake Trasimene in Italy in 217 BC, the army commanded by Hannibal marched south and reached Campania."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "After winning the Battle of Lake Trasimene in Italy in 217 BC, the army commanded by Hannibal marched south and reached Campania."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Carthaginian army instead marched south-east into Umbria, through Perugia, although Livy refers to a failed siege of Spoletum, a Latin colony, Polybius does not mention it, and it is likely that only Carthaginian raiders troubled the Latin colony."}, {"id": "Q463438", "label": "Maharbal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Senate met in continual session to debate the next course of action until three days later the news of the defeat of the Roman cavalry by Maharbal arrived in Rome."}, {"id": "Q1283535", "label": "Quintus Fabius Maximus Sanga", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Quintus Fabius Maximus, a member of the patrician Fabii, who had suggested that an election should be held, was elected into office by the assembled centuries of the people, his term in office being set for the next six months."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His past political record was anything but spotty; he had fought in the First Punic War, and had been elected consul in 233 and 228 BC, and was one of the elected censors in 230 BC, and had been granted a triumph for his efforts against the Ligurians."}], "Q102422710": [{"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "After Democratic nominee Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election, Republican nominee and then-incumbent president Donald Trump pursued an unprecedented effort to overturn the election, with support from his campaign, proxies, political allies, and many of his supporters."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "After Democratic nominee Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election, Republican nominee and then-incumbent president Donald Trump pursued an unprecedented effort to overturn the election, with support from his campaign, proxies, political allies, and many of his supporters."}, {"id": "Q24313", "label": "Mike Pence", "section": "lead", "says": "Trump loyalists attempted to keep him in power; at the state level, they targeted legislatures with the intent of changing the results or delaying electoral vote certification at the Capitol; nationally, they promoted the idea Vice President Mike Pence could refuse to certify the results on January 6, 2021."}, {"id": "Q627098", "label": "Mike Lee", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on October 8 Republican senator Mike Lee tweeted \"We're not a democracy\" and \"Democracy isn't the objective; liberty, peace, and prospefity [sic] are."}, {"id": "Q11116", "label": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Supreme Court to decide the election and that he wanted a conservative majority in the event of an election dispute, reiterating his commitment to quickly install a ninth justice following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg."}], "Q1028238": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Grodno was a series of acts of the Polish–Lithuanian union between Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q2669939", "label": "Lithuanian Civil War of 1432–1438", "section": "lead", "says": "The first acts were signed in 1432 during the Lithuanian Civil War of 1432–1438."}, {"id": "Q1091376", "label": "Sigismund Kęstutaitis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union established Sigismund Kęstutaitis as the Grand Duke of Lithuania and re-established Władysław II Jagiełło's seniority and dynastic interest in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union established Sigismund Kęstutaitis as the Grand Duke of Lithuania and re-established Władysław II Jagiełło's seniority and dynastic interest in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Background", "says": "After death of Vytautas in 1430, the Lithuanian nobles unilaterally selected Švitrigaila as the new Grand Duke."}, {"id": "Q1055227", "label": "Union of Horodło", "section": "Background", "says": "This violated the terms of the Union of Horodło of 1413, where Lithuanians promised not to elect a new Grand Duke without an approval from Poland."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund resumed policy of union with Poland."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "Background", "says": "A Polish delegation, sent to Lithuania by Władysław II Jagiełło and led by Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Bishop of  Kraków, pronounced Sigismund as the Grand Duke of Lithuania for life on 30 September 1432."}], "Q1028247": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Groix ([ɡʁwa]) took place on 23 June 1795 off the island of Groix in the Bay of Biscay during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q4340192", "label": "Cornwallis's Retreat", "section": "lead", "says": "The French fleet had driven off the British squadron in a battle on 17 June known as Cornwallis's Retreat, and were attempting to return to their base at Brest when Bridport's force of 14 ships of the line appeared on 22 June."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The first two years of the French Revolutionary Wars had seen the French Atlantic Fleet, based principally at the Breton harbour of Brest, suffer a series of setbacks."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The tense atmosphere in France following the French Revolution was reflected in the fleet, which suffered a mutiny in September 1793 followed by a purge of suspected anti-republicans which resulted in the death or imprisonment of a number of experienced commanders."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1794, the French fleet sallied into the Atlantic to protect an incoming grain convoy from the United States and was attacked by the British Channel Fleet at the battle of the Glorious First of June, losing seven ships, although the convoy was saved."}, {"id": "Q1083872", "label": "Glorious First of June", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1794, the French fleet sallied into the Atlantic to protect an incoming grain convoy from the United States and was attacked by the British Channel Fleet at the battle of the Glorious First of June, losing seven ships, although the convoy was saved."}, {"id": "Q1935376", "label": "William Cornwallis", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 June, as Vence's convoy passed the fortified island of Belle Île on the southern Breton coast they were discovered by a British battle squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates under Vice-admiral William Cornwallis."}], "Q1037476": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tornow was fought between the forces of Prussia and Sweden on 26 September 1758 during the Seven Years' War, near modern-day Fürstenberg/Havel (then called Tornow, in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)."}, {"id": "Q161215", "label": "Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tornow was fought between the forces of Prussia and Sweden on 26 September 1758 during the Seven Years' War, near modern-day Fürstenberg/Havel (then called Tornow, in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)."}, {"id": "Q72388", "label": "Carl Heinrich von Wedel", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussian commander Carl Heinrich von Wedel ordered an attack on the Swedish position at Tornow."}], "Q1038900": [{"id": "Q552001", "label": "Qu Qiubai", "section": "Background", "says": "CCP party head Qu Qiubai consequently decided that the communists had to persuade soldiers who were stationed in Guangdong to join their cause."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon receiving orders from Joseph Stalin to launch the planned uprising in mid-December, over the course of November, a final plan for rebellion was worked out by the central party leadership and Guangdong secretary Zhang Tailei in Shanghai."}, {"id": "Q697372", "label": "Chang Fa-kwei", "section": "Background", "says": "The CCP thought that fighting between the Kuomintang-aligned warlords Zhang Fakui and Li Jishen was imminent in Guangdong, potentially providing them with an opportunity to exploit the ensuing chaos by launching multiple simultaneous rebellions to seize power in the province."}], "Q1049741": [{"id": "Q365894", "label": "Feng Yuxiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Beijing Coup (Chinese: 北京政變; pinyin: Běijīng Zhèngbiàn) was the October 1924 coup d'état by Feng Yuxiang against Chinese President Cao Kun, leader of the Zhili warlord faction."}, {"id": "Q699591", "label": "Cao Kun", "section": "lead", "says": "The Beijing Coup (Chinese: 北京政變; pinyin: Běijīng Zhèngbiàn) was the October 1924 coup d'état by Feng Yuxiang against Chinese President Cao Kun, leader of the Zhili warlord faction."}, {"id": "Q864847", "label": "Second Zhili–Fengtian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup occurred at a crucial moment in the Second Zhili–Fengtian War and allowed the pro-Japanese Fengtian clique to defeat the previously dominant Zhili clique."}, {"id": "Q712780", "label": "Huang Fu", "section": "lead", "says": "Followed by a brief period of liberalization under Huang Fu, this government was replaced on 23 November 1924, by a conservative, pro-Japanese government led by Duan Qirui."}, {"id": "Q706172", "label": "Duan Qirui", "section": "lead", "says": "Followed by a brief period of liberalization under Huang Fu, this government was replaced on 23 November 1924, by a conservative, pro-Japanese government led by Duan Qirui."}], "Q10511142": [{"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolution of 1772, also known as The Bloodless Revolution (Swedish: Revolutionen) or the Coup of Gustav III (Gustav III:s statskupp or older Gustav III:s statsvälvning), was a Swedish coup d'état performed by King Gustav III on 19 August 1772 to introduce a division of power between the King and the Riksdag of the Estates, resulting in the end of the Age of Liberty and the introduction of the"}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1720 Instrument of Government was the constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden from 1720 to 1772, having replaced the largely identical 1719 Instrument of Government, resulting in an increase in the power of the Riksdag of the Estates."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly thereafter, he secretly received calls from Louis XV of France and the French Foreign Minister Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Aiguillon to carry out a coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q1372349", "label": "Johan Christopher Toll", "section": "Background", "says": "Sprengtporten was responsible for Sveaborg and Master Forester Johan Christopher Toll, for Kristianstad."}], "Q105672621": [{"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2021 Armenian political crisis was an alleged military coup attempt by the Armed Forces of Armenia led by the Chief of the General Staff of the Armenian Armed Forces Onik Gasparyan against the government of Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan."}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Background", "says": "Anti-government protests calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan have been ongoing in Armenia since the country's defeat in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q612803", "label": "Serzh Sargsyan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 February 2021, Pashinyan gave an interview where, in response to claims made by former president Serzh Sargsyan, he cast doubt on the effectiveness of Armenia's Russian-supplied 9K720 Iskander missiles, implying that they were ineffective when used during the war against Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 February 2021, Pashinyan gave an interview where, in response to claims made by former president Serzh Sargsyan, he cast doubt on the effectiveness of Armenia's Russian-supplied 9K720 Iskander missiles, implying that they were ineffective when used during the war against Azerbaijan."}], "Q1059463": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rock Springs massacre, also known as the Rock Springs riot, occurred on September 2, 1885, in the present-day United States city of Rock Springs in Sweetwater County, Wyoming."}, {"id": "Q2093821", "label": "Washakie", "section": "Background", "says": "To the east of the Red Desert was another remote section camp, Washakie."}], "Q105987834": [{"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 March 1921, Armenian student Soghomon Tehlirian killed Talaat Pasha—former grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire and the main architect of the Armenian genocide—in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 March 1921, Armenian student Soghomon Tehlirian killed Talaat Pasha—former grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire and the main architect of the Armenian genocide—in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q2475091", "label": "Operation Nemesis", "section": "lead", "says": "Tehlirian joined Operation Nemesis, a clandestine program carried out by the Dashnaktsutyun (the Armenian Revolutionary Federation); he was chosen for the mission to assassinate Talaat due to his previous success."}, {"id": "Q505586", "label": "Raphael Lemkin", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin read about the trial in the news and was inspired to conceptualize the crime of genocide in international law."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "As the leader of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), Talaat Pasha was the last powerful grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire during World War I."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1918, Talaat told journalist Muhittin Birgen, \"I assume full responsibility for the severity applied\" during the Armenian deportation and, \"I absolutely don't regret my deed.\"\nWhen United States ambassador Henry Morgenthau tried to persuade Talaat to discontinue the atrocities, he interrupted, saying he would not reconsider because most of the Armenians were already dead: \"The hatred between th"}, {"id": "Q47946", "label": "Henry Morgenthau", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1918, Talaat told journalist Muhittin Birgen, \"I assume full responsibility for the severity applied\" during the Armenian deportation and, \"I absolutely don't regret my deed.\"\nWhen United States ambassador Henry Morgenthau tried to persuade Talaat to discontinue the atrocities, he interrupted, saying he would not reconsider because most of the Armenians were already dead: \"The hatred between th"}, {"id": "Q214421", "label": "Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim", "section": "Background", "says": "Ambassador Hans von Wangenheim approved limited removals of Armenian populations from sensitive areas."}], "Q1059938": [{"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Piave River was fought on 8 May 1809 between the Franco-Italian army under the command of Eugène de Beauharnais and an Austrian army led by Archduke John of Austria."}, {"id": "Q93427", "label": "Archduke John of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Piave River was fought on 8 May 1809 between the Franco-Italian army under the command of Eugène de Beauharnais and an Austrian army led by Archduke John of Austria."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The combat took place near Nervesa della Battaglia, Italy during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The combat took place near Nervesa della Battaglia, Italy during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Damaged but not destroyed, the Austrians continued their withdrawal into Carinthia (in modern-day Austria) and Carniola (in modern-day Slovenia)."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of the 1809 conflict between the Austrian Empire and the First French Empire, General of Cavalry Archduke John led his Army of Inner Austria in an invasion of northeastern Italy."}, {"id": "Q508387", "label": "Battle of Sacile", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 April, John defeated Eugène at the Battle of Sacile near the Livenza River."}, {"id": "Q1896773", "label": "Paul Grenier", "section": "Background", "says": "Eugène also reorganized his army, assigning Generals of Division Jacques MacDonald, Paul Grenier, and Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers to command his infantry corps, and General of Division Emmanuel Grouchy to lead his cavalry."}, {"id": "Q700860", "label": "Battle of Eckmühl", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Eckmühl and the subsequent retreat of Archduke Charles, caused Emperor Francis II to order John to fall back and defend Austria."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Eckmühl and the subsequent retreat of Archduke Charles, caused Emperor Francis II to order John to fall back and defend Austria."}, {"id": "Q857434", "label": "Battle of Caldiero", "section": "Background", "says": "In a series of clashes between 27 and 30 April, John successfully fended off Eugène's efforts to turn his north flank in the Battle of Caldiero."}, {"id": "Q662947", "label": "Battle of the Piave River", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, since 1809 a few places either changed names, moved to a new location, vanished due to the river's action, or were destroyed in the Battle of the Piave River in 1918."}], "Q106305106": [{"id": "Q3318398", "label": "Mohamed Bazoum", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2021 Nigerien coup d'etat attempt occurred on 31 March at around 3 am WAT (2 am UTC) after gunfire erupted in the streets of Niamey, the capital of Niger, two days before the inauguration of president-elect Mohamed Bazoum."}, {"id": "Q86831539", "label": "War in the Sahel", "section": "Context", "says": "The coup attempt took place while Niger was mired in the War in the Sahel, with marked terrorism and inter-ethnic violence."}, {"id": "Q17354007", "label": "Opération Barkhane", "section": "Context", "says": "Sahel countries received France's help against terrorists via Operation Barkhane, with controversial actions."}, {"id": "Q324108", "label": "Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta", "section": "Context", "says": "In 2020, a coup d'état overthrew the government of Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta."}, {"id": "Q319430", "label": "Mahamane Ousmane", "section": "Context", "says": "However, the defeated opponent and ex-president Mahamane Ousmane contested the election results and lodged a legal appeal with the constitutional court, which was rejected."}], "Q1064989": [{"id": "Q1156545", "label": "Mōri Motonari", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important step for the Mōri clan in taking the foremost position in western Japan, and cemented the reputation of Mōri Motonari as a cunning strategist."}], "Q106880623": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Babi Yar (Russian: Бабий Яр) or Babyn Yar (Ukrainian: Бабин Яр) is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv and a site of massacres carried out by Nazi Germany's forces during its campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Babi Yar (Russian: Бабий Яр) or Babyn Yar (Ukrainian: Бабин Яр) is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv and a site of massacres carried out by Nazi Germany's forces during its campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II."}, {"id": "Q95743", "label": "Kurt Eberhard", "section": "lead", "says": "The decision to murder all the Jews in Kyiv was made by the German military governor Generalmajor Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch."}, {"id": "Q77111", "label": "Friedrich Jeckeln", "section": "lead", "says": "The decision to murder all the Jews in Kyiv was made by the German military governor Generalmajor Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch."}, {"id": "Q60987", "label": "Otto Rasch", "section": "lead", "says": "The decision to murder all the Jews in Kyiv was made by the German military governor Generalmajor Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch."}], "Q107113646": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "On 4 and 5 June 2021, jihadists from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) attacked the village of Solhan, Yagha Province, Burkina Faso."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 2019, northern Burkina Faso has been embroiled in two jihadist insurgencies by the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara and Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin, both predominantly-Fulani organizations that attack civilians along ethnic and religious lines."}], "Q1075269": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Meissen (4 December 1759) was an Austrian victory over a smaller Prussian force during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Meissen (4 December 1759) was an Austrian victory over a smaller Prussian force during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}], "Q108891053": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Lebanese Civil War of 1975–1990, parties and militias formed along religious, ideological, and ethnic lines."}, {"id": "Q704220", "label": "Nabih Berri", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The leaders of both the Amal Movement and Hezbollah, Nabih Berri and Hassan Nasrallah, had called for an end to the investigation into the explosion by Tarek Bitar, as they accuse him of being partisan."}, {"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The leaders of both the Amal Movement and Hezbollah, Nabih Berri and Hassan Nasrallah, had called for an end to the investigation into the explosion by Tarek Bitar, as they accuse him of being partisan."}], "Q108913847": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "New challenges in 2021, including the Delta variant and reduced access to the COVID-19 vaccine in developing countries, further exacerbated the recovery of global production even as the economies of wealthier, vaccinated regions, such as the United States and Europe, resumed their patterns of consumption."}], "Q1089511": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ras Lanuf was a two-phase battle in early to mid-March 2011 during the Libyan Civil War between forces loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and those loyal to the National Transitional Council."}, {"id": "Q989081", "label": "First Battle of Brega", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase of confrontation followed two days after the First Battle of Brega which occurred in the town Brega, roughly 130 kilometres (81 mi) to the east of Ras Lanuf."}], "Q1106980": [{"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the island of Majorca on behalf of the Roman Catholic kingdoms was carried out by King James I of Aragon between 1229 and 1231."}, {"id": "Q836676", "label": "Kingdom of Majorca", "section": "lead", "says": "While he occupied the island, James I created the Kingdom of Majorca, which became independent of the Crown of Aragon by the provisions of his will, until its subsequent conquest by the Aragonese Pedro IV during the reign of James II of Majorca."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "While he occupied the island, James I created the Kingdom of Majorca, which became independent of the Crown of Aragon by the provisions of his will, until its subsequent conquest by the Aragonese Pedro IV during the reign of James II of Majorca."}, {"id": "Q528401", "label": "James II of Majorca", "section": "lead", "says": "While he occupied the island, James I created the Kingdom of Majorca, which became independent of the Crown of Aragon by the provisions of his will, until its subsequent conquest by the Aragonese Pedro IV during the reign of James II of Majorca."}, {"id": "Q1354080", "label": "Battle of Muret", "section": "Background", "says": "A northward expansion was halted at the Battle of Muret, where the father of James I, Peter II of Aragon, was killed in combat."}, {"id": "Q315058", "label": "Peter II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "A northward expansion was halted at the Battle of Muret, where the father of James I, Peter II of Aragon, was killed in combat."}], "Q1108820": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Cholet was fought on 17 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French Republican forces under generals Jean Léchelle (de jure) and Jean-Baptiste Kléber (de facto) and French Royalist Forces under Maurice d'Elbée."}, {"id": "Q3173296", "label": "Jean Léchelle", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Cholet was fought on 17 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French Republican forces under generals Jean Léchelle (de jure) and Jean-Baptiste Kléber (de facto) and French Royalist Forces under Maurice d'Elbée."}, {"id": "Q319302", "label": "Jean Baptiste Kléber", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Cholet was fought on 17 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French Republican forces under generals Jean Léchelle (de jure) and Jean-Baptiste Kléber (de facto) and French Royalist Forces under Maurice d'Elbée."}, {"id": "Q733705", "label": "Battle of La Tremblaye", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the morning of 16 October 1793, the Vendéen army, beaten at the Battle of La Tremblaye, with neither ammunition nor artillery, had evacuated Cholet to take up positions in Beaupréau."}, {"id": "Q727601", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Carrier", "section": "Prelude", "says": "That evening, Commissioners Pierre Bourbotte, René-Pierre Choudieu, Fayaud and Bellegarde arrived which brought the number of representatives in Cholet to seven since Antoine Merlin de Thionville, Jean-Baptiste Carrier and Louis Marie Turreau were already there."}, {"id": "Q2306888", "label": "Louis Marie Turreau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "That evening, Commissioners Pierre Bourbotte, René-Pierre Choudieu, Fayaud and Bellegarde arrived which brought the number of representatives in Cholet to seven since Antoine Merlin de Thionville, Jean-Baptiste Carrier and Louis Marie Turreau were already there."}], "Q11136035": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The second London Protocol was recognised by the five major European powers—Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom—as well as by the Baltic Sea powers of \nDenmark and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Accordingly, the duchies of Schleswig (a Danish fief) and of Holstein and Lauenburg (German fiefs) were joined by personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q94941", "label": "Frederick VII of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Frederick VII of Denmark was childless, so a change in dynasty was imminent and the lines of succession for the duchies and Denmark diverged."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1851, the Russian emperor Nicholas I had recommended that Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (born 1818) should be advanced in the Danish succession, and this proposal was confirmed by the London Protocol on 8 May 1852, when Prince Christian was chosen to follow Frederick VII's aging uncle Ferdinand in the line of succession."}], "Q1116503": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011–2013 protests in Sudan began in January 2011 as part of the Arab Spring regional protest movement."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Demonstrations in Sudan however were less common throughout the summer of 2011, during which South Sudan seceded from Sudan, but resumed in force later that year and again in June 2012, shortly after the government passed its much criticized austerity plan."}, {"id": "Q214088", "label": "Mohamed Bouazizi", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December 2010, Al-Amin Moussa Al-Amin set himself ablaze on 23 January 2011 in Omd"}], "Q111695243": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 April 2022 at 23:07 local time (CEST, 21:07 UTC), a magnitude 5.7 earthquake struck southern Bosnia and Herzegovina."}], "Q1132306": [{"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tzirallum was part of the civil wars of the Tetrarchy fought on 30 April 313 between the Roman armies of emperors Licinius and Maximinus."}, {"id": "Q172168", "label": "Galerius", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Galerius in AD 311, there remained four emperors in the Roman world: Constantine I, who controlled Gaul, Spain, and Britain; Maxentius, in Africa and Italy; Maximinus Daza in Roman Asia and Egypt; and Licinius in Macedonia, Greece, and Illyricum."}, {"id": "Q182070", "label": "Maxentius", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Galerius in AD 311, there remained four emperors in the Roman world: Constantine I, who controlled Gaul, Spain, and Britain; Maxentius, in Africa and Italy; Maximinus Daza in Roman Asia and Egypt; and Licinius in Macedonia, Greece, and Illyricum."}, {"id": "Q189095", "label": "Maximinus Daza", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Galerius in AD 311, there remained four emperors in the Roman world: Constantine I, who controlled Gaul, Spain, and Britain; Maxentius, in Africa and Italy; Maximinus Daza in Roman Asia and Egypt; and Licinius in Macedonia, Greece, and Illyricum."}], "Q19544704": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (Arabic: مجاعة جبل لبنان, romanized: Majā'at Jabal Lubnān; Ottoman Turkish: Cebel-i Lübnan Kıtlığı جَبَلِ لُبْنَان قِیتْلِیࢰِی), also known as Kafno (Classical Syriac: ܟܦܢܐ, romanized: Kafno, lit. 'Starvation'), was a period of mass starvation on Mount Lebanon during World War I – between 1915 and 1918 – that resulted in the deaths of about 200,000 people, most of"}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied forces (Great Britain and France) blockaded the Eastern Mediterranean, as they had done with the German Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire in Europe, in order to strangle the economy and weaken the Ottoman war effort."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The situation was exacerbated by Jamal Pasha, commander of the Fourth Army of the Ottoman Empire, who deliberately barred crops from neighbouring Syria from entering Mount Lebanon, in response to the Allied blockade."}, {"id": "Q3326429", "label": "mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, a swarm of locusts devoured the remaining crops, creating a famine that led to the deaths of half of the population of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, a semi-autonomous subdivision of the Ottoman Empire and the precursor of modern-day Lebanon."}], "Q195812": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising of Petar Delyan (Bulgarian: Въстанието на Петър Делян, Greek: Επανάσταση του Πέτρου Δελεάνου), which took place in 1040–1041, was a major Bulgarian rebellion against the Byzantine Empire in the Theme of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising of Petar Delyan (Bulgarian: Въстанието на Петър Делян, Greek: Επανάσταση του Πέτρου Δελεάνου), which took place in 1040–1041, was a major Bulgarian rebellion against the Byzantine Empire in the Theme of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest and best-organised attempt to restore the former Bulgarian Empire until the rebellion of Ivan Asen I and Petar IV in 1185."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Background", "says": "After Byzantine troops conquered Bulgaria in 1018, Basil II wisely decided not to change the Bulgarian taxation system in order to placate the population."}], "Q195983": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Flemish War was a conflict between the Kingdom of France and the County of Flanders between 1297 and 1305."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Flemish War was a conflict between the Kingdom of France and the County of Flanders between 1297 and 1305."}, {"id": "Q16533921", "label": "Gascon War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is related to the original Gascon War and the First War of Scottish Independence, as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively and thus involved the related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is related to the original Gascon War and the First War of Scottish Independence, as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively and thus involved the related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is related to the original Gascon War and the First War of Scottish Independence, as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively and thus involved the related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is related to the original Gascon War and the First War of Scottish Independence, as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively and thus involved the related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "Background", "says": "The County of Flanders had been nominally part of the kingdom since the Treaty of Verdun in 843 but had maintained its de facto independence from the crown."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, despite having been forced to accept the loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Poitou in the 1259 Treaty of Paris after a century of conflict, the Kingdom of England continued to hold the Channel Islands and the massive Duchy of Aquitaine in nominal vassalage to the French king."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, despite having been forced to accept the loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Poitou in the 1259 Treaty of Paris after a century of conflict, the Kingdom of England continued to hold the Channel Islands and the massive Duchy of Aquitaine in nominal vassalage to the French king."}, {"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Count Guy attempted to join his fortunes with King Edward in 1294, betrothing his daughter Philippa to Prince Edward, the future Edward II."}], "Q1964224": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Resht was signed between the Russian Empire and Safavid Empire in Rasht on 21 January 1732."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "This included return of the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad, conquered by Peter I in the early 1720s."}, {"id": "Q878819", "label": "Vakhtang VI of Kartli", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, the Iranians, now de facto ruled by the militarily successful Nader, granted trade privileges to Russian merchants and promised to restore the Georgian king Vakhtang VI, then residing in exile in Russia, on the throne of Kartli as soon as the Ottoman troops could be expelled from that country."}], "Q1967193": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Goryeo-Khitan War (Chinese: 第二次高麗契丹戰爭; Korean: 제2차 고려-거란 전쟁) was an 11th-century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea."}], "Q1972070": [{"id": "Q311265", "label": "Titus Labienus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lutetia was fought on the plain of Grenelle in what is now Paris between Roman forces under Titus Labienus and an anti-Roman Gallic coalition in 52 BC during the Gallic Wars."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lutetia was fought on the plain of Grenelle in what is now Paris between Roman forces under Titus Labienus and an anti-Roman Gallic coalition in 52 BC during the Gallic Wars."}], "Q1973870": [{"id": "Q254599", "label": "Battle of Shanghai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Defense of Sihang Warehouse (Chinese: 四行倉庫保衛戰)  took place from October 27 to October 31, 1937, and marked the beginning of the end of the three-month Battle of Shanghai in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Defense of Sihang Warehouse (Chinese: 四行倉庫保衛戰)  took place from October 27 to October 31, 1937, and marked the beginning of the end of the three-month Battle of Shanghai in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek wanted to withdraw all forces in the area to defend the rural western regions of Shanghai, and ordered Gu Zhutong, acting commander of the 3rd Military Region, to leave the 88th Division behind to buy time and canvass international support by showing the other nations of the Nine Powers (which were to convene on 6 November) China's determination to resist the Japanese"}, {"id": "Q698079", "label": "Gu Zhutong", "section": "Background", "says": "Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek wanted to withdraw all forces in the area to defend the rural western regions of Shanghai, and ordered Gu Zhutong, acting commander of the 3rd Military Region, to leave the 88th Division behind to buy time and canvass international support by showing the other nations of the Nine Powers (which were to convene on 6 November) China's determination to resist the Japanese"}], "Q20051451": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Sabah earthquake (Malay: Gempa Bumi Sabah 2015) struck Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia with a moment magnitude of 6.0 on 5 June, which lasted for 30 seconds."}], "Q2026919": [{"id": "Q179846", "label": "Dzhokhar Dudayev", "section": "lead", "says": "The November 1994 Battle of Grozny was a covert attempt by Russian Intelligence services to oust the Chechen government of Dzhokhar Dudayev, by seizing the Chechen capital of Grozny."}, {"id": "Q210036", "label": "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting subsided after the first 10 hours, with the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria decisively repelling the assault."}, {"id": "Q537251", "label": "Ruslan Khasbulatov", "section": "Background", "says": "Disappointed by their failures and aware of their military weakness up to and after the October assault, the Chechen opposition, aided by an ethnic-Chechen former chairman of the State Duma, Ruslan Khasbulatov, intensified their lobbying with the FSK and Russian president Boris Yeltsin's staff in favour of more direct involvement on Moscow's part."}, {"id": "Q238754", "label": "Pavel Grachev", "section": "Background", "says": "In October, Russia's Defense Minister General Pavel Grachev ordered the formation of a special task force of the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, led by the Deputy Chief of the Main Operations Directorate Anatoly Kvashnin and General Leontiy Shevtsov."}], "Q2032554": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "Historical background", "says": "However, the turn of the new century saw the attempts by France (based in French Algeria) to profit from its newly acquired sphere of influence in Morocco to counter the trading prowess of Melilla by fostering trade links with the Algerian cities of Ghazaouet and Oran."}], "Q2034641": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vedrosha (Lithuanian: Vedrošos mūšis; Russian: Ведрошская битва) was fought near the Vedrosha river, close to Dorogobuzh (then in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, now in Russia) on 14 July 1500, during the Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1500–1503)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vedrosha was the first major Muscovite victory over Lithuania in the war of 1500–1503."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander of Lithuania unsuccessfully tried to even make the Crimean Khanate under Meñli I Giray and Moldavia under Stephen III begin hostilities against Muscovy, with which they were allied."}, {"id": "Q379724", "label": "Meñli I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander of Lithuania unsuccessfully tried to even make the Crimean Khanate under Meñli I Giray and Moldavia under Stephen III begin hostilities against Muscovy, with which they were allied."}], "Q2052376": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's campaign through the Shenandoah Valley during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the battle was a Confederate tactical defeat, it represented a strategic victory for the South by preventing the Union from transferring forces from the Shenandoah Valley to reinforce the Peninsula Campaign against the Confederate capital, Richmond."}, {"id": "Q1497885", "label": "Battle of Hoke's Run", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the earlier Battle of Hoke's Run, the First Battle of Kernstown may be considered the second among Jackson's rare defeats."}, {"id": "Q921857", "label": "John Sedgwick", "section": "Background", "says": "John Sedgwick and Alpheus S."}, {"id": "Q923522", "label": "James Shields", "section": "Background", "says": "James Shields, was stationed at Strasburg to guard the lower (northeastern) Valley."}, {"id": "Q1387038", "label": "Turner Ashby", "section": "Background", "says": "Turner Ashby, skirmished with the Federals on March 22."}], "Q2060853": [{"id": "Q2441248", "label": "Anglo-Russian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated by the British minister-plenipotentiary in Sweden, Edward Thornton, they formally ended the Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) and the Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812), neither of which had seen serious military action."}, {"id": "Q1116646", "label": "Anglo-Swedish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated by the British minister-plenipotentiary in Sweden, Edward Thornton, they formally ended the Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) and the Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812), neither of which had seen serious military action."}], "Q2060946": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mérida saw the Republican militia twice fail to halt the Spanish Army of Africa near the historic town of Mérida early in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q969735", "label": "Juan Yagüe Blanco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalists beat the Republicans from the city on 10 August 1936 and secured control the following day, allowing General Juan Yagüe to surround and capture neighbouring Badajoz in the Battle of Badajoz several days later."}, {"id": "Q182530", "label": "Battle of Badajoz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalists beat the Republicans from the city on 10 August 1936 and secured control the following day, allowing General Juan Yagüe to surround and capture neighbouring Badajoz in the Battle of Badajoz several days later."}], "Q20638753": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alexandretta was the first clash between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate in Syria."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alexandretta was the first clash between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate in Syria."}, {"id": "Q138803", "label": "Qarmatians", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat at Alexandretta, coupled with the invasion of southern Syria by the Qarmatians, forced the Fatimids to lift the siege and secured Byzantine control of Antioch and northern Syria."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "Background", "says": "Byzantine control of this area was initially only theoretical, and the murder of the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas in December 969 threatened to nullify Byzantine gains in the region."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "Background", "says": "At about the same time, further south, the forces of the Fatimid Caliphate of Ifriqiya, under the command of Jawhar al-Siqilli, conquered Egypt from its Ikhshidid rulers."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The news of Antioch's fall helped to persuade the Fatimids to allow Jawhar to send Ja'far ibn Falah to invade Palestine."}], "Q2071090": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "An aerial bombing attack killed at least 408 civilians on 13 February 1991 during the Gulf War, when an air-raid shelter (\"Public Shelter No."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Department of Defense stated that it knew the facility had been used as a civil-defense shelter during the Iran–Iraq War, while the U.S. military maintained it had been converted into a command center or a military personnel bunker."}, {"id": "Q310900", "label": "Robert Fisk", "section": "Background", "says": "A former United States Air Force general who worked as \"the senior targeting officer for the Royal Saudi Air Force\", an \"impeccable source\" according to Robert Fisk, asserted in the aftermath of the bombing that \"[Richard I.] Neal talked about camouflage on the roof of the bunker."}], "Q2072316": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Chinese Farm took place during October 15 to October 17, 1973 between the Egyptian Army and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), as part of the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q2915878", "label": "Shmuel Gonen", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli failures led to the replacement of the chief of the Israeli Southern Command, Major General Shmuel Gonen, with Chaim Bar-Lev, although Gonen was retained as his aide."}, {"id": "Q467150", "label": "Chaim Bar-Lev", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli failures led to the replacement of the chief of the Israeli Southern Command, Major General Shmuel Gonen, with Chaim Bar-Lev, although Gonen was retained as his aide."}, {"id": "Q467177", "label": "David Elazar", "section": "Background", "says": "On October 14, immediately following the Egyptian offensive, Israeli Chief of Staff David Elazar presented the general outlines of a crossing operation of the Suez Canal to the Israeli cabinet in a meeting in Tel Aviv."}, {"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "Background", "says": "Later that day, Bar-Lev headed a meeting attended by the senior and main division commanders in the Sinai theatre: Major Generals Abraham Adan, Ariel Sharon and Kalman Magen."}], "Q2511409": [{"id": "Q741547", "label": "World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The WPPT and the WIPO Copyright Treaty are together termed WIPO Internet Treaties."}], "Q25198592": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Avar–Byzantine wars were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Avar–Byzantine wars were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts were initiated in 568, after the Avars arrived in Pannonia, and claimed all the former land of the Gepids and Lombards as their own."}, {"id": "Q2320020", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591", "section": "lead", "says": "This happened during the 580s and 590s, where Byzantium was initially distracted in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591, but then followed up by a series of successful campaigns that pushed the Avars back."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Avars arrived in the Carpathian Basin in 568, fleeing from the First Turkic Khaganate."}], "Q2527826": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pegae (Bulgarian: битка при Пиги, Greek: Μάχη των Πηγαίων) was fought between 11 and 18 March 921 in the outskirts of Constantinople between the forces of the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pegae (Bulgarian: битка при Пиги, Greek: Μάχη των Πηγαίων) was fought between 11 and 18 March 921 in the outskirts of Constantinople between the forces of the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Constantinople itself remained outside their reach, because Bulgaria lacked the naval power to launch a successful siege."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Simeon I planned to secure his position in Constantinople through a marriage between his daughter and the infant Emperor Constantine VII (r."}, {"id": "Q552447", "label": "Nicholas Mystikos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Thus, in the beginning of 921 Simeon I did not reply to a proposal of the Ecumenical Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos to betroth one of his daughters or sons to a progeny of Romanos I and sent his army into Byzantine Thrace, reaching Katasyrtai in the outskirts of Constantinople."}], "Q2530973": [{"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Emesa was fought in 272 between the Roman armies led by their emperor Aurelian and the Palmyrene forces led by their empress, Zenobia and general Zabdas."}, {"id": "Q877875", "label": "Palmyrene Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Aurelian had started a campaign to reconquer the secessionist Palmyrene Empire, led by Empress Zenobia, regent of her son, Emperor Vaballathus."}, {"id": "Q507623", "label": "Vaballathus", "section": "Background", "says": "Aurelian had started a campaign to reconquer the secessionist Palmyrene Empire, led by Empress Zenobia, regent of her son, Emperor Vaballathus."}, {"id": "Q297040", "label": "Apollonius of Tyana", "section": "Background", "says": "The fall of Tyana lent itself to a legend; Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great philosopher Apollonius of Tyana, whom he respected greatly, in a dream."}, {"id": "Q2273280", "label": "Battle of Immae", "section": "Background", "says": "Entering Issus and heading to Antioch, Aurelian defeated Zenobia in the Battle of Immae."}], "Q25387520": [{"id": "Q175653", "label": "Siege of Sarajevo", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War, a number of predominantly ethnic Serbs living inside besieged Sarajevo were murdered by the forces of Mušan Topalović, commander of the 10th Mountain Brigade in the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and disposed of in the Kazani pit mass grave."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War, a number of predominantly ethnic Serbs living inside besieged Sarajevo were murdered by the forces of Mušan Topalović, commander of the 10th Mountain Brigade in the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and disposed of in the Kazani pit mass grave."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War, a number of predominantly ethnic Serbs living inside besieged Sarajevo were murdered by the forces of Mušan Topalović, commander of the 10th Mountain Brigade in the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and disposed of in the Kazani pit mass grave."}], "Q2547952": [{"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bronkhorstspruit was the first major engagement of the First Boer War."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 19th century, the British captured the Dutch Cape Colony as it provided a strategic advantage during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 19th century, the British captured the Dutch Cape Colony as it provided a strategic advantage during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The British imposed their 1833 slavery ban—which made the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal, and emancipated slaves across the British Empire—on the Cape Colony, at significant financial cost to the Boers."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "Background", "says": "The British imposed their 1833 slavery ban—which made the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal, and emancipated slaves across the British Empire—on the Cape Colony, at significant financial cost to the Boers."}, {"id": "Q1029847", "label": "Natalia Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "One of these, the Republiek Natalia (Natalia Republic), was short-lived: it was established in 1838 and annexed by the British Empire in 1843, driving the Boers on yet further."}, {"id": "Q3048062", "label": "Orange River Sovereignty", "section": "Background", "says": "The British again pressed their own claims, annexing the area between the Orange and Vaal rivers as the Orange River Sovereignty in 1848."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Four years later, they signed the Sand River Convention, granting independence to Boers north of the Vaal, an area the British called the Transvaal, and recognising the establishment of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (South African Republic) there."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1873 changed this thinking; rather than viewing South Africa as too complex and costly, the British saw the potential for an economic boom."}, {"id": "Q469797", "label": "Piet Joubert", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Francois Gerhardus Joubert (who was the uncle of Piet Joubert, one of the triumvirate of Boer leaders) was ordered by the Boer leadership to stop Anstruther from reaching Pretoria."}], "Q2557155": [{"id": "Q1940446", "label": "Monmouth Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sedgemoor was the final and decisive engagement of the Monmouth Rebellion, between forces loyal to James II and rebel forces led by the Duke of Monmouth."}, {"id": "Q140235", "label": "James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth", "section": "Background", "says": "It was the final battle of the Monmouth Rebellion, by which the rebel James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, attempted to seize the English throne from his uncle James II of England."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "It was the final battle of the Monmouth Rebellion, by which the rebel James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, attempted to seize the English throne from his uncle James II of England."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After Monmouth landed from the Dutch Republic at Lyme Regis in Dorset, there had been a series of marches and skirmishes throughout Dorset and Somerset."}], "Q2560749": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "At least 112 Palestinians, along with three Israelis, were killed, and more than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis were injured."}], "Q2574486": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Goliad was the second skirmish of the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1186940", "label": "Martín Perfecto de Cos", "section": "lead", "says": "In September, Texians began plotting to kidnap Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos, who was en route to Goliad to attempt to quell the unrest in Texas."}, {"id": "Q1191854", "label": "Battle of Gonzales", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonists eagerly rushed to assist, and on October 2 the Battle of Gonzales officially opened the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The following day the expedition stopped at Victoria, where they were soon joined by English-speaking settlers from other settlements and 30 Tejanos led by Plácido Benavides."}, {"id": "Q715279", "label": "Vicente Filisola", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to the memoirs of Mexican General Vicente Filisola, who was not in Texas in 1835, the Texians plotted to draw the presidio commander, Colonel Juan López Sandoval, and his officers from the fort."}], "Q2578430": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Circumstances in the 1780s, including the war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, and the moving of a portion of the Russian Baltic Fleet to the Black Sea, prompted the Swedish king, Gustav III, to attack Russia in 1788."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Circumstances in the 1780s, including the war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, and the moving of a portion of the Russian Baltic Fleet to the Black Sea, prompted the Swedish king, Gustav III, to attack Russia in 1788."}, {"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Circumstances in the 1780s, including the war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, and the moving of a portion of the Russian Baltic Fleet to the Black Sea, prompted the Swedish king, Gustav III, to attack Russia in 1788."}], "Q2579077": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalavryta massacre (Greek: Σφαγή των Καλαβρύτων), or the Holocaust of Kalavryta (Ολοκαύτωμα των Καλαβρύτων), was the near-extermination of the male population and the total destruction of the town of Kalavryta, Axis-occupied Greece, by the 117th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht) during World War II, on 13 December 1943."}], "Q2583202": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pescadores campaign (23–26 March 1895) was the last military operation of the First Sino-Japanese War and an essential preliminary to the Japanese conquest of Taiwan."}], "Q2585350": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests took place in 1991 on the streets of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia when a protest rally turned into a riot featuring vicious clashes between the protesters and police."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial mass rally that took place on 9 March 1991 was organized by Vuk Drašković's Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), an opposition political party in Serbia, protesting the rule of Slobodan Milošević and his Socialist Party of Serbia, particularly their misuse of Radio Television Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, in reaction to the events of the previous day, more protests drew large and diverse crowds, including leaders of the Democratic Party (DS), with some referring to it as a \"Velvet Revolution\"."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Beset by a multitude of political and economic issues, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia still existed in March 1991, with Socialist Republic of Serbia as its biggest and most populous constituent part."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "Beset by a multitude of political and economic issues, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia still existed in March 1991, with Socialist Republic of Serbia as its biggest and most populous constituent part."}, {"id": "Q157131", "label": "Zoran Đinđić", "section": "Background", "says": "However, only three parties could boast any kind of actual significance: Slobodan Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), Drašković's Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), and Democratic Party (DS) led at the time by Dragoljub Mićunović and featuring high-ranking members Zoran Đinđić and Vojislav Koštunica who would both later rise to greater prominence."}, {"id": "Q33031", "label": "Vojislav Koštunica", "section": "Background", "says": "However, only three parties could boast any kind of actual significance: Slobodan Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), Drašković's Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), and Democratic Party (DS) led at the time by Dragoljub Mićunović and featuring high-ranking members Zoran Đinđić and Vojislav Koštunica who would both later rise to greater prominence."}, {"id": "Q811629", "label": "Log Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Incidents were especially frequent in the Socialist Republic of Croatia where the two constituent ethnic groups — Croats and Serbs — began clashing following the May 1990 election victory of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) that pursued secessionism from the Yugoslav federation, a policy which the Serbs protested and actively obstructed by engaging in a series of actions collectively termed the"}], "Q2590023": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tripolitsa or fall of Tripolitsa (Greek: Άλωση της Τριπολιτσάς, romanized: Álosi tis Tripolitsás, Greek pronunciation: [ˈalosi tis tripoliˈt͡sas]), also known as the Tripolitsa massacre (Turkish: Tripoliçe katliamı), was an early victory of the revolutionary Greek forces in the summer of 1821 during the Greek War of Independence, which had begun earlier that year, against the Ottoman "}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tripolitsa or fall of Tripolitsa (Greek: Άλωση της Τριπολιτσάς, romanized: Álosi tis Tripolitsás, Greek pronunciation: [ˈalosi tis tripoliˈt͡sas]), also known as the Tripolitsa massacre (Turkish: Tripoliçe katliamı), was an early victory of the revolutionary Greek forces in the summer of 1821 during the Greek War of Independence, which had begun earlier that year, against the Ottoman "}, {"id": "Q783310", "label": "Orlov Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Other massacres of the town's Greeks had occurred in 1715 (during the Ottoman reconquest of the Morea) and on Holy Monday, 29 March 1770, after the failed Orlov Revolt."}, {"id": "Q319678", "label": "Theodoros Kolokotronis", "section": "Background", "says": "The de facto commander in chief of the Greek forces, Theodoros Kolokotronis, now focused on the province's capital."}, {"id": "Q2562396", "label": "Petros Mavromichalis", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, a fresh and compact force of Maniot troops under Petros Mavromichalis, the Bey of Mani, arrived and camped at Valtetsi so as to take part in the final assault to the Ottoman capital of Morea."}, {"id": "Q574899", "label": "Dimitrios Ypsilantis", "section": "Background", "says": "Other commanders present at the siege were Bouboulina, Panagiotis Rodios, Alexandros Kantakouzinos, Olivier Voutier, Maxime Raybaud as chief of the artillery, Kanellos Deligiannis and Demetrios Ypsilantis (left before the city was taken)."}, {"id": "Q2579501", "label": "Battle of Valtetsi", "section": "Background", "says": "The rebels' decisive victory in the Battle of Valtetsi and several other victorious clashes, such as those in Doliana and Vervena, meant that the Greek revolutionaries had effective control over most areas in the centre and the south of the Peloponnese."}], "Q27643296": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dakota Access Pipeline Protests or the Standing Rock Protests, also known by the hashtag #NoDAPL, were a series of grassroots Native American protests against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline in the northern United States that began in April 2016."}], "Q2803538": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London (1700) (Dutch: Verdrag van Londen, French: Traités de Londres) or Second Partition Treaty was the second attempt by Louis XIV of France and  William III of England to impose a diplomatic solution to the issues that led to the 1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q129987", "label": "William III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London (1700) (Dutch: Verdrag van Londen, French: Traités de Londres) or Second Partition Treaty was the second attempt by Louis XIV of France and  William III of England to impose a diplomatic solution to the issues that led to the 1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London (1700) (Dutch: Verdrag van Londen, French: Traités de Londres) or Second Partition Treaty was the second attempt by Louis XIV of France and  William III of England to impose a diplomatic solution to the issues that led to the 1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Both divided the Spanish Empire without prior consultation and since the Spanish viewed an undivided Empire as non-negotiable, historians generally view them as largely unenforceable."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles II of Spain became the last ruler of Habsburg Spain at the age of five in 1665."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles II of Spain became the last ruler of Habsburg Spain at the age of five in 1665."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Hoping to avoid another costly conflict like the Nine Years' War, in 1698 William and Louis agreed to the Treaty of The Hague (1698), or First Partition Treaty, making Joseph Ferdinand heir to the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Spain's financial and military power had declined during the 17th century, the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and the Americas."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Spain's financial and military power had declined during the 17th century, the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Spain's financial and military power had declined during the 17th century, the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and the Americas."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "For example, in the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover, Charles II of England agreed to support the claim of Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "Background", "says": "William III of England saw the Partition Treaties as a way of building on the relationship established at the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick with Louis XIV to create a lasting peace."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Few of William's ministers in either England or the Dutch Republic trusted Louis, an impression strengthened when the Marquis d'Harcourt was sent as envoy to Madrid in November 1698 to build Spanish support for a French candidate."}, {"id": "Q57909", "label": "Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 November 1698, Charles published his will, which made the six-year-old Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria heir to an undivided Spanish Empire and thus ignored the territorial adjustments specified in the First Partition Treaty."}], "Q2817295": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "970 until 1018, a series of conflicts between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire led to the gradual reconquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantines, who thus re-established their control over the entire Balkan Peninsula for the first time since the 7th-century Slavic invasions."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "970 until 1018, a series of conflicts between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire led to the gradual reconquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantines, who thus re-established their control over the entire Balkan Peninsula for the first time since the 7th-century Slavic invasions."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Byzantine-Bulgarian relations deteriorated by the end of the 960s, the Eastern Roman Empire paid the Kievan prince Sviatoslav to attack Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Boris II was captured and taken to Constantinople where he abdicated and the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes announced the annexation of Bulgaria, even though the Eastern Roman Empire only controlled Eastern Bulgaria at the time, and the lands to the west remained under Bulgarian control."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "Samuel proved to be a successful general inflicting a major defeat on the Byzantine army, commanded by Basil II at the Gates of Trajan and retaking north-eastern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "His successful campaigns expanded the Bulgarian borders into Thessaly and Epirus and in 998, he conquered the principality of Duklja."}, {"id": "Q584047", "label": "Battle of Kleidion", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1014, the Byzantines won the decisive Battle of Kleidion and Samuel died a few weeks later."}, {"id": "Q137632", "label": "Gavril Radomir", "section": "lead", "says": "Tsar Samuel's reign was followed by the short reigns of his son Gavril Radomir and his nephew Ivan Vladislav."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of the Bulgarian emperor Peter I (927–969), the Magyars who had been temporarily contained by his father Simeon I started raiding the Bulgarian lands from 934 and Peter I's efforts to cope with them remained futile."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "Background", "says": "Roman emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (963–969), who had achieved decisive victories over the Arabs to the east insulted the Bulgarian ambassadors and launched a campaign."}], "Q2822794": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The New York Agreement, officially the Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Concerning West New Guinea, is an agreement signed by the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Indonesia regarding the administration of the territory of Western New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The New York Agreement, officially the Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Concerning West New Guinea, is an agreement signed by the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Indonesia regarding the administration of the territory of Western New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The New York Agreement, officially the Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Concerning West New Guinea, is an agreement signed by the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Indonesia regarding the administration of the territory of Western New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated during meetings hosted by the United States, the agreement was signed on 15 August 1962 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, United States."}, {"id": "Q171328", "label": "Charter of the United Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Although agreements are not able to negate obligations defined in the Charter of the United Nations, and the agreement asserted that it was for the benefit of the people of the territory, some people believed that the agreement was sacrificing the people of the territory for the benefit of the foreign powers."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "The origins of the dispute over Dutch New Guinea are agreed to have originated in the pre-World War II need to find a homeland for the Eurasian Indo people."}, {"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1945 during the Indonesian National Revolution, the Netherlands tried to negotiate for a special place for New Guinea in various conferences with Indonesian nationalists, with the Linggadjati Agreement among other things reserving New Guinea as a place of settlement for Indos."}, {"id": "Q2112088", "label": "Linggadjati Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1945 during the Indonesian National Revolution, the Netherlands tried to negotiate for a special place for New Guinea in various conferences with Indonesian nationalists, with the Linggadjati Agreement among other things reserving New Guinea as a place of settlement for Indos."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1951, the Indonesian government interpreted the results of the Round Table Conference as giving it sovereignty over all of the former Dutch East Indies, including New Guinea."}], "Q28746090": [{"id": "Q1439825", "label": "Foulques de Villaret", "section": "lead", "says": "The Knights Hospitaller, led by Grand Master Foulques de Villaret, landed on Rhodes in summer 1306 and quickly conquered most of it except for the city of Rhodes, which remained in Byzantine hands."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sent reinforcements, which allowed the city to repel the initial Hospitaller attacks, and persevere until it was captured on 15 August 1310."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hospitallers transferred their base to the island, which became the centre of their activities until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1522."}, {"id": "Q546497", "label": "Henry II of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "Their position in Cyprus was precarious; their limited income made them dependent on donations from Western Europe and involved them in quarrels with King Henry II of Cyprus, while the loss of Acre and the Holy Land led to widespread questioning on the purpose of the monastic orders, and proposals to confiscate their possessions."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "Background", "says": "The island was a Byzantine possession, but the empire was in crisis following the Turkish conquest of most of its territories in Asia in the first years of the 14th century and in the face of the devastation of its European territories by the Catalan Company."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the power of these Byzantine clients in the islands was forcefully contested by the Republic of Venice and various families of its citizens, who had originally established themselves in the region under the authority of the now defunct Latin Empire of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the power of these Byzantine clients in the islands was forcefully contested by the Republic of Venice and various families of its citizens, who had originally established themselves in the region under the authority of the now defunct Latin Empire of Constantinople."}], "Q2883179": [{"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rus'–Byzantine Treaty, between the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII and Igor I of Kiev, was concluded either in 944 or 945."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a result of the Rus'-Byzantine War of 941 undertaken by Kievan Rus' against Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "The text of the treaty, as preserved in the Primary Chronicle, contains agreements regarding the Rus' promise not to attack Chersonesos, a Byzantine exclave in the Crimea (Article 8)."}], "Q2888074": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Autas or Awtas (Arabic: غَزْوَة أَوْطَاس, romanized: Ġazwat Awṭās) took place in 630 C.E. between the forces of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tribal coalition centered around Taif."}, {"id": "Q2300090", "label": "Battle of Hunayn", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an immediate follow-up engagement following the victory at the Battle of Hunayn."}], "Q2888211": [{"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bregalnica was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia during the Second Balkan War from 30 June to 8 July."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bregalnica was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia during the Second Balkan War from 30 June to 8 July."}], "Q2888384": [{"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it by itself did not end Ashraf's rule in Iran, it was a significant triumph which led to further successes in the following engagements of the campaign to restore Tahmasp II to the throne."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hotakis were forced back to their territory in what is now southern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q562502", "label": "Ashraf Hotaki", "section": "lead", "says": "But in the Battle of Murcheh-Khort Ashraf Hotak lost to the superior army of Nader."}, {"id": "Q31494", "label": "Mahmud Hotaki", "section": "Background", "says": "Ashraf having come to power in the aftermath of a coup against his predecessor, Mahmud Hotak, had achieved great success in the war with the Ottomans where with a much inferior force he overcame a superior Turkish army and agreed to a settlement which divided the west of the former Safavid Empire of Iran with his Ottoman adversary in the aftermath of which he secured Turkish support and acceptance"}], "Q2888540": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Bull was a French attack on the British-held Fort Bull on 27 March 1756, early in the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the 1720s-30s were a period of Anglo-French détente in Europe with both the duc d'Orleans, the Regent for the boy king Louis XV in France, and Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole in Britain, being committed to a policy of peace."}, {"id": "Q104190", "label": "Robert Walpole", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the 1720s-30s were a period of Anglo-French détente in Europe with both the duc d'Orleans, the Regent for the boy king Louis XV in France, and Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole in Britain, being committed to a policy of peace."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "France and Britain went to war in the inconclusive War of the Austrian Succession which was followed by the Seven Years' War, which began in North America in 1754 when the Virginia militia under the command of George Washington made a very unsuccessful attempt to expel the French from the Ohio river valley."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "France and Britain went to war in the inconclusive War of the Austrian Succession which was followed by the Seven Years' War, which began in North America in 1754 when the Virginia militia under the command of George Washington made a very unsuccessful attempt to expel the French from the Ohio river valley."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "France and Britain went to war in the inconclusive War of the Austrian Succession which was followed by the Seven Years' War, which began in North America in 1754 when the Virginia militia under the command of George Washington made a very unsuccessful attempt to expel the French from the Ohio river valley."}], "Q2888888": [{"id": "Q1226606", "label": "Alexios Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalavrye (also Kalavryai or Kalavryta) was fought in 1078 between the Byzantine imperial forces of general (and future emperor) Alexios Komnenos and the rebellious governor of Dyrrhachium, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder."}, {"id": "Q210564", "label": "Michael VII Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "Bryennios had rebelled against Michael VII Doukas (r."}, {"id": "Q41689", "label": "Nikephoros III Botaneiates", "section": "lead", "says": "Even after Doukas's overthrow by Nikephoros III Botaneiates (r."}, {"id": "Q41834", "label": "Romanos IV Diogenes", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 against the Seljuk Turks and the overthrow of Romanos IV Diogenes (r."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "1068–1071), the Byzantine Empire experienced a decade of near-continuous internal turmoil and rebellions."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Balkans, invasions by the Pechenegs and the Cumans devastated Bulgaria, and the Serbian princes renounced their allegiance to the Empire."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time he appointed the young Alexios Komnenos as his Domestic of the Schools (commander-in-chief), and sought aid from the Seljuk Sultan Suleyman, who sent 2,000 warriors and promised even more."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His army comprised 12,000 mostly seasoned men from the standing regiments (tagmata) of Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace, as well as Frankish mercenaries and the elite tagma of the Hetaireia."}], "Q2889191": [{"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Magdhaba took place on 23 December 1916 during the Defence of Egypt section of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory against the Ottoman Empire garrison also secured the town of El Arish after the Ottoman garrison withdrew."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1916, a combined Ottoman and German Empire army had been forced to retreat to Bir el Abd, after the British victory in the Battle of Romani."}, {"id": "Q2722527", "label": "Battle of Romani", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1916, a combined Ottoman and German Empire army had been forced to retreat to Bir el Abd, after the British victory in the Battle of Romani."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "After a second night march by the Anzac Mounted Division (Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division), the attack on Magdhaba was launched by Australian, British and New Zealand troops against well-entrenched Ottoman forces defending a series of six redoubts."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "Background", "says": "As a major general, Chetwode had been in command of cavalry on the Western Front, where he was involved in pursuing retreating Germans after the First Battle of the Marne."}], "Q2889730": [{"id": "Q459887", "label": "Alexandros Mavrokordatos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peta or Battle of Petta was fought between the Greeks (with Philhellenes) led by Alexandros Mavrokordatos with Markos Botsaris and the Ottomans led by Omer Vrioni on 16 July 1822 (4 July Julian calendar)."}, {"id": "Q577254", "label": "Markos Botsaris", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peta or Battle of Petta was fought between the Greeks (with Philhellenes) led by Alexandros Mavrokordatos with Markos Botsaris and the Ottomans led by Omer Vrioni on 16 July 1822 (4 July Julian calendar)."}, {"id": "Q3352014", "label": "Omer Vrioni", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peta or Battle of Petta was fought between the Greeks (with Philhellenes) led by Alexandros Mavrokordatos with Markos Botsaris and the Ottomans led by Omer Vrioni on 16 July 1822 (4 July Julian calendar)."}, {"id": "Q140092", "label": "Hurşid Ahmed Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Souliotes defeated the forces of Hurshid Pasha in May and June 1822, they joined Prince Alexander Mavrocordatos who landed at Missolonghi with a contingent of Greek regulars."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Joining the Greeks were one battalion of German, Polish, Swiss, French and Italian philhellene volunteers with Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels, formerly of the Württemberg army, serving as Mavrokordatos's chief of staff."}], "Q2889883": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Denis was the last major action of the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 14 August 1678, four days after Louis XIV of France had agreed the Treaty of Nijmegen with the Dutch Republic, but before he finalised terms with Spain."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 14 August 1678, four days after Louis XIV of France had agreed the Treaty of Nijmegen with the Dutch Republic, but before he finalised terms with Spain."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch and Spanish initiated the battle to prevent the French capturing the Spanish-held town of Mons, then on the border between France and the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Leaving a small force to maintain the siege of Mons, French commander Luxembourg concentrated 40,000 to 50,000 men around the nearby villages of Saint-Dénis and Casteau, where they were attacked by a combined Dutch-Spanish army of 35,000 to 45,000 men led by William of Orange."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "France viewed possession of the Spanish Netherlands as essential for its security and trade and occupied much of it in the War of Devolution (1667-68)."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Success encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French advances brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q1783252", "label": "Battle of Seneffe", "section": "Background", "says": "Both sides suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Seneffe on 11 August, which confirmed Louis' preference for positional warfare, with siege and manoeuvre dominating in this theatre thereafter."}], "Q2889962": [{"id": "Q1305130", "label": "War of Saint Sabas", "section": "lead", "says": "Genoa and the Byzantines had been allied against Venice since the Treaty of Nymphaeum in 1261, while Genoa, in particular, had been engaged in the War of Saint Sabas against Venice from 1256."}, {"id": "Q48998655", "label": "Battle of Trapani", "section": "lead", "says": "This did not prevent another, even more lopsided and complete defeat at the Battle of Trapani in 1266."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "When Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) became ruler of the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea, he set about realizing the Nicaean ambition to recover Constantinople, the former capital of the Byzantine Empire, which since the Fourth Crusade in 1204 had been the seat of the rival Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) became ruler of the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea, he set about realizing the Nicaean ambition to recover Constantinople, the former capital of the Byzantine Empire, which since the Fourth Crusade in 1204 had been the seat of the rival Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) became ruler of the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea, he set about realizing the Nicaean ambition to recover Constantinople, the former capital of the Byzantine Empire, which since the Fourth Crusade in 1204 had been the seat of the rival Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) became ruler of the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea, he set about realizing the Nicaean ambition to recover Constantinople, the former capital of the Byzantine Empire, which since the Fourth Crusade in 1204 had been the seat of the rival Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "By this time, the Latin Empire was a weak remnant of its former self, but was backed by the naval might of the Republic of Venice, which contributed to the failure of two large-scale Nicaean attempts to capture the city in 1235 and 1260."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "Only one state possessed that capability: the Republic of Genoa."}], "Q2890420": [{"id": "Q319015", "label": "Yigal Allon", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Yoav was headed by the Southern Front commander Yigal Allon."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In the central and northern parts of Palestine, the Israelis had managed to make substantial territorial gains before the second truce of the war went into effect."}, {"id": "Q213500", "label": "Ralph Bunche", "section": "Background", "says": "Ralph Bunche, who had become UN mediator after the assassination of Count Folke Bernadotte, said:\n\n[The Israeli] military action of the last few days has been on a scale which could only be undertaken after considerable preparation, and could scarcely be explained as simple retaliatory action for an attack on an [Israeli] convoy."}, {"id": "Q212163", "label": "Folke Bernadotte", "section": "Background", "says": "Ralph Bunche, who had become UN mediator after the assassination of Count Folke Bernadotte, said:\n\n[The Israeli] military action of the last few days has been on a scale which could only be undertaken after considerable preparation, and could scarcely be explained as simple retaliatory action for an attack on an [Israeli] convoy."}], "Q2890439": [{"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yungay (or Yungai) was the final battle of the War of the Confederation, fought on January 20, 1839, near Yungay, Peru."}, {"id": "Q1329", "label": "Manuel Bulnes", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Restoration Army, led by Chilean General Manuel Bulnes, consisting mainly of Chileans and 600 North Peruvian dissidents, attacked the Peru-Bolivian Confederation forces led by Andrés de Santa Cruz in northern Peru, 200 kilometers (120 mi) north of Lima."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Restoration Army, led by Chilean General Manuel Bulnes, consisting mainly of Chileans and 600 North Peruvian dissidents, attacked the Peru-Bolivian Confederation forces led by Andrés de Santa Cruz in northern Peru, 200 kilometers (120 mi) north of Lima."}], "Q2890458": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zutphen was fought on 22 September 1586, near the village of Warnsveld and the town of Zutphen, the Netherlands, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)."}, {"id": "Q2602266", "label": "Treaty of Nonsuch", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1585, England signed the Treaty of Nonsuch with the States-General of the Netherlands and formally entered the war against Spain."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1585, Queen Elizabeth I of England took the United Provinces of the Netherlands under her protection and signed the Treaty of Nonsuch with the States-General."}, {"id": "Q554961", "label": "Alessandro Farnese", "section": "Background", "says": "Commanding untrained and badly paid levies, Leicester was unable to prevent the Army of Flanders under Alessandro Farnese, from seizing the towns of Grave, Venlo and Neuss, though he managed to take Axel."}, {"id": "Q1377854", "label": "John Norreys", "section": "Background", "says": "Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, led the cavalry, John Norreys the infantry, and William Pelham the camp, in which Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the deposed Archbishop of Cologne, and Manuel, son of the Prior of Crato, claimant to the Portuguese crown, all resided."}, {"id": "Q70963", "label": "Gebhard Truchsess of Waldburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, led the cavalry, John Norreys the infantry, and William Pelham the camp, in which Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the deposed Archbishop of Cologne, and Manuel, son of the Prior of Crato, claimant to the Portuguese crown, all resided."}], "Q2890606": [{"id": "Q714006", "label": "Republic of Ezo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Miyako Bay (宮古湾海戦, Miyako-wan Kaisen) was a naval action on 6 May 1869, in which samurai loyalists of the former Tokugawa shogunate under the flag of the newly formed Republic of Ezo failed to take over the Kōtetsu, the flagship of the Imperial forces of the new Meiji government."}, {"id": "Q716562", "label": "Battle of Hakodate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the overall Battle of Hakodate at the end of the Boshin War."}, {"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the overall Battle of Hakodate at the end of the Boshin War."}], "Q2890893": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Rufiji Delta was fought in German East Africa (modern Tanzania) from October 1914–July 1915 during the First World War, between the German Navy's light cruiser SMS Königsberg, and a powerful group of British warships."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Rufiji Delta was fought in German East Africa (modern Tanzania) from October 1914–July 1915 during the First World War, between the German Navy's light cruiser SMS Königsberg, and a powerful group of British warships."}], "Q2890906": [{"id": "Q146465", "label": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Lake Huleh in June 1157, a Crusader army led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem was ambushed and badly defeated by Nur ad-Din Zangi, the emir of Aleppo and Damascus."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem escaped worse damage when their adversary became ill and was unable to follow up his victory."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead of confronting a group of Muslim emirates and being able to play them off against one another, the Crusader states (Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch) faced a unified threat to their existence."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead of confronting a group of Muslim emirates and being able to play them off against one another, the Crusader states (Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch) faced a unified threat to their existence."}], "Q2915943": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The October incident (十月事件, Jūgatsu Jiken), also known as the Imperial Colors incident (錦旗革命事件, Kinki Kakumei Jiken), was an abortive coup d'état attempt in the Empire of Japan on 21 October 1931, launched by the Sakurakai secret society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups."}, {"id": "Q516749", "label": "March Incident", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Having failed to replace the government with a totalitarian military dictatorship in the abortive coup d'état of the March Incident of March 1931, Lt."}, {"id": "Q1151130", "label": "Kingorō Hashimoto", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Kingoro Hashimoto of the Sakurakai and his ultra-nationalist civilian supporters, including Shūmei Ōkawa, resolved to try again in October 1931."}, {"id": "Q385236", "label": "Shūmei Ōkawa", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Kingoro Hashimoto of the Sakurakai and his ultra-nationalist civilian supporters, including Shūmei Ōkawa, resolved to try again in October 1931."}, {"id": "Q1091111", "label": "Isamu Chō", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Isamu Chō returned secretly to Japan (without orders) from North China to lead the plot to \"prevent the government from squandering the fruits of our victory in Manchuria\"."}, {"id": "Q920993", "label": "Makino Nobuaki", "section": "Background and history", "says": "The main elements of the plot included:\n\nKey statesmen and officials such as Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijirō, Grand Chamberlain Saitō Makoto, Prince Saionji Kinmochi, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki and Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara were to be assassinated."}, {"id": "Q335191", "label": "Kijūrō Shidehara", "section": "Background and history", "says": "The main elements of the plot included:\n\nKey statesmen and officials such as Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijirō, Grand Chamberlain Saitō Makoto, Prince Saionji Kinmochi, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki and Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara were to be assassinated."}, {"id": "Q353244", "label": "Sadao Araki", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Sadao Araki, chief of the radical Imperial Way Faction."}, {"id": "Q712893", "label": "Jirō Minami", "section": "Background and history", "says": "Jirō Minami."}], "Q2916279": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for Jerusalem took place during the 1947–1948 civil war phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war."}, {"id": "Q1375894", "label": "Operation Nachshon", "section": "lead", "says": "This blockade was broken in mid-April of that year by Jewish militias who carried out Operation Nachshon and Operation Maccabi, both part of the Zionist offensive known as Plan Dalet."}, {"id": "Q192780", "label": "Abdullah I of Jordan", "section": "lead", "says": "Israeli victories against the Arab militias in the city pushed Abdullah I of Jordan to order the Arab Legion to intervene."}], "Q2935356": [{"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) made his first attempt to occupy the northern Illyrian region (roughly modern Croatia) from 35 B.C. to 33 B.C."}, {"id": "Q295228", "label": "Sextus Pompey", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict came shortly after he achieved a definitive victory over Sextus Pompey in Roman Sicily and before the decisive clash with his fellow triumvir, Mark Antony, in Roman Greece and Ptolemaic Egypt."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict came shortly after he achieved a definitive victory over Sextus Pompey in Roman Sicily and before the decisive clash with his fellow triumvir, Mark Antony, in Roman Greece and Ptolemaic Egypt."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the triumph for his victories was delayed and celebrated only after the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q316098", "label": "Marcus Velleius Paterculus", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The first objective of these campaigns was - Velleius Paterculus and Cassius Dio report it - to make sure that these military operations would be useful for Octavian's legionaries to practice against a real enemy, and not \"slumber in idleness,\" in view of the far more decisive and forthcoming war against Antony, given the growing disagreements between the two."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The first objective of these campaigns was - Velleius Paterculus and Cassius Dio report it - to make sure that these military operations would be useful for Octavian's legionaries to practice against a real enemy, and not \"slumber in idleness,\" in view of the far more decisive and forthcoming war against Antony, given the growing disagreements between the two."}, {"id": "Q309869", "label": "Burebista", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Added to these populations from the Illyrian-Pannonian area was the risk of a possible attack by the Dacians, although the previous kingdom of Burebista had weakened and split into several kingdoms after the demise of the great Dacian ruler (44 BCE)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Historical context", "says": "However, the main strategic reason was to aim at joining the two proconsular provinces of Illyricum and Macedonia, in a vast area that would carry Roman rule as far as the Danube, and be placed under the control of a number of Augustan legates, under whose command 6-7 legions and related auxiliary units were then placed."}], "Q2935437": [{"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congo Arab war was a colonial war between the Congo Free State and Arab-Swahili warlords associated with the Indian Ocean slave trade in the eastern regions of the Congo Basin between 1892 and 1894."}, {"id": "Q458421", "label": "Tippu Tip", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1886, while Tippu Tip was in Zanzibar, a dispute arose between Tippu Tip's fort at Stanley Falls (modern-day Boyoma Falls) and a smaller, nearby Congo Free State fort led by Walter Deane and Lieutenant Dubois."}, {"id": "Q171421", "label": "Henry Morton Stanley", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 1887, Henry Morton Stanley arrived in Zanzibar and proposed that Tippu Tip (nom de guerre — his real name was Hamad bin Muhammad bin Juma bin Rajab el Murjebi) be made governor (wali) of the Stanley Falls District in the Congo Free State."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 1887, Henry Morton Stanley arrived in Zanzibar and proposed that Tippu Tip (nom de guerre — his real name was Hamad bin Muhammad bin Juma bin Rajab el Murjebi) be made governor (wali) of the Stanley Falls District in the Congo Free State."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Both Leopold II and Barghash bin Said agreed."}], "Q2948000": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rehe (simplified Chinese: 热河战役; traditional Chinese: 熱河戰役; pinyin: Rèhé zhànyì, sometimes called the Battle of Jehol) was the second part of Operation Nekka, a campaign by which the Empire of Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang and annexed it to the new state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rehe (simplified Chinese: 热河战役; traditional Chinese: 熱河戰役; pinyin: Rèhé zhànyì, sometimes called the Battle of Jehol) was the second part of Operation Nekka, a campaign by which the Empire of Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang and annexed it to the new state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rehe (simplified Chinese: 热河战役; traditional Chinese: 熱河戰役; pinyin: Rèhé zhànyì, sometimes called the Battle of Jehol) was the second part of Operation Nekka, a campaign by which the Empire of Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang and annexed it to the new state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q711969", "label": "Song Zheyuan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chinese armies gathered to defend Rehe numbered between 100,000 and 150,000 with 40,000 of the Northeastern army under Wan Fulin, 30,000–50,000 under Tang Yulin and 30,000 former Guominjun under Sun Dianying and Song Zheyuan."}], "Q2976481": [{"id": "Q3394015", "label": "Battle of Lovcha", "section": "lead", "says": "A significant garrison had been reduced at the Battle of Lovcha in September."}], "Q2980852": [{"id": "Q118755", "label": "Michael the Brave", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Wallachian forces under Michael the Brave in the northern Bulgarian lands in the autumn of 1598 provided good conditions for the uprising, as the fellow Christian army would support the insurrection according to the plan."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time the Ottomans were engaged in the Long War with the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "An alleged descendant of the medieval Shishman dynasty was proclaimed Tsar of Bulgaria (as Ivan Shishman II) and Tarnovo was briefly liberated, with about 12,000 people gathering."}], "Q2994995": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Narva was concluded on 19 August (O.S.) / 30 August 1704 during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Augustus the Strong joined the anti-Swedish alliance between the Saxon electorate and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Augustus the Strong joined the anti-Swedish alliance between the Saxon electorate and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Augustus the Strong joined the anti-Swedish alliance between the Saxon electorate and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "At the onset of the Great Northern War, Augustus the Strong was king of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1699, he allied with the Russian tsar Peter the Great in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway in the Treaty of Dresden."}, {"id": "Q973764", "label": "Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1699, he allied with the Russian tsar Peter the Great in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway in the Treaty of Dresden."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The alliances provided the basis for a combined attack on the Swedish Empire, which followed in 1700."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In the following years, Charles XII of Sweden pursued Augustus through Poland–Lithuania, imposing on him a series of defeats, and Russia was able to recover and advance in the Baltic provinces."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1704, Swedish advances and the resulting internal quarrels in Poland–Lithuania caused the dethronement of Augustus the Strong and election of Stanisław Leszczyński, the candidate promoted by the Charles XII of Sweden, as the Polish king."}], "Q2996259": [{"id": "Q2341073", "label": "First Carlist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Vergara (Spanish: Convenio de Vergara, Basque: Bergarako hitzarmena), entered into on 31 August 1839, was a treaty successfully ending the major fighting in Spain's First Carlist War."}, {"id": "Q434529", "label": "Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, also known by many other names including the Embrace of Vergara (Spanish: Abrazo de Vergara), was signed by Baldomero Espartero for the Isabelines (or \"Constitutionalists\") and Rafael Maroto for the Carlists."}, {"id": "Q3120467", "label": "Rafael Maroto", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, also known by many other names including the Embrace of Vergara (Spanish: Abrazo de Vergara), was signed by Baldomero Espartero for the Isabelines (or \"Constitutionalists\") and Rafael Maroto for the Carlists."}], "Q2998924": [{"id": "Q2097052", "label": "Timoci Bavadra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fijian coups d'état of 1987 resulted in the overthrow of the recently elected government of Fijian Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra, the deposition of Elizabeth II as Queen of Fiji, and in the declaration of a republic."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fijian coups d'état of 1987 resulted in the overthrow of the recently elected government of Fijian Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra, the deposition of Elizabeth II as Queen of Fiji, and in the declaration of a republic."}, {"id": "Q981549", "label": "Sitiveni Rabuka", "section": "lead", "says": "Both military actions were led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, then third in command of the Royal Fiji Military Forces."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Both before and after Fiji regained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1970, tensions between the indigenous Fijian and Indo-Fijian ethnic groups (comprising an estimated 46% and 49% of the 1987 population, respectively) continually manifested themselves in social and political unrest."}, {"id": "Q469507", "label": "Kamisese Mara", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fijian general election of April 1987 resulted in the replacement of the indigenous-led conservative government of Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara with a multi-ethnic Labour-led coalition supported mostly by the Indo-Fijian plurality and Rabuka claimed ethnic Fijian concerns of racial discrimination as his excuse for seizing power."}], "Q30253388": [{"id": "Q155979", "label": "Alexei Navalny", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-corruption protests were primarily led by Alexei Navalny, who was joined by well-known participants such as the Libertarian Party, Open Russia, and Artpodgotovka."}, {"id": "Q23530", "label": "Dmitry Medvedev", "section": "lead", "says": "Discontentment was triggered by the alleged corrupt activity of Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev as presented in the film, the inadequately planned demolition of apartments in Moscow and the protracted strikes of truck drivers related to the Platon toll system, which had been ongoing since 2015."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "lead", "says": "After the arrest of Navalny on 29 September, hours before a planned rally in Nizhny Novgorod, a new wave of protests was announced for 7 October, the birthday of Putin."}], "Q3081812": [{"id": "Q150939", "label": "Operation Weserübung", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Alphabet  was an evacuation, authorised on 24 May 1940, of Allied (British, French and Polish) troops from the harbour of Narvik in northern Norway marking the success of Operation Weserübung (the German invasion of 9 April) and the end of the Allied campaign in Norway during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Alphabet  was an evacuation, authorised on 24 May 1940, of Allied (British, French and Polish) troops from the harbour of Narvik in northern Norway marking the success of Operation Weserübung (the German invasion of 9 April) and the end of the Allied campaign in Norway during World War II."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The evacuation was prompted by the Wehrmacht's assault on Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France in the spring of 1940, which reduced the relative importance of Germany's iron ore provision and of Scandinavia."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "A consequence of the evacuation of Allied troops from Norway was that Sweden's and Finland's position vis-à-vis Nazi Germany was weakened."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, still united by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, had excluded other international powers from influence in Northern Europe."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, still united by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, had excluded other international powers from influence in Northern Europe."}], "Q3099190": [{"id": "Q3298746", "label": "War of the Portuguese Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Vila Franca do Campo, also known as Battle of Ponta Delgada and Naval Battle of Terceira Island, took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession."}, {"id": "Q321325", "label": "António, Prior of Crato", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (a French, English and Dutch fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under the pretender António, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union, the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Lo"}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (a French, English and Dutch fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under the pretender António, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union, the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Lo"}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "A combined corsair expedition, mainly French (a French, English and Dutch fleet with Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under the pretender António, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union, the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Lo"}, {"id": "Q1414020", "label": "Filippo di Piero Strozzi", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first engagement between large fleets of carracks and galleons operating at great distances from the mainland, the mercenary fleet under Filippo di Piero Strozzi was severely defeated by a squadron under Álvaro de Bazán."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish victory resulted in the rapid Spanish conquest of the Azores and completed the incorporation of Portugal into the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish victory resulted in the rapid Spanish conquest of the Azores and completed the incorporation of Portugal into the Spanish Empire."}], "Q3100682": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Its terms would have ended the then 22-year-old Anglo-French conflict now known as the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was sealed by Edward III, king of England, and John II, king of France; the latter was a prisoner in England, having been captured with much of his council at the battle of Poitiers in 1356."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities resumed in October when the English again invaded France, and ended on 8 May 1360 when the Treaty of Brétigny was agreed."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council agreed that the lands held by Edward III in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background", "says": "The same year the Black Death reached northern France and southern England."}], "Q3104848": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fitna of al-Andalus (Arabic: فتنة الأندلس, romanized: Fitnat al-Andalus) (1009–1031), sometimes referred to as the second fitna of al-Andalus, was a civil war in the Caliphate of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in the year 1009 with a coup d'état which led to the assassination of Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, the son of Almanzor, the deposition of the Caliph Hisham II al-Hakam, and the rise to power of Muhammad II of Córdoba, great-grandson of Abd al-Rahman III."}, {"id": "Q169640", "label": "Hisham II", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in the year 1009 with a coup d'état which led to the assassination of Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, the son of Almanzor, the deposition of the Caliph Hisham II al-Hakam, and the rise to power of Muhammad II of Córdoba, great-grandson of Abd al-Rahman III."}, {"id": "Q919257", "label": "Muhammad II of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in the year 1009 with a coup d'état which led to the assassination of Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, the son of Almanzor, the deposition of the Caliph Hisham II al-Hakam, and the rise to power of Muhammad II of Córdoba, great-grandson of Abd al-Rahman III."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "However, real power lay with the chamberlain Ja'far al-Mushafi and the chief of police at the time, Muhammad ibn Abi 'Amir, also known as Almanzor."}], "Q3118719": [{"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 3, 1976, the Spanish Armed Police Corps used tear gas to force striking workers out of the parish church of San Francisco de Asís in the Basque capital of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spanish; Vitoria)."}], "Q3176586": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protocol of Sèvres (French, Protocole de Sèvres) was a secret agreement reached between the governments of Israel, France, and the United Kingdom during discussions held between 22 and 24 October 1956 in Sèvres, France."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "The protocol concerns their joint political and military collusion to topple the Egyptian leader Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, by invading and occupying the Suez Canal zone in response to President Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal on 26 July."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The planning for and the agreements contained in the protocol began the Suez Crisis on 29 October 1956."}, {"id": "Q377585", "label": "Maurice Challe", "section": "Lead-up discussions, motivations and proposals", "says": "On 14 October 1956, General Maurice Challe, the deputy chief of staff of the French armed forces, made the suggestion that \"Israel would be invited to attack the Egyptian army in Sinai and pose a threat to the Suez Canal and this would provide Britain and France with the pretext to activate their military plans and occupy the Suez Canal Zone, ostensibly in order to separate the combatants and prot"}, {"id": "Q128995", "label": "Anthony Eden", "section": "Lead-up discussions, motivations and proposals", "says": "Ben-Gurion was greatly excited by the prospect of a military partnership with the great powers against Egypt but extremely suspicious of the British in general and of Sir Anthony Eden in particular...."}], "Q3180637": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Qala-i-Jangi in Afghanistan (sometimes also referred to as the \"Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif\") was a six-day military engagement following an uprising of prisoners of war who had been taken into custody by U.S.-led coalition forces on 25 November 2001."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the intervention by United States-led coalition forces to overthrow the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which had been harboring al-Qaeda operatives."}, {"id": "Q331702", "label": "Abdul Rashid Dostum", "section": "Background", "says": "In late November 2001, Taliban commanders, facing defeat in northern Afghanistan, agreed to surrender to the Northern Alliance warlord General Abdul Rashid Dostum, leader of the ethnic-Uzbek dominated National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan, outside the besieged city of Kunduz."}], "Q3181920": [{"id": "Q182530", "label": "Battle of Badajoz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Badajoz massacre occurred in the days after the  Battle of Badajoz during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Badajoz massacre occurred in the days after the  Battle of Badajoz during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 500\nand 4,000 civilian and military supporters of the Second Spanish Republic were murdered by the Nationalist forces after the seizure of the town of Badajoz on August 14, 1936."}, {"id": "Q969735", "label": "Juan Yagüe Blanco", "section": "Background", "says": "Queipo de Llano and Juan Yagüe would later justify the massacre at Badajoz as punishment for the Republican massacre of Nationalist supporters."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "Background", "says": "The massacres were part of the Spanish \"White Terror\"."}], "Q31880": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Castilian War, also called the Spanish expedition to Borneo, was a conflict between the Spanish Empire and several Muslim states in Southeast Asia, including the Sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Maguindanao."}], "Q321955": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constantinople Agreement (also known as the Straits Agreement) resulted from a secret exchange of diplomatic correspondence between members of the Triple Entente from 4 March to 10 April 1915 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the event of an Entente victory, France and Great Britain promised to give Constantinople and the Dardanelles (at the time part of the Ottoman Empire) to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the event of an Entente victory, France and Great Britain promised to give Constantinople and the Dardanelles (at the time part of the Ottoman Empire) to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain and France put forward their own claims: to an increased sphere of influence in Persia (present-day Iran) for Britain, and to the annexation of Syria (including Palestine) and Cilicia for France."}, {"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Anglo-French attempt to seize the area in the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 to 1916 failed, the  Allies, eventually victorious,  nevertheless occupied Constantinople after the end of World War I in November 1918."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "By that time, however, the October Revolution of 1917 had brought about Russian withdrawal from the war, and as Russia was no longer one of the Allied Powers the agreement was not implemented."}, {"id": "Q700363", "label": "London Straits Convention", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Access to the Turkish Straits was governed by the 1841 London Straits Convention which stipulated the closure of the straits to warships and, after the Crimean War, by the Treaty of Paris (1856) which made universal the principle of commercial freedom at the same time as forbidding any militarization in and around the Black Sea, later amended by the Treaty of London (1871) and reaffirmed in the Tr"}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Access to the Turkish Straits was governed by the 1841 London Straits Convention which stipulated the closure of the straits to warships and, after the Crimean War, by the Treaty of Paris (1856) which made universal the principle of commercial freedom at the same time as forbidding any militarization in and around the Black Sea, later amended by the Treaty of London (1871) and reaffirmed in the Tr"}, {"id": "Q537144", "label": "Tommaso Tittoni", "section": "Historical background", "says": "On 12 October 1908, the Russian Ambassador to France, Aleksandr Nelidov in a conversation with the British Ambassador to France, Lord Bertie, said that since Japan would not allow Russia to keep a Pacific fleet, and since the Baltic was practically closed throughout the winter, it was essential for Russia that the Black Sea should be made \"the home for the Russian fleet whence she can move to the "}, {"id": "Q167246", "label": "Bosnian Crisis", "section": "Historical background", "says": "During the Bosnian Crisis of 1908, in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911/12 as well as during the Balkan Wars of 1912/13, Russia made attempts to obtain the opening of the straits for Russian warships but failed for want of support from the Great powers."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "During the Bosnian Crisis of 1908, in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911/12 as well as during the Balkan Wars of 1912/13, Russia made attempts to obtain the opening of the straits for Russian warships but failed for want of support from the Great powers."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Historical background", "says": "During the Bosnian Crisis of 1908, in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911/12 as well as during the Balkan Wars of 1912/13, Russia made attempts to obtain the opening of the straits for Russian warships but failed for want of support from the Great powers."}], "Q325760": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Málaga–Almería road massacre, also known as the Desbandá, was an attack on people fleeing on foot from Málaga after the largely Republican city was captured by Nationalist and fascist armies on 8 February 1937, during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q192894", "label": "Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 April 1931, Spain had its first democratic elections since the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The elections resulted in the formation of the Spanish Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q554322", "label": "Gonzalo Queipo de Llano", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 January 1937, Nationalist forces led by General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano were sent to seize Granada, Marbella, Ronda and other surrounding areas."}], "Q3268466": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Sima Yi, a general of the state of Cao Wei, led a force of 40,000 troops to attack the kingdom of Yan led by warlord Gongsun Yuan, whose clan had ruled independently from the central government for three generations in the northeastern territory of Liaodong (present-day eastern Liaoning)."}, {"id": "Q735405", "label": "Gongsun Yuan", "section": "lead", "says": "Sima Yi, a general of the state of Cao Wei, led a force of 40,000 troops to attack the kingdom of Yan led by warlord Gongsun Yuan, whose clan had ruled independently from the central government for three generations in the northeastern territory of Liaodong (present-day eastern Liaoning)."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "After a siege that lasted three months, Gongsun Yuan's headquarters fell to Sima Yi with assistance from Goguryeo (one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea), and many who served the Yan kingdom were massacred."}, {"id": "Q953834", "label": "Gongsun Kang", "section": "Background", "says": "His son Gongsun Kang, who succeeded him in 204, created the Daifang Commandery and maintained the autonomy of Liaodong by aligning himself with the warlord Cao Cao."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "Background", "says": "His son Gongsun Kang, who succeeded him in 204, created the Daifang Commandery and maintained the autonomy of Liaodong by aligning himself with the warlord Cao Cao."}, {"id": "Q7316", "label": "Emperor Xian of Han", "section": "Background", "says": "Gongsun Kang died some time around the abdication of Emperor Xian of Han to Cao Pi, son of Cao Cao, and Gongsun Kang's brother Gongsun Gong became the new ruler of Liaodong."}, {"id": "Q313333", "label": "Cao Pi", "section": "Background", "says": "Gongsun Kang died some time around the abdication of Emperor Xian of Han to Cao Pi, son of Cao Cao, and Gongsun Kang's brother Gongsun Gong became the new ruler of Liaodong."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after Gongsun Yuan came to power in Liaodong, China was, for the most part, split into three: Cao Wei in the north, Shu Han in the southwest, and Eastern Wu in the southeast."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after Gongsun Yuan came to power in Liaodong, China was, for the most part, split into three: Cao Wei in the north, Shu Han in the southwest, and Eastern Wu in the southeast."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eastern Wu lord Sun Quan attempted to win Gongsun Yuan's allegiance to establish two fronts of attack against Cao Wei, and several embassies made their way from Wu to Liaodong by taking the difficult journey across the Yellow Sea."}, {"id": "Q736639", "label": "Guanqiu Jian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 237, Guanqiu Jian presented a plan to invade Liaodong to the Wei imperial court and put his plan into action."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Previously, Sima Yi had been tasked with defending Wei's western borders from Shu Han's Northern Expeditions led by the Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang, so when the latter died in 234, the government of Wei could afford sending Sima Yi to another frontier."}, {"id": "Q378470", "label": "Cao Rui", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In a court debate prior to the campaign, the Wei emperor Cao Rui decided that Sima Yi should lead 40,000 men for the invasion of Liaodong."}], "Q3268468": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Bosnian War, there was an ethnic cleansing campaign committed by the Bosnian Serb political and military leadership – Army of the Republika Srpska, mostly against Bosniak and Croat civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and 1993."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Bosnian War, there was an ethnic cleansing campaign committed by the Bosnian Serb political and military leadership – Army of the Republika Srpska, mostly against Bosniak and Croat civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and 1993."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Bosnian War, there was an ethnic cleansing campaign committed by the Bosnian Serb political and military leadership – Army of the Republika Srpska, mostly against Bosniak and Croat civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and 1993."}], "Q3272217": [{"id": "Q7268", "label": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lulin forces were led by Liu Xiu, who later became Emperor Guangwu of Han, while the far more numerous Xin were led by Wang Yi and Wang Xun (王尋)."}, {"id": "Q701801", "label": "Wang Yi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lulin forces were led by Liu Xiu, who later became Emperor Guangwu of Han, while the far more numerous Xin were led by Wang Yi and Wang Xun (王尋)."}, {"id": "Q7250", "label": "Wang Mang", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of the Xin dynasty, peasants all over the country rebelled against Xin Emperor Wang Mang in response to what they saw as years of incompetent rule."}, {"id": "Q717972", "label": "Liu Yan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lulin forces were split in two — one force was led by Wang Feng, Wang Chang and Liu Xiu, while the other force was led by Liu Yan."}], "Q3272485": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Barcelona took place between 3 and 27 April 1706 during the War of the Spanish Succession when a Franco-Spanish army laid siege to Barcelona in an attempt to recapture the city following its fall to an English-led Allied army the previous year."}, {"id": "Q1381694", "label": "John Leake", "section": "lead", "says": "But before the decision to storm the city could be made, the siege was abandoned, following the appearance of a large English fleet under the command of John Leake carrying reinforcements."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The documentary sources explain that the escape of Philip V caused great perplexity in all the chancelleries of Europe, but especially in that of Versailles, governed by his grandfather and patron Louis XIV of France."}], "Q3274751": [{"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of South Africa was subsequently formed in 1910."}], "Q3298746": [{"id": "Q1121532", "label": "Battle of Alcácer Quibir", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the impending extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who ev"}, {"id": "Q321325", "label": "António, Prior of Crato", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the impending extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who ev"}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the impending extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who ev"}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the impending extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who ev"}], "Q3303959": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Košare (Serbian: Битка на Кошарама, romanized: Bitka na Košarama; Albanian: Beteja e Kosharës) was fought during the Kosovo War between the forces of FR Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), the latter supported by the NATO air forces and Albanian Army."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Košare (Serbian: Битка на Кошарама, romanized: Bitka na Košarama; Albanian: Beteja e Kosharës) was fought during the Kosovo War between the forces of FR Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), the latter supported by the NATO air forces and Albanian Army."}], "Q48299278": [{"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first time Israel and Iran confronted each other directly since the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and since the beginning of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict."}], "Q483088": [{"id": "Q576338", "label": "Japanese invasions of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chilcheollyang was a naval engagement fought during the night of 28 August 1597, as part of the Imjin War."}, {"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the battle, the previous naval commander Yi Sun-sin had been removed from his post due to a Japanese plot."}, {"id": "Q379659", "label": "Won Gyun", "section": "Background", "says": "The less experienced Wŏn Kyun was promoted in Yi's place."}], "Q487076": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xuân Lộc (Vietnamese: Trận Xuân Lộc) was the last major battle of the Vietnam War that took place at Xuân Lộc, Biên Hòa Province (today Đồng Nai Province)."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "From the beginning of 1975, PAVN forces swept through the northern provinces of South Vietnam virtually unopposed."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "Background", "says": "President Richard Nixon, which promised military retaliation against North Vietnam if they violated the terms of the Paris Peace Accords."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "President Richard Nixon, which promised military retaliation against North Vietnam if they violated the terms of the Paris Peace Accords."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "President Richard Nixon, which promised military retaliation against North Vietnam if they violated the terms of the Paris Peace Accords."}], "Q4871484": [{"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kosmidion (Turkish: Eyüp Muharebesi) occurred on 15 June 1410, during the Ottoman Interregnum, and was fought between the forces of the rival brothers, Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi, at Kosmidion (modern Eyüp) just outside the land walls of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q1095287", "label": "Musa Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kosmidion (Turkish: Eyüp Muharebesi) occurred on 15 June 1410, during the Ottoman Interregnum, and was fought between the forces of the rival brothers, Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi, at Kosmidion (modern Eyüp) just outside the land walls of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q1095044", "label": "Süleyman Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kosmidion (Turkish: Eyüp Muharebesi) occurred on 15 June 1410, during the Ottoman Interregnum, and was fought between the forces of the rival brothers, Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi, at Kosmidion (modern Eyüp) just outside the land walls of Constantinople."}], "Q4871652": [{"id": "Q2889354", "label": "Monastir Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Malka Nidzhe (Bulgarian: Боят на Малка Нидже), also known as the  Battle of Gornichevo, was the opening battle of the Monastir Offensive."}, {"id": "Q149281", "label": "Pavle Jurišić Šturm", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Entente forces consisted of the Serbian Third Army under the command of General Pavle Jurišić Šturm with the Vardar, Danube and Drina infantry divisions in the first line and the Morava Division in the second line."}], "Q4871705": [{"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Mecca took place on 5 December 1924 in Mecca, as part of the Saudi conquest of the Kingdom of Hejaz by King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud of the Sultanate of Nejd."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Mecca took place on 5 December 1924 in Mecca, as part of the Saudi conquest of the Kingdom of Hejaz by King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud of the Sultanate of Nejd."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hejaz region was ruled as a kingdom under King Hussein bin Ali of the Hashemite family."}], "Q4871919": [{"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Novara was fought on 8 April 1500 between the forces of King Louis XII of France and the forces of Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan."}, {"id": "Q236853", "label": "Ludovico Sforza", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Novara was fought on 8 April 1500 between the forces of King Louis XII of France and the forces of Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan."}, {"id": "Q1313351", "label": "Louis II de la Trémoille", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 March 1500, Louis II de la Trémoille joined the main French army at Mortara, Lombardy, with a corps of about 500 men, supported by artillery."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "Their companions, the Lombards and the stratioti (Albanian and Greek light cavalry), came out of Novara and attempted to cut their way down the road to Tessin."}], "Q4872056": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pirano (also known as the Battle of Grado) on 22 February 1812 was a minor naval action of the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars fought between a British and a French ship of the line in the vicinity of the towns of Pirano and Grado in Adriatic Sea."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Schönbrunn with the Austrian Empire in 1809 had further solidified French influence in the area by formalising their control of the Illyrian Provinces on the Eastern shore."}, {"id": "Q699923", "label": "Illyrian Provinces", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Schönbrunn with the Austrian Empire in 1809 had further solidified French influence in the area by formalising their control of the Illyrian Provinces on the Eastern shore."}, {"id": "Q1984642", "label": "Dardanelles Operation", "section": "Background", "says": "Victorious was commanded by John Talbot, a successful and popular officer who had distinguished himself with the capture of the French frigate Ville de Milan in 1805 and his service in the Dardanelles Operation of 1807."}], "Q4872472": [{"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, had grown tired of the Elamites' attacks on the Mesopotamians, and he decided to destroy Susa as punishment."}, {"id": "Q275013", "label": "Austen Henry Layard", "section": "lead", "says": "A tablet unearthed in 1854 by Austen Henry Layard in Nineveh reveals Ashurbanipal as an \"avenger\", seeking retribution for the humiliations the Elamites had inflicted on the Mesopotamians over the centuries."}], "Q4872819": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "King Amalric I led the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, together with contingents from the northern Latin states, a substantial body of pilgrims who had just arrived from France, and a force brought by the Byzantine governor of Cilicia."}, {"id": "Q2890906", "label": "Battle of Lake Huleh", "section": "Background", "says": "He seriously defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Lake Huleh in 1157, but fell very ill immediately afterward."}, {"id": "Q240604", "label": "Maria of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1161, the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus married Maria of Antioch and this event gave Antioch a strong protector in the emperor."}], "Q4872981": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 990s, the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimids were involved in a war in Syria, which also involved the Byzantine vassal state of Aleppo, controlled by the Hamdanid dynasty."}], "Q48785102": [{"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first of a series of attempts to restore the House of Stuart that continued into the late 18th century."}, {"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "A minor part of the wider European conflict known as the Nine Years' War, the Scottish revolt was intended to support the 1689 to 1691 Williamite War in Ireland."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined with limited resources, his death meant the rising never really threatened the new administration of William II and Mary II."}, {"id": "Q1254804", "label": "massacre of Glencoe", "section": "lead", "says": "Major military action ended at Cromdale in May 1690, although the Highlands were not considered pacified until after the Massacre of Glencoe in February 1692."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "Background", "says": "In England and Scotland, both of which were overwhelmingly Protestant, the experience of the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant that many feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir'."}, {"id": "Q1940446", "label": "Monmouth Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "The desire for stability led to the rapid collapse of two Protestant risings in June 1685, the Monmouth Rebellion in England, and Argyll's Rising in Scotland."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1685, an estimated 200,000 French Protestants were forced into exile by the Edict of Fontainebleau, while French expansion under Louis XIV threatened the Protestant Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1685, an estimated 200,000 French Protestants were forced into exile by the Edict of Fontainebleau, while French expansion under Louis XIV threatened the Protestant Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "Background", "says": "Two events turned dissent into a crisis, the first being the birth on 10 June of James' son, James Francis Edward Stuart."}], "Q48896366": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guangxi Massacre (simplified Chinese: 广西大屠杀; traditional Chinese: 廣西大屠殺; pinyin: Guǎngxī dàtúshā) comprised a series of lynchings and massacres in the Chinese province of Guangxi between 1967 and 1968, during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the cannibalism was sponsored by local offices of the Communist Party and militia, no direct evidence suggests that anyone in the national Communist Party leadership including Mao Zedong endorsed the cannibalism or even knew of it."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Even though the rebel faction \"4.22\" received endorsement from China's Premier Zhou Enlai in August 1967, it was at a disadvantage throughout Guangxi except in the city of Guilin because the local military leaders endorsed the conservative faction, the \"United Headquarters\"."}, {"id": "Q710154", "label": "Huang Yongsheng", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In February 1968, Guangzhou Military Region ordered the troops who supported \"4.22\" to dislocate from the region, and subsequently in April 1968, Huang Yongsheng, head of the Guangzhou Military Region at the time, declared that the \"4.22\" faction was a \"reactionary organization\" and launched massive suppression against the rebel faction (at the same time, a closely related massacre also took place"}], "Q492126": [{"id": "Q87791", "label": "Frisian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Frisian–Frankish wars were a series of conflicts between the Frankish Empire and the Frisian Kingdom in the 7th and 8th centuries."}, {"id": "Q2038283", "label": "Battle of the Boarn", "section": "lead", "says": "In 734 at the Battle of the Boarn the Frisians were defeated and the Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "In 734 at the Battle of the Boarn the Frisians were defeated and the Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars ended with the last revolt of the Frisians in 793 and the pacification of the Frisians by Charlemagne."}], "Q497034": [{"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "lead", "says": "After capturing Busan and Dongnae, the Japanese army under  Konishi Yukinaga  advanced at a rapid rate of almost 20 kilometres (12 mi) per day towards the Joseon capital of Hanseong (present-day Seoul) ."}], "Q6067801": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anbar campaign consisted of fighting between the United States military, together with Iraqi security forces, and Sunni insurgents in the western Iraqi governorate of Al Anbar."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraq War lasted from 2003 to 2011, but the majority of the fighting and counterinsurgency campaign in Anbar took place between April 2004 and September 2007."}, {"id": "Q1330136", "label": "Second Battle of Fallujah", "section": "lead", "says": "Savage fighting occurred in both Fallujah and Ramadi by the end of 2004, including the Second Battle of Fallujah."}], "Q60820213": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état, also known as the Tbilisi War, or the Putsch of 1991–1992, was an internal military conflict that took place in the newly independent Republic of Georgia following the fall of the Soviet Union, from 22 December 1991 to 6 January 1992."}, {"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup, which triggered the Georgian Civil War, pitted factions of the National Guard loyal to President Zviad Gamsakhurdia against several paramilitary organizations unified at the end of 1991 under the leadership of warlords Tengiz Kitovani, Jaba Ioseliani and Tengiz Sigua."}, {"id": "Q969062", "label": "Jaba Ioseliani", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup, which triggered the Georgian Civil War, pitted factions of the National Guard loyal to President Zviad Gamsakhurdia against several paramilitary organizations unified at the end of 1991 under the leadership of warlords Tengiz Kitovani, Jaba Ioseliani and Tengiz Sigua."}, {"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Gamsakhurdia's fall, a Military Council, led by Kitovani, Ioseliani and Sigua, took power in Tbilisi and assured the return of Eduard Shevardnadze, the former Soviet Georgian leader and the last Soviet Foreign Affairs Minister, to hand over power to him."}, {"id": "Q219470", "label": "Rose Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Shevardnadze gradually sidelined Kitovani and Ioseliani, and ruled the country until he was ousted in the bloodless 2003 \"Rose Revolution\"."}, {"id": "Q223151", "label": "James Baker", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 12 December, the US Secretary of State James Baker gave speech at the Princeton University, where he talked about the American policy in the post-Soviet world."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Clearly, some - Russian, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan - already are showing their intention to accept the responsibilities of the democratic community of nations."}, {"id": "Q967713", "label": "Tengiz Kitovani", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 19 December, Tengiz Kitovani offered an ultimatum to Zviad Gamsakhurdia, asking for his immediate resignation."}], "Q608608": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Luxembourg had been informed that William III of Orange had left for England, in the supposition that the campaign of 1691 was at its end."}], "Q612221": [{"id": "Q193056", "label": "Basiliscus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Bon was an engagement during a joint military expedition of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires led by Basiliscus against the Vandal capital of Carthage in 468."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Bon was an engagement during a joint military expedition of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires led by Basiliscus against the Vandal capital of Carthage in 468."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "Background", "says": "By 435, the Vandals under their king Gaiseric, had established the Vandal kingdom of Africa."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 455, Gaiseric sacked Rome, the former capital of the Western Roman Empire, and the Empress Licinia Eudoxia (widow of Emperor Valentinian III) and her daughters had been taken as hostages."}, {"id": "Q232329", "label": "Licinia Eudoxia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 455, Gaiseric sacked Rome, the former capital of the Western Roman Empire, and the Empress Licinia Eudoxia (widow of Emperor Valentinian III) and her daughters had been taken as hostages."}, {"id": "Q170026", "label": "Valentinian III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 455, Gaiseric sacked Rome, the former capital of the Western Roman Empire, and the Empress Licinia Eudoxia (widow of Emperor Valentinian III) and her daughters had been taken as hostages."}, {"id": "Q211772", "label": "Anthemius", "section": "Background", "says": "The plan was concerted between Eastern Emperor Leo, Western Emperor Anthemius, and General Marcellinus, who enjoyed independence in Illyricum."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "Basiliscus was ordered to sail directly to Carthage, while Marcellinus attacked and took Sardinia, and a third army, commanded by Heraclius of Edessa, landed on the Libyan coast east of Carthage, making rapid progress."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "Background", "says": "Peter Heather estimates a strength of 30,000 soldiers for the expedition and 50,000 total, when including sailors and the additional forces of Marcellinus and Heraclius."}], "Q61843818": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baghuz Fawqani was an offensive by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), assisted by  Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR) coalition airstrikes, artillery, and special forces personnel, that began on 9 February 2019 as part of the Deir ez-Zor campaign of the Syrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"trickle-out\" strategy, coupled with stiff resistance by veteran Islamic State jihadists within a small dense area, prolonged the battle into a protracted siege."}, {"id": "Q3074013", "label": "Florence Parly", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 February 2019, France's Defense minister Florence Parly visited Firebase Saham, a joint French-U.S. artillery fire support base near Al-Qa'im, Iraq that supported the SDF's anti-IS campaign."}], "Q619049": [{"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Andernach, between the followers and the opponents of King Otto I of Germany, took place on 2 October 939 in Andernach on the Rhine river and ended with a decisive defeat of the rebels and the death of their leaders."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "Duke Eberhard of Franconia, a scion of the Conradine dynasty, had been a loyal supporter of the Liudolfing king Henry I of Germany (919–936)."}], "Q620947": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second significant Russian victory in the Great Northern War in which a Russian army under Boris Sheremetev attacked a much smaller force under Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach and defeated it after experiencing similar casualties to the Swedes."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second significant Russian victory in the Great Northern War in which a Russian army under Boris Sheremetev attacked a much smaller force under Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach and defeated it after experiencing similar casualties to the Swedes."}, {"id": "Q553553", "label": "Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second significant Russian victory in the Great Northern War in which a Russian army under Boris Sheremetev attacked a much smaller force under Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach and defeated it after experiencing similar casualties to the Swedes."}], "Q627881": [{"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Cawnpore was a key episode in the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q951444", "label": "Nana Sahib", "section": "lead", "says": "The besieged East India Company forces and civilians in Cawnpore (now Kanpur) were duped into a false assurance of a safe passage to Allahabad by the rebel forces under Nana Sahib."}], "Q63254483": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "On April 22, 2019, at 5:11:09 p.m. (PST), an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.1Mw struck the island of Luzon in the Philippines, leaving at least 18 dead, three missing and injuring at least 256 others."}], "Q633067": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Nöteborg was one of the first sieges of the Great Northern War, when Russian forces captured the Swedish fortress of Nöteborg (later renamed Shlisselburg) in October 1702."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter the Great had assembled a force of 20,000 men for this task, and marched for ten days to his destination."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "lead", "says": "On that day, after giving command of the main force to Boris Sheremetev, he moved toward Nöteborg."}], "Q638845": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It reconstituted the 1689 anti-French Grand Alliance in response to the issues that resulted in the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The wars of Louis XIV that began in 1667 led to a number of anti-French coalitions, the most significant being the so-called Grand Alliance formed on 20 December 1689 by England, the Dutch Republic and Emperor Leopold."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The wars of Louis XIV that began in 1667 led to a number of anti-French coalitions, the most significant being the so-called Grand Alliance formed on 20 December 1689 by England, the Dutch Republic and Emperor Leopold."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ended the war but failed to resolve the issue of who would succeed Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ended the war but failed to resolve the issue of who would succeed Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Weakened by a century of nearly continuous combat, Spain was no longer the dominant European power but the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and large parts of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Weakened by a century of nearly continuous combat, Spain was no longer the dominant European power but the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and large parts of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Weakened by a century of nearly continuous combat, Spain was no longer the dominant European power but the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and large parts of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Weakened by a century of nearly continuous combat, Spain was no longer the dominant European power but the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, with territories in Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, the Philippines and large parts of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Unsurprisingly, the Spanish refused to allow this and when Charles died on 1 November 1700, his will named his heir as Louis' grandson, Philip of Anjou, who became Philip V of Spain on 16 November."}], "Q6403042": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fakhkh (Arabic: يوم فخ, romanized: yawm Fakhkh, lit. 'Day of Fakhkh') was fought on 11 June 786 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and the supporters of an Alid rebellion in Mecca under al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Abid, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali."}, {"id": "Q182914", "label": "Hasan ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fakhkh (Arabic: يوم فخ, romanized: yawm Fakhkh, lit. 'Day of Fakhkh') was fought on 11 June 786 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and the supporters of an Alid rebellion in Mecca under al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Abid, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Informed of these events, the Abbasid caliph al-Hadi appointed his uncle Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Ali to deal with the rebels, with an army composed chiefly of the armed retinues of the various Abbasid princes who on that year had gone to the pilgrimage."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In 748–750, the Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and established the Abbasid dynasty at the helm of the Islamic world."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "In 748–750, the Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and established the Abbasid dynasty at the helm of the Islamic world."}, {"id": "Q634789", "label": "Laura Veccia Vaglieri", "section": "Background", "says": "Husayn thus grew up in what the historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri descri"}], "Q641989": [{"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nyborg took place between Sweden and the combined forces of Denmark, Dutch naval forces under Michiel de Ruyter, troops of Brandenburg-Prussia, and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under Stefan Czarniecki."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nyborg took place between Sweden and the combined forces of Denmark, Dutch naval forces under Michiel de Ruyter, troops of Brandenburg-Prussia, and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under Stefan Czarniecki."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nyborg took place between Sweden and the combined forces of Denmark, Dutch naval forces under Michiel de Ruyter, troops of Brandenburg-Prussia, and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under Stefan Czarniecki."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "After the disastrous Assault on Copenhagen, Charles X Gustav divided his army into bigger parts to move over to Funen, in order to rest and replenish."}], "Q64787084": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "Historically Ethiopia has experienced ethnic conflicts, and the government established a system of ethnic federalism under the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia, establishing the Amhara Region as a subnational region where the population is predominantly made up of the Amhara people."}, {"id": "Q16728456", "label": "Debretsion Gebremichael", "section": "Background", "says": "This was strongly resisted under the leadership of Debretsion Gebremichael."}], "Q656190": [{"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "John was, at the time, also king of the Kalmar Union."}], "Q657406": [{"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hennersdorf, sometimes referred to as Catholic-Hennersdorf, was a minor encounter that took place on 23 November 1745 in Katholisch-Hennersdorf in Silesia (Prussia, present-day Poland) during the Second Silesian War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hennersdorf, sometimes referred to as Catholic-Hennersdorf, was a minor encounter that took place on 23 November 1745 in Katholisch-Hennersdorf in Silesia (Prussia, present-day Poland) during the Second Silesian War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession)."}, {"id": "Q158232", "label": "Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussians under Frederick II defeated the Austrians under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine."}], "Q661712": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dovydiškės (Lithuanian: Dovydiškių sutartis; German: Vertrag von Daudisken), Daudiske, or Daudisken was a secret treaty signed on 31 May 1380 between Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Winrich von Kniprode, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"id": "Q683621", "label": "Winrich von Kniprode", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dovydiškės (Lithuanian: Dovydiškių sutartis; German: Vertrag von Daudisken), Daudiske, or Daudisken was a secret treaty signed on 31 May 1380 between Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Winrich von Kniprode, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"id": "Q355869", "label": "Kęstutis", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was directed against Jogaila's uncle Kęstutis and its effect was to precipitate the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "Algirdas named his son Jogaila as his successor and not Kęstutis, his brother and co-ruler."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Background", "says": "Kęstutis and his son Vytautas acknowledged Jogaila's title and maintained friendly relations with him even when his right of inheritance was challenged by Andrei of Polotsk, Algirdas' eldest son."}, {"id": "Q2494481", "label": "Andrei of Polotsk", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1380, Jogaila, without Kęstutis, made a five-month truce with the Livonian Order to protect his Lithuanian domains and Polotsk, just taken from his rival Andrei of Polotsk."}], "Q663502": [{"id": "Q57841", "label": "Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His 18-year-old son and heir Maximilian III Joseph wavered between the Peace-party, led by his mother Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress and Army Commander Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff and the War-party, led by Foreign Minister General Ignaz von Törring and the French envoy Chavigny."}, {"id": "Q231441", "label": "Maria Amalia of Austria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His 18-year-old son and heir Maximilian III Joseph wavered between the Peace-party, led by his mother Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress and Army Commander Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff and the War-party, led by Foreign Minister General Ignaz von Törring and the French envoy Chavigny."}, {"id": "Q215148", "label": "Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His 18-year-old son and heir Maximilian III Joseph wavered between the Peace-party, led by his mother Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress and Army Commander Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff and the War-party, led by Foreign Minister General Ignaz von Törring and the French envoy Chavigny."}], "Q663729": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jieting was fought between the states of Cao Wei and Shu Han in 228 during the Three Kingdoms period in China."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jieting was fought between the states of Cao Wei and Shu Han in 228 during the Three Kingdoms period in China."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the first Northern Expedition led by Shu's chancellor-regent, Zhuge Liang, to attack Wei."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the first Northern Expedition led by Shu's chancellor-regent, Zhuge Liang, to attack Wei."}], "Q6670316": [{"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The London Declaration was issued by the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference regarding India's continued membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of independent states formerly part of the British Empire, in anticipation of India's transition to a republican constitution."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The London Declaration was issued by the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference regarding India's continued membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of independent states formerly part of the British Empire, in anticipation of India's transition to a republican constitution."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "lead", "says": "Krishna Menon, a constitutional advisor to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sir Norman Brook, the British Cabinet secretary."}], "Q668645": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Surrender at Caserta (Italian: Resa di Caserta, pronounced [ˈreːza di kaˈzɛrta, ˈreːsa -, - kaˈsɛrta]) of 29 April 1945 was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of German and Italian Fascist forces in Italy, ending the Italian Campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Surrender at Caserta (Italian: Resa di Caserta, pronounced [ˈreːza di kaˈzɛrta, ˈreːsa -, - kaˈsɛrta]) of 29 April 1945 was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of German and Italian Fascist forces in Italy, ending the Italian Campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q57893", "label": "Karl Wolff", "section": "Background", "says": "Since March 1945, SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff, the commander of the German occupying forces in Italy, had begun negotiations for the local surrender of Axis forces in Italy."}, {"id": "Q317243", "label": "Allen Dulles", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies sent different negotiators, notably OSS agent Allen Dulles to negotiate the surrender in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allies sent different negotiators, notably OSS agent Allen Dulles to negotiate the surrender in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Wolff believed that a separate peace agreement might break the alliance of United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, as the Allies agreed that they would accept only unconditional surrender during the Casablanca Conference."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Wolff believed that a separate peace agreement might break the alliance of United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, as the Allies agreed that they would accept only unconditional surrender during the Casablanca Conference."}], "Q670005": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Skalitz was a minor engagement in the Königgratz/Sadowa campaign of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in Bohemia on 28 June."}, {"id": "Q695680", "label": "Battle of Nachod", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Prussian victory at the Battle of Náchod the previous day (27 June), the Prussian forces, led by General of the Infantry Steinmetz, advanced on Skalitz (Česká Skalice) and defeated the forces of Archduke Leopold."}], "Q670936": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swiss peasant war of 1653 (German: Schweizer Bauernkrieg) was a popular revolt in the Old Swiss Confederacy at the time of the Ancien Régime."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swiss peasant war of 1653 (German: Schweizer Bauernkrieg) was a popular revolt in the Old Swiss Confederacy at the time of the Ancien Régime."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the long term, the peasant war of 1653 prevented Switzerland from an excessive implementation of absolutism as occurred in France during the reign of Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In the long term, the peasant war of 1653 prevented Switzerland from an excessive implementation of absolutism as occurred in France during the reign of Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Causes of the conflict", "says": "At its root, the peasant war of 1653 was caused by the rapidly changing economic circumstances after the end of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Causes of the conflict", "says": "After the Peace of Westphalia, the southern German economy recovered quickly, the Swiss exports dwindled, and the prices for agrarian products dropped."}], "Q674553": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dogali was fought on 26 January 1887 between Italy and Ethiopia in Dogali near Massawa, in Medri Bahri otherwise known as Eritrea."}], "Q679519": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2012 Negros earthquake occurred on February 6, 2012 at 11:49 AM PST, with a body wave magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum intensity of VII (Destructive) off the coast of Negros Oriental, Philippines."}], "Q679777": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet Treaty, formally the \"Twenty-Year Mutual Assistance Agreement Between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\", established a military and political alliance between the Soviet Union and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet Treaty, formally the \"Twenty-Year Mutual Assistance Agreement Between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\", established a military and political alliance between the Soviet Union and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet Treaty, formally the \"Twenty-Year Mutual Assistance Agreement Between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\", established a military and political alliance between the Soviet Union and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q4763686", "label": "Anglo-Soviet Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty followed on from the Anglo-Soviet Agreement of July 1941 that they would assist each other in fighting Germany and not seek a separate peace."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The first meeting to discuss the treaty took place on 15 December 1941, a week after the United States had joined the British Empire and the Soviet Union to oppose the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the goals of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union's head of government, was to establish a territorial agreement for a postwar Europe that would be largely divided between Britain and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "During the treaty negotiations there was discussion of including a clause guaranteeing the Soviet Union its frontiers from the time when Germany had attacked her on 22 June 1941, the date when the invasion, Operation Barbarossa, had begun."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Stalin hoped to regain the country's Nazi-occupied Soviet Republics of Ukraine and Belarus, and the additional territories that had been incorporated into the Soviet Union following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "These included Moldavia and the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Stalin also hoped to acquire Finland, which was at war with the Soviet Union as part of the Axis, and which had been an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian Empire."}], "Q679793": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lausanne Conference of 1932, held from 16 June to 9 July 1932 in Lausanne, Switzerland, was a meeting of representatives from the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Belgium, Japan and Germany that resulted in an agreement to lower Germany's World War I reparations obligations as imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and the 1929 Young Plan."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lausanne Conference of 1932, held from 16 June to 9 July 1932 in Lausanne, Switzerland, was a meeting of representatives from the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Belgium, Japan and Germany that resulted in an agreement to lower Germany's World War I reparations obligations as imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and the 1929 Young Plan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lausanne Treaty never came into effect because it was dependent on an agreement with the United States on the repayment of the loans it had made to the Allied powers during World War I, and that agreement was never reached."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lausanne Conference marked the de facto end of Germany's reparations payments until after World War II."}, {"id": "Q35236", "label": "Herbert Hoover", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1931 United States President Herbert Hoover, with the support of 15 other nations, announced a one-year moratorium on Germany's war reparations payments under the Young Plan and also on the payment of war debts between the Allies, which were owed mostly to the United States."}, {"id": "Q155398", "label": "Heinrich Brüning", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly before it opened, the government of German chancellor Heinrich Brüning resigned."}, {"id": "Q150552", "label": "Franz von Papen", "section": "Background", "says": "The new chancellor, Franz von Papen, whose cabinet was ruling by presidential decrees rather than through the German Reichstag, represented Germany at the Lausanne conference."}], "Q685415": [{"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Vienna (also known as the Peace of Vienna) was signed on 23 June 1606 between Stephen Bocskai, Prince of Transylvania, and Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the treaty, all constitutional and religious rights and privileges were granted to the Hungarians in both Transylvania and Royal Hungary."}, {"id": "Q316530", "label": "Stephen Bocskai", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Stephen Bocskai had sought the support of the Ottoman Empire,  the Treaty of Vienna was followed by the Peace of Zsitvatorok between Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria (11 November 1606)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Stephen Bocskai had sought the support of the Ottoman Empire,  the Treaty of Vienna was followed by the Peace of Zsitvatorok between Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria (11 November 1606)."}, {"id": "Q695212", "label": "Peace of Zsitvatorok", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Stephen Bocskai had sought the support of the Ottoman Empire,  the Treaty of Vienna was followed by the Peace of Zsitvatorok between Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria (11 November 1606)."}, {"id": "Q114749", "label": "Ahmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Stephen Bocskai had sought the support of the Ottoman Empire,  the Treaty of Vienna was followed by the Peace of Zsitvatorok between Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria (11 November 1606)."}], "Q689204": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Palestro was fought on 30–31 May 1859 between the Austrian Empire and the combined forces of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont and France."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "It was believed that the Battle of Palestro was the last European battle in which a European Monarch rode into battle, that being King Victor Emmanuel II, who directly entered the fray with the Austrians."}, {"id": "Q698020", "label": "Ferenc Gyulay", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferenc Gyulay, anticipating an advance on Milan, but unsure of the route, had placed his VIII and IX Korps south of the Po river from Pavia to Piacenza."}], "Q690096": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Toggenburg War, also known as the Second War of Villmergen or the Swiss Civil War of 1712, was a Swiss civil war during the Old Swiss Confederacy from 12 April to 11 August 1712."}], "Q690413": [{"id": "Q1418831", "label": "Operation Demetrius", "section": "lead", "says": "Catholic hostility to the British military's deployment grew after incidents such as the Falls Curfew (1970), Operation Demetrius (1971) and Bloody Sunday (1972)."}, {"id": "Q208958", "label": "Good Friday Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the operation was gradually scaled down, most military facilities were removed and the vast majority of British troops were withdrawn."}], "Q693265": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Assietta was a significant engagement of the War of the Austrian Succession and pitted a numerically superior French force of 25,000–40,000 men under the command of Louis Fouquet, Chevalier de Belle-Isle against a Sardinian army of 7,000–15,000 men led by Giovanni di Bricherasio."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This became the key justification for the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, joined by the Electorate of Bavaria, to challenge Habsburg power."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "This became the key justification for the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, joined by the Electorate of Bavaria, to challenge Habsburg power."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "This became the key justification for the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, joined by the Electorate of Bavaria, to challenge Habsburg power."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Maria Theresa was supported by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "Maria Theresa was supported by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Maria Theresa was supported by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "Maria Theresa was supported by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1739, Spain had been fighting the separate War of Jenkins' Ear with Britain, which primarily took place in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1739, Spain had been fighting the separate War of Jenkins' Ear with Britain, which primarily took place in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "Having previously re-gained the Kingdom of Naples in 1735, doing so would restore the territories the Spanish lost under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XV had already dispatched forces into Sardianian territory, besieging Cuneo and engaging the Sardinians at Madonna dell'Olmo and Bassignana, winning both battles but gaining little strategic advantage overall."}], "Q693989": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Strėva, Strebe, or Strawe was fought on 2 February 1348 between the Teutonic Order and the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the banks of the Strėva River, a right tributary of the Neman River, near present-day Žiežmariai."}, {"id": "Q975954", "label": "Wigand of Marburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Chronicler Wigand of Marburg publicized this battle as a great victory for the Knights: he claims that some 18,000 Lithuanians were killed or drowned while only 8 knights and 60 other soldiers died on the Order's side."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Narimantas and Manvydas, two sons of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, are thought to have been killed in the battle."}], "Q694619": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Leiden occurred during the Eighty Years' War in 1573 and 1574, when the Spanish under Francisco de Valdez attempted to capture the rebellious city of Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Leiden occurred during the Eighty Years' War in 1573 and 1574, when the Spanish under Francisco de Valdez attempted to capture the rebellious city of Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "Background", "says": "In the war that had broken out (eventually called the Eighty Years' War), Dutch rebels took up arms against the Habsburg king of Spain, whose family had inherited the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands."}], "Q695680": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Náchod (German: Nachod) on 27 June 1866 was the first major action of the Austro-Prussian War."}], "Q697247": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of West Hunan (Chinese: 湘西會戰), also known as the Battle of Xuefeng Mountains (Chinese: 雪峰山戰役) and the Zhijiang Campaign (Chinese: 芷江戰役), was the Japanese invasion of west Hunan and the subsequent Allied counterattack that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945, during the last months of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q696448", "label": "Operation Ichi-Go", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Ichi-Go in 1944 changed the status quo, as Japanese forces were able to break through the inadequate Chinese defenses and occupy eastern Henan, a corridor in the eastern parts of Hunan through Changsha and eastern parts of Guangxi through Guilin–Liuzhou, connecting Japanese-held areas from north to south in a continuous railway corridor."}], "Q697697": [{"id": "Q690308", "label": "Kerensky Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zborov (Зборівська битва, Zborivska bytva in Ukrainian, Зборовское сражение in Russian, Schlacht bei Zborów in German, bitva u Zborova in Czech, bitka pri Zborove  in Slovak) was a part of the Kerensky Offensive (the last Russian offensive in World War I, taking place in July 1917)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zborov (Зборівська битва, Zborivska bytva in Ukrainian, Зборовское сражение in Russian, Schlacht bei Zborów in German, bitva u Zborova in Czech, bitka pri Zborove  in Slovak) was a part of the Kerensky Offensive (the last Russian offensive in World War I, taking place in July 1917)."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the first significant action of the Czechoslovak Legions (volunteers fighting against the Central Powers) on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q78492", "label": "Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk", "section": "Background", "says": "Professor Tomáš Masaryk, the main organizer of the Czechoslovak resistance against Austria-Hungary, was in telegraphic connection with colonel Nikolai Petrovich Mamontov so he could follow the situation from Saint Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "Professor Tomáš Masaryk, the main organizer of the Czechoslovak resistance against Austria-Hungary, was in telegraphic connection with colonel Nikolai Petrovich Mamontov so he could follow the situation from Saint Petersburg."}], "Q699096": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guningtou (古寧頭之役), also known as the Battle of Kuningtou or the Battle of Kinmen (Chinese: 金門戰役), was fought in October 1949 on the island of Kinmen (Quemoy), located in the Taiwan Strait, during the final stages of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory ensured the survival of the Republic of China government on Taiwan and reshaped the strategic landscape of the Taiwan Strait."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, the government of the Republic of China (ROC) under Chiang Kai-shek began withdrawing its forces from mainland China to Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, the government of the Republic of China (ROC) under Chiang Kai-shek began withdrawing its forces from mainland China to Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q706433", "label": "Tang Enbo", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 17 October, General Tang Enbo, acting director of the Fuzhou Pacification Office (福州綏靖公署), abandoned the city of Xiamen."}], "Q700646": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou (simplified Chinese: 桂柳会战; traditional Chinese: 桂柳會戰; pinyin: Gùilǐu Huìzhàn), also known as the Battle of Guiliu, was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) and Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q706491", "label": "Pai Chung-hsi", "section": "lead", "says": "Guilin had been reinforced with defences, pillboxes, barbed wire, and the Guangxi troops under the command of Muslim General Bai Chongxi."}, {"id": "Q346551", "label": "Joseph Stilwell", "section": "lead", "says": "General Joseph Stilwell, who was friendly with Bai, went to great pains to send American munitions to Bai's forces."}], "Q701091": [{"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 13 September 1871 in Tientsin by Date Munenari and Plenipotentiary Li Hongzhang."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was ratified in the spring of 1873 and was applied until the First Sino-Japanese War, which led to a renegotiation with the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was ratified in the spring of 1873 and was applied until the First Sino-Japanese War, which led to a renegotiation with the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}], "Q702099": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "But two days after the battle, Napoleon ordered his troops north intending to defeat the Austrians once and for all."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The French eventually caught up the Austrians at Znaim (now Znojmo, Czech Republic) on 10 July 1809."}, {"id": "Q312676", "label": "Auguste de Marmont", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Marshal Auguste de Marmont refused to observe the ceasefire and committed his XI Corps of around 10,000 men into battle."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "With Marmont greatly outnumbered, André Masséna had no choice but to support him."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Znaim was the last action between Austria and France in the War of the Fifth Coalition."}], "Q707951": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Protocol of August 1904 was made between representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1904."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Protocol of August 1904 was made between representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1904."}], "Q709704": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of South Guangxi (traditional Chinese: 桂南會戰; simplified Chinese: 桂南会战; pinyin: Guìnán Huìzhàn) was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q7097217": [{"id": "Q2412363", "label": "Operation Ring", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Koltso (Operation Ring) was the last part of the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Koltso (Operation Ring) was the last part of the Battle of Stalingrad."}], "Q709830": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shanggao (simplified Chinese: 上高会战; traditional Chinese: 上高會戰; pinyin: Shànggāo Huìzhàn), also called Operation Kinkō (Japanese: 錦江作戦), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q710671": [{"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests by Japanese nationalists in Hibiya Park against the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War escalated into a violent two-day citywide riot when the police attempted to suppress the protests."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests by Japanese nationalists in Hibiya Park against the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War escalated into a violent two-day citywide riot when the police attempted to suppress the protests."}, {"id": "Q159048", "label": "Katsura Tarō", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hibiya incendiary incident resulted in the death of 17 rioters, led to the collapse of the government of Katsura Tarō, and is considered the first event of the Era of Popular Violence and the \"first major social protest of the age of 'imperial Democracy' in Japan\"."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "Gordon writes, \"In their anger at being excluded, the crowd asserted that Hibiya Park belonged to the people, not the state.\"\nThe Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire fought the Russo-Japanese War from February 1904 to September 1905 after decades of growing tensions over competing imperialist interests in Northeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Gordon writes, \"In their anger at being excluded, the crowd asserted that Hibiya Park belonged to the people, not the state.\"\nThe Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire fought the Russo-Japanese War from February 1904 to September 1905 after decades of growing tensions over competing imperialist interests in Northeast Asia."}], "Q710709": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Silla–Tang War (670–676) occurred between the Silla kingdom of Korea (joined by Goguryeo and Baekje loyalists) and the Tang dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q715257", "label": "Later Silla", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent territorial line between Tang and Unified Silla extended from the mouth of the Taedong River in the west to the East Korea Bay."}, {"id": "Q9703", "label": "Emperor Gaozong of Tang", "section": "Context", "says": "Emperor Gaozong of Tang created the office of Protectorate General to Pacify the East to administer the conquered territories."}, {"id": "Q494532", "label": "Munmu of Silla", "section": "Context", "says": "King Munmu of Silla assembled an army incorporating not just Sillan people but also the remnants of the Baekje and Goguryeo military in a coalition against the Tang army."}], "Q71241011": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2019 Cotabato earthquakes were an earthquake swarm which struck the province of Cotabato on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines in October 2019."}], "Q717127": [{"id": "Q626006", "label": "World War II in Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seven Enemy Offensives (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Sedam neprijateljskih ofanziva) is a group name used in Yugoslav historiography to refer to seven major Axis military operations undertaken during World War II in Yugoslavia against the Yugoslav Partisans."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seven Enemy Offensives (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Sedam neprijateljskih ofanziva) is a group name used in Yugoslav historiography to refer to seven major Axis military operations undertaken during World War II in Yugoslavia against the Yugoslav Partisans."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia under the command of Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia under the command of Josip Broz Tito."}], "Q717322": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Palermo took place on 2 June 1676 during the Franco-Dutch War, between a French force sent to support a revolt in the city of Messina against the Spanish rule in Sicily, and a Spanish force supported by a Dutch maritime expedition force."}, {"id": "Q939845", "label": "Battle of Augusta", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch and Spanish ships were at bay making repairs from an earlier Battle of Augusta where Dutch Lt."}], "Q717511": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sagami Bay was a World War II anti-shipping raid off the tip of Bōsō Peninsula on the night of 22 July 1945."}], "Q717521": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of West Hubei (traditional Chinese: 鄂西會戰; simplified Chinese: 鄂西会战; pinyin: È Xī Huìzhàn), was one of 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q720100": [{"id": "Q44005", "label": "Cleomenes I", "section": "lead", "says": "494 BC), the Spartan forces of Cleomenes I defeated the Argives, fully establishing Spartan dominance in the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "lead", "says": "The closest thing to a contemporaneous source for the description of the battle is, as for many events in this time period, the Histories of Herodotus (written approximately fifty years later, c."}, {"id": "Q195881", "label": "Battle of the 300 Champions", "section": "lead", "says": "This is evident through the Spartans' victory over Argos in the Battle of the 300 Champions (546 BC)  to gain control over the highly disputed territory of Thyrea."}], "Q72454": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of (the) Kerch Strait (also known as Battle of Yenikale, by the old Turkish name of the strait near Kerch) took place on 19 July 1790 near Kerch, Crimea, was a victory for Imperial Russia over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792."}], "Q732219": [{"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The 28 May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28 May Revolution or, during the period of the corporatist Estado Novo (English: New State), the National Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução Nacional), was a military coup of a nationalist origin, that put an end to the unstable Portuguese First Republic and initiated 48 years of corporatist and nationalist rule within Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The 28 May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28 May Revolution or, during the period of the corporatist Estado Novo (English: New State), the National Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução Nacional), was a military coup of a nationalist origin, that put an end to the unstable Portuguese First Republic and initiated 48 years of corporatist and nationalist rule within Portugal."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "The regime that immediately resulted from the coup, the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), would be later refashioned into the Estado Novo, which in turn lasted until the Carnation Revolution in 1974."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The regime that immediately resulted from the coup, the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), would be later refashioned into the Estado Novo, which in turn lasted until the Carnation Revolution in 1974."}, {"id": "Q314022", "label": "Óscar Carmona", "section": "Background", "says": "The plotters were mostly acquitted by a military court. Óscar Carmona, acting as military prosecutor of the 18 April plot, asked that the plotters be absolved."}, {"id": "Q167360", "label": "First Portuguese Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Portuguese Republic and Prime Minister António Maria da Silva, aware of the planned coup, tried to organize resistance."}], "Q742728": [{"id": "Q1368152", "label": "Mohamed Oufkir", "section": "lead", "says": "The attempt was orchestrated by General Mohamed Oufkir, a close advisor to King Hassan, and Colonel Mohamed Amekrane, commander of the Kenitra Air Base."}], "Q745411": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake occurred on September 2, 2009, at 14:55:01 local time in West Java, Indonesia."}], "Q746860": [{"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Spanish: Batalla de Manila), the first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, between 19,000 American soldiers and 15,000 Filipino armed militiamen."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "lead", "says": "Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it, and fighting escalated the next day."}, {"id": "Q732874", "label": "Elwell Stephen Otis", "section": "lead", "says": "Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it, and fighting escalated the next day."}], "Q7509870": [{"id": "Q440276", "label": "Ernst Gideon von Laudon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege of Belgrade (15 September – 8 October 1789) a Habsburg Austrian army led by feldmarschall Ernst Gideon von Laudon besieged an Ottoman force under Osman Pasha in the fortress of Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Several Austrian soldiers who distinguished themselves during the siege later held important commands in the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Several Austrian soldiers who distinguished themselves during the siege later held important commands in the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q76555", "label": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "At the urging of Russian Empress Catherine the Great, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor committed the Habsburg monarchy to a war against Ottoman Turkey."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Joseph II traveled to the Russian Empire where he met Catherine the Great at Kherson on 14 May 1787."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Joseph II traveled to the Russian Empire where he met Catherine the Great at Kherson on 14 May 1787."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "As the two sovereigns toured the Crimea, Catherine talked Joseph into joining her in a war against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q254", "label": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "section": "Background", "says": "Just before the start of the war, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed the La Bataille K."}, {"id": "Q111990", "label": "Franz Moritz von Lacy", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1788, Emperor Joseph personally led the main Austrian army, advised by feldmarschall Franz Moritz von Lacy, in a campaign in the valley of the Sava River."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "One independent corps led by Prince Karl Borromäus of Liechtenstein operated in Croatia, a second corps under Wilhelm von Wartensleben in the Banat, and a third corps under Fabris in Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "Background", "says": "A fourth corps commanded by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld joined the Russian army in Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q616804", "label": "Saxe-Coburg", "section": "Background", "says": "That year the emperor's army captured Šabac (German: Schabatz) while Saxe-Coburg and Russian General Alexander Suvorov overran Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "Background", "says": "That year the emperor's army captured Šabac (German: Schabatz) while Saxe-Coburg and Russian General Alexander Suvorov overran Moldavia."}], "Q7571823": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact (Lithuanian: Lietuvos–SSRS nepuolimo sutartis) was a non-aggression pact, signed between the Soviet Union and Lithuania on September 28, 1926."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact confirmed all basic provisions of the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty of 1920."}, {"id": "Q4116959", "label": "Żeligowski's Mutiny", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union continued to recognize Vilnius and Vilnius Region as Lithuanian, despite the fact that the territories were under Polish control since Żeligowski's Mutiny in 1920."}, {"id": "Q161334", "label": "Memelland", "section": "lead", "says": "It also recognized Lithuania's interests in the Klaipėda Region."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact was initiated by Lithuanians who sought a new direction in the foreign policy after the Locarno Treaties."}, {"id": "Q313623", "label": "Georgy Chicherin", "section": "lead", "says": "The negotiations started on December 25, 1925 when People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin stopped in Kaunas on his way to Moscow."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "The negotiations were difficult, as Latvia and Estonia disapproved the pact because it prevented creation of the Baltic Entente, Poland claimed that the agreement violated the Peace of Riga, and Germany was wary over strengthening Lithuanian claims to the Klaipėda Region."}], "Q761031": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arkansas Post, also known as the Battle of Fort Hindman, was fought from January 9 to 11, 1863, along the Arkansas River at Arkansas Post, Arkansas, as part of the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q504369", "label": "Henry Halleck", "section": "lead", "says": "He and Union General-in-Chief Henry Halleck did not trust McClernand, and through machinations placed the start of the riverine movement against Vicksburg under the command of Major General William T."}, {"id": "Q2632927", "label": "Battle of Chickasaw Bayou", "section": "lead", "says": "Sherman's movement was defeated at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou in late December, and Confederate cavalry raids forced Grant to abandon his overland campaign."}, {"id": "Q387130", "label": "David Dixon Porter", "section": "lead", "says": "McClernand's troops and a Union Navy fleet commanded by Acting Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter moved upriver towards the Arkansas River."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "Background", "says": "Control of the Arkansas River Valley was vital for the Confederate defense of Arkansas and the Indian Territory."}], "Q767605": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Argentovaria or Battle of Argentaria was fought in May 378 between the Western Roman Empire and the invading army of the Lentienses, a branch of the Alemanni, at Argentovaria (near Colmar, France)."}], "Q771598": [{"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Haslach-Jungingen, also known as the Battle of Albeck, fought on 11 October 1805 at Ulm-Jungingen north of Ulm at the Danube between French and Austrian forces, was part of the Ulm campaign during the War of the Third Coalition, which was a part of the greater Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Haslach-Jungingen, also known as the Battle of Albeck, fought on 11 October 1805 at Ulm-Jungingen north of Ulm at the Danube between French and Austrian forces, was part of the Ulm campaign during the War of the Third Coalition, which was a part of the greater Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "The bulk of the Austrian army was now trapped, though Napoleon did not know exactly where most of the enemy units were located."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshal Joachim Murat was placed in command of the VI Corps on the north bank and the V Corps and a large force of cavalry on the south bank."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 October Murat ordered Marshal Michel Ney to move the bulk of his VI Corps to the south bank of the Danube."}], "Q7813573": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tokhtamysh–Timur war was fought from 1386 to 1395 between Tokhtamysh, the khan of the Golden Horde, and the warlord and conqueror Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, in the areas of the Caucasus Mountains, Turkestan and Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tokhtamysh–Timur war was fought from 1386 to 1395 between Tokhtamysh, the khan of the Golden Horde, and the warlord and conqueror Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, in the areas of the Caucasus Mountains, Turkestan and Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q2553863", "label": "White Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1370s and early 1380s, Timur helped Tokhtamysh assume supreme power in the White Horde against Tokhtamysh's uncle Urus Khan."}, {"id": "Q1374159", "label": "Urus Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late 1370s and early 1380s, Timur helped Tokhtamysh assume supreme power in the White Horde against Tokhtamysh's uncle Urus Khan."}, {"id": "Q644979", "label": "Blue Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Blue Horde, which had fallen under the control of Mamai, was also seized by Tokhtamysh."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Mamai's power declined after his defeat following an attempt to subdue the rebellious Russian grand prince, Dmitry Donskoy, and he then suffered a military defeat at the hands of Tokhtamysh."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "Background", "says": "Afterward, Tokhtamysh united the White and Blue Hordes, thereby becoming the undisputed ruler of the Golden Horde, and launched a massive military punitive campaign against the Russian principalities between 1381 and 1382, restoring Turco-Mongol (or Tatar) power in Russia after the defeat of Mamai at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Golden Horde, after a period of anarchy between the early 1360s and late 1370s, briefly re-established itself as a dominant regional power, defeating the Grand Duchy of Lithuania around 1383."}], "Q7836972": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Athens between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece, signed on 14 November 1913, formally ended hostilities between them after the two Balkan Wars and ceded Macedonia—including the major city of Thessaloniki— most of Epirus, and many Aegean islands to Greece."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Athens between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece, signed on 14 November 1913, formally ended hostilities between them after the two Balkan Wars and ceded Macedonia—including the major city of Thessaloniki— most of Epirus, and many Aegean islands to Greece."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Athens between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece, signed on 14 November 1913, formally ended hostilities between them after the two Balkan Wars and ceded Macedonia—including the major city of Thessaloniki— most of Epirus, and many Aegean islands to Greece."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Athens between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece, signed on 14 November 1913, formally ended hostilities between them after the two Balkan Wars and ceded Macedonia—including the major city of Thessaloniki— most of Epirus, and many Aegean islands to Greece."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the coalition of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro defeated the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In the First Balkan War, the coalition of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro defeated the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans however were able to recover Eastern Thrace, during the Second Balkan War, when Bulgaria attacked her former allies and was defeated by the combined forces of all her neighbours including Romania."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans however were able to recover Eastern Thrace, during the Second Balkan War, when Bulgaria attacked her former allies and was defeated by the combined forces of all her neighbours including Romania."}], "Q7837110": [{"id": "Q1636212", "label": "Karabakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Kurakchay treaty (Russian: Кюрекчайский договор, May 14, 1805) is a contract confirming the integration of the Karabakh Khanate into the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Kurakchay treaty (Russian: Кюрекчайский договор, May 14, 1805) is a contract confirming the integration of the Karabakh Khanate into the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2500172", "label": "Ibrahim Khalil Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed by Ibrahim Khalil Khan and Commander-in-Chief of Georgia, Infantry General Pavel Tsitsianov (on behalf of Emperor Alexander I)."}, {"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed by Ibrahim Khalil Khan and Commander-in-Chief of Georgia, Infantry General Pavel Tsitsianov (on behalf of Emperor Alexander I)."}, {"id": "Q1740536", "label": "Ganja khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Tsitsianov began to exert military-diplomatic pressure on the Karabakh khanate after the occupation of Ganja Khanate."}], "Q786656": [{"id": "Q2337526", "label": "First Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the First Battle of the Aisne as both sides moved northwards, trying to turn the northern flank of their opponent."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Army (Noël de Castelnau), began to assemble at Amiens in mid-September and was directed by General Joseph Joffre, the Generalissimo of the French Army, to attack near Albert."}, {"id": "Q17510672", "label": "First Battle of Picardy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The First Battle of Picardy (22–26 September 1914) was the first of the reciprocal outflanking attempts by the French and German armies after the First Battle of the Aisne (13 September – 28 September) and resulted in an encounter battle in Picardy."}, {"id": "Q62476", "label": "Georg von der Marwitz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Despite the assistance of four divisions of the II Cavalry Corps (Lieutenant-General Georg von der Marwitz), the Germans"}], "Q7888320": [{"id": "Q589276", "label": "Slavery Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the full title of which is the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, is a 1956 United Nations treaty which builds upon the 1926 Slavery Convention, which is still operative and which proposed to secure the abolition of slavery and of the slave trade, and the"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The global investigation of the occurrence of slavery and slave trade performed by the ACE between 1934 and 1939 was interrupted by the outbreak of the World War II, but it was the foundation for the work against slavery performed by the UN after the war."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Chattel slavery was still legal in Saudi Arabia, in Yemen, in the Trucial States and in Oman, while slavery in Qatar was abolished in 1952, and slaves were supplied for the Arabian Peninsula by the Red Sea slave trade."}, {"id": "Q1852345", "label": "Trucial States", "section": "Background", "says": "Chattel slavery was still legal in Saudi Arabia, in Yemen, in the Trucial States and in Oman, while slavery in Qatar was abolished in 1952, and slaves were supplied for the Arabian Peninsula by the Red Sea slave trade."}], "Q7968690": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Heavenly Horses (simplified Chinese: 天马之战; traditional Chinese: 天馬之戰; pinyin: Tiānmǎ zhī Zhàn) or the Han–Dayuan War (simplified Chinese: 汉宛战争; traditional Chinese: 漢宛戰爭; pinyin: Hàn Yuān Zhànzhēng) was a military conflict fought in 104 BC and 102 BC between the Chinese Han dynasty and the kingdom of Dayuan, in the Ferghana Valley at the easternmost end of the former Alexander's emp"}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Heavenly Horses (simplified Chinese: 天马之战; traditional Chinese: 天馬之戰; pinyin: Tiānmǎ zhī Zhàn) or the Han–Dayuan War (simplified Chinese: 汉宛战争; traditional Chinese: 漢宛戰爭; pinyin: Hàn Yuān Zhànzhēng) was a military conflict fought in 104 BC and 102 BC between the Chinese Han dynasty and the kingdom of Dayuan, in the Ferghana Valley at the easternmost end of the former Alexander's emp"}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Wu of Han had received reports from diplomat Zhang Qian that Dayuan owned fast and powerful Ferghana horses known as the \"heavenly horses\", which would help greatly with improving the quality of their cavalry mounts when fighting the Xiongnu horse nomads, so he sent envoys to survey the region and establish trade routes to import these horses."}, {"id": "Q197276", "label": "Zhang Qian", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Wu of Han had received reports from diplomat Zhang Qian that Dayuan owned fast and powerful Ferghana horses known as the \"heavenly horses\", which would help greatly with improving the quality of their cavalry mounts when fighting the Xiongnu horse nomads, so he sent envoys to survey the region and establish trade routes to import these horses."}, {"id": "Q911440", "label": "Protectorate of the Western Regions", "section": "lead", "says": "This power projection also forced many smaller Tocharian oasis city-states in the Western Regions to switch their alliance from Xiongnu to the Han dynasty, which paved the way for the later establishment of the Protectorate of the Western Regions."}, {"id": "Q9372", "label": "Sima Qian", "section": "Background", "says": "The historian Sima Qian elaborates further:\n\nThe envoys were all sons of poor families who handled the government gifts and goods that were entrusted to them as though they were private property and looked for opportunities to buy goods at a cheap price in the foreign countries and make a profit on their return to China."}], "Q80439": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty resulted from a diplomatic conference held in Cape Town, South Africa in 2001."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aircraft Protocol (which applies specifically to aircraft and aircraft engines) took effect on 1 March 2006 when it was ratified by 9 countries: Ethiopia, Ireland, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Panama, Pakistan, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aircraft Protocol (which applies specifically to aircraft and aircraft engines) took effect on 1 March 2006 when it was ratified by 9 countries: Ethiopia, Ireland, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Panama, Pakistan, and the United States."}], "Q805426": [{"id": "Q1418831", "label": "Operation Demetrius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ballymurphy massacre was a series of incidents between 9 and 11 August 1971, in which the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment of the British Army killed eleven civilians in Ballymurphy, Belfast, Northern Ireland, as part of Operation Demetrius (internment without trial)."}, {"id": "Q716899", "label": "Michael David Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "The press officer for the British Army stationed in Belfast, Mike Jackson, later to become head of the British Army, includes a disputed account of the shootings in his autobiography, stating that those killed in the shootings were republican gunmen."}], "Q8055814": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yorktown campaign, also known as the Virginia campaign, was a series of military maneuvers and battles during the American Revolutionary War that culminated in the siege of Yorktown in October 1781."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign involved land and naval forces of Great Britain and France, and land forces of the United States."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "These forces were first opposed weakly by Virginia militia, but General George Washington sent first Marquis de Lafayette and then \"Mad\" Anthony Wayne with Continental Army troops to oppose the raiding and economic havoc the British were wreaking."}, {"id": "Q186652", "label": "Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette", "section": "lead", "says": "These forces were first opposed weakly by Virginia militia, but General George Washington sent first Marquis de Lafayette and then \"Mad\" Anthony Wayne with Continental Army troops to oppose the raiding and economic havoc the British were wreaking."}, {"id": "Q574116", "label": "Anthony Wayne", "section": "lead", "says": "These forces were first opposed weakly by Virginia militia, but General George Washington sent first Marquis de Lafayette and then \"Mad\" Anthony Wayne with Continental Army troops to oppose the raiding and economic havoc the British were wreaking."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined American forces, however, were insufficient in number to oppose the combined British forces, and it was only after a series of controversially confusing orders by General Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander-in-chief, that Cornwallis moved to Yorktown in July and built a defensive position that was strong against the land forces he then faced, but was vulnerable to naval blockade "}, {"id": "Q1419459", "label": "Battle of the Chesapeake", "section": "lead", "says": "The Royal Navy attempted to dispute this control, but Admiral Thomas Graves was defeated in the key Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "Background", "says": "To replace General Leslie at Portsmouth, General Clinton sent 1,600 troops under General Benedict Arnold (recently commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier) to Virginia in late December."}], "Q814235": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Sixth Coalition, including the German states of Austria and Prussia, plus Russia and Sweden, fought a series of battles in Germany against the French Emperor Napoleon, his marshals, and the armies of the Confederation of the Rhine – an alliance of most of the other German states, – which ended the domination of the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Sixth Coalition, including the German states of Austria and Prussia, plus Russia and Sweden, fought a series of battles in Germany against the French Emperor Napoleon, his marshals, and the armies of the Confederation of the Rhine – an alliance of most of the other German states, – which ended the domination of the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Sixth Coalition, including the German states of Austria and Prussia, plus Russia and Sweden, fought a series of battles in Germany against the French Emperor Napoleon, his marshals, and the armies of the Confederation of the Rhine – an alliance of most of the other German states, – which ended the domination of the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q1736806", "label": "Convention of Tauroggen", "section": "lead", "says": "After the devastating defeat of Napoleon's Grande Armée in the Russian campaign of 1812, Johann Yorck – the general in command of the Grande Armée's German auxiliaries (Hilfskorps) – declared a ceasefire with the Russians on 30 December 1812 via the Convention of Tauroggen."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon was forced to abdicate and Louis XVIII assumed the French throne."}, {"id": "Q84204", "label": "Theodor Körner", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1806 writers and intellectuals such as Johann Philipp Palm, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Ernst Moritz Arndt, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, and Theodor Körner had been criticising the French occupation of much of Germany."}, {"id": "Q664364", "label": "Tyrolean Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "Even before the German campaign, there had been uprisings against French troops occupying Germany – these had broken out from 1806 onwards in Hesse and in 1809 during the Tyrolean Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "These uprisings intensified in the same year under Wilhelm von Dörnberg, the initiator and commander-in-chief of the Hessian uprising, and Major Ferdinand von Schill."}], "Q815148": [{"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Harfleur (18 August – 22 September 1415) was conducted by the English army of King Henry V in Normandy, France, during the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Harfleur (18 August – 22 September 1415) was conducted by the English army of King Henry V in Normandy, France, during the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q188495", "label": "Battle of Agincourt", "section": "lead", "says": "The English were intercepted en route and fought the Battle of Agincourt (25 October), inflicting a huge defeat on the French."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry V of England invaded France following the failure of negotiations with the French."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "He claimed the title of King of France through his great-grandfather Edward III, although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands (the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny)."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "Background", "says": "He claimed the title of King of France through his great-grandfather Edward III, although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands (the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny)."}, {"id": "Q201692", "label": "Battle of Poitiers", "section": "Background", "says": "In the following negotiations Henry said that he would give up his claim to the French throne if the French would pay the 1.6 million crowns outstanding from the ransom of John II (who had been captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356), and concede English ownership of the lands of Normandy, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany and Flanders, as well as Aquitaine."}], "Q815219": [{"id": "Q15730496", "label": "William Miller", "section": "lead", "says": "William Miller explains this action as punishment for \"the disobedience of Alexios to his Kaykhusraw I commands.\" \nMichel Kuršanskis explains that this unsuccessful siege was in response to the Trapezuntine ally, Queen Tamar of Georgia, who had attempted to capture Erzurum in 1205 but failed."}, {"id": "Q61591", "label": "Kaykhusraw I", "section": "lead", "says": "William Miller explains this action as punishment for \"the disobedience of Alexios to his Kaykhusraw I commands.\" \nMichel Kuršanskis explains that this unsuccessful siege was in response to the Trapezuntine ally, Queen Tamar of Georgia, who had attempted to capture Erzurum in 1205 but failed."}, {"id": "Q244007", "label": "Tamar of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "William Miller explains this action as punishment for \"the disobedience of Alexios to his Kaykhusraw I commands.\" \nMichel Kuršanskis explains that this unsuccessful siege was in response to the Trapezuntine ally, Queen Tamar of Georgia, who had attempted to capture Erzurum in 1205 but failed."}], "Q820902": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oranienbaum Bridgehead (Ораниенбаумский плацдарм in Russian) was an isolated portion of the Leningrad Oblast in Russia, which was retained under Soviet control during the siege of Leningrad in World War II."}], "Q82703": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between an Ottoman Empire force under the command of Mustafa Bey and Greek rebels under Georgios Karaiskakis."}, {"id": "Q734967", "label": "Georgios Karaiskakis", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between an Ottoman Empire force under the command of Mustafa Bey and Greek rebels under Georgios Karaiskakis."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1821, Filiki Eteria launched the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q528546", "label": "First Hellenic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1826, the First Hellenic Republic had been severely weakened by infighting and Ibrahim's invasion of Mani."}, {"id": "Q650567", "label": "Third Siege of Missolonghi", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the decisive Ottoman victory at the Third Siege of Missolonghi on 10 April 1826, fighting was restricted to the Siege of the Acropolis."}], "Q832683": [{"id": "Q2697981", "label": "Argentine Civil Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavón, a key battle of the Argentine Civil Wars, was fought in Pavón, Santa Fé Province, Argentina on 17 September 1861 between the Army of the State of Buenos Aires (commanded by Bartolomé Mitre) and the Army of Republic of the Argentine Confederation (commanded by Justo José de Urquiza)."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavón, a key battle of the Argentine Civil Wars, was fought in Pavón, Santa Fé Province, Argentina on 17 September 1861 between the Army of the State of Buenos Aires (commanded by Bartolomé Mitre) and the Army of Republic of the Argentine Confederation (commanded by Justo José de Urquiza)."}, {"id": "Q6553448", "label": "State of Buenos Aires", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavón, a key battle of the Argentine Civil Wars, was fought in Pavón, Santa Fé Province, Argentina on 17 September 1861 between the Army of the State of Buenos Aires (commanded by Bartolomé Mitre) and the Army of Republic of the Argentine Confederation (commanded by Justo José de Urquiza)."}, {"id": "Q314362", "label": "Bartolomé Mitre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavón, a key battle of the Argentine Civil Wars, was fought in Pavón, Santa Fé Province, Argentina on 17 September 1861 between the Army of the State of Buenos Aires (commanded by Bartolomé Mitre) and the Army of Republic of the Argentine Confederation (commanded by Justo José de Urquiza)."}, {"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavón, a key battle of the Argentine Civil Wars, was fought in Pavón, Santa Fé Province, Argentina on 17 September 1861 between the Army of the State of Buenos Aires (commanded by Bartolomé Mitre) and the Army of Republic of the Argentine Confederation (commanded by Justo José de Urquiza)."}, {"id": "Q336247", "label": "Justo José de Urquiza", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavón, a key battle of the Argentine Civil Wars, was fought in Pavón, Santa Fé Province, Argentina on 17 September 1861 between the Army of the State of Buenos Aires (commanded by Bartolomé Mitre) and the Army of Republic of the Argentine Confederation (commanded by Justo José de Urquiza)."}], "Q835180": [{"id": "Q736159", "label": "Cristóvão da Gama", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wofla was fought on August 28, 1542, near Lake Ashenge in Wofla (Ofla) between the Portuguese under Cristóvão da Gama and the forces of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of da Gama and the majority of his soldiers being either captured or slain, the Portuguese were hesitant to make any investments in the area thus allowing the Adal Sultanate to expand its area of control in the Horn of Africa over the following year."}], "Q844919": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Patent Law Treaty (PLT) is a treaty adopted by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on 1 June 2000 in Geneva, Switzerland."}], "Q857434": [{"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caldiero took place on 30 October 1805, pitting the French Armée d'Italie under Marshal André Masséna against an Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caldiero took place on 30 October 1805, pitting the French Armée d'Italie under Marshal André Masséna against an Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting took place at Caldiero, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of Verona, during the War of the Third Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting took place at Caldiero, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of Verona, during the War of the Third Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q857860": [{"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Campo Tenese (9 March 1806) saw two divisions of the French Army of Naples led by Jean Reynier attack the left wing of the Royal Neapolitan Army under Roger de Damas."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought during the War of the Third Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought during the War of the Third Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decision by King Ferdinand IV of Naples to ally himself with the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Napoleon's decisive victory over the Allies at the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon declared Bourbon rule of southern Italy at an end."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decision by King Ferdinand IV of Naples to ally himself with the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Napoleon's decisive victory over the Allies at the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon declared Bourbon rule of southern Italy at an end."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decision by King Ferdinand IV of Naples to ally himself with the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Napoleon's decisive victory over the Allies at the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon declared Bourbon rule of southern Italy at an end."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1806, French Emperor Napoleon prepared to defend his possessions in Italy against the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "Background", "says": "To this end, he deployed 68,000 troops under Marshal André Masséna in the north, 18,000 soldiers led by General of Division Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr in central Italy, and 8,000 men from the satellite Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "Background", "says": "To this end, he deployed 68,000 troops under Marshal André Masséna in the north, 18,000 soldiers led by General of Division Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr in central Italy, and 8,000 men from the satellite Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "Background", "says": "For its part, the Austrian army in Italy under Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen numbered 90,000 men."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "As soon as Saint-Cyr's army marched north, Ferdinand and Queen Maria Carolina violated the agreement and invited the British and Russians to land expeditionary forces in their kingdom."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Napoleon's firm victory at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805 resulted in the demise of the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "This left Ferdinand alone to face the fury of Napoleon, who had determined to conquer the Kingdom of Naples and hand the crown to his brother Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q707898", "label": "Guillaume Philibert Duhesme", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division Guillaume Philibert Duhesme was marching from Austria with an additional 7,500-man division, and 3,500 more troops from northern Italy were destined for the campaign."}], "Q859217": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cedar Falls was a military operation of the Vietnam War conducted primarily by US forces that took place from 8 to 26 January 1967."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The VC, however, chose to evade the massive military force by fleeing across the border to Cambodia or by hiding in a complex system of tunnels."}], "Q870205": [{"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "A loose alliance of France, Venice, and the Duchy of Savoy supported the Three Leagues against the Grison rebels, backed by the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q645414", "label": "Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes", "section": "Background", "says": "In Milan, Don Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes declared an embargo against the Leagues and built a fortification, the Forte di Fuentes, at Montecchio on Lake Como at the entrance to the League controlled Valtellina valley."}], "Q873991": [{"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mysunde on 2 February 1864 was the first battle between the Prusso-Austrian allied army and the Danish army in the Second Schleswig War."}], "Q897720": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moldavian Magnate Wars, or Moldavian Ventures, refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of Poland and Lithuania intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire for domination and influence over the principality."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moldavian Magnate Wars, or Moldavian Ventures, refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of Poland and Lithuania intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire for domination and influence over the principality."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Prelude to the next conflict (1618–1620)", "says": "However, the king of Poland, Sigismund, was a devout Roman Catholic and a long time sympathizer of the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude to the next conflict (1618–1620)", "says": "In the end, Ferdinand did not agree to any permanent concessions in Silesia, and only made Prince Karol Ferdynand (Władysław's brother) bishop of Wrocław."}, {"id": "Q723957", "label": "Battle of Humenné", "section": "Prelude to the next conflict (1618–1620)", "says": "The Lisowczycy crushed Transylvanian forces led by George I Rákóczi (Jerzy Rakoczy) at Závada, Humenné District and Humenné (November 13 or 21–24, sources vary; see Battle of Humenné) and started looting, plundering, killing even children and dogs (as a contemporary historian wrote), and burning Eastern Slovakia, thus forcing Bethlen to lift his siege of Vienna and try to save his own lands."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Prelude to the next conflict (1618–1620)", "says": "The Lisowczycy crushed Transylvanian forces led by George I Rákóczi (Jerzy Rakoczy) at Závada, Humenné District and Humenné (November 13 or 21–24, sources vary; see Battle of Humenné) and started looting, plundering, killing even children and dogs (as a contemporary historian wrote), and burning Eastern Slovakia, thus forcing Bethlen to lift his siege of Vienna and try to save his own lands."}, {"id": "Q4373", "label": "Battle of White Mountain", "section": "Prelude to the next conflict (1618–1620)", "says": "Later, the Lisowczycy plagued Silesia and Bohemia and took part in the Battle of White Mountain."}], "Q897933": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raab or Battle of Győr (Hungarian: győri csata) was fought on 14 June 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars, between Franco-Italian forces and Habsburg forces."}, {"id": "Q93427", "label": "Archduke John of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory prevented Archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram, while Prince Eugène de Beauharnais's force was able to link up with Emperor Napoleon at Vienna in time to fight at Wagram."}, {"id": "Q467777", "label": "Battle of Wagram", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory prevented Archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram, while Prince Eugène de Beauharnais's force was able to link up with Emperor Napoleon at Vienna in time to fight at Wagram."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory prevented Archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram, while Prince Eugène de Beauharnais's force was able to link up with Emperor Napoleon at Vienna in time to fight at Wagram."}], "Q909154": [{"id": "Q75738", "label": "Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schleiz took place on 9 October 1806 in Schleiz, Germany between a Prussian-Saxon division under Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien and a part of Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte's I Corps under the command of Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first clash of the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first clash of the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "As Emperor Napoleon I of France's Grande Armée advanced north through the Franconian Forest it struck the left wing of the armies belonging to the Kingdom of Prussia and the Electorate of Saxony, which were deployed on a long front."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "As Emperor Napoleon I of France's Grande Armée advanced north through the Franconian Forest it struck the left wing of the armies belonging to the Kingdom of Prussia and the Electorate of Saxony, which were deployed on a long front."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "Joachim Murat assumed command of the troops and began an aggressive pursuit."}, {"id": "Q58773", "label": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "Background", "says": "Feldmarschall Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick concentrated his soldiers around Leipzig and Naumburg in the center."}, {"id": "Q696782", "label": "Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen", "section": "Background", "says": "The left wing, led by General of the Infantry Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen assembled near Dresden and included the Saxon contingent."}, {"id": "Q76109", "label": "Ernst von Rüchel", "section": "Background", "says": "Generals Ernst von Rüchel and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher gathered the right wing at Göttingen and Mühlhausen."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "Background", "says": "Generals Ernst von Rüchel and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher gathered the right wing at Göttingen and Mühlhausen."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Presently, Napoleon became aware of the Prussian preparations for war."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The right column was formed by Marshal Nicolas Soult's IV Corps in the lead, Marshal Michel Ney's VI Corps, and the Bavarians in the rear."}], "Q9173231": [{"id": "Q1366196", "label": "Gothic War of 376–382", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first notable battle of the Gothic War of 376–382."}, {"id": "Q159712", "label": "Fritigern", "section": "lead", "says": "After a failed Roman attempt to assassinate the Gothic leadership at a banquet in Marcianople, the Roman commander Lupicinius gathered all available troops, some 5,000 men, and attacked the 7,000–8,000 Thervingi Goths under Fritigern nine miles to the west of the town."}], "Q918132": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Java was a successful British amphibious operation against Java in the Dutch East Indies between August and September 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Java was a successful British amphibious operation against Java in the Dutch East Indies between August and September 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally established as a colony of the Dutch East India Company, Java remained in Dutch hands throughout the French Revolutionary Wars, during which the French invaded the Dutch Republic, transforming it into the Batavian Republic in 1795 and the Kingdom of Holland in 1806."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally established as a colony of the Dutch East India Company, Java remained in Dutch hands throughout the French Revolutionary Wars, during which the French invaded the Dutch Republic, transforming it into the Batavian Republic in 1795 and the Kingdom of Holland in 1806."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally established as a colony of the Dutch East India Company, Java remained in Dutch hands throughout the French Revolutionary Wars, during which the French invaded the Dutch Republic, transforming it into the Batavian Republic in 1795 and the Kingdom of Holland in 1806."}, {"id": "Q212278", "label": "Kingdom of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally established as a colony of the Dutch East India Company, Java remained in Dutch hands throughout the French Revolutionary Wars, during which the French invaded the Dutch Republic, transforming it into the Batavian Republic in 1795 and the Kingdom of Holland in 1806."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the First French Empire in 1810, and Java became a French colony, though it continued to be administered and garrisoned primarily with Dutch personnel."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "lead", "says": "After their capture of the French West Indies between 1809 and 1810, and a successful campaign against France's possessions in Mauritius from 1810 to 1811, British attention turned to the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q617263", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814", "section": "lead", "says": "The island remained in British hands for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, but was returned to Dutch control in 1816, as per the terms of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 May 1811 a party from HMS Sir Francis Drake attacked a flotilla of fourteen Dutch gun vessels off Surabaya, capturing nine of them."}], "Q923890": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Zawiya or Zawia was a battle during the Libyan Civil War between army units and militiamen loyal to Muammar Gaddafi and anti-Gaddafi forces for control of the city of Zawia."}, {"id": "Q2270347", "label": "Battle of Misrata", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Battle of Misrata, the First Battle of Zawiya was one of the bloodiest clashes of the Libyan Civil War."}], "Q924600": [{"id": "Q52939", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The war against Sigismund (Swedish: Kriget mot Sigismund) was a war between Duke Charles, later known as King Charles IX of Sweden, and Sigismund, who was at the time the king of both Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (that is, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The war against Sigismund (Swedish: Kriget mot Sigismund) was a war between Duke Charles, later known as King Charles IX of Sweden, and Sigismund, who was at the time the king of both Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (that is, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The war against Sigismund (Swedish: Kriget mot Sigismund) was a war between Duke Charles, later known as King Charles IX of Sweden, and Sigismund, who was at the time the king of both Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (that is, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania)."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "Background", "says": "When Stephen Báthory died in 1586, Sigismund Vasa, son of King John III and Catherine Jagiellonica, was elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in an attempt to continue the Polish–Swedish alliance, the original purpose being to confront Ivan IV \"the Terrible\" of Russia."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Duke Charles, the only living son of Gustav Vasa, did not approve the accession of Sigismund, his nephew and a Catholic, to the government of a realm that could just as well be his."}, {"id": "Q974160", "label": "Cudgel War", "section": "Background", "says": "As a counterattack, Charles instigated a rebellion against Fleming, the Cudgel War, among the farmers in Ostrobothnia."}], "Q934468": [{"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Racconigi Bargain (Italian: L'accordo di Racconigi, Russian: сделка в Раккониджи, also known in Russia as the Russo-Italian Agreement, Русско-итальянское соглашение) was a secret agreement between King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire, concluded on 24 October 1909 at the Castle of Racconigi, in Italy."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Racconigi Bargain (Italian: L'accordo di Racconigi, Russian: сделка в Раккониджи, also known in Russia as the Russo-Italian Agreement, Русско-итальянское соглашение) was a secret agreement between King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire, concluded on 24 October 1909 at the Castle of Racconigi, in Italy."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, Russia recognised Italian interests in Tripoli and Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "From Italy's point of view, the Racconigi Bargain facilitated Italy's preparations for the Italo-Turkish War two years later during which Italy conquered Tripoli and Cyrenaica."}], "Q936223": [{"id": "Q318076", "label": "Abdul Kerim Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "This success encouraged the Turks under Abdul Kerim Pasha to advance towards the Russians in the Eleşkirt valley while the Turks were pursuing the remnants of Oganovki's army across the Ağrı mountains they spread out and Russian general Yudenich took the opportunity to counterattack from the west with some 20,000 reinforcements, which were mostly Cossack units, to encircle them."}], "Q9389452": [{"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Damascus (also known as the Sack of Damascus and the Capture of Damascus) was a major event in 1400–01 during the war between the Timurid Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Timur was one of the most powerful Central Asian rulers since Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By long and relentless fighting, he sought to rebuild the Mongol Empire of his predecessors."}, {"id": "Q698037", "label": "Nasir-ad-Din Faraj", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1400, he started a war with the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj and invaded Mamluk Syria."}], "Q940959": [{"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Four days later, the main West Saxon army, led by King Ethelred and his brother, the future King Alfred the Great, attacked the main Danish encampment at Reading and were bloodily repulsed in the Battle of Reading."}, {"id": "Q2237365", "label": "Battle of Ashdown", "section": "lead", "says": "Further battles followed, including the Battle of Ashdown, a West Saxon victory, and the Battle of Meretun, when the Danes prevailed."}, {"id": "Q2465037", "label": "Battle of Marton", "section": "lead", "says": "Further battles followed, including the Battle of Ashdown, a West Saxon victory, and the Battle of Meretun, when the Danes prevailed."}, {"id": "Q1992574", "label": "Battle of Basing", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that the Battle of Basing was two months earlier, dating it to 22 January, Ashdown fourteen days before that on 8 January, Reading four days earlier on 4 January, Englefield another four days earlier on 31 December 870, and the arrival of the Vikings in Reading three days earlier on 28 December."}], "Q941322": [{"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba had ended the Stalemate in Southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba had ended the Stalemate in Southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q2665626", "label": "Battle of Beersheba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba had ended the Stalemate in Southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q16932897", "label": "Stalemate in Southern Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba had ended the Stalemate in Southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q16931600", "label": "Southern Palestine Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting occurred at the beginning of the Southern Palestine Offensive, and, together with attacks on Hareira and Sheria on 6–7 November and the continuing Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, which had been launched by General Edmund Allenby on 1 November, it eventually broke the Gaza-to-Beersheba line defended by the Yildirim Army Group."}, {"id": "Q335717", "label": "Philip Chetwode", "section": "lead", "says": "Following British defeats at the First and Second battles of Gaza in March and April 1917, Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode commanding the EEF's Eastern Force and Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Empire force had each adopted a defensive posture and a stalemate had developed in Southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following British defeats at the First and Second battles of Gaza in March and April 1917, Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode commanding the EEF's Eastern Force and Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Empire force had each adopted a defensive posture and a stalemate had developed in Southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Following British defeats at the First and Second battles of Gaza in March and April 1917, Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode commanding the EEF's Eastern Force and Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Empire force had each adopted a defensive posture and a stalemate had developed in Southern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q2668631", "label": "Archibald James Murray", "section": "lead", "says": "In late June, Allenby replaced General Archibald Murray as commander of the EEF, which he quickly reorganised."}, {"id": "Q426227", "label": "Third Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "By mid-October, as the Battle of Passchendaele continued on the Western Front, the last of the British reinforcements arrived as Allenby's preparations to commence a campaign of manoeuvre neared completion."}, {"id": "Q388581", "label": "Second Battle of Gaza", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the Second Battle of Gaza, the town had been developed into a strong modern fortress, with entrenchments, wire entanglements and a glacis on its south and south–eastern edges."}, {"id": "Q61808", "label": "Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Powles, \" ... the Turkish line had been thrown back on its left, but not broken.\" The remainder of the Ottoman line stretching westward to the Mediterranean coast continued to be strongly defended, particularly at Hareira, Sharia and Gaza, but the loss of Beersheba had placed EEF mounted units across the Beersheba to Hebron and Jerusalem road, and three Eighth Army infantry battalions"}], "Q942257": [{"id": "Q5457361", "label": "Flanders Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Famars was fought on 23 May 1793 during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Famars was fought on 23 May 1793 during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "An Allied Austrian, Hanoverian, and British army under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld defeated the French Army of the North led by François Joseph Drouot de Lamarche."}, {"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition it was further weakened by detachments taken from each battalion to serve in the War in the Vendée."}, {"id": "Q93489", "label": "Karl Mack von Leiberich", "section": "Background", "says": "An attack was drawn up by Austrian staff planner Karl Mack von Leiberich, and was to consist of direct assaults on the eastern side of the camp by two main columns, supported by holding attacks on both flanks from two smaller corps."}], "Q944506": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The St James' Day Battle took place on 25 July 1666  (4 August 1666 in the Gregorian calendar), during the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between an English fleet commanded jointly by Prince Rupert of the Rhine and George Monck, and a Dutch force under Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between an English fleet commanded jointly by Prince Rupert of the Rhine and George Monck, and a Dutch force under Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q318362", "label": "Johan de Witt", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Dutch had inflicted enormous damage on the English fleet in the Four Days Battle of 1–4 June 1666 which is normally considered a Dutch victory, the Dutch leading politician grand pensionary Johan de Witt ordered Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter to carry out a plan that had been prepared for over a year: to land in the Medway to destroy the English fleet while it was being repaired in"}], "Q949590": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Dego was fought on 14  and 15 April 1796 during the French Revolutionary Wars between French forces and Austro-Sardinian forces."}], "Q955457": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Dominicana), also known as the April Revolution (Spanish: Revolución de Abril), took place between April 24 and September 3, 1965, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q439980", "label": "Juan Bosch", "section": "lead", "says": "It started when civilian and military supporters of the overthrown democratically elected president Juan Bosch ousted the militarily-installed president Donald Reid Cabral from office."}, {"id": "Q436477", "label": "Donald Reid Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "It started when civilian and military supporters of the overthrown democratically elected president Juan Bosch ousted the militarily-installed president Donald Reid Cabral from office."}, {"id": "Q458504", "label": "Elías Wessin y Wessin", "section": "lead", "says": "The second coup prompted General Elías Wessin y Wessin to organize elements of the military loyal to the dictator Reid (\"loyalists\") and launch an armed campaign against the \"constitutionalist\" rebels."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Allegations of communist support for the rebels led to a United States invasion (codenamed Operation Power Pack), which later became an Organization of American States occupation of the country by the Inter-American Peace Force."}, {"id": "Q147989", "label": "Joaquín Balaguer", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1966, Bosch lost the presidential election to Joaquín Balaguer."}, {"id": "Q887594", "label": "Ramón Cáceres", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 19, 1911, General Luis Tejera led a group of conspirators in an ambush on the horsedrawn carriage of President Ramón Cáceres."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the ensuing power vacuum, General Alfredo Victoria, the commander of the army, seized control and forced the Dominican Congress to elect his uncle, Eladio Victoria, as the new president."}, {"id": "Q887835", "label": "Eladio Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the ensuing power vacuum, General Alfredo Victoria, the commander of the army, seized control and forced the Dominican Congress to elect his uncle, Eladio Victoria, as the new president."}, {"id": "Q436482", "label": "Horacio Vásquez", "section": "Background", "says": "The former president Horacio Vásquez soon returned from exile to lead his followers, the horacistas, in a popular uprising against the new government."}, {"id": "Q35648", "label": "William Howard Taft", "section": "Background", "says": "U.S. mediation by the William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only short respites each time."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "U.S. mediation by the William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only short respites each time."}, {"id": "Q887824", "label": "Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra", "section": "Background", "says": "A provisional president was chosen, and later that year, relatively-free elections returned the former president (1899–1902) Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra to power."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Vigorous opposition to the occupation continued, nevertheless, and after World War I, it increased in the US as well, where President Warren G."}], "Q955519": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ninth Battle of the Isonzo was an Italian offensive against Austria-Hungary in the course World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ninth Battle of the Isonzo was an Italian offensive against Austria-Hungary in the course World War I."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "lead", "says": "Including a triumvirate of battles launched after the Italians' successful seizure of Gorizia in August 1916 to extend their bridgehead to the left of the town, it ended in further failure for the Italian Chief of Staff Luigi Cadorna."}, {"id": "Q769906", "label": "Sixth Battle of the Isonzo", "section": "lead", "says": "Cadorna had intended to ensure such a breakthrough in the wake of the capture of Gorizia during the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo, but instead the war of attrition gathered pace."}, {"id": "Q1281559", "label": "Battle of Isonzo", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Germans finally assented (sensing the potential collapse of the Austro-Hungarian position) and constructed a combined force in time for the Twelfth Battle of Isonzo, the results were dramatic."}, {"id": "Q1050440", "label": "Tenth Battle of the Isonzo", "section": "lead", "says": "Operations renewed afresh with the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo on 12 May 1917."}], "Q962370": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "On December 19, 1946, Viet Minh soldiers detonated explosives in Hanoi, and the ensuing battle, known as the Battle of Hanoi marked the opening salvo of the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q312026", "label": "Georges Bidault", "section": "Background", "says": "This became more apparent with at Hai Phong, where a sovereignty dispute over the right to collect customs duties saw Georges Bidault green-light a violent military resolution."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He was well-versed in military tactics due to prior service in the Kuomintang Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and all units in the city now answered to him."}], "Q96609935": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "The quake was felt by an estimated 49 million people in Mexico and Guatemala, with some tremors felt as far away as 640 kilometers (400 mi)."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "A tsunami warning was issued for southern Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras."}], "Q976655": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montereau (18 February 1814) was fought during the War of the Sixth Coalition between an Imperial French army led by Emperor Napoleon and a corps of Austrians and Württembergers commanded by Crown Prince Frederick William of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montereau (18 February 1814) was fought during the War of the Sixth Coalition between an Imperial French army led by Emperor Napoleon and a corps of Austrians and Württembergers commanded by Crown Prince Frederick William of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montereau (18 February 1814) was fought during the War of the Sixth Coalition between an Imperial French army led by Emperor Napoleon and a corps of Austrians and Württembergers commanded by Crown Prince Frederick William of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "While Napoleon's army mauled an Allied army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, the main Allied army commanded by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, advanced to a position dangerously close to Paris."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "While Napoleon's army mauled an Allied army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, the main Allied army commanded by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, advanced to a position dangerously close to Paris."}, {"id": "Q1034344", "label": "Six Days' Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his successes in the Six Days' Campaign on 10–14 February 1814, Emperor Napoleon headed southward towards the Seine to stop Schwarzenberg's threat to Paris."}, {"id": "Q157632", "label": "Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 February, he ordered Wittgenstein to retreat to Provins while Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly massed the Russian and Prussian Guards near Nogent."}, {"id": "Q963749", "label": "Matvey Ivanovich Platov", "section": "Background", "says": "Matvei Platov was to the west at Nemours where his 2,100 Cossacks captured 600 men of an Imperial Guard depot battalion on the 16th."}], "Q978331": [{"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plombières Agreement (Italian: Accordi di Plombières; French: Entrevue de Plombières) of 21 July 1858 was a secret verbal agreement that took place at Plombières-les-Bains between the chief minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and the French Emperor, Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plombières Agreement (Italian: Accordi di Plombières; French: Entrevue de Plombières) of 21 July 1858 was a secret verbal agreement that took place at Plombières-les-Bains between the chief minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and the French Emperor, Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on limited available evidence, there have been disputes on the details of what was agreed upon at the meeting, but as years passed it became apparent that the agreement had opened the way for the Franco-Piedmontese military alliance, on 28 January 1859, and for the Second Italian War of Independence that became a vital step towards Italian unification, which was achieved within a decade of t"}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "lead", "says": "In its place, Italy, which Klemens von Metternich, a previous Austrian chancellor, had reportedly dismissed on various occasions as a \"[mere] geographical expression\", would be divided into two spheres of influence to be dominated respectively by Piedmont and France."}], "Q981031": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The first siege of Gibraltar was a battle of the Spanish Reconquista that took place in 1309."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the forces of the Crown of Castile (mostly those from the military councils of the city of Seville) under the command of Juan Núñez II de Lara and Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, against the forces of the Emirate of Granada who were under the command of Sultan Muhammed III and his brother, Abu'l-Juyush Nasr."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the forces of the Crown of Castile (mostly those from the military councils of the city of Seville) under the command of Juan Núñez II de Lara and Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, against the forces of the Emirate of Granada who were under the command of Sultan Muhammed III and his brother, Abu'l-Juyush Nasr."}, {"id": "Q316859", "label": "Ferdinand IV of Castile", "section": "Context", "says": "On 19 December 1308, at Alcalá de Henares, King Ferdinand IV of Castile and the ambassadors from the Crown of Aragon, Bernat de Sarrià and Gonzalo García agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Alcalá de Henares."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "Context", "says": "Ferdinand IV promised to cede one sixth of the conquered Granadan territory to the Aragonese crown and therefore chose the entirety of the Kingdom of Almeria as its limits for the agreement with the exception of the towns of Bedmar, Alcaudete, Quesada, Arenas, and Locubin which would stay as part of Castile, having all previously been part of the Kingdom of Castile and León prior to their Muslim t"}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "Context", "says": "These concessions to the Crown of Aragon led a few of Ferdinand IV's vassals to protest the ratification of the treaty, amongst them were John of Castile and Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena."}, {"id": "Q2984671", "label": "Treaty of Almizra", "section": "Context", "says": "Aragon had previously reached its height under the Treaty of Cazola and the Treaty of Almizra which saw its territory and influence expand considerably."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Context", "says": "Ferdinand insisted on the Aragonese alliance to cement an alliance between Aragon and the Marinid dynasty so that they would not intervene in the coming war with Granada."}, {"id": "Q131463", "label": "Clement V", "section": "Context", "says": "After the signing of the treaty at Alcalá de Henares, Castile and Aragon both sent emissaries to the court at Avignon to gain the support of Pope Clement V and to obtain the clerical backing of an official Crusade to further support military operations."}, {"id": "Q59604", "label": "Eleanor of Castile", "section": "Context", "says": "They also asked for the papal blessing of a marriage between the Infanta Eleanor of Castile,"}], "Q1016618": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burlingame Treaty (Chinese: 中美天津條約續增條款), also known as the Burlingame–Seward Treaty of 1868, and formally titled the Sino-American Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce, was a landmark treaty between the United States and Qing China, amending the Treaty of Tientsin, to establish formal friendly relations between the two nations, with the United States granting China the status of most favored n"}], "Q1041463": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Denis was fought on 10 November 1567 between a royalist army and Huguenot rebels during the second of the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q356952", "label": "Anne de Montmorency", "section": "lead", "says": "Although their 74 year old commander, Anne de Montmorency, was killed in the fighting, the royalists forced the rebels to withdraw, allowing them to claim victory."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Conde, feeling confident, set out aggressive demands asking for the expulsion of Italian financiers, the repeal of all taxes created since Louis XII, the free exercise of religion regardless of station, the calling of an Estates General and four fortified towns to be given to them, as surety."}, {"id": "Q76508", "label": "Emanuele Filiberto I, Duke of Savoy", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "While these negotiations were ongoing, the Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy was sending recruits north, the main body under Filippo di Piero Strozzi travelling north via Piedmont with Gaspard II de Coligny and La Noue trying to intercept."}, {"id": "Q1414020", "label": "Filippo di Piero Strozzi", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "While these negotiations were ongoing, the Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy was sending recruits north, the main body under Filippo di Piero Strozzi travelling north via Piedmont with Gaspard II de Coligny and La Noue trying to intercept."}, {"id": "Q204975", "label": "Gaspard II de Coligny", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "While these negotiations were ongoing, the Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy was sending recruits north, the main body under Filippo di Piero Strozzi travelling north via Piedmont with Gaspard II de Coligny and La Noue trying to intercept."}, {"id": "Q131945", "label": "Pius V", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Pope Pius V also sent troops up north; meanwhile, the Protestant hope that their religious Swiss brethren could be persuaded to switch sides fell flat, as the 6000 Swiss troops remained loyal to the crown."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Condé was however, only increasing in confidence, with the capture of Soissons and Orléans by La Noue and expanded his demands to include Calais Boulogne and Metz as their surety towns, that one church in every bonne ville be handed over to the Huguenots, and that his troops be paid to lay down their arms."}, {"id": "Q177046", "label": "Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgommery", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Misjudging his position, Condé weakened his besieging forces further by sending François de Coligny d'Andelot to take Poissy and Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery to seize Pontoise, the former leaving him 800 arquebusiers and 500 horse shorter."}], "Q1042049": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jarnac on 13 March 1569 was an encounter during the French Wars of Religion between the Catholic forces of Marshal Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes and the Huguenots led by Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé."}, {"id": "Q563042", "label": "Gaspard de Saulx", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jarnac on 13 March 1569 was an encounter during the French Wars of Religion between the Catholic forces of Marshal Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes and the Huguenots led by Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jarnac on 13 March 1569 was an encounter during the French Wars of Religion between the Catholic forces of Marshal Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes and the Huguenots led by Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jarnac on 13 March 1569 was an encounter during the French Wars of Religion between the Catholic forces of Marshal Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes and the Huguenots led by Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé."}], "Q1042557": [{"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2006, an acute shortage of food affected the countries in the Horn of Africa (Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia), as well as northeastern Kenya."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2006, an acute shortage of food affected the countries in the Horn of Africa (Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia), as well as northeastern Kenya."}], "Q1048657": [{"id": "Q1362993", "label": "David Soslan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a major victory won by the Georgian army, commanded by David Soslan, over the army of the Eldiguzid ruler of Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought as part of several conflicts between the \"Atabegs of Azerbaijan\", also known as the Eldiguzids after its ruling dynasty, and Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q428400", "label": "Eldiguzids", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought as part of several conflicts between the \"Atabegs of Azerbaijan\", also known as the Eldiguzids after its ruling dynasty, and Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought as part of several conflicts between the \"Atabegs of Azerbaijan\", also known as the Eldiguzids after its ruling dynasty, and Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q244007", "label": "Tamar of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Shirvanshah together with Amir Mihran headed for Tbilisi, the capital of Kingdom of Georgia, and appealed for help to Queen Tamar of Georgia, an official protector of Shirvan."}], "Q1051804": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Reims (12–13 March 1814) was fought at Reims, France between an Imperial French army commanded by Emperor Napoleon and a combined Russian-Prussian corps led by General Emmanuel de Saint-Priest."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9–10 March 1814, a 100,000-strong Allied army led by Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher defeated Emperor Napoleon's 39,000-man Imperial French army in the Battle of Laon."}, {"id": "Q426026", "label": "Battle of Laon", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9–10 March 1814, a 100,000-strong Allied army led by Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher defeated Emperor Napoleon's 39,000-man Imperial French army in the Battle of Laon."}, {"id": "Q165519", "label": "August Neidhardt von Gneisenau", "section": "Background", "says": "Early on the second day, Blücher was so ill with an eye infection that he temporarily handed over command to his chief of staff August Neidhardt von Gneisenau."}, {"id": "Q65432", "label": "Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg tried to resign his corps command and was only persuaded to remain by Blücher."}, {"id": "Q312676", "label": "Auguste de Marmont", "section": "Background", "says": "The right wing of Marshal Auguste de Marmont, whose corps had been routed at Laon, retreated to Fismes."}, {"id": "Q747386", "label": "Battle of Craonne", "section": "Background", "says": "Not only did the French army suffer heavy casualties at Laon, it also lost between 5,400 and 8,000 men at the Battle of Craonne on 7 March."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon disbanded the two Young Guard corps of Marshals Michel Ney and Claude Perrin Victor and Poret de Morvan's provisional division."}], "Q10751243": [{"id": "Q671594", "label": "Battle of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The German 2nd Army arrived in force on 20 August 1914 and used the experience gained from the Battle of Liège (4–16 August)."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans did not attempt a coup de main but waited until the next day and bombarded the forts using super-heavy siege artillery and four batteries on loan from Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q860150", "label": "Battle of Charleroi", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the Fifth Army at the Battle of Charleroi on 21 August prevented the French from advancing further and only one regiment reached Namur as reinforcement."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Liège was the first engagement in the German invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I."}, {"id": "Q61030", "label": "Karl von Bülow", "section": "Background", "says": "General Karl von Bülow the German Second Army commander, established Angriffsgruppe Namur (General Max von Gallwitz) with the Guards Reserve Corps, XI Corps taken from the 3rd Army (General Max von Hausen) and a division of the VII Reserve Corps, with c."}, {"id": "Q62428", "label": "Max von Gallwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "General Karl von Bülow the German Second Army commander, established Angriffsgruppe Namur (General Max von Gallwitz) with the Guards Reserve Corps, XI Corps taken from the 3rd Army (General Max von Hausen) and a division of the VII Reserve Corps, with c."}, {"id": "Q67160", "label": "Max von Hausen", "section": "Background", "says": "General Karl von Bülow the German Second Army commander, established Angriffsgruppe Namur (General Max von Gallwitz) with the Guards Reserve Corps, XI Corps taken from the 3rd Army (General Max von Hausen) and a division of the VII Reserve Corps, with c."}], "Q108647613": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake struck approximately 53 kilometres SSE of the town of Mansfield (in the vicinity of the township of Woods Point), in the Victorian Alps of Australia on 22 September 2021, at 09:15 local time."}], "Q1090887": [{"id": "Q190572", "label": "Vicente Fox", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federal Government, headed by then-president Vicente Fox, deployed officers from the Federal Preventive Police (PFP) in October 2006 to retake the city of Oaxaca."}], "Q1096375": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Matsumae clan were given the area around present-day Matsumae, Hokkaido, what would become the Matsumae Domain, as a march fief in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi."}], "Q109729533": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "It started off as a peaceful protest against the government's decision to recognize the People's Republic of China over Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Australia deployed the Australian Federal Police and Defence Force."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "Papua New Guinea and Fiji dispatched peacekeepers while New Zealand deployed police and troops."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Papua New Guinea and Fiji dispatched peacekeepers while New Zealand deployed police and troops."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Malaita Province, however, continued to be supported by Taiwan and the United States, the latter sending US$25 million of aid to the island in 2020."}], "Q1099135": [{"id": "Q728006", "label": "Junio Valerio Borghese", "section": "lead", "says": "It was named after Junio Valerio Borghese, wartime commander of the Decima Flottiglia MAS and a hero in the eyes of many post-War Italian fascists."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian journalists have claimed the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reportedly followed the coup, with President Richard Nixon allegedly being personally informed of it."}], "Q110517047": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cowboy was fought in the town of Hostau, Sudetenland (now Hostouň in the Czech Republic), on 28 April 1945, in the last days of fighting in the European theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cowboy was fought in the town of Hostau, Sudetenland (now Hostouň in the Czech Republic), on 28 April 1945, in the last days of fighting in the European theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q14303815", "label": "Battle of Castle Itter", "section": "lead", "says": "It is one of two known incidents during the war in which Americans and Germans of the Wehrmacht fought side by side against the Waffen-SS , the other being the Battle of Castle Itter."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "After the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany in 1938, the Lipizzaner Breeding Mares of the Spanish Riding School in Vienna were transferred to an experimental farm in the town of Hostau, in Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany in 1938, the Lipizzaner Breeding Mares of the Spanish Riding School in Vienna were transferred to an experimental farm in the town of Hostau, in Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia."}], "Q1106847": [{"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese conquest of Hormuz occurred in the early 16th century when Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the Kingdom of Hormuz and established fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição on the Island of Hormuz."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign against Hormuz was part of a plan by king Manuel of Portugal to control the Indian Ocean trade and thwart hostile Muslim competitors, by capturing Aden to control trade through the Red Sea; Hormuz, to control trade through the Persian Gulf; and Malacca to control trade passing through the Malacca Straits."}, {"id": "Q234908", "label": "Nizami Ganjavi", "section": "Background", "says": "Most likely, this was the famous Eskandar Nameh written by Nizami Ganjavi."}], "Q1107316": [{"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the immediate division of spoils, Kingdom of Bulgaria gained the area of Pomoravlje, which had been a target of Bulgarian nationalism."}, {"id": "Q688197", "label": "Kosta Pećanac", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the end of September 1916, the Serbian High Command sent Kosta Pećanac, reserve infantry lieutenant and veteran Chetnik Vojvoda, by airplane into Toplica."}], "Q1107697": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese–Safavid wars or Persian-Portuguese wars (Persian: جنگ‌های ایران و پرتغال) were a series of conflicts between the Portuguese Empire and Safavid Iran from 1507 to 1728."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese–Safavid wars or Persian-Portuguese wars (Persian: جنگ‌های ایران و پرتغال) were a series of conflicts between the Portuguese Empire and Safavid Iran from 1507 to 1728."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese were supported by the Kingdom of Hormuz, their vassal, while the Safavids had the help of the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "During this era, Portugal established its rule for about more than a century in Hormuz and more than 80 years in Bahrain, capturing some other islands and ports such as Qeshm and Bandar Abbas."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1507, the Portuguese Afonso de Albuquerque landed on the Hormuz."}], "Q11087883": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yongle Emperor of Ming China led five large-scale military expeditions into Mongolia between 1410 and 1424."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hongwu Emperor established the Ming dynasty in China in 1368 after overthrowing the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and forced the Mongols to retreat to the northern steppes, where they established the Northern Yuan."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hongwu Emperor established the Ming dynasty in China in 1368 after overthrowing the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and forced the Mongols to retreat to the northern steppes, where they established the Northern Yuan."}, {"id": "Q623719", "label": "Naghachu", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Hongwu Emperor's reign (1368–1398), the Mongol commander in Manchuria, Naghachu, surrendered to the Ming in 1387, and the Ming army under Lan Yu defeated Northern Yuan emperor Tögüs Temür in 1388."}, {"id": "Q1187958", "label": "Lan Yu", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Hongwu Emperor's reign (1368–1398), the Mongol commander in Manchuria, Naghachu, surrendered to the Ming in 1387, and the Ming army under Lan Yu defeated Northern Yuan emperor Tögüs Temür in 1388."}], "Q11153274": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lake Baikal was a naval battle undertaken by Czechoslovak forces during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q159114", "label": "Radola Gajda", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1918, the Czechoslovak Legion, under the leadership of Radola Gajda, fought the Red Army for control of the mountain passes around Lake Baikal which were well defended."}], "Q111653302": [{"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "A crackdown on gangs began in El Salvador on 27 March 2022 in response to a series of homicides committed by criminal gangs between 25 and 27 March 2022 which killed 87 people."}, {"id": "Q17712353", "label": "Nayib Bukele", "section": "lead", "says": "Conversely, international human rights groups expressed concern that the arrests were arbitrary and had little to do with gang violence, and several U.S. government representatives expressed concern about the violence in the country and the methods used to combat it; these comments were criticized by Salvadoran president Nayib Bukele."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "Politicians across Latin America — in countries such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Peru — have implemented or have called for the implementation of security policies similar to those implemented by Bukele."}], "Q1116646": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars until 1810, Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were allies in the war against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars until 1810, Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were allies in the war against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars until 1810, Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were allies in the war against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of Sweden's defeat in the Finnish War and the Pomeranian War, and the following Treaty of Fredrikshamn and Treaty of Paris, Sweden declared war on the UK."}, {"id": "Q2471586", "label": "Pomeranian War", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of Sweden's defeat in the Finnish War and the Pomeranian War, and the following Treaty of Fredrikshamn and Treaty of Paris, Sweden declared war on the UK."}, {"id": "Q1130792", "label": "Treaty of Fredrikshamn", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of Sweden's defeat in the Finnish War and the Pomeranian War, and the following Treaty of Fredrikshamn and Treaty of Paris, Sweden declared war on the UK."}], "Q1117898": [{"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "lead", "says": "Heraclius' campaign of 622, erroneously also known as the Battle of Issus, was a major campaign in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 by emperor Heraclius that culminated in a crushing Byzantine victory in Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 622, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, was ready to mount a counter-offensive against the Sassanids who had overrun most of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41615", "label": "Heraclius Constantine", "section": "lead", "says": "His young son, Heraclius Constantine, was left behind as regent under the charge of Patriarch Sergius and the patrician Bonus."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "In order to threaten both the Persian forces in Anatolia and Syria, his first move was to sail from Constantinople to Pylae in Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "lead", "says": "This forced the Persian forces in Anatolia under Shahrbaraz to retreat from the front-lines of Bithynia and Galatia to eastern Anatolia in order to block his access to Persia."}], "Q112132985": [{"id": "Q111655119", "label": "Battle of Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Lyman may refer to:\n\nBattle of Lyman's Wagon Train, 1874\nBattle of Krasnyi Lyman, in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, in 2014\nRussian capture of Lyman, Ukraine, during the Battle of Donbas in May 2022\nBattle of Lyman (September–October 2022), recapture by Ukraine"}], "Q1127035": [{"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "The British repulsed German attacks until early November, after which both sides concentrated their resources on the First Battle of Ypres."}], "Q113111947": [{"id": "Q111655119", "label": "Battle of Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Donbas was a military offensive that was part of the wider eastern front of the Russo-Ukrainian war."}], "Q113151289": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These campaigns led to the termination of the Khwarazmian Empire, the Nizari Ismaili state, and the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "These campaigns led to the termination of the Khwarazmian Empire, the Nizari Ismaili state, and the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "These campaigns led to the termination of the Khwarazmian Empire, the Nizari Ismaili state, and the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Genghis Khan had unified the Mongolic peoples and conquered the Western Xia state in the early 13th century."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "Genghis Khan had unified the Mongolic peoples and conquered the Western Xia state in the early 13th century."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad died destitute on an island in the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon after his accession to the khaganate in 1227, Ögedei Khan sent an army under Chormaqan Noyan to end Jalal al-Din's renewed resistance and subjugate several minor polities in Persia."}], "Q1143181": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Entzheim  took place on 4 October 1674, during the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q686601", "label": "Alexander von Bournonville", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought near the town of Entzheim, south of Strasbourg in Alsace, between a French army under Turenne, and an Imperial force commanded by Alexander von Bournonville."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Both France and the Dutch Republic viewed the Spanish Netherlands as essential for their security and trade, making it a contested area throughout the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Both France and the Dutch Republic viewed the Spanish Netherlands as essential for their security and trade, making it a contested area throughout the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Large parts of it were occupied by French troops in the 1667 to 1668 War of Devolution, before Louis XIV of France was obliged to return it to Spain in the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Large parts of it were occupied by French troops in the 1667 to 1668 War of Devolution, before Louis XIV of France was obliged to return it to Spain in the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the unexpected success of his offensive encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1673, the French army in the Rhineland under Turenne was faced by Imperial forces under Raimondo Montecuccoli who outmanoeuvred his opponent and helped the Dutch capture Bonn."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark joined the anti-French coalition, followed by the February Treaty of Westminster, which ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q255150", "label": "Aeneas de Caprara", "section": "Background", "says": "This meant Turenne could attack his opponents one by one, and at Sinsheim on 16 June, he inflicted heavy casualties on a detachment under Aeneas de Caprara, although he was unable to prevent him linking up with Bournonville."}], "Q1146897": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Urbino (January–September 1517) was a secondary episode of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ensued after the end of the War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), when Francesco Maria I della Rovere decided to take advantage of the situation to recover the Duchy of Urbino, from which he had been ousted in the previous year by troops of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q649202", "label": "Duchy of Urbino", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ensued after the end of the War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), when Francesco Maria I della Rovere decided to take advantage of the situation to recover the Duchy of Urbino, from which he had been ousted in the previous year by troops of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ensued after the end of the War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), when Francesco Maria I della Rovere decided to take advantage of the situation to recover the Duchy of Urbino, from which he had been ousted in the previous year by troops of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1517 he presented himself under the walls of Verona to hire the troops which had besieged the city, now to be returned to the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Leo X reacted by hastily hiring an army of 10,000 troops under Lorenzo II de' Medici, Renzo da Ceri, Giulio Vitelli, and Guido Rangoni and sent it against Urbino."}], "Q1149113": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Alborz (Persian: عملیات البرز), more commonly known by the code-name Operation Kaman 99 (عملیات کمان 99), was an operation launched by the Iranian Air Force in retaliation to Iraqi surprise aerial attacks on Iran the day before which marked the beginning of the 8-year-long Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q1149680": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lexington, also known as the first battle of Lexington or the battle of the Hemp Bales, was a minor conflict of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2451867", "label": "Battle of Boonville", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Boonville in June 1861, Federal Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon ordered the 5th Regiment of the United States Reserve Corps to occupy Lexington."}, {"id": "Q517116", "label": "Nathaniel Lyon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Boonville in June 1861, Federal Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon ordered the 5th Regiment of the United States Reserve Corps to occupy Lexington."}], "Q1150465": [{"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Barras was a British Army operation that took place in Sierra Leone on 10 September 2000, during the late stages of the Sierra Leone Civil War."}, {"id": "Q795269", "label": "Sierra Leone Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Barras was a British Army operation that took place in Sierra Leone on 10 September 2000, during the late stages of the Sierra Leone Civil War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "British forces were deployed to Sierra Leone in May 2000, initially for a non-combatant evacuation operation under the codename Operation Palliser, in which they were tasked with evacuating foreign nationals—particularly those from the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries, and others for whom the British government had accepted consular responsibility."}, {"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "Background", "says": "Having secured Freetown and Lungi, and evacuated the foreign nationals who wished to leave, the initial forces left and were replaced by a \"Short Term Training Team\" (STTT), whose mission was to train and rebuild the Sierra Leone Army."}], "Q1151686": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The diplomatic framework itself would continue to be emulated throughout East Asia until the establishment of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century."}], "Q1151697": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shi'ting (literal meaning \"stone pavilion\") was fought between the states of Cao Wei and Eastern Wu in 228 during the Three Kingdoms period of China."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shi'ting (literal meaning \"stone pavilion\") was fought between the states of Cao Wei and Eastern Wu in 228 during the Three Kingdoms period of China."}], "Q1152443": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bassignana (Bassignano) was fought in the Italian campaign of the War of the Austrian Succession on 27 September 1745."}], "Q115301112": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On November 19–20, 2022, an anti-LGBTQ–motivated mass shooting occurred at Club Q, a gay bar in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States."}], "Q116291120": [{"id": "Q107451258", "label": "Ariel Henry", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 2024, violence spread throughout Port-au-Prince with the goal of obtaining the resignation of acting prime minister Ariel Henry, leading to the storming of two prisons and the release of thousands of prisoners."}, {"id": "Q187697", "label": "François Duvalier", "section": "Background", "says": "This process began with the establishment of the Tonton Macoute paramilitaries by the dictatorship led by president François Duvalier, used to violently suppress dissidents."}, {"id": "Q209617", "label": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1994, President Jean-Bertrand Aristide outlawed pro-Duvalier armed groups and disbanded the Haitian Army, but that did not solve the issue, as again there was no disarmament."}], "Q118514": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion comprised the armed actions of the Czechoslovak Legion in the Russian Civil War against Bolshevik authorities, beginning in May 1918 and persisting through evacuation of the Legion from Siberia to Europe in 1920."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after the outbreak of World War I, ethnic Czechs and Slovaks living in the Russian Empire petitioned Tsar Nicholas II to create a force, in the service of the Russian Empire, to fight against Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after the outbreak of World War I, ethnic Czechs and Slovaks living in the Russian Empire petitioned Tsar Nicholas II to create a force, in the service of the Russian Empire, to fight against Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after the outbreak of World War I, ethnic Czechs and Slovaks living in the Russian Empire petitioned Tsar Nicholas II to create a force, in the service of the Russian Empire, to fight against Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution in 1917, the Russian Republic replaced the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution in 1917, the Russian Republic replaced the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the October Revolution in 1917, which brought the Bolsheviks to power and signaled an imminent end to Russian belligerency, the situation of the Legion became complex."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1918, United States President Wilson issued the Fourteen Points, explicitly articulating in the tenth point American support for the dissolution of Austria-Hungary with self-determination by ethnicity."}, {"id": "Q2026080", "label": "Operation Faustschlag", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 February, before the Czechoslovaks had left Ukraine, the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front to force the Bolsheviks to accept its terms for peace."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 February, before the Czechoslovaks had left Ukraine, the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front to force the Bolsheviks to accept its terms for peace."}, {"id": "Q2537219", "label": "Battle of Bakhmach", "section": "Background", "says": "In early March, the Legion defeated a numerically superior German force attempting to destroy it in the Battle of Bakhmach, fought northeast of Kiev."}], "Q11862174": [{"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Helsinki was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought on 12–13 April by the German troops and Finnish Whites against the Finnish Reds in Helsinki, Finland."}, {"id": "Q152306", "label": "Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans invaded Helsinki despite the opposition of Finnish White Army leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim who wanted to attack the capital city with his own troops after Tampere had fallen on 6 April."}], "Q1189229": [{"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Belarusian protests were a series of peaceful protests by demonstrators in Belarus demanding the resignation of current Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, who had been the president of Belarus since 1994."}], "Q12015696": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "370-c.360 BCE), was a rebellion in the Achaemenid Empire of several satraps in western Anatolia against the authority of the Great King Artaxerxes II (r."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "lead", "says": "370-c.360 BCE), was a rebellion in the Achaemenid Empire of several satraps in western Anatolia against the authority of the Great King Artaxerxes II (r."}], "Q123027684": [{"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "The day was labelled the bloodiest in Israel's history and \"the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust\" by many figures and media outlets in the West, including then-US president Joe Biden."}], "Q1233768": [{"id": "Q311283", "label": "Bahram Chobin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Blarathon, also known as the Battle of Ganzak, was fought in 591 near Ganzak between a combined Byzantine–Persian force and a Persian army led by the usurper Bahram Chobin."}, {"id": "Q315902", "label": "Hormizd IV", "section": "Background", "says": "In 590, Sasanian Shah Hormizd IV grew envious of the growing fame of his military commander, Bahram Chobin."}], "Q124305804": [{"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the growing protests in Bashkortostan, messaging services WhatsApp and Telegram were allegedly blocked across the region, as messages sent by users from major cities such as Moscow, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Saint Petersburg failed to deliver."}], "Q1265867": [{"id": "Q37098", "label": "Michael IX Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "Earlier, Byzantine Emperor Michael IX Palaiologos had raised an army which defeated the Turcopoles, and confined them to a fortified camp in the Gallipoli peninsula."}, {"id": "Q319597", "label": "Stefan Milutin", "section": "lead", "says": "Michael next asked assistance from his son-in-law, Serbian King Stefan Milutin, and received a 2,000-strong Serbian cavalry troop (possibly Cumans or Serbian heavy cavalry)."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "In two chrysobulls of Andronikos II Palaiologos to the Serbian Hilandar monastery, dating to October 1313 and July 1317, he showed gratitude to Stefan Milutin for his aid, as detailed in the prefaces."}], "Q126896555": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 18 June 2024 during a visit by Russian president Vladimir Putin to North Korea."}], "Q1271059": [{"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in 1967 when Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, Prime Minister of the Somali Republic, signed a ceasefire with Kenya at the Arusha Conference on 23 October 1967."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time under British colonial administration, the northern half of Jubaland was ceded to Italy as a reward for the Italians' support of the Allies during World War I."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 June 1960, four days before granting British Somaliland independence, the British government declared that all Somali areas should be unified in one administrative region."}, {"id": "Q173563", "label": "Jomo Kenyatta", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1962, Kenya African National Union (KANU) leader Jomo Kenyatta publicly declared that the NFD's future was \"a domestic affair of Kenya\", and dismissed fears about militant Somali irredentism by telling Somalis in Kenya to \"pack up your camels and go to Somalia\"."}], "Q1276892": [{"id": "Q3299864", "label": "Aden Emergency", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the end of the Aden Emergency and the achievement of South Yemeni independence in 1967, the National Liberation Front (NLF) was handed power over the country following negotiations in Geneva with the British government."}, {"id": "Q307211", "label": "Abdul Fattah Ismail", "section": "Background", "says": "The last of these factions was led by Abdul Fattah Ismail, a founding member of the NLF and its chief Marxist ideologue."}, {"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "At home, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen adopted a Marxist-Leninist scientific socialism as the official state ideology."}, {"id": "Q2363565", "label": "Dhofar Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Ismail, South Yemen gave its most direct support to the later of these two groups during the Dhofar Rebellion in neighbouring Oman, providing advisors to the insurgent forces there, in addition to ensuring the transit of Warsaw Pact and Chinese weapons to the rebels."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union, upon which South Yemen relied for the vast majority of its trade and financial aid, had also lost confidence in the General Secretary, policymakers within the Brezhnev a"}], "Q1281077": [{"id": "Q7930888", "label": "Maccabean Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Elasa was fought in April 160 BCE during the Maccabean Revolt between Judean rebels led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) and an army of the Seleucid Empire under the command of Bacchides."}, {"id": "Q111559", "label": "Judah Maccabee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Elasa was fought in April 160 BCE during the Maccabean Revolt between Judean rebels led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) and an army of the Seleucid Empire under the command of Bacchides."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Elasa was fought in April 160 BCE during the Maccabean Revolt between Judean rebels led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) and an army of the Seleucid Empire under the command of Bacchides."}, {"id": "Q359711", "label": "Simon Thassi", "section": "lead", "says": "Judas's brother Simon Thassi established an independent Hasmonean kingdom in 142–141 BCE, fulfilling the goal of the Maccabees."}, {"id": "Q878366", "label": "Timarchus", "section": "Background", "says": "In 160 BCE, Seleucid King Demetrius I went on campaign in the east to fight the rebellious Timarchus."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "Background", "says": "The size of the rebel army facing them is disputed; 1 Maccabees implausibly claims that Judas's army at Elasa was tiny, with 3,000 men of which only 800 (1 Maccabees) or 1,000 (Josephus) would actually fight."}], "Q1286274": [{"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Schuinshoogte, also known as Battle of Ingogo, was fought north of Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, on 8 February 1881 during the First Boer War."}, {"id": "Q741129", "label": "Battle of Laing's Nek", "section": "lead", "says": "Weilbach after the Boer victory at the Battle of Laing's Nek and as a result he planned to clear a path along the Newcastle–Mount Prospect road to better protect the British supply line, and receive fresh reinforcements he needed to bolster his ranks."}], "Q1290410": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Glina massacres were killings of Serb peasants in the town of Glina in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) that occurred between May and August 1941, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q470694", "label": "Vjekoslav Luburić", "section": "lead", "says": "Further killings in Glina occurred between 30 July and 3 August of that same year, when 700–2,000 Serbs were massacred by a group of Ustaše led by Vjekoslav Luburić."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Puk was captured by British forces in 1945 while attempting to flee to Austria and was extradited to Yugoslavia the following year, where he committed suicide."}, {"id": "Q13474305", "label": "Francoist Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Luburić escaped Yugoslavia after the war and moved to Francoist Spain, where he was killed by a person generally assumed to be an agent of the Yugoslav State Security Service."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Croatian War of Independence, the local authorities failed to restore it and dismantled it instead."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "Background", "says": "The country was then dismembered and the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was appointed Poglavnik (leader) of an Ustaše-led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska)."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "The country was then dismembered and the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was appointed Poglavnik (leader) of an Ustaše-led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska)."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "The NDH combined almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia into an \"Italian-German quasi-protectorate\"."}, {"id": "Q701960", "label": "Mile Budak", "section": "Background", "says": "Mile Budak, the Croatian Minister of Education, is reported to have said that one-third of Serbs in the NDH were to be killed, one-third were to be expelled, and one-third were to be converted to Roman Catholicism."}], "Q1297556": [{"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge was a peace treaty signed on 23 June 1305 between King Philip IV of France and Robert III of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q252724", "label": "Robert III, Count of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge was a peace treaty signed on 23 June 1305 between King Philip IV of France and Robert III of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q2007565", "label": "Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at Athis-sur-Orge after the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle and concluded the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305)."}, {"id": "Q195983", "label": "Franco-Flemish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at Athis-sur-Orge after the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle and concluded the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305)."}], "Q1302680": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Qurna (3 to 9 December 1914) was between British forces and  Ottoman forces that  had retreated from Basra, which they lost at the Battle of Basra (1914) during the Mesopotamian campaign of World War I."}], "Q1307876": [{"id": "Q1115886", "label": "Philip Schuyler", "section": "lead", "says": "Clair and his superior, General Philip Schuyler, were vilified by Congress."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "lead", "says": "Schuyler had already lost his command to Horatio Gates by the time of the court martial, and St."}, {"id": "Q369263", "label": "John Trumbull", "section": "Background", "says": "This tactical problem had been pointed out by John Trumbull when Gates was in command."}, {"id": "Q574116", "label": "Anthony Wayne", "section": "Background", "says": "It was believed to be impossible for the British to place cannons on the heights, even though Trumbull, Anthony Wayne, and an injured Benedict Arnold climbed to the top and noted that gun carriages could probably be dragged up."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "Background", "says": "It was believed to be impossible for the British to place cannons on the heights, even though Trumbull, Anthony Wayne, and an injured Benedict Arnold climbed to the top and noted that gun carriages could probably be dragged up."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, George Washington and the Congress were of the opinion that Burgoyne, who was known to be in Quebec, was more likely to strike from the south, moving his troops by sea to New York City."}], "Q1317918": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Temesvár was a military conflict between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire in 1552."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The western part of the country came under the control of Ferdinand I from the House of Habsburg, the eastern side came under the control of John Zápolya, a Hungarian noble."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "The western part of the country came under the control of Ferdinand I from the House of Habsburg, the eastern side came under the control of John Zápolya, a Hungarian noble."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Zápolya asked the help of Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman emperor against Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q313396", "label": "John Sigismund Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of John in 1540, he was succeeded by his one-month-old son, John Sigismund Zápolya."}, {"id": "Q2447460", "label": "Hadim Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "One of them – led by Hadim Ali Pasha – started a campaign against the western and central part of the country whilst the second army – led by Kara Ahmed Pasha – attacked the fortresses in the Banat region."}, {"id": "Q1571856", "label": "Kara Ahmed Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "One of them – led by Hadim Ali Pasha – started a campaign against the western and central part of the country whilst the second army – led by Kara Ahmed Pasha – attacked the fortresses in the Banat region."}], "Q13190": [{"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bolia took place in 468 between the Ostrogoths led by the Amal dynasty and a coalition of other former allies of Attila."}, {"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "Background", "says": "They allied under the command of Ardaric, the Gepid king, and defeated the Huns and supporting forces at the Battle of Nedao in 454 CE."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Nedao, the newly freed tribes jockeyed for supremacy in Pannonia for the next fifteen years, most eventually becoming federates of the Eastern Roman Empire."}], "Q13569936": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first naval-air battle of World War II."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish Navy of the Second Polish Republic (1919–39) was prepared mostly as means of supporting naval communications with France in case of a war with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish Navy of the Second Polish Republic (1919–39) was prepared mostly as means of supporting naval communications with France in case of a war with the Soviet Union."}], "Q13599277": [{"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kugelblitz (German: Unternehmen Kugelblitz) was a massive counter-insurgency operation by the German 2nd Panzer Army conjunction with collaborationist forces against the Yugoslav Partisans around the eastern Bosnian region of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kugelblitz (German: Unternehmen Kugelblitz) was a massive counter-insurgency operation by the German 2nd Panzer Army conjunction with collaborationist forces against the Yugoslav Partisans around the eastern Bosnian region of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kugelblitz (German: Unternehmen Kugelblitz) was a massive counter-insurgency operation by the German 2nd Panzer Army conjunction with collaborationist forces against the Yugoslav Partisans around the eastern Bosnian region of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}], "Q1362162": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Carnatic War (1744/1746–1748) was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars that established early British dominance on the east coast of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q976827", "label": "Carnatic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Carnatic War (1744/1746–1748) was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars that established early British dominance on the east coast of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q560071", "label": "Joseph François Dupleix", "section": "lead", "says": "The war set the stage for the rapid growth of French hegemony in southern India under the command of French Governor-General Joseph François Dupleix in the Second Carnatic War."}], "Q1362294": [{"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Drewry's Bluff, also known as the Battle of Fort Darling, or Fort Drewry, took place on May 15, 1862, in Chesterfield County, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Drewry's Bluff, also known as the Battle of Fort Darling, or Fort Drewry, took place on May 15, 1862, in Chesterfield County, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q311885", "label": "Patrick Henry", "section": "Background", "says": "Guns from CSS Patrick Henry, including an 8 in (203 mm) smoothbore, were just upriver and sharpshooters gathered on the river banks."}], "Q137167469": [{"id": "Q1209169", "label": "War in Abkhazia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Sukhumi or the Siege of Sukhumi occurred from 16 to 27 September 1993, involving the Abkhaz separatists, along with their Russian and North Caucasian backers, and Georgia, being the last engagement of the War in Abkhazia."}, {"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "Background", "says": "The failure of Eduard Shevardnadze to regulate the conflict in Abkhazia strengthened the popularity of the former President Zviad Gamsakhurdia."}, {"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "Background", "says": "The failure of Eduard Shevardnadze to regulate the conflict in Abkhazia strengthened the popularity of the former President Zviad Gamsakhurdia."}, {"id": "Q312493", "label": "Zurab Zhvania", "section": "Background", "says": "Shevardnadze's government, represented by a delegation led by Green Party leader Zurab Zhvania, offered to open talks on a new constitution for the republic, to be followed by a referendum and new elections, while Gamsakhurdia loyalists argued for a recognition of Zviad Gamsakhurdia as a legitimate ruler of Georgia alongside Shevardnadze's existing administration."}, {"id": "Q969062", "label": "Jaba Ioseliani", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, MP Jaba Ioseliani, the leader of the Mkhedrioni paramilitary and one of Shevardnadze's allies, charged him with attempting to establish \"a dictatorship by Communist methods\"."}], "Q1379845": [{"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "Republika Srpska claimed that all the homes were systematically torched by Bosniak armed group, but this could not be independently verified during the trial of Naser Orić by the ICTY."}, {"id": "Q361189", "label": "Naser Orić", "section": "lead", "says": "Republika Srpska claimed that all the homes were systematically torched by Bosniak armed group, but this could not be independently verified during the trial of Naser Orić by the ICTY."}], "Q1382298": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liberation of Bostan, that codenamed Operation Tariq al-Quds (Persian: عملیات طریق القدس, meaning \"Operation Path to Jerusalem\") was a military operation launched by Iran during the Iran–Iraq War to free Bostan in the Khuzestan province."}], "Q1387983": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Memphis was a naval battle fought on the Mississippi River immediately north of the city of Memphis, Tennessee on June 6, 1862, during the American Civil War."}], "Q1391966": [{"id": "Q730553", "label": "Battle of Myriokephalon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Emperor Manuel Komnenos's defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon (1176) the Byzantines failed to implement all the conditions, particularly the destruction of border fortresses, demanded by the Seljuq sultan Kilij Arslan II as a prerequisite for a cessation of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Emperor Manuel Komnenos's defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon (1176) the Byzantines failed to implement all the conditions, particularly the destruction of border fortresses, demanded by the Seljuq sultan Kilij Arslan II as a prerequisite for a cessation of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q727828", "label": "Konstantinos Doukas", "section": "Background", "says": "Vatatzes was given two other generals as his subordinates, Constantine Doukas and Michael Aspietes, and was able to pick up reinforcements as his army moved through Byzantine territory."}], "Q14086691": [{"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks, were a series of military campaigns conducted by the Tang dynasty against the Western Turkic Khaganate in the 7th century."}, {"id": "Q1074375", "label": "Su Dingfang", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars against the Western Turks continued under Emperor Gaozong, and the khaganate was annexed after General Su Dingfang defeated Qaghan Ashina Helu in 657."}], "Q1418831": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2021, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom found that the use of the five techniques amounts to torture."}, {"id": "Q128967", "label": "Edward Heath", "section": "Background and planning", "says": "It was agreed to re-introduce internment at a meeting between Faulkner and British Prime Minister Edward Heath on 5 August 1971."}], "Q1426614": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sullivan Expedition (also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, the Sullivan Campaign, and the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign) was a United States military campaign under the command of General John Sullivan during the American Revolutionary War, lasting from June to October 1779, against the four British-allied tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sullivan Expedition (also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, the Sullivan Campaign, and the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign) was a United States military campaign under the command of General John Sullivan during the American Revolutionary War, lasting from June to October 1779, against the four British-allied tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sullivan Expedition (also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, the Sullivan Campaign, and the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign) was a United States military campaign under the command of General John Sullivan during the American Revolutionary War, lasting from June to October 1779, against the four British-allied tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was ordered by George Washington in response to the Haudenosaunee and Loyalist destruction of American settlements in the Wyoming Valley, and Cherry Valley."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was ordered by George Washington in response to the Haudenosaunee and Loyalist destruction of American settlements in the Wyoming Valley, and Cherry Valley."}, {"id": "Q505146", "label": "Joseph Brant", "section": "Background", "says": "From a base at Fort Niagara, men such as Loyalist commander Major John Butler, Mohawk military leader Joseph Brant, and Seneca war chiefs Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter led the joint British-Indigenous raids."}, {"id": "Q1134261", "label": "Cornplanter", "section": "Background", "says": "From a base at Fort Niagara, men such as Loyalist commander Major John Butler, Mohawk military leader Joseph Brant, and Seneca war chiefs Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter led the joint British-Indigenous raids."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "Background", "says": "Congress designated Major General Horatio Gates to lead the expedition and appropriated funds for the campaign."}, {"id": "Q2190013", "label": "Battle of Wyoming", "section": "Background", "says": "Roughly 300 of the armed Patriot defenders were killed at the Battle of Wyoming, after which houses, barns, and mills were razed throughout the valley."}], "Q1432141": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bladensburg, also known as the Bladensburg Races, took place on August 24, 1814, during the Chesapeake campaign of the War of 1812 at Bladensburg, Maryland."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Albert Gallatin, President James Madison's nominated commissioner for negotiations with the British government, sent news from Europe of Napoleon's abdication and the apparent hardening of British attitudes towards the United States."}, {"id": "Q177470", "label": "Battle of Stoney Creek", "section": "Background", "says": "He had practiced law in Baltimore before being commissioned as a colonel in 1812 and had only recently been exchanged after having been captured at the Battle of Stoney Creek in July 1813."}], "Q1433226": [{"id": "Q838695", "label": "First Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The presence of perpetrators of the genocide among them was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of the First Congo War in 1996."}, {"id": "Q272580", "label": "Juvénal Habyarimana", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 April 1994 Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira were assassinated, sparking the Rwandan genocide against the Tutsi."}, {"id": "Q357830", "label": "Cyprien Ntaryamira", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 April 1994 Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira were assassinated, sparking the Rwandan genocide against the Tutsi."}, {"id": "Q1429076", "label": "Arusha Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Nations already had a peacekeeping force, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), in Kigali that had been tasked with observing that the Arusha Accords were being carried out."}], "Q1439471": [{"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake occurred northeast of the city of Adana in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (modern day Turkey) on 14 May 1269 at \"the first hour of the night\"."}], "Q1456414": [{"id": "Q314331", "label": "Charles II of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Anagni was an accord between the Pope Boniface VIII, James II of Aragon, Philip IV of France, Charles II of Naples, and James II of Majorca."}, {"id": "Q528401", "label": "James II of Majorca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Anagni was an accord between the Pope Boniface VIII, James II of Aragon, Philip IV of France, Charles II of Naples, and James II of Majorca."}, {"id": "Q285143", "label": "Treaty of Tarascon", "section": "lead", "says": "The chief purpose was to confirm the Treaty of Tarascon of 1291, which ended the Aragonese Crusade."}, {"id": "Q625133", "label": "Aragonese Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The chief purpose was to confirm the Treaty of Tarascon of 1291, which ended the Aragonese Crusade."}, {"id": "Q661425", "label": "Peace of Caltabellotta", "section": "lead", "says": "This war did not end until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302."}], "Q1456425": [{"id": "Q1411508", "label": "Battle of Wilkomierz", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed in the aftermath of the Livonian Order's defeat at the hands of the allied Polish-Lithuanian force in the Battle of Wiłkomierz."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Teutonic Knights agreed to cease their support to Švitrigaila (who tried to break the Polish-Lithuanian union) and in the future to support only Grand Dukes properly elected jointly by Poland and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q693964", "label": "Treaty of Melno", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty did not change borders determined by the Treaty of Melno in 1422."}, {"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Teutonic and Livonian Order no longer interfered with Polish–Lithuanian affairs; instead Poland and Lithuania involved themselves in the Thirteen Years' War, the civil war in Prussia that tore it in half."}], "Q1458166": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Volturnus, also known as the Battle of Casilinum or Battle of Capua, was fought in 554 near the Volturno River between an army of the Byzantine Empire and a combined force of Franks and Alemanni."}, {"id": "Q1137764", "label": "Battle of Mons Lactarius", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of the Gothic king Teia in the Battle of Mons Lactarius in October 552, the remaining Goths in the Po Valley called upon the Franks for help against the Byzantine armies under Narses."}, {"id": "Q309915", "label": "Theudebald", "section": "Background", "says": "Although King Theudebald refused to send aid, he allowed two of his subjects, the Alemanni chieftains Leutharis and Butilinus, to cross into Italy."}], "Q1464154": [{"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Weenen massacre (Afrikaans: Bloukransmoorde) was the massacre of Voortrekkers, Khoikhoi and Basuto by the Zulu Kingdom on 17 February 1838."}], "Q1466527": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fort Jackson (also known as the Treaty with the Creeks, 1814) was signed on August 9, 1814 at Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama following the defeat of the Red Stick (Upper Creek) resistance by United States allied forces at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend."}, {"id": "Q1785910", "label": "Battle of Horseshoe Bend", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fort Jackson (also known as the Treaty with the Creeks, 1814) was signed on August 9, 1814 at Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama following the defeat of the Red Stick (Upper Creek) resistance by United States allied forces at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend."}], "Q1475005": [{"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between them."}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the treaty's terms, Chile gained control over Tarapacá."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tacna–Arica question would only be settled in 1929, through the mediation of the United States under President Herbert Hoover."}, {"id": "Q35236", "label": "Herbert Hoover", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tacna–Arica question would only be settled in 1929, through the mediation of the United States under President Herbert Hoover."}, {"id": "Q2361219", "label": "Francisco García Calderón", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chilean occupying administration established a collaborationist government in La Magdalena headed by Francisco García Calderón in order to be able to represent the occupied country in peace negotiations, while Nicolás de Piérola's constitutional government settled in Ayacucho after leaving Lima."}, {"id": "Q645188", "label": "Miguel Iglesias", "section": "Background", "says": "A fourth government, headed by Miguel Iglesias, succeeded the Magdalena government in 1883 after being recognized by Chile, with both countries establishing the negotiations that would eventually lead to a final peace treaty."}], "Q1492048": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of 716 was an agreement between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of 716 was an agreement between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41836", "label": "Theodosios III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by the son of the ruling Bulgarian Khan Tervel, Kormesiy and the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius III."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 705 AD, the deposed Byzantine emperor Justinian II asked the Bulgarian khan Tervel for assistance to regain his throne."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bulgarians sent 15,000-strong army and Justinian entered Constantinople."}], "Q14941833": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 September 2013, a twin suicide bombing took place at All Saints Church in Peshawar, Pakistan, in which 127 people were killed and more than 250 injured."}], "Q14943147": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement by Syria to destroy its chemical weapons arose at a time when the United States and France head"}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "With the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 concerns were raised about both the security of Syria's chemical weapon sites and about the potential use of chemical weapons."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Background", "says": "President Barack Obama used the phrase \"red line\" in reference to the use by Syria of chemical weapons."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Background", "says": "During the G20 summit on 6 September, Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S."}, {"id": "Q22316", "label": "John Kerry", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State John Kerry stated in response to a question from a journalist that the air strikes could be averted if Syria turned over \"every single bit\" of its chemical weapons stockpiles within a week, but Syria \"isn't about to do it and it can't be done\"."}, {"id": "Q58217", "label": "Sergey Lavrov", "section": "Background", "says": "Hours after Kerry's statement, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov announced that Russia had suggested to Syria that it relinquish its chemical weapons, and Syrian foreign minister Walid al-Moallem immediately welcomed the proposal, and U.S.–Russian negotiations led to the 14 September 2013 \"Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons\", which called for the elimination of Syria's chemi"}, {"id": "Q547896", "label": "Chemical Weapons Convention", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the agreement, Syria acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention and agreed to apply that convention provisionally until its formal entry into force on 14 October 2013."}], "Q1494320": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Küstrin Putsch of 1 October 1923, also known as the Buchrucker Putsch after its leader, was a coup attempt against the Weimar Republic by units of the paramilitary Black Reichswehr under Bruno Ernst Buchrucker."}, {"id": "Q103955", "label": "Gustav Stresemann", "section": "Background", "says": "Groups from the Black Reichswehr called labor commandos (Arbeitskommando) led by Bruno Ernst Buchrucker wanted to bring down the Reich government of Chancellor Gustav Stresemann and replace the parliamentary democratic republic with a national dictatorship."}], "Q1497886": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Matteo took place in the late summer of 1918 on the Punta San Matteo (3,678 m) during World War I."}, {"id": "Q662961", "label": "Battle of Vittorio Veneto", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, the peak of San Matteo was taken for the second and final time by the Alpini on November 3 after an intense artillery preparation."}, {"id": "Q701518", "label": "Armistice of Villa Giusti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Villa Giusti, concluded on November 3, 1918, at 15:00 at Villa Giusti (near Padua) ended the war in the mountains on November 4, 1918, at 15:00."}], "Q1497909": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ball's Bluff (also known as the Battle of Leesburg or Battle of Harrison's Island) was an early battle of the American Civil War fought in Loudoun County, Virginia, on October 21, 1861, in which Union Army forces under Major General George B."}, {"id": "Q352136", "label": "Charles Devens", "section": "Background", "says": "Stone then ordered Colonel Charles Devens of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry, stationed on Harrison's Island, facing Ball's Bluff, to send a patrol across the river at that point to gather what information it could about enemy deployments."}], "Q1502680": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Vilna, Treaty of Wilno or Truce or Treaty of Niemieża was a treaty signed at Niemieża (modern Nemėžis) near Vilnius (also known as Vilna or Wilno) on 3 November 1656 between the Tsardom of Russia and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, introducing a truce during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and an anti-Swedish alliance in the contemporaneous Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Vilna, Treaty of Wilno or Truce or Treaty of Niemieża was a treaty signed at Niemieża (modern Nemėžis) near Vilnius (also known as Vilna or Wilno) on 3 November 1656 between the Tsardom of Russia and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, introducing a truce during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and an anti-Swedish alliance in the contemporaneous Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Vilna, Treaty of Wilno or Truce or Treaty of Niemieża was a treaty signed at Niemieża (modern Nemėžis) near Vilnius (also known as Vilna or Wilno) on 3 November 1656 between the Tsardom of Russia and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, introducing a truce during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and an anti-Swedish alliance in the contemporaneous Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Vilna, Treaty of Wilno or Truce or Treaty of Niemieża was a treaty signed at Niemieża (modern Nemėžis) near Vilnius (also known as Vilna or Wilno) on 3 November 1656 between the Tsardom of Russia and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, introducing a truce during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and an anti-Swedish alliance in the contemporaneous Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "In return for ceasing hostilities and fighting Sweden alongside Poland–Lithuania, the treaty promised tsar Alexis of Russia to succeed the Polish–Lithuanian throne as soon as John II Casimir Vasa would die."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In return for ceasing hostilities and fighting Sweden alongside Poland–Lithuania, the treaty promised tsar Alexis of Russia to succeed the Polish–Lithuanian throne as soon as John II Casimir Vasa would die."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "In return for ceasing hostilities and fighting Sweden alongside Poland–Lithuania, the treaty promised tsar Alexis of Russia to succeed the Polish–Lithuanian throne as soon as John II Casimir Vasa would die."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate under Bohdan Khmelnytsky was excluded from the negotiations, and the Truce did nothing to address the Muscovite occupation of Lithuania and the status of Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate under Bohdan Khmelnytsky was excluded from the negotiations, and the Truce did nothing to address the Muscovite occupation of Lithuania and the status of Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q525758", "label": "Treaty of Pereyaslav", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian Cossacks were enraged by this Russian betrayal of the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement that promised Muscovite military support for the Cossacks against the Commonwealth."}], "Q1542647": [{"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brissarthe was fought on 2 July 866, between the West Franks and a joint Breton-Viking army near Brissarthe, Neustria."}, {"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "lead", "says": "In 866, Salomon, Duke of Brittany, allied with Hastein (Hasting), a Danish chieftain, for an expedition into Anjou, Maine, and Touraine."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "In 867, Charles the Bald entered negotiations with Salomon and recognised him as King of Brittany."}], "Q15436846": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The province was conquered by Oda Nobunaga in 1581 after an unsuccessful attempt in 1579 by his son Oda Nobukatsu."}, {"id": "Q3044815", "label": "Oda Nobukatsu", "section": "lead", "says": "The province was conquered by Oda Nobunaga in 1581 after an unsuccessful attempt in 1579 by his son Oda Nobukatsu."}, {"id": "Q349422", "label": "Battle of Okehazama", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Oda Nobunaga of Owari province began his rise as a prominent daimyō of central Japan, rapidly expanding his territory."}], "Q1571892": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1951 Polish-Soviet territorial exchange, also known as the Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty of 1951, was a border agreement signed in Moscow between Soviet Union and the Polish People’s Republic."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, the Soviet Union transferred part of the Drohobych Oblast (1939-1959) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."}], "Q15726836": [{"id": "Q57462", "label": "Konrad Henlein", "section": "lead", "says": "Sudeten German uprising (Czech: sudetoněmecké povstání) in September 1938 was a rebellion of Sudeten Germans against Czechoslovak authorities in Sudetenland, supported by an organized action orchestrated by Sudeten German Party (SdP) chaired by Konrad Henlein."}], "Q1575537": [{"id": "Q454063", "label": "Charles, Duke of Brittany", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charles, Duke of Brittany), in an effort to defeat the English longbowmen, gave orders to set up four encampments around the town's four gates."}], "Q1575941": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Nishi-Rosen Agreement (西・ローゼン協定, Nishi-Rozen Kyōtei) was an agreement signed between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire on 25 April 1898 concerning disputes over Korea."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nishi-Rosen Agreement (西・ローゼン協定, Nishi-Rozen Kyōtei) was an agreement signed between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire on 25 April 1898 concerning disputes over Korea."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "With Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, and increasing influence in domestic Korean politics, tensions continued to rise between Japan and Russia over political and economic control of Korea."}], "Q1584030": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dawn-1 (also known as Operation Valfajr-1) was an Iranian offensive in the Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q15986363": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burma campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II was fought primarily by British Commonwealth, China and United States forces against the forces of Imperial Japan, who were assisted by the Burmese National Army, the Indian National Army, and to some degree by Thailand."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burma campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II was fought primarily by British Commonwealth, China and United States forces against the forces of Imperial Japan, who were assisted by the Burmese National Army, the Indian National Army, and to some degree by Thailand."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burma campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II was fought primarily by British Commonwealth, China and United States forces against the forces of Imperial Japan, who were assisted by the Burmese National Army, the Indian National Army, and to some degree by Thailand."}, {"id": "Q2404723", "label": "Operation U-Go", "section": "lead", "says": "After scoring some defensive successes during 1943, they then attempted to forestall Allied offensives in 1944 by launching an invasion of India (Operation U-Go)."}, {"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "Background", "says": "Another force nominally under Japanese control was the Indian National Army, a force mainly composed of former prisoners of war and volunteers from the Indian expatriate communities in British Malaya and Burma."}, {"id": "Q2153", "label": "Subhas Chandra Bose", "section": "Background", "says": "Its commander in chief was Subhas Chandra Bose."}], "Q16056284": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Many of the rebels, including Chilembwe himself, fled towards Portuguese Mozambique, hoping to reach safety there, but many were captured."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II, the growing Malawian nationalist movement reignited interest in the Chilembwe revolt, and after the independence of Malawi in 1964 it became celebrated as a key moment in the nation's history."}], "Q16126368": [{"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Yemenite War was a short military conflict between the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR; North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY; South Yemen)."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "South Arabian League (SAL) rebels attacked positions in eastern South Yemen, arriving from Saudi Arabia on February 20, 1972."}, {"id": "Q924397", "label": "Ali Nasir Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Ali Nasir Muhammad survived an assassination attempt by SAL rebels on May 22, 1972."}], "Q1618294": [{"id": "Q215968", "label": "Jan Žižka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hussites were led by Břeněk of Švihov, who was killed in battle, and Jan Žižka, whose forces proved victorious."}, {"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the second major battle of the Hussite Wars; the first battle, the Battle of Nekmíř, was more of a Hussite retreat than a true fight."}, {"id": "Q1343168", "label": "Battle of Nekmíř", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the second major battle of the Hussite Wars; the first battle, the Battle of Nekmíř, was more of a Hussite retreat than a true fight."}], "Q1618756": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This campaign was the second sustained French offensive in a generation in the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q392213", "label": "Siege of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "The Siege of Orléans."}, {"id": "Q600016", "label": "Battle of Jargeau", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Jargeau."}, {"id": "Q283015", "label": "Battle of Beaugency", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Beaugency."}, {"id": "Q648535", "label": "Battle of Patay", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Patay."}], "Q16209172": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Black Mountain (also Capmany or Serra Negra or Del Roure or Montroig) was fought from 17 to 20 November 1794 between the army of the First French Republic and the allied armies of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Black Mountain (also Capmany or Serra Negra or Del Roure or Montroig) was fought from 17 to 20 November 1794 between the army of the First French Republic and the allied armies of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q723058", "label": "Jacques François Dugommier", "section": "lead", "says": "The French, led by Jacques François Dugommier, defeated the Allies, who were commanded by Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión."}, {"id": "Q63652", "label": "Siege of Bellegarde", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1793, the Spanish Army won two victories at the Siege of Bellegarde and the Battle of Truillas."}, {"id": "Q2406754", "label": "Battle of Truillas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1793, the Spanish Army won two victories at the Siege of Bellegarde and the Battle of Truillas."}, {"id": "Q314135", "label": "Pierre Augereau", "section": "Background", "says": "Forming his army into the infantry divisions of Divisional-generals Dominique Catherine de Pérignon, Pierre Francois Sauret, and Pierre Augereau, plus a cavalry reserve under Divisional-general André de La Barre, Dugommier launched his offensive in late April 1794."}, {"id": "Q2890743", "label": "Battle of Boulou", "section": "Background", "says": "The French victory in the Battle of Boulou, on 1 May, caused the Spanish army to withdraw south of the Pyrenees."}], "Q1621069": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lovas killings (Croatian: masakr u Lovasu, Serbian: zločini u Lovasu, злочини у Ловасу) involved the killing of 70 Croat civilian residents of the village of Lovas between 10 and 18 October 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 October, two days after Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation occurred during the Battle of Vukovar, as the JNA sought to consolidate its control over the area surrounding the city of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Lovas and the killing and expulsion of its civilian population was included in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) indictments of the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, and Goran Hadžić, a high-ranking official of the Croatian Serb-declared wartime breakaway region of SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia."}, {"id": "Q295043", "label": "Goran Hadžić", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Lovas and the killing and expulsion of its civilian population was included in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) indictments of the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, and Goran Hadžić, a high-ranking official of the Croatian Serb-declared wartime breakaway region of SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia."}, {"id": "Q65362", "label": "SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Lovas and the killing and expulsion of its civilian population was included in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) indictments of the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, and Goran Hadžić, a high-ranking official of the Croatian Serb-declared wartime breakaway region of SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "This revolt was followed in January 1991, by two unsuccessful attempts by Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces."}, {"id": "Q317547", "label": "Ante Marković", "section": "Background", "says": "The leadership of the JNA, fragmented between supporters of the federal government of Ante Marković and others aligned with Serbia since the breakup of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in 1990, came under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević."}, {"id": "Q351852", "label": "Veljko Kadijević", "section": "Background", "says": "By summer, Milošević had the JNA under full control through his control of the rump Federal Presidency and his influence over the federal defence minister and top-ranked JNA officer, General of the Army Veljko Kadijević and JNA chief of staff, Colonel General Blagoje Adžić."}, {"id": "Q617022", "label": "Blagoje Adžić", "section": "Background", "says": "By summer, Milošević had the JNA under full control through his control of the rump Federal Presidency and his influence over the federal defence minister and top-ranked JNA officer, General of the Army Veljko Kadijević and JNA chief of staff, Colonel General Blagoje Adžić."}], "Q1626179": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Winchester, also known as the Battle of Opequon or Battle of Opequon Creek, was an American Civil War battle fought near Winchester, Virginia, on September 19, 1864."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "Union Army Major General Philip Sheridan defeated Confederate Army Lieutenant General Jubal Early in one of the largest, bloodiest, and most important battles in the Shenandoah Valley."}, {"id": "Q257497", "label": "Jubal Early", "section": "lead", "says": "Union Army Major General Philip Sheridan defeated Confederate Army Lieutenant General Jubal Early in one of the largest, bloodiest, and most important battles in the Shenandoah Valley."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Participants in the battle included two future presidents of the United States, two future governors of Virginia, a former vice president of the United States, and a colonel whose grandson,  George S."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Patton, became a famous general in World War II."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "lead", "says": "A third infantry corps, led by Brigadier General George Crook, was held in reserve."}, {"id": "Q2890377", "label": "Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia", "section": "lead", "says": "After Sheridan's successes at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, Early's Army of the Valley suffered more defeats and was eliminated from the war in the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia on March 2, 1865."}, {"id": "Q889233", "label": "Wesley Merritt", "section": "Background and plan", "says": "Sheridan's final plan was to have cavalry divisions led by Brigadier General Wesley Merritt and Brigadier General William W."}], "Q1629242": [{"id": "Q1669960", "label": "Kenneth A. Kitchen", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Dapur has often been identified with Tabor in Canaan, Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen argues that this identification is incorrect and that the Dapur in question was in Syria, north of Kadesh."}], "Q1634857": [{"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "As the situation quickly escalated, Enver Pasha sought to outflank the Russian forces to seize Sarıkamış and cut off Russian access to railway lines."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The operation was part of what the Russian Empire viewed the Caucasus front."}, {"id": "Q1936524", "label": "Bergmann Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bergmann Offensive (2 November 1914 – 16 November 1914) ended with the defeat of Russian troops."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Hasan İzzet Pasha managed to stabilize the front by letting the Russians 25 kilometers inside the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis."}], "Q1636055": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes were a series of megathrust earthquakes that struck the Sunda Trench off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, with three of magnitude 7 or greater."}], "Q1638751": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "King George I, still young and proud of his few exploits, decided to rekindle the old tensions between his nation and the Byzantine Empire, which had experienced imperialist surges in this region of the Caucasus since at least the reign of Justinian I (527-565)."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "King George I, still young and proud of his few exploits, decided to rekindle the old tensions between his nation and the Byzantine Empire, which had experienced imperialist surges in this region of the Caucasus since at least the reign of Justinian I (527-565)."}, {"id": "Q7216494", "label": "First Kingdom of Kakheti", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, he truly considered himself the successor of the one who tried to unify the Georgian lands, and the loss of the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti led him to seek new domains in the southwest."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Background", "says": "This is how he thinks of the Tao, ancient Kingdom of the Georgians and hereditary domain of the first Bagrations, which had been bequeathed by will to Emperor Basil II by David III Kurapalates as the term of a punishment due to the support of the latter for the rebel Bardas Phokas, and part of which was offered by Byzantine Empire to Bagrat III."}], "Q1639638": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles was a diplomatic agreement signed between Austria and France at the Palace of Versailles on 1 May 1757 during the Seven Years' War."}], "Q1645012": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Matterhorn was a military operation of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II for strategic bombing of Japan by Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers based in India, Ceylon, and China."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Other targets included Singapore and the oil refineries around Palembang in the Netherlands East Indies."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1944, the XX Bomber Command carried out raids on Formosa in support of General Douglas MacArthur's upcoming return to the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q696448", "label": "Operation Ichi-Go", "section": "lead", "says": "Later that year, the Japanese offensive Operation Ichi-Go in China threatened the bases."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The JWPC also considered targeting, but favored shipping and the oil industry, which could more easily be attacked from bases in Australia."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "As for the oil industry, the oil refineries in the Dutch East Indies, primarily the ones at Palembang, could be attacked by the B-29s based in India, staging through Ceylon."}], "Q1646284": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Actions along the Matanikau—sometimes referred to as the Second and Third Battles of the Matanikau—were two separate but related engagements between the United States and Imperial Japanese naval and ground forces in the Pacific theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Actions along the Matanikau—sometimes referred to as the Second and Third Battles of the Matanikau—were two separate but related engagements between the United States and Imperial Japanese naval and ground forces in the Pacific theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "lead", "says": "Marine Major General Alexander Vandegrift attacked Japanese troop concentrations at several points around the Matanikau River."}, {"id": "Q1754443", "label": "Battle of Edson's Ridge", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marine attacks were intended to \"mop-up\" Japanese stragglers retreating towards the Matanikau from the recent Battle of Edson's Ridge, to disrupt Japanese attempts to use the Matanikau area as a base for attacks on the Marine Lunga defenses, and to destroy any Japanese forces in the area."}, {"id": "Q575796", "label": "Kiyotake Kawaguchi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese—under the overall command of Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi—repulsed the Marine attacks."}, {"id": "Q327121", "label": "Masao Maruyama", "section": "lead", "says": "Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River, attacked Japanese forces under the command of newly arrived generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu, and inflicted heavy casualties on a Japanese infantry regiment."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 August 1942, Allied forces (primarily American) landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands, northeast of Australia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 August 1942, Allied forces (primarily American) landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands, northeast of Australia."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's 17th Army—a corps-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant-General Harukichi Hyakutake—with the task of retaking Guadalcanal from Allied forces."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Of these units, the 35th Infantry Brigade under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi was at Palau, the 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment under Major General Yumio Nasu was in the Philippines and the 28th (Ichiki) Infantry Regiment was embarked on transport ships near Guam."}, {"id": "Q1414998", "label": "Battle of the Tenaru", "section": "Background", "says": "Marine defenses, and were almost completely annihilated during the resulting Battle of the Tenaru on 21 August."}], "Q16533921": [{"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the fighting occurred in the Duchy of Aquitaine, made up of the areas of Guyenne and Gascony."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling family of England, the House of Plantagenet, held Gascony as a fief of the King of France following the 1259 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gascon War was the beginning of but part of a wider conflict that included the First War of Scottish Independence and the Franco-Flemish War as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively, thus triggering these related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q195983", "label": "Franco-Flemish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gascon War was the beginning of but part of a wider conflict that included the First War of Scottish Independence and the Franco-Flemish War as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively, thus triggering these related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gascon War was the beginning of but part of a wider conflict that included the First War of Scottish Independence and the Franco-Flemish War as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively, thus triggering these related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gascon War was the beginning of but part of a wider conflict that included the First War of Scottish Independence and the Franco-Flemish War as Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders respectively, thus triggering these related conflicts."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "The same year, Edward I also married Philip IV's sister Margaret."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Background", "says": "A still larger convoy left Portsmouth for Gascony on 24 April 1293 and—either due to contrary winds in their own account or prepared ambush in Heebøll-Holm's estimation—intercepted a Norman fleet in the 15 May 1293 Battle of Point St Mathieu, supposedly destroying 200 Norman ships. (The contemporary Chronicle of Bury St Edmunds notes a second victory over Normans, Germans, Flemings, and Lombards a"}], "Q1657889": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tikhvin Offensive was a military operation undertaken by the German army in October 1941 during World War II in the course of Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tikhvin Offensive was a military operation undertaken by the German army in October 1941 during World War II in the course of Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive, conducted entirely around the Volkhov River, was launched by Adolf Hitler with the primary objective of cutting off the supply routes supplying Leningrad."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Context", "says": "Operation Barbarossa, the name given to the German plan to invade the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, was conceived as an eastward offensive in three directions: Leningrad, Smolensk and Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "Context", "says": "Four days later, Finland joined the German offensive, in response to Soviet preventive bombing and with the intention of recovering the ground lost in the Winter War of 1939-1940."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Context", "says": "Although Leningrad, cradle of the October Revolution, was in the eyes of Nazism an important symbolic objective to be destroyed, the Germans found themselves at the arrival of autumn weakened and unable to assault it, with an enemy refusing to surrender and still supplied both by air and via the Lake Ladoga."}], "Q16640426": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Camisards (French: guerre des Camisards) or the Cévennes War (French: guerre des Cévennes) was an uprising of Protestant peasants known as Camisards in the Cévennes and Languedoc during the reign of Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background", "says": "In the provinces which the largest Protestant (or Huguenot) minorities, Huguenots were converted by force to Catholicism in what is now known as the dragonnades, which took place in the Cévennes as early as 1683."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "Background", "says": "This persecution was strongest in Poitou, Guyenne, the Dauphiné, and Languedoc, where reformist ideas took root from 1530 to 1560."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "While the desert assemblies continued, a new crisis came along in 1701, when the Kingdom of France intervened in the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "While the desert assemblies continued, a new crisis came along in 1701, when the Kingdom of France intervened in the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q16844223": [{"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Air and naval support consisted largely of U.S. assets, although Australia also provided air support during preliminary operations and a naval bombardment force."}], "Q16858348": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1991 siege of Kijevo was one of the earliest clashes of the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "lead", "says": "The 9th Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) led by Colonel Ratko Mladić and the forces of so-called Serbian Autonomous Oblast (region) of Krajina (SAO Krajina) under Knin police chief Milan Martić besieged the Croat-inhabited village of Kijevo in late April and early May 1991."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "lead", "says": "The 9th Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) led by Colonel Ratko Mladić and the forces of so-called Serbian Autonomous Oblast (region) of Krajina (SAO Krajina) under Knin police chief Milan Martić besieged the Croat-inhabited village of Kijevo in late April and early May 1991."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was the first instance of use of the ethnic cleansing in the Yugoslav Wars."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency."}], "Q16931406": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Chittorgarh (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) was the military expedition of the Mughal Empire under Akbar against the Kingdom of Mewar that commenced in 1567 during which the Mughals successfully captured the fort of Chittorgarh after a hard-pressed siege which lasted for several months."}, {"id": "Q17319155", "label": "Kingdom of Mewar", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Chittorgarh (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) was the military expedition of the Mughal Empire under Akbar against the Kingdom of Mewar that commenced in 1567 during which the Mughals successfully captured the fort of Chittorgarh after a hard-pressed siege which lasted for several months."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "Background", "says": "Some later writers accused him of cowardice and being an unworthy heir of Rana Sanga, although no contemporary Persian author gave such an impression."}], "Q16931679": [{"id": "Q193047", "label": "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus", "section": "lead", "says": "The overthrow of the Roman monarchy was an event in ancient Rome that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries BC where a political revolution replaced the then-existing Roman monarchy under Lucius Tarquinius Superbus with a republic."}, {"id": "Q223440", "label": "Lucius Junius Brutus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman noblemen, led by Lucius Junius Brutus, obtain the support of the Roman aristocracy and the people to expel the king and his family and create a republic."}], "Q17183365": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi civil war was an armed conflict from 2006 to 2008 between various sectarian Shia and Sunni armed groups, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Mahdi Army, in addition to the Iraqi government alongside American-led coalition forces."}], "Q17286795": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Tikrit was fought for the Iraqi city of Tikrit following the city's capture by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Ba'athist Loyalists during the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Tikrit has symbolic significance as the hometown of Saddam Hussein, and is also the administrative center of the Saladin Governorate."}, {"id": "Q19407785", "label": "Second Battle of Tikrit", "section": "lead", "says": "Tikrit remained under ISIL control until the Second Battle of Tikrit in March and April 2015."}], "Q1747429": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian–Czechoslovak War, also known as the War for Upper Hungary (Hungarian: Háború Felső-Magyarországért), was a military conflict between the Czechoslovakia and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1918, the final year of World War I, the collapse of Austria-Hungary led to the declaration of independence of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1918, the final year of World War I, the collapse of Austria-Hungary led to the declaration of independence of Czechoslovakia."}], "Q17480419": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Reported casualties of the clashes were some of the highest since the 1994 ceasefire agreement that ended the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Soviet Union was dissolving, ethnic Armenians in Azerbaijan fought a brief conflict, backed by Armenia proper, that resulted in the de facto independence of Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) alongside a 1994 ceasefire agreement and what academics have called a frozen conflict."}], "Q1752752": [{"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Mbwila (also the Battle of Ambuila, Battle of Mbuila, or Battle of Ulanga) occurred on 29 October 1665 in which Portuguese forces defeated the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king António I of Kongo, also called Nvita a Nkanga."}, {"id": "Q2707642", "label": "Anthony I of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Mbwila (also the Battle of Ambuila, Battle of Mbuila, or Battle of Ulanga) occurred on 29 October 1665 in which Portuguese forces defeated the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king António I of Kongo, also called Nvita a Nkanga."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Origins of the war", "says": "Although Kongo and Portugal had been trading partners and participated in a cultural exchange during the sixteenth century, the establishment of the Portuguese colony of Angola in 1575 put pressure on that relationship."}, {"id": "Q1243549", "label": "Paulo Dias de Novais", "section": "Origins of the war", "says": "Kongo initially assisted Portugal in Angola, sending an army to rescue the Portuguese governor Paulo Dias de Novais when his war against the nearby African kingdom of Ndongo failed in 1579."}, {"id": "Q4871703", "label": "Battle of Mbumbi", "section": "Origins of the war", "says": "But subsequently as Portugal became stronger it began to press harder, and in 1622 severed even the cautiously friendly relationship of the earlier period when a large Portuguese army invaded southern Kongo and defeated the local forces at the Battle of Mbumbi."}], "Q1753340": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wuzhang Plains was fought between the contending states of Cao Wei and Shu Han in 234 AD during the Three Kingdoms period of China."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wuzhang Plains was fought between the contending states of Cao Wei and Shu Han in 234 AD during the Three Kingdoms period of China."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the fifth and last of a series of Northern Expeditions led by Shu's chancellor, Zhuge Liang, to attack Wei."}, {"id": "Q378470", "label": "Cao Rui", "section": "Background", "says": "The Wei emperor Cao Rui became worried and sent General Qin Lang with 20,000 infantry and cavalry to the Guanzhong region to join Sima Yi, the Grand Chief Controller (大都督) of the Wei military forces in the region."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Wei emperor Cao Rui became worried and sent General Qin Lang with 20,000 infantry and cavalry to the Guanzhong region to join Sima Yi, the Grand Chief Controller (大都督) of the Wei military forces in the region."}], "Q1753755": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010 Mardakert clashes were a series of violations of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "They took place across the line of contact dividing Azerbaijan and the ethnic Armenian military forces of the unrecognized but de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic."}], "Q1754030": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "It involved the heaviest fighting between ethnic Armenian and Azerbaijani forces over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh since the 1994 ceasefire after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Armenian sources accused Azerbaijan of trying to take advantage of ongoing unrest in Armenia."}, {"id": "Q613051", "label": "Robert Kocharyan", "section": "Background", "says": "A 20-day state of emergency, including a censure on free press, was declared by the incumbent President Robert Kocharyan."}, {"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "Background", "says": "The Azeri side blames Armenia claiming that they are trying to divert attention from problems at home however Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev has also said his country is ready to re-take the region by force, and has been buying the military hardware and ammunition to do so."}], "Q1757474": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria."}, {"id": "Q268970", "label": "Republic of German-Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria."}, {"id": "Q518101", "label": "First Republic of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was settled by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain, under which a 1920 plebiscite in the disputed territory assigned it to the First Austrian Republic."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Slovene-speaking people were in favour of joining the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), while the German speaking people and also a large part of Slovenes were loyal to the newly proclaimed Republic of German Austria (Deutsch-Österreich)."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "lead", "says": "The disputed territory was earlier on a part of the Duchy of Carinthia within the Holy Roman Empire from year 976, and had belonged to the Habsburg monarchy since year 1335."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The disputed territory was earlier on a part of the Duchy of Carinthia within the Holy Roman Empire from year 976, and had belonged to the Habsburg monarchy since year 1335."}], "Q175767": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "Background", "says": "They are the subject of a territorial dispute between Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Johnson South Reef is close to Sin Cowe Island (also in the Union Banks) which was occupied by Vietnam, and within the 200-nautical-mile Exclusion Economic Zone of the Philippines – a high profile and highly disputed area."}], "Q1771651": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 2001, between 250 and 2,000 Taliban insurgents who had surrendered to the National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (part of the Northern Alliance) were massacred while being transported to Sheberghan Prison in the Jowzjan Province."}, {"id": "Q331702", "label": "Abdul Rashid Dostum", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighters loyal to General Abdul Rashid Dostum tightly packed the prisoners into shipping containers in Kunduz and sealed them inside, while denying them water and sustenance, and reportedly shot all those who had not died of suffocation by the time the convoy arrived at Sheberghan."}], "Q1776194": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Lublin-Brest Offensive between 1 and 4 August 1944 at the conclusion of Operation Bagration the Belorussian strategic offensive operation near the town of Radzymin in the vicinity of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q40482", "label": "Konstantin Rokossovsky", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "After crossing into Poland, the 1st Byelorussian Front (Konstantin Rokossovsky) continued its advance towards Warsaw."}], "Q1778251": [{"id": "Q367025", "label": "Battle of Lena", "section": "lead", "says": "He came back from his exile in 1207-08 and became king of Sweden after he defeated Sverker in the Battle of Lena."}, {"id": "Q1778630", "label": "Battle of Gestilren", "section": "lead", "says": "Sverker was later killed in the Battle of Gestilren in 1210."}], "Q1778630": [{"id": "Q367025", "label": "Battle of Lena", "section": "lead", "says": "Sverker had been beaten in the previous Battle of Lena, but returned with new forces."}, {"id": "Q357200", "label": "Valdemar", "section": "Background", "says": "Sverker sought assistance from King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark and his powerful Danish in-laws."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Innocent III, impressed by Sverker's pro-papal policy, ordered Eric to settle the conflict with Sverker, or else take serious consequences."}], "Q1779428": [{"id": "Q444947", "label": "Richard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "Jean (September 17 – November 3, 1775 French: Siège du Fort Saint-Jean) was conducted by American Brigadier General Richard Montgomery on the town and fort of Saint-Jean, also called St."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "John's, in the British province of Quebec during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "lead", "says": "Beset by illness, bad weather, and logistical problems, they established mortar batteries that were able to penetrate into the interior of the fort, but the defenders, who were well-supplied with munitions, but not food and other supplies, persisted in their defence, believing the siege would be broken by forces from Montreal under General Guy Carleton."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "There were 90 locally raised militia, and 20 members of Colonel Allen Maclean's Royal Highland Emigrants, veterans of the French and Indian War."}], "Q1779439": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Cedars (French: Bataille des Cèdres) was a series of military confrontations in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War that occurred during the Continental Army's invasion of Quebec, which began in September 1775."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "American troops were opposed by a small British Army detachment leading a larger force of Haudenosaunee warriors and Canadian Militia."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "Brigadier General Benedict Arnold, commanding the American garrison at Montreal, had placed a detachment of his troops at the Cedars in April 1776, after hearing of rumors of British and Indian military preparations to the west of Montreal."}], "Q1781894": [{"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip Sheridan fought against Confederate cavalry under Maj."}, {"id": "Q708656", "label": "Fitzhugh Lee", "section": "lead", "says": "Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee in the bloodiest and largest all-cavalry battle of the war."}, {"id": "Q2631722", "label": "David Hunter", "section": "lead", "says": "David Hunter at Charlottesville."}, {"id": "Q497797", "label": "Battle of Cold Harbor", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the bloody Union repulse at the Battle of Cold Harbor on June 3, Grant decided on a new strategy."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "Each maneuver brought the armies closer to the Confederate capital of Richmond, but the city was not the main objective—the destruction of Lee's army was the goal established by Grant and President Abraham Lincoln, with the understanding that Richmond and the Confederacy would fall if Lee were defeated."}, {"id": "Q4872035", "label": "Battle of Piedmont", "section": "Background", "says": "David Hunter's Union victory at the Battle of Piedmont in the Shenandoah Valley against Brig."}], "Q1784087": [{"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tourtour of 973 was a significant victory for the Christian forces of William I of Provence over the Andalusi raiders based at Fraxinetum."}], "Q1786875": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Salomón–Lozano Treaty was signed in March 1922 by the representatives Fabio Lozano Torrijos of Colombia and Alberto Salomón Osorio of Peru."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States, which wanted to compensate Colombia over the loss of Panama, pressured Peru to accept a treaty that was unpopular."}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "Background", "says": "There, Peruvian settlements existed in the ports of Tarapacá and Puerto Arica, which had been founded by Peruvian settlers from former Peruvian territories of the same name that had been lost during the 1879-1883 War of the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "Background", "says": "There, Peruvian settlements existed in the ports of Tarapacá and Puerto Arica, which had been founded by Peruvian settlers from former Peruvian territories of the same name that had been lost during the 1879-1883 War of the Pacific."}], "Q1787589": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aussig (German: Schlacht bei Aussig) was fought on 16 June 1426, between Roman Catholic crusaders and the Hussites during the Fourth Crusade of the Hussite Wars."}, {"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aussig (German: Schlacht bei Aussig) was fought on 16 June 1426, between Roman Catholic crusaders and the Hussites during the Fourth Crusade of the Hussite Wars."}, {"id": "Q215968", "label": "Jan Žižka", "section": "Background", "says": "The crusade was called because the Pope believed that the Hussite armies would be easily defeated after the death of Jan Žižka."}, {"id": "Q2464985", "label": "Sigismund Korybut", "section": "Background", "says": "The overall commander of the Hussite forces at the battle was Sigismund Korybut, while Prokop the Great was independently in command of the Taborites."}, {"id": "Q366500", "label": "Prokop the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The overall commander of the Hussite forces at the battle was Sigismund Korybut, while Prokop the Great was independently in command of the Taborites."}], "Q1791222": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Cow (1272–78), in French Guerre de la Vache, was a conflict in the Holy Roman Empire between the Prince-Bishopric of Liège under Bishop John of Enghien and the Marquisate of Namur under Marquis Guy of Dampierre."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Cow (1272–78), in French Guerre de la Vache, was a conflict in the Holy Roman Empire between the Prince-Bishopric of Liège under Bishop John of Enghien and the Marquisate of Namur under Marquis Guy of Dampierre."}, {"id": "Q172203", "label": "Philip III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "What began as a dispute over stolen property between a peasant from one jurisdiction and a burgess from another became a major regional conflict requiring the arbitration of King Philip III of France, who ordered the restoration of the status quo ante bellum in 1278."}, {"id": "Q545424", "label": "John the Victorious", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marquis of Namur, assisted by Duke John I of Brabant and Lord Gerard of Durbuy, invaded Hesbaye; while his ally, Count Henry V of Luxembourg, devastated Condroz."}, {"id": "Q72364", "label": "Henry V, Count of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marquis of Namur, assisted by Duke John I of Brabant and Lord Gerard of Durbuy, invaded Hesbaye; while his ally, Count Henry V of Luxembourg, devastated Condroz."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Luxembourg had lost 1,400 killed, which led the count to remark, \"Three gentlemen for a villein!\" When the bishop's marshal, Robert de Forvie, arrived with reinforcements only to find Ciney besieged by the count, he retreated to Dinant with the intention of raising further reinforcements."}], "Q1793109": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chippawa (sometimes spelled Chippewa) was a War of 1812 battle fought on July 5, 1814, in which the United States Army defeated British forces during the American invasion of Upper Canada along the Niagara River."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chippawa (sometimes spelled Chippewa) was a War of 1812 battle fought on July 5, 1814, in which the United States Army defeated British forces during the American invasion of Upper Canada along the Niagara River."}, {"id": "Q364322", "label": "Battle of Lundy's Lane", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle and the subsequent Battle of Lundy's Lane demonstrated that trained American troops could hold their own against British regulars."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "Porter and 600 Iroquois arrived on July 4, Scott began advancing north along the portage road alongside the Niagara River."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "He may also have believed that his opponents were militia but was comparatively new to command in Canada and relied on information from Lieutenant Colonel John Harvey, the deputy adjutant general for the forces in Upper Canada, that even the United States regulars were of poor quality."}], "Q1799032": [{"id": "Q374630", "label": "Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, the Samnites defeated a Roman legion under the command of the propraetor Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus."}], "Q18014904": [{"id": "Q3309380", "label": "Narciso Campero", "section": "lead", "says": "During the battle, the Chilean Northern Operations Army led by General Manuel Baquedano González conclusively defeated the combined armies of Peru and Bolivia commanded by Bolivian President, General Narciso Campero."}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory also consolidated the Chilean domain over the Peruvian department of Tarapacá."}, {"id": "Q1475005", "label": "Treaty of Ancón", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the signing of the Treaty of Ancón on October 20, 1883, the war concluded and the territory was definitively annexed to Chile."}], "Q1806916": [{"id": "Q941478", "label": "Juan García y Margallo", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Melillan Campaign, also called the Melilla War or the Margallo War (after Juan García y Margallo, the Spanish governor of Melilla whose defeat and death infuriated the Spanish public) in Spain, was a conflict between Spain and the Riffian tribes of northeastern Morocco, and later the Sultan of Morocco, that began in October 1893, was openly declared November 9, 1893, and was resolved by "}], "Q18121535": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Opération Chammal is a French military operation in Iraq and Syria launched to help curtail the expansion of the Islamic State and to support the Iraqi Army."}, {"id": "Q157", "label": "François Hollande", "section": "lead", "says": "The French operation was at first limited to airstrikes and French president François Hollande had stated no ground troops would be deployed in the conflict."}, {"id": "Q333388", "label": "Jean Bart", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, the French frigate Jean Bart joined the United States Navy's Commander Task Force 50 (CTF 50) as an escort."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Background", "says": "President Barack Obama authorized airstrikes in Iraq."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Air Force launched airstrikes targeting the ISIS fighters, with humanitarian aid support from the United Kingdom and France."}], "Q1812583": [{"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty or Convention of Altranstädt was signed between Charles XII of Sweden and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor on 31 August 1707."}, {"id": "Q152480", "label": "Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty or Convention of Altranstädt was signed between Charles XII of Sweden and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor on 31 August 1707."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The Peace of Westphalia (1648) protected Protestants only in the duchies of Brieg, Liegnitz, Münsterberg, Öls, Wohlau and in the city of Breslau."}, {"id": "Q534894", "label": "Duchy of Oleśnica", "section": "Historical context", "says": "However, after 1675, only Breslau and the Duchy of Oels were spared from the counter-reformation, despite the protests of Sweden and the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Historical context", "says": "However, after 1675, only Breslau and the Duchy of Oels were spared from the counter-reformation, despite the protests of Sweden and the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "Historical context", "says": "During the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden had marched his armies through Silesia and occupied the Electorate of Saxony, where he forced his adversary, elector August the Strong, into the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706)."}], "Q1814494": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Kentish Knock (or the Battle of the Zealand Approaches) was a naval battle between the fleets of the Dutch Republic and England, fought on 28 September 1652 (8 October Gregorian calendar), during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the shoal called the Kentish Knock in the North Sea about thirty kilometres east of the mouth of the river Thames."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Kentish Knock (or the Battle of the Zealand Approaches) was a naval battle between the fleets of the Dutch Republic and England, fought on 28 September 1652 (8 October Gregorian calendar), during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the shoal called the Kentish Knock in the North Sea about thirty kilometres east of the mouth of the river Thames."}, {"id": "Q470200", "label": "Maarten Tromp", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp had been suspended by the States-General of the Netherlands after his failure to bring the English to battle off the Shetland Islands in August, and replaced as supreme commander of the confederate Dutch fleet by the Hollandic Vice-Admiral Witte de With of the Admiralty of the Maze."}, {"id": "Q695748", "label": "Witte Corneliszoon de With", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp had been suspended by the States-General of the Netherlands after his failure to bring the English to battle off the Shetland Islands in August, and replaced as supreme commander of the confederate Dutch fleet by the Hollandic Vice-Admiral Witte de With of the Admiralty of the Maze."}, {"id": "Q2439297", "label": "Johan Evertsen", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "This caused an immediate rift between the provinces of Holland and Zealand as De With was the personal enemy of the commander of the Zealandic fleet, Vice-Admiral Johan Evertsen, who himself had quit service because of a conflict with the States-General."}, {"id": "Q311455", "label": "William II, Prince of Orange", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "Earlier tensions had been moderated by the fact that both Tromp and Evertsen were staunch Orangists, but De With was a loyal servant of the States regime that had dominated Dutch politics since the death of stadtholder William II of Orange."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "He set out to attack the English fleet at anchor at The Downs near Dover, departing from the Schooneveld on 25 September 1652, and joined the squadron of Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter."}], "Q18162517": [{"id": "Q965466", "label": "Shirvan Khanate", "section": "Strategic Context", "says": "The first target of the campaign was the reconquering of the Shirvan Khanate, with its capital Shamakhi falling in August 1734 freeing up the Persian forces to march west and lay siege to Ganja."}], "Q18162675": [{"id": "Q1584764", "label": "Topal Osman Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kirkuk (Persian: نبرد کرکوک), also known as the Battle of Agh-Darband or Battle of Leylan (Persian: نبرد آق‌دربند), was the last battle in Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign where he avenged his earlier defeat at the hands of the Ottoman general Topal Osman Pasha, in which Nader achieved suitable revenge after defeating and killing him at the battle of Kirkuk."}], "Q1828770": [{"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt in Flanders was caused by many of the working class being heavily taxed by the Count of Flanders Louis I and by his pro-French policies."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The King of France, Charles IV, intervened."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis convinced his new liege Philip VI of France to come to his aid, and Zannekin and his adherents were decisively defeated by the French royal army at the Battle of Cassel."}], "Q1835856": [{"id": "Q76723", "label": "Maurice de Saxe", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bergen op Zoom took place during the Austrian War of Succession, when a French army, under the command of Count Löwendal and the overall direction of Marshal Maurice de Saxe, laid siege and captured the strategic Dutch border fortress of Bergen op Zoom on the border of Brabant and Zeeland in 1747."}], "Q18378977": [{"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing collapse and fragmentation of the empire after the capture of the Iranian capital of Isfahan by the Afghans, a claimant to the Safavid throne, Tahmasp II, accepted Nader (who was no more than a petty warlord in Khorasan) into his service."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Nader Shah's first campaign as the monarch of the newly established Afsharid dynasty was the subjugation of Afghanistan in its entirety."}], "Q1838038": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622) was a siege during the Eighty Years' War that took place from 18 July to 2 October 1622."}, {"id": "Q312903", "label": "Alexander Farnese", "section": "Background", "says": "Led by the  Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma the Spanish failed to take the city which had been composed of Dutch, English and Scots."}], "Q1841884": [{"id": "Q310918", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 June 1465, in a location around Ávila, a group of Castilian noblemen deposed King Henry IV of Castile in effigy, and instead proclaimed his half-brother Prince Alfonso, better known as \"Alfonso the Innocent\", as king."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of Henry IV, the various factions of the nobility fought among themselves and against the king to gain power."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "The Marquis formed an alliance against the king (the Liga Nobiliaria) with the archbishops of Toledo, Seville, and Santiago, the House of Enríquez, the Count of Plasencia, the Count of Benavente, the Count of Alba, and other minor noblemen and clergymen."}], "Q1848807": [{"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Yongle Emperor, along with other influential figures in the court, such as Zhang Fu, advocated for the annexation of Annam into the Ming dynasty instead of restoring the throne to the Trần royal family."}, {"id": "Q1319152", "label": "Hồ Quý Ly", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, even before capturing Hồ Quý Ly and his son, the Ming court had already set its sights on incorporating Annam back into China."}], "Q1862056": [{"id": "Q75826", "label": "Catiline", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pistoria was fought early in January 62 BC between the Roman Republic and Catiline, a member of the Senate who had been organising a conspiracy against the consuls of the previous year."}, {"id": "Q435213", "label": "Gaius Antonius Hybrida", "section": "lead", "says": "The Senate also assigned Gaius Antonius Hybrida – co-consul with Cicero for 63 BC – to defeat the insurrectionists."}, {"id": "Q720798", "label": "Marcus Petreius", "section": "lead", "says": "On the day of the battle, Antonius was afflicted with gout and passed command to his legate, Marcus Petreius."}], "Q18639122": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle began in November 2014, and drew to a close on 14 May 2015, as Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) insurgents seized hold of government buildings following heavy house to house urban fighting."}], "Q18924894": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Syracuse in 278 BC was the last attempt of Carthage to conquer the city of Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "Thoenon and Sostratus then appealed to king Pyrrhus of Epirus to come to the aid of Syracuse."}], "Q1901096": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage was fought in 238 AD between a Roman army loyal to Emperor Maximinus Thrax and the forces of Emperors Gordian I and Gordian II."}, {"id": "Q1777", "label": "Maximinus Thrax", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage was fought in 238 AD between a Roman army loyal to Emperor Maximinus Thrax and the forces of Emperors Gordian I and Gordian II."}, {"id": "Q1782", "label": "Gordian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage was fought in 238 AD between a Roman army loyal to Emperor Maximinus Thrax and the forces of Emperors Gordian I and Gordian II."}, {"id": "Q1803", "label": "Gordian II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage was fought in 238 AD between a Roman army loyal to Emperor Maximinus Thrax and the forces of Emperors Gordian I and Gordian II."}, {"id": "Q313056", "label": "Herodian", "section": "Background", "says": "Capelianus was the governor of Numidia who had a previous grudge against Gordian I according to Herodian."}], "Q1924575": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Brussels took place between January and February 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q76723", "label": "Maurice de Saxe", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under the overall command of Maurice de Saxe, in a bold and innovative winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels, which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, from its Austrian garrison."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under the overall command of Maurice de Saxe, in a bold and innovative winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels, which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, from its Austrian garrison."}, {"id": "Q546317", "label": "Battle of Prestonpans", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were boosted by the fact that a large part of the Allied army was forced to return to Britain where a Jacobite Rising of 1745 had broken out and Bonnie Prince Charlie had won a stunning victory at the Battle of Prestonpans."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege severely damaged his view of Austria's allies, principally Britain and the Dutch Republic, who he considered had done virtually nothing to protect Brussels from the French."}], "Q1936524": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The first battle after the Russians took Bayazıt during World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "General Georgy Bergmann, commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q1937634": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Flaming Dart was a U.S. and South Vietnamese military operation, conducted in two parts, during the Vietnam War."}], "Q1960626": [{"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Wertingen (8 October 1805 / 16 vendémiaire an XIV) Imperial French forces led by Marshals Joachim Murat and Jean Lannes attacked a small Austrian corps commanded by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Xaver von Auffenberg."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Wertingen (8 October 1805 / 16 vendémiaire an XIV) Imperial French forces led by Marshals Joachim Murat and Jean Lannes attacked a small Austrian corps commanded by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Xaver von Auffenberg."}, {"id": "Q770116", "label": "Ulm Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "This action, the first battle of the Ulm Campaign, resulted in a clear French victory."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Wertingen lies 28 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The combat was fought during the War of the Third Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The combat was fought during the War of the Third Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q1967504": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Goryeo–Khitan War (Chinese: 第三次高麗契丹戰爭; Korean: 제3차 고려-거란 전쟁) was an 11th-century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea."}], "Q1967582": [{"id": "Q2649311", "label": "Sultan of Perak", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between Great Britain and the Sultan of Perak on 20 January 1874, on the Colonial Steamer Pluto, off the coast of Perak."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "Perak was a major tin producer throughout the 19th century, leading Britain, which had already colonised Penang, Malacca and Singapore, to consider Perak of significant importance."}], "Q1980316": [{"id": "Q212733", "label": "Joseph Estrada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second EDSA Revolution (Tagalog: Ikalawang Rebolusyon sa EDSA), also known as the Second People Power Revolution, EDSA 2001, or EDSA II (pronounced EDSA Two or EDSA Dos, the Spanish and Filipino slang word for \"two\"), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 which peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth president of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second EDSA Revolution (Tagalog: Ikalawang Rebolusyon sa EDSA), also known as the Second People Power Revolution, EDSA 2001, or EDSA II (pronounced EDSA Two or EDSA Dos, the Spanish and Filipino slang word for \"two\"), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 which peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth president of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q123665", "label": "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who had been sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. several hours earlier."}, {"id": "Q1480", "label": "Corazon Aquino", "section": "Background", "says": "More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development)."}, {"id": "Q215351", "label": "Fidel Ramos", "section": "Background", "says": "More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development)."}], "Q1988630": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Doiran was a 1917 battle between the United Kingdom and Bulgaria during World War I."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Doiran was a 1917 battle between the United Kingdom and Bulgaria during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Doiran was a 1917 battle between the United Kingdom and Bulgaria during World War I."}], "Q2001528": [{"id": "Q2270170", "label": "Sino-Nepalese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the Sino-Nepalese War of 1792, the Nepalese government had renounced all claims of influence in Tibet and maintained a policy of non-intervention in its affairs."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "With their victory in the war, the Nepal used to pay tribute to Qing Empire, but the wave of rebellions that afflicted China in the 1850s such as the Taiping Rebellion had crippled her capacity to enforce Imperial authority so far from Beijing and the Nepalese Prime Minister, Jang Bahadur Rana, saw an excellent opportunity to press for Nepalese objectives in Tibet without the threat of Chinese int"}], "Q20054768": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Apamea was fought on 19 July 998 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Apamea was fought on 19 July 998 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "This defeat forced the Byzantine emperor Basil II to personally campaign in the region the next year, and was followed in 1001 by the conclusion of a ten-year truce between the two states."}, {"id": "Q4872981", "label": "Battle of the Orontes", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 994, Michael Bourtzes, the Byzantine military governor (doux) of Antioch and northern Syria, suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of the Orontes at the hands of the Fatimid general Manjutakin."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the inhabitants of Tyre, under the leadership of a sailor named Allaqa, rose up in revolt against the Fatimids and requested Byzantine assistance; further south, in Palestine, the Bedouin leader Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah attacked Ramlah."}], "Q2008158": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moonsund landing operation (Russian: Моонзундская десантная операция; Estonian: Lääne-Eesti saarte kaitsmine; Swedish: Moonsund Invasionen) was an amphibious operation and offensive by the Red Army during World War II, taking place in late 1944."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union established garrisons on the island after the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940."}, {"id": "Q319581", "label": "Operation Beowulf", "section": "Background", "says": "In September–October 1941, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the islands were captured after German landings were launched from the Estonian west coast in Operation Beowulf."}], "Q2015719": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign of Gipuzkoa was part of the Spanish Civil War, where the Nationalist Army conquered the northern province of Gipuzkoa, held by the Republic."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Background", "says": "Then Francisco Franco sent him large supplies of ammunition and weapons from Italy and Germany via Portugal (600,000 rounds)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Then Francisco Franco sent him large supplies of ammunition and weapons from Italy and Germany via Portugal (600,000 rounds)."}], "Q2026233": [{"id": "Q2281470", "label": "Operation Provide Comfort", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Northern Watch (ONW), the successor to Operation Provide Comfort, was a Combined Task Force (CTF) charged with enforcing its own no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition partners of the United States, United Kingdom, and Turkey provided approximately 45 aircraft and more than 1,400 personnel to support Operation Northern Watch."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite Saddam Hussein offering a $14,000 reward for downing a Coalition aircraft, no warplanes were shot down."}], "Q2027138": [{"id": "Q575610", "label": "Martin Gilbert", "section": "lead", "says": "Of the 127 Haganah fighters and Jewish kibbutzniks who died during the defence of the settlement, Martin Gilbert states that fifteen were killed on surrendering."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Nations partition plan for Palestine of November 29, 1947, placed the bloc, an enclave surrounded by an Arab area, inside the boundaries of the intended Arab state, where, moreover, Jewish settlement was to be forbidden through a transitional period."}, {"id": "Q2573074", "label": "David Shaltiel", "section": "Background", "says": "Though on January 5, the children and some women had been evacuated with British assistance, and though David Shaltiel recommended its evacuation, the Haganah, on Yigal Yadin's counsel, decided against withdrawing from the settlements for several reasons: they commanded a strategic position on Jerusalem's southern approach from Hebron, and were considered, in the words of Abdullah Tall, a 'sharp t"}], "Q2028494": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mauropotamos (Greek: Μάχη τοῦ Μαυροποτάμου) was fought in 844, between the armies of the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate, at Mauropotamos (either in northern Bithynia or in Cappadocia)."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mauropotamos (Greek: Μάχη τοῦ Μαυροποτάμου) was fought in 844, between the armies of the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate, at Mauropotamos (either in northern Bithynia or in Cappadocia)."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mauropotamos (Greek: Μάχη τοῦ Μαυροποτάμου) was fought in 844, between the armies of the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate, at Mauropotamos (either in northern Bithynia or in Cappadocia)."}, {"id": "Q603771", "label": "Emirate of Crete", "section": "lead", "says": "After a failed Byzantine attempt to recover the Emirate of Crete in the previous year, the Abbasids launched a raid into Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the restoration of the veneration of icons in March 843, the Byzantine Empire's government, headed by the Empress-regent Theodora and the logothetes Theoktistos, embarked on a sustained assault on the Byzantines' main political and ideological foe, the Abbasid Caliphate and its dependencies."}], "Q2032250": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kulevicha, also known as the Battle of Kulevcha or Kulewtscha, was fought during the Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829, on 11 June 1829, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2032592": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talavera de la Reina was fought on 3 September 1936 in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q518956", "label": "José Giral", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat had as consequence the fall of the government of José Giral and a new designation to the new Government of Francisco Largo Caballero."}, {"id": "Q312040", "label": "Francisco Largo Caballero", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat had as consequence the fall of the government of José Giral and a new designation to the new Government of Francisco Largo Caballero."}], "Q2035345": [{"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The surprise of Meaux (La surprise de Meaux) was a failed coup attempt by leading aristocratic Huguenots which precipitated the second French War of Religion."}, {"id": "Q316913", "label": "Louis, Prince of Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "Dissatisfied with their lot, and under the pretext of fear of extermination, Louis, Prince of Condé and Gaspard II de Coligny plotted to seize the king, Charles IX, while he was staying near Meaux."}, {"id": "Q204975", "label": "Gaspard II de Coligny", "section": "lead", "says": "Dissatisfied with their lot, and under the pretext of fear of extermination, Louis, Prince of Condé and Gaspard II de Coligny plotted to seize the king, Charles IX, while he was staying near Meaux."}], "Q20512994": [{"id": "Q58198", "label": "Ahmet Davutoğlu", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 October 2009, the foreign ministers, Ahmet Davutoğlu for Turkey and Eduard Nalbandyan for Armenia, signed in Zurich the two protocols in a ceremony attended also by then U.S."}, {"id": "Q58217", "label": "Sergey Lavrov", "section": "lead", "says": "Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana, French Minister of Foreign Affairs Bernard Kouchner and Foreign Minister of Russia Sergey Lavrov."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "In an effort to de-link issues, the protocols did not mention the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish side also began to tie the normalization process with the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stating that the Turkish-Armenian border would not be opened without the withdrawal of Armenian forces from Azerbaijani territory."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "Background", "says": "We wish to be confident that the necessary political will can eventually leave behind the mentality of the past.\" ARF Chairman Armen Rustamian responded by accusing Turkey of \"attempting to dictate conditions on the Nagorno-Karabakh resolution process, visibly taking Azerbaijan's side and obscuring the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict.\"\nErdoğan flew on from Baku to Sochi, Russia, for a 16 May \"workin"}], "Q2053203": [{"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Milazzo was fought on 15 October 1718 near the city of Milazzo in Sicily between Spain and Austria as part of the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Frustrated by the loss of his Italian possessions after the War of the Spanish Succession, \nKing Philip V of Spain had invaded Sardinia, now in Austrian possession in August 1717 and invaded Sicily, which had been awarded to the Duke of Savoy, in July 1718."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "He was taking advantage of the power vacuum in France after the death of Louis XIV, and the fact that Austria was tied up in the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "Background", "says": "But on 21 July 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz ended the war with Turkey and on 2 August this led to the formation of the Quadruple Alliance against Spain, between Austria, Britain, the Dutch Republic, and France."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "But on 21 July 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz ended the war with Turkey and on 2 August this led to the formation of the Quadruple Alliance against Spain, between Austria, Britain, the Dutch Republic, and France."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "But on 21 July 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz ended the war with Turkey and on 2 August this led to the formation of the Quadruple Alliance against Spain, between Austria, Britain, the Dutch Republic, and France."}, {"id": "Q241110", "label": "Battle of Cape Passaro", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 August, at the Battle of Cape Passaro, a British fleet, led by Sir George Byng, attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet."}, {"id": "Q385148", "label": "Count Wirich Philipp von Daun", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 October this British fleet landed an Austrian army, assembled in Naples by the Austrian Viceroy Count Wirich Philipp von Daun near Milazzo, to lift the siege by the Spanish forces."}], "Q2059536": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "These operations were among the last major military actions of the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q1308396", "label": "Ali Sayyad Shirazi", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing Iranian counteroffensive, known as Operation Mersad and led by Lieutenant-General Ali Sayad Shirazi of the Iranian Armed Forces, defeated the MEK within a few days."}, {"id": "Q1930510", "label": "Battle of Al Faw", "section": "Prelude and objectives", "says": "By July 1988, Iran had suffered major defeats in southern Iraq during the Second Battle of Al Faw and Operation Tawakalna ala Allah as well as along the central portion of the border within Iran."}, {"id": "Q311160", "label": "Hussein-Ali Montazeri", "section": "Prelude and objectives", "says": "Hussein-Ali Montazeri said the Ministry of Intelligence used Operation Mersad as a pretext to carry out the mass killings, which \"had been under consideration for several years\"."}], "Q2068144": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Valiesar (Estonian: Vallisaare vaherahu, Russian: Валиесарский договор 1658) was a treaty between Russia and Sweden, which concluded the Russo-Swedish theater of the Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia was allowed to keep the conquered Livonian territories for three years — Kokenhusen, Dorpat, Marienborg, Syrensk, Yama, Dinaburg, Rēzekne and a few others."}, {"id": "Q1456449", "label": "Treaty of Cardis", "section": "lead", "says": "His boyars had no other choice but to sign the Treaty of Cardis in 1661, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo."}, {"id": "Q928848", "label": "Treaty of Stolbovo", "section": "lead", "says": "His boyars had no other choice but to sign the Treaty of Cardis in 1661, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "This settlement was observed until the Great Northern War broke out in 1700."}], "Q20747555": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire fought a war from 913 until 927."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire fought a war from 913 until 927."}, {"id": "Q192264", "label": "Simeon I of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the war was provoked by the Byzantine emperor Alexander's decision to discontinue paying an annual tribute to Bulgaria, the military and ideological initiative was held by Simeon I of Bulgaria, who demanded to be recognized as tsar and made it clear that he aimed to conquer not only Constantinople but the rest of the Byzantine Empire as well."}, {"id": "Q41646", "label": "Romanos I Lekapenos", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos managed to avert a Bulgarian–Arab alliance by showering the Arabs with generous gifts."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As a result of the negotiations, Bulgaria secured the territorial gains acquired in Macedonia during the reign of Khan Presian I (r."}], "Q2079072": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "Mahdia had been the capital of Ifriqiya under the Fatimids, chosen due to its proximity to the sea which allowed them to conduct naval raids and expeditions such as the raid on Genoa in 935."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fatimid conquest of Egypt, the region was under the control of the Zirids who remained part of the Fatimid Caliphate until 1048 when the Zirids renounced Shia Islam."}, {"id": "Q464162", "label": "Matilda of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was led by Hugh of Pisa, with military aid from Rome and the Genoese navy; the nobleman Pantaleone from Amalfi was also possibly involved, and the whole endeavour had the backing of Matilda of Tuscany."}], "Q2091915": [{"id": "Q11885643", "label": "Åland War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bomarsund, in August 1854, took place during the Åland War, which was part of the Crimean War, when an Anglo-French expeditionary force besieged, captured, and subsequently destroyed a Russian fortress."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bomarsund, in August 1854, took place during the Åland War, which was part of the Crimean War, when an Anglo-French expeditionary force besieged, captured, and subsequently destroyed a Russian fortress."}], "Q2096337": [{"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II of England lost his throne to William, Prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "James fled to France and was given succour by his co-religionist, Louis XIV, but was determined to regain his throne."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In this endeavour Louis was willing to support James, primarily for two reasons: firstly, he fervently believed in the Stuart king’s God-ordained right to the English throne; secondly, and primarily, the war in Ireland would divert William's energy and forces away from the Spanish Netherlands, a theatre which would later become the main focus for both William's and Louis's efforts during the confl"}, {"id": "Q4274522", "label": "Tyrconnell", "section": "Background", "says": "While in France, James built up an army to support his Lord Deputy in Ireland, the Earl of Tyrconnell."}], "Q2096397": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the battleground site has an Israeli military museum dedicated to the Israeli Armored Corps and a memorial to the 1947–1949 Palestine war."}, {"id": "Q37610", "label": "David Ben-Gurion", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the Israeli side, several leaders of the Jewish city sent emergency telegrams to David Ben-Gurion where they described the situation as desperate and that they could not hold out more than two weeks."}, {"id": "Q359699", "label": "Yigael Yadin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This decision seemed strategically necessary but was politically delicate, because Latrun was in the area allocated to the Arab State according to the terms of the Partition Plan and this attack was contrary to the non-aggression agreements, concluded with King Abdullah This decision was also opposed by the Chief of Operations, Yigael Yadin who considered that there were other military priorities "}], "Q20987758": [{"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pelusium (373 BC) or the Battle of Mendes took place after the Persian king Artaxerxes II launched an attack on Egypt with the aim of restoring Egypt to Persian rule."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 525 BC, a Persian force led by Cambyses II invaded Egypt."}, {"id": "Q318000", "label": "Amyrtaeus", "section": "Background", "says": "This situation lasted until 404 BC when an Egyptian uprising, led by an Egyptian prince called Amyrtaeus was able to achieve independence."}, {"id": "Q175775", "label": "Nectanebo I", "section": "Background", "says": "Nectanebo I became the first king of the 30th dynasty, after he was able to wrest the Egyptian throne from the last king of the 29th dynasty (Nepherites II)."}, {"id": "Q504873", "label": "Nepherites II", "section": "Background", "says": "Nectanebo I became the first king of the 30th dynasty, after he was able to wrest the Egyptian throne from the last king of the 29th dynasty (Nepherites II)."}, {"id": "Q354424", "label": "Iphicrates", "section": "Background", "says": "In 373 BC, the Persian force of 220,000 soldiers led by the Athenian general Iphicrates and the Persian satrap Pharnabazus then sailed and marched to Gaza."}], "Q2106454": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley during the American Civil War."}], "Q21083298": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "38 Israelis and 235 Palestinians were killed in the violence."}, {"id": "Q127998", "label": "Mahmoud Abbas", "section": "lead", "says": "Daily clashes, encouraged by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, continued for several days."}, {"id": "Q981881", "label": "Moshe Ya'alon", "section": "Possible causes for the wave of violence", "says": "Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon, who signed the ban, said in a statement that the Mourabitoon and Mourabitaat are a \"main cause in the creation of tension and violence on the Temple Mount (al Aqsa compound) specifically and Jerusalem in general\"."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Possible causes for the wave of violence", "says": "A report by Israeli intelligence services stated that the unrest was motivated by Palestinian \"feelings of national, economic and personal deprivation.\"\nSome also pointed out the increasing incitement and involvement of the Islamic State group in regard to Palestinian youth, with Islamic State cell members arrested in the West Bank in January 2015."}], "Q2112088": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Linggadjati Agreement (Linggajati in modern Indonesian spelling) was a political accord concluded on 15 November 1946 by the Dutch administration and the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia in the village of Linggajati, Kuningan Regency, near Cirebon in which the Dutch recognised the republic as exercising de facto authority in Java, Madura, and Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1942, the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q1383895", "label": "Hubertus van Mook", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1946, Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Hubertus van Mook organised a conference in Malino at which representatives from Borneo and eastern Indonesia backed the proposal for a federal United States of Indonesia with links to the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1946, Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Hubertus van Mook organised a conference in Malino at which representatives from Borneo and eastern Indonesia backed the proposal for a federal United States of Indonesia with links to the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1946, Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Hubertus van Mook organised a conference in Malino at which representatives from Borneo and eastern Indonesia backed the proposal for a federal United States of Indonesia with links to the Netherlands."}], "Q2112779": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Brielle by the Watergeuzen, on 1 April 1572 marked a turning point in the uprising of the Low Countries against Spain in the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Militarily the success was minor as the port of Brielle was undefended, but it provided the first foothold on land for the rebels at a time when the rebellion was all but crushed, and it offered the sign for a new revolt throughout the Netherlands which led to the formation of the Dutch Republic."}], "Q2161150": [{"id": "Q862443", "label": "Vicksburg Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Big Black River Bridge was fought on May 17, 1863, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Big Black River Bridge was fought on May 17, 1863, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q793922", "label": "Battle of Champion Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "Pemberton's troops at the decisive Battle of Champion Hill on May 16."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Background", "says": "Early in the American Civil War, the Union military leadership developed the Anaconda Plan, which was a strategy to defeat the Confederate States of America by controlling its coastline and major rivers."}, {"id": "Q2632927", "label": "Battle of Chickasaw Bayou", "section": "Background", "says": "A Union attack on December 29 was defeated decisively at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, and Sherman's soldiers withdrew on January 1, 1863."}, {"id": "Q387130", "label": "David Dixon Porter", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On April 29, the Union Navy's Mississippi Squadron, commanded by David Dixon Porter, bombarded the Confederate defenses at Grand Gulf, Mississippi, but the resulting Battle of Grand Gulf failed to drive the Confederates away."}, {"id": "Q2865994", "label": "Battle of Port Gibson", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The two armies collided on May 1, and the Battle of Port Gibson began."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Pemberton decided that Johnston's orders were not compatible with a previous directive that he had received from the Confederate President Jefferson Davis that Vicksburg and Port Hudson, Louisiana, should be held."}], "Q2163922": [{"id": "Q470596", "label": "Year of the Four Emperors", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Bedriacum, also known as the Second Battle of Cremona, was a decisive engagement fought on 24–25 October AD 69 during the Year of the Four Emperors."}, {"id": "Q1417", "label": "Vitellius", "section": "lead", "says": "Two armies of Roman legions, one supporting the emperor Vitellius and the other supporting his Flavian rival Vespasian, clashed near the village of Bedriacum (modern Calvatone in Italy), about 35 km from Cremona in what is now Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "lead", "says": "Two armies of Roman legions, one supporting the emperor Vitellius and the other supporting his Flavian rival Vespasian, clashed near the village of Bedriacum (modern Calvatone in Italy), about 35 km from Cremona in what is now Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q386578", "label": "First Battle of Bedriacum", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat of Otho at the First Battle of Bedriacum in April 69, the eastern provinces of Judaea and Syria proclaimed Vespasian emperor."}, {"id": "Q521520", "label": "Gaius Licinius Mucianus", "section": "Background", "says": "He also gained the support of the governor of Syria, Gaius Licinius Mucianus, and dispatched a strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions under Mucianus's command to march on Rome, while Vespasian himself went to Egypt to secure control of the grain supply to Rome."}, {"id": "Q712981", "label": "Marcus Antonius Primus", "section": "Background", "says": "Led by the commander of the VII Galbiana, Marcus Antonius Primus, the rebel legions marched on Rome and, having a much shorter distance to cover, reached Italy before Mucianus's troops."}], "Q2165919": [{"id": "Q228284", "label": "Expedition of the Thousand", "section": "Background", "says": "Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand had conquered Sicily and much of southern Italy with a startling speed, entering Naples on the 7 September while King Francis II of the Two Sicilies took refuge in the strong fortress of Gaeta, midway between Rome and Naples."}, {"id": "Q206223", "label": "Francis II of the Two Sicilies", "section": "Background", "says": "Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand had conquered Sicily and much of southern Italy with a startling speed, entering Naples on the 7 September while King Francis II of the Two Sicilies took refuge in the strong fortress of Gaeta, midway between Rome and Naples."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "Garibaldi wanted to cross the Volturno, keeping the Neapolitan Army against Capua, while he prevented King Francis II from reaching Gaeta."}], "Q21905295": [{"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur captured the city from the Muzaffarid dynasty, resulting in heavy casualties and its incorporation into the Timurid Empire."}], "Q2219615": [{"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Santa Lucia, part of the First Italian War of Independence, was an engagement between Sardinian and Austrian forces in Verona, Italy."}], "Q2221800": [{"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the first offensive move on the Western Front by either side after the end of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914."}, {"id": "Q221891", "label": "Second Battle of Artois", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1915, the Tenth Army conducted an offensive known as the Second Battle of Artois."}, {"id": "Q925917", "label": "Third Battle of Artois", "section": "Background", "says": "The Third Battle of Artois, sometimes called the Artois–Loos Offensive, took place from 25 September to 15 October 1915."}], "Q2222246": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kaunas offensive (Russian: Каунасская наступательная операция) was part of the third phase of the Byelorussian strategic offensive of the Red Army in summer 1944, commonly known as Operation Bagration."}], "Q2231356": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Pierce Arrow was a U.S. bombing campaign at the beginning of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "North Vietnam claimed to have shot down eight U.S. aircraft."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States had begun air operations over South Vietnam in 1962 (see Operation Farm Gate)."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States had begun air operations over South Vietnam in 1962 (see Operation Farm Gate)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The 7,662,000 tons of bombs dropped in Indochina during the Vietnam War nearly quadrupled the 2,150,000 tons the U.S. had dropped during World War II."}], "Q2236860": [{"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Batih (Ukrainian: Битва під Батогом, Polish: Bitwa pod Batohem; 1–2 June 1652) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytskyi Uprising."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Batih (Ukrainian: Битва під Батогом, Polish: Bitwa pod Batohem; 1–2 June 1652) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytskyi Uprising."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Batih (Ukrainian: Битва під Батогом, Polish: Bitwa pod Batohem; 1–2 June 1652) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytskyi Uprising."}, {"id": "Q734876", "label": "Ivan Sirko", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the village of Batih in the Bratslav Regiment, a force of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars under the command of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Ivan Zolotarenko, Ivan Sirko and Ivan Bohun attacked and completely defeated the Polish–Lithuanian forces under the command of Marcin Kalinowski, Zygmunt Przyjemski, Marek Sobieski, Marcin Czarniecki and Samuel Kalinowski, all of them "}, {"id": "Q730067", "label": "Ivan Bohun", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the village of Batih in the Bratslav Regiment, a force of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars under the command of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Ivan Zolotarenko, Ivan Sirko and Ivan Bohun attacked and completely defeated the Polish–Lithuanian forces under the command of Marcin Kalinowski, Zygmunt Przyjemski, Marek Sobieski, Marcin Czarniecki and Samuel Kalinowski, all of them "}, {"id": "Q593045", "label": "Battle of Berestechko", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the captured Polish–Lithuanian troops were brutally slain and beheaded by the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars, as a revenge for the Battle of Berestechko."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Defeat of the Crown Army contributed to the wars to come with the Tsardom of Muscovy and Swedish Empire, which in turn resulted into the Deluge."}, {"id": "Q2379459", "label": "Treaty of Bila Tserkva", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Bila Tserkva was not ratified by the Polish Sejm the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth deployed Crown forces under the command of Field Hetman Marcin Kalinowski in the Bracław Voivodeship\nAccording to the historian Hrushevsky, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky claimed that the Poles had violated the Bila Tserkva peace agreement by razing a couple of Cossack towns and preparing for war."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Bila Tserkva was not ratified by the Polish Sejm the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth deployed Crown forces under the command of Field Hetman Marcin Kalinowski in the Bracław Voivodeship\nAccording to the historian Hrushevsky, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky claimed that the Poles had violated the Bila Tserkva peace agreement by razing a couple of Cossack towns and preparing for war."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Kalinowski intended to use the Trans-Dnieper Crown army, which in April was ordered by John II Casimir Vasa to gather at Kalinowski's Bratslav camp, \"to prevent the Cossack army's merger with the Horde\" by blocking the Horde's march \"into Moldavia to fight the Hospodar\" Vasile Lupu. \"Khmelnytsky sent his son\", Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, \"together with the Tatars to Moldavia, to take revenge militarily o"}, {"id": "Q2382738", "label": "Tymish Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Kalinowski intended to use the Trans-Dnieper Crown army, which in April was ordered by John II Casimir Vasa to gather at Kalinowski's Bratslav camp, \"to prevent the Cossack army's merger with the Horde\" by blocking the Horde's march \"into Moldavia to fight the Hospodar\" Vasile Lupu. \"Khmelnytsky sent his son\", Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, \"together with the Tatars to Moldavia, to take revenge militarily o"}], "Q2237043": [{"id": "Q2543603", "label": "Valley Campaigns of 1864", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of New Market was fought on May 15, 1864, in Virginia during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of New Market was fought on May 15, 1864, in Virginia during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "lead", "says": "A makeshift Confederate army of 4,100 men defeated the larger Army of the Shenandoah under Major General Franz Sigel, delaying the capture of Staunton by several weeks."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigel was to advance on Staunton, Virginia, in order to link up with another Union column, commanded by George Crook, which would advance from West Virginia and destroy the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad and other Confederate industries in the area."}], "Q2237269": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Abbeville took place from 27 May to 4 June 1940, near Abbeville during the Battle of France in the Second World War."}], "Q2237733": [{"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarus was fought in April 625 between the Byzantine army, led by Emperor Heraclius, and the Persian general Shahrbaraz."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarus was fought in April 625 between the Byzantine army, led by Emperor Heraclius, and the Persian general Shahrbaraz."}], "Q2252463": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo or Battle of Cuneo was fought on the outskirts of Cuneo on 30 September 1744, during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Spain wished for an advance along the coast of Italy through Genoa to occupy the lands around Parma, which it already had been decided were going to be the future realm of Infante Philip, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese."}, {"id": "Q229867", "label": "Elisabeth Farnese", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Spain wished for an advance along the coast of Italy through Genoa to occupy the lands around Parma, which it already had been decided were going to be the future realm of Infante Philip, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese."}], "Q2253682": [{"id": "Q272297", "label": "Æthelweard", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tettenhall (sometimes called the Battle of Wednesfield or Wōdnesfeld) took place, according to the chronicler Æthelweard, near Tettenhall on 5 August 910."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Danish attacks into central England had been resisted and effectively reduced by Alfred the Great, to the point where his son, King Edward of Wessex, could launch offensive attacks against the foreigners."}, {"id": "Q235250", "label": "Æthelflæd", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward was allied with the Mercians under his sister Æthelflæd, and their combined forces were formidable."}], "Q2271999": [{"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sochi conflict was a three-party armed conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the strategic Black Sea town of Sochi."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was fought as a part of the Russian Civil War and lasted with varying success from June 1918 to May 1919, and ended through British mediation."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgian claims came from the fact that the area was politically dominated by the medieval Kingdom of Georgia at the height of its prestige and strength, and then came under the rule of a successor, the Kingdom of Imereti and, eventually, the Principality of Abkhazia."}, {"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgian claims came from the fact that the area was politically dominated by the medieval Kingdom of Georgia at the height of its prestige and strength, and then came under the rule of a successor, the Kingdom of Imereti and, eventually, the Principality of Abkhazia."}, {"id": "Q1760473", "label": "Principality of Abkhazia", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgian claims came from the fact that the area was politically dominated by the medieval Kingdom of Georgia at the height of its prestige and strength, and then came under the rule of a successor, the Kingdom of Imereti and, eventually, the Principality of Abkhazia."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "Background", "says": "German troops soon arrived and took possession of the most important roads and railways.\"\nThe Russian general Anton Denikin and his colleagues insisted, however, that the border between Georgia (though not yet recognized by either White or Soviet leadership) and the White-controlled Kuban People's Republic should be that between the former Russian governorates of Kutais and Black Sea, i.e. slightl"}, {"id": "Q1778994", "label": "Kuban People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "German troops soon arrived and took possession of the most important roads and railways.\"\nThe Russian general Anton Denikin and his colleagues insisted, however, that the border between Georgia (though not yet recognized by either White or Soviet leadership) and the White-controlled Kuban People's Republic should be that between the former Russian governorates of Kutais and Black Sea, i.e. slightl"}], "Q2280723": [{"id": "Q1155700", "label": "Rattanakosin Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786), known as the Nine Armies' Wars (Thai: สงครามเก้าทัพ) in Siamese history because the Burmese came in nine armies, was the first war between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma and the Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom of the Chakri dynasty."}, {"id": "Q796571", "label": "Bodawpaya", "section": "lead", "says": "King Bodawpaya of Burma pursued an ambitious campaign to expand his dominions into Siam."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siamese under King Rama I and his younger brother Prince Maha Sura Singhanat successfully warded off Burmese invasions."}, {"id": "Q550410", "label": "Maha Sura Singhanat", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siamese under King Rama I and his younger brother Prince Maha Sura Singhanat successfully warded off Burmese invasions."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1767, the Burmese of the newly founded Konbaung dynasty invaded and destroyed the Ayutthaya Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1401067", "label": "Phaungkaza Maung Maung", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same year, Prince Badon Min dethroned King Phaungkaza Maung Maung and crowned himself as King Bodawpaya."}, {"id": "Q10791211", "label": "Kingdom of Mrauk U", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1784, he sent his son Prince Thado Minsaw to successfully conquer the Kingdom of Mrauk U or the Arakan Kingdom."}], "Q2281470": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were military operations initiated by the United States and other Coalition nations of the Persian Gulf War, starting in April 1991, to defend Kurdish refugees fleeing their homes in northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War, and to deliver humanitarian aid to them."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were military operations initiated by the United States and other Coalition nations of the Persian Gulf War, starting in April 1991, to defend Kurdish refugees fleeing their homes in northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War, and to deliver humanitarian aid to them."}], "Q22947785": [{"id": "Q312685", "label": "Claude Auchinleck", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mersa Matruh was fought from 26 to 29 June 1942, following the defeat of the Eighth Army (General Sir Claude Auchinleck) at the Battle of Gazala and was part of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mersa Matruh was fought from 26 to 29 June 1942, following the defeat of the Eighth Army (General Sir Claude Auchinleck) at the Battle of Gazala and was part of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "The  battle was fought with the German–Italian Panzer Army Afrika (Panzerarmee Afrika (Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel)."}, {"id": "Q984342", "label": "William Gott", "section": "Background", "says": "XIII Corps (Lieutenant-General William Gott), was to fight a delaying action; Axis forces reached the wire on 23 June, shortly after XIII Corps."}], "Q2297059": [{"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of the Solent took place on 18 and 19 July 1545 during the Italian Wars, between the fleets of Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, in the Solent, between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of the Solent took place on 18 and 19 July 1545 during the Italian Wars, between the fleets of Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, in the Solent, between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of the Solent took place on 18 and 19 July 1545 during the Italian Wars, between the fleets of Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, in the Solent, between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight."}, {"id": "Q575924", "label": "Battle of Saint-Mathieu", "section": "lead", "says": "This was one of only two full-fledged naval battles fought by King Henry VIII's Tudor navy, along with the earlier Battle of Saint-Mathieu."}], "Q2335101": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake occurred on 31 May 1935 between 2:30 am and 3:40 am at Quetta, Baluchistan Agency (now part of Pakistan), close to the border with southern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake occurred on 31 May 1935 between 2:30 am and 3:40 am at Quetta, Baluchistan Agency (now part of Pakistan), close to the border with southern Afghanistan."}], "Q2338569": [{"id": "Q332049", "label": "Manco Inca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ollantaytambo (Spanish: Batalla de Ollantaytambo, IPA: [baˈtaʎa ðe oʎantajˈtambo]) took place in January 1537, between the forces of Inca emperor Manco Inca and a Spanish expedition led by Hernando Pizarro during the Spanish conquest of Peru."}, {"id": "Q719855", "label": "Hernando Pizarro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ollantaytambo (Spanish: Batalla de Ollantaytambo, IPA: [baˈtaʎa ðe oʎantajˈtambo]) took place in January 1537, between the forces of Inca emperor Manco Inca and a Spanish expedition led by Hernando Pizarro during the Spanish conquest of Peru."}, {"id": "Q10715354", "label": "Neo-Inca State", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite this victory, the arrival of Spanish reinforcements to Cusco forced Manco Inca to abandon Ollantaytambo and seek refuge in the heavily forested region of Vilcabamba, where he established the small independent Neo-Inca State which survived until 1572."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1531, a group of Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro landed on the shores of the Inca Empire, thus starting the Spanish conquest of Peru."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1531, a group of Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro landed on the shores of the Inca Empire, thus starting the Spanish conquest of Peru."}, {"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At that time the empire was emerging from a civil war in which Atahualpa had defeated his brother Huascar to claim the title of Sapa Inca."}, {"id": "Q381846", "label": "Túpac Huallpa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To replace Atahualpa, Pizarro installed his brother Túpac Huallpa as a puppet ruler, but he died shortly afterwards."}], "Q2346023": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dresden was concluded on 14 September 1699, preparing the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Augustus the Strong allied with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway against Charles XII of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Augustus the Strong allied with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway against Charles XII of Sweden."}], "Q2350993": [{"id": "Q2035345", "label": "Surprise of Meaux", "section": "lead", "says": "The Michelade (French: [miʃ(ə)lad]; Occitan: Michelada) is the name given to the massacre of Catholics, including 18 Catholic priests and monks, by Protestant coup officials in Nîmes on Michaelmas (29 September) 1567, after the outbreak of the second French War of Religion after the failure of the Surprise of Meaux."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1567, Alba again came north via the Spanish Road on his way to quell a Protestant revolt which had broken out in the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background", "says": "The Huguenots took that as the proof of their fears and began preparing a response."}, {"id": "Q316913", "label": "Louis, Prince of Condé", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis, Prince of Condé and Gaspard II de Coligny then left court, which left it dominated by Catholics."}, {"id": "Q204975", "label": "Gaspard II de Coligny", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis, Prince of Condé and Gaspard II de Coligny then left court, which left it dominated by Catholics."}, {"id": "Q712264", "label": "Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "The readmission of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine onto the council in August and proposals to modify the Edict of Amboise were only further proof to them."}, {"id": "Q1284627", "label": "Edict of Amboise", "section": "Background", "says": "The readmission of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine onto the council in August and proposals to modify the Edict of Amboise were only further proof to them."}], "Q23578835": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The 946 AD eruption of Mount Paektu, a stratovolcano on the border of North Korea and China also known as Changbaishan, occurred in late 946 AD."}], "Q23636982": [{"id": "Q58077", "label": "Petro Poroshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko signed a decree not to extend the treaty on 19 September 2018."}], "Q2373506": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was then also fighting Tartars and (on the southern front) the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was then also fighting Tartars and (on the southern front) the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1962709", "label": "Ingrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia and Sweden were at that stage allied, prior to the Ingrian War, part of Russia's Time of Troubles."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1617–1618 war's cause was a dispute over Livonia and Estonia, and a dispute between Sigismund III Vasa and Gustavus Adolphus over the Swedish throne."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1617–1618 war's cause was a dispute over Livonia and Estonia, and a dispute between Sigismund III Vasa and Gustavus Adolphus over the Swedish throne."}, {"id": "Q155127", "label": "Axel Oxenstierna", "section": "Background", "says": "The young monarch was supported by influential Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, who in April 1612 agreed to prolong the truce with the Commonwealth until September 1616."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund even considered another campaign in Sweden, but failed to do so, due to the ongoing war with Russia."}, {"id": "Q928848", "label": "Treaty of Stolbovo", "section": "Background", "says": "After lengthy negotiations, on 27 February 1617 Sweden and Russia signed the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War."}], "Q2388694": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Algiers Accords of January 19, 1981 was a set of obligations and commitments undertaken independently by the United States and Iran to resolve the Iran hostage crisis, brokered by the Algerian government and signed in Algiers on January 19, 1981."}, {"id": "Q294358", "label": "Warren Christopher", "section": "lead", "says": "The US chief negotiator was Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher, while the chief Algerian mediator was the Algerian Foreign Affairs Minister Mohammed Benyahia accompanied with a team of Algerian intelligence including Prime Minister Mohammed ben Ahmed Abdelghan and Mr Rashid Hassaine."}], "Q2389095": [{"id": "Q543255", "label": "Battle of Taranto", "section": "Background", "says": "British successes in early November 1940, including providing help to the Greeks to defeat the Italian offensive in Greece and the Royal Navy disabling Italian battleships Littorio, Conte di Cavour and Duilio at the Battle of Taranto, provided incentive and opportunity to supply Malta and Greece."}], "Q2394391": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lemnos in 1024 was the culmination of a raid by Kievan Rus' troops through the Dardanelles and into the Aegean Sea."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the penultimate conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Rus'."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "lead", "says": "The only source for the conflict is the history of John Skylitzes."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Skylitzes, in 1024 a Rus' leader named Chrysocheir assembled 800 men and sailed to Constantinople, aiming to enlist in the Varangian Guard of Emperor Basil II (r."}], "Q2394918": [{"id": "Q742813", "label": "Chincha Islands War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Callao (Spanish: Combate del Dos de Mayo, as it is known in South America) occurred on May 2, 1866, between a Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and the fortified battery emplacements of the Peruvian port city of Callao during the Chincha Islands War."}, {"id": "Q529231", "label": "Mariano Ignacio Prado", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1865, in a moment of nationalism, Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado seized power from Pezet after a coup, and organized an effective defense against Spanish aggression that culminated with the Battle of Callao."}], "Q2399696": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Contreras, also known as the Battle of Padierna, took place on 19–20 August 1847, in one of the final encounters of the Mexican–American War, as invading U.S. forces under Winfield Scott approached the Mexican capital."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Contreras, also known as the Battle of Padierna, took place on 19–20 August 1847, in one of the final encounters of the Mexican–American War, as invading U.S. forces under Winfield Scott approached the Mexican capital."}, {"id": "Q2333407", "label": "Battle of Churubusco", "section": "lead", "says": "The armies re-engaged the next day in the Battle of Churubusco."}, {"id": "Q1808450", "label": "Battle of Buena Vista", "section": "Background", "says": "General Gabriel Valencia's army of the north was part of the forces that fought at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847, in which Santa Anna retreated before giving a crushing blow to the forces of Zachary Taylor."}, {"id": "Q11896", "label": "Zachary Taylor", "section": "Background", "says": "General Gabriel Valencia's army of the north was part of the forces that fought at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847, in which Santa Anna retreated before giving a crushing blow to the forces of Zachary Taylor."}], "Q2408278": [{"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cyzicus was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimius Severus and his rival for the empire, Pescennius Niger, who was defeated."}, {"id": "Q201053", "label": "Pescennius Niger", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cyzicus was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimius Severus and his rival for the empire, Pescennius Niger, who was defeated."}, {"id": "Q243721", "label": "Year of the Five Emperors", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in the context of the Year of the Five Emperors, a tumultuous period in the Roman Empire when Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in the context of the Year of the Five Emperors, a tumultuous period in the Roman Empire when Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards."}, {"id": "Q1436", "label": "Pertinax", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in the context of the Year of the Five Emperors, a tumultuous period in the Roman Empire when Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards."}, {"id": "Q1440", "label": "Didius Julianus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Praetorian Guards then held an auction for the throne, which was won by Didius Julianus, who became emperor."}, {"id": "Q237960", "label": "Clodius Albinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The auction was unpopular, and Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger, the governor of Syria (as well as Clodius Albinus, the governor of Britain) all claimed the Roman imperial throne after the auction."}], "Q2409105": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Sana (Bosnian: Operacija Sana) was the final military offensive of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH) in western Bosnia and Herzegovina and the last major battle of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Sana (Bosnian: Operacija Sana) was the final military offensive of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH) in western Bosnia and Herzegovina and the last major battle of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q1756737", "label": "Operation Mistral 2", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) and the Croatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO) were engaging the VRS in Operation Mistral 2 further to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q3354894", "label": "Operation Southern Move", "section": "lead", "says": "The HV and HVO launched Operation Southern Move in response, removing the VRS pressure from Ključ and allowing the 5th Corps, reinforced by the 7th Corps, to resume its advance and capture Sanski Most on 12 October, by which time a comprehensive ceasefire was to come into effect throughout the country."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting did not resume, and the war ended the following month following negotiation and acceptance of the Dayton Agreement."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This re-organisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-May 1992, when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In August 1995, after the fall of most of the Croatian Serb-controlled areas of Croatia during Operation Storm, the HV shifted its focus to western Bosnia."}], "Q2409264": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tashihchiao (大石橋の戦い, Taisekihashi no Tatakai) was a land engagement fought on 24–25 July 1904, during the Imperial Japanese Army's advance toward Liaoyang in first stage of the Russo-Japanese War."}], "Q2443013": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ice March (Russian: Ледяной поход), also called the First Kuban Campaign (Russian: Первый кубанский поход), a military withdrawal lasting from February to May 1918, was one of the defining moments in the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1921."}], "Q2445761": [{"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saucourt was part of the Viking invasions of West Francia and occurred between forces of Vikings and the troops of Kings of West Francia, Louis III of France and his brother Carloman II, on 3 August 881 at Saucourt-en-Vimeu."}, {"id": "Q193112", "label": "Louis III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saucourt was part of the Viking invasions of West Francia and occurred between forces of Vikings and the troops of Kings of West Francia, Louis III of France and his brother Carloman II, on 3 August 881 at Saucourt-en-Vimeu."}, {"id": "Q192846", "label": "Carloman II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saucourt was part of the Viking invasions of West Francia and occurred between forces of Vikings and the troops of Kings of West Francia, Louis III of France and his brother Carloman II, on 3 August 881 at Saucourt-en-Vimeu."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Thimeon near Charleroi where the Vikings were defeated by Louis the Younger, King of East Francia, they resumed their raids on the West Frankish kingdom."}], "Q2448616": [{"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Background", "says": "German Commander Field Marshal August von Mackensen was put in charge of the Romanian campaign in the Dobruja front."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Central Powers' plan was to attack the Romanian forces in Transylvania, while at the same time attacking along the Black Sea, into South Dobruja, a region inhabited mainly by Bulgarians and assigned to Romania in 1913, as a result of the Second Balkan War and the ensuing Treaty of Bucharest (1913)."}], "Q2457479": [{"id": "Q727132", "label": "Ilir Meta", "section": "lead", "says": "The public outcry over the video resulted in the resignation of the deputy prime minister, Ilir Meta."}, {"id": "Q57625", "label": "Sali Berisha", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 January, a protest in Tirana led to the killings of three demonstrators by the Republican Guard during a rally in front of Prime Minister Sali Berisha office."}], "Q245898": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Frankfurt was a three-day battle for control of Frankfurt am Main during World War II."}], "Q2459908": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shepeleviche (Szepielewicze) or Battle of Ciecierzyn on 24 August 1654 was one of the first battles of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}], "Q246501": [{"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty signed between representatives from the Haudenosaunee and Great Britain (accompanied by negotiators from New Jersey, Virginia and Pennsylvania) in 1768 at Fort Stanwix."}], "Q2465037": [{"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Meretun (or Merton) between a West Saxon army led by King Æthelred and his brother, the future King Alfred the Great, and a Viking army took place on 22 March 871 at an unknown location in Wessex, probably in one of the modern counties of Dorset, Hampshire, or Wiltshire."}], "Q2470023": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Flagstaff War, also known as  Heke's War, Hōne Heke's Rebellion and the Northern War, was fought between 11 March 1845 and 11 January 1846 in and around the Bay of Islands, New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q1545405", "label": "New Zealand Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is seen as one of the first of the New Zealand Wars."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "Heke and the Ngāpuhi chief Pōmare II had listened to Captain William Mayhew (the Acting-Consul for the United States from 1840) and other Americans talk about the successful revolt of the American colonies against England over the issue of taxation."}], "Q2472006": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hanover was a treaty of defensive alliance signed on 3 September 1725 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, an extension of the earlier Anglo-French Alliance."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hanover was a treaty of defensive alliance signed on 3 September 1725 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, an extension of the earlier Anglo-French Alliance."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hanover was a treaty of defensive alliance signed on 3 September 1725 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, an extension of the earlier Anglo-French Alliance."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Hanover was a treaty of defensive alliance signed on 3 September 1725 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, an extension of the earlier Anglo-French Alliance."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance was formed as a reaction to Austria withdrawing from the Quadruple Alliance and founding the Austro-Spanish alliance at the Peace of Vienna months earlier in May 1725."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Provinces and the Kingdom of Sweden later acceded to the Hanoverian Alliance through the Treaties of The Hague (1726) and Stockholm (1727)."}], "Q2488483": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Columbus, also known as the Burning of Columbus or the Columbus Raid, began on March 9, 1916, as a raid conducted by remnants of Pancho Villa's Division of the North on the small United States border town of Columbus, New Mexico, located 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the border with Mexico."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack angered Americans, and President Woodrow Wilson ordered Brigadier General John J."}], "Q2494496": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian Civil War of 1697–1702 refers to the conflict between the powerful Sapieha family, which dominated the internal affairs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the anti-Sapieha coalition, so-called Republicans or Confederates."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Grand Duchy, the influence of the magnates was much stronger than in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q54041", "label": "Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki from late 1669 to 1673, the Pac family won the dominant role after ousting the Radziwiłłs."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "Background", "says": "King John III Sobieski, wanting to weaken the position of the Pacs, elevated the Sapieha family to the highest dignities, but made the mistake of endowing the brothers Kazimierz Jan and Benedykt Paweł Sapieha with the most important positions of Grand Hetman and Podskarbi, respectively."}, {"id": "Q1398038", "label": "Michał Kazimierz Pac", "section": "Background", "says": "With the deaths of the Lithuanian Grand Hetman Michał Kazimierz Pac in 1682 and then the Chancellor of Lithuania Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac in 1684, the domination by the Pac family ended."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the period of Sapiehas' domination from 1683 to 1700, the Commonwealth was at war, first in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and then the Great Northern War which started in 1700, both of which meant that a relatively large army had to be continuously maintained, which was a linchpin for Sapieha's political domination in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the period of Sapiehas' domination from 1683 to 1700, the Commonwealth was at war, first in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and then the Great Northern War which started in 1700, both of which meant that a relatively large army had to be continuously maintained, which was a linchpin for Sapieha's political domination in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q62594", "label": "Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before the conclusion of Brzostowski's and Sapieha's confrontation, the Sapiehas sought to take over the lands in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which belonged to the last representative of the Radziwiłł family's Biržai line, Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł, and her second husband, the Duke of Neuburg, Charles III Philip."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On June 30, immediately after the election of Augustus II the Strong as king of Poland, an agreement entrusting Kazimierz Sapieha with the Neuburg holdings was signed in Warsaw with the mediation of the Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador."}], "Q2506949": [{"id": "Q59155", "label": "Arvind Kejriwal", "section": "lead", "says": "Another aim, which was led by Ramdev, Kiran Bedi, Arvind Kejriwal and others, was the repatriation of black money from foreign banks."}, {"id": "Q41914", "label": "Manmohan Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Second Manmohan Singh ministry; In the years immediately preceding the 2011 anti-corruption protests, there were examples of alleged corruption in the country; these included the Adarsh Housing Society Scam, the 2010 housing loan scam, the Radia tapes controversy, and the 2G spectrum case."}, {"id": "Q47854", "label": "Pratibha Patil", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 2011, the Supreme Court of India ordered all trial courts in the country to expedite handling of corruption cases and the President of India Pratibha Patil stated measures to ratify the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) and other legislative and administrative measures to improve transparency would be taken."}], "Q2508152": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Haden Edwards and his brother Benjamin Edwards fled to the United States."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion led Mexican president Guadalupe Victoria to increase the military presence in the area."}, {"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "An increasing number were English-speaking residents who had immigrated illegally during the Mexican War of Independence."}], "Q2530804": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is part of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Budweis (České Budějovice) was one of the three towns which remained loyal to King Ferdinand of House Habsburg when Bohemia revolted."}, {"id": "Q708618", "label": "Heinrich Matthias von Thurn", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 June 1619, Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim  retreated to Soběslav where he awaited reinforcement by Count Heinrich Matthias von Thurn."}], "Q25475270": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Margus was a treaty between the Huns and the Roman Empire, signed in Margus, Moesia Superior (modern-day Požarevac, Serbia)."}], "Q2549377": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Strike of the Sword or Operation Khanjar was a US-led offensive in Helmand province in southern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q24205448", "label": "Battle of Fallujah", "section": "lead", "says": "This operation was the largest Marine offensive since the Battle of Fallujah in 2004."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was also the biggest offensive airlift by the Marines since the Vietnam War."}], "Q2556352": [{"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans had just defeated the Seleucids in the Roman–Seleucid War and were in the midst of concluding a treaty with the latter."}, {"id": "Q722307", "label": "Gnaeus Manlius Vulso", "section": "lead", "says": "Ancient historians noted that Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, the consul, had justified the invasion by saying that it was in retaliation for the Galatians supplying troops to the Seleucids during the war, and that Vulso had embarked on this campaign without the permission of the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans defeated the Galatians in the battle of Mount Olympus, thought to be either Çile Dağı, a hill located between Gordion and Ancyra, or Alis Daği in northern Galatia, on the border with Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q1259381", "label": "Treaty of Apamea", "section": "lead", "says": "These defeats forced the Galatians to sue for peace and the Romans returned to the coast of Asia Minor, where Vulso concluded the Treaty of Apamea with the Seleucids."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 191 BC, Antiochus the Great, the Emperor of the Seleucid Empire, had invaded Greece."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans pursued Antiochus and the Seleucids across the Aegean Sea; and together with their ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum, decisively defeated the Seleucid army at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 or 189 BC."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans pursued Antiochus and the Seleucids across the Aegean Sea; and together with their ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum, decisively defeated the Seleucid army at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 or 189 BC."}], "Q2568416": [{"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thessalonica was fought in the summer or autumn of 380 by Fritigern's Goths and a Roman army led by Theodosius I."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodosius retreated to Thessalonica and surrendered control of operations to the Western Emperor, Gratian."}], "Q2587905": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manado took place as part of the Japanese offensive to capture the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred at Manado (also spelled Menado) on the Minahasa Peninsula on the northern part of Celebes Island (modern day Sulawesi in Indonesia), from 11–12 January 1942."}], "Q2597432": [{"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Modon, also known as the Second Battle of Lepanto, took place in August 1500 during the war of 1499–1503 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Modon, also known as the Second Battle of Lepanto, took place in August 1500 during the war of 1499–1503 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Modon, also known as the Second Battle of Lepanto, took place in August 1500 during the war of 1499–1503 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q2889681", "label": "Battle of Sapienza", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans, who had won the Battle of Zonchio (First Battle of Lepanto / Battle of Sapienza) the previous year, were again victorious under Admiral Kemal Reis."}, {"id": "Q732272", "label": "Kemal Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans, who had won the Battle of Zonchio (First Battle of Lepanto / Battle of Sapienza) the previous year, were again victorious under Admiral Kemal Reis."}, {"id": "Q2351714", "label": "Battle of Zonchio", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1499, the Venetians attacked Lepanto with the hope of regaining the territories which they lost with the Battle of Zonchio."}], "Q2597597": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krasny Bor was part of the Soviet offensive Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda in the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krasny Bor was part of the Soviet offensive Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda in the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q233278", "label": "Operation Spark", "section": "lead", "says": "It called for a pincer attack near Leningrad to build on the success of Operation Iskra and completely lift the siege of Leningrad, in the process encircling a substantial part of the German 18th Army."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhukov, who had overseen Iskra, was promoted to marshal of the Soviet Union on January 18, the day the two Soviet Fronts linked up and broke the blockade."}, {"id": "Q191702", "label": "Semyon Timoshenko", "section": "Background", "says": "This foresaw a three-front attack by the Northwestern Front [roughly equivalent to an army group], under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko; the Volkhov Front under Colonel General Kirill Meretskov, and the Leningrad Front under Colonel General Leonid Govorov, of which the 55th Army was now a part."}, {"id": "Q48145", "label": "Kirill Meretskov", "section": "Background", "says": "This foresaw a three-front attack by the Northwestern Front [roughly equivalent to an army group], under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko; the Volkhov Front under Colonel General Kirill Meretskov, and the Leningrad Front under Colonel General Leonid Govorov, of which the 55th Army was now a part."}, {"id": "Q48134", "label": "Leonid Govorov", "section": "Background", "says": "This foresaw a three-front attack by the Northwestern Front [roughly equivalent to an army group], under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko; the Volkhov Front under Colonel General Kirill Meretskov, and the Leningrad Front under Colonel General Leonid Govorov, of which the 55th Army was now a part."}], "Q2601178": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Negapatam was the third in a series of battles fought between a British fleet, under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes, and a French fleet, under the Bailli de Suffren, off the coast of India during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "France had entered the American Revolutionary War in 1778, and Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in late 1780, after the Dutch refused to stop trading in military supplies with the French and the Americans."}, {"id": "Q233663", "label": "Second Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had rapidly gained control over most French and Dutch outposts in India when news of these events reached India, spawning the Second Anglo-Mysore War in the process."}, {"id": "Q2601126", "label": "Battle of Sadras", "section": "Background", "says": "He arrived in February 1782 and immediately engaged the British fleet of Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes in the inconclusive Battle of Sadras."}, {"id": "Q2601189", "label": "Battle of Providien", "section": "Background", "says": "After both fleets spent time in port repairing, refitting, and re-provisioning, they met again in the April Battle of Providien, south of the Ceylonese port of Trincomalee, that was ended by a storm and then nightfall."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Background", "says": "While at Batticaloa, Suffren received dispatches from Île de France (now Mauritius) that ordered him to return there to escort additional French troops to India."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, originally wanted the French to take the more important port of Negapatam."}], "Q2604268": [{"id": "Q1233721", "label": "Toshinari Shōji", "section": "lead", "says": "In the operation, the 2nd Raiders attacked forces under the command of Toshinari Shōji, which were escaping from an attempted encirclement in the Koli Point area on Guadalcanal and attempting to rejoin other Japanese army units on the opposite side of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "The battalion's original organization and tactics were based around Communist Chinese precepts Carlson had witnessed while serving as an observer with the Communists during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937-1938."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "Background", "says": "Before landing at Guadalcanal, elements of the battalion had seen action as part of the garrison of Midway Atoll during the Battle of Midway in May 1942 and the near disastrous Makin Island raid in August."}], "Q2606331": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cuddalore took place on 29 April 1758 during the Seven Years' War near Cuddalore off the Carnatic coast of India, and was an indecisive battle between a British squadron under Vice-Admiral George Pocock and French squadron under Anne Antoine, Comte d'Aché."}, {"id": "Q2662144", "label": "Battle of Pondicherry", "section": "lead", "says": "The two squadrons met again on 3 August in the Battle of Negapatam in 1758, and again on 10 September 1759 in the Battle of Pondicherry."}], "Q2613297": [{"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lille took place during the War of Devolution."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis XIV, arguing that the Spanish dowry of his wife Maria Theresa of Spain had not been paid, began to expand French borders to the north and east, invading the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q152549", "label": "Maria Theresa of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis XIV, arguing that the Spanish dowry of his wife Maria Theresa of Spain had not been paid, began to expand French borders to the north and east, invading the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis XIV, arguing that the Spanish dowry of his wife Maria Theresa of Spain had not been paid, began to expand French borders to the north and east, invading the Spanish Netherlands."}], "Q2613862": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Voćin massacre was the killing of 43 civilians in Voćin, Croatia, by the Serbian White Eagles paramilitary unit on 13 December 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) later charged Slobodan Milošević with the killings and Vojislav Šešelj with the deportation of non-Serbs from Voćin."}, {"id": "Q298063", "label": "Vojislav Šešelj", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) later charged Slobodan Milošević with the killings and Vojislav Šešelj with the deportation of non-Serbs from Voćin."}, {"id": "Q3513572", "label": "Operation Orkan 91", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 October, the ZNG launched Operation Hurricane-91 against positions held by the JNA and the TO near Novska and Nova Gradiška, and Operation Swath-10 against the TO positions on the Bilogora Mountain south of Virovitica."}, {"id": "Q663501", "label": "Operation Swath-10", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 October, the ZNG launched Operation Hurricane-91 against positions held by the JNA and the TO near Novska and Nova Gradiška, and Operation Swath-10 against the TO positions on the Bilogora Mountain south of Virovitica."}], "Q2615532": [{"id": "Q380393", "label": "Orda Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Around this time the Mongol army split: the main column under Baidar advanced through Lesser Poland towards Kraków (Cracow), then the principal city and de facto capital of the fragmented Kingdom of Poland, while detachments under Kadan and Orda Khan operated further north in central Poland."}], "Q2617813": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manila was fought during the Seven Years' War, from 24 September 1762 to 6 October 1762, between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain in and around Manila, the capital of the Philippines, a Spanish colony at that time."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manila was fought during the Seven Years' War, from 24 September 1762 to 6 October 1762, between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain in and around Manila, the capital of the Philippines, a Spanish colony at that time."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manila was fought during the Seven Years' War, from 24 September 1762 to 6 October 1762, between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain in and around Manila, the capital of the Philippines, a Spanish colony at that time."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manila was fought during the Seven Years' War, from 24 September 1762 to 6 October 1762, between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain in and around Manila, the capital of the Philippines, a Spanish colony at that time."}], "Q2623909": [{"id": "Q1922071", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Trident was an offensive operation launched by the Indian Navy on Pakistan's port city of Karachi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "While India suffered no losses, Pakistan lost a minesweeper, a destroyer, a cargo vessel carrying ammunition, and fuel storage tanks in Karachi."}, {"id": "Q3533435", "label": "Operation Python", "section": "lead", "says": "Trident was followed up by Operation Python three days later"}], "Q2628122": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The first conflict between Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire for which there is a historical account occurred during the reign of Alexandru cel Bun, in 1420, when the Ottomans tried to capture Chilia."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1439, King Sigismund of Hungary argued with King Wladislaw of Poland about dividing Moldavia between their two countries."}, {"id": "Q32832", "label": "Battle of Varna", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1444, Moldavia sent troops that joined King Władysław III of Varna at the Battle of Varna, which was part of the broader Crusade of Varna."}, {"id": "Q326493", "label": "Jan Długosz", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Jan Długosz, the Turks had camels with them and in case of defeat, they would spill gold and silver coins on the ground in order to slacken the enemy."}, {"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1470, during the rule of Stephen the Great, the relationship between Moldavia and the Porte became hostile, and resulted in several confrontations."}, {"id": "Q1073358", "label": "Battle of Vaslui", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Vaslui, the Ottomans were heavily defeated, while in the Battle of Valea Albă, Sultan Mehmed II was victorious, but was forced to retreat after an unsuccessful Siege of Neamț Citadel."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Vaslui, the Ottomans were heavily defeated, while in the Battle of Valea Albă, Sultan Mehmed II was victorious, but was forced to retreat after an unsuccessful Siege of Neamț Citadel."}], "Q2632522": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tarentum in March 212 BC was a military engagement in the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Romans had been waiting for a chance to strike at Capua, the capital of Campania in southern Italy, after it revolted against them following their defeat by the Carthaginian Hannibal at Cannae in 216 BC."}], "Q2632683": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Poti was a bilateral agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Poti was a bilateral agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition."}, {"id": "Q62546", "label": "Otto von Lossow", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed, on 28 May 1918, by General Otto von Lossow for Germany and by Foreign Minister Akaki Chkhenkeli for Georgia."}, {"id": "Q2028186", "label": "Akaki Chkhenkeli", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed, on 28 May 1918, by General Otto von Lossow for Germany and by Foreign Minister Akaki Chkhenkeli for Georgia."}, {"id": "Q160869", "label": "Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Kharlamov as Chairman, to replace the Imperial Viceroy Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929) on the Caucasian front by the Russian Provisional Government in Transcaucasia as the highest organ of civil administration."}, {"id": "Q504419", "label": "Nikolay Chkheidze", "section": "Background", "says": "It was headed by Georgian Menshevik Nikolay Chkheidze."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917 the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan, ending the armed conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q372822", "label": "Persian Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917 the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan, ending the armed conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917 the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan, ending the armed conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 December 1917 the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan, ending the armed conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations."}], "Q2633662": [{"id": "Q887367", "label": "Rhydderch Hael", "section": "lead", "says": "The main adversaries appear to have been Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio and either the princely brothers Peredur and Gwrgi or King Rhydderch Hael of Strathclyde."}, {"id": "Q862619", "label": "Battle of Camlann", "section": "lead", "says": "The Welsh Triads refer to this battle as one of the \"Three Futile Battles of the Island of Britain\", along with the Battle of Camlann and the Battle of the Trees."}], "Q2633683": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army besieged the large Spanish naval base of Cádiz from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812 during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the occupation of Seville, Cádiz became the Spanish seat of power, and was targeted by 70,000 French troops under the command of the Marshals Claude Victor and Jean-de-Dieu Soult for one of the most important sieges of the war."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "During the siege, which lasted two and a half years, the Cortes of Cádiz – which served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposed – drew up a new constitution to reduce the strength of the monarchy, which was eventually revoked by Fernando VII when he returned."}, {"id": "Q586992", "label": "Battle of Barrosa", "section": "lead", "says": "However, despite defeating a detached French force of 15,000–20,000 under Marshal Victor at the Battle of Barrosa, the siege was not lifted."}, {"id": "Q708580", "label": "Battle of Salamanca", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1812, the Battle of Salamanca eventually forced the French troops to retreat from Andalusia, for fear of being cut off by the Coalition armies."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Soult and his French army invaded Portugal in 1809 but were beaten by Wellesley at Oporto on 12 May."}], "Q264915": [{"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Baybars went north to deal with Krak des Chevaliers after the death of Louis IX of France on 29 November 1270."}], "Q2665646": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rhium (429 BC) or the battle of Chalcis was a naval battle in the Peloponnesian War between an Athenian fleet commanded by Phormio and a Peloponnesian fleet composed of contingents from various states, each with its own commander."}], "Q2667265": [{"id": "Q2543603", "label": "Valley Campaigns of 1864", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monocacy (also known as Monocacy Junction) was fought on July 9, 1864, about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Frederick, Maryland, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monocacy (also known as Monocacy Junction) was fought on July 9, 1864, about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Frederick, Maryland, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q357102", "label": "Lew Wallace", "section": "lead", "says": "Lew Wallace."}, {"id": "Q1626369", "label": "Battle of Fort Stevens", "section": "lead", "says": "Early launched an attack on Washington on July 12 at the Battle of Fort Stevens, but the Confederates were unsuccessful and retreated to Virginia."}, {"id": "Q943277", "label": "Battle of Shiloh", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Wallace had experience as a battlefield commander, having been the Union Army's youngest major general at the time of his promotion, his military career faltered after he was blamed for the high casualties taken on the first day at the Battle of Shiloh."}], "Q2670487": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mỹ Trạch Massacre (Vietnamese: Thảm sát Mỹ Trạch) was a mass murder and wartime rape committed by the French Army against Vietnamese civilians in the First Indochina War."}], "Q2676019": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Fort Wagner, also known as the Second Assault on Morris Island or the Battle of Fort Wagner, Morris Island, was fought on July 18, 1863, during the American Civil War."}], "Q26878551": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in August 2016, some American athletes, most of whom are African Americans, have protested against systemic racism in the United States by kneeling on one knee while the U.S. national anthem is played."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests began in the National Football League (NFL) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick sat and later knelt during the anthem, before his team's preseason games of 2016."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "Causes", "says": "Senate, recovery efforts for Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, Hurricane Irma in Florida, and Hurricane Harvey in Houston, and relations with North Korea over their nuclear and missile testing."}, {"id": "Q324546", "label": "Marco Rubio", "section": "Causes", "says": "Other Republicans such as Florida senator Marco Rubio also expressed their discomforts against these policies as well."}], "Q2689975": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Molino del Rey (8 September 1847) was one of the bloodiest engagements of the Mexican–American War as part of the Battle for Mexico City."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought in September 1847 between Mexican forces under General Antonio León against an American force under Major General Winfield Scott at El Molino del Rey on the fringes of Mexico City."}, {"id": "Q2333407", "label": "Battle of Churubusco", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 September 1847, Scott ended the armistice following the Battle of Churubusco as negotiations broke down, as it became clear that Antonio López de Santa Anna was preparing to resume fighting."}], "Q2700873": [{"id": "Q1450532", "label": "Franco-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cilicia Peace Treaty (March 9, 1921) was signed in London between France and the Turkish National Movement based in Angora to end the fighting in the Franco-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q179888", "label": "Aristide Briand", "section": "lead", "says": "The signatories were French foreign minister Aristide Briand and Turkish foreign minister Bekir Sami Bey."}], "Q2705872": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baltim (also Battle of Damietta, Battle of Baltim–Damietta, Battle of Damietta–Baltim or Battle of Damietta – El Burelos) was fought between the Israeli Navy and the Egyptian Navy on 8–9 October, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q743358", "label": "Battle of Latakia", "section": "Background", "says": "The boats, having just arrived back in Haifa after the Battle of Latakia, had not yet completed refueling."}], "Q2707112": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lycus was fought in 66 BC between an army of Roman Republic under the command of Pompey the Great and the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans won the battle with few losses; their victory turned out to be decisive with Mithridates fleeing to the Kingdom of the Bosporus (north of the Black Sea) and committing suicide a few years later (in 63 BC), finally ending the Third Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q310978", "label": "Phraates III of Parthia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Secondly he convinced the new Parthian king, Phraates III, to invade Armenia, Mithridates' main ally, forcing Tigranes II of Armenia to turn his attention to protecting his own empire."}], "Q2713449": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Adrianople (Bulgarian: Обсада на Одрин) in 813 was a part of the wars of the Byzantine Empire with the Bulgarian khan Krum (Byzantine–Bulgarian wars)."}], "Q2718136": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the final armed conflict between both tribes before their conversion to Islam after the arrival of the Islamic prophet Muhammad."}], "Q2723462": [{"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "October 26], 1582) led to the victory of a Russian expedition under Yermak Timofeyevich and the fall of Khanate of Sibir and the end of Khan Kuchum's power."}], "Q2726112": [{"id": "Q966525", "label": "North Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bilbao (Spanish: Batalla de Bilbao, Basque: Bilboko gudua), part of the War in the North in the Spanish Civil War, saw the Nationalist Army capture Bilbao and the rest of the Basque Country that was still being held by the Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bilbao (Spanish: Batalla de Bilbao, Basque: Bilboko gudua), part of the War in the North in the Spanish Civil War, saw the Nationalist Army capture Bilbao and the rest of the Basque Country that was still being held by the Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q352918", "label": "Emilio Mola", "section": "Background", "says": "On 31 March, the Nationalists, led by the General Emilio Mola, launched an offensive against Biscay Province."}], "Q2745283": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Arras Aid, fought on 25 August 1654, was a victory of a French army under Turenne against a Spanish army commanded by Don Ferdinand de Salis and the Prince de Condé."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "He was criticised for taking such risks by some of his officers, but the Duke of York, the future King James II of England, later observed that these officers realised their error after they realised that Turenne had worked out where to attack during these reconnaissances."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The young Louis XIV visited the battlefield and saw the disparity between the numbers of French and Spanish dead."}], "Q2748375": [{"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "Background", "says": "This left ports in Norway as Germany's last remaining bases for the Battle of the Atlantic and trade with Sweden."}], "Q2756512": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Continuation War."}], "Q27566029": [{"id": "Q83229", "label": "Edward VI of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Kett's Rebellion was a revolt in the English county of Norfolk during the reign of Edward VI, largely in response to the enclosure of land."}], "Q2756836": [{"id": "Q764714", "label": "Operation Brevity", "section": "lead", "says": "A counter-attack was made on British positions at Halfaya Pass in north-western Egypt, which had been captured during Operation Brevity (15–16 May)."}, {"id": "Q611089", "label": "Siege of Tobruk", "section": "lead", "says": "Unternehmen Skorpion was the second offensive operation commanded by Rommel in Africa (apart from the Siege of Tobruk)."}, {"id": "Q682399", "label": "Operation Battleaxe", "section": "lead", "says": "The British continued with preparations for Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June) but it was another costly British failure that led to the sacking of General Sir Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief Middle East and other senior officers."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Background", "says": "In British parlance, the Western Desert came to include eastern Cyrenaica in Libya."}], "Q276852": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Slivice (Czech: Bitva u Slivice) was the last large World War II battle in the area of the Czech lands."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "Background", "says": "Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner, however, the commander of the Army Group Centre deployed in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, ordered his units to force their way westwards in order to surrender to American forces."}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "Background", "says": "Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner, however, the commander of the Army Group Centre deployed in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, ordered his units to force their way westwards in order to surrender to American forces."}], "Q277204": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Cintra (or Sintra) was an agreement signed on 30 August 1808, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "By the agreement, the defeated French were allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict."}, {"id": "Q353907", "label": "Jean-Andoche Junot", "section": "Background", "says": "The French forces, under Jean-Andoche Junot, were defeated at Vimeiro by the Anglo-Portuguese forces, commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley on 21 August and found themselves almost cut off from retreat."}], "Q2786767": [{"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blaauwberg (also known as the Battle of Cape Town) was a successful British amphibious operation during the War of the Third Coalition which lasted from 8–18 January 1806 and resulted in the capture of the Dutch Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blaauwberg (also known as the Battle of Cape Town) was a successful British amphibious operation during the War of the Third Coalition which lasted from 8–18 January 1806 and resulted in the capture of the Dutch Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating their Batavian opponents, the British signed a treaty under the Treaty Tree in Woodstock, Cape Town which established Britain's control over the Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony later became a permanent part of the British Empire following the Congress of Vienna that marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony later became a permanent part of the British Empire following the Congress of Vienna that marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony later became a permanent part of the British Empire following the Congress of Vienna that marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1795, the British carried out a successful invasion of the Cape Colony during the War of the First Coalition, capturing the colony from the Dutch East India Company."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and the end of the French Revolutionary Wars, the British handed the Cape Colony back to the newly established Batavian Republic, a French sister republic which replaced the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and the end of the French Revolutionary Wars, the British handed the Cape Colony back to the newly established Batavian Republic, a French sister republic which replaced the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and the end of the French Revolutionary Wars, the British handed the Cape Colony back to the newly established Batavian Republic, a French sister republic which replaced the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and the end of the French Revolutionary Wars, the British handed the Cape Colony back to the newly established Batavian Republic, a French sister republic which replaced the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Background", "says": "By holding both the Cape Colony, in addition to its possession of Mauritius, the British would be able to dominate maritime affairs in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans thereby protecting its wartime economy and assisting in the war effort against France."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "A British fleet was dispatched to the Cape in July 1805, to forestall French troopships Napoleon had sent to reinforce the Batavian garrison there."}], "Q28053348": [{"id": "Q57416", "label": "Joseph Kabila", "section": "lead", "says": "On 20 December 2016 the Democratic Republic of the Congo's president, Joseph Kabila, announced that he would not leave office despite the end of his constitutional term."}, {"id": "Q168629", "label": "Étienne Tshisekedi", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the agreement opposition leader Étienne Tshisekedi will oversee that the deal is implemented and the country's Prime Minister will be appointed by the opposition."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "In the wake of the 2014 Burkinabé uprising, the Democratic Republic of the Congo experienced a series of protests (e.g. the 2015 Congolese protests) in which Congolese citizens demanded that President Joseph Kabila not alter the presidential term limits in the country's constitution so that he could run for another term in office and not delay the country's planned elections."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "Background", "says": "These protests and others in 2016 were often violent and took place within the broader context of frequent mass protests against authoritarian governments in Africa (e.g. in Burundi, Uganda, Ethiopia, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe, and Cameroon)."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "Background", "says": "These protests and others in 2016 were often violent and took place within the broader context of frequent mass protests against authoritarian governments in Africa (e.g. in Burundi, Uganda, Ethiopia, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe, and Cameroon)."}, {"id": "Q23702848", "label": "Panama Papers", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2016 Kabila's government was mentioned in the Panama Papers and it asked and received permission from the country's constitutional court to allow Kabila to remain in power after his term ended if a successor had not been elected."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In September, the United States imposed financial sanctions on two of Kabila's advisors, Major General Gabriel Amisi Kumba and John Numbi, preventing the two from accessing assets within the US and engaging in financial transactions with US citizens."}], "Q281461": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place at Grauholz, a wooded hill in what is now the municipalities of Urtenen-Schönbühl and Moosseedorf in the canton of Bern in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1797, Napoleon annexed the Valtellina on the border with Graubünden into the new Cisalpine Republic in northern Italy and invaded the southern remainder of the bishopric of Basel."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1797, Napoleon annexed the Valtellina on the border with Graubünden into the new Cisalpine Republic in northern Italy and invaded the southern remainder of the bishopric of Basel."}, {"id": "Q116280", "label": "Frédéric-César de La Harpe", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1798, the confederacy was invaded by the French Revolutionary Army at the invitation of the Republican faction in Vaud, led by Frédéric-César de La Harpe."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The ideals of the French Revolution had found a receptive audience in Vaud."}], "Q286655": [{"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign, complicated in August 1884 by the outbreak of the Sino-French War and in July 1885 by the Cần Vương nationalist uprising in Annam (central Vietnam), which required the diversion of large numbers of French troops, was conducted by the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, supported by the gunboats of the Tonkin Flotilla."}], "Q2887822": [{"id": "Q299119", "label": "Afonso V of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a confrontation between the forces commanded by King Afonso V of Portugal and his uncle Afonso, Duke of Braganza, against the army of the rebellious Peter, Duke of Coimbra."}, {"id": "Q552417", "label": "Peter, Duke of Coimbra", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a confrontation between the forces commanded by King Afonso V of Portugal and his uncle Afonso, Duke of Braganza, against the army of the rebellious Peter, Duke of Coimbra."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was the clear defeat and death of the Duke of Coimbra and the establishment of the Braganzas as the most powerful House of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q374056", "label": "Nuno Álvares Pereira", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle became a turning point in Portuguese and world history, and King John I and his military aide, Constable Nuno Álvares Pereira, became immortal idols."}], "Q2887900": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aspindza (Georgian: ასპინძის ბრძოლა) was a meeting engagement fought on 20 April 1770 between the Georgians, led by king of Kartli-Kakheti Erekle II, and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1760s, shortly before the formation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, King Heraclius II of Kakheti and his father, King Teimuraz II, repeatedly attempted to establish a military alliance with the Russian Empire against the Turks who occupied the entire southern border of the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1760s, shortly before the formation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, King Heraclius II of Kakheti and his father, King Teimuraz II, repeatedly attempted to establish a military alliance with the Russian Empire against the Turks who occupied the entire southern border of the kingdom."}], "Q2887908": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aslanduz took place on 31 October and 1 November 1812 between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran during the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aslanduz took place on 31 October and 1 November 1812 between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran during the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)."}], "Q2888088": [{"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Bagradas River was fought between a Carthaginian army led by Hamilcar Barca, who was victorious, and a rebel force led by Spendius."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage was fighting a coalition of mutinous soldiers and rebellious African cities in the Mercenary War, which had started late the previous year in the wake of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q1132393", "label": "Mercenary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage was fighting a coalition of mutinous soldiers and rebellious African cities in the Mercenary War, which had started late the previous year in the wake of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage was fighting a coalition of mutinous soldiers and rebellious African cities in the Mercenary War, which had started late the previous year in the wake of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q3876718", "label": "Nigel Bagnall", "section": "Background", "says": "For the rest of the year Hanno skirmished with the rebel force, repeatedly missing opportunities to bring it to battle or to place it at a disadvantage; the military historian Nigel Bagnall writes of Hanno's \"incompetence as a field commander\"."}], "Q2888238": [{"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "There is a controversial theory that John Churchill leaked the plan to the French via a letter to the deposed James II of England, but the evidence as to this is inconclusive."}, {"id": "Q192839", "label": "Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition was opposed by a much smaller force French troops led by the noted military architect Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, in his only ever field command."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Context", "says": "At the start of 1694, Louis XIV decided to take the fight to the Mediterranean and Spain."}, {"id": "Q129987", "label": "William III of England", "section": "Context", "says": "After Tourville's victory at Lagos in 1693, William III of England had sent an expedition to make reprisals against Saint-Malo and planned to mount other similar operations against other French ports."}], "Q2888324": [{"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "Background", "says": "Ethiopian emperor Menelik had repudiated the Treaty of Wuchale, and was consolidating his power with plans to oust the Italians."}, {"id": "Q2625892", "label": "Alula Engida", "section": "Background", "says": "Former Italian allies, the Tigrayans warlords Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Ras Alula and Bahta Hagos traveled to Addis Ababa to seek forgiveness from the Negus for their dealings with the colonial governor, General Oreste Baratieri."}, {"id": "Q733360", "label": "Oreste Baratieri", "section": "Background", "says": "Former Italian allies, the Tigrayans warlords Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Ras Alula and Bahta Hagos traveled to Addis Ababa to seek forgiveness from the Negus for their dealings with the colonial governor, General Oreste Baratieri."}], "Q2888486": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eutaw Springs was fought on September 8, 1781 during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1781, Major General Nathanael Greene, the commander of the Continental Army in the American South, began a campaign to end British control over the South Carolina backcountry."}], "Q2888964": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kojima (児島合戦), also called Battle of Fujito (藤戸の戦い), was a battle of the Genpei War of the Heian period of Japanese history, and took place in 1184."}], "Q2888998": [{"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kresna Gorge was fought in 1913 between the Greeks and the Bulgarians during the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q152099", "label": "Constantine I of Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "With the Serbian front static and the Bulgarian Army defeated in Greece, King Constantine I of Greece ordered his army to march deeper into Bulgarian territory and capture the Bulgarian capital, Sofia."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantine desired a decisive victory in the war despite the objections of Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos who realized that the Serbs, having won their territorial objectives, were now trying to put the remaining combat of the war onto the Greeks by staying passive."}], "Q2889112": [{"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a resounding victory for the revolutionary forces, led by José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "Background and development of events", "says": "In 1810, the May Revolution forced the Spanish to abandon Buenos Aires, but they held on to the Banda Oriental (present-day Uruguay), as Spain moved the headquarters of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata to Montevideo."}, {"id": "Q48684", "label": "Francisco Javier de Elío", "section": "Background and development of events", "says": "The Governor of Montevideo, Francisco Javier de Elío, appointed frigate-captain José Posadas as the head of the forces loyal to Spain."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background and development of events", "says": "Both armies fought in the name of King Ferdinand VII of Spain."}], "Q2889222": [{"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Malta took place on 8 July 1283 in the entrance to the Grand Harbour, the principal harbour of Malta, as part of the War of the Sicilian Vespers."}, {"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat forced Charles I of Naples to postpone his plan to invade Sicily."}], "Q2889349": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval battle of Mizushima took place on 17 November 1183 during the Genpei War."}], "Q2889520": [{"id": "Q313052", "label": "Pharnaces II of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nicopolis was fought in December 48 BC between the army of Pharnaces II of Pontus, the son of Mithdridates VI Eupator, and a Roman army led by Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus."}, {"id": "Q63447", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nicopolis was fought in December 48 BC between the army of Pharnaces II of Pontus, the son of Mithdridates VI Eupator, and a Roman army led by Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After defeating Pompey and the optimates at Pharsalus, Julius Caesar pursued his opponents to Anatolia and then to Egypt."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 48 BC he invaded Cappadocia, Bithynia, and Armenia Parva."}], "Q2889853": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Cast was a military engagement during the Seven Years' War on the French coast between British naval and land expeditionary forces and French coastal defence forces."}], "Q2889856": [{"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier took place on 28 July 1488, between the forces of King Charles VIII of France, and those of Francis II, Duke of Brittany, and his allies."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "Causes", "says": "In the aftermath of the death of Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1477, the Burgundian threat to French power was all-but eliminated."}, {"id": "Q201143", "label": "Anne of Brittany", "section": "Causes", "says": "Francis was keen to secure the independence of Brittany and to construct a network of alliances to achieve that objective, offering the prospect of marriage to his daughter and heir Anne of Brittany to several possible allies."}, {"id": "Q1313351", "label": "Louis II de la Trémoille", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the leadership of Louis II de la Trémoille, the French royal army had struck against Vannes and Fougères, controlling access to Brittany."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Background", "says": "Maximilian I of Austria also sent 1,500 men."}, {"id": "Q675493", "label": "Henry VII of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry VII of England was also approached for support, but refused to send troops and instead attempted to negotiate a deal with the French to stop the invasion."}], "Q2890025": [{"id": "Q137814", "label": "James V of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Catholic Church, as urged by his uncle King Henry VIII, who then launched a major raid into south-west Scotland."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Catholic Church, as urged by his uncle King Henry VIII, who then launched a major raid into south-west Scotland."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "Background", "says": "James wrote to Pope Paul III on 9 November 1542 about the English raid, and explained that he had defied Henry's attempts to convert him to the Protestant faith by waging war with his vast resources gained from the dissolution of the monasteries."}], "Q2890043": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Skra-di-Legen was a two-day battle which took place at the Skra fortified position, located northeast of Mount Paiko, which is north-west of Thessaloniki, on May 29–30, 1918, on the Macedonian front of World War I."}], "Q2890301": [{"id": "Q431767", "label": "Battle of Zornoza", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon's invasion of Spain had started  with the Battle of Zornoza, where Marshal François Lefebvre's failed to destroy the Spanish army, as Blake had shaken off the premature French assault and escaped with his army intact."}], "Q2890372": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place near the ancient walled town of Walcourt near Charleroi in the Spanish Netherlands, and brought to a close a summer of uneventful marching, manoeuvring, and foraging."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied victory had been an auspicious opening of the war for King William III and the Alliance, but for Humières, his military reputation received a fatal blow; in the following campaign of 1690, Humières was replaced by the duc de Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q1041111", "label": "Truce of Ratisbon", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis had hoped to compel the powerful German princes, and their Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, into converting the 1684 Truce of Ratisbon into a permanent peace, thus confirming Louis' territorial gains of the ‘Reunions’."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "By moving into the Rhineland, Louis dispelled fears in the Dutch Republic of a possible attack upon them, thus facilitating Prince William of Orange's invasion of England in November."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 May 1689, the Dutch and Emperor Leopold I signed the Grand Alliance, the aims of which were no less than to force France back to her borders as they were at the end of the Thirty Years War, and the Franco-Spanish War, thus depriving Louis of all his gains since his assumption of power."}], "Q2890569": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bielsa pocket took place between 14 April and 15 June 1938, during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1467456", "label": "Battle of Teruel", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Teruel, the Nationalists led by the general Fidel Dávila, launched an offensive in the Aragon front in March 1938."}], "Q2890620": [{"id": "Q2165196", "label": "Operation Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the British and Canadian attacks south of Caen, and took place from 19 to 25 July 1944, being part of Operation Atlantic (18–21 July) and Operation Spring (25–27 July)."}, {"id": "Q2706523", "label": "Operation Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the British and Canadian attacks south of Caen, and took place from 19 to 25 July 1944, being part of Operation Atlantic (18–21 July) and Operation Spring (25–27 July)."}, {"id": "Q270517", "label": "Dieppe Raid", "section": "lead", "says": "This attack—the costliest single day for a Canadian battalion since the 1942 Dieppe Raid—is one of the more critically analysed events in Canadian military history."}, {"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "While failing to achieve its original objective, an influential strategic result of the Battle of Verrières Ridge was to aid the successful Operation Cobra, by tying down powerful German Panzer formations that might otherwise have been moved to counter-attack Cobra."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 July, Operation Charnwood captured the northern half of the city but the I SS Panzer Corps maintained defensive positions in the remainder of Caen."}], "Q2890816": [{"id": "Q827612", "label": "Jugurthine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Muthul took place in 109 BC at the Muthul River in Numidia, as part of the Jugurthine War."}, {"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Numidian army, led by King Jugurtha, confronted a Roman army commanded by Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus, who was assisted by Gaius Marius and Publius Rutilius Rufus."}, {"id": "Q929498", "label": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Numidian army, led by King Jugurtha, confronted a Roman army commanded by Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus, who was assisted by Gaius Marius and Publius Rutilius Rufus."}], "Q2890818": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Resaca de la Palma was one of the early engagements of the Mexican–American War, where the United States Army under General Zachary Taylor engaged the retreating forces of the Mexican Ejército del Norte (\"Army of the North\") under General Mariano Arista on May 9, 1846."}, {"id": "Q11896", "label": "Zachary Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Resaca de la Palma was one of the early engagements of the Mexican–American War, where the United States Army under General Zachary Taylor engaged the retreating forces of the Mexican Ejército del Norte (\"Army of the North\") under General Mariano Arista on May 9, 1846."}, {"id": "Q431576", "label": "Mariano Arista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Resaca de la Palma was one of the early engagements of the Mexican–American War, where the United States Army under General Zachary Taylor engaged the retreating forces of the Mexican Ejército del Norte (\"Army of the North\") under General Mariano Arista on May 9, 1846."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States emerged victorious and forced the Mexicans out of Texas."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States emerged victorious and forced the Mexicans out of Texas."}, {"id": "Q2736004", "label": "Battle of Palo Alto", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Mexican defeat at the Battle of Palo Alto the previous day, Arista on the morning of May 9 moved his forces to a more defensible position along a resaca, known as Resaca de Guerrero to the Mexicans but as Resaca de la Palma to the Americans."}, {"id": "Q815139", "label": "Siege of Fort Texas", "section": "Background", "says": "Recalling his experiences at the Siege of Fort Texas, he positioned his forces along the twelve foot deep and two hundred foot wide resaca, three miles from the Rio Grande, by 10 a.m."}], "Q289609": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Maastricht was a campaign during the War of the Austrian Succession which took place in April–May 1748."}], "Q2917367": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Salamaua–Lae campaign was a series of actions in the New Guinea campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Australian and United States forces sought to capture two major Japanese bases, one in the town of Lae, and another one at Salamaua."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "Background", "says": "This also diverted attention from Lae, which was a major objective of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied grand strategy for the South Pacific."}, {"id": "Q72341", "label": "Stanley Savige", "section": "Background", "says": "It was decided that the Japanese would be pursued towards Salamaua by the Australian 3rd Division, which had been formed at Wau, under the command of Major General Stanley Savige, who were to link up with elements of the US 41st Infantry Division."}], "Q2918913": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It also became one of the biggest air battles since World War II, and the biggest since the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "It also became one of the biggest air battles since World War II, and the biggest since the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The IAF began working on a SAM suppression operation at the end of the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle led the United States to impose a ceasefire on Israel and Syria."}, {"id": "Q972052", "label": "Philip Habib", "section": "Background", "says": "Israel agreed to cancel the strike, and an American envoy, Philip Habib, was sent to the region as a mediator."}, {"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "Background", "says": "On December 20, the Cabinet of Israel convened for a weekly meeting, in which Defense Minister Ariel Sharon and the Chief of Staff (Ramatkal) Rafael Eitan presented the \"Big Plan\" for an invasion of Lebanon, which included seizure of the Beirut-Damascus Highway."}, {"id": "Q365524", "label": "Raphael Eitan", "section": "Background", "says": "On December 20, the Cabinet of Israel convened for a weekly meeting, in which Defense Minister Ariel Sharon and the Chief of Staff (Ramatkal) Rafael Eitan presented the \"Big Plan\" for an invasion of Lebanon, which included seizure of the Beirut-Damascus Highway."}], "Q2935393": [{"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huon Peninsula campaign was a series of battles fought in north-eastern Papua New Guinea in 1943–1944 during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "Background", "says": "A veteran formation of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the 9th Division was vastly experienced, having fought in the North African campaign, where it had held Tobruk against a German onslaught earlier in the war and had been heavily engaged at the First and Second Battle of El Alamein."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1943, the division had been brought back to Australia, and it had subsequently been reorganised to take part in jungle warfare."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "American Republic P-47 Thunderbolts and Lockheed P-38 Lightnings from the 348th and 475th Fighter Groups were also used to provide fighter cover for Allied shipping, while heavy and medium bombers from the Fifth Air Force carried out strategic bombing missions to reduce Japanese airbases around Wewak and New Britain, and raided Japanese lines of communication in concert with PT boats."}, {"id": "Q346487", "label": "Hatazō Adachi", "section": "Background", "says": "The main Japanese force in the campaign was provided by the XVIII Army under the command of Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi and was headquartered at Madang."}, {"id": "Q952813", "label": "Thomas Blamey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following MacArthur's directive to secure the airfields at Lae and Finschhafen, the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces, South West Pacific Area, General Thomas Blamey, an Australian, ordered the capture of the Huon Peninsula."}], "Q2975371": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1868, the Meiji Restoration established the Empire of Japan during the Bakumatsu, and overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate that had ruled Japan as a feudal state since 1600."}, {"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "Background", "says": "A rumor that Emperor Meiji was planning a trip overseas was the final straw for Keishintō members."}], "Q2984013": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Summer '95 (Croatian: Operacija Ljeto '95) was a joint military offensive of the Croatian Army (HV) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) that took place north-west of the Livanjsko Polje, and around Bosansko Grahovo and Glamoč in western Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was carried out between 25 and 29 July 1995, during the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was carried out between 25 and 29 July 1995, during the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q297318", "label": "Ante Gotovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacking force of 8,500 troops commanded by HV's Lieutenant General Ante Gotovina initially encountered strong resistance from the 5,500-strong Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) 2nd Krajina Corps."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation failed to achieve its declared primary goal of drawing VRS units away from the besieged city of Bihać, but it placed the HV in position to capture the RSK's capital Knin in Operation Storm days later."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States, France and the United Kingdom were divided about the best way to protect the pocket."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1991, Croatia declared its independence as Yugoslavia disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q2624653", "label": "Battle of the Barracks", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, culminating in the Battle of the Barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, culminating in the Battle of the Barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, culminating in the Battle of the Barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q1313538", "label": "Operation Maslenica", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbia continued to support the RSK, but a series of HV advances restored small areas to Croatian control as the siege of Dubrovnik was lifted, and Operation Maslenica resulted in minor tactical gains."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "As the JNA disengaged from Croatia, its personnel prepared to set up a new Bosnian Serb army; Bosnian Serbs declared the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992."}, {"id": "Q467156", "label": "David Halberstam", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to David Halberstam, the Europeans recognized that the US was free to propose military confrontation with the Serbs while relying on the European powers to block any such move."}, {"id": "Q2038", "label": "François Mitterrand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "French president François Mitterrand discouraged any military intervention, greatly helping the Serb war effort."}, {"id": "Q2105", "label": "Jacques Chirac", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French stance reversed after Jacques Chirac became President of France in May 1995; Chirac pressured the British to adopt a more aggressive approach."}, {"id": "Q666662", "label": "Janko Bobetko", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Denying Bihać to the Serbs was also strategically important to Croatia, and Chief of the Croatian General Staff General Janko Bobetko considered that the fall of Bihać would end Croatia's war effort."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In March 1994, the Washington Agreement was signed, ending the Croat–Bosniak War, and providing Croatia with US military advisors from the Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI)."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In March 1994, the Washington Agreement was signed, ending the Croat–Bosniak War, and providing Croatia with US military advisors from the Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI)."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The US involvement reflected a new military strategy endorsed by Bill Clinton in February 1993."}], "Q29842868": [{"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of President Hugo Chávez, Venezuela faced a severe socioeconomic crisis during the presidency of his successor, Nicolás Maduro, as a result of Chávez's policies and Maduro's continuation of them."}], "Q2993582": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a prolonged affair; the Maya kingdoms resisted integration into the Spanish Empire with such tenacity that their defeat took almost two centuries."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "lead", "says": "Pedro de Alvarado arrived in Guatemala from the newly conquered Mexico in early 1524, commanding a mixed force of Spanish conquistadors and native allies, mostly from Tlaxcala and Cholula."}, {"id": "Q614072", "label": "Tlaxcala", "section": "lead", "says": "Pedro de Alvarado arrived in Guatemala from the newly conquered Mexico in early 1524, commanding a mixed force of Spanish conquistadors and native allies, mostly from Tlaxcala and Cholula."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "The Itza Maya and other lowland groups in the Petén Basin were first contacted by Hernán Cortés in 1525, but remained independent and hostile to the encroaching Spanish until 1697, when a concerted Spanish assault led by Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi finally defeated the last independent Maya kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2362335", "label": "Martín de Ursúa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Itza Maya and other lowland groups in the Petén Basin were first contacted by Hernán Cortés in 1525, but remained independent and hostile to the encroaching Spanish until 1697, when a concerted Spanish assault led by Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi finally defeated the last independent Maya kingdom."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "Background", "says": "Alvarado's army left Tenochtitlan at the beginning of the dry season, sometime between the second half of November and December 1523."}], "Q2995643": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Lebanese protests, also known as the Uprising of Dignity were seen as influenced by the Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q2737847", "label": "Gebran Bassil", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 January 2011, the government collapsed after Energy Minister Gebran Bassil announced that all ten opposition ministers had resigned following months of warnings by Hezbollah that it would not remain inactive should there be indictments against the group by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon in the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri."}, {"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 January 2011, the government collapsed after Energy Minister Gebran Bassil announced that all ten opposition ministers had resigned following months of warnings by Hezbollah that it would not remain inactive should there be indictments against the group by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon in the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The New York Times suggested that the resignations came after the collapse of talks between Syria and Saudi Arabia to ease tensions in Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q318493", "label": "Mohamed Agha", "section": "Background", "says": "The March 8 alliance then nominate Najib Mikati to form a government in line with the accepted norms that a prime minister must be a Sunni (even though most Sunnis are supporters of March 14)."}], "Q3027801": [{"id": "Q2632665", "label": "Tragic Week", "section": "Background", "says": "The draft of troops sparked anti-war protests, leading to Tragic Week."}], "Q303445": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salzbach, or Sasbach, took place on 27 July 1675 during the Franco-Dutch War, when an Imperial army under Raimondo Montecuccoli confronted a French force commanded by Marshal Turenne."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salzbach, or Sasbach, took place on 27 July 1675 during the Franco-Dutch War, when an Imperial army under Raimondo Montecuccoli confronted a French force commanded by Marshal Turenne."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Franco-Dutch War began in May 1672, French troops quickly overran much of the Dutch Republic, helped by English naval support."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "By July the Dutch position had stabilised, while concern at French gains brought support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1673, an Imperial Army entered the Rhineland; facing war on multiple fronts, Louis XIV abandoned most of his gains in the Netherlands to focus elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark–Norway joined the anti-French coalition, while the February Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark–Norway joined the anti-French coalition, while the February Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q686601", "label": "Alexander von Bournonville", "section": "Background", "says": "French forces in Germany were led by Turenne; from 1673 to 1674, he won a series of victories over superior Imperial forces led by Alexander von Bournonville and Raimondo Montecuccoli, the one commander contemporaries viewed as equal to Turenne."}], "Q303998": [{"id": "Q1064944", "label": "Joseph Souham", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tourcoing (17–18 May 1794) saw a Republican French army directed by General of Division Joseph Souham defend against an attack by a Coalition army led by Emperor Francis II and Austrian Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tourcoing (17–18 May 1794) saw a Republican French army directed by General of Division Joseph Souham defend against an attack by a Coalition army led by Emperor Francis II and Austrian Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tourcoing (17–18 May 1794) saw a Republican French army directed by General of Division Joseph Souham defend against an attack by a Coalition army led by Emperor Francis II and Austrian Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q355643", "label": "Jean-Charles Pichegru", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army was temporarily led by Souham in the absence of its normal commander Jean-Charles Pichegru."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "Threatened with encirclement, Souham and division commanders Jean Victor Marie Moreau and Jacques Philippe Bonnaud improvised a counterattack which defeated the Coalition's widely separated and poorly coordinated columns."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the First Coalition action was fought near the town of Tourcoing, north of Lille in northeastern France."}, {"id": "Q93489", "label": "Karl Mack von Leiberich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coalition battle plan drawn up by Karl Mack von Leiberich launched six columns that attempted to envelop part of the French army holding an awkward bulge at Menen (Menin) and Kortrijk (Courtrai)."}, {"id": "Q213573", "label": "Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 May, Souham concentrated his main strength on the two center columns under the command of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany and Rudolf Ritter von Otto, inflicting a costly setback on the Coalition's Austrian, British, Hanoverian, and Hessian troops."}, {"id": "Q689194", "label": "Battle of Beaumont", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Beaumont on 26 April, Coalition cavalry routed a 20,000-man French column that tried to relieve Landrecies."}, {"id": "Q1095120", "label": "Battle of Courtrai", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Courtrai on 10 May, Bonnaud's 23,000 troops advanced to attack the Coalition troops holding Tournai."}], "Q3043087": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saumur occurred during the last stages of the Battle of France during World War II, when officer cadets from the Cavalry School at Saumur, led by superintendent Colonel Charles Michon, made a defensive stand along the Loire River at Saumur, Gennes, and Montsoreau."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saumur occurred during the last stages of the Battle of France during World War II, when officer cadets from the Cavalry School at Saumur, led by superintendent Colonel Charles Michon, made a defensive stand along the Loire River at Saumur, Gennes, and Montsoreau."}], "Q3044986": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The English Wars (Danish: Englandskrigene, Swedish: Englandskrigen) were a series of conflicts pitting the United Kingdom and Sweden against Denmark–Norway as part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The English Wars (Danish: Englandskrigene, Swedish: Englandskrigen) were a series of conflicts pitting the United Kingdom and Sweden against Denmark–Norway as part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The English Wars (Danish: Englandskrigene, Swedish: Englandskrigen) were a series of conflicts pitting the United Kingdom and Sweden against Denmark–Norway as part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It is named after England, the common name in Scandinavia for the United Kingdom, which declared war on Denmark–Norway due to disagreements over the neutrality of Danish trade and to prevent the Danish fleet falling into the hands of the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q426201", "label": "Gunboat War", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with the Battle of Copenhagen (1801) and its latter stage from 1807 onwards was followed by the Gunboat War, the Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09 and the Swedish invasion of Holstein in 1814."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This convoy transported mainly French and Dutch products from the Dutch East Indies to Copenhagen."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The following month a Russian ambassador arrived in Denmark with a formal invitation for the country to join the League of Armed Neutrality together with Sweden, Russia and Prussia (headed by Tsar Paul I of Russia) which it did in December 1800."}], "Q3066445": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Algeciras (1342–1344) was undertaken during the Reconquest of Spain by the Castillian forces of Alfonso XI assisted by the fleets of the Crown of Aragon and the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Algeciras (1342–1344) was undertaken during the Reconquest of Spain by the Castillian forces of Alfonso XI assisted by the fleets of the Crown of Aragon and the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Granada sent an army to relieve the city, but it was defeated beside the Río Palmones."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this, on 26 March 1344 the city surrendered and was incorporated into the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q335496", "label": "Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq", "section": "Background", "says": "The south town, Al-Binya, called Villa Nueva (\"new town\") by the Spaniards, was built by the Marinids of Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq in 1285."}], "Q3078508": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fortification of Dorchester Heights was a decisive action early in the American Revolutionary War that precipitated the end of the siege of Boston and the withdrawal of British troops from that city."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "Background", "says": "The siege of Boston began on April 19, 1775, in the aftermath of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and Colonial militia surrounded the city of Boston."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "Background", "says": "Benedict Arnold, a captain in the Connecticut militia, arrived with his troops to support the siege."}, {"id": "Q552007", "label": "Ethan Allen", "section": "Background", "says": "Arnold, Ethan Allen, the Green Mountain Boys, and militia forces from Connecticut and western Massachusetts captured the fort and all of its armaments on May 10."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "George Washington took command of the army outside Boston in July 1775, and Colonel Henry Knox raised the idea of bringing the cannons from Ticonderoga to the siege."}, {"id": "Q355680", "label": "Henry Knox", "section": "Background", "says": "George Washington took command of the army outside Boston in July 1775, and Colonel Henry Knox raised the idea of bringing the cannons from Ticonderoga to the siege."}], "Q3108282": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Valenciennes, 28 February to 17 March 1677, took place during the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Valenciennes, then in the Spanish Netherlands, was assaulted by a French army under Luxembourg, with siege operations conducted by Vauban."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Valenciennes, then in the Spanish Netherlands, was assaulted by a French army under Luxembourg, with siege operations conducted by Vauban."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1667–1668 War of Devolution, Louis XIV of France occupied much of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1670, he also signed an alliance with Charles II of England against the Dutch in the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover."}, {"id": "Q1191077", "label": "Secret Treaty of Dover", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1670, he also signed an alliance with Charles II of England against the Dutch in the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When France invaded the Dutch Republic in May 1672, they initially seemed to have won an overwhelming victory, but the Dutch position stabilised."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Concern at French gains brought them support from Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "The French position weakened in early 1674, when Denmark–Norway joined the Alliance in January, followed by the February Treaty of Westminster making peace between Britain and the Dutch Republic."}], "Q3128939": [{"id": "Q11681694", "label": "Republic of Spanish Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo (Spanish: Ocupación haitiana de Santo Domingo; French: Occupation haïtienne de Saint-Domingue; Haitian Creole: Okipasyon ayisyen nan Sen Domeng) was the annexation and merger of then-independent Republic of Spanish Haiti (formerly Santo Domingo) into the Republic of Haiti, which lasted twenty-two years from February 9, 1822, to February 27, 1844."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "However, with the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution the French lost the western part of the island, while remaining in control of the eastern part of the island until the Spanish recaptured Santo Domingo in 1809."}, {"id": "Q3963507", "label": "José Núñez de Cáceres", "section": "lead", "says": "On November 9, 1821, the former captain general in charge of the colony, José Núñez de Cáceres, decided to overthrow the Spanish government and declared independence from Spain."}, {"id": "Q449421", "label": "Jean-Pierre Boyer", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile the mulatto president of Haiti, Jean-Pierre Boyer, offered his support to the frontier governors, and thus they allowed him to enter the city of Santo Domingo with around 10,000 soldiers in February 1822 which led to the occupation."}, {"id": "Q605428", "label": "Charles Rivière-Hérard", "section": "lead", "says": "After losing the support of the elites, President Boyer was ousted in 1843 and replaced by Charles Rivière-Hérard."}, {"id": "Q188122", "label": "Juan Pablo Duarte", "section": "lead", "says": "Nationalist Dominican forces in eastern Hispaniola led by Juan Pablo Duarte seized control of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "A large faction based in the northern Cibao region were opposed to the union with Gran Colombia and also sided with Haiti."}], "Q3133630": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The 15 October 2011 global protests were part of a series of protests inspired by the Arab Spring, the Icelandic protests, the Portuguese \"Geração à Rasca\", the Spanish \"Indignants\", the Greek protests, and the Occupy movement."}], "Q3149891": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military Academy incident (士官学校事件, Shikan Gakko Jiken), also known as the November incident (十一月事件, Juichigatsu Jiken)  was an attempted coup d'état that took place in the Empire of Japan in November 1934."}, {"id": "Q516749", "label": "March Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "The failed coup attempts in 1931 (the March Incident and the Imperial Colors Incident) by the Sakurakai, a secret society within the junior ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army officer corps promoting a vision of a militaristic totalitarian system as an alternative to the perceived corrupt party politics dominated democratic government, inspired similar plans by other groups within the military."}, {"id": "Q353244", "label": "Sadao Araki", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1934, a group of five Imperial Japanese Army Academy cadets led by two army officers belonging to the radical militarist Imperial Way Faction at the academy, troubled by the perceived loss of influence of their faction over the military following the dismissal of Army Minister Sadao Araki in January 1934, formulated their own plan for overthrowing the government."}], "Q3152953": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2001 uprising in Herat was a coordinated insurrection and uprising in the Afghan city of Herat as part of the United States war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2001 uprising in Herat was a coordinated insurrection and uprising in the Afghan city of Herat as part of the United States war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was captured on November 12 by Northern Alliance forces as well as Special Forces of the United States, the United Kingdom and Iran."}], "Q3153822": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Expedition of Badr al-Maw'id was the third time the Islamic prophet Muhammad led an expedition in Badr."}, {"id": "Q488278", "label": "Battle of Uhud", "section": "lead", "says": "A year after the Battle of Uhud, it was time for Muslims to meet the polytheists and start war again in order to determine which of the two parties was worthy of survival, according to Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman al Mubarakpuri."}, {"id": "Q1391199", "label": "William Muir", "section": "Background", "says": "According to William Muir, the two opposing forces were to meet again at Badr, and that year there was a great drought, Abu Sufyan the leader of the Meccan forces did not want to fight that season, and wished to defer the fighting to another, more-plentiful season."}, {"id": "Q335430", "label": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "section": "Background", "says": "According to William Muir, the two opposing forces were to meet again at Badr, and that year there was a great drought, Abu Sufyan the leader of the Meccan forces did not want to fight that season, and wished to defer the fighting to another, more-plentiful season."}], "Q3177722": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braddock Expedition, also known as Braddock's Campaign or Braddock's Defeat, was a British military expedition which attempted to capture Fort Duquesne from the French in 1755 during the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q113412", "label": "Edward Braddock", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition, named after its commander General Edward Braddock, was defeated at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 and forced to retreat; Braddock was killed in action along with more than 500 of his troops."}, {"id": "Q524828", "label": "Battle of the Monongahela", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition, named after its commander General Edward Braddock, was defeated at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 and forced to retreat; Braddock was killed in action along with more than 500 of his troops."}], "Q319592": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle on the Planta, fought on 13 November 1475 around Conthey near Sion, Valais, Switzerland, was part of the Burgundian Wars."}, {"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle on the Planta, fought on 13 November 1475 around Conthey near Sion, Valais, Switzerland, was part of the Burgundian Wars."}], "Q321933": [{"id": "Q1473722", "label": "Dekemvriana", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Varkiza (Greek: Συμφωνία της Βάρκιζας, also known as the Varkiza Pact or the Varkiza Peace Agreement) was signed in Varkiza (near Athens) on February 12, 1945, between the Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) for EAM-ELAS, following the latter's defeat during the Dekemvriana clashes."}], "Q325486": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blue Licks, fought on August 19, 1782, was one of the last battles of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q316661", "label": "Daniel Boone", "section": "lead", "says": "On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County, Kentucky (then Fayette County, Virginia), a force of 50 Butler's Rangers and 300 Indigenous warriors ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia, who were partially led by Daniel Boone, the famed frontiersman."}], "Q326676": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish-Lithuanian and Prussian Alliance was a mutual defense alliance signed on 29 March 1790 in Warsaw between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish-Lithuanian and Prussian Alliance was a mutual defense alliance signed on 29 March 1790 in Warsaw between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "A few months later, in 1793, Prussia aided Russia in the suppression of the Kościuszko Uprising."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "By the early 17th century, the magnates of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state or rather managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status (the so-called \"Golden Freedoms\")."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Poland's neighbours were too occupied with wars to intervene forcibly in Poland, with Russia and Austria engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) and the Austro-Turkish War (1787–91))."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the context of the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire, Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski, attempted to draw Poland into the Austro-Russian alliance since he saw a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q54019", "label": "Stanisław August Poniatowski", "section": "Background", "says": "In the context of the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire, Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski, attempted to draw Poland into the Austro-Russian alliance since he saw a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth."}], "Q3267731": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas (Persian: عملیات بیت‌المقدس; Operation Jerusalem), also known as the Operation Toward Beit-ol-Moqaddas (عملیات الی بیت‌المقدس), was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 22 September 1980, because of threats from Khomeini's regime, leading to the abrogation of the 1975 Algiers Agreement, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein declared war against Iran and launched a land invasion of southern Iran, although operations did occur elsewhere on the Iran–Iraq border."}], "Q3268356": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Lorenzo was fought on 3 February 1813 in San Lorenzo, Argentina, then part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Lorenzo was fought on 3 February 1813 in San Lorenzo, Argentina, then part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "lead", "says": "The royalist troops were composed of militiamen recruited in Montevideo under the command of militia captain Antonio Zabala, who were defeated by the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers under the command of José de San Martín."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Montevideo, a royalist stronghold during the Argentine War of Independence, was under siege by José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "lead", "says": "Montevideo, a royalist stronghold during the Argentine War of Independence, was under siege by José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even though the defeats of Manuel Belgrano during the Paraguay campaign and Juan José Castelli in the first Upper Peru campaign had generated a political crisis, Belgrano's victory at the Battle of Tucumán had given new hope to the revolution, which would be strengthened shortly afterwards with the victory at the Battle of Salta."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even though the defeats of Manuel Belgrano during the Paraguay campaign and Juan José Castelli in the first Upper Peru campaign had generated a political crisis, Belgrano's victory at the Battle of Tucumán had given new hope to the revolution, which would be strengthened shortly afterwards with the victory at the Battle of Salta."}, {"id": "Q3810857", "label": "Juan José Castelli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even though the defeats of Manuel Belgrano during the Paraguay campaign and Juan José Castelli in the first Upper Peru campaign had generated a political crisis, Belgrano's victory at the Battle of Tucumán had given new hope to the revolution, which would be strengthened shortly afterwards with the victory at the Battle of Salta."}, {"id": "Q2890270", "label": "Battle of Tucumán", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even though the defeats of Manuel Belgrano during the Paraguay campaign and Juan José Castelli in the first Upper Peru campaign had generated a political crisis, Belgrano's victory at the Battle of Tucumán had given new hope to the revolution, which would be strengthened shortly afterwards with the victory at the Battle of Salta."}, {"id": "Q592091", "label": "Battle of Salta", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Even though the defeats of Manuel Belgrano during the Paraguay campaign and Juan José Castelli in the first Upper Peru campaign had generated a political crisis, Belgrano's victory at the Battle of Tucumán had given new hope to the revolution, which would be strengthened shortly afterwards with the victory at the Battle of Salta."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Montevideo, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata since the May Revolution, was under siege by both an army from Buenos Aires led by José Rondeau and a Uruguayan one led by José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q959624", "label": "José Rondeau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Montevideo, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata since the May Revolution, was under siege by both an army from Buenos Aires led by José Rondeau and a Uruguayan one led by José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Prelude", "says": "San Martín was influenced by Napoleonic warfare and trained the regiment with the most recent military techniques used in the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q3271831": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Suva Reka massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Suharekës, Serbian: Masakr u Suvoj Reci) refers to the mass murder of Kosovo Albanian civilians committed by Serbian police officers on 26 March 1999 in Suva Reka, Kosovo, during the 1999 NATO bombings of Yugoslavia."}], "Q3274982": [{"id": "Q1142446", "label": "Azai Nagamasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1570 siege of Kanegasaki (金ヶ崎の戦い, Kanegasaki no Tatakai) took place during Oda Nobunaga's conflict with the Asakura clan in Echizen Province, which was allied with Azai Nagamasa."}, {"id": "Q1322768", "label": "Asakura Yoshikage", "section": "Background", "says": "Asakura Yoshikage, the head of the Asakura clan and regent to Ashikaga Yoshiaki, refused Nobunaga's invitation to a court banquet in Kyoto."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Several reports from Mikawa Monogatari, Nobunaga Koki, Tokugawa Jikki, and a supplement from Ietada Nikki documented that Tokugawa Ieyasu and his forces also participated in this campaign."}], "Q3275284": [{"id": "Q234188", "label": "Battle of Sekigahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fushimi was a crucial battle in the series leading up to the decisive Battle of Sekigahara which ended Japan's Sengoku period."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "Fushimi was originally built several years earlier, as a luxurious palace for Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but was destroyed by an earthquake in 1596."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Tokugawa Ieyasu rebuilt it and placed it under the care of Torii Mototada."}], "Q3281712": [{"id": "Q299428", "label": "Cambyses I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first battle Cambyses I had fought in, and the first which he had fought with his son, Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first battle Cambyses I had fought in, and the first which he had fought with his son, Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q313924", "label": "Nicolaus of Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was narrated by Nicolaus of Damascus, who also mentioned the Battle of Hyrba, but Herodotus does not."}, {"id": "Q3434134", "label": "Battle of Hyrba", "section": "lead", "says": "It was narrated by Nicolaus of Damascus, who also mentioned the Battle of Hyrba, but Herodotus does not."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was narrated by Nicolaus of Damascus, who also mentioned the Battle of Hyrba, but Herodotus does not."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "lead", "says": "Cyrus managed to escape the enemy without retreating, thus ending the battle and prolonging the struggle without a complete victory for Astyages, the king of the Medes."}, {"id": "Q462684", "label": "Harpagus", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Cyrus and Cambyses assembled the army, but it is not exactly known whether Oebares (who helped Cyrus to the throne) or Harpagus participated on the side of Cyrus in the battle, it is known that the original Oebares was an advisor to Cyrus."}], "Q3294643": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolution of the Park (Revolución del Parque), also known as the Revolution of 1890 or Revolution of '90, was a civic-military uprising against the national government of Argentina that took place from July 26 to 29, 1890."}], "Q3300177": [{"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Berat (Albanian: Rrethimi i Beratit) took place in July 1455 when the Albanian army of Skanderbeg attempted to capture the fortress in the Albanian city of Berat, which was held by Ottoman forces."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "Background", "says": "When in 1449 Theodore Muzaka was dying, he sent for Skanderbeg to take over the castle in the name of the League of Lezhë."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Berat was located on an important strategic position as it controlled much of southern Albania as well as the vital supply routes leading to southern Macedonia and Greece."}], "Q3305494": [{"id": "Q299629", "label": "Léon M'ba", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1964 Gabonese coup d'état was staged between 17 and 19 February 1964 by Gabonese military officers who rose against Gabonese President Léon M'ba."}, {"id": "Q256998", "label": "Jean-Hilaire Aubame", "section": "lead", "says": "A provisional government was formed, and the coup's leaders installed Deputy Jean-Hilaire Aubame, who was M'ba's primary political opponent and had been uninvolved in the coup, as president."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "After being informed of the coup by Gabonese Chief of Staff Albert-Bernard Bongo, French President Charles de Gaulle resolved to restore the M'ba government, honoring a 1960 treaty signed between the deposed government and France when Gabon became independent."}, {"id": "Q559442", "label": "Fulbert Youlou", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "This was, in fact, very similar to the constitution adopted in favor of Fulbert Youlou at roughly the same time."}], "Q3313588": [{"id": "Q187035", "label": "Principality of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protocol of Corfu (Greek: Πρωτόκολλο της Κέρκυρας, Albanian: Protokolli i Korfuzit), signed on 17 May 1914, was an agreement between the representatives of the Albanian Government and the Provisional Government of Northern Epirus, which officially recognized the area of Northern Epirus as an autonomous self-governing region under the sovereignty of the prince of the newly established Principal"}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), the subsequent peace treaties ceded the region to Albania."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "However the protocol's terms were never fully implemented because of the politically unstable situation in Albania following the outbreak of World War I, and it was eventually annulled in 1921 during the Conference of Ambassadors."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the First Balkan War, the Greek Army defeated the Ottoman forces and pushed north through the region of Epirus, reaching a line from Himara on the Ionian coast east to Prespa Lake by February 1913."}, {"id": "Q730163", "label": "Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was thus proclaimed in Argyrokastro (Gjirokastër) on 28 February 1914, with Georgios Christakis-Zografos, a distinguished Epirote politician from Lunxhëri, as its head."}, {"id": "Q735053", "label": "Georgios Christakis-Zografos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was thus proclaimed in Argyrokastro (Gjirokastër) on 28 February 1914, with Georgios Christakis-Zografos, a distinguished Epirote politician from Lunxhëri, as its head."}], "Q331518": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rheinfelden (28 February and 3 March 1638) was a military event in the course of the Thirty Years' War, consisting in fact of two battles to the north and south of the present-day town of Rheinfelden."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On one side was a French-allied mercenary army led by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar while the other side consisted of a joint Bavarian and Holy Roman Empire army and led by Johann von Werth and Federico Savelli."}, {"id": "Q63850", "label": "Johann von Werth", "section": "lead", "says": "On one side was a French-allied mercenary army led by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar while the other side consisted of a joint Bavarian and Holy Roman Empire army and led by Johann von Werth and Federico Savelli."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Having been pushed to the west bank of the Rhine by the Imperial advance, Bernhard's army had settled in Alsace during 1635 and had done little except help repulse the Imperial invasion of France under the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Matthias Gallas in 1636."}, {"id": "Q553849", "label": "Matthias Gallas", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Having been pushed to the west bank of the Rhine by the Imperial advance, Bernhard's army had settled in Alsace during 1635 and had done little except help repulse the Imperial invasion of France under the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Matthias Gallas in 1636."}], "Q3353388": [{"id": "Q203647", "label": "Harald III of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Niså (Slaget ved Niså) was a naval battle fought on 9 August 1062 between the forces of Norwegian king Harald Hardrada and king Sweyn II of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q246812", "label": "Sweyn II of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Niså (Slaget ved Niså) was a naval battle fought on 9 August 1062 between the forces of Norwegian king Harald Hardrada and king Sweyn II of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q310999", "label": "Magnus the Good", "section": "Background", "says": "When Harald became the sole king of Norway in 1047, he also claimed the Danish throne, despite that his predecessor and co-ruler Magnus the Good (king of Norway and Denmark) had appointed Sweyn Estridsen as his successor in Denmark."}], "Q3354892": [{"id": "Q2348027", "label": "Operation Epsom", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was originally intended to take place during the later stages of Operation Epsom, to protect the eastern flank of the main assault but was postponed for a week."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "lead", "says": "Next day the Canadians repulsed German counter-attacks and held the village, which served as a base for Operation Charnwood, a Second Army attack on Caen, involving the rest of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on 8 July, and the airfield was captured by the Canadians on 9 July."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "Background", "says": "Caen was an Operation Overlord goal for I Corps of the Anglo-Canadian Second Army, which landed forces on two Normandy beaches on 6 June 1944, to capture the city and the Carpiquet area."}, {"id": "Q540593", "label": "Miles Dempsey", "section": "Background", "says": "German resistance prevented the town from being captured on D-Day, a result considered possible by Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey the Second Army commander."}], "Q3362247": [{"id": "Q2471586", "label": "Pomeranian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Swedish War or Pomeranian War was the first involvement by Sweden in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Swedish War or Pomeranian War was the first involvement by Sweden in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1803, the United Kingdom had declared war on France, and Sweden remained neutral, together with Denmark–Norway and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1803, the United Kingdom had declared war on France, and Sweden remained neutral, together with Denmark–Norway and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "However, after the execution of Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé in 1804, the Swedish government broke all diplomatic ties with France and concluded a convention to allow the British to use Swedish Pomerania as a military base against France in exchange for payments."}], "Q3376595": [{"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Treasury Islands was a Second World War battle that took place between 27 October and 12 November 1943 on the Treasury Islands group, part of the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle formed part of the wider Pacific War and involved New Zealand and US forces fighting against Japanese troops."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle formed part of the wider Pacific War and involved New Zealand and US forces fighting against Japanese troops."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the battle, the islands offered the Allies further opportunities to bypass large groups of Japanese forces as they advanced through the Solomons towards the main Japanese base around Rabaul, the reduction of which was a key part of the overarching Allied strategy developed under the guise of Operation Cartwheel."}], "Q3378038": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The London Convention was a treaty negotiated in 1884 between Great Britain, as the paramount power in South Africa, and the South African Republic."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The London Convention was a treaty negotiated in 1884 between Great Britain, as the paramount power in South Africa, and the South African Republic."}, {"id": "Q1794609", "label": "Pretoria Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The London Convention superseded the 1881 Pretoria Convention."}, {"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The treaty governed the relations between the ZAR and Britain following the retrocession of the South African Republic in the aftermath of the First Boer War."}], "Q338618": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Stecklikrieg (\"War of Sticks\") was a civil war in Switzerland in 1802 that resulted in the collapse of the Helvetic Republic, the renewed French occupation of Switzerland and ultimately the Act of Mediation dictated by Napoleon Bonaparte on 19 February 1803."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Stecklikrieg (\"War of Sticks\") was a civil war in Switzerland in 1802 that resulted in the collapse of the Helvetic Republic, the renewed French occupation of Switzerland and ultimately the Act of Mediation dictated by Napoleon Bonaparte on 19 February 1803."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Treaty of Lunéville of 1801, French troops suddenly withdrew from Switzerland in late July 1802, resulting in rapid destabilization of the country."}], "Q3434323": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Izbica massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Izbicës; Serbian: Pokolj u Izbici) was one of the largest massacres of the Kosovo War."}], "Q3436319": [{"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the final battle of the centuries long struggle between the First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantium."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "Within months after Vladislav’s death most of his realm was subjugated by the Byzantine emperor Basil II, with the last independent region (Sirmium) subdued in 1019."}, {"id": "Q2888155", "label": "Battle of Bitola", "section": "Historical background", "says": "While Vladislav attacked Dyrrhachium, Basil II captured his capital Ohrid, but later, as a result of the Battle of Bitola, was forced to abandon it."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The isolated resistance was suppressed and Bulgaria became a Byzantine province."}], "Q3436429": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 April 1992, in response to events all over Bosnia and Herzegovina 100,000 people of all nationalities turned out for a peace rally in Sarajevo."}], "Q3445917": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Even though Pakistan had conceived their Operation Ababeel in 1983, earlier than India, India preempted them in execution by launching Operation Meghdoot on the morning of 13 April 1984, four days earlier than Pakistan had planned to launch Operation Ababeel, resulting in Indian forces gaining control of almost the entire Siachen Glacier, considered in modern times to be the highest battleground i"}], "Q3478362": [{"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the final battle of the Paris Commune."}, {"id": "Q158021", "label": "Treaty of Frankfurt", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Treaty of Frankfurt and France's loss in the Franco-Prussian War, on 18 March the new French government under Prime Minister Adolphe Thiers attempted to remove a large number of cannons from a park in Montmartre, to keep them out of the hands of the more radical soldiers of the Paris National Guard."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Treaty of Frankfurt and France's loss in the Franco-Prussian War, on 18 March the new French government under Prime Minister Adolphe Thiers attempted to remove a large number of cannons from a park in Montmartre, to keep them out of the hands of the more radical soldiers of the Paris National Guard."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Treaty of Frankfurt and France's loss in the Franco-Prussian War, on 18 March the new French government under Prime Minister Adolphe Thiers attempted to remove a large number of cannons from a park in Montmartre, to keep them out of the hands of the more radical soldiers of the Paris National Guard."}, {"id": "Q158838", "label": "Patrice de MacMahon", "section": "lead", "says": "Thiers, the army commander Patrice de MacMahon and the French government hurriedly left the city, and established their headquarters in Versailles, and prepared plans to recapture the city."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ninety-five were sentenced to death, 251 to forced labor, and 1,169 to deportation (mostly to New Caledonia)."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Commune supporters, including several of the leaders, fled abroad, mostly to England, Belgium and Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April, the Commune launched a military expedition against the Versailles government led by Gustave Paul Cluseret, who had fought with Giuseppe Garibaldi and had been a general in the Union Army."}], "Q3480288": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Srebrenica (Serbo-Croatian: Opsada Srebrenice, Опсада Сребреницe) was a three-year siege of the town of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina which lasted from April 1992 to July 1995 during the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Srebrenica (Serbo-Croatian: Opsada Srebrenice, Опсада Сребреницe) was a three-year siege of the town of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina which lasted from April 1992 to July 1995 during the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q361189", "label": "Naser Orić", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1995, the commander of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) in the enclave, Naser Orić, left Srebrenica and fled to the town of Tuzla."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1995, Srebrenica fell to the combined forces of the Republika Srpska and numerous paramilitary formations which included hundreds of Greek and Russian volunteers in what was codenamed Operation Krivaja '95 (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Krivaja '95, Операција Криваја '95)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent Srebrenica massacre of the town's male population led to the deaths of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys, and is considered the largest act of mass murder in Europe since the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q715920", "label": "Radislav Krstić", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, VRS General Radislav Krstić was found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) of murder, persecution and aiding and abetting genocide, while VRS General Zdravko Tolimir was also convicted of genocide."}, {"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the indictments against Ratko Mladić, the commander of the VRS during the war, is for the massacre in Srebrenica."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Srebrenica itself was inhabited by 9,000 people when Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1992."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "Naser Orić, a one-time member of the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs and former bodyguard of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, then assumed control of Srebrenica after helping local Bosniak forces drive the SDG and other Serb paramilitary units from the town by 8 May."}], "Q3485960": [{"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called Augsburg Interim came to an end when Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League approached Henry II of France and concluded the Treaty of Chambord, giving the free cities of Toul, Verdun, and Metz (the 'Three Bishoprics') to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q1414387", "label": "Treaty of Chambord", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called Augsburg Interim came to an end when Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League approached Henry II of France and concluded the Treaty of Chambord, giving the free cities of Toul, Verdun, and Metz (the 'Three Bishoprics') to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called Augsburg Interim came to an end when Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League approached Henry II of France and concluded the Treaty of Chambord, giving the free cities of Toul, Verdun, and Metz (the 'Three Bishoprics') to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V laid siege to the French garrison commanded by Francis, Duke of Guise."}, {"id": "Q28495", "label": "Francis, Duke of Guise", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V laid siege to the French garrison commanded by Francis, Duke of Guise."}], "Q3485984": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Paris (7 May – 30 August 1590) took place during the French Wars of Religion when the French Royal Army under Henry of Navarre, and supported by the Huguenots, failed to capture the city of Paris from the Catholic League."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Paris (7 May – 30 August 1590) took place during the French Wars of Religion when the French Royal Army under Henry of Navarre, and supported by the Huguenots, failed to capture the city of Paris from the Catholic League."}, {"id": "Q524562", "label": "Charles of Lorraine, duke of Mayenne", "section": "Background", "says": "After his victory over the Catholic forces commanded by Charles, Duke of Mayenne and Charles of Guise, Duke of Aumale at the Battle of Ivry on 14 March, Henry of Navarre advanced with his troops on his main objective of Paris, possession of which would allow him to confirm his contested claim to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q675516", "label": "Battle of Ivry", "section": "Background", "says": "After his victory over the Catholic forces commanded by Charles, Duke of Mayenne and Charles of Guise, Duke of Aumale at the Battle of Ivry on 14 March, Henry of Navarre advanced with his troops on his main objective of Paris, possession of which would allow him to confirm his contested claim to the French throne."}], "Q3486019": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of San Sebastián took place between 7 July and 8 September 1813, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q3261841", "label": "Louis Emmanuel Rey", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful assault carried out by Graham forced the surrender of the defending French garrison under Louis Emmanuel Rey."}], "Q3486033": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Thionville saw an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the French stronghold of Thionville by the Austro-royalists during the War of the First Coalition."}], "Q3489516": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pottawatomie massacre occurred on the night of May 24–25, 1856, in the Kansas Territory, United States."}, {"id": "Q189366", "label": "John Brown", "section": "lead", "says": "In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces on May 21, and the telegraphed news of the severe attack on Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers—some of them members of the Pottawatomie Rifles—responded violently."}, {"id": "Q331377", "label": "Bleeding Kansas", "section": "lead", "says": "This soon became the most famous of the many violent episodes of the \"Bleeding Kansas\" period, during which a state-level civil war in the Kansas Territory was described as a \"tragic prelude\" to the American Civil War which soon followed. \"Bleeding Kansas\" involved conflicts between pro- and anti-slavery settlers over whether the Kansas Territory would enter the Union as a slave state or a free st"}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This soon became the most famous of the many violent episodes of the \"Bleeding Kansas\" period, during which a state-level civil war in the Kansas Territory was described as a \"tragic prelude\" to the American Civil War which soon followed. \"Bleeding Kansas\" involved conflicts between pro- and anti-slavery settlers over whether the Kansas Territory would enter the Union as a slave state or a free st"}, {"id": "Q215562", "label": "Frederick Douglass", "section": "lead", "says": "Abolitionist Frederick Douglass described the massacre by John Brown's band as \"a terrible remedy for a terrible malady.\""}, {"id": "Q1066198", "label": "Charles Sumner", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, two days before the massacre, Brown learned about the caning of abolitionist Charles Sumner by the pro-slavery Preston Brooks on the floor of Congress."}], "Q3490568": [{"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the Philippine Thermopylae, took place during the Philippine–American War on December 2, 1899, in northern Luzon in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the Philippine Thermopylae, took place during the Philippine–American War on December 2, 1899, in northern Luzon in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "lead", "says": "March, while delaying the American advance to ensure that President Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops escaped."}], "Q3491975": [{"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "Prelude of the Battle", "says": "In the aftermath of the Battle of the Metarus, which resulted in the death of Hasdrubal Barca and a decisive Roman victory."}, {"id": "Q451220", "label": "Lucius Furius Purpureo", "section": "Prelude of the Battle", "says": "The governor of the area, Lucius Furius Purpureo, following senatorial orders, disbanded all but 5,000 men in his army and took up defences at Ariminum."}], "Q3495710": [{"id": "Q313662", "label": "Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya", "section": "lead", "says": "President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was ousted by the Armed Forces of Mauritania and replaced by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (CMJD), headed by Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, while Taya was in Saudi Arabia attending the funeral of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q451521", "label": "Ely Ould Mohamed Vall", "section": "lead", "says": "President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was ousted by the Armed Forces of Mauritania and replaced by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (CMJD), headed by Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, while Taya was in Saudi Arabia attending the funeral of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was ousted by the Armed Forces of Mauritania and replaced by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (CMJD), headed by Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, while Taya was in Saudi Arabia attending the funeral of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q183187", "label": "Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was ousted by the Armed Forces of Mauritania and replaced by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (CMJD), headed by Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, while Taya was in Saudi Arabia attending the funeral of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q730612", "label": "Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla", "section": "Background", "says": "Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya had reigned over Mauritania since he had taken power from Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla in a bloodless coup d'état in December 1984."}], "Q3496783": [{"id": "Q202578", "label": "First Jewish-Roman War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beth Horon was a military engagement fought in 66 CE between the Roman army and Jewish rebels in the early phase of the First Jewish–Roman War."}, {"id": "Q1376454", "label": "Gessius Florus", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly thereafter, Roman procurator Gessius Florus arrived in Jerusalem and seized 17 talents from the Temple treasury, claiming it was for \"governmental purposes.\" His brutal suppression of protests—including mass killings, looting, crucifixions, and the taking of prisoners—sparked a popular uprising that led to his withdrawal from the city."}, {"id": "Q313419", "label": "Agrippa II", "section": "Background", "says": "The pro-Roman Jewish ruler Herod Agrippa II attempted to calm the unrest, but his appeals were rejected and he was forced to flee the city."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Eleazar ben Hanania, a Temple official and son of a former High Priest, halted the daily sacrifices offered on behalf of the emperor, an act which according to Josephus, marked the beginning of the war."}, {"id": "Q202161", "label": "Gallic War", "section": "Background", "says": "From Antioch, he assembled a large expeditionary force, anchored by Legio XII Fulminata, a unit with a history dating back to Caesar's Gallic Wars."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By 19 August 66 at the latest, Gallus began marching his troops from Antioch to Akko-Ptolemais in Phoenicia (modern Acre, Israel)."}], "Q3499822": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1204, Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire was taken by the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1204, Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire was taken by the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1204, Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire was taken by the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the collapse of the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Latin Empire and other Crusader states in Greece."}, {"id": "Q629482", "label": "William of Champlitte", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, a Crusader force of between 500 and 700 knights and infantry under the command of William of Champlitte and Geoffrey I of Villehardouin advanced into the Morea to deal with Byzantine resistance."}, {"id": "Q279147", "label": "Geoffrey I of Villehardouin", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, a Crusader force of between 500 and 700 knights and infantry under the command of William of Champlitte and Geoffrey I of Villehardouin advanced into the Morea to deal with Byzantine resistance."}, {"id": "Q441429", "label": "Michael I Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "In the olive grove of Kountouras in Messenia, they confronted an army of around 4,000–5,000 local Greeks and Slavs under the command of a certain Michael, sometimes identified with Michael I Komnenos Doukas, the founder of the Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "In the olive grove of Kountouras in Messenia, they confronted an army of around 4,000–5,000 local Greeks and Slavs under the command of a certain Michael, sometimes identified with Michael I Komnenos Doukas, the founder of the Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle paved the way for the foundation of the Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the main leaders of the crusade, Boniface of Montferrat, having lost the opportunity to become the new Latin emperor of Constantinople, went on to found the Kingdom of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q766296", "label": "Leo Sgouros", "section": "Background", "says": "That autumn, Boniface campaigned south into Greece, where he defeated the local magnate Leo Sgouros and drove him back to his strongholds of Nauplia and Acrocorinth in the northeastern Morea (Peloponnese), which were besieged by the Crusaders."}], "Q3505891": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1944 San Juan earthquake took place  on 15 January in the province of San Juan, in the center-west area of Argentina, a region highly prone to seismic events."}], "Q3536706": [{"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger was heavily influenced by the ideas of Smith, and was one of the key motivators of the treaty."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty is often considered to be one of the grievances of the French people that sparked the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The government of Louis XVI believed that if prohibitions were abolished and import duties were reduced, then legitimate trade would expand."}], "Q3540932": [{"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Split Agreement or Split Declaration (Serbo-Croatian: Splitski sporazum or Splitska deklaracija) was a mutual defence agreement between Croatia, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, signed in Split, Croatia on 22 July 1995."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Split Agreement or Split Declaration (Serbo-Croatian: Splitski sporazum or Splitska deklaracija) was a mutual defence agreement between Croatia, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, signed in Split, Croatia on 22 July 1995."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Split Agreement was a turning point in the Bosnian War as well as an important factor in the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Split Agreement was a turning point in the Bosnian War as well as an important factor in the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "This in turn allowed the quick capture of Knin, the capital of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK), and the lifting of the siege of Bihać soon thereafter, during Operation Storm."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent HV offensives in Bosnia and Herzegovina, supported by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO), as well as NATO air campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina, shifted the military balance in the Bosnian War, contributing to the start of peace talks, leading to the Dayton Agreement."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "It was thought that the capture of Bihać by Serb forces would escalate the war and worsen a growing rift between the United States, France and the United Kingdom, with the U.S. and European powers advocating different approaches to preservation of the area."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, denying Bihać to the RSK or Republika Srpska was strategically important to Croatia, which was fighting the Croatian War of Independence against the RSK."}, {"id": "Q666662", "label": "Janko Bobetko", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chief of the Croatian General Staff Janko Bobetko thought that the possible fall of Bihać would represent the end of Croatia's war effort."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The meeting was one in a series held in Zagreb and Washington, D.C. following the March 1994 Washington Agreement."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "Background", "says": "The agreement ended the Croat–Bosniak War, re-allied the ARBiH and the HVO against the VRS and provided Croatia with US military advisors from the Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI)."}], "Q3560710": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "In contrast to the violent struggles between the Portuguese and some native peoples in Mozambique, the colonization of Cabinda was peaceful."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in the February 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco,  which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of the Portuguese Crown under the request of \"the princes and governors of Cabinda\"."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Cabinda was incorporated into the Portuguese Empire separately from its larger southern neighbour Angola even though, at the time, the two were separated merely by the Congo River and a strip of land of the Democratic Republic of Congo."}], "Q3625654": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gothic War of 401–403 fought between the Western Roman Empire and the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gothic War of 401–403 fought between the Western Roman Empire and the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander of the Roman army was Flavius Stilicho, the Visigoths were led by Alaric."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Emperor Theodosius I, the empire was split into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Emperor Theodosius I, the empire was split into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q102371", "label": "Alaric I", "section": "Background", "says": "A problem arose when in 395 Alaric, a former general in the Roman army and king of the Visigoths, revolted and invaded Greece (Revolt of Alaric I)."}], "Q3636553": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Norfolk was a tank battle fought on February 27, 1991, during the Persian Gulf War, between armored forces of the United States and United Kingdom, and those of the Iraqi Republican Guard in the Muthanna Province of southern Iraq."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Norfolk was a tank battle fought on February 27, 1991, during the Persian Gulf War, between armored forces of the United States and United Kingdom, and those of the Iraqi Republican Guard in the Muthanna Province of southern Iraq."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Norfolk was a tank battle fought on February 27, 1991, during the Persian Gulf War, between armored forces of the United States and United Kingdom, and those of the Iraqi Republican Guard in the Muthanna Province of southern Iraq."}], "Q3636594": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The two Battles of Ramadi were fought between the forces of the British and Ottoman Empires in July and September 1917 during World War I."}], "Q3649504": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Venice was dissolved and dismembered by the French general Napoleon Bonaparte and the Habsburg monarchy on 12 May 1797, ending approximately 1,100 years of its existence."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final action of Napoleon's Italian campaign of 1796–1797 before the War of the First Coalition formally ended in October."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1796, General Napoleon had been sent by the newly formed French Republic to confront Austria, as part of the Italian front of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1796, General Napoleon had been sent by the newly formed French Republic to confront Austria, as part of the Italian front of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q458677", "label": "Ludovico Manin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 May, Ludovico Manin, the last doge of Venice, formally abolished the Most Serene Republic of Venice after 1,100 years of existence."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "lead", "says": "The French and the Austrians had secretly agreed on 17 April in the Treaty of Leoben that in exchange for providing Venice to Austria, France would receive the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The French and the Austrians had secretly agreed on 17 April in the Treaty of Leoben that in exchange for providing Venice to Austria, France would receive the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "lead", "says": "It then returned to Austrian hands in 1815 as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia until its incorporation into the Kin"}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The fall of the ancient Republic of Venice was the result of a sequence of events that followed the French Revolution and the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars that pitted the First French Republic against the monarchic powers of Europe, allied in the First Coalition (1792), particularly following the execution of Louis XVI on 21 January 1793, which spurred the monarchies of Europe to common ca"}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The fall of the ancient Republic of Venice was the result of a sequence of events that followed the French Revolution and the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars that pitted the First French Republic against the monarchic powers of Europe, allied in the First Coalition (1792), particularly following the execution of Louis XVI on 21 January 1793, which spurred the monarchies of Europe to common ca"}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The pretender to the French throne, Louis Stanislas Xavier (the future Louis XVIII), spent a period of time in 1794 in Verona, as a guest of the Venetian republic."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "As a sign of protest, the French prince demanded that his name be removed from the libro d'oro of the Venetian nobility, and that he be returned the armour of Henry IV of France, that was kept at Venice."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "For 1796, the Directory ordered the launching of a grand double-pronged offensive against the First Coalition: a principal attack east over the Rhine into the German states of the Holy Roman Empire, and a diversionary attack against the Austrians and their allies in the south, in northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the lightning Montenotte campaign, Napoleon knocked Sardinia out of the war and then moved on the Duchy of Milan, which was controlled by the Habsburg forces."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 May Archduke Ferdinand, the Austrian governor of Milan, retired with his family to Bergamo in Venetian territory."}, {"id": "Q312681", "label": "Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia", "section": "Background", "says": "Six days later, after winning the Battle of Lodi, Napoleon entered Milan, and forced King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia to sign the humiliating Treaty of Paris, while the Habsburg forces withdrew to defend the Prince-Bishopric of Trent."}, {"id": "Q1231403", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Trent", "section": "Background", "says": "Six days later, after winning the Battle of Lodi, Napoleon entered Milan, and forced King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia to sign the humiliating Treaty of Paris, while the Habsburg forces withdrew to defend the Prince-Bishopric of Trent."}], "Q3651751": [{"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Trajan's Parthian campaign was engaged by Roman emperor Trajan from 113 to 117 against the Parthian Empire in Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q318162", "label": "Osroes I of Parthia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 114, Trajan invaded Armenia; annexed it as a Roman province and killed Parthamasiris, who had been placed on the Armenian throne by his relative, Parthian king Osroes I."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "That Charax traded with the Roman Empire is certain since actual connections with merchants from Palmyra during the period are well documented in a contemporary Palmyrene epigraph that tells of various Palmyrene citizens honoured for holding office in Charax."}], "Q3652215": [{"id": "Q195972", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in Çıldır, about 150 km southwest of Tiflis, the capital of the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace between the Ottoman Empire and Persian (Safavid) Empire after the treaty of Amasya continued from 1555 to 1578."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "Background", "says": "When Murat III of the Ottoman Empire ascended to the throne in 1574, Tahmasp I of Persia sent presents to Murat III."}], "Q365640": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beaver Dams took place on 24 June 1813, during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q434840", "label": "Laura Secord", "section": "lead", "says": "Laura Secord, a resident of Queenston, had earlier learned of the American plans from several Americans billeted at her house and had struck out on a long and difficult trek to warn the British at Decou's stone house near present-day Brock University."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 May 1813, the United States had won the Battle of Fort George, capturing the fort."}, {"id": "Q177470", "label": "Battle of Stoney Creek", "section": "Background", "says": "The Americans attempted to pursue the British, but their advance was checked at the Battle of Stoney Creek by a British counter-attack."}], "Q3656916": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "The Byzantines tried to forge a coalition against Bulgaria but their attempts failed due to the fast reaction of the Bulgarian ruler Simeon I."}], "Q3658075": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Setina (Bulgarian: Битка при Сетина) took place in the autumn of 1017 near the village of Setina in modern northwestern Greece between the armies of the Bulgarian Empire and Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Setina (Bulgarian: Битка при Сетина) took place in the autumn of 1017 near the village of Setina in modern northwestern Greece between the armies of the Bulgarian Empire and Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1014, after decades of war, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II scored a decisive victory over the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel in the battle of Kleidion."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Samuel died of a heart attack on 6 October 1014 and the Byzantines took the opportunity to penetrate deep into Macedonia, the political heart of the Bulgarian Empire, and seized a number of important cities (Bitola, Prilep, Voden, Maglen)."}, {"id": "Q137632", "label": "Gavril Radomir", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the new Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Vladislav, who in 1015 assassinated Samuel's son and heir Gavril Radomir, had unsuccessfully tried to make an agreement with Basil II, he organized the defense of the country."}], "Q369336": [{"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The three grew up in Jena, a town in the former East Germany state of Thuringia."}], "Q371476": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, this airstrike was the first such attack on a nuclear reactor and the third attack on any nuclear facility in history: Iran sought to thwart Iraq's progress in nuclear research and development due to the Iran–Iraq War, fearing the possibility of any potential Iraqi nuclear weapons being used on Iranian soil in the future."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A decade later, seven months after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Centre was struck by the United States as part of the Gulf War aerial bombardment campaign."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "A decade later, seven months after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Centre was struck by the United States as part of the Gulf War aerial bombardment campaign."}], "Q37467350": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was fought mainly in Silesia, Bohemia and Upper Saxony and formed one theatre of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last of three Silesian Wars fought between Frederick the Great's Prussia and Maria Theresa's Austria in the mid-18th century, all three of which ended in Prussian control of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q698686", "label": "Treaty of Hubertusburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began with a Prussian invasion of Saxony in mid-1756, and it ended in a Prussian diplomatic victory with the 1763 Treaty of Hubertusburg, which confirmed Prussian control of Silesia."}], "Q3751537": [{"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Albelda took place near Albelda in 851 between the Muslim forces of Musa ibn Musa, chief of the Banu Qasi and governor of Tudela on behalf of the Emirate of Córdoba, and an army of the Franks and Gascons from France, probably allies of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias, inveterate enemy of Musa."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Albelda took place near Albelda in 851 between the Muslim forces of Musa ibn Musa, chief of the Banu Qasi and governor of Tudela on behalf of the Emirate of Córdoba, and an army of the Franks and Gascons from France, probably allies of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias, inveterate enemy of Musa."}, {"id": "Q223646", "label": "Ordoño I of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is usually connected with a campaign of Ordoño I of Asturias to suppress a Basque revolt, and may be related also to the capture of certain Frankish and Gascon leaders."}, {"id": "Q3752313", "label": "Battle of Monte Laturce", "section": "lead", "says": "In the past, the battle has been conflated with the Battle of Monte Laturce, also near Albelda, which occurred in 859 or 860."}, {"id": "Q2745220", "label": "Ibn Hayyan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Ibn Hayyan, in 237 A.H. (851/2 A.D.), the same year that Íñigo Arista died, Musa ibn Musa defeated the Gascons (Glaskiyyun) in battle under the walls of Albelda."}], "Q37644827": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thannuris (Tannuris) (or Battle of Mindouos) was fought between the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire under Belisarius and the Persian Sasanian Empire under Xerxes in summer 528, near Dara in northern Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thannuris (Tannuris) (or Battle of Mindouos) was fought between the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire under Belisarius and the Persian Sasanian Empire under Xerxes in summer 528, near Dara in northern Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thannuris (Tannuris) (or Battle of Mindouos) was fought between the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire under Belisarius and the Persian Sasanian Empire under Xerxes in summer 528, near Dara in northern Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the emperor Justin I in 527, his successor Justinian I was determined to continue the war against the Sassanid Empire."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the emperor Justin I in 527, his successor Justinian I was determined to continue the war against the Sassanid Empire."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "Justinian responded by reinforcing Belisarius with the duces of Phoenice Libanensis Coutzes and Bouzes, the dux of Phoenicia Proclianus (according to Malalas), Sebastianus, Vincentius, comes Basilius, some Isaurians, and Ghassanid Arabs under their king Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith (Tapharas)."}], "Q3772937": [{"id": "Q282135", "label": "War of the Castilian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guinea took place on the Gulf of Guinea, in West Africa, 1478, between a Portuguese fleet and a Castilian fleet in the context of the War of the Castilian Succession."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome of the battle of Guinea was decisive for Portugal, continuing its dominance of the Atlantic Ocean, and reaching a very favourable sharing of the Atlantic and territories disputed with Castile in the Peace of Alcáçovas (1479)."}, {"id": "Q299119", "label": "Afonso V of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1478, Prince John of Portugal, who had been charged since 1474 by his father, King Afonso V of Portugal, with the administration of the Portuguese maritime expansion, received news that a large Castilian fleet of up to thirty five ships commanded by Pedro de Covides had been sent from Seville by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon to Portugal's claimed Mina, in the region of the Gulf "}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1478, Prince John of Portugal, who had been charged since 1474 by his father, King Afonso V of Portugal, with the administration of the Portuguese maritime expansion, received news that a large Castilian fleet of up to thirty five ships commanded by Pedro de Covides had been sent from Seville by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon to Portugal's claimed Mina, in the region of the Gulf "}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1478, Prince John of Portugal, who had been charged since 1474 by his father, King Afonso V of Portugal, with the administration of the Portuguese maritime expansion, received news that a large Castilian fleet of up to thirty five ships commanded by Pedro de Covides had been sent from Seville by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon to Portugal's claimed Mina, in the region of the Gulf "}], "Q3772977": [{"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos was the first of two main battles in the Lima campaign during the War of the Pacific, and was fought on 13 January 1881."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle is really a group of smaller, yet fierce confrontations at the defensive strongholds of Villa, Chorrillos, Santiago de Surco, San Juan de Miraflores, Santa Teresa and Morro Solar."}, {"id": "Q880764", "label": "Manuel Baquedano", "section": "lead", "says": "Manuel Baquedano inflicted a harsh defeat on the Peruvian army commanded by the Supreme Chief Nicolás de Piérola."}, {"id": "Q170057", "label": "Nicolás de Piérola", "section": "lead", "says": "Manuel Baquedano inflicted a harsh defeat on the Peruvian army commanded by the Supreme Chief Nicolás de Piérola."}], "Q3798246": [{"id": "Q459118", "label": "Marcos Pérez Jiménez", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état took place on 23 January 1958, when the dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez was overthrown."}, {"id": "Q878491", "label": "Wolfgang Larrazábal", "section": "lead", "says": "Wolfgang Larrazábal and then Edgar Sanabria was put in place until December 1958 elections saw Democratic Action candidate Rómulo Betancourt elected and take office on 13 February 1959."}, {"id": "Q718250", "label": "Edgar Sanabria", "section": "lead", "says": "Wolfgang Larrazábal and then Edgar Sanabria was put in place until December 1958 elections saw Democratic Action candidate Rómulo Betancourt elected and take office on 13 February 1959."}, {"id": "Q332081", "label": "Rómulo Betancourt", "section": "lead", "says": "Wolfgang Larrazábal and then Edgar Sanabria was put in place until December 1958 elections saw Democratic Action candidate Rómulo Betancourt elected and take office on 13 February 1959."}], "Q3800705": [{"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zemla Intifada (or the Zemla Uprising) is the name used to refer to disturbances of 17 June 1970, which culminated in a massacre (where between 2 and 11 people were killed) by Spanish Legion forces in the Zemla district of El Aaiun, Spanish Sahara (modern-day Western Sahara)."}], "Q3817040": [{"id": "Q770951", "label": "War of the Eight Princes", "section": "lead", "says": "Overlapping with the War of the Eight Princes, these conflicts involved non-Han peoples and tribes eventually drove the Jin imperial court out of northern China."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Five Divisions of Bing province, descendants of the Southern Xiongnu, took advantage of the Jin prince's infighting to declare independence and establish the Han-Zhao in 304, acclaiming the noble Liu Yuan as their leader."}, {"id": "Q714159", "label": "Liu Yuan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Five Divisions of Bing province, descendants of the Southern Xiongnu, took advantage of the Jin prince's infighting to declare independence and establish the Han-Zhao in 304, acclaiming the noble Liu Yuan as their leader."}, {"id": "Q1196190", "label": "Shi Le", "section": "lead", "says": "As anti-Jin revolts spread to Hebei and Shandong, a former Jie slave, Shi Le, rose to prominence, and after joining Liu Yuan, he would effectively control the eastern part of his empire."}, {"id": "Q712330", "label": "Li Xiong", "section": "lead", "says": "Li Te's son Li Xiong captured Chengdu and established Cheng-Han in 304."}, {"id": "Q1069905", "label": "Cheng Han", "section": "lead", "says": "Li Te's son Li Xiong captured Chengdu and established Cheng-Han in 304."}, {"id": "Q7361", "label": "Emperor Huai of Jin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 311, Han captured Emperor Huai of Jin and the ancient capital, Luoyang, in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia."}, {"id": "Q2481148", "label": "Disaster of Yongjia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 311, Han captured Emperor Huai of Jin and the ancient capital, Luoyang, in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia."}], "Q386601": [{"id": "Q58773", "label": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kaiserslautern (28–30 November 1793) saw a Coalition army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel oppose a Republican French army led by Lazare Hoche."}, {"id": "Q367042", "label": "Lazare Hoche", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kaiserslautern (28–30 November 1793) saw a Coalition army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel oppose a Republican French army led by Lazare Hoche."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the First Coalition combat was fought near the city of Kaiserslautern in the modern-day state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, which is located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Mannheim."}, {"id": "Q5452548", "label": "First Battle of Wissembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Wissembourg, the Coalition army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser broke through the frontier defenses and drove the French Army of the Rhine south to Strasbourg."}, {"id": "Q78691", "label": "Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Wissembourg, the Coalition army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser broke through the frontier defenses and drove the French Army of the Rhine south to Strasbourg."}, {"id": "Q355643", "label": "Jean-Charles Pichegru", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to this crisis, the French government appointed Hoche to command the Army of the Moselle and Jean-Charles Pichegru to lead the Army of the Rhine, while urging them to relieve the siege of Landau."}, {"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "Background", "says": "The French government immediately sent the released troops to fight in the internal War in the Vendée."}, {"id": "Q456122", "label": "Alexandre de Beauharnais", "section": "Background", "says": "The 60,000-strong Army of the Rhine under Alexandre de Beauharnais and the 40,000-strong Army of the Moselle under Jean Nicolas Houchard were poised to march to the relief of Mainz."}, {"id": "Q1685098", "label": "Jean Nicolas Houchard", "section": "Background", "says": "The 60,000-strong Army of the Rhine under Alexandre de Beauharnais and the 40,000-strong Army of the Moselle under Jean Nicolas Houchard were poised to march to the relief of Mainz."}, {"id": "Q171480", "label": "Joséphine de Beauharnais", "section": "Background", "says": "His widow Joséphine de Beauharnais later married Napoleon Bonaparte."}], "Q389349": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Buçaco (pronounced [buˈsaku]) or Bussaco was fought on 27 September 1810 during the Peninsular War in the Portuguese mountain range of Serra do Buçaco, resulting in the defeat of French forces by Lord Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese Army."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "Having occupied the heights of Bussaco with a total of 26,843 British and 25,429 Portuguese troops, Wellington was attacked five times successively by invasion force of 65,050 French under Marshal André Masséna."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "The actual assaults were made by the corps of Marshal Michel Ney and General of Division (Major General) Jean Reynier, but after much fierce fighting they failed to dislodge the allied forces and were driven off after having lost up to 4,500 men against up to 1,356 Anglo-Portuguese casualties."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "lead", "says": "The actual assaults were made by the corps of Marshal Michel Ney and General of Division (Major General) Jean Reynier, but after much fierce fighting they failed to dislodge the allied forces and were driven off after having lost up to 4,500 men against up to 1,356 Anglo-Portuguese casualties."}], "Q3937377": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive was a Red Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European Theatre of World War II; it took place between 18 and 31 January 1942."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive was a Red Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European Theatre of World War II; it took place between 18 and 31 January 1942."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Soviet data, Nazi Germany lost 25,000 soldiers."}], "Q3966451": [{"id": "Q171203", "label": "Benin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Benin Expedition of 1897 was the conquest of the Kingdom of Benin by British forces that led to the annexation of Benin into colonial Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q7114198", "label": "Ovonramwen", "section": "lead", "says": "In late December 1896, a party of 250 people led by James Phillips of the Niger Coast Protectorate set off to Benin City with the stated purpose of discussing trade relations with their leader, Ovonramwen, but Phillips did not wait for his approval before crossing into Benin."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the British consul Richard Burton visited Benin in 1862 he described it a place of \"gratuitous barbarity which stinks of death\", a narrative which was publicized in Britain and increased pressure for the territory's incorporation into the British Empire."}], "Q40765": [{"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Uzice was the first major counter-insurgency operation by the German Wehrmacht on the occupied territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Uzice was the first major counter-insurgency operation by the German Wehrmacht on the occupied territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was directed against the Užice Republic, the first of several \"free territories\" liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans."}, {"id": "Q167443", "label": "Milan Nedić", "section": "lead", "says": "The security forces of the German-installed puppet regime of Milan Nedić also participated in the offensive."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Captain Duane Hudson, British liaison officer in Yugoslavia, then advised the Alli"}], "Q4087367": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vilnius was an attack by Russian and Cossack forces on Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, that occurred on 8 August 1655 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vilnius was an attack by Russian and Cossack forces on Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, that occurred on 8 August 1655 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vilnius was an attack by Russian and Cossack forces on Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, that occurred on 8 August 1655 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian forces under the leadership of Grand Hetman of Lithuania Janusz Radziwiłł were defeated by the Russian army of Alexis of Russia."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian forces under the leadership of Grand Hetman of Lithuania Janusz Radziwiłł were defeated by the Russian army of Alexis of Russia."}], "Q4087448": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mărăști (Romanian: Bătălia de la Mărăști) was one of the main battles to take place on Romanian soil in World War I."}, {"id": "Q58285", "label": "Alexandru Averescu", "section": "lead", "says": "According to General Alexandru Averescu, the commander of the Romanian Second Army at this major engagement, the Battle of Mărăști was the \"first true victory in the history of the modern Romanian Army\"."}], "Q4115029": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the seizure of the islands by Iran, both the emirates of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah acceded to the newly formed United Arab Emirates, doing so on 2 December 1971 and 10 February 1972, respectively, causing the United Arab Emirates to inherit the territorial dispute with Iran over the islands."}], "Q4115104": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Balad al-Shaykh massacre was the killing of a large number of Palestinians by the Haganah in the village of Balad al-Shaykh during the early stages of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Balad al-Shaykh massacre was the killing of a large number of Palestinians by the Haganah in the village of Balad al-Shaykh during the early stages of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine."}], "Q4122023": [{"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bihać was a three-year-long siege of the northwestern Bosnian town of Bihać by the Army of the Republika Srpska, the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and Bosnian Muslim dissenters led by Fikret Abdić during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bihać was a three-year-long siege of the northwestern Bosnian town of Bihać by the Army of the Republika Srpska, the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and Bosnian Muslim dissenters led by Fikret Abdić during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q466040", "label": "Fikret Abdić", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bihać was a three-year-long siege of the northwestern Bosnian town of Bihać by the Army of the Republika Srpska, the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and Bosnian Muslim dissenters led by Fikret Abdić during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bihać was a three-year-long siege of the northwestern Bosnian town of Bihać by the Army of the Republika Srpska, the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and Bosnian Muslim dissenters led by Fikret Abdić during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege lasted for three years, from June 1992 until 4–5 August 1995, when Operation Storm ended it after the Croatian Army (HV) overran the rebel Serbs in Croatia and northwest of the besieged town."}], "Q4122570": [{"id": "Q205783", "label": "Toussaint Louverture", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the South (French: Guerre du Sud), not to be confused with the general term knives-war or the War of Knives, was a civil war from June 1799 to July 1800 between the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture, a black ex-slave who controlled the north of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti), and his adversary André Rigaud, a mixed-race free person of color who controlled the South."}, {"id": "Q289738", "label": "Andre Rigaud", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the South (French: Guerre du Sud), not to be confused with the general term knives-war or the War of Knives, was a civil war from June 1799 to July 1800 between the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture, a black ex-slave who controlled the north of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti), and his adversary André Rigaud, a mixed-race free person of color who controlled the South."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Their conflict followed the withdrawal of British forces from the colony earlier during the Haitian Revolution."}], "Q4122579": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arikara War was a military conflict between the United States and Arikara in 1823 fought in the Great Plains along the Upper Missouri River in the Unorganized Territory (presently within South Dakota)."}], "Q4126349": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It stemmed from local grievances regarding the corruption, maladministration and abuse of power of the king's closest advisors and local officials, as well as recent military losses in France during the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jack Cade Rebellion has been perceived as a reflection of the social, political, and economic issues of the time period and as a precursor to the Wars of the Roses, which saw the decline of the Lancaster dynasty and the rise of the House of York."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Origins of the Jack Cade Rebellion", "says": "In the years preceding the Jack Cade Rebellion, England suffered from both internal and external difficulties and the animosity of the lower classes toward Henry VI was on the rise."}], "Q4126353": [{"id": "Q2618099", "label": "Siege of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of the highest point of the uprising (the Siege of Moscow in 1606), more than 70 cities in the south and center of Russia were under the control of the rebels."}, {"id": "Q209535", "label": "False Dmitriy I", "section": "Causes", "says": "After the death of False Dmitry I, rumors spread around Moscow that it was not Dmitry who was killed in the palace, but someone else."}], "Q4147501": [{"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos against John VI Kantakouzenos and his eldest son Matthew Kantakouzenos."}, {"id": "Q37084", "label": "John VI Kantakouzenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos against John VI Kantakouzenos and his eldest son Matthew Kantakouzenos."}, {"id": "Q329708", "label": "Matthew Kantakouzenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The war pitted Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos against John VI Kantakouzenos and his eldest son Matthew Kantakouzenos."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "lead", "says": "John V emerged victorious as the sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire, but the destruction brought about by the civil war left the Byzantine state in ruins."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "John V emerged victorious as the sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire, but the destruction brought about by the civil war left the Byzantine state in ruins."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "It doubled as a march against the new Serbian Empire of Stephen Dushan."}], "Q4207617": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Suleiman I's campaign of 1529 was launched by the Ottoman Empire to take the Austrian capital Vienna and thereby strike a decisive blow, allowing the Ottomans to consolidate their hold on Hungary."}], "Q4208075": [{"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazakh–Dzungar Wars were a series of military conflicts between the Kazakh jüzes (three tribal confederations of the Kazakh Khanate) and the Dzungar Khanate lasting from the 17th to the mid-18th century."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazakh–Dzungar Wars were a series of military conflicts between the Kazakh jüzes (three tribal confederations of the Kazakh Khanate) and the Dzungar Khanate lasting from the 17th to the mid-18th century."}, {"id": "Q1044456", "label": "Ten Great Campaigns", "section": "lead", "says": "Both nations later fought against the Qing dynasty, particularly in the First Sino–Kazakh War of the Ten Great Campaigns."}], "Q4235127": [{"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kosovo Operation was a major strategic military offensive launched between 15 October and 22 November 1944 by the Bulgarian 2nd Army, with the assistance of the Yugoslav Partisans and Albanian Partisans, against German forces and local collaborationist auxiliaries in Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the  political changes in Bulgaria and the formation of the Fatherland Front government, Bulgaria sought to contribute to the war against Germany to redeem its national standing."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "In a meeting in Craiova between Marshal Josip Broz Tito and Bulgarian representatives, an agreement was reached for joint operations."}], "Q4260079": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Pokpung (Korean: 폭풍 작전, lit. ''Operation Storm'') was the invasion of South Korea (Republic of Korea, ROK) by North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK) that triggered the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "On Sunday, 25 June 1950, North Korean forces launched the blitzkrieg by crossing the 38th parallel north and swarming South Korea at 04:00 PYT/KST."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea had mobilized for an invasion of South Korea for over a year prior with clandestine support from the Soviet Union, which trained and supplied the DPRK's Korean People's Army (KPA) with weapons, munitions, armored fighting vehicles, tanks, and aircraft."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "North Korea had mobilized for an invasion of South Korea for over a year prior with clandestine support from the Soviet Union, which trained and supplied the DPRK's Korean People's Army (KPA) with weapons, munitions, armored fighting vehicles, tanks, and aircraft."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This delay allowed sufficient time for the United States to deploy from Japan to South Korea on 27 June to prevent the impending capitulation of the ROK."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "Background", "says": "Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's influence over DPRK leader Kim Il Sung dictated the timing of the invasion."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "Background", "says": "Kim Il Sung and ROK leader Syngman Rhee both wanted to reunify Korea."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 May Kim went to Beijing to meet Mao Zedong."}], "Q4269619": [{"id": "Q332750", "label": "Dionysius I of Syracuse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek fleet under Leptines, the brother of Dionysius I of Syracuse, engaged the Carthaginian fleet under Mago near the city of Catana in Sicily."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Himilco, elected king by the Carthaginians, led the army raised by Carthage, probably 50,000 men along with 300 triremes and 600 transports to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q586344", "label": "Leptines of Syracuse", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek fleet under Leptines of Syracuse failed to stop the Punic armada, only managing to sink 50 transports."}, {"id": "Q190436", "label": "Epaminondas", "section": "Prelude to Catana", "says": "Epaminondas in 370 BC used the same strategy when he rebuilt Messene and founded Megalopolis in Spartan territory after failing to take Sparta by force, and decreased their territory and manpower successfully."}], "Q4271928": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Air support was provided by Australian and US aircraft based out of the southern Philippines, due to the unserviceability of the airfield on Tarakan."}], "Q4273940": [{"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "lead", "says": "The city had been held by the Portuguese since its capture by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1511."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire supplied cannoneers to the alliance, but were unable to provide more due to the ongoing invasion of Cyprus and an uprising in Aden."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive weakened the Portuguese Empire but they still managed to stage attacks far away from Malacca, such as in the 1570s, when the Sultan of the Moluccas repelled the Portuguese from the Spice Islands."}], "Q42915906": [{"id": "Q190758", "label": "War in Darfur", "section": "lead", "says": "The Darfur genocide was the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people during the War in Darfur."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "Origins", "says": "In neighboring Libya, Muammar Gaddafi promoted Arab nationalist ideology and supported efforts to increase Arab political and cultural unity."}, {"id": "Q311798", "label": "Gaafar Nimeiry", "section": "Origins", "says": "One of its leading figures, Hassan al-Turabi, became a key figure in Sudanese politics by promoting the integration of Islamic principles into state institutions and governance under Presidents Gaafar Nimeiry and Omar al-Bashir."}], "Q4335295": [{"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Neretva '93 was an Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) operation against the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) in September 1993 on a 200 km long front from Gornji Vakuf to south of Mostar, one of its largest of the year, during the Croat–Bosniak War."}], "Q4348033": [{"id": "Q308999", "label": "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle off Samar was the centermost action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, one of the largest naval battles in history, which took place in the Philippine Sea off Samar Island, in the Philippines on October 25, 1944."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle off Samar was the centermost action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, one of the largest naval battles in history, which took place in the Philippine Sea off Samar Island, in the Philippines on October 25, 1944."}, {"id": "Q187698", "label": "Takeo Kurita", "section": "lead", "says": "After the previous day's fighting, the Imperial Japanese Navy's First Mobile Striking Force, under the command of Takeo Kurita, had suffered significant damage and appeared to be retreating westward."}], "Q4371264": [{"id": "Q937255", "label": "Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish–Teutonic War may refer to:\n\nTeutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) (1308–1309)\nPolish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) over Pomerelia, concluded by the Treaty of Kalisz (1343)\nthe Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War or Great War (1409–1411), ending the Lithuanian Crusade with the Peace of Thorn (1411)\nthe Hunger War (1414) over the border in Samogitia\nthe Gollub War (1422) over the border in Samogitia, en"}, {"id": "Q16362506", "label": "Lithuanian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish–Teutonic War may refer to:\n\nTeutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) (1308–1309)\nPolish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) over Pomerelia, concluded by the Treaty of Kalisz (1343)\nthe Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War or Great War (1409–1411), ending the Lithuanian Crusade with the Peace of Thorn (1411)\nthe Hunger War (1414) over the border in Samogitia\nthe Gollub War (1422) over the border in Samogitia, en"}, {"id": "Q834498", "label": "Hunger War", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish–Teutonic War may refer to:\n\nTeutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) (1308–1309)\nPolish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) over Pomerelia, concluded by the Treaty of Kalisz (1343)\nthe Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War or Great War (1409–1411), ending the Lithuanian Crusade with the Peace of Thorn (1411)\nthe Hunger War (1414) over the border in Samogitia\nthe Gollub War (1422) over the border in Samogitia, en"}, {"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish–Teutonic War may refer to:\n\nTeutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) (1308–1309)\nPolish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) over Pomerelia, concluded by the Treaty of Kalisz (1343)\nthe Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War or Great War (1409–1411), ending the Lithuanian Crusade with the Peace of Thorn (1411)\nthe Hunger War (1414) over the border in Samogitia\nthe Gollub War (1422) over the border in Samogitia, en"}], "Q4414118": [{"id": "Q312055", "label": "Víctor Paz Estenssoro", "section": "lead", "says": "Its main leaders were the former presidents Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hernán Siles Zuazo."}, {"id": "Q471313", "label": "Hernán Siles Zuazo", "section": "lead", "says": "Its main leaders were the former presidents Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hernán Siles Zuazo."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a political Revolution that at the time was equated to the Mexican Revolution and that preceded the Cuban Revolution."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a political Revolution that at the time was equated to the Mexican Revolution and that preceded the Cuban Revolution."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It developed in the context of the Cold War and was the only one of the social revolutions in Latin America that had the support of the United States."}, {"id": "Q223126", "label": "Chaco War", "section": "Background", "says": "The origins of this revolution may have begun during the Great Depression and Bolivia's defeat in the Chaco War."}, {"id": "Q886300", "label": "Hernando Siles Reyes", "section": "Background", "says": "Likewise, during the 20s, the nationalist government of Hernando Siles Reyes tried to apply corrective measures to some fundamental socioeconomic problems in the country."}, {"id": "Q734606", "label": "Germán Busch", "section": "Background", "says": "The following decade, the military governments of Germán Busch and David Toro deepened these measures with the influence of European nationalism."}, {"id": "Q3292030", "label": "David Toro", "section": "Background", "says": "The following decade, the military governments of Germán Busch and David Toro deepened these measures with the influence of European nationalism."}, {"id": "Q43922", "label": "Leo XIII", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them, were Óscar Únzaga de la Vega, who led the Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB), with influences from the Christian democracy of Jacques Maritain and the Social Doctrine of the Church, promoted above all by Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI, and José Antonio Arze, founder of the Revolutionary Left Party."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them, were Óscar Únzaga de la Vega, who led the Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB), with influences from the Christian democracy of Jacques Maritain and the Social Doctrine of the Church, promoted above all by Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI, and José Antonio Arze, founder of the Revolutionary Left Party."}, {"id": "Q3306306", "label": "Mamerto Urriolagoitía", "section": "Background", "says": "President Mamerto Urriolagoitía ordered the arrest of some leaders, and in response the miners took two foreign employees hostage and ended up killing them."}], "Q451546": [{"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung), also known as the expansion of the Federal Republic of Germany (BRD), was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single sovereign state, which began on 9 November 1989 and culminated on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of the German Democratic Republic and the integration of its re-established constituent federated states into the "}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It allowed an exodus of thousands of East Germans fleeing to West Germany via Hungary."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of World War II in Europe, the old German Reich, consequent on the unconditional surrender of all German armed forces and the total absence of any German central government authority, had effectively ceased to exist, and Germany was occupied and divided by the four Allied countries."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of World War II in Europe, the old German Reich, consequent on the unconditional surrender of all German armed forces and the total absence of any German central government authority, had effectively ceased to exist, and Germany was occupied and divided by the four Allied countries."}, {"id": "Q672112", "label": "Basic Treaty", "section": "Precursors to reunification", "says": "The West German government initially did not recognize the new and de facto German–Polish border, nor East Germany, but later eventually recognized the border in 1972 (with the 1970 Treaty of Warsaw) and East Germany in 1973 (with the 1972 Basic Treaty) when applying a common policy to reconcile with the communist countries in the East."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "Precursors to reunification", "says": "Mikhail Gorbachev had led the country as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union since 1985."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Precursors to reunification", "says": "Mikhail Gorbachev had led the country as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union since 1985."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "Precursors to reunification", "says": "In 1987, the United States President Ronald Reagan gave a famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate, challenging Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to \"tear down this wall\" which prevented freedom of movement in Berlin."}], "Q451853": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "Jakob an der Birs was fought between the  Old Swiss Confederacy and French (mostly Armagnac) mercenaries, on the banks of the river Birs."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "lead", "says": "Jakob an der Birs was fought between the  Old Swiss Confederacy and French (mostly Armagnac) mercenaries, on the banks of the river Birs."}, {"id": "Q438252", "label": "Old Zürich War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on 26 August 1444 and was part of the Old Zürich War."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The site of the battle was near Münchenstein, Switzerland, just over 1 km outside the city walls of Basel, today within Basel's St-Alban district."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Zürich had allied with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, who now appealed to King Charles VII of France to send an army to relieve the siege."}, {"id": "Q160337", "label": "Henry VI of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles, seeking to send away the \"écorcheurs\", troublesome troops made idle by the truce with King Henry VI of England in the Hundred Years' War, sent his son the Dauphin (later King Louis XI) with an army of about 30,000 of these écorcheurs into Switzerland, most of them Armagnacs, to relieve Zürich."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles, seeking to send away the \"écorcheurs\", troublesome troops made idle by the truce with King Henry VI of England in the Hundred Years' War, sent his son the Dauphin (later King Louis XI) with an army of about 30,000 of these écorcheurs into Switzerland, most of them Armagnacs, to relieve Zürich."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles, seeking to send away the \"écorcheurs\", troublesome troops made idle by the truce with King Henry VI of England in the Hundred Years' War, sent his son the Dauphin (later King Louis XI) with an army of about 30,000 of these écorcheurs into Switzerland, most of them Armagnacs, to relieve Zürich."}], "Q4522772": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Up to 2,000 people died and thousands more were injured in the Shemakha uezd within the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan)."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Up to 2,000 people died and thousands more were injured in the Shemakha uezd within the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan)."}], "Q4538449": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese Siberian Intervention (シベリア出兵, Shiberia Shuppei) of 1918–1922 was an invasion by the Japanese military forces on the Russian Maritime Provinces, as part of a pretext by larger effort by western powers and Japan to support White Russian forces against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q315553", "label": "Hara Takashi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese government, then under the civilian leadership of Prime Minister Hara Takashi, rejected the plan."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1917, the Japanese government was alarmed to find that the British government, despite the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, had approached the United States about a possible joint intervention at Vladivostok without consulting Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1917, the Japanese government was alarmed to find that the British government, despite the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, had approached the United States about a possible joint intervention at Vladivostok without consulting Japan."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1917, the British agreed that such a force should include Japan, but before the details could be worked out, the British ordered HMS Suffolk from Hong Kong to Vladivostok."}, {"id": "Q315559", "label": "Terauchi Masatake", "section": "Background", "says": "Japanese Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake was outraged and ordered the Imperial Japanese Navy to reach Vladivostok first."}], "Q4560833": [{"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Georgian coup in May 1920 was an unsuccessful attempt to take power by the Bolsheviks in the Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Relying on the 11th Red Army of Soviet Russia operating in neighboring Azerbaijan, the Bolsheviks attempted to take control of a military school and government offices in the Georgian capital of Tiflis on May 3."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After their failure to secure the control of government in Georgia following the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the Bolshevik Georgian leaders relocated to Soviet Russia, from where they guided underground activities aimed at undermining the Menshevik-dominated government in Tiflis."}, {"id": "Q379627", "label": "Noe Zhordania", "section": "Background", "says": "In his April 30 speech, Georgian Premier Noe Zhordania stated that his country had been prepared to come to aid to Azerbaijan provided that the latter's own people fought for their independence."}], "Q4574199": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "In Hanoi, North Vietnam, almost 483 km (300 mi) from the epicenter, victims left their homes as the rupture rumbled through the city."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring during the height of the Cultural Revolution, it was not widely publicized by the Chinese government for well over a decade."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the aid provided to survivors was in \"spiritual\" form, including Mao Zedong badges and condolence letters."}], "Q464517": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Great Northern War, the fortress of Tönning (Danish: Tønning) in the territory of Holstein-Gottorp, an ally of the Swedish Empire, was besieged twice."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Great Northern War, the fortress of Tönning (Danish: Tønning) in the territory of Holstein-Gottorp, an ally of the Swedish Empire, was besieged twice."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark–Norway was forced to lift the first siege in 1700, but a combined force of the anti-Swedish coalition successfully besieged and took Tönning in 1713–1714."}], "Q4704263": [{"id": "Q486124", "label": "Battle of Badr", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition against the Banu Salim tribe, also known as the Al Kudr Invasion, occurred directly after the Battle of Badr in the year AH 2 of the Islamic calendar."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition was ordered by the Islamic prophet Muhammad after he received intelligence that the Banu Salim were planning to invade Madina."}], "Q4709163": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "New taxes levied in the early months of 1910 led to Isa Boletini's activity to convince Albanian leaders who had already been involved in a 1909 uprising to try another revolt against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q471815": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Koniuchy massacre (Polish: Zbrodnia w Koniuchach) or the Kaniūkai massacre (Lithuanian: Kaniūkų žudynės) was a World War II massacre of civilians, mostly women and children, carried out in the village of Koniuchy (now Kaniūkai, Lithuania) on 29 January 1944 by a Soviet partisan unit together with a contingent of Jewish partisans under Soviet command."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Koniuchy massacre (Polish: Zbrodnia w Koniuchach) or the Kaniūkai massacre (Lithuanian: Kaniūkų žudynės) was a World War II massacre of civilians, mostly women and children, carried out in the village of Koniuchy (now Kaniūkai, Lithuania) on 29 January 1944 by a Soviet partisan unit together with a contingent of Jewish partisans under Soviet command."}, {"id": "Q2467594", "label": "Yitzhak Arad", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuania opened a pretrial investigation against the former Jewish partisan Yitzhak Arad and sought to question other surviving Jewish veterans – the action was met with protests and accusations of hypocrisy and antisemitism."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Before World War II, it belonged to the Second Polish Republic and, after the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, it was transferred to Lithuania according to the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty."}, {"id": "Q7571821", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Before World War II, it belonged to the Second Polish Republic and, after the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, it was transferred to Lithuania according to the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940 and by Nazi Germany in June 1941."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940 and by Nazi Germany in June 1941."}], "Q473983": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tuchola Forest (German: Schlacht in der Tucheler Heide, Polish: Bitwa w Borach Tucholskich) was one of the first battles of World War II, during the invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q3042599", "label": "Władysław Bortnowski", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought against the judgment of General Władysław Bortnowski, the commander of Army Pomerania, who considered the Corridor a very poor defensive position and had repeatedly asked for permission to withdraw his forces from it."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, the Germans had held their Truppenübungsplatz Gruppe military exercises in the area until 1919, and were therefore familiar with it, and furthermore General Heinz Guderian had been born in nearby Chełmno)."}, {"id": "Q57141", "label": "Günther von Kluge", "section": "Prelude", "says": "German forces in the theater were composed of elements of the 4th German Army under general Günther von Kluge, specifically 19th Panzer Corps (commanded by general Heinz Guderian), and 2nd Army Corps under general Adolf Strauß."}, {"id": "Q77592", "label": "Paul Bader", "section": "Prelude", "says": "19th Panzer Corps consisted of the 2nd Motorized Division under general Paul Bader, the 20th Motorized Division under general Mauritz von Wiktorin and the 3rd Panzer Division under general Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg."}, {"id": "Q3301685", "label": "Mauritz von Wiktorin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "19th Panzer Corps consisted of the 2nd Motorized Division under general Paul Bader, the 20th Motorized Division under general Mauritz von Wiktorin and the 3rd Panzer Division under general Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg."}, {"id": "Q58013", "label": "Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "19th Panzer Corps consisted of the 2nd Motorized Division under general Paul Bader, the 20th Motorized Division under general Mauritz von Wiktorin and the 3rd Panzer Division under general Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg."}, {"id": "Q84450", "label": "Franz Böhme", "section": "Prelude", "says": "2nd Army Corps was composed of two infantry divisions: the 3rd Infantry Division under general Walter Lichel and 32nd Infantry Division under general Franz Böhme."}], "Q477392": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The area of Warmia had been part of the Kingdom of Prussia since the first Partition of Poland in 1772, and the region of Masuria was ruled by the German Hohenzollern family since the Prussian Tribute of 1525, as a Polish fief until 1660."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During the German Empire, harsh Germanisation measures were enacted in the region."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, led by Roman Dmowski, made a number of demands in relation to areas that had been part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite their protests, supported by the French, US President Woodrow Wilson and the other Allies agreed that plebiscites according to self-determination should be held."}], "Q478597": [{"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shaykan was fought between Egyptian forces under the command of Hicks Pasha and the forces of Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi, in the woods of Shaykan near Kashgil near the town of El Obeid during 3–5 November 1883."}], "Q481342": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Warsaw (Polish: Traktat warszawski, Swedish: Freden i Warszawa) was concluded on 18 November (O.S.) / 28 November 1705 during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a peace treaty and an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a peace treaty and an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a peace treaty and an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Early in the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden campaigned in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, was king since 1697."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Early in the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden campaigned in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, was king since 1697."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Augustus' ally Peter the Great, tsar of Russia, was reluctant to engage Charles XII in a major battle as a consequence of the decisive defeat his army had suffered at Narva in 1700."}, {"id": "Q2994995", "label": "Treaty of Narva", "section": "Historical context", "says": "They declared the election illegal, outlawed Leszczyński's supporters who were organized in the Warsaw Confederation, declared war on Sweden and allied with Russia in the Treaty of Narva."}, {"id": "Q350346", "label": "Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The army at Polotsk was denied westward advance by Swedish forces under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt."}], "Q4817327": [{"id": "Q1095287", "label": "Musa Çelebi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Çamurlu was fought on 5 July 1413 between Musa Çelebi and Mehmed Çelebi, both sons of Bayezid I, as the last conflict of the Ottoman civil war known as the Ottoman Interregnum."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Çamurlu was fought on 5 July 1413 between Musa Çelebi and Mehmed Çelebi, both sons of Bayezid I, as the last conflict of the Ottoman civil war known as the Ottoman Interregnum."}, {"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Çamurlu was fought on 5 July 1413 between Musa Çelebi and Mehmed Çelebi, both sons of Bayezid I, as the last conflict of the Ottoman civil war known as the Ottoman Interregnum."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle decided which son of Bayezid I would finally reunite the Ottoman Empire, with Mehmed Çelebi becoming Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle decided which son of Bayezid I would finally reunite the Ottoman Empire, with Mehmed Çelebi becoming Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q4825457": [{"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian–Hungarian War was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Hungary under Matthias Corvinus and the Habsburg Archduchy of Austria under Frederick V (also Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III)."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian–Hungarian War was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Hungary under Matthias Corvinus and the Habsburg Archduchy of Austria under Frederick V (also Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III)."}], "Q4859251": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Romania in World War II comprised several operations in or around Romania in 1944, as part of the Eastern Front, in which the Soviet Army defeated Axis (German and Romanian) forces in the area, Romania changed sides, and Soviet and Romanian forces drove the Germans back into Hungary."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Romania in World War II comprised several operations in or around Romania in 1944, as part of the Eastern Front, in which the Soviet Army defeated Axis (German and Romanian) forces in the area, Romania changed sides, and Soviet and Romanian forces drove the Germans back into Hungary."}, {"id": "Q356036", "label": "David Glantz", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian David Glantz, the Soviet Union first attempted to invade Romania during the spring of 1944, through the territory of present-day Moldova."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian David Glantz, the Soviet Union first attempted to invade Romania during the spring of 1944, through the territory of present-day Moldova."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Sixth Army was encircled by the initial Soviet onslaught and was destroyed for the second time (the first time was at the Battle of Stalingrad)."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 August, King Michael of Romania led a coup d'état against Prime Minister Ion Antonescu; the new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Other fragments of the German forces fled toward Hungary as best they could, fighting the Soviets and the recently defected Romanians, which stormed through the Carpathian Mountains. (Several passes through the mountains were held by Romanian troops.)\nThe Soviet victory in Romania caused Bulgaria to withdraw from the Axis on 26 August, and allowed Soviet forces to invade it on 8 September."}], "Q4870314": [{"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch took place in 613 outside Antioch, Turkey between a Byzantine army led by Emperor Heraclius and a Persian Sassanid army under Generals (spahbed) Shahin and Shahrbaraz as part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch took place in 613 outside Antioch, Turkey between a Byzantine army led by Emperor Heraclius and a Persian Sassanid army under Generals (spahbed) Shahin and Shahrbaraz as part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch took place in 613 outside Antioch, Turkey between a Byzantine army led by Emperor Heraclius and a Persian Sassanid army under Generals (spahbed) Shahin and Shahrbaraz as part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}], "Q4870555": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "By June 1940, Nazi Germany had conquered most of Western Europe and much of Scandinavia."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "In the absence of offers of peace from the British, Adolf Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) to destroy the RAF in order to gain air superiority or air supremacy as a prelude to launching Operation Sea Lion, an amphibious assault by the Heer (German Army) onto the British mainland."}], "Q4871029": [{"id": "Q173869", "label": "Alfred Tennyson", "section": "lead", "says": "Alfred, Lord Tennyson, wrote a poem about the battle, entitled The Revenge: a Ballad of the Fleet."}, {"id": "Q315490", "label": "John Hawkins", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to impede a Spanish naval recovery after the Armada, Sir John Hawkins proposed a blockade of the supply of treasure being acquired from the Spanish Empire in the Americas by a constant naval patrol designed to intercept Spanish ships."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to impede a Spanish naval recovery after the Armada, Sir John Hawkins proposed a blockade of the supply of treasure being acquired from the Spanish Empire in the Americas by a constant naval patrol designed to intercept Spanish ships."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to impede a Spanish naval recovery after the Armada, Sir John Hawkins proposed a blockade of the supply of treasure being acquired from the Spanish Empire in the Americas by a constant naval patrol designed to intercept Spanish ships."}], "Q4871178": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Haifa, also known as the Fall of Haifa, and called by the Jewish forces Operation Bi'ur Hametz (Hebrew: מבצע ביעור חמץ \"Cleansing the Leaven\" or \"Passover Cleaning\"), was a Haganah operation carried out on 21–22 April 1948 and a major event in the final stages of the civil war in Palestine, leading up to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "With the outbreak of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Haifa's Arab population was subject to acts of terrorism by the Irgun and Haganah, and many Palestinians began to flee the city."}, {"id": "Q1375894", "label": "Operation Nachshon", "section": "Background", "says": "The implementation of Plan Dalet in Haganah's April offensive—including Operation Nachshon to open the Tel-Aviv–Jerusalem road, and Operation Yiftah to control eastern Galilee—appeared to take the Arab Higher Committee (AHC) by surprise."}], "Q4871254": [{"id": "Q1133757", "label": "Dou Jiande", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during the Luoyang–Hulao campaign on 28 May 621 when a Xia army – led by Dou Jiande, ruler of Xia – was defeated attacking a smaller Tang army – led by Prince Li Shimin – entrenched at the strategic Hulao Pass."}, {"id": "Q708305", "label": "Wang Shichong", "section": "lead", "says": "Li launched the Luoyang–Hulao campaign in August 620, attacking eastwards and quickly besieging Wang Shichong, ruler of Zheng, in Luoyang."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "Background", "says": "604–618), the dynasty's authority began to wane: the immense material and human cost of the protracted and fruitless attempts to conquer the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, coupled with natural disasters, caused unrest in the provinces, and military failures eroded the emperor's prestige and legitimacy ('Mandate of Heaven') among the provincial governors."}, {"id": "Q701508", "label": "Liu Wuzhou", "section": "Background", "says": "In a series of campaigns in 618–620 the Tang, led by the talented Li Shimin, managed to eliminate their rivals in the northwest and repel an attack by Liu Wuzhou, who had taken control of Shanxi, but they still had to expand their control to the northeastern plain and the modern provinces of Hebei and Henan, which, in the words of historian Howard J."}], "Q4871272": [{"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese vanguard was the army under Konishi Yukinaga and Sō Yoshitoshi, followed by the army of Kato Kiyomasa and the army of Kuroda Nagamasa."}, {"id": "Q1328807", "label": "Sō Yoshitoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese vanguard was the army under Konishi Yukinaga and Sō Yoshitoshi, followed by the army of Kato Kiyomasa and the army of Kuroda Nagamasa."}, {"id": "Q950496", "label": "Kuroda Nagamasa", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese vanguard was the army under Konishi Yukinaga and Sō Yoshitoshi, followed by the army of Kato Kiyomasa and the army of Kuroda Nagamasa."}], "Q4871359": [{"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the Soviet–Afghan War from 1979 to 1989, and subsequent civil war (1989–1992) the city of Kabul saw little fighting."}, {"id": "Q1415585", "label": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The collapse of Mohammad Najibullah's regime in April 1992 led to a peace treaty between the Afghan political parties and the establishment of the Islamic State of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "But soon after, the undisciplined commanders from both former mujahideen and Communist ranks started to vie for power, abetted by foreign powers, namely Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Uzbekistan, who began arming their Afghan proxies to fight for control and influence."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Political background", "says": "With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet-supported Pashtun government of Najibullah would lose credibility amongst Afghanistan's non-Pashtun population following the replacement of Tajik generals in the North with Pashtun ones leading to General Abdul Rashid Dostum and the newly found Anti Pashtun alliance of Northern militias called the Movement of the North would ally Ahmed Shah "}, {"id": "Q331702", "label": "Abdul Rashid Dostum", "section": "Political background", "says": "With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet-supported Pashtun government of Najibullah would lose credibility amongst Afghanistan's non-Pashtun population following the replacement of Tajik generals in the North with Pashtun ones leading to General Abdul Rashid Dostum and the newly found Anti Pashtun alliance of Northern militias called the Movement of the North would ally Ahmed Shah "}, {"id": "Q138123", "label": "Abdul-Ali Mazari", "section": "Political background", "says": "With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet-supported Pashtun government of Najibullah would lose credibility amongst Afghanistan's non-Pashtun population following the replacement of Tajik generals in the North with Pashtun ones leading to General Abdul Rashid Dostum and the newly found Anti Pashtun alliance of Northern militias called the Movement of the North would ally Ahmed Shah "}, {"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "Political background", "says": "A group of Parchami generals and officials, led by acting President Abdul Rahim Hatif, declared themselves an interim government for the purpose of handing over power to Tajik warlord Ahmad Shah Massoud."}, {"id": "Q380474", "label": "Sibghatullah Mojaddedi", "section": "Political background", "says": "A transitory presidency was given to Sibghatullah Mojaddedi for two months, after which Burhanuddin Rabbani was to succeed him."}, {"id": "Q188667", "label": "Burhanuddin Rabbani", "section": "Political background", "says": "A transitory presidency was given to Sibghatullah Mojaddedi for two months, after which Burhanuddin Rabbani was to succeed him."}, {"id": "Q317797", "label": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "section": "Political background", "says": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was given the post of prime minister, but he did not accept this position as he did not want to share power and Pakistan was urging him to take power for himself."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Political background", "says": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was given the post of prime minister, but he did not accept this position as he did not want to share power and Pakistan was urging him to take power for himself."}], "Q4871390": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kircaali or Battle of Kardzhali was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kircaali or Battle of Kardzhali was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kircaali or Battle of Kardzhali was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q4871480": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Korsakov, a naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought on 20 August 1904 off the southern coast of Sakhalin island."}, {"id": "Q702377", "label": "Battle of the Yellow Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle foiled an attempt by the Imperial Russian Navy protected cruiser Novik at escaping Port Arthur to join the Russian cruiser squadron at Vladivostok, Russia, after the Russian Pacific Squadron was scattered in the Battle of the Yellow Sea."}], "Q4871764": [{"id": "Q150812", "label": "1939 Invasion of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the first battles of the Invasion of Poland, during the Second World War, and was one of the few Polish victories of that campaign and the first German defeat of the conflict."}], "Q4871836": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Más a Tierra was a World War I sea battle fought on 14 March 1915, near the Chilean island of Más a Tierra, between a British squadron and a German light cruiser."}], "Q4872202": [{"id": "Q3751377", "label": "Battle of Pancorbo", "section": "Background", "says": "After Louis the Pious' half-hearted expedition to Pamplona circa 814, Basque tribal chieftain Enneko Aritza, who held strong family ties with the Banu Qasi led by his half-brother Musa, prevailed in the fortress circa 816 (or earlier) after news of Charlemagne's death (814) spread and a Frankish vassal, Belasko of Pamplona— Velasco, cited as Balashk al-Yalashki in Muslim sources—was defeated in th"}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Background", "says": "In 816, the revolt in Pamplona extended north across the Pyrenees, and in 816 Louis the Pious deposed Seguin (Sihimin) Duke of Vasconia and count of Bordeaux, who had been created duke of Vasconia in 812, for failing to suppress or sympathising with the rebellion, triggering a widespread revolt."}], "Q4872406": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soissons (1918) (also known as the Battle of the Soissonnais and of the Ourcq (French: Bataille du Soissoinais et de L'Ourcq)) was fought on the Western Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q876417", "label": "Second Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "Waged from 18 to 22 July 1918 between the French (with American and British assistance) and the German armies, the battle was part of the Allied response to the German offensive launched on 15 July, which had launched the Second Battle of the Marne."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian withdrawal from the war after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 freed 42 German divisions which had been fighting on the Eastern Front, providing a temporary numeric advantage over the Allies on the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans realized their only remaining chance for victory on the Western Front was to defeat the Allies before the United States could fully mobilize, equip, and deploy their large manpower reserves."}, {"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning on 21 March 1918 the Germans launched a series of four offensives known as the 1918 Spring Offensive, or Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser’s Battle)."}], "Q4872527": [{"id": "Q733064", "label": "Joseph Trumpeldor", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Trumpeldor, the commander of Jewish defenders of Tel Hai, was shot in the hand and stomach, and died while being evacuated to Kfar Giladi that evening."}, {"id": "Q2992403", "label": "Franco-Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The event is perceived by some scholars as part of the Franco-Syrian War and by some as an outbreak of violence in the later developing intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The event is perceived by some scholars as part of the Franco-Syrian War and by some as an outbreak of violence in the later developing intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Tel Hai had been established in 1905 as part of the Jewish community of Metulla and was permanently settled as a Jewish border outpost and small kibbutz in 1918 by the Hashomer organization, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Tel Hai had been established in 1905 as part of the Jewish community of Metulla and was permanently settled as a Jewish border outpost and small kibbutz in 1918 by the Hashomer organization, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I."}, {"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "He had also commanded a Jewish auxiliary unit fighting together with the British Army during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War."}], "Q4872575": [{"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Although an army from the Crimean Khanate (which was an Ottoman vassal) under Adil Giray was sent to the Caucasus in summer 1578 as a reinforcement, they were routed by Hamza Mirza and Mirza Salman at the Battle of Mollahasanli (November 1578), and Adil Giray was taken prisoner, and imprisoned in Qazvin, where he was later executed."}, {"id": "Q2469274", "label": "Adil Giray", "section": "Background", "says": "Although an army from the Crimean Khanate (which was an Ottoman vassal) under Adil Giray was sent to the Caucasus in summer 1578 as a reinforcement, they were routed by Hamza Mirza and Mirza Salman at the Battle of Mollahasanli (November 1578), and Adil Giray was taken prisoner, and imprisoned in Qazvin, where he was later executed."}], "Q4872699": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vác was fought on June 27, 1684, near the city of Vác in central Hungary, between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vác was fought on June 27, 1684, near the city of Vác in central Hungary, between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vác was fought on June 27, 1684, near the city of Vác in central Hungary, between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War."}], "Q4872704": [{"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "After several determined counter-attacks, the Axis forces withdrew and the Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery, pursued toward Tunis, until reaching Axis defensive positions at Enfidaville."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "This position had been identified long before by Erwin Rommel as a good defensive position with secure flanks and a short supply route to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "Background", "says": "Rommel had wanted to withdraw there after the Second Battle of El Alamein, as it was the best place to resist the Eighth Army and prolong the Axis presence in Africa."}], "Q4872776": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yaunis Khan, also known as the Battle of Khan Yunis (Turkish: Han Yunus Muharebesi), was fought on October 28, 1516, between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q1528131", "label": "Hadim Sinan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans, led by Grand Vizier Hadım Sinan Pasha, were able to break the Egyptian Mamluk cavalry charge."}, {"id": "Q9546", "label": "Al-Ghazali", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Ghazali was wounded during the confrontation, and the left-over Mamluk forces and their commander Al-Ghazali retreated to Cairo."}], "Q4872816": [{"id": "Q311808", "label": "Amalric I of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and a Zengid army under Shirkuh, both hoped to take the control of Egypt over from the Fatimid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and a Zengid army under Shirkuh, both hoped to take the control of Egypt over from the Fatimid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q1328380", "label": "Battle of Inab", "section": "Background", "says": "Shirkuh fought in the Battle of Inab in 1149."}], "Q4872926": [{"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Gulf of Naples was a naval engagement during the War of the Sicilian Vespers."}, {"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Sicilian Vespers in early 1282, war broke out between the Angevin Kingdom of Naples and a collection of cities on Sicily."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "The war expanded when the Crown of Aragon intervened on the Sicilians' behalf, landing an army on Sicily and successfully forcing the Angevin king, Charles of Anjou, to evacuate the island."}, {"id": "Q2889222", "label": "Battle of Malta", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1283, Aragonese–Sicilian admiral Roger of Lauria won a major victory against the Angevins at the Battle of Malta, establishing himself as Aragon's leading admiral."}], "Q48770114": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian civil war of 628–632, also known as the Sasanian Interregnum, was a conflict in the Sasanian Empire that broke out after the execution of King of Kings Khosrow II between the nobles of different factions, notably the Parthian (Pahlav) faction, the Persian (Parsig) faction, the Nimruzi faction, and the faction of general Shahrbaraz."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian civil war of 628–632, also known as the Sasanian Interregnum, was a conflict in the Sasanian Empire that broke out after the execution of King of Kings Khosrow II between the nobles of different factions, notably the Parthian (Pahlav) faction, the Persian (Parsig) faction, the Nimruzi faction, and the faction of general Shahrbaraz."}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian civil war of 628–632, also known as the Sasanian Interregnum, was a conflict in the Sasanian Empire that broke out after the execution of King of Kings Khosrow II between the nobles of different factions, notably the Parthian (Pahlav) faction, the Persian (Parsig) faction, the Nimruzi faction, and the faction of general Shahrbaraz."}, {"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "Background", "says": "Historically, Khosrow's downfall was triggered by the domestic crisis following the decisive Sasanian defeat in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q5680831", "label": "Farrokh Hormizd", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 February 628, the Shah was overthrown in a palace coup orchestrated by a coalition of feudal families, including the Ispahbudhan spahbed Farrukh Hormizd and his sons Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad."}, {"id": "Q937670", "label": "Rostam Farrokhzād", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 February 628, the Shah was overthrown in a palace coup orchestrated by a coalition of feudal families, including the Ispahbudhan spahbed Farrukh Hormizd and his sons Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad."}, {"id": "Q5950143", "label": "Farrukhzad", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 February 628, the Shah was overthrown in a palace coup orchestrated by a coalition of feudal families, including the Ispahbudhan spahbed Farrukh Hormizd and his sons Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad."}, {"id": "Q315873", "label": "Kavadh II", "section": "Background", "says": "Khosrow's son, Sheroe, was proclaimed as Kavad II."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "With the agreement of the Iranian nobles, he then made peace with the victorious emperor Heraclius, which allowed the Byzantines to (re)gain all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, along with the True Cross and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614."}, {"id": "Q313629", "label": "Ardashir III", "section": "Background", "says": "He was succeeded by his eight year old son Ardashir III."}], "Q48776": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Palmito Ranch, also known as the Battle of Palmito Hill, is considered by some criteria the final battle of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought May 12 and 13, 1865, on the banks of the Rio Grande east of Brownsville, Texas, and a few miles from the seaport of Los Brazos de Santiago, at the southern tip of Texas."}, {"id": "Q551560", "label": "Edmund Kirby Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in early May Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith had rejected a proposal from Union Major-General John Pope to surrender Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on the same terms that General Ulysses S."}, {"id": "Q465291", "label": "John Pope", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in early May Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith had rejected a proposal from Union Major-General John Pope to surrender Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on the same terms that General Ulysses S."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mexicans across the border tended to side with the Confederates because of the lucrative cotton export trade."}, {"id": "Q357102", "label": "Lew Wallace", "section": "Background", "says": "Union Major General Lew Wallace proposed a negotiated end of hostilities in Texas to Confederate Brigadier General James E."}, {"id": "Q862443", "label": "Vicksburg Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The 400-man 34th Indiana was an experienced regiment that had served in the Vicksburg Campaign and was reorganized in December 1863 as a \"Veteran\" regiment, composed entirely of veterans from several other regiments whose original enlistments had expired."}], "Q48785359": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kaskar (Arabic: معركة كسكر) was fought between the advancing forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire in Asuristan (present-day Iraq)."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kaskar (Arabic: معركة كسكر) was fought between the advancing forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire in Asuristan (present-day Iraq)."}, {"id": "Q4871856", "label": "Battle of Namaraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Namaraq, the defeated Persian noblemen and the  governor of Kaškar, Narsi, fled back to his estates in an attempt to save his life."}, {"id": "Q937670", "label": "Rostam Farrokhzād", "section": "lead", "says": "Rostam Farrokhzad, another Persian nobleman, also sent the commander Jalinus to assist Narsi, but he did not arrive in time."}], "Q4891129": [{"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Concord of Segovia (Spanish: Concordia de Segovia) was an agreement signed on 15 January 1475 in the Alcázar of Segovia by Isabella I of Castile and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon, at the time King of Sicily and Prince of Girona."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Concord of Segovia (Spanish: Concordia de Segovia) was an agreement signed on 15 January 1475 in the Alcázar of Segovia by Isabella I of Castile and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon, at the time King of Sicily and Prince of Girona."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact regulated the joint government of the Crown of Castile following the contested accession of Isabella, and is regarded as a foundational instrument of the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon that gave rise to the future Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact regulated the joint government of the Crown of Castile following the contested accession of Isabella, and is regarded as a foundational instrument of the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon that gave rise to the future Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The document, drawn up by Archbishop Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña of Toledo and Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza of Sigüenza, recognised Isabella as the sole proprietary heir of Castile while granting Ferdinand the title of king together with extensive executive faculties."}, {"id": "Q310918", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "King Henry IV of Castile died in the early hours of 12 December 1474 in Madrid."}, {"id": "Q236882", "label": "Joanna la Beltraneja", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 December Isabella had herself proclaimed queen and proprietress of the realm, with Ferdinand named her legitimate husband, presenting the act as a fait accompli to forestall negotiations and concessions to her rival claimant, her niece Joanna la Beltraneja; news of the proclamation was promptly dispatched to the cities represented in the Cortes."}, {"id": "Q269876", "label": "House of Trastámara", "section": "Background", "says": "Members of Ferdinand's entourage argued that his rights surpassed those of Isabella because, as the eldest direct male heir of the House of Trastámara, he stood closer to the dynastic line; and that, under prevailing custom, husbands enjoyed free disposition of their wives' property, which would entitle him to dispose of the Castilian realm at will."}, {"id": "Q312328", "label": "John II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Castilian aristocracy meanwhile remembered that Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and a kinsman of the so-called Infantes of Aragon, a branch of the Trastámaras who had participated in noble conjurations during the reign of John II of Castile."}, {"id": "Q297278", "label": "John II of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "The Castilian aristocracy meanwhile remembered that Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and a kinsman of the so-called Infantes of Aragon, a branch of the Trastámaras who had participated in noble conjurations during the reign of John II of Castile."}], "Q493313": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River (Chinese: 清川江战役; pinyin: Qīngchuānjiāng Zhànyì), also known as the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on, was a battle in the Korean War that took place from November 25 to December 2, 1950, along the Ch'ongch'on River Valley in the northwestern part of North Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River (Chinese: 清川江战役; pinyin: Qīngchuānjiāng Zhànyì), also known as the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on, was a battle in the Korean War that took place from November 25 to December 2, 1950, along the Ch'ongch'on River Valley in the northwestern part of North Korea."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the successful Chinese First Phase Offensive  against the United Nations (UN) forces, General Douglas MacArthur launched the Home-by-Christmas Offensive to expel the Chinese forces from Korea and to end the war."}, {"id": "Q381823", "label": "Peng Dehuai", "section": "lead", "says": "Anticipating this reaction, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) Commander Peng Dehuai planned a counteroffensive, dubbed the \"Second Phase Campaign\", against the advancing UN forces."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "Alarmed by this development, Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong ordered the PVA to intervene in Korea and to launch the First Phase Offensive against the UN forces."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Background", "says": "Alarmed by this development, Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong ordered the PVA to intervene in Korea and to launch the First Phase Offensive against the UN forces."}, {"id": "Q484690", "label": "Walton H. Walker", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Acting on MacArthur's instructions, General Walton Walker of the Eighth Army started the Home-by-Christmas Offensive at 10:00 on November 24, 1950."}], "Q497528": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bình Hòa Massacre, (Vietnamese: thảm sát Bình Hoà, Korean: 빈호아 학살) was a massacre purportedly conducted by South Korean forces between December 3 and December 6, 1966, of 430 unarmed civilians in Bình Hòa village, Quảng Ngãi Province in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A number of the survivors of the massacre joined the Viet Cong and fought against the United States and its Allies, one of which was South Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "A number of the survivors of the massacre joined the Viet Cong and fought against the United States and its Allies, one of which was South Korea."}], "Q501106": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Fergana Valley earthquake affected Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan at 01:35 KGT (19:35 UTC) on 20 July."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Fergana Valley earthquake affected Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan at 01:35 KGT (19:35 UTC) on 20 July."}], "Q5037040": [{"id": "Q217915", "label": "Piri Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Muscat occurred in 1552, when an Ottoman fleet under Piri Reis attacked Old Muscat, in modern Oman, and plundered the town from the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "Background", "says": "The city, once part of the Kingdom of Hormuz, had been in Portuguese hands since 1507, when a Portuguese fleet under Afonso de Albuquerque attacked the city, destroyed it, and then came back soon after to occupy it."}, {"id": "Q2672296", "label": "Seydi Ali Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "This time they attacked with a larger fleet under Piri Reis and Seydi Ali Reis."}], "Q516768": [{"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the treaty, all previous agreements made between the signatories including the Treaty of Turkmenchay were canceled."}, {"id": "Q313623", "label": "Georgy Chicherin", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by ʿAli-Qoli Masʿud Ansari Moshaver al-Mamalek on behalf of Iran, and on the Russian SFSR's behalf by Georgy Chicherin and his deputy Lev Karakhan."}, {"id": "Q964826", "label": "Lev Karakhan", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by ʿAli-Qoli Masʿud Ansari Moshaver al-Mamalek on behalf of Iran, and on the Russian SFSR's behalf by Georgy Chicherin and his deputy Lev Karakhan."}], "Q5169434": [{"id": "Q10130", "label": "Operation Harpoon", "section": "lead", "says": "Vigorous was part of Operation Julius, a simultaneous operation with Operation Harpoon from Gibraltar and supporting operations."}, {"id": "Q4942187", "label": "Bonner Fellers", "section": "lead", "says": "The British plans were revealed unwittingly to the Axis by the US Military Attaché in Egypt, Colonel Bonner Fellers, who reported to Washington, D.C. in \"Black\"-coded wireless messages; it was later discovered that the Black Code had been broken by the Servizio Informazioni Militare (Italian military intelligence)."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The convoy and escorts sailed through \"Bomb Alley\" between Crete and Cyrenaica under attack from Axis bombers, dive-bombers, torpedo-bombers, E-boats and submarines and were then threatened by the sailing of the Italian battlefleet from Taranto."}, {"id": "Q327035", "label": "Battle of Gazala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighth Army lost the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June) and abandoned landing grounds that air cover for Convoy MW 11 came from."}, {"id": "Q1927362", "label": "Operation Pedestal", "section": "lead", "says": "Offensive operations against Axis convoys to Libya began and Operation Pedestal in August deliver"}, {"id": "Q327085", "label": "Operation Crusader", "section": "Background", "says": "After the success of Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December 1941), the Eighth Army advanced 500 mi (800 km) west to El Agheila in Libya, capturing airfields and landing grounds useful for air cover for Malta convoys."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Two Italian MAS-boats and six E-boats lay in ambush between Crete and Cyrenaica and the 7th Cruiser Division (it:Ammiraglio di divisione [Vice-Admiral] Alberto Da Zara) with Raimondo Montecuccoli and Eugenio di Savoia in Palermo and the destroyers Ascari, Alfredo Oriani, Lanzerotto Malocello, Premuda and Vivaldi in Cagliari waited for Harpoon, along with MAS-boats and a large number of aircraft to"}], "Q518759": [{"id": "Q37084", "label": "John VI Kantakouzenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peritheorion on 7 July 1345 was between the forces of Momchil, the quasi-independent ruler of Rhodope, and an allied Byzantine-Turkish force headed by John VI Kantakouzenos and Umur Bey of Aydin."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "From 1341, a civil war had been going on in the Byzantine Empire between the regency for the infant John V Palaiologos and the former regent John VI Kantakouzenos."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "From 1341, a civil war had been going on in the Byzantine Empire between the regency for the infant John V Palaiologos and the former regent John VI Kantakouzenos."}], "Q520149": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "While Schleswig north of the Eider River was a Danish fief, the Duchies of Holstein officially remained an estate of the Holy Roman Empire which the Kings of Denmark held as an Imperial fief."}, {"id": "Q155002", "label": "Frederick VI of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1815 King Frederick VI of Denmark also acquired the adjacent Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q313175", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1815 King Frederick VI of Denmark also acquired the adjacent Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Holstein and Lauenburg were member states of the German Confederation since 1815."}, {"id": "Q155616", "label": "House of Glücksburg", "section": "Background", "says": "After the war, the two powers faced the issue of governing the provinces formerly held by the Danish royal House of Glücksburg in personal union."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Background", "says": "To ease tensions, the Prussian minister-president Otto von Bismarck met with the Austrian envoy Gustav von Blome at the spa town of Bad Gastein in the Austrian Alps."}], "Q5251995": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Arctic Fox (German: Unternehmen Polarfuchs; Finnish: operaatio Napakettu; Russian: Кандалакшская операция, romanized: Kandalakshkaya operatsiya)[a] was the codename given to a World War II campaign launched in July 1941 by German and Finnish forces from  Lapland against Soviet Northern Front defenses at Salla, Murmansk Oblast."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "The German High Command (OKW) included Finland in its plan for its major offensive against the Soviet Union: Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q313442", "label": "Operation Silver Fox", "section": "Background", "says": "A joint Finnish-German offensive named Operation Silver Fox was planned to support the Germany's main effort in central Russia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The goal of Silver Fox was to capture or disable the port of Murmansk, which was to be a major destination for Western Allied shipping aid to the Soviet Union, by executing a pincer attack against it."}, {"id": "Q57233", "label": "Nikolaus von Falkenhorst", "section": "Background", "says": "The corps was commanded by General Hans Feige and was subordinate to the Army of Norway which was commanded by Nikolaus von Falkenhorst."}, {"id": "Q442464", "label": "Hjalmar Siilasvuo", "section": "Background", "says": "XXXVI Corps was supported by Finnish III Corps commanded by Hjalmar Siilasvuo."}], "Q528758": [{"id": "Q2437292", "label": "Nueva Galicia", "section": "Background", "says": "Guzmán and his lieutenants founded towns and Spanish settlements in the region, called Nueva Galicia, including Guadalajara in or near the homeland of the Caxcanes."}], "Q538398": [{"id": "Q620735", "label": "Russo-Georgian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle off the coast of Abkhazia was a supposed naval engagement between warships of the Russian Black Sea Fleet and Georgian patrol boats during the Russo-Georgian War."}], "Q541372": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 was a treaty of alliance between the United Kingdom and the British-Mandate-controlled administration of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 was a treaty of alliance between the United Kingdom and the British-Mandate-controlled administration of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was between Kings George V of the United Kingdom and Faisal I of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was between Kings George V of the United Kingdom and Faisal I of Iraq."}], "Q541566": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kolding was fought on December 25, 1658, between Sweden and the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kolding was fought on December 25, 1658, between Sweden and the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Denmark–Norway."}], "Q5432152": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Assur, occurred when the first city and old capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire fell to Median, Babylonian, and other rebellion-led forces."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of the city that followed destroyed the city to some degree; however, it recovered during the Achaemenid Empire."}], "Q5432159": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "From the year 639 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire had been suffering from a decline in their power, culminating in Babylonian and Median invasions of their lands."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "Background", "says": "Establishing Harran as a capital for the Assyrians caught the attention of the Babylonian King Nabopolassar and Median King Cyaxares, who were determined to forever destroy the threat of Assyrian resurgence."}], "Q543481": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prüm Convention (inaccurately known as Schengen III Agreement) is a law enforcement treaty which was signed on 27 May 2005 by Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain in the town of Prüm in Germany, and which is open to all members of the European Union, 14 of which are currently parties."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The full name of the treaty is Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism, cross-border crime and illegal migration."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The full name of the treaty is Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism, cross-border crime and illegal migration."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The full name of the treaty is Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism, cross-border crime and illegal migration."}], "Q54448834": [{"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 May 2018 Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev visited the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic."}], "Q544653": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Prussian Alliance was a military alliance created by the Westminster Convention between Great Britain and Prussia that lasted formally between 1756 and 1762, during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "After the War of the Austrian Succession, Austria had lost the valuable province of Silesia, and Empress Maria Theresa tried to gain British support for a proposed military action to reclaim it."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Suddenly without a major ally in Continental Europe, the British hastily concluded a similar pact with Frederick the Great of Prussia in the hope of forestalling a major European war by maintaining the European balance of power."}], "Q5447484": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the German spring offensive of 1918 failed to achieve a decisive victory, German morale waned and the increasing numbers of American soldiers arriving on the Western Front gave the Allies a growing numerical advantage over the western armies of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "Background", "says": "To take advantage of this, Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch developed a strategy which became known as the Grand Offensive, in which attacks were made on the German lines over as wide a front as possible."}], "Q5453254": [{"id": "Q7443413", "label": "Second Maroon War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was followed about half a century later by the Second Maroon War."}, {"id": "Q2526023", "label": "Colony of Jamaica", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1655, the English defeated the Spanish colonists and took control of most of the Colony of Jamaica."}, {"id": "Q274041", "label": "Nanny of the Maroons", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Maroon War took place periodically between 1728 and 1740, and the Maroon leadership during this conflict featured Nanny of the Maroons, who was known for her expertise in guerrilla warfare, and Quao in the Windward Maroons, and Cudjoe and Accompong in the Leeward Maroons."}], "Q5457361": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition, also known as the Flanders campaign, was a series of campaigns in the Low Countries conducted from 20 April 1792 to 7 June 1795 during the first years of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "As the French Revolution radicalised, the revolutionary National Convention and its predecessors broke the Catholic Church's power (1790), abolished the monarchy (1792) and even executed the deposed king Louis XVI (1793), vying to spread the Revolution beyond the new French Republic's borders, by violent means if necessary."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "As the French Revolution radicalised, the revolutionary National Convention and its predecessors broke the Catholic Church's power (1790), abolished the monarchy (1792) and even executed the deposed king Louis XVI (1793), vying to spread the Revolution beyond the new French Republic's borders, by violent means if necessary."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Coalition, an alliance of reactionary states representing the Ancien Régime in Central and Western Europe – Habsburg Austria (including the Southern Netherlands), Prussia, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic (the Northern Netherlands), Hanover and Hesse-Kassel – mobilised military forces along all the French frontiers, threatening to invade Revolutionary France and violently restore the mo"}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Coalition, an alliance of reactionary states representing the Ancien Régime in Central and Western Europe – Habsburg Austria (including the Southern Netherlands), Prussia, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic (the Northern Netherlands), Hanover and Hesse-Kassel – mobilised military forces along all the French frontiers, threatening to invade Revolutionary France and violently restore the mo"}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent combat operations along the French borders with the Low Countries and Germany became the primary theatre of the War of the First Coalition until March 1796, when Napoleon took over French command on the Italian front."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The April–June 1792 French incursions into the Austrian Netherlands were a disaster, eventually leading frustrated radical revolutionaries to depose the king in August."}, {"id": "Q855271", "label": "Battle of Jemappes", "section": "lead", "says": "An unexpected French success in the Battle of Jemappes in November 1792 was followed by a major Coalition victory at Neerwinden in March 1793."}, {"id": "Q689056", "label": "Henri Van der Noot", "section": "Background", "says": "Revolutionary Henri Van der Noot had vainly lobbied at the Orangist and British courts in May 1789 for a military intervention in the Southern Netherlands to drive out the Habsburg Austrians."}, {"id": "Q1527921", "label": "Liège Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "With the French Revolution to the south escalating, and the Liège Revolution erupting in the neighbouring Prince-Bishopric of Liège in August 1789, the Brabant Revolution finally broke out in the Austrian Netherlands in October 1789."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "Background", "says": "With the French Revolution to the south escalating, and the Liège Revolution erupting in the neighbouring Prince-Bishopric of Liège in August 1789, the Brabant Revolution finally broke out in the Austrian Netherlands in October 1789."}, {"id": "Q896479", "label": "Brabant Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "With the French Revolution to the south escalating, and the Liège Revolution erupting in the neighbouring Prince-Bishopric of Liège in August 1789, the Brabant Revolution finally broke out in the Austrian Netherlands in October 1789."}, {"id": "Q692015", "label": "United Belgian States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Brabantine rebel army defeated the Austrian forces at the Battle of Turnhout in October, and by January 1790, revolutionary Patriots led by Van der Noot and Vonck had taken control of most of the Southern Netherlands, and proclaimed the United Belgian States, alongside the Liège Republic."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, after Joseph II died and was succeeded by his brother Leopold II, he reconciled himself with Frederick William II of Prussia with the Treaty of Reichenbach (27 July 1790), as they both feared French aggression and decided to cooperate."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, after Joseph II died and was succeeded by his brother Leopold II, he reconciled himself with Frederick William II of Prussia with the Treaty of Reichenbach (27 July 1790), as they both feared French aggression and decided to cooperate."}, {"id": "Q348701", "label": "Treaty of Reichenbach", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, after Joseph II died and was succeeded by his brother Leopold II, he reconciled himself with Frederick William II of Prussia with the Treaty of Reichenbach (27 July 1790), as they both feared French aggression and decided to cooperate."}], "Q551549": [{"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chojnice (or Battle of Konitz) occurred on 18 September 1454 near the town of Chojnice, between Poland and the Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War."}], "Q551780": [{"id": "Q163959", "label": "Battle of Héricourt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lisaine, also known as the Battle of Héricourt, was fought from 15 January to 17 January 1871 between German and French forces."}, {"id": "Q249976", "label": "Charles Denis Bourbaki", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were led by Charles Denis Bourbaki, and were attempting to relieve the Siege of Belfort."}, {"id": "Q472982", "label": "Siege of Belfort", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were led by Charles Denis Bourbaki, and were attempting to relieve the Siege of Belfort."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the end their efforts failed, and they were forced to flee into Switzerland where they were all interned soon after."}], "Q551822": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Orléans of Battle of Vaumainbert was fought during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870."}, {"id": "Q570919", "label": "Battle of Coulmiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans recaptured Orléans, which had been retaken by the French on November 11, 1870 after the Battle of Coulmiers, and divided the French Army of the Loire in two."}], "Q552277": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1703 siege of Kehl was a military action of the War of the Spanish Succession, in which French and Spanish forces under the command of the Duc de Villars captured the fortress of the Holy Roman Empire at Kehl, opposite Strasbourg on the Rhine River."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1703 siege of Kehl was a military action of the War of the Spanish Succession, in which French and Spanish forces under the command of the Duc de Villars captured the fortress of the Holy Roman Empire at Kehl, opposite Strasbourg on the Rhine River."}], "Q554447": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalisz took place on 29 October 1706 in Kalisz, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalisz took place on 29 October 1706 in Kalisz, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between an anti-Swedish army of Russians, Saxons and Poles led by Augustus the Strong and Russian general Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, and a Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian army headed by colonel Arvid Axel Mardefelt, loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński."}, {"id": "Q156026", "label": "Alexander Menshikov", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between an anti-Swedish army of Russians, Saxons and Poles led by Augustus the Strong and Russian general Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, and a Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian army headed by colonel Arvid Axel Mardefelt, loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between an anti-Swedish army of Russians, Saxons and Poles led by Augustus the Strong and Russian general Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, and a Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian army headed by colonel Arvid Axel Mardefelt, loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Swedish main army invaded Saxony in September 1706 following the disastrous Saxon defeat at Fraustadt earlier that year, Charles XII of Sweden left a Swedish contingent of 6,000 men under Arvid Axel Mardefelt to protect Greater Poland in conjunction with Stanisław Leszczyński's Polish–Lithuanian supporters under Józef Potocki."}, {"id": "Q2626847", "label": "Józef Potocki", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Swedish main army invaded Saxony in September 1706 following the disastrous Saxon defeat at Fraustadt earlier that year, Charles XII of Sweden left a Swedish contingent of 6,000 men under Arvid Axel Mardefelt to protect Greater Poland in conjunction with Stanisław Leszczyński's Polish–Lithuanian supporters under Józef Potocki."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The invasion forced Augustus the Strong, the elector of Saxony and previous king of Poland–Lithuania, to drop out of the Great Northern War and abdicate his claims to the Polish crown in the Treaty of Altranstädt, marking an end to the Civil war in Poland."}, {"id": "Q374393", "label": "Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustus himself, however, was with the Russian commander Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov and the third Russian army, which numbered 18,000 Russians."}], "Q555463": [{"id": "Q1769", "label": "Severus Alexander", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman coinage found at the site gives a probable date of the battle during the reign of one of two Roman emperors: Severus Alexander (222–235) or Maximinus Thrax (235–238)."}, {"id": "Q1777", "label": "Maximinus Thrax", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman coinage found at the site gives a probable date of the battle during the reign of one of two Roman emperors: Severus Alexander (222–235) or Maximinus Thrax (235–238)."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Over the next 40 years, the Roman Empire would be ruled by some 20 to 25 claimants to the imperial throne, invaded by many foreign enemies (among them the Alamanni, the Goths, and the Vandals), and even split into three competing empires."}], "Q558137": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Southeast Croatia (German: Unternehmen Südostkroatien) was a large-scale German-led counter-insurgency operation conducted in the southeastern parts of the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Southeast Croatia (German: Unternehmen Südostkroatien) was a large-scale German-led counter-insurgency operation conducted in the southeastern parts of the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) during World War II."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first of two German-led operations targeting mainly Yugoslav Partisans in eastern Bosnia between 15 January and 4 February 1942."}, {"id": "Q717127", "label": "Seven Enemy Offensives", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Enemy Offensive forms part of the Seven Enemy Offensives framework in Yugoslav historiography."}, {"id": "Q40765", "label": "German Offensive Against Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Partisans and Chetniks had already irrevocably split in the German-occupied territory of Serbia following Operation Uzice in late 1941, this had not yet happened in eastern Bosnia, and in some areas they were still cooperating."}, {"id": "Q560410", "label": "Operation Trio", "section": "lead", "says": "The failure of the Axis forces to decisively engage the Partisans during these operations necessitated a further major offensive, Operation Trio, in the area immediately south of where Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren had taken place."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 April 1941 the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia from multiple directions, rapidly overwhelming the under-prepared Royal Yugoslav Army which capitulated 11 days later."}], "Q558423": [{"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "Four years later, under the Treaty of Kraków, part of the Catholic Monastic State of the Teutonic Order became secularized as the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Four years later, under the Treaty of Kraków, part of the Catholic Monastic State of the Teutonic Order became secularized as the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q54056", "label": "Sigismund I the Old", "section": "lead", "says": "The reigning Grand Master Albert of Hohenzollern-Brandenburg-Ansbach became the first Duke of Prussia by paying the Prussian Homage as vassal to his uncle, Polish king and grand Duke of Lithuania,  Sigismund I the Old (1467–1548, reigned 1506–1548)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Frederick died in December 1510, and Albert of Hohenzollern was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As war over the Order's existence appeared inevitable, Albert made strenuous efforts to secure allies and carried on protracted negotiations with Emperor Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1512, Muscovy invaded the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was in personal union with Poland."}], "Q561824": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Emsdorf was fought on 16 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War at Emsdorf in present-day Hesse, Germany, between forces of British, Hanoverian and Hessian troops under the Prince of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) against German troops in French service  under Marechal de Camp von Glaubitz."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Lieutenant Colonel William Erskine of the 15th Dragoons presented King George III with 16 colours captured by his regiment after the battle."}], "Q567571": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Strategically, the fall of the city opened the northern gateway into French-occupied Spain from Portugal."}], "Q569290": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro was a military engagement that took place from 3–5 May 1811 during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "An Anglo-Portuguese Army under Wellington checked an attempt by the French Army of Portugal under Marshal André Masséna to relieve the besieged city of Almeida."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "An Anglo-Portuguese Army under Wellington checked an attempt by the French Army of Portugal under Marshal André Masséna to relieve the besieged city of Almeida."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "As Wellington stated, if Napoleon had been at Fuentes, \"we should have been beat.\""}], "Q571861": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Speyerbach took place on 15 November 1703 during the War of the Spanish Succession, near Speyer in the Rhineland-Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "At this point, the only Allied forces in the area were 4,000 men from the Electoral Palatinate under John Ernst of Nassau-Weilburg."}], "Q575510": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pochonbo (Japanese: 普天堡の戦い, Hepburn: Futenho no tatakai) was an event which occurred in northern Korea, Empire of Japan on 4 June 1937, when Korean and Chinese guerrillas commanded by Kim Il Sung (or possibly Choe Hyon) attacked and defeated a Japanese detachment during the anti-Japanese armed struggle in Korea."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pochonbo (Japanese: 普天堡の戦い, Hepburn: Futenho no tatakai) was an event which occurred in northern Korea, Empire of Japan on 4 June 1937, when Korean and Chinese guerrillas commanded by Kim Il Sung (or possibly Choe Hyon) attacked and defeated a Japanese detachment during the anti-Japanese armed struggle in Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle holds an important place in North Korea."}], "Q575648": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kita (北号作戦, Hoku-gō sakusen; \"North\") was conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the Pacific War in February 1945."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Its purpose was to return two Ise-class hybrid battleship-aircraft carriers and four escort ships to Japan from Singapore, where they had been based since November the previous year."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "During their voyage from Japan, each of the battleship-carriers was loaded with about 1,000 short tons (910 t) of munitions for the units defending Manila in the Philippines."}], "Q57890365": [{"id": "Q17984356", "label": "Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi insurgency is an ongoing low-intensity insurgency that began in 2017 after the Islamic State (IS) lost its territorial control in the War in Iraq, during which IS and allied White Flags fought the Iraqi military (largely backed by the United States, United Kingdom and other countries conducting airstrikes against IS) and allied paramilitary forces (largely backed by Iran)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi insurgency is an ongoing low-intensity insurgency that began in 2017 after the Islamic State (IS) lost its territorial control in the War in Iraq, during which IS and allied White Flags fought the Iraqi military (largely backed by the United States, United Kingdom and other countries conducting airstrikes against IS) and allied paramilitary forces (largely backed by Iran)."}], "Q583223": [{"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) was the war between the Kingdom of Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order over Pomerelia, fought from 1326 to 1332."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Until the death of Duke Mestwin II in 1294, the Duchy of Pomerelia on the Baltic coast, stretching from the border with the Imperial Duchy of Pomerania in the west to the Prussian territory of the Order state at the Vistula river in the east, had been held by the Samborides dynasty, liensmen of the Polish Piast rulers."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Przemysł II, King of Poland since 1295, incorporated Pomerelia (Pomorze Gdańskie) into the Lands of the Polish Crown, against the protest of the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg referring to the Treaty of Arnswalde signed with Duke Mestwin in 1269."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "The following year, the Ascanian margraves instigated the kidnapping and killing of King Przemysł, probably backed by King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, who aimed for the Polish crown."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "Background", "says": "King Wenceslaus II prevailed against his Piast rival Władysław I the Elbow-high and was crowned King of Poland in 1300."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "Background", "says": "King Wenceslaus II prevailed against his Piast rival Władysław I the Elbow-high and was crowned King of Poland in 1300."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "Background", "says": "The Swenzones, fearing for their assets and sinecures, called for Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg, whose troops occupied the territory up to the city of Gdańsk."}], "Q586992": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Barrosa (Chiclana, 5 March 1811, also known as the Battle of Chiclana or Battle of Cerro del Puerco) was part of an unsuccessful manoeuvre by an Anglo-Iberian force to break the French siege of Cádiz during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The city's garrison initially comprised only four battalions of volunteers and recruits, but the Duke of Alburquerque ignored orders from the Cortes of Cádiz – which served as a democratic Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposed – and instead of attacking Victor's superior force, he brought his 10,000 men to reinforce the city."}], "Q588059": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bin Jawad took place in early March 2011 during the Libyan Civil War between forces loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and anti-Gaddafi forces for control of the town of Bin Jawad."}], "Q588075": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maida was fought on 4 July 1806 between the British and French armies outside Maida, Calabria during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "lead", "says": "John Stuart led a British expeditionary force of 5,236 troops to victory over a force of approximately 5,400 French troops under Jean Reynier, inflicting heavy losses while incurring light casualties."}, {"id": "Q312325", "label": "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1806, the French invaded and overran the Kingdom of Naples, forcing King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his government to flee to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the decision by King Ferdinand to side with the Third Coalition against Napoleon I of France, French forces had invaded the Kingdom of Naples in the spring of 1806, after the British and Russian forces supposedly defending the kingdom evacuated Italy altogether: the British to Sicily and the Russians to Corfu."}, {"id": "Q857860", "label": "Battle of Campo Tenese", "section": "Background", "says": "The Neapolitan-Sicilian army was crushed at the Battle of Campo Tenese, forcing Ferdinand to flee to Sicily and concede the Neapolitan crown to the French."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Neapolitan throne."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Neapolitan throne."}], "Q591727": [{"id": "Q134309", "label": "Charles IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moncontour occurred on 3 October 1569 between the royalist Catholic forces of King Charles IX of France, commanded by Henry, Duke of Anjou, and the Huguenots commanded by Gaspard II de Coligny."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moncontour occurred on 3 October 1569 between the royalist Catholic forces of King Charles IX of France, commanded by Henry, Duke of Anjou, and the Huguenots commanded by Gaspard II de Coligny."}, {"id": "Q204975", "label": "Gaspard II de Coligny", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moncontour occurred on 3 October 1569 between the royalist Catholic forces of King Charles IX of France, commanded by Henry, Duke of Anjou, and the Huguenots commanded by Gaspard II de Coligny."}], "Q592971": [{"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rebellion of 1088 occurred after the death of William the Conqueror and concerned the division of lands in the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy between his two sons William Rufus and Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rebellion of 1088 occurred after the death of William the Conqueror and concerned the division of lands in the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy between his two sons William Rufus and Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rebellion of 1088 occurred after the death of William the Conqueror and concerned the division of lands in the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy between his two sons William Rufus and Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q220994", "label": "Robert Curthose", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rebellion of 1088 occurred after the death of William the Conqueror and concerned the division of lands in the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy between his two sons William Rufus and Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q49961", "label": "Odo, Earl of Kent", "section": "Background", "says": "The pursuit of this aim led them to revolt against William in favour of Robert, under the leadership of the powerful Bishop Odo of Bayeux, who was a half-brother of William the Conqueror."}, {"id": "Q724235", "label": "Robert, Count of Mortain", "section": "Background", "says": "The rebels, led by Odo and Robert, Count of Mortain, decided to band together to dispose of young King William II and reunite Normandy and England under a single ruler, Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q2067294", "label": "Alan Rufus", "section": "Background", "says": "Among William's initial supporters were all the bishops of England, a few major magnates including Alan Rufus (in the east of England north of London up to Yorkshire), William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey (from Sussex to Yorkshire) and Hugh of Avranches (in the west, around Cheshire, and in Lincolnshire), and lesser tenants-in-chief such as Robert Fitzhamon and Walter D'Aincourt."}, {"id": "Q354338", "label": "Eustace III, Count of Boulogne", "section": "Background", "says": "In support of the rebels were Eustace III, Count of Boulogne and \"Hugh de Grantmesnil, who had the government of Leicestershire, with Robert de Rhuddlan his nephew, and other knights of distinguished bravery\"."}], "Q5957422": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian famine of 1917–1919 or the Iranian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Iran under the rule of the Qajar dynasty during World War I."}, {"id": "Q1538447", "label": "Michael Axworthy", "section": "Causes and contributing factors", "says": "Michael Axworthy believes that the famine was \"partly as a result of the dislocation of trade and agricultural production caused by the war\"."}], "Q6022234": [{"id": "Q412980", "label": "Ajmer-Merwara", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine was acute in the Central Provinces and Berar, the Bombay Presidency, the minor province of Ajmer-Merwara, and the Hissar District of the Punjab; it also caused great distress in the princely states of the Rajputana Agency, the Central India Agency, Hyderabad and the Kathiawar Agency."}, {"id": "Q1933136", "label": "Mike Davis", "section": "Causes", "says": "Mike Davis has described this as \"the paradox of dearth amidst plenty,\" in which India was integrated into global commodity flows at the expense of local subsistence."}], "Q604993": [{"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cabira was fought in 72 or 71 BC between forces of the Roman Republic under proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus and those of the Kingdom of Pontus under Mithridates VI."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cabira was fought in 72 or 71 BC between forces of the Roman Republic under proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus and those of the Kingdom of Pontus under Mithridates VI."}, {"id": "Q1616064", "label": "Mithridatic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Rome had already fought two major conflicts with King Mithridates of Pontus; the so called First and Second Mithridatic Wars."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "When, in 74 BC, the Kingdom of Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic after the death of King Nicomedes IV of Bithynia, matters came to a head."}, {"id": "Q315480", "label": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "When, in 74 BC, the Kingdom of Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic after the death of King Nicomedes IV of Bithynia, matters came to a head."}, {"id": "Q720859", "label": "Marcus Aurelius Cotta", "section": "Background", "says": "Mithridates, anticipating a war with Rome, had invaded the country in 73 BC, defeating the proconsul Marcus Aurelius Cotta, the Roman governor of Bithynia, in battle and besieging him in the city of Chalcedon."}, {"id": "Q972445", "label": "Siege of Cyzicus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Siege of Cyzicus turned out to be a spectacular success; the Romans blockaded and starved the numerically superior Pontic army."}], "Q60764387": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état was a violent military coup in Burkina Faso, which took place on 15 October 1987."}, {"id": "Q57324", "label": "Blaise Compaoré", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was organized by Captain Blaise Compaoré against incumbent far-left President Captain Thomas Sankara, his former friend, bandmate, and associate during the 1983 upheaval."}, {"id": "Q202155", "label": "Thomas Sankara", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was organized by Captain Blaise Compaoré against incumbent far-left President Captain Thomas Sankara, his former friend, bandmate, and associate during the 1983 upheaval."}], "Q609229": [{"id": "Q483290", "label": "Boris Tadić", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbia's secretary of state for Kosovo, Oliver Ivanović, said: \"We don't see these as 'parallel structures', we see these as the only structures, because we do not recognise the independence of Kosovo.\" He also said a partition of Kosovo is out of the question, even though Serbian president Boris Tadić said he was open to the possibility."}], "Q6130117": [{"id": "Q2672972", "label": "Uruguayan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Siege of Montevideo (Spanish: Gran Sitio de Montevideo), named as Sitio Grande in Uruguayan historiography, was the siege suffered by the city of Montevideo between 1843 and 1851 during the Uruguayan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q280985", "label": "Joaquín Suárez", "section": "lead", "says": "In practice, this siege meant that Uruguay had two parallel governments:\n\nGobierno de la Defensa in Montevideo, led by Joaquín Suárez (1843 – 1852)\nGobierno del Cerrito (with headquarters in the present-day neighborhood of Cerrito de la Victoria), ruling the rest of the country, led by Manuel Oribe (1843 – 1851)\nThe siege inspired a book by the French writer Alexandre Dumas, The New Troy (1850)."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "In practice, this siege meant that Uruguay had two parallel governments:\n\nGobierno de la Defensa in Montevideo, led by Joaquín Suárez (1843 – 1852)\nGobierno del Cerrito (with headquarters in the present-day neighborhood of Cerrito de la Victoria), ruling the rest of the country, led by Manuel Oribe (1843 – 1851)\nThe siege inspired a book by the French writer Alexandre Dumas, The New Troy (1850)."}, {"id": "Q467987", "label": "Manuel Oribe", "section": "lead", "says": "In practice, this siege meant that Uruguay had two parallel governments:\n\nGobierno de la Defensa in Montevideo, led by Joaquín Suárez (1843 – 1852)\nGobierno del Cerrito (with headquarters in the present-day neighborhood of Cerrito de la Victoria), ruling the rest of the country, led by Manuel Oribe (1843 – 1851)\nThe siege inspired a book by the French writer Alexandre Dumas, The New Troy (1850)."}, {"id": "Q467976", "label": "Fructuoso Rivera", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1836, Fructuoso Rivera, offended by the results of an examination of his administration and also dismissed from the post of commander of the army, rebelled against the government of Manuel Oribe."}, {"id": "Q649615", "label": "Juan Antonio Lavalleja", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 September 1836, the battle of Carpintería was fought between the army loyal to the government of Manuel Oribe — under the command of him and Juan Antonio Lavalleja — and the revolutionary forces of Fructuoso Rivera, allied with the Argentine Unitarians exiled in Uruguay under the command of General Juan Lavalle."}, {"id": "Q2528692", "label": "Juan Lavalle", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 September 1836, the battle of Carpintería was fought between the army loyal to the government of Manuel Oribe — under the command of him and Juan Antonio Lavalleja — and the revolutionary forces of Fructuoso Rivera, allied with the Argentine Unitarians exiled in Uruguay under the command of General Juan Lavalle."}], "Q616846": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Spanish War (Spanish: Guerra Anglo-Española) was fought between Britain and Spain as part of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the war's latter stages, however, with mounting French losses to the British leaving the Spanish Empire vulnerable, King Charles III signalled his intention to enter the war on the side of France."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "During the war's latter stages, however, with mounting French losses to the British leaving the Spanish Empire vulnerable, King Charles III signalled his intention to enter the war on the side of France."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "By the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Florida to Britain and returned conquered Portuguese and Brazilian territories to Portugal in exchange for the British handing back Havana and Manila."}, {"id": "Q193157", "label": "Ferdinand VI of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "King Ferdinand VI of Spain's prime minister Ricardo Wall effectively opposed the French party who wanted to enter the war on the side of France."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The geopolitical situation changed when Ferdinand VI died in 1759 and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Charles III of Spain."}], "Q624389": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Fifty-three Palestinians, including 16 civilians, and an IDF soldier, were killed since 31 October."}], "Q63701": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Omer, fought on 26 July 1340, was a major engagement in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War, during Edward III's 1340 summer campaign against France launched from Flanders."}, {"id": "Q871366", "label": "Battle of Sluys", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was initiated in the aftermath of the English naval victory at the Battle of Sluys but was far less successful than Edward had hoped."}], "Q638329": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the final changeover of Prussia onto the side against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q65432", "label": "Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The events that led to this alliance date back to 30 December 1812, at Tauroggen when Lieutenant-General Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg, on behalf of his Prussian troops, and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Russian Army signed the Convention of Tauroggen."}, {"id": "Q703307", "label": "Hans Karl von Diebitsch", "section": "lead", "says": "The events that led to this alliance date back to 30 December 1812, at Tauroggen when Lieutenant-General Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg, on behalf of his Prussian troops, and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Russian Army signed the Convention of Tauroggen."}, {"id": "Q1736806", "label": "Convention of Tauroggen", "section": "lead", "says": "The events that led to this alliance date back to 30 December 1812, at Tauroggen when Lieutenant-General Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg, on behalf of his Prussian troops, and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Russian Army signed the Convention of Tauroggen."}], "Q639285": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Peninsular War, the Battle of Medellín was fought on 28 March 1809 and resulted in a victory of the French under Marshal Victor against the Spanish under General Don Gregorio Garcia de la Cuesta."}, {"id": "Q601872", "label": "Battle of Ocaña", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked the first major effort by the French to occupy Southern Spain, a feat mostly completed with the victory at the Battle of Ocaña later in the year."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "Background", "says": "Each wing was composed of a cavalry division and two infantry battalions filled with German troops from the Confederation of the Rhine."}], "Q641125": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bapaume took place during the Franco-Prussian War, brought about by French attempts to relieve the besieged city of Péronne, Somme."}], "Q643510": [{"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "Transnational corporate agendas in lieu of the commission of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline, such as that of ARAMCO and Saudi King Ibn Saud are speculated to have informed alleged US involvement in the coup."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Geopolitical context and the Arab-Israeli Conflict", "says": "During the 1948 War, Quwatli's term has been described by scholars as a \"disaster for both his presidency and democracy in Syria.\" The 1947 UN Resolution 181 that proposed a partition of Palestine into two states, often characterized as the catalyst for outrage in the Middle East over Western solidarity with Israel, had a profound effect on the fledging democracy that Syria was under Quwatli."}], "Q644004": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wilhelmsthal (sometimes written as the Battle of Wilhelmstadt) was fought on 24 June 1762 during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Britain, Prussia, Hanover, Brunswick and Hesse under the command of the Duke of Brunswick against France."}], "Q646336": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Seoul resulted in United Nations forces recapturing Seoul from the North Koreans in late September 1950 during the Korean War."}], "Q647694": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The March Across the Belts (Swedish: Tåget över Bält) was a military campaign waged by the Swedish Empire across the ice between the Danish islands."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted between 30 January and 15 February 1658, ending with a decisive victory for Swedish King Charles X Gustav during his first Danish war."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 June 1657, Denmark declared war on Sweden which was under heavy pressure in the Second Northern War against Poland and Russia."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Charles X Gustav was deeply involved in the conflict with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he chose to move the bulk of his army to Jutland and invade Denmark."}, {"id": "Q157812", "label": "Frederick III of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "With Swedish troops standing 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Copenhagen on 15 February, King Frederick III of Denmark chose to make an unconditional peace with Sweden, ending the Swedish campaign."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Treaty of Roskilde, signed on 26 February 1658, was highly favorable for Sweden."}, {"id": "Q472692", "label": "Per Brahe the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish troops under Per Brahe the Younger and Gustaf Otto Stenbock fought the Danish troops garrisoned in Scania and Halland, and in Bohuslän and Jämtland during the so-called Krabbefejden (\"The Krabbe feud\", named after Danish military officer Iver Krabbe)."}, {"id": "Q968941", "label": "Gustaf Otto Stenbock", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish troops under Per Brahe the Younger and Gustaf Otto Stenbock fought the Danish troops garrisoned in Scania and Halland, and in Bohuslän and Jämtland during the so-called Krabbefejden (\"The Krabbe feud\", named after Danish military officer Iver Krabbe)."}, {"id": "Q211661", "label": "Jämtland", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish troops under Per Brahe the Younger and Gustaf Otto Stenbock fought the Danish troops garrisoned in Scania and Halland, and in Bohuslän and Jämtland during the so-called Krabbefejden (\"The Krabbe feud\", named after Danish military officer Iver Krabbe)."}, {"id": "Q439909", "label": "Carl Gustaf Wrangel", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 October 1657 during the siege of Fredriksodde, a determined Swedish force led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel unexpectedly assaulted."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "During the period after the assault on Frederiksodde, the Swedish command felt insecure, fearing an attack from Brandenburg against Swedish Pomerania and then against the army stationed in Jutland."}], "Q648223": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 11 August 1791 off the coast of Cape Kaliakra, Bulgaria, in the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q314339", "label": "Fyodor Ushakov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian fleet under Counter (Rear) Admiral Fyodor Ushakov, of 15 ships of the line and two frigates (990 guns), and several small craft sailed from Sevastopol on 8 August, and at midday on 11 August encountered the Ottoman–Algerian fleet under Hussein Pasha of 18 ships of the line and 17 frigates (1,500–1,600 guns) and some smaller craft at anchor just south of Cape Kaliakra."}, {"id": "Q174044", "label": "Alexander Nevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian casualties were 17 killed and 28 wounded, and the frigate Alexander Nevsky was damaged."}], "Q652271": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Haarlem was an episode of the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "From 11 December 1572 to 13 July 1573 an army of Philip II of Spain laid bloody siege to the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands, whose loyalties had begun wavering during the previous summer."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Most city administrators—unlike many citizens—did not favor open revolution against Philip II of Spain, who had inherited rule of the Netherlands from his father, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, after much political debate the city officially turned against Philip II on 4 July 1572."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The city's defenses were commanded by city-governor Wigbolt Ripperda, a commander put in charge by William the Silent, the Prince of Orange."}], "Q6553389": [{"id": "Q297134", "label": "Hipólito Yrigoyen", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was put down by Colonel Héctor Benigno Varela's 10th Cavalry Regiment of the Argentine Army under the orders of President Hipólito Yrigoyen."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "At least two Argentine soldiers (privates Fernando Pablo Fischer and Domingo Montenegro), three local policemen (sergeant Tomás Rosa and constables Ernesto Bozán and Juan Campos) and a number of ranch owners and their relatives also died during the strife."}], "Q6569289": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Şahkulu rebellion was a widespread pro-Shia and pro-Safavid uprising in Anatolia, directed against the Ottoman Empire, in 1511."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Safavid dynasty was consolidated and founded by Ismail I in the early 16th century."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "Background", "says": "Some ascribe this receding tolerance to the decline of the Aq Qoyunlu coupled with the emerging socio-political legitimacy of the Safavid empire."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "Background", "says": "Ismail I's activities did not escape the attention of the Ottomans, but the Ottoman Empire was too preoccupied with the oncoming period of interregnum during the last years of the crippled sultan Bayezid II."}], "Q663524": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moys was fought on 7 September 1757 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moys was fought on 7 September 1757 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)."}], "Q667519": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gnila Lipa took place in early World War I on 29–30 August 1914, when the Imperial Russian Army invaded Galicia and engaged the defending Austro-Hungarian Army."}, {"id": "Q659246", "label": "Battle of Galicia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a larger series of battles known collectively as the Battle of Galicia."}], "Q6744162": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mallian campaign was conducted by Alexander the Great from November 326 to February 325 BC, against the \nMallians of the Punjab."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The campaign against the Malli (identified with the Malavas) occurred a year after Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush, and eight years after the start of his campaigns against the Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q213074", "label": "Battle of the Hydaspes", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander had defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes in May 326 BC, and then stayed in his territory for thirty days."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nanda Empire was rumoured to be even more powerful than Porus, who was only a princeling."}], "Q674647": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Marburg's Bloody Sunday (German: Marburger Blutsonntag, Slovene: Mariborska krvava nedelja) was a shooting that took place on Monday, 27 January 1919 in the city of Maribor (German: Marburg an der Drau) in Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "Soldiers from the army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), under the command of Slovene officer Rudolf Maister, killed between 9 and 13 civilians of German ethnic origin, wounding a further 60, after the soldiers were attacked during a protest in the city centre."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Soldiers from the army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), under the command of Slovene officer Rudolf Maister, killed between 9 and 13 civilians of German ethnic origin, wounding a further 60, after the soldiers were attacked during a protest in the city centre."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1918, after the First World War ended, the territories of southern Carinthia and southern Styria, which had been claimed by both the Republic of German Austria and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, were captured by military units under Maister's command."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of German Austria was created following the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the First World War and claimed areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within the bounds of the former empire."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to the current area of the Republic of Austria, these included parts of South Tyrol and the town of Tarvisio, both now in Italy; southern Carinthia and southern Styria, now in Slovenia; and Sudetenland proper and German Bohemia (later also part of Sudetenland), now in the Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Though the division of territories was conducted through a proclaimed principle of national self-determination, populations of ethnic Germans and Hungarians remained resident in many of these territories, including Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Though the division of territories was conducted through a proclaimed principle of national self-determination, populations of ethnic Germans and Hungarians remained resident in many of these territories, including Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}], "Q676761": [{"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an engagement of the Second Italian War of Independence, fought between the Italian volunteers formation of the Hunters of the Alps, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, against Austrian troops led by Karl von Urban."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an engagement of the Second Italian War of Independence, fought between the Italian volunteers formation of the Hunters of the Alps, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, against Austrian troops led by Karl von Urban."}, {"id": "Q79094", "label": "Karl von Urban", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an engagement of the Second Italian War of Independence, fought between the Italian volunteers formation of the Hunters of the Alps, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, against Austrian troops led by Karl von Urban."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Following the Battle of Montebello, Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II decided Ferenc Gyulay was tied down at the Po."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Following the Battle of Montebello, Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II decided Ferenc Gyulay was tied down at the Po."}, {"id": "Q698020", "label": "Ferenc Gyulay", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Following the Battle of Montebello, Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II decided Ferenc Gyulay was tied down at the Po."}, {"id": "Q705770", "label": "Giovanni Durando", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Cialdini's 4th Division led the advance guard, supported by Manfredo Fanti and Giovanni Durando."}], "Q677695": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1731 Treaty of Vienna was signed on 16 March 1731 between Great Britain and Emperor Charles VI on behalf of the Habsburg monarchy, with the Dutch Republic included as a party."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the end of the Anglo-French Alliance that dominated Europe since the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, replacing it with the Anglo-Austrian Alliance."}, {"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The period after the 1713 Peace of Utrecht was one of constant re-alignment among the European Powers as they attempted to solve issues without war."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "France in particular needed peace to rebuild its exhausted economy after the War of the Spanish Succession, which resulted in the 1716 Anglo-French Alliance."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "As the 1730s began, Emperor Charles VI of Austria needed support for the 1713 Pragmatic Sanction and ensure the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa."}], "Q679363": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hundsfeld or Battle of Psie Pole was said to be fought on 24 August 1109 near the Silesian capital Wrocław between the Holy Roman Empire in aid of the claims of the exiled Piast duke Zbigniew against his ruling half-brother, Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland."}, {"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hundsfeld or Battle of Psie Pole was said to be fought on 24 August 1109 near the Silesian capital Wrocław between the Holy Roman Empire in aid of the claims of the exiled Piast duke Zbigniew against his ruling half-brother, Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland."}], "Q685521": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cottbus was an anti-partisan operation during the occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation began on 20 May 1943 during the World War II occupation of northern Belarus in the areas of Begoml, Lepel and Ushachy."}], "Q6932168": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal–Safavid war of 1622–1623 was fought over the important fortress city of Kandahar, now located in Afghanistan, between the Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal–Safavid war of 1622–1623 was fought over the important fortress city of Kandahar, now located in Afghanistan, between the Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire."}], "Q694883": [{"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Erastfer (also Battle of Errestfer, Battle of Erastvere) took place on 29 December 1701 (O.S.) / 30 December 1701 (Swedish calendar) / 9 January / 1702 (N.S.) near Erastfer in eastern Swedish Livonia (present-day Erastvere in Estonia) between a Russian force of around 13,000 regulars along with 6,000 irregulars led by general Boris Sheremetev and a Swedish force of about 3,470 men (a"}, {"id": "Q553553", "label": "Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Erastfer (also Battle of Errestfer, Battle of Erastvere) took place on 29 December 1701 (O.S.) / 30 December 1701 (Swedish calendar) / 9 January / 1702 (N.S.) near Erastfer in eastern Swedish Livonia (present-day Erastvere in Estonia) between a Russian force of around 13,000 regulars along with 6,000 irregulars led by general Boris Sheremetev and a Swedish force of about 3,470 men (a"}], "Q695105": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Rawa (also written as -Rava, -Rawa-Ruska, -Rava-Ruska, or -Rava-Russka) was an early stage World War I battle between Austria-Hungary and Russia, from 3–11 September 1914."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Rawa (also written as -Rava, -Rawa-Ruska, -Rava-Ruska, or -Rava-Russka) was an early stage World War I battle between Austria-Hungary and Russia, from 3–11 September 1914."}, {"id": "Q659246", "label": "Battle of Galicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the series of engagements known as Battle of Galicia."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Ferdinand now faced the Russian 21st Army Corps to the east, the Russian 5th Army to the north, while the Austro-Hungarian 1st Army retreated towards the south."}], "Q695201": [{"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Bergisel were four battles fought between Tyrolese civilian militiamen and a contingent of Austrian government troops and the military forces of Emperor Napoleon I of France and the Kingdom of Bavaria at the Bergisel hill near Innsbruck."}, {"id": "Q664364", "label": "Tyrolean Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles, which occurred on 25 May, 29 May, 13 August, and 1 November 1809, were part of the Tyrolean Rebellion and the War of the Fifth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles, which occurred on 25 May, 29 May, 13 August, and 1 November 1809, were part of the Tyrolean Rebellion and the War of the Fifth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bavarians were led by French Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre, and Bavarian Generals Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy and Karl Philipp von Wrede."}, {"id": "Q83808", "label": "François Joseph Lefebvre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bavarians were led by French Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre, and Bavarian Generals Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy and Karl Philipp von Wrede."}, {"id": "Q64759", "label": "Carl Philipp von Wrede", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bavarians were led by French Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre, and Bavarian Generals Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy and Karl Philipp von Wrede."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After his humiliating defeat of the Austrian Empire in the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon transferred the County of Tyrol to Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "After his humiliating defeat of the Austrian Empire in the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon transferred the County of Tyrol to Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "Background", "says": "When Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen invaded Bavaria on 10 April 1809, the Tyrol militia decided to revolt."}], "Q695732": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Mookerheyde, Spanish Tercios defeated Dutch forces composed of German mercenaries, on 14 April 1574, during the Eighty Years' War on the heath (heide in modern Dutch) near the village Mook and the river Meuse, not far from Nijmegen in Gelderland."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "lead", "says": "Two leaders of the Dutch forces, brothers of William the Silent, were killed: Louis of Nassau (born 1538) and Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg (born 1550)."}, {"id": "Q700300", "label": "Louis of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "Two leaders of the Dutch forces, brothers of William the Silent, were killed: Louis of Nassau (born 1538) and Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg (born 1550)."}, {"id": "Q154952", "label": "William Alexander of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2017, the General Superior of the Jesuits, Arturo Sosa , returned the baton to King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands  in a ceremony at the Vatican."}], "Q697034": [{"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amstetten was a minor engagement during the War of the Third Coalition between the First French Empire and the alliance of Austria and Russia."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amstetten was a minor engagement during the War of the Third Coalition between the First French Empire and the alliance of Austria and Russia."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred on 5 November 1805, when the retreating Russo-Austrian troops, led by Mikhail Kutuzov, were intercepted by Marshal Joachim Murat's cavalry and a portion of Marshal Jean Lannes' corps."}, {"id": "Q770116", "label": "Ulm Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "This battle took place immediately after the Austrian surrender in the Ulm Campaign."}, {"id": "Q93489", "label": "Karl Mack von Leiberich", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the surrender of Karl Mack von Leiberich in the Battle of Ulm, the Russian forces led by Kutuzov decided to retreat along the Danube to regroup with other Russian troops."}, {"id": "Q159072", "label": "Battle of Ulm", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the surrender of Karl Mack von Leiberich in the Battle of Ulm, the Russian forces led by Kutuzov decided to retreat along the Danube to regroup with other Russian troops."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon was determined to pin down the Russian army and sent Joachim Murat and Jean Lannes to intercept the retreating Russian army."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon was determined to pin down the Russian army and sent Joachim Murat and Jean Lannes to intercept the retreating Russian army."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon was determined to pin down the Russian army and sent Joachim Murat and Jean Lannes to intercept the retreating Russian army."}], "Q698138": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wanjialing, known in Chinese text as the Victory of Wanjialing (traditional Chinese: 萬家嶺大捷; simplified Chinese: 万家岭大捷; pinyin: Wànjiālǐng Dàjié), refers to the National Revolutionary Army's successful engagement during the Wuhan theatre of the Second Sino-Japanese War against the Japanese 101st, 106th, 9th and 27th divisions around the Wanjialing region in 1938."}], "Q699295": [{"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nanking Incident (Chinese: 南京事件; pinyin: Nánjīng Shìjiàn; Wade–Giles: Nan2-ching1 Shih4-chien4), also known as the Nanking Outrage or Nanking Massacre, occurred in March 1927 during the capture of Nanjing (then romanized as Nanking) by the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Kuomintang in their Northern Expedition."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nanking Incident (Chinese: 南京事件; pinyin: Nánjīng Shìjiàn; Wade–Giles: Nan2-ching1 Shih4-chien4), also known as the Nanking Outrage or Nanking Massacre, occurred in March 1927 during the capture of Nanjing (then romanized as Nanking) by the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Kuomintang in their Northern Expedition."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Context", "says": "The British Royal Navy operated the China Station under Rear Admiral Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt and the United States Navy the Yangtze Patrol; both lasted for around 80 years until World War II."}], "Q700207": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Suiyuan campaign (Chinese: 綏遠抗戰; pinyin: Suīyuǎn kàngzhàn; Japanese: 綏遠事件, romanized: Suien jiken) was an attempt by the Inner Mongolian Army and Grand Han Righteous Army, two forces founded and supported by the Empire of Japan, to take control of the Suiyuan province from the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Suiyuan campaign (Chinese: 綏遠抗戰; pinyin: Suīyuǎn kàngzhàn; Japanese: 綏遠事件, romanized: Suien jiken) was an attempt by the Inner Mongolian Army and Grand Han Righteous Army, two forces founded and supported by the Empire of Japan, to take control of the Suiyuan province from the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attempted invasion occurred in 1936, shortly before the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q715770", "label": "Demchugdongrub", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, an Inner Mongolian Army was created out of the forces loyal to Prince Demchugdongrub and other Mongolian nobles that supported him, along with other Chinese collaborators."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chinese National Revolutionary Army garrison in the Suiyuan province was reinforced by troops sent from Nanjing by the Kuomintang government, including an elite anti-aircraft battalion."}], "Q700244": [{"id": "Q4825457", "label": "Austrian–Hungarian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Peace of Pressburg (also known as the Treaty of Pressburg) was a peace treaty concluded in Pressburg (then Pozsony, today's Bratislava) that brought a resolution to the earlier Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488)."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1490, Maximilian decided to dislodge the Hungarians from all over Austria, which succeeded, but his invasion of Hungary was repelled and the parties began to seek peace."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 7 November 1491 between King of the Romans Maximilian I and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q155599", "label": "Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 7 November 1491 between King of the Romans Maximilian I and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The assembly of nobility of the Kingdom of Hungary that led to the treaty had gathered a total of 63 dignitaries from the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Kingdom of Hungary."}], "Q704627": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Starvation was a naval mining operation conducted in World War II by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) to disrupt Japanese shipping."}], "Q705629": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hokuetsu (北越戦争, Hokuetsu sensō) took place during the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, which occurred in 1868 in the northwestern part of Japan, in the area of modern Niigata Prefecture."}, {"id": "Q287657", "label": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Meiji government defeated the forces of Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu (mostly from the western domains of Satsuma and Chōshū) at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, and afterwards divided into three armies to advance on the Shogun's capital of Edo."}, {"id": "Q1193959", "label": "Battle of Toba-Fushimi", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Meiji government defeated the forces of Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu (mostly from the western domains of Satsuma and Chōshū) at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, and afterwards divided into three armies to advance on the Shogun's capital of Edo."}, {"id": "Q297636", "label": "Yamagata Aritomo", "section": "Background", "says": "The imperial army marching up the coast of the Sea of Japan was commanded by Yamagata Aritomo and Kuroda Kiyotaka."}, {"id": "Q714049", "label": "Kuroda Kiyotaka", "section": "Background", "says": "The imperial army marching up the coast of the Sea of Japan was commanded by Yamagata Aritomo and Kuroda Kiyotaka."}], "Q7097460": [{"id": "Q136309503", "label": "Operation Vulcan", "section": "lead", "says": "Axis forces were isolated in northern Tunisia and faced Operation Vulcan, the final Allied assault."}, {"id": "Q3533209", "label": "Operation Flax", "section": "lead", "says": "The equivalent blockade of air evacuation was Operation Flax."}], "Q7097635": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tiderace was the codename of the British plan to retake Singapore following the Japanese surrender in 1945."}, {"id": "Q6540361", "label": "surrender of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "The assault was scheduled for 9 September 1945, but was forestalled following the Surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945."}, {"id": "Q163244", "label": "Potsdam Declaration", "section": "Background", "says": "Emergency planning was put in preparation for the rapid occupation of Singapore at an early date should Japan agree to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of 26 July."}], "Q713400": [{"id": "Q154182", "label": "Battle of Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle in Berlin was an end phase of the Battle of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome of the battle to capture the capital of Nazi Germany was decided during the initial phases of the Battle of Berlin that took place outside the city."}, {"id": "Q57271", "label": "Helmuth Weidling", "section": "lead", "says": "On that date, the commander of the Berlin Defence Area, General Helmuth Weidling, surrendered to Lieutenant-General Vasily Chuikov, commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, a component of Marshal Georgiy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front."}, {"id": "Q157594", "label": "Vasily Chuikov", "section": "lead", "says": "On that date, the commander of the Berlin Defence Area, General Helmuth Weidling, surrendered to Lieutenant-General Vasily Chuikov, commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, a component of Marshal Georgiy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front."}], "Q716922": [{"id": "Q442594", "label": "John Joseph of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valenciennes was fought on 16 July 1656 between the Spanish troops commanded by John Joseph of Austria and the French troops under Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, in the outskirts of the city of Valenciennes in the Spanish Netherlands during the Franco-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valenciennes was fought on 16 July 1656 between the Spanish troops commanded by John Joseph of Austria and the French troops under Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, in the outskirts of the city of Valenciennes in the Spanish Netherlands during the Franco-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valenciennes was fought on 16 July 1656 between the Spanish troops commanded by John Joseph of Austria and the French troops under Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, in the outskirts of the city of Valenciennes in the Spanish Netherlands during the Franco-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "He intended at first to besiege Tournai, but realising that it had been strongly reinforced by the Army of Flanders under the newly appointed John Joseph of Austria, illegitimate son of Philip IV of Spain, he went instead to besiege Valenciennes, in the course of the Scheldt River."}, {"id": "Q728480", "label": "Battle of Rocroi", "section": "lead", "says": "The early hours of 16 July, the forces led by John Joseph of Austria and the Prince of Condé, the victor of the Battle of Rocroi, now in Spanish service, stormed the French circumvallation lines west of Valenciennes, defended by the forces of Field Marshal Henri de La Ferté-Senneterre."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of revolts in Catalonia and Portugal in 1640 allowed the French to gain advantage in all the fronts, notably after the Battle of Rocroi in 1643."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Peace of Münster between Spain and the Dutch Republic in 1648, together with the beginning of a series of civil wars in France known as the Fronde, allowed Spain to recover most of the lost ground."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain offered peace to France, yet Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister to Louis XIV, rejected them, hoping that the kingdom would be able to recover."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain offered peace to France, yet Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister to Louis XIV, rejected them, hoping that the kingdom would be able to recover."}, {"id": "Q505101", "label": "Charles IV of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Leopold Wilhelm and Condé, together with the allied forces of duke Charles IV of Lorraine, laid siege to Arras, the capital of the County of Artois."}, {"id": "Q778266", "label": "County of Artois", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Leopold Wilhelm and Condé, together with the allied forces of duke Charles IV of Lorraine, laid siege to Arras, the capital of the County of Artois."}], "Q717963": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang, also known as the Battle of Zaoyi (Chinese: 棗宜會戰), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese attack did not commit many troops or material, which enabled the main Chinese commander, Li Zongren, who had frustrated the Japanese before, to repel the Japanese."}], "Q7191299": [{"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pidjiguiti massacre (also spelled Pijiguiti) was an incident that took place on 3 August 1959 at the Port of Bissau's Pijiguiti docks in Bissau, Portuguese Guinea."}, {"id": "Q2609193", "label": "Guinea-Bissau War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident caused PAIGC to abandon their campaign of nonviolent resistance, leading to the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence in 1963."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "The continued growing unrest among the port workers was evident even to high-ranking colonial officials, including Army Under-Secretary of State Francisco da Costa Gomes who remarked in late 1958 that a dock-workers' revolt was likely and advised the governor to grant the wage demands of the workers in the interest of stability."}, {"id": "Q213416", "label": "Amílcar Cabral", "section": "Background", "says": "Indeed, Amílcar Cabral sometimes referred to the incident as \"the massacre of Pijiguiti Quay\"."}], "Q720641": [{"id": "Q181333", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trencsén (Hungarian: Trencséni csata, German: Schlacht bei Trentschin, Slovak: Bitka pri Trenčíne) was fought between the Hungarian Kuruc forces of Francis II Rákóczi and the Imperial Army of the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle caused great losses for the Kuruc army, forcing them to give up their plans of obtaining allies in the War of the Spanish Succession against the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q105013", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the year 1708, Francis II Rákóczi decided to march his troops into Silesia, to pave the way for the plans of Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia to take the Hungarian crown, thus reinforcing the Silesian Protestants as well."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "His army started to march down the Váh (Vág) river, and planned to pass by the town of Trencsén (now Trenčín, Slovakia) on their way to Moravia."}], "Q7248975": [{"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Project 571 (Chinese: 五七一工程; pinyin: Wǔqīyī gōngchéng) was the code name given to an alleged plot to execute a coup d'état against Chairman Mao Zedong in 1971 by the supporters of Lin Biao, then Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q315475", "label": "Lin Biao", "section": "lead", "says": "Project 571 (Chinese: 五七一工程; pinyin: Wǔqīyī gōngchéng) was the code name given to an alleged plot to execute a coup d'état against Chairman Mao Zedong in 1971 by the supporters of Lin Biao, then Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "Project 571 (Chinese: 五七一工程; pinyin: Wǔqīyī gōngchéng) was the code name given to an alleged plot to execute a coup d'état against Chairman Mao Zedong in 1971 by the supporters of Lin Biao, then Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Lin's family attempted to flee China for the Soviet Union, but died when their plane crashed in Mongolia on September 13, 1971."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Lin's family attempted to flee China for the Soviet Union, but died when their plane crashed in Mongolia on September 13, 1971."}], "Q734023": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "In the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Battle of the Mincio River was fought on 8 February 1814 and resulted in an inconclusive engagement between the French under Eugène de Beauharnais and the Austrians under Field Marshal Heinrich von Bellegarde."}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "lead", "says": "In the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Battle of the Mincio River was fought on 8 February 1814 and resulted in an inconclusive engagement between the French under Eugène de Beauharnais and the Austrians under Field Marshal Heinrich von Bellegarde."}, {"id": "Q698430", "label": "Heinrich Joseph Johann von Bellegarde", "section": "lead", "says": "In the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Battle of the Mincio River was fought on 8 February 1814 and resulted in an inconclusive engagement between the French under Eugène de Beauharnais and the Austrians under Field Marshal Heinrich von Bellegarde."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "Strategic background", "says": "Following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, French armies retreated westwards in a bid to save the Empire from the main Allied thrust."}, {"id": "Q1896773", "label": "Paul Grenier", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His army consisted of the Italian Royal Guards, a cavalry division, and two pseudo-corps (not at full strength) under generals Paul Grenier and Jean-Antoine Verdier."}, {"id": "Q592179", "label": "Jean-Antoine Verdier", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His army consisted of the Italian Royal Guards, a cavalry division, and two pseudo-corps (not at full strength) under generals Paul Grenier and Jean-Antoine Verdier."}], "Q738802": [{"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In this encounter the Russians under General Peter Wittgenstein attacked and defeated a Franco-Bavarian force under Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr."}, {"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "lead", "says": "In this encounter the Russians under General Peter Wittgenstein attacked and defeated a Franco-Bavarian force under Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr."}, {"id": "Q555839", "label": "Battle of Berezina", "section": "lead", "says": "Wittgenstein's victory set the stage for the Battle of Berezina in November, in which three Russian armies converged on Napoleon from separate directions."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Wittgenstein's victory set the stage for the Battle of Berezina in November, in which three Russian armies converged on Napoleon from separate directions."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, the French position at Polotsk was important because it served to protect Vitebsk, which was one of three massive supply depots Napoleon had established in western part of Russian Empire (nowadays Belarus)."}], "Q741129": [{"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Laing's Nek was a major battle fought at Laing's Nek during the First Boer War on 28 January 1881."}, {"id": "Q679286", "label": "George Pomeroy Colley", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead of waiting for the reinforcements, the British High Commissioner for South East Africa, Major General Sir George Pomeroy Colley, assembled what troops he could and rushed forward, claiming to be moving to relieve the British garrisons in the Transvaal."}], "Q742575": [{"id": "Q256608", "label": "Outer Space Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Its provisions elaborate on the rescue provisions in Article V of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty."}], "Q743889": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wau (29 January – 4 February 1943) was a battle in the New Guinea campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the Empire of Japan sailed from Rabaul and crossed the Solomon Sea and, despite Allied air attacks, successfully reached Lae, where they disembarked."}, {"id": "Q952813", "label": "Thomas Blamey", "section": "Background", "says": "Wau occupied an important place in the strategy of the Commander, Allied Land Forces, South West Pacific Area, General Sir Thomas Blamey, who was concurrently commanding New Guinea Force from Port Moresby."}, {"id": "Q356347", "label": "Hitoshi Imamura", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura, the commander of the Japanese Eighth Area Army at Rabaul, correctly deduced his opponent's intentions and the strength of Kanga Force and resolved to head off the danger to Lae."}, {"id": "Q9267262", "label": "George Kenney", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Commander, Allied Air Forces, South West Pacific Area, Lieutenant General George Kenney, ordered his bomber commander, Brigadier General Kenneth Walker, to carry out a full-scale dawn bombing attack on the shipping in Rabaul Harbour before it could depart."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Inclement weather precluded participation by bombers from Australia, so all that was available were the aircraft on hand in Papua: six B-17s and six B-24s."}], "Q744035": [{"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ebelsberg, known in French accounts as the Battle of Ebersberg, was fought on 3 May 1809 during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ebelsberg, known in French accounts as the Battle of Ebersberg, was fought on 3 May 1809 during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78773", "label": "Johann von Hiller", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian left wing under the command of Johann von Hiller took up positions at Ebersberg on the Traun river."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "The French under André Masséna attacked, crossing a heavily defended 550-meter-long bridge and subsequently conquering the local castle, thus forcing Hiller to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 April 1809, the Austrian army of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen invaded the Kingdom of Bavaria, an ally of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 April 1809, the Austrian army of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen invaded the Kingdom of Bavaria, an ally of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 April 1809, the Austrian army of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen invaded the Kingdom of Bavaria, an ally of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q573358", "label": "Battle of Teugen-Hausen", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon soon arrived on the scene and, in the first major clash on 19 April, Marshal Louis Davout won the hard-fought Battle of Teugen-Hausen."}, {"id": "Q479979", "label": "Battle of Abensberg", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Abensberg on 20 April, Hiller arrived from the south to take command of Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Louis of Austria's V Armeekorps and Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer's II Reserve Armeekorps, in addition to his own VI Armeekorps."}, {"id": "Q367966", "label": "Battle of Landshut", "section": "Background", "says": "At Abensberg and at the Battle of Landshut on 21 April, Napoleon's army roughly handled Hiller's command and forced the Austrian to withdraw to the southeast, away from Archduke Charles and the main army."}, {"id": "Q700860", "label": "Battle of Eckmühl", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 April, Napoleon marched north with major forces to defeat Archduke Charles at the Battle of Eckmühl."}, {"id": "Q345551", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Bessières", "section": "Background", "says": "He inflicted a sharp check on Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières at the Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit on 24 April."}, {"id": "Q4871882", "label": "Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit", "section": "Background", "says": "He inflicted a sharp check on Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières at the Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit on 24 April."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "Background", "says": "The II Corps of Marshal Jean Lannes and Bessières' force took"}], "Q7443529": [{"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The second siege of Gibraltar was an abortive attempt in 1316 by the forces of the Azafid Ceuta and the Nasrid  Emirate of Granada to recapture Gibraltar, which had fallen to the forces of Ferdinand IV of Castile in 1309."}, {"id": "Q316859", "label": "Ferdinand IV of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The second siege of Gibraltar was an abortive attempt in 1316 by the forces of the Azafid Ceuta and the Nasrid  Emirate of Granada to recapture Gibraltar, which had fallen to the forces of Ferdinand IV of Castile in 1309."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand and Nasr of Granada signed a peace treaty in May 1310, in which the Granadan sultan agreed to become a vassal of Castile."}, {"id": "Q321060", "label": "Nasr of Granada", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand and Nasr of Granada signed a peace treaty in May 1310, in which the Granadan sultan agreed to become a vassal of Castile."}, {"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "Peter agreed to meet Nasr and help him, but separately he also told James II of Aragon that he intended to conquer Granada for himself, and would give one-sixth of it to Aragon in exchange for help."}], "Q745096": [{"id": "Q734023", "label": "Battle of the Mincio River", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pozzolo also known as the Battle of the Mincio River and Monzambano (25–26 December 1800) was fought during the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pozzolo also known as the Battle of the Mincio River and Monzambano (25–26 December 1800) was fought during the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q318790", "label": "Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under General Guillaume Brune crossed the Mincio River and defeated an Austrian force under General Heinrich von Bellegarde."}, {"id": "Q698430", "label": "Heinrich Joseph Johann von Bellegarde", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army under General Guillaume Brune crossed the Mincio River and defeated an Austrian force under General Heinrich von Bellegarde."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "lead", "says": "This truce would lead to the Treaty of Lunéville and the withdrawal of Austria from the war."}, {"id": "Q705813", "label": "Battle of Hohenlinden", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he postponed his attack following news of the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany on 3 December 1800."}], "Q747386": [{"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Craonne (7 March 1814) was fought between an Imperial French army under Emperor Napoleon I opposing a combined army of Imperial Russians and Prussians led by Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Sixth Coalition engagement began when the bulk of Napoleon's army tried to drive Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov's 22,000 Russians off the Chemin des Dames plateau to the west of Craonne."}, {"id": "Q163755", "label": "Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "In late February 1814, Blücher's army separated from the main Allied army of Austrian field marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, moving northwest and making a dash at Paris."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon left Marshal Jacques MacDonald with one army to observe Schwarzenberg and started after Blücher with another army."}, {"id": "Q64442", "label": "Ferdinand von Wintzingerode", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian forces under Ferdinand von Wintzingerode and a Prussian corps led by Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow would soon give Blücher a huge numerical advantage over the French."}, {"id": "Q63023", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow von Dennewitz", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian forces under Ferdinand von Wintzingerode and a Prussian corps led by Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow would soon give Blücher a huge numerical advantage over the French."}, {"id": "Q426026", "label": "Battle of Laon", "section": "lead", "says": "The next contest would be the Battle of Laon on 9–10 March."}], "Q7509797": [{"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol army under Hulagu Khan, supported by forces from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and the Principality of Antioch, besieged the Ayyubid-held city after crossing the Euphrates and capturing nearby settlements."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol army under Hulagu Khan, supported by forces from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and the Principality of Antioch, besieged the Ayyubid-held city after crossing the Euphrates and capturing nearby settlements."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "Background", "says": "Alp Arslan ibn Chagri-beg faced internal conflict within the Seljuk clan early in his reign, defeating rival family members and consolidating authority."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "Hulegu left Azerbaijan in September 1259 and sent advance forces under the Kitbuqa  Noyan ahead of the main army."}], "Q7509869": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belgrade in 1690 was the fifth siege of that city, taking place during the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Belgrade had been conquered by the Austrians under the elector of Bavaria, Maximilian II Emanuel, on September 6, 1688, after a five-week siege."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Only 20 days later, King Louis XIV of France invaded the Rhineland, starting the Nine Years' War."}], "Q7510114": [{"id": "Q3185305", "label": "United Kingdom of Israel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Israelites gained access to the city by conducting a surprise assault, and Jebus (or Jerusalem) was subsequently installed as the capital city of the United Kingdom of Israel under its initial name as the City of David."}], "Q7510363": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Samarkand took place in March 1220 after Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Samarkand took place in March 1220 after Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Samarkand took place in March 1220 after Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the city was then comprehensively looted and pillaged, it revived slowly under the Pax Mongolica, and then, in the late 14th-century, returned to worldwide prominence as the capital of the Timurid Empire."}], "Q7510502": [{"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Van occurred in 1548 when Suleiman the Magnificent attacked Iran in his second campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)."}, {"id": "Q700841", "label": "Ottoman-Safavid War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Van occurred in 1548 when Suleiman the Magnificent attacked Iran in his second campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)."}, {"id": "Q3094028", "label": "Gabriel de Luetz", "section": "lead", "says": "On this campaign, Suleiman was accompanied by the French ambassador Gabriel de Luetz, since France wanted to maintain a good relation with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On this campaign, Suleiman was accompanied by the French ambassador Gabriel de Luetz, since France wanted to maintain a good relation with the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q751190": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Cycle is the name of the evacuation of Allied troops from Le Havre, in the Pays de Caux of Upper Normandy from 10 to 13 June 1940, towards the end of the Battle of France, during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q170357", "label": "Maxime Weygand", "section": "lead", "says": "French troops were sent into the area, as Général d'armée Maxime Weygand attempted to build up a defence in depth on the south bank of the Somme and make bigger attacks to eliminate the German bridgeheads."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "During the night of 9/10 June, the remainder of the Highland Division and the French divisions of IX Corps prepared to continue the retreat but found that the 7th Panzer Division (Generalmajor Erwin Rommel) had advanced from Rouen through Yvetot to Cany and Veulettes-sur-Mer on the Durdent river."}], "Q760007": [{"id": "Q607257", "label": "Eritrean War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "Eritrea attained independence in the aftermath of the Eritrean War of Independence, inspiring ONLF to pursue a similar goal for Ogaden."}], "Q762191": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese: Guerra Turco-Portuguesa, Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Portekiz İmparatorluğu çekişmesi, 1538–60) also known as the Ottoman–Portuguese War, were a period of conflict during the Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations and series of armed military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along with regional allies in and along the India"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese: Guerra Turco-Portuguesa, Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Portekiz İmparatorluğu çekişmesi, 1538–60) also known as the Ottoman–Portuguese War, were a period of conflict during the Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations and series of armed military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along with regional allies in and along the India"}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "Background", "says": "After the voyages of Vasco da Gama, a powerful Portuguese Navy took control of the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman control of the Red Sea meanwhile began in 1517 when Selim I annexed Egypt to the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Ridaniya."}, {"id": "Q537923", "label": "Battle of Ridaniya", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman control of the Red Sea meanwhile began in 1517 when Selim I annexed Egypt to the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Ridaniya."}, {"id": "Q217915", "label": "Piri Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "Piri Reis, who was famous for his World Map, presented it to Selim just a few weeks after the sultan arrived in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Part of the 1513 map, which covers the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas, is now in the Topkapı Museum."}, {"id": "Q7448746", "label": "Selman Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1525, during the reign of Suleiman I (Selim's son), Selman Reis, a former corsair, was appointed as the admiral of a small Ottoman fleet in the Red Sea which was tasked with defending Ottoman coastal towns against Portuguese attacks."}, {"id": "Q2915203", "label": "Ethiopian–Adal War", "section": "Background", "says": "This war took place upon the backdrop of the Ethiopian–Adal War."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "Ethiopia had been invaded in 1529 by the Adal Sultanate with Ottoman backing."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Ethiopia had been invaded in 1529 by the Adal Sultanate with Ottoman backing."}, {"id": "Q558437", "label": "Lebna Dengel", "section": "Background", "says": "Portuguese help, which was first requested by Emperor Dawit II in 1520, finally arrived in Massawa during the reign of Emperor Galawdewos."}], "Q764819": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gembloux took place at Gembloux, near Namur, Low Countries, between the Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria (Spanish: Don Juan de Austria), Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and a rebel army under Antoine de Goignies, during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gembloux took place at Gembloux, near Namur, Low Countries, between the Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria (Spanish: Don Juan de Austria), Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and a rebel army under Antoine de Goignies, during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q700035", "label": "Pacification of Ghent", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Sack of Antwerp by Spanish mutineers on 4 November 1576, Catholics and Protestants of the Low Countries concluded the Pacification of Ghent, to remove all Spanish troops."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Spanish tercios were in fact withdrawn to Italy in April 1577, after the new Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, the famous Christian knight, and half-brother of Philip II of Spain, Don John of Austria (victor of Lepanto), had signed the Perpetual Edict."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From December 1577, John of Austria, still based in Luxembourg, received reinforcements from Spanish Lombardy: some 9,000 battle-hardened Spanish troops under Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma (Duke after the death of his father, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, in September 1586), complemented by 4,000 troops from Lorraine under Peter Ernst, Count of Mansfeld, and local Walloon troops from Lu"}], "Q781694": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shepherdstown, also known as the Battle of Boteler's Ford, took place September 19–20, 1862, at Boteler's Ford along the Potomac River, during the Maryland campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q719252", "label": "Battle of Antietam", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Antietam on September 17, General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q1550466", "label": "Battle of Seven Pines", "section": "Background", "says": "Johnston at the Battle of Seven Pines."}], "Q781695": [{"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Temesvár (now Timișoara, Romania) was a key battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 9 August 1849 between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau, and the Hungarian Revolutionary Army (supplemented by Polish volunteers), led by Lieutenant General Józef Bem."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Temesvár (now Timișoara, Romania) was a key battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 9 August 1849 between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau, and the Hungarian Revolutionary Army (supplemented by Polish volunteers), led by Lieutenant General Józef Bem."}, {"id": "Q78597", "label": "Julius Jacob von Haynau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Temesvár (now Timișoara, Romania) was a key battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 9 August 1849 between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau, and the Hungarian Revolutionary Army (supplemented by Polish volunteers), led by Lieutenant General Józef Bem."}, {"id": "Q266339", "label": "Józef Bem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Temesvár (now Timișoara, Romania) was a key battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 9 August 1849 between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau, and the Hungarian Revolutionary Army (supplemented by Polish volunteers), led by Lieutenant General Józef Bem."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in an Austrian victory and was the decisive engagement of the war, which ended in defeat for the Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q970945", "label": "Henryk Dembiński", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Szőreg, Lieutenant General Henryk Dembiński led his Hungarian troops to Temesvár and was about to give the order to retreat toward Lugos when Lieutenant General Józef Bem arrived at the camp with an order from Governor Lajos Kossuth to replace Dembiński."}, {"id": "Q157040", "label": "Lajos Kossuth", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Szőreg, Lieutenant General Henryk Dembiński led his Hungarian troops to Temesvár and was about to give the order to retreat toward Lugos when Lieutenant General Józef Bem arrived at the camp with an order from Governor Lajos Kossuth to replace Dembiński."}, {"id": "Q716001", "label": "Artúr Görgey", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat prevented the Hungarian main army from joining together with the Army of the Upper Danube (under General Artúr Görgei), which had been the last hope of Kossuth and Görgei for continuing the resistance."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Austrian army\nCommander in chief: Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau;\n- III. corps (commander Lieutenant General Georg von Ramberg): 8600 soldiers, 36 cannons;\n- IV. (Reserve) corps (commander Lieutenant General Franz von Liechtenstein): 8600 soldiers, 36 cannons;\n- 9."}, {"id": "Q79085", "label": "Franz Schlik", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Russian Combined Infantry Division (Lieutenant General Fyodor Sergeyevich Panyutyin): 13,000 soldiers, 48 cannons;\n- Cavalry division (Lieutenant General Ludwig Wallmoden-Gimborn): 2800 soldiers, 18 cannons;\n- Artillery reserve: 36 cannons;\nTotal: 34,000 soldiers, 192 cannons\nDid not participate:\n- I. corps (commander Lieutenant General Franz Schlik): 9000 soldiers, 48 cannons;\n- Temesvár garrison"}], "Q7837137": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Malmö (Swedish: Malmö recess) was an agreement between Frederick I of Denmark–Norway and Gustav Vasa of Sweden, signed on 1 September 1524, after the Swedish War of Liberation."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Malmö (Swedish: Malmö recess) was an agreement between Frederick I of Denmark–Norway and Gustav Vasa of Sweden, signed on 1 September 1524, after the Swedish War of Liberation."}, {"id": "Q688308", "label": "Swedish War of Liberation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Malmö (Swedish: Malmö recess) was an agreement between Frederick I of Denmark–Norway and Gustav Vasa of Sweden, signed on 1 September 1524, after the Swedish War of Liberation."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "At the beginning of the negotiations, Frederick I raised the issue of re-establishing the Kalmar Union, but this was sharply rejected by Gustav Vasa and the question was not revisited later."}], "Q7884900": [{"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 September 1768, he officially announced the creation of the Kingdom of Nepal and moved his capital from Gorkha to a city in Kathmandu Valley."}, {"id": "Q574450", "label": "Prithvi Narayan Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shah dynasty that Prithvi Narayan Shah founded would go on to absorb the various warring Malla kingdoms that once occupied parts of present-day Nepal into a nation-state that stretched up to the Sutlej River in the west and Sikkim-Jalpaiguri in the east."}], "Q7970865": [{"id": "Q131579", "label": "Urban VIII", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a result of a power struggle between the papacy – represented by members of two deeply entrenched Roman families and their popes, the Barberini and Pope Urban VIII and the Pamphili and Pope Innocent X – and the Farnese dukes of Parma, who controlled Castro and its surrounding territories as the Duchy of Castro."}, {"id": "Q101266", "label": "Innocent X", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a result of a power struggle between the papacy – represented by members of two deeply entrenched Roman families and their popes, the Barberini and Pope Urban VIII and the Pamphili and Pope Innocent X – and the Farnese dukes of Parma, who controlled Castro and its surrounding territories as the Duchy of Castro."}, {"id": "Q1615411", "label": "Duchy of Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a result of a power struggle between the papacy – represented by members of two deeply entrenched Roman families and their popes, the Barberini and Pope Urban VIII and the Pamphili and Pope Innocent X – and the Farnese dukes of Parma, who controlled Castro and its surrounding territories as the Duchy of Castro."}, {"id": "Q77184", "label": "Leopold von Ranke", "section": "Precursors", "says": "Historian Leopold von Ranke gives an account of a 1639 visit to Rome by Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza."}], "Q8022766": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wilmington massacre, also known as the Wilmington insurrection or the Wilmington coup, was a municipal-level coup d'état and a massacre that was carried out by white supremacists in Wilmington, North Carolina, United States, on Thursday, November 10, 1898."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "They expelled opposition black and white political leaders from the city, destroyed the property and businesses of black citizens built up since the American Civil War, including the only black newspaper in the city."}], "Q8048675": [{"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Despite the devastating losses, the city of Yangzhou did recover fairly quickly as a significant port on the Yangxi River, and regained its prosperity by the late 17th century, even acting as a frequent stop by the Kangxi Emperor on his southern tours."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Books written about the massacres in Yangzhou, Jiading and Jiangyin were later republished by anti-Qing authors to win support in the lead up to the Taiping Rebellion and Xinhai Revolution."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Books written about the massacres in Yangzhou, Jiading and Jiangyin were later republished by anti-Qing authors to win support in the lead up to the Taiping Rebellion and Xinhai Revolution."}], "Q810406": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The Basel Massacre was an anti-Semitic massacre in Basel, which occurred in 1349 in connection with alleged well poisoning as part of the Black Death persecutions, carried out against the Jews in Europe at the time of the Black Death."}], "Q815105": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate seized the major Mediterranean port of Alexandria from the Eastern Roman Empire in the middle of the 7th century AD."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate seized the major Mediterranean port of Alexandria from the Eastern Roman Empire in the middle of the 7th century AD."}], "Q815117": [{"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Athens and Piraeus was a siege of the First Mithridatic War that took place from autumn of 87 BC to the spring of 86 BC."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the forces of the Roman Republic, commanded by Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix on the one hand, and the forces of the Kingdom of Pontus and the Athenian City-State on the other."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek and Pontic forces were commanded by Aristion and Archelaus."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The invasion of Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, into the Kingdom of Bithynia, an ally of Rome, coupled with the assassination of Roman citizens in the Asiatic Vespers, caused war between Rome and Pontus."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The invasion of Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, into the Kingdom of Bithynia, an ally of Rome, coupled with the assassination of Roman citizens in the Asiatic Vespers, caused war between Rome and Pontus."}, {"id": "Q2037261", "label": "Asiatic Vespers", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The invasion of Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, into the Kingdom of Bithynia, an ally of Rome, coupled with the assassination of Roman citizens in the Asiatic Vespers, caused war between Rome and Pontus."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Sulla’s chief of staff was Lucullus, who went ahead of him to scout the way and negotiate with Bruttius Sura, the existing Roman commander in Greece."}], "Q815183": [{"id": "Q1503611", "label": "Numantine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Celtiberian oppidum of Numantia was attacked more than once by Roman forces, but the siege of Numantia refers to the culminating and pacifying action of the long-running Numantine War between the forces of the Roman Republic and those of the native  population of Hispania Citerior."}, {"id": "Q2446231", "label": "Celtiberian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Numantine War was the third of the Celtiberian Wars and it broke out in 143 BC."}], "Q815196": [{"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Pskov, known as the Pskov Defense in Russia (Russian: оборона Пскова), took place between August 1581 and February 1582, when the army of the Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory laid an unsuccessful siege and successful blockade of the city of Pskov during the final stage of the Livonian War of 1558–1583."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Pskov, known as the Pskov Defense in Russia (Russian: оборона Пскова), took place between August 1581 and February 1582, when the army of the Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory laid an unsuccessful siege and successful blockade of the city of Pskov during the final stage of the Livonian War of 1558–1583."}], "Q820269": [{"id": "Q552766", "label": "René Duguay-Trouin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rio de Janeiro was a raid in September 1711 on the port of Rio de Janeiro in the War of Spanish Succession by a French squadron under René Duguay-Trouin."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1710, Louis XIV approved Duguay-Trouin's plan and provided him with a fleet of 17 ships, carrying in total 738 cannons and 6,139 men."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "British intelligence, however, were aware of Duguay-Trouin's goal, and had dispatched a packet to warn the Portuguese, both in Portugal and at Rio."}, {"id": "Q1381694", "label": "John Leake", "section": "Background", "says": "They also dispatched a fleet under John Leake to blockade Duguay-Trouin before he sailed from Brest; they arrived two days too late."}], "Q821391": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacres in Piaśnica were a series of mass murders carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II, between the fall of 1939 and spring of 1940 in Piaśnica Wielka (Groß Piasnitz) in the Darzlubska Wilderness near Wejherowo."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacres in Piaśnica were a series of mass murders carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II, between the fall of 1939 and spring of 1940 in Piaśnica Wielka (Groß Piasnitz) in the Darzlubska Wilderness near Wejherowo."}, {"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of them were Polish intellectuals from Gdańsk Pomerania, but Poles, Kashubians, Jews, Czechs and German inmates from mental hospitals from the General Government and the Third Reich were also murdered."}, {"id": "Q704305", "label": "Albert Forster", "section": "Background: Intelligenzaktion Pommern", "says": "They, in turn, were encouraged to participate in the violence and pogroms by the Gauleiter of Danzig-West Prussia, Albert Forster, who in a speech at the Prusinski Hotel in Wejherowo agitated ethnic Germans to attack Poles by saying \"We have to eliminate the lice-ridden Poles, starting with those in the cradle... in your hands I give the fate of the Poles, you can do with them what you want\"."}, {"id": "Q3487920", "label": "Intelligenzaktion", "section": "Background: Intelligenzaktion Pommern", "says": "Organized action aimed at exterminating the Polish population of the region, however, began only after the end of the September campaign, with the Intelligenzaktion in Pomerania (Intelligence Action Pomerania), a part of an overall Intelligenzaktion by Germany aimed at liquidating the Polish elite."}], "Q8244307": [{"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Molins de Rei or Battle of Molins de Rey or Battle of Molins del Rey (21 December 1808) saw an Imperial French corps led by Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr attack a Spanish army temporarily led by Theodor von Reding and the Conde de Caldagues because its commander Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu was absent."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War engagement was fought near Molins de Rei, located 15 kilometres (9 mi) west of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain."}, {"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dos de Mayo Uprising caught the Imperial French occupation forces in Spain off guard."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Napoleon soon assembled a substantial army, entrusted it to Saint-Cyr, and directed his general to relieve Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q1064944", "label": "Joseph Souham", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike Reille's motley soldiers, these included crack troops in the French division of Joseph Souham and the Italian division of Domenico Pino."}, {"id": "Q1237242", "label": "Domenico Pino", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike Reille's motley soldiers, these included crack troops in the French division of Joseph Souham and the Italian division of Domenico Pino."}], "Q840006": [{"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Stockach and Engen were fought on 3 May 1800 between the army of the First French Republic under Jean Victor Marie Moreau and the army of the Habsburg monarchy led by Paul Kray."}, {"id": "Q78695", "label": "Paul Kray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Stockach and Engen were fought on 3 May 1800 between the army of the First French Republic under Jean Victor Marie Moreau and the army of the Habsburg monarchy led by Paul Kray."}, {"id": "Q1096347", "label": "Claude Lecourbe", "section": "lead", "says": "However, while the two main armies were engaged at Engen, Claude Lecourbe captured Stockach from its Austrian defenders (the latter commanded by Joseph Louis, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudémont)."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q289943", "label": "Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Right Wing was led by Lecourbe and included four divisions led by Generals of Division Dominique Vandamme, Joseph Hélie Désiré Perruquet de Montrichard, Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge and Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty."}, {"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "Background", "says": "The Center was led by General of Division Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr and comprised four divisions under Generals of Division Michel Ney, Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers and Jean Victor Tharreau and General of Brigade Nicolas Ernault des Bruslys."}, {"id": "Q2313698", "label": "Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Left Wing was commanded by General of Division Gilles Joseph Martin Brunteau Saint-Suzanne and consisted of four divisions under Generals of Division Claude Sylvestre Colaud, Joseph Souham, Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand and Henri François Delaborde."}, {"id": "Q968500", "label": "Henri François Delaborde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Left Wing was commanded by General of Division Gilles Joseph Martin Brunteau Saint-Suzanne and consisted of four divisions under Generals of Division Claude Sylvestre Colaud, Joseph Souham, Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand and Henri François Delaborde."}, {"id": "Q503201", "label": "Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreau personally directed the Reserve which was made up of three infantry and one cavalry divisions led by Generals of Division Antoine Guillaume Delmas, Antoine Richepanse, Charles Leclerc and Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "These included General of Division Louis-Antoine-Choin de Montchoisy's 7,715 infantry and 519 cavalry, detached to hold Switzerland."}], "Q848062": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the warlord Cao Cao and the nomadic Wuhuan tribes, who were allied with Cao Cao's rivals Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi."}, {"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "Background", "says": "The northern warlord Yuan Shao had maintained good relations with the Wuhuan beyond Han borders during his campaign against rival warlord Gongsun Zan, their common enemy, in the 190s."}, {"id": "Q1057910", "label": "Battle of Guandu", "section": "Background", "says": "The Wuhuan continued to support the Yuan clan after Yuan Shao's defeat at the Battle of Guandu against Cao Cao, shortly after which Yuan Shao died."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "Background", "says": "The Wuhuan at this time had been united under the military leadership of Tadun, and his apparent strength prompted rumours that he was seeking to emulate Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu and Tanshihuai of the Xianbei in creating a hegemony over the northern nomadic tribes."}, {"id": "Q985907", "label": "Tanshihuai", "section": "Background", "says": "The Wuhuan at this time had been united under the military leadership of Tadun, and his apparent strength prompted rumours that he was seeking to emulate Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu and Tanshihuai of the Xianbei in creating a hegemony over the northern nomadic tribes."}], "Q864847": [{"id": "Q365894", "label": "Feng Yuxiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is considered the most significant in China's Warlord era, with the Beijing coup by Christian warlord Feng Yuxiang leading to the overall defeat of the Zhili clique."}, {"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, both Feng and Zhang Zuolin, the latter being ruler of the Fengtian clique, appointed Duan Qirui as a figurehead prime minister."}, {"id": "Q706172", "label": "Duan Qirui", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, both Feng and Zhang Zuolin, the latter being ruler of the Fengtian clique, appointed Duan Qirui as a figurehead prime minister."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The war also distracted the northern warlords from the Soviet-backed Nationalists based in the southern province of Guangdong, allowing unhampered preparation for the Northern Expedition (1926–1928), which united China under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "The war also distracted the northern warlords from the Soviet-backed Nationalists based in the southern province of Guangdong, allowing unhampered preparation for the Northern Expedition (1926–1928), which united China under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q699591", "label": "Cao Kun", "section": "Cause", "says": "By the summer of 1924 the Zhili clique, led by President Cao Kun and supported by the military of Wu Peifu, controlled much of China proper and its internationally recognized Beiyang government."}, {"id": "Q697046", "label": "Wu Peifu", "section": "Cause", "says": "By the summer of 1924 the Zhili clique, led by President Cao Kun and supported by the military of Wu Peifu, controlled much of China proper and its internationally recognized Beiyang government."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "Cause", "says": "Sun Yat-sen pledged to defend neutral Zhejiang, expanding the conflict to the far north and far south."}], "Q86831539": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "In particular, the intensive conflict mainly takes place in the three countries of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso."}, {"id": "Q2946372", "label": "Mali War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is generally seen to have begun during the early stages of the Mali War, which itself was seen as a spillover conflict of the Insurgency in the Maghreb."}, {"id": "Q632787", "label": "Insurgency in the Maghreb", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is generally seen to have begun during the early stages of the Mali War, which itself was seen as a spillover conflict of the Insurgency in the Maghreb."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 2011, as part of the Arab Spring, Libyan protesters rose up against the dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who responded with brutal suppression of the protests."}, {"id": "Q25520", "label": "Iyad Ag Ghaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite low-level violence occurring by Tuareg separatist militias continuing until 2011, the majority of battle-hardened Tuareg leaders like Iyad Ag Ghaly had defected to the Malian Army in exchange for authority and promises of economic development in the rural Kidal Region."}], "Q87739744": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "Background and preparations", "says": "By March 2020, more than 170 countries and territories had been affected, with major outbreaks in China, Italy, South Korea and Iran."}], "Q87742103": [{"id": "Q3105215", "label": "Ron DeSantis", "section": "lead", "says": "On April 1, 2020, Governor Ron DeSantis issued an executive order to restrict activities within the state to those deemed as essential services."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As of July 2021, one in every five new COVID-19 cases recorded in the United States came from Florida."}], "Q891808": [{"id": "Q93330", "label": "Juan Perón", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack targeted the adjacent Casa Rosada, the seat of government, while a large crowd demonstrated in support of the president, Juan Perón."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "After his victory in the 1946 Argentine general election, President Perón had enacted many reformative policies that considerably changed Argentina, including embracing industrialization, nationalizing railroads, financing public works, and instituting material benefits for labor, such as higher wages."}, {"id": "Q40933", "label": "Eva Perón", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of his second wife, first lady Eva Perón, in July 1952 had diminished his popular appeal and party support."}], "Q898763": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Portuguese Conflicts (1586–1589) were armed military engagements which took place between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire  along the coast of eastern Africa."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Portuguese Conflicts (1586–1589) were armed military engagements which took place between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire  along the coast of eastern Africa."}], "Q902524": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Rovereto (also Battle of Roveredo) on 4 September 1796 a French army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte defeated an Austrian corps led by Paul Davidovich during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Rovereto (also Battle of Roveredo) on 4 September 1796 a French army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte defeated an Austrian corps led by Paul Davidovich during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 August orders arrived from Emperor Francis II to immediately attempt a second relief of the fortress of Mantua."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "Background", "says": "Accordingly, General of Division Bonaparte planned to mass 33,000 soldiers from the divisions of Generals of Division Claude Belgrand de Vaubois, André Masséna, and Pierre Augereau, then advance to Trento."}, {"id": "Q314135", "label": "Pierre Augereau", "section": "Background", "says": "Accordingly, General of Division Bonaparte planned to mass 33,000 soldiers from the divisions of Generals of Division Claude Belgrand de Vaubois, André Masséna, and Pierre Augereau, then advance to Trento."}], "Q928903": [{"id": "Q1132393", "label": "Mercenary War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the Mercenary War between Carthage and the combined forces of mutinous ex-Carthaginian troops and rebellious African cities which broke out in the wake of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the Mercenary War between Carthage and the combined forces of mutinous ex-Carthaginian troops and rebellious African cities which broke out in the wake of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the Mercenary War between Carthage and the combined forces of mutinous ex-Carthaginian troops and rebellious African cities which broke out in the wake of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Provisions, money and reinforcements poured in; eventually an additional 70,000 men according to the ancient Greek historian Polybius, although many would have been tied down in garrisoning their home towns against Carthaginian retribution."}], "Q930925": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898 was a successful insurrection by the Greek Orthodox population of Crete against the rule of the Ottoman Empire after decades of rising tensions."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek insurrectionists received supplies and armed support first from the Kingdom of Greece; then later from the Great Powers: the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Russia."}], "Q9348145": [{"id": "Q211274", "label": "Polish People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Border Agreement between Poland and the USSR of 16 August 1945 established the borders between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the Polish People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also recognised the division of the former German East Prussia and ultimately approved the finalised delimitation line between the Soviet Union and Poland: from the Baltic Sea, to the border tripoint with Czechoslovakia in the Carpathians."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also recognised the division of the former German East Prussia and ultimately approved the finalised delimitation line between the Soviet Union and Poland: from the Baltic Sea, to the border tripoint with Czechoslovakia in the Carpathians."}, {"id": "Q2068091", "label": "Vistula Land", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Prior to the First World War, within the Russian Empire Polish territories were administered by a Vistula Land, whose eastern frontier roughly mirrored the ethnic border between the Polish people on the west, and the Ukrainians and Belarusians (then referred to as Little and White Russians respectively) on the east."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the conflict, the Supreme War Council tried several times to intervene and create an agreeable border between the Second Polish Republic and Bolshevik Russia; the most notable outcome was the border presented by the British Foreign Secretary George Curzon, after whom the proposed line was named."}], "Q936533": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chichimeca War (1550–1600) was a military conflict between the Spanish Empire and the Chichimeca Confederation established in the territories today known as the Central Mexican Plateau (called La Gran Chichimeca by the conquistadores)."}, {"id": "Q528758", "label": "Mixtón War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began 8 years after the two-year Mixtón War (1540–1542)."}], "Q9377322": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Ottoman War of 1485–1503 was a prolonged series of conflicts between the Kingdom of Poland and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the conflict, Poland was supported by its fiefs, the Duchy of Mazovia and the State of the Teutonic Order, as well as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the conflict, Poland was supported by its fiefs, the Duchy of Mazovia and the State of the Teutonic Order, as well as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire on the other hand, was allied with the Crimean Khanate and the Principality of Moldavia during the Moldavian Campaign of 1497–1499."}, {"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire on the other hand, was allied with the Crimean Khanate and the Principality of Moldavia during the Moldavian Campaign of 1497–1499."}, {"id": "Q946056", "label": "Battle of the Cosmin Forest", "section": "lead", "says": "From the Polish vassalization of Moldavia in 1387 to the Battle of the Cosmin Forest in 1497, Moldavia generally maintained a strong relationship with Poland, serving as a de jure vassal whilst maintaining significant autonomy."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fall of Constantinople, the Ottomans pursued an expansionist policy towards the Danubian Principalities, directly threatening Polish interests near the Black Sea."}], "Q940397": [{"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Babai revolt was a thirteenth-century rebellion that took place in the southeastern territories of the Sultanate of Rum starting in 1239 and lasting for three years."}], "Q940722": [{"id": "Q196409", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Ümera (Estonian: Ümera lahing), also known as the Battle of Imera (Latvian: Kauja pie Imeras), was a battle during the Livonian Crusade between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, their Christian Livonian and Latgalian allies, and the Estonians."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Ümera (Estonian: Ümera lahing), also known as the Battle of Imera (Latvian: Kauja pie Imeras), was a battle during the Livonian Crusade between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, their Christian Livonian and Latgalian allies, and the Estonians."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Ümera (Estonian: Ümera lahing), also known as the Battle of Imera (Latvian: Kauja pie Imeras), was a battle during the Livonian Crusade between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, their Christian Livonian and Latgalian allies, and the Estonians."}], "Q942901": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Benghazi was fought between army units and militiamen loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and anti-Gaddafi forces in Benghazi on 19-20 March 2011 during the Libyan Civil War."}], "Q945071": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Origins", "says": "When Baldwin IX, count of Flanders and Hainault, left on the Fourth Crusade in 1202, he left his western domains under his eldest daughter Joan."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Origins", "says": "She was succeeded by her younger sister, the aforementioned Margaret."}], "Q947591": [{"id": "Q207668", "label": "Diego de Almagro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Las Salinas was a military conflict and decisive confrontation between the forces of Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro against those of rival conquistador Diego de Almagro, on April 26, 1538, during the Conquest of Peru."}, {"id": "Q719855", "label": "Hernando Pizarro", "section": "Background", "says": "At a war council in Cuzco, Almagro even considered a new round of negotiations with the Pizarros; Orgóñez is said to have interrupted: \"It is too late; you have liberated Hernando Pizarro, and nothing remains but to fight him.\"\nAccordingly, Orgóñez marched his 500 men toward the ancient Indian salt mines of Cachipampa, situated about 5 km south of Cuzco."}], "Q951270": [{"id": "Q631795", "label": "Kalmar War", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Kringen (Norwegian: Slaget ved Kringen) involved an ambush by Norwegian peasant militia of Scottish mercenary soldiers who were on their way to enlist in the Swedish army for the Kalmar War."}], "Q959066": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kaliakra, usually known as the Attack of the Drazki (Bulgarian: Атаката на Дръзки) in Bulgaria, was a maritime action between four Bulgarian torpedo boats and the Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye in the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the course of the First Balkan War, the Ottoman Empire's supplies were dangerously limited after the battles in Kirk Kilisse and Lule Burgas and the sea route from the Romanian port Constanţa to Istanbul became vital for the Ottomans."}], "Q959693": [{"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty was an anti-Roman treaty between Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal, leader of the Carthaginians, which was drawn up after the Battle of Cannae when Hannibal seemed poised to conquer Rome."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty was an anti-Roman treaty between Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal, leader of the Carthaginians, which was drawn up after the Battle of Cannae when Hannibal seemed poised to conquer Rome."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "The Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty was an anti-Roman treaty between Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal, leader of the Carthaginians, which was drawn up after the Battle of Cannae when Hannibal seemed poised to conquer Rome."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip V, who feared Roman expansion, wanted to ride on the coat tails of the victor in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC)."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The discovery of this treaty inevitably led to the outbreak of the First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) between Rome and its Greek allies against Macedonia."}], "Q962450": [{"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "Clair's defeat, also known as the Battle of the Wabash, the Battle of Wabash River or the Battle of a Thousand Slain, was a battle fought on 4 November 1791 in the Northwest Territory of the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Clair's defeat, also known as the Battle of the Wabash, the Battle of Wabash River or the Battle of a Thousand Slain, was a battle fought on 4 November 1791 in the Northwest Territory of the United States."}, {"id": "Q4186402", "label": "Western Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "Army faced the Northwestern Confederacy of Native Americans as part of the Northwest Indian War."}, {"id": "Q2656995", "label": "Northwest Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Army faced the Northwestern Confederacy of Native Americans as part of the Northwest Indian War."}, {"id": "Q1355169", "label": "Little Turtle", "section": "lead", "says": "The Native Americans were led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, Blue Jacket of the Shawnees, and Buckongahelas of the Delawares (Lenape)."}, {"id": "Q885741", "label": "Blue Jacket", "section": "lead", "says": "The Native Americans were led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, Blue Jacket of the Shawnees, and Buckongahelas of the Delawares (Lenape)."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, President George Washington forced St."}], "Q966525": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The War in the North (Spanish: Ofensiva del Norte) was a theatre of the Spanish Civil War that occurred in northern Spain from 31 March to 21 October 1937."}, {"id": "Q2935360", "label": "Biscay Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Biscay Campaign from March to July saw the bombing of Guernica and Durango and resulted in the Republicans losing the Basque Country after the Battle of Bilbao."}, {"id": "Q2726112", "label": "Battle of Bilbao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Biscay Campaign from March to July saw the bombing of Guernica and Durango and resulted in the Republicans losing the Basque Country after the Battle of Bilbao."}, {"id": "Q2311799", "label": "Battle of Santander", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalists captured Santander in September after the Battle of Santander and launched the Asturias Offensive against the last northern Republican stronghold in eastern Asturias."}, {"id": "Q3349531", "label": "Asturias Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalists captured Santander in September after the Battle of Santander and launched the Asturias Offensive against the last northern Republican stronghold in eastern Asturias."}, {"id": "Q2571823", "label": "Battle of El Mazucu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of El Mazucu saw fierce Republican resistance against Nationalist attacks and possibly the first use of carpet bombing against a military target."}, {"id": "Q352918", "label": "Emilio Mola", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1936, upon the Nationalist takeover of Navarre, their leader General Emilio Mola had announced a war of annihilation against the Second Spanish Republic and no mercy to any dissent."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1936, upon the Nationalist takeover of Navarre, their leader General Emilio Mola had announced a war of annihilation against the Second Spanish Republic and no mercy to any dissent."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Background", "says": "In September, after the fall of Irun and then of San Sebastián, the Nationalists led by Francisco Franco launched a campaign in Gipuzkoa and cut off the Republican-controlled areas in northern Spain from the border with France."}], "Q970890": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Stralsund lasted from 24 July to 24 August, 1807, and saw troops from the First French Empire twice attempt to capture the port city from Lieutenant General Hans Henric von Essen's 15,000-man Swedish garrison."}, {"id": "Q273883", "label": "Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier", "section": "lead", "says": "Early that year, Marshal Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier blockaded the city for two months before he was called elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q52929", "label": "Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The truce was later repudiated by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, and Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne Brune then led 40,000 French, German, Spanish, Italian and Dutch soldiers against the fortress."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Fearfully outnumbered, the Swedes abandoned the Baltic Sea port of Stralsund to the Franco-Allies in the action during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Fearfully outnumbered, the Swedes abandoned the Baltic Sea port of Stralsund to the Franco-Allies in the action during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sweden was established in Stralsund since the Battle of Stralsund (1628), and in the rest of the Duchy of Pomerania since the Treaty of Stettin (1630)."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Stettin (1653), the duchy was partitioned into a Swedish part, including Stralsund, and a Brandenburg-Prussian part."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After minor losses in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679), Swedish Pomerania was reduced to the area north of the Peene river with Greifswald, Stralsund and Rügen in the Treaty of Stockholm in 1720."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When Napoleon Bonaparte started to expand eastwards in the Napoleonic Wars, the Swedish Empire initially maintained a neutral stance."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1805, Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden entered the War of the Third Coalition on the anti-French side, primarily to strip Napoleon's ally Denmark of Norway."}], "Q1010239": [{"id": "Q1156545", "label": "Mōri Motonari", "section": "lead", "says": "During the battle, Takeda Motoshige was defeated by a young Mōri Motonari."}], "Q10297227": [{"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Buir Lake was fought between the Ming and Northern Yuan dynasties at the Buir Lake in 1388."}, {"id": "Q1187958", "label": "Lan Yu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ming army was led by General Lan Yu, who undertook the military campaign against the Northern Yuan horde led by Tögüs Temür."}, {"id": "Q623719", "label": "Naghachu", "section": "Background", "says": "Bolstered by the successful military campaign against the Mongol commander Naghachu and his Uriyankhad horde in 1387, resulting in Naghachu and his horde's surrender, the Hongwu Emperor ordered General Lan Yu to lead an army on a military campaign against the Mongol khan Tögüs Temür."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Bolstered by the successful military campaign against the Mongol commander Naghachu and his Uriyankhad horde in 1387, resulting in Naghachu and his horde's surrender, the Hongwu Emperor ordered General Lan Yu to lead an army on a military campaign against the Mongol khan Tögüs Temür."}], "Q1032343": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1540–1547 was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy supported by their vassals."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire, under the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, had emerged as a formidable force stretching across Asia, Africa, and Europe."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "In contrast, the Habsburg Monarchy, led by Emperor Charles V, stood as a sprawling conglomerate of territories, with the Kingdom of Hungary becoming the crucible of imperial competition."}], "Q10332838": [{"id": "Q319427", "label": "Nereu Ramos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Preventative Coup of November 11, sometimes called the 1955 Brazilian coup d'état or referred to as an \"anti-coup\" or a \"counter-coup\" (Portuguese: Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott), was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefu"}, {"id": "Q155824", "label": "Juscelino Kubitschek", "section": "lead", "says": "The Preventative Coup of November 11, sometimes called the 1955 Brazilian coup d'état or referred to as an \"anti-coup\" or a \"counter-coup\" (Portuguese: Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott), was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefu"}, {"id": "Q269572", "label": "Carlos Luz", "section": "lead", "says": "The bloodless coup removed Carlos Luz from the presidency because he was suspected of plotting to prevent Kubitschek from taking office."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "Background", "says": "The seeds of the coup began in August 1954 when associates of then-president Getúlio Vargas tried to assassinate opposition journalist Carlos Lacerda."}, {"id": "Q12077", "label": "Carlos Lacerda", "section": "Background", "says": "The seeds of the coup began in August 1954 when associates of then-president Getúlio Vargas tried to assassinate opposition journalist Carlos Lacerda."}, {"id": "Q310209", "label": "Café Filho", "section": "Background", "says": "Riots broke out in support of the now-dead president, and vice-president Café Filho assumed the presidency."}], "Q1036636": [{"id": "Q494501", "label": "Kim Yushin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 660, Kim Yu-sin of Silla set out with fifty-thousand troops to rendezvous with the Tang army (size about: 122,711 to 130,000 men) which was being shipped over the sea."}, {"id": "Q1074375", "label": "Su Dingfang", "section": "lead", "says": "Baekje soon fell when Kim Yu-Sin and the Tang general Su Dingfang surrounded Gongju and King Uija surrendered."}], "Q1046201": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1582 siege of Takamatsu (備中高松城の戦い, Bitchū Takamatsu-jō no tatakai), Toyotomi Hideyoshi laid siege to Takamatsu Castle, which was controlled by the Mōri clan."}], "Q1046407": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Incident at the Gaoping Tombs was a coup d'état that took place on 5 February 249 in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties involved were Sima Yi and Cao Shuang, who were both regents for the Cao Wei emperor Cao Fang, who was then about 17 years old."}, {"id": "Q699624", "label": "Cao Shuang", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties involved were Sima Yi and Cao Shuang, who were both regents for the Cao Wei emperor Cao Fang, who was then about 17 years old."}, {"id": "Q77822", "label": "Cao Fang", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties involved were Sima Yi and Cao Shuang, who were both regents for the Cao Wei emperor Cao Fang, who was then about 17 years old."}, {"id": "Q378470", "label": "Cao Rui", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 239, the Cao Wei emperor Cao Rui died and was succeeded by his seven-year-old adopted son, Cao Fang."}], "Q1047445": [{"id": "Q497046", "label": "Siege of Busan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dadaejin and the Siege of Busan were the first battles of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) and occurred simultaneously on April 13–14, 1592 (Gregorian: May 23–24, 1592)."}, {"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese invasion force consisting of 400 transports bearing 18,700 men under the command of Konishi Yukinaga departed from Tsushima Island on April 13 (Gregorian: May 23) and arrived at Busan harbor without any incident, and the Japanese commenced landing operations from 0400 the following morning."}, {"id": "Q2714642", "label": "Mototsugu Gotō", "section": "Background", "says": "The commanders of the Japanese forces were Konishi, Sō Yoshitoshi,  Matsura Shigenobu, Arima Harunobu, Ōmura Yoshiaki and Gotō Mototsugu, all of whom (with the exception of Matsura) were Kirishitans, as were many of their men."}, {"id": "Q1328807", "label": "Sō Yoshitoshi", "section": "Background", "says": "While Sō Yoshitoshi attacked Busan, Konishi led a smaller force against the fort of Dadaejin, located a few kilometers to the southwest of Busan at the mouth of the Nakdeong River."}], "Q1048684": [{"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 August 1945, Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan, broadcast the surrender of Japan by radio, thereby ending World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 August 1945, Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan, broadcast the surrender of Japan by radio, thereby ending World War II."}], "Q105525852": [{"id": "Q17045790", "label": "Hulusi Akar", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 2021, prior to the operation, Turkish Minister of National Defense Hulusi Akar visited both the Kurdistan Region and the Iraqi capital Baghdad to announce that Turkey intends to eliminate the PKK from Iraq and to seek cooperation from the two governments."}], "Q105592508": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 2021, the state of Texas suffered a major power crisis, which came about during three severe winter storms sweeping across the United States on February 10–11, 13–17 (known as Winter Storm Uri), and 15–20."}, {"id": "Q5605224", "label": "Greg Abbott", "section": "lead", "says": "State officials, including Republican governor Greg Abbott, initially incorrectly blamed the outages on frozen wind turbines and solar panels."}], "Q1061090": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Philippi formed part of the Western Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War and was fought in and around Philippi, Virginia (now West Virginia), on June 3, 1861."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "Background", "says": "McClellan confided to Winfield Scott on June 4 that he had used the western Virginia regiments to avoid claims of interference in Virginia affairs, but told Scott that \"comparatively few of the Virginia troops thus far raised,\" such as those in Kelley's command, were really Virginians but \"mostly from Penna and Ohio.\"\nMeanwhile, the 14th Ohio Infantry Regiment, under Col."}], "Q1061267": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rich Mountain took place on July 11, 1861, in Randolph County, Virginia (now West Virginia) as part of the Operations in Western Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q541708", "label": "William Rosecrans", "section": "Background", "says": "William Rosecrans led a reinforced brigade by a mountain path to seize the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike in Pegram's rear."}], "Q106575438": [{"id": "Q57350", "label": "Idriss Déby", "section": "lead", "says": "From their rear bases in southern Libya, FACT and CCMSR have launched offensives and raids into Northern Chad seeking to overthrow the government of former president Idriss Déby, who had been in power since a December 1990 coup."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "By 2024, the insurgency was ongoing in the north and had spread to the border of the Central African Republic."}], "Q106786309": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis was triggered on 6 May, when Palestinians in East Jerusalem began protesting over an anticipated decision of the Supreme Court of Israel on the eviction of six Palestinian families in the East Jerusalem neighborhood of Sheikh Jarrah."}, {"id": "Q127998", "label": "Mahmoud Abbas", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2021 Palestinian legislative election for the Palestinian Legislative Council, originally scheduled for 22 May 2021, was indefinitely postponed on 29 April by President Mahmoud Abbas."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was trying to persuade several extreme-right politicians to form a coalition."}], "Q10684373": [{"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War from 1501 to 1512 was a military conflict between Denmark and Sweden within the Kalmar Union."}], "Q106901219": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of an International Phenomenon in the 68s (see May 68, New Communist Movement), Japanese New Left activists drew ideological inspiration that heavily influenced by the Cultural Revolution taking place in China."}, {"id": "Q9364", "label": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "section": "lead", "says": "Some other groups and factions also inspired by Leon Trotsky, French existentialist philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, and the homegrown philosophy of the Japanese poet and critic Takaaki Yoshimoto."}, {"id": "Q34670", "label": "Albert Camus", "section": "lead", "says": "Some other groups and factions also inspired by Leon Trotsky, French existentialist philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, and the homegrown philosophy of the Japanese poet and critic Takaaki Yoshimoto."}, {"id": "Q696251", "label": "Occupation of Japan", "section": "Origins of student activism", "says": "The Allied Occupation of Japan from the end of the Second World War to 1952 brought significant changes to Japanese politics."}], "Q106959326": [{"id": "Q381071", "label": "Hailemariam Desalegn", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 20-year border conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea, a decade of internal tensions, two years of protests, and a state of emergency, Hailemariam Desalegn resigned on 15 February 2018 as prime minister and EPRDF chairman, and there were hopes of peace under his successor Abiy Ahmed."}, {"id": "Q50365049", "label": "Abiy Ahmed", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 20-year border conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea, a decade of internal tensions, two years of protests, and a state of emergency, Hailemariam Desalegn resigned on 15 February 2018 as prime minister and EPRDF chairman, and there were hopes of peace under his successor Abiy Ahmed."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "Background", "says": "Most modern conflicts in Ethiopia are the result of Abyssinian expansionism in the late 19th- and 20th centuries under Emperor Menelik II, whose period saw the plurality of ethnicity in Ethiopia split into multiethnic states."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "Background", "says": "Starting from fascist Italian occupation (1935–1941), imperial Haile Selassie period (1930–1974) and Derg regime (1974–1991), political violence has increasingly engendered Ethiopia to instability and severe human rights violations."}], "Q1071266": [{"id": "Q983025", "label": "Mouloud Mammeri", "section": "Background", "says": "For example, Mouloud Mammeri had created the Académie Berbère d’Echanges et de Recherches Culturelles (ABERC) with other intellectuals, that emphasized the similarities between the minorities in Algeria."}], "Q1073030": [{"id": "Q947533", "label": "Ikkō-ikki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sieges of Nagashima (長島一向一揆, Nagashima Ikkō-ikki), taking place in 1571, 1573, and 1574, were part of Oda Nobunaga's campaigns against the Ikkō-ikki, arguably among his greatest enemies."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "Oda Nobunaga attacked three times over the course of four years, before finally destroying the entire Nagashima complex."}], "Q1075264": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bouchain (9 August – 12 September 1711), following the Passage of the Lines of Ne Plus Ultra (5 August 1711), was a siege of the War of the Spanish Succession, and the last major victory of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough."}], "Q10922831": [{"id": "Q1074375", "label": "Su Dingfang", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Western Turks was a military campaign from 655 to 657 led by the Tang dynasty generals Su Dingfang and Cheng Zhijie against the Western Turkic Khaganate ruled by Ashina Helu."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Western Turks was a military campaign from 655 to 657 led by the Tang dynasty generals Su Dingfang and Cheng Zhijie against the Western Turkic Khaganate ruled by Ashina Helu."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tang dynasty achieved its maximum territorial extent as its western borders reached the eastern frontier of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Later on, Turkic revolts ended Tang hegemony beyond the Pamir Mountains in modern Tajikistan and Afghanistan, but a Tang military presence remained in Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Later on, Turkic revolts ended Tang hegemony beyond the Pamir Mountains in modern Tajikistan and Afghanistan, but a Tang military presence remained in Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turks, Tibetans, and the Tang competed for control over Central Asia for the next few centuries."}], "Q1094363": [{"id": "Q334101", "label": "Sun Jian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiangyang was fought between the warlords Sun Jian and Liu Biao in 191 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q470117", "label": "Liu Biao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiangyang was fought between the warlords Sun Jian and Liu Biao in 191 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q334081", "label": "Dong Zhuo", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after their coalition had ousted Dong Zhuo from the capital Luoyang, Yuan Shu and Yuan Shao, two feudal lords vying for power, had formed alliances against one another, with Gongsun Zan supporting Yuan Shu while Liu Biao supported Yuan Shao."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after their coalition had ousted Dong Zhuo from the capital Luoyang, Yuan Shu and Yuan Shao, two feudal lords vying for power, had formed alliances against one another, with Gongsun Zan supporting Yuan Shu while Liu Biao supported Yuan Shao."}, {"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after their coalition had ousted Dong Zhuo from the capital Luoyang, Yuan Shu and Yuan Shao, two feudal lords vying for power, had formed alliances against one another, with Gongsun Zan supporting Yuan Shu while Liu Biao supported Yuan Shao."}], "Q1096151": [{"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Delville Wood (15 July – 3 September 1916) was a series of engagements in the 1916 Battle of the Somme in the First World War, between the armies of the German Empire and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Delville Wood (15 July – 3 September 1916) was a series of engagements in the 1916 Battle of the Somme in the First World War, between the armies of the German Empire and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Delville Wood (15 July – 3 September 1916) was a series of engagements in the 1916 Battle of the Somme in the First World War, between the armies of the German Empire and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q2634717", "label": "Battle of Bazentin Ridge", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of a general offensive starting on 14 July, which became known as the Battle of Bazentin Ridge (14–17 July), General Douglas Haig, Commander of the British Expeditionary Force, intended to capture the German second position between Delville Wood and Bazentin le Petit."}, {"id": "Q3381142", "label": "Battle of Flers–Courcelette", "section": "lead", "says": "British attacks and German counter-attacks on the wood continued for the next seven weeks, until just before the Battle of Flers–Courcelette (15–17 September), the third British general attack in the Battle of the Somme."}, {"id": "Q62428", "label": "Max von Gallwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2nd Army kept the south bank, under General Max von Gallwitz, transferred from Verdun, who was also made commander of Armeegruppe Gallwitz-Somme with authority over Below and the 1st Army."}], "Q1098377": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Narbonne was a conflict between the Visigothic Foederati of Aquitania and the Western Roman Empire."}], "Q110645708": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hasakah was a large-scale Islamic State attack and prison riot aimed at freeing arrested fighters of the Islamic State from al-Sina'a prison in the Ghuwayran (Geweran) area of Hasakah, Syria, which resulted in a SDF military victory and an ISIS prison break, with hundreds of prisoners, including important Emirs, being freed from captivity."}], "Q111181659": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Gurganj occurred during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged assault on the Turkic Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged assault on the Turkic Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege, among others, was witnessed by the Persian biographer Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, who recorded an account in Arabic c."}], "Q1114300": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Fontenay-le-Comte were fought on 16 May 1793 and on 25 May 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between forces of the French Republic under Alexis Chalbos and Royalist forces under Marquis de Lescure and Charles de Bonchamps."}, {"id": "Q179120", "label": "Charles de Bonchamps", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Fontenay-le-Comte were fought on 16 May 1793 and on 25 May 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between forces of the French Republic under Alexis Chalbos and Royalist forces under Marquis de Lescure and Charles de Bonchamps."}], "Q1115943": [{"id": "Q91392", "label": "Pepin of Herstal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Soissons of 718 CE was the last of the great pitched battles of the civil war between the heirs of Pepin of Herstal."}, {"id": "Q437737", "label": "Theudoald", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Pepin's death in December 714, his grandson and heir Theudoald, his widow Plectrude, his possibly illegitimate son Charles Martel, his successor as mayor of the palace in Neustria Ragenfrid, and the new king Chilperic II had been waging a war for ascendancy."}, {"id": "Q463984", "label": "Plectrude", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Pepin's death in December 714, his grandson and heir Theudoald, his widow Plectrude, his possibly illegitimate son Charles Martel, his successor as mayor of the palace in Neustria Ragenfrid, and the new king Chilperic II had been waging a war for ascendancy."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Pepin's death in December 714, his grandson and heir Theudoald, his widow Plectrude, his possibly illegitimate son Charles Martel, his successor as mayor of the palace in Neustria Ragenfrid, and the new king Chilperic II had been waging a war for ascendancy."}, {"id": "Q468187", "label": "Ragenfrid", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Pepin's death in December 714, his grandson and heir Theudoald, his widow Plectrude, his possibly illegitimate son Charles Martel, his successor as mayor of the palace in Neustria Ragenfrid, and the new king Chilperic II had been waging a war for ascendancy."}, {"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Pepin's death in December 714, his grandson and heir Theudoald, his widow Plectrude, his possibly illegitimate son Charles Martel, his successor as mayor of the palace in Neustria Ragenfrid, and the new king Chilperic II had been waging a war for ascendancy."}, {"id": "Q269536", "label": "Odo the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "After their defeat at the Battle of Vincy, Chilperic and Ragenfrid allied with Odo the Great, the independent duke of Aquitaine, and marched on Soissons."}], "Q11161771": [{"id": "Q182921", "label": "Reza Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Goharshad Mosque rebellion (Persian: واقعه مسجد گوهرشاد) took place in August 1935, when a backlash against the westernizing and secularist policies of Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty erupted at Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad, Iran."}], "Q1117601": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1794 Greater Poland Uprising (Polish: Powstanie wielkopolskie 1794 roku) was a military insurrection by Poles in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) against Kingdom of Prussia which had taken possession  of this territory after the 1793 Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1794 Greater Poland Uprising (Polish: Powstanie wielkopolskie 1794 roku) was a military insurrection by Poles in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) against Kingdom of Prussia which had taken possession  of this territory after the 1793 Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "Origins", "says": "The outbreak of Kościuszko Uprising in central Poland in March 1794 served as the spark for the formation of Polish military units in the Prussian partition, as Poles in Wielkopolska hoped to liberate their region."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "Origins", "says": "Initially, Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had initiated the fight against Russians in central Poland did not want to support the Greater Poland Uprising in the hope of avoiding a two front war (at the time, Kingdom of Prussia was nominally in an alliance with Poland against Russia)."}, {"id": "Q1577800", "label": "Battle of Racławice", "section": "Origins", "says": "However, the situation changed in June 1794 when the Prussians declared their support for Tsarist Russia and offered them military support in suppressing Kościuszko (after his victory at the Battle of Racławice)."}], "Q1118003": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Prime Chance (August 1987 – June 1989) was a United States Special Operations Command operation intended to protect U.S.-flagged oil tankers from Iranian attack during the Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q111943842": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Otrar Catastrophe was a siege that took place between December 1219 and February 1220 during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire at Otrar, a large trading city on the Syr Darya river."}, {"id": "Q2986408", "label": "Inalchuq", "section": "lead", "says": "Inalchuq, the city's governor, had seized the goods of a Mongol trade caravan the previous year; after more provocations from Inalchuq's liege and ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire, Shah Muhammad II, Genghis Khan launched a full-scale invasion of the empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Inalchuq, the city's governor, had seized the goods of a Mongol trade caravan the previous year; after more provocations from Inalchuq's liege and ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire, Shah Muhammad II, Genghis Khan launched a full-scale invasion of the empire."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad had expected the nomadic invaders to fail in capturing Otrar."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "Background", "says": "The city of Otrar is known to have been under the control of a Qarakhanid dynast named Taj ad-Din Bilge-khan in 1204 AD, who as a vassal of the Qara Khitai khanate led an army to assist Muhammad II of Khwarazm against the Ghurids."}, {"id": "Q520090", "label": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "section": "Background", "says": "The city of Otrar is known to have been under the control of a Qarakhanid dynast named Taj ad-Din Bilge-khan in 1204 AD, who as a vassal of the Qara Khitai khanate led an army to assist Muhammad II of Khwarazm against the Ghurids."}, {"id": "Q5954482", "label": "Terken Hatun", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, his mother Terken Khatun still wielded substantial power in the realm - the historian Peter Golden termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother as \"an uneasy diarchy\", which often acted to Muhammad's disadvantage."}, {"id": "Q326005", "label": "Vasily Bartold", "section": "Prelude", "says": "While early 20th century historians such as Vasily Bartold judged the Mongol invasion force to be between 150,000 and 200,000 men, more recent scholars have produced estimates of between 50,000 and 75,000."}], "Q11211553": [{"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moncada Barracks were military barracks in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba named after General Guillermo Moncada, a hero of the Cuban War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q1514908", "label": "Cuban War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moncada Barracks were military barracks in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba named after General Guillermo Moncada, a hero of the Cuban War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 July 1953, the barracks was the site of an armed attack by a small group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "This armed attack is widely accepted as the beginning of the Cuban Revolution."}, {"id": "Q11270", "label": "Fulgencio Batista", "section": "lead", "says": "The date on which the attack took place, 26 July, was adopted by Castro as the name for his revolutionary movement, Movimiento 26 Julio (abbreviated as M-26-7), which eventually toppled the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista on 1 January 1959."}], "Q1130525": [{"id": "Q109248", "label": "Dagobert III", "section": "lead", "says": "Dagobert III had appointed one Ragenfrid as mayor of the palace in opposition to Pepin's choice as his successor: his grandson Theudoald."}, {"id": "Q468187", "label": "Ragenfrid", "section": "lead", "says": "Dagobert III had appointed one Ragenfrid as mayor of the palace in opposition to Pepin's choice as his successor: his grandson Theudoald."}, {"id": "Q437737", "label": "Theudoald", "section": "lead", "says": "Dagobert III had appointed one Ragenfrid as mayor of the palace in opposition to Pepin's choice as his successor: his grandson Theudoald."}, {"id": "Q463984", "label": "Plectrude", "section": "lead", "says": "Ragenfrid engaged in  battle with Theudoald, then young, and defeated him, sending him fleeing back to his grandmother Plectrude in Cologne."}, {"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "lead", "says": "The new king, Chilperic II, reappointed Ragenfrid, whose power was affirmed by the people of Neustria while the magnates of Austrasia elected Charles mayor."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "lead", "says": "The new king, Chilperic II, reappointed Ragenfrid, whose power was affirmed by the people of Neustria while the magnates of Austrasia elected Charles mayor."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "The new king, Chilperic II, reappointed Ragenfrid, whose power was affirmed by the people of Neustria while the magnates of Austrasia elected Charles mayor."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "As soon as Charles Martel gathered his supporters and trained them, he triumphed over all comers."}], "Q1132985": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bowang, also known as the Battle of Bowang Slope, was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Liu Bei in 202 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bowang, also known as the Battle of Bowang Slope, was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Liu Bei in 202 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "Background", "says": "Liu Bei originally sought refuge under the northern warlord Yuan Shao after being defeated by Cao Cao in 200 at Xu Province."}, {"id": "Q1057910", "label": "Battle of Guandu", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he left Yuan Shao after the latter was defeated by Cao Cao at the Battle of Guandu in late 200, and went to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to seek shelter under the governor Liu Biao."}, {"id": "Q470117", "label": "Liu Biao", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he left Yuan Shao after the latter was defeated by Cao Cao at the Battle of Guandu in late 200, and went to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to seek shelter under the governor Liu Biao."}, {"id": "Q468722", "label": "Yu Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "To counter Liu Bei's maneuvers, Cao Cao sent his generals Xiahou Dun, Li Dian and Yu Jin to lead an army south to attack Liu Bei."}], "Q1134191": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tory Island (also known as the Battle of Donegal, Battle of Lough Swilly or Warren's Action) was a naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought on 12 October 1798 between French and British squadrons off the northwest coast of County Donegal, then in the Kingdom of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tory Island (also known as the Battle of Donegal, Battle of Lough Swilly or Warren's Action) was a naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought on 12 October 1798 between French and British squadrons off the northwest coast of County Donegal, then in the Kingdom of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "lead", "says": "The last action of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Battle of Tory Island ended the final attempt by the French Navy to land substantial numbers of soldiers in Ireland during the war."}, {"id": "Q437962", "label": "Wolfe Tone", "section": "lead", "says": "The Society of United Irishmen, led by Wolfe Tone, launched an uprising against British rule in Ireland in May 1798."}], "Q11355226": [{"id": "Q134456", "label": "Yukio Mishima", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mishima incident (三島事件, Mishima jiken) occurred on November 25, 1970, when the Japanese author Yukio Mishima committed seppuku (ritual suicide) after calling on the Japan Self-Defense Forces to stage a coup d'état to abolish Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution and appealing to his own ideas and beliefs about reconstructing true national autonomy."}], "Q1136002": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lyon occurred on 9 August to 9 October 1793 when French Republican forces laid siege and captured the city of Lyon, which was the centre of a revolt against the French government during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q270668", "label": "Georges Couthon", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Just over a week later, on 21 August, the Paris government sent to Lyon a high level team that included Georges Couthon, a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety and a close colleague of Robespierre himself."}], "Q1136536": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Meja massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Mejës) was the mass execution of at least 377 Albanian Catholic and Muslim civilians during the Kosovo War with the purpose of ethnic cleansing, which took place on 27 April 1999."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia has convicted several Serbian army and police officers for their involvement."}], "Q1136770": [{"id": "Q1368152", "label": "Mohamed Oufkir", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup attempt led to Hassan reforming the Royal Armed Forces, including installing Mohamed Oufkir as Minister of Defense."}], "Q113732316": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 September 2022, Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISIS–K) conducted a suicide bombing outside the Embassy of Russia, in Kabul, Afghanistan."}], "Q1139109": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crawford expedition, also known as the Battle of Sandusky, the Sandusky expedition, and Crawford's Defeat, was a 1782 campaign on the western front of the American Revolutionary War, and one of the final operations of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was led by Colonel William Crawford, an experienced officer who had served in the Continental Army and a childhood friend of George Washington."}, {"id": "Q248519", "label": "Cornstalk", "section": "Background", "says": "The intensity of the conflict increased in November 1777, after American militiamen murdered Cornstalk, the leading advocate of Shawnee neutrality."}, {"id": "Q5343297", "label": "Edward Hand", "section": "Background", "says": "General Edward Hand led 500 Pennsylvania militiamen on a surprise winter march from Fort Pitt towards the Cuyahoga River, where the British stored military supplies that were distributed to Native raiding parties."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, in September 1778, he was one of the signers of the Treaty of Fort Pitt between the Lenapes and the United States."}], "Q1152249": [{"id": "Q112009", "label": "Michael von Melas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marengo campaign (4 April – 15 June 1800) saw a Habsburg Austrian army led by General der Kavallerie Michael von Melas fight against the defending French Army of Italy under General of Division (GD) André Massena and the invading French Reserve Army commanded by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "lead", "says": "Melas tried to break out of the trap in the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and nearly succeeded because Bonaparte spread his army too thin."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "In early 1799, the French Directory deployed two armies in Italy."}, {"id": "Q298784", "label": "Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The Army of Naples led by GD Étienne Macdonald occupied Rome and Naples with 32,010 men."}, {"id": "Q809415", "label": "Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The Army of Italy under GD Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer defended northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "In March, the Directory ordered Schérer to detach a 6,400-man division to invade and plunder the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q78695", "label": "Paul Kray", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The Austrian army commanded by Field Marshal  Paul Kray counted 50,700 men, but a 24,551-strong Russian army under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov was approaching."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The Austrian army commanded by Field Marshal  Paul Kray counted 50,700 men, but a 24,551-strong Russian army under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov was approaching."}, {"id": "Q2889186", "label": "Battle of Magnano", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The indecisive Battle of Verona on 26 March was followed by the Battle of Magnano on 5 April 1799."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "Schérer was replaced in command by GD Jean Victor Marie Moreau but the French were beaten at the Battle of Cassano on 27–28 April 1799."}, {"id": "Q1088879", "label": "Battle of Trebbia", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The string of major defeats continued with the Battle of Trebbia on 17–20 June, the surrender of Mantua on 28 July, the Battle of Novi on 15 August, and the Battle of Genola on 4 November."}, {"id": "Q1194172", "label": "Battle of Novi", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The string of major defeats continued with the Battle of Trebbia on 17–20 June, the surrender of Mantua on 28 July, the Battle of Novi on 15 August, and the Battle of Genola on 4 November."}, {"id": "Q1379668", "label": "Jean-Étienne Championnet", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The army commander GD Jean-Étienne Championnet wished to abandon Genoa, but the Directory stubbornly refused to allow this."}, {"id": "Q620965", "label": "coup of 18 Brumaire", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "The Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) was successful and on 25 December, Bonaparte became First Consul, a position in which he held dictatorial power."}, {"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "Background: 1799", "says": "On 25 January 1800, Bonaparte ordered GD Louis-Alexandre Berthier to assemble a 60,000-man Reserve Army at Dijon."}], "Q1153384": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grodno (1706) refers to the battle during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Grodno was a city of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at this time."}], "Q11625932": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "After Japan was defeated in World War II, a United States-led military occupation ruled the country for seven years, from 1945 to 1952."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "As a condition of ending the occupation, Japan was forced to sign the U.S.—Japan Security Treaty which allowed the United States to maintain military forces on Japanese soil."}, {"id": "Q392541", "label": "Treaty of San Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "This treaty came into force on April 28, 1952, in tandem with the Treaty of San Francisco, which officially ended World War II in Asia."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile in 1950, at the behest of Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, the Soviet-led Cominform had published a tract harshly criticizing the policies of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) of peaceful protest and engagement with electoral politics, which led the JCP to completely change its policies and attempt to foment an immediate, violent revolution in Japan along Maoist lines."}], "Q1164835": [{"id": "Q565409", "label": "Anne Hilarion de Tourville", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lagos was fought during the Nine Years' War on 27 June 1693 (17 June 1693 O.S.), when a French fleet under Anne Hilarion de Tourville defeated an Anglo-Dutch fleet under George Rooke near Lagos Bay in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q128983", "label": "George Rooke", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lagos was fought during the Nine Years' War on 27 June 1693 (17 June 1693 O.S.), when a French fleet under Anne Hilarion de Tourville defeated an Anglo-Dutch fleet under George Rooke near Lagos Bay in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lagos was fought during the Nine Years' War on 27 June 1693 (17 June 1693 O.S.), when a French fleet under Anne Hilarion de Tourville defeated an Anglo-Dutch fleet under George Rooke near Lagos Bay in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "To this end, Louis XIV had dispatched the French fleet under Tourville, his most able commander, to set an ambush for the convoy before it entered the Straits of Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q547419", "label": "Philips van Almonde", "section": "Background", "says": "The convoy sailed at the end of May, with the allied fleet of 24 Dutch warships under Philips van Almonde and 45 English under a leadership committee of Admirals Henry Killigrew, Ralph Delaval and Cloudesley Shovell."}, {"id": "Q1102640", "label": "Cloudesley Shovell", "section": "Background", "says": "The convoy sailed at the end of May, with the allied fleet of 24 Dutch warships under Philips van Almonde and 45 English under a leadership committee of Admirals Henry Killigrew, Ralph Delaval and Cloudesley Shovell."}], "Q1172504": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a battle in World War I as part of the Second Battle of the Marne, initially prompted by a German Spring Offensive."}, {"id": "Q876417", "label": "Second Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a battle in World War I as part of the Second Battle of the Marne, initially prompted by a German Spring Offensive."}, {"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a battle in World War I as part of the Second Battle of the Marne, initially prompted by a German Spring Offensive."}, {"id": "Q464172", "label": "American Expeditionary Force", "section": "lead", "says": "German and local actions at Château-Thierry recommenced on May 31 to July 22, 1918, against the AEF, an American Expeditionary Force, consisting of troops from both the United States Army and Marine Corps units."}, {"id": "Q1474180", "label": "Battle of Belleau Wood", "section": "lead", "says": "This set the stage for the action at Château-Thierry and at the Battle of Belleau Wood."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "Recognizing the window of opportunity, General Ludendorff consolidated the manpower freed up from the Eastern Front to conduct Operation Michael in order to split the Allies' lines."}, {"id": "Q152008", "label": "Operation Michael", "section": "Background", "says": "Recognizing the window of opportunity, General Ludendorff consolidated the manpower freed up from the Eastern Front to conduct Operation Michael in order to split the Allies' lines."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With Marshal Ferdinand Foch unable to acquire British assistance, General Pershing's chief of operation, Colonel Fox Conner, recognized the gravity of the situation and ordered the 3rd Division to block them."}], "Q1190029": [{"id": "Q249960", "label": "Chouannerie", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of France (also known as the Battle of Quiberon) was a major landing on the Quiberon peninsula by émigré, counter-revolutionary troops in support of the Chouannerie and Vendée Revolt, beginning on 23 June and finally definitively repulsed on 21 July."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It aimed to raise the whole of western France in revolt, bring an end to the French Revolution and restore the French monarchy."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "Puisaye also negotiated with British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in London, requesting Britain's support for a royalist invasion of France."}], "Q11908782": [{"id": "Q348593", "label": "Hisham I of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Las Babias occurred in the year 795 when the Emir of Cordoba, Hisham I of Córdoba sought to avenge his previous military incursions in 794 against the Kingdom of Asturias under the command of the brothers Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Walid ibn Mugaith and Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-Walid ibn Mugaith."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Las Babias occurred in the year 795 when the Emir of Cordoba, Hisham I of Córdoba sought to avenge his previous military incursions in 794 against the Kingdom of Asturias under the command of the brothers Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Walid ibn Mugaith and Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-Walid ibn Mugaith."}, {"id": "Q2237594", "label": "Battle of Lutos", "section": "lead", "says": "The previous battles resulted in devastating losses for the Emirate, most importantly at the Battle of Lutos where one of the Emir's generals was killed in action."}, {"id": "Q303421", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Emir also organized another army which marched against the Kingdom of Galicia to divert any potential conversion of Christian forces on his brother's army in Asturias."}, {"id": "Q360388", "label": "Alfonso II of Asturias", "section": "Background", "says": "King Alfonso II of Asturias, who had reinforced his army with local machus made his camp near Astorga."}], "Q11915297": [{"id": "Q1233672", "label": "County of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege and conquest were part of the expansion of the Marca Hispanica and the constitution of the County of Barcelona by the Carolingians."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In the beginning of the 8th century when the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the Muslim troops of the Umayyad Caliphate, Barcelona was taken by the Muslim wali of Al-Andalus, Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "Background", "says": "The capture of the city of Narbonne by the forces of the Frankish king, Pepin the Short, brought the border to the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "The Frankish advance was met with failure in front of Zaragoza, when Charlemagne was forced to retreat and suffered a setback in Roncevaux in the hands of Basque forces allied with the Muslims."}, {"id": "Q284558", "label": "Al-Hakam I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Emirate of Cordoba was then in a crisis: the Umayyad Emir Al-Hakam I, ascended to the throne in 796 and had to fight against the claims of his uncles, Sulayman and Ubayd-Allah Abu-Marwan, who had rebelled after the death of Hisham I."}], "Q1195833": [{"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions refer to a series of eleven military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against its rival state, Cao Wei, between 240 and 262 CE during the Three Kingdoms period in China."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions refer to a series of eleven military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against its rival state, Cao Wei, between 240 and 262 CE during the Three Kingdoms period in China."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the previous Northern campaigns led by Zhuge Liang, which added Wudu and Yinping commanderies to Shu Han state territories, Jiang Wei's campaigns ended up being unpopular in both the military and civil circles in Shu."}, {"id": "Q740867", "label": "Fei Yi", "section": "lead", "says": "Also unlike Zhuge Liang's campaigns which often featured 60,000 to sometimes even 100,000 Shu Troops, Jiang Wei's were often much smaller rarely exceeding 30,000 even after the death of Fei Yi, where Jiang Wei assumed control of the military."}, {"id": "Q70806", "label": "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "In popular culture and the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the campaigns were erroneously referred to as the \"nine campaigns on the Central Plains\" (九伐中原)."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 227, China was divided into three competing regimes – Cao Wei, Shu Han and Eastern Wu – each with the purpose of reunifying the territories of the fallen Han dynasty under its own control."}], "Q1199275": [{"id": "Q1071119", "label": "Siege of Homs", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive occurred within the scope of the Siege of Homs and ended with an U.N. brokered ceasefire on 14 April 2012."}], "Q12007951": [{"id": "Q3354648", "label": "Operation Birke", "section": "lead", "says": "After Finland had made peace with the USSR, the Germans planned to fall back to defense lines across Finnish Lapland (Operation Birke)."}], "Q12082703": [{"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, for control over the city of Lviv, was fought between forces of the local West Ukrainian People's Republic and urban Polish resistance, assisted later by the invading Polish military."}, {"id": "Q112081", "label": "Archduke Wilhelm of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the intervention of Archduke Wilhelm of Austria, a Habsburg who adopted a Ukrainian identity and who considered himself a Ukrainian patriot, in October 1918 two regiments consisting of mostly Ukrainian troops were brought into the city, so that most of the Austrian troops stationed in Lviv were ethnic Ukrainians."}], "Q121160319": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fano insurgency is an armed conflict and insurgency in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia that began in April 2023 between the Fano militia and the Ethiopian government."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "Background", "says": "This Tigrayan dominance in post-1991 governance mirrored the significant political influence that the Amhara had wielded through most of the 20th century since Emperor Menelik II."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The term dates back to the 1930s, originating during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War to describe volunteer Amhara fighters."}], "Q1215310": [{"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Juan Hill (Spanish: Batalla de las Colinas de San Juan), also known as the Battle for the San Juan Heights, was a major battle of the Spanish–American War fought July 1, 1898, between an American force under the command of William Rufus Shafter and Joseph Wheeler against a Spanish force led by Arsenio Linares y Pombo."}, {"id": "Q1708240", "label": "Joseph Wheeler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Juan Hill (Spanish: Batalla de las Colinas de San Juan), also known as the Battle for the San Juan Heights, was a major battle of the Spanish–American War fought July 1, 1898, between an American force under the command of William Rufus Shafter and Joseph Wheeler against a Spanish force led by Arsenio Linares y Pombo."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined assaults on Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill that together form San Juan Heights proved to be one of the most significant battles of the war and, along with the Siege of Santiago, a decisive battle in deciding the fate of the United States Army campaign in Cuba."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over Spanish behavior during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by exaggerated reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population."}, {"id": "Q1514908", "label": "Cuban War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over Spanish behavior during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by exaggerated reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle also proved to be the location of the \"greatest victory\" for the Rough Riders, as stated by the press and its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt."}], "Q12182813": [{"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1979 Khuzestan uprising was one of the nationwide uprisings in Iran which erupted in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution."}], "Q12207418": [{"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Yemenite War was a short military conflict between the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR; North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY; South Yemen)."}], "Q12207442": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Wadiah War (Arabic: حرب الوديعة) was a military conflict which broke out on 27 November 1969 between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (PRSY; South Yemen) after disputes over the towns of al-Wadiah and Sharurah on the PRSY-Saudi Arabian border."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Wadiah War (Arabic: حرب الوديعة) was a military conflict which broke out on 27 November 1969 between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (PRSY; South Yemen) after disputes over the towns of al-Wadiah and Sharurah on the PRSY-Saudi Arabian border."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Wadiah is a part of the geographic Hadhramaut region, which had previously been part of the Qu'aiti Sultanate, itself part of the British  Protectorate of South Arabia, which had been incorporated into the then-newly established South Yemen following the withdrawal of British forces from the region."}, {"id": "Q202775", "label": "Qu'aiti Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Wadiah is a part of the geographic Hadhramaut region, which had previously been part of the Qu'aiti Sultanate, itself part of the British  Protectorate of South Arabia, which had been incorporated into the then-newly established South Yemen following the withdrawal of British forces from the region."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Wadiah is a part of the geographic Hadhramaut region, which had previously been part of the Qu'aiti Sultanate, itself part of the British  Protectorate of South Arabia, which had been incorporated into the then-newly established South Yemen following the withdrawal of British forces from the region."}, {"id": "Q217167", "label": "King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud", "section": "Background", "says": "Simultaneously Yemeni-Saudi relations had been incredibly tense, with Faisal of Saudi Arabia regarding the left-wing government with extreme hostility, which was in turn reciprocated by Yemen, which supported the overthrow of the Gulf monarchies."}], "Q12216248": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (Spanish: Conquista de Córdoba, Conquest of Córdoba) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711."}], "Q12284806": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lerin or Battle of Florina or Chegan offensive was an offensive operation of the Bulgarian army fought between 17–28 August 1916, during the First World War, in which they conquered the city of Florina (in present-day Greece, but known in Bulgaria as Lerin) but failed to take Chegan."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "On their part, the Bulgarians had urged for an offensive in Macedonia since the beginning of the year, now planning a strike with the First Army and Second Army on both Allied flanks."}], "Q12295718": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "On their part, the Bulgarians had urged for an offensive in Macedonia since the beginning of the year, now planning a strike with the First Army and Second Army on both Allied flanks."}], "Q123422121": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Both Israel and the United States have said that Hamas maintained command centers or command \"nodes\" below the hospital."}], "Q123474732": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "At 16:14 PST (08:14 UTC) on November 17, 2023, the province of Sarangani on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines was struck by an earthquake measuring Mww 6.7 or Mw 6.8."}], "Q123614250": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "On December 2, 2023, at 22:37 PST (14:37 UTC), a moment magnitude (Mww) 7.6 earthquake occurred off the island of Mindanao in the Philippines."}], "Q1241187": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Donbas strategic offensive, also known as the Mius-Donets Offensive, was a military campaign fought in the Donets Basin from 17 July to 2 August 1943, between the German and Soviet armed forces on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Donbas strategic offensive, also known as the Mius-Donets Offensive, was a military campaign fought in the Donets Basin from 17 July to 2 August 1943, between the German and Soviet armed forces on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1943, while the Battle of Kursk was raging to the north, two German armies of Army Group South in the Donets Basin confronted two Soviet army groups on a 660-kilometer front."}, {"id": "Q12136088", "label": "Operation Citadel", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Wehrmacht launched Operation Citadel, the task of the Soviet troops in sectors of the front secondary to the Kursk Bulge became offensive operations in order to force the Wehrmacht to use their available reserves."}], "Q1241619": [{"id": "Q562376", "label": "Sebastianus", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon his arrival at Carrhae, Julian sent his generals, Procopius and Sebastianus, with 30,000 men into Armenia to join up with Arshak II's army of 24,000."}], "Q1241936": [{"id": "Q154418", "label": "Josip Jelačić", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first and one of the most important major battles of the war of independence, in which the Hungarian revolutionary army led by Lieutenant-General János Móga stopped the troops of the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić, who, in accordance with the Habsburg plans, was marching towards Pest to occupy it and chase out the Hungarian national government."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle Lieutenant General Josip Jelačić concluded an armistice with the Hungarians, but then retreated towards Vienna."}, {"id": "Q702016", "label": "Lajos Batthyány", "section": "Background", "says": "The office of the Ban had been empty since 1845, but the Hungarian revolution of 15 March 1848 and the appointment as Hungarian prime minister of the liberal Lajos Batthyány forced the Austrian authorities to appoint a Croatian Ban loyal to them."}], "Q1242698": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Frantic was a series of seven shuttle bombing operations during World War II conducted by American aircraft based in Great Britain and southern Italy, which landed at three Soviet airfields in the Ukrainian SSR."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Frantic also highlighted significant tensions between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, which proved both unfamiliar with and unfriendly to hosting foreign aircraft for joint operations."}], "Q125360359": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 2024, extensive flooding impacted several regions of Kazakhstan and Russia, specifically in the Ural Mountains and Siberia."}], "Q126906449": [{"id": "Q195725", "label": "William Ruto", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the storming of the Kenyan Parliament, president William Ruto reportedly rejected the Bill on 28 June; signed into law the \"Appropriations Bill 2024\" to address the budget shortfall caused by the rejection."}], "Q12756567": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belgrade was a long siege by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, lasted about six or seven months in 1440."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "lead", "says": "Belgrade was an important fortified town of the Serbian Despotate and the key fortress of the Hungarian defense line after the Ottoman subjugation of Serbia in 1439."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "Background", "says": "Seizing upon this opportunity, Sultan Murad II decided to capture Belgrade."}], "Q1278781": [{"id": "Q37151", "label": "Sun Tzu", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Sima Qian's Shiji, Sun Tzu, the author of The Art of War, was the main commander of the Wu army, but he was not mentioned in the Zuo Zhuan and other earlier historical texts."}], "Q12884962": [{"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Constantinople was signed between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire on 2 July 1881, resulting in the cession of the region of Thessaly (apart from Elassona) and a part of southern Epirus (the Arta Prefecture) to Greece."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Constantinople was signed between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire on 2 July 1881, resulting in the cession of the region of Thessaly (apart from Elassona) and a part of southern Epirus (the Arta Prefecture) to Greece."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Constantinople was signed between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire on 2 July 1881, resulting in the cession of the region of Thessaly (apart from Elassona) and a part of southern Epirus (the Arta Prefecture) to Greece."}, {"id": "Q313829", "label": "Milan I Obrenović", "section": "Background", "says": "Proposals by Prince Milan I of Serbia for a joint attack and partition of Macedonia on the basis of the Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867 were thus rebuffed."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Proposals by Prince Milan I of Serbia for a joint attack and partition of Macedonia on the basis of the Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867 were thus rebuffed."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Eastern Crisis erupted into open warfare with the start of the Serbo-Turkish War in 1876, Russia, which was inexorably drawn towards military intervention in the conflict, moved to secure an arrangement with Austria-Hungary at the Reichstadt Agreement."}, {"id": "Q685933", "label": "Reichstadt Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Eastern Crisis erupted into open warfare with the start of the Serbo-Turkish War in 1876, Russia, which was inexorably drawn towards military intervention in the conflict, moved to secure an arrangement with Austria-Hungary at the Reichstadt Agreement."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Agreement stipulated that a major Slavic state would not be established in the Balkans, that Bulgaria and Albania would become autonomous, and that the three already extant Balkan states—Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro—would annex some territories."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "The Agreement stipulated that a major Slavic state would not be established in the Balkans, that Bulgaria and Albania would become autonomous, and that the three already extant Balkan states—Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro—would annex some territories."}, {"id": "Q708318", "label": "Alexandros Koumoundouros", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek government under Alexandros Koumoundouros kept to a strict neutrality, in accordance to the wishes of the King."}, {"id": "Q630181", "label": "Epameinondas Deligiorgis", "section": "Background", "says": "Greece was thrown into a prolonged internal political crisis: the King on the one hand staunchly refused to agree to an alliance with Russia or the Balkan states, while  Koumoundouros and his rival, Epameinondas Deligeorgis, alternated in office."}], "Q1291237": [{"id": "Q553240", "label": "King Zhaoxiang of Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yique (伊阙之战; 伊闕之戰) of 293 BC, fought by King Zhaoxiang of Qin against the alliance of Wei (魏) and Han (韩; 韓) at Yique (now known as Longmen, city of Luoyang, Henan province)."}], "Q1292493": [{"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pact of Zanjón ended the Ten Years' War, the armed struggle of Cubans for independence from the Spanish Empire that lasted from 1868 to 1878."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pact of Zanjón ended the Ten Years' War, the armed struggle of Cubans for independence from the Spanish Empire that lasted from 1868 to 1878."}, {"id": "Q548543", "label": "Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 10, 1878, a group of negotiators representing the rebels gathered in Zanjón, a village in Camagüey Province, and signed the document offered them by the Spanish commander in Cuba, General Arsenio Martínez Campos, who had arrived in the Spanish colony two years earlier and immediately sought to come to terms with the rebels."}], "Q129811621": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 August 2024, jihadists from Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) killed between 200 and 600 civilians digging trenches for the Burkinabe government around the town of Barsalogho, Sanmatenga Province, Burkina Faso."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "Much of northern and eastern Burkina Faso has been the frontline of an insurgency waged by Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara since 2015, with these groups intensifying their attacks on civilians seen as sympathetic to the government since 2019."}, {"id": "Q114341246", "label": "Ibrahim Traoré", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état that saw Ibrahim Traoré rise to power, the Burkinabe government and VDP auxiliaries have conducted massacres against civilian areas that have killed hundreds of civilians."}], "Q130331542": [{"id": "Q96782263", "label": "Ibrahim Aqil", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack killed at least 45 people, including 16 Hezbollah militants, including commanders Ibrahim Aqil and Ahmed Wehbe."}, {"id": "Q96863707", "label": "Fuad Shukr", "section": "lead", "says": "Two months earlier, Israel had assassinated another commander, Fuad Shukr, in the then ongoing Israel–Hezbollah conflict."}], "Q13041166": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 (Albanian: Kryengritja Arbërore) was a series of conflicts between Albanian rebels and the Ottoman Empire during the early period of Ottoman rule in the region."}, {"id": "Q3301817", "label": "Gjergj Arianiti", "section": "lead", "says": "Prompted by the replacement of large parts of the local nobility with Ottoman landowners, centralized governance, and the Ottoman taxation system, the population and the nobles, led principally by Gjergj Arianiti, revolted against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As it spread, the nobles, whose holdings had been annexed by the Ottomans returned to join the revolt and attempts to form alliances with the Holy Roman Empire were initiated."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "Many timars were also granted to local Albanians holding high posts of the administration, especially during the rule of Yakup Bey Muzaka and Skanderbeg."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "These policies would lead in part to the formation of the League of Lezhë under Skanderbeg in 1444, and a new era in the Ottoman–Albanian wars."}], "Q131108983": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 November 2024, at least 32 people were killed and 55 others were injured in a suicide bombing at Quetta railway station in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan."}], "Q1315700": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Edmondson describes as \"the first major engagement of the Texas Revolution\", occurred on the grounds of Mission Concepción, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of now Downtown San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas."}, {"id": "Q1186940", "label": "Martín Perfecto de Cos", "section": "lead", "says": "Austin had marched towards Bexar, where General Martín Perfecto de Cos commanded the remaining Mexican soldiers in Texas."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "After investigating three of the missions, Bowie and Fannin selected Mission San Francisco de la Espada as the most promising campsite."}], "Q1316080": [{"id": "Q878102", "label": "Operation Odyssey Dawn", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States' counterpart to this was Operation Odyssey Dawn, the French counterpart was Opération Harmattan and the British counterpart was Operation Ellamy."}, {"id": "Q921174", "label": "Opération Harmattan", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States' counterpart to this was Operation Odyssey Dawn, the French counterpart was Opération Harmattan and the British counterpart was Operation Ellamy."}, {"id": "Q1316065", "label": "Operation Ellamy", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States' counterpart to this was Operation Odyssey Dawn, the French counterpart was Opération Harmattan and the British counterpart was Operation Ellamy."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The no-fly zone was proposed during the Libyan Civil War to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on anti-Gaddafi forces and civilians."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The demonstrations in Libya were part of the larger Arab Spring movement that began in the country of Tunisia on 18 December 2010."}, {"id": "Q3269455", "label": "Operation Unified Protector", "section": "lead", "says": "The no-fly zone was enforced by NATO's Operation Unified Protector."}], "Q131900840": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Widespread demonstrations, involving tens of thousands of Slovak citizens mobilizing across Slovakia, have been taking place, primarily to protest Prime Minister of Slovakia Robert Fico's pro-Russia policies."}, {"id": "Q57606", "label": "Robert Fico", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 2024, the Slovak government, under Robert Fico, approved a law that would abolish the existing Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS) public broadcasting service and replace it with new entity named Slovak Television and Radio (STVR)."}], "Q132477617": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 23, 2025, 3 days after returning to office in the second presidential inauguration, United States President Donald Trump implemented several campaign promises regarding stricter immigration enforcement, leading to an uptick in United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) operations across major metropolitan areas."}], "Q133055141": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Musk played a key role in facilitating the 2025 United States federal mass layoffs and the shutdown of USAID."}], "Q1332237": [{"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "Background", "says": "The operation had the goal of securing the narrow salient the Allies had established between Eindhoven and Nijmegen during Operation Market Garden and destroying the German bridgehead west of the Meuse, in preparation for the eventual Allied advance into the nearby German Rhineland."}], "Q133818618": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Israel's missile and artillery attack killed more than 400 Palestinians, including 263 women and children, making it one of the deadliest in the Gaza war."}], "Q134352816": [{"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 May, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Israel plans to \"take control of the entire Gaza Strip.\""}], "Q134698175": [{"id": "Q54820", "label": "Nambaryn Enkhbayar", "section": "Background", "says": "As of October 2025, Oyun-Erdene is the longest-serving prime minister in Mongolia since Nambaryn Enkhbayar."}], "Q134734156": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 June 2025, Miguel Uribe Turbay, a senator and pre-candidate in the 2026 Colombian presidential election, was shot during a rally at El Golfito Park in the neighbourhood of Modelia, part of the locality of Fontibón, in Bogotá, Colombia."}, {"id": "Q356957", "label": "Julio César Turbay", "section": "Background", "says": "His grandfather, Julio César Turbay Ayala, was the 25th president of Colombia and his mother, journalist Diana Turbay, was kidnapped by the Medellín Cartel in 1990 and killed during a botched rescue attempt the following year."}], "Q1349425": [{"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain claimed the area based on the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, but Portugal had founded the first city there, Sacramento Colony, in 1680."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain claimed the area based on the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, but Portugal had founded the first city there, Sacramento Colony, in 1680."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain had taken the city twice, in 1681 and in 1705, but was required to give it back to the Portuguese by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713."}], "Q1361501": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Coleto, also known as the Battle of Coleto Creek, the Battle of the Prairie, and the Batalla del Encinal del Perdido, was fought on March 19–20, 1836, during the Goliad campaign of the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1135419", "label": "José de Urrea", "section": "lead", "says": "In February, General José de Urrea led a branch of the Mexican army up the Gulf Coast of Mexican Texas toward Goliad, where a large contingent of soldiers from the Texian Army was garrisoned under Colonel James W."}, {"id": "Q235344", "label": "Battle of the Alamo", "section": "lead", "says": "Simultaneously, Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led a larger force into the Texian interior, where on March 6 his troops won the Battle of the Alamo."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "lead", "says": "After learning of the Alamo's defeat, Texian general Sam Houston ordered Fannin to retreat from Goliad and join the rest of the army in Victoria."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "After learning of the Alamo's defeat, Texian general Sam Houston ordered Fannin to retreat from Goliad and join the rest of the army in Victoria."}], "Q1361674": [{"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaties of Velasco (Spanish: Tratados de Velasco) were two documents, one private and the other public, signed in Fort Velasco on May 14, 1836 between General Antonio López de Santa Anna and the Republic of Texas in the aftermath of the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836."}, {"id": "Q841278", "label": "Battle of San Jacinto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaties of Velasco (Spanish: Tratados de Velasco) were two documents, one private and the other public, signed in Fort Velasco on May 14, 1836 between General Antonio López de Santa Anna and the Republic of Texas in the aftermath of the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "lead", "says": "Many wanted him hanged as just vengeance for the murder of comrades and family during the battles at Alamo and Goliad, but Sam Houston spared his life and extracted a promise from Santa Anna that Mexican troops would be removed from Texas."}, {"id": "Q354678", "label": "Anastasio Bustamante", "section": "lead", "says": "Mexican conservatives removed Santa Anna as president and installed Anastasio Bustamante, and there was an agreement with the Mexican Congress that Santa Anna had \"offered nothing in the name of the nation.\"\nA biographer of Santa Anna, Will Fowler, considered that the \"general of tricks was at his most ingenious\" with the negotiations with Texas since he did not commit himself to do anything other"}, {"id": "Q715279", "label": "Vicente Filisola", "section": "lead", "says": "Santa Anna sent a message to General Vicente Filisola to retreat below the Rio Grande, but his message made it clear that Filisola was in charge."}], "Q1374378": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kars was a Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)."}], "Q137757212": [{"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The city's capture was the culmination of a government counteroffensive against the STC that had previously captured Hadhramaut and al-Mahrah Governorates amid Saudi airstrikes against STC positions."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Aden's capture, the secretary-general of the STC announced its dissolution and its leader Aidarus al-Zoubaidi fled to the United Arab Emirates."}], "Q138637932": [{"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "The advisory indicated that rainfall exceeding 20 millimetres within 24 hours was expected in some areas, including the central highlands and the Lake Victoria basin."}], "Q1409225": [{"id": "Q2060306", "label": "Red Cloud's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fetterman Fight, also known as the Fetterman Massacre or the Battle of the Hundred-in-the-Hands or the Battle of a Hundred Slain, was a battle during Red Cloud's War on December 21, 1866, between a confederation of the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and a detachment of the United States Army, based at Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming."}, {"id": "Q44555", "label": "Crazy Horse", "section": "lead", "says": "A group of ten warriors, including Crazy Horse, acted to lure a detachment of U.S. soldiers into an ambush."}], "Q141214672": [{"id": "Q120965176", "label": "Abdourahamane Tiani", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28–29 August 2026, a mutinous faction of the Niger Armed Forces calling themselves the Armed Forces for the Restoration of the Fatherland attempted a coup against President Abdourahamane Tiani in the country's capital Niamey."}, {"id": "Q3318398", "label": "Mohamed Bazoum", "section": "Background", "says": "The most recent coup in 2023 ousted Mohamed Bazoum, the country's first democratically elected leader to succeed a similarly democratically elected leader."}], "Q1414325": [{"id": "Q155167", "label": "John of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Trentschin was concluded on 24 August 1335 between King Casimir III of Poland and King John of Bohemia together with his son Margrave Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Trentschin was concluded on 24 August 1335 between King Casimir III of Poland and King John of Bohemia together with his son Margrave Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q213061", "label": "Charles I of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was reached by the agency of Casimir's brother-in-law King Charles I of Hungary and signed at Trentschin Castle in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Trenčín, Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was reached by the agency of Casimir's brother-in-law King Charles I of Hungary and signed at Trentschin Castle in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Trenčín, Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "It initiated the transfer of suzerainty over the former Polish province of Silesia to the Kingdom of Bohemia, whereafter the Duchies of Silesia were incorporated into the Bohemian Crown and thus became part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It initiated the transfer of suzerainty over the former Polish province of Silesia to the Kingdom of Bohemia, whereafter the Duchies of Silesia were incorporated into the Bohemian Crown and thus became part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It initiated the transfer of suzerainty over the former Polish province of Silesia to the Kingdom of Bohemia, whereafter the Duchies of Silesia were incorporated into the Bohemian Crown and thus became part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q506071", "label": "Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At Pentecost 1137, Duke Soběslav I of Bohemia officially renounced the lands in favour of Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth."}, {"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At Pentecost 1137, Duke Soběslav I of Bohemia officially renounced the lands in favour of Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He was urged by Emperor Lothair III."}, {"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bolesław died the next year and in his testament bequested the newly established Duchy of Silesia to his eldest son Władysław II."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The rule of Duke Bolesław I over Silesia was restored under pressure from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1163."}, {"id": "Q53445", "label": "Henry I the Bearded", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bolesław's son Henry the Bearded became High Duke of Poland in 1232."}, {"id": "Q53446", "label": "Henry II the Pious", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The marriage of his successor Duke Henry II the Pious with Anne of Bohemia, daughter of King Ottokar I, strengthened the ties between the Silesian Piasts and the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q170202", "label": "Anne of Bohemia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The marriage of his successor Duke Henry II the Pious with Anne of Bohemia, daughter of King Ottokar I, strengthened the ties between the Silesian Piasts and the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1280 Duke Henry IV of Wrocław, induced by his ambition to gain the Polish Seniorate Province of Cracow, paid homage to King Rudolf I of Germany and was able to succeed Leszek II the Black as Polish high duke in 1288."}, {"id": "Q76956", "label": "Rudolph I of Germany", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1280 Duke Henry IV of Wrocław, induced by his ambition to gain the Polish Seniorate Province of Cracow, paid homage to King Rudolf I of Germany and was able to succeed Leszek II the Black as Polish high duke in 1288."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1289 King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia made Duke Casimir of Bytom his vassal."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the renewed struggle over the Polish Seniorate Province upon the sudden death of Duke Henry IV in 1290, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia forged an alliance with Casimir's brother Bolko I of Opole against the rivaling Polish Piasts Władysław I the Elbow-high and Przemysł II, who finally had to cede Cracow to the Bohemian king one year later."}, {"id": "Q54017", "label": "Przemysł II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the renewed struggle over the Polish Seniorate Province upon the sudden death of Duke Henry IV in 1290, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia forged an alliance with Casimir's brother Bolko I of Opole against the rivaling Polish Piasts Władysław I the Elbow-high and Przemysł II, who finally had to cede Cracow to the Bohemian king one year later."}, {"id": "Q53440", "label": "Bolesław II the Generous", "section": "Prelude", "says": "That made Przemysł II the first Polish king after the deposition of Bolesław II the Bold in 1079."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When Przemysł II was killed in 1296, Wenceslaus II again took the chance to assume the title of a High Duke."}], "Q1414384": [{"id": "Q2070956", "label": "Carpathian Sich", "section": "lead", "says": "During the invasion a series of clashes took place between the Hungarian and Polish troops against the paramilitary formations of the Carpathian Sich of Carpathian Ukraine and some Czech troops who remained in the region after the Czechoslovak army was disbanded."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "This territory was later invaded by the Soviet Union and integrated into its Ukrainian SSR."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Transcarpathia became part of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, the status of the territory was confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the provisions of the Munich Agreement signed by four major powers (Great Britain, Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and the French Third Republic) on September 30, 1938, the Czechoslovak government was required to resolve the issue of belonging of the Upper Hungary with the Kingdom of Hungary within three months."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the provisions of the Munich Agreement signed by four major powers (Great Britain, Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and the French Third Republic) on September 30, 1938, the Czechoslovak government was required to resolve the issue of belonging of the Upper Hungary with the Kingdom of Hungary within three months."}], "Q1436705": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tuttlingen was part of the Thirty Years' War and was fought in Tuttlingen on 24 November 1643 between a French-led army under Marshal Josias Rantzau and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria, Spain, and the exiled Duke of Lorraine, all led by Franz von Mercy."}, {"id": "Q644425", "label": "Franz von Mercy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tuttlingen was part of the Thirty Years' War and was fought in Tuttlingen on 24 November 1643 between a French-led army under Marshal Josias Rantzau and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria, Spain, and the exiled Duke of Lorraine, all led by Franz von Mercy."}, {"id": "Q61118", "label": "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army—including the so-called Weimarans or Bernhardines, German troops once in service of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar—was wiped out in a surprise attack in heavy snowfall, reversing French strategic gains since 1638."}], "Q14475856": [{"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Pyongyang was a military conflict fought between the allied Ming-Joseon army and the Japanese First Division under Konishi Yukinaga, who were besieged in the city of Pyongyang."}, {"id": "Q484359", "label": "Seonjo of Joseon", "section": "Background", "says": "They were then joined by the advance force and a bodyguard unit sent to protect Seonjo of Joseon, raising their strength to 43,000, another 10,000 Koreans at Sunan under Yi Il, and finally 4,200 monks under Hyujeong."}], "Q1456533": [{"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "King Louis XI's French troops, led by Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes (who had been a commander under Charles the Bold but defected to the French side after the latter's death in 1477), were defeated by the Burgundians, led by Duke (later Emperor) Maximilian I of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "King Louis XI's French troops, led by Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes (who had been a commander under Charles the Bold but defected to the French side after the latter's death in 1477), were defeated by the Burgundians, led by Duke (later Emperor) Maximilian I of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "King Louis XI's French troops, led by Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes (who had been a commander under Charles the Bold but defected to the French side after the latter's death in 1477), were defeated by the Burgundians, led by Duke (later Emperor) Maximilian I of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XI immediately adjudicated his territories to be recovered fiefs of the Kingdom of France and campaigned in the Counties of Artois, Flanders and Hainaut and the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XI immediately adjudicated his territories to be recovered fiefs of the Kingdom of France and campaigned in the Counties of Artois, Flanders and Hainaut and the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XI immediately adjudicated his territories to be recovered fiefs of the Kingdom of France and campaigned in the Counties of Artois, Flanders and Hainaut and the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, Charles' only heir, Mary of Burgundy, on 19 August had married Archduke Maximilian, who, determined to protect the Burgundian inheritance, organised troops in the Burgundian Netherlands and marched against the French army."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, Charles' only heir, Mary of Burgundy, on 19 August had married Archduke Maximilian, who, determined to protect the Burgundian inheritance, organised troops in the Burgundian Netherlands and marched against the French army."}, {"id": "Q44732", "label": "Battle of the Golden Spurs", "section": "Background", "says": "Also, in the same area, a formation similar to that of the Swiss had been used by Flemish rebels against the French knights successfully in the 1302 Battle of the Golden Spurs, but at Roosebeke in 1382, the combat method failed in the plain terrain, as opposed to the Swiss mountainous terrain."}], "Q1456626": [{"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Olomouc was signed on 2 April 1479 between Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia (and Hungary, later), bringing the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478) to an end."}, {"id": "Q367578", "label": "Vladislaus II of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Olomouc was signed on 2 April 1479 between Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia (and Hungary, later), bringing the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478) to an end."}], "Q1464620": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Motta, also known as the Battle of Schio, Battle of Vicenza or Battle of Creazzo, took place at Schio, in the Italian region of Veneto, Republic of Venice, on 7 October 1513, between the forces of the Republic of Venice and a combined force of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, and was a significant battle of the War of the League of Cambrai."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Motta, also known as the Battle of Schio, Battle of Vicenza or Battle of Creazzo, took place at Schio, in the Italian region of Veneto, Republic of Venice, on 7 October 1513, between the forces of the Republic of Venice and a combined force of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, and was a significant battle of the War of the League of Cambrai."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Motta, also known as the Battle of Schio, Battle of Vicenza or Battle of Creazzo, took place at Schio, in the Italian region of Veneto, Republic of Venice, on 7 October 1513, between the forces of the Republic of Venice and a combined force of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, and was a significant battle of the War of the League of Cambrai."}, {"id": "Q878814", "label": "Ramón de Cardona", "section": "lead", "says": "A Venetian army under Bartolomeo d'Alviano was decisively defeated by the Spanish/Imperial army commanded by Ramón de Cardona and Fernando d'Ávalos."}], "Q1473165": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Miljevci Plateau was a clash between the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska - HV) and forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK), fought on 21–23 June 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 October, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia, and a month later the ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV)."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "Background", "says": "Late 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, as the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "Late 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, as the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}], "Q1485258": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chora was a military engagement in Chora District, Uruzgan Province, Afghanistan, occurring from 15 to 19 June 2007."}, {"id": "Q326668", "label": "Operation Enduring Freedom", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 2006, the ISAF Task Force Uruzgan (TFU) assumed responsibility for Uruzgan Province, southern Afghanistan, replacing the U.S.-led Operation Enduring Freedom in the region."}], "Q1491406": [{"id": "Q312491", "label": "John Malalas", "section": "lead", "says": "This earthquake, described in the works of Agathias, John Malalas, and Theophanes the Confessor, caused great damage to Constantinople, then capital of the Byzantine Empire, in a region frequently afflicted with earthquakes."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "lead", "says": "This earthquake, described in the works of Agathias, John Malalas, and Theophanes the Confessor, caused great damage to Constantinople, then capital of the Byzantine Empire, in a region frequently afflicted with earthquakes."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This earthquake, described in the works of Agathias, John Malalas, and Theophanes the Confessor, caused great damage to Constantinople, then capital of the Byzantine Empire, in a region frequently afflicted with earthquakes."}], "Q1497902": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Blackburn's Ford (also known as the Skirmish at Blackburn's Ford)  took place on July 18, 1861, in the Confederate state of Virginia, as part of the Manassas campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q221469", "label": "First Battle of Bull Run", "section": "lead", "says": "The repulse at Blackburn's Ford led McDowell to seek to attack the Confederates at a different point along their line, leading to the First Battle of Bull Run three days later."}, {"id": "Q707558", "label": "Irvin McDowell", "section": "Background", "says": "Gen.) Irvin McDowell, 35,000 strong, marched out of the Washington, D.C., defenses to give battle to the Confederate Army of the Potomac, which was concentrated around the vital railroad junction at Manassas."}], "Q1497969": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sailor's Creek, also known as the Battle of Sayler's Creek,  was fought on April 6, 1865, near Farmville, Virginia, as part of the Appomattox Campaign, near the end of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q297121", "label": "George Meade", "section": "Background", "says": "Near midnight, Grant and Sheridan met with the ill Major General George Meade, commander of the Army of the Potomac."}], "Q1508114": [{"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the River Berre was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel during the siege of Narbonne."}], "Q1511005": [{"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valdejunquera took place in a valley called Iuncaria (Spanish: val de Junquera) on 26 July 920 between the Islamic Emirate of Córdoba and the Christian armies of the kingdoms of León and Pamplona."}, {"id": "Q333676", "label": "Ordoño II of León", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Sampiro, the \"Agarenes\" (descendants of Hagar, i.e. the Muslims) arrived at Mois (Muez), threatening the Kingdom of Pamplona, whose king, Sancho Garcés I requested the aid of Ordoño II of León."}, {"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "lead", "says": "In exchange for his uncle's freedom, Ermogio's nephew Pelagius, later a martyr, went into captivity instead, while Ordoño ransomed Dulcidio."}], "Q1512205": [{"id": "Q131195", "label": "Constantius Chlorus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vindonissa was fought in 298 or 302 between the Imperial Roman army, led by Emperor Constantius Chlorus, and the Alemanni."}], "Q1518787": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge was a minor conflict of the American Revolutionary War fought near Wilmington (present-day Pender County), North Carolina, on February 27, 1776."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "lead", "says": "Loyalist recruitment efforts in the interior of North Carolina began in earnest with news of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and patriots in the province also began organizing for the Continental Army and militia."}], "Q15240451": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, commonly abbreviated CSSTA and sometimes alternatively translated Cross-Strait Agreement on Trade in Services, is a treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) that was signed in June 2013."}, {"id": "Q15972916", "label": "Sunflower Student Movement", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it was never ratified by the Taiwanese legislature due to opposition from the Sunflower Student Movement, which rejected the CSSTA on the grounds that the Kuomintang (KMT) leadership in Taiwan negotiated and attempted ratification of the treaty in an undemocratic way."}, {"id": "Q706392", "label": "Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The CSSTA was one of two planned follow-up treaties to the 2010 Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement."}], "Q1525064": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turnip Winter (German: Steckrübenwinter, pronounced [ˈʃtɛkʁyːbn̩ˌvɪntɐ]) of 1916 to 1917 was a period of profound civilian hardship in Germany during World War I, named for the resulting use of turnips as a famine food."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "An ongoing blockade by the Allies of World War I had also reduced Germany's food imports."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Background", "says": "German faith in the Schlieffen Plan proved overly optimistic and French forces commanded by General Joseph Joffre \"checked the German attack at the Marne River in September,\" in what would be known as the First Battle of the Marne."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "Background", "says": "German faith in the Schlieffen Plan proved overly optimistic and French forces commanded by General Joseph Joffre \"checked the German attack at the Marne River in September,\" in what would be known as the First Battle of the Marne."}], "Q1533038": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gnadenhutten massacre, also known as the Moravian massacre, was the killing of 96 pacifist Moravian Christian Indians (primarily Lenape and Mohican) by U.S. militiamen from Pennsylvania, under the command of David Williamson, on March 8, 1782, at the Moravian missionary village of Gnadenhutten, Ohio Country, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "lead", "says": "More than a century later, Theodore Roosevelt called the massacre \"a stain on frontier character that the lapse of time cannot wash away.\"\nThe shrine to the Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs includes a monument that was erected and dedicated ninety years after the Gnadenhutten massacre by a Chief of the Christian Munsee tribe; the graves of the victims contain \"bones [which] were gathered by the f"}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "Background", "says": "The Munsee were generally northern bands originating from around the Hudson River and upper Delaware River."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Through this treaty, White Eyes intended to secure the Ohio Country as a state to be inhabited exclusively by Native Americans, as part of the new United States."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "A third group of Lenape, many of them Munsee and Unami converts to Christianity, lived in several mission villages in Ohio led by David Zeisberger and other missionaries of the Moravian Church."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Years later George Morgan, a colonial diplomat to the Lenape and Shawnee during the American Revolution, wrote to Congress that White Eyes had been"}], "Q1533594": [{"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Stösser (English: Operation Hawk) was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens area during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Stösser (English: Operation Hawk) was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens area during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II."}, {"id": "Q64440", "label": "Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was led by Oberst Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, who was given eight days to prepare the mission."}, {"id": "Q21209", "label": "Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg", "section": "Background", "says": "A cousin of Claus von Stauffenberg, a central figure in the July 20, 1944 assassination attempt on Hitler, he was under scrutiny."}], "Q1534814": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ohrid–Debar uprising (Macedonian: Охридско-Дебaрско вoстание, romanized: Ohridsko-Debarsko vostanie; Bulgarian: Охридско-Дебърско въстание, romanized: Ohridsko-Debarsko vastanie; Albanian: Kryengritja e Ohrit dhe Dibrës) was an uprising by the population in Western Macedonia, then Kingdom of Serbia, in September 1913."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was organized by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and Albania against the Serbian capture of the regions of Ohrid, Debar and Struga after the Balkan Wars (1912–13)."}], "Q1538974": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dawn 4 (Persian: عملیات والفجر 4) was an Iranian operation of the Iran–Iraq War launched in October 1983."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Saddam Hussein responded with a counterattack, using the Iraqi Republican Guard and poison gas."}], "Q1547128": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "Causes of revolt", "says": "The Spanish crown needed the funds badly to subsidize its troops in the Dominican Republic, which Spain had annexed in 1861, only to leaving in 1865 following the Dominican Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q3815421", "label": "Dominican Restoration War", "section": "Causes of revolt", "says": "The Spanish crown needed the funds badly to subsidize its troops in the Dominican Republic, which Spain had annexed in 1861, only to leaving in 1865 following the Dominican Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q718209", "label": "Emilio Castelar", "section": "Causes of revolt", "says": "The board would meet in Madrid and report to the Minister of State (Ministro de Estado), Emilio Castelar."}], "Q1551047": [{"id": "Q368689", "label": "First Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Čegar (Serbian: Битка на Чегру/Bitka na Čegru), also known as the Battle of Kamenica (Бој на Каменици/Boj na Kamenici) took place during the First Serbian Uprising between the Serbian Revolutionaries and Ottoman forces near the Niš Fortress on 31 May 1809."}, {"id": "Q140092", "label": "Hurşid Ahmed Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman commander of the fortress was Hurshid Pasha who had 8,000 troops in the fort and the surrounding area."}], "Q15641473": [{"id": "Q15224558", "label": "Euromaidan", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to anti-protest laws in Ukraine (announced on 16 January 2014 and enacted on 21 January 2014), a standoff between protesters and police began on 19 January 2014 that was precipitated by a series of riots in central Kyiv on Hrushevsky Street, outside Dynamo Stadium and adjacent to the ongoing Euromaidan protests."}, {"id": "Q57590", "label": "Mykola Azarov", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 January 2014, 9 of the 12 anti-protest laws were repealed and Prime Minister Mykola Azarov tendered his resignation and a bill offering amnesty to arrested and charged protesters was issued."}, {"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "By 19 February 2014, all barricades had been cleared from the streets and the protesters pushed back, though violent clashes elsewhere in Kyiv continued to grow in intensity, resulting in the Revolution of Dignity."}], "Q1566468": [{"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cartagena occurred on May 13, 460 or 461 and was part of the wars of Majorian."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 457, the Roman general Majorian succeeded to the throne of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Majorian then began to assemble a fleet at Portus Ilicitanus (near Ilici), with which he intended to invade the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa."}], "Q1568540": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rome General Peace Accords, officially the General Peace Accords (Portuguese: Acordo Geral de Paz), was a peace treaty signed between the government of Mozambique and RENAMO, ending the Mozambican Civil War on October 4, 1992."}, {"id": "Q657661", "label": "Mozambican Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rome General Peace Accords, officially the General Peace Accords (Portuguese: Acordo Geral de Paz), was a peace treaty signed between the government of Mozambique and RENAMO, ending the Mozambican Civil War on October 4, 1992."}, {"id": "Q57392", "label": "Armando Guebuza", "section": "lead", "says": "The delegation of the Mozambican government was headed by Armando Guebuza, who went on to become President of Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q208355", "label": "Joaquim Chissano", "section": "lead", "says": "The accords were then signed by the then-president of Mozambique Joaquim Chissano, and by the leader of RENAMO, Afonso Dhlakama."}], "Q1575996": [{"id": "Q2419855", "label": "Ukrainian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "16 January] 1918, at the Arsenal Factory in Kiev during the Ukrainian–Soviet War."}], "Q1576383": [{"id": "Q703307", "label": "Hans Karl von Diebitsch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish army, commanded by Józef Chłopicki, succeeded in preventing its Russian counterpart, under Hans Karl von Diebitsch, from crushing the uprising."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The first months after the outbreak of the November Uprising saw no hostilities between Poland and Russia."}], "Q1578840": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Serdica (Bulgarian: Обсадата на Сердика) took place in the spring of 809 at modern Sofia, Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the city was annexed to the Bulgarian State and remained so until the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the destruction of the Avar Khaganate, Khan Krum turned his gaze to the southwest to liberate the Slavs who populated the valley of the Struma River and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Byzantine Empire, however, was the first to initiate conflict."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 807, the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I marched against Bulgaria but was soon forced to return to Constantinople due to a mutiny of his troops at Adrianople."}], "Q1580927": [{"id": "Q310860", "label": "David Dacko", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Barracuda was a military operation by France during 1979–1981, to return to power the former President of the Central African Republic, David Dacko."}, {"id": "Q18214240", "label": "Operation Caban", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed up Operation Caban of 21 September 1979, a bloodless military operation in which Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire was overthrown by French paratrooper troupes."}, {"id": "Q189988", "label": "Central African Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed up Operation Caban of 21 September 1979, a bloodless military operation in which Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire was overthrown by French paratrooper troupes."}], "Q15983960": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ephesus took place on 24 December 1147 during the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Crusader army, led by Louis VII of France, successfully fended off an ambush by the Seljuks of Rum outside Ephesus."}], "Q16001607": [{"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 535 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of northwestern South Asia into his nascent Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 535 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of northwestern South Asia into his nascent Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "With a brief pause after Cyrus' death around 530 BCE, the campaign continued under Darius the Great, who began to re-conquer former provinces and further expand the Achaemenid Empire's political boundaries."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At their peak, the Achaemenids incorporated and ruled much of modern-day Pakistan into their territory."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Persian rule over the Indus Valley waned over succeeding centuries and formally ended with the Greek conquest of Persia, led by Alexander the Great, giving rise to independent kingdoms such as those of Abisares, Porus, and Taxiles, as well as a number of gaṇasaṅghas, which would later confront the Macedonian army as it massed into the region for Alexander's Indian campaign."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaemenid Empire set a precedence of governance through the use of satrapies, which was further implemented by the Macedonian Empire, the Indo-Scythians, and the Kushan Empire."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaemenid Empire set a precedence of governance through the use of satrapies, which was further implemented by the Macedonian Empire, the Indo-Scythians, and the Kushan Empire."}], "Q16130700": [{"id": "Q931982", "label": "Treaty of Fes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fes Riots, also known as the Fes Uprising or Mutiny (from Arabic: انتفاضة فاس, Intifadat Fes), the Tritl (Hebrew: התריתל, among the Jewish community) and the Bloody Days of Fes (from French: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) were riots which started on April 17, 1912, in Fes, the then-capital of Morocco, when French officers announced the measures of the Treaty of Fes, which created the French p"}, {"id": "Q265104", "label": "Louis-Hubert Lyautey", "section": "lead", "says": "The first account of the riot was written by Hubert Jacques, a journalist at Le Matin, and a personal friend of Hubert Lyautey."}], "Q16141511": [{"id": "Q192894", "label": "Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella", "section": "lead", "says": "A coup d'état took place in Spain between 13 and 15 September 1923, led by the then-Captain General of Catalonia Miguel Primo de Rivera."}, {"id": "Q18363", "label": "Alfonso XIII", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the overthrow of the Restoration system and the establishment of a dictatorship under Primo de Rivera, mainly because King Alfonso XIII did not oppose the coup and appointed the rebel general as head of the government at the helm a military directorate."}, {"id": "Q559208", "label": "Shlomo Ben-Ami", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Israeli historian Shlomo Ben-Ami, \"it is in Catalonia where the immediate origins of Primo de Rivera's coup must be sought."}], "Q16156031": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "Background", "says": "The disturbances were unrelated to Singapore, which had already been a sovereign state separate from Malaysia since 1965."}], "Q16207122": [{"id": "Q717112", "label": "Beylik of Aydın", "section": "lead", "says": "The Christian fleet was victorious, but for the Aydinids, who had been engaging in piracy since the collapse of Byzantine power, it was only a temporary setback in their rise to prominence."}, {"id": "Q1400572", "label": "Menteşe", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1304, the Turks of Menteshe (and later the Aydinids) captured the port town of Ephesus, and the islands of the eastern Aegean seemed about to fall to Turkish raiders."}, {"id": "Q2618802", "label": "Benedetto I Zaccaria", "section": "Background", "says": "To forestall such a calamitous event, in the same year the Genoese occupied Chios, where Benedetto I Zaccaria established a minor principality, while in ca."}], "Q163270": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Just as the Thirty Years' War of 1618 to 1648 was not a single war but a series of conflicts in varied times and locations, later organized and named by historians into a single period, the Second Thirty Years' War has been seen as a \"European Civil War\", fought over the problem of Germany and exacerbated by the new ideologies of fascism, Nazism and communism that came into power after World War I"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The thesis of the Second Thirty Years' War is that World War I naturally led to World War II; in this framework, the latter is the inevitable result of the former, and thus they can be seen as a single conflict."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "Origins", "says": "The concept of a \"Second Thirty Years' War\" originated in 1946 with the former head of French government Charles de Gaulle in his speech in Bar-le-Duc (28 July 1946) evoking \"the drama of the Thirty Years War we just won\"."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Origins", "says": "Major European conflicts during that period included the Balkan Wars (1912–13), World War I (1914–18), the Russian Civil War (1917–23), the Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–21), the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21), the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and World War II (1939–45)."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Origins", "says": "Major European conflicts during that period included the Balkan Wars (1912–13), World War I (1914–18), the Russian Civil War (1917–23), the Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–21), the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21), the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and World War II (1939–45)."}, {"id": "Q2419855", "label": "Ukrainian–Soviet War", "section": "Origins", "says": "Major European conflicts during that period included the Balkan Wars (1912–13), World War I (1914–18), the Russian Civil War (1917–23), the Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–21), the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21), the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and World War II (1939–45)."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Origins", "says": "Major European conflicts during that period included the Balkan Wars (1912–13), World War I (1914–18), the Russian Civil War (1917–23), the Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–21), the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21), the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and World War II (1939–45)."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "Origins", "says": "Major European conflicts during that period included the Balkan Wars (1912–13), World War I (1914–18), the Russian Civil War (1917–23), the Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–21), the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21), the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and World War II (1939–45)."}], "Q16399387": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenian liberation struggle of 1722–1730 was a period of armed resistance by Armenians in the regions of Syunik and Artsakh (Mountainous Karabakh) in Iranian Armenia against Safavid rule and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q13053399", "label": "Battle of Halidzor", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Armenians won significant victories, such as the Battle of Halidzor (1727) in Syunik and the surprise defeat of an Ottoman detachment in Varanda (1725), the rebellion ultimately lost momentum after the death of Davit Bek in 1728 and his successor Mkhitar Sparapet in 1730."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1731, the organized resistance had largely dispersed, though it paved the way for the later recognition of the Melikdoms of Karabakh by Nader Shah."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In the late seventeenth century, Russian southward expansion under Peter the Great had raised hopes among these local Armenian leaders that an alliance could be made with Russia to free Armenia from Safavid and Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Shah Soltan Hoseyn's actions alienated his Georgian and Armenian subjects and provoked a rebellion among the empire's Sunni subjects in the Caucasus and Afghanistan in 1721."}], "Q1647769": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip (April 18–28, 1862) was the decisive battle for possession of New Orleans in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q315607", "label": "David Farragut", "section": "lead", "says": "New Orleans, the largest city in the Confederacy, was already under threat of attack from its north when David Farragut moved his fleet into the river from the south."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "Without reducing the pressure from the north, (Union) President Abraham Lincoln set in motion a combined Army-Navy operation to attack from the south."}, {"id": "Q387130", "label": "David Dixon Porter", "section": "lead", "says": "The squadron was augmented by a semi-autonomous flotilla of mortar schooners and their support vessels under Commander David Dixon Porter."}], "Q1649183": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Weiland, and a smaller French fleet, under the Bailli de Suffren, off the coast of India that took place right before the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of French ally Hyder Ali, the British decided to retake Cuddalore."}], "Q1658558": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kulja (also spelled Kuldja; Chinese: 中俄伊犁塔爾巴哈臺通商章程; Russian: Кульджинский трактат) was a treaty between Qing China and the Russian Empire, signed in 1851, opening Kulja (Huiyuan and later Ningyuan) and Chuguchak to Sino-Russian trade."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Prepared by the first Russian consul to China, Ivan Zakharov, the treaty was preceded by a gradual Russian advance throughout the nineteenth century into Kazakhstan in direct competition with British efforts to impose self-advantageous trade terms on China."}], "Q1658845": [{"id": "Q128985", "label": "Harold Macmillan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy, and Harold Macmillan, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, to end the Skybolt Crisis."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy, and Harold Macmillan, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, to end the Skybolt Crisis."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Without Skybolt, the V-bombers of the Royal Air Force (RAF) were likely to have become obsolete through being unable to penetrate the improved air defences that the Soviet Union was expected to deploy by the 1970s."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "The president of France, Charles de Gaulle, cited Britain's dependence on the United States under the Nassau Agreement as one of the main reasons for his veto of Britain's application for admission to the European Economic Community (EEC) on 14 January 1963."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The president of France, Charles de Gaulle, cited Britain's dependence on the United States under the Nassau Agreement as one of the main reasons for his veto of Britain's application for admission to the European Economic Community (EEC) on 14 January 1963."}, {"id": "Q191999", "label": "Robert McNamara", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially it was; Robert McNamara, the new Secretary of Defense, defended Skybolt before the Senate Armed Services Committee."}, {"id": "Q214758", "label": "Dean Acheson", "section": "Background", "says": "In a speech at Ann Arbor, Michigan, on 16 June 1962, McNamara stated \"limited nuclear capabilities, operating independently, are dangerous, expensive, prone to obsolescence and lacking in credibility as a deterrent,\" and that \"relatively weak national nuclear forces with enemy cities as their targets are not likely to perform even the function of deterrence.\" The former United States Secretary of "}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "In a speech at Ann Arbor, Michigan, on 16 June 1962, McNamara stated \"limited nuclear capabilities, operating independently, are dangerous, expensive, prone to obsolescence and lacking in credibility as a deterrent,\" and that \"relatively weak national nuclear forces with enemy cities as their targets are not likely to perform even the function of deterrence.\" The former United States Secretary of "}], "Q1660792": [{"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cirta was fought in 203 BC between an army of largely Masaesyli Numidians commanded by their king Syphax and a force of mainly Massylii Numidians led by Masinissa, who was supported by an unknown number of Romans under the legate Gaius Laelius."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place somewhere to the east of the city of Cirta (modern Constantine) and was part of the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio expelled the Carthaginians from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) in 206 BC."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Scipio then contacted several Numidian leaders, who ruled North African territories to the west of those controlled by Carthage."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year Scipio defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama, which effectively ended the war."}, {"id": "Q452048", "label": "Hasdrubal Gisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Scipio visited Syphax in North Africa in 206 BC – at the same time as the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Gisco, whom Scipio had defeated in Spain, was attempting to reinforce Syphax's loyalty."}, {"id": "Q241210", "label": "Sophonisba", "section": "Background", "says": "Scipio failed to win over Syphax, who reaffirmed his support for Carthage and symbolised this by marrying Hasdrubal's daughter Sophonisba."}, {"id": "Q335604", "label": "Mago", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hannibal was still on Italian soil; there was the possibility of further Carthaginian invasions, shortly to be realised when Mago Barca landed in Liguria; the practical difficulties of an amphibious invasion and its logistical follow up were considerable; and when the Romans had invaded North Africa in 256 BC during the First Punic War they had been driven out with heavy losses, which had re-energ"}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hannibal was still on Italian soil; there was the possibility of further Carthaginian invasions, shortly to be realised when Mago Barca landed in Liguria; the practical difficulties of an amphibious invasion and its logistical follow up were considerable; and when the Romans had invaded North Africa in 256 BC during the First Punic War they had been driven out with heavy losses, which had re-energ"}], "Q1678616": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Viking Hammer was an unconventional warfare operation during the Iraq War which took place in northern Iraq, commonly known as Iraqi Kurdistan."}, {"id": "Q111696073", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The goal of the operation was to eliminate Ansar al-Islam and dismantle the Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The group was founded by Mullah Krekar and made up of mostly Kurdish veterans of Jihad coming back from Afghanistan following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "Background", "says": "The group was founded by Mullah Krekar and made up of mostly Kurdish veterans of Jihad coming back from Afghanistan following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War."}], "Q16822665": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marj Rahit (Arabic: معركة مرج راهط) was a minor conflict fought between the Ghassanid Arab allies of Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun army under the command of Khalid bin Walid in April 634."}], "Q16824920": [{"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Minister of the Interior, Talaat Pasha, and President Halil Bey of the Chamber of Deputies signed the treaty on behalf of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov on behalf of the Kingdom of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q454661", "label": "Vasil Radoslavov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Minister of the Interior, Talaat Pasha, and President Halil Bey of the Chamber of Deputies signed the treaty on behalf of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov on behalf of the Kingdom of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Minister of the Interior, Talaat Pasha, and President Halil Bey of the Chamber of Deputies signed the treaty on behalf of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov on behalf of the Kingdom of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Although shrouded in secrecy like the treaty with Germany negotiated by Minister of War Enver Pasha on 2 August, the Bulgarian treaty was a more coherent and purposeful document."}], "Q16932897": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Stalemate in Southern Palestine was a six-month standoff between the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Army in World War I."}, {"id": "Q388581", "label": "Second Battle of Gaza", "section": "lead", "says": "The stalemate began in April 1917 with the defeat of the EEF by the Ottoman Army at the Second Battle of Gaza and lasted until the EEF offensive began with the Battle of Beersheba on 31 October 1917."}, {"id": "Q2665626", "label": "Battle of Beersheba", "section": "lead", "says": "The stalemate began in April 1917 with the defeat of the EEF by the Ottoman Army at the Second Battle of Gaza and lasted until the EEF offensive began with the Battle of Beersheba on 31 October 1917."}, {"id": "Q2722527", "label": "Battle of Romani", "section": "lead", "says": "Previous to the stalemate, units of the Ottoman Fourth Army had been forced out of the Sinai Peninsula by a series of EEF victories: the Battle of Romani in August 1916, the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa in January 1917."}, {"id": "Q2889191", "label": "Battle of Magdhaba", "section": "lead", "says": "Previous to the stalemate, units of the Ottoman Fourth Army had been forced out of the Sinai Peninsula by a series of EEF victories: the Battle of Romani in August 1916, the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa in January 1917."}, {"id": "Q3467730", "label": "Battle of Rafa", "section": "lead", "says": "Previous to the stalemate, units of the Ottoman Fourth Army had been forced out of the Sinai Peninsula by a series of EEF victories: the Battle of Romani in August 1916, the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa in January 1917."}, {"id": "Q2791318", "label": "First Battle of Gaza", "section": "lead", "says": "The EEF followed up those victories by making two unsuccessful attempts to capture Gaza: the First Battle of Gaza in March, and the Second Battle of Gaza in April."}], "Q16933898": [{"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "King Philip II of France invaded Normandy from 1202 to 1204."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "After Richard the Lionheart's death on 6 April 1199, there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's older brother Geoffrey, and hence was Henry II's grandson."}, {"id": "Q363800", "label": "Arthur I", "section": "Background", "says": "After Richard the Lionheart's death on 6 April 1199, there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's older brother Geoffrey, and hence was Henry II's grandson."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "Background", "says": "John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned king at Westminster, backed by his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Background", "says": "Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of Philip II, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "Background", "says": "Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time and proved an inflexible asset; mercenary forces, often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across Northern Europe, could provide much greater military agility and operate all year long, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces."}], "Q16950966": [{"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The May Uprising (Armenian: Մայիսյան ապստամբություն, romanized: Mayisyan apstambutyun) was a failed Armenian Bolshevik rebellion against the government of the First Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Armenian Communist Party, operating in secrecy, was founded in January 1920 to fight against the \"vilifying Allied Powers and their Dashnakist 'collaborators.'\" The uprising was mainly carried out by Bolsheviks born in Russian Armenia, as most of the Armenian refugees who had fled from the Ottoman Empire were \"aloof\" or \"hostile\" to Bolshevism."}], "Q17001408": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dhu al-Qassah took place in the area of Dhu al-Qassah, located approximately 36 kilometres (22 mi) east of Medina, in the Medina Province, in the central-western part of Saudi Arabia, from 25 to 30 July 632."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by the Caliph Abu Bakr against the rebel apostates led by General Hibal ibn Khuwailid."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, on June 8, 632, Abu Bakr was appointed as his successor to lead the newly emerging state."}, {"id": "Q558967", "label": "Musaylimah", "section": "Background", "says": "Two self-proclaimed prophets, Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid and Musaylima ibn Habib, as well as a false prophetess, Sajah bint Al-Harith, fueled this apostasy."}], "Q17017491": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The communist insurgency in Sarawak was an insurgency in Malaysia from 1962 to 1990, and involved the North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP) and the Malaysian Government."}, {"id": "Q2354629", "label": "Malayan Emergency", "section": "lead", "says": "As with the earlier Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), the communist insurgents in Sarawak were predominantly ethnic Chinese, who opposed British rule over Sarawak and later opposed the merger of the state into the newly created Federation of Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The communist insurgents in Sarawak were also supported by Indonesia until 1965, when the pro-Western president Suharto assumed power in a coup and ended the confrontation with Malaysia."}], "Q1747219": [{"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated the Umayyad garrison of Avignon and destroyed the stronghold."}], "Q17480732": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zumar was fought between the Islamic State and Kurdish Peshmerga troops over the city of Zumar in Nineveh province in northern Iraq."}], "Q1752783": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Chateauguay was an engagement of the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q1416369", "label": "Battle of Crysler's Farm", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was one of the two battles (the other being the Battle of Crysler's Farm) which caused the Americans to abandon the Saint Lawrence campaign, their major strategic effort in the autumn of 1813."}, {"id": "Q602260", "label": "George Prevost", "section": "Background", "says": "The Governor General of Canada, Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, ordered Lieutenant Colonel George MacDonnell to move from Kingston on Lake Ontario to the front south of Montreal with his 1st Light Battalion of mixed regular and militia companies."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "Behind these he posted the light company of the Canadian Fencibles under Captain Richard Ferguson (50); two companies of the Canadian Voltigeurs under Captain Michel-Louis Juchereau Duchesnay and his brother Captain Jean-Baptiste Juchereau Duchesnay, totalling about 100 men; a company from the 2nd Battalion Sedentary Beauharnois Militia under Captain Longuetin (about 100) and perhaps two dozen Nat"}], "Q1752889": [{"id": "Q63838", "label": "Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller", "section": "Background", "says": "This flotilla carried a force composed of elements of the 22nd Infantry Division (Lieutenant-General Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller) from Crete."}], "Q1753007": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bärwalde signed on 23 January 1631, was an agreement by France to finance Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Under its terms, Gustavus Adolphus agreed to maintain an army of 36,000 troops, in return for an annual payment of 400,000 Reichsthalers, for a period of five years."}, {"id": "Q540704", "label": "Treaty of Prague", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Swedes were defeated at Nördlingen in September 1634, most of their German allies made peace in the Treaty of Prague."}, {"id": "Q1357802", "label": "Treaty of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "Richelieu decided to intervene directly; in 1635, the Franco-Swedish Treaty of Compiègne replaced that agreed at Bärwalde."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Thirty Years War began in 1618 when the Protestant Frederick, ruler of the Electoral Palatinate, accepted the crown of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Germans remained neutral, viewing it as an inheritance dispute within the Holy Roman Empire, and Emperor Ferdinand II quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Germans remained neutral, viewing it as an inheritance dispute within the Holy Roman Empire, and Emperor Ferdinand II quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "This concern increased after Ferdinand passed the 1629 Edict of Restitution, which required all church properties transferred since 1552 be restored to their original owners; in nearly every case, this meant from Protestants to the Catholic Church, effectively undoing the 1555 Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "This concern increased after Ferdinand passed the 1629 Edict of Restitution, which required all church properties transferred since 1552 be restored to their original owners; in nearly every case, this meant from Protestants to the Catholic Church, effectively undoing the 1555 Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1625, Christian IV of Denmark landed in Northern Germany and had some success, before forced to withdraw in 1629."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1630, nearly 18,000 Swedish troops landed in the Duchy of Pomerania, occupied by Wallenstein since 1627."}, {"id": "Q571957", "label": "Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Gustavus signed an alliance with Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, securing his interests in Pomerania against the Catholic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, another Baltic competitor linked to Ferdinand by family and religion."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Gustavus signed an alliance with Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, securing his interests in Pomerania against the Catholic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, another Baltic competitor linked to Ferdinand by family and religion."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the devastation inflicted on their territories by Imperial soldiers, Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia were reluctant to back the Swedes."}], "Q1756737": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Mistral 2, officially codenamed Operation Maestral 2, was a Croatian Army (HV) and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) offensive in western Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8–15 September 1995 as part of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Mistral 2, officially codenamed Operation Maestral 2, was a Croatian Army (HV) and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) offensive in western Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8–15 September 1995 as part of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q297318", "label": "Ante Gotovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined HV and HVO forces were under the overall command of HV Major General Ante Gotovina."}, {"id": "Q2409105", "label": "Operation Sana", "section": "lead", "says": "Days after commencement of the offensive, the VRS positions to the right and to the left of the HV and the HVO advance were also attacked by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) in Operation Sana."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This re-organisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-May 1992, when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegov"}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After recapture of the bulk of the Republic of Serb Krajina (the Croatian Serb-controlled areas of Croatia) in Operation Storm in August 1995, the HV shifted its focus to western Bosnia and Herzegovina."}], "Q1757487": [{"id": "Q504518", "label": "Cuthbert", "section": "Background", "says": "At this time, Cuthbert gained more men as many of Selkirk’s people went over to the Métis side, as well as the Irish who were initially hired to prepare the way for the settlement, as their contracts expired on June 1."}], "Q1760280": [{"id": "Q700316", "label": "Battle of Luzzara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guastalla or Battle of Luzzara (19 September 1734) saw an army commanded by King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia defend itself against an attack by a Habsburg Austrian army led by Dominik von Königsegg-Rothenfels."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guastalla or Battle of Luzzara (19 September 1734) saw an army commanded by King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia defend itself against an attack by a Habsburg Austrian army led by Dominik von Königsegg-Rothenfels."}, {"id": "Q685689", "label": "Dominik von Königsegg-Rothenfels", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guastalla or Battle of Luzzara (19 September 1734) saw an army commanded by King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia defend itself against an attack by a Habsburg Austrian army led by Dominik von Königsegg-Rothenfels."}, {"id": "Q158654", "label": "Claude Louis Hector de Villars", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1733, the Allied armies under Marshal of France Claude Louis Hector de Villars, 1st Duke of Villars rapidly overran the Duchy of Milan, driving out the outnumbered Austrian forces."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1733, the Allied armies under Marshal of France Claude Louis Hector de Villars, 1st Duke of Villars rapidly overran the Duchy of Milan, driving out the outnumbered Austrian forces."}, {"id": "Q2312517", "label": "Battle of San Pietro", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the Austrians twice attacked but failed to defeat the Allies, the first time at the Battle of San Pietro and the second time at Guastalla."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 September 1733 at Wola near Warsaw, Stanisław Leszczyński was elected king by acclamation by a large crowd of Polish nobles."}, {"id": "Q560476", "label": "Peter von Lacy", "section": "Background", "says": "A Russian army led by General Peter Lacy had already invaded Poland and reached Praga on the east bank of the Vistula River on 5 October."}, {"id": "Q3625513", "label": "Siege of Pizzighettone", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshal Claude Louis Hector de Villars, 1st Duke of Villars joined the French army as its commander on 11 November during the Siege of Pizzighettone."}, {"id": "Q385148", "label": "Count Wirich Philipp von Daun", "section": "Background", "says": "Overtaken by events, the Austrian commander, Field Marshal Wirich Philipp von Daun left the army in October to plead his case in Vienna."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Charles VI and Prince Eugene of Savoy rushed reinforcements to Italy and appointed a new army commander, Field Marshal Count Claude Florimond de Mercy."}, {"id": "Q111993", "label": "Count Claude Florimond de Mercy", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Charles VI and Prince Eugene of Savoy rushed reinforcements to Italy and appointed a new army commander, Field Marshal Count Claude Florimond de Mercy."}], "Q17750099": [{"id": "Q282359", "label": "Michel Micombero", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the prime minister was shot and wounded, the coup failed due to the intervention of a contingent of troops led by Captain Michel Micombero."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1962, the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi received independence, creating the Republic of Rwanda and the Kingdom of Burundi."}, {"id": "Q1192936", "label": "Kingdom of Burundi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1962, the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi received independence, creating the Republic of Rwanda and the Kingdom of Burundi."}, {"id": "Q739990", "label": "Prince Louis Rwagasore of Burundi", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 October 1961, the Prime Minister of Burundi, UPRONA leader Louis Rwagasore, was assassinated in a plot devised by political rivals with the support of some Belgian officials."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the Casablanca group grew increasingly close to the People's Republic of China, which used its connections in Burundi to support communist rebels in neighbouring states."}], "Q1780536": [{"id": "Q853976", "label": "First Battle of Ypres", "section": "lead", "says": "Hill 60 had been captured by the German 30th Division on 11 November 1914, during the First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November 1914)."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Imperial Army was a military force drawn from the kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Baden and Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q1291776", "label": "Edward Bulfin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the first British operation of its kind, Royal Engineer tunnelling companies laid six mines by 10 April 1915, an operation planned by Major-General Edward Bulfin, commander of the 28th Division and continued by the 5th Division when the 28th Division was relieved."}], "Q178219": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Mellrichstadt was fought between Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia on 7 August 1078 near Mellrichstadt."}, {"id": "Q65006", "label": "Otto of Nordheim", "section": "lead", "says": "Elsewhere, the Saxons under Otto of Nordheim and Frederick of Sommerschenburg bested their opponents and chased them in the direction of Würzburg."}], "Q17984374": [{"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aldenhoven (1 March 1793) saw the Habsburg Austrian army commanded by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld attack a Republican French force under René Joseph de Lanoue."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrians successfully crossed the Roer River and engaged in a cavalry charge led by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen  which routed the French and inflicted heavy losses."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the First Coalition battle occurred near Aldenhoven, a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany located about 55 kilometres (34 mi) west of Cologne."}, {"id": "Q855271", "label": "Battle of Jemappes", "section": "lead", "says": "After a victory in the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November 1792, the French army of Charles Francois Dumouriez conquered most of the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "After a victory in the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November 1792, the French army of Charles Francois Dumouriez conquered most of the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "That winter, Dumouriez attempted to overrun the Dutch Republic while Francisco de Miranda besieged Maastricht, covered by Lanoue's troops along the Roer."}, {"id": "Q311447", "label": "Francisco de Miranda", "section": "lead", "says": "That winter, Dumouriez attempted to overrun the Dutch Republic while Francisco de Miranda besieged Maastricht, covered by Lanoue's troops along the Roer."}, {"id": "Q1085392", "label": "Battle of Neerwinden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neerwinden on  18 March would decide who controlled the Austrian Netherlands."}], "Q1806377": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sezawa was the first major battle fought by Takeda Shingen in his campaign to gain control of Shinano Province."}, {"id": "Q385676", "label": "Ōnin War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Ōnin War (1467–77), the shōgun largely lost control of the country beyond the immediate vicinity of the capital Kyoto, and local warlords (daimyōs) quickly sprang up to fill the resulting power vacuum, warring constantly with one another and building yamajiro (\"mountain castles\") to control territory."}], "Q1806552": [{"id": "Q468810", "label": "Túpac Katari", "section": "lead", "says": "While Amaru II and other prominent rebel leaders were captured and executed by the Spanish in 1781, the rebellion continued for at least another year under Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru, Túpac Katari and Andrés Túpac Amaru, among others."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was the first large-scale attempt at an independence movement in Latin America and the largest revolt in the Americas prior to the Spanish American wars of independence and Haitian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was the first large-scale attempt at an independence movement in Latin America and the largest revolt in the Americas prior to the Spanish American wars of independence and Haitian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata by separating Upper Peru (modern Bolivia) and the territory that is now Argentina from the Viceroyalty of Peru."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1778 Spain raised sales taxes (known as the alcabala) on goods such as rum and pulque (the common alcoholic beverages of the peasants and commoners) while tightening the rest of its tax system in its colonies, in part to fund its participation in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q183226", "label": "Charles IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1780, during the rebellion, Fernando Vélaz de Medrano, 4th Marquess of Tabuérniga, informed the Prince of Asturias (the future Charles IV of Spain) about the rebellion and widespread corruption among royal officials in South America, particularly regarding the playing card and tobacco monopolies imposed by Minister José de Gálvez, which were seen as a catalyst for the unrest."}], "Q1809351": [{"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaines' Mill, also known as the Battle of Chickahominy River, took place on June 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as the third of the Seven Days Battles which together decided the outcome of the Union's\nPeninsula Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaines' Mill, also known as the Battle of Chickahominy River, took place on June 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as the third of the Seven Days Battles which together decided the outcome of the Union's\nPeninsula Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gaines' Mill, also known as the Battle of Chickahominy River, took place on June 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as the third of the Seven Days Battles which together decided the outcome of the Union's\nPeninsula Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q497797", "label": "Battle of Cold Harbor", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred in almost the same location as the Battle of Cold Harbor nearly two years later."}, {"id": "Q1550466", "label": "Battle of Seven Pines", "section": "Background", "says": "McClellan's Army of the Potomac had pushed to within a few miles of the Confederate capital of Richmond and had stalled following the Battle of Seven Pines in late May 1862."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Background", "says": "Hill, James Longstreet, and D.H."}, {"id": "Q2168647", "label": "Battle of Beaver Dam Creek", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seven Days Battles began with a Union attack in the minor Battle of Oak Grove on June 25, but the first major battle started the next day when Lee launched a large-scale assault against McClellan at the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek (or Mechanicsville)."}], "Q18149882": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Ismail bin Sharif had succeeded in creating a new state able to challenge European powers in North Africa, as well as the Ottoman Empire in present-day Algeria."}], "Q18162704": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samarra was the key engagement between the two great generals Nader Shah and Topal Osman Pasha, which led to the siege of Baghdad being lifted, keeping Ottoman Iraq under Istanbul's control."}, {"id": "Q1584764", "label": "Topal Osman Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samarra was the key engagement between the two great generals Nader Shah and Topal Osman Pasha, which led to the siege of Baghdad being lifted, keeping Ottoman Iraq under Istanbul's control."}, {"id": "Q42103453", "label": "Battle of Kirkuk", "section": "lead", "says": "Other than its importance in deciding the fate of Baghdad, the battle is also significant as Nader's only battlefield defeat although he would avenge this defeat at the hands of Topal Pasha at the Battle of Kirkuk, where Topal was killed."}], "Q1818854": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Castello (Italian: Battaglia del Monte Castello; German: Schlacht von Monte Castello; Portuguese: Batalha de Monte Castello) was a major engagement fought between 25 November 1944 and 21 February 1945 during the Italian campaign of World War II."}], "Q18236869": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 December 2008, Iraqi journalist Muntadhar al-Zaidi removed his shoes and threw them at then United States president George W."}], "Q18409651": [{"id": "Q539183", "label": "Gedik Ahmed Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean Expedition in 1475, orchestrated under the command of Gedik Ahmed Pasha, stands as a pivotal naval campaign conducted by the Ottoman navy in 1475."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Its primary objective was the seizure of the Genoese colonies nestled within Crimea, thereby asserting Ottoman authority over the region and placing the Crimean Khanate under Ottoman protection."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the momentous Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II strategically prioritized the consolidation of Ottoman control along the Black Sea coastline."}, {"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "Background", "says": "This vision materialized through a series of conquests, notably the vassalization of the Principality of Moldavia in 1454, followed by the annexation of Amasra in 1459, Sinop, and the Greek Empire of Trebizond in 1461."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "Background", "says": "This vision materialized through a series of conquests, notably the vassalization of the Principality of Moldavia in 1454, followed by the annexation of Amasra in 1459, Sinop, and the Greek Empire of Trebizond in 1461."}], "Q1861319": [{"id": "Q740791", "label": "Serbo-Bulgarian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Slivnitsa (Bulgarian: Битка при Сливница, Serbian: Битка на Сливници) was a battle between the Bulgarian Army and the Royal Serbian Army from 17 to 19 November 1885, in the Serbo-Bulgarian War."}, {"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian victory solidified the unification between the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Congress of Berlin 1878 left Bulgaria divided into two sections."}], "Q18639123": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zlatitsa was fought on 12 December 1443 between the Ottoman Empire and Serbian and Hungarian troops in the Balkans as part of the larger Crusade of Varna."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought at Zlatitsa Pass (Bulgarian: Златишки проход) (Turkish: İzladi Derbendi) near the town of Zlatitsa in the Balkan Mountains, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Bulgaria)."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The impatience of the King of Poland and the severity of the winter then compelled John Hunyadi to return home in February 1444, but not before he had utterly broken the Sultan's power in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Albania."}, {"id": "Q54053", "label": "Władysław III of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1440, John Hunyadi became the trusted adviser and most highly regarded soldier of King Władysław III of Poland."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Sultan Murad II, who had been occupied with a war against the Karamanids, rushed to his European possessions in order to establish defenses on the crusader path to prevent them from reaching his capital Edirne."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Sultan Murad II, who had been occupied with a war against the Karamanids, rushed to his European possessions in order to establish defenses on the crusader path to prevent them from reaching his capital Edirne."}, {"id": "Q2537009", "label": "Turahan Bey", "section": "Background", "says": "Turahan Bey convinced Murad to burn down Sofia and retreat to the Bulgarian mountains."}], "Q18920712": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with an invasion by a United States–led coalition under the name Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks (9/11) carried out by the Taliban-allied and Afghanistan-based al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q326668", "label": "Operation Enduring Freedom", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with an invasion by a United States–led coalition under the name Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks (9/11) carried out by the Taliban-allied and Afghanistan-based al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q193968", "label": "Mohammed Omar", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2004, the U.S.-backed Islamic Republic was established, but by then, the Taliban, led by founder Mullah Omar, had reorganized and begun an insurgency against the Afghan government and coalition forces."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the longest war in United States military history, surpassing the Vietnam War by six months."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "An American covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to the killing of Osama bin Laden in 2011, and NATO leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "An American covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to the killing of Osama bin Laden in 2011, and NATO leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan."}], "Q1892489": [{"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grand Couronné (French: Bataille du Grand Couronné [Great Crown]) from 4 to 13 September 1914, took place in France after the Battle of the Frontiers, at the beginning of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q548252", "label": "Battle of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "After the failure of the French offensives in the Battle of Lorraine on 20 August 1914, the French Second Army (General Noël de Castelnau) received orders from the French commander in chief, Joseph Joffre, on 22 August, to retreat to the Grand Couronné (Great Crown) heights near Nancy, on an arc from Pont-à-Mousson to Champenoux, Lunéville and Dombasle-sur-Meurthe and defend the position at all co"}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Background", "says": "After the failure of the French offensives in the Battle of Lorraine on 20 August 1914, the French Second Army (General Noël de Castelnau) received orders from the French commander in chief, Joseph Joffre, on 22 August, to retreat to the Grand Couronné (Great Crown) heights near Nancy, on an arc from Pont-à-Mousson to Champenoux, Lunéville and Dombasle-sur-Meurthe and defend the position at all co"}, {"id": "Q44893", "label": "Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 August, the 6th Army (General Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria) tried to break through the French lines on the Moselle from Toul to Épinal and encircle Nancy."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Background", "says": "After the failure of the Battle of Mortagne, the capture of Nancy would have been an important German psychological victory and the German Emperor Wilhelm II came to supervise the attack."}], "Q1898572": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wijnendale took place during the War of the Spanish Succession fought on 28 September 1708 near Wijnendale, Flanders, between an allied force protecting a convoy carrying ammunition for the Siege of Lille (1708) and forces of Bourbon France and Spain."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After their great victory in the Battle of Oudenaarde (11 July 1708), Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy decided to besiege Lille."}], "Q1968819": [{"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "The crusade was sent to Bohemia after negotiations, held in Pressburg and Cheb, between Hussites and the emperor Sigismund had failed."}], "Q1977699": [{"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of the Cape Colony, also known as the Battle of Muizenberg (Dutch: Slag om Muizenberg), was a British military expedition launched in 1795 against the Dutch Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of the Cape Colony, also known as the Battle of Muizenberg (Dutch: Slag om Muizenberg), was a British military expedition launched in 1795 against the Dutch Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In Winter 1794, during the Flanders campaign, French troops overran the Dutch Republic, which was transformed into a French client state known as the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In Winter 1794, during the Flanders campaign, French troops overran the Dutch Republic, which was transformed into a French client state known as the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q337525", "label": "George Elphinstone", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition to the Cape set sail under Vice-Admiral of the Red Sir George Elphinstone in April 1795, arriving off Simon's Town in June."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, a second British invasion reoccupied the colony after the Battle of Blaauwberg and it remained a British colony until the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910."}, {"id": "Q2786767", "label": "Battle of Blaauwberg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, a second British invasion reoccupied the colony after the Battle of Blaauwberg and it remained a British colony until the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, a second British invasion reoccupied the colony after the Battle of Blaauwberg and it remained a British colony until the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the First Coalition which began in April 1792 expanded on 1 February 1793 when Revolutionary France declared war on the Dutch Republic and Britain."}, {"id": "Q1372092", "label": "James Henry Craig", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Admiralty sent two squadrons to the colony on 3 April 1795, one under Vice-Admiral of the Red Sir George Elphinstone and the other under Commodore John Blankett, carrying 515 troops of soldiers from the 78th Regiment of Foot under Major-general Sir James Henry Craig."}], "Q1981024": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ryazan happened in Ryazan on December 1237 during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q269109", "label": "Principality of Ryazan", "section": "lead", "says": "Ryazan was the capital of the Principality of Ryazan, and was the first Kievan Rus' city to be besieged by the Mongol invaders under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Ryazan was the capital of the Principality of Ryazan, and was the first Kievan Rus' city to be besieged by the Mongol invaders under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Prince of Ryazan, Yuriy Igorevich, asked Yuriy Vsevolodovich, the prince of Vladimir, for help, but did not receive any."}], "Q1982573": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Czarnowo on the night of 23–24 December 1806 saw troops of the First French Empire under the eye of Emperor Napoleon I launch an evening assault crossing of the Wkra River against Lieutenant General Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy's defending Russian Empire forces."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Czarnowo on the night of 23–24 December 1806 saw troops of the First French Empire under the eye of Emperor Napoleon I launch an evening assault crossing of the Wkra River against Lieutenant General Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy's defending Russian Empire forces."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "After an all-night struggle, the Russian commander withdrew his troops to the east, ending this War of the Fourth Coalition action."}, {"id": "Q345551", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Bessières", "section": "lead", "says": "On the 23rd, Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières defeated a probe by Prussian troops at Bieżuń."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October 1806, Napoleon administered a terrible beating to the principal Prussian armies."}, {"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon ordered his brother General of Division Jérôme Bonaparte to protect his southern flank by operating against Glogau (Głogów) in Prussian-held Silesia."}, {"id": "Q932448", "label": "Mikhail Kamensky", "section": "Background", "says": "Field Marshal Mikhail Kamensky led the Russian army in Poland, which numbered about 90,000 men in two wings led by Generals Levin August, Count von Bennigsen and Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden (Buxhöwden)."}, {"id": "Q2634365", "label": "Nikolay Tuchkov", "section": "Background", "says": "Buxhöwden, who outranked Bennigsen, led the 5th Division under Lieutenant General Nikolay Tuchkov; the 7th Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Dmitry Dokhturov; the 8th Division of Lieutenant General Peter Kirillovich Essen; and the 14th Division led by Lieutenant General Heinrich Reinhold von Anrep."}, {"id": "Q1232678", "label": "Dmitry Dokhturov", "section": "Background", "says": "Buxhöwden, who outranked Bennigsen, led the 5th Division under Lieutenant General Nikolay Tuchkov; the 7th Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Dmitry Dokhturov; the 8th Division of Lieutenant General Peter Kirillovich Essen; and the 14th Division led by Lieutenant General Heinrich Reinhold von Anrep."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Buxhöwden's divisions were veterans of the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805 and were under strength."}, {"id": "Q606448", "label": "Dmitry Golitsyn", "section": "Background", "says": "Bennigsen commanded the 2nd Division of Ostermann-Tolstoy, the 3rd Division led by Lieutenant General Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken, the 4th Division under Lieutenant General Dmitry Golitsyn, and the 6th Division commanded by Lieutenant General Alexander Karlovich Sedmoratski."}], "Q1985387": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kozludzha (also known as the Battle of Kozludža or the Battle of Kozluca), fought on 20 June (Old Style — June 9) 1774 near the village of Kozludzha (now Suvorovo, Bulgaria), was one of the final and decisive battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle, alongside several others in this campaign, established the reputation of the Russian Lieutenant-General Alexander Suvorov as a brilliant commander of his time."}], "Q19870743": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-French War was a major medieval conflict that pitted the Kingdom of France against the Kingdom of England and various other states."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-French War was a major medieval conflict that pitted the Kingdom of France against the Kingdom of England and various other states."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought in an attempt to curb the rising power of King Philip II of France and regain the Angevin continental possessions King John of England lost to him a decade earlier."}, {"id": "Q830626", "label": "Battle of Bouvines", "section": "lead", "says": "It is widely regarded as the first anti-French coalition war and came to an end at the decisive Battle of Bouvines at which Philip defeated England and its allies."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Normandy, once a site of conflict between Richard I of England and Philip II, grew to be one of the hot spots of medieval Anglo-French wars as the King of England had to defend a continental holding that was so close to Paris."}, {"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Normandy, once a site of conflict between Richard I of England and Philip II, grew to be one of the hot spots of medieval Anglo-French wars as the King of England had to defend a continental holding that was so close to Paris."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Normandy, once a site of conflict between Richard I of England and Philip II, grew to be one of the hot spots of medieval Anglo-French wars as the King of England had to defend a continental holding that was so close to Paris."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1214, when Pope Innocent III assembled an alliance of states against France, John agreed."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict was an episode of a century-long struggle between the House of Capet and the House of Plantagenet over the Angevin domains in France, which started with Henry II's accession to the English throne in 1154 and his rivalry with Louis VII and ended with Louis IX's triumph over Henry III at the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242."}, {"id": "Q1669489", "label": "Battle of Taillebourg", "section": "lead", "says": "This conflict was an episode of a century-long struggle between the House of Capet and the House of Plantagenet over the Angevin domains in France, which started with Henry II's accession to the English throne in 1154 and his rivalry with Louis VII and ended with Louis IX's triumph over Henry III at the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242."}], "Q19891802": [{"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "Background", "says": "Ho Chi Minh visited northern Thailand the following year, attempting to organize soviets in local Vietnamese communities."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, communists formed an alliance with the Free Thai Movement."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1946, Pridi Banomyong assumed office, repealing the Anti-communist act and establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the course of the Korean War, the CPT continued to stockpile weaponry in rural areas and make general preparations for armed struggle."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1960, North Vietnam created a training camp for Thai and Laotian volunteers in Hòa Bình, Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "Ideologically, the CPT aligned with Maoism and during the Sino-Soviet split the party sided with the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1964, the organization declared its position in a congratulatory message on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the foundation of the People's Republic of China, and the following month a group of Thai communists formed the Thailand Independence Movement in Peking, China."}], "Q19897841": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Khorasan was the second largest province of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "It stretched from what is now north-eastern Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "Background", "says": "It stretched from what is now north-eastern Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 651 after Yazdegerd III was murdered by Mahuy Suri, the marzban or administrator of Marw, Tabaristan was invaded by the Muslim Arabs."}], "Q19905149": [{"id": "Q57343", "label": "Pierre Nkurunziza", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 May 2015, army general Godefroid Niyombare said that he was \"dismissing President Pierre Nkurunziza\" following the 2015 Burundian unrest."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "President Nkurunziza was at the time in neighbouring Tanzania attending the 13th Extraordinary Summit of the East African Community Heads of State, which had been convened to discuss the situation in Burundi."}], "Q19914124": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Livadia was an unequal treaty between the Russian Empire and the Chinese Qing dynasty signed in Livadiya, Crimea, on 2 October 1879, wherein Russia agreed to return a portion of the lands it had occupied in Xinjiang during the Dungan Revolt of 1862–1877."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor conquered Xinjiang from the Dzungar Khanate in the late 1750s."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor conquered Xinjiang from the Dzungar Khanate in the late 1750s."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Qing China declined in the late 19th century following the First Opium War."}, {"id": "Q558247", "label": "Yakub Beg", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of this revolt, Yakub Beg, commander-in-chief of the army of Kokand, occupied most of Xinjiang and declared himself the Emir of Kashgaria."}, {"id": "Q10871730", "label": "Treaty of Tarbagatai", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia was officially neutral during the conflict, but as a result of the Treaty of Tarbagatai in 1864, had already gained about 350,000 square miles (910,000 km2) of territory in Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q230200", "label": "Zuo Zongtang", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing counterinsurgency, led by General Zuo Zongtang began in September 1876 and concluded in December 1877, having completely retaken the lands that were lost."}], "Q1992574": [{"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Two weeks later, King Æthelred and his brother, the future King Alfred the Great, were defeated at Basing."}, {"id": "Q2465037", "label": "Battle of Marton", "section": "lead", "says": "There was then a lull of two months until the Battle of Meretun, when the Vikings again prevailed."}], "Q1995601": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dilman, took place on 15 April 1915 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought at Dilman, Qajar Iran between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought at Dilman, Qajar Iran between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought at Dilman, Qajar Iran between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2577358", "label": "Tovmas Nazarbekian", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was a Russian victory under Tovmas Nazarbekian."}, {"id": "Q367697", "label": "Halil Kut", "section": "lead", "says": "One month later, Halil Kut abandoned Persia with his army reduced to half of its original size."}], "Q1998999": [{"id": "Q2960122", "label": "Charles Rigault de Genouilly", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Saigon, a two-year siege of the city by the Vietnamese after its capture on 17 February 1859 by a Franco-Spanish flotilla under the command of the French admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly, was one of the major events of the Cochinchina campaign (1858–1862)."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1858, Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly attacked Vietnam under the orders of Napoleon III following the failed mission of diplomat Charles de Montigny."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "For his descent on Vietnam, Rigault de Genouilly had a force of 14 warships, 1,000 French marine infantry, and 1,000 troops from the Spanish garrisons of the Philippines (550 Spanish infantry and 450 Filipino light infantry)."}], "Q20024455": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The virus, which causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), was a newly emerged betacoronavirus that was first identified in a patient from Saudi Arabia in April 2012."}], "Q2008820": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fidonisi took place on 14 July 1788 between the fleets of the Russian Empire under Marko Voinovich's lead and the Ottoman Empire under Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) in the area of Snake Island, which in Greek was called Fidonisi (Φιδονήσι)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fidonisi took place on 14 July 1788 between the fleets of the Russian Empire under Marko Voinovich's lead and the Ottoman Empire under Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) in the area of Snake Island, which in Greek was called Fidonisi (Φιδονήσι)."}, {"id": "Q1583786", "label": "Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fidonisi took place on 14 July 1788 between the fleets of the Russian Empire under Marko Voinovich's lead and the Ottoman Empire under Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) in the area of Snake Island, which in Greek was called Fidonisi (Φιδονήσι)."}], "Q2011225": [{"id": "Q2991218", "label": "Paweł Jan Sapieha", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish-Lithuanian army under Stefan Czarniecki and Paweł Jan Sapieha forced a Russian retreat through a carefully planned Polish hussar ambush and several tactically effective flanking maneuvers."}, {"id": "Q17335", "label": "Treaty of Oliva", "section": "Background", "says": "In late June 1660, after the Treaty of Oliva, a Lithuanian army commanded by Paweł Jan Sapieha attacked Russians, who occupied most of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In late June 1660, after the Treaty of Oliva, a Lithuanian army commanded by Paweł Jan Sapieha attacked Russians, who occupied most of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}], "Q2017254": [{"id": "Q311080", "label": "Uesugi Kenshin", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1561 siege of Odawara, a battle of Japan's Sengoku period, Uesugi Kenshin attacked Odawara castle."}], "Q2027494": [{"id": "Q742047", "label": "Luís Carlos Prestes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brazilian communist uprising (Portuguese: Intentona Comunista) was a military revolt in Brazil led by Luís Carlos Prestes and leftist low-rank military against Getúlio Vargas's government on behalf of the National Liberation Alliance (Aliança Nacional Libertadora - ANL)."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "Background", "says": "President Getúlio Vargas declared himself against the constitutional regime despite his authoritative role."}, {"id": "Q311121", "label": "Artur Bernardes", "section": "Background", "says": "The plot to overthrow the government was begun in 1934 by disgraced military officers who lost power and prestige as a result of collaborating with former Brazilian president Artur Bernardes during the Revolution of 1930."}, {"id": "Q2634783", "label": "Revolution of 1930", "section": "Background", "says": "The plot to overthrow the government was begun in 1934 by disgraced military officers who lost power and prestige as a result of collaborating with former Brazilian president Artur Bernardes during the Revolution of 1930."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Brazilian Communist Party, which was then called the Communist Party of Brazil, began its efforts to take control of the movement by January 1935 after the planning for an uprising caught the attention of the Soviet Union."}], "Q2033909": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Haifa Oil Refinery massacre took place on 30 December 1947 in Mandatory Palestine, when 39 Jewish refinery workers were killed by their Arab coworkers in a mass lynching."}], "Q2057725": [{"id": "Q154720", "label": "Battle of Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation came during the Battle of Britain after Britain rejected all overtures for a negotiated peace with Germany."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 August Hitler gave the Luftwaffe's commander-in-chief, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe Directive No."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Over 1,400 aircraft had been lost in the Battle of France on top of about 500 lost in  conquering Poland in 1939 and Norway in 1940."}], "Q2058454": [{"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Newbury was a battle of the First English Civil War that was fought on 20 September 1643 between a Royalist army, under the personal command of King Charles, and a Parliamentarian force led by the Earl of Essex."}], "Q20627484": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Mehmed II, laid siege to the island's capital, Mytilene."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Mehmed II, laid siege to the island's capital, Mytilene."}, {"id": "Q1154983", "label": "First Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The event put an end to the semi-independent Genoese lordship that the Gattilusio family had established in the northeastern Aegean since the mid-14th century, and heralded the beginning of the First Ottoman–Venetian War in the following year."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, however, Mehmed II began reducing the Gattilusio holdings."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background: The Gattilusi and the Ottomans", "says": "In the 12th century, the island became a frequent target for plundering raids by the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background: The Gattilusi and the Ottomans", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) the island passed to the Latin Empire, but was reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea sometime after 1224."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background: The Gattilusi and the Ottomans", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) the island passed to the Latin Empire, but was reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea sometime after 1224."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "Background: The Gattilusi and the Ottomans", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) the island passed to the Latin Empire, but was reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea sometime after 1224."}, {"id": "Q337741", "label": "Francesco I Gattilusio", "section": "Background: The Gattilusi and the Ottomans", "says": "In 1354, it was granted as a fief to the Genoese Francesco I Gattilusio."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "Background: The Gattilusi and the Ottomans", "says": "The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the young and ambitious Ottoman sultan Mehmed II was a turning point for the wider region."}], "Q20646777": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests gained momentum in September, when up to 100,000 people demonstrated in the largest protest since Moldova's independence from the Soviet Union in August 1991."}], "Q2067296": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kočevski Rog massacre was a series of massacres near Kočevski Rog in late May 1945 in which thousands of members of the Nazi Germany–allied Slovene Home Guard were executed, without formal charges or trial, by special units of the Yugoslav Partisans; other victims were Croats, Serbs, and Montenegrins that had fought on the Axis side as well as much smaller numbers of Italian and German troops."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kočevski Rog massacre was a series of massacres near Kočevski Rog in late May 1945 in which thousands of members of the Nazi Germany–allied Slovene Home Guard were executed, without formal charges or trial, by special units of the Yugoslav Partisans; other victims were Croats, Serbs, and Montenegrins that had fought on the Axis side as well as much smaller numbers of Italian and German troops."}], "Q2070570": [{"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Suzdal (Russian: Битва под Суздалем) or the Battle of the Kamenka River was fought on 7 July 1445, between Russians under Vasily II and Tatar troops of Oluğ Möxämmäd, who invaded the principality of Nizhny Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q2429881", "label": "Mäxmüd of Kazan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians were defeated by troops of beg Mäxmüd, who became Mäxmüd of Kazan after the battle."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "lead", "says": "He also promised restitution of the lands of Mishar Yurt, that were bought from Tokhtamysh in 1343."}, {"id": "Q836169", "label": "Qasim Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Qasim Khanate was founded there to become a buffer state and the vassal of Muscovy later."}], "Q2072080": [{"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Domingo was a naval battle of the War of the Third Coalition fought on 6 February 1806 between squadrons of French and British ships of the line off the southern coast of the French-occupied Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (San Domingo in contemporary English-language accounts) in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q15053704", "label": "Coalition Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the last major engagement of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars between British and French ships of the line in open water."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "As Willaumez escaped into the South Atlantic, Duckworth ordered his squadron to sail for Barbados to resupply before making the long journey back to Cádiz."}, {"id": "Q204989", "label": "Saint Kitts", "section": "Background", "says": "When he arrived on 12 January 1806, he ordered the frigate HMS Acasta to Saint Kitts to arrange the required water supplies, and moved the squadron to an anchorage off Basseterre on 19 January."}, {"id": "Q714600", "label": "Alexander Cochrane", "section": "Background", "says": "Northumberland was the flagship of Rear-Admiral of the White Alexander Cochrane, commander of the station."}], "Q2074041": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Basque Roads, also known as the Battle of Aix Roads (French: Bataille de l'île d'Aix, also Affaire des brûlots, rarely Bataille de la rade des Basques), was a major naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the narrow Basque Roads at the mouth of the Charente River on the Biscay coast of France."}], "Q20743978": [{"id": "Q26690015", "label": "Operation Euphrates Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish Armed Forces' Operation Euphrates Shield was aimed against both the Islamic State and the SDF."}], "Q2076124": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mytilenean revolt was an incident in the Peloponnesian War in which the city of Mytilene attempted to unify the island of Lesbos under its control and revolt from the Athenian Empire."}], "Q2080058": [{"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of Operation Torch (the Allied invasion of North Africa), it was an attempted landing of troops directly into the harbour at Oran in Algeria."}], "Q20820893": [{"id": "Q1546773", "label": "Talysh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Lankaran, a city in the Talish region, was previously held by Mir-Mostafa Khan of the Talysh Khanate, a subject of Iran."}, {"id": "Q1960952", "label": "Pyotr Kotlyarevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Now directly held by the Iranians, the city was soon besieged by the Russian commander Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, who had recently defeated the Iranian crown-prince Abbas Mirza at the battle of Aslanduz."}, {"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "Now directly held by the Iranians, the city was soon besieged by the Russian commander Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, who had recently defeated the Iranian crown-prince Abbas Mirza at the battle of Aslanduz."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 October 1813, Iran and Russia signed the Treaty of Gulistan, in which Iran agreed to cede the majority of their holdings in the eastern Caucasus to Russia, including the northern part of Talish."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of the Iranian monarch Nader Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q1740536", "label": "Ganja khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813 erupted when the Russians seized the city of Ganja, which had been governed by the Ganja Khanate."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "Background", "says": "The khan of the Talysh Khanate, Mir-Mostafa Khan kept shifting his allegiance between Iran and Russia, which both the Iranian monarch Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r."}], "Q20859038": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Slogans such as \"The people want the fall of the regime\", were also used during the Arab Spring and were directed at Lebanon's ruling elite."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Lebanese Civil War ended in 1990, Lebanon adopted a confessional power-sharing model that distributed political office along sectarian lines, leading to widespread clientelism and weak governance."}], "Q208816": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first siege of Girona during the Peninsular War, also called the battle of Gerona, took place from 20 to 21 June 1808, when an Imperial French division led by Guillaume Philibert Duhesme try to overrun a Spanish garrison commanded by Lieutenant Colonels O'Donovan and O'Daly."}, {"id": "Q707898", "label": "Guillaume Philibert Duhesme", "section": "lead", "says": "The first siege of Girona during the Peninsular War, also called the battle of Gerona, took place from 20 to 21 June 1808, when an Imperial French division led by Guillaume Philibert Duhesme try to overrun a Spanish garrison commanded by Lieutenant Colonels O'Donovan and O'Daly."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of his plan to overthrow the Spanish ruling family, Emperor Napoleon ordered his soldiers to seize Barcelona in February 1808."}, {"id": "Q640100", "label": "Battles of El Bruch", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish conventional warfare started \nwith the Battles of El Bruch."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Months before, as part of his plan to seize his ally the Kingdom of Spain in a military coup, Emperor Napoleon ordered several key points, including Barcelona, to be captured in February 1808."}, {"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Dos de Mayo Uprising in Madrid the Spanish people rose in revolt against the French occupiers."}, {"id": "Q350662", "label": "Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey", "section": "Background", "says": "This modest-sized force was tasked with putting down the insurrection in Catalonia, sending help to Marshal Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey in his bid to capture Valencia, and keeping control of Barcelona."}], "Q20977839": [{"id": "Q57385", "label": "Teodoro Obiang", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 August 1979, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo staged a bloody coup d'état against his uncle, Francisco Macías Nguema, the president of Equatorial Guinea."}, {"id": "Q211936", "label": "Francisco Macías Nguema Biyoko", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 August 1979, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo staged a bloody coup d'état against his uncle, Francisco Macías Nguema, the president of Equatorial Guinea."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting between loyalists and rebels continued until Macías Nguema was captured fleeing Equatorial Guinea for Cameroon on 18 August."}, {"id": "Q13474305", "label": "Francoist Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "After Francoist Spain granted Equatorial Guinea independence in 1968, a power struggle between Macías and Atanasio Ndongo Miyone led to the former assuming the presidency."}], "Q210423": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiaoyao Ford, also known as the Battle of Leisure Ford, Battle of Hefei, and Hefei Campaign, was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Sun Quan between 214 and 215 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Xiaoyao Ford, also known as the Battle of Leisure Ford, Battle of Hefei, and Hefei Campaign, was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Sun Quan between 214 and 215 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q197249", "label": "Zhang Liao", "section": "lead", "says": "The two contending sides were fighting for control over a strategic fortress at Hefei, which was defended by Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao."}, {"id": "Q468773", "label": "Ling Tong", "section": "lead", "says": "Amidst the chaos, Sun Quan barely escaped capture with the aid of his general Ling Tong."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "Background", "says": "The following year, the local powers and two former subordinates of Yuan Shu and Liu Fu, Chen Lan (陳蘭) and Mei Cheng (梅成), rebelled in Lujiang (盧江) after the death of Liu Fu (whom they trusted), but the revolt was suppressed by Cao Cao's generals Zhang Liao and Zang Ba."}, {"id": "Q472553", "label": "Yue Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "Cao Cao then ordered Zhang Liao, Yue Jin and Li Dian to lead 7,000 troops to enter Hefei fortress."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "Background", "says": "Chen Lan's ally, Lei Bo (雷薄), surrendered to another warlord Liu Bei."}], "Q2114424": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sluis was a naval battle during the Eighty Years' War in which a Spanish squadron commanded by the Italian captain Federico Spinola tried to break through a blockade of Sluis by Dutch ships under the command of Joos de Moor."}, {"id": "Q359936", "label": "Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases", "section": "Background", "says": "Federico Spinola was the younger brother of the famous general Ambrogio Spinola."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the 16th century, Federico advised Philip III of Spain to use the galley, a type of ship that was still dominant in the Mediterranean Sea, also to be deployed in Flanders and in Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "Background", "says": "Six large galleys were built and Spinola engaged successfully as a privateer against Dutch and English merchant ships, despite suffering a defeat at Ostend against a squadron from the County of Holland."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Spinola did not have the capacity to build enough ships in Flanders, so in 1602 he attempted to sail from Portugal to Flanders with eight galleys, manned by nine hundred sailors and soldiers and powered by fifteen hundred galley slaves."}], "Q2126105": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 December 1948, the Dutch made a final effort to gain control of the areas of their former colony of Indonesia, which had declared independence in 1945, that were still under the control of republican forces, by launching a \"police action\" known as Operation Kraai."}, {"id": "Q7891770", "label": "Operation Kraai", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 December 1948, the Dutch made a final effort to gain control of the areas of their former colony of Indonesia, which had declared independence in 1945, that were still under the control of republican forces, by launching a \"police action\" known as Operation Kraai."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States subsequently put pressure on the Dutch to negotiate with the Indonesian side, including issuing a threat to withhold post-war financial aid."}], "Q21589782": [{"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pretoria Accord was a July 2002 agreement made between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in an attempt to bring about an end to the Second Congo War."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The talks were held in Pretoria, South Africa and lasted for five days."}], "Q2165376": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tarakan took place on 11–12 January 1942, a day after the Empire of Japan declared war on the Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tarakan took place on 11–12 January 1942, a day after the Empire of Japan declared war on the Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Tarakan was only a small marshy island off northeastern Borneo in the Netherlands East Indies (today's Indonesia), its 700 oil wells, refineries, and airfield made it a crucial objective for Japan in the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Tarakan was only a small marshy island off northeastern Borneo in the Netherlands East Indies (today's Indonesia), its 700 oil wells, refineries, and airfield made it a crucial objective for Japan in the Pacific War."}], "Q21805447": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015–2016 Latakia offensive was a campaign of the Syrian Civil War that was launched by government forces in October 2015 to recapture rebel-held territory in the Latakia Governorate bordering Turkey."}], "Q2200263": [{"id": "Q702176", "label": "Battle of the Mediterranean", "section": "lead", "says": "The Action in the Strait of Otranto, also known as the Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940), was the destruction of an Italian convoy on 12 November 1940 during the Battle of the Mediterranean in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q543255", "label": "Battle of Taranto", "section": "lead", "says": "The British conducted several operations by the Mediterranean Fleet from Alexandria and Force H from Gibraltar, several convoys to Greece and Malta, the return of ships from Malta, ship reinforcements to the Mediterranean Fleet by Force H, attacks by carrier aircraft on Sardinian airfields, the Battle of Taranto (11/12 November) and a raid into the southern Adriatic to attack convoys on the Brindi"}, {"id": "Q15037", "label": "Hyperion", "section": "Background", "says": "The 13 destroyers HMS Nubian from the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, Mohawk, Jervis, Janus, Juno, Hyperion of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, Hasty, Hero, Hereward, Havoc, Ilex and Decoy and Defender, detached from the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, accompanied the bigger ships."}, {"id": "Q955867", "label": "James Somerville", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 November, Operation Coat began when Force H (Vice-Admiral James Somerville) sailed from Gibraltar with the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, the light cruiser HMS Sheffield and the destroyers Faulknor of the 8th Destroyer Flotilla, HMS Duncan, Firedrake, Forester, Fortune and Fury to cover Force F, reinforcements for the Mediterranean Fleet, consisting of the battleship HMS Barham, the heavy cr"}], "Q22117640": [{"id": "Q19249259", "label": "Minsk II", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 2016, the Ukrainian army set up its fortifications in the \"Industrial Zone.\" This meant that the pro-Russian separatists no longer had full control of the highway that united their controlled cities of Donetsk and Horlivka and that it became more difficult for them to fire at Avdiivka with weapons not prohibited by the Minsk II agreement."}], "Q2214882": [{"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ane (Dutch Low Saxon:Slag bi'j Aone, Dutch:Slag bij Ane), was fought in 1227 between Otto II of Lippe, Bishop of Utrecht, and Rudolf II van Coevorden with his army of Drenths."}], "Q2237664": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of first battles of the wars between the successors to Alexander the Great, the so called Diadochi."}, {"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early years of warfare between the Diadochi, he faced Eumenes, a capable general who had already defeated Craterus."}, {"id": "Q2910041", "label": "First War of the Diadochi", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First War of the Diadochi, the war against Perdiccas, ended in 321 BCE, the second partition of the Empire, the Partition of Triparadisus, took place."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First War of the Diadochi, the war against Perdiccas, ended in 321 BCE, the second partition of the Empire, the Partition of Triparadisus, took place."}, {"id": "Q1271334", "label": "Partition of Triparadisus", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First War of the Diadochi, the war against Perdiccas, ended in 321 BCE, the second partition of the Empire, the Partition of Triparadisus, took place."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "It stipulated that Antipater became  the new regent of the Empire and Antigonus strategos of Asia."}], "Q2248041": [{"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Bologna was aided by the Republic of Florence that supplied 5,000 cavalry (Rose Brigade) commanded by Bernardo della Serra."}], "Q2263382": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rhandeia, fought in the spring of 62 AD, was a military confrontation between combined Armenian-Parthian forces and the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q24972074", "label": "Treaty of Rhandeia", "section": "lead", "says": "Two years later, in 64 AD, the Treaty of Rhandeia was signed at the same site where the battle had taken place."}, {"id": "Q313066", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo", "section": "Background", "says": "This was unacceptable to Rome, as their eastern border was thereby weakened, and eventually Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo was sent into the region in AD 58 with three legions."}], "Q2265211": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Entrames was fought on 27 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q22673238": [{"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "Civil unrest occurred in Mong Kok, Hong Kong from the night of 8 February 2016 until the following morning."}], "Q2280582": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Velletri were two battles between Austria and the Kingdom of Naples in 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession around the city of Velletri, then part of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Velletri were two battles between Austria and the Kingdom of Naples in 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession around the city of Velletri, then part of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Prince of Lobkowicz, who was in no hurry to invade, allowed King Charles VII of Naples to assembe an army of 13,000 Neapolitan soldiers reinforced with 12,000 Spanish soldiers under the Comte de Gages, march it north and take up strong positions in and around the city of Velletri."}], "Q2300308": [{"id": "Q303421", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irmandiño revolts (or Irmandiño Wars) were two revolts that took place in the 15th-century Kingdom of Galicia against attempts by the regional nobility to maintain their rights over the peasantry and the bourgeoisie."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite being joined to the Crown of Castile with the dynastic union of the Kingdoms of León and Castile in 1037, the Kingdom of Galicia maintained unique features, characterized by an economy which depended heavily on agriculture and a society marked by enormous feudal power that was concentrated in both secular and ecclesiastical lords."}], "Q2300960": [{"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the treaty, Henry IV of France relinquished Saluzzo to Savoy, while Savoy kept Pont de Gresin, Valserine, and was required to pay France 150,000 livres."}], "Q2310242": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Platinum Fox (German: Unternehmen Platinfuchs; Finnish: operaatio Platinakettu) was a German and Finnish military offensive launched during World War II."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Platinum Fox took place on the Eastern Front and had the objective of capturing the Barents Sea port of Murmansk."}, {"id": "Q57233", "label": "Nikolaus von Falkenhorst", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa German units of Army of Norway, commanded by Nikolaus von Falkenhorst,  attacked from Norway to secure Petsamo at the Finnish-Soviet border as part of Operation Reindeer."}], "Q2312936": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Cherchell was a naval battle between the Nationalist heavy cruiser Baleares and the Spanish Republican Navy light cruisers Libertad and Méndez Núñez during the Spanish Civil War on 7 September 1937."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The cruiser action occurred in the Mediterranean Sea north of the city of Cherchell in French Algeria."}], "Q2315131": [{"id": "Q3048062", "label": "Orange River Sovereignty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orange River Convention (sometimes also called the Bloemfontein Convention; Afrikaans: Bloemfontein-konvensie) was a convention whereby the British formally recognised the independence of the Boers in the area between the Orange and Vaal rivers, which had previously been known as the Orange River Sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "Lead-up to the convention", "says": "During the Great Trek the Boers moved out of the Cape Colony seeking autonomy from British control."}, {"id": "Q440155", "label": "Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius", "section": "Lead-up to the convention", "says": "Major Henry Douglas Warden was subsequently forced out of Bloemfontein in June 1848 by a Boer group led by Andries Pretorius."}, {"id": "Q469775", "label": "Moshoeshoe I", "section": "Lead-up to the convention", "says": "This action led to a conflict between the two groups where Moshoeshoe I defeated the British in a battle known as Battle of Viervoet in 1851."}], "Q233405": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "After taking command of the British troops in Portugal on 22 April, Wellesley (later named 1st Duke of Wellington, Marquess Douro) immediately advanced on Porto and made a surprise crossing of the Douro River, approaching Porto where its defences were weak."}], "Q2336243": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The site was built by the British during their Mandatory Palestine in the 1930s, and was used to store the police academy's ammunition."}], "Q2341052": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Kazan Operation was the Red Army's offensive (5–10 September 1918) against the Czechoslovak Legion and the People's Army of Komuch during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "Leon Trotsky August 1918\nAt the beginning of the operation, the Reds' disposition was as follows: To the west of Kazan were the Fifth Army of the Eastern Front under Pēteris Slavens and the Volga Flotilla under Fyodor Raskolnikov; to the east of Kazan was the Arsk group of the Second Army under Woldemar Azin."}, {"id": "Q1422290", "label": "Fyodor Raskolnikov", "section": "Background", "says": "Leon Trotsky August 1918\nAt the beginning of the operation, the Reds' disposition was as follows: To the west of Kazan were the Fifth Army of the Eastern Front under Pēteris Slavens and the Volga Flotilla under Fyodor Raskolnikov; to the east of Kazan was the Arsk group of the Second Army under Woldemar Azin."}], "Q2342985": [{"id": "Q71234", "label": "Corsican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the battle that effectively ended the fourteen-year-old Corsican Republic and opened the way to annexation by France the following year."}, {"id": "Q152346", "label": "Pasquale Paoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Corsican commander-in-chief, Pasquale Paoli, was trying to raise troops in the vicinity but was not present in person."}, {"id": "Q9068", "label": "Voltaire", "section": "lead", "says": "Voltaire, in his Précis du Siècle de Louis XV, admiringly wrote about the battle: \"The principal weapon of the Corsicans was their courage."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Voltaire, in his Précis du Siècle de Louis XV, admiringly wrote about the battle: \"The principal weapon of the Corsicans was their courage."}], "Q2356791": [{"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "lead", "says": "The four-year armed-conflict resulted in the annexation of the Banda Oriental into the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves as the Brazilian province of Cisplatina."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "lead", "says": "The belligerents were, on one side, the \"Artiguistas\" led by José Gervasio Artigas and some leaders of other provinces that made up the Federal League, like Andrés Guazurary, and on the other, the troops of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, directed by Carlos Frederico Lecor."}, {"id": "Q2625228", "label": "League Federal", "section": "lead", "says": "The belligerents were, on one side, the \"Artiguistas\" led by José Gervasio Artigas and some leaders of other provinces that made up the Federal League, like Andrés Guazurary, and on the other, the troops of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, directed by Carlos Frederico Lecor."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of the Banda Oriental by the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, replaced by the Empire of Brazil in 1824, lasted until 1828."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "Causes", "says": "The main drawback of the campaign of conquest lay in the possibility that the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata react in defense of a territory which formed part of the country since its inception."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Causes", "says": "Certainly it was not convenient to Portugal that the annexation of the Banda Oriental resulted in a difficult war, against all the provinces of La Plata."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Causes", "says": "Bruschera and Tabaré Melogno, and the Argentine Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, the information about Buenos Aires neutrality was first given by Manuel José García, sent to negotiate with Britain and the court in Rio de Janeiro that they do not support the Spanish Empire, at a time when it was trying to recover the independent colonies."}, {"id": "Q303615", "label": "Juan Martín de Pueyrredon", "section": "Causes", "says": "According to the Uruguayan writer Lincoln Maiztegui Casas, \"Garcia with his ideal and interventional unit used all his influence to persuade the Portuguese King that the government of Buenos Aires would not take military action to keep the Oriental territory.\" Regarding the role of Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, who took office in 1816 as Supreme Director of the United Provinces replacing Alvear, Maiz"}], "Q2374127": [{"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Scots had previously allied with English Royalists to restore Charles I to the throne in the 1648 Second English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Following their defeat, Charles was executed in January 1649, leading to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Victory in the 1639 and 1640 Bishops' Wars confirmed Covenanter control of Scotland, and established a Presbyterian-structured Church of Scotland, or \"kirk\"."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "This required the Royalists to be defeated in the First English Civil War, and led to the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the pact had limited support in England, particularly from religious Independents like Oliver Cromwell, who opposed any state religion, especially one so highly regulated as the kirk."}], "Q23751276": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talasea (6–9 March 1944) was fought in the Pacific theater of World War II between Japanese and Allied forces."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These troops were tasked with the defending the area in order to secure a withdrawal route for the troops from Matsuda Force that were withdrawing from Cape Gloucester, in western New Britain."}], "Q23890868": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On the morning of 19 April 2016, Taliban militants attacked a security team responsible for protecting government VIPs in Kabul, Afghanistan."}], "Q2389861": [{"id": "Q653470", "label": "Battle of the Caucasus", "section": "lead", "says": "Malaya Zemlya (Russian: Малая Земля, lit. \"Small Land\") was a Soviet uphill outpost on Cape Myskhako (Russian: Мысхако), situated westward from Tsemes Bay on the Black Sea, that was recaptured after battles with the Germans during the Battle of the Caucasus on the night of 4 February 1943."}], "Q2401276": [{"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hamath, sometimes called the Battle of Hama, took place between the Babylonians and the fleeing remnants of the Egyptian army defeated at Carchemish."}, {"id": "Q633560", "label": "Battle of Carchemish", "section": "lead", "says": "In this battle, Nebuchadnezzar further shattered the remnants of Necho II's Egyptian army that he had previously defeated in the Battle of Carchemish."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Chronicles it states that Nebuchadnezzar II killed almost all of the Egyptian combatants, so exhausted that none of them returned to their own country."}], "Q2405802": [{"id": "Q696550", "label": "Washington Naval Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "Inoue's original group made contact with a group of extremist officers in the Imperial Japanese Navy, who strongly objected to Japan's acceptance of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, and a group of right-wing university students from Tokyo."}], "Q2408921": [{"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arques occurred on 15–29 September 1589 between the French royal forces of King Henry IV of France and troops of the Catholic League commanded by Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, during the eighth and final war (1585–1598) of the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arques occurred on 15–29 September 1589 between the French royal forces of King Henry IV of France and troops of the Catholic League commanded by Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, during the eighth and final war (1585–1598) of the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a victory for Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q53448", "label": "Henry III of France", "section": "Background", "says": "At the death of Henry III of France, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre became by birthright the successor to the French throne (as Henry IV)."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to accomplish this task, he divided his troops into three commands: Henri I d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville (1568–1595) for Picardy, Jean VI d'Aumont for Champagne, and Henry IV for Normandy (where he awaited reinforcements from Elizabeth I)."}], "Q2416094": [{"id": "Q1238338", "label": "Caesar's Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Utica (49 BC) in Caesar's Civil War was fought between Julius Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio and Pompeian legionaries commanded by Publius Attius Varus supported by Numidian cavalry and foot soldiers sent by King Juba I of Numidia."}, {"id": "Q379277", "label": "Juba I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Utica (49 BC) in Caesar's Civil War was fought between Julius Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio and Pompeian legionaries commanded by Publius Attius Varus supported by Numidian cavalry and foot soldiers sent by King Juba I of Numidia."}, {"id": "Q180281", "label": "Marcus Porcius Cato", "section": "Background", "says": "In the interim, Curio had crossed into Sicily, forcing out a leading Republican senator, Marcus Porcius Cato, who fled Syracuse on April 23, 49 BC to join Pompey in the east."}], "Q2444672": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Second Battle of Lutterberg (19 July 1762), the Franco-Saxon contingent under General the Comte de Lusace were defeated by Prince Ferdinand."}], "Q24454786": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "According to an official indictment filed by the Tel Aviv District Prosecutor's Office the perpetrators were \"inspired by\" the Islamic State group."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad spent a long period of time studying in Jordan in 2015, where he was influenced by ISIL propaganda videos and the decision to carry out the attack was taken after he returned to Yatta in January 2016."}], "Q2446816": [{"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sveaborg rebellion was an Imperial Russian military mutiny which broke out on the evening of 30 July 1906 amongst the garrison of the coastal fortress of Sveaborg (now known as Suomenlinna) on the coast of Helsinki in the Grand Duchy of Finland."}, {"id": "Q184928", "label": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "The mutiny was part of the aftermath of the  Russian Revolution of 1905, which by summer 1906 had effectively been suppressed in most other regions of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The mutiny was part of the aftermath of the  Russian Revolution of 1905, which by summer 1906 had effectively been suppressed in most other regions of the Russian Empire."}], "Q2451436": [{"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nicaea was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimius Severus and his eastern rival, Pescennius Niger."}, {"id": "Q201053", "label": "Pescennius Niger", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nicaea was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimius Severus and his eastern rival, Pescennius Niger."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Severus defeated his rival, and ended his bid for the Roman Empire the next year at Issus."}, {"id": "Q243721", "label": "Year of the Five Emperors", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle took place in the context of the Year of the Five Emperors, a tumultuous period in the Roman Empire when Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards."}, {"id": "Q1436", "label": "Pertinax", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle took place in the context of the Year of the Five Emperors, a tumultuous period in the Roman Empire when Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards."}, {"id": "Q1440", "label": "Didius Julianus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Praetorian Guards then held an auction for the throne, which was won by Didius Julianus, who became emperor."}, {"id": "Q237960", "label": "Clodius Albinus", "section": "Background", "says": "The auction was unpopular, and Septimius Severus, commander of the Pannonian legions, and Pescennius Niger, the governor of Syria (as well as Clodius Albinus, the governor of Britain) all claimed the Roman imperial throne after the auction."}], "Q2469370": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Motien Pass was a minor land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, fought between the Imperial Japanese Army under General Kuroki Tamemoto and the Imperial Russian Army under General  Fyodor Eduardovich Keller over control of a strategic mountain pass on the main road between the coast and Liaoyang in Qing China on 10 July 1904."}, {"id": "Q1319672", "label": "Kuroki Tamemoto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Motien Pass was a minor land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, fought between the Imperial Japanese Army under General Kuroki Tamemoto and the Imperial Russian Army under General  Fyodor Eduardovich Keller over control of a strategic mountain pass on the main road between the coast and Liaoyang in Qing China on 10 July 1904."}], "Q2470182": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbekistan pledged the equivalent of US$200,000 in humanitarian aid, including 120 tons of cement, as well as other building materials."}], "Q2477486": [{"id": "Q677660", "label": "Battle of Heligoland Bight", "section": "Background", "says": "After the opening naval Battle of Heligoland Bight, the German High Seas Fleet was ordered to avoid confrontations with larger opposing forces, to avoid costly and demoralising reverses."}], "Q247871": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talana Hill, also known as the Battle of Glencoe, was the first major clash of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q1359312", "label": "George White", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lieutenant-General Sir George White in command of forces in Natal requested that forces at Glencoe (Dundee) be withdrawn to concentrate his forces at Ladysmith where he held the bulk of the British garrison."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the evening of 19 October, two Boer forces from the independent South African Republic, each numbering 4,000 men under General Lucas Meyer and General \"Maroela\" Erasmus closed in on Dundee."}], "Q2493468": [{"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian-Muscovite War of 1487–1494 (First border war) was the war of the Principality of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat, and united by personal union (Union of Krewo) with the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian-Muscovite War of 1487–1494 (First border war) was the war of the Principality of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat, and united by personal union (Union of Krewo) with the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian-Muscovite War of 1487–1494 (First border war) was the war of the Principality of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat, and united by personal union (Union of Krewo) with the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian-Muscovite War of 1487–1494 (First border war) was the war of the Principality of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat, and united by personal union (Union of Krewo) with the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon."}], "Q2496774": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lipantitlán, also known as the Battle of Nueces Crossing, was fought along the Nueces River on November 4, 1835 between the Mexican Army and Texian insurgents, as part of the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q2574486", "label": "Battle of Goliad", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Texian victory at the Battle of Goliad, only two Mexican garrisons remained in Texas, Fort Lipantitlán near San Patricio and the Alamo Mission at San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas)."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "After a short period, the Mexicans retreated."}, {"id": "Q1186940", "label": "Martín Perfecto de Cos", "section": "Background", "says": "Fearing that strong measures were needed to quell the unrest, Santa Anna ordered General Martín Perfecto de Cos to lead a large force into Texas; Cos arrived in Texas on September 20."}, {"id": "Q1191854", "label": "Battle of Gonzales", "section": "Background", "says": "The Texas Revolution officially began on October 2 at the Battle of Gonzales."}], "Q24972074": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rhandeia was a peace treaty concluded between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire at the frontier town of Rhandeia in what is now Turkey in 63 CE."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Rhandeia was a peace treaty concluded between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire at the frontier town of Rhandeia in what is now Turkey in 63 CE."}, {"id": "Q1533828", "label": "Roman–Parthian War of 58–63", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty, which finalized the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63, stipulated that henceforth a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination, or right of investiture, was given to the emperor of Rome."}], "Q2501743": [{"id": "Q316016", "label": "John Singleton Copley", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is often remembered for the death of the British commander, Major Francis Peirson, and a painting based on his final moments by John Singleton Copley."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XVI had promised de Rullecourt the rank of general and the Cordon rouge as soon as he had control of the town of Saint Helier, the island's capital."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The second commander was an Indian prince named Mir Sayyad, who had been an ally of France in the Seven Years' War and moved to Paris upon the war's conclusion."}], "Q2502519": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red River campaign, also known as the Red River expedition, was a major Union offensive campaign in the Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War, the campaign taking place from March 10 to May 22, 1864."}, {"id": "Q676148", "label": "Battle of Mansfield", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mansfield was a major part of the Union offensive campaign, which ended in defeat for General Banks."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Halleck, former General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States."}, {"id": "Q1967771", "label": "Richard Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant's plan to surround the main Confederate armies by using Banks' Army of the Gulf to capture Mobile, it was characterized by poor planning and mismanagement, and led to bitter enmity between Major General Richard Taylor and his immediate superior, Kirby Smith, after Smith ordered Taylor to send half of his army to north to Arkansas, rather than south in pursuit of Banks, following the battles "}], "Q2512802": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Olustee or Battle of Ocean Pond, was fought in Baker County, Florida, on February 20, 1864, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 13, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln wrote to Major General Quincy A."}], "Q2517366": [{"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Famine of 1740–1741 (Irish: Bliain an Áir, meaning the Year of Slaughter) in the Kingdom of Ireland, is estimated to have killed between 13% and 20% of the 1740 population of 2.4 million people, which was a proportionately greater loss than during the Great Famine of 1845–1852."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Famine of 1740–1741 (Irish: Bliain an Áir, meaning the Year of Slaughter) in the Kingdom of Ireland, is estimated to have killed between 13% and 20% of the 1740 population of 2.4 million people, which was a proportionately greater loss than during the Great Famine of 1845–1852."}, {"id": "Q57073", "label": "Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit", "section": "Cause", "says": "The mercury thermometer was invented 25 years earlier by German pioneer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit."}], "Q2518823": [{"id": "Q4848887", "label": "Baji Rao II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Bassein was a pact between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was a decisive step in the dissolution of the Maratha Empire, which led to the East India Company's annexation of the empire's territories in western India in 1818."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the treaty was not acceptable to all Maratha chieftains and resulted in the Second Anglo-Maratha War."}], "Q2518913": [{"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ried of 8 October 1813 was a treaty that was signed between the Kingdom of Bavaria and Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ried of 8 October 1813 was a treaty that was signed between the Kingdom of Bavaria and Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "By the treaty, Bavaria left the Confederation of the Rhine, which was allied with Napoleon, and agreed to join the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon in exchange for a guarantee of its continued sovereign and independent status."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "By the treaty, Bavaria left the Confederation of the Rhine, which was allied with Napoleon, and agreed to join the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon in exchange for a guarantee of its continued sovereign and independent status."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was drafted by Klemens von Metternich, who assembled the German partners in the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "The enactment of the treaty broke Napoleon's supply lines, and two weeks later, he was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig."}], "Q2521439": [{"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "lead", "says": "He was paraded through Rome and given the opportunity to make a speech before the emperor Claudius, who spared his life and those of his family and retainers."}], "Q2522057": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Campo Santo (8 February 1743) was fought outside Camposanto, Italy, during the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q252580", "label": "Duchy of Modena and Reggio", "section": "lead", "says": "Gages invaded the Duchy of Modena and Reggio by crossing the Panaro River but was brought to battle by Traun's army."}, {"id": "Q229867", "label": "Elisabeth Farnese", "section": "Background", "says": "This project sprang from the desire of Queen Elisabeth Farnese of Spain's desire to carve out a new principality in Italy for her son Philip."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The territory in question belonged to the Habsburg monarchy but Austria already had its hands full defending Bohemia against the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The territory in question belonged to the Habsburg monarchy but Austria already had its hands full defending Bohemia against the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "Background", "says": "Accordingly, 18,000 Sardinian troops led by King Charles Emmanuel III took the field together with 12,000 Austrians under Otto von Traun."}, {"id": "Q165040", "label": "Duchy of Parma and Piacenza", "section": "Background", "says": "At first, the Spanish intended for the Orbetello force to march north to join the troops at La Spezia before invading the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "Background", "says": "The La Spezia force marched through the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and joined the other forces at Rimini on the east coast."}], "Q2522212": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franklin–Nashville campaign, also known as Hood's Tennessee campaign, was a series of battles in the Western Theater, conducted from September 18 to December 27, 1864, in Alabama, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q996047", "label": "John Schofield", "section": "lead", "says": "John Schofield before it could converge with Thomas's army and attempted to do so at the Battle of Spring Hill on Tuesday, November 29, but poorly coordinated Confederate attacks combined with effective U.S. forces leadership allowed Schofield to escape."}, {"id": "Q4872423", "label": "Battle of Spring Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "John Schofield before it could converge with Thomas's army and attempted to do so at the Battle of Spring Hill on Tuesday, November 29, but poorly coordinated Confederate attacks combined with effective U.S. forces leadership allowed Schofield to escape."}, {"id": "Q370671", "label": "Battle of Franklin", "section": "lead", "says": "The following day, Hood launched a series of futile frontal assaults against Schofield's field fortifications in the Battle of Franklin, suffering heavy casualties; Schofield withdrew his force and successfully linked up with Thomas in Nashville, Tennessee."}, {"id": "Q1752689", "label": "Battle of Nashville", "section": "lead", "says": "On December 15–16, Thomas's combined army attacked Hood's depleted army and routed it in the Battle of Nashville, sending it in retreat to Tupelo, Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 21, Hood moved his forces to Palmetto, Georgia, where on September 25, he was visited by Confederate President Jefferson Davis."}, {"id": "Q1967771", "label": "Richard Taylor", "section": "Background", "says": "Richard Taylor, although the officer selected for the assignment, Gen."}, {"id": "Q366102", "label": "Nathan Bedford Forrest", "section": "Background", "says": "One particular threat was the cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest, who had long bedeviled Union expeditions with lightning raids into their rear areas."}], "Q252281": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tong Pass, also known as the Battle of Weinan, was fought between the warlord Cao Cao and a coalition of forces from Guanxi between April and November 211 in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "Background", "says": "When Cao Cao finished his unification of northern China in 207, he wished to turn south to attack the warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "Background", "says": "When Cao Cao finished his unification of northern China in 207, he wished to turn south to attack the warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan."}, {"id": "Q468743", "label": "Ma Chao", "section": "Background", "says": "Ma Teng and some of his family members were effectively held hostage to prevent Ma Teng's son, Ma Chao, from invading Cao Cao's territory."}, {"id": "Q830059", "label": "Battle of Red Cliffs", "section": "Background", "says": "Cao Cao's southern expedition failed and he was defeated by the combined forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208."}, {"id": "Q197259", "label": "Zhang Lu", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 211, Cao Cao ordered Zhong Yao to lead an army against the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery and sent Xiahou Yuan at the head of another force from Hedong Commandery to support Zhong Yao."}, {"id": "Q378510", "label": "Xiahou Yuan", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 211, Cao Cao ordered Zhong Yao to lead an army against the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery and sent Xiahou Yuan at the head of another force from Hedong Commandery to support Zhong Yao."}, {"id": "Q558380", "label": "Cheng Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "The warlords included Hou Xuan (侯選), Cheng Yin (程銀), Yang Qiu, Li Kan (李堪), Zhang Heng (張橫), Liang Xing (梁興), Cheng Yi (成宜), and Ma Wan (馬玩)."}, {"id": "Q378439", "label": "Cao Ren", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Cao Cao sent Cao Ren against the coalition at Tong Pass (in present-day Tongguan County, Shaanxi) and gave strict orders to his generals to refrain from engaging the enemy."}], "Q25247871": [{"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Constantinople was fought in June 922 at the outskirts of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, between the forces of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantines during the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927."}, {"id": "Q41646", "label": "Romanos I Lekapenos", "section": "lead", "says": "In the summer the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos sent troops under the commander Saktikios to repel another Bulgarian raid at the outskirts of the Byzantine capital."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "With the Byzantine Empire in disarray following Alexander's death in June 913, the Bulgarians reached Constantinople unopposed and forced the regency of the infant Constantine VII (r."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "Background", "says": "With the Byzantine Empire in disarray following Alexander's death in June 913, the Bulgarians reached Constantinople unopposed and forced the regency of the infant Constantine VII (r."}], "Q2535988": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Cádiz in 1596 was an event during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War, when English and Dutch troops under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and a large Anglo-Dutch fleet under Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, with support from the Dutch Republic, raided the Spanish city of Cádiz."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Cádiz in 1596 was an event during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War, when English and Dutch troops under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and a large Anglo-Dutch fleet under Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, with support from the Dutch Republic, raided the Spanish city of Cádiz."}, {"id": "Q189144", "label": "Walter Raleigh", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, was the admiral commanding the fleet, while the landing forces were under the command of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Lord Thomas Howard, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Sir Francis Vere each commanding their respective units."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Anthony Ashley was the Clerk of the Privy Council and was a representative of Queen Elizabeth I of England."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Cristóvão and Manuel of Portugal, sons of António of Portugal, and supposedly Antonio Pérez, were also on board, although without command."}], "Q2542852": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Oenoparus took place in 145 BC on the Oenoparus river (the modern Afrin River, Syria) in the adjoining countryside of Antioch on the Orontes, the capital of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q39952", "label": "Ptolemy VI", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a coalition of Ptolemaic Egypt led by Ptolemy VI and Seleucids who favored the royal claim of Demetrius II Nicator against Seleucids who favored the claim of Alexander Balas."}, {"id": "Q309719", "label": "Demetrius II Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a coalition of Ptolemaic Egypt led by Ptolemy VI and Seleucids who favored the royal claim of Demetrius II Nicator against Seleucids who favored the claim of Alexander Balas."}, {"id": "Q297657", "label": "Alexander Balas", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between a coalition of Ptolemaic Egypt led by Ptolemy VI and Seleucids who favored the royal claim of Demetrius II Nicator against Seleucids who favored the claim of Alexander Balas."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Both the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic kingdom were diadochi, Greek-ruled successor states established after the conquests of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q296304", "label": "Demetrius I Soter", "section": "Background", "says": "King Demetrius I Soter of the Seleucid Empire was ambitious and competent, but made enemies during his reign, both external and internal."}, {"id": "Q2022162", "label": "Kingdom of Pergamon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Pergamon, eager to weaken Demetrius and the Seleucids, backed a rival claimant to the Seleucid throne: Alexander Balas."}, {"id": "Q75043", "label": "Jonathan Apphus", "section": "Background", "says": "He secured the aid of at least some internal rivals to Demetrius, notably including the Maccabees led by Jonathan Apphus, whom he appointed as high priest of Judea."}, {"id": "Q231682", "label": "Cleopatra Thea", "section": "Background", "says": "Alexander Balas initially had the support of Ptolemaic Egypt and its king Ptolemy VI Philometor; he married Ptolemy's daughter Cleopatra Thea to create an alliance."}], "Q2543376": [{"id": "Q312008", "label": "Polyperchon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second War of the Diadochi was the conflict between the coalition of Polyperchon (as Regent of the Empire), Olympias and Eumenes and the coalition of Cassander, Antigonus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus following the death of Cassander's father, Antipater (the old Regent)."}, {"id": "Q223134", "label": "Olympias", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second War of the Diadochi was the conflict between the coalition of Polyperchon (as Regent of the Empire), Olympias and Eumenes and the coalition of Cassander, Antigonus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus following the death of Cassander's father, Antipater (the old Regent)."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second War of the Diadochi was the conflict between the coalition of Polyperchon (as Regent of the Empire), Olympias and Eumenes and the coalition of Cassander, Antigonus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus following the death of Cassander's father, Antipater (the old Regent)."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second War of the Diadochi was the conflict between the coalition of Polyperchon (as Regent of the Empire), Olympias and Eumenes and the coalition of Cassander, Antigonus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus following the death of Cassander's father, Antipater (the old Regent)."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The unexpected death of Alexander the Great left his  vast, and newly created, empire without a clear successor."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "Background", "says": "In 319 BC, when Antipater died, he left his domain in the hands of his lieutenant, Polyperchon, as opposed to his son Cassander."}], "Q2553656": [{"id": "Q702176", "label": "Battle of the Mediterranean", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Tarigo Convoy (sometimes called the Action off Sfax) was a naval battle of the Second World War, part of the Battle of the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "French prevarication and the imminence of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, led Hitler to avoid trouble with the Vichy French authorities."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "French prevarication and the imminence of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, led Hitler to avoid trouble with the Vichy French authorities."}], "Q2563577": [{"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samara Bend (Russian: Монгольско-булгарское сражение, lit. 'Mongolian-Bulgar battle'), also known as the Battle of Kernek, was the first battle between the Volga Bulgaria and the Mongol Empire, which took place during the autumn of 1223 at the southern border of Volga Bulgaria, one of the first skirmishes or battles the Mongols lost."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samara Bend (Russian: Монгольско-булгарское сражение, lit. 'Mongolian-Bulgar battle'), also known as the Battle of Kernek, was the first battle between the Volga Bulgaria and the Mongol Empire, which took place during the autumn of 1223 at the southern border of Volga Bulgaria, one of the first skirmishes or battles the Mongols lost."}, {"id": "Q520090", "label": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "section": "Background", "says": "Timeline for the Expedition of Subutai and Jebe (the Mongol reconnaissance of the western steppes)\n• 12 January 1221 Muhammad II of Khwarazm dies on the run from the Mongols on the island of Abeskum during Genghiz Khan's destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire campaign\n• Genghiz Khan summons his general Subutai to Samarkand upon hearing the news of the Shah's death; Subutai gives a report on how best"}, {"id": "Q130586", "label": "George IV of the United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Timeline for the Expedition of Subutai and Jebe (the Mongol reconnaissance of the western steppes)\n• 12 January 1221 Muhammad II of Khwarazm dies on the run from the Mongols on the island of Abeskum during Genghiz Khan's destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire campaign\n• Genghiz Khan summons his general Subutai to Samarkand upon hearing the news of the Shah's death; Subutai gives a report on how best"}], "Q2569675": [{"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord, overall, entailed a plan developed by Henry VIII of England to unite both kingdoms (i.e."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The first sub-treaty helped to establish peace between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The first sub-treaty helped to establish peace between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "lead", "says": "The second sub-treaty was a marriage proposal between Edward, Prince of Wales and Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q3443265", "label": "Rough Wooing", "section": "lead", "says": "Even though the Earl of Arran signed the accord on 1 July and ratified it on 25 August 1543, the Treaty of Greenwich was ultimately rejected by the Parliament of Scotland on 11 December 1543, leading to eight years of Anglo-Scottish conflict known as the Rough Wooing."}], "Q2571823": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of El Mazucu was fought between 6 and 22 September 1937, between the Republican and Nationalist armies during the Spanish Civil War as a part of the War in the North campaign."}, {"id": "Q966525", "label": "North Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of El Mazucu was fought between 6 and 22 September 1937, between the Republican and Nationalist armies during the Spanish Civil War as a part of the War in the North campaign."}], "Q2575844": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Penobscot Expedition was an unsuccessful expedition launched by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q327071", "label": "Paul Revere", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 19, an American fleet of 19 warships and 25 support vessels under Commodore Dudley Saltonstall set sail from Boston carrying an expeditionary force under the overall command of Brigadier General Solomon Lovell which comprised more than 1,000 colonial marines and militiamen along with 100 artillerists under Lieutenant Colonel Paul Revere."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "Germain drafted orders for Lieutenant General Henry Clinton on September 2, to establish \"a province between the Penobscot and St."}], "Q2575889": [{"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "lead", "says": "Continental Army and militia forces commanded by Major-General John Sullivan had been on Aquidneck Island besieging British forces occupying Newport, Rhode Island."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "Major General Joseph Spencer of the Rhode Island defenses had been ordered by Major General George Washington to launch an assault on Newport in 1777, but he had not done so and was removed from command."}, {"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "Background", "says": "Sullivan's response was to make renewed appeals for assistance, which were reinforced by a Congressional declaration after a second raid on Freetown on May 31."}, {"id": "Q3181906", "label": "John Laurens", "section": "Background", "says": "Sullivan did not receive this letter until July 23, and it was followed the next day by the arrival of Colonel John Laurens with word that Newport had been chosen as the allied target on the 22nd Regiment, and that he should raise as large a force as possible."}, {"id": "Q186652", "label": "Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette", "section": "Background", "says": "Laurens had left Washington's camp on the 22nd, riding ahead of a column of Continental troops (the brigades of John Glover and James Mitchell Varnum) led by the Marquis de Lafayette."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "Background", "says": "Washington sent Major General Nathanael Greene, a Rhode Island native and reliable officer, to further bolster Sullivan's leadership corps on July 27."}], "Q2576318": [{"id": "Q220653", "label": "Vasile Lupu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Finta (27 May 1653) was a confrontation between Prince Matei Basarab's Wallachian army and a combined Moldavian–Cossack–Tatar force under Prince Vasile Lupu and Tymofiy Khmelnytsky."}, {"id": "Q2382738", "label": "Tymish Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Finta (27 May 1653) was a confrontation between Prince Matei Basarab's Wallachian army and a combined Moldavian–Cossack–Tatar force under Prince Vasile Lupu and Tymofiy Khmelnytsky."}], "Q2580246": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 February 2003, a coordinated day of protests was held across the world in which people in more than 600 cities expressed opposition to the imminent Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2002, the United States government began to argue for the necessity of invading Iraq."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "Bush to the United Nations General Assembly on 12 September 2002 which argued that the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein was violating United Nations (UN) resolutions, primarily on weapons of mass destruction, and that this necessitated action."}], "Q2584330": [{"id": "Q577254", "label": "Markos Botsaris", "section": "Background", "says": "The first resistance against the campaign of Mustafa Pasha was carried out by the Souliote captain Markos Botsaris."}], "Q2584363": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gerontas was one of the most decisive naval engagements of the Greek War of Independence and secured the island of Samos under Greek control."}, {"id": "Q3394869", "label": "Battle of Samos", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1824, the Ottomans looked to secure the island of Samos off the coast of Asia Minor, a previous attempt launched earlier in the month on 5 August (O.S.) resulted in an Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Samos and caused delay."}], "Q2594918": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was notable for being fought by tanks, the only time they were used en masse in combat by Finnish forces in the Winter War."}], "Q2596320": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kürekdere took place on 6 August 1854 as part of the Crimean War."}], "Q2597094": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 2011, during the civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War, rebels seized the city of Jisr ash-Shughur, resulting in violent clashes with the Syrian security forces, including the military."}], "Q2602154": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa."}], "Q2610822": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle in the Bay of Matanzas was a naval battle in Cuba during the Eighty Years' War in which a Dutch squadron was able to defeat and capture a Spanish treasure fleet."}], "Q2613676": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Another 74 Palestinians were reportedly injured during the conflict, mostly civilians."}], "Q2614800": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zhili–Anhui War was a 1920 conflict in the Republic of China between the Zhili and Anhui cliques for control of the Beiyang government."}, {"id": "Q706172", "label": "Duan Qirui", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Duan Qirui, leader of the Anhui clique, favored aggressive action against the South, and after becoming premier of the state department (Guowu Zongli, 国务总理) advocated a military solution."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After building a de facto private army using the Nishihara Loans, he used it to occupy Outer Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q702428", "label": "Hsu Shih-chang", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Obtaining British and American backing, the Zhili and Fengtian cliques had President Xu Shichang dismiss Gen."}, {"id": "Q2408784", "label": "Xu Shuzheng", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Xu Shuzheng, the leader of the Mongolia expedition."}, {"id": "Q697046", "label": "Wu Peifu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Wu Peifu met with representatives of Tang Jiyao and Lu Rongting at Hengyang, where they signed a treaty entitled \"Rough Draft of the National Salvation Allied Army\" (救国同盟军草约)."}, {"id": "Q847670", "label": "Tang Jiyao", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Wu Peifu met with representatives of Tang Jiyao and Lu Rongting at Hengyang, where they signed a treaty entitled \"Rough Draft of the National Salvation Allied Army\" (救国同盟军草约)."}, {"id": "Q699591", "label": "Cao Kun", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April 1920, while visiting a memorial service at Baoding for soldiers who died in Hunan, one-time presidential-candidate Cao Kun added more warlords to the anti-Anhui clique alliance, including the rulers of Hubei, Henan, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhili."}], "Q2616448": [{"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "Kufra is a group of oases in the Kufra District of south-eastern Cyrenaica in the Libyan Desert."}], "Q2624963": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The landing at Anzac Cove on Sunday, 25 April 1915, also known as the landing at Gaba Tepe and, to the Turks, as the Arıburnu Battle, was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula by the forces of the British Empire, which began the land phase of the Gallipoli campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1916, the anniversary of the landings on 25 April has been commemorated as Anzac Day, becoming one of the most important commemorative dates for Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1916, the anniversary of the landings on 25 April has been commemorated as Anzac Day, becoming one of the most important commemorative dates for Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The anniversary is also commemorated in Turkey and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike the largely inexperienced ANZACs, all the Turkish Army commanders, down to company commander level, were very experienced, being veterans of the Italo-Turkish and Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q57470", "label": "Otto Liman von Sanders", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 March, the Turks formed the Fifth Army, a force of over 100,000 men, in two corps of six divisions and a cavalry brigade, commanded by the German general Otto Liman von Sanders."}], "Q2624975": [{"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lachine massacre, part of the Beaver Wars, occurred when 1,500 Mohawk warriors launched a surprise attack against the small (375 inhabitants) settlement of Lachine, New France, at the upper end of Montreal Island, on the morning of 5 August 1689."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was precipitated by the growing Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) frustration with the increased French incursions into their territory and the ongoing concern about French Marquis de Denonville's attack of 1687, and it was encouraged by the settlers of New England as a way to leverage power against New France during King William's War."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was precipitated by the growing Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) frustration with the increased French incursions into their territory and the ongoing concern about French Marquis de Denonville's attack of 1687, and it was encouraged by the settlers of New England as a way to leverage power against New France during King William's War."}, {"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The relationship between the French and the Haudenosaunee had been strained long before King Philip's War, as the French maintained relations with other tribes as well for both trade and war alliances, such as the Abenaki."}], "Q2624980": [{"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tobruk (1911) or Nadura Hill Battle occurred on 22 December 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War for the control of the Nadura Hill near Tobruk (a city the Italians had occupied in October)."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a small engagement primarily known for the involvement and leadership of future Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman forces were organized by Enver Bey (later Enver Pasha) after trivial clashes on 9 November."}], "Q262648": [{"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Höchstädt was fought on 19 June 1800 on the north bank of the Danube near Höchstädt, and resulted in a French victory under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians under Baron Pál Kray."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danube passage connecting Ulm, Donauwörth, Ingolstadt and Regensburg had strategic importance in the ongoing competition for European hegemony between France and the Holy Roman Empire; the army that commanded the Danube, especially its passage through Württemberg and Bavaria, could command access to the important cities of Munich and the seat of Habsburg authority: Vienna."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danube passage connecting Ulm, Donauwörth, Ingolstadt and Regensburg had strategic importance in the ongoing competition for European hegemony between France and the Holy Roman Empire; the army that commanded the Danube, especially its passage through Württemberg and Bavaria, could command access to the important cities of Munich and the seat of Habsburg authority: Vienna."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of the battle was the opposite of what had occurred on those same fields in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession, when the Second Battle of Höchstädt had ensured the safety of Vienna and opened the pathway into France for the allied English and Austrian forces."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the First Coalition forces achieved several initial victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz, Amberg and Würzburg, the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben (17 April 1797) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797)."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "By early 1799, the French Directory had become impatient with stalling tactics employed by Austria."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "An uprising in Naples raised further alarms, and recent gains in Switzerland suggested the timing was fortuitous for the French to venture on another campaign in northern Italy and southwestern Germany."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to his Austrian regulars, his force included 12,000 men from the Electorate of Bavaria, 6,000 troops from the Duchy of Württemberg, 5,000 soldiers of low quality from the Archbishopric of Mainz, and 7,000 militiamen from the County of Tyrol."}, {"id": "Q2227570", "label": "Duchy of Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to his Austrian regulars, his force included 12,000 men from the Electorate of Bavaria, 6,000 troops from the Duchy of Württemberg, 5,000 soldiers of low quality from the Archbishopric of Mainz, and 7,000 militiamen from the County of Tyrol."}], "Q2630913": [{"id": "Q81833", "label": "Alphonse the Battler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cutanda took place on 17 June 1120 between the forces of Alfonso the Battler and an Almoravid army led by Ibrahim ibn Yusuf occurring at a place called Cutanda, near Calamocha (Teruel)."}, {"id": "Q33061", "label": "Taifa of Zaragoza", "section": "Background", "says": "After Alfonso the Battler conquered the city of Zaragoza of 1118, he continued his campaign against the Almoravids in the former Taifa of Zaragoza."}], "Q263245": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft, often referred to as the Lowestoft Raid, was a naval battle fought during the First World War between the German Empire and the British Empire in the North Sea."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft, often referred to as the Lowestoft Raid, was a naval battle fought during the First World War between the German Empire and the British Empire in the North Sea."}, {"id": "Q57612", "label": "Reinhard Scheer", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1916, Admiral Reinhard Scheer became commander-in-chief of the German High Seas Fleet and commenced a new campaign against the Royal Navy."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The battlecruisers HMAS Australia and HMS New Zealand had collided in fog off Denmark, causing serious damage to both ships."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "The battlecruisers HMAS Australia and HMS New Zealand had collided in fog off Denmark, causing serious damage to both ships."}], "Q2632506": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tarentum of 209 BC took place during the Second Punic War."}], "Q2633088": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Podhajce took place on 8–9 September 1698 near Podhajce in Ruthenian Voivodship during the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the impending military campaign of the Polish, the Ottoman Empire made a pre-emptive strike on the area of Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q2716322", "label": "Qaplan I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "Near Podhajce, the Polish army under Field Crown Hetman Feliks Kazimierz Potocki repelled the Crimean Tatar expedition under Qaplan I Giray."}, {"id": "Q580764", "label": "Antioh Cantemir", "section": "Background", "says": "In May, the Antioh Cantemir was ordered to supply the fortress with 100,000 Thalers and 2,000 Janissaries."}, {"id": "Q2345695", "label": "Ğazı III Giray", "section": "Background", "says": "The army was commanded by Qaplan Giray together with his deputy Ğazı III Giray."}], "Q2634456": [{"id": "Q464512", "label": "Battle of Balaclava", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thin Red Line described an episode of the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thin Red Line described an episode of the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q913604", "label": "Battle of Alma", "section": "lead", "says": "Previously, Campbell's Highland Brigade had taken part in actions at the Battle of Alma and the Siege of Sevastopol."}], "Q2634927": [{"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War of 1512–1522 (also known as the Ten Years' War) was a military conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia, which included Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, and the Grand Principality of Moscow for Russian border lands."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War of 1512–1522 (also known as the Ten Years' War) was a military conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia, which included Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, and the Grand Principality of Moscow for Russian border lands."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanian–Muscovite War of 1512–1522 (also known as the Ten Years' War) was a military conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia, which included Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, and the Grand Principality of Moscow for Russian border lands."}, {"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "Reasons", "says": "In the two previous wars, the Moscow state did not succeed in realizing the idea of regaining all the \"Kievan inheritance\" – the lands of Principality of Smolensk, Principality of Polotsk and Principality of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q1483430", "label": "Principality of Kiev", "section": "Reasons", "says": "In the two previous wars, the Moscow state did not succeed in realizing the idea of regaining all the \"Kievan inheritance\" – the lands of Principality of Smolensk, Principality of Polotsk and Principality of Kiev."}], "Q2635052": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting was in response to the California genocide, when agents of the United States government assisted by private citizens began the systematic killing of thousands of indigenous peoples of California in the mid-19th century."}, {"id": "Q1190016", "label": "Edward Canby", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1873 at a peace commission meeting with US Army officers, Kintpuash killed General Edward Canby and Rev."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The remaining 153 Modoc of the band were sent to Indian Territory (pre-statehood Oklahoma), where they were held as prisoners of war until 1909, settled on reservation land with the Shawnee."}], "Q2635992": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Ostend Raid (officially known as Operation VS) was the later of two failed attempts made during the spring of 1918 by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy to block the channels leading to the Belgian port of Ostend as a part of its conflict with the German Empire during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Ostend Raid (officially known as Operation VS) was the later of two failed attempts made during the spring of 1918 by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy to block the channels leading to the Belgian port of Ostend as a part of its conflict with the German Empire during World War I."}, {"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the significant strategic advantages conferred by the Belgian ports, the Imperial German Navy had used Ostend as a base for the U-boat campaign during the Battle of the Atlantic since 1915."}, {"id": "Q700864", "label": "Zeebrugge Raid", "section": "lead", "says": "The ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge (partially blocked in the Zeebrugge Raid three weeks previously) provided sea access via canals for the major inland port of Bruges."}, {"id": "Q2008986", "label": "First Ostend Raid", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Ostend Raid on 23 April 1918 was largely a failure, the blockships grounded too far from the channels to obstruct them."}], "Q263716": [{"id": "Q70827", "label": "Water Margin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1812, the leaders of the Eight Trigram Sect (Bagua jiao) also known as the Sect of Heavenly Order (Tianli jiao)  announced that leader Li Wencheng was a 'true lord of the Ming' and declared 1813 as the year for rebellion, while Lin Qing declared himself the reincarnation of Maitreya, the prophesied future Buddha in Buddhism, using banners with the inscription \"Entrusted by Heaven to Prepare the"}, {"id": "Q997220", "label": "White Lotus Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion is seen as being similar to the previous White Lotus Rebellion, with the former being of religious intent and the latter leaders of the Eight Trigram appearing more interested in personal power by overthrowing the Qing dynasty."}], "Q263950": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Elandslaagte (21 October 1899) took place during the Second Boer War, and was one of the few decisive victories won by the British during the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1359312", "label": "George White", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Learning that the telegraph had been cut, Lieutenant General Sir George White sent his cavalry commander, Major General John French to recapture the station."}], "Q265032": [{"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montlhéry was fought between Louis XI and the League of the Public Weal on 16 July 1465 in the vicinity of Longpont-sur-Orge."}], "Q2657186": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shklov (also spelt Shklow, Szkłów, or Shkloŭ) took place on August 12, 1654, and was one of the first battles of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67); it ended with a indecisive, however,  by other sources."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "A small Polish–Lithuanian force of about 6,000–7,000 under Great Lithuanian Hetman Janusz Radziwiłł surprised a numerically superior Russian force (of 40,000; some estimates speak of 70,000, but they are likely too high) under knyaz Yakov Cherkassky near Shklow (Polish: Szkłów)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The conflict was triggered by the Khmelnytsky Rebellion of Ukrainian Cossacks against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Cossack leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, derived his main foreign support from Alexis of Russia and promised his allegiance in recompense."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Cossack leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, derived his main foreign support from Alexis of Russia and promised his allegiance in recompense."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Although the Zemsky Sobor of 1651 was poised to accept the Cossacks into the Moscow sphere of influence and to enter the war against Poland on their side, the Tsar waited until 1653, when a new popular assembly eventually authorized the unification of Ukraine with Tsardom of Russia."}], "Q2657536": [{"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Boroughbridge was fought on 16 March 1322 in England between a group of rebellious barons and the forces of King Edward II, near Boroughbridge, north-west of York."}, {"id": "Q3778609", "label": "Despenser War", "section": "lead", "says": "The culmination of a long period of antagonism between the King and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, his most powerful subject, it resulted in Lancaster's defeat and execution, ending the Despenser War."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward II was a weak and ineffectual king (made to look the more so by comparison with his father and son, Edward I and Edward III), and his reign was marked by military failure and internal strife."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward II was a weak and ineffectual king (made to look the more so by comparison with his father and son, Edward I and Edward III), and his reign was marked by military failure and internal strife."}, {"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "Lancaster convened one final meeting at Doncaster in November and also entered into an alliance with Robert I of Scotland to strengthen his hand against the King."}], "Q2659382": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cartagena was a naval battle fought on 3 September 1643, during the Thirty Years' War off Cabo de Gata near Cartagena, Spain."}, {"id": "Q2629600", "label": "Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1643 the French admiral Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé sailed south, to search for and destroy the Spanish fleet to extend the dominance of the French Navy in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory was short-lived for the French, however, as Spanish dominance in the region returned when the French fleet declined after the death of Cardinal Richelieu."}], "Q2661167": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas took place between Greece and Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas took place between Greece and Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The two countries fought for the town of Kilkis in Central Macedonia from 19 to 21 June 1913 O.S. with Greece ultimately being victorious"}], "Q2663104": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis, active in the Caribbean from the beginning of the war, was able to convince King Louis XIV of France to let him try a daring attack on the richest city of the region, Cartagena, in present-day Colombia."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis, active in the Caribbean from the beginning of the war, was able to convince King Louis XIV of France to let him try a daring attack on the richest city of the region, Cartagena, in present-day Colombia."}], "Q2670013": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency in Aceh, officially designated the Rebellion in Aceh (Indonesian: Pemberontakan di Aceh) by the Indonesian government, was a conflict fought by the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) between 1976 and 2005, with the goal of making the province of Aceh independent from Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q1061057", "label": "Aceh Sultanate", "section": "Possible causes of conflict", "says": "In such propaganda, the defunct Aceh Sultanate was cast as a bona fide sovereign actor on the international stage with emphasis on the sultanate's past relations with European states – diplomatic missions, treaties as well as statements of recognition of Aceh's sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q277450", "label": "Aceh War", "section": "Possible causes of conflict", "says": "In accordance to this logic, an independent Aceh (as represented by GAM) would be the successor state to the Aceh Sultanate before defeat by the Dutch following the Aceh War (1873–1913)."}], "Q2670926": [{"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "French king Charles VIII had invaded Italy in 1494 in an attempt to press his Angevin claim to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples upon the death of Ferdinand I of Naples."}, {"id": "Q436753", "label": "Alfonso II of Naples", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "Ferdinand's successor was his son Alfonso II of Naples, who soon abdicated—in fear of the looming French invasion—in favor of his son, Ferdinand II of Naples."}, {"id": "Q708932", "label": "Ferdinand II of Naples", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "Ferdinand's successor was his son Alfonso II of Naples, who soon abdicated—in fear of the looming French invasion—in favor of his son, Ferdinand II of Naples."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Antecedents", "says": "There, in temporary exile, Ferdinand joined his cousin, Ferdinand II of Aragon, King of Sicily and Spain, who offered assistance in recovering Naples."}], "Q26809259": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain, through its alliance with France and as part of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783) with Britain, played an important role in the independence of the United States."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "As the newly appointed Chief Minister of King Charles III of Spain, the Count of Floridablanca wrote in March 1777, \"the fate of the colonies interests us very much, and we shall do for them everything that circumstances permit\"."}], "Q2701353": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of what is commonly referred to as the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been ceded to the Soviet Union on 13 March 1940, in the Moscow Peace Treaty, which marked the end of the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been ceded to the Soviet Union on 13 March 1940, in the Moscow Peace Treaty, which marked the end of the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been ceded to the Soviet Union on 13 March 1940, in the Moscow Peace Treaty, which marked the end of the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q700533", "label": "Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, in the summer of 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured the southern part of the isthmus in the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive."}], "Q2702724": [{"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Magistral (Russian: Операция «Магистраль») was a Soviet Army military operation during the Soviet–Afghan War that began in late November 1987 and ended in early January 1988."}, {"id": "Q476757", "label": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan provided troops from its 8th, 11th, 12th, 14th and 25th infantry divisions and from the 15th Tank Brigade."}, {"id": "Q288264", "label": "Shahnawaz Tanai", "section": "Background", "says": "The DRA forces were commanded by Major-General Shahnawaz Tanai."}, {"id": "Q186013", "label": "Jalaluddin Haqqani", "section": "Background", "says": "The ground offensive began after weeks of failed negotiations with the Jadran tribe and Mujahideen commander Jalaluddin Haqqani, who had numerous bases in the region and hoped that Khost would eventually fall into their hands which would allow them to proclaim the first territorial stronghold in Afghanistan independent of the pro-Kremlin regime in Kabul."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The ground offensive began after weeks of failed negotiations with the Jadran tribe and Mujahideen commander Jalaluddin Haqqani, who had numerous bases in the region and hoped that Khost would eventually fall into their hands which would allow them to proclaim the first territorial stronghold in Afghanistan independent of the pro-Kremlin regime in Kabul."}], "Q2703934": [{"id": "Q7272114", "label": "Quincy Adams Gillmore", "section": "Background", "says": "A special military decoration, known as the Gillmore Medal, was later issued to all Union service members who had performed duty at Fort Sumter under the command of Major-General Quincy Adams Gillmore"}], "Q2705525": [{"id": "Q1074467", "label": "War of Chioggia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Turin of 1381 ended the War of Chioggia (1376–81), in which Venice, allied with Cyprus and Milan, had narrowly escaped capture by the forces of Genoa, Hungary, Austria, Padua and the Patriarchate of Aquileia."}, {"id": "Q836894", "label": "Patriarchate of Aquileia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peace of Turin of 1381 ended the War of Chioggia (1376–81), in which Venice, allied with Cyprus and Milan, had narrowly escaped capture by the forces of Genoa, Hungary, Austria, Padua and the Patriarchate of Aquileia."}], "Q2712138": [{"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "lead", "says": "After this defeat, according to Bede, the Irish kings in Britain would not make war against the English again, right up to Bede's own time (130 years later).\nÁedán's army included the Bernician exile Hering, son of the former Bernician king Hussa; his participation is mentioned by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (manuscript E, year 603), and may indicate dynastic rivalry among the Bernicians. Áedán's ar"}], "Q2718092": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sahagún was fought on 21 December 1808 during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the battle, Moore ordered a retreat in the face of overwhelming French forces under Napoleon."}], "Q2722368": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Béxar (or Béjar) was an early campaign of the Texas Revolution in which a volunteer Texian army defeated Mexican forces at San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio, Texas)."}, {"id": "Q1191854", "label": "Battle of Gonzales", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting skirmish, known as the Battle of Gonzales, launched the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1186940", "label": "Martín Perfecto de Cos", "section": "lead", "says": "Santa Anna had sent his brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos, to Béxar with reinforcements."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Texians were primarily immigrants from the United States who held about 5,000 slaves in a total non-native population estimated at 38,470."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Domingo Ugartechea, the military commander at San Antonio de Béxar sent a force of 100 soldiers under Francisco de Castañeda to reclaim a small cannon that had been given to the citizens of Gonzales."}, {"id": "Q2574486", "label": "Battle of Goliad", "section": "Background", "says": "Encouraged, a small group of Texians then went to Goliad, where, at the Battle of Goliad, they succeeded in driving off the small Mexican force garrisoned at Presidio La Bahia."}], "Q2723005": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grass Fight was a small battle during the Texas Revolution, fought between the Mexican Army and the Texian Army."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Bored with the inactivity, many of the Texian soldiers returned home; a smaller number of adventurers from the United States arrived to replace them."}, {"id": "Q1186940", "label": "Martín Perfecto de Cos", "section": "lead", "says": "On seeing the battle commence, Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos sent reinforcements from Bexar."}, {"id": "Q1191854", "label": "Battle of Gonzales", "section": "Background", "says": "On October 2, 1835, Texas colonists attacked a Mexican force at the Battle of Gonzales, formally launching the Texas Revolution."}], "Q2732287": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Porto Praya was fought on 16 April 1781 during the American Revolutionary War between a Royal Navy fleet under Commodore George Johnstone and a French Navy squadron under Pierre André de Suffren."}, {"id": "Q982584", "label": "Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Porto Praya was fought on 16 April 1781 during the American Revolutionary War between a Royal Navy fleet under Commodore George Johnstone and a French Navy squadron under Pierre André de Suffren."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Both the British and French were en route to the Dutch Cape Colony, the former to capture it and the latter to help defend it before proceeding to France's colonies in the Indian Ocean."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "The British had anchored at Porto Praya in neutral Portuguese-held Cape Verde to take on water, when the French squadron arrived and violated Portuguese neutrality by attacking them at anchor."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The French gained a strategic victory, because Suffren beat Johnstone to the Cape Colony and reinforced its garrison before continuing on his journey to the French colony of Isle de France."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "France had entered the American Revolutionary War in 1778, and Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in late 1780, when the Dutch refused to stop trading with the French and the Americans."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "One of Suffren's ships, Artésien, had originally been destined for America, and was in need of water, so the French squadron paused when it approached Santiago on 16 April, and Suffren ordered Artésien to reconnoitre the harbour."}], "Q2748243": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazan rebellion or Tatar Rebellion (1552–1556) was an uprising against Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The khan of the Nogai Horde, Ğäli Äkräm, was invited to head the renewed khanate because Mameshbirde, leader of the rebellion, was not a descendant of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q381373", "label": "Andrey Kurbsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian troops under Andrey Kurbsky and Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky opposed the \"rebels\"."}, {"id": "Q1949299", "label": "Russo-Kazan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Russo-Kazan Wars."}], "Q2750233": [{"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Montségur (May 1243 – 16 March 1244) was a siege that took place during the Albigensian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted the royal forces of Louis IX of France and those of the bishops of Albi and Narbonne against the forces of Pierre Roger de Mirepoix, who protected a community of Cathars in Montségur."}], "Q2756517": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of what is commonly referred to as the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been ceded to the Soviet Union on 13 March 1940, in the Moscow Peace Treaty, which marked the end of the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been ceded to the Soviet Union on 13 March 1940, in the Moscow Peace Treaty, which marked the end of the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been ceded to the Soviet Union on 13 March 1940, in the Moscow Peace Treaty, which marked the end of the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q700533", "label": "Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, in the summer of 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured the eastern part of Ladoga Karelia in the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive."}], "Q2757656": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gamonal (also known, in Spanish, as the Battle of Burgos) was fought on 10 November 1808, during the Peninsular War in the village of Gamonal near Burgos, Spain."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon, staying for four days at Vitoria on his way down to Madrid, had been waiting, among other things, for the news that Bessières had occupied Burgos."}], "Q2761397": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Arius was an engagement that was fought in 208 BC between the Seleucid Empire and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Arius was an engagement that was fought in 208 BC between the Seleucid Empire and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucids were led by Antiochus III the Great, who launched an invasion of Bactria to recover his ancestor's past dominions."}], "Q276656": [{"id": "Q152855", "label": "Kingdom of Tungning", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Penghu (Chinese: 澎湖海戰) was a naval battle fought in 1683 between the Qing dynasty and the Kingdom of Tungning."}, {"id": "Q701449", "label": "Shi Lang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing admiral Shi Lang led a fleet to attack the Tungning forces in Penghu."}, {"id": "Q84015", "label": "Zheng Keshuang", "section": "lead", "says": "The loss of Penghu resulted in the surrender of Zheng Keshuang, the last king of Tungning, to the Qing dynasty."}], "Q278426": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2008 Nord-Kivu campaign was an armed conflict in the eastern Nord-Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q152809", "label": "Laurent Nkunda", "section": "lead", "says": "The upsurge of violence in the Kivu conflict saw heavy battles between the Democratic Republic of Congo's army, supported by the United Nations, and Tutsi militia under General Laurent Nkunda."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The continuous state of conflict affecting DR Congo since 1997 has been referred to as the deadliest since World War II, with aid agencies estimating a death rate of 1,200 to 1,400 civilians a day."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "Background", "says": "The aim of Nkunda's troops was to protect the Tutsi minority, which were believed to lack adequate protection against further genocidal attacks by the Hutus, who were, in turn, believed by Nkunda to have benefited from government support during the Second Congo War."}], "Q27894014": [{"id": "Q1584030", "label": "Operation Dawn", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016), code named Operation Dawn of Victory by government forces, was a successful military offensive launched by the Syrian Armed Forces and allied groups against rebel-held districts in Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was described as a potential turning point in the Syrian Civil War."}], "Q279078": [{"id": "Q436817", "label": "Roger de Flor", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1303, the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus hired 6,500 Catalan mercenaries under Roger de Flor to campaign against the Turks in the spring and summer of the same year."}, {"id": "Q717112", "label": "Beylik of Aydın", "section": "lead", "says": "At Philadelphia, 18,000 Turkish soldiers (possibly those of Aydinids) were left dead, the work of the Catalans."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "When their leader Roger de Flor was assassinated in Gallipoli on 3 April 1305 by Michael IX Palaeologus followed by a massacre of 1,300 Catalans, the mercenaries began a two-year pillage in revenge and crossed over to Thrace and Macedonia under the command of their new leader, Berenguer d'Entença, where further raiding occurred."}, {"id": "Q131463", "label": "Clement V", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of this brutality, the Company was excommunicated by Pope Clement V."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually the Catalan mercenaries claimed the Duchy of Athens for themselves in 1311 and would remain there until 1379, leaving behind a devastated Byzantium."}], "Q280345": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mobei (simplified Chinese: 漠北之战; traditional Chinese: 漠北之戰; pinyin: Mòběi zhī Zhàn) was a military campaign fought mainly in modern-day Mongolia, in the extreme cold and barren lands of the Gobi Desert."}, {"id": "Q701330", "label": "Wei Qing", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was a success for the Han, whose forces led by Wei Qing and Huo Qubing reached as far north as Lake Baikal."}, {"id": "Q380583", "label": "Huo Qubing", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was a success for the Han, whose forces led by Wei Qing and Huo Qubing reached as far north as Lake Baikal."}, {"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Qin dynasty, the first emperor Qin Shi Huang conscripted thousands of civilian labourers to perfect the Great Wall in order to reinforce military campaigns along the northern border."}, {"id": "Q714415", "label": "Li Mu", "section": "Background", "says": "The Xiongnu were initially a group of steppe tribes kept in check by the Zhao State General Li Mu and then by the Qin dynasty's military offensives under General Meng Tian."}, {"id": "Q1151702", "label": "Meng Tian", "section": "Background", "says": "The Xiongnu were initially a group of steppe tribes kept in check by the Zhao State General Li Mu and then by the Qin dynasty's military offensives under General Meng Tian."}, {"id": "Q1151705", "label": "Chu–Han Contention", "section": "Background", "says": "With the collapse of the Qin dynasty and the Chu–Han Contention, the Xiongnu gained the opportunity to become unified under Modu Chanyu and quickly expanded into a powerful tribal confederacy that ruled over a vast territory across Central and East Asia."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "Background", "says": "With the collapse of the Qin dynasty and the Chu–Han Contention, the Xiongnu gained the opportunity to become unified under Modu Chanyu and quickly expanded into a powerful tribal confederacy that ruled over a vast territory across Central and East Asia."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "Background", "says": "During his reign, Emperor Wu of Han decided that the nation was finally strong enough to solve the Xiongnu problem."}], "Q28162775": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Fewer than 10,000 men set off from Egypt, but, with some local assistance, they were able to penetrate 1,500 km up the Nile River to the frontiers of Ethiopia, giving Egypt an empire as large as Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The invading army, sent by Muhammad Ali Pasha, consisted of approximately 4,000 troops in 1820, many of them Albanian soldiers who formed the core of his early military forces supported by Ottoman officers, artillery, and Bedouin auxiliaries."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Ali, the Khedive of Egypt, wanted a large and steady supply of slaves to train into a modern army to deploy in other parts of his empire to further his grand territorial ambitions."}, {"id": "Q1475713", "label": "Sennar Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1812 Muhammad Ali had sent an embassy to the Funj Sultanate of Sennar asking them to clear the Mamluks out of Dongola, but neither the Funj rulers nor the Hamaj Regency had the military resources to do so."}], "Q28162776": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Keramaia was a major Byzantine naval victory over the Egyptian fleet of the Umayyad Caliphate at Cyprus in 746."}], "Q283984": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "At Sofia, the Bulgarian heir to the throne died, but his self-sacrifice in the name of his compatriots was not entirely in vain - it took the Ottomans almost twenty years to decide again on a risky campaign against Bulgaria."}], "Q285143": [{"id": "Q314331", "label": "Charles II of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tarascon was an accord between Pope Nicholas IV, Philip IV of France, Charles II of Naples, and Alfonso III of Aragón that was intended to end the Aragonese Crusade, an episode in the War of the Sicilian Vespers."}, {"id": "Q625133", "label": "Aragonese Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tarascon was an accord between Pope Nicholas IV, Philip IV of France, Charles II of Naples, and Alfonso III of Aragón that was intended to end the Aragonese Crusade, an episode in the War of the Sicilian Vespers."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tarascon was an accord between Pope Nicholas IV, Philip IV of France, Charles II of Naples, and Alfonso III of Aragón that was intended to end the Aragonese Crusade, an episode in the War of the Sicilian Vespers."}, {"id": "Q270438", "label": "Charles of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at Tarascon, halfway between papal Avignon and Arles, on 19 February 1291, six years after Philip's brother, Charles of Valois, tried to conquer Aragón from Alfonso's father, Peter III of Aragon, in an event called the Aragonese Crusade because it was sanctioned by Nicholas' predecessor, Pope Martin IV."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at Tarascon, halfway between papal Avignon and Arles, on 19 February 1291, six years after Philip's brother, Charles of Valois, tried to conquer Aragón from Alfonso's father, Peter III of Aragon, in an event called the Aragonese Crusade because it was sanctioned by Nicholas' predecessor, Pope Martin IV."}, {"id": "Q227719", "label": "Martin IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at Tarascon, halfway between papal Avignon and Arles, on 19 February 1291, six years after Philip's brother, Charles of Valois, tried to conquer Aragón from Alfonso's father, Peter III of Aragon, in an event called the Aragonese Crusade because it was sanctioned by Nicholas' predecessor, Pope Martin IV."}, {"id": "Q528401", "label": "James II of Majorca", "section": "lead", "says": "The pope, for his part, annulled the investiture of Charles of Valois as king of Aragón and recognised the rights of James II of Majorca."}, {"id": "Q1456414", "label": "Treaty of Anagni", "section": "lead", "says": "It was superseded by the Treaty of Anagni of 1295, brokered by a stronger pope than Nicholas, Boniface VIII, which ended the struggle on terms that left the Aragonese masters of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q134646", "label": "Boniface VIII", "section": "lead", "says": "It was superseded by the Treaty of Anagni of 1295, brokered by a stronger pope than Nicholas, Boniface VIII, which ended the struggle on terms that left the Aragonese masters of Sicily."}], "Q2862273": [{"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Fearing that the war would end before Italy had achieved any of its aims, Prime Minister Benito Mussolini ordered a full-scale invasion across the Alps to begin on 21 June."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "Armistice commissions were also established for French North Africa and French Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q691565", "label": "Case Anton", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice remained in force until November 1942, when during Case Anton the Italians occupied most of southeastern France and Corsica and invaded Tunisia."}], "Q28726448": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Balta Liman of 1 May 1849 was an agreement between the Russian Empire and the Ottomans regulating the political situation of the two Danubian Principalities (the basis of present-day Romania), signed during the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848."}, {"id": "Q1363670", "label": "Grigore Alexandru Ghica", "section": "lead", "says": "The document led to the appointment of Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei as hospodar of Wallachia and Grigore Alexandru Ghica as hospodar of Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention was rendered void by the Crimean War (during which the Principalities fell under Austrian occupation), and the statutory system itself was annulled by the 1856 Treaty of Paris."}], "Q28792426": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamwina Nsapu rebellion, also spelled Kamuina Nsapu rebellion, was an uprising that took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2016 and 2019."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2011, Jean-Pierre Mpandi was designated to succeed his uncle and become the sixth head or Kamwina Nsapu (black ant) of his Bajila Kasanja clan, part of the wider Lulua ethnic group, after his return from South Africa where he had been convicted in a diamond-trafficking case."}], "Q2883956": [{"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest Israeli military operation since the 1956 Suez Crisis and is considered to have been a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Six-Day War in 1967."}, {"id": "Q146906", "label": "Hussein I of Jordan", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1963, King Hussein of Jordan had been meeting clandestinely with Israeli Foreign Minister, Golda Meir, and Prime Minister's deputy, Abba Eban, concerning peace and mutually secure borders."}, {"id": "Q42992", "label": "Golda Meir", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1963, King Hussein of Jordan had been meeting clandestinely with Israeli Foreign Minister, Golda Meir, and Prime Minister's deputy, Abba Eban, concerning peace and mutually secure borders."}, {"id": "Q305776", "label": "Abba Eban", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1963, King Hussein of Jordan had been meeting clandestinely with Israeli Foreign Minister, Golda Meir, and Prime Minister's deputy, Abba Eban, concerning peace and mutually secure borders."}, {"id": "Q191123", "label": "Levi Eshkol", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 November, King Hussein sent a letter of condolence to Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol, via the U.S. embassy in Amman."}], "Q288601": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Frankton was a commando raid on ships in the German occupied French port of Bordeaux in southwest France during World War II."}], "Q2887798": [{"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "lead", "says": "Leading Israeli forces was Major General Ariel Sharon, later a prominent politician and prime minister of Israel."}], "Q2887840": [{"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle consisted of attacks and counter-attacks by Italian forces under Marshal of Italy Pietro Badoglio and Ethiopian forces under Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was impatient for an Italian offensive to get underway."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ras Imru Haile Selassie with approximately 40,000 men was on the Ethiopian left in the area around Seleh Leha in Shire Province."}, {"id": "Q2713036", "label": "First Battle of Tembien", "section": "Background", "says": "From 20 to 24 January, the First Battle of Tembien was fought."}], "Q2887916": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aughrim (Irish: Cath Eachroma) was the decisive battle of the Williamite War in Ireland."}, {"id": "Q4274522", "label": "Tyrconnell", "section": "Background", "says": "The core of the Jacobite force was formed around James's old Irish Army, which had been reorganised by Tyrconnell from 1686 onwards by dismissing the majority of Protestant officers and men."}, {"id": "Q336813", "label": "Patrick Sarsfield", "section": "Background", "says": "According to one participant's account Patrick Sarsfield had quarrelled with Saint-Ruhe and was poste"}], "Q2887981": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iconium was an unsuccessful attempt by the Seljuk Empire to capture the Byzantine city of Iconium, during Alp Arslan's raids into Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q41834", "label": "Romanos IV Diogenes", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes was busy campaigning in Hierapolis against the Mirdasids (who were allies of the Seljuks), the Turkoman commander Afshin, who had previously sacked the cities of Caesarea and Amorium, attempted to attack Iconium."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "There, the general Manuel Komnenos, counter-attacked him and defeated him in battle in late 1069."}, {"id": "Q737957", "label": "Philaretos Brachamios", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Afshin returned a few months later and defeated the commander Philaretos Brachamios near Melitene, after which he sacked Iconium."}], "Q2887997": [{"id": "Q2015719", "label": "Campaign of Gipuzkoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Irún was the critical battle of the Campaign of Gipuzkoa prior to the War in the North, during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q966525", "label": "North Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Irún was the critical battle of the Campaign of Gipuzkoa prior to the War in the North, during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Irún was the critical battle of the Campaign of Gipuzkoa prior to the War in the North, during the Spanish Civil War."}], "Q2888101": [{"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ballon took place on 22 November 845 between the forces of Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, and Nominoë, Duke of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ballon took place on 22 November 845 between the forces of Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, and Nominoë, Duke of Brittany."}], "Q2888155": [{"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the last open battles between the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the last open battles between the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarians were victorious and the Byzantine Emperor Basil II had to retreat from the Bulgarian capital Ohrid, whose outer walls were by that time already breached by the Bulgarians."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Bulgarian victory only postponed the fall of Bulgaria to Byzantine rule in 1018."}, {"id": "Q137632", "label": "Gavril Radomir", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the autumn of 1014 Basil II penetrated deep into Bulgarian territory and burned the palaces of Samuil's successor Gavril Radomir in the vicinity of Bitola."}], "Q2888467": [{"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dubienka occurred during the Polish–Russian War of 1792 (War of the Second Partition of Poland) where on July 18, 1792, the Polish army under the command of General Tadeusz Kościuszko defended the Bug River crossing against the Russian army under General Mikhail Kakhovsky."}, {"id": "Q154382", "label": "Józef Poniatowski", "section": "Background", "says": "Kościuszko had been tasked by the Polish commander-in-chief, Prince Józef Poniatowski, with stopping a much larger Russian army attempting to cross the river near the village of Dubienka."}], "Q2888548": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Frontenac took place on August 26–28, 1758 during the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States) between France and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Frontenac took place on August 26–28, 1758 during the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States) between France and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Frontenac took place on August 26–28, 1758 during the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States) between France and Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q570947", "label": "James Abercrombie", "section": "Background", "says": "The third campaign, an expedition involving 16,000 men under the command of General James Abercrombie, was disastrously defeated on July 8, 1758, by a much smaller French force when it attempted the capture of Fort Carillon (known today as Fort Ticonderoga)."}], "Q2888951": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kizil-tepe (Turkish: Kızıltepe Muharebesi) was fought on August 25, 1877, between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kizil-tepe (Turkish: Kızıltepe Muharebesi) was fought on August 25, 1877, between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2888986": [{"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kunfuda Bay was a naval battle of the Italo-Turkish War between small squadrons of the Italian and Ottoman navies."}, {"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War in September 1911, the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) concentrated a squadron of cruisers, destroyers, and light craft in the Red Sea to protect Italian Eritrea from a perceived threat of invasion by Ottoman forces in the Arabian peninsula."}], "Q2889107": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landskrona was a battle in the Scanian War, fought between Denmark and Sweden."}], "Q2889168": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lopera took place between 27 and 29 December 1936 during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic then sent the recently formed XIV International Brigade to the Andújar front, in order to retake the town of Lopera occupied by the Nationalists on 24 December."}], "Q2889289": [{"id": "Q2438029", "label": "Antonio Ricardos y Carrillo de Albornoz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mas Deu or Battle of Mas d'Eu on 19 May 1793 saw the French Revolutionary Army of the Eastern Pyrenees under Louis-Charles de Flers fighting Bourbon Spain's army of Catalonia led by Antonio Ricardos."}, {"id": "Q63652", "label": "Siege of Bellegarde", "section": "lead", "says": "For the next month, Ricardos was preoccupied by the Siege of Bellegarde."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "The action was fought during the War of the Pyrenees, part of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action was fought during the War of the Pyrenees, part of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Desiring to appropriate the order's riches, Philip IV of France, the Capetian king, demanded the arrest of all Templars in France in 1307."}, {"id": "Q131463", "label": "Clement V", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip soon bent Pope Clement V to his purposes and the Templar Order was suppressed outside France as well."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "In World War II, the German occupiers used the chateau as an ammunition dump."}], "Q2889395": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montjuïc took place between 13 and 17 September 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish and Neapolitan defenders were commanded by Francisco de Velasco\nLate on the night of 13 September, the Austrian force from the Grand Alliance under the command of George of Hesse-Darmstadt, also known as Prince George Louis of Hessen-Darmstadt and George Darmstadt approached the fortress."}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish and Neapolitan defenders were commanded by Francisco de Velasco\nLate on the night of 13 September, the Austrian force from the Grand Alliance under the command of George of Hesse-Darmstadt, also known as Prince George Louis of Hessen-Darmstadt and George Darmstadt approached the fortress."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Lord Petersborough brought up the main body of attackers, rallied the men who had retreated and they took the outer defences of the castle, held by the Spanish and Neapolitans who supporting the claim of the French Bourbon Prince, later Philip V of Spain, to the Spanish Crown."}], "Q2889912": [{"id": "Q315490", "label": "John Hawkins", "section": "lead", "says": "The English flotilla of six armed merchant ships under John Hawkins had been trading along the Spanish Main with the cooperation of local Spanish officials."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the central Spanish authorities considered this to be illegal smuggling that violated the Treaty of Tordesillas (which England did not recognise)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "After the beginning of the Age of Discovery and the European exploration of the New World, the two major naval powers of the time, Spain and Portugal, agreed to split the new territories between them."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1494, the two nations' monarchs and Pope Alexander VI signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing the New World into Spanish and Portuguese zones."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "John Hawkins, an English adventurer to the New World, engaged in trading voyages to Spanish colonies in the Americas in 1562–63 and in 1564–65, with tacit approval from the English Crown."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Hawkins' third expedition to the region consisted of five ships: the Royal carracks Jesus of Lübeck (leased from Queen Elizabeth I) captained by Hawkins himself, the Minion under John Hampton, and three barques, the Judith under Hawkins' cousin Francis Drake, Angel, and Swallow."}], "Q2889928": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Marcial took place on 31 August 1813 near Irún, close to the Franco-Spanish border, as part of the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q3326755", "label": "Manuel Alberto Freire de Andrade y Armijo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Army of Galicia under Manuel Freire de Andrade repulsed a French attack led by Jean-de-Dieu Soult."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Army of Galicia under Manuel Freire de Andrade repulsed a French attack led by Jean-de-Dieu Soult."}, {"id": "Q3261841", "label": "Louis Emmanuel Rey", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the French garrison led by Louis Emmanuel Rey defended the town with determination, with the British losing 600 men killed in a 26 July attack."}], "Q2889989": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on June 26, 1777, at Scotch Plains and Edison, New Jersey, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1776 the British forces of Lieutenant General William Howe withdrew from Boston after Major General George Washington fortified high ground threatening the city and its harbor."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware River and defeated Hessian forces at the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776, and eventually regained control of most of New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q653664", "label": "Battle of Trenton", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware River and defeated Hessian forces at the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776, and eventually regained control of most of New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q4019918", "label": "William Alexander", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After refusing to fall for Howe's trap, Washington followed the retreating British, brought his army down from Middlebrook to Quibbletown, and sent a strong forward detachment under Brigadier General William Alexander also known as \"Lord Stirling,\" to the Scotch Plains area north of New Brunswick, to cover his left flank and to harass the British."}], "Q2890177": [{"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "With Byzantine Emperor Basil II away on campaign in Anatolia, General Samuil of Bulgaria launched raids into the territories around Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "With Byzantine Emperor Basil II away on campaign in Anatolia, General Samuil of Bulgaria launched raids into the territories around Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q3118581", "label": "Nikephoros Ouranos", "section": "lead", "says": "Basil sent an army under his general Nikephoros Ouranos, who defeated Samuil in 997 at the Battle of Spercheios."}, {"id": "Q2712928", "label": "Battle of Spercheios", "section": "lead", "says": "Basil sent an army under his general Nikephoros Ouranos, who defeated Samuil in 997 at the Battle of Spercheios."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "The Byzantine-Bulgarian conflict was a growing tension between the Byzantine Empire trying to hold its Balkan territories against the Bulgarians who sought an independent state in these lands."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Tensions escalated after Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes conquered the Bulgarian capital of Preslav in 971."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "Upon ascending the Byzantine throne at age eighteen in 976, Basil II's reign was troubled by the expansion of the Bulgarians on the Balkan Peninsula and Fatimid Caliphate in the east, as well as by civil wars weakening his rule."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "By then, Byzantine holdings in the Balkans had been reduced to Thrace, the High Thracian Plain, Thessalonica, and the Greek lands south of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q4872981", "label": "Battle of the Orontes", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "In 994, the general Manjutakin of the Fatimid Caliph al-Aziz resumed offensive actions in Syria, and in September of the same year, defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of the Orontes, forcing Basil to intervene personally in the eastern frontiers."}], "Q2890600": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hudson's Bay, also known as the Battle of York Factory, was a naval battle fought during the War of the Grand Alliance (known in England's North American colonies as \"King William's War\")."}], "Q2890640": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of the Abrolhos took place on 12 September 1631 off the coast of Pernambuco, Brazil, during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "On his way back to Portugal, he was to convoy ships loaded with sugar."}], "Q2890719": [{"id": "Q2421268", "label": "First Taiwan Strait Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yijiangshan Islands occurred during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis in January 1955 when the People's Republic of China (PRC) attacked and captured the islands from the Republic of China (ROC)."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Chinese Civil War, the ROC staged attacks on the local PRC coast from the Dachen Islands."}], "Q2890781": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hamel was an attack by Australian Army and US Army infantry, supported by Tank Corps tanks, against German positions in and around the town of Le Hamel, in northern France, during World War I."}, {"id": "Q2731333", "label": "John Monash", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was planned and led by Lieutenant General John Monash, commander of the Australian Corps, and took place on 4 July 1918."}, {"id": "Q62476", "label": "Georg von der Marwitz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The German forces around Hamel consisted of the 13th Division and the 43rd Reserve Division of the 2nd Army (General Georg von der Marwitz)."}], "Q2890859": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle at The Lizard (French: Combat du Cap Lézard) took place on 21 October 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession near Lizard Point, Cornwall between two French squadrons under René Duguay-Trouin and Claude de Forbin and a British convoy protected by a squadron under Commodore Richard Edwards."}, {"id": "Q552766", "label": "René Duguay-Trouin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle at The Lizard (French: Combat du Cap Lézard) took place on 21 October 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession near Lizard Point, Cornwall between two French squadrons under René Duguay-Trouin and Claude de Forbin and a British convoy protected by a squadron under Commodore Richard Edwards."}, {"id": "Q662290", "label": "Claude de Forbin Gardane", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle at The Lizard (French: Combat du Cap Lézard) took place on 21 October 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession near Lizard Point, Cornwall between two French squadrons under René Duguay-Trouin and Claude de Forbin and a British convoy protected by a squadron under Commodore Richard Edwards."}], "Q2890866": [{"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "lead", "says": "Destouches, based in Newport, Rhode Island, had sailed for the Chesapeake as part of a joint operation with the Continental Army to oppose the British army of Brigadier General Benedict Arnold that was active in Virginia."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "Destouches was asked by General George Washington to take his fleet to the Chesapeake to support military operations against Arnold by the Marquis de Lafayette."}, {"id": "Q186652", "label": "Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette", "section": "lead", "says": "Destouches was asked by General George Washington to take his fleet to the Chesapeake to support military operations against Arnold by the Marquis de Lafayette."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1780, British General Sir Henry Clinton sent Brigadier General Benedict Arnold (who had changed sides to the British the previous September) with about 1,700 troops to Virginia to do some raiding and to fortify Portsmouth."}], "Q2890901": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nam River was an engagement between the United Nations Command (UN) and North Korean forces early in the Korean War from August 31 to September 19, 1950, in the vicinity of the Nam River and the Naktong River in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nam River was an engagement between the United Nations Command (UN) and North Korean forces early in the Korean War from August 31 to September 19, 1950, in the vicinity of the Nam River and the Naktong River in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q482979", "label": "Battle of Pusan Perimeter", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Informed by intelligence from the Soviet Union, the North Koreans were aware of the UN forces building up along the Pusan Perimeter and that they must conduct an offensive soon or they could not win the battle."}], "Q289102": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Korea Strait (Korean: 대한해협 해전; Hanja: 大韓海峽海戰; RR: daehanhaehyeop haejeon; MR: taehanhaehyŏp haejŏn) was a single ship action fought on the first day of the Korean War on 25–26 June 1950, between the navies of South Korea and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Korea Strait (Korean: 대한해협 해전; Hanja: 大韓海峽海戰; RR: daehanhaehyeop haejeon; MR: taehanhaehyŏp haejŏn) was a single ship action fought on the first day of the Korean War on 25–26 June 1950, between the navies of South Korea and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Korea Strait (Korean: 대한해협 해전; Hanja: 大韓海峽海戰; RR: daehanhaehyeop haejeon; MR: taehanhaehyŏp haejŏn) was a single ship action fought on the first day of the Korean War on 25–26 June 1950, between the navies of South Korea and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The South Korean warship involved in the battle, the submarine chaser ROKS Baekdusan, was originally in service with the United States Navy during World War II as PC-823."}], "Q28949606": [{"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Algerian War (Danish: Krigen mellem Danmark-Norge og Algier, Arabic: قصف الجزائر) was a conflict lasting from 1769 to 1772 between Denmark–Norway and the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Algerian War (Danish: Krigen mellem Danmark-Norge og Algier, Arabic: قصف الجزائر) was a conflict lasting from 1769 to 1772 between Denmark–Norway and the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter of which was functionally and mostly independent from the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2897036": [{"id": "Q49105", "label": "First Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1990 Temple Mount killings,  or the Al Aqsa Massacre, also known as Black Monday, took place in the Al-Aqsa compound on the Temple Mount, Jerusalem at 10:30 am on Monday, October 8, 1990, before Zuhr prayer during the third year of the First Intifada."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a decision by the Temple Mount Faithful to lay the cornerstone for the Temple, mass riots erupted, In the ensuing clashes, 17 Palestinians died, more than 150 Palestinians were wounded by Israeli security forces, and more than 20 Israeli civilians and police were wounded by Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q1259", "label": "Javier Pérez de Cuéllar", "section": "lead", "says": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 672, which was rejected by Israel, \"condemned especially the acts of violence committed by the Israeli security forces\" and United Nations Security Council Resolution 673 urged that Israel reconsider its refusal to allow United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar to carry out an investigation."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "It is believed by Muslims to be the place where prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven."}], "Q2901847": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "In the history of Japan, the 1582 siege of Takatō (高遠城の戦い) was one of the final battles of the Takeda clan against the forces of Oda Nobunaga."}, {"id": "Q662482", "label": "Takeda Katsuyori", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On February 2, Takeda Katsuyori and his generals left their capital near Kofu in Kai and entered Shinano with some 15.000 men."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In response, on February 3, Oda Nobunaga decided to invade Takeda domain from all sides: Tokugawa Ieyasu was to invade Suruga province, Hojo Ujimasa was to attack from Kanto, and Oda Nobutada from Mino."}, {"id": "Q2446917", "label": "Oda Nobutada", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In response, on February 3, Oda Nobunaga decided to invade Takeda domain from all sides: Tokugawa Ieyasu was to invade Suruga province, Hojo Ujimasa was to attack from Kanto, and Oda Nobutada from Mino."}], "Q29075428": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The First siege of Arsuf, originally Apollonia, took place in 1099, just after the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was carried out by Godfrey of Bouillon after the city failed to pay a previously agreed tribute."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Siege of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1099, its ruler Godfrey of Bouillon reached an agreement with the citizens of Arsuf after it was known that he intended to stay in Jerusalem and reconciled with Raymond of Toulouse."}], "Q2907870": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Valley of Tears (Hebrew: עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא, Emek HaBakha) is the name given to an area in the Golan Heights after it became the site of a major battle in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War, known as the Valley (or Vale) of Tears Battle, which was fought from 6 October to 9 October."}], "Q2909804": [{"id": "Q374803", "label": "Benny Morris", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli historian Benny Morris states that, between 1949 and 1956, between 200 and 250 Israelis were killed by infiltrators and a similar number of Israeli soldiers were killed in action."}], "Q2914382": [{"id": "Q559541", "label": "Salvatore Giuliano", "section": "lead", "says": "Those held responsible were the bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano and his gang, although their motives and intentions are still a matter of controversy."}], "Q293479": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The original bridge was built over the Lakhish River (Wadi Sukrir/Wadi Fakhira) during the Roman period, and re-built by the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "After numerous armed raids in the area during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, the British authorities set up a series of pillboxes in the area, one of them next to the bridges."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "Gamal Abdel Nasser wrote in his memoirs that already by May 25, the Egyptian forces were spread so thin that they had no mobile reserves to assault a Jewish force, and considered it strange"}, {"id": "Q305775", "label": "Abba Kovner", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This was a significant blow to the troops' morale, especially because before the operation, Abba Kovner, the culture officer of Givati, made a speech claiming that the attack would be an historic moment when the IDF would annihilate the Egyptian forces."}], "Q2943187": [{"id": "Q5362837", "label": "Emirate of Jabal Shammar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Riyadh or the Reconquest of Riyadh, was fought on 13 January 1902 in Riyadh, then part of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a conflict between the Rashidi dynasty and the House of Saud, and ended with Ibn Saud successfully capturing the walled city."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a conflict between the Rashidi dynasty and the House of Saud, and ended with Ibn Saud successfully capturing the walled city."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is widely regarded as the starting point of the Saudi unification campaigns, a series of military and political efforts that ultimately led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932."}, {"id": "Q654722", "label": "Battle of Mulayda", "section": "Background", "says": "The state was defeated at the Battle of Mulayda on 21 January 1891 by the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, which had previously been a vassal state of the Second Saudi State."}, {"id": "Q146862", "label": "Second Saudi State", "section": "Background", "says": "The state was defeated at the Battle of Mulayda on 21 January 1891 by the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, which had previously been a vassal state of the Second Saudi State."}, {"id": "Q2011891", "label": "Third Saudi State", "section": "Background", "says": "From exile, he later began efforts to restore Saudi rule in central Arabia, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Third Saudi State."}], "Q2945772": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Keddie murders are an unsolved quadruple homicide that occurred over the night of April 11–12, 1981, in Keddie, California, United States."}], "Q29730": [{"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Antwerp took place after fighting in the Belgian Revolution ended."}, {"id": "Q12971", "label": "Leopold I of Belgium", "section": "lead", "says": "Leopold I of Belgium gave France several cannons of different calibres as thanks for this action and the French Chamber of Peers offered Gérard an épée d'honneur (\"sword of honour\")."}, {"id": "Q1657839", "label": "Ten Days' Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Dutch withdrew from Belgium after the campaign called the Ten Days' Campaign, they left a garrison in the citadel of Antwerp, which resulted in a second operation of the Armée du Nord of Marshal Gérard, who returned with his army to Belgium November 15, 1832, when he laid siege to Antwerp."}], "Q2983294": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed between Nicaragua and the United States on August 5, 1914."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed between Nicaragua and the United States on August 5, 1914."}], "Q2984671": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Almizra (or Treaty of Almiçra) was the third of a series of three treaties between the Crown of Aragon and Crown of Castile meant to determine the limits of their expansion into Al-Andalus so as to prevent squabbling between the Christian princes."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Almizra (or Treaty of Almiçra) was the third of a series of three treaties between the Crown of Aragon and Crown of Castile meant to determine the limits of their expansion into Al-Andalus so as to prevent squabbling between the Christian princes."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "Specifically, it defined the borders of the Kingdom of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "James I of Aragon signed it on 26 March 1244, but Alfonso X of Castile did not affirm it until much later."}, {"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "James I of Aragon signed it on 26 March 1244, but Alfonso X of Castile did not affirm it until much later."}, {"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1296, during a break in the war between the two crowns, James II of Aragon conquered the Kingdom of Murcia."}, {"id": "Q1164500", "label": "Kingdom of Murcia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1296, during a break in the war between the two crowns, James II of Aragon conquered the Kingdom of Murcia."}], "Q2996877": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1507-1508) also known as the Third Lithuanian-Muscovite War was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania supported by the Kingdom of Poland against the Principality of Moscow."}], "Q3024756": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, in the early stages of the war sometimes known as the War of Jenkins' Ear."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, in the early stages of the war sometimes known as the War of Jenkins' Ear."}, {"id": "Q713145", "label": "Edward Vernon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the failure of an earlier British naval blockade to prevent a fully laden treasure fleet sailing to Spain from Porto Bello in 1727, an action in which he had taken part, then-Vice Admiral Edward Vernon repeatedly claimed he could capture it with just six ships."}], "Q303059": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Those killed were members of the Tirailleurs Sénégalais, and were veterans of the 1940 Battle of France who had been recently liberated from prison camps in Europe."}, {"id": "Q1408764", "label": "Circassia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 November, a group of 1,635 former prisoners of war embarked in Morlaix on the British ship Circassia."}], "Q3031484": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korićani Cliffs massacre was the mass murder of more than 200 Bosniak and Bosnian Croat men on 21 August 1992, during the Bosnian War, at the Korićani Cliffs on Mount Vlašić in central Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korićani Cliffs massacre was the mass murder of more than 200 Bosniak and Bosnian Croat men on 21 August 1992, during the Bosnian War, at the Korićani Cliffs on Mount Vlašić in central Bosnia and Herzegovina."}], "Q3045026": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marquain was a conflict between Austria and the Kingdom of France during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marquain was a conflict between Austria and the Kingdom of France during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1792, as the French Revolution was gradually radicalising, and conservative royalist Armées des Émigrés were forming just across the borders in cities such as Koblenz – readying to invade and reverse the Revolution, tensions rose between France and other European states about the future status of the Bourbon monarchy."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "Background", "says": "The Girondin majority in the Legislative Assembly favoured war, especially with Austria, in order to display the Revolution's strength and defend its achievements (such as the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 and the early beginnings of parliamentary democracy) against a possible return to an absolutist Ancien Régime."}, {"id": "Q378572", "label": "Charles François Dumouriez", "section": "Background", "says": "Major-general Charles François Dumouriez was appointed to Minister of Foreign Affairs in March 1792, and by mid-April had managed to obtain the neutrality of all European great powers except Austria and Prussia through cunning diplomacy."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, he organised plans to incite local insurrection in the Austrian Netherlands by cooperating with the Committee of United Belgians and Liégois, who represented remnants of the rebel armies formed during the recently failed anti-Austrian Brabant Revolution and Liège Revolution (August 1789 – January 1791)."}, {"id": "Q896479", "label": "Brabant Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, he organised plans to incite local insurrection in the Austrian Netherlands by cooperating with the Committee of United Belgians and Liégois, who represented remnants of the rebel armies formed during the recently failed anti-Austrian Brabant Revolution and Liège Revolution (August 1789 – January 1791)."}], "Q3046548": [{"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Deerfield, also known as the Deerfield Massacre, was an attack on February 29, 1704, of French and Native American forces on the English colonial settlement of Deerfield, Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Typical of the small-scale frontier conflict in Queen Anne's War, the French-Indian forces consisted of French soldiers and about 240 Indian warriors, mostly Abenaki (from what is now Maine), but including Wendat (Huron) from Lorette, Mohawk from Kahnawake (both mission villages), and a number of Pocomtuc who had once lived in the Deerfield area."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "The Indian contingent included 200 Abenaki, Haudenosaunee (mostly Mohawk from Kahnawake), Wendat (also known as Huron, from Lorette), and Pocomtuc, some of whom sought revenge for incidents by whites that had taken place years earlier."}], "Q305149": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Solomon ruled for a few years, during which he allegedly submitted the country to the Holy Roman Empire as a vassal state to ensure his power over the kingdom at fear of his relatives usurping the throne."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of campaigns directed against the Byzantine Empire, which were led by Duke Géza and Ladislaus, Solomon grew bitter and felt unappreciated because of their success on the field."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "The princes decided to settle this in a battle and it ended favorably for them thanks to the assistance of Otto I of Brno and his forces, who was married to Euphemia, one of the sisters of Ladislaus and Géza."}], "Q3052957": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It opposed, on one side, paulista bandeirantes—who had pioneered the exploration of the region and claimed priority or even exclusivity in exploiting the deposits—and, on the other, a heterogeneous group of outsiders from other Brazilian captaincies and from Portugal, pejoratively called emboabas."}], "Q3054171": [{"id": "Q718465", "label": "Harry Crerar", "section": "Background", "says": "Allied invasion plans required that the First Canadian Army (General Harry Crerar) on the left flank of the 21st Army Group (General Bernard Montgomery) should cross the Seine downstream of Rouen and turn left into the Le Havre peninsula to make right-handed flanking manoeuvres to capture Le Havre and its railway connections, Dieppe, Calais and Dunkirk, for the Allied supply effort."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "Background", "says": "Allied invasion plans required that the First Canadian Army (General Harry Crerar) on the left flank of the 21st Army Group (General Bernard Montgomery) should cross the Seine downstream of Rouen and turn left into the Le Havre peninsula to make right-handed flanking manoeuvres to capture Le Havre and its railway connections, Dieppe, Calais and Dunkirk, for the Allied supply effort."}, {"id": "Q966007", "label": "Percy Hobart", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the North-west Europe Campaign (6 June 1944 – 8 May 1945), British specialist tanks were held in the 79th Armoured Division (Major-General Percy Hobart) and attached to other units for particular operations."}], "Q3072570": [{"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Montauban (French: siège de Montauban) was a siege conducted by the young French king Louis XIII from August to November 1621, against the Protestant stronghold of Montauban."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "After a lull, Louis XIII resumed his campaign with the siege of Montpellier, which ended in stalemate, leading to the 1622 Peace of Montpellier, which temporarily confirmed the right of the Huguenots in France."}], "Q30745598": [{"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Fez took place in 1576 at Fez, when forces operating from the Regency of Algiers supported the Saadian prince Abd al-Malik in securing the Saadian throne against his nephew and rival claimant, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Fez took place in 1576 at Fez, when forces operating from the Regency of Algiers supported the Saadian prince Abd al-Malik in securing the Saadian throne against his nephew and rival claimant, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil."}, {"id": "Q159934", "label": "Murad III", "section": "Background", "says": "The Saadian ruler Abdallah al-Ghalib is reported to have remitted regular payments to Ottoman authorities in a tributary arrangement, and his successor al-Mutawakkil entered into an accommodation with Murad III that involved ongoing remittances."}], "Q3076692": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1949 Khait earthquake (Russian: Хаитское землетрясение 1949 года; Tajik: Заминларзаи Ҳоит 1949) occurred at 09:45 local time (03:53 UTC) on 10 July in Gharm Oblast of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union (within the modern boundary of Tajikistan)."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1949 Khait earthquake (Russian: Хаитское землетрясение 1949 года; Tajik: Заминларзаи Ҳоит 1949) occurred at 09:45 local time (03:53 UTC) on 10 July in Gharm Oblast of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union (within the modern boundary of Tajikistan)."}], "Q3077958": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the third phase of the Belorussian strategic offensive operation (also known as Operation Bagration), and drove German troops from much of Lithuania, with the main tactical objective of the city of Šiauliai (Russian: Шяуля́й, German: Schaulen)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the third phase of the Belorussian strategic offensive operation (also known as Operation Bagration), and drove German troops from much of Lithuania, with the main tactical objective of the city of Šiauliai (Russian: Шяуля́й, German: Schaulen)."}], "Q3080960": [{"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The eleven year siege of Khost took place throughout the nine-year Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s and the subsequent Afghan civil war in the 1990s."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It began soon after the invasion of Afghanistan by Soviet troops, when Afghan guerillas took control of the only land route between Khost and Gardez, effectively putting a stop to the Soviet advance."}, {"id": "Q186013", "label": "Jalaluddin Haqqani", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of July 1983, the forces of Jalaluddin Haqqani laid siege to two towns in Khost and the Tani, Mangal, Zazai and Waziri tribes began taking an active part in the fighting, despite being passive up until then."}, {"id": "Q2702724", "label": "Operation Magistral", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Magistral was an offensive launched to relieve it at the end of 1987."}, {"id": "Q2013786", "label": "Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi", "section": "lead", "says": "This fighting was a co-ordinated attack by the forces of Hezb-e Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Jalaluddin Haqqani and local Ahmadzai tribes led by Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi."}], "Q3090571": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Genpei War and a key element of the conflict between Minamoto no Yoshinaka and his cousins Yoritomo and Yoshitsune for control of the Minamoto clan."}], "Q3101541": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The third siege of Girona occurred in northern Catalonia, Spain from 6 May to 12 December 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "lead", "says": "General Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr was in command of the French during much of the siege."}, {"id": "Q314135", "label": "Pierre Augereau", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Pierre Augereau took command after 12 October."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1808 Joseph Bonaparte acceded to the throne of Spain, effectively making Spain a client state to Napoleonic France."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain's resistance to France precipitated the Peninsular War 1808–1814."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The fortifications of Girona were antiquated since nothing had been done to modernize them since the War of the Spanish Succession a hundred years earlier."}], "Q3118940": [{"id": "Q517578", "label": "King George's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Mi'kmaq War and the Anglo-Mi'kmaq War, took place in the years between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia.c On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Mi'kmaq War and the Anglo-Mi'kmaq War, took place in the years between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia.c On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "Background", "says": "Acadian resistance to British-rule in Acadia began after Queen Anne's War, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "Background", "says": "Acadian resistance to British-rule in Acadia began after Queen Anne's War, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713."}, {"id": "Q681416", "label": "French and Indian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Acadians had previously supported the French in three conflicts known as the French and Indian Wars."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Background", "says": "Acadians joined French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over many British vessels during King William's War."}, {"id": "Q2935388", "label": "Avalon Peninsula Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Siege of Pemaquid, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenaki in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign."}, {"id": "Q1265114", "label": "Father Rale's War", "section": "Background", "says": "During Father Rale's War, the Wolastoqiyik raided numerous British vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi'kmaq raided Canso in 1723."}], "Q3118998": [{"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "The events of the war are recorded by the historian Polybius."}], "Q3119043": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Six-Day War (French: Guerre des Six Jours) was a series of armed confrontations between Ugandan and Rwandan forces around the city of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 5 to 10 June 2000."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war formed part of the wider Second Congo War (1998–2003)."}], "Q3133556": [{"id": "Q150665", "label": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Minorca saw the island of Menorca captured from Spain by British and Dutch forces acting on behalf of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor - the Austrian claimant to the Spanish throne - in September 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Minorca saw the island of Menorca captured from Spain by British and Dutch forces acting on behalf of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor - the Austrian claimant to the Spanish throne - in September 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The British would later annex the island as their own possession at the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)."}], "Q315186": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Petersberg Agreement is an international treaty that extended the rights of the government of West Germany vis-a-vis the occupying forces of the United Kingdom, France, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Petersberg Agreement is an international treaty that extended the rights of the government of West Germany vis-a-vis the occupying forces of the United Kingdom, France, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q2492", "label": "Konrad Adenauer", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and Allied High Commissioners Brian Hubert Robertson (United Kingdom), André François-Poncet (France), and John J."}], "Q315395": [{"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The May Uprising took place in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony in 1849; it was one of the last of the series of events known as the Revolutions of 1848."}], "Q317210": [{"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danish–Hanseatic War (1361–1370) was both a trade and territorial conflict mainly between the Kingdom of Denmark, led by King Valdemar IV, and the Hanseatic League, the latter of which was led by the rich and powerful merchant city of Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q524952", "label": "Treaty of Stralsund", "section": "lead", "says": "The second part starts with the Hanseatic League's resumption of hostilities against Denmark and ending with the Treaty of Stralsund in 1370."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hanseatic League had been granted several privileges in Scania by the Kingdom of Sweden, and as such the region was extremely profitable for the League."}], "Q3182793": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident, inspired by the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China (mainland China), occurred as a direct response to a violent police crackdown by colonial authorities against local Chinese protesters demonstrating against corruption and colonialism in Macau."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident, inspired by the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China (mainland China), occurred as a direct response to a violent police crackdown by colonial authorities against local Chinese protesters demonstrating against corruption and colonialism in Macau."}, {"id": "Q4263317", "label": "Lisbon Protocol", "section": "Origins", "says": "On March 26, 1887, the Lisbon Protocol was signed, in which China recognized the \"perpetual occupation and government of Macau\" by Portugal, who, in turn, agreed never to surrender Macau to a third party without the consent of the Chinese government."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Origins", "says": "On March 26, 1887, the Lisbon Protocol was signed, in which China recognized the \"perpetual occupation and government of Macau\" by Portugal, who, in turn, agreed never to surrender Macau to a third party without the consent of the Chinese government."}, {"id": "Q3916279", "label": "Portuguese Macau", "section": "Origins", "says": "Throughout the colonial administration of Macau, the development of Portuguese Macau stagnated due to a complex colonial bureaucracy and corruption."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "Origins", "says": "However, due to the Chinese Civil War, discussions between the Kuomintang and the Portuguese were postponed indefinitely."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Origins", "says": "However, due to the Chinese Civil War, discussions between the Kuomintang and the Portuguese were postponed indefinitely."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Origins", "says": "Before the 12-3 incident, the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party both maintained a presence in Macau."}], "Q321452": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The largest peasant revolt in the Slovene Lands, it started in Carniola in what is now Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was put down by an army that included mercenaries of the Holy Roman Empire, with the deciding battle fought at Cilli."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Background", "says": "This was the case in the lands of the Habsburg monarchy under Maximilian I, whose constant war led to increased taxes."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This was particularly a problem for the people of Lower Carniola, in present-day Slovenia, who were also subject to attack from the Ottoman Empire and, within that region, rural peasants, as there was no significant tax regime from the underdeveloped towns, and the consequent trade income, in the area."}], "Q321766": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty gave the Teutonic Order control of the lower Vistula, a direct access to the Baltic Sea through Danzig, and a continuous route into the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q322450": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cologne school massacre was a mass murder that occurred at the Catholic elementary school (German: katholische Volksschule) located in the suburb of Volkhoven in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany, on 11 June 1964."}], "Q323735": [{"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1675, the Kingdom of Sweden, which, at that time, was recognized as a major military power, declared war against Brandenburg-Prussia, following pressure by the French king, Louis XIV, because Brandenburg-Prussia was at war with France (in the Dutch War)."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1675, the Kingdom of Sweden, which, at that time, was recognized as a major military power, declared war against Brandenburg-Prussia, following pressure by the French king, Louis XIV, because Brandenburg-Prussia was at war with France (in the Dutch War)."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1675, the Kingdom of Sweden, which, at that time, was recognized as a major military power, declared war against Brandenburg-Prussia, following pressure by the French king, Louis XIV, because Brandenburg-Prussia was at war with France (in the Dutch War)."}, {"id": "Q695057", "label": "Battle of Fehrbellin", "section": "Background", "says": "After a Swedish army had been defeated in the Battle of Fehrbellin in 1675 in Brandenburg, Sweden went onto the defensive in the next phase of the war."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Suddenly its possessions in northern Germany (Swedish Pomerania) were threatened by the alliance of Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q475142", "label": "Niels Juel", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1677 the Swedish fleet was almost completely destroyed in the Battle of Køge Bay by the Danish fleet under command of Admiral Niels Juel."}], "Q3238573": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2009 Yunnan earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 5.7 in Yao'an County, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China on 9 July."}], "Q323943": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Stralsund was an armed engagement between the Electorate of Brandenburg and the Swedish Empire from 20 September to 15 October 1678, during the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Stralsund was an armed engagement between the Electorate of Brandenburg and the Swedish Empire from 20 September to 15 October 1678, during the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "The remainder of Swedish Pomerania was taken by the end of the year, yet most of the province including Stralsund was returned to Sweden by the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Peace of Lund, both concluded in 1679."}, {"id": "Q652359", "label": "Peace of Lund", "section": "lead", "says": "The remainder of Swedish Pomerania was taken by the end of the year, yet most of the province including Stralsund was returned to Sweden by the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Peace of Lund, both concluded in 1679."}, {"id": "Q695057", "label": "Battle of Fehrbellin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Scanian War reached Swedish Pomerania when after the Battle of Fehrbellin (1675) the retreating Swedish forces were pursued by a Brandenburgian army under \"Great Elector\" Frederick William I's command."}], "Q3268397": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tenedos of 86 BC was a naval battle between the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus and those of the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman-allied[1] fleet was led by Lucius Licinius Lucullus while the Pontic fleet was led by Neoptolemus."}, {"id": "Q723192", "label": "Neoptolemus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman-allied[1] fleet was led by Lucius Licinius Lucullus while the Pontic fleet was led by Neoptolemus."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Tenedos of 86 BC is part of the First Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "There is another battle of Tenedos in 73 BC during the Third Mithridatic War."}], "Q3269922": [{"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Paraquet was the code name for the British military operation to recapture the island of South Georgia from Argentine military control in April 1982 at the start of the Falklands War."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation, a subsidiary of the main Operation Corporate—recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina—was successful, leading to the island being restored to British control on 25 April 1982."}], "Q3270429": [{"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qin commander was Zhang Han, while the Chu leader was Xiang Yu."}], "Q3271228": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bound Brook (April 13, 1777) was a surprise attack by British and Hessian forces on a Continental Army outpost in Bound Brook, New Jersey, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "U.S. commander Major General Benjamin Lincoln left quickly, abandoning papers and personal effects."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battles of Trenton and Princeton in December 1776 and January 1777, the Continental Army of Major General George Washington entered winter quarters in Morristown, New Jersey, while the British and German forces of Lieutenant General William Howe settled into winter quarters in New York City and northeastern New Jersey."}], "Q3271565": [{"id": "Q1151705", "label": "Chu–Han Contention", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Fall of Qin, Liu Bang had risen from a peasant rebel to king of Han and then, during the Chu–Han Contention, overwhelmed Xiang Yu and established himself as emperor of the new Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Fall of Qin, Liu Bang had risen from a peasant rebel to king of Han and then, during the Chu–Han Contention, overwhelmed Xiang Yu and established himself as emperor of the new Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q574498", "label": "Han Xin", "section": "Background", "says": "During this period, Han Xin, the legitimate heir of the Warring States-era Han Kingdom, had supported Liu but came under suspicion as his fief was moved from Yangzhai (陽翟, present-day Yuzhou, Henan) to Jinyang (晉陽, present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi) to Mayi (present-day Shuozhou, Shanxi)."}], "Q3271813": [{"id": "Q751743", "label": "Yellow Turban Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "This rebellion, which closely followed the Yellow Turban Rebellion, was part of a series of disturbances that led to the decline and ultimate downfall of the Han dynasty."}], "Q3280731": [{"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "Indigenous rebellions in Mexico and Central America were conflicts of resistance initiated by American Indian  peoples against European colonial empires and their succeeding nation settler states that occurred in the territory of the continental Viceroyalty of New Spain and British Honduras, as well as their respective successor states."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter include Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and parts of the Southern and Western United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter include Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and parts of the Southern and Western United States."}, {"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Anti-colonial rebellions by the American Indians of Central America had precedence in resistance to the Aztec Empire prior to the Spanish conquest."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "During the period of Spanish rule, forced labor, the expansion of colonial territory, and the forceful reduction of disparate communities into villages or missions where Christianity was enforced  were common causes of American indian revolt against European rule."}], "Q3290619": [{"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began when the Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC), a group of about 2,000 Katangan Congolese soldiers who were veterans of the Congo Crisis, the Angolan War of Independence, and the Angolan Civil War, crossed the border into Shaba from Angola."}, {"id": "Q1780216", "label": "Angolan War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began when the Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC), a group of about 2,000 Katangan Congolese soldiers who were veterans of the Congo Crisis, the Angolan War of Independence, and the Angolan Civil War, crossed the border into Shaba from Angola."}, {"id": "Q12055176", "label": "Angolan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began when the Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC), a group of about 2,000 Katangan Congolese soldiers who were veterans of the Congo Crisis, the Angolan War of Independence, and the Angolan Civil War, crossed the border into Shaba from Angola."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "lead", "says": "Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko accused Angola, East Germany, Cuba and the Soviet Union of sponsoring the rebels."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko accused Angola, East Germany, Cuba and the Soviet Union of sponsoring the rebels."}, {"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "lead", "says": "US President Jimmy Carter approved the shipment of supplies to Zaire but refused to send weapons or troops and maintained that there was no evidence of Cuban involvement."}, {"id": "Q2745406", "label": "Shaba II", "section": "lead", "says": "The FAZ and outside powers clashed again with insurgents in a 1978 conflict, Shaba II."}], "Q3297454": [{"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mérindol massacre took place in 1545, when Francis I of France ordered that the Vaudois (Waldensians) of the village of Mérindol be punished for heresy."}], "Q3297468": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shadian incident (Chinese: 沙甸事件; pinyin: Shādiàn shìjiàn) was an uprising of Muslim Hui people against the rule of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Cultural Revolution, which was eventually suppressed by the People's Liberation Army in a massacre."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 July 1975, with approval from Chairman Mao Zedong, some 10,000 People's Liberation Army soldiers received a direct order from Deng Xiaoping to crack down on the uprising (some sources state that this order came from Wang Hongwen), resulting in a mass killing of Hui people."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 July 1975, with approval from Chairman Mao Zedong, some 10,000 People's Liberation Army soldiers received a direct order from Deng Xiaoping to crack down on the uprising (some sources state that this order came from Wang Hongwen), resulting in a mass killing of Hui people."}, {"id": "Q455583", "label": "Wang Hongwen", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 July 1975, with approval from Chairman Mao Zedong, some 10,000 People's Liberation Army soldiers received a direct order from Deng Xiaoping to crack down on the uprising (some sources state that this order came from Wang Hongwen), resulting in a mass killing of Hui people."}], "Q3297473": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre was an Axis war crime, which was committed in the hill village of Sant'Anna di Stazzema in Tuscany, Italy, in the course of an operation against the Italian resistance movement during the Italian Campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre was an Axis war crime, which was committed in the hill village of Sant'Anna di Stazzema in Tuscany, Italy, in the course of an operation against the Italian resistance movement during the Italian Campaign of World War II."}], "Q3298878": [{"id": "Q3195891", "label": "Battle of Alnwick", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Revolt of 1173-1174, William joined the rebels and was captured at the Battle of Alnwick during an invasion of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was annulled in 1189 when King Richard I, Henry's successor, was distracted by his interest in joining the Third Crusade, and William's offer of 10,000 marks sterling."}], "Q3300974": [{"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bar massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Tivarit) was a mass killings of ethnic Albanians from the Serbian province of Kosovo by Yugoslav Partisans in late March or early April 1945 in Bar, a municipality in Montenegro, at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bar massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Tivarit) was a mass killings of ethnic Albanians from the Serbian province of Kosovo by Yugoslav Partisans in late March or early April 1945 in Bar, a municipality in Montenegro, at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bar massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Tivarit) was a mass killings of ethnic Albanians from the Serbian province of Kosovo by Yugoslav Partisans in late March or early April 1945 in Bar, a municipality in Montenegro, at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, most of Kosovo region was assigned to Italian-controlled Albania, with the rest being controlled by Germany and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, most of Kosovo region was assigned to Italian-controlled Albania, with the rest being controlled by Germany and Bulgaria."}], "Q3302682": [{"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Svetigrad or Sfetigrad (Albanian: Rrethimi i Sfetigradit) began on 14 May 1448 when an Ottoman army, led by Sultan Murad II, besieged the fortress of Svetigrad (now Kodžadžik, North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Svetigrad or Sfetigrad (Albanian: Rrethimi i Sfetigradit) began on 14 May 1448 when an Ottoman army, led by Sultan Murad II, besieged the fortress of Svetigrad (now Kodžadžik, North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "After the many failed Ottoman expeditions into Albania against the League of Lezhë, a confederation of Albanian Principalities created in 1444 and headed by Skanderbeg, Murad II decided to march an army into Skanderbeg's dominions in order to capture the key Albanian fortress of Svetigrad."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, Skanderbeg had been at war with Venice."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1444 the major princes of the Albanian Principalities, which up to that point had been vassals of the Ottoman Empire, united and formed the League of Lezhë, an anti-Ottoman confederacy under Skanderbeg's lead."}, {"id": "Q1515617", "label": "Moisi Arianit Golemi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Moisi Arianit Golemi and Muzaka of Angelina were ordered, with thirty horsemen, to dress as peasants and enter the fortress."}], "Q331170": [{"id": "Q1348955", "label": "Reapers' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montjuïc took place on 26 January 1641 during the Reapers' War."}], "Q3321690": [{"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "lead", "says": "It is sometimes called the Famine Rebellion (as it took place during the Great Irish Famine), the Battle of Ballingarry or the Battle of Widow McCormack's Cabbage Patch."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "As with the earlier United Irishmen, who sought to emulate the French Revolution, the Young Irelanders were inspired by Republicanism in America and in Europe."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In France, King Louis Philippe was overthrown by the February Revolution and the Second Republic was proclaimed in Paris."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In France, King Louis Philippe was overthrown by the February Revolution and the Second Republic was proclaimed in Paris."}, {"id": "Q522396", "label": "Thomas Francis Meagher", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaders William Smith O'Brien, Thomas Francis Meagher and Richard O'Gorman led a delegation to Paris to congratulate the new French Republic."}, {"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "Meagher returned to Ireland with a tricolour flag (now the national flag) – a symbol of the reconciliation of the green of Catholic Gaelic Ireland with the orange of Protestant Anglo Ireland."}], "Q3328100": [{"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Casas Viejas incident, also known as the Casas Viejas massacre, was a failed civil uprising that took place from 10 to 12 January 1933, in the village of Casas Viejas as part of the larger anarchist insurrection of January 1933 with the aim of toppling the Second Spanish Republic and implementing anarcho-communism."}, {"id": "Q2631282", "label": "Juan Garcia Oliver", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the syndicate ended up retracting since more than half of its filials thought the strike would result in failure, despite this the Regional Defense Committee of Catalonia retook the idea proposed by Juan García Oliver, who was willing to put \"revolutionary gymnastics\" into practice, which consisted of an insurrection to prevent the consolidation of the \"Bourgeois Republic\"."}], "Q3338499": [{"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "A crusade against Sultan Mehmed II had been planned by Pope Pius II with Skanderbeg as one of its main leaders."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "lead", "says": "A crusade against Sultan Mehmed II had been planned by Pope Pius II with Skanderbeg as one of its main leaders."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "A crusade against Sultan Mehmed II had been planned by Pope Pius II with Skanderbeg as one of its main leaders."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Pius II's crusade against the Ottoman Empire was declared in November 1463."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Among those inquired were the city of Florence, Francisco Sforza of Milan, Louis XI of France, and Ferdinand I of Naples, all of whom declined for their own reasons."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "Background", "says": "Among those inquired were the city of Florence, Francisco Sforza of Milan, Louis XI of France, and Ferdinand I of Naples, all of whom declined for their own reasons."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Venice, however, decided to aid Skanderbeg by sending 500 cavalry and 500 infantry under the condottiero Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto."}, {"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "Background", "says": "Once the campaign season began, Mathias Corvinus of Hungary recaptured many of the Bosnian strongpoints, including Jajce, which had been taken from the Kingdom of Bosnia by the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans still managed to make headway against the Hungarians who had been trying to lift the Ottoman siege on Jajce with a ruse."}], "Q3352179": [{"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the First Schleswig War."}], "Q3354645": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Bamberg was a Nazi security warfare operation during the Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany."}], "Q3354648": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Birke (Operation Birch) was a German operation late in World War II in Finnish Lapland to protect access to nickel."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "Background", "says": "Finnish attempts to find an acceptable exit from the Continuation War in spring 1944 alarmed the Germans, who had sizable stores in Northern Finland."}], "Q3354894": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Southern Move (Croatian: Operacija Južni potez) was the final Croatian Army (HV) and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) offensive of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in western Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8–11 October 1995."}, {"id": "Q2409105", "label": "Operation Sana", "section": "lead", "says": "Its goal was to help the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) whose positions around the town of Ključ, captured by them during Operation Sana, were endangered by a counteroffensive by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)."}, {"id": "Q297318", "label": "Ante Gotovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined HV and HVO forces were under the overall command of HV Major General Ante Gotovina."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "A country-wide ceasefire came into effect on 12 October, one day after the offensive ended, and was soon followed by negotiations which produced the Dayton Agreement, ending the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This re-organisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-May 1992, when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegov"}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After recapture of the bulk of the Republic of Serb Krajina (the Croatian Serb-controlled areas of Croatia) in Operation Storm in August 1995, the HV shifted its focus to western Bosnia and Herzegovina."}], "Q3381142": [{"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Flers–Courcelette ([flɛʁ kuʁsəlɛt], 15 to 22 September 1916) was fought during the Battle of the Somme in France, by the French Sixth Army and the British Fourth Army and Reserve Army, against the German 1st Army, during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined with the losses at Verdun and on the Eastern Front, the German Empire was brought closer to military collapse than at any time before the autumn of 1918."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined with the losses at Verdun and on the Eastern Front, the German Empire was brought closer to military collapse than at any time before the autumn of 1918."}], "Q3381219": [{"id": "Q4919413", "label": "Post-Angkor Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "2377), Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt–Xiêm (1833–1834)), was a part of centuries-long conflict between Siam and Vietnam for suzerainty over Post-Angkor Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Siamese–Vietnamese conflict over Cambodia during 1811–1813, Cambodia shifted from being under Siamese domination to the period of Vietnamese influence."}, {"id": "Q319669", "label": "Nangklao", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1833, King Rama III of Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom sent Siamese armies of 40,000 men under Chaophraya Bodindecha to attack Cambodia by land and 10,000 men under Chaophraya Phrakhlang Dit Bunnag to attack Hà Tiên by sea."}, {"id": "Q1155700", "label": "Rattanakosin Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1833, King Rama III of Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom sent Siamese armies of 40,000 men under Chaophraya Bodindecha to attack Cambodia by land and 10,000 men under Chaophraya Phrakhlang Dit Bunnag to attack Hà Tiên by sea."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Minh Mạng considered Southern Vietnam to be an unruly autonomous region where illegal opium imports by Chinese immigrants and Christianity were allowed and tolerated."}], "Q3394749": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Diu occurred when an army of the Sultanate of Gujarat under Khadjar Safar, aided by forces of the Ottoman Empire, attempted to capture the city of Diu in 1538, then held by the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q1628477", "label": "Battle of Diu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1509, the major Battle of Diu (1509) took place between the Portuguese and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Zamorin of Calicut, with support of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1509, the major Battle of Diu (1509) took place between the Portuguese and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Zamorin of Calicut, with support of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7448746", "label": "Selman Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "Pro-Ottoman forces under Captain Hoca Sefer had been installed by Selman Reis in Diu."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "Background", "says": "Diu in Gujarat (now a state in western India), was with Surat, one of the main points of supply of spices to Ottoman Egypt at that time."}], "Q3396146": [{"id": "Q694379", "label": "Battle of Krbava Field", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatian–Ottoman Wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Hırvatistan Savaşları, Croatian: Hrvatsko-osmanski ratovi) can refer to one of the several conflicts between the Kingdom of Croatia (as part of Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia and Habsburg Monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire:\n\nLong Campaign (1443–1444) of the King Vladislaus II of Hungary\nHundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War, War for Croatia - a period of near consta"}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatian–Ottoman Wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Hırvatistan Savaşları, Croatian: Hrvatsko-osmanski ratovi) can refer to one of the several conflicts between the Kingdom of Croatia (as part of Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia and Habsburg Monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire:\n\nLong Campaign (1443–1444) of the King Vladislaus II of Hungary\nHundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War, War for Croatia - a period of near consta"}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatian–Ottoman Wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Hırvatistan Savaşları, Croatian: Hrvatsko-osmanski ratovi) can refer to one of the several conflicts between the Kingdom of Croatia (as part of Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia and Habsburg Monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire:\n\nLong Campaign (1443–1444) of the King Vladislaus II of Hungary\nHundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War, War for Croatia - a period of near consta"}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatian–Ottoman Wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Hırvatistan Savaşları, Croatian: Hrvatsko-osmanski ratovi) can refer to one of the several conflicts between the Kingdom of Croatia (as part of Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia and Habsburg Monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire:\n\nLong Campaign (1443–1444) of the King Vladislaus II of Hungary\nHundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War, War for Croatia - a period of near consta"}, {"id": "Q1420791", "label": "Ottoman–Venetian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatian–Ottoman Wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Hırvatistan Savaşları, Croatian: Hrvatsko-osmanski ratovi) can refer to one of the several conflicts between the Kingdom of Croatia (as part of Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia and Habsburg Monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire:\n\nLong Campaign (1443–1444) of the King Vladislaus II of Hungary\nHundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War, War for Croatia - a period of near consta"}, {"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Of particular note for the history of Dalmatia was the Morean War."}], "Q3434134": [{"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "These actions were led (for the most part) by Cyrus the Great, as he shifted the powers of the ancient Near East."}, {"id": "Q313924", "label": "Nicolaus of Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the only authority with a detailed account of the battle was Nicolaus of Damascus, other well-known historians such as Herodotus, Ctesias, and Strabo also mention the battle in their own accounts."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome of the battle was such a great blow to the Medes that Astyages decided to personally invade Persia."}, {"id": "Q462684", "label": "Harpagus", "section": "Background", "says": "In Herodotus' version, in one of the first times Cyrus had gone to his parents, the Median general Harpagus had secretly sent a letter stuffed in a hare to Cyrus to plot a revolt, and Cyrus passed the letter on to his father."}, {"id": "Q299428", "label": "Cambyses I", "section": "Background", "says": "This matches the account of Nicolaus in which he says that Cambyses I had already assembled many troops well before the battle had started, and that he later despatched a small number to Cyrus's aid."}], "Q3445341": [{"id": "Q343969", "label": "Alphonse, Count of Poitiers", "section": "lead", "says": "It opposed Capetian forces supportive of King Louis IX's brother Alphonse, Count of Poitiers and those of Hugh X of Lusignan, Raymond VII of Toulouse and Henry III of England."}, {"id": "Q180073", "label": "Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse", "section": "lead", "says": "It opposed Capetian forces supportive of King Louis IX's brother Alphonse, Count of Poitiers and those of Hugh X of Lusignan, Raymond VII of Toulouse and Henry III of England."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It opposed Capetian forces supportive of King Louis IX's brother Alphonse, Count of Poitiers and those of Hugh X of Lusignan, Raymond VII of Toulouse and Henry III of England."}, {"id": "Q314527", "label": "Richard of Cornwall", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict arose because vassals of Louis in Poitou were displeased with his brother, Alphonse, being made Count of Poitou and preferred the title went to the English king's brother, Richard of Cornwall instead."}, {"id": "Q1669489", "label": "Battle of Taillebourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The French decisively defeated the English and rebel forces at the Battle of Taillebourg and concluded the struggle at the Siege of Saintes."}, {"id": "Q16533921", "label": "Gascon War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the last major conflict between the English and French until the Gascon War of 1294–1303."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war announced the end of Henry's hopes of restoring the Angevin Empire lost under King John I of England and further planted the seeds for the Second Barons' War in England, due to the waste of funds and to the growing resentment among the barons towards the king, for what was from their point of view his tyrannical ways (by ignoring Magna Carta), and for his incompetence in war."}, {"id": "Q657967", "label": "Second Barons' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war announced the end of Henry's hopes of restoring the Angevin Empire lost under King John I of England and further planted the seeds for the Second Barons' War in England, due to the waste of funds and to the growing resentment among the barons towards the king, for what was from their point of view his tyrannical ways (by ignoring Magna Carta), and for his incompetence in war."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "Historical background note", "says": "In some French accounts, that period of conflict is referred to as the 'Second Hundred Years' War', the first embracing the period of upheaval following the change in the balance of power between the French and English thrones from 1159 to 1259 after Henry II of England married Eleanor of Aquitaine gaining many French territories in the process and achieving territorial superiority over the French"}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "Historical background note", "says": "In some French accounts, that period of conflict is referred to as the 'Second Hundred Years' War', the first embracing the period of upheaval following the change in the balance of power between the French and English thrones from 1159 to 1259 after Henry II of England married Eleanor of Aquitaine gaining many French territories in the process and achieving territorial superiority over the French"}, {"id": "Q830626", "label": "Battle of Bouvines", "section": "Historical background note", "says": "This period saw many conflicts and battles between the two kingdoms such as the 1202–1214 Anglo-French War and the Battle of Bouvines."}], "Q3449178": [{"id": "Q187035", "label": "Principality of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "During the collapse of the Principality of Albania that began in 1914, there were two pro-Ottoman revolts by Albanian Muslim insurgents."}, {"id": "Q57594", "label": "William, Prince of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "The first revolt was the Peasant Revolt, also known as the Central Albania Uprising (Albanian: Kryengritja e Shqipërisë së Mesme), which was an uprising of peasants from central Albania against the regime of Wilhelm, Prince of Albania from May to September 1914."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with a demand of total amnesty, the rebels sought the return of Albania to the suzerainty of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was only tacitly supported by the Ottomans, who as a consequence of the Balkan Wars, were physically separated from the Albanian lands."}, {"id": "Q366796", "label": "Essad Toptani", "section": "lead", "says": "The second revolt began in Krujë in November 1914, after the Ottoman Empire's declaration of war and declaration of jihad against the Entente, which pitted the pro-Ottoman masses against Essad Toptani, the leader of the Senate of Central Albania."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "There were representatives of both Austria-Hungary and Italy\nThere was resistance in Northern Epirus, which was finally given a special administration, by Protocol of Corfu\nThere was fighting between forces under control of Essad Pasha Toptani and the Provisional Government of Albania\nThe major peasant revolt consisted mostly of pro-Ottoman Muslim peasants."}], "Q3454505": [{"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huguenot rebellions, sometimes called the Rohan Wars after the Huguenot leader Henri de Rohan, were a series of rebellions of the 1620s in which French Calvinist Protestants (Huguenots), mainly located in southwestern France, revolted against royal authority."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising occurred a decade after the death of Henry IV, who, himself originally a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor Louis XIII, under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici, became more intolerant of Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huguenot rebellions came after two decades of internal peace under Henry IV, following the intermittent French Wars of Religion of 1562–1598."}], "Q3467730": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Desert Column of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison at El Magruntein to the south of Rafah, close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Desert Column of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison at El Magruntein to the south of Rafah, close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the British Empire victories at the Battle of Romani in August 1916 and the Battle of Magdhaba in December, the Ottoman Army had been forced back to the southern edge of Palestine as the EEF pushed eastwards supported by extended lines of communication."}, {"id": "Q2722527", "label": "Battle of Romani", "section": "lead", "says": "After the British Empire victories at the Battle of Romani in August 1916 and the Battle of Magdhaba in December, the Ottoman Army had been forced back to the southern edge of Palestine as the EEF pushed eastwards supported by extended lines of communication."}, {"id": "Q2889191", "label": "Battle of Magdhaba", "section": "lead", "says": "After the British Empire victories at the Battle of Romani in August 1916 and the Battle of Magdhaba in December, the Ottoman Army had been forced back to the southern edge of Palestine as the EEF pushed eastwards supported by extended lines of communication."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "They were eventually encircled by Australian Light Horsemen, New Zealand mounted riflemen, mounted yeomanry, cameliers and armoured cars."}, {"id": "Q2668631", "label": "Archibald James Murray", "section": "Background", "says": "General Sir Archibald Murray, the commander of the EEF, was keen to complete the advance across the north of the Sinai, to put pressure on the southern Ottoman army."}], "Q3485833": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ypres in  the Spanish Netherlands took place between March 18 and March 25, 1678, as part of the Franco-Dutch War, and ended with the conquest of the city by the French."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ypres in  the Spanish Netherlands took place between March 18 and March 25, 1678, as part of the Franco-Dutch War, and ended with the conquest of the city by the French."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In October 1677, Mary Stuart, niece and possible successor of Charles II of England, married William III of Orange, concluding the rapprochement between England and the Dutch Republic, who had been at war with each other until 1674."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In October 1677, Mary Stuart, niece and possible successor of Charles II of England, married William III of Orange, concluding the rapprochement between England and the Dutch Republic, who had been at war with each other until 1674."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Louis XIV decided to invade the Spanish Netherlands to counter a possible English military intervention against him."}], "Q3485925": [{"id": "Q378572", "label": "Charles François Dumouriez", "section": "Background", "says": "His replacement in army command was the more astute Charles François Dumouriez."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Dumouriez dreamed of an immediate invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, but events soon forced him to hold off on that plan."}, {"id": "Q358757", "label": "François Joseph Westermann", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 August, the politically-connected François Joseph Westermann arrived at headquarters with the news that Longwy had fallen to the Coalition the day before after a feeble defense."}, {"id": "Q58773", "label": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel at the head of 42,000 Prussians was supported on his right by François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt with 15,000 Austrians and on his left by Friedrich Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg with 14,000 Austrians."}, {"id": "Q4411", "label": "Battle of Valmy", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Valmy occurred on 20 September, after which Brunswick withdrew from France."}, {"id": "Q563424", "label": "Johann Peter Beaulieu", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 September Anton Sztáray threatened Philippeville while Johann Peter Beaulieu menaced Quiévrain."}, {"id": "Q84514", "label": "Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour", "section": "Background", "says": "When Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour advanced from Tournai toward Lille on 5 Sep"}], "Q3485974": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Nice took place between 15 March 1705 and 4 January 1706 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitched the forces of Louis XIV of France against those of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy – the latter were led by the marquis of Caraglio."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitched the forces of Louis XIV of France against those of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy – the latter were led by the marquis of Caraglio."}], "Q348701": [{"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Reichenbach was signed on July 27, 1790 in Reichenbach (present-day Dzierżoniów) between Prussia under King Frederick William II and Austria under Leopold II, who was also Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The two countries tried to settle their differences, specifically Leopold attempted to be conciliatory toward Prussia, as Austria and Russia had recently made gains against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q3503720": [{"id": "Q698067", "label": "East Pomeranian Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolberg or Battle of Kołobrzeg (also, battle for Festung Kolberg) was the taking of the city of Kolberg, now the city of Kołobrzeg, in Pomerania by the Polish Army and Soviet Army from Nazi German forces during the World War II East Pomeranian Offensive."}, {"id": "Q41749", "label": "Joseph Goebbels", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Goebbels requested the change in command to maintain public perception around the newly released film Kolberg."}], "Q3513759": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rakovica revolt (Croatian: Rakovička buna) was an armed uprising in 1871, led by Croatian politician Eugen Kvaternik against the authorities of Austria-Hungary, with the aim of establishing an independent Croatian state."}], "Q3536735": [{"id": "Q888405", "label": "Philip of Courtenay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Orvieto was an agreement made in 1281 between Charles I of Sicily, Giovanni Dandolo, Doge of Venice, and Philip of Courtenay, titular Latin Emperor, for recovery of the Latin Empire, with the blessing of the Papacy."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Orvieto was an agreement made in 1281 between Charles I of Sicily, Giovanni Dandolo, Doge of Venice, and Philip of Courtenay, titular Latin Emperor, for recovery of the Latin Empire, with the blessing of the Papacy."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "Intended to restore Latin domination, both civil and ecclesiastical, to Greece, it was forestalled by the War of the Sicilian Vespers, which diverted the resources of Charles to the recovery of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "Background", "says": "A younger brother of the French king, Louis IX, he had enlarged his appanage of Provence by agreeing to act as the Papal champion against the Hohenstaufen in 1263."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "He was rewarded with the Kingdom of Sicily as a papal fief, and almost immediately began to look eastward for further lands."}, {"id": "Q3536907", "label": "Treaty of Viterbo", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles agreed, but at a significant price: the two signed the Treaty of Viterbo in 1267, wherein Charles agreed to help reconquer the Latin Empire in exchange for the suzerainty of Achaea and other important concessions."}, {"id": "Q158246", "label": "Conradin", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the invasion of Italy by Conradin and the Eighth Crusade combined to delay any intervention by Charles."}, {"id": "Q243684", "label": "Eighth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the invasion of Italy by Conradin and the Eighth Crusade combined to delay any intervention by Charles."}, {"id": "Q161740", "label": "Gregory X", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Pope Gregory X, negotiations for the union of the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches were initiated, and any move by Charles against Constantinople was forbidden."}, {"id": "Q240604", "label": "Maria of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he was encouraged by the Pope to purchase the claim of Maria of Antioch to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1277, to which he sent a bailli to rule in his name."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he was encouraged by the Pope to purchase the claim of Maria of Antioch to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1277, to which he sent a bailli to rule in his name."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1278, by a provision of the Treaty of Viterbo, the Principality of Achaea also came under his direct rule."}, {"id": "Q227719", "label": "Martin IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The accession of Pope Martin IV, who was largely under Charles' influence, removed the last obstacle to Charles' ambitions."}], "Q3536907": [{"id": "Q269573", "label": "Baldwin II of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Viterbo (or the Treaties of Viterbo) was a pair of agreements made by Charles I of Sicily with Baldwin II of Constantinople and William II Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, on 24 and 27 May 1267, which transferred much of the rights to the defunct Latin Empire from Baldwin to Charles."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Viterbo (or the Treaties of Viterbo) was a pair of agreements made by Charles I of Sicily with Baldwin II of Constantinople and William II Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, on 24 and 27 May 1267, which transferred much of the rights to the defunct Latin Empire from Baldwin to Charles."}, {"id": "Q172928", "label": "Clement IV", "section": "Background", "says": "For some time, he had expected aid from Manfred of Sicily, who hoped (like his father, Emperor Frederick II) that a crusade might put him in better standing with the Papacy; but Manfred was ousted from Sicily in 1266 by Charles, acting for Pope Clement IV, severely discomfiting Baldwin."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "As the principal vassal of what remained of Baldwin's empire, William was keen to gain an overlord who might be the giver rather than the recipient of subsidy, and who could help defend the Principality against the Despotate of Epirus, which had worsted him in 1259 at the Battle of Pelagonia."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "As the principal vassal of what remained of Baldwin's empire, William was keen to gain an overlord who might be the giver rather than the recipient of subsidy, and who could help defend the Principality against the Despotate of Epirus, which had worsted him in 1259 at the Battle of Pelagonia."}], "Q3536910": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Washington was a treaty signed and ratified by the United Kingdom and the United States in 1871 during the first premiership of William Gladstone and the presidency of Ulysses S."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Washington was a treaty signed and ratified by the United Kingdom and the United States in 1871 during the first premiership of William Gladstone and the presidency of Ulysses S."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It settled various disputes between the countries, including the Alabama Claims for damages to American shipping caused by British-built warships, as well as illegal fishing in Canadian waters and British civilian losses in the American Civil War."}], "Q3545065": [{"id": "Q779011", "label": "Principality of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grahovac took place in the eponymous village of Grahovac from 11 to 13 May 1858, when the Montenegrin Grand Duke Mirko Petrović-Njegoš led the army of Principality of Montenegro against the Ottomans, ending in a decisive Montenegrin victory."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "After the victory, the demarcation of the border between Montenegro and the Ottoman Bosnia Eyalet was finalised."}], "Q3622725": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Greek and Ottoman forces during the First Balkan War, and revolved around the Sorovich (Amyntaio) area."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 5th Greek Division which had been advancing through western Macedonia separately from the bulk of the Greek Army of Thessaly, was attacked outside the village of Zabardeni (Lofoi) and fell back to Sorovich."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The 5th Greek Division which had been advancing through western Macedonia separately from the bulk of the Greek Army of Thessaly, was attacked outside the village of Zabardeni (Lofoi) and fell back to Sorovich."}, {"id": "Q657055", "label": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897", "section": "Background", "says": "The disastrous Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 exposed major flaws in the Hellenic Army's organization, training and logistics."}, {"id": "Q708300", "label": "Georgios Theotokis", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgios Theotokis was the first post-war Greek prime minister to focus his attention on strengthening the army."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Rather than taking power for themselves, the putschists invited Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos to rule the country."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty was signed on 15 July 1912, with the two countries agreeing to assist each other in case of a defensive war and to safeguard the rights of Christian populations in Ottoman held Macedonia, thus joining the loose Balkan League alliance with Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty was signed on 15 July 1912, with the two countries agreeing to assist each other in case of a defensive war and to safeguard the rights of Christian populations in Ottoman held Macedonia, thus joining the loose Balkan League alliance with Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire rebuffed the demands, recalled its ambassadors in Sofia, Belgrade and Athens and expelled the League's negotiators on 4 October, with the League declaring war against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q2889946", "label": "Battle of Sarantaporo", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At 7 a.m. on 9 October, the Greek infantry opened the Battle of Sarantaporo."}], "Q3625439": [{"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Antioch took place when the Sassanids under Shapur I besieged the Roman city of Antioch in 253 after defeating the Romans in the Battle of Barbalissos."}, {"id": "Q2665461", "label": "Battle of Barbalissos", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Antioch took place when the Sassanids under Shapur I besieged the Roman city of Antioch in 253 after defeating the Romans in the Battle of Barbalissos."}], "Q3636302": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The 279 BC invasion of Greece proper was preceded by a series of other military campaigns waged in the southern Balkans and against the kingdom of Macedonia, favoured by the state of confusion ensuing from the complex and divisive succession processes following Alexander's sudden death."}], "Q3636411": [{"id": "Q2618807", "label": "Owain Gwynedd", "section": "Background", "says": "The news of Richard's death led to an invasion by the forces of Gwynedd, led by Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, sons of the king of Gwynedd, Gruffudd ap Cynan."}, {"id": "Q2454699", "label": "Cadwaladr", "section": "Background", "says": "The news of Richard's death led to an invasion by the forces of Gwynedd, led by Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, sons of the king of Gwynedd, Gruffudd ap Cynan."}], "Q3636538": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montepeloso was fought on 3 September 1041 between Lombard-Norman rebel forces and the Byzantine Empire, near Montepeloso in southern Italy."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive rebel victory forced the Byzantines to retreat to the coastal cities, leaving the Normans and Lombards in control of the whole interior of southern Italy."}], "Q364322": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lundy's Lane, also known as the Battle of Niagara or contemporarily as the Battle of Bridgewater, was fought on 25 July 1814, during the War of 1812, between an invading American army and a British and Canadian army near present-day Niagara Falls, Ontario."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "Background", "says": "Infantry under Brigadier General Winfield Scott defeated a British force commanded by Major General Phineas Riall at the Battle of Chippawa."}, {"id": "Q1793109", "label": "Battle of Chippawa", "section": "Background", "says": "Infantry under Brigadier General Winfield Scott defeated a British force commanded by Major General Phineas Riall at the Battle of Chippawa."}], "Q3643277": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zambezi River broke its banks, flooding the surrounding areas in Mozambique."}], "Q3646790": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Estero Bellaco was one of the bloodiest battles of the Paraguayan War."}, {"id": "Q560958", "label": "Venancio Flores", "section": "lead", "says": "The allies lost nearly 2,000 men, mostly wounded, and the Uruguayan troops of General Venancio Flores - commanded by León de Pallejas - were severely decimated, accounting for the vast majority of allied deaths."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "This estuary is located in the Department of Ñeembucú, Paraguay, on the banks of the river of the same name."}], "Q3651748": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthian war of Caracalla was an unsuccessful campaign by the Roman Empire under Caracalla against the Parthian Empire in 216–17 AD."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthian war of Caracalla was an unsuccessful campaign by the Roman Empire under Caracalla against the Parthian Empire in 216–17 AD."}, {"id": "Q2588587", "label": "Battle of Nisibis", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was ended the following year after Parthian victory at the Battle of Nisibis, with the Romans paying a huge sum of war reparations to the Parthians."}], "Q3656325": [{"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The loss shocked Muhammad Ali."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1812, Muhammad Ali Pasha prepared another expedition, with an army of 20,000 men, 18 guns, and three mortars, led by Ahmad Bonaparte."}], "Q3696202": [{"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "Background", "says": "Contingents from several clans of the Ghassanids and the Kalb joined the defenders of the fort, many of them camping under the fort walls because of the insufficient room within the fort."}], "Q371620": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Benghazi was fought between army units and militiamen loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and anti-Gaddafi forces in February 2011 during the Libyan Civil War."}], "Q3744498": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the Eastern Front during World War II between the Soviet 3rd Baltic Front and parts of the German Army Group North."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the Eastern Front during World War II between the Soviet 3rd Baltic Front and parts of the German Army Group North."}], "Q3817010": [{"id": "Q1756029", "label": "Operation Tonga", "section": "lead", "says": "The mission was vital to the success of Operation Tonga, the overall British airborne landings in Normandy."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The unit was poorly equipped with a mixture of foreign weapons and manned by conscripts from Poland, the Soviet Union, and France under a German officer and senior non-commissioned officers (NCOs)."}, {"id": "Q64667", "label": "Hans von Luck", "section": "Background", "says": "One of its regiments, the 125th Panzergrenadier, commanded by Colonel Hans von Luck, was billeted at Vimont just east of Caen."}], "Q3820587": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Cephalonia, one of the Ionian Islands off the western coast of Greece, had been in the hands of the Italian counts palatine of the Tocco family until 1479, when it was captured by the Ottoman Empire during the First Ottoman–Venetian War."}, {"id": "Q1154983", "label": "First Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Cephalonia, one of the Ionian Islands off the western coast of Greece, had been in the hands of the Italian counts palatine of the Tocco family until 1479, when it was captured by the Ottoman Empire during the First Ottoman–Venetian War."}, {"id": "Q1153331", "label": "Second Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Ottoman–Venetian War broke out in 1499 with the Ottoman attack on the Venetian port of Lepanto on the Greek mainland, which surrendered on 24 August 1499."}], "Q382286": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "There were strident calls for war with the United Kingdom, but these quickly subsided."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "lead", "says": "President Thomas Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 22, 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, several British naval vessels were on duty on the North American Station, blockading two French third-rate warships in Chesapeake Bay."}, {"id": "Q720374", "label": "Stephen Decatur", "section": "Background", "says": "Other deserters were reported to be at the Gosport Navy Yard, then commanded by Stephen Decatur."}, {"id": "Q82049", "label": "George Berkeley", "section": "Background", "says": "Vice-Admiral Sir George Berkeley dispatched his flagship, the fourth-rate warship HMS Leopard, with written orders authorizing him to board and search the United States warship to recover any deserters."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Vice-Admiral Sir George Berkeley dispatched his flagship, the fourth-rate warship HMS Leopard, with written orders authorizing him to board and search the United States warship to recover any deserters."}], "Q384680": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hanko (also known as the Hanko front or the siege of Hanko) was a lengthy series of small battles fought on Hanko Peninsula during the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union in the second half of 1941."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hanko (also known as the Hanko front or the siege of Hanko) was a lengthy series of small battles fought on Hanko Peninsula during the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union in the second half of 1941."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty which formally ended the Soviet-Finnish Winter War, Hanko was leased to the Soviet Union as a Soviet naval base."}], "Q386578": [{"id": "Q1417", "label": "Vitellius", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Bedriacum, also known as the First Battle of Cremona, was a military engagement fought on 14 April AD 69 between the forces of Otho and Vitellius, two rival claimants to the throne of the Roman Empire during the Year of the Four Emperors that followed the deaths of Nero and Galba."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Bedriacum, also known as the First Battle of Cremona, was a military engagement fought on 14 April AD 69 between the forces of Otho and Vitellius, two rival claimants to the throne of the Roman Empire during the Year of the Four Emperors that followed the deaths of Nero and Galba."}, {"id": "Q470596", "label": "Year of the Four Emperors", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Bedriacum, also known as the First Battle of Cremona, was a military engagement fought on 14 April AD 69 between the forces of Otho and Vitellius, two rival claimants to the throne of the Roman Empire during the Year of the Four Emperors that followed the deaths of Nero and Galba."}], "Q3883948": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Chopper occurred on 23 December 1961 and was the first time U.S. forces participated in major combat in the Vietnam War."}], "Q3883989": [{"id": "Q644589", "label": "Toyota War", "section": "Background", "says": "The eight-month Toyota War that ended in September 1987 was the last of a series of clashes between Chad and Libya over the control of the Aouzou Strip, a region of northern Chad that lies along the border with Libya."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Chad had been supported by weapon shipments from the United States and by French aircraft and around 2400 French troops (see Operation Épervier)."}], "Q3997919": [{"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stettin (Swedish: Traktaten or Fördraget i Stettin) or Alliance of Stettin (German: Stettiner Allianz) was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stettin (Swedish: Traktaten or Fördraget i Stettin) or Alliance of Stettin (German: Stettiner Allianz) was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stettin (Swedish: Traktaten or Fördraget i Stettin) or Alliance of Stettin (German: Stettiner Allianz) was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of the last Pomeranian duke in 1637, forces of the Holy Roman Empire invaded Pomerania to enforce Brandenburg's claims on succession, but they were defeated by Sweden in the ensuing battles."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the war, the treaty was superseded by the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the subsequent Treaty of Stettin (1653), when Pomerania was partitioned into a western, Swedish part (Western Pomerania, thenceforth Swedish Pomerania), and an eastern, Brandenburgian part (Farther Pomerania, thenceforth the Brandenburg-Prussian Province of Pomerania)."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the war, the treaty was superseded by the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the subsequent Treaty of Stettin (1653), when Pomerania was partitioned into a western, Swedish part (Western Pomerania, thenceforth Swedish Pomerania), and an eastern, Brandenburgian part (Farther Pomerania, thenceforth the Brandenburg-Prussian Province of Pomerania)."}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Capitulation of Franzburg in 1627, the Duchy of Pomerania was occupied by forces of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, under command of Albrecht von Wallenstein."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Capitulation of Franzburg in 1627, the Duchy of Pomerania was occupied by forces of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, under command of Albrecht von Wallenstein."}, {"id": "Q653561", "label": "Battle of Wolgast", "section": "Background", "says": "The Danish campaigns in Pomerania and other parts of the Holy Roman Empire ended with the Battle of Wolgast in 1628 and the subsequent Treaty of Lübeck in 1629."}, {"id": "Q708862", "label": "Treaty of Lübeck", "section": "Background", "says": "The Danish campaigns in Pomerania and other parts of the Holy Roman Empire ended with the Battle of Wolgast in 1628 and the subsequent Treaty of Lübeck in 1629."}, {"id": "Q1347605", "label": "Truce of Altmark", "section": "Background", "says": "The Truce of Altmark ended the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) in September 1629, releasing the military capacities needed for an invasion of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Plans of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden for such an intervention were approved of by a Riksdag commission already in the winter of 1627/28, approval by the Riksråd followed in January 1629."}], "Q40037480": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch (1098) was a military engagement fought between the Christian forces of the First Crusade and a Muslim coalition led by Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul."}, {"id": "Q365543", "label": "Kerbogha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Antioch (1098) was a military engagement fought between the Christian forces of the First Crusade and a Muslim coalition led by Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul."}], "Q4080180": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bashkir rebellion of 1735–1740 refers to a rebellion by the Bashkirs against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "From at least the time of Peter the Great, there had been talks of Russia pushing southeast toward Persia and India."}], "Q4087298": [{"id": "Q285280", "label": "Transnistria War", "section": "lead", "says": "Bender was one of the points of greatest fighting during the whole Transnistria War together with Dubăsari, and the battle that occurred in the city was the bloodiest and largest single incident in the conflict."}, {"id": "Q347679", "label": "Mircea Snegur", "section": "lead", "says": "As a response to the presence of Russian troops in Moldovan territory, the President of Moldova Mircea Snegur requested retaliation against Russia from the United Nations (UN), receiving weak international support."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "In Transnistria, the battle of Bender was referred to as the \"Stalingrad of today\" by Transnistrian media at the time and was often compared to the Eastern Front of World War II, in which Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union (USSR)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In Transnistria, the battle of Bender was referred to as the \"Stalingrad of today\" by Transnistrian media at the time and was often compared to the Eastern Front of World War II, in which Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union (USSR)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In Transnistria, the battle of Bender was referred to as the \"Stalingrad of today\" by Transnistrian media at the time and was often compared to the Eastern Front of World War II, in which Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union (USSR)."}], "Q4087318": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samarra, also called Operation Baton Rouge, took place in 2004 during the Iraq War."}], "Q4087406": [{"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Agra was a comparatively minor but nevertheless decisive action at the end of a prolonged siege during the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q127369", "label": "Bahadur Shah Zafar", "section": "lead", "says": "However, they lacked the heavy artillery needed to assault the fort, and moved instead to join the rebels who had rallied to the nominal leadership of Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar in Delhi."}, {"id": "Q2343263", "label": "Siege of Delhi", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Siege of Delhi ended in a British victory, they feared an attack by rebels retreating from Delhi and appealed to the commander of a nearby British column for help."}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the rebellion broke out, Agra was the administrative centre of what was then known as the North-Western Provinces (not to be confused with the later North-West Frontier Province)."}], "Q4087418": [{"id": "Q571269", "label": "Battle of Vesuvius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vesuvius was the first conflict of the Third Servile War which pitted the escaped slaves against a military force of militia specifically dispatched by Rome to deal with the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q194378", "label": "Third Servile War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vesuvius was the first conflict of the Third Servile War which pitted the escaped slaves against a military force of militia specifically dispatched by Rome to deal with the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q83406", "label": "Spartacus", "section": "Background", "says": "Once free, the escaped gladiators chose leaders from their number, selecting two Gallic slaves—Crixus and Oenomaus—and Spartacus, who was said either to be a Thracian auxiliary from the Roman legions later condemned to slavery, or a captive taken by the legions."}], "Q4087468": [{"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandwich was a naval skirmish off the town of Sandwich on the 15 January 1460 during the Wars of the Roses."}], "Q40888538": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire was the last war fought by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, between 626 and 609 BC."}, {"id": "Q318708", "label": "Sinsharishkun", "section": "lead", "says": "631–627 BC), the new king of Assyria, Sinsharishkun (r."}, {"id": "Q729114", "label": "Sin-shumu-lishir", "section": "lead", "says": "627–612 BC), immediately faced the revolt of one of his brother's chief generals, Sin-shumu-lishir, who attempted to usurp the throne for himself."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sinsharishkun's inability to defeat Nabopolassar, despite repeated attempts over the course of several years, allowed Nabopolassar to consolidate power and form the Neo-Babylonian Empire, restoring Babylonian independence after more than a century of Assyrian rule."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "lead", "says": "The Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the newly-formed Median Empire under King Cyaxares (r."}, {"id": "Q516329", "label": "Kandalanu", "section": "Background", "says": "Roughly at the same time, the vassal king of Babylon, Kandalanu, died which led to Sinsharishkun also becoming the ruler of Babylon, as proven by inscriptions by him in southern cities such as Nippur, Uruk, Sippar and Babylon itself."}], "Q4090317": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Machias (June 11–12, 1775) was an early naval engagement of the American Revolutionary War, also known as the Battle of the Margaretta, fought around the port of Machias, Maine."}, {"id": "Q815128", "label": "Siege of Boston", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the outbreak of the war, British authorities enlisted Loyalist merchant Ichabod Jones to supply the troops who were under the Siege of Boston."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "Background", "says": "The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, after which the Continental Army under the command of George Washington besieged the British army in the Siege of Boston."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, after which the Continental Army under the command of George Washington besieged the British army in the Siege of Boston."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, after which the Continental Army under the command of George Washington besieged the British army in the Siege of Boston."}, {"id": "Q581935", "label": "Thomas Gage", "section": "Background", "says": "The besieged British were led by General Thomas Gage and Admiral Samuel Graves, and both did business with the people of Machias."}], "Q4090326": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "While taking on coal in the delta of the Rufiji River in German East Africa, the German cruiser SMS Königsberg learned that a British cruiser, HMS Pegasus, which had been part of the Royal Navy's Cape Squadron sent to counter Königsberg, had put in at Zanzibar for repairs."}], "Q4110440": [{"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "lead", "says": "In the year 985, the Córdoban general Almanzor launched a military campaign against the County of Barcelona, which culminated in the sacking and razing of Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q1233672", "label": "County of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "In the year 985, the Córdoban general Almanzor launched a military campaign against the County of Barcelona, which culminated in the sacking and razing of Barcelona."}], "Q4110445": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Baturyn, or the Baturyn tragedy (Ukrainian: Батуринська трагедія) was the 1708 seizure of the city of Baturyn and its Fortress during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), by Russian troops under the command of Alexander Danilovich Menshikov."}, {"id": "Q156026", "label": "Alexander Menshikov", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Baturyn, or the Baturyn tragedy (Ukrainian: Батуринська трагедія) was the 1708 seizure of the city of Baturyn and its Fortress during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), by Russian troops under the command of Alexander Danilovich Menshikov."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortress of Baturyn was the capital of the Cossack Hetmanate at the time of Ivan Mazepa."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortress of Baturyn was the capital of the Cossack Hetmanate at the time of Ivan Mazepa."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) progress, Hetman Mazepa ceased to consider himself loyal to Tsar Peter I and on 7 November (28 October) 1708, when Charles XII was on his way to Moscow and forced to divert his forces toward Central Ukraine, Mazepa joined the Swedish advance."}, {"id": "Q166015", "label": "Battle of Lesnaya", "section": "Background", "says": "His army did not have sufficient provisions and missed ammunition because one month earlier Russian troops had captured a Swedish ammunition convoy led by Adam Ludwig Lewenhauptduring the Battle of Lesnaya."}], "Q4118683": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Algeciras was the first of many sieges of the city by Christian forces in the lengthy period of the Spanish Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege, ordered by King Alfonso X of Castile also known as \"el Sabio\", was a fruitless military campaign initiated by the Kingdom of Castile with the objective of removing the Benimerins from Algeciras."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege, ordered by King Alfonso X of Castile also known as \"el Sabio\", was a fruitless military campaign initiated by the Kingdom of Castile with the objective of removing the Benimerins from Algeciras."}, {"id": "Q4870261", "label": "Battle of Algeciras", "section": "lead", "says": "Castile, which had a powerful armada of ships anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar to blockade such reinforcement, had a few days previously to the siege, seen that fleet obliterated by the Muslim admiral, Abu Yusuf Yaqub at the Naval Battle of Algeciras."}, {"id": "Q335496", "label": "Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq", "section": "Context", "says": "Since the middle of the 13th century, the Marinid Dynasty was emerging as a new power in Morocco, ruled by Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Context", "says": "From Castile, Ferdinand de la Cerda, who circumstantially governed the kingdom in the absence of his father, Alfonso X, found himself being interviewed by the pope in Beaucaire, could do no more than contain the invasions."}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "Context", "says": "The son of King James I of Aragon, also named Sancho, the Archbishop of Toledo, went to join the fight in Jaén, but not wanting to wait for Lope Díaz de Haro, Lord of Biscay, died in combat shortly thereafter."}], "Q4120811": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "By the Treaty of Campo Formio (November 1797) and the dissolution of the Republic of Venice, the Ionian Islands were ceded to the French Republic, which occupied Corfu as the département Corcyre."}, {"id": "Q314339", "label": "Fyodor Ushakov", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1798, Admiral Fyodor Ushakov was sent to the Mediterranean in command of a joint Russian-Turkish squadron to support General Alexander Suvorov's upcoming Italian and Swiss expedition (1799–1800)."}], "Q4126346": [{"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1759, the Qing dynasty of China defeated the Dzungar Khanate and completed the conquest of Dzungaria."}, {"id": "Q1076837", "label": "Afaq Khoja", "section": "lead", "says": "Concurrent with this conquest, the Qing occupied the Altishahr region in modern southern Xinjiang, which had been settled by Muslims who followed the political and religious leadership of Afaq Khoja."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "Khoja background and rivalries", "says": "The region was under Yarkent Khanate up until late-1600s, at which point it was conquered by Dzungar Khanate."}], "Q4147509": [{"id": "Q559950", "label": "Eusebio Ayala", "section": "lead", "says": "It started when supporters of colonel Adolfo Chirife attempted to forcefully restore the implementation of presidential elections canceled by President Eusebio Ayala."}, {"id": "Q861003", "label": "Eduardo Schaerer", "section": "lead", "says": "Chirife represented the so-called Constitutionalist or Schaererist side ideologically supporting liberal politician Eduardo Schaerer, while troops under Ayala were named Loyalists or Gondrists ideologically pledging allegiance to former President Manuel Gondra."}, {"id": "Q860963", "label": "Manuel Gondra", "section": "lead", "says": "Chirife represented the so-called Constitutionalist or Schaererist side ideologically supporting liberal politician Eduardo Schaerer, while troops under Ayala were named Loyalists or Gondrists ideologically pledging allegiance to former President Manuel Gondra."}], "Q4187960": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought in Owari Province, in what is now Nishi-ku, Nagoya, between two forces of the Oda clan: the head of the clan Oda Nobunaga and his brother Oda Nobuyuki, who with the support of Oda Nobuyasu, Shibata Katsuie and Hayashi Hidesada, rebelled against Nobunaga."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought in Owari Province, in what is now Nishi-ku, Nagoya, between two forces of the Oda clan: the head of the clan Oda Nobunaga and his brother Oda Nobuyuki, who with the support of Oda Nobuyasu, Shibata Katsuie and Hayashi Hidesada, rebelled against Nobunaga."}], "Q4191082": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Known as the \"storehouse and treasury of the West Indies\" and as the \"wickedest city in the world\", Port Royal was, at the time, a key city in colonial Jamaica and one of the busiest and wealthiest ports in the Americas, as well as a common home port for many of the privateers and pirates operating on the Caribbean Sea."}], "Q4207759": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucid–Parthian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Seleucid Empire and the Parthian Empire which resulted in the ultimate expulsion of the Seleucids from the Iranian Plateau and the surrounding regions."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucid–Parthian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Seleucid Empire and the Parthian Empire which resulted in the ultimate expulsion of the Seleucids from the Iranian Plateau and the surrounding regions."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "Background", "says": "In 323 BC, the Seleucid Empire was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, a general of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In 323 BC, the Seleucid Empire was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, a general of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q34145", "label": "Third Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of the Seleucids' preoccupation with the wars against a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor in the west, and the chaos of the Third Syrian War around 245 BC, Diodotus and Andragoras, the Seleucid satraps of Bactria and Parthia respectively, declared their remote provinces independent states."}, {"id": "Q456935", "label": "Andragoras", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of the Seleucids' preoccupation with the wars against a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor in the west, and the chaos of the Third Syrian War around 245 BC, Diodotus and Andragoras, the Seleucid satraps of Bactria and Parthia respectively, declared their remote provinces independent states."}], "Q4211700": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Inner Mongolian campaign in the period from 1933 to 1936 were part of the ongoing invasion of northern China by the Empire of Japan prior to the official start of hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Inner Mongolian campaign in the period from 1933 to 1936 were part of the ongoing invasion of northern China by the Empire of Japan prior to the official start of hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1931, the invasion of Manchuria secured the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo and in 1933, Operation Nekka detached the province of Jehol/Rehe from the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1931, the invasion of Manchuria secured the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo and in 1933, Operation Nekka detached the province of Jehol/Rehe from the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q715590", "label": "Tanggu Truce", "section": "lead", "says": "Blocked from further advance south by the Tanggu Truce, the Imperial Japanese Army turned its attention west, towards the Inner Mongolian provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, with the goal of establishing a northern China buffer state."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kuomintang military committee in Peking appointed General Fu Zuoyi as commander of Chinese 7th Army Group, and tasked him with providing Rehe border security."}, {"id": "Q717501", "label": "Fu Zuoyi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kuomintang military committee in Peking appointed General Fu Zuoyi as commander of Chinese 7th Army Group, and tasked him with providing Rehe border security."}, {"id": "Q705832", "label": "Ho Ying-chin", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of April, when the advancing Japanese forces approached Miyun, He Yingqin anxiously redeployed Fu Zuoyi's troops to strengthen the Peking's defenses eastwards to Changping leaving the defense of the Chahar border empty."}], "Q4216311": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Goryeo-Khitan War (Chinese: 第一次高麗契丹戰爭; Korean: 제1차 고려-거란 전쟁) was a 10th-century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea."}], "Q4222429": [{"id": "Q649596", "label": "Ma Bufang", "section": "lead", "says": "Ma clique warlord Ma Bufang secretly sent a telegram to Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui and the leader of the Republic of China, Chiang Kai-shek, suggesting a joint attack on the Tibetan forces."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Ma clique warlord Ma Bufang secretly sent a telegram to Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui and the leader of the Republic of China, Chiang Kai-shek, suggesting a joint attack on the Tibetan forces."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of China then defeated the Tibetan armies and recaptured its lost territory."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "The roots of the conflict lay in three areas: first, the disputed border between Tibetan government territory and the territory of the Republic of China, with the Tibetan government in principle claiming areas inhabited by Tibetans in neighboring Chinese provinces (Qinghai, Sichuan) which were in fact ruled by Chinese warlords loosely aligned with the Republic; second, the tense relationship betwe"}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "Background", "says": "The roots of the conflict lay in three areas: first, the disputed border between Tibetan government territory and the territory of the Republic of China, with the Tibetan government in principle claiming areas inhabited by Tibetans in neighboring Chinese provinces (Qinghai, Sichuan) which were in fact ruled by Chinese warlords loosely aligned with the Republic; second, the tense relationship betwe"}], "Q423522": [{"id": "Q1419229", "label": "Torstenson War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Colberger Heide (also Kolberger Heide or Colberg Heath) took place on 1 July 1644 during the Torstenson War, off the coast of Schleswig-Holstein."}], "Q4237514": [{"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Witos and his men were afraid that Józef Piłsudski, who for the time being was staying in his estate in Sulejowek, would use any opportunity to return to power."}], "Q4244801": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage, in retaliation for the attack on Motya by Dionysius, had sent an army under Himilco, to Sicily to regain lost territory."}, {"id": "Q586344", "label": "Leptines of Syracuse", "section": "Background", "says": "His brother Leptines of Syracuse kept 120 ships at Eryx, including at least thirty quinqueremes."}], "Q42533899": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Antioch in 968–969 was a successful military offensive undertaken by leading commanders of the Byzantine Empire in order to reconquer the strategically important city of Antioch from the Hamdanid Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q362589", "label": "Leo the Deacon", "section": "Background", "says": "The emperor and his troops then marched back to Antioch along the coast, and a note in Leo the Deacon suggests Nikephoros was still in Syria in mid-December."}], "Q4272542": [{"id": "Q2822794", "label": "New York Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the New York Agreement with Indonesia on 15 August 1962, relinquishing control of Western New Guinea to the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the New York Agreement with Indonesia on 15 August 1962, relinquishing control of Western New Guinea to the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "When the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia in December 1949, the Dutch retained sovereignty over the western part of the island of New Guinea during the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the method of transfer to be discussed over the next 12 months."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, the Dutch wanted to retain Dutch New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q2112088", "label": "Linggadjati Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "A further argument was that the Linggadjati Agreement stated that the Dutch were relinquishing the “whole territory of Netherlands (East) Indie\" and West Papua was incorporated in Negara Indonesia Timur or NIT and NIT dissolved into the United States of Indonesia which in turn became the Republic of Indonesia, had also not been tended at the ICJ."}, {"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "A further argument was that the Linggadjati Agreement stated that the Dutch were relinquishing the “whole territory of Netherlands (East) Indie\" and West Papua was incorporated in Negara Indonesia Timur or NIT and NIT dissolved into the United States of Indonesia which in turn became the Republic of Indonesia, had also not been tended at the ICJ."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "A further argument was that the Linggadjati Agreement stated that the Dutch were relinquishing the “whole territory of Netherlands (East) Indie\" and West Papua was incorporated in Negara Indonesia Timur or NIT and NIT dissolved into the United States of Indonesia which in turn became the Republic of Indonesia, had also not been tended at the ICJ."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Indonesia also increased its military pressure on Dutch New Guinea by buying weapons from the Soviet Union an"}], "Q4272689": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liaoshen campaign (Chinese: 辽沈会战; pinyin: Liáoshěn huìzhàn), an abbreviation of Liaoning–Shenyang campaign after the province of Liaoning and its Yuan directly administered capital city Shenyang, was the first of the three major military campaigns (along with Huaihai campaign and Pingjin campaign) launched by the Chinese Communist Party's People's Liberation Army (PLA) against the Kuomintang N"}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "This engagement is also known to the Kuomintang as the Liaohsi campaign (Chinese: 遼西會戰; pinyin: Liáoxī huìzhàn), and took place between September and November 1948, lasting a total of 52 days."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the deteriorating situation for the Nationalists, Chiang Kai-shek decided to replace Chen Cheng with Wei Lihuang as the commander of the Nationalist forces in the Northeast."}, {"id": "Q701313", "label": "Chen Cheng", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the deteriorating situation for the Nationalists, Chiang Kai-shek decided to replace Chen Cheng with Wei Lihuang as the commander of the Nationalist forces in the Northeast."}, {"id": "Q716429", "label": "Wei Lihuang", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the deteriorating situation for the Nationalists, Chiang Kai-shek decided to replace Chen Cheng with Wei Lihuang as the commander of the Nationalist forces in the Northeast."}, {"id": "Q315475", "label": "Lin Biao", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In January 1948, the Communist forces in the Northeast were renamed as the Northeast Field Army with Lin Biao as the commander."}], "Q4274684": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Flood of 1862 was the largest flood in the recorded history of California, Oregon, and Nevada, inundating the Western United States and portions of British Columbia and Mexico."}, {"id": "Q128026", "label": "Utah Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by a record amount of rain from January 9–12, and contributed to a flood that extended from the Columbia River southward in western Oregon, and through California to San Diego, as well as extending as far inland as the Washington Territory (now Idaho), the Utah Territory (now Nevada and Utah), and the western New Mexico Territory (now Arizona)."}], "Q428733": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 2011, the government of Kuwait resigned in response to the protests, making Kuwait one of several countries affected by the Arab Spring to experience major governmental changes due to unrest."}], "Q4314061": [{"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was first planned in November 1918, after the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and was launched in the first days of January 1919 with the occupation of Kharkiv."}, {"id": "Q2994236", "label": "Nikifor Grigoriev", "section": "lead", "says": "The outbreak of a number of local uprisings, and in May 1919, the rebellion of the 20,000-strong forces of Nykyfor Hryhoriv, prevented the Red Army from finally destroying the UPA and marching west towards Bessarabia and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The outbreak of a number of local uprisings, and in May 1919, the rebellion of the 20,000-strong forces of Nykyfor Hryhoriv, prevented the Red Army from finally destroying the UPA and marching west towards Bessarabia and Hungary."}], "Q43170589": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2017 Pohang earthquake, measuring magnitude 5.4 on the local magnitude scale (5.5 Mw), struck Heunghae, Pohang, South Korea on November 15, 2017, and the hypocenter was 7 km below the surface."}], "Q4335258": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The South African intervention in Lesotho, codenamed Operation Boleas, was a military invasion launched by the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and led by South Africa through its South African National Defence Force into Lesotho to quell unrest after the 1998 elections."}, {"id": "Q8023", "label": "Nelson Mandela", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under President Nelson Mandela the ANC-led government in South Africa (which completely landlocks Lesotho) announced it would create a SADC commission to determine the allegations of corruption."}], "Q4335265": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Vrbas '92 (Serbian: Операција Врбас '92) was a military offensive undertaken by the Army of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS) in June–October 1992, during the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately, the outcome of the battle itself fueled greater Bosniak–Croat animosities, which eventually led to the Croat–Bosniak War."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA) withdrew from Croatia following the acceptance and start of implementation of the Vance plan, its 55,000 officers and soldiers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transferred to a new Bosnian Serb army, which was later renamed the Army of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS)."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This reorganisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the 29 February – 1 March 1992 referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-May 1992, when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q6470616", "label": "Operation Jackal", "section": "Background", "says": "Even though the Graz agreement, negotiated by Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats aiming to partition Bosnia and Herzegovina in early May, proclaimed cessation of hostilities between the two groups, heavy fighting broke out between the HVO and the VRS in June, in eastern Herzegovina (Operation Jackal), and in the Sava River basin (Operation Corridor 92), in the north of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q1935145", "label": "Operation Corridor", "section": "Background", "says": "Even though the Graz agreement, negotiated by Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats aiming to partition Bosnia and Herzegovina in early May, proclaimed cessation of hostilities between the two groups, heavy fighting broke out between the HVO and the VRS in June, in eastern Herzegovina (Operation Jackal), and in the Sava River basin (Operation Corridor 92), in the north of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}], "Q4342376": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty (Russian: Пакт о взаимопомощи между СССР и Латвийской Республикой, Latvian: Savstarpējās palīdzības pakts starp Latviju un PSRS) was a bilateral treaty between the Soviet Union and Latvia, signed in Moscow on October 5, 1939."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs Vilhelms Munters and Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 August 1939 the Soviet Union asserted its control over the Baltic states with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q1733006", "label": "Karl Selter", "section": "Background", "says": "A week later, on 24 September, the Estonian foreign minister Karl Selter was given an ultimatum in Moscow."}], "Q4348879": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rzhev in the summer of 1942 was part of a series of battles that lasted 15 months in the center of the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It is known in Soviet history of World War II as the first Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive operation, which was defined as spanning from 30 July to 23 August 1942."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "In July and August 1942, Stalin tasked two of his front commanders, General Georgy Zhukov (commanding the Western Front) and General Ivan Konev (commanding the Kalinin Front), to conduct an offensive to recapture Rzhev and strike a blow against Army Group Center that would push them away from Moscow."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "In July and August 1942, Stalin tasked two of his front commanders, General Georgy Zhukov (commanding the Western Front) and General Ivan Konev (commanding the Kalinin Front), to conduct an offensive to recapture Rzhev and strike a blow against Army Group Center that would push them away from Moscow."}, {"id": "Q2992272", "label": "Aleksandr Novikov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In an attempt to wrest air superiority from the Germans, Colonel General Alexander Novikov, commander of the Soviet Air Forces, was told to concentrate 1100 aircraft in the attack sectors, including 600 fighters."}], "Q4366849": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "The plan was criticized by some of the Polish military and Western advisors, but supported by politicians who feared the effect of abandoning a significant part of the population to the enemy without a fight, and who were further discouraged from abandoning those territories as the Polish allies (France and the United Kingdom) did not guarantee the Borders of Poland and might well decide to allow "}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "The German invasion plan (Fall Weiss) called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and for German units to invade Poland from three directions:\n\nfrom the German mainland through the western Polish border\nfrom the north, from the exclave of East Prussia\nfrom the territory of Slovakia, accompanied by allied Slovak units\nAll three assaults were to converge on Warsaw, while the ma"}], "Q4402025": [{"id": "Q297134", "label": "Hipólito Yrigoyen", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1930 Argentine coup d'état, also known as the September Revolution by its supporters, involved the overthrow of the Argentine government of Hipólito Yrigoyen by forces loyal to General José Félix Uriburu."}, {"id": "Q363555", "label": "José Félix Uriburu", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1930 Argentine coup d'état, also known as the September Revolution by its supporters, involved the overthrow of the Argentine government of Hipólito Yrigoyen by forces loyal to General José Félix Uriburu."}, {"id": "Q93330", "label": "Juan Perón", "section": "lead", "says": "Future Argentinean President Juan Perón took part in the coup on the side of Uriburu."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup led to the end of constitutional government in Argentina and the establishment of a military dictatorship."}], "Q4438370": [{"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "Crown prince and commander-in-chief Abbas Mirza had launched a successful campaign in the summer of 1826, which resulted in the recapture of many of the territories that were lost to the Russians by virtue of the Treaty of Gulistan (1813)."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Crown prince and commander-in-chief Abbas Mirza had launched a successful campaign in the summer of 1826, which resulted in the recapture of many of the territories that were lost to the Russians by virtue of the Treaty of Gulistan (1813)."}, {"id": "Q328411", "label": "Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov", "section": "lead", "says": "Then Russian commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, Aleksey Yermolov, convinced that he had insufficient resources to battle the Iranians, ordered for the withdrawal from Elisavetpol (Ganja), which was thus retaken as well."}, {"id": "Q126656", "label": "Ivan Paskevich", "section": "lead", "says": "Yermolov's replacement, Ivan Paskevich, now with additional resources, started the counteroffensive."}], "Q449076": [{"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Le Goulet was a treaty signed by Kings John of England and Philip II of France in May 1200."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He recognized Philip’s supremacy over the French territories that had once belonged to the Angevin Empire."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Aquitaine remained under John’s control, as it still legally belonged to his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Aquitaine remained under John’s control, as it still legally belonged to his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q353", "label": "Blanche of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "To seal the treaty, a marriage was arranged between the Angevin and Capetian dynasties: John’s niece, Blanche of Castile, and Philip’s son, the future Louis VIII."}], "Q4495612": [{"id": "Q703340", "label": "Wiman Chosŏn", "section": "lead", "says": "The Han conquest of Old Chosŏn was a campaign launched by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty against Wiman Chosŏn between 109 and 108 BCE."}, {"id": "Q7210", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "section": "Background", "says": "In 195 BCE, Lu Wan was implicated in plotting rebellion against the Han dynasty, and Emperor Gaozu of Han sent an army against him."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "Background", "says": "In 109 BCE, Emperor Wu of Han dispatched She He (涉何) to rebuke King Ugeo."}], "Q4522773": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1859 Shamakhi earthquake struck Shamakhi in the Baku Governorate (present-day Azerbaijan Republic) of the Russian Empire, on 11 June."}], "Q4525673": [{"id": "Q51717", "label": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of al-Sannabra, was a battle that occurred on 30 June 1113 between a Crusader army led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem and a Muslim army commanded by Mawdud ibn Altuntash of Mosul."}], "Q4530556": [{"id": "Q466151", "label": "Mikhail Vorontsov", "section": "lead", "says": "During the campaign, Mikhail Vorontsov penetrated too deeply into enemy country, was surrounded, and partially fought his way out with heavy losses and was rescued by General R."}, {"id": "Q4116960", "label": "Siege of Akhoulgo", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Siege of Akhoulgo in 1839, Imam Shamil moved about 45 km northwest to the forests of Chechnya and established himself at Dargo."}, {"id": "Q244742", "label": "Shamil", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Siege of Akhoulgo in 1839, Imam Shamil moved about 45 km northwest to the forests of Chechnya and established himself at Dargo."}], "Q4551686": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1667 Shamakhi earthquake occurred on 25 November 1667 with an epicenter close to the city of Shamakhi, Azerbaijan (then part of Safavid Iran)."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1667 Shamakhi earthquake occurred on 25 November 1667 with an epicenter close to the city of Shamakhi, Azerbaijan (then part of Safavid Iran)."}], "Q4573630": [{"id": "Q2890741", "label": "Battle of the Bogside", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 August, the Battle of the Bogside erupted in Derry: three days of fierce clashes between the RUC and thousands of Catholic/nationalist residents of Derry's Bogside district."}, {"id": "Q690413", "label": "Operation Banner", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Army was deployed to restore order on 14 August, beginning the thirty-seven year Operation Banner, and peace lines were built to separate Catholic and Protestant districts."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ireland's government set up field hospitals and refugee centres near the Irish border, and called for a United Nations peacekeeping force to be sent to Northern Ireland."}], "Q4577217": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake and tsunami occurred on August 17, 1976, at 00:11 local time near the islands of Mindanao and Sulu, in the Philippines."}], "Q4578716": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herat uprising (Pashto: د هرات پاڅون, Dari: قیام هرات), locally known as the Uprising of 24th Hūt (Pashto: د ۲۴م کب پاڅون, Dari: قیام ۲۴م حوت), was an insurrection that took place in and around the city of Herat in western Afghanistan, across several days in March 1979."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the worst outbreak of armed violence in the country in 50 years, and was the deadliest incident in the 1978-1979 period following the Saur Revolution and before the start of the Soviet occupation in December 1979."}], "Q4581198": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Three of the fatalities were along the east coast of South Korea (whether North Korea was affected is not known)."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Three of the fatalities were along the east coast of South Korea (whether North Korea was affected is not known)."}], "Q4587673": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami occurred on 12 December on the island of Flores in Indonesia."}], "Q4597438": [{"id": "Q57830", "label": "Frank Bainimarama", "section": "lead", "says": "Mara would resign under duress on 29 May, handing power to Frank Bainimarama, a commander of the Fijian military."}, {"id": "Q316317", "label": "Josefa Iloilo", "section": "lead", "says": "The coups resulted in the removal of the elected government and its replacement by an interim regime headed by Josefa Iloilo."}, {"id": "Q981549", "label": "Sitiveni Rabuka", "section": "Background", "says": "The coalition won 54 of 71 seats, while the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei of Sitiveni Rabuka (who had come to power in the 1987 Fijian coups d'état) was reduced to 8 seats."}], "Q460025": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian participation on the Eastern Front represented the military intervention of the Kingdom of Italy in the Operation Barbarossa, launched by Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union in 1941."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian participation on the Eastern Front represented the military intervention of the Kingdom of Italy in the Operation Barbarossa, launched by Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union in 1941."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian participation on the Eastern Front represented the military intervention of the Kingdom of Italy in the Operation Barbarossa, launched by Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union in 1941."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The commitment to actively take part in the German offensive was decided by Benito Mussolini a few months before the beginning of the operation, when he became aware of Adolf Hitler's intention to invade, but it was confirmed only on the morning of 22 June 1941, as soon as the Italian dictator was informed that same day the German armies had invaded the Soviet Union."}], "Q460143": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's  Raid) was an attack during the American Civil War (1861–65) by Quantrill's Raiders, a Confederate guerrilla group led by William Quantrill, on the Unionist town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing around 150 men and boys."}, {"id": "Q189366", "label": "John Brown", "section": "Background", "says": "John Brown might be the best-known participant in the violence of the late 1850s, participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, but numerous groups fought for each side during the \"Bleeding Kansas\" period."}, {"id": "Q331377", "label": "Bleeding Kansas", "section": "Background", "says": "John Brown might be the best-known participant in the violence of the late 1850s, participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, but numerous groups fought for each side during the \"Bleeding Kansas\" period."}], "Q4601739": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 2003, a Cambodian newspaper article falsely alleged that Thai actress Suvanant Kongying claimed that the Angkor Wat belonged to Thailand."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The riots reflect the fluid historical relationship between Thailand and Cambodia, as well as the economic, cultural and political factors involving the two countries."}, {"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "Cause of the riots", "says": "On 27 January, Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen repeated the allegations, and said that Suvanant was \"not worth a few blades of grass near the temple\"."}], "Q461975": [{"id": "Q117020", "label": "Free Imperial City of Nuremberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Margrave War (German: Erster Markgrafenkrieg) from 1449–50 was the result of disputes between the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg and Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q453771", "label": "Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Margrave War (German: Erster Markgrafenkrieg) from 1449–50 was the result of disputes between the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg and Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg."}], "Q462099": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calven (Romansh: Chalavaina)1 took place on 22 May 1499 at the exit of the Val Müstair in the Grisons (now part of Switzerland) to the Vinschgau in County of Tyrol (now part of Italy) between the forces of King Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg and those of the free federation of the Three Leagues of the Grisons."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calven (Romansh: Chalavaina)1 took place on 22 May 1499 at the exit of the Val Müstair in the Grisons (now part of Switzerland) to the Vinschgau in County of Tyrol (now part of Italy) between the forces of King Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg and those of the free federation of the Three Leagues of the Grisons."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calven (Romansh: Chalavaina)1 took place on 22 May 1499 at the exit of the Val Müstair in the Grisons (now part of Switzerland) to the Vinschgau in County of Tyrol (now part of Italy) between the forces of King Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg and those of the free federation of the Three Leagues of the Grisons."}, {"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the decisive battle in the southern Grisons of the Swabian War; after the defeat of the Habsburg troops, the king had to abandon his attempts to control the Engadin and the Val Müstair."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The focus of operations in the Swabian War subsequently shifted again to the northern border of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "Seven years later, he took over the possessions of his cousin Sigismund of Austria, which included Tyrol, uniting all Habsburg possessions in his hands."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "Maximilian's second marriage to Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan in 1493 opposed him directly to the French kings who also claimed the Duchy of Milan; a conflict that would escalate to the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Maximilian's second marriage to Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan in 1493 opposed him directly to the French kings who also claimed the Duchy of Milan; a conflict that would escalate to the Italian Wars."}], "Q464048": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 September 1980, 13 people were killed (including the perpetrator) and more than 200 injured by the explosion of an improvised explosive device (IED) at the main entrance of the Oktoberfest festival in Munich, West Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Excluding the perpetrators, the attack was one of the deadliest in Germany since World War II after the 2016 Berlin truck attack, and along with the 1972 Munich massacre, and the deadliest perpetrated by a follower of Nazism in the country since 1945."}], "Q466391": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hühnerwasser (Kuřívody) was the first battle of the Austro-Prussian War."}], "Q4671597": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Palmyra was part of the Allied invasion of Syria during the Syria-Lebanon campaign in World War II, that took place from 21 June to 2 July 1941."}, {"id": "Q696848", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1941, the Vichy French had substantial forces in the region and had allowed their air bases to be used as staging posts by the Germans to send aircraft to take part in the Anglo-Iraqi War."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 June 1941, the Allies had launched two northerly attacks from Palestine and Trans-Jordan into Lebanon and Syria to prevent any further interference with Allied interests in the region."}, {"id": "Q280748", "label": "Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "By late June, Damascus had been taken, and the Allied campaign commander, Henry Maitland Wilson, was ready to launch two further thrusts, this time from western Iraq to complete the capture of Syria."}, {"id": "Q738358", "label": "John Bagot Glubb", "section": "Background", "says": "These troops were part of the column of Brigadier James Joseph Kingstone of the Habforce and included the 4th Cavalry Brigade, elements of the Arab Legion of John Bagot Glubb, known as \"Glubb Pasha\", and the 1st Infantry Battalion of the Regiment of Essex."}], "Q4693785": [{"id": "Q182814", "label": "Antarctic Treaty System", "section": "lead", "says": "The Agreed Measures were formally in force as part of the Antarctic Treaty System from 1982 to 2011, when they were withdrawn as the principles were now entirely superseded by later agreements such as the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty."}], "Q4702339": [{"id": "Q2890420", "label": "Operation Yoav", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident occurred after the town was occupied by the IDF's 89th Commando Battalion during Operation Yoav, encountering little resistance."}, {"id": "Q374803", "label": "Benny Morris", "section": "lead", "says": "Benny Morris has estimated that hundreds of people were killed."}, {"id": "Q738358", "label": "John Bagot Glubb", "section": "lead", "says": "Lieutenant-General John Bagot Glubb, the British commander of Jordan's Arab Legion stated the numbers were much smaller, citing  a UN report for a figure of 30 women and children killed."}], "Q47161142": [{"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 January 2018, at approximately 8:51 p.m. local time (02:51:10 January UTC), a magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck in the Yucatán Basin of the Caribbean Sea, 44 kilometres (27 mi) east of Great Swan Island off the coast of Honduras."}, {"id": "Q5785", "label": "Cayman Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was also felt in the Cayman Islands."}], "Q472982": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Belfort (3 November 1870 – 18 February 1871) was a 103-day military assault and blockade of the city of Belfort, France by Prussian forces during the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French garrison held out until the January 1871 armistice between France and the German Empire obligated French forces to abandon the stronghold in February 1871."}, {"id": "Q64634", "label": "August von Werder", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Strasbourg on 28 September 1870 allowed the German army under August von Werder to move south against Belfort."}, {"id": "Q249976", "label": "Charles Denis Bourbaki", "section": "lead", "says": "General Charles Denis Bourbaki assembled an army intending to relieve Belfort."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 January 1871 Bourbaki attacked Werder along the Lisaine River; however after a three-day battle he was repelled and his army retreated into Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis Adolphe Thiers, president of the Government of National Defense sent an urgent message to Denfert-Rochereau ordering him to surrender the fortress."}, {"id": "Q2358315", "label": "Government of National Defense", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis Adolphe Thiers, president of the Government of National Defense sent an urgent message to Denfert-Rochereau ordering him to surrender the fortress."}, {"id": "Q158021", "label": "Treaty of Frankfurt", "section": "lead", "says": "In recognition of the French defense of Belfort, under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt, the city and its surrounding area were not handed over to Germany, unlike the remainder of Alsace."}], "Q47452670": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 was a rebellion by the Muslim populations (Mudéjares) in the Lower Andalusia and Murcia regions of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q510879", "label": "Muhammad I of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion was in response to Castile's policy of relocating Muslim populations from these regions and was partially instigated by Muhammad I of Granada."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels were aided by the independent Emirate of Granada, while the Castilians were allied with Aragon."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "Background", "says": "A rebellion occurred during the Reconquista, the centuries-long conquest of territories held by Muslims in the Iberian peninsula (called Al-Andalus by the Muslims) by Christian kingdoms from the northern part of Iberia."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Almohad Caliphate, which had dominated Muslim Iberia, fell into dynastic struggles after Yusuf II died in 1224 without heir."}], "Q474891": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts continued after Texas secured its independence from Mexico in 1836 and did not end until 30 years after Texas became a state of the United States, when in 1875 the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"id": "Q1343075", "label": "Quanah Parker", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflicts continued after Texas secured its independence from Mexico in 1836 and did not end until 30 years after Texas became a state of the United States, when in 1875 the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "The more than half-century struggle between the Plains tribes and the Texans became particularly intense after the Spanish, and then Mexicans, left power in Texas."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Texas, which was largely settled by Anglo-Americans, was a threat to the indigenous people of the region."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the American Civil War, the Comanche and Kiowa pushed white settlements back more than 100 miles along the Texas frontier."}], "Q475957": [{"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Fermo, which took place the 27 May 1859 at a pass near Como in the northern part of Lombardy, was an engagement of the Second Italian War of Independence in which the Italian volunteers of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps defeated an Austrian force, forcing the Austrians to abandon Como."}], "Q4793354": [{"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great constituted offensives by Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia, against client kingdoms of the Roman Republic and Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great constituted offensives by Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia, against client kingdoms of the Roman Republic and Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "His conquests extended the realm from the Caspian Sea in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, encompassing territories such as Syria, Phoenicia, and parts of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)."}], "Q47985": [{"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "lead", "says": "The final Rus'–Byzantine War was, in essence, an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople instigated by Yaroslav the Wise and led by his eldest son, Vladimir of Novgorod, in 1043."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "Michael Psellus, an eyewitness of the battle, left an account detailing how the invading Kievan Rus' were annihilated by a superior Imperial fleet with Greek fire off the Anatolian shore."}], "Q4808216": [{"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, according to the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin, the surroundings of Oltu were annexed by the Russian Empire in 1878, forming the Olti okrug of the Kars oblast."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, according to the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin, the surroundings of Oltu were annexed by the Russian Empire in 1878, forming the Olti okrug of the Kars oblast."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of World War I, the Ottoman Empire briefly occupied these lands, but at the by the beginning of 1915, Russia regained control of them."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of World War I, the Ottoman Empire briefly occupied these lands, but at the by the beginning of 1915, Russia regained control of them."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War I ended with Ottoman Empire defeat and the Russian Empire had come apart in the Russian Civil War, separate governments formed in Georgia and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Sèvres which established the new boundaries for the Ottoman Empire had not yet been signed."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Armenia also assumed de jure authority over this region on May 28, 1918."}], "Q4810343": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marash (Turkish: Maraş Muharebesi), also called the Marash Affair, took place in the early winter of 1920 between the French forces occupying the city of Maraş in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish National Forces linked to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marash (Turkish: Maraş Muharebesi), also called the Marash Affair, took place in the early winter of 1920 between the French forces occupying the city of Maraş in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish National Forces linked to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle of the Turkish War of Independence, and the three-week-long engagement in the city ultimately forced the French to abandon and retreat from Marash and resulted in the Massacre of Marash, a Turkish massacre of Armenian refugees who had just been repatriated to the city following the Armenian Genocide."}, {"id": "Q80034", "label": "Armenian Genocide", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major battle of the Turkish War of Independence, and the three-week-long engagement in the city ultimately forced the French to abandon and retreat from Marash and resulted in the Massacre of Marash, a Turkish massacre of Armenian refugees who had just been repatriated to the city following the Armenian Genocide."}], "Q481466": [{"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amberg, fought on 24 August 1796, resulted in a Habsburg victory by Archduke Charles over a French army led by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan."}], "Q4823757": [{"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Limoges was led by the English army led by Edward the Black Prince in the second week in September."}], "Q485728": [{"id": "Q14362", "label": "Chun Doo-hwan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coup d'état of May Seventeenth (Korean: 5.17 내란; Hanja: 五一七內亂) was a military coup d'état staged by General Chun Doo-hwan on 17 May 1980 against the civilian government of President Choi Kyu-hah in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q313350", "label": "Choi Kyu-hah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coup d'état of May Seventeenth (Korean: 5.17 내란; Hanja: 五一七內亂) was a military coup d'état staged by General Chun Doo-hwan on 17 May 1980 against the civilian government of President Choi Kyu-hah in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coup d'état of May Seventeenth (Korean: 5.17 내란; Hanja: 五一七內亂) was a military coup d'état staged by General Chun Doo-hwan on 17 May 1980 against the civilian government of President Choi Kyu-hah in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q242651", "label": "Roh Tae-woo", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1980, Chun and Roh Tae-woo ordered the National Assembly and the respective political parties to be dissolved by deploying troops in the National Assembly."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 October 1979, President Park Chung Hee was assassinated by the head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA)."}, {"id": "Q45785", "label": "Kim Dae-jung", "section": "Background", "says": "With Choi in power, restrictive regulations under Park were partly repealed and opposition leaders and activists, such as Kim Dae-jung, were freed from custody."}], "Q486979": [{"id": "Q497034", "label": "Battle of Sangju", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the sudden appearance of General Yi II, minus his armor, horse, and army fresh from defeat at the Battle of Sangju cancelled these plans, as the Japanese army under Konishi Yukinaga was already approaching the pass."}, {"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the sudden appearance of General Yi II, minus his armor, horse, and army fresh from defeat at the Battle of Sangju cancelled these plans, as the Japanese army under Konishi Yukinaga was already approaching the pass."}], "Q4870386": [{"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "lead", "says": "It is recorded by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, as well as the Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium."}, {"id": "Q365695", "label": "Moses of Chorene", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi and several later Armenian historians following him place the battle in a field called Dzirav, and so the battle is called the Battle of Dzirav in some Armenian sources."}, {"id": "Q23120599", "label": "Nina Garsoyan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the view of historians Hakob Manandian and Nina Garsoïan, this is an error by Khorenatsi or a conflation of the Battle of Bagavan with the battle at Gandzak described in the next chapter of Faustus's history."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Perso-Roman peace treaty of 363, whereby Rome had pledged not to intervene in Armenian affairs, Armenia was left at the mercy of the Sasanian king Shapur II, who in 367/368 imprisoned the Armenian king Arshak II and strove to consolidate Persian rule in the country."}], "Q4870429": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baykand was fought in 729 between the Turkic Türgesh khaganate and its Soghdian allies and the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate at Baykand, a town near Bukhara in Transoxiana (in modern Uzbekistan)."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Baykand was fought in 729 between the Turkic Türgesh khaganate and its Soghdian allies and the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate at Baykand, a town near Bukhara in Transoxiana (in modern Uzbekistan)."}, {"id": "Q5242954", "label": "Day of Thirst", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of engagements followed that almost ended in a disaster for the Arabs like the \"Day of Thirst\" five years earlier, but in the end, through the inspirational bravery of a few Arab leaders and the actions of the vanguard under al-Harith ibn Surayj and Qatan ibn Qutayba, the Arabs broke through and reached Bukhara, which they laid siege to."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "Background", "says": "The region of Transoxiana had been conquered by the Umayyad leader Qutayba ibn Muslim in the reign of al-Walid I (r."}], "Q4870532": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bosra was a lengthy and ultimately inconclusive battle fought in the spring of 1147 during the Second Crusade, between a Crusader force commanded by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Turkish forces from Damascus led by Mu'in ad-Din Unur, who was aided by Nur ad-Din's contingent from Mosul and Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q146465", "label": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bosra was a lengthy and ultimately inconclusive battle fought in the spring of 1147 during the Second Crusade, between a Crusader force commanded by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Turkish forces from Damascus led by Mu'in ad-Din Unur, who was aided by Nur ad-Din's contingent from Mosul and Aleppo."}], "Q4870969": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Miracle of Empel (Milagro de Empel in Spanish) was a Spanish victory on December 8, 1585, near Empel, in the Netherlands during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q538125", "label": "Maria Christina of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Remembered as an unexpected victory, In 1892, the Queen Regent of Spain, Maria Christina of Austria, proclaimed Mary of the Immaculate Conception the patron of Spanish infantry."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1585 the Dutch Revolt raged in full force."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "English support offered more prospects, all the more so as Queen Elizabeth I would be pleased to put her foot in the way of Philip II of Spain, especially if she could press that foot firmly into Dutch soil."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "English support offered more prospects, all the more so as Queen Elizabeth I would be pleased to put her foot in the way of Philip II of Spain, especially if she could press that foot firmly into Dutch soil."}, {"id": "Q2602266", "label": "Treaty of Nonsuch", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 20, 1585, she concluded the Treaty of Nonsuch with the States General, which provided for the sending of an army of 6,000 men, while receiving Flushing and Brielle as collateral for the costs to be incurred."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "Background", "says": "The young Maurice, Prince of Orange, stadtholder of Holland since November 1, 1585, was faced with a difficult task."}], "Q4871164": [{"id": "Q243590", "label": "Second Anglo-Sikh war", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gujrat was a decisive battle in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, fought on 21 February 1849, between the forces of the East India Company, and a Sikh army in rebellion against the company's control of the Sikh Empire, represented by the child Maharaja Duleep Singh who was in British custody in Lahore."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gujrat was a decisive battle in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, fought on 21 February 1849, between the forces of the East India Company, and a Sikh army in rebellion against the company's control of the Sikh Empire, represented by the child Maharaja Duleep Singh who was in British custody in Lahore."}, {"id": "Q333140", "label": "Duleep Singh I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gujrat was a decisive battle in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, fought on 21 February 1849, between the forces of the East India Company, and a Sikh army in rebellion against the company's control of the Sikh Empire, represented by the child Maharaja Duleep Singh who was in British custody in Lahore."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "Prelude to the Battle", "says": "At the start of 1849, Amir Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan had sided with the rebellious Sikhs."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Prelude to the Battle", "says": "At the start of 1849, Amir Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan had sided with the rebellious Sikhs."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Prelude to the Battle", "says": "His aim was to recover the area around Peshawar, which had been conquered by Ranjit Singh early in the nineteenth century, but his support was half-hearted."}, {"id": "Q7494639", "label": "Sher Singh", "section": "Prelude to the Battle", "says": "This allowed Chattar Singh to move out of Hazara and link up with Sher Singh near Rawalpindi."}, {"id": "Q721083", "label": "Charles James Napier", "section": "Prelude to the Battle", "says": "His replacement was General Charles James Napier, who would require several weeks to travel from England."}], "Q4871176": [{"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Haifa was fought on 23 September 1918 towards the end of the Battle of Sharon which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September during the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Battle of Haifa, the Indian 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, 5th Cavalry Division and part of the Desert Mounted Corps attacked rearguard forces of the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the capture of the towns of Haifa and Acre."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Megiddo had begun with an attack by British Empire infantry along an almost continuous line from the Mediterranean Sea across the Plain of Sharon into the foothills of the Judean Hills."}], "Q4871308": [{"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the forces of the Emirate of Afghanistan under Wazir Akbar Khan, and the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 30 April 1837."}, {"id": "Q983036", "label": "Akbar Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the forces of the Emirate of Afghanistan under Wazir Akbar Khan, and the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 30 April 1837."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the forces of the Emirate of Afghanistan under Wazir Akbar Khan, and the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 30 April 1837."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the forces of the Emirate of Afghanistan under Wazir Akbar Khan, and the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 30 April 1837."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This resulted in the Durrani Empire losing the Punjab region, Multan, Kashmir, Derajat, Hazara, Balakot and Attock, whereas Peshawar and Jamrud would later be seized from the Peshawar Sardars in 1834."}, {"id": "Q3631373", "label": "Hari Singh Nalwa", "section": "Prelude and battle", "says": "Towards the end of 1836, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa, the commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army, attacked and captured the small, but very strategic, fortified Khyberi village of Jamrud, situated on the south side of a range of mountains at the mouth of the Khyber Pass."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Prelude and battle", "says": "With the conquest of Jamrud, the Sikh Empire now bordered the frontier of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q6981064", "label": "Nau Nihal Singh", "section": "Prelude and battle", "says": "In 1837, the Sikh Army was in Lahore where all their best generals and troops were recalled from across the Sikh Empire including Peshawar for the wedding of Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "Prelude and battle", "says": "The Emir of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan, finding this as the right opportunity, sent his sons with a 7,000 cavalry, 2,000 matchlock-equipped men, 9,000 guerilla fighters and 20,000 Khybers."}, {"id": "Q12446053", "label": "Hari Singh I of Kashmir", "section": "Prelude and battle", "says": "According to historian Hari Ram Gupta, when Hari Singh rallied his men and rode to the front, he was struck by two bullets, one in the stomach and the other on the side."}], "Q4871437": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kilimanjaro at Longido took place in German East Africa in November 1914 and was an early skirmish during the East African Campaign of the First World War."}], "Q4871598": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Longewala (4–7 December 1971) was one of the first major engagements in the western sector during the India–Pakistan war of 1971, fought between assaulting Pakistani forces and Indian defenders at the Indian border post of Longewala, in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The main thrust of the Indian Army during the 1971 war was directed towards the eastern theatre, with the western sector envisioned as a holding operation to prevent the Pakistan Army from achieving any success that would allow the President of Pakistan, Yahya Khan, any bargaining tool to trade against the captured territories in the east."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "It was clear to Islamabad by this time that open conflict was inevitable, and that East Pakistan was indefensible in the long run."}], "Q4871614": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lugos was fought on 21 September 1695 near the city of Lugos in the East Banat, between the forces of the Ottoman Empire and the forces of the Habsburg monarchy as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lugos was fought on 21 September 1695 near the city of Lugos in the East Banat, between the forces of the Ottoman Empire and the forces of the Habsburg monarchy as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q199659", "label": "Mustafa II", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Mustafa II ordered the renewal of the attack in Transylvania and his army captured Lipova shortly after."}], "Q4871634": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mahiwa between German and British Imperial forces was fought during the East African Campaign of World War I, when South African and Nigerian troops under Lieutenant General Jacob van Deventer engaged a column under German General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, at Mahiwa in German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mahiwa between German and British Imperial forces was fought during the East African Campaign of World War I, when South African and Nigerian troops under Lieutenant General Jacob van Deventer engaged a column under German General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, at Mahiwa in German East Africa."}], "Q4871691": [{"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maskin (Arabic: معركة مسكن), also known as the Battle of Dayr al-Jathaliq (Arabic: معركة دير الجثاليق) from a nearby Nestorian monastery, was a decisive battle of the Second Fitna (680s-690s)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Command of the army was held by members of his family; his brother Muhammad led the vanguard, while Yazid I's sons Khalid and Abd Allah respectively commanded the left and right wings."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the battle, Mus'ab's most skilled Basran forces were bogged down with Muhallab, who had been reassigned in 689 to the campaign against the Kharijites threatening Basra."}], "Q4871715": [{"id": "Q1756029", "label": "Operation Tonga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Merville Gun Battery was a series of British assaults beginning 6 June 1944, as part of Operation Tonga, part of the Normandy landings, during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "During a visit on 6 March 1944, to inspect the defences, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ordered the builders to work faster, and by May 1944, the last two casemates were completed."}], "Q4871964": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oxus River was a significant battle in the 7th century, fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Muslim Arab army that had overrun Persia."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his defeat, the last Sasanian Emperor, Yazdegerd III, became a hunted fugitive who fled to Central Asia and then to China."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Khorasan was the second largest province of the Sasanian Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It stretched from what is now north-eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It stretched from what is now north-eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan."}], "Q4872177": [{"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rhodes or Invasion of Rhodes was fought in May 1912 as part of the Italo-Turkish War."}], "Q4872534": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tetovo (Macedonian: Битка за Тетово, romanized: Bitka za Tetovo, Albanian: Beteja e Tetovës), that lasted from March to August 2001, was the largest engagement during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, in which Macedonian security forces battled the National Liberation Army (NLA) for control of the city."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Tetovo is the fifth largest city in North Macedonia (previously Macedonia), the majority of whose citizens are ethnic Albanians."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Before 1991 Kosovo and Macedonia formed part of Yugoslavia which meant unrestricted access between the entities."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These numbers were to rapidly rise in the following months as the military expenditures of Macedonia quadrupled to almost 7% of GDP,  which resulted in major purchases of military hardware mainly from Ukraine and Bulgaria, and the mobilization of special police forces like the Lions and Tigers."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Mounts Baltepe and Kale were major strongpoints, both of which held ancient fortresses left over from the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q4872628": [{"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "lead", "says": "653 BCE, was a battle between the invading Assyrians, under their king Ashurbanipal, and the kingdom of Elam, which was a Babylonian ally."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "Background", "says": "However Assyria struggled to maintain control over their closest neighbor Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q878782", "label": "Mushezib-Marduk", "section": "Background", "says": "In a rebellion against Sennacherib's (704-681) rule in Babylon, Chaldean Mushezib-Marduk seized the throne and formed a coalition including the Chaldeans, Aramaens, Elamites, and Babylonians and went to battle in 691 near the city of Halule."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "Background", "says": "The coalition was defeated and Sennacherib began a 15-month campaign against Babylonia, sacking palaces and burning temples."}], "Q4872826": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Admin Box (sometimes referred to as the Battle of Ngakyedauk or the Battle of Sinzweya) took place on the southern front of the Burma campaign from 5 to 23 February 1944, in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q2534481", "label": "Frank Messervy", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle takes its name from the \"administration area\" of the Indian Army's 7th Division, which became a makeshift, rectangular defensive position for Major-General Frank Messervy and his staff after their divisional headquarters was overrun on 7 February."}], "Q48733987": [{"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1969 Somali coup d'état was a bloodless military takeover of the Somali Republic on 21 October 1969, led by Somali National Army officers of the Supreme Revolutionary Council under General Siad Barre."}, {"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1969 Somali coup d'état was a bloodless military takeover of the Somali Republic on 21 October 1969, led by Somali National Army officers of the Supreme Revolutionary Council under General Siad Barre."}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "lead", "says": "After the assassination of President Abdirashid Shermarke in Las Anod, the Somali National Army under Barre's command stormed Mogadishu, seized key government buildings, and demanded the resignation of the country's leaders."}, {"id": "Q1477220", "label": "Somali Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "With the establishment of Supreme Revolutionary Council rule, the Somali Republic was replaced by the socialist Somali Democratic Republic, which governed until its collapse in 1991."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Somalia became independent in 1960, creating the Somali Republic from former Italian Somaliland and former British Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Somalia became independent in 1960, creating the Somali Republic from former Italian Somaliland and former British Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q157197", "label": "Aden Abdullah Osman Daar", "section": "Background", "says": "The first leaders of the new republic were President Aden Abdullah Osman Daar who served as head of state and Prime Minister Abdirashid Sharmarke of the Somali Youth League."}], "Q489561": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (Korean: 단장의 능선 전투; Hanja: 斷腸의 稜線 戰鬪; French: Bataille de Crèvecœur), also known as the Battle of Wendengli (Chinese: 文登里战斗; pinyin: Wéndēnglǐ Zhàndòu), was a month-long battle in the Korean War which took place between 13 September and 15 October 1951."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge was one of several major engagements in the hills of North Korea a few miles north of the 38th Parallel, the pre-war boundary between North and South Korea, near Chorwon."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge was one of several major engagements in the hills of North Korea a few miles north of the 38th Parallel, the pre-war boundary between North and South Korea, near Chorwon."}, {"id": "Q492671", "label": "Battle of Triangle Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Chinese, this battle is often confused with the Battle of Triangle Hill, which occurred a year later."}, {"id": "Q490171", "label": "James A. Van Fleet", "section": "Background", "says": "During the battle, Eighth Army commander General James Van Fleet had submitted an outline plan, called Talons, to United Nations commander General Matthew Ridgway  envisioning an advance of 1–15 miles (1.6–24.1 km) to remove the sag in the Eighth Army's eastern front."}, {"id": "Q494930", "label": "Matthew Ridgway", "section": "Background", "says": "During the battle, Eighth Army commander General James Van Fleet had submitted an outline plan, called Talons, to United Nations commander General Matthew Ridgway  envisioning an advance of 1–15 miles (1.6–24.1 km) to remove the sag in the Eighth Army's eastern front."}], "Q490935": [{"id": "Q1155955", "label": "Ma Gui", "section": "Background", "says": "Yang Hao, Ma Gui, and Gwon Yul met up at Gyeongju on the 26 January 1598 and marched on Ulsan with an army of 50,000."}], "Q493922": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Seoul was a battle of the Korean War, which took place from December 31, 1950, to January 7, 1951, around the South Korean capital of Seoul."}, {"id": "Q493313", "label": "Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the major Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) victory at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, the United Nations Command (UN) started to contemplate the possibility of evacuation from the Korean Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong ordered the Chinese People's Volunteer Army to cross the 38th Parallel in an effort to pressure the UN forces to withdraw from South Korea."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong ordered the Chinese People's Volunteer Army to cross the 38th Parallel in an effort to pressure the UN forces to withdraw from South Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong ordered the Chinese People's Volunteer Army to cross the 38th Parallel in an effort to pressure the UN forces to withdraw from South Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "To prevent North Korea from falling under UN control after the UN offensive into North Korea, the PVA entered North Korea and launched their Second Phase Offensive against the UN forces near the Sino-Korean border on 25 November."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Eighth Army was ordered to hold Seoul for as long as possible, UN commander General Douglas MacArthur planned a series of withdrawals to the Pusan Perimeter if UN forces were about to be overwhelmed."}, {"id": "Q484690", "label": "Walton H. Walker", "section": "Background", "says": "General Walton Walker, commander of the Eighth Army, was killed in a traffic accident on December 23, and Lieutenant General Matthew B."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "Background", "says": "Immediately after the PVA 13th Army's victory over the Eighth Army at the Ch'ongch'on River, Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong started to contemplate another offensive against the UN forces on the urging of North Korean Premier Kim Il Sung."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "Background", "says": "On December 23, 1950, China's Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai formally rejected the UN ceasefire while demanding all UN forces to be withdrawn from the Korean Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q381823", "label": "Peng Dehuai", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Arguing against the Third Phase Campaign on December 7, PVA Commander Peng Dehuai telegraphed to Mao that the PVA would need at least three months to replace its casualties, while most of its troops were in critical need of resupply, rest and reorganization."}], "Q4996248": [{"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934, also known as the 19 May coup d'état (Bulgarian: Деветнадесетомайски преврат, Devetnadesetomayski prevrat), was a coup d'état in the Kingdom of Bulgaria carried out by the Zveno military organization and the Military Union with the aid of the Bulgarian Army."}, {"id": "Q459651", "label": "Kimon Georgiev", "section": "lead", "says": "It overthrew the government of the wide People's Bloc coalition and replaced it with one under Kimon Georgiev."}], "Q503605": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Satala was fought in 298, in Armenia, between the forces of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarch Galerius and the forces of the Sasanian Empire of Persia led by Shah Narseh (Narses)."}, {"id": "Q172168", "label": "Galerius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Satala was fought in 298, in Armenia, between the forces of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarch Galerius and the forces of the Sasanian Empire of Persia led by Shah Narseh (Narses)."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Satala was fought in 298, in Armenia, between the forces of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarch Galerius and the forces of the Sasanian Empire of Persia led by Shah Narseh (Narses)."}, {"id": "Q172520", "label": "Tiridates III of Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to King Tiridates III of Armenia in the peace of 287."}, {"id": "Q246833", "label": "Peace of Nisibis", "section": "Background", "says": "According to historian Ursula Weber, \"it is quite certain\" that the whole of Armenia continued to a part of the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd-century, until it was later ceded to the Romans in 298/9 after the Peace of Nisibis."}], "Q5036984": [{"id": "Q171349", "label": "Abbas the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Baghdad (Persian: فتح بغداد) was a military operation by the Safavid army under Abbas the Great."}, {"id": "Q174762", "label": "Murad IV", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred on 14 January 1624, and was part of the ongoing war between Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire and Shah Abbas I of Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred on 14 January 1624, and was part of the ongoing war between Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire and Shah Abbas I of Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred on 14 January 1624, and was part of the ongoing war between Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire and Shah Abbas I of Safavid Iran."}], "Q508006": [{"id": "Q2276724", "label": "Operation Defensive Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of Operation Defensive Shield, the IDF occupied Bethlehem and attempted to capture suspected Palestinian militants."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "IDF surrounded the site and besieged the suspected militants and non-militants at the site, which included approximately 200 monks resident in the church and other Palestinians who had arrived at the site for other reasons."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Everything was there.\"\nAmong the wanted persons in the church were the governor of Bethlehem, Muhammad al-Madani, and Abdullah Daoud, the Palestinian Authority  intelligence chief in Bethlehem."}], "Q5115965": [{"id": "Q312358", "label": "Adolfo Rodríguez Saá", "section": "lead", "says": "A state of extreme institutional instability continued for the next twelve days, during which the successor president Adolfo Rodríguez Saá resigned as well."}], "Q5162445": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Santarém took place on 15 March 1147, when the troops of the Kingdom of Portugal under the leadership of Afonso I of Portugal captured the Almoravid city of Santarém (at the time called Shantarin)."}, {"id": "Q587697", "label": "Afonso I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Santarém took place on 15 March 1147, when the troops of the Kingdom of Portugal under the leadership of Afonso I of Portugal captured the Almoravid city of Santarém (at the time called Shantarin)."}, {"id": "Q964618", "label": "Afonso I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the first day of the journey from Coimbra to Santarém, King Afonso I sent an emissary to Santarém announcing to the Moors that the truce had ended, for which three days' notice was required."}], "Q51750785": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wiriyamu Massacre or Operation Marosca was a massacre of the civilian population of the village of Wiriyamu in Mozambique by Portuguese soldiers in December 1972."}, {"id": "Q610788", "label": "António Costa", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2022, Portuguese prime minister António Costa called it \"an unforgivable act that dishonours Portuguese history\"."}, {"id": "Q609836", "label": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Portuguese Colonial War broke out in 1961 in response to challenges to Portuguese colonial rule by African independence movements following the success of Democratic Republic of the Congo obtaining independence from Belgium a year earlier."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "The Portuguese Colonial War broke out in 1961 in response to challenges to Portuguese colonial rule by African independence movements following the success of Democratic Republic of the Congo obtaining independence from Belgium a year earlier."}], "Q5251450": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1896 defense of Van or Van rebellion was an act of self-defense by the Armenian population in Van against the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire in June 1896, during the Hamidian massacres."}], "Q5286645": [{"id": "Q3288108", "label": "Bosnian Genocide", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 September 1997, Serb soldier Nikola Jorgić was found guilty by the Düsseldorf Oberlandesgericht (Higher Regional Court) on 11 counts of genocide involving the murder of 30 persons in the Doboj region, making it the first Bosnian Genocide prosecution."}], "Q52971355": [{"id": "Q892014", "label": "Qasem Soleimani", "section": "lead", "says": "The clash came during rising tensions between Israeli and Iranian forces in Syria, including threats by the leader of Iran's Quds Force in Syria, Qasem Soleimani, to attack Israel."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 April 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Iran of pursuing a program of nuclear weapons development."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action."}], "Q531346": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered a major Confederate success in the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War, despite the invading force abandoning the field."}, {"id": "Q1190016", "label": "Edward Canby", "section": "Background", "says": "From there he would advance along the Rio Grande, avoiding the desert of the Jornada del Muerto, with the objective of capturing Fort Craig and the supplies in the fort and defeating the Federal army under Colonel Edward Canby."}, {"id": "Q379673", "label": "Kit Carson", "section": "Background", "says": "Kit Carson commanded the First Regiment of New Mexican volunteers."}], "Q5334383": [{"id": "Q1759249", "label": "Real Audiencia de Quito", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ecuadorian War of Independence, part of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early 19th century, was fought from 1809 to 1822 between Spain and several South American armies over control of the Real Audiencia of Quito, a Spanish colonial jurisdiction which later became the modern Republic of Ecuador."}, {"id": "Q1402751", "label": "Battle of Pichincha", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended with the defeat of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822, which brought about the independence of all the lands of the Real Audiencia of Quito."}], "Q5338335": [{"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was a reaction to the consequences of the Treaty of Karlowitz and Sultan Mustafa II's absence from the capital."}, {"id": "Q199659", "label": "Mustafa II", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Edirne Incident, Şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi was killed, and Sultan Mustafa II was ousted from power."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultan was replaced by his brother, Sultan Ahmed III."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Causes", "says": "The peace negotiations began only after numerous and urgent Ottoman requests for peace and diplomatic efforts by England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Ottomans had been desperate to end the war after “the army under the sultan was annihilated by Eugene of Savoy in open field confrontations” (Battle of Zenta)."}, {"id": "Q517486", "label": "Battle of Zenta", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Ottomans had been desperate to end the war after “the army under the sultan was annihilated by Eugene of Savoy in open field confrontations” (Battle of Zenta)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth gained Podolia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Causes", "says": "These territorial losses had drastic effects on the geopolitical power of the Ottoman Empire. “With the Treaty of Karlowitz, the Ottoman Empire ceased to be a dominating power in Central and Eastern Europe and began to take a defensive position to its Christian neighbors.”\nAfter the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz, Sultan Mustafa II retreated to Edirne and “left political and administrative aff"}], "Q5347024": [{"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "Particularly intense during the Boshin War and Bakumatsu, the movement originated in the Kansai region, near Kyoto."}], "Q53617858": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The event, occurring during the Greek War of Independence, was done in reprisal for the Chios massacre which occurred two months earlier."}, {"id": "Q12811089", "label": "Nasuhzade Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Approximately 2,000 Ottoman Navy personnel were killed, among them Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha."}], "Q5368776": [{"id": "Q339291", "label": "Wuchang Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The mobilization of imperial troops from neighboring Hubei Province to suppress the Railway Protection Movement created the opportunity for revolutionaries in Wuhan to launch the Wuchang Uprising, which triggered the revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The mobilization of imperial troops from neighboring Hubei Province to suppress the Railway Protection Movement created the opportunity for revolutionaries in Wuhan to launch the Wuchang Uprising, which triggered the revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q672556", "label": "Boxer Protocol", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time, the Qing authorities were under the financial pressure of having to pay back huge debts under the terms of the Boxer Protocol."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "By nationalizing the local rail ventures and then selling the rights to those ventures to foreigners, the government could raise money to pay debts owed to Great Britain, Germany, France and the United States."}], "Q5383233": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Crimean War (1854–1856) broke out, many Epirotes, with tacit support from the Greek state, revolted against the Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Crimean War broke out between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, many Greeks felt that it was an opportunity to gain lands inhabited by Greeks but not included in the independent Kingdom of Greece."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Crimean War broke out between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, many Greeks felt that it was an opportunity to gain lands inhabited by Greeks but not included in the independent Kingdom of Greece."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) was still fresh in their minds, as well as the Russian intervention that had helped secure Greek independence."}], "Q540704": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Prague was a treaty signed on 11 December 1973, in Prague, by West Germany and Czechoslovakia in which both states recognised each other diplomatically, declared the 1938 Munich Agreement to be null and void, acknowledged the inviolability of their common borders and abandoned all territorial claims."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Prague was a treaty signed on 11 December 1973, in Prague, by West Germany and Czechoslovakia in which both states recognised each other diplomatically, declared the 1938 Munich Agreement to be null and void, acknowledged the inviolability of their common borders and abandoned all territorial claims."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Prague was a treaty signed on 11 December 1973, in Prague, by West Germany and Czechoslovakia in which both states recognised each other diplomatically, declared the 1938 Munich Agreement to be null and void, acknowledged the inviolability of their common borders and abandoned all territorial claims."}, {"id": "Q2514", "label": "Willy Brandt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Prague was a strong element of the Ostpolitik put forward by the German Chancellor Willy Brandt and supported by his ruling party in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The western part of Czechoslovakia that had borders with Germany is now the Czech Republic, which has also ratified the treaty."}], "Q541293": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of London was signed between the United Kingdom and the Emirate of Trans-Jordan on 22 March 1946 and came into force on 17 June 1946."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "When King Abdullah applied for membership in the newly formed United Nations, his request was vetoed by the Soviet Union, citing that the nation was not \"fully independent\" of British control."}], "Q542113": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Podol was a minor engagement in the opening days of the Königgrätz campaign of the Austro-Prussian War in Bohemia on 26 and 27 June 1866."}, {"id": "Q78563", "label": "Ludwig von Benedek", "section": "Background", "says": "Clam-Gallas disagreed and nothing was done until the afternoon, when Albert received word of the Prussian occupation of Turnau at the same time as an order arrived from Ludwig von Benedek, the commander of the Austrian Army of the North, to hold Turnau and Münchengrätz at all costs."}], "Q5452509": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Dongola took place in 642 between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Christian kingdom of Makuria."}, {"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "Background", "says": "In the sixth century, the area that had once been under the domination of the Kingdom of Kush converted to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "In the sixth century, the area that had once been under the domination of the Kingdom of Kush converted to Christianity."}], "Q5452540": [{"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "Background", "says": "Tomé Pires and seven other Portuguese as well as their slaves were given lodging for the embassy."}, {"id": "Q2988343", "label": "Portuguese Malacca", "section": "Background", "says": "Following this, Simão began purchasing as well as kidnapping child slaves along the Chinese coast to sell in Portuguese Malacca."}, {"id": "Q10007", "label": "Zhengde Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Zhengde Emperor died on 20 April 1521."}], "Q5453768": [{"id": "Q333994", "label": "Warren Hastings", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nawab then decided to annex their country, and appealed to Warren Hastings for assistance, which was given in return for a sum of forty lakhs of rupees."}], "Q551432": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Villersexel took place on 9 January 1871 as part of the Franco-Prussian War."}], "Q55633164": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Thessalonica in 676–678 was an attempt by the local Slavic tribes to capture the Byzantine city of Thessalonica, taking advantage of the preoccupation of the Byzantine Empire with the repulsion of the First Arab Siege of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "In the reign of Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q1257426", "label": "Sclaveni", "section": "Background", "says": "527–565), Slavic tribes (Sclaveni) had already appeared on the Danube frontier of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "From the 560s, the Slav communities came under the control of the newly established Avar Khaganate."}], "Q557258": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Bonn took place from 3 to 12 November 1673, during the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was strategically significant due to its location on the Rhine and the capture of the city disrupted French lines of communication and logistics so much that they were forced to evacuate their troops in the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1672, Louis XIV invaded the Dutch Republic, initiating the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "Background", "says": "At sea, however, Michiel de Ruyter successfully repelled the combined Anglo-French fleets in a series of battles at Solebay, Schooneveld, and Texel."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "With the aid of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, they launched a counteroffensive aimed at driving back French and allied forces."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "William III outmanoeuvred Marshal Luxembourg, who commanded the French forces along the Water Line, and captured the fortified town of Naarden."}], "Q558503": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rudau (German: Schlacht bei Rudau, Lithuanian: Rūdavos mūšis) was a medieval pitched battle fought between the Teutonic Knights and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 17 or 18 February 1370 near Rudau village, north of Königsberg (now Melnikovo village in the Kaliningrad oblast)."}, {"id": "Q975954", "label": "Wigand of Marburg", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Teutonic chronicler Wigand of Marburg and the Livonian chronicle of Hermann de Wartberge, the Lithuanians suffered a great defeat."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Teutonic chronicler Wigand of Marburg and the Livonian chronicle of Hermann de Wartberge, the Lithuanians suffered a great defeat."}, {"id": "Q355869", "label": "Kęstutis", "section": "Background", "says": "During truce negotiations Kęstutis, brother and right-hand man of the Grand Duke Algirdas, warned the Prussian Marshal Henning Schindekop that he would organize a retaliation."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "During truce negotiations Kęstutis, brother and right-hand man of the Grand Duke Algirdas, warned the Prussian Marshal Henning Schindekop that he would organize a retaliation."}], "Q559231": [{"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bov (German: Schlacht von Bau, Danish: Slaget ved Bov) was a battle between troops fighting for Schleswig-Holstein, and those for Denmark, which happened on 9 April 1848 near the town of Flensborg in Denmark, during the First Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the German Confederation, sent troops to support Schleswig-Holstein in its attempt to secede from Denmark, and become a part of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the German Confederation, sent troops to support Schleswig-Holstein in its attempt to secede from Denmark, and become a part of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the German Confederation, sent troops to support Schleswig-Holstein in its attempt to secede from Denmark, and become a part of the German Confederation."}], "Q567459": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Congress of Rastatt, which began its deliberations in November 1797, was intended to negotiate a general peace between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as to draw up a compensation plan to compensate those princes whose lands on the left bank of the Rhine had been seized by France in the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Congress of Rastatt, which began its deliberations in November 1797, was intended to negotiate a general peace between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as to draw up a compensation plan to compensate those princes whose lands on the left bank of the Rhine had been seized by France in the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing the French delegation was a 10-member Imperial delegation made up of delegates from the electorates of Mainz, Saxony, Bavaria, Hanover, as well as the secular territories of Austria, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg, and the imperial cities of Augsburg and Frankfurt."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The congress was interrupted when Austria and Russia resumed war against France in March 1799 at the start of the War of the Second Coalition, thus rendering the proceedings moot."}], "Q568387": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peasants' War (French: Guerre des Paysans; Dutch: Boerenkrijg; German: Klöppelkrieg; Luxembourgish: Klëppelkrich) was a peasant revolt in 1798 against the French Republican occupiers of the Southern Netherlands, a region which now includes Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Germany."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "lead", "says": "The French had annexed the region in 1795 and control of the region was officially ceded to the French after the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt is considered part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q568790": [{"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was carried out by British and Australian troops and was subsidiary to the Battle of the Somme."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 July, General Erich von Falkenhayn, head of Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, the German army supreme headquarters) judged Fromelles to be the offensive he expected against the 6th Army."}, {"id": "Q2634717", "label": "Battle of Bazentin Ridge", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 July, discussions about the attack resumed, as the need for diversions to coincide with operations on the Somme had diminished when the Germans had not collapsed after the British success at the Battle of Bazentin Ridge (14 July 1916)."}, {"id": "Q1245157", "label": "Battle of Loos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The front of the 6th Army had been quiet since the Battle of Loos (25 September – 14 October 1915) and in July 1916, the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division held a 4.5 mi (7.2 km) stretch of the front with four regiments, from east of Aubers village, north to a point near Bois-Grenier, each regiment having one battalion in the front line, one in support and one in reserve."}], "Q573774": [{"id": "Q779168", "label": "Halfdan Ragnarsson", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Viking army was said to have been led by Ubba,  brother of Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson, and sailed from Dyfed (where they had overwintered) to land on the coast at Countisbury with 23 ships and 1200 men."}, {"id": "Q272297", "label": "Æthelweard", "section": "Prelude", "says": "According to the 10th century chronicler Æthelweard, the West Saxons were led by Odda, the ealdorman of Devon."}], "Q577539": [{"id": "Q34105", "label": "Hosni Mubarak", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2011, hundreds of thousands of Egyptians took to the streets in an ideologically and socially diverse mass protest movement that ultimately ousted longtime president Hosni Mubarak."}, {"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "lead", "says": "A protracted political crisis ensued, with the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces taking control of the country until the 2012 presidential election brought Mohamed Morsi, the former Muslim Brotherhood leader, into power as the first democratically elected president of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "Background", "says": "During his presidency, Hosni Mubarak pursued policies similar to those of his predecessor Anwar Sadat, including the adoption of a neoliberal model corrupted by cronyism and a continued commitment to the Camp David Accords."}, {"id": "Q309204", "label": "Camp David Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "During his presidency, Hosni Mubarak pursued policies similar to those of his predecessor Anwar Sadat, including the adoption of a neoliberal model corrupted by cronyism and a continued commitment to the Camp David Accords."}, {"id": "Q381863", "label": "Gamal Mubarak", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, Mubarak positioned his son, Gamal Mubarak, as his successor instead of a military officer."}], "Q581393": [{"id": "Q596373", "label": "Pyrrhic War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 281 BC, at the request of the Greek city of Tarentum, Pyrrhus, the King of the Greek state of Epirus, began the Pyrrhic War taking an army of 25,500 men and 20 elephants to Italy to help fight the Romans."}, {"id": "Q744611", "label": "Battle of Heraclea", "section": "Background", "says": "After arriving in Italy in 280 BC, Pyrrhus defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Heraclea, near Tarentum."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "These victories proved to be very costly to Pyrrhus and he diverted his attention to Sicily, where the Greek states on the island were appealing for his help against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q241386", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "section": "Background", "says": "To increase his resources and bolster his standing, he declared war on King Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q3233509", "label": "Battle of the Aous", "section": "Background", "says": "He ravaged part of the country before managing to defeat Antigonus at the Battle of the Aous."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Antigonus' flight, Pyrrhus was able to gain control of most of Macedon and Thessaly, declaring himself King of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Plutarch, the Greek historian, attributed Cleonymus' non-selection as king to his violent disposition and arbitrariness."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This suggests that the invasion was facilitated by the Aetolian League, a power confederate in Central Greece, which was hostile to Antigonus."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "There he was met by Spartan ambassadors as well as those from Messene, Athens and the Achaean League."}], "Q586338": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Germanicia or Marash was led by Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate during their campaigns in Anatolia in 638."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "Background", "says": "The Muslims won a decisive victory at the Battle of Yarmouk fought in August 636, thus the attempt made by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius to roll back Roman Syria failed."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Muslims won a decisive victory at the Battle of Yarmouk fought in August 636, thus the attempt made by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius to roll back Roman Syria failed."}], "Q5951820": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Shushtar was fought from 641 to 642 between the Sasanian Empire and the invading Arab Muslims of the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Shushtar was fought from 641 to 642 between the Sasanian Empire and the invading Arab Muslims of the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q3777163", "label": "Hormuzan", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the city managed to resist the Arabs, the Sasanians later faced desertion, which resulted in the Arabs capturing the city and capturing its commander, Hormuzan."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sasanian king Yazdegerd III (r."}], "Q5962857": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "Nobunaga's young retainer Kinoshita Tōkichirō (later known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi) played an important role in attaining the victory at Inabayama."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1549, young Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582), who later became a major daimyō of Owari Province, Japan and would initiate the unification of 16th century Japan, was married to Nōhime, the daughter of Saitō Dōsan, leader of the rival Saitō clan of neighboring Mino Province."}, {"id": "Q349422", "label": "Battle of Okehazama", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Oda defeated the Imagawa clan at the 1560 Battle of Okehazama, then allied with the Matsudaira clan soon after, Nobunaga was in a more secure position to focus on their northern neighbor, the Saitō clan."}], "Q599648": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "Background", "says": "After the attack on Taranto and the success of Operation Compass, an offensive in Cyrenaica, Libya from December 1940 – February 1941, the British conducted operations to neutralise Italian forces in the Dodecanese islands."}], "Q601875": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Almonacid was fought on 11 August 1809 during the Peninsular War between Sébastiani's IV Corps of the French Peninsular Army, which King Joseph of Spain had withdrawn from the Battle of Talavera to defend Madrid, and the Spanish Army of La Mancha under General Venegas."}, {"id": "Q169023", "label": "Battle of Talavera", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Almonacid was fought on 11 August 1809 during the Peninsular War between Sébastiani's IV Corps of the French Peninsular Army, which King Joseph of Spain had withdrawn from the Battle of Talavera to defend Madrid, and the Spanish Army of La Mancha under General Venegas."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "The French army anticipated this and appeared in front of the Spanish positions at half past five in the morning of 11 August, with 14,000 troops of the IV Corps commanded by Sebastiani, who attacked the Spanish immediately without waiting for the reserve under the command of Dessolles and King Joseph Bonaparte in person to come up."}], "Q603279": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Mers-el-Kébir on September 13, 1505 was the first campaign carried out by the Spanish Empire in its war against the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (in modern Algeria)."}, {"id": "Q17030701", "label": "Kingdom of Tlemcen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Mers-el-Kébir on September 13, 1505 was the first campaign carried out by the Spanish Empire in its war against the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (in modern Algeria)."}], "Q603598": [{"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jieqiao (also known as the Battle of Jie Bridge) was fought between the Chinese warlords Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in late 191 or early 192 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q3780302", "label": "Battle of Yangcheng", "section": "Background", "says": "Late in the winter of 191, following a victorious campaign against remnants of the Yellow Turban rebels, Gongsun Zan took the pretext of his cousin Gongsun Yue's death in the Battle of Yangcheng to declare war on Yuan Shao."}], "Q6093551": [{"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "A little over two years later, on 2 November 1930, Zewditu had died and Tafari was proclaimed Nəgusä Nägäst Haile Selassie I."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1926, Italy and the United Kingdom attempted a joint commercial penetration of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1926, Italy and the United Kingdom attempted a joint commercial penetration of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "Background", "says": "By bringing joint pressure upon Ras Tafari, the Italians planned to exploit a railway, and the British hoped to construct a mighty water works for irrigating the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "Rather than giving up his own plans, the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, enlisted the aid of King Victor Emmanuel's cousin, Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi."}, {"id": "Q320618", "label": "Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi", "section": "Background", "says": "Rather than giving up his own plans, the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, enlisted the aid of King Victor Emmanuel's cousin, Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duke thawed the suspicious Tafari's reservations by giving him a large Isotta Fraschini limousine, a luxurious Italian product that then sold in the United States for some $18,000 (equivalent to US$338,000 in 2025), along with many other gifts."}], "Q6135253": [{"id": "Q1859354", "label": "Operation Dawn 5", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted from 22 to 24 February 1984 and, along with Operation Dawn 5, it was part of a larger strategic operation to secure part of the Baghdad–Basra highway, thus cutting two of Iraq's most important cities from each other, and threatening the network supplying the Iraqi military on the front line."}, {"id": "Q4384813", "label": "Operation Before the Dawn", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Before the Dawn succeeded in capturing some high ground 15 miles from the highway, and Operation Dawn 6 was designed to exploit the Iranians' capture with a breakthrough towards the highway."}, {"id": "Q4384303", "label": "Operation Kheibar", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to Operation Kheibar, the re-focus of the Iranian offensive towards Basra directly."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Prelude to the operation", "says": "The failures of Iran's five large-scale 1983 offensives to inflict a decisive defeat on the Ba'ath regime of Saddam Hussein had angered many in the Iranian government."}], "Q615922": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vozha River (Russian: Битва на реке Воже, romanized: Bitva na reke Vozhe) was a battle during the Great Troubles, fought between the Principality of Moscow and Mamai's faction within the Golden Horde on 11 August 1378."}], "Q6165029": [{"id": "Q1903767", "label": "Pakubuwono II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch campaign throughout 1742 led Pakubuwono II to surrender and switch sides; as some Javanese princes wished to continue the war, on 6 April Pakubuwono II was disowned by the revolution and his nephew, Raden Mas Garendi, was chosen to be their sultan."}], "Q619621": [{"id": "Q156617", "label": "Christian X of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with the dismissal of the elected government by the reigning monarch, King Christian X, a reserve power which was granted to him by the Danish constitution, because he thought that the government did not try to reclaim enough land from Germany in Schleswig."}], "Q628086": [{"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburgs at Gaeta withstood four months of siege from the Bourbon armies under the Duke of Parma (the future Charles III of Spain)."}, {"id": "Q385148", "label": "Count Wirich Philipp von Daun", "section": "lead", "says": "Twenty-seven years earlier, Austrian troops under Count Wirich Philipp von Daun had laid siege to Gaeta during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Twenty-seven years earlier, Austrian troops under Count Wirich Philipp von Daun had laid siege to Gaeta during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q312581", "label": "Charles Edward Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jacobite pretender Charles Edward Stuart was present for a time as an observer, his first exposure to war."}], "Q63313": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "This day-long action was fought by American, British and Hessian troops during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces, and the main body of the Continental Army on the island of Manhattan."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "On Friday, October 18, Howe landed and Advance Guard (Avant Gardde) of 4,000 men under General Sir Henry Clinton at Pell's Neck Pelham, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Throgs Neck."}, {"id": "Q862751", "label": "Battle of Long Island", "section": "Background", "says": "After a victory at the Battle of Long Island in late August, the commander-in-chief of British land forces in North America, Gen."}, {"id": "Q668595", "label": "Battle of Harlem Heights", "section": "Background", "says": "The next day, the British attacked the Americans and were defeated at the Battle of Harlem Heights."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "Background", "says": "Nathanael Greene was given 5,000 troops to defend the other side of the Hudson River, near Fort Constitution."}], "Q633362": [{"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gavinana took place during the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought on 3 August 1530 between the city of Florence and the army of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q6403604": [{"id": "Q192660", "label": "Battle of Okinawa", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kikusui (菊水作戦, Kikusui sakusen) was a series of mass suicidal air attacks (kamikaze) by Imperial Japanese naval and army air forces during the Battle of Okinawa against Allied fleets in the waters around Okinawa."}, {"id": "Q308999", "label": "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944, the remainder of the Imperial Japanese Navy was effectively crippled, and was no longer able to interdict Allied forces at sea, leaving both Okinawa and the Japanese home islands without naval protection against an Allied amphibious assault."}, {"id": "Q379433", "label": "Operation Ten-Go", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 April 1945, the Imperial General Headquarters commenced Operation Ten-Go, a sortie by the IJN's last remaining surface vessels, against Allied forces attacking Okinawa."}, {"id": "Q1148126", "label": "Matome Ugaki", "section": "Background", "says": "Air groups mobilized included Carrier Division 5, 1st Mobile Land-based Air Fleet (Kyushu, commanded by Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki), 5th Land-based Air Fleet (Formosa), and the Imperial Japanese Army 6th Aviation Army's 8th Flying Division (Formosa, commanded by Lieutenant General Kenji Yamamoto)."}], "Q641185": [{"id": "Q319669", "label": "Nangklao", "section": "lead", "says": "2388), Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt–Xiêm (1840–1845), Khmer: សង្គ្រាមសៀម-យួន (១៨៤០-១៨៤៥)) was a military conflict between the Đại Nam, ruled by Emperor Minh Mạng and then Emperor Thiệu Trị, and the Kingdom of Siam, under the rule of Chakri King Nangklao."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "In effort to pull Cambodia away from Siamese influence, King Ang Chan II of Cambodia allied with Vietnam during his conflict with Siam in 1812–1813, putting Cambodia under Vietnamese influence."}, {"id": "Q963899", "label": "Ang Chan II", "section": "lead", "says": "In effort to pull Cambodia away from Siamese influence, King Ang Chan II of Cambodia allied with Vietnam during his conflict with Siam in 1812–1813, putting Cambodia under Vietnamese influence."}], "Q646525": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turnhout, also known as the Battle of Tielenheide, was fought on 24 January 1597 by allied forces of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England against those of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turnhout, also known as the Battle of Tielenheide, was fought on 24 January 1597 by allied forces of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England against those of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turnhout, also known as the Battle of Tielenheide, was fought on 24 January 1597 by allied forces of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England against those of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place near Turnhout in the Southern Netherlands (now in modern-day Belgium), and was part of the Eighty Years' War and the concurrent Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, many Spanish troops had been sent from the Spanish Netherlands to France by Philip II of Spain to assist the Catholic League in the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, many Spanish troops had been sent from the Spanish Netherlands to France by Philip II of Spain to assist the Catholic League in the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, many Spanish troops had been sent from the Spanish Netherlands to France by Philip II of Spain to assist the Catholic League in the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch Stadtholder, Maurice of Nassau, had received orders from the States General to collect a force at Geertruidenberg to counter this Spanish threat."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "A minority were subsidized allied troops or 'religious volunteers', most of whom were long-term mercenaries sent by Elizabeth I."}], "Q646532": [{"id": "Q323446", "label": "John Hawkwood", "section": "lead", "says": "John Hawkwood brought 1,100 of his own condottiere (600 cavalry and 500 archers, or vice versa depending on the source) to supplement the Paduan forces of 8,000 men (Giuseppe Marcotti places the number of dismounted condottiere at 6,000 men, along with a reserve of 1,600 horse."}], "Q6484605": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hainan Island (simplified Chinese: 海南岛战役; traditional Chinese: 海南島戰役) occurred in 1950, during the final phase of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q715405", "label": "Xue Yue", "section": "Background", "says": "General Xue Yue was assigned to defend Hainan in late 1949."}], "Q649567": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poniec took place on November 7, 1704 at Poniec, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poniec took place on November 7, 1704 at Poniec, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "With a force of cavalry and dragoons, Charles XII of Sweden successfully dislodged the Saxon Army under Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg from Poniec."}, {"id": "Q70910", "label": "Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "With a force of cavalry and dragoons, Charles XII of Sweden successfully dislodged the Saxon Army under Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg from Poniec."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustus II the Strong, who camped in Sandomierz, took advantage of this by capturing Warsaw."}], "Q6497151": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lattimer massacre was the killing of at least 19 unarmed striking immigrant anthracite miners by a Luzerne County sheriff's posse at the Lattimer mine near Hazleton, Pennsylvania, United States, on September 10, 1897."}], "Q650773": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi asserted this in 1973, and dubbed it \"The Line of Death\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States claimed its rights to conduct Freedom of Navigation (FON) naval operations in international waters, a standard of 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) territorial limit from a country's shore."}, {"id": "Q316408", "label": "Abu Nidal", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States claimed that the Libyan leader was involved in these actions through his support of the alleged perpetrator, Palestinian terrorist Abu Nidal."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Libya began the installation of SA-5 Gammon surface-to-air missile batteries and radars they received from the Soviet Union in late 1985, to bolster their air defense."}], "Q6541318": [{"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, came for a short shuttling journey between Jerusalem and Damascus in February 1974 (he later wrote in his memoirs that he had decided to mediate due to pressure from the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and ruler of Saudi Arabia, who wished to bring both the Yom Kippur War and the oil crisis to an end)."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, came for a short shuttling journey between Jerusalem and Damascus in February 1974 (he later wrote in his memoirs that he had decided to mediate due to pressure from the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and ruler of Saudi Arabia, who wished to bring both the Yom Kippur War and the oil crisis to an end)."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, came for a short shuttling journey between Jerusalem and Damascus in February 1974 (he later wrote in his memoirs that he had decided to mediate due to pressure from the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and ruler of Saudi Arabia, who wished to bring both the Yom Kippur War and the oil crisis to an end)."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, came for a short shuttling journey between Jerusalem and Damascus in February 1974 (he later wrote in his memoirs that he had decided to mediate due to pressure from the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and ruler of Saudi Arabia, who wished to bring both the Yom Kippur War and the oil crisis to an end)."}], "Q656686": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Münchengrätz (German: Schlacht bei Münchengrätz) or Battle of Mnichovo Hradiště (Czech: Bitva u Mnichova Hradiště) was fought near Mnichovo Hradiště, modern day Czech Republic, on 28 June 1866 during the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Münchengrätz (German: Schlacht bei Münchengrätz) or Battle of Mnichovo Hradiště (Czech: Bitva u Mnichova Hradiště) was fought near Mnichovo Hradiště, modern day Czech Republic, on 28 June 1866 during the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended in a Prussian victory over the Austrian Empire."}], "Q659436": [{"id": "Q1324220", "label": "Operation Gauntlet", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1941, British, Canadian and Free Norwegian Forces landed on Spitzbergen during Operation Gauntlet to destroy the coal industry, associated equipment and stores."}, {"id": "Q194364", "label": "Bear Island", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By 8:00 a.m. on 7 September, the force was halfway to Bear Island."}], "Q663277": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Invasion of Sumatra was the assault by Imperial Japanese forces on the Dutch East Indies that took place from 14 February to 28 March 1942."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was part of the Pacific War in South-East Asia during World War II and led to the capture of the island."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was part of the Pacific War in South-East Asia during World War II and led to the capture of the island."}], "Q670094": [{"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crevola was fought in the spring of 1487, between a marauding Swiss army from the Valais and Lucerne and troops from the Duchy of Milan, for the supremacy of the Val d'Ossola (Eschental) ."}], "Q6745211": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malê revolt (Portuguese: Revolta dos Malês, pronounced [ʁɛˈvɔwtɐ duz maˈle(j)s], [ʁeˈvɔwtɐ duz mɐˈle(j)s]) was a Muslim slave rebellion that broke out during the regency period in the Empire of Brazil."}], "Q676068": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Saint-Sardos was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324 during which the French invaded the English Duchy of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Saint-Sardos was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324 during which the French invaded the English Duchy of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Saint-Sardos was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324 during which the French invaded the English Duchy of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was a clear defeat for the English and led indirectly to the overthrow of Edward II of England."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It can also be seen as one of the precursors to the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of King Philip IV of France and his sons, France's monarchy gradually expanded its authority, as the power of the king grew at the expense of the nobles."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "As Duke of Aquitaine, he ruled Gascony as a French vassal, the last continental remnant of the Angevin Empire."}], "Q686273": [{"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vorkuta uprising was a major uprising of forced labor camp inmates at the Rechlag Gulag special labor camp in Vorkuta, Russian SFSR, USSR from 19 July (or 22 July) to 1 August 1953, shortly after the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria on 26 June 1953."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "A major factor was the limited application of the March 1953 general amnesty, issued after the death of Joseph Stalin, to only convicts with criminal sentences and small prison terms, of which there were few in Vorkuta, while most of the inmates were political prisoners."}], "Q686474": [{"id": "Q27645", "label": "Mikhail Bakunin", "section": "Background", "says": "It was then supported by the arrival of some delegates to the Slavic Congress (especially Mikhail Bakunin)."}], "Q687490": [{"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, the importation of American grain was more expensive due to the Spanish–American War in 1898."}], "Q692074": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ivankovac (Serbian: Бој на Иванковцу, romanized: Boj na Ivankovcu) was the first full-scale confrontation between Serbian revolutionaries and the regular forces of the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising."}, {"id": "Q368689", "label": "First Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ivankovac (Serbian: Бој на Иванковцу, romanized: Boj na Ivankovcu) was the first full-scale confrontation between Serbian revolutionaries and the regular forces of the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended with a Serbian victory and the death of the pasha, prompting Ottoman Sultan Selim III to declare jihad (holy war) against the Serbs."}, {"id": "Q3445471", "label": "Slaughter of the Knezes", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Slaughter of the Knezes in February 1804, a revolt led by Karađorđe Petrović erupted against the Ottoman janissary junta (the \"Dahije\") in Serbia."}], "Q697017": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ústí massacre (Czech: Ústecký masakr, German: Massaker von Aussig) was a lynching of ethnic Germans, triggered by the explosion of an ammunition depot, in Ústí nad Labem (Aussig an der Elbe), a largely ethnic German city in northern parts of the Bohemian Sudetenland, that occurred shortly after the end of World War II, on 31 July 1945."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "Cause and investigations", "says": "After the 1989 Velvet Revolution, city archivist Vladimír Kaiser started to investigate the event, most recently publishing the results together with Jan Havel, another Ústí citizen, and German historian Otfrid Pustejovsky as Stalo se v Ústí nad Labem 31. července 1945."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Cause and investigations", "says": "The speculated motive for this was orchestrating an incident which would support the transfer of Germans from Czechoslovakia by presenting to the Potsdam Conference an argument that further cohabitation of Germans with Czechs was impossible."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "Cause and investigations", "says": "The speculated motive for this was orchestrating an incident which would support the transfer of Germans from Czechoslovakia by presenting to the Potsdam Conference an argument that further cohabitation of Germans with Czechs was impossible."}], "Q701677": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carpathian Front, also called the Carpathian Winter War of 1915, was a series of operations along the Carpathian Mountains on the Eastern Front fought between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary, with support from Germany."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carpathian Front, also called the Carpathian Winter War of 1915, was a series of operations along the Carpathian Mountains on the Eastern Front fought between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary, with support from Germany."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carpathian Front, also called the Carpathian Winter War of 1915, was a series of operations along the Carpathian Mountains on the Eastern Front fought between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary, with support from Germany."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carpathian Front, also called the Carpathian Winter War of 1915, was a series of operations along the Carpathian Mountains on the Eastern Front fought between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary, with support from Germany."}, {"id": "Q670489", "label": "Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "By April 1915, Russian forces had crossed the Carpathians and entered the Hungarian Plain, while the Central Powers failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, leaving the front largely unchanged until the subsequent Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive."}, {"id": "Q1190083", "label": "Nikolay Ivanov", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the commander of the Southwestern Front, General Nikolai Ivanov, and his chief of staff Mikhail Alekseyev, proposed instead to shift the main attack to break through the Carpathians and reach the Hungarian Plain, opening a route toward Budapest and Vienna, and potentially forcing Austria-Hungary out of the war entirely."}, {"id": "Q354108", "label": "Mikhail Alekseyev", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the commander of the Southwestern Front, General Nikolai Ivanov, and his chief of staff Mikhail Alekseyev, proposed instead to shift the main attack to break through the Carpathians and reach the Hungarian Plain, opening a route toward Budapest and Vienna, and potentially forcing Austria-Hungary out of the war entirely."}, {"id": "Q952851", "label": "Nikolai Ruzsky", "section": "Background", "says": "This view was supported by the commander of the Northwestern Front, Infantry General Nikolai Ruzsky, who attended the meeting, and was approved by the Supreme Commander."}], "Q702568": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The retaking of the island, officially named Fort Mills, along with the bloody Battle of Manila and the earlier Battle of Bataan, marked the redemption of the American and Filipino surrender on 6 May 1942 and the subsequent fall of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The surrender of Corregidor in 1942 and the ensuing fate of its 11,000 American and Filipino defenders led to a particular sense of moral purpose in General Douglas MacArthur."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "To the American soldier, Corregidor was more than a military objective; long before the campaign to recapture it, the Rock had become an important symbol in United States history as the last Pacific outpost of any size to fall to the enemy in the early stages of the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "To the American soldier, Corregidor was more than a military objective; long before the campaign to recapture it, the Rock had become an important symbol in United States history as the last Pacific outpost of any size to fall to the enemy in the early stages of the Pacific War."}], "Q704633": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Goguryeo–Wei War was a series of invasions of Goguryeo from 244 to 245 launched by Cao Wei."}, {"id": "Q953834", "label": "Gongsun Kang", "section": "Background", "says": "Gongsun Du's faction often quarrelled with Goguryeo despite initial cooperation, and the conflict culminated in the Goguryeo succession feud of 204, which Gongsun Du's successor Gongsun Kang exploited."}, {"id": "Q498568", "label": "Sansang", "section": "Background", "says": "Though the candidate supported by Gongsun Kang was eventually defeated, the victor Sansang of Goguryeo was compelled to move his capital southeast to Hwando (present-day Ji'an, Jilin) on the Yalu River, which offered better protection."}, {"id": "Q735405", "label": "Gongsun Yuan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 234, the Han dynasty's successor state Cao Wei established friendly contact with Goguryeo, and in 238 an alliance between Wei and Goguryeo destroyed their common enemy Gongsun Yuan, the last of the Gongsun warlords (See Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign)."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Han population plummeted in Liaodong as Wei engaged in a large-scale purge of all who served Gongsun Yuan and relocated the coastal populace to Shandong in response to a sea raid from the enemy state Eastern Wu."}], "Q707956": [{"id": "Q707917", "label": "East Hebei Autonomous Government", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tongzhou mutiny (Chinese and Japanese: 通州事件; pinyin: Tōngzhōu Shìjiàn; Wade–Giles: Tungchow Shihchien; rōmaji: Tsūshū jiken), sometimes referred to as the Tongzhou Massacre, was an assault on Japanese civilians and troops by the security forces of East Hebei Autonomous Government in Tongzhou, China, on 29 July 1937, shortly after the Marco Polo Bridge incident, which triggered the outbreak of "}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tongzhou mutiny (Chinese and Japanese: 通州事件; pinyin: Tōngzhōu Shìjiàn; Wade–Giles: Tungchow Shihchien; rōmaji: Tsūshū jiken), sometimes referred to as the Tongzhou Massacre, was an assault on Japanese civilians and troops by the security forces of East Hebei Autonomous Government in Tongzhou, China, on 29 July 1937, shortly after the Marco Polo Bridge incident, which triggered the outbreak of "}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of the Japanese operation to divide the five provinces of North China for political purposes, Tongzhou became the capital of the East Hebei Anti-Communist Autonomous Government, established by Yin Ju-keng, who declared autonomy from the Kuomintang government in Nanjing."}, {"id": "Q711969", "label": "Song Zheyuan", "section": "Background", "says": "In opposition to the East Hebei Autonomous Government, the Kuomintang government established the East Hebei Administrative Affairs Committee (Jidong Government) (chairman: Song Zheyuan)."}], "Q7085899": [{"id": "Q5040", "label": "James Meredith", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ole Miss riot of 1962 (September 30 – October 1, 1962), also known as the Battle of Oxford, was a race riot that occurred at the University of Mississippi—commonly called Ole Miss—in Oxford, Mississippi, as segregationist rioters sought to prevent the enrollment of African American applicant James Meredith."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Kennedy eventually quelled the riot by mobilizing more than 30,000 troops, the most for a single disturbance in United States history."}], "Q709364": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of South Henan (simplified Chinese: 豫南会战; traditional Chinese: 豫南會戰; pinyin: Yùnán Huìzhàn), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "lead", "says": "Li Zongren, commander of the Chinese 5th War Area, avoided frontal contact with the Japanese as much as possible."}], "Q7096876": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Catechism was the British air raid of World War II that destroyed the German battleship Tirpitz."}, {"id": "Q7097375", "label": "Operation Paravane", "section": "lead", "says": "The battleship had been moved to the Tromsø area in October 1944 after being crippled on 15 September during Operation Paravane."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "From early 1942, Tirpitz posed a significant threat to Allied convoys transporting supplies through the Norwegian Sea to the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q2684105", "label": "Operation Source", "section": "Background", "says": "During Operation Source on 22 September, she was severely damaged by explosives placed on her hull by Royal Navy personnel who had used midget submarines to penetrate Kaafjord."}, {"id": "Q3354882", "label": "Operation Tungsten", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 April 1944, aircraft flying from Royal Navy aircraft carriers attacked Tirpitz during Operation Tungsten and inflicted further damage."}, {"id": "Q76437", "label": "Karl Dönitz", "section": "Background", "says": "As Tirpitz could not be repaired and Soviet forces were advancing towards Kaafjord, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, the commander of the Kriegsmarine (the German Navy), ordered that she be transferred to near the northern Norwegian city of Tromsø and used as an immobile battery to defend the area from attack."}], "Q7097195": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The agents were mostly Polish, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian exiles who had been trained in the United Kingdom and Sweden and were to link up with the anti-Soviet resistance against the communist governments (the cursed soldiers, the Forest Brothers)."}], "Q7097375": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Paravane was a British air raid of World War II that inflicted heavy damage on the German battleship Tirpitz, at anchor in Kaafjord in the far north of German-occupied Norway."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was conducted on 15 September 1944 by 21 Royal Air Force heavy bombers, which flew from an airfield in the north of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "All of the British aircraft returned to base, though one of the Lancasters later crashed during its flight back to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q7096876", "label": "Operation Catechism", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies were unable to confirm the extent of the battleship's damage, and conducted two more heavy bomber raids against her in late 1944, Operation Obviate on 29 October, and Operation Catechism on 12 November."}], "Q710939": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Visayas (Filipino: Labanan sa Visayas; Visayan languages: Gubat sa Kabisay-an) was fought by U.S. forces and Filipino guerrillas against the Japanese from 18 March – 15 August 1945, in a series of actions officially designated as Operations Victor I and II, and part of the campaign for the liberation of the  Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Visayas (Filipino: Labanan sa Visayas; Visayan languages: Gubat sa Kabisay-an) was fought by U.S. forces and Filipino guerrillas against the Japanese from 18 March – 15 August 1945, in a series of actions officially designated as Operations Victor I and II, and part of the campaign for the liberation of the  Philippines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Within two weeks of ordering the seizure of Palawan and the Zamboanga peninsula, General Douglas MacArthur directed the capture of the isolated Visayan islands of Panay, Negros, Cebu, and Bohol in the central Philippines."}], "Q7126801": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palatinate campaign (30 August 1620 – 27 August 1623), also known as the Spanish conquest of the Palatinate or the Palatinate phase of the Thirty Years' War, was a campaign conducted by the Imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire against the Protestant Union in the Lower Palatinate, during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palatinate campaign (30 August 1620 – 27 August 1623), also known as the Spanish conquest of the Palatinate or the Palatinate phase of the Thirty Years' War, was a campaign conducted by the Imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire against the Protestant Union in the Lower Palatinate, during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "However, with neither Ferdinand nor Frederick prepared to back down, Imperial forces invaded the Palatinate; removal of a hereditary prince changed the nature and extent of the war."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Protestant states within the Empire saw it as a threat, including external powers who held Imperial territories; Nassau-Dillenburg was a hereditary possession of the Dutch Prince of Orange, while Christian IV of Denmark was also Duke of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "Background", "says": "This escalation coincided with the end of the Twelve Years' Truce between the Dutch Republic and Spain, and provided an opportunity for the Kingdom of France, which faced a series of Spanish-backed Huguenot rebellions."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "This escalation coincided with the end of the Twelve Years' Truce between the Dutch Republic and Spain, and provided an opportunity for the Kingdom of France, which faced a series of Spanish-backed Huguenot rebellions."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This escalation coincided with the end of the Twelve Years' Truce between the Dutch Republic and Spain, and provided an opportunity for the Kingdom of France, which faced a series of Spanish-backed Huguenot rebellions."}, {"id": "Q313494", "label": "Gabriel Bethlen", "section": "Background", "says": "The situation worsened for Ferdinand, when, during Frederick's ascension, Gabriel Bethlen of Hungary launched an anti-Habsburg campaign in Hungary in the name of the Protestant cause."}], "Q7126934": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palawan massacre occurred on 14 December 1944, during World War II, near the city of Puerto Princesa in the Philippine island of Palawan."}], "Q7127419": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1948 Palestine war, about 100,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled by Israel into Lebanon; it is from these Palestinian refugee camps that most insurgents were recruited."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1948 Palestine war, about 100,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled by Israel into Lebanon; it is from these Palestinian refugee camps that most insurgents were recruited."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency continued during the 1970s, and served as a major catalyst for the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975."}], "Q716722": [{"id": "Q223604", "label": "Greco-Italian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the Greek and the Italian armies during the first stages of the Greco-Italian War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "During an Italian war council, the Italian commander in Albania, General Visconti Prasca, stated that the mountain range of Pindus would be no problem for the Italian units, and foresaw no difficulty in getting his divisions straight to Athens, like a modern Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greeks divided the theatre of operations into the sectors of Epirus and Macedonia linked by the Pindus Detachment."}], "Q720348": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ras al-Ayn (8 November 2012 – 20 July 2013) was a series of armed clashes for control of the town of Ras al-Ayn (Kurdish: Serê Kaniyê) during the Syrian Civil War, mainly between the Kurdish-majority People's Protection Units (YPG) and an alliance of Syrian opposition groups (including Al-Nusra Front and the Free Syrian Army), with the occasional involvement of the Syrian Armed Force"}], "Q7225137": [{"id": "Q238745", "label": "Adnan Menderes", "section": "Background", "says": "The Democrat Party, right-wing force that united conservatives, traditionalists, Islamists, nationalists, liberals, and urban bourgeoisie under one roof and was the dominant party throughout the 1950s, was banned after the 1960 coup d'état and its leaders such as prime minister Adnan Menderes were hanged."}], "Q7245544": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pripyat Marshes massacres (German: Prypyatsümpfe Säuberung) were a series of mass murders carried out by the military forces of Nazi Germany against Jewish civilians in Belarus and Ukraine, during July–August 1941."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "lead", "says": "SS leader Heinrich Himmler ordered these operations, which were carried out by units of the Wehrmacht (the regular armed forces) and the Waffen-SS."}], "Q732992": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quebec expedition (also known as the Walker expedition to Quebec) was a British attempt to attack French-held Quebec City in mid-1711 during Queen Anne's War, the North American theatre of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quebec expedition (also known as the Walker expedition to Quebec) was a British attempt to attack French-held Quebec City in mid-1711 during Queen Anne's War, the North American theatre of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition expected to be fully provisioned in Boston, the capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay, but the city was unprepared when it arrived, and Massachusetts authorities had to scramble to provide even three months' supplies."}], "Q7379555": [{"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "Once French opposition to the Allied Operation Torch landings had ceased in mid-November, the Allies made a rapid advance by a division-sized force east from Algeria, to capture Tunis and forestall an Axis build up in Tunisia and narrowly failed."}, {"id": "Q61106", "label": "Walther Nehring", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 November, Walther Nehring was appointed to the new XC Corps and arrived on 17 November."}], "Q7428332": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1912 Ottoman coup d'état (17 July 1912) was a coup by military memorandum in the Ottoman Empire against the Committee of Union and Progress by a group of military officers calling themselves the Saviour Officers (Ottoman Turkish: Halâskâr Zâbitân) during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup occurred in the context of increasing distrust in the CUP's political agenda, the fallout of the Italo-Turkish War, and rising political polarization."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was one of the central events of the politically volatile 1912–13 years, which saw political instability due to the power struggle between the CUP and Freedom and Accord, as well as the newly sparked Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "Background", "says": "The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was a revolutionary group that instigated the Young Turk Revolution and the Second Constitutional Era."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "The revolution resulted in the Sultan Abdul Hamid II announcing the restoration of the Ottoman Constitution on 24 July 1908 and an election to elect a new parliament."}, {"id": "Q516749", "label": "March Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "The 31 March Incident (13 April 1909) was an attempt to dismantle the Second Constitutional Monarchy and to restore the Sultan-Caliph Abdul Hamid II his powers."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "Background", "says": "The countercoup was put down by a constitutionalist force which marched on the capital: the Action Army (Hareket Ordusu), and Abdul Hamid II was deposed for his half-brother Mehmed V."}, {"id": "Q722306", "label": "Mahmud Shevket Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "In government with the CUP was the War Minister Mahmud Shevket Pasha, a confederate with the CUP during the 31 March Incident by organizing the Action Army, but now skeptical of the party's intentions."}, {"id": "Q2642348", "label": "Karekin Pastermadjian", "section": "Lead up", "says": "A meeting in October by all of the parliament's major politicians: Krikor Zohrab, Cavid, Talat, Halil Menteşe, Hakkı, Vartkes Serengülian, and Karekin Pastermadjian was held, the agenda being the CUP's lack of commitment to constitutional government, and a potential way to resolve differences between the CUP and opposition."}, {"id": "Q943478", "label": "Damat Ferid Paşa", "section": "Lead up", "says": "In November 1911, the opposition consolidated into the Freedom and Accord Party, with Sadık as the party's vice president and Damat Ferid Pasha as president."}, {"id": "Q401411", "label": "Ahmed Muhtar Pasha", "section": "Lead up", "says": "Mehmed V reappointed Said Grand Vizier with a cabinet which included more Unionists, despite disapproval from Freedom and Accord and the President of the Senate: Ahmed Muhtar Pasha."}], "Q743734": [{"id": "Q2621718", "label": "Alexander Tormasov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gorodechno took place between an army of the Austrian and Saxon allies of Napoleonic France under the overall command of the Prince of Schwarzenberg and Russian troops under Alexander Tormasov at Gorodechno, a town in Kobrinsky Uyezd, Grodno Governorate (now Pruzhany District, Brest Region in Belarus)."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "Background", "says": "The allied force was composed of 30,000 Austrians under the command of Schwarzenberg and 13,000 Saxons under the command of General Jean Reynier."}], "Q7447941": [{"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucid–Mauryan War was a confrontation between the Seleucid and Mauryan empires that took place sometime between 305 and 303 BCE, when Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire crossed the Indus River into the former Indian satrapies of the Macedonian Empire, which had been conquered by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucid–Mauryan War was a confrontation between the Seleucid and Mauryan empires that took place sometime between 305 and 303 BCE, when Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire crossed the Indus River into the former Indian satrapies of the Macedonian Empire, which had been conquered by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucid–Mauryan War was a confrontation between the Seleucid and Mauryan empires that took place sometime between 305 and 303 BCE, when Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire crossed the Indus River into the former Indian satrapies of the Macedonian Empire, which had been conquered by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucid–Mauryan War was a confrontation between the Seleucid and Mauryan empires that took place sometime between 305 and 303 BCE, when Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire crossed the Indus River into the former Indian satrapies of the Macedonian Empire, which had been conquered by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "lead", "says": "The confrontation resulted in a dynastic marriage-alliance between Seleucus and Chandragupta, the gift of war elephants to Seleucus, and the transferring of control over the Indus Valley region and (possibly) part of Afghanistan to Chandragupta."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The confrontation resulted in a dynastic marriage-alliance between Seleucus and Chandragupta, the gift of war elephants to Seleucus, and the transferring of control over the Indus Valley region and (possibly) part of Afghanistan to Chandragupta."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "Background", "says": "The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of Gandhara and the states of the Indus Valley, had all submitted to Alexander the Great and become part of his empire."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of Gandhara and the states of the Indus Valley, had all submitted to Alexander the Great and become part of his empire."}], "Q7506756": [{"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siamese revolution of 1688 was a major popular uprising in the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom (modern Thailand) which led to the overthrow of the pro-French Siamese king Narai."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siamese revolution of 1688 was a major popular uprising in the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom (modern Thailand) which led to the overthrow of the pro-French Siamese king Narai."}, {"id": "Q561295", "label": "Phetracha", "section": "lead", "says": "Phetracha, previously one of Narai's trusted military advisors, took advantage of the elderly Narai's illness, and killed Narai's Christian heir, along with a number of missionaries and Narai's influential foreign minister, the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon."}], "Q7509853": [{"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Timurid conquests and invasions started in the late 14th century with Timur's control over the Chagatai Khanate and ended at the start of the 15th century with the death of Timur."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These wars resulted in Timur's supremacy over Central Asia, Persia, the Caucasus, the Levant, and parts of South Asia and Eastern Europe, and they also resulted in the formation of the short-lived Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur gained power over the Western Chagatai Khanate (Transoxiana) after defeating Amir Husayn, the regent of the Chagatai Khanate, at the Battle of Balkh but the laws laid down by Genghis Khan prevented him from becoming Khagan in his own right because he was not a direct descendant of Genghis Khan by birth."}, {"id": "Q3159345", "label": "Suurgatmish", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, he installed a puppet Khan descended from Ögedei, Suurgatmish."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Timurid territorial gains in Transoxiana and Central Asia as well as Timur's suzerainty over the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the Golden Horde were weakened after his death, due to a war of succession between his son and grandson Shahrukh Mirza and Khalil Sultan."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Timurid territorial gains in Transoxiana and Central Asia as well as Timur's suzerainty over the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the Golden Horde were weakened after his death, due to a war of succession between his son and grandson Shahrukh Mirza and Khalil Sultan."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Timurid territorial gains in Transoxiana and Central Asia as well as Timur's suzerainty over the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the Golden Horde were weakened after his death, due to a war of succession between his son and grandson Shahrukh Mirza and Khalil Sultan."}, {"id": "Q1367188", "label": "Khalil Sultan", "section": "lead", "says": "Timurid territorial gains in Transoxiana and Central Asia as well as Timur's suzerainty over the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the Golden Horde were weakened after his death, due to a war of succession between his son and grandson Shahrukh Mirza and Khalil Sultan."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in the Indian subcontinent a Timurid state survived until the mid 19th century in the form of the Mughal Empire which was founded by his great-great-grandson Babur."}], "Q7510145": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Kandahar (Persian: محاصرهٔ قندهار) began when Nader Shah's Afsharid army invaded southern Afghanistan to topple the last Hotaki stronghold of Loy Kandahar, which was held by Hussain Hotaki."}], "Q7510200": [{"id": "Q201575", "label": "John I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the  1383-1385 Crisis, and occurred between the Portuguese defenders of the city led by John I of Portugal and the Castillian army led by King John I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the  1383-1385 Crisis, and occurred between the Portuguese defenders of the city led by John I of Portugal and the Castillian army led by King John I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q374056", "label": "Nuno Álvares Pereira", "section": "lead", "says": "A plague outbreak together with the constant attacks by Portuguese forces led by Nuno Álvares Pereira caused huge casualties among the Castilian ranks, who were forced to retreat four months after the start of the siege."}], "Q7510328": [{"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Prague was an unsuccessful attempt by a Prussian army led by Frederick the Great to capture the Bohemian city of Prague during the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Prague was an unsuccessful attempt by a Prussian army led by Frederick the Great to capture the Bohemian city of Prague during the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War)."}, {"id": "Q127299", "label": "Battle of Kolín", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick was defeated at the Battle of Kolín and his force was now too weak to contemplate continuing the siege of Prague, and he was forced to withdraw from Bohemia entirely."}], "Q760024": [{"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Husino rebellion (Serbo-Croatian: Husinska buna, Хусинска буна) was a short-lived miners strike and armed rebellion in the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion has been called one of the most important historical events in Yugoslavia and has remained an example of class struggle against injustice and oppression."}], "Q766868": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Łódź insurrection (Polish: Powstanie łódzkie), also known as the June Days (Polish: Powstanie czerwcowe), was an uprising by Polish workers in Łódź against the Russian Empire between 21 and 25 June 1905."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "This event was one of the largest disturbances in the Russian-controlled Congress Poland during the Russian Revolution of 1905."}, {"id": "Q184928", "label": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "This event was one of the largest disturbances in the Russian-controlled Congress Poland during the Russian Revolution of 1905."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of the 20th century, worsening economic conditions contributed to mounting tensions in Russia and Poland: the Russo-Japanese War had damaged the economy of the Kingdom of Poland, and by late 1904, over 100,000 Polish workers had lost their jobs."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "News of the 1905 Russian Revolution, together with its revolutionary spirit, spread quickly into Russian-controlled Poland from Saint Petersburg, where demonstrators had been massacred on 22 January."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "Background", "says": "The wing of the Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) that was loyal to Józef Piłsudski believed that Poles should show their determination to regain independence through active, violent protests against the Russians."}], "Q775339": [{"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "Some damage was also reported in Costa Rica."}], "Q7836974": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Aynalıkavak was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire signed on March 10, 1779."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Aynalıkavak was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire signed on March 10, 1779."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire lost the Crimean Khanate, an Ottoman dependency since 1478, under the terms of the 1774 Treaty of Küçükkaynarca."}], "Q7837107": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Kerden (Turkish: Kerden Antlaşması, Persian: عهدنامه گردان) was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran on 4 September 1746."}, {"id": "Q63149558", "label": "Afsharid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Kerden (Turkish: Kerden Antlaşması, Persian: عهدنامه گردان) was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran on 4 September 1746."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "Nader Shah was planning to found another great Persian empire, stretching from the Indus to the Bosphorus, as in the ancient times."}], "Q7837248": [{"id": "Q3062439", "label": "Franco-Moroccan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tangier (French: Traité de Tanger, Arabic: معاهدة طنجة) was signed in Tangier on 10 September 1844, whereby the Franco-Moroccan War was ended and Morocco officially recognised Algeria as a French possession."}], "Q7859884": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The mass murders in Tykocin occurred on 25 August 1941, during World War II, where the local Jewish population of Tykocin (Poland) was killed by German Einsatzkommando."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Tykocin was conquered by Nazi Germany during the Soviet and German invasion of Poland pursuant to their secret agreement known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Tykocin was conquered by Nazi Germany during the Soviet and German invasion of Poland pursuant to their secret agreement known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of September 1939, the area was transferred by the Nazis to the Soviet Union in accordance with the German–Soviet Boundary Treaty."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1941, the town was taken by the Germans in Operation Barbarossa."}], "Q7885742": [{"id": "Q3443265", "label": "Rough Wooing", "section": "lead", "says": "The sieges of Boulogne were two sieges which took place between England and France during the Rough Wooing and Italian War of 1542–1546."}, {"id": "Q15542964", "label": "Italian War of 1542–46 Un penesote", "section": "lead", "says": "The sieges of Boulogne were two sieges which took place between England and France during the Rough Wooing and Italian War of 1542–1546."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "Fifty years later as allies of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, during the war against the French, the English returned led by Henry VII's son and heir, Henry VIII."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Fifty years later as allies of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, during the war against the French, the English returned led by Henry VII's son and heir, Henry VIII."}], "Q791234": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bassano was fought on 8 September 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, in the territory of the Republic of Venice, between a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces led by Count Dagobert von Wurmser."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bassano was fought on 8 September 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, in the territory of the Republic of Venice, between a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces led by Count Dagobert von Wurmser."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory led to Wurmser being trapped in Mantua, but Napoleon would find his army now badly overstretched, due to holding both Trento and Bassano, meaning he could not support either of those locations without being drawn too far away from the other, something that would nearly allow the Austrians to win during the third attempt to raise the siege of Mantua in November."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division André Masséna defended the Adige River valley with 13,000 troops and General of Division Pierre Augereau covered Verona with 10,000 more."}, {"id": "Q314135", "label": "Pierre Augereau", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division André Masséna defended the Adige River valley with 13,000 troops and General of Division Pierre Augereau covered Verona with 10,000 more."}, {"id": "Q902524", "label": "Battle of Rovereto", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Rovereto on 4 September, the French routed Davidovich's outnumbered troops, inflicting 3,000 casualties at a cost of 750 killed and wounded."}], "Q793448": [{"id": "Q318790", "label": "Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bergen was fought on 19 September 1799 and resulted in a Franco-Batavian victory, as Generals Guillaume Brune and Herman Willem Daendels (Brune commanded both his own French and Daendels' Batavians) defeated the Anglo-Russian forces that had landed in North Holland under the Duke of York as supreme commander and Lieutenant General Ivan Hermann."}], "Q797939": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Salamaua–Lae (8–13 March 1942), called Operation SR by the Japanese, was an operation by Imperial Japanese forces to occupy the Salamaua–Lae area in the Territory of New Guinea during the Pacific campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporting the carrier aircraft were eight B-17 bombers of the 435th Bombardment Squadron of the 19th Bombardment Group from Garbutt Field, Townsville, Australia and eight Royal Australian Air Force Hudson bombers of No."}], "Q8051877": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yellow Fever would have come from Asunción, Paraguay, brought by Argentine soldiers returning from the war just fought in that country, having previously spread in the city of Corrientes."}], "Q8068635": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Armenians of Zeitun had historically enjoyed a period of high autonomy in the Ottoman Empire until the nineteenth century."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "It was also at this time that the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, decided finally to eliminate one of the only strongholds of Armenian autonomy during the Armenian massacres of 1895–1896."}], "Q807324": [{"id": "Q626006", "label": "World War II in Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Barbara Pit massacre (Slovene: Pokol v Barbara rovu, Croatian: Pokolj u Barbarinom rovu), also known as the Huda Jama massacre, was the mass killing of prisoners of war of Ante Pavelić's NDH Armed Forces and the Slovene Home Guard, as well as civilians, after the end of World War II in Yugoslavia in an abandoned coal mine near Huda Jama, Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Barbara Pit massacre (Slovene: Pokol v Barbara rovu, Croatian: Pokolj u Barbarinom rovu), also known as the Huda Jama massacre, was the mass killing of prisoners of war of Ante Pavelić's NDH Armed Forces and the Slovene Home Guard, as well as civilians, after the end of World War II in Yugoslavia in an abandoned coal mine near Huda Jama, Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "More than a thousand prisoners of war and some civilians were executed by the Yugoslav Partisans during May and June 1945, following the Bleiburg repatriations by the British."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The mass grave site, one of the largest in Slovenia, was first publicly discussed in 1990, after the fall of communism in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, the Barbara Pit mine, a coal mine located 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) south of the town of Celje, was used by the Germans for coal production."}], "Q815114": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Ruad in 1302 was one of the culminating events of the Crusades in the Eastern Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1291, the Crusaders had lost their main power base at the coastal city of Acre, and the Muslim Mamluks had been systematically destroying the remaining Crusader ports and fortresses in the region, forcing the Crusaders to relocate the dwindling Kingdom of Jerusalem to the island of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q887899", "label": "Hethum II, King of Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Grand Master of the Templars, Jacques de Molay, and the leader of the Hospitallers, Guillaume de Villaret, apparently participated in the ineffective defense of these fortresses, the losses of which prompted the Armenian king Hethum II to request the intervention of the Mongol ruler of Persia, Ghazan."}, {"id": "Q546497", "label": "Henry II of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1299, as he prepared an offensive against Syria, Ghazan had sent embassies to Henry II of Jerusalem (now located on Cyprus) and to Pope Boniface VIII, inviting them to participate in combined operations against the Mamluks."}, {"id": "Q134646", "label": "Boniface VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1299, as he prepared an offensive against Syria, Ghazan had sent embassies to Henry II of Jerusalem (now located on Cyprus) and to Pope Boniface VIII, inviting them to participate in combined operations against the Mamluks."}, {"id": "Q1430929", "label": "Battle of Wadi", "section": "Background", "says": "Ghazan inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mamluks on 22 December 1299 at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar near Homs in Syria."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Ghazan's remaining forces in the area launched some Mongol raids into Palestine from December 1299 until May 1300, raiding the Jordan River Valley, reaching as far as Gaza and entering multiple towns, probably including Jerusalem."}], "Q815118": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Aspis or Clupea was fought in 256 BC between Carthage and the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first fighting on African land during the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6881", "label": "Battle of Cape Ecnomus", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeating the Carthaginian navy sent to stop them from reaching Africa at the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, the Romans landed close to Aspis, to the south of Carthage."}], "Q815142": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Gijón (Spanish: Sitio de Gijón) was a battle that occurred in Gijón, Asturias during the Spanish Civil War between 19 July and 16 August 1936."}, {"id": "Q352918", "label": "Emilio Mola", "section": "Background", "says": "By late July, the Gijón garrison found itself surrounded and cut off from the Army of the North of Emilio Mola by several hundred miles of enemy territory."}], "Q815173": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Meaux was fought from October 1421 to May 1422 between the English and the French during the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "The English were led by King Henry V."}], "Q815200": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The sieges of Riga were two sieges which took place on February 22 and June 15, 1700, in Riga during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish garrison of about 4,000 men under the command of Erik Dahlberg successfully repulsed the Saxons until the main Swedish army under Charles XII of Sweden arrived to sweep the Saxons away in the Battle of Riga which ended the period of sieges for the year."}, {"id": "Q11347885", "label": "Battle of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish garrison of about 4,000 men under the command of Erik Dahlberg successfully repulsed the Saxons until the main Swedish army under Charles XII of Sweden arrived to sweep the Saxons away in the Battle of Riga which ended the period of sieges for the year."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful attempt to take the city from Sweden was made in the siege of Riga (1709–1710) by the Russians under Boris Sheremetev."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1699, the Livonian nobility authorized von Patkul to sign, in Warsaw, the act of submission of the Livonian and Estonian nobility to Augustus II and his heirs (i.e., the Electors of Saxony)."}, {"id": "Q705427", "label": "Johann Reinhold von Patkul", "section": "Background", "says": "The coalition agreement in its final form was concluded on November 21, 1699, at Preobrazhenskoye (now part of Moscow), with Major General Johann Reinhold von Patkul responsible for planning the attack."}], "Q815234": [{"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "The port of Drogheda was held by a mixed garrison of Irish Catholics and Royalists under the command of Sir Arthur Aston, when it was besieged by English Commonwealth forces under Oliver Cromwell."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, the Confederates allied with English exiles and Protestant Irish Royalists to secure Ireland for his son, Charles II of England."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "Background", "says": "With troops largely composed of veterans from the New Model Army, Oliver Cromwell landed near Dublin in August 1649 to re-conquer the country on behalf of the Commonwealth of England."}], "Q823909": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Doppelkopf (German: Unternehmen Doppelkopf) and the following Operation Cäsar were German counter-offensives on the Eastern Front in the late summer of 1944 in the aftermath of the major Soviet advance in Operation Bagration with the aim of restoring a coherent front between Army Group North and Army Group Centre."}, {"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Doppelkopf (German: Unternehmen Doppelkopf) and the following Operation Cäsar were German counter-offensives on the Eastern Front in the late summer of 1944 in the aftermath of the major Soviet advance in Operation Bagration with the aim of restoring a coherent front between Army Group North and Army Group Centre."}], "Q82702": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Phaleron or Battle of Analatos took place on 6 May (O.S.: 24 April ) 1827, during the Greek War of Independence."}], "Q829443": [{"id": "Q599663", "label": "Virée de Galerne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Savenay took place on 23 December 1793, and marks the end of the Virée de Galerne operational phase of the first war in the Vendée after the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Savenay took place on 23 December 1793, and marks the end of the Virée de Galerne operational phase of the first war in the Vendée after the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1685104", "label": "Jean-Nicolas Stofflet", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hence the Vendéens built small boats and approximately 4,000 people, including Henri de La Rochejaquelein and Jean-Nicolas Stofflet, managed to cross before the arrival of Republican ships."}], "Q82995": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of al-Faw (also known as the Operation Ramadan Mubarak (Blessed Ramadan), fought on 17 April 1988, was a major battle of the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Meanwhile, with extensive supplies from Europe as well as the Soviet Union, the Iraqi army had extensively re-armed, becoming the 4th largest military in the world."}, {"id": "Q6135267", "label": "Operation Dawn 8", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The al-Faw peninsula had been under Iranian control since 1986 when they launched a surprise attack on the peninsula as part of the larger Operation Dawn 8."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The retaking of the peninsula was seen by Saddam Hussein as a top priority, and Iraqi General Maher Abd al-Rashid promised to recover the peninsula, going so far as to offer his daughter Sahar to Saddam's son Qusay to show his certainty."}], "Q831792": [{"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Zbarazh (Ukrainian: Облога Збаража, Битва під Збаражем, Polish: Oblężenie Zbaraża, Bitwa pod Zbarażem; 10 July – 22 August 1649) was a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, and occurred in and around the site of the present-day city of Zbarazh in Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate combined forces against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in a siege that lasted seven weeks."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate combined forces against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in a siege that lasted seven weeks."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate combined forces against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in a siege that lasted seven weeks."}, {"id": "Q2470292", "label": "Battle of Zboriv", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian forces remained under siege in Zbarazh Castle until after the conclusion of the nearby Battle of Zboriv on 15–16 August 1649 and the Treaty of Zboriv two days later."}, {"id": "Q729936", "label": "Treaty of Zboriv", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian forces remained under siege in Zbarazh Castle until after the conclusion of the nearby Battle of Zboriv on 15–16 August 1649 and the Treaty of Zboriv two days later."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "Background", "says": "While the king organized the main Polish army, and Janusz Radziwiłł commanded the Lithuanian army along the Horyn River, an army under three regimentarzs (Andrzej Firlej, Stanisław Lanckoroński and Mikołaj Ostroróg) was located in Zbarazh from 30 June, where Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki arrived with reinforcements on 7 July."}, {"id": "Q963002", "label": "Jeremi Wiśniowiecki", "section": "Background", "says": "While the king organized the main Polish army, and Janusz Radziwiłł commanded the Lithuanian army along the Horyn River, an army under three regimentarzs (Andrzej Firlej, Stanisław Lanckoroński and Mikołaj Ostroróg) was located in Zbarazh from 30 June, where Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki arrived with reinforcements on 7 July."}], "Q833441": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hungarians, the Hungarian-speaking Székelys, and the Saxons formed sedentary communities, living in villages and towns."}, {"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1366, Louis I of Hungary decreed that an oath taken by a Vlach knez (or chieftain) who \"had been brought\" to his estate by royal writ was equal to a true nobleman's oath, but other knezes were on a equal footing with the heads of villages."}], "Q8349925": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first military action between the Kingdom of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire after the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and was the direct cause of the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first military action between the Kingdom of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire after the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and was the direct cause of the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first military action between the Kingdom of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire after the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and was the direct cause of the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first military action between the Kingdom of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire after the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and was the direct cause of the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)."}, {"id": "Q163236", "label": "Treaty of Rastatt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish troops commanded by the Marquis of Lede and Don José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar, supported by the Spanish fleet, defeated the Emperor's troops easily, and conquered the entire island of Sardinia, which had been ruled by the Emperor since the Treaty of Rastatt (1714), returning it again and for the final time to Spain."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Sardinia, the Spanish Netherlands, the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples were given to Austria, and Sicily was given to the Duke of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Sardinia, the Spanish Netherlands, the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples were given to Austria, and Sicily was given to the Duke of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1717, with the rise of Spain as an important military power again and the ambitions of King Philip V of Spain to regain Spanish supremacy in Italy and the Mediterranean, the rest of the European powers (Great Britain, France and Austria), to strengthen the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), contemplated ceding Sicily to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, but that arrangement displeased Spain, which want"}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1717, with the rise of Spain as an important military power again and the ambitions of King Philip V of Spain to regain Spanish supremacy in Italy and the Mediterranean, the rest of the European powers (Great Britain, France and Austria), to strengthen the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), contemplated ceding Sicily to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, but that arrangement displeased Spain, which want"}], "Q835565": [{"id": "Q23114", "label": "Lu Xun", "section": "lead", "says": "The date, March 18, was referred to by Chinese writer Lu Xun as the \"darkest day since the founding of the Republic\"."}, {"id": "Q672556", "label": "Boxer Protocol", "section": "Background", "says": "The act was treated by Japan as a violation of the Boxer Protocol, signed in 1901 in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "The act was treated by Japan as a violation of the Boxer Protocol, signed in 1901 in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q814959", "label": "Beiyang Government", "section": "Background", "says": "Four days later, ambassadors representing eight countries that were signatory nations to the Protocol sent an ultimatum to the Beiyang Government under Duan Qirui."}, {"id": "Q706172", "label": "Duan Qirui", "section": "Background", "says": "Four days later, ambassadors representing eight countries that were signatory nations to the Protocol sent an ultimatum to the Beiyang Government under Duan Qirui."}], "Q838065": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wuhan incident (Chinese: 七二零事件; pinyin: Qī èrlíng shìjiàn; lit. 'July 20th Incident') was an armed conflict in the People's Republic of China between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city of Wuhan in July 1967, at the height of the Cultural Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wuhan incident (Chinese: 七二零事件; pinyin: Qī èrlíng shìjiàn; lit. 'July 20th Incident') was an armed conflict in the People's Republic of China between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city of Wuhan in July 1967, at the height of the Cultural Revolution."}, {"id": "Q2989462", "label": "Shanghai People's Commune", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 27, 1967, they attempted to lay siege to the Wuhan party organization and the municipal government and then seize power in the city themselves, much in the fashion of the Shanghai People's Commune."}], "Q842316": [{"id": "Q7489", "label": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Gaozong of Song subsequently executed the anti-Jin faction general Yue Fei after the treaty."}, {"id": "Q334398", "label": "Yue Fei", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Gaozong of Song subsequently executed the anti-Jin faction general Yue Fei after the treaty."}], "Q842670": [{"id": "Q1352383", "label": "Georgi Todorov", "section": "lead", "says": "26 January 1913) between the Bulgarian Seventh Rila Infantry Division under General Georgi Todorov and the Ottoman 27th Infantry Division."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Lack of communication between the Ottoman Vanguard and their landing force and stubbornness of Enver Pasha against the combined criticism from officers Ali Fethi and Mustafa Kemal against his plans costed the Ottoman 27th Brigade their full offensive capabilities."}], "Q844311": [{"id": "Q1196236", "label": "Tumu Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Tumu Crisis in 1449, Ming China's influence over northern peoples waned, causing Ainu trade with China to decline and their dependence on Wajin trade to increase; the Ainu resentment over territorial invasion and \"unfair\" Japanese trading ran high during the lead up to the war."}], "Q854523": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 926 a battle was fought in the Bosnian highlands between the armies of the Bulgarian Empire, under the rule of Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I, who at the time also fought a war with the Byzantine Empire, and the Kingdom of Croatia under Tomislav, the first king of the Croatian state."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 926 a battle was fought in the Bosnian highlands between the armies of the Bulgarian Empire, under the rule of Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I, who at the time also fought a war with the Byzantine Empire, and the Kingdom of Croatia under Tomislav, the first king of the Croatian state."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "lead", "says": "Principal information on the battle is provided by the emperor Constantine VII of the Byzantine Empire in his work De Administrando Imperio (\"On the Governance of the Empire\") and in the collection of preserved historical writings called Theophanes Continuatus."}, {"id": "Q41646", "label": "Romanos I Lekapenos", "section": "Background", "says": "Tomislav may have been granted by the Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos some years previously with some form of control over the coastal cities of the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia and rewarded with some share of the tribute collected from the cities, thus securing the friendship of Tomislav."}], "Q85760625": [{"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Troops of the Fatimid Caliphate under the general Jawhar captured Egypt, then ruled by the autonomous Ikhshidid dynasty in the name of the Abbasid Caliphate, in 969."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Troops of the Fatimid Caliphate under the general Jawhar captured Egypt, then ruled by the autonomous Ikhshidid dynasty in the name of the Abbasid Caliphate, in 969."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fatimids launched repeated invasions of Egypt soon after coming to power in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria) in 909, but failed against the still-strong Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The atmosphere of crisis was deepened by the simultaneous advances of the Byzantine Empire against the Muslim states of the Eastern Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background: initial Fatimid attempts to capture Egypt", "says": "In contrast to their predecessors, who were content to remain a regional dynasty on the western fringes of the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatimids held ecumenical pretensions: claiming descent from Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali, the Fatimid caliphs were simultaneously the leaders of the Isma'ili sect, whose followers accorded them semi-divine status as imams, the lawful vicegerents "}], "Q859756": [{"id": "Q1054305", "label": "Imagawa Yoshimoto", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Azukizaka (小豆坂の戦い, Azukizaka no tatakai) Oda Nobuhide defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto, setting the stage for his son, Oda Nobunaga, to become one of Japan's greatest warlords."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Azukizaka (小豆坂の戦い, Azukizaka no tatakai) Oda Nobuhide defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto, setting the stage for his son, Oda Nobunaga, to become one of Japan's greatest warlords."}, {"id": "Q349422", "label": "Battle of Okehazama", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the defeat, later in 1548, Yoshimoto defeated Nobuhide in the Second Battle of Azukizaka and continued to expand his territory until 1560, when he faced Nobunaga and was killed in the Battle of Okehazama."}], "Q859815": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ishiyama Hongan-ji War (石山合戦, Ishiyama Kassen) was a ten-year military campaign that took place from 1570 to 1580 in Sengoku period Japan, carried out by lord Oda Nobunaga against a network of fortifications, temples, and communities belonging to the Ikkō-ikki, a powerful faction of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist monks and peasants opposed to the rule of the samurai class."}, {"id": "Q947533", "label": "Ikkō-ikki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ishiyama Hongan-ji War (石山合戦, Ishiyama Kassen) was a ten-year military campaign that took place from 1570 to 1580 in Sengoku period Japan, carried out by lord Oda Nobunaga against a network of fortifications, temples, and communities belonging to the Ikkō-ikki, a powerful faction of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist monks and peasants opposed to the rule of the samurai class."}], "Q872007": [{"id": "Q177903", "label": "Stephen I of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The first recorded Pecheneg invasion of Transylvania occurred during the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (r."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "After taking much booty, they planned to leave Hungary, but the Hungarians ambushed and annihilated them at a hill near Doboka."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On the contrary, they jointly invaded the Byzantine Empire in 934, according to the contemporaneous Arab geographer, Al-Masudi."}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "Background", "says": "On the contrary, they jointly invaded the Byzantine Empire in 934, according to the contemporaneous Arab geographer, Al-Masudi."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine historians John Skylitzes and George Kedrenos mention clashes between the Pechenegs and their eastern neighbors, the Ouzes in the 1040s."}, {"id": "Q360883", "label": "Georgios Kedrenos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine historians John Skylitzes and George Kedrenos mention clashes between the Pechenegs and their eastern neighbors, the Ouzes in the 1040s."}, {"id": "Q247729", "label": "Jonathan Riley-Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Jonathan Riley-Smith associates these barbarians with the Pechenegs."}], "Q87402517": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Straits (Arabic: waqʿat al-majāz) was fought in early 965 between the fleets of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate in the Straits of Messina."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Straits (Arabic: waqʿat al-majāz) was fought in early 965 between the fleets of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate in the Straits of Messina."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a major Fatimid victory, and the final collapse of the attempt of Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas to recover Sicily from the Fatimids."}, {"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "Background", "says": "The fall of Taormina to the Aghlabids in 902 marked the effective end of the Muslim conquest of Sicily, but the Byzantines retained a few outposts on the island, and Taormina itself threw off Muslim control soon after."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "Background", "says": "In 909, the Fatimids took over the Aghlabid metropolitan province of Ifriqiya, and with it Sicily."}], "Q87414741": [{"id": "Q11673", "label": "Andrew Cuomo", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 17, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that New York had the lowest infection rate in the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 17, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that New York had the lowest infection rate in the United States."}], "Q877777": [{"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "Their Upper Bavarian cousin, Duke Louis, the later Emperor Louis IV, the Bavarian, as agreements within the several branches of the Bavarian line of the House of Wittelsbach determined and as the burghers of the Lower Bavarian cities wanted to see it done, or Duke Frederick I of Austria, the Fair, also Louis' cousin, both having been raised and educated together in Vienna."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Upper Bavarians and troops deputized by the Lower Bavarian towns were led by Duke Louis."}], "Q878528": [{"id": "Q66689", "label": "Carl Severing", "section": "Background", "says": "This prompted the Prussian Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing, and the President of the Prussian Province of Saxony, Otto Hörsing (1874-1937), to intervene in the Central German industrial area."}], "Q88082922": [{"id": "Q25596", "label": "Saint Martin", "section": "lead", "says": "The first positive test was a French couple from Saint Martin who returned from France via Saint Barthélemy on 1 March 2020."}], "Q882925": [{"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 351–352, the Jews of the Roman province of Syria Palaestina revolted against the rule of Constantius Gallus, brother-in-law of Emperor Constantius II and caesar of the eastern part of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 351–352, the Jews of the Roman province of Syria Palaestina revolted against the rule of Constantius Gallus, brother-in-law of Emperor Constantius II and caesar of the eastern part of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the 9th-century author Theophanes the Confessor, the rebels subsequently killed the people of different ethnicities, pagan Greek Hellenes and Samaritans."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The emperor Constantius II, like his father Constantine the Great before him, showed a preference for the Christian religion, which he favored over all others, including Judaism."}], "Q884821": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian Pact (Pacto Ibérico) or Peninsular Pact, formally the Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression, was a non-aggression pact that was signed at Lisbon, just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War, on 17 March 1939 by Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, representing Portugal, and Ambassador Nicolás Franco, representing Spain."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian Pact (Pacto Ibérico) or Peninsular Pact, formally the Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression, was a non-aggression pact that was signed at Lisbon, just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War, on 17 March 1939 by Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, representing Portugal, and Ambassador Nicolás Franco, representing Spain."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian Pact (Pacto Ibérico) or Peninsular Pact, formally the Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression, was a non-aggression pact that was signed at Lisbon, just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War, on 17 March 1939 by Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, representing Portugal, and Ambassador Nicolás Franco, representing Spain."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Background", "says": "Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar saw Francisco Franco as a kindred spirit, with both leaders being autocratic and against the socialist Republican Spain."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Salazar also sought to make his country less reliant on the United Kingdom and so the Iberian Pact was one of many treaties signed between Portugal and foreign powers, including Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, as a means of expanding Portuguese influence."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Salazar also sought to make his country less reliant on the United Kingdom and so the Iberian Pact was one of many treaties signed between Portugal and foreign powers, including Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, as a means of expanding Portuguese influence."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "Salazar also sought to make his country less reliant on the United Kingdom and so the Iberian Pact was one of many treaties signed between Portugal and foreign powers, including Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, as a means of expanding Portuguese influence."}, {"id": "Q13474305", "label": "Francoist Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 September 1938, in the background of the Munich Crisis, Francoist Spain asked if Portugal would be willing to negotiate a treaty of reciprocal security."}], "Q886842": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carolinas campaign (January 1 – April 26, 1865), also known as the Campaign of the Carolinas, was the final campaign conducted by the Union army against the Confederate army in the western theater of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q620244", "label": "Battle of Bentonville", "section": "lead", "says": "Johnston's army at the Battle of Bentonville, and its unconditional surrender to Union forces on April 26, 1865."}, {"id": "Q1355391", "label": "Battle of Appomattox Court House", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee's army at the Battle of Appomattox Court House, it signaled that the war was effectively over."}, {"id": "Q553533", "label": "John Bell Hood", "section": "Background", "says": "John Bell Hood in the Franklin–Nashville campaign."}], "Q88772394": [{"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian plague epidemic of 1772–1773, also simply known as the Persian Plague, was a massive outbreak of plague, more specifically Bubonic plague, in the Persian Empire, which claimed around 2 million lives in total."}], "Q8940": [{"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Admirable Campaign (Spanish: Campaña Admirable) was a military action led by Simón Bolívar in which the provinces of Mérida, Barinas, Trujillo and Caracas were conquered by the Patriots."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Its objective was to free Venezuela from Spanish control, which was accomplished in conjunction with Santiago Mariño's simultaneous campaign in the east."}], "Q8964623": [{"id": "Q11270", "label": "Fulgencio Batista", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1952 Cuban coup d'état took place in Cuba on March 10, 1952, when the Cuban Constitutional Army, led by Fulgencio Batista, intervened in the election that was scheduled to be held on 1 June 1952, staging a coup d'état and establishing a de facto military dictatorship in the country."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "After the electoral defeat Batista would leave Cuba for the United States, but remained head of the Cuban army."}, {"id": "Q655779", "label": "Carlos Prío Socarrás", "section": "Background", "says": "As the presidency of Carlos Prío Socarrás came to a close, Batista believed he could win in the following 1952 election."}], "Q896505": [{"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constitution of the German Confederation, or German Federal Act (German: Deutsche Bundesakte), was the constitution for the German Confederation as set forth in the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Out of the 360 states of the former Holy Roman Empire, it established a confederation of 39 states under the presidency of the Emperor of Austria."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constitution of the German Confederation went out of force when the Confederation dissolved in 1866 following Prussia's victory in the Austro-Prussian War and the establishment of the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Constitution of the German Confederation went out of force when the Confederation dissolved in 1866 following Prussia's victory in the Austro-Prussian War and the establishment of the North German Confederation."}], "Q901518": [{"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montebello (9 June 1800) was fought near Montebello in Lombardy between a French force under General of Division (GD) Jean Lannes and an Austrian force led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant (FML) Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz."}, {"id": "Q85216", "label": "Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montebello (9 June 1800) was fought near Montebello in Lombardy between a French force under General of Division (GD) Jean Lannes and an Austrian force led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant (FML) Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred in the Marengo campaign during the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "lead", "says": "During the lead-up to the Battle of Marengo, the vanguard of the French army in Italy engaged and defeated an Austrian force in a \"glorious victory\"."}, {"id": "Q112009", "label": "Michael von Melas", "section": "Background", "says": "General der Kavallerie Michael von Melas held Turin with 18,000 men, FML Peter Ott's 16,000 troops remained near Genoa where they secured the surrender of GD André Masséna's starving garrison on 4 June, and FML Anton von Elsnitz with 8,000 soldiers retreated from the Riviera."}, {"id": "Q330962", "label": "Josef Philipp Vukassovich", "section": "Background", "says": "To the east of Milan, FML Josef Philipp Vukassovich had 4,000 men."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "Background", "says": "In a series of operations on 6 June, GD Joachim Murat and GD Jean Boudet ferried their troops across the Po to the east of Piacenza while Lannes crossed the Po to the west of the city."}, {"id": "Q3170885", "label": "Jean Boudet", "section": "Background", "says": "In a series of operations on 6 June, GD Joachim Murat and GD Jean Boudet ferried their troops across the Po to the east of Piacenza while Lannes crossed the Po to the west of the city."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Confronted with a new situation, Napoleon issued orders to press the Austrians."}], "Q903304": [{"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ostrovno (French: Combat d'Ostrowno) was a military engagement that took place on 25 July 1812, between French forces under the command of King of Naples Joachim Murat and Russian forces under General Ostermann-Tolstoy and ended with the Russian forces retreating from the battlefield."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Context", "says": "Napoleon then launched a second such attempt aimed toward Vitebsk in a bid to turn the main Russian army under Barclay de Tolly."}, {"id": "Q675595", "label": "Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy", "section": "Context", "says": "With French forces moving through different routes in the direction of Vitebsk, a first major engagement took place on 25 July near Ostrowno, 30 kilometers west of Vitebsk, when General Etienne de Nansouty's 1st Cavalry Reserve Corps encountered the forces of Russian General Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy."}], "Q903472": [{"id": "Q598090", "label": "Battle of Maloyaroslavets", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grande Armée was retreating back along the already devastated road, experiencing a shortage of food, a consequence of the Battle of Maloyaroslavets."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "By 2 November, Napoleon had grown dissatisfied with Davout's management of rearguard activities, and ordered Ney to remain in Vyazma, to allow the I, IV, and V Corps to bypass him, and to assume rearguard duties himself."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "Background", "says": "The main Russian army led by Mikhail Kutuzov, some 70,000 troops in all, marched further to the south."}], "Q911471": [{"id": "Q989081", "label": "First Battle of Brega", "section": "lead", "says": "Eleven days earlier, anti-Gaddafi forces had beaten back an attempt by loyalist forces to take the town on 2 March 2011, in the First Battle of Brega."}, {"id": "Q588059", "label": "Battle of Bin Jawad", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the Battle of Bin Jawad and the Battle of Ra's Lanuf, government troops retook all of the lost territory and were once again threatening Brega by mid-March."}, {"id": "Q1089511", "label": "Battle of Ra's Lanuf", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the Battle of Bin Jawad and the Battle of Ra's Lanuf, government troops retook all of the lost territory and were once again threatening Brega by mid-March."}], "Q912835": [{"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "lead", "says": "All 4,084 square miles of Los Angeles County were declared a disaster area by California Governor Ronald Reagan."}], "Q9172907": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dalan Baljut was fought in 1187 between Temüjin (later known as Genghis Khan) and Jamukha, his blood brother."}], "Q922790": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hubbardton was an engagement in the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought in the village of Hubbardton, Vermont."}, {"id": "Q1754313", "label": "Battle of Bennington", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the only battle in Vermont during the revolution. (The Battle of Bennington was fought in what is now Walloomsac, New York.)\nThe American retreat from Fort Ticonderoga began late on July 5 after British cannons were seen on top of high ground, Mount Defiance (a.k.a."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "lead", "says": "General Fraser, alerted to the American withdrawal early on July 6, immediately set out in pursuit, leaving a message for General John Burgoyne to send reinforcements as quickly as possible."}, {"id": "Q214427", "label": "Friedrich Adolf Riedesel", "section": "lead", "says": "That night Fraser camped a few miles short of Hubbardton, and the German General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, leading reinforcements, camped a few miles further back."}], "Q931639": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rainiai massacre (Lithuanian: Rainių žudynės) was the mass murder of between 70 and 80 Lithuanian political prisoners by the NKVD, with help from the Red Army, in a forest near Telšiai, Lithuania, during the night of June 24–25, 1941."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of many similar massacres carried out by Soviet forces in Lithuania, and other areas under the control of the Soviet Union, during June 1941."}], "Q933498": [{"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "During these wars, Croatia formed alliances with East Francia and Byzantium against the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During these wars, Croatia formed alliances with East Francia and Byzantium against the Bulgarian Empire."}], "Q9360733": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Three Black Eagles, or Treaty of Berlin, was a secret treaty signed in September and December 1732 between the Habsburg monarchy, the Russian Empire and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "It intended to exclude the candidacies of Augustus' son, Frederick Augustus, and of Stanisław Leszczyński, who had already been king of Poland from 1704 to 1709."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "lead", "says": "It intended to exclude the candidacies of Augustus' son, Frederick Augustus, and of Stanisław Leszczyński, who had already been king of Poland from 1704 to 1709."}, {"id": "Q53438", "label": "Augustus III of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Stanislas eventually had to leave Poland, and Frederick Augustus was elected as Augustus III of Poland."}], "Q937265": [{"id": "Q1474791", "label": "Sultanate of Darfur", "section": "lead", "says": "He managed to gain the support of the Sultanate of Darfur and Dar Masalit, and used these areas as rear bases during his attempts to oust the French."}, {"id": "Q1472873", "label": "Kingdom of Baguirmi", "section": "Background", "says": "Relying on its prospering economy and firearms imported from the Senussi, Wadai expanded and subjugated several other polities such as Bornu and the Sultanate of Bagirmi, forcing them to pay tribute and abducting skilled craftsmen to enrich the empire."}, {"id": "Q3125368", "label": "Mahdist Sudan", "section": "Background", "says": "To Wadai's east, the British defeated Mahdist Sudan and reestablished the Sultanate of Darfur as buffer state."}, {"id": "Q3818737", "label": "Ali Dinar", "section": "Background", "says": "Darfur's ruler, Ali Dinar, proved to be a relatively effective and independent monarch."}], "Q941093": [{"id": "Q262726", "label": "Robert II, Count of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were led by Robert II of Artois and the Flemish by Guy of Dampierre."}], "Q948130": [{"id": "Q57279", "label": "Traian Băsescu", "section": "lead", "says": "In particular, President Traian Băsescu criticized the Deputy Minister of Health, Raed Arafat, on a Romanian television broadcast."}], "Q949294": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kamieniec Podolski (Polish: Oblężenie Kamieńca Podolskiego; Turkish: Kamaniçe kuşatması) was laid by the Ottoman Empire on August 18, 1672, in the Polish fortress of Kamieniec Podolski (now: Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine)."}, {"id": "Q510679", "label": "Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army was under command of Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha and numbered 150 thousand soldiers with reinforcements from the army of Tatars, Moldavians, Wallachians and Cossacks."}], "Q953326": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Taipale was a series of battles fought during the Winter War between Finland and Soviet Union from 6 to 27 December 1939."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Taipale was a series of battles fought during the Winter War between Finland and Soviet Union from 6 to 27 December 1939."}, {"id": "Q700941", "label": "Erik Heinrichs", "section": "Prelude: 30 November – 6 December", "says": "In the Ladoga sector, the Soviet commanding officer was Vladimir Grendahl and on the Finnish side, Erik Heinrichs."}], "Q965514": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Essential Harvest (or Task Force Harvest) was a deployment mission in the Republic of North Macedonia by NATO, officially launched on 22 August 2001, and effectively started on August 27."}], "Q96743196": [{"id": "Q10296812", "label": "Mohammad Javad Zarif", "section": "lead", "says": "Later reports in other publications added that the deal included the leasing of Iranian islands to China were categorically denied by Iranian authorities, including by the Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif, who stated \"such a deal doesn't even exist, let alone have articles\", and that \"we have not handed over a [single square] meter of [our] land to China or any other country, nor gran"}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of China and Iran officially established diplomatic relations in 1937."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1971, Iran recognized the People's Republic of China (ruled by the Chinese Communist Party) as the sole legitimate government of China, and likewise rescinded its recognition of the Republic of China (with its Kuomintang government now based in Taiwan) as a state."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1971, Iran recognized the People's Republic of China (ruled by the Chinese Communist Party) as the sole legitimate government of China, and likewise rescinded its recognition of the Republic of China (with its Kuomintang government now based in Taiwan) as a state."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1971, Iran recognized the People's Republic of China (ruled by the Chinese Communist Party) as the sole legitimate government of China, and likewise rescinded its recognition of the Republic of China (with its Kuomintang government now based in Taiwan) as a state."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1971, Iran recognized the People's Republic of China (ruled by the Chinese Communist Party) as the sole legitimate government of China, and likewise rescinded its recognition of the Republic of China (with its Kuomintang government now based in Taiwan) as a state."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which established the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, the two states maintained their diplomatic relationship as Iran and the United States severed their bilateral ties during the Iran–U.S. hostage crisis."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which established the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, the two states maintained their diplomatic relationship as Iran and the United States severed their bilateral ties during the Iran–U.S. hostage crisis."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "Iran was eventually put under international sanctions, although China still provided aid in the form of armaments to the Iranians during the Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q97208898": [{"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests, sometimes called \"Revolution of Dignity\", were the culmination of long-standing grievances against endemic corruption and state capture, particularly associated with prime minister Boyko Borisov's governments, in power since 2009."}, {"id": "Q26257557", "label": "Rumen Radev", "section": "lead", "says": "Spontaneous demonstrations were triggered by the 9 July 2020 raid on the Presidency of Bulgaria by police and prosecutors in what was perceived as an attack against President Rumen Radev, a vocal critic of Borisov's rule."}], "Q972445": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Cyzicus  took place in 73 BC between the armies of Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman-allied citizens of Cyzicus in Mysia and Roman Republican forces under Lucius Licinius Lucullus."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Cyzicus  took place in 73 BC between the armies of Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman-allied citizens of Cyzicus in Mysia and Roman Republican forces under Lucius Licinius Lucullus."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "Background", "says": "After his defeat at the hands of Lucius Cornelius Sulla during the First Mithridatic War (89-85 BC) Mithridates rebuilt his power and armies."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, in 74 BC, Nicomedes IV the king of Bithynia died and the Romans claimed he had left his kingdom to Rome in his will."}, {"id": "Q720859", "label": "Marcus Aurelius Cotta", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Marcus Aurelius Cotta, the Roman governor of Bithynia, was building up his forces when Mithridates invaded."}], "Q977657": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nyon Conference was a diplomatic conference held in Nyon, Switzerland, in September 1937 to address attacks on international shipping in the Mediterranean Sea during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nyon Conference was a diplomatic conference held in Nyon, Switzerland, in September 1937 to address attacks on international shipping in the Mediterranean Sea during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom and France led the conference, which was also attended by Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Turkey, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom and France led the conference, which was also attended by Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Turkey, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom and France led the conference, which was also attended by Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Turkey, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Context and organisation", "says": "In May 1937, Neville Chamberlain succeeded Stanley Baldwin as British Prime Minister, and adopted a new policy of dealing directly with Germany and Italy."}], "Q1002716": [{"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 5, 1615, the Eastern Army of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Osaka Army of Toyotomi Hideyori clashed in battle at Dōmyōji (道明寺の戦い; Dōmyōji no tatakai), Osaka."}, {"id": "Q313641", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyori", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 5, 1615, the Eastern Army of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Osaka Army of Toyotomi Hideyori clashed in battle at Dōmyōji (道明寺の戦い; Dōmyōji no tatakai), Osaka."}, {"id": "Q475780", "label": "Siege of Osaka", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was one of a number of battles that took place during the Summer Campaign of the Siege of Osaka that led up to the fall of Osaka to the forces of Tokugawa and the death of Toyotomi Hideyori."}, {"id": "Q2714642", "label": "Mototsugu Gotō", "section": "lead", "says": "A vanguard force ahead of the Osaka Army was commanded by Gotō Mototsugu."}], "Q100769993": [{"id": "Q48811126", "label": "End SARS", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of 20 October 2020, at about 6:50 p.m., members of the Nigerian Army opened fire on unarmed End SARS protesters at the Lekki toll gate (Admiralty Circle Plaza) in Lagos State, Nigeria."}], "Q101213028": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests began in multiple cities in the United States following the 2020 United States presidential election between then-President Donald Trump and Democratic Party challenger Vice President Joe Biden, held on November 3, 2020."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests began in multiple cities in the United States following the 2020 United States presidential election between then-President Donald Trump and Democratic Party challenger Vice President Joe Biden, held on November 3, 2020."}, {"id": "Q212648", "label": "Rudy Giuliani", "section": "lead", "says": "On January 6—the day when Congress formally counts the electoral votes—Trump supporters gathered for the \"Save America\" rally where attendees heard speeches from President Trump and his personal lawyer, former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani."}, {"id": "Q573246", "label": "Anthony Fauci", "section": "Causes", "says": "Anthony Fauci and FBI Director Christopher A."}], "Q1014485": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Noda Castle (野田城の戦い) took place from January to February 1573, between the forces of the Takeda clan, led by Takeda Shingen, against the Tokugawa clan, led by Tokugawa Ieyasu."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Noda Castle (野田城の戦い) took place from January to February 1573, between the forces of the Takeda clan, led by Takeda Shingen, against the Tokugawa clan, led by Tokugawa Ieyasu."}, {"id": "Q690464", "label": "Battle of Mikatagahara", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Battle of Mikatagahara, it was one of the final battles of Takeda Shingen's career."}], "Q102423003": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Madagiz offensive, also called the Battle of Madagiz (Azerbaijani: Madagiz döyüşü; Armenian: Մատաղիսի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Mataghisi chakatamart), or the Battle of Sugovushan (Azerbaijani: Suqovuşan döyüşü), was a military operation launched by Azerbaijan against the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and their Armenian allies during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Madagiz offensive, also called the Battle of Madagiz (Azerbaijani: Madagiz döyüşü; Armenian: Մատաղիսի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Mataghisi chakatamart), or the Battle of Sugovushan (Azerbaijani: Suqovuşan döyüşü), was a military operation launched by Azerbaijan against the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and their Armenian allies during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Madagiz offensive, also called the Battle of Madagiz (Azerbaijani: Madagiz döyüşü; Armenian: Մատաղիսի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Mataghisi chakatamart), or the Battle of Sugovushan (Azerbaijani: Suqovuşan döyüşü), was a military operation launched by Azerbaijan against the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and their Armenian allies during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War."}], "Q1045768": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tetorigawa (手取川の戦い, Tetorigawa no Tatakai) took place near the Tetori River in Japan's Kaga Province in 1577, between the forces of Oda Nobunaga against Uesugi Kenshin."}, {"id": "Q311080", "label": "Uesugi Kenshin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tetorigawa (手取川の戦い, Tetorigawa no Tatakai) took place near the Tetori River in Japan's Kaga Province in 1577, between the forces of Oda Nobunaga against Uesugi Kenshin."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "Background", "says": "After Oda Nobunaga's victory at Nagashino, Uesugi Kenshin broke off his alliance with Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, he then initiated an alliance in 1575 with the Ishiyama Honganji warrior monks (Ikko Ikki) and Takeda Katsuyori of the Takeda clan, with whom he had previously been at odds."}, {"id": "Q662482", "label": "Takeda Katsuyori", "section": "Background", "says": "After Oda Nobunaga's victory at Nagashino, Uesugi Kenshin broke off his alliance with Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, he then initiated an alliance in 1575 with the Ishiyama Honganji warrior monks (Ikko Ikki) and Takeda Katsuyori of the Takeda clan, with whom he had previously been at odds."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, Nobunaga sent an army led by Shibata Katsuie and Maeda Toshiie; with some of his most experienced generals to reinforce their allies."}, {"id": "Q1196817", "label": "Maeda Toshiie", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, Nobunaga sent an army led by Shibata Katsuie and Maeda Toshiie; with some of his most experienced generals to reinforce their allies."}], "Q104635416": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tchoma Bangou and Zaroumdareye massacres took place on January 2, 2021, when 105 people were killed and 75 injured in attacks by Islamic State in the Greater Sahara on the villages of Tchoma Bangou and Zaroumdareye in Tondikiwindi, Ouallam Department, Niger."}], "Q104670985": [{"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "Demonstrations have been held since 2021 against the appointment of Melih Bulu by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as rector of Boğaziçi University, one of the top academic institutions in Turkey."}], "Q1049395": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of New Echota was a treaty signed on December 29, 1835, in New Echota, Georgia, by officials of the United States government and representatives of a minority Cherokee political faction, the Treaty Party."}, {"id": "Q14708404", "label": "Cherokee Nation", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty established terms for the Cherokee Nation to cede its territory in the southeast and move west to the Indian Territory."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty established terms for the Cherokee Nation to cede its territory in the southeast and move west to the Indian Territory."}], "Q1052060": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cayuse War (1847–1855) was an armed conflict between the Cayuse people of the Northwestern United States and settlers, backed by the U.S. government."}], "Q1061404": [{"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Taku Forts (Chinese: 第二次大沽口之戰) was a failed Anglo-French attempt to seize the Taku Forts along the Hai River in Tianjin, China, in June 1859 during the Second Opium War."}, {"id": "Q334452", "label": "Xianfeng Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Battle of Taku Forts in 1858, the Xianfeng Emperor appointed the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen to take charge of coastal defense."}, {"id": "Q981183", "label": "Sengge Rinchen", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Battle of Taku Forts in 1858, the Xianfeng Emperor appointed the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen to take charge of coastal defense."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Sengge Rinchen hailed from a rich lineage - the 26th generation descendant of Qasar, a brother of Genghis Khan."}], "Q1064720": [{"id": "Q943643", "label": "Hōjō Ujiyasu", "section": "Background", "says": "Tomosada allied himself with Ashikaga Haruuji and Uesugi Norimasa of Yamauchi against Hōjō Ujiyasu."}], "Q106959869": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 May 2021, Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo began erupting."}], "Q107177113": [{"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Somaliland War of Independence also known as the National Liberation Struggle in Somaliland (Somali: Halgankii Gobanimo-doonka, lit. 'The National Liberation Struggle') , the Northern Rebellion (Somali: Kacdoonkii Waqooyi, lit. 'The Northern Uprising') in Somalia, and sometimes called the Great Isaaq Uprising or the Isaaq Rebellion was an Isaaq rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement ("}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "lead", "says": "These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "From February 1982, Isaaq army officers and fighters started moving into Ethiopia where they formed the nucleus of what would later become the armed wing of the SNM."}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1969 the military seized power in a coup following the assassination of President Abdirashid Shermarke and the ensuing political parliamentary debate on succession which ended in a deadlock."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Nations Development Programme stated that \"the 21-year regime of Siyad Barre had one of the worst human rights records in Africa.\" The new regime became a client state of the Soviet Union and on the first anniversary of the coup officially adopted 'Scientific socialism as its core ideology."}], "Q1073897": [{"id": "Q2446917", "label": "Oda Nobutada", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1573 siege of Odani Castle (小谷城の戦い, Odani-jō no Tatakai) was the last stand of the Azai clan, one of Oda Nobunaga's chief opponents. and the first battle of Oda Nobutada."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In September, 1573, Oda Nobunaga defeated the Asakura clan at the siege of Ichijodani Castle."}], "Q1073936": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1573 siege of Ichijōdani Castle (一乗谷城の戦い, Ichijōdani-jō no Tatakai) was undertaken by Oda Nobunaga, a powerful warlord (daimyō) of Japan's Sengoku period."}, {"id": "Q1322768", "label": "Asakura Yoshikage", "section": "lead", "says": "Ichijōdani Castle, the castle home of Asakura Yoshikage, was one of several lavishly furnished castles which can be said to typify the Azuchi-Momoyama period."}, {"id": "Q1142446", "label": "Azai Nagamasa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Nobunaga marched to Odani Castle to surrounding and besieged the castle, which was held by Azai Nagamasa."}], "Q108081395": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Kandahar, the second-largest city of Afghanistan and the capital of Kandahar Province, was a heavily defended city guarded by Afghan National Army (ANA) forces."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Simultaneously with the withdrawal of most United States troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban attacks had been ferocious, with many provincial capitals falling to the group, ANA forces had to concentrate elsewhere, weakening the defenses of the city."}], "Q10871730": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "25 September] 1864 was a border protocol between Qing China and the Russian Empire that defined most of the western extent of their border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and the Khanate of Kokand."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "25 September] 1864 was a border protocol between Qing China and the Russian Empire that defined most of the western extent of their border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and the Khanate of Kokand."}, {"id": "Q696241", "label": "Khanate of Kokand", "section": "lead", "says": "25 September] 1864 was a border protocol between Qing China and the Russian Empire that defined most of the western extent of their border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and the Khanate of Kokand."}], "Q1091654": [{"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Gaeta was the concluding event of the war between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, part of the unification of Italy."}, {"id": "Q228284", "label": "Expedition of the Thousand", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1860, as the Garibaldine troops were moving towards the capital Naples (see Expedition of the Thousand), the king of Two Sicilies, Francis II, decided to leave the city on the advice of his Prime Minister Liborio Romano."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1860, as the Garibaldine troops were moving towards the capital Naples (see Expedition of the Thousand), the king of Two Sicilies, Francis II, decided to leave the city on the advice of his Prime Minister Liborio Romano."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "Built in the time of emperor Charles V, the promontory was provided with 220 guns divided between 19 batteries."}, {"id": "Q697867", "label": "Enrico Cialdini", "section": "Background", "says": "The Piedmontese forces were composed of the IV Army Corps, led by general Enrico Cialdini."}, {"id": "Q548672", "label": "Luigi Federico Menabrea", "section": "Background", "says": "His staff included the engineer general Luigi Federico Menabrea, future prime minister of Italy."}], "Q10922917": [{"id": "Q703179", "label": "Goguryeo–Tang War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was caused by the ongoing Goguryeo–Tang War in which numerous attacks and raids were made by Baekje and Goguryeo against Silla."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was caused by the ongoing Goguryeo–Tang War in which numerous attacks and raids were made by Baekje and Goguryeo against Silla."}, {"id": "Q494525", "label": "Muyeol of Silla", "section": "lead", "says": "King Muyeol of Silla sought help from Emperor Gaozong of Tang, who launched the invasion of Paekche in 660."}, {"id": "Q9703", "label": "Emperor Gaozong of Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "King Muyeol of Silla sought help from Emperor Gaozong of Tang, who launched the invasion of Paekche in 660."}, {"id": "Q485131", "label": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "section": "Background", "says": "When Goguryeo and Paekche attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang empire to request military assistance."}], "Q1094996": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dayr al-Aqul was fought on 8 April 876, between forces of the Saffarid ruler Ya'qub ibn Laith and the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q374374", "label": "Ahmad ibn Tulun", "section": "Background", "says": "In 868 the Turk Ahmad ibn Tulun gained control of Egypt and gradually asserted his independence from Samarra."}, {"id": "Q759988", "label": "Zanj Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "In Lower Iraq and Khuzistan, the Zanj Rebellion began in 869 and posed a serious threat to the Abbasid Caliphate in the region."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "This left him in control of much of eastern and central Iran plus parts of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "The Abbasids were concerned about the threat the Saffarids posed, especially after Ya`qub conquered Fars from Muhammad bin Wasil in 875."}], "Q1095120": [{"id": "Q55008046", "label": "Albert I of Belgium", "section": "Background", "says": "The Groupe d'Armées des Flandres (GAF) comprising twelve Belgian divisions, ten divisions of the British Second Army and six divisions of the French Sixth Army, under the command of King Albert I of Belgium, with the French General Jean Degoutte as Chief of Staff, defeated the German 4th Army in the Fifth Battle of Ypres (28 September – 2 October)."}, {"id": "Q3167633", "label": "Jean-Marie Degoutte", "section": "Background", "says": "The Groupe d'Armées des Flandres (GAF) comprising twelve Belgian divisions, ten divisions of the British Second Army and six divisions of the French Sixth Army, under the command of King Albert I of Belgium, with the French General Jean Degoutte as Chief of Staff, defeated the German 4th Army in the Fifth Battle of Ypres (28 September – 2 October)."}, {"id": "Q5447484", "label": "Fifth Battle of Ypres", "section": "Background", "says": "The Groupe d'Armées des Flandres (GAF) comprising twelve Belgian divisions, ten divisions of the British Second Army and six divisions of the French Sixth Army, under the command of King Albert I of Belgium, with the French General Jean Degoutte as Chief of Staff, defeated the German 4th Army in the Fifth Battle of Ypres (28 September – 2 October)."}], "Q110264330": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "According to former microbiologist Siro Trevisanato, \"Tularemia is rare in many countries today, but remains a problem in some countries including Bulgaria.\""}], "Q11050010": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Rübezahl (German: Unternehmen Rübezahl) was the name of 3 German anti-partisan operations in Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Rübezahl (German: Unternehmen Rübezahl) was the name of 3 German anti-partisan operations in Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The first operation announced the beginning of a strategic retreat by Nazi German troops from Serbia after the front change of Romania and Bulgaria."}], "Q11141749": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Henan famine of 1942–1943 (Chinese: 河南大饑荒) occurred within the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War and resulted from a combination of natural and human factors."}], "Q11160826": [{"id": "Q359687", "label": "Antigonus II Mattathias", "section": "lead", "says": "Aided by Roman forces provided by Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), Herod was able to capture the city and depose Antigonus II Mattathias, ending Hasmonean rule."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege appears in the writings of Josephus and Dio Cassius."}, {"id": "Q359684", "label": "Hyrcanus II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 63 BC, following his victory in the Third Mithridatic War, Pompey the Great intervened in a civil war in the Hasmonean Kingdom between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, conquered Judea and appointed Hyrcanus High Priest."}, {"id": "Q359679", "label": "Aristobulus II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 63 BC, following his victory in the Third Mithridatic War, Pompey the Great intervened in a civil war in the Hasmonean Kingdom between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, conquered Judea and appointed Hyrcanus High Priest."}, {"id": "Q319075", "label": "Antipater the Idumaean", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Hyrcanus, real power rested with his chief minister, Antipater the Idumaean."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "In 49 BC Antipater prompted Hyrcanus to side with Julius Caesar during Caesar's Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "In 49 BC Antipater prompted Hyrcanus to side with Julius Caesar during Caesar's Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1238338", "label": "Caesar's Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 49 BC Antipater prompted Hyrcanus to side with Julius Caesar during Caesar's Civil War."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Roman civil war following the murder of Julius Caesar, Hyrcanus and Antipater became clients of Mark Antony, who now ruled the Roman east."}], "Q111648": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stony Point took place on July 16, 1779, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q881002", "label": "William Hull", "section": "Background", "says": "Return Jonathan Meigs (6th Connecticut Regiment): eight companies of Connecticut troops\n4th Regiment, a partially organized detachment of six companies of Massachusetts troops and two of North Carolina, temporarily commanded by Major William Hull (8th Massachusetts Regiment)."}], "Q11256383": [{"id": "Q469406", "label": "Otoya Yamaguchi", "section": "lead", "says": "During a televised debate, 17-year-old Otoya Yamaguchi, an extreme anti-communist activist, charged onto the stage and fatally stabbed Asanuma with a wakizashi, a type of traditional short sword."}, {"id": "Q93745", "label": "Inejirō Asanuma", "section": "Background", "says": "Inejirō Asanuma was a prominent Japanese politician and chairman of the Japan Socialist Party."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1959, Asanuma caused controversy in Japan by visiting the People's Republic of China and delivering a speech in Beijing in which he declared American imperialism a \"common enemy\" of China and Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "He also advocated Japanese independence from the United States and proposed an Asian peace and security system involving Japan, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "He also advocated Japanese independence from the United States and proposed an Asian peace and security system involving Japan, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States."}], "Q11344677": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1264 to 1308, the Mongol Empire (and its successor the Yuan dynasty) made several incursions into the island of Sakhalin off the east coast of Siberia to aid their Nivkh allies against the Ainu, who had been expanding north from Hokkaido."}, {"id": "Q3560494", "label": "Eastern Xia", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the Mongol conquests of the Jurchen Jin dynasty and the Eastern Xia, the Mongols took political control of Manchuria in 1233."}], "Q1136414": [{"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Havana was fought between 12–14 October 1748 off Havana between the British and Spanish navies during the War of Jenkins' Ear."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended when the British discovered news of the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended both the War of the Jenkins' Ear and the wider War of the Austrian Succession it was part of."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "The rise to prominence of First Baron George Anson of the Royal Navy through his raiding of Spanish possessions off the West Coast of the Americas in 1740 during his circumnavigation of the globe."}, {"id": "Q677929", "label": "Battle of Toulon", "section": "Background", "says": "Britain's blockade of Toulon which effectively paralysed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet based there and also interdicted this ports potential role as a base for convoy activity until the Battle of Toulon on 11 February 1744."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1747 Admiral Sir Charles Henry Knowles had become commander in chief on the Jamaica station but had failed to subdue Santiago de Cuba the following year."}], "Q1138687": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Porzio (also called the Battle of Tusculum) was fought on 29 May 1167 between the Holy Roman Empire and the Commune of Rome."}, {"id": "Q5154037", "label": "Commune of Rome", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Porzio (also called the Battle of Tusculum) was fought on 29 May 1167 between the Holy Roman Empire and the Commune of Rome."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The communal Roman army, which one historian has called the \"greatest army which Rome had sent into the field in centuries\", was defeated by the forces of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his local allies, the Counts of Tusculum and the ruler of Albano."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1166, Barbarossa set out on an expedition to Italy with the intent of deposing the anti-imperialist Pope Alexander III and setting up his own antipope, Paschal III."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "Within Christian's army were the forces commanded by Bishop Alexander II of Liège, and Count Robert III of Loritello."}], "Q114350880": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the United Kingdom also assessed most of the town had come under Russian control by 27 May."}], "Q11481675": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hitachi Maru Incident (常陸丸事件, Hitachi-maru jiken) was a maritime incident which occurred during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, in which three Japanese military transports were sunk in a Russian commerce raiding sortie by a Vladivostok-based armored cruiser squadron of the Imperial Russian Navy."}, {"id": "Q1189368", "label": "Dewa Shigetō", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Russian subsidiary naval base at Vladivostok, although shelled by a Japanese squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Dewa Shigetō in March 1904, remained largely undamaged and unblockaded."}, {"id": "Q725369", "label": "Kamimura Hikonojō", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese were forced to assign the IJN 2nd Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō with considerable resources in an attempt to locate and destroy it."}], "Q116222": [{"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ferozeshah was fought on 21 December and 22 December 1845 between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire, at the village of Ferozeshah in Punjab."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh War broke out as a result of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab falling into disorder after the death of the Maharajah Ranjit Singh in 1839, and the British desire to secure the Punjab."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Anglo-Sikh War broke out as a result of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab falling into disorder after the death of the Maharajah Ranjit Singh in 1839, and the British desire to secure the Punjab."}], "Q11623017": [{"id": "Q349263", "label": "Shōmu", "section": "lead", "says": "Through the support of Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōmyō, with whom he had family-ties, Nakamaro rapidly climbed the career ladder during the 740s and 750s achieving some of the highest ranks and court positions."}, {"id": "Q329713", "label": "Junnin", "section": "lead", "says": "During the early years of the reign of Emperor Junnin, whom he supported, Nakamaro ruled the country de facto."}], "Q11635491": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Akatsuka (or Akazuka, May 10, 1552) was the first recorded battle of the young Oda Nobunaga in his struggle to unite the province of Owari, against one of the former vassals of his late father (Oda Nobuhide, died in 1551), who switched his allegiance to the powerful Imagawa clan of Suruga province."}], "Q117298": [{"id": "Q178908", "label": "Henry I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Varaville was fought in 1057 by William, Duke of Normandy, against King Henry I of France and Count Geoffrey Martel of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q3017471", "label": "David Bates", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern historians have praised William's generalship during the battle, with David Bates noting the battle as an example of William's habit of surprising his enemies with unexpected moves."}], "Q11789247": [{"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict lasted 13 years with a period of four years of peace, and led to the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom in 435."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Roman Empire had been in decline from the beginning of the fourth century, and divided into two since 395."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 419 the Vandals and Alans were defeated by the allied forces of the Western Roman Empire at the Battle of the Nervasos Mountains, forcing the Vandals and Alans to abandon their territories, and their king, Gunderic, to flee to Baetica."}, {"id": "Q52995", "label": "Gunderic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 419 the Vandals and Alans were defeated by the allied forces of the Western Roman Empire at the Battle of the Nervasos Mountains, forcing the Vandals and Alans to abandon their territories, and their king, Gunderic, to flee to Baetica."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "Background", "says": "In 428 Gunderic died, and was succeeded by Gaiseric, who possibly at the invitation of Bonifatius, Roman governor of the region, crossed into Africa."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chronica Gallica of 452 reported that walls were constructed around Carthage in 425."}], "Q11794876": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Corfu took place on 8 July – 21 August 1716, when the Ottoman Empire besieged the city of Corfu, on the namesake island, then held by the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Corfu took place on 8 July – 21 August 1716, when the Ottoman Empire besieged the city of Corfu, on the namesake island, then held by the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q694835", "label": "Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was part of the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War, and, coming in the aftermath of the lightning conquest of the Morea by the Ottoman forces in the previous year, was a major success for Venice, representing its last major military success and allowing it to preserve its rule over the Ionian Islands."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the resulting Great Turkish War (1684–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "Background", "says": "In the resulting Great Turkish War (1684–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the resulting Great Turkish War (1684–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Great Turkish War concluded the Ottomans were from the outset determined to reverse these losses, beginning a reform of their navy, while Venice found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically from the other European powers: the Holy League had fractured after its victory, and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721) preoccupied the attention"}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Great Turkish War concluded the Ottomans were from the outset determined to reverse these losses, beginning a reform of their navy, while Venice found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically from the other European powers: the Holy League had fractured after its victory, and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721) preoccupied the attention"}, {"id": "Q1189261", "label": "Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The opening move of the conflict was the invasion of the Venetian province in the Morea by the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q3015062", "label": "Daniele Dolfin", "section": "Background", "says": "The approach of the Ottoman fleet under the Kapudan Pasha forced the Venetian Provveditore Generale da Mar, Daniele Dolfin, to stay at"}], "Q118219527": [{"id": "Q27654948", "label": "Abdalla Hamdok", "section": "Background", "says": "Civilian-administration leader Abdalla Hamdok was overthrown in 2021 by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the transitional military leader, with the aid of the RSF."}], "Q1186616": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Agua Dulce Creek was a skirmish during the Texas Revolution between Mexican troops and the colonists of the Mexican province of Texas, known as Texians."}, {"id": "Q1135419", "label": "José de Urrea", "section": "lead", "says": "Unknown to the Texians, on February 18, Mexican General José de Urrea led a large contingent of troops from Matamoros into Texas to neutralize the rebels gathered along the coast."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Texas provisional government had named Sam Houston the commander of a new regular army in Texas, but without authority over the volunteers who reported to Johnson."}], "Q12019518": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1882 Herzegovina uprising (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Hercegovački ustanak) was an uprising by Serbian and Bosniak populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina against Austro-Hungarian rule."}], "Q1206379": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The conventions put an end to the Allied occupation of West Germany."}, {"id": "Q128995", "label": "Anthony Eden", "section": "lead", "says": "This was eventually overcome by the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden proposing that West Germany become a member of NATO and the removal of the references to the European Defense Community in the Bonn–Paris conventions."}], "Q1219645": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand reannexed Navarrese territory he conceded to García 17 years earlier after his brother's assistance at Pisuerga."}], "Q1230358": [{"id": "Q247253", "label": "Battle of Khe Sanh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hill Fights (also known as the First Battle of Khe Sanh) took place during the Vietnam War between the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 325C Division and United States Marines on several hill masses north of the Khe Sanh Combat Base in northwest Quảng Trị Province."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hill Fights (also known as the First Battle of Khe Sanh) took place during the Vietnam War between the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 325C Division and United States Marines on several hill masses north of the Khe Sanh Combat Base in northwest Quảng Trị Province."}], "Q1230997": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the morning of 25 April 1915, the 29th Division (Major General Aylmer Hunter-Weston), landed on five beaches around Cape Helles at the southern tip of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q12375607": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Estonian civilians and potential Soviet opponents were repressed and sent to prison camps and settlements in the Soviet Union during the June deportation of 1941."}], "Q123758032": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Drakulić massacre was the mass killing of 2,300 Serb civilians by the Croatian fascist Ustaše movement on 7 February 1942, during World War II in the villages of Drakulić, Šargovac and Motike near Banja Luka, which were then part of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH)."}], "Q12427302": [{"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chausa was a notable military engagement between the Mughal Emperor, Humayun, and the Afghan ruler, Sher Shah Suri."}], "Q125537": [{"id": "Q958853", "label": "Edward Codrington", "section": "lead", "says": "A British naval squadron commanded by Admiral Edward Codrington harassed the French besiegers with cannon fire and transported large numbers of reinforcements into the city by sea."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place at the port of Tarragona, Catalonia, on the east coast of Spain during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place at the port of Tarragona, Catalonia, on the east coast of Spain during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q3486036", "label": "Siege of Tortosa", "section": "Background", "says": "The French conquest of Aragon had started with the Siege of Tortosa."}], "Q12605729": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ansi took place between Goguryeo and Tang forces in Ansi, a fortress in the Liaodong Peninsula, and the culmination of the First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War."}, {"id": "Q703179", "label": "Goguryeo–Tang War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ansi took place between Goguryeo and Tang forces in Ansi, a fortress in the Liaodong Peninsula, and the culmination of the First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Emperor Taizong of Tang joined the forces and they captured Yodong Fortress and Baegam one after another."}], "Q1268349": [{"id": "Q111559", "label": "Judah Maccabee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beth Zechariah took place around May 162 BC during the Maccabean revolt fought between Jewish rebels under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) against an army of the Seleucid Empire, the Greek successor state (diadochi) to the Macedonian conquests that controlled Syria and Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beth Zechariah took place around May 162 BC during the Maccabean revolt fought between Jewish rebels under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) against an army of the Seleucid Empire, the Greek successor state (diadochi) to the Macedonian conquests that controlled Syria and Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beth Zechariah took place around May 162 BC during the Maccabean revolt fought between Jewish rebels under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) against an army of the Seleucid Empire, the Greek successor state (diadochi) to the Macedonian conquests that controlled Syria and Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q1290572", "label": "Battle of Beth Zur", "section": "Background", "says": "The Maccabees under Judas Maccabeus fought the Greeks at the Battle of Beth Zur."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Maccabees participated in a number of campaigns across greater Palestine while the Seleucid government was concerned with internal politics in the capital."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Josephus, the Seleucids had an army of about 50,000 infantry, about 5,000 cavalry, and approximately 80 war elephants."}], "Q12723161": [{"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Long Turkish War (1593–1606), a border conflict between the Christian powers and the Ottoman Empire over Balkan territories."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Long Turkish War (1593–1606), a border conflict between the Christian powers and the Ottoman Empire over Balkan territories."}, {"id": "Q717115", "label": "Sinan the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman army under the command of Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha went on a campaign in the summer of 1595 against the Wallachia, which had rebelled shortly after the start of the Long Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q2540658", "label": "Battle of Călugăreni", "section": "Background", "says": "The army, which crossed the Danube on 20 August, was in a difficult situation in the Battle of Călugăreni on 23 August, but forced the Wallachian army to retreat with a counter-attack."}, {"id": "Q368154", "label": "Sigismund Báthory", "section": "Background", "says": "However, with the arrival of the soldiers under the command of the Prince of Transylvania Sigismund Báthory, the Wallachian army, which reached a strength of 30,000–40,000 soldiers and 53 cannons, counter-attacked, besieged and captured Târgoviște on 17 October."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Sokolluzade Hasan Pasha joined the main army a day later with artillery and ammunition, and the rearguard in Bucharest joined the main army four days later."}], "Q127420299": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack killed at least 90 Palestinians, among them women and children, and injured over 300."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During the attack on 13 July 2024, Israel dropped eight 2,000-pound bombs on al-Mawasi, at least one of which was manufactured in the United States."}, {"id": "Q94839", "label": "Mohammed Deif", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel said that it had targeted and killed the military commander of Hamas, Mohammed Deif, as well as Commander of the Hamas Khan Younis Brigade, Rafa Salama."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "An arrest warrant was issued for Mohammed Deif by the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 21 November 2024, alongside Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant."}, {"id": "Q723506", "label": "Yoav Gallant", "section": "lead", "says": "An arrest warrant was issued for Mohammed Deif by the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 21 November 2024, alongside Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant."}, {"id": "Q22690797", "label": "Yahya Sinwar", "section": "lead", "says": "The court acknowledged that Deif's death has been reported but said there was less public evidence than there was for the death of Yahya Sinwar or Ismail Haniyeh."}, {"id": "Q152378", "label": "Ismail Haniyeh", "section": "lead", "says": "The court acknowledged that Deif's death has been reported but said there was less public evidence than there was for the death of Yahya Sinwar or Ismail Haniyeh."}], "Q1277593": [{"id": "Q1638031", "label": "Battle of Brunkeberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danes invaded Sweden by sea, but were defeated early at the Battle of Brunkeberg, in which King Christian I of Denmark was wounded by a cannonball."}, {"id": "Q153940", "label": "Christian I of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danes invaded Sweden by sea, but were defeated early at the Battle of Brunkeberg, in which King Christian I of Denmark was wounded by a cannonball."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danish invasion was repelled, and the Swedes were independent from the Kalmar Union."}, {"id": "Q202266", "label": "Margaret I of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Queen Margaret I of Denmark created the Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) under her rule with Sweden joining voluntarily."}, {"id": "Q452506", "label": "Sten Sture the Elder", "section": "Background", "says": "When King Karl died, the Swedish council elected Sten Sture the Elder as viceroy."}], "Q12804486": [{"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "It led to a joint allied victory for the Yugoslav Partisans and 2nd New Zealand Division and a joint occupation of Trieste, but relations soon deteriorated and led to a nine-year dispute over the territory of Trieste."}, {"id": "Q1287583", "label": "Momčilo Đujić", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle is also considered the last battle in which a considerable force of Chetniks fought, as 13,000 of the irregular troops under Momčilo Đujić surrendered to the New Zealand forces under Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg as the battle progressed."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle is also considered the last battle in which a considerable force of Chetniks fought, as 13,000 of the irregular troops under Momčilo Đujić surrendered to the New Zealand forces under Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg as the battle progressed."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Civil authorities in Trieste, formally part of the Italian Social Republic although under de facto German control through the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, consisted of prefect Bruno Coceani and podestà (mayor) Cesare Pagnini."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The representatives of the Italian Communist Party had instead withdrawn from the local CLN in the summer of 1944, following disagreements on the cooperation with the Yugoslav Resistance (the Communists favored an alliance, whereas the members of the other parties feared that the Yugoslavs were aiming at annexing Trieste to Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A few years later Coceani would write that Benito Mussolini himself had given him the order to act in this sense: \"The order given by the Duce was to make contact with the exponents of the liberation committee, with all the Italian parties, even with the Communists, in order to create a bloc of the Italian forces against the annexationist designs of the Slavs.\" On April 4, 1945, Coceani had asked "}], "Q12809896": [{"id": "Q144287", "label": "Zayd ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolts of Zayd ibn Ali (Arabic: الثورات زيد بن علي, romanized: al-Thawrāt Zayd ibn ʿAlī), also known as the Zaydi Revolts, were a series of revolts initially led by Zayd ibn Ali and later his son and successor Yahya ibn Zayd against the Umayyad Caliphate, which had taken over from the Rashidun Caliphate since the death of his great-grandfather, Ali."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolts of Zayd ibn Ali (Arabic: الثورات زيد بن علي, romanized: al-Thawrāt Zayd ibn ʿAlī), also known as the Zaydi Revolts, were a series of revolts initially led by Zayd ibn Ali and later his son and successor Yahya ibn Zayd against the Umayyad Caliphate, which had taken over from the Rashidun Caliphate since the death of his great-grandfather, Ali."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolts of Zayd ibn Ali (Arabic: الثورات زيد بن علي, romanized: al-Thawrāt Zayd ibn ʿAlī), also known as the Zaydi Revolts, were a series of revolts initially led by Zayd ibn Ali and later his son and successor Yahya ibn Zayd against the Umayyad Caliphate, which had taken over from the Rashidun Caliphate since the death of his great-grandfather, Ali."}], "Q1290572": [{"id": "Q111559", "label": "Judah Maccabee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beth Zur was fought between the Maccabees led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) and a Seleucid Greek army led by Regent Lysias in October 164 BC at Beth Zur."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "Background", "says": "Toward the end of the summer of 165 BC, King Antiochus IV Epiphanes gathered forces from the western part of his empire to leave for an expedition to the eastern satrapies in Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Toward the end of the summer of 165 BC, King Antiochus IV Epiphanes gathered forces from the western part of his empire to leave for an expedition to the eastern satrapies in Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "There, he intended to stay awhile, replace or do battle with rebellious governors, deter the growing Parthian Empire from invading, and restore a flow of taxes to the capital."}, {"id": "Q298628", "label": "Antiochus V", "section": "Background", "says": "He left Lysias in charge as regent in the Seleucid capital Antioch and to raise his young son, the future Antiochus V."}, {"id": "Q1268317", "label": "Battle of Emmaus", "section": "Background", "says": "A Seleucid expedition to Judea was repelled in 165 BC, however, after the Maccabees won the Battle of Emmaus."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western half of the Seleucid Empire was still deprived of many dependable Greek soldiers due to Antiochus IV's expedition to the eastern satrapies, so it appears that Lysias negotiated with the rebels for 6–9 months during the fall and winter of 165 BC and early 164 BC."}], "Q131575509": [{"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the collapse of Ba'athist Syria, there were frequent demands of vengeance against individuals involved with the deposed regime across parts of Western Syria."}], "Q133800245": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "From March 31 to April 1, 2025, Cory Booker, the senior Democratic Party U.S. senator from New Jersey, delivered the longest recorded speech in United States Senate history while protesting the second presidency of Donald Trump and the operations of Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency."}], "Q1342285": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Lumberjack was a military operation with the goal of capturing the west bank of the Rhine River and seizing key German cities, near the end of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The First United States Army launched the operation in March 1945 to capture strategic cities (Cologne, Bonn, and Koblenz) in Nazi Germany and to give the Allies a foothold along the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q2694984", "label": "Battle of Remagen", "section": "lead", "says": "One unexpected outcome was the capture of the Ludendorff bridge, a strategic railroad bridge across the Rhine, in the Battle of Remagen."}, {"id": "Q57211", "label": "Hasso von Manteuffel", "section": "Background", "says": "From north to south, the attacking U.S. forces were confronted by\n\nGerman Fifteenth Army (General der Infanterie Gustav-Adolf von Zangen),\nLXXXI Corps (Friedrich Köchling, from March 10 Ernst-Günther Baade)\n9th Panzer Division\n11th Panzer Division\n363rd Infantry Division\n59th Infantry Division\nDivisionsstab 476\nLVIII Panzer Corps (Walter Krüger)\n353rd Infantry Division\n12th Infantry Division\n3rd P"}], "Q1343168": [{"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This skirmish was the first documented use of the wagon fort during the Hussite Wars."}], "Q13548627": [{"id": "Q3275982", "label": "Mokhtar Belmokhtar", "section": "lead", "says": "Reports suggested Islamist leader Mokhtar Belmokhtar of being the \"mastermind\" of both attacks, supervised by his brigade the \"Signatories of Blood\"."}], "Q13554386": [{"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of Ravenna in May 540 AD, Belisarius restored Sicily and most of the Italian Peninsula to Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "His stratagem to compel the Goths to surrender by offering Totila the Western imperial crown alarmed Emperor Justinian, who recalled Belisarius to Constantinople with Ravenna's treasury and the captive king Vitiges but denied him a triumph and reassigned him to the eastern front in advance of the Lazic War (541–562)."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "Background", "says": "His stratagem to compel the Goths to surrender by offering Totila the Western imperial crown alarmed Emperor Justinian, who recalled Belisarius to Constantinople with Ravenna's treasury and the captive king Vitiges but denied him a triumph and reassigned him to the eastern front in advance of the Lazic War (541–562)."}], "Q1357802": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Compiègne, signed on 10 June 1624, was a mutual defence alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic, for an initial period of three years."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Compiègne, signed on 10 June 1624, was a mutual defence alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic, for an initial period of three years."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The first half of the 17th century in Europe was dominated by the struggle between the Bourbon kings of France and their Habsburg rivals in Spain and in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "During the French Wars of Religion, Spain co-operated with the Catholic League in occupying large areas of France, before the succession of Henry IV in 1589 ended the conflict."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After Henry's assassination in 1610, his wife Marie de' Medici became regent for the nine-year-old Louis XIII, and continued to exercise considerable influence after the regency ended in 1614."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike many of his colleagues, he primarily opposed the Huguenots because their autonomy threatened the strong, centralised state needed to defeat Spain, rather than because of their religion; he later proved equally ruthless in attacking their Catholic counterparts."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1609, the two sides agreed a Twelve Years' Truce, and when the war restarted in 1621, Spain won a series of victories; by 1623, domestic opposition to the war and the heavy taxes levied to pay for it led the Dutch to seek external support."}, {"id": "Q848615", "label": "Henrietta Maria of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Compiègne was part of a two-pronged approach by Richelieu, who was also negotiating an alliance with England that resulted in the marriage of Henrietta Maria of France to Charles I of England."}, {"id": "Q81506", "label": "Charles I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Compiègne was part of a two-pronged approach by Richelieu, who was also negotiating an alliance with England that resulted in the marriage of Henrietta Maria of France to Charles I of England."}], "Q1361512": [{"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle, a part of the Goliad Campaign of the Texas Revolution, resulted in a Mexican victory and splintered Texan resistance."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians."}, {"id": "Q1135419", "label": "José de Urrea", "section": "Background", "says": "Santa Anna personally led the bulk of his troops inland to San Antonio de Béxar and ordered General José de Urrea to lead 550 troops [additional units would follow] along the Atascocita Road toward Goliad."}, {"id": "Q1186733", "label": "Battle of San Patricio", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Johnson at the Battle of San Patricio and James Grant at the Battle of Agua Dulce (both captured in earlier fights) created confusion rather than stirring the volunteers gathered at Goliad into action."}, {"id": "Q1186616", "label": "Battle of Agua Dulce", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Johnson at the Battle of San Patricio and James Grant at the Battle of Agua Dulce (both captured in earlier fights) created confusion rather than stirring the volunteers gathered at Goliad into action."}], "Q1362154": [{"id": "Q152420", "label": "Duchy of Guelders", "section": "lead", "says": "The First War of the Guelderian Succession was a battle for the throne of the Duchy of Guelders that raged between 1371 and 1379."}, {"id": "Q833210", "label": "Battle of Baesweiler", "section": "lead", "says": "His brother, Edward, who had been killed in the Battle of Baesweiler earlier that same year, also left no offspring."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The claimants to the ducal throne were their half-sisters: Mechtild who was married twice before but without offspring, and Mary, wife of William II of Jülich and mother to William I of Guelders and Jülich, on whose behalf she claimed the throne of Guelders."}], "Q13654274": [{"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "lead", "says": "Immediately following the removal of President Mohamed Morsi by the Egyptian Armed Forces on 3 July 2013 amid demonstrations against Morsi's rule, many protesters amassed near the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque to call for Morsi's return to power and condemn the military, while others demonstrated in support of the military and interim government."}], "Q136682955": [{"id": "Q16193885", "label": "Samia Suluhu Hassan", "section": "Background", "says": "Incumbent president Samia Suluhu Hassan sought a full term, while several opposition candidates were either barred or detained ahead of the vote."}], "Q137351971": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of Operation Southern Spear, the United States enacted a blockade on sanctioned oil tankers traveling in and out of Venezuela on 17 December 2025, after placing additional sanctions affecting oil trade with the country."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 August 2025, the United States Department of Justice raised a reward for the arrest of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro to US$50 million; Maduro was indicted by a US federal court in 2020 and is accused of narcoterrorism and conspiracy to import cocaine to the United States."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the following months, the United States Navy conducted its largest naval deployment in the Caribbean Sea since the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 2025, United States president Donald Trump signed Executive Order 14245 that placed a 25% tariff on any country that imported Venezuelan oil due to Venezuela being \"very hostile\"."}, {"id": "Q19519696", "label": "Vladimir Padrino López", "section": "Background", "says": "In August, Venezuelan defense minister Vladimir Padrino López announced that the Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela would be deployed to protect Venezuela's main oil hub."}], "Q1373706": [{"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "2134), also known as The Siamese Invasion of Longvek, was a military conflict fought between the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "2134), also known as The Siamese Invasion of Longvek, was a military conflict fought between the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q515704", "label": "Naresuan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ayutthayan king Naresuan returned two years later, eventually subjugating the whole country and finally sacking the Cambodian capital of Longvek on 3 January 1594."}, {"id": "Q728777", "label": "Maha Chakkraphat", "section": "Background", "says": "His mother was a daughter of Maha Chakkraphat and queen consort Suriyothai."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "Background", "says": "During the course of the second Burmese–Siamese War, Burmese king Bayinnaung took Phitsanulok and made the Sukhothai Kingdom a Burmese tributary state."}, {"id": "Q863279", "label": "Sukhothai Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "During the course of the second Burmese–Siamese War, Burmese king Bayinnaung took Phitsanulok and made the Sukhothai Kingdom a Burmese tributary state."}, {"id": "Q3182715", "label": "Nanda Bayin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1581, Nanda Bayin succeeded his father Bayinnaung to the Burmese throne."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Cambodia had however entered a state of decline since the collapse of the Khmer Empire and limited its offensive operations to raids."}], "Q137478915": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Hawkeye Strike was a retaliatory military action by the United States against the Islamic State, following the December 2025 Palmyra attack by a Syrian police officer, suspected of being affiliated with the Islamic State, that killed two U.S. soldiers and a civilian interpreter."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Hawkeye Strike was a retaliatory military action by the United States against the Islamic State, following the December 2025 Palmyra attack by a Syrian police officer, suspected of being affiliated with the Islamic State, that killed two U.S. soldiers and a civilian interpreter."}], "Q139042111": [{"id": "Q29033962", "label": "Joseph Aoun", "section": "lead", "says": "The EU and UK called for including Lebanon in the ceasefire,  Ceasefire talks between Israel and Lebanon were announced on 10 April, described as \"historic\", with support from Lebanon's president Joseph Aoun and Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "The EU and UK called for including Lebanon in the ceasefire,  Ceasefire talks between Israel and Lebanon were announced on 10 April, described as \"historic\", with support from Lebanon's president Joseph Aoun and Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Pakistan mediated the 2026 Iran war ceasefire and said Lebanon was included in the ceasefire, temporarily halting the 2026 Iran war for two weeks."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "President Donald Trump later told PBS News Hour that Lebanon was not included in the ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "Background", "says": "However, French president Emmanuel Macron said Lebanon was fully included in the ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the United States changed its position after a phone call between Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu."}], "Q1410792": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amba Alagi was fought in May 1941, during World War II, part of the East African Campaign."}, {"id": "Q431121", "label": "Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Italian defeat at Keren in April 1941, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta withdrew his forces to the mountain stronghold at Amba Alagi."}, {"id": "Q955197", "label": "Enrico Caviglia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to other sources, however, the fortress was easily defendable thanks to its position and the mountainous terrain, but lacked food and water, so that Marshal Enrico Caviglia later criticised the Duke for having chosen it for his last stand, calling the Amba Alagi \"uno scoglio senz'acqua e senza viveri\" (\"a rock with neither water nor food\")."}, {"id": "Q372479", "label": "Alan Cunningham", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duke of Aosta and his garrison surrendered to the British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham, on 19 May 1941."}], "Q1414387": [{"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Chambord was an agreement signed on 15 January 1552 at the Château de Chambord between the Catholic King Henry II of France and three Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by Elector Maurice of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Chambord was an agreement signed on 15 January 1552 at the Château de Chambord between the Catholic King Henry II of France and three Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by Elector Maurice of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q317710", "label": "Maurice of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Chambord was an agreement signed on 15 January 1552 at the Château de Chambord between the Catholic King Henry II of France and three Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by Elector Maurice of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, he was promised military and economic aid from Henry II in order to fight against the forces of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, he was promised military and economic aid from Henry II in order to fight against the forces of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "lead", "says": "After Emperor Charles V had defeated a number of revolting Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War, he in 1548 issued the geharnischt (sharply worded) Augsburg Interim in order to re-integrate the Lutheran movement into the established Catholic Church and to prevent the split of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q696040", "label": "William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "lead", "says": "To defend their autonomy, several Protestant Imperial States reacted with the 1551 Alliance of Torgau; first of all the Saxon elector Maurice of Wettin, who in the Schmalkaldic War had been a strong supporter of the emperor, but also William IV of Hesse-Kassel, the warlike Hohenzollern margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and his cousin the Prussian duke Albert."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "lead", "says": "To defend their autonomy, several Protestant Imperial States reacted with the 1551 Alliance of Torgau; first of all the Saxon elector Maurice of Wettin, who in the Schmalkaldic War had been a strong supporter of the emperor, but also William IV of Hesse-Kassel, the warlike Hohenzollern margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and his cousin the Prussian duke Albert."}, {"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1552 his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria concluded the Peace of Passau, whereby he formally accepted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession, confirmed by the emperor himself in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q703081", "label": "Peace of Passau", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1552 his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria concluded the Peace of Passau, whereby he formally accepted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession, confirmed by the emperor himself in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1552 his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria concluded the Peace of Passau, whereby he formally accepted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession, confirmed by the emperor himself in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q2889763", "label": "Battle of Renty", "section": "lead", "says": "However, his troops were finally defeated by the French under the command of Duke Francis of Guise at the 1554 Battle of Renty."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The incorporation into France was officially acknowledged by the Empire in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}], "Q1415566": [{"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Würzburg was fought on 3 September 1796 between an army of the Habsburg monarchy led by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and an army of the First French Republic led by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Würzburg was fought on 3 September 1796 between an army of the Habsburg monarchy led by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and an army of the First French Republic led by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "The summer of 1796 saw the two French armies of Jourdan and Jean Victor Marie Moreau advance into southern Germany."}, {"id": "Q84514", "label": "Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour", "section": "lead", "says": "They were opposed by Archduke Charles, who supervised two weaker Austrian armies commanded by Wilhelm von Wartensleben and Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour."}, {"id": "Q481466", "label": "Battle of Amberg", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Amberg on 24 August, Charles managed to concentrate superior numbers against Jourdan, forcing him to withdraw."}], "Q1430144": [{"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1971 Dhaka University massacre was the mass murder of students and teachers of the University of Dhaka in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) by the Pakistan Army."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1971 Dhaka University massacre was the mass murder of students and teachers of the University of Dhaka in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) by the Pakistan Army."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of 25–26 March 1971, under the orders of Yahya Khan, the Pakistan Army's Eastern Wing Commander Tikka Khan initiated an attack on the university campus as the initial phase of Operation Searchlight, aiming to destroy what was considered the heart of Bengali nationalism."}, {"id": "Q2984759", "label": "Tikka Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of 25–26 March 1971, under the orders of Yahya Khan, the Pakistan Army's Eastern Wing Commander Tikka Khan initiated an attack on the university campus as the initial phase of Operation Searchlight, aiming to destroy what was considered the heart of Bengali nationalism."}, {"id": "Q2985554", "label": "Operation Searchlight", "section": "lead", "says": "On the night of 25–26 March 1971, under the orders of Yahya Khan, the Pakistan Army's Eastern Wing Commander Tikka Khan initiated an attack on the university campus as the initial phase of Operation Searchlight, aiming to destroy what was considered the heart of Bengali nationalism."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Bengali Awami League had won a decisive majority (capturing 167 out of 313 seats) in the 1970 Pakistan parliamentary elections, the Bengali population expected a swift transfer of power to the Awami League based on the Six Point Programme."}, {"id": "Q191375", "label": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman", "section": "Background", "says": "The PPP had already started lobbying to weaken the stand of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and Bhutto was heard saying that he wanted the Bengalis to stay away."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Unwilling to transfer federal power from West Pakistan to East Pakistan as demanded by the Awami League (fearing a transfer of power would weaken or destroy the multiethnic Pakistani federation), or to lose face by backing down in the face of the non-cooperation movement, the West Pakistani generals, most of whom (including Commander-in-Chief Gul Hassan Khan) supported the PPP, finally decided on "}], "Q1434874": [{"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sankelmark (or Battle of Oeversee) was a minor battle during the Second Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q873991", "label": "Battle of Mysunde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Danish army, under General Christian Julius De Meza had taken up position at the defenses of the Danevirke and had managed to hold the Prussians at bay at the Battle of Mysunde on 2 February."}], "Q1462345": [{"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Hussite Wars, and it was the first battle in which war wagons were used by the crusaders."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle ended the Fourth Crusade of the Hussite Wars, and for four years no further crusades were made."}], "Q1470352": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Škabrnja massacre was the killing of 62 Croatian civilians and 5 prisoners of war by Serbian Autonomous Oblast Krajina (SAO Krajina) Territorial Defence troops and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in the villages of Škabrnja and Nadin east of Zadar on 18–19 November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q314295", "label": "Milan Babić", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted Croatian Serb political leaders and later presidents of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, Milan Babić and Milan Martić, for war crimes including the killings committed in Škabrnja and Nadin."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted Croatian Serb political leaders and later presidents of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, Milan Babić and Milan Martić, for war crimes including the killings committed in Škabrnja and Nadin."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The ICTY also indicted Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in connection with the Škabrnja massacre, but his trial never produced a verdict as he died before one could be rendered."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1991, Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency."}], "Q1473857": [{"id": "Q150872", "label": "Empress Matilda", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Rout of Winchester (14 September 1141) the army of imprisoned King Stephen of England, led by his wife, Queen Matilda, Stephen's brother Bishop Henry of Winchester, and William of Ypres, faced the army of Stephen's cousin Empress Matilda, whose forces were commanded by her half-brother Earl Robert of Gloucester."}, {"id": "Q743768", "label": "The Anarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the civil war known as The Anarchy dragged on with neither side gaining an advantage."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "Background", "says": "The system of justice established under Henry I went to pieces and the common people suffered under the harsh demands of local noblemen and officials."}], "Q1477118": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Starlite (also known in Vietnam as Battle of Van Tuong) was the first major offensive action conducted by a purely U.S. military unit during the Vietnam War from 18 to 24 August 1965."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States had been providing material support to South Vietnam since its foundation in 1954."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States had been providing material support to South Vietnam since its foundation in 1954."}, {"id": "Q298793", "label": "William Westmoreland", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 July, COMUSMACV General William Westmoreland told III MAF commander General Walt that he expected him to undertake larger offensive operations with the South Vietnamese against the VC at greater distances from his base areas."}], "Q1479236": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The red line was drawn on a map to define the territories formerly under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, and the agreement stated that participants in the IPC consortium pledged to be involved in the exploitation of any oil to be discovered within the red line exclusively through consortia with the same composition as the IPC."}], "Q1483608": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Litosoria or Lithosoria (Bulgarian: Битка при Литосория) occurred between the Bulgaria and the Buzantines in the fall of 774 at an unknown place named Litosoria."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "lead", "says": "After an unsuccessful campaign of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V earlier that year, the Bulgarian Khan Telerig decided to strike back to the southwest and sent a small raiding army of 12,000 to capture Berzitia."}], "Q1497885": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hoke's Run, also known as the Battle of Falling Waters or Battle of Hainesville, took place on July 2, 1861, in Berkeley County, Virginia (now West Virginia) as part of the Manassas campaign of the American Civil War."}], "Q1500070": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Schönbrunn (or Convention of Schönbrunn) was a treaty of friendship signed between France and Prussia at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna on 15 December 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q550690", "label": "Géraud Duroc", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms were negotiated by Géraud Duroc, who signed for France, and Christian Graf von Haugwitz, who signed for Prussia."}, {"id": "Q213744", "label": "Christian Graf von Haugwitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms were negotiated by Géraud Duroc, who signed for France, and Christian Graf von Haugwitz, who signed for Prussia."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Prussia had occupied the Electorate of Hanover, which, although it belonged King George III of Great Britain, had been occupied by the French and only vacated by them during the course of the war."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Prussia had occupied the Electorate of Hanover, which, although it belonged King George III of Great Britain, had been occupied by the French and only vacated by them during the course of the war."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Haugwitz went to Vienna, where Napoleon was staying, to negotiate a treaty of friendship with France."}], "Q1500196": [{"id": "Q215968", "label": "Jan Žižka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hussites were led by Jan Žižka (who was completely blind at the time of the battle), while the Catholics were led by the repeatedly-converting Čeněk of Wartenberg."}], "Q1504536": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Viminacium were a series of three battles fought against the Avars by the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q716400", "label": "Comentiolus", "section": "lead", "says": "In summer 599, the East Roman Emperor Maurice sent his generals Priscus and Comentiolus to the Danube front against the Avars."}, {"id": "Q45115", "label": "Bayan I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Avar khagan Bayan I meanwhile - learning that the Romans had determined to violate the peace - crossed the Danube at Viminacium and invaded Moesia Prima, while he entrusted a large force to four of his sons, who were directed to guard the river and prevent the Romans from crossing over to the left bank."}], "Q15051573": [{"id": "Q197432", "label": "Zhao Erfeng", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing court then appointed a new official Zhao Erfeng (\"butcher Zhao\"), who was already known for his tough methods, as the Imperial Commissioner for the Tibetan Marches."}], "Q15094110": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abaza rebellion was a group of uprisings that occurred in the 17th century in the Ottoman Empire during the reigns of Mustafa I (1622–23) and Murat IV (1623–40)."}, {"id": "Q174798", "label": "Mustafa I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abaza rebellion was a group of uprisings that occurred in the 17th century in the Ottoman Empire during the reigns of Mustafa I (1622–23) and Murat IV (1623–40)."}, {"id": "Q172056", "label": "Osman II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman sultan Osman II (1618–1622) laid siege to Khotyn (in modern Ukraine, then a part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), but could not capture the city."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman sultan Osman II (1618–1622) laid siege to Khotyn (in modern Ukraine, then a part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), but could not capture the city."}], "Q1510144": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wairau Affray of 17 June 1843, also called the Wairau Massacre and the Wairau Incident, was the first serious clash of arms between British settlers and Māori in New Zealand after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the only one to take place in the South Island."}], "Q1510312": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The 12 March Movement (Portuguese: Movimento 12 de Março) or the Geração à Rasca (Portuguese: [ʒɛɾɐˈsɐ̃w a ˈʁaʃkɐ], \"struggling generation\") protest took place in more than 10 cities of Portugal against the economic crisis and labour rights."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "They were the biggest events since the 1974 Carnation Revolution and organized without support from political parties or trades unions."}], "Q15264163": [{"id": "Q351075", "label": "Adam Tooze", "section": "lead", "says": "Assessments of the raids effectiveness vary; the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (1945) called the raid \"not effective\", while in 2006 the historian Adam Tooze judged that it had been highly successful."}, {"id": "Q60566", "label": "Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma", "section": "Background", "says": "Information had reached the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) about German weapons development since the Oslo report of November 1939, from Royal Air Force (RAF) photo-reconnaissance photographs taken from 22 April 1943 and eavesdropping on Lieutenant-General Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma, a prisoner-of-war in Britain, who expressed surprise that there had been no rocket bombardment of Britain."}, {"id": "Q203129", "label": "Duncan Sandys", "section": "Background", "says": "Duncan Sandys was appointed by Winston Churchill to lead an inquiry to study the information and report on counter-measures."}], "Q1527386": [{"id": "Q193901", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rignano was the second great defeat of the career of Roger II of Sicily and, like the first, the Battle of Nocera, it too came at the hands of Ranulf II, Count of Alife."}, {"id": "Q1527286", "label": "Battle of Nocera", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rignano was the second great defeat of the career of Roger II of Sicily and, like the first, the Battle of Nocera, it too came at the hands of Ranulf II, Count of Alife."}, {"id": "Q1150295", "label": "Robert II of Capua", "section": "lead", "says": "At Nocera on 24 July 1132, Ranulf was allied with Robert II of Capua\nand Sergius VII of Naples and he was a mere rebel, fighting the king of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 October 1137, Ranulf was the recently appointed duke of Apulia, with a contingent of 800 German troops on loan from the Emperor Lothair II, and his adversaries were not only Roger, but his erstwhile ally Sergius."}, {"id": "Q170386", "label": "Innocent II", "section": "lead", "says": "Ranulf's creation as such in 1137 by the emperor and Pope Innocent II was in direct opposition to not only King Roger, but the young Duke Roger as well."}, {"id": "Q1051600", "label": "Duchy of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Duke Sergius died heirless and the Neapolitan aristocracy could not reach agreement as to whom to support for the succession, Roger took control over the Duchy of Naples, nominating his son Alfonso as the new duke."}], "Q1528017": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Demetritzes in 1185 was fought between the Byzantine army and the Normans of the Kingdom of Sicily, who had recently sacked and captured the Byzantine Empire's second city, Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q41830", "label": "Andronikos I Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "The fall of Thessalonica and the Norman advance towards Constantinople precipitated the downfall of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos and the elevation of Isaac II Angelos."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "Background", "says": "The fall of Thessalonica and the Norman advance towards Constantinople precipitated the downfall of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos and the elevation of Isaac II Angelos."}], "Q1529375": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Havana on 9 November 1870 was an indecisive single ship action between the German gunboat Meteor and the French aviso Bouvet off the coast of Havana, Cuba during the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Havana was at the time still part of the Spanish Empire, and Spain was a neutral country in the conflict."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "By early September 1870, French armies were decisively defeated in Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, resulting in the capture of French Emperor Napoleon III, but not in an end to the war."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "Background", "says": "She was under escort from the Spanish warships Hernán Cortés and Centinela, tasked with making certain the battle would take place 10 miles (16 km) off Cuba, outside territorial water, and thus ensure that the battle would not violate Spanish neutrality."}], "Q15310269": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beda Fomm took place following the rapid British advance during Operation Compass (9 December 1940 – 9 February 1941)."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian 10th Army (10ª Armata) was forced to evacuate Cyrenaica, the eastern province of Libya."}, {"id": "Q1386053", "label": "Michael O'Moore Creagh", "section": "lead", "says": "The 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Sir Michael O'Moore Creagh) was dispatched to intercept the remnants of the 10th Army by moving through the desert, south of the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountain) via Msus and Antelat as the 6th Australian Division pursued the Italians along the coast road, north of the Jebel."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 February, Churchill ordered the advance to stop and troops to be dispatched to Greece to take part in the Greco-Italian War; Unternehmen Marita, a German attack through Macedonia was thought imminent."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "lead", "says": "German reinforcements were sent to Libya to form a blocking detachment (Sperrverband) under Directive 22 (11 January), these being the first units of the Afrika Korps (Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel)."}, {"id": "Q280748", "label": "Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Operazione E the invasion of Egypt and advance to Sidi Barrani by the 10th Army, Wavell ordered the commander of British Troops Egypt, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, to plan a limited operation to push the Italians back."}], "Q15363215": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Bolívar was the codename for the German espionage in Latin America during World War II."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Overall, the Germans were successful in establishing a secret radio communications network from their control station in Argentina, as well as a courier system involving the use of Spanish merchant vessels for the shipment of paper-form intelligence."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "It also swayed key power brokers of the region out of neutrality and into the American sphere, namely Mexico and Brazil, but also strategically positioned nations producing much needed goods such as Venezuela (oil), Chile (copper), Peru (cotton) and Colombia (platinum)."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It also swayed key power brokers of the region out of neutrality and into the American sphere, namely Mexico and Brazil, but also strategically positioned nations producing much needed goods such as Venezuela (oil), Chile (copper), Peru (cotton) and Colombia (platinum)."}], "Q154788": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "International newspapers described the December uprising as being exceptional compared to other \"mass incidents\" in the People's Republic of China which numbered approximately 180,000 in 2010."}], "Q155302": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loigny–Lumeau-Poupry was a battle of the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q283015", "label": "Battle of Beaugency", "section": "lead", "says": "During operations following the recapture of Orléans in early December 1870, German forces secured their flanks while preparing for renewed fighting along the Loire, culminating in the Battle of Beaugency on 8–9 December."}, {"id": "Q551822", "label": "Second Battle of Orléans", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, the Second Battle of Orléans (1870) began."}], "Q15663170": [{"id": "Q311080", "label": "Uesugi Kenshin", "section": "Background", "says": "Fourteen years later Uesugi Kenshin, the daimyō of the Uesugi clan, invaded the area in support of Uesugi Norimasa (the Shōgun's deputy or Kanto kanrei)."}], "Q1567881": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "It is an inter-American instrument with the central aim of strengthening and upholding democratic institutions in the nations of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q150851", "label": "Colin Powell", "section": "Background", "says": "The General Assembly special session in Lima at which the Democratic Charter was adopted was the reason why United States Secretary of State Colin Powell was absent from his country during the Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001; he cut short his participation at the meeting and departed Lima for Washington, D.C., shortly after midday."}], "Q1575254": [{"id": "Q830626", "label": "Battle of Bouvines", "section": "lead", "says": "King John's efforts were ultimately fruitless, as Philip inflicted a crushing defeat on his allies at the Battle of Bouvines."}], "Q1575977": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (山縣・ロバノフ協定, Yamagata-Robanofu Kyōtei)(Russian: Протокол Лобанова — Ямагаты), signed in Saint Petersburg on 9 June 1896, was the third agreement signed between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Russia concerning disputes regarding their sphere of influence over Korea."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The proposal was rejected, but the concept was resurrected by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin many years later at the Yalta Conference negotiations with the United States during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The proposal was rejected, but the concept was resurrected by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin many years later at the Yalta Conference negotiations with the United States during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The proposal was rejected, but the concept was resurrected by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin many years later at the Yalta Conference negotiations with the United States during World War II."}, {"id": "Q297636", "label": "Yamagata Aritomo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement was signed in Saint Petersburg by ex-Prime Minister of Japan Yamagata Aritomo, and Russian Foreign Minister, Prince Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky."}], "Q15833607": [{"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "This took place amid the uncertainty that immediately followed Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first time since World War II that a European country had annexed part of another, and some analysts see the annexation as the beginning of a Second Cold War between Russia and the West."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, Russian president Vladimir Putin told his security chiefs to begin work on \"returning Crimea to Russia\"."}, {"id": "Q15224558", "label": "Euromaidan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Euromaidan protest movement began in Kyiv in late November 2013 after President Viktor Yanukovych, of the Party of Regions, failed to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement."}, {"id": "Q12163419", "label": "Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The Euromaidan protest movement began in Kyiv in late November 2013 after President Viktor Yanukovych, of the Party of Regions, failed to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement."}, {"id": "Q4231352", "label": "Vladimir Konstantinov", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake."}, {"id": "Q471730", "label": "Arsenii Yatseniuk", "section": "Background", "says": "Arseniy Yatsenyuk was appointed by the Rada to serve as the head of a caretaker government until new presidential and parliament elections could be held."}], "Q1584586": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jüterbog was fought in Jüterbog on 3 December 1644 between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire, resulting in a Swedish victory."}, {"id": "Q1419229", "label": "Torstenson War", "section": "Background", "says": "Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson had unexpectedly marched into Jutland in September 1643 (see Torstenson War)."}, {"id": "Q553849", "label": "Matthias Gallas", "section": "Background", "says": "While engaged in operations there, an Imperial army under the command of Count Matthias Gallas ventured north towards Jutland to trap the Swedish army there and destroy it."}], "Q15896860": [{"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yangtze River Crossing campaign (Chinese: 渡江战役) was a military campaign launched by the People's Liberation Army to cross the Yangtze River and capture Nanjing, the capital of the Nationalist government of the Kuomintang, in the final stage of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yangtze River Crossing campaign (Chinese: 渡江战役) was a military campaign launched by the People's Liberation Army to cross the Yangtze River and capture Nanjing, the capital of the Nationalist government of the Kuomintang, in the final stage of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 January 1949, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as the President of the Republic of China and was replaced by Li Zongren."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 January 1949, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as the President of the Republic of China and was replaced by Li Zongren."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "Background", "says": "On 21 January 1949, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as the President of the Republic of China and was replaced by Li Zongren."}, {"id": "Q706433", "label": "Tang Enbo", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Nationalist defenses along the Yangtze were led by Tang Enbo and 450,000 men, responsible for Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi, while Bai Chongxi was in charge of 250,000 men, defending the portion of the Yangtze stretching from Hukou to Yichang."}, {"id": "Q706491", "label": "Pai Chung-hsi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Nationalist defenses along the Yangtze were led by Tang Enbo and 450,000 men, responsible for Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi, while Bai Chongxi was in charge of 250,000 men, defending the portion of the Yangtze stretching from Hukou to Yichang."}], "Q15916329": [{"id": "Q28517", "label": "Todor Zhivkov", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1965 Bulgarian coup d'état attempt was an attempt by officials in the Bulgarian Communist Party and officers in the Bulgarian People's Army to oust the leadership of the party, more specifically the General-Secretary Todor Zhivkov."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 the new Soviet leadership under Nikita Khrushchev began a process of liberalization and de-Stalinization."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 the new Soviet leadership under Nikita Khrushchev began a process of liberalization and de-Stalinization."}, {"id": "Q460416", "label": "Valko Chervenkov", "section": "Background", "says": "In Bulgaria, the Stalinist Valko Chervenkov was dismissed from the leadership of the party in 1954 and then from his position as Prime Minister in 1955."}], "Q16002556": [{"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allahdad (Persian: الله داد, lit. 'God's Justice') was an 1839 pogrom perpetrated by Muslims against the Iranian Jewish community in the city of Mashhad, Qajar Iran."}, {"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "The first who came to meet me was Mullah Mehdee (Meshiakh), the Jew with whom I had lodged twelve years ago, and who treated me most hospitably when in distress and misery and poverty, previous to the arrival of Abbas Mirza at Meshed, from Nishapoor."}], "Q1606958": [{"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1520, Christian's army of mercenaries had landed in Sweden, seeking to consolidate Christian's powers over Sweden within the Kalmar Union and to unseat the rebellious Swedish riksföreståndare Sten Sture the Younger."}, {"id": "Q541674", "label": "Sten Sture the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1520, Christian's army of mercenaries had landed in Sweden, seeking to consolidate Christian's powers over Sweden within the Kalmar Union and to unseat the rebellious Swedish riksföreståndare Sten Sture the Younger."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-union resistance was continued by Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna and ultimately Gustav Vasa."}], "Q16113803": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vozuća was a military offensive fought during the final months of the Bosnian War between the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) in the Vozuća–Ozren area."}], "Q1613521": [{"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Roslin on 24 February 1303 was a Scottish victory in the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "King Edward I ordered Segrave to carry out a large-scale reconnaissance as far as Kirkintilloch, before the king himself fought a larger campaign."}], "Q16204244": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Blacklist Forty was the codename for the United States occupation of Korea between 1945 and 1948."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the end of World War II, US forces landed within the present-day South Korea to accept the surrender of the Japanese, and help create an independent and unified Korean government with the help of the Soviet Union, which occupied the present-day North Korea."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the end of World War II, US forces landed within the present-day South Korea to accept the surrender of the Japanese, and help create an independent and unified Korean government with the help of the Soviet Union, which occupied the present-day North Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the end of World War II, US forces landed within the present-day South Korea to accept the surrender of the Japanese, and help create an independent and unified Korean government with the help of the Soviet Union, which occupied the present-day North Korea."}, {"id": "Q313258", "label": "Dean Rusk", "section": "Background", "says": "The 38th parallel north was chosen to separate the two occupation zones on August 10 by two American officers, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel, working on short notice and with little information on Korea."}], "Q16266489": [{"id": "Q365417", "label": "Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1999 Nigerien coup d'état occurred on 9 April 1999 and resulted in the death of President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara and the installation of Daouda Malam Wanké as President on 11 April."}, {"id": "Q348886", "label": "Daouda Malam Wanké", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1999 Nigerien coup d'état occurred on 9 April 1999 and resulted in the death of President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara and the installation of Daouda Malam Wanké as President on 11 April."}, {"id": "Q319430", "label": "Mahamane Ousmane", "section": "Background", "says": "In doing so, he removed democratically elected President Mahamane Ousmane."}], "Q1627032": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jiangqiao campaign was a series of battles and skirmishes occurring after the Mukden Incident, during the invasion of Manchuria by the Imperial Japanese Army, prior to the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhang Xueliang telegraphed the Kuomintang government in Nanjing for instructions, and then appointed General Ma Zhanshan as acting chairman and Military Commander-in-chief of Heilongjiang Province on October 16, 1931."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhang Xueliang telegraphed the Kuomintang government in Nanjing for instructions, and then appointed General Ma Zhanshan as acting chairman and Military Commander-in-chief of Heilongjiang Province on October 16, 1931."}, {"id": "Q388327", "label": "Ma Zhanshan", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhang Xueliang telegraphed the Kuomintang government in Nanjing for instructions, and then appointed General Ma Zhanshan as acting chairman and Military Commander-in-chief of Heilongjiang Province on October 16, 1931."}], "Q1632116": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Porto (29 March 1809)  the French under Marshal Soult defeated the Portuguese, under General Parreiras, outside the city of Porto during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q1532629", "label": "Battle of Braga", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Portuguese campaign started with the Battle of Braga."}], "Q1634039": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbian forces did expel 848,000–863,000 Kosovo Albanians and caused the displacement of up to 590,000 within Kosovo during the Kosovo War."}], "Q1634629": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Medina Ridge was a tank battle fought on February 27, 1991, during the Gulf War, between the U.S."}], "Q16379713": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tbilisi, or Tiflis, was a siege by the Byzantine Empire and western Turkic Khaganate in 627–628 against Prince Stephen I of Iberia, the Sasanid vassal ruler of Sasanian Iberia."}, {"id": "Q1092494", "label": "Stephen I of Iberia", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tbilisi, or Tiflis, was a siege by the Byzantine Empire and western Turkic Khaganate in 627–628 against Prince Stephen I of Iberia, the Sasanid vassal ruler of Sasanian Iberia."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "During the siege of Constantinople, Heraclius formed an alliance with people Byzantine sources called the \"Khazars\", under Tong Yabghu Qaghan, now generally identified as the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks, plying him with wondrous gifts and the promise of marriage to the porphyrogenita Eudoxia Epiphania."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "During the siege of Constantinople, Heraclius formed an alliance with people Byzantine sources called the \"Khazars\", under Tong Yabghu Qaghan, now generally identified as the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks, plying him with wondrous gifts and the promise of marriage to the porphyrogenita Eudoxia Epiphania."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "Background", "says": "During the siege of Constantinople, Heraclius formed an alliance with people Byzantine sources called the \"Khazars\", under Tong Yabghu Qaghan, now generally identified as the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks, plying him with wondrous gifts and the promise of marriage to the porphyrogenita Eudoxia Epiphania."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "Background", "says": "Istämi sent an embassy led by the Sogdian diplomat Maniah directly to Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to Justin II, but also proposed an alliance against Sasanian Iran."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the East, in 625, the Turks occupy Bactria and Afghanistan as far as the Indus, and establish the Yabghus of Tokharistan."}, {"id": "Q2312422", "label": "Third Perso-Turkic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Turks, based in the Caucasus, responded to the alliance by sending 40,000 of their men to ravage the Iranian Empire in 626, marking the start of the Third Perso-Turkic War."}, {"id": "Q359956", "label": "Vakhtang I of Iberia", "section": "Background", "says": "The continuing rivalry between the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires for supremacy in the Caucasus, and the unsuccessful insurrection (523) of the Georgians under Vakhtang I had severe consequences for Iberia."}, {"id": "Q315902", "label": "Hormizd IV", "section": "Background", "says": "When Bakur III died in 580, the Sassanid government of Persia under Hormizd IV (578-590) seized on the opportunity to abolish the Iberian monarchy."}, {"id": "Q2553559", "label": "Donald Rayfield", "section": "Background", "says": "Donald Rayfield states; \"a de jure continuation of de facto abolition of Iberian kingship since the 520s\"."}], "Q16685818": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The eruption reached an estimated volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 and killed an estimated 120 people, making it the largest and deadliest in New Zealand during the past 500 years, a period that includes the entirety of European history in New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The eruption is responsible for the presumed destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces, which prior to the eruption were New Zealand's most famous tourist attraction and brought visitors from across the British Empire."}], "Q1670862": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hlobane (28 March 1879) took place at Hlobane, near the modern town of Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War."}, {"id": "Q228911", "label": "Anglo-Zulu War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hlobane (28 March 1879) took place at Hlobane, near the modern town of Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War."}, {"id": "Q1359672", "label": "Evelyn Wood", "section": "Background", "says": "4 Column (Colonel Evelyn Wood) had to advance the shortest distance, about 75 mi (121 km)."}, {"id": "Q747589", "label": "Battle of Isandlwana", "section": "Prelude", "says": "An attack on Hlobane had begun on 24 January but after Wood learnt of the British defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana, this was called off."}], "Q167143": [{"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Berlin took place in October 1760 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) when Austrian and Russian forces occupied the Prussian capital of Berlin for three full days,—from October 9th until 12th."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Berlin took place in October 1760 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) when Austrian and Russian forces occupied the Prussian capital of Berlin for three full days,—from October 9th until 12th."}, {"id": "Q701139", "label": "Battle of Liegnitz", "section": "Background", "says": "After a series of successes over Prussian forces in 1759, the following year proved to be a disappointment for the Allies as their invasion of Silesia had stalled, in spite of their overwhelming manpower, and they had been defeated at the Battle of Liegnitz in August 1760."}], "Q16931155": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French conquest of Corsica was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under the Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic."}, {"id": "Q152346", "label": "Pasquale Paoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The French conquest of Corsica was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under the Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic."}, {"id": "Q71234", "label": "Corsican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The French conquest of Corsica was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under the Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2342985", "label": "Battle of Ponte Novu", "section": "lead", "says": "But a new commander, the Comte de Vaux, was appointed to lead the expedition, and decisively defeated the Corsican army at the Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769, effectively bringing an end to Corsican resistance."}, {"id": "Q83536", "label": "Anglo-Corsican Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Corsica remained under French rule until 1794, when an Anglo-Corsican expedition captured Corsica from the French and the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom was established, with Paoli as its ruler."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "The island of Corsica had been ruled by the Republic of Genoa since 1284."}, {"id": "Q83444", "label": "Kingdom of Corsica", "section": "Background", "says": "After 26 years of struggle against the Republic of Genoa (plus an ephemeral attempt to proclaim in 1736 an independent Kingdom of Corsica under the German adventurer Theodor von Neuhoff, who was supported by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Great Britain, which at the time ruled over Menorca and Gibraltar in the Mediterranean Sea), the independent Corsican Republic was proclaimed in 1755 unde"}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After 26 years of struggle against the Republic of Genoa (plus an ephemeral attempt to proclaim in 1736 an independent Kingdom of Corsica under the German adventurer Theodor von Neuhoff, who was supported by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Great Britain, which at the time ruled over Menorca and Gibraltar in the Mediterranean Sea), the independent Corsican Republic was proclaimed in 1755 unde"}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "After 26 years of struggle against the Republic of Genoa (plus an ephemeral attempt to proclaim in 1736 an independent Kingdom of Corsica under the German adventurer Theodor von Neuhoff, who was supported by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Great Britain, which at the time ruled over Menorca and Gibraltar in the Mediterranean Sea), the independent Corsican Republic was proclaimed in 1755 unde"}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The very same year, King Louis XV sent a military expedition to Corsica to secure French rule over the island, under the command of Comte de Vaux, a veteran of the Seven Years' War."}], "Q16960307": [{"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Background", "says": "He reportedly spent the early 1990s in Khartoum, Sudan, coming into personal contact with Osama bin Laden."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "Background", "says": "The ADF merged with the remnants of another rebel group, the National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU), following the fall of Idi Amin."}, {"id": "Q57274", "label": "Yoweri Museveni", "section": "Background", "says": "ADF-NALU's initial goal was to overthrow Ugandan president's Yoweri Museveni government, replacing it with an Islamic fundamentalist state."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "Background", "says": "The group went on to recruit former officers of the Ugandan army, as well as volunteers from Tanzania and Somalia."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "Background", "says": "Other alleged sponsors of the faction include Sudanese Islamist politician Hassan al-Turabi and former DRC president Mobutu Sese Seko."}], "Q1707087": [{"id": "Q68880", "label": "Arminius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle at Pontes Longi was fought near Bramsche, Germany in 15 AD between the Roman general Aulus Caecina Severus and an alliance of Germanic peoples commanded by Arminius."}, {"id": "Q191039", "label": "Germanicus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a three-year series of campaigns by Germanicus in Germania."}], "Q1711032": [{"id": "Q701895", "label": "Zhao Tuo", "section": "Background", "says": "During the collapse of the Qin dynasty, Zhao Tuo established himself as the King of Nanyue in southern China."}, {"id": "Q888526", "label": "Zhao Mo", "section": "Background", "says": "In 135 BC, King Zhao Mo of Nanyue appealed to the Han court for help against attacking Minyue forces."}, {"id": "Q839134", "label": "Zhao Yingqi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Han court responded swiftly and this led to Zhao Mo's agreement to send his son, Prince Zhao Yingqi, to serve in the palace at Chang'an."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the Queen Dowager sent a letter to Emperor Wu of Han through an envoy, requesting that she be allowed to go to Chang'an to pay homage to the Han Emperor every three years, just like the internal princes of the Han dynasty, and that the border checkpoints on the border between Nanyue and Han be removed."}], "Q1729793": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Hanna (Turkish: Felahiye Muharebesi) was a World War I battle fought on the Mesopotamian front on 21 January 1916 between the Ottoman Army and Anglo-Indian forces."}, {"id": "Q333688", "label": "Charles Townshend", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The British commander Major General Charles Townshend called for help, and the commander of the Mesopotamian theatre General Sir John Nixon began assembling a force of 19,000 men to relieve the besieged forces."}, {"id": "Q555614", "label": "John Nixon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The British commander Major General Charles Townshend called for help, and the commander of the Mesopotamian theatre General Sir John Nixon began assembling a force of 19,000 men to relieve the besieged forces."}, {"id": "Q1430929", "label": "Battle of Wadi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This relief force, commanded by Lieutenant General Fenton Aylmer, suffered two setbacks during its initial January 1916 offensive (see the Battle of Wadi)."}], "Q1741723": [{"id": "Q66296", "label": "Alfred Ploetz", "section": "Background", "says": "In doing so, he was able to draw upon scientific argument that transferred the Darwinian theory of natural selection to human beings and, through the concept of racial hygiene, formulated the \"Utopia\" of \"human selection\" as propounded by Alfred Ploetz, the founder of German racial hygiene."}], "Q17505265": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "It involved soldiers from the Lebanese Armed Forces, Hezbollah fighters, and militants affiliated with the Al-Nusra Front and Islamic State."}], "Q1754797": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Empire and Austria-Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain and France in the west and Russia in the east."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Empire and Austria-Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain and France in the west and Russia in the east."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The White Sea in the Arctic and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East, were icebound in winter and distant from the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Baltic Sea was blockaded by the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) and the entrance to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles was controlled by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q179888", "label": "Aristide Briand", "section": "Background", "says": "Aristide Briand made a proposal in November, to attack the Ottoman Empire, which was rejected and an attempt by the British to pay the Ottomans to join the Allied side also failed."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "It was hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would also draw the former Ottoman territories of Bulgaria and Greece into the war, on the Allied side."}, {"id": "Q699617", "label": "Ian Hamilton", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Sir Ian Hamilton, commander of the MEF chose to make two landings with two diversions."}], "Q1763044": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Medusa (September 2–17, 2006) was a Canadian-led NATO offensive during the Battle of Panjwaii, in the War in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "It marked the most significant land battle undertaken by NATO, as well as the largest Canadian combat operation since the end of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "lead", "says": "The crash marked the biggest single loss of life suffered by the British military since the Falklands War."}], "Q1772340": [{"id": "Q223604", "label": "Greco-Italian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the Greeks and the Italians during the initial stage of the Greco-Italian War in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the Greeks and the Italians during the initial stage of the Greco-Italian War in World War II."}, {"id": "Q716722", "label": "Battle of Pindus", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Italian failure in the Battle of Pindus, these Greek successes signified the complete failure of the Italian invasion, leading to the dismissal of the Italian commander in Albania, Sebastiano Visconti Prasca, on 9 November."}, {"id": "Q2338364", "label": "Sebastiano Visconti Prasca", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Italian failure in the Battle of Pindus, these Greek successes signified the complete failure of the Italian invasion, leading to the dismissal of the Italian commander in Albania, Sebastiano Visconti Prasca, on 9 November."}], "Q1778176": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "When war broke out between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Montenegro, the Austro-Hungarians began a blockade of the Montenegrin coast as well as several bombardments of various towns including the port of Antivari (today Bar), where the protected cruiser SMS Zenta and destroyer SMS Ulan were stationed."}], "Q1784832": [{"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a contest between Charles Martel and the Austrasians on one side and the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and his mayor of the palace, Ragenfrid, on the other."}, {"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a contest between Charles Martel and the Austrasians on one side and the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and his mayor of the palace, Ragenfrid, on the other."}, {"id": "Q468187", "label": "Ragenfrid", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a contest between Charles Martel and the Austrasians on one side and the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and his mayor of the palace, Ragenfrid, on the other."}, {"id": "Q2531046", "label": "Battle of Amblève", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Amblève in 716, King Chilperic and Ragenfrid returned defeated to Neustria."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Amblève in 716, King Chilperic and Ragenfrid returned defeated to Neustria."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "On this success, he proclaimed Clotaire IV king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic and deposed the bishop of Rheims, Rigobert, replacing him with one Milo."}], "Q1785947": [{"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gallabat, also known as the Battle of Metemma, was fought on 9–10 March 1889 during the Mahdist War between the Mahdist Sudanese and Ethiopian forces."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "lead", "says": "It is a critical event in Ethiopian history because Nəgusä Nägäst (or Emperor) Yohannes IV was killed in this battle, and because it was the last major battle on the Ethiopian front of the Mahdist War."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting occurred at the site of the twin settlements of Gallabat (in modern-day Sudan) and Metemma (in modern-day Ethiopia)."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "After that, the Mahdist Khalifa, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, considered the Ethiopians to be his enemies and sent his forces to attack them."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sudanese garrison was put to flight, Muhammad wad Arba being killed in the fighting."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite this damage to the historic capital, Emperor Yohannes held back from a counterattack due to his suspicions of Menelik II, then ruler of Shewa."}], "Q1787252": [{"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lenzen was a land battle between a Saxon army of the Kingdom of Germany and the armies of the Slavic Redarii and Linonen peoples, that took place on 4 September 929 near the fortified Linonen stronghold of Lenzen in Brandenburg, Germany."}, {"id": "Q275425", "label": "Thietmar of Merseburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately, the Saxon cavalry under the command of Count Thietmar of Merseburg was able to outflank the Redarii formation and charge upon them, routing them."}, {"id": "Q312386", "label": "Widukind of Corvey", "section": "lead", "says": "Sources for the battle include the Deeds of the Saxons by Widukind of Corvey and Chronicon Thietmari by Thietmar of Merseburg."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "Background", "says": "In the winter of 928, Henry I marched against the Slavic Hevelli tribes, intent on seizing their capital of Brandenburg, located along the Havel."}], "Q18008716": [{"id": "Q13534654", "label": "Taifa of Toledo", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Toledo (Arabic: سقوط طليطلة, romanized: Suqūṭ Ṭulayṭilah, lit. 'Fall of Ṭulayṭilah') was the Leónese siege and eventual conquest of Toledo, the capital of the Taifa of Toledo, by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in Muharram 478 / May 1085."}, {"id": "Q235080", "label": "Alfonso VI of León and Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Toledo (Arabic: سقوط طليطلة, romanized: Suqūṭ Ṭulayṭilah, lit. 'Fall of Ṭulayṭilah') was the Leónese siege and eventual conquest of Toledo, the capital of the Taifa of Toledo, by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in Muharram 478 / May 1085."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Leónese conquest of Toledo marked a significant turning point in the Reconquista and a major shift in power on the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was captured through a strategy of attrition warfare, a method the Kingdom of Castile had refined over the preceding years."}, {"id": "Q205708", "label": "Taifa of Granada", "section": "Context", "says": "In 1075, through an alliance with the Taifa of Seville, Alfonso VI defeated the Taifa of Granada."}, {"id": "Q2285679", "label": "Taifa of Córdoba", "section": "Context", "says": "Later that same year, Alfonso VI provided support to Toledo against the Taifa of Córdoba."}], "Q180240": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Algiers Agreement was a peace agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia that was signed on 12 December 2000, at Algiers, Algeria, to formally end the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, a border war fought by the two countries from 1998 to 2000."}, {"id": "Q832273", "label": "Eritrean–Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Algiers Agreement was a peace agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia that was signed on 12 December 2000, at Algiers, Algeria, to formally end the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, a border war fought by the two countries from 1998 to 2000."}], "Q18042183": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kremnička and Nemecká massacres were a series of massacres committed between 5 November 1944 and 19 February 1945 in Kremnička and Nemecká, Slovakia by the Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions and Einsatzkommando 14 following the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising."}, {"id": "Q163780", "label": "Slovak National Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kremnička and Nemecká massacres were a series of massacres committed between 5 November 1944 and 19 February 1945 in Kremnička and Nemecká, Slovakia by the Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions and Einsatzkommando 14 following the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to increased activity of Slovak partisans who opposed Nazi Germany and the Axis-aligned Slovak government, Germany invaded Slovakia, precipitating the Slovak National Uprising, which broke out on 29 August 1944."}], "Q18128996": [{"id": "Q57677", "label": "Jigme Thinley", "section": "Background", "says": "The motion was dismissed by foreign minister Jigme Thinley and Brigadier General Batoo Tshering, who asserted that 5,000 Royal Bhutan Army soldiers have been deployed to the country's border with India."}], "Q18204735": [{"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Oirat led Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Yarkent Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang)."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Oirat led Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Yarkent Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang)."}], "Q18205173": [{"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Murche-Khort (Persian: نبرد مورچه‌خورت) was the last decisive engagement of Nader's campaign to restore Tahmasp II to the Iranian throne."}, {"id": "Q562502", "label": "Ashraf Hotaki", "section": "lead", "says": "Ashraf Hotak had failed to arrest Nader's advance onto Isfahan at Khwar pass where his ambush was discovered, surrounded and ambushed itself."}], "Q18214240": [{"id": "Q310860", "label": "David Dacko", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Caban, also known as the  1979 Central African coup d’état, was a bloodless military operation by the French intelligence service SDECE in September 1979 to depose Emperor Bokassa I, reinstate the exiled former president David Dacko, and rename the Central African Empire back to Central African Republic."}, {"id": "Q189988", "label": "Central African Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Caban, also known as the  1979 Central African coup d’état, was a bloodless military operation by the French intelligence service SDECE in September 1979 to depose Emperor Bokassa I, reinstate the exiled former president David Dacko, and rename the Central African Empire back to Central African Republic."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Caban, also known as the  1979 Central African coup d’état, was a bloodless military operation by the French intelligence service SDECE in September 1979 to depose Emperor Bokassa I, reinstate the exiled former president David Dacko, and rename the Central African Empire back to Central African Republic."}], "Q18219624": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mainz was a short engagement at the beginning of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q706691", "label": "Republic of Mainz", "section": "lead", "says": "The French occupied Mainz, and tried to install the Republic of Mainz there."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "After the declaration of war by France against the Archduchy of Austria (1792) and the declaration against Mainz on 21 July 1792, Comte de Custine was given command of the Army of the Rhine to replace Nicolas Luckner, and in September occupied the southern Rhineland about the cities of Speyer and Worms."}, {"id": "Q694498", "label": "Nicolas Luckner", "section": "lead", "says": "After the declaration of war by France against the Archduchy of Austria (1792) and the declaration against Mainz on 21 July 1792, Comte de Custine was given command of the Army of the Rhine to replace Nicolas Luckner, and in September occupied the southern Rhineland about the cities of Speyer and Worms."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Context", "says": "After the French Revolution of 1789 the Prince Archbishop of Mainz, Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, became a committed opponent who welcomed with open arms all French nobles fleeing the civil unrest."}, {"id": "Q87611", "label": "Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal", "section": "Context", "says": "After the French Revolution of 1789 the Prince Archbishop of Mainz, Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, became a committed opponent who welcomed with open arms all French nobles fleeing the civil unrest."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Context", "says": "After the declaration of war by France to the Austrian Archduke Francis II on April 20, 1792, counter-revolutionaries in Mainz gathered in July promising to defeat the French revolutionaries and carrying out an \"infliction of exemplary punishment.\" But the failed escape attempt of Louis XVI at Varennes led to the arrest and indictment of the king of France."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Context", "says": "After the declaration of war by France to the Austrian Archduke Francis II on April 20, 1792, counter-revolutionaries in Mainz gathered in July promising to defeat the French revolutionaries and carrying out an \"infliction of exemplary punishment.\" But the failed escape attempt of Louis XVI at Varennes led to the arrest and indictment of the king of France."}, {"id": "Q4411", "label": "Battle of Valmy", "section": "Context", "says": "However, not only did the attempted invasion of France by the armies of the coalition fail on September 20 at the Battle of Valmy, but the Revolutionary Army proceeded on the offensive and crossed the Rhine, with the aim to take Mainz."}], "Q182831": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schliengen took place on 24 October 1796 between the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle and the Austrian army near the village of Schliengen during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The village lies in the present-day Kreis Lörrach close to the border of present-day Baden-Württemberg (Germany), the Haut-Rhin (France), and the Canton of Basel-Stadt (Switzerland)."}], "Q18341002": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The second plague pandemic was a major series of epidemics of plague that started with the Black Death, which reached medieval Europe in 1346 and killed up to half of the population of Eurasia in the next four years."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the first plague pandemic that began in the 6th century with the Plague of Justinian, which ended in the 8th century."}], "Q18358461": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Baghdad in 1733 was a relatively short but intense siege of Baghdad in Ottoman Iraq by the Persian army under Nader Shah."}], "Q18377751": [{"id": "Q57641", "label": "Viktor Orbán", "section": "Background and analysis", "says": "Party chairman and prime minister Viktor Orbán used this political power to introduce several changes according to his political visions, like economic opening towards nations Eastward outside the European Union, notably Russia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background and analysis", "says": "Two focal issues which demonstrators are well aware of are the corruption accusations of government-related officials by the United States government, and the fact that Fidesz itself opposed and criticized a similar internet tax when rival MSZP considered it in 2008."}], "Q1848264": [{"id": "Q299168", "label": "Victoriano Huerta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zacatecas, also known as the Toma de Zacatecas (\"Taking of Zacatecas\"), was the bloodiest battle in the campaign to overthrow Mexican President Victoriano Huerta."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Toma de Zacatecas also marked the end of support of Villa's Division of the North from Constitutionalist leader Venustiano Carranza and US President Woodrow Wilson."}, {"id": "Q150688", "label": "Porfirio Díaz", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1914, the federal army under Huerta had been greatly increased in size from those of Porfirio Díaz and Francisco Madero."}], "Q18613312": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kharistan was fought between the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Türgesh in December 737 near the town of Kharistan in Juzjan, eastern Khurasan (modern northern Afghanistan)."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kharistan was fought between the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Türgesh in December 737 near the town of Kharistan in Juzjan, eastern Khurasan (modern northern Afghanistan)."}, {"id": "Q4872906", "label": "Battle of the Defile", "section": "lead", "says": "After a major defeat in the Battle of the Defile in 731, the Umayyads lost control over most of Transoxiana, while in 734–736 al-Harith ibn Surayj led a major rebellion against the caliphate's governors in Khurasan itself."}, {"id": "Q1370548", "label": "Nasr ibn Sayyar", "section": "lead", "says": "Asad's successor Nasr ibn Sayyar was able to use the collapse of Türgesh power, and by c."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "Background", "says": "The region of Transoxiana (Arabic: Ma wara' al-nahr) had been conquered by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim in 705–715, following the Muslim conquest of Persia and of Khurasan in the mid-7th century."}, {"id": "Q5242954", "label": "Day of Thirst", "section": "Background", "says": "The Umayyad governors initially managed to suppress the unrest, but control over the Ferghana Valley was lost and in 724 the Arabs suffered a major disaster (the \"Day of Thirst\") while trying to recapture it."}], "Q18639721": [{"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "1592–1614) and led by Grdan, the vojvoda (\"duke\") of Nikšić against the Ottomans in the Sanjak of Herzegovina and Montenegro Vilayet, during the Long Turkish War (1593–1606)."}, {"id": "Q138465", "label": "Saint Sava", "section": "Background", "says": "The rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava."}, {"id": "Q717115", "label": "Sinan the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, Ottoman Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha demanded that the green flag of Muhammed be brought from Damascus to counter the Serb flag and ordered that the sarcophagus containing the relics of Saint Sava be removed from the Mileševa monastery and transferred to Belgrade via military convoy."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Many of the Orthodox bishops appealed to the Archduchy of Austria for help in liberating their lands."}], "Q18648982": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Katanga insurgency is an ongoing rebellion by a number of rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, some of which aim for the creation of a separate state within Katanga."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "Insurrection and political instability first appeared in Katanga immediately after the Republic of the Congo gained independence in 1960."}, {"id": "Q1148907", "label": "State of Katanga", "section": "Background", "says": "The State of Katanga under self-proclaimed President Moïse Tshombe, however, failed to defend its independence during the Congo Crisis and was integrated into Congo following Operation Grandslam in 1963."}, {"id": "Q334830", "label": "Tshombé Moïse", "section": "Background", "says": "The State of Katanga under self-proclaimed President Moïse Tshombe, however, failed to defend its independence during the Congo Crisis and was integrated into Congo following Operation Grandslam in 1963."}, {"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "The State of Katanga under self-proclaimed President Moïse Tshombe, however, failed to defend its independence during the Congo Crisis and was integrated into Congo following Operation Grandslam in 1963."}], "Q1885831": [{"id": "Q290247", "label": "La Hire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were led by La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, who were victorious."}, {"id": "Q971967", "label": "Jean Poton de Xaintrailles", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were led by La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, who were victorious."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "In spring 1435 the Hundred Years' War, after a few years of relative calm began to come back into a hot phase."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Joan of Arc was captured in 1430 and executed in 1431, it seemed to be more difficult to rule France and enforce the Treaty of Troyes."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Joan of Arc was captured in 1430 and executed in 1431, it seemed to be more difficult to rule France and enforce the Treaty of Troyes."}], "Q1887247": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was engineered by general Claude François de Malet, a republican who had consistently opposed Napoleon."}], "Q1888562": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 5 October 1804 was fought off Cabo de Santa Maria during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q183226", "label": "Charles IV of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement incited outrage in Spain and on December 1804 Charles IV of Spain declared war on Britain."}], "Q18890069": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Southeast Africa floods, partially related to Cyclone Bansi and Tropical Storm Chedza, killed at least 176 people in Malawi, 86 in Mozambique, and at least 46 in Madagascar over the course of a week while leaving hundreds more missing."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Southeast Africa floods, partially related to Cyclone Bansi and Tropical Storm Chedza, killed at least 176 people in Malawi, 86 in Mozambique, and at least 46 in Madagascar over the course of a week while leaving hundreds more missing."}], "Q1907384": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Court Tribunal for former Yugoslavia concluded that the number of victims totaled 13, lower than the alleged number of 33, however other sources still maintain this higher figure."}, {"id": "Q1285208", "label": "Sefer Halilović", "section": "Background", "says": "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) found that those units were deployed to Herzegovina following an order issued by Sefer Halilović."}], "Q1911564": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 was a minor military campaign of the Napoleonic Wars fought between British and French forces over France's Indian Ocean colonies of Isle de France and Isle Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q267339", "label": "Battle of Grand Port", "section": "lead", "says": "In a war in which the Royal Navy was almost universally dominant at sea, the campaign is especially notable for the local superiority enjoyed by the French Navy in autumn 1810 following their victory at the Battle of Grand Port, the British navy's most significant defeat in the campaign."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "British commanders had been planning an operation against Isle de France since occupying the Dutch Cape Colony in 1806 and destroying the Dutch squadron in Java in 1807, but acted earlier than planned following the arrival from France of a powerful frigate squadron under Commodore Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin in late 1808."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Forced to confront this threat, Admiral Albemarle Bertie at the Cape Colony ordered Commodore Josias Rowley to blockade the French colonies and prevent their use use as raiding bases."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "A French squadron which had arrived too late was defeated by the British off Madagascar in May 1811, leaving Britain in complete control of the Indian Ocean."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Indian Ocean was a vital part of the chain of trade links that connected the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803, following the brief Peace of Amiens that had ended the French Revolutionary Wars, placed the Indian Ocean trade routes under threat from Dutch cruisers operating from Cape Town and the Dutch East Indies and French ships operating from the colonies of Isle de France and Isle Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803, following the brief Peace of Amiens that had ended the French Revolutionary Wars, placed the Indian Ocean trade routes under threat from Dutch cruisers operating from Cape Town and the Dutch East Indies and French ships operating from the colonies of Isle de France and Isle Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q555329", "label": "Robert Surcouf", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of the war, as in the preceding conflict, French privateers operated from the islands, including a fleet of small vessels run by Robert Surcouf."}], "Q1915417": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was a minor military action of the War of the Spanish Succession during which an English fleet of 13 ships under the command of Admiral John Jennings attempted unsuccessfully to seize the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Jennings previously relied on the English triumphs in the Iberian Peninsula demanding recognition for the sovereignty of Charles II of England over the Canary Islands, but their offers were rejected."}], "Q1935930": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Wisconsin was the first state in the United States to provide collective bargaining rights to public employees in 1959."}], "Q19428973": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Hasakah offensive was launched in the Hasakah Governorate during the Syrian Civil War, by the Kurdish-majority People's Protection Units, Assyrian militias, and allied Arab forces against the jihadist Islamic State (ISIL or ISIS), with the intent of retaking the areas of the Jazira Canton that had been captured by ISIL."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Kurdish forces and the Syrian Government managed to expel the Islamic State from the vast majority of the eastern Hasakah Governorate, including the towns of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak, ISIL launched a large-scale offensive in the western part of the province in response, abducting up to 400 Assyrian Christian hostages."}], "Q195118": [{"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip Sheridan, the Union Cavalry Corps commander, began to receive requests for assistance from Maj."}, {"id": "Q1538874", "label": "Battle of Spotsylvania Court House", "section": "Background", "says": "Sheridan initially paid little attention to Warren's requests because he still harbored ill feelings from arguments the two generals had at the beginning of the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House."}], "Q195805": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement was initiated by Bulgarian leaders in the theme of Bulgaria, with assistance from the Serbian prince Michael I of Duklja, whose son Bodin was accepted by the rebels and proclaimed as emperor of Bulgaria, under the name Peter (1072)."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "That was the second major attempt to restore the Bulgarian Empire, after the failed Uprising of Peter Delyan in 1040–1041."}, {"id": "Q195812", "label": "Uprising of Peter Delyan", "section": "lead", "says": "That was the second major attempt to restore the Bulgarian Empire, after the failed Uprising of Peter Delyan in 1040–1041."}], "Q1959332": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of The Hague (also known as the Hedges Treaty) was signed on May 16, 1795, between representatives of the French First Republic and the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of The Hague (also known as the Hedges Treaty) was signed on May 16, 1795, between representatives of the French First Republic and the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, the Dutch agreed to pay an indemnity of 100 million guilders for their part in the War of the First Coalition, and to provide the French Republic a large loan against a low rate of interest."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"barrier forts\" in the former Austrian Netherlands were dismantled."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty brought the Revolutionary War between France and the Dutch Republic to an end and saw a regenerated Batavian Republic re-enter the war on the side of France."}], "Q19595400": [{"id": "Q40722", "label": "Dilma Rousseff", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2015 and 2016, a series of protests in Brazil denounced corruption and the government of President Dilma Rousseff, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians allegedly accepted bribes connected to contracts at state-owned energy company Petrobras between 2003 and 2010 and connected to the Workers' Party, while Rousseff chaired the company's board of directors."}, {"id": "Q37181", "label": "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva", "section": "lead", "says": "Following allegations that Rousseff's predecessor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, participated in money laundering and a prosecutor ordered his arrest, record numbers of Brazilians protested against the Rousseff government on 13 March 2016, with nearly 7 million citizens demonstrating."}, {"id": "Q463533", "label": "Michel Temer", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 May 2016, the Federal Senate temporarily suspended Rousseff until it reached a verdict and replaced her with Vice President Michel Temer."}], "Q19601700": [{"id": "Q440837", "label": "Andrés Rodríguez", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, also known as La Noche de la Candelaria, was a coup d'état that took place on 2–3 February 1989 in Asunción, Paraguay, led by General Andrés Rodríguez against the regime of long-time leader Alfredo Stroessner."}, {"id": "Q152534", "label": "Alfredo Stroessner", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, also known as La Noche de la Candelaria, was a coup d'état that took place on 2–3 February 1989 in Asunción, Paraguay, led by General Andrés Rodríguez against the regime of long-time leader Alfredo Stroessner."}, {"id": "Q223126", "label": "Chaco War", "section": "Background", "says": "Alfredo Stroessner, a general and veteran of the Paraguayan Civil War and the Chaco War, came to power in the aftermath of the 1954 coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States was one of President Stroessner's most ardent supporters due to his fervent anti-communism; Paraguay was the recipient of large amounts of U.S. military assistance during the 1960s and 1970s."}], "Q1964948": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "Marune was a frontier fortress in the possession of Oda Nobunaga."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "Matsudaira Motoyasu (who would later come to be known as Tokugawa Ieyasu) was at the time a forced retainer of the Imagawa, captured the fortress as part of the Imagawa advance that led to the fateful Battle of Okehazama in 1560."}, {"id": "Q349422", "label": "Battle of Okehazama", "section": "lead", "says": "Matsudaira Motoyasu (who would later come to be known as Tokugawa Ieyasu) was at the time a forced retainer of the Imagawa, captured the fortress as part of the Imagawa advance that led to the fateful Battle of Okehazama in 1560."}, {"id": "Q1054305", "label": "Imagawa Yoshimoto", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout Motoyasu's siege of the castle, he and his men were not present at the Battle of Okehazama where Imagawa Yoshimoto was killed in Nobunaga's surprise assault."}], "Q19698338": [{"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Atlantic Resolve refers to military activities in response to Russian operations in Ukraine, mainly the War in Donbas."}], "Q1973800": [{"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "A troop of cavalry was commanded by Maelmora O'Reilly, who was deemed to be lord of East Breifne by Queen Elizabeth I."}], "Q19766211": [{"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Nordlicht (German, 'Northern Light') was devised by the German high command, the Oberkommando des Heeres (\"High Command of the Army\") after a year-long battle for Leningrad when Adolf Hitler ordered a final assault on the besieged city."}, {"id": "Q57172", "label": "Georg von Küchler", "section": "lead", "says": "The main objective of the operation was to capture Leningrad using forces of Army Group North under Field Marshal Georg von Küchler, and thereby bring an end to the siege and free up hundreds of thousands of troops."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, the Germans were also preparing for the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q478881", "label": "Sinyavino Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "But when the Soviets launched the Sinyavino Offensive on 19 August, the forces that were intended to be used for Nordlicht were transferred from the planned offensive to the defense of the German lines."}], "Q19840229": [{"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kili was fought in 1299 between the Mongols of the Chagatai Khanate and the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kili was fought in 1299 between the Mongols of the Chagatai Khanate and the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "When they encamped at Kili near Delhi, the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji led an army to check their advance."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Duwa was active in Afghanistan, and attempted to extend Mongol rule into India."}], "Q1985449": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tiberias massacre took place on 2 October 1938, during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Tiberias, then located in the British Mandate of Palestine and today located in the State of Israel."}], "Q19896060": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marj al-Saffar took place in early 635 between armies of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marj al-Saffar took place in early 635 between armies of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "At Damascus, Thomas, son-in-law of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, was in charge."}], "Q1992231": [{"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Albert (1–13 July 1916) is the British name for the first two weeks of British–French offensive operations of the Battle of the Somme."}, {"id": "Q2634717", "label": "Battle of Bazentin Ridge", "section": "lead", "says": "La Boisselle, near the road, was captured on 4 July; Bernafay and Caterpillar woods were occupied from 3 to 4 July and then fighting to capture Trônes Wood, Mametz Wood and Contalmaison took place until early on 14 July, when the Battle of Bazentin Ridge (14–17 July) began."}, {"id": "Q73367", "label": "Fritz von Lossberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Falkenhayn sacked the Chief of Staff Major-General Paul Grünert and appointed Colonel Fritz von Loßberg, who extracted a promise from Falkenhayn to stop operations at Verdun and arrived on the Somme front at 5:00 a.m. on 2 July."}], "Q1995577": [{"id": "Q273866", "label": "Abolhassan Banisadr", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"Saving Iran's Great Uprising\"  (Persian: نجات قیام ایران بزرگ; acronymed NEQAB, Persian: نقاب, lit. 'Mask') more commonly known as the Nojeh coup d'état (Persian: کودتای نوژه, romanized: Kūdetâ-ye Nowžeh), was a plan to overthrow the newly established Islamic Republic of Iran and its government of Abolhassan Banisadr and Ruhollah Khomeini."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"Saving Iran's Great Uprising\"  (Persian: نجات قیام ایران بزرگ; acronymed NEQAB, Persian: نقاب, lit. 'Mask') more commonly known as the Nojeh coup d'état (Persian: کودتای نوژه, romanized: Kūdetâ-ye Nowžeh), was a plan to overthrow the newly established Islamic Republic of Iran and its government of Abolhassan Banisadr and Ruhollah Khomeini."}], "Q2011177": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kostiuchnówka was a World War I battle that took place July 4–7, 1916, near the village of Kostiuchnówka (Kostyukhnivka) and the Styr River in the Volhynia region of modern Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kostiuchnówka was a World War I battle that took place July 4–7, 1916, near the village of Kostiuchnówka (Kostyukhnivka) and the Styr River in the Volhynia region of modern Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q221967", "label": "Brusilov Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a major clash between the Russian Army and the Polish Legions (part of the Austro-Hungarian Army) during the opening phase of the Brusilov Offensive."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In World War I, the partitioners of Poland fought each other, with the German Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire aligned against the Russian Empire."}], "Q2011601": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The motive (found in the Frankenburger Würfelspiel of 1625) was an escalation of the Bavarian Electorate's attempt to press the country into the Catholic faith at the time of the Thirty Years' War."}], "Q2011697": [{"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence and more precisely the Irish Bruce Wars."}], "Q2022818": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia was unofficially occupied during the early Time of Troubles by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had supported False Dmitry II as the tsar of Russia since 1607."}, {"id": "Q469791", "label": "False Dmitry II", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia was unofficially occupied during the early Time of Troubles by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had supported False Dmitry II as the tsar of Russia since 1607."}, {"id": "Q553292", "label": "Jacob De la Gardie", "section": "lead", "says": "Tsar Vasili IV formed a military alliance with Sweden in 1609, providing a 5,000-strong auxiliary corps commanded by Jacob De la Gardie and Evert Horn to support Russian forces under Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky."}, {"id": "Q932228", "label": "Battle of Klushino", "section": "lead", "says": "The De la Gardie campaign was successful against False Dmitry II, dispersing his court in Tushino – a former village and town to the north of Moscow, but failed against the Polish–Lithuanians and was defeated at the Battle of Klushino on 4 June 1610."}, {"id": "Q209535", "label": "False Dmitriy I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1605, in the prelude to the Polish–Russian War, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth unofficially invaded Russia in support of False Dmitry I against the unpopular crowned tsar Boris Godunov, seeking to exploit the country's weakness for their own gain."}, {"id": "Q170172", "label": "Boris Godunov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1605, in the prelude to the Polish–Russian War, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth unofficially invaded Russia in support of False Dmitry I against the unpopular crowned tsar Boris Godunov, seeking to exploit the country's weakness for their own gain."}, {"id": "Q52939", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1609, the Tsar of Russia at the time, Vasili IV, approached King Charles IX of Sweden to form a military alliance against False Dmitry II and the Polish occupiers."}], "Q20241081": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Battle of Hasakah started as an offensive launched in  Hasakah Governorate during the Syrian Civil War, in which the Islamic State (IS) attempted to capture the city of Hasakah, which was divided into two areas held separately by the Syrian Armed Forces and the Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG)."}], "Q2025992": [{"id": "Q708235", "label": "Operation Veritable", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Blockbuster was the completion of the larger Operation Veritable by the First Canadian Army, reinforced by the XXX Corps from the British Second Army from late February to early March, 1945."}, {"id": "Q718465", "label": "Harry Crerar", "section": "lead", "says": "Veritable had been slower and more costly than expected and the Canadian commander, General Harry Crerar, had decided on a fresh start for the operation."}], "Q2042800": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "25 October) 1660 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, allied with the Crimean Tatars and 1,500 Cossacks under Ivan Vyhovsky, and the Tsardom of Russia, allied with 15,000 other Cossacks under Tymish Tsytsiura."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "25 October) 1660 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, allied with the Crimean Tatars and 1,500 Cossacks under Ivan Vyhovsky, and the Tsardom of Russia, allied with 15,000 other Cossacks under Tymish Tsytsiura."}, {"id": "Q561414", "label": "Ivan Vyhovskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "25 October) 1660 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, allied with the Crimean Tatars and 1,500 Cossacks under Ivan Vyhovsky, and the Tsardom of Russia, allied with 15,000 other Cossacks under Tymish Tsytsiura."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "25 October) 1660 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, allied with the Crimean Tatars and 1,500 Cossacks under Ivan Vyhovsky, and the Tsardom of Russia, allied with 15,000 other Cossacks under Tymish Tsytsiura."}, {"id": "Q2625011", "label": "Yurii Khmelnytskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "Yurii Khmelnytsky, who had been coerced by Aleksey Trubetskoy's army into an alliance with the Tsar in October 1659, remained mostly passive during the campaign, deciding not to aid the Muscovites under Sheremetev, and to return to the Commonwealth side when the circumstances were favourable, with the Cossacks under his command."}], "Q2062309": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Peter Pan (or Operación Pedro Pan) was a politicized exodus of over 14,000 unaccompanied Cuban minors ages 6 to 18 to the United States over a two-year span from 1960 to 1962."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "They were sent by parents who feared that Fidel Castro and the Communist party were planning to terminate parents' legal custody (or \"patria potestad\", in Spanish) of their children, and place minors in alleged \"communist indoctrination centers\"."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Origins", "says": "Having been involved in a similar program that gained young Hungarians entrance to the US following Soviet repression of the 1956 uprising, Father Bryan O."}, {"id": "Q223151", "label": "James Baker", "section": "Origins", "says": "Simultaneously, James Baker (headmaster of an American school in Havana) met with Walsh (who was already invested in helping already arrived child refugees settle into their new life) to detail his efforts helping parents send their children to Miami."}], "Q20671234": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 16, 2015, Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez opened fire on two military installations in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States."}], "Q2071654": [{"id": "Q322607", "label": "War of Attrition", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Rooster 53 was an Israeli military operation during the War of Attrition to capture an Egyptian P-12 radar system."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Egypt had received a considerable amount of military equipment from the Soviet Union, including radar systems, tanks, and other weapons."}], "Q20724066": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tabora (French: Bataille de Tabora; 8–19 September 1916) was a military action which occurred around the town of Tabora in the north-west of German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania) during World War I."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tabora (French: Bataille de Tabora; 8–19 September 1916) was a military action which occurred around the town of Tabora in the north-west of German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania) during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tabora (French: Bataille de Tabora; 8–19 September 1916) was a military action which occurred around the town of Tabora in the north-west of German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania) during World War I."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was part of the East Africa Campaign and was the culmination of the Tabora Offensive in which a Belgian force from the Belgian Congo crossed the border and captured the settlement of Kigoma and Tabora (the largest town in the interior of the German colony), pushing the German colonial army back."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory not only left much of the Ruanda-Urundi territory under Belgian military occupation but gave the Allies control of the important Tanganjikabahn railway."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "Background", "says": "This changed on 15 August 1914 when German ships, stationed on Lake Tanganyika, bombed the port of Mokolobu (south of Uvira) and the Lukuga post a week later."}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the north, the first column (Brigade Nord) reached Lake Victoria near Mwanza on 30 July, after heavy fighting in the Ussewi region."}], "Q2072825": [{"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Thorn was concluded on 9 October 1709 between Augustus the Strong of Poland-Lithuania and Peter the Great of Russia in Thorn (Toruń), during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Thorn was concluded on 9 October 1709 between Augustus the Strong of Poland-Lithuania and Peter the Great of Russia in Thorn (Toruń), during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Thorn was concluded on 9 October 1709 between Augustus the Strong of Poland-Lithuania and Peter the Great of Russia in Thorn (Toruń), during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties revived their alliance, which Charles XII of Sweden had destroyed in the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), and agreed on restoring the Polish crown to Augustus."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "With the main Swedish army destroyed and Swedish king Charles XII exiled to the Ottoman Empire, Augustus the Strong, whom Charles XII had dethroned as Polish king in the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), was able to march into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and re-claim the Polish crown from the Swedish ally Stanisław Leszczyński."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Background", "says": "With the main Swedish army destroyed and Swedish king Charles XII exiled to the Ottoman Empire, Augustus the Strong, whom Charles XII had dethroned as Polish king in the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), was able to march into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and re-claim the Polish crown from the Swedish ally Stanisław Leszczyński."}], "Q2078442": [{"id": "Q28928", "label": "Decebalus", "section": "lead", "says": "Trajan's Second Dacian War was fought between 105 and 106 because the Dacian king, Decebalus, had broken his peace terms with the Roman Emperor Trajan from the Trajan's First Dacian War."}], "Q2079873": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orthez was fought on 27 February 1814 in the southwest of France near the end of the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "An army of British, Spanish and Portuguese troops under Field Marshal Lord Wellington attacked a French army led by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult in southern France."}], "Q2080965": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Under cover of night the Arab Muslims attacked the Christian-Arab forces, loyal to the Sasanian Empire, from three different sides."}, {"id": "Q2542813", "label": "Battle of Ullais", "section": "Background", "says": "By now Bahman had organised a new army, made up partly of the survivors of the Battle of Ullais, partly of veterans drawn from garrisons in other parts of the Empire, and partly of fresh recruits."}], "Q2086064": [{"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Königsberg was a treaty during Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)  signed between Vytautas the Great and representatives of the Teutonic Knights."}], "Q2089645": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Greifswald was concluded on 28 October 1715, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q130805", "label": "George I of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "George I of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover was assured Russian neutrality in his annexation of the Swedish dominion Bremen-Verden, on which he had agreed in the Treaty of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "lead", "says": "George I of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover was assured Russian neutrality in his annexation of the Swedish dominion Bremen-Verden, on which he had agreed in the Treaty of Berlin."}], "Q2090505": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Guttstadt–Deppen on 5 and 6 June 1807, troops of the Russian Empire led by General Levin August, Count von Bennigsen attacked the First French Empire corps of Marshal Michel Ney."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Guttstadt–Deppen on 5 and 6 June 1807, troops of the Russian Empire led by General Levin August, Count von Bennigsen attacked the First French Empire corps of Marshal Michel Ney."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Guttstadt–Deppen on 5 and 6 June 1807, troops of the Russian Empire led by General Levin August, Count von Bennigsen attacked the First French Empire corps of Marshal Michel Ney."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Afraid of being cut off in his turn, Bennigsen ordered a retreat on the night of the 7th as Napoleon instructed his forces to counterattack the Russians."}, {"id": "Q241108", "label": "Battle of Friedland", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive Battle of Friedland was fought a week later on 14 June."}, {"id": "Q331347", "label": "Battle of Eylau", "section": "Background", "says": "After the bloody Battle of Eylau on 7 and 8 February 1807, Napoleon's forces lingered in the vicinity so that the emperor could claim a victory."}, {"id": "Q273883", "label": "Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of March 1807, Marshal Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier withdrew many of his troops from the Siege of Stralsund with the intention of using them for the Siege of Kolberg."}, {"id": "Q657814", "label": "Hans Henric von Essen", "section": "Background", "says": "His Swedish opponent, General-Leutnant Hans Henric von Essen immediately pushed back the outnumbered besiegers."}, {"id": "Q83808", "label": "François Joseph Lefebvre", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre invested the fortress of Danzig on 10 March 1807."}, {"id": "Q73253", "label": "Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth", "section": "Background", "says": "After a prolonged defense in the Siege of Danzig, General of Infantry Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth surrendered on 24 May."}], "Q2091661": [{"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The main French army, commanded by King Philip II of France, was nearby besieging Ghent and it promptly marched on Damme."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1212 both John and Otto were engaged in power struggles against Pope Innocent III."}, {"id": "Q469622", "label": "Ferdinand of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "He summoned an assembly of French barons at Soissons, which was well attended with the exception of Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, who refused to attend."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "He suggested that as Ferdinand had denied Philip's right to declare war on England while John was still excommunicated, his disobedience needed to be punished."}], "Q2095753": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Comuneros was a popular uprising in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (now Colombia and parts of Venezuela) against the Spanish authorities from March through October 1781."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Comuneros was a popular uprising in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (now Colombia and parts of Venezuela) against the Spanish authorities from March through October 1781."}, {"id": "Q815145", "label": "Great Siege of Gibraltar", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the largest effort was devoted to the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779–1783), which even after three years made little progress despite enormous expenditures of both money and men."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The imposition of heavy taxes and \"voluntary\" donations to pay for the war caused unrest in much of the Spanish Empire, including the 1781 Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada) in New Granada."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "In the end, the Spanish siege of Gibraltar absorbed British resources that might otherwise have been used in the Americas but left them with little to show for their investment."}], "Q20972187": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was an air pollution crisis affecting several countries in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, Indonesia (especially its islands of Sumatra and Borneo), Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was an air pollution crisis affecting several countries in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, Indonesia (especially its islands of Sumatra and Borneo), Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was an air pollution crisis affecting several countries in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, Indonesia (especially its islands of Sumatra and Borneo), Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was an air pollution crisis affecting several countries in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, Indonesia (especially its islands of Sumatra and Borneo), Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "School closures due to the haze were implemented in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; these affected nearly four million students in Malaysia alone."}], "Q20987759": [{"id": "Q294652", "label": "House of Ögedei", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaidu, the leader of the Mongol House of Ögedei, fought a war against Kublai Khan and his successor Temür from 1268 to 1301."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaidu, the leader of the Mongol House of Ögedei, fought a war against Kublai Khan and his successor Temür from 1268 to 1301."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaidu was the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, while Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kaidu–Kublai war followed the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kaidu–Kublai war followed the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate polities: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate polities: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing."}], "Q2100623": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Major-General Duncan Cumming, the British Chief Civil Affairs Officer, noted that nationalist sentiments among local Arabs had been provoked by reports about Council of Foreign Ministers proposals \"to hand the country back to Italian tutelage or to some other country with suspected Colonial designs,\" and that \"It would seem that reports of the situation in Palestine and of anti-Jewish disturbances"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The neighbouring province was expect to become the independent Cyrenaica Emirate, whilst contemporary post-war proposals for Tripolitania included a return to Italian rule and a trusteeship under the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Utter \"believed that blame for the initial troubles lay with both sides—Jews primed for provocative behavior by Zionist propaganda and Arabs stirred by anti-Jewish riots in Cairo.\"\nTogether with previous persecutions of Jews by the Axis in Libya during World War II, the Tripoli rioting became a turning point in the history of Libyan Jews, becoming a central factor in the 1949–51 emigration organiz"}, {"id": "Q1056", "label": "Italo Balbo", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of these laws, Jews were fired from government jobs, some were dismissed from government schools, and their citizenship papers were stamped with the words \"Jewish race.\"\n\nDespite this repression, that was partially opposed by governor Italo Balbo, in 1941 some 25% of the population of Tripoli was still Jewish and 44 synagogues were maintained in the city."}], "Q21029690": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aksu (Chinese: 撥換城之戰; Arabic: معركة أقسو) was fought between the Umayyad Caliphate, and their Turgesh and Tibetan allies, against the Tang dynasty, and their Karluk and Western Turk allies."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "Background", "says": "The first encounter between the Tang Chinese and the Umayyad Arabs had occurred in 715 when Arab general Qutayba ibn Muslim (699-715) invaded the Fergana Valley for the second time, as a continuation of his conquests in Transoxiana: Bukhara in 709, Khwarezm and Samarkand in 712, Shash (Tashkent) in 713 and his first incursion into Ferghana in 714."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After his conquest of Khujand, the Tibetan Empire allied with the Arabs."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "Background", "says": "In 717, the new Umayyad Caliph, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, strengthened the alliance with the Tibetans, sending al-Saleet b."}], "Q2109300": [{"id": "Q58773", "label": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian invasion of Holland was a military campaign under the leadership of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, against the rise of the democratic Patriot movement in the Dutch Republic in September–October 1787 with the aim of disempowering the patriots and disarming the Free Corps, as well as reinstating William V of Orange as hereditary stadtholder in the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian invasion of Holland was a military campaign under the leadership of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, against the rise of the democratic Patriot movement in the Dutch Republic in September–October 1787 with the aim of disempowering the patriots and disarming the Free Corps, as well as reinstating William V of Orange as hereditary stadtholder in the Dutch Republic."}], "Q2113637": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The use of Protest camps have been described by the protest leaders as being inspired by the Hooverville tent cities in the Central Park of New York City and in many other cities throughout the United States in which many Americans were forced to live during the Great Depression in the United States."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "Some see a connection between the Arab Spring protests and the 2011 Israeli housing protests, as the common denominator is, firstly, the use of social networking to organize public protests, and secondly the fact that these two waves of protests stem from the increase in the cost of living, that they were organize"}], "Q21206469": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "#FeesMustFall was a student-led protest movement that began in mid-October 2015 in South Africa."}], "Q2134739": [{"id": "Q1915188", "label": "Surinamese Interior War", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre occurred during the Surinamese Interior War between the national army led by Dési Bouterse and the Jungle Commando led by Ronnie Brunswijk."}, {"id": "Q57667", "label": "Desi Bouterse", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre occurred during the Surinamese Interior War between the national army led by Dési Bouterse and the Jungle Commando led by Ronnie Brunswijk."}, {"id": "Q1968705", "label": "Ronnie Brunswijk", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre occurred during the Surinamese Interior War between the national army led by Dési Bouterse and the Jungle Commando led by Ronnie Brunswijk."}], "Q2154485": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Thessalonica in 1185 by Normans of the Kingdom of Sicily was one of the worst disasters to befall the Byzantine Empire in the 12th century."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Thessalonica in 1185 by Normans of the Kingdom of Sicily was one of the worst disasters to befall the Byzantine Empire in the 12th century."}, {"id": "Q367387", "label": "William II of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "The stated goal of the Sicilian expedition, sent by William II of Sicily, was to replace Andronikos Komnenos with a Byzantine pretender who was claiming to be the deposed Alexios II."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "The stated goal of the Sicilian expedition, sent by William II of Sicily, was to replace Andronikos Komnenos with a Byzantine pretender who was claiming to be the deposed Alexios II."}, {"id": "Q27424", "label": "Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus", "section": "Background", "says": "William had also supported Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus before this."}], "Q21860041": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tishrin Dam offensive, or Southern Kobanî offensive, was a military operation in December 2015 in the northeastern Aleppo Governorate during the Syrian Civil War, conducted by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to capture the strategic Tishrin Dam and the southern countryside of the self-declared Kobanî Canton from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tishrin Dam offensive, or Southern Kobanî offensive, was a military operation in December 2015 in the northeastern Aleppo Governorate during the Syrian Civil War, conducted by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to capture the strategic Tishrin Dam and the southern countryside of the self-declared Kobanî Canton from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}, {"id": "Q18357664", "label": "Operation Inherent Resolve", "section": "lead", "says": "The Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve supported the SDF offensive with over 26 airstrikes."}], "Q2201391": [{"id": "Q2817348", "label": "Bima Sultanate", "section": "Preceding political context", "says": "Following the decline of the Selaparang Kingdom, Balinese rulers from the west and Makassarese rulers from the Bima Sultanate of Sumbawa in the east compete for political influence in Lombok throughout the 17th to 18th century."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Preceding political context", "says": "Cakranegara had trade connections with the British (based in Singapore) and talks of a bilateral treaty were forming before Dutch presented their own treaty, signed in 1843."}], "Q2209960": [{"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Burgundian Succession took place from 1477 to 1482 (or 1493 according to some historians), immediately following the Burgundian Wars."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "At stake was the partition of the Burgundian hereditary lands between the Kingdom of France and the House of Habsburg, after Duke Charles the Bold had perished in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "At stake was the partition of the Burgundian hereditary lands between the Kingdom of France and the House of Habsburg, after Duke Charles the Bold had perished in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "At stake was the partition of the Burgundian hereditary lands between the Kingdom of France and the House of Habsburg, after Duke Charles the Bold had perished in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477."}], "Q2221265": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cantigny, fought May 28, 1918, was the first major American battle and offensive of World War I."}], "Q2231652": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1572, during the course of the Eighty Years' War, the city of Goes, in the Spanish Netherlands, was besieged by Dutch forces, including several English volunteers."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1572, during the course of the Eighty Years' War, the city of Goes, in the Spanish Netherlands, was besieged by Dutch forces, including several English volunteers."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Other cities in the province of Zeeland soon joined the rebels, and by mid-1572 only Arnemuiden and Middelburg, on the island of Walcheren, and Goes (also called Tergoes), on the island of Zuid-Beveland, remained under Spanish control, all of them besieged and threatened by the Dutch forces under Stadtholder William of Orange with the support of English troops sent by Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q447200", "label": "Humphrey Gilbert", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 August 1572, in command of 7,000 soldiers among which were 1,500 English under Thomas Morgan and Humphrey Gilbert, and a fleet of 40 ships, Tseraarts returned to besiege the city."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba and Governor of the Netherlands on behalf of Philip II of Spain, ordered Sancho Dávila, Governor of Antwerp Citadel stationed in North Brabant, to send reinforcements to Goes by sea."}], "Q2236918": [{"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gisors (27 September 1198) was a skirmish fought in Courcelles-lès-Gisors, Oise, Picardy, part of the ongoing fighting between Richard I of England and Philip Augustus of France that lasted from 1194 to Richard's death in April 1199."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gisors (27 September 1198) was a skirmish fought in Courcelles-lès-Gisors, Oise, Picardy, part of the ongoing fighting between Richard I of England and Philip Augustus of France that lasted from 1194 to Richard's death in April 1199."}], "Q2237048": [{"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first non-Italy-based battle of the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in the victory of the Austrian forces, under the command of Archduke Charles, over the French forces, commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan."}, {"id": "Q76555", "label": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, the rulers of Europe, such as Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, viewed the revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere."}, {"id": "Q47365", "label": "Marie Antoinette", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1790, Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph as emperor and by 1791, he considered the situation surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, with greater and greater alarm."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1791, in consultation with French émigré nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia, he issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "In this War of the First Coalition (1792–1798), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In this War of the First Coalition (1792–1798), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In this War of the First Coalition (1792–1798), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Coalition forces achieved several victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz, Amberg and Würzburg, the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben (17 April 1797) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797)."}, {"id": "Q83808", "label": "François Joseph Lefebvre", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French advance guard arrived by the 9th, under command of General François Joseph Lefebvre; in the forward line, the 25th Demi-brigade and Light Infantry positioned themselves between Ostrach and Hoßkirch; Lefebvre also had three battalions each of the 53rd and 67th Demi-Brigades of light infantry, twenty squadrons of hussars, chasseurs, and dragoons, and field artillery pieces."}], "Q2237217": [{"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint-Lô was one of the three conflicts in the battle of the hedgerows which took place between July 7 and 19, 1944, in Saint-Lô, Manche, Normandy, France, just before Operation Cobra."}, {"id": "Q16471", "label": "Invasion of Normandy", "section": "lead", "says": "Saint-Lô had fallen to Germany in 1940, and, after the Invasion of Normandy, the Americans targeted the city, as it served as a strategic crossroads."}, {"id": "Q37327", "label": "Samuel Beckett", "section": "lead", "says": "American bombardment caused heavy damage (up to 95% of the city was destroyed) and a high number of casualties, which resulted in the martyr city being called \"The Capital of Ruins\", popularized in a report by Samuel Beckett."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "France was invaded in 1940 and the 7th Panzer Division, commanded by Erwin Rommel, entered Normandy, with the objective of capturing Cherbourg Harbor."}], "Q2237325": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Athens (sometimes called the McMinn County War) was a citizen rebellion in Athens and Etowah, Tennessee, United States, against the corrupt local government, which took place on August 1 and 2, 1946."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The citizens, including around 50 to 200 World War II veterans, accused the local officials of predatory policing, police brutality, political corruption, and voter intimidation."}], "Q2237609": [{"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mekelle, sometimes known as the battle of Mekelle, took place in January 1896 during the First Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian forces surrendered a partially completed fort at Mekelle, a city in the northern Tigray Region of Ethiopia which they had occupied since 1895, to Ethiopian forces."}], "Q2237626": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mishmar HaEmek was part of the civil war in Mandatory Palestine ahead of  the 1948 Arab–Israeli War."}, {"id": "Q733680", "label": "Yitzhak Sadeh", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a ten-day battle fought from 4 to 15 April 1948 between the Arab Liberation Army (Yarmouk Battalion) commanded by Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Haganah (Palmach and HISH) commanded by Yitzhak Sadeh and Dan Laner."}], "Q2256350": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Yet due to the incompetence of the two French commanders (in fact, General Vivien de Bulonde, because of decoded messages from Louis XIV to Catinat authorizing his punishment, has been proposed by some to have been the Man in the Iron Mask) – and a timely arrival of Imperial reinforcements – the siege proved a disaster, resulting in the loss of between 700 and 800 men."}, {"id": "Q2097330", "label": "Battle of Staffarda", "section": "Background", "says": "In an attempt to free himself from French vassalage Duke Victor Amadeus of Savoy had declared for the Grand Alliance in June 1690, but in the first campaign he had suffered a major defeat by Marshal Catinat at the Battle of Staffarda on 18 August."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "Background", "says": "In March Catinat crossed the border into the County of Nice to attack the southern coastal towns of Nice and Villefranche (it was imperative to take both positions because of their potential to act as a springboard for Allied land and amphibious attacks against Provence; conversely, their capture would facilitate French operations in southern Piedmont)."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Of all the Savoyard towns west of the Alps only Montmélian, in the Duchy of Savoy, remained in the Duke's hands."}], "Q2282207": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Helena was fought on July 4, 1863, near Helena, Arkansas, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2419131", "label": "Theophilus H. Holmes", "section": "lead", "says": "Over 7,500 Confederate troops led by Lieutenant General Theophilus Holmes attempted to capture Helena in hopes of relieving some of the pressure on the Confederate army besieged in Vicksburg, Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In December 1860, the state of South Carolina seceded from the United States, as a result of several disagreements with the federal government, slavery chief among them."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Background", "says": "Further Deep South states seceded early in the next year, forming the Confederate States of America."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "When Abraham Lincoln, the newly elected President of the United States, called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion, this proved the catalyst for the southern state of Arkansas to secede and join the Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q193993", "label": "Battle of Pea Ridge", "section": "Background", "says": "Fighting occurred to the north in Missouri during 1861, but in early March 1862, Confederate forces were defeated in northern Arkansas at the Battle of Pea Ridge."}, {"id": "Q551560", "label": "Edmund Kirby Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi, Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith, was forwarded in June the dispatch that Johnston had received, and delegated making the decision whether to attack Helena to Lieutenant General Theophilus Holmes, the Confederate commander of the District of Arkansas."}, {"id": "Q532248", "label": "Sterling Price", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He began moving towards Jacksonport and met Major General Sterling Price and Brigadier General John S."}], "Q2284174": [{"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Padua was a major engagement early in the War of the League of Cambrai."}, {"id": "Q345506", "label": "Andrea Gritti", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 July, Venetian forces commanded by Andrea Gritti marched quickly from Treviso with a contingent of stradioti and retook the city, which had been garrisoned by some landsknechts hired by Emperor Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 July, Venetian forces commanded by Andrea Gritti marched quickly from Treviso with a contingent of stradioti and retook the city, which had been garrisoned by some landsknechts hired by Emperor Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "lead", "says": "By 30 September, Maximilian, unable to pay his mercenaries, lifted the siege; leaving a small detachment in Italy under Rudolph IV, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, he withdrew to Tyrol with the main part of his army."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat was a major loss of face for Maximilian, and the Holy Roman Empire would not attempt another invasion of Italy until 1516."}], "Q2286332": [{"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oravais (occasionally Orawais; Finnish: Oravaisten taistelu; Swedish: Slaget vid Oravais) from September 14 until September 15 was one of the decisive battles in the Finnish War, fought from 1808 to 1809 between Sweden and the Russian Empire as part of the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oravais (occasionally Orawais; Finnish: Oravaisten taistelu; Swedish: Slaget vid Oravais) from September 14 until September 15 was one of the decisive battles in the Finnish War, fought from 1808 to 1809 between Sweden and the Russian Empire as part of the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oravais (occasionally Orawais; Finnish: Oravaisten taistelu; Swedish: Slaget vid Oravais) from September 14 until September 15 was one of the decisive battles in the Finnish War, fought from 1808 to 1809 between Sweden and the Russian Empire as part of the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q727574", "label": "Georg Carl von Döbeln", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To avoid being encircled, Colonel Georg Carl von Döbeln was sent in advance to Nykarleby with a brigade."}], "Q2293284": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In mid-1540 the Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in service of the Ottoman Empire, formed a small fleet at Algiers, as ordered by Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "In mid-1540 the Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in service of the Ottoman Empire, formed a small fleet at Algiers, as ordered by Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa."}], "Q22988191": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2016 Sumatra earthquake was a 7.8 magnitude earthquake which struck on 2 March 2016 in the Indian Ocean, approximately 800 kilometers (500 miles) southwest of Sumatra in Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Tsunami warnings were issued for Indonesia and Australia, but were withdrawn two hours later."}], "Q2305320": [{"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Blois (1504), also known as the First Treaty of Blois, was an agreement between Louis XII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximillian I and his son Archduke Philip, the father of the future Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Blois (1504), also known as the First Treaty of Blois, was an agreement between Louis XII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximillian I and his son Archduke Philip, the father of the future Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the terms of the treaty fell through when Claude was betrothed to her second cousin, the future Francis I of France."}, {"id": "Q201143", "label": "Anne of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "This seemed the likely outcome from the start, as Claude's mother, Anne of Brittany, was the only participant truly eager for the match (it would have kept her Duchy of Brittany out of the control of the French crown)."}, {"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "This seemed the likely outcome from the start, as Claude's mother, Anne of Brittany, was the only participant truly eager for the match (it would have kept her Duchy of Brittany out of the control of the French crown)."}], "Q2320397": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Bornholm was a naval battle between a superior Swedish and a smaller Danish-Dutch fleet that was fought 25–26 May 1676 as a part of the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish commander Lorentz Creutz sought to destroy the allied fleet and then land reinforcements in Swedish Pomerania to relieve the Swedish forces in northern Germany."}, {"id": "Q475142", "label": "Niels Juel", "section": "lead", "says": "The aim of the Danishfleet under Niels Juel was to prevent this reinforcement without being destroyed by the superior numbers of the Swedish forces."}, {"id": "Q982247", "label": "Cornelis Tromp", "section": "lead", "says": "Juel's force, though somewhat battered, was nevertheless intact and was reinforced two days later with an additional nine ships along with the experienced Dutch admiral Cornelis Tromp, who took over the command."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "This sparked a declaration of war by the Dutch Republic which was at war with France since 1672 in the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "This sparked a declaration of war by the Dutch Republic which was at war with France since 1672 in the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q968941", "label": "Gustaf Otto Stenbock", "section": "Background", "says": "During 1675 the Swedish fleet under Gustaf Otto Stenbock put to sea, but only got as far as Stora Karslö off Gotland before it had turn back to Stockholm beset by cold and stormy weather, disease and loss of vital equipment."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Swedish fleet consisted of 17 large and 15 medium ships, 8 armed merchants, 11 minor vessels and 8 fireships divided into four squadrons: the first squadron was under the Admiral of the Realm Lorentz Creutz on Kronan with the other squadrons divided among his three admirals Claes Uggla on Svärdet, Johan Bär on Nyckeln and Johan Bergenstjerna on Victoria."}], "Q2329463": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The shock occurred near the Banyak Islands, off the island of Sumatra in Indonesia."}], "Q2331925": [{"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chalcedon was a land and naval battle between the Roman Republic and King Mithridates VI of Pontus near the city of Chalcedon in 74 BC."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major clash of the Third Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q720859", "label": "Marcus Aurelius Cotta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman forces were led by Marcus Aurelius Cotta, one of the consuls for 74 BC, while Mithridates had the overall command of the Pontic forces."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "Background", "says": "After his defeat at the hands of Lucius Cornelius Sulla during the First Mithridatic War (89-85 BC), King Mithridates had rebuilt his power and armies."}, {"id": "Q1991765", "label": "Second Mithridatic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Mithridatic War (83-81 BC) had ended undecided."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, in 74 BC, Nicomedes IV, the king of Bithynia died, and the Romans claimed he had bequeathed his kingdom to Rome."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He also sent urgent messages to Lucius Licinius Lucullus, his fellow consul, who was preparing his army in Asia province, that the Pontic invasion was underway and he needed assistance."}], "Q233350": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Bohemian Succession (1125–1126) was a war between the Imperial Forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Bohemia about the succession in the Duchy of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Bohemian Succession (1125–1126) was a war between the Imperial Forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Bohemia about the succession in the Duchy of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q355013", "label": "Bretislaus I", "section": "Background", "says": "Since Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia had implemented the inheritance principle of agnatic seniority in the 11th century, the order of succession in Bohemia, many rivalling scions of the ramified Přemyslid dynasty waged war against each other."}, {"id": "Q454827", "label": "Vladislaus I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Přemyslid duke Vladislaus I of Bohemia, ruling since 1109, likewise had to struggle to consolidate his authority, defying the claims raised by his brother Bořivoj II who had reached his enfeoffment by Emperor Henry IV in 1101."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The Přemyslid duke Vladislaus I of Bohemia, ruling since 1109, likewise had to struggle to consolidate his authority, defying the claims raised by his brother Bořivoj II who had reached his enfeoffment by Emperor Henry IV in 1101."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "Background", "says": "When Vladislaus died in 1125 his succession was disputed among his surviving brother Soběslav I and his Moravian cousin Otto II, duke in Olomouc and Brno."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "Background", "says": "Otto could appeal to the agnatic seniority principle, and he also reached the support of Vladislaus' widow Richeza of Berg and King Lothair III."}], "Q233649": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Margrave War (German: Zweiter Markgrafenkrieg) was a conflict in the Holy Roman Empire between 1552 and 1555."}, {"id": "Q461975", "label": "First Margrave War", "section": "Origins", "says": "The First Margrave War, which Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg had waged primarily against his neighbors, including the Imperial City of Nuremberg, was not directly related to the Second Margrave War."}, {"id": "Q453771", "label": "Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "Origins", "says": "The First Margrave War, which Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg had waged primarily against his neighbors, including the Imperial City of Nuremberg, was not directly related to the Second Margrave War."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "Origins", "says": "As Albert's Protestant faith legitimized his lucrative plunder of Brandenburg-Kulmbach's Catholic neighbors, the war can generally be seen as an outgrowth of the Second Schmalkaldic War."}], "Q2341697": [{"id": "Q194378", "label": "Third Servile War", "section": "lead", "says": "After breaking away from Spartacus's main army, Crixus was defeated and killed in the battle, marking the first major Roman victory of the Third Servile War."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same period some 110,000 Roman legionaries (equivalent to 20 or 22 legions) were occupied in distant wars against Quintus Sertorius in Spain and Mithridates VI of Pontus in Asia, in addition to a further eight legions in Gaul and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same period some 110,000 Roman legionaries (equivalent to 20 or 22 legions) were occupied in distant wars against Quintus Sertorius in Spain and Mithridates VI of Pontus in Asia, in addition to a further eight legions in Gaul and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83406", "label": "Spartacus", "section": "Background", "says": "Disputes between Crixus and Spartacus, however, led to a division of the rebel host: Crixus separated with a force of Gauls and Germans and made for Mount Gargano, intending to continue the war on his own terms."}], "Q2344279": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leros (26 September and 16 November 1943) took place on the Greek island of Leros between the Allies and invading forces of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Armistice of Cassibile the Italian garrison on the Greek island Leros was strengthened by British forces on 15 September 1943."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "The island had been under Italian occupation since the Italo-Turkish War (29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912)."}], "Q2348220": [{"id": "Q185348", "label": "Francesco Contarini", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting counterattack routed the relief army and killed the Venetian commander Francesco Contarini."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Mehmed II personally entered Albania in the spring of 1478."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "Background", "says": "Krujë had been one of the principal centres of the resistance led by Skanderbeg against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Krujë had been one of the principal centres of the resistance led by Skanderbeg against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2350145": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Alkmaar (1573) was a turning point in the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 September William the Silent followed up on a request by Cabeliau dating from the beginning of the siege and ordered the dikes surrounding Alkmaar to be breached, thereby flooding the polders in which the Spanish troops were camped, like the Achtermeer polder."}], "Q2358507": [{"id": "Q431001", "label": "Spanish–Portuguese War of 1762–1763", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Cevallos expedition was a series of Spanish military operations in South America during the Fantastic War."}, {"id": "Q1365783", "label": "Pedro de Cevallos", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the command of the governor of Buenos Aires, Pedro de Cevallos, the expedition captured the Portuguese settlement of Colónia do Sacramento and fought off a joint Anglo-Portuguese attempt to recapture it."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1762, Spain entered the Seven Years' War on the side of France as part of the Family Compact, motivated in part by diplomatic efforts on the part of the French government."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, Colónia do Sacramento was returned to Portugal, though other outposts captured by Cevallos remained under Spanish control."}, {"id": "Q580765", "label": "First Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "lead", "says": "During this conflict, Cevallos once again captured Colónia do Sacramento, and it was permanently ceded to Spain in the First Treaty of San Ildefonso."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "This was due in part to successful diplomatic efforts by French Foreign Minister Étienne François, duc de Choiseul to bring the Spanish into the war, and in part due to Charles III of Spain fearing for the security of his American colonies along with fears that France would conclude a unilateral peace with Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 1762, the Spanish frigate Victoria arrived in South America and informed the governor of Buenos Aires, Pedro Antonio de Cevallos, of the impending war and Spanish plans to declare war on Portugal."}], "Q2384685": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Resolution 338 and strengthened diplomatic relations between Egypt, Israel, and the United States."}], "Q2386251": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle on the Zuiderzee (October 11, 1573) was a naval battle during the Eighty Years' War in which a Dutch fleet triumphed over a larger and better-equipped Spanish fleet on the Zuiderzee."}], "Q2392497": [{"id": "Q1156545", "label": "Mōri Motonari", "section": "lead", "says": "Amago Haruhisa, with 30,000 men, attacked Yoshida-Kōriyama Castle, which belonged to Mōri Motonari and was defended by 8,000 men."}], "Q2400227": [{"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armada was commanded by Alonso de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat appointed by Philip II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "His orders were to sail up the English Channel, join with the army of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma in Flanders, and escort an invasion force that would land in England and overthrow Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Its purpose was to reinstate Catholicism in England, end English support for the Dutch Republic in the north and prevent attacks by English and Dutch privateers against Spanish interests in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Its purpose was to reinstate Catholicism in England, end English support for the Dutch Republic in the north and prevent attacks by English and Dutch privateers against Spanish interests in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q145934", "label": "English Armada", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, England organized a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, known as the \"English Armada\", and sometimes called the \"counter-armada of 1589\", which failed."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and heir presumptive, Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Background", "says": "The Marquis of Santa Cruz, flushed with pride of his victory in the Azores, suggested to Philip II that Spain take advantage of the victory to attack England."}], "Q240243": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars of Kappel (Kappelerkriege) is a collective term for two armed conflicts fought near Kappel am Albis between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars of Kappel (Kappelerkriege) is a collective term for two armed conflicts fought near Kappel am Albis between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland."}], "Q2406754": [{"id": "Q2438029", "label": "Antonio Ricardos y Carrillo de Albornoz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Truillas, in 22 September 1793, saw the Republican French Army of the Eastern Pyrenees led by Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert attack the Spanish Army of Catalonia commanded by Antonio Ricardos."}, {"id": "Q2889607", "label": "Battle of Peyrestortes", "section": "lead", "says": "This attempt by the French to exploit their success in the Battle of Peyrestortes ended in a Spanish victory."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought near the village of Trouillas in the French department of Pyrénées Orientales during the War of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q63652", "label": "Siege of Bellegarde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Siege of Bellegarde ended with a French capitulation on 24 June 1793."}], "Q2409157": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "In retaliation for the siege of Motya by Dionysius of Syracuse, Himilco of the Magonid family of Carthage led a substantial force to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q4269619", "label": "Battle of Catana", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the rash tactics of his brother Leptines, the Greek fleet was heavily defeated at the Battle of Catana (397 BC), over 20,000 soldiers/rowers and 100 ships were lost before the surviving Greek ships could retreat."}], "Q2409166": [{"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hsimucheng (Japanese: 析木城の戦い, romanized: Sekijō-no-tatakai; Russian: Бой у Симучена) was a minor land engagement of the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q2443464", "label": "Pavel Mishchenko", "section": "Background", "says": "This advance was opposed by the Imperial Russian Second Siberian Army Corps under the command of Lieutenant General Mikhail Zasulich, supported by cavalry units under the command of Lieutenant General Pavel Mishchenko."}, {"id": "Q2409264", "label": "Battle of Tashihchiao", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following its defeat at the Battle of Tashihchiao, the 2nd Siberian Corps under General Zasulich retreated to the village of Hsimungcheng."}], "Q2423117": [{"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1911 Sarez earthquake occurred at 18:41 UTC on 18 February (23:31 local time) in the central Pamir Mountains in the Rushon District of eastern Tajikistan (then part of the Russian Empire)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1911 Sarez earthquake occurred at 18:41 UTC on 18 February (23:31 local time) in the central Pamir Mountains in the Rushon District of eastern Tajikistan (then part of the Russian Empire)."}], "Q2428049": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Valencia or the Storming of Valencia was an attack on the Spanish city of Valencia on 26 June 1808, early in the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Moncey's French Imperial troops failed to take the city by storm and retreated upon Madrid, leaving much of eastern Spain unconquered and beyond the reach of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q640100", "label": "Battles of El Bruch", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish conventional warfare started \nwith the Battles of El Bruch."}], "Q2431866": [{"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle is part of a larger conflict between the Count of Flanders and his French feudal lord, King Philip IV of France (1296–1305)."}], "Q2435881": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rimini was fought in 432 between the two strong men of the Western Roman Empire, the very recently deposed Magister Utriusque Militiae Flavius Aetius and the newly appointed Magister Utriusque Militiae Bonifatius (Bonifacius or Boniface)."}, {"id": "Q185476", "label": "Aëtius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rimini was fought in 432 between the two strong men of the Western Roman Empire, the very recently deposed Magister Utriusque Militiae Flavius Aetius and the newly appointed Magister Utriusque Militiae Bonifatius (Bonifacius or Boniface)."}, {"id": "Q463954", "label": "Bonifatius", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Wijnendaele, Aetius was lured into confronting Bonifatius by being appointed Consul in 432, where he was deposed and Bonifatius appointed by Galla Placidia."}, {"id": "Q237907", "label": "Galla Placidia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Wijnendaele, Aetius was lured into confronting Bonifatius by being appointed Consul in 432, where he was deposed and Bonifatius appointed by Galla Placidia."}], "Q2457256": [{"id": "Q195443", "label": "Theodoric II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was noted in contemporary records as a battle where Frederic, the brother of Theodoric II the king of the Visigoths, was killed leading a fight against either the Gallo-Roman general Aegidius, or in other reports Franks."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "It was noted in contemporary records as a battle where Frederic, the brother of Theodoric II the king of the Visigoths, was killed leading a fight against either the Gallo-Roman general Aegidius, or in other reports Franks."}, {"id": "Q336937", "label": "Aegidius", "section": "lead", "says": "It was noted in contemporary records as a battle where Frederic, the brother of Theodoric II the king of the Visigoths, was killed leading a fight against either the Gallo-Roman general Aegidius, or in other reports Franks."}, {"id": "Q193869", "label": "Childeric I", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern scholars generally believe that these Franks were allies of Aegidius, fighting either under his command, or that of Childeric I."}, {"id": "Q207121", "label": "Libius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Visigothic king Theodoric II was an ally of the Roman emperor Libius Severus, while Aegidius had been a close ally of the previous emperor Majorian who had been murdered in 461, and he did not accept the new emperor."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Visigothic king Theodoric II was an ally of the Roman emperor Libius Severus, while Aegidius had been a close ally of the previous emperor Majorian who had been murdered in 461, and he did not accept the new emperor."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "lead", "says": "Hydatius, Marius of Avenches, and later Jordanes, and Gregory of Tours also gave short remarks relevant to the conflict."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "lead", "says": "Hydatius, Marius of Avenches, and later Jordanes, and Gregory of Tours also gave short remarks relevant to the conflict."}, {"id": "Q302936", "label": "Sidonius Apollinaris", "section": "lead", "says": "Remarkably, the letters of the contemporary Gallo-Roman Sidonius Apollinaris do not mention anything about Aegidius directly, but they give insight into Gallo-Roman politics at the time."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "Avitus was forced out of power by Majorian and Ricimer, who at that time were the highest military officers in the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "At the same time Gaiseric, the Vandal king ruled over a large part of the Western Roman empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background to the war", "says": "In summary the battle of 463 is therefore normally understood to be a battle within the border conflict mentioned by Priscus, but it is also generally seen as part of a bigger internal conflict within what was left of the Roman Empire, with the Eastern and Western empires on opposing sides at this moment."}], "Q245773": [{"id": "Q138105", "label": "François Étienne de Kellermann", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Alba de Tormes on 28 November 1809, an Imperial French corps commanded by François Étienne de Kellermann attacked a Spanish army led by Diego de Cañas y Portocarrero, Duke del Parque."}, {"id": "Q2499629", "label": "Jean Gabriel Marchand", "section": "lead", "says": "Finding the Spanish army in the midst of crossing the Tormes River, Kellermann did not wait for his infantry under Jean Gabriel Marchand to arrive, but led the French cavalry in a series of charges that routed the Spanish units on the near bank with heavy losses."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q169023", "label": "Battle of Talavera", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish campaign in late 1809 had started with the Battle of Talavera."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "Background", "says": "The Prince of Anglona's Cavalry Division included 1,682 horsemen from six regiments."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "Background", "says": "With Marshal Michel Ney on leave, Jean Gabriel Marchand assumed command of the VI Corps, based at Salamanca."}], "Q245811": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chemnitz, 14 April 1639, took place near Chemnitz in Saxony during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q498046", "label": "Johan Banér", "section": "lead", "says": "Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflicted a crushing defeat on a combined Saxon/Imperial detachment under Rodolfo Giovanni Marazzino and von Puchheim."}, {"id": "Q428972", "label": "Battle of Wittstock", "section": "Background", "says": "The Swedish victory at the Battle of Wittstock in autumn 1636 led to a brief Swedish incursion into Saxony, but this was overturned by an Imperial counteroffensive in 1637."}, {"id": "Q553849", "label": "Matthias Gallas", "section": "Background", "says": "The main Imperial army led by Matthias Gallas had returned from Burgundy and repulsed the Swedes back to Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q316816", "label": "Lennart Torstensson", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Saxon army under Marazzino approached Freiberg with 5,000 men, Banér abandoned the siege and fell back via Chemnitz to join forces with Lennart Torstensson."}, {"id": "Q78305", "label": "Melchior von Hatzfeldt", "section": "Background", "says": "He decided to attack the Saxons, now counting 8,000 men, before they could be reinforced by Imperials under Melchior von Hatzfeldt who were approaching from Thuringia."}], "Q245874": [{"id": "Q643722", "label": "Louis Henri Loison", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Évora (29 July 1808) saw an Imperial French division under Louis Henri Loison attack a combined Portuguese-Spanish force led by Francisco de Paula Leite de Sousa."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Évora (29 July 1808) saw an Imperial French division under Louis Henri Loison attack a combined Portuguese-Spanish force led by Francisco de Paula Leite de Sousa."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The clash occurred during the Peninsular War, phase of the Napoleonic Wars. Évora is located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) east of Lisbon."}, {"id": "Q353907", "label": "Jean-Andoche Junot", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1807, a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot mounted a successful Invasion of Portugal supported by allied Spanish troops."}, {"id": "Q3402214", "label": "Invasion of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1807, a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot mounted a successful Invasion of Portugal supported by allied Spanish troops."}, {"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Spanish Dos de Mayo Uprising against the French in May 1808 was quickly followed by a Portuguese revolt."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Abandoning the north and south regions of the country, the French concentrated their forces to hold central Portugal."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Napoleon concluded the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Napoleon concluded the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Napoleon concluded the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Kingdom of Prussia was humiliated, the Russian Empire became an ally of France."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Kingdom of Prussia was humiliated, the Russian Empire became an ally of France."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "After his triumph, the Emperor looked to the west where Portugal was the oldest continental ally of the United Kingdom."}], "Q2466441": [{"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the simultaneous rebellion in the neighbouring colony of Upper Canada (now southern Ontario), it formed the Rebellions of 1837–38 (rébellions de 1837–38)."}, {"id": "Q1560445", "label": "Rebellions of 1837", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the simultaneous rebellion in the neighbouring colony of Upper Canada (now southern Ontario), it formed the Rebellions of 1837–38 (rébellions de 1837–38)."}, {"id": "Q1121436", "label": "Province of Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the rebellions, the Province of Canada was created from the former Lower Canada and Upper Canada."}], "Q2470292": [{"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zboriv (Ukrainian: Битва під Зборовом, Polish: Bitwa pod Zborowem; 15–16 August 1649) was a significant battle fought as part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, in which the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zboriv (Ukrainian: Битва під Зборовом, Polish: Bitwa pod Zborowem; 15–16 August 1649) was a significant battle fought as part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, in which the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zboriv (Ukrainian: Битва під Зборовом, Polish: Bitwa pod Zborowem; 15–16 August 1649) was a significant battle fought as part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, in which the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zboriv (Ukrainian: Битва під Зборовом, Polish: Bitwa pod Zborowem; 15–16 August 1649) was a significant battle fought as part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, in which the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring near the city of Zboriv on the Strypa River in Ukraine, forces of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky attacked and Crown's forces under the command of the Polish King John II Casimir."}], "Q2475657": [{"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adwalton Moor occurred on 30 June 1643 at Adwalton, West Yorkshire, during the First English Civil War."}], "Q2477582": [{"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Francavilla was fought on 20 June 1719 near the city of Francavilla di Sicilia in Sicily, Italy between Spain and Austria as part of the Spanish invasion of Sicily that sparked the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q241110", "label": "Battle of Cape Passaro", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the destruction of the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Cape Passaro in August 1718, the invading army of 30,000 men under the Marquis of Lede were isolated on the island of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1718, the Austrians still had most of their troops in the Balkans until the conclusion of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 in the Treaty of Passarowitz on 21 July 1718."}], "Q2478311": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Kingdom was affected by a recession by 1981, but the local African-Caribbean community was suffering particularly high unemployment, poor housing and a higher-than-average crime rate."}], "Q2478443": [{"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ionian Revolt was triggered by the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "In 499 BC, the then-tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap Artaphernes to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position in Miletus."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "Background", "says": "The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king Darius the Great."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Background", "says": "Herodotus says that when the Persians in Asia Minor heard of the attack on Sardis, they gathered together, and marched to the relief of Artaphernes."}], "Q247921": [{"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oñate treaty of 6 June 1617 was a secret treaty between the Austrian and Spanish branches of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Ferdinand II granted Philip III undisputed reign of Habsburg territories along the \"Spanish Road\", a loosely connected string of Habsburg territories that ranged from upper Italy, through Alsace and the Free County of Burgundy, to the Spanish Netherlands, securing the main Spanish supply route in the Eighty Years' War (or Dutch War of Independence) against the Protestant Dutch."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Ferdinand II granted Philip III undisputed reign of Habsburg territories along the \"Spanish Road\", a loosely connected string of Habsburg territories that ranged from upper Italy, through Alsace and the Free County of Burgundy, to the Spanish Netherlands, securing the main Spanish supply route in the Eighty Years' War (or Dutch War of Independence) against the Protestant Dutch."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, Ferdinand II granted Philip III undisputed reign of Habsburg territories along the \"Spanish Road\", a loosely connected string of Habsburg territories that ranged from upper Italy, through Alsace and the Free County of Burgundy, to the Spanish Netherlands, securing the main Spanish supply route in the Eighty Years' War (or Dutch War of Independence) against the Protestant Dutch."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The agreement amongst the Austrian Habsburgs was made without regard to King Philip III of Spain, head of the Spanish Habsburgs, who continued to press his own claims to Holy Roman succession on behalf of his sons."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip's branch was more senior and more powerful than the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs, and Philip himself asserted a claim to the imperial crown as a grandson of Maximilian II and Charles V."}], "Q24805491": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the deadliest flash flood event in the United States since the 2010 Tennessee floods until both were surpassed by the 2022 Appalachian floods."}], "Q2488800": [{"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Staveren, also known as the Battle of Warns (West Frisian: Slach by Warns; Dutch: Slag bij Warns), was a battle of the Friso-Hollandic Wars between Count William IV of Holland and the Frisians which took place on 26 September 1345."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Staveren, also known as the Battle of Warns (West Frisian: Slach by Warns; Dutch: Slag bij Warns), was a battle of the Friso-Hollandic Wars between Count William IV of Holland and the Frisians which took place on 26 September 1345."}], "Q248979": [{"id": "Q591879", "label": "Piet Cronjé", "section": "lead", "says": "A British column under Lord Methuen, that was attempting to relieve the besieged town of Kimberley, forced Boers under General Piet Cronjé to retreat to Magersfontein, but suffered heavy casualties altogether."}], "Q2495510": [{"id": "Q870196", "label": "Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790", "section": "lead", "says": "2 May] 1790 during the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790, off the port of Reval in the roadstead (now Tallinn, Estonia)."}, {"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "Origins", "says": "Undaunted by the Swedish defeats and failures during 1789, the Swedish king, Gustav III, sent the battle fleet under his brother Prince Charles, Duke of Södermanland, to eliminate Admiral Vasily Chichagov's Russian squadron, which had wintered in the harbor at Reval."}], "Q24955509": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "The delegates of the CIM continued to press for international agreements throughout the Americas that effect change and protect women."}], "Q249691": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris of 15 May 1796 was a treaty between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After four years of fighting, the French under Napoleon had finally beaten the Piedmontese army in the Battle of Montenotte, and on 21 April 1796 in the Battle of Mondovi."}, {"id": "Q974166", "label": "Battle of Montenotte", "section": "lead", "says": "After four years of fighting, the French under Napoleon had finally beaten the Piedmontese army in the Battle of Montenotte, and on 21 April 1796 in the Battle of Mondovi."}, {"id": "Q312681", "label": "Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia", "section": "lead", "says": "This forced King Victor Amadeus III to sign an armistice at Cherasco one week later, abandoning the First Coalition against the French Republic."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty, King Victor Amadeus III recognized the French Republic, ceded the original Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice to France and gave the French Revolutionary Army free passage through his territory towards the rest of Italy."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty, King Victor Amadeus III recognized the French Republic, ceded the original Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice to France and gave the French Revolutionary Army free passage through his territory towards the rest of Italy."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "They would be regained by France under Napoleon III."}], "Q2497334": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After weeks of fighting, the ISPR admitted that it was actually Tohir Yoldeshev, leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, who was hiding there."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The town is situated in complex series of White mountains range in western Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The town closely aligned with Tora Bora area of adjacent country, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mountaineering and Infantry Divisions were deployed under the command of Lieutenant-General Ali Jan Aurakzai, who later became Governor of North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan."}], "Q2527587": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazym Rebellion (Russian: Казымское восстание) was a revolt by the indigenous Khanty and Nenets peoples who live in western Siberia against the Soviet Union in 1933."}], "Q2530449": [{"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tennōji (天王寺・岡山の戦い, Tennōji Okayama no tatakai) was fought on 3 June, 1615 between the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyori."}, {"id": "Q313641", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyori", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tennōji (天王寺・岡山の戦い, Tennōji Okayama no tatakai) was fought on 3 June, 1615 between the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyori."}, {"id": "Q3948081", "label": "Sanada Yukimura", "section": "lead", "says": "This was also the final battle of Sanada Yukimura."}], "Q2531046": [{"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "The mayor of the palace of Austrasia, Charles Martel, defeated his Neustrian and Frisian rivals who were led by King Chilperic II, his mayor Ragenfrid, and Redbad, King of the Frisians."}, {"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "lead", "says": "The mayor of the palace of Austrasia, Charles Martel, defeated his Neustrian and Frisian rivals who were led by King Chilperic II, his mayor Ragenfrid, and Redbad, King of the Frisians."}, {"id": "Q468187", "label": "Ragenfrid", "section": "lead", "says": "The mayor of the palace of Austrasia, Charles Martel, defeated his Neustrian and Frisian rivals who were led by King Chilperic II, his mayor Ragenfrid, and Redbad, King of the Frisians."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "The mayor of the palace of Austrasia, Charles Martel, defeated his Neustrian and Frisian rivals who were led by King Chilperic II, his mayor Ragenfrid, and Redbad, King of the Frisians."}], "Q2531443": [{"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leuven, also called the Battle of the River Dyle, was fought in September 891 between East Francia and the Vikings."}, {"id": "Q455874", "label": "Regino of Prüm", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Chronicon of Regino of Prüm, the Vikings were forced to abandon their assault on Britain, which they had been attacking at least since the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "They quickly took over East Anglia, Northumbria, and Mercia, but the king of the West Saxons, Alfred the Great, slowed their advance."}, {"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "Background", "says": "Charlemagne's great-grandson, Charles the Fat, paid them a ransom of silver and sent them off to Burgundy where they continued raiding and plundering, even sacking the abbey of Luxeuil."}, {"id": "Q182840", "label": "Louis the Stammerer", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis the Stammerer died in April 879, leaving to his two young sons a kingdom that quickly erupted in turmoil."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Whatever the reasons, it is clear that the battle took place during a period of renewed and concentrated raiding by the Vikings on the European continent, centered on the fracturing Carolingian Empire."}], "Q2543603": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Grant and resulting battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during the American Civil War from May to October 1864."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "Background", "says": "William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the Western armies."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, as did Sherman and President Abraham Lincoln, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring the Civil War to an end."}, {"id": "Q817488", "label": "Benjamin Franklin Butler", "section": "Background", "says": "Benjamin Butler to fight against Robert E."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "Background", "says": "Franz Sigel would invade the Shenandoah Valley and destroy Lee's supply lines; Maj."}], "Q2548761": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sphacteria took place during the Greek War of Independence on 8 May 1825 in Sphacteria between the Egyptian forces of Ibrahim Pasha and Greek forces led by Captain Anastasios Tsamados along with Alexandros Mavrokordatos."}, {"id": "Q459887", "label": "Alexandros Mavrokordatos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sphacteria took place during the Greek War of Independence on 8 May 1825 in Sphacteria between the Egyptian forces of Ibrahim Pasha and Greek forces led by Captain Anastasios Tsamados along with Alexandros Mavrokordatos."}], "Q2562531": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Saniyy (Arabic: معركة الثني) was between the Muslim Arab army and the Sasanian Empire."}], "Q2565005": [{"id": "Q2899771", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian–Hungarian wars (Bulgarian: Българо-Унгарски Войни, romanized: Bŭlgaro-Ungarski Voĭni; Hungarian: Bolgár-magyar háborúk) were a series of conflicts that occurred during the 9th–14th centuries between the First and Second Bulgarian Empires and the Magyar tribes, the Principality of Hungary and later the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Clashes first occurred in the late 9th century when the Byzantine Empire recruited Hungarians to attack the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Clashes first occurred in the late 9th century when the Byzantine Empire recruited Hungarians to attack the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Clashes first occurred in the late 9th century when the Byzantine Empire recruited Hungarians to attack the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q192264", "label": "Simeon I of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Simeon I of Bulgaria retaliated by inciting the Pechenegs to attack the Hungarians from the east."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1185, after the re-establishment of the Bulgarian Empire, both states fought numerous conflicts for control over the provinces of Belgrade, Braničevo, Vidin and Severin."}], "Q2570177": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought on June 27, 1864, during the Atlanta campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "This was a strategy that President Abraham Lincoln had emphasized throughout the war, but Grant was the first general who actively cooperated with it."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "Background", "says": "Johnston, who had replaced the unpopular Braxton Bragg after his defeat in Chattanooga in November 1863."}, {"id": "Q553533", "label": "John Bell Hood", "section": "Background", "says": "Hardee, John Bell Hood, and Leonidas Polk, and a cavalry corps under Major General Joseph Wheeler."}, {"id": "Q1368292", "label": "Leonidas Polk", "section": "Background", "says": "Hardee, John Bell Hood, and Leonidas Polk, and a cavalry corps under Major General Joseph Wheeler."}, {"id": "Q1708240", "label": "Joseph Wheeler", "section": "Background", "says": "Hardee, John Bell Hood, and Leonidas Polk, and a cavalry corps under Major General Joseph Wheeler."}], "Q2572835": [{"id": "Q242036", "label": "Tamil Eelam", "section": "lead", "says": "The town of Kilinochchi was the administrative center and de facto capital of the LTTE's proposed state of Tamil Eelam."}, {"id": "Q57338", "label": "Mahinda Rajapaksa", "section": "lead", "says": "Mahinda Rajapaksa, the president of Sri Lanka, later announced that the military had taken control of the town and urged the LTTE to lay down arms and surrender."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "Mahinda Rajapaksa, the president of Sri Lanka, later announced that the military had taken control of the town and urged the LTTE to lay down arms and surrender."}], "Q258069": [{"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Segesvár (Transylvania, now Sighișoara, Romania), also called the Battle of Fehéregyháza, was a battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 31 July 1849 between the Hungarian revolutionary army under the command of Lieutenant General Józef Bem and the Russian V Corps under General Alexander von Lüders."}, {"id": "Q266339", "label": "Józef Bem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Segesvár (Transylvania, now Sighișoara, Romania), also called the Battle of Fehéregyháza, was a battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 31 July 1849 between the Hungarian revolutionary army under the command of Lieutenant General Józef Bem and the Russian V Corps under General Alexander von Lüders."}, {"id": "Q521500", "label": "Alexander von Lüders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Segesvár (Transylvania, now Sighișoara, Romania), also called the Battle of Fehéregyháza, was a battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 31 July 1849 between the Hungarian revolutionary army under the command of Lieutenant General Józef Bem and the Russian V Corps under General Alexander von Lüders."}, {"id": "Q81219", "label": "Sándor Petőfi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle ended with the victory of the Russian army, which was presumably the death location of the Hungarian poet and national hero Sándor Petőfi, but his body was never found."}, {"id": "Q78654", "label": "Eduard Clam-Gallas", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 20–21 July, after several battles, Lieutenant General Józef Bem chased out the Austrian corps of Transylvania commanded by General Eduard Clam-Gallas from Székely Land."}, {"id": "Q78597", "label": "Julius Jacob von Haynau", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19–20 June the Russians broke into Transylvania, scoring some victories against the Hungarian forces, but Bem, with his clever tactical movements, managed to prevent them from accomplishing their task of pacifying the Székely Land and breaking into Hungary in order to attack from behind the Hungarian troops fighting against the main Austrian army, led by Lieutenant Field Marshal Julius Jacob vo"}, {"id": "Q126656", "label": "Ivan Paskevich", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19–20 June the Russians broke into Transylvania, scoring some victories against the Hungarian forces, but Bem, with his clever tactical movements, managed to prevent them from accomplishing their task of pacifying the Székely Land and breaking into Hungary in order to attack from behind the Hungarian troops fighting against the main Austrian army, led by Lieutenant Field Marshal Julius Jacob vo"}], "Q2583204": [{"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Martinique, also known as the Battle of Dominica, took place on 17 April 1780 during the American Revolutionary War in the West Indies between the Royal Navy and the French Navy."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Martinique, also known as the Battle of Dominica, took place on 17 April 1780 during the American Revolutionary War in the West Indies between the Royal Navy and the French Navy."}, {"id": "Q694048", "label": "Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing", "section": "Origins", "says": "In March 1780, the French chief commander for the West Indies and North America, Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing, was succeeded by Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen."}], "Q2586793": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beneventum was fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic in 212 BC during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beneventum was fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic in 212 BC during the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q891971", "label": "Bomilcar", "section": "lead", "says": "During this conflict, Hanno, son of Bomilcar was defeated by Quintus Fulvius Flaccus."}], "Q2599844": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kletsk was fought on 5 August 1506 near Kletsk in present-day Belarus between the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army under Michael Glinski, Court Marshal of Lithuania, and the army of the Crimean Khanate under Fetih I Giray and Burnaş I Giray, sons of Meñli I Giray, Khan of Crimea."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kletsk was fought on 5 August 1506 near Kletsk in present-day Belarus between the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army under Michael Glinski, Court Marshal of Lithuania, and the army of the Crimean Khanate under Fetih I Giray and Burnaş I Giray, sons of Meñli I Giray, Khan of Crimea."}, {"id": "Q2634791", "label": "Fetih I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kletsk was fought on 5 August 1506 near Kletsk in present-day Belarus between the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army under Michael Glinski, Court Marshal of Lithuania, and the army of the Crimean Khanate under Fetih I Giray and Burnaş I Giray, sons of Meñli I Giray, Khan of Crimea."}, {"id": "Q954356", "label": "Battle of Blue Waters", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the most decisive Lithuanian victory over the Tatars in centuries after the Battle of Blue Waters."}, {"id": "Q379724", "label": "Meñli I Giray", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1505, Meñli I Giray sent his eldest son to plunder the territories of Minsk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, and Novogrudok."}, {"id": "Q368887", "label": "Sheikh Ahmed", "section": "Background", "says": "It was not only a raid for slaves and loot, but also for political pressure to execute imprisoned Sheikh Ahmed, the last Khan of the Great Horde."}, {"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "Background", "says": "It was not only a raid for slaves and loot, but also for political pressure to execute imprisoned Sheikh Ahmed, the last Khan of the Great Horde."}, {"id": "Q975749", "label": "Michael Glinski", "section": "Background", "says": "Simultaneously, conflicts emerged within the Lithuanian Council of Lords between the quickly-rising Michael Glinski and Jan Zabrzeziński."}], "Q2601189": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1778, France had entered the American Revolutionary War; and in 1780 Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic after the Dutch refused to stop trading military supplies with France and America."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1778, France had entered the American Revolutionary War; and in 1780 Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic after the Dutch refused to stop trading military supplies with France and America."}, {"id": "Q233663", "label": "Second Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had rapidly gained control over most French and Dutch outposts in India when news of these events reached India, spawning the Second Anglo-Mysore War in the process."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Background", "says": "The French fleet sailed on to Île de France (now Mauritius), arriving at Port Louis in December."}, {"id": "Q2601126", "label": "Battle of Sadras", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Sadras, both fleets suffered damage without loss of ships, but the French were able to safely land troops at Porto Novo to assist the Mysoreans."}], "Q2602070": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States government and Colorado Territory authorities participated through the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment, often called the Colorado volunteers."}, {"id": "Q739669", "label": "Black Kettle", "section": "lead", "says": "The war included an attack in November 1864 against the winter camp of the Southern Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle known as the Sand Creek massacre."}], "Q2602629": [{"id": "Q310000", "label": "Ludvík Svoboda", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the command of Ludvík Svoboda, later President of Czechoslovakia, the Czechoslovak soldiers delayed the advance of Germans to the Mzha River."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the command of Ludvík Svoboda, later President of Czechoslovakia, the Czechoslovak soldiers delayed the advance of Germans to the Mzha River."}], "Q2606313": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nagapatam was an indecisive naval battle on 3 August 1758 during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "lead", "says": "He would spend the remainder of the year recovering in Mauritius."}], "Q2609430": [{"id": "Q676555", "label": "Francis of Assisi", "section": "lead", "says": "Eleven people died and approximately 100 were injured, with significant damage to buildings including the partial collapse of the ceiling vault in the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi."}], "Q2623793": [{"id": "Q738791", "label": "Battle of Czasniki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ula or Battle of Chashniki was fought during the Livonian War on 26 January 1564 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Tsardom of Russia on the Ula River (tributary of the Daugava River) north of Chashniki in the Vitebsk Region."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ula or Battle of Chashniki was fought during the Livonian War on 26 January 1564 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Tsardom of Russia on the Ula River (tributary of the Daugava River) north of Chashniki in the Vitebsk Region."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ula or Battle of Chashniki was fought during the Livonian War on 26 January 1564 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Tsardom of Russia on the Ula River (tributary of the Daugava River) north of Chashniki in the Vitebsk Region."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ula or Battle of Chashniki was fought during the Livonian War on 26 January 1564 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Tsardom of Russia on the Ula River (tributary of the Daugava River) north of Chashniki in the Vitebsk Region."}, {"id": "Q497806", "label": "Battle of Ergeme", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeat in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560, the weakened Livonian Order was dissolved, and the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania according to the Treaty of Vilnius (1561)."}, {"id": "Q1352878", "label": "Duchy of Livonia", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeat in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560, the weakened Livonian Order was dissolved, and the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania according to the Treaty of Vilnius (1561)."}, {"id": "Q1267481", "label": "Treaty of Vilnius", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeat in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560, the weakened Livonian Order was dissolved, and the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania according to the Treaty of Vilnius (1561)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia then launched a campaign against Lithuania, capturing Polotsk in February 1563 and threatening further invasion against Vilnius, the capital city."}], "Q2628614": [{"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Israeli withdrawal, Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah held his victory speech in Bint Jbeil in front of a jubilant audience of more than 100,000 people (including Muslims and Christians) where he belittled Israeli power:\n\nBarak is today calling on Lebanon to consider the withdrawal as a token of peace."}, {"id": "Q319090", "label": "Dan Halutz", "section": "Background", "says": "Senior IDF officers, such as Chief of Staff Dan Halutz and Chief of Operations Gadi Eisenkot claimed that Bint Jbeil was an important \"symbol\"."}, {"id": "Q796885", "label": "Gadi Eisenkot", "section": "Background", "says": "Senior IDF officers, such as Chief of Staff Dan Halutz and Chief of Operations Gadi Eisenkot claimed that Bint Jbeil was an important \"symbol\"."}], "Q2628768": [{"id": "Q2252973", "label": "Duchy of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted an army of the Duchy of Florence and the Empire of Charles V, commanded by Gian Giacomo Medici, and an army of the Republic of Siena and France, led by Piero Strozzi."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted an army of the Duchy of Florence and the Empire of Charles V, commanded by Gian Giacomo Medici, and an army of the Republic of Siena and France, led by Piero Strozzi."}, {"id": "Q736727", "label": "Republic of Siena", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted an army of the Duchy of Florence and the Empire of Charles V, commanded by Gian Giacomo Medici, and an army of the Republic of Siena and France, led by Piero Strozzi."}, {"id": "Q1346257", "label": "Piero Strozzi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted an army of the Duchy of Florence and the Empire of Charles V, commanded by Gian Giacomo Medici, and an army of the Republic of Siena and France, led by Piero Strozzi."}], "Q26293": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1967 Caracas earthquake occurred in Venezuela on 29 July at 8:00 p.m (UTC−04:00), with its epicenter being 20 km (12 mi) from the Venezuelan capital Caracas."}], "Q2629695": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "While Spain refused to become formally involved in the American Revolutionary War, they allowed goods to be shipped through Louisiana, avoiding the British blockade while their recapture of Florida denied the Royal Navy bases on the Gulf Coast."}, {"id": "Q697891", "label": "Pacte de Famille", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in 1733, Spain and France had made a series of agreements, Pacte de Famille, that lead to cooperation and military alliance on a defined basis."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Seven Years' War in 1756, Spain was allied with France; they re-captured Menorca but lost Havana and Manila in 1762."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "British West Florida was strategically important, since it controlled entry to the Mississippi River through the port of Mobile and included the modern Gulf Coast of the United States."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Peace with Britain was viewed as essential for his domestic reforms, while Spanish colonies in the Americas or New Spain were vulnerable to British naval power."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "This concern was heightened by border disputes with Britain's ally Portugal over the Rio de la Plata basin."}, {"id": "Q580765", "label": "First Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77) was settled by the October 1777 First Treaty of San Ildefonso; in the Treaty of El Pardo (1778) Portugal agreed not to allow its ports in the Americas to be used by nations hostile to Spain, a measure aimed at Britain."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77) was settled by the October 1777 First Treaty of San Ildefonso; in the Treaty of El Pardo (1778) Portugal agreed not to allow its ports in the Americas to be used by nations hostile to Spain, a measure aimed at Britain."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1778, France and the United States signed a Treaty of Alliance, in which France recognised US independence and provided military support."}], "Q2630512": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between improvised Polish units under General Wacław Przeździecki and Soviet Red Army troops of Komkor Ivan Boldin's Dzerzhinsky Cavalry Mechanized Group, at the time in a non-aggression agreement with Nazi Germany under the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He did not believe the city could or should be defended any longer and ordered some troops to retreat into the region of Sopoćkiń and Kalet to cover forces retreating to internment in Lithuania."}], "Q2631285": [{"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1898 Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish–American War, with Spain ceding the Philippines to the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1898 Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish–American War, with Spain ceding the Philippines to the United States."}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain had conquered the northern islands, and the southern islands had become the Sultanate of Sulu (which was a Spanish protectorate, but not under direct administration)."}], "Q2632927": [{"id": "Q862443", "label": "Vicksburg Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, also called the Battle of Walnut Hills, fought December 26–29, 1862, was the opening engagement of the Vicksburg Campaign during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, also called the Battle of Walnut Hills, fought December 26–29, 1862, was the opening engagement of the Vicksburg Campaign during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q3288", "label": "John Gregg", "section": "Background", "says": "Vaughn, John Gregg, and Edward D."}], "Q2634717": [{"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bazentin Ridge (14–17 July 1916) was part of the Battle of the Somme (1 July – 18 November) on the Western Front in France, during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q77414", "label": "Fritz von Below", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 July, the British Fourth Army (General Henry Rawlinson) made a dawn attack against the German 2nd Army (General Fritz von Below) in the Brown Position (Braune Stellung), from Delville Wood westwards to Bazentin le Petit Wood."}, {"id": "Q81184", "label": "Émile Fayolle", "section": "Background", "says": "Around 14 July, Général Émile Fayolle wrote that the French had taken 12,000 prisoners and 70 guns, the British 7,500 prisoners and 24 guns but that the British had 70,000 men \"in the ground\" (sic) and were still short of the German second position."}], "Q2635125": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Praieira revolt, also known as the Beach rebellion, was a movement in the Pernambuco province of the Empire of Brazil that lasted from 1848 to 1849."}, {"id": "Q5749", "label": "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "section": "Background", "says": "The journalist-politician José Tomás Nabuco de Araújo recorded that \"the proclamation of the republic in France shook our political world to its depths.\"\nSocialist writers such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Charles Fourier, who were widely read in Brazil, gave inspiration to the Brazilians."}, {"id": "Q181707", "label": "Charles Fourier", "section": "Background", "says": "The journalist-politician José Tomás Nabuco de Araújo recorded that \"the proclamation of the republic in France shook our political world to its depths.\"\nSocialist writers such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Charles Fourier, who were widely read in Brazil, gave inspiration to the Brazilians."}], "Q26413779": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2014, a series of powerful offensives by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant brought much of Hasakah Governorate under the group's control."}], "Q2657874": [{"id": "Q870196", "label": "Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790", "section": "lead", "says": "6 July] 1788 during the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790."}], "Q2660012": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of İnönü (Turkish: Birinci İnönü Muharebesi) took place between 6 and 11 January 1921 near İnönü in Hüdavendigâr Vilayet (present-day Eskişehir Province, Turkey) during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), also known as the western front of the larger Turkish War of Independence."}], "Q2661450": [{"id": "Q9049", "label": "Noam Chomsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Political activist Noam Chomsky has suggested that the month-long protest encampment at Gdeim Izik constituted the start of the Arab Spring, while most sources consider the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December 2010 to be the actual start."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Political activist Noam Chomsky has suggested that the month-long protest encampment at Gdeim Izik constituted the start of the Arab Spring, while most sources consider the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December 2010 to be the actual start."}, {"id": "Q214088", "label": "Mohamed Bouazizi", "section": "lead", "says": "Political activist Noam Chomsky has suggested that the month-long protest encampment at Gdeim Izik constituted the start of the Arab Spring, while most sources consider the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December 2010 to be the actual start."}], "Q2663230": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Bangladesh and northern India also felt it, with residents in Guwahati, Assam reporting cracks in buildings."}], "Q2663546": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought during the Continuation War (1941–1944), a part of World War II, between Finland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought during the Continuation War (1941–1944), a part of World War II, between Finland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought during the Continuation War (1941–1944), a part of World War II, between Finland and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q697680", "label": "Battle of Tali-Ihantala", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Soviets saw that they had failed in the Battle of Tali-Ihantala against the Finnish defenders in late June and early July 1944, they tried to break the Finnish positions in Vuosalmi (now Druzhnoye) and encircle the southern part of the Finnish forces on the Karelian Isthmus."}], "Q2666730": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of August 1702 was an inconclusive naval battle of the War of the Spanish Succession fought between 19 and 25 August 1702 O.S.."}], "Q2667511": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought in an inland southern region of the country, rich in wood and yerba mate, that was called Contestado because it was contested by the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina as well as Argentina."}, {"id": "Q311185", "label": "Afonso Pena", "section": "Background", "says": "The construction of this railroad was commissioned by President Afonso Pena in 1908, and the task would be contracted to a North American based company known as the Brazil Railway Company, under the ownership of Percival Farquhar."}], "Q2668875": [{"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bereza Kartuska was fought between the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Russia around the village Bereza Kartuska (now Byaroza, Belarus) first on 14 February 1919, and again between 21 and 26 July 1920."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first skirmish of Bereza is considered to be the initial engagement of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921 by some historians."}], "Q2671354": [{"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman emperor Septimius Severus, faced by fierce resistance, succeeded in sacking the Parthian capital, and also deported some of its inhabitants."}], "Q267418": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "French International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops were ambushed by Afghan Taliban insurgents, with heavy casualties, in the Uzbin Valley outside the village of Spēṟ Kunday in the Surobi District of Kabul province in eastern Afghanistan on 18 August 2008."}], "Q2682171": [{"id": "Q386687", "label": "Bernardo de Gálvez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Charlotte, also known as the siege of Fort Charlotte, was a two-week siege conducted by Spanish general Bernardo de Gálvez against the British fortifications guarding the port of Mobile,  (which was then in the British province of West Florida, and now in Alabama) during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "When Spain entered the American Revolutionary War in 1779, Bernardo de Gálvez, the energetic governor of Louisiana, immediately began offensive operations."}, {"id": "Q2888231", "label": "Battle of Baton Rouge", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1779 he gained complete control over the lower Mississippi River by capturing Fort Bute and then shortly thereafter obtaining the surrender of the remaining British forces on the river following the Battle of Baton Rouge."}], "Q2687368": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Missionary Ridge, also known as the Battle of Chattanooga, was fought on November 25, 1863, as part of the Chattanooga campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "lead", "says": "Braxton Bragg, forcing it to retreat to Georgia."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "lead", "says": "William Tecumseh Sherman, commanding the Union Army of the Tennessee, made piecemeal attacks to capture the northern end of Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, but were stopped by fierce resistance from the Confederate divisions of Maj."}, {"id": "Q740330", "label": "George Henry Thomas", "section": "lead", "says": "George Henry Thomas, to move forward and seize the Confederate line of rifle pits on the valley floor and stop there, as a demonstration to assist Sherman's efforts."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Hooker, the Union Army routed Bragg's army, which retreated to Dalton, Georgia, ending the siege of Union forces in Chattanooga, Tennessee."}, {"id": "Q1327790", "label": "Battle of Chickamauga", "section": "Background", "says": "After their disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga, the 40,000 men of the Union Army of the Cumberland under Maj."}, {"id": "Q541708", "label": "William Rosecrans", "section": "Background", "says": "William Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Background", "says": "James Longstreet to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley."}], "Q2705449": [{"id": "Q309637", "label": "Cincinnatus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus turned an expected Roman defeat into an important victory."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hernici were allied to Rome; the Etruscans were not impinging on the Romans, even though the Etruscan town of Veii was close to Rome."}, {"id": "Q633484", "label": "Quintus Fabius Vibulanus", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the consul Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, who was at that point besieging Antium, moved his forces to attack Tusculum."}, {"id": "Q604505", "label": "Gaius Nautius Rutilus", "section": "Background", "says": "Two Roman armies were formed in haste: the consul Gaius Nautius Rutilus planned to move against the Aequian territories, while his colleague, Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus, planned to move against the Aequi camped near the mountain."}], "Q2708535": [{"id": "Q315480", "label": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the River Amnias was fought in 89 BC between Mithradates VI of Pontus and Nicomedes IV of Bithynia during the First Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q1647768", "label": "First Mithridatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the River Amnias was fought in 89 BC between Mithradates VI of Pontus and Nicomedes IV of Bithynia during the First Mithridatic War."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of Pontus were commanded by Archelaus and Neoptolemus, while the Bithynians were led by King Nicomedes himself."}, {"id": "Q723192", "label": "Neoptolemus", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of Pontus were commanded by Archelaus and Neoptolemus, while the Bithynians were led by King Nicomedes himself."}], "Q27185813": [{"id": "Q26690015", "label": "Operation Euphrates Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2016 Dabiq offensive was a military offensive and part of the third phase of Operation Euphrates Shield launched by the Turkish Armed Forces and factions from the Free Syrian Army (FSA, a Syrian rebel group) and allied groups, with the goal of capturing the town of Dabiq, north of Aleppo from the Islamic State (IS)."}, {"id": "Q971248", "label": "Battle of Marj Dabiq", "section": "Background", "says": "The beginning of the Turkish military intervention in Syria also correlates to the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Marj Dabiq, when the Ottoman Empire led by Selim I entered northern Aleppo at Dabiq and conquered much of northern Syria."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The beginning of the Turkish military intervention in Syria also correlates to the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Marj Dabiq, when the Ottoman Empire led by Selim I entered northern Aleppo at Dabiq and conquered much of northern Syria."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "Background", "says": "The beginning of the Turkish military intervention in Syria also correlates to the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Marj Dabiq, when the Ottoman Empire led by Selim I entered northern Aleppo at Dabiq and conquered much of northern Syria."}], "Q2724154": [{"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adrianople was fought in 1254 between the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adrianople was fought in 1254 between the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Michael Asen I of Bulgaria attempted to conquer land taken by the Empire of Nicaea, but the advance of Theodore II Lascaris caught the Bulgarians unprepared."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1252, the Byzantine Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes led a successful campaign against Epirus, seizing the towns of Kastoria, Ohrid, Prilep, and Vodena."}, {"id": "Q37082", "label": "Theodore II Laskaris", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Vatatzes died in 1254, and was succeeded by his son Theodore II Laskaris, who had epilepsy and was often ill."}], "Q2729621": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis, Louisiana (present-day U.S. state of Missouri) during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q386687", "label": "Bernardo de Gálvez", "section": "Background", "says": "The expedition from West Florida never got off the ground because Bernardo de Gálvez, the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, moved rapidly to gain control of Britain's military outposts on the Lower Mississippi and threatened British control over West Florida's principal outposts of Mobile and Pensacola."}], "Q2741307": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Frisches Haff or Battle of Stettiner Haff was a naval battle between Sweden and Prussia that took place 10 September 1759 as part of the ongoing Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "The chancellor and head of the Hats party, baron Anders Johan von Höpken, sent an army of 14,500 men to Stralsund, capital of Swedish Pomerania, under field-marshal Ungern-Sternberg, with his main mission being the capture of Stettin (today in Poland), which controls the mouths of the Oder."}], "Q2743454": [{"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Red Dog was a failed 1981 plot to overthrow the government of Dominica and restore former prime minister Patrick John to power."}], "Q2745406": [{"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict broke out on 11 May 1978 after 6,500 rebels from the Congolese National Liberation Front (FNLC), a Katangese separatist militia, crossed the border from Angola into Zaire in an attempt to achieve the province's secession from the Zairian regime of Mobutu Sese Seko."}], "Q2745987": [{"id": "Q2745406", "label": "Shaba II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kolwezi (French: Bataille de Kolwezi) was an airborne operation by French and Belgian airborne forces that took place in May 1978 in Zaire during the Shaba II invasion of Zaire by the Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FLNC)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Context", "says": "For some months the Soviet Union had been purchasing all the cobalt available on the free market, but western intelligence did not connect this to the upcoming crisis."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "Context", "says": "In May 1978, an uprising took place in Shaba against President Mobutu Sese Seko."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Context", "says": "Mobutu requested foreign assistance from Belgium, France and the United States; the French advisor René Journiac was swiftly sent to Kinshasa."}], "Q2746040": [{"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landriano took place on 21 June 1529, between the French army under Comte de Saint-Pol and the Imperial–Spanish army commanded by Don Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova in the context of the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French army was destroyed and the battle's strategic result was that the struggle between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor for control of northern Italy was temporarily at an end."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1528 the Genoese Admiral, Andrea Doria, after deserting in favour of Emperor Charles V, managed to break up the French siege of Naples; his efforts were helped by the plague, which decimated the French besiegers, among them General Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec, who died on 15 August."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1528 the Genoese Admiral, Andrea Doria, after deserting in favour of Emperor Charles V, managed to break up the French siege of Naples; his efforts were helped by the plague, which decimated the French besiegers, among them General Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec, who died on 15 August."}, {"id": "Q745211", "label": "Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1528 the Genoese Admiral, Andrea Doria, after deserting in favour of Emperor Charles V, managed to break up the French siege of Naples; his efforts were helped by the plague, which decimated the French besiegers, among them General Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec, who died on 15 August."}, {"id": "Q2414192", "label": "Treaty of Barcelona", "section": "Background", "says": "Between August 1528 and June 1529, intense diplomatic activities between King Francis I of France and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V resulted in the Treaty of Barcelona."}], "Q2755792": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army were battling Indonesian Republican army fighters TNI and militia forces seeking independence for Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Mediated by the Committee of Good Offices (CGO), a panel of representatives from Australia, Belgium, and the United States, negotiations between the Dutch and Indonesian forces began on 8 December 1947 aboard the USS Renville."}], "Q2756240": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tienhaara was a part of Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union fought north of Viipuri on June 22, 1944, after the Red Army had captured Viipuri."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tienhaara was a part of Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union fought north of Viipuri on June 22, 1944, after the Red Army had captured Viipuri."}], "Q27627693": [{"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt then came to terms."}], "Q2789421": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prairie Grove was a battle of the American Civil War fought on December 7, 1862."}, {"id": "Q1246956", "label": "Earl Van Dorn", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1862, a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn engaged a Union army led by Samuel Ryan Curtis at the Battle of Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas."}, {"id": "Q197539", "label": "Samuel Curtis", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1862, a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn engaged a Union army led by Samuel Ryan Curtis at the Battle of Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas."}, {"id": "Q193993", "label": "Battle of Pea Ridge", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1862, a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn engaged a Union army led by Samuel Ryan Curtis at the Battle of Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas."}, {"id": "Q504369", "label": "Henry Halleck", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Pea Ridge, Curtis drove further into Arkansas and planned to attack Memphis, but was ordered by Henry Halleck to send half of his force to Cape Girardeau for transfer to Tennessee."}, {"id": "Q2419131", "label": "Theophilus H. Holmes", "section": "Background", "says": "Hindman, had previously commanded the Trans-Mississippi Department, but his firm control of the region led to protests from prominent Arkansas civilians, leading Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, to relieve Hindman of command and replace him with Theophilus Holmes."}], "Q27940416": [{"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Second Fitna between the Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate and the Kufa-based pro-Alid forces under Mukhtar al-Thaqafi."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Second Fitna between the Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate and the Kufa-based pro-Alid forces under Mukhtar al-Thaqafi."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Umayyad caliph Marwan I began a resurgence and dispatched a Syrian army led by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad to reconquer Iraq."}, {"id": "Q2617539", "label": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Umayyad caliph Marwan I began a resurgence and dispatched a Syrian army led by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad to reconquer Iraq."}, {"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Umayyad dynasty was shaken by the deaths of its caliphs Yazid I andMu'awiya II in 683 and 684, respectively, amidst the Second Fitna."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath, they lost authority over Iraq, while the governors of northern Syria and Palestine switched their allegiance to the anti-Umayyad Caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr."}, {"id": "Q6409399", "label": "Sulayman ibn Surad", "section": "Background", "says": "Around that time, his second-in-command, Husayn ibn Numayr, crushed the Penitents, a pro-Alid band led by Sulayman ibn Surad, at the Battle of Ayn al-Warda in modern-day Ras al-Ayn."}], "Q280439": [{"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1490, Stephen III of Moldavia conquered Pokutia, detaching it from the Polish kingdom."}, {"id": "Q54056", "label": "Sigismund I the Old", "section": "Background", "says": "Since Moldavia was a vassal state to the Porte, King Sigismund I the Old sent a letter to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to ask him where he stood on the conflict."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "Since Moldavia was a vassal state to the Porte, King Sigismund I the Old sent a letter to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to ask him where he stood on the conflict."}], "Q2805651": [{"id": "Q1411096", "label": "Conquest of California", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Cahuenga (Spanish: Tratado de Cahuenga), also called the Capitulation of Cahuenga (Capitulación de Cahuenga), was an 1847 agreement that ended the Conquest of California, resulting in a ceasefire between Californios and Americans."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed at the Campo de Cahuenga on 13 January 1847, ending the fighting of the Mexican–American War within Alta California (modern-day California)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Those Californios who promised not to again take up arms during the war, and to obey the laws and regulations of the United States, were allowed to peaceably return to their homes and ranchos."}, {"id": "Q616109", "label": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the later Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico formally ceded Alta California and other territories to the United States, and the disputed border of Texas was fixed at the Rio Grande."}], "Q28136838": [{"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trunajaya Rebellion (also spelled Trunojoyo) or Trunajaya War was a conflict in the 1670s led by the Madurese prince Trunajaya and Makassarese fighters against the Mataram Sultanate and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Java (in modern-day Indonesia)."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trunajaya Rebellion (also spelled Trunojoyo) or Trunajaya War was a conflict in the 1670s led by the Madurese prince Trunajaya and Makassarese fighters against the Mataram Sultanate and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Java (in modern-day Indonesia)."}, {"id": "Q734867", "label": "Banten Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, they settled in territories of the Banten Sultanate, but in 1674 they were expelled, and turned to piracy, raiding coastal towns in Java and Nusa Tenggara."}], "Q2815407": [{"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fredriksten (Norwegian: Beleiringen av Fredriksten festning) was an attack on the Norwegian fortress of Fredriksten in the city of Fredrikshald (now Halden) by King Charles XII of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Treaty of Nystad three years later, the death of Charles XII marked the end of the imperial era in Sweden, and the beginning of the Age of Liberty (Swedish: Frihetstiden) in that country."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "At the close of the Great Northern War, the Norwegian Army had been weakened in early 1716 by withdrawal of 5000 of the best troops to Denmark."}], "Q28162763": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine Empire witnessed a surge in its military power in the 960s."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "Background", "says": "In the year 961, the Byzantine general Nikephoros II Phokas retook the island of Crete, followed by the recapture of Cyprus in 965."}], "Q28223779": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The South China Sea raid (designated Operation Gratitude)  was an operation conducted by the United States Third Fleet between 10 and 20 January 1945 during the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The South China Sea raid (designated Operation Gratitude)  was an operation conducted by the United States Third Fleet between 10 and 20 January 1945 during the Pacific War of World War II."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was undertaken to support the liberation of Luzon in the Philippines, and targeted Japanese warships, supply convoys and aircraft in the region."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "Aircraft flying from its aircraft carriers attacked Japanese shipping off French Indochina on 12 January, sinking 44 vessels."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "Control of the sea was vital to the Japanese economy and war effort, as it was the conduit through which essential supplies of oil and other natural resources passed from occupied Malaya, Borneo and the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States began the liberation of the Philippines on 25 October 1944, with a landing at Leyte island in the central Philippines."}], "Q2835454": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh (Persian: عملیات ثامن‌الائمه, lit. 'Operation Eighth Imam') was an Iranian offensive and operation in the Iran–Iraq War between 27–29 September 1981 where Iran broke the Iraqi Siege of Abadan."}, {"id": "Q815104", "label": "Siege of Abadan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh (Persian: عملیات ثامن‌الائمه, lit. 'Operation Eighth Imam') was an Iranian offensive and operation in the Iran–Iraq War between 27–29 September 1981 where Iran broke the Iraqi Siege of Abadan."}], "Q28441384": [{"id": "Q862701", "label": "People's Republic of Benin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 January 1977, a group of French-led mercenaries tried and failed to overthrow the government of the People's Republic of Benin led by Mathieu Kérékou, whose communist party—the People's Revolutionary Party of Benin (PRPB)—was the only allowed political party in the country."}, {"id": "Q206719", "label": "Mathieu Kérékou", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 January 1977, a group of French-led mercenaries tried and failed to overthrow the government of the People's Republic of Benin led by Mathieu Kérékou, whose communist party—the People's Revolutionary Party of Benin (PRPB)—was the only allowed political party in the country."}, {"id": "Q437248", "label": "Bob Denard", "section": "lead", "says": "Bob Denard was the leader of the mercenary group and although Jacques Foccart denied knowledge of the attempted coup after its failure, he did recognize that it was backed by Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo), Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Ivory Coast), Omar Bongo (Gabon) and Hassan II (Morocco), all allies of France."}, {"id": "Q462077", "label": "Jacques Foccart", "section": "lead", "says": "Bob Denard was the leader of the mercenary group and although Jacques Foccart denied knowledge of the attempted coup after its failure, he did recognize that it was backed by Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo), Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Ivory Coast), Omar Bongo (Gabon) and Hassan II (Morocco), all allies of France."}], "Q2858679": [{"id": "Q179242", "label": "Laurent Gbagbo", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2002, a civil war broke out in Côte d'Ivoire between Ivorian military and other forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the Ivorian president since 2000, and rebel forces identified with the Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire."}], "Q287389": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Monte Pelado (Spanish: Batalla de Monte Pelado; Italian: Battaglia del Monte Pelato) was an early engagement of the Spanish Civil War, which took place on 28 August 1936 in the province of Huesca."}, {"id": "Q611927", "label": "Carlo Rosselli", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 August, an Italian militia column was established by Camillo Berneri of the Italian Syndicalist Union, Carlo Rosselli of Giustizia e Libertà and Mario Angeloni of the Italian Republican Party, with funding from the Italian-American syndicalist Carlo Tresca."}], "Q2880458": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "During the imperial period, the Maranhão region, which exported cotton, suffered a severe economic crisis because of competition with the increasingly-productive United States."}], "Q2887810": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adamclisi was a major clash during the Dacian Wars, fought in the winter of 101 to 102 between the Roman Empire and the Dacians near Adamclisi, in modern Romania."}, {"id": "Q28928", "label": "Decebalus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dacian king Decebalus benefited from this, and made out a plan along with the neighboring allied tribes of the Roxolans and Bastarnae, to attack south of the Danube, in the Roman province of Moesia, in an attempt to force the Romans to leave their positions in the mountains near Sarmizegetusa."}], "Q2887897": [{"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arica, also known as Assault and Capture of Cape Arica, was a battle in the War of the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q18014904", "label": "Battle of Tacna", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Tacna and the following Bolivian withdrawal from the war, Peru had to stand alone for the rest of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1395121", "label": "Francisco Bolognesi", "section": "lead", "says": "The defending Peruvian troops under the command of Colonel Francisco Bolognesi died as heroes."}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chilean victory ended the phase of the conflict known as Campaña de Tacna y Arica (English: Campaign of Tacna and Arica), resulting in the occupation of the entire Tarapacá and Tacna provinces."}], "Q2887913": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War, a connected conflict of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War, a connected conflict of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to 1635, France had provided financial and diplomatic support for the Dutch Republic in its war of independence from Spain, but avoided direct involvement."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1635, the two countries agreed to divide the Spanish Netherlands, and following a formal declaration of war, a French army of 27,000 entered Liège in May."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "17th century Europe was dominated by the struggle between the Bourbon kings of France, and their Habsburg rivals in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "This included supporting the Dutch against Spain, and financing Swedish intervention in the Empire, starting in 1630, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "Background", "says": "When fighting restarted at the end of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1621, the Spanish initially won a series of victories but by 1633 were on the retreat."}, {"id": "Q540704", "label": "Treaty of Prague", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, defeat at Nördlingen in September 1634 forced the Swedes to retreat, while most of their German allies left the war after the 1635 Treaty of Prague."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Concerned by the prospect of the Habsburgs making peace on favourable terms in both the Empire and the Netherlands, Louis XIII and his chief minister Richelieu decided on direct intervention."}, {"id": "Q1357802", "label": "Treaty of Compiègne", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1635, they signed an alliance with the Dutch, agreeing to divide the Spanish Netherlands, followed in April by the Treaty of Compiègne with Sweden."}, {"id": "Q3552183", "label": "Urbain de Maillé-Brézé", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of 1635, France had a total of around 100,000 men under arms, including 27,000 men under Urbain de Maillé-Brézé in Picardy and additional armies in Champagne, Lorraine, the Sarre, and the Valtellina."}], "Q2887939": [{"id": "Q8064768", "label": "Zaian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Zaian War, in which the confederation of tribes sought to oppose continued French expansion into the interior of Morocco."}, {"id": "Q265104", "label": "Louis-Hubert Lyautey", "section": "lead", "says": "Having captured the strategic town of Khénifra earlier in the year, the French, under General Hubert Lyautey, entered negotiations with Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, who led the Zaian."}, {"id": "Q2918286", "label": "Paul Prosper Henrys", "section": "Background", "says": "French attempts to persuade Hammou to submit had failed and in May 1914 Lyautey authorised General Paul Prosper Henrys to take command of all French troops in the area and launch an attack on Taza and Khénifra, vital parts of the corridor."}, {"id": "Q274540", "label": "Alexandre Millerand", "section": "Reasons for French defeat", "says": "Lyautey stated, in a letter to Minister of War Alexandre Millerand, that Laverdure, had he not died on the field, would have deserved \"the most severe punishment\" at the hands of a military tribunal."}, {"id": "Q508659", "label": "Charles Mangin", "section": "Reasons for French defeat", "says": "It is thought that Laverdure's actions may have been influenced by a school of thought advocated by General Charles Mangin; that bold movements would intimidate the North African tribes into submission."}], "Q2887993": [{"id": "Q1395992", "label": "John Lambert", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Inverkeithing was fought on 20 July 1651 between an English army under John Lambert and a Scottish army led by James Holborne as part of an English invasion of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "An English army, under Oliver Cromwell, invaded Scotland in July 1650."}, {"id": "Q1116626", "label": "Battle of Worcester", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles and the Scots were decisively defeated on 3 September at the Battle of Worcester."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1639 and again in 1640 Charles I who was king of both Scotland and England in a personal union, went to war with his Scottish subjects in the Bishops' Wars."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "After years of rising tensions, in part caused by Charles's defeat in the Bishops' Wars and his need to fund them, the relationship between Charles and his English Parliament also broke down in armed conflict, starting the First English Civil War in 1642."}], "Q2888011": [{"id": "Q1197394", "label": "Arima Harunobu", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1582 he attacked the Arima clan and Arima Harunobu decided to ask the help of Shimazu Yoshihisa."}], "Q2888024": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Orbetello, also known as the Battle of Isola del Giglio, was a major naval engagement of the Franco-Spanish War of 1635."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The land forces disembarked by Count of Linhares a few days later, however, failed to dislodge the French lines, and the siege would be undertaken until 24 July, when another Spanish army led by the Carlo Andrea Caracciolo, marquis of Torrecuso and the Duke of Arcos, which had come from the Kingdom of Naples across the Papal States, defeated the besieging French troops, forcing them to retreat wit"}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1646, after several naval successes against Spain along the Mediterranean, Cardinal Mazarin planned a naval expedition to conquer the Spanish-held State of Presidi with the aim of interrupting Spanish communications with the Kingdom of Naples, threatening the initial stage of the Spanish military corridor, the so-called Spanish Road, and also to frighten Pope Innocent X, whose Spanish sympathie"}, {"id": "Q101266", "label": "Innocent X", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1646, after several naval successes against Spain along the Mediterranean, Cardinal Mazarin planned a naval expedition to conquer the Spanish-held State of Presidi with the aim of interrupting Spanish communications with the Kingdom of Naples, threatening the initial stage of the Spanish military corridor, the so-called Spanish Road, and also to frighten Pope Innocent X, whose Spanish sympathie"}], "Q2888026": [{"id": "Q564763", "label": "Anne Jean Marie René Savary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ostrołęka was a meeting engagement fought on 16 February 1807 between a French force under General of Division Anne Jean Marie René Savary and a Russian force under Lieutenant General Ivan Essen."}, {"id": "Q331347", "label": "Battle of Eylau", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Eylau, both armies settled down for the winter."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Weather conditions caused both sides to go into winter quarters immediately after the battle, which occurred during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Weather conditions caused both sides to go into winter quarters immediately after the battle, which occurred during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ostrołęka is located in the northeast part of modern Poland, but in 1807 it belonged to the Kingdom of Prussia."}], "Q2888133": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Benavente (29 December 1808) was a cavalry clash in which the British cavalry of Lord Paget defeated the elite Chasseurs à cheval (Mounted Chasseurs of the Imperial Guard) during the Corunna Campaign of the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Napoleon had entered Spain at the head of a large army in order to retrieve French fortunes."}], "Q2888281": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cerro Gordo, or Battle of Sierra Gordo, was an engagement in the Mexican–American War on April 18, 1847."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle saw Winfield Scott's  United States troops outflank Antonio López de Santa Anna's larger Mexican army, driving it from a strong defensive position."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "Background", "says": "After United States forces captured the port of Veracruz on March 29, 1847, General Winfield Scott advanced towards Mexico City on April 2 by crossing the Rio Antigua."}], "Q2888426": [{"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Doiran was a battle of the Second Balkan War, fought between the Bulgaria and Greece."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Doiran was a battle of the Second Balkan War, fought between the Bulgaria and Greece."}], "Q2888469": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Detroit, also known as the surrender of Detroit or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q2566", "label": "Isaac Brock", "section": "lead", "says": "A British force under Major General Isaac Brock in cooperation with Indigenous warriors under Shawnee leader Tecumseh used bluff and deception to intimidate American Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit, the Michigan Territory, and his army which actually outnumbered the victorious British and Indigenous warriors."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "lead", "says": "A British force under Major General Isaac Brock in cooperation with Indigenous warriors under Shawnee leader Tecumseh used bluff and deception to intimidate American Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit, the Michigan Territory, and his army which actually outnumbered the victorious British and Indigenous warriors."}, {"id": "Q881002", "label": "William Hull", "section": "lead", "says": "A British force under Major General Isaac Brock in cooperation with Indigenous warriors under Shawnee leader Tecumseh used bluff and deception to intimidate American Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit, the Michigan Territory, and his army which actually outnumbered the victorious British and Indigenous warriors."}, {"id": "Q1360064", "label": "Michigan Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "A British force under Major General Isaac Brock in cooperation with Indigenous warriors under Shawnee leader Tecumseh used bluff and deception to intimidate American Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit, the Michigan Territory, and his army which actually outnumbered the victorious British and Indigenous warriors."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The British victory reinvigorated the militia and civilian population of Upper Canada, who had previously been pessimistic and affected by pro-American agitators."}, {"id": "Q990715", "label": "Battle of Lake Erie", "section": "lead", "says": "The British held Detroit for more than a year before their naval squadron on Lake Erie was defeated at the Battle of Lake Erie which forced them to abandon the western frontier of Upper Canada."}], "Q2888470": [{"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Demetrias was a sea engagement fought at Volos in Greece in the early 1270s between a Byzantine fleet and the assembled forces of the Latin barons of Euboea (Negroponte) and Crete."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade and the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, the Aegean Sea, once Byzantium's naval heartland, was dominated by a hodgepodge of Latin principalities, protected by the naval might of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade and the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, the Aegean Sea, once Byzantium's naval heartland, was dominated by a hodgepodge of Latin principalities, protected by the naval might of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade and the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, the Aegean Sea, once Byzantium's naval heartland, was dominated by a hodgepodge of Latin principalities, protected by the naval might of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the recapture of Constantinople and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261, one of the chief priorities of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, he sought an alliance with Venice's major antagonist, the Republic of Genoa, while he began building up his own navy."}, {"id": "Q2889962", "label": "Battle of Settepozzi", "section": "Background", "says": "At the verge of victory, the Byzantine land forces were surprised and defeated, while the joint Byzantine-Genoese fleet was dealt a severe blow by a numerically inferior Venetian fleet at the Battle of Settepozzi."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 1270s (the exact date is uncertain, most recent scholars favour 1272/3 or 1274/5), Michael VIII Palaiologos launched a major campaign against John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q498352", "label": "John Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "It was to be headed by his own brother, the despotes John Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q2889571", "label": "Battle of Neopatras", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine army, however, was defeated at the Battle of Neopatras with the aid of troops from the Duchy of Athens."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine army, however, was defeated at the Battle of Neopatras with the aid of troops from the Duchy of Athens."}], "Q2888504": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fishguard was a military invasion of Great Britain by Revolutionary France during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q367042", "label": "Lazare Hoche", "section": "lead", "says": "The French general Lazare Hoche had devised a three-pronged attack on Britain in support of the Society of United Irishmen."}], "Q2888513": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an episode in the Cretan War from 1645 to 1669 between the Republic of Venice (along with its allies, the Knights of Malta, the Kingdom of France and the Papal States) and the Ottoman Empire over dominance of various territories in the Mediterranean Sea, focused around Crete, the largest and most profitable overseas holding of the Venetian Republic."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an episode in the Cretan War from 1645 to 1669 between the Republic of Venice (along with its allies, the Knights of Malta, the Kingdom of France and the Papal States) and the Ottoman Empire over dominance of various territories in the Mediterranean Sea, focused around Crete, the largest and most profitable overseas holding of the Venetian Republic."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an episode in the Cretan War from 1645 to 1669 between the Republic of Venice (along with its allies, the Knights of Malta, the Kingdom of France and the Papal States) and the Ottoman Empire over dominance of various territories in the Mediterranean Sea, focused around Crete, the largest and most profitable overseas holding of the Venetian Republic."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an episode in the Cretan War from 1645 to 1669 between the Republic of Venice (along with its allies, the Knights of Malta, the Kingdom of France and the Papal States) and the Ottoman Empire over dominance of various territories in the Mediterranean Sea, focused around Crete, the largest and most profitable overseas holding of the Venetian Republic."}, {"id": "Q2288441", "label": "Kingdom of Candia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the loss of Cyprus to the Ottomans in the fourth Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573), the island of Crete (the \"Kingdom of Candia\") was the last major overseas possession of the Venetian Republic."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Its economy, which had once prospered because of its control over the Eastern spice trade, had suffered as a result of the opening of the new Atlantic trade routes, and from the loss of the important German market because of the Thirty Years' War."}], "Q2888557": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Niagara was a siege late in the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Niagara was a siege late in the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "Amherst chose Brigadier General John Prideaux to lead the expedition, which also included Sir William Johnson, the British Indian agent who led the expedition's Haudenosaunee forces."}, {"id": "Q453589", "label": "Louis-Joseph de Montcalm", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1759, General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, sent him with about 2,500 men to fortify Niagara beyond the 500 men that had wintered there."}], "Q2888779": [{"id": "Q157793", "label": "Christian V of Denmark", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Christian V of Denmark and the Danish army that landed at Råå near Helsingborg in Scania in late June 1676 managed to conquer almost the whole province in less than a month."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 10 August King Charles XI of Sweden received information that Duncan was moving towards Halmstad."}], "Q2888833": [{"id": "Q3810857", "label": "Juan José Castelli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The army commanded by Juan José Castelli and Antonio González Balcarce had their first encounter with the royalists under the command of General José Manuel de Goyeneche in October 1810."}], "Q2888869": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jerez (Spanish: Batalla de Jerez de la Frontera, Arabic: معركة شريش, romanized: maʿ̊rakaẗu sẖrysẖ) took place in 1231 near the southern Spanish city of Jerez de la Frontera during the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q243122", "label": "Ferdinand III of Castille", "section": "lead", "says": "King Ferdinand III of Castile and León's troops fought against those of Emir Ibn Hud of the taifa of Murcia."}], "Q2888925": [{"id": "Q12055176", "label": "Angolan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement marked the first major deployment of rocket artillery in the Angolan Civil War, as well as the last serious attempt by ELNA forces to seize Luanda, the Angolan capital."}, {"id": "Q1374575", "label": "Álvaro Holden Roberto", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating a FAPLA garrison at the nearby town of Caxito, an army of ELNA militants led personally by Holden Roberto began advancing southwards towards Luanda."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "While the battle was taking place, Portugal renounced its claims to Angolan sovereignty and withdrew the remainder of its colonial administrative and military personnel from Luanda."}, {"id": "Q2208280", "label": "People's Republic of Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "On the morning of 11 November, the MPLA proclaimed the People's Republic of Angola, which was immediately recognised by Cub"}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the late fifteenth century, Portugal had administered Angola as part of an African empire which included Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea (modern Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau)."}, {"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the late fifteenth century, Portugal had administered Angola as part of an African empire which included Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea (modern Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau)."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the late fifteenth century, Portugal had administered Angola as part of an African empire which included Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea (modern Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau)."}, {"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the late fifteenth century, Portugal had administered Angola as part of an African empire which included Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea (modern Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau)."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the loss of Brazil and the erosion of its influence in the Americas during the early nineteenth century, Portugal increasingly refocused on the consolidation of its African colonies."}, {"id": "Q1780216", "label": "Angolan War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The trend towards global decolonisation during the late 1940s and 1950s delivered an unprecedented boost to nationalist confidence and ambitions, and in January 1961 the Angolan War of Independence broke out when radicalised peasants launched the Baixa de Cassanje revolt."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "Background", "says": "The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) was led by Holden Roberto and recruited mostly from the Bakongo population of northern Angola and the Cabinda exclave, an area traditionally dominated by the Kingdom of Kongo."}, {"id": "Q273051", "label": "Jonas Malheiro Savimbi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the central highlands and southern Angola, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) was formed by Jonas Savimbi and drew its recruits from Ovimbundu farm labourers and peasants."}, {"id": "Q181665", "label": "Agostinho Neto", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of its senior leaders, namely Agostinho Neto, were professionals and intellectuals educated in European universities."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Its use of Marxist political language and open criticism of the United States in particular proved effective at winning support with the Soviet Union and leftist governments elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Its use of Marxist political language and open criticism of the United States in particular proved effective at winning support with the Soviet Union and leftist governments elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "South Africa also offered to provide substantial assistance to ELNA, offering logistical support, small arms, ammunition, and training."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Of all ELNA's external benefactors, Roberto looked optimistically to his personal ally, Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko, for direct military support."}], "Q2889186": [{"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "This action was fought during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This action was fought during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Campo Formio, only Great Britain remained at war with the First French Republic."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "In Switzerland, hostilities between France and Austria began in early March 1799."}], "Q2889207": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Makryplagi or Makry Plagi was fought between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Makryplagi or Makry Plagi was fought between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q2889701", "label": "Battle of Prinitza", "section": "lead", "says": "At Makryplagi, the Byzantines suffered a heavy defeat, which together with their defeat at the Battle of Prinitza the previous year ended their attempted reconquest of the Morea."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Pelagonia (1259), the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Pelagonia (1259), the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q451156", "label": "William II of Villehardouin", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) acquired a number of fortresses in the southeastern Peloponnese (Morea), ceded by the captured Prince of Achaea William II of Villehardouin (r."}, {"id": "Q349451", "label": "Konstantinos Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "This army was composed chiefly of Turkish mercenaries and Greek troops from Asia Minor and headed by his half-brother, the sebastokrator Constantine Palaiologos."}], "Q2889254": [{"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1705, Philip V of Spain was determined to reconquer the city and had Villadarias replaced by Marshal de Tessé."}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of Gibraltar, Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, despatched an express to Lisbon, desiring Sir John Leake to sail to his assistance."}, {"id": "Q1381694", "label": "John Leake", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of Gibraltar, Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, despatched an express to Lisbon, desiring Sir John Leake to sail to his assistance."}], "Q2889433": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Muroyama was one of many battles of the 12th-century Japanese civil war known as the Genpei War."}], "Q2889446": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nà Sản was fought between the French Union and the Việt Minh at Nà Sản, Sơn La Province, during the First Indochina War for control of the T’ai region in Northwest Vietnam."}], "Q2889477": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid of Nassau on March 3–4, 1776, was a naval operation and amphibious assault by American forces against the British port of Nassau, Bahamas, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q581935", "label": "Thomas Gage", "section": "Background", "says": "The colonial governor of the Bahamas, Montfort Browne, was alerted by British General Thomas Gage in August 1775 that the Americans might make attempts to seize the gunpowder stored in the Bahamas."}], "Q2889512": [{"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ngasaunggyan (Chinese: 牙嵩延之戰) was fought in 1277 between the Yuan dynasty of China and the Pagan Kingdom of Burma led by Narathihapate."}, {"id": "Q574724", "label": "Narathihapate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ngasaunggyan (Chinese: 牙嵩延之戰) was fought in 1277 between the Yuan dynasty of China and the Pagan Kingdom of Burma led by Narathihapate."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When Kublai Khan had sent emissaries to regional powers of eastern Asia to demand tribute, Narathihapate refused the Khan's representatives the first time they visited in 1271."}], "Q2889540": [{"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Navarre had been invaded and occupied by Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1512, and was annexed to Castile in 1515, so becoming a kingdom part of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Navarre had been invaded and occupied by Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1512, and was annexed to Castile in 1515, so becoming a kingdom part of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After John III's 1516 failed reconquest attempt, his son and legitimate heir apparent to the throne of Navarre, Henry II, saw an opportunity to reconquer the kingdom now that the Castilian army was busy dealing with the Revolt of the Comuneros."}, {"id": "Q2890338", "label": "Battle of Villalar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the meantime the Revolt of the Comuneros had been crushed at the Battle of Villalar in April, and the Spanish were able to gather a huge army of 25,000 men and moved on Navarre."}], "Q2889701": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prinitza was fought in 1263 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, marching to capture Andravida, the capital of the Latin Principality of Achaea, and a small Achaean force."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prinitza was fought in 1263 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, marching to capture Andravida, the capital of the Latin Principality of Achaea, and a small Achaean force."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Pelagonia (1259), the forces of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Pelagonia (1259), the forces of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q451156", "label": "William II of Villehardouin", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) killed or captured most of the Latin nobles of the Principality of Achaea, including the Prince William II of Villehardouin (r."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, soon after his return to the Morea, William settled his differences with the Venetians over Negroponte, and negotiated with them and the Pope for joint action against Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q169305", "label": "Urban IV", "section": "Background", "says": "In July, Pope Urban IV nullified William's oaths to the emperor, and appealed to the Western princes for aid against the \"schismatic\" Byzantines."}], "Q2889747": [{"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Ramadi was fought during the Iraq War from March 2006 to November 2006, for control of Ramadi, the capital of the Al Anbar Governorate in western Iraq."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "The Islamic State of Iraq, a front group for al-Qaeda in Iraq, had declared the city to be its capital."}], "Q2889763": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Renty was fought on 13 August 1554, between France and the Holy Roman Empire at Renty, in the northern theatre of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Renty was fought on 13 August 1554, between France and the Holy Roman Empire at Renty, in the northern theatre of the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q28495", "label": "Francis, Duke of Guise", "section": "lead", "says": "French commander Francis, Duke of Guise, had already forced the emperor to abandon the Siege of Metz in 1552."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "King Henry II of France had occupied the city according to the terms of the Treaty of Chambord he had signed with several Protestant Imperial princes."}, {"id": "Q1414387", "label": "Treaty of Chambord", "section": "lead", "says": "King Henry II of France had occupied the city according to the terms of the Treaty of Chambord he had signed with several Protestant Imperial princes."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were led by Francis, Duke of Guise, while the Imperial forces were led by Emperor Charles V of Habsburg."}], "Q2889842": [{"id": "Q3176687", "label": "Joaquín Blake y Joyes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saguntum (25 October 1811) saw the Imperial French Army of Aragon under Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet fighting a Spanish army led by Captain General Joaquín Blake."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q2889954": [{"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Saigon, fought during the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War, was the coordinated attack by communist forces, including both the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong (VC), against Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Saigon, fought during the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War, was the coordinated attack by communist forces, including both the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong (VC), against Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Saigon, fought during the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War, was the coordinated attack by communist forces, including both the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong (VC), against Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam."}], "Q2890074": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang (simplified Chinese: 随枣会战; traditional Chinese: 隨棗會戰; pinyin: Suízǎo Huìzhàn), also known as the Battle of Suizao, was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) and Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q2890307": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vella Lavella was fought from 15 August – 6 October 1943 between the Empire of Japan and the Allied forces from New Zealand and the United States at the end of the New Georgia campaign."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vella Lavella was fought from 15 August – 6 October 1943 between the Empire of Japan and the Allied forces from New Zealand and the United States at the end of the New Georgia campaign."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vella Lavella was fought from 15 August – 6 October 1943 between the Empire of Japan and the Allied forces from New Zealand and the United States at the end of the New Georgia campaign."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Vella Lavella, an island located in the Solomon Islands, had been occupied by Japanese forces early during the war in the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q701908", "label": "Naval Battle of Vella Lavella", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 October, the Japanese began an evacuation operation to withdraw the remaining troops, during which the Naval Battle of Vella Lavella was fought."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "Background", "says": "The fighting on Vella Lavella took place following the Battle of Munda Point on New Georgia, which was fought in the aftermath of the Japanese evacuation from Guadalcanal as the Allies began advancing toward Rabaul under the Operation Cartwheel plan."}], "Q2890359": [{"id": "Q1540737", "label": "Hispano-Moroccan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wad-Ras took place on March 23, 1860 within the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859-1860) that, together with the Battle of Castillejos and Tétouan, completed Spain's action in North Africa to reduce the hostilities of the Riffian bands against Ceuta."}], "Q2890373": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2008, NATO forces in southeastern Afghanistan deployed sub-company-sized patrols to the Pakistan border to disrupt supplies flowing to the Taliban from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2008, NATO forces in southeastern Afghanistan deployed sub-company-sized patrols to the Pakistan border to disrupt supplies flowing to the Taliban from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q208270", "label": "Federally Administered Tribal Areas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2008, NATO forces in southeastern Afghanistan deployed sub-company-sized patrols to the Pakistan border to disrupt supplies flowing to the Taliban from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan."}], "Q2890377": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Waynesboro was fought on March 2, 1865, at Waynesboro in Augusta County, Virginia, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q188205", "label": "George Armstrong Custer", "section": "lead", "says": "George Armstrong Custer and the final battle for Confederate Lt."}, {"id": "Q257497", "label": "Jubal Early", "section": "lead", "says": "Jubal Early, whose force was destroyed."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "Background", "says": "On February 27, 1865, Major General Philip Sheridan rode with two cavalry divisions from Winchester up the Shenandoah Valley toward Staunton."}], "Q2890503": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the wider Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q1351083", "label": "Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke", "section": "Background", "says": "Because the French troops had begun to plunder their fellow citizens, Emperor Napoleon's Minister of War, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke ordered Marshal Soult to defend a position as close to the frontier as possible."}, {"id": "Q281781", "label": "Honoré Charles Reille", "section": "Background", "says": "Deciding that the coastal sector was the strongest part of his line, Soult posted General of Division Honoré Charles Reille and 10,550 men to defend that sector."}, {"id": "Q278505", "label": "Bertrand Clausel", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division Bertrand Clausel held the centre with 15,300 men under Generals of Division Nicolas François Conroux, Jean-Pierre Maransin, and Eloi Charlemagne Taupin."}], "Q2890541": [{"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Malmaison (Bataille de la Malmaison) from 23 to 27 October, was the final French action of the 1917 campaign in the First World War, which had begun with the Nivelle Offensive."}, {"id": "Q73402", "label": "Max von Boehn", "section": "lead", "says": "The German 7th Army (General Max von Boehn) had discovered French preparations for the attack and also identified the date and time."}], "Q2890832": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Segre is the collective name of a series of battles that took place along the Segre River between 4 April 1938 and 3 January 1939 during the Spanish Civil War, after the Nationalist Faction had broken the lines of the Spanish Republican Army in the Aragon Offensive."}, {"id": "Q625218", "label": "Aragon Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Segre is the collective name of a series of battles that took place along the Segre River between 4 April 1938 and 3 January 1939 during the Spanish Civil War, after the Nationalist Faction had broken the lines of the Spanish Republican Army in the Aragon Offensive."}], "Q2890849": [{"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "During its course, a small privateer fleet owned by Spanish Viceroy of Sicily Pedro Téllez-Girón, Duke of Osuna, under the command of Francisco de Ribera, was attacked by an Ottoman fleet that vastly outnumbered it while cruising off Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q2351714", "label": "Battle of Zonchio", "section": "Background", "says": "Mainstream belief at the time was that sailing ships were inferior to the rowing ships commonly used in Mediterranean warfare, as it had been demonstrated in events like the Battle of Zonchio, where the Venetian carracks used by both sides failed due to a lack of maneuverability and wind."}, {"id": "Q466888", "label": "Zymen Danseker", "section": "Background", "says": "Previously, the Dutch privateer Zymen Danseker, hired by the Regency of Algiers, had built several rudimentary sailing ships for their Barbary corsairs, which had turned out hard to defeat."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "Background", "says": "Previously, the Dutch privateer Zymen Danseker, hired by the Regency of Algiers, had built several rudimentary sailing ships for their Barbary corsairs, which had turned out hard to defeat."}], "Q2890852": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 2 May 1707, also known as Beachy Head, was a naval battle of the War of the Spanish Succession in which a French squadron under Claude de Forbin intercepted a large British convoy escorted by three ships of the line, under Commodore Baron Wylde."}, {"id": "Q662290", "label": "Claude de Forbin Gardane", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 2 May 1707, also known as Beachy Head, was a naval battle of the War of the Spanish Succession in which a French squadron under Claude de Forbin intercepted a large British convoy escorted by three ships of the line, under Commodore Baron Wylde."}], "Q28920100": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 March 2017, the Sardar Daud Khan Military Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, was attacked by a group of gunmen, some of them dressed in white hospital robes."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed to have carried out the attack, but officials suspected the Haqqani network instead."}], "Q2897258": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Măcin took place during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), fought on 9 July 1791 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Măcin took place during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), fought on 9 July 1791 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q711045", "label": "Nicholas Repnin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian army of 30,000 was commanded by Prince Nicholas Repnin, whereas the Turks, numbering about 80,000 men, were led by Koca Yusuf Pasha."}, {"id": "Q6424690", "label": "Koca Yusuf Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian army of 30,000 was commanded by Prince Nicholas Repnin, whereas the Turks, numbering about 80,000 men, were led by Koca Yusuf Pasha."}], "Q29009": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "American airborne landings in Normandy were a series of military operations carried by the United States as part of Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy by the Allies on June 6, 1944, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "American airborne landings in Normandy were a series of military operations carried by the United States as part of Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy by the Allies on June 6, 1944, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "American airborne landings in Normandy were a series of military operations carried by the United States as part of Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy by the Allies on June 6, 1944, during World War II."}], "Q2910013": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Hametz (Hebrew: מבצע חמץ, Mivtza Hametz; 25–30 April 1948) was an operation to conquer Jaffa and towns around it conducted by the Irgun and the Haganah shortly before the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine, in the civil war phase of the 1948 Palestine war."}], "Q2910218": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The region in which the earthquake occurred was formally part of the Ottoman Empire, but at the time it was under control of the Egyptians, who were occupying after they had seized it during conflict."}], "Q2935360": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Biscay Campaign (Spanish: Campaña de Vizcaya) was an offensive of the Spanish Civil War which lasted from 31 March to 1 July 1937."}], "Q2935422": [{"id": "Q217915", "label": "Piri Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "An Ottoman fleet led by Admiral Piri Reis and Seydi Ali Reis was dispatched from the Ottoman harbour of Suez to eliminate the Portuguese presence from the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, and especially their fortress at Hormuz Island."}, {"id": "Q2672296", "label": "Seydi Ali Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "An Ottoman fleet led by Admiral Piri Reis and Seydi Ali Reis was dispatched from the Ottoman harbour of Suez to eliminate the Portuguese presence from the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, and especially their fortress at Hormuz Island."}], "Q29548589": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mother of All Marches  (Spanish: La madre de todas las marchas), also known as the Mother of All Protests, was a day of protests held on April 19, 2017, in Venezuela against the Chavista government of president Nicolás Maduro."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mother of All Marches  (Spanish: La madre de todas las marchas), also known as the Mother of All Protests, was a day of protests held on April 19, 2017, in Venezuela against the Chavista government of president Nicolás Maduro."}, {"id": "Q1227076", "label": "Diosdado Cabello", "section": "Background", "says": "Diosdado Cabello, a high-level PSUV official loyal to the Bolivarian government, stated that 60,000 motorized colectivos and the National Militia would be spread throughout Caracas on 19 April \"until necessary\" to deter the opposition's \"megamarch\", calling their actions \"terrorism\"."}], "Q2963047": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crécy campaign was a series of large-scale raids (chevauchées) conducted by the Kingdom of England throughout northern France in 1346 that devastated the French countryside on a wide front, culminating in the Battle of Crécy."}, {"id": "Q27759", "label": "Battle of Crécy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crécy campaign was a series of large-scale raids (chevauchées) conducted by the Kingdom of England throughout northern France in 1346 that devastated the French countryside on a wide front, culminating in the Battle of Crécy."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The English army was led by King Edward III, and the French by King Philip VI."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the event, by early July it had not got further than the Tagus roadstead, off Portugal."}], "Q2982831": [{"id": "Q712444", "label": "Konstanty Ostrogski", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined Polish–Lithuanian forces under Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Kamieniecki and  Grand Lithuanian Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski defeated the raid of the Crimean Tatars."}], "Q2984898": [{"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nanyang ships were originally to have been accompanied by Chaoyong (超勇) and Yangwei, two relatively modern cruisers from the Beiyang Fleet, under the command of the German 'guest-admiral' Siebelin, but Li Hongzhang diverted these two Beiyang ships to Korean waters.  (Tension between China and Japan over Korea was running high at the period, following Yuan Shikai's defeat of the Gapsin Coup in "}, {"id": "Q488282", "label": "Gapsin Coup", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nanyang ships were originally to have been accompanied by Chaoyong (超勇) and Yangwei, two relatively modern cruisers from the Beiyang Fleet, under the command of the German 'guest-admiral' Siebelin, but Li Hongzhang diverted these two Beiyang ships to Korean waters.  (Tension between China and Japan over Korea was running high at the period, following Yuan Shikai's defeat of the Gapsin Coup in "}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chinese sortie was duly reported in the Hong Kong newspapers at the end of January 1885."}, {"id": "Q482156", "label": "Amédée Courbet", "section": "Background", "says": "Captain Baux of Triomphante, who had been stationed in Hong Kong to monitor the news from China, immediately cabled the news to Admiral Amédée Courbet at Keelung."}], "Q2992527": [{"id": "Q2992403", "label": "Franco-Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the British rule in Mandatory Palestine, there was civil, political and armed struggle among Palestinian Arabs, the Jewish Yishuv, and British colonial forces, beginning from the violent spillover of the Franco-Syrian War in 1920 and until the onset of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict shifted from sectarian clashes in the 1920s and early 1930s to an armed Arab Revolt against British rule in 1936, armed Jewish Revolt primarily against the British in mid-1940s and finally open war in November 1947 between Arabs and Jews."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Various factors increased Arab fears after World War I."}, {"id": "Q172183", "label": "Chaim Weizmann", "section": "Background", "says": "They were suspicious of Faisal, though, because of his apparent collaboration with Chaim Weizmann, and identified more with the Syrian National Congress."}, {"id": "Q4872527", "label": "Battle of Tel Hai", "section": "Background", "says": "In a number of notable incidents the war spilled into neighbouring Mandatory Palestine, including the Battle of Tel Hai in March 1920."}], "Q2993386": [{"id": "Q11876909", "label": "State of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bahian Conspiracy (Portuguese: Conjuração Baiana), also known as Revolt of the Tailors–after the trade of many of the leaders–and recently also called Revolt of Buzios, was a late eighteenth century slave rebellion in the then Captaincy of Bahia, in the State of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q2558843", "label": "Minas Gerais Conspiracy", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the Inconfidência Mineira of 1789, it was a separatist movement with a popular base and extensive black participation."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The elites of the area were frightened that if rebellion or revolts did happen, they would be similar to the Haitian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The conspiracy, largely inspired by the events of the French Revolution, had three specific demands: “full independence, the creation of a republic, racial equality, and the complete abolition of slavery”."}], "Q2996266": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of London (Spanish: Convención de Londres), also known as the Anglo-Spanish Convention, was an agreement negotiated between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain concerning the status of British settlements in Mosquitia and the Bay of Honduras."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of London (Spanish: Convención de Londres), also known as the Anglo-Spanish Convention, was an agreement negotiated between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain concerning the status of British settlements in Mosquitia and the Bay of Honduras."}, {"id": "Q1165546", "label": "Mosquitia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of London (Spanish: Convención de Londres), also known as the Anglo-Spanish Convention, was an agreement negotiated between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain concerning the status of British settlements in Mosquitia and the Bay of Honduras."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of London (Spanish: Convención de Londres), also known as the Anglo-Spanish Convention, was an agreement negotiated between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain concerning the status of British settlements in Mosquitia and the Bay of Honduras."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the terms of the 1783 Spanish Treaty of Versailles that ended the Anglo-Spanish War, British settlements on the \"Spanish Continent\" were to be evacuated, using language that was similar to that in the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years' War."}], "Q2997849": [{"id": "Q1348955", "label": "Reapers' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Corpus de Sang (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkɔɾpuz ðə ˈsaŋ], \"Corpus of Blood\") was a riot which took place in Sant Andreu de Palomar and later in Barcelona on 7–10 June 1640, during Corpus Christi, which marked a turning point in the development of the Reapers' War."}], "Q2998928": [{"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Council of Five Hundred — the lower house in the legislature under the French Directory — became unhappy with the directors' conduct of the War of the Second Coalition, and in particular with their recall of General Jean Étienne Championnet, a former Jacobin."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Council of Five Hundred — the lower house in the legislature under the French Directory — became unhappy with the directors' conduct of the War of the Second Coalition, and in particular with their recall of General Jean Étienne Championnet, a former Jacobin."}], "Q3016850": [{"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Polish Succession or the Habsburg–Polish War took place from 1587 to 1588 over the election of the successor to the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was fought between factions of Sigismund III Vasa and Maximilian III, with Sigismund eventually being crowned."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was fought between factions of Sigismund III Vasa and Maximilian III, with Sigismund eventually being crowned."}, {"id": "Q608163", "label": "Siege of Kraków", "section": "lead", "says": "Two major battles of this conflict included the Siege of Kraków, in which Maximilian III failed to capture the capital of the Commonwealth, and the Battle of Byczyna, in which Maximilian was forced to surrender."}, {"id": "Q1236849", "label": "Battle of Byczyna", "section": "lead", "says": "Two major battles of this conflict included the Siege of Kraków, in which Maximilian III failed to capture the capital of the Commonwealth, and the Battle of Byczyna, in which Maximilian was forced to surrender."}, {"id": "Q382439", "label": "Jan Zamoyski", "section": "lead", "says": "Sigismund's victory was significantly the doing of Chancellor and Hetman Jan Zamoyski, who stood behind both the political intrigue and the military victories of this conflict."}, {"id": "Q283909", "label": "Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1586, following the death of the previous Polish king, Stefan Batory, the Swedish crown prince Sigismund III Vasa and Habsburg Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, took part in the election to the joint Polish–Lithuanian throne."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Each of the two candidates had supporters in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with the two opposing sides gathered around pro-Sigismund Chancellor and Hetman Jan Zamoyski and the Primate of Poland, Stanisław Karnkowski, on one side and the pro-Maximilian Zborowski family on the other."}, {"id": "Q233989", "label": "Anna Jagiellon", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund, supported by Zamoyski and the former king's wife, Anna Jagiellon, was elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 19 August 1587 and recognized as such by the interrex, the Primate Karnkowski."}], "Q3018708": [{"id": "Q2926766", "label": "Operation Serval", "section": "lead", "says": "Various Islamic fundamentalist rebels fought against the government of Mali, which was supported by French soldiers participating in Operation Serval."}, {"id": "Q2946372", "label": "Mali War", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was among the first French engagements in their intervention in the Mali War."}, {"id": "Q57324", "label": "Blaise Compaoré", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 1, 2013, representatives of Ansar Dine presented two main demands to the Malian government through Burkinabe mediator President Blaise Compaoré: the proclamation of 'the Islamic character of the Malian State in the constitution' and autonomy for the Azawad region."}, {"id": "Q25520", "label": "Iyad Ag Ghaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, on 3 January 2013, Ansar Dine leader Iyad Ag Ghali declared an end to the ceasefire, citing the government's \"bad faith\"."}], "Q30242458": [{"id": "Q30064664", "label": "Nasser Zefzafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The authorities arrested more than 150 Moroccans, considered by the regime as key players or media activists affiliated with the movement, including Nasser Zefzafi, the Hirak Rif's leader."}], "Q3034211": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1801 Treaty of Madrid was signed on 29 September 1801 by Portugal and France."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1793, Portugal and Spain joined the First Coalition against the French Republic but Spain dropped out in 1795 after a series of defeats in the War of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q1881990", "label": "Second Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Background", "says": "It then allied with France in the 1796 Second Treaty of San Ildefonso and declared war on Britain."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 1798–1802 War of the Second Coalition, on 20 May 1801 Spain invaded Portugal in the War of the Oranges under pressure from France, which was anxious to deny Britain access to Portuguese ports."}, {"id": "Q1190696", "label": "War of the Oranges", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 1798–1802 War of the Second Coalition, on 20 May 1801 Spain invaded Portugal in the War of the Oranges under pressure from France, which was anxious to deny Britain access to Portuguese ports."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon refused to ratify the Treaty of Badajoz, claiming his Foreign Minister Talleyrand who agreed the terms and his younger brother Lucien Bonaparte, who signed it had both been bribed by the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q151098", "label": "Lucien Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon refused to ratify the Treaty of Badajoz, claiming his Foreign Minister Talleyrand who agreed the terms and his younger brother Lucien Bonaparte, who signed it had both been bribed by the Portuguese."}], "Q3036457": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trelew Massacre was a mass execution of 16 political prisoners, militants of different Peronist and leftist organizations, in Rawson prison by the military dictatorship of Argentina."}], "Q305276": [{"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The deputation (delegation) from Scotland (then under the rule of King Robert the Bruce) was led by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray while France was ruled then by Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The deputation (delegation) from Scotland (then under the rule of King Robert the Bruce) was led by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray while France was ruled then by Charles IV."}], "Q305409": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mine Run, also known as Payne's Farm, or New Hope Church, or the Mine Run campaign (November 27 – December 2, 1863), was conducted in Orange County, Virginia, in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q33132", "label": "Battle of Gettysburg", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Gettysburg in July, Confederate Gen."}], "Q30600900": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sirhind was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Sur Empire in 1555."}, {"id": "Q373650", "label": "Sur Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sirhind was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Sur Empire in 1555."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "Background", "says": "Humayun had been in exile for 15 years after being forced to flee by Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun commander who had taken control of the Mughal territories."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "After defeating his brothers in Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, Humayun was able to solidify his hold over the region and return to India, where he successfully recaptured Babur's former capital of Delhi and reestablished the Mughal Empire."}], "Q3061033": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 13 January 1797 (known by the French as the Naufrage du Droits de l'Homme; \"shipwreck [or sinking] of the Droits de l'Homme\") was a minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany during the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q3061338": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the violence, the Greek Orthodox Church reacted by banning any translation of the Bible into any form of modern demotic Greek, and by forbidding the employment of demoticist teachers, not just in Greece but anywhere in the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q30641116": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khunan was fought in September 1222 between the Kingdom of Georgia, led by King George IV, and the Mongol army led by Subutai and Jebe."}, {"id": "Q130586", "label": "George IV of the United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khunan was fought in September 1222 between the Kingdom of Georgia, led by King George IV, and the Mongol army led by Subutai and Jebe."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Lead-up to the battle", "says": "Thinking that the Mongols would stay in Arran until the Spring, the Georgians began gathering an army, asking for help from Malik Ashraf of Ahlat and Uzbek, the Atabeg of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Lead-up to the battle", "says": "Subatai and Jebe received  reinforcements from Genghis Khan and recruited local Turkish and Kurdish forces under the command of Akush, a disloyal underling of Atabag Uzbek."}], "Q3070000": [{"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "During the siege of Tunis in October 238 BC a rebel army under Mathos was besieged by a Carthaginian force under Hamilcar Barca and Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "During the siege of Tunis in October 238 BC a rebel army under Mathos was besieged by a Carthaginian force under Hamilcar Barca and Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "A portion of the Carthaginian army, which had served in Sicily during the First Punic War, mutinied in late 241 BC in the wake of Carthage's defeat, starting the Mercenary War."}, {"id": "Q1132393", "label": "Mercenary War", "section": "lead", "says": "A portion of the Carthaginian army, which had served in Sicily during the First Punic War, mutinied in late 241 BC in the wake of Carthage's defeat, starting the Mercenary War."}, {"id": "Q2890774", "label": "Battle of the Saw", "section": "lead", "says": "After three years of increasingly bitter war, the Carthaginians defeated the rebel field army at the Battle of the Saw, after capturing its leaders."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "After the conclusion of the war in Sicily the 20,000 men of the Carthaginian army based there were evacuated in detachments to Carthage."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Background", "says": "Provisions, money and reinforcements poured in – eventually an additional 70,000 men, according to the ancient Roman historian Polybius, although many would have been tied down in garrisoning their home towns against Carthaginian retribution."}], "Q3070782": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rand Rebellion (Afrikaans: Rand-rebellie; also known as the 1922 Miners' strike and the Rand Revolt) was an armed uprising of White Syndicalists, Communists, and Nationalists in the Witwatersrand region of South Africa, in March 1922."}], "Q3078994": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was the third British attempt during Queen Anne's War to capture the Acadian capital, and it had profound consequences over the next 50 years."}], "Q30957194": [{"id": "Q488174", "label": "Anatoliy Mohyliov", "section": "lead", "says": "A few hours into the takeover, Russia replaced the Prime Minister of Crimea, removing Ukrainian politician Anatolii Mohyliov and installing Russian politician Sergey Aksyonov in his stead."}, {"id": "Q15838823", "label": "Sergei Aksyonov", "section": "lead", "says": "A few hours into the takeover, Russia replaced the Prime Minister of Crimea, removing Ukrainian politician Anatolii Mohyliov and installing Russian politician Sergey Aksyonov in his stead."}, {"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 2014, following the Revolution of Dignity that ousted the Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, the Russian leadership decided to \"start working on returning Crimea to Russia.\" On February 25, the Crimean Front and Cossack organizations held a pro-Russian rally outside the building of the Crimean Verkhovna Rada."}], "Q3109518": [{"id": "Q312767", "label": "Alfonso VII of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tudilén (or Treaty of Tudején) was signed between Alfonso VII of León and Castile and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona on 27 January 1151 at Tudilén, near Aguas Caldas in Navarre."}], "Q3109574": [{"id": "Q436763", "label": "José Sanjurjo", "section": "lead", "says": "Hardly any action was recorded elsewhere except Seville, where local rebel commander general José Sanjurjo took control for some 24 hours but acknowledged defeat when faced with resolute governmental response."}, {"id": "Q203708", "label": "Manuel Azaña", "section": "Background", "says": "A series of reforms, introduced since 1931 by the Prime Minister and the minister of war at the same time, Manuel Azaña, was aimed at scaling down an overgrown officer corps, structural reform and bringing the armed forces firmly under the civilian control."}], "Q3116941": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "In late October 2010, Mount Merapi, on the border of Central Java and Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, began an increasingly violent series of eruptions that continued into November."}], "Q3119006": [{"id": "Q2500952", "label": "Ava Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Forty Years' War (Burmese: အနှစ်လေးဆယ်စစ်; 1385 – 1423; also Ava–Pegu War or the Mon–Burmese War) was a conflict fought between the Burmese-speaking Kingdom of Ava and the Mon-speaking Kingdom of Hanthawaddy."}, {"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended in a stalemate, preserving the independence of Hanthawaddy, and effectively ending Ava's efforts to rebuild the erstwhile Pagan Kingdom."}], "Q3119015": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yakima War (1855–1858), also referred to as the Plateau War or Yakima Indian War, was a conflict between the United States and the Yakama, a Sahaptian-speaking people of the Northwest Plateau, then part of Washington Territory, and the tribal allies of each."}, {"id": "Q888719", "label": "Isaac Stevens", "section": "Background", "says": "While territorial governor Isaac Stevens had guaranteed the inviolability of Native American territory following tribal accession to the treaties, he lacked the legal authority to enforce it pending ratification of the agreements by the United States Senate."}], "Q3119165": [{"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars ceased only with the imposition of royal authority under Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs."}, {"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars resulted partly from the destabilising effect of the Castilian Civil War of 1351–1369 and the ensuing political weakness of the House of Trastámara."}, {"id": "Q269876", "label": "House of Trastámara", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars resulted partly from the destabilising effect of the Castilian Civil War of 1351–1369 and the ensuing political weakness of the House of Trastámara."}, {"id": "Q2295939", "label": "Duchy of Gascony", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1413 a private war broke out between Juan de Sant Pedro, from the Labourd in the English Duchy of Gascony, and the Navarrese houses of the Espeleta and the Alzate."}], "Q3138004": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "Background", "says": "On several occasions (391 and 404), Japanese troops as allies of the Paekje kingdom invaded Korea and fought against the Silla and Goguryeo kingdoms."}], "Q3157842": [{"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The croquants supported King Henry IV of France against the Catholic League and the nobles who participated in it."}], "Q3174545": [{"id": "Q698281", "label": "Italian War of 1521–1526", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pampluna or Battle of Pamplona was a battle fought during the Italian War of 1521–1526 on 20 May 1521 during which forces led by the Kingdom of Navarre with support from France conquered the Fortress of Pamplona from Spain."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pampluna or Battle of Pamplona was a battle fought during the Italian War of 1521–1526 on 20 May 1521 during which forces led by the Kingdom of Navarre with support from France conquered the Fortress of Pamplona from Spain."}, {"id": "Q44281", "label": "Ignatius of Loyola", "section": "lead", "says": "After sustaining a cannonball wound from the Navarrese-French assault, Ignatius of Loyola experienced a spiritual conversion, going on to found the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order) in 1540."}], "Q3179646": [{"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "Background", "says": "US and French technical and human intelligence teams, including a US Army Special Mission Unit specialized in signals intelligence, and U-28A surveillance flights from Djibouti were immediately deployed in an exhaustive effort to locate the hostage."}, {"id": "Q57348", "label": "Isaias Afwerki", "section": "Background", "says": "Eritrean intelligence played a key role in mediating with Al-Shabaab, with the French ambassador to Eritrea, Roger Auque, who had himself been a hostage in Lebanon, maintained contact with Yemane Gebreab, a senior advisor to Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki, to facilitate negotiations."}], "Q3180568": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Luso-Sundanese padrão is a padrão commemorating a treaty between the kingdoms of Portugal and Sunda, better known as the Luso-Sundanese Treaty of Sunda Kalapa."}], "Q320982": [{"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Battle of Heligoland took place on 4 June 1849 during the First Schleswig War and pitted the fledgling Reichsflotte (Imperial Fleet) against the Royal Danish Navy, which had blocked German naval trade in North Sea and Baltic Sea since early 1848."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were possessions of the Danish crown, but were not formally included in Denmark-proper; Holstein was simultaneously part of the German Confederation, and Schleswig also had a sizeable German population."}, {"id": "Q94941", "label": "Frederick VII of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1848, King Frederick VII of Denmark announced that the duchies would be formally merged into Denmark, which led to the start of the First Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q215109", "label": "Karl Rudolf Brommy", "section": "Background", "says": "The fleet was placed under the command of Captain Karl Rudolf Brommy."}, {"id": "Q479762", "label": "Battle of Eckernförde", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 April, a pair of Danish ships attacked the Schlwesig port of Eckernförde in the Battle of Eckernförde, which saw one of the ships destroyed and the other captured."}], "Q3246392": [{"id": "Q721083", "label": "Charles James Napier", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Miani (Sindhi:  مياڻي جي جنگ), also known as the Battle of Meeanee, was a battle between a British army under Charles James Napier and the Talpur army of Sindh, composed mainly of Baloch troops under the Talpur Amirs. led by Amir Nasir Khan Talpur."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place on 17 February 1843 at Miani, Sindh, in what is now modern-day Pakistan."}], "Q3246608": [{"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The Machecoul massacre is one of the first events of the War in the Vendée, a revolt against mass conscription and the civil constitution of the clergy."}], "Q3263832": [{"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "Another important point regarding the agreement relates to Article IV, which guarantees no restriction on trade to the parties of the protocol within the Sulu Archipelago and North Borneo."}], "Q3267709": [{"id": "Q365064", "label": "Eric III of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "After Eric III of Denmark had abdicated in 1146, Sweyn III, son of Eric Emune, was declared king of Zealand and Scania, while Canute, son of King Magnus, became king of Jutland."}, {"id": "Q357200", "label": "Valdemar", "section": "Background", "says": "Valdemar, having at first joined Sweyn, who had made him duke of Schleswig, changed sides and was betrothed to Canute's half-sister Sophie."}], "Q3267800": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Karbala-4 was an Iranian offensive in the Iran–Iraq War on the southern front."}, {"id": "Q186111", "label": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The battle itself was planned and eventually executed by Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani."}], "Q3276834": [{"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hodów took place between the Kingdom of Poland and Budjak Horde forces, fought in June 1694 in the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, near the village of Hodów (now Hodiv in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine)."}, {"id": "Q694500", "label": "Battle of Wizna", "section": "lead", "says": "In Polish sources it is often called the Polish Thermopylae, like the Battle of Wizna."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Contemporary Polish sources claimed that the Tatar force numbered around 30,000, with John III Sobieski, the king of Poland at the time, claiming the figure of 40,000."}], "Q3295007": [{"id": "Q665228", "label": "René Bousquet", "section": "lead", "says": "Assisted by the French police, directed by René Bousquet, the Germans organized a raid to arrest Jews."}], "Q3297424": [{"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre of Cholula was an attack carried out by the military forces of the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés on his way to the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1519."}, {"id": "Q721423", "label": "Francisco López de Gómara", "section": "lead", "says": "Francisco López de Gómara indicates that the massacre of Cholula began after Cortés captured and killed Cholulteca leaders, unleashing with this act the slaughter of 6,000 people in less than two hours."}, {"id": "Q379972", "label": "Bernardino de Sahagún", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the accounts collected by Bernardino de Sahagún contradict this version since it is narrated that only unarmed Cholultec civilians were killed."}], "Q3297456": [{"id": "Q2915580", "label": "Operation Hiram", "section": "lead", "says": "Safsaf was the first village to fall in Operation Hiram, the aim of which, according to the IDF, was to \"destroy the enemy in the central Galilee 'pocket,' to take control of the whole of the Galilee and to establish a defense line on the country's northern border\"."}], "Q3297461": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Porzûs massacre (Italian: eccidio di Porzûs, Friulian: ecidi di Purçûs, Slovene: pokol v Porčinju) was an intra-partisan massacre of the Italian resistance during late World War II, on 7 February 1945."}], "Q3299278": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The shock took place in northern Costa Rica, 30 kilometres (19 mi) north-northwest of San José and was felt throughout Costa Rica and in southern central Nicaragua."}], "Q3304647": [{"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "Aided by Alfonso the Magnanimous, the Albanian leader Skanderbeg made plans to recapture Svetigrad, which had been lost in 1448."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "His strategy involved launching an invasion of Macedonia to devastate the country surrounding Svetigrad and to lure the garrison into a trap."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "He, therefore, made efforts to regain it with the help of Alfonso V of Aragon; in the Treaty of Gaeta signed in 1451, Skanderbeg became a vassal of Alfonso in return for financial and military aid for his ongoing war with the Turks."}, {"id": "Q1515617", "label": "Moisi Arianit Golemi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Moisi Arianit Golemi proposed making a night attack but Skanderbeg was reluctant since a powerful storm was sweeping through, making it difficult to launch an attack; Hamza Kastrioti supported Moisiu."}, {"id": "Q60692", "label": "Hamza Kastrioti", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Moisi Arianit Golemi proposed making a night attack but Skanderbeg was reluctant since a powerful storm was sweeping through, making it difficult to launch an attack; Hamza Kastrioti supported Moisiu."}], "Q333363": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2009 Saudi Arabian floods affected Jeddah, on the Red Sea (western) coast of Saudi Arabia, and other areas of Makkah Province."}], "Q3353382": [{"id": "Q318478", "label": "Eric I of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "At his death, King Eric I of Denmark had two known sons who were candidates for succession to the throne, Canute Lavard and Erik  Emune."}], "Q3354747": [{"id": "Q345385", "label": "Moktar Ould Daddah", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the disastrous performance in the war was a major reason for the Mauritanian armed forces to overthrow Moktar Ould Daddah, the President of Mauritania in July 1978 and an immediate cease-fire with the Polisario."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the disastrous performance in the war was a major reason for the Mauritanian armed forces to overthrow Moktar Ould Daddah, the President of Mauritania in July 1978 and an immediate cease-fire with the Polisario."}, {"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "Background", "says": "This eventually led to an agreement in 1975 that partitioned Spanish Sahara to both Mauritania and Morocco."}], "Q3354778": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "One group of four men reached Sweden and were eventually repatriated to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q727175", "label": "John Dill", "section": "Background", "says": "A staff officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Dudley Clarke, had submitted a proposal to General Sir John Dill, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, who approved Clarke's proposal."}, {"id": "Q1964451", "label": "Operation Archery", "section": "Background", "says": "3 Commando in the Vaagso Raid (Operation Archery) in December 1941, followed by the St Nazaire Raid in March 1942."}, {"id": "Q572676", "label": "St Nazaire Raid", "section": "Background", "says": "3 Commando in the Vaagso Raid (Operation Archery) in December 1941, followed by the St Nazaire Raid in March 1942."}], "Q3354855": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was the first big German attack on the Arctic convoys to and from the Soviet Union and used warships that had been transferred to occupied Norway in early 1942."}, {"id": "Q689123", "label": "Convoy PQ 17", "section": "lead", "says": "The battleship was only dispatched against Convoy PQ 17 in June 1942 and was recalled before attacking it."}, {"id": "Q57154", "label": "Erich Raeder", "section": "Background", "says": "The commander of the navy, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, believed that battleships and cruisers were to be used in this strategy."}, {"id": "Q2444934", "label": "Operation Berlin", "section": "Background", "says": "The battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst conducted Operation Berlin between January and March 1941."}, {"id": "Q154164", "label": "Operation Rheinübung", "section": "Background", "says": "A second raid, Operation Rheinübung, was attempted in May with the battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "Background", "says": "Admiral Sir John Tovey was the commander in chief of this fleet and led it from the battleship HMS King George V during the battle."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler, wrongly believed the Allies intended to invade Norway."}, {"id": "Q72757", "label": "Rolf Carls", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The commander of Naval Group North, General Admiral Rolf Carls, requested permission to attack the convoy using Ciliax's force."}, {"id": "Q194364", "label": "Bear Island", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He planned to intercept the convoys between Jan Mayen and Bear Island."}], "Q335871": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bathys Ryax was fought in 872 or 878 between the Byzantine Empire and the Paulicians."}, {"id": "Q1719427", "label": "Battle of Lalakaon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Arabs and Paulicians suffered a critical blow in 863 with the defeat and death of Umar at the Battle of Lalakaon and the death of Karbeas in the same year, but under their new leader, Chrysocheir, the Paulicians resumed their raids deep into Byzantine Anatolia, raiding as far as Nicaea and sacking Ephesus in 869/870."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Byzantine emperor, Basil I the Macedonian (r."}], "Q3368187": [{"id": "Q158677", "label": "Northern Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bornholm (1563) was the naval battle that would eventually lead to the outbreak of the Northern Seven Years' War"}], "Q3381753": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Perekop, also known as the Perekop-Chongar Operation, was a battle of the Southern Front in the Russian Civil War and Ukrainian War of Independence from 7 to 17 November 1920."}, {"id": "Q2479606", "label": "Ukrainian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Perekop, also known as the Perekop-Chongar Operation, was a battle of the Southern Front in the Russian Civil War and Ukrainian War of Independence from 7 to 17 November 1920."}, {"id": "Q191882", "label": "Mikhail Frunze", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Front of the Red Army and the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, under the joint command of Mikhail Frunze, launched an offensive on Crimea with an invasion force four-times larger than the defenders, the White Russian Army under the command of General Pyotr Wrangel."}, {"id": "Q108260", "label": "Pyotr Wrangel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Front of the Red Army and the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, under the joint command of Mikhail Frunze, launched an offensive on Crimea with an invasion force four-times larger than the defenders, the White Russian Army under the command of General Pyotr Wrangel."}], "Q338792": [{"id": "Q742187", "label": "Battle of Hyères Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Martin sent his damaged ships into Toulon for repairs and anchored the rest of the fleet in the Îles d'Hyères in preparations for further operations; four months later the fleets fought a second engagement, the Battle of the Hyères Islands, which also ended in"}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Revolutionary Wars expanded significantly in February 1793 when the National Convention of the newly-formed French Republic declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Revolutionary Wars expanded significantly in February 1793 when the National Convention of the newly-formed French Republic declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Problems stemming from the French Revolution several years earlier meant that the French fleet was suffering severe reductions in experience and morale in comparison with the British fleet."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Adolphe Thiers has suggested that the objective may have been a demonstration of force"}], "Q3403090": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Coron in 1533–1534 was a two-part attempt by the Ottoman Empire the recapture of the fortress of Koroni (Coron) in Messenia, Greece, by the Ottoman Empire, after the fortress was occupied by Emperor Charles V's army in 1532."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "lead", "says": "The first of the sieges was unsuccessful, with an imperial armada under Andrea Doria routing the Ottoman armada under Lütfi Pasha."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "Background", "says": "Coron had been a possession of Venice since 1209, but Sultan Bayezid II captured it in 1500."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1532, the Habsburg emperor Charles V ordered the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria to attack it as a diversion to the campaigns of the Little War in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1532, the Habsburg emperor Charles V ordered the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria to attack it as a diversion to the campaigns of the Little War in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "Background", "says": "Suleyman was especially incensed by the loss of Coron and demanded it back to the Imperial ambassador in Constantinople, Cornelis de Schepper, threatening with demolishing the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem to erect a mosque in its place, offering to hand Algiers back to Spain in exchange."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sultan launched the campaign upon returning to Constantinople in May 1533, ordering sanjakbey Lütfi Pasha to besiege the city by sea with the Ottoman armada while armors from Morea and Negroponte did the same from land."}], "Q3417631": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid on Rochefort (also known as the descent on Rochefort) was a failed British amphibious assault which attempted to capture the French port of Rochefort in September 1757 during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q379812", "label": "James Wolfe", "section": "Background", "says": "James Wolfe was appointed as the expedition's quartermaster general and chief of staff."}], "Q3420016": [{"id": "Q942553", "label": "Konishi Yukinaga", "section": "lead", "says": "Konishi Yukinaga, a Japanese daimyō, captured Pyongyang and garrisoned his force there in the winter of 1592."}, {"id": "Q4871272", "label": "Battle of Imjin River", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the capture of Kaesong following the Battle of Imjin River, the Japanese invasion armies split up into three groups."}, {"id": "Q950496", "label": "Kuroda Nagamasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Kuroda Nagamasa led his forces west into Hwanghae Province, and Kato Kiyomasa to the east into Hamgyong Province."}], "Q3438639": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gornje Obrinje Massacre (Albanian: Masakra në Abri të Epërme, Serbian: Masakr u Gornjem Obrinju) refers to the killing of 35 civilian Kosovo Albanians, in a forest outside the village of Abri e Epërme on 26 September 1998 by Serbian Police Forces during the Kosovo War."}], "Q3438679": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Krusha massacres (Albanian: Masakra e Krushës së Madhe dhe Krushës së Vogël, Serbian: Масакр у Великој и Малој Круши, romanized: Masakr u Velikoj i Maloj Kruši) were two massacres that took place during the Kosovo War on the afternoon of 25 March 1999, the day after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia began, near Orahovac, Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Krusha massacres (Albanian: Masakra e Krushës së Madhe dhe Krushës së Vogël, Serbian: Масакр у Великој и Малој Круши, romanized: Masakr u Velikoj i Maloj Kruši) were two massacres that took place during the Kosovo War on the afternoon of 25 March 1999, the day after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia began, near Orahovac, Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "Slobodan Milošević was also indicted by the ICTY for the same crime, but died before a verdict was reached."}], "Q3438698": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 March 1992, a number of Serb civilians were killed in Sijekovac near Bosanski Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian border."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre is frequently cited as one of the very earliest documented atrocities of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republika Srpska authorities commemorated a number of civilian victims on a monument in Sijekovac, not all of which were necessarily connected to the same massacre."}], "Q3458306": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1870, the creditors demanded to be repaid and the French authorities reneged on the loan on the pretext of the Franco-Prussian War, leaving Mohamed forced to pawn his own possessions."}, {"id": "Q58326", "label": "French Second Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 12, 1869, Marshall MacMahon, the Governor General, advised the French government that \"the Kabyles will stay peaceful as long as they see no possibility of driving us out of their country.\"\nUnder the French Second Republic, the country was governed by a Governor General and a large proportion was \"military territory\"."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background", "says": "When Napoleon III fell and the Third French Republic was proclaimed, the Algerian question fell under the remit of the new Justice Minister, Adolphe Crémieux, and not, as previously, under the Minister of War."}], "Q3481304": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-NATO riot in Iceland of 30 March 1949 was prompted by the decision of the Alþingi, the Icelandic parliament, to join the newly formed NATO, thereby involving Iceland directly in the Cold War, opposing the Soviet Union and re-militarizing the country."}], "Q3485809": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Amiens (French: Siège d'Amiens) was a siege and battle fought during the Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598), as part of both the French Wars of Religion and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), between 13 May and 25 September 1597."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Amiens (French: Siège d'Amiens) was a siege and battle fought during the Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598), as part of both the French Wars of Religion and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), between 13 May and 25 September 1597."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry IV of France, after the surprise of the capture, immediately and quickly built up an army which included a large English force and besieged Amiens on 13 May."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "An attempted relief force sent under the command of Ernst von Mansfeld and the Archduke of Austria repeatedly failed to dislodge the besiegers and afterwards the Spanish relief force retreated."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Queen Elizabeth I, after much dithering reluctantly agreed to the release of her troops after considering bargaining for Boulogne or an indemnity in money, the latter of which was agreed."}], "Q3485835": [{"id": "Q315513", "label": "Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, commanding some 32,000 troops (reinforced with troops from the ended Italian front of the war), forced the garrison, under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, to capitulate on 10 August."}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, commanding some 32,000 troops (reinforced with troops from the ended Italian front of the war), forced the garrison, under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, to capitulate on 10 August."}], "Q3485855": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Cambrai took place from 20 March to 19 April 1677 during the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War; then part of the Spanish Netherlands, it was invested by a French army under the duc de Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Cambrai took place from 20 March to 19 April 1677 during the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War; then part of the Spanish Netherlands, it was invested by a French army under the duc de Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Cambrai took place from 20 March to 19 April 1677 during the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War; then part of the Spanish Netherlands, it was invested by a French army under the duc de Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Siege operations were supervised by the military engineer Vauban; Louis XIV was nominally in command but played little part in operations."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "France invaded the Dutch Republic in May 1672 at the start of the Franco-Dutch War and initially seemed to have won an overwhelming victory."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Dutch position stabilised, while concern at French gains brought support from Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold and Charles II of Spain."}], "Q3485893": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fukuryūji took place in 1183, and was a battle of the Genpei War, the great 12th-century Japanese civil war between the Taira clan and the Minamoto clan."}], "Q3485911": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kunduz occurred during the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kunduz occurred during the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan."}], "Q3486003": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1742 siege of Prague was an extended blockade of the Bohemian capital during the War of the Austrian Succession."}], "Q3486043": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tournai (23 July - 25 September 1340) occurred during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege began when a coalition of England, Flanders, Hainaut, Brabant and the Holy Roman Empire under the command of King Edward III of England besieged the French city of Tournai."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege began when a coalition of England, Flanders, Hainaut, Brabant and the Holy Roman Empire under the command of King Edward III of England besieged the French city of Tournai."}, {"id": "Q2534729", "label": "Tournaisis", "section": "lead", "says": "This siege would end in the Truce of Espléchin, marking the end of the Tournaisis campaign of 1340."}, {"id": "Q871366", "label": "Battle of Sluys", "section": "Background", "says": "Edward's crushing naval victory at the Battle of Sluys allowed him to land his army and carry out his campaign in northern France."}, {"id": "Q715056", "label": "Robert III of Artois", "section": "Background", "says": "10,000 to 15,000 Flemings and 1,000 English longbowmen would launch a chevauchée under the command of Robert III of Artois and the remainder of the coalition forces under Edward would go on to besiege Tournai."}], "Q3486050": [{"id": "Q3176687", "label": "Joaquín Blake y Joyes", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Valencia from 3 November 1811 to 9 January 1812, saw Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet's French Army of Aragon besiege Captain General Joaquín Blake y Joyes's forces in the city of Valencia, Spain, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Valencia from 3 November 1811 to 9 January 1812, saw Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet's French Army of Aragon besiege Captain General Joaquín Blake y Joyes's forces in the city of Valencia, Spain, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Suchet quickly converted Valencia into an important base of operations after this Napoleonic Wars action."}, {"id": "Q2889842", "label": "Battle of Saguntum", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 September, 25,000 French invaded Valencia and once again defeated Blake at the Battle of Saguntum on 26 October, where Suchet sustained a severe wound in his shoulder."}], "Q3486941": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Summa was fought between the Soviet Union and Finland, in two phases, first in December 1939 and then in February 1940."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Winter War and was fought near the village of Summa (now Sokolinskoe) along the main road leading from Leningrad to Viipuri."}], "Q3487327": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fontainebleau, signed on 23 August (O.S.) / 2 September 1679, ended hostilities between Denmark-Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fontainebleau, signed on 23 August (O.S.) / 2 September 1679, ended hostilities between Denmark-Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q652359", "label": "Peace of Lund", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was confirmed, detailed and amended in the subsequent Peace of Lund."}], "Q3493159": [{"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg) was an early battle and subsequent campaign in the Hussite Wars, fought on 21 December 1421 between German and Hungarian troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hussites, an early ecclesiastical reformist group that was founded in what is now the Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg) was an early battle and subsequent campaign in the Hussite Wars, fought on 21 December 1421 between German and Hungarian troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hussites, an early ecclesiastical reformist group that was founded in what is now the Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg) was an early battle and subsequent campaign in the Hussite Wars, fought on 21 December 1421 between German and Hungarian troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hussites, an early ecclesiastical reformist group that was founded in what is now the Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q169612", "label": "Martin V", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1419, Pope Martin V declared a crusade against the Hussites."}, {"id": "Q215968", "label": "Jan Žižka", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of the talented general Jan Žižka, the Taborites adopted the latest weaponry available, including handguns, long, thin cannons, nicknamed \"snakes\", and war wagons."}], "Q3500708": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stäket was a minor battle during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the death of Charles XII of Sweden at Fredriksten in 1718, the Swedish armies had pulled back from all fronts."}], "Q3503314": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Root–Takahira Agreement (高平・ルート協定, Takahira-Rūto Kyōtei) was a major 1908 agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan that was negotiated between United States Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Takahira Kogorō."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Root–Takahira Agreement (高平・ルート協定, Takahira-Rūto Kyōtei) was a major 1908 agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan that was negotiated between United States Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Takahira Kogorō."}, {"id": "Q220619", "label": "Elihu Root", "section": "lead", "says": "The Root–Takahira Agreement (高平・ルート協定, Takahira-Rūto Kyōtei) was a major 1908 agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan that was negotiated between United States Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Takahira Kogorō."}, {"id": "Q117101", "label": "John Hay", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on November 30, 1908, the Root–Takahira Agreement consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908, the affirmation of the independence and territorial integrity of China (the \"Open Door Policy\" as proposed by John Hay), the maintenance of free trade and equal commercial opportunities, the Japanese recognition of the American annexation of the Republic "}, {"id": "Q1057542", "label": "Republic of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on November 30, 1908, the Root–Takahira Agreement consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908, the affirmation of the independence and territorial integrity of China (the \"Open Door Policy\" as proposed by John Hay), the maintenance of free trade and equal commercial opportunities, the Japanese recognition of the American annexation of the Republic "}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on November 30, 1908, the Root–Takahira Agreement consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908, the affirmation of the independence and territorial integrity of China (the \"Open Door Policy\" as proposed by John Hay), the maintenance of free trade and equal commercial opportunities, the Japanese recognition of the American annexation of the Republic "}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "With the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War, the United States had become a major power in East Asia."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The American government, on the other hand, was increasingly concerned by Japanese territorial ambitions at the expense of China and with the modernizing and strengthening Imperial Japanese Navy in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "lead", "says": "President Theodore Roosevelt originally intended to emphasize the superiority of the American fleet over the smaller Japanese navy, but instead of resentment the visitors arrived to a joyous welcome by elite and the Japanese public a few days before Root and Takahira met."}], "Q3530500": [{"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine happened during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan."}, {"id": "Q197881", "label": "Adil Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The famine was further intensified by the Mughal campaign led by Shah Jahan in Malwa and the Deccan after Malwa's Mughal commander turned rogue and joined hands with the Deccan forces of Nizam Shah and Adil Shah."}], "Q3533209": [{"id": "Q7097460", "label": "Operation Retribution", "section": "lead", "says": "An equivalent Allied naval effort was called Operation Retribution."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1942, American and British forces landed in North Africa under Operation Torch."}, {"id": "Q153376", "label": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "section": "lead", "says": "American forces advancing eastward and the British Eighth Army advancing westward after the victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein, threatened to trap and destroy the remaining Axis forces in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q136309503", "label": "Operation Vulcan", "section": "lead", "says": "An air battle known as the 18 April Palmsonntag Massaker (Palm Sunday Massacre) took place, in which German Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft suffered many losses over Cape Bon while evacuating Heer (German Army) forces from the Allied ground offensive, Operation Vulcan."}, {"id": "Q579115", "label": "Carl Andrew Spaatz", "section": "Background", "says": "On 2 April Doolittle's superiors, supreme commander of all Allied Air Forces in the Mediterranean, Arthur Tedder and commander of Allied Air Forces in Western North Africa Carl Spaatz, decided to wait for the next suitable window to launch the offensive."}], "Q3533435": [{"id": "Q2623909", "label": "Operation Trident", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Python, a follow-up to Operation Trident, was the code name of a naval attack launched on West Pakistan's port city of Karachi by the Indian Navy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971."}, {"id": "Q1922071", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Python, a follow-up to Operation Trident, was the code name of a naval attack launched on West Pakistan's port city of Karachi by the Indian Navy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the first attack during Operation Trident on the Port of Karachi, Pakistan stepped up aerial surveillance of its coast as the presence of large Indian Navy ships gave the impression that another attack was being planned."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "It also gained significance as it was the only major seaport in West Pakistan."}], "Q3536756": [{"id": "Q3310304", "label": "Second War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Berwick, signed at Berwick-upon-Tweed, England, on 3 October 1357, officially ended the Second War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In this second phase of the Wars of Scottish Independence, which began in 1333, King Edward III of England attempted to install Edward Balliol on the Scottish throne, in place of King David II, son of Robert the Bruce."}, {"id": "Q471796", "label": "Edward Balliol", "section": "lead", "says": "In this second phase of the Wars of Scottish Independence, which began in 1333, King Edward III of England attempted to install Edward Balliol on the Scottish throne, in place of King David II, son of Robert the Bruce."}, {"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "In this second phase of the Wars of Scottish Independence, which began in 1333, King Edward III of England attempted to install Edward Balliol on the Scottish throne, in place of King David II, son of Robert the Bruce."}, {"id": "Q2204399", "label": "Battle of Neville's Cross", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the terms of the treaty, David II was released by the English, who had captured him at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346."}], "Q3536851": [{"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "lead", "says": "It established clarity over the following: Count Louis I of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland and acknowledged the Count of Holland, William I, as the Count of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q1945565", "label": "County of Zeeland", "section": "lead", "says": "It established clarity over the following: Count Louis I of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland and acknowledged the Count of Holland, William I, as the Count of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It established clarity over the following: Count Louis I of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland and acknowledged the Count of Holland, William I, as the Count of Zeeland."}], "Q3536917": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian embassy to Louis XIV caused a dramatic flurry at the court of Louis XIV in 1715, the year of the Sun King's death."}, {"id": "Q446965", "label": "Sultan Husayn", "section": "lead", "says": "He had been chosen by the Safavid Persian emperor Soltan Hoseyn for the mission and travelled with a grand entourage, as suitable to the diplomat of a mighty empire."}], "Q3555607": [{"id": "Q294945", "label": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ecbatana was fought in 129 BC between the Seleucids led by Antiochus VII Sidetes and the Parthians led by Phraates II, and marked the final attempt on the part of the Seleucids to regain their power in the east against the Parthians."}, {"id": "Q317020", "label": "Phraates II of Parthia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ecbatana was fought in 129 BC between the Seleucids led by Antiochus VII Sidetes and the Parthians led by Phraates II, and marked the final attempt on the part of the Seleucids to regain their power in the east against the Parthians."}], "Q3565441": [{"id": "Q220782", "label": "Giorgio Basta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guruslău or Battle of Goroszló  (Hungarian: goroszlói csata) was fought on 3 August 1601, between the troops of the Habsburg monarchy led by Giorgio Basta, the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Wallachia led by Michael the Brave on one side, and the Transylvanian troops led by Sigismund Báthory on the other side."}, {"id": "Q118755", "label": "Michael the Brave", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guruslău or Battle of Goroszló  (Hungarian: goroszlói csata) was fought on 3 August 1601, between the troops of the Habsburg monarchy led by Giorgio Basta, the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Wallachia led by Michael the Brave on one side, and the Transylvanian troops led by Sigismund Báthory on the other side."}, {"id": "Q368154", "label": "Sigismund Báthory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guruslău or Battle of Goroszló  (Hungarian: goroszlói csata) was fought on 3 August 1601, between the troops of the Habsburg monarchy led by Giorgio Basta, the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Wallachia led by Michael the Brave on one side, and the Transylvanian troops led by Sigismund Báthory on the other side."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a series of military encounters between the Ottoman Empire and opposing European states during 1591–1606 (see also The Long War)."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a series of military encounters between the Ottoman Empire and opposing European states during 1591–1606 (see also The Long War)."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "Background", "says": "Michael asked for assistance from Emperor Rudolf II during a visit in Prague between 23 February and 5 March 1601."}, {"id": "Q3339928", "label": "Nicolae II Patrascu", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Wallachian forces loyal to Michael and led by his son, Nicolae Pătrașcu, drove out Simion Movilă from Moldavia and prepared to re-enter Transylvania."}], "Q3588241": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The riot produced the first deaths of Union volunteers by hostile action, although caused by civilians, in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "In the previous year's presidential election, Abraham Lincoln had received only 1,100 of more than 30,000 votes cast in the city."}, {"id": "Q365650", "label": "Allan Pinkerton", "section": "Background", "says": "Lincoln's opponents were infuriated (and supporters disappointed) when the president-elect, fearing an infamous rumored assassination plot, traveled secretly through the city in the middle of the night on a different railroad protected by a few aides and detectives including the soon-to-be famous Allan Pinkerton in February en route to his inauguration (then constitutionally scheduled for March 4)"}, {"id": "Q543165", "label": "Battle of Fort Sumter", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Fort Sumter had occurred on April 12–13, one week before the riot."}], "Q36015843": [{"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "Background", "says": "Since Hugo Chávez was elected President of Venezuela in 1998, he and his political ambitions proved to be controversial."}, {"id": "Q8781", "label": "Henrique Capriles", "section": "Background", "says": "Moderate opposition leaders Henrique Capriles and Henri Falcón argued for 'unity' and dialogue with the government, and attended meetings held by the President to discuss cooperation among the country's mayors and governors."}, {"id": "Q5715461", "label": "Henri Falcón", "section": "Background", "says": "Moderate opposition leaders Henrique Capriles and Henri Falcón argued for 'unity' and dialogue with the government, and attended meetings held by the President to discuss cooperation among the country's mayors and governors."}, {"id": "Q1672657", "label": "Leopoldo López", "section": "Background", "says": "Other opposition leaders, such as Leopoldo López and Marina Corina Machado, opposed dialogue and called for a new strategy to force an immediate change in the government."}], "Q3623233": [{"id": "Q1531115", "label": "Lala Şahin Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Sofia refers to the two sieges of the city that took place in between 1380–1382 during the course of the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars.The Bulgarian defenders,led by Yanuka,repulsed the Ottomans–led by Lala Shahin Pasha– in the first siege.However,the Ottomans would besiege the city again with Ballaban Bey leading them with Lala Shahin Pasha.The Ottomans killed Yanuka and forced the Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Sofia refers to the two sieges of the city that took place in between 1380–1382 during the course of the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars.The Bulgarian defenders,led by Yanuka,repulsed the Ottomans–led by Lala Shahin Pasha– in the first siege.However,the Ottomans would besiege the city again with Ballaban Bey leading them with Lala Shahin Pasha.The Ottomans killed Yanuka and forced the Bulgaria"}], "Q3625499": [{"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "After securing Sicily, Belisarius crossed the narrow strait to Rhegium and marched along the Italian coast toward Rome."}, {"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It started with the successful reconquest of North Africa in the Vandalic War (533–534)."}, {"id": "Q371670", "label": "Amalasuntha", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 535, tensions in the Gothic kingdom escalated following the assassination of Queen Amalasuntha, who had maintained good relations with the Byzantines and even considered handing her kingdom to Justinian, further weakened by internal leadership struggles that continued under King Theodahad."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 535, tensions in the Gothic kingdom escalated following the assassination of Queen Amalasuntha, who had maintained good relations with the Byzantines and even considered handing her kingdom to Justinian, further weakened by internal leadership struggles that continued under King Theodahad."}, {"id": "Q312601", "label": "Theodahad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 535, tensions in the Gothic kingdom escalated following the assassination of Queen Amalasuntha, who had maintained good relations with the Byzantines and even considered handing her kingdom to Justinian, further weakened by internal leadership struggles that continued under King Theodahad."}], "Q3636401": [{"id": "Q1794352", "label": "Electorate of Trier", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Clausen (or Klausen) was fought on 20 October 1735 near the town of Klausen (usually spelled in histories with 'C' instead of 'K'), which was then in the Electorate of Trier and part of the Holy Roman Empire, and is now in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Clausen (or Klausen) was fought on 20 October 1735 near the town of Klausen (usually spelled in histories with 'C' instead of 'K'), which was then in the Electorate of Trier and part of the Holy Roman Empire, and is now in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q215148", "label": "Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff", "section": "lead", "says": "French forces under the command of Marshal François de Franquetot de Coigny were defeated in an attempt to dislodge imperial troops under the command of Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Rhine valley, French troops under the command of Marshal Coigny moved from winter quarters to more aggressive stances along the Rhine during the spring and summer, but were unwilling to test the Habsburg defences, which were under the overall command of the ageing Prince Eugene of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Eugene was summoned to Vienna in September to participate in peace talks, leaving command of the German troops with the Duke of Württemberg."}], "Q3636407": [{"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting the fleets of the Roman Republic led by Admiral Gaius Livius Salinator and its Pergamene allies under Eumenes II against a Seleucid fleet of Polyxenidas."}, {"id": "Q1284948", "label": "Gaius Livius Salinator", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting the fleets of the Roman Republic led by Admiral Gaius Livius Salinator and its Pergamene allies under Eumenes II against a Seleucid fleet of Polyxenidas."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting the fleets of the Roman Republic led by Admiral Gaius Livius Salinator and its Pergamene allies under Eumenes II against a Seleucid fleet of Polyxenidas."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid king, Antiochus III the Great, forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid king, Antiochus III the Great, forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his return from his Bactrian (210–209 BC) and Indian (206–205 BC) campaigns, the Seleucid king, Antiochus III the Great, forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 198 BC, Antiochus emerged victorious in the Fifth Syrian War, taking over Coele-Syria and securing his south-eastern border."}, {"id": "Q222930", "label": "Antiochus II Theos", "section": "Background", "says": "Antiochus countered by claiming that he was simply rebuilding the empire of his ancestor, Antiochus II Theos, and criticized the Romans for meddling in the affairs of Asia Minor states, whose rights were traditionally defended by Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter of 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus after his homeland became a Roman client state."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "In late winter of 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus after his homeland became a Roman client state."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the emergence of pro-war party led by Scipio Africanus, the Roman Senate exercised restraint."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 193 BC, a representative of the Aetolian League assured Antiochus that the Aetolians would take his side in a future war with Rome, while Antiochus gave tacit support to Hannibal's plans of launching an anti-Roman coup d'état in Carthage."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Achaean League declared war on the Seleucids and Aetolians, with the Romans following suit in November 192 BC."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Between December 192 and March 191 BC, Antiochus campaigned in Thessaly and Acarnania."}], "Q3636439": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder on 13 April 1631 took place during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Possession of Frankfurt and the subsequent occupation of nearby Landsberg, secured the Swedish army's rear and allowed Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to advance further into Central Germany."}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With the central parts of the Duchy of Pomerania, Sweden had gained a bridgehead in the Holy Roman Empire's northeasternmost corner, while the rest of the empire was occupied by forces of the Catholic League and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q166675", "label": "George William, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Further southward advances along the Oder into the territory of George William, Elector of Brandenburg followed, and on 23 January 1631, Sweden allied with France in the Treaty of Bärwalde, concluded in Brandenburgian Bärwalde (now Mieszkowice)."}, {"id": "Q1753007", "label": "treaty of Bärwalde", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Further southward advances along the Oder into the territory of George William, Elector of Brandenburg followed, and on 23 January 1631, Sweden allied with France in the Treaty of Bärwalde, concluded in Brandenburgian Bärwalde (now Mieszkowice)."}], "Q3636519": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Marj al-Dibaj (Arabic: معركة مرج الديباج) was fought between the Byzantine army, survivors from the conquest of Damascus, and the Rashidun Caliphate army in September 634."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "It was the first stronghold of the Byzantine Empire conquered by Muslims during the Muslim conquest of Syria."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "The Byzantine commander Thomas, commander in chief and governor of Damascus and son in law of Emperor Heraclius, after hearing that Muslim troops had entered Damascus at the Eastern gate, wisely tricked the Muslim corps commanders at the other gates by suing for peace."}], "Q3636556": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Olivento was fought on 17 March 1041 between the Byzantine Empire and the Normans of southern Italy and their Lombard allies near the Olivento river, between the actual Basilicata and Apulia, southern Italy."}], "Q3636688": [{"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Almería by the Kingdom of León and Castile and its allies lasted from July until October 1147."}], "Q3646645": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1812 Caracas earthquake took place in Venezuela on March 26 (on Maundy Thursday) at 4:37 p.m."}], "Q3655510": [{"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict arose from renewed tensions between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos, whose rival claims in Thrace drew in neighbouring powers."}, {"id": "Q37084", "label": "John VI Kantakouzenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict arose from renewed tensions between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos, whose rival claims in Thrace drew in neighbouring powers."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbian forces supported John V, while Ottoman ones aided Kantakouzenos and his son Matthew."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the mid-14th century the Byzantine Empire was divided between the senior emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, and his junior co-emperor and son-in-law, John V Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background", "says": "The empire was further weakened by the arrival of the Black Death, which caused severe depopulation and undermined Byzantine control in several regions."}, {"id": "Q329708", "label": "Matthew Kantakouzenos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "War broke out in 1352, John V moved against Matthew Kantakouzenos with the help of hired Turkish mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Acting with the support of Emperor Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of the Serbian Empire, his forces besieged Adrianople before Kantakouzenos appealed to Ottoman Sultan Orhan Ghazi for assistance."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Expecting retaliation, John V sought additional backing from Serbian and the Second Bulgarian Empire, sending his brother Michael Palaiologos as a hostage to secure Serbian aid."}], "Q368842": [{"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Verona was fought on 30 September 489 between the Ostrogothic leader Theodoric the Great and the king of Italy, Odoacer."}], "Q371252": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Grol in 1627 was a battle between the Army of the Dutch Republic, commanded by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and the Spanish-controlled fortified city of Grol (now known as Groenlo), during the Eighty Years War and the Anglo–Spanish War in 1627."}, {"id": "Q167236", "label": "Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Grol in 1627 was a battle between the Army of the Dutch Republic, commanded by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and the Spanish-controlled fortified city of Grol (now known as Groenlo), during the Eighty Years War and the Anglo–Spanish War in 1627."}, {"id": "Q431488", "label": "Siege of Breda", "section": "lead", "says": "Ambrosio Spinola had used a similar technique during the Siege of Breda (1624), and after the successful siege of Grol Frederic-Henry would later use it in other sieges in the Netherlands, such as at the Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "lead", "says": "The success at Grol provided the first serious victory on land for the Republic after the Twelve Years' Truce."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Frederic-Henry used to let troops of the same nationality work together, so that an English fortification (Engelse Schans) was built by and for the English troops, as well as one for the French, the Frisians and one for the troops from Holland."}], "Q372153": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huaihai campaign (Chinese: 淮海戰役; pinyin: Huáihǎi Zhànyì), or Battle of Hsupeng (traditional Chinese: 徐蚌會戰; simplified Chinese: 徐蚌会战; pinyin: Xúbèng Huìzhàn), was one of the military conflicts in the late stage of the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huaihai campaign (Chinese: 淮海戰役; pinyin: Huáihǎi Zhànyì), or Battle of Hsupeng (traditional Chinese: 徐蚌會戰; simplified Chinese: 徐蚌会战; pinyin: Xúbèng Huìzhàn), was one of the military conflicts in the late stage of the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."}], "Q3756324": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fort St Philip, also known as the siege of Minorca, took place from 20 April to 29 June 1756 during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Ceded to Great Britain in 1714 by Spain following the War of the Spanish Succession, its capture by France threatened the British naval position in the Western Mediterranean and it was returned after the Treaty of Paris (1763)."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish island of Menorca was captured by the British in 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession and along with Gibraltar ceded to Great Britain under the 1714 Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q193157", "label": "Ferdinand VI of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Aware of the island's vulnerability, the French hoped its capture would provide them with a bargaining chip to persuade Ferdinand VI of Spain to join the war as their ally."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "In the event this proved not to be the case, as Ferdinand remained neutral until his death in 1759."}, {"id": "Q697562", "label": "Armand de Vignerot du Plessis", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Seven Years' War did not formally begin until France declared war on Britain on 9 June 1756, at the beginning of the year Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville, then head of the French naval ministry, ordered Louis François Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, 3rd Duke of Richelieu to prepare an expeditionary force to take the island."}], "Q3773859": [{"id": "Q436763", "label": "José Sanjurjo", "section": "lead", "says": "But after contributing to the prevention of an attempted coup by General José Sanjurjo, the CNT experienced a resurgence in support and anarchist deportees were permitted to return to Spain."}, {"id": "Q203708", "label": "Manuel Azaña", "section": "lead", "says": "An investigation into the Casas Viejas incident found the government of Manuel Azaña culpable for the massacre, which caused it to lose support from the far-left and emboldened political opposition from the right-wing."}, {"id": "Q451370", "label": "Alejandro Lerroux", "section": "lead", "says": "A new right-wing government led by Alejandro Lerroux was subsequently elected, provoking the outbreak of the anarchist insurrection of December 1933."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, escalating class conflict made many Spanish workers sympathetic to anarchism, which agitated for a social revolution to overthrow capitalism and the state."}, {"id": "Q3143157", "label": "Ángel Pestaña", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1932, the National Committee of the CNT came under the control of the FAI, after the treintista Ángel Pestaña resigned as General Secretary of the CNT and was replaced by the revolutionary anarchist Manuel Rivas."}], "Q3778609": [{"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despenser War (1321–22) was a baronial revolt against Edward II of England led by the Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun."}, {"id": "Q2657536", "label": "Battle of Boroughbridge", "section": "lead", "says": "After the rebels' summer campaign of 1321, Edward was able to take advantage of a temporary peace to rally more support and a successful winter campaign in southern Wales, culminating in royal victory at the Battle of Boroughbridge in the north of England in March 1322."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Causes of the war", "says": "The council of Ordainers was formed in 1311 to reform the King's household, restrict his royal prerogatives, supervise the economy, and they insisted on the banishment of his then-favourite, Piers Gaveston, husband of the earl of Gloucester's sister Margaret."}], "Q3813618": [{"id": "Q2888111", "label": "Battle of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "The July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona, also known as the Battle of Barcelona, was a mutiny that occurred in Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, from 19 to 20 July 1936."}, {"id": "Q2604672", "label": "Manuel Goded Llopis", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time the Nationalist commander Manuel Goded arrived in Barcelona, the rebels were already facing defeat."}, {"id": "Q1982745", "label": "Spanish Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the uprising in Catalonia culminated in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, during which anarchists brought much of the region's agricultural land and industrial economy under collective ownership."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "The rise of the right-wing in Spain coincided with the rise of fascism and the decline of democracy throughout Europe, with the establishment of Nazi Germany and the Federal State of Austria increasing international tensions."}, {"id": "Q176495", "label": "Federal State of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The rise of the right-wing in Spain coincided with the rise of fascism and the decline of democracy throughout Europe, with the establishment of Nazi Germany and the Federal State of Austria increasing international tensions."}, {"id": "Q451370", "label": "Alejandro Lerroux", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1935, a series of corruption scandals brought down the government of Alejandro Lerroux, prompting President Niceto Alcalá Zamora to dissolve the Congress of Deputies and call the 1936 Spanish general election."}, {"id": "Q539845", "label": "José Calvo Sotelo", "section": "Background", "says": "The election immediately laid the foundations for civil war, with Francisco Franco, José María Gil-Robles and José Calvo Sotelo all calling for the results to be annulled."}, {"id": "Q203708", "label": "Manuel Azaña", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 February 1936, Manuel Azaña formed a new government of left-wing republican parties."}], "Q3817928": [{"id": "Q3778593", "label": "Fourth Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "This Battle of Rayy (one among many) was fought on May 1, 811 AD as part of an Abbasid civil war (the \"Fourth Fitna\") between the two half-brothers, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Causes", "says": "Thus he decreed that al-Amin would rule the Abbasid Caliphate until his death, while al-Ma'mun acted as viceroy of Khurasan province in Eastern Iran."}, {"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "Causes", "says": "Al-Ma'mun was much angered by this and prepared for war, his vizier sending a force to defend the key frontier stronghold of Rayy, between the Zagros and Elburz mountain ranges."}], "Q3823056": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dresden was concluded on 28 June 1709, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "It re-established the alliance between Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway and Augustus the Strong against the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It re-established the alliance between Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway and Augustus the Strong against the Swedish Empire."}], "Q3823095": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Schwedt was concluded on 6 October 1713, during the Great Northern War, between the Tsardom of Russia and Brandenburg-Prussia in Schwedt."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Schwedt was concluded on 6 October 1713, during the Great Northern War, between the Tsardom of Russia and Brandenburg-Prussia in Schwedt."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Schwedt was concluded on 6 October 1713, during the Great Northern War, between the Tsardom of Russia and Brandenburg-Prussia in Schwedt."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "Brandenburg-Prussia was promised southern Swedish Pomerania up to the Peene river, which had just been conquered by Russia."}], "Q3866914": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Katia, also known as the Affair of Qatia by the British, was an engagement fought east of the Suez Canal and north of El Ferdan Station, in the vicinity of Katia and Oghratina, on 23 April 1916 during the Defence of the Suez Canal Campaign of World War I."}, {"id": "Q61808", "label": "Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "An Ottoman force led by the German General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein made a surprise attack on three and a half squadrons of the British 5th Mounted Brigade, which was widely scattered to the east of Romani."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire's attacks on 23 April demonstrated their intention to continue opposing the British Empire in the region."}, {"id": "Q2722527", "label": "Battle of Romani", "section": "lead", "says": "At the beginning of August, the Battle of Romani was fought over much of the same ground as that at Katia."}, {"id": "Q2668631", "label": "Archibald James Murray", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1915, Sir Archibald Murray, the Imperial Commander in Chief of Egypt, partially addressed the threat of von Kressenstein's forces to the Suez Canal by organising the defences into three sectors."}, {"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "After the conclusion of the Gallipoli Campaign, both sides had large numbers of troops available for redeployment, and the British decided to move their Suez Canal defences from positions on the canal eastwards into the Sinai desert."}], "Q3883950": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Colossus was the codename given to the first airborne operation undertaken by the British military, which occurred on 10 February 1941 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The British airborne establishment was formed in June 1940 by the order of the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, in response to the successful airborne operations conducted by the German military during the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q714288", "label": "Battle of Fort Eben-Emael", "section": "Background", "says": "The German military was one of the pioneers of the use of airborne formations, conducting several successful airborne operations during the Battle of France in 1940, including the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael."}], "Q3883953": [{"id": "Q859612", "label": "Channel Dash", "section": "lead", "says": "Donnerkeil was an air superiority operation designed to support Operation Cerberus, the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) plan to evacuate capital ships from France to Germany (an operation known to the British as the Channel Dash)."}, {"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1941, Kriegsmarine surface vessels had conducted commerce raiding operations in support of German U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q2444934", "label": "Operation Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Berlin was launched in January 1941, followed by Operation Rheinübung in May."}, {"id": "Q154164", "label": "Operation Rheinübung", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Berlin was launched in January 1941, followed by Operation Rheinübung in May."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oberkommando der Marine (Naval High Command) and Adolf Hitler desired to move the ships out of range of air raids."}, {"id": "Q57166", "label": "Adolf Galland", "section": "lead", "says": "General der Jagdflieger (General of the Fighter Force) Adolf Galland prepared the Luftwaffe's aircraft for the mission."}], "Q389091": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "While it shrank, it became more violent, mainly through the support of the Hunters' Lodges, a secret United States–based militia that emerged around the Great Lakes, and launched the Patriot War in 1838."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish "}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish "}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish "}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War of 1775–83, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish "}], "Q3891504": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pozoblanco took place between 6 March and 16 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War."}], "Q3891598": [{"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of the Montaña Barracks (Spanish: Sitio del Cuartel de la Montaña) was the two-day siege which marked the initial failure of the July 1936 uprising against the Second Spanish Republic in Madrid, on 18–20 July 1936, at the start of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of the Montaña Barracks (Spanish: Sitio del Cuartel de la Montaña) was the two-day siege which marked the initial failure of the July 1936 uprising against the Second Spanish Republic in Madrid, on 18–20 July 1936, at the start of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2604672", "label": "Manuel Goded Llopis", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17–18 July 1936, a part of the Spanish army, led by a group of officers—among them Generals Jose Sanjurjo, Francisco Franco, Emilio Mola, Manuel Goded and Gonzalo Queipo de Llano—tried to overthrow the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q554322", "label": "Gonzalo Queipo de Llano", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17–18 July 1936, a part of the Spanish army, led by a group of officers—among them Generals Jose Sanjurjo, Francisco Franco, Emilio Mola, Manuel Goded and Gonzalo Queipo de Llano—tried to overthrow the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic."}], "Q3893140": [{"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Terabe Castle was Matsudaira Motoyasu's first battle, who would later change his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu."}], "Q39046971": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, a power struggle developed between Lekhanya and the King, with the latter being forced into exile in the United Kingdom in February 1990, and officially dethroned in November of that year."}], "Q3938020": [{"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ikhwan revolt was an uprising in the Arabian Peninsula from 1929 to 1930 led by the Ikhwan against Ibn Saud."}, {"id": "Q146720", "label": "Mandatory Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1927, the tribesmen of the Otaibah, Mutayr and Ajman launched cross-border raids into parts of Mandatory Iraq, challenging the authority of Ibn Saud."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The relations between the House of Saud and the Ikhwan rebels gradually deteriorated into an open bloody feud by January 1929."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Operating from the Arabia core in Nejd, and aided by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, the Ikhwan had helped conquer most of the territory that later became Saudi Arabia by the end of 1925."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Operating from the Arabia core in Nejd, and aided by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, the Ikhwan had helped conquer most of the territory that later became Saudi Arabia by the end of 1925."}, {"id": "Q3480281", "label": "Sheikhdom of Kuwait", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In January 1929, an Ikhwan raid on the Sheikhdom of Kuwait resulted in the killing of an American missionary, Dr."}], "Q3953971": [{"id": "Q1320918", "label": "Frederick Stanley Maude", "section": "lead", "says": "The British, led by Frederick Stanley Maude, recaptured the city, but the Ottoman garrison there did not get trapped inside (as had happened to Townshend's troops in the previous year when the Ottomans had besieged Kut in the siege of Kut): the Ottoman commander, Kâzım Karabekir Bey, managed a good-order retreat from the town of his remaining soldiers (about 2,500), pursued by a British fluvial fl"}], "Q3975748": [{"id": "Q43720", "label": "Pius IX", "section": "Background: the relocation of the capital city", "says": "In June 1864, taking advantage of rumors about the health of Pope Pius IX and possible uprisings in the Papal States, prime minister Marco Minghetti sent Gioacchino Napoleone Pepoli to the Italian ambassador in Paris, Costantino Nigra, with arrangements to negotiate the withdrawal of French troops from the Holy See's territories."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background: the relocation of the capital city", "says": "In June 1864, taking advantage of rumors about the health of Pope Pius IX and possible uprisings in the Papal States, prime minister Marco Minghetti sent Gioacchino Napoleone Pepoli to the Italian ambassador in Paris, Costantino Nigra, with arrangements to negotiate the withdrawal of French troops from the Holy See's territories."}, {"id": "Q597155", "label": "Marco Minghetti", "section": "Background: the relocation of the capital city", "says": "In June 1864, taking advantage of rumors about the health of Pope Pius IX and possible uprisings in the Papal States, prime minister Marco Minghetti sent Gioacchino Napoleone Pepoli to the Italian ambassador in Paris, Costantino Nigra, with arrangements to negotiate the withdrawal of French troops from the Holy See's territories."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "Background: the relocation of the capital city", "says": "To reach the agreement, Emperor Napoleon III required a guarantee showing the renunciation of the conquest of Rome, which had been indicated since 1861 by the Italian government as the ideal capital of the kingdom; Pepoli asked if moving the Italian capital from Turin to another city, something already assumed by the government, could provide adequate guarantee; the emperor confirmed that he would"}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "Background: the relocation of the capital city", "says": "Victor Emmanuel II was informed in August, upon Pepoli's return."}], "Q39899474": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Deir ez-Zor campaign, codenamed the al-Jazeera Storm campaign, was a military operation launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State (IS) in Syria's Deir ez-Zor Governorate in 2017 during the Syrian Civil War with the goal of capturing territory in eastern Syria, particularly east and north of the Euphrates river."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase of the campaign was concurrent with another SDF operation, the Raqqa campaign conducted against Raqqa, the Islamic State's then-capital city and main stronghold in Syria, as well as the Central Syria campaign, the Eastern Syria campaign, the Syrian Desert campaign, and the Deir ez-Zor offensive, in which Assad's Syrian Arab Army (SAA) was also capturing territory from the Islamic S"}], "Q40532579": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "In return, Sunnis became convinced of using violence to counter Maliki's sectarian policies while also giving substantial support to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant."}], "Q4080178": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Causes of rebellion", "says": "Since the mid-16th century, the Bashkirs were vassals of the Tsardom of Russia."}], "Q4083702": [{"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bender Uprising was organized by local Bolshevik groups in Bender/Tighina on 27 May 1919, as a protest of the local Russian population against the annexation of Bessarabia by the Kingdom of Romania in December 1918 (united in a federation with Romania since April 1918, Bessarabia was annexed by the latter on 10 December)."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bender Uprising was organized by local Bolshevik groups in Bender/Tighina on 27 May 1919, as a protest of the local Russian population against the annexation of Bessarabia by the Kingdom of Romania in December 1918 (united in a federation with Romania since April 1918, Bessarabia was annexed by the latter on 10 December)."}], "Q4087324": [{"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tientsin, or the Relief of Tientsin, occurred on 13–14 July 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion in Northern China."}, {"id": "Q35236", "label": "Herbert Hoover", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the civilians living in the foreign settlement were Herbert Hoover, a future president of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the civilians living in the foreign settlement were Herbert Hoover, a future president of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The allied military force was composed of soldiers, sailors, and marines from Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary."}], "Q4087352": [{"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Basya River (Polish: Bitwa nad rzeką Basia) or Battle of Gubarevo (Russian: Битва у Губарево) took place 28 September 1660 near Basya river 40 kilometers from the city of Mogilev during Thirteen Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2011225", "label": "Battle of Polonka", "section": "lead", "says": "The combined forces were commanded by Stefan Czarniecki, who fought against Yuri Dolgorukov, who led his army to Belarus to replace Ivan Khovansky, who had been defeated earlier in the Battle of Polonka."}], "Q4087392": [{"id": "Q502064", "label": "Andrei Shkuro", "section": "Background", "says": "In mid-June 1919, Andrei Shkuro, the commander of the Kuban Cossacks, took advantage of the discord between the Bolsheviks and Ukrainian anarchists to raid the anarchist capital of Huliaipole, forcing the anarchists' Insurgent Army into a retreat towards right-bank Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q2994236", "label": "Nikifor Grigoriev", "section": "Background", "says": "The Insurgent Army fell back hundreds of kilometers to the west, eventually reaching Kherson, then under the control of the Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When they arrived at Uman, they found it in the hands of the Ukrainian People's Republic, who offered them neutral ground for their wounded to be treated on."}], "Q4090266": [{"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Komsomolskoye took place in Chechnya during the Second Chechen War."}, {"id": "Q2414302", "label": "Ruslan Gelayev", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting resulted in the destruction of most of the Chechen separatist units commanded by Ruslan Gelayev."}], "Q4090297": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania) was fought by the Polish Army against the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, which accompanied the German Invasion of Poland in accordance with Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q150812", "label": "1939 Invasion of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania) was fought by the Polish Army against the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, which accompanied the German Invasion of Poland in accordance with Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania) was fought by the Polish Army against the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, which accompanied the German Invasion of Poland in accordance with Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The city of Wilno was the capital of the Wilno Voivodeship and the sixth-largest city in the Second Polish Republic, in addition to being and an important industrial centre in the north-east of that country."}], "Q4090323": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the outbreak of hostilities between Russia and the Ottoman Empire on 29 October 1914, naval operations in the Black Sea primarily involved shelling coastal targets and laying mines."}], "Q4110452": [{"id": "Q315191", "label": "Andrey Bogolyubsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Kiev took place on 8–12 March 1169 when a coalition of 11 princes, assembled by prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, attacked the Kievan Rus' capital city of Kiev (modern Kyiv) during the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Kiev took place on 8–12 March 1169 when a coalition of 11 princes, assembled by prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, attacked the Kievan Rus' capital city of Kiev (modern Kyiv) during the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Kiev took place on 8–12 March 1169 when a coalition of 11 princes, assembled by prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, attacked the Kievan Rus' capital city of Kiev (modern Kyiv) during the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q497904", "label": "Rostislav I of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict, caused by the death of grand prince Rostislav I of Kiev, was between rival branches of the Monomakhovichi clan: the Iziaslavichi of Volhynia (senior Mstislavichi; in control of Kiev, Novgorod, Volynia and Halych) on the one hand, and the Rostislavichi of Smolensk (junior Mstislavichi), the Yurievichi (controlling Suzdalia and Pereyaslavl), and the Olgovichi of Chernigov on the other."}, {"id": "Q497573", "label": "Mstislav II of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Mstislav II of Kiev sought to defend Kiev against the Rostislavichi–Yurievichi–Olgovichi coalition."}], "Q4114552": [{"id": "Q200499", "label": "Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place on 5 July 1977, it was carried out by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the chief of army staff, overthrowing the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto."}, {"id": "Q131355", "label": "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place on 5 July 1977, it was carried out by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the chief of army staff, overthrowing the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place nearly six years after the 1971 war with India which ended with the surrender of Pakistan and the secession of East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place nearly six years after the 1971 war with India which ended with the surrender of Pakistan and the secession of East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The period following the coup saw the \"Islamisation of Pakistan\" and Pakistan's involvement with the Afghan mujahideen (funded by the US and Saudi Arabia) during their war against the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The period following the coup saw the \"Islamisation of Pakistan\" and Pakistan's involvement with the Afghan mujahideen (funded by the US and Saudi Arabia) during their war against the Soviet Union."}], "Q4117011": [{"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wadi al-Laban (Arabic: معركة وادي اللبن) occurred in March–April 1558 between Saadians and Ottoman Algerian forces under Hasan Pasha, the son of Hayreddin Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wadi al-Laban (Arabic: معركة وادي اللبن) occurred in March–April 1558 between Saadians and Ottoman Algerian forces under Hasan Pasha, the son of Hayreddin Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "Background", "says": "Hasan Pasha son of Hayreddin Barbarossa, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers on behalf of the Ottoman Empire, captured Fes from the Saadians in early 1554 and installed a Wattasid client."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Hasan Pasha son of Hayreddin Barbarossa, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers on behalf of the Ottoman Empire, captured Fes from the Saadians in early 1554 and installed a Wattasid client."}], "Q4122685": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe, whom some earlier historians called \"the Savage Napoleon\", and his warriors, and other Cherokee fought alongside warriors from several other tribes, most often the Muscogee in the Old Southwest and the Shawnee in the Old Northwest."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The first phase took place from 1776 to 1783, in which the Cherokee fought as allies of the Kingdom of Great Britain against the American colonies."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cherokee served as proxies of the Viceroyalty of New Spain against the recently formed United States of America."}, {"id": "Q505146", "label": "Joseph Brant", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1786, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, a major war chief of the Iroquois, had organized the Western Confederacy of tribes to resist American settlement in Ohio Country."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1786, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, a major war chief of the Iroquois, had organized the Western Confederacy of tribes to resist American settlement in Ohio Country."}, {"id": "Q4186402", "label": "Western Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1786, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, a major war chief of the Iroquois, had organized the Western Confederacy of tribes to resist American settlement in Ohio Country."}, {"id": "Q2656995", "label": "Northwest Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lower Cherokee were founding members and fought in the Northwest Indian War that resulted from this conflict."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwest Indian War ended with the Treaty of Greenville in 1795."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Prelude (1763–75)", "says": "George Washington also spoke out against it."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Prelude (1763–75)", "says": "The Cherokee appealed to John Stuart, the Indian Affairs Superintendent, for help, which he had provided on previous such occasions, but the outbreak of the American Revolution intervened."}], "Q4141167": [{"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai."}], "Q4147498": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasid civil war of 865–866, sometimes known as the Fifth Fitna,  was an armed conflict during the \"Anarchy at Samarra\" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz, fought to determine who would gain control over the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q11937848", "label": "Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon their arrival, they were greeted by the city's powerful Tahirid governor, Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir, in whose palace the caliph took up his residence."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Musta'in, while promising the Turks that they would continue to be paid, refused to leave Baghdad, and he and Muhammad ibn Abdallah mocked them for their perceived insolence."}, {"id": "Q281989", "label": "Al-Mu'tazz", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Mu'tazz agreed to the proposal"}], "Q4147516": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The British campaign in the Baltic 1918–1919 was a part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "Context", "says": "Launched in the wake of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended World War I and the German military occupation of the Baltic countries, the purposes of Operation Red Trek were to stop the rise of Bolshevism in the area, to support the newly independent countries of Estonia and Latvia, to protect British interests, and to extend the freedom of the seas."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Context", "says": "Launched in the wake of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended World War I and the German military occupation of the Baltic countries, the purposes of Operation Red Trek were to stop the rise of Bolshevism in the area, to support the newly independent countries of Estonia and Latvia, to protect British interests, and to extend the freedom of the seas."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "The Russian Empire had collapsed and Bolshevik Red Army, pro-independence and pro-German forces were fighting across the region."}], "Q4166560": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1975 Beirut bus massacre (Arabic: مجزرة بوسطة عين الرمانة ,مجزرة عين الرمانة), also known as the Ain el-Rammaneh incident and Black Sunday, was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving Phalangist and Palestinian elements in the streets of central Beirut, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War in the mid-1970s."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "As the rowdy Palestinians refused to be diverted from their route, the nervous Phalangists tried to halt their progress by force and a scuffle quickly ensued, in which they shot the PLO driver of the vehicle."}, {"id": "Q467100", "label": "Pierre Gemayel", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the dead in the drive-by shooting were Joseph Abu Assi, an off-duty Phalange militant and father of the baptised child, and three bodyguards – Antoine Husseini, Dib Assaf and Selman Ibrahim Abou, shot while attempting to return fire on the assailants – of the personal entourage of the Maronite za'im (political boss) Pierre Gemayel, the powerful leader of the right-wing Phalangist Party, who "}], "Q4186464": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western New Guinea campaign was a series of actions in the New Guinea campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch East Indies KNIL, United States and Australian forces assaulted Japanese bases and positions in the northwest coastal areas of Netherlands New Guinea and adjoining parts of the Australian Territory of New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch East Indies KNIL, United States and Australian forces assaulted Japanese bases and positions in the northwest coastal areas of Netherlands New Guinea and adjoining parts of the Australian Territory of New Guinea."}], "Q4202311": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The USS Stark incident occurred during the Iran–Iraq War in the Persian Gulf on 17 May 1987, when an Iraqi jet aircraft fired two Exocet missiles at the U.S. frigate USS Stark."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraq apologized, and Saddam Hussein said that the pilot mistook the frigate for an Iranian tanker."}], "Q4204344": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chelsea Creek was the second military engagement of the Boston campaign of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q590644", "label": "Joseph Warren", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 14, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety under Joseph Warren issued the following order:\n\nResolved, as their opinion, that all the live stock be taken from Noddle's Island, Hog Island, Snake Island, and from that part of Chelsea near the sea coast, and be driven back; and that the execution of this business be committed to the committees of correspondence and selectmen of the towns of Medf"}, {"id": "Q321887", "label": "Artemas Ward", "section": "Background", "says": "A few days before the battle, Warren and General Artemas Ward, commander of the besieging forces, inspected Noddle's Island and Hog Island, which lay to the northeast of Boston, and east of Charlestown."}], "Q4263465": [{"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "Byzantine Emperor Justinian compelled his commanders in Italy to take the initiative in the war against the Goths."}, {"id": "Q1895789", "label": "Battle of Faventia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantines were pursued by the Gothic King Totila, and they were defeated at the Battle of Faventia, marking the beginning of the Gothic recovery of the Italian peninsula from Byzantine control."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of Ravenna in May 540 AD, the capital of the Gothic kingdom, Belisarius had succeeded in restoring former Western Roman territories (Sicily and most of the Italian Peninsula) to Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The general's departure was also needed on the eastern front against the Persians in the upcoming Lazic War (541–562)."}], "Q4271998": [{"id": "Q644589", "label": "Toyota War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maaten al-Sarra was fought between Chad and Libya on September 5, 1987, during the Toyota War."}, {"id": "Q310886", "label": "Hissène Habré", "section": "Background", "says": "GUNT was fighting against the Chadian government led by Hissène Habré and French forces."}], "Q427891": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Ligonier (also known as the Battle of Loyalhanna or the Battle of Loyal Hannon) was a battle of the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q3177722", "label": "Braddock Expedition", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the British failure to capture French-controlled Fort Duquesne in the disastrous Braddock Expedition early in the French and Indian War, the British in 1758 finally mounted a second expedition under the command of John Forbes to capture that fort, from which the French and their Indian allies had been organizing raids against British colonial frontier settlements."}], "Q427982": [{"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the failure the war drew to a close, opening the way for the 1728 Treaty of El Pardo and the Treaty of Seville signed in 1729."}, {"id": "Q1195251", "label": "Treaty of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the failure the war drew to a close, opening the way for the 1728 Treaty of El Pardo and the Treaty of Seville signed in 1729."}, {"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 January 1727 (N.S.) the Marquis of Pozobueno, the Spanish ambassador to Britain, sent a letter to the Duke of Newcastle explaining why the Spanish Crown believed that Article 10 of the Peace of Utrecht, which granted Britain perpetual control of Gibraltar under certain conditions, had been nullified:\n\nThe cession which his Majesty [King Philip V] made precedently of that Place is become null,"}], "Q42904706": [{"id": "Q296771", "label": "Saad Harirị", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2017, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri abruptly announced his resignation while he was in Saudi Arabia on 4 November 2017."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 November, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates, asked their citizens to leave."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1989, Saudi Arabia along with the United States helped to mediate the end of the fifteen-year Lebanese Civil War through the Taif Agreement."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1989, Saudi Arabia along with the United States helped to mediate the end of the fifteen-year Lebanese Civil War through the Taif Agreement."}, {"id": "Q321936", "label": "Taif Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1989, Saudi Arabia along with the United States helped to mediate the end of the fifteen-year Lebanese Civil War through the Taif Agreement."}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Saudi Arabia has opposed Hezbollah's influence in Lebanon and its involvement in the Syrian Civil War, as the group is seen to be strongly aligned with Iran."}], "Q4296967": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fairfax Court House was the first land engagement of the American Civil War with fatal casualties."}, {"id": "Q559411", "label": "William Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "Marr rallied his unit, but was killed, and command was taken over by a civilian ex-governor of Virginia, William Smith, who forced the Union to retreat."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 15, 1861, the day after the surrender of Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina to Confederate forces, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to reclaim federal property and to suppress the rebellion begun by the seven Deep South states, which had formed the Confederate States of America (Confederacy)."}], "Q4311320": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Navarino was one of the earliest battles of the Greek War of Independence."}], "Q4315653": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nevel was a successful military operation conducted by the Red Army in the Pskov Oblast of western Russia and in northern Belarus during World War II, from October 6 to roughly December 16, 1943, although fighting persisted in the area into the new year."}], "Q4321178": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the Eastern Front of World War II and was part of the wider Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, a Soviet attack against Army Group South to retake the rest of Ukraine that fell to Germany in 1941."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the Eastern Front of World War II and was part of the wider Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, a Soviet attack against Army Group South to retake the rest of Ukraine that fell to Germany in 1941."}, {"id": "Q313836", "label": "Battle of the Dnieper", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Soviet advance to the Dnieper in the Battle of the Dnieper during late 1943, German forces managed to hold to the Nikopol bridgehead on the left bank of the Dnieper, the area of manganese ore mines of crucial importance to German war production that Adolf Hitler insisted on holding."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Soviet advance to the Dnieper in the Battle of the Dnieper during late 1943, German forces managed to hold to the Nikopol bridgehead on the left bank of the Dnieper, the area of manganese ore mines of crucial importance to German war production that Adolf Hitler insisted on holding."}, {"id": "Q62758", "label": "Karl-Adolf Hollidt", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Soviet advance in the Battle of the Dnieper in late 1943, the German 6th Army, commanded by Generaloberst Karl-Adolf Hollidt, escaped a threatened Soviet encirclement and retreated to the Krivoi Rog area, with its IV and XXIX Army Corps clinging on to the Nikopol bridgehead over the Dnieper, the easternmost protrusion of a salient centred on the key rail junction of Apostolovo."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 November, these two corps were temporarily transferred to the 1st Panzer Army, and within weeks they became part of Group Schörner under the command of General der Gebirgstruppe Ferdinand Schörner along with the XVII Army Corps to the north."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler repeatedly stressed the crucial importance of this area, telling his commanders that the \"Loss of Nikopol would mean the end of the war.\" The Nikopol bridgehead also held operational significance because it could serve as a springboard for an assault to relieve German troops trapped in Crimea, and Hitler refused demands by Army Group South commander Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Mans"}], "Q4335297": [{"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a combined effort of Republika Srpska and the Republic of Serb Krajina to recover the territory of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (APZB), which was a key ally of the Serbs."}, {"id": "Q1284308", "label": "Jovica Stanišić", "section": "lead", "says": "Franko Simatović and Jovica Stanišić commanded the offensive."}, {"id": "Q192262", "label": "Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive ended in a Serb victory and the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia remained in existence until the fall of its key ally, the Republic of Serbian Krajina, and the subsequent end of the war."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive ended in a Serb victory and the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia remained in existence until the fall of its key ally, the Republic of Serbian Krajina, and the subsequent end of the war."}, {"id": "Q738199", "label": "Atif Dudaković", "section": "Background", "says": "The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) 5th corps, under Bosnian general Atif Dudaković and Hamdija Abdić, conducted an offensive into the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia on August 21, 1994, and completely overrun the entire province on August 22, 1994."}, {"id": "Q466040", "label": "Fikret Abdić", "section": "Background", "says": "During this offensive, around 40,000 Muslims loyal to Fikret Abdić fled to the Republic of Serbian Krajina."}], "Q4337397": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lyakhavichy or Lachowicze took place from 23 March to 28 June 1660 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Lachowicze was one of the major Grand Duchy of Lithuania strongholds in the disputed region (modern Belarus)."}, {"id": "Q2991218", "label": "Paweł Jan Sapieha", "section": "lead", "says": "After four failed sieges, Khovansky was forced to face a Polish relief army under hetmans Stefan Czarniecki and Paweł Jan Sapieha, and was defeated at the Battle of Polonka."}, {"id": "Q2011225", "label": "Battle of Polonka", "section": "lead", "says": "After four failed sieges, Khovansky was forced to face a Polish relief army under hetmans Stefan Czarniecki and Paweł Jan Sapieha, and was defeated at the Battle of Polonka."}], "Q4337398": [{"id": "Q2988343", "label": "Portuguese Malacca", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Malacca (3 August 1640 – 14 January 1641) was initiated by the Dutch East India Company and their local ally, Johor, against Portuguese Malacca."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with a Portuguese surrender and, according to Portugal, the deaths of thousands of Portuguese individuals."}], "Q4337451": [{"id": "Q1257426", "label": "Sclaveni", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Thessalonica in 617 or 618 was an unsuccessful siege of the city of Thessalonica, the major Byzantine stronghold in the region, by the Avars and the Slavic tribes (Sclaveni) who had settled in the city's vicinity."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the last third of the 6th century, the Byzantine Balkans were threatened by large-scale raids of the Avars, based in the Pannonian Plain, and their Slavic allies, based north of the Danube, which marked the northwestern border of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "Phocas and his successor Heraclius bought off peace with the Avars through annual tributes, but the Slavs once again had a free hand in raiding the Balkans, and in 604, a force of 5,000 men suddenly attacked Thessalonica at night, but failed to scale the city walls."}], "Q4345906": [{"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the first episodes of the Falklands War, immediately succeeding the invasion on the Falkland Islands the day before."}], "Q4365959": [{"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "lead", "says": "The event greatly angered the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, who viewed it as a significant national security failure."}], "Q4372932": [{"id": "Q57385", "label": "Teodoro Obiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt, also known as the Wonga Coup, failed to replace President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with exiled opposition politician Severo Moto Nsá."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "Mercenaries organised by mainly British financiers were arrested in Zimbabwe on 7 March 2004 before they could carry out the plot."}, {"id": "Q713468", "label": "Mark Thatcher", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident received international media attention after the reported involvement of Mark Thatcher in funding the coup, for which he was convicted and fined in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident received international media attention after the reported involvement of Mark Thatcher in funding the coup, for which he was convicted and fined in South Africa."}], "Q4373399": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental was a short-lived attempt, beginning in 1811 and ending the following year, by the Portuguese Empire to annex the remaining territory of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata."}, {"id": "Q48684", "label": "Francisco Javier de Elío", "section": "Background", "says": "Francisco Javier de Elío was sent by Spain to replace Cisneros as viceroy, arriving in January 1811."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "Background", "says": "Buenos Aires sent a military expedition under Manuel Belgrano to the intendancy (roughly province) of Paraguay."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Background", "says": "Buenos Aires sent a military expedition under Manuel Belgrano to the intendancy (roughly province) of Paraguay."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "Background", "says": "Orientales, as the inhabitants of the Banda Oriental were called, led by José Gervasio Artigas, rebelled against Elío soon afterward and declared loyalty to the government in Buenos Aires."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Others within the viceroyalty had already turned to Portugal."}], "Q4382262": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Târgu Frumos was fought during World War II between Axis powers commanded by Otto Wöhler and Soviet forces led by Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q64794", "label": "Otto Wöhler", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Târgu Frumos was fought during World War II between Axis powers commanded by Otto Wöhler and Soviet forces led by Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Târgu Frumos was fought during World War II between Axis powers commanded by Otto Wöhler and Soviet forces led by Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q356036", "label": "David Glantz", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian David Glantz has described it as part of a failed Soviet invasion of Romania, while Russian and German sources have described it as part of the Târgu Frumos Operation."}, {"id": "Q4385802", "label": "Ioan Mihail Racoviță", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romanian 4th Army, under the command of Lieutenant-General Ioan Mihail Racoviță, was charged with the defense of the region."}], "Q4391832": [{"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khivan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1924, which led to the elimination of the Khanate of Khiva in 1920, the formation of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the elimin"}, {"id": "Q61291", "label": "Khorezm People's Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khivan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1924, which led to the elimination of the Khanate of Khiva in 1920, the formation of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the elimin"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khivan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1924, which led to the elimination of the Khanate of Khiva in 1920, the formation of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the elimin"}], "Q4408946": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasun uprising or Sasun rebellion of 1904 (Armenian: Սասունի երկրորդ ապստամբութիւնը, Sasuni yerkrord apstambut'yunĕ, literally Second Sassoun resistance) was an uprising by Armenian militia against the Ottoman Empire in Turkey's Sason region in 1904."}, {"id": "Q8068635", "label": "Zeitun Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire wanted to prevent the formation of another semi-autonomous Armenian region in the eastern vilayets after its defeat in the First Zeitun Rebellion."}], "Q4438417": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Niš was fought on 24 September 1689, near the city of Niš in southern Serbia, between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Niš was fought on 24 September 1689, near the city of Niš in southern Serbia, between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Niš was fought on 24 September 1689, near the city of Niš in southern Serbia, between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q58755", "label": "Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian commander, Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, defeated the Ottomans and captured the city."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Piccolomini led a campaign deep into Macedonia."}], "Q444201": [{"id": "Q212852", "label": "Childebert I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Autun is said to have been fought in AD 532, when the Merovingian Kings Childebert I and Clothar I decisively defeated the Burgundians, led by King Godomar."}, {"id": "Q28984", "label": "Clothar I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Autun is said to have been fought in AD 532, when the Merovingian Kings Childebert I and Clothar I decisively defeated the Burgundians, led by King Godomar."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Autun is said to have been fought in AD 532, when the Merovingian Kings Childebert I and Clothar I decisively defeated the Burgundians, led by King Godomar."}], "Q444823": [{"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "The conference was proposed by German foreign minister Count Herbert von Bismarck (son of chancellor Otto von Bismarck) to reconvene the adjourned Washington conference on Samoa of 1887."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Herbert von Bismarck invited delegations from the United States and the British Empire to Berlin in April 1889."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Herbert von Bismarck invited delegations from the United States and the British Empire to Berlin in April 1889."}], "Q4453239": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tver Uprising of 1327 (Russian: Тверское восстание) was a popular uprising against the Golden Horde by the people of the Principality of Tver."}, {"id": "Q163268", "label": "Principality of Tver", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tver Uprising of 1327 (Russian: Тверское восстание) was a popular uprising against the Golden Horde by the people of the Principality of Tver."}, {"id": "Q185316", "label": "Ivan I of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tatars dispatched a punitive force led by Ivan I of Moscow and Aleksandr of Suzdal to crush the uprising."}, {"id": "Q335097", "label": "Öz Beg Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, Özbeg Khan divided the Vladimir grand principality between Ivan I of Moscow and Aleksandr of Suzdal."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 13th century, the Mongol Empire invaded the Kievan Rus' and proceeded to establish a hegemony over the Russian states."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 13th century, the Mongol Empire invaded the Kievan Rus' and proceeded to establish a hegemony over the Russian states."}], "Q445663": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saločiai, or Battle of Saladen, was a military engagement that took place on 19 March 1703 near Saločiai, Lithuania during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saločiai, or Battle of Saladen, was a military engagement that took place on 19 March 1703 near Saločiai, Lithuania during the Great Northern War."}], "Q4497452": [{"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Russo-Khivan War of 1873, Russia conquered the Khanate of Khiva, and it became a Russian protectorate."}], "Q451404": [{"id": "Q438252", "label": "Old Zürich War", "section": "lead", "says": "Jakob an der Sihl was a battle of the Old Zürich War that occurred on 22 July 1443, resulting in a defeat for Zürich."}], "Q45334": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was the only major event in what was supposed to be a campaign of retaliation against ports that supported Patriot activities in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War."}], "Q4548218": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bamyan (Dari: محاصره بامیان) took place in the spring of 1221 A.D. during the Mongol invasion of Khorasan by an army under the leadership of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, who was in pursuit of Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the last ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bamyan (Dari: محاصره بامیان) took place in the spring of 1221 A.D. during the Mongol invasion of Khorasan by an army under the leadership of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, who was in pursuit of Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the last ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bamyan (Dari: محاصره بامیان) took place in the spring of 1221 A.D. during the Mongol invasion of Khorasan by an army under the leadership of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, who was in pursuit of Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the last ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Genghis Khan crossed the Hindu Kush and after that besieged the citadel of Shahr-e-Gholghola near Bamyan, northwest of Kabul, in present-day Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q3269746", "label": "Battle of Parwan", "section": "Background", "says": "After besieging Taloqan for several months, the Mongols of the Khagan Genghis Khan marched to confront the Shah Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the last representative of the Khwarazmian Empire, who had formed a new Muslim army in what is now Afghanistan and had defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Parwan."}], "Q4554402": [{"id": "Q722048", "label": "Baruch Kimmerling", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 20th century, the revolt was largely absent in the Palestinian collective memory, from which \"the humiliating and traumatic events\" were \"conveniently erased\", according to Israeli historian Baruch Kimmerling."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "In consolidating his power, Muhammad Ali, the rebel governor of Ottoman Egypt, was modeling his rule on the bureaucratic organization characteristic of modern European states."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "Background", "says": "In consolidating his power, Muhammad Ali, the rebel governor of Ottoman Egypt, was modeling his rule on the bureaucratic organization characteristic of modern European states."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Ali was attempting to become independent of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "He was replaced by his son Muhammad al-Qasim, who was consequently removed from the more powerful post of mutassalim of Nablus."}], "Q4560679": [{"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania refers to a failed attempt by Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski to overthrow the existing Lithuanian government of Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius, and install a pro-Polish cabinet that would agree to a union with Poland."}, {"id": "Q28909", "label": "Mykolas Sleževičius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania refers to a failed attempt by Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski to overthrow the existing Lithuanian government of Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius, and install a pro-Polish cabinet that would agree to a union with Poland."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Poland and Lithuania formed one state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the Union of Lublin in 1569 to the Third Partition in 1795."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "Background", "says": "Poland and Lithuania formed one state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the Union of Lublin in 1569 to the Third Partition in 1795."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Poland and Lithuania regained their independence in the aftermath of World War I, but both soon became engaged in territorial disputes over the Suwałki and Vilnius Regions."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Polish–Soviet War, Poland launched an offensive against the Soviet Union and captured Vilnius (Wilno) during the Vilna offensive in April 1919."}], "Q4560689": [{"id": "Q7075820", "label": "Occupied Enemy Territory Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alawite revolt (also called the Shaykh Saleh al-Ali Revolt) was a rebellion, led by Shaykh Saleh al-Ali against the French authorities of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and later as part of the Franco-Syrian War against the newly established French Mandate of Syria, primarily in the coastal Jabal Ansariyah mountain range."}, {"id": "Q2992403", "label": "Franco-Syrian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alawite revolt (also called the Shaykh Saleh al-Ali Revolt) was a rebellion, led by Shaykh Saleh al-Ali against the French authorities of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and later as part of the Franco-Syrian War against the newly established French Mandate of Syria, primarily in the coastal Jabal Ansariyah mountain range."}, {"id": "Q1337578", "label": "Ibrahim Hananu", "section": "lead", "says": "He coordinated with the leaders of other anti-French revolts in the country, including the revolt of Ibrahim Hananu in the Aleppo countryside and Subhi Barakat's revolt in Antioch."}], "Q4565560": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "As it occurred during World War II, information about the disaster was censored."}], "Q4568929": [{"id": "Q12060881", "label": "Chinese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Canton (Chinese: 中瑞廣州條約, Swedish: Fördraget i Kanton) was the first unequal treaty between Sweden-Norway and the Chinese Empire."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was negotiated in March 1847 by Carl Fredrik Liljevalch and Qiying, the Viceroy of Liangguang, and was one of the unequal treaties between Western powers and China that followed the First Opium War."}], "Q4572485": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xingtai earthquake (Chinese: 邢台大地震; pinyin: Xíngtái Dà Dìzhèn) was a sequence of major earthquakes that took place between March 8 and March 29, 1966, in the area administered by the prefecture-level city of Xingtai in southern Hebei province, People's Republic of China."}], "Q4575699": [{"id": "Q272580", "label": "Juvénal Habyarimana", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1973 Rwandan coup d'état, also known as the Coup d'état of 5 July (French: Coup d'état du 5 Juillet), was a military coup staged by Juvénal Habyarimana against incumbent president Grégoire Kayibanda in the Republic of Rwanda."}, {"id": "Q557995", "label": "Grégoire Kayibanda", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1973 Rwandan coup d'état, also known as the Coup d'état of 5 July (French: Coup d'état du 5 Juillet), was a military coup staged by Juvénal Habyarimana against incumbent president Grégoire Kayibanda in the Republic of Rwanda."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "Background", "says": "Fake rumors and documents were produced by the Army against the President and Rwanda became isolated economically and diplomatically, especially from neighbouring Uganda (then under the rule of Idi Amin) which housed large numbers of Tutsi."}], "Q4582269": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought towards the end of the Scanian War, the siege was one in a string of Danish losses that saw Swedish forces under King Charles XI of Sweden establish control over the southern region of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought towards the end of the Scanian War, the siege was one in a string of Danish losses that saw Swedish forces under King Charles XI of Sweden establish control over the southern region of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q157793", "label": "Christian V of Denmark", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To win the war, it was important for King Christian V of Denmark to capture Malmö and strike a blow against Swedish presence in the region."}], "Q4585341": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Cause", "says": "In early 2007, a United States academic claimed that coal mining in the region triggered the earthquake, although earthquake activity has been present in the area at least since European settlement first occurred."}], "Q4585595": [{"id": "Q44306", "label": "Salman Rushdie", "section": "lead", "says": "The protesters, mainly Uyghur and Hui, initially conducted an orderly march in the previous days and demanded that the government should destroy Sexual Customs and punish the two authors of the book (who used the pseudonyms \"Ke Le\" and \"Sang Ya\"), who were compared to Salman Rushdie in a reference to the controversy around The Satanic Verses."}, {"id": "Q191288", "label": "The Satanic Verses", "section": "lead", "says": "The protesters, mainly Uyghur and Hui, initially conducted an orderly march in the previous days and demanded that the government should destroy Sexual Customs and punish the two authors of the book (who used the pseudonyms \"Ke Le\" and \"Sang Ya\"), who were compared to Salman Rushdie in a reference to the controversy around The Satanic Verses."}], "Q4586873": [{"id": "Q209617", "label": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1991 Haitian coup d'état resulted in the overthrow of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the democratically-elected president of Haiti, by a contingent of the Haitian military led by General Raoul Cédras and Chief of National Police Michel François."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup began on 29 September 1991, when Haitian troops mutinied, launching a violent takeover that involved attacking Aristide's residence, committing massacres, and ultimately forcing Aristide into exile in Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q310775", "label": "Jean-Claude Duvalier", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to the coup, beginning in 1957, Haiti was ruled by the dictatorships of François and Jean-Claude Duvalier."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As president, Aristide implemented populist and social democratic reforms focused on aiding Haiti's poor, which generated significant opposition from the military, wealthy elites, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q295790", "label": "Carlos Andrés Pérez", "section": "lead", "says": "Aristide, with the support of Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez, mobilized international organizations, including the Organization of American States (OAS) and United Nations (UN), to condemn the military regime."}, {"id": "Q2026486", "label": "Operation Uphold Democracy", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite internal opposition from agencies like the CIA, which allegedly undermined Aristide's return and supported the anti-Aristide Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti (FRAPH), the United States ultimately threatened military action against the regime and, after a last-minute diplomatic effort, led Operation Uphold Democracy to successfully remove it and reinstate Aristide."}, {"id": "Q208834", "label": "René Préval", "section": "Background", "says": "Some criticized what they saw as Aristide's disregard for democratic institutions, including his view that \"people are the law\" and his appointment of ally and friend René Préval as prime minister."}], "Q4587924": [{"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the First Schleswig War, which was a conflict between Schleswig-Holstein, supported by several German states, and Denmark."}], "Q464347": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saxon revolt refers to the struggle between the Salian dynasty ruling the Holy Roman Empire and the rebel Saxons during the reign of Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saxon revolt refers to the struggle between the Salian dynasty ruling the Holy Roman Empire and the rebel Saxons during the reign of Henry IV."}], "Q466042": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The event, in later terminology a pogrom, was the first large-scale persecution in Germany since the First Crusade."}], "Q468088": [{"id": "Q280312", "label": "Principality of Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Lüneburg Succession (German: Lüneburger Erbfolgekrieg) was a conflict over the succession to the Principality of Lüneburg that broke out in 1370 in north Germany and lasted, with interruptions, for 18 years."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Charles IV ruled that this Imperial Fief should be returned to the Empire and enfeoffed Albert of Saxe-Wittenberg and his uncle, Wenceslas with the Principality, thereby triggering the war."}, {"id": "Q2472006", "label": "Treaty of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Winsen in 1388, when Wenceslas lost his life, possibly a result of poisoning, rule over the Principality was assumed by the House of Welf, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Hanover, dating from 1374."}], "Q4685618": [{"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "Prelude – Italian invasion of Albania", "says": "On 7 April 1939, Mussolini's troops occupied Albania, overthrew King Zog, and annexed the country to the Italian Empire."}], "Q472614": [{"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Giornico, also known as the battle of large rocks (Italian: Battaglia di Giornico, dei Sassi Grossi; German: Schlacht bei Giornico) (28 December 1478), about 600 Swiss troops ambushed from above and defeated a larger force of the Duchy of Milan, confined in a narrow icy valley, by rolling large boulders down the hillside against the Milanese."}], "Q4741179": [{"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bita Paka (11 September 1914) was fought south of Kabakaul, on the island of New Britain, and was a part of the invasion and subsequent occupation of German New Guinea by the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (AN&MEF) shortly after the outbreak of the First World War."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "German New Guinea consisted of north-eastern New Guinea and several nearby island groups that are now part of Papua New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "With the exception of German Samoa, all German islands in the Pacific were administratively part of German New Guinea: the German Solomon Islands (Buka, Bougainville and several smaller islands), the Carolines, Palau, the Marianas (except for Guam), the Marshall Islands and Nauru."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "This initiated German interest in the remaining third of the island and on 3 November 1884, the German flag was raised over Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, the Bismarck Archipelago (formerly New Britain) and the German Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under the overall command of Colonel William Holmes, the force departed Sydney on 19 August aboard HMAS Berrima and halted at Palm Island off Townsville until a New Zealand force, escorted by the battlecruiser HMAS Australia, cruiser HMAS Melbourne and the French cruiser Montcalm, occupied Samoa on 30 August."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under the overall command of Colonel William Holmes, the force departed Sydney on 19 August aboard HMAS Berrima and halted at Palm Island off Townsville until a New Zealand force, escorted by the battlecruiser HMAS Australia, cruiser HMAS Melbourne and the French cruiser Montcalm, occupied Samoa on 30 August."}], "Q47510319": [{"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "In Yemen, separatists have been calling for the independence of South Yemen, which was until 1990 an independent state officially known as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, with its state capital as Aden."}, {"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "In Yemen, separatists have been calling for the independence of South Yemen, which was until 1990 an independent state officially known as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, with its state capital as Aden."}, {"id": "Q267584", "label": "Yemen Arab Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After its incorporation into the Yemen Arab Republic, there were two major attempts to secede, the Yemeni Civil War of 1994 and the South Yemen insurgency (2009–present)."}, {"id": "Q19686631", "label": "Yemeni Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "After its incorporation into the Yemen Arab Republic, there were two major attempts to secede, the Yemeni Civil War of 1994 and the South Yemen insurgency (2009–present)."}], "Q475544": [{"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Messkirch (5 May 1800) saw a Republican French army led by Jean Victor Marie Moreau attack a Habsburg Austrian army commanded by Paul Kray."}, {"id": "Q78695", "label": "Paul Kray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Messkirch (5 May 1800) saw a Republican French army led by Jean Victor Marie Moreau attack a Habsburg Austrian army commanded by Paul Kray."}, {"id": "Q840006", "label": "Battle of Stockach", "section": "lead", "says": "By a series of maneuvers, Moreau crossed the Rhine and concentrated superior forces to defeat Kray at the Battles of Stockach and Engen on 3 May."}], "Q478059": [{"id": "Q153940", "label": "Christian I of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ribe letter; German: Vertrag von Ripen) was a proclamation at Ribe made in 1460 by King Christian I of Denmark to a number of Holsatian nobles enabling himself to become Count of Holstein and gain control of the Duchy of Schleswig, on Denmark's southern border."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The most famous line of the proclamation was that the Danish Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire, should now be, in the original Middle Low German language, Up Ewig Ungedeelt, or \"Forever Undivided\"."}, {"id": "Q58056", "label": "Christopher of Bavaria", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Christopher of Bavaria) acquired the loyalty of Count Adolf VIII of Holstein-Rendsburg by granting him the entire Duchy of Schleswig as a hereditary fief but under the Danish crown."}, {"id": "Q883469", "label": "Holstein-Pinneberg", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The smaller Holstein-Pinneberg remained a county further ruled by the House of Schauenburg until seized by the duchy in 1640."}], "Q4783802": [{"id": "Q1052651", "label": "Battle of Madagascar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The amphibious part of the plan was dropped because 29th Brigade (which until November 1942 was engaged in the Battle of Madagascar) and the landing craft could not be made available in time."}], "Q4810295": [{"id": "Q269182", "label": "Kâzım Karabekir", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between forces loyal to the Grand National Assembly under the command of Kâzım Karabekir and the army of the First Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between forces loyal to the Grand National Assembly under the command of Kâzım Karabekir and the army of the First Republic of Armenia."}], "Q481354": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oldendorf, took place on 8 July 1633 during the Thirty Years' War near Hessisch-Oldendorf in Lower Saxony."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War in 1630, William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel allied with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, his distant relative and Protestant co-religionist."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden was joined by Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick-Lüneburg in reducing the Imperial presence in Westphalia, the Ruhr area and Sauerland."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Proximity to the Dutch Republic increased the strategic importance of this region when the Eighty Years' War with Spain restarted in 1621, but it remained a secondary theatre during the Thirty Years War, with few major battles."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Proximity to the Dutch Republic increased the strategic importance of this region when the Eighty Years' War with Spain restarted in 1621, but it remained a secondary theatre during the Thirty Years War, with few major battles."}], "Q4833104": [{"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "An Austrian army under Prince Joseph Hildberghausen was defeated, as it attempted to besiege the town, when it ran into a large Ottoman relief force led by Italian vizier Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Cause", "says": "While the Ottoman Empire was exhausted economically by the numerous wars (Kandy, Vienna War), the so-called \"European balance\" of the military forces had been established."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Cause", "says": "Austria-Hungary and Russia took the lead in this."}], "Q4870212": [{"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Achelous (Albanian: Beteja e Akelout) (also Battle of Acheloos) took place in 1358 or 1359 near the river Achelous in Aetolia, modern Greece, between the forces of the Despotate of Epirus under Nikephoros II Orsini and Albanian tribesmen under Karl Thopia."}, {"id": "Q2347022", "label": "Nikephoros II Orsini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Achelous (Albanian: Beteja e Akelout) (also Battle of Acheloos) took place in 1358 or 1359 near the river Achelous in Aetolia, modern Greece, between the forces of the Despotate of Epirus under Nikephoros II Orsini and Albanian tribesmen under Karl Thopia."}, {"id": "Q2331954", "label": "Despotate of Arta", "section": "lead", "says": "Epirus was then divided amongst the Albanian clans, which resulted in the establishment of two despotates from regions previously part of the Despotate of Epirus: the Despotate of Arta and the Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Nikephoros felt no personal loyalty to the new Byzantine emperor, John V Palaiologos, and sailed to Thessaly in 1356 from his governorship of Aenos."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Nikephoros felt no personal loyalty to the new Byzantine emperor, John V Palaiologos, and sailed to Thessaly in 1356 from his governorship of Aenos."}, {"id": "Q2655693", "label": "Helena of Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite their reunion, Nikephoros, who was advised to seek a political marriage, left Maria under guard in Arta and proposed to a Serbian princess who was the sister of Stefan Dušan's widow, Helena of Bulgaria."}], "Q4870234": [{"id": "Q146465", "label": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Aintab in August 1150, a Crusader force commanded by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem repelled the attacks of Nur al-Din Zengi of Aleppo and evacuated the Latin Christian residents of the County of Edessa."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Aintab in August 1150, a Crusader force commanded by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem repelled the attacks of Nur al-Din Zengi of Aleppo and evacuated the Latin Christian residents of the County of Edessa."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1150, the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos expressed an interest in acquiring the rump of the County of Edessa."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "Background", "says": "Franks or Armenians who wished to remain under Latin rule were allowed to march back to the Principality of Antioch with the king, taking their possessions with them."}], "Q4870261": [{"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the fleets of the Kingdom of Castile, commanded by the Admiral of Castile, Pedro Martínez de Fe, and the combined fleets of the Marinid dynasty and that of the Emirate of Granada, commanded by Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the fleets of the Kingdom of Castile, commanded by the Admiral of Castile, Pedro Martínez de Fe, and the combined fleets of the Marinid dynasty and that of the Emirate of Granada, commanded by Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr."}, {"id": "Q335489", "label": "Abu Yaqub Yusuf I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle pitted the fleets of the Kingdom of Castile, commanded by the Admiral of Castile, Pedro Martínez de Fe, and the combined fleets of the Marinid dynasty and that of the Emirate of Granada, commanded by Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr."}], "Q4870346": [{"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arrapha took place in 616 BC during the Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "lead", "says": "The next year, Cyaxares, king of the Medes went to battle the Assyrians and conquered the region around Arrapha in preparation for a great campaign against the Assyrians."}], "Q4870652": [{"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape St Vincent was fought on 20 December 1719 as part of the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Pedro Messía de la Cerda, who would come to fame commanding the voyage of the Glorioso during the War of the Austrian Succession, fought in the battle onboard one of the Spanish ships."}], "Q4870654": [{"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cardedeu on 16 December 1808 saw an Imperial French corps led by Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr assault a Spanish force commanded by Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu and Theodor von Reding."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q707898", "label": "Guillaume Philibert Duhesme", "section": "lead", "says": "By the fall of 1808, a French corps under Guillaume Philibert Duhesme was besieged in Barcelona by a 24,000-man Spanish army led by Vives."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "After the failures of the summer, Napoleon appointed General of Division Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr to replace Duhesme on 17 August 1808."}, {"id": "Q1064944", "label": "Joseph Souham", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division Joseph Souham led 10 veteran French battalions while General of Division Domenico Pino commanded the best Italian units."}, {"id": "Q1237242", "label": "Domenico Pino", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division Joseph Souham led 10 veteran French battalions while General of Division Domenico Pino commanded the best Italian units."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "Background", "says": "The so-called French 113th was actually made up of Italians from the recently annexed Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q29031", "label": "Charles Oman", "section": "Background", "says": "For many years, Saint-Cyr served France with distinction and had \"first-rate ability\" according to historian Charles Oman."}], "Q4870698": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cervera took place near Espinosa de Cervera on 29 July 1000 between the Christian troops of counts Sancho García of Castile and García Gómez of Saldaña and the Muslim Caliphate of Córdoba under the hajib Almanzor."}, {"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cervera took place near Espinosa de Cervera on 29 July 1000 between the Christian troops of counts Sancho García of Castile and García Gómez of Saldaña and the Muslim Caliphate of Córdoba under the hajib Almanzor."}, {"id": "Q358396", "label": "García Sánchez II of Pamplona", "section": "Causes and preparations", "says": "A truce between Castile and Córdoba had existed since the succession of Sancho García, but in 999 it was broken when the count refused to pay the annual tribute and came to the aid of his Christian neighbour, García Sánchez II of Pamplona, when Almanzor attacked him."}, {"id": "Q2745220", "label": "Ibn Hayyan", "section": "Causes and preparations", "says": "The primary historian is Ibn al-Khatib, who derived his Arabic account partially from Ibn Hayyan, himself relying on the eye-witness testimony of his father, Jalaf ibn Husayn ibn Hayyan, one of the combatants on the Muslim side and a secretary to Almanzor."}], "Q4870727": [{"id": "Q243590", "label": "Second Anglo-Sikh war", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chillianwala (also spelled Chillianwallah) was fought in January 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War in the Chillianwala region (Mandi Bahauddin) of Punjab, now part of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chillianwala (also spelled Chillianwallah) was fought in January 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War in the Chillianwala region (Mandi Bahauddin) of Punjab, now part of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Anglo-Sikh War broke out in the Punjab, which had recently lost much of its independence to the British East India Company following the First Anglo-Sikh War, in April 1848, when the city of Multan rebelled under Dewan Mulraj."}, {"id": "Q7494639", "label": "Sher Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Other than opposition to the British, Mulraj and Sher Singh had no aims in common."}, {"id": "Q333140", "label": "Duleep Singh I", "section": "Background", "says": "The East India Company responded by announcing their intention to depose the young Maharaja, Duleep Singh, annexe the Punjab and confiscate the lands of any landholders who joined the revolt."}], "Q4870872": [{"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Diamond Rock (French: Bataille du rocher du Diamant, Spanish: Batalla de la roca del Diamante) took place between 31 May and 2 June 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition, when a Franco-Spanish force dispatched under Captain Julien Cosmao was able to retake Diamond Rock, on the approach to Fort-de-France, from the British forces that had occupied it over a year before."}, {"id": "Q315255", "label": "Pierre-Charles Villeneuve", "section": "lead", "says": "The fleet's commander, French Vice-admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, had orders to attack British possessions in the Caribbean, but instead waited at Martinique for clearer instructions."}], "Q4870907": [{"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dorestad was a 7th-century battle between the Franks and the Frisians."}, {"id": "Q91392", "label": "Pepin of Herstal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franks were victorious in the battle under the Austrasian mayor of the palace, Pepin of Herstal."}], "Q4870993": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Hood in Fulton County, Georgia during the Atlanta campaign in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "lead", "says": "Johnston, the commander of the Army of Tennessee, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced him with Hood."}, {"id": "Q636670", "label": "Battle of Peachtree Creek", "section": "lead", "says": "The new commander promptly mounted two major attacks on Sherman's armies in the Battle of Peachtree Creek on July 20 and the Battle of Atlanta on July 22."}, {"id": "Q2374330", "label": "Battle of Atlanta", "section": "lead", "says": "The new commander promptly mounted two major attacks on Sherman's armies in the Battle of Peachtree Creek on July 20 and the Battle of Atlanta on July 22."}, {"id": "Q2333674", "label": "Battle of Jonesborough", "section": "lead", "says": "Hood's army frustrated all Union efforts for about a week, until the last railroad line was successfully severed on August 31 during the Battle of Jonesborough."}], "Q4871068": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fuengirola was a field military engagement of the Peninsular War fought on 15 October 1810 near Fuengirola between the 457-strong Franco-Polish garrisons (mainly infantry) of the Sohail Castle and the town of Alhaurín el Grande, under Franciszek Młokosiewicz and Ignacy Bronisz's command respectively, and a much larger Anglo-Spanish field force of approx."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 October, Blayney's troops conducted an amphibious assault under the cover of an offshore artillery bombardment against the garrison of Sohail Castle, which consisted of 161 troops from the army of the Duchy of Warsaw and the French Imperial Army."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Several of the Polish officers involved in the battle were subsequently awarded the Legion of Honour by Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q115849", "label": "Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta", "section": "Background", "says": "All three detachments were part of the IV Corps under the command of Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta, who was stationed at Málaga."}], "Q4871069": [{"id": "Q705411", "label": "Lucius Porcius Cato", "section": "lead", "says": "Lucius Porcius Cato was the leader of the Roman army at this battle."}], "Q4871089": [{"id": "Q57173", "label": "Mikhail Skobelev", "section": "lead", "says": "The next year, this was reversed by Mikhail Skobelev in the second Battle of Geok Tepe."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "Geography and background", "says": "After Russia subdued the Emirate of Bukhara in 1868 and the Khanate of Khiva in 1873 the Turkoman desert nomads remained independent."}, {"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "Geography and background", "says": "After Russia subdued the Emirate of Bukhara in 1868 and the Khanate of Khiva in 1873 the Turkoman desert nomads remained independent."}], "Q4871152": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Guadarrama (Spanish: Batalla de Guadarrama), also known as the Battle of Somosierra (Batalla de Somosierra), was a battle that occurred in the Sierra de Guadarrama during the Spanish Civil War from 22 July to 15 September 1936."}, {"id": "Q352918", "label": "Emilio Mola", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalists sent by Emilio Mola attempted to cross the mountain passes of the Sierra de Guadarrama to advance on the capital city of Madrid from the north."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 17 July 1936, some troops of Spanish Republican Army had joined the Nationalist rebellion against the left-wing Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Background", "says": "Should this fail, troops under the command of General Francisco Franco would march from the Moroccan Protectorate across the Strait of Gibraltar and advance on Madrid from the south and west."}], "Q4871211": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484 was a military confrontation that took place in 484 between an invading force of the Sasanian Empire under the command of Peroz I and a smaller army of the Hephthalite Empire under the command of Khushnavaz."}, {"id": "Q310233", "label": "Peroz I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484 was a military confrontation that took place in 484 between an invading force of the Sasanian Empire under the command of Peroz I and a smaller army of the Hephthalite Empire under the command of Khushnavaz."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "Context", "says": "In 459, the Hephthalites occupied Bactria and were confronted by the forces of the Sassanid king, Hormizd III."}, {"id": "Q315929", "label": "Hormizd III", "section": "Context", "says": "In 459, the Hephthalites occupied Bactria and were confronted by the forces of the Sassanid king, Hormizd III."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "Peroz quickly moved to maintain peaceful relations with the Byzantine Empire to the west."}], "Q4871266": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Idomene took place during the Peloponnesian War in 426 BC, between the Athenians and the Ambracians."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "lead", "says": "Thucydides describes this disaster: \"Indeed, this was by far the greatest disaster that befell any one Hellenic city in an equal number of days during this war; and I have not set down the number of the dead, because the amount stated seems so out of proportion to the size of the city as to be incredible\"."}], "Q4871300": [{"id": "Q16931600", "label": "Southern Palestine Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa was an engagement fought during the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I, between the Egyptian Expeditionary Force of the British Empire on one side and the Yildirim Army Group of the Ottoman Empire and German Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa was an engagement fought during the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I, between the Egyptian Expeditionary Force of the British Empire on one side and the Yildirim Army Group of the Ottoman Empire and German Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa was an engagement fought during the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I, between the Egyptian Expeditionary Force of the British Empire on one side and the Yildirim Army Group of the Ottoman Empire and German Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa was an engagement fought during the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I, between the Egyptian Expeditionary Force of the British Empire on one side and the Yildirim Army Group of the Ottoman Empire and German Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa was an engagement fought during the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I, between the Egyptian Expeditionary Force of the British Empire on one side and the Yildirim Army Group of the Ottoman Empire and German Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaffa was an engagement fought during the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I, between the Egyptian Expeditionary Force of the British Empire on one side and the Yildirim Army Group of the Ottoman Empire and German Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The night crossing of the river has been regarded as one of the most remarkable feats of the Palestine campaign."}], "Q4871317": [{"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jeddah or the siege of Jeddah took place in 1925, as part of the Abdulaziz Ibn Saud's campaign to conquer the Kingdom of Hejaz."}], "Q4871427": [{"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khresili (Georgian: ხრესილის ბრძოლა, Turkish: Hresili Muharebesi) was fought on December 14, 1757, between the armies of the Kingdom of Imereti and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khresili (Georgian: ხრესილის ბრძოლა, Turkish: Hresili Muharebesi) was fought on December 14, 1757, between the armies of the Kingdom of Imereti and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2195101", "label": "Principality of Guria", "section": "Background", "says": "Zurab Mikeladze, would blockade the road from Poti which goes through the Principality of Guria in order to stall the advance of the Pasha of Poti."}], "Q4871761": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Mohrungen on 25 January 1807, most of a First French Empire corps under the leadership of Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte fought a strong Russian Empire advance guard led by Major General Yevgeni Ivanovich Markov."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Mohrungen on 25 January 1807, most of a First French Empire corps under the leadership of Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte fought a strong Russian Empire advance guard led by Major General Yevgeni Ivanovich Markov."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action was part of the War of the Fourth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action was part of the War of the Fourth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After demolishing the army of the Kingdom of Prussia in a whirlwind campaign in October and November 1806, Napoleon's Grande Armée seized Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian advance was nearly at an end as Napoleon gathered strength for a powerful counterstroke."}, {"id": "Q1982573", "label": "Battle of Czarnowo", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Czarnowo on 23 December 1806 and the bloody battles of Pułtusk and Gołymin on 26 December, the opposing Russian and French armies went into winter quarters."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Buxhöwden's four divisions fought at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805 and had not made up all the losses suffered at that engagement."}], "Q4871771": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mont Sorrel (Battle of Mount Sorrel) was a local operation in World War I by three divisions of the German 4th Army and three divisions of the British Second Army in the Ypres Salient, near Ypres in Belgium, from 2 to 13 June 1916."}], "Q4871984": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paoli, also known as the Battle of Paoli Tavern or the Paoli Massacre, was a battle in the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought on September 20, 1777, in the area surrounding present-day Malvern, Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q301487", "label": "Battle of Brandywine", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Continental Army's retreat in the Battle of Brandywine and the aborted Battle of the Clouds, George Washington left a force behind under the command of Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to monitor and resist the British as they prepared to attack and occupy the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Continental Army's retreat in the Battle of Brandywine and the aborted Battle of the Clouds, George Washington left a force behind under the command of Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to monitor and resist the British as they prepared to attack and occupy the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q574116", "label": "Anthony Wayne", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Continental Army's retreat in the Battle of Brandywine and the aborted Battle of the Clouds, George Washington left a force behind under the command of Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to monitor and resist the British as they prepared to attack and occupy the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to American propagandists making false claims that the British gave no quarter to Wayne's troops, the engagement came to be known in the United States as the \"Paoli Massacre.\""}], "Q4872081": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pork Chop Hill, known as Battle of Seokhyeon-dong Northern Hill (Chinese: 石峴洞北山戰鬥) in China, is a pair of related Korean War infantry battles that took place on April 16 and July 11, 1953 while the United Nations Command (UN) and the Chinese and North Koreans were negotiating the Korean Armistice Agreement."}, {"id": "Q2862267", "label": "Korean Armistice Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pork Chop Hill, known as Battle of Seokhyeon-dong Northern Hill (Chinese: 石峴洞北山戰鬥) in China, is a pair of related Korean War infantry battles that took place on April 16 and July 11, 1953 while the United Nations Command (UN) and the Chinese and North Koreans were negotiating the Korean Armistice Agreement."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the United States, the battles were controversial because of the large number of soldiers killed for terrain with no strategic or tactical value, but according to US sources, which are disputed by Chinese sources, the Chinese lost many times the number of US number killed and wounded."}, {"id": "Q8299200", "label": "Deng Hua", "section": "Background", "says": "Both armies (corps-sized units) were part of the 13th Field Army commanded by General Deng Hua, who was also deputy commander of PVA forces in Korea."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "The opposing forces in this sector were roughly equal in size, the 7th Division (Major General Arthur Trudeau, commanding) totaling 11 infantry battalions (including attached battalions from Colombia and Ethiopia), a battalion of armor, and 6 battalions of artillery, while the PVA forces totalled 12 infantry, 10 artillery, and the equivalent of one tank battalion."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "The opposing forces in this sector were roughly equal in size, the 7th Division (Major General Arthur Trudeau, commanding) totaling 11 infantry battalions (including attached battalions from Colombia and Ethiopia), a battalion of armor, and 6 battalions of artillery, while the PVA forces totalled 12 infantry, 10 artillery, and the equivalent of one tank battalion."}], "Q4872105": [{"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Prenzlau or Capitulation of Prenzlau on 28 October 1806 two divisions of French cavalry and some infantry led by Marshal Joachim Murat intercepted a retreating Prussian corps led by Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen."}, {"id": "Q696782", "label": "Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of Prenzlau or Capitulation of Prenzlau on 28 October 1806 two divisions of French cavalry and some infantry led by Marshal Joachim Murat intercepted a retreating Prussian corps led by Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "Finding its way to the northeast blocked, a second corps of retreating Prussians under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher veered northwest toward Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaving Marshal Michel Ney's VI Corps to begin the Siege of Magdeburg, Napoleon ordered his right wing to head for Berlin."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The French emperor found time to pay a reverent visit to the tomb of Frederick the Great at Potsdam."}, {"id": "Q3287680", "label": "Marc Antoine de Beaumont", "section": "Background", "says": "In this period of the campaign, the French right wing consisted of Davout's corps, Lannes' corps, Marshal Pierre Augereau's VII Corps, and the majority of Murat's Reserve Cavalry, consisting of the 1st Cuirassier Division under General of Division Etienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty, the 2nd Cuirassier Division led by General of Division Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul, and the 3rd Dragoon Divi"}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Under orders from King Frederick William III of Prussia to march for the Oder, Hohenlohe's corps set out from Magdeburg on the morning of 21 October."}, {"id": "Q65432", "label": "Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "During the operation, Oberst Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg fought a successful rear guard action at Altenzaun on the 26th."}], "Q4872151": [{"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raichur was fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 in the town of Raichur, India."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Raichur was fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 in the town of Raichur, India."}, {"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bahmani Sultanate captured the fort in 1347."}], "Q4872170": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ravenna, capital of the Western Roman Empire, between the Heruli under their King Odoacer and the remnants of the Western Roman army in Roman Italy occurred in early September 476, and represented a culminating event in the ongoing fall of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Roman Empire had been in relative decline since the beginning of the barbarian invasions and Rome, the symbolical heart and largest city of the Western Empire, was sacked in 410 by the Visigoths and in 455 by the Vandals."}, {"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was not recognized as a legitimate ruler outside of Italy; the Eastern Roman Empire recognized Julius Nepos as the true Western Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was not recognized as a legitimate ruler outside of Italy; the Eastern Roman Empire recognized Julius Nepos as the true Western Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was not recognized as a legitimate ruler outside of Italy; the Eastern Roman Empire recognized Julius Nepos as the true Western Roman Emperor."}], "Q4872216": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "Army forces, mostly the 24th Infantry Division under Major General Barry McCaffrey engaged and nearly annihilated a large column of withdrawing Iraqi Republican Guard armored forces during the immediate aftermath of the Gulf War."}], "Q4872358": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shaiba (12–14 April 1915) took place during World War I fought between British and Ottoman forces, the latter trying to retake the city of Basra from the British."}], "Q4872407": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sobota took place near Sobota, Poland, on 23 August 1655, between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on the one hand and of Sweden on the other."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, Charles X Gustav left the majority of his army under the command of field marshal Arvid Wirtenberg von Debern while he himself continued his march towards Warsaw with about 2000 cavalry and 1200 infantry."}], "Q4872434": [{"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Weardale campaign, part of the First War of Scottish Independence, occurred during July and August 1327 in Weardale, England."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "A Scottish force under James, Lord of Douglas, and the earls of Moray and Mar faced an English army commanded by Roger, Lord Mortimer of Wigmore, accompanied by the newly crowned Edward III."}, {"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1326 the English king Edward II was deposed by a rebellion led by his wife, Isabella, and her lover, Mortimer."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}], "Q48724683": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1303, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji captured the Chittor Fort from the Guhila king Ratnasimha, after an eight month long siege."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1303, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji captured the Chittor Fort from the Guhila king Ratnasimha, after an eight month long siege."}], "Q4872500": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese expeditionary force, led by Prince Henry the Navigator, Duke of Viseu, set out from Portugal in August 1437, intending to seize a series of Moroccan coastal citadels."}, {"id": "Q29480", "label": "Mohammad Abu Zakariya Yahya", "section": "lead", "says": "After a few failed assaults on the city, the Portuguese force was attacked and defeated by a large Moroccan relief army led by vizier Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi of Fez."}, {"id": "Q552022", "label": "Ferdinand the Holy Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the treaty never were fulfilled; the Portuguese decided to hold on to Ceuta and allowed the Portuguese hostage, the king's own brother Ferdinand the Holy Prince, to remain in Moroccan captivity, where he perished in 1443."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "Background", "says": "Salah ibn Salah counted on a garrison of about 7,000 men, including a contingent of crack sharpshooters imported from the Emirate of Granada."}], "Q4872596": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Troina was an important battle that took place between 31 July and 6 August 1943, as part of the Allied invasion of Sicily during World War II."}], "Q4872675": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Villafranca took place between 14 and 27 April 1744, during the War of the Austrian Succession."}], "Q4872831": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Argeș took place during the Romanian Campaign of World War I on 1 December 1916."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Background", "says": "In late November 1916, Germano-Bulgarian forces under August von Mackensen crossed the Danube near Zimnicea under the cover of fog and began to march on Bucharest."}, {"id": "Q2585708", "label": "Henri Mathias Berthelot", "section": "Background", "says": "The French sent a military mission to Romania and its commander, Henri Mathias Berthelot, who had been Joseph Joffre's chief of staff during the Battle of the Marne in 1914 felt that the attack could bring a similar success."}], "Q4872937": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Hotels (Arabic: معركة الفنادق, Maʿrakah al-Fanādiq) was a subconflict within the 1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War that occurred in the Minet-el-Hosn hotel district of downtown Beirut."}], "Q490792": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1231, Goryeo was intermittently invaded by the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q493993", "label": "Chungnyeol", "section": "Background", "says": "The next year, Im Yŏn's attempt to replace King Wonjong was reversed by the crown prince (Chungnyeol) with the help from the Mongol force."}], "Q490904": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yeonpyeong (or First Battle of Yeonpyeong) (South Korean: 제1연평해전; RR: Je Il Yeonpyeong Haejeon) took place between the navies of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) on 15 June 1999, off the island of Yeonpyeong."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yeonpyeong (or First Battle of Yeonpyeong) (South Korean: 제1연평해전; RR: Je Il Yeonpyeong Haejeon) took place between the navies of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) on 15 June 1999, off the island of Yeonpyeong."}], "Q491951": [{"id": "Q53448", "label": "Henry III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Catherine hastened to Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, where on 13 July the treaty was signed between King Henry III of France and the leaders of the Catholic League, including Henri, duc de Guise."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The King was pressured by members of the Catholic League to sign the accord which was recognized by contemporaries as a renewal of the old French Wars of Religion."}], "Q4938121": [{"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bohemian War (1468–1478) began when the Kingdom of Bohemia was invaded by the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bohemian War (1468–1478) began when the Kingdom of Bohemia was invaded by the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus."}, {"id": "Q159679", "label": "George of Poděbrady", "section": "lead", "says": "Matthias invaded with the pretext of returning Bohemia to Catholicism; at the time, it was ruled by the Hussite king, George of Poděbrady."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of his reign, Matthias continued the policy of his father John Hunyadi in defending Hungary, the \"bulwark of Christendom,\" against the Turks."}], "Q494318": [{"id": "Q1539513", "label": "Battle of Camden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hobkirk's Hill (sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of Camden) was a battle of the American Revolutionary War fought on April 25, 1781, near Camden, South Carolina."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hobkirk's Hill (sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of Camden) was a battle of the American Revolutionary War fought on April 25, 1781, near Camden, South Carolina."}, {"id": "Q366113", "label": "Nathanael Greene", "section": "lead", "says": "A small American force under Nathanael Greene occupying Hobkirk's Hill, north of Camden, was attacked by British troops led by Francis Rawdon."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "Background", "says": "When informed of this strategy, Henry \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee replied on April 2:\n\nI am decidedly of opinion with you that nothing is left for you but to imitate the example of Scipio Africanus.Scipio Africanus had defeated Carthaginian forces in Spain ‘in detail,’   a tactic where a larger force attacks and defeats smaller enemy units one at a time, rather than engaging the entire enemy force at "}], "Q4993248": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fleet's base was established at Sydney, Australia, and most of its ships arrived there in February 1945."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "From late March to late May 1945, aircraft flying from the BPF's four fleet carriers frequently attacked Japanese airfields on islands to the south of Okinawa to support the United States military forces which were attempting to capture the island."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The fleet carrier HMS Implacable was dispatched from the United Kingdom in February 1945 to reinforce the BPF."}, {"id": "Q2026138", "label": "Operation Hailstone", "section": "Background", "says": "However, it was isolated by the rapid Allied advances in the Pacific during 1943 and early 1944, and ceased to be a significant base after being heavily attacked by the United States Navy's Fast Carrier Task Force during Operation Hailstone in February 1944."}], "Q5033913": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Canton Operation (Chinese: 廣州戰役; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu Zhànyì) was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the outside world and importing needed arms and materials."}, {"id": "Q1054923", "label": "British Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "Control of Guangzhou (Canton) and the Pearl River Delta would provide a base to make the blockade of Guangdong province more effective by seizing southern China's major port and isolate the British port of British Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of 1937, south China was crucial to the Republic of China as a means of maintaining contact with the outside world."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "Guangzhou and Hong Kong served as vital centers of transportation and international aid to Chiang Kai-Shek."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "For comparison, the Soviet Union was more willing to provide direct military support to prolong the war."}, {"id": "Q716159", "label": "Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact signed in August 1937, a barter agreement was negotiated to trade munitions for strategic materials such as tungsten and antimony."}, {"id": "Q2038907", "label": "Battle of Wuhan", "section": "Background", "says": "By June 1938, the Battle of Wuhan caused the Imperial General Headquarters to realize that it could not localize the fighting."}], "Q5036985": [{"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Berwick was the first significant battle of the First War of Scottish Independence in 1296."}, {"id": "Q229159", "label": "Margaret, Maid of Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, in late September 1290, there arose a number of claimants to the throne of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "The late king, Alexander III of the Canmore line, had been married to Margaret of England, sister to Edward I, and he was asked to conduct the court proceedings in the dispute, though not to arbitrate; the decision was to be made by a jury of 104 \"auditors\"."}, {"id": "Q242317", "label": "Margaret of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The late king, Alexander III of the Canmore line, had been married to Margaret of England, sister to Edward I, and he was asked to conduct the court proceedings in the dispute, though not to arbitrate; the decision was to be made by a jury of 104 \"auditors\"."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The late king, Alexander III of the Canmore line, had been married to Margaret of England, sister to Edward I, and he was asked to conduct the court proceedings in the dispute, though not to arbitrate; the decision was to be made by a jury of 104 \"auditors\"."}, {"id": "Q310065", "label": "John of Scotland", "section": "Background", "says": "John Balliol, a descendant of King David I, was chosen and was inaugurated at Scone, on St."}], "Q5037061": [{"id": "Q950796", "label": "Luarsab II of Kartli", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaigns were initiated as a response to the shown disobedience and subsequently staged rebellion by Abbas' formerly most loyal Georgian ghulams, namely Luarsab II of Kartli and Teimuraz I of Kakheti."}, {"id": "Q2660123", "label": "Teimuraz I of Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaigns were initiated as a response to the shown disobedience and subsequently staged rebellion by Abbas' formerly most loyal Georgian ghulams, namely Luarsab II of Kartli and Teimuraz I of Kakheti."}, {"id": "Q2620022", "label": "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "This event brought an end to the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha."}], "Q5037074": [{"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Vigo and Pontevedra (also known as the British expedition to Vigo and Pontevedra) occurred in October 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance when a British expedition made a descent on the Spanish coast."}, {"id": "Q2485365", "label": "Battle of Glen Shiel", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish involvement in the Jacobite rising of 1719 had seen Spanish troops land in Scotland in order to help an uprising but where they were defeated at the Battle of Glen Shiel."}], "Q506595": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between anti-government rebels and military forces loyal to the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q911471", "label": "Second Battle of Brega", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Second Battle of Brega, in which pro-Gaddafi forces captured the town, Ajdabiya was the only major rebel-held city left en route to the rebel capital of Benghazi."}, {"id": "Q878102", "label": "Operation Odyssey Dawn", "section": "lead", "says": "U.S. and European air units had been under the control of the Joint Task Force established for Operation Odyssey Dawn until control was transferred to the NATO Military Command Structure."}], "Q508062": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Heiligenbeil Pocket or Heiligenbeil Cauldron (German: Kessel von Heiligenbeil) was the site of a major encirclement battle on the Eastern Front during the closing weeks of World War II, in which the Wehrmacht's 4th Army was almost entirely destroyed during the Soviet Braunsberg Offensive Operation (13–22 March 1945)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Heiligenbeil Pocket or Heiligenbeil Cauldron (German: Kessel von Heiligenbeil) was the site of a major encirclement battle on the Eastern Front during the closing weeks of World War II, in which the Wehrmacht's 4th Army was almost entirely destroyed during the Soviet Braunsberg Offensive Operation (13–22 March 1945)."}], "Q5092505": [{"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) forces on a fort and the town of Cherry Valley in central New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) forces on a fort and the town of Cherry Valley in central New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q2190013", "label": "Battle of Wyoming", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seneca were angered by accusations that they had committed atrocities at the Battle of Wyoming, and the colonists' recent destruction of their forward bases of operation at Unadilla, Onaquaga, and Tioga."}, {"id": "Q505146", "label": "Joseph Brant", "section": "lead", "says": "Butler's authority with the Indigenous People was undermined by his poor treatment of Joseph Brant, the leader of the Mohawks."}, {"id": "Q1426614", "label": "Sullivan Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre contributed to calls for reprisals, leading to the 1779 Sullivan Expedition which saw the total military defeat of the British-allied Haudenosaunee in Upstate New York."}, {"id": "Q846674", "label": "Battles of Saratoga", "section": "Background", "says": "With the failure of British General John Burgoyne's campaign to the Hudson after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777, the American Revolutionary War in upstate New York became a frontier war."}, {"id": "Q1134261", "label": "Cornplanter", "section": "Background", "says": "Butler's forces also included 300 Senecas, probably led by either Cornplanter or Sayenqueraghta, as well as a number of Cayuga led by Fish Carrier, and 50 British sol"}], "Q510588": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Lombards (1228–1243) was a civil war in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus between the \"Lombards\" (also called the imperialists), the representatives of the Emperor Frederick II, largely from Lombardy, and the Eastern aristocracy led first by the Ibelins and then by the Montforts."}, {"id": "Q213638", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Lombards (1228–1243) was a civil war in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus between the \"Lombards\" (also called the imperialists), the representatives of the Emperor Frederick II, largely from Lombardy, and the Eastern aristocracy led first by the Ibelins and then by the Montforts."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was provoked by Frederick's attempt to control the regency for his son, Conrad II of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "Origins", "says": "Emperor Frederick II had been king of Jerusalem in right of his wife Isabella II until her death in 1228."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Origins", "says": "He claimed suzerainty over Cyprus on the basis of King Aimery's oath of fealty to Emperor Henry VI."}, {"id": "Q174759", "label": "John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut", "section": "Origins", "says": "His attempt to assert his authority was opposed by John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut, who had been regent until Frederick's arrival."}, {"id": "Q1369298", "label": "Philip of Montfort", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1239 Philip of Montfort assumed the leadership of the opposition."}], "Q514504": [{"id": "Q481469", "label": "Prince Frederik of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sehested was fought on 10 December 1813 during the Dano-Swedish War of 1813–1814 between a Danish army under Prince Frederik of Hesse and a Coalition force led by Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark–Norway found itself involved in the Napoleonic Wars following the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark–Norway found itself involved in the Napoleonic Wars following the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807."}, {"id": "Q155002", "label": "Frederick VI of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "While keeping faith with this alliance, Frederick VI of Denmark tried to keep the country out of military campaigns as much as possible, and Danish troops did not go beyond a generic employment as occupational troops in the northern regions of Germany."}], "Q514897": [{"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, in Salamanca, Spain, the French Marshal Michel Ney took the fortified city from Field Marshal Andrés Pérez de Herrasti on 10 July 1810 after a siege that began on 26 April."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "Ney's VI Corps made up part of a 65,000-strong army commanded by André Masséna, who was bent on a third French invasion of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Ney's VI Corps made up part of a 65,000-strong army commanded by André Masséna, who was bent on a third French invasion of Portugal."}], "Q5177978": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Sima Zhao's regicide of Cao Mao, also known as the Ganlu Incident (Chinese: 甘露之變), occurred on 2 June 260 in Luoyang, the capital of the state of Cao Wei, during the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "Cao Mao, the nominal emperor of Wei, attempted to oust the regent Sima Zhao, who effectively controlled the Wei government."}, {"id": "Q70806", "label": "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident is also mentioned in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, which dramatises the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q264517", "label": "Luo Guanzhong", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident is also mentioned in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, which dramatises the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q313333", "label": "Cao Pi", "section": "Background", "says": "The state of Cao Wei was established in December 220 by Cao Pi, which marked the start of the Three Kingdoms period in China."}, {"id": "Q378470", "label": "Cao Rui", "section": "Background", "says": "The authority of the Wei imperial family had been weakening since the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui in January 239, and reached a nadir after the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs in February 249, when the Wei general Sima Yi seized power from the regent Cao Shuang."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "The authority of the Wei imperial family had been weakening since the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui in January 239, and reached a nadir after the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs in February 249, when the Wei general Sima Yi seized power from the regent Cao Shuang."}, {"id": "Q699624", "label": "Cao Shuang", "section": "Background", "says": "The authority of the Wei imperial family had been weakening since the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui in January 239, and reached a nadir after the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs in February 249, when the Wei general Sima Yi seized power from the regent Cao Shuang."}, {"id": "Q707808", "label": "Sima Shi", "section": "Background", "says": "Sima Yi died in September 251 and was succeeded by his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao, who effectively controlled the Wei government."}, {"id": "Q77822", "label": "Cao Fang", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 254, Sima Shi deposed the third Wei ruler, Cao Fang, and installed a 13-year-old Cao Mao on the throne in November."}, {"id": "Q736639", "label": "Guanqiu Jian", "section": "Background", "says": "From the start of his reign, Cao Mao acted in defiance of the Simas, refusing to accept the imperial seal directly from Sima Shi, and, after Sima Shi's death in March 255, he attempted to order Sima Zhao to remain in Xuchang to keep watch over Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui), where a rebellion led by Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin had just been suppressed."}, {"id": "Q706887", "label": "Pei Xiu", "section": "Background", "says": "While Sima Zhao administered state affairs, Cao Mao attempted to gain the favour of the literati in the court through unremarkable meetings to discuss literature with some officials—Sima Zhao's cousin Sima Wang, Wang Chen, Pei Xiu, and Zhong Hui."}, {"id": "Q197813", "label": "Zhong Hui", "section": "Background", "says": "While Sima Zhao administered state affairs, Cao Mao attempted to gain the favour of the literati in the court through unremarkable meetings to discuss literature with some officials—Sima Zhao's cousin Sima Wang, Wang Chen, Pei Xiu, and Zhong Hui."}, {"id": "Q1154734", "label": "Sima Wang", "section": "Background", "says": "Cao Mao also provided Sima Wang with a chariot and five imperial guardsmen as escorts because the latter lived further away from the palace than the others."}], "Q522168": [{"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Benburb took place on 5 June 1646 during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Benburb took place on 5 June 1646 during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q2360966", "label": "Owen Roe O'Neill", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Irish Confederates under Owen Roe O'Neill, and an army of Scottish Covenanters and Scottish/English settlers under Robert Monro."}, {"id": "Q1461147", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1641", "section": "Background", "says": "The Scots Covenanters had landed an army in Ulster in 1642, to protect the Scottish settlers there from the massacres that followed the Irish Rebellion of 1641."}], "Q5263984": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 2009, the conflict spread across the border into neighboring Saudi Arabia."}], "Q528183": [{"id": "Q1426614", "label": "Sullivan Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779) was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by Major General John Sullivan that was ordered by George Washington to end the threat of the Haudenosaunee who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779) was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by Major General John Sullivan that was ordered by George Washington to end the threat of the Haudenosaunee who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779) was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by Major General John Sullivan that was ordered by George Washington to end the threat of the Haudenosaunee who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779) was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by Major General John Sullivan that was ordered by George Washington to end the threat of the Haudenosaunee who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779) was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by Major General John Sullivan that was ordered by George Washington to end the threat of the Haudenosaunee who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q505146", "label": "Joseph Brant", "section": "lead", "says": "Butler and Mohawk war leader Joseph Brant did not want to make a stand at Newtown, and instead proposed to harass the enemy on the march, but were overruled by Sayenqueraghta and other Indigenous war leaders."}], "Q534720": [{"id": "Q329792", "label": "Kinmei", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soga clan had risen to prominence under Emperor Kinmei, with Soga no Iname becoming the first Soga to hold the title (kabane) of ōomi at the imperial court."}, {"id": "Q316637", "label": "Bidatsu", "section": "Background", "says": "Iname married two of his daughters to Kinmei, but died before the selection of Kinmei's non-Soga son Emperor Bidatsu as the imperial successor."}, {"id": "Q298057", "label": "Suiko", "section": "Background", "says": "Bidatsu's first empress was not a member of the Soga clan, but his second empress (the future Empress Suiko) was."}], "Q540918": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ujście was fought on July 24–25, 1655 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Krzysztof Opaliński and Andrzej Grudziński on one side, and on the other Swedish forces commanded by Arvid Wittenberg."}, {"id": "Q717241", "label": "Arvid Wittenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ujście was fought on July 24–25, 1655 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Krzysztof Opaliński and Andrzej Grudziński on one side, and on the other Swedish forces commanded by Arvid Wittenberg."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Krzysztof Opaliński and Bogusław Leszczyński, dissatisfied with policies of King John II Casimir of Poland, decided to become Swedish allies together with the pospolite ruszenie (Levée en masse) of Greater Poland to Charles X Gustav of Sweden."}], "Q541647": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Göhrde took place during the War of the Sixth Coalition on 16 September 1813 between French and Coalition troops at Göhrde, Germany."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the wake of Prussia's reentry into the war against France, the eastern areas of Hanover also rose against Napoleon."}], "Q542191": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Konzer Brücke (also: Consaarbrück) was fought as part of the Franco-Dutch War on 11 August 1675 and resulted in an Imperial victory."}], "Q5447551": [{"id": "Q298808", "label": "Alfonso XI of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The fifth siege of Gibraltar, mounted between August 1349 and March 1350, was a second attempt by King Alfonso XI of Castile to retake the fortified town of Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege followed years of intermittent conflict between the Christian kingdoms of Spain and the Moorish Emirate of Granada, which was supported by the Marinid sultanate of Morocco."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "In the New Year of 1350, however, bubonic plague – the Black Death – broke out in the Castilian camp."}, {"id": "Q2141886", "label": "Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "A Moroccan army under Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid was wiped out by the Castilians in 1339 while in 1340 a much bigger army under Yusuf I of Granada and Sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman of Morocco was destroyed in the Battle of Río Salado by a Christian army representing all the Christian Spanish kingdoms and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q1792643", "label": "Battle of Río Salado", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "A Moroccan army under Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid was wiped out by the Castilians in 1339 while in 1340 a much bigger army under Yusuf I of Granada and Sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman of Morocco was destroyed in the Battle of Río Salado by a Christian army representing all the Christian Spanish kingdoms and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "A Moroccan army under Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid was wiped out by the Castilians in 1339 while in 1340 a much bigger army under Yusuf I of Granada and Sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman of Morocco was destroyed in the Battle of Río Salado by a Christian army representing all the Christian Spanish kingdoms and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "Prelude to the siege", "says": "It was one of the largest battles of the Reconquista with possibly as many as 150,000–200,000 men on each side; the Moors admitted to 60,000 dead on their side alone."}], "Q550305": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hallue was a battle of the Franco-Prussian War on 23 and 24 December 1870."}, {"id": "Q545751", "label": "Louis Faidherbe", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between 40,000 French under General Louis Faidherbe and 22,500 Prussian troops under Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel."}, {"id": "Q63558", "label": "Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between 40,000 French under General Louis Faidherbe and 22,500 Prussian troops under Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel."}], "Q5507515": [{"id": "Q349263", "label": "Shōmu", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Shōmu was spared, but by the 8th month of 737 ten officials of fourth rank or higher were dead, including the \"Fujiwara Four\"."}], "Q554462": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Molyatichi (Swedish: Malatitze), also known as the Battle of Dobroye, took place on 31 August 1708 at Molyatichi (present-day Belarus near the Russian border) during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian army of Peter the Great under the command of Mikhail Golitsyn launched a surprise attack on the isolated vanguard of Charles XII's Swedish Army, under the direct command of Carl Gustaf Roos, in order to destroy it."}, {"id": "Q683569", "label": "Mikhail Golitsyn", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian army of Peter the Great under the command of Mikhail Golitsyn launched a surprise attack on the isolated vanguard of Charles XII's Swedish Army, under the direct command of Carl Gustaf Roos, in order to destroy it."}], "Q56032317": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Boomerang was a partially successful air raid by the United States Army Air Forces' (USAAF) XX Bomber Command against oil refining facilities in Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Boomerang was a partially successful air raid by the United States Army Air Forces' (USAAF) XX Bomber Command against oil refining facilities in Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies during World War II."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the Pacific War, the Sumatran city of Palembang in the Dutch East Indies was a major oil production center."}, {"id": "Q2583233", "label": "Battle of Palembang", "section": "Background", "says": "The city and its oil refineries were captured by Japanese forces in mid-February 1942 during the Battle of Palembang."}, {"id": "Q1645012", "label": "Operation Matterhorn", "section": "Background", "says": "The main element of this strategy, designated Operation Matterhorn, was to construct airstrips near Chengdu in inland China which would be used to refuel B-29s traveling from bases in Bengal en route to targets in Japan."}], "Q5614677": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gudovac massacre was the mass killing of around 190 Bjelovar Serbs by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement on 28 April 1941, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre occurred shortly after the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and the establishment of the Ustaše-led Axis puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia (NDH)."}, {"id": "Q1263175", "label": "Mladen Lorković", "section": "lead", "says": "Mladen Lorković, a senior Ustaše official, used his influence to have the detained men released and promised German ambassador Siegfried Kasche that the Croatian authorities would carry out a thorough investigation."}, {"id": "Q215947", "label": "Siegfried Kasche", "section": "lead", "says": "Mladen Lorković, a senior Ustaše official, used his influence to have the detained men released and promised German ambassador Siegfried Kasche that the Croatian authorities would carry out a thorough investigation."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1991, amid inter-ethnic violence during the Croatian War of Independence, the monument and the mausoleum were destroyed by Croatian nationalists, as was another one of Bakić's works, Bjelovarac (The Man From Bjelovar)."}, {"id": "Q532975", "label": "Slavko Kvaternik", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 April, senior Ustaše commander Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH)."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "Background", "says": "The leader of the Ustaše, Ante Pavelić, was in Rome at the time and made arrangements to travel to Karlovac, just west of Zagreb."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Pavelić was declared Poglavnik (\"leader\") of the Ustaše-led Croatian state, which combined the territory of much of present-day Croatia, all of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of present-day Serbia."}, {"id": "Q667819", "label": "Dido Kvaternik", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, Serb-majority areas covered between 60 and 70 percent of the NDH's total landmass. \"The Croatian state cannot exist if 1.8 million Serbs are living in it and if we have a powerful Serbian state at our backs,\" Croatia's future Foreign Minister Mladen Lorković explained. \"Therefore, we are trying to make the Serbs disappear from our regions.\" Dido Kvaternik, a senior Ustaše official, wa"}, {"id": "Q112416", "label": "Edmund Glaise-Horstenau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This was followed by the arresting of \"undesired elements\", mostly members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ). \"The disarming of Serbs ... is vital to securing the future of the young Croatian state,\" wrote Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, the German Plenipotentiary General in the NDH."}], "Q570456": [{"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest battle and the final episode of the Polish–Russian War of 1830–31, a conflict that became better known as the November Uprising."}, {"id": "Q126656", "label": "Ivan Paskevich", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian commander Ivan Paskevich counted on Polish surrender as his Polish counterpart, Jan Krukowiecki, was known to be a member of the moderate political forces, willing to negotiate with Russian tsar Nicholas I, who had been deposed from the Polish throne in January 1831 by the Sejm (Polish parliament)."}, {"id": "Q571642", "label": "Karl Wilhelm von Toll", "section": "lead", "says": "On this day, Karl Wilhelm von Toll temporarily replaced Paskevich as commander in chief until he recovered."}, {"id": "Q79822", "label": "Adam Mickiewicz", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 19th century the fight for Warsaw became one of the icons of Polish culture, described by, among others, Polish romantic poets Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz"}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1830 a series of revolutions struck Europe: the July Revolution in France, the Belgian Revolution and smaller revolts in Italy threatened to overthrow the framework of European politics established at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1830 a series of revolutions struck Europe: the July Revolution in France, the Belgian Revolution and smaller revolts in Italy threatened to overthrow the framework of European politics established at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q703307", "label": "Hans Karl von Diebitsch", "section": "Background", "says": "First in February 1831, forces under Field Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch stormed the eastern suburb of Praga."}, {"id": "Q970945", "label": "Henryk Dembiński", "section": "Background", "says": "Only a small detachment under General Henryk Dembiński managed to rejoin the main Polish force."}, {"id": "Q266339", "label": "Józef Bem", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The generals supporting continued fighting (Jan Nepomucen Umiński, Henryk Dembiński, Józef Bem, and Kazimierz Małachowski) were in charge in early September, but they were outnumbered by generals who were willing to sign an armistice with the Russians, even against the will of the Sejm."}], "Q570841": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The (Second) Battle of Buzenval, also known as the Battle of Mont Valérien, was part of the siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 January 1871, the day after Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor, Louis Jules Trochu attacked the Germans west of Paris in Buzenval Park."}, {"id": "Q441235", "label": "Louis Jules Trochu", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 January 1871, the day after Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor, Louis Jules Trochu attacked the Germans west of Paris in Buzenval Park."}, {"id": "Q475784", "label": "Joseph Vinoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Trochu turned over command of the Paris defenses to Joseph Vinoy who negotiated the surrender of the city ten days later."}], "Q571699": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Stralsund was an armed engagement during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish Empire defended her Swedish Pomeranian port of Stralsund against a coalition of Denmark-Norway, the Electorate of Saxony and the Tsardom of Russia, which was joined by the Kingdom of Prussia during the siege."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish Empire defended her Swedish Pomeranian port of Stralsund against a coalition of Denmark-Norway, the Electorate of Saxony and the Tsardom of Russia, which was joined by the Kingdom of Prussia during the siege."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish Empire defended her Swedish Pomeranian port of Stralsund against a coalition of Denmark-Norway, the Electorate of Saxony and the Tsardom of Russia, which was joined by the Kingdom of Prussia during the siege."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish Empire defended her Swedish Pomeranian port of Stralsund against a coalition of Denmark-Norway, the Electorate of Saxony and the Tsardom of Russia, which was joined by the Kingdom of Prussia during the siege."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "lead", "says": "The allies agreed that Denmark should cede her claims to Bremen-Verden to Hanover, and in turn Denmark was promised the northern parts of Swedish Pomerania with Stralsund, while the southern parts were to become Prussian."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "The allies agreed that Denmark should cede her claims to Bremen-Verden to Hanover, and in turn Denmark was promised the northern parts of Swedish Pomerania with Stralsund, while the southern parts were to become Prussian."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1714, Charles XII of Sweden rode to Stralsund from his Turkish exile to lead the defense in person."}, {"id": "Q699753", "label": "Treaty of Frederiksborg", "section": "lead", "says": "Stralsund remained under Danish control until it was returned to Sweden by the Treaty of Frederiksborg."}, {"id": "Q2072825", "label": "Treaty of Thorn", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With Charles XII of Sweden's main army destroyed, the anti-Swedish alliance of the Tsardom of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxe-Poland-Lithuania re-constituted in the Treaty of Thorn and the Treaty of Copenhagen, the Swedish king exiled to Bender and Sweden's provinces of Finland and Livonia invaded, the Swedish defense relied on 11,800 soldiers garrisoned in northern Germany, and an army of 10,000 "}], "Q5732680": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tantura massacre took place on 22–23 May 1948 during the 1948 Palestine war, when Palestinian villagers were massacred by Israel's Haganah (a precursor to the Israel Defense Forces), namely the Alexandroni Brigade."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "After the massacre, most of the village was destroyed and its residents were expelled, forming a part of the broader expulsion of Palestinians during the 1948 war and the Nakba."}], "Q575366": [{"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Malmö was an armistice concluded between Denmark and Prussia on 26 August 1848 during the First Schleswig War."}], "Q58459": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 November 1941, the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran engaged each other in a battle off the coast of Western Australia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest loss of life in the history of the Royal Australian Navy, the largest Allied warship lost with all hands during World War II, and a major blow to Australian wartime morale."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, several post-war publications have alleged that Sydney's loss had been the subject of an extensive cover-up, that the Germans had not followed the laws of war, that Australian survivors were massacred following the battle, or that the Empire of Japan had been secretly involved in the action (before officially declaring war in December)."}], "Q586801": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Frenchtown, also known as the Battle of the River Raisin and the River Raisin Massacre, refers to two consecutive engagements during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q1360064", "label": "Michigan Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting between American forces commanded by Brigadier General James Winchester and British and allied forces under Colonel Henry Procter took place on January 18 and 22, 1813, at Frenchtown, Michigan Territory (present-day Monroe, Michigan) on the River Raisin roughly 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Detroit."}, {"id": "Q881002", "label": "William Hull", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 17, 1812, Brigadier General William Hull, commanding the American Army of the Northwest, surrendered his army, Detroit and the Michigan Territory to the British following the siege of Detroit."}, {"id": "Q11869", "label": "William Henry Harrison", "section": "Background", "says": "He was soon replaced by Major General William Henry Harrison with Winchester as his second-in-command."}], "Q587908": [{"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Narbonne was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The region of Septimania, in southern Gaul, was the last unconquered province of the Visigothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q269536", "label": "Odo the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In 731, the Berber lord of the region of Cerdagne, Uthman ibn Naissa, called Munuza by the Franks, was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine Odo the Great after he revolted against the Emirate of Córdoba, but the rebel lord was killed by the Arab Umayyad commander Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "Background", "says": "In 731, the Berber lord of the region of Cerdagne, Uthman ibn Naissa, called Munuza by the Franks, was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine Odo the Great after he revolted against the Emirate of Córdoba, but the rebel lord was killed by the Arab Umayyad commander Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi."}], "Q588774": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Đồng Xoài (Vietnamese: Trận Đồng Xoài) was a major battle fought during the Vietnam War as part of the Viet Cong (VC) Summer Offensive of 1965."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in Phước Long Province, South Vietnam, between 9 and 13 June 1965."}, {"id": "Q298793", "label": "William Westmoreland", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 June COMUSMACV General William Westmoreland, fearing that the VC might secure enough area to establish a large base in Phước Long Province, decided to insert elements of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade into a major battle for the first time."}, {"id": "Q192502", "label": "Ngô Đình Diệm", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the overthrow of President Ngo Dinh Diem in November 1963, political turmoil in South Vietnam severely undermined the fight against the VC insurgency."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "For the first time, the newly created VC 273rd and 274th Regiments was ordered to join the 271st and 272nd Regiments on the battlefield; their objective was to destroy the regular units of the South Vietnamese military and eliminate the strategic hamlets to enlarge what North Vietnam viewed as liberated zones and that, in view of the forced relocation, the compulsory labor, the fund diversion by c"}, {"id": "Q9049", "label": "Noam Chomsky", "section": "Background", "says": "For the first time, the newly created VC 273rd and 274th Regiments was ordered to join the 271st and 272nd Regiments on the battlefield; their objective was to destroy the regular units of the South Vietnamese military and eliminate the strategic hamlets to enlarge what North Vietnam viewed as liberated zones and that, in view of the forced relocation, the compulsory labor, the fund diversion by c"}], "Q589853": [{"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake occurred in Byzantine Phoenicia on 9 July 551 with an estimated magnitude of about 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale."}], "Q592091": [{"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Salta took place on February 20, 1813, on the plains of Castañares, north of the present-day Argentine city of Salta, during the Argentine War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the North, under the command of general Manuel Belgrano, defeated for the second time the royalist troops of general Pío de Tristán, after their victory in the previous September at the Battle of Tucumán."}, {"id": "Q2397172", "label": "Pío de Tristán", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the North, under the command of general Manuel Belgrano, defeated for the second time the royalist troops of general Pío de Tristán, after their victory in the previous September at the Battle of Tucumán."}, {"id": "Q2890270", "label": "Battle of Tucumán", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the North, under the command of general Manuel Belgrano, defeated for the second time the royalist troops of general Pío de Tristán, after their victory in the previous September at the Battle of Tucumán."}], "Q59417678": [{"id": "Q122962941", "label": "Gaza War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 2014 Gaza War, which saw numerous tunnels dug by Hamas from the Gaza Strip into Israel being uncovered and being utilized in several attacks, the IDF renewed its search for Hezbollah tunnels in northern Israel, and this time found indications that such tunnels existed."}], "Q597249": [{"id": "Q312676", "label": "Auguste de Marmont", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fère-Champenoise (25 March 1814) was fought between two Imperial French corps led by Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise and a larger Coalition force composed of cavalry from the Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Württemberg, and Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q159631", "label": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fère-Champenoise (25 March 1814) was fought between two Imperial French corps led by Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise and a larger Coalition force composed of cavalry from the Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Württemberg, and Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fère-Champenoise (25 March 1814) was fought between two Imperial French corps led by Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise and a larger Coalition force composed of cavalry from the Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Württemberg, and Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q776552", "label": "Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube", "section": "lead", "says": "After being defeated at the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube on 20–21 March 1814, Emperor Napoleon moved to the east."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After being defeated at the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube on 20–21 March 1814, Emperor Napoleon moved to the east."}, {"id": "Q780921", "label": "Battle of Paris", "section": "lead", "says": "With the corps of Marmont and Mortier crippled, the Allied capture of Paris was practically inevitable and the Battle of Paris followed on 30 March"}, {"id": "Q213784", "label": "Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "Blücher assigned only the corps of Yorck and Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf to follow Marmont."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "By 19 March, Blucher had established two bridges over the Aisne and sent Ferdinand von Wintzingerode's corps south to capture Reims."}, {"id": "Q767534", "label": "Augustin Daniel Belliard", "section": "Background", "says": "Wintzingerode occupied Reims at daybreak on 20 March after it was evacuated by Augustin Daniel Belliard who led Mortier's cavalry."}], "Q597533": [{"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–German Wars were wars consisted of a series of struggles in 1003–1018, between the Ottonian king Henry II of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor from 1014) and the Polish Piast ruler Bolesław I the Brave."}, {"id": "Q53436", "label": "Bolesław I the Brave", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–German Wars were wars consisted of a series of struggles in 1003–1018, between the Ottonian king Henry II of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor from 1014) and the Polish Piast ruler Bolesław I the Brave."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The locus of conflict was the control of Lusatia and Upper Lusatia, as well as Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q149734", "label": "Peace of Bautzen", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting ended with the Peace of Bautzen in 1018, which left Lusatia and Upper Lusatia as a fief of Poland, and Bohemia became a duchy in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting ended with the Peace of Bautzen in 1018, which left Lusatia and Upper Lusatia as a fief of Poland, and Bohemia became a duchy in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Boleslaus III initially managed to secure the throne and expel his brothers and mother Emma, who in 1001 took refuge at the court of duke Henry IV of Bavaria (who became the German king Henry II 3 years later), but bishop Thiedag (Thiddag) of Prague and part of the nobility still opposed him."}], "Q599663": [{"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The Virée de Galerne was a military operation of the War in the Vendée during the French Revolutionary Wars across Brittany and Normandy."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Virée de Galerne was a military operation of the War in the Vendée during the French Revolutionary Wars across Brittany and Normandy."}, {"id": "Q1108820", "label": "Battle of Cholet", "section": "lead", "says": "It concerns the Vendean army's crossing of the river Loire after their defeat in the Battle of Cholet on 17 October 1793 and its march to Granville in the hope of finding reinforcements there from England."}], "Q6011442": [{"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "This came as a direct result of the perception that Saddam Hussein and his leadership had become weakened by the adventurism in Kuwait and in part by the losses during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "This came as a direct result of the perception that Saddam Hussein and his leadership had become weakened by the adventurism in Kuwait and in part by the losses during the Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q6057016": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay."}], "Q606081": [{"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the restoration of civilian rule in 1986, Sudan was paralyzed by extreme economic deterioration and the escalating human cost of the Second Sudanese Civil War against the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in the south."}, {"id": "Q311798", "label": "Gaafar Nimeiry", "section": "Background", "says": "This proposed peace plan explicitly required the freezing of the \"September Laws\" – the strict interpretation of Sharia imposed nationwide by former president Gaafar Nimeiry in 1983."}, {"id": "Q167444", "label": "John Garang", "section": "Background", "says": "The bill was scheduled to be presented to parliament for enactment on 1 July, and the prime minister planned to fly to Addis Ababa on 4 July to finalize the peace conference with SPLA leader John Garang."}], "Q6067940": [{"id": "Q368858", "label": "Mustafa Barzani", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970 (or the Iraqi–Kurdish peace talks or the 1970 Peace Accord) was an agreement, which the Iraqi government and the leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party Mustafa Barzani reached on March 11, 1970 in the aftermath of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War."}, {"id": "Q809687", "label": "First Kurdish–Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970 (or the Iraqi–Kurdish peace talks or the 1970 Peace Accord) was an agreement, which the Iraqi government and the leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party Mustafa Barzani reached on March 11, 1970 in the aftermath of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War."}, {"id": "Q4116897", "label": "Second Kurdish–Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the peace plan for the Kurdish autonomy failed; re-erupting into the Second Iraqi–Kurdish War in 1974, thus escalating the Kurdish–Iraqi conflict."}], "Q60760993": [{"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Visigothic Wars were a series of wars between the Franks and the Visigoths, but it also involved the Burgundians, the Ostrogoths and the Romans."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Visigothic Wars were a series of wars between the Franks and the Visigoths, but it also involved the Burgundians, the Ostrogoths and the Romans."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Visigothic Wars were a series of wars between the Franks and the Visigoths, but it also involved the Burgundians, the Ostrogoths and the Romans."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "lead", "says": "The most noteworthy war of the conflict would be the Second Franco-Visigothic War that included the famous Battle of Vouillé and resulted in Frankish annexation of most of Southern France."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 486, Clovis I defeated the Gallo-Romans decisively, impelling the commander, Syagrius to flee to the court of Alaric II."}, {"id": "Q207499", "label": "Syagrius", "section": "Background", "says": "In 486, Clovis I defeated the Gallo-Romans decisively, impelling the commander, Syagrius to flee to the court of Alaric II."}, {"id": "Q110884", "label": "Alaric II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 486, Clovis I defeated the Gallo-Romans decisively, impelling the commander, Syagrius to flee to the court of Alaric II."}], "Q609510": [{"id": "Q1209169", "label": "War in Abkhazia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sukhumi massacre took place on 27 September 1993, during and after the fall of Sukhumi into separatist hands in the course of the War in Abkhazia."}], "Q6148020": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Chahar (Japanese: チャハル作戦, romanized: Chaharu Sakusen), known in Chinese as the Nankou Campaign (Chinese: 南口戰役; pinyin: Nankou Zhanyi), occurred in August 1937, following the Battle of Beiping-Tianjin at the beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q715770", "label": "Demchugdongrub", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the second attack by the Kwantung Army and the Inner Mongolian Army of Prince Demchugdongrub on Inner Mongolia after the failure of the Suiyuan Campaign."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the second attack by the Kwantung Army and the Inner Mongolian Army of Prince Demchugdongrub on Inner Mongolia after the failure of the Suiyuan Campaign."}, {"id": "Q700207", "label": "Suiyuan Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the second attack by the Kwantung Army and the Inner Mongolian Army of Prince Demchugdongrub on Inner Mongolia after the failure of the Suiyuan Campaign."}], "Q617278": [{"id": "Q761370", "label": "Aro Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) was a conflict between the Aro Confederacy in present-day Eastern Nigeria, and the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) was a conflict between the Aro Confederacy in present-day Eastern Nigeria, and the British Empire."}], "Q618935": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tauberbischofsheim was an engagement of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, on the 24 July at Tauberbischofsheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden between troops of the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tauberbischofsheim was an engagement of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, on the 24 July at Tauberbischofsheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden between troops of the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tauberbischofsheim was an engagement of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, on the 24 July at Tauberbischofsheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden between troops of the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tauberbischofsheim was an engagement of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, on the 24 July at Tauberbischofsheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden between troops of the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Prussia."}], "Q6190058": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Though World War II brought relative calm, tensions again escalated into an armed struggle towards the end of the war, when it became clear that the Axis powers were close to defeat."}, {"id": "Q37610", "label": "David Ben-Gurion", "section": "Background", "says": "The leader of Palestine's Jews, David Ben-Gurion, issued a call for Jews to \"support the British as if there is no White Paper and oppose the White Paper as if there is no war\"."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "With the decline of the Arab Revolt by September 1939, the tensions among Jews and Arabs eased as well."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1941, Irgun's David Raziel was killed while fighting in the Kingdom of Iraq with the British against that country's pro-Axis regime."}], "Q62090944": [{"id": "Q860150", "label": "Battle of Charleroi", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Fifth Army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) advanced into Belgium and fought the Battle of Charleroi (21–23 August) and Battle of Mons (23 August), from the Meuse crossings in the east, to Mons in the west."}, {"id": "Q1417205", "label": "Battle of Mons", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Fifth Army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) advanced into Belgium and fought the Battle of Charleroi (21–23 August) and Battle of Mons (23 August), from the Meuse crossings in the east, to Mons in the west."}], "Q621419": [{"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Canal du Nord was part of the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War by the Allies against German positions on the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q1926157", "label": "Meuse-Argonne Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack began the day after the Meuse-Argonne Offensive commenced, a day before an offensive in Belgian Flanders and two days before the Battle of St."}, {"id": "Q1320675", "label": "Battle of Havrincourt", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack took place along the boundary between the British First Army and Third Army, which were to continue the advance started with the Battle of the Drocourt-Quéant Line, Battle of Havrincourt and Battle of Epehy."}, {"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "Background", "says": "Further to the south, the 18th and 9th Armies were to follow in succession, resulting in the abandonment of the salient gained during the Spring Offensive by 9 September."}], "Q62417": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Livonian Order was decisively defeated by the residents of Riga allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the command of Vytenis."}, {"id": "Q2458532", "label": "Terra Mariana", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1296, a civil war broke out in Terra Mariana between the burghers of Riga and the Livonian Order."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The defensive Livonian forces engaged the Lithuanians on the Gauja River."}, {"id": "Q853754", "label": "Battle of Saule", "section": "lead", "says": "If indeed it was 60, then the battle would be comparable to the Battle of Saule in terms of casualties."}, {"id": "Q359601", "label": "Eric VI of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "After Eric VI of Denmark threatened to invade Livonia to assist Archbishop Johannes III, a truce was reached and the conflict was mediated by Pope Boniface VIII."}, {"id": "Q134646", "label": "Boniface VIII", "section": "lead", "says": "After Eric VI of Denmark threatened to invade Livonia to assist Archbishop Johannes III, a truce was reached and the conflict was mediated by Pope Boniface VIII."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the conflict was not resolved and the alliance between Lithuania and Riga continued for another fifteen years."}], "Q624525": [{"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "lead", "says": "Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin managed to destroy over 100 Japanese ships and retreated with minimal casualties."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a Korean surprise attack on the fleet of Toyotomi Hideyoshi stationed at Busan, and its main objective was to recapture Busan, which would thoroughly cutoff the supply line of the Japanese army."}], "Q632741": [{"id": "Q208270", "label": "Federally Administered Tribal Areas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Operation Rah-e-Nijat (\"Path of Salvation\"; Urdu: آپریشن راہ نجات) was a strategic offensive military operation by the unified command of Pakistan Armed Forces against the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and their extremist allies in the South Waziristan area of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas that began on June 19, 2009; a major ground-air offensive was subsequently launched on Octobe"}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It became the integral part of the war in Western fronts which led to the encirclement and destruction of Taliban forces in the region, although the Taliban leadership escaped to lawless areas of neighboring Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was intended to finish the senior Taliban leadership and bring the lawless areas back to government control, however the leadership escaped to Afghanistan whilst areas came back under the Pakistan government control."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 October, the military occupied the town of Kaniguram, a stronghold of former Russians fighters and Uzbeks led by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan."}], "Q63395926": [{"id": "Q58833335", "label": "Juan Guaidó", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 April 2019, during the Venezuelan presidential crisis, a group of several dozen military personnel and civilians joined Juan Guaidó in his call for the removal of Nicolás Maduro as part of what he labeled \"Operation Freedom\" (Spanish: Operación Libertad)."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 April 2019, during the Venezuelan presidential crisis, a group of several dozen military personnel and civilians joined Juan Guaidó in his call for the removal of Nicolás Maduro as part of what he labeled \"Operation Freedom\" (Spanish: Operación Libertad)."}, {"id": "Q1672657", "label": "Leopoldo López", "section": "lead", "says": "During the unrest, opposition leader Leopoldo López was freed from house arrest after being imprisoned for five years."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "As of May 2019, Guaidó has been recognized as the interim president of Venezuela by 54 countries, including the United States and most nations of Latin America and Europe."}, {"id": "Q311440", "label": "António Guterres", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres called for dialogue."}], "Q63652": [{"id": "Q2438029", "label": "Antonio Ricardos y Carrillo de Albornoz", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bellegarde commenced on 23 May 1793 and ended on 24 June 1793 when Colonel Boisbrulé's French garrison surrendered the Fort de Bellegarde to a Spanish army under the command of Antonio Ricardos."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege took place during the War of the Pyrenees, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege took place during the War of the Pyrenees, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "King Louis XIV of France built Fort de Bellegarde after 1678 according to a plan drawn up by Sébastien de Vauban."}, {"id": "Q2889289", "label": "Battle of Mas Deu", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Mas Deu on 19 May, Ricardos defeated de Flers with the loss of 150 killed, 280 wounded, plus three cannons and six ammunition wagons captured."}], "Q638374": [{"id": "Q312109", "label": "Fyodor Apraksin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pälkäne, sometimes called the Battle at Kostianvirta or Battle on the Pialkiane River (Russian: Битва на реке Пялькяне) was fought between the Russian army under Admiral Fyodor Apraksin and the defending Finnish army of the Swedish Empire under General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt on 17 October 1713, as part of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pälkäne, sometimes called the Battle at Kostianvirta or Battle on the Pialkiane River (Russian: Битва на реке Пялькяне) was fought between the Russian army under Admiral Fyodor Apraksin and the defending Finnish army of the Swedish Empire under General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt on 17 October 1713, as part of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q630283", "label": "Carl Gustaf Armfeldt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pälkäne, sometimes called the Battle at Kostianvirta or Battle on the Pialkiane River (Russian: Битва на реке Пялькяне) was fought between the Russian army under Admiral Fyodor Apraksin and the defending Finnish army of the Swedish Empire under General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt on 17 October 1713, as part of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pälkäne, sometimes called the Battle at Kostianvirta or Battle on the Pialkiane River (Russian: Битва на реке Пялькяне) was fought between the Russian army under Admiral Fyodor Apraksin and the defending Finnish army of the Swedish Empire under General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt on 17 October 1713, as part of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the crushing defeat at the Poltava in 1709, Charles XII of Sweden refused to negotiate for peace."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1713, Russian troops under General Apraksin, with czar Peter I in the vanguard, headed for Finland."}], "Q6389258": [{"id": "Q355680", "label": "Henry Knox", "section": "lead", "says": "The noble train of artillery, also known as the Knox Expedition, was an expedition led by Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox to transport heavy weaponry that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga to the Continental Army camps outside Boston during the winter of 1775–76."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Victor Brooks has called Knox's exploit \"one of the most stupendous feats of logistics\" of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "Background", "says": "The American Revolutionary War erupted with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775."}, {"id": "Q298237", "label": "Benedict Arnold", "section": "Background", "says": "Benedict Arnold was a militia leader from Connecticut who had arrived with his unit in support of the siege of Boston; he proposed to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety that Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain in the Province of New York be captured from its small British garrison."}, {"id": "Q552007", "label": "Ethan Allen", "section": "Background", "says": "The idea to capture Ticonderoga had also been raised to Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys in the disputed New Hampshire Grants territory in Vermont."}], "Q6407091": [{"id": "Q1141632", "label": "Kingdom of Vientiane", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lao Rebellion of 1826–1828 (also known as Anouvong's Rebellion) was an attempt by King Anouvong (Xaiya Sethathirath V) of the Kingdom of Vientiane to end the suzerainty of Siam and recreate the former kingdom of Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lao Rebellion of 1826–1828 (also known as Anouvong's Rebellion) was an attempt by King Anouvong (Xaiya Sethathirath V) of the Kingdom of Vientiane to end the suzerainty of Siam and recreate the former kingdom of Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q560843", "label": "Anouvong", "section": "lead", "says": "Anouvong failed in both his attempt to resist Siamese encroachment, and to check the further political fragmentation among the Lao."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdoms of Champasak and Lan Na were drawn more closely into the Siamese administrative system."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The slave raids and forced population transfers conducted by Siam led to a demographic disparity between the areas that would ultimately become Thailand and Laos, and facilitated the \"civilizing mission\" of the French into Lao areas during the latter half of the nineteenth century."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "Background", "says": "During the last decade of Ayutthaya, Siam managed to expand its influence into what was called Khamen Pa Dong (Thai: เขมรป่าดง), or literally \"Forest Cambodia\", corresponding to modern Southern Isan in Sisaket and Surin Provinces, which were inhabited by independent Kuy and Northern Khmer tribes."}, {"id": "Q1891274", "label": "Manthaturath", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1825, Anouvong and Manthaturath, as vassal kings came to Bangkok with their respective court retinues to attend the cremation ceremonies for Rama II who had died in 1824."}, {"id": "Q319675", "label": "Phutthaloetla Naphalai", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1825, Anouvong and Manthaturath, as vassal kings came to Bangkok with their respective court retinues to attend the cremation ceremonies for Rama II who had died in 1824."}, {"id": "Q319669", "label": "Nangklao", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As Anouvong was en route to Bangkok, Rama III requisitioned Anouvong's entourage to provide laborers to fell sugar palm trees which were needed for defensive works."}, {"id": "Q889302", "label": "Nanthesan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Both demands had been made by king Nanthasen, thirty five years earlier, before he was executed for conspiring with the Nakhon Phanom to rebel."}, {"id": "Q1016779", "label": "Burney Treaty", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The letters informed Anouvong he was to prepare to come to Bangkok if needed, and contained a copy of the Burney Treaty that Siam was concluding with the British."}], "Q641757": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oosterweel took place on 13 March 1567 near the village of Oosterweel, near Antwerp, in present-day Belgium, and is traditionally seen as the beginning of the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in 1566, Protestant mobs in the provincial states of the Netherlands began destroying Catholic art and images (the Beeldenstorm) to protest the taxes, restrictions on religion, and harsh rule of Philip II of Spain, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands."}], "Q6429210": [{"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kongo Civil War (1665–1709) was a war of succession between rival houses of the Kingdom of Kongo."}], "Q643027": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Weissenstein, or Battle of Biały Kamień, was fought during the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611), between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 25 September 1604."}, {"id": "Q540840", "label": "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish army was commanded by Arvid Stålarm and the Polish army under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz."}], "Q6449024": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuwait–Najd War erupted in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The war occurred due to Ibn Saud of Najd's desire to annex Kuwait."}], "Q645723": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ösel Island took place on May 24(4 June), 1719 (O.S.), during the Great Northern War."}], "Q6470616": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Jackal (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Čagalj), also known as Operation June Dawns (Operacija Lipanjske zore), was an offensive of the Bosnian War fought between a combined  Croatian Army (HV) and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) army against the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) from 7–26 June 1992."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was a Croatian pre-emptive strike against the VRS, a Bosnian Serb military formed in May 1992 from Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) units that were stationed in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q666662", "label": "Janko Bobetko", "section": "lead", "says": "To counter this threat, the Croatian leadership deployed the HV, under the command of General Janko Bobetko, to the \"Southern Front\" including the area in which Operation Jackal was to be conducted."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions rose and by March 1991 the Croatian War of Independence had broken out."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "With the disintegration of Yugoslavia, in June 1991 Croatia issued its declaration of independence which became official on 8 October  after a three-month moratorium."}, {"id": "Q2624653", "label": "Battle of the Barracks", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war culminating in the Battle of the Barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war culminating in the Battle of the Barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war culminating in the Battle of the Barracks, the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This reorganisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the 29 February – 1 March 1992 referendum on independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q12627990", "label": "Battle of Kupres", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The JNA's 2nd Military District, commanded by Colonel General Milutin Kukanjac, deployed elements of the 5th Banja Luka Corps and the 9th Knin Corps to the Kupres region, capturing the town from the HV and the HVO jointly defending the area in the 1992 Battle of Kupres on 7 April and threatening Livno and Tomislavgrad to the southwest."}], "Q647112": [{"id": "Q937255", "label": "Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Koronowo was a battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War."}, {"id": "Q326493", "label": "Jan Długosz", "section": "lead", "says": "This is the account of the battle of Jan Długosz, from the abridged translation by Maurice Michael, pp."}], "Q650082": [{"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of La Rochelle of 1572–1573 was a massive military assault on the Huguenot city of La Rochelle by Catholic troops during the fourth phase of the French Wars of Religion, following the August 1572 St."}, {"id": "Q53448", "label": "Henry III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning on 11 February 1573, the siege was led by the Duke of Anjou (the future Henry III of France)."}, {"id": "Q1605895", "label": "Henri I de Montmorency", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of La Rochelle was contemporaneous with Catholic assaults on the cities of Sommières (led by Henri I de Montmorency) and Sancerre."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1568, La Rochelle had been the main base of the Huguenots in France."}], "Q65089139": [{"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "lead", "says": "First Battle of Tarain, also known as the First Battle of Taraori, was fought on 14 January 1191 between the Ghurid forces led by Muhammad of Ghor and the Rajput Confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan, near Tarain (modern Taraori in Haryana, India)."}, {"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "lead", "says": "First Battle of Tarain, also known as the First Battle of Taraori, was fought on 14 January 1191 between the Ghurid forces led by Muhammad of Ghor and the Rajput Confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan, near Tarain (modern Taraori in Haryana, India)."}, {"id": "Q2890128", "label": "Second Battle of Tarain", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Ghurid armies were routed, they retreated to Ghazni and left garrison of 2,000 soldiers under Zia ud-Din Tulaki to secure the fort of Tabarhind (present day Bhatinda) to delay the Rajput army and was successful in keeping them at bay for thirteen months, while Muhammad of Ghor, during these months, raised a stronger army of 120,000 men, and invaded again, leading to the Second Battle of "}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "Background", "says": "Subsequently, the Ghurids defeated the Ghaznavids, and conquered Lahore in 1186."}], "Q6523658": [{"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "Background", "says": "Mass political actions and protests have been almost banned since Alexander Lukashenko took power in the 1994 Belarusian presidential election."}, {"id": "Q2995162", "label": "Jeans Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The same happened after the 2004 Belarusian constitutional referendum and the 2006 Belarusian presidential election, when the Jeans Revolution took place."}], "Q653561": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wolgast took place on 2 September 1628 during the Thirty Years' War, outside Wolgast in Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "An Imperial army under Albrecht von Wallenstein defeated a Danish expedition commanded by Christian IV of Denmark, and forced them to evacuate the town."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "An Imperial army under Albrecht von Wallenstein defeated a Danish expedition commanded by Christian IV of Denmark, and forced them to evacuate the town."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began when Christian IV invaded the Holy Roman Empire in 1625."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Duchy of Pomerania, which included Wolgast, capitulated to the Empire at Franzburg in November 1627."}, {"id": "Q109252949", "label": "Duchy of Mecklenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Ferdinand II gave Wallenstein the Duchy of Mecklenburg in January, and promoted him \"General of the Oceanic and Baltic Seas\" in April 1628."}], "Q653707": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "His leadership along with Norway's recent conversion to Christianity that spread the Administrative apparatus of the papacy would have long lasting effects on Norway's culture, economy, and society."}], "Q6541032": [{"id": "Q387093", "label": "Battle of Arnhem", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also known as the Second Battle of Arnhem or the Liberation of Arnhem."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Allies fought the first Battle of Arnhem in September 1944 during Operation Market Garden."}, {"id": "Q708235", "label": "Operation Veritable", "section": "Background", "says": "The Canadian Army had been instructed to plan advances across the Lower Rhine when it first assumed responsibility for the Nijmegen salient in November but operations were delayed by the winter and the allocation of resources for Operation Veritable."}, {"id": "Q93845", "label": "Charles Foulkes", "section": "Background", "says": "The first draft of the plan to take the city – known as Operation Anger – was compiled in February as a subsidiary operation to Plunder but Lieutenant-General Charles Foulkes, commander of the recently arrived I Canadian Corps, thought it safer to wait until the Rhine had been crossed before attacking Arnhem and Anger was shelved."}, {"id": "Q1345095", "label": "Guy Simonds", "section": "Background", "says": "After Plunder, the II Canadian Corps (Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds) struck west and seized Emmerich, approaching the IJssel from the east."}], "Q654722": [{"id": "Q146862", "label": "Second Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mulayda was the last major battle during the period of the Second Saudi State which occurred on 21 January 1891 over issues regarding zakat and the arrest of the Rashidi leader."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the invasion, the Rashidis and their Arab ally clans successfully conquered the Second Saudi State, forcing the House of Saud, led by Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, and their allies to flee."}, {"id": "Q317421", "label": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the invasion, the Rashidis and their Arab ally clans successfully conquered the Second Saudi State, forcing the House of Saud, led by Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, and their allies to flee."}, {"id": "Q58156", "label": "Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud", "section": "Background", "says": "His brother Saud bin Faisal Al Saud challenged it twice within five years (once in 1871 and again from 1873-1875)."}], "Q661994": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Black Saturday (Arabic: السبت الأسود; French: Samedi noir) was the massacre of between 150 and 200 Lebanese Muslim and Druze civilians by Phalangist forces on Saturday 6 December 1975, during the early stages of the Lebanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q4872937", "label": "Battle of the Hotels", "section": "lead", "says": "It set a precedent for later outbreaks of violence such as the Battle of the Hotels, the Karantina massacre and the Damour massacre."}], "Q666989": [{"id": "Q298864", "label": "Neapolitan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Casalanza, which ended the Neapolitan War, was signed on 20 May 1815 between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples on the one hand and the Austrian Empire, as well as the Great Britain, on the other."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Casalanza, which ended the Neapolitan War, was signed on 20 May 1815 between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples on the one hand and the Austrian Empire, as well as the Great Britain, on the other."}, {"id": "Q1359641", "label": "Battle of Tolentino", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decisive defeat at the Battle of Tolentino and the Battle of San Germano, the Napoleonic King of Naples, Joachim Murat, had fled to Corsica and General Michele Carascosa, who was now the head of the Neapolitan army following Murat's flight, sued for peace."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decisive defeat at the Battle of Tolentino and the Battle of San Germano, the Napoleonic King of Naples, Joachim Murat, had fled to Corsica and General Michele Carascosa, who was now the head of the Neapolitan army following Murat's flight, sued for peace."}, {"id": "Q348626", "label": "Adam Albert von Neipperg", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Pietro Colletta (who was acting as plenipotentiary to Michele Carascosa), Adam Albert von Neipperg (who was acting as plenipotentiary to the commander-in-chief of the Austrian forces, Frederick Bianchi), and Lord Burghersh (the English minister plenipotentiary in Florence)."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "These three garrisons eventually surrendered, although the siege of Gaeta would last till August, long after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo."}], "Q6755284": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "Knights of the Heart) also known as Operation Stouthearted Men and Operation Valiant, code-named Operation Gazelle (Hebrew: מבצע אבירי לב, Arabic: ثغرة الدفرسوار), was an Israeli operation that took place in the center of the Suez Canal on 15–23 October 1973 during the Yom Kippur War."}], "Q676148": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mansfield, also known as the Battle of Sabine Crossroads, on April 8, 1864, in Louisiana formed part of the Red River Campaign during the American Civil War, when Union forces were attempting to occupy the Louisiana state capital, Shreveport."}, {"id": "Q1967771", "label": "Richard Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederate commander, Major-General Richard Taylor, chose Mansfield as the place where he would make his stand against the advancing Union army under General Nathaniel P."}], "Q679858": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle is sometimes considered the official start of the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1568, William I of Orange, stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht, and other noblemen dissatisfied with the Spanish rule in the Netherlands, the Geuzen, were determined to expel Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, and his Spanish troops from the country."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background", "says": "An army of Huguenots and Netherlander refugees would attack Artois across the French border; another, under William's brother Louis, would try to raise the province of Friesland in arms against the Spanish; and a third one, under Antoine II de Lalaing, Count of Hoogstraten, would operate in the Meuse-Rhin area."}], "Q68371": [{"id": "Q178908", "label": "Henry I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mortemer was a defeat for Henry I of France when  he led an army against his vassal, William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy in 1054."}, {"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "lead", "says": "William  was eventually to become known as William the Conqueror after his successful invasion and conquest of England."}, {"id": "Q1422925", "label": "Battle of Val-ès-Dunes", "section": "Background", "says": "William defeated  the rebels at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes in 1047, with the support of Henry I of France."}], "Q6864674": [{"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hongwu Emperor had sent envoys to Yunnan in 1369, 1370, 1372, 1374, and 1375 to request for its submission."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of the envoys were killed and this was the causa belli under which an invasion was launched against the regime in Yunnan, then still loyal to the Northern Yuan."}], "Q6864869": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ming–Kotte War was a military conflict between the expeditionary forces of Ming China and the Sinhalese Kotte Kingdom in the southern territories of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q7134858", "label": "Parakramabahu VI", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the overthrow of King Alakeshvara and the ascension of Parakramabahu VI."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Ming treasure voyages, a large Chinese fleet, led by Admiral Zheng He, arrived into local waters to establish Chinese control and stability of the maritime routes in the waters around Sri Lanka and southern India."}], "Q686944": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Černová massacre (or Černová tragedy, Slovak: Černovská tragédia, Hungarian: Csernovai tragédia or Csernova Affair) was a shooting that took place in Csernova, Kingdom of Hungary (today Černová, part of Ružomberok, Slovakia) on 27 October 1907 in which 15 people were killed and many were wounded after gendarmes fired into a crowd of people gathering for the consecration of the local Catholic c"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The shootings sparked protests in European and American press and turned the world's attention to the treatment of minorities in the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary."}], "Q686995": [{"id": "Q599663", "label": "Virée de Galerne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Le Mans was a combat in December 1793 in the Virée de Galerne, an operation of the War in the Vendée during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Le Mans was a combat in December 1793 in the Virée de Galerne, an operation of the War in the Vendée during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Le Mans was a combat in December 1793 in the Virée de Galerne, an operation of the War in the Vendée during the French Revolution."}], "Q693070": [{"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Senlis concerning the Burgundian succession was signed at the French city of Senlis on 23 May 1493, between King Charles VIII of France and Maximilian I, who was King of the Romans and future Holy Roman Emperor and acted on behalf of his young son Philip the Handsome, the Habsburg claimant to the Burgundian inheritance."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Senlis concerning the Burgundian succession was signed at the French city of Senlis on 23 May 1493, between King Charles VIII of France and Maximilian I, who was King of the Romans and future Holy Roman Emperor and acted on behalf of his young son Philip the Handsome, the Habsburg claimant to the Burgundian inheritance."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Senlis concerning the Burgundian succession was signed at the French city of Senlis on 23 May 1493, between King Charles VIII of France and Maximilian I, who was King of the Romans and future Holy Roman Emperor and acted on behalf of his young son Philip the Handsome, the Habsburg claimant to the Burgundian inheritance."}, {"id": "Q700156", "label": "Treaty of Arras", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty contained 48 clauses dealing with various political, dynastic and territorial questions that had been addressed by the Treaty of Arras (1482)."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "Background", "says": "After the last duke of Valois-Burgundy, Charles the Bold, died without a male heir at the 1477 Battle of Nancy, his third cousin Louis XI of France was determined to come into his inheritance, especially the Duchy of Burgundy and the thriving County of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After the last duke of Valois-Burgundy, Charles the Bold, died without a male heir at the 1477 Battle of Nancy, his third cousin Louis XI of France was determined to come into his inheritance, especially the Duchy of Burgundy and the thriving County of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "Background", "says": "After the last duke of Valois-Burgundy, Charles the Bold, died without a male heir at the 1477 Battle of Nancy, his third cousin Louis XI of France was determined to come into his inheritance, especially the Duchy of Burgundy and the thriving County of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "Background", "says": "After the last duke of Valois-Burgundy, Charles the Bold, died without a male heir at the 1477 Battle of Nancy, his third cousin Louis XI of France was determined to come into his inheritance, especially the Duchy of Burgundy and the thriving County of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold, and her husband, Maximilian, also claimed their rights, which led to clashes of arms culminating at the 1479 Battle of Guinegate, which Mary and Maximilian won."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Treaty of Arras (1482), Maximilian had to cede the County of Burgundy, the County of Artois, the County of Charolais and several other lordships to France as a dowry for the proposed marriage of their young daughter Margaret to Louis's son Charles, who became the new king of France in 1483."}, {"id": "Q778266", "label": "County of Artois", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Treaty of Arras (1482), Maximilian had to cede the County of Burgundy, the County of Artois, the County of Charolais and several other lordships to France as a dowry for the proposed marriage of their young daughter Margaret to Louis's son Charles, who became the new king of France in 1483."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Treaty of Arras (1482), Maximilian had to cede the County of Burgundy, the County of Artois, the County of Charolais and several other lordships to France as a dowry for the proposed marriage of their young daughter Margaret to Louis's son Charles, who became the new king of France in 1483."}, {"id": "Q201143", "label": "Anne of Brittany", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1491, Charles VIII renounced the engagement with Margaret and married Anne of Brittany, who had been married in proxy to Maximilian."}, {"id": "Q436753", "label": "Alfonso II of Naples", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1493, Charles VIII, stuck in the conflict with King Alfonso II of Naples, finally had to acknowledge the claims."}], "Q697556": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small battle fought between forces of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army against the Imperial Japanese Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident during the Invasion of Manchuria in 1931, prior to the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q388327", "label": "Ma Zhanshan", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1931, the acting governor of Heilongjiang province General Ma Zhanshan chose to disobey the Kuomintang government's ban on further resistance to the Japanese invasion and attempted to prevent Japanese forces from crossing into Heilongjiang province by defending a strategic railway bridge across the Nen River near Jiangqiao."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1931, the acting governor of Heilongjiang province General Ma Zhanshan chose to disobey the Kuomintang government's ban on further resistance to the Japanese invasion and attempted to prevent Japanese forces from crossing into Heilongjiang province by defending a strategic railway bridge across the Nen River near Jiangqiao."}], "Q700250": [{"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese forces planned to cut off Chinese supply lines linking to French Indochina, but the Chinese forces managed to fight off the attacks."}], "Q702449": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle for the Recapture of Bataan (Filipino: Labanan para sa Bataan) from 31 January to 21 February 1945, by US forces and Allied Filipino guerrillas from the Japanese, part of the campaign for the liberation of the Philippines, was waged to secure the western shore of Manila Bay to enable the use of its harbor and open new supply lines for American troops engaged in the crucial battle for th"}, {"id": "Q117096", "label": "Ramon Magsaysay", "section": "Background", "says": "They promptly dashed to the San Marcelino airstrip but found out that Filipino guerrillas under the command of Captain Ramon Magsaysay (later president of the Republic of the Philippines) had already secured the field three days earlier."}], "Q703426": [{"id": "Q2658252", "label": "Yamato Kinship", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first and only time where all four nations of Korea (Goguryeo–Silla–Paekche–Kaya) were involved in a single war, and Wa (Japan)'s first international conflict prior to the introduction of the Yamato Kingship and the following Battle of Baekgang that came after."}, {"id": "Q608727", "label": "Battle of Baekgang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first and only time where all four nations of Korea (Goguryeo–Silla–Paekche–Kaya) were involved in a single war, and Wa (Japan)'s first international conflict prior to the introduction of the Yamato Kingship and the following Battle of Baekgang that came after."}], "Q709346": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of South Shanxi, also known as the Battle of Jinnan (Chinese: 晉南战役) and Zhongtiao Mountains campaign (Chinese: 中條山會戰) by the Chinese and as the Chungyuan Operation by the Japanese, was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Context", "says": "The disastrous losses of the first year of the war (1937–38) meant that the internationally-recognized Chinese government (controlled by the Kuomintang or KMT party) had been forced to abandon its capital and all the industrialized areas of the country."}], "Q7097066": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Gallop (Russian: Операция Скачок, romanized: Operatsiya Skachok) was a Soviet Army operation on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Gallop (Russian: Операция Скачок, romanized: Operatsiya Skachok) was a Soviet Army operation on the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "In the face of a total collapse in the south the German command arranged a number of reorganisations and created a new Army Group South out of the shattered forces of the old Army Groups A, B, and Don, under the command of Erich von Manstein."}], "Q7097444": [{"id": "Q322607", "label": "War of Attrition", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Raviv (Hebrew: רביב, Drizzle), also known in Egypt as the Zaafarana accident (Arabic: حادثة الزعفرانة) or the Ten-Hour War, was a mounted raid conducted by the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) on Egypt's Red Sea coast during the War of Attrition."}, {"id": "Q2624233", "label": "Avraham Adan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The planning of Operation Raviv was carried out jointly by the Armored Forces Command under Major General Avraham Adan and the Israel Navy under Rear Admiral Avraham Botzer."}], "Q712181": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Biak was part of the Western New Guinea campaign of World War II, fought between the United States Army and the Japanese Army from May 27 to August 17, 1944."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place on the island of Biak, in Geelvink Bay, in present-day Indonesia, it was part of General Douglas MacArthur's South West Pacific Area's offensive drive to clear New Guinea in preparation for an invasion of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place on the island of Biak, in Geelvink Bay, in present-day Indonesia, it was part of General Douglas MacArthur's South West Pacific Area's offensive drive to clear New Guinea in preparation for an invasion of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "These were protected by two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and twenty-one destroyers; several Australian vessels including the cruisers HMAS Australia and Shropshire and the destroyer Warramunga were included in this task force."}], "Q712645": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Defense of Harbin (simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨保卫战; traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱保衛戰) was a military conflict fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Defense of Harbin (simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨保卫战; traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱保衛戰) was a military conflict fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q388327", "label": "Ma Zhanshan", "section": "Background", "says": "After General Ma Zhanshan had been driven from Qiqihar by the Japanese in the Jiangqiao Campaign, he retreated northeast with his depleted forces and set up his headquarters at Hailun from which he attempted to continue to govern Heilongjiang Province."}, {"id": "Q74296", "label": "Kenji Doihara", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonel Kenji Doihara began negotiations with General Ma from his Special Service Office at Harbin, hoping to get him to defect to the new state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonel Kenji Doihara began negotiations with General Ma from his Special Service Office at Harbin, hoping to get him to defect to the new state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q713038", "label": "Xi Qia", "section": "Background", "says": "General Ding Chao had never approved of the puppet government set up in Jilin Province by the Kwantung Army under the nominal leadership of General Xi Qia of the Jilin Army."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the next months, General Ma Zhanshan continued to support General Ding, and both generals maintained contact with Marshal Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek, who gave them some limited assistance."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the next months, General Ma Zhanshan continued to support General Ding, and both generals maintained contact with Marshal Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek, who gave them some limited assistance."}], "Q715416": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of An Lộc was a major battle of the Vietnam War that lasted for 66 days and culminated in a victory for South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of An Lộc was a major battle of the Vietnam War that lasted for 66 days and culminated in a victory for South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q2395085", "label": "Easter Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "This fighting which ensued became the most protracted conflict of the 1972 Easter Offensive."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "Background", "says": "During Easter Offensive 1972, An Lộc was at the centre of the PAVN's Nguyễn Huệ campaign, its location on Route 13 (QL-13) near Base Area 708 in Cambodia allowed safeguarding supplies based out of a \"neutral\" location in order to reduce exposure to US bombing."}], "Q715663": [{"id": "Q52315", "label": "Operation Little Saturn", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during Operation Little Saturn, on the heels of the successful encirclement of the Wehrmacht's 6th Army in the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during Operation Little Saturn, on the heels of the successful encirclement of the Wehrmacht's 6th Army in the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q155008", "label": "Operation Uranus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Red Army had encircled the German 6th Army in Stalingrad with Operation Uranus, begun on 19 November 1942."}, {"id": "Q698170", "label": "Operation Winter Storm", "section": "Background", "says": "By the middle of December, the German relief effort, Operation Winter Storm, reached within 48 km of the encirclement ring, and the airlift trying to supply the encircled army was in full swing."}], "Q719515": [{"id": "Q422376", "label": "Operation Tempest", "section": "lead", "says": "A part of a Polish national uprising, Operation Tempest, the action happened on 7–13 July 1944."}, {"id": "Q527012", "label": "Stanisław Mikołajczyk", "section": "Background", "says": "Churchill answered 'in a grave,...even...gloomy, manner: \"Obviously, a decision to resist, regardless of the consequences, is the privilege of every nation, and it cannot be denied even to the weakest...\"\".' Similar statements were received by the head of the Polish government-in-exile Stanisław Mikołajczyk during his visit to the United States in June 1944 and meeting with President Roosevelt. \"H"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Churchill answered 'in a grave,...even...gloomy, manner: \"Obviously, a decision to resist, regardless of the consequences, is the privilege of every nation, and it cannot be denied even to the weakest...\"\".' Similar statements were received by the head of the Polish government-in-exile Stanisław Mikołajczyk during his visit to the United States in June 1944 and meeting with President Roosevelt. \"H"}], "Q720936": [{"id": "Q1456425", "label": "Peace of Brześć Kujawski", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with the Peace of Brześć Kujawski and is considered a victory for Poland."}], "Q722331": [{"id": "Q744969", "label": "Han–Xiongnu Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Although no fighting took place, it marked the end of de jure peace between the Han dynasty and the Xiongnu, and led to the beginning of the subsequent Han–Xiongnu Wars."}, {"id": "Q714415", "label": "Li Mu", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Warring States period, General Li Mu of the State of Zhao defeated the Xiongnu by luring them deep inside Zhao territory and ambushing them."}, {"id": "Q1151702", "label": "Meng Tian", "section": "Background", "says": "With similar tactics, General Meng Tian of the Qin dynasty drove the Xiongnu north for 750 km (470 mi) and built the Great Wall at the edge of the Loess Plateau to guard against future raids."}, {"id": "Q1151705", "label": "Chu–Han Contention", "section": "Background", "says": "However the collapse of the Qin dynasty and the subsequent chaos of the Chu–Han Contention created a power vacuum and allowed the Xiongnu to unite under Modu Chanyu and became a powerful nomadic confederacy."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "Background", "says": "However the collapse of the Qin dynasty and the subsequent chaos of the Chu–Han Contention created a power vacuum and allowed the Xiongnu to unite under Modu Chanyu and became a powerful nomadic confederacy."}], "Q722402": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, also known as the Napier earthquake, occurred in New Zealand at 10:47 am on 3 February, killing 256, injuring thousands and devastating the Hawke's Bay region."}], "Q723957": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Humenné (Hungarian: Homonnai csata, Polish: bitwa pod Humiennem or pierwsza odsiecz wiedeńska) took place on 22–23 November 1619 near Humenné (eastern Slovakia) during the first period of the Thirty Years' War between the Transylvanian army and the joined loyalist Hungarian and Polish forces of Lisowczycy."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Humenné (Hungarian: Homonnai csata, Polish: bitwa pod Humiennem or pierwsza odsiecz wiedeńska) took place on 22–23 November 1619 near Humenné (eastern Slovakia) during the first period of the Thirty Years' War between the Transylvanian army and the joined loyalist Hungarian and Polish forces of Lisowczycy."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the only battle of that war to involve the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A lot of nations of the Holy Roman Empire saw the Thirty Years' War as a perfect opportunity to (re)gain their independencies."}], "Q728688": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burma campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II took place over four years from 1942 to 1945."}, {"id": "Q451466", "label": "Orde Wingate", "section": "lead", "says": "This was restored partly by improvements to administration and training, and partly by the much-publicised results of a raid by troops under Brigadier Orde Wingate."}], "Q729229": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting in the Burma campaign in 1944 was among the most severe in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place along the borders between Burma and India, and Burma and China, and involved the British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces, against the forces of Imperial Japan and the Indian National Army."}], "Q7318593": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of Ghent was an uprising by the citizens of Ghent against the regime of the Holy Roman Emperor and Spanish king Charles V in 1539."}, {"id": "Q2452024", "label": "Italian War of 1536–1538", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was a reaction to high taxes, which the Flemish felt were used solely to fight wars abroad (in particular the Italian War of 1536–1538)."}, {"id": "Q157077", "label": "Mary of Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "At this time, Ghent was subject to the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor and Spanish king Charles V, though it was his sister, Mary of Hungary, who actually governed the region as his regent."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Ghent was in the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q735043": [{"id": "Q694379", "label": "Battle of Krbava Field", "section": "lead", "says": "After the decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Krbava Field in 1493, and especially after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Croats continued defending themselves against the Ottoman attacks."}, {"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "Background", "says": "After the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463, the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia remained unprotected, the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 August 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the Christian forces led by King Louis II were defeated by Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, a member of the House of Habsburg, the brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and a future Holy Roman Emperor himself, married the sister of Louis II and was elected King by the nobles of both Hungary and Croatia."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, a member of the House of Habsburg, the brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and a future Holy Roman Emperor himself, married the sister of Louis II and was elected King by the nobles of both Hungary and Croatia."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Although nominally accepting the sovereignty of the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand, who obtained the Croatian crown in 1527, Kružić and his freebooting Uskoks were a law unto themselves."}], "Q736490": [{"id": "Q2543997", "label": "Siege of Ladysmith", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vaal Krantz (Afrikaans: Slag van Vaalkrans, 5 - 7 February 1900) was the third failed attempt by General Redvers Buller's British army to fight its way past Louis Botha's army of Boer irregulars and lift the Siege of Ladysmith."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the Second Boer War."}], "Q740534": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dos Erres massacre of 6 December 1982 took place in Dos Erres, a small village in the municipality of La Libertad, in the northern Petén department of Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q467077", "label": "Efraín Ríos Montt", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 December 1982, during the de facto presidency of General Efraín Ríos Montt, over 200 people were killed in Dos Erres by commandos working as government forces as a part of the government's scorched earth policy, in which up to 200,000 Indigenous and Mayan people died."}, {"id": "Q250924", "label": "Álvaro Colom", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 2011, President Álvaro Colom made a formal apology for the massacre on behalf of the Guatemalan government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The coup d'état would see a revolving door of military governments, who were backed by the United States, that would undo much of the agricultural reforms achieved from the revolution of 1944."}], "Q74119": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Langensalza (10 February 1761) was an engagement between French forces and allied Prussian and Hanoverian forces during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Frederick II then asked his Anglo-Hanoverian allies, commanded by Ferdinand of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to resume the offensive against the French and Saxons in Hesse in the middle of winter, and sent a corps of 7,000 Prussian soldiers to support them."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Frederick II then asked his Anglo-Hanoverian allies, commanded by Ferdinand of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to resume the offensive against the French and Saxons in Hesse in the middle of winter, and sent a corps of 7,000 Prussian soldiers to support them."}], "Q741788": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alcântara took place on 25 August 1580, near the brook of Alcântara, in the vicinity of Lisbon, Portugal, and was a victory of the Habsburg King Philip II over the other pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, Prior of Crato."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alcântara took place on 25 August 1580, near the brook of Alcântara, in the vicinity of Lisbon, Portugal, and was a victory of the Habsburg King Philip II over the other pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, Prior of Crato."}, {"id": "Q321325", "label": "António, Prior of Crato", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alcântara took place on 25 August 1580, near the brook of Alcântara, in the vicinity of Lisbon, Portugal, and was a victory of the Habsburg King Philip II over the other pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, Prior of Crato."}, {"id": "Q272899", "label": "Sebastian of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In Portugal, the death of King Sebastian of Portugal in 1578, with only an elderly childless great uncle to succeed him, plunged the country into a succession crisis."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "King Philip II of Spain was one of seven who laid claim to the Portuguese throne, and in June 1580 a Spanish army of about 40,000 men (of which about half were German or Italian mercenaries) invaded Portugal under the command of Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba."}], "Q742287": [{"id": "Q1851858", "label": "Dakota War of 1862", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Dakota War of 1862, the U.S. government punished the Sioux, including those who had not participated in the war."}, {"id": "Q465291", "label": "John Pope", "section": "Background", "says": "During the winter of 1863–1864, Sully's superior, Major General John Pope ordered Sully to establish several forts along the Missouri River and in the eastern Dakotas to secure the communication routes to the goldfields and to eliminate the Sioux threat to the settlers east of the Missouri River."}], "Q743671": [{"id": "Q2621718", "label": "Alexander Tormasov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kobrin, or the Battle of Kobryn, took place on 27 July 1812 between the Russian and Saxon forces – under the command of Alexander Tormasov and Jean Reynier respectively – in the city of Kobrin (Kobryn) at the initial stage of the French invasion of Russia."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kobrin, or the Battle of Kobryn, took place on 27 July 1812 between the Russian and Saxon forces – under the command of Alexander Tormasov and Jean Reynier respectively – in the city of Kobrin (Kobryn) at the initial stage of the French invasion of Russia."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 June 1812 Napoleon invaded the Russian Empire on a broad front from Brest in the south to the Baltic sea in the north."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 June 1812 Napoleon invaded the Russian Empire on a broad front from Brest in the south to the Baltic sea in the north."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "33,000-strong Austrian corps of Schwarzenberg crossed the Bug River in the south, who moved troops to Russian Empire due to alliance between Austrian Empire and Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "Background", "says": "The Observational Army guarded the borders of the Russian Empire from Austria and the Duchy of Warsaw in modern territories of the south of Belarus and the north-west of Ukraine."}], "Q744588": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Scheldt also known as the Battle of Walcheren (known in Dutch as Slag bij Reimerswaal) was a naval battle that took place on 29 January 1574 during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "However, another city on the island, Middelburg, remained loyal to King Philip II of Spain, and as a result was besieged."}, {"id": "Q182094", "label": "Luis de Requesens y de Zúñiga", "section": "Background", "says": "Don Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, the second Spanish commander during the Dutch revolt, decided to send out a naval force to destroy the Dutch rebels once and for all."}], "Q7508662": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sidi Barrani (10–11 December 1940) was the opening battle of Operation Compass, the first big British attack of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The British took 38,300 prisoners for a loss of 624 men and continued the five-day raid on Italian positions in Egypt, eventually capturing Cyrenaica and most of the 10th Army between Sollum and at the Battle of Beda Fomm, south of the port of Benghazi."}, {"id": "Q15310269", "label": "Battle of Beda Fomm", "section": "lead", "says": "The British took 38,300 prisoners for a loss of 624 men and continued the five-day raid on Italian positions in Egypt, eventually capturing Cyrenaica and most of the 10th Army between Sollum and at the Battle of Beda Fomm, south of the port of Benghazi."}], "Q7509846": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Baghdad Arabic: حِصَارُ بَغْدَاد, romanized: Ḥiṣāru Baghdād was a part of a civil war between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun for the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege is described by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari in his History of the Prophets and Kings."}], "Q7510052": [{"id": "Q524189", "label": "Cologne War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Godesberg, 18 November – 17 December 1583, was the first major siege of the Cologne War (1583–1589)."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the mid-16th century, the Godesburg was considered nearly impregnable and had become a symbol of the dual power of the Prince-electors and Archbishops of Cologne, one of the wealthiest ecclesiastical territories in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q62051", "label": "Ernest of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cologne War, a feud between the Protestant Elector, Gebhard, Truchsess of Waldburg, and the Catholic Elector, Ernest of Bavaria, was yet another schismatic episode in the Electoral and archdiocesan history."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Only when some of the attackers entered the castle's inner courtyard through the latrine system were the Bavarians able to overcome their opponents."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "Background", "says": "Other supporters were frustrated by Gebhard's chronic inability to pay his troops, or intimidated by threats of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor."}], "Q7510113": [{"id": "Q1080711", "label": "Ottoman–Hungarian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jajce was a siege of the town of Jajce and its citadel in 1463, in a push by Ottomans to conquer as much of the Bosnian Kingdom, and continuation of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars."}, {"id": "Q518086", "label": "Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning from the diet of Buda of 1462 some Bosnian-Hungarian borderline fortresses were already guarded by the Kingdom of Hungary and King Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia was accepted as a vassal to her."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Mehmed II gathered an army of 150,000 soldiers in Adrianopolis and departed for the Lower Danube area in April 1463."}, {"id": "Q965771", "label": "Mahmud Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Mahmud Pasha Angelović granted the Bosnian king."}], "Q7510190": [{"id": "Q596373", "label": "Pyrrhic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lilybaeum was a military operation of the Pyrrhic War in 277 or 276 BC, when an Epirote-Syracusian army led by Pyrrhus of Epirus attempted to capture the strategically important port city of Lilybaeum held by the Carthaginian Empire."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lilybaeum was a military operation of the Pyrrhic War in 277 or 276 BC, when an Epirote-Syracusian army led by Pyrrhus of Epirus attempted to capture the strategically important port city of Lilybaeum held by the Carthaginian Empire."}], "Q7510248": [{"id": "Q1156545", "label": "Mōri Motonari", "section": "Background", "says": "Mōri Motonari captured the fort in 1558."}, {"id": "Q1143508", "label": "Kobayakawa Takakage", "section": "Background", "says": "Otomo Sorin recaptured the castle in September 1559, but later the Mōri, led by Kobayakawa Takakage and Ura Munekatsu, quickly recaptured the castle."}], "Q7510308": [{"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Phasis took place in 555–556 during the Lazic War between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires."}, {"id": "Q233136", "label": "Agathias", "section": "lead", "says": "The main source for the siege is the 6th-century historian Agathias."}], "Q7510349": [{"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Roses or Siege of Rosas from 7 November to 5 December 1808 saw an Imperial French corps led by Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr invest a Catalan and Spanish garrison commanded by Peter O'Daly."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q707898", "label": "Guillaume Philibert Duhesme", "section": "lead", "says": "In the summer and fall of 1808, an Imperial French corps under Guillaume Philibert Duhesme was isolated in Barcelona by a 24,000-man Spanish army led by Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu."}, {"id": "Q4870654", "label": "Battle of Cardadeu", "section": "lead", "says": "The French general made a bold but risky maneuver and the result was the Battle of Cardedeu on 16 December."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "To build up this force, Napoleon had to shift troops from Italy to Spain."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "Background", "says": "The new commander was a veteran of the War of the Pyrenees, having commanded the Spanish left wing at the Battle of Boulou in 1794."}, {"id": "Q2890743", "label": "Battle of Boulou", "section": "Background", "says": "The new commander was a veteran of the War of the Pyrenees, having commanded the Spanish left wing at the Battle of Boulou in 1794."}], "Q7510351": [{"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Rouen was an unsuccessful attempt by Henry IV of France to capture Rouen, the historical capital city of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place as part of the French Wars of Religion, the Eighty Years' War, and the Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604)."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place as part of the French Wars of Religion, the Eighty Years' War, and the Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604)."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege began on 11 November 1591 with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex confronting the town's governor, André de Brancas, Seigneur de Villars, \"with the sort of chivalric gesture which still was made on Europe's battlefields\" and \"challenged Villars to meet him in individual combat.\"\nAt Rouen, the combined French, English, and Dutch forces of Henry IV battled the troops of the Catholic League"}, {"id": "Q689281", "label": "John Lothrop Motley", "section": "lead", "says": "As historian John Lothrop Motley described the abandonment, \"Henry did not wait for the attack."}], "Q7510354": [{"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background", "says": "News of the massacre of Wassy and subsequent actions by the Duke of Guise reached Rouen quickly, inducing a climate of fear and militancy among the town's Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q784784", "label": "Claude of Lorraine, duke of Aumale", "section": "Background", "says": "The nearby town of Dieppe fell to a Huguenot coup on 22 March, and with the outbreak of formal hostilities in April Claude, Duke of Aumale was given special authority in the Normandy region as Lieutenant General with his deputy Matignon."}], "Q7510403": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Shkodra (Albanian: Rrethimi i Shkodrës) took place from May 1478 to April 1479 as a confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetians together with the League of Lezhë and other Albanians at Shkodra (Scutari in Italian) and its Rozafa Castle during the First Ottoman-Venetian War (1463–1479)."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Shkodra (Albanian: Rrethimi i Shkodrës) took place from May 1478 to April 1479 as a confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetians together with the League of Lezhë and other Albanians at Shkodra (Scutari in Italian) and its Rozafa Castle during the First Ottoman-Venetian War (1463–1479)."}, {"id": "Q66650", "label": "Franz Babinger", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman historian Franz Babinger called the siege \"one of the most remarkable episodes in the struggle between the West and the Crescent\"."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans held the city until Montenegro captured it in April 1913, after a six-month siege."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "After being held by the Balšić noble family since 1355, Shkodra was briefly taken by the Ottomans in 1393, retaken by Đurađ II Balšić in 1395, then ceded (along with the nearby fortresses of Drivast, Dagnum, and Šas) to the Republic of Venice in 1405."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "Background", "says": "Sultan Mehmed II had already conquered Constantinople in 1453, but now desired to dominate the Albanian coastline and be better poised to cross the Adriatic and march upon Rome."}, {"id": "Q1281792", "label": "Ivan Crnojević", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1477 the Ottomans captured most of the nearby territory of Zeta together with Žabljak and defeated the main army of Ivan Crnojević late in 1477 or early 1478."}], "Q7510408": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of the city to the Avars deprived the Byzantine Empire of its major stronghold on the northwestern Danube, opening the path for devastating incursions by the Avars and their Slavic allies into the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q45115", "label": "Bayan I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 580, however, the Avar khagan, Bayan I, marched with his men to the right bank of the Sava river across from Sirmium, and began construction of a bridge to cross it."}], "Q751452": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Bosnian War broke out in April 1992, there were four types of federal and Serb armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Bosnian War broke out in April 1992, there were four types of federal and Serb armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "With the withdrawal of the JNA from Slovenia and much of Croatia, by early April 1992 the JNA in western Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina had around 100,000–110,000 troops, equipped with about 500 tanks, 400 medium artillery pieces, 48 multiple rocket launchers, and 350 120 mm mortars."}, {"id": "Q2624653", "label": "Battle of the Barracks", "section": "Background", "says": "The priority for the JNA was the security of its bases, as this had proven to be a vulnerability during the Battle of the Barracks in Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The priority for the JNA was the security of its bases, as this had proven to be a vulnerability during the Battle of the Barracks in Croatian War of Independence."}], "Q7523142": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "It entered into force on 16 March 2009, following the ratification or accession of ten countries, namely Singapore, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Romania, Denmark, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, United States, Moldova, and Australia."}, {"id": "Q1900604", "label": "Trademark Law Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was built on the Trademark Law Treaty of 1994 (TLT), however the Singapore Treaty was meant to have a wider scope of application and addresses more recent developments in the field of communication technologies."}], "Q752564": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Oviedo was a siege in the Spanish Civil War that lasted from 19 July until 16 October 1936."}], "Q757186": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Doberdò took place near Doberdò del Lago (Slovene: Doberdob) in August 1916 between armies of Kingdom of Italy and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Hungarian army was primarily made up of regiments filled with Hungarians and Slovenians."}], "Q7573336": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of Petén was the last stage of the conquest of Guatemala, a prolonged conflict during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish conquest of Petén was the last stage of the conquest of Guatemala, a prolonged conflict during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q2362335", "label": "Martín de Ursúa", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of Petén, a region now incorporated into the modern republic of Guatemala, climaxed in 1697 with the capture of Nojpetén, the island capital of the Itza kingdom, by Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "Petén was first penetrated by Hernán Cortés with a sizeable expedition that crossed the territory from north to south in 1525."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1622 a military expedition set out from Yucatán led by Captain Francisco de Mirones and accompanied by Franciscan friar Diego Delgado; this expedition was a disaster, and the Spanish were massacred by the Itza."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1695 a military expedition tried to reach Lake Petén Itzá from Guatemala; this was followed in 1696 by missionaries from Mérida and in 1697 by Martín de Ursúa's expedition from Yucatán that resulted in the final defeat of the independent kingdoms of central Petén and their incorporation into the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Background to the conquest", "says": "Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas for the Kingdom of Castile and León in 1492."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "Background to the conquest", "says": "Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas for the Kingdom of Castile and León in 1492."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "Background to the conquest", "says": "By August 1521 the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan had fallen to the Spanish."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "Background to the conquest", "says": "Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado with an army to conquer the Mesoamerican kingdoms of the Guatemalan Sierra Madre and neighbouring Pacific plain; the military phase of the establishment of the Spanish colony of Guatemala lasted from 1524 to 1541."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background to the conquest", "says": "The Captaincy General of Guatemala had its capital at Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala and covered a wide territory that also included the Mexican state of Chiapas as well as El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "Background to the conquest", "says": "The Captaincy General of Guatemala had its capital at Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala and covered a wide territory that also included the Mexican state of Chiapas as well as El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "Background to the conquest", "says": "The Captaincy General of Guatemala had its capital at Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala and covered a wide territory that also included the Mexican state of Chiapas as well as El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica."}], "Q759989": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of Saint Titus (Greek: Eπανάσταση του Αγίου Τίτου) was a fourteenth-century rebellion against the Republic of Venice in the Venetian colony of Crete."}], "Q760029": [{"id": "Q158044", "label": "Operation Reinhard", "section": "Origins", "says": "Treblinka II was one of the three extermination centers established by the Germans as part of Operation Reinhard."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Origins", "says": "A warning sign for the Germans was the death of SS officer Max Biala, who was fatally stabbed by Meir Berliner, a Jewish prisoner from Argentina."}, {"id": "Q78931", "label": "Franz Stangl", "section": "Origins", "says": "As a result, in September 1942, camp commandant Franz Stangl ordered the formation of permanent work squads."}], "Q766015": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dover Strait that occurred on 26–27 October 1916 was a naval battle of the First World War between Great Britain and the German Empire."}], "Q766136": [{"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Early Middle Ages, the territory of what later became Scotland was divided between the Gaelic kingdoms of Dál Riata on the western seaboard and Alba in the south-east, and Pictish kingdoms in the northeast of which Fortriu was the most important."}, {"id": "Q623751", "label": "Kingdom of Bernicia", "section": "Background", "says": "Besides these there were the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Bernicia, later part of Northumbria, and the Brythonic Kingdom of Cumbria."}, {"id": "Q225890", "label": "Kingdom of Strathclyde", "section": "Background", "says": "The Gaels of Alba acquired Brythonic elements from the conquest of the Kingdom of Strathclyde in the 11th century and increasingly absorbed Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon culture, influences which also spread to the Pictish areas of the northeast."}], "Q7663260": [{"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Plans for a negotiated peace between Ba'athist Syria and the Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad were ultimately unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "lead", "says": "In March–May 2012, hopes were raised by a United Nations/Arab League plan coordinated by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan."}, {"id": "Q466995", "label": "Lakhdar Brahimi", "section": "lead", "says": "In January and February 2014, the Geneva II Conference on Syria took place, organized by then-UN envoy to Syria Lakhdar Brahimi."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 October 2015, further talks started in Vienna involving officials from the United States, the European Union, Russia, China, and various regional actors such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey and, for the first time, Iran."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace talks with rebel leadership continued in Astana, Kazakhstan in 2017."}], "Q767510": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nancy in September 1944 was a 10-day battle on the Western Front of World War II in which the Third United States Army defeated German forces defending the approaches to Nancy, France and crossings over the Moselle River to the north and south of the city."}], "Q769918": [{"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 September, shortly after the onset of hostilities, Franz Halder, Chief of the German General Staff, noted in his diary that he had received information from Reinhard Heydrich."}], "Q771423": [{"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "lead", "says": "At this time foreign powers intervened and Russia agreed to the Treaty of San Stefano."}, {"id": "Q57173", "label": "Mikhail Skobelev", "section": "Background", "says": "After months of siege and several costly assaults, Russian and Romanian forces finally broke the deadlock when General Mikhail Skobelev launched a fierce counterattack."}, {"id": "Q701635", "label": "Iosif Gurko", "section": "Background", "says": "General Iosif Gurko led this operation, organizing his force into three main columns: On the right flank, under Lieutenant General Wilhelminov, were 8 battalions, 12 Cossack Sotnias, and 12 guns from the IX Corps."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the defeat at Shipka, the Ottoman forces evacuated their defensive line at Trajan's Gate, further opening the road for the Russian advance into southern Bulgaria and setting the stage for the Battle of Plovdiv."}], "Q773372": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Fredericksburg, also known as the Second Battle of Marye's Heights, took place on May 3, 1863, in Fredericksburg, Virginia, as part of the Chancellorsville Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q921857", "label": "John Sedgwick", "section": "Background", "says": "John Sedgwick was left near Fredericksburg with the VI Corps, the I Corps, and the II Corps division of Brig."}, {"id": "Q1700203", "label": "John Gibbon", "section": "Background", "says": "John Gibbon."}], "Q775224": [{"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "Gaddafi and his sons, Saif al-Islam, Hannibal, and Mutassim, had passed through Bani Walid on their way south."}], "Q7784779": [{"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Nanjing in 1864 was the last major engagement of the Taiping Rebellion in the Qing Empire."}, {"id": "Q3486676", "label": "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "With the fall of Nanjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the rebellion came to an end."}, {"id": "Q189512", "label": "Zeng Guofan", "section": "lead", "says": "200,000–300,000 \"rebels\" were reported dead by Zeng Guofan, the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army."}, {"id": "Q334732", "label": "Hong Xiuquan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On December 20, Li Xiucheng returned to Nanjing from Danyang and urged Hong Xiuquan to abandon the Taiping capital the next day."}], "Q7784955": [{"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortified town of Gibraltar had been held by Castile since 1309, when it had been seized from the Moorish Emirate of Granada."}], "Q7797508": [{"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Shang dynasty, King Wu of Zhou had appointed his younger brothers Shu Xian of Guan, Shu Du of Cai and Shu Chu of Huo as the \"Three Guards\" of the East to secure the newly conquered Shang lands."}, {"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "After his death and his young son King Cheng's coronation, King Wu's brother Dan, the Duke of Zhou, declared himself regent and took over the court."}, {"id": "Q388766", "label": "King Cheng of Zhou", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Wu died around 1043 BC, leaving the throne to his eldest son, Song, to be known as King Cheng of Zhou."}], "Q781029": [{"id": "Q162708", "label": "Jean-Bedel Bokassa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état was a coup d'état staged by Jean-Bédel Bokassa, commander-in-chief of the Central African Republic (CAR) army, and his officers against the government of President David Dacko on 31 December 1965 and 1 January 1966."}, {"id": "Q310860", "label": "David Dacko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état was a coup d'état staged by Jean-Bédel Bokassa, commander-in-chief of the Central African Republic (CAR) army, and his officers against the government of President David Dacko on 31 December 1965 and 1 January 1966."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Dacko obtained financial aid from the People's Republic of China, but despite this support, the country's problems persisted."}, {"id": "Q69829", "label": "French Fourth Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1958, after the French Fourth Republic began to consider granting independence to most of its African colonies, nationalist leader Barthélemy Boganda met with Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle to discuss terms for the independence of Oubangui-Chari, a French colonial territory which later became the Central African Republic (CAR)."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1958, after the French Fourth Republic began to consider granting independence to most of its African colonies, nationalist leader Barthélemy Boganda met with Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle to discuss terms for the independence of Oubangui-Chari, a French colonial territory which later became the Central African Republic (CAR)."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Central African Republic received its full independence from France on 13 August 1960."}], "Q783183": [{"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 1 August 1801 was a single-ship action of the First Barbary War fought between the American schooner USS Enterprise and the Tripolitan polacca Tripoli off the coast of modern-day Libya."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The success of the battle boosted morale in the United States, since it was that country's first victory in the war against the Tripolitans."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Tripoli, nominally a subject of the Ottoman Empire, was practically autonomous in conducting her foreign affairs and would declare war on non-Muslim states whose ships sailed in the Mediterranean in order to extract tribute from them."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "Background", "says": "The newly elected administration of Thomas Jefferson, an opponent of the tribute payments from their inception, refused to pay."}, {"id": "Q655480", "label": "Quasi-War", "section": "Background", "says": "Enterprise, with a complement of 90, was a 12-gun, 135-ton schooner built in 1799 that had seen action in the Quasi-War."}], "Q7837134": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lyubutsk (Russian: Любутский мир) was a peace treaty signed in the summer of 1372 between Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Dmitry Donskoy, Grand Prince of Moscow."}], "Q7837264": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "949) was signed on July 23, 1851, at Traverse des Sioux in Minnesota Territory between the United States government and the Upper Dakota Sioux bands."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "By replacing their communal lands with individually owned farm plots, the Dakota would become more \"civilized\" and more open to embracing Christianity."}], "Q7837279": [{"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1787 was a treaty of alliance signed between the French King Louis XVI and Pierre Pigneau de Béhaine, the representative of the Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, the future Emperor Gia Long."}, {"id": "Q1851231", "label": "Pigneau de Behaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1787 was a treaty of alliance signed between the French King Louis XVI and Pierre Pigneau de Béhaine, the representative of the Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, the future Emperor Gia Long."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Versailles of 1787 was a treaty of alliance signed between the French King Louis XVI and Pierre Pigneau de Béhaine, the representative of the Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, the future Emperor Gia Long."}], "Q790119": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bar-sur-Aube was fought on 27 February 1814, between the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bar-sur-Aube was fought on 27 February 1814, between the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Schwarzenberg tested that assumption by advancing upon Bar-sur-Aube (in part because Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia wanted him to do so), and on the twenty-sixth Napoleon ordered Oudinot to follow Schwarzenberg to the town, near Troyes."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Schwarzenberg tested that assumption by advancing upon Bar-sur-Aube (in part because Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia wanted him to do so), and on the twenty-sixth Napoleon ordered Oudinot to follow Schwarzenberg to the town, near Troyes."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Schwarzenberg tested that assumption by advancing upon Bar-sur-Aube (in part because Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia wanted him to do so), and on the twenty-sixth Napoleon ordered Oudinot to follow Schwarzenberg to the town, near Troyes."}], "Q7959512": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Wager's Action was fought on 8 June 1708 between a Royal Navy squadron under Charles Wager and a Franco-Spanish convoy under José de Santillán and Jean-Baptiste du Casse as part of the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q7968589": [{"id": "Q2553009", "label": "Pharasmanes I of Iberia", "section": "lead", "says": "Two Iberian brothers then ruled the Caucasian kingdoms, Pharasmanes I in Iberia, Mithridates in Armenia."}, {"id": "Q541979", "label": "Rhadamistus", "section": "lead", "says": "However, 15 years later, trust between the brothers had deteriorated, which Tacitus blames on the intrigues of Pharasmanes' son Rhadamistus."}, {"id": "Q312446", "label": "Vologases I of Parthia", "section": "lead", "says": "Faced with this upset of the regional balance and regarding the event as unrightful appropriation, Vologases I of Parthia invaded in 52 AD to proclaim his brother Tiridates king of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q1533828", "label": "Roman–Parthian War of 58–63", "section": "lead", "says": "However Parthian control over Armenia was unacceptable to Rome and soon after, the dispute escalated into the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63."}], "Q7968681": [{"id": "Q451156", "label": "William II of Villehardouin", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Euboeote Succession was fought in 1256–1258 between the Prince of Achaea, William of Villehardouin, and a broad coalition of other rulers from throughout Frankish Greece who felt threatened by William's aspirations."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was sparked by Villehardouin's intervention in a succession dispute over the northern third of the island of Euboea, which was resisted by the local Lombard barons (the \"triarchs\") with the aid of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Fourth Crusade, southern Greece had been divided among several Latin lordships, the most powerful of which was the Principality of Achaea, which controlled the entire Peloponnese peninsula."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Fourth Crusade, southern Greece had been divided among several Latin lordships, the most powerful of which was the Principality of Achaea, which controlled the entire Peloponnese peninsula."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "Background", "says": "Guy I de la Roche, the \"Great Lord\" of Athens and Thebes, was already his vassal for the fief of Argos and Nauplia, which lay in the Peloponnese, and William was also suzerain of the three Lombard baronies (terzieri, lit. 'thirds') of Negroponte (the medieval name of the island of Euboea)."}, {"id": "Q3420613", "label": "Raymond-Joseph Loenertz", "section": "Background", "says": "Carintana is commonly considered by modern historians to have been the second wife of William of Villehardouin, based on the work by the 19th-century scholar Karl Hopf, but this has been proven as erroneous by Raymond-Joseph Loenertz."}], "Q8012976": [{"id": "Q242115", "label": "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chenqiao mutiny was a mutiny and coup d'état on 2 February 960 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period of China that resulted in the overthrow of the Later Zhou dynasty and the foundation of the Song dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chenqiao mutiny was a mutiny and coup d'état on 2 February 960 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period of China that resulted in the overthrow of the Later Zhou dynasty and the foundation of the Song dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1141471", "label": "Northern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to an invasion by the Northern Han and Liao dynasty, general Zhao Kuangyin led his troops to Chenqiao."}, {"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the end of the An Lushan rebellion in the mid-700s, the Tang dynasty largely delegated its regional authority to the Jiedushi, or military governors."}, {"id": "Q9892", "label": "Emperor Ai of Tang", "section": "Background", "says": "The Five Dynasties, the first of which was founded following Zhu Wen's usurpation of the throne from Emperor Ai of Tang in 907, ruled over northern China in quick succession, each supplanting the other via usurpation, war, and other violent means."}, {"id": "Q1188860", "label": "Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Later Zhou, founded in 951 and the last of the Five Dynasties, did lay a \"limited foundation of wealth\" under the emperors Guo Wei and Chai Rong."}, {"id": "Q1319646", "label": "Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Later Zhou, founded in 951 and the last of the Five Dynasties, did lay a \"limited foundation of wealth\" under the emperors Guo Wei and Chai Rong."}, {"id": "Q1326742", "label": "Southern Tang", "section": "Background", "says": "Chai in particular oversaw the conquest of significant territories from the Later Shu, Southern Tang (during the Later Zhou conquest of Huainan), and Liao dynasty respectively."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhao Kuangyin joined the regional army of Guo Wei when he was 21 and helped the latter stage a successful coup against the Later Han."}, {"id": "Q526507", "label": "Later Shu", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhao quickly rose through the ranks and endeared himself to Chai Rong by distinguishing himself in campaigns against the Later Shu and Southern Tang."}], "Q8026204": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The winter campaign of 1941–1942 was the name given by Soviet military command to the period from 5 December 1941 to 7 May 1942 that marked the start of Soviet counter-offensives following the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The winter campaign of 1941–1942 was the name given by Soviet military command to the period from 5 December 1941 to 7 May 1942 that marked the start of Soviet counter-offensives following the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, Operation Barbarossa."}], "Q8051732": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The vast majority of them died of yellow fever, making the epidemic in the city of 50,000 people, one of the most severe in United States history."}], "Q8064768": [{"id": "Q265104", "label": "Louis-Hubert Lyautey", "section": "lead", "says": "Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1912, and Resident-General Louis-Hubert Lyautey sought to extend French influence eastwards through the Middle Atlas mountains towards French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1912, and Resident-General Louis-Hubert Lyautey sought to extend French influence eastwards through the Middle Atlas mountains towards French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q2887939", "label": "Battle of el-Hri", "section": "lead", "says": "The outbreak of the First World War proved significant, with the withdrawal of troops for service in France compounded by the loss of more than 600 French killed at the Battle of El Herri."}, {"id": "Q508659", "label": "Charles Mangin", "section": "Origins", "says": "Lyautey acted quickly against the revolt, dispatching General Charles Mangin and 5,000 troops to retake the town."}], "Q8075596": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zvornik massacre refers to acts of mass murder and violence committed against Bosniaks and other non-Serb civilians in Zvornik by Serb paramilitary groups (Arkanovci, Territorial Defence units, White Eagles, Yellow Wasps) at the beginning of the Bosnian War in 1992."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second city in Bosnia and Herzegovina that was forcefully taken over by Serb forces during the Bosnian War."}], "Q815171": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Luxembourg, in which Louis XIV of France (husband of Maria Theresa of Spain) laid siege to the Spanish-controlled Fortress of Luxembourg from 27 April to 7 June 1684, was the most significant confrontation of the War of the Reunions between France and Spain."}, {"id": "Q152549", "label": "Maria Theresa of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Luxembourg, in which Louis XIV of France (husband of Maria Theresa of Spain) laid siege to the Spanish-controlled Fortress of Luxembourg from 27 April to 7 June 1684, was the most significant confrontation of the War of the Reunions between France and Spain."}, {"id": "Q673556", "label": "War of the Reunions", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Luxembourg, in which Louis XIV of France (husband of Maria Theresa of Spain) laid siege to the Spanish-controlled Fortress of Luxembourg from 27 April to 7 June 1684, was the most significant confrontation of the War of the Reunions between France and Spain."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The action caused alarm among France's neighbours and resulted in the formation of the League of Augsburg in 1686."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing war France was forced to give up the duchy, which was returned to the Habsburgs by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "An important element of Louis XIV's policy of reunion was to the gain the strategically important city of Luxembourg, which was under Spanish rule, but belonged de jure to the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q815214": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Thorn was set during the Great Northern War, between Sweden and Saxony from May to October 14, 1703."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish army was commanded by Charles XII of Sweden and the Saxon by General von Kanitz."}], "Q815217": [{"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Toul was the siege of the fortified French town of Toul from 16 August to 23 September 1870 by Prussian, Bavarian and Württemberg forces during the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Toul was the siege of the fortified French town of Toul from 16 August to 23 September 1870 by Prussian, Bavarian and Württemberg forces during the Franco-Prussian War."}], "Q815224": [{"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Vidin was an attempt by the Serbian Army to seize the Bulgarian city of Vidin during the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "At the war's start, the Bulgarian First Army was situated in north-western Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Its advance into Serbian territory was successful between 22 and 25 June, but Romania's unexpected intervention in the war and the Bulgarian Army's retreat from the front against Greece forced the Bulgarian chief of staff to transfer most of the country's troops into the region of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "During the retreat via the city of Ferdinand (now Montana), a large part of the 9th infantry division mutinied and surrendered to the Romanians on 5 July."}], "Q815229": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Viborg took place in the spring of 1710 during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), as a second attempt by the Russians to capture the fortress port of Viborg (today Vyborg), near the modern border between Russia and Finland, after a failed attempt in 1706."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In order to assure safety for the newly founded city of Saint Petersburg, Peter the Great ordered the Swedish fort to be secured."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "lead", "says": "Later plans were put on hold because of other ongoing conflicts but, after the Russian success at the Battle of Poltava in June 1709, the men and resources were available to capture the town."}, {"id": "Q312109", "label": "Fyodor Apraksin", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirteen thousand troops under General-Admiral Fyodor Apraksin marched to Viborg and laid siege on 22 March 1710."}], "Q821049": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered to be one of the first large scale massacres of Polish civilians by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "From the start, the war against Poland was intended to be the fulfilment of a plan described by Adolf Hitler in his book Mein Kampf."}, {"id": "Q48244", "label": "Mein Kampf", "section": "Background", "says": "From the start, the war against Poland was intended to be the fulfilment of a plan described by Adolf Hitler in his book Mein Kampf."}], "Q8244467": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of White Tunis was fought between Carthage and the tyrant Agathocles of Syracuse in 310 BC."}, {"id": "Q312326", "label": "Agathocles of Syracuse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of White Tunis was fought between Carthage and the tyrant Agathocles of Syracuse in 310 BC."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "lead", "says": "Even though heavily outnumbered by the Carthaginian army, the soldiers of Agathocles were far more experienced in warfare than the Carthaginian citizen soldiers."}, {"id": "Q1754459", "label": "Battle of Himera", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Earlier during his war against Carthage, Agathocles had lost the Battle of the Himera River in 311 BC and lost control of Sicily except for Syracuse itself, which was besieged by the Carthaginians in the same year."}, {"id": "Q891971", "label": "Bomilcar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The council of elders appointed two Carthaginian rivals, Hanno and Bomilcar, as the generals of an army to defeat Agathocles."}], "Q82698": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dervenakia (Greek: Μάχη των Δερβενακίων) was the Greek victory over the Ottoman forces on 6–8 August 1822, an important event in the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q3038917", "label": "Mahmud Dramali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the defeat of a major expedition by Mahmud Dramali Pasha, intended to quell the ongoing Greek rebellion which had begun in 1821."}], "Q831608": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Königsberg was concluded on 7 January (O.S.) / 17 January (N.S.) 1656 during the Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick William I, the \"Great Elector\" of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia)."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick William I, the \"Great Elector\" of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1655, the rapid progress of the Swedish campaign in Poland–Lithuania made Brandenburgian elector Frederick William I worried about his Duchy of Prussia, which he held as a Polish fief."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles X Gustav had meanwhile conquered nearly all of Poland and exiled the Polish king John II Casimir Vasa."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles X Gustav had meanwhile conquered nearly all of Poland and exiled the Polish king John II Casimir Vasa."}], "Q833210": [{"id": "Q658785", "label": "Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "After mercenaries robbed a number of Brabantine merchants on the territory of William II, Duke of Jülich in 1371, William refused to pay reparation to Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg, the Duke of Brabant, let alone punish the mercenaries, instead protecting them and even hiring some."}], "Q837376": [{"id": "Q4272689", "label": "Liaoshen Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the longest campaigns in the Liaoshen Campaign of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the longest campaigns in the Liaoshen Campaign of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Immediately after the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the civil war between the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) resumed."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "Changchun in particular was of strategic importance as it was the provincial capital of Jilin, and was previously the capital of Manchukuo and the headquarters for the Japanese Kwantung Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "After the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet Union invaded and took control of Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "The KMT momentum was stopped, however, as Chiang Kai-shek declared a ceasefire with the CCP on 6 June."}], "Q837887": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Navy, the strikes hit the al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum, Sudan, and a camp in Khost Province, Afghanistan, in retaliation for al-Qaeda's August 7 bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, which killed 224 people (including 12 Americans) and injured over 4,000 others."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Infinite Reach was the first time the United States acknowledged a preemptive strike against a violent non-state actor."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "lead", "says": "U.S. intelligence wrongly suggested financial ties between the al-Shifa plant, which produced over half of Sudan's pharmaceuticals, and Osama bin Laden; a soil sample collected from al-Shifa allegedly contained a chemical used in VX nerve gas manufacturing."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Two of the targeted camps were run by the Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan, which at the time was allied to the US, who were training militants to fight against Indian security forces in Jammu and Kashmir; in all, five ISI officers were confirmed killed and at least twenty militants also died."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Deploring the stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, the sanctions against Iraq, and U.S. support for Israel, they declared that \"The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilian and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it.\" In spring 1998, Saudi elites became concerned about the threat posed by al-Qaeda and bin La"}, {"id": "Q4165651", "label": "Turki bin Faisal Al Saud", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1998, Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah (Saudi intelligence) director Prince Turki bin Faisal Al Saud traveled to Tarnak Farms to meet with Taliban leader Mullah Omar to discuss the question of bin Laden."}, {"id": "Q193968", "label": "Mohammed Omar", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1998, Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah (Saudi intelligence) director Prince Turki bin Faisal Al Saud traveled to Tarnak Farms to meet with Taliban leader Mullah Omar to discuss the question of bin Laden."}], "Q839234": [{"id": "Q54053", "label": "Władysław III of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the Hussite confederates under Spytko III of Melsztyn against the royal forces of King Władysław III of Poland under Hińcza of Rogów and the Polish regent, bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki."}, {"id": "Q168150", "label": "Zbigniew Oleśnicki", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the Hussite confederates under Spytko III of Melsztyn against the royal forces of King Władysław III of Poland under Hińcza of Rogów and the Polish regent, bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki."}], "Q840012": [{"id": "Q355643", "label": "Jean-Charles Pichegru", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tournay or Battle of Tournai or Battle of Pont-à-Chin (22 May 1794) saw Republican French forces led by Jean-Charles Pichegru attack Coalition forces under Emperor Francis II and Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tournay or Battle of Tournai or Battle of Pont-à-Chin (22 May 1794) saw Republican French forces led by Jean-Charles Pichegru attack Coalition forces under Emperor Francis II and Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tournay or Battle of Tournai or Battle of Pont-à-Chin (22 May 1794) saw Republican French forces led by Jean-Charles Pichegru attack Coalition forces under Emperor Francis II and Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld."}, {"id": "Q5457361", "label": "Flanders Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Flanders Campaign battle was fought near Tournai in modern Belgium on the Schelde River, located about 80 km (50 mi) southwest of Brussels."}, {"id": "Q1095120", "label": "Battle of Courtrai", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10–12 May in the Battle of Courtrai and on 17–18 May in the Battle of Tourcoing, the Coalition army failed to dislodge French forces holding these two cities."}, {"id": "Q303998", "label": "Battle of Tourcoing", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10–12 May in the Battle of Courtrai and on 17–18 May in the Battle of Tourcoing, the Coalition army failed to dislodge French forces holding these two cities."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the French were repulsed, the severe fighting in April and May 1794 convinced many Coalition leaders that defending the Austrian Netherlands was a lost cause."}, {"id": "Q3485919", "label": "Siege of Landrecies", "section": "Background", "says": "The Siege of Landrecies began an 21 April and ended on 30 April with a French surrender."}, {"id": "Q93489", "label": "Karl Mack von Leiberich", "section": "Background", "says": "Coburg and his chief-of-staff Karl Mack von Leiberich planned to catch the French at Courtrai and Menin between five converging columns from the south and Clerfayt's column from the north."}, {"id": "Q298784", "label": "Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald", "section": "Background", "says": "Souham and his lieutenants Moreau, Étienne Macdonald, and Jean Reynier devised a counterstroke whereby the divisions of Souham and Bonnaud attacked the two most advanced Coalition columns while Moreau held off Clerfayt."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "Background", "says": "Souham and his lieutenants Moreau, Étienne Macdonald, and Jean Reynier devised a counterstroke whereby the divisions of Souham and Bonnaud attacked the two most advanced Coalition columns while Moreau held off Clerfayt."}], "Q840403": [{"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "lead", "says": "The war led to the defeat of the Fengtian clique and the expulsion of its leader, Zhang Zuolin, from the coalition Zhili-Fengtian government in Beijing."}, {"id": "Q697046", "label": "Wu Peifu", "section": "lead", "says": "Wu Peifu was credited as the strategist behind Zhili's victory."}, {"id": "Q699591", "label": "Cao Kun", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Cao Kun of the Zhili Clique attempted to negotiate a peace agreement with Zhang; the negotiations failed."}], "Q846532": [{"id": "Q506595", "label": "Battle of Ajdabiya", "section": "lead", "says": "It was mounted by anti-Gaddafi forces immediately after their victory in the Battle of Ajdabiya."}], "Q84685732": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes or Korday conflict was an ethnic conflict between ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Dungans (a Muslim group with Chinese origins) in the village of Masanchi within the Korday District of Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "It provoked damages costing around KZ₸1.7 billion (US$4.44 million) and the displacement of around 20,000 people to neighboring Kyrgyzstan."}, {"id": "Q200881", "label": "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev", "section": "lead", "says": "President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev made a statement regarding the conflict in which he gave his condolences to the family of the victims and stated that the situation was now controlled by the Military Police and the Kazakh National Guard."}], "Q848897": [{"id": "Q314464", "label": "Tokugawa Hidetada", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ueda was staged in 1600 by Tokugawa Hidetada, son and heir of the warlord Tokugawa Ieyasu, against Ueda castle garrison in Shinano province, which was controlled by the Sanada family."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ueda was staged in 1600 by Tokugawa Hidetada, son and heir of the warlord Tokugawa Ieyasu, against Ueda castle garrison in Shinano province, which was controlled by the Sanada family."}, {"id": "Q1144171", "label": "Sanada Masayuki", "section": "lead", "says": "Sanada Masayuki resisted, and Sanada Yukimura, second son of Masayuki, was able to fight Hidetada's 38,000 men with only 2,000."}, {"id": "Q3948081", "label": "Sanada Yukimura", "section": "lead", "says": "Sanada Masayuki resisted, and Sanada Yukimura, second son of Masayuki, was able to fight Hidetada's 38,000 men with only 2,000."}], "Q850778": [{"id": "Q716001", "label": "Artúr Görgey", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian revolutionary army was led by General Artúr Görgei during the Hungarian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q687135", "label": "Bertalan Szemere", "section": "lead", "says": "Thanks to this, the second Hungarian revolutionary Government, led by Bertalan Szemere together with Governor-President Lajos Kossuth, returned from Debrecen, the interim capital of the Hungarian revolution, to the capital of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q157040", "label": "Lajos Kossuth", "section": "lead", "says": "Thanks to this, the second Hungarian revolutionary Government, led by Bertalan Szemere together with Governor-President Lajos Kossuth, returned from Debrecen, the interim capital of the Hungarian revolution, to the capital of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 May 1849, the same day as the capture of Buda, the two emperors Franz Joseph I of Austria and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia signed the final treaty in Warsaw, which agreed on the intervention in Hungary of 200,000 Russian soldiers (and an 80,000-strong reserve force, if necessary), in order to help the Austrian Empire crush the Hungarian revolution."}, {"id": "Q130734", "label": "Nicholas I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 May 1849, the same day as the capture of Buda, the two emperors Franz Joseph I of Austria and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia signed the final treaty in Warsaw, which agreed on the intervention in Hungary of 200,000 Russian soldiers (and an 80,000-strong reserve force, if necessary), in order to help the Austrian Empire crush the Hungarian revolution."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21 May 1849, the same day as the capture of Buda, the two emperors Franz Joseph I of Austria and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia signed the final treaty in Warsaw, which agreed on the intervention in Hungary of 200,000 Russian soldiers (and an 80,000-strong reserve force, if necessary), in order to help the Austrian Empire crush the Hungarian revolution."}, {"id": "Q455008", "label": "Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz", "section": "The castle before the siege", "says": "Following the imperial campaign against Hungary that began in mid-December 1848 and was led by Field Marshal Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, the ensuing retreat of the Hungarian armies, and the Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Mór, the Habsburg troops entered the Hungarian capitals on 5 January 1849."}], "Q853635": [{"id": "Q453874", "label": "Marcus Valerius Corvus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman consul Marcus Valerius Corvus took his army by forced marches to Suessula."}, {"id": "Q772631", "label": "Aulus Cornelius Cossus", "section": "Background", "says": "The two Roman consuls for 343, Marcus Valerius Corvus and Aulus Cornelius Cossus, marched each their armies against the Samnites."}, {"id": "Q511578", "label": "Battle of Mount Gaurus", "section": "Background", "says": "In Campania, Valerius won the first Roman victory against the Samnites in the Battle of Mount Gaurus near Cumae, while Cornelius in the Battle of Saticula turned a near disaster into a second Roman victory thanks to the heroism of Publius Decius Mus."}], "Q853921": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Wiener Neustadt was a treaty between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q384428", "label": "Michael Szilágyi", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of King Ladislaus V in Prague on 23 January 1458, Matthias was proclaimed King of Hungary at Buda, with the help of his uncle Michael Szilágyi."}, {"id": "Q157112", "label": "Albert II of Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick claimed the throne as his rightful inheritance from Albert II of Germany."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "Background", "says": "Pius II became Pope in 1458 only 5 years after the Ottomans conquered Byzantium."}, {"id": "Q167401", "label": "Elizabeth of Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Frederick held an advantage, with the support of some Hungarian nobles as well as holding western Hungary including the Hungarian town of Sopron and the Hungarian crown itself, which he received from Queen Elizabeth of Luxembourg (wife of Albert II) on 25 February 1441."}, {"id": "Q159679", "label": "George of Poděbrady", "section": "Background", "says": "Matthias had Czech King George of Poděbrady (declared a heretic by Pius) and the Hussite mercenary leader John Jiskra on his side."}], "Q855913": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of McDowell, also known as the Battle of Sitlington's Hill, was fought on May 8, 1862, near McDowell, Virginia, as part of Confederate Major General Stonewall Jackson's 1862 Shenandoah Valley campaign during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q923522", "label": "James Shields", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 21, the Union high command ordered the majority of Banks' command out of the Shenandoah Valley, leaving only a division commanded by Brigadier General James Shields to deal with Jackson."}], "Q860295": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Port Hudson (May 22 – July 9, 1863) was the final engagement in the Union campaign to recapture the Mississippi River in the American Civil War."}], "Q86745927": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Diamond Princess is a British-registered luxury cruise ship that is operated by Princess Cruises, a holiday company based in the United States and Bermuda."}], "Q8676049": [{"id": "Q643348", "label": "Habib Bourguiba", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1987 Tunisian coup d'état involved the bloodless ousting of the aging president of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba on 7 November 1987, and his replacement as president by his recently appointed prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali."}, {"id": "Q204487", "label": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1987 Tunisian coup d'état involved the bloodless ousting of the aging president of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba on 7 November 1987, and his replacement as president by his recently appointed prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali."}], "Q87660693": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite these factors and shortcomings, by April 16 Puerto Rico had kept the number of COVID-19 deaths rate to less than 17% that of deaths in the United States when the two are compared on an equal per-million-inhabitants basis."}], "Q87821864": [{"id": "Q59155", "label": "Arvind Kejriwal", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 2021, with cases increasing daily, CM Arvind Kejriwal announced a weekend curfew in Delhi every weekend."}], "Q882631": [{"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Pavia  which divided the House of Wittelsbach into two branches, was signed in Pavia in 1329."}], "Q884351": [{"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the SA led by Berlin chief Walter Stennes, dissatisfied with the role and restrictions placed on them by Adolf Hitler, began to rebel against the Nazi Party leadership."}, {"id": "Q58583", "label": "Ernst Röhm", "section": "lead", "says": "The Stennes revolt led to a temporary resumption of control of the SA by the Nazi Party leadership, and Hitler's appointment of Ernst Röhm as SA Chief."}, {"id": "Q155398", "label": "Heinrich Brüning", "section": "lead", "says": "There is some evidence suggesting that Stennes was paid by the government of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning, with the intention of causing conflict within and destabilizing the Nazi movement."}, {"id": "Q57158", "label": "Hermann Müller", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1930, the Second Müller cabinet headed by Hermann Müller of the Social Democratic Party imploded over the issue of the amount of employer contributions to unemployment insurance, under pressure from the Great Depression."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Brüning asked President Paul von Hindenburg to invoke Article 48 in order to promulgate the bill as an emergency decree."}], "Q898487": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q2349281", "label": "Operation Desert Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition's efforts were in two phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, from the bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January until the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2003, another US-led coalition invaded and occupied Iraq, beginning the Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction between Iraq and the United States."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The US remained officially neutral after Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980, which became the Iran–Iraq War, although it provided resources, political support, and some \"non-military\" aircraft to Iraq."}, {"id": "Q3267722", "label": "Operation Undeniable Victory", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1982, Iran began a successful counteroffensive (Operation Undeniable Victory), and the US increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender."}, {"id": "Q316408", "label": "Abu Nidal", "section": "Background", "says": "When Iraqi president Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties."}, {"id": "Q184650", "label": "Donald Rumsfeld", "section": "Background", "says": "When Iraqi president Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consist"}], "Q905416": [{"id": "Q706428", "label": "Goryeo–Khitan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kwiju, also known as the Battle of Kuju, which occurred in 1019, was the major battle during the Third Goryeo–Khitan War (1018-1019), fought between the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China and the Goryeo dynasty of Korea."}, {"id": "Q496799", "label": "Kang Kam-ch'an", "section": "lead", "says": "The Goryeo general Kang Kam-ch'an dammed a stream and released it as the Liao troops were crossing."}], "Q906018": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Great Bridge was fought December 9, 1775, in the area of Great Bridge, Virginia, early in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions in the British Colony of Virginia were raised in April 1775 at roughly the same time that the hostilities of the American Revolutionary War broke out in the Province of Massachusetts Bay with the Battles of Lexington and Concord."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions in the British Colony of Virginia were raised in April 1775 at roughly the same time that the hostilities of the American Revolutionary War broke out in the Province of Massachusetts Bay with the Battles of Lexington and Concord."}, {"id": "Q581935", "label": "Thomas Gage", "section": "Background", "says": "General Thomas Gage, the British commander-in-chief for North America, had ordered small detachments of the 14th Regiment of Foot to Virginia in response to pleas by Dunmore for military help."}], "Q9068538": [{"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ethiopian Revolution (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ አብዮት) was a period of civil, police and military upheaval in Ethiopia to protest against the weakened Haile Selassie government."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "For many centuries, the Ethiopian Empire had a semi-feudal mode of production, with most land held by the church (25%), the Emperor (20%), the feudal lords (30%) and the state (18%), leaving a mere 7% to the roughly 23 million Ethiopian peasants."}], "Q908101": [{"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Andernach between the West Frankish king Charles the Bald and the East Frankish king Louis the Younger took place on 8 October 876 near Kettig southeast of Andernach and resulted in Charles' defeat."}, {"id": "Q160190", "label": "Louis III the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Andernach between the West Frankish king Charles the Bald and the East Frankish king Louis the Younger took place on 8 October 876 near Kettig southeast of Andernach and resulted in Charles' defeat."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Louis III (the Younger) was a son of the East Frankish king Louis the German, who divided the East Frankish realm among his sons in 865."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Louis the Younger received the largest part of East Francia, while his brothers received Bavaria and Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the Treaty of Meersen, he additionally gained the eastern part of Middle Francia."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, had tried to occupy the whole of Middle Francia before and only agreed to the treaty due to military pressure."}], "Q9089641": [{"id": "Q3062439", "label": "Franco-Moroccan War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Morocco had recently suffered a major defeat in the Franco-Moroccan War at the hands of the French in 1844."}, {"id": "Q454265", "label": "Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan", "section": "Historical context", "says": "After the Spain's victory over Morocco at the Battle of Tetuan and its conquest of the city in 1860, the Spanish general Leopoldo O'Donnell decided to attack Tangier."}, {"id": "Q11937796", "label": "Muhammad IV", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The Moroccan army, led by al-Abass Bin Abderrahman, brother of Sultan Muhammad IV, attempted to challenge the attack at Wad Ras, where he suffered a massive defeat."}], "Q923995": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Seseña was a Republican-Soviet assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña, near Toledo, 30 km south of Madrid in October 1936 during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q18434", "label": "Léon Blum", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the Republican government had requested aid and weapons from France in order to defeat the Nationalist forces and the president of the French Republic, Léon Blum, initially decided to send help because a Nationalist victory could damage the international position of France."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, on July 25, 1936 Blum decided not to send weapons to the Republic, because the opposition of the British government and the French right., and on August 8, 1936 decided to close the frontier, Then, the Spanish government decided to buy weapons from the Soviet Union."}], "Q929537": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The territory of the empire had been annexed by the Mongol Empire during the reign of Jalal al-Din’s father Muhammad II; but Jalal al-Din continued to fight with a small army."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1225, he retreated to Azerbaijan and founded a principality around Maragheh, East Azerbaijan."}], "Q940836": [{"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calatafimi was fought on 15 May 1860 between Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts and the troops of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at Calatafimi, Sicily, as part of the Expedition of the Thousand (Italian: I Mille)."}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Francesco Crispi, among others, landed before the Mille on Sicily to raise support among the locals for the Mille."}], "Q94698246": [{"id": "Q1209169", "label": "War in Abkhazia", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgia had two separatist entities on its territory, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which it had lost control over in 1990s as a result of War in Abkhazia and 1991–1992 South Ossetia War."}, {"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "Background", "says": "Georgia's bid to become a member of the European Union and NATO, a policy introduced by President Eduard Shevardnadze and further backed by the Saakashvili's government, was also regarded to be a cause of tension between Georgia and Russia."}, {"id": "Q57794", "label": "Bidzina Ivanishvili", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2011, the founder of the Georgian Dream party Bidzina Ivanishvili stated that against the backdrop of rapproachment between NATO and Russia, it was possible for the Georgian government to normalize its relations with Russia, while not giving up on its goals to join the European Union and NATO."}, {"id": "Q6066533", "label": "Irakli Garibashvili", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2014, Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili stated in the interview to BBC that he had information that unlike Ukraine's Crimea, Russia had no interest in annexing Georgia's South Ossetia."}], "Q957263": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wayna Daga was a large-scale battle between the Ethiopian forces and the Portuguese Empire and the forces of the Adal Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire in the east of Lake Tana in Ethiopia on 21 February 1543."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wayna Daga was a large-scale battle between the Ethiopian forces and the Portuguese Empire and the forces of the Adal Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire in the east of Lake Tana in Ethiopia on 21 February 1543."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wayna Daga was a large-scale battle between the Ethiopian forces and the Portuguese Empire and the forces of the Adal Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire in the east of Lake Tana in Ethiopia on 21 February 1543."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wayna Daga was a large-scale battle between the Ethiopian forces and the Portuguese Empire and the forces of the Adal Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire in the east of Lake Tana in Ethiopia on 21 February 1543."}, {"id": "Q835180", "label": "Battle of Wofla", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Wofla (28 August 1542) Imam Ahmad crushed the Portuguese expeditionary force, killing most of its men, capturing practically all of the firearms they had, and capturing and killing its leader, Cristóvão da Gama."}, {"id": "Q736159", "label": "Cristóvão da Gama", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Wofla (28 August 1542) Imam Ahmad crushed the Portuguese expeditionary force, killing most of its men, capturing practically all of the firearms they had, and capturing and killing its leader, Cristóvão da Gama."}, {"id": "Q887847", "label": "Gelawdewos", "section": "Background", "says": "Castanhoso, writing decades after the fact, states that after the Emperor Gelawdewos had joined the survivors, and seeing the number of men who flocked to the Emperor's standard, at Christmas \"we went to the Preste, and begged him to help us avenge the death of Dom Christovão.\" Gelawdewos agreed to march against the Imam."}], "Q96201014": [{"id": "Q48896366", "label": "Guangxi Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guangdong massacre was among the most serious collective killings in China at the time, and was related to the Guangxi Massacre."}, {"id": "Q710154", "label": "Huang Yongsheng", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In February 1968, the Guangdong Revolutionary Committee was established, with Huang Yongsheng being the chairman of the committee; Huang was also the commander of the Guangzhou Military Region and personally supported the East Wind faction."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Meanwhile, in May 1968, Mao Zedong launched the \"Cleansing the Class Ranks\", a nationwide political purge that resulted in the persecution of at least tens of thousands in Guangzhou alone, many of whom with foreign ties were persecuted to death."}], "Q967981": [{"id": "Q57667", "label": "Desi Bouterse", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1980 Surinamese coup d'état, usually referred to as the Sergeants' Coup (Dutch: De Sergeantencoup), was a military coup in Suriname which occurred on 25 February 1980, when a group of 16 sergeants (Dutch: groep van zestien, lit. 'group of sixteen') of the Surinamese Armed Forces (SKM) led by Dési Bouterse overthrew the government of Prime Minister Henck Arron with a violent coup d'état."}], "Q97176252": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hachalu Hundessa riots were a series of civil unrest that occurred in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, more specifically in the hot spot of Addis Ababa, Shashamene and Ambo following the killing of the Oromo musician Hachalu Hundessa on 29 June 2020."}, {"id": "Q50365049", "label": "Abiy Ahmed", "section": "Background", "says": "Hachalu Hundessa was a popular singer whose politically tinged songs were popular during the 2015 and 2016 Ethiopian protests and made him \"a political symbol of the Oromo people's aspirations and catapulted Abiy Ahmed to power.\" He was shot on the evening of 29 June 2020 in the Gelan Condominiums area in Addis Ababa."}], "Q971917": [{"id": "Q2350432", "label": "Francisco Javier Venegas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Uclés (13 January 1809) saw an Imperial French corps led by Marshal Claude Perrin Victor attack a Spanish force under Francisco Javier Venegas."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during what is called the Peninsular War in English-speaking countries and the Spanish War of Independence in Spain."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was part of a larger struggle known as the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Napoleon invaded Spain with a huge army in late 1808, scattered the Spanish forces, and seized Madrid."}, {"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Dos de Mayo Uprising and the subsequent disaster at the Battle of Bailén, the French occupying armies in Spain were forced to pull back behind the Ebro River in the northeast."}, {"id": "Q1364346", "label": "Battle of Bailén", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Dos de Mayo Uprising and the subsequent disaster at the Battle of Bailén, the French occupying armies in Spain were forced to pull back behind the Ebro River in the northeast."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The French emperor planned to unite the reinforcements with the troops already there and lead them to conquer Spain and Portugal once and for all."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "The French emperor reinstalled his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king and began rewriting the laws."}, {"id": "Q2718092", "label": "Battle of Sahagún", "section": "Background", "says": "When the British cavalry routed Soult's horsemen at the Battle of Sahagún on 21 December, the French marshal was completely surprised."}, {"id": "Q708088", "label": "Battle of Corunna", "section": "Background", "says": "Though ultimately the British army was safely evacuated, Moore was slain at the Battle of Corunna on 16 January 1809 and 5,000 of his soldiers died during the mid-winter retreat."}], "Q97479050": [{"id": "Q324108", "label": "Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests in Mali began on 5 June 2020 when protesters gathered in the streets of Bamako, calling for Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta to resign as president of Mali."}], "Q97485569": [{"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quirinal Treaty (French: Traité du Quirinal, Italian: Trattato del Quirinale), formally the Treaty between the French Republic and the Italian Republic for a Strengthened Bilateral Cooperation, is a bilateral agreement between the Italian Republic and the French Republic, which was signed by Prime Minister Mario Draghi and President Emmanuel Macron at the Quirinal Palace in Rome, on 26 Novembe"}, {"id": "Q294460", "label": "Mario Draghi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quirinal Treaty (French: Traité du Quirinal, Italian: Trattato del Quirinale), formally the Treaty between the French Republic and the Italian Republic for a Strengthened Bilateral Cooperation, is a bilateral agreement between the Italian Republic and the French Republic, which was signed by Prime Minister Mario Draghi and President Emmanuel Macron at the Quirinal Palace in Rome, on 26 Novembe"}, {"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quirinal Treaty (French: Traité du Quirinal, Italian: Trattato del Quirinale), formally the Treaty between the French Republic and the Italian Republic for a Strengthened Bilateral Cooperation, is a bilateral agreement between the Italian Republic and the French Republic, which was signed by Prime Minister Mario Draghi and President Emmanuel Macron at the Quirinal Palace in Rome, on 26 Novembe"}], "Q980853": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The amphibious Battle of Gela was the opening engagement of the American portion of the Allied Invasion of Sicily during World War II."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Background", "says": "They were joined on the afternoon of the first day by 9,000 German combat troops of the 1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring with 46 Panzerkampfwagen III and 32 Panzerkampfwagen IV tanks from Caltagirone, reinforced with a regiment of the 15th Panzergrenadier Division with the schwere Panzer Abteilung 504 (s.Pz.Abt."}], "Q982413": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Warsaw of 1794 was a joint Russian and Prussian siege of the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Kościuszko Uprising in the summer of 1794."}, {"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Warsaw of 1794 was a joint Russian and Prussian siege of the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Kościuszko Uprising in the summer of 1794."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Secured by the  Poles during the Warsaw Uprising in April, it was threatened by the forces of the Imperial Russia and Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "Background", "says": "The leader of the Uprising, Tadeusz Kościuszko, gathered forces  to defend Warsaw, and around 7 to 11 July fought a delaying battle at Raszyn."}], "Q98645805": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the August 2020 police shooting of Jacob Blake, protests, riots, and civil unrest occurred in Kenosha, Wisconsin, as part of the larger United States racial unrest and Black Lives Matter movements."}], "Q98843421": [{"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "lead", "says": "While seen as an attempt to assimilate ethnic minority, observers also note it exemplifies the \"second generation's ethnic policy\" under Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary and President Xi Jinping, who \"envisioned the melting pot formula, as the ultimate solution to the ethnic problems\"."}], "Q100606474": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hadrut (Azerbaijani: Hadrut döyüşü; Armenian: Հադրութի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Hadrut’i chakatamart) began in early October 2020 in Hadrut and its surrounding villages and heights, now seat of Khojavend District, Azerbaijan, and earlier controlled by the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and was part of Hadrut Province."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hadrut (Azerbaijani: Hadrut döyüşü; Armenian: Հադրութի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Hadrut’i chakatamart) began in early October 2020 in Hadrut and its surrounding villages and heights, now seat of Khojavend District, Azerbaijan, and earlier controlled by the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and was part of Hadrut Province."}, {"id": "Q131337", "label": "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "From 10 September 1939, Hadrut was the capital of Hadrut District within the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic until the abolishment of the Autonomous Oblast on 26 November 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "From 10 September 1939, Hadrut was the capital of Hadrut District within the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic until the abolishment of the Autonomous Oblast on 26 November 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, in 1991, the Azerbaijani residents of Hadrut had to leave the town due to inter-ethnic conflict."}], "Q1007513": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Golubac (Hungarian: Galambóc) was a military conflict between the Hungarian–Wallachian–Lithuanian alliance and the Ottoman Empire in May 1428."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "However, they could not capture Golubac and were defeated by the Ottoman main army, led by Sultan Murad II."}, {"id": "Q336531", "label": "Stefan Lazarević", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, in 1426 Stefan Lazarević, the Serbian despot, made an agreement with the Hungarian King, Sigismund of Luxemburg: the fortresses of Belgrade and Golubac were assigned to Hungary in exchange for Sigismund's protection of Serbia and his recognition of Đurađ Branković as the successor of Despot Stefan."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, in 1426 Stefan Lazarević, the Serbian despot, made an agreement with the Hungarian King, Sigismund of Luxemburg: the fortresses of Belgrade and Golubac were assigned to Hungary in exchange for Sigismund's protection of Serbia and his recognition of Đurađ Branković as the successor of Despot Stefan."}, {"id": "Q342130", "label": "Đurađ Branković", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, in 1426 Stefan Lazarević, the Serbian despot, made an agreement with the Hungarian King, Sigismund of Luxemburg: the fortresses of Belgrade and Golubac were assigned to Hungary in exchange for Sigismund's protection of Serbia and his recognition of Đurađ Branković as the successor of Despot Stefan."}], "Q1010245": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ghazni took place in the city of Ghazni in central Afghanistan on Tuesday, 23 July 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q989092", "label": "First Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ghazni took place in the city of Ghazni in central Afghanistan on Tuesday, 23 July 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the 1830s, the British were firmly entrenched in India but by 1837, feared a Russian invasion through the Khyber and Bolan Passes as the Russian Empire had expanded towards the British dominion."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The British sent an envoy to Kabul to form an alliance with Afghanistan's emir, Dost Muhammad against Russia."}, {"id": "Q457944", "label": "Shah Shujah Durrani", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The British chose Shuja Shah Durrani to be the new leader of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He was the former ruler of Afghanistan and had formed a strategic alliance with Britain during the Napoleonic Wars against Russia and France, but had been deposed and was living in exile in Lahore."}], "Q1014528": [{"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "Futamata fortress was Takeda Shingen's first objective in his campaign against Tokugawa Ieyasu."}, {"id": "Q662482", "label": "Takeda Katsuyori", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1572 he left the siege of Futamata in the hands of his son and heir Takeda Katsuyori."}], "Q102133730": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mekelle offensive was a military campaign fought at the start of the Tigray War between the national armed forces of Ethiopia and the Tigray Region."}], "Q1042279": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripoli protests and clashes were a series of confrontations between Libyan anti-government demonstrators and forces loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in the capital city of Tripoli that took place in February 2011, at the beginning of the Libyan civil war."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Arab Spring caused revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, which both border Libya, Gaddafi was reportedly still in full control, being the longest-ruling non-royal head of state."}], "Q10459578": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising in Serbia was initiated in July 1941 by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia against the German occupation forces and their Serbian quisling auxiliaries in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia."}, {"id": "Q701914", "label": "Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uprising in Serbia was initiated in July 1941 by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia against the German occupation forces and their Serbian quisling auxiliaries in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "At first the  Yugoslav Partisans mounted diversions and sabotage and attacked representatives of Milan Aćimović's quisling administration."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was divided between Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria, while in the territory of present-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was divided between Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria, while in the territory of present-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was divided between Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria, while in the territory of present-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was divided between Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria, while in the territory of present-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q2609181", "label": "Milan Aćimović", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans chose Milan Aćimović as head of the quisling Commissary Government."}], "Q1047091": [{"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "Background", "says": "Nguyễn Ánh retreated to Siam with him, where they met king Rama I, who promised that Siam would support Ánh's struggle for dominance in Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1783, a Siamese army under Phraya Nakhonsawan (พระยานครสวรรค์) had marched to Cambodia to come to the aid of Nguyễn Ánh."}], "Q104841141": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was directed against the communist-led Partisans in the Prozor region (today in Bosnia and Herzegovina), then a part of the NDH."}, {"id": "Q165220", "label": "Mario Roatta", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was arranged between Generale designato d'armata (acting General) Mario Roatta, commander of the Italian Second Army, and Trifunović-Birčanin, with the approval of the overall Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was arranged between Generale designato d'armata (acting General) Mario Roatta, commander of the Italian Second Army, and Trifunović-Birčanin, with the approval of the overall Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović."}, {"id": "Q1263497", "label": "Dobroslav Jevđević", "section": "lead", "says": "Chetniks elements under the command of Dobroslav Jevđević and Petar Baćović then massacred between 543 and 2,500 Croats and Muslims and destroyed numerous villages in the area."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 April 1941, the Axis powers invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, resulting in the capitulation of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Yugoslavia was broken up, and one of the fragments was an Axis puppet state, the Ustaše-led Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), which consisted of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and was effectively an Italo-German quasi-protectorate."}], "Q105162351": [{"id": "Q2475368", "label": "Salah Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of Fez or Capture of Fez took place in 1554 between the Algerian forces of Salah Rais and the ruler of the Saadi Sultanate, Mohammed ash-Sheikh."}, {"id": "Q997320", "label": "Ali Abu Hassun", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the objectives of the expedition is to restore Ali Abu Hassun, a Wattassid pretender, to the throne."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "As their power crumbled, the regime faced a new threat from the Saadis, who claimed they were shorfa or descendants of Muhammad."}], "Q10546229": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "Crimes were allegedly committed in July 1998 near the village of Klečka, in central Kosovo, during the Kosovo War."}], "Q1056249": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1547 Battle of Odaihara was one of a series of battles waged by Takeda Shingen in his long campaign to conquer Shinano province."}, {"id": "Q385676", "label": "Ōnin War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Ōnin War (1467–77), the shōgun's system and taxation had increasingly less control outside the province of the capital in Kyoto, and powerful lords (daimyōs) began to assert themselves."}], "Q10594125": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The five rings on the flag represent the inhabited continents of the world (the Americas considered as one continent)."}], "Q105987105": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moriori genocide was the mass murder, enslavement, and cannibalisation of the Moriori people, the indigenous ethnic group of the Chatham Islands, by members of Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama, two Māori iwi from mainland New Zealand, from 1835 to 1863."}, {"id": "Q1192398", "label": "Musket Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "They had been driven out of their homeland during the Musket Wars against other iwi and had settled around Wellington Harbour."}], "Q10747195": [{"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French conquest of Vietnam1 (1858–1885) was a series of military expeditions that pitted the Second French Empire, later the French Third Republic, against the Vietnamese empire of Đại Nam in the mid-late 19th century."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The French conquest of Vietnam1 (1858–1885) was a series of military expeditions that pitted the Second French Empire, later the French Third Republic, against the Vietnamese empire of Đại Nam in the mid-late 19th century."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its end results were victories for France as they defeated the Vietnamese and their Chinese allies in 1885, incorporated modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia into the French colonial empire, and established the territory of French Indochina over Mainland Southeast Asia in 1887."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "Its end results were victories for France as they defeated the Vietnamese and their Chinese allies in 1885, incorporated modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia into the French colonial empire, and established the territory of French Indochina over Mainland Southeast Asia in 1887."}, {"id": "Q430309", "label": "Dai Viet", "section": "Background", "says": "France had invested in Dai Viet by supporting Nguyen Anh's faction against the Tayson rebellion during the Vietnamese Civil War (1789–1802)."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "French king Louis XVI signed with Nguyen Anh the Treaty of Versailles in 1787 agreed to confer the Nguyen loyalists an alliance with France."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "Background", "says": "When Anh defeated the Tay Son and was crowned as Emperor Gia Long (r."}, {"id": "Q7771", "label": "Louis-Philippe I", "section": "Background", "says": "This persecution of Catholics and the executions of French bishops created an excuse for intervention by France, but the new French monarchy under the reign of Louis Philippe I (r."}, {"id": "Q157324", "label": "François Guizot", "section": "Background", "says": "But situations got worse four years later when French bishop Dominique Lefèbvre was arrested and condemned to death by Vietnamese authority in 1845, prompting François Guizot to send Jean-Baptiste Cécille and obtain the release of Lefèbvre."}], "Q1076079": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1548 Battle of Shiojiritoge was one of many battles fought by Takeda Shingen in his bid to conquer Japan's Shinano Province."}], "Q107695678": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the largest earthquake in the United States since the 1965 Rat Islands earthquake, and the 7th largest earthquake in US history."}], "Q10858950": [{"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "Reinhard Heydrich, the commander of the German Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the acting Reichsprotektor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a principal architect of the Holocaust, was attacked during the Second World War in a coordinated operation by the Czechoslovak resistance."}, {"id": "Q715264", "label": "Operation Anthropoid", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination attempt, code-named Operation Anthropoid, was carried out by resistance operatives Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš on 27 May 1942."}, {"id": "Q152274", "label": "Edvard Beneš", "section": "lead", "says": "The operatives who carried out the assassination were soldiers of the Czechoslovak Army who were prepared and trained by the British Special Operations Executive with the approval of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, led by Edvard Beneš."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Multiple memorials have been created in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the United Kingdom to commemorate both the assassination and its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Multiple memorials have been created in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the United Kingdom to commemorate both the assassination and its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The events have been the subject of various films (usually in the general context of World War II in popular culture and specifically portrayals of Heydrich)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "By late 1941, Nazi Germany and its allies controlled most of Continental Europe, and German forces were approaching Moscow; the Western Allies deemed the Soviet Union's capitulation likely."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Czechoslovak government-in-exile under President Edvard Beneš came under pressure from the British government to take direct action against Nazi Germany, as there had been little visible anti-German resistance in Czechoslovakia since Germany's occupation of the Sudeten regions of the country in 1938."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The takeover of these regions had been accepted by the governments of Britain and France in the Munich Agreement, and Germany began occupying the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 had inspired acts of anti-German sabotage by Czech communists, resulting in Heydrich's appointment."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Resistance movements were active from the very beginning of German occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare (Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece), but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of materiel for Germany."}, {"id": "Q57328", "label": "Karl Hermann Frank", "section": "Background", "says": "Heydrich was chosen over Karl Hermann Frank as an assassination target due to his status as the acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia and his reputation for terrorizing local citizens."}], "Q10858954": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination was one of four major assassinations of the 1960s in the United States, coming less than two years after the assassination of John F."}], "Q10876023": [{"id": "Q3960459", "label": "Kingdom of Sikkim", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Calcutta or Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890, officially the Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet, (Chinese: 中英藏印條約; pinyin: Zhōng yīng zàng yìn tiáoyuē; lit. 'Convention Between Great Britain and China Regarding Tibet and India') was a treaty between Britain and Qing China relating to Tibet and the Kingdom of Sikkim."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "China is said to have negotiated the treaty without consulting Tibet, and the Tibetans refused to recognize it."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1876, the signing of the Chefoo Convention granted the United Kingdom the right to send missions to Tibet for exploration purposes."}], "Q1091576": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The seizure of Zinjibar concerned the United States, which provided support for Yemeni ground forces and launched airstrikes on militants during the battle alongside Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The seizure of Zinjibar concerned the United States, which provided support for Yemeni ground forces and launched airstrikes on militants during the battle alongside Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the wider Arab Spring, protests in Yemen began demanding the ouster of longtime president Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2011, sparking the Yemeni revolution."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the wider Arab Spring, protests in Yemen began demanding the ouster of longtime president Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2011, sparking the Yemeni revolution."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Background", "says": "When asking Osama bin Laden months before the start of the Arab Spring, AQAP leader Nasir al-Wuhayshi was told his group did not have enough popular support to establish an outward presence."}], "Q109285058": [{"id": "Q1788485", "label": "Barons' Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle at Gaza took place on 13 November 1239 as part of the Barons' Crusade."}, {"id": "Q314562", "label": "Theobald I of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "In it, an army led by Theobald I of Navarre was defeated by the Egyptian Ayyubids."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "Background", "says": "After the ten-year peace treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil expired in July 1239, a French Crusader army under Theobald I of Navarre was dispatched in response to the call by pope Gregory IX."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "Background", "says": "The army arrived in Acre in September 1239 where it was reinforced by contingents from the three military orders and the local barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}], "Q10966630": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011–2012 Mauritanian protests were a series of protests in Mauritania that started in January 2011, influenced by and concurrent with the Arab Spring, and continued into 2012."}, {"id": "Q294969", "label": "Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz", "section": "lead", "says": "The mostly peaceful protest movement demanded that President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz institute political, economic, and legal reforms."}, {"id": "Q214088", "label": "Mohamed Bouazizi", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests began after the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi and continued in what would come to be known as the February 25th Movement."}], "Q109801958": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern part of the Ottoman Empire (now northern Syria and the Hatay Province of Turkey) was struck by a major earthquake on 13 August 1822."}], "Q1098103": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Isaszeg (6 April 1849) took place in the Spring Campaign of the Hungarian War of Independence from 1848 to 1849, between the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian Revolutionary Army supplemented by Polish volunteers."}, {"id": "Q455008", "label": "Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian forces were led by Field Marshal Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and the Hungarians by General Artúr Görgei."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian forces were led by Field Marshal Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and the Hungarians by General Artúr Görgei."}, {"id": "Q716001", "label": "Artúr Görgey", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian forces were led by Field Marshal Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and the Hungarians by General Artúr Görgei."}, {"id": "Q970945", "label": "Henryk Dembiński", "section": "Background", "says": "While he was deciding whether to attack or not, the Hungarian commanders, who were discontented with the disappointing performance of Lieutenant General Henryk Dembiński as high commander of the Hungarian forces, blamed him for losing the Battle of Kápolna, had started a \"rebellion\"."}, {"id": "Q687135", "label": "Bertalan Szemere", "section": "Background", "says": "At a meeting in Tiszafüred, they forced the Government Commissioner Bertalan Szemere to depose the Polish general and put Artúr Görgei in command."}, {"id": "Q157040", "label": "Lajos Kossuth", "section": "Background", "says": "This so infuriated Lajos Kossuth, the President of the National Defense Committee (the interim government of Hungary), that he wanted to execute Görgei for rebellion."}], "Q1108787": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The final Battle of Luçon was fought on 14 August 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between forces of the French Republic under Augustin Tuncq and Royalist forces under Maurice d'Elbée."}, {"id": "Q179120", "label": "Charles de Bonchamps", "section": "Background", "says": "The three forces met at Chantonnay, then marched on Luçon, while Charles de Bonchamps remained in the north to protect Anjou."}], "Q11108995": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (Vietnamese pronunciation: [saː˦˥ ləːj˨˩˨]) were a series of synchronized attacks on a number of Buddhist pagodas in the major cities of South Vietnam shortly after midnight on 21 August 1963."}, {"id": "Q650194", "label": "Ngo Dinh Nhu", "section": "lead", "says": "The raids were executed by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces under Colonel Lê Quang Tung and combat police, both of which took their orders directly from Ngô Đình Nhu, the younger brother of the Catholic president Ngô Đình Diệm."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This was later debunked, but the incident prompted the United States to turn against the regime and begin exploring alternative leadership options, eventually leading to Diệm's overthrow in a November coup."}, {"id": "Q192502", "label": "Ngô Đình Diệm", "section": "Background", "says": "Ngo Dinh Diem was regarded by \"orthodox\" historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many Buddhists."}], "Q1112854": [{"id": "Q1319152", "label": "Hồ Quý Ly", "section": "lead", "says": "A few years prior to the invasion, Hồ Quý Ly usurped the throne of the Trần dynasty of the Dai Viet, which led to the intercession of the Ming government to re-establish the Trần."}, {"id": "Q430309", "label": "Dai Viet", "section": "lead", "says": "A few years prior to the invasion, Hồ Quý Ly usurped the throne of the Trần dynasty of the Dai Viet, which led to the intercession of the Ming government to re-establish the Trần."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "After this, the Yongle Emperor appointed Marquises Zhang Fu to prepare and lead the Ming armies for the invasion of Đại Ngu."}], "Q1112912": [{"id": "Q311121", "label": "Artur Bernardes", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from dissatisfaction with the government of Artur Bernardes and with the oligarchic order of the First Brazilian Republic, especially the political arrangements commonly associated with the café com leite system."}, {"id": "Q2414171", "label": "First Brazilian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from dissatisfaction with the government of Artur Bernardes and with the oligarchic order of the First Brazilian Republic, especially the political arrangements commonly associated with the café com leite system."}, {"id": "Q2634783", "label": "Revolution of 1930", "section": "lead", "says": "Its survival helped weaken the prestige of the oligarchic government and kept tenentist opposition active until the political crisis that culminated in the Revolution of 1930."}], "Q11138461": [{"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kot massacre (Nepali: कोत पर्व) took place on 14 September 1846 when then Kaji Jung Bahadur Kunwar and his brothers killed about 30-40 civil officials, military officers and palace guards of the Nepalese palace court including the Prime Minister of Nepal and a relative of the King, Chautariya Fateh Jung Shah along with other senior-most ministers and army generals at the palace armory (Kot) of"}, {"id": "Q788541", "label": "Rajendra of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "This massacre led to the loss of power of political clans such as Chautariyas, Pandes, Thapas, and Basnyats and that of King Rajendra Bikram Shah and Queen Rajya Laxmi Devi and ultimately the establishment of the Rana autocracy in Nepal."}], "Q11172490": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of Oda Nobunaga and the Uesugi clan, led by Uesugi Kagekatsu, met in Etchu Province; both were under threat from the Ikkō-ikki of Etchu, and from one another."}, {"id": "Q1376605", "label": "Uesugi Kagekatsu", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of Oda Nobunaga and the Uesugi clan, led by Uesugi Kagekatsu, met in Etchu Province; both were under threat from the Ikkō-ikki of Etchu, and from one another."}, {"id": "Q947533", "label": "Ikkō-ikki", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of Oda Nobunaga and the Uesugi clan, led by Uesugi Kagekatsu, met in Etchu Province; both were under threat from the Ikkō-ikki of Etchu, and from one another."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking to ensure the security of Nobunaga's possessions, Shibata Katsuie and Sassa Narimasa, two of his chief generals, rode north from Toyama Castle, and laid siege to both the town of Uozu and nearby Matsukura Castle."}, {"id": "Q1186700", "label": "Sassa Narimasa", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking to ensure the security of Nobunaga's possessions, Shibata Katsuie and Sassa Narimasa, two of his chief generals, rode north from Toyama Castle, and laid siege to both the town of Uozu and nearby Matsukura Castle."}], "Q11242477": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi took Miki Castle of Harima Province, located in what is now Miki, Hyōgo, Japan, from Bessho Nagaharu, an ally of the Mōri clan."}], "Q1129079": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hunza-Nagar Campaign was an armed conflict in 1891 fought by troops serving the British Raj against the princely states of Hunza and Nagar in the Gilgit Agency (now part of the Gilgit-Baltistan region in Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hunza-Nagar Campaign was an armed conflict in 1891 fought by troops serving the British Raj against the princely states of Hunza and Nagar in the Gilgit Agency (now part of the Gilgit-Baltistan region in Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Nagar and Hunza viewed Durand's actions as an escalation and blocked mail from the British Resident in Chinese Turkmenistan from passing through their territory."}], "Q1131956": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "A Mw 7.8 earthquake struck a remote region of Fiordland, New Zealand, on 15 July 2009 at 21:22 local time (09:22 UTC)."}], "Q113213574": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "Lord Mountbatten, a retired British statesman and cousin to Queen Elizabeth II, was assassinated on 27 August 1979 off the coast of Mullaghmore, Ireland."}, {"id": "Q7416", "label": "Margaret Thatcher", "section": "lead", "says": "The bombing led to Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister, changing the UK's strategy towards Northern Ireland."}], "Q11325648": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Large carracks engaged in the flourishing \"Nanban trade\", introducing new goods and ideas into Japan, the most important of them being arquebuses and Christianity."}, {"id": "Q313866", "label": "William Adams", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch, who had been at war with the Portuguese, made a chance landing in Japan for the first time in 1600 on the Liefde, and the navigator of that ship, the Englishman William Adams, managed to become a key advisor in the shogunal court and therein advocate for Dutch interests."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish, based in the Philippines, also sought a presence in the Japanese trade at the expense of Portugal despite the union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal (the news of which was coolly received in Portuguese Macau)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish, based in the Philippines, also sought a presence in the Japanese trade at the expense of Portugal despite the union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal (the news of which was coolly received in Portuguese Macau)."}, {"id": "Q3916279", "label": "Portuguese Macau", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish, based in the Philippines, also sought a presence in the Japanese trade at the expense of Portugal despite the union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal (the news of which was coolly received in Portuguese Macau)."}], "Q1132971": [{"id": "Q52315", "label": "Operation Little Saturn", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On December 16, 1942, Soviet forces launched Operation Little Saturn aimed at the Italian 8th Army."}], "Q1133861": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mimasetōge (三増峠の戦い) was the Hōjō's attack on the Takeda army, which took place at Mimase Pass in 1569, as the forces of Takeda Shingen withdrew after repeated failed sieges of the Hōjō clan's Odawara Castle in Kanagawa Prefecture of Japan."}, {"id": "Q1204342", "label": "Baba Nobuharu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Takeda vanguard, which included Baba Nobuharu, was hard-pressed."}], "Q1135598": [{"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Daugavpils, or Battle of Dyneburg, or Operation Winter was the final battle during the Polish–Soviet War of 1919."}, {"id": "Q543042", "label": "Latvian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "In Latvia, it is considered to be part of Latvian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q295688", "label": "Edward Rydz-Śmigły", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish commander of the 1st Legions Infantry Division and 3rd Legions Infantry Division, General (later Marshal) Edward Rydz-Śmigły had been occupying the left bank of the Dvina since August."}], "Q113621949": [{"id": "Q85317569", "label": "Mustafa Al-Kadhimi", "section": "lead", "says": "Incumbent Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi called for the protestors to \"immediately withdraw\", and after a public message by al-Sadr to \"pray and go home,\" the crowd dispersed, although they returned a week later after al-Sadr called on them to not miss the \"golden opportunity\" to demand reforms."}], "Q114383482": [{"id": "Q111655119", "label": "Battle of Donbas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Donbas was a military offensive that was part of the wider eastern front of the Russo-Ukrainian war."}], "Q114580562": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "The flooding was caused by heavy rainfall and climate change as well as the release of water from the Lagdo Dam in neighbouring Cameroon, which began on 13 September."}], "Q1152894": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Louisbourg was the 1745 capture of the French settlement of Louisbourg on present-day Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, by British North American forces during the War of the Austrian Succession, known as King George's War in the British colonies."}, {"id": "Q517578", "label": "King George's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Louisbourg was the 1745 capture of the French settlement of Louisbourg on present-day Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, by British North American forces during the War of the Austrian Succession, known as King George's War in the British colonies."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Context", "says": "Under the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, the French colony of Acadia had been ceded to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Context", "says": "Under the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, the French colony of Acadia had been ceded to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q331323", "label": "William Shirley", "section": "Context", "says": "In 1745, the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, William Shirley, secured by a narrow margin the support of the Massachu"}], "Q1155294": [{"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palatine Peasants' War (German: pfälzische Bauernkrieg) was part of the general German Peasants' War on the Middle and Upper Rhine."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Elector finally resorted to military force against the peasants on 23 May with the support of troops from the Archbishop of Trier, after other princes had defeated the uprisings in Württemberg and in the Alsace."}], "Q11599954": [{"id": "Q1432624", "label": "Genkō War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1331 siege of Kasagi was among the first battles of the Genkō War, which brought an end to Japan's Kamakura period."}, {"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Go-Daigo, who had been plotting against the shogunate and the Hōjō clan regents, had hidden the Japanese imperial regalia in Kasagi-dera, a fortified Buddhist temple, atop Kasagiyama, just outside Kyoto, and was secretly raising an army from there."}], "Q116152870": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Other deadly earthquakes occurred in Ecuador, Pakistan and the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Other deadly earthquakes occurred in Ecuador, Pakistan and the Philippines."}], "Q116157301": [{"id": "Q103838608", "label": "Pedro Castillo", "section": "lead", "says": "The event marked one of the deadliest confrontations during the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests, which erupted following the ousting and imprisonment of former president Pedro Castillo."}], "Q116385387": [{"id": "Q64737357", "label": "Oleksandr Syrskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "Ukrainian reinforcements were sent to fortify Moshchun; Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Ukrainian commander overseeing the defense of Kyiv, took particular interest in the town as it could serve as a gateway into the capital and would oversee the defense of the location."}], "Q1164169": [{"id": "Q981475", "label": "Tabinshwehti", "section": "lead", "says": "2090–2092), also known as the Tabinshwehti war (Thai: สงครามพระเจ้าตะเบ็งชเวตี้) was the first war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam, and the first of the Burmese–Siamese wars that would continue until the middle of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "2090–2092), also known as the Tabinshwehti war (Thai: สงครามพระเจ้าตะเบ็งชเวตี้) was the first war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam, and the first of the Burmese–Siamese wars that would continue until the middle of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also notable in Thai history for the death in battle of Siamese Queen Suriyothai on her war elephant; the conflict is often referred to in Thailand as the War that Led to the Loss of Queen Suriyothai (สงครามคราวเสียสมเด็จพระสุริโยไท)."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "lead", "says": "Next year, in October 1548, three Burmese armies led by King Tabinshwehti and his deputy Bayinnaung invaded Siam through the Three Pagodas Pass."}, {"id": "Q613372", "label": "Ramesuan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burmese negotiated a safe retreat in exchange for the return of two important Siamese nobles (the heir apparent Prince Ramesuan, and Thammaracha of Phitsanulok) whom they had captured."}], "Q11703925": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The twelfth siege of Gibraltar was fought between September 1704 and May 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q128983", "label": "George Rooke", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the capture in August 1704 of the fortified town of Gibraltar, at the southern tip of Spain, by an Anglo–Dutch naval force led by Sir George Rooke and Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt."}, {"id": "Q689289", "label": "George of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the capture in August 1704 of the fortified town of Gibraltar, at the southern tip of Spain, by an Anglo–Dutch naval force led by Sir George Rooke and Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The members of the Grand Alliance, the Holy Roman Empire, England, the Netherlands, Pro-Habsburg Spain, Portugal and Savoy, had allied to prevent the unification of the French and Spanish thrones by supporting the claim of the Habsburg pretender Archduke Charles VI of Austria as Charles III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The members of the Grand Alliance, the Holy Roman Empire, England, the Netherlands, Pro-Habsburg Spain, Portugal and Savoy, had allied to prevent the unification of the French and Spanish thrones by supporting the claim of the Habsburg pretender Archduke Charles VI of Austria as Charles III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "They were opposed by the rival claimant, the Bourbon Philip, Duke of Anjou, ruling as Philip V of Spain, and his patron and ally, Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "They were opposed by the rival claimant, the Bourbon Philip, Duke of Anjou, ruling as Philip V of Spain, and his patron and ally, Louis XIV of France."}], "Q11771081": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre in the Jesuit monastery on Rakowiecka Street in Warsaw was a Nazi German war crime perpetrated by members of the Waffen-SS on the second day (2 August) of the Warsaw Uprising, during the World War II."}], "Q11771083": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Before the outbreak of the Uprising", "says": "On July 23, 1944, in connection with the approaching Eastern Front, the release of prisoners sentenced to imprisonment for up to five years began – mainly Germans and Volksdeutsche, and later Poles."}], "Q11794849": [{"id": "Q204989", "label": "Saint Kitts", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Saint Kitts also known as the siege of Brimstone Hill, from 19 January–13 February 1782, was a part of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The French invasion of Saint Kitts also known as the siege of Brimstone Hill, from 19 January–13 February 1782, was a part of the American Revolutionary War."}], "Q11794919": [{"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Velikiye Luki was one of the battles of Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Velikiye Luki was one of the battles of Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth captured the Russian fortress of Velikiye Luki."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "200 Poles and Hungarians, together with defenders of the fortress."}], "Q118162520": [{"id": "Q190758", "label": "War in Darfur", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Nyala was one of the largest havens for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Darfur during the War in Darfur, and was also greatly targeted by warring armies."}], "Q1187694": [{"id": "Q43330", "label": "Mikheil Saakashvili", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2011 Georgian protests were a series of anti-government protests in Georgia against President Mikheil Saakashvili."}], "Q118929717": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1551–1562 was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy supported by Royal Hungary."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commenced his expansion of the empire in 1520 after the reign of Selim I."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commenced his expansion of the empire in 1520 after the reign of Selim I."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "Habsburg Emperor succeeded to the Bohemian throne but was challenged to the Hungarian throne by the pretender John Zápolya, whose claim was backed by nobles and the Sultan."}, {"id": "Q606632", "label": "Nikola Jurišić", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans met resistance during the siege of Güns (Kőszeg) in 1532, where a force of 800 men under Nikola Jurišić managed to hold back the Ottoman armies."}], "Q11988463": [{"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 January 1848, a public announcement of a joint constitutional framework for the entirety of the Kingdom of Denmark was made."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Formation of the government and lead-up to war", "says": "The deputation from the Duchies then received an answer on March 24 (which also served as an announcement of the government's proposed program), which stated that the king refused to allow Schleswig to join the German Confederation."}], "Q12029011": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Kaunas, also known as Kovno, was the second largest city in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and confiscated property and closed most cultural and religious institutions, including Jewish ones."}], "Q12089412": [{"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrentiy Beria issued an order to execute all political prisoners held in the western regions of the Soviet Union who could not be evacuated further into the country."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrentiy Beria issued an order to execute all political prisoners held in the western regions of the Soviet Union who could not be evacuated further into the country."}], "Q1218354": [{"id": "Q344802", "label": "Sancho Ramírez", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdoms were all ruled by Jiménez kings who were first cousins: Sancho II of Castile, Sancho IV of Navarre, and Sancho Ramírez of Aragon, all grandsons of Sancho the Great."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "That division had left Navarre with a supremacy over the \"petty kingdoms\" (regula) of Castile and Aragon, but by 1065 Navarre was a vassal of Castile (now joined with the Kingdom of León)."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1065 Ferdinand the Great, the Castilian monarch died and his kingdom was divided between his sons, with the eldest, Sancho, taking Castile."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was also fought over Castile's ability to take part in the Reconquista, a capacity which had been diminished by the division of Ferdinand's kingdom in 1065."}, {"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the twelfth-century Crónica Najerense, a battle was fought during which campaign his alférez, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, defeated his Navarrese counterpart, Jimeno Garcés, and gained the nickname campi doctor or \"master of the field [of battle]\", later to become famous in Spanish literature as el Campeador."}], "Q1228713": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "At that time, the Pasha of Buda, Ali Hadim, decided to invade Central Slovakia, which formed the economic support for the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Left alone, Ferdinand recruited 4,500 Italian mercenaries led by Sforza-Pallavicini and 3,000 German landsknechts by Marcel Detritz, added by 650 cavalry from different parts of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Ali Pasha heard of the Habsburg preparations and acted quickly to prevent both armies from meeting together."}], "Q122950203": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The population of the Taíno before the arrival of the Spanish Empire on the island of Quisqueya or Ayití in 1492, which Christopher Columbus named Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), is estimated to be between 10,000 and 1,000,000."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "The population of the Taíno before the arrival of the Spanish Empire on the island of Quisqueya or Ayití in 1492, which Christopher Columbus named Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), is estimated to be between 10,000 and 1,000,000."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The population of the Taíno before the arrival of the Spanish Empire on the island of Quisqueya or Ayití in 1492, which Christopher Columbus named Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), is estimated to be between 10,000 and 1,000,000."}], "Q12297894": [{"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hill 60 was one of the last major assaults of the Gallipoli Campaign."}], "Q123139694": [{"id": "Q188653", "label": "Ahmad Yasin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 March 2004, the Palestinian leader and one of the founders of Hamas, Ahmed Yassin, aged 67, was assassinated in Gaza City."}, {"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "lead", "says": "His assassination caused a state of anger and Palestinian factions vowed revenge, with Hamas saying that Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon \"opened the gates of hell.\" Shortly after the attack, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi took over the leadership of the movement in the Gaza Strip."}], "Q1235371": [{"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Melitene, fought in 576, set a Byzantine force commanded by Justinian and Curs against a numerically superior Sasanian army led by Khosrow I."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Melitene, fought in 576, set a Byzantine force commanded by Justinian and Curs against a numerically superior Sasanian army led by Khosrow I."}], "Q1236849": [{"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an overwhelming victory for the Polish-Swedish faction, led by the Swedish-born king-elect Sigismund III Vasa, over the army of his rival to the throne, Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria."}, {"id": "Q283909", "label": "Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an overwhelming victory for the Polish-Swedish faction, led by the Swedish-born king-elect Sigismund III Vasa, over the army of his rival to the throne, Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place near the Silesian town of Pitschen (modern Byczyna), then just a few kilometres outside the territory of Poland–Lithuania, on 24 January 1588, Sigismund's supporters were commanded by Chancellor and Great Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski."}, {"id": "Q382439", "label": "Jan Zamoyski", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking place near the Silesian town of Pitschen (modern Byczyna), then just a few kilometres outside the territory of Poland–Lithuania, on 24 January 1588, Sigismund's supporters were commanded by Chancellor and Great Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski."}, {"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "lead", "says": "Besides the commanders, notable participants included Stanisław Stadnicki on Maximilian's side, and Stanisław Żółkiewski on Sigismund's."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Each of the two candidates had supporters in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with the two opposing sides gathered around the pro-Sigismund Chancellor and Great Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski and the Primate of Poland, Stanisław Karnkowski on one side and the pro-Maximilian Zborowski family on the other."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund, supported by Zamoyski and the former king's wife, Anna Jagiellon, was elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 19 August 1587 and recognized as such by the interrex, the Primate Karnkowski."}, {"id": "Q233989", "label": "Anna Jagiellon", "section": "Background", "says": "Sigismund, supported by Zamoyski and the former king's wife, Anna Jagiellon, was elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 19 August 1587 and recognized as such by the interrex, the Primate Karnkowski."}], "Q12375644": [{"id": "Q1237867", "label": "Liberal Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Vincent between a Liberal fleet under the command of British naval officer Charles Napier against a Miguelite fleet under the command of Portuguese naval officer Manuel Marreiros, which was fought on 5 July 1833 during the Liberal Wars and resulted in a decisive victory for the Liberal fleet."}, {"id": "Q939", "label": "Pedro I of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "This decision by Napier was the deciding factor in the outcome of the battle, and the Miguelite crews proved no match for the Liberal crews, most of them being former Royal Navy personnel who had been discharged and sought service under Pedro I of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The name 'Carlos de Ponza', meaning Charles of Ponza in English, was a deliberate reference to one of Napier's most daring feats in the Napoleonic Wars when he captured the French-held island of Ponza in the Mediterranean in 1813."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Flying his flag in the frigate Rainha de Portugal, commanded by Captain F.G."}], "Q1238033": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Anne, fought on July 8, 1777, was an engagement between Continental Army forces in retreat from Fort Ticonderoga and forward elements of John Burgoyne's much larger British army that had driven them from Ticonderoga, early in the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War."}], "Q124649": [{"id": "Q432515", "label": "First Battle of Algeciras", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle followed the First Battle of Algeciras on 6 July, in which a French squadron anchored at the Spanish port of Algeciras was attacked by a larger British squadron based at nearby Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "In a heavy engagement fought in calm weather in the close confines of Algeciras Bay, the British force had been becalmed and battered, suffering heavy casualties and losing the 74-gun ship HMS Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q445924", "label": "Alexander Ball", "section": "Background", "says": "At the British port, the dockyards were the scene of frantic activity as Saumarez, supported by commissioner Captain Alexander Ball, sought to repair his squadron so that it could intercept Moreno's forces on their voyage back to Cádiz."}], "Q1252684": [{"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Toski (Tushkah) was part of the Mahdist War."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1889, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad sent the Emir Wad-el-Nujumi and an army 6,000 strong into Egypt for this purpose."}], "Q12627990": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kupres (Serbo-Croatian: Bitka za Kupres / Битка за Купрес) was a battle of the Bosnian War, fought between the Bosnian Croat Croatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage - HOS) supported by the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) troops on one side and the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA), augmented by the Bosnian Serb Territorial Defense Force, on th"}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2012, Republika Srpska authorities charged seven Croats with war crimes committed at the plateau against civilians and prisoners of war."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This reorganisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the 29 February – 1 March 1992 referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "This reorganisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the 29 February – 1 March 1992 referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The bulk of the force moved to Knin three months later, while a tactical group of the 30th Partisan Division redeployed to the general area as it withdrew from Slovenia after the Ten-Day War."}, {"id": "Q163883", "label": "Ten-Day War", "section": "Background", "says": "The bulk of the force moved to Knin three months later, while a tactical group of the 30th Partisan Division redeployed to the general area as it withdrew from Slovenia after the Ten-Day War."}, {"id": "Q1273114", "label": "Stanislav Galić", "section": "Background", "says": "The division, likely comprising only 2,000 troops, was under the command of Colonel Stanislav Galić."}, {"id": "Q26769", "label": "Biljana Plavšić", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The purpose of the meeting, attended by members of Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Biljana Plavšić and Franjo Boras, was to defuse the situation."}, {"id": "Q881074", "label": "Blago Zadro", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Those included a group drawn from the 204th Brigade, led by Robert Zadro (son of late Blago Zadro, former commander of the 3rd Battalion of the brigade)."}], "Q126389700": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Shuhada al-Aqsa Hospital and the Gaza Health Ministry reported that at least 33 Palestinians were killed, including 9 children, 3 women, and 21 men."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States said the attack did not \"cross a red line\"."}], "Q1268317": [{"id": "Q7930888", "label": "Maccabean Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Emmaus took place around September 165 BC during the Maccabean Revolt between Judean rebels, led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee), and an expedition of Seleucid Empire forces under generals Gorgias, Ptolemy the son of Dorymenes, and Nicanor near Emmaus."}, {"id": "Q111559", "label": "Judah Maccabee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Emmaus took place around September 165 BC during the Maccabean Revolt between Judean rebels, led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee), and an expedition of Seleucid Empire forces under generals Gorgias, Ptolemy the son of Dorymenes, and Nicanor near Emmaus."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Emmaus took place around September 165 BC during the Maccabean Revolt between Judean rebels, led by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee), and an expedition of Seleucid Empire forces under generals Gorgias, Ptolemy the son of Dorymenes, and Nicanor near Emmaus."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "Background", "says": "Toward the end of the summer of 165 BC, King Antiochus IV Epiphanes gathered forces from the Western part of his empire to leave for an expedition to the eastern satrapies in Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Toward the end of the summer of 165 BC, King Antiochus IV Epiphanes gathered forces from the Western part of his empire to leave for an expedition to the eastern satrapies in Babylonia and Persia."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "There, he intended to stay awhile, replace or do battle with rebellious governors, deter the growing Parthian Empire from invading, and restore a flow of taxes to the capital."}, {"id": "Q298628", "label": "Antiochus V", "section": "Background", "says": "He left Lysias in charge as regent in the Seleucid capital Antioch and to raise his young son, the future Antiochus V."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "Background", "says": "Perhaps at the request of Menelaus, Lysias dispatched a force, led by Ptolemy son of Dorymenes (strategos of Coele Syria and Phoenicia), in order to aid the ruling faction of Hellenist Jews and defeat the countryside rebels led by Judas."}], "Q126901419": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iranian–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership is a strategic partnership agreement signed on 17 January 2025, by Russian President Vladimir Putin and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian."}, {"id": "Q5933752", "label": "Masoud Pezeshkian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iranian–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership is a strategic partnership agreement signed on 17 January 2025, by Russian President Vladimir Putin and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian."}], "Q127302766": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 July 2024, the Israel Defense Forces bombed Al-Awda school – the UNRWA-run school that had been converted into a displacement shelter, hosting refugees from the Israeli invasion – in Abasan al-Kabira near the city of Khan Yunis, in the Gaza Strip, Palestine."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "At least 31 Palestinians were killed in the attack while over 53 were injured; most of the casualties were women and children."}, {"id": "Q16731317", "label": "Philippe Lazzarini", "section": "Background", "says": "Philippe Lazzarini, the head of UNRWA, stated two-thirds of all UNRWA schools in Gaza had been hit since October 2023."}], "Q1273257": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aguere, or Battle of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, was fought between forces of the Crown of Castile, led by the Adelantado (military governor) Alonso Fernández de Lugo, and the natives of Tenerife, called Guanches."}, {"id": "Q5452496", "label": "First Battle of Acentejo", "section": "lead", "says": "Fernández de Lugo had suffered defeat by Guanche forces at the First Battle of Acentejo."}], "Q12747413": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Šahovići massacre was a massacre of the Muslim population of the Yugoslav village of Šahovići (modern-day Tomaševo in Montenegro) and neighbouring villages in the region of the Lower Kolašin."}], "Q12754327": [{"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kunovica or Battle at Kunovitsa was fought between crusaders led by John Hunyadi and the armies of the Ottoman Empire on 2 or 5 January 1444, near the mountain Kunovica (Suva Planina) between Pirot and Niš, in present-day Serbia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kunovica or Battle at Kunovitsa was fought between crusaders led by John Hunyadi and the armies of the Ottoman Empire on 2 or 5 January 1444, near the mountain Kunovica (Suva Planina) between Pirot and Niš, in present-day Serbia."}], "Q12759550": [{"id": "Q690959", "label": "Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Serb uprising of 1848–1849, also known as the Serb revolution of 1848–1849 and Serb People's Movement of 1848–1849, took place in what is today Vojvodina, Serbia, and was part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Hungarian Revolution, Hungarians achieved significant military successes, but were defeated after Russian intervention."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The autocratic methods of conservative chancellor Metternich turned the Austrian Empire into a police state."}, {"id": "Q157040", "label": "Lajos Kossuth", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Hungarians became the most dangerous in Austria, led by the temperamented orator Lajos Kossuth."}, {"id": "Q154418", "label": "Josip Jelačić", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Zagreb had become very active under the leadership of Ban Josip Jelačić, a Frontier colonel, who gave his movement a combative character while still showing affection towards the Habsburg dynasty."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As part of the Revolutions of 1848, the Serbs under Austria-Hungary demanded what they had in the previous century; recognition of Serbian as official language, equality of the Orthodox church as with Catholics, and annual church assembly gatherings."}], "Q1276340": [{"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Atbara also known as the Battle of the Atbara River took place during the Mahdist War."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sudanese Mahdist leader, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ordered the Emir Mahmud Ahmad and his 10,000 strong army of western Sudan northward towards the junction of the Nile and the River Atbara to engage the British and Egyptian army led by Herbert Kitchener."}, {"id": "Q1168043", "label": "Osman Digna", "section": "lead", "says": "After 45 minutes, the battle was over as Osman Digna led a few thousand warriors on a retreat to the south, while most of the remainder were killed or captured, including Mahmud who was captured by loyal Sudanese troops of the Egyptian Brigade."}, {"id": "Q981978", "label": "William McGonagall", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was celebrated by the Scottish poet William McGonagall."}], "Q12790010": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vikhra River took place on 29 April 1386 on the Vikhra River, a tributary of the Sozh, near Mstislavl, between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Smolensk."}, {"id": "Q1483495", "label": "Principality of Smolensk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Vikhra River took place on 29 April 1386 on the Vikhra River, a tributary of the Sozh, near Mstislavl, between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Smolensk."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanians achieved a decisive victory and Smolensk was forced to accept being a vassal of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q2494481", "label": "Andrei of Polotsk", "section": "Background", "says": "Andrei of Polotsk fought with his younger half-brother Jogaila for the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1386, when Jogaila and his allies celebrated his wedding to Jadwiga of Poland and coronation as Polish king in Kraków, the Order invaded Lithuania, almost reaching Vilnius."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "Background", "says": "Sviatoslav devastated many lands on the Lithuanian border and besieged Mstislavl, which was defended by Karigaila, son of Algirdas."}], "Q12810411": [{"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Corfu in 1537 was led by the Ottoman Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent, against the Republic of Venice-held island of Corfu."}, {"id": "Q1420791", "label": "Ottoman–Venetian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It is part of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540), one of the numerous Ottoman–Venetian Wars of the period."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "For 1537 important combined operations had been agreed upon between France and the Ottoman Empire as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, in which the Ottomans would attack Charles V's territories in southern Italy under Hayreddin Barbarossa, and Francis I would attack his territories in northern Italy with 50,000 men."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "For 1537 important combined operations had been agreed upon between France and the Ottoman Empire as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, in which the Ottomans would attack Charles V's territories in southern Italy under Hayreddin Barbarossa, and Francis I would attack his territories in northern Italy with 50,000 men."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Venice was functionally neutral, having previously rejected an alliance with Charles V against the Ottomans, but as relations with Francis and Suleiman deteriorated, their Senate ordered the Venetian admiral Girolamo Pesaro to have his fleet ready in case of a Franco-Ottoman turn against them."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic of Venice was functionally neutral, having previously rejected an alliance with Charles V against the Ottomans, but as relations with Francis and Suleiman deteriorated, their Senate ordered the Venetian admiral Girolamo Pesaro to have his fleet ready in case of a Franco-Ottoman turn against them."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, grand imperial admiral Andrea Doria defeated one of the Ottoman fleets in the Battle of Antipaxos, after which Doria let the Turks capture a forged letter where he pretended to be in alliance with Venice."}], "Q12840374": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Horadiz (Azerbaijani: Horadiz əməliyyatı) was a battle during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War between the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the Armenian Armed Forces in Horadiz village of Fuzuli District of the Republic of Azerbaijan, which began in December 1993 and lasted until January 6."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Horadiz (Azerbaijani: Horadiz əməliyyatı) was a battle during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War between the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the Armenian Armed Forces in Horadiz village of Fuzuli District of the Republic of Azerbaijan, which began in December 1993 and lasted until January 6."}], "Q12907952": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kumanovo uprising was an uprising organized by an assembly of chiefs of the districts (Ottoman kaza) of Kumanovo, Kriva Palanka, and Kratovo in the Vilayet of Kosovo (in modern-day North Macedonia) in 1878."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement sought to liberate the region from the hands of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q130383328": [{"id": "Q123912788", "label": "Operation Prosperity Guardian", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States-led Operation Prosperity Guardian was launched to protect Red Sea shipping."}], "Q1310631": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dawn 3 or Operation Valfajr-3 (Arabic: عملیه الفجر-۳) was an operation during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q186111", "label": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani", "section": "Background", "says": "It was launched in February 1983 and was described by Speaker Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as the final move towards ending the Iran-Iraq war."}, {"id": "Q1584037", "label": "Operation Dawn 2", "section": "Background", "says": "The first campaign was concentrated in the Hawizeh marsh area and in the Haj Omran during the Operation Dawn 2."}], "Q131383957": [{"id": "Q16090635", "label": "Yoon Suk Yeol", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 December 2024, at 22:27 Korea Standard Time (KST), Yoon Suk Yeol, the then-president of South Korea, attempted a self-coup by declaring martial law during a televised address."}, {"id": "Q14362", "label": "Chun Doo-hwan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first declaration of martial law in South Korea since the military dictatorship of General Chun Doo-hwan in 1980."}, {"id": "Q482705", "label": "Fifth Republic of South Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "Martial law was a recurring tool used by military leaders to suppress dissent and consolidate power in South Korea's authoritarian, dictatorial past until the end of the Fifth Republic of Korea with the June Democratic Struggle of 1987, when South Korea transitioned to democracy under the Sixth Republic."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "Background", "says": "This was the first time martial law had been declared in South Korea since the 1980 military coup d'état after the assassination of dictator Park Chung Hee, and the restoration of civil liberties in 1987."}], "Q131470509": [{"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Between the attacks, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that, \"the Houthis will also learn what Hamas, Hezbollah, the Assad regime, and others have learned — and even if it takes time, this lesson will be learned across the entire Middle East.\""}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the October 7 attacks in 2023 that killed 1,200 people, Israel responded with an offensive on the Gaza Strip that has killed over 45,000 Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In solidarity with the Palestinians, the Houthis launched a campaign of attacks against merchant ships that they claimed were linked to Israel, the United States, and the United Kingdom in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden; however, many ships targeted held no links to the three countries."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In solidarity with the Palestinians, the Houthis launched a campaign of attacks against merchant ships that they claimed were linked to Israel, the United States, and the United Kingdom in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden; however, many ships targeted held no links to the three countries."}], "Q131545932": [{"id": "Q1231054", "label": "Battle of Gaza", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation marked the largest and most violent confrontation that the PA has had with West Bank militants, and analysts have referred to the events as \"the most fierce\" inter-Palestinian fighting since the 2007 Battle of Gaza."}], "Q131838925": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 January 2025, National Liberation Army (ELN) militants launched several attacks against FARC dissidents in the Catatumbo region of Colombia, as part of the Catatumbo campaign."}, {"id": "Q57311", "label": "Juan Manuel Santos", "section": "Background", "says": "The Catatumbo campaign has been an ongoing period of strategic violence between militia faction groups in the region since January 2018 and a part of the war on drugs; it was developed after a 2016 peace agreement between the country's government (under the presidency of Juan Manuel Santos) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) as an attempt to end the Colombian conflict."}], "Q1320031": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bình Giã (Vietnamese: Trận Bình Giã) was conducted by the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) from 28 December 1964, to 1 January 1965, during the Vietnam War in Bình Giã, Phước Tuy province (now part of Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province), South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bình Giã (Vietnamese: Trận Bình Giã) was conducted by the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) from 28 December 1964, to 1 January 1965, during the Vietnam War in Bình Giã, Phước Tuy province (now part of Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province), South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q334419", "label": "Duong Van Minh", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, General Dương Văn Minh, as the Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council, and his civilian Prime Minister Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ favoured a political resolution instead of using military force, which brought them into conflict with the United States over the best strategy to fight the VC in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, General Dương Văn Minh, as the Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council, and his civilian Prime Minister Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ favoured a political resolution instead of using military force, which brought them into conflict with the United States over the best strategy to fight the VC in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "In contrast to the political unrest in Saigon, the Communist leadership in North Vietnam and in the VC were far more concerned about the best strategy to fight the South Vietnamese government and the Americans."}], "Q1320675": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Havrincourt was a World War I battle fought on 12 September 1918, involving the British Third Army (under the command of General Sir Julian Byng) against German troops, including those of the 3rd and 10th Corps, in the town of Havrincourt, France."}], "Q1323183": [{"id": "Q270783", "label": "Sharif Sheikh Ahmed", "section": "Background", "says": "The top leaders of the ICU, including Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and Sheikh Abdirahman Janaqow, resigned in anticipation of the siege."}], "Q1325495": [{"id": "Q320959", "label": "Robert Blake", "section": "lead", "says": "An English Protectorate fleet under Admiral Robert Blake penetrated the heavily defended harbour at Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Spanish Canary Islands and attacked their treasure fleet."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1654, the Commonwealth of England decided to support France in its war with Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1654, the Commonwealth of England decided to support France in its war with Habsburg Spain."}], "Q13377390": [{"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "lead", "says": "1690 in Hrupishta – November 25, 1730 in Constantinople) was the instigator of a mob uprising in 1730 which replaced Sultan Ahmed III with Mahmud I and ended the Tulip Period in Ottoman history."}], "Q13409360": [{"id": "Q2812410", "label": "Salim Idris", "section": "lead", "says": "Free Syrian Army (FSA) General Salim Idris warned of a \"massacre\" if the Syrian Army and Hezbollah were to take the town."}], "Q13423520": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Oder–Neisse is the German name for the initial (operational) phase of one of the last two strategic offensives conducted by the Red Army in the Campaign in Central Europe (1 January – 9 May 1945) during World War II."}, {"id": "Q154182", "label": "Battle of Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "Its initial breakthrough phase was fought over four days, from 16 April until 19 April 1945, within the larger context of the Battle of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q57205", "label": "Gotthard Heinrici", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle included heavy fighting by the three Fronts of the Marshals of Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky's 2nd Belorussian Front, Georgy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front and Ivan Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front, that assaulted the defending Wehrmacht Army Group Vistula commanded by Colonel-General (Generaloberst) Gotthard Heinrici and Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner's Army Group Centre."}], "Q1351343": [{"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cetate was fought during the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had responded by moving troops to the right bank to face them."}], "Q13534264": [{"id": "Q156505", "label": "Georgios Papadopoulos", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by Georgios Papadopoulos from 1967 to 1973, but an attempt to renew popular support in a 1973 referendum on the monarchy and gradual democratisation by Papadopoulos was ended by another coup by the hardliner Dimitrios Ioannidis."}, {"id": "Q460912", "label": "Dimitrios Ioannidis", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by Georgios Papadopoulos from 1967 to 1973, but an attempt to renew popular support in a 1973 referendum on the monarchy and gradual democratisation by Papadopoulos was ended by another coup by the hardliner Dimitrios Ioannidis."}, {"id": "Q41", "label": "Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Ioannidis ruled until it fell on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, leading to the Metapolitefsi (Greek: Μεταπολίτευση, lit. 'regime change') to democracy and the establishment of the Third Hellenic Republic."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1944, British prime minister Winston Churchill was determined to halt the Soviet encroachment in the Balkans, and ordered British forces to intervene in the Greek Civil War (see Dekemvriana) in the wake of the retreating German military."}, {"id": "Q1473722", "label": "Dekemvriana", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1944, British prime minister Winston Churchill was determined to halt the Soviet encroachment in the Balkans, and ordered British forces to intervene in the Greek Civil War (see Dekemvriana) in the wake of the retreating German military."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States stepped in to further help the Greek government against the communist forces in 1947."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Greece was a vital link in the NATO defence arc which extended from the eastern border of Pakistan to the northernmost point in Norway."}], "Q135441954": [{"id": "Q65200615", "label": "Andrii Yermak", "section": "Background", "says": "Based on sources within parliament, law enforcement agencies, and the team of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Ukrainska Pravda reported that the plan against NABU and SAPO had been developed within the President's Office, particularly by head of the President's Office Andriy Yermak, after investigations against various figures that Ukrainska Pravda wrote upset Zelenskyy."}], "Q13580335": [{"id": "Q1364672", "label": "Mohammed Yusuf", "section": "Background", "says": "The leader of the uprising, Mohammed Yusuf, was killed in Maiduguri of Borno State in 2009."}], "Q135918673": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On 4 October 2025, following a positive response by Hamas to a peace plan and a call by American president Donald Trump for Israel to cease its military advances in the Gaza Strip, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has halted on orders of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "On 4 October 2025, following a positive response by Hamas to a peace plan and a call by American president Donald Trump for Israel to cease its military advances in the Gaza Strip, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has halted on orders of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu."}, {"id": "Q975492", "label": "Eyal Zamir", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A three-hour preliminary meeting with Defense Minister Israel Katz, Strategic Affairs Minister Ron Dermer, and IDF operations director and chief of staff Itzik Cohen and Eyal Zamir respectively, took place on 5 August, during which Zamir laid out several options regarding the war in Gaza."}, {"id": "Q1396120", "label": "Yair Lapid", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Netanyahu met opposition leader Yair Lapid on 6 August to discuss the occupation plan."}, {"id": "Q487304", "label": "Israel Katz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 20 August, Israeli defense minister Israel Katz approved the plans for the takeover of Gaza City."}], "Q1361199": [{"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate of Sibir was a Muslim state located just east of the middle Ural Mountains."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "Background and context", "says": "George V."}], "Q136309503": [{"id": "Q20203098", "label": "Operation Ochsenkopf", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite having won the race to Tunis in December 1942, Axis offensives from January to March (Operation Frühlingswind and Operation Ochsenkopf) attempted to force back the allies."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel believed that the Axis position in Tunisia was untenable and he had recommended the evacuation of all German troops to Italy, where he believed they could be more useful."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "His advice was rejected by Adolf Hitler."}, {"id": "Q3533209", "label": "Operation Flax", "section": "Background", "says": "Casualties particularly from Operation Flax were heavy."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Hermann Göring division alone lost some 327 casualties and two valuable Tigers knocked out."}], "Q136398794": [{"id": "Q106474688", "label": "Dina Boluarte", "section": "lead", "says": "On 20 September 2025, protests began in Peru against the administration of Dina Boluarte and the subsequent administration of José Jerí, following the impeachment of Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru."}, {"id": "Q107480088", "label": "José Jerí", "section": "lead", "says": "On 20 September 2025, protests began in Peru against the administration of Dina Boluarte and the subsequent administration of José Jerí, following the impeachment of Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru."}, {"id": "Q103838608", "label": "Pedro Castillo", "section": "lead", "says": "This series of demonstrations followed the previous protests that occurred in 2022 and 2023 against the removal of her predecessor, Pedro Castillo."}], "Q1364902": [{"id": "Q1420228", "label": "Oregon Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oregon Territory was established on August 14, 1848, to protect the white settlers."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Cameron Addis recounted that after 1840, much of the Columbian Plateau was no longer important in the fur trade and that:\n\n... most of its people were not dependent on agriculture, but traders had spread Christianity for thirty years."}], "Q136530158": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "No Kings protests (also called No Kings 2 and No Kings Day 2.0) took place on October 18, 2025, as part of a series of demonstrations taking place largely in the United States against Donald Trump's policies and actions during his second presidency."}, {"id": "Q7128915", "label": "Pam Bondi", "section": "Background and organizers", "says": "Attorney General Pam Bondi spoke of \"people out there with thousands of signs that all match, pre-bought, pre-put together\", which she attributed to antifa's high degree of organization, and pledged to \"get to the root of antifa\" and \"find and charge all of those people who are causing this chaos\"."}, {"id": "Q19880665", "label": "Mike Johnson", "section": "Background and organizers", "says": "Speaker of the House Mike Johnson said \"It's all the pro-Hamas wing and the antifa people, they're all coming out,\" and that the group organizing the protest in Washington, D.C., was anti-American, while House majority whip Tom Emmer said that the \"terrorist wing\" of the Democratic party was set to hold them."}, {"id": "Q100146113", "label": "Karoline Leavitt", "section": "Background and organizers", "says": "I bet you see the Marxists in full display, the people who don't want to stand and defend the foundational truths of this republic.\"\nThe Trump administration said it would take anti-terrorist measures during the protests such as mobilizing the FBI, and White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said to Fox News that participants and the Democratic Party's main constituents were \"made up of Hamas"}, {"id": "Q2036942", "label": "Ted Cruz", "section": "Background and organizers", "says": "Duffy and senators Roger Marshall and Ted Cruz accused No Kings of using paid protesters."}, {"id": "Q12908", "label": "George Soros", "section": "Background and organizers", "says": "According to The Independent, Marshall baselessly laid the blame on George Soros, saying, \"We'll have to get the National Guard out."}], "Q136659001": [{"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord (officially the Joint Declaration by the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand on the Outcomes of Their Meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) was a peace agreement signed on 26 October 2025, on the sidelines of the 47th ASEAN Summit at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord (officially the Joint Declaration by the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand on the Outcomes of Their Meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) was a peace agreement signed on 26 October 2025, on the sidelines of the 47th ASEAN Summit at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord (officially the Joint Declaration by the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand on the Outcomes of Their Meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) was a peace agreement signed on 26 October 2025, on the sidelines of the 47th ASEAN Summit at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q16139757", "label": "Anutin Charnvirakul", "section": "lead", "says": "In the declaration, Cambodian prime minister Hun Manet and Thai prime minister Anutin Charnvirakul affirmed their \"unwavering commitment to peace and security between our two countries\" and reiterated a pledge to \"refrain from the threat or use of force, and to seek peaceful settlement of disputes.\"\nThe accord also outlined several concrete measures aimed at stabilizing the Cambodia–Thailand borde"}, {"id": "Q299574", "label": "Anwar Ibrahim", "section": "lead", "says": "The declaration was witnessed by Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim and United States president Donald Trump, underscoring regional and international support for the agreement."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The declaration was witnessed by Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim and United States president Donald Trump, underscoring regional and international support for the agreement."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "The declaration was witnessed by Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim and United States president Donald Trump, underscoring regional and international support for the agreement."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord marked a critical step toward de-escalating the border crisis and promoting long-term peace and stability between Thailand and Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q311440", "label": "António Guterres", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Nations secretary-general, António Guterres, welcomed the ceasefire and later commended ASEAN's ongoing mediation efforts to maintain peace and stability in the border region."}], "Q1368278": [{"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maychew (Italian: Mai Ceu) was the last major battle fought on the northern front during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle consisted of a failed counterattack by the Ethiopian forces under Emperor Haile Selassie making frontal assaults against prepared Italian defensive positions under the command of Marshal Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle consisted of a failed counterattack by the Ethiopian forces under Emperor Haile Selassie making frontal assaults against prepared Italian defensive positions under the command of Marshal Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought near Maychew (Mai Ceu), Ethiopia, in the modern region of Tigray."}, {"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "Background", "says": "He arrived forty years to the day from the decisive Ethiopian victory at Adwa during the First Italo-Ethiopian War."}], "Q137649289": [{"id": "Q705373", "label": "Third Taiwan Strait Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The drills involved live-fire drills, air sorties, naval deployments, and ballistic missile launches by the People's Liberation Army (PLA), marking China's biggest escalation in the region since the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1996."}, {"id": "Q473239", "label": "Mike Pompeo", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 January 2021, the US State Department under Mike Pompeo announced that it was Lifting Self-Imposed Restrictions on the U.S.-Taiwan Relationship, drawing protest from the PRC."}, {"id": "Q941013", "label": "Lloyd J. Austin III", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin responded by condemning China's \"provocative, destabilising\" military activity near Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "Background", "says": "The week before Nancy Pelosi's visit, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping warned U.S."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "Background", "says": "President Joe Biden in a phone call that Washington should abide by the One China principle and that \"those who play with fire will perish by it\"."}], "Q137806280": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Organized in response to the Greenland crisis caused by United States president Donald Trump's threats to annex Greenland, they represent the largest protests ever held in Greenland."}], "Q138025": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Veprik took place on 3–18 January 1709 during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War near the Ukrainian city of Veprik."}], "Q138750837": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 March 2026, the United States began an aerial campaign against Iranian targets to reopen the Strait of Hormuz following its closure by Iran in response to the attacks by the United States and Israel."}, {"id": "Q5933752", "label": "Masoud Pezeshkian", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 June, Trump and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian signed the memorandum of understanding to end the war, with Trump signing it during dinner with French President Emmanuel Macron at the Palace of Versailles following the G7 summit."}, {"id": "Q3052772", "label": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 June, Trump and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian signed the memorandum of understanding to end the war, with Trump signing it during dinner with French President Emmanuel Macron at the Palace of Versailles following the G7 summit."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 June, primary mediator Pakistan announced that the US-Iran memorandum of understanding aimed at ending the war implies Tehran will promptly reopen the Hormuz Strait and that the American blockade of Iranian ports will cease immediately."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "Background", "says": "The Iran war began on 28 February 2026 after the United States and Israel conducted airstrikes on various Iranian military targets, which included the assassination of Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the closure, United States President Donald Trump said that 12 March the U.S."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The following day, several U.S.-aligned NATO countries rejected Trump's request, including Germany, Spain, Italy, Estonia, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Korea, and Japan, as well as the European Union."}, {"id": "Q893758", "label": "Boris Pistorius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius said \"this is not our war, we have not started it.\" Trump rebuked his NATO allies, calling their decision a \"very foolish mistake\" and said that the United States does \"not need the help of anyone\" in the war."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Trump later lambasted NATO, calling them \"cowards,\" stating that \"without the U.S.A., NATO is a paper tiger.\"\nOn 18 March, the United Arab Emirates declared its willingness to join a U.S.-led military effort to secure the Strait of Hormuz."}], "Q139659851": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Project Freedom is a United States military operation launched on 4 May 2026 to escort merchant ships, in response to Iranian attacks on shipping in the Strait of Hormuz."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background and preparation", "says": "In April 2026, President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. military destroyed 158 Iranian naval vessels, asserting the Iranian navy was \"annihilated\" and lying at the bottom of the sea."}], "Q1411096": [{"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of California, also known as the Conquest of Alta California or the California Campaign, was a military campaign during the Mexican–American War carried out by the United States in Alta California (modern-day California), then part of Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1847, and ending with signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga by military leaders from both the Californios and Americans."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of California, also known as the Conquest of Alta California or the California Campaign, was a military campaign during the Mexican–American War carried out by the United States in Alta California (modern-day California), then part of Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1847, and ending with signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga by military leaders from both the Californios and Americans."}, {"id": "Q2805651", "label": "Treaty of Cahuenga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of California, also known as the Conquest of Alta California or the California Campaign, was a military campaign during the Mexican–American War carried out by the United States in Alta California (modern-day California), then part of Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1847, and ending with signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga by military leaders from both the Californios and Americans."}, {"id": "Q17557", "label": "California Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "There they formed the California Republic, created the \"Bear Flag\", and raised it over Sonoma."}], "Q1416369": [{"id": "Q2140288", "label": "Battle of Williamsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crysler's Farm, also known as the Battle of Crysler's Field, or the Battle of Williamsburg, was fought on 11 November 1813, during the War of 1812, in the British province of Upper Canada."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crysler's Farm, also known as the Battle of Crysler's Field, or the Battle of Williamsburg, was fought on 11 November 1813, during the War of 1812, in the British province of Upper Canada."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Crysler's Farm, also known as the Battle of Crysler's Field, or the Battle of Williamsburg, was fought on 11 November 1813, during the War of 1812, in the British province of Upper Canada."}], "Q1417580": [{"id": "Q651919", "label": "Battle of Culloden", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion later ended at the Battle of Culloden in April."}, {"id": "Q348025", "label": "Lord George Murray", "section": "Background", "says": "Lord George Murray and the first column marched on Falkirk and turned north towards Stirling, leaving a cavalry detachment under Lord Elcho at Linlithgow to patrol the Edinburgh road."}, {"id": "Q312581", "label": "Charles Edward Stuart", "section": "Background", "says": "The second passed through Kilsyth, en route to Bannockburn, where Charles Edward Stuart established his headquarters at Bannockburn House, owned by the Jacobite Sir Hugh Paterson."}], "Q1426037": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cheat Mountain, also known as the Battle of Cheat Summit Fort, took place from September 12 to 15, 1861, in Pocahontas County and Randolph County, Virginia (now West Virginia) as part of the Western Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q541708", "label": "William Rosecrans", "section": "Background", "says": "William Rosecrans in command of western Virginia."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "Lee was sent to western Virginia by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to coordinate the various Confederate forces in the region and regain lost Confederate territory."}], "Q1431266": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint Kitts, also known as the Battle of Frigate Bay, was fought between 25 and 26 January 1782 during the American Revolutionary War between a British fleet under Rear-Admiral of the Blue Sir Samuel Hood and a larger French fleet under François Joseph Paul de Grasse."}, {"id": "Q197627", "label": "François Joseph Paul de Grasse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saint Kitts, also known as the Battle of Frigate Bay, was fought between 25 and 26 January 1782 during the American Revolutionary War between a British fleet under Rear-Admiral of the Blue Sir Samuel Hood and a larger French fleet under François Joseph Paul de Grasse."}, {"id": "Q1419459", "label": "Battle of the Chesapeake", "section": "Background", "says": "When Rear-Admiral of the Blue Sir Samuel Hood returned to the West Indies in late 1781 after the Battle of the Chesapeake, he was for a time in independent command owing to Admiral of the White Sir George Rodney's absence in England."}, {"id": "Q763", "label": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "section": "Background", "says": "The French admiral, François Joseph Paul de Grasse, attacked the British islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis with 7,000 troops and 50 warships, including the 110-gun Ville de Paris."}], "Q1434879": [{"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Als (Danish: Slaget om Als; German: Übergang nach Alsen) was fought on 29 June 1864 during the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and Prussia."}, {"id": "Q69748", "label": "Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last major engagement of the war, as the Prussians under General Herwarth von Bittenfeld secured the island of Als – occupied by 9,000 Danish troops, including the garrison of Dybbøl which had retreated there – in a night attack masterminded by the Chief of Staff (later Field Marshal) Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal."}, {"id": "Q695107", "label": "Battle of Dybbøl", "section": "Background", "says": "Eventually, the inevitable collapse of the negotiations was due to the defeat at the Battle of Dybbøl on April 18."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chancellor Otto von Bismarck decided that Als would be conquered first."}], "Q1441": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wanfried Agreement (German: Wanfrieder Abkommen) concerned a transfer of territory between the U.S. and Soviet occupation zones after World War II in Hesse, Germany, which took place after the determination of the main inner German border at the end of July 1945."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Army, signed the Wanfried agreement for the United States, while Red Army Major General Vasily S."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Askalepov signed for the Soviet Union."}], "Q1442668": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Campaign of the Main (in German: Mainfeldzug) was a campaign of the Prussian Army in the area of the River Main against the allies of Austria in southern Germany during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}, {"id": "Q61548", "label": "Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria", "section": "Reasons for the Prussian victory", "says": "Formally Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria, the commander of the VIIth corps, was supreme commander of all the federal troops, but Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine, the chief of the VIIIth corps, also received orders from the Federal Convention (Bundestag) in Frankfurt and the governments of the states which had sent troops."}], "Q1446460": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Køge Bay, also known to as the Second Battle of Køge Bay, was an indecisive battle that took place on 4 October 1710 during the Great Northern War in Køge Bay, just south of Copenhagen."}], "Q14490866": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "It is alleged that a previous nuclear weapons program undertaken since 1967 was forced to stop in 1977 under the pressure of United States and IAEA, but was followed by another hidden agenda."}], "Q14523591": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war, also known as the Jordanian-Syrian border conflict, were a series of violent incidents took place on the arid 379 km (235 mi) Jordan–Syria border over the course of the Syrian Civil War."}], "Q14566201": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Despite local skirmishes and battles along the Ottoman border with Croatia, Hungary and Transylvania at the beginning of the 1660s, there was a period of unstable and insecure (tacit assumption) temporary peace between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q1459058": [{"id": "Q2718416", "label": "Hugh Roe O'Donnell", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Curlew Pass was fought on 15 August 1599 during the campaign of the Earl of Essex in the Nine Years' War, between an English force under Sir Conyers Clifford and a rebel Irish force led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell."}], "Q1468732": [{"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vyšehrad was a series of engagements at the start of the Hussite War between Hussite forces and Catholic crusaders sent by King Sigismund."}], "Q14941448": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maaloula took place during the Syrian Civil War fought in September 2013, when rebel forces attacked the town of Maaloula, a Christian majority town in which the population speaks mainly Western Neo-Aramaic."}], "Q14945817": [{"id": "Q57692", "label": "Victor Ponta", "section": "lead", "says": "The summer of 2012 was marked by a large-scale political crisis, fed by accusations of plagiarism to PSD-backed Prime Minister Victor Ponta and culminating with the suspension of President Traian Băsescu."}, {"id": "Q57279", "label": "Traian Băsescu", "section": "lead", "says": "The summer of 2012 was marked by a large-scale political crisis, fed by accusations of plagiarism to PSD-backed Prime Minister Victor Ponta and culminating with the suspension of President Traian Băsescu."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethnic Hungarians started a series of protests for the autonomy of Szeklerland, while the unionist movements (Action 2012) demanded the unification of Moldova and Romania, both in Romania and over the Prut."}], "Q1497904": [{"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Haynau was fought on 26 May 1813, between Prussian cavalry under the command of General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and a French infantry division under the command of General Nicolas Joseph Maison."}, {"id": "Q704188", "label": "Nicolas Joseph Maison", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Haynau was fought on 26 May 1813, between Prussian cavalry under the command of General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and a French infantry division under the command of General Nicolas Joseph Maison."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After their defeat at the Battle of Bautzen (20–21 May), the allies broke off the action at their own time and retired in such good order that Napoleon failed to capture a single trophy as proof of his victory."}], "Q1497929": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schweinschädel (Czech: Bitva u Svinišťan) took place during the Austro-Prussian War between Prussia and Austria on 29 June 1866."}], "Q15089393": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 701 BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Sennacherib launched a military campaign to re-conquer the Levant, which had fallen out of Assyrian hands due to a localized rebellion following the death of Sennacherib's predecessor Sargon II in 705 BCE."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 701 BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Sennacherib launched a military campaign to re-conquer the Levant, which had fallen out of Assyrian hands due to a localized rebellion following the death of Sennacherib's predecessor Sargon II in 705 BCE."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "Assyrian armies also invaded the Kingdom of Judah, which had participated in the rebellion under Hezekiah after being encouraged by the Egyptians."}, {"id": "Q244912", "label": "Hezekiah", "section": "lead", "says": "Assyrian armies also invaded the Kingdom of Judah, which had participated in the rebellion under Hezekiah after being encouraged by the Egyptians."}], "Q1518797": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Karez was a military operation between May 13–23, 2008 involving Norwegian and German ISAF and Afghan  government forces against the Taliban as part of the war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the tactical victory by the ISAF forces in Operation Harekate Yolo in October–November 2007, the Taliban insurgents fled to the mountainous border regions of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan."}], "Q1519185": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Hastings was an American military operation in the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 July, troops of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 1st Division captured a PAVN soldier near the Rockpile who identified himself as being from the 812th Regiment of the 324B Division and advised that the other regiments of the division had also moved into South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q298793", "label": "William Westmoreland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Walt passed on this recommendation to COMUSMACV, General William Westmoreland, who gave his approval."}], "Q15197080": [{"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arzobispo on 8 August 1809 saw two Imperial French corps commanded by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult launch an assault crossing of the Tagus River against a Spanish force under José María de la Cueva, 14th Duke of Alburquerque."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, part of a larger conflict known as the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, part of a larger conflict known as the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q169023", "label": "Battle of Talavera", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talavera in late July 1809 saw a victory by Arthur Wellesley's British army and Gregorio García de la Cuesta's Spanish army over the Imperial French army of King Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Talavera in late July 1809 saw a victory by Arthur Wellesley's British army and Gregorio García de la Cuesta's Spanish army over the Imperial French army of King Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Within a few days, Wellesley discovered that Soult's large French army was attempting to cut off his army from Portugal."}, {"id": "Q29031", "label": "Charles Oman", "section": "Background", "says": "As historian Charles Oman wrote, \"Soult's best chance was gone before he was even aware of it.\"\nWorried about his supply line to Portugal, Wellesley ordered Craufurd to march west with his own brigade and General Rufane Donkin's brigade to cover the Almaraz crossing."}], "Q15211574": [{"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aksumite–Persian wars were a series of pre-Islamic battles that took place in the 6th century, when the Kingdom of Aksum and the Sasanian Empire fought for control over South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aksumite–Persian wars were a series of pre-Islamic battles that took place in the 6th century, when the Kingdom of Aksum and the Sasanian Empire fought for control over South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q192124", "label": "Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the major sources for the Aksumite-Persian wars is the History of the Prophets and Kings by Al-Tabari."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to this source, in the 520s, the Kingdom of Aksum in Ethiopia would invade and conquer South Arabia in response to the persecution of the Christian community of Najran."}, {"id": "Q252170", "label": "Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan", "section": "lead", "says": "By 570, the subjugated Himyarite king Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan sought to end Aksum's hegemony in the region and, after being rejected by the Byzantine Empire, turned to the Persians for military aid."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By 570, the subjugated Himyarite king Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan sought to end Aksum's hegemony in the region and, after being rejected by the Byzantine Empire, turned to the Persians for military aid."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian king Khosrow I agreed upon the stipulation that Himyarite territory would be annexed by the Sasanian Empire in the event of an Aksumite defeat."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the Persian army entered South Arabia and secured decisive victories in the Battle of Hadhramaut and then in the Siege of Sanaa, following which the Aksumites were largely expelled from the Arabian Peninsula, excluding Najran."}, {"id": "Q2320020", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian army general Wahrez was appointed as Yemen's governor, ensuring the suppression of regional pro-Byzantine influence amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591."}], "Q152158": [{"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Ulysses Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen."}, {"id": "Q257497", "label": "Jubal Early", "section": "lead", "says": "Jubal Early."}, {"id": "Q497797", "label": "Battle of Cold Harbor", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the Union army resumed its moves to the southeast and the Battle of Cold Harbor."}, {"id": "Q601317", "label": "Battle of North Anna", "section": "Background", "says": "After Grant's army escaped from the trap that Lee had set for it at the Battle of North Anna, it began to move again around the right flank of Lee's army, in a continuation of the maneuvering that had characterized the campaign throughout May 1864."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "He wrote to President Davis, \"If General Grant advances tomorrow I will engage him with my present force.\" (On May 30, appeals to Confederate President Jefferson Davis caused Beauregard to relent and send 7,000 men, the division of Maj."}], "Q15220605": [{"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Elisabeth (Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie; German: [eˈliːzaˌbɛt aˈmaːliə ɔʏˈɡeːniə]; 24 December 1837 – 10 September 1898), nicknamed Sisi, was Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary from her marriage to Franz Joseph I on 24 April 1854 until her assassination in 1898."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "Elisabeth was born into the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach but enjoyed an informal upbringing before marrying her first cousin, Emperor Franz Joseph I, at 16."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "She came to develop a deep kinship with Hungary and helped to bring about the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867."}], "Q15224206": [{"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ghazni was fought in March 998 AD between the rival Ghaznavid forces of Amir Ismail and those of his elder brother Mahmud of Ghazni."}, {"id": "Q32853", "label": "Sabuktigin", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 997 AD, Sabuktigin died on his way from Balkh to Ghazni."}], "Q15253897": [{"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 December 1918, four days after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the National Guards (an armed force of the National Council of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs) and Sokol volunteers suppressed a protest and engaged in an armed clash against the soldiers of the 25th Regiment of the Royal Croatian Home Guard and the 53rd Regiment of the former Austro-Hungari"}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 December 1918, four days after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the National Guards (an armed force of the National Council of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs) and Sokol volunteers suppressed a protest and engaged in an armed clash against the soldiers of the 25th Regiment of the Royal Croatian Home Guard and the 53rd Regiment of the former Austro-Hungari"}, {"id": "Q211827", "label": "Peter I of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "Reasons for the protest and the conflict are not very well documented, but the soldiers who marched down Ilica Street from the Rudolf barracks towards the central city square shouted slogans against the King Peter I of Serbia and in support of republicanism and the Croatian People's Peasant Party leader Stjepan Radić."}, {"id": "Q347471", "label": "Stjepan Radić", "section": "lead", "says": "Reasons for the protest and the conflict are not very well documented, but the soldiers who marched down Ilica Street from the Rudolf barracks towards the central city square shouted slogans against the King Peter I of Serbia and in support of republicanism and the Croatian People's Peasant Party leader Stjepan Radić."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Thus the \"culture of defeat\" contributed to the rise of Ustaše as far-right paramilitaries and later Nazi collaborators during the World War II occupation of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Thus the \"culture of defeat\" contributed to the rise of Ustaše as far-right paramilitaries and later Nazi collaborators during the World War II occupation of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The National Council established the National Guard on 27 October 1918 in preparation for the Croatian Sabor meeting that declared secession from Austria-Hungary two days later."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Nonetheless, many soldiers based in Zagreb supported a republic; republican ideas spread under the influence of Radić and returnees from Russia in the aftermath of the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q219017", "label": "Dušan Simović", "section": "Background", "says": "In November, Lieutenant Colonel Dušan Simović was assigned to Zagreb as the envoy of the Serbian Army, and the 3rd Battalion of the 7th Regiment of the Serbian Army arrived in Zagreb by the end of the month."}, {"id": "Q2370272", "label": "Unification Act", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 3 December, the National Council promulgated the Unification Act."}], "Q1527286": [{"id": "Q193901", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nocera or Scafati was the first major battle of Roger II of Sicily, and the first of his two major defeats, (the other being the Battle of Rignano) at the hands of Count Ranulf of Alife."}, {"id": "Q1527386", "label": "Battle of Rignano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nocera or Scafati was the first major battle of Roger II of Sicily, and the first of his two major defeats, (the other being the Battle of Rignano) at the hands of Count Ranulf of Alife."}, {"id": "Q333306", "label": "Robert II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1132, the disaffected Ranulf had gathered a large force with his ally, the prince of Capua, Robert II."}], "Q15277687": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, which formed part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the Peninsular War, which formed part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q353907", "label": "Jean-Andoche Junot", "section": "Background", "says": "With most of Aragon's defenders wiped out, the French III Corps under General of Division Jean-Andoche Junot and V Corps under Marshal Édouard Mortier rapidly conquered the Ebro River valley."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Emperor Napoleon issued orders on 5 April for the V Corps to withdraw to Tudela."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Fifth Coalition was about to start and the emperor knew he might need Mortier's troops to reinforce his army in Germany."}], "Q15293256": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the second riot in post-independence Singapore, and the first in 44 years since the 1969 race riots."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "Background", "says": "The subzone of Little India is a common and popular congregation area for South Asian migrant workers hailing from countries such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal."}], "Q15303740": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cacabelos was fought on 3 January 1809 during the Peninsular War at the bridge just outside the village of Cacabelos, Province of León, Spain, as British forces under Sir John Moore making their retreat to A Coruña."}, {"id": "Q4870654", "label": "Battle of Cardadeu", "section": "Background", "says": "The Corunna campaign started with the Battle of Cardedeu."}], "Q1532629": [{"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Braga or Battle of Póvoa de Lanhoso or Battle of Carvalho d'Este (20 March 1809) saw an Imperial French corps led by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult attack a Portuguese army commanded by Baron Eben."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The action was part of the second invasion of Portugal, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action was part of the second invasion of Portugal, during the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q708088", "label": "Battle of Corunna", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Corunna and the British evacuation of northwest Spain, Soult turned his attention to the invasion of Portugal."}], "Q1537392": [{"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "It confirmed the earlier treaties signed at Versailles in 1756 and 1757 but revoked the 1757 treaty's agreement to create an independent state in the Austrian Netherlands, ruled by Philip, Duke of Parma; the region remained under Austrian rule."}, {"id": "Q223293", "label": "Filippo I, Duke of Parma", "section": "lead", "says": "It confirmed the earlier treaties signed at Versailles in 1756 and 1757 but revoked the 1757 treaty's agreement to create an independent state in the Austrian Netherlands, ruled by Philip, Duke of Parma; the region remained under Austrian rule."}], "Q1546544": [{"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Some writers, however, have speculated that the Peach War was orchestrated by the Susquehannock in response to the Dutch conquest of New Sweden."}, {"id": "Q1377132", "label": "Kieft's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The relationship between the Dutch and the Munsee was often strained particularly in the aftermath of Kieft's War."}, {"id": "Q161536", "label": "Peter Stuyvesant", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1655, the Dutch West India Company ordered Director-General Peter Stuyvesant to conquer the colony of New Sweden."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "Background", "says": "New Sweden had been established on the Delaware River in 1638 in territory claimed by the Dutch and had developed a close trading relationship with the Susquehannock who inhabited the lower Susquehanna River valley."}], "Q15489392": [{"id": "Q367042", "label": "Lazare Hoche", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Wissembourg from 26 December 1793 to 29 December 1793 saw an army of the First French Republic under General Lazare Hoche fight a series of clashes against an army of Austrians, Prussians, Bavarians, and Hessians led by two generals, namely, the Austrian Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and the Prussian Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Wissembourg from 26 December 1793 to 29 December 1793 saw an army of the First French Republic under General Lazare Hoche fight a series of clashes against an army of Austrians, Prussians, Bavarians, and Hessians led by two generals, namely, the Austrian Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and the Prussian Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel."}, {"id": "Q78691", "label": "Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Wissembourg from 26 December 1793 to 29 December 1793 saw an army of the First French Republic under General Lazare Hoche fight a series of clashes against an army of Austrians, Prussians, Bavarians, and Hessians led by two generals, namely, the Austrian Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and the Prussian Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel."}, {"id": "Q58773", "label": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Wissembourg from 26 December 1793 to 29 December 1793 saw an army of the First French Republic under General Lazare Hoche fight a series of clashes against an army of Austrians, Prussians, Bavarians, and Hessians led by two generals, namely, the Austrian Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and the Prussian Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition phase of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition phase of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q5452548", "label": "First Battle of Wissembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "During the First Battle of Wissembourg on 13 October 1793, the Lines of Weissenburg, defended by the French Army of the Rhine, were stormed by an Austrian-Allied army under Wurmser."}, {"id": "Q73253", "label": "Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth", "section": "Background", "says": "That same day, Prussian General Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth with 13,000 troops defeated Hoche's 20,000 men at Biesingen."}, {"id": "Q386601", "label": "Battle of Kaiserslautern", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Kaiserslautern followed on 28 to 30 November 1793 when Hoche with 29,115 infantry, 5,046 cavalry, and 52 guns engaged Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel with 26,000 Prussians and Saxons."}], "Q15529576": [{"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "lead", "says": "Popular demonstrations in Phnom Penh took place against the government of Prime Minister Hun Sen, triggered by widespread allegations of electoral fraud during the 2013 general election."}, {"id": "Q158772", "label": "Vincent Auriol", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, in 1949, French President Vincent Auriol confirmed Mekong Delta to be part of Vietnam, and this was the source for eventual tensions."}, {"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "Background", "says": "This led to eventual hostility launched by Lon Nol and Pol Pot, with the latter being the most severe one due to his open hatred on Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "Background", "says": "This led to eventual hostility launched by Lon Nol and Pol Pot, with the latter being the most severe one due to his open hatred on Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Background", "says": "Khmer Krom nationalists also sought to free Mekong Delta from Vietnamese influence, complicated with the ongoing Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of South Vietnam at 1975, the communist movements in both two countries dominated political affairs, but the Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese communists became increasingly hostile to each other, leading to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in which Vietnam occupied Cambodia for ten years."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of South Vietnam at 1975, the communist movements in both two countries dominated political affairs, but the Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese communists became increasingly hostile to each other, leading to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in which Vietnam occupied Cambodia for ten years."}, {"id": "Q635533", "label": "Cambodian–Vietnamese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of South Vietnam at 1975, the communist movements in both two countries dominated political affairs, but the Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese communists became increasingly hostile to each other, leading to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in which Vietnam occupied Cambodia for ten years."}], "Q1553256": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict came to an end after a military and diplomatic intervention by the United States resulted in the Pact of Espino Negro, which began the Peace of Tipitapa."}, {"id": "Q213746", "label": "Augusto César Sandino", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the civil war came to an end, one Liberal general, Augusto César Sandino, refused to lay down his arms and waged the Sandino Rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and the US Marine Corps until 1933."}], "Q1559103": [{"id": "Q284667", "label": "Electorate of Mainz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mainz Diocesan Feud (German: Mainzer Erzstiftsfehde), also known as the Baden-Palatine War (Badisch-Pfälzischer Krieg), took place in 1461–1462 and was a small-scale war for the throne of the Electorate of Mainz."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Pius II thus sought his replacement by Adolph of Nassau who had been defeated in the 1459 election."}], "Q15643653": [{"id": "Q17500081", "label": "Ganden Phodrang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war of 1679–1684 was fought between the Central Tibetan Ganden Phodrang government, with the assistance of Oirat Mongolian Khoshut Khanate and the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh with assistance from the Mughal Empire in Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war of 1679–1684 was fought between the Central Tibetan Ganden Phodrang government, with the assistance of Oirat Mongolian Khoshut Khanate and the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh with assistance from the Mughal Empire in Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war of 1679–1684 was fought between the Central Tibetan Ganden Phodrang government, with the assistance of Oirat Mongolian Khoshut Khanate and the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh with assistance from the Mughal Empire in Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tibetans decided to punish Ladakh for interfering in their relations with Bhutan and the oppression of Gelug monasteries in Ladakh."}], "Q1567243": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 (sometimes called the Rodd Treaty) was an agreement signed between the British and Ethiopian Empire, negotiated between diplomat Sir Rennell Rodd and Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 (sometimes called the Rodd Treaty) was an agreement signed between the British and Ethiopian Empire, negotiated between diplomat Sir Rennell Rodd and Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethiopia's legal claim to the Ogaden going into the 20th century rested on the treaty, which was rejected by the Somali Republic when it gained independence in 1960."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the threat of Menelik's expansions, many clans in what became the protectorate of British Somaliland accepted British protection."}, {"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "Background", "says": "In exchange for commercial privileges for British merchants in Ethiopia and the neutrality of Menelik II in the Mahdist War, the British signed a major agreement ceding large parts of Somali lands to Ethiopia, despite being a legal breach of the legal obligation made by the protectorate."}, {"id": "Q302519", "label": "Battle of Adwa", "section": "Background", "says": "This treaty was one of several concerning the borders of Ethiopia which were negotiated and signed in the ten years that followed the Ethiopian victory at the Battle of Adwa."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Clifford explains that \"negotiations to this end proceeded slowly but on the whole surely, and at the end of 1930 reached the stage of definite preparations; but the Boundary Commission did not actually meet until 8 January 1932, at Berbera.\" Clifford afterwards participated in the subsequent demarcation, which extended from the Italian-British boundary demarcated in 1929–1930 at 9°N 44°E, west to"}], "Q1574076": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Newburgh Conspiracy was a failed apparent threat by leaders of the Continental Army in March 1783, at the end of the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army's commander, George Washington, successfully calmed the soldiers and helped secure back pay."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "lead", "says": "The letter was said to have been written by Major John Armstrong, aide to General Horatio Gates, although the authorship and underlying ideas are subjects of historical debate."}, {"id": "Q464876", "label": "Robert Morris", "section": "Background", "says": "Financier Robert Morris had in early 1782 stopped army pay as a cost-saving measure, arguing that when the war finally ended the arrears would be made up."}, {"id": "Q355680", "label": "Henry Knox", "section": "Background", "says": "A number of officers organized under the leadership of General Henry Knox and drafted a memorandum to Congress."}, {"id": "Q817605", "label": "Benjamin Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "It also contained the vague threat that \"any further experiments on their [the army's] patience may have fatal effects.\" The seriousness of the situation was also communicated to Congress by Secretary at War Benjamin Lincoln."}], "Q1582631": [{"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans laid siege to the city of Eger (Turkish: Eğri), that lasted from September 20 to October 12, 1596, as part of the Long War, successfully conquering it after the 7,000 defenders of the fortress, mostly foreign mercenaries, were killed by the Ottoman forces commanded by the Sultan Mehmed III himself, who had arrived with the main Ottoman Army from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q171465", "label": "Mehmed III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans laid siege to the city of Eger (Turkish: Eğri), that lasted from September 20 to October 12, 1596, as part of the Long War, successfully conquering it after the 7,000 defenders of the fortress, mostly foreign mercenaries, were killed by the Ottoman forces commanded by the Sultan Mehmed III himself, who had arrived with the main Ottoman Army from Constantinople."}], "Q1584037": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dawn 2 or Operation Valfajr-2 (Persian: عملیات والفجر 2) was an Iranian operation during the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q15844347": [{"id": "Q191039", "label": "Germanicus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Angrivarian Wall was fought near Porta Westfalica, Germany in 16 AD between the Roman general Germanicus and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius."}, {"id": "Q68880", "label": "Arminius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Angrivarian Wall was fought near Porta Westfalica, Germany in 16 AD between the Roman general Germanicus and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius."}, {"id": "Q630644", "label": "Battle of Idistaviso", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle followed immediately after the Battle of Idistaviso, and was sparked by Germanic outrage over the trophy erected on that prior battlefield by the Romans."}, {"id": "Q87779", "label": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germanic chief, Arminius, had been instrumental in the organising of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, in which three Roman legions moving west to winter quarters were ambushed and annihilated by allied Germanic forces in the deep forests of western Germania."}], "Q15910551": [{"id": "Q1193546", "label": "King Ping of Zhou", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite being the nominal overlord, King Ping of Zhou exchanged hostages with Duke Zhuang in an attempt to secure peace, but this only led to increased mistrust."}], "Q15914063": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aitape–Wewak campaign was one of the final campaigns of the Pacific Theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout 1943 and into 1944, the Allies began a series of offensives in New Guinea and the surrounding area as they sought to reduce the main Japanese base around Rabaul on New Britain, as part of a general advance towards the Philippines that was planned for 1944 and 1945."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout 1943 and into 1944, the Allies began a series of offensives in New Guinea and the surrounding area as they sought to reduce the main Japanese base around Rabaul on New Britain, as part of a general advance towards the Philippines that was planned for 1944 and 1945."}], "Q1591801": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hay–Pauncefote Treaty is a treaty signed by the United States and Great Britain on 18 November 1901, as a legal preliminary to the U.S. building of the Panama Canal."}, {"id": "Q444530", "label": "Clayton–Bulwer Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It nullified the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across the Central American isthmus to connect the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean."}], "Q15977823": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paulet–Newcombe Agreement or Paulet-Newcombe Line, was a 1923 agreement between the British and French governments regarding the position and nature of the boundary between the British Mandates of Palestine and Iraq, on one side and the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon."}], "Q1608324": [{"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "Cause of the conflict", "says": "In 1122, before his acquisition of the title of Landgrave, Count Louis I of Thuringia had married Hedwig of Gudensberg, the female heir of the Hessian comital family of the Gisonen."}], "Q16206566": [{"id": "Q2576016", "label": "Anastasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Amida took place between 502 and 503 during the Anastasian War, when the Sasanian Empire captured the city from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Amida took place between 502 and 503 during the Anastasian War, when the Sasanian Empire captured the city from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Amida took place between 502 and 503 during the Anastasian War, when the Sasanian Empire captured the city from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q173470", "label": "Anastasius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was sparked after the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus refused a loan requested by the Sasanian Shah Kavadh I."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "Background", "says": "In 502, Sasanian King Kavadh I sought funds to repay his debts to the Hephthalites, who had helped restore him to the throne in 498/499."}], "Q16207303": [{"id": "Q221519", "label": "Burma Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sittang Bend and the Japanese Breakout across Pegu Yomas were linked Japanese military operations during the Burma Campaign, which took place nearly at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sittang Bend and the Japanese Breakout across Pegu Yomas were linked Japanese military operations during the Burma Campaign, which took place nearly at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q2404723", "label": "Operation U-Go", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese attempted to forestall them by an invasion of India (Operation U-Go), which led to a great Japanese defeat and other setbacks in Northern Burma."}, {"id": "Q194161", "label": "Aung San", "section": "Background", "says": "By this time the Burmese National Army under Aung San had switched sides (becoming the Burma Patriotic Army) and was hunting down Japanese patrols and foraging parties."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "After the fall of Rangoon, the Fourteenth Army HQ under Slim moved to Ceylon to plan operations to recapture Malaya and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q2246151", "label": "Montagu Stopford", "section": "Background", "says": "A new Twelfth Army headquarters under Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford was formed from XXXIII Corps HQ."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese trapped in the Pegu Yomas prepared a break-out operation to rejoin the Burma Area Army and escape into Thailand with them."}, {"id": "Q712861", "label": "Heitarō Kimura", "section": "Background", "says": "General Heitarō Kimura, the commander of Burma Area Army, ordered the Thirty-Third Army to cover this break-out by a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a brigade."}], "Q16209296": [{"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bor massacre was a massacre of an estimated 5,000 to 20,000 civilians in Bor on November 15, 1991 during the Second Sudanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q444994", "label": "Riek Machar", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre was carried out mostly by Nuer fighters from SPLA-Nasir, led by Riek Machar, and the militant group known as the Nuer White Army, shortly after Machar split off from the SPLA led by John Garang."}, {"id": "Q167444", "label": "John Garang", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre was carried out mostly by Nuer fighters from SPLA-Nasir, led by Riek Machar, and the militant group known as the Nuer White Army, shortly after Machar split off from the SPLA led by John Garang."}], "Q16253672": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kosturino was a World War I battle fought between 6 and 12 December 1915."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 December, Bulgarian troops attacked the French and British-held trenches in Kosturino, at the time part of the Kingdom of Serbia (present-day North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the early offensive was held in check, on 8 December, Bulgaria managed to infiltrate the Memesli ravine."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 28 June 1914, assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers (November 1914), the decisive factor in the Balkans became the attitude of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q740791", "label": "Serbo-Bulgarian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bulgaria and Serbia had fought each other twice in the previous thirty years: in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 and the Second Balkan War of 1913."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bulgaria and Serbia had fought each other twice in the previous thirty years: in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 and the Second Balkan War of 1913."}, {"id": "Q682699", "label": "Battle of Kolubara", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the victory of the Serbian army in the Battle of Kolubara in December 1914, the Serbian front saw a lull until the early autumn of 1915."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Under the command of Field Marshal August von Mackensen, the Austro-Hungarian Balkan Army, the German 11th Army and river flotillas on the Danube and the Sava began an offensive on 6 October 1915, the largest offensive against Serbia."}], "Q1626369": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Stevens was an American Civil War battle fought July 11–12, 1864, in Washington County, D.C. in present-day Northwest Washington, D.C., during the Valley campaigns of 1864 between forces under Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early and Union Major General Alexander McDowell McCook."}, {"id": "Q257497", "label": "Jubal Early", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Stevens was an American Civil War battle fought July 11–12, 1864, in Washington County, D.C. in present-day Northwest Washington, D.C., during the Valley campaigns of 1864 between forces under Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early and Union Major General Alexander McDowell McCook."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln personally observed the battle's fighting."}, {"id": "Q1327790", "label": "Battle of Chickamauga", "section": "Background", "says": "McCook, who had been relieved of command after the 1863 Battle of Chickamauga, was placed in command of the Defenses of the Potomac River & Washington, superseding Christopher Columbus Augur, who commanded the Department of Washington."}], "Q1628304": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman general Julius Caesar would use the Aedui’s entreaties and Ariovistus’ oppression as pretexts for launching his conquest of Gaul."}], "Q1632880": [{"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "2302–2303)) or Alaungpaya's War (Thai: สงครามพระเจ้าอลองพญา) was the military conflict between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and the Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam, in which the Burmese forces under King Alaungpaya of the Konbaung dynasty invaded Siam."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "lead", "says": "2302–2303)) or Alaungpaya's War (Thai: สงครามพระเจ้าอลองพญา) was the military conflict between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and the Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam, in which the Burmese forces under King Alaungpaya of the Konbaung dynasty invaded Siam."}, {"id": "Q1395046", "label": "Hsinbyushin", "section": "lead", "says": "Alaungpaya and his Burmese forces of 40,000 men left Rangoon to invade Siam in late December 1759, with his second son Prince Thiri Damayaza of Myedu (later King Hsinbyushin) and his childhood friend Minkhaung Nawrahta as vanguard commanders."}, {"id": "Q3032996", "label": "Pamheiba", "section": "Background", "says": "Gharib Niwaz the great king of Manipur abdicated in favor of his son Chitsai in 1749 but was exiled by his own son the new king and ended up seeking shelter in Burmese capital of Ava."}, {"id": "Q779323", "label": "Ekkathat", "section": "Causes of the War", "says": "The Siamese king Ekkathat refused Burmese demands, instead prepared for war."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Causes of the War", "says": "Historian Thant Myint-U also points out the Siamese longstanding policy of keeping \"a buffer against their aged-old enemies the Burmese\" has extended down to the modern era where families of insurgent Burmese leaders are allowed to live in Thailand, and insurgent armies are free to buy arms, ammunition, and other supplies."}], "Q1635922": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Tobago were two naval battles between the French Navy and the Dutch States Navy during the Franco-Dutch War in 1677."}], "Q1648086": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nootka Sound Conventions were a series of three agreements between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Great Britain, signed in the 1790s, which averted a war between the two countries over overlapping claims to portions of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nootka Sound Conventions were a series of three agreements between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Great Britain, signed in the 1790s, which averted a war between the two countries over overlapping claims to portions of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America."}], "Q16529030": [{"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Naples was a siege of the Italian city of Naples in 1528 during the War of the League of Cognac."}], "Q16537278": [{"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1578, Shaybanids which took an advantage of the Ottoman Empire's declaration of war on the Safavid Empire, attacked the Safavids from the east."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat against the Ottoman Empire in the west, the Astrakhanid dynasty, which replaced the Shaybanid dynasty, attacked Khorasan and captured it."}, {"id": "Q353091", "label": "Mohammad Khodabanda", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1587, Shah Mohammad Khodabanda was succeeded by his young son Shah Abbas."}], "Q16543736": [{"id": "Q728342", "label": "Pedro Navarro, Count of Oliveto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of Tripoli was a maritime campaign led by Pedro Navarro which captured the city of Tripoli in North Africa in the name of the Crown of Aragon in 1510."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conquest of Tripoli was a maritime campaign led by Pedro Navarro which captured the city of Tripoli in North Africa in the name of the Crown of Aragon in 1510."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "Navarro was a commander in the service of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, and plans to capture Tripoli began after the King of Tlemcen agreed to pay a tribute to Aragon on 5 June 1510."}], "Q16592086": [{"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tripoli was fought in October 1911, during the initial stages of the Italo-Turkish War, and saw the capture of Tripoli, capital city of Tripolitania (and present-day Libya), by Italian landing forces."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Italy, seeking to conquer Libya from the Ottoman Empire, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 29 September 1911, starting the Italo-Turkish War."}], "Q16630286": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The French First Republic, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, successfully invaded the islands of Malta and Gozo, then ruled by the Knights Hospitaller, in June 1798 as part of the Mediterranean campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The French First Republic, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, successfully invaded the islands of Malta and Gozo, then ruled by the Knights Hospitaller, in June 1798 as part of the Mediterranean campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Order received major setbacks following the French Revolution, and by 1792 there were serious financial difficulties."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "However, it was believed that they were being prepared for an attack on Portugal and Ireland, and Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim did not believe that an attack on Malta was imminent."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "However, it was believed that they were being prepared for an attack on Portugal and Ireland, and Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim did not believe that an attack on Malta was imminent."}], "Q16636394": [{"id": "Q983", "label": "Equatorial Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea was an armed conflict over the control of Spanish Guinea (present-day Equatorial Guinea) during the course of the Spanish Civil War, fought between the republican and nationalist forces between September and October 1936."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea was an armed conflict over the control of Spanish Guinea (present-day Equatorial Guinea) during the course of the Spanish Civil War, fought between the republican and nationalist forces between September and October 1936."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Empire established the colony of Spanish Guinea in 1778, in the aftermath of the Treaty of El Pardo, between the former and the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Empire established the colony of Spanish Guinea in 1778, in the aftermath of the Treaty of El Pardo, between the former and the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish Empire established the colony of Spanish Guinea in 1778, in the aftermath of the Treaty of El Pardo, between the former and the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "Background", "says": "Its disastrous defeat in the Spanish–American War of 1898, further reduced its colonial possessions, while simultaneously increasing Spanish Guinea's importance as an overseas territory."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, colonial policies shifted towards increasing Guinea's economic output."}, {"id": "Q539845", "label": "José Calvo Sotelo", "section": "Background", "says": "On 13 July 1936, Spanish nationalist legislator José Calvo Sotelo was assassinated in Madrid by Guardia de Asalto members, setting a nationalist coup in motion four days later."}], "Q16639048": [{"id": "Q155385", "label": "Étienne Gnassingbé Eyadéma", "section": "lead", "says": "The leader of the coup, Lieutenant Colonel Étienne Eyadéma (later General Gnassingbé Eyadéma) ousted Togo's second President, Nicolas Grunitzky, whom he essentially brought to power following the 1963 coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q561303", "label": "Nicolas Grunitzky", "section": "lead", "says": "The leader of the coup, Lieutenant Colonel Étienne Eyadéma (later General Gnassingbé Eyadéma) ousted Togo's second President, Nicolas Grunitzky, whom he essentially brought to power following the 1963 coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q540954", "label": "Kléber Dadjo", "section": "lead", "says": "Colonel Kléber Dadjo was named interim President of Togo (as Chairman of the National Reconciliation Committee), a position that he held until 14 April 1967, when Eyadéma assumed the presidency."}], "Q16674509": [{"id": "Q346658", "label": "Arturo Frondizi", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1962, President Arturo Frondizi was forced to step down as a result of Peronist electoral victories in local elections, and was replaced by José María Guido who reinstituted the ban on openly Peronist candidates."}, {"id": "Q470971", "label": "José María Guido", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1962, President Arturo Frondizi was forced to step down as a result of Peronist electoral victories in local elections, and was replaced by José María Guido who reinstituted the ban on openly Peronist candidates."}, {"id": "Q365326", "label": "Juan Carlos Onganía", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Azules faction, led by Army General Juan Carlos Onganía, agreed to hold presidential elections in 1963 that permitted former-Peronist candidates."}], "Q1669192": [{"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the Argead kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of less than 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the Argead kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of less than 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the Argead kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of less than 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king."}, {"id": "Q808052", "label": "Bardylis", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip II also fought against the Illyrian king Bardylis, who threatened Macedonia proper, and against Grabos II and Pleuratus in Illyria (centred in modern-day Albania)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In his newly conquered territories, he founded new cities such as Philippi (modern Filippoi, Greece), Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Herakleia Sintike (modern Rupite, Bulgaria), and Herakleia Lynkestis (modern Bitola, North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "In his newly conquered territories, he founded new cities such as Philippi (modern Filippoi, Greece), Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Herakleia Sintike (modern Rupite, Bulgaria), and Herakleia Lynkestis (modern Bitola, North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q1249270", "label": "Third Sacred War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the defence of the Amphictyonic League of Delphi and in conjunction with the Thessalian League, Macedonia became a key player in the Third Sacred War (356–346 BC), defeating the Phocians, commanded by Onomarchus, at the Battle of Crocus Field in 352 BC."}, {"id": "Q1887681", "label": "Battle of Crocus Field", "section": "lead", "says": "In the defence of the Amphictyonic League of Delphi and in conjunction with the Thessalian League, Macedonia became a key player in the Third Sacred War (356–346 BC), defeating the Phocians, commanded by Onomarchus, at the Battle of Crocus Field in 352 BC."}, {"id": "Q1456419", "label": "Peace of Philocrates", "section": "lead", "says": "While poised to launch a direct assault on Athens in 346 BC, the Macedonian king was met with an Athenian embassy that arranged the Peace of Philocrates."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 360 BC, the Macedonian army under Perdiccas III had been defeated in battle by the Illyrians; Perdiccas and 4,000 troops had been killed."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "Background", "says": "The Illyrians prepared to invade Macedon; meanwhile, the Paionians were ravaging Macedonian territory, the Thracians were preparing to invade in support of the pretender Pausanias, as were the Athenians, in support of a different pretender, Argeus."}, {"id": "Q175811", "label": "Amyntas IV of Macedon", "section": "Background", "says": "The nominal heir of Perdiccas, his son Amyntas IV, was at this time still an infant."}], "Q16694946": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the winter of 1942/43, the Red Army launched several large offensives on the southern part of the Eastern Front in the wake of the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the winter of 1942/43, the Red Army launched several large offensives on the southern part of the Eastern Front in the wake of the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q40482", "label": "Konstantin Rokossovsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In late December, at the same time as the German 6th Army was increasingly enclosed in Stalingrad by the troops of Konstantin Rokossovsky, the troops of the Southwestern Front defeated the Italian 8th Army as part of the Operation Little Saturn and reached the line Novaya Kalitwa – Markovka – Volozhin – Chernikovsky."}, {"id": "Q52315", "label": "Operation Little Saturn", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In late December, at the same time as the German 6th Army was increasingly enclosed in Stalingrad by the troops of Konstantin Rokossovsky, the troops of the Southwestern Front defeated the Italian 8th Army as part of the Operation Little Saturn and reached the line Novaya Kalitwa – Markovka – Volozhin – Chernikovsky."}], "Q16724471": [{"id": "Q779011", "label": "Principality of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) was a war between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire that took place between 1861 and 1862."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) was a war between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire that took place between 1861 and 1862."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended and Montenegro had to acknowledge Ottoman suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q560045", "label": "Ömer Lütfi Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman forces under Omar Pasha were first defeated but eventually prevailed."}], "Q1674550": [{"id": "Q7903544", "label": "Uukwanyama", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Cunene took place between Portuguese colonial forces and Ovambo warriors from Oukwanyama and Cuamato in modern-day Angola on 25 September 1904."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "After having subdued the Nkhumbi people, Portuguese troops advanced from Huila southward into territories which were just claimed by Portugal but not yet under control."}], "Q16822633": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spahan was fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire in 642."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spahan was fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire in 642."}], "Q16822637": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Battle of Karksi (also known as  Battle of Karkus) was fought during the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden on 29 October 1600."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Battle of Karksi (also known as  Battle of Karkus) was fought during the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden on 29 October 1600."}], "Q16849746": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "PJAK has been designated as a terrorist organization by Iran, Japan, Turkey, and the United States."}], "Q16851850": [{"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Keelung campaign (August 1884–April 1885) was a military campaign undertaken by French forces in northern Formosa (Taiwan) during the Sino-French War."}, {"id": "Q707594", "label": "Liu Mingchuan", "section": "lead", "says": "Unable to advance beyond their bridgehead, they were invested inside Keelung by superior Chinese forces under the command of the imperial commissioner Liu Mingchuan."}, {"id": "Q482156", "label": "Amédée Courbet", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was criticised at the time by Admiral Amédée Courbet, the commander of the French Far East Squadron, as strategically irrelevant and a wasteful diversion of the French navy."}], "Q16894495": [{"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q705874", "label": "Battle of Mohi", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongols did, however, cross Bulgaria to attack the Latin Empire to its south before withdrawing completely."}, {"id": "Q313427", "label": "Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Serbian king, Stefan Vladislav, had married Beloslava, daughter of Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, in 1234 in an effort to form an anti-Hungarian alliance."}, {"id": "Q481499", "label": "İbn Tanrıverdi", "section": "Background", "says": "This is recorded by Ibn Taghribirdi, a 15th-century writer relying on the lost work of Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad, himself a Syrian writing in exile from Egypt after the Mongol conquest of Syria."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "After the successful campaigns of Tsar Ivan Asen II against the Despotate of Epirus and the Latin Empire, Bulgaria in 1242 was at the zenith of its power."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "It covered all of Moesia and Macedonia and most of Thrace, stretching from the Black Sea to Eastern Albania and from the Lower Danube to the Aegean."}], "Q16931603": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire was founded at the beginning of the 14th century."}], "Q16933803": [{"id": "Q8468", "label": "Temür Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Mongol invasion of Burma by the Yuan dynasty under Temür Khan was repulsed by the Burmese Myinsaing Kingdom in 1301."}, {"id": "Q3446205", "label": "Myinsaing Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Mongol invasion of Burma by the Yuan dynasty under Temür Khan was repulsed by the Burmese Myinsaing Kingdom in 1301."}, {"id": "Q574724", "label": "Narathihapate", "section": "Background", "says": "After the first invasion by the Yuan dynasty, Narathihapate fled Pagan."}, {"id": "Q3066500", "label": "Thihathu", "section": "Background", "says": "Already experienced commanders, the brothers Athinkhaya,  Yazathingyan, and Thihathu strengthened their garrison at Myinsaing."}, {"id": "Q863279", "label": "Sukhothai Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "When King Wareru of Hanthawaddy (Lower Burma) received recognition as a tributary of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1294, it was the brothers, not Kyawswa, who sent a force to reclaim the former Pagan territory of Hanthawaddy."}], "Q16934081": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tawahin (Arabic: وقعة الطواحين, romanized: Waqʿat al-Ṭawāhīn, lit. 'Battle of the Mills') was fought in 885 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate under Abu'l-Abbas ibn Talha (the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid) and the autonomous Tulunid ruler of Egypt and Syria, Khumarawayh."}, {"id": "Q726798", "label": "Tulunids", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle that followed, the Abbasid troops initially defeated the Tulunids and plundered Khumarawayh's camp, but were then ambushed by a Tulunid reserve force and routed in turn."}, {"id": "Q374374", "label": "Ahmad ibn Tulun", "section": "Background", "says": "Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish soldier, had managed to become governor of Egypt in 868."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The latter tried in 877 to wrest Egypt from Ibn Tulun, but the attempt failed spectacularly, and in the following year Ibn Tulun extended his area of control over Syria up to the border zone with the Byzantine Empire in the north and up to Raqqa in the western Jazira in the east, immediately adjacent to the Abbasid metropolitan province of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q4561714", "label": "Ahmad ibn Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "A prominent Tulunid general, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wasiti, then defected to al-Muwaffaq, and urged him to make war on the \"young and inexperienced\" Khumarawayh and recover the latter's provinces for the central government."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Prelude: Abbasid invasion of Syria", "says": "The initial Abbasid invasion was led by Ishaq ibn Kundaj, appointed as the nominal governor of Syria and Egypt, and another general, Muhammad ibn Diwdad Abu'l-Saj."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Prelude: Abbasid invasion of Syria", "says": "The Tulunid forces continued south to Ramlah in the district of Palestine, where they wrote to Khumarawayh of what had transpired."}], "Q16956086": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bentiu massacre occurred on 15 April 2014 in the town of Bentiu, in the north of South Sudan, during the South Sudanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q15353665", "label": "South Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bentiu massacre occurred on 15 April 2014 in the town of Bentiu, in the north of South Sudan, during the South Sudanese Civil War."}], "Q1710143": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Sultan 10 (Persian: عملیات سلطان ١٠) was an operation of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) on 29 October 1980, at the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Six F-4E Phantom IIs from the IRIAF's 32nd and 33rd Squadrons took part in an attack on the Al-Hurriah Airbase near Mosul in Ba'athist Iraq."}], "Q1713527": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Seventh, Third, and French First Armies of the Sixth and Twelfth Army Groups as part of the Allied invasion of Germany in March 1945 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q57181", "label": "Paul Hausser", "section": "lead", "says": "Sixth Army Group, and German SS General Paul Hausser, commanding German Army Group G."}], "Q17151908": [{"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jesselton revolt (also known as the Jesselton uprising or the Double Tenth Revolt/Incident) was a revolt by a resistance movement known as the Kinabalu Guerrillas, comprising local Chinese, indigenous peoples, Eurasian and Sikh Indians of Jesselton, North Borneo and led by Albert Kwok, against the Japanese occupying forces of North Borneo."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese Kenpeitai then launched attacks against coastal settlements in western North Borneo to find the leader and members of the guerrilla force, with many innocent civilians suffering the various atrocities that have become synonymous with Japanese conquest in the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "Kwok, a local Teochew Chinese from Kuching in neighbouring Sarawak, had previously been working with the China Red Cross and serving under the Kuomintang of Chiang Kai-shek, before returning to Borneo through Malaya in 1940."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "Kwok, a local Teochew Chinese from Kuching in neighbouring Sarawak, had previously been working with the China Red Cross and serving under the Kuomintang of Chiang Kai-shek, before returning to Borneo through Malaya in 1940."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "After he managed to establish contact with the American forces in the Philippines with the help of a fellow Chinese businessman named Lim Keng Fatt, a Muslim cleric (Imam) named Marajukim from Sulu who was part of the resistance movement in the Philippines approached Kwok in Jesselton where he departed to Tawi-Tawi for training."}], "Q1748198": [{"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties were Pope Gregory IX and Frederick II, king of Sicily and Holy Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q437303", "label": "Leopold VI, Duke of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The intercession of major German princes, especially Duke Leopold VI of Austria and Grand Master Hermann von Salza, was necessary to move things forward."}, {"id": "Q57994", "label": "Hermann von Salza", "section": "lead", "says": "The intercession of major German princes, especially Duke Leopold VI of Austria and Grand Master Hermann von Salza, was necessary to move things forward."}, {"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The causes of the War of the Keys were Frederick's failure to lead the Sixth Crusade on the schedule he had agreed and his alleged violations of ecclesiastical rights, especially in the Papal State in central Italy."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "Gregory absolved his subjects of their oaths of allegiance and launched a war into the dispute central Italian territory and into southern Italy, with the goal of confiscating the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "The papal forces cleared the Papal States of imperial troops, but their advance in Sicily was slow and finances were short."}], "Q17510672": [{"id": "Q2337526", "label": "First Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Picardy (22–26 September 1914) took place during the Race to the Sea (17 September – 19 October) and the First Battle of the Aisne (13–28 September)."}, {"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"race\" was a Franco-British counter-offensive, which followed the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August – 13 September) and the German advance into France during the Great Retreat, which ended at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September)."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"race\" was a Franco-British counter-offensive, which followed the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August – 13 September) and the German advance into France during the Great Retreat, which ended at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September)."}, {"id": "Q2450584", "label": "Battle of Flirey", "section": "Background", "says": "The German armies attacked from Verdun westwards to Reims and the Aisne on 20 September, cut the main railway from Verdun to Paris and created the St Mihiel salient at the Battle of Flirey (19 September – 11 October), south of the Verdun fortress zone."}], "Q17513584": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "From early 1942, Tirpitz posed a significant threat to the Allied convoys transporting supplies through the Norwegian Sea to the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q2684105", "label": "Operation Source", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 September 1943, two British X-class midget submarines penetrated the defences around the battleship's main anchorage at Kaafjord in northern Norway during Operation Source, and placed explosive charges in the water beneath her."}, {"id": "Q3354882", "label": "Operation Tungsten", "section": "Background", "says": "Following months of preparations, a successful attack (Operation Tungsten) involving two strike forces of 20 Fairey Barracuda dive bombers escorted by 40 fighters was conducted on 3 April 1944."}], "Q1754778": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom occurred after Portuguese traders arrived at the rival Kotte kingdom in the southwest of modern Sri Lanka in 1505."}], "Q1760435": [{"id": "Q299114", "label": "Konstantin Päts", "section": "lead", "says": "The Estonian coup d'état of 1934 was a bloodless military coup organized on March 12, 1934, by State Elder candidates Johan Laidoner, Konstantin Päts, and August Rei, who took part in the State Elder elections scheduled for April of the same year, during which Lieutenant General Laidoner and acting State Elder Päts had several Vaps leaders and activists, supporters of the fourth State Elder candid"}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "Estonia's 1920 constitution permitted citizens to petition to change laws and establish new ones, akin to Switzerland."}], "Q17622484": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "King Karl Albert refused to accept the defeat of the previous year against Field Marshal Radetzky and saw the uprising of the Hungarians as a given occasion to continue the war."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Background", "says": "A coup in February 1849 against Grand Duke Leopold II of Habsburg in Tuscany gave the necessary reason to continue the Italian War of Independence."}], "Q1767890": [{"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "lead", "says": "As trade was an important source of wealth for the Baiyue peoples of coastal southern China, the region south of the Yangtze attracted the attention of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, and he undertook a series of military campaigns to conquer it."}], "Q177470": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought on 6 June 1813, during the War of 1812 near what is now Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "British units made a night attack on the American encampment, and due in large part to the capture of the two senior officers of the American force and an overestimation of British strength by the Americans, the outcome of the battle was a victory for the British, and a turning point in the defence of Upper Canada."}, {"id": "Q963349", "label": "Henry Dearborn", "section": "Background", "says": "The Americans under the overall leadership of General Henry Dearborn, who was elderly and ill, were slow to pursue."}], "Q1776241": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The landing at Suvla Bay was an amphibious landing made at Suvla on the Aegean coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire as part of the August Offensive, the final British attempt to break the deadlock of the Battle of Gallipoli."}, {"id": "Q699617", "label": "Ian Hamilton", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 7 June 1915, the Dardanelles Committee met in London and, under the guidance of Lord Kitchener, decided to reinforce the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force of General Sir Ian Hamilton with three New Army divisions."}, {"id": "Q336442", "label": "William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A long-standing plan to break out of the Anzac bridgehead was adopted; it had first been proposed on 30 May by the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, Lieutenant-General William Birdwood."}, {"id": "Q2081060", "label": "Bryan Mahon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hamilton had requested either Lieutenant-General Julian Byng or Lieutenant-General Henry Rawlinson, both experienced Western Front corps commanders, but both were junior to Lieutenant-General Sir Bryan Mahon, commander of the 10th Division."}], "Q1780316": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fehmarn was a battle took place on 24 April 1715, during the Great Northern War."}], "Q1786353": [{"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "lead", "says": "Mayor Albert's Rebellion (Polish: bunt wójta Alberta) was a 1311–12 rebellion by the burghers of the Polish city of Kraków against Duke Władysław I the Elbow-high."}, {"id": "Q53443", "label": "Bolesław V the Chaste", "section": "Background", "says": "After Kraków had been devastated during the 1241 Mongol invasion of Poland, it was re-established in accordance with the Magdeburg Law by Prince Bolesław V the Chaste."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1291 the Duchy of Kraków fell to the Přemyslid king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia who in 1300 also became King of Poland."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the extinction of the Přemyslids in 1306, the Piast duke Władysław I the Elbow-high assumed rule at Kraków, while in 1310 the Bohemian Kingdom passed to the House of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q155167", "label": "John of Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "The new king, John of Bohemia, continued to claim the Polish royal title and moreover sought to vassalize the Piast dukes of the adjacent Silesian region."}], "Q17986643": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Constantinople in 1147 was a large-scale clash between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the German Crusaders of the Second Crusade, led by Conrad III of Germany, fought on the outskirts of the Byzantine capital Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Constantinople in 1147 was a large-scale clash between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the German Crusaders of the Second Crusade, led by Conrad III of Germany, fought on the outskirts of the Byzantine capital Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q157133", "label": "Conrad III of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Constantinople in 1147 was a large-scale clash between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the German Crusaders of the Second Crusade, led by Conrad III of Germany, fought on the outskirts of the Byzantine capital Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos was deeply concerned by the presence of a large and unruly army in the immediate vicinity of his capital and of the unfriendly attitude of its leaders."}, {"id": "Q4992330", "label": "Michael Angold", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the German army then attacked and was defeated; according to British historian Michael Angold, they suffered heavy losses."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Crusade (1145–1149) was instigated by Pope Eugenius III in response to the fall of the County of Edessa to the forces of the Muslim leader Zengi."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The county had been founded during the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Crusade was the first to be led by kings, namely Conrad III of Germany and Louis VII of France."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "A minor clash between the Byzantine force and the Crusaders occurred near Adrianople, with the Byzantines repulsing an attack by Conrad's nephew Frederick Barbarossa."}], "Q1799073": [{"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Schleswig occurred near the Danevirke on Easter morning, 23 April 1848 as the second battle of the First Schleswig War of 1848–1850."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia had just entered the war and had sent almost 12,000 troops to Schleswig-Holstein on command of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Reich troops did not participate in the battle, but their presence forced the Danes to fight defensively against the Prussians."}], "Q18008303": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of Tedelis was a major conflict within the overarching struggle between the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Tlemcen in the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q17030701", "label": "Kingdom of Tlemcen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of Tedelis was a major conflict within the overarching struggle between the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Tlemcen in the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q332681", "label": "Martin of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1397, as a result of the Sack of Torreblanca, in which Tlemceni pirates captured the consecrated host  and 108 prisoners, King Martin of Aragon ordered a retaliatory attack on Dellys also known as Tedelis, chartering a fleet led by Joan Gascó and an army led by Jaume de Pertusa."}], "Q1809313": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1971, Chile and Argentina had agreed to binding arbitration by an international tribunal, under the auspices of the British Government, to settle the boundary dispute."}], "Q18124347": [{"id": "Q63149558", "label": "Afsharid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khyber Pass (Persian: نبرد تنگه خیبر) was an engagement fought on 26 November 1738 between the Afsharid Iran of Nader Shah and the Mughal vassal state of Peshawar."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khyber Pass (Persian: نبرد تنگه خیبر) was an engagement fought on 26 November 1738 between the Afsharid Iran of Nader Shah and the Mughal vassal state of Peshawar."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of the battle was an overwhelming victory for the Iranians, opening up the path ahead to invade the crown-lands of the Mughal Empire of Muhammad Shah."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "After taking over northern Afghanistan, his main force moved past Jalalabad on the 12th and stopped about one mile outside the city."}], "Q1814482": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Elba (or Battle of Monte Cristo) was a naval battle which took place on 28 August 1652 during the First Anglo-Dutch War, between a Dutch squadron under Johan van Galen and an English squadron under Captain Richard Badiley."}], "Q18149403": [{"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paxos was a naval battle between a coalition of Illyrian federation with their Acarnanian allies, against the allies of Corcyra (modern Corfu), the Achaean League and Aetolian League."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Paxos was a naval battle between a coalition of Illyrian federation with their Acarnanian allies, against the allies of Corcyra (modern Corfu), the Achaean League and Aetolian League."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "Polybius describes a cunning maritime stratagem mastered by the Illyrian fleet."}], "Q18159592": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iranian intervention in Iraq has its roots in the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies, when the infrastructure of the Iraqi armed forces, as well as intelligence, were disbanded in a process called \"de-Ba'athification\" which allowed militias with close ties to Tehran to join the newly reconstituted army."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The intervention reached its peak following the advance of the Islamic State into northern Iraq in mid-2014."}, {"id": "Q85317569", "label": "Mustafa Al-Kadhimi", "section": "Background", "says": "The protests resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister Abdul-Mahdi and his government, and the appointment of Mustafa Al-Kadhimi."}], "Q18210889": [{"id": "Q562502", "label": "Ashraf Hotaki", "section": "lead", "says": "The restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne took place in the latter part of 1729 by a series of battles fought between Nader, Tahmasp's commander-in-chief and Ashraf Hotaki."}], "Q18216807": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of Operazione E, the invasion of Egypt by the Italian 10th Army (9–16 September 1940), Operation Compass (9–16 December) by the Western Desert Force (WDF), the Battle of Sidi Barrani and the pursuit of the 10th Army into Cyrenaica (16 December 1940 – 9 February 1941) the fortified Italian position at the Al Jaghbub Oasis was besieged by parts of the 6th Australian Division."}, {"id": "Q7508662", "label": "Battle of Sidi Barrani", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of Operazione E, the invasion of Egypt by the Italian 10th Army (9–16 September 1940), Operation Compass (9–16 December) by the Western Desert Force (WDF), the Battle of Sidi Barrani and the pursuit of the 10th Army into Cyrenaica (16 December 1940 – 9 February 1941) the fortified Italian position at the Al Jaghbub Oasis was besieged by parts of the 6th Australian Division."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of Operazione E, the invasion of Egypt by the Italian 10th Army (9–16 September 1940), Operation Compass (9–16 December) by the Western Desert Force (WDF), the Battle of Sidi Barrani and the pursuit of the 10th Army into Cyrenaica (16 December 1940 – 9 February 1941) the fortified Italian position at the Al Jaghbub Oasis was besieged by parts of the 6th Australian Division."}], "Q18356954": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the last of the great military triumphs of Nader Shah."}], "Q1846216": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "Takeda Shingen attacked Odawara Castle, as a response to the Hōjō clan's intervention in the Takeda clan's invasion of Suruga Province."}], "Q1848554": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Czajánek's barracks (Czech: Bitva o Czajankovu kasárnu) was a confrontation between the Czechoslovak and German armies, which took place on 14 March 1939 in the course of the German occupation of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "The German invasion of Czechoslovakia started on the evening of 14 March 1939, a day before the original date set by Adolf Hitler."}], "Q1851266": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cepeda of 1820 took place on February 1 in Cañada de Cepeda, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina."}, {"id": "Q734977", "label": "Jose Miguel Carrera", "section": "lead", "says": "Federal League Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and José Miguel Carrera joined forces to topple the 1819 centralist Constitution and the Directorial government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "Federal League Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and José Miguel Carrera joined forces to topple the 1819 centralist Constitution and the Directorial government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata."}, {"id": "Q2483428", "label": "Estanislao López", "section": "lead", "says": "Both provincial leaders, Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez, were allies of José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "lead", "says": "Both provincial leaders, Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez, were allies of José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q959624", "label": "José Rondeau", "section": "lead", "says": "Supreme Director José Rondeau called back the Armies that were fighting the Argentine War of Independence to fight the Federals."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Supreme Director José Rondeau called back the Armies that were fighting the Argentine War of Independence to fight the Federals."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the Andes, commanded by José de San Martín refused to abandon the offensive against the royalists in Chile and Peru."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the North, commanded by Manuel Belgrano, mutinied at Arequito, as the troops and the officiality refused to fight a civil war, and asked instead to go back to the northern frontier to fight the royalists."}], "Q18639132": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bjelovar Barracks, also known by the codename Operation Bilogora (Croatian: Operacija Bilogora), was the blockade and capture of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) barracks and other facilities in and around the city of Bjelovar, a part of the JNA 32nd (Varaždin) Corps, during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q2624653", "label": "Battle of the Barracks", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Battle of the Barracks—an effort by Croatian armed forces to isolate JNA units based at barracks in Croatia, or capture the barracks to provide arms for Croatia's nascent army."}, {"id": "Q351852", "label": "Veljko Kadijević", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting erupted despite a ceasefire that had been arranged days before, and caused JNA General Veljko Kadijević to withdraw from negotiations regarding the ceasefire's implementation."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1991, Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Croatian President Franjo Tuđman's initial plan was to win European Community (EC) and United States support, so he dismissed Špegelj's advice to seize JNA barracks and storage facilities in Croatia in late 1990."}, {"id": "Q163883", "label": "Ten-Day War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the Ten-Day War in June and July 1991, Špegelj once again urged Tuđman to act while the JNA fought Slovenia's TO. Špegelj's calls were echoed by Šime Đodan, who succeeded him as Defence Minister in July. Špegelj remained in command of the ZNG."}, {"id": "Q146496", "label": "Stjepan Mesić", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The conference started on 7 September, but only four days later, the Croatian member and chair of the presidency, Stjepan Mesić, ordered the JNA to return to its barracks within 48 hours."}], "Q18643473": [{"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially the French army had been commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Waterloo."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The war between France and the Seventh Coalition came when the other European Great Powers refused to recognise Napoleon as Emperor of the French upon his return from exile on the island of Elba, and declared war on him, rather than France, as they still recognised Louis XVIII as the king of France and considered Napoleon a usurper."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The war between France and the Seventh Coalition came when the other European Great Powers refused to recognise Napoleon as Emperor of the French upon his return from exile on the island of Elba, and declared war on him, rather than France, as they still recognised Louis XVIII as the king of France and considered Napoleon a usurper."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "He chose to launch his first attack against the two Coalition armies cantoned in modern-day Belgium, then part of the newly formed United Kingdom of the Netherlands, but until the year before part of the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He chose to launch his first attack against the two Coalition armies cantoned in modern-day Belgium, then part of the newly formed United Kingdom of the Netherlands, but until the year before part of the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q705936", "label": "Battle of Quatre Bras", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 June the French prevailed with Marshal Ney commanding the left wing of the French army holding Wellington at the Battle of Quatre Bras and Napoleon defeating Blücher at the Battle of Ligny."}, {"id": "Q855429", "label": "Battle of Ligny", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 June the French prevailed with Marshal Ney commanding the left wing of the French army holding Wellington at the Battle of Quatre Bras and Napoleon defeating Blücher at the Battle of Ligny."}, {"id": "Q920107", "label": "Battle of Wavre", "section": "lead", "says": "Grouchy with the right wing of the army engaged a Prussian rearguard at the simultaneous Battle of Wavre, and althoug"}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Meanwhile, far from recognising him as Emperor of the French, the Great Powers of Europe (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia) and their allies, who were assembled at the Congress of Vienna, declared Napoleon an outlaw, and with the signing of this declaration on 13 March 1815, so began the War of the Seventh Coalition."}, {"id": "Q2724511", "label": "War of the Seventh Coalition", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Meanwhile, far from recognising him as Emperor of the French, the Great Powers of Europe (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia) and their allies, who were assembled at the Congress of Vienna, declared Napoleon an outlaw, and with the signing of this declaration on 13 March 1815, so began the War of the Seventh Coalition."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A further treaty (the Treaty of Alliance against Napoleon) was ratified on 25 March in which each of the Great European Powers agreed to pledge 150,000 men for the coming conflict."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Besides, her forces were scattered around the globe, with many units still in Canada, where the War of 1812 had recently ceased."}], "Q18745372": [{"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Panormus or siege of Palermo took place in late 535 AD, where the Byzantine forces captured the city controlled by the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine general Belisarius arrived in Sicily and swiftly took control of major towns due to a lack of resistance."}, {"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It started with the successful reconquest of North Africa in the Vandalic War (533–534)."}, {"id": "Q371670", "label": "Amalasuntha", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 535, tensions in the Gothic kingdom escalated following the assassination of Queen Amalasuntha, who had maintained good relations with the Byzantines and even considered handing her kingdom over to them, and were further weakened by internal leadership struggles that continued under King Theodahad."}, {"id": "Q312601", "label": "Theodahad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 535, tensions in the Gothic kingdom escalated following the assassination of Queen Amalasuntha, who had maintained good relations with the Byzantines and even considered handing her kingdom over to them, and were further weakened by internal leadership struggles that continued under King Theodahad."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Justinian used Amalasuntha's death as a diplomatic pretext for military intervention."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Prelude", "says": "His orders were to create the impression that his true objective was Carthage, approaching it by way of Sicily."}], "Q1878803": [{"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2000 Ramallah lynching was an attack that took place early during the Second Intifada on 12 October 2000 in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, when a Palestinian crowd of passing funeral marchers broke into a Ramallah police station and killed two Israeli military reservists and then mutilated their bodies."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions had been escalating prior to the incident; over 100 Palestinians, two dozen of them children, had been killed by Israeli forces in the preceding two weeks; the escalating violence had been condemned five days beforehand by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1322."}], "Q1883854": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "Whether the spreading of the Black Death between 1348 and 1350, killing at least a third of the population in central Europe, was facilitated by the weakened condition of the population is a matter of discussion."}], "Q18890186": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thunayyat-al-Uqab (Arabic: معركة ثنية العقاب) was fought in 634 between forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid against a Byzantine force sent by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius to relieve the besieged garrison of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thunayyat-al-Uqab (Arabic: معركة ثنية العقاب) was fought in 634 between forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid against a Byzantine force sent by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius to relieve the besieged garrison of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Leading up to the battle, the Caliphate forces had intended to isolate the city of Damascus from the rest of the region; Khalid placed detachments in the south on the road to Palestine and in the north on the Damascus-Emesa route, and several other smaller detachments on routes towards Damascus."}], "Q18916050": [{"id": "Q631795", "label": "Kalmar War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano–Hanseatic War, also known as the Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League, or the Danish–Hanseatic War of 1426-1435, was an armed trade conflict between the Danish-dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the Hanseatic League led by the Free City of Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q317210", "label": "Danish-Hanseatic War of 1361-1370", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano–Hanseatic War, also known as the Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League, or the Danish–Hanseatic War of 1426-1435, was an armed trade conflict between the Danish-dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the Hanseatic League led by the Free City of Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q950240", "label": "History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano–Hanseatic War, also known as the Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League, or the Danish–Hanseatic War of 1426-1435, was an armed trade conflict between the Danish-dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the Hanseatic League led by the Free City of Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "When Kalmar King Eric opened the Baltic trade routes for Dutch ships and introduced a new toll for all foreign ships passing the Oresund (Sound Dues), six Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar) declared war, put a naval blockade on Scandinavian harbors and allied with Eric's enemy, Henry IV, count of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q823916", "label": "Dutch–Hanseatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore the war was intensively linked with the Dutch–Hanseatic War, the Kalmar War with Holstein, and the Swedish revolt of 1434-1436."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "Background", "says": "This created a personal union between the three nations, birthing the Kalmar Union, named after the city of Kalmar, where the union was ratified."}, {"id": "Q524952", "label": "Treaty of Stralsund", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Margaret I, the architect of the Kalmar Union, the Hanseatic League was coerced into returning several forts in Scania that the Hansa had seized per the Treaty of Stralsund."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Margaret effectively removed the Hanseatic League from Denmark's internal politics."}, {"id": "Q161958", "label": "Eric of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "Margaret's successor however, Eric of Pomerania, was not friendly to the League at all."}], "Q1892080": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Coutras, fought on 20 October 1587, was a major engagement in the French Religious Wars between a Huguenot (Protestant) army under Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV) and a royalist army led by Anne, Duke of Joyeuse."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "Context", "says": "The French Wars of Religion between the Catholics and Protestants in France had begun in 1562 and continued intermittently thereafter, with temporary periods of nominal peace that were often also marked by violence."}, {"id": "Q313700", "label": "Henry I of Lorraine, duke of Guise", "section": "Context", "says": "The League, led by the Henri I, Duke of Guise, then set the kingdom against the king, who became isolated."}, {"id": "Q133350", "label": "Sixtus V", "section": "Context", "says": "However, the \"privatory bull\" (bulle privatoire) by Pope Sixtus V brought him a measure of support from French royalists and Gallican circles; these were joined by the Politiques, supporters of religious tolerance (such as the Governor of Languedoc, Henri de Montmorency, 3rd Duke of Montmorency) and later England and Denmark, in the wake of the assassination of William the Silent and the success o"}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "Context", "says": "However, the \"privatory bull\" (bulle privatoire) by Pope Sixtus V brought him a measure of support from French royalists and Gallican circles; these were joined by the Politiques, supporters of religious tolerance (such as the Governor of Languedoc, Henri de Montmorency, 3rd Duke of Montmorency) and later England and Denmark, in the wake of the assassination of William the Silent and the success o"}, {"id": "Q592965", "label": "Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur", "section": "Context", "says": "Joyeuse was sent south with an army, while Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur invaded Poitou and blocked Henri I, Prince of Condé at La Rochelle."}, {"id": "Q430973", "label": "Henri, Prince of Condé", "section": "Context", "says": "Joyeuse was sent south with an army, while Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur invaded Poitou and blocked Henri I, Prince of Condé at La Rochelle."}], "Q192252": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Harling, also known as the Battle of Gorgopotamos (Greek: Μάχη του Γοργοπόταμου) in Greece, was a World War II mission by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), in cooperation with the Greek Resistance groups EDES and ELAS, which destroyed the heavily guarded Gorgopotamos viaduct in Central Greece on 25 November 1942."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Harling was conceived in late summer 1942 as an effort to stem the flow of supplies through Greece to the German forces under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "In Greece meanwhile, the first attempts at armed resistance in Macedonia were quelled in the summer of 1941 by the Germans and Bulgarians."}, {"id": "Q693729", "label": "Aris Velouchiotis", "section": "Background", "says": "From the beginning, the largest among them was the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), founded by the communist-led National Liberation Front (EAM) and headed by Aris Velouchiotis."}, {"id": "Q698278", "label": "Napoleon Zervas", "section": "Background", "says": "The second largest were the forces of the National Republican Greek League (EDES), headed by Colonel Napoleon Zervas."}], "Q1952107": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1929 Palestine riots, also known as the Western Wall Riots, the Buraq Uprising (Arabic: ثورة البراق, Thawrat al-Burāq) or the Events of 1929 (Hebrew: מאורעות תרפ\"ט, Meora'ot Tarpat, lit."}, {"id": "Q319896", "label": "Ze'ev Jabotinsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Ben-Gurion said the wall should be \"redeemed,\" predicting it could be achieved in as little as \"another half a year.\" During the spring of 1929 the Revisionist newspaper edited by right-wing leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky, ran a long campaign claiming Jewish rights over the wall and its pavement, going as far as call"}], "Q19678104": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bosra refers to a military operation launched by Syrian rebels during the Syrian Civil War, which successfully captured the city of Bosra."}], "Q1973061": [{"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pyliavtsi (Ukrainian: Битва під Пилявцями, Polish: Bitwa pod Piławcami; 21–23 September 1648) was the third significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day village of Pyliava in Ukraine, a forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Otaman Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Colonel Maksym Kryvonis and Tugay Bey attacked and decisively defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Princes Władysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, "}, {"id": "Q983357", "label": "Tugay Bey", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day village of Pyliava in Ukraine, a forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Otaman Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Colonel Maksym Kryvonis and Tugay Bey attacked and decisively defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Princes Władysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, "}, {"id": "Q2073425", "label": "Adam Kisiel", "section": "Background", "says": "This was followed by the death of king Władysław IV on 20 May 1648, and Chancellor Jerzy Ossolinski called for a congress of notables in Warsaw on 9 June, at which Zaslawski, Ostroróg and Koniecpolski were designated provisional commanders, and Adam Kisiel was instructed to enter into negotiations with Bohdan Khmelnytsky."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "This was followed by the death of king Władysław IV on 20 May 1648, and Chancellor Jerzy Ossolinski called for a congress of notables in Warsaw on 9 June, at which Zaslawski, Ostroróg and Koniecpolski were designated provisional commanders, and Adam Kisiel was instructed to enter into negotiations with Bohdan Khmelnytsky."}], "Q1981397": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "Holmes's Bonfire was a raid on the Vlie estuary in the Netherlands, executed by the English Fleet during the Second Anglo-Dutch War on 19 and 20 August 1666 New Style (9 and 10 August Old Style)."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "During the same action, the town of West-Terschelling was burnt down, which caused outrage in the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "Background", "says": "The joint fleet commanders, George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert of the Rhine, on 7 August discussed how best to exploit this situation."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In 2016, research showed that many ships in the Vlie were destined for Arkhangelsk, while there were also some forty to fifty westvaarders present, ships hoping to sail for France, Spain or Portugal."}], "Q19840411": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre of Phocaea (Greek: Η Σφαγή της Φώκαιας, romanized: I Sfagí tis Fókaias; Turkish: Foça Katliamı) occurred in June 1914, as part of the ethnic cleansing policies of the Ottoman Empire that included exile, massacre and deportations."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1914, the Ottoman Empire had just emerged from the disastrous Balkan Wars, in which it had lost most of its European territories, except for Eastern Thrace, to the Christian Balkan League."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time tensions mounted with the Kingdom of Greece over possession of the islands of the northeastern Aegean, which Greece had captured during the wars."}], "Q19840798": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Myitkyina was an engagement during the Burma campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q4871917", "label": "Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied victory was part of the larger Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan which succeeded in opening the Ledo Road."}, {"id": "Q346551", "label": "Joseph Stilwell", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Stilwell intended to make a rapid march against Myitkyina, prophesying it to be a \"feat which will live in military history\"."}, {"id": "Q716429", "label": "Wei Lihuang", "section": "Background", "says": "Chinese Expeditionary Force (CEF) commander Wei Lihuang also played a fundamental role in striking the Imperial Japanese Army."}], "Q1984642": [{"id": "Q31301", "label": "Anglo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation was part of the Anglo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, the French envoy Sebastiani had been dispatched to Constantinople with orders to bring about Ottoman Turkey's re-entry into the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Selim III set about preparations for war with Russia after positively receiving Sebastiani."}, {"id": "Q638642", "label": "Dmitry Senyavin", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, four Russian ships-of-the-line under Admiral Dmitry Senyavin were sent to support the British, but did not join them until after the exit from Dardanelles was made."}], "Q1985363": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Canandaigua (or Konondaigua, as spelled in the treaty itself), also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty, is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington, representing the United States of America."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Canandaigua (or Konondaigua, as spelled in the treaty itself), also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty, is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington, representing the United States of America."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Canandaigua (or Konondaigua, as spelled in the treaty itself), also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty, is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington, representing the United States of America."}, {"id": "Q435168", "label": "Timothy Pickering", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed at Canandaigua, New York, on November 11, 1794, by fifty royaner (hoya:ne:h) and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy (including the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca and Tuscarora Nations) and by Timothy Pickering, official agent of President Washington."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background of the treaty", "says": "The United States faced both Haudenosaunee resentment over its acceptance of Ohio Valley land from Britain and the threat of renewed frontier conflict."}, {"id": "Q355680", "label": "Henry Knox", "section": "Background of the treaty", "says": "Henry Knox, the United States secretary of war, launched a military operation on the western frontier in September 1790 and appointed Timothy Pickering as Indian commissioner to address Haudenosaunee grievances."}], "Q19870163": [{"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syrian coup d'état of 1961 was an uprising by disgruntled Syrian Army officers on 28 September 1961, that resulted in the break-up of the United Arab Republic and the restoration of an independent Syrian Republic."}, {"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The restored country was a continuation of the Syrian Republic, but due to the influence of Nasserists and Arab nationalists it adopted a new name and became the Syrian Arab Republic."}], "Q19872050": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "While the battle resulted in a French field victory and allowed for a successful pursuit of the Russian army, it failed to produce the decisive engagement that Napoleon was seeking."}, {"id": "Q57777", "label": "Levin August von Bennigsen", "section": "Context", "says": "In order to exploit this misapprehension, the Russian commander Levin August von Bennigsen decided to take the initiative and, towards the end of January set his troops in motion to attack the weak French left, crush it and fall behind the French army."}], "Q19873108": [{"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Girolata was a naval action fought on 15 June 1540 in the Gulf of Girolata, on the west coast of the island of Corsica, amidst a war between Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain) and the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "lead", "says": "An Ottoman squadron of 11 galleys, anchored at Girolata, under the command of the Ottoman admiral Dragut, was surprised and defeated by 21 galleys led by the Genoese Gianettino Doria (nephew and substitute of the grand admiral Andrea Doria, then in Sicily) and the Spaniard Berenguer de Requesens."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander of the Ottoman Navy, Hayreddin Barbarossa, had committed Dragut to raid the Italian coast after his victories in the Adriatic Sea the year before."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1538 the Ottoman fleet, led by Hayreddin Barbarossa, dealt important blows to the Spanish and Italian Holy League assembled by Pope Paul III by defeating its fleet at the Battle of Preveza, off the Epirote coast, and by taking Castelnuovo."}, {"id": "Q367350", "label": "Turgut Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "Barbarossa then detached to the Western Mediterranean waters the leader of his scout squadron, Turgut Reis, known as Dragut, with the task of raiding the Italian coast and disturbing Spanish shipping in a privateering mission."}], "Q19883325": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia, leading a coalition of nine countries from West Asia and North Africa, staged a military intervention in Yemen at the request of Yemeni president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who had been ousted from the capital, Sanaa, in September 2014 by Houthi insurgents during the Yemeni civil war."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "lead", "says": "Ground forces were subsequently deployed into the country as part of a broader offensive against both Houthi militants and loyalists of Hadi's predecessor, Ali Abdullah Saleh."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates provided air and ground forces, while Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and U.S. private military contractor Constellis headed several ground operations."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "Background", "says": "The Houthis were supported by sections of the Yemeni armed forces loyal to the former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was removed from power as part of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings but was later killed by his former Houthi allies."}], "Q19887803": [{"id": "Q18001626", "label": "Minsk Protocol", "section": "Background", "says": "Mariupol had come under attack several times over the course of the war in Donbas, including in May–June 2014, when pro-Russian forces controlled the city, and in September 2014, when separatist forces tried to recapture the city prior to the signing of the Minsk Protocol."}], "Q19908783": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle for Donbas was a military campaign of the Russian Civil War that lasted from January to May 1919, in which White forces repulsed attacks of the Red Army on the Don Host Oblast and occupied the Donbas region after heavy fighting."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic was pushed out of Kharkiv and Kyiv and the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was established, in March 1919 the Red Army attacked the central part of Donbas, which had been abandoned by the Imperial German Army in November 1918 and subsequently occupied by the White Volunteer Army."}, {"id": "Q1357519", "label": "Vladimir May-Mayevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "After heavy fights, fought with variable luck, the Red Army took over key centers in this area (Yuzivka, Luhansk, Debaltseve, Mariupol) until the end of March, when it lost them to the Whites led by Vladimir May-Mayevsky."}, {"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Further successes of the Armed Forces of South Russia in May 1919 were favored by the conflict of the Reds with the anarchists of Nestor Makhno (who were still their allies in March) and the rebellion of the Bolshevik ally, Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv."}, {"id": "Q47900", "label": "Nestor Makhno", "section": "lead", "says": "Further successes of the Armed Forces of South Russia in May 1919 were favored by the conflict of the Reds with the anarchists of Nestor Makhno (who were still their allies in March) and the rebellion of the Bolshevik ally, Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv."}, {"id": "Q2994236", "label": "Nikifor Grigoriev", "section": "lead", "says": "Further successes of the Armed Forces of South Russia in May 1919 were favored by the conflict of the Reds with the anarchists of Nestor Makhno (who were still their allies in March) and the rebellion of the Bolshevik ally, Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "Background", "says": "In November and December 1918, part of Donbas was seized by Don Cossacks under the command of Pyotr Krasnov, after the withdrawal of the Imperial German Army and with the consent of the Ukrainian hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi."}, {"id": "Q35448", "label": "Pyotr Krasnov", "section": "Background", "says": "In November and December 1918, part of Donbas was seized by Don Cossacks under the command of Pyotr Krasnov, after the withdrawal of the Imperial German Army and with the consent of the Ukrainian hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi."}, {"id": "Q2453974", "label": "Don Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "He also organized the administration of the Don Republic in Luhansk and Slavo-Serbia."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, in December 1918, Anton Denikin gave up his plans to join the siege of Tsaritsyn and to lead a further offensive up the Volga in order to cut off the Reds from the Caspian Sea and take Astrakhan from them, and consequently to join his own forces with those of Alexander Kolchak in the middle Volga."}, {"id": "Q185718", "label": "Alexander Kolchak", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, in December 1918, Anton Denikin gave up his plans to join the siege of Tsaritsyn and to lead a further offensive up the Volga in order to cut off the Reds from the Caspian Sea and take Astrakhan from them, and consequently to join his own forces with those of Alexander Kolchak in the middle Volga."}], "Q1992111": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Danzig (16 January 1813 – 2 January 1814) was a siege of the city of Danzig during the War of the Sixth Coalition by Russian and Prussian forces against Jean Rapp's permanent French garrison, which had been augmented by soldiers from the Grande Armée retreating from its Russian campaign."}, {"id": "Q963749", "label": "Matvey Ivanovich Platov", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was begun by Cossacks under hetman Matvei Platov, then was continued mainly by infantry, mainly militiamen and irregulars."}], "Q1993443": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the first time that a foreign power had inflicted casualties in Canadian inland waters since the US incursions in the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the interwar years, poor economic conditions and a sense of security, engendered by the proximity of the United States and the traditional protection of the Royal Navy, had resulted in the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) being equipped with very few ships, especially for coastal defence."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Historical context", "says": "From the start of the war in 1939 until VE Day, several of Canada's Atlantic coast ports became important to the resupply effort for the United Kingdom and later for the Allied land offensive on the Western Front."}], "Q1999020": [{"id": "Q1694094", "label": "Second Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Fourth Army offensive against the German 4th Army was to support the Groupe d'armées du Nord (GAN, Northern Army Group) along the Chemin des Dames, in the Second Battle of the Aisne."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "French preparations could not be disguised from the German observers on the hills above the Châlons Plain but as similar activity was occurring at many places, from the North Sea to Switzerland, it was not until the arrival of large number of guns had been detected by the Germans, that the possibility of a French offensive became known."}], "Q2000189": [{"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Glendale, also known as the Battle of Frayser's Farm, Frazier's Farm, Nelson's Farm, Charles City Crossroads, New Market Road, or Riddell's Shop, took place on June 30, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, on the sixth day of the Seven Days Battles (Peninsula Campaign) of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Glendale, also known as the Battle of Frayser's Farm, Frazier's Farm, Nelson's Farm, Charles City Crossroads, New Market Road, or Riddell's Shop, took place on June 30, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, on the sixth day of the Seven Days Battles (Peninsula Campaign) of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "lead", "says": "Gambling that the Federal force would be slowed and spread out while traversing the boggy White Oak Swamp, Lee ordered his divisions of the Army of Northern Virginia, under the field command of Major Generals Benjamin Huger, James Longstreet, and A.P."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "lead", "says": "Hill, to move up quickly and simultaneously converge upon the Federal troops and supply train where they would likely emerge from the swamp and turn southward toward Malvern Hill, bisecting the front and rear of the column in the vicinity of White Oak Swamp Bridge and Glendale (or Frayser's Farm), respectively, and attempting to execute a double envelopment in the fashion of the Battle of Cannae t"}, {"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seven Days Battles began with a Union attack in the minor Battle of Oak Grove on June 25, 1862, but McClellan quickly lost the initiative as Lee began a series of attacks at Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville) on June 26, Gaines' Mill on June 27, the minor actions at Garnett's and Golding's Farm on June 27 and June 28, and the attack on the Union rear guard at Savage's Station on June 29."}, {"id": "Q1421282", "label": "Fitz John Porter", "section": "Background", "says": "The bulk of the V Corps (less the Third Division), under Brigadier General Fitz John Porter, moved to occupy Malvern Hill, while the remaining four corps of the Army of the Potomac were essentially operating independently in their fighting withdrawal."}], "Q2004436": [{"id": "Q870196", "label": "Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vyborg Bay (also known as the Battle of Vyborg) was fought between Russia and Sweden on 3 July 1790 in Vyborg Bay off the coast of Vyborg during the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790."}, {"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish Navy suffered heavy losses, losing several ships of the line and frigates, but under Gustav III eventually managed to escape through a Russian naval blockade composed of units of the Baltic Fleet, commanded by Admiral Vasily Chichagov."}, {"id": "Q2495510", "label": "Battle of Reval", "section": "Background", "says": "But the plan foundered in a disastrous attack on the Russian fleet at the Battle of Reval on 13 May."}, {"id": "Q64055", "label": "Charles Henry of Nassau-Siegen", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 June, the Russian Baltic Fleet under Admiral Vasily Chichagov blockaded the only two navigable channels in and out of Viborg Bay and locked the Swedish fleet in the bay while he waited for Prince Charles Henry of Nassau-Siegen to arrive from Kronstadt with the Russian galley fleet."}], "Q2005365": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mato Grosso campaign was an early Paraguayan offensive in the Paraguayan War."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "Paraguay invaded the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso (now Mato Grosso do Sul)."}], "Q2019589": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bashkir Rebellion from 1704 to 1711 was one of the longest in the series of Bashkir rebellions in the 17th and 18th centuries in the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Causes", "says": "In addition, the Russian authorities demanded 20,000 horses, and then another 4,000 soldiers, for use in the Great Northern War with Sweden."}], "Q20204978": [{"id": "Q3355522", "label": "Hospitaller Malta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rising of the Priests (Maltese: Ir-Rewwixta tal-Qassisin), also known as the September 1775 Rebellion, was an uprising against the Knights Hospitaller which broke out in Valletta, Hospitaller Malta in September 1775."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Political and economic background", "says": "Ximénez made Malta a free port but trade with the nearby Kingdom of Sicily was limited since the latter was also suffering grain shortages and there were diplomat"}], "Q2025660": [{"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Kościuszko Uprising."}], "Q2025874": [{"id": "Q652211", "label": "Zheng Zhilong", "section": "lead", "says": "A Dutch fleet under Admiral Hans Putmans was attempting to control shipping in the Taiwan Strait, while the southern Fujian sea traffic and trade was protected by a fleet under Brigadier General Zheng Zhilong."}, {"id": "Q220984", "label": "Opium Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the largest naval encounter between Chinese and European forces before the Opium Wars two hundred years later."}, {"id": "Q465282", "label": "Liu Xiang", "section": "Background", "says": "As Zheng Zhilong was preparing to attack the pirates Liu Xiang and Li Guozhu (李國助), Putmans attacked Zheng's base in Amoy by surprise on 7 July 1633."}], "Q2026170": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Libelle was the first time since World War II that German infantry fired shots in combat."}], "Q2026616": [{"id": "Q2216586", "label": "Operation Substance", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 24 June, Convoy GM 1 from Operation Substance arrived at Malta, guaranteeing that Grand Harbour would contain plenty of targets."}], "Q2027489": [{"id": "Q722463", "label": "Stanisław Koniecpolski", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Pereiaslav was an agreement concluded on 8 June 1630 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, represented by Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, and the rebellious Cossack forces led by Taras Fedorovych, ending the Fedorovych Uprising."}, {"id": "Q267846", "label": "Taras Fedorovych", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Pereiaslav was an agreement concluded on 8 June 1630 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, represented by Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, and the rebellious Cossack forces led by Taras Fedorovych, ending the Fedorovych Uprising."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It is not related to the Pereiaslav Agreement between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is not related to the Pereiaslav Agreement between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Tsardom of Russia."}], "Q2033454": [{"id": "Q820902", "label": "Oranienbaum Bridgehead", "section": "Background", "says": "The 2nd Shock Army was moved from Leningrad and  Lisiy Nos to the Oranienbaum Bridgehead during a number of nights starting from November 1943."}, {"id": "Q2443235", "label": "Ivan Fedyuninsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Romanovskiy was replaced with Lieutenant General Ivan Fedyuninsky."}], "Q2043320": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jackson was fought on May 14, 1863, outside Jackson, Mississippi, during the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2865994", "label": "Battle of Port Gibson", "section": "lead", "says": "This beachhead was protected by a victory at the Battle of Port Gibson on May 1."}, {"id": "Q3288", "label": "John Gregg", "section": "lead", "says": "McPherson defeated Confederate troops commanded by Brigadier General John Gregg at the Battle of Raymond."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early days of the American Civil War, Winfield Scott, the General-in-Chief of the United States (Union) Army, proposed the Anaconda Plan for defeating the Confederacy, and it was informally adopted."}], "Q2050622": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bergen op Zoom was a siege that took place between September 23 - November 13, 1588, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)."}, {"id": "Q312903", "label": "Alexander Farnese", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege took place in the aftermath of the Spanish Armada when famed commander Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma attempted to use his forces to besiege Bergen op Zoom, which was held by an Anglo-Dutch force under Thomas Morgan and Peregrine Bertie."}], "Q20526199": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Bihać in the Kingdom of Croatia within the Habsburg monarchy was besieged and captured by the Ottoman Empire in June 1592."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "lead", "says": "With the arrival of Hasan-paša Predojević as the Beylerbey of the Bosnia Eyalet in 1591, a period of peace established between Emperor Rudolf II and Sultan Murad III ended and the provincial Ottoman armies launched an offensive on Croatia."}, {"id": "Q159934", "label": "Murad III", "section": "lead", "says": "With the arrival of Hasan-paša Predojević as the Beylerbey of the Bosnia Eyalet in 1591, a period of peace established between Emperor Rudolf II and Sultan Murad III ended and the provincial Ottoman armies launched an offensive on Croatia."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "In early June 1592, Hasan Pasha led his troops towards Bihać, which was defended by around 500 soldiers and commanded by Captain Joseph von Lamberg."}, {"id": "Q701335", "label": "Battle of Sisak", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive lasted until June 1593 when Hasan Pasha was killed in the Battle of Sisak, which was the cause for the Long Turkish War (1593-1606)."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive lasted until June 1593 when Hasan Pasha was killed in the Battle of Sisak, which was the cause for the Long Turkish War (1593-1606)."}], "Q20561601": [{"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nader's Dagestan campaign, were the campaigns conducted by the Persian Empire under its Afsharid ruler Nader Shah between the years 1741 and 1743 in order to fully subjugate the Dagestan region in the North Caucasus Area."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Nader's Dagestan campaign, were the campaigns conducted by the Persian Empire under its Afsharid ruler Nader Shah between the years 1741 and 1743 in order to fully subjugate the Dagestan region in the North Caucasus Area."}, {"id": "Q18162511", "label": "Battle of Yeghevārd", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Tatars who had marched all the way from Crimea, on receiving news of Koprulu Pasha's demise at the Battle of Yeghevārd, turned and hastened back north along the black sea coast."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1739, during Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire, his brother, Ebrahim Khan Afshar, launched a campaign to subdue the Lezgins in Dagestan."}], "Q2060704": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kowel (also known as the Battle of Kovel or the Battle of Kovel-Stanislav) took place during World War I, from 28 July to 8 August 1916."}, {"id": "Q73372", "label": "Alexander von Linsingen", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with an Austrian counter-attack by Alexander von Linsingen south of Kowel, a city located in the Volyn Oblast (province), in north-western Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "It was a major offensive against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "Background", "says": "In a meeting held on the same day Lutsk fell, German chief of staff Erich von Falkenhayn persuaded Austrian field marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf to redeploy troops from the Italian Front to counter the Russians in Galicia."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "Background", "says": "In a meeting held on the same day Lutsk fell, German chief of staff Erich von Falkenhayn persuaded Austrian field marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf to redeploy troops from the Italian Front to counter the Russians in Galicia."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "General Paul von Hindenburg was again able to capitalize on good railroads to bring German reinforcements east."}, {"id": "Q621064", "label": "Alexei Evert", "section": "Background", "says": "At last, on 18 June, a weak and poorly prepared offensive commenced under Alexei Evert, and on 24 July Alexander von Linsingen commenced his own counter-attack."}], "Q2063447": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lode was fought during the Livonian War, between a Swedish and Russian army on 23 January 1573, near the town of Lode (now Koluvere)."}], "Q2065565": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lyubar or battle of Lubar took place on 14–27 September 1660 near Lyubar, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (allied with the Tatars) and Tsardom of Russia (allied with the Cossacks)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lyubar or battle of Lubar took place on 14–27 September 1660 near Lyubar, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (allied with the Tatars) and Tsardom of Russia (allied with the Cossacks)."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lyubar or battle of Lubar took place on 14–27 September 1660 near Lyubar, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (allied with the Tatars) and Tsardom of Russia (allied with the Cossacks)."}, {"id": "Q269774", "label": "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski", "section": "Background", "says": "He expected only a weak army of 10,000 (in fact, it numbered only about 7,000) under Great Crown Hetman Stanisław \"Rewera\" Potocki and was unaware it was soon to be reinforced by about 12,000 men under Field Crown Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski who recently defeated a Russian army in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "He expected only a weak army of 10,000 (in fact, it numbered only about 7,000) under Great Crown Hetman Stanisław \"Rewera\" Potocki and was unaware it was soon to be reinforced by about 12,000 men under Field Crown Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski who recently defeated a Russian army in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q561414", "label": "Ivan Vyhovskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Polish commanders Hetmans Potocki and Lubomirski had much better intelligence (they were also aided by Ivan Vyhovsky spy network) and quickly became aware of Sheremetev's error."}, {"id": "Q2625011", "label": "Yurii Khmelnytskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "Part of the Cossacks (about 15,000 under Timofey Tsetsura (Pol: Tymofiej Cieciura)) were to stay with Sheremetev's corps, and another part (about 20,000 under Yurii Khmelnytsky), according to Sheremetev's plan were to intercept and defeat the 12,000 strong Tatars from the Crimean Khanate under nuradyn-sultan Safer Giray (of whose coming to Polish aid Sheremetev was aware)."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Part of the Cossacks (about 15,000 under Timofey Tsetsura (Pol: Tymofiej Cieciura)) were to stay with Sheremetev's corps, and another part (about 20,000 under Yurii Khmelnytsky), according to Sheremetev's plan were to intercept and defeat the 12,000 strong Tatars from the Crimean Khanate under nuradyn-sultan Safer Giray (of whose coming to Polish aid Sheremetev was aware)."}], "Q2065680": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kushliki on 4 November 1661 between a Polish–Lithuanian force and a Russian Tsardom force was one of the battles of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}], "Q2068462": [{"id": "Q156325", "label": "Juan Fernández Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was felt over a still wider area from Copiapó in the north to the island of Chiloe in the south and as far west as the Juan Fernández Islands."}], "Q2070808": [{"id": "Q2507497", "label": "National Legionary State", "section": "lead", "says": "It came about halfway through the fascist National Legionary State and led to the first open clash between the Guard and conducător Ion Antonescu, who ousted the Legion from power in January 1941."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "It came about halfway through the fascist National Legionary State and led to the first open clash between the Guard and conducător Ion Antonescu, who ousted the Legion from power in January 1941."}, {"id": "Q318105", "label": "Corneliu Zelea Codreanu", "section": "Background", "says": "Under King Carol II, repressive measures against the Iron Guard gathered pace in the late 1930s; a cycle of violence on both sides left many dead, including Prime Minister Armand Călinescu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the Guard's founder and leader."}], "Q2080385": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kehl (14–28 October 1733) was one of the opening moves of the French Rhineland campaign in the War of the Polish Succession, at the fortress town of Kehl in the upper Rhine River valley in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Context", "says": "On the death of Augustus II on 1 February 1733, the Polish throne was claimed by both his son, Augustus III, and by Stanislas I, father in law of Louis XV."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Context", "says": "Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark and the Republic of Venice recognised that Austro-Russian aggression against Poland was the casus belli and pledged to remain neutral."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Context", "says": "Spain, coveting the Kingdom of Naples and Sardinia, which coveted the Duchy of Milan, sided with France."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "Context", "says": "Louis XV's courtiers (including the princes of Conti and Eu, the counts of Clermont, Charolais and Belle-Isle, the duc de Richelieu, but also Maurice de Saxe, Augustus III's half-brother and the former lover of Anna Ivanovna, now the tsarina of Russia) joined up under marshal James FitzJames to form an army for invading the Rhineland with the objective of distracting Austria from events in Poland "}, {"id": "Q2227570", "label": "Duchy of Württemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Nominally the responsibility of the emperor, maintenance and defense of the fortress belonged to the Swabian Circle, which was largely dominated by the Duchy of Württemberg."}], "Q2080397": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Syracuse was a naval engagement of the War of the Spanish Succession fought on 9 November 1710, outside the Sicilian port of Syracuse."}], "Q2081621": [{"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vyborg Bay (Finnish: Viipurinlahden taistelu) was fought in the Finnish-Soviet Continuation War (1941–1944)."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Leningrad Front followed roughly the same plan as in the Winter War and made plans for a crossing of Vyborg Bay."}], "Q2088199": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Guam from Spain by the United States took place in a bloodless engagement during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Guam from Spain by the United States took place in a bloodless engagement during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Navy Captain Henry Glass, captain of the cruiser Charleston, set sail from San Francisco to Manila on May 21, 1898."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "Charleston then stopped in Honolulu to meet up with three transport ships: City of Peking, City of Sydney, and Australia."}], "Q2090612": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1868, the Meiji Restoration established the Empire of Japan and overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate that had ruled Japan as a feudal state since 1600."}, {"id": "Q712461", "label": "Battle of Aizu", "section": "Background", "says": "Maebara Issei, one of the heroes of the Meiji restoration and a leader of the Imperial Army at the Battle of Aizu, was among the dissatisfied of the Imperial faction."}], "Q2096968": [{"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hanover Court House, also known as the Battle of Slash Church, took place on May 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hanover Court House, also known as the Battle of Slash Church, took place on May 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2106454", "label": "First Battle of Winchester", "section": "lead", "says": "Banks's rout in the Shenandoah Valley at the First Battle of Winchester."}, {"id": "Q1550466", "label": "Battle of Seven Pines", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of May, the army had built bridges across the Chickahominy and was facing Richmond, straddling the river, with one-third of the Army south of the river and two-thirds north. (This disposition, which made it difficult for one part of the army to reinforce the other quickly, would prove to be a significant problem in the upcoming Battle of Seven Pines)."}, {"id": "Q1421282", "label": "Fitz John Porter", "section": "Background", "says": "Fitz John Porter, commander of the newly formed V Corps, to deal with the threat."}], "Q2103752": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iuka was fought on September 19, 1862, in Iuka, Mississippi, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q532248", "label": "Sterling Price", "section": "lead", "says": "Sterling Price."}, {"id": "Q1246956", "label": "Earl Van Dorn", "section": "lead", "says": "Earl Van Dorn, with whom they would soon fight the Second Battle of Corinth against Rosecrans."}, {"id": "Q233360", "label": "Second Battle of Corinth", "section": "lead", "says": "Earl Van Dorn, with whom they would soon fight the Second Battle of Corinth against Rosecrans."}, {"id": "Q1362021", "label": "Siege of Corinth", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Siege of Corinth in May 1862, Maj."}, {"id": "Q504369", "label": "Henry Halleck", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry Halleck was promoted to be general in chief of the Union Army and Maj."}, {"id": "Q724339", "label": "Don Carlos Buell", "section": "Background", "says": "Don Carlos Buell now operated as a separate command, leaving Grant command of only his own Army of the Tennessee and Maj."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "Background", "says": "As Confederate General Braxton Bragg moved north from Tennessee into Kentucky in September 1862, Buell pursued him from Nashville."}], "Q2112104": [{"id": "Q886420", "label": "John Sullivan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Staten Island was a failed raid by Continental Army troops under Major General John Sullivan against British forces on Staten Island on August 22, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Staten Island was a failed raid by Continental Army troops under Major General John Sullivan against British forces on Staten Island on August 22, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1776 the British forces of General William Howe withdrew from Boston after Major General George Washington fortified high ground threatening the city and its harbor."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware River and surprised German troops at Trenton, New Jersey, and eventually regained control of most of the state."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, he prepared to move north to assist General Horatio Gates defend the Hudson River against Lieutenant General John Burgoyne's march south from Quebec."}], "Q2125491": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Front Royal, also known as Guard Hill or Cedarville, was fought on May 23, 1862, during the American Civil War, as part of Jackson's Valley campaign."}, {"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee's Confederate force in time for the Seven Days Battles."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "Lee, an advisor to Confederate President Jefferson Davis requesting the continued use of Ewell's men, but another message from Johnston arrived later that day giving Jackson discretionary use of Ewell's command."}], "Q21275805": [{"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet (Chinese: 驅準保藏; lit. 'Expel the Dzungars to preserve Tibet') or the Chinese conquest of Tibet in 1720 was a military expedition sent by the Qing dynasty to expel the invading forces of the Dzungar Khanate from Tibet and establish Qing rule over the region, which lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912."}], "Q2135001": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "In August, the Portuguese brought in troops from Mozambique and a gunboat from Macau to suppress the revolt."}], "Q2139756": [{"id": "Q317279", "label": "Owain Glyndŵr", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important victory for the Welsh under Owain Glyndŵr, as it resulted in the prolongation of the Welsh war of independence and the destabilisation of English politics for several years afterward."}, {"id": "Q81000", "label": "Richard II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "King Richard II of England had become alienated from many of the nobles, and had been overthrown by Henry Bolingbroke, the Duke of Lancaster, who became Henry IV of England."}, {"id": "Q161866", "label": "Henry IV of England", "section": "Background", "says": "King Richard II of England had become alienated from many of the nobles, and had been overthrown by Henry Bolingbroke, the Duke of Lancaster, who became Henry IV of England."}, {"id": "Q471421", "label": "Henry Percy", "section": "Background", "says": "King Henry had appointed Henry Percy, widely known as \"Hotspur\", as his principal lieutenant and justiciar in North Wales and the adjacent Marches."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Background", "says": "Mortimer was uncle of the young Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, and either of them had a better hereditary claim to be King of England than Henry. (The childless Richard II had declared Sir Edmund's brother and the young Edmund's father, Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, to be heir apparent to the crown, but Roger had died the year before Richard was overthrown and none of the nobles suppo"}], "Q2139988": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate Eritrea Province from the rule of the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie and later the Derg under Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate Eritrea Province from the rule of the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie and later the Derg under Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate Eritrea Province from the rule of the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie and later the Derg under Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Eritrea was an Italian colony from the 1880s until the Italians were defeated by the Allies in World War II in 1941."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterward, Eritrea briefly became a British Military Administration until 1951."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Nations convened after the war to decide Eritrea's future, voting in favor of a federation between Eritrea and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q2603305", "label": "Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Eritrea became a constituent state of the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q9068538", "label": "Ethiopian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the Derg, led by Mengistu, abolished the Ethiopian Empire and established a Marxist-Leninist communist state."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Derg enjoyed support from the Soviet Union and other communist nations in fighting against the Eritreans."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "lead", "says": "The EPLF then took advantage of the Ogaden War to intensify its war of attrition against Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian Somaliland and Eritrea were also part of that entity, ruled by a Governor-General or Viceroy."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian Somaliland remained under Italian rule, but as a United Nations protectorate not a colony, until 1960 when it united with British Somaliland, to form the independent state of Somalia."}], "Q21655457": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1529–1533 was the first of a long series of wars between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire."}], "Q21685887": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ramadi was a battle launched by the forces of Iraq to successfully recapture the city of Ramadi from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), which had taken the city earlier in 2015 in a previous battle."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Air power was a major component of the battle, with the United States and other nations conducting over 850 airstrikes in the Ramadi area from July 2015 to late February 2016, and the US crediting airstrikes with 80% of the reason why the city was recaptured."}], "Q2168647": [{"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the Seven Days Battles during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War and the start of Confederate General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the Seven Days Battles during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War and the start of Confederate General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first major engagement of the Seven Days Battles during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War and the start of Confederate General Robert E."}, {"id": "Q1550466", "label": "Battle of Seven Pines", "section": "Background and Lee's plan", "says": "After the Battle of Seven Pines, on May 31 and June 1, McClellan and the Army of the Potomac sat passively at the outskirts of Richmond for almost a month."}, {"id": "Q216124", "label": "Stonewall Jackson", "section": "Background and Lee's plan", "says": "Stonewall Jackson arrived on June 25 from the Shenandoah Valley following his successful Valley Campaign."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "Background and Lee's plan", "says": "Hill and James Longstreet were to pass through Mechanicsville, D.H."}], "Q21741364": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The discovery of Japan was attractive to Portuguese merchants and missionaries alike; it gave the merchants a new market to sell their goods, and the Jesuit missionaries eyed Japan for new converts to Christianity."}], "Q2182031": [{"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first stage of the Finnish War, the Swedish commander Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor had decided to retreat from southern Finland, so that the Swedes would gain time, and more troops could be moved to Finland via Tornio."}, {"id": "Q958784", "label": "Carl Johan Adlercreutz", "section": "lead", "says": "Carl Johan Adlercreutz had been appointed commander after Count Gustaf Löwenhielm had been captured by the Russian at Pyhäjoki."}, {"id": "Q727574", "label": "Georg Carl von Döbeln", "section": "lead", "says": "The force commanded by Georg Carl von Döbeln was trying to cross the Siikajoki River when the Russians caught up with his force."}], "Q21862826": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "In 880, a fleet from the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya sailed against the Byzantine Empire and raided the western coasts of Greece."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 880, a fleet from the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya sailed against the Byzantine Empire and raided the western coasts of Greece."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "lead", "says": "John Skylitzes reports that it numbered sixty \"exceedingly large\" ships, and that it raided the Ionian Islands of Zakynthos and Cephalonia."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "lead", "says": "In the meantime, Nasar informed Emperor Basil I of the events, and Basil was quickly able to capture the deserters."}, {"id": "Q21862905", "label": "Battle of Stelai", "section": "lead", "says": "There he raided Sicily and scored another great victory over an Aghlabid fleet at the Battle of Stelai before returning to Constantinople."}], "Q21862905": [{"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 879 or 880, Emperor Basil I the Macedonian appointed Nasar as the commander of the Imperial Fleet."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "Background", "says": "Nasar's first task was to confront a raid by a fleet of 60 ships, sent by the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya against the western coasts of Greece."}], "Q2219250": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arafura Sea (Indonesian: Pertempuran Laut Aru), also known as the Battle of Vlakke Hoek (Dutch: Slag bij Vlakke Hoek), was a naval battle in the Arafura Sea near Etna Bay in Western New Guinea on 15 January 1962, between Indonesia and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "Dutch New Guinea, formerly part of the Dutch East Indies, was excluded from the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949, pending a final settlement."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Background", "says": "Dutch New Guinea, formerly part of the Dutch East Indies, was excluded from the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949, pending a final settlement."}, {"id": "Q4272542", "label": "Operation Trikora", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Arafura Sea marked the beginning of this intensification and formed the first phase of Operation Trikora, the Indonesian plan to take control of Western New Guinea by force."}], "Q2220712": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Breda was a short battle during the Eighty Years' War and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) during which a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Nassau captured the heavily protected city of Breda."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Breda was a short battle during the Eighty Years' War and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) during which a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Nassau captured the heavily protected city of Breda."}], "Q2222257": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Belostok offensive (Russian: Белостокская наступательная операция) was part of the third and final phase of the Belorussian strategic offensive of the Red Army in summer 1944, commonly known as Operation Bagration."}], "Q22227287": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "872/3 between the fleets of the Byzantine Empire and the Cretan Saracens off Kardia, in the Gulf of Saros."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the 10th-century chronicler Theophanes Continuatus—whose work was later reused almost without change by the 11th-century historian John Skylitzes—in the early years of the reign of the Emperor Basil I the Macedonian (r."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the 10th-century chronicler Theophanes Continuatus—whose work was later reused almost without change by the 11th-century historian John Skylitzes—in the early years of the reign of the Emperor Basil I the Macedonian (r."}], "Q2236679": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sea of Azov, also known as the Chernigovka pocket, was an Axis military campaign fought between 26 September 1941 and 11 October 1941 on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov on the Eastern Front of World War II during Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sea of Azov, also known as the Chernigovka pocket, was an Axis military campaign fought between 26 September 1941 and 11 October 1941 on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov on the Eastern Front of World War II during Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sea of Azov, also known as the Chernigovka pocket, was an Axis military campaign fought between 26 September 1941 and 11 October 1941 on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov on the Eastern Front of World War II during Operation Barbarossa."}], "Q2236963": [{"id": "Q435844", "label": "Lamoral, Count of Egmont", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in a victory by the Spanish forces, led by Lamoral, Count of Egmont, over the French, led by Marshal Paul de Thermes."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Quentin, Henry II of France prepared, what he hoped would be, a decisive counterstroke."}, {"id": "Q28495", "label": "Francis, Duke of Guise", "section": "Background", "says": "Francis, Duke of Guise, who had been recalled from Italy, had seized the port of Calais from the English Crown in January 1558."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Guise then moved south to capture the city of Thionville in Philip II's duchy of Luxembourg in April, it fell on June 22nd."}], "Q2237517": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gemmano took place during World War II, between 4 September and 15 September 1944."}, {"id": "Q533801", "label": "Oliver Leese", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant general Oliver Leese, general officer commanding Eighth Army, plan was for V Corps to attack at Gemmano and Croce and so pin down the Germans forces at the southern end of the Gothic line."}], "Q2237614": [{"id": "Q741798", "label": "Germanus", "section": "Background", "says": "Priscus was attacked and fled the army camp, and the mutineers chose the dux of Phoenice Libanensis, Germanus, as their temporary leader."}, {"id": "Q3695445", "label": "Constantina", "section": "Background", "says": "Byzantine Emperor Maurice then restored the former commander, Philippicus, to the post, but before he could arrive and take control, the Persians, taking advantage of the disorder, invaded Byzantine territory and attacked Constantina."}, {"id": "Q313504", "label": "Theophylact Simocatta", "section": "Background", "says": "As the historian Theophylact Simocatta records, \"with difficulty [Germanus] spurred on and incited the Roman contingents with speeches\" and managed to assemble 4,000 men and launch a raid into Persian territory."}], "Q2237629": [{"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the fall of Ravenna in May 540 AD, the capital of the Gothic kingdom, Belisarius had succeeded in restoring former Western Roman territories (Sicily and most of the Italian Peninsula) to Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "However, his stratagem of inducing the Goths to surrender by offering him the Western Roman imperial crown had spooked Byzantine Emperor Justinian."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "Background", "says": "The general's departure was also needed on the eastern front against the Persians in the upcoming Lazic War (541–562)."}, {"id": "Q4263465", "label": "Siege of Verona", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The failed Siege of Verona signaled to the newly crowned king of the Goths, Totila, to take the initiative while the Byzantines remained under poor leadership."}, {"id": "Q1895789", "label": "Battle of Faventia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This led to the Battle of Faventia in spring 542, where Totila, commanding an army of about 5,000 men, pursued and defeated the Byzantine army."}], "Q2238843": [{"id": "Q7882199", "label": "Burgundian State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brustem was fought on 28 October 1467 in Brustem, near Sint-Truiden (present-day Belgium) between the Burgundian State and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, as part of the Second Liège War."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brustem was fought on 28 October 1467 in Brustem, near Sint-Truiden (present-day Belgium) between the Burgundian State and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, as part of the Second Liège War."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1465, Philip the Good had won the First Liège War against Prince-Bishop Louis de Bourbon, newly-appointed by himself."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Liège counted on the promised military support from King Louis XI of France, also at war with the new Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Liège counted on the promised military support from King Louis XI of France, also at war with the new Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold."}], "Q2253305": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, fought August 29–30, 1862, was one of the most complete Confederate victories in the American Civil War by Major General Edmund Kirby Smith against Union major general William \"Bull\" Nelson's forces, which were defending the town."}, {"id": "Q551560", "label": "Edmund Kirby Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, fought August 29–30, 1862, was one of the most complete Confederate victories in the American Civil War by Major General Edmund Kirby Smith against Union major general William \"Bull\" Nelson's forces, which were defending the town."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "Background", "says": "General Braxton Bragg, commanding the Army of Mississippi, moved on a roughly parallel track to the west."}], "Q2259031": [{"id": "Q323446", "label": "John Hawkwood", "section": "lead", "says": "Florence's victory followed a recent defeat to Pisan forces that had enabled mercenary John Hawkwood, who was in command of the Pisan army, to occupy the Valdinievole, Prato en route to Florence."}], "Q2265548": [{"id": "Q28365", "label": "Lamian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amorgos was one of the naval battles of the Lamian War (323–322 BC), fought between the Macedonian navy under Cleitus the White and the Athenian navy under Euetion."}, {"id": "Q983668", "label": "Cleitus the White", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amorgos was one of the naval battles of the Lamian War (323–322 BC), fought between the Macedonian navy under Cleitus the White and the Athenian navy under Euetion."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lamian War or Hellenic War was a large-scale revolt of the Greek city-states of the League of Corinth against Macedonian authority following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lamian War or Hellenic War was a large-scale revolt of the Greek city-states of the League of Corinth against Macedonian authority following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC."}, {"id": "Q80398", "label": "Pericles", "section": "Background", "says": "Although fallen from the height of its power during the Golden Age of Pericles in the 5th century, Athens still had extensive financial resources at its disposal and a fleet numbering 240 or perhaps even 400 warships."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "The allies first defeated the pro-Macedonian Boeotians and then—aided by the defection of the Thessalian cavalry—the Macedonian viceroy of Greece, Antipater, forcing him to retreat to the fortified city of Lamia, where the allies laid siege to him."}], "Q2265575": [{"id": "Q544055", "label": "John IV, Duke of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "When John III, the duke of Brittany, died childless in 1341 the title was contested by Charles of Blois and John of Montfort."}, {"id": "Q288219", "label": "Joanna of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "John's wife, Joanna of Flanders, took up the Montfortist cause and fought on."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "As France and England had been fighting the Hundred Years' War since 1337 Joanna appealed to Edward III, the English king, for military assistance, which was promised."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "As France and England had been fighting the Hundred Years' War since 1337 Joanna appealed to Edward III, the English king, for military assistance, which was promised."}, {"id": "Q63483", "label": "Jonathan Sumption", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Jonathan Sumption describes this reaction as extraordinary."}, {"id": "Q257621", "label": "Joan, Duchess of Brittany", "section": "Background", "says": "John III died on 30 April 1341, leaving no children and a disputed succession; both his niece, Joan of Penthièvre, and his younger half-brother, John of Montfort, a senior Breton nobleman, claimed the dukedom."}], "Q2265587": [{"id": "Q295228", "label": "Sextus Pompey", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mylae took place in 36 BC during the War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate, between the Second Triumvirate under the command of Agrippa and the Pompeians under the command of Sextus Pompey led by Papias, which occurred in the city of Mylae (present-day Milazzo), off the north coast of Sicily."}], "Q2266114": [{"id": "Q426201", "label": "Gunboat War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lyngør was fought on 6 July 1812 between the British and Dano-Norwegian navies as part of the Gunboat War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark–Norway's attempt to remain neutral in the struggle between France and the United Kingdom and their respective allies came to an end after the United Kingdom's pre-emptive naval actions of 1807, in which most of the Danish navy was captured, the British operating under the possibility that Denmark–Norway was planning to join the Napoleonic Wars on the side of France."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark–Norway's attempt to remain neutral in the struggle between France and the United Kingdom and their respective allies came to an end after the United Kingdom's pre-emptive naval actions of 1807, in which most of the Danish navy was captured, the British operating under the possibility that Denmark–Norway was planning to join the Napoleonic Wars on the side of France."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Denmark–Norway's attempt to remain neutral in the struggle between France and the United Kingdom and their respective allies came to an end after the United Kingdom's pre-emptive naval actions of 1807, in which most of the Danish navy was captured, the British operating under the possibility that Denmark–Norway was planning to join the Napoleonic Wars on the side of France."}], "Q2274112": [{"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Imafuku (今福の戦い, Imafuku no tatakai) was fought on November 26th, 1614 between the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Toyotomi clan."}, {"id": "Q1071525", "label": "Satake Yoshinobu", "section": "lead", "says": "The village of Imafuku stood on the northeast approach to Osaka, and so Tokugawa Ieyasu sent 1,500 men under the command of Satake Yoshinobu to secure the site for a fort."}, {"id": "Q2714642", "label": "Mototsugu Gotō", "section": "lead", "says": "Kimura Shigenari and Gotō Mototsugu led a charge, incurring major casualties on the Eastern force and forcing Satake to call a withdrawal."}, {"id": "Q1376605", "label": "Uesugi Kagekatsu", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in the end, the Western forces were forced back once more after Uesugi Kagekatsu arrived with reinforcements for Satake's men."}], "Q2274135": [{"id": "Q475780", "label": "Siege of Osaka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shigino, fought in the final months of 1614, was one battle during the Siege of Osaka, a campaign by the Tokugawa shogunate to destroy or subjugate the last resistance to its power, the Toyotomi clan."}], "Q2279763": [{"id": "Q440", "label": "Salvador Allende", "section": "lead", "says": "Elements of an armored regiment of the Chilean Army led by Lieutenant Colonel Roberto Souper tried to overthrow the Popular Unity government of President Salvador Allende."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "Souper's regiment fired on buildings of the Chilean Government in central Santiago with tanks and small arms in which 22 people were killed."}], "Q228368": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zug massacre was a mass shooting that took place on 27 September 2001 in the parliament of the Canton of Zug, Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The massacre occurred sixteen days after the September 11 attacks in the United States, which killed 2,996 people."}], "Q22935722": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the battle, Saladin initially placed the rightful heirs over these territories: Muhammad ibn Shirkuh in Homs, Palmyra, and al-Rahba; Shihab al-Din al-Harimi over Hama and Ibn al-Muqaddam in Baalbek."}], "Q23039105": [{"id": "Q8560", "label": "Yesün Temür Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Two Capitals (simplified Chinese: 两都之战; traditional Chinese: 兩都之戰), or the Tianli Incident (simplified Chinese: 天历之变; traditional Chinese: 天歷之變), was a war of succession that occurred in 1328 in the Yuan dynasty and fought between the forces based in the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (Dadu, modern Beijing) and the forces based in the summer capital Shangdu after the death of Yuan emperor Y"}, {"id": "Q8666", "label": "Toghon Temür", "section": "Background", "says": "At the main capital in Khanbaliq (Dadu, modern Beijing), however, bold action was taken to restore the throne to the sons of Khayishan, either Kusala (the father of the last Yuan ruler Toghon Temür) or Tugh Temür (who was cooling his heels in South China)."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "Also, Mongolian princes and high-ranking Mongolian officials based in Manchuria (Liaodong) and eastern Mongolia fought on both sides of this civil war."}], "Q2310910": [{"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Davidian Revolution is a name given by many scholars to the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during the reign of David I (1124–1153)."}], "Q2321496": [{"id": "Q736934", "label": "Oliver Otis Howard", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. military, consisting of the 21st Infantry Regiment and volunteers, was led by brigadier general Oliver Otis Howard."}, {"id": "Q1456086", "label": "Nez Perce War", "section": "Background", "says": "Simultaneously, the 1877 Nez Perce War drove officials to crack down on the nation and require them to stay within the reservation boundaries."}], "Q2332992": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "These acts were committed before Romania entered World War II, before it became Germany's ally, and before the German military entered the country."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (August 1939) gave the Soviet Union a green light to take back Bessarabia in June 1940 (see June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum, and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina)."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (August 1939) gave the Soviet Union a green light to take back Bessarabia in June 1940 (see June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum, and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina)."}], "Q233360": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Corinth (which, in the context of the American Civil War, is usually referred to as the Battle of Corinth, to differentiate it from the siege of Corinth earlier the same year) was fought October 3–4, 1862, in Corinth, Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q1246956", "label": "Earl Van Dorn", "section": "lead", "says": "Earl Van Dorn."}, {"id": "Q532248", "label": "Sterling Price", "section": "lead", "says": "Sterling Price marched his army to meet with Van Dorn's."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "Background", "says": "As Confederate General Braxton Bragg moved north from Tennessee into Kentucky in September 1862, Union Maj."}, {"id": "Q724339", "label": "Don Carlos Buell", "section": "Background", "says": "Don Carlos Buell pursued him from Nashville with his Army of the Ohio."}, {"id": "Q2103752", "label": "Battle of Iuka", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Iuka on September 19, Maj."}], "Q2333674": [{"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jonesborough (August 31 – September 1, 1864) was fought between Union Army forces led by William Tecumseh Sherman and Confederate forces under William J."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Hardee during the Atlanta campaign in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q177350", "label": "Jacob Dolson Cox", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Jacob Dolson Cox and Shelby Foote asserted that a deluded Hood believed that the Union withdrawal meant that Sherman was about to retreat."}, {"id": "Q714250", "label": "Shelby Foote", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Jacob Dolson Cox and Shelby Foote asserted that a deluded Hood believed that the Union withdrawal meant that Sherman was about to retreat."}], "Q2360501": [{"id": "Q563424", "label": "Johann Peter Beaulieu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fombio was fought between the French Army of Italy led by Napoleon Bonaparte and the Austrian army under Feldzeugmeister Johann Peter Beaulieu between 7 and 9 May 1796."}], "Q2367642": [{"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Chencang was a battle fought between the states of Shu Han and Cao Wei between December 228 to early 229 during the Three Kingdoms period in China."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Chencang was a battle fought between the states of Shu Han and Cao Wei between December 228 to early 229 during the Three Kingdoms period in China."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second of the Northern Expeditions led by Shu-Han's chancellor-regent, Zhuge Liang, to invade Wei."}, {"id": "Q1151697", "label": "Battle of Shiting", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of an attempt to divert Wei forces away from Jing Province following the Battle of Shiting between Wei and Shu's ally state, Eastern Wu."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of an attempt to divert Wei forces away from Jing Province following the Battle of Shiting between Wei and Shu's ally state, Eastern Wu."}, {"id": "Q559711", "label": "Cao Zhen", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Chancellor finalized an operation plan, Cao Zhen of Wei had distinctly anticipated Zhuge's route of advancement and recommended Hao Zhao to build fortifications for Chencang."}, {"id": "Q378470", "label": "Cao Rui", "section": "Background", "says": "The Supreme General, Cao Zhen, assured the young emperor Cao Rui of the defence against probable invasions from Shu."}], "Q2390461": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Weinsberg took place in 1140 in Weinsberg, in the modern state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, which was then part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III (or II) in 1137, Henry the Proud was the Welf heir of the patrimony of his deceased father-in-law, and possessor of the crown jewels."}, {"id": "Q366696", "label": "Henry X", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III (or II) in 1137, Henry the Proud was the Welf heir of the patrimony of his deceased father-in-law, and possessor of the crown jewels."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "When Conrad gave the Duchy of Saxony to Count Albert the Bear, the Saxons rose in defence of their young prince, and Count Welf of Altorf, the brother of Henry the Proud, began the war."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "lead", "says": "When Conrad gave the Duchy of Saxony to Count Albert the Bear, the Saxons rose in defence of their young prince, and Count Welf of Altorf, the brother of Henry the Proud, began the war."}], "Q2399134": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The epicentre was 260 km north of Port Blair, and tremors were felt in south-east India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami watch to India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Thailand, but it was later lifted."}], "Q2403565": [{"id": "Q2914978", "label": "George VIII of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chikhori was fought in 1463 between the forces of King George VIII of Georgia and those of the rebel prince Bagrat, claimant to the throne of western Georgia."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle marked a turning point in Georgian history and is generally regarded as the beginning of the irreversible fragmentation and decline of the unified Kingdom of Georgia."}], "Q2405911": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rimini took place between 13 and 21 September 1944 during Operation Olive, the main Allied offensive on the Gothic Line in August and September 1944, part of the Italian Campaign in the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q238", "label": "San Marino", "section": "Background", "says": "A new attack to clear the Green II positions in the hills and destroy the Rimini Line running from the port of Rimini inland to San Marino was scheduled to start on 12 September."}], "Q2407681": [{"id": "Q352544", "label": "Eannatum", "section": "lead", "says": "The reigns of Eannatum and Enmetena saw several victories of Lagash, while Umma prevailed over its neighbour under the leadership of Lugalzagesi, who later ruled Uruk."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "lead", "says": "Lugalzagesi was himself defeated by Sargon of Akkad, who conquered all of Sumer and integrated it as part of his own kingdom, proclaiming the city of Akkad as its central point."}], "Q2414192": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Barcelona was signed on 19 January 1493 between France and the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In a separate and additional treaty of August that year, Ferdinand II of Aragon promised to maintain neutrality during Charles VIII of France's forthcoming invasion of the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The purpose for their retrocession through the Treaty of Barcelona in 1493 was because Charles VIII of France feared that Ferdinand was about to join with Maximilian of Austria and Henry VII of England to foil his recent annexation of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The purpose for their retrocession through the Treaty of Barcelona in 1493 was because Charles VIII of France feared that Ferdinand was about to join with Maximilian of Austria and Henry VII of England to foil his recent annexation of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q675493", "label": "Henry VII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The purpose for their retrocession through the Treaty of Barcelona in 1493 was because Charles VIII of France feared that Ferdinand was about to join with Maximilian of Austria and Henry VII of England to foil his recent annexation of Brittany."}], "Q2418597": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle on the Nemiga River (Belarusian: Бітва на Нямізе; Russian: Битва на реке Немиге) was a battle of the Kievan Rus' feudal period that occurred on March 3, 1067 on the Niamiha River."}, {"id": "Q2498541", "label": "Rogvolod", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the tenth century, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, then ruling over Novgorod the Great, proposed a marriage between himself and the daughter of Rogvolod, the prince of Polotsk, who had rebuffed him, saying she did not want to take off the shoes of a slave's son."}, {"id": "Q2498455", "label": "Bryachislav of Polotsk", "section": "Background", "says": "Iziaslav's son, Bryachislav of Polotsk, succeeded his father in 1001."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "Background", "says": "It also threatened the political power of the Yaroslavichi, the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, who had to that point been preeminent."}], "Q2425434": [{"id": "Q552007", "label": "Ethan Allen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Longue-Pointe (French: Bataille de Longue-Pointe) was an attempt by Ethan Allen and a small force of American and Quebec militia to capture Montreal from British forces on September 25, 1775, early in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Longue-Pointe (French: Bataille de Longue-Pointe) was an attempt by Ethan Allen and a small force of American and Quebec militia to capture Montreal from British forces on September 25, 1775, early in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q189366", "label": "John Brown", "section": "lead", "says": "Major John Brown, whom Allen claimed was supposed to provide additional forces, did not appear as they had planned, isolating Allen and his men on the north side of the river."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "lead", "says": "British General Guy Carleton sent a force composed mostly of Quebec militia in response to news of Allen's crossing of the St."}], "Q2427731": [{"id": "Q102323", "label": "Snorri Sturluson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Örlygsstaðir was fought on 21 August 1238 between Sighvatur Sturluson (brother of Snorri Sturluson) and his son Sturla Sighvatsson on the one hand, and Kolbeinn ungi and Gissur Þorvaldsson (later Earl Gissur) on the other."}], "Q243626": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties between Rome and Carthage are the four treaties between the two states that were signed between 509 BC and 279 BC."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage and Rome also concluded two treaties to end the First and the Second Punic Wars in 241 BC and 201 BC, when the relationship between the powers had changed considerably."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "Background", "says": "The western Mediterranean was the commercial zone of the Carthaginians, with the exception of the Tyrrhenian Sea, which Carthage shared with the Etruscans and the Greek colonies of southern Italy."}], "Q2439284": [{"id": "Q1657839", "label": "Ten Days' Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leuven or Battle of Boutersem was a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Leuven or Battle of Boutersem was a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution."}], "Q2446410": [{"id": "Q170057", "label": "Nicolás de Piérola", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1877, Nicolás de Piérola, former Minister of Finance, initiated an attempt to overthrow then-President Mariano Ignacio Prado."}, {"id": "Q529231", "label": "Mariano Ignacio Prado", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1877, Nicolás de Piérola, former Minister of Finance, initiated an attempt to overthrow then-President Mariano Ignacio Prado."}, {"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "Background", "says": "Other Peruvian naval ships present in the port, such as Atahualpa, were in a state of disrepair and unable to pursue."}], "Q2448998": [{"id": "Q11035", "label": "telephone", "section": "lead", "says": "Telephone service was interrupted and power outages were reported in the affected area."}], "Q2450777": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "It connected Australian and New Zealand trenches on the ridge known as \"Russell's Top\" to the knoll called \"Baby 700\" on which the Ottoman defenders were entrenched."}, {"id": "Q2756718", "label": "Alexander Godley", "section": "lead", "says": "Early on 7 August 1915, two regiments of the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade, one of the formations under the command of Major General Alexander Godley for the offensive, mounted a futile bayonet attack on the Ottoman trenches on Baby 700."}, {"id": "Q336442", "label": "William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Higher-level conceptual planning for the offensive was undertaken by the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, Lieutenant General William Birdwood, and Colonel Andrew Skeen; more detailed tactical planning devolved to other staff."}], "Q2451867": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Boonville was a minor skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on June 17, 1861, near Boonville in Cooper County, Missouri."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "At the onset of the Civil War, Missouri, like many border states in the Union, was deeply divided over whether to support the United States under Abraham Lincoln, or join the nascent Confederacy under Jefferson Davis."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "At the onset of the Civil War, Missouri, like many border states in the Union, was deeply divided over whether to support the United States under Abraham Lincoln, or join the nascent Confederacy under Jefferson Davis."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "At the onset of the Civil War, Missouri, like many border states in the Union, was deeply divided over whether to support the United States under Abraham Lincoln, or join the nascent Confederacy under Jefferson Davis."}, {"id": "Q517116", "label": "Nathaniel Lyon", "section": "Background", "says": "This plot was temporarily thwarted by an energetic young officer, Captain Nathaniel Lyon."}], "Q2453661": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Gródek Jagielloński or battle of Horodok took place during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) on 29 September 1655."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian and Ukrainian Cossack forces under Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev and Bohdan Khmelnytsky engaged a Polish–Lithuanian army under Stanisław \"Rewera\" Potocki near Gródek Jagielloński, which at that time was part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's Ruthenian Voivodeship (now Horodok, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1655, Russian-Cossack forces moved into Red Ruthenia, which at that time was one of few provinces of the Commonwealth still controlled by Polish forces, as in July of that year, Poland–Lithuania had been invaded by the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1655, Russian-Cossack forces moved into Red Ruthenia, which at that time was one of few provinces of the Commonwealth still controlled by Polish forces, as in July of that year, Poland–Lithuania had been invaded by the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "To save his army from complete annihilation, Potocki surrendered to King of Sweden Charles X Gustav, on October 28, 1655."}], "Q2464364": [{"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zela, not to be confused with the more famous battle in 47 BC, was fought in 67 BC near Zela in the Kingdom of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 88 BC and 63 BC the Roman Republic fought three wars with Mithridates VI of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q1616064", "label": "Mithridatic Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "For the third of these Mithridatic Wars, the Romans sent Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, the consuls of 74 BC, to fight the king of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "Background", "says": "For the third of these Mithridatic Wars, the Romans sent Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, the consuls of 74 BC, to fight the king of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q720859", "label": "Marcus Aurelius Cotta", "section": "Background", "says": "For the third of these Mithridatic Wars, the Romans sent Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, the consuls of 74 BC, to fight the king of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q2299845", "label": "Battle of Tigranocerta", "section": "Background", "says": "Lucullus then took the war into Pontus and eventually all the way up into Armenia where he defeated Mithridates' son-in-law and ally King Tigranes II of Armenia (see: Battle of Tigranocerta and Battle of Artaxata)."}, {"id": "Q647463", "label": "Battle of Artaxata", "section": "Background", "says": "Lucullus then took the war into Pontus and eventually all the way up into Armenia where he defeated Mithridates' son-in-law and ally King Tigranes II of Armenia (see: Battle of Tigranocerta and Battle of Artaxata)."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The two long-serving Valerian legions, tired of campaigning, had refused to leave and fell easy prey to a vengeful Mithridates who suddenly returned from exile in Armenia."}], "Q2467123": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Szczekociny was fought on the 6 June 1794 near the town of Szczekociny, Lesser Poland, between Poland and the combined forces of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Szczekociny was fought on the 6 June 1794 near the town of Szczekociny, Lesser Poland, between Poland and the combined forces of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish forces were led by Tadeusz Kościuszko, and the Russians and Prussians by Alexander Tormasov, future eminent general of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q2621718", "label": "Alexander Tormasov", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish forces were led by Tadeusz Kościuszko, and the Russians and Prussians by Alexander Tormasov, future eminent general of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish forces were led by Tadeusz Kościuszko, and the Russians and Prussians by Alexander Tormasov, future eminent general of the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q2467168": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Okhmativ or battle of Ochmatów (Polish: Bitwa pod Ochmatowem, Russian: Битва под Ахматовом, Ukrainian: Охматівська битва) took place around 19 January - 22 January 1655 (29 January - 1 February, N.S) during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khanate on the one hand and of the Russian Tsardom and the Cossacks on the "}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Okhmativ or battle of Ochmatów (Polish: Bitwa pod Ochmatowem, Russian: Битва под Ахматовом, Ukrainian: Охматівська битва) took place around 19 January - 22 January 1655 (29 January - 1 February, N.S) during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khanate on the one hand and of the Russian Tsardom and the Cossacks on the "}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Okhmativ or battle of Ochmatów (Polish: Bitwa pod Ochmatowem, Russian: Битва под Ахматовом, Ukrainian: Охматівська битва) took place around 19 January - 22 January 1655 (29 January - 1 February, N.S) during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khanate on the one hand and of the Russian Tsardom and the Cossacks on the "}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Russian-Cossack army led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Vasily Sheremetev went to the relief of Uman besieged by the Polish–Lithuanian army."}, {"id": "Q2506397", "label": "Stanisław Potocki", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When the commanders of the Polish army Stanisław Potocki and Stanisław Lanckoroński learned about the march of the Russians and Cossacks, they discontinued the siege and together with an army of the Crimean Khanate went out to meet them."}], "Q24728": [{"id": "Q3082702", "label": "Brazilian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Salvador occurred during the Brazilian War of Independence, during which the newly formed Brazilian army, under the command of French general Pierre Labatut, attempted to capture the city of Salvador in Bahia from its Portuguese defenders."}], "Q2473814": [{"id": "Q297278", "label": "John II of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was in part prompted by the decrees of John II of Castile and his aide Álvaro de Luna that rents, that is taxes, from the town of Medina del Campo would be paid to his administration, rather than that of John II of Aragon, also of Navarre."}, {"id": "Q251471", "label": "Álvaro de Luna, Constable of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was in part prompted by the decrees of John II of Castile and his aide Álvaro de Luna that rents, that is taxes, from the town of Medina del Campo would be paid to his administration, rather than that of John II of Aragon, also of Navarre."}, {"id": "Q312328", "label": "John II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was in part prompted by the decrees of John II of Castile and his aide Álvaro de Luna that rents, that is taxes, from the town of Medina del Campo would be paid to his administration, rather than that of John II of Aragon, also of Navarre."}], "Q2480544": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Banda Oriental was incorporated as a Brazilian province in 1822, when Brazil became independent from Portugal."}, {"id": "Q465493", "label": "Carlos María de Alvear", "section": "Background", "says": "General Carlos María de Alvear was appointed as commander of the Republican Army."}], "Q24933842": [{"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus' father, Demetrius Poliorcetes, had been driven from the Macedonian throne by Pyrrhus of Epirus and Lysimachus in 288 BC."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus' father, Demetrius Poliorcetes, had been driven from the Macedonian throne by Pyrrhus of Epirus and Lysimachus in 288 BC."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "Tired of war, Demetrius surrendered himself to Seleucus I Nicator in 285 BC, leaving Antigonus as the Antigonid heir to the Macedonian throne."}, {"id": "Q362936", "label": "Sosthenes of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 277 BC Antigonus organized an expedition to take Macedon from Sosthenes of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q313847", "label": "Demetrius II Aetolicus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was around this time, under these favorable omens, that his son and successor, Demetrius II Aetolicus was born by his niece-wife Phila."}], "Q2498565": [{"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Lamia was fought in 209 BC between the forces of Philip V of Macedon and the Aetolians led by Pyrrhias."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "Background", "says": "In the spring of 209 BC, Philip received requests for help from his ally the Achaean League in the Peloponnesus who were being attacked by Sparta and the Aetolians."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "Background", "says": "He also heard that Attalus had been elected one of the two supreme commanders of the Aetolian League, and rumours that he intended to crossover the Aegean from Asia Minor."}], "Q2503056": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kiev by the Pechenegs in 968 (sub anno 6476) is narrated in pages 65.19–67.20 of the Primary Chronicle."}], "Q2504044": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cordobazo was a civil uprising in the city of Córdoba, Argentina at the end of May 1969."}, {"id": "Q2504085", "label": "Rosariazo", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred a few days after the Rosariazo protests erupted in the Santa Fe Province against the military dictatorship of General Juan Carlos Onganía."}, {"id": "Q365326", "label": "Juan Carlos Onganía", "section": "lead", "says": "It occurred a few days after the Rosariazo protests erupted in the Santa Fe Province against the military dictatorship of General Juan Carlos Onganía."}], "Q2504085": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rosariazo (Spanish pronunciation: [rosaˈɾjaso]) was a protest movement that consisted in demonstrations and strikes, in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina, between May and September 1969, during the military dictatorial rule of de facto President General Juan Carlos Onganía."}, {"id": "Q365326", "label": "Juan Carlos Onganía", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rosariazo (Spanish pronunciation: [rosaˈɾjaso]) was a protest movement that consisted in demonstrations and strikes, in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina, between May and September 1969, during the military dictatorial rule of de facto President General Juan Carlos Onganía."}], "Q2504556": [{"id": "Q314271", "label": "Moussa Dadis Camara", "section": "lead", "says": "The protest march was fueled by the indication of junta leader Captain Moussa Dadis Camara that he would break his pledge to not run in the next presidential vote, due in January 2010."}, {"id": "Q108418519", "label": "Mamadi Doumbouya", "section": "lead", "says": "He was pardoned the following year by President Mamady Doumbouya."}, {"id": "Q202582", "label": "Lansana Conté", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 December 2008, about six hours after the death of Lansana Conté, a statement was read on state radio announcing a military coup d'état by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara on behalf of a group called the National Council for Democracy and Development (CNDD), which said that \"the government and the institutions of the Republic have been dissolved.\" The statement also announced the suspension of the"}], "Q2518498": [{"id": "Q2705449", "label": "Battle of Mount Algidus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans had already defeated the Aequi in the Battle of Mount Algidus, so that the Battle of Corbio definitely marked the dominion of the Romans over this tribe."}, {"id": "Q728918", "label": "Spurius Furius Medullinus Fusus", "section": "lead", "says": "After an unsuccessful attack by the consul Spurius Furius Medullinus Fusus (consul 464 BC), Quinctius was given consular powers by the Senate so that he could defeat the enemy army which was besieging Furius."}], "Q2520025": [{"id": "Q1245038", "label": "Lucius Apronius", "section": "lead", "says": "In 28 AD, the Frisii revolted against local Roman authorities over excessive taxation, culminating in a battle, possibly fought near Heiloo in the modern-day Netherlands, in the same year between the local Frisii and a Roman army led by the Roman general Lucius Apronius."}], "Q25212290": [{"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Herat (Persian: نبرد هرات) was fought between the military forces from the Abdali Afghans and the army of the Safavid Iran on July 1729"}], "Q2523448": [{"id": "Q467077", "label": "Efraín Ríos Montt", "section": "lead", "says": "Efraín Ríos Montt embarked on a military campaign that largely succeeded in breaking the insurgency, but at a terrible cost in human lives and human rights violations."}, {"id": "Q182441", "label": "Alfonso Portillo", "section": "lead", "says": "The IACHR began processing the complaint, received a partial recognition of the state's institutional responsibility from the democratically elected president Alfonso Portillo in the first year of his term, and finally referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights for judgement and settlement."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "Local context", "says": "Achi is one of the 21 varieties of the Maya language recognised in Guatemala; according to a 2002 government census, it was spoken by some 105,000 people in the Baja Verapaz highlands."}], "Q2527770": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Devina occurred on 17 July 1279 near the small fortress of Devina, close to the modern town of Kotel, Burgas Province, south-eastern Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q285508", "label": "Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Ivailo of Bulgaria attacked the Byzantine army sent to help his rival for the crown Ivan Asen III."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos decided to make use of the instability in Bulgaria."}], "Q2528975": [{"id": "Q43082", "label": "Charles II of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mantes was affirmed between Charles II of Navarre and John II of France on 22 February 1354."}, {"id": "Q169992", "label": "John II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Mantes was affirmed between Charles II of Navarre and John II of France on 22 February 1354."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "After Charles began negotiating with Edward the Black Prince and Henry of Grosmont, John II, in order to secure his alliance against England, sent Robert le Coq to Mantes to negotiate his own peace treaty with the king of Navarre."}], "Q2538456": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Florence (28 March 1801), which followed the Armistice of Foligno (9 February 1801), brought to an end the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples, one of the Wars of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon was relatively lenient to the defenseless Kingdom of Naples thanks to his need to appease Tsar Paul I of Russia and its allies of the Second League of Armed Neutrality."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon was relatively lenient to the defenseless Kingdom of Naples thanks to his need to appease Tsar Paul I of Russia and its allies of the Second League of Armed Neutrality."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Context", "says": "In the early 19th century, France, with Napoleon in charge, was at war against the Second Coalition formed by the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, Portugal, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "In the early 19th century, France, with Napoleon in charge, was at war against the Second Coalition formed by the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, Portugal, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1259275", "label": "Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "Context", "says": "Spain and France remained a military alliance since the signing of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "After the victories of Napoleon's army in the campaign of 1800 at Marengo, Höchstädt and Hohenlinden, the Holy Roman Empire made peace with France on 9 February 1801 by the Treaty of Lunéville."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "Context", "says": "After the victories of Napoleon's army in the campaign of 1800 at Marengo, Höchstädt and Hohenlinden, the Holy Roman Empire made peace with France on 9 February 1801 by the Treaty of Lunéville."}, {"id": "Q183226", "label": "Charles IV of Spain", "section": "Context", "says": "Ferdinand IV of Naples was the brother of Charles IV of Spain, but their relationship was no obstacle to the Franco-Spanish alliance."}, {"id": "Q158229", "label": "Maria Carolina of Austria", "section": "Context", "says": "The influence of his wife, Queen Maria Carolina of Austria, and of the Austrian royal family led to the alignment of Naples with the Second Coalition and the with Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q47365", "label": "Marie Antoinette", "section": "Context", "says": "Maria Carolina was the sister of Marie Antoinette, the queen consort of France."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Context", "says": "The crown prince of Naples, Francis, was married to the Archduchess of Austria Maria Clementina, the daughter of Emperor Leopold II."}], "Q2546598": [{"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Algerian War had been underway since 1954."}, {"id": "Q1471139", "label": "Evian Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "The Évian Accords of 18 March 1962 brought an end to the conflict."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "Background", "says": "Oran was a particularly important place in French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1931 census, over 80% of the inhabitants were reportedly European, a proportion that increased drastically after 1939 when a new wave of Spaniards fled there amid the Spanish Civil War."}], "Q2563398": [{"id": "Q722463", "label": "Stanisław Koniecpolski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kurukove (Ukrainian: Куруківський Договір) was an agreement between Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Mykhailo Doroshenko of the Ukrainian Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kurukove (Ukrainian: Куруківський Договір) was an agreement between Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Mykhailo Doroshenko of the Ukrainian Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q2030814", "label": "Mykhailo Doroshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kurukove (Ukrainian: Куруківський Договір) was an agreement between Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Mykhailo Doroshenko of the Ukrainian Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q2989523", "label": "Mehmed III Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was a response to Marek Zhmaylo's uprising and a Crimean-Zaporozhian alliance under Mehmed III Giray."}], "Q2564494": [{"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "Seizing this chance, Zhabdrung's followers rallied and ousted the Tibetans from their territory, turning the battle into a decisive strategic victory of Ngawang Namgyal, paving the way for the Unification of Bhutan under his rule."}], "Q256563": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a clear victory for Venice and the Knights Hospitaller over the Ottoman Empire, although their commander, Lorenzo Marcello, was killed on the first day."}], "Q2575960": [{"id": "Q332136", "label": "Malcolm II of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "Uhtred, son of Waltheof of Bamburgh (or his brother Eadwulf Cudel), fought the combined forces of Malcolm II of Scotland and Owen the Bald, king of the Cumbrians (or Strathclyde)."}], "Q2579501": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek War of Independence officially began on 25 March 1821."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "These villages became the Greek headquarters for the preparation of the siege of Ottoman strongholds during the absence of Hursid Pasha (the governor of Morea) who was leading an expedition against the apostate Ali Pasha of Janina under the Sublime Porte's special command."}], "Q2583233": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju (then Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju (then Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju (then Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju (then Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A handful of United States Far East Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers also operated out of Palembang briefly in January, but these were withdrawn to Java and Australia before the battle commenced."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Prelude", "says": "They were joined by the remnants of British, Australian and Royal New Zealand Air Force Hurricane and Brewster Buffalo squadrons, which had both inflicted and suffered heavy losses in intense air battles over the Malayan and Singapore campaigns."}], "Q2593996": [{"id": "Q690464", "label": "Battle of Mikatagahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Iwamura was a military event which occurred in 1572 in Japan, concurrent with Takeda Shingen's push into Tōtōmi Province and the Battle of Mikatagahara."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "Akiyama negotiated the castle's surrender with Lady Otsuya, who was not only Tōyama's widow but also the aunt of Oda Nobunaga."}], "Q2597500": [{"id": "Q311119", "label": "Epitácio Pessoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Copacabana Fort revolt (Portuguese: Revolta do Forte de Copacabana), also known as the 18 of the Fort revolt (Revolta dos 18 do Forte), was one of several movements coordinated by rebel factions of the Brazilian Army against the president of Brazil, Epitácio Pessoa, and the winner of the 1922 presidential election, Artur Bernardes."}, {"id": "Q311121", "label": "Artur Bernardes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Copacabana Fort revolt (Portuguese: Revolta do Forte de Copacabana), also known as the 18 of the Fort revolt (Revolta dos 18 do Forte), was one of several movements coordinated by rebel factions of the Brazilian Army against the president of Brazil, Epitácio Pessoa, and the winner of the 1922 presidential election, Artur Bernardes."}, {"id": "Q312874", "label": "Hermes da Fonseca", "section": "lead", "says": "Acting under the figure of marshal Hermes da Fonseca and supporting the defeated faction, the Republican Reaction, the rebels tried a wide revolt in Rio de Janeiro on 5 July 1922, but only managed to control Fort Copacabana and the Military School of Realengo, in addition to, outside the city, a focus in Niterói and the 1st Military Circumscription, in Mato Grosso."}, {"id": "Q2414171", "label": "First Brazilian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "They were defeated, but the revolt marks the beginning of tenentism and the events that led to the end of the First Brazilian Republic."}, {"id": "Q314696", "label": "Nilo Peçanha", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1921, Nilo Peçanha launched himself as an opposition presidential candidate, aligning the oligarchies of second-tier states against the domination of Brazilian politics by the most powerful states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais."}], "Q2601126": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "France had entered the American Revolutionary War in 1778, and Britain had declared war on the Dutch Republic in late 1780 after the Dutch refused to stop trading with the French and the Americans."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "France had entered the American Revolutionary War in 1778, and Britain had declared war on the Dutch Republic in late 1780 after the Dutch refused to stop trading with the French and the Americans."}, {"id": "Q233663", "label": "Second Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had rapidly gained control over most French and Dutch outposts in India when news of these events reached India, spawning the Second Anglo-Mysore War in the process."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Background", "says": "Suffren added some ships to his fleet and sailed on to the Île de France (present-day Mauritius), arriving at Port Louis in December."}], "Q2601158": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trincomalee was fought between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of Trincomalee, then Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), on 3 September 1782."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the fourth in a series of battles fought between the two fleets off the coast of the Indian subcontinent during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "France had entered the American Revolutionary War in 1778, and Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in late 1780 after the Dutch refused to stop trading in military supplies with the French and the Americans."}, {"id": "Q233663", "label": "Second Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "Background", "says": "The British had rapidly gained control over most French and Dutch outposts in India when news of these events reached India, spawning the Second Anglo-Mysore War in the process."}, {"id": "Q2601126", "label": "Battle of Sadras", "section": "Background", "says": "He arrived in February 1782 and immediately engaged the British fleet of Vice-Admiral Hughes in the inconclusive Battle of Sadras."}, {"id": "Q2601189", "label": "Battle of Providien", "section": "Background", "says": "After both fleets spent time in port repairing, refitting, and revictualing, they met again in the April Battle of Providien, south of the Ceylonese port of Trincomalee, which was ended by a storm and then nightfall."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the exposed nature of the anchorage at Cuddalore, and the impending arrival of additional British fleets, Suffren decided to attempt the capture of Trincomalee to gain a safe harbour for his fleet where he might effect more substantial repairs to his fleet.  (He had already cannibalized prize ships and transports, as well as housing in Cuddalore, to make repairs.)  Suffren was meeting with "}], "Q2602211": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's campaign through the Shenandoah Valley during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee for the Seven Days Battles outside Richmond, Virginia."}], "Q2618930": [{"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the 24 September 1771 and ended with the defeat of Bar Confederates by Russian general Alexander Suvorov."}], "Q2632595": [{"id": "Q842199", "label": "Belarusian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It involved a series of clashes between irregular Belarusian forces loyal to the Belarusian People's Republic and the Soviet Red Army, ending in a Soviet victory."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The preliminary peace accord (later finalized in Peace of Riga), signed on October 12, 1920, set new borders between Poland and the Soviet republics that divided modern Belarus and Ukraine in two parts."}, {"id": "Q68678", "label": "Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "No Belarusian delegation was invited to the Riga congress — neither from the Belarusian Democratic Republic nor from the puppet Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia."}], "Q2632974": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Battle of Brega was a battle in July and August 2011, during the Libyan Civil War, between forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi and forces of the Libyan opposition for control of the strategic town of Brega and its oil port."}], "Q2638217": [{"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Koljonvirta (Finnish: Koljonvirran taistelu, Swedish: Slaget vid Virta bro) i.e. the Battle of the Virta Bridge, also known as the battle of Idensalmi (Russian: Иденсальмское сражение), was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on October 27, 1808, in the course of Finnish War, with the Swedes prevailed in the engagement despite Russian numerical advantage."}, {"id": "Q2286332", "label": "Battle of Oravais", "section": "lead", "says": "After the main Swedish army had been defeated at the Battle of Oravais the army under Johan August Sandels in Savonia had to retreat in order not to be outflanked by the Russians."}], "Q264410": [{"id": "Q612949", "label": "Levon Ter-Petrosyan", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests broke out in the Armenian capital Yerevan, organized by supporters of presidential candidate and former president Levon Ter-Petrosyan and other opposition leaders."}, {"id": "Q613051", "label": "Robert Kocharyan", "section": "lead", "says": "At around 10 pm, President Robert Kocharyan, with the approval of the Armenian parliament, declared a 20-day state of emergency, banning future demonstrations and censoring the media from broadcasting any political news except those issued by official state press releases."}], "Q2660862": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loyew (Belarusian: Бітва пад Лоевам, Ukrainian: Битва під Лоєвом, Polish: Bitwa pod Łojowem; 31 July 1649) was fought between the Zaporozhian Host against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loyew (Belarusian: Бітва пад Лоевам, Ukrainian: Битва під Лоєвом, Polish: Bitwa pod Łojowem; 31 July 1649) was fought between the Zaporozhian Host against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day town of Loyew on the Sozh River in Belarus, a forces of the Zaporozhian under the command of Colonels Mykhailo Krychevsky, Stepan Pobodailo and Martyn Nebaba was defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of Prince Janusz Radziwiłł and Nobleman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski."}, {"id": "Q2454796", "label": "Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day town of Loyew on the Sozh River in Belarus, a forces of the Zaporozhian under the command of Colonels Mykhailo Krychevsky, Stepan Pobodailo and Martyn Nebaba was defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's forces under the command of Prince Janusz Radziwiłł and Nobleman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, learned about Prince Janusz Radziwiłł's plans while besieging Zbarazh in 10 July — 22 August, 1649."}], "Q2667371": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Imperial Russia on 26 June 1877."}, {"id": "Q57173", "label": "Mikhail Skobelev", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, Mikhail Skobelev attacked, forcing the Turkish garrison to surrender."}], "Q2669581": [{"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Loon War (Dutch: Loonse Oorlog) was a war of succession over the County of Holland (and its dependency Zeeland) from 1203 until 1206, brought on by the death of count Dirk VII."}], "Q2671443": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Lucia in the West Indies during the American Revolutionary War on 15 December 1778, between the British Royal Navy and the French Navy."}, {"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 September 1778, the French governor of Martinique, the marquis de Bouillé, surprised and captured the British island of Dominica."}, {"id": "Q694048", "label": "Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing", "section": "Background", "says": "On 4 November, French Admiral Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing sailed for the West Indies from the port of Boston, Massachusetts."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "Rear-Admiral of the Red Samuel Barrington, the British naval commander stationed on the Leeward Islands, joined the newly arrived Commodore Hotham on 10 December at the island of Barbados."}], "Q2713036": [{"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first battle of Tembien was fought on the northern front of what was known as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle consisted of attacks and counterattacks by Italian forces under Marshal Pietro Badoglio and Ethiopian forces under Ras Kassa Haile Darge."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was primarily fought around Worsege Pass (Italian: Passo Uarieu also translated as the Warieu Pass) in what was then the Tembien Province of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was impatient for an Italian offensive to get under way and for the Ethiopians to be swept from the field."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ras Imru Haile Selassie with approximately 40,000 men was on the Ethiopian left in the area around Seleh Leha in the Shire Province."}, {"id": "Q700956", "label": "Ettore Bastico", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 January, the day before the offensive in the Tembien began, Badoglio ordered General Ettore Bastico, commander of the III Corps, to leave Makale and occupy Nebri and Negada."}], "Q2726440": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Fury at Mechelen (Dutch: Spaanse Furie in Mechelen) was an event in the Eighty Years' War on October 2, 1572 in which the city of Mechelen was conquered by the Spanish army and brutally sacked."}], "Q2737232": [{"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a victory for the Scots, the most significant since Bannockburn, and came close to resulting in the capture of King Edward II."}], "Q2745584": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marracuene (Portuguese: Combate de Marracuene), also known as the Battle of Gwaza Muthini, was a military confrontation that was fought on February 2, 1895, near Marracuene, Portuguese Mozambique, between Ronga rebels and Portuguese forces."}], "Q27465472": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Zadar (12 August 1345 – 21 December 1346) was a successful attempt of the Republic of Venice to capture Zadar (or Zara), a Croatian coastal city in northern Dalmatia."}], "Q2748786": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Invasion of Val d'Aran, known under the code name Operación Reconquista de España (\"Operation Reconquest of Spain\"), was a military operation launched in October 1944 by the Unión Nacional Española (antifrancoist) (UNE)."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1944, with the Spanish Civil War over and the Axis powers in World War II in retreat, guerrilla fighters loyal to the Republic tried to conquer Val d'Aran in Catalonia and establish a provisional Republican government presided over by Juan Negrín in order to later overthrow the dictatorship of Francisco Franco."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1944, with the Spanish Civil War over and the Axis powers in World War II in retreat, guerrilla fighters loyal to the Republic tried to conquer Val d'Aran in Catalonia and establish a provisional Republican government presided over by Juan Negrín in order to later overthrow the dictatorship of Francisco Franco."}, {"id": "Q312757", "label": "Juan Negrín", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1944, with the Spanish Civil War over and the Axis powers in World War II in retreat, guerrilla fighters loyal to the Republic tried to conquer Val d'Aran in Catalonia and establish a provisional Republican government presided over by Juan Negrín in order to later overthrow the dictatorship of Francisco Franco."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1944, with the Spanish Civil War over and the Axis powers in World War II in retreat, guerrilla fighters loyal to the Republic tried to conquer Val d'Aran in Catalonia and establish a provisional Republican government presided over by Juan Negrín in order to later overthrow the dictatorship of Francisco Franco."}], "Q27559": [{"id": "Q1071266", "label": "Berber Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "The name \"Black Spring\" alludes to the events known as the Berber Spring of the 1980s, in which mainly Kabyle civil society activists challenged the ban on Berber culture then in place, demanding cultural rights and democracy."}], "Q2776646": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "It was drawn inside the Arab state in the defunct United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Jewish defenders used old Italian World War I rifles and managed to repel the attacks."}], "Q2785411": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of Orihuela (also known as the Treaty of Tudmir/Theodemir) was an early Dhimmi treaty imposed by the invading Umayyad Caliphate on the Christians in the city of Orihuela in the Iberian Peninsula in 713."}], "Q27957773": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Badajoz was a siege of the Spanish city of Badajoz in June and October 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q511089", "label": "Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway", "section": "lead", "says": "Both the June and October phases was conducted by an Anglo-Dutch force under Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway and François Nicolas Fagel on their advance into south-west Spain."}, {"id": "Q719590", "label": "René de Froulay de Tessé", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the besiegers were forced to withdraw when cavalry reinforcements were sent by marshal René de Froulay de Tessé."}], "Q28406875": [{"id": "Q1067913", "label": "Charu Majumdar", "section": "Origins", "says": "The leader and ideologue of the uprising Charu Majumdar theorised that the situation was appropriate for launching an armed People's war in India following the Chinese Communist Revolution, Vietnam War and Cuban Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Origins", "says": "The leader and ideologue of the uprising Charu Majumdar theorised that the situation was appropriate for launching an armed People's war in India following the Chinese Communist Revolution, Vietnam War and Cuban Revolution."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "Origins", "says": "The leader and ideologue of the uprising Charu Majumdar theorised that the situation was appropriate for launching an armed People's war in India following the Chinese Communist Revolution, Vietnam War and Cuban Revolution."}], "Q2841560": [{"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Badajoz was signed in Badajoz on 16 February 1267 between King Alfonso X of Castile and King Afonso III of Portugal, establishing mutual assistance and friendship between the parties."}, {"id": "Q295850", "label": "Afonso III of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Badajoz was signed in Badajoz on 16 February 1267 between King Alfonso X of Castile and King Afonso III of Portugal, establishing mutual assistance and friendship between the parties."}, {"id": "Q1796196", "label": "Kingdom of the Algarve", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord would see Alfonso X renounce all rights to the Kingdom of the Algarve, including a personal agreement with Denis of Portugal to support Alfonso with fifty knights."}, {"id": "Q212890", "label": "Denis I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The accord would see Alfonso X renounce all rights to the Kingdom of the Algarve, including a personal agreement with Denis of Portugal to support Alfonso with fifty knights."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the concession of some conquered territory by Portugal to Castile to the east of the river."}, {"id": "Q1365483", "label": "Treaty of Alcañices", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Badajoz was a foundation in setting the borders between the two kingdoms and paramount for the signing of the Treaty of Alcañices in 1297."}, {"id": "Q2668600", "label": "Taifa of Niebla", "section": "Background", "says": "The Castilian conquest of the Taifa of Niebla in 1262 reignited tensions between Portugal and Spain and led to skirmishes along the rivers Guadiana and Caia."}], "Q2865994": [{"id": "Q862443", "label": "Vicksburg Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred near Port Gibson, Mississippi, during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred near Port Gibson, Mississippi, during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q387130", "label": "David Dixon Porter", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union commander gambled that the Union Navy under Acting Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter could safely pass the Vicksburg batteries."}, {"id": "Q1066253", "label": "Siege of Vicksburg", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the first of several Union victories in May 1863 that would result in the Siege of Vicksburg."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 29, 1863, Grant ordered McClernand's XIII Corps to move south from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage which was south of the fortifications at Vicksburg and Warrenton."}], "Q287151": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The victims – the vast majority of them deliberately summarily executed, without a trial – were of different ethnic backgrounds, but were mostly Germans, Serbs, Albanians and Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Central Serbia was put under the Military Administration in Serbia (MAS), Kosovo was annexed by the Italian protectorate of Albania, and eastern Serbia was occupied by Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Vojvodina region was divided into three occupation zones: Banat was placed under direct German control as an autonomous region within the area governed by the MAS, Bačka was annexed by Horthy's Hungary and Syrmia was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q688197", "label": "Kosta Pećanac", "section": "Background", "says": "In Serbia they used the Serbian Volunteer Corps, Serbian State Guard, and the Chetniks of Kosta Pećanac and Dragoljub Mihailović."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 August 1944, Josip Broz Tito proclaimed a general amnesty for Chetniks and members of the Croatian Home Guards on condition that they did not commit any crimes and join the partisans before 15 September 1944."}], "Q2880684": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Heiligen was a treaty of peace between the Danish King Hemming and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne."}], "Q2887871": [{"id": "Q5228002", "label": "Daulat Scindia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After Raghoji II of Nagpur and Daulat Rao Sindhia were defeated at the Battle of Laswari, they moved south on 28 November 1803."}, {"id": "Q4087440", "label": "Battle of Laswari", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After Raghoji II of Nagpur and Daulat Rao Sindhia were defeated at the Battle of Laswari, they moved south on 28 November 1803."}, {"id": "Q720294", "label": "Asaf Jah II of Hyderabad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1803, Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II fell gravely ill, prompting Daulat Rao Shinde and the Bhonsale to invade his territories."}], "Q2887938": [{"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "At El Caney, Cuba, 514 Spanish regular soldiers, together with approximately 100 armed Spanish and Cubans loyal to Spain under the command of Brigadier General Joaquín Vara de Rey y Rubio were instructed to hold the northwest flank of Santiago de Cuba against the American 2nd Division, Fifth Army Corps, commanded by Brigadier General Henry W."}], "Q2887960": [{"id": "Q1657839", "label": "Ten Days' Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hasselt  was fought on 8 August 1831 during the Ten Days' Campaign."}], "Q2887969": [{"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "lead", "says": "A Battle of Hysiae is recorded by Pausanias as having been fought at Hysiae in the Argolis, possibly c."}], "Q2888093": [{"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bairén was fought between the forces of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, also known as \"El Cid\", in coalition with Peter I of Aragon, against the forces of the Almoravid dynasty, under the command of Muhammad ibn Tasufin."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bairén was fought between the forces of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, also known as \"El Cid\", in coalition with Peter I of Aragon, against the forces of the Almoravid dynasty, under the command of Muhammad ibn Tasufin."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bairén was fought between the forces of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, also known as \"El Cid\", in coalition with Peter I of Aragon, against the forces of the Almoravid dynasty, under the command of Muhammad ibn Tasufin."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the long Reconquista of Spain, and resulted in a victory for the forces of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Principality of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the long Reconquista of Spain, and resulted in a victory for the forces of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Principality of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q676811", "label": "Taifa of Valencia", "section": "Background", "says": "Rodrigo Díaz had conquered the Taifa of Valencia and established the Principality of Valencia on June 17, 1094."}], "Q2888111": [{"id": "Q1348955", "label": "Reapers' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The outbreak in 1640 of the Reapers' War, or the Catalan Uprising against the Spanish Monarchy, left most of the Principality in hands of the rebels and their French allies by mid-1641."}, {"id": "Q1541813", "label": "County of Roussillon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish forces were restricted to the area around Tarragona and Tortosa in the south and the County of Roussillon in the north, besides a series of isolated ports along the coast."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Background", "says": "Cardinal Richelieu replaced him with his nephew Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé, but for the 1642 campaign he followed his plans and committed most of his forces to conquer Rousillon."}, {"id": "Q2629600", "label": "Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé", "section": "Background", "says": "Cardinal Richelieu replaced him with his nephew Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé, but for the 1642 campaign he followed his plans and committed most of his forces to conquer Rousillon."}], "Q2888174": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Boksum (17 January 1586) was fought during the Eighty Years' War between a Spanish and a Dutch rebel army (largely composed of Frisians) commanded by Steen Maltesen Sehested, a Danish officer."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Boksum (17 January 1586) was fought during the Eighty Years' War between a Spanish and a Dutch rebel army (largely composed of Frisians) commanded by Steen Maltesen Sehested, a Danish officer."}, {"id": "Q71428", "label": "William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In the absence of William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, a nephew of William of Orange and the stadtholder of Frisia, the Spanish commander Francisco Verdugo, who was based in Groningen, hoped to reclaim the territory for Spain."}], "Q2888212": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bukoba was the first victory for Entente forces in German East Africa, coming after the disastrous battles of Tanga and Jassin."}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to Bukoba's location on the shore of Lake Victoria, it was decided that the raid should take the form of an amphibious assault."}], "Q2888241": [{"id": "Q1067", "label": "Dante Alighieri", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the combatants on the Guelph side was Dante Alighieri, twenty-four years old at the time."}, {"id": "Q704179", "label": "Giovanni Villani", "section": "Background", "says": "Later, in the mid-14th century, Giovanni Villani recorded the long-remembered details— as Florentines remembered them— in his chronicle, though the casus belli he offers are merely conventional \"outrages\" on the part of Arezzo; the elaborately staged raid and fight led by aristocrats on both sides sounds like stylized gang warfare, though carried out, according to Villani, under the battle standar"}], "Q2888245": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cap-Français was a naval engagement during the Seven Years' War fought between squadrons of the French and British navies outside the harbour of  Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue on 21 October 1757."}, {"id": "Q171416", "label": "Battle of Trafalgar", "section": "lead", "says": "Nelson considered the date of the battle a good omen, when 48 years to the day later, he faced a French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar."}], "Q2888347": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Consuegra took place during the Spanish Reconquista on 15 August 1097 near the village of Consuegra in the province of Castile-La Mancha between the Castilian and Leonese army of Alfonso VI and the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin."}, {"id": "Q369981", "label": "Youssef ibn Tashfin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Consuegra took place during the Spanish Reconquista on 15 August 1097 near the village of Consuegra in the province of Castile-La Mancha between the Castilian and Leonese army of Alfonso VI and the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin."}], "Q2888520": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Hondarribia of 1638 took place in June – September 1638, between Spain and France during the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Hondarribia of 1638 took place in June – September 1638, between Spain and France during the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)."}], "Q2888531": [{"id": "Q1186260", "label": "Creek War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fort Mims massacre occurred on August 30, 1813, at a fortified homestead site 35–40 miles north of Mobile, Alabama, during the Creek War."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the War of 1812, tensions within the Creek Nation caused it to divide into factions."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "While the United States forces were looting the pack trains, the warriors returned and drove off the Americans."}], "Q2888711": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gura was fought on 7–10 March 1876 between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt near the town of Gura in Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gura was fought on 7–10 March 1876 between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt near the town of Gura in Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q5403659", "label": "Ethiopian–Egyptian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second and decisive major battle of the Ethiopian–Egyptian War."}, {"id": "Q159378", "label": "Isma'il Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Isma'il Pasha attached his son Hassan Ismail Pasha to the expedition."}], "Q2888775": [{"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of King Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "Background", "says": "During the reign of King Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt."}, {"id": "Q878782", "label": "Mushezib-Marduk", "section": "Background", "says": "Mushezib-Marduk the Chaldean prince chosen as King of Babylon led the Babylonian populace in revolt against Assyria and King Sennacherib."}], "Q2888864": [{"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jengland (also called Jengland-Beslé, Beslé, or Grand Fougeray) took place on 22 August 851, between the West Frankish army of Charles the Bald and the Breton army of Erispoe, Duke of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q2888101", "label": "Battle of Ballon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 845, Nominoë, Duke of Brittany, had defeated Charles the Bald at the Battle of Ballon."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "Background", "says": "Faced with the threat, Charles sought the support of his brother Louis the German, obtaining a contingent of Saxons to increase the size of his force."}], "Q2888872": [{"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jiangling was fought by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei against Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jiangling was fought by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei against Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jiangling was fought by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei against Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q830059", "label": "Battle of Red Cliffs", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was an integral part of the Red Cliffs campaign, and was fought immediately after the Battle of Yiling in 208, and the preceding engagement at Wulin (烏林; in present-day Honghu, Hubei) on land and the marine Battle of Red Cliffs where Cao Cao's navy was destroyed."}, {"id": "Q378439", "label": "Cao Ren", "section": "lead", "says": "After a year or so, Cao Cao could no longer afford the continuous losses in personnel and materiel, so he ordered Cao Ren to withdraw from Jiangling."}], "Q2889085": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ladysmith, also known as the Battle of Lombard's Kop, was one of the early engagements of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q699617", "label": "Ian Hamilton", "section": "Background", "says": "Other senior British officers considered that White was badly advised by over-eager officers such as Penn-Symons or White's Adjutant General, Colonel Ian Hamilton."}], "Q2889153": [{"id": "Q695306", "label": "Johann von Klenau", "section": "Background", "says": "The Right Column also included two advanced guards, led by Obersts (colonels) Franz Joseph, Marquis de Lusignan and Johann von Klenau."}], "Q2889228": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marash was fought in 953 near Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş) between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under the Domestic of the Schools Bardas Phokas the Elder, and of the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, the Byzantines' most intrepid enemy during the mid-10th century."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "Background", "says": "Phokas was the personal choice of Emperor Constantine VII, who needed a reliable ally in this critical post."}], "Q2889272": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marseille was an urban battle of World War II that took place August 21–28, 1944, and led to the liberation of Marseille by Free French forces under the command of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny."}, {"id": "Q81114", "label": "Jean de Lattre de Tassigny", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Marseille was an urban battle of World War II that took place August 21–28, 1944, and led to the liberation of Marseille by Free French forces under the command of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny."}, {"id": "Q221111", "label": "Operation Dragoon", "section": "lead", "says": "The groundwork was laid by the Allied invasion of southern France in Operation Dragoon on 15 August 1944 by the United States Seventh Army, with major support from the French First Army."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "Background", "says": "After the successful execution of Operation Overlord (the Normandy landings), attention shifted to the south."}], "Q2889293": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Lisbon is a treaty on the borders of Spain and Portugal from the mouth of the Minho River to the junction of the Caia River with the Guadiana River."}, {"id": "Q953432", "label": "Couto Misto", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed in Lisbon on 29 September 1864, it abolished the Couto Misto microstate."}], "Q2889311": [{"id": "Q625218", "label": "Aragon Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caspe took place during the Aragon Offensive of the Spanish Civil War in 16–17 March 1938."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Caspe took place during the Aragon Offensive of the Spanish Civil War in 16–17 March 1938."}, {"id": "Q1467456", "label": "Battle of Teruel", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Teruel, the Republican Army in Aragon was exhausted and badly equipped."}], "Q2889383": [{"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Montes Claros was fought on 17 June 1665, near Borba, between Spanish and a combined Anglo-Portuguese force as the last major battle in the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Despite numerous setbacks, King Philip IV of Spain was determined to crush the Portuguese insurrection."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After a disastrous campaign in Southern Portugal culminated in the 1662 Battle of Ameixial, the Spanish court re-evaluated the performance of the Spanish Army and came to the conclusion that the war could only be ended by decisive action."}, {"id": "Q2887851", "label": "Battle of Ameixial", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After a disastrous campaign in Southern Portugal culminated in the 1662 Battle of Ameixial, the Spanish court re-evaluated the performance of the Spanish Army and came to the conclusion that the war could only be ended by decisive action."}, {"id": "Q764596", "label": "Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena, a veteran of campaigns in Italy and the Netherlands, was appointed to lead the new invasion of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q2887948", "label": "Battle of the Lines of Elvas", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A further 7,800 men came from Lisbon, under command of António Luís de Meneses, who had defeated the Spanish in the Battle of the Lines of Elvas six years earlier."}], "Q2889455": [{"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nantes was fought on 29 June 1793 during the War in the Vendée."}, {"id": "Q723242", "label": "Jacques Cathelineau", "section": "lead", "says": "In this engagement, French Republican forces successfully defended Nantes from a royalist attack led by Jacques Cathelineau, who was mortally wounded in the fighting."}, {"id": "Q2306888", "label": "Louis Marie Turreau", "section": "lead", "says": "General Louis Marie Turreau wrote of it:\n\nThe siege of Nantes is perhaps the most important military event of our revolution."}, {"id": "Q4411", "label": "Battle of Valmy", "section": "Background", "says": "France, at war with Austria since April 1792, became a republic in September 1792, the day after the Battle of Valmy."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Former king Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 January 1793."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The bourgeoisie that dominated it adopted the ideals of the French Revolution."}], "Q2889571": [{"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neopatras was fought in the early 1270s between a Byzantine army besieging the city of Neopatras and the forces of John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1259, the Empire of Nicaea, led by Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1259, the Empire of Nicaea, led by Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282), had achieved a great victory in the Battle of Pelagonia against a coalition of its major European foes, the Despotate of Epirus, the Kingdom of Sicily, and the Principality of Achaia."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282), had achieved a great victory in the Battle of Pelagonia against a coalition of its major European foes, the Despotate of Epirus, the Kingdom of Sicily, and the Principality of Achaia."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282), had achieved a great victory in the Battle of Pelagonia against a coalition of its major European foes, the Despotate of Epirus, the Kingdom of Sicily, and the Principality of Achaia."}, {"id": "Q41640", "label": "Michael II", "section": "Background", "says": "This victory had in large measure been achieved through the defection of John Doukas, the illegitimate child of Michael II of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This victory enabled Palaiologos to consolidate his territories in Europe; further, the weakening of Epirus and the Latin states allowed him to carry out the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261 and to re-establish the Byzantine Empire, with himself as emperor."}], "Q2889607": [{"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Battle of Peyrestortes (17 September 1793) in the War of the Pyrenees, soldiers of the First French Republic defeated a Spanish army that had invaded Roussillon and was attempting to capture Perpignan."}, {"id": "Q2438029", "label": "Antonio Ricardos y Carrillo de Albornoz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish army of Antonio Ricardos had occupied part of Roussillon and made an abortive attempt to seize the fortress of Perpignan in July 1793."}, {"id": "Q2306888", "label": "Louis Marie Turreau", "section": "Background", "says": "The government named Louis Marie Turreau as the new army commander, but it would be some time before he arrived from the Vendée."}], "Q2889660": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pontvallain, part of the Hundred Years' War, took place in the Sarthe region of north-west France on 4 December 1370, when a French army under Bertrand du Guesclin heavily defeated an English force which had broken away from an army commanded by Sir Robert Knolles."}, {"id": "Q314905", "label": "Bertrand du Guesclin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pontvallain, part of the Hundred Years' War, took place in the Sarthe region of north-west France on 4 December 1370, when a French army under Bertrand du Guesclin heavily defeated an English force which had broken away from an army commanded by Sir Robert Knolles."}, {"id": "Q63483", "label": "Jonathan Sumption", "section": "Background", "says": "To prevent the English army from dividing and going separate ways – and in what the historian Jonathan Sumption calls \"a prescient precaution\" – the captains were required to sign a contract before they left agreeing not only to serve the King faithfully, but also not to allow any divisions to open up between them, and to make decisions collectively."}], "Q2889686": [{"id": "Q1266814", "label": "Quintus Aemilius Papus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Populonia was fought in 282 BC between the Roman Republic under the consulship of Quintus Aemilius Papus and the Etruscans."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Populonia was fought in 282 BC between the Roman Republic under the consulship of Quintus Aemilius Papus and the Etruscans."}], "Q2889742": [{"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Radzymin (Polish: Bitwa pod Radzyminem) took place during the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21)."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians wanted to break through the Polish defences to Warsaw, while the Polish aim was to defend the area long enough for a two-pronged counteroffensive from the south, led by General Józef Piłsudski, and north, led by General Władysław Sikorski, to outflank the attacking forces."}, {"id": "Q153132", "label": "Władysław Sikorski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians wanted to break through the Polish defences to Warsaw, while the Polish aim was to defend the area long enough for a two-pronged counteroffensive from the south, led by General Józef Piłsudski, and north, led by General Władysław Sikorski, to outflank the attacking forces."}, {"id": "Q698651", "label": "Józef Haller", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle for control of Radzymin forced General Józef Haller, commander of the Polish Northern Front, to start the 5th Army's counterattack earlier than planned."}], "Q2889775": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rheinberg took place on 12 June 1758 in Rheinberg, Germany during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q663450", "label": "Battle of Krefeld", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a precursor to the more decisive Battle of Krefeld nine days later."}], "Q2889980": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Shinohara occurred in 1183 during the Genpei War in Japan, in what is now Kaga city, Ishikawa prefecture."}], "Q2890016": [{"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Viluma, also known as Battle of Sipe-Sipe, was a major battle in the South American wars of independence in which the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (formerly the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata) were decisively defeated in Upper Peru (now Bolivia) by the Royal Army of Viceroyalty of Peru."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "Background", "says": "The Army of the North has been under the command of José de San Martín, but for health reasons he asked to be relieved."}, {"id": "Q959624", "label": "José Rondeau", "section": "Background", "says": "He was replaced by José Rondeau."}, {"id": "Q465493", "label": "Carlos María de Alvear", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the third campaign in Upper Peru (the first two had been beaten off), General Carlos María de Alvear was named by Supreme Director Ignacio Álvarez Thomas to replace Rondeau."}, {"id": "Q2511066", "label": "Ignacio Álvarez Thomas", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the third campaign in Upper Peru (the first two had been beaten off), General Carlos María de Alvear was named by Supreme Director Ignacio Álvarez Thomas to replace Rondeau."}, {"id": "Q1394085", "label": "Martín Miguel de Güemes", "section": "Background", "says": "General Martín Miguel de Güemes withdrew the support of his Gauchos and retired to Salta, taking with him the part of the army that was in Jujuy."}], "Q2890049": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Staoueli (18 June 1830 – 19 June 1830) was a battle between the Kingdom of France and the Regency of Algiers in western Algiers while France was trying to take control over the capital."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Staoueli (18 June 1830 – 19 June 1830) was a battle between the Kingdom of France and the Regency of Algiers in western Algiers while France was trying to take control over the capital."}, {"id": "Q1387563", "label": "Hussein Dey", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Having been promised a swift and crushing victory by Ibrahim Agha, Hussein Dey came to the camp with his wives and his court to witness it in person."}], "Q2890073": [{"id": "Q68475", "label": "Bolivian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Suipacha was fought on 7 November 1810 in Bolivia during the Bolivian War of Independence between the Spanish colonial army and the Republican forces sent by the Primera Junta from Buenos Aires."}, {"id": "Q2511385", "label": "Primera Junta y messi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Suipacha was fought on 7 November 1810 in Bolivia during the Bolivian War of Independence between the Spanish colonial army and the Republican forces sent by the Primera Junta from Buenos Aires."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 1810 May Revolution, the Republicans sent an expeditionary army, led by Antonio González Balcarce, to Upper Peru with the mission of conducting a reconnaissance of the region."}, {"id": "Q1394085", "label": "Martín Miguel de Güemes", "section": "Background", "says": "Among these was a group of gauchos led by Martín Miguel de Güemes, who would go on to play a key role in the southern revolution."}], "Q2890092": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in the Sahara between 21 March and 19 April of 448 AH/1056 AD at a spot called Tabfarilla near Azougui in present-day central Mauritania."}], "Q2890096": [{"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "lead", "says": "On the day of the battle Kofi Annan announced a cease-fire for the Syrian conflict."}], "Q2890102": [{"id": "Q827612", "label": "Jugurthine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Suthul was one of the confrontations of the Jugurthine War."}, {"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought in 110 BC between the Numidian army, led by King Jugurtha, and the Roman forces, led by Aulus Postumius Albinus."}, {"id": "Q723230", "label": "Aulus Postumius Albinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought in 110 BC between the Numidian army, led by King Jugurtha, and the Roman forces, led by Aulus Postumius Albinus."}, {"id": "Q388233", "label": "Spurius Postumius Albinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The consul Spurius Postumius Albinus invaded Numidia, but left to prepare for the elections in Rome."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "Background", "says": "Lucullus and L."}], "Q2890214": [{"id": "Q635839", "label": "Battle of Sentinum", "section": "lead", "says": "The result would lead to the decisive Battle of Sentinum, which granted Rome the domination of central Italy."}, {"id": "Q435352", "label": "Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus", "section": "Background", "says": "Rome sent two armies against Samnium, led by the experienced consuls Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus and Publius Decius Mus, each with about 20,000 men."}, {"id": "Q374630", "label": "Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle lines clashed and the Samnites were getting the upper hand when, suddenly, in the Samnite rear, there appeared a force of Roman hastati, led by the Tribune Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, that Rullianus had previously sent on a flanking march before the battle had begun."}], "Q2890218": [{"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Torfou-Tiffauges  was a battle on 19 September 1793 during the War in the Vendée."}, {"id": "Q319302", "label": "Jean Baptiste Kléber", "section": "lead", "says": "It pitted many Royalist military leaders against Republican troops under Jean-Baptiste Kléber and Canclaux."}], "Q2890270": [{"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tucumán was fought on 24 and 25 September 1812 near the Argentine city of San Miguel de Tucumán, during the Argentine War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the North, commanded by General Manuel Belgrano, defeated the royalist troops commanded by General Pío de Tristán, who had a two-to-one advantage in numbers, halting the royalist advance on Argentina's northwest."}, {"id": "Q2397172", "label": "Pío de Tristán", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army of the North, commanded by General Manuel Belgrano, defeated the royalist troops commanded by General Pío de Tristán, who had a two-to-one advantage in numbers, halting the royalist advance on Argentina's northwest."}, {"id": "Q592091", "label": "Battle of Salta", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the Battle of Salta, on 20 February 1813, the victory at Tucumán allowed the Argentine troops to reaffirm the borders under their control."}, {"id": "Q3810857", "label": "Juan José Castelli", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Upper Peru region (present-day Bolivia), was again under royalist control after the rebel defeat at Huaqui, where the inexperienced commander Juan José Castelli was easily defeated by the royalist army."}, {"id": "Q2889112", "label": "Battle of Las Piedras", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 3 September victory at the Battle of Las Piedras between his rearguard and two advance royalist columns confirmed his ideas."}, {"id": "Q2269490", "label": "Juan Ramón Balcarce", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He sent Juan Ramón Balcarce towards the city, ordering him to recruit and train a cavalry troop from the local militia, and deliver letters to the rich and powerful Aráoz family, one of whose members, Lieutenant Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, was among Belgrano's best officers."}], "Q2890346": [{"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vinegar Hill (Irish: Cath Chnoc Fhíodh na gCaor) was a military engagement during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 on 21 June 1798 between a force of approximately 13,000 government troops under the command of Gerard Lake and 16,000 United Irishmen rebels led by Anthony Perry."}], "Q2890385": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of White Marsh or Battle of Edge Hill was a battle of the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought December 5–8, 1777, in the area surrounding Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces, spent the weeks after his defeat at the Battle of Germantown encamped with the Continental Army in various locations throughout upper Philadelphia County (now Montgomery County), just north of the British-occupied city."}, {"id": "Q523857", "label": "Battle of Germantown", "section": "lead", "says": "George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces, spent the weeks after his defeat at the Battle of Germantown encamped with the Continental Army in various locations throughout upper Philadelphia County (now Montgomery County), just north of the British-occupied city."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "Background and movement to battle", "says": "With his ranks reinforced, Washington dispatched a brigade to assist with the defense of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Delaware River."}, {"id": "Q436775", "label": "John Burgoyne", "section": "Background and movement to battle", "says": "John Burgoyne after the Battles of Saratoga, Washington began drawing troops from the north, including the 1,200 men of Varnum's Rhode Island brigade, and about 1,000 more men from various Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia units."}, {"id": "Q365124", "label": "Horatio Gates", "section": "Background and movement to battle", "says": "Horatio Gates sent Col."}], "Q2890512": [{"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets took place during the Haitian Revolution."}], "Q2890537": [{"id": "Q511089", "label": "Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway", "section": "lead", "says": "Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, who had a horse shot from under him, narrowly escaped being taken prisoner with them."}, {"id": "Q320394", "label": "Battle of Almansa", "section": "Background", "says": "After the defeat at the Battle of Almansa, the British situation was desperate, they were no longer present in the south-eastern territory of Spain and had minimum or no influence in the course of the war."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "About 8,000 British troops were sent to Portugal under the orders of the Earl of Galway, and the rest to Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Knowing that France had withdrawn some troops as a consequence of defeats of Louis XIV in Flanders, his Anglo-Portuguese army crossed the border near the fortress of Campo Mayor, composed of maximum 20,000 Portuguese and 8,000 English, towards Badajoz."}], "Q2890708": [{"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Taku or Battle of Dagu Forts (Chinese: 大沽口砲臺之戰) was a short engagement during the Boxer Rebellion between the Chinese Qing dynasty military and forces belonging to the Eight Nation Alliance in June 1900."}, {"id": "Q7459167", "label": "Seymour Expedition", "section": "Background", "says": "Somewhere between Tianjin and Beijing were the 2,000 men in the Seymour Expedition attempting to get to Beijing to reinforce the legation guards."}], "Q2890742": [{"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cap-Français took place from 20 to 22 June 1793 during the Haitian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The colonists then sent a courier to London and declare themselves ready to pass under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Great Britain in exchange for the conservation of their laws."}, {"id": "Q289738", "label": "Andre Rigaud", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In order to suppress this rebellion, the commissioners also organize an army commanded by the mulatto André Rigaud."}], "Q2890743": [{"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Boulou (29 April to 1 May 1794) took place during the War of the Pyrenees, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Boulou (29 April to 1 May 1794) took place during the War of the Pyrenees, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q723058", "label": "Jacques François Dugommier", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle saw the French Army of the Eastern Pyrenees led by General of Division (GD) Jacques François Dugommier attack the joint Spanish-Portuguese Army of Catalonia under Lieutenant General (LG) Luis Fermín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Dugommier's decisive victory resulted in the French regaining nearly all the land they lost to the Kingdom of Spain in 1793."}, {"id": "Q314135", "label": "Pierre Augereau", "section": "Background", "says": "He formed his field army into three infantry divisions under GD Dominique Catherine de Pérignon, GD Pierre Augereau, and GD Pierre François Sauret."}, {"id": "Q316110", "label": "Manuel Godoy", "section": "Background", "says": "He died there on 13 March 1794, allegedly after having drunk a cup of poisoned chocolate intended for the king's favorite Manuel Godoy."}, {"id": "Q1651702", "label": "Alejandro O'Reilly", "section": "Background", "says": "Ricardos' designated successor, Captain General Alejandro O'Reilly died on 23 March of an intestinal illness before he could reach the front."}], "Q2890815": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Puig of 1237, also known as the Battle of the Puig de Santa Maria, the Battle of the Puig de Enesa, or the Battle of the Puig de Cepolla was a battle of the Iberian Reconquista and of the Aragonese Conquest of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in August 1237, pitting the forces of the Crown of Aragon, under the command of  Bernat Guillem I d'Entença, against the forces of the Taifa of Valencia, under the command of Zayyan ibn Mardanish."}, {"id": "Q676811", "label": "Taifa of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place in August 1237, pitting the forces of the Crown of Aragon, under the command of  Bernat Guillem I d'Entença, against the forces of the Taifa of Valencia, under the command of Zayyan ibn Mardanish."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Context", "says": "The Almohad governors of Balansiya, Zayd Abu Abd Allah Muhammad and Zayd Abu Zayd were able to act with complete autonomy, including giving titles of kingship."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "Context", "says": "They never exercised this right by coined money or renouncing their fealty to the Almohad Caliphate or to its emperor."}, {"id": "Q219697", "label": "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa", "section": "Context", "says": "After the Almohad defeat at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, the empire disintegrated and fractured in smaller kingdoms called taifas."}, {"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "Context", "says": "The most important of these were the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada or Emirate of Granada, the Hafsid Taifa of Tunisia, the Banu Zian Taifa of Algeria, and Marinid controlled Morocco."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "Context", "says": "The most important of these were the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada or Emirate of Granada, the Hafsid Taifa of Tunisia, the Banu Zian Taifa of Algeria, and Marinid controlled Morocco."}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "Context", "says": "In 1224, James I of Aragon called on his nobles from Aragon and Catalonia to initiate the conquest of Muslim controlled Balansiya, entering the area through Teruel."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "Context", "says": "The rebellion further laid siege to Balensiya itself, albeit unsuccessfully due to the menace of a relief force from the Kingdom of Castile."}], "Q2890865": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gibraltar  took place on 10 August 1621, during the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gibraltar  took place on 10 August 1621, during the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gibraltar  took place on 10 August 1621, during the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Twelve Years' Truce between Spain and the Dutch Republic ended, the Spanish wished to deal a decisive blow against the Dutch trading ships in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish attempted to concentrate a fleet in the Bay of Gibraltar, but admirals Martín de Vallecilla, Juan Fajardo, and Don Francisco de Acevedo, with their respective squadrons, failed to join Toledo's squadron, which left Cádiz on 6 August 1621."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip IV of Spain supported this strategy."}], "Q2890925": [{"id": "Q8934", "label": "Venezuelan War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement was won by the Republican forces, and was the last battle of the Venezuelan War of Independence and the larger Spanish American wars of independence."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republican ships were part of the armed forces of Gran Colombia led by Simón Bolívar."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republican ships were part of the armed forces of Gran Colombia led by Simón Bolívar."}, {"id": "Q388210", "label": "Battle of Carabobo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carabobo of 1821 is usually seen in the historiography as the culminating battle for Venezuelan independence."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "However, some historians point out that if the Battle of Lake Maracaibo had been a victory for the Royalist forces, the Spanish Crown might have been able to establish a new front in Western Venezuela from which to attack the Republican forces stationed in Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 24 July is a regional holiday of Zulia State in Venezuela, and as it is the date of the birth of Simón Bolívar, is also marked as Navy Day in both Venezuela and Colombia."}], "Q2890945": [{"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Axtorna or simply Axtorna, was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and Denmark-Norway 20 October  1565 at Axtorna, a small village in what is today Falkenberg Municipality, Halland County in south-western Sweden."}], "Q2892631": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Arab states surrounding the Mandate of Palestine started to prepare themselves a few weeks before 15 May."}], "Q2895260": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battles of Monte Grappa were a series of three battles which were fought during World War I between the armies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy for control of the Monte Grappa massif, as it covered the left flank of the Italian Piave front."}], "Q2896961": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Model 5 (Hebrew: דוגמן 5, Doogman 5) is the name of an Israeli Air Force operation, and the common name for the ensuing anti-aircraft battle, which took place over the Golan Heights on the October 7, 1973, the second day of the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q2918913", "label": "Operation Mole Cricket 19", "section": "lead", "says": "These efforts culminated in their engagement of the Syrians 9 years later in Operation Mole Cricket 19, where they were able to, for the first time in history, destroy an entire Soviet-made SAM network in a matter of hours."}], "Q29033178": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hama offensive (March–April 2017) was a military offensive launched by Syrian rebel groups led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) north of the city of Hama, as part of the Syrian Civil War."}], "Q290636": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Częstochowa massacre, also known as the Bloody Monday, was committed by the German Wehrmacht forces beginning on the 4th day of World War II in the Polish city of Częstochowa, between 4 and 6 September 1939."}], "Q2906869": [{"id": "Q2660910", "label": "Moshe Carmel", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Northern Command leader Moshe Carmel, it instead was part of a larger operation to cut off the Arab forces from each other along a north–south axis."}, {"id": "Q1391515", "label": "Mordechai Maklef", "section": "Background", "says": "The direct commander of the offensive, Mordechai Maklef, claimed that the Jenin offensive was actually supposed to prevent the Iraqis in the north from aiding the Jordanian Arab Legion in the south, as the IDF was pushing toward Jerusalem at the time."}, {"id": "Q37610", "label": "David Ben-Gurion", "section": "Background", "says": "Yet another reasoning for the offensive has been given by Israeli statesman David Ben-Gurion who said that it was supposed improve Israel's negotiating position before the coming truce."}], "Q29075499": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Santa Maura took place on 21 July – 6 August 1684 between the forces of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, and was the opening battle of the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Santa Maura took place on 21 July – 6 August 1684 between the forces of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, and was the opening battle of the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War."}, {"id": "Q34481", "label": "Francesco Morosini", "section": "lead", "says": "From his base at Corfu the Venetian commander-in-chief, Francesco Morosini, led a fleet of 38 galleys, 8 galleasses and several auxiliary vessels to besiege the Fortress of Santa Maura on the island of Lefkada (also known as Santa Maura), that was under Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The island of Lefkada, located close to the mainland coast of Epirus, was originally accorded to the Republic of Venice in the treaty of partition of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, but this never materialized, as the island became part of the Despotate of Epirus, and later of the county palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "The island of Lefkada, located close to the mainland coast of Epirus, was originally accorded to the Republic of Venice in the treaty of partition of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, but this never materialized, as the island became part of the Despotate of Epirus, and later of the county palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos."}, {"id": "Q1154983", "label": "First Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Lefkada fell under the domination of the Ottoman Empire in 1479, in the immediate aftermath of the First Ottoman–Venetian War, when the Ottoman admiral Gedik Ahmed Pasha captured the last possessions of the Tocco family, which along with the county palatine had ruled much of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q539183", "label": "Gedik Ahmed Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Lefkada fell under the domination of the Ottoman Empire in 1479, in the immediate aftermath of the First Ottoman–Venetian War, when the Ottoman admiral Gedik Ahmed Pasha captured the last possessions of the Tocco family, which along with the county palatine had ruled much of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q1153331", "label": "Second Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetians briefly occupied the island in 1502–03, during the Second Ottoman–Venetian War, but returned it to the Ottomans in the final peace settlement."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Lepanto, the castle was unsuccessfully besieged by the forces of the Holy League."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, it was completely rebuilt and enlarged by the Kapudan Pasha Kılıç Ali Pasha in 1572–1574."}, {"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the outbreak of the Morean War in 1684, the Venetians held the initiative, as the Ottomans were preoccupied against the Habsburg forces in Central Europe and their fleet was in a poor state, but the Venetians also did not have a clear strategy, with the Venetian government leaving the choice to its commander-in-chief, the Captain General of the Sea, Francesco Morosini, and his war council."}], "Q2909590": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Green Island, or Al Jazeera Al Khadraa, was a fortress built by British forces during World War II."}, {"id": "Q322607", "label": "War of Attrition", "section": "Background", "says": "Though the destruction of Egyptian early warning radar and ELINT sites was an ongoing goal during this period, known as the War of Attrition, the raid was as much prompted by a wish to send a \"message\" to Egypt as it was the actual destruction of the military targets."}, {"id": "Q188783", "label": "Moshe Dayan", "section": "Background", "says": "IDF Chief of Staff Chaim Bar Lev and Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan together decided that Egypt should be shown that no Egyptian position was safe, no matter how well-fortified or impregnable."}], "Q2915673": [{"id": "Q366547", "label": "Jimmy Doolittle", "section": "Background", "says": "The plan was first proposed to Major General Jimmy Doolittle, commander in chief of the US Eighth Air Force sometime in 1944."}], "Q2920370": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "A devastating earthquake known in scientific literature as the Earthquake of 749 struck on January 18, 749, in areas of the Umayyad Caliphate, with the epicenter in Galilee."}], "Q2920626": [{"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chalagan was fought between the Qara Qoyunlu and the allied forces of Shirvanshahs, the Kingdom of Georgia and Princedom of Simsim at Chalagan, Shirvan, in December 1412, and resulted in Qara Qoyunlu’s victory."}, {"id": "Q17526620", "label": "Kingdom of Shirvan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chalagan was fought between the Qara Qoyunlu and the allied forces of Shirvanshahs, the Kingdom of Georgia and Princedom of Simsim at Chalagan, Shirvan, in December 1412, and resulted in Qara Qoyunlu’s victory."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chalagan was fought between the Qara Qoyunlu and the allied forces of Shirvanshahs, the Kingdom of Georgia and Princedom of Simsim at Chalagan, Shirvan, in December 1412, and resulted in Qara Qoyunlu’s victory."}], "Q29378733": [{"id": "Q224986", "label": "France-Albert René", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt, sometimes referred to as the Seychelles affair or Operation Angela, was a failed South African–orchestrated coup to overthrow the government of Prime Minister France-Albert René in Seychelles and restore the previous president, James Mancham, to power."}, {"id": "Q362948", "label": "James Mancham", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt, sometimes referred to as the Seychelles affair or Operation Angela, was a failed South African–orchestrated coup to overthrow the government of Prime Minister France-Albert René in Seychelles and restore the previous president, James Mancham, to power."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "After an extended firefight, the mercenaries hijacked an aircraft and fled to Durban in South Africa."}], "Q29629470": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "In a campaign that took place from August to December 1678 in Kediri (in modern-day East Java, Indonesia) during the Trunajaya rebellion, the forces of the Mataram Sultanate, led by Amangkurat II, and of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), led by Anthonio Hurdt, marched inland into eastern Java against Trunajaya's forces."}, {"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In a campaign that took place from August to December 1678 in Kediri (in modern-day East Java, Indonesia) during the Trunajaya rebellion, the forces of the Mataram Sultanate, led by Amangkurat II, and of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), led by Anthonio Hurdt, marched inland into eastern Java against Trunajaya's forces."}], "Q2967066": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "There were 458 confirmed deaths in Turkey, 438 confirmed deaths in Russia, and 457 confirmed deaths in the United Kingdom."}], "Q2978493": [{"id": "Q2099707", "label": "Pakubuwono III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Giyanti (also known as the Treaty of Gianti Java, the Gianti Agreement, or the Giyanti Treaty) was signed and ratified on February 13, 1755, between Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and Sunan Pakubuwono III along with his allies."}, {"id": "Q1903767", "label": "Pakubuwono II", "section": "Background", "says": "Pakubuwono II, king of Mataram, had backed a Chinese rebellion against the Dutch."}], "Q2980846": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1686 Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria joined the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "He quickly returned to Tarnovo where he was proclaimed Prince of Bulgaria after the city was briefly liberated, with about 4,000 people gathering."}], "Q2984801": [{"id": "Q966952", "label": "William Brown", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Juncal took place between a squadron of the newly independent United Provinces of the River Plate under command of William Brown and a squadron belonging to the Brazilian Empire, commanded by Sena Pereira."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was the biggest naval victory for Argentina in the Cisplatine War."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was the biggest naval victory for Argentina in the Cisplatine War."}], "Q2984839": [{"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "Naulila was the scene of fighting between Portuguese Angola and German South West Africa during the early stages of World War I."}, {"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Naulila was the scene of fighting between Portuguese Angola and German South West Africa during the early stages of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Naulila was the scene of fighting between Portuguese Angola and German South West Africa during the early stages of World War I."}], "Q2984929": [{"id": "Q655480", "label": "Quasi-War", "section": "lead", "says": "USS Constellation vs La Vengeance, or the action of 1 February 1800, was a single-ship action fought between frigates of the French Navy and the United States Navy during the Quasi-War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1798, an undeclared war had begun between the United States and France due to French seizures of American merchantmen."}, {"id": "Q204989", "label": "Saint Kitts", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking command on 19 January 1800 after arriving at Saint Kitts in his flagship USS Constellation, Truxton's squadron consisted of four frigates, three schooners, and a ship-rigged man of war."}], "Q2989462": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shanghai Revolutionary Committee was a revolutionary committee that had administered the city of Shanghai, People's Republic of China between 1967 and 1979."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 24 February 1967, following the collapse of the Shanghai People's Commune during the Cultural Revolution, and replaced the former Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party following its overthrow in the January Storm."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 24 February 1967, following the collapse of the Shanghai People's Commune during the Cultural Revolution, and replaced the former Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party following its overthrow in the January Storm."}, {"id": "Q197170", "label": "Zhang Chunqiao", "section": "lead", "says": "Zhang Chunqiao was the committee's first chairman, while Peng Chong was its last chairman."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "Background", "says": "It was modeled after the Paris Commune, and was to adopt direct democracy as its method of electing its leadership."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on 12 February 1967, following a discussion between Mao Zedong and top CRG leaders, Mao retracted his support for the commune as he was concerned that it would reduce the power of the Central Committee and State Council."}], "Q2996359": [{"id": "Q808027", "label": "Treaty of Bardo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conventions of La Marsa (Arabic: اتفاقية المرسى) supplementing the Treaty of Bardo were signed by the Bey of Tunis Ali III ibn al-Husayn and the French Resident General Paul Cambon in the Dar al-Taj Palace on 8 June 1883."}, {"id": "Q1697247", "label": "Paul Cambon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conventions of La Marsa (Arabic: اتفاقية المرسى) supplementing the Treaty of Bardo were signed by the Bey of Tunis Ali III ibn al-Husayn and the French Resident General Paul Cambon in the Dar al-Taj Palace on 8 June 1883."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "They allowed French military occupation of certain places, thereby undermining a Tunisian sovereignty which was not legally clear, since the Regency of Tunis acknowledged, at least notionally, the authority of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2998523": [{"id": "Q700674", "label": "Operation Cobra", "section": "lead", "says": "British operations of the Second Battle of the Odon conducted in the Odon valley continued in July and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division occupied Hill 112 almost unopposed on 4 August, after the Germans withdrew during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west."}, {"id": "Q714293", "label": "Operation Bluecoat", "section": "lead", "says": "British operations of the Second Battle of the Odon conducted in the Odon valley continued in July and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division occupied Hill 112 almost unopposed on 4 August, after the Germans withdrew during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west."}, {"id": "Q579936", "label": "Operation Charnwood", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Charnwood took place from 8 to 9 July, to capture Caen and prevent the transfer of German armoured units from the Anglo-Canadian front in the east to the American sector."}], "Q29991963": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 2016, the United States and the United Kingdom has staffed and operated a training facility in al-Tanf (the \"Al Tanf Garrison\"), with their special operations troops advising a Syrian rebel group known as the Revolutionary Commando Army."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 2016, the United States and the United Kingdom has staffed and operated a training facility in al-Tanf (the \"Al Tanf Garrison\"), with their special operations troops advising a Syrian rebel group known as the Revolutionary Commando Army."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "In the months prior to the offensive, the rebel Free Syrian Army (FSA) waged a campaign against the jihadist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the desert border region known as the Badia, which ended with ISIL being fully expelled from the southern Syrian desert."}], "Q303176": [{"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Spanish: Batalla de Manila), sometimes called the Mock Battle of Manila, was a land engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898, at the end of the Spanish–American War, three months after the decisive victory by Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay."}, {"id": "Q889233", "label": "Wesley Merritt", "section": "lead", "says": "The belligerents were Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín Jáudenes, and American forces led by United States Army Major General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy Commodore George Dewey."}, {"id": "Q467093", "label": "George Dewey", "section": "lead", "says": "The belligerents were Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín Jáudenes, and American forces led by United States Army Major General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy Commodore George Dewey."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "lead", "says": "American forces were supported by units of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle set the stage for the Battle of Manila in 1899, which marked the beginning of the Philippine–American War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States organized the Eighth Army Corps as an expeditionary force under Major General Wesley Merritt."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 16, the vanguard of the force departed from San Francisco under Brigadier General Thomas M."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Merritt requested information on the strength of the Spanish in the Philippines, which was provided by the American consul in Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "Merritt requested information on the strength of the Spanish in the Philippines, which was provided by the American consul in Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q602912", "label": "Antonio Luna", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-June, some 40,000 Filipino revolutionaries under General Antonio Luna had dug fourteen miles of trenches around Manila."}], "Q304135": [{"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kuwabara took place the day after the siege of Uehara; Takeda Shingen continued to gain power in Shinano Province by seizing Kuwabara castle from Suwa Yorishige."}], "Q3050534": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Makombo massacre took place from 14 to 17 December 2009 in the Haut-Uele District of Democratic Republic of the Congo in the village and region of Makombo."}], "Q30512324": [{"id": "Q3119819", "label": "Thorkell the Tall", "section": "lead", "says": "In the autumn of 1016, the Danish prince Cnut the Great (Canute), supported by Eiríkr Hákonarson, and Thorkell the Tall successfully invaded England."}, {"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "Background", "says": "That same summer Æthelred's eldest son, Æthelstan died, leaving his younger brother, Edmund, as heir to the English throne."}, {"id": "Q53436", "label": "Bolesław I the Brave", "section": "Background", "says": "Among the allies of Denmark was Bolesław I the Brave the duke of Poland, (later crowned king) a relative to the Danish royal house."}, {"id": "Q318912", "label": "Eric the Victorious", "section": "Background", "says": "She had been sent away by their father after the death of the Swedish king Eric the Victorious in 995, and his marriage to Sigrid the Haughty, the Swedish queen mother."}, {"id": "Q313436", "label": "Olof Skötkonung", "section": "Background", "says": "This wedlock formed a strong alliance between the successor to the throne of Sweden, Olof Skötkonung, and the rulers of Denmark, his in-laws."}, {"id": "Q1163186", "label": "Battle of Svolder", "section": "Background", "says": "Another in-law to the Danish royal house, Eiríkr Hákonarson, was the earl of Lade and the co-ruler of Norway with his brother Sweyn Haakonsson – Norway having been under Danish sovereignty since the Battle of Svolder, in 999."}], "Q3062332": [{"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kittanning Expedition (also known as the Armstrong Expedition or the Battle of Kittanning) was a raid carried out during the French and Indian War on September 8, 1756, against the Lenapehoking village of Kittanning, which had served as a staging point for attacks by Lenape warriors against white colonists in the British Province of Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Although it eventually became a worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years' War, the French and Indian War began on the Pennsylvania frontier as a struggle for control of the Ohio Country."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "With the surrender of George Washington at Fort Necessity in 1754 and Braddock's defeat in 1755, the settlers on the Pennsylvania frontier were without professional military protection, and scrambled to organize a defense."}, {"id": "Q113412", "label": "Edward Braddock", "section": "Background", "says": "The French-allied Indians who had defeated General Edward Braddock at the Monongahela were primarily from the Great Lakes region to the north."}], "Q30687544": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Goražde (Bosnian: Opsada Goražda; Serbian Cyrillic: Опсада Горажда) refers to engagements during the Bosnian War (1992–95) in and around the town of Goražde in eastern Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Dayton Agreement was signed to end the war, the enclave was connected to the rest of Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the 1991 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia census, Goražde (including the present-day Novo Goražde) had a population of 37,573, 26,296 of which were Bosniaks and 9,843 Serbs."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Goražde itself was inhabited by 16,273 people when Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1992."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Goražde itself was inhabited by 16,273 people when Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1992."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Alarmed, the Assembly of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted the Resolution on the Sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 15 October 1991, shortly followed by the establishment of the Serbian National Assembly by the Bosnian Serbs."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "Background", "says": "Later renamed the Republika Srpska, it developed its own military as the JNA withdrew from Croatia and handed over its weapons, equipment and 55,000 troops to the newly created Bosnian Serb army."}], "Q30742713": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage of 439 was when the city of Carthage was captured by the Vandals from the Western Roman Empire on 19 October 439."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carthage of 439 was when the city of Carthage was captured by the Vandals from the Western Roman Empire on 19 October 439."}, {"id": "Q52995", "label": "Gunderic", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his death early in the year 428, Gunderic was succeeded by his half brother Genseric."}], "Q3083841": [{"id": "Q1253", "label": "Ban Ki-moon", "section": "lead", "says": "According to preliminary evidence, troops had surrounded the village which was followed by pro-government Shabiha militia entering the village and killing civilians with \"barbarity,\" UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told the UN Security Council."}], "Q3098752": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Brotherhoods (Catalan: Revolta de les Germanies,  Spanish: Rebelión de las Germanías) was a revolt by artisan guilds (Germanies) against the government of King Charles V in the Kingdom of Valencia, part of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Brotherhoods (Catalan: Revolta de les Germanies,  Spanish: Rebelión de las Germanías) was a revolt by artisan guilds (Germanies) against the government of King Charles V in the Kingdom of Valencia, part of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Brotherhoods (Catalan: Revolta de les Germanies,  Spanish: Rebelión de las Germanías) was a revolt by artisan guilds (Germanies) against the government of King Charles V in the Kingdom of Valencia, part of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Valencia's peasant Muslim population (also called mudéjars, to contrast with crypto-Muslims or Moriscos in the Crown of Castile, where Islam was outlawed) and imposed forced conversions to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Valencia's peasant Muslim population (also called mudéjars, to contrast with crypto-Muslims or Moriscos in the Crown of Castile, where Islam was outlawed) and imposed forced conversions to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Both rebellions were partially inspired by the departure for Germany of Charles, the new King of both Castile and Aragon (in a personal union that would form the basis for the Kingdom of Spain), to take the throne as Holy Roman Emperor and leaving behind a somewhat disreputable Royal Council and regent."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Origins", "says": "Ferdinand died in January 1516 and was succeeded by his mentally unstable daughter Joanna."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1519, the King's paternal grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, died."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "Origins", "says": "Charles competed with King Francis I of France to win the imperial election by aggressively bribing prince-electors."}], "Q3099920": [{"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The borders under dispute were those created by the conquests of James II of Aragon in Murcia between 1296 and 1300."}], "Q3112690": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege of Almeida, Portugal, the French corps of Marshal Michel Ney captured the border fortress from Brigadier General William Cox's Portuguese garrison."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "lead", "says": "In the siege of Almeida, Portugal, the French corps of Marshal Michel Ney captured the border fortress from Brigadier General William Cox's Portuguese garrison."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "This action was fought in the summer of 1810 during the Peninsular War portion of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This action was fought in the summer of 1810 during the Peninsular War portion of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "Background", "says": "Lying on a main invasion route from Ciudad Rodrigo to Lisbon, the Castle Fortress of Almeida was invested by a 65,000-man army under Marshal André Masséna in the third French invasion of Portugal."}], "Q3113540": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great American Boycott (Spanish: El Gran Paro Estadounidense, or El Gran Paro Americano, lit. \"the Great American Strike\"), also called the Day Without an Immigrant (Spanish: Día sin inmigrante), was a one-day boycott of United States schools and businesses by immigrants in the United States (mostly Latin American) which took place on May 1, 2006."}], "Q3119025": [{"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to displace the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes from the Southern Plains, and forcibly relocate the tribes to reservations in Indian Territory."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in the 1830s, significant numbers of permanent settlements were established in what had previously been the territory of the various Indigenous peoples of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Background", "says": "Texas, as part of the Confederate States of America, lacked the military resources to fight both the Union and the tribes."}], "Q3119173": [{"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Avar Wars were fought between Francia and the Avar Khaganate in Central Europe from 788 to 803, and ended with the Frankish conquest of the khaganate's western regions."}, {"id": "Q854415", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Kingdom of the Lombards in 774, and the subjugation of Bavaria in 788 by the Frankish king Charlemagne (r."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Kingdom of the Lombards in 774, and the subjugation of Bavaria in 788 by the Frankish king Charlemagne (r."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Frankish king Clovis I (r."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Frankish king Clovis I (r."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Background", "says": "481–511) conquered a Roman rump state in northern Gaul and seized southern Gaul from the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Franks conquered Burgundy, Provence, and the Alpine region, and subjugated the neighboring Germanic tribes—the Thuringi, Alemanni and Bavarians."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "Background", "says": "Francia was customarily divided among the kings' son which led to the development of three Frankish realms—Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "Fleeing from the expansion of the First Turkic Khaganate in Central Asia, the Avars appeared on the European political scene in early 558."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "This year their delegation came to Constantinople and offered military support to the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "Justinian accepted the offer, and the Avars—reportedly 20,000 mounted warriors—continued their westward migration and conquered the Turkic and Slavic tribes in the Pontic steppes."}, {"id": "Q309946", "label": "Sigebert I", "section": "Background", "says": "On this occasion, the Neustrian king Sigebert I (r."}, {"id": "Q45115", "label": "Bayan I", "section": "Background", "says": "In 567, the Avar khagan Bayan I (r."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Background", "says": "Early next year, the Lombards voluntarily abandoned the Basin's western region for northern Italy, and the Avars took possession of all the plains along the Middle Danube and its tributaries."}], "Q31192559": [{"id": "Q44332", "label": "Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu", "section": "lead", "says": "The protest was led by opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, in response to a lengthy prison sentence that Enis Berberoğlu received for allegedly giving the press a video that shows Turkish intelligence smuggling weapons into Syria."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared the protest march illegal."}, {"id": "Q863496", "label": "Binali Yıldırım", "section": "lead", "says": "During the march, Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım and President Erdoğan compared the march to the July 2016 coup attempt, and accused the participants and Kılıçdaroğlu of supporting the Gülenist Hizmet movement organization that the government says was behind the coup attempt."}, {"id": "Q488200", "label": "Fethullah Gülen", "section": "Background", "says": "The government has said that it is targeting those who are suspected of supporting Fethullah Gülen, who the government believes was behind the coup attempt."}], "Q3139030": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Martlet (also known as Operation Dauntless) was part of a series of British attacks to capture the French town of Caen and its environs from German forces during the Battle of Normandy of World War II begun by the Allies."}, {"id": "Q2348027", "label": "Operation Epsom", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was to protect the right flank of VIII Corps as it began Operation Epsom, an offensive into the Odon Valley west of Caen, on 26 June."}], "Q316604": [{"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Welfesholz was fought on 11 February 1115 between the Imperial army of the Emperor Henry V and a rebellious Saxon force led by Lothair of Supplinburg, who would later become the Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Henry V, scion of the Frankish Salian dynasty and uncontested King of the Romans since 1106, had inherited both the Investiture Controversy and the Saxon conflict from his father Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q227967", "label": "Paschal II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1110 he moved to Italy and, after negotiation failed, captured Pope Paschal II and several cardinals to enforce his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q170654", "label": "Callixtus II", "section": "Background", "says": "Having returned from Rome he was immediately excommunicated by the papal legate in Germany Cuno of Praeneste and again by Archbishop Guy de Vienne, the later Pope Callixtus II."}], "Q317295": [{"id": "Q1639992", "label": "Combined Bomber Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Argument, after the war dubbed Big Week, was a sequence of raids by the United States Army Air Forces and RAF Bomber Command from 20 to 25 February 1944, as part of the Combined Bomber Offensive against Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Argument, after the war dubbed Big Week, was a sequence of raids by the United States Army Air Forces and RAF Bomber Command from 20 to 25 February 1944, as part of the Combined Bomber Offensive against Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective of Operation Argument was to destroy aircraft factories in central and southern Germany in order to defeat the Luftwaffe before the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord were to take place later in 1944."}], "Q319488": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The twin battles of Vyazma and Bryansk were a military confrontation during World War II on the German-Soviet front."}], "Q319554": [{"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden on 10 November (O.S.) / 20 November (N.S.) 1656 in Labiau (now Polessk)."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia), Charles X Gustav strove to \"buy Frederick William's support\" in the ongoing Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia), Charles X Gustav strove to \"buy Frederick William's support\" in the ongoing Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia), Charles X Gustav strove to \"buy Frederick William's support\" in the ongoing Second Northern War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "As the price for this alliance would have been the surrender of the Prussian ports of Pillau (now Baltiysk) and Memel (now Klaipėda) to Sweden, Frederick William I refused and instead signed a defensive alliance with the Dutch Republic in 1655."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 June (O.S.) / 25 June (N.S.) 1656, Charles X Gustav and Frederick William I concluded a formal alliance in the Treaty of Marienburg after Swedish advances in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had stalled."}], "Q3195891": [{"id": "Q68508", "label": "Malcolm III of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the battle, which occurred on 13 November 1093, Malcolm III of Scotland, later known as Malcolm Canmore, was killed together with his son Edward by an army of English knights led by Robert de Mowbray."}, {"id": "Q102005", "label": "William II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time that William II of England, known as William Rufus, came to power, the control of northern Northumbria was still an open question."}], "Q319637": [{"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bruderholz took place on 22 March 1499 in the Swabian War between Swabian troops and forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bruderholz took place on 22 March 1499 in the Swabian War between Swabian troops and forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}], "Q322345": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Flarcheim was fought between German king Henry IV and the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia on January 27, 1080 near Flarchheim."}], "Q3241153": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Lebanon's Information Minister later stated that \"the Blue Line is not the international border and there are areas south of the Blue Line that are Lebanese territory.\"\nThe United States condemned the Lebanese fire on Israeli soldiers as \"wholly unjustified and unwarranted\", and in response to the incident the United States House of Representatives announced a suspension of aid to the Lebanese Arm"}], "Q3246529": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 19th century, Nicaragua was beset by political issues among liberals and conservatives, allowing William Walker, an American Southerner seeking to establish English-speaking slavery states in Latin America, to ascend to the Nicaraguan presidency."}, {"id": "Q196401", "label": "William Walker", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 19th century, Nicaragua was beset by political issues among liberals and conservatives, allowing William Walker, an American Southerner seeking to establish English-speaking slavery states in Latin America, to ascend to the Nicaraguan presidency."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "Walker believed in the doctrine of manifest destiny, and established himself in Nicaragua in the guise of offering help to liberals , but his real intentions were to conquer the five provinces of Central America, a manifesto he titled \"Five or None.\" This territory claimed by Nicaragua was part of  Costa Rica, creating a territorial issue that, together with the fear of an all-out invasion of the "}, {"id": "Q880785", "label": "Juan Rafael Mora Porras", "section": "lead", "says": "In Costa Rica, Juan Rafael Mora Porras, the president, was urged and backed by the British, saw the danger of Walker's intentions and on 27 February 1856 declared war on Nicaragua and called on all Costa Ricans to join forces and fight, a call that was heeded."}], "Q3273985": [{"id": "Q255150", "label": "Aeneas de Caprara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian commander, Aeneas de Caprara, invested the city and stormed it on August 17, slaying the entire Ottoman garrison."}], "Q3274804": [{"id": "Q368", "label": "Augusto Pinochet", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2006 student protests in Chile (also known as the Penguins' Revolution or The March of the Penguins, because of the students' uniform) were a series of ongoing student voice protests carried out by high school students across Chile (from late April to early June 2006) against the privatization of the Chilean education system, implemented by dictator Augusto Pinochet in the 1970s."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "On August 23, around 2,000 students were marching in Santiago and other cities in the country, in protest of the slow speed that the reforms were taking place."}, {"id": "Q326", "label": "Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the main pillars of this reform, launched during the Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle administration, was the Jornada Escolar Completa, JEC (Full-time School Day policy) — a plan to increase the hours that high school students actually spend in classrooms (in many cases not increasing the number of additional classrooms and other infrastructure required)."}], "Q3277009": [{"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trnava or Battle of Nagyszombat took place during the Hussite Wars between the Hussites and the Hungarian-Royalists-Serbian army near Trnava (Nagyszombat) in the Kingdom of Hungary (today  in Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trnava or Battle of Nagyszombat took place during the Hussite Wars between the Hussites and the Hungarian-Royalists-Serbian army near Trnava (Nagyszombat) in the Kingdom of Hungary (today  in Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "Against Koudelník stood an army under Sigismund, and Stibor of Stiboricz."}], "Q327906": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Luckau was fought at Luckau in Brandenburg on 4 June 1813 during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q156373", "label": "Nicolas Oudinot", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussian and Russian forces under General Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow defeated part of a French-Allied corps under Marshal Nicolas Oudinot."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "After the French victory over the coalition armies at Bautzen on 21 May, Napoleon sent the XII Corps under the command of Oudinot north toward Berlin to protect against the activities of Bülow."}], "Q328344": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle was part of the effort by the Frankish King, Charlemagne, to conquer and convert Old Saxony."}, {"id": "Q3057629", "label": "Old Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "The battle was part of the effort by the Frankish King, Charlemagne, to conquer and convert Old Saxony."}], "Q3289878": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Curuzú occurred between September 1 and 3, 1866 during the Paraguayan War."}, {"id": "Q3307845", "label": "Battle of Tuyutí", "section": "lead", "says": "After the first Battle of Tuyutí, won by the Allies on 24 May 1866, an Allied council of war decided to use their navy to bombard and capture the Paraguayan battery at Curupayty."}], "Q329506": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Ruhr (5 March – 31 July 1943) was a strategic bombing campaign against the Ruhr Area in Nazi Germany carried out by RAF Bomber Command during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q1639992", "label": "Combined Bomber Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The British attacked 26 targets identified in the Combined Bomber Offensive."}], "Q3297309": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tukaroi, also known as the Battle of Bajhaura or the Battle of Mughulmari, was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Bengal Sultanate on 3 March 1575 near the village of Tukaroi in present-day Balasore District of Odisha."}, {"id": "Q4083686", "label": "Sultanate of Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tukaroi, also known as the Battle of Bajhaura or the Battle of Mughulmari, was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Bengal Sultanate on 3 March 1575 near the village of Tukaroi in present-day Balasore District of Odisha."}, {"id": "Q2698200", "label": "Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji of the Ghurid Sultanate, defeated the Sena king Lakshman Sen at his capital, Nabadwip in 1203–04 and conquered most of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "Background", "says": "The Deva family – the last Hindu dynasty to rule in Bengal – ruled briefly in East Bengal, although they were suppressed by the mid-fourteenth century."}, {"id": "Q334752", "label": "Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak", "section": "Background", "says": "The names of nineteen given by Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak include Bhagwan Das, Raja Man Singh, Raja Birbal, Shahbaz Khan and Kasim Khan, the admiral or Mir Bahr."}], "Q3297426": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boipatong massacre took place on the night of 17 June 1992 in the township of Boipatong, South Africa."}], "Q3298538": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kasos massacre was the massacre of Greek civilians during the Greek War of Independence by Ottoman forces after the Greek Christian population rebelled against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kasos massacre was the massacre of Greek civilians during the Greek War of Independence by Ottoman forces after the Greek Christian population rebelled against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q3298782": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Oranik (Albanian: Beteja e Dytë e Oranikut) took place during the spring of 1456 in the plains of Oranik (Debar in modern-day Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q1515617", "label": "Moisi Arianit Golemi", "section": "lead", "says": "Moisi Arianit Golemi, lord of Debar, and one of Skanderbeg's officers, deserted to the Ottomans following the defeat at Berat in 1455."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "Background", "says": "Moisi of Dibra, one of Skanderbeg's most trusted officers, deserted to the Ottomans and made an attempt to defeat Skanderbeg by using the Ottoman army."}], "Q3300868": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Mokra (Albanian: Beteja e parë e Mokrës) took place on October 10, 1445, near mountain Mokra (today in Makedonski Brod, North Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an Ottoman retaliation to a message sent by Skanderbeg to Murad II."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an Ottoman retaliation to a message sent by Skanderbeg to Murad II."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the second major Albanian victory over the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "Background", "says": "Skanderbeg reminded Murad how he had broken the Ottoman army at Torvioll and that with \"the true faith of Jesus Christ, [he was] sure that [he] had chosen the greatest side.\" When the Turkish ambassador left to send the message to Murad, Skanderbeg told his men to prepare for an incursion."}], "Q3302300": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyrgyz Rebellion (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз көтөрүлүшү, romanized: Kyrgyz kötörülüşü); (Chinese: 柯爾克孜叛亂) occurred when Kyrgyz irregulars in Xinjiang revolted against the Republic of China in March 1932."}, {"id": "Q4247016", "label": "Kumul Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyrgyz rebels, led by Id Mirab, revolted in the Tian Shan mountains as part of the wider Kumul Rebellion in Xinjiang, until they were quickly defeated by government forces led by Ma Shaowu, the Hui military commander of Kashgar, with some minor assistance of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyrgyz rebels, led by Id Mirab, revolted in the Tian Shan mountains as part of the wider Kumul Rebellion in Xinjiang, until they were quickly defeated by government forces led by Ma Shaowu, the Hui military commander of Kashgar, with some minor assistance of the Soviet Union."}], "Q3302743": [{"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman commander, Mustafa Pasha, was sent into Albania, but was soon intercepted and defeated by Skanderbeg."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after Skanderbeg united the Albanian princes in 1443, the Ottoman Empire sent forces to quell the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "Background", "says": "After establishing diplomatic relations with many major European powers, Murad II resumed his campaign to crush all remaining resistance in the Balkans."}], "Q3302805": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place between the Berber forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba, commanded by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, against a Catalan-Andalusian alliance of 30,000 Andalusian Saqaliba rebels with 9,000 Catalan, trying to overthrow their Caliph overlords under the command of Muhammad ibn Hisham; Wadih al-Siqlabi, governor of al-Tagr al-Awsat; and several West Frankish counts and bishops, including Erm"}, {"id": "Q2483714", "label": "Ermengol I", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place between the Berber forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba, commanded by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, against a Catalan-Andalusian alliance of 30,000 Andalusian Saqaliba rebels with 9,000 Catalan, trying to overthrow their Caliph overlords under the command of Muhammad ibn Hisham; Wadih al-Siqlabi, governor of al-Tagr al-Awsat; and several West Frankish counts and bishops, including Erm"}, {"id": "Q2072026", "label": "Hugh I, Count of Empúries", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place between the Berber forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba, commanded by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, against a Catalan-Andalusian alliance of 30,000 Andalusian Saqaliba rebels with 9,000 Catalan, trying to overthrow their Caliph overlords under the command of Muhammad ibn Hisham; Wadih al-Siqlabi, governor of al-Tagr al-Awsat; and several West Frankish counts and bishops, including Erm"}, {"id": "Q953213", "label": "Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place between the Berber forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba, commanded by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, against a Catalan-Andalusian alliance of 30,000 Andalusian Saqaliba rebels with 9,000 Catalan, trying to overthrow their Caliph overlords under the command of Muhammad ibn Hisham; Wadih al-Siqlabi, governor of al-Tagr al-Awsat; and several West Frankish counts and bishops, including Erm"}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "Although this battle took place in the general time frame of the Spanish Reconquista, it was not unusual for Christian and Muslim forces to join together to achieve common goals."}], "Q3305294": [{"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amritsar, executed by the British East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu after the First Anglo-Sikh War, established the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under the suzerainty of the British Indian Empire."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amritsar, executed by the British East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu after the First Anglo-Sikh War, established the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under the suzerainty of the British Indian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1573825", "label": "Battle of Sobraon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Sobraon in the First Anglo-Sikh War proved to be a decisive victory for the British East India Company over the Sikh Empire, inducing the Sikhs to sue for peace."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Sobraon in the First Anglo-Sikh War proved to be a decisive victory for the British East India Company over the Sikh Empire, inducing the Sikhs to sue for peace."}], "Q3305728": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Menalamba rebellion was an uprising in Madagascar by the Merina people that emerged in central Madagascar in response to the French capture of the royal palace in the capital city of Antananarivo in September 1895."}, {"id": "Q240168", "label": "Ranavalona II", "section": "Background", "says": "French diplomatic and military claims over the island of Madagascar – ongoing for more than four decades – intensified under the reigns of Queen Ranavalona II and Queen Ranavalona III, the island's final monarchs."}, {"id": "Q233326", "label": "Ranavalona III", "section": "Background", "says": "French diplomatic and military claims over the island of Madagascar – ongoing for more than four decades – intensified under the reigns of Queen Ranavalona II and Queen Ranavalona III, the island's final monarchs."}, {"id": "Q3070707", "label": "Jacques Duchesne", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a successful campaign under General Jacques Duchesne, the Queen surrendered on 14 September 1895."}, {"id": "Q1071439", "label": "Merina Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 October 1895, the Merina Kingdom signed a treaty with France wherein it became a French protectorate."}], "Q3306615": [{"id": "Q60114", "label": "António Ramalho Eanes", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the earthquake, Portuguese president António Ramalho Eanes announced three days of national mourning, while relief efforts, initiated by agents of the local Air Force, were soon accompanied by government-supported agencies."}], "Q3312369": [{"id": "Q2341073", "label": "First Carlist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mendigorría took place during the First Carlist War on July 16, 1835 south of Mendigorría, Navarre."}, {"id": "Q434529", "label": "Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liberal left flank was led by Baldomero Espartero, the central flank by Luis Fernández de Córdova."}], "Q331565": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Breisach was fought on 18 August — 17 December 1638 as part of the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q61118", "label": "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended after several unsuccessful relief attempts by Imperial forces with the surrender of the Imperial garrison to Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, commander of a Protestant army in French service."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Rhine valley was heavily contested since the beginning of the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Breisach, part of Habsburg Further Austria, was the principal fortress along the Upper Rhine and considered impregnable because of its topography."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 1632, France had taken control of the Duchy of Lorraine and established a presence in Alsace, by offering the cities and lordships protection against the warring Swedish and Austrian troops."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar aspired to acquire his own territory in the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q3322982": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Villafáfila is a treaty signed by Ferdinand the Catholic in Villafáfila on 27 June 1506 and by Philip the Handsome in Benavente, Zamora, on 28 June."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Villafáfila is a treaty signed by Ferdinand the Catholic in Villafáfila on 27 June 1506 and by Philip the Handsome in Benavente, Zamora, on 28 June."}], "Q33286227": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "113 Palestinians were reportedly injured in clashes with police after thousands of Muslims returned to pray at Temple Mount."}], "Q3354762": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Léa was a French Union military operation between 7 October and 8 November 1947 during the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "The parachute assault surprised the Việt Minh, nearly capturing Ho Chi Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp, but it soon recovered and began ambushing the three French columns."}, {"id": "Q179910", "label": "Võ Nguyên Giáp", "section": "lead", "says": "The parachute assault surprised the Việt Minh, nearly capturing Ho Chi Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp, but it soon recovered and began ambushing the three French columns."}], "Q3354891": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Soviet Union, the operation became known as the Osveya Tragedy."}], "Q3373123": [{"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pisagua (\"Desembarco y combate de Pisagua\"), was a landing operation of the War of the Pacific, fought on November 2, 1879, between Chile and the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru."}, {"id": "Q5240570", "label": "Tarapacá", "section": "lead", "says": "This action marked the beginning of the Tarapacá Campaign, the first stage of the terrestrial phase of the War of the Pacific, which ended with Chilean control of the Tarapacá and of the exportation of saltpetre."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Allied garrison at Pisagua was formed by Bolivian artillery and infantry soldiers, totaling about 1,000 troops in two battalions: Independencia, commanded by Pedro Vargas, and Victoria, commanded by Juan Granier."}], "Q3381209": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kham Duc was a major battle of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Tet Offensive of 1968, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 2nd Division tried to capture Đà Nẵng, but they were defeated in the Battle of Lo Giang by elements of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q298793", "label": "William Westmoreland", "section": "lead", "says": "Coincidentally, General William Westmoreland sent U.S."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "Khâm Đức was in the northern section of Quảng Tín Province, South Vietnam, in I Corps Tactical Zone."}, {"id": "Q650194", "label": "Ngo Dinh Nhu", "section": "Background", "says": "Before his abdication, Emperor Bảo Đại (and possibly Ngô Đình Nhu) had used Khâm Đức as a hunting lodge, so the airfield was constructed there for Bảo Đại's use."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Background", "says": "Between May and November, the southern monsoons compete, the wind blowing west to east over the Gulf of Thailand."}], "Q33930847": [{"id": "Q311966", "label": "Roger Casement", "section": "lead", "says": "Eyewitness accounts collected by Benjamin Saldaña Rocca, Walter Ernest Hardenburg and Roger Casement brought the atrocities to global attention."}], "Q3394740": [{"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalimanci (Bulgarian: Битка при Калиманци, Serbian: Битка код Калиманаца) was fought between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalimanci (Bulgarian: Битка при Калиманци, Serbian: Битка код Калиманаца) was fought between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian Army stopped the Serbian Army from pushing them out of Macedonia and joining up with the Greek Army downstream of the river Struma."}, {"id": "Q2888211", "label": "Battle of Bregalnica", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Bregalnica, fought 30 June  – 8 July 1913, the Bulgarian army was severely defeated by the Serbian Army."}], "Q3394840": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The first siege of Missolonghi  (Greek: Πρώτη πολιορκία του Μεσολογγίου) was an attempt by Ottoman forces to capture the strategically located port town of Missolonghi during the early stages of the Greek War of Independence."}], "Q3394852": [{"id": "Q540288", "label": "Grigorios Dikaios (Papaflessas)", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Maniaki was fought on May 20, 1825, in Maniaki, Greece (in the hills east of Gargalianoi) between Egyptian forces led by Ibrahim Pasha and Greek forces led by Papaflessas."}], "Q3394869": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samos (Greek: Ναυμαχία της Σάμου) was a naval battle fought on August 5–17, 1824 off the Greek island of Samos during the Greek War of Independence."}], "Q3396743": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre of Naoussa or Destruction of Naoussa was a bloody event of the Greek War of Independence that occurred in Naousa, Imathia on 13 April 1822."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Events before the siege", "says": "In January 1821 the wali of Thessaloniki imprisoned members of some of the most important families of western Macedonia."}], "Q3398213": [{"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The aggrieved (in Spanish: agraviados) rose up against the absolutist \"reformist\" government that supposedly had \"kidnapped\" King Ferdinand VII."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "Just as the Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) saw the split of the liberals between \"moderates\" and \"exalted\", during the Ominous Decade (1823-1833) it was the absolutists who were divided between \"reformist\" absolutists —partisans of \"softening\" absolutism following the warnings of the Quadruple Alliance and the restored Bourbon France— and the \"ultras\" or \"apostolic\" absolutists who defended the com"}], "Q3399565": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani was a campaign during the Greek War of Independence that consisted of three battles."}, {"id": "Q311789", "label": "Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maniots fought against a combined Egyptian and Ottoman army under the command of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 17, 1821, the Maniots (residents of the central peninsula on the southern part of the Peloponnese) declared war on the Ottoman Empire, preceding the rest of Greece in joining the revolution by about a week."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The reinforcements came under the command of Ibrahim Pasha, the son of the leader of Egypt, Muhammad Ali."}, {"id": "Q319678", "label": "Theodoros Kolokotronis", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Egyptians at Vergas heard that Theodoros Kolokotronis was advancing on their rear they retreated."}, {"id": "Q2562396", "label": "Petros Mavromichalis", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On March 21, the Maniot army of 2,000 men under the command of Petros Mavromichalis which also included Theodoros Kolokotronis, marched from Areopolis and headed for Messenia."}, {"id": "Q950329", "label": "Germanos of Patras", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The rest of Greece joined the war when Bishop Germanos of Patras declared Greece in rebellion on March 25."}, {"id": "Q2661137", "label": "Nikitas Stamatelopoulos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Kolokotronis was arrested, his son Panos was killed, and his nephew Nikitaras forced to flee."}, {"id": "Q574899", "label": "Dimitrios Ypsilantis", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Ibrahim captured Tripolis but was stopped from capturing Nauplion by Kostantinos Mavromichalis and Dimitrios Ypsilantis."}], "Q3401902": [{"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Cholet took place during the War in the Vendée on 15 March 1793 in which the city of Cholet was captured by the Vendée insurgents."}, {"id": "Q723242", "label": "Jacques Cathelineau", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On March 13, the peasants, who had put Jacques Cathelineau at their head, took Jallais."}, {"id": "Q1685104", "label": "Jean-Nicolas Stofflet", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The victories of Cathelineau provoked the uprising of hundreds of other parishes, which joined the small army of the insurgents, notably Jean-Nicolas Stofflet."}], "Q3403811": [{"id": "Q165544", "label": "Władysław Anders", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Polish commander of II Corps, General Władysław Anders, asked for his unit to be withdrawn from the front line, Churchill replied \"you are no longer needed\" though the Allied commanders Richard McCreery, Mark Wayne Clark and Harold Alexander requested Anders to order his units to remain in their positions, as they had no troops to replace them."}], "Q3403828": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "King Joseph Bonaparte was in the process of overrunning Andalusia and believed that the Spanish armies were on the verge of collapse."}], "Q3403838": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "This engagement marked the commencement of the War of the First Coalition."}], "Q3403859": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Grenada was an amphibious expedition in July 1779 during the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q694048", "label": "Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing", "section": "lead", "says": "A French fleet under Admiral Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing captured the island of Grenada from the British."}, {"id": "Q507665", "label": "John Byron", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 July, French forces re-embarked when word arrived that a British fleet under Admiral John Byron was approaching."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "He had hoped to capture Barbados, a key British possession, but after making no progress against the prevailing easterly trade winds, he turned his attention instead to Grenada."}], "Q3417632": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cherbourg raid took place from 7 to 16 August 1758 during the Seven Years' War, when a British force was landed on the coast of France by the Royal Navy to attack the town of Cherbourg as part of the British government's policy of \"descents\" on the French coast."}, {"id": "Q2889853", "label": "Battle of Saint Cast", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid caused heavy material loss to the town but had little effect on the wider war; the policy of descents was abandoned after the British disaster at the Battle of Saint Cast a month later."}], "Q3428977": [{"id": "Q319160", "label": "Mohamed Farrah Aidid", "section": "lead", "says": "The primary objective of the operation was to capture Mohamed Farrah Aidid, leader of the Somali National Alliance who was wanted by the UNOSOM II in response to his attacks against United Nations troops."}, {"id": "Q52226", "label": "Battle of Mogadishu", "section": "lead", "says": "The mission ultimately culminated in what became known as the Battle of Mogadishu."}], "Q3434446": [{"id": "Q153509", "label": "Makarios III", "section": "Political context", "says": "In November 1963, the President of the Republic of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III, proposed 13 constitutional amendments to the Constitution of the country's Government."}, {"id": "Q200436", "label": "Rauf Denktaş", "section": "Demographic and geopolitical context", "says": "These young men had rowed to Turkey without approval from Rauf Denktaş and been arrested there, but realising the value this enterprise had for the arms provision to the newly founded TMT, the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot authorities started using the port for regular clandestine arms shipments."}], "Q3442989": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the war, Duklja and other Slavic principalities were subordinated to the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "Background", "says": "There exist two different but closely related narratives of the events, one described by near contemporary John Skylitzes and the other by 14th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (CPD)."}, {"id": "Q41654", "label": "Michael IV the Paphlagonian", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Skylitzes, after Vojislav escaped from Constantinople in 1039, he began expanding in Byzantines districts (including Serbia by defeating Theophilos Erotikos), and looted a Byzantine ship full of gold which did not want to return to the emperor Michael IV the Paphlagonian provoking arrival of an imperial army led by Georgios Probatas in 1040 but was defeated by Vojislav."}, {"id": "Q30594", "label": "Konstantinos IX Monomachos", "section": "Background", "says": "The new emperor Constantine IX Monomachos ordered Michael, then governor of Dyrrhachium, \"to assemble an army together with the armies of the 'neighbouring themes' and ipostrategoi subordinated to him, and to proceed against Stephen Vojislav\"."}], "Q3458267": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This insurrection is part of a larger movement for independence from the Ottoman Empire, which Crete was part of since the middle of the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q701094", "label": "Siege of Candia", "section": "Context", "says": "Beginning in 1645, the conquest of Crete by the Ottoman Empire was completed in 1669 with the end of the Siege of Candia."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Context", "says": "The island passed under the authority of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, for the services to the Ottoman Empire in the Greek Revolution in the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q930925", "label": "Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898", "section": "Context", "says": "The Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869 made advances for the Cretan people."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Context", "says": "The international events that destabilised the Balkans (revolts of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1875 and of Bulgaria in 1876, intervention of Serbia and Montenegro on the side of the rebels) came to add to the ambient atmosphere."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Context", "says": "The international events that destabilised the Balkans (revolts of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1875 and of Bulgaria in 1876, intervention of Serbia and Montenegro on the side of the rebels) came to add to the ambient atmosphere."}], "Q3458285": [{"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt was led by the Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos, and is named after his mother's native village, Theriso, the focal point of the revolt."}], "Q34588915": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Melantias or Battle of Melanthius (Greek: Μάχη τής Μελαντιάδος), which took place in 559, was a battle between the armies of the Kutrigurs, commanded by Zabergan, and the Byzantine Empire, under the command of general Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Melantias or Battle of Melanthius (Greek: Μάχη τής Μελαντιάδος), which took place in 559, was a battle between the armies of the Kutrigurs, commanded by Zabergan, and the Byzantine Empire, under the command of general Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Justinian I recalled Belisarius from retirement."}], "Q3485813": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The port had come under the control of a Tuscan adventurer by the name of Aldobrandini, who had been in the service of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q61591", "label": "Kaykhusraw I", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Kaykhusraw I took the city by storm in March 1207, and put his lieutenant Mubariz al-Din Ertokush ibn 'Abd Allah in charge as the governor."}], "Q3485824": [{"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a part of the Breton Civil War, a dynastic dispute between two claimants to the Duchy of Brittany which had broken out the previous year."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "A complicating factor was the pre-existing Hundred Years' War between France and England."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip VI of France was supporting Charles of Blois, his nephew; Edward III of England had promised military assistance to Joanna, the wife of the rival claimant, John of Montfort."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip VI of France was supporting Charles of Blois, his nephew; Edward III of England had promised military assistance to Joanna, the wife of the rival claimant, John of Montfort."}, {"id": "Q544055", "label": "John IV, Duke of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip VI of France was supporting Charles of Blois, his nephew; Edward III of England had promised military assistance to Joanna, the wife of the rival claimant, John of Montfort."}, {"id": "Q257621", "label": "Joan, Duchess of Brittany", "section": "Background", "says": "John died on 30 April 1341, leaving a disputed succession: both his niece, Joan of Penthièvre, and his younger half-brother, John of Montfort, claimed the duchy."}], "Q3485847": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q708580", "label": "Battle of Salamanca", "section": "lead", "says": "After having soundly defeated Marshal Auguste de Marmont's French army at the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, Wellington exploited his great victory by advancing on Madrid."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan retreated to Valencia where they sought refuge with Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "lead", "says": "King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan retreated to Valencia where they sought refuge with Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "The magnitude of Wellington's triumph also compelled Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult to evacuate Andalucia in the south and withdraw to Valencia."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, during the withdrawal to Portugal the Anglo-Portuguese army lost many men to pursuing French cavalry and starvation."}, {"id": "Q450734", "label": "Henry Clinton", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaving 18,000 troops with Lieutenant General Henry Clinton to watch Clausel, the British army commander turned toward Madrid with 36,000 men."}], "Q3485856": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Cassel (March 1761) was a failed attempt by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick to capture French-held Kassel, the capital of Hesse-Kassel."}], "Q3485892": [{"id": "Q385148", "label": "Count Wirich Philipp von Daun", "section": "lead", "says": "The  siege of Gaeta was a three-month siege of the Italian city of Gaeta in 1707 by the forces of the Austrian monarchy under Wirich Philipp von Daun, during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The  siege of Gaeta was a three-month siege of the Italian city of Gaeta in 1707 by the forces of the Austrian monarchy under Wirich Philipp von Daun, during the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q3485906": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kamacha by the Abbasid Caliphate took place in autumn 766, and involved the siege of the strategically important Byzantine fortress of Kamacha on the eastern bank of the Euphrates River, as well as a large-scale raid across eastern Cappadocia by a part of the Abbasid invasion army."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Umayyad civil wars of the 740s and the turmoil of the Abbasid Revolution, the Byzantines under Emperor Constantine V (reigned 741–775) regained the initiative on their eastern border and pursued an aggressive, but limited, strategy towards the Caliphate: rather than attempting a reconquest, through his deportation of frontier populations and his obstruction of Muslim fortification ef"}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Umayyad civil wars of the 740s and the turmoil of the Abbasid Revolution, the Byzantines under Emperor Constantine V (reigned 741–775) regained the initiative on their eastern border and pursued an aggressive, but limited, strategy towards the Caliphate: rather than attempting a reconquest, through his deportation of frontier populations and his obstruction of Muslim fortification ef"}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the overthrow of the Umayyads, the new Abbasid regime quickly resumed their predecessor's attacks on the Byzantine Empire, the first being recorded in 756."}], "Q3485930": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Leuven (24 June – 4 July 1635) was an important siege in the Thirty Years' War in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Wa"}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Leuven (24 June – 4 July 1635) was an important siege in the Thirty Years' War in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Wa"}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of an Imperial-Spanish relief army of 11,000 under Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Ottavio Piccolomini, forced the invading army to lift the siege."}, {"id": "Q697963", "label": "Ottavio Piccolomini", "section": "lead", "says": "Poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of an Imperial-Spanish relief army of 11,000 under Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Ottavio Piccolomini, forced the invading army to lift the siege."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1635 the Dutch Republic concluded an alliance with France with the objective of taking on the Army of Flanders from two sides, in the hope of breaking the strategic stalemate in the Eighty Years' War and dividing up the Spanish Netherlands between the two partners in the alliance."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1635 the Dutch Republic concluded an alliance with France with the objective of taking on the Army of Flanders from two sides, in the hope of breaking the strategic stalemate in the Eighty Years' War and dividing up the Spanish Netherlands between the two partners in the alliance."}], "Q3485951": [{"id": "Q698281", "label": "Italian War of 1521–1526", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Marseille (1524) was conducted in August and September 1524 as part of a larger conflict known as the Italian War of 1521–1526 by a Habsburg army, commanded by the Frenchman Charles de Bourbon and the Spaniard Fernando de Avalos."}], "Q3485965": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mons, 15 March – 10 April 1691, was a major operation fought during the Nine Years' War, and was the main French objective for the 1691 campaign in the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The outcome was not in doubt, but in a conflict dominated by siege warfare, neither the French army of King Louis XIV, nor the forces of the Grand Alliance under King William III, could bring about a decisive battle."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "After the siege the duc de Boufflers bombarded the neutral city of Liège, whilst the duc de Luxembourg captured Halle, and scored a minor victory against the Prince of Waldeck at the Battle of Leuze in September."}, {"id": "Q608608", "label": "Battle of Leuze", "section": "lead", "says": "After the siege the duc de Boufflers bombarded the neutral city of Liège, whilst the duc de Luxembourg captured Halle, and scored a minor victory against the Prince of Waldeck at the Battle of Leuze in September."}, {"id": "Q2097330", "label": "Battle of Staffarda", "section": "Background", "says": "In August Catinat had triumphed at the Battle of Staffarda in northern Italy (although his force was too small to gain any strategic advantage)."}, {"id": "Q644960", "label": "Battle of the Boyne", "section": "Background", "says": "The only bright spot for the Grand Alliance in 1690 was King William's victory over James II in Ireland at the Battle of the Boyne."}], "Q3486016": [{"id": "Q965174", "label": "Coalition Provisional Authority", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege began on 4 April 2004 – later dubbed \"Black Sunday\" – with an uprising against the Coalition Provisional Authority following the government banning of a newspaper published by Muqtada Al-Sadr's Sadrist Movement."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The most intense periods of fighting in Sadr City occurred during the first uprising in April 2004, the second in August the same year, during the sectarian conflict that gripped Baghdad in late 2006, during the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and during the spring fighting of 2008."}, {"id": "Q217683", "label": "Paul Bremer", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 28, 2004, the US leader of the Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq, Paul Bremer, ordered the 60-day closure of Al Hawza, a newspaper published by Muqtada al-Sadr's group, on the charges of inciting violence against occupation authorities."}], "Q3486036": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}], "Q3486057": [{"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Xàtiva was a siege of Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place between 8 May and 6 June 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q3486058": [{"id": "Q503201", "label": "Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army of 2,000 men under Divisional-General Charles Leclerc blockaded the fort, which was defended by Black troops of Louverture's army under General Jean-Jacques Dessalines."}, {"id": "Q212068", "label": "Jean-Jacques Dessalines", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army of 2,000 men under Divisional-General Charles Leclerc blockaded the fort, which was defended by Black troops of Louverture's army under General Jean-Jacques Dessalines."}, {"id": "Q1240667", "label": "Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Rochambeau", "section": "lead", "says": "Donatien de Rochambeau ordered 600 wounded prisoners captured by the French to be summarily executed."}, {"id": "Q2958955", "label": "Charles Dugua", "section": "lead", "says": "The French had suffered heavy losses, including the death of General Charles Dugua."}, {"id": "Q353464", "label": "Alejandro Petion", "section": "lead", "says": "French General Alexandre Pétion played an important role in the battle by deploying his cannon on a hill overlooking the fort."}], "Q3491714": [{"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dos de Mayo Uprising had put Iberia in revolt against French rule."}], "Q3491983": [{"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Arcadiopolis) in Turkey between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Arcadiopolis) in Turkey between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "After the major Bulgarian success in the Battle of Tryavna in 1190 their troops launched frequent attacks on Thrace and Macedonia."}], "Q349318": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Berat in Albania by the forces of the Angevin Kingdom of Sicily against the Byzantine garrison of the city took place in 1280–1281."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Berat was a strategically important fortress, whose possession would allow the Angevins access to the heartlands of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "This defeat ended the threat of a land invasion of the Byzantine Empire, and along with the Sicilian Vespers marked the end of the Western threat to reconquer Byzantium."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "Ever since the Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "1259–1282) recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261, the restored Byzantine Empire faced the threat of a Latin crusade to reclaim the city."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "Background", "says": "The antagonistic Despotate of Epirus and the Latin states of southern Greece, fearful of the Byzantine resurgence, sought aid from the Kingdom of Sicily, first under Manfred of Sicily (r."}, {"id": "Q3536907", "label": "Treaty of Viterbo", "section": "Background", "says": "After overthrowing Manfred, in the Treaty of Viterbo (1267) Charles secured his recognition as Manfred's heir."}, {"id": "Q2657134", "label": "Kingdom of Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "Having secured the support of many Albanian chieftains, Charles proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of Albania in the same year."}], "Q3495333": [{"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Utria (Estonian: Utria Lahing) also known as the Utria Landing (Estonian: Utria Dessant) took place during the Estonian War of Independence on 17–20 January 1919 at Udria beach."}, {"id": "Q1190083", "label": "Nikolay Ivanov", "section": "Background", "says": "Elements of the 6th Rifle Division defending the area were under the command of Nikolai Ivanov."}], "Q3495636": [{"id": "Q1072042", "label": "War in Somalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle began the Ethiopian intervention against the ICU, in the 2006–2009 War in Somalia."}], "Q3503919": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paraćin massacre (Serbo-Croatian: Paraćinski masakr / Параћински масакр) was a mass shooting which targeted Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) soldiers in the military barracks in Paraćin, Yugoslavia on 3 September 1987."}], "Q3538392": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "In the history of Sri Lanka, the Kandyan Convention (Sinhala: උඩරට ගිවිසුම, romanized: Udarata Giwisuma) was a treaty signed on 2 March 1815 between the British governor of Ceylon, Sir Robert Brownrigg, and the chiefs of the Kandyan Kingdom, British Ceylon, whereas, according to the Sinhala version of the Convention, the signatories were the chiefs of Sihale (note 1), for the deposition of King Sr"}, {"id": "Q785131", "label": "Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy", "section": "lead", "says": "In the history of Sri Lanka, the Kandyan Convention (Sinhala: උඩරට ගිවිසුම, romanized: Udarata Giwisuma) was a treaty signed on 2 March 1815 between the British governor of Ceylon, Sir Robert Brownrigg, and the chiefs of the Kandyan Kingdom, British Ceylon, whereas, according to the Sinhala version of the Convention, the signatories were the chiefs of Sihale (note 1), for the deposition of King Sr"}], "Q3544388": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand, who had married Bermudo's sister Sancha, defeated and killed his brother-in-law near Tamarón, Spain, after a brief war."}], "Q3559235": [{"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "12 October] 1798 between a French-led army and the autonomous Pashalik of Yanina ruled by Ali Pasha of Yanina."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "France had occupied the Venetian Ionian Islands off the western coast of Greece in 1797 after the fall of the Republic of Venice in the same year."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "lead", "says": "French efforts to draw Ali into their camp against Sultan Selim III failed, and when the Ottoman Empire declared war on France Ali attacked the French positions."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "French efforts to draw Ali into their camp against Sultan Selim III failed, and when the Ottoman Empire declared war on France Ali attacked the French positions."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1797, a French campaign led by Napoleon resulted in the fall of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "Background", "says": "French forces under Divisional-general Antoine Gentili landed in the islands in June, and on 17 October the signing of the Treaty of Campo Formio resulted in them being annexed to France as departments."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1798, the Ottoman Empire concluded an anti-French alliance with the Russian Empire."}], "Q3571687": [{"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Made in support of Buenos Aires, which had already ousted the viceroy and established a local government during the May Revolution, it is considered the beginning of the Oriental revolution."}], "Q3621706": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010 Salta earthquake occurred on February 27 at 12:45:36 local time in Salta Province, Argentina and had a magnitude of 6.3."}], "Q3622249": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "As a result of their efforts, the Bulgarians started capturing regions of Thrace and Macedonia from Byzantines; the Bulgarian army used their strongholds to the north of the Balkan Mountains and the Danube river as bases for the war."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During his preparation for a third campaign against Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos was dethroned by his brother Alexios III Angelos who offered peace to the Bulgarian Emperor."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During his preparation for a third campaign against Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos was dethroned by his brother Alexios III Angelos who offered peace to the Bulgarian Emperor."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "During his preparation for a third campaign against Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos was dethroned by his brother Alexios III Angelos who offered peace to the Bulgarian Emperor."}], "Q3622261": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lovech (Bulgarian: Обсада на Ловеч, romanized: Obsada na Lovech) took place in the spring of 1187 between the forces of Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Lovech (Bulgarian: Обсада на Ловеч, romanized: Obsada na Lovech) took place in the spring of 1187 between the forces of Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "In 1185, the brothers Asen and Peter led an uprising against the Byzantines to restore the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "Origins of the conflict", "says": "In order to change that situation, the Byzantine Emperor, Isaac II Angelos, decided to move the military actions to northern Bulgaria and strike directly to the rebel's heartlands around Tarnovo."}], "Q3622710": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Şarköy or Şarköy operation (Bulgarian: Битка при Шаркьой, Turkish: Şarköy Çıkarması) took place between 9 and 11 February 1913 during the First Balkan War between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Şarköy or Şarköy operation (Bulgarian: Битка при Шаркьой, Turkish: Şarköy Çıkarması) took place between 9 and 11 February 1913 during the First Balkan War between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Şarköy or Şarköy operation (Bulgarian: Битка при Шаркьой, Turkish: Şarköy Çıkarması) took place between 9 and 11 February 1913 during the First Balkan War between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q3623115": [{"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1002 Basil II launched annual campaigns against Bulgaria and seized many towns."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1002 Basil II launched annual campaigns against Bulgaria and seized many towns."}], "Q3623166": [{"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the summer of 1014 the Byzantine Emperor Basil II launched his annual campaign against Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In the summer of 1014 the Byzantine Emperor Basil II launched his annual campaign against Bulgaria."}], "Q3625481": [{"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Genoa took place in 1747 when an Austrian army under the command of Count Schulenburg-Oeynhausen launched a failed attempt to capture the capital of the Republic of Genoa."}], "Q3625487": [{"id": "Q657967", "label": "Second Barons' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kenilworth (21 June – December 1266), also known as the great siege of 1266, was a six-month siege of Kenilworth Castle and a battle of the Second Barons' War."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was a part of an English civil war fought from 1264 to 1267 by the forces of Simon de Montfort against the Royalist forces led by Prince Edward (later Edward I of England)."}], "Q3625531": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Trarbach (10 April – 2 May 1734) was conducted during the War of the Polish Succession by French troops against a garrison of troops of the Holy Roman Empire in the fortress at Trarbach in the County of Sponheim, a small principality of the Holy Roman Empire (Trarbach is now in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)."}], "Q3636244": [{"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a victory for King Robert the Bruce over the MacDougalls of Argyll, kinsmen of John Comyn, also known as the Red Comyn, who had been killed by Bruce and his adherents at Dumfries in 1306."}], "Q3636293": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Silva Litana was an ambush that took place in a forest 75 miles northwest of the Roman city of Ariminum during the Second Punic War in 216 BC."}, {"id": "Q1280982", "label": "Lucius Postumius Albinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gallic Boii surprised and destroyed a Roman army under the consul-elect Lucius Postumius Albinus."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "lead", "says": "Cisalpine Gaul remained in relative peace until 207 BC, when Hasdrubal Barca arrived there with his army from Spain."}, {"id": "Q635839", "label": "Battle of Sentinum", "section": "Background", "says": "In 295 BC the Romans won the Battle of Sentinum against the Etruscans and their Gallic allies, gaining the upper hand over the Gauls; a victory of the Senones over a Roman army at Arretium in 284 BC failed to alter the new balance of power."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "Background", "says": "In 295 BC the Romans won the Battle of Sentinum against the Etruscans and their Gallic allies, gaining the upper hand over the Gauls; a victory of the Senones over a Roman army at Arretium in 284 BC failed to alter the new balance of power."}, {"id": "Q554632", "label": "Gnaeus Servilius Geminus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Consul Gnaeus Servilius Geminus had attacked the Boii after the departure of Hannibal from Cisalpine Gaul in 217 BC, but Hannibal's victory in the Battle of Lake Trasimene forced him to move south to defend Central Italy."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Consul Gnaeus Servilius Geminus had attacked the Boii after the departure of Hannibal from Cisalpine Gaul in 217 BC, but Hannibal's victory in the Battle of Lake Trasimene forced him to move south to defend Central Italy."}, {"id": "Q207250", "label": "Battle of Lake Trasimene", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Consul Gnaeus Servilius Geminus had attacked the Boii after the departure of Hannibal from Cisalpine Gaul in 217 BC, but Hannibal's victory in the Battle of Lake Trasimene forced him to move south to defend Central Italy."}, {"id": "Q703580", "label": "Lucius Aemilius Paullus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Roman consuls for 216 BC, Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro gave one Roman legion to Lucius Postumius Albinus to harry the Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul that had supplied troops to Hannibal's Carthaginian army  and the Romans probably hoped that with their homeland under attack, the Gauls in Hannibal's army may desert and move back to Cisalpine Gaul, reducing the Carthaginian arm"}], "Q3636314": [{"id": "Q1970005", "label": "Battle of Keren", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was the first big victory in the British offensive against Italian East Africa and was followed by the Battle of Keren (5 February – 1 April), which led to the fall of the Eritrea Governorate."}], "Q3636319": [{"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alexandria was fought on July 1 to July 30, 30 BC between the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony during the last war of the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "The desertions continued, however, and, in early August, Octavian launched a second, ultimately successful, invasion of Egypt, after which Antony and his lover, Cleopatra, committed suicide."}, {"id": "Q39589", "label": "Caesarion", "section": "Background", "says": "But the triumvirate broke down when Octavian saw Caesarion, the professed son of Julius Caesar and Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, as a major threat to his power."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "But the triumvirate broke down when Octavian saw Caesarion, the professed son of Julius Caesar and Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, as a major threat to his power."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Thereafter, Octavian started a propaganda war, denouncing Antony as an enemy of Rome and asserting that he intended to establish a monarchy over the Roman Empire on Caesarion's behalf, circumventing the Roman Senate."}], "Q3636509": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lone Pine, also known as the Battle of Bloody Ridge (Turkish: Kanlı Sırt Muharebesi), was fought between Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and Ottoman Empire forces during the Gallipoli campaign of the First World War, between 6 and 10 August 1915."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of a diversionary attack to draw Ottoman attention away from the main assaults being conducted by British, Indian and New Zealand troops around Sari Bair, Chunuk Bair and Hill 971, which became known as the August Offensive."}, {"id": "Q336442", "label": "William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early July 1915, while making plans for an offensive to break the deadlock that had developed around the Gallipoli Peninsula following the initial landings in April, the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, Lieutenant General William Birdwood, had determined that an attack at Lone Pine could be used to divert Ottoman attention away from a main attack that would be launched by"}], "Q3636549": [{"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was the opening engagement of Operation Compass, a British raid which, if successful, would be followed up to try to expel the Italians from Egypt."}], "Q3636601": [{"id": "Q571675", "label": "Battle of Piacenza", "section": "lead", "says": "The Franco-Spanish army was isolated by the Austrian and Sardinian armies and trying to escape after being badly defeated in the Battle of Piacenza."}, {"id": "Q519776", "label": "Antoniotto Botta Adorno", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrian forces led by Antoniotto Botta Adorno attacked the Franco-Spanish rearguard, inflicting serious losses, but were unable to prevent the Bourbon army from getting away to Tortona."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Austrian Succession began on 16 December 1740 when the Kingdom of Prussia invaded Silesia, a province of the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The War of the Austrian Succession began on 16 December 1740 when the Kingdom of Prussia invaded Silesia, a province of the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Forceful diplomacy by the Kingdom of France enlisted the Electorate of Bavaria, and the Electorate of Saxony in the anti-Austrian alliance."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Forceful diplomacy by the Kingdom of France enlisted the Electorate of Bavaria, and the Electorate of Saxony in the anti-Austrian alliance."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "Background", "says": "Forceful diplomacy by the Kingdom of France enlisted the Electorate of Bavaria, and the Electorate of Saxony in the anti-Austrian alliance."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "With most of Austria's army transferred out of Italy, King Philip V of Spain and his Queen Elizabeth Farnese wanted to seize a domain in Italy for their son Don Philip."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "Taking advantage of a weak Kingdom of Great Britain naval squadron, Spain landed 14,000 troops in Italy in November 1741 and 12,800 more in January 1742."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "After ten months of fruitless campaigning, 13,000 Spanish under Jean Thierry du Mont, comte de Gages fought 11,000 Austro-Sardinians under Field Marshal (FM) Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun on 8 February 1743."}, {"id": "Q2522057", "label": "Battle of Campo Santo", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Campo Santo, the Allies forced Spain's army to retreat and abandon Bologna."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1745, the combined Franco-Spanish armies defeated the outnumbered Sardinian army under King Charles Emmanuel III at the Battle of Bassignano."}, {"id": "Q1152443", "label": "Battle of Bassignano", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1745, the combined Franco-Spanish armies defeated the outnumbered Sardinian army under King Charles Emmanuel III at the Battle of Bassignano."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "Background", "says": "Commanded by FM Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein, the Austrian army expanded to a strength of 45,000 men."}], "Q3651727": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war between the Roman Empire, ruled by the Roman Emperor Gordian III (r."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "lead", "says": "238–244), during the period of military anarchy, and the rule of the Sasanians, led by Shapur I (r."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "lead", "says": "241–272), who succeeded his father Ardashir I (r."}, {"id": "Q1769", "label": "Severus Alexander", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In fact, the Sasanian campaign of Severus Alexander of 232 had as their final result that of bringing the two Empires to the status quo of the time of Septimius Severus."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In fact, the Sasanian campaign of Severus Alexander of 232 had as their final result that of bringing the two Empires to the status quo of the time of Septimius Severus."}, {"id": "Q1777", "label": "Maximinus Thrax", "section": "Historical context", "says": "In the years 239–241, in fact, the Sasanian ruler Ardashir I, together with his son Shapur I, invaded the region, besieging Dura-Europos in vain but perhaps not Antioch on the Orontes in Roman Syria (239), conquering and destroying the city of Hatra, allied with the Romans (in 240), and finally occupying some cities of Roman province of Mesopotamia, Nisibis and Carrhae (the latter two had already "}], "Q3658262": [{"id": "Q158287", "label": "Case Blue", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Fischreiher (German for heron) was an extension of Case Blue, part of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Fischreiher (German for heron) was an extension of Case Blue, part of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Fischreiher (German for heron) was an extension of Case Blue, part of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II."}, {"id": "Q57150", "label": "Hermann Hoth", "section": "lead", "says": "General Friedrich Paulus' 6th Army, and part of the 4th Panzer Army under General Hermann Hoth, was to advance across the Don river towards the city of Stalingrad on the Western bend of the Volga river."}], "Q3687987": [{"id": "Q1740536", "label": "Ganja khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ganja (Persian: نبرد گنجه) or assault on Ganja or storming of Ganja (Russian: Штурм Гянджи) was the result of a Russian offensive in the South Caucasus intended to conquer the Ganja Khanate of Qajar Iran, which contributed to the escalation of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Ganja (Persian: نبرد گنجه) or assault on Ganja or storming of Ganja (Russian: Штурм Гянджи) was the result of a Russian offensive in the South Caucasus intended to conquer the Ganja Khanate of Qajar Iran, which contributed to the escalation of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)."}], "Q369859": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Belmont was an engagement of the Second Boer War on 23 November 1899, where the British under Lord Methuen assaulted a Boer position on Belmont kopje."}, {"id": "Q726293", "label": "Redvers Buller", "section": "Background", "says": "A 40,000-strong Army Corps under the command of General Sir Redvers Buller was dispatched to South Africa and arrived in early November 1899."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "A 40,000-strong Army Corps under the command of General Sir Redvers Buller was dispatched to South Africa and arrived in early November 1899."}], "Q370307": [{"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kandahar, 1 September 1880, was the last major conflict of the Second Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle in southern Afghanistan was fought between the British forces under command of General Roberts and the Afghan forces led by Ayub Khan."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle in southern Afghanistan was fought between the British forces under command of General Roberts and the Afghan forces led by Ayub Khan."}, {"id": "Q259430", "label": "Treaty of Gandamak", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1879, after the death of the Amir Sher Ali Khan, Sir Louis Cavagnari negotiated and signed the Treaty of Gandamak with his successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan."}, {"id": "Q613704", "label": "Mohammad Yaqub Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1879, after the death of the Amir Sher Ali Khan, Sir Louis Cavagnari negotiated and signed the Treaty of Gandamak with his successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan."}, {"id": "Q31649", "label": "Abdur Rahman Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "After Yakub Khan had been dethroned and exiled by the British for suspected collusion in the murder of Cavagnari, feelers were put out for two replacement candidates: his younger brother, Ayub Khan, the Governor of Herat, and his half-first cousin, Abdur Rahman Khan (both their grandfather was Dost Mohammad Khan but their fathers were half-brothers)."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "After Yakub Khan had been dethroned and exiled by the British for suspected collusion in the murder of Cavagnari, feelers were put out for two replacement candidates: his younger brother, Ayub Khan, the Governor of Herat, and his half-first cousin, Abdur Rahman Khan (both their grandfather was Dost Mohammad Khan but their fathers were half-brothers)."}], "Q3718427": [{"id": "Q63838", "label": "Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller", "section": "lead", "says": "About a hundred Italian officers were shot on the commands of General Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller, after being considered traitors for resisting the German invasion of the island (known as the Battle of Kos, part of the Dodecanese campaign)."}, {"id": "Q1752889", "label": "Battle of Kos", "section": "lead", "says": "About a hundred Italian officers were shot on the commands of General Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller, after being considered traitors for resisting the German invasion of the island (known as the Battle of Kos, part of the Dodecanese campaign)."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "Kos was occupied by Italy since the Italo-Turkish War of 1912, which ended the long Ottoman rule over the island."}], "Q3736944": [{"id": "Q317078", "label": "Pskov Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Siritsa River (also Seritsa) took place on 27 August 1501 between the forces of the Livonian Order under Grand Master Wolter von Plettenberg on the one side and the forces of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Pskov Republic on the other."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "Grand Prince Ivan III of Russia pursued expansionist policies, which strained Moscow's relations with Livonia."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "Moscow perceived that as a Swedish–Livonian alliance."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1500, a war broke out between Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 May 1501, Livonia and Lithuania concluded a ten-year alliance in Vilnius."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace between Livonia and Moscow lasted until the Livonian War (1558–1583)."}], "Q3738874": [{"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "About a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000 to 75,000 people per one estimate, and 100,000 per another) died during the famine."}], "Q3774767": [{"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Gythium was fought in 195 BC between Sparta and the coalition of Rome, Rhodes, the Achaean League, and Pergamum."}, {"id": "Q349222", "label": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Titus Quinctius Flamininus of the allied forces arrived with 4,000 more men and the Spartans decided to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison could leave unharmed."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Macedonians had been defeated in the Second Macedonian War in 197 BC which left the Spartans in control of Argos."}], "Q3775020": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Paraguayan War, the Battle of Yatay was fought on August 17, 1865, between the troops of the Triple Alliance (Argentina, Brazil and (Uruguay) and the soldiers of Paraguay near Paso de los Libres, Corrientes, Argentina."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Paraguayan War, the Battle of Yatay was fought on August 17, 1865, between the troops of the Triple Alliance (Argentina, Brazil and (Uruguay) and the soldiers of Paraguay near Paso de los Libres, Corrientes, Argentina."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Paraguayan War, the Battle of Yatay was fought on August 17, 1865, between the troops of the Triple Alliance (Argentina, Brazil and (Uruguay) and the soldiers of Paraguay near Paso de los Libres, Corrientes, Argentina."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the declaration of war by Paraguayan president Francisco Solano López on Argentina, the Paraguayans immediately attacked with two columns."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, a military alliance was signed on 1 May among Argentina, Uruguay and the Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q314362", "label": "Bartolomé Mitre", "section": "Background", "says": "Argentine president Bartolomé Mitre put general Justo José de Urquiza, governor of the province of Entre Ríos, in charge of facing the Paraguayan column."}, {"id": "Q336247", "label": "Justo José de Urquiza", "section": "Background", "says": "Argentine president Bartolomé Mitre put general Justo José de Urquiza, governor of the province of Entre Ríos, in charge of facing the Paraguayan column."}, {"id": "Q2236812", "label": "Battle of Riachuelo", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the naval Battle of Riachuelo took place."}], "Q3775989": [{"id": "Q222616", "label": "James III of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the followers of King James III of Scotland and a large group of rebellious Scottish nobles including the future Alexander Home, 2nd Lord Home, who were nominally led by the king's 15-year-old son, James, Duke of Rothesay."}, {"id": "Q137906", "label": "James IV of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "James III was killed in the battle, and his son succeeded him as James IV."}], "Q3776135": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Derry in 1689 was the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland."}], "Q3778588": [{"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman civil war of 350–353 AD was a war fought between the Roman emperor Constantius II and the usurper Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q212876", "label": "Magnentius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman civil war of 350–353 AD was a war fought between the Roman emperor Constantius II and the usurper Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantine II received Gaul, Spain and Britain."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantine II resented his brothers for not respecting his seniority as the eldest, and therefore the senior Augustus."}, {"id": "Q185538", "label": "Constans", "section": "Background", "says": "Constans now assumed control of all the western provinces of the empire."}], "Q3778746": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people which occurred in the later half of the 19th century."}], "Q3778771": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Lombard wars were a protracted series of conflicts which occurred from AD 568 to 750 between the Byzantine Empire and a Germanic tribe known as the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Lombard wars were a protracted series of conflicts which occurred from AD 568 to 750 between the Byzantine Empire and a Germanic tribe known as the Lombards."}], "Q3780302": [{"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yangcheng was fought between the warlords Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu as the coalition against Dong Zhuo fell apart in 191 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yangcheng was fought between the warlords Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu as the coalition against Dong Zhuo fell apart in 191 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q334081", "label": "Dong Zhuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yangcheng was fought between the warlords Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu as the coalition against Dong Zhuo fell apart in 191 in the late Eastern Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q334101", "label": "Sun Jian", "section": "Background", "says": "To participate in the campaign against Dong Zhuo, Sun Jian led an army north to join Yuan Shu, who was part of the coalition."}], "Q3823086": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Berlin was concluded on 2 May 1715, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q130805", "label": "George I of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "It formalized an alliance between George I of Great Britain (in his role as Elector of Hanover) and Denmark-Norway, in return for the cession of the Swedish dominion of Bremen-Verden to Hanover, which had been occupied by Denmark."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "lead", "says": "It formalized an alliance between George I of Great Britain (in his role as Elector of Hanover) and Denmark-Norway, in return for the cession of the Swedish dominion of Bremen-Verden to Hanover, which had been occupied by Denmark."}, {"id": "Q3823095", "label": "Treaty of Schwedt", "section": "lead", "says": "With this treaty, Denmark and Hanover joined the Russo-Prussian coalition that had been established by the Treaty of Schwedt."}], "Q3850895": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Panda Bar attack appeared as a reprisal, and broke the brief cease-fire between the Albanian and Serbian forces during the Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q222031", "label": "Aleksandar Vučić", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the President of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić, stated in 2013 that there was no evidence that Albanians were responsible for this attack."}], "Q3850909": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "His last work The Annals, written as a history of the Roman Empire from Tiberius until Nero, mentions the first invasion by Suetonius Paulinus."}, {"id": "Q272082", "label": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola", "section": "lead", "says": "The second invasion is detailed in Tacitus's work The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, which was written to record and extol the life and accomplishments of his father-in-law."}], "Q388689": [{"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of York was a War of 1812 battle fought in York, Upper Canada (today's Toronto, Ontario, Canada) on April 27, 1813."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of York was a War of 1812 battle fought in York, Upper Canada (today's Toronto, Ontario, Canada) on April 27, 1813."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "During the War of 1812, the lake was both the front line between Upper Canada and the United States, and also served as the principal British supply line from Quebec to the various forces and outposts to the west."}, {"id": "Q2566", "label": "Isaac Brock", "section": "Background", "says": "This made it possible for Major General Isaac Brock, who led British forces in Upper Canada, to gain several important victories in 1812 by shifting his small force rapidly between threatened points to defeat disjointed American attacks individually."}], "Q39081822": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1219, Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, invaded the Khwarazmian Empire ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1219, Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, invaded the Khwarazmian Empire ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1219, Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, invaded the Khwarazmian Empire ruled by Shah Muhammad II."}, {"id": "Q5954482", "label": "Terken Hatun", "section": "Background", "says": "His mother Terken Khatun still wielded substantial power in the realm—Peter Golden termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother \"an uneasy diarchy\", which often acted to Muhammad's disadvantage."}], "Q3915481": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gandesa took place in April 1938 during the Spanish Civil War."}], "Q3917333": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Glinski rebellion was a revolt in 1508 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by a group of aristocrats led by Prince Mikhail Glinski in 1508."}, {"id": "Q53450", "label": "Alexander Jagiellon", "section": "lead", "says": "It grew out of a rivalry between two factions of the nobility during the final years of Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q49686", "label": "Vasili III of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels swore allegiance to Vasili III of Russia, who was waging war against Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebels swore allegiance to Vasili III of Russia, who was waging war against Lithuania."}], "Q393073": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Protests against the Syrian government and violence had been ongoing in the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor since March 2011, as part of the wider Syrian Civil War, but large-scale clashes started following a military operation in late July 2011 to secure the city of Deir ez-Zor."}], "Q3938029": [{"id": "Q1248722", "label": "Third Italian War of Independence", "section": "Causes", "says": "There was a violent anti-government demonstration which took place at the end of the Third Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "Causes", "says": "It was organized by disappointed former partisans (who had joined the 'Thousand' after their landing and those who had followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in Aspromonte in 1862)."}], "Q39472": [{"id": "Q623429", "label": "Reconstruction Era", "section": "Background", "says": "Griffith which portrayed the end of the Reconstruction Era and the formation of the KKK in heroic terms, and characterized blacks in a demeaning, racist way."}], "Q3953988": [{"id": "Q109251", "label": "Samnite Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The First, Second, and Third Samnite Wars (343–341 BC, 326–304 BC, and 298–290 BC) were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome and north of the Lucanian tribe."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "Background", "says": "Diodorus Siculus and Livy report that in 354 BC Rome and the Samnites concluded a treaty, but neither lists the terms agreed upon."}], "Q3997920": [{"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stettin (German: Grenzrezeß von Stettin) of 4 May 1653 settled a dispute between Brandenburg and Sweden, who both claimed succession in the Duchy of Pomerania after the extinction of the local House of Pomerania during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Stettin (German: Grenzrezeß von Stettin) of 4 May 1653 settled a dispute between Brandenburg and Sweden, who both claimed succession in the Duchy of Pomerania after the extinction of the local House of Pomerania during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The parties had agreed on a partition of the Swedish-held duchy in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), and with the Treaty of Stettin determined the actual border between the partitions."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Notability in European context", "says": "Swedish Pomerania became the largest territorial foothold of Sweden in Germany."}], "Q4087293": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aghdam (June – July 1993) took place on 23 July 1993 during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, during which Armenian forces captured the Azerbaijani city of Aghdam."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Human Rights Watch, Armenian forces used the power vacuum in Azerbaijan at the time, and seized Aghdam in July 1993."}, {"id": "Q7097085", "label": "Operation Goranboy", "section": "Background", "says": "These towns include Agdam and Fizuli, which [were] staging grounds for Azerbaijani operations in Nagorno-Karabakh.\"\nBy mid-1993, Azerbaijani forces had lost control of most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast which they had captured in Operation Goranboy in 1992."}, {"id": "Q2640375", "label": "Surat Huseynov", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1993, the rebellious Azerbaijani colonel Surat Huseynov marched his troops on Baku, leaving the Karabakh front vulnerable in the ensuing political crisis."}], "Q4087294": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bamut was a prolonged military engagement during the First Chechen War that lasted from 10 March 1995 to 24 May 1996."}, {"id": "Q1361037", "label": "Vladimir Shamanov", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian federal forces under the command of Major General Vladimir Shamanov eventually captured the settlement in May 1996."}], "Q4087331": [{"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Taku Forts (Chinese: 第一次大沽口之戰) was the first attack of the Anglo-French alliance against the Taku Forts along the Hai River in Tianjin, China, on 20 May 1858, during the Second Opium War."}, {"id": "Q338366", "label": "Michael Seymour", "section": "lead", "says": "The British and French sent a squadron of gunboats, under Rear-Admiral Admiral Michael Seymour, to attack China's Taku Forts."}, {"id": "Q334452", "label": "Xianfeng Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Xianfeng Emperor received the news that Canton had been occupied on 27 January 1858."}, {"id": "Q700883", "label": "Treaty of Tientsin", "section": "Background", "says": "The British commander Michael Seymour, hoping to force a settlement (the later Treaty of Tianjin), ordered an attack on the Taku Forts as they were the closer path towards Peking."}], "Q4087366": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Verkiai fought in autumn of 1658 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia marked the resumption of hostilities in the Russo-Polish War (1654–67); it ended with Russian victory."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Verkiai fought in autumn of 1658 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia marked the resumption of hostilities in the Russo-Polish War (1654–67); it ended with Russian victory."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Verkiai fought in autumn of 1658 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia marked the resumption of hostilities in the Russo-Polish War (1654–67); it ended with Russian victory."}, {"id": "Q2991218", "label": "Paweł Jan Sapieha", "section": "lead", "says": "Another Polish commander, hetman Paweł Jan Sapieha, would be later blamed for not coming to the aid of Gosiewski due to personal friction between them."}], "Q4087407": [{"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adramyttion occurred on 19 March 1205 between the Latin Crusaders and the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea, one of the kingdoms established after the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Adramyttion occurred on 19 March 1205 between the Latin Crusaders and the Byzantine Greek Empire of Nicaea, one of the kingdoms established after the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204."}], "Q4087414": [{"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Beicang (Chinese: 北倉之戰), also rendered as the Battle of Peitsang, was fought August 5, 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion, between the Eight Nation Alliance and the Chinese Qing dynasty army."}, {"id": "Q47842", "label": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The force consisted of approximately 20,000 troops, with contingents from: Japan, 10,000; Russia, 4,000; Great Britain, 3,000; United States, 2,000; France, 800; Germany, 200; and Austria and Italy, 100."}], "Q4087440": [{"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Second Anglo-Maratha War."}], "Q4087464": [{"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Samugarh, also known as Jang-e-Samugarh (29 May 1658), was a decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1657–1659) between the sons of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after the emperor's serious illness in September 1657."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Samugarh was the second battle fought between Dara Shikoh (the eldest son and heir apparent) and two of his younger brothers, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh (third and fourth sons of Shah Jahan) to decide who would be the heir of the throne after their father."}], "Q4087472": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trancoso was fought on 29 May 1385 between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trancoso was fought on 29 May 1385 between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the coronation of João of Aviz, John I of Castile sent an army into the Portuguese region of Beira in retaliation for Portuguese defiance, where they committed all the kinds of atrocities."}], "Q4087474": [{"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wusong (Woosung) (Chinese: 吳淞戰役) was fought between British and Chinese forces at the entrance of the Wusong River (present-day Huangpu River), Jiangsu province, China, on 16 June 1842, during the First Opium War."}], "Q4115715": [{"id": "Q1687078", "label": "Operation Earnest Will", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during Operation Earnest Will, the effort to protect Kuwaiti shipping amid the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during Operation Earnest Will, the effort to protect Kuwaiti shipping amid the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Iran subsequently filed a lawsuit against the United States for reparations at the International Court of Justice."}], "Q4116960": [{"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Akhulgo took place in June–August 1839 during the Caucasian War between the Russian Empire and the Caucasian Imamate led by Shamil."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Akhulgo took place in June–August 1839 during the Caucasian War between the Russian Empire and the Caucasian Imamate led by Shamil."}, {"id": "Q2088141", "label": "Caucasian Imamate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Akhulgo took place in June–August 1839 during the Caucasian War between the Russian Empire and the Caucasian Imamate led by Shamil."}, {"id": "Q244742", "label": "Shamil", "section": "lead", "says": "General Pavel Grabbe besieged Imam Shamil in the rock-fortress of Akhulgo."}], "Q4118051": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Bud Dajo, also known as the Moro Crater Massacre, was a counterinsurgency action conducted by the United States Army and Marine Corps against the Moro people in March 1906, during the Moro Rebellion in the southwestern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Hermann Hagedorn (who was writing before World War II), the position held by the Moros was \"the strongest which hostiles in the Philippines have ever defended against American assault.\" Although the engagement was a victory for the American forces, it was also an unmitigated public-relations disaster."}, {"id": "Q7245", "label": "Mark Twain", "section": "lead", "says": "Mark Twain commented, \"In what way was it a battle?"}, {"id": "Q108413", "label": "Wounded Knee Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "We cleaned up our four days' work and made it complete by butchering these helpless people.\" A higher percentage of Moros were killed (99 percent) than in other incidents now considered massacres, such as the Wounded Knee Massacre."}], "Q4121291": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Himara Revolt (Greek: Εξέγερση της Χειμάρρας), was a Greek uprising during the First Balkan War that took place in the region of Himara (Himarë, today southern Albania), on November 18 [O.S."}], "Q4127810": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was successful, and plans were being made to mop up the remaining scattered Japanese troops in the vicinity of Shanghai and the east coast when the Soviets invaded Manchuria and the Americans dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and ending the eight-year-long Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q4141584": [{"id": "Q482156", "label": "Amédée Courbet", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1884, following their victory at Sơn Tây in December 1883, the French renewed their offensive in Tonkin under the command of General Charles-Théodore Millot, who took over responsibility for the land campaign from Admiral Amédée Courbet in February 1884."}], "Q4146911": [{"id": "Q313240", "label": "Modibo Keïta", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1968 Malian coup d'état was a bloodless military coup in Mali staged on 19 November 1968 against the government of President Modibo Keïta."}, {"id": "Q313242", "label": "Moussa Traoré", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was led by Lieutenant (later Major General) Moussa Traoré, who then became the head of state."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "Background", "says": "The two prominent organizers of pro-Western coups in Africa, Houphouët-Boigny, President of Ivory Coast, and Jacques Foccart, adviser for African affairs of Charles de Gaulle, President of France, were surprised by the coup."}, {"id": "Q462077", "label": "Jacques Foccart", "section": "Background", "says": "The two prominent organizers of pro-Western coups in Africa, Houphouët-Boigny, President of Ivory Coast, and Jacques Foccart, adviser for African affairs of Charles de Gaulle, President of France, were surprised by the coup."}], "Q4166094": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donbas-Don operation was a military campaign of the Russian Civil War that lasted from January to February 1918, by forces of the Southern Revolutionary Front under the command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, against the Cossack troops of Alexey Kaledin and Volunteer detachments on the territory of the Donbas and the Don Cossack region."}, {"id": "Q944910", "label": "Alexey Kaledin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donbas-Don operation was a military campaign of the Russian Civil War that lasted from January to February 1918, by forces of the Southern Revolutionary Front under the command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, against the Cossack troops of Alexey Kaledin and Volunteer detachments on the territory of the Donbas and the Don Cossack region."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the decisive operation in the complete conquest of Russia by the Bolsheviks following the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q276193", "label": "Lavr Kornilov", "section": "Background", "says": "In Rostov and Novocherkassk, the former Imperial Russian generals Lavr Kornilov and Mikhail Alekseyev initiated the creation of the counter-revolutionary Volunteer Army."}, {"id": "Q354108", "label": "Mikhail Alekseyev", "section": "Background", "says": "In Rostov and Novocherkassk, the former Imperial Russian generals Lavr Kornilov and Mikhail Alekseyev initiated the creation of the counter-revolutionary Volunteer Army."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Council of People's Commissars, headed by Vladimir Lenin, considered the mobilization over the Don to be the greatest threat to their government, due to the number of Cossacks who could join the counter-revolutionary troops, and also because the Volunteer Army and the Cossacks posed a direct threat to the Donbas, which had been sympathetic to the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q532445", "label": "Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko", "section": "Background", "says": "It was decided to transfer troops from central Russia to this region, led by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, one of the commanders of the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q2381337", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24-25 December 1917, an All-Ukrainian Congress of Councils was held in the city, during which they proclaimed the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets."}], "Q4176897": [{"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Sardis was the first major engagement of the Ionian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "Background", "says": "In 499 BC, the then-tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap Artaphernes to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position in Miletus."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "Background", "says": "The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king Darius the Great."}], "Q4204624": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "Significant military activities of the American Revolutionary War did not occur on the Gulf Coast until 1779, when Spain entered the war."}, {"id": "Q464876", "label": "Robert Morris", "section": "Background", "says": "She was brought into the Continental Navy and rechristened USS Morris in honor of Philadelphia financier Robert Morris."}, {"id": "Q386687", "label": "Bernardo de Gálvez", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On that day Bernardo de Gálvez, the governor of Spanish Louisiana, launched an expedition to gain control of British military posts on the Mississippi, and the boat was captured by his men."}, {"id": "Q2888231", "label": "Battle of Baton Rouge", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Gálvez successfully took the Manchac garrison on September 7, and negotiated the surrender of Dickson and the remaining British forces on the Mississippi after the Battle of Baton Rouge on September 21."}], "Q4206915": [{"id": "Q1235331", "label": "Greek-Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tauromenium was laid by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, in the winter of 394 BC, in the course of the Sicilian Wars against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Tauromenium was laid by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, in the winter of 394 BC, in the course of the Sicilian Wars against Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2080397", "label": "Battle of Syracuse", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Carthaginians at the Battle of Syracuse in 397 BC, Dionysius had been expanding his territory and political influence by conquering Sicel lands and planting Greek colonies in northeastern Sicily."}, {"id": "Q367407", "label": "Hermocrates", "section": "Background", "says": "This led to Hermocrates raiding Punic territory, and the retaliation of Carthage saw the destruction of Akragas, Gela and Camarina by 405 BC, when a peace treaty ended the war with Carthage in control of much of Sicily and Dionysius to power in Syracuse."}], "Q4207050": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Carthage had intervened in favour of Segesta in 409 BC against Selinus, which led to the sack of both Selinus and Himera in 409 BC."}, {"id": "Q367407", "label": "Hermocrates", "section": "Background", "says": "This led to Hermocrates raiding Punic territory, with Carthage retaliating through the destruction of Akragas, Gela and Camarina."}], "Q4208419": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sampit conflict, also called Sampit war or Sampit riots, was an outbreak of inter-ethnic violence in Indonesia, beginning in February 2001 and lasting through the year."}], "Q4219257": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Registering at a moment magnitude of 8.0, it killed 452 people, destroyed more than 770 buildings (which was almost all of the city) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and resulted in 125 miles (201 km) of surface faulting in the valleys of Chon-Kemin, Chilik and Chon-Aksu."}], "Q4221595": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the Eastern Front of World War II and was part of the wider Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, a Soviet attack against Army Group South that aimed to retake the rest of Ukraine west of the Dnieper river, which had been occupied by Germany in 1941."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on the Eastern Front of World War II and was part of the wider Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, a Soviet attack against Army Group South that aimed to retake the rest of Ukraine west of the Dnieper river, which had been occupied by Germany in 1941."}], "Q42320984": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle for Constantinople was a complex series of conflicts following the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, fought between the Latin Empire established by the Crusaders, various Byzantine successor states, and foreign powers such as the Second Bulgarian Empire and Sultanate of Rum, for control of Constantinople and supremacy within the former"}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle for Constantinople was a complex series of conflicts following the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, fought between the Latin Empire established by the Crusaders, various Byzantine successor states, and foreign powers such as the Second Bulgarian Empire and Sultanate of Rum, for control of Constantinople and supremacy within the former"}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle for Constantinople was a complex series of conflicts following the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, fought between the Latin Empire established by the Crusaders, various Byzantine successor states, and foreign powers such as the Second Bulgarian Empire and Sultanate of Rum, for control of Constantinople and supremacy within the former"}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle for Constantinople was a complex series of conflicts following the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, fought between the Latin Empire established by the Crusaders, various Byzantine successor states, and foreign powers such as the Second Bulgarian Empire and Sultanate of Rum, for control of Constantinople and supremacy within the former"}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "The struggle for Constantinople was a complex series of conflicts following the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, fought between the Latin Empire established by the Crusaders, various Byzantine successor states, and foreign powers such as the Second Bulgarian Empire and Sultanate of Rum, for control of Constantinople and supremacy within the former"}, {"id": "Q766296", "label": "Leo Sgouros", "section": "lead", "says": "The early years after 1204 saw the rise and fall of numerous Byzantine statelets; the Latins managed to defeat warlords such as Leo Sgouros but were unable to halt the formation of the more well-organized rump states of the Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "The early years after 1204 saw the rise and fall of numerous Byzantine statelets; the Latins managed to defeat warlords such as Leo Sgouros but were unable to halt the formation of the more well-organized rump states of the Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "The early years after 1204 saw the rise and fall of numerous Byzantine statelets; the Latins managed to defeat warlords such as Leo Sgouros but were unable to halt the formation of the more well-organized rump states of the Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "In the years 1205–1209, the Empire of Nicaea transitioned into a proper empire-in-exile, with Theodore Laskaris crowned as emperor by a self-appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople-in-exile."}, {"id": "Q365620", "label": "Robert of Courtenay", "section": "lead", "says": "An attempted two-front attack on both Epirus and Nicaea by the Latin emperor Robert of Courtenay in 1223/1224 ended in disaster for the latter and the Latin Empire thereafter only survived the following decades through the rivalry between its enemies."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1224, Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus captured Thessalonica, the second most important city of the former empire."}, {"id": "Q623151", "label": "Empire of Thessalonica", "section": "lead", "says": "Komnenous Doukas likewise had himself crowned emperor, establishing the Empire of Thessalonica, and came close to recapturing Constantinople before being defeated by Bulgaria at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Komnenous Doukas likewise had himself crowned emperor, establishing the Empire of Thessalonica, and came close to recapturing Constantinople before being defeated by Bulgaria at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "lead", "says": "Komnenous Doukas likewise had himself crowned emperor, establishing the Empire of Thessalonica, and came close to recapturing Constantinople before being defeated by Bulgaria at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230."}, {"id": "Q313427", "label": "Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "After Klokotnitsa, Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria aspired to himself restore the Byzantine Empire, variously allying with and opposing the Nicene emperor John Doukas Vatatzes."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 1240s, Bulgaria was weakened by Ivan Asen's death and pressure from the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q467001", "label": "Kaykhusraw II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Mongol invasion of Anatolia, Sultan Kaykhusraw II of Rum was—despite support by Christian forces sent by the Latin, Nicene, and Trapezunt"}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Innocent III called for a Fourth Crusade in 1198 and a Crusader army assembled at Venice in 1202."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "The leader of the crusade, Boniface of Montferrat, lobbied for a diversion to Constantinople instead of attacking the Holy Land, and succeeded in convincing the crusade leadership as well as the Republic of Venice when it became apparent that the Crusaders had less money and soldiers than had been anticipated."}, {"id": "Q37069", "label": "Alexios IV Angelos", "section": "Background", "says": "The legitimization of the attack was provided through Alexios IV Angelos, a Byzantine prince and son of Isaac II Angelos, who had traveled to the West and asked for aid in supplanting his uncle Alexios III Angelos (r."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "Background", "says": "The legitimization of the attack was provided through Alexios IV Angelos, a Byzantine prince and son of Isaac II Angelos, who had traveled to the West and asked for aid in supplanting his uncle Alexios III Angelos (r."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "Background", "says": "The legitimization of the attack was provided through Alexios IV Angelos, a Byzantine prince and son of Isaac II Angelos, who had traveled to the West and asked for aid in supplanting his uncle Alexios III Angelos (r."}], "Q4245345": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tornavento was fought in Northwest Italy on 22 June 1636, during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1636, Cardinal Richelieu had persuaded the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus I, to launch an offensive on the Spanish Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1636, Cardinal Richelieu had persuaded the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus I, to launch an offensive on the Spanish Duchy of Milan."}], "Q4262569": [{"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lipitsa (Russian: Ли́пицкая би́тва) was the decisive battle in the Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1212–1216), the struggle over the grand princely throne of Vladimir following the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest."}, {"id": "Q348689", "label": "Vsevolod III the Big Nest", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lipitsa (Russian: Ли́пицкая би́тва) was the decisive battle in the Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1212–1216), the struggle over the grand princely throne of Vladimir following the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Apart from the Suzdalian patrimonium, they sought to regain their lost control over the Novgorod Republic, where the Rostislavichi prince Mstislav Mstislavich reigned from 1210 to 1215."}, {"id": "Q2534903", "label": "Mstislav Mstislavich", "section": "Background", "says": "Apart from the Suzdalian patrimonium, they sought to regain their lost control over the Novgorod Republic, where the Rostislavichi prince Mstislav Mstislavich reigned from 1210 to 1215."}], "Q426975": [{"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Serbian–Albanian Alliance, also known as the Treaty of Niš, was a secret treaty signed in Niš between Albanian politician Essad Pasha Toptani and Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić on 17 September 1914."}], "Q4273438": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The lead-up to the Battle of Kontum began in mid-1971, when North Vietnam decided that their performance in Operation Lam Son 719 indicated that the time had come for large-scale conventional offensives that could end the war quickly."}, {"id": "Q2095768", "label": "Operation Lam Son 719", "section": "lead", "says": "The lead-up to the Battle of Kontum began in mid-1971, when North Vietnam decided that their performance in Operation Lam Son 719 indicated that the time had come for large-scale conventional offensives that could end the war quickly."}, {"id": "Q2395085", "label": "Easter Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting offensive, planned for the spring of 1972, would be known as the Easter Offensive in Western media, the 1972 Spring–Summer Offensive (Chiến dịch Xuân–Hè 1972) in North Vietnam, or the Fiery Red Summer (Mùa hè đỏ lửa) in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting offensive, planned for the spring of 1972, would be known as the Easter Offensive in Western media, the 1972 Spring–Summer Offensive (Chiến dịch Xuân–Hè 1972) in North Vietnam, or the Fiery Red Summer (Mùa hè đỏ lửa) in South Vietnam."}], "Q4299200": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mogilev was a three-week encirclement of Mogilev undertaken by German troops, part of the Battle of Smolensk during World War II."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, German troops broke through Soviet lines."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "Background", "says": "Heinz Guderian, commander of Panzer Group 2, decided to bypass the city instead of attacking it."}], "Q431767": [{"id": "Q181146", "label": "Dos de Mayo Uprising", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dos de Mayo Uprising had put Iberia in revolt against French rule."}], "Q4335259": [{"id": "Q233583", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Grand Slam was a key military operation of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This forced Pakistan to abandon Grand Slam and fight in Punjab, so that the operation ended in failure and stated objectives were not achieved."}], "Q4335310": [{"id": "Q192262", "label": "Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tiger 94 (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Tigar 94 or Operacija Tigar-Sloboda 94) was a military action in the summer of 1994, by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) against the Bosnian autonomous zone of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, its leader Fikret Abdić and his Serbian backers the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK), and the Army of Republika Srp"}, {"id": "Q466040", "label": "Fikret Abdić", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Tiger 94 (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Tigar 94 or Operacija Tigar-Sloboda 94) was a military action in the summer of 1994, by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) against the Bosnian autonomous zone of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, its leader Fikret Abdić and his Serbian backers the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK), and the Army of Republika Srp"}, {"id": "Q4335297", "label": "Operation Spider", "section": "lead", "says": "Fikret Abdić was able to recapture the territory in November 1994 in Operation Spider."}, {"id": "Q738199", "label": "Atif Dudaković", "section": "Background", "says": "The early 1990s saw the existence of a western \"Muslim\" enclave held by Bosnian government forces under the leadership of the  ARBiH commander, Atif Dudaković."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition to being surrounded by Serbian forces with the Republic of Serbian Krajina to the west and the Bosnian Republika Srpska (VRS) to the east, the Western enclave forces had to deal with the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia and its leader Fikret Abdić."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Residents of Velika Kladusa were reported as treating Abdić with excessive reference and \"were ready to do whatever he said.\"\n\nTalking to his autonomist followers was much the same as speaking with cult converts anywhere in the world: a wooden dead-end dialogue hallmarked by the absence of individual rationale and logic.\n— Anthony Loyd\nEven though it was surrounded by Serbian forces and constantly"}], "Q4337446": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The growing and strengthening Grand Duchy of Moscow clashed with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania over the territories of the former Rus'."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "When war broke out again in November 1512, Moscow's main objective was to capture Smolensk, an important fortress and trade center that had been part of Lithuania since 1404."}, {"id": "Q49686", "label": "Vasili III of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians, commanded personally by Tsar Vasili III of Russia, laid a six-week siege in January–February 1513, but Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski repelled the attack."}, {"id": "Q712444", "label": "Konstanty Ostrogski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians, commanded personally by Tsar Vasili III of Russia, laid a six-week siege in January–February 1513, but Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski repelled the attack."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This time the Russian army included a number of mercenary artillerymen and landsknechts, brought from the Holy Roman Empire by Michael Glinski."}, {"id": "Q975749", "label": "Michael Glinski", "section": "lead", "says": "This time the Russian army included a number of mercenary artillerymen and landsknechts, brought from the Holy Roman Empire by Michael Glinski."}, {"id": "Q1207310", "label": "Battle of Orsha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lithuanians won a great victory in the Battle of Orsha in September 1514, but were unable to recapture Smolensk."}, {"id": "Q1044829", "label": "Polish–Muscovite War", "section": "lead", "says": "Smolensk remained part of Russia until the Siege of Smolensk (1609–1611) during the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1654 it returned to Russian Empire."}], "Q4340192": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates."}, {"id": "Q1935376", "label": "William Cornwallis", "section": "lead", "says": "A British naval squadron under Vice-Admiral William Cornwallis began operating off Brittany on 7 June; in the following week he attacked a French merchant convoy and captured several ships."}, {"id": "Q1152832", "label": "Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Vice-admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse led the main French fleet out of port to attack the British, who were spotted on 16 June."}, {"id": "Q1028247", "label": "Battle of Groix", "section": "lead", "says": "The French fleet was discovered there by the main British Channel Fleet on 22 June and defeated at the ensuing Battle of Groix, losing three ships of the line."}, {"id": "Q1083872", "label": "Glorious First of June", "section": "Background", "says": "Although French squadrons could occasionally put to sea without interception, the main French fleet had suffered a series of setbacks in the preceding two years, most notably at the battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794 at which the fleet lost seven ships of the line and then during the Croisière du Grand Hiver during the winter of 1794–1795 when five ships of the line were wrecked during a"}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Cornwallis was a highly experienced naval officer who had been in service with the Navy since 1755 and fought in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War, including the significant naval victories over the French at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 and the Battle of the Saintes in 1782."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "Cornwallis was a highly experienced naval officer who had been in service with the Navy since 1755 and fought in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War, including the significant naval victories over the French at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 and the Battle of the Saintes in 1782."}, {"id": "Q450318", "label": "Battle of Quiberon Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "Cornwallis was a highly experienced naval officer who had been in service with the Navy since 1755 and fought in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War, including the significant naval victories over the French at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 and the Battle of the Saintes in 1782."}, {"id": "Q1850800", "label": "Battle of the Saintes", "section": "Background", "says": "Cornwallis was a highly experienced naval officer who had been in service with the Navy since 1755 and fought in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War, including the significant naval victories over the French at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 and the Battle of the Saintes in 1782."}], "Q4348111": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pingjin campaign (simplified Chinese: 平津战役; traditional Chinese: 平津戰役; pinyin: Píngjīn Zhànyì), also known as the Battle of Pingjin and also officially known in Chinese Communist historiography as the Liberation of Beijing and Tianjin was part of the three major campaigns launched by the People's Liberation Army during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War against the Government of the Repub"}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pingjin campaign (simplified Chinese: 平津战役; traditional Chinese: 平津戰役; pinyin: Píngjīn Zhànyì), also known as the Battle of Pingjin and also officially known in Chinese Communist historiography as the Liberation of Beijing and Tianjin was part of the three major campaigns launched by the People's Liberation Army during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War against the Government of the Repub"}, {"id": "Q315475", "label": "Lin Biao", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Communist Fourth Field Army led by Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan entered the North China Plain after the conclusion of the Liaoshen campaign, Fu Zuoyi and the Nationalist government in Nanjing decided to abandon Chengde, Baoding, Shanhai Pass and Qinhuangdao collectively and withdraw the remaining Nationalist troops to Beiping, Tianjin and Zhangjiakou and consolidate the defense in these garris"}, {"id": "Q717501", "label": "Fu Zuoyi", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Communist Fourth Field Army led by Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan entered the North China Plain after the conclusion of the Liaoshen campaign, Fu Zuoyi and the Nationalist government in Nanjing decided to abandon Chengde, Baoding, Shanhai Pass and Qinhuangdao collectively and withdraw the remaining Nationalist troops to Beiping, Tianjin and Zhangjiakou and consolidate the defense in these garris"}], "Q4348916": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Naktong Bulge was an engagement between United Nations Command (UN) and North Korean forces early in the Korean War from August 5–19, 1950 in the vicinity of Yongsan (Yeongsan, Changnyeong county) and the Naktong River in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Naktong Bulge was an engagement between United Nations Command (UN) and North Korean forces early in the Korean War from August 5–19, 1950 in the vicinity of Yongsan (Yeongsan, Changnyeong county) and the Naktong River in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q482979", "label": "Battle of Pusan Perimeter", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously."}], "Q4350094": [{"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer's deposition of Romulus Augustus, occurring in 476 AD, was a coup that marked the end of the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor approved by the Western Roman Senate and the creation of the Kingdom of Odoacer through his decision to adopt the title of Dux/Rex Italiae (Duke/King of Italy), although Julius Nepos exercised control over Dalmatia until 480."}, {"id": "Q3755547", "label": "Kingdom of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer's deposition of Romulus Augustus, occurring in 476 AD, was a coup that marked the end of the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor approved by the Western Roman Senate and the creation of the Kingdom of Odoacer through his decision to adopt the title of Dux/Rex Italiae (Duke/King of Italy), although Julius Nepos exercised control over Dalmatia until 480."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer's deposition of Romulus Augustus, occurring in 476 AD, was a coup that marked the end of the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor approved by the Western Roman Senate and the creation of the Kingdom of Odoacer through his decision to adopt the title of Dux/Rex Italiae (Duke/King of Italy), although Julius Nepos exercised control over Dalmatia until 480."}], "Q4355011": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican Republic Embassy siege was the 1980 siege of the embassy of the Dominican Republic by M-19 guerrillas in Bogotá, Colombia."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican Republic Embassy siege was the 1980 siege of the embassy of the Dominican Republic by M-19 guerrillas in Bogotá, Colombia."}], "Q4372929": [{"id": "Q34413", "label": "Benazir Bhutto", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pakistan coup attempt of 1995 (code-named Operation Khalifa) was a secretive Coup d'état plot hatched by renegade officers of Pakistan Army and Islamists against the government of Benazir Bhutto, the prime minister of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "Officers who had been recruited under Zia-ul-Haq wanted to continue the nuclear program, which was considered to be stopped by Benazir after a deal with the United States."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Causes", "says": "Resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was hailed as a religious duty."}], "Q4375099": [{"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Moscow-Volga Bulgars War of 1376  was organized by princes Dmitry Donskoy of Muscovy, and Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal."}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Volga Bulgaria, which was at the time an ulus of the Golden Horde (who had converted to Islam in 1313), was ruled by emir Hassan Khan (in Rus' chronicles Assan) and Horde protégé Muhammad Sultan (Sultan Mahmat)."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Volga Bulgaria, which was at the time an ulus of the Golden Horde (who had converted to Islam in 1313), was ruled by emir Hassan Khan (in Rus' chronicles Assan) and Horde protégé Muhammad Sultan (Sultan Mahmat)."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1364, ongoing raids perpetrated by the Mongol-Tatars on Nizhny Novgorod land forced Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal to ally with and seek assistance from Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow."}], "Q4375107": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Advance on Moscow was a military campaign of the White Armed Forces of South Russia (AFSR), launched against the RSFSR in July 1919 during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "lead", "says": "The goal of the campaign was the capture of Moscow, which, according to the chief of the White Army Anton Denikin, would play a decisive role in the outcome of the Civil War and bring the Whites closer to the final victory."}, {"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "In mid-1919, the situation on the Southern Front, which in the first months of the year was much better for the Reds, changed in favor of Whites and the Armed Forces of South Russia commanded by Anton Denikin."}, {"id": "Q2994236", "label": "Nikifor Grigoriev", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of May, Nykyfor Hryhoriv, who had led the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in an operation to capture Kherson Governorate from the Allies, revolted against his Bolshevik commanders."}, {"id": "Q1357519", "label": "Vladimir May-Mayevsky", "section": "Background", "says": "Then on 27 June 1919, the White units of Vladimir May-Mayevsky successfully completed an operation to capture the Ukrainian Soviet capital of Kharkov, and on 29-30 June 1919, forces commanded by Andrei Shkuro captured Ekaterinoslav."}, {"id": "Q502064", "label": "Andrei Shkuro", "section": "Background", "says": "Then on 27 June 1919, the White units of Vladimir May-Mayevsky successfully completed an operation to capture the Ukrainian Soviet capital of Kharkov, and on 29-30 June 1919, forces commanded by Andrei Shkuro captured Ekaterinoslav."}, {"id": "Q108260", "label": "Pyotr Wrangel", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, in the last days of the same month, the Kuban Cossacks under the command of Pyotr Wrangel, using tanks supplied by the British, captured the strategic southern city of Tsaritsyn."}], "Q4376461": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place between 7 and 28 February 1915, on the Eastern Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place between 7 and 28 February 1915, on the Eastern Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q62428", "label": "Max von Gallwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 February, an army group of artillery general Max von Gallwitz (93 battalions, 64 squadrons) was formed from these troops, which received from the Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, the task of going on the offensive to pin down Russian forces on the southern border of East Prussia."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 February, an army group of artillery general Max von Gallwitz (93 battalions, 64 squadrons) was formed from these troops, which received from the Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, the task of going on the offensive to pin down Russian forces on the southern border of East Prussia."}, {"id": "Q58043", "label": "Otto von Below", "section": "Background", "says": "On 11 February, Hindenburg ordered the commander of the 8th Army, Otto von Below, to allocate at least a corps for active operations on Shchuchyn and Grajewo."}, {"id": "Q952851", "label": "Nikolai Ruzsky", "section": "Background", "says": "On the same day, 11 February, the chief of the staff of the North-Western Front, Nikolai Ruzsky, issued a directive on the transition to the offensive by the forces of the 10th and 12th Armies."}], "Q4377502": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The village of Kandanos in Western Crete, Greece, was completely destroyed and about 180 of its inhabitants killed on 3 June 1941 by German occupying forces during World War II."}, {"id": "Q76544", "label": "Kurt Student", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ordered by Generaloberst Kurt Student in reprisal for the participation of the local population in the Battle of Crete that had held advancing German soldiers for two days."}, {"id": "Q153316", "label": "Battle of Crete", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ordered by Generaloberst Kurt Student in reprisal for the participation of the local population in the Battle of Crete that had held advancing German soldiers for two days."}], "Q4384303": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Kheibar was an Iranian offensive in the Iran–Iraq War."}], "Q4384813": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Before the Dawn was an offensive operation launched by Iran during the Iran–Iraq War in 1983 around the Amarah area 200 kilometers southeast of Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q186111", "label": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Regardless, Iranian Parliament Speaker Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani further boasted:\nThe people expect this offensive to be the final military operation that will determine the destiny of the region."}], "Q4388339": [{"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1918 Ukrainian coup d'état or Hetman Coup (Ukrainian: Гетьманський переворот, romanized: Hetmanskyi perevorot) was a military coup d'état within the Ukrainian People's Republic on 29 April 1918."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "That day, farmers and landowners loyal to the Ukrainian lieutenant general Pavlo Skoropadskyi, with the support of the German Empire, launched a coup d'état against the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, removing the Central Rada and installing Skoropadskyi as hetman."}, {"id": "Q1575096", "label": "Vsevolod Holubovych", "section": "lead", "says": "Ukraine's Prime Minister, Vsevolod Holubovych, as well as other government ministers, were arrested before the coup d'état, and the former was later convicted of organising the kidnapping."}, {"id": "Q1508143", "label": "Ukrainian State", "section": "lead", "says": "Skoropadskyi was anointed by effective metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia Nicodemus (Krotkov) and declared the establishment of the Ukrainian State."}, {"id": "Q61023", "label": "Hermann von Eichhorn", "section": "Background", "says": "German forces in Ukraine, commanded by Hermann von Eichhorn, issued the \"Order on Sowing Wheat\" in early April."}], "Q4391729": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Green Islands or Operation Squarepeg was fought from 15 to 20 February 1944, between Imperial Japan and Allied forces from the New Zealand 3rd Division and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Green Islands or Operation Squarepeg was fought from 15 to 20 February 1944, between Imperial Japan and Allied forces from the New Zealand 3rd Division and the United States."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Undertaken after landings to secure lodgments on New Britain and Bougainville, the main focus of the operation was the capture of Nissan Island, which was secured by New Zealand forces after only a short ground campaign."}], "Q4391827": [{"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukharan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1925, which led to the elimination of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1920, the formation of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the e"}, {"id": "Q68682", "label": "Bukharan People's Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukharan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1925, which led to the elimination of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1920, the formation of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the e"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukharan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1925, which led to the elimination of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1920, the formation of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the e"}], "Q4411911": [{"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Viipuri was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought 24–29 April between the Finnish Whites and the Finnish Reds in Viipuri."}, {"id": "Q2043711", "label": "Battle of Tampere", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the Battle of Tampere and Battle of Helsinki, it was one of the three major urban battles of the Finnish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q11862174", "label": "Battle of Helsinki", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the Battle of Tampere and Battle of Helsinki, it was one of the three major urban battles of the Finnish Civil War."}], "Q442268": [{"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was concluded by the 1474 Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "Background", "says": "They urged the Crown to acknowledge their rights to participate in the Baltic trade and in 1447 King Henry VI finally revoked all Hansa privileges."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "Background", "says": "King Edward IV in turn had the Hanseatic Steelyard trading base in London foreclosed and seized the next year."}], "Q443501": [{"id": "Q367042", "label": "Lazare Hoche", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neuwied (18 April 1797) saw Lazare Hoche lead part of the French Army of Sambre-et-Meuse against Franz von Werneck's Austrian army."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q4438366": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hutong was a military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty which occurred in the spring of 1654 on the Songhua River."}], "Q4438381": [{"id": "Q233583", "label": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Asal Uttar was one of the largest tank battles of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 fought from 8 to 10 September 1965 at Asal Uttar, a village in the Tarn Taran district of Punjab, India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Pakistan Army thrust its tanks and infantry into Indian territory, capturing the Indian town of Khem Karan 5 km from the India–Pakistan border, Indian troops retaliated, and after three days of bitter fighting, the battle ended with the Pakistani forces being repulsed near Asal Uttar."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the largest tank battles since the Battle of Kursk in the Second World War and is compared with it for how it changed the course of the Indio-Pakistan war of 1965 in India's favour."}], "Q4438385": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Greek Asia Minor Campaign and the Turkish War of Independence of 1919–1922."}, {"id": "Q594015", "label": "Battle of Sakarya", "section": "lead", "says": "This proved later to be a major strategic failure, when the two sides had to meet each other again during the much more fierce Battle of Sakarya which turned the tide in favour of the Turks."}], "Q444530": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Clayton–Bulwer Treaty was a treaty signed in 1850 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Clayton–Bulwer Treaty was a treaty signed in 1850 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain had indefinite territorial claims in three regions: British Honduras (modern-day Belize), Mosquitia, and the Bay Islands (now part of modern-day Honduras)."}, {"id": "Q1165546", "label": "Mosquitia", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain had indefinite territorial claims in three regions: British Honduras (modern-day Belize), Mosquitia, and the Bay Islands (now part of modern-day Honduras)."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States, while not making any territorial claims, held in reserve, ready for ratification, treaties with Nicaragua and Honduras which gave the United States a certain diplomatic advantage with which to balance the pre-eminent British influence in the region."}], "Q4462586": [{"id": "Q815195", "label": "Siege of Petersburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Petersburg, also known as the Breakthrough at Petersburg or the Fall of Petersburg, was fought on April 2, 1865, south and southwest Virginia in the area of Petersburg, Virginia, at the end of the 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (sometimes called the Siege of Petersburg) and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign near the conclusion of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Battle of Petersburg, also known as the Breakthrough at Petersburg or the Fall of Petersburg, was fought on April 2, 1865, south and southwest Virginia in the area of Petersburg, Virginia, at the end of the 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (sometimes called the Siege of Petersburg) and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign near the conclusion of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q194329", "label": "Battle of Five Forks", "section": "lead", "says": "Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Petersburg, Virginia, trenches and fortifications after the Union victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865."}, {"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (Siege of Petersburg) began when two corps of the Union Army of the Potomac, which were unobserved when leaving Cold Harbor at the end of the Overland Campaign, combined with the Union Army of the James outside Petersburg, but failed to seize the city from a small force of Confederate defenders at the Second Battle of Petersburg on June 15–18, 1864."}, {"id": "Q4801174", "label": "Second Battle of Petersburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (Siege of Petersburg) began when two corps of the Union Army of the Potomac, which were unobserved when leaving Cold Harbor at the end of the Overland Campaign, combined with the Union Army of the James outside Petersburg, but failed to seize the city from a small force of Confederate defenders at the Second Battle of Petersburg on June 15–18, 1864."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "Lee began preparations for the movement and informed Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Confederate States Secretary of War John C."}, {"id": "Q2744270", "label": "Horatio Wright", "section": "Prelude to battle", "says": "Major Generals Andrew Humphreys with the II Corps, Horatio Wright with the VI Corps, John Parke with the IX Corps and Edward Ord, commander of the Army of the James, with Major General John Gibbon's XXIV Corps had been planning the attack scheduled for 4:00 a.m. on April 2, 1865 for three days."}], "Q4468587": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Kirov was an early revolutionary in the Russian Empire and a member of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Kirov became an Old Bolshevik and personal friend to Joseph Stalin, rising through the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ranks to become head of the party in Leningrad and a member of the Politburo."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Kirov became an Old Bolshevik and personal friend to Joseph Stalin, rising through the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ranks to become head of the party in Leningrad and a member of the Politburo."}], "Q4516015": [{"id": "Q233657", "label": "Second Matabele War", "section": "lead", "says": "In specific historical terms, it also refers to the Ndebele and the Shona insurrections against administration of the British South Africa Company during the late 1890s, the Ndebeles are said to have been at the forefront of the First Chimurenga—and the war fought between African nationalist guerrillas and the predominantly-white Rhodesian government during the 1960s and the 1970s, the Rhodesian B"}, {"id": "Q2444955", "label": "Rhodesian Bush War", "section": "lead", "says": "In specific historical terms, it also refers to the Ndebele and the Shona insurrections against administration of the British South Africa Company during the late 1890s, the Ndebeles are said to have been at the forefront of the First Chimurenga—and the war fought between African nationalist guerrillas and the predominantly-white Rhodesian government during the 1960s and the 1970s, the Rhodesian B"}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The concept is also occasionally used in reference to the land reform programme undertaken by the Zimbabwe government since 2000, which some call the Third Chimurenga."}], "Q4536370": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Shemyaka's widow had subsequently fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with her son, Ivan Dmitriyevich (\"Ivan, son of Dmitry\")."}], "Q4555199": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "An earthquake struck Riley County, Kansas, in the United States on April 24, 1867, at 20:22 UTC, or about 14:30 local time."}], "Q4562073": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "This 7.7 magnitude event had an epicenter near Gulang, Gansu in the Republic of China."}], "Q4562522": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Garadaghly (Azerbaijani: Qaradağlının işğalı) was the seizure of Garadaghly, an Azerbaijani-populated village in Khojavend district of Nagorno-Karabakh by Armenian volunteer units on 17 February 1992, in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}], "Q4563705": [{"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1935 Rumaytha and Diwaniyya revolt or the 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts consisted of a series of Shia tribal uprisings in the mid-Euphrates region against the Sunni-dominated authority of the Kingdom of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q314784", "label": "Ghazi of Iraq", "section": "Background", "says": "King Ghazi of Iraq, a Hashemite ruler of Iraq from 1933 to 1939, was driven, amongst other things, by anti-Shia ambitions."}], "Q4565280": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the earthquake occurred during World War II, information about the disaster was not censored, and relief volunteers and supplies came from many parts of the Empire of Japan, including Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the earthquake occurred during World War II, information about the disaster was not censored, and relief volunteers and supplies came from many parts of the Empire of Japan, including Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the earthquake occurred during World War II, information about the disaster was not censored, and relief volunteers and supplies came from many parts of the Empire of Japan, including Manchukuo."}], "Q4565608": [{"id": "Q676987", "label": "Isaías Medina Angarita", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état took place on 18 October 1945, when the president Isaías Medina Angarita was overthrown by a combination of a military rebellion and a popular movement led by Democratic Action."}, {"id": "Q459118", "label": "Marcos Pérez Jiménez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medina government discovered the conspiracy by the military to overthrow Medina and arrested Marcos Pérez Jiménez."}, {"id": "Q311401", "label": "Rómulo Gallegos", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1947 Venezuelan general election saw Democratic Action formally elected to office (with Rómulo Gallegos as president, replacing interim President Rómulo Betancourt), but it was removed from office shortly after in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q332081", "label": "Rómulo Betancourt", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1947 Venezuelan general election saw Democratic Action formally elected to office (with Rómulo Gallegos as president, replacing interim President Rómulo Betancourt), but it was removed from office shortly after in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état."}], "Q4568436": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Pietro Infine (commonly referred to as the \"Battle of San Pietro\") was a major engagement from 8–17 December 1943, in the Italian Campaign of World War II involving Allied forces attacking from the south against heavily fortified positions of the German \"Winter Line\" in and around the town of San Pietro Infine, just south of Monte Cassino about halfway between Naples and Rome."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of San Pietro Infine (commonly referred to as the \"Battle of San Pietro\") was a major engagement from 8–17 December 1943, in the Italian Campaign of World War II involving Allied forces attacking from the south against heavily fortified positions of the German \"Winter Line\" in and around the town of San Pietro Infine, just south of Monte Cassino about halfway between Naples and Rome."}, {"id": "Q57134", "label": "Albert Kesselring", "section": "Background", "says": "The German Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) Albert Kesselring—had marked out the Winter Line as three parallel defensive systems to the south of Rome."}], "Q4572480": [{"id": "Q829875", "label": "Nigerian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "These events led to the secession of the eastern Nigerian region and the declaration of Biafra, which ultimately led to the Nigerian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q335684", "label": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of the politicians and senior army officers killed in the coup d'etat were northerners because Northerners were the majority in Nigeria's government, including Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto."}, {"id": "Q401032", "label": "Ahmadu Bello", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of the politicians and senior army officers killed in the coup d'etat were northerners because Northerners were the majority in Nigeria's government, including Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto."}, {"id": "Q354695", "label": "Yakubu Gowon", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath, Yakubu Gowon, a Northern Christian, assumed command of the military government."}], "Q4574531": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) insurrection (also known as the 1971 Revolt) was the first of two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) against the socialist United Front Government of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike."}, {"id": "Q194291", "label": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) insurrection (also known as the 1971 Revolt) was the first of two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) against the socialist United Front Government of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union sent 60 air-force troops; India guarded the forts, stopping North Korean vessels and a Chinese freighter which raided the harbours."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Although China provided diplomatic aid, it was accused of supporting the JVP; Chinese diplomats allegedly contacted North Korea, which supplied weapons and ammunition to the JVP."}], "Q4574802": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Bengali intellectuals were abducted, tortured, and killed during the entire duration of the war as part of the Bangladesh genocide."}], "Q457509": [{"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tumult of Thorn (Toruń), or Blood-Bath of Thorn (Polish: Tumult toruński; German: Thorner Blutgericht, lit. 'Bloody court of Thorn') refers to executions ordered in 1724 by the Polish supreme court under Augustus II the Strong of Poland."}, {"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The resulting Thirteen Years' War ended in 1466 with the Second Peace of Thorn, in which the province of Royal Prussia was created and incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the secularization of the Teutonic Order, the newly formed Duchy of Prussia and the remaining Prussian territory adopted Lutheranism in 1525, the first state to do so."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the secularization of the Teutonic Order, the newly formed Duchy of Prussia and the remaining Prussian territory adopted Lutheranism in 1525, the first state to do so."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Just as the religious tensions in the rest of Europe were settling down after the bloody Thirty Years' War and Peace of Westphalia, in the once very tolerant Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the situation was worsening."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Just as the religious tensions in the rest of Europe were settling down after the bloody Thirty Years' War and Peace of Westphalia, in the once very tolerant Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the situation was worsening."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Just as the religious tensions in the rest of Europe were settling down after the bloody Thirty Years' War and Peace of Westphalia, in the once very tolerant Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the situation was worsening."}], "Q4586704": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1991 Austin yogurt shop murders were a quadruple homicide that took place at an I Can't Believe It's Yogurt! shop in Austin, Texas, United States, on December 6, 1991."}], "Q4592312": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "No fatalities were reported there, but 23 people were killed in Chittagong, Bangladesh when a five-story building collapsed."}], "Q4610765": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2008 Christmas massacres were a series of attacks in several villages in Haut-Uele District, Democratic Republic of the Congo by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) on 24–27 December 2008."}], "Q4613899": [{"id": "Q43330", "label": "Mikheil Saakashvili", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2009, a mass rally by a coalition of opposition parties took place in Georgia against the government of President Mikheil Saakashvili."}], "Q4617968": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers."}], "Q4622652": [{"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2011, a series of rallies and worker strikes were held by Turkish Cypriots in North Nicosia against Turkey's policies on Northern Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the hostile reactions of Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Turkish society, Turkish Cypriots organized a second and third rally on 2 March and 7 April 2011."}], "Q4671621": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Damascus (18–21 June 1941) was the final action of the Allied advance on Damascus in Syria during the Syria–Lebanon campaign in World War II."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 June 1941, troops of the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade Group had crossed the Syrian border from the British Mandate of Palestine to take Quneitra and Deraa with the objective of opening the way for the forces of the 1st Free French Division to advance along the roads from these towns to Damascus."}, {"id": "Q2917112", "label": "Paul Legentilhomme", "section": "Background", "says": "By 17 June this force, named Gentforce after its commander Major-General Paul Legentilhomme, was resting and consolidating following hard fighting to gain Kissoué and the hills behind and was planning a final push to Damascus along the two main roads from the south, from Quneitra and Kissoué."}], "Q4677284": [{"id": "Q156554", "label": "Battle of Jutland", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 19 August 1916 was one of two attempts in 1916 by the German High Seas Fleet to engage elements of the British Grand Fleet, following the mixed results of the Battle of Jutland, during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q57612", "label": "Reinhard Scheer", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germans claimed victory at the Battle of Jutland (31 May to 1 June 1916) yet the commander of the High Seas Fleet, Admiral Reinhard Scheer, felt it important that another raid should be mounted as quickly as possible to maintain morale in his severely battered fleet."}], "Q4688764": [{"id": "Q3807161", "label": "Archidamian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aetolian campaign, often referred to as \"Demosthenes' Aetolian campaign\", was a failed Athenian offensive in northwestern Greece during the Archidamian War."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Thucydides notes that Demosthenes made this decision partly to please his Messenian allies, but also states that he also wished to, if possible, pass through Aetolia, increase his army on the march by adding to it the men of Phocis, and attack Boeotia from the lightly defended western approach."}], "Q4695762": [{"id": "Q368858", "label": "Mustafa Barzani", "section": "lead", "says": "The ambitious Kurdish leader enlisted a number of Kurdish leaders into the revolt, including his young brother Mustafa Barzani, who became one of the most notorious commanders during this revolt."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Sèvres, which settled some territories, Sulaymaniya still remained under direct control of the British High Commissioner."}, {"id": "Q149832", "label": "Kingdom of Kurdistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Sheykh Mahmud revolted again and in November declared himself King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "Background", "says": "After the British government finally defeated Sheykh Mahmud, they signed Iraq over to King Faisal I and a new Arab-led government."}, {"id": "Q146720", "label": "Mandatory Iraq", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1926 the League of Nations gave the mandate over the territory to Mandatory Iraq, with the provision for special rights for Kurds."}], "Q469776": [{"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement ended hostilities during the Hook and Cod wars in the County of Holland between the Hooks, supported by England, and the Cods, supported by the county of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the agreement, Jacqueline remained nominally Countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, but Philip the Good would administer the government of the County of Holland, County of Zeeland, and the County of Hainaut."}, {"id": "Q1945565", "label": "County of Zeeland", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the agreement, Jacqueline remained nominally Countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, but Philip the Good would administer the government of the County of Holland, County of Zeeland, and the County of Hainaut."}, {"id": "Q309460", "label": "County of Hainaut", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the agreement, Jacqueline remained nominally Countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, but Philip the Good would administer the government of the County of Holland, County of Zeeland, and the County of Hainaut."}], "Q47004504": [{"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jacobite Rising of 1719 was a failed attempt to restore the exiled James Francis Edward Stuart to the throne of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of a series of Jacobite risings between 1689 and 1745, it was supported by Spain, then at war with Britain during the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The main part of the plan called for 5,000 Spanish troops to land in South West England, with a subsidiary landing in Scotland by an expeditionary force, led by Charles XII of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q2485365", "label": "Battle of Glen Shiel", "section": "lead", "says": "They were intercepted and defeated at the Battle of Glen Shiel in June, ending the Rising in Scotland."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "When the War of the Spanish Succession ended in 1713, Spain lost its Italian possessions of Sicily and Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q539927", "label": "Giulio Alberoni", "section": "Background", "says": "Their recovery was a priority for Giulio Alberoni, the new Chief Minister, and Sardinia was reoccupied in 1717."}, {"id": "Q241110", "label": "Battle of Cape Passaro", "section": "Background", "says": "When Spanish troops landed on Sicily in July 1718, the Royal Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro, beginning the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Louis XIV in 1715, the 1716 Anglo-French Treaty expelled the Stuarts from France and permitted a smooth succession by George I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In any case, it was only part of a far more ambitious plan to reshape Europe; this included partitioning the Ottoman Empire, and replacing Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, then Regent of France, with Philip V of Spain."}, {"id": "Q155596", "label": "Philippe II, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Background", "says": "In any case, it was only part of a far more ambitious plan to reshape Europe; this included partitioning the Ottoman Empire, and replacing Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, then Regent of France, with Philip V of Spain."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In any case, it was only part of a far more ambitious plan to reshape Europe; this included partitioning the Ottoman Empire, and replacing Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, then Regent of France, with Philip V of Spain."}], "Q4703337": [{"id": "Q541372", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The violent protests were sparked by the monarchy's plans to renew the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, which effectively made Iraq a British protectorate."}], "Q47035364": [{"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Historical background", "says": "It is believed, Emperor Aurangzeb killed and mutilated Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj in 1689."}], "Q4709161": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malissori uprising (or the Albanian revolt of 1911) was one of many Albanian revolts in the Ottoman Empire and lasted from 24 March 1911 until 4 August 1911 in the region of Malessia (also spelled Malissori)."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Although both king Nikola and prince Danilo were assuring Ottoman ambassador that they are observing \"the strictest neutrality\" it was obvious that Kingdom of Montenegro was involved in this revolt."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Nikola's strategy was to stimulate unrest in northern Albania and north-western Kosovo to the point where he could intervene and annex more territory for Montenegro."}], "Q474092": [{"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on May 25, both sides already knew the outcome of the Battle of France in which the French Army had collapsed, and the Belgian Army had been reduced to prolonging the war for the sole purpose of protecting the British retreat."}], "Q476402": [{"id": "Q3125368", "label": "Mahdist Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Umm Diwaykarat on 25 November 1899 marked the final defeat of the Mahdist State in Sudan, when Anglo-Egyptian forces under the command of Lord Kitchener defeated what was left of the Mahdist armies under the command of the Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, known as the Khalifa, after the equally disastrous Battle of Omdurman a year earlier."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Umm Diwaykarat on 25 November 1899 marked the final defeat of the Mahdist State in Sudan, when Anglo-Egyptian forces under the command of Lord Kitchener defeated what was left of the Mahdist armies under the command of the Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, known as the Khalifa, after the equally disastrous Battle of Omdurman a year earlier."}, {"id": "Q1137302", "label": "Battle of Omdurman", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Umm Diwaykarat on 25 November 1899 marked the final defeat of the Mahdist State in Sudan, when Anglo-Egyptian forces under the command of Lord Kitchener defeated what was left of the Mahdist armies under the command of the Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, known as the Khalifa, after the equally disastrous Battle of Omdurman a year earlier."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mahdists still controlled the territory of Kordofan, Darfur, and lands bordering Ethiopia."}], "Q477519": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It caused 60 deaths and $5–6 million ($197.08 million in 2025) in damage to 2,000 buildings in the Southeastern United States."}], "Q477592": [{"id": "Q565812", "label": "Principality of Calenberg", "section": "Context", "says": "In May, Eric was informed that a Protestant army was pillaging and plundering his Principality of Calenberg and that this army was on its way to Bremen to liberate the city."}], "Q477778": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Frastanz between an army of the Old Swiss Confederacy and the troops of King Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire took place on 20 April 1499."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Frastanz between an army of the Old Swiss Confederacy and the troops of King Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire took place on 20 April 1499."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Frastanz between an army of the Old Swiss Confederacy and the troops of King Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire took place on 20 April 1499."}, {"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In one of the many raids of the Swabian War, an expedition of Habsburg troops had plundered some villages in the Swiss Confederacy, who responded by sending an army to Vorarlberg."}], "Q4801174": [{"id": "Q815195", "label": "Siege of Petersburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Petersburg, also known as the assault on Petersburg, was fought June 15–18, 1864, at the beginning of the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (popularly known as the Siege of Petersburg)."}, {"id": "Q817488", "label": "Benjamin Franklin Butler", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Battle of Petersburg occurred on June 9, when Major General Benjamin Butler dispatched 4,500 troops from his Army of the James in the Bermuda Hundred area and assaulted the Dimmock Line, the outer line of earthworks protecting Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q497797", "label": "Battle of Cold Harbor", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Cold Harbor in Lieutenant General Ulysses S."}, {"id": "Q739644", "label": "Overland Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign, the Union Army of the Potomac slipped away from General Robert E."}], "Q4808502": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Aquino, a longtime opponent of President Ferdinand Marcos Sr., had just returned from three years of self-imposed exile in the United States, and was being taken to a vehicle which would return him to prison."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "He spent the next three years near Boston before deciding to return to the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q1480", "label": "Corazon Aquino", "section": "lead", "says": "Aquino's assassination is credited with transforming the isolated opposition to Marcos into a national crusade, and, in tandem, with thrusting Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, into the spotlight."}, {"id": "Q1274389", "label": "People Power Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Corazon Aquino was a candidate, and though she did not win, she became President anyway when Marcos, concerned by the ensuing People Power Revolution, resigned, and fled the country."}, {"id": "Q222805", "label": "Ninoy Aquino", "section": "Background", "says": "Ninoy Aquino began his political career in 1955 first by becoming the mayor of Concepcion, and would go on becoming vice governor of Tarlac in 1959, governor of Tarlac in 1961, and (then the youngest) senator in 1967."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "Background", "says": "During his first years as a senator, Aquino began speaking out against President Ferdinand Marcos."}, {"id": "Q285536", "label": "Imelda Marcos", "section": "Background", "says": "First Lady Imelda Marcos arranged for Aquino to undergo surgery at the Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, Texas, and he would be released from prison on humanitarian grounds to leave with his family for Los Angeles on a Philippine Airlines flight on May 8, 1980."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From there, he flew to Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, before heading to Malaysia, where Aquino would meet with Mahathir Mohamad (then the Prime Minister of Malaysia) as well as Indonesian and Thai officials."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From there, he flew to Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, before heading to Malaysia, where Aquino would meet with Mahathir Mohamad (then the Prime Minister of Malaysia) as well as Indonesian and Thai officials."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From there, he flew to Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, before heading to Malaysia, where Aquino would meet with Mahathir Mohamad (then the Prime Minister of Malaysia) as well as Indonesian and Thai officials."}, {"id": "Q181383", "label": "Mahathir Mohamad", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From there, he flew to Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, before heading to Malaysia, where Aquino would meet with Mahathir Mohamad (then the Prime Minister of Malaysia) as well as Indonesian and Thai officials."}], "Q4818013": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack on Yokosuka was an air raid conducted by the United States Navy on 18 July 1945 during the last weeks of the Pacific War."}], "Q4818171": [{"id": "Q355603", "label": "Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, who abolished the constitution and bombarded the parliament in 1908 with Russian and British support."}, {"id": "Q317799", "label": "Ahmad Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to a second effort when constitutionalist forces marched to Tehran, forced Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's abdication in favour of his young son, Ahmad Shah Qajar, and re-established the constitution in 1909."}], "Q4820069": [{"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarıkamış was a conflict between the First Republic of Armenia and the Eastern Front of the Army of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which was on September 29, 1920, at Sarıkamış."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarıkamış was a conflict between the First Republic of Armenia and the Eastern Front of the Army of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which was on September 29, 1920, at Sarıkamış."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Sarikamish war signed the Armistice of Mudros, the Turks launched an invasion of Armenia, keeping the Armenians away from the Sarikamis front."}], "Q4820796": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Aintab (French: Les Quatres Sièges d'Aïntab; Ottoman Turkish: عین تاب قوشاتماسى; Turkish: Antep Kuşatması) was a military engagement between the Turkish National Forces and the French Army of the Levant occupying the city of Aintab (present-day Gaziantep) during the Turkish War of Independence (specifically its southern front, known as the Franco-Turkish War)."}, {"id": "Q1450532", "label": "Franco-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Aintab (French: Les Quatres Sièges d'Aïntab; Ottoman Turkish: عین تاب قوشاتماسى; Turkish: Antep Kuşatması) was a military engagement between the Turkish National Forces and the French Army of the Levant occupying the city of Aintab (present-day Gaziantep) during the Turkish War of Independence (specifically its southern front, known as the Franco-Turkish War)."}], "Q4822495": [{"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was part of the Long War between the Ottoman Empire and the House of Habsburg, lasting from 1593 to 1606."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was part of the Long War between the Ottoman Empire and the House of Habsburg, lasting from 1593 to 1606."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle was part of the Long War between the Ottoman Empire and the House of Habsburg, lasting from 1593 to 1606."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Nagykanizsa fell to Tiryaki Hasan Pasha in 1600, and the Ottoman Pasha took command of the fort with a garrison of 7,000 men."}, {"id": "Q170395", "label": "Clement VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "This new Ottoman province was only twenty miles from the Austrian duchy of Styria and \"caused consternation at the imperial court and at the Holy See.\" Clement VIII decreed a third invasion of Hungary, this time under his nephew Gian Francesco Aldobrandini."}], "Q484437": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autumn Uprising of 1946, also called the 10.1 Daegu Uprising of 1946 (Korean: 대구 10·1 사건; Hanja: 大邱 10·1 事件) was a peasant uprising in South Korea against the policies of the United States Army Military Government in Korea headed by General John R."}, {"id": "Q484104", "label": "United States Army Military Government in Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autumn Uprising of 1946, also called the 10.1 Daegu Uprising of 1946 (Korean: 대구 10·1 사건; Hanja: 大邱 10·1 事件) was a peasant uprising in South Korea against the policies of the United States Army Military Government in Korea headed by General John R."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Hodge and in favor of restoration of power to the people's committees that made up the People's Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q2915943", "label": "October Incident", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Korea uses a neutral name, the Daegu October Incident."}], "Q484826": [{"id": "Q710", "label": "Kiribati", "section": "lead", "says": "On September 20, 1979, representatives of the newly independent Republic of Kiribati and of the United States met in Tarawa to sign a treaty of friendship between the two nations, known as the Treaty of Tarawa."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On September 20, 1979, representatives of the newly independent Republic of Kiribati and of the United States met in Tarawa to sign a treaty of friendship between the two nations, known as the Treaty of Tarawa."}], "Q486226": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre (Korean: 퐁니·퐁넛 양민학살 사건, Vietnamese: Thảm sát Phong Nhất và Phong Nhị) was a massacre of unarmed civilians in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, Điện Bàn District of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam reported to have been conducted by the 2nd Marine Brigade of the Republic of Korea Marines (ROKMC) during the Vietnam War on 12 February 1968."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre (Korean: 퐁니·퐁넛 양민학살 사건, Vietnamese: Thảm sát Phong Nhất và Phong Nhị) was a massacre of unarmed civilians in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, Điện Bàn District of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam reported to have been conducted by the 2nd Marine Brigade of the Republic of Korea Marines (ROKMC) during the Vietnam War on 12 February 1968."}], "Q486511": [{"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Westminster, concluded between the Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth, Oliver Cromwell, and the States General of the United Netherlands, was signed on 5/15 April 1654."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty ended the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654)."}], "Q4870260": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alfambra took place near Alfambra from 5 to 8 February 1938, during the Spanish Civil War, and was a part of the Battle of Teruel."}, {"id": "Q1467456", "label": "Battle of Teruel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alfambra took place near Alfambra from 5 to 8 February 1938, during the Spanish Civil War, and was a part of the Battle of Teruel."}], "Q4870289": [{"id": "Q560071", "label": "Joseph François Dupleix", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was initiated by Muzaffar Jung and supported by Joseph François Dupleix and led by Chanda Sahib, who sought to overthrow Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan, the Nawab of the Carnatic, for supporting Nasir Jung's claim to be Nizam of Hyderabad."}, {"id": "Q3595696", "label": "Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was initiated by Muzaffar Jung and supported by Joseph François Dupleix and led by Chanda Sahib, who sought to overthrow Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan, the Nawab of the Carnatic, for supporting Nasir Jung's claim to be Nizam of Hyderabad."}, {"id": "Q400807", "label": "Ahmad Shah Bahadur", "section": "Background", "says": "This decision was confirmed by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur but rejected by Nasir Jung, Nizam-ul-Mulk's son, who captured the city of Hyderabad after a coup."}], "Q4870295": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amroha was fought on 20 December 1305 between the armies of the Delhi Sultanate of India and the Mongol Chagatai Khanate of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Amroha was fought on 20 December 1305 between the armies of the Delhi Sultanate of India and the Mongol Chagatai Khanate of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "Background", "says": "After Alauddin Khalji ascended the throne of Delhi, four such invasions had been repulsed in 1297-98, 1298-99, 1299, and 1303."}], "Q4870302": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an early maneuver of the Korean War."}], "Q4870309": [{"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ani (Armenian: Անիի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Anii tschaktamart) was fought between the forces of the Kingdom of Armenia under Vahram Pahlavouni and the Byzantine Empire in 1042\nVahram had an army of 30,000 which fought against the Byzantines 100,000 troops."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ani (Armenian: Անիի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Anii tschaktamart) was fought between the forces of the Kingdom of Armenia under Vahram Pahlavouni and the Byzantine Empire in 1042\nVahram had an army of 30,000 which fought against the Byzantines 100,000 troops."}], "Q4870481": [{"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Biberach was fought on 2 October 1796 between a French Republican army led by Jean Victor Marie Moreau and a Habsburg Austrian army led by Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour."}, {"id": "Q84514", "label": "Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Biberach was fought on 2 October 1796 between a French Republican army led by Jean Victor Marie Moreau and a Habsburg Austrian army led by Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "They were opposed by two Austrian armies directed by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen."}, {"id": "Q1003655", "label": "François Séverin Marceau", "section": "Background", "says": "In the north, Jourdan left 28,545 soldiers under François Séverin Marceau to blockade Mainz and Ehrenbreitstein."}, {"id": "Q313196", "label": "Louis Desaix", "section": "Background", "says": "In the south, the Army of the Rhine and Moselle also marched east with its left wing led by Louis Desaix, its center commanded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, and its right wing under Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino."}, {"id": "Q347652", "label": "Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr", "section": "Background", "says": "In the south, the Army of the Rhine and Moselle also marched east with its left wing led by Louis Desaix, its center commanded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, and its right wing under Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino."}, {"id": "Q481466", "label": "Battle of Amberg", "section": "Background", "says": "However, that same day the Archduke defeated Jourdan's army at the Battle of Amberg."}, {"id": "Q1415566", "label": "Battle of Würzburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Jourdan was defeated again at the Battle of Würzburg on 3 September and his army was chased west to the Rhine."}], "Q4870584": [{"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bud Bagsak took place during the Moro Rebellion phase of the Philippine–American War fought between June 11 and 15, 1913."}], "Q4870632": [{"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Canton (Chinese: 第一次廣州之戰) was fought between British and Chinese forces in Canton, Guangdong Province, China, on 18 March 1841 during the First Opium War."}], "Q4870635": [{"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Canton (Chinese: 第二次廣州之戰) was fought between British and Chinese forces in Canton (Guangzhou), Guangdong province, China, in May 1841 during the First Opium War."}, {"id": "Q184999", "label": "Lin Tse-hsu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1839 matters came to a head when Chinese official Lin Zexu tried to end the opium trade altogether by destroying a large amount of opium in Canton, thereby triggering the First Opium War."}], "Q4870673": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q128807", "label": "Jean Isidore Harispe", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The French marshal split his force into two columns, sending one column under General of Division Jean Isidore Harispe to attack a Spanish force at Yecla."}], "Q4870705": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chambois was an August 1944 battle during the Battle of Normandy in World War II."}, {"id": "Q602744", "label": "Falaise Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "The seizure of Chambois by American, Canadian and Polish forces saw the final closure of the Falaise Pocket on August 21, 1944, and the destruction of most of Army Group B."}, {"id": "Q714280", "label": "Operation Totalize", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the success of Operation Totalize south of Caen on August 8 and 9, General Harry Crerar, commander of the First Canadian Army, pushed south."}, {"id": "Q718465", "label": "Harry Crerar", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the success of Operation Totalize south of Caen on August 8 and 9, General Harry Crerar, commander of the First Canadian Army, pushed south."}, {"id": "Q683912", "label": "Operation Tractable", "section": "Background", "says": "Operation Tractable was launched to break through the German lines and capture the tactically important towns of Falaise and then the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois and to encircle large German formations."}, {"id": "Q57181", "label": "Paul Hausser", "section": "Background", "says": "A German counter-attack organised by General Paul Hausser on August 20 failed to break Polish lines but did allow further German troops to escape the pocket."}], "Q4870708": [{"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chandawar was fought in 1194 between Muhammad of Ghor and Jayachandra of the Gahadavala dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1147823", "label": "Gahadavala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chandawar was fought in 1194 between Muhammad of Ghor and Jayachandra of the Gahadavala dynasty."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The victory of this battle gave Muhammad control of much of North India."}], "Q4870728": [{"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chinhai (Chinese: 鎮海之戰) was fought between British and Chinese forces in Chinhai (Zhenhai), Zhejiang province, China, on the 10 October 1841 during the First Opium War."}], "Q4870743": [{"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Chuenpi (Chinese: 穿鼻之戰) was a relatively minor naval engagement fought between British and Chinese ships at the entrance of the Humen strait (Bogue), Guangdong province, China, on 3 November 1839 near the beginning of the First Opium War."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1839 a cargo ship, the Thomas Coutts, under the command of captain Warner arrived in Canton from Singapore."}, {"id": "Q184999", "label": "Lin Tse-hsu", "section": "Background", "says": "Before Warner left China, Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu gave him a letter addressed to Queen Victoria in which he disapproved the use of opium and requested the opium trade to stop."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "Before Warner left China, Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu gave him a letter addressed to Queen Victoria in which he disapproved the use of opium and requested the opium trade to stop."}], "Q4870766": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cloyd's Mountain occurred in Pulaski County, Virginia, on May 9, 1864, during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "lead", "says": "A Union Army division led by Brigadier General George Crook defeated a Confederate Army consisting of three regiments, one battalion, and Confederate Home Guard."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "President Abraham Lincoln called the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad the \"gut of the Confederacy\"."}], "Q4870883": [{"id": "Q722463", "label": "Stanisław Koniecpolski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish forces led by Crown Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski met with troops commanded by Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish forces led by Crown Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski met with troops commanded by Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1626 the Swedes invaded Pomerania and the Duchy of Prussia, taking Pillau (Baltiysk, Piława)."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "The fighting spread, marked by a number of Swedish successes that year against the forces of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "In October, the Polish forces in the region were reinforced by the army of Crown Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, relocated from the south-eastern border of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}], "Q4870986": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Es Sinn was a World War I military engagement between Anglo-Indian and Ottoman forces."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "They saw a chance to demonstrate that British Empire was still pre-eminent in the region, despite the stalemate on the Western Front and deteriorating situation in Gallipoli."}, {"id": "Q188999", "label": "Austen Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Austen Chamberlain, the Secretary of State for India, warned Simla that while its actions were approved, they would have to achieve victory with forces already in theater."}, {"id": "Q555614", "label": "John Nixon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Approval from higher authorities secured, the commander of Indian Expeditionary Force \"D\", Lieutenant General Sir John Nixon, and his principal field commander, Major-General Townshend of the 6th (Poona) Division, began putting together a plan to capture Kut."}], "Q4871237": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hòa Bình was fought during the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q81114", "label": "Jean de Lattre de Tassigny", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the string of defensive victories during the early months of 1951, the French command under General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny sought to go back on the offensive."}], "Q4871238": [{"id": "Q709550", "label": "Liu Yongfu", "section": "Background", "says": "The French capture of Lạng Sơn in February 1885 in the Lạng Sơn Campaign allowed substantial French forces to be diverted further west to relieve the small and isolated French garrison in Tuyên Quang, which had been placed under siege in November 1884 by Liu Yongfu(劉永福)'s Black Flag Army and Tang Jingsong(唐景崧)'s Yunnan Army."}, {"id": "Q701499", "label": "Tang Jingsong", "section": "Background", "says": "The French capture of Lạng Sơn in February 1885 in the Lạng Sơn Campaign allowed substantial French forces to be diverted further west to relieve the small and isolated French garrison in Tuyên Quang, which had been placed under siege in November 1884 by Liu Yongfu(劉永福)'s Black Flag Army and Tang Jingsong(唐景崧)'s Yunnan Army."}, {"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Siege of Tuyên Quang was the most evocative confrontation of the Sino-French War."}], "Q4871286": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ismailia took place between the Egyptian Army and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the last stages of the Yom Kippur War during October 18–22, 1973, south of the city of Ismailia, on the west bank of the Suez Canal in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the collapse of the Syrian front and Israel launching an invasion into Syria beyond the Golan heights, the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat ordered an offensive to seize the strategic Sinai mountain passes and expanded the war goals beyond the western banks of the suez, despite protests and objections by his senior commanders against such an offensive."}, {"id": "Q2072316", "label": "Battle of the Chinese Farm", "section": "Background", "says": "The Israelis faced difficulties in establishing a corridor to the canal due to unexpectedly determined resistance by Egyptian defenses, in what became known as the Battle of the Chinese Farm."}, {"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "Background", "says": "Two advanced south toward Suez City, while the 143rd Armored Division under Major General Ariel Sharon advanced north to seize Ismailia, hoping to sever the supply lines to three Egyptian divisions of the Second Field Army across the canal."}], "Q4871323": [{"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jenné was a military engagement between forces of the Mali Empire and the Moroccan Pashalik of Timbuktu."}, {"id": "Q6734486", "label": "Mahmud IV", "section": "Reasons for the Mandinka defeat", "says": "Mansa Mahmud IV and his army stayed encamped at the dune of Sanuna awaiting a second engagement."}], "Q4871366": [{"id": "Q616939", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kafr El Dawwar was a conflict during the Anglo-Egyptian War near Kafr El Dawwar, Egypt."}, {"id": "Q365919", "label": "Ahmed ‘Urabi", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place between an Egyptian army, headed by Ahmed ‘Urabi, and British forces headed by Sir Archibald Alison."}], "Q4871375": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kampar (30 December 1941 – 2 January 1942) was an engagement of the Malayan Campaign during World War II, involving British and Indian troops from the 11th Indian Infantry Division and the Japanese 5th Division."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese intended to capture Kampar as a New Year’s gift to Emperor Hirohito and on 30 December the Japanese began surrounding the British and Indian positions."}], "Q4871397": [{"id": "Q4247016", "label": "Kumul Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kashgar (Chinese: 喀什戰役) was a military confrontation that took place in 1934 during the Kumul Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q986665", "label": "First East Turkestan Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Ma Fuyuan of the New 36th Division then stormed Kashgar and attacked the Uyghur and Kirghiz rebels of the First East Turkestan Republic."}, {"id": "Q2661303", "label": "Ma Zhongying", "section": "lead", "says": "Ma Zhongying personally gave a speech at Idgah mosque, telling the Uyghurs to be loyal to the Republic of China government at Nanjing."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Ma Zhongying personally gave a speech at Idgah mosque, telling the Uyghurs to be loyal to the Republic of China government at Nanjing."}], "Q4871476": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kombi was a decisive battle in the war between Ndongo-Matamba and Portugal during the Dutch period of Angolan history."}], "Q4871659": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mang Yang Pass (also known as the Battle of An Khê or the Battle of Đắk Pơ) was one of the last battles of the First Indochina War between the French Union and Việt Minh which took place from 24 to 29 June 1954."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "It included the elite French Battalion which fought in the Korean War at the battles of Chipyong-ni, Wonju and Heartbreak Ridge."}], "Q4871672": [{"id": "Q2660123", "label": "Teimuraz I of Kakheti", "section": "Context", "says": "The battle was the result of the Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising of 1625, when Teimuraz I took the leadership of the second rebellion against the Safavid Empire in his lifetime."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Context", "says": "Shah Abbas I was commanding the expedition from southern Azerbaijan, where he was encamped."}], "Q4871703": [{"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mbumbi was a military engagement between forces of Portuguese Angola and the Kingdom of Kongo in 1622."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mbumbi was a military engagement between forces of Portuguese Angola and the Kingdom of Kongo in 1622."}], "Q4871856": [{"id": "Q1050354", "label": "Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Khilafat of Umar, Muslims under the command of Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and Khalid ibn al-Walid had earlier captured Al-Hirah, an important administrative and strategic center of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Khilafat of Umar, Muslims under the command of Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and Khalid ibn al-Walid had earlier captured Al-Hirah, an important administrative and strategic center of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q937670", "label": "Rostam Farrokhzād", "section": "lead", "says": "The prominent Sasanian general Rostam Farrokhzad dispatched forces under members of the influential Ispahbudhan family, including a commander known as Jaban, along with several experienced Persian officers."}], "Q4871866": [{"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Naqra took place in October 633 between rebel armies and Khalid ibn al-Walid's army during the Ridda Wars."}, {"id": "Q3696185", "label": "Battle of Buzakha", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of Tulayha in the Battle of Buzakha, the tribe Banu Sulaym under the leadership of Amr bin Abdul Uzza(Abu Shajara) remained defiant to oppose the force led by Khalid ibn Walid."}], "Q4871872": [{"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Nassau took place from 24 February to 1 March 1720, at the end of the 1718 to 1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q114206", "label": "Woodes Rogers", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1718, former privateer Captain Woodes Rogers was appointed Governor of the Bahamas, in which role he suppressed pirates, reformed the civil administration and restored trade."}], "Q4871882": [{"id": "Q345551", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Bessières", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit on 24 April 1809 saw a Franco-Bavarian force led by Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières face an Austrian Empire army commanded by Johann von Hiller."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit on 24 April 1809 saw a Franco-Bavarian force led by Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières face an Austrian Empire army commanded by Johann von Hiller."}, {"id": "Q78773", "label": "Johann von Hiller", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit on 24 April 1809 saw a Franco-Bavarian force led by Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières face an Austrian Empire army commanded by Johann von Hiller."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 April 1809, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen's surprise invasion of the Kingdom of Bavaria put the Grande Armée of Emperor Napoleon I of France at a disadvantage."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 April, Charles failed to take advantage of his opportunities and Napoleon struck back with savage force against the Austrian left wing under Hiller."}, {"id": "Q573358", "label": "Battle of Teugen-Hausen", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead, Davout escaped defeat in the hard-fought Battle of Teugen-Hausen."}, {"id": "Q111975", "label": "Louis of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The left wing consisted of the V Armeekorps under Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Louis of Austria, the VI Armeekorps led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Hiller, the small II Reserve Armeekorps commanded by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer, and a detachment from the III Armeekorps."}, {"id": "Q78723", "label": "Michael von Kienmayer", "section": "Background", "says": "The left wing consisted of the V Armeekorps under Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Louis of Austria, the VI Armeekorps led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Hiller, the small II Reserve Armeekorps commanded by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer, and a detachment from the III Armeekorps."}, {"id": "Q479979", "label": "Battle of Abensberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon launched 55,000 troops at his enemies in the Battle of Abensberg, inflicting 6,710 casualties, and forcing them to retreat."}, {"id": "Q367966", "label": "Battle of Landshut", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon beat Hiller again in the Battle of Landshut on 21 April, seizing a crossing over the Isar River and driving the Austrians farther to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q700860", "label": "Battle of Eckmühl", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 April, the Franco-Germans defeated Charles at the Battle of Eckmühl and forced him to withdraw through Regensburg to the north bank of the Danube the following day."}], "Q4871917": [{"id": "Q221519", "label": "Burma Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (Chinese: 滇西緬北戰役 October 1943 – March 1945) was the name of the Chinese campaign with their allies in the 1943–45 Burma Campaign."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is one of the large-scale battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War, located in the border area between Yunnan Province, China and northern Myanmar, starting at the beginning of December 1943."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied Forces were jointly formed by the troops of China, the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied Forces were jointly formed by the troops of China, the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q716429", "label": "Wei Lihuang", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander-in-chief of the campaign was General Wei Lihuang of the Chinese National Army, and the deputy commander of the campaign was General Joseph Stilwell of the US Army."}, {"id": "Q346551", "label": "Joseph Stilwell", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander-in-chief of the campaign was General Wei Lihuang of the Chinese National Army, and the deputy commander of the campaign was General Joseph Stilwell of the US Army."}, {"id": "Q712520", "label": "Masakazu Kawabe", "section": "lead", "says": "The commander of the battle was Masakazu Kawabe, then Heitaro Kimura, later Shinichi Tanaka and others."}], "Q4871945": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Onjong (Korean: 온정리 전투), also known as the Battle of Wenjing (Chinese: 温井战斗; pinyin: Wēnjǐng zhàndòu), was one of the first engagements between Chinese and South Korean forces during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place around Onjong in present-day North Korea from 25 to 29 October 1950."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "The Korean War began on 25 June 1950 when the North Korean Korean People's Army (KPA) attacked South Korea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The invasion was almost successful in conquering all of South Korea until the UN intervened, sending ground forces into the country under the command of the United States."}, {"id": "Q482979", "label": "Battle of Pusan Perimeter", "section": "Background", "says": "The UN forces initially experienced early defeats until the Battle of the Pusan Perimeter, where the UN forces reversed the KPA's momentum."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite the strong objections from the People's Republic of China on North Korea's northern border, the US Eighth Army crossed the 38th Parallel and advanced towards the Sino-Korean border at the Yalu River."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the UN advances, Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong, ordered the People's Liberation Army's North East Frontier Force to enter North Korea and engage UN forces under the name People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to the UN advances, Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong, ordered the People's Liberation Army's North East Frontier Force to enter North Korea and engage UN forces under the name People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}, {"id": "Q381823", "label": "Peng Dehuai", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As the PVA Commander Peng Dehuai scrambled to set up his new command post at Taeyudong, the planned advance by the ROK 2nd Infantry Regiment threatened to overrun his position."}], "Q4872035": [{"id": "Q2631722", "label": "David Hunter", "section": "lead", "says": "Union Major General David Hunter engaged Confederates under Brigadier General William E. \"Grumble\" Jones north of Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q63190", "label": "Franz Sigel", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Shenandoah Valley, Grant had originally placed German-born General Franz Sigel in command, however, following Sigel's defeat at New Market on May 15, Grant relieved him and placed Hunter in command of the United States Army of the Shenandoah on May 21."}], "Q4872106": [{"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Preveza was the first naval engagement fought during the Italo-Turkish War, which took place in the Ionian Sea on 29–30 September 1911."}, {"id": "Q1529261", "label": "Tripolitania vilayet", "section": "lead", "says": "Concerned that further operations in the region might start a broader war, the Austro-Hungarians pressured Italy to limit their attacks on Ottoman forces to Ottoman Tripolitania."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The dispute was one of many that Italy later cited when it decided to declare war on Austria-Hungary in 1915 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The dispute was one of many that Italy later cited when it decided to declare war on Austria-Hungary in 1915 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the course of the year, tensions between the Ottoman Empire and Italy rose as the latter sought a pretext under which it could participate in the colonization of North Africa, following French moves into Algeria and Morocco."}], "Q4872166": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rasil (Sindhi: راسل جي جنگ) was fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Rai dynasty of Sindh in early 640 AD in present-day Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rasil (Sindhi: راسل جي جنگ) was fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Rai dynasty of Sindh in early 640 AD in present-day Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "Background", "says": "Ten years later, it was described to be \"under the government of Persia\" by Xuanzang who visited the region."}], "Q4872203": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Roncesvalles (French: Roncevaux) (25 July 1813) took place at the high Roncevaux Pass between French and Anglo-Portuguese forces during the Peninsular War (1808–1814)."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "After the decisive victory of Allied forces under Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington over French forces under King Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria, Wellington advanced to capture San Sebastián and Pamplona, the last French outposts on Spanish soil."}], "Q4872232": [{"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the War of the Austrian Succession and was conducted in cooperation with the Prussians under Frederick the Great who had defeated the Austrians a week previously at the battle of Chotusitz."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the War of the Austrian Succession and was conducted in cooperation with the Prussians under Frederick the Great who had defeated the Austrians a week previously at the battle of Chotusitz."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Broglie won a small, but politically important, victory which combined with Frederick's success at Chotusitz disposed Maria Theresa to cede Silesia in the Treaty of Breslau on 11 June 1742."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "lead", "says": "Broglie won a small, but politically important, victory which combined with Frederick's success at Chotusitz disposed Maria Theresa to cede Silesia in the Treaty of Breslau on 11 June 1742."}], "Q4872262": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between Venice on one side, and the Ottoman Empire with its Tripolitanian and Tunisian vassals on the other."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it resulted in a stalemate, the Battle of Samothrace is notable as the last significant battle of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q3015062", "label": "Daniele Dolfin", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venetian fleet, headed by a new Captain General of the Sea, Giacomo Corner, along with the Capitano Straordinario delle Navi Piero Duodo and the Provveditore Generale da Mar Daniele Dolfin, sailed from its base at Nauplia on 13 June 1698."}], "Q4872395": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Shimada came up with the plan, unusual in World War II, of a night attack using tanks to spearhead the infantry, a dangerous proposition for tanks considering the extremely low visibility factor which would hamper their crews."}], "Q4872408": [{"id": "Q642614", "label": "Rüstem Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "This might be the same battle as mentioned by Rüstem Pasha to have been fought at nearby Zivin."}, {"id": "Q2702861", "label": "Luarsab I of Kartli", "section": "Background", "says": "Only the king of Kartli Luarsab I and the prince of Guria Rostom Gurieli responded, while the prince of Mingrelia, Levan I Dadiani, refused to participate in the alliance."}], "Q4872423": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Spring Hill was fought November 29, 1864, at Spring Hill, Tennessee, as part of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q553533", "label": "John Bell Hood", "section": "lead", "says": "John Bell Hood, attacked a Union force under Maj."}, {"id": "Q370671", "label": "Battle of Franklin", "section": "lead", "says": "The next day, Hood pursued Schofield and attacked his fortifications in the Battle of Franklin, resulting in severe Confederate casualties."}, {"id": "Q996047", "label": "John Schofield", "section": "Background", "says": "John Schofield."}, {"id": "Q366102", "label": "Nathan Bedford Forrest", "section": "Background", "says": "Nathan Bedford Forrest."}], "Q4872549": [{"id": "Q286655", "label": "Tonkin Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Thuận An (20 August 1883) was a clash between France and Vietnam during the period of early hostilities of the Tonkin Campaign (1883–1886)."}, {"id": "Q482156", "label": "Amédée Courbet", "section": "lead", "says": "During the battle a French landing force under the command of Admiral Amédée Courbet stormed the coastal forts that guarded the river approaches to the Vietnamese capital Huế, enabling the French to dictate a treaty to the Vietnamese that recognised a French protectorate over Tonkin."}], "Q4872612": [{"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turnham Green took place on 13 November 1642 near the village of Turnham Green, at the end of the first campaigning season of the First English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q76930", "label": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charles' nephew and cavalry commander, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, swept down the Thames Valley, capturing Abingdon, Aylesbury and Maidenhead, from where he attempted, unsuccessfully, to capture Windsor from strong Parliamentary forces."}], "Q4872690": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vĩnh Yên (Vietnamese: Trận Vĩnh Yên) which occurred from 13 to 17 January 1951, was a major engagement in the First Indochina War between the French Union and the communist Việt Minh."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Union forces, including the French Armed Forces and Vietnamese National Army, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Việt Minh forces, which were commanded by Võ Nguyên Giáp."}, {"id": "Q81114", "label": "Jean de Lattre de Tassigny", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Union forces, including the French Armed Forces and Vietnamese National Army, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Việt Minh forces, which were commanded by Võ Nguyên Giáp."}, {"id": "Q179910", "label": "Võ Nguyên Giáp", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Union forces, including the French Armed Forces and Vietnamese National Army, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Việt Minh forces, which were commanded by Võ Nguyên Giáp."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "Prelude", "says": "De Lattre came to Hanoi, Vietnam, on 17 December and assumed both military and political control of French Indochina."}], "Q4872730": [{"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of White Oak Swamp took place on June 30, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, as part of the Seven Days Battles (Peninsula Campaign) of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of White Oak Swamp took place on June 30, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, as part of the Seven Days Battles (Peninsula Campaign) of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2000189", "label": "Battle of Glendale", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's divisions at the White Oak Bridge crossing, resulting in an artillery duel, while the main Battle of Glendale raged two miles (3 km) farther south around Frayser's Farm."}, {"id": "Q492324", "label": "Seven Days Battles", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seven Days Battles began with a Union attack in the minor Battle of Oak Grove on June 25, 1862, but McClellan quickly lost the initiative as Lee began a series of attacks at Beaver Dam Creek on June 26, Gaines's Mill on June 27, the minor actions at Garnett's and Golding's Farm on June 27 and June 28, and the attack on the Union rear guard at Savage's Station on June 29."}, {"id": "Q216124", "label": "Stonewall Jackson", "section": "Background", "says": "Stonewall Jackson was ordered to press the Union rear guard at the White Oak Swamp crossing while the largest part of Lee's army, some 45,000 men, would attack the Army of the Potomac in mid-retreat at Glendale, about 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest, splitting it in two."}], "Q4872808": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zernest was fought on 11 August 1690, near the town of Zernest (Zărnești) in southeastern Transylvania (today in Romania), between the allied forces of Transylvania and the Holy Roman Empire, and the forces of the Ottoman Empire and their vassals, the Crimean Tatars and Wallachians, and the allied Hungarian Kurucs."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zernest was fought on 11 August 1690, near the town of Zernest (Zărnești) in southeastern Transylvania (today in Romania), between the allied forces of Transylvania and the Holy Roman Empire, and the forces of the Ottoman Empire and their vassals, the Crimean Tatars and Wallachians, and the allied Hungarian Kurucs."}], "Q4872949": [{"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Meander took place in December 1147 during the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Crusader army, led by Louis VII of France, successfully fended off an ambush by the Seljuks of Rum at the Meander River."}, {"id": "Q5626", "label": "Odo of Deuil", "section": "Background", "says": "Odo of Deuil, who participated in the march, makes it clear that the Maeander valley was treacherous."}], "Q4873050": [{"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Strait of Messina was fought in 276 BC when a Carthaginian fleet attacked the Sicilian fleet of Pyrrhus of Epirus, who was crossing the strait to Italy."}], "Q48735086": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "It was spearheaded by the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and was considered the largest battle since the start of the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen in 2015."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was spearheaded by the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and was considered the largest battle since the start of the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen in 2015."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "United States and other western powers have been criticized by human rights group for supporting Arab coalition airstrikes that have resulted in death of many civilians."}], "Q48803703": [{"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "lead", "says": "After a difficult advance, the Russians under Pavel Tsitsianov besieged Erivan."}, {"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "Commanded by Crown-Prince Abbas Mirza and King Fath-Ali Shah Qajar himself (r."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "Commanded by Crown-Prince Abbas Mirza and King Fath-Ali Shah Qajar himself (r."}], "Q48815086": [{"id": "Q57331", "label": "Qaboos bin Said Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 July 1970, Qaboos bin Said overthrew his father Said bin Taimur, the Sultan of Muscat and Oman."}, {"id": "Q879869", "label": "Said bin Taimur Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 July 1970, Qaboos bin Said overthrew his father Said bin Taimur, the Sultan of Muscat and Oman."}, {"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 July 1970, Qaboos bin Said overthrew his father Said bin Taimur, the Sultan of Muscat and Oman."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring amid the Dhofar rebellion, the palace coup was executed by the British and saw Said deposed and sent into exile to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning at the end of the 19th century, Oman gradually came under the influence of the British Empire through a series of treaties and diplomatic arrangements."}], "Q488616": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hà My Massacre was a massacre purportedly conducted by the South Korean Marines on 25 February 1968 of unarmed civilians in Hà My village, Điện Dương commune, Điện Bàn District, Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam."}], "Q48998655": [{"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trapani was a naval battle that took place on 23 June 1266 off Trapani, Sicily, between the fleets of the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, as part of the War of Saint Sabas (1256–1270)."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trapani was a naval battle that took place on 23 June 1266 off Trapani, Sicily, between the fleets of the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, as part of the War of Saint Sabas (1256–1270)."}, {"id": "Q1305130", "label": "War of Saint Sabas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Trapani was a naval battle that took place on 23 June 1266 off Trapani, Sicily, between the fleets of the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, as part of the War of Saint Sabas (1256–1270)."}, {"id": "Q27627693", "label": "Battle of Acre", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Acre in 1258 and again in the Battle of Settepozzi in 1263, the Venetian navy demonstrated its superiority over its Genoese counterpart."}, {"id": "Q2889962", "label": "Battle of Settepozzi", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Battle of Acre in 1258 and again in the Battle of Settepozzi in 1263, the Venetian navy demonstrated its superiority over its Genoese counterpart."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the Venetians' diplomatic position improved, as the Byzantine emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, broke his treaty of alliance with Genoa as a result of the poor Genoese performance against Venice."}], "Q4921256": [{"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "Black May refers to May 1943 in the Battle of the Atlantic campaign during World War II, when the Kriegsmarine U-boat arm (U-Bootwaffe) suffered high casualties with fewer Allied ships sunk; it is considered a watershed in the Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Black May refers to May 1943 in the Battle of the Atlantic campaign during World War II, when the Kriegsmarine U-boat arm (U-Bootwaffe) suffered high casualties with fewer Allied ships sunk; it is considered a watershed in the Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q76437", "label": "Karl Dönitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Some respite for the Allies came in April, as Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU, commander U-boats) was unable to maintain as many U-boats in the Atlantic."}], "Q492671": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Triangle Hill, also known as Operation Showdown or the Shangganling Campaign (Chinese: 上甘岭战役; pinyin: Shànggānlǐng Zhànyì), was a protracted military engagement during the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q494930", "label": "Matthew Ridgway", "section": "Background", "says": "Eisenhower as the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in June 1952, General Matthew Ridgway of the United Nations Command was transferred from Korea to Europe as Eisenhower's replacement."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States Army appointed General Mark Wayne Clark, commander of the US Fifth Army during World War II, to overall command of the UN forces as a replacement for Ridgway."}, {"id": "Q490171", "label": "James A. Van Fleet", "section": "Background", "says": "General James Van Fleet, commander of the Eighth US Army,  had hoped that the change of commanders would allow him to reengage the PVA in a major campaign, but in an effort to limit UN losses during the peace talks in Panmunjom, Clark repeatedly overruled Van Fleet's requests for an authorized offensive into North Korean territory."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "As a significant number of Chinese and North Korean POWs had expressed their desire to defect permanently to South Korea or Taiwan, the demand was met with strong opposition from the United States and South Korea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "As a significant number of Chinese and North Korean POWs had expressed their desire to defect permanently to South Korea or Taiwan, the demand was met with strong opposition from the United States and South Korea."}], "Q495202": [{"id": "Q734711", "label": "José Ballivián", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivian Army, under the command of General José Ballivián, occupied the Peruvian provinces of Moquegua, Puno, Tarapacá, Tacna and Arica."}], "Q496032": [{"id": "Q165210", "label": "Kim Young-sam", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was launched by North Korean armed spies to assassinate the President of South Korea, Kim Young-sam, during his visit to Chunchon, on 5 October 1996."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Months after the start of the incident North Korea issued a rare apology for the events and ensuing loss of life."}], "Q4978527": [{"id": "Q385362", "label": "Edward Bruce", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bruce campaign was a three-year military campaign in Ireland by Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce."}, {"id": "Q187312", "label": "Robert I of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bruce campaign was a three-year military campaign in Ireland by Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce."}, {"id": "Q2011697", "label": "Battle of Faughart", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted from his landing at Larne in 1315 to his defeat and death in 1318 at the Battle of Faughart in County Louth."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the First War of Scottish Independence against England, and the conflict between the Irish and Anglo-Normans."}, {"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The country was divided between the Gaelic dynasties that survived the Norman invasion and the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland."}], "Q4984261": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Buddhist Uprising of 1966 (Vietnamese: Nổi dậy Phật giáo 1966), or more widely known in Vietnam as the Crisis in Central Vietnam (Biến động Miền Trung), was a period of civil and military unrest in South Vietnam, mostly in the I Corps area in the north of the country in central Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The area is a center of Vietnamese Buddhism, and at the time, activist Buddhist monks and civilians were at the forefront of opposition to a series of military juntas that had been ruling the nation, as well as prominently questioning the escalation of the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1966, Kỳ fired Thi and ordered him into exile in the United States under the false pretense of medical treatment."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "He said that the population would never support the generals' war effort as long as they lived so comfortably, and he mocked them for ostentatiously flying their female partners to Hong Kong for shopping expeditions."}, {"id": "Q191999", "label": "Robert McNamara", "section": "Background", "says": "General Westmoreland, US Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., and the Defense Secretary Robert McNamara were supportive of the Kỳ-Thiệu regime and their prosecution of the war against the communists, and they opposed Thi, regarding him as not being firm enough ag"}], "Q503678": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saborsko massacre (Pokolj u Saborskom, Operacija Saborsko) was the killing of 29 Croat residents of the village of Saborsko on 12 November 1991, following the seizure of the village in a Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) and Croatian Serb offensive during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q314295", "label": "Milan Babić", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Saborsko and the killing and expulsion of its civilian population was included in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) indictments of Milan Babić and Milan Martić, high-ranking officials of the Croatian Serb-declared wartime breakaway region of SAO Krajina."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Saborsko and the killing and expulsion of its civilian population was included in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) indictments of Milan Babić and Milan Martić, high-ranking officials of the Croatian Serb-declared wartime breakaway region of SAO Krajina."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "This was followed by two unsuccessful attempts by Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "The request was denied on 15 March, and the JNA came under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 October, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia, and a month later the ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska - HV)."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "Background", "says": "Late 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, as the Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "Late 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, as the Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar."}], "Q5036992": [{"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Cairo, the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate, was sacked and fell into the hands of the Ottoman forces led by Sultan Selim I during the 27-30 January 1517."}, {"id": "Q557896", "label": "Tuman bay II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Cairo's fall and the subsequent execution of the last Mamluk Sultan and member of the Abbasid dynasty: Tuman Bay II, the Mamluk Sultanate was absorbed into the expanding Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Cairo's fall and the subsequent execution of the last Mamluk Sultan and member of the Abbasid dynasty: Tuman Bay II, the Mamluk Sultanate was absorbed into the expanding Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt was a Muslim dynasty in Egypt (1250–1517)."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "After a coup in 1250, they began ruling in Egypt and they annexed Syria and Palestine  to their realm."}, {"id": "Q745110", "label": "Battle of Chaldiran", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, Ottoman vizier (later grand vizier) Hadim Sinan Pasha retaliated by annexing Dulkadirid territory (most of South East Anatolia) after the Battle of Turnadag to the Ottoman realm in 1515."}, {"id": "Q1528131", "label": "Hadim Sinan Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, Ottoman vizier (later grand vizier) Hadim Sinan Pasha retaliated by annexing Dulkadirid territory (most of South East Anatolia) after the Battle of Turnadag to the Ottoman realm in 1515."}, {"id": "Q971248", "label": "Battle of Marj Dabiq", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Selim I (reigned 1512-1520) won two decisive battles, the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 and the Battle of Ridaniya in 1517."}, {"id": "Q537923", "label": "Battle of Ridaniya", "section": "Background", "says": "Ottoman Sultan Selim I (reigned 1512-1520) won two decisive battles, the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 and the Battle of Ridaniya in 1517."}], "Q5037029": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Korytsa by the Hellenic armed forces, happened on 20 December 1912, during the First Balkan War."}], "Q5103591": [{"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1487 siege of Málaga was an action during the Reconquest of Spain in which the Catholic Monarchs of Spain conquered the city of Mālaqa from the Emirate of Granada."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "Mālaqa was the main objective of the 1487 campaign by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada,\nwhich had been steadily losing territory to the Crown of Castile forces."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Background", "says": "King Ferdinand II of Aragon left Córdoba with an army of 20,000 horsemen, 50,000 laborers, and 8,000 support troops."}], "Q5116509": [{"id": "Q163900", "label": "Francis Xavier", "section": "lead", "says": "The Real Audiencia of Charcas, with support from the faculty of University of Saint Francis Xavier, deposed the governor and formed a junta."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The level of hostility against the Spanish Crown and news from both the American Revolution and the French Revolution has made historians dispute whether such a description is accurate."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The level of hostility against the Spanish Crown and news from both the American Revolution and the French Revolution has made historians dispute whether such a description is accurate."}, {"id": "Q315937", "label": "Túpac Amaru II", "section": "Causes", "says": "Although nearly 30 years passed, the indigenous revolutions led by Túpac Amaru II and Tomás Katari and their violent repression were still remembered."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Causes", "says": "The revolutions ranged from the south of modern Colombia to the north of modern Argentina and Chile."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Causes", "says": "The revolutions ranged from the south of modern Colombia to the north of modern Argentina and Chile."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Causes", "says": "There was great concern about recent developments in Spain, where French forces, led by Napoleon, had invaded many parts of the country, captured Spanish King Ferdinand VII, and replaced him with Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Causes", "says": "There was great concern about recent developments in Spain, where French forces, led by Napoleon, had invaded many parts of the country, captured Spanish King Ferdinand VII, and replaced him with Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Causes", "says": "There was great concern about recent developments in Spain, where French forces, led by Napoleon, had invaded many parts of the country, captured Spanish King Ferdinand VII, and replaced him with Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte."}], "Q5166293": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Truman proclaimed that the resources on the continental shelf contiguous to the United States belonged to the United States through an Executive Order on 28 September 1945."}], "Q5221548": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Daoxian massacre (simplified Chinese: 道县大屠杀; traditional Chinese: 道縣大屠殺; pinyin: Dào Xiàn Dàtúshā), or Dao County massacre, was a massacre which took place during the Cultural Revolution in Dao County, Hunan as well as ten other nearby counties and cities."}], "Q5260602": [{"id": "Q838958", "label": "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court", "section": "lead", "says": "Htoo argued that the incident met the definition of a crime against humanity under Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court."}], "Q52779671": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The volcanic activity was the most destructive in the United States since the 1980 eruption of Mount St."}], "Q5289222": [{"id": "Q1352215", "label": "Polish–Russian War of 1792", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Boruszkowce was a battle in the Polish–Russian War of 1792."}, {"id": "Q2621718", "label": "Alexander Tormasov", "section": "lead", "says": "After getting information about Polish withdrawal, Mikhail Kakhovsky rallied two Cossacks regiments under command of Alexey Orlov and a part of cavalry under command of Alexander Tormasov."}], "Q531702": [{"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Milazzo was fought between 17 and 24 July 1860 in the vicinity and in the city of Milazzo, when the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, together with numerous volunteers who subsequently landed, mainly the Medici, formed the first nucleus of the Southern Army, that is, Garibaldi's army that landed in Sicily, invading the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Milazzo was fought between 17 and 24 July 1860 in the vicinity and in the city of Milazzo, when the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, together with numerous volunteers who subsequently landed, mainly the Medici, formed the first nucleus of the Southern Army, that is, Garibaldi's army that landed in Sicily, invading the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies."}], "Q538650": [{"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers was a peasant labor movement founded in 1907, primarily active in the Languedoc and Pyrénées-Orientales regions of France, that was repressed by the government of Georges Clemenceau."}, {"id": "Q296064", "label": "Gaston Doumergue", "section": "Languedoc vineyards before the 1907 crisis", "says": "French politicians Gaston Doumergue, deputy of Gard, and Félix Aldy, deputy of the Aude, could not make their colleagues in the Parliament to take the viticultural issue seriously, and their proposals for the defense of natural wine (in this context, meaning wine made from fresh grapes and without adulteration) were rejected by the other parliamentarians."}], "Q541387": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Persian Agreement, known in Iran as the Contract of 1919 (Persian: قرارداد ۱۹۱۹) involved the United Kingdom and Persia (official exonym of Iran at the time), and centered on the drilling rights of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The document was criticized by foreign observers as hegemonic, especially in the United States, which also had designs on accessing Iranian oil fields."}], "Q543043": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack on Aruba was an attack on oil installations and tankers by Axis submarines during World War II."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "Background", "says": "They patrolled the Gulf of Venezuela, to the southwest of Aruba, and other nearby waters for oil tankers."}], "Q543094": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fort Stedman, also known as the Battle of Hare's Hill, was fought on March 25, 1865, during the final weeks of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q815195", "label": "Siege of Petersburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was the last serious attempt by Confederate troops to break the Siege of Petersburg."}], "Q5432156": [{"id": "Q4872628", "label": "Battle of Ulai", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Battle of Ulai in the plain of Susa, an Assyrian army assaulted strong Elamite defensive positions."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "Background", "says": "Although another Babylonian revolt saved Elam from immediate invasion, it would remain one of the most important objectives in the mind of Ashurbanipal."}], "Q5452504": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Cannanore was a naval engagement between the Third Portuguese Armada under João da Nova and the naval forces of Calicut, which had been assembled by the Zamorin against the Portuguese in order to prevent their return to Portugal."}], "Q5452548": [{"id": "Q78691", "label": "Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Battle of Wissembourg (13 October 1793) an Allied army commanded by Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser attacked the French Army of the Rhine under Jean Pascal Carlenc."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "This engagement of the War of the First Coalition occurred on the eastern border of France about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Strasbourg."}, {"id": "Q355643", "label": "Jean-Charles Pichegru", "section": "lead", "says": "After the French retreat, the inept Carlenc was arrested and replaced in army command by Jean-Charles Pichegru."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "Accordingly, the French Army of the Rhine manned the Lines of Weissenburg, a line of earthworks dating back to the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q367042", "label": "Lazare Hoche", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, MG Lazare Hoche assumed overall command of both the Army of the Moselle and Pichegru's Army of the Rhine."}], "Q54801062": [{"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Jordan had been relatively unscathed from the violence that swept the region following the 2011 Arab Spring, its economy had taken a hit from the surrounding turmoil and from an influx of a large number of Syrian refugees into the country."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "He told the BBC in an interview that \"in the psyche of the Jordanian people I think it's gotten to a boiling point, sooner or later the dam is going to burst.\" Jordan has historically welcomed refugees—Palestinians in 1948 and 1967, Iraqis during the American invasion and now Syrians, who make up about 20 percent of Jordan's then 9.5 million population—and, according to Abdullah, \"For the first ti"}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, worsening Jordan's conditions is a decision by Persian Gulf countries, like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to withhold $1 billion in annual economic assistance that were directed towards the creation of jobs and economic growth hampered the finances of Jordan, which lacks the natural resources of its neighbors, amassing an unemployment rate of 18% and a much higher poverty"}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "Furthermore, worsening Jordan's conditions is a decision by Persian Gulf countries, like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to withhold $1 billion in annual economic assistance that were directed towards the creation of jobs and economic growth hampered the finances of Jordan, which lacks the natural resources of its neighbors, amassing an unemployment rate of 18% and a much higher poverty"}], "Q550500": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Nam Đông took place from July 5–6, 1964 during the Vietnam War, when the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) attacked the Nam Đông CIDG camp in an attempt to overrun it."}], "Q550982": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bellevue on 7 October 1870 was fought during the Franco-Prussian War and ended in a Prussian victory."}, {"id": "Q81518", "label": "François Achille Bazaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The French forces under Marshal François Achille Bazaine attempted to break through the lines of the Prussians investing Metz."}], "Q5556771": [{"id": "Q312757", "label": "Juan Negrín", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish coup of March 1939, in historiography often referred to as Casado's coup (Spanish: Golpe de Casado), was a coup d'état organized in the Republican zone against the government of Juan Negrín."}, {"id": "Q983925", "label": "Segismundo Casado", "section": "lead", "says": "It was carried out by the military with support of the Anarchists and a major faction of the Socialists; its leader was commander of the Army of the centre, Segismundo Casado."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout 1938, many key Republicans developed doubts about Prime Minister Juan Negrín's strategy to keep on fighting; the Communist Party, acting in the interest of the Soviet Union, was identified as its chief proponent."}, {"id": "Q203708", "label": "Manuel Azaña", "section": "Background", "says": "President Manuel Azaña talked to this end with the prime minister; Socialist leader Julián Besteiro lobbied for his cabinet which would then engage in peace talks."}, {"id": "Q2467469", "label": "Julián Besteiro", "section": "Background", "says": "President Manuel Azaña talked to this end with the prime minister; Socialist leader Julián Besteiro lobbied for his cabinet which would then engage in peace talks."}, {"id": "Q1659005", "label": "José Miaja", "section": "Background", "says": "The conspiracy involved commander of all armed forces in the central-southern zone army General José Miaja, his chief of staff General Manuel Matallana, commander of the Army of Levante General Leopoldo Menéndez and commander of the Army of the Centre Colonel Segismundo Casado."}, {"id": "Q977325", "label": "Cipriano Mera", "section": "Background", "says": "Army Corps, Cipriano Mera."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "Background", "says": "Since January, Casado maintained contacts with Nationalist agents active in Madrid; on February 15 he received confirmation that Francisco Franco was ready to enter talks on Republican surrender."}], "Q55600802": [{"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War, also known as the First Ogaden War marked the first military conflict between the newly established Somali Republic and the Ethiopian Empire, lasting from February to April 1964."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War, also known as the First Ogaden War marked the first military conflict between the newly established Somali Republic and the Ethiopian Empire, lasting from February to April 1964."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War, also known as the First Ogaden War marked the first military conflict between the newly established Somali Republic and the Ethiopian Empire, lasting from February to April 1964."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie responded to the insurrection with brutal and repressive crackdowns against the Somalis in the Ogaden region."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "During November 1963, the Somali government signed an agreement with the Soviet Union to begin working toward the creation of a 20,000 man force, effectively quadrupling the size of the Somali National Army, greatly alarming the Ethiopian government."}], "Q55605048": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lake of Antioch took place on 9 February 1098 during the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q943749", "label": "Yaghi-Siyan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Turkish governor of Antioch Yaghi-Siyan had sent his son Shams ad-Daulah to seek assistance from local emirs."}], "Q55633151": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bahrain of 1559 occurred when forces of the Ottoman Empire, commanded by the governor of the Lahsa eyalet Mustafa Pasha, attempted to seize Bahrain, and thus wrest control of the island and its famed pearl trade from the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Bahrain of 1559 occurred when forces of the Ottoman Empire, commanded by the governor of the Lahsa eyalet Mustafa Pasha, attempted to seize Bahrain, and thus wrest control of the island and its famed pearl trade from the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Bahrain was then a dominion of the King of Hormuz, himself a puppet of Portugal ever since the Portuguese took over Hormuz in 1515."}], "Q55887216": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Berwick lasted four months in 1333 and resulted in the Scottish-held town of Berwick-upon-Tweed being captured by an English army commanded by King Edward III (r."}, {"id": "Q471796", "label": "Edward Balliol", "section": "lead", "says": "The year before, Edward Balliol had seized the Scottish Crown, surreptitiously supported by Edward III."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q228642", "label": "Isabella of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This brought his regents, Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, to the negotiating table."}, {"id": "Q281648", "label": "Battle of Dupplin Moor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Scots were crushed at the Battle of Dupplin Moor."}, {"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Berwick had been sold to the Scots by Richard I of England (r."}, {"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Edward II of England (r."}, {"id": "Q165568", "label": "John XXII", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Edward III promised to discuss the matter with both Pope John XXII and King Philip VI of France (r."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Edward III promised to discuss the matter with both Pope John XXII and King Philip VI of France (r."}], "Q559400": [{"id": "Q442268", "label": "Anglo-Hanseatic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1474 after the Anglo-Hanseatic War between England and the Hanseatic League."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty declared peace between Lubeck and the German Confederation with England, restoring the Hanseatic privileges in the Port of London."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Edward IV drew up peace treaties to clear the path for war with France."}], "Q5617470": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf Coast campaign or the Spanish conquest of West Florida in the American Revolutionary War, was a series of military operations primarily directed by the governor of Spanish Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, against the British province of West Florida."}, {"id": "Q386687", "label": "Bernardo de Gálvez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf Coast campaign or the Spanish conquest of West Florida in the American Revolutionary War, was a series of military operations primarily directed by the governor of Spanish Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, against the British province of West Florida."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain officially entered the American Revolutionary War on May 8, 1779, with a formal declaration of war by King Charles III."}], "Q56296380": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The contemporary countries affected were France, the London Basin in England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Poland, Slovenia, northern and central Italy, and southern Spain."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The contemporary countries affected were France, the London Basin in England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Poland, Slovenia, northern and central Italy, and southern Spain."}], "Q5722546": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lomas Valentinas (also known as the Battle of Itá Ybaté) was fought in the Central Department of Paraguay on December 21–27, 1868."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paraguayan Army, led personally by president Francisco Solano López, was decisively defeated, though López managed to escape."}], "Q5783195": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bala Hissar uprising was an insurrection that took place on August 5, 1979, at the historical fortress Bala Hissar on the southern edge of Kabul, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q558236", "label": "Faiz Ahmad", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising was commanded by Faiz Ahmad of the Marxist (but anti-Khalq) Revolutionary Group of the Peoples of Afghanistan (RGPA) and engineered by the Afghanistan Mujahedin Freedom Fighters Front (AMFF), a united front of anti-government Maoist and moderate Islamist groups."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Except from the Herat uprising, the Bala Hissar rebellion was the most significant of the many uprisings that took place throughout Afghanistan in 1979 before the start of the Soviet-Afghan War."}], "Q5791069": [{"id": "Q380286", "label": "Pavel Milyukov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Executive Committee and the full Soviet endorsed Nikolai Sukhanov's \"An Appeal to All the Peoples of the World\", which renounced war and \"acquisitionist ambitions.\" This appeal conflicted with the Provisional Government's position on annexations, and Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov responded with the Milyukov note on 18 April declaring Russia's right to Constantinople and the Dardanelles."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Milyukov's note united disparate groups of Russians against the Provisional Government and Russian involvement in World War I."}, {"id": "Q2083549", "label": "Alexander Guchkov", "section": "lead", "says": "The public responded with mass demonstrations and violence in the streets of Petrograd, forcing Milyukov and War Minister Alexander Guchkov to resign."}], "Q5851623": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of the Comuneros (Spanish: Revolución Comunera) was a series of uprisings by settlers in Paraguay in the Viceroyalty of Peru against the Spanish authorities from 1721 to 1725 and 1730–1735."}], "Q5882508": [{"id": "Q497777", "label": "First Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup d'état of Pavía (Spanish: Golpe de Estado de Pavía), or more simply Pavía's coup, was a military coup d'état initiated by General Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque on 3 January 1874, during the First Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q718209", "label": "Emilio Castelar", "section": "Background", "says": "Emilio Castelar, a political moderate, had been President of the Executive Power since 7 September 1873 and had suspended the Cortes on 20 September in order to take more effective control of the military."}], "Q5887735": [{"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Coto War (Spanish: Guerra de Coto) was a conflict between Panama and Costa Rica fought between 21 February and 5 March 1921."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Panama won the war in military terms, it had to renounce the territory of Coto under pressure from the United States, who in defense of its banana companies' interests took drastic measures to stop the conflict."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "Background", "says": "On occasion, he referred to Cape Gracias a Dios between Honduras and Nicaragua as the limit of the territories of North and South America."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "Background", "says": "On occasion, he referred to Cape Gracias a Dios between Honduras and Nicaragua as the limit of the territories of North and South America."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1821 the Isthmus of Panama had decided to join the Great Colombia."}, {"id": "Q32347", "label": "Alfonso XII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1880, Colombia seized Cocales de Burica; for this reason, on December 25, 1880, the representatives of Costa Rica and Colombia, decided to submit the arbitration of this boundary demarcation to Alfonso XII of Spain, but this treaty was rejected by Colombia."}, {"id": "Q169502", "label": "Émile Loubet", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1886, in Bogotá, a new convention was signed, which would be arbitrated by the then president of France, Émile Loubet."}], "Q589189": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aschaffenburg, sometimes also called The Skirmishes Near Aschaffenburg, was a battle of the Austro-Prussian War on 14 July 1866 between pitting the armies of Prussia on the one hand and parts of the VIII Corps of the German Federal Army on the other side which primarily consisted of soldiers from the Austrian Empire, Hesse-Darmstadt and Hesse-Kassel."}], "Q589201": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dermbach was the first clash between Prussian and Bavarian troops in the Austro-Prussian War near Dermbach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in modern-day Thuringia on 4 July 1866."}], "Q592752": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Honey Springs, also known as the Affair at Elk Creek, on July 17, 1863, was an American Civil War engagement and an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Honey Springs, also known as the Affair at Elk Creek, on July 17, 1863, was an American Civil War engagement and an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the American Civil War, the United States had abandoned the Five Civilized Tribes so for cultural and economic reasons, all of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory opted to side with the Confederate States of America who had offered them protection, economic resources and sovereignty, raising native troops under the leadership of General Douglas H."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of the American Civil War, the United States had abandoned the Five Civilized Tribes so for cultural and economic reasons, all of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory opted to side with the Confederate States of America who had offered them protection, economic resources and sovereignty, raising native troops under the leadership of General Douglas H."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Reasons for Union victory", "says": "The Union artillery had ten 1857 12-pounder Napoleon howitzers, two 6-pound howitzers, and plenty of Springfield rifles."}], "Q5935848": [{"id": "Q202308", "label": "Evliya Çelebi", "section": "Background and prelude", "says": "The Ottoman historian Evliya Çelebi mentions the numerous buildings they had constructed in Tabriz and the surrounding area, particularly that of the governor, Ja'far Pasha."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background and prelude", "says": "In 1602, with the eastern front at least temporarily stabilized and internal stability reestablished, Shah Abbas's focused on regaining Azerbaijan and Shirvan, two of the most significant provinces that the Ottomans had gained."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background and prelude", "says": "On the other hand, war and internal uprisings significantly had damaged the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q60524433": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Philomelion (Philomelium in Latin, Akşehir in Turkish) was a victory of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire over the Turkish forces of the Sultanate of Rûm on 7 May 1190 during the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Philomelion (Philomelium in Latin, Akşehir in Turkish) was a victory of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire over the Turkish forces of the Sultanate of Rûm on 7 May 1190 during the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1189, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa began his expedition to the Holy Land as part of the Third Crusade to recover the city of Jerusalem from the forces of Saladin."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After an extended stay in the European territories of the Byzantine Empire, the Imperial army crossed over to Asia at the Dardanelles from 22–28 March 1190."}, {"id": "Q504733", "label": "Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusader army counterattacked with 2,000 infantry and cavalry under the leadership of Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia and Berthold, Duke of Merania, putting the Turks to flight and killing 4,174–5,000 of them."}, {"id": "Q101866", "label": "Gregory VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusade to restore the city of Jerusalem to Christian hands after its loss to Saladin in 1187 and to help the remaining crusader strongholds in the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, a veteran of the Second Crusade, took up the Cross at the Curia Christi (court of Christ) in Mainz Cathedral on 27 March 1188 and was the first to set out for the Holy Land in May 1189 with an army of 12,000–15,000 men, including 4,000 knights."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "After marching through Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, the Imperial army crossed over the Dardanelles to Anatolia by 28 March 1190."}], "Q6059597": [{"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Algiers was a massive and disastrous amphibious attempt in July 1775 by a combined Spanish and Tuscan force to capture the city of Algiers, the capital of the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was ordered by Charles III of Spain, who was attempting to demonstrate to the Barbary States the power of the revitalized Spanish military after the disastrous Spanish experience in the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion was ordered by Charles III of Spain, who was attempting to demonstrate to the Barbary States the power of the revitalized Spanish military after the disastrous Spanish experience in the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "Background", "says": "The armed forces of Spain had recently undergone a massive revival project under the personal command of the King of Spain, Charles III."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "This came after the Spanish defeat in the Seven Years' War, where Charles had declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain in support of his traditional Bourbon allies, the Kingdom of France, in 1762."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This came after the Spanish defeat in the Seven Years' War, where Charles had declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain in support of his traditional Bourbon allies, the Kingdom of France, in 1762."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Havana and Manila, the capital of the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas and Asia, were both Battle of Manila captured by the British and the invasion of Portugal was repulsed."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Havana and Manila, the capital of the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas and Asia, were both Battle of Manila captured by the British and the invasion of Portugal was repulsed."}], "Q60667736": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gascon campaign of 1345 was conducted by Henry, Earl of Derby, as part of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "By this time the French had diverted their main effort to the south west, under the overall command of John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir apparent of King Philip VI of France."}], "Q60750351": [{"id": "Q202582", "label": "Lansana Conté", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1984 Guinean coup d'état was the bloodless military coup that took place in Guinea on 3 April 1984, led by Colonel Lansana Conté."}, {"id": "Q718245", "label": "Louis Lansana Beavogui", "section": "lead", "says": "It led to the deposition of Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who had held the office since 1972, and had been serving as interim president since 26 March, when longtime President Ahmed Sékou Touré died during an emergency heart operation at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States."}, {"id": "Q155402", "label": "Ahmed Sékou Touré", "section": "lead", "says": "It led to the deposition of Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who had held the office since 1972, and had been serving as interim president since 26 March, when longtime President Ahmed Sékou Touré died during an emergency heart operation at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It led to the deposition of Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who had held the office since 1972, and had been serving as interim president since 26 March, when longtime President Ahmed Sékou Touré died during an emergency heart operation at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States."}], "Q60793107": [{"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "After receiving the news of a rebellion in Persia and an epidemic in King Khosrow I's army, the Byzantine armies in the East under the orders of Emperor Justinian I initiated a hasty invasion of Persarmenia."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sasanian ruler Khosrow I began an invasion of Commagene in 542, but retreated to Adurbadagan and halted at Adhur Gushnasp, intending to begin a campaign against Byzantine Armenia."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "Background", "says": "The Romans had been negotiating with Khosrow I, until they received information about the epidemic of the so-called Plague of Justinian in Khosrow I's force and a rebellion in Persia by the prince Anoshazad."}], "Q608163": [{"id": "Q717241", "label": "Arvid Wittenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The city's defense was led by Kiev's castellan Stefan Czarniecki, while Swedish forces were commanded by King Charles Gustav and Arvid Wittenberg."}, {"id": "Q232793", "label": "Marie Louise Gonzaga", "section": "Background", "says": "To cover the cost of the works, queen Marie Louise Gonzaga handed over some of her jewelry."}, {"id": "Q2615519", "label": "Battle of Żarnów", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 19, the Polish king Jan Kazimierz came to Kraków, after the lost Battle of Żarnów."}], "Q6084997": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ankara (1926), also known as the Frontier Treaty of 1926 (Turkish: Ankara Antlaşması), was signed on 5 June 1926 in Ankara by Turkey, the United Kingdom and Mandatory Iraq."}, {"id": "Q146720", "label": "Mandatory Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Ankara (1926), also known as the Frontier Treaty of 1926 (Turkish: Ankara Antlaşması), was signed on 5 June 1926 in Ankara by Turkey, the United Kingdom and Mandatory Iraq."}], "Q609495": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Galveston was a naval and land battle of the American Civil War, when Confederate forces under Major Gen."}], "Q60996885": [{"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xunhua Incident (Chinese: 循化事件) was an uprising of Salars and Tibetans against the policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Qinghai, China in April 1958."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched the Anti-rightist Campaign in 1957 and the Great Leap Forward in 1958."}], "Q6127215": [{"id": "Q754", "label": "Trinidad and Tobago", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt was an attempt to overthrow the government of Trinidad and Tobago, instigated on Friday, 27 July 1990."}], "Q6130126": [{"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Sinope in 1214 was a successful siege and capture of the city by the Sultanate of Rum under their Sultan, Kaykaus I (r."}, {"id": "Q61593", "label": "Kaykaus I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Sinope in 1214 was a successful siege and capture of the city by the Sultanate of Rum under their Sultan, Kaykaus I (r."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "Sinope was an important port on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, at the time held by the Empire of Trebizond, one of the Byzantine Greek successor states formed after the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Sinope was an important port on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, at the time held by the Empire of Trebizond, one of the Byzantine Greek successor states formed after the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q61669", "label": "Ibn Bibi", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege is described in some detail by the near-contemporary Seljuq chronicler Ibn Bibi."}], "Q6135267": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of al-Faw was a battle of the Iran–Iraq War, fought on the al-Faw peninsula between 10 February and 10 March 1986."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of al-Faw was a major success for Iran who now held an important strategic position, but worried other states in the region, primarily in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, who increased their support for Iraq."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle damaged the prestige of Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi government, who began extensively improving defenses for the threatened major city of Basra."}], "Q6172500": [{"id": "Q2342282", "label": "Oman proper", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jebel Akhdar War (Arabic: حرب الجبل الأخضر, romanized: Ḥarb al-Jebel el-ʾAkhḍar, lit. 'the Green Mountain War'), also known as the Jebel Akhdar Rebellion or the Oman War (Arabic: حرب عمان, romanized: Ḥarb ʻumān), broke out in 1954 and again in 1957 in Oman, as an effort by the local Omanis in the interior of Oman led by their elected Imam, Ghalib al-Hinai, to protect the Imamate of Oman from t"}, {"id": "Q879869", "label": "Said bin Taimur Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jebel Akhdar War (Arabic: حرب الجبل الأخضر, romanized: Ḥarb al-Jebel el-ʾAkhḍar, lit. 'the Green Mountain War'), also known as the Jebel Akhdar Rebellion or the Oman War (Arabic: حرب عمان, romanized: Ḥarb ʻumān), broke out in 1954 and again in 1957 in Oman, as an effort by the local Omanis in the interior of Oman led by their elected Imam, Ghalib al-Hinai, to protect the Imamate of Oman from t"}, {"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jebel Akhdar War (Arabic: حرب الجبل الأخضر, romanized: Ḥarb al-Jebel el-ʾAkhḍar, lit. 'the Green Mountain War'), also known as the Jebel Akhdar Rebellion or the Oman War (Arabic: حرب عمان, romanized: Ḥarb ʻumān), broke out in 1954 and again in 1957 in Oman, as an effort by the local Omanis in the interior of Oman led by their elected Imam, Ghalib al-Hinai, to protect the Imamate of Oman from t"}, {"id": "Q794432", "label": "Azzan bin Qais Al Busaidi", "section": "Background", "says": "Afterwards, a hereditary line of succession ruled by Al Busaidi Sultans started in Muscat during the 19th century, except for a short period of time when Azzan bin Qais became an elected Imam (1868–1871)."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Empire was keen to dominate southeast Arabia to stifle the growing power of other European states and to curb the Omani maritime power that grew during the 17th century."}], "Q620215": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin was a battle on the Western Front during World War I."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive on the Western Front in the late summer of 1918, the Australian Corps crossed the Somme River on the night of 31 August and broke the German lines at Mont Saint-Quentin and Péronne."}, {"id": "Q73402", "label": "Max von Boehn", "section": "Background", "says": "Australian forces faced the German LI Corps, part of 2nd Army, under General Max von Boehn."}], "Q625418": [{"id": "Q37086", "label": "Theodore I Laskaris", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1207, the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan allied with Emperor Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea to attack the Latin Empire, forcing Emperor Henry to relinquish territory in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1207, the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan allied with Emperor Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea to attack the Latin Empire, forcing Emperor Henry to relinquish territory in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Seizing the opportunity created by Boniface's death, Kaloyan besieged Thessalonica, but his sudden death abruptly ended the siege and created a power vacuum in Bulgaria that allowed Henry to consolidate the Latin Empire's territories."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fourth Crusade resulted in the partition of Byzantine Empire's territories among the crusaders."}, {"id": "Q269235", "label": "Henry of Flanders", "section": "Background", "says": "Two of the crusaders, Boniface of Montferrat became King of Thessalonica in 1204 and Henry of Flanders became the Latin emperor of Constantinople a year later."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, in the north, Kaloyan gathered an army and within a short period of time (1204–1207) controlled parts of Macedonia and frequently raided Thrace, regions claimed by the newly established Latin kingdoms."}], "Q63078193": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Regional Roaming Agreement, formally the Agreement on the price reduction of the roaming services in public mobile communications networks in the Western Balkans region, regulates the imposition of roaming charges within the countries in the Western Balkans; Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia."}], "Q6310467": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The July 1936 military uprising in Melilla occurred at the start of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Supporters of the Second Spanish Republic were detained or shot."}], "Q632926": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kranji was the second stage of the Empire of Japan's plan for the invasion of Singapore during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q370554", "label": "Takuma Nishimura", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied forces at Kranji were to be assaulted by the Imperial Guards Division led by Major General Takuma Nishimura."}], "Q6364933": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "On March 28, 1918, Nash's sentence was reduced to ten years after he convinced the warden he wanted to join the army and fight in World War I."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The FBI launched an intensive search for Nash throughout the entire United States and most of Canada."}], "Q636670": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Peachtree Creek was fought in Georgia on July 20, 1864, as part of the Atlanta campaign in the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q553533", "label": "John Bell Hood", "section": "lead", "says": "John Bell Hood since taking command of the Confederate Army of Tennessee."}, {"id": "Q740330", "label": "George Henry Thomas", "section": "lead", "says": "George Henry Thomas and two corps of the Confederate Army of Tennessee."}, {"id": "Q2570177", "label": "Battle of Kennesaw Mountain", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Southerners gained tactical successes at the Battle of New Hope Church, the Battle of Pickett's Mill, and the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, they were unable to counter Sherman's superior numbers."}, {"id": "Q162269", "label": "Jefferson Davis", "section": "Background", "says": "On July 17, however, he received a telegram from Confederate President Jefferson Davis relieving him from command."}], "Q639116": [{"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Villafranca del Bierzo took place on 17 March 1809, during the French occupation of León in the Peninsular War."}], "Q63980948": [{"id": "Q3318231", "label": "Joko Widodo", "section": "lead", "says": "The unrest followed former general Prabowo Subianto's refusal to accept defeat in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election to incumbent President Joko Widodo, also known as Jokowi."}], "Q6399256": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khalakhaljid Sands was fought between Genghis Khan, then known as Temüjin, and the forces of Toghrul, khan of the Kereit."}], "Q6412775": [{"id": "Q692065", "label": "Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "This is a sub-article to Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive and Battle of Narva."}, {"id": "Q48134", "label": "Leonid Govorov", "section": "lead", "says": "Army General Leonid Govorov was unable to take advantage of the opportunity of encircling the smaller German detachment which called in reinforcements."}], "Q641898": [{"id": "Q551542", "label": "António José de Almeida", "section": "lead", "says": "During the day, a coup led António Granjo's government to resign, but President António José de Almeida resisted appointing the rebels' government."}], "Q6428897": [{"id": "Q3302610", "label": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War (Burmese: ကုန်းဘောင်-ဟံသာဝတီ စစ်) was the war fought between the Konbaung Dynasty and the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom of Burma (Myanmar) from 1752 to 1757."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Alaungpaya, who founded the Konbaung Dynasty, quickly emerged as the main resistance leader, and by taking advantage of Hanthawaddy's low troop levels, went on to conquer all of Upper Burma by the end of 1753."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "Background", "says": "Ava failed to recover southern Lan Na (Chiang Mai) that revolted in 1727, and did nothing to prevent the annexation of northern Shan states by Qing China in the mid-1730s."}, {"id": "Q3056671", "label": "Mahadhammaraza Dipadi", "section": "Background", "says": "King Mahadhammaraza Dipadi of Toungoo made feeble efforts to recover Lower Burma in the early 1740s, but by 1745, Hanthawaddy had successfully established itself in Lower Burma."}], "Q6445746": [{"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "The  1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq occurred during the Iran–Iraq War as PUK and KDP Kurdish militias of Iraqi Kurdistan rebelled against Saddam Hussein as part of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, in an attempt to form an independent state."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The  1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq occurred during the Iran–Iraq War as PUK and KDP Kurdish militias of Iraqi Kurdistan rebelled against Saddam Hussein as part of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, in an attempt to form an independent state."}], "Q645257": [{"id": "Q203534", "label": "Pedro de Valdivia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tucapel (also known as the Disaster of Tucapel) is the name given to a battle fought between Spanish conquistador forces led by Pedro de Valdivia and Mapuche (Araucanian) Indians under Lautaro that took place at Tucapel, Chile on December 25, 1553."}, {"id": "Q431806", "label": "Arauco War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred in the context of the first stage of the Arauco War, named the \"offensive war\" within a larger uprising by Araucanians against the Spanish conquest of Chile."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "Pedro de Valdivia was a Spanish conquistador who founded the first permanent Spanish settlements in what is now Chilean territory, including Santiago."}], "Q6454612": [{"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Çatalca fought between 3 February 1913 and 3 April 1913 was a major \"continuous skirmish\" of the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q2499424", "label": "First Battle of Çatalca", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bulgarian advance at the beginning of the First Balkan War stalled at the Ottoman fortifications at Çatalca in November 1912 at the First Battle of Çatalca."}], "Q6461523": [{"id": "Q626006", "label": "World War II in Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Knin (Serbo-Croatian: Kninska operacija) was a major Yugoslav Partisan operation during World War II in Yugoslavia launched by the 8th Dalmatian Corps from 7 November to 9 December 1944 with the purpose of destroying German, Ustaše and Chetnik formations in North Dalmatia and the city of Knin, then part of the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Knin (Serbo-Croatian: Kninska operacija) was a major Yugoslav Partisan operation during World War II in Yugoslavia launched by the 8th Dalmatian Corps from 7 November to 9 December 1944 with the purpose of destroying German, Ustaše and Chetnik formations in North Dalmatia and the city of Knin, then part of the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "Partisan forces in Dalmatia would be able to link up with forces in Istria and Slovenia."}], "Q6484626": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landing at Nadzab was an airborne landing on 5 September 1943 during the New Guinea campaign of World War II in conjunction with the landing at Lae."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The parachute drop was carried out by the US Army's 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment and elements of the Australian Army's 2/4th Field Regiment into Nadzab, New Guinea in the Markham Valley, observed by General Douglas MacArthur, circling overhead in a B-17."}, {"id": "Q5485303", "label": "Frank Berryman", "section": "Background", "says": "At Blamey's Advanced Allied Land Forces Headquarters (Adv LHQ) in St Lucia, Queensland, the Deputy Chief of the General Staff, Major General Frank Berryman, headed the planning process."}, {"id": "Q959324", "label": "Edmund Herring", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 May, Blamey held a conference with Berryman and Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Herring, the commander of I Corps, around the model at which the details of the operation were discussed."}, {"id": "Q2917077", "label": "Battle of Buna–Gona", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Major General George Alan Vasey's 7th Division, in a reprise of the Battle of Buna–Gona in 1942, would advance on Lae from the west by an overland route."}], "Q65049211": [{"id": "Q457201", "label": "Melchior Ndadaye", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup attempt resulted in assassination of Hutu President Melchior Ndadaye and the deaths of other officials in the constitutional line of presidential succession."}, {"id": "Q762444", "label": "François Ngeze", "section": "lead", "says": "François Ngeze was presented as the new President of Burundi by the army, but the coup failed under domestic and international pressure, leaving Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi in charge of the government."}, {"id": "Q291550", "label": "Sylvie Kinigi", "section": "lead", "says": "François Ngeze was presented as the new President of Burundi by the army, but the coup failed under domestic and international pressure, leaving Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi in charge of the government."}, {"id": "Q380916", "label": "Pierre Buyoya", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1993 presidential and parliamentary elections were held and won by the Hutu-dominated Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU), displacing the ruling Union pour le Progrès National (UPRONA) and President Pierre Buyoya."}, {"id": "Q377765", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Bagaza", "section": "lead", "says": "The exact identity of those who led the plot remains unknown, though Ngeze, Army Chief of Staff Jean Bikomagu, ex-President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, and outgoing President  Buyoya are widely suspected to have been involved."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From 16 to 18 October 1993, Ndadaye attended a summit of francophone heads of state in Mauritius."}], "Q65067658": [{"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "Background", "says": "Others suggested that Ugandan President Idi Amin had delivered Ntare into Micombero's custody as a \"gift\"."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 April a school administrator in Bururi was informed that most Hutu teachers in Nyanza-Lac had fled to Tanzania."}], "Q65166689": [{"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Silves was an action of the Third Crusade and the Portuguese Reconquista in 1189."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Silves was an action of the Third Crusade and the Portuguese Reconquista in 1189."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Silves in the Almohad Caliphate was besieged from 21 July until 3 September by the forces of Portugal and a group of crusaders from northern Europe on their way to the siege of Acre."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Silves in the Almohad Caliphate was besieged from 21 July until 3 September by the forces of Portugal and a group of crusaders from northern Europe on their way to the siege of Acre."}, {"id": "Q1058544", "label": "Sancho I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It carried an army of 3,500 crusaders, while King Sancho I of Portugal marched overland with his own army."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "The defenders countermined and there was fighting underground, possibly including the use of Greek fire by the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q101866", "label": "Gregory VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1187, Jerusalem was captured by the Ayyubids and Pope Gregory VIII issued a call for a new crusade to recover it in his bull Audita tremendi."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Such a fleet had assisted in the conquest of Lisbon in 1147 during the Second Crusade."}], "Q6541036": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liberation of Kuwait campaign was between 24 and 28 February 1991, consisting of a major ground offensive into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait following the successful Gulf War air campaign."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A force composed of 40 amphibious assault ships was stationed off the coast of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q483039", "label": "Battle of Inchon", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It was the largest such force to be assembled since the Battle of Inchon."}], "Q6556526": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lipka rebellion was a mutiny from 1672 of several cavalry chorągwie (regiments) of Lipka Tatars, who had been serving in the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth since the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Lipka Tatars were a group of Tatars who settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "Background", "says": "They were given noble status and fought on the Polish–Lithuanian side in the Battle of Grunwald."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of the sixteenth century, emissaries of the Crimean Khanate tried to persuade them to betray the Commonwealth and received the reply:\n\nNeither God nor the Prophet commands you to rob, nor do they command us to be ungrateful."}, {"id": "Q650411", "label": "Battle of Cecora", "section": "Background", "says": "Subsequently, the Lipkas fought on the Polish–Lithuanian side against the Ottomans and the Crimean Khanate at Battle of Cecora, the first Battle of Chocim and against the forces of Mehmed Abazy Pasha in the Polish–Ottoman War of 1633."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chmielnicki Uprising and the Russian invasion of Lithuania destroyed much of the basis of Tatar livelihood."}], "Q66310588": [{"id": "Q1138904", "label": "Kingdom of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 or the Khost disturbances were a series of tribal revolts in the Kingdom of Afghanistan by Zadran, Safi and Mangal tribesmen which lasted from February 1944 to January 1947."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Faqir of Ipi, a tribal leader from Waziristan (then part of British India), also fought for the restoration of former king Amanullah Khan alongside other rebels."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Mazrak invaded the British Raj in late 1944, though he was ultimately forced back into Afghanistan due to British aerial bombardment."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Mazrak invaded the British Raj in late 1944, though he was ultimately forced back into Afghanistan due to British aerial bombardment."}, {"id": "Q310247", "label": "Mohammed Daoud Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Concurrently, Mohammed Daoud Khan fought against the Safi in the Eastern Province."}, {"id": "Q1339808", "label": "Alexander Davydov", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Alexander Davydov, causes of the revolts lay in the worsening conditions of farmers."}, {"id": "Q1415128", "label": "Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite this, the government of the Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) would, decades after the revolts, claim that the peasantry supported the Afghan government and that Safi tribes looted the peasant's homes and businesses in retaliation."}], "Q663501": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring from 31 October to 4 November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, the operation was a Croatian victory and its success set the stage for follow-up advances by Croatian forces on Papuk Mountain in Operation Papuk-91 in late November and December."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The refugees initially fled to Bosnia and Herzegovina, but the majority were soon settled in the JNA-held Baranja region of eastern Croatia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "A month after the operation, the retreating paramilitary unit known as the White Eagles perpetrated the Voćin massacre, and its war crimes were prosecuted at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q3513572", "label": "Operation Orkan 91", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 October, the ZNG launched Operation Hurricane-91 against positions held by the JNA and the TO near Novska and Nova Gradiška."}], "Q6646276": [{"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of Babylon in 626 BC refers to the revolt of the general Nabopolassar and his war of independence until he successfully consolidated control of Babylonia in 620 BC, defeating the Neo-Assyrian Empire which had ruled Babylonia for more than a century."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of Babylon in 626 BC refers to the revolt of the general Nabopolassar and his war of independence until he successfully consolidated control of Babylonia in 620 BC, defeating the Neo-Assyrian Empire which had ruled Babylonia for more than a century."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt saw the formation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and was one of the key factors contributing to the fall of Assyria; twenty years after the revolt had begun, Nabopolassar's army and that of his ally, Cyaxares of the Medes, had destroyed the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt saw the formation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and was one of the key factors contributing to the fall of Assyria; twenty years after the revolt had begun, Nabopolassar's army and that of his ally, Cyaxares of the Medes, had destroyed the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}], "Q66562661": [{"id": "Q14848244", "label": "Lyubov Sobol", "section": "Background", "says": "In protest, one of the candidates, Lyubov Sobol, went on a hunger strike on July 13."}], "Q6706220": [{"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Background", "says": "In the speech from the throne on 7 October 1856, the Governor of Luxembourg, Prince Henry, announced the amendment of the constitution, which he claimed was required to bring it into line with the rest of the German Confederation."}], "Q671760": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning on 4 December, four infantry divisions—one British, one Canadian, one Indian and one New Zealand (which included an armoured brigade)—and two armoured brigades (one British and one Canadian) of V Corps and XIII Corps attacked heavily defended German positions along the Moro River, achieving several exploitable bridgeheads by 8 December."}, {"id": "Q1634968", "label": "Battle of Ortona", "section": "lead", "says": "By 26 December, strong German defences had stalled Canadian forces during the Battle of Ortona and British and New Zealand forces in Orsogna."}, {"id": "Q2493517", "label": "Gerard Bucknall", "section": "Background", "says": "The 78th Infantry Division was sent into the mountains on the relatively quiet left wing of the army, joining the British 5th Infantry Division (Major-General Gerard Bucknall) under XIII Corps."}, {"id": "Q72398", "label": "Richard Heidrich", "section": "Background", "says": "Fallschirmjägerdivision) under Brigadier General (Generalmajor) Richard Heidrich on the coast, to their right stood the 90th Panzergrenadier Division (90."}, {"id": "Q62762", "label": "Traugott Herr", "section": "Background", "says": "Together, these units formed Traugott Herr′s LXXVI Panzer Corps, the part of Joachim Lemelsen's 10th Army responsible for the front line to the east of the Apennines."}], "Q672218": [{"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of the Slaak (12 and 13 September 1631) was a Dutch victory during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q158256", "label": "Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In reaction to an overland Dutch attempt to capture Dunkirk earlier in the year, Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, governing the Southern Netherlands for Philip IV of Spain, ordered a Spanish army transported on a fleet of barges to attempt to occupy the islands of Goeree and Overflakee by surprise."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In reaction to an overland Dutch attempt to capture Dunkirk earlier in the year, Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, governing the Southern Netherlands for Philip IV of Spain, ordered a Spanish army transported on a fleet of barges to attempt to occupy the islands of Goeree and Overflakee by surprise."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "Background", "says": "The fortress on the continental side had special propaganda value, as it was a newly founded town named Willemstad after William the Silent; more importantly, Spanish occupation would have allowed a blockade of the Dutch main naval port Hellevoetsluis located to the direct north of Overflakee on the island of Voorne; and the isolation of the province of Zealand from its confederate provinces."}], "Q673626": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1990 the CIA asked European intelligence agencies to assist in the withdrawal of six American operatives (a mix of CIA and DIA officers) investigating Iraqi troops movements in Iraq before the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Czempiński had previously been a spy in the United States and either took part or led many operations against the Western intelligence services."}, {"id": "Q2349281", "label": "Operation Desert Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish forces rescued not only the agents but also secret maps—detailed maps of various military installations and of crucial points in the capital of Baghdad itself—apparently crucial for Operation Desert Storm."}], "Q6784475": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been argued, however, that The Events reflect instead more complex social dynamics, particularly the disruption caused by the sweeping reforms implemented by the Ottoman Empire in its nineteenth-century attempts at modernization, also known as the Tanzimat, and by the Empire's incorporation into the modern world economic system."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "With the intervention of state forces utilizing artillery purchased from the United Kingdom, the renewed fighting ended by November 8."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Yet, an individual head tax was introduced for Muslim residents during the Egyptian occupation of Syria in the 1830s, under Muhammad Ali Pasha, and was continued even after the Ottoman forces regained control of the region."}], "Q679843": [{"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Groenlo was a siege of Groenlo or Grol in 1606 during the Dutch Revolt."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted from 3 to 14 August 1606 and ended in the city being captured from the Dutch Republic by a Spanish Empire force under Ambrosio Spinola."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted from 3 to 14 August 1606 and ended in the city being captured from the Dutch Republic by a Spanish Empire force under Ambrosio Spinola."}], "Q683412": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Olshanitsa was fought on January 27, 1527, between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Olshanitsa was fought on January 27, 1527, between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q712444", "label": "Konstanty Ostrogski", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the last large victory of the Great Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski before his death in 1530."}, {"id": "Q2623643", "label": "İslâm I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1524, İslâm I Giray, son of Mehmed I Giray, raided Poland–Lithuania and upon return started an open war for the throne with his uncle and new Khan Saadet I Giray."}, {"id": "Q551841", "label": "Mehmed I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1524, İslâm I Giray, son of Mehmed I Giray, raided Poland–Lithuania and upon return started an open war for the throne with his uncle and new Khan Saadet I Giray."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1524, İslâm I Giray, son of Mehmed I Giray, raided Poland–Lithuania and upon return started an open war for the throne with his uncle and new Khan Saadet I Giray."}, {"id": "Q2628212", "label": "Saadet I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1524, İslâm I Giray, son of Mehmed I Giray, raided Poland–Lithuania and upon return started an open war for the throne with his uncle and new Khan Saadet I Giray."}, {"id": "Q368887", "label": "Sheikh Ahmed", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the GDL released Khan Sheikh Ahmed, the deposed Khan of the Golden Horde, who was imprisoned for more than twenty years."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle, the GDL released Khan Sheikh Ahmed, the deposed Khan of the Golden Horde, who was imprisoned for more than twenty years."}, {"id": "Q54056", "label": "Sigismund I the Old", "section": "lead", "says": "After these events both Saadet I Giray and İslâm I Giray sent letters to Sigismund I the Old of Poland–Lithuania offering peace and an alliance against the Grand Duchy of Moscow."}], "Q687554": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It came about after interventions by the great powers of the Sixth Coalition that defeated Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1815 until the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848, it acted as the Restorationist Constitution of Switzerland."}], "Q690573": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brignais was fought on the 6th of April 1362, between forces of the Kingdom of France under Count Jacques de Bourbon, from whom the later royal Bourbons descend, and the Tard-Venus Free Companies, led by mercenary captains including Petit Meschin and Seguin de Badefol."}], "Q693388": [{"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prostki was fought near Prostki (German: Prostken), Duchy of Prussia (today in Ełk County, Poland) on October 8, 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and allied Crimean Tatars commanded by hetman Wincenty Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg forces commanded by Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck, reinforced by the cavalry of Prin"}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prostki was fought near Prostki (German: Prostken), Duchy of Prussia (today in Ełk County, Poland) on October 8, 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and allied Crimean Tatars commanded by hetman Wincenty Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg forces commanded by Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck, reinforced by the cavalry of Prin"}, {"id": "Q62507", "label": "George Frederick of Waldeck-Eisenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prostki was fought near Prostki (German: Prostken), Duchy of Prussia (today in Ełk County, Poland) on October 8, 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and allied Crimean Tatars commanded by hetman Wincenty Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg forces commanded by Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck, reinforced by the cavalry of Prin"}, {"id": "Q694375", "label": "Bogusław Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Prostki was fought near Prostki (German: Prostken), Duchy of Prussia (today in Ełk County, Poland) on October 8, 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and allied Crimean Tatars commanded by hetman Wincenty Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg forces commanded by Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck, reinforced by the cavalry of Prin"}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish-Lithuanian commanders then decided to invade the Duchy of Prussia, which had been a vassal state to the Kingdom of Poland and which, as Brandenburg-Prussia, had been an ally of the Swedish Empire (see Treaty of Königsberg (1656)."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish-Lithuanian commanders then decided to invade the Duchy of Prussia, which had been a vassal state to the Kingdom of Poland and which, as Brandenburg-Prussia, had been an ally of the Swedish Empire (see Treaty of Königsberg (1656)."}, {"id": "Q2454796", "label": "Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish-Lithuanian forces were commanded by Lithuanian Field Hetman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski."}], "Q698440": [{"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "In late May Napoleon III decided to move his entire army to the left and attack the vulnerable Austrian right wing."}], "Q69898861": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "No to capitulation! (Ukrainian: Ні капітуля́ції!, romanized: Ni kapituliátsii!, IPA: [n⁽ʲ⁾i kɐpitʊˈlʲɑts⁽ʲ⁾iji]) was a series of protests in Ukraine against the policy of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy in eastern Ukraine."}], "Q699247": [{"id": "Q819975", "label": "Battle of Rügen", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Jasmund (also known as the Battle of Rügen) took place between elements of the Danish and Prussian navies on 17 March 1864 during the Second Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "The naval Battle of Jasmund (also known as the Battle of Rügen) took place between elements of the Danish and Prussian navies on 17 March 1864 during the Second Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By the time Prussia and the Austrian Empire declared war on 1 February 1864, the ships' crews were still performing maintenance on their engines, and the winter ice had yet to recede far enough to allow offensive operations."}], "Q699917": [{"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Grol or Groenlo in 1595 was a siege of Groenlo by States forces under Maurice of Nassau during the Eighty Years' War in an attempt to capture it from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Grol or Groenlo in 1595 was a siege of Groenlo by States forces under Maurice of Nassau during the Eighty Years' War in an attempt to capture it from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Grol or Groenlo in 1595 was a siege of Groenlo by States forces under Maurice of Nassau during the Eighty Years' War in an attempt to capture it from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Context", "says": "The fortified town of Grol, present-day Groenlo, was a small, but relatively important stronghold along the eastern border of the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "Groenlo formed a crucial link between the Dutch cities that were members of the Hanseatic League, such as Deventer, Kampen, Zwolle, and Zutphen, and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q71428", "label": "William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg", "section": "Context", "says": "To form a bridgehead into Twente, Maurice planned a siege on Groenlo, despite discouragements of Maurice's nephew and military advisor, William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, who thought that the fortifications of the city were as good as impregnable."}], "Q7024356": [{"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nicaean–Venetian Treaty of 1219 was a trade and non-aggression defense pact signed between the Empire of Nicaea and the Republic of Venice, in the form of an imperial chrysobull issued by Emperor Theodore I Laskaris (r."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nicaean–Venetian Treaty of 1219 was a trade and non-aggression defense pact signed between the Empire of Nicaea and the Republic of Venice, in the form of an imperial chrysobull issued by Emperor Theodore I Laskaris (r."}, {"id": "Q37086", "label": "Theodore I Laskaris", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nicaean–Venetian Treaty of 1219 was a trade and non-aggression defense pact signed between the Empire of Nicaea and the Republic of Venice, in the form of an imperial chrysobull issued by Emperor Theodore I Laskaris (r."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty provided the Venetians freedom of trade and imports without customs duties throughout the Empire, in exchange for not supporting for the newly created Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Venetians, who had played a crucial role in the Crusade's diversion and the eventual sack of the Byzantine capital, stood preeminent amongst the victors."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Venetians, who had played a crucial role in the Crusade's diversion and the eventual sack of the Byzantine capital, stood preeminent amongst the victors."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the subsequent arrangement between the Crusaders, the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae, the Venetians were to receive three-eighths of the Byzantine Empire, including three-eighths of Constantinople itself."}, {"id": "Q4792975", "label": "Philippa of Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The agreement between the two realms was concluded by the marriage of Philippa of Armenia, niece of Leo to Lascaris as his second wife in 1214."}], "Q70327884": [{"id": "Q627", "label": "nitrogen", "section": "Background", "says": "Nitrogen compounds from fertilizers used in agriculture are also washed directly into ground water."}], "Q703454": [{"id": "Q14304", "label": "Taejong of Joseon", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 19, 1419, the recently abdicated King Taejong of Joseon sent General Yi Chongmu on an expedition to Tsushima to clear it of wokou, using a fleet of 227 vessels and 17,000 soldiers known in Japan as the Ōei Invasion."}, {"id": "Q701121", "label": "Ōei Invasion", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 19, 1419, the recently abdicated King Taejong of Joseon sent General Yi Chongmu on an expedition to Tsushima to clear it of wokou, using a fleet of 227 vessels and 17,000 soldiers known in Japan as the Ōei Invasion."}], "Q7057119": [{"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "North Vietnam supported the Pathet Lao to fight against the Kingdom of Laos between 1958 and 1959."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "Control over Laos allowed for the eventual construction of the Ho Chi Minh trail that would serve as the main supply route for enhanced NLF (the National Liberation Front, the Viet Cong) and NVA (North Vietnamese Army) activities in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Control over Laos allowed for the eventual construction of the Ho Chi Minh trail that would serve as the main supply route for enhanced NLF (the National Liberation Front, the Viet Cong) and NVA (North Vietnamese Army) activities in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q469498", "label": "Souvanna Phouma", "section": "Prelude to conflict", "says": "Souvanna Phouma announced that, with the holding of elections, the Royal Lao Government had fulfilled the political obligations it had assumed at Geneva, and the International Control Commission (ICC) adjourned sine die."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude to conflict", "says": "The Soviet Union and North Vietnam, already upset by the departure of the ICC, which they had seen as a restraining influence, protested."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude to conflict", "says": "The United States worked out an agreement with France that reduced the role of the French military mission and enlarged that of the Programs Evaluation Office, which embarked on a major strengthening of its staff and functions."}], "Q7096817": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Arab governments, but in particular Egypt, sensing the refugees’ discontent, capitalized on the opportunity to recruit embittered Palestinians for armed actions against Israel."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "However, with the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1954, tensions spiked."}], "Q7096999": [{"id": "Q84450", "label": "Franz Böhme", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Instrument of Surrender was delivered on 8 May to General Franz Böhme, the commander of all German forces stationed in Norway, and the 1st Airborne Division landed near Oslo and Stavanger between 9 and 11 May."}, {"id": "Q154927", "label": "Haakon VII of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Operational duties included welcoming back King Haakon VII of Norway, looking after Allied ex-prisoners of war, arresting war criminals and supervising the clearing of minefields."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Thorne had been appointed to Scottish Command, partly because of a belief in British military circles that Adolf Hitler held him in high regard."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1944 Thorne was even deprived of the 52nd Lowland Division, which was attached to the 1st Allied Airborne Army by the War Office and earmarked for Operation Market Garden."}, {"id": "Q711594", "label": "Roy Urquhart", "section": "Background", "says": "Thorne was later given the 1st Airborne Division (Major General Roy Urquhart)."}, {"id": "Q3354648", "label": "Operation Birke", "section": "Prelude", "says": "German forces had started a gradual withdrawal to northernmost Finland in early September 1944 in Operation Birke."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Due to the failure of the Battle of the Bulge and the fact that several new types of U-boat were ready to be deployed, the German positions in Norway became of great value to Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, Commander-in-Chief of the Naval High Command, to continue submarine warfare against the Allies and to Hitler, who denied requests from General Heinz Guderian that divisions should be withdrawn from "}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Due to the failure of the Battle of the Bulge and the fact that several new types of U-boat were ready to be deployed, the German positions in Norway became of great value to Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, Commander-in-Chief of the Naval High Command, to continue submarine warfare against the Allies and to Hitler, who denied requests from General Heinz Guderian that divisions should be withdrawn from "}, {"id": "Q57585", "label": "Lothar Rendulic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Böhme had succeeded General Lothar Rendulic as Armed Forces Commander, Norway in January 1945."}], "Q7097085": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Goranboy was a large-scale military offensive by Azerbaijan in the summer of 1992."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "This offensive is regarded as a successful breakthrough by the Azerbaijani Army and marked the peak of Azerbaijani success throughout the entire six years of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}], "Q7097142": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Hornung (German: Unternehmen Hornung, referring to an old German name for February) was an anti-partisan operation during the Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany, carried out in February 1943."}], "Q7097710": [{"id": "Q11636595", "label": "Battle of Boulogne", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Wellhit (the Battle of Boulogne) from 17 to 22 September 1944, was an operation of the Second World War by the 3rd Canadian Division of the First Canadian Army to take the fortified port of Boulogne in northern France."}, {"id": "Q718465", "label": "Harry Crerar", "section": "Background", "says": "The vulnerability of Boulogne was not appreciated by the Canadian Army commander, Harry Crerar, who judged that a full set-piece assault would be necessary, supported by heavy bombardments from land, air and sea and with specialized armour."}], "Q713018": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kapyong (Korean: 가평 전투; MR: Kap'yŏng chŏnt'u; 22–27 April 1951), also known as the Battle of Jiaping (Chinese: 加平战斗; pinyin: Jiāpíng Zhàndòu), was a pivotal engagement fought during the Korean War between United Nations Command (UN) forces—primarily Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand—and the 118th and 60th Divisions of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kapyong (Korean: 가평 전투; MR: Kap'yŏng chŏnt'u; 22–27 April 1951), also known as the Battle of Jiaping (Chinese: 加平战斗; pinyin: Jiāpíng Zhàndòu), was a pivotal engagement fought during the Korean War between United Nations Command (UN) forces—primarily Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand—and the 118th and 60th Divisions of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}, {"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The fighting occurred during the Chinese Spring Offensive and saw the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade (27th Brigade) establish blocking positions in the Kapyong Valley, on a key route south to the capital, Seoul."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "Background", "says": "Regardless, the strained relationship between UN commander General Douglas MacArthur and US President Harry S."}, {"id": "Q490171", "label": "James A. Van Fleet", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, on 14 April 1951, General James Van Fleet replaced Ridgway as commander of the US Eighth Army and the UN forces in Korea."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "Brigadier Basil Coad had departed for Hong Kong on compassionate leave on 23 March and the brigade was now under the command of Brigadier Brian Burke."}], "Q7140651": [{"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "Background", "says": "After withdrawing from the Cabinet Mission plan in July 1946, Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for \"Direct Action\" in August."}, {"id": "Q129006", "label": "Clement Attlee", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 1947, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the British would leave India by June 1948."}], "Q714298": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Vith was an engagement in Belgium fought during the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine in World War II."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of several battles on December 16, 1944 constituting the opening of Germany's Ardennes counteroffensive (more commonly known as the \"Battle of the Bulge\")."}], "Q71715134": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The bombing of Obersalzberg was an air raid carried out by the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command on 25 April 1945 during the last days of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation targeted Obersalzberg, a complex of residences and bunkers in Bavaria that had been built for Adolf Hitler and other key leaders of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation targeted Obersalzberg, a complex of residences and bunkers in Bavaria that had been built for Adolf Hitler and other key leaders of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "lead", "says": "Hitler was in Berlin at the time of the attack and Hermann Göring, the only senior Nazi at Obersalzberg, survived."}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "Hitler and British prime minister Neville Chamberlain met at the Berghof on 15 September 1938 as part of the negotiations that led to the Munich Agreement."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Hitler and British prime minister Neville Chamberlain met at the Berghof on 15 September 1938 as part of the negotiations that led to the Munich Agreement."}], "Q717431": [{"id": "Q1348955", "label": "Reapers' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Barcelona took place between July 1651 and October 1652 during the Reapers' War when a large Spanish army descended on Barcelona and besieged the garrison made up of Catalans and French troops under Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt."}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The fifteen-month siege eventually ended with a Spanish victory, and the effective defeat of the Catalan Revolt which had lasted since 1640, being the Principality of Catalonia reincorporated into the Monarchy of Spain."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "Although French troops remained in parts of Catalonia for another seven years, no serious fighting took place, and in 1659 the Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed bringing a formal end to the conflict."}], "Q718839": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lwów Uprising (Polish: powstanie lwowskie) was an armed insurrection by the Home Army (Polish: Armia Krajowa) underground forces of the Polish resistance movement in World War II against the Nazi German occupation of the city of Lviv in the latter stages of World War II."}, {"id": "Q422376", "label": "Operation Tempest", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 23 July 1944 as part of a secret plan to launch the countrywide all-national uprising codenamed Operation Tempest ahead of the Soviet advance on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 23 July 1944 as part of a secret plan to launch the countrywide all-national uprising codenamed Operation Tempest ahead of the Soviet advance on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The city itself was occupied by the Soviet Union."}], "Q7207166": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Podujevo massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Podujevës; Serbian: Masakr u Podujevu) is the name generally used to refer to the killing of 14 Kosovo Albanian civilians, mostly women and children, committed in March 1999 by the Scorpions, a Serbian paramilitary organisation in conjunction with the Special Anti-Terrorist Unit of Serbia, during the Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the survivors of this massacre, Saranda Bogujevci, 13 years old when it occurred, received mass media attention after she successfully managed to bring to justice her case with the help of several organizations from Serbia, Canada, and the United Kingdom."}], "Q722205": [{"id": "Q118755", "label": "Michael the Brave", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mirăslău, or  Battle of Miriszló, took place on September 18, 1600, near Miriszló (Romanian: Mirăslău), Transylvania,  between the Wallachian troops led by Michael the Brave supported by ethnic Hungarian Szeklers and the troops of Austrian general Giorgio Basta supported by the Hungarian nobility of Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q220782", "label": "Giorgio Basta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mirăslău, or  Battle of Miriszló, took place on September 18, 1600, near Miriszló (Romanian: Mirăslău), Transylvania,  between the Wallachian troops led by Michael the Brave supported by ethnic Hungarian Szeklers and the troops of Austrian general Giorgio Basta supported by the Hungarian nobility of Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q592069", "label": "Battle of Sellenberk", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1599, Michael took control of Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Emperor Rudolf II wanted Michael and his general Basta to govern Transylvania together, Michael, the de facto ruler, despised Basta from their initial meetings."}], "Q7222682": [{"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburg monarchy, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of Polish King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburg monarchy, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of Polish King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburg monarchy, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of Polish King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Holy Roman Empire consolidated territorial gains resulting in most of Ottoman Hungary being ceded to Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q334140", "label": "Kara Mustafa Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of the Ottoman Empire and its vassal states were commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha."}, {"id": "Q606621", "label": "Siege of Szigetvár", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Siege of Szigetvár in 1566 blocked the advance of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent towards Vienna and stopped the Ottoman advance towards Vienna that year."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Siege of Szigetvár in 1566 blocked the advance of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent towards Vienna and stopped the Ottoman advance towards Vienna that year."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On the political front, the Ottoman Empire had been providing military assistance to the Hungarians and non-Catholic minorities in Habsburg-occupied portions of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1681, Protestants and other anti-Habsburg Kuruc forces, led by Imre Thököly, were reinforced with a significant military contingent from the Ottomans, who recognized Thököly as King of \"Upper Hungary\" (the eastern part of modern-day Slovakia and parts of northeastern Hungary, which he had earlier taken by force from the Habsburgs)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1681, Protestants and other anti-Habsburg Kuruc forces, led by Imre Thököly, were reinforced with a significant military contingent from the Ottomans, who recognized Thököly as King of \"Upper Hungary\" (the eastern part of modern-day Slovakia and parts of northeastern Hungary, which he had earlier taken by force from the Habsburgs)."}, {"id": "Q681401", "label": "Peace of Vasvár", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Yet before the siege, a state of peace had existed for 20 years between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Peace of Vasvár."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1681 and 1682, clashes between the forces of Imre Thököly and the Holy Roman Empire (the border of which was then northern Hungary) intensified, and the incursions of Habsburg forces into central Hungary provided the crucial argument of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in convincing Sultan Mehmed IV and his Divan to allow the movement of the Ottoman army."}], "Q726485": [{"id": "Q439681", "label": "Ban Gu", "section": "lead", "says": "There he carved the cliff Inscription of Yanran, composed by his client, the historian Ban Gu, which celebrated the achievement of the battle."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "This inscription was identified in Dundgovi Province by scholars from Mongolia and China in August 2017."}], "Q7283739": [{"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Choiseul (Operation Blissful) was a small unit engagement that occurred from 28 October to 3 November 1943, during the Solomon Islands campaign of the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Choiseul (Operation Blissful) was a small unit engagement that occurred from 28 October to 3 November 1943, during the Solomon Islands campaign of the Pacific War."}], "Q7302105": [{"id": "Q9988", "label": "Jingtai Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Cao and his officers launched the insurrection out of fear of being persecuted by Tianshun, who had just regained the throne from his half-brother, the Jingtai Emperor."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ming dynasty then overthrew Yuan rule and unified much of China except the far north and northwest, which were still under Mongol Northern Yuan rule."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Nonetheless, due to the Ming's rivalry with the Mongol-led North Yuan and Moghulistan empires (two other successor states of the Mongol Empire), Mongols were sometimes held in suspicion by Ming authorities."}, {"id": "Q1196236", "label": "Tumu Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "Wu Tingyun argues that there was a noticeable shift in Ming court policies after the 1449 Tumu Crisis in dealing with the Mongols; he stated that beforehand the Ming court actively encouraged Mongol immigration, and afterwards merely managed those who had already sided with the Ming."}], "Q73140": [{"id": "Q317984", "label": "Emperor Go-Shirakawa", "section": "Background", "says": "In a number of ways, and on a number of occasions, he offended and opposed the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa and the Fujiwara family of court nobles and regents."}], "Q734318": [{"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Gaeta (26 February – 18 July 1806) saw the fortress city of Gaeta and its Neapolitan garrison under General Louis of Hesse-Philippsthal besieged by an Imperial French corps led by Marshal André Masséna."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "lead", "says": "This prevented Masséna from sending reinforcements to quell an uprising that had started in Calabria and allowed the British to land an expeditionary force under John Stuart and defeat a French army under Jean Reynier at the Battle of Maida."}, {"id": "Q588075", "label": "Battle of Maida", "section": "lead", "says": "This prevented Masséna from sending reinforcements to quell an uprising that had started in Calabria and allowed the British to land an expeditionary force under John Stuart and defeat a French army under Jean Reynier at the Battle of Maida."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in the fall of 1805, the War of the Third Coalition became active in Italy."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1806, Emperor Napoleon deployed 94,000 men to defend his possessions in Italy."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "Background", "says": "Against Napoleon's empire, the Austrian army in Italy under Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen ranged 90,000 men."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "The Neapolitan army of King Ferdinand added a mere 22,000 soldiers."}, {"id": "Q1372092", "label": "James Henry Craig", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant General (Lt Gen) James Henry Craig sailed from Malta with 7,500 British troops while General Maurice Lacy of Grodno (1740–1820) landed 14,500 Russian soldiers from Corfu."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon's decisive victory at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805 ended the Third Coalition."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "After Czar Alexander I of Russia ordered Lacy to withdraw his force, Craig decided to evacuate the British corps also."}], "Q738791": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon learning of the French defeat at Polotsk, Victor, the commander of the French IX corps which Napoleon had kept in reserve at Smolensk, marched northeast with 22,000 troops to restore the Dvina Line."}], "Q738813": [{"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "November 13–14, 1812), the Russians under General Peter Wittgenstein defeated the French forces of Marshal Claude Victor and Marshal Nicholas Oudinot."}], "Q742187": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Hyères Islands was a fleet action fought between a combined British and Neapolitan fleet and the French Mediterranean Fleet on 13 July 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q338792", "label": "Battle of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "At the ensuing Battle of Genoa two French ships were captured before Martin was able to retreat to a safe anchorage."}], "Q7460102": [{"id": "Q278864", "label": "Andranik Ozanian", "section": "Background", "says": "Shabin Karahisar (Şebinkarahisar) was the birthplace of Andranik Ozanian, a well-known Armenian fedayee."}], "Q748098": [{"id": "Q27", "label": "Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "The border campaign was the first major military undertaking carried out by the IRA since the 1940s, when the harsh security measures of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland governments had severely weakened it."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "Background", "says": "In principle, the IRA wished to overthrow both \"partitionist\" states in Ireland, both Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, both of which it deemed to be illegitimate entities imposed by Britain at the time of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922."}, {"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "In principle, the IRA wished to overthrow both \"partitionist\" states in Ireland, both Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, both of which it deemed to be illegitimate entities imposed by Britain at the time of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "From then on, armed action was focused on Northern Ireland, which was still part of the United Kingdom and which was dominated by Protestant unionists."}, {"id": "Q437962", "label": "Wolfe Tone", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1954, after an arms raid at Gough Barracks in Armagh, a speaker at the Wolfe Tone commemoration at Bodenstown repeated that IRA policy was directed solely against British forces in Northern Ireland."}], "Q7493865": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Stepanakert started in late 1991, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, in Stepanakert, the largest city in Nagorno-Karabakh, when the Azerbaijani forces circled the city."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Until May 1992, the city and its Armenian population were the target of a months-long campaign of bombardment by Azerbaijan."}], "Q750138": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The riot resulted in the largest number of civilian casualties due to military action in the United States since the American Revolutionary War, and led to increased police militarization (for example, riot control training and larger, heavier batons)."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The riot resulted in the largest number of civilian casualties due to military action in the United States since the American Revolutionary War, and led to increased police militarization (for example, riot control training and larger, heavier batons)."}, {"id": "Q48226", "label": "Ralph Waldo Emerson", "section": "Background", "says": "Ralph Waldo Emerson, for instance, wrote in his journal that beings on other planets probably called the Earth \"Shakespeare.\" Shakespeare's plays were not just the favorites of the educated: in gold rush California, miners whiled away the harsh winter months by sitting around campfires and acting out Shakespeare's plays from memory; his words were well known throughout every stratum of society."}], "Q7509791": [{"id": "Q1432624", "label": "Genkō War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Akasaka was one of the earlier battles of the Genkō War between the figurehead Emperor Godaigo and the largely Hōjō-controlled Kamakura shogunate during the final years of the Kamakura period in Japan."}, {"id": "Q382234", "label": "Kusunoki Masashige", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Kusunoki Masashige and Kusunoki Shichiro, two brothers who had sworn their allegiance to the Emperor, were gathering their forces at Shimo Akasaka, a fortress built upon Mount Yoshino, and were joined there by the Emperor's son, Prince Moriyoshi."}], "Q7509844": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Baghdad (1157) (Arabic: حِصَارُ بَغْدَاد, romanized: Ḥiṣāru Baghdād) was the last Seljuq attempt to capture Baghdad from the Abbasids."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "lead", "says": "Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul."}, {"id": "Q293621", "label": "Al-Mustarshid", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Mustarshid (r."}, {"id": "Q293509", "label": "Al-Rashid", "section": "Background", "says": "To avenge his father's death, the new Caliph Al-Rashid Billah insulted the envoy of sultan Mas'ud."}], "Q7509983": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Drepana took place from about  249 to 241 BC during the First Punic War."}], "Q7510002": [{"id": "Q452209", "label": "Radagaisus", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Florence took place in 405 or 406 AD during the War of Radagaisus between the Goths and the Roman Empire in Florence."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Florence took place in 405 or 406 AD during the War of Radagaisus between the Goths and the Roman Empire in Florence."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 402, the Geougen, a nomadic Tartar people of northern Asia who had gradually replaced the Sienpi as the dominant people of the vast plains of Mongolia and Siberia during the fourth century, extended their conquests by defeating the Huns on the upper Volga, who themselves had once been masters of the lands from which their victors had come."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "Pushed westwards by this advance of the East Asian hordes, the Huns retreated further into Europe, driving from their homeland the Suevi, Vandals and Burgundians who had occupied central Europe from the Vistula to the Elbe."}], "Q751002": [{"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kuhmo was a series of skirmishes, mainly between January 28 and March 13, 1940, near the town of Kuhmo during the Soviet-Finnish Winter War."}], "Q7510063": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire controlled Gvozdansko until 1685."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1526, Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent defeated a large Hungarian-led Christian force at the Battle of Mohács."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "As King Louis II died in battle and had no heir, both the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Croatia, which were in a personal union, became disputed territories between Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, from the House of Habsburg, and John Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q467477", "label": "Nikola Šubić Zrinski", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1534, Nikola III died, and his wife Helen, and two sons, Nikola IV (commonly known as Nikola Šubić Zrinski) and Ivan I, took the role of governing the family possessions."}, {"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sultan Selim II died in the same month and was succeeded by his son Murad III."}, {"id": "Q159934", "label": "Murad III", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Sultan Selim II died in the same month and was succeeded by his son Murad III."}], "Q7510071": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Hamburg took place from December 1813 to May 1814, at the end of the wars of the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French garrison of Hamburg, commanded by Marshal Davout, resisted the coalition forces of Prussia, the Russian Empire, and Sweden for nearly six months."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Leipzig and the retreat of the Grande Armée to the Rhine, the uprising in the Netherlands and the Russian occupation of Bremen severed communications between Hamburg and France."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "When Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814, Marshal Davout still firmly held Hamburg."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Although these accusations were quickly dropped, they, along with his late allegiance to Louis XVIII, resulted in a period of disgrace that ended only with the Emperor's return during the Hundred Days."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "lead", "says": "Although these accusations were quickly dropped, they, along with his late allegiance to Louis XVIII, resulted in a period of disgrace that ended only with the Emperor's return during the Hundred Days."}], "Q7510108": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The second siege of Itami Castle (伊丹城の戦い), also called the siege of Arioka Castle (有岡城の戦い) during the Sengoku period of Japanese history, occurred in 1579, five years after it was seized by Oda Nobunaga in Siege of Itami (1574) from the Itami clan, and entrusted the Castle to Araki Murashige."}, {"id": "Q907019", "label": "Kuroda Yoshitaka", "section": "Background", "says": "Then, Kuroda Yoshitaka went to Arioka castle to prevail on Murashige not to defect, but Murashige chose to imprison Yoshitaka instead."}, {"id": "Q2446917", "label": "Oda Nobutada", "section": "Background", "says": "Araki shut himself in his castle and withstood siege by the armies of Oda Nobutada."}], "Q7510143": [{"id": "Q1432624", "label": "Genkō War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1333 siege of Kamakura was a battle of the Genkō War, and marked the end of the power of the Hōjō clan, which had dominated the regency of the Kamakura shogunate for over a century."}, {"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo and led by Nitta Yoshisada entered the city from multiple directions and destroyed it; in the end, the Hōjō leaders retreated to Tōshō-ji, the Hōjō family temple, where they committed suicide with the rest of the clan."}, {"id": "Q1328796", "label": "Nitta Yoshisada", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo and led by Nitta Yoshisada entered the city from multiple directions and destroyed it; in the end, the Hōjō leaders retreated to Tōshō-ji, the Hōjō family temple, where they committed suicide with the rest of the clan."}], "Q7510146": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Thus, resulted in a decisive victory for the Mughal Empire."}], "Q7510168": [{"id": "Q714820", "label": "Satsuma Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Kumamoto Castle (熊本城強襲, Kumamotojō kyōshū) from February 19 to April 12, 1877, in Kumamoto, Japan, was a major battle of the Satsuma Rebellion."}], "Q7510220": [{"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Madras, held by the British, was besieged between December 1758 and February 1759 by French forces under the command of Comte de Lally during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1746 the city had been captured by the French during the War of the Austrian Succession, but it was returned to the British in 1748."}, {"id": "Q162296", "label": "Robert Clive", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1757 Britain held the upper hand in India after several victories by Robert Clive."}], "Q7510222": [{"id": "Q1953346", "label": "Battle of Cape Rachado", "section": "lead", "says": "After they retreated, they were again defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Cape Rachado."}], "Q7510455": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Background", "says": "Tottori Castle (鳥取城, Tottori-jō) was key to the Mōri clan's defense of their inner provinces against the encroachment of Oda Nobunaga."}], "Q7510468": [{"id": "Q349074", "label": "Bohemond VI of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Truce of Tripoli was an agreement signed in late May 1271 between the Mamluk Sultan Baybars and the Count of Tripoli Bohemond VI of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "Baybars initially wanted to attack the County of Tripoli, but after the arrival of a new Ninth Crusade, he made a truce that lasted ten years with terms to allow Baybars to retain his conquests."}, {"id": "Q316743", "label": "Ninth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Baybars initially wanted to attack the County of Tripoli, but after the arrival of a new Ninth Crusade, he made a truce that lasted ten years with terms to allow Baybars to retain his conquests."}], "Q7510496": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Valenciennes took place between 13 June and 28 July 1793, during the Flanders campaign of the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q68771", "label": "Prince Josias of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The French garrison under Jean Henri Becays Ferrand was blockaded by part of the army of Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, commanded by the Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany."}, {"id": "Q213573", "label": "Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany", "section": "lead", "says": "The French garrison under Jean Henri Becays Ferrand was blockaded by part of the army of Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, commanded by the Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of the French Republican armies at Neerwinden, the Allied army under the Prince of Coburg recovered much of the Austrian Netherlands and began besieging Condé-sur-l'Escaut, while the demoralised French army's attempts to relieve the fortress in actions at Saint-Amand and Raismes were driven back."}, {"id": "Q942257", "label": "Battle of Famars", "section": "Background", "says": "By mid-May Coburg was reinforced to a strength approaching 90,000, which allowed the Allies to drive the French from an entrenched camp in the Battle of Famars on 23 May, and lay siege to Valenciennes."}, {"id": "Q78923", "label": "Joseph de Ferraris", "section": "Background", "says": "Coburg selected the recently arrived Duke of York to lead the siege operations with his own command and 14,000 Austrians, while Austrian General Joseph de Ferraris was attached to supervise the technical aspects."}], "Q7510505": [{"id": "Q4825457", "label": "Austrian–Hungarian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Vienna was a decisive siege in 1485 of the Austrian–Hungarian War."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a consequence of the ongoing conflict between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1483 and 1484, Vienna was already being cut off from the Holy Roman Empire because its concentric defensive strongholds, including Korneuburg, Bruck, Hainburg, and later Kaiserebersdorf, had all fallen."}], "Q7510514": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Wesenberg, Rakvere, or Rakovor, was an abortive Swedish siege of the Russian-held town of Wesenberg in Estonia from January through March 1574, during the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q158677", "label": "Northern Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Treaty of Stettin had formally ended the Northern Seven Years' War in the Baltic, the Livonian War dragged on for control of the Eastern Baltic coast, formerly controlled by the Teutonic Order State."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Already in 1572, John III had requested that Archibald Ruthven recruit Scottish co-patriots to reinforce his Livonian army."}], "Q7510593": [{"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Between April and June 1563 in the larger Ottoman-Habsburg wars of the Mediterranean, the Regency of Algiers launched a major military offensive to retake the Spanish military-bases of Oran and Mers el Kébir on the Mediterranean North African coast of Algeria occupied by Spain since 1505."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The states of Algiers and Triòli, the Principalities of Kabyle (Kuku and Beni Abbes), and other vassal tribes combined forces as one army under Hasan Pasha, son of Hayreddin Barbarossa, Jafar Catania, Dragut and son of Ahmed Belkadi the sultan of Kuku kingdom."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish commander brothers, Alonso de Córdoba Count of Alcaudete and Martín de Córdoba, managed to hold the strongholds of Oran and Mers El Kébir, respectively, until the relief fleet of Francisco de Mendoza arrived and lead to Algerians forces retreat."}, {"id": "Q367350", "label": "Turgut Reis", "section": "Background", "says": "With the defeat of the Knights of Malta and the conquest of Tripoli by the Ottoman admiral Turgut Reis in 1551, and the fall of Bougie to the governor of Algiers, Salih Reis, in 1555, Oran and Mers El Kébir were, along with the island of La Goulette, the only remaining possessions of Christendom in Barbary resisting Ottoman and Moorish piracy operating along the coasts of Naples, Sicily, and the L"}, {"id": "Q7510284", "label": "Siege of Oran", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Ottoman commander Hasan Corso's fleet of 50 galleys besieged both towns in the Siege of Oran in 1556, it was Sultan Suleiman's order to withdraw his galleys for use in the Eastern Mediterranean that ensured Oran and Mers El Kébir could continue under Spanish control despite being weakly defended."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1562, Hasan Pasha, son of Hayreddin Barbarossa and the Ottoman governor of Algiers, purposed to incorporate the Spanish garrisons of Oran and Mers El Kébir into the territories of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Background", "says": "When King Philip II discovered the plan he ordered the assembly of a fleet from Barcelona to transport 4,000 soldiers as reinforcements."}], "Q7521988": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sinchon Massacre (Korean: 신천 양민학살 사건; Hanja: 信川良民虐殺事件; lit. 'Sinchon Civilian Massacre') was a massacre of civilians between 17 October and 7 December 1950, in or near the town of Sinchon (currently part of South Hwanghae Province, North Korea)."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "In South Korea, it is referred to as an anti-communist uprising."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The event took place during the second phase of the Korean War and the retreat of the North Korean government from Hwanghae Province."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "Since 1945, Kim Il-sung, supported by the Soviet Union, seized power in North Korea and rapidly emerged as the leader of the Korean left-wing factions, replacing the indigenous communist movement led by Pak Hon-yong and the moderate socialist Lyuh Woon-hyung's organization of the People's Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "Since 1945, Kim Il-sung, supported by the Soviet Union, seized power in North Korea and rapidly emerged as the leader of the Korean left-wing factions, replacing the indigenous communist movement led by Pak Hon-yong and the moderate socialist Lyuh Woon-hyung's organization of the People's Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q334297", "label": "Park Hon-young", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "Since 1945, Kim Il-sung, supported by the Soviet Union, seized power in North Korea and rapidly emerged as the leader of the Korean left-wing factions, replacing the indigenous communist movement led by Pak Hon-yong and the moderate socialist Lyuh Woon-hyung's organization of the People's Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "Backgrounds", "says": "Since 1945, Kim Il-sung, supported by the Soviet Union, seized power in North Korea and rapidly emerged as the leader of the Korean left-wing factions, replacing the indigenous communist movement led by Pak Hon-yong and the moderate socialist Lyuh Woon-hyung's organization of the People's Republic of Korea."}], "Q7524776": [{"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dogra–Tibetan war, also called the Sino–Sikh war, was fought from May 1841 to August 1842 between the Dogra-led Kingdom of Jammu, a federal subject of the Sikh Empire, and Tibet, a protectorate of the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tibetans then advanced on Ladakh."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "Gulab Singh sent reinforcements under the command of his nephew Jawahir Singh."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "But the Dogras of Jammu were virtually autonomous under the rule of Raja Gulab Singh, who was positioning himself to take control of Kashmir and all the surrounding areas after the passing of Sikh monarch Maharaja Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q6981064", "label": "Nau Nihal Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Chinese did not respond to the Sikh hostilities against Ladakh, Nau Nihal Singh permitted Zorawar Singh to capture Iskardu of the Maqpon dynasty of Baltistan."}, {"id": "Q7494639", "label": "Sher Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Eventually, a later Sikh ruler, Sher Singh, agreed to Zorawar Singh's proposed campaign against Tibet."}], "Q7533172": [{"id": "Q298808", "label": "Alfonso XI of Castile and Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failed fifth siege of Gibraltar in 1349–50, which ended with the death of King Alfonso XI of Castile from bubonic plague, the Kingdom of Castile was preoccupied with the Castilian Civil War and its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failed fifth siege of Gibraltar in 1349–50, which ended with the death of King Alfonso XI of Castile from bubonic plague, the Kingdom of Castile was preoccupied with the Castilian Civil War and its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failed fifth siege of Gibraltar in 1349–50, which ended with the death of King Alfonso XI of Castile from bubonic plague, the Kingdom of Castile was preoccupied with the Castilian Civil War and its aftermath."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "After razing it to the ground he made peace with Henry II, the winner of the civil war."}, {"id": "Q2688156", "label": "Abu Said Uthman III", "section": "lead", "says": "The garrison of Gibraltar rebelled in 1410 against the Granadan ruler, Yusuf III, and declared allegiance to Abu Said Uthman III of Morocco."}], "Q7573405": [{"id": "Q431001", "label": "Spanish–Portuguese War of 1762–1763", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish invasion of Portugal between 5 May and 24 November 1762, was a military episode in the wider Fantastic War in which Spain and France were defeated by the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance with broad popular resistance."}, {"id": "Q310650", "label": "Schaumburg-Lippe", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, 7,104 British troops landed in Lisbon, leading a massive reorganization of the Portuguese army under Wilhelm, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, the supreme commander-in-chief of the allies."}, {"id": "Q2428049", "label": "Battle of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the second invasion of Portugal (Province of Beira), an army of 42,000 French and Spanish soldiers under Aranda took Almeida and several other strongholds, and the Anglo-Portuguese army stopped another Spanish invasion of Portugal by the province of Alentejo and won the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara (Spanish Extremadura), where a third Spanish corps was assembling for an invasion."}], "Q760026": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "They obtained support from the French, and Messina was independent until the end of the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78, when the Spanish regained control."}], "Q760027": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolution of Maria da Fonte, or Revolution of the Minho, is the name given to a popular revolt in the spring of 1846 against the Cartista government of Portugal (presided over by António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquess of Tomar)."}, {"id": "Q1237867", "label": "Liberal Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt resulted from social tensions remaining from the Liberal Wars, exacerbated by great popular discontent generated by new military recruitment laws, fiscal alterations and the prohibition on burials inside churches."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "When queen Maria II dismissed that government in a palace coup, known as the Emboscada (Ambush), on October 6 that year, and instead nominated marshal João Francisco de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha to form a new one, the insurrection was reignited."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The result was a civil war of 8 months, known as the Patuleia, that was only ended by the signing of the Convention of Gramido on 30 June 1847, after the intervention of foreign military forces from the Quadruple Alliance."}], "Q760028": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sobibor uprising (Polish: Powstanie w Sobiborze; German: Aufstand von Sobibór) was a revolt of about 600 prisoners that occurred on 14 October 1943, during World War II and the Holocaust at the Sobibor extermination camp in occupied Poland."}], "Q7628907": [{"id": "Q1697877", "label": "Tihomir Blaškić", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the conclusion in the verdict against general Tihomir Blaškić, there is no doubt whatsoever that the attacks carried out by the HVO in April and June 1993 were not justified by strictly military reasons but also targeted Muslim civilians and their possessions in order to make the Muslim civilian populations flee and to ensure that they did not return."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to achieve this the HVO soldiers mainly acted as follows: they terrorised the civilians by intensive shelling, murders and violence; they systematically torched and destroyed their private homes and places of worship usually after looting them; they slaughtered the livestock and seized agricultural reserves; and finally, they arrested and detained in camps, then finally exchanged or expel"}], "Q763198": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of The Hague (1625), also known as the Treaty of Den Haag, was signed on 9 December 1625 between England, the Dutch Republic and Denmark-Norway."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Intended as the basis of an international coalition against Emperor Ferdinand II, additional parties were invited to join, including France, Sweden, the Republic of Venice, Savoy ,Transylvania, and any other members of the Holy Roman Empire, although they failed to do so."}], "Q765215": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Winchester was fought between June 13 and June 15, 1863, in Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia as part of the Gettysburg campaign during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q748219", "label": "Battle of Brandy Station", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9, 1863, Confederate General Robert E."}], "Q766479": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Aldie took place on June 17, 1863, in Loudoun County, Virginia, as part of the Gettysburg campaign of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q315597", "label": "Joseph Hooker", "section": "Background", "says": "Late in the spring of 1863 tensions grew between Union commander Joseph Hooker and his cavalry commander Brig."}, {"id": "Q2520510", "label": "Alfred Pleasonton", "section": "Background", "says": "Alfred Pleasonton because of the latter's inability to penetrate Maj."}], "Q766944": [{"id": "Q2543603", "label": "Valley Campaigns of 1864", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fisher's Hill was fought September 21–22, 1864, near Strasburg, Virginia, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Fisher's Hill was fought September 21–22, 1864, near Strasburg, Virginia, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q257497", "label": "Jubal Early", "section": "lead", "says": "Jubal Early was defeated by the Union Army of the Shenandoah, commanded by Maj."}, {"id": "Q355452", "label": "Philip Sheridan", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip Sheridan."}, {"id": "Q1626179", "label": "Battle of Opequon", "section": "Background", "says": "Early, following the Third Battle of Winchester, took a strong position."}, {"id": "Q971456", "label": "George Crook", "section": "Background", "says": "George Crook advised Sheridan to flank this position."}], "Q7678513": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Ottoman Empire, the first celebration of Labour Day was organized in Skopje in 1909."}], "Q767980": [{"id": "Q770776", "label": "Dutch Gold Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Butre between the Netherlands and Ahanta was signed at Butre (historical spelling: Boutry), Dutch Gold Coast on 27 August 1656."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty lasted until the Dutch departure from the Gold Coast in April 1872."}], "Q7689201": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In addition, Iran began to focus on creating an insurgency inside of Iraq, similar to the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War."}], "Q76914": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cepeda of 1859 took place on October 23 at Cañada de Cepeda, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina."}, {"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine Confederation army, led by federalist Justo José de Urquiza defeated the State of Buenos Aires forces, led by unitarian Bartolomé Mitre."}, {"id": "Q336247", "label": "Justo José de Urquiza", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine Confederation army, led by federalist Justo José de Urquiza defeated the State of Buenos Aires forces, led by unitarian Bartolomé Mitre."}, {"id": "Q6553448", "label": "State of Buenos Aires", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine Confederation army, led by federalist Justo José de Urquiza defeated the State of Buenos Aires forces, led by unitarian Bartolomé Mitre."}, {"id": "Q314362", "label": "Bartolomé Mitre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine Confederation army, led by federalist Justo José de Urquiza defeated the State of Buenos Aires forces, led by unitarian Bartolomé Mitre."}, {"id": "Q616931", "label": "Battle of Caseros", "section": "Context", "says": "On the aftermath of the Battle of Caseros, following the San Nicolás Agreement that convened the Constitutional Congress of 1853, the Province of Buenos Aires seceded from the Argentine Confederation and established an independent State, the State of Buenos Aires."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Context", "says": "With the imminence of conflict, Brazil, Paraguay, the United States and the United Kingdom tried to prevent it by diplomatic means."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Context", "says": "With the imminence of conflict, Brazil, Paraguay, the United States and the United Kingdom tried to prevent it by diplomatic means."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Context", "says": "With the imminence of conflict, Brazil, Paraguay, the United States and the United Kingdom tried to prevent it by diplomatic means."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "Context", "says": "The neighboring country of Paraguay sent a young Francisco Solano López as a plenipotentiary minister to intercede in the emergency."}], "Q771681": [{"id": "Q599663", "label": "Virée de Galerne", "section": "lead", "says": "It faced 5,000 Republicans besieged by Vendéen forces during the Virée de Galerne."}], "Q774532": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place from May 29, 1861 to June 1, 1861 during the early days of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1154050", "label": "Peninsula Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederates ultimately abandoned the batteries on March 9, 1862 as they moved forces to meet the threat created by the Union Army's Peninsula Campaign."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Background", "says": "On April 27, 1861, President Lincoln ordered the Union blockade of the Confederacy extended to the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina since those states were already in the process of joining the Confederate States of America."}], "Q7796515": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thornton Affair was a battle in 1846 between the military forces of the United States and Mexico 20 miles (32 km) west upriver from Zachary Taylor's camp along the Rio Grande."}, {"id": "Q431576", "label": "Mariano Arista", "section": "Background", "says": "Mariano Arista assumed command of the Division of the North on April 4 and arrived at Matamoros on April 24, making the total force there about 5,000 men; he sent word to Taylor of his presence."}], "Q786657": [{"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calderón Bridge (Spanish: Batalla del Puente de Calderón) was a decisive battle in the Mexican War of Independence."}], "Q7888366": [{"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "Pursuant to Article 23, it entered into force on 1 March 2013, the first day of the month after six months passed following adoption by three States parties, namely the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Pursuant to Article 23, it entered into force on 1 March 2013, the first day of the month after six months passed following adoption by three States parties, namely the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q1366688", "label": "Trans-Pacific Partnership", "section": "Background and policy goals", "says": "Article 14.5.1 of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership sets forth that: \"Each Party shall maintain a legal framework governing electronic transactions consistent with the principles of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce 1996 or the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, done at New York November "}], "Q7899217": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1953 Plzeň uprising occurred when workers in the Czechoslovak city of Plzeň revolted in violent protest for three days, from 31 May to 2 June, against the currency reforms of state party, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia."}], "Q7974365": [{"id": "Q630882", "label": "Republic of New Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Watermelon Riot was a riot that occurred on the evening of April 15, 1856, in Panama City, then the capital of the State of Panama in the Republic of New Granada."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "Background", "says": "U.S. expansion westward accelerated after the Mexican–American War and the California Gold Rush, and transiting the isthmus provided faster access to the Pacific during a time crossing American mid-west and western regions was difficult and often dangerous."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The most important treaty resulting from these negotiations was the Mallarino-Bidlack treaty of 1846 in which the Republic of New Granada recognized that the United States could intervene to guarantee the neutrality of the isthmus."}], "Q80360959": [{"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zhao Jianmin spy case (simplified Chinese: 赵健民特务案; traditional Chinese: 趙健民特務案; pinyin: Zhào Jiànmín tèwu àn), or Zhao Jianmin wrong case (赵健民冤案; 趙健民冤案; Zhào Jiànmín yuān'àn), was a major fabricated spy case in Yunnan province during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, with more than 1.387 million people implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population in Yunnan at the ti"}], "Q8046810": [{"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The al-Waziri coup (Arabic: الثورة الدستورية اليمنية, romanized: al-thawra ad-dustūr al-Yamaniyya, lit. 'Yemeni Constitutional Revolution' ), also known as the Yahya clan coup, was a violent dynasty overthrow attempt in the Kingdom of Yemen in 1948, which caused around 5,000 fatalities."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Backed by the al-Saud family of Saudi Arabia, the Hamidaddins restored their rule."}, {"id": "Q400961", "label": "Ahmad bin Yahya", "section": "lead", "says": "After the al-Wazirs were deposed, Imam Yahya's monarchy was restored with his son, Ahmad bin Yahya, ascending the throne."}, {"id": "Q1367731", "label": "Saudi–Yemeni War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 1930s, Saudi forces retook much of these gains in the Saudi–Yemeni War of 1934, before withdrawing from some of the area, including the southern Tihamah city of Al Hudaydah."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "Background", "says": "Yahya's non-recognition of his kingdom's southern boundary with the British Aden Protectorate (later South Yemen), which had been negotiated by his Ottoman predecessors, resulted in occasional clashes with the British."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "Yahya's non-recognition of his kingdom's southern boundary with the British Aden Protectorate (later South Yemen), which had been negotiated by his Ottoman predecessors, resulted in occasional clashes with the British."}], "Q815139": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fort Texas marked the beginning of active campaigning by the armies of the United States and Mexico during the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fort Texas marked the beginning of active campaigning by the armies of the United States and Mexico during the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q431576", "label": "Mariano Arista", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 May 1846, the fort was fired upon and besieged by Mexican forces under General Mariano Arista."}, {"id": "Q11896", "label": "Zachary Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "The main American force under General Zachary Taylor advanced from Port Isabel and successfully engaged Arista at Palo Alto on 8 May."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "lead", "says": "The following day, the Mexicans were routed at Resaca de la Palma, 4 miles (6 km) from Fort Texas."}], "Q815180": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Novogeorgievsk was a battle of World War I fought after the Germans broke the Russian defenses in Paul von Hindenburg's Bug–Narew offensive."}, {"id": "Q65831", "label": "Hans Hartwig von Beseler", "section": "Background", "says": "The capture of Novogeorgievsk was entrusted to the Siege Corps of General Hans Hartwig von Beseler, while Ludendorff insisted on attacking the fortress from the east, from the confluence of the Bug and Vistula rivers, while Gallwitz considered it more convenient to attack from the north, where there were no water barriers."}], "Q820617": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe (English: Guadalupe Mountains), also known as the Tagus Campaign, was a continuation of the Nationalist Army's race north toward Madrid in the early stages of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "On August 14, Badajoz fell to the Nationalists under General Yagüe, cutting off the Republic from Portugal."}], "Q823916": [{"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the County of Holland, acting independently of the rest of the Burgundian Netherlands of which it formed part, and the Hanseatic League."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the County of Holland, acting independently of the rest of the Burgundian Netherlands of which it formed part, and the Hanseatic League."}, {"id": "Q161958", "label": "Eric of Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended after Eric of Pomerania was forced from the throne of Denmark in 1440, and the new king Christopher of Bavaria sought a resolution."}, {"id": "Q58056", "label": "Christopher of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended after Eric of Pomerania was forced from the throne of Denmark in 1440, and the new king Christopher of Bavaria sought a resolution."}], "Q830792": [{"id": "Q561899", "label": "Operation Polar Star", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Soviets had launched several counterattacks in 1941, 1942 and most recently in Spring 1943 with the failed Operation Polar Star."}, {"id": "Q233278", "label": "Operation Spark", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The only success so far had been achieved in January 1943, when during Operation Iskra, a land corridor was opened between Leningrad and the rest of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The only success so far had been achieved in January 1943, when during Operation Iskra, a land corridor was opened between Leningrad and the rest of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q48145", "label": "Kirill Meretskov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The attack was to be carried out by the 8th Army (Filipp Starikov) of the Volkhov Front (Kirill Meretskov) and the 67th Army (Mikhail Dukhanov) of the Leningrad Front (Leonid Govorov) against the troops of the German 18th Army (Georg Lindemann) of Army Group North (Georg von Küchler)."}, {"id": "Q48134", "label": "Leonid Govorov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The attack was to be carried out by the 8th Army (Filipp Starikov) of the Volkhov Front (Kirill Meretskov) and the 67th Army (Mikhail Dukhanov) of the Leningrad Front (Leonid Govorov) against the troops of the German 18th Army (Georg Lindemann) of Army Group North (Georg von Küchler)."}, {"id": "Q60994", "label": "Georg Lindemann", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The attack was to be carried out by the 8th Army (Filipp Starikov) of the Volkhov Front (Kirill Meretskov) and the 67th Army (Mikhail Dukhanov) of the Leningrad Front (Leonid Govorov) against the troops of the German 18th Army (Georg Lindemann) of Army Group North (Georg von Küchler)."}, {"id": "Q57172", "label": "Georg von Küchler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The attack was to be carried out by the 8th Army (Filipp Starikov) of the Volkhov Front (Kirill Meretskov) and the 67th Army (Mikhail Dukhanov) of the Leningrad Front (Leonid Govorov) against the troops of the German 18th Army (Georg Lindemann) of Army Group North (Georg von Küchler)."}], "Q8348305": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cagayan battles (Combates de Cagayán in Spanish, カガヤンの戦い Kagayan no Tatakai in Japanese) occurred in 1582 between amphibious forces of the Spanish Philippines, led by Juan Pablo de Carrión, and Japanese wokou pirates, led by Tay Fusa, possibly identified with Naya Sukezaemon."}, {"id": "Q706515", "label": "Limahong", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish had already faced a large-scale wokou invasion in 1574, when the pirate Limahong besieged Manila in 1574 with a huge army containing both Chinese and Japanese before being repulsed from the city."}], "Q835077": [{"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vistula Lagoon (Polish: Bitwa na Zalewie Wiślanym or Polish: Bitwa w Zatoce Świeżej) was fought on September 15, 1463 between the navy of the Teutonic Order, and the navy of the Prussian Confederation which was allied with the King of Poland, as part of the Thirteen Years' War."}, {"id": "Q684194", "label": "Ludwig von Erlichshausen", "section": "Background", "says": "The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Ludwig von Erlichshausen, led the Teutonic fleet, in an attempt to come to the aid of the city of Mewe (\"Gniew\") via the Vistula River, which had been besieged by Polish forces since July, 1463."}], "Q838704": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Durazzo was a naval battle of World War I."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought off Durazzo (now Durrës), Albania at the end of December 1915 and involved the navies of Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Italy, and France."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought off Durazzo (now Durrës), Albania at the end of December 1915 and involved the navies of Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Italy, and France."}], "Q838813": [{"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lipnic (or Lipnica, or Lipniți) was a battle between the Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great, and the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Ahmed Khan, and which took place on the August 20, 1470."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lipnic (or Lipnica, or Lipniți) was a battle between the Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great, and the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Ahmed Khan, and which took place on the August 20, 1470."}], "Q840194": [{"id": "Q130613", "label": "Yakov Kulnev", "section": "lead", "says": "In this battle, the Russian vanguard under the command of General Yakov Kulnev and the whole corps of Gen."}, {"id": "Q432580", "label": "Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter Wittgenstein stood up to the French corps under the command of Marshal Nicolas Oudinot with heavy losses on both sides."}, {"id": "Q156373", "label": "Nicolas Oudinot", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter Wittgenstein stood up to the French corps under the command of Marshal Nicolas Oudinot with heavy losses on both sides."}], "Q840250": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the First Coalition action was fought near the city of Mainz in the modern-day state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany."}], "Q843849": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Attleboro was a Vietnam War search and destroy operation initiated by the 196th Light Infantry Brigade with the objective to discover the location(s) of People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and Viet Cong (VC) base areas and force them to fight."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "The 196th Light Infantry Brigade, a relatively green unit, along with the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG) had arrived in South Vietnam less than two months earlier, on 14 August and September 15, 1966 respectively."}], "Q845845": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kraaipan was the first engagement of the Second Anglo-Boer War, fought at Kraaipan, South Africa on 12 October 1899."}, {"id": "Q244407", "label": "Paul Kruger", "section": "lead", "says": "On the 11 October 1899 President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic in alliance with the Orange Free State declared war on the British."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On the 11 October 1899 President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic in alliance with the Orange Free State declared war on the British."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "On the 11 October 1899 President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic in alliance with the Orange Free State declared war on the British."}, {"id": "Q380938", "label": "Koos de la Rey", "section": "lead", "says": "That night 800 men of the Potchefstroom and Lichtenburg commandos under General Koos de la Rey (one of General Piet Cronjé's field generals) attacked and captured the British garrison and railway siding at Kraaipan between Vryburg and Mafeking, some 60 kilometres (37 mi) south west of Mafeking."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "This incident made De la Rey famous, but exacerbated his conflicts with the cautious and unimaginative Cronjé, who sent him to block the advance of the British forces moving to relieve the Siege of Kimberley in the north-east of the Cape Colony."}], "Q847539": [{"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hanzhong Campaign was a military campaign launched by the warlord Liu Bei to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from his rival, Cao Cao."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hanzhong Campaign was a military campaign launched by the warlord Liu Bei to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from his rival, Cao Cao."}, {"id": "Q378510", "label": "Xiahou Yuan", "section": "lead", "says": "One of these attacks resulted in the death of Xiahou Yuan, one of Cao Cao's top generals, delivering a huge blow to the morale of Cao Cao's forces."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "In Hanzhong Commandery, Sima Yi and Liu Ye urged Cao Cao to use the opportunity to attack Yi Province, but Cao Cao rejected the idea, saying to Sima Yi, \"We should not be discontent."}, {"id": "Q197191", "label": "Zhang He", "section": "Background", "says": "Now that we've already conquered Longyou (referring to present-day eastern Gansu), you're still longing about merging Shu (referring to Yi Province)!\" Cao Cao then left his generals Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Xu Huang behind to defend Hanzhong Commandery, and his Chief Clerk (長史) Du Xi to oversee the commandery's military affairs."}, {"id": "Q468763", "label": "Xu Huang", "section": "Background", "says": "Now that we've already conquered Longyou (referring to present-day eastern Gansu), you're still longing about merging Shu (referring to Yi Province)!\" Cao Cao then left his generals Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Xu Huang behind to defend Hanzhong Commandery, and his Chief Clerk (長史) Du Xi to oversee the commandery's military affairs."}], "Q847590": [{"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The war between Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu between 197 and 199 in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q711236", "label": "Zhang Ji", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhang Ji, a former ally of Li Jue and Guo Si, led his followers out of the Guanzhong region into Jing Province, which was governed by the warlord Liu Biao."}, {"id": "Q470117", "label": "Liu Biao", "section": "Background", "says": "Zhang Ji, a former ally of Li Jue and Guo Si, led his followers out of the Guanzhong region into Jing Province, which was governed by the warlord Liu Biao."}], "Q84806169": [{"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état occurred on 15 October when junior officers of the Armed Forces of El Salvador's Military Youth Movement (MJM) bloodlessly overthrew General Carlos Humberto Romero, the president of El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q1783607", "label": "Salvadoran Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The JRG appointed new government and military officials and promised to implement reforms, but the coup started the Salvadoran Civil War that lasted until 1992."}, {"id": "Q319419", "label": "Maximiliano Hernández Martínez", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1931 to 1948, the dictatorship was led by Brigadier General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez and, after his resignation and exile, by a succession of three military officers who had served in Martínez's semi-fascist government."}, {"id": "Q360283", "label": "José Napoleón Duarte", "section": "Background", "says": "A faction of reformist junior officers attempted to overthrow the PCN government after the 1972 presidential election and install opposition leader José Napoleón Duarte as president, but the coup attempt failed and Duarte was exiled."}, {"id": "Q887571", "label": "Osmín Aguirre y Salinas", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The FPL assassinated former president Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas 12 days into Romero's presidency."}], "Q848918": [{"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "The floods affected seven regions of Namibia, three provinces of Zambia, two regions of Angola and part of Botswana."}], "Q849323": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brenta was fought between the cavalry of the Kingdom of Italy under King Berengar I, and the Hungarians hired by the East Francian king Arnulf of Carinthia, at an unidentified location in northern Italian Peninsula along the river Brenta on 24 September 899."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brenta was fought between the cavalry of the Kingdom of Italy under King Berengar I, and the Hungarians hired by the East Francian king Arnulf of Carinthia, at an unidentified location in northern Italian Peninsula along the river Brenta on 24 September 899."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "In some historians' opinion the returning army had a role also in the conquest of Pannonia, as part of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin from the Bavarians in late 900."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the 9th century the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne had been divided into the kingdoms of West Francia, East Francia, and Italy, led by Carolingian kings who often fought for supremacy."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the 9th century the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne had been divided into the kingdoms of West Francia, East Francia, and Italy, led by Carolingian kings who often fought for supremacy."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of the 9th century the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne had been divided into the kingdoms of West Francia, East Francia, and Italy, led by Carolingian kings who often fought for supremacy."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "Background", "says": "Arnulf of Carinthia, the son of the East Francian king Carloman, who became German king in 887, wanted to recreate the Carolingian Empire and so undertook an Italian campaign, claiming the title King of Italy in 894."}, {"id": "Q309930", "label": "Guy III of Spoleto", "section": "Background", "says": "Berengar had become king of Italy in 887, but soon lost control of most of his lands to Guy III of Spoleto, who proclaimed himself king of Italy and emperor."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The exact size of the reconnaissance force is not known, but according to Marco Polo, in the Mongolian Empire such reconnaissance units were composed of 200 riders, implying that the Hungarian force comprised about 100 to 200 riders."}, {"id": "Q317911", "label": "Liutprand of Cremona", "section": "Prelude", "says": "As Liutprand of Cremona mentions, after returning home, the Hungarians used the winter to prepare equipment and train their youth."}, {"id": "Q1121105", "label": "Gyula Kristó", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Gyula Kristó argues that they bypassed Pannonia and went westwards, following the courses of the rivers Sava and Drava and entering Italy near Aquileia, on the road named after them, Strata Hungarorum, due to the fact that they used it so often during the next decades and centuries."}], "Q85740526": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479) were a series of wars and revolts against the rising Ottoman Empire by Albanian feudal lords."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars and revolts took place in present-day Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia and South Serbia."}, {"id": "Q14946371", "label": "South Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "The wars and revolts took place in present-day Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia and South Serbia."}, {"id": "Q3301817", "label": "Gjergj Arianiti", "section": "lead", "says": "In this period, Albanians under the leadership of Gjergj Arianiti and especially later under Skanderbeg resisted the Ottomans under two Sultans."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "In this period, Albanians under the leadership of Gjergj Arianiti and especially later under Skanderbeg resisted the Ottomans under two Sultans."}], "Q859401": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The Three Rebellions in Shouchun (also known as the Three Rebellions in Huainan) were a series of revolts that occurred in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellions broke out in the later years of Wei when the Sima clan, headed by Sima Yi, usurped state power."}, {"id": "Q736639", "label": "Guanqiu Jian", "section": "lead", "says": "The respective leaders of the three rebellions were Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin, and Zhuge Dan."}, {"id": "Q699624", "label": "Cao Shuang", "section": "Background", "says": "In 249, during the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs, Sima Yi seized power from Cao Shuang in a coup d'état and had Cao Shuang's entire clan executed."}, {"id": "Q707808", "label": "Sima Shi", "section": "Background", "says": "After Sima Yi's death in 251, the power was inherited by his eldest son Sima Shi, and was later passed on to his second son Sima Zhao when Sima Shi died in 255."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "Background", "says": "After Sima Yi's death in 251, the power was inherited by his eldest son Sima Shi, and was later passed on to his second son Sima Zhao when Sima Shi died in 255."}], "Q859930": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Similar events related to the La Niña took place in several other countries around the world, including Australia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Pakistan and the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Similar events related to the La Niña took place in several other countries around the world, including Australia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Pakistan and the Philippines."}], "Q869785": [{"id": "Q451995", "label": "Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1355 between Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy and the first dauphin, future Charles V of France."}, {"id": "Q167782", "label": "Charles V of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1355 between Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy and the first dauphin, future Charles V of France."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "But the treaty was quickly enforced by the dauphin, who was eager to secure Savoy's troops to fight against Edward the Black Prince."}], "Q87455852": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The COVID-19 pandemic in California began earlier than in some other parts of the United States."}, {"id": "Q461391", "label": "Gavin Newsom", "section": "lead", "says": "A bipartisan effort of politicians and owners of restaurants, bars, gyms, spas, and other small businesses harmed by lockdown restrictions attempted to recall Governor Gavin Newsom in 2021; he won the election with 66% support."}], "Q876806": [{"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first formal pact of a series of French-sponsored alliances against the Habsburg Monarch, Maria Theresa."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Through the agreement, the Bavarian Elector Charles Albert gained the support of King Philip V of Spain to become the next Holy Roman Emperor against the claims of the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was brokered by Marshal Belleisle under the authority of Louis XV of France."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty signaled the expansion of the First Silesian War, which started as a local war between Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy, into the War of the Austrian Succession, a pan-European conflict."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty signaled the expansion of the First Silesian War, which started as a local war between Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy, into the War of the Austrian Succession, a pan-European conflict."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "This started the First Silesian War between Frederick II of Prussia and Maria Theresa of the Habsburg Monarchy."}, {"id": "Q663435", "label": "Battle of Mollwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 April 1741, the Prussian army defeated the Habsburg forces at the Battle of Mollwitz, which allowed Frederick to maintain his hold on Silesia and showed the military weakness of Maria Theresa's armies."}], "Q87742718": [{"id": "Q2434360", "label": "Tim Walz", "section": "lead", "says": "Governor Tim Walz declared a state of emergency on March 13."}], "Q87742748": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the second case of COVID-19 in the United States during the pandemic."}], "Q87742765": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As of April 3, 2021, Texas has the second-highest number of confirmed cases in the United States, behind California, and the 26th highest number of confirmed cases per capita."}], "Q880348": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of a wider conflict called the Wars of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of a wider conflict called the Wars of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q250003", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Flanders campaign of 1794 saw the French Army of the North and Army of the Ardennes under General Charles Pichegru, and later elements of the Army of the Moselle under General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, attack both flanks of the Coalition army facing them."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "After the pivotal battle of Fleurus on 26 June 1794, the Coalition army began what would become a general retreat out of Flanders, as the Austrian government had decided at this point that the Austrian Netherlands were too much trouble to hold on to."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "As French pressure forced the Coalition army further and further back, it divided into two major forces on divergent routes of retreat dictated by their governments’ political objectives, as the British and Dutch fell back northwards to defend the Dutch Republic, while the Austrians fell back eastwards to defend the Rhine."}], "Q884161": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo (Danish: Traktaten i Zarskoje Selo, Russian: Царскосельский договор) also called Mageskiftetraktaten in Danish, was a territorial and dynastic treaty between the Russian Empire and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo (Danish: Traktaten i Zarskoje Selo, Russian: Царскосельский договор) also called Mageskiftetraktaten in Danish, was a territorial and dynastic treaty between the Russian Empire and Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q170390", "label": "County of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 1 June 1773, it transferred control of ducal Schleswig-Holstein to the Danish crown in return for Russian control of the County of Oldenburg and adjacent lands within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 1 June 1773, it transferred control of ducal Schleswig-Holstein to the Danish crown in return for Russian control of the County of Oldenburg and adjacent lands within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty reduced the fragmentation of Danish territory and led to an alliance between Denmark–Norway and Russia that lasted into the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "During the minority of Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Schleswig-Holstein's government affairs were entrusted to Minister Georg Heinrich von Görtz, who supported Sweden in the Great Northern War; in that war's aftermath, Denmark–Norway seized the Duke's territory in Schleswig and ended Sweden's patronage of Holstein-Gottorp with the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg."}, {"id": "Q699753", "label": "Treaty of Frederiksborg", "section": "Historical background", "says": "During the minority of Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Schleswig-Holstein's government affairs were entrusted to Minister Georg Heinrich von Görtz, who supported Sweden in the Great Northern War; in that war's aftermath, Denmark–Norway seized the Duke's territory in Schleswig and ended Sweden's patronage of Holstein-Gottorp with the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Duke Charles Frederick sought support for the recovery of Schleswig in Russia, and in 1725 he married Russian Princess Anna Petrovna, the daughter of Emperor Peter the Great and sister of the future Empress Elizabeth."}], "Q886856": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Knoxville campaign was a series of American Civil War battles and maneuvers in East Tennessee, United States, during the fall of 1863, designed to secure control of the city of Knoxville and with it the railroad that linked the Confederacy east and west, and position the First Corps under Lt."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Knoxville campaign was a series of American Civil War battles and maneuvers in East Tennessee, United States, during the fall of 1863, designed to secure control of the city of Knoxville and with it the railroad that linked the Confederacy east and west, and position the First Corps under Lt."}, {"id": "Q311514", "label": "James Longstreet", "section": "lead", "says": "James Longstreet for return to the Army of Northern Virginia."}, {"id": "Q355444", "label": "Ambrose Burnside", "section": "lead", "says": "Ambrose Burnside occupied Knoxville, Tennessee, and Confederate States Army forces under Longstreet were detached from Gen."}, {"id": "Q188936", "label": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "section": "lead", "says": "William Tecumseh Sherman led elements of the Army of the Tennessee and other troops to Burnside's relief after Union troops had broken the Confederate siege of Chattanooga."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background and initial movements", "says": "The mountainous, largely Unionist region of East Tennessee was considered by President Abraham Lincoln to be a key war objective."}, {"id": "Q751186", "label": "Battle of Fredericksburg", "section": "Background and initial movements", "says": "Ambrose Burnside, who had been soundly defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, was transferred to the Western Theater and given command of the Department and the Army of the Ohio in March 1863."}], "Q894486": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Straits (Italian: Guerra degli Stretti) or Third Genoese–Venetian War was a conflict fought between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa, and their allies, in 1350–1355."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Straits (Italian: Guerra degli Stretti) or Third Genoese–Venetian War was a conflict fought between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa, and their allies, in 1350–1355."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In March 1261, the Republic of Genoa and the Byzantine Empire concluded the Treaty of Nymphaeum."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The treaty was an offensive alliance against the Republic of Venice, whose naval might alone prevented the Byzantine from completing their long-held ambition to recover Constantinople from the moribund Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Founding trade colonies at Caffa (modern Feodosia) and in the Empire of Trebizond, the Genoese soon achieved commercial hegemony in the Black Sea, and control of the northern termini of the great commercial highways leading to inner Asia."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Historical background", "says": "During the war, the Venetians had operated in the Black Sea, and even sacked the Genoese colony of Pera (Galata), which then lacked fortifications; but Venetian efforts to establish themselves in the region had come relatively late, and eventually led to clashes with the pre-existing Genoese commercial colonies, as happened in Trebizond in 1327–1328 and in Tanais in 1341, before all Italian mercha"}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "Historical background", "says": "During the war, the Venetians had operated in the Black Sea, and even sacked the Genoese colony of Pera (Galata), which then lacked fortifications; but Venetian efforts to establish themselves in the region had come relatively late, and eventually led to clashes with the pre-existing Genoese commercial colonies, as happened in Trebizond in 1327–1328 and in Tanais in 1341, before all Italian mercha"}], "Q895905": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boyd massacre occurred in December 1809 when Māori of Ngāti Pou from Whangaroa Harbour in northern New Zealand killed and ate between 66 and 70 European passengers and crew members from the British brigantine Boyd."}], "Q895975": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transit Agreement (German: Transitabkommen), signed 17 December 1971, arranged access to and from West Berlin from West Germany, secured the right of West Berliners to visit East Berlin and East Germany, and secured the rights of East German citizens to visit West Germany, although only in cases of family emergency."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transit Agreement (German: Transitabkommen), signed 17 December 1971, arranged access to and from West Berlin from West Germany, secured the right of West Berliners to visit East Berlin and East Germany, and secured the rights of East German citizens to visit West Germany, although only in cases of family emergency."}], "Q898338": [{"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turnhout (27 October 1789) was a decisive military engagement between Belgian revolutionary and Austrian forces at Turnhout in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium)."}, {"id": "Q896479", "label": "Brabant Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first engagement of the Brabant Revolution and took place shortly after the revolutionary (patriot) army of Jean-André van der Mersch crossed the border from the Dutch Republic where it had previously been in exile."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first engagement of the Brabant Revolution and took place shortly after the revolutionary (patriot) army of Jean-André van der Mersch crossed the border from the Dutch Republic where it had previously been in exile."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Their unlikely victory in the engagement led to the rapid collapse of Austrian rule across the Southern Netherlands and the temporary withdrawal of Austrian forces in the region to Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q76555", "label": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor was an important figure of European Enlightenment and a believer in reforming institutions he believed to be outdated."}, {"id": "Q309460", "label": "County of Hainaut", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial response was an occupation of the County of Hainaut and a suspension of the rights guaranteed to the Duchy of Brabant on 18 June 1789."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial response was an occupation of the County of Hainaut and a suspension of the rights guaranteed to the Duchy of Brabant on 18 June 1789."}, {"id": "Q689056", "label": "Henri Van der Noot", "section": "Background", "says": "In the town, Henri Van der Noot read the Manifesto of the People of Brabant proclaiming the end of Austrian control of the Southern Netherlands."}], "Q89872880": [{"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread in April 2020 to the Republic of Artsakh (a de facto independent republic which existed on territory de jure part of Azerbaijan between 1991 and 2023)."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread in April 2020 to the Republic of Artsakh (a de facto independent republic which existed on territory de jure part of Azerbaijan between 1991 and 2023)."}], "Q901961": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "From August to September 2012, a series of anti-Japanese demonstrations were held across more than 100 cities in the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q38849", "label": "Shintarō Ishihara", "section": "Background", "says": "On 16 April 2012, Tokyo's prefectural governor Shintaro Ishihara publicly announced his decision to let Tokyo Municipality purchase the island from its private owner."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Background", "says": "On 15 August 2012, activists from Hong Kong sailed to, and landed on one of the disputed islands, but were stopped by the Japan Coast Guard."}], "Q911131": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Brossinière or Battle of la Gravelle (French – la \"besoigne\" de la Brossinière) was a battle of the Hundred Years' War on 26 September 1423."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Queen Yolande of Aragon, mother-in-law to Charles VII of France, who was in her town of Angers, had the first thought of avenging the affront and the damage to her county, and gave orders for such a mission to the most valiant of the French king's partisans, Ambroise de Loré, who had been commander of Sainte-Suzanne since 1422."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "Knowing that John VIII of Harcourt, count of Aumale and governor of Touraine, Anjou and Maine, was then in Tours and preparing an expedition into Normandy, Amboise despatched a message to Aumale by letter."}], "Q913821": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Herbsthausen, 5 May 1645, took place during the Thirty Years' War, near Bad Mergentheim, in Baden-Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q644425", "label": "Franz von Mercy", "section": "lead", "says": "A French army led by Turenne was surprised and comprehensively defeated by a Bavarian force under Franz von Mercy."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although fighting continued, both sides accepted their inability to impose a military solution and stepped up the negotiations that ultimately concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q57195", "label": "Frederick V of the Palatinate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Thirty Years War began in 1618 when the Protestant dominated Bohemian Estates offered the Crown of Bohemia to fellow Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate, rather than the Catholic Emperor Ferdinand II."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "However, most members of the Holy Roman Empire remained neutral, and the revolt was quickly suppressed, while in 1621 a Catholic League army invaded the Palatinate and sent Frederick into exile."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "It drew in Protestant German states like Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia, as well as external powers like Denmark-Norway."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Pomerania, partly to support his Protestant co-religionists, but also to control the Baltic trade which provided much of Sweden's income."}, {"id": "Q540704", "label": "Treaty of Prague", "section": "Background", "says": "Following Sweden's defeat at Nördlingen in 1634, most of their German allies made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II in the 1635 Treaty of Prague."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite victory at Freiburg in August 1644, the Bavarians under Franz von Mercy were unable to prevent the French capturing Philippsburg, and occupying Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q316816", "label": "Lennart Torstensson", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1645, Swedish commander Lennart Torstensson proposed a three part attack on Vienna, to compel Ferdinand III to agree terms."}, {"id": "Q63850", "label": "Johann von Werth", "section": "Background", "says": "Mercy sent 5,000 veteran Bavarian cavalry under Johann von Werth to reinforce the Imperial army in Bohemia, which was heavily defeated at Jankau on 6 March."}], "Q9172538": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "By the time of the expedition, the Frankish king, Charlemagne, was busy fighting the Saxons."}], "Q9173569": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stavyshche (Polish: Bitwa pod Stawiszczami), also called the Siege of Stawiszcze, took place between July 7 - October 7, 1664, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}], "Q9173656": [{"id": "Q326493", "label": "Jan Długosz", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Jan Długosz, the first clash ended in a Polish victory and the release of a number of prisoners."}], "Q918160": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Herrick was the operational name for the British Armed Forces' operations during the War in Afghanistan, from 2002 to the end of combat operations in 2014."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Heavy fighting in the summer of 2006 during the Siege of Sangin was described as the fiercest the British army had faced since the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q18651204", "label": "Resolute Support Mission", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this, British military operations in Afghanistan focused on training as part of Operation Toral, the UK's contribution to the NATO Resolute Support Mission, which continued until the ultimate countrywide 2021 Taliban victory after the defeat of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this, British military operations in Afghanistan focused on training as part of Operation Toral, the UK's contribution to the NATO Resolute Support Mission, which continued until the ultimate countrywide 2021 Taliban victory after the defeat of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan."}], "Q9212027": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "Political prisoners from Lithuania, Poland and Belarus were forced by the NKVD into a death march eastwards from Minsk to Chervyen (present-day Belarus) after Operation Barbarossa began and many were executed."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the victims were many Lithuanians, Belarusians, as well as Polish citizens arrested in the territories of interwar Poland annexed by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q327061", "label": "Battle of Białystok–Minsk", "section": "Background", "says": "The German offensive in Belarus was particularly successful, encircling and completely defeating the Soviet Western Front in less than two weeks during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk."}], "Q923566": [{"id": "Q296741", "label": "Enrique Peña Nieto", "section": "lead", "says": "The confrontations were violent, causing Enrique Peña Nieto, then Governor of the State of Mexico, to ask president Vicente Fox for support from federal forces."}, {"id": "Q190572", "label": "Vicente Fox", "section": "lead", "says": "The confrontations were violent, causing Enrique Peña Nieto, then Governor of the State of Mexico, to ask president Vicente Fox for support from federal forces."}], "Q9291337": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The prison was notorious during the rule of Muammar Gaddafi for alleged mistreatment and human rights abuses, including a massacre in 1996 in which Human Rights Watch estimated that 1,270 prisoners were killed."}], "Q9377279": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil war in Poland was a military conflict from 1704 to 1706, and a part of a larger European conflict, the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "lead", "says": "It focused on the struggle for the Polish-Lithuanian throne between King and Grand Duke Stanisław I supported by his Warsaw Confederation and Sweden, and the Russian-backed Sandomierz Confederation of Augustus II the Strong."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "At the onset of the Great Northern War, Augustus the Strong was king of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony, having been elected in 1697."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "At the onset of the Great Northern War, Augustus the Strong was king of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony, having been elected in 1697."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1699, he allied with the Russian tsar Peter the Great in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway in the Treaty of Dresden, and joined their war with the Swedish Empire that followed in 1700 Soon, however, their alliance suffered a number of defeats, and led to Charles XII of Sweden invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q973764", "label": "Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1699, he allied with the Russian tsar Peter the Great in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway in the Treaty of Dresden, and joined their war with the Swedish Empire that followed in 1700 Soon, however, their alliance suffered a number of defeats, and led to Charles XII of Sweden invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1699, he allied with the Russian tsar Peter the Great in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway in the Treaty of Dresden, and joined their war with the Swedish Empire that followed in 1700 Soon, however, their alliance suffered a number of defeats, and led to Charles XII of Sweden invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1699, he allied with the Russian tsar Peter the Great in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and with Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway in the Treaty of Dresden, and joined their war with the Swedish Empire that followed in 1700 Soon, however, their alliance suffered a number of defeats, and led to Charles XII of Sweden invasion of Poland."}], "Q940076": [{"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Boundary Treaty of 1881 (Spanish: Tratado de Límites de 1881) between Argentina and Chile was signed on 23 July 1881 in Buenos Aires by Bernardo de Irigoyen, for Argentina, and Francisco de Borja Echeverría, for Chile, with the aim of establishing a precise border between the two countries based on the uti possidetis juris principle."}], "Q947667": [{"id": "Q262589", "label": "Tewodros II", "section": "lead", "says": "The British were led by Robert Napier, while the Abyssinians were led by Emperor Tewodros II."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Derasge marked a decisive turning point in Ethiopian history, bringing an end to the Zemene Mesafint ('Era of the Princes') and paving the way for the rise of Emperor Tewodros II and the unification of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Determined to unify Ethiopia and assert its independence, he set out to centralize administration, consolidate political power, and establish a modern, professional army to protect the empire from outside threats most urgently from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "In a series of letters, he appealed to Queen Victoria to send experts to facilitate the manufacture of modern weapons domestically."}], "Q956098": [{"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of La Concepción (Spanish: Batalla de Concepción) was fought between Chilean and Peruvian forces on July 9 and 10, 1882, during the Breña campaign of the War of the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q334715", "label": "Andrés Avelino Cáceres", "section": "Background", "says": "Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who successfully gained the sympathies of the farmers who had lived totally disconnected from the preceding campaigns."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "He was recalled to Lima and sent to Santiago to be court-martialed."}], "Q957155": [{"id": "Q57760", "label": "Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman forces, led by Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz were besieging Kut, when the Anglo-Indian relief force, led by Lieutenant-General Fenton Aylmer, attempted to relieve the city."}, {"id": "Q4870986", "label": "Battle of Es Sinn", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Es Sinn, the Anglo-Indian force controlled the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through much of what is now southern Iraq."}, {"id": "Q188999", "label": "Austen Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State for India, Austen Chamberlain was concerned that even if Baghdad could be captured, it would only be lost again because no other troops were available to reinforce Force \"D\"."}], "Q96058732": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Several armed conflicts and displacement crises are ongoing, including those associated with the Yemeni Civil War, Syrian Civil War, insurgency in the Maghreb, Russo-Ukrainian War and Afghanistan conflict."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Several armed conflicts and displacement crises are ongoing, including those associated with the Yemeni Civil War, Syrian Civil War, insurgency in the Maghreb, Russo-Ukrainian War and Afghanistan conflict."}], "Q962723": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederate Heartland Offensive (August 14 – October 10, 1862), also known as the Kentucky Campaign,  was an American Civil War campaign conducted by the Confederate States Army in Tennessee and Kentucky where Generals Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith tried to draw neutral Kentucky into the Confederacy by outflanking Union troops under Major General Don Carlos Buell."}, {"id": "Q380562", "label": "Braxton Bragg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederate Heartland Offensive (August 14 – October 10, 1862), also known as the Kentucky Campaign,  was an American Civil War campaign conducted by the Confederate States Army in Tennessee and Kentucky where Generals Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith tried to draw neutral Kentucky into the Confederacy by outflanking Union troops under Major General Don Carlos Buell."}, {"id": "Q551560", "label": "Edmund Kirby Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederate Heartland Offensive (August 14 – October 10, 1862), also known as the Kentucky Campaign,  was an American Civil War campaign conducted by the Confederate States Army in Tennessee and Kentucky where Generals Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith tried to draw neutral Kentucky into the Confederacy by outflanking Union troops under Major General Don Carlos Buell."}, {"id": "Q724339", "label": "Don Carlos Buell", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederate Heartland Offensive (August 14 – October 10, 1862), also known as the Kentucky Campaign,  was an American Civil War campaign conducted by the Confederate States Army in Tennessee and Kentucky where Generals Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith tried to draw neutral Kentucky into the Confederacy by outflanking Union troops under Major General Don Carlos Buell."}, {"id": "Q315607", "label": "David Farragut", "section": "Background", "says": "New Orleans, the Confederacy's largest city at that time, had been captured by Admiral David Farragut."}, {"id": "Q1368292", "label": "Leonidas Polk", "section": "Background", "says": "Kentucky officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war, but after Confederate General Leonidas Polk unwisely decided to occupy Columbus in 1861, the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance against the Kentucky governor's veto."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Background", "says": "Abraham Lincoln was also born in Kentucky, living there until age seven and growing up in Illinois."}], "Q96363613": [{"id": "Q1477220", "label": "Somali Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1978 Somali coup attempt was a violent military coup attempt that took place in Somalia (then Somali Democratic Republic) on 9 April 1978, against the regime of President Siad Barre."}, {"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1978 Somali coup attempt was a violent military coup attempt that took place in Somalia (then Somali Democratic Republic) on 9 April 1978, against the regime of President Siad Barre."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "Background", "says": "The coup attempt was staged by a group of disgruntled Army officers, led by Colonel Mohamed Osman Irro, in the aftermath of the disastrous Ogaden War against Ethiopia (then ruled by the Mengistu-led Derg)."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "The coup attempt was staged by a group of disgruntled Army officers, led by Colonel Mohamed Osman Irro, in the aftermath of the disastrous Ogaden War against Ethiopia (then ruled by the Mengistu-led Derg)."}], "Q96620627": [{"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gothic War in Spain was a military operation of the Visigoths commissioned by the West Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gothic War in Spain was a military operation of the Visigoths commissioned by the West Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western Roman Empire had been at war with the Visigoths since 410, albeit there were periods of cooperation."}, {"id": "Q237907", "label": "Galla Placidia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 414, Athaulf, King of the Visigoths, married Galla Placidia, the daughter of Emperor Theodosius (379-395)."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "Background", "says": "In 414, Athaulf, King of the Visigoths, married Galla Placidia, the daughter of Emperor Theodosius (379-395)."}], "Q971364": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mons of 1572 took place at Mons, capital of the County of Hainaut, Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium), between 23 June and 19 September 1572, as part of the Eighty Years' War and the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mons of 1572 took place at Mons, capital of the County of Hainaut, Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium), between 23 June and 19 September 1572, as part of the Eighty Years' War and the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mons of 1572 took place at Mons, capital of the County of Hainaut, Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium), between 23 June and 19 September 1572, as part of the Eighty Years' War and the French Wars of Religion."}, {"id": "Q700300", "label": "Louis of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "In the spring of 1572, after the capture of Valenciennes by a Protestant force under Louis of Nassau, the Dutch commander continued with his offensive and took Mons by surprise on 24 May."}, {"id": "Q204975", "label": "Gaspard II de Coligny", "section": "Background", "says": "In early May 1572 Louis of Nassau, one of the major commanders of the Dutch rebel forces, encouraged by the victory at Brielle by the Sea Beggars (1 April), and supported by the Huguenot leader Gaspard II de Coligny, invaded the Spanish Netherlands with an army composed by German, English, Scottish, and French soldiers, and took Valenciennes on 21 May."}, {"id": "Q177046", "label": "Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgommery", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis took control of the city, and a few days later, was reinforced by about 4,500 infantry and cavalry under the command of the Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, William the Silent had recruited in Germany an army of 14,000 soldiers of infantry and 3,000 of cavalry (11,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry according to other sources), and on 7 July William crossed the Rhine, entering the Netherlands."}], "Q97357417": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Assyrian conquest of Egypt covered a relatively short period of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 673 to 663 BCE."}, {"id": "Q737648", "label": "Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt", "section": "Context", "says": "Taharqa, pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and qore of the Kingdom of Kush, began agitating people within the Neo-Assyrian Empire in an attempt to gain a foothold in the region."}, {"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "Context", "says": "Taharqa, pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and qore of the Kingdom of Kush, began agitating people within the Neo-Assyrian Empire in an attempt to gain a foothold in the region."}, {"id": "Q244912", "label": "Hezekiah", "section": "Context", "says": "As a result, in 701 BCE, Hezekiah, the king of Judah, Lule, the king of Sidon, Sidka, the king of Ashkelon, and the king of Ekron formed an alliance with Egypt against Assyria."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "Context", "says": "The Neo-Assyrian emperor Sennacherib (r."}], "Q976820": [{"id": "Q81506", "label": "Charles I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Victory enabled the Scots to take Newcastle upon Tyne, which provided the bulk of London's coal supplies, and allowed them to put pressure on Charles I of England."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "He did so in November 1640, a key element in the events leading to the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642."}, {"id": "Q79972", "label": "James VI and I", "section": "Background", "says": "When James VI and I succeeded as king of England in 1603, he viewed a unified Church of Scotland and England as the first step in creating a centralised, Unionist state."}], "Q977414": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and was created in response to the use of poisoned bullets."}, {"id": "Q681814", "label": "Siege of Groningen", "section": "lead", "says": "These weapons had been used by Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Bishop of Munster, in the Siege of Groningen (1672) – thus provoking the Strasbourg Agreement between the belligerents of the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "These weapons had been used by Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Bishop of Munster, in the Siege of Groningen (1672) – thus provoking the Strasbourg Agreement between the belligerents of the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q605626", "label": "Geneva Protocol", "section": "lead", "says": "The next major agreement on chemical weapons did not occur until the 1925 Geneva Protocol."}], "Q986561": [{"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquered lands served as a foundation for the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280)."}, {"id": "Q334101", "label": "Sun Jian", "section": "Background", "says": "Sun Ce was the eldest son of the warlord Sun Jian, who was killed in action during the Battle of Xiangyang in 191 against Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q470117", "label": "Liu Biao", "section": "Background", "says": "Sun Ce was the eldest son of the warlord Sun Jian, who was killed in action during the Battle of Xiangyang in 191 against Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "Background", "says": "In 194, Sun Ce went to meet the warlord Yuan Shu, to whom his father was previously subordinate."}, {"id": "Q1149197", "label": "Liu Yao", "section": "Background", "says": "Around the time, the territories in Yang Province were under the jurisdiction of Liu Yao, who had been appointed as the Inspector of Yang Province by the Han central government."}], "Q987667": [{"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quintuple Alliance came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, when France joined the Quadruple Alliance created by Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quintuple Alliance came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, when France joined the Quadruple Alliance created by Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quintuple Alliance came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, when France joined the Quadruple Alliance created by Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The European peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}], "Q98785100": [{"id": "Q107299", "label": "Kingdom of Northumbria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of York was fought between the Vikings of the Great Heathen Army and the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria on 21 March 867 in the city of York."}, {"id": "Q154934", "label": "Ecgberht", "section": "lead", "says": "Following their victory the Vikings would initially set up a puppet king named Ecgberht, before later creating the Kingdom of Jórvík centred on York."}, {"id": "Q314492", "label": "Ragnar Lodbrok", "section": "Background", "says": "Ivar's apparent motive was to avenge the death of his father, Ragnar Lodbrok."}], "Q991390": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cretopolis (Kretopolis) was a battle in the wars of the successors of Alexander the Great (see Diadochi) between general Antigonus Monopthalmus and the remnants of the Perdiccan faction."}, {"id": "Q1271334", "label": "Partition of Triparadisus", "section": "Background", "says": "After the second partition of the Empire, the Partition of Triparadisus in 321 BC, Antipater, the new regent of the Empire, made Antigonus, strategos of Asia and charged him with hunting down and defeating the remnants of the Perdiccan faction."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "Background", "says": "After the second partition of the Empire, the Partition of Triparadisus in 321 BC, Antipater, the new regent of the Empire, made Antigonus, strategos of Asia and charged him with hunting down and defeating the remnants of the Perdiccan faction."}, {"id": "Q2237664", "label": "Battle of Orkynia", "section": "Background", "says": "He first marched into Cappadocia against Eumenes whom he defeated at the Battle of Orkynia."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Alketas (a brother of Perdiccas), Attalos (Perdiccas brother-in-law), Polemon (Attalos's brother) and Dokimos had gathered their forces in a pass near Cretopolis."}], "Q1160506": [{"id": "Q521299", "label": "Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches", "section": "lead", "says": "This page is partially a translation of the French version\nThe siege of Léva was fought on 19 July 1664 as part of the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664), between a Habsburg army led by Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches and an Ottoman army under the command of Ali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "This page is partially a translation of the French version\nThe siege of Léva was fought on 19 July 1664 as part of the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664), between a Habsburg army led by Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches and an Ottoman army under the command of Ali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place near Léva, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia) and was a Habsburg victory."}], "Q15963786": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Storming of Lemberg on September 6, 1704, was a successful Swedish assault on the town of Lemberg (Lviv), in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Storming of Lemberg on September 6, 1704, was a successful Swedish assault on the town of Lemberg (Lviv), in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charles XII of Sweden, likely angered by this, struck camp at Jarosław, on September 1, and marched towards Lemberg with 16 regiments."}], "Q18206397": [{"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "lead", "says": "Nader having recently concluded a successful campaign against his own monarch and prince, the badly humiliated Tahmasp II, set out from Mashhad on 4 May 1729, making sure that the Shah also accompanied him on this journey where he could be kept under close supervision."}, {"id": "Q2888384", "label": "Battle of Damghan", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is also important because it helped develop Nader's tactics against light cavalry armies, something that would be important at the Battle of Damghan (1729), where the Hotak Pashtuns were given a rude introduction to modern warfare by Nader's well-drilled army."}], "Q19882272": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Purandar was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Marathas in 1665."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, appointed Jai Singh to lead a 12,000-man army against Maratha king Shivaji."}, {"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, appointed Jai Singh to lead a 12,000-man army against Maratha king Shivaji."}, {"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Shaista Khan and Muazzam were both replaced by Jai Singh after their failure against Shivaji in previous campaigns."}], "Q2065069": [{"id": "Q2360722", "label": "Ivan Briukhovetsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day city of Hlukhiv in Ukraine, the forces of the Polish King John II Casimir, numbering around 50,000–53,000 men, unsuccessfully besieged the Muscovite–Ukrainian Garrison of Hlukhiv and finally retreated under pressure from the Muscovite and Ukrainian Armies under the command of the Muscovite Prince Grigory Romodanovsky and the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky."}, {"id": "Q1973017", "label": "Pavlo Teteria", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1663, the Polish King John II Casimir and the Ukrainian Hetman of the Right-Bank of the Cossack Hetmanate, Pavlo Teteria, started an offensive against the Left-Bank of the Cossack Hetmanate with an army numbered around 130,000 men (including camp followers)."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1663, the Polish King John II Casimir and the Ukrainian Hetman of the Right-Bank of the Cossack Hetmanate, Pavlo Teteria, started an offensive against the Left-Bank of the Cossack Hetmanate with an army numbered around 130,000 men (including camp followers)."}], "Q2237215": [{"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rathenow (German: Schlacht um Rathenow or Überfall von Rathenow) was the first engagement between the forces of Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden in the Swedish-Brandenburg War (also called the Scanian War)."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rathenow (German: Schlacht um Rathenow or Überfall von Rathenow) was the first engagement between the forces of Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden in the Swedish-Brandenburg War (also called the Scanian War)."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1674, Brandenburg entered the Franco-Dutch War against France and dispatched an army to Alsace."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "In late 1674, Swedish troops advanced from Swedish Pomerania well into the Electorate, thanks to the absence of any significant contingents of Brandenburg troops."}], "Q2237757": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful Landing on Groß Stresow by Prussian, Norwegian, Danish and Saxon troops took place on 15 November 1715 on the island of Rügen, Germany during the Great Northern War."}], "Q2567011": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The assault on Copenhagen (Danish: stormen på København; Swedish: stormningen av Köpenhamn), also known as the battle of Copenhagen, on 11 February 1659, was a major engagement during the Second Northern War, taking place during the Swedish siege of Copenhagen."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, the outcome of the siege and the subsequent battle are attributed to the poor planning and rash actions taken by King Charles X Gustav of Sweden, who ultimately sent his forces to be cannon fodder."}, {"id": "Q647694", "label": "March Across the Belts", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Northern Wars, the Swedish army under Charles X, after invading the Danish mainland of Jutland, swiftly crossed the frozen straits in the March Across the Belts and occupied most of the Danish island of Zealand, with the invasion beginning on 11 February 1658."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "Background", "says": "The final Treaty of Roskilde, signed on 26 February 1658, granted Sweden major territorial gains."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "Without any warning and in defiance of the international treaty, he ordered his troops to attack Denmark–Norway a second time."}], "Q2572804": [{"id": "Q2888946", "label": "Battle of Killiecrankie", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Viscount Dundee in the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Killiecrankie, command of the Jacobites was passed to Colonel Alexander Cannon, leader of the recruits from Ireland, in preference to the 60-year-old veteran Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, one of the most formidable Highland chiefs."}], "Q2615519": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Żarnów was fought on September 16, 1655, between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by John II Casimir and the forces of the Swedish Empire, commanded by Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Żarnów was fought on September 16, 1655, between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by John II Casimir and the forces of the Swedish Empire, commanded by Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Żarnów was fought on September 16, 1655, between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by John II Casimir and the forces of the Swedish Empire, commanded by Charles X Gustav."}], "Q2615524": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nowy Dwór was fought during 20 – 30 September 1655 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Jan Kazimierz Krasiński on one side, and on the other Swedish Empire forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nowy Dwór was fought during 20 – 30 September 1655 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Jan Kazimierz Krasiński on one side, and on the other Swedish Empire forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock."}, {"id": "Q968941", "label": "Gustaf Otto Stenbock", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nowy Dwór was fought during 20 – 30 September 1655 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Jan Kazimierz Krasiński on one side, and on the other Swedish Empire forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 September 1655, Swedish forces under King Charles X Gustav entered Warsaw, which had been abandoned by John II Casimir of Poland on 18 August."}], "Q2690126": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ustechko (Polish: Uścieczko, Turkish: Yuvaniça) (October 6, 1694) was fought during the Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699), between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on the one hand and of Khanate of Crimea and Ottoman Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ustechko (Polish: Uścieczko, Turkish: Yuvaniça) (October 6, 1694) was fought during the Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699), between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on the one hand and of Khanate of Crimea and Ottoman Empire on the other."}, {"id": "Q2636020", "label": "Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the command of Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski defeated the Tatars and Ottomans forces commanded by Şehbaz Giray."}], "Q2724014": [{"id": "Q333388", "label": "Jean Bart", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Texel was a sea battle fought during the Nine Years' War on 29 June 1694, when a force of eight French ships, under Jean Bart, recaptured a French convoy, which had earlier that month been taken by the Dutch, and captured three ships of the escorting force (consisting of eight ships) under Hidde Sjoerds de Vries."}], "Q2866993": [{"id": "Q2896036", "label": "Benjamin Church", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Grand Pré was the major action of a raiding expedition conducted by the New England militia Colonel Benjamin Church against French Acadia in June 1704, during Queen Anne's War."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Grand Pré was the major action of a raiding expedition conducted by the New England militia Colonel Benjamin Church against French Acadia in June 1704, during Queen Anne's War."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Context", "says": "When the War of the Spanish Succession (also called Queen Anne's War) widened to include England in 1702, it spawned conflict between the colonies of England and France in North America."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Context", "says": "Joseph Dudley, the governor of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay (which then included present-day Maine), sought in June 1703 to ensure the neutrality of the Abenakis who occupied the frontier between Massachusetts and New France."}], "Q2887851": [{"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ameixial, was fought on 8 June 1663, near the village of Santa Vitória do Ameixial, some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north-west of Estremoz, between Spanish and Portuguese as part of the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In the spring of 1663, the Spanish had undertaken their most successful attack on Portugal, since the beginning of the war."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Under command of John of Austria the Younger, son of Philip IV of Spain (and the conqueror of Catalonia and of the Kingdom of Naples and winner of the French in Italy), the greater part of the south of Portugal was overrun."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Under command of John of Austria the Younger, son of Philip IV of Spain (and the conqueror of Catalonia and of the Kingdom of Naples and winner of the French in Italy), the greater part of the south of Portugal was overrun."}], "Q2984988": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cap de la Roque took place on 22 May 1703 between an Anglo-Dutch convoy protected by a Dutch States Navy squadron under Captain Roemer Vlacq and a larger French Navy squadron under Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon during the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q3403846": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "21 December 1708], during Queen Anne's War."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "French colonial outposts in Newfoundland were abandoned after France ceded control of the island to Britain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; most of the French settlers were relocated to Île-Royale, now known as Cape Breton Island."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Background", "says": "French raids during King William's War in the 1690s had completely destroyed English settlements, including the principal port of St."}, {"id": "Q1381694", "label": "John Leake", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1702, English Captain John Leake raided a number of French settlements in Newfoundland, but avoided Plaisance because of the presence of French warships in the harbour."}], "Q3634917": [{"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chamkaur, also known as Battle of Chamkaur Sahib or the Second battle of Chamkaur, was fought between the Khalsa, led by Guru Gobind Singh, and the coalition forces of the Mughals led by Wazir Khan and Hindu hill chiefs."}], "Q404561": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Koniecpol was an encounter in November 1708 during the Great Northern War."}], "Q4087470": [{"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ulan Butung (Chinese: 烏蘭布通之戰) was fought on 3 September 1690 between the forces of the Qing dynasty and those of the Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dzungar Khanate was ruled by the Oirats, who had a longtime rivalry with the Khalkha Mongols, who by the later 17th century became the remnants of the Northern Yuan dynasty."}], "Q4779013": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Apalachee massacre was a series of raids by English colonists from the Province of Carolina and their Muscogee allies against a largely peaceful Apalachee population in northern Spanish Florida which took place in January 1704 during Queen Anne's War."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "News that the War of the Spanish Succession (known in North America as Queen Anne's War) had widened to include England arrived in Carolina by September 1702, and Governor Moore convinced the provincial assembly in September 1702 to fund an expedition against St."}], "Q4872317": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saraighat was a naval battle fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire (led by the Kachwaha raja, Ram Singh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India."}, {"id": "Q2308237", "label": "Ahom Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saraighat was a naval battle fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire (led by the Kachwaha raja, Ram Singh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India."}, {"id": "Q3631757", "label": "Lachit Borphukan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Saraighat was a naval battle fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire (led by the Kachwaha raja, Ram Singh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India."}, {"id": "Q4871290", "label": "Battle of Itakhuli", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Mughals managed to regain Guwahati briefly later after a Borphukan deserted it, the Ahoms wrested control in the Battle of Itakhuli in 1682 and maintained it till the end of their rule."}], "Q5037051": [{"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Pensacola took place in May 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance when a French force led by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville took and occupied the settlement of Pensacola in the Spanish colony of Florida."}, {"id": "Q55266", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Pensacola took place in May 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance when a French force led by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville took and occupied the settlement of Pensacola in the Spanish colony of Florida."}], "Q716425": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lwów or Battle of Lesienice or Battle of Lviv refers to a battle between the armies of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\nand Ottoman Empire that took place near the city of Lwów (Lviv, western Ukraine) on August 24, 1675."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lwów or Battle of Lesienice or Battle of Lviv refers to a battle between the armies of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\nand Ottoman Empire that took place near the city of Lwów (Lviv, western Ukraine) on August 24, 1675."}], "Q721676": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warka occurred on April 7, 1656 between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by Stefan Czarniecki, and the forces of the Swedish Empire, commanded by Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warka occurred on April 7, 1656 between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by Stefan Czarniecki, and the forces of the Swedish Empire, commanded by Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach."}, {"id": "Q62884", "label": "Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warka occurred on April 7, 1656 between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by Stefan Czarniecki, and the forces of the Swedish Empire, commanded by Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Jaroslaw, which took place on March 15, 1656, Swedish forces under king Charles X Gustav found themselves in a difficult situation."}], "Q897302": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Podhajce (October 6–16, 1667) was fought in the town of Podhajce in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (nowadays Pidhaitsi, western Ukraine), and the area surrounding it as part of the Polish–Tatar War."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "lead", "says": "The army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under John III Sobieski, totaling around 9,000 men, defeated Tatar and Cossack forces under Petro Doroshenko and Adil Giray, which totaled around 35,000 men."}, {"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "The army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under John III Sobieski, totaling around 9,000 men, defeated Tatar and Cossack forces under Petro Doroshenko and Adil Giray, which totaled around 35,000 men."}, {"id": "Q2469274", "label": "Adil Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under John III Sobieski, totaling around 9,000 men, defeated Tatar and Cossack forces under Petro Doroshenko and Adil Giray, which totaled around 35,000 men."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 31, 1667 the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia signed the Treaty of Andrusovo."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same period Petro Doroshenko, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine, in order to establish his rule in Right-bank Ukraine, signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed IV that recognized the Cossack Hetmanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same period Petro Doroshenko, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine, in order to establish his rule in Right-bank Ukraine, signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed IV that recognized the Cossack Hetmanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same period Petro Doroshenko, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine, in order to establish his rule in Right-bank Ukraine, signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed IV that recognized the Cossack Hetmanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "To further increase his military strength Doroshenko allied with Adil Giray, the khan of the Crimean Khanate."}], "Q9172660": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vilnius took place on 16 April 1702 in Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vilnius took place on 16 April 1702 in Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, during the Great Northern War."}], "Q982754": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loyew (Belarusian: Бітва пад Лоевам, Ukrainian: Битва під Лоєвом, Polish: Bitwa pod Łojowem; 6 July 1651) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Cossack Hetmanate as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loyew (Belarusian: Бітва пад Лоевам, Ukrainian: Битва під Лоєвом, Polish: Bitwa pod Łojowem; 6 July 1651) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Cossack Hetmanate as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loyew (Belarusian: Бітва пад Лоевам, Ukrainian: Битва під Лоєвом, Polish: Bitwa pod Łojowem; 6 July 1651) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Cossack Hetmanate as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "Near the site of the present-day town of Loyew on the Sozh River in Belarus, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Prince Janusz Radziwiłł and Mirski attacked and defeated a forces of the Zaporozhian Cossacks under the command of Colonels Martyn Nebaba, Stepan Pobodailo and Prokip Shumeyko with Lytvynenko."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Just a few weeks after the Battle of Berestechko, Bohdan Khmelnytsky managed to gather the scattered Cossacks and, supported by the Tatars, once again posed a serious threat."}], "Q1453186": [{"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 30 September 1681 was a 2-hour fight that took place on 30 September 1681 near Cape St Vincent, and was a victory for the Spanish over Brandenburg-Prussia, which suffered 10 dead and 30 wounded."}], "Q15830532": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sokolka took place on April 23, 1709, near the town of Poltava, Ukraine, during the ninth year of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish army of close to 3,000 cavalry under the command of Carl Gustaf Kruse and 3,500 Cossacks of Kost Gordiyenko and Ivan Mazepa launched a surprise attack on a Russian camp of about 3,000 cavalrymen and 2,000 Cossacks under Karl Evald von Rönne."}], "Q16253643": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grodno (1708) was the first battle of the Swedish invasion of Russia on 26 January 1708, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Grodno was a city of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at this time."}], "Q1772463": [{"id": "Q336813", "label": "Patrick Sarsfield", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch States Army dragoons, led by Hans Bentinck and supported by Williamite civilians, routed an Irish Army detachment under Patrick Sarsfield from the town in one of only two substantial battles fought in England during the Glorious Revolution."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 November 1688, William of Orange, the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, landed in Torbay, Devon at the head of a Williamite army to overthrow the unpopular James II of England."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 November 1688, William of Orange, the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, landed in Torbay, Devon at the head of a Williamite army to overthrow the unpopular James II of England."}], "Q18162684": [{"id": "Q18206397", "label": "Herat Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kafer Qal'eh (Persian: نبرد کافر قلعه) was a series of clashes which decided the outcome to the Herat Campaign."}, {"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "Background", "says": "A previous incursion by Nader had resulted in the sacking of Sangan and a tactical victory against an Abdali army sent against him though he did not move to annex any new territory after his minor triumph and left for Mashad. his plans were disrupted when his Shah, Tahmasp II declared he was a traitor and forced him into a brief conflict which Nader won, establishing his authority over the prince."}], "Q18205170": [{"id": "Q562502", "label": "Ashraf Hotaki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khwar Pass (Persian: نبرد سردر خوار) was a failed ambush set up by Ashraf Hotaki during his retreat following his defeat at the Battle of Damghan (1729)."}, {"id": "Q2888384", "label": "Battle of Damghan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khwar Pass (Persian: نبرد سردر خوار) was a failed ambush set up by Ashraf Hotaki during his retreat following his defeat at the Battle of Damghan (1729)."}], "Q18205176": [{"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sangan (Persian: نبرد سنگان, romanized: Nabard-e Sangān), was an engagement involving the Loyalist forces of Tahmasp II of Safavid Iran led by Nader and the Abdali Afghan tribes in and further beyond southern Khorasan in the autumn of 1727."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sangan (Persian: نبرد سنگان, romanized: Nabard-e Sangān), was an engagement involving the Loyalist forces of Tahmasp II of Safavid Iran led by Nader and the Abdali Afghan tribes in and further beyond southern Khorasan in the autumn of 1727."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "It was reunified under the capable general, Tahmasp Qoli Khan (the eventual Nader Shah)."}], "Q2236909": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Esztergom was a military conflict on August 16, 1685, between the armies of the Holy Roman Empire, particularly Imperial Austrian troops, and the Ottoman Empire during the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Esztergom was a military conflict on August 16, 1685, between the armies of the Holy Roman Empire, particularly Imperial Austrian troops, and the Ottoman Empire during the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Esztergom was a military conflict on August 16, 1685, between the armies of the Holy Roman Empire, particularly Imperial Austrian troops, and the Ottoman Empire during the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q321546", "label": "Charles of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1685 they went to the Neuhäusel under their general Charles of Lorraine."}], "Q2382755": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Haverhill was a military engagement that took place on August 29, 1708, during Queen Anne's War."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "French, Algonquin, and Abenaki warriors under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville descended on Haverhill, then a small frontier community in the Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "When Queen Anne's War (as the War of the Spanish Succession was called in the colonies of British America) broke out in 1702, it sparked war on the already tense frontier between the English colonies of New England and the colonies of New France, including Acadia and Canada."}, {"id": "Q258532", "label": "British America", "section": "Background", "says": "When Queen Anne's War (as the War of the Spanish Succession was called in the colonies of British America) broke out in 1702, it sparked war on the already tense frontier between the English colonies of New England and the colonies of New France, including Acadia and Canada."}], "Q269479": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place near Köbölkút, Kingdom of Hungary in present day Gbelce in Slovakia and was an absolute Ottoman victory."}], "Q2887948": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lines of Elvas (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛlvɐʃ]), was fought on 14 January 1659, in Elvas, between Portugal and Spain during the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lines of Elvas (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛlvɐʃ]), was fought on 14 January 1659, in Elvas, between Portugal and Spain during the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip IV of Spain sought to end the conflict by laying siege to and capturing a major Portuguese position, thereby luring out and destroying any Portuguese army that tried to aid the embattled garrison."}, {"id": "Q2889392", "label": "Battle of Montijo", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Elvas was chosen as a target due to the threat it posed to the Spanish city of Badajoz, as seen during the Battle of Montijo in 1644 when a Portuguese army based at Elvas had crossed the border, raided Spanish towns, and attacked a Spanish army."}], "Q2888037": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Uddevalla took place at Uddevalla on August 28, 1677 as part of the Scanian War."}], "Q2889422": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mulhouse took place on 29 December 1674 in Alsace, part of Turenne's Winter Campaign during the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q1143181", "label": "Battle of Entzheim", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the inconclusive Battle of Entzheim on 4 October, the Imperial army took up winter quarters around Colmar."}, {"id": "Q1001093", "label": "Battle of Turckheim", "section": "lead", "says": "Another French victory at the Battle of Turckheim on 5 January 1675 forced the Imperials to withdraw from Alsace."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1667–1668 War of Devolution, France captured most of the Spanish Netherlands before the Triple Alliance of the Dutch Republic, England and Sweden forced them to relinquish most of these gains at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis XIV now decided achieving his objectives in the Netherlands was best done by attacking the Dutch directly."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "When France invaded the Dutch Republic in May 1672, at first it seemed they had won an overwhelming victory."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "However, by July the Dutch position had stabilised, while concern at French gains brought them support from Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q686601", "label": "Alexander von Bournonville", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the next two years, he won a series of victories over superior Imperial forces led by Alexander von Bournonville and Raimondo Montecuccoli, the one commander contemporaries considered his equal."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "Background", "says": "Over the next two years, he won a series of victories over superior Imperial forces led by Alexander von Bournonville and Raimondo Montecuccoli, the one commander contemporaries considered his equal."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "France was over-extended, a problem that increased when Denmark–Norway joined the Alliance in January, 1674, while England and the Dutch Republic made peace in the February Treaty of Westminster."}], "Q3079017": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Port Royal consisted of two separate attempts in 1707 by the British New England Colonies to conquer the French colony of Acadia by capturing its capital of Port-Royal during Queen Anne's War."}], "Q3791537": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack on Marstrand was a successful Dano-Norwegian siege of the Swedish town of Marstrand and Carlsten fortress which took place between July 10 and July 16, 1719 during the end of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q699748", "label": "Peter Tordenskjold", "section": "lead", "says": "After a Dano-Norwegian assault on northern Bohuslän, ships under the command of Peter Tordenskjold attacked the Swedes at Marstrand harbor and the immobile ships of the Swedish Gothenburg Fleet."}, {"id": "Q161059", "label": "Frederik IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "The peace talks in Stockholm failed, and King Frederick IV of Denmark ordered his troops to attack Sweden."}], "Q3874305": [{"id": "Q1395045", "label": "Galdan Boshugtu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "A Dzungar-Mongol army under the command of Galdan Boshugtu Khan was defeated by Qing armies personally led by the Kangxi Emperor."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "A Dzungar-Mongol army under the command of Galdan Boshugtu Khan was defeated by Qing armies personally led by the Kangxi Emperor."}, {"id": "Q6808293", "label": "Dzungar–Qing War", "section": "lead", "says": "This decisive Qing victory in the early stages of the Dzungar–Qing Wars (1687–1758) effectively incorporated Khalkha Mongolia under Qing rule and relegated Dzungar Mongol forces to Inner Asia until they were finally defeated in 1758."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "This decisive Qing victory in the early stages of the Dzungar–Qing Wars (1687–1758) effectively incorporated Khalkha Mongolia under Qing rule and relegated Dzungar Mongol forces to Inner Asia until they were finally defeated in 1758."}, {"id": "Q735871", "label": "Zanabazar", "section": "Background", "says": "In defiance of orders from the Kangxi Emperor and the 5th Dalai Lama, Galdan swept eastward into Khalka territory in 1688, forcing the Khalkha Buddhist spiritual leader, Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Zanabazar and nearly 20,000 Khalkha refugees to flee south into present day Inner Mongolia and seek the protection of the Kangxi Emperor."}, {"id": "Q4087470", "label": "Battle of Ulan Butung", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Qing successfully lured Galdan's forces closer to Beijing with promises of negotiating a peace treaty, Khalkha troops supported by the Qing army ambushed them in September 1690 at the Battle of Ulan Butung, 350 kilometers directly north of Beijing near the western headwaters of the Liao River."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1691, the three Khalkha rulers declared themselves Qing vassals at Dolon Nor, ending the last remnants of the Yuan dynasty and allowing the Qing to assume the mantle of the Genghisid khans and merge the Khalkha forces into the Qing army."}], "Q4087382": [{"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "It involved a 9,000 strong army, which consisted of Crimean Tatars and a unit of Zaporozhian Cossacks loyal to Petro Doroshenko against a pro-Polish regiment of the Cossack Hetman Mykhailo Khanenko."}, {"id": "Q743814", "label": "Mykhailo Khanenko", "section": "lead", "says": "It involved a 9,000 strong army, which consisted of Crimean Tatars and a unit of Zaporozhian Cossacks loyal to Petro Doroshenko against a pro-Polish regiment of the Cossack Hetman Mykhailo Khanenko."}], "Q4087389": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Myadel took place on February 8, 1659, during the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, near the town of Myadzel, in present-day Belarus."}, {"id": "Q2991218", "label": "Paweł Jan Sapieha", "section": "Background", "says": "Many of the nobles (szlachta), however, followed the appeal of Hetman Paweł Jan Sapieha to join the Commonwealth army."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "After the signing of the treaty of Valiesar the Russian army could bring its troops to Lithuania that were so far involved in fighting the Swedes."}], "Q4337448": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Smolensk was one of the first great events of the Russo-Polish War (1654–67)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Smolensk, which had been under the rule of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during 1404–1514 and since 1611, was besieged by a Russian-Cossack army in June 1654."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish garrison of the city (commanded by Smolensk Voivode Filip Obuchowicz) hoped to get reinforcements from the army of Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655), stationed in Orsha."}, {"id": "Q2657186", "label": "Battle of Shklow", "section": "lead", "says": "Its situation worsened when Radziwiłł suffered a defeat from Prince Yakov Cherkassky in the Battle of Shklow."}], "Q4502462": [{"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Salween River (Chinese: 喀喇烏蘇之戰) was fought in September 1718 close to the Nagqu (i.e., Salween River) in Tibet, between an expedition of the Qing dynasty to Lhasa and a Dzungar Khanate force that blocked its path."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "After Tsering Dhondup conquered Tibet in 1717 on the orders of his cousin, the Dzungar Khong Tayiji Tsewang Rabtan, the Qing Kangxi Emperor ordered his generals to muster an army and expel the Dzungars and their supporters from Tibet but the enormous distances and logistical difficulties prevented an immediate reaction."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "Both forces fought in the open field but the Dzungars killed Erentei during the battle and the Chinese were pushed back into their camp where the Oirats and Tibetans kept them under a tight siege."}], "Q46003": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rajovka took place on 20 September 1708 near Rayevka, Smolensk during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After having fought the battle of Malatitze the victorious Swedish army marched towards Tatarsk (Smolensk Oblast) in order to fight the Russians under tsar Peter I."}, {"id": "Q350346", "label": "Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt", "section": "Prelude", "says": "To draw their attention towards himself, rather than the supply convoy under general Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt which Charles presumed was close, he decided to force the Russians away."}], "Q481518": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rauge took place on 15 September 1701 near Rõuge, Livonia during the Great Northern War in which the Swedes defeated the numerically superior Russians."}], "Q4870686": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cenei (1696) took place in the Banat of Temeswar (Timișoara/Temeshvar) between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire."}, {"id": "Q199659", "label": "Mustafa II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman army was led by Sultan Mustafa II."}], "Q4870824": [{"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Background", "says": "After the ending of the Anglo-Dutch War, Oliver Cromwell turned his attention to England's traditional enemy, Spain."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "He was seeking a return to a policy of attacks on Spanish trade and shipping routes, whose success in the time of Elizabeth I had acquired a legendary status."}, {"id": "Q320959", "label": "Robert Blake", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1655, Robert Blake had blockaded the port of Cádiz in the hope of intercepting a Spanish treasure fleet, but it did not sail and remained in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "In August 1655, Robert Blake had blockaded the port of Cádiz in the hope of intercepting a Spanish treasure fleet, but it did not sail and remained in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "From Tangier the best ships in the fleet sailed to Lisbon to support the ratification of a treaty between Portugal and England, before returning full attention to the blockade."}], "Q4871016": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Filipów was fought on October 22, 1656 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Lithuanian Hetman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussia forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock and Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck."}, {"id": "Q2454796", "label": "Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Filipów was fought on October 22, 1656 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Lithuanian Hetman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussia forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock and Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Filipów was fought on October 22, 1656 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Lithuanian Hetman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussia forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock and Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck."}, {"id": "Q968941", "label": "Gustaf Otto Stenbock", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Filipów was fought on October 22, 1656 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Lithuanian Hetman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussia forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock and Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck."}, {"id": "Q62507", "label": "George Frederick of Waldeck-Eisenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Filipów was fought on October 22, 1656 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Lithuanian Hetman Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski on one side, and on the other allied Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussia forces commanded by Gustaf Otto Stenbock and Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck."}, {"id": "Q693388", "label": "Battle of Prostken", "section": "lead", "says": "After their victory in the Battle of Prostki, the Lithuanian - Tatar forces began widespread looting of the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After their victory in the Battle of Prostki, the Lithuanian - Tatar forces began widespread looting of the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon afterwards, Crimean Tatar units, allied to Poland–Lithuania headed back to their homeland, and the Commonwealth army shrank to some 8,500."}, {"id": "Q694375", "label": "Bogusław Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to this decision, Lithuanian losses were negligent, with one exception of Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł, who had been captured in Prostki, and who was released in Filipów."}], "Q4871024": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a major element in ongoing frontier hostilities between English colonists from the Province of Carolina and Spanish Florida, and it was a prelude to more organized military actions of Queen Anne's War."}], "Q4871290": [{"id": "Q2308237", "label": "Ahom Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Itakhuli was fought in August 1682 between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire in an area that is in modern-day Assam."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Itakhuli was fought in August 1682 between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire in an area that is in modern-day Assam."}], "Q4871398": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kassa was fought on October 18, 1685, in the city of Kassa in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Košice in Slovakia), between the armies of the Ottoman Empire and of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kassa was fought on October 18, 1685, in the city of Kassa in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Košice in Slovakia), between the armies of the Ottoman Empire and of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kassa was fought on October 18, 1685, in the city of Kassa in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Košice in Slovakia), between the armies of the Ottoman Empire and of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q255150", "label": "Aeneas de Caprara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Commander, Field Marshal Aeneas de Caprara, defeated the Ottoman Army near the city and with this victory regained Habsburg control of which had been lost in 1682 to the Kuruc leader Imre Thököly."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Commander, Field Marshal Aeneas de Caprara, defeated the Ottoman Army near the city and with this victory regained Habsburg control of which had been lost in 1682 to the Kuruc leader Imre Thököly."}], "Q4871456": [{"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kitombo was a military engagement between forces of the BaKongo state of Soyo, formerly a province of the Kingdom of Kongo, and the Portuguese colony of Angola on 18 October 1670."}, {"id": "Q1752752", "label": "Battle of Mbwila", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1665 a Portuguese army invaded the Kingdom and defeated its army at the Battle of Mbwila."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "In return, he promised Portugal money, mineral concessions and the right to build a fortress in Soyo to keep out the Dutch."}], "Q4871844": [{"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "Bhim Chand was supported by Guru Gobind Singh (the tenth Sikh Guru) and the Mughals were supported by other hill chieftains, notably Kirpal Chand from Kangra and Dayal Chand from Bijharwal."}, {"id": "Q4870478", "label": "Battle of Bhangani", "section": "lead", "says": "Bhim Chand and some hill chieftains, after the conclusion of the Battle of Bhangani, had refused to pay tribute to the Mughal emperor which led to the battle at Nadaun."}, {"id": "Q860407", "label": "Kahlur State", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle resulted in the victory of Bilaspur State and Sikh alliance."}], "Q4871943": [{"id": "Q2467381", "label": "Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valkininkai (Lithuanian: Valkininkų mūšis, Polish: Bitwa pod Olkienikami) took place on November 18, 1700, during the Lithuanian Civil War, between forces of the Sapieha family, led by Michał Franciszek Sapieha, and an anti-Sapieha coalition of Wiśniowiecki, Ogiński, Radziwiłł and Pac families and their supporters (including a pospolite ruszenie of Lithuanian and Samogitian szlachta)"}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the second half of the 16th century the Sapieha family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had risen to prominence and attained a premier rank among the magnate families of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the second half of the 16th century the Sapieha family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had risen to prominence and attained a premier rank among the magnate families of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q53437", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "section": "Background", "says": "The volatile situation was furthered acerbated by the actions of the King of Poland, Augustus II the Strong."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustus aimed to transform the weak position of the Polish-Lithuanian monarch into one based on the then current Western (and Russian) model of an absolute monarch."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "He saw the potential conflict in Lithuania as a possible excuse for an intervention which could then be utilized to strengthen royal power, as well as a means of weakening powerful magnate families in the region."}, {"id": "Q2453437", "label": "Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Younger", "section": "Background", "says": "Augustus allowed the Grand Hetman of Lithuania, Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Younger to conscript further forces for the Sapieha's private army, while at the same time he issued proclamations calling on the lesser nobility to defend their ancient privileges."}], "Q4872000": [{"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pavan Khind (  PAAVANKHIND) was a rearguard last stand that took place in September 1660, at a mountain pass in the vicinity of Vishalgad between the forces of the Maratha and the pursuing Bijapur Sultanate forces."}, {"id": "Q4724556", "label": "Ali Adil Shah II", "section": "Background", "says": "When Ali Adil Shah II learned of Jauhar’s secret dealings with Shivaji, he was furious."}], "Q4872090": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Port Royal was fought on 19 May 1690 at Port Royal, the capital of Acadia, during King William's War."}, {"id": "Q1896325", "label": "William Phips", "section": "lead", "says": "The New Englanders, led by Sir William Phips, after alleging Acadian violations of the terms of surrender, plundered the town and the fort."}, {"id": "Q7283760", "label": "Raid on Salmon Falls", "section": "lead", "says": "After the New Englanders sacked Pentagouet, the Wabanaki Confederacy retaliated with raids along the New England border (See Siege of Pemaquid (1689) and Raid on Salmon Falls) ."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nine Years' War, begun in 1688 in Europe, widened to include the Kingdom of England in 1689 as part of the alliance against France."}], "Q494840": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Limerick in western Ireland was a second siege of the town during the Williamite War in Ireland (1689–1691)."}], "Q562324": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Poznań took place on August 9, 1704 in Poznań, Poland during the Great Northern War."}], "Q654441": [{"id": "Q698985", "label": "Ottoman Wars in Europe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vezekény (Hungarian: vezekényi csata) occurred during the 17th century Ottoman Wars in Europe."}], "Q720886": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gołąb was fought on either 18 or 19 February 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Stefan Czarniecki on one side, and on the other Swedish Empire's army commanded by Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gołąb was fought on either 18 or 19 February 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Stefan Czarniecki on one side, and on the other Swedish Empire's army commanded by Charles X Gustav."}], "Q9172327": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Andros took place on 22 August 1696 west of the Ottoman island of Andros between the fleets of the Republic of Venice and the Papal States under Bartolomeo Contarini on the one side, and the Ottoman Navy under Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha as well as Barbary vassals on the other."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Andros took place on 22 August 1696 west of the Ottoman island of Andros between the fleets of the Republic of Venice and the Papal States under Bartolomeo Contarini on the one side, and the Ottoman Navy under Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha as well as Barbary vassals on the other."}, {"id": "Q3133071", "label": "Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Andros took place on 22 August 1696 west of the Ottoman island of Andros between the fleets of the Republic of Venice and the Papal States under Bartolomeo Contarini on the one side, and the Ottoman Navy under Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha as well as Barbary vassals on the other."}], "Q1033722": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Łowicz on August 25, 1656 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Crimean Khanate commanded by Stefan Czarniecki on one side,  and on the other Swedish forces commanded by Hans Böddeker."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Łowicz on August 25, 1656 between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Crimean Khanate commanded by Stefan Czarniecki on one side,  and on the other Swedish forces commanded by Hans Böddeker."}], "Q11688191": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of Jan III Sobieski’s autumn expedition, aimed at destruction of mounted Tatar units, which plundered southeastern provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}], "Q11688208": [{"id": "Q269774", "label": "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mątwy (Polish: Bitwa pod Mątwami) was the biggest and bloodiest battle of the so-called Lubomirski Rokosz, a rebellion against Polish King John II Casimir, initiated by a magnate and hetman, Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The royal army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost almost 4000 of its best and most experienced soldiers, who were murdered by Lubomirski's men."}], "Q1195414": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jarosław took place during the Deluge (part of the Second Northern War) on March 15, 1656."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the command of Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Swedish forces commanded by Charles X Gustav of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q269774", "label": "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 11, first Swedish units reached the town of Jaroslaw, where they defeated a regiment of Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, which guarded the river crossings."}, {"id": "Q1337696", "label": "Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge", "section": "lead", "says": "Then he attacked Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, who came to rescue the reiters."}], "Q12717505": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks, part of Queen Anne's War (the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession), resulted in the burning of the town, and caused most of its Indian population to flee, although the fort withstood repeated attacks."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks, part of Queen Anne's War (the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession), resulted in the burning of the town, and caused most of its Indian population to flee, although the fort withstood repeated attacks."}], "Q1470965": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Érsekújvár, also known as the Siege of Uyvar or the Siege of Neuhäusel, occurred in 1663 when Grand Vizier Fazil Ahmed Pasha, who led the Ottomans, invaded Habsburg Hungary and captured the Hungarian fortress at Érsekújvár (Hungarian: Érsekújvár, German: Neuhäus[e]l, Latin: Novum Castrum, Turkish: Uyvar, modern Nové Zámky in southern Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the first half of the 17th century, a stalemate was reached between the Ottoman Empire and Austrian monarchy."}, {"id": "Q708458", "label": "John Kemény", "section": "Background", "says": "John Kemény, the Habsburg candidate to the throne of Transylvania, was trying to defeat the Ottoman vassal Michael I Apafi."}, {"id": "Q550811", "label": "Michael I Apafi", "section": "Background", "says": "John Kemény, the Habsburg candidate to the throne of Transylvania, was trying to defeat the Ottoman vassal Michael I Apafi."}], "Q1497920": [{"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement ended with the capture of the town of Nauen by Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q695057", "label": "Battle of Fehrbellin", "section": "lead", "says": "The decisive military victory in favour of Brandenburg, however, took place at the Battle of Fehrbellin on the following day."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background to the engagement", "says": "In December 1674 a Swedish army from Swedish Pomerania invaded the undefended March of Brandenburg and triggered the Swedish-Brandenburg War."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "Background to the engagement", "says": "However it was not until June 1675 that the Brandenburg army marched from Franconia, where it had been fighting the French as part of the Reichsarmee during the Franco-Dutch War, and returned home to liberate the occupied state."}, {"id": "Q2237215", "label": "Battle of Rathenow", "section": "Background to the engagement", "says": "The situation suddenly changed when the Brandenburg army succeed in recapturing this strategically important location at the Battle of Rathenow."}], "Q15646676": [{"id": "Q699748", "label": "Peter Tordenskjold", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danes were led by the famous Peter Tordenskjold."}], "Q167971": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye took place on 20–22 February 1709 (Gregorian calendar), in the Swedish campaign of Russia during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish troops were directly led by Charles XII of Sweden who pursued a force of Russians commanded by Otto Rudolf von der Schaumburg from the minor battle of Krasnokutsk to the town of Gorodnoye (Horodnje) where a new battle took place, with the Russians now commanded by Karl Evald von Rönne."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Towards the end of the 17th century, Russia, Denmark–Norway and Saxony formed a coalition against the Swedish Empire in order to regain what was lost in earlier wars."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Towards the end of the 17th century, Russia, Denmark–Norway and Saxony formed a coalition against the Swedish Empire in order to regain what was lost in earlier wars."}, {"id": "Q663359", "label": "Battle of Holowczyn", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He defeated the Russians at the Battle of Holowczyn which allowed the Swedish army to continue its march towards Moscow."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, once having reached Tatarsk, Smolensk Oblast (not far from Smolensk), the Swedish king changed direction due to inadequate provisions, now heading for fertile Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate)."}, {"id": "Q16253704", "label": "Battle of Oposhnya", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He defeated an army under Otto Rudolf von der Schaumburg at the Battle of Oposhnya on 8 February and another one at Khukhra on 19 February, which cleared the way for a march on the Russian main army at Okhtyrka."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In response to this, Peter I ordered the bulk of his infantry to evacuate Okhtyrka to avoid a decisive engagement, before leaving his army for Voronezh."}], "Q16858564": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Koroncó took place on 13 June 1704 at Koroncó in Győr County, Hungary between the Kurucs (Hungarians) and the army of Habsburg Empire (Germans, Danes, Serbs, Croats)."}, {"id": "Q1123522", "label": "Sándor Károlyi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "General Sándor Károlyi won the battle of Smolenice and László Ocskay defeated the Danish auxiliaries in the battle of Biskupice."}], "Q2046522": [{"id": "Q2382738", "label": "Tymish Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Iași took place on May 1, 1653, during Moldavian campaign of Tymofiy Khmelnytsky."}, {"id": "Q220653", "label": "Vasile Lupu", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1653, the Cossack-Tatar corps led by Tymofiy Khmelnytsky entered the territory of Moldova to return the lost throne of the principality to his father-in-law Vasile Lupu."}], "Q20712931": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1694, Louis XIV committed more resources to his army in Catalonia, and Noailles managed to break the Spanish defenses, defeating the Spanish army at the battle of Torroella, on the banks of the Ter river, and seizing the ports of Roses, Palamós and Cadaqués, as well as the city of Girona."}], "Q21029691": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1661, the Moroccan city of Tangier, which had previously been part of the Portuguese Empire, passed under English control as part of the dowry of Charles II of England when he married Catherine of Braganza."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1661, the Moroccan city of Tangier, which had previously been part of the Portuguese Empire, passed under English control as part of the dowry of Charles II of England when he married Catherine of Braganza."}, {"id": "Q176253", "label": "Catherine of Braganza", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1661, the Moroccan city of Tangier, which had previously been part of the Portuguese Empire, passed under English control as part of the dowry of Charles II of England when he married Catherine of Braganza."}], "Q21244901": [{"id": "Q30600900", "label": "Battle of Sirhind", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chappar Chiri, also called Battle of Sirhind, was fought between Mughal Empire and the Sikhs on 12 May 1710 at Chappar Chiri, located 20 kilometers from Sirhind."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chappar Chiri, also called Battle of Sirhind, was fought between Mughal Empire and the Sikhs on 12 May 1710 at Chappar Chiri, located 20 kilometers from Sirhind."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sikhs were planning to wage dharamyudh against the city of Sirhind, its regions deputy-governor Wazir Khan and his chief-clerk Sucha Nand, to avenge Mughal oppression and the execution of the two young children of Guru Gobind Singh."}], "Q2237139": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wesenberg took place on 26 June 1704 close to Rakvere (Wesenberg) during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q553553", "label": "Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish cavalry force of 1,400 men under the command of Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach retreated before Carl Ewald von Rönnes larger force."}], "Q2340910": [{"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Brailov (Ukrainian: Битва під Браїловим, Polish: Bitwa pod Braiłowem) was the first battle of the Polish–Cossack–Tatar war that took place on 19 December 1666 between the joint Cossack-Tatar army led by Petro Doroshenko and the Polish-Lithuanian army led by Sebastian Machowski."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Background", "says": "A peace talks were helt between Russian Tsardom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the year 1666 about the partition of Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper river."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Fearing this, Petro Doroshenko has signed an alliance with the Crimean Khanate in order to maintain independence of the Right-Bank Ukraine from Poland-Lithuania."}], "Q2377625": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Strömstad took place on July 19, 1717 at Strömstad during the Great Northern War."}], "Q2888187": [{"id": "Q4870928", "label": "Battle of Drumclog", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 June 1679, Claverhouse had encountered such a gathering near Loudoun Hill, but his troops were routed by armed Covenanters at the Battle of Drumclog, and he was forced to flee to Glasgow; this marked the beginning of the Covenanter rebellion of 1679."}], "Q2888264": [{"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Castelo Rodrigo, also known as the Battle of Salgadela, was fought on 7 July 1664, near Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, between Spanish and Portuguese as part of the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "It is told that Osuna and John of Austria the Younger, escaped disguised as monks."}], "Q2889584": [{"id": "Q34481", "label": "Francesco Morosini", "section": "Background", "says": "It consisted of twenty eight sailing ships (under the Capitano delle Navi Luca Francesco Barbaro, with Dolfin and Girolamo Battaglia as his deputies), six galleasses (under the Capitano delle Galleazze and future Doge of Venice, Francesco Morosini) and twenty four galleys (Mocenigo, with the Provveditore all'Armata Molin as second in command)."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottoman fleet, under the Kapudan Pasha, Hosambegzade Ali Pasha, sailed from the Dardanelles on 21 June, numbering 55 sailing ships, 53 galleys, and 6 mahones (galleasses)."}], "Q2890597": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "John took place on July 14, 1696, between France and England toward the end of King William's War in the Bay of Fundy off present-day Saint John, New Brunswick."}], "Q2937688": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Pemaquid occurred during King William's War when French and Native forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine), a community on the border with Acadia."}, {"id": "Q2896036", "label": "Benjamin Church", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The fort was rebuilt under the direction of Captain John March with the assistance of Benjamin Church."}], "Q30717015": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rhine campaign of 1713 was a successful French military campaign against the Holy Roman Empire, the sole remaining member of the once-formidable Grand Alliance which had refused to make peace with France."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign, which did not result in any pitched battles, ended with French forces besieging and capturing the fortified cities of Landau and Freiburg im Breisgau, which exposed the Palatinate, Württemberg and Swabia to French occupation and compelled the Emperor to sue for peace."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 11 April 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between most participants in the War of the Spanish Succession: Spain and France against Great Britain, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 11 April 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between most participants in the War of the Spanish Succession: Spain and France against Great Britain, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q154674", "label": "Peace of Utrecht", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A powerful faction in the Habsburg court (the so-called \"Spanish party\") was extremely vexed at having effectively lost the Spanish throne (seen as the war's principal stake and prize) when their allies recognized Philip V in the Peace of Utrecht, and only begrudgingly withdrew Imperial forces from Spain (the aggrieved Charles would style himself King of Spain and the Indies until 1725)."}], "Q30742449": [{"id": "Q276938", "label": "Ismail Ibn Sharif", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the armies of the Alaouite Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif and those of the Regency of Algiers commanded by the Bey of Mascara, Mustapha Bouchelaghem."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the armies of the Alaouite Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif and those of the Regency of Algiers commanded by the Bey of Mascara, Mustapha Bouchelaghem."}], "Q3606777": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an indecisive engagement, part of the Great Northern War."}], "Q3636587": [{"id": "Q211681", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Preston (9–14 November 1715) was the final action of the Jacobite rising of 1715, an attempt to put James Francis Edward Stuart on the British throne in place of George I."}], "Q4087393": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pererîta was a clash between the troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turkish–Tatar detachments on 13 September 1691 in the village of Pererîta, located in present-day Moldova."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Polish campaign against Moldavia, taking place within the broader context of the Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) and the Great Turkish War, and resulted in a Polish–Lithuanian victory."}], "Q4337386": [{"id": "Q561414", "label": "Ivan Vyhovskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "With the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ivan Vyhovsky became the new hetman of Ukraine."}], "Q4337389": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Storm of Kokenhusen by the Russian Army under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was one of the first events of the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658), a theater of the Second Northern War."}], "Q4337405": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mogilev of February–May 1655 was an unsuccessful siege of Mogilev (then in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, now in Belarus) under the control of the Russian side by Polish-Lithuanian forces during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Mogilev of February–May 1655 was an unsuccessful siege of Mogilev (then in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, now in Belarus) under the control of the Russian side by Polish-Lithuanian forces during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)."}], "Q445710": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kletsk took place on 30 April 1706 (Gregorian calendar), in- and outside the city of Kletsk, Belarus during Charles XII's Polish campaign of 1701–1706, in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q63362", "label": "Danylo Apostol", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish forces were led by Carl Gustaf Creutz who defeated a larger Russian–Cossack force under the command of Semjon Nepljujev and Danylo Apostol."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Towards the end of the 17th century Russia, Denmark–Norway and Saxony formed a coalition against the Swedish Empire in order to regain territory lost in earlier wars."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Towards the end of the 17th century Russia, Denmark–Norway and Saxony formed a coalition against the Swedish Empire in order to regain territory lost in earlier wars."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Swedish king, Charles XII, then invaded the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in his 1701–1706 campaign."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He forced Augustus the Strong from the Polish throne in 1704, replacing him with pro-Swedish Stanislaw Leszczynski."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This caused the Russian Czar, Peter the Great, to assemble an army to go to their assistance."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "He also ordered the Cossack Hetman, Ivan Mazepa – who at the time was an ally to Russia – to gather an army of 14,000 men to harass and disrupt the Swedish troops blockading Grodno."}], "Q4677392": [{"id": "Q3015062", "label": "Daniele Dolfin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mytilene was a naval battle that occurred on 8 September 1690 at Mytilene between a Venetian fleet under Daniele Dolfin and a combined Muslim fleet made up of Ottoman and Barbary ships."}], "Q4677406": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "War had been declared between the Ottoman Empire and Venice on 9 December 1714, although it wasn't until June 1715 that a Turkish fleet left the Dardanelles Strait."}], "Q4870737": [{"id": "Q232793", "label": "Marie Louise Gonzaga", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Polish Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga wanted to join her husband there but she needed the Polish armies to open a passage to Gdańsk through the blockading Swedish armies."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden was willing to allow her to cross over to her husband but she refused this courtesy, relying instead on her regimentarz Stefan Czarnieckki, stationed with his division at Piotrków Trybunalski."}, {"id": "Q2506397", "label": "Stanisław Potocki", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Also army divisions of grand Crown hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki and field crown hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński joined them at Chojnice about the same time."}], "Q4871051": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "During King William's War, on Major Benjamin Church's first expedition into Acadia, on September 21, 1689, he and 250 troops defended a group of English settlers trying to establish themselves at Falmouth, Maine (present-day Portland, Maine)."}], "Q4871401": [{"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Katole was a military engagement between forces of Portuguese Angola and the Kingdom of Matamba."}, {"id": "Q973988", "label": "Kingdom of Matamba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Katole was a military engagement between forces of Portuguese Angola and the Kingdom of Matamba."}], "Q4871475": [{"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Shivaji inherited a fiefdom (Marathi: jagir) from his father who served as a retainer for the Sultanate of Bijapur, which later formed the genesis of the Maratha Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "Shivaji offered passage and his service to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to invade the declining Sultanate of Bijapur."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He undertook military expeditions on behalf of the Mughal Empire for a brief duration."}, {"id": "Q19805959", "label": "Golconda Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golconda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers."}, {"id": "Q314394", "label": "Jyotirao Phule", "section": "lead", "says": "Shivaji's legacy was revived by Jyotirao Phule about two centuries after his death."}, {"id": "Q312555", "label": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak", "section": "lead", "says": "Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and appropriated by Hindutva activists."}], "Q4871509": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kłecko was fought on May 7, 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Regimentarz Stefan Czarniecki and Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and a Swedish force commanded by prince Adolf Johan av Pfalz-Zweibrücken."}, {"id": "Q269774", "label": "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kłecko was fought on May 7, 1656, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Regimentarz Stefan Czarniecki and Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and a Swedish force commanded by prince Adolf Johan av Pfalz-Zweibrücken."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "King Charles X Gustav, who had just managed to escape encirclement in the confluence of the Vistula and the San river, decided to head to Greater Poland, with 10,000 soldiers."}, {"id": "Q67194", "label": "Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The King himself left with 2,000 soldiers towards the besieged Gdańsk, while the remaining 8,000 under Gustav' brother, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, continued to chase the Poles."}], "Q4871702": [{"id": "Q6429210", "label": "Kongo Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Mbidizi River was a military engagement in June 1670 between forces of the County of Soyo and those of the Portuguese colony of Angola during the Kongo Civil War."}], "Q4872188": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1710 Battle of Rio de Janeiro was a failed raid by a French privateering fleet on the Portuguese colonial city of Rio de Janeiro in August 1710, during the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q4872215": [{"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "lead", "says": "36 were executed and others transported to Barbados, while unrest continued over the next two decades, culminating in the extended period of repression from 1679 to 1688 known as The Killing Time."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "Background", "says": "The Covenanter role in the disputes that led to the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant they were seen as a threat not only to the 1661 kirk settlement but the stability of the regime as a whole."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Close cultural, commercial and religious links between Scotland and the Dutch Republic meant these concerns heightened following the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665, while the war severely damaged the Scottish economy."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Close cultural, commercial and religious links between Scotland and the Dutch Republic meant these concerns heightened following the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665, while the war severely damaged the Scottish economy."}], "Q4872468": [{"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Shaista Khan, the Mughal nawab, was in the Deccan for more than three years fighting the Marathas, and their financial condition was dire."}], "Q4872670": [{"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Vilanova took place on 17 September 1658 during the Portuguese Restoration War near the Fort of São Luis de Gonzaga, located downstream from Tui on the southern bank of the Minho River."}, {"id": "Q1060796", "label": "John IV of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of King John IV of Portugal in 1656, various Spanish offensives were launched against Portuguese territory, mainly from Extremadura, but also from Galicia, where a second front was opened to force the Portuguese to divide their forces."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "He laid siege to the town of Salvatierra de Miño, occupied by Portugal since 1642, but the lack of forces that his army suffered forced him to lift the siege."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "Pimentel was seconded in the leadership of his army by don Baltasar de Rojas y Pantoja, Maestre de Campo General; and Maestre de Campo don Francisco de Castro, who had previous experience against Portuguese armies."}], "Q4872752": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wojnicz was fought around the medieval town of Wojnicz in Lesser Poland as part of the Second Northern War on October 3, 1655, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński and Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki on one side, and on the other, the invading Swedish forces commanded by King Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wojnicz was fought around the medieval town of Wojnicz in Lesser Poland as part of the Second Northern War on October 3, 1655, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński and Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki on one side, and on the other, the invading Swedish forces commanded by King Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q2506397", "label": "Stanisław Potocki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wojnicz was fought around the medieval town of Wojnicz in Lesser Poland as part of the Second Northern War on October 3, 1655, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński and Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki on one side, and on the other, the invading Swedish forces commanded by King Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wojnicz was fought around the medieval town of Wojnicz in Lesser Poland as part of the Second Northern War on October 3, 1655, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński and Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki on one side, and on the other, the invading Swedish forces commanded by King Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q608163", "label": "Siege of Kraków", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early stages of the Siege of Kraków, the Polish royal units of Hetman Lanckoronski decided to abandon the city, as the situation of the defenders was hopeless."}, {"id": "Q717241", "label": "Arvid Wittenberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish king Charles Gustav, who commanded the siege of Kraków, decided to chase the Poles, leaving Arvid Wittenberg with 8,000 soldiers in Krakow."}], "Q4872814": [{"id": "Q181333", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Kuruc-French army was equal in size to the combined Austrian, Danish and Serbian forces, Francis II Rákóczi went on the defense due to the inferior training of his troops."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian cavalry was thus capable of flanking the Hungarians on the left, forcing the Hungarians to retreat and crushing their cavalry in the process."}], "Q4872903": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a clear victory for Venice over the Ottoman Empire during the Cretan War."}], "Q5423108": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landing at Humlebæk took place on August 4, 1700, in the Swedish invasion of Denmark during the Great Northern War 1700–1721."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first offensive during the war by the Swedish army, and it was directly led by Charles XII of Sweden commanding the right flank and Arvid Horn together with Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld at the left."}, {"id": "Q434380", "label": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first offensive during the war by the Swedish army, and it was directly led by Charles XII of Sweden commanding the right flank and Arvid Horn together with Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld at the left."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden's competitors, Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland–Lithuania, tried to exploit this by forming a coalition in order to regain their earlier losses."}, {"id": "Q128983", "label": "George Rooke", "section": "Prelude", "says": "With the ran-across Flintrännan completed the Swedish ships met up with an English-Dutch combined fleet of 25 ships, commanded by George Rooke."}, {"id": "Q1582958", "label": "Hans Wachtmeister", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Instead of sending troops to help the occupied Holstein, Charles decided to land on Humlebæk which had been suggested by Carl Magnus Stuart and Hans Wachtmeister."}], "Q5452501": [{"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Anandpur was fought at Anandpur, between the armies of the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughal forces aided by the Nawab of Bahawalpur state, Rajas of the Sivalik Hills."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Cause", "says": "After some failed attempts to check the Guru's power, the Rajas teamed with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and his Governor Wazir Khan to help them against the Guru."}], "Q5600061": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Swamp Massacre or the Great Swamp Fight was a crucial battle fought during King Philip's War between the colonial militia of New England and the Narragansett people in December 1675."}, {"id": "Q391591", "label": "Roger Williams", "section": "Background", "says": "The Narragansetts remained officially neutral in the war due in part to the urging of Roger Williams, signing a neutrality treaty with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in October of 1675."}], "Q65164848": [{"id": "Q2995172", "label": "Aleksey Trubetskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon conquering the Lithuanian-Belarusian city, the Russian forces of Aleksey Trubetskoy proceeded to kill most of the inhabitants (about 15,000 people) in what has become known as the Trubetskoy massacre (Belarusian: Трубяцкая разня, romanized: Trubyatskaya raznya)."}, {"id": "Q525758", "label": "Treaty of Pereyaslav", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 January 1654, the Pereiaslav Agreement was concluded between Bohdan Khmelnytsky on behalf of the Cossack Hetmanate and Vasiliy Buturlin on behalf of tsar Alexis of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 January 1654, the Pereiaslav Agreement was concluded between Bohdan Khmelnytsky on behalf of the Cossack Hetmanate and Vasiliy Buturlin on behalf of tsar Alexis of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "Background", "says": "On 18 January 1654, the Pereiaslav Agreement was concluded between Bohdan Khmelnytsky on behalf of the Cossack Hetmanate and Vasiliy Buturlin on behalf of tsar Alexis of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hetmanate thereby effectively became a protectorate of the tsar, although still with extensive autonomy, in return for military assistance against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The main objective of the military campaign waged by the Muscovite forces was to capture the Grand Duchy of Lithuania east of the river Biarezina."}], "Q675324": [{"id": "Q3540197", "label": "Third English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wigan Lane was fought on 25 August 1651 during the Third English Civil War, between a Royalist army led by the Earl of Derby and forces loyal to the Commonwealth of England under Colonel Robert Lilburne."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wigan Lane was fought on 25 August 1651 during the Third English Civil War, between a Royalist army led by the Earl of Derby and forces loyal to the Commonwealth of England under Colonel Robert Lilburne."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Prelude", "says": "They agreed to restore him to the throne of England, which led to the Third English Civil War; although Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army won a series of victories over the Scots during the course of 1650, Charles II was crowned at Scone on 1 January 1651."}], "Q7431161": [{"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "The French raid was in retaliation for the Lachine massacre, an attack by Haudenosaunee forces on a village in New France."}, {"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "These skirmishes were related both to the Beaver Wars and the French struggle with the English for control of the fur trade in North America, as well as to King William's War between France and England."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "These skirmishes were related both to the Beaver Wars and the French struggle with the English for control of the fur trade in North America, as well as to King William's War between France and England."}, {"id": "Q125029", "label": "Louis de Buade de Frontenac", "section": "Background", "says": "New France's governor, Louis de Buade de Frontenac, organized an expedition from Montreal to attack English outposts to the south, as retaliation for English support of the Haudenosaunee and as a general expansion of the war against the northernmost English colonies."}], "Q819975": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Rügen was a major naval battle fought on August 8, 1715 off Jasmund on the Swedish island of Rügen (present-day Germany) during the Great Northern War."}], "Q820263": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Systerbäck took place on July 19, 1703 near the Sestra River during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q312536", "label": "Boris Sheremetev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish army under the command of Abraham Cronhjort had to pull back to escape encirclement of the much larger Russian force under Boris Sheremetev."}], "Q85745847": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hutong was a military conflict which occurred on 10 June 1658 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty and Joseon."}], "Q885253": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bloody Brook was fought on September 28, 1675 (September 18, 1675 OS) between an indigenous war party primarily composed of Pocumtuc warriors and other local indigenous people from the central Connecticut River valley, and the English colonial militia of the New England Confederation and their Mohegan allies during King Philip's War."}, {"id": "Q2896036", "label": "Benjamin Church", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Unlike the Connecticut Colony, the other colonies of New England did not utilize allied indigenous scouts or warriors until the final stages of the war, under Benjamin Church."}], "Q964544": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Swedish Empire forces had occupied the Polish capital without fighting in early September 1655 (see deluge)."}], "Q10671399": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Radom was fought on 2 February (O.S.) / 12 February (N.S.), as part of the Second Northern War and the Deluge, between the forces of the Swedish Empire commanded by Rutger von Ascheberg against the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Stanisław Witowski."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Radom was fought on 2 February (O.S.) / 12 February (N.S.), as part of the Second Northern War and the Deluge, between the forces of the Swedish Empire commanded by Rutger von Ascheberg against the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Stanisław Witowski."}, {"id": "Q569387", "label": "Rutger von Ascheberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Radom was fought on 2 February (O.S.) / 12 February (N.S.), as part of the Second Northern War and the Deluge, between the forces of the Swedish Empire commanded by Rutger von Ascheberg against the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Stanisław Witowski."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Radom was fought on 2 February (O.S.) / 12 February (N.S.), as part of the Second Northern War and the Deluge, between the forces of the Swedish Empire commanded by Rutger von Ascheberg against the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Stanisław Witowski."}], "Q113107465": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Derbent was the occupation of Derbent by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Persian War."}], "Q11794886": [{"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "Background", "says": "Lviv was besieged on September 20 by the Cossack army of Petro Doroshenko and the Turkish army of Kaplan Pasha (a total of about 50,000 soldiers)."}], "Q118154043": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalamata took place on 14 September 1685 between the expeditionary army of the Republic of Venice in the Morea, led by Hannibal von Degenfeld, and the forces of the Ottoman Empire, led by the Kapudan Pasha."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalamata took place on 14 September 1685 between the expeditionary army of the Republic of Venice in the Morea, led by Hannibal von Degenfeld, and the forces of the Ottoman Empire, led by the Kapudan Pasha."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalamata took place on 14 September 1685 between the expeditionary army of the Republic of Venice in the Morea, led by Hannibal von Degenfeld, and the forces of the Ottoman Empire, led by the Kapudan Pasha."}, {"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Morean War of 1684 – 1699."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "Background", "says": "Kalamata is attested since the 12th century and had a castle, which became the seat of a major barony of the Frankish Principality of Achaea after 1205."}, {"id": "Q1154983", "label": "First Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Ottoman conquest of the Morea in 1458–1460, Kalamata passed under Venetian rule, but was lost to the Ottomans during the First Ottoman–Venetian War of 1463–1479."}, {"id": "Q701094", "label": "Siege of Candia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1659, during the Ottoman–Venetian war over Crete, in an attempt to distract Ottoman attention away from the Siege of Candia, the Venetian commander Francesco Morosini landed in Kalamata, and was joined by the restive local population, the Maniots and Arvanites."}, {"id": "Q34481", "label": "Francesco Morosini", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1659, during the Ottoman–Venetian war over Crete, in an attempt to distract Ottoman attention away from the Siege of Candia, the Venetian commander Francesco Morosini landed in Kalamata, and was joined by the restive local population, the Maniots and Arvanites."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1684, with the Ottoman Empire smarting from its defeat at the Battle of Vienna and its military forces embroiled in a costly war with the Habsburg empire and Poland, Venice joined the anti-Ottoman Holy League with the aim of conducting a parallel campaign in Greece, and thus exact revenge for the recent loss of Crete."}], "Q11908780": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It formed part of the War of the Spanish Succession and occurred near the Spanish town of Murcia."}], "Q12007369": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Høland (Swedish: Slaget vid Høland) was two minor skirmishes that were fought on 9 March 1716 in Høland, Norway as a part of the 1716 Swedish invasion of Norway, during the Great Northern War."}], "Q120776476": [{"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, on 4 August 1651 Kyiv was captured by Lithuanian forces under the command of Janusz Radziwiłł."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, on 4 August 1651 Kyiv was captured by Lithuanian forces under the command of Janusz Radziwiłł."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April 1651 Polish troops concentrated in the area of Sokal, which forced Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky to transfer his main force to the area of Zbarazh."}], "Q12085418": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Buzhyn  was a battle between Russo-Cossack army and army of Khmelintskiy's coalition fought on August 13, 1662, an parts  of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) and the Ukrainian Ruin (1657–1687)."}, {"id": "Q2625011", "label": "Yurii Khmelnytskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "The army of the Crimean Tatars and the Right-Bank Cossacks of Yurii Khmelnytsky forced to retreat tsarist troops and the Left-Bank Cossacks, stopping their advance into Right-Bank Ukraine."}], "Q121548549": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Yuraktau is a ten-day battle between Bashkir rebels under the command of Aldar Isekeyev and Kusyum Tyulekeev and the government troops of the Tsardom of Russia under the command of  Peter Khokhlov."}], "Q1467914": [{"id": "Q521299", "label": "Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zsarnóca took place on May 16, 1664, between an Austrian division commanded by General Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches with 11,000 troops and an Ottoman division commanded by Kücsük Mehmed Pasha with 15,000 troops."}], "Q15838566": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Neva took place on 9 September 1708, during the Ingrian campaign of 1708 during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q312109", "label": "Fyodor Apraksin", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Russian forces stationed in Russian-controlled Swedish Ingria consisted of 24,500 men of which the command had been appointed to Fyodor Apraksin."}], "Q15905209": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Desna, also known as the Crossing of the Desna River, was a three-day operation which took place on 11 to 13 November 1708 during the Swedish invasion of Russia of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q4110445", "label": "Sack of Baturyn", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Swedes were too late to defend Baturyn and the city had already been destroyed in the Sack of Baturyn."}], "Q16251266": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nevis on 20 May 1667 was a confused naval clash in the Caribbean off the island of Nevis during the closing stages of the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "In March, Captain John Berry, in the 56-gun Man-of-war Coronation arrived at Barbados and the Governor decided to make an attempt to save Nevis."}, {"id": "Q204989", "label": "Saint Kitts", "section": "Background", "says": "Having arrived at Nevis, Berry decided on blockading French held Saint Kitts on 17 April."}], "Q16251272": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Recapture of Fort Zeelandia or the Seizure of Fort Zeelandia was a minor military action on 13 October, 1667 at the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in which an English force under command of Rear Admiral Sir John Harman assaulted and took by force the Dutch settlement and fortress of Zeelandia (present day Paramaribo) under Maurits de Rame."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch had captured the Zeelandia earlier in the year, and the English recapture was the last battle before the war's end between England and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Fort Zeelandia had first been captured by the English in 1651 during the opening shots of the First Anglo-Dutch War and had held it until Captain Abraham Crijnssen  recaptured Fort Zeelandia on 6 May, 1667 in a time when the French and Dutch had total domination of the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background", "says": "After his victory at Martinique Harman refitted and resupplied at Barbados after which he ventured South then headed West along the South American coast."}], "Q16839090": [{"id": "Q29896", "label": "Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Battle of Shakar Kheda took place on 11 October 1724 at (Fathekheda) in Berar Subah and 350 kilometres from Aurangabad between Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I and Mubariz Khan, Subedar of the Deccan."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1714, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1721, Nizam was commissioned to Delhi and became Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire."}], "Q16931925": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Smolenice (Hungarian: Szomolányi csata, German: Schlacht bei Smolenitz, Slovak: Bitka pri Smoleniciach) was a battle between the Kuruc (a group of Hungarian peasants and irregular warriors), and the forces of the Habsburg Empire, soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire and auxiliaries from Denmark."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle occurred on 28 May 1704 at Smolenice in Upper Hungary (present day Slovakia), where the Kuruc army routed the Habsburg forces, capturing the Austrian commander."}, {"id": "Q282149", "label": "Miklós Bercsényi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April 1704, Miklós Bercsényi led an uprising among the Hungarian and Slovak peasants in Upper Hungary, promising freedom on behalf of Francis II Rákóczi."}, {"id": "Q181333", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In April 1704, Miklós Bercsényi led an uprising among the Hungarian and Slovak peasants in Upper Hungary, promising freedom on behalf of Francis II Rákóczi."}], "Q18206937": [{"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khorasan campaign of Nader Shah (Persian: لشکرکشی نادرشاه به خراسان) by Safavid loyalist forces against separatists in Khorasan was Nader Shah's first major military campaign which he waged on behalf of the new Safavid pretender to the throne, Tahmasp II."}], "Q19562962": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sarsa was fought on 21 December 1704 between the Khalsa and the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1704, Guru Gobind Singh and his Sikh followers were under immense pressure as the Mughals and hill chiefs laid siege to Anandpur Sahib, cutting off all supplies and forcing the Sikhs to survive on leaves and tree bark."}], "Q19882267": [{"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Jalalabad occurred in 1710 between the Mughal forces of Jalal Khan and the Sikh forces of Banda Singh Bahadur."}], "Q20073158": [{"id": "Q1960450", "label": "Yakym Somko", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Kaniv (Russian: Каневское сражение, romanized: Kanevskoe srazhenie), was a battle during the summer campaign in the left-bank of Ukraine of Yuri Khmelnitsky, between the Cossack-Polish troops and the Russian-Cossack army led by Yakym Somko and Grigory Romodanovsky."}], "Q20974886": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Basoli was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Sikhs."}], "Q21570281": [{"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a victory for the Sikhs where Banda Singh Bahadur defeated Osman Khan."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Sadhaura was ruled by Osman Khan, who had tortured and executed the Muslim Pir Syed Badruddin Shah (also known as Pir Budhu Shah), for helping Guru Gobind Singh in the Battle of Bhangani."}, {"id": "Q4870478", "label": "Battle of Bhangani", "section": "Background", "says": "Sadhaura was ruled by Osman Khan, who had tortured and executed the Muslim Pir Syed Badruddin Shah (also known as Pir Budhu Shah), for helping Guru Gobind Singh in the Battle of Bhangani."}], "Q2236967": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krottensee (German: Schlacht bei Krottensee) was a battle that took place during the War of the Spanish Succession near Krottensee, a town located to the east of Neuhaus an der Pegnitz."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between forces of the Holy Roman Empire under Lebrecht Gottfried Jahnus von Eberstädt and forces of the Electorate of Bavaria under Alessandro Maffei."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between forces of the Holy Roman Empire under Lebrecht Gottfried Jahnus von Eberstädt and forces of the Electorate of Bavaria under Alessandro Maffei."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1703 Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria campaigned along the Danube in order to exert dominance of the Danube valley in Bavaria against the invading armies of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden."}, {"id": "Q58755", "label": "Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1703 Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria campaigned along the Danube in order to exert dominance of the Danube valley in Bavaria against the invading armies of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The Electorate of Bavaria at the time allied with the Kingdom of France against the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q2756168": [{"id": "Q1265114", "label": "Father Rale's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Winnepang occurred during Dummer's War when New England forces attacked Mi'kmaq at present day Jeddore Harbour, Nova Scotia."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended Queen Anne's War, had facilitated this expansion."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended Queen Anne's War, had facilitated this expansion."}], "Q2889157": [{"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Long Sault occurred over a five-day period in early May 1660 during the Beaver Wars."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between French colonial militia, with their Wendat (Huron) and Algonquin allies, against the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois)."}], "Q2890484": [{"id": "Q715110", "label": "Robert Maynard", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the death of the pirate Blackbeard (Edward Teach) and the defeat of his crew by a force commanded by Royal Navy lieutenant Robert Maynard."}, {"id": "Q213518", "label": "Blackbeard", "section": "Background", "says": "Blackbeard had been operating along the coast of the Thirteen Colonies and had recently received a pardon from the governor of North Carolina, Charles Eden."}], "Q29043962": [{"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Surabaya was fought in May 1677 during the Trunajaya rebellion, in which the Dutch East India Company (known by its Dutch acronym \"VOC\") defeated the forces of Trunajaya and took Surabaya on behalf of its ally, the Mataram Sultanate."}], "Q2935388": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Avalon Peninsula campaign occurred during King William's War when forces of New France, led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Governor Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan, destroyed 23 English settlements along the coast of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland in the span of three months."}], "Q4087379": [{"id": "Q743814", "label": "Mykhailo Khanenko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish crown hetman Jan Sobieski, supported by the Cossacks of Mykhailo Khanenko, besieged the Cossack garrison in the city of Kalnyk."}, {"id": "Q734876", "label": "Ivan Sirko", "section": "Background", "says": "Sobieski's successful actions were facilitated by diversions against the Belgorod Tatars by Mykhailo Khanenko and Ivan Sirko and the defection of Colonel Mykhailo Zelensky and Colonel Pavlo Lysytsia of Bratslav to his side."}, {"id": "Q4141053", "label": "Ostap Gogol", "section": "Background", "says": "Having received information about his approach, Ostap Gogol on 3 October expressed readiness to surrender the city."}], "Q4087431": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Carbisdale (also known as Invercarron) took place close to the village of Culrain, Sutherland, Scotland on 27 April 1650 and was part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Defeat in the 1648 Second English Civil War led to the Scottish Kirk Party under Argyll replacing the Royalist Engagers in government."}], "Q4212420": [{"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kanzhal War (Kabardian: Къэнжал зауэ; Crimean Tatar: Къанжал дженки) or Crimean-Circassian War of 1708 was military conflict in 1708 fought between Circassians led by Kurghoqo Hatokhshoqo and Crimean Khanate alongside its allies led by Qaplan I Giray, which resulted in Circassian victory."}, {"id": "Q2716322", "label": "Qaplan I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kanzhal War (Kabardian: Къэнжал зауэ; Crimean Tatar: Къанжал дженки) or Crimean-Circassian War of 1708 was military conflict in 1708 fought between Circassians led by Kurghoqo Hatokhshoqo and Crimean Khanate alongside its allies led by Qaplan I Giray, which resulted in Circassian victory."}, {"id": "Q1408764", "label": "Circassia", "section": "lead", "says": "It played a big role in decreasing foreign influence in Circassia."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "Background", "says": "Refusing to pay tribute, the Kabardians appealed to Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III (1703–1730) with complaints against Khan Qaplan I Giray."}], "Q4337371": [{"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Gomel fortress went through several sieges during the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}], "Q4392917": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Fort Nashwaak  occurred during King William's War when New England forces from Boston attacked the capital of Acadia, Fort Nashwaak, at present-day Fredericton, New Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was in retaliation for the French and Indian Siege of Pemaquid (1696) (at present-day Bristol, Maine) in the English Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q2896036", "label": "Benjamin Church", "section": "lead", "says": "Colonel John Hathorne and Major Benjamin Church were the leaders of the New England force of 400 men."}, {"id": "Q681416", "label": "French and Indian Wars", "section": "Historical context", "says": "During King William's War - the first of the four French and Indian Wars - French and Indians were victorious in the Siege of Pemaquid (1696) (present day Bristol, Maine) earlier that year."}], "Q4870478": [{"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first battle Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, fought at the age of 19."}, {"id": "Q2019145", "label": "Guru Tegh Bahadur", "section": "Causes", "says": "Guru Gobind Singh resided at Anandpur, which was though located in the territory of Raja Bhim Chand of Bilaspur (Kahlur) but Anandpur Sahib was an autonomous region held by Guru Gobind Singh as the barren land of Makhowal was purchased by his father Guru Tegh Bahadur and town was developed with earlier name Chakk Nanki."}], "Q4870519": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bordeaux was a naval engagement of the Franco-Spanish War of 1635–1659 fought on 20 October 1653 in the Gironde estuary."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "A Spanish fleet under Álvaro de Bazán, 3rd Marquis of Santa Cruz, sent to relieve Bordeaux, at that time held by the nobles rose up against Louis XIV during the Fronde, encountered a great concentration of French warships belonging to the Duke of Vendome's army in the channel of Blaye and captured or destroyed most of it."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1650, during the Fronde, King Philip IV of Spain allied with the Duchess of Longueville and Vicomte de Turenne, offering them warships, soldiers and money to fight his enemy Louis XIV of France."}], "Q4870722": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis in Chedabucto (present-day Guysborough, Nova Scotia) on June 3, 1690, during King William's War (1689–97)."}, {"id": "Q1896325", "label": "William Phips", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of Sir William Phips and New England's military campaign against Acadia."}], "Q4870977": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eperjes was fought on 11 August 1685 near the city of Eperjes in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Prešov, Slovakia), between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of the Habsburg monarchy as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eperjes was fought on 11 August 1685 near the city of Eperjes in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Prešov, Slovakia), between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of the Habsburg monarchy as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Eperjes was fought on 11 August 1685 near the city of Eperjes in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Prešov, Slovakia), between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of the Habsburg monarchy as part of the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg army defeated the invading forces of Imre Thököly."}], "Q4871032": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning with an expedition in 1686, and running through the Nine Years' War (1689–97, known in the English colonies as King William's War), raiders from New France repeatedly attacked the company's outposts, capturing and holding the facilities, and sometimes making off with furs awaiting transport to Europe."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "When the War of the Spanish Succession (known to English colonists as Queen Anne's War) began in 1702, the idea of raiding this last vestige of English authority came up in New France."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the War of the Spanish Succession (known to English colonists as Queen Anne's War) began in 1702, the idea of raiding this last vestige of English authority came up in New France."}], "Q4872186": [{"id": "Q656629", "label": "William Penn", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1655, an English force led by Admiral Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables seized the island, and successfully held it against two Spanish attempts to retake it."}, {"id": "Q4871930", "label": "Battle of Ocho Rios", "section": "Background", "says": "The former Spanish governor of Jamaica, Cristóbal Arnaldo Isasi, attempted to recapture the island with forces from Cuba in mid-1657, but the attack was repulsed at the Battle of Ocho Rios by acting governor Colonel Edward D'Oyley."}], "Q501836": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krasne or the Defense of Krasne (Ukrainian: Битва під Красною, Красненська оборона; Polish: Bitwa pod Krasnem, Obrona Krasny; 20–23 February 1651) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Cossack Hetmanate as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krasne or the Defense of Krasne (Ukrainian: Битва під Красною, Красненська оборона; Polish: Bitwa pod Krasnem, Obrona Krasny; 20–23 February 1651) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Cossack Hetmanate as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Krasne or the Defense of Krasne (Ukrainian: Битва під Красною, Красненська оборона; Polish: Bitwa pod Krasnem, Obrona Krasny; 20–23 February 1651) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Cossack Hetmanate as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q729936", "label": "Treaty of Zboriv", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate violated the Treaty of Zboriv which was signed on 18 August 1649 and attacked the Bratslav Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in January 1651, then the Crown Army started a military campaign against the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars which lasted until 28 September 1651, then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was defeated by the Cossack Hetmanate and "}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate violated the Treaty of Zboriv which was signed on 18 August 1649 and attacked the Bratslav Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in January 1651, then the Crown Army started a military campaign against the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars which lasted until 28 September 1651, then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was defeated by the Cossack Hetmanate and "}, {"id": "Q2379459", "label": "Treaty of Bila Tserkva", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate violated the Treaty of Zboriv which was signed on 18 August 1649 and attacked the Bratslav Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in January 1651, then the Crown Army started a military campaign against the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars which lasted until 28 September 1651, then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was defeated by the Cossack Hetmanate and "}], "Q5037013": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Fort Rocher took place on 9 February 1654, during the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "This\ncounterattack had been prompted by the buccaneers' sack of Santiago de los Caballeros, in 1650, and that of the Cuban port of San Juan de los Remedios in August 1652."}], "Q5037078": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of the galleon San Joaquin (also known as the Battle of Cartagena) was a naval engagement that took place off the coast near Cartagena (present day Colombia)."}, {"id": "Q7959512", "label": "Wager's Action", "section": "lead", "says": "The galleon had fought in the previous encounter during Wager's Action nearly three years earlier but had just barely escaped capture."}], "Q5162438": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jämtland campaign of 1677 was a military campaign that led to a temporary Norwegian reconquest of the province of Jämtland (Norwegian: Jemtland) in the summer of 1677 during the Scanian War."}], "Q60524378": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Altenheim took place on 1 August 1675 during the 1672-1678 Franco-Dutch War near Altenheim, in modern Baden-Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q454789", "label": "Raimondo, Prince Montecuccoli", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought by a French army of 20,000, jointly commanded by the Marquis de Vaubrun and the Comte de Lorges, and an Imperial Army of 30,000 under Raimondo Montecuccoli."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Both France and the Dutch Republic viewed the Spanish Netherlands as essential for their security and trade, making it a contested area throughout the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Both France and the Dutch Republic viewed the Spanish Netherlands as essential for their security and trade, making it a contested area throughout the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "France occupied much of it in the 1667 to 1668 War of Devolution, before returning it to Spain in the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "After this, Louis XIV decided the best way to force concessions from the Dutch was by defeating them first."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The unexpected success of this offensive encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, the Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The unexpected success of this offensive encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, the Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1674, Denmark joined the anti-French coalition, followed by the February Treaty of Westminster, which ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q1001093", "label": "Battle of Turckheim", "section": "Background", "says": "The campaign that began in June 1674 and ended with his death in July 1675, has been described as 'possibly Turenne's most brilliant campaign.' He fought Bournonville to a standstill at Entzheim in early October, followed by a surprise winter attack, ending in victory at the Battle of Turckheim in January 1675."}], "Q7283760": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Salmon Falls (March 27, 1690) captured and destroyed the English settlement of Salmon Falls (present-day Berwick, Maine) during King William's War."}], "Q7443069": [{"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "Eventually they sent a petition to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and launched a joint attack with the Mughals in 1700 which failed."}], "Q85801086": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Albazin was a military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and Qing China from 1685 to 1686."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian migration into the area also intensified with the relocation of exiles from Lithuania and Poland."}], "Q9172935": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of  Darsūniškis took place on March 24, 1702, near the town of Darsūniškis (Polish: Dorsuniszki) during the Swedish invasion of Poland in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q2467381", "label": "Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish army of about 240 men under the command of Alexander Hummerhielm was defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian army of 6,000 men under Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles XII of Sweden was determined to end the hostiles between the Saxon and Polish armies before starting an invasion of Russia and so he sent his Vanguard of Alexander Hummerhielm to seize footholds in Lithuania before the arrival of the main army."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles XII of Sweden was determined to end the hostiles between the Saxon and Polish armies before starting an invasion of Russia and so he sent his Vanguard of Alexander Hummerhielm to seize footholds in Lithuania before the arrival of the main army."}], "Q9173219": [{"id": "Q195625", "label": "George II Rákóczi", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish army commanded by Stefan Czarniecki, and supported by Crimean Tatars, defeated a Transilvanian-Cossack-Moldavian-Wallachian army of George II Rákóczi."}, {"id": "Q2917546", "label": "treaty of Radnot", "section": "Background", "says": "In late January 1657, following the Treaty of Radnot, southern provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were invaded by the Principality of Transylvania, whose army was commanded by George II Rákóczi."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "In late January 1657, following the Treaty of Radnot, southern provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were invaded by the Principality of Transylvania, whose army was commanded by George II Rákóczi."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "In April, he met Swedish King Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q269774", "label": "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski", "section": "Background", "says": "Czarniecki followed Rakoczi, while Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Stanisław \"Rewera\" Potocki sealed the Polish-Transylvanian border."}], "Q9173343": [{"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a victory of Swedish forces, commanded by King Charles X Gustav."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle took place during a Swedish raid of southern part of the Kingdom of Poland, in which King Charles X Gustav tried to finally destroy Polish forces loyal to King John II Casimir Vasa."}], "Q9173659": [{"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 July 1656, Swedish King Charles X Gustav arrived at a military camp of his brother, Duke Adolph John."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "The fortress, located along a strategic route from Warsaw to Lithuania and Swedish Livonia, was besieged by Polish - Lithuanian forces of Colonel Samuel Oskierko."}], "Q95562407": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Khore (Sindhi: :کوڙ جي جنگ) was a battle fought between Mianwal movement led by Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro  and Mughal forces led by Gaj Singh Bhatti, Raja Surajmal Khatri around 1699 in the village of Khore near Johi Taluka in Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Mian Deen Muhammad Kalhoro, who had succeeded his father, Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro in 1692, wanted to compromise and surrender so he send Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro for this to the Prince who was successful in convincing him but on the way back one of the Mian's Man Maqsoodo Faqir, thought that the prince returned without witnessing the bravery and valour of the Mianwal Faqirs, so he took a cont"}], "Q982727": [{"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kopychyntsi (Ukrainian: Битва під Копичинцями, Polish: Bitwa pod Kopyczyńcami; 12 May 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kopychyntsi (Ukrainian: Битва під Копичинцями, Polish: Bitwa pod Kopyczyńcami; 12 May 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kopychyntsi (Ukrainian: Битва під Копичинцями, Polish: Bitwa pod Kopyczyńcami; 12 May 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kopychyntsi (Ukrainian: Битва під Копичинцями, Polish: Bitwa pod Kopyczyńcami; 12 May 1651) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate and Crimean Khanate against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1651, the Zaporozhian Cossacks under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky launched an attack on the Bratslav Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and violated the Treaty of Zboriv which was signed on 18 August 1649."}, {"id": "Q729936", "label": "Treaty of Zboriv", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1651, the Zaporozhian Cossacks under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky launched an attack on the Bratslav Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and violated the Treaty of Zboriv which was signed on 18 August 1649."}, {"id": "Q2379459", "label": "Treaty of Bila Tserkva", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown Army led by Hetman Marcin Kalinowski came against them and starting a military campaign which lasted until September 1651, then the Treaty of Bila Tserkva was signed."}, {"id": "Q501836", "label": "Battle of Krasne", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Polish–Lithuanian victory in the Battle of Krasne in 20–23 February 1651, the Poles and Lithuanians forces were able to advance and capture some Cossack fortresses in the Bratslav Regiment."}], "Q10671396": [{"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "When Whetstone caught up with the Swedes, he demanded they salute his ships as the Swedish convoy was in English waters. Öland's captain, Gustaf von Psilander, under strict orders from Charles XII of Sweden not to salute to foreign ships first, refused and sent his 30 year old lieutenant Herman Schmidt in the gig to the English command ship, and according to von Psilander the following conversatio"}], "Q107016784": [{"id": "Q159934", "label": "Murad III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the armies of the Bey of Tunis Murad III and those of the Deylik of Algiers commanded by the Dey Hadj Mustapha, and a newly elected Bey of Constantine, Ahmed ben Ferhat."}], "Q113675251": [{"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Štip was a clash between the forces of the Habsburg Monarchy  and Ottomans during the Austrian counteroffensive of the Great Turkish War on November 10, 1689."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "After setting Skopje on fire, the Austrians continued to make breakthroughs deep into Macedonia, whose task was to observe the area in order to prevent and disrupt the concentration of enemy forces."}], "Q11400813": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northeast Coast campaign  (also known as the Six Terrible Days) (10 August – 6 October 1703) was the first major campaign by the French of Queen Anne's War in New England."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The border area between Acadia and New England in the early 18th century remained contested after battles between French and English colonists (and their allied Native Americans) during King William's War in the 1690s failed to resolve territorial disputes."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "New France defined the western border of Acadia as the Kennebec River in what is now southern Maine, while the English Province of Massachusetts Bay formally claimed all of the land between the Piscataqua and St."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "The frontier areas between the Saint Lawrence River and the primarily coastal settlements of Massachusetts and New York were still dominated by natives (primarily Abenaki to the east and Iroquois in New York), and the Hudson River–Lake Champlain corridor had also been used for raiding expeditions in both directions in earlier conflicts."}], "Q11688250": [{"id": "Q336813", "label": "Patrick Sarsfield", "section": "lead", "says": "A small cavalry patrol of the English Army under Patrick Sarsfield clashed with a detachment of the Dutch States Army's Scots Brigade in one of only two minor battles fought in England during the Glorious Revolution."}], "Q12001348": [{"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landing at Ystad (Danish: Landgangen ved Ysted, Swedish: Landningen vid Ystad), also known as the Battle of Ystad, (Danish: Slaget ved Ysted, Swedish: Slaget vid Ystad) was an amphibious attack and landing at Ystad performed by a Dano-Dutch fleet on 27 June 1676 during the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1675 Denmark–Norway declared war on Sweden with the goal to reconquer Denmark and Norway's lost territories in 1645 and 1658."}, {"id": "Q982247", "label": "Cornelis Tromp", "section": "Background", "says": "The commanders of the Dano-Dutch fleet, Cornelis Tromp and Niels Juel, found Ystad to have a small garrison and could thus more easily be overtaken."}, {"id": "Q475142", "label": "Niels Juel", "section": "Background", "says": "The commanders of the Dano-Dutch fleet, Cornelis Tromp and Niels Juel, found Ystad to have a small garrison and could thus more easily be overtaken."}], "Q120912839": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Menzelinsk was a 1682 battle between the Tsardom of Russia against the Kalmyk Khanate and Bashkir rebels."}, {"id": "Q4210248", "label": "Kalmyk Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Menzelinsk was a 1682 battle between the Tsardom of Russia against the Kalmyk Khanate and Bashkir rebels."}], "Q1212536": [{"id": "Q329803", "label": "Nikola VII Zrinski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Battle of Zrínyiújvár (Croatian: Novi Zrin) was fought on November 27, 1663, as part of the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664), between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Croatia under the command of Ban Miklós Zrínyi and an Ottoman army."}], "Q122782538": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kazan was a battle between rebel troops consisting of Mari, Udmurts Bashkirs, Tatars and Chuvashs against government troops of Tsardom of Russia"}], "Q122830159": [{"id": "Q276938", "label": "Ismail Ibn Sharif", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle between the forces of Ismail Ibn Sharif, the Alawi' Sultan, and the Algerian army of the Regency of Algiers took place in 1700 near Tlemcen."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle between the forces of Ismail Ibn Sharif, the Alawi' Sultan, and the Algerian army of the Regency of Algiers took place in 1700 near Tlemcen."}], "Q126454261": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of the Great Mughal Fleet was an armed naval encounter in the history of piracy that targeted the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q456882", "label": "Henry Every", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 September 1695, the English pirate Henry Every captured 2 ships out of the 25-ship convoy of Imperial Mughal vessels making the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, namely the treasure-laden Mogul ship known as the Ganj-i-Sawai and its escort, Fateh Muhammed."}], "Q130478490": [{"id": "Q1709007", "label": "Portuguese Ceylon", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle, along with the subsequent capture of Jaffna would mark the end of Portuguese Ceylon."}, {"id": "Q1392981", "label": "Rijckloff van Goens", "section": "Background", "says": "Which then allowed Rijckloff van Goens to launch a campaign, with Mannar being one of his targets."}], "Q132617037": [{"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the seizure of Temeşvar, Prince Eugene of Savoy gave General Count Steinville, who had returned to Transylvania, orders to invade Wallachia and Moldavia, declare them tributaries, and, if possible, remove the Ottoman influence from there."}, {"id": "Q1377690", "label": "Mihai Racoviță", "section": "Background", "says": "Mihai Racoviță was the voivode recognized by the Ottomans in Moldavia and Nicholas Mavrocordatos in Wallachia since the spring of 1716."}, {"id": "Q927783", "label": "Nicholas Mavrocordatos", "section": "Background", "says": "Mihai Racoviță was the voivode recognized by the Ottomans in Moldavia and Nicholas Mavrocordatos in Wallachia since the spring of 1716."}], "Q13839293": [{"id": "Q439909", "label": "Carl Gustaf Wrangel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nöteborg in July 1656 was a naval battle between 250 smaller Russian ships, who had surrounded the city of Nöteborg, and 50 smaller Swedish ships under the command of Carl Gustaf Wrangel during the Russo-Swedish War (1656–58)."}], "Q15848328": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Petschora took place on February 23, 1701 near the village of Pechory, Russia during the second year of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the crushing defeat at Narva by Charles XII of Sweden, the Russian tsar Peter I of Russia gathered his forces near the Swedish borders at Pskov and Gdov to start a new offensive into the Swedish Livonia."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the crushing defeat at Narva by Charles XII of Sweden, the Russian tsar Peter I of Russia gathered his forces near the Swedish borders at Pskov and Gdov to start a new offensive into the Swedish Livonia."}, {"id": "Q449530", "label": "Magnus Stenbock", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Charles who suspected the offensive, gathered forces of his own under the command of Magnus Stenbock and Jacob Spens to cross the Russian border and destroy the two footholds of Izborsk and Petschora."}], "Q15882115": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Woerden, also known as the Battle of Kruipin, took place on the night of 11 October to 12 October 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought a few hundred metres north of Woerden at Fort Kruipin between the Dutch Republic and France."}, {"id": "Q1808375", "label": "Battle of Solebay", "section": "Background", "says": "At sea the all hopes of an Anglo-French naval invasion were dashed by the Dutch victory at the Battle of Solebay, and on 25 July, the Holy Roman Emperor entered into an alliance with the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Because Condé was not yet allowed to lead the army again after falling out with Louis after the Battle of Tolhuis, the Duke of Luxembourg took command of the French occupying army in the Dutch Republic."}], "Q16145135": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place on 21 September 1706 and formed part of the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q16238739": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Athlone was besieged twice during the Williamite War in Ireland (1689–91)."}, {"id": "Q644960", "label": "Battle of the Boyne", "section": "Background", "says": "The army of William III first besieged Athlone in 1690, shortly after their defeat of the main Jacobite army  at the Battle of the Boyne."}, {"id": "Q336813", "label": "Patrick Sarsfield", "section": "Background", "says": "Jacobite defences were also hampered by disagreements between James's Viceroy, Tyrconnell, St Ruth, and Jacobite general Patrick Sarsfield."}, {"id": "Q4274522", "label": "Tyrconnell", "section": "Background", "says": "When Tyrconnell asserted his seniority and offered advice on the defences to St Ruth, the latter refused to recognise Tyrconnell's command, while Sarsfield sent him a message that his pavilion ropes would be cut if he did not leave immediately."}], "Q16253704": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Oposhnya took place on February 8, 1709, during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the costly siege of Veprik the Swedes under Charles XII of Sweden started an offensive against the Russian army in the area."}], "Q18448903": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valkininkai took place at 6 March 1706 close to the town of Valkininkai in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Valkininkai took place at 6 March 1706 close to the town of Valkininkai in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Great Northern War."}], "Q19882266": [{"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gurdas Nangal took place in April 1715 between the Sikhs, led by Banda Singh Bahadur, and the Mughal Army, led by Abd al-Samad Khan."}, {"id": "Q12446060", "label": "Bhim Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Responding to these commands, Mirza Ahmad Khan, the Faujdar of Gujrat, gathered a large group of armed Sayyeds; Iradatmand Khan, the Faujdar of Eminabad, Nur Muhammad Khan from Aurangabad and Shaikh Muhammad Dayam from Batala, Sayyed Hafeez Ali Khan from Haibatpur, Suhrab Khan from Kalanaur, Raja Bhim Singh from Katoch; and Har Deva, son of Raja Dhrub Deva of Jasrota, assembled their troops in Lah"}], "Q19882277": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Satara was fought between the Mughal Empire and Maratha Kingdom between December 1699 and 21 April 1700."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle started when the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb personally marched towards Satara, accompanied by 10,000 Mughal soldiers."}], "Q19891589": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kalyan was a series of engagements between the Mughal Empire and the Maratha Kingdom over Kalyan in 1682–83, during the Deccan wars."}, {"id": "Q6913272", "label": "Moropant Trimbak Pingle", "section": "lead", "says": "A major counter-attack led by Rupaji Bhonslé and Moropant Trimbak Pingle in December was repelled, as was another Maratha assault on 27 February 1683."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "Background", "says": "In the winter of 1681–82 Sambhaji laid siege on the Siddi stronghold of Janjira throughout January 1682."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Aurangzeb seized the opportunity to open a new front."}], "Q20526599": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Perast (Serbian: Перашка битка) was a battle for control over Venetian held Perast (modern day Montenegro) fought in 1654 between defending forces of Venetian Republic from Perast accompanied by hajduks and attacking forces of Ottoman Empire from Sanjak of Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Perast (Serbian: Перашка битка) was a battle for control over Venetian held Perast (modern day Montenegro) fought in 1654 between defending forces of Venetian Republic from Perast accompanied by hajduks and attacking forces of Ottoman Empire from Sanjak of Herzegovina."}], "Q21715226": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sonipat was fought between Sikhs and the Mughal Empire in 1709."}, {"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1708, Banda Singh Bahadur became the Jathedar of the Khalsa Army and he was sent to Punjab by Guru Gobind Singh to fight against the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1708, Banda Singh Bahadur became the Jathedar of the Khalsa Army and he was sent to Punjab by Guru Gobind Singh to fight against the Mughal Empire."}], "Q24091264": [{"id": "Q16835712", "label": "Duchy of Estonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Varja took place on November 7, 1700, near the villages of Varja and Aa, in the Duchy of Estonia, part of the Swedish Empire, during the Estonian campaign of the first year of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Varja took place on November 7, 1700, near the villages of Varja and Aa, in the Duchy of Estonia, part of the Swedish Empire, during the Estonian campaign of the first year of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Varja took place on November 7, 1700, near the villages of Varja and Aa, in the Duchy of Estonia, part of the Swedish Empire, during the Estonian campaign of the first year of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A Swedish force consisting of 600–800 men  from Tiesenhausen's Enlisted Estonian Cavalry Regiment under the command of generals Georg Reinhold von Patkul and Hans Henrik von Tiesenhausen were sent out from Rakvere to secure the road at which the main army under Charles XII of Sweden were going in order to relieve the city of Narva, which had been besieged by the Russians for a while."}], "Q24091300": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Koporye took place on October 8, 1708 close to Koporye, in the Swedish Empire during the Ingrian campaign in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Koporye took place on October 8, 1708 close to Koporye, in the Swedish Empire during the Ingrian campaign in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q630283", "label": "Carl Gustaf Armfeldt", "section": "lead", "says": "A Swedish force consisting of 1,800 men under the command of generals Carl Gustaf Armfeldt and Anders Erik Ramsay attacked a numerically stronger enemy of between 2,000 and 3,000 Russian forces."}], "Q2888493": [{"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Feyiase was the decisive battle in the struggle that led to the Ashanti Empire replacing Denkyira as the dominant power among the Twi-speaking Akan peoples."}], "Q29285156": [{"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fall of Plered (also spelled Pleret) was the capture of the capital of the Mataram Sultanate by the rebel forces loyal to Trunajaya in late June 1677."}, {"id": "Q29286145", "label": "Battle of Gegodog", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack on Plered followed a series of rebel victories, notably in the Battle of Gegodog and the fall of most of Mataram's northern coast."}], "Q2984903": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 23 November 1650 was a minor naval battle between Spain and France, in which a small Spanish squadron of 6 galleys commanded by Don Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, Duke of Alburquerque, captured the entirety of a French squadron of galleons under the Baron de Ligny, near Cambrils, during the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)."}], "Q30602277": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dungeness or the Battle of Cape Dungeness (French: Bataille du cap Dungeness) (17 September 1666) was a naval battle that took place during the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Anglo-Dutch War had been raging for a year between the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic over the colonial possessions of the two countries."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Anglo-Dutch War had been raging for a year between the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic over the colonial possessions of the two countries."}, {"id": "Q1981397", "label": "Holmes's Bonfire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1666, the English fleet controlled the North Sea after its victory in the St James's Day Fight, and the Dutch had also been dealt a severe blow after the English raid known as Holmes's Bonfire."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis XIV of France and his general superintendent of navigation, François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort, had decided that it was the time to act, as the English would be distracted by the Great Fire of London, which had ended only on 5 September."}, {"id": "Q1347324", "label": "François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis XIV of France and his general superintendent of navigation, François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort, had decided that it was the time to act, as the English would be distracted by the Great Fire of London, which had ended only on 5 September."}], "Q3297408": [{"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in the death of several hundred Amerindians, Roman Catholic priests connected with the mission of San Francisco de los Arenales, the Spanish Governor José de León y Echales and all but one member of his party."}], "Q3297433": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Perpetrated by the nearby indigenous Antanosy population, it was directed against French colonists who had been settled in Fort-Dauphin beginning in 1642 as part of an initiative to settle the island of Madagascar by the Kingdom of France."}], "Q3297502": [{"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre of the Agau mill was a massacre of Huguenots near Nîmes on 1 April 1703 perpetrated by Royal French forces during the War of the Camisards."}, {"id": "Q16640426", "label": "War of the Camisards", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacre of the Agau mill was a massacre of Huguenots near Nîmes on 1 April 1703 perpetrated by Royal French forces during the War of the Camisards."}], "Q4087360": [{"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Verkhovichi was a battle between Russians and Poles-Lithuanians, took place near village of Verkhovichi 17 November 1655 during Russo-Polish War."}], "Q4087368": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a clear victory for Prince Ivan Khovansky of the Tsardom of Russia over Swedish Governor-General Count Magnus De la Gardie allowing the Russians to regroup after a brief resurgence of Swedish resistance."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In September, the Swedes under Governor-General Count Magnus De la Gardie invaded the Gdov district, but Prince Khovansky timely learned about the invasion of the Swedish army and managed to reinforce the garrison of the city to 1,000 men (300 noble militia, 300 Don Cossacks, 200 Streltsy, 100 Luga Cossacks, 100 mercenaries), but with only two guns."}], "Q4087377": [{"id": "Q1163334", "label": "Ștefan Petriceicu", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Chițcani (1683) was a battle of the united Cossack troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the command of the Right-bank Hetman Stefan Kunicki and Moldavian army Ștefan Petriceicu with detachments of the Budjak Horde on 5 December 1683 during Kunicki's campaign at the beginning of the Polish-Ottoman War (1683–1699)."}], "Q4087485": [{"id": "Q1060222", "label": "Chaloner Ogle", "section": "lead", "says": "HMS Swallow, a British ship of the line under Captain Chaloner Ogle, defeated the pirate ship of Bartholomew Roberts off the coast of Gabon, West Africa."}, {"id": "Q313430", "label": "Bartholomew Roberts", "section": "lead", "says": "HMS Swallow, a British ship of the line under Captain Chaloner Ogle, defeated the pirate ship of Bartholomew Roberts off the coast of Gabon, West Africa."}], "Q4146533": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Army of the Tsardom of Russia fought with the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (mainly Lithuanian) on a vast territory during the so-called \"deluge\"."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "A further Russian offensive included the seizure of other strongholds in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including Vitebsk, Polotsk and Mogilev."}, {"id": "Q561662", "label": "Janusz Radziwiłł", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting took place both in the form of sieges and field battles against the troops of Lithuanian Grand Hetman Janusz Radziwiłł."}], "Q4438392": [{"id": "Q333596", "label": "Edward Russell", "section": "lead", "says": "The pursuing Anglo-Dutch fleet, under the command of Admiral of the Fleet Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford, destroyed 12 French ships of the line that had been beached near the port of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue."}], "Q4581720": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Great Northern War."}], "Q4677357": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 3 May 1657 was a battle that took place on 3 May 1657 and was a victory for the Republic of Venice over the Ottoman fleet of Algiers."}], "Q4818009": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sudbury Fight (April 21, 1676) was a battle of King Philip's War, fought in what is today Sudbury and Wayland, Massachusetts, when approximately five hundred Wampanoag, Nipmuc, and Narragansett Native Americans raided the frontier settlement of Sudbury in Massachusetts Bay Colony."}, {"id": "Q729648", "label": "Metacomet", "section": "Background", "says": "Tradition holds that Metacomet led the Native army at the Sudbury Fight, though no primary sources corroborate it."}], "Q4870700": [{"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Chakan in 1660 took place between Mughal forces led by Shaista Khan and Maratha forces commanded by Firangoji Narsala at Chakan in Maharashtra."}], "Q4870822": [{"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cádiz was fought on 18–19 December 1669 off Cádiz between the English Royal Navy warship HMS Mary Rose under Rear-admiral John Kempthorne, which was escorting several English merchantmen, and a squadron of seven Barbary corsairs operating out of the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q303729", "label": "Al-Rashid of Morocco", "section": "lead", "says": "The action occurred while Mary Rose was returning from a diplomatic mission to Al-Rashid of Morocco that had been conducted by Lord Henry Howard, with Hollar accompanying him in order to complete some drawings and maps of Tangier that he had begun some years earlier."}, {"id": "Q432266", "label": "Willem van de Velde the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "A version of Hollar's engraving of the battle was done by Willem van de Velde the Younger."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "The visit was on the order of Charles II of England to negotiate a commercial treaty with the sultan of Morocco, Al-Rashid, also known as \"Tafiletta\"."}, {"id": "Q293509", "label": "Al-Rashid", "section": "Background", "says": "The visit was on the order of Charles II of England to negotiate a commercial treaty with the sultan of Morocco, Al-Rashid, also known as \"Tafiletta\"."}], "Q4870848": [{"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tibetan interest in Dartsedo led to a growing official presence in the town and taking advantage of the anarchy that created after the fall of the Ming dynasty, the Tibetans took control of the town and stationed a garrison and officials in it."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Qing dynasty had consolidated its hold on China the Kangxi Emperor maned official displays of his sovereignty over Dartsedo but he allowed the Tibetans to maintain de facto control of the town."}], "Q4871610": [{"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Lubrze was a night battle which took place during the Deluge (part of the Second Northern War) in August 1656 between Polish forces under voivode of Kalisz Andrzej Karol Grudziński and a Swedish-Brandenburg force under Jan Wejhard von Wrzesowicz."}, {"id": "Q232793", "label": "Marie Louise Gonzaga", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Pierre des Noyers who was a secretary to Her Majesty Polish Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga, in his letter dated September 17, 1656, Andrzej Karol Grudziński, commanding a host of 300 noblemen, was told by the local peasants about a small Swedish command of 200 men in the village of Lubrze."}], "Q493596": [{"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final pitched battle of the Irish Confederate Wars and one of the last of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the final pitched battle of the Irish Confederate Wars and one of the last of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}], "Q493609": [{"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "lead", "says": "A force loyal to the Commonwealth of England under Charles Coote defeated the Catholic Ulster Army, commanded by Heber MacMahon, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher."}, {"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The Irish Confederate Wars, sparked by the 1641 Rebellion, were initially fought between the predominantly Catholic Confederate Ireland, and a largely Protestant Irish Royal Army, led by Ormond."}, {"id": "Q1407718", "label": "Confederate Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Irish Confederate Wars, sparked by the 1641 Rebellion, were initially fought between the predominantly Catholic Confederate Ireland, and a largely Protestant Irish Royal Army, led by Ormond."}, {"id": "Q3142505", "label": "First English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1643, Ormond agreed a truce, or 'Cessation', with the Confederation, freeing his troops for use in England against Parliament in the First English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles surrendered in 1646, while a Covenanter/Royalist uprising was quickly suppressed in the 1648 Second English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Background", "says": "As Scots, they objected to the execution of their king by the English; as Presbyterians, they viewed monarchy as divinely ordained, making regicide also sacrilegious, and they transferred their allegiance to his son, Charles II of England."}], "Q55647644": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Sandomierz was a battle between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden during the Deluge in 1656."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On March 20, 1656, Charles X Gustav with his army of 8.000 men was trapped between the rivers San and Vistula, chased by a Polish-Lithuanian army of about 10.000 men."}], "Q55648623": [{"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortress was taken by the Russians under Peter the Great, after a week of siege on May 12, 1703 (during the Great Northern War)."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortress was taken by the Russians under Peter the Great, after a week of siege on May 12, 1703 (during the Great Northern War)."}], "Q5931014": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Wells occurred during King William's War when French and Wabanaki Confederacy forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Wells, Maine, a frontier town on the coast below Acadia."}, {"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Beginning with King Philip's War in 1675, Native American attacks destroyed many incipient towns."}], "Q5934341": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Chignecto occurred during King William's War when New England forces from Boston attacked the Isthmus of Chignecto, Acadia in present-day Nova Scotia."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "In the English Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q2896036", "label": "Benjamin Church", "section": "lead", "says": "Colonel Benjamin Church was the leader of the New England force of 400 men."}], "Q61930968": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ortenbach, also known as the Battle of Gengenbach, took place on 23 July 1678 during the closing stages of the 1672-1678 Franco-Dutch War, in the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q945474", "label": "François de Créquy", "section": "lead", "says": "It featured a French army commanded by François de Créquy and an Imperial force under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q156949", "label": "Charles V, Duke of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "It featured a French army commanded by François de Créquy and an Imperial force under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in January 1679 when France and the Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Nijmegen; Strasbourg was annexed by France in 1681."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1667-1668 War of Devolution, France captured most of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté, before the Triple Alliance of the Dutch Republic, England and Sweden forced them to relinquish most of these gains in the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Angered by what Louis XIV viewed as Dutch ingratitude for previous French support, in May 1672 French forces invaded the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Angered by what Louis XIV viewed as Dutch ingratitude for previous French support, in May 1672 French forces invaded the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "They initially seemed to have achieved an overwhelming victory but by late July, the Dutch position had stabilised and they received support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold and the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q321546", "label": "Charles of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles of Lorraine began assembling an army of 30,000 outside Offenburg, intending to re-capture Freiburg and in late June, de Créquy sought to divert him by moving against Rheinfelden, now in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q4044", "label": "Offenburg", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles of Lorraine began assembling an army of 30,000 outside Offenburg, intending to re-capture Freiburg and in late June, de Créquy sought to divert him by moving against Rheinfelden, now in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles of Lorraine began assembling an army of 30,000 outside Offenburg, intending to re-capture Freiburg and in late June, de Créquy sought to divert him by moving against Rheinfelden, now in Switzerland."}], "Q7678886": [{"id": "Q760741", "label": "Imamate of Futa Jallon", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was a key event in the jihad in which the Imamate of Futa Jallon was created."}], "Q7992172": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Wheeler's Surprise, and the ensuing siege of Brookfield, was a battle between Nipmuc Indians under Muttawmp, and the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the command of Thomas Wheeler and Captain Edward Hutchinson, in August 1675 during King Philip's War."}, {"id": "Q126195", "label": "Plymouth Colony", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the pro-English Massasoit in 1661, his son Metacom, known to the English colonists as \"King Philip\" initiated contacts with sachems of various tribes of New England to unite against the interests of the Plymouth Colony."}], "Q9172897": [{"id": "Q2506397", "label": "Stanisław Potocki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish Crown army commanded by Hetmans Stefan Czarniecki, Jerzy Lubomirski and Stanisław Potocki, supported by Crimean Tatars, defeated a Transylvanian-Cossack-Moldavian-Wallachian army under George II Rakoczi."}, {"id": "Q2917546", "label": "treaty of Radnot", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1657, following the Treaty of Radnot, southern Poland was invaded by Transylvanian army of George II Rakoczi."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the main Polish forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were engaged in fighting the Swedish Empire, only a division of Stanisław Potocki was sent southwards."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the main Polish forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were engaged in fighting the Swedish Empire, only a division of Stanisław Potocki was sent southwards."}, {"id": "Q9173219", "label": "Battle of Magierów", "section": "Background", "says": "On July 11, Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Transylvanian-Cossack-Moldavian-Wallachian army of Rakoczi in the Battle of Magierów."}], "Q9173079": [{"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a victory for Swedish forces, commanded by King Charles X Gustav and Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg."}, {"id": "Q67194", "label": "Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a victory for Swedish forces, commanded by King Charles X Gustav and Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg."}], "Q9296060": [{"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a battle between the armies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khanate.."}], "Q9325281": [{"id": "Q2236860", "label": "Battle of Batih", "section": "lead", "says": "The Batoh (Batih) massacre (Polish: Rzeź polskich jeńców pod Batohem) was a mass execution of Polish captives after the Battle of Batih on 3–4 June 1652 near Ladyzhyn (now in Ukraine)."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "lead", "says": "It was carried out by Ukrainian Cossacks under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky."}, {"id": "Q593045", "label": "Battle of Berestechko", "section": "lead", "says": "Zolotaryenko supervised the executions yelling \"Revenge for Berestechko!\", a reference to an earlier Cossack defeat at the hands of the Poles in the Battle of Berestechko."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The crime committed against so many disarmed prisoners had severe and long-lasting consequences for the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and for Ukraine."}], "Q932904": [{"id": "Q721676", "label": "Battle of Warka", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the prelude to the Battle of Warka fought a day later."}], "Q9389480": [{"id": "Q195625", "label": "George II Rákóczi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Warsaw in 1657 was conducted by the Transylvanian, Swedish, Cossack and Moldavian forces against the Polish–Lithuanian garrison, as part of the Brest Campaign led by George II Rákóczi, during 14–17 June."}], "Q104061598": [{"id": "Q968941", "label": "Gustaf Otto Stenbock", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Kattarp was fought on 3 October (O.S.) or 13 October (N.S.) between Danish and Swedish forces at Kattarp, commanded by King Frederick III and Gustaf Otto Stenbock respectively during the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658."}], "Q10411816": [{"id": "Q439909", "label": "Carl Gustaf Wrangel", "section": "lead", "says": "Horn, who had not been notified that Carl Gustaf Wrangel would not be able to support him, was not able to dislodge the Russians."}], "Q104858498": [{"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pilsud was fought between Sawai Jai Singh and the Marathas under Kanhoji Bhonsle and Khanderao Dabhade."}, {"id": "Q155519", "label": "Mohan Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Later, Dilir Afghan was defeated near Kashigaon on 25 March 1714, and Mohan Singh, a Umat Rajput rebel aligned with Ruhela mercenaries, was killed on 14 April."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "On 24 January 1715, Gopal Singh Chandrawat, the rightful heir, managed to reclaim Rampura from Badan Singh, the son of his dispossessed father, Ratan Singh--who had been converted to Islam by Aurangzeb and"}], "Q10671330": [{"id": "Q1386569", "label": "Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought in the Fehmarn Belt between a Swedish fleet under Klas Hansson Bjelkenstjerna and a Dano-Dutch fleet under Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam."}], "Q111939268": [{"id": "Q2308237", "label": "Ahom Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alaboi was fought between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire around 5 August 1669."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Alaboi was fought between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire around 5 August 1669."}, {"id": "Q4872317", "label": "Battle of Saraighat", "section": "lead", "says": "This was part of the seizure of Guwahati that led up to the final Battle of Saraighat which the Ahoms won."}], "Q112339676": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Ottoman Empire attempted to besiege Vienna in 1683 and failed, the Holy League was formed, and allied Christian powers decided to begin the Great Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the Ottoman Empire attempted to besiege Vienna in 1683 and failed, the Holy League was formed, and allied Christian powers decided to begin the Great Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q118946341": [{"id": "Q3133071", "label": "Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zeytinburnu was a naval battle in September 1695 in which the Ottoman fleet under the command of Mezzomorto inflicted a heavy defeat on the fleet of the Republic of Venice off the coast of Lesbos."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zeytinburnu was a naval battle in September 1695 in which the Ottoman fleet under the command of Mezzomorto inflicted a heavy defeat on the fleet of the Republic of Venice off the coast of Lesbos."}], "Q119167695": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegro campaign was a campaign launched in 1714 by the Ottoman Empire against the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, an Ottoman vassal state that had been intermittently rebelling against Turkish rule since 1710."}, {"id": "Q3324486", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Montenegro campaign was a campaign launched in 1714 by the Ottoman Empire against the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, an Ottoman vassal state that had been intermittently rebelling against Turkish rule since 1710."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Ottomans having successfully suppressed the rebellion and restored their rule over the lands, Montenegro's rebellious leader Danilo I escaped to and sought refuge in the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q846708", "label": "Pruth River Campaign", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1710, when the Pruth River Campaign began, Russian Tsar Peter I sent agents to Montenegro and delivered a message encouraging an uprising."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In 1710, when the Pruth River Campaign began, Russian Tsar Peter I sent agents to Montenegro and delivered a message encouraging an uprising."}], "Q12082744": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of Jan III Sobieski’s autumn expedition, aimed at destruction of mounted Tatar units, which plundered southeastern provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}], "Q120866407": [{"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 August 1673 (N.S.; 30 July 1673 (O.S.)), during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (which was part of the Franco-Dutch War) a combined Dutch fleet commanded by Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest of the Admiralty of Zeeland and Jacob Binckes of the Admiralty of Amsterdam recaptured New York, which had been English since the Peace of Breda of 1667."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 August 1673 (N.S.; 30 July 1673 (O.S.)), during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (which was part of the Franco-Dutch War) a combined Dutch fleet commanded by Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest of the Admiralty of Zeeland and Jacob Binckes of the Admiralty of Amsterdam recaptured New York, which had been English since the Peace of Breda of 1667."}, {"id": "Q1133549", "label": "Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 August 1673 (N.S.; 30 July 1673 (O.S.)), during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (which was part of the Franco-Dutch War) a combined Dutch fleet commanded by Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest of the Admiralty of Zeeland and Jacob Binckes of the Admiralty of Amsterdam recaptured New York, which had been English since the Peace of Breda of 1667."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch Republic, however, returned the colony to English rule under the Treaty of Westminster (1674), in exchange for the colony of Willoughbyland, now Suriname, which eventually led to the replacement of governor Colve by governor Edmund Andros on 10 November 1674 (N.S.)"}, {"id": "Q659069", "label": "Edmund Andros", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch Republic, however, returned the colony to English rule under the Treaty of Westminster (1674), in exchange for the colony of Willoughbyland, now Suriname, which eventually led to the replacement of governor Colve by governor Edmund Andros on 10 November 1674 (N.S.)"}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the Second Anglo-Dutch War had even started an English fleet took over the colony New Netherland of the Dutch West India Company in 1664 in a bloodless coup in the name of the Duke of York."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Third Anglo-Dutch War broke out in 1672 the Dutch Republic embarked on a commerce raiding style of naval warfare with England and France outside Europe, while in the European theater the main Dutch fleet under admiral Michiel de Ruyter successfully followed a \"fleet-in-being strategy\" to keep the combined English and French fleets at bay, to prevent a seaborne invasion of the Dutch mainl"}], "Q125565013": [{"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Janjira was a military campaign undertaken by the Maratha Confederacy, commanded by Sambhaji, the second Maratha ruler, against the Siddis of Janjira in January 1682."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siddis of Janjira, who allied with the Mughal Empire following the fall of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, posed a significant threat to the Marathas of Konkan."}, {"id": "Q400998", "label": "Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siddis of Janjira, who allied with the Mughal Empire following the fall of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, posed a significant threat to the Marathas of Konkan."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "After Shivaji's death, his son Sambhaji, along with Prince Akbar, the rebellious son of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, and the Rajputs of Marwar, sought to besiege the Janjira fort."}], "Q130377495": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Margão was a military conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur that took place in 1659."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Margão was a military conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur that took place in 1659."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Following this conflict, treaties were reaffirmed between the Sultanate and Kingdom of Portugal in 1655."}, {"id": "Q4724556", "label": "Ali Adil Shah II", "section": "Background", "says": "However, in 1659, Ali Adil Shah II again attempted to recapture Portuguese territories in Goa, launching another invasion led by Abdulla Hakim into the Velhas Conquistas."}], "Q131696697": [{"id": "Q734876", "label": "Ivan Sirko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean campaign was a military expedition undertaken by the Zaporozhian Cossacks under Kosh otaman Ivan Sirko in October 1667 against the Crimean Khanate, resulting in a Cossack victory."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean campaign was a military expedition undertaken by the Zaporozhian Cossacks under Kosh otaman Ivan Sirko in October 1667 against the Crimean Khanate, resulting in a Cossack victory."}], "Q136389057": [{"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Murder Friday (Finnish: Murhaperjantai) of September 29, 1714 was a massacre in the island of Hailuoto (Karlö), Finland, then part of the Kingdom of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q2578587", "label": "Greater Wrath", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the deadliest single act of Russian terrorism against the civilian population during the Great Wrath, which was part of the Great Northern War (1713–1721)."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the deadliest single act of Russian terrorism against the civilian population during the Great Wrath, which was part of the Great Northern War (1713–1721)."}], "Q14474392": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Oyster River, also known as the Oyster River Massacre, happened during King William's War, on July 18, 1694, when a group of Abenaki and some Maliseet, directed by the French, attacked an English settlement at present-day Durham, New Hampshire."}], "Q1461914": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Nagyvárad in 1664 occurred when an army of Hungarians and Germans led by László Rákóczy attacked Nagyvárad in order to capture it; however, despite gaining entry, they were later repelled from the city by the Ottoman garrison."}], "Q15147766": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Capture of Cayenne was a minor military event on the 22 September 1667 during the final stages of the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "lead", "says": "When they circled round and approached Fort Saint Louis at Cayenne however he learned that these ships were actually English warships out of Barbados under Read Admiral Harman."}], "Q15630492": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Biskupice (Hungarian: Püspöki csata; German: Schlacht bei Bischdorf; Slovak: Bitka pri Biskupiciach) took place between the Kuruc (Hungarians) and the Danish auxiliaries of the Habsburg army on 21 April 1704."}], "Q15846028": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Praga took place on October 25, 1705, near the town of Warsaw, Poland during the fifth year of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish army of more than 270 men assisted by approximately 140 soldiers from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under the command of Valentin Dahldorf defeated a combined Polish–Saxon–Russian force of about 5,000 men under Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki and Aleksandr Menshikov."}, {"id": "Q2467381", "label": "Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish army of more than 270 men assisted by approximately 140 soldiers from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under the command of Valentin Dahldorf defeated a combined Polish–Saxon–Russian force of about 5,000 men under Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki and Aleksandr Menshikov."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the fruitless attack by Otto Arnold von Paykull to interrupt the coronation of king Stanisław Leszczyński in the battle of Warsaw, Polish commander Wiśniowiecki and Russian commander Menshikov attempted to surprise the Swedish patrol guarding the bridge going over the Vistula from Praga to Warsaw in order to capture and destroy the bridge which would, otherwise, greatly assist to the Swedish"}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Only the Uppland and Dalarna regiments were stationed near Praga to protect the Polish Coronation in Warsaw, while the main army under Charles XII of Sweden was at Blonie."}], "Q16207208": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaitpur was fought between the Maratha Empire under Peshwa Baji Rao I, on behalf of Chhatrasal Bundela, the ruler of Bundelkhand; and the Mughal Empire under Muhammad Khan Bangash in March 1729."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaitpur was fought between the Maratha Empire under Peshwa Baji Rao I, on behalf of Chhatrasal Bundela, the ruler of Bundelkhand; and the Mughal Empire under Muhammad Khan Bangash in March 1729."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jaitpur was fought between the Maratha Empire under Peshwa Baji Rao I, on behalf of Chhatrasal Bundela, the ruler of Bundelkhand; and the Mughal Empire under Muhammad Khan Bangash in March 1729."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Being too old to fight, as well as heavily outnumbered, Chhatrasal appealed to Baji Rao for assistance - under whose leadership the Maratha with 25,000 horsemen with the Bundela troops defeated the Muhammad khan Bangash."}], "Q16253797": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Landguard Fort or the Attack on Landguard Fort was a battle towards the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War on 2 July 1667 where a Dutch force attacked Landguard Fort near Felixstowe."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "After repeated attempts the Dutch attack planned by Michiel de Ruyter was repelled and as a result the planned attack on Harwich was abandoned."}], "Q16365786": [{"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bandza (Georgian: ბანძის ბრძოლა) was fought in 1658 between Alexander III of Imereti, and the rulers of Guria and Mingrelia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Liparit III and Kaikhosro I fled to the Ottoman Empire, while a large part of their army was captured."}], "Q16712514": [{"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transylvanian campaign into Poland also called the Brest Campaign or Rakoczy's Campaign was a campaign by Transylvania, Sweden, and the Cossack Hetmanate into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Deluge in 1657."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transylvanian campaign into Poland also called the Brest Campaign or Rakoczy's Campaign was a campaign by Transylvania, Sweden, and the Cossack Hetmanate into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Deluge in 1657."}], "Q17026654": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Zólyom (Hungarian: Zólyomi csata, German: Schlacht bei Altsohl, Slovak: Bitka pri Zvolene) took place between the Kurucs and the army of Habsburg monarchy on 15 November 1703 at Zólyom in Kingdom of Hungary (now Zvolen, Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q282149", "label": "Miklós Bercsényi", "section": "lead", "says": "General Miklós Bercsényi defeated an Austrian army under Simon Forgách."}, {"id": "Q181333", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 15 June Francis II Rákóczi sparked off the war of independence against Emperor Leopold I."}], "Q17515458": [{"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was part of the Northeast Coast Campaign (1703) during Queen Anne's War."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The border area between Acadia and New England in the early 18th century remained contested after battles between French and English colonists (and their allied Native Americans) during King William's War in the 1690s failed to resolve territorial disputes."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "New France defined the western border of Acadia as the Kennebec River in what is now southern Maine, while the English Province of Massachusetts Bay formally claimed all of the land between the Piscataqua and St."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "The frontier areas between the Saint Lawrence River and the primarily coastal settlements of Massachusetts and New York were still dominated by natives (primarily Abenaki and Iroquois), and the Hudson River–Lake Champlain corridor had also been used for raiding expeditions in both directions in earlier conflicts."}], "Q18354826": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northeast Coast campaign of 1676 took place during King Philip's War."}], "Q18385279": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northeast Coast campaign of 1675 was conducted during the First Abenaki War (the northern theatre of King Philip's War) and involved the Wabanaki Confederacy raiding colonial American settlements along the New England Colonies/Acadia border in present-day Maine."}, {"id": "Q729648", "label": "Metacomet", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin was sent from Quebec at the outset of the war with the Governors orders to organize all the natives \"throughout the whole colony of Acadia to adopt the interests of the king of France.” After Saint-Castin had settled among the Abenaki, King Philip (also known as Pometacom or Metacomet) and his Wampanoag and allied warriors ravaged New England in the winter of"}], "Q19562510": [{"id": "Q439909", "label": "Carl Gustaf Wrangel", "section": "Background", "says": "In October, during the ongoing Siege of Fredriksodde, Carl Gustaf Wrangel was forced to conserve his supplies."}], "Q19873129": [{"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle on Vrtijeljka (Serbian: бој на Вртијељци, romanized: boj na Vrtijeljci) was fought on the hill of Vrtijeljka near Cetinje between a Venetian irregular force and an advancing Ottoman force on 7 May 1685 at the start of the Morean War."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Süleyman Pasha of Scutari readied to punish the Montenegrins (Ottoman subjects), who had helped the Republic of Venice, the Ottomans' main enemy in the Morean War."}], "Q19882268": [{"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Jammu was fought between the Sikhs under the command of Banda Singh Bahadur against the Mughal forces near the hills of Jammu on 22 January 1712."}], "Q19882269": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Lohgarh was fought between the Sikhs, and the Mughal Empire in 1710."}], "Q19882275": [{"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Samana was fought between the Khalsa under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur and the Mughal Government of Samana in 1709."}], "Q19882279": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Torna was fought on between the Mughal Empire and the Maratha Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, ordered a siege Torna Fort."}], "Q19882342": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bhupalgarh (also spelled Bhupalgad) was fought between the Mughal Empire and Maratha Kingdom in 1679, near present day Khanapur, in a leadup to the Deccan wars."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "lead", "says": "Shivaji's son Sambhaji, who would later become the second king of the Maratha Empire, fought on the Mughal side after defecting from his father."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Shivaji's son Sambhaji, who would later become the second king of the Maratha Empire, fought on the Mughal side after defecting from his father."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "The reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (ruled 1658 to 1707) was marked by a campaign of rapid military expansion."}, {"id": "Q2035098", "label": "Jadunath Sarkar", "section": "Background", "says": "Both Jadunath Sarkar and Pandit Shankar Joshi believe that Sambhaji's defection was ultimately motivated by a sense of dissent against his father, particularly against Shivaji's proposal to partition the kingdom between his sons."}], "Q19892776": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khelna occurred between the Mughal Empire and Maratha Kingdom between 1701 and 1702."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "Mughal emperor Aurangzeb ordered for the Fort of Khelna to be besieged."}], "Q20526364": [{"id": "Q508799", "label": "Petar Zrinski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle at Jurjeve Stijene (Croatian: Bitka kod Jurjevih Stijena) was fought on 16 October 1663, at a canyon near Otočac in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia between the forces of Petar Zrinski, at the time captain of Senj, Ogulin and Primorje, and the forces of the Ottoman Empire under Ali-Pasha Čengić of the Eyalet of Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle at Jurjeve Stijene (Croatian: Bitka kod Jurjevih Stijena) was fought on 16 October 1663, at a canyon near Otočac in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia between the forces of Petar Zrinski, at the time captain of Senj, Ogulin and Primorje, and the forces of the Ottoman Empire under Ali-Pasha Čengić of the Eyalet of Bosnia."}], "Q21070959": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis (Castle Hill) in Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador during King William's War."}], "Q23640828": [{"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "lead", "says": "This incident, among others, led Spain to formally recognize French control of some Caribbean territory in the Treaty of Ryswick in order to avoid further conflicts again in the future: Tortuga Island and the western third of the adjacent island of Hispaniola, where the French colony of Saint-Domingue was later established."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "The advance to the port of Guarico and immediate towns was what was resolved in that meeting, and before dissolving it, Admiral Caro sent strict orders so that, both from the people of the prison of that square and from the militiamen of the city and places From inland, 13,000 men were recruited, which were then judged sufficient for the army; and pointing out Santiago de los Caballeros as the par"}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "The majority acclamation requested that command be given to Field Master Francisco de Segura Sandoval and they promoted with applause the common voice of Admiral Caro, the ministers of the Royal Court of Santo Domingo, General Lope and the corporals."}], "Q24196391": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cavan took place in Cavan, Ireland on 11 February 1690 between forces of Williamite and Jacobite troops during the Williamite War in Ireland."}], "Q24199461": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Evacuation of Kolkanpää took place between October 18 and 27, 1708, close to Kolkanpää, in the Swedish Empire during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Evacuation of Kolkanpää took place between October 18 and 27, 1708, close to Kolkanpää, in the Swedish Empire during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q312109", "label": "Fyodor Apraksin", "section": "lead", "says": "Fyodor Apraksin, the Russian commander in the area, decided to interrupt the evacuation with between 3,000 and 3,500 men."}], "Q25183685": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wismar took place on December 5, 1711 close to Wismar, Swedish Empire during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wismar took place on December 5, 1711 close to Wismar, Swedish Empire during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, Denmark-Norway again declared war on Sweden."}, {"id": "Q449530", "label": "Magnus Stenbock", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Danish invasion army was defeated by General Magnus Stenbock at the Battle of Helsingborg on 10 March 1710."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Danish king Fredrik IV now decided to move the war effort from Scania to the Swedish possessions in northern Germany, consisting of Wismar, Swedish Pomerania and Bremen-Verden."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "Background", "says": "The Danish king Fredrik IV now decided to move the war effort from Scania to the Swedish possessions in northern Germany, consisting of Wismar, Swedish Pomerania and Bremen-Verden."}], "Q2652964": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles at Göta älv were a series of battles and sieges which took place in and around the Gothenburg area between 1717 and 1719, between the Swedish Empire and Denmark–Norway, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles at Göta älv were a series of battles and sieges which took place in and around the Gothenburg area between 1717 and 1719, between the Swedish Empire and Denmark–Norway, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The battles at Göta älv were a series of battles and sieges which took place in and around the Gothenburg area between 1717 and 1719, between the Swedish Empire and Denmark–Norway, during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q699748", "label": "Peter Tordenskjold", "section": "lead", "says": "When Charles XII was forced to halt his assault on southern Norway in 1716, Dano-Norwegian troops, under the command of the young commander Peter Tordenskjold, attempted to blockade Gothenburg and assault its newly constructed naval base; Nya Varvet (New Shipyard) in the spring of 1717, but was unsuccessful."}], "Q28458443": [{"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "lead", "says": "Maratha king Sambhaji  sent his forces to counteract Sarja Khan, sent by Aurangzeb for the purpose of conquering Raigad."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "Maratha king Sambhaji  sent his forces to counteract Sarja Khan, sent by Aurangzeb for the purpose of conquering Raigad."}], "Q2888243": [{"id": "Q444908", "label": "Stede Bonnet", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Cape Fear River, also known as the Battle of the Sandbars, was fought in September 1718 between two sloops from the Province of South Carolina led by William Rhett and a group of pirate ships under the command of Stede Bonnet."}, {"id": "Q213518", "label": "Blackbeard", "section": "Background", "says": "Royal James was a former flagship of Blackbeard which was armed with eight cannons.The other two sloops were similarly armed."}], "Q4677258": [{"id": "Q320959", "label": "Robert Blake", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Porto Farina took place at Porto Farina (now Ghar el-Melh) on 4 April 1655 (14 April by modern calendar) in northern Tunisia, when an English fleet under General-at-Sea Robert Blake destroyed the vessels of several Barbary corsairs."}], "Q4677280": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "This battle took place on 18 May 1657 and was a victory for the Republic of Venice over the main Ottoman Navy and the fleet of the Ottoman province of Algiers."}], "Q4677306": [{"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q3298746", "label": "War of the Portuguese Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal repelled Dutch attempts to secure Brazil, Angola, and Mozambique, but the Dutch disrupted the Portuguese trading networks in Asia, where they captured the Malabar Coast, Ceylon, Malacca, and the Moluccas."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese resentment of Spain, which was perceived as having prioritized its own colonies and neglected the defense of the Portuguese, the weaker member of the union, was a major contributing factor to Portugal shaking off Spanish rule in the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q154959", "label": "Hugo Grotius", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Hugo Grotius in The Free Sea (Mare Liberum, published 1609) formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory, against the Portuguese mare clausum policy, and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade."}], "Q4677326": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Action of 27 August 1661 was a naval battle that took place on 27 August 1661 near Milos, Greece between the Republic of Venice and the Knights Hospitaller over the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Action of 27 August 1661 was a naval battle that took place on 27 August 1661 near Milos, Greece between the Republic of Venice and the Knights Hospitaller over the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q4677341": [{"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q3298746", "label": "War of the Portuguese Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal repelled Dutch attempts to secure Brazil, Angola, and Mozambique, but the Dutch disrupted the Portuguese trading networks in Asia, where they captured the Malabar Coast, Ceylon, Malacca, and the Moluccas."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese resentment of Spain, which was perceived as having prioritized its own colonies and neglected the defense of the Portuguese, the weaker member of the union, was a major contributing factor to Portugal shaking off Spanish rule in the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q154959", "label": "Hugo Grotius", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Hugo Grotius in The Free Sea (Mare Liberum, published 1609) formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory, against the Portuguese mare clausum policy, and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade."}], "Q4870348": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arronches was an encounter between the forces of the Portuguese Empire and of the Spanish Empire in 1653, near Arronches, Alentejo."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Arronches was an encounter between the forces of the Portuguese Empire and of the Spanish Empire in 1653, near Arronches, Alentejo."}], "Q4871144": [{"id": "Q269774", "label": "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish forces were commanded either by hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski or general Krzysztof Grodzicki (sources vary)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "Polish hetman Stefan Czarniecki – Field Hetman of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom – arrived in Pomorze at the beginning of 1657 with an armed force of about 6,000 cavalrymen ready for the defence of the region, which was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled by the Polish King John II Casimir (1648–1668)."}], "Q4871213": [{"id": "Q1395992", "label": "John Lambert", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Hieton was fought on the 1 December 1650 between a force of Scottish Remonstrants under Colonel Gilbert Ker and 1,000 English commanded by Major-general John Lambert."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Background", "says": "The leaders of the English Commonwealth felt threatened and despatched the New Model Army, commanded by Oliver Cromwell, on an invasion of Scotland in July 1650, starting the Anglo-Scottish war of 1650–1652."}], "Q4871417": [{"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Khajuha was fought on January 5, 1659, between the newly crowned Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja who also declared himself Mughal Emperor in Bengal."}, {"id": "Q4087464", "label": "Battle of Samugarh", "section": "Background", "says": "Aurangzeb had defeated his elder brother Dara Shikoh during the Battle of Samugarh and captured Agra and placed his frail father Shah Jahan under house arrest in the Agra Fort."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "Background", "says": "Aurangzeb had defeated his elder brother Dara Shikoh during the Battle of Samugarh and captured Agra and placed his frail father Shah Jahan under house arrest in the Agra Fort."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After capturing Lahore and gaining the support of the Muslim Rajputs in the region, Aurangzeb set out on another expedition towards the eastern territories of the Mughal Empire in Bengal with the sole objective of defeating his brother Shah Shuja."}], "Q4871706": [{"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between the Irish Confederates and the English Parliamentarians during the Irish Confederate Wars."}], "Q4871892": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Newtownbutler took place near Enniskillen in County Fermanagh, Ireland, in 1689 and was part of the Williamite War in Ireland between the forces of William III and Mary II and those of King James II."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Newtownbutler took place near Enniskillen in County Fermanagh, Ireland, in 1689 and was part of the Williamite War in Ireland between the forces of William III and Mary II and those of King James II."}], "Q4872479": [{"id": "Q6429210", "label": "Kongo Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of São Salvador was a military engagement during the Kongo Civil War that pitted the remnants of Dona Beatriz's Antonianism religious movement against the orthodox Catholic followers of King Pedro IV."}], "Q4872526": [{"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "This alliance had formed after the Second Ormond Peace in January 1649 that had ended the Irish Confederate Wars."}, {"id": "Q719724", "label": "Henry Ireton", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1650, Cromwell and his military commander in Ireland, Henry Ireton, decided that Tecroghan Castle should be taken and sent a large Parliamentarian force, in excess of 2,000 men commanded by Colonel John Reynolds, to besiege the castle."}], "Q4872610": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Turner's Falls or Battle of Grand Falls;  also known as the Peskeompscut-Wissantinnewag Massacre, was a battle and massacre occurring on May 19, 1676, in the context of King Philip's War in what is present-day Gill and Greenfield, across from Turners Falls on the Connecticut River."}], "Q4872711": [{"id": "Q1395992", "label": "John Lambert", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Warrington Bridge was a skirmish fought on 13 August 1651 between the invading Royalist Scottish army of Charles II and Parliamentary forces under the command of Major-General John Lambert."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Lambert returned to England from Scotland with a cavalry corps that had accompanied Oliver Cromwell when he invaded Scotland."}], "Q4873012": [{"id": "Q80330", "label": "English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an extension of the conflicts that formed the English Civil War, pitting the forces of Puritan settlers against forces aligned with Lord Baltimore, then Lord Proprietor of the colony of Maryland."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "Background", "says": "It pitted the forces allied with the royal proprietor, who was a Catholic and Royalist, against forces allied with the Commonwealth of England, who were Puritans."}], "Q55605040": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Santa Vittoria was an encounter battle or skirmish in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna on 26 July 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession between a French force under Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme and an Imperial cavalry detachment under General Annibal Visconti."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In May, an Austrian army under Prince Eugene of Savoy entered Northern Italy and won a series of victories which by February 1702 forced the French behind the Adda river."}], "Q55647803": [{"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "Before the battle", "says": "Guru Gobind Singh was making his way to Anandpur."}], "Q56347245": [{"id": "Q1265114", "label": "Father Rale's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northeast Coast campaign (1724) occurred during Dummer's War from March 1724 – September 1724."}], "Q60524388": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle happened in August 1677, at Cao Bằng, North Vietnam."}], "Q65164620": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Russian army threatened to invade the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in early 1654, King John II Casimir Vasa convened the Sejm in March 1654 under the chairmanship of Franciszek Dubrawski, Chamberlain of Przemyśl."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Russian army threatened to invade the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in early 1654, King John II Casimir Vasa convened the Sejm in March 1654 under the chairmanship of Franciszek Dubrawski, Chamberlain of Przemyśl."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "Both the grand bullahs (position of hetman), of the Crown and Lithuania, were vacant after the death of Janusz Kiszka, but the King, despite the fact that Prince Radziwiłł was in opposition to him, conferred the bullah on him."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "However, fearing similar consequences as those which arose during the reign of King Sigismund through the humiliation of Duke Krzysztof Radziwiłł, the king granted him the position, and Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski became the field hetman."}, {"id": "Q2454796", "label": "Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski", "section": "Background", "says": "However, fearing similar consequences as those which arose during the reign of King Sigismund through the humiliation of Duke Krzysztof Radziwiłł, the king granted him the position, and Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski became the field hetman."}], "Q7057851": [{"id": "Q1265114", "label": "Father Rale's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northeast Coast campaign (1723) occurred during Dummer's War from April 19, 1723 – January 28, 1724."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which ended Queen Anne's War and included the cession of peninsular Nova Scotia to Great Britain, had facilitated this expansion."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which ended Queen Anne's War and included the cession of peninsular Nova Scotia to Great Britain, had facilitated this expansion."}], "Q7283744": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Chief Kancamagus of the Pennacook, it was part of King William's War, the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), fought between England and France and their respective Native allies."}, {"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "Background and Underlying Tension", "says": "At the end of King Philip's War (1675–1678), a number of Indians allied with King Philip attempted to flee the Massachusetts Bay Colony and took refuge with the Abenaki tribe living in Dover."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "Background and Underlying Tension", "says": "The rest were sold into slavery, most in Barbados."}], "Q85745908": [{"id": "Q431806", "label": "Arauco War", "section": "Background", "says": "Legalisation made Spanish slave raiding increasingly common in the Arauco War."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "Acuña Cabrera ignored this insubordination and proceeded instead to boost the expedition with the purchase of 400 horses in Santiago."}], "Q86669234": [{"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Tunis (1705) was a military engagement fought between the Regency of Algiers and the Beylik of Tunis, and was the final major engagement of the Tunisian–Algerian War (1705)."}, {"id": "Q4899891", "label": "Beylik of Tunis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Tunis (1705) was a military engagement fought between the Regency of Algiers and the Beylik of Tunis, and was the final major engagement of the Tunisian–Algerian War (1705)."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siege of Tunis (1705) was a military engagement fought between the Regency of Algiers and the Beylik of Tunis, and was the final major engagement of the Tunisian–Algerian War (1705)."}], "Q97174206": [{"id": "Q16640426", "label": "War of the Camisards", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle of Cauvi's farm occurred on 24 December 1702, during the War of the Camisards when Huguenot leader Jean Cavalier routed Alès' governor at Saint-Christol-lez-Alès."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1702, the Cévennes fell into civil war, as Protestant Huguenots called Camisards led an uprising against the regime of Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1702, the Cévennes fell into civil war, as Protestant Huguenots called Camisards led an uprising against the regime of Louis XIV."}], "Q106412661": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of King William's War."}, {"id": "Q2896036", "label": "Benjamin Church", "section": "lead", "says": "160 men, including some native fighters allied with the Massachusetts Bay Colony (later renamed the Province of Massachusetts), were sent to protect the small 25 family settlement, commanded by Benjamin Church (he is considered the forebear of the modern day United States Army Rangers)."}], "Q107104697": [{"id": "Q312905", "label": "John Rackham", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of John Rackham was a single-ship action fought between English pirate John Rackham and former privateer Jonathan Barnet."}, {"id": "Q114206", "label": "Woodes Rogers", "section": "Background", "says": "Governor Woodes Rogers dispatched pirate hunters but to no avail - Rackham and his crew  plundered vessels across the Caribbean for two months."}], "Q108460025": [{"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Ronas Voe was a naval engagement between the English Royal Navy and the Dutch East India ship Wapen van Rotterdam on 14 March 1674 in Ronas Voe, Shetland as part of the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after embarking on a journey towards the Dutch East Indies with trade goods and a company of soldiers, extreme weather conditions caused Wapen van Rotterdam to lose its masts and rudder and it was forced to take shelter in Ronas Voe for a number of months."}], "Q109905310": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sangley Massacre was a colonial ethnic cleansing in the Philippines in June 1662, when the Spanish governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines ordered the killing of any Sangley (Chinese Filipinos) who had not submitted to the assembly area."}, {"id": "Q1198163", "label": "Southern Ming dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1662, the Southern Ming warlord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) defeated the Dutch colonial outpost in Taiwan at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia and established the Kingdom of Tungning with himself as the ruler."}, {"id": "Q697621", "label": "Siege of Fort Zeelandia", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1662, the Southern Ming warlord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) defeated the Dutch colonial outpost in Taiwan at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia and established the Kingdom of Tungning with himself as the ruler."}, {"id": "Q152855", "label": "Kingdom of Tungning", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1662, the Southern Ming warlord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) defeated the Dutch colonial outpost in Taiwan at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia and established the Kingdom of Tungning with himself as the ruler."}], "Q110933260": [{"id": "Q17319155", "label": "Kingdom of Mewar", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Bandanwara was fought between the Kingdom of Mewar and Mughals in 1711 CE at Bandanwara, near Khari river in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan, India."}, {"id": "Q12449433", "label": "Amar Singh II", "section": "Background", "says": "Maharana Amar Singh II had captured Mandalgarh, Badnore and Pur Mandal after death of Aurangzeb."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "Maharana Amar Singh II had captured Mandalgarh, Badnore and Pur Mandal after death of Aurangzeb."}], "Q113349849": [{"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Barbados also known as the Action of Carlisle Bay was a military action that took place off the Caribbean island of Barbados on 29 April 1665 just before the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "lead", "says": "It was fought between an English force defending against an attacking Dutch force led by Michiel de Ruyter."}], "Q117354816": [{"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The hill chiefs were alarmed by the success of Guru Gobind Singh."}, {"id": "Q7494639", "label": "Sher Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "The Defence of Lohgarh was entrusted to Sher Singh and Nahar Singh while Udai Singh took charge of Fatehgarh and Ajit Singh took command of defending Taragarh."}], "Q120024444": [{"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Bilaspur was fought in 1711 by Sikh forces led by Banda Singh Bahadur and the rulers of the Sivalik Hills led by Raja Ajmer Chand of Princely State of Kahlur (Bilaspur)."}], "Q122397248": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Stekene took place on 27 June 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession, when a Dutch force of 7,000 men, under Karel Willem Sparre, attacked the Franco-Spanish defensive that ran from Ostend to Antwerp."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Marlborough, later seeing himself at the head of 60,000 men, took advantage of this strong force by going on the offensive and penetrating into the Spanish Netherlands."}], "Q122790843": [{"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the commencement of the First Anglo-Dutch War in December 1653, three English merchant ships, namely the Falcon, Dove, and Welcome, set sail from Diu with the purpose of proceeding to Gombroon to load cargo onto the Endeavour."}], "Q124202132": [{"id": "Q86667083", "label": "Battle of Moulouya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Moulouya took place in May 1692 at a ford on the Moulouya river in Morocco."}], "Q124466021": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to constant attack, garrison supplies and storage were waning, and an attempt to buy meat from Portugal and Spain ended in vain."}], "Q125498725": [{"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Panhala was led by Siddi Jauhar on behalf of the Bijapur Sultanate, dispatched by Ali Adil Shah II to reclaim the Panhala Fort, was a momentous undertaking."}, {"id": "Q4724556", "label": "Ali Adil Shah II", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Panhala was led by Siddi Jauhar on behalf of the Bijapur Sultanate, dispatched by Ali Adil Shah II to reclaim the Panhala Fort, was a momentous undertaking."}], "Q125768358": [{"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Carolusborg (1658) was carried out by the newly recruited Hendrik Carloff who seized the Swedish fort of Carolusborg on the Gold Coast."}], "Q125881454": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1642 the Danish East India Company declared war on the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q912382", "label": "Danish India", "section": "Background", "says": "Because of the Dano-Swedish Wars Denmark did not have the means to send any ships to Danish India, and relations were subsequently cut."}, {"id": "Q157793", "label": "Christian V of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1672 king Christian V of Denmark (r 1670–1699) requested compensation for the losses of Danish vessels, though this request was never fulfilled by the Mughals."}], "Q127273254": [{"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "Tranquebar as a Danish colony was established in 1620, as a result of a treaty between Christian IV of Denmark and Raghunatha Nayak of Thanjavur."}], "Q128304242": [{"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Majaz al-Bab (1705) was a Battle between the Regency of Algiers and the Regency of Tunis."}], "Q129000522": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The assault on Brussels or siege of Brussels occurred during the War of the Spanish Succession, from 22 to 27 November 1708 involving French and pro-Bourbon Spanish troops under Maximilian of Bavaria against the garrison and citizens of the city of Brussels."}, {"id": "Q161325", "label": "Battle of Ramillies", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Battle of Ramillies in 1706, where the Allies severely defeated a Bourbon Franco-Spanish army, much of the Spanish Netherlands fell into Allied hands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Battle of Ramillies in 1706, where the Allies severely defeated a Bourbon Franco-Spanish army, much of the Spanish Netherlands fell into Allied hands."}, {"id": "Q316827", "label": "Louis François, duc de Boufflers", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, Louis-François de Boufflers and his French garrison defended the city tenaciously, causing the siege to progress very slowly."}], "Q130130891": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Stockholm incident was an event in July 1651 when English privateer ships, namely the Man-of-war Jonsco Frigot and the Phoenix fought with the Stockholm, a Swedish ship heading back from Portugal."}], "Q131703662": [{"id": "Q734876", "label": "Ivan Sirko", "section": "Background", "says": "Before Ivan Sirko launched his campaign, he made a speech to Cossacks, in which he talked about taking revenge on Tatars for their raids and his negative sentiment towards Tatars."}], "Q134445839": [{"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebel forces led by Kurd Mehmed Agha, Ibşir Mustafa Pasha, and Abaza Hasan Pasha besieged the city of Kayseri, capturing it after a prolonged blockade."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The mid-17th century was a period of significant turmoil within the Ottoman Empire, marked by political instability, severe economic crises, and widespread provincial discontent."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "Background", "says": "In the power vacuum that followed the deposition of Sultan İbrahim I and the ascension of the child sultan Mehmed IV, multiple rebel leaders rose to prominence."}], "Q134514078": [{"id": "Q734876", "label": "Ivan Sirko", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arbautuk massacre or Arabat massacre took place during the Crimean Campaign of Cossack leaders Ivan Zhdan-Rih and Ivan Sirko, when Zhdan-Rih with 2,000 captured the city and subsequently sacking it, targeting Tatar civilians."}], "Q134608208": [{"id": "Q34481", "label": "Francesco Morosini", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Francesco Morosini, he led his men and the other of his forces to capture Kalamata, which were part of the Ottoman rule at that time during the war."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The town sustained and considerable damage before once and more to the collapse of the Turks, and progressively over time in 1685, the Republic of Venice took parts of Kingdom of Morea as well."}], "Q136805512": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "Background", "says": "During one of its voyages, it sailed from India toward the northwest coast of Madagascar to obtain enslaved people for trade."}], "Q137645977": [{"id": "Q912382", "label": "Danish India", "section": "Background", "says": "On 19 September 1685, Wolf Henrik von Kalnein, an Oberstleutnant, got royal permission to investigate the conduct of Axel Juel, the governor of Danish India, following accusations of corruption and administrative abuses."}], "Q137704043": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "Background", "says": "Slavery was endemic to Madagascar when the pirates arrived."}], "Q138543055": [{"id": "Q138009342", "label": "Battle of Djebel Amour", "section": "Background", "says": "Previous attempts to invade Algerian territory, such as the Battle of Djebel Amour and the Battle of Moulouya, ended in victories for the Algerian forces."}, {"id": "Q86667083", "label": "Battle of Moulouya", "section": "Background", "says": "Previous attempts to invade Algerian territory, such as the Battle of Djebel Amour and the Battle of Moulouya, ended in victories for the Algerian forces."}], "Q138544936": [{"id": "Q12183875", "label": "Sharifian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Kawiya was a military conflict between the Alawi Sultanate and the Regency of Algiers in September, 1700."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of al-Kawiya was a military conflict between the Alawi Sultanate and the Regency of Algiers in September, 1700."}, {"id": "Q86667083", "label": "Battle of Moulouya", "section": "Background", "says": "After a victory in the Battle of Moulouya a treaty was concluded fixing the boundary between the two states at the Moulouya river."}], "Q139916063": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dodah (1680) was a military engagement fought in 1680 in the Bangash territory of the northwestern frontier, in the present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q83794", "label": "Khushal Khan Khattak", "section": "lead", "says": "The battle was fought between the forces of Khushal Khan Khattak and the Bangash tribe and resulted in a decisive Khattak victory in which 160 Bangash fighters were killed."}, {"id": "Q139916068", "label": "Battle of Gumbat", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement served as the revenge for the earlier Battle of Gumbat, in which Khushal Khan had suffered a defeat and been wounded and temporarily restored Khattak prestige and influence in the Bangash region."}], "Q139916068": [{"id": "Q83794", "label": "Khushal Khan Khattak", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gumbat was a military engagement fought in Gumbat between the forces of Khushal Khan Khattak and the Bangash tribe under Sher Muhammad Bangash Kohati."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Emperor Aurangzeb himself had moved to Hasan Abdal in an attempt to personally oversee the suppression of the Afghan uprising."}], "Q139916073": [{"id": "Q83794", "label": "Khushal Khan Khattak", "section": "Background", "says": "Khushal Khan Khattak and Darya Khan Afridi subsequently began planning a joint attack on the fort of Kohat."}], "Q140378233": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nahavand (1730) (Persian: نبرد نهاوند) was a key military engagement in Nader Quli's Western Iran Campaign between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran that resulted in the recapture of Nahavand by the Safavids."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Nahavand (1730) (Persian: نبرد نهاوند) was a key military engagement in Nader Quli's Western Iran Campaign between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran that resulted in the recapture of Nahavand by the Safavids."}], "Q16208754": [{"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Lake of Two Mountains (French: Bataille du Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes) took place during the Beaver Wars between the colony of New France and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy that occurred on October 16, 1689."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "In October, Governor General of New France, the Marquis de Denonville dispatched a scouting party of 28 coureur des bois, under the command of Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut and Nicolas d'Ailleboust de Manthet, to search for Haudenosaunee warriors that posed a threat to residents on the Island of Montreal."}], "Q16950700": [{"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "Historical context", "says": "Prior to King Philip's War, there is no record of New England and the Mi'kmaq being in conflict."}], "Q17305537": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "John took place on 22 September 1691 between France and England toward the beginning of King William's War in the Bay of Fundy off present-day Saint John, New Brunswick."}], "Q19866070": [{"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1654, the expansion of the Iroquois Nation (during the Beaver Wars) displaced several tribes from their homelands around Lake Erie."}], "Q23809275": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Rahon was fought between Sikhs and the Mughal Empire on 11 October 1710."}, {"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "Background", "says": "Banda Singh Bahadur captured almost half of Punjab, east of Lahore and became the ruler of a region in eastern Punjab from river Indus to Satluj."}], "Q24204942": [{"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Wilton or Battle of Greenfield was fought in 1693 in Wilton, New York between Colonial Militia and allied Native forces on one hand and French forces and their Native allies as part of King William's War."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "In retaliation, in 1689,  a group of 1500 Mohawks attacked and burned the French town of Lachine on Montreal Island, killing or capturing a substantial number of the inhabitants (the Seneca and Mohawk were both members of the Iroquois confederacy, properly known as the Haudenosaunee)."}], "Q4677232": [{"id": "Q604204", "label": "Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729", "section": "lead", "says": "The action of 11 March 1727 was fought between the British and Spanish navies during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729."}], "Q4870771": [{"id": "Q4871107", "label": "Battle of Glen Affric", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of Coille Bhan followed on from the Battle of Glen Affric in 1721 when government forces had failed to take the lands of Mackenzie of Seaforth."}], "Q4870832": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Dalnaspidal occurred on 19 July 1654 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}], "Q4871107": [{"id": "Q2744242", "label": "Battle of Sheriffmuir", "section": "Background", "says": "The rising of 1715 was ultimately defeated at the Battle of Sheriffmuir and another rising had been defeated at the Battle of Glenshiel in 1719, where troops from the Clan Ross had fought in support of the Government and defeated the likes of the Jacobite Clan Mackenzie."}], "Q4871606": [{"id": "Q2320981", "label": "Williamite War in Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Loup Hill took place near Loup Hill (Scottish Gaelic: Cruach na Luib) in Kintyre on 16 May 1689, during the Jacobite rising of 1689, a connected conflict of the Williamite War in Ireland."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1685, the Catholic James II & VII came to power with widespread support; the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant many in both England and Scotland feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir'."}, {"id": "Q1940446", "label": "Monmouth Rebellion", "section": "Background", "says": "A desire for stability led to the rapid collapse of the Monmouth Rebellion and Argyll's Rising in June 1685, both led by Protestant dissidents."}], "Q4871908": [{"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended Queen Anne's War, had facilitated the expansion of New England settlement."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended Queen Anne's War, had facilitated the expansion of New England settlement."}, {"id": "Q1265114", "label": "Father Rale's War", "section": "Background", "says": "Further Abenaki incursions persuaded the Assembly to act in what would be called Father Rale's War."}], "Q4872015": [{"id": "Q1265114", "label": "Father Rale's War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Pequawket (also known as Lovewell's Fight) occurred on May 9, 1725 (O.S.), during Dummer's War in northern New England."}, {"id": "Q69339", "label": "Nathaniel Hawthorne", "section": "lead", "says": "The fight was celebrated in song and story for at least several generations and became an important part of regional lore—even influencing the stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne in the early 19th century as well as other writers."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "Historical context of Dummer's War", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended Queen Anne's War, had facilitated the expansion of New England settlement."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "Historical context of Dummer's War", "says": "The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended Queen Anne's War, had facilitated the expansion of New England settlement."}], "Q4872603": [{"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the English Commonwealth defeated King Charles II of England and his Scottish allies at the Battle of Worcester in September 1651, the Parliament of England moved to bring Scotland into the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q1116626", "label": "Battle of Worcester", "section": "Prelude", "says": "After the English Commonwealth defeated King Charles II of England and his Scottish allies at the Battle of Worcester in September 1651, the Parliament of England moved to bring Scotland into the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In early 1653, King Charles made William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn the temporary commander of Royalist forces in Scotland until Major-General John Middleton could arrive from the Dutch Republic."}], "Q4872632": [{"id": "Q1395992", "label": "John Lambert", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Upton was fought on 28 August 1651 when a New Model Army detachment under the command of Colonel John Lambert made a surprise attack on Royalists defending the river Severn crossing at Upton-upon-Severn, 6 miles (9.7 km) below Worcester."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On his return from Scotland Oliver Cromwell took command of the Parliamentary forces arrayed against the Royalist army encamped in and around Worcester."}], "Q5037075": [{"id": "Q512932", "label": "Edward Low", "section": "lead", "says": "Two pirate ships under the command of Englishmen Edward Low and Charles Harris attacked HMS Greyhound, a post ship of the Royal Navy which they mistook for a civilian whaler."}], "Q5037079": [{"id": "Q312905", "label": "John Rackham", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of John Rackham was a single-ship action fought between English pirate John Rackham and former privateer Jonathan Barnet."}, {"id": "Q114206", "label": "Woodes Rogers", "section": "Background", "says": "Governor Woodes Rogers dispatched pirate hunters but to no avail - Rackham and his crew  plundered vessels across the Caribbean for two months."}], "Q55605029": [{"id": "Q860407", "label": "Kahlur State", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, others like Kripal Chand Katoch of Kangra and Bhim Chand of Bilaspur State submitted before the Mughal Army without a fight."}], "Q55647645": [{"id": "Q2917546", "label": "treaty of Radnot", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In accordance with Treaty of Radnot, in January 1657, the Transylvanian army of 25,000 crossed the Carpathians, joined with Zaporozhian Cossacks and set off towards Kraków, where the situation of the Swedish garrison was desperate."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On May 13, Rákóczi and Charles X Gustav seized the fortress of Brześć Litewski, and on May 17, after a three-day siege, the Swedes, Cossacks, and Transylvanians captured Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q9173219", "label": "Battle of Magierów", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The ruler of Transylvania began a quick retreat southwards, but on July 11, was defeated in Battle of Magierów, and on July 20, the Transylvanian-Cossack army was completely destroyed in the Battle of Czarny Ostrów."}, {"id": "Q9172897", "label": "Battle of Czarny Ostrów", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The ruler of Transylvania began a quick retreat southwards, but on July 11, was defeated in Battle of Magierów, and on July 20, the Transylvanian-Cossack army was completely destroyed in the Battle of Czarny Ostrów."}], "Q55647800": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Battle of Anandpur in 1704 was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Sikhs."}], "Q7251618": [{"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion followed the \"Glorious Revolution\" in England of 1688, which saw the Protestant monarchs William III and Mary II replace the English Catholic monarch King James II."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until after the American Revolution."}], "Q7509883": [{"id": "Q130805", "label": "George I of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Highlanders loyal to the British-Hanoverian government of George I of Great Britain laid siege to Brahan Castle, seat of William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth, who was a staunch Jacobite, loyal to the House of Stuart."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "Highlanders loyal to the British-Hanoverian government of George I of Great Britain laid siege to Brahan Castle, seat of William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth, who was a staunch Jacobite, loyal to the House of Stuart."}, {"id": "Q2744242", "label": "Battle of Sheriffmuir", "section": "Background", "says": "The rebellion suffered a setback at the inconclusive Battle of Sheriffmuir on 13 November 1715, and Mackenzie's own forces under John Mackenzie of Coul had been defeated at the siege of Inverness on the same day."}], "Q7509950": [{"id": "Q644960", "label": "Battle of the Boyne", "section": "lead", "says": "It happened shortly after the Battle of the Boyne during James II's attempt to retake the English throne from King William III."}], "Q7510060": [{"id": "Q19882266", "label": "Battle of Gurdas Nangal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gurdas Nangal took place in April 1715 between the Sikhs, led by Banda Singh Bahadur, and the Mughal Army, led by Abd al-Samad Khan."}, {"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Gurdas Nangal took place in April 1715 between the Sikhs, led by Banda Singh Bahadur, and the Mughal Army, led by Abd al-Samad Khan."}, {"id": "Q12446060", "label": "Bhim Singh", "section": "Background", "says": "Responding to these commands, Mirza Ahmad Khan, the Faujdar of Gujrat, gathered a large group of armed Sayyeds; Iradatmand Khan, the Faujdar of Eminabad, Nur Muhammad Khan from Aurangabad and Shaikh Muhammad Dayam from Batala, Sayyed Hafeez Ali Khan from Haibatpur, Suhrab Khan from Kalanaur, Raja Bhim Singh from Katoch; and Har Deva, son of Raja Dhrub Deva of Jasrota, assembled their troops in Lah"}], "Q7510100": [{"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Inverness of 1650 was part of the Scottish Civil War that formed part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}], "Q7510102": [{"id": "Q2888946", "label": "Battle of Killiecrankie", "section": "lead", "says": "The MacDonalds of Keppoch soon after supported John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee at the Battle of Killiecrankie."}], "Q85750597": [{"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of the galleon Lion Couronné was a naval engagement that took place off Formentera on 17 June 1651, during the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q442594", "label": "John Joseph of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "A squadron of eleven Spanish galleys under John Joseph of Austria captured the French galleon Lion Couronné after a fight."}], "Q96373239": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Banavar was a land battle fought between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore in the year 1682.The Mysore forces under King Chikka Devaraja defeated the Maratha forces and their allies under Sambhaji, forcing him to retreat temporarily."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Banavar was a land battle fought between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore in the year 1682.The Mysore forces under King Chikka Devaraja defeated the Maratha forces and their allies under Sambhaji, forcing him to retreat temporarily."}, {"id": "Q5097433", "label": "Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Banavar was a land battle fought between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore in the year 1682.The Mysore forces under King Chikka Devaraja defeated the Maratha forces and their allies under Sambhaji, forcing him to retreat temporarily."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Banavar was a land battle fought between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore in the year 1682.The Mysore forces under King Chikka Devaraja defeated the Maratha forces and their allies under Sambhaji, forcing him to retreat temporarily."}, {"id": "Q1587991", "label": "Keladi Nayaka", "section": "Background", "says": "Sambhaji attacked the Kingdom of Mysore in June 1682 with his allies - the Nayakas of Keladi and Qutb Shahi dynasty."}], "Q96373269": [{"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Combined Swedish-Hanoverian-Lüneburgian forces of 17,500 men, who were guarantors of peace by the treaty of Holstein-Gottorp along with England and the Netherlands, commanded by Nils Gyllenstierna, marched towards the 20,000 strong Danish army under Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Württemberg to relief the besieged Tönning."}], "Q96373275": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Trichinopoly (1682) was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "Battle of Trichinopoly (1682) was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maratha forces under Sambhaji and his allies, besieged and captured the city of Tiruchirappalli."}, {"id": "Q96373239", "label": "Battle of Banavar", "section": "Background", "says": "Chikkadevaraya soundly defeated them at the Battle of Banavar."}], "Q97358502": [{"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege of Janjira was a military campaign undertaken by the Maratha Confederacy, commanded by Sambhaji, the second Maratha ruler, against the Siddis of Janjira in January 1682."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siddis of Janjira, who allied with the Mughal Empire following the fall of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, posed a significant threat to the Marathas of Konkan."}, {"id": "Q400998", "label": "Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siddis of Janjira, who allied with the Mughal Empire following the fall of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, posed a significant threat to the Marathas of Konkan."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "After Shivaji's death, his son Sambhaji, along with Prince Akbar, the rebellious son of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, and the Rajputs of Marwar, sought to besiege the Janjira fort."}], "Q362": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War, the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War, the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland, after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland, after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland, after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between the two states under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between the two states under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania, while Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued, mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy, and the British Empire and British Commonwealth, with fighting in the Balkans, Mediterranean, Middle East, East Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the naval Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued, mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy, and the British Empire and British Commonwealth, with fighting in the Balkans, Mediterranean, Middle East, East Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the naval Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q154720", "label": "Battle of Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued, mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy, and the British Empire and British Commonwealth, with fighting in the Balkans, Mediterranean, Middle East, East Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the naval Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued, mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy, and the British Empire and British Commonwealth, with fighting in the Balkans, Mediterranean, Middle East, East Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the naval Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "By mid-1941, Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific, including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia, but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies and new regional warlords."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia, staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia, staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q715590", "label": "Tanggu Truce", "section": "Background", "says": "The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai, Rehe, and Hebei, until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933."}, {"id": "Q244941", "label": "Xi'an Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 1936 Xi'an Incident, the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan."}], "Q361": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The causes of World War I included the rise of the German Empire, which disturbed the long-standing balance of power in Europe, and the exacerbation of imperial rivalries, as reflected in new alliances and an arms race between the great powers."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Tensions in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on 28 July, upon which the Russian Empire mobilised in Serbia's defence."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on 28 July, upon which the Russian Empire mobilised in Serbia's defence."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In early August, Germany declared war on Russia and France; the United Kingdom entered the war after Germany invaded Belgium."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, but its advance was halted in September, and the Western Front solidified into a near-continuous line of fortified trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side gained a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in November, which was followed by a failed Allied campaign at Gallipoli."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1917, the United States joined the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied Hundred Days Offensive, beginning in August 1918, caused a collapse of the German front line."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing a revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November"}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "While Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russia considered itself the protector of Serbia and other Slav states, they preferred the strategically vital Bosporus straits to be controlled by a weak Ottoman government, rather than an ambitious Slav power like Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q167246", "label": "Bosnian Crisis", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1908–1909 Bosnian Crisis began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1908–1909 Bosnian Crisis began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions increased after the 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the Balkan League, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions increased after the 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the Balkan League, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "The League quickly overran most of the Ottomans' territory in the Balkans during the 1912–1913 First Balkan War, much to the surprise of outside observers."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day Second Balkan War, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, and Southern Dobruja to Romania."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day Second Balkan War, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, and Southern Dobruja to Romania."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "The result was that even countries which benefited from the Balkan Wars, such as Serbia and Greece, felt cheated of their \"rightful gains\", while for Austria it demonstrated the apparent indifference with which other powers viewed their concerns, including Germany."}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Aware of German plans to attack through Belgium, French Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre asked his government for pe"}], "Q171328": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following two-thirds approval of each part, the final text was unanimously adopted by delegates and opened for signature on 26 June 1945; it was signed in San Francisco, California, United States, by 50 of the 51 original member countries."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Charter entered into force on 24 October 1945, following ratification by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, China, France, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom) and a majority of the other signatories; this is considered the official starting date of the United Nations, with the first session of the General Assembly, representing all 51 initial member"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Charter entered into force on 24 October 1945, following ratification by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, China, France, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom) and a majority of the other signatories; this is considered the official starting date of the United Nations, with the first session of the General Assembly, representing all 51 initial member"}], "Q130796": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, with a secret protocol establishing Soviet and German spheres of influence across Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, with a secret protocol establishing Soviet and German spheres of influence across Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact was signed in Moscow on 24 August 1939 (backdated 23 August 1939) by Soviet Premier and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact was signed in Moscow on 24 August 1939 (backdated 23 August 1939) by Soviet Premier and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Tripartite discussions between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France had broken down after the Soviet Union was excluded from the Munich Agreement in September 1938."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Tripartite discussions between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France had broken down after the Soviet Union was excluded from the Munich Agreement in September 1938."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, had indicated that the USSR was willing to support Czechoslovakia militarily if France did so as well."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, had indicated that the USSR was willing to support Czechoslovakia militarily if France did so as well."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Secret Additional Protocol of 23 August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to partition Poland; Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Bessarabia were allotted to the Soviet sphere, while Lithuania—apart from the Vilnius region, whose \"interests\" were recognized—lay in the German sphere (Lithuania—including the Vilnius region, but excluding a strip of land—was only transferred to the Soviet"}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Secret Additional Protocol of 23 August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to partition Poland; Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Bessarabia were allotted to the Soviet sphere, while Lithuania—apart from the Vilnius region, whose \"interests\" were recognized—lay in the German sphere (Lithuania—including the Vilnius region, but excluding a strip of land—was only transferred to the Soviet"}, {"id": "Q188925", "label": "Battles of Khalkhin Gol", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 September, one day after a Soviet–Japanese ceasefire came into effect after the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union approved the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Stalin, stating concern for ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians in Poland, ordered the Soviet invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q26195", "label": "German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation", "section": "lead", "says": "After a short war ending in military defeat for Poland, Germany and the Soviet Union drew up a new border between them on formerly Polish territory in the supplementary protocol of the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1940, the Soviet Union annexed parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo following the Winter War against Finland."}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "The policy of appeasement toward Germany was conducted by the governments of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier."}, {"id": "Q213526", "label": "Édouard Daladier", "section": "Background", "says": "The policy of appeasement toward Germany was conducted by the governments of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier."}], "Q178275": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest probable cases were documented in March 1918 in Haskell County, Kansas, United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest probable cases were documented in March 1918 in Haskell County, Kansas, United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The pandemic broke out near the end of World War I, when wartime censors in the belligerent countries suppressed bad news to maintain morale, but newspapers freely reported the outbreak in neutral Spain, creating a misleading impression of Spain as the epicenter and leading to the disease being known as Spanish flu."}], "Q128160": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis in Cuba (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre), or the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, romanized: Karibskiy krizis), was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in the United Kingdom, Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuc"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis in Cuba (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre), or the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, romanized: Karibskiy krizis), was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in the United Kingdom, Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuc"}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to these factors the Soviet and Cuban governments agreed, at a meeting between leaders Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962, to place nuclear missiles on Cuba to deter a future US invasion."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to these factors the Soviet and Cuban governments agreed, at a meeting between leaders Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962, to place nuclear missiles on Cuba to deter a future US invasion."}, {"id": "Q708321", "label": "Berlin Crisis of 1961", "section": "Background", "says": "This impression was confirmed by the President's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall by East Germany to prevent its citizens from emigrating to the West."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "This impression was confirmed by the President's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall by East Germany to prevent its citizens from emigrating to the West."}, {"id": "Q204338", "label": "Rodion Malinovsky", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans in longhand, which were approved by Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky on 4 July and Khrushchev on 7 July as Operation Anadyr."}, {"id": "Q1931877", "label": "Operation Anadyr", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans in longhand, which were approved by Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky on 4 July and Khrushchev on 7 July as Operation Anadyr."}], "Q466087": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 17 September 2026, 196 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except the United States."}], "Q154720": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Britain (German: Luftschlacht um England, lit. 'air battle for England') was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) of the Royal Navy defended the United Kingdom against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin.\"\nThe Germans had rapidly overwhelmed France and the Low Countries in the Battle of France, leaving Britain to face the threat of invasion by sea."}], "Q183191": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Context", "says": "This approach was a continuation of Atlanticist beliefs from World War II and the early Cold War which called for the defence of democracy against all forms of authoritarianism."}], "Q184425": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theater, was the theater of World War II fought between Japan and the Allies in East and Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Oceania."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the Pacific Ocean theater, the South West Pacific theater, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the brief Soviet–Japanese War, and included some of the largest naval battles in history."}, {"id": "Q220602", "label": "Soviet–Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the Pacific Ocean theater, the South West Pacific theater, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the brief Soviet–Japanese War, and included some of the largest naval battles in history."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "War between Japan and the Republic of China had begun in 1937, with hostilities dating back to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, but the Pacific War is more widely accepted to have begun in 1941, when the United States and United Kingdom were brought into the war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "War between Japan and the Republic of China had begun in 1937, with hostilities dating back to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, but the Pacific War is more widely accepted to have begun in 1941, when the United States and United Kingdom were brought into the war."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "War between Japan and the Republic of China had begun in 1937, with hostilities dating back to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, but the Pacific War is more widely accepted to have begun in 1941, when the United States and United Kingdom were brought into the war."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, and extended its control over the entire territory in July 1941."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7–8 December 1941, Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; the U.S.-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island; and the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong – followed by a Japanese declaration of war."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7–8 December 1941, Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; the U.S.-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island; and the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong – followed by a Japanese declaration of war."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese achieved great success over the next six months, allying with Thailand and capturing the listed territories (except for Hawaii) in addition to Borneo, New Britain, the Dutch East Indies, Burma, the Solomon and Gilbert Islands, and parts of New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q59771", "label": "New Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese achieved great success over the next six months, allying with Thailand and capturing the listed territories (except for Hawaii) in addition to Borneo, New Britain, the Dutch East Indies, Burma, the Solomon and Gilbert Islands, and parts of New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1942, Japanese and Allied aircraft carriers fought at the Battle of the Coral Sea, resulting in the retreat of a Japanese invasion force headed for Port Moresby."}, {"id": "Q173034", "label": "Battle of Midway", "section": "lead", "says": "In June, Japan both invaded the Aleutian Islands and was defeated at the Battle of Midway, considered a key turning point in the war; the Japanese subsequently experiencing great difficulty replacing their losses in ships and aircraft as the U.S. produced ever increasing numbers of both."}, {"id": "Q2026016", "label": "Operation Cartwheel", "section": "lead", "says": "These were followed by Operation Cartwheel from June 1943, which neutralized the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain by early 1944."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Elsewhere, Allied forces recaptured the Aleutian Islands by August 1943, and initiated the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign in November 1943, which lasted until February 1944."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, the Japanese fleet took heavy damage; the Allied campaign to recapture the Philippines began in October and set off the Battle of Leyte Gulf, after which the Japanese were unable to fight further surface engagements and resorted to kamikaze attacks."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, the Japanese fleet took heavy damage; the Allied campaign to recapture the Philippines began in October and set off the Battle of Leyte Gulf, after which the Japanese were unable to fight further surface engagements and resorted to kamikaze attacks."}, {"id": "Q308999", "label": "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, the Japanese fleet took heavy damage; the Allied campaign to recapture the Philippines began in October and set off the Battle of Leyte Gulf, after which the Japanese were unable to fight further surface engagements and resorted to kamikaze attacks."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Japan's key initial objective was to seize economic resources in the Dutch East Indies and Malaya, in order to alleviate the effects of the Allied embargo."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Second Operational Phase called for further expansion into the South Pacific by seizing eastern New Guinea, New Britain, Fiji, Samoa, and strategic points in and around Australia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Japanese military planners' expectation of success rested on the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union being unable to effectively respond to a Japanese attack because of the threat posed to each by Nazi Germany; in particular, the Soviet Union was seen as unlikely to commence hostilities."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Japanese military planners' expectation of success rested on the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union being unable to effectively respond to a Japanese attack because of the threat posed to each by Nazi Germany; in particular, the Soviet Union was seen as unlikely to commence hostilities."}], "Q36756": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Kristallnacht (German: [kʁɪsˈtalnaχt] ; lit. 'crystal night') or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome [noˈvɛm.bɐ.poˌɡʁoːmə] ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 9–"}, {"id": "Q575610", "label": "Martin Gilbert", "section": "lead", "says": "British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "lead", "says": "Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q28085", "label": "Adolf Eichmann", "section": "Background", "says": "At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: \"Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Go to Palestine!\")."}], "Q170850": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Zanzibar War was a military conflict fought between the United Kingdom and the Sultanate of Zanzibar on 27 August 1896."}, {"id": "Q157904", "label": "Sultanate of Zanzibar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Zanzibar War was a military conflict fought between the United Kingdom and the Sultanate of Zanzibar on 27 August 1896."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Khalid received asylum in the German consulate before escaping to German East Africa (in the mainland part of present Tanzania)."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Sultan Khalid received asylum in the German consulate before escaping to German East Africa (in the mainland part of present Tanzania)."}], "Q137671016": [{"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2026, the United States launched a military strike in Venezuela and captured incumbent Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores."}, {"id": "Q799556", "label": "Cilia Flores", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2026, the United States launched a military strike in Venezuela and captured incumbent Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "US president Donald Trump and his administration justified the operation as a law-enforcement action with military support, saying that the president has \"inherent constitutional authority\" to undertake such an act."}, {"id": "Q15081116", "label": "Delcy Rodriguez", "section": "lead", "says": "Venezuelan vice president Delcy Rodríguez denounced Maduro's \"kidnapping\"."}, {"id": "Q324546", "label": "Marco Rubio", "section": "lead", "says": "According to The New York Times, Venezuela has been a de facto puppet state since the intervention, with the US State Department under Marco Rubio exercising control over core aspects of Venezuela's governance, including its domestic finances, government appointments, revenues, foreign policy, and the distribut"}, {"id": "Q1227076", "label": "Diosdado Cabello", "section": "Background", "says": "According to anonymous sources, Reuters reported that United States officials established conversations with Venezuelan minister of interior Diosdado Cabello months before, in order to avoid using the security services or militant ruling-party supporters to target the Venezuelan opposition in case of an attack."}, {"id": "Q7326068", "label": "Richard Grenell", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venezuelan proposals were made to US envoy Richard Grenell through Qatari channels; the Trump administration reportedly rejected the overtures."}, {"id": "Q3295308", "label": "Jorge Rodríguez", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Financial Times, Delcy Rodríguez's brother Jorge Rodríguez had held talks with the United States government in 2025 to have his sister lead a post-Maduro transitional government, though those talks had included Maduro being allowed to go into exile instead of being captured."}], "Q167457": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, and it came into force on 1 January 1958."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, and it came into force on 1 January 1958."}], "Q392119": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "As of December 2025, the Covenant has 175 parties and six more signatories without ratification, most notably China and Cuba; North Korea is the only state that has tried to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Committee normally meets at the UN Office at Geneva, Switzerland, and typically holds three sessions per year."}], "Q191836": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The text of the convention was finalized at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., United States, on 3 March 1973."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "The Faroe Islands, an autonomous region in the Kingdom of Denmark, is also treated as a non-Party to CITES (both the Danish mainland and Greenland are part of CITES)."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "Background", "says": "The Faroe Islands, an autonomous region in the Kingdom of Denmark, is also treated as a non-Party to CITES (both the Danish mainland and Greenland are part of CITES)."}], "Q201424": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 2026, the first and only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict was the United States atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on August 6 and 9, 1945, in the final days of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 2026, the first and only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict was the United States atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on August 6 and 9, 1945, in the final days of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Nuclear weapons were later developed by the Soviet Union (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), and China (1964)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Nuclear weapons were later developed by the Soviet Union (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), and China (1964)."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1974, India, and in 1998, Pakistan, with a history of conflict, developed nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel (1960s) and North Korea (2006) also developed nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "South Africa manufactured several complete nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but during the 1990s, it became the only country to eliminate its domestically produced nuclear arsenal, and abandon further nuclear weapon production."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "Countries have increased their readiness to carry out strategic and tactical nuclear attacks in response to intensifying conflicts, including the Korean War, First and Second Taiwan Strait Crises, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Sino-Soviet border conflict, Yom Kippur War, Gulf War, and Russo-Ukrainian war."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, between the nuclear superpowers of the U.S. and Soviet Union, is often considered the closest call with a nuclear exchange and possible World War III."}], "Q216996": [{"id": "Q48780688", "label": "Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2023, agreement was reached on a High Seas Treaty to be added as an instrument of the convention, to protect ocean life in international waters."}, {"id": "Q154959", "label": "Hugo Grotius", "section": "Background", "says": "All waters beyond national boundaries were considered international waters: free to all nations, but belonging to none of them (the mare liberum principle propounded by Hugo Grotius)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Truman in 1945 extended United States control to all the natural resources of its continental shelf."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "Background", "says": "That limit is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese straits, certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few British Overseas Territories, such as Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q46395", "label": "British Overseas Territories", "section": "Background", "says": "That limit is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese straits, certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few British Overseas Territories, such as Gibraltar."}], "Q277072": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and Palau have signed, but not ratified the treaty."}], "Q193270": [{"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lateran Treaty was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III and Duce Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lateran Treaty was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III and Duce Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lateran Treaty was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III and Duce Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty recognised Vatican City as an independent state under the sovereignty of the Holy See."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy also agreed to give the Catholic Church financial compensation for the loss of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1948, the Lateran Treaty was recognized in the Constitution of Italy as regulating the relations between the Italian Republic and the Catholic Church."}], "Q46333": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Long March (Chinese: 长征; pinyin: Chángzhēng; lit. 'Long Expedition') was a military retreat by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese Red Army from advancing Kuomintang (KMT) National Revolutionary Army during the Chinese Civil War, occurring between October 1934 and October 1935."}, {"id": "Q58667", "label": "Otto Braun", "section": "lead", "says": "Its leaders, including Comintern military adviser Otto Braun and Moscow-trained Bo Gu, decided to take the troops through Hunan, but Chiang set up defenses to block their way."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Mao Zedong, who was not a member of the Politburo, suggested going through Guizhou instead, which was accepted."}, {"id": "Q700713", "label": "He Long", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Front Army was largely destroyed by Chiang and Ma clique attacks, and its remnants joined the Second Front Army led by He Long."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1933, the National Revolutionary Army under Chiang Kai-shek eventually completely encircled Jiangxi, with the advice and tactical assistance of his German adviser, Hans von Seeckt."}, {"id": "Q57204", "label": "Hans von Seeckt", "section": "Background", "says": "In September 1933, the National Revolutionary Army under Chiang Kai-shek eventually completely encircled Jiangxi, with the advice and tactical assistance of his German adviser, Hans von Seeckt."}, {"id": "Q699327", "label": "Wang Ming", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1934, the leaders of the Party, dominated by the \"Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks\", a militant group formed in Moscow by Wang Ming and Bo Gu, forced Mao from the Politburo of the CCP in Ruijin and placed him briefly under house arrest."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "Background", "says": "Mao was replaced by Zhou Enlai as leader of the military commission."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "Bo and Braun continued to employ orthodox military tactics, resulting in a series of Kuomintang advances and heavy Communist casualties."}], "Q151018": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg and was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy each of the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers' favor."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the Western Front the best troops available and officers he trusted."}, {"id": "Q57175", "label": "Sepp Dietrich", "section": "Background", "says": "The lead role in the attack was given to the 6th Panzer Army, commanded by SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich."}, {"id": "Q57211", "label": "Hasso von Manteuffel", "section": "Background", "says": "The Fifth Panzer Army under General Hasso von Manteuffel was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels."}, {"id": "Q60898", "label": "Erich Brandenberger", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seventh Army, under General Erich Brandenberger, was assigned to the southernmost sector, near the Luxembourgish city of Echternach, with the task of protecting the flank."}, {"id": "Q61403", "label": "Gustav-Adolf von Zangen", "section": "Background", "says": "In an indirect, secondary role, the Fifteenth Army, under General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions."}, {"id": "Q189930", "label": "Operation Market Garden", "section": "Background", "says": "In an indirect, secondary role, the Fifteenth Army, under General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions."}], "Q153122": [{"id": "Q220105", "label": "Galeazzo Ciano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, and Saburō Kurusu (in that order) and in the presence of Adolf Hitler."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, and Saburō Kurusu (in that order) and in the presence of Adolf Hitler."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941), and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941), and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941)."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941), and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941)."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Italo-German client state, known as the Independent State of Croatia, joined the pact on 15 June 1941."}, {"id": "Q152195", "label": "Anti-Comintern Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripartite Pact was, together with the Anti-Comintern Pact and the Pact of Steel, one of a number of agreements between Germany, Japan, Italy, and other countries of the Axis powers governing their relationship."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripartite Pact formally allied the Axis Powers with one another, and it was directed primarily at the United States."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Germany and Japan technically became allies with the signing of Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936, the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union came as a surprise to Japan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Germany and Japan technically became allies with the signing of Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936, the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union came as a surprise to Japan."}], "Q877399": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "As a fundamental component of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty is a product of the US' desire to avoid overextension at the end of World War II, and consequently pursue multilateralism in Europe."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind, although the mutual self-defense clause was never invoked during the Cold War."}], "Q151349": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control."}, {"id": "Q12177407", "label": "Berlin Airlift", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949 after fifteen months."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and South African air crews assisted the RAF during the blockade."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It played a major role in aligning West Berlin with the United States and Britain as the major protecting powers, and in drawing West Germany into the"}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It played a major role in aligning West Berlin with the United States and Britain as the major protecting powers, and in drawing West Germany into the"}], "Q865344": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Genocide Convention was conceived largely in response to World War II, which saw atrocities such as the Holocaust that lacked an adequate description or legal definition."}, {"id": "Q505586", "label": "Raphael Lemkin", "section": "lead", "says": "Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who had coined the term genocide in 1944 to describe Nazi policies in occupied Europe and the Armenian genocide, campaigned for its recognition as a crime under international law."}], "Q33933": [{"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was launched in response to the hijacking of an Air France flight from Tel Aviv to Paris by members of the PFLP-EO and the German Revolutionary Cells, who diverted the aircraft to Entebbe International Airport with the backing of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin."}, {"id": "Q318413", "label": "Yonatan Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Sayeret Matkal unit commander Yonatan Netanyahu was the sole Israeli military fatality, alongside five wounded commandos."}], "Q152805": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States is the only UN member state which has not ratified the Convention."}, {"id": "Q1963613", "label": "Nagoya Protocol", "section": "lead", "says": "It has two supplementary agreements, the Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya Protocol."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The meetings of the Parties to the Convention are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP), with the first one (COP 1) held in Nassau, Bahamas, in 1994 and the most recent one (COP 16) in 2024 in Cali, Colombia."}, {"id": "Q1045767", "label": "Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety", "section": "Origin and scope", "says": "It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues."}], "Q208645": [{"id": "Q21707860", "label": "Paris Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The UNFCCC's work currently focuses on implementing the Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016."}], "Q547896": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan) have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan) have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Most recently, the State of Palestine deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC on 17 May 2018."}, {"id": "Q688", "label": "chlorine", "section": "lead", "says": "Chlorine gas is highly toxic, but being a pure element and widely used for peaceful purposes, is not officially listed as a chemical weapon."}], "Q6540361": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "lead", "says": "The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the United Kingdom and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945—the alternative being \"prompt and utter destruction\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the United Kingdom and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945—the alternative being \"prompt and utter destruction\"."}, {"id": "Q163244", "label": "Potsdam Declaration", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with the United Kingdom and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945—the alternative being \"prompt and utter destruction\"."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan's leaders (the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War, also known as the \"Big Six\") were privately making entreaties to the publicly neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Late on 8 August 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on 9 August 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Japanese puppet st"}, {"id": "Q665554", "label": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender", "section": "lead", "says": "Navy battleship USS Missouri, at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, ending hostilities with the Allie"}], "Q151052": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Bagration (Russian: Операция «Багратио́н», romanized: Operatsiya Bagration) was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (Russian: Белорусская наступательная операция «Багратион», romanized: Belorusskaya nastupatelnaya operatsiya \"Bagration\"), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern Front of Wor"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Bagration (Russian: Операция «Багратио́н», romanized: Operatsiya Bagration) was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (Russian: Белорусская наступательная операция «Багратион», romanized: Belorusskaya nastupatelnaya operatsiya \"Bagration\"), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern Front of Wor"}, {"id": "Q8641370", "label": "Operation Overlord", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Bagration (Russian: Операция «Багратио́н», romanized: Operatsiya Bagration) was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (Russian: Белорусская наступательная операция «Багратион», romanized: Belorusskaya nastupatelnaya operatsiya \"Bagration\"), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern Front of Wor"}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was during this operation that Nazi Germany was forced to fight simultaneously on two major fronts for the first time since the war began."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union destroyed 28 of the divisions of Army Group Centre and completely shattered the German front line."}, {"id": "Q697172", "label": "Courland Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "The overall engagement is the largest defeat in German military history, with around 450,000 German casualties, while setting the stage for the subsequent isolation of 300,000 German soldiers in the Courland Pocket."}, {"id": "Q2465049", "label": "Minsk Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red Army exploited the collapse of the German front line to encircle German formations in the vicinity of Minsk in the Minsk Offensive and destroy them, with Minsk liberated on 4 July."}, {"id": "Q601417", "label": "Lublin–Brest Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Bagration diverted German mobile reserves from the Lublin–Brest and Lvov–Sandomierz areas to the central sectors, enabling the Soviets to undertake the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive and Lublin–Brest Offensive."}, {"id": "Q311787", "label": "Operation Mars", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany's Army Group Centre had previously proven difficult to counter, as the Soviet defeat in Operation Mars had shown."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "Background", "says": "However, by June 1944, despite shortening its front line, it was exposed following the defeats of Army Group South in the Battle of Kursk, the Battle of Kiev, the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive and the Crimean offensive in the late summer, autumn, and winter of 1943–44."}, {"id": "Q70536", "label": "Walter Model", "section": "Background", "says": "The German High Command expected the next Soviet offensive to fall against Army Group North Ukraine (Field Marshal Walter Model), and it lacked the necessary intelligence capabilities to discover the Soviets' true intentions."}], "Q1697391": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 March 2012, Turkey became the first country to ratify the convention, followed by 37 other countries and the European Union from 2013 to 2024 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, "}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 March 2012, Turkey became the first country to ratify the convention, followed by 37 other countries and the European Union from 2013 to 2024 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, "}], "Q1000658": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises four substantially identical political agreements signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) in Budapest, Hungary, on 5 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The four memoranda were originally signed by four nuclear powers: Ukraine, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The four memoranda were originally signed by four nuclear powers: Ukraine, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q171328", "label": "Charter of the United Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Blinken amongst others in attendance, prohibited Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom from threatening or using military force or economic coercion against Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, \"except in self-defence or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations\"."}], "Q253224": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice that ended fighting on land, at sea, and in the air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "It was concluded after the German government sent a message to American president Woodrow Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared \"Fourteen Points\", which later became the basis of the German surrender at the Paris Peace Conference, which took place the following year."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "lead", "says": "It was concluded after the German government sent a message to American president Woodrow Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared \"Fourteen Points\", which later became the basis of the German surrender at the Paris Peace Conference, which took place the following year."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "lead", "says": "Also known as the Armistice of Compiègne (French: Armistice de Compiègne, German: Waffenstillstand von Compiègne) from the town near the place where it was officially agreed to at 5:00 a.m. by the Allied Supreme Commander, French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, it came into force at 11:00 a.m."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Background", "says": "The sailors' revolt that took place during the night of 29 to 30 October 1918 in the port of Wilhelmshaven spread across Germany within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November and to the announcement of the abdication of Wilhelm II."}, {"id": "Q2646", "label": "Friedrich Ebert", "section": "Background", "says": "Also on 9 November, Max von Baden handed the office of chancellor to Friedrich Ebert, a Social Democrat who the same day became co-chair of the Council of the People's Deputies."}, {"id": "Q57755", "label": "Matthias Erzberger", "section": "Background", "says": "Two days later, on behalf of the new government, Matthias Erzberger of the Catholic Centre Party signed the armistice at Compiègne."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In the eyes of the German Right, the blame was carried over to the Weimar Republic when it was established in 1919."}], "Q638530": [{"id": "Q1208732", "label": "Miguel Barragán", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the uprising was part of a larger revolt that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Miguel Barragán and General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the uprising was part of a larger revolt that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Miguel Barragán and General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "lead", "says": "Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1812 to 1813 anti-Spanish republicans and U.S. filibusters rebelled against the Spanish Empire in what is known today as the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition during the Mexican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1812 to 1813 anti-Spanish republicans and U.S. filibusters rebelled against the Spanish Empire in what is known today as the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition during the Mexican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q3656325", "label": "Battle of Medina", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Texas government and army met their doom in the Battle of Medina in August 1813, 20 miles south of San Antonio, where 1,300 of the 1,400 rebel army were killed in battle or executed shortly afterwards by royalist soldiers."}], "Q256608": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated and drafted under the auspices of the United Nations, it was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, entering into force on 10 October 1967."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated and drafted under the auspices of the United Nations, it was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, entering into force on 10 October 1967."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiated and drafted under the auspices of the United Nations, it was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, entering into force on 10 October 1967."}], "Q49105": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Palestinians charged that the collision was a deliberate response for the killing of an Israeli in Gaza days earlier."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Arab summit in Amman in November 1987 focused on the Iran–Iraq War, and the Palestinian issue was shunted to the sidelines for the first time in years."}], "Q125464497": [{"id": "Q4188894", "label": "Mohammad-Reza Zahedi", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 April 2024, Israel bombed the Iranian consulate annex building next to the Iranian embassy in Damascus, Syria, killing 16 people, including a woman and her son, and Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a senior Quds Force commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), and seven other IRGC officers, in addition to six other militants belonging to Hezbollah and other Iran-linked "}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Numerous countries and international organizations condemned the attack; the United States denied involvement and prior knowledge, though Russia's representative in the United Nations (UN) has questioned this claim, calling it \"surprising\", noting that the U.S. \"always possesses information on any topic firsthand thanks to its intelligence capabilities\"."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In the weeks following the attack on the consulate, the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom all warned Iran not to attack Israel and escalate the situation."}], "Q328499": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Mudros (Ottoman Turkish: موندروس متارکه‌نامه‌سی; Turkish: Mondros Mütarekesi) ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Mudros (Ottoman Turkish: موندروس متارکه‌نامه‌سی; Turkish: Mondros Mütarekesi) ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920), which was signed in the aftermath of World War I, imposed harsh terms on the Ottoman Empire, but it was never ratified by the Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920), which was signed in the aftermath of World War I, imposed harsh terms on the Ottoman Empire, but it was never ratified by the Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the Turkish War of Independence which continued until 1923."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "With Yudenich's Russian Caucasus Army deserting after the collapse of the Russian Empire, the Ottomans regained ground in Armenia and even pushed into formerly Russian-controlled Caucasus with, at first, Vehip Pasha's Ottoman 3rd Army and, later beginning in June 1918, with Nuri Pasha's Army of Islam which excluded German officers and men."}, {"id": "Q18162517", "label": "Caucasus Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The Caucasus Campaign put the Ottomans at odds with their ally, Germany, which had been hoping to purchase Caucasus oil from the Bolshevik government in Moscow, while the Ottomans wanted to establish their eastern borders."}, {"id": "Q317799", "label": "Ahmad Shah Qajar", "section": "Background", "says": "Additionally, with the Bolsheviks in power in Moscow, chaos spread in Persia, as the Russo-British favoring government of Ahmad Shah Qajar lost authority outside of the capital."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Enver Pasha, one of the most influential members of the Ottoman government, maintained an optimistic stance, hid information that made the Ottoman position appear weak, and led most of the Ottoman elite to believe that the war was still winnable."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bulgarian army was defeated, and Bulgaria was forced to sue for peace in the Armistice of Salonica."}, {"id": "Q2540011", "label": "Armistice of Salonica", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bulgarian army was defeated, and Bulgaria was forced to sue for peace in the Armistice of Salonica."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "That undermined both the German and Ottoman cause simultaneously, as the Germans had no troops to spare to defend Austria-Hungary from the newly formed vulnerability in Southeastern Europe after the losses it had suffered in France, and the Ottomans suddenly faced having to defend Constantinople against an overland European siege without help from the Bulgarians."}, {"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "Background", "says": "Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha visited Berlin, Germany, and Sofia, Bulgaria in September 1918."}], "Q475678": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict has been described as the Mexican theater of the global war on drugs, as led by the United States federal government."}, {"id": "Q296741", "label": "Enrique Peña Nieto", "section": "lead", "says": "Under President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2018), the government pledged to shift focus from high-profile arrests to de-escalation and reducing violence, but setbacks such as the prison escape of cartel leader Joaquín \"El Chapo\" Guzmán and the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping drew international condemnation."}, {"id": "Q318508", "label": "Andrés Manuel López Obrador", "section": "lead", "says": "President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018–2024) pledged to address the social roots of crime through poverty reduction and youth programs, and declared that the war was over; however, the statement was criticized, as security policy continued to rely on the newly created National Guard, which has gradually replaced the Mexican Army in policing roles."}, {"id": "Q5771800", "label": "Claudia Sheinbaum", "section": "lead", "says": "This strategy has continued under President Claudia Sheinbaum (2024–present)."}, {"id": "Q296718", "label": "Lázaro Cárdenas", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1940, under president Lázaro Cárdenas and the impulsion of Mexican psychiatrist Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra, Mexico legalized all drugs, in an early attempt to prevent the development of illegal drug trafficking organizations."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, the United States experienced shortages of medical morphine after opium supplies from Asia were disrupted by the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, the United States experienced shortages of medical morphine after opium supplies from Asia were disrupted by the Pacific War."}], "Q1775286": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Sürgünlik (\"exile\"), at least 191,044 Crimean Tatars were subjected to ethnic cleansing and cultural genocide through deportation carried out by Soviet Union authorities from 18 to 20 May 1944."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "lead", "says": "The deportation was supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, chief of Soviet state security and the secret police, and ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The deportation was supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, chief of Soviet state security and the secret police, and ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Officially, the Soviet government presented the deportation as a policy of collective punishment, based on its claim that some Crimean Tatars collaborated with Nazi Germany in World War II, despite the fact that the 20,000 who collaborated with the Axis powers were half the 40,000 who served in the Soviet Red Army."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Officially, the Soviet government presented the deportation as a policy of collective punishment, based on its claim that some Crimean Tatars collaborated with Nazi Germany in World War II, despite the fact that the 20,000 who collaborated with the Axis powers were half the 40,000 who served in the Soviet Red Army."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1956, the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev condemned Stalin's policies, including the deportation of various ethnic groups."}], "Q724496": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris (formally the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community) was signed on 18 April 1951 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Paris (formally the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community) was signed on 18 April 1951 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "The supranational concept was opposed by Charles de Gaulle."}], "Q134884640": [{"id": "Q134900605", "label": "Twelve-Day War", "section": "lead", "says": "This is a list of airstrikes and bombardments during the Twelve-Day War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 June, the United States conducted Operation Midnight Hammer, which involved airstrikes on three Iranian nuclear facilities."}], "Q49106": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Intifada (Arabic: الانتفاضة الثانية, romanized: al-Intifāḍa aṯ-Ṯāniya, lit. 'The Second Uprising'; Hebrew: האינתיפאדה השנייה, romanized: ha-Intifada ha-Shniya), also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major uprising by Palestinians against Israel and its occupation from 2000."}, {"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "lead", "says": "An uptick in violent incidents started in September 2000, after Israeli politician Ariel Sharon made a provocative visit to the Temple Mount; the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that Israeli police put down with rubber bullets, live ammunition, and tear gas."}, {"id": "Q127998", "label": "Mahmoud Abbas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Intifada ended with the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005, as Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas and Sharon, by then Israel's prime minister, agreed to take definitive steps to de-escalate the hostilities."}], "Q217429": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Metre Convention (French: Convention du Mètre), also known as the Treaty of the Metre, is an international treaty that was signed in Paris on 20 May 1875 by representatives of 17 nations: Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Ottoman Empire, United States of America, and Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The Metre Convention (French: Convention du Mètre), also known as the Treaty of the Metre, is an international treaty that was signed in Paris on 20 May 1875 by representatives of 17 nations: Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Ottoman Empire, United States of America, and Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the French Revolution, which started in 1789, French units of measurement were based on the Carolingian system, introduced by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (800–814 AD) which in turn were based on ancient Roman measures."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the French Revolution, which started in 1789, French units of measurement were based on the Carolingian system, introduced by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (800–814 AD) which in turn were based on ancient Roman measures."}], "Q749811": [{"id": "Q294147", "label": "William Bligh", "section": "lead", "says": "Disaffected crewmen, led by acting-Lieutenant Fletcher Christian, seized control of the Royal Navy merchant ship HMS Bounty from its captain, Lieutenant William Bligh, and set him and 18 loyalists adrift in the ship's open launch."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "lead", "says": "Christian's group remained undiscovered on Pitcairn until 1808, by which time only one mutineer, John Adams, remained alive."}, {"id": "Q966952", "label": "William Brown", "section": "Background", "says": "Nelson's assistant, William Brown, was a former midshipman who had seen naval action against the French."}], "Q130314422": [{"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "Seven months before the explosions, Hezbollah's secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah instructed the group's members to use pagers instead of cell phones, claiming Israel had infiltrated their cell phone network."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially Israel neither denied nor confirmed a role, but in November 2024 Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu confirmed Israeli responsibility."}, {"id": "Q723506", "label": "Yoav Gallant", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the explosions, Israeli defence minister Yoav Gallant announced a \"new"}, {"id": "Q2019221", "label": "Yahya Ayyash", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli agencies had previously carried out operations involving explosive communication devices—notably the assassination of Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash in 1996."}], "Q1647162": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of al-Hudaybiya (Arabic: صُلح الْحُدَيْبِيَة, romanized: Ṣulḥ al-Ḥudaybiya) was an event that took place during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad."}], "Q169401": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union (and its successor state, the Russian Federation)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union (and its successor state, the Russian Federation)."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "lead", "says": "US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev signed the treaty on 8 December 1987."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev signed the treaty on 8 December 1987."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "President Donald Trump announced on 20 October 2018 that he was withdrawing the US from the treaty due to Russian non-compliance, claiming that Russia had breached the treaty by developing and deploying an intermediate-range cruise missile known as the SSC-8 (Novator 9M729)."}, {"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States, then under President Jimmy Carter, initially considered its strategic nuclear weapons and nuclear-capable aircraft to be adequate counters to the SS-20 and a sufficient deterrent against possible Soviet aggression."}, {"id": "Q2516", "label": "Helmut Schmidt", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1977, however, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany argued in a speech that a Western response to the SS-20 deployment should be explored, a call which was echoed by NATO, given a perceived Western disadvantage in European nuclear forces."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1977, however, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany argued in a speech that a Western response to the SS-20 deployment should be explored, a call which was echoed by NATO, given a perceived Western disadvantage in European nuclear forces."}], "Q623429": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reconstruction era, often simply called Reconstruction, was a period in United States history that followed the American Civil War (1861–1865) and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the abolition of slavery and federal control over, and reintegration of, the former Confederate States into the United States."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reconstruction era, often simply called Reconstruction, was a period in United States history that followed the American Civil War (1861–1865) and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the abolition of slavery and federal control over, and reintegration of, the former Confederate States into the United States."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite its reluctance to interfere with slavery, Congress passed the Confiscation Acts to seize Confederates' slaves, providing a precedent for President Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation."}, {"id": "Q8612", "label": "Andrew Johnson", "section": "lead", "says": "He was replaced by Andrew Johnson, who vetoed Radical Republican bills, pardoned Confederate leaders, and allowed Southern states to enact draconian Black Codes that restricted the rights of freedmen."}], "Q101231200": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tigray war, also referred to in some academic and policy sources as the northern Ethiopia conflict, was an armed conflict that lasted from 3 November 2020 to 3 November 2022."}, {"id": "Q50365049", "label": "Abiy Ahmed", "section": "lead", "says": "The ENDF counterattacked from the south – while Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) began launching attacks from the north – which Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed described as a \"law enforcement operation\"."}], "Q122700456": [{"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 and 20 September 2023, Azerbaijan launched a large-scale military offensive against the self-declared breakaway state of Artsakh, violating the ceasefire agreement signed in the aftermath of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020."}, {"id": "Q97925295", "label": "Samvel Shahramanyan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 September, the president of Artsakh, Samvel Shahramanyan signed a decree to dissolve all state institutions by 1 January 2024, bringing the existence of the breakaway state to an end."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nagorno-Karabakh region was once entirely claimed by, and partially de facto controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but is recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Background", "says": "The conflict escalated in 1988, when the Karabakh Armenians demanded the transfer of the region from Soviet Azerbaijan to Soviet Armenia, triggering the First Nagorno-Karabakh War that ended in 1994 with Azerbaijan losing control of about 13.6% of its territory, including Nagorno-Karabakh, to Karabakh Armenians and the army of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "Background", "says": "Several international mediators and human rights organizations advocated for self-determination for the local Armenian population and did not believe that Artsakh Armenians could live safely under the authoritarian regime of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, which is institutionally anti-Armenian."}], "Q210714": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The effort was initially led by France and the United Kingdom, with command shared with the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The effort was initially led by France and the United Kingdom, with command shared with the United States."}, {"id": "Q3269455", "label": "Operation Unified Protector", "section": "lead", "says": "NATO took control of the arms embargo on 23 March, named Operation Unified Protector."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ended in late October following the killing of Muammar Gaddafi and the overthrow of his government."}], "Q775865": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, Haiti and the United States signed the convention but did not ratify it."}], "Q444698": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former Nazi Germany to the US between 1945 and 1959 for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe; several were confirmed to be former members of the Nazi Party, including the SS or the SA."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former Nazi Germany to the US between 1945 and 1959 for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe; several were confirmed to be former members of the Nazi Party, including the SS or the SA."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former Nazi Germany to the US between 1945 and 1959 for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe; several were confirmed to be former members of the Nazi Party, including the SS or the SA."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union in the following year conducted a similar program, called Operation Osoaviakhim, that emphasized many of the same fields of research."}, {"id": "Q57384", "label": "Wernher von Braun", "section": "lead", "says": "Recruits included such notable figures as Wernher von Braun, a leading rocket-technology scientist."}], "Q722699": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The principal powers involved in this scramble were Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "Background", "says": "France also had an outpost near the mouth of the Red Sea in French Somaliland (now Djibouti), which could serve as an eastern anchor to an east–west belt of French territory across the continent at its widest point."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "Background", "says": "France also had an outpost near the mouth of the Red Sea in French Somaliland (now Djibouti), which could serve as an eastern anchor to an east–west belt of French territory across the continent at its widest point."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "Background", "says": "The British, on the other hand, wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa (South Africa, Bechuanaland and Rhodesia), with their territories in East Africa (modern-day Kenya), and these two areas with the Nile basin."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "Background", "says": "Sudan, which then included modern-day South Sudan and Uganda, was the key to the fulfilment of these ambitions, especially since Egypt was already under British control."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "Background", "says": "This 'red line' (i.e., a proposed railway or road, see Cape to Cairo Railway) through Africa was made famous by the British diamond magnate and politician Cecil Rhodes, who wanted Africa \"painted Red\" (meaning under British control, since territories held by Britain were often coloured red on maps)."}], "Q131017": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "It stemmed from the \"Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations\" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the initial request for an exchange of population came from Eleftherios Venizelos in a letter he submitted to the League of Nations on 16 October 1922, following Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War and two days after their accession of the Armistice of Mudanya."}, {"id": "Q6541445", "label": "Armistice of Mudanya", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the initial request for an exchange of population came from Eleftherios Venizelos in a letter he submitted to the League of Nations on 16 October 1922, following Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War and two days after their accession of the Armistice of Mudanya."}, {"id": "Q72292", "label": "Fridtjof Nansen", "section": "lead", "says": "Venizelos proposed a \"compulsory exchange of Greek and Turkish populations\", and asked Fridtjof Nansen to make the necessary arrangements."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Greek–Turkish population exchange came out of the Turkish and Greek militaries' treatment of the Christian minorities and Muslim majorities, respectively, in Asia Minor during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) that followed the Allied Powers' authorization of a Greek zone of occupation in the defeated Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Historical background", "says": "This continued, now in both directions, a process of ethnic cleansing in Asia Minor that had been conducted initially by the Ottoman state against its minorities during World War I."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "Historical background", "says": "At the end of World War I one of the Ottomans' foremost generals, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, continued the fight against the attempted Allied occupation of Asia Minor in the Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "Historical background", "says": "At the end of World War I one of the Ottomans' foremost generals, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, continued the fight against the attempted Allied occupation of Asia Minor in the Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q2451365", "label": "occupation of Smyrna", "section": "Historical background", "says": "This was exacerbated by the Allies authorizing Greece to occupy Ottoman regions (Occupation of Smyrna) with a large surviving Greek population in 1919 and by an Allied proposal to protect the remaining Armenians by creating an independent state for them (Wilsonian Armenia) within the former Ottoman realm."}], "Q134711136": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and Malaysia also expressed concern over the fighting and called on both parties to de-escalate tensions through diplomatic means."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States and Malaysia also expressed concern over the fighting and called on both parties to de-escalate tensions through diplomatic means."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The border dispute between Cambodia and Thailand originates from ambiguities in the boundary demarcations established under the 1904 and 1907 agreements, which sought to define the frontier between the Kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand) and the French Third Republic in French Indochina, which included Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "Background", "says": "The border dispute between Cambodia and Thailand originates from ambiguities in the boundary demarcations established under the 1904 and 1907 agreements, which sought to define the frontier between the Kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand) and the French Third Republic in French Indochina, which included Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q570224", "label": "Ottawa Treaty", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Thailand said it was planning to take this matter to the United Nations, as Cambodia is a signatory to the Ottawa Treaty."}], "Q159644": [{"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated in 1990 between the 'two',  the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in addition to the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated in 1990 between the 'two',  the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in addition to the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated in 1990 between the 'two',  the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in addition to the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated in 1990 between the 'two',  the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in addition to the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated in 1990 between the 'two',  the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in addition to the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q650979", "label": "German–Polish Border Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, the two German states agreed to reconfirm the existing border with Poland in the German–Polish Border Treaty, accepting that German territory post-reunification would consist only of what was administered by West and East Germany—renouncing explicitly any possible claims to the former eastern territories of Germany including East Prussia, most of Silesia, and the eastern parts of Bra"}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 August 1945, the Potsdam Agreement, promulgated in the Potsdam Conference, among other things agreed on the initial terms under which the Allies of World War II would govern Germany."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 August 1945, the Potsdam Agreement, promulgated in the Potsdam Conference, among other things agreed on the initial terms under which the Allies of World War II would govern Germany."}, {"id": "Q684485", "label": "Treaty of Zgorzelec", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the German Democratic Republic formally accepted the border in the 1950 Treaty of Zgorzelec with Poland, West Germany initially entirely rejected it, declaring the treaty \"null and void\" in line with the Hallstein Doctrine, and later reluctantly recognised the border in the 1970 Treaty of Warsaw as provisional only, to be finalised by \"a peace settlement for Germany to be accepted by the "}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the German Democratic Republic formally accepted the border in the 1950 Treaty of Zgorzelec with Poland, West Germany initially entirely rejected it, declaring the treaty \"null and void\" in line with the Hallstein Doctrine, and later reluctantly recognised the border in the 1970 Treaty of Warsaw as provisional only, to be finalised by \"a peace settlement for Germany to be accepted by the "}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "Background", "says": "In a 9 February 1990 conversation with Mikhail Gorbachev held in Moscow, US Secretary of State James Baker argued in favor of holding the Two-Plus-Four talks."}, {"id": "Q223151", "label": "James Baker", "section": "Background", "says": "In a 9 February 1990 conversation with Mikhail Gorbachev held in Moscow, US Secretary of State James Baker argued in favor of holding the Two-Plus-Four talks."}, {"id": "Q451546", "label": "Unification Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "On 31 August 1990, the FRG and GDR signed the Unification Treaty, which describes the manner and specifics of the GDR'"}], "Q176930": [{"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Declaration by United Nations was the main treaty that formalized the Allies of World War II and was signed by 47 national governments between 1942 and 1945."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 January 1942, during the Arcadia Conference in Washington D.C., the Allied \"Big Four\"—the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China—signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration, and the next day the representatives of 22 other nations added their signatures."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 January 1942, during the Arcadia Conference in Washington D.C., the Allied \"Big Four\"—the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China—signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration, and the next day the representatives of 22 other nations added their signatures."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 January 1942, during the Arcadia Conference in Washington D.C., the Allied \"Big Four\"—the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China—signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration, and the next day the representatives of 22 other nations added their signatures."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The other original signatories on the next day (2 January 1942) were the four dominions of the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa); eight European governments-in-exile (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia); nine countries in the Americas (Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon"}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The other original signatories on the next day (2 January 1942) were the four dominions of the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa); eight European governments-in-exile (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia); nine countries in the Americas (Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon"}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The other original signatories on the next day (2 January 1942) were the four dominions of the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa); eight European governments-in-exile (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia); nine countries in the Americas (Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon"}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The other original signatories on the next day (2 January 1942) were the four dominions of the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa); eight European governments-in-exile (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia); nine countries in the Americas (Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon"}, {"id": "Q4763686", "label": "Anglo-Soviet Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was signed in July 1941 forming a military alliance between the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union."}], "Q158044": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Reinhard or Operation Reinhardt (German: Aktion Reinhard or Aktion Reinhardt; also Einsatz Reinhard or Einsatz Reinhardt) was the codename of the secret German plan in World War II to exterminate Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland."}, {"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Reinhard or Operation Reinhardt (German: Aktion Reinhard or Aktion Reinhardt; also Einsatz Reinhard or Einsatz Reinhardt) was the codename of the secret German plan in World War II to exterminate Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the German–Soviet war began, the Nazis undertook their European-wide \"Final Solution to the Jewish Question\"."}, {"id": "Q78931", "label": "Franz Stangl", "section": "Background", "says": "The SS officers responsible for the Aktion T4, including Christian Wirth, Franz Stangl, and Irmfried Eberl, were all given key roles in the implementation of the \"Final Solution\" in 1942."}, {"id": "Q62934", "label": "Irmfried Eberl", "section": "Background", "says": "The SS officers responsible for the Aktion T4, including Christian Wirth, Franz Stangl, and Irmfried Eberl, were all given key roles in the implementation of the \"Final Solution\" in 1942."}], "Q696094": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nerchinsk was a peace treaty signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty following Russia's defeat at the Siege of Albazin."}, {"id": "Q85801086", "label": "Siege of Albazin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Nerchinsk was a peace treaty signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty following Russia's defeat at the Siege of Albazin."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 27 August 1689 by Songgotu on behalf of the Kangxi Emperor and Fyodor Golovin for Russian Tsars Peter I and Ivan V, it was the first formal treaty China ever signed with a Western power."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 27 August 1689 by Songgotu on behalf of the Kangxi Emperor and Fyodor Golovin for Russian Tsars Peter I and Ivan V, it was the first formal treaty China ever signed with a Western power."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The framework was later reconfirmed and expanded upon by the 1727 Treaty of Kiakhta, which delineated what is now the border of Mongolia west of the Argun River and legally opened up the caravan trade network."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This territorial arrangement lasted until the mid-19th century, when a weakened Qing faced the Amur Annexation by an expanding Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q618292", "label": "Treaty of Aigun", "section": "lead", "says": "Through the Treaty of Aigun in 1858, Russia annexed the lands north of the Amur, and subsequently seized the Pacific coast down to Vladivostok via the Convention of Peking in 1860."}, {"id": "Q604938", "label": "Convention of Peking", "section": "lead", "says": "Through the Treaty of Aigun in 1858, Russia annexed the lands north of the Amur, and subsequently seized the Pacific coast down to Vladivostok via the Convention of Peking in 1860."}], "Q750567": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources."}], "Q934470": [{"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "The events were triggered by the bombing of the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece, the house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881."}, {"id": "Q238745", "label": "Adnan Menderes", "section": "lead", "says": "After the military coup of 1960, Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and Foreign Minister Fatin Rüştü Zorlu were convicted of inciting the pogrom in the Yassıada trials."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks have been described as a continuation of a process of Turkification that started with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, as roughly 40% of the properties attacked belonged to other minorities."}, {"id": "Q36756", "label": "Kristallnacht", "section": "lead", "says": "The pogrom has been compared in some media to the Kristallnacht, the 1938 pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The pogrom has been compared in some media to the Kristallnacht, the 1938 pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q155394", "label": "Paul of Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1952, Paul of Greece became the first Greek Monarch to visit a Turkish head of state, which was soon followed by Turkish president Celâl Bayar's visit to Greece."}, {"id": "Q712817", "label": "Georgios Grivas-Digenis", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon after, Georgios Grivas formed the armed organization EOKA."}], "Q1366688": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), or Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), was a proposed trade agreement between 12 Pacific Rim countries: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam and the United States."}, {"id": "Q6294", "label": "Hillary Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "In the US, the proposal was signed on February 4, 2016 but not ratified as a result of significant domestic political opposition; both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump opposed the agreement during their 2016 presidential campaigns; however, Hillary Clinton was originally in support."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "In the US, the proposal was signed on February 4, 2016 but not ratified as a result of significant domestic political opposition; both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump opposed the agreement during their 2016 presidential campaigns; however, Hillary Clinton was originally in support."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The TPP began as an expansion of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPSEP or P4), signed by Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore in 2005."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The TPP began as an expansion of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPSEP or P4), signed by Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore in 2005."}], "Q1463845": [{"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, Rome was no longer the administrative capital of the Western Roman Empire, having been replaced first by Mediolanum (now Milan) in 286 and then by Ravenna in 402."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "Background", "says": "When Theodosius died on 10 January 395, the Visigoths considered their 382 treaty with Rome to have ended."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Theodosius had also wracked the political structure of the empire: Theodosius's sons, Honorius and Arcadius, were given the Western and Eastern empires, respectively, but they were young and needed guidance."}, {"id": "Q159369", "label": "Arcadius", "section": "Background", "says": "The death of Theodosius had also wracked the political structure of the empire: Theodosius's sons, Honorius and Arcadius, were given the Western and Eastern empires, respectively, but they were young and needed guidance."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "Background", "says": "A power struggle emerged between Stilicho, who claimed guardianship over both emperors but was still in the West with the army that had defeated Eugenius, and Rufinus, the praetorian prefect of the East, who took the guardianship of Arcadius in the Eastern capital of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q313058", "label": "Eugenius", "section": "Background", "says": "A power struggle emerged between Stilicho, who claimed guardianship over both emperors but was still in the West with the army that had defeated Eugenius, and Rufinus, the praetorian prefect of the East, who took the guardianship of Arcadius in the Eastern capital of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Background", "says": "Rufinus negotiated with Alaric to get him to withdraw from Constantinople (perhaps by promising him lands in Thessaly)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Whatever the case, Alaric marched away from Constantinople to Greece, looting the diocese of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q371999", "label": "Eutropios", "section": "Background", "says": "Whether that was done on the orders of Stilicho, or perhaps on those of Rufinus's replacement Eutropius, is unknown."}], "Q1824714": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tulsa race massacre was a two-day-long terrorist massacre perpetrated by white supremacists that took place in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, between May 31 and June 1, 1921."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the 2001 Commission, \"As the black men were leaving, a white man attempted to disarm a tall, African American World War I veteran."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "Background", "says": "The slaves were the first black inhabitants of Indian Territory, having been brought in by their native owners."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "Background", "says": "The 1907 Oklahoma Constitution did not call for strict segregation; delegates feared that U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt would veto the document if they included such restrictions."}], "Q618292": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Aigun was an 1858 treaty between the Russian Empire and Qing dynasty of China."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations began after China was threatened with war on a second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q696094", "label": "Treaty of Nerchinsk", "section": "lead", "says": "It reversed the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur River from the Qing dynasty to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q604938", "label": "Convention of Peking", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Qing government initially refused to recognize the validity of the treaty, the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun were affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian Convention of Peking."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "Background", "says": "Since the reign of Catherine the Great (1762–1796), Russian emperors had desired to make Russia a naval power in the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1850 to 1864, when China was heavily involved in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion, and Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev camped tens of thousands of troops on the borders of Mongolia and Manchuria, preparing to make legal Russian de facto control over the Amur from past settlement."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "Muraviev seized the opportunity when it was clear that China was losing the Second Opium War (1856–1860), and threatened China with a war on a second front."}], "Q1130507": [{"id": "Q783792", "label": "Battle of St. Quentin Canal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans retreated to the Hindenburg Line, but the Allies broke through the line with a series of victories, starting with the Battle of St Quentin Canal on 29 September."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive led directly to the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended the war with an Allied victory."}, {"id": "Q152008", "label": "Operation Michael", "section": "Background", "says": "The German spring offensive on the Western Front had begun on 21 March 1918 with Operation Michael and had petered out by July."}, {"id": "Q192615", "label": "Ferdinand Foch", "section": "Background", "says": "When the German Operation Marne-Rheims ended in July, the Allied supreme commander, Ferdinand Foch, ordered a counter-offensive, which became known as the Second Battle of the Marne."}, {"id": "Q876417", "label": "Second Battle of the Marne", "section": "Background", "says": "When the German Operation Marne-Rheims ended in July, the Allied supreme commander, Ferdinand Foch, ordered a counter-offensive, which became known as the Second Battle of the Marne."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had been reinforced by large numbers of troops returned from the Sinai and Palestine campaign and from the Italian front, and by replacements previously held back in Britain by Prime Minister David Lloyd George."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had been reinforced by large numbers of troops returned from the Sinai and Palestine campaign and from the Italian front, and by replacements previously held back in Britain by Prime Minister David Lloyd George."}, {"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "Background", "says": "Foch agreed to a proposal by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, commander-in-chief of the BEF, to strike on the River Somme, east of Amiens and south-west of the site of the 1916 Battle of the Somme, to force the Germans away from the vital Amiens–Paris railway."}, {"id": "Q62476", "label": "Georg von der Marwitz", "section": "Background", "says": "The Picardy terrain provided a good surface for tanks, unlike in Flanders, and the defences of the German 2nd Army under General Georg von der Marwitz were relatively weak, having been subjected to continual raiding by the Australians in a process termed peaceful penetration."}], "Q1274389": [{"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution, was a series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from February 22 to 25, 1986."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution, was a series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from February 22 to 25, 1986."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of Ferdinand Marcos, the end of his 20-year dictatorship, and restoration of democracy in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q1480", "label": "Corazon Aquino", "section": "lead", "says": "The protests, fueled by the resistance and opposition after years of governance by President Marcos and his cronies, ended with the ruler, his family, and some of their supporters fleeing to exile in Hawaii, and Ninoy Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, inaugurated as the eleventh President of the Philippines."}], "Q159065": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vistula–Oder offensive (Russian: Висло-Одерская операция, romanized: Vislo–Oderskaya operatsiya) was a Red Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European theatre of World War II in January 1945."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vistula–Oder offensive (Russian: Висло-Одерская операция, romanized: Vislo–Oderskaya operatsiya) was a Red Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European theatre of World War II in January 1945."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red Army had built up their strength around a number of key bridgeheads, with two fronts commanded by Marshal Georgy Zhukov and Marshal Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red Army had built up their strength around a number of key bridgeheads, with two fronts commanded by Marshal Georgy Zhukov and Marshal Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q57927", "label": "Josef Harpe", "section": "lead", "says": "Against them, the German Army Group A, led by Colonel-General Josef Harpe (soon replaced by Colonel-General Ferdinand Schörner), was outnumbered five to one."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "lead", "says": "Against them, the German Army Group A, led by Colonel-General Josef Harpe (soon replaced by Colonel-General Ferdinand Schörner), was outnumbered five to one."}, {"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "Background", "says": "In the wake of the successful Operation Bagration, the 1st Belorussian Front managed to secure two bridgeheads west of the Vistula river between 27 July and 4 August 1944."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "Background", "says": "General Reinhard Gehlen, head of Fremde Heere Ost, passed his assessment to Heinz Guderian."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Guderian in turn presented the intelligence results to Adolf Hitler, who refused to believe them, dismissing the apparent Soviet strength as \"the greatest imposture since Genghis Khan\"."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "Guderian in turn presented the intelligence results to Adolf Hitler, who refused to believe them, dismissing the apparent Soviet strength as \"the greatest imposture since Genghis Khan\"."}, {"id": "Q697172", "label": "Courland Pocket", "section": "Background", "says": "Guderian had proposed to evacuate the divisions of Army Group North trapped in the Courland Pocket to the Reich via the Baltic Sea to get the necessary manpower for the defence, but Hitler forbade it."}, {"id": "Q151018", "label": "Battle of the Bulge", "section": "Background", "says": "It was not done to assist American and British forces during the Battle of the Bulge, as Stalin chose to claim at Yalta."}], "Q17507684": [{"id": "Q17984356", "label": "Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017", "section": "lead", "says": "Many states began to intervene against the Islamic State (IS), in both the Syrian civil war and the War in Iraq (2013–2017), in response to its rapid territorial gains from its 2014 invasion of Iraq, widely condemned executions, human rights abuses and the fear of further spillovers of the Syrian civil war."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting from September 2014, the US began closely co-operating with Saudi Arabia and Jordan to wage a co-ordinated aerial bombing campaign against IS targets across Iraq and Syria."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On the other hand, the United States and its Western allies have been opposed to the former Ba'athist regime for its purported state-sponsorship of terrorism, violent repression of the Syrian revolution and extensive use of chemical weapons."}], "Q301336": [{"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "lead", "says": "All of the ratifying states are in Europe and Central Asia, with the exception of Guinea-Bissau."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Liechtenstein and Monaco have signed the convention but have not ratified it."}, {"id": "Q239768", "label": "Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "Interpretation of the treaty is bound by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the authoritative languages of the agreement are English, Russian and French."}], "Q58473": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—were occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 and remained under its control until its dissolution in 1991."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—were occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 and remained under its control until its dissolution in 1991."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "For a period of several years during World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the Baltic states after it invaded the Soviet Union in 1941."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial Soviet invasion and occupation of the Baltic states began in June 1940 under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, made between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in August 1939, before the outbreak of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial Soviet invasion and occupation of the Baltic states began in June 1940 under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, made between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in August 1939, before the outbreak of World War II."}, {"id": "Q236036", "label": "republic of the Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The three independent Baltic countries were annexed as constituent Republics of the Soviet Union in August 1940."}, {"id": "Q687465", "label": "Baltic Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured most of the Baltic states as a result of the Red Army's Baltic Offensive, trapping the remaining German forces in the Courland Pocket until their formal surrender in May 1945."}, {"id": "Q697172", "label": "Courland Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured most of the Baltic states as a result of the Red Army's Baltic Offensive, trapping the remaining German forces in the Courland Pocket until their formal surrender in May 1945."}], "Q626006": [{"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "World War II in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, when the country was invaded and swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned among Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and their client regimes."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "World War II in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, when the country was invaded and swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned among Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and their client regimes."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after Germany attacked the USSR on 22 June 1941, the Comintern issued directives to all communist parties to come to the Soviet Union's aid, following which the communist-led Yugoslav Partisans launched a guerrilla liberation war fighting against the Axis forces and their locally established puppet regimes, including the Axis-allied Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and the Government of "}, {"id": "Q648570", "label": "Milan Stojadinović", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the outbreak of war, the government of Milan Stojadinović (1935–1939) tried to navigate between the Axis powers and the imperial powers by seeking neutral status, signing a non-aggression treaty with Italy and extending its treaty of friendship with France."}, {"id": "Q905523", "label": "Dragiša Cvetković", "section": "Background", "says": "Stojadinović was sacked by the regent Prince Paul in 1939 and replaced by Dragiša Cvetković, who negotiated a compromise with Croatian leader Vladko Maček in 1939, resulting in the formation of the Banovina of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q254114", "label": "Vladko Maček", "section": "Background", "says": "Stojadinović was sacked by the regent Prince Paul in 1939 and replaced by Dragiša Cvetković, who negotiated a compromise with Croatian leader Vladko Maček in 1939, resulting in the formation of the Banovina of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Groups from both sides of the political spectrum were not satisfied: the pro-fascist Ustaše sought an independent Croatia allied with the Axis; Serbian public and military circles preferred alliance with Britain and France, while the then-banned Communist Party of Yugoslavia saw the Soviet Union as a natural ally."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Germany's Adolf Hitler was not particularly interested in creating another front in the Balkans, and Yugoslavia itself remained at peace during the first year of the war, Benito Mussolini's Italy had invaded Albania in April 1939 and launched the rather unsuccessful Italo-Greek War in October 1940."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "A secret mission to the U.S., led by the influential Serbian-Jewish Captain David Albala, with the purpose of obtaining funding to buy arms for the expected invasion went nowhere, while the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin expelled Yugoslav ambassador Milan Gavrilović just one month after agreeing a treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia (prior to 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia adhered to "}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "A secret mission to the U.S., led by the influential Serbian-Jewish Captain David Albala, with the purpose of obtaining funding to buy arms for the expected invasion went nowhere, while the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin expelled Yugoslav ambassador Milan Gavrilović just one month after agreeing a treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia (prior to 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia adhered to "}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "A secret mission to the U.S., led by the influential Serbian-Jewish Captain David Albala, with the purpose of obtaining funding to buy arms for the expected invasion went nowhere, while the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin expelled Yugoslav ambassador Milan Gavrilović just one month after agreeing a treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia (prior to 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia adhered to "}], "Q869500": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed on 20 July 1936 at the Montreux Palace in Switzerland, it went into effect on 9 November 1936, addressing the long running Straits Question over who should control the strategically vital link between the Black and Mediterranean seas."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "By the late 1930s, the strategic situation in the Mediterranean had altered with the rise of Fascist Italy, which controlled the Greek-inhabited Dodecanese islands off the west coast of Turkey and had constructed fortifications on Rhodes, Leros and Kos."}], "Q1765465": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The combatants were, on one side, the Ottoman Empire (with the help of a great number of Kurdish tribes and Circassians, and the relative majority of Arabs), with some assistance from the other Central Powers; and on the other side, the British (with the help of a small number of Jews, Greeks, Armenians, some Kurdish tribes and Arab states, along with Hindu, Sikh and Muslim colonial troops from In"}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The combatants were, on one side, the Ottoman Empire (with the help of a great number of Kurdish tribes and Circassians, and the relative majority of Arabs), with some assistance from the other Central Powers; and on the other side, the British (with the help of a small number of Jews, Greeks, Armenians, some Kurdish tribes and Arab states, along with Hindu, Sikh and Muslim colonial troops from In"}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Allied side were Arabs who participated in the Arab Revolt and the Armenian militia who participated in the Armenian resistance supported by Russia during the War; along with Armenian volunteer units, the Armenian militia formed the Armenian Corps of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "On the Allied side were Arabs who participated in the Arab Revolt and the Armenian militia who participated in the Armenian resistance supported by Russia during the War; along with Armenian volunteer units, the Armenian militia formed the Armenian Corps of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918."}, {"id": "Q28048694", "label": "Armistice of Erzincan", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian participation in the theatre ended as a result of the Armistice of Erzincan (5 December 1917), after which the revolutionary Russian government withdrew from the war under the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918)."}, {"id": "Q2287161", "label": "Treaty of Batum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenians attended the Trebizond Peace Conference (14 March 1918) which resulted in the Treaty of Batum on 4 June 1918."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans accepted the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies on 30 October 1918, and signed the Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920 and later the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans accepted the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies on 30 October 1918, and signed the Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920 and later the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923."}], "Q1780216": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Angolan War of Independence (Portuguese: Guerra de Independência de Angola; 1961–1974), known as the Armed Struggle of National Liberation (Portuguese: Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional) in Angola, was a war of independence fought by the Angolan nationalist forces of the MPLA, UNITA and FNLA against Portugal."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "When a peaceful coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's Estado Novo dictatorship, the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay."}, {"id": "Q609836", "label": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict is usually approached as a branch or a theater of the wider Portuguese Colonial War."}, {"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "lead", "says": "This included the independence wars of Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "This included the independence wars of Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q449550", "label": "Alvor Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement."}, {"id": "Q313060", "label": "Diogo Cão", "section": "Background of the territory", "says": "In 1482, the Kingdom of Portugal's caravels, commanded by navigator Diogo Cão, arrived in the Kingdom of Kongo."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "Background of the territory", "says": "In 1482, the Kingdom of Portugal's caravels, commanded by navigator Diogo Cão, arrived in the Kingdom of Kongo."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background of the territory", "says": "The Portuguese brought many technological advances including firearms, and a new religion, Christianity."}, {"id": "Q1243549", "label": "Paulo Dias de Novais", "section": "Background of the territory", "says": "Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda in 1575 as São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda."}], "Q1784968": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Benazir Bhutto was assassinated on 27 December 2007 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q40495", "label": "Pervez Musharraf", "section": "Background", "says": "After eight years in exile in Dubai and London, Bhutto returned to Karachi on 18 October 2007 to prepare for the 2008 national elections, allowed by a possible power-sharing deal with President Pervez Musharraf."}], "Q29197866": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On the morning of 7 April 2017, the United States launched 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles from the Mediterranean Sea into Syria, aimed at Shayrat Airbase controlled by the Syrian government."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "The strike was executed on the authorization of U.S. president Donald Trump, as a direct response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack that occurred on 4 April."}], "Q688993": [{"id": "Q49344", "label": "Óscar Arias Sánchez", "section": "Origins", "says": "The ATT is part of a larger global effort begun in 1997 by Costa Rican President and 1987 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Óscar Arias."}, {"id": "Q11665", "label": "José Ramos-Horta", "section": "Origins", "says": "This group included Elie Wiesel, Betty Williams, the Dalai Lama, José Ramos-Horta, representatives of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Amnesty International, and the American Friends Service Committee."}], "Q829839": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Mosque seizure took place between 20 November and 4 December 1979 at the Grand Mosque of Mecca in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest site in Islam."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgents took hostages from among the worshippers and called for an uprising against the House of Saud, decrying their pursuit of alliances with \"Christian infidels\" from the Western world, and stating that the Saudi government's policies were betraying Islam by attempting to push secularism into Saudi society."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "Large-scale anti-American riots broke out in many Muslim-majority countries after Iranian religious cleric Ruhollah Khomeini claimed in a radio broadcast that the Grand Mosque seizure had been orchestrated by the United States and Israel."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Large-scale anti-American riots broke out in many Muslim-majority countries after Iranian religious cleric Ruhollah Khomeini claimed in a radio broadcast that the Grand Mosque seizure had been orchestrated by the United States and Israel."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the attack, Saudi king Khalid bin Abdulaziz enforced a stricter system of Islamic law throughout the country and gave the ulama more power over the next decade."}], "Q122053772": [{"id": "Q57521", "label": "Ali Bongo Ondimba", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 August 2023, a coup d'état occurred in Gabon shortly after the announcement that incumbent president Ali Bongo had won the general election held on 26 August."}, {"id": "Q122067521", "label": "Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup's leader Brice Oligui Nguema is part of the Bongo family and overthrew his cousin Ali Bongo."}], "Q158287": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Case Blue (German: Fall Blau) was the Wehrmacht's plan for the 1942 summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The objective was to capture the oil fields of Baku (Azerbaijan SSR), Grozny and Maikop, to enable the Germans to obtain fuel and also to deny it to the Soviet Union, bringing about the complete collapse of the Soviet war effort."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Barbarossa failed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political and military threat the previous year, Adolf Hitler recognized that Germany was now locked in a war of attrition and he was also aware that Germany had a chronic fuel shortage and would not be able to continue attacking deeper into Soviet territory without more."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Barbarossa failed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political and military threat the previous year, Adolf Hitler recognized that Germany was now locked in a war of attrition and he was also aware that Germany had a chronic fuel shortage and would not be able to continue attacking deeper into Soviet territory without more."}, {"id": "Q694983", "label": "Operation Edelweiss", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation involved a two-pronged attack: one from the Axis right flank against the oil fields of Baku, known as Operation Edelweiss, and one from the left flank to protect the flank of the first attack, moving in the direction of Stalingrad along the Don River, known as Operation Fischreiher."}, {"id": "Q3658262", "label": "Operation Fischreiher", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation involved a two-pronged attack: one from the Axis right flank against the oil fields of Baku, known as Operation Edelweiss, and one from the left flank to protect the flank of the first attack, moving in the direction of Stalingrad along the Don River, known as Operation Fischreiher."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans defeated the Soviets in the Battle of Kalach and the Battle of Stalingrad began in late August."}], "Q40625": [{"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party used the occupation as part of their justification for the Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923, which brought them wide public attention for the first time."}, {"id": "Q36749", "label": "Beer Hall Putsch", "section": "lead", "says": "Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party used the occupation as part of their justification for the Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923, which brought them wide public attention for the first time."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) which formally ended World War I, the west bank of the river Rhine was occupied by the Allies, and the east bank within 50 kilometres of the river – which included the Ruhr – was demilitarized (Article 42)."}, {"id": "Q191974", "label": "Raymond Poincaré", "section": "Background", "says": "Raymond Poincaré, the French prime minister, hoped for joint Anglo-French economic sanctions against Germany but opposed military action."}], "Q495558": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty (Korean: 한일병합조약), was made by representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire on 22 August 1910."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty (Korean: 한일병합조약), was made by representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire on 22 August 1910."}, {"id": "Q233254", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of November 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "In this treaty, Japan formally annexed Korea following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 (by which Korea became a protectorate of Japan) and the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 (by which Korea was deprived of the administration of internal affairs)."}, {"id": "Q713917", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907", "section": "lead", "says": "In this treaty, Japan formally annexed Korea following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 (by which Korea became a protectorate of Japan) and the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 (by which Korea was deprived of the administration of internal affairs)."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1965, the Treaty of Basic Relations between South Korea and Japan confirmed this treaty is \"already null and void\"."}], "Q521306": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite not being in force, the CTBT has established a global norm against nuclear testing, reinforced by nuclear testing moratoria declared by the five nuclear-weapon states recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT): China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite not being in force, the CTBT has established a global norm against nuclear testing, reinforced by nuclear testing moratoria declared by the five nuclear-weapon states recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT): China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the treaty's opening for signature in 1996, only sixteen nuclear tests have been conducted, all by non-signatory states: Pokhran-II by India and Chagai-I by Pakistan in May 1998, and six tests by North Korea from 2006 to 2017."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the treaty's opening for signature in 1996, only sixteen nuclear tests have been conducted, all by non-signatory states: Pokhran-II by India and Chagai-I by Pakistan in May 1998, and six tests by North Korea from 2006 to 2017."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Over 2,000 nuclear tests were conducted between 1945 and 1996, primarily by the United States and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q278960", "label": "Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It built on two major previous treaties, the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the 1968 NPT, as well as the 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty between the US and Soviet Union limiting the yields of"}], "Q713519": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saar Offensive was the French invasion of Saarland, Germany, in the first stages of World War II, from September 7 to October 16, 1939, in response to the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "France, along with the United Kingdom, declared war on Germany on September 3rd, 1939, two days after the German invasion of Poland."}], "Q847851": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norwegian Crusade, led by Norwegian king Sigurd I, was a crusade that lasted from 1107 to 1111, in the aftermath of the First Crusade."}], "Q1151917": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Women's March on Versailles, also known as the Black March, the October Days or simply the March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The crowd besieged the palace and, in a dramatic and violent confrontation, they successfully pressed their demands upon King Louis XVI."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "Background", "says": "Additionally, the papers dwelt scornfully on the reputed desecration of the tricolor cockade; drunken officers were said to have stamped upon this symbol of the nation and professed their allegiance solely to the white cockade of the House of Bourbon."}], "Q140932341": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, formally the Mecca Defence Alliance, is a defence pact between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey signed into force on 7 August 2026."}, {"id": "Q136332482", "label": "Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "It builds upon the earlier Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on 17 September 2025 to include Turkey."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It builds upon the earlier Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on 17 September 2025 to include Turkey."}, {"id": "Q6892571", "label": "Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud", "section": "Background", "says": "Saudi Arabia and Pakistan first established a bilateral collective-defence commitment through the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA), signed on 17 September 2025 at Al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif."}, {"id": "Q2096387", "label": "Shehbaz Sharif", "section": "Background", "says": "Saudi Arabia and Pakistan first established a bilateral collective-defence commitment through the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA), signed on 17 September 2025 at Al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif."}], "Q162546": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vienna offensive was an offensive launched by the Soviet 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts in order to capture Vienna, Austria, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Stalin reached an agreement with the Western Allies prior to April 1945 concerning the relative postwar political influence of each party in much of Eastern and Central Europe; however, these agreements said virtually nothing about the fate of Austria, then officially considered to be merely the Ostmark area of Greater Germany after the Anschluss."}, {"id": "Q575347", "label": "King Michael's Coup", "section": "Background", "says": "Romanian troops, that were on the Allied side since King Michael's Coup, also took part in the offensive."}], "Q228284": [{"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto al Mare near Genoa and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the Spanish House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto al Mare near Genoa and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the Spanish House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Expedition of the Thousand was the only desired action that was jointly decided by the four \"Fathers of the Fatherland\": Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, King Victor Emmanuel II, and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, pursuing divergent goals."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "lead", "says": "The Expedition of the Thousand was the only desired action that was jointly decided by the four \"Fathers of the Fatherland\": Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, King Victor Emmanuel II, and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, pursuing divergent goals."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "Mazzini, of republican political belief, wanted to liberate Southern Italy and Rome, while Garibaldi wanted to conquer, in the name of Victor Emmanuel II, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and continue towards Rome to complete the Italian unification, while Cavour wanted to prevent the conquest of Rome to avoid a conflict with his French ally, Napoleon III, who protected the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Mazzini, of republican political belief, wanted to liberate Southern Italy and Rome, while Garibaldi wanted to conquer, in the name of Victor Emmanuel II, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and continue towards Rome to complete the Italian unification, while Cavour wanted to prevent the conquest of Rome to avoid a conflict with his French ally, Napoleon III, who protected the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Expedition was instigated by Francesco Crispi, who utilized his political influence to bolster the Italian unification project."}, {"id": "Q206223", "label": "Francis II of the Two Sicilies", "section": "Background", "says": "Such an event would have felt the alienation of the people from the dynasty that ruled in Naples and, particularly, the inability of Francis II of the Two Sicilies, to exercise government in his domains."}], "Q249367": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a foundational event in the civil rights movement in the United States."}, {"id": "Q41921", "label": "Rosa Parks", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955 – the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for her refusal to surrender her seat to a white person – to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling Browder v."}, {"id": "Q468897", "label": "Claudette Colvin", "section": "Background", "says": "Virginia, the earlier Baton Rouge bus boycott, the arrests of 15-year-old Claudette Colvin and 18-year-old Mary Louise Smith, among others, for refusing to give up their seat on a Montgomery bus."}], "Q386799": [{"id": "Q57641", "label": "Viktor Orbán", "section": "lead", "says": "Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán stated that the cause of the spill was presumably human error."}], "Q422326": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Bernhard was an exercise by Nazi Germany to forge British bank notes."}, {"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "lead", "says": "The unit closed in early 1942 after its head, Alfred Naujocks, fell out of favour with his superior officer, Reinhard Heydrich."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Counterfeit notes from the operation were used to pay the Turkish agent Elyesa Bazna—code named Cicero—for his work in obtaining British secrets from the British ambassador in Ankara, and £100,000 from Operation Bernhard was used to obtain information that helped to free the Italian leader Benito Mussolini in the Gran Sasso raid in September 1943."}], "Q696817": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Combat started on 10 June 1940 with Italy's declaration of war against the United Kingdom and France and ended on 2 May 1945 when all Axis forces in Italy surrendered."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Various post-war conflicts, such as the Greek Civil War and the first phase of the Palestine War, were rooted in events during the Mediterranean theater."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mediterranean theatre was initially driven by Italian aspirations to establish a new Roman Empire, while the Allies aimed to retain the status quo."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian forces invaded Greece in October 1940—with little initial success—requiring German intervention to conquer it by April 1941; Yugoslavia was invaded and occupied by Axis forces the same month."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "With confidence high from early gains, German forces planned to capture the Middle East with a view to possibly attacking the Soviet Union from the south."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A prolonged battle for Italy commenced between Allied and Axis forces, supported by the Allied-aligned Kingdom of Italy in the south and Axis-aligned Italian Social Republic in the north, lasting until 2 May 1945 with the Surrender at Caserta."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre resulted in the destruction of the Italian Empire and the weakening of Germany's strategic position, as German forces had been diverted from the Western and Eastern fronts and suffered over two million losses (including those captured upon final surrender)."}, {"id": "Q977657", "label": "Nyon Conference", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Nyon Conference of 1937, Italy and the United Kingdom \"disclaimed any desire to modify or see modified the national sovereignty of any country in the Mediterranean area, and agreed to discourage any activities liable to impair mutual relations.\" Italian diplomatic and military moves did not reflect this agreement."}], "Q844289": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sicilian Expedition was an Athenian military campaign in Sicily from 415 to 413 BC during the Peloponnesian War."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "lead", "says": "Political manoeuvring in Athens expanded an originally modest force of twenty ships into a massive armada, while the expedition's principal advocate, Alcibiades, was recalled to Athens to stand trial before the fleet had even reached Sicily."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "lead", "says": "Thucydides observed that contemporaries were astonished not that Athens eventually lost the war, but that it was able to continue fighting for so long after suffering such catastrophic losses."}, {"id": "Q932202", "label": "Peace of Nicias", "section": "Background", "says": "In 415, Athens and Sparta had been formally at peace since 421, when the Peace of Nicias had brought the Archidamian War to a close."}, {"id": "Q3807161", "label": "Archidamian War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 415, Athens and Sparta had been formally at peace since 421, when the Peace of Nicias had brought the Archidamian War to a close."}], "Q138521100": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Shipping traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, a major maritime choke point for world energy trade, has been largely blocked by Iran since 28 February 2026, when the United States and Israel launched an air war against Iran."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "In late March and early April, US president Donald Trump repeatedly threatened to destroy Iran's infrastructure if it did not reopen the strait."}, {"id": "Q139659851", "label": "Operation Project Freedom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 4 May, Trump launched Operation Project Freedom, a US Navy mission to escort merchant ships out of the Gulf."}, {"id": "Q57336", "label": "Ali Khamenei", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel initiated coordinated airstrikes on Iran under Operation Epic Fury, targeting military facilities, nuclear sites, and leadership, resulting in the death of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei."}], "Q1426885": [{"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "As of March 2019, the Chicago Convention had 193 state parties, which includes all member states of the UN except Liechtenstein."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The convention has been extended to cover Liechtenstein by the ratification of Switzerland."}], "Q21032720": [{"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "From September 2015 until December 2024, Russia conducted a military intervention in the Syrian civil war, following a request by Ba'athist Syria under Bashar al-Assad for support against the Syrian opposition and Islamic State (IS)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Armed Forces' first conflict beyond the former Soviet Union since its dissolution; analysts pointed to strategic aims including limiting United States influence in the Middle East, access to the Eastern Mediterranean, and military capacity for other theaters of the Middle East, such as the Red Sea and Libya."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Armed Forces' first conflict beyond the former Soviet Union since its dissolution; analysts pointed to strategic aims including limiting United States influence in the Middle East, access to the Eastern Mediterranean, and military capacity for other theaters of the Middle East, such as the Red Sea and Libya."}, {"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "Background and preparation phase", "says": "In 2014, the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity ousted the pro-Russian regime of Viktor Yanukovich."}], "Q26195": [{"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty was a second supplementary protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a secret clause as amended on 28 September 1939 by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union after their joint invasion and occupation of sovereign Poland."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a secret clause as amended on 28 September 1939 by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union after their joint invasion and occupation of sovereign Poland."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, the foreign ministers of Germany and the Soviet Union respectively, in the presence of Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, the foreign ministers of Germany and the Soviet Union respectively, in the presence of Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, the foreign ministers of Germany and the Soviet Union respectively, in the presence of Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The third secret protocol of the Pact was signed on 10 January 1941 by Friedrich Werner von Schulenburg and Molotov, in which Germany renounced its claims on a part of Lithuania, west of the Šešupė river."}], "Q2854228": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Constantinople (now Istanbul, 12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Constantinople (now Istanbul, 12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation had two stages: the initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement on the eve of the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the occupation of Smyrna, it spurred the establishment of the Turkish National Movement, leading to the Turkish War of Independence."}], "Q328357": [{"id": "Q626006", "label": "World War II in Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Belgrade offensive or the Belgrade strategic offensive operation (Serbo-Croatian: Beogradska operacija / Београдска операција; Russian: Белградская стратегическая наступательная операция, Belgradskaya strategicheskaya nastupatel'naya operatsiya) (15 September – 24 November 1944) was a military operation during World War II in Yugoslavia in which Belgrade was liberated from the German Wehrmacht"}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Belgrade offensive or the Belgrade strategic offensive operation (Serbo-Croatian: Beogradska operacija / Београдска операција; Russian: Белградская стратегическая наступательная операция, Belgradskaya strategicheskaya nastupatel'naya operatsiya) (15 September – 24 November 1944) was a military operation during World War II in Yugoslavia in which Belgrade was liberated from the German Wehrmacht"}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "Martial planning was coordinated evenly among command leaders, and the operation was largely enabled through tactical cooperation between Josip Broz Tito and Joseph Stalin that began in September 1944."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Martial planning was coordinated evenly among command leaders, and the operation was largely enabled through tactical cooperation between Josip Broz Tito and Joseph Stalin that began in September 1944."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "There were additional skirmishes between Bulgarian forces and German anti-partisan regiments in Macedonia that represented the campaign's southernmost combat operations."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944, the pro-Axis regime in Bulgaria was overthrown and replaced with a government of the Fatherland Front led by Kimon Georgiev."}, {"id": "Q459651", "label": "Kimon Georgiev", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944, the pro-Axis regime in Bulgaria was overthrown and replaced with a government of the Fatherland Front led by Kimon Georgiev."}, {"id": "Q48149", "label": "Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin", "section": "Background", "says": "By the end of September, the Red Army 3rd Ukrainian Front troops under the command of Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin were concentrated at the Bulgarian-Yugoslav border."}], "Q32993": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing collapsed in 1912 and were replaced with the Republic of China, which had itself fallen into warring factions by 1917."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "A small group of urban intellectuals, inspired by the October Revolution and European socialist ideas, founded the CCP in 1921."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Nonetheless, and despite the First United Front's military successes, KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek ended the alliance in 1927 by initiating the Shanghai massacre."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese Civil War between the CCP and Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists fundamentally changed the course of the Chinese Communist Revolution."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the most successful local leaders was Mao Zedong, who turned the Jiangxi Soviet into a \"state within a state\"."}, {"id": "Q46333", "label": "Long March", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1935, the Communists were handed a major military defeat, and the survivors made the Long March to a new base in northwest China."}, {"id": "Q379836", "label": "Liang Chi-chao", "section": "Origins", "says": "In the first decade of the twentieth century, young Chinese intellectuals such as Ma Junwu, Liang Qichao, and Zhao Bizhen were the first to translate and summarize socialist and Marxist ideas into Chinese."}, {"id": "Q369681", "label": "Chen Duxiu", "section": "Origins", "says": "The New Culture Movement was especially strong in cities like Shanghai, where Chen Duxiu began to publish the left-leaning journal New Youth in 1915."}, {"id": "Q279790", "label": "May Fourth Movement", "section": "Origins", "says": "In what became known as the May Fourth Movement, large protests erupted in major cities across China."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "Origins", "says": "Mao Zedong later stated that the May Fourth Movement \"marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism...a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie.\" Many political, and social leaders of the next five decades emerged at this ti"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Origins", "says": "Moreover, the Soviet Union (once established in 1922) offered a unique and compelling model of modernization and revolutionary social change in a semi-colonial nation."}], "Q44700": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The European theatre of World War II, lasting from September 1939 to May 1945, was one of two main theatres of combat during World War II, the other being the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied powers, including (for most of the war) the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and France, fought the Axis powers, including the fascist states of Nazi Germany and Italy, on multiple fronts: Western, Eastern, Scandinavian, and Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied powers, including (for most of the war) the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and France, fought the Axis powers, including the fascist states of Nazi Germany and Italy, on multiple fronts: Western, Eastern, Scandinavian, and Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1938, German dictator Adolf Hitler had his country annex Austria and part of Czechoslovakia; this was motivated in part by the Nazi Party's racist ideology, which held that Germany needed to gain \"living space\" for its so-called \"Aryan race\" to survive."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1938, German dictator Adolf Hitler had his country annex Austria and part of Czechoslovakia; this was motivated in part by the Nazi Party's racist ideology, which held that Germany needed to gain \"living space\" for its so-called \"Aryan race\" to survive."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was supported by Italy, led by dictator Benito Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin, soon invaded eastern Poland, having signed a non-aggression pact with Germany."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, Germany invaded Norway, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, and Italy invaded Greece."}, {"id": "Q154720", "label": "Battle of Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany also began the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, two aerial bombardments of the U.K."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1941, Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Greece, and began invading the Soviet Union, which brought the Soviets into the Allied war effort."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1942 and 1943, the Soviets halted the German invasion of their country at the Battle of Stalingrad, while the Allies bombed German industrial facilities."}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "Hitler then threatened to go to war with Czechoslovakia, and in response, on 30 September 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, UK prime minister Neville Chamberlain, and French premier Edouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement, which gave Germany the Sudetenland, a Czech region near its border with Germany which had long been ethnically German."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Hitler then threatened to go to war with Czechoslovakia, and in response, on 30 September 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, UK prime minister Neville Chamberlain, and French premier Edouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement, which gave Germany the Sudetenland, a Czech region near its border with Germany which had long been ethnically German."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Hungary annexed a part of southern Slovakia and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Later that month, part of Slovakia became the independent fascist and Catholic state of the Slovak Republic under dictator and Catholic priest Jozef Tiso."}, {"id": "Q154346", "label": "Jozef Tiso", "section": "Background", "says": "Later that month, part of Slovakia became the independent fascist and Catholic state of the Slovak Republic under dictator and Catholic priest Jozef Tiso."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "To ensure Germany would not face resistance from the Soviet Union during an invasion, the two countries signed an agreement to neutrality named the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact after secret negotiations from 23 to 24 August."}], "Q696550": [{"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was signed during 1922 among the major Allies of World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference in Washington, D.C., from November 1921 to February 1922 and signed by the governments of the British Empire (including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and India), United States, France, Italy, and Japan."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference in Washington, D.C., from November 1921 to February 1922 and signed by the governments of the British Empire (including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and India), United States, France, Italy, and Japan."}, {"id": "Q704536", "label": "London Naval Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the Washington Naval Treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936."}, {"id": "Q2632944", "label": "Second London Naval Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the Washington Naval Treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Immediately after World War I, Britain still had the world's largest and most powerful navy, followed by the United States and, more distantly, by Japan, France and Italy."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Americans, British, French, Italians, and Japanese had been allies during World War I, but with the German threat seemingly finished, a naval arms race between the allies seemed likely."}], "Q727536": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sinai and Palestine campaign was part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, taking place between January 1915 and October 1918."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revolt in opposition to the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revolt in opposition to the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revolt in opposition to the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revolt in opposition to the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revolt in opposition to the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "It started with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915 and ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria."}, {"id": "Q3467730", "label": "Battle of Rafa", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1917 the newly formed Desert Column completed the recapture of the Sinai at the Battle of Rafa."}, {"id": "Q1378270", "label": "Battle of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "EEF victories followed, at the Battle of Mughar Ridge, 10 to 14 November, and the Battle of Jerusalem, 17 November to 30 December."}, {"id": "Q2002684", "label": "Reginald Wingate", "section": "Background", "says": "The recently appointed High Commissioner Sir Reginald Wingate and Murray agreed that Egypt's contributions would be restricted to the use of the country's railway and Egyptian personnel."}], "Q281140": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It has not been ratified by any state that engages in self-launched human spaceflight (i.e., the United States, Russia (or its predecessor the Soviet Union), or the People's Republic of China) since its creation on December 18, 1979, and thus it has little to no relevancy in international law."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "It has not been ratified by any state that engages in self-launched human spaceflight (i.e., the United States, Russia (or its predecessor the Soviet Union), or the People's Republic of China) since its creation on December 18, 1979, and thus it has little to no relevancy in international law."}], "Q311765": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jassy–Kishinev offensive, named after the two major cities, Jassy and Kishinev, in the staging area, was a Soviet offensive against Axis forces, which took place in Eastern Romania from 20 to 29 August 1944 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts of the Red Army engaged Army Group South Ukraine, which consisted of combined German and Romanian formations, in an operation to reoccupy Bessarabia and destroy the Axis forces in the region, opening the way into Romania and the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshal Ion Antonescu suggested a withdrawal of Axis forces to the fortified Carpathian–FNB (Focșani–Nămoloasa–Brăila)–Danube line, but Generaloberst  Friessner, the commander of Army Group South Ukraine, was unwilling to consider such a move, having already been dismissed on 23 July 1944 by Hitler from Army Group North for requesting permission to retreat."}], "Q3769089": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Fitna was the second civil war in the Islamic community during the early Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed the death of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I in 680 and lasted for about twelve years."}, {"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The war involved three main challenges to the authority of the Umayyad dynasty: the first by Husayn ibn Ali and his supporters, including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who rallied to avenge Husayn's death in Iraq; the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, who proclaimed himself caliph in Mecca and was nominally recognized throughout most of the Caliphate; and the third by the Kharijites,"}, {"id": "Q6409399", "label": "Sulayman ibn Surad", "section": "lead", "says": "The war involved three main challenges to the authority of the Umayyad dynasty: the first by Husayn ibn Ali and his supporters, including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who rallied to avenge Husayn's death in Iraq; the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, who proclaimed himself caliph in Mecca and was nominally recognized throughout most of the Caliphate; and the third by the Kharijites,"}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "lead", "says": "The war involved three main challenges to the authority of the Umayyad dynasty: the first by Husayn ibn Ali and his supporters, including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who rallied to avenge Husayn's death in Iraq; the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, who proclaimed himself caliph in Mecca and was nominally recognized throughout most of the Caliphate; and the third by the Kharijites,"}, {"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The roots of the civil war date back to the First Fitna."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "lead", "says": "After Yazid died in November, the siege was abandoned, and Umayyad authority soon collapsed throughout the caliphate following the death of his son, except in parts of Syria where Marwan I was proclaimed caliph; most provinces recognized Ibn al-Zubayr as caliph."}, {"id": "Q27940416", "label": "Battle of Khazir", "section": "lead", "says": "Though his forces routed the Umayyads at the Battle of Khazir in August 686, Mukhtar and his supporters were slain by the Zubayrids in April 687 following a series of battles."}, {"id": "Q4871691", "label": "Battle of Maskin", "section": "lead", "says": "Under his successor Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the Umayyads reconquered Iraq after defeating the Zubayrids at the Battle of Maskin in 691 and reasserted their authority over the Caliphate afte"}, {"id": "Q501880", "label": "Bernard Lewis", "section": "Background", "says": "The orientalist Bernard Lewis writes: \"The only precedents available to Mu'awiya from Islamic history were election and civil war."}, {"id": "Q680793", "label": "Fred Donner", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Fred Donner writes that contentions over the leadership of the Muslim community had not been settled in the First Fitna and resurfaced with the death of Mu'awiya in April 680."}], "Q656545": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reinsurance Treaty was a diplomatic agreement between the German Empire and the Russian Empire that was in effect from 1887 to 1890."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reinsurance Treaty was a diplomatic agreement between the German Empire and the Russian Empire that was in effect from 1887 to 1890."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty provided that both parties would remain neutral if the other became involved in a war with a third great power, with the exception of if Germany attacked France or if Russia attacked Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany made concessions to Russia by changing its stance on Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia (now part of southern Bulgaria), agreeing that they were in the Russian sphere of influence and agreeing to support Russian action to keep the Black Sea as its own preserve."}, {"id": "Q243799", "label": "Franco-Russian Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Franco-Russian Alliance of 1891–1892 to 1917 rapidly began to take shape."}, {"id": "Q567712", "label": "League of the Three Emperors", "section": "Background", "says": "The Reinsurance Treaty originated after the German-Austrian-Russian Dreikaiserbund (League of the Three Emperors) had lapsed in 1887 due to competition between Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire for spheres of influence in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1887, a Russian diplomat went to Berlin to propose a treaty in which Russia would be a friendly neutral country during a war between Germany and France, and in return, Germany would recognize Russian dominance in Bulgaria and promise a friendly neutrality if Russia seized the Turkish Straits from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Background", "says": "Bismarck strongly supported the idea, but Alexander III rejected the plan until Foreign Minister Nikolay Girs convinced him that it would be best for Russia in the absence of French friendship."}, {"id": "Q712440", "label": "Nikolay Girs", "section": "Background", "says": "Bismarck strongly supported the idea, but Alexander III rejected the plan until Foreign Minister Nikolay Girs convinced him that it would be best for Russia in the absence of French friendship."}], "Q93879586": [{"id": "Q1058", "label": "Narendra Modi", "section": "Background", "says": "During Xi Jinping's visit to New Delhi in September 2014, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi discussed the boundary question and urged his counterpart for a solution."}, {"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 January 2018, Xi Jinping, as Chairman of the Central Military Commission, issued the first Training Mobilisation Order."}, {"id": "Q4746875", "label": "Amit Shah", "section": "Causes", "says": "Although, Pravin Sawhney agreed with Wang, he postulated that a parliamentary speech by Amit Shah, the Minister of Home Affairs, also could have irked China."}], "Q108047194": [{"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "lead", "says": "The crisis began sometime around 7 July 2021, when Belarus's president Alexander Lukashenko threatened to \"flood\" the EU with \"drugs and migrants\"."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia each declared states of emergency and announced their intentions to build border walls."}, {"id": "Q97010473", "label": "Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya", "section": "Background", "says": "Based on exit polls, Lukashenko might have lost the elections to Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya."}, {"id": "Q106949139", "label": "Roman Protasevich", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations deteriorated further in the following year in May 2021, when Belarus intercepted a Polish commercial airplane overflying its territory on a regularly scheduled passenger flight and arrested two of its passengers, opposition activist and journalist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, the United States, European Union, the United Kingdom and Canada announced further sanctions against members of the government of Belarus as well as Belarusian state-owned companies."}], "Q122971939": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Four large earthquakes measuring Mww 6.3 each and their aftershocks affected Herat Province in western Afghanistan in early October 2023."}], "Q708321": [{"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the second attempt by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to change the status of Berlin by demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from the city and stopping the mass exodus of East Germans fleeing to the West."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Previously, in 1948 and 1949 Krushchev's predecessor Joseph Stalin had  tried and also failed to change the status of Berlin with the Berlin Blockade."}, {"id": "Q151349", "label": "Berlin Blockade", "section": "lead", "says": "Previously, in 1948 and 1949 Krushchev's predecessor Joseph Stalin had  tried and also failed to change the status of Berlin with the Berlin Blockade."}, {"id": "Q2628", "label": "Walter Ulbricht", "section": "lead", "says": "When talks broke down and no agreement was reached, in August 1961 East German leader Walter Ulbricht, with Khrushchev's backing, ordered the closing of the border and the construction of a wall surrounding West Berlin."}], "Q1463832": [{"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Rome in 455 was carried out by the Vandals led by their king Gaiseric."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A 442 treaty between the Western Roman Empire and Vandal Kingdom included a marriage of state between the daughter of Roman Emperor Valentinian III and the son of Gaiseric."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "A 442 treaty between the Western Roman Empire and Vandal Kingdom included a marriage of state between the daughter of Roman Emperor Valentinian III and the son of Gaiseric."}, {"id": "Q170026", "label": "Valentinian III", "section": "lead", "says": "A 442 treaty between the Western Roman Empire and Vandal Kingdom included a marriage of state between the daughter of Roman Emperor Valentinian III and the son of Gaiseric."}, {"id": "Q191940", "label": "Petronius Maximus", "section": "lead", "says": "Valentinian's successor Petronius Maximus violated the treaty by marrying his son to Valentinian's daughter, and Gaiseric retaliated with an invasion of Italy."}, {"id": "Q43954", "label": "Leo I", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Leo I convinced Gaiseric to avoid the use of violence against residents of the city."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Background", "says": "This led to the sack of Rome in 410 by the Germanic Visigoths under Alaric."}, {"id": "Q185476", "label": "Aëtius", "section": "Background", "says": "Petronius Maximus is alleged to have influenced Valentinian III to have Flavius Aetius killed on 21 September 454."}, {"id": "Q232329", "label": "Licinia Eudoxia", "section": "Background", "says": "Maximus, in order to legitimize his rule, married Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinian III, and married Eudocia to his son Palladius."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Background", "says": "Gaiseric proclaimed that the broken betrothal between Huneric and Eudocia invalidated the peace treaty and exploited the situation as a casus belli to invade Rome, gathering a large force and sailing from Carthage."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "Background", "says": "Theodosius I is the only emperor that is definitely known to have visited Rome between 363 and 395."}], "Q2001082": [{"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial impetus behind the interventions was to secure munitions and supply depots from falling into the German Empire's hands, particularly after the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and to rescue the Allied forces that had become trapped within Russia after the 1917 October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the Allied plan changed to helping the  White forces in the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Allied efforts were hampered by divided objectives, and war-weariness following World War I."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "These factors, together with the evacuation of the Czechoslovak Legion in September 1920, led the western Allied powers to end the North Russia and Siberian interventions in 1920, though the Japanese intervention in Siberia continued until 1922 and the Empire of Japan continued to occupy the northern half of Sakhalin until 1925."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The Allied Powers became concerned at the collapse of the Eastern Front and the loss of the Russian government to the anti-war Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1918, Leon Trotsky, the head of the Red Army, welcomed the arrival of British, American, and French troops in Murmansk."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "This force, which became known as the \"American North Russia Expeditionary Force\" (a.k.a. the Polar Bear Expedition) were sent to Arkhangelsk while another 8,000 soldiers, organised as the American Expeditionary Force Siberia, were shipped to Vladivostok from the Philippines and from Camp Fremont in California."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "That same month, the Canadian government agreed to the British government's request to command and provide most of the soldiers for a combined British Empire force, which also included Australian and Indian troops."}], "Q245831": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, with the Ottoman Empire's cession of the island to the British Empire in 1878 and subsequent annexation in 1914, the \"Cyprus dispute\" referred to general conflicts between Greek and Turkish islanders."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "At present, the complications of the dispute go beyond the boundaries of the island itself and involve the guarantor powers under the Zürich and London Agreement (namely Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom), the United Nations, and the European Union."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The now-defunct Czechoslovakia and Eastern Bloc had previously interfered politically."}, {"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish Cypriot leadership later declared independence as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, although only Turkey has recognised it, and there continues to be broad international opposition to Northern Cyprus independence."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "Historical background before 1960", "says": "The Zürich-London agreements that became the basis for the Cyprus constitution of 1960 were supplemented with three treaties – the Treaty of Establishment, the Treaty of Guarantee, and the Treaty of Alliance."}], "Q3347903": [{"id": "Q1987713", "label": "Operation Blue Star", "section": "lead", "says": "This was after the Indian Armed Forces carried out Operation Blue Star between 1 and 8 June 1984 on Gandhi's orders."}, {"id": "Q358874", "label": "Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale", "section": "lead", "says": "The military operation was to remove Sikh militant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and other Sikh separatists from the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest site of Sikhism."}], "Q590605": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "An ongoing insurgency in Pakistan's Balochistan province and Iran's Sistan and Baluchestan province is fought between Baloch nationalist separatist groups, Islamist militants, and the governments of Pakistan and Iran."}, {"id": "Q139948", "label": "Khanate of Kalat", "section": "lead", "says": "In Pakistan, Baloch nationalist insurgencies have occurred intermittently since 1948, shortly after the accession of the Khanate of Kalat to Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Separatist groups have demanded greater political autonomy or independence for Balochistan, while the Pakistani government has accused foreign states, notably India and Afghanistan, of supporting Baloch rebels."}], "Q653112": [{"id": "Q152378", "label": "Ismail Haniyeh", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh was nominated to form a new PA government, which was sworn in on 29 March."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Though initially opposed by the United States, a Quartet member, the US government agreed in April 2006 to discontinue $400 million of foreign aid to the PA."}, {"id": "Q127998", "label": "Mahmoud Abbas", "section": "Background", "says": "Instead the US redirected $100 million to the United Nations and other non-Palestinian groups, but no aid money was given directly to the government of Mahmoud Abbas."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "These taxes, collected in Palestine (both in the West Bank and Gaza) by Israeli authorities, were supposed to be transferred to the PA's budget."}], "Q81341687": [{"id": "Q892014", "label": "Qasem Soleimani", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 January 2020, Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) conducted Operation Martyr Soleimani (Persian: عملیات شهید سلیمانی), launching over 12 ballistic missiles against the United States Armed Forces at al-Asad Airbase in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq, as well as another airbase in Erbil, in response to the assassination of Major General Qasem Soleimani by a U.S. drone strike."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States secretary of state Mike Pompeo said the attack was intended to kill, however some analysts suggested the strike was deliberately designed to avoid causing any fatalities in order to dissuade an armed American response."}, {"id": "Q473239", "label": "Mike Pompeo", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States secretary of state Mike Pompeo said the attack was intended to kill, however some analysts suggested the strike was deliberately designed to avoid causing any fatalities in order to dissuade an armed American response."}, {"id": "Q1391746", "label": "Ali Shamkhani", "section": "Background", "says": "It was announced by Secretary Ali Shamkhani on 7 January 2020 as a form a tribute to a departed comrade-in-arms whose final funeral was in his birthplace Kerman."}], "Q1203898": [{"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "Context", "says": "In his 9 November 2002 report on strengthening the organization, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan wrote: \"It is time to take a more comprehensive look at the various dimensions of the migration issue, which now involves hundreds of millions of people, and affects countries of origin, transit and destination."}], "Q1397949": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens' Rights has found that over 600 Palestinians were killed in the fighting from January 2006 to May 2007."}], "Q325656": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Road to Canossa or Humiliation of Canossa (Italian: L'umiliazione di Canossa), or, sometimes, the Walk to Canossa (German: Gang nach Canossa/Kanossa) was the journey of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV to Canossa Castle in 1077, and his subsequent ritual submission there to Pope Gregory VII."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "lead", "says": "The Road to Canossa or Humiliation of Canossa (Italian: L'umiliazione di Canossa), or, sometimes, the Walk to Canossa (German: Gang nach Canossa/Kanossa) was the journey of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV to Canossa Castle in 1077, and his subsequent ritual submission there to Pope Gregory VII."}, {"id": "Q464162", "label": "Matilda of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place during the Investiture controversy and involved the Emperor seeking absolution and the revocation of his excommunication by the Pope who had been staying at the castle as the guest of Margravine Matilda of Tuscany."}], "Q667890": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The massacres were perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN), German death squads (Einsatzgruppen), and urban population from 30 June to 2 July, and from 25 to 29 July, during the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Lwów (modern: Lviv) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "It was part of the Second Polish Republic from 1918 to 1939."}, {"id": "Q157280", "label": "Stepan Bandera", "section": "Background", "says": "As the historian John-Paul Himka writes, the OUN at this point was a divided organization: in Lviv, the splinter faction loyal to Stepan Bandera, known as OUN-B, led locally by Yaroslav Stetsko, \"a prominent lieutenant of Bandera's as well as an extreme anti-Semite\", took over the nationalist movement."}, {"id": "Q2620128", "label": "Yaroslav Stetsko", "section": "Background", "says": "As the historian John-Paul Himka writes, the OUN at this point was a divided organization: in Lviv, the splinter faction loyal to Stepan Bandera, known as OUN-B, led locally by Yaroslav Stetsko, \"a prominent lieutenant of Bandera's as well as an extreme anti-Semite\", took over the nationalist movement."}], "Q707547": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jedwabne pogrom was a massacre of Polish Jews in the town of Jedwabne, German-occupied Poland, on 10 July 1941, during World War II and the early stages of the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q55758", "label": "Aleksander Kwaśniewski", "section": "lead", "says": "In a 2001 memorial ceremony at Jedwabne, President Aleksander Kwaśniewski apologized on behalf of the country, an apology that was repeated in 2011 by President Bronisław Komorowski."}, {"id": "Q42939", "label": "Bronisław Komorowski", "section": "lead", "says": "In a 2001 memorial ceremony at Jedwabne, President Aleksander Kwaśniewski apologized on behalf of the country, an apology that was repeated in 2011 by President Bronisław Komorowski."}, {"id": "Q9151911", "label": "Andrzej Duda", "section": "lead", "says": "The PiS has a controversial \"history policy\"; President Andrzej Duda publicly criticized Komorowski's apology."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after the German invasion of Soviet-held Polish territory in late June 1941, Heinrich Himmler, the most powerful Nazi after Adolf Hitler, complained that pogroms had not broken out in the newly conquered Polish region where Jedwabne is located."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Shortly after the German invasion of Soviet-held Polish territory in late June 1941, Heinrich Himmler, the most powerful Nazi after Adolf Hitler, complained that pogroms had not broken out in the newly conquered Polish region where Jedwabne is located."}, {"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "Background", "says": "The complaint was responded to by Himmler's subordinate, Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Reich Main Security Office commanding the German Security Police, or Sicherheitspolizei, which in turn controlled Germany's SS paramilitary death squads, or Einsatzgruppen."}, {"id": "Q89874", "label": "Peter Longerich", "section": "Background", "says": "To the contrary, they should be instigated without leaving a trace, and if need be—intensified and directed on the right track, but in such a manner so that the local ‘self-defense circles’ could not refer to the orders or political promises made to them.\"\nHolocaust historian Peter Longerich wrote in 2007: \"Even if the murders were carried out by local people – or more precisely by a group of fort"}], "Q1121969": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "All 27 European Union member states and former member state United Kingdom approved the final text of CETA for signature, with Belgium being the final country to give its approval."}], "Q1144602": [{"id": "Q131337", "label": "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethnic Azerbaijanis carried out a pogrom against the Armenian population of the town of Sumgait, in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, in February 1988."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was greeted with general surprise in Armenia and the rest of the Soviet Union because the Soviet government had largely suppressed ethnic conflicts in the country and had promoted policies such as fraternity of peoples, socialist patriotism, and proletarian internationalism to avert such conflicts."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "The policies of glasnost and perestroika, introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987, had decreased suppression of the population, which had the unintended consequences of allowing ethnic conflicts and ethnic nationalism to increase in the Soviet Union."}], "Q1963613": [{"id": "Q152805", "label": "Convention on Biological Diversity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, also known as the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), is a 2010 supplementary agreement to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)."}], "Q56839716": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "The following month, U.S. president Donald Trump proposed USMCA during the G20 Summit, where he, Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto, and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau signed it; a revised version reflecting additional consultations was signed on December 10, 2019."}, {"id": "Q296741", "label": "Enrique Peña Nieto", "section": "lead", "says": "The following month, U.S. president Donald Trump proposed USMCA during the G20 Summit, where he, Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto, and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau signed it; a revised version reflecting additional consultations was signed on December 10, 2019."}, {"id": "Q3099714", "label": "Justin Trudeau", "section": "lead", "says": "The following month, U.S. president Donald Trump proposed USMCA during the G20 Summit, where he, Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto, and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau signed it; a revised version reflecting additional consultations was signed on December 10, 2019."}, {"id": "Q21707860", "label": "Paris Agreement", "section": "Background and nomenclature", "says": "Upon election, Trump proceeded to make a number of changes affecting trade relations with other countries—withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, ceasing to be part of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and significantly increasing tariffs with China—reinforcing that he was serious about seeking changes to NAFTA, while drawing wide criticism as well."}, {"id": "Q1366688", "label": "Trans-Pacific Partnership", "section": "Background and nomenclature", "says": "Upon election, Trump proceeded to make a number of changes affecting trade relations with other countries—withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, ceasing to be part of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and significantly increasing tariffs with China—reinforcing that he was serious about seeking changes to NAFTA, while drawing wide criticism as well."}], "Q671479": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-British Joint Declaration was a treaty signed in 1984 between the governments of China and the United Kingdom which set the conditions in which Hong Kong was transferred to Chinese control and for the governance of the territory after 1 July 1997."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-British Joint Declaration was a treaty signed in 1984 between the governments of China and the United Kingdom which set the conditions in which Hong Kong was transferred to Chinese control and for the governance of the territory after 1 July 1997."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hong Kong had been a colony of the British Empire since 1842 and its territory was expanded on two occasions; first in 1860 with the addition of Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island, as both were ceded in perpetuity, and again in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease for the New Territories."}, {"id": "Q137031", "label": "Murray MacLehose", "section": "Background", "says": "During an official visit to Beijing in March 1979, Governor Murray MacLehose raised the issue with Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "Background", "says": "During an official visit to Beijing in March 1979, Governor Murray MacLehose raised the issue with Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping."}], "Q699366": [{"id": "Q697986", "label": "Vienna Convention on Road Traffic", "section": "lead", "says": "This conference also produced the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which provides complementary standardising of international traffic laws."}], "Q700120": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Poland was occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (and Slovakia) following the invasion in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Poland was occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (and Slovakia) following the invasion in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Poland was occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (and Slovakia) following the invasion in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945."}, {"id": "Q5642112", "label": "Tadeusz Piotrowski", "section": "lead", "says": "Sociologist Tadeusz Piotrowski argues that both occupying powers were hostile to the existence of Poland's sovereignty, people, and the culture and aimed to destroy them."}], "Q819274": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserübung."}, {"id": "Q150939", "label": "Operation Weserübung", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserübung."}, {"id": "Q154927", "label": "Haakon VII of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout this period, a pro-German government named Den nasjonale regjering ('the National Government') ruled Norway, while the Norwegian king Haakon VII and the prewar government escaped to London, where they formed a government in exile."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Norway managed to negotiate favorable trade treaties both with the United Kingdom and Germany under these conditions, but it became increasingly clear that both countries had a strategic interest in denying the other warring power access to Norway and its coastline."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "However, on 1 April Adolf Hitler ordered the German invasion of Norway to begin on 9 April; on 8 April, while the Norwegian government was preoccupied with earnest protest about the Allied mine-laying, the German expeditions were already mobilizing."}], "Q1814439": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kishinev pogrom or Kishinev massacre was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev (modern Chișinău, Moldova), then the capital of the Bessarabia Governorate in the Russian Empire, on 19–21 April [O.S."}, {"id": "Q44003", "label": "Theodor Herzl", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident focused worldwide attention on the persecution of Jews within the Russian Empire, and led Theodor Herzl to propose the Uganda Scheme as a temporary refuge for the Jews."}], "Q18651204": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Resolute Support Mission (RSM) or Operation Resolute Support was a NATO-led multinational mission in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2189 of 2014, RSM was a noncombat mission aimed at advising and training Afghan security forces to provide long-term security to the country, under the aegis of the U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement between the United States and Afghanistan, which was originally supposed to run from 1 January 2015 and was to \"remain in force unt"}], "Q233254": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Treaty (Korean: 을사조약), was made between delegates of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Treaty (Korean: 을사조약), was made between delegates of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted from Imperial Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905."}, {"id": "Q623391", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning from the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, a series of treaties were signed between Korea and Japan throughout the following decades."}, {"id": "Q709191", "label": "Imo Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Japanese demands for compensation after the 1882 Imo Incident led to the signing of the 1883 Treaty of Tax Regulations for the Japanese Trade and the Maritime Customs, which deprived Korea of its tariff autonomy over trade with Japan."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Japanese victory over the Qing in the First Sino-Japanese War led to the complete withdrawal of Chinese forces in Korea, further consolidating Japanese influence over the peninsula."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "Background", "says": "The agreement was utilized by Japan to bolster its exclusive dominance over Korea during the signing of the Taft–Katsura Agreement and the Second Anglo-Japanese Alliance."}], "Q2352263": [{"id": "Q696848", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Farhud (Arabic: الفرهود, romanized: al-Farhūd) was a pogrom carried out against the Jewish population of Baghdad, Iraq, on 1–2 June 1941 (coinciding with the Jewish holiday of Shavuot), immediately following the British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Much of the population had retained significant anti-British sentiments since the 1920 Iraqi revolt, although the Jewish population was viewed as pro-British during World War II, contributing to the separation of the Muslim and Jewish communities."}, {"id": "Q215774", "label": "Fritz Grobba", "section": "Background", "says": "Fritz Grobba, significantly supported antisemitic and fascist movements."}, {"id": "Q48244", "label": "Mein Kampf", "section": "Background", "says": "The German embassy purchased the newspaper Al-alam Al-arabi (\"The Arab world\") which published, in addition to antisemitic propaganda, a translation of Mein Kampf in Arabic."}], "Q244941": [{"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "lead", "says": "Generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng seized Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an, demanding the Nationalist government end the Chinese Civil War and ally with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) against Japanese expansionism, resulting in the Second United Front."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng seized Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an, demanding the Nationalist government end the Chinese Civil War and ally with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) against Japanese expansionism, resulting in the Second United Front."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng seized Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an, demanding the Nationalist government end the Chinese Civil War and ally with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) against Japanese expansionism, resulting in the Second United Front."}, {"id": "Q705832", "label": "Ho Ying-chin", "section": "lead", "says": "General He Yingqin nearly launched a military assault on Xi'an before Soong Mei-ling and T."}, {"id": "Q17135", "label": "Soong May-ling", "section": "lead", "says": "General He Yingqin nearly launched a military assault on Xi'an before Soong Mei-ling and T."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The CCP called for Chiang's execution, but Joseph Stalin, fearing the mutiny was part of a Japanese plot to weaken China, overruled them and ordered a peaceful resolution."}, {"id": "Q504372", "label": "Ye Jianying", "section": "lead", "says": "CCP representatives Zhou Enlai, Qin Bangxian, and Ye Jianying then joined the talks in Xi'an and Chiang conceded to a ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q2594871", "label": "Guo Songling", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Chi Shih-ying, after the KMT's defeat in the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek privately attributed part of the loss to Chi and the CC Clique for having \"driven Zhang into rebellion.\" As the clique's principal figure in Manchurian affairs, Chi's feud with Zhang dated to the Guo Songling revolt against Zhang Zuolin in 1925."}, {"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Chi Shih-ying, after the KMT's defeat in the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek privately attributed part of the loss to Chi and the CC Clique for having \"driven Zhang into rebellion.\" As the clique's principal figure in Manchurian affairs, Chi's feud with Zhang dated to the Guo Songling revolt against Zhang Zuolin in 1925."}], "Q6541445": [{"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Greece acceded to the armistice on 14 October 1922."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "Context", "says": "Under the Armistice of Mudros, ending World War I in the Ottoman Empire, the Allied powers were allowed to occupy the forts of the Straits in the Dardanelles and Bosphorus."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Context", "says": "Under the Armistice of Mudros, ending World War I in the Ottoman Empire, the Allied powers were allowed to occupy the forts of the Straits in the Dardanelles and Bosphorus."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "Under the Armistice of Mudros, ending World War I in the Ottoman Empire, the Allied powers were allowed to occupy the forts of the Straits in the Dardanelles and Bosphorus."}, {"id": "Q191974", "label": "Raymond Poincaré", "section": "Context", "says": "French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré tried to persuade the Turks to respect the neutral zone."}], "Q698778": [{"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gran Sasso raid on 12 September 1943 freed Benito Mussolini from imprisonment in a hotel on the Gran Sasso d'Italia massif."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The World War II operation was codenamed \"Operation Oak\" (Unternehmen Eiche) by the German military."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid by German paratroopers and Waffen-SS commandos  was personally ordered by Adolf Hitler, approved by General Kurt Student, and planned and executed by Major Harald Mors."}, {"id": "Q76544", "label": "Kurt Student", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid by German paratroopers and Waffen-SS commandos  was personally ordered by Adolf Hitler, approved by General Kurt Student, and planned and executed by Major Harald Mors."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 July, King Victor Emmanuel III arrested Mussolini and replaced him with Marshal Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 July, King Victor Emmanuel III arrested Mussolini and replaced him with Marshal Pietro Badoglio."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 September, the Allied invasion of Italy began and Giuseppe Castellano signed the Armistice of Cassibile, which ended the nation's war with the Allies."}, {"id": "Q714259", "label": "Operation Achse", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nazis launched Operation Achse on 8 September, occupying key positions in central and northern Italy."}], "Q701719": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "Fought from late December 1943 to early May 1944, this campaign in the southern sector was the focal point of the entire 1944 winter-spring campaign on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the largest offensives of World War II, spanning a 1,200 km (745 mi) front to a depth of 450 km (280 mi) and involving almost 3,500,000 troops from both sides  In the course of it, 20 Wehrmacht divisions were either destroyed or rendered combat-ineffective, while all the rest were severely depleted."}, {"id": "Q62803", "label": "Kurt von Tippelskirch", "section": "lead", "says": "According to German General Kurt von Tippelskirch, this was the biggest Wehrmacht defeat since Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat prompted Hitler to dismiss Army Group South commander Erich von Manstein, and Army Group A commander Ewald von Kleist, replaced by Walther Model and Ferdinand Schörner respectively, ending Manstein's career."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat prompted Hitler to dismiss Army Group South commander Erich von Manstein, and Army Group A commander Ewald von Kleist, replaced by Walther Model and Ferdinand Schörner respectively, ending Manstein's career."}, {"id": "Q313836", "label": "Battle of the Dnieper", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the autumn 1943 Battle of the Dnieper, which secured Left-bank or eastern Ukraine and isolated the German 17th Army in Crimea, the Red Army established and expanded several bridgeheads on the right bank."}], "Q703550": [{"id": "Q223604", "label": "Greco-Italian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of Greece by the Axis powers (Greek: Η Κατοχή, romanized: I Katochi) began in April 1941 after the German invasion of Greece to assist its ally, Italy, in the Greco-Italian War which had begun in October 1940."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation of the mainland lasted until Germany and its ally Bulgaria withdrew under Allied pressure in early October 1944, with Crete and some other Aegean Islands being surrendered to the Allies by German garrisons in May and June 1945, after the end of the Second World War in Europe."}], "Q862619": [{"id": "Q45792", "label": "King Arthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Camlann (Welsh: Gwaith Camlan or Brwydr Camlan) is the legendary final battle of King Arthur, in which Arthur either died or was mortally wounded while fighting either alongside or against Mordred, who also perished."}], "Q124693": [{"id": "Q152474", "label": "Rafael Trujillo", "section": "lead", "says": "Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country\ncarried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "By the 1930s, the Dominican Republic had a significant population of Haitians that could be divided into two main groups consisting of braceros, agricultural workers, and more permanent communities of Haitian-descended families in the North and West."}], "Q126528": [{"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reichskonkordat (\"Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich\") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reichskonkordat (\"Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich\") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q2604", "label": "Pius XII", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI; and by Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI; and by Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government."}, {"id": "Q150552", "label": "Franz von Papen", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI; and by Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI; and by Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "It is frequently discussed in works that deal with the rise of Adolf Hitler in the early 1930s and the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Though some German bishops were unenthusiastic, and the Allies at the end of World War II felt it inappropriate, Pope Pius XII successfully argued to keep the concordat in force."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In the East, the Soviet Union arose."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Background", "says": "In Italy, the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini took power, while in Germany, the fragile Weimar Republic collapsed with the Nazi seizure of power."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In Italy, the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini took power, while in Germany, the fragile Weimar Republic collapsed with the Nazi seizure of power."}, {"id": "Q193270", "label": "Lateran Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1929, Pius signed the Lateran Treaty and a concordat with Italy, confirming the existence of an independent Vatican City state, in return for recognition of the Kingdom of Italy and an undertaking for the papacy to be neutral in world conflicts."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1929, Pius signed the Lateran Treaty and a concordat with Italy, confirming the existence of an independent Vatican City state, in return for recognition of the Kingdom of Italy and an undertaking for the papacy to be neutral in world conflicts."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Other major concordats included those signed with Germany (1933), Austria (1935), Yugoslavia (1935), and Latvia (1938)."}], "Q132831010": [{"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 28, 2025, U.S. president Donald Trump and U.S. vice president JD Vance held a highly contentious bilateral meeting with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy inside the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q28935729", "label": "JD Vance", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 28, 2025, U.S. president Donald Trump and U.S. vice president JD Vance held a highly contentious bilateral meeting with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy inside the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 28, 2025, U.S. president Donald Trump and U.S. vice president JD Vance held a highly contentious bilateral meeting with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy inside the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "Zelenskyy wanted strong security guarantees against future Russian aggression before committing to a ceasefire, and believed that without these, Russia's president Vladimir Putin would break any agreement, as he had before."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the United States, reactions were largely divided along party lines."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "Background", "says": "By 2025, Ukraine heavily relied on international aid, particularly from Western countries, including the United States under the administration of Joe Biden, to continue its war effort."}, {"id": "Q19698338", "label": "Operation Atlantic Resolve", "section": "Background", "says": "Department of Defense provided a figure of $182.8 billion for \"all spending on Operation Atlantic Resolve – a response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine [...] that covers U.S. military training in Europe and replenishment of U.S. defence stocks.\" US News says the \"total aid commitment [from the United States] is valued at about $128 billion.\" The United States has given more grants to Ukraine than i"}], "Q1417490": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Sixty-seven or sixty-nine Jews were massacred on 24 August 1929 in Hebron, Mandatory Palestine."}], "Q18164062": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gombe Chimpanzee War, also known as the Four-Year War, was a violent conflict between two communities of chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park in the Kigoma region of Tanzania between 1974 and 1978."}], "Q2266004": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 28 June and 3 July 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, following an ultimatum made to Romania on 26 June 1940 that threatened the use of force."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 June, Nazi Germany, which had acknowledged the Soviet interest in Bessarabia in a secret protocol to the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, had been made aware prior to the planned ultimatum but did not inform the Romanian authorities and was unwilling to provide support."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 June, Nazi Germany, which had acknowledged the Soviet interest in Bessarabia in a secret protocol to the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, had been made aware prior to the planned ultimatum but did not inform the Romanian authorities and was unwilling to provide support."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 August 1940, the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, encompassing most of Bessarabia and part of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, an autonomous republic of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on the left bank of the Dniester (now the breakaway Transnistria)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Assured by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of Soviet non-interference, Germany started World War II one week later by invading Poland from the west on 1 September 1939."}], "Q236163": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The pogrom occurred shortly after the end of World War II and is considered the deadliest act of violence against Jews in postwar Poland."}, {"id": "Q2763", "label": "The Holocaust", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Alina Skibińska and Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, during the 1930s \"the relations between the communities ... began to increasingly resemble apartheid.\"\nDuring the German occupation of Poland, Kielce and the villages around it were completely ethnically cleansed by the Nazis of its pre-war Jewish community, most of whom perished in The Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "By the summer of 1946, some 200 Jews, many of them former residents of Kielce, had returned from the Nazi concentration camps or refuge in the Soviet Union."}], "Q2540011": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Salonica (also known as the Armistice of Thessalonica) was the armistice signed at 10:50 p.m. on 29 September 1918 between Bulgaria and the Allied Powers at the General Headquarters of the Allied Army of the Orient in Thessaloniki."}, {"id": "Q269267", "label": "Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice would remain in effect until the conclusion of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, the final general peace treaty, in November 1919."}, {"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Bulgaria entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers on 14 October 1915, invading and occupying parts of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Bulgaria entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers on 14 October 1915, invading and occupying parts of Serbia."}], "Q27851": [{"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "lead", "says": "The targets were members of the Palestinian armed militant group Black September and operatives of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)."}, {"id": "Q42992", "label": "Golda Meir", "section": "lead", "says": "Authorised by Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in the autumn of 1972, the operation is believed to have continued for over twenty years."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "While Mossad killed several prominent Palestinians during the operation, they never managed to kill the mastermind behind Munich, namely Abu Daoud."}, {"id": "Q334903", "label": "Abu Daoud", "section": "lead", "says": "While Mossad killed several prominent Palestinians during the operation, they never managed to kill the mastermind behind Munich, namely Abu Daoud."}], "Q313748": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lvov–Sandomierz offensive is generally overshadowed by the overwhelming successes of the concurrently conducted Operation Bagration that led to the destruction of the German Army Group Centre."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin ordered the total liberation of Ukraine, and Stavka, the Soviet High Command, set in motion plans that would become the Lvov-Sandomierz Operation."}], "Q331377": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been called a \"tragic prelude\" or overture to the American Civil War, which immediately followed it."}, {"id": "Q12312", "label": "Franklin Pierce", "section": "lead", "says": "Both sides sought and received help from outside, with the proslavery side receiving aid from the federal government, as Presidents Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan openly supported the proslavery partisans."}, {"id": "Q12325", "label": "James Buchanan", "section": "lead", "says": "Both sides sought and received help from outside, with the proslavery side receiving aid from the federal government, as Presidents Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan openly supported the proslavery partisans."}], "Q377269": [{"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (GWC), and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q3298746", "label": "War of the Portuguese Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The war can be thought of as an extension of the Eighty Years' War being fought in Europe at the time between Spain and the Netherlands, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession, for most of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal repelled Dutch attempts to secure Brazil, Angola, and Mozambique, but the Dutch disrupted the Portuguese trading networks in Asia, where they captured the Malabar Coast, Ceylon, Malacca, and the Moluccas."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese resentment of Spain, which was perceived as having prioritized its own colonies and neglected the defense of the Portuguese, the weaker member of the union, was a major contributing factor to Portugal shaking off Spanish rule in the Portuguese Restoration War."}, {"id": "Q154959", "label": "Hugo Grotius", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result, Hugo Grotius in The Free Sea (Mare Liberum, published 1609) formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory, against the Portuguese mare clausum policy, and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade."}], "Q515545": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The January 28 incident or Shanghai incident (January 28 – March 3, 1932) was a conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The January 28 incident or Shanghai incident (January 28 – March 3, 1932) was a conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q354687", "label": "Inukai Tsuyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "The episode helped undermine civilian rule in Tokyo; Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated on May 15, 1932."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Mukden Incident, Japan had acquired control over Manchuria and would eventually establish the puppet government of Manchukuo, which had caused massive anti-Japanese demonstrations and boycotts across China, especially in major cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "Background", "says": "On January 9, the Min-kuo Jih-pao, a semi-official KMT newspaper, described a failed assassination attempt on Emperor Hirohito in an editorial as \"unfortunate\"."}], "Q623391": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (also known as the Japan–Korea Treaty of Amity in Japan and the Treaty of Ganghwa Island in Korea) was made between representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Joseon in 1876."}, {"id": "Q469432", "label": "Heungseon Daewongun", "section": "lead", "says": "In Korea, Heungseon Daewongun, who instituted a policy of increased isolationism against the European powers, was forced into retirement by his son King Gojong and Gojong's wife, Empress Myeongseong."}, {"id": "Q464503", "label": "Empress Myeongseong", "section": "lead", "says": "In Korea, Heungseon Daewongun, who instituted a policy of increased isolationism against the European powers, was forced into retirement by his son King Gojong and Gojong's wife, Empress Myeongseong."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "France and the United States had already made several unsuccessful attempts to begin commerce with the Joseon dynasty during the Daewongun's era."}], "Q651855": [{"id": "Q297960", "label": "Cyrus the Younger", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Thousand (Ancient Greek: οἱ Μύριοι, hoi Myrioi) were a force of mercenary units, mainly Greeks, employed by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother, Artaxerxes II."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Thousand (Ancient Greek: οἱ Μύριοι, hoi Myrioi) were a force of mercenary units, mainly Greeks, employed by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother, Artaxerxes II."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Thousand (Ancient Greek: οἱ Μύριοι, hoi Myrioi) were a force of mercenary units, mainly Greeks, employed by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother, Artaxerxes II."}, {"id": "Q431205", "label": "Battle of Cunaxa", "section": "lead", "says": "Their march to the Battle of Cunaxa and back to Greece (401–399 BC) was recorded by Xenophon, one of their leaders, in his work Anabasis."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "lead", "says": "Their march to the Battle of Cunaxa and back to Greece (401–399 BC) was recorded by Xenophon, one of their leaders, in his work Anabasis."}], "Q684265": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plaza Accord was a joint agreement signed on September 22, 1985, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, between France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the French franc, the German Deutsche Mark, the Japanese yen and the British pound sterling by intervening in currency markets."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Plaza Accord was a joint agreement signed on September 22, 1985, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, between France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the French franc, the German Deutsche Mark, the Japanese yen and the British pound sterling by intervening in currency markets."}, {"id": "Q471261", "label": "Louvre Accord", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. dollar depreciated significantly from the time of the agreement until it was replaced by the Louvre Accord in 1987."}, {"id": "Q223151", "label": "James Baker", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1985, James Baker became the new Treasury Secretary, and Baker's aide Richard Darman became Deputy Secretary of the Treasury."}], "Q686455": [{"id": "Q219438", "label": "Montreal Protocol", "section": "Background", "says": "The Vienna Convention provided the framework necessary to create regulatory measures in the form of the Montreal Protocol."}], "Q715967": [{"id": "Q696094", "label": "Treaty of Nerchinsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kyakhta (or Kiakhta), along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), regulated the relations between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire of China until the mid-19th century."}, {"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Kyakhta (or Kiakhta), along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), regulated the relations between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire of China until the mid-19th century."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "By the 1640s Russian adventurers had taken control of the forested area north of Mongolia and Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of Nerchinsk what is now Mongolia had just been captured by the Oirat Dzungar Khanate."}], "Q761454": [{"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention of Constantinople is a treaty concerning the use of the Suez Canal in the Ottoman-ruled Khedivate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 29 October 1888 by the United Kingdom, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 29 October 1888 by the United Kingdom, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 29 October 1888 by the United Kingdom, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q815718": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The first of the 2009 Sumatra earthquakes (Indonesian: Gempa bumi Sumatra 2009) occurred on 30 September off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia with a moment magnitude of 7.6 at 17:16:10 local time."}], "Q111686059": [{"id": "Q4359688", "label": "Dmitry Peskov", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, the Kherson region remained a \"subject of the Russian Federation\" despite the withdrawal."}], "Q114005999": [{"id": "Q25597826", "label": "Sadyr Japarov", "section": "lead", "says": "Kyrgyzstan's President Sadyr Japarov said in a televised address that his country would continue efforts to resolve the Kyrgyz–Tajik border issues in a purely peaceful way."}], "Q125465957": [{"id": "Q152378", "label": "Ismail Haniyeh", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 July, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was assassinated, in Tehran, Iran."}, {"id": "Q96863707", "label": "Fuad Shukr", "section": "lead", "says": "The killing of Haniyeh occurred a few hours after the 2024 Haret Hreik airstrike in Lebanon that assassinated Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr."}], "Q16938335": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On the evening of May 23, 2014, multiple misogynistic terrorist attacks occurred in Isla Vista, California, United States."}, {"id": "Q16943141", "label": "Elliot Rodger", "section": "lead", "says": "22-year-old Elliot Rodger murdered six people and injured 14 others by gunshot, stabbing, and vehicle ramming near the campus of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), before fatally shooting himself."}], "Q2005867": [{"id": "Q49448", "label": "Robert Nivelle", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was named after General Robert Nivelle, the commander-in-chief of the French metropolitan armies."}, {"id": "Q1694094", "label": "Second Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "The main offensive was to be delivered by the French on the Chemin des Dames ridge (the Second Battle of the Aisne)."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "The failure of the Nivelle strategy and the high number of French casualties led to mutinies, the dismissal of Nivelle, his replacement by Philippe Pétain and the adoption of a defensive strategy by the French, while their armies recuperated and rearmed."}, {"id": "Q2890541", "label": "Battle of La Malmaison", "section": "lead", "says": "In late October, the French conducted the Battle of La Malmaison (23–27 October), a limited-objective attack on the west end of the Chemin-des-Dames, which forced the Germans to abandon their remaining positions on the ridge and retire across the A"}, {"id": "Q207958", "label": "Joseph Joffre", "section": "Background", "says": "After the costly fighting at Verdun and on the Somme in 1916, General Robert Nivelle replaced Marshal Joseph Joffre as the commander of the French armies on the Western Front in December."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Revolution, the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line and the likelihood of a declaration of war by the US, made some assumptions of the plan obsolete."}, {"id": "Q73402", "label": "Max von Boehn", "section": "Background", "says": "By April 1917, the plans were well known to the German army, which made extensive defensive preparations, by adding fortifications to the Aisne front and reinforcing the 7th Army (General der Infanterie Max von Boehn) with divisions released by the retreat to the Hindenburg Line in Operation Alberich."}], "Q658598": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Siberian intervention or Siberian expedition of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers, Japan and China, to support White Russian forces and the Czechoslovak Legion against Soviet Russia and its allies during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Russian October Revolution of November 1917, the new Bolshevik government in Russia signed a separate peace treaty with the Central Powers in March 1918."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian collapse on the Eastern Front of World War I in 1917 presented a tremendous problem to the Entente powers, since it allowed Germany to boost numbers of troops and war matériel on the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian collapse on the Eastern Front of World War I in 1917 presented a tremendous problem to the Entente powers, since it allowed Germany to boost numbers of troops and war matériel on the Western Front."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Faced with this situation, the United Kingdom and France decided to intervene in the Russian Civil War on the anti-Bolshevik side."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western European powers had three objectives in intervening: \n\nto prevent the Allied matériel stockpiles in Russia from falling into German or Bolshevik hands\nto help the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia and return it to the fighting\nto resurrect the Eastern Front by installing a White Russian-backed government\nThe British and French asked the United States to furnish troops for both the North Ru"}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same month, the Beiyang government of the Republic of China responded to an appeal by Chinese people in Russia and sent 2,000 troops by August."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Chinese later occupied Outer Mongolia and Tuva and sent a battalion to the North Russian Campaign as part of their anti-Bolshevik efforts."}], "Q659991": [{"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The African theatre of the First World War comprises campaigns in North Africa instigated by the German and Ottoman empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and Allied campaigns against the German colonies of Kamerun, Togoland, German South West Africa, and German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The African theatre of the First World War comprises campaigns in North Africa instigated by the German and Ottoman empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and Allied campaigns against the German colonies of Kamerun, Togoland, German South West Africa, and German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaigns were fought by German Schutztruppe, local resistance movements and forces of the British Empire, France, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "Background", "says": "The objectives were at Luderitz Bay, Windhoek, Duala and Dar-es-Salaam in Africa and a German wireless station in Togoland, next to the British colony of Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea, which were considered vulnerable to attack by local or allied forces and in the Far East, which led to the Siege of Tsingtao."}, {"id": "Q706563", "label": "Siege of Tsingtao", "section": "Background", "says": "The objectives were at Luderitz Bay, Windhoek, Duala and Dar-es-Salaam in Africa and a German wireless station in Togoland, next to the British colony of Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea, which were considered vulnerable to attack by local or allied forces and in the Far East, which led to the Siege of Tsingtao."}], "Q687465": [{"id": "Q697172", "label": "Courland Pocket", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of the series of battles was the isolation and encirclement of the Army Group North in the Courland Pocket and Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic States."}, {"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "Background", "says": "In June and July, Army Group Centre was thrown back from the Byelorussian SSR into Poland by Operation Bagration."}, {"id": "Q823909", "label": "Operation Doppelkopf", "section": "Background", "says": "A counterattack, code-named Operation Doppelkopf, was conducted on 16 August by XXXX and XXXIX Panzer Corps under the command of Third Panzer Army, Army Group Centre."}], "Q111017095": [{"id": "Q105302343", "label": "Ivan Fedorov", "section": "Background", "says": "Melitopol's mayor Ivan Fedorov said that if Russian troops had come to the city in 2014, they would have been \"welcomed with bread and salt\", a traditional greeting in Russia and Ukraine."}], "Q196122": [{"id": "Q60206", "label": "Ariel Sharon", "section": "lead", "says": "Proposed by Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon in 2003 and adopted by the Cabinet in 2004, the strategy was officially approved by the Knesset as the Disengagement Plan Implementation Law in June 2004."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Yet among Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, the disengagement was met positively in light of earlier skepticism surrounding Israel's intention to withdraw from the territory."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "lead", "says": "Former and future Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu resigned from Sharon's government in protest."}, {"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gaza Strip disengagement occurred seven months after the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit, which ended the Second Intifada."}, {"id": "Q790712", "label": "Avi Shlaim", "section": "Background", "says": "Israeli historian Avi Shlaim writes that Hamas' persistent attacks in the Gaza Strip had increased the cost of maintaining an Israeli presence in the territory to the point of unsustainability."}], "Q2384201": [{"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "During a soccer match between a local Kurdish team and a visiting Arab team from Deir ez-Zor, some Arab fans brandished portraits of Saddam Hussein, who killed tens of thousands of Kurds in Southern Kurdistan during the Anfal campaign in the 1980s."}], "Q3924288": [{"id": "Q385961", "label": "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, better known as the Maputo Protocol, is an international human rights instrument established by the African Union that went into effect in 2005."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "It was adopted by the African Union in Maputo, Mozambique, in 2003 in the form of a protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (adopted in 1981, enacted in 1986)."}], "Q690197": [{"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "The scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon was orchestrated by Vichy France on 27 November 1942 to prevent Nazi German forces from seizing it."}, {"id": "Q156916", "label": "François Darlan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Admiral François Darlan, defected to the Allies, who were gaining increasing support from servicemen and civilians."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Context", "says": "The armistice stipulated that the French fleet would be largely disarmed and confined to its harbours under French control, but the French fleet did cooperate with Nazi Germany although the French retained ultimate operational control over their ships."}, {"id": "Q696829", "label": "Battle of Dakar", "section": "Context", "says": "The Allies were concerned that the fleet, which included some of the most advanced warships of the time, might fall into German hands (especially the British who considered it to be a life-or-death matter) and the British attacked the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July 1940 and at the Battle of Dakar on 23 September 1940."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "Context", "says": "On 8 November 1942 the Allies invaded French North Africa in Operation Torch."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Context", "says": "Following the Allied invasion of French North Africa, Adolf Hitler ordered Case Anton, the occupation of Vichy France and reinforced German forces in Africa."}, {"id": "Q691565", "label": "Case Anton", "section": "Context", "says": "Following the Allied invasion of French North Africa, Adolf Hitler ordered Case Anton, the occupation of Vichy France and reinforced German forces in Africa."}, {"id": "Q1398338", "label": "Jean de Vienne", "section": "Prelude", "says": "One of the cruisers, Jean de Vienne, was in drydock, helpless."}], "Q12177407": [{"id": "Q151349", "label": "Berlin Blockade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and South African air crews assisted the RAF during the blockade."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It played a major role in aligning West Berlin with the United States and Britain as the major protecting powers, and in drawing West Germany into the"}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It played a major role in aligning West Berlin with the United States and Britain as the major protecting powers, and in drawing West Germany into the"}], "Q126088978": [{"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 May 2024, a landslide occurred in Mulitaka, Papua New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q6138903", "label": "James Marape", "section": "Background", "says": "Papua New Guinea's prime minister James Marape has blamed climate change for the disaster."}], "Q1575603": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jaffa riots (commonly known in Hebrew: מאורעות תרפ\"א, romanized: Me'oraot Tarpa) were a series of violent riots in Mandatory Palestine on May 1–7, 1921, which began as a confrontation between two Jewish groups but developed into an attack by Arabs on Jews and then reprisal attacks by Jews on Arabs."}], "Q321780": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict involves Georgia, the Russian Federation and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed Republic of Abkhazia, which is internationally recognised only by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua and Syria; Georgia and all other United Nations members consider Abkhazia a sovereign territory of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The beginning of the conflict dates back to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991; however, the dispute can be traced to 1918–1919 Abkhazia conflict over Sukhumi okrug (which corresponds to the Abkhazia region) between the Georgian Democratic Republic, White Russia and the Russian SFSR."}, {"id": "Q1209169", "label": "War in Abkhazia", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1989, the conflict has involved several wars: the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia, the 1998 War in Abkhazia and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War."}, {"id": "Q620735", "label": "Russo-Georgian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1989, the conflict has involved several wars: the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia, the 1998 War in Abkhazia and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout Antiquity, the territory was controlled by Pontus, the Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout Antiquity, the territory was controlled by Pontus, the Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q325493", "label": "Kingdom of Abkhazia", "section": "Background", "says": "The medieval Kingdom of Abkhazia managed to unite whole Western Georgia into a single political entity and transferred its capital to the Georgian city of Kutaisi."}, {"id": "Q154816", "label": "Kingdom of the Iberians", "section": "Background", "says": "Through dynastic succession, Bagrat Bagrationi united Kingdom of Abkhazia, Southern Georgian Kingdom of the Iberians and Eastern Georgian territories of Kartli under a single political entity, Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "Through dynastic succession, Bagrat Bagrationi united Kingdom of Abkhazia, Southern Georgian Kingdom of the Iberians and Eastern Georgian territories of Kartli under a single political entity, Kingdom of Georgia."}], "Q5166300": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of World War II, many countries had still not granted women full political liberty."}], "Q701518": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Villa Giusti or Padua Armistice was an armistice convention with Austria-Hungary which de facto ended warfare between Allies and Associated Powers and Austria-Hungary during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Villa Giusti or Padua Armistice was an armistice convention with Austria-Hungary which de facto ended warfare between Allies and Associated Powers and Austria-Hungary during World War I."}, {"id": "Q662961", "label": "Battle of Vittorio Veneto", "section": "Background", "says": "In the final stage of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, a stalemate was reached, and the troops of Austria-Hungary started a chaotic withdrawal."}], "Q94947": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The ninth meeting of the Rotterdam Conference was held from 29 April to 10 May 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland."}], "Q1047682": [{"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, conflict on the Asian continent and the islands of the Pacific included naval battles, the Allied conquest of German colonial possessions in the Pacific Ocean and China, the anti-Russian Central Asian revolt of 1916 in Russian Turkestan and the Ottoman-supported Kelantan rebellion in British Malaya."}, {"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, conflict on the Asian continent and the islands of the Pacific included naval battles, the Allied conquest of German colonial possessions in the Pacific Ocean and China, the anti-Russian Central Asian revolt of 1916 in Russian Turkestan and the Ottoman-supported Kelantan rebellion in British Malaya."}], "Q105694892": [{"id": "Q18651204", "label": "Resolute Support Mission", "section": "lead", "says": "NATO's Resolute Support Mission concluded on 12 July 2021 while US intelligence assessments estimated as late as July that Kabul would fall within months or weeks following withdrawal of all American forces from Afghanistan, the security situation deteriorated rapidly."}, {"id": "Q108127419", "label": "Operation Allies Refuge", "section": "lead", "says": "The US also launched Operation Allies Refuge to airlift the American translators and select Afghan citizens considered at risk of reprisals and US Forces Afghanistan Forward was established on 7 July 2021 as a successor command overseeing the evacuation of all American diplomatic, security, advisory, and counter-terrorism personnel remaining in the country after the withdrawal of US troops."}], "Q124556504": [{"id": "Q98918779", "label": "Kira Yarmysh", "section": "lead", "says": "Navalny's spokeswoman, Kira Yarmysh, confirmed his death the next day and demanded his body be returned to his family as soon as possible."}, {"id": "Q53520997", "label": "Yulia Navalnaya", "section": "lead", "says": "The official cause of death per the Russian government was an episode of high blood pressure brought about by a chronic heart arrythmia, but this diagnosis has been disputed by Navalny's widow Yulia Navalnaya."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "Western officials and Russian opposition activists held Russian authorities, including President Vladimir Putin, responsible for his death."}, {"id": "Q6279", "label": "Joe Biden", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 2021, US President Joe Biden warned Putin that Navalny's arrest and possible death would bring \"devastating\" consequences to Russia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Another court convicted Navalny on slander charges against a World War II veteran, fining him 850,000 rubles ($11,500)."}], "Q136202496": [{"id": "Q946", "label": "Donald Tusk", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland's prime minister Donald Tusk said that the drones \"posed a direct threat\"."}, {"id": "Q136275717", "label": "Operation Eastern Sentry", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to the drone incursion, NATO launched Operation Eastern Sentry on 12 September."}], "Q199416": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia carried out a coordinated attack against two United States government facilities in Benghazi, Libya, on September 11, 2012."}, {"id": "Q294536", "label": "Christopher Stevens", "section": "lead", "says": "Christopher Stevens and U.S."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "30,000 Libyans marched through Benghazi condemning Ansar al-Sharia, which had been formed after the 2011 Libyan civil war which toppled Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q6294", "label": "Hillary Clinton", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite numerous accusations against President Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Susan Rice, ten investigations did not find that they or any other high-ranking Obama administration officials had acted improperly."}, {"id": "Q50612", "label": "Susan Rice", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite numerous accusations against President Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Susan Rice, ten investigations did not find that they or any other high-ranking Obama administration officials had acted improperly."}, {"id": "Q1389012", "label": "Omar Abdel-Rahman", "section": "Background", "says": "The Brigades of the Imprisoned Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman released a video of what it said was its detonation of an explosive device outside the gates of the U.S. consulate on June 6, which caused no casualties but blew a hole in the consulate's perimeter wall, described by one individual as \"big enough for forty men to go through\"."}], "Q2302974": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was inspired by the economic reforms of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and was one of the many revolutions of 1989."}, {"id": "Q57421", "label": "Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj", "section": "lead", "says": "The main organisers of the demonstrations included Sanjaasürengiin Zorig, Erdeniin Bat-Üül, Davaadorjiin Ganbold, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, and Bat-Erdeniin Batbayar."}], "Q239133": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongols raided Palestine towards the end of the Crusades, following the temporarily successful Mongol invasions of Syria, primarily in 1260 and 1300."}], "Q2451365": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allied Powers authorized the occupation and creation of the Zone of Smyrna (Greek: Ζώνη Σμύρνης, romanized: Zóni Smýrnis) during negotiations regarding the partition of the Ottoman Empire to protect the ethnic Greek population living in and around the city."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek occupation of Smyrna ended on 9 September 1922 with the Turkish capture of Smyrna by troops commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of World War I (1914–1918), attention of the Allied Powers (Entente Powers) focused on the partition of the territory of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "As part of the Treaty of London (1915), by which Italy left the Triple Alliance (with Germany and Austria-Hungary) and joined France, Great Britain and Russia in the Triple Entente, Italy was promised the Dodecanese and, if the partition of the Ottoman Empire were to occur, land in Anatolia including Antalya and surrounding provinces presumably including Smyrna."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "But in later 1915, as an inducement to enter the war, British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey in private discussion with Eleftherios Venizelos, the Greek Prime Minister at the time, promised large parts of the Anatolian coast to Greece, including Smyrna."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire ending the Ottoman front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Great Britain, Greece, Italy, France, and the United States began discussing what the treaty provisions regarding the partition of Ottoman territory would be, negotiations which resulted in the Treaty of Sèvres."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "Background", "says": "Great Britain, Greece, Italy, France, and the United States began discussing what the treaty provisions regarding the partition of Ottoman territory would be, negotiations which resulted in the Treaty of Sèvres."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "Background", "says": "The British were at a loggerhead over the issue with the War Office and India Office promoting the territorial integrity idea and Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the Foreign Office, headed by Lord Curzon, opposed this suggestion and wanting Smyrna to be under separate administration."}], "Q277343": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Torrijos–Carter Treaties (Spanish: Tratados Torrijos-Carter) are two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, which superseded the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903."}, {"id": "Q676676", "label": "Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Torrijos–Carter Treaties (Spanish: Tratados Torrijos-Carter) are two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, which superseded the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903."}, {"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaties are named after the two signatories, U.S. president Jimmy Carter and the commander of Panama's National Guard, General Omar Torrijos."}], "Q2866972": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Garfield, the 20th president of the United States, was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., less than four months into his term as president."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "Garfield was the second American president to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865."}, {"id": "Q435517", "label": "Winfield Scott Hancock", "section": "Background", "says": "The result was that Guiteau appeared to give Garfield credit for accomplishments that he had originally ascribed to Grant, yet he convinced himself that his speech was largely responsible for Garfield's narrow victory over Democratic nominee Winfield Scott Hancock."}], "Q47499139": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Reports also state that members are allegedly mostly Mozambicans from Mocimboa da Praia, Palma, and Macomia districts, but also include foreign nationals from Tanzania and Somalia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Ansar al-Sunna claims that Islam as practised in Mozambique has been corrupted and no longer follows the teachings of Muhammad."}], "Q705222": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in the Petsamo region, ceded to the Soviet Union by Finland in accordance with the Moscow Armistice, and Norway."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in the Petsamo region, ceded to the Soviet Union by Finland in accordance with the Moscow Armistice, and Norway."}, {"id": "Q1321586", "label": "Moscow Armistice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in the Petsamo region, ceded to the Soviet Union by Finland in accordance with the Moscow Armistice, and Norway."}], "Q828519": [{"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupation of the Rhineland placed the region of Germany west of the Rhine river and four bridgeheads to its east under the control of the victorious Allies of World War I from 1 December 1918 until 30 June 1930."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation was imposed and regulated by articles in the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the Treaty of Versailles and the parallel agreement on the Rhineland occupation signed at the same time as the Versailles Treaty."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rhineland was demilitarised, as was an area stretching fifty kilometres east of the Rhine, and put under the control of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission, which was led by a French commissioner and had one member each from Belgium, the United Kingdom and the United States (the latter in an observer role only)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rhineland was demilitarised, as was an area stretching fifty kilometres east of the Rhine, and put under the control of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission, which was led by a French commissioner and had one member each from Belgium, the United Kingdom and the United States (the latter in an observer role only)."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the signing of the Locarno Treaties that settled Germany's western border in late 1925, the northern occupation zone around Cologne was evacuated in January 1926."}], "Q106837837": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Officials from the European Parliament, the United States, and Russia have condemned Azerbaijan's military operations as violations of the ceasefire agreement."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Armenia and Azerbaijan have not officially demarcated their mutual borders since becoming independent states following collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991."}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "Background", "says": "The issue of border demarcation between Armenia and Azerbaijan arose immediately after the defeat of Armenia in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, and Azerbaijan regaining control over its occupied territories."}, {"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 2021, Azerbaijan's president Ilham Aliyev made irredentist claims over Armenia's capital Yerevan, Zangezur (Syunik), and Sevan (Gegharkunik), declaring that th"}], "Q1250132": [{"id": "Q205708", "label": "Taifa of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827; 10 Safar 459 AH) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada, killed and crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela, and massacred members of the city’s Jewish community."}], "Q153214": [{"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "From 2 August 1914 until the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was under full occupation by the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From 2 August 1914 until the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was under full occupation by the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Background", "says": "Luxembourg neutrality was accepted by the Prussian Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, who said, \"In exchange for the fortress of Luxembourg, we have been compensated by the neutrality of the country, and a guarantee that it shall be maintained in perpetuity\"."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the thrones of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by pan-Slav nationalists, leading to a sudden deterioration in relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the thrones of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by pan-Slav nationalists, leading to a sudden deterioration in relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Austria-Hungary was supported by the German Empire, while Serbia had the backing of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany quickly would force France to surrender and turn its full attention to the Eastern Front."}], "Q17144192": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This event led to the intervention of Iran and the United States in assisting Iraq in its conflict with the Islamic State, with the latter providing assistance to both Iraqi and Kurdish forces."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "Foreign policy on Iraq under the Barack Obama administration had shifted, and there had been a withrawal of U.S. troops and military presence."}, {"id": "Q333425", "label": "Fareed Zakaria", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "Anne-Marie Slaughter wrote that had Obama forcibly intervened in the Syrian civil war, it \"could have stopped the carnage spreading today in Syria and in Iraq,\" while Fareed Zakaria, editor of Time and former Middle Eastern policy advisor for the Bush administration, alleged that counterproductive western intervention in Iraq and Syria served to accelerate sectarian infighting in both countries an"}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "The Financial Times described the conflicts spanning Iraq and Syria as religious wars akin to Europe's Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "Conversely, al-Maliki has accused Saudi Arabia of backing the militants of ISIL, who want to carve out a Sunni caliphate in the heart of the Middle East."}], "Q251600": [{"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The unification of Saudi Arabia was a series of military and political campaigns in which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most of the Arabian Peninsula were brought under the rule of the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "Unification began in 1902 and culminated in 1932, when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed under the leadership of Ibn Saud, marking the establishment of what is known as the Third Saudi state, the successor to the First Saudi state and the Second Saudi state."}, {"id": "Q3480281", "label": "Sheikhdom of Kuwait", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Saud had been in exile in the British-protected Emirate of Kuwait since 1893, following their second removal from power and the dissolution of their polity by the Rashidi dynasty rulers of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, allies of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q5362837", "label": "Emirate of Jabal Shammar", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Saud had been in exile in the British-protected Emirate of Kuwait since 1893, following their second removal from power and the dissolution of their polity by the Rashidi dynasty rulers of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, allies of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Saud had been in exile in the British-protected Emirate of Kuwait since 1893, following their second removal from power and the dissolution of their polity by the Rashidi dynasty rulers of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, allies of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "He subsequently consolidated control over much of the Arabian Peninsula, subjugating the remainder of Najd, seizing Al-Hasa from the Ottoman Empire, and conquering the Emirate of Jabal Shammar and the Hejaz from the Kingdom of Hejaz home to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina between 1913 and 1925."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Two years later, in 1934, following the formal conclusion of the unification, the Kingdom of Yemen launched a war against Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1367731", "label": "Saudi–Yemeni War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saudi–Yemeni War is often considered part of the broader unification process and is sometimes described as its second phase."}, {"id": "Q1319659", "label": "Muhammad bin Saud", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Diriyah pact in 1744 between Muhammad Abdul Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud, the state grew in power."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "The task of suppressing the movement was entrusted to Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, whose regional ambitions aligned with the empire’s objective of restoring control over the Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Muhammad Ali dispatched forces to the Hejaz, where they recaptured Mecca and reestablished Ottoman authority."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "Background", "says": "Diriyah was subsequently destroyed, and many members of the House of Saud and Al-Sheikh Dynasty were sent to Ottoman Egypt and Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q654722", "label": "Battle of Mulayda", "section": "Background", "says": "The Second Saudi state endured until its defeat at the Battle of Mulayda in 1891."}, {"id": "Q317421", "label": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat at Mulayda, the Saudi ruler Abdul Rahman bin Faisal fled with his family to Ottoman Iraq in 1893 and later Kuwait."}], "Q2519192": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Indian removal was the United States government's policy of ethnic cleansing through the forced displacement of self-governing tribes of American Indians from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River—specifically, to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, present-day Oklahoma)."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "Indian removal was the United States government's policy of ethnic cleansing through the forced displacement of self-governing tribes of American Indians from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River—specifically, to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, present-day Oklahoma)."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indian Removal Act of 1830, the key law which authorized the removal of Native tribes, was signed into law by United States president Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830."}, {"id": "Q11820", "label": "Martin Van Buren", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Jackson took a hard line on Indian removal, the law was primarily enforced during the Martin Van Buren administration, 1837 to 1841."}, {"id": "Q11815", "label": "James Monroe", "section": "lead", "says": "The origins of the policy date back to the administration of James Monroe, but it addressed conflicts which had occurred between the American settlers and Indigenous tribes since the 17th century and were escalating into the early 19th century (as settlers pushed westward in accordance with the cultural belief of manifest destiny)."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "Background", "says": "In his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), Thomas Jefferson defended Native American culture and marveled at how the tribes of Virginia \"never submitted themselves to any laws, any coercive power, any shadow of government\" due to their \"moral sense of right and wrong\"."}], "Q509561": [{"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Pursuant to the Geneva Accords of 14 April 1988, the Soviet Union conducted a total military withdrawal from Afghanistan between 15 May 1988 and 15 February 1989."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Pursuant to the Geneva Accords of 14 April 1988, the Soviet Union conducted a total military withdrawal from Afghanistan between 15 May 1988 and 15 February 1989."}, {"id": "Q504137", "label": "Boris Gromov", "section": "lead", "says": "Headed by the Soviet military officer Boris Gromov, the retreat of the 40th Army into the Union Republics of Central Asia formally brought the Soviet–Afghan War to a close after nearly a decade of fighting."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Headed by the Soviet military officer Boris Gromov, the retreat of the 40th Army into the Union Republics of Central Asia formally brought the Soviet–Afghan War to a close after nearly a decade of fighting."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, began planning for a military disengagement from Afghanistan soon after he was elected by the Politburo."}, {"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "lead", "says": "Under his leadership, the Soviet Union attempted to aid the consolidation of power by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA); the Afghan president Mohammad Najibullah was directed by the Soviets towards a policy of \"National Reconciliation\" through diplomacy between his PDPA government and the rebelling Islamists of the Afghan mujahideen."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the context of the Cold War, the dynamic of the Soviet Union–United States relationship showed signs of improvement, as it had become increasingly clear to the Soviet government that propping up Najibullah's government in Kabul would not produce sufficient results to maintain the PDPA's power in the long term."}, {"id": "Q313411", "label": "George Shultz", "section": "Prelude", "says": "From statements made by Secretary of State George Shultz, the Soviet leadership came under the impression that the US would cease military shipments to the mujahideen immediately after Soviet withdrawal, with the condition that the USSR \"front-loaded\" its withdrawal (i.e. withdrew the majority of its troops in the beginning of the process, thereby complicating redeployment)."}], "Q689123": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The ships sailed from Hvalfjörður, Iceland, for the Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q552191", "label": "Dudley Pound", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Dudley Pound was told that German ships, including the German battleship Tirpitz, were moving to intercept the convoy."}, {"id": "Q194364", "label": "Bear Island", "section": "Background", "says": "A cruiser provided distant cover from a position to the west of Bear Island."}], "Q717146": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Budapest offensive was the general attack by Soviet and Romanian armies against Hungary and its Axis ally Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a decisive victory for the USSR and led directly to the end of World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Red Army occupied Bucharest on 31 August, then swept westward across the Carpathian Mountains into Hungary and southward into Bulgaria, with parts joining the Yugoslav Partisans in the Belgrade offensive."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Red Army occupied Bucharest on 31 August, then swept westward across the Carpathian Mountains into Hungary and southward into Bulgaria, with parts joining the Yugoslav Partisans in the Belgrade offensive."}], "Q10292606": [{"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "Context", "says": "At the time, the leader of the French was the former general and war hero Charles de Gaulle, known for being nationalist, and conservative."}], "Q115687718": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The region was disputed between Azerbaijan and the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan, which had an ethnic Armenian population and was supported by neighbouring Armenia, until the dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh on 28 September 2023."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The region was disputed between Azerbaijan and the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan, which had an ethnic Armenian population and was supported by neighbouring Armenia, until the dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh on 28 September 2023."}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Multiple international observers also considered the blockade and the inaction of the Russian peacekeepers to be violations of the tripartite ceasefire agreement signed between Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Russia, which ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and guaranteed safe passage through the Lachin corridor."}], "Q1259178": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Plague deaths have continued at a lower level ever since, as plague persists in enzootic reservoirs across Asia, Africa, South America, and the western United States."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "The first plague pandemic began with the Plague of Justinian, which ravaged the Byzantine Empire and surrounding areas in 541 and 542; the pandemic persisted in successive waves until the middle of the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The first plague pandemic began with the Plague of Justinian, which ravaged the Byzantine Empire and surrounding areas in 541 and 542; the pandemic persisted in successive waves until the middle of the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The second began with the Black Death, which killed at least one third of Europe's population in a series of expanding waves of infection from 1346 to 1353; this pandemic recurred regularly until the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Origins", "says": "An influx of new people because of political conflicts and global trade led to the spread of the disease throughout the world from Asia to the rest of Europe, to reach Africa and the Americas."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Origins", "says": "The plague spread further and began to appear in the Pearl River delta, including Canton and Hong Kong."}], "Q13220089": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1948 Palestine war, more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs – about half of Mandatory Palestine's predominantly Arab population – were expelled or fled from their homes."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Expulsions and attacks against Palestinians were carried out by the Zionist paramilitaries Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, which merged to become the Israel Defense Forces after the establishment of Israel part way through the war."}], "Q2229133": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In practice, Additional Protocol I reaffirmed the international rules of war stipulated in the 1907 Hague Regulations and the four 1949 Geneva Conventions to accommodate developments of warfare since World War II."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States, Iran and Pakistan signed the protocol on 12 December 1977, but never ratified it."}], "Q2918340": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Estonia was under military occupation by the German Empire during the later stages of the First World War."}], "Q715645": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Shonan (Japanese: 昭南, Hepburn: Shōnan; Kunrei-shiki: Syônan), officially Shonan Island (Japanese: 昭南島, Hepburn: Shōnan-tō; Kunrei-shiki: Syônan-tô), was the name for Singapore when it was occupied and ruled by the Empire of Japan, following the fall and surrender of British military forces on 15 February 1942, 6:20 PM local time, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Shonan (Japanese: 昭南, Hepburn: Shōnan; Kunrei-shiki: Syônan), officially Shonan Island (Japanese: 昭南島, Hepburn: Shōnan-tō; Kunrei-shiki: Syônan-tô), was the name for Singapore when it was occupied and ruled by the Empire of Japan, following the fall and surrender of British military forces on 15 February 1942, 6:20 PM local time, during World War II."}, {"id": "Q296754", "label": "Battle of Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese military forces occupied Singapore after defeating the combined British, Indian, Australian, Malayan and the Straits Settlements garrison in the Battle of Singapore within seven days."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "It would go on to achieve self-governance in 1959 and join with Malaya to form Malaysia in 1963, before becoming a sovereign city-state a few years later in 1965."}], "Q718738": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 refers to the military occupation of the Republic of Latvia by the Soviet Union under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany and its Secret Additional Protocol signed in August 1939."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 refers to the military occupation of the Republic of Latvia by the Soviet Union under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany and its Secret Additional Protocol signed in August 1939."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 refers to the military occupation of the Republic of Latvia by the Soviet Union under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany and its Secret Additional Protocol signed in August 1939."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Before World War II, the Republic of Latvia and USSR had both signed and ratified following treaties:\n\nKellogg–Briand Pact\n27 August 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact renouncing war as an instrument of national policy\nNon-aggression treaty\nLatvia, USSR on 5 February 1932\nThe Convention for the Definition of Aggression\nOn 3 July 1933 for the first time in the history of international relations, aggression w"}, {"id": "Q205073", "label": "Kellogg-Briand pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Before World War II, the Republic of Latvia and USSR had both signed and ratified following treaties:\n\nKellogg–Briand Pact\n27 August 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact renouncing war as an instrument of national policy\nNon-aggression treaty\nLatvia, USSR on 5 February 1932\nThe Convention for the Definition of Aggression\nOn 3 July 1933 for the first time in the history of international relations, aggression w"}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "1939–1940: the road to loss of independence", "says": "The USSR launched the Winter War on 30 November 1939, with the goal of annexing Finland."}, {"id": "Q62519", "label": "Finnish Democratic Republic", "section": "1939–1940: the road to loss of independence", "says": "Simultaneously, a puppet regime, called the Finnish Democratic Republic, was created by the Soviets to govern Finland after Soviet conquest."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "1939–1940: the road to loss of independence", "says": "As fighting in Viipuri raged and the hope of foreign intervention faded, the Finns accepted peace terms on 12 March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "1939–1940: the road to loss of independence", "says": "In June 1941, hostilities between Finland and USSR resumed in the Continuation War."}], "Q879267": [{"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "Background", "says": "After Tunisia gained independence from France in 1956, France remained in control of the city and its naval base, a strategic port on the Mediterranean, which played an important part in French operations during the Algerian War."}], "Q999143": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "To monitor the agreed-upon de facto border, the United Nations (UN) established supervising and reporting agencies; discussions related to the ceasefire's enforcement led to the signing of the separate Tripartite Declaration of 1950, in which the United States, the United Kingdom, and France pledged to take action within and outside of the UN in order to prevent violations of the frontiers."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "To monitor the agreed-upon de facto border, the United Nations (UN) established supervising and reporting agencies; discussions related to the ceasefire's enforcement led to the signing of the separate Tripartite Declaration of 1950, in which the United States, the United Kingdom, and France pledged to take action within and outside of the UN in order to prevent violations of the frontiers."}], "Q10858948": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "One of those linked to the assassination was Jewish; the assassination set off a wave of antisemitism and pogroms throughout the Russian Empire."}], "Q118951092": [{"id": "Q54964679", "label": "Valerii Zaluzhnyi", "section": "lead", "says": "Almost five months after its start, prominent Ukrainian figures and Western analysts began giving negative assessments of the counteroffensive; statements by Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi in early November 2023 that the war was a \"stalemate\" were seen by observers as an admission of failure."}, {"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "That same month, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated the war would be entering a new phase."}, {"id": "Q114239330", "label": "Olexander Tarnavskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "Ukrainian forces did not reach the city of Tokmak, described as a \"minimum goal\" by Ukrainian general Oleksandr Tarnavskyi, and the probable initial objective of reaching the Sea of Azov to split the Russian forces in southern Ukraine remained unfulfilled."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian fortifications in Ukraine had been described as the most \"extensive defensive works in Europe since World War II\" by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)."}, {"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "Background", "says": "An estimated 170,000 km2 (66,000 sq mi) of territory had been mined, which also included Ukrainian mines laid in the Donbas region during the War in Donbas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Three of these were trained in Ukraine, and the other nine were trained and equipped by the United States."}], "Q1194699": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States (日米修好通商条約, Nichibei Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku), also called the Harris Treaty was a treaty signed between the United States and Tokugawa Shogunate, which opened the ports of Kanagawa and four other Japanese cities to trade and granted extraterritoriality to foreigners, among a number of trading stipulations."}], "Q1316163": [{"id": "Q214821", "label": "Gilad Shalit", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict, known in Israel as Operation Summer Rains (Hebrew: מבצע גשמי קיץ, romanized: Mivtza Gishmey Kayitz), was a series of battles between Palestinian militants and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during summer 2006, prompted by the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit by Palestinian militants on 25 June 2006."}, {"id": "Q624389", "label": "Operation Autumn Clouds", "section": "lead", "says": "When Operation Autumn Clouds ended on 26 November with ceasefire between Hamas and Israel and an Israeli withdrawal, no deal for the release of Shalit had been reached."}], "Q136332482": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA) is a security and defence pact between the countries of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA) is a security and defence pact between the countries of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q6892571", "label": "Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact was signed on 17 September 2025 at Al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh, by Saudi crown prince and Prime Minister, Mohammed bin Salman and Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif, during a state visit of the latter to Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q2096387", "label": "Shehbaz Sharif", "section": "lead", "says": "The pact was signed on 17 September 2025 at Al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh, by Saudi crown prince and Prime Minister, Mohammed bin Salman and Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif, during a state visit of the latter to Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The Financial Times reported that the 9 September 2025 Israeli airstrikes in Doha, Qatar deeply unsettled Gulf states' sense of security, exacerbating long-standing concerns about United States unpredictability and commitment to their defence."}], "Q152060": [{"id": "Q2368688", "label": "Republic of Cabinda", "section": "lead", "says": "FLEC aims at the restoration of the self-proclaimed Republic of Cabinda, located within the borders of the Cabinda province of Angola."}, {"id": "Q313060", "label": "Diogo Cão", "section": "Background", "says": "The first Western exploration of the area of modern-day Cabinda was undertaken by navigator Diogo Cão in 1483, later falling under Portuguese influence."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Local chiefs continued their attempts at cooperating with Portugal until the 1884 Berlin Conference and the 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco, following which the Cabindan enclave became a Portuguese protectorate."}, {"id": "Q3560710", "label": "Treaty of Simulambuco", "section": "Background", "says": "Local chiefs continued their attempts at cooperating with Portugal until the 1884 Berlin Conference and the 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco, following which the Cabindan enclave became a Portuguese protectorate."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "Background", "says": "The first Cabindan separatist movement known as Associação dos Indígenas do Enclave de Cabinda (AlEC) was formed in 1956, AIEC advocated the creation of a union between Cabinda and Belgian Congo or French Congo."}, {"id": "Q449550", "label": "Alvor Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1975 under pressure from Angolan liberation movements, Portugal accepted Cabinda as part of Angola in the Alvor Agreement where the 3 Angolan independence movements (M"}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "Background to the involvement of Cabinda", "says": "650 men in 3 Cuban military planes were dispatched by Fidel Castro with the aim to stop South African and Zahiran troops from reaching Luanda."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Background to the involvement of Cabinda", "says": "Cuba, East Germany and the Soviet Union entered the civil war on MPLA's side in 1975, soon invading Cabinda."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background to the involvement of Cabinda", "says": "Cuba, East Germany and the Soviet Union entered the civil war on MPLA's side in 1975, soon invading Cabinda."}], "Q2008840": [{"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Benito Mussolini issued an ultimatum to Greece and, when it was not accepted in whole, dispatched forces to bombard and occupy Corfu."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Turkish National Movement's victory in the Turkish War of Independence had put an end to all plans for partitioning Asia Minor by 1922, and Mussolini took the view that since the Italians had been forced out of Turkey that cancelled out the obligation to cede the Dodecanese islands to Greece."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In May 1923, during a visit to Rome, the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, told Mussolini that Britain would cede Jubaland and Jarabub to Italy as part of a general settlement of all of Italy's claims, saying that Italians had to settle their disputes with both Yugoslavia and Greece as part of the price of Jubaland and Jarabub."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923, all of the Allied powers abandoned their claims to Turkey, which badly damaged Mussolini's prestige as he promised as an opposition leader to obtain all of the territories the Italians had fought for in World War I including a large chunk of Anatolia."}], "Q2152104": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation (FCT) is a twenty-year strategic treaty between China and Russia."}, {"id": "Q16597", "label": "Jiang Zemin", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 July 2001, and it came into force on 28 February 2002."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed by Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 July 2001, and it came into force on 28 February 2002."}], "Q2665403": [{"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After centuries of Portuguese colonial rule in East Timor, the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal led to the decolonisation of its former colonies, creating instability in East Timor and leaving its future uncertain."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "After centuries of Portuguese colonial rule in East Timor, the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal led to the decolonisation of its former colonies, creating instability in East Timor and leaving its future uncertain."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the United States, Japan, Canada and Malaysia, also supported the Indonesian government, Australia and Indonesia were the only nations in the world which recognised East Timor as a province of Indonesia, and began negotiations to divide resources found in the Timor Gap."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the United States, Japan, Canada and Malaysia, also supported the Indonesian government, Australia and Indonesia were the only nations in the world which recognised East Timor as a province of Indonesia, and began negotiations to divide resources found in the Timor Gap."}, {"id": "Q11665", "label": "José Ramos-Horta", "section": "lead", "says": "Resistance to Indonesian rule remained strong, and in 1996 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to two men from East Timor, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta, for their ongoing efforts to peacefully end the occupation."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "Background", "says": "According to Fretilin, this effort yielded assurances from twenty-five countries—including the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, Mozambique, Sweden, and Cuba—"}], "Q3048886": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Incident at Petrich (Greek: Επεισόδιο του Πετριτσίου; Bulgarian: Петрички инцидент), or the War of the Stray Dog (Greek: Πόλεμος του αδέσποτου σκύλου; Bulgarian: Войната на бездомното куче)     , was a Greek–Bulgarian crisis in 1925 that resulted in a brief invasion of Bulgaria by Greece near the border town of Petrich."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations between Greece and Bulgaria had been strained since the early 20th century by their rivalry over the possession of Macedonia and later Western Thrace, which led to years of guerrilla warfare between various pro-Bulgarian Macedonian paramilitaries and the pro-Greek Macedonian Committee in the Macedonian Struggle (c."}, {"id": "Q1277369", "label": "Macedonian Struggle", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations between Greece and Bulgaria had been strained since the early 20th century by their rivalry over the possession of Macedonia and later Western Thrace, which led to years of guerrilla warfare between various pro-Bulgarian Macedonian paramilitaries and the pro-Greek Macedonian Committee in the Macedonian Struggle (c."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Open conflict broke out between Greece and Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War (1913) and the First World War (1916–1918)."}, {"id": "Q313535", "label": "Aleksandar Stamboliyski", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1923, Bulgarian Prime Minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski was murdered by IMRO after his deposition in a coup d'état."}], "Q485343": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "It established basic diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea."}, {"id": "Q392541", "label": "Treaty of San Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "As South Korea was not a signatory state of the Treaty of San Francisco, it was not entitled to the benefits of Article 14, which stipulated the reparations by Japan."}, {"id": "Q576338", "label": "Japanese invasions of Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "Additional historical animosity based on past conflicts such as the Imjin War, as well as the legacy of Japanese colonial rule, also slowed progress."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States was in the midst of The Cold War, and was allies with both The Republic of Korea and Japan."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States was in the midst of The Cold War, and was allies with both The Republic of Korea and Japan."}, {"id": "Q179871", "label": "Eisaku Satō", "section": "Background", "says": "In his 1974 Nobel Peace Prize lecture, Eisaku Satō explicitly mentioned the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and South Korea."}], "Q495739": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Three days later, US and South Korean forces launched Operation Paul Bunyan, an operation that cut down the tree with a show of force to intimidate North Korea into backing down, which it did."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "Background", "says": "Wayne Kirkbride, an officer at the DMZ at the time, recalled hearing that North Korean soldiers had told members of a work force sent to cut the tree that they could not, as it had been planted by their leader, Kim Il Sung."}], "Q5260701": [{"id": "Q315888", "label": "Talaat Paşa", "section": "lead", "says": "The order to do so was given by Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha on 24 April 1915."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the adoption of the Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, these detainees were later relocated within the Ottoman Empire; most of them were ultimately killed."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenian genocide has since been commemorated annually on the same day, which has become a national memorial day in Armenia (previously also in the Republic of Artsakh) and is observed by the Armenian diaspora around the world."}], "Q542289": [{"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hep-Hep riots from August to October 1819 were riots against Jews, beginning in the Kingdom of Bavaria, during the period of Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hep-Hep riots from August to October 1819 were riots against Jews, beginning in the Kingdom of Bavaria, during the period of Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The devastating riots or pogroms took place during a period of heightened political and social tension, shortly following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the great famine of 1816-17, and on the eve of the repressive Carlsbad Decrees."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Jewish representatives formally demanded emancipation at the Congress of Vienna (1815), and German academics and politicians alike responded with vicious opposition."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Influenced by the Haskalah, as well as the French Revolution with its Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and other advancements in civil rights, many Jews and equal rights activists began to demand citizenship and equal treatment."}], "Q701967": [{"id": "Q1899909", "label": "Mark Aitchison Young", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the governor of Hong Kong, Mark Aitchison Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the governor of Hong Kong, Mark Aitchison Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941."}, {"id": "Q660129", "label": "Rensuke Isogai", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 February 1942 General Rensuke Isogai became the first Imperial Japanese governor of Hong Kong."}], "Q859095": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cattaro mutiny occurred during World War I."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Sailors of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the Adriatic Bay of Cattaro (today: Kotor, Montenegro), which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary, started it on 1 February 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Sailors of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the Adriatic Bay of Cattaro (today: Kotor, Montenegro), which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary, started it on 1 February 1918."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the Russian October Revolution of 1917 and the peace offer of the Bolsheviks, wide circles, especially of the working class, feared that the German Supreme Army Command could jeopardise the hoped-for peace on the Eastern Front by making excessive demands."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the Russian October Revolution of 1917 and the peace offer of the Bolsheviks, wide circles, especially of the working class, feared that the German Supreme Army Command could jeopardise the hoped-for peace on the Eastern Front by making excessive demands."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Destroyers, torpedo boats and submarines as well as the modern Rapidkreuzer (fast cruisers) carried the main load of the naval warfare, while the large ships were mostly idly at anchor, because - as in the German Empire - the risk of the fleet getting destroyed seemed too great (fleet in being)."}], "Q115429985": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "By 19 November, nearly half of the country's power grid was out of commission, and 10 million Ukrainians were without electricity, according to Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Deliberately depriving Ukrainians of electricity and heating during the cold winter months was the biggest attack on a nation's health since World War II."}, {"id": "Q57665", "label": "Jens Stoltenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The strikes were condemned by Western groups, with the European Commission describing them as \"barbaric\" and NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg calling them \"horrific and indiscriminate\"."}, {"id": "Q32024", "label": "Sergei Shoigu", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted four Russian officials for alleged war crimes connected with attacks against civilian infrastructure, including former minister of defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov."}, {"id": "Q36073", "label": "Valery Gerasimov", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted four Russian officials for alleged war crimes connected with attacks against civilian infrastructure, including former minister of defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov."}], "Q1316711": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Veracruz  was a military conflict between the United States and Mexico that took place in the Mexican port city of Veracruz between April 21 to November 23, 1914."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident occurred in the midst of tense diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "Background", "says": "Mexico–United States relations had been strained by the Mexican–American War (1846–1848)."}, {"id": "Q150688", "label": "Porfirio Díaz", "section": "Background", "says": "Porfirio Díaz, head of state of Mexico from 1876 to 1911, took advantage of this improvement and encouraged US investment in order to shore up Mexico's stagnant economy."}, {"id": "Q299168", "label": "Victoriano Huerta", "section": "Background", "says": "Madero, and replace him with General Victoriano Huerta, whom Ambassador Wilson viewed as better for American interests."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "After becoming president in March 1913, Woodrow Wilson withdrew US recognition from the government of Victoriano Huerta and began encouraging the great powers to follow suit."}, {"id": "Q41718", "label": "Emiliano Zapata", "section": "Background", "says": "A couple of months later, in October 1913, rebellions in the states of Chihuahua and Morelos led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata broke out after Huerta declared victory in a blatantly fraudulent election."}], "Q1538940": [{"id": "Q447489", "label": "Ali Hassan Salameh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Israeli agents had mistaken him for their target Ali Hassan Salameh, the chief of operations of the group Black September."}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "lead", "says": "The Israeli agents had mistaken him for their target Ali Hassan Salameh, the chief of operations of the group Black September."}, {"id": "Q727529", "label": "Zvi Zamir", "section": "Background", "says": "A team of 15 Mossad agents was sent to Lillehammer to assassinate him, where they were joined by Mossad director general Zvi Zamir and operation commander Michael Harari."}], "Q16830128": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Venetian Crusade of 1122–1124 was an expedition to the Holy Land launched by the Republic of Venice that succeeded in capturing Tyre."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important victory at the start of a period when the Kingdom of Jerusalem would expand to its greatest extent under Baldwin II of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q51718", "label": "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an important victory at the start of a period when the Kingdom of Jerusalem would expand to its greatest extent under Baldwin II of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q2109946", "label": "Principality of Galilee", "section": "Cause of the Crusade", "says": "Before 15 January 1120, the king granted Joscelin's former Principality of Galilee to William I of Bures, who thus seized one of the largest fiefs in the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "Cause of the Crusade", "says": "Before 15 January 1120, the king granted Joscelin's former Principality of Galilee to William I of Bures, who thus seized one of the largest fiefs in the kingdom."}], "Q1806797": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Himmler, also called Operation Konserve, consisted of a group of 1939 false flag operations planned by Nazi Germany to give the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany."}], "Q1984410": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 February 1994, two pairs of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon aircraft shot down five J-21 Jastreb single-seat light attack jets–piloted by Republika Srpska (RS) or Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) personnel–in Bosnia and Herzegovina airspace after they had bombed an armaments factory at Novi Travnik during the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 February 1994, two pairs of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon aircraft shot down five J-21 Jastreb single-seat light attack jets–piloted by Republika Srpska (RS) or Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) personnel–in Bosnia and Herzegovina airspace after they had bombed an armaments factory at Novi Travnik during the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q567343", "label": "Operation Deny Flight", "section": "lead", "says": "The interception was part of NATO's Operation Deny Flight, with the shootdown constituting the first combat action in the alliance's history."}], "Q2704274": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Defence of the Reich (German: Reichsverteidigung) was the strategic defensive aerial campaign fought by the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany over German-occupied Europe and Germany during World War II against the Allied strategic bombing campaign."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Defence of the Reich (German: Reichsverteidigung) was the strategic defensive aerial campaign fought by the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany over German-occupied Europe and Germany during World War II against the Allied strategic bombing campaign."}, {"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign was one of the longest in the history of aerial warfare and with the Battle of the Atlantic and the Allied  naval blockade of Germany was the longest of the war."}, {"id": "Q1639992", "label": "Combined Bomber Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Luftwaffe fighter force defended the airspace of German-occupied Europe against attack, first by the RAF Bomber Command and then against the RAF and United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in the Combined Bomber Offensive."}], "Q27628424": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The majority of these settlements had been captured from the Islamic State and the Syrian Democratic Forces, both of which have been designated as terrorist organisations by the Turkish government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The creation of the safe zone failed in early 2016 due to disagreements between the United States and Turkish governments, primarily on which actor is to be eliminated first."}], "Q28048694": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Erzincan (also spelled Erzindzhan or Erzinjan) was an agreement to suspend hostilities during World War I signed by the Ottoman Empire and Transcaucasian Commissariat in Erzincan on 18 December 1917 (5 December O.S.)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Erzincan (also spelled Erzindzhan or Erzinjan) was an agreement to suspend hostilities during World War I signed by the Ottoman Empire and Transcaucasian Commissariat in Erzincan on 18 December 1917 (5 December O.S.)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The status of the Transcaucasian Commissariat was unclear at the time: the Ottomans regarded it as an independent entity, a legal successor of the Russian Empire, while the Commissariat still considered itself a part of the Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The status of the Transcaucasian Commissariat was unclear at the time: the Ottomans regarded it as an independent entity, a legal successor of the Russian Empire, while the Commissariat still considered itself a part of the Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q2287161", "label": "Treaty of Batum", "section": "lead", "says": "Both armistices were superseded by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Russia, signed on 3 March 1918, and the Treaty of Batum with the successor states of the Transcaucasian Commissariat, signed 4 June."}], "Q2981049": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red Summer was a period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States, and in one rural county in Arkansas."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The anti-black riots developed from a variety of post-World War I socio-economic tensions, generally related to the demobilization of both black and white members of the United States Armed Forces following World War I; an economic slump; and increased competition in the job and housing markets between ethnic European Americans and African Americans."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "During the First Red Scare of 1919–20, following the 1917 Russian Revolution, anti-Bolshevik sentiment in the United States quickly followed on the anti-German sentiment arising in the war years."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "In a private conversation in March 1919, President Woodrow Wilson said that \"the American Negro returning from abroad would be our greatest medium in conveying Bolshevism to America.\" Other whites expressed a wide range of opinions, some anticipating unsettled times and others seeing no signs of tension."}], "Q2996241": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 was a treaty signed between United Kingdom and the Russian Empire on 31 August 1907 in Saint Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 was a treaty signed between United Kingdom and the Russian Empire on 31 August 1907 in Saint Petersburg."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also furthered the Anglo-Russian interest to outflank the German Empire, which was threatening to establish a railroad from Berlin to Baghdad and align with the weakened Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty also furthered the Anglo-Russian interest to outflank the German Empire, which was threatening to establish a railroad from Berlin to Baghdad and align with the weakened Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia also promised to stay out of Tibet and Afghanistan."}], "Q3655726": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vardar offensive (Bulgarian: Офанзива при Вардар) was a World War I military operation, fought between 15 and 29 September 1918."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 September, a combined force of Serbian, French, and Greek troops attacked the Bulgarian-held trenches in Dobro Pole (\"Good Field\"), at the time part of the Bulgarian-occupied Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Greece (present-day North Macedonia and Greece)."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 September, a combined force of Serbian, French, and Greek troops attacked the Bulgarian-held trenches in Dobro Pole (\"Good Field\"), at the time part of the Bulgarian-occupied Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Greece (present-day North Macedonia and Greece)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies pursued the German 11th Army and the Bulgarian 1st Army, while pushing deeper into Vardar Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The parallel development of the anti-monarchist Radomir Rebellion forced Bulgaria to sign the Armistice of Salonica and withdraw from the war."}, {"id": "Q2540011", "label": "Armistice of Salonica", "section": "lead", "says": "The parallel development of the anti-monarchist Radomir Rebellion forced Bulgaria to sign the Armistice of Salonica and withdraw from the war."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The 28 June 1914, assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The surrender of territory recently won with difficulty in the Second Balkan War of 1913 was the last straw for many supporters of Liberal Party politician Eleftherios Venizelos."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The surrender of territory recently won with difficulty in the Second Balkan War of 1913 was the last straw for many supporters of Liberal Party politician Eleftherios Venizelos."}, {"id": "Q2890043", "label": "Battle of Skra-di-Legen", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 30 May 1918, the Allies launched an offensive on the heavily fortified Skra salient, commencing the Battle of Skra-di-Legen."}, {"id": "Q454661", "label": "Vasil Radoslavov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The fall of Skra prompted Bulgarian prime minister Vasil Radoslavov to resign on 21 June 1918."}], "Q488546": [{"id": "Q152805", "label": "Convention on Biological Diversity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 would also ban some forms of weather modification or geoengineering."}], "Q5411078": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background and timeline", "says": "Since the end of World War II, most sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction européenne)."}], "Q60753669": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The West Bank is part of the state of Palestine, and its status as a militarily occupied territory has been affirmed by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and, with the exception of East Jerusalem, by the Israeli Supreme Court."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel's vast military superiority, with a modern army and air force, compared to the Palestinian use of guerrilla tactics, has led to accusations of war crimes on both sides, with Israel being accused of disproportionality and the Palestinians accused of indiscriminate attacks."}], "Q65598167": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The event had an effect on businesses both locally in Nevada and around the United States, which prepared products for visitors and those attending the event."}], "Q695497": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "France, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Japan, and the United States all had modern fleets with at least some dreadnoughts and submarines."}], "Q714211": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yelnya offensive (August 30 – September 8, 1941) was a military operation by the Soviet Army during the Battle of Smolensk during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began the German-Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yelnya offensive (August 30 – September 8, 1941) was a military operation by the Soviet Army during the Battle of Smolensk during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began the German-Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q70560", "label": "Heinz Guderian", "section": "Background", "says": "The town of Yelnya was located 82 km south-east of Smolensk situated near heights deemed strategic by General Heinz Guderian, commander of the 2nd Panzer Group, as the springboard for further offensive operations towards Moscow."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "Background", "says": "On 1 August, Stavka (Soviet High Command) authorised formation of the Reserve Front, led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov, with several new armies under his command."}, {"id": "Q1064496", "label": "Pavel Kurochkin", "section": "Background", "says": "Two of the new armies—the 24th Army under the command of Major General Konstantin Rakutin and the 43rd Army under Lieutenant General Pavel Kurochkin—were to support the Western Front under the command of Semyon Timoshenko."}, {"id": "Q191702", "label": "Semyon Timoshenko", "section": "Background", "says": "Two of the new armies—the 24th Army under the command of Major General Konstantin Rakutin and the 43rd Army under Lieutenant General Pavel Kurochkin—were to support the Western Front under the command of Semyon Timoshenko."}], "Q715700": [{"id": "Q356036", "label": "David Glantz", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Jassy–Kishinev offensive, named after the two major cities in the area, Jassy and Kishinev, was a series of military engagements between 8 April and 6 June 1944 (according to David Glantz) by the Soviet Union and Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Jassy–Kishinev offensive, named after the two major cities in the area, Jassy and Kishinev, was a series of military engagements between 8 April and 6 June 1944 (according to David Glantz) by the Soviet Union and Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q4382262", "label": "First Battle of Târgu Frumos", "section": "lead", "says": "Glantz considers the Soviet attack commenced with the First Battle of Târgu Frumos and the Battle of Podu Iloaiei, and culminated with the Second Battle of Târgu Frumos."}], "Q852133": [{"id": "Q321322", "label": "Abimael Guzmán", "section": "Background", "says": "During the governments of Velasco and Morales, the Shining Path had been organized as a Maoist political group formed in 1970 by Abimael Guzmán, a communist and professor of philosophy at the San Cristóbal of Huamanga University."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Guzmán had been inspired by the Chinese Cultural Revolution which he had witnessed first-hand during a trip there."}], "Q926626": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "A further six people were killed in Germany, three in Spain, one in Portugal, one in Belgium and another one in England."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The sea wall was about two hundred years old, built in the time of Napoleon; critics said that situating a mobile home park so close to the sea wall showed poor coastal development practices."}], "Q929437": [{"id": "Q150939", "label": "Operation Weserübung", "section": "lead", "says": "British occupation of the Faroe Islands during the Second World War, began shortly after the German Wehrmacht launched (9 April 1940) Operation Weserübung, the invasion of metropolitan Denmark and Norway."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "By 13 April 1940, the United Kingdom had occupied the strategically important Faroe Islands (part of Denmark) to forestall a German occupation of the archipelago."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the Danish surrender in 1940, the Faroe Islands had the status of an amt (county) of the Danish Realm."}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Background", "says": "After the invasion and occupation of Denmark on 9 April 1940, that afternoon, Prime Ministers, Neville Chamberlain and Paul Reynaud held an Anglo-French Supreme War Council meeting in London."}, {"id": "Q161076", "label": "Paul Reynaud", "section": "Background", "says": "After the invasion and occupation of Denmark on 9 April 1940, that afternoon, Prime Ministers, Neville Chamberlain and Paul Reynaud held an Anglo-French Supreme War Council meeting in London."}], "Q96788795": [{"id": "Q23020990", "label": "Htin Kyaw", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 2015 landslide and the formation of Htin Kyaw's Cabinet, led by Htin Kyaw and Aung San Suu Kyi in 2016, the cabinet promised to reform the jade industry and reduce the accidents."}, {"id": "Q36740", "label": "Aung San Suu Kyi", "section": "Background", "says": "After the 2015 landslide and the formation of Htin Kyaw's Cabinet, led by Htin Kyaw and Aung San Suu Kyi in 2016, the cabinet promised to reform the jade industry and reduce the accidents."}], "Q1102584": [{"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iași pogrom (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈjaʃʲ] , sometimes anglicized as Jassy) was a series of pogroms launched by governmental forces under Marshal and Leader Ion Antonescu in the Romanian city of Iași against its Jewish community, which lasted from 28 June to 30 June 1941."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the worst pogroms during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War II, from 1940 to 1944, Romania was an ally of Nazi Germany, and echoed its antisemitic policies."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Romania also joined Germany in the invasion of the Soviet Union, initially with the purpose of regaining Bessarabia, taken by Soviets in 1940, after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Romania also joined Germany in the invasion of the Soviet Union, initially with the purpose of regaining Bessarabia, taken by Soviets in 1940, after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "Romania also joined Germany in the invasion of the Soviet Union, initially with the purpose of regaining Bessarabia, taken by Soviets in 1940, after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}], "Q125870679": [{"id": "Q4359688", "label": "Dmitry Peskov", "section": "Background", "says": "Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov repeatedly threatened to attack Kharkiv Oblast and establish a buffer zone to protect Russia's border in response."}, {"id": "Q58217", "label": "Sergey Lavrov", "section": "Background", "says": "Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov repeatedly threatened to attack Kharkiv Oblast and establish a buffer zone to protect Russia's border in response."}, {"id": "Q74821359", "label": "Oleh Syniehubov", "section": "Background", "says": "On 8 May 2024, the governor of Kharkiv Oblast, Oleh Syniehubov, reported a large gathering of Russian forces north of the region."}], "Q1274517": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seabed Arms Control Treaty (or Seabed Treaty, formally the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof) is a multilateral agreement between the United States, Soviet Union (now Russia), United Kingdom, and 91 other countries banning the emplacement of nuclear weapons or \"weap"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seabed Arms Control Treaty (or Seabed Treaty, formally the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof) is a multilateral agreement between the United States, Soviet Union (now Russia), United Kingdom, and 91 other countries banning the emplacement of nuclear weapons or \"weap"}, {"id": "Q256608", "label": "Outer Space Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the Antarctic Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty, and the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone treaties, the Seabed Arms Control Treaty sought to prevent the introduction of international conflict and nuclear weapons into an area hitherto free of them."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Reaching agreement on the seabed, however, involved problems that were not met in framing the other two agreements, for example while the Soviet Union initially desired the banning of all military activity including sensors detecting submarine movements, the United States desired the more limited \"workable, verifiable and effective agreement to bar the use of the seabed for the emplacement of weap"}], "Q129167851": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first time since World War II that Russian territory was occupied by a foreign military."}], "Q145934": [{"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The English Armada (Spanish: Invencible Inglesa, lit. 'Invincible English'), also known as the Counter Armada, the Drake–Norris Expedition, or the Portugal Expedition, was an attack fleet sent against Spain by Queen Elizabeth I of England that sailed on 28 April 1589 during the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The English Armada (Spanish: Invencible Inglesa, lit. 'Invincible English'), also known as the Counter Armada, the Drake–Norris Expedition, or the Portugal Expedition, was an attack fleet sent against Spain by Queen Elizabeth I of England that sailed on 28 April 1589 during the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Sir Francis Drake as admiral and Sir John Norris as general, it failed to drive home the advantage that England had gained from defeating the Spanish Armada the previous year."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "After the failure of the Spanish Armada and its return to Spain, England's Queen Elizabeth I's intentions were to capitalize upon Spain's temporary weakness at sea and to compel King Philip II of Spain to negotiate for peace."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley noted that the expedition had three main objectives: destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain; make a landing at Lisbon and raise a revolt there against Philip II (Philip I of Portugal); and to continue west and establish a permanent base in the Azores."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "A further aim was to seize the Spanish treasure fleet as it returned from the Americas to Cádiz, but that depended largely on the success of the Azores campaign."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The strategic objective of the military expedition was to break the trade embargo imposed across the Portuguese Empire, which included Brazil and the East Indies, and trading posts in India and China."}, {"id": "Q321325", "label": "António, Prior of Crato", "section": "Background", "says": "The pretender to the throne, António, Prior of Crato, the last surviving heir of the House of Aviz, had failed to establish an effective government-in-exile in the Azores, and turned to the English for support."}, {"id": "Q176253", "label": "Catherine of Braganza", "section": "Background", "says": "He was not a charismatic figure, and with his cause compromised by his illegitimacy, he faced an opponent with a relatively strong claim to the throne in the eyes of the Portuguese nobles of the Cortes, Duchess Catherine of Braganza."}], "Q1567823": [{"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "It was likely a reemergence of the mid-6th-century Plague of Justinian."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after Amwas in Palestine, the principal camp of the Muslim Arab army, the plague killed up to 25,000 soldiers and their relatives, including most of the army's high command, and caused considerable loss of life and displacement among the indigenous Christians of Syria."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The appointment of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan to the governorship of Syria in the wake of the commanders' deaths paved the way for his establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, while recurrences of the disease may have contributed to the Umayyad dynasty's downfall in 750."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The plague of Amwas received more attention in the Arabic sources than any other epidemic until the 14th-century Black Death."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Origins and political setting", "says": "It was likely a reemergence of the Plague of Justinian, which originated in Pelusium (near modern Suez) in 541 and spread west to Alexandria and east to Palestine before reaching the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 541–542 and afflicting the rest of Europe and the Sasanian Empire, as noted by the Byzantine historian Procopius (d. c."}, {"id": "Q320372", "label": "The Plague", "section": "Origins and political setting", "says": "The Plague of Justinian recurred in at least nine to twelve cycles throughout the mid-6th century and the 7th century."}, {"id": "Q3299394", "label": "Sharhabeel ibn Hasana", "section": "Origins and political setting", "says": "632–634), dispatched four armies from Medina, led respectively by Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah to conquer Byzantine Syria (Abu Ubayda may not have been dispatched until after the accession of Abu Bakr's successor, Umar, in mid-634.)\nAmwas, the Arabic name for Emmaus Nicopolis, had been a fortified Roman army camp in the first century, which"}, {"id": "Q888904", "label": "Battle of Ajnadayn", "section": "Origins and political setting", "says": "It was captured by the Muslims from the Byzantines following the Battle of Ajnadayn in 634 or the Battle of the Yarmuk in 636."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "Origins and political setting", "says": "It was captured by the Muslims from the Byzantines following the Battle of Ajnadayn in 634 or the Battle of the Yarmuk in 636."}], "Q15784403": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 (French: Journées du 31 mai et du 2 juin 1793, lit. 'Days of 31 May and 2 June 1793') during the French Revolution started after the Paris Commune demanded that 22 Girondin deputies and members of the Commission of Twelve be brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 (French: Journées du 31 mai et du 2 juin 1793, lit. 'Days of 31 May and 2 June 1793') during the French Revolution started after the Paris Commune demanded that 22 Girondin deputies and members of the Commission of Twelve be brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal."}, {"id": "Q122290", "label": "Jean-Paul Marat", "section": "lead", "says": "Jean-Paul Marat led the attack on the representatives in the National Convention, who in January had voted against the execution of King Louis XVI and since then had paralyzed the convention."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Jean-Paul Marat led the attack on the representatives in the National Convention, who in January had voted against the execution of King Louis XVI and since then had paralyzed the convention."}, {"id": "Q541643", "label": "Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette", "section": "lead", "says": "Jean-Nicolas Pache and Pierre Gaspard Chaumette led the march on the convention."}], "Q16743981": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 May 2014, a pair of mudslides occurred in Argo District, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan."}], "Q1975720": [{"id": "Q279396", "label": "Vazgen Sargsyan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1999 Armenian parliament shooting, commonly known in Armenia as October 27 (Armenian: Հոկտեմբերի 27, romanized: Hoktemberi k'sanyot), was an attack on the Armenian National Assembly in the capital of Yerevan on 27 October 1999 by a group of five armed men led by Nairi Hunanyan that, among others, killed the two de facto decision-makers in the country's political leadership—Prime Minister Vazge"}, {"id": "Q1729248", "label": "Karen Demirchyan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1999 Armenian parliament shooting, commonly known in Armenia as October 27 (Armenian: Հոկտեմբերի 27, romanized: Hoktemberi k'sanyot), was an attack on the Armenian National Assembly in the capital of Yerevan on 27 October 1999 by a group of five armed men led by Nairi Hunanyan that, among others, killed the two de facto decision-makers in the country's political leadership—Prime Minister Vazge"}, {"id": "Q613051", "label": "Robert Kocharyan", "section": "lead", "says": "Their reform-minded coalition had won a majority in a parliamentary election held in May of that year and had practically sidelined President Robert Kocharyan from the political scene."}], "Q2238977": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The military occupation of the Channel Islands by Nazi Germany lasted for most of the Second World War, from 30 June 1940 until liberation on 9 May 1945."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Channel Islands were the only de jure part of the British Empire in Europe to be occupied by Nazi Germany during the war."}], "Q22796": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The destruction of Warsaw was practically unparalleled in the Second World War, with it being noted that \"Perhaps no city suffered more than Warsaw during World War II\", with historian Alexandra Richie stating that \"The destruction of Warsaw was unique even in the terrible history of the Second World War\"."}], "Q23701421": [{"id": "Q26690015", "label": "Operation Euphrates Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "After capturing Manbij city on 12 August, the SDF announced that the offensive would continue until the whole countryside around Manbij was captured, though the offensive effectively ended shortly after Turkey, who regard the YPG elements in the SDF as a terrorist organisation, initiated Operation Euphrates Shield to prevent the SDF uniting the regions of Rojava."}], "Q2383436": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "1041 on the Caspian Sea shores, of what are nowadays Iran, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q1058153", "label": "Ingvar the Far-Travelled", "section": "lead", "says": "1041 by Ingvar the Far-Travelled."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background and early raids", "says": "From there, they began trading with the Byzantine Empire along the Dnieper trade route and with the Muslim lands around the Caspian Sea along the Volga trade route."}], "Q2484144": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1990 Dushanbe riots marked a period of heightened civil disobedience and inter-ethnic violence in Dushanbe, the capital city of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Existing tensions over lacking economic and political reforms were exacerbated by the arrival of Armenian refugees from the Azerbaijan SSR due to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "By late 1991, the dissolution of the Soviet Union gave way to the Republic of Tajikistan declaring independence, though this was followed by the Tajikistani Civil War less than a year later."}, {"id": "Q1122110", "label": "Tajikistani Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "By late 1991, the dissolution of the Soviet Union gave way to the Republic of Tajikistan declaring independence, though this was followed by the Tajikistani Civil War less than a year later."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "Causes", "says": "Smaller scale anti-Armenian incidents were also recorded in neighboring Turkmenistan."}], "Q2632857": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The American theater was a theater of operations during World War II including all continental American territory, and extending 200 miles (320 km) into the ocean."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Owing to North and South America's geographical separation from the central theaters of conflict (in Europe, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and the Pacific) the threat of an invasion of the continental United States or other areas in the Americas by the Axis powers was negligible and the theater saw relatively little conflict."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Owing to North and South America's geographical separation from the central theaters of conflict (in Europe, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and the Pacific) the threat of an invasion of the continental United States or other areas in the Americas by the Axis powers was negligible and the theater saw relatively little conflict."}, {"id": "Q713529", "label": "Battle of the River Plate", "section": "lead", "says": "Military engagements include the Battle of the River Plate, submarine attacks off the East Coast, the Aleutian Islands campaign, the Battle of the St."}, {"id": "Q15363215", "label": "Operation Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "Espionage efforts included Operation Bolívar."}], "Q2997012": [{"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Although in the 1930s, Joseph Stalin divided the rich Fergana Valley among Kirghizia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, nationalities were not necessarily confined to the borders drawn for them."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Although in the 1930s, Joseph Stalin divided the rich Fergana Valley among Kirghizia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, nationalities were not necessarily confined to the borders drawn for them."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Although in the 1930s, Joseph Stalin divided the rich Fergana Valley among Kirghizia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, nationalities were not necessarily confined to the borders drawn for them."}], "Q3433771": [{"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Swedish Crusade was a military expedition by the Kingdom of Sweden into Tavastia (Häme) in southern Finland described by Erik's Chronicle."}, {"id": "Q316828", "label": "Birger Jarl", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the chronicle, the Swedes defeated the pagan Tavastians under the leadership of Birger Jarl, and started building a castle in Tavastia."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "However, some researchers have suggested that the expedition instead took place already in 1238–1239, shortly after the Tavastian uprising and before the Battle of the Neva against the Novgorod Republic."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tavastian uprising from 1236–1237 led to a justification for the Swedes to invade Tavastia, with Pope Gregory IX calling the Swedes to attack them."}], "Q4919422": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Cambodia (Khmer: ការត្រួតត្រារបស់ជប៉ុននៅកម្ពុជា) was the period of Cambodian history during World War II when the Kingdom of Cambodia was occupied by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Cambodia (Khmer: ការត្រួតត្រារបស់ជប៉ុននៅកម្ពុជា) was the period of Cambodian history during World War II when the Kingdom of Cambodia was occupied by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "Vichy France, which was a client state of Germany, nominally maintained the French protectorate over Cambodia and other parts of Indochina during most of the Japanese occupation."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "This territory of Cambodia was reduced, by concessions to Thailand after the Franco-Thai War, so that it did not include Stung Treng Province, Battambang Province, and Siem Reap Province."}, {"id": "Q780845", "label": "Franco-Thai War", "section": "lead", "says": "This territory of Cambodia was reduced, by concessions to Thailand after the Franco-Thai War, so that it did not include Stung Treng Province, Battambang Province, and Siem Reap Province."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "After the nominal French Indochina colonial government was overthrown in 1945, Cambodia became a pro-Tokyo puppet state until the surrender of Japan."}, {"id": "Q152777", "label": "Plaek Phibunsongkhram", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Meanwhile, the Thai government, under the pro-Japanese leadership of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram, and  strengthened by virtue of its treaty of friendship with Japan, took advantage of the weakened position of France, and invaded Cambodia's western provinces to which it had historic claims."}], "Q493565": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The All Saints' Flood of 1570 occurred on November 1–2, 1570 in the Spanish Netherlands, and is considered the worst North Sea flood disaster before the 20th century."}], "Q5925721": [{"id": "Q1788506", "label": "Alexandrian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It was born out of the same planning that led to the Alexandrian Crusade and was the brainchild of Pope Urban V."}, {"id": "Q133046", "label": "Urban V", "section": "lead", "says": "It was born out of the same planning that led to the Alexandrian Crusade and was the brainchild of Pope Urban V."}, {"id": "Q451995", "label": "Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by Count Amadeus VI of Savoy and directed against the growing Ottoman Empire in eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by Count Amadeus VI of Savoy and directed against the growing Ottoman Empire in eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although intended as a collaboration with the Kingdom of Hungary and the Byzantine Empire, the crusade was diverted from its main purpose to attack the Second Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although intended as a collaboration with the Kingdom of Hungary and the Byzantine Empire, the crusade was diverted from its main purpose to attack the Second Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Noting the greater attention paid to Bulgaria than to the Turks, historian Nicolae Iorga argued \"it was not even a crusade ... this expedition that better resembled an escapade.\" Still, the taking of Gallipoli, according to Oskar Halecki, was \"the first success achieved by the Christians in their struggle for the defense of Europe, and at the same time the last great Christian victory [over the Tu"}, {"id": "Q313581", "label": "Nicolae Iorga", "section": "lead", "says": "Noting the greater attention paid to Bulgaria than to the Turks, historian Nicolae Iorga argued \"it was not even a crusade ... this expedition that better resembled an escapade.\" Still, the taking of Gallipoli, according to Oskar Halecki, was \"the first success achieved by the Christians in their struggle for the defense of Europe, and at the same time the last great Christian victory [over the Tu"}, {"id": "Q327932", "label": "Oskar Halecki", "section": "lead", "says": "Noting the greater attention paid to Bulgaria than to the Turks, historian Nicolae Iorga argued \"it was not even a crusade ... this expedition that better resembled an escapade.\" Still, the taking of Gallipoli, according to Oskar Halecki, was \"the first success achieved by the Christians in their struggle for the defense of Europe, and at the same time the last great Christian victory [over the Tu"}], "Q6006958": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces occupied Serbia from late 1915 until the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "After three unsuccessful Austro-Hungarian offensives between August and December 1914, a combined Austro-Hungarian and German offensive breached the Serbian front from the north and west in October 1915, while Bulgaria attacked from the east."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Franz Joseph I appointed Johann von Salis-Seewis, an officer born in Croatia, as the first Military Governor General."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "During the occupation, over 50,000 Serbian civilians were deported to purpose-built internment and concentration camps in Austria-Hungary, most notably Mauthausen in Austria, Doboj in Bosnia, and Nagymegyer, Arad and Kecskemét in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "Background", "says": "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "On 9 October, Belgrade, Serbia's capital, was evacuated, on the same day, Austrian forces entered the neighbouring and allied country of Montenegro."}], "Q60830": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The violence escalated into a city-wide, antisemitic riot that killed between 500 and 4,000 \"New Christians\" (Cristãos-Novos), the name for Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christianity."}], "Q72587856": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 26–27, 2019, the United States conducted a military operation codenamed Operation Kayla Mueller that resulted in the death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the then-leader and self-proclaimed caliph of the Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 26–27, 2019, the United States conducted a military operation codenamed Operation Kayla Mueller that resulted in the death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the then-leader and self-proclaimed caliph of the Islamic State."}], "Q105982031": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 16, 2021, a shooting spree occurred at two spas and a massage parlor in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia, United States."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Long told police he was motivated by a sexual addiction that was at odds with his Christianity, for which he had spent time in an evangelical treatment clinic, and that he had been targeting establishments where he had previously paid for sex."}], "Q1194381": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Whampoa (simplified Chinese: 黄埔条约; traditional Chinese: 黃埔條約; pinyin: Huángpǔ Tiáoyuē; Cantonese Yale: Wòhngbou Tìuhyeuk) was an unequal treaty between the Kingdom of France and the Qing dynasty of China, which was signed by Qiying and Théodore de Lagrené on October 24, 1844, aboard the warship L’Archimède."}], "Q1233004": [{"id": "Q727175", "label": "John Dill", "section": "Background", "says": "Lieutenant-Colonel Dudley Clarke had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff."}, {"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The man initially selected as the commander was Admiral Roger Keyes, a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign and the Zeebrugge Raid in the First World War."}, {"id": "Q700864", "label": "Zeebrugge Raid", "section": "Background", "says": "The man initially selected as the commander was Admiral Roger Keyes, a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign and the Zeebrugge Raid in the First World War."}], "Q1398233": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The pogrom of Armenians in Baku was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, directed against the demands of the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians to secede from Azerbaijan and unify with Armenia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The pogrom of Armenians in Baku was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, directed against the demands of the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians to secede from Azerbaijan and unify with Armenia."}], "Q1516948": [{"id": "Q484816", "label": "Kurmanbek Bakiyev", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes, also known as the Osh riots, were clashes between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan, primarily in the cities of Osh and Jalal-Abad, in the aftermath of the ouster of former President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on 7 April."}, {"id": "Q236023", "label": "Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010", "section": "lead", "says": "It is part of the larger Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010."}, {"id": "Q485136", "label": "Roza Otunbayeva", "section": "lead", "says": "The spreading of the violence required the Russian-endorsed interim government led by Roza Otunbayeva to declare a state of emergency on 12 June, in an attempt to take control of the situation."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbekistan launched a limited troop incursion early on, but withdrew and opened its borders to Uzbek refugees."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "Background", "says": "There were multiple reports of organized groups of gunmen in ski masks, believed to be from neighboring Tajikistan, shooting both Uzbeks and Kyrgyz to ignite the riots."}, {"id": "Q24692", "label": "Almazbek Atambaev", "section": "Background", "says": "Kyrgyz deputy Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev has also claimed that the riots were paid for with $10 million from Bakiyev's son, Maxim Bakiyev."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Background", "says": "Elmira Nogoybayeva, the head of the Kyrgyz Polis Asia Analytic Center, noted in May that Russia and its ally Kazakhstan launched a consistent mass media campaign to discredit the image of Kyrgyzstan."}], "Q15859754": [{"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation began during Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, which ousted pro-Russian president Viktor Yanukovych."}], "Q16241869": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau, or Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, was a treaty between Portugal and the People's Republic of China over the status of Macau."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau, or Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, was a treaty between Portugal and the People's Republic of China over the status of Macau."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "The process was otherwise similar to the handover of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty by the United Kingdom in 1997."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The process was otherwise similar to the handover of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty by the United Kingdom in 1997."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Colonial rule continued until 1974, when the Carnation Revolution installed a democratic regime in Portugal that sought to end colonialism."}], "Q1756207": [{"id": "Q887824", "label": "Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra", "section": "lead", "says": "Caperton forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias, who had seized power from Dominican President Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "Three major roads were built, largely for military purposes, connecting for the first time the capital with Santiago in the north, Azua in the west, and San Pedro de Macorís in the east; the system of forced labor used by the Americans in Haiti was absent in the Dominican Republic."}], "Q1808713": [{"id": "Q439980", "label": "Juan Bosch", "section": "lead", "says": "It started when civilian and military supporters of the overthrown democratically elected president Juan Bosch ousted the militarily-installed president Donald Reid Cabral from office."}, {"id": "Q436477", "label": "Donald Reid Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "It started when civilian and military supporters of the overthrown democratically elected president Juan Bosch ousted the militarily-installed president Donald Reid Cabral from office."}, {"id": "Q458504", "label": "Elías Wessin y Wessin", "section": "lead", "says": "The second coup prompted General Elías Wessin y Wessin to organize elements of the military loyal to the dictator Reid (\"loyalists\") and launch an armed campaign against the \"constitutionalist\" rebels."}, {"id": "Q147989", "label": "Joaquín Balaguer", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1966, Bosch lost the presidential election to Joaquín Balaguer."}, {"id": "Q887594", "label": "Ramón Cáceres", "section": "Background", "says": "On November 19, 1911, General Luis Tejera led a group of conspirators in an ambush on the horsedrawn carriage of President Ramón Cáceres."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the ensuing power vacuum, General Alfredo Victoria, the commander of the army, seized control and forced the Dominican Congress to elect his uncle, Eladio Victoria, as the new president."}, {"id": "Q887835", "label": "Eladio Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the ensuing power vacuum, General Alfredo Victoria, the commander of the army, seized control and forced the Dominican Congress to elect his uncle, Eladio Victoria, as the new president."}, {"id": "Q436482", "label": "Horacio Vásquez", "section": "Background", "says": "The former president Horacio Vásquez soon returned from exile to lead his followers, the horacistas, in a popular uprising against the new government."}, {"id": "Q35648", "label": "William Howard Taft", "section": "Background", "says": "U.S. mediation by the William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only short respites each time."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Background", "says": "U.S. mediation by the William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only short respites each time."}, {"id": "Q887824", "label": "Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra", "section": "Background", "says": "A provisional president was chosen, and later that year, relatively-free elections returned the former president (1899–1902) Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra to power."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Vigorous opposition to the occupation continued, nevertheless, and after World War I, it increased in the US as well, where President Warren G."}], "Q1889748": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), also known as the Treaty of Moscow, was a strategic arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russia that was in force from June 2003 until February 2011 when it was superseded by the New START treaty."}, {"id": "Q2002064", "label": "New START", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), also known as the Treaty of Moscow, was a strategic arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russia that was in force from June 2003 until February 2011 when it was superseded by the New START treaty."}], "Q2304042": [{"id": "Q768496", "label": "Banana Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States occupation of Nicaragua from August 4, 1912, to January 2, 1933, was part of the Banana Wars, when the U.S. military invaded various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934."}, {"id": "Q2983294", "label": "Bryan–Chamorro Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Bryan–Chamorro Treaty."}, {"id": "Q35236", "label": "Herbert Hoover", "section": "lead", "says": "President Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) opposed the relationship."}], "Q2578587": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Wrath was the period of Russian military occupation in Finland during the final phase of the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, Finland was part of the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation lasted from 1714 until the Treaty of Nystad in 1721."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "Background", "says": "Finland was left largely to fend for itself after the Battle of Poltava in 1709."}, {"id": "Q11862174", "label": "Battle of Helsinki", "section": "Background", "says": "A more organised campaign, beginning in 1713, succeeded at the Battle of Helsinki and drove defending Swedes away from the coast."}, {"id": "Q681712", "label": "Battle of Gangut", "section": "Background", "says": "Swedish efforts to hinder the Russian advance by blockading the coastal sea route at Hangö ended in failure in late July at the Battle of Gangut."}], "Q2633504": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact was a non-aggression pact that was signed in 1932 by representatives of the Soviet Union and Finland and updated on 7 April 1934."}], "Q2707293": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Fifth Army and the British Expeditionary Force had been defeated by the armies of the German Empire at the Battle of Charleroi (21 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August)."}, {"id": "Q860150", "label": "Battle of Charleroi", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Fifth Army and the British Expeditionary Force had been defeated by the armies of the German Empire at the Battle of Charleroi (21 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August)."}, {"id": "Q1417205", "label": "Battle of Mons", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Fifth Army and the British Expeditionary Force had been defeated by the armies of the German Empire at the Battle of Charleroi (21 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August)."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "lead", "says": "From 5 to 12 September, the First Battle of the Marne ended the Allied retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne River and to fight the First Battle of the Aisne (13–28 September)."}, {"id": "Q2337526", "label": "First Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "From 5 to 12 September, the First Battle of the Marne ended the Allied retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne River and to fight the First Battle of the Aisne (13–28 September)."}, {"id": "Q687572", "label": "Battle of the Frontiers", "section": "Background", "says": "The Battle of the Frontiers is a general name for all of the operations of the French armies until the Battle of the Marne."}, {"id": "Q548252", "label": "Battle of Lorraine", "section": "Background", "says": "The main French offensive, the Battle of Lorraine (14–25 August), began with the Battles of Morhange and Sarrebourg (14–20 August) advances by the First Army on Sarrebourg and the Second Army towards Morhange."}, {"id": "Q221703", "label": "Battle of the Ardennes", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 August the Battle of the Ardennes (21–28 August) began with French attacks, which were costly to both sides and forced the French into a disorderly retreat late on 23 August."}, {"id": "Q1497933", "label": "Battle of Haelen", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 August, the Battle of Haelen was fought by German and Belgian cavalry and infantry and was a Belgian defensive success."}], "Q2722786": [{"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 April 1918 (old style 27 March 1918), during the chaos of the Russian Civil War and following Romanian military intervention, the Bessarabian legislature (Sfatul Țării) voted in favor of the union of Bessarabia with Romania with 86 votes in favor, three against, and 36 abstentions, an act regarded by the Russians as a Romanian invasion."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As with the Treaty of Versailles, the 1920 treaty contained the Covenant of the League of Nations, and, as a result, it was not ratified by the United States."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The union was recognized by the United Kingdom, France and Italy, but Japan did not ratify it, and the Soviet Union never recognized this Union."}], "Q286436": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen is an ongoing armed conflict between the Yemeni government, the United States and their allies, and al-Qaeda-affiliated groups in Yemen."}, {"id": "Q185729", "label": "War on Terrorism", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formerly a part of the Global War on Terrorism."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The full-scale civil war led to a rise of Islamist groups (Al-Qaeda, ISIS), insurgencies (Houthis), and call for separation of South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Since 2002 or before, Yemen came under pressure to act against al-Qaeda from the United States (and Saudi Arabia)."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "Background", "says": "The bin Laden family originated from Hadhramaut and so Osama bin Laden had strong attachments to the country."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Background", "says": "The bin Laden family originated from Hadhramaut and so Osama bin Laden had strong attachments to the country."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Bin Laden recruited many Afghan Arabs to fight in the Soviet–Afghan War from North Yemen."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh complained to King Fahd about al-Qaeda's operations, and Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz rebuked bin Laden and confiscated his Saudi passport."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "Background", "says": "Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh complained to King Fahd about al-Qaeda's operations, and Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz rebuked bin Laden and confiscated his Saudi passport."}], "Q3175954": [{"id": "Q146328", "label": "Commonwealth of the Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese Empire occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese Empire occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "General Douglas MacArthur was ordered out, leaving his men at Corregidor on the night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "General Douglas MacArthur was ordered out, leaving his men at Corregidor on the night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Filipino population remained generally loyal to the United States, partly because of the American guarantee of independence, partly because of the Japanese mistreatment of Filipinos after the surrender, and partly because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and put young Filipino women into brothels."}], "Q3243672": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "While the government response was praised by the United States and the European Union, NGOs were more critical, citing discrimination of Rohingyas by the previous military government."}], "Q326303": [{"id": "Q1349575", "label": "Warsaw Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "It updated and replaced parts of the earlier Warsaw Convention and Hague Protocol, which had governed international air travel since the early 20th century."}], "Q3316800": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "22 EU member states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden) along with 4 non-EU countries (Serbia, Georgia, Moldova, and Montenegro) were engaged in this mission and sent soldiers to the Republic of Mali."}], "Q3536822": [{"id": "Q353816", "label": "Francis Younghusband", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed following the British expedition to Tibet of 1903–1904, a military expedition led by Colonel Francis Younghusband, and was followed by the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1906."}], "Q36281356": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2017–2018 North Korea crisis was a period of heightened tension between North Korea and the United States."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Both countries started exchanging increasingly heated rhetoric, including nuclear threats and personal attacks between the two leaders, which, compounded by a joint U.S.–South Korea military exercise undertaken in August and North Korea's sixth nuclear test in September, raised international tensions in the region and beyond and stoked fears about a possible nuclear conflict between the two nation"}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, North Korea also threatened Australia twice with nuclear strikes throughout the year for their allegiance with the United States."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "International relations lecturer and former government strategist Van Jackson said in the book On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War that it was the closest the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "An unprecedented bilateral summit between Kim and Trump was held in Singapore on 12 June 2018."}], "Q4222426": [{"id": "Q208694", "label": "Sino-Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nathu La and Cho La clashes, sometimes referred to as Indo-China War of 1967, Sino-Indian War of 1967, were a series of clashes between China and India alongside the border of the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate."}, {"id": "Q3960459", "label": "Kingdom of Sikkim", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nathu La and Cho La clashes, sometimes referred to as Indo-China War of 1967, Sino-Indian War of 1967, were a series of clashes between China and India alongside the border of the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate."}], "Q460731": [{"id": "Q1281014", "label": "Fernando Pereira", "section": "lead", "says": "Fernando Pereira, a photographer, drowned on the sinking ship."}, {"id": "Q2038", "label": "François Mitterrand", "section": "lead", "says": "The sinking was a cause of embarrassment to France and President François Mitterrand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "It resulted in a scandal that led to the resignation of the French defence minister Charles Hernu, while the two agents pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years in New Zealand prison."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1985, the South Pacific nations of Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu signed the Treaty of Rarotonga declaring the region a nuclear-free zone."}], "Q487810": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The May 16 military coup d'état (Korean: 5·16 군사정변) or the May 16 Military Revolution (Korean: 5·16 군사혁명) was a military coup d'état in South Korea in 1961, organized and carried out by Park Chung Hee and his allies who formed the Military Revolutionary Committee, nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after the latter's acquiescence on the day of the coup."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "lead", "says": "The May 16 military coup d'état (Korean: 5·16 군사정변) or the May 16 Military Revolution (Korean: 5·16 군사혁명) was a military coup d'état in South Korea in 1961, organized and carried out by Park Chung Hee and his allies who formed the Military Revolutionary Committee, nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after the latter's acquiescence on the day of the coup."}, {"id": "Q186500", "label": "Chang Myon", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup rendered powerless the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Chang Myon and President Yun Posun, and ended the Second Republic, installing a reformist military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction effectively led by Park, who took over as chairman after Chang's arrest in July."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup rendered powerless the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Chang Myon and President Yun Posun, and ended the Second Republic, installing a reformist military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction effectively led by Park, who took over as chairman after Chang's arrest in July."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background and causes", "says": "Reformist junior officers viewed the senior generals as having been corrupted by party politics, and the problem was compounded by a bottleneck in promotions caused by the consolidation of the positions of the senior commanders of the army after the end of its rapid expansion in the Korean War."}], "Q5004719": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1082 was a trade and defence pact signed between the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice, in the form of an imperial chrysobull or golden bull, issued by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1082 was a trade and defence pact signed between the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice, in the form of an imperial chrysobull or golden bull, issued by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1082 was a trade and defence pact signed between the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice, in the form of an imperial chrysobull or golden bull, issued by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos."}], "Q635213": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Clavijo is a battle which became a popular theme of Spanish traditions regarding the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q168363", "label": "Ramiro I of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "According to these stories, it was fought near Clavijo between Christians led by Ramiro I of Asturias and Muslims led by the Emir of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q562428", "label": "Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Diccionario de historia de España (1968) and the historiographical criticism of Juan Francisco Masdeu have made it be considered today a legendary battle, whose inclusion in the chronicles would be due to Archbishop Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, in the 1200's that would include, mixing data from other battles of different times and locations."}], "Q650979": [{"id": "Q106235", "label": "Hans-Dietrich Genscher", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by the foreign ministers of Poland and Germany, Krzysztof Skubiszewski and Hans-Dietrich Genscher, on 14 November 1990 in Warsaw, ratified by the Polish Sejm on 26 November 1991 and the German Bundestag on 16 December 1991, and entered into force with the exchange of the instruments of ratification on 16 January 1992."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In the Potsdam Agreement of 1945, the Allies of World War II had defined the Oder–Neisse line as the line of demarcation between the Soviet occupation zone in Germany and Poland, pending the final determination of Poland's western frontier in a later peace settlement."}, {"id": "Q684485", "label": "Treaty of Zgorzelec", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Treaty of Zgorzelec of 1950 between East Germany and the Republic of Poland confirmed this border as final."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Treaty of Zgorzelec of 1950 between East Germany and the Republic of Poland confirmed this border as final."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "Historical background", "says": "West Germany, which saw itself as the only legal successor to the German Reich and did not recognize East Germany, insisted that final settlement on the Polish–German border could only be accepted by a future reunited Germany."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "Historical background", "says": "West Germany, which saw itself as the only legal successor to the German Reich and did not recognize East Germany, insisted that final settlement on the Polish–German border could only be accepted by a future reunited Germany."}, {"id": "Q451546", "label": "Unification Treaty", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The signing of a treaty between Germany and Poland recognizing the Oder–Neisse line as the border under international law was also one of the terms of the Unification Treaty between West and East Germany that was signed and went into effect on 3 October 1990."}], "Q672112": [{"id": "Q895975", "label": "Transit Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "As for the Transit Agreement of 1972, the discussions were led by the Under-Secretaries of State Egon Bahr (for the Federal Republic of Germany) and Michael Kohl (for the German Democratic Republic)."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "As for the Transit Agreement of 1972, the discussions were led by the Under-Secretaries of State Egon Bahr (for the Federal Republic of Germany) and Michael Kohl (for the German Democratic Republic)."}, {"id": "Q2514", "label": "Willy Brandt", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of the Ostpolitik of Chancellor Willy Brandt, the treaty was signed on 21 December 1972 in East Berlin."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "West Germany sent its first permanent representative in February 1974, but formal diplomatic relations were never established until German reunification (in October 1990)."}], "Q6752": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background and meteorological synopsis", "says": "Dikes had been built to prevent flooding, but were in disrepair due to the Black Death."}], "Q678537": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Upper Silesian offensive (Russian: Верхне-Силезская наступательная операция) was a strategically significant Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II in 1945."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Upper Silesian offensive (Russian: Верхне-Силезская наступательная операция) was a strategically significant Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II in 1945."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "It was aimed at capturing the considerable industrial and natural resources located in Upper Silesia and involved forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front under Marshal Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The commander of Army Group Centre, Field-Marshal Ferdinand Schörner, began to build up Schulz's forces during February for a counter-attack against the 3rd Guards Tank Army's spearheads, which had reached and taken Lauban during the Lower Silesian offensive."}, {"id": "Q41749", "label": "Joseph Goebbels", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Despite the limited nature of the victory, the recapture of Lauban was presented as a great success by German propaganda, with Joseph Goebbels visiting the town on 9 March to give a speech on the battle."}], "Q704206": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marzabotto massacre (Italian: strage di Marzabotto), also known in recent historiography as the Monte Sole massacre (Italian: eccidio di Monte Sole or Italian: strage di Monte Sole), was a World War II massacre of Italian civilians committed by German forces between 29 September and 5 October 1944 in the Monte Sole area, south of Bologna, Italy."}], "Q713917": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907(Korean: 한일신협약) was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1907."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907(Korean: 한일신협약) was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1907."}], "Q768155": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1967 Detroit riot, also known as the 12th Street Riot and the Detroit Uprising, was the bloodiest of the urban riots in the United States during the \"long, hot summer of 1967\"."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The scale of the riot was the worst in the United States since the 1863 New York City draft riots during the American Civil War, and it was not surpassed until the 1992 Los Angeles riots 25 years later."}], "Q794050": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union was unable to locate K-129, but the US determined its general location from data recorded by four Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) sites and the Adak Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) array."}], "Q1047674": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Novi Sad raid (Serbian: Рација у јужној Бачкој, romanized: Racija u južnoj Bačkoj; also known as the Raid in southern Bačka, the Novi Sad massacre, the Újvidék massacre, or simply The Raid; Рација, Racija) was a massacre carried out by the Royal Hungarian Army, the armed forces of Kingdom of Hungary, during World War II, after the Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories and annexation of "}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Novi Sad raid (Serbian: Рација у јужној Бачкој, romanized: Racija u južnoj Bačkoj; also known as the Raid in southern Bačka, the Novi Sad massacre, the Újvidék massacre, or simply The Raid; Рација, Racija) was a massacre carried out by the Royal Hungarian Army, the armed forces of Kingdom of Hungary, during World War II, after the Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories and annexation of "}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The victims in both Novi Sad and the wider region were mostly Serbs and Jews, though several Romani, Rusyns, Russians and Hungarians were killed as well."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the war, several trials were held in Hungary and Yugoslavia, resulting in the conviction and execution of a number of key organizers."}, {"id": "Q57467", "label": "János Áder", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 2013, Hungarian President János Áder formally apologized for the wa"}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hungarians occupied Bačka, which had been a part of Hungary until the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, when it was incorporated into the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hungarians occupied Bačka, which had been a part of Hungary until the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, when it was incorporated into the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q673913", "label": "Ferenc Szombathelyi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On 5 January, Ferenc Szombathelyi, the Chief of the Hungarian General Staff, ordered punitive raids against the Partisans of Bačka."}, {"id": "Q76361", "label": "Wilhelm Keitel", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Several days later, Generalfeldmarschall (Field marshal) Wilhelm Keitel, the chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, arrived in Budapest requesting that the entire Royal Hungarian Army be moved to the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Several days later, Generalfeldmarschall (Field marshal) Wilhelm Keitel, the chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, arrived in Budapest requesting that the entire Royal Hungarian Army be moved to the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q529517", "label": "László Bárdossy", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hungarian Prime Minister László Bárdossy declined, and in order to justify this decision, sought to demonstrate that Hungarian troops were desperately needed in the occupied territories."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Hungary's leaders may also have been motivated to pursue a harsh response to demonstrate that they were strong enough to deal with Serb resistance and Jewish \"subversion\", and thus convince Germany that Hungary was competent enough to control the Banat, which had been part of the country before World War I."}], "Q118779713": [{"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 May 2023, the Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and Iranian border guards clashed along the Afghanistan–Iran border between the Afghan Nimruz Province and the Iranian Sistan and Baluchestan province."}, {"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "During the war, the U.S., UK, and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan accused Iran of providing sanctuaries and material support to the Taliban."}], "Q1191077": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dover, also known as the Secret Treaty of Dover, was an agreement between Louis XIV of France and Charles II of England signed at Dover on 1 June 1670."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Dover, also known as the Secret Treaty of Dover, was an agreement between Louis XIV of France and Charles II of England signed at Dover on 1 June 1670."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Under these, Charles would provide military backing for a French invasion of the Dutch Republic, and committed to convert to Catholicism at some future date."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the conversion clause was never activated, the treaty led to the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which lasted from 1672 until 1674 and was a related conflict of the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the conversion clause was never activated, the treaty led to the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which lasted from 1672 until 1674 and was a related conflict of the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "A Franco-Dutch defensive treaty was signed in 1662, while in January 1666 France entered the Second Anglo-Dutch War against England."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the peace Treaty of Breda (1667), Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands later that year, beginning the War of Devolution."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the peace Treaty of Breda (1667), Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands later that year, beginning the War of Devolution."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Suggested motives include: a desire to gain the alliance of Europe's strongest state; to ensure Charles' political and financial independence from the English parliament; to put England in a position to receive a share of the Spanish Empire if it broke up (the infant Carlos II had no clear heir); to gain the support of English Catholics (and possibly also Protestant dissenters) for the monarchy; o"}, {"id": "Q331740", "label": "Raid on the Medway", "section": "Background", "says": "Suggested motives include: a desire to gain the alliance of Europe's strongest state; to ensure Charles' political and financial independence from the English parliament; to put England in a position to receive a share of the Spanish Empire if it broke up (the infant Carlos II had no clear heir); to gain the support of English Catholics (and possibly also Protestant dissenters) for the monarchy; o"}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis was married to Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain (died 1665); Maria Theresa had renounced her inheritance rights, but Louis consistently manoeuvred to acquire Spanish territory adjacent"}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Louis was married to Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain (died 1665); Maria Theresa had renounced her inheritance rights, but Louis consistently manoeuvred to acquire Spanish territory adjacent"}], "Q1208440": [{"id": "Q844551", "label": "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Советско-китайский договор о дружбе, союзе и взаимной помощи, simplified Chinese: 中苏友好同盟互助条约; traditional Chinese: 中蘇友好同盟互助條約; pinyin: Zhōng-Sū Yǒuhǎo Tóngméng Hùzhù Tiáoyuē), or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short, was a bilateral treaty of alliance, collective security, aid and cooperation conclude"}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Советско-китайский договор о дружбе, союзе и взаимной помощи, simplified Chinese: 中苏友好同盟互助条约; traditional Chinese: 中蘇友好同盟互助條約; pinyin: Zhōng-Sū Yǒuhǎo Tóngméng Hùzhù Tiáoyuē), or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short, was a bilateral treaty of alliance, collective security, aid and cooperation conclude"}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "It superseded the previous Sino-Soviet treaty signed by the Kuomintang government."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong travelled to the Soviet Union to sign the treaty, one of only two times in his life that he left China."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong travelled to the Soviet Union to sign the treaty, one of only two times in his life that he left China."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "lead", "says": "After the expiration of the treaty in 1979, Deng Xiaoping wanted China not to negotiate with the Soviets unless they agreed to China's demands such as withdrawing from Afghanistan, removing their troops from Mongolia and the Sino-Soviet border, and ceasing their support of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the expiration of the treaty in 1979, Deng Xiaoping wanted China not to negotiate with the Soviets unless they agreed to China's demands such as withdrawing from Afghanistan, removing their troops from Mongolia and the Sino-Soviet border, and ceasing their support of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the expiration of the treaty in 1979, Deng Xiaoping wanted China not to negotiate with the Soviets unless they agreed to China's demands such as withdrawing from Afghanistan, removing their troops from Mongolia and the Sino-Soviet border, and ceasing their support of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the expiration of the treaty in 1979, Deng Xiaoping wanted China not to negotiate with the Soviets unless they agreed to China's demands such as withdrawing from Afghanistan, removing their troops from Mongolia and the Sino-Soviet border, and ceasing their support of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q796498", "label": "Third Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The expiration of the treaty allowed China to attack Vietnam, a Soviet ally, in the Third Indochina War as a response to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia since the treaty had prevented China from attacking Soviet allies."}], "Q131392292": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2024 Homs offensive was a military operation launched by forces of the Syrian Salvation Government (SSG) during the 2024 Syrian opposition offensive, a phase of the Syrian Civil War."}], "Q1336295": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish Operation of the NKVD (Soviet security service) in 1937–1938 was an anti-Polish mass-ethnic cleansing operation of the NKVD carried out in the Soviet Union against Poles (labeled by the Soviets as \"agents\") during the period of the Great Purge."}, {"id": "Q141860", "label": "Nikolai Yezhov", "section": "lead", "says": "00485 signed by Nikolai Yezhov."}], "Q1395235": [{"id": "Q574", "label": "Timor-Leste", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ), or the Bangkok Treaty of 1995, is a nuclear weapons moratorium treaty between 11 Southeast Asian member-states under the auspices of the ASEAN: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and Timor-Leste."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "It was opened for signature at the treaty conference in Bangkok, Thailand, on 15 December 1995 and it entered into force on March 28, 1997 and obliges its members not to develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire, possess or have control over nuclear weapons."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty includes a protocol under which the five nuclear-weapon states recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), namely China, the United States, France, Russia and the United Kingdom (who are also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) undertake to respect the Treaty and do not contribute to a violation of it by State parties."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "Background", "says": "The groundwork of the establishment of the future Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ)  was started on November 27, 1971, when the 5 original members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, met in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and signed the declaration on ASEAN's Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN)."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "Background", "says": "The groundwork of the establishment of the future Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ)  was started on November 27, 1971, when the 5 original members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, met in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and signed the declaration on ASEAN's Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN)."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "It became fully effective on 21 June 2001, after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region."}], "Q153678": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Cholera cases from this outbreak were also reported in neighboring countries South Africa, Malawi, Botswana, Mozambique, and Zambia."}], "Q18121212": [{"id": "Q18357664", "label": "Operation Inherent Resolve", "section": "lead", "says": "The intervention was part of Operation Inherent Resolve and saw the US support both anti-ISIL and anti-Assad factions, including the Syrian Armed Forces under the transitional government and the YPG-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2014, the US-led coalition—which involved the United Kingdom, France, Jordan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, and others—launched an air campaign against the Islamic State and al-Nusra Front inside Syria."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2014, the US-led coalition—which involved the United Kingdom, France, Jordan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, and others—launched an air campaign against the Islamic State and al-Nusra Front inside Syria."}], "Q1964451": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Archery, also known as the Måløy Raid, was a British Combined Operations raid during World War II against German positions on the island of Vågsøy, Norway, on 27 December 1941."}], "Q2099969": [{"id": "Q603771", "label": "Emirate of Crete", "section": "lead", "says": "The city, whose garrison was absent at the time, was sacked and plundered, yielding not only many captives but also large quantities of weapons and supplies intended for the Arab Emirate of Crete."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 820s, the Byzantine Empire suffered two great losses that destroyed its naval supremacy in the Mediterranean: the beginning of the Arab Muslim conquest of Sicily and the conquest of Crete to Andalusian exiles."}], "Q2294549": [{"id": "Q2414171", "label": "First Brazilian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Proclamation of the Republic (Portuguese: Proclamação da República) was a military coup d'état that established the First Brazilian Republic on November 15, 1889."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "It abolished the constitutional monarchy of the Empire of Brazil and ended the reign of Emperor Pedro II."}, {"id": "Q200812", "label": "Deodoro da Fonseca", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup took place in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of the Empire at the time, when a group of military officers of the Imperial Army, led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, staged a coup d'état without the use of violence, deposing Emperor Pedro II and the President of the Council of Ministers of the Empire, the Viscount of Ouro Preto."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "On the part of the progressive groups, there was the criticism that the monarchy had maintained, until very late, slavery in the country (Brazil being the last country in the Americas to abolish it)."}], "Q2446765": [{"id": "Q456380", "label": "Itagaki Taisuke", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Etō then assisted Itagaki Taisuke in organizing the Aikoku Kōtō political party, and in composing the Tosa Memorial, a sharp criticism of the government."}, {"id": "Q356118", "label": "Ōkubo Toshimichi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Alarmed by growing rumors of unrest, Home Minister Ōkubo Toshimichi dispatched his henchman Iwamura Takatoshi to Saga to restore order."}], "Q2464639": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "De-Cossackization (Russian: Расказачивание, romanized: Raskazachivaniye; Ukrainian: Розкозачення, romanized: Rozkozachennja) was the Bolshevik policy of systematic repression against the Cossacks in territories of the former Russian Empire between 1919 and 1933, especially the Don and Kuban Cossacks in Russia, aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a distinct  collectivity by exterminating th"}], "Q2710498": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended on September 13 with the highest number of fatalities in the history of United States prison riots."}, {"id": "Q11237", "label": "Nelson Rockefeller", "section": "lead", "says": "By order of Governor Nelson Rockefeller (after consultation with President Richard M."}, {"id": "Q119546", "label": "Howard Zinn", "section": "Background", "says": "Historian Howard Zinn wrote the following about the conditions in Attica prior to the uprising,\n\nPrisoners spent 14 to 16 hours a day in their cells, their mail was read, their reading material restricted, their visits from families conducted through a mesh screen, their medical care disgraceful, their parole system inequitable, racism everywhere."}], "Q2890987": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "Anti-Jewish violence then continued throughout the \"Reconquista\", culminating in the 1492 expulsion of the Jews from Spain."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1492, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella issued the Alhambra Decree, which ordered the expulsion of Jews who had not converted to Catholicism."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "Background to violence: 1350-1390", "says": "King John I of Castile and Martínez's church superior Father Barroso, the primate of Spain, ordered Martínez to cease his incitement; Martínez ignored them both."}, {"id": "Q312104", "label": "Enrique III of Castile", "section": "Background to violence: 1350-1390", "says": "The tipping point occurred when both John I and Barroso died in 1390, leaving John's 11-year-old son Henry III of Castile to rule under the regency of his mother."}], "Q2982703": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The clash was a result of increasing ethnic tensions in Croatia during the breakup of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the first serious outbreaks of violence in what became the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q314295", "label": "Milan Babić", "section": "Background", "says": "Milan Babić, a dentist from the southern town of Knin, was elected president and Knin's police chief Milan Martić established paramilitary militias."}, {"id": "Q352249", "label": "Milan Martić", "section": "Background", "says": "Milan Babić, a dentist from the southern town of Knin, was elected president and Knin's police chief Milan Martić established paramilitary militias."}], "Q3178811": [{"id": "Q316110", "label": "Manuel Godoy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tumult of Aranjuez (Spanish: Motín de Aranjuez), also known as the Mutiny of Aranjuez, was an uprising against Prime Minister Manuel Godoy and Charles IV of Spain that took place in the town of Aranjuez on 17–19 March 1808."}, {"id": "Q183226", "label": "Charles IV of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tumult of Aranjuez (Spanish: Motín de Aranjuez), also known as the Mutiny of Aranjuez, was an uprising against Prime Minister Manuel Godoy and Charles IV of Spain that took place in the town of Aranjuez on 17–19 March 1808."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was instigated by disgruntled citizens and the supporters of Charles's son Ferdinand VII."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Celebrated annually in the first week of September, the event led to the fall of Godoy and abdication of Charles IV and the subsequent accession of Ferdinand VII."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Causes of the Tumult", "says": "Most notable among them was the King's own son Crown Prince Ferdinand, who had led the El Escorial Conspiracy a few months earlier."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes of the Tumult", "says": "This had impaired trade with the United States, causing food shortages and affecting industrial production."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Causes of the Tumult", "says": "In addition, under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the King and Godoy had allowed French Emperor Napoleon's troops to cross Spain to attack Portugal."}], "Q323772": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donbas strategic offensive was the second of two strategic operations of the Soviet Red Army on the Eastern Front of World War II, with the goal of liberating the Donetsk Basin, or Donbas, from the forces of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donbas strategic offensive was the second of two strategic operations of the Soviet Red Army on the Eastern Front of World War II, with the goal of liberating the Donetsk Basin, or Donbas, from the forces of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donbas strategic offensive was the second of two strategic operations of the Soviet Red Army on the Eastern Front of World War II, with the goal of liberating the Donetsk Basin, or Donbas, from the forces of Nazi Germany."}], "Q3298759": [{"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915, when 330 US Marines landed at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, after the National City Bank of New York (now Citibank) convinced US President Woodrow Wilson to take control of the country's political and financial interests."}, {"id": "Q886436", "label": "Vilbrun Guillaume Sam", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation took place following years of socioeconomic instability within Haiti that culminated with the lynching of Haitian President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam by a mob angered by his executions of political prisoners."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the occupation, Haiti's foreign debt constituted 80% of its annual revenue, though it was able to meet financial obligations, especially when compared to Ecuador, Honduras, and Mexico at that time."}, {"id": "Q205282", "label": "William Jennings Bryan", "section": "Background", "says": "Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan fired established Latin American experts upon his confirmation, replacing them with political allies."}], "Q3305554": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 was a military conflict fought in the Byzantine Empire between Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his son, Andronikos IV Palaiologos, also growing into an Ottoman civil war as well, when Savcı Bey, the son of Ottoman Emperor Murad I joined Andronikos in a joint rebellion against their fathers."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 was a military conflict fought in the Byzantine Empire between Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his son, Andronikos IV Palaiologos, also growing into an Ottoman civil war as well, when Savcı Bey, the son of Ottoman Emperor Murad I joined Andronikos in a joint rebellion against their fathers."}, {"id": "Q37078", "label": "Andronikos IV Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 was a military conflict fought in the Byzantine Empire between Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his son, Andronikos IV Palaiologos, also growing into an Ottoman civil war as well, when Savcı Bey, the son of Ottoman Emperor Murad I joined Andronikos in a joint rebellion against their fathers."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 was a military conflict fought in the Byzantine Empire between Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his son, Andronikos IV Palaiologos, also growing into an Ottoman civil war as well, when Savcı Bey, the son of Ottoman Emperor Murad I joined Andronikos in a joint rebellion against their fathers."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "lead", "says": "Although he failed, with Genoese aid, Andronikos was eventually able to overthrow and imprison John V in 1376."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Death had killed a substantial proportion of the Empire’s population and decimated the workforce, while corruption, mismanagement, and foreign invasion threatened the empire."}, {"id": "Q133046", "label": "Urban V", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1369, seeking aid from the West, John V visited Pope Urban V that summer."}], "Q450355": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish population transfers in 1944–1946 from the eastern half of prewar Poland (also known as the expulsions of Poles from the Kresy macroregion), were the forced migrations of Poles toward the end and in the aftermath of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "These were the result of a Soviet Union policy that had been ratified by the main Allies of World War II."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "These were the result of a Soviet Union policy that had been ratified by the main Allies of World War II."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "This was agreed at the Potsdam Conference of Allies in 1945, to which the Polish government-in-exile was not invited."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Roosevelt of the U.S., and Joseph Stalin of the USSR, during the conferences at Tehran and Yalta."}, {"id": "Q211274", "label": "Polish People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The term repatriation, used officially in both the Polish People's Republic and the USSR, was a deliberate distortion, as deported peoples were leaving their homeland rather than returning to it."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "Background", "says": "More Poles migrated to this area after the Union of Lublin in 1569, when most of the territory became part of the newly established Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "More Poles migrated to this area after the Union of Lublin in 1569, when most of the territory became part of the newly established Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q376303", "label": "Norman Davies", "section": "Background", "says": "Some 80,000 Poles were escorted to Siberia by the Russian imperial army in 1864 in the single largest deportation action undertaken within the Russian Partition. \"Books were burned; churches destroyed; priests murdered;\" wrote Norman Davies."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922 brought an end to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922 brought an end to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922 brought an end to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1922 Bolshevik Russian Red Army, with their Bolshevik allies in Ukraine overwhelmed the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, including the annexed Ukrainian territories into the Soviet Union."}], "Q4821674": [{"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1975 spring offensive (Vietnamese: chiến dịch mùa Xuân 1975), officially known as the general offensive and uprising of spring 1975 (Vietnamese: Tổng tiến công và nổi dậy mùa Xuân 1975), was the final North Vietnamese campaign of the Vietnam War that led to the capitulation of South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1975 spring offensive (Vietnamese: chiến dịch mùa Xuân 1975), officially known as the general offensive and uprising of spring 1975 (Vietnamese: Tổng tiến công và nổi dậy mùa Xuân 1975), was the final North Vietnamese campaign of the Vietnam War that led to the capitulation of South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1974, People's Army of Vietnam's (PAVN) forces crossed from their bases in Cambodia and captured Phước Long Province by January 1975."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the ARVN collapse, North Vietnam transferred its northern forces over 350 miles (560 km) south down the Ho Chi Minh trail through Laos and Cambodia to capture the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon and win the war in time to celebrate their late President Ho Chi Minh's birthday."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the ARVN collapse, North Vietnam transferred its northern forces over 350 miles (560 km) south down the Ho Chi Minh trail through Laos and Cambodia to capture the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon and win the war in time to celebrate their late President Ho Chi Minh's birthday."}, {"id": "Q334419", "label": "Duong Van Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "While IV Corps southwest of Saigon remained relatively stable, preventing VC units from capturing any provincial capitals, PAVN forces entered Saigon, forcing the South Vietnamese government, now under the leadership of Dương Văn Minh, to surrender on 30 April 1975."}], "Q551350": [{"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Declaring Finland an independent state was not a part of the original plot, but one of the conspirators Johan Anders Jägerhorn, who handed the note to Empress Catherine the Great, made such claims in Saint Petersburg."}], "Q60752789": [{"id": "Q349263", "label": "Shōmu", "section": "Origins", "says": "Their sudden departure from the royal court allowed for the ascension of noted rival Tachibana no Moroe to a high official position in the court of Emperor Shōmu."}], "Q745136": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Agreement Creating An Association Between The Republic of Turkey and the European Economic Community, commonly known as the Ankara Agreement (Turkish: Ankara Anlaşması), is a treaty signed in 1963 that provides for the framework for the co-operation between Turkey and the European Union (EU)."}], "Q7571819": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albanian–Soviet split (Russian: Албано-советский раскол, romanized: Albano-sovetskiy raskol; Albanian: Ndarja shqiptaro-sovjetike) was the gradual worsening of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Republic of Albania, which occurred in the 1956–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia along with his "}, {"id": "Q53783", "label": "Enver Hoxha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albanian leadership under Enver Hoxha perceived Khrushchev's policies as contrary to Marxist–Leninist doctrine and his denunciation of Joseph Stalin as an opportunistic act meant to legitimize revisionism within the international communist movement."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Albanian leadership under Enver Hoxha perceived Khrushchev's policies as contrary to Marxist–Leninist doctrine and his denunciation of Joseph Stalin as an opportunistic act meant to legitimize revisionism within the international communist movement."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Occurring within the context of the larger split between China and the USSR, the Soviet–Albanian split culminated in the termination of relations in 1961, however Albania did not withdraw from the Warsaw Pact until 1968, mainly as a reaction to the invasion of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In his memoirs, Hoxha recounts the apprehension he and others had about the post-Stalin leadership, just days after Stalin's death. \"The way in which the death of Stalin was announced and his funeral ceremony was organized created the impression ... that many members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had been awaiting his death impatiently.\"\nA mee"}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "Background", "says": "In his memoirs, Hoxha recounts the apprehension he and others had about the post-Stalin leadership, just days after Stalin's death. \"The way in which the death of Stalin was announced and his funeral ceremony was organized created the impression ... that many members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had been awaiting his death impatiently.\"\nA mee"}], "Q792386": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice of Belgrade was an agreement on the termination of World War I hostilities between the Allied and Associated Powers and the Kingdom of Hungary concluded in Belgrade on 13 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was largely negotiated by General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, as the commanding officer of the Allied Army of the Orient, and Hungarian Prime Minister Mihály Károlyi, on 7 November."}, {"id": "Q2918286", "label": "Paul Prosper Henrys", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by General Paul Prosper Henrys and vojvoda Živojin Mišić, as representatives of the Allies, and by the former Hungarian Minister of War, Béla Linder."}, {"id": "Q1138038", "label": "Živojin Mišić", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by General Paul Prosper Henrys and vojvoda Živojin Mišić, as representatives of the Allies, and by the former Hungarian Minister of War, Béla Linder."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "lead", "says": "It left large parts of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary) outside Hungarian control – including parts or entire regions of Transylvania, Banat, Bačka, Baranya, as well as Croatia-Slavonia."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It left large parts of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary) outside Hungarian control – including parts or entire regions of Transylvania, Banat, Bačka, Baranya, as well as Croatia-Slavonia."}, {"id": "Q516160", "label": "First Hungarian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the armistice and the subsequent actions of the Allies embittered a significant part of Hungary's population and caused the downfall of Károlyi and the First Hungarian Republic, which had been established only 3 days after its signing."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1919, the First Hungarian Republic was replaced by the short-lived, communist-ruled Hungarian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the Allied-occupied territories determined by the demarcation line (and additional territories elsewhere) were detached from Hungary through the 1920 Treaty of Trianon."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 September 1918, in the final stages of World War I, Bulgaria signed the armistice of Salonica following the collapse of its defensive positions at the Macedonian front and withdrew from the war."}, {"id": "Q769787", "label": "Petar Bojović", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1 November, the Serbian First Army under vojvoda Petar Bojović and the French Armée d'Orient, led by General Paul Prosper Henrys, reached Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q689527", "label": "Aster Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (the Hungarian part of the dual monarchy), the government was deposed as a result of the 28–31 October Aster Revolution, and then replaced by the Hungarian National Council, which was led by Mihály Károlyi."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 October, the Sabor of Croatia-Slavonia broke its legal ties with Austria-Hungary, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (comprising the South Slavic-inhabited Habsburg lands) became independent."}, {"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "Background", "says": "Representatives of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs met with Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić in Geneva on 6–9 November to discuss the creation of a unified South Slavic state, which even then was sometimes referred to as Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Representatives of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs met with Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić in Geneva on 6–9 November to discuss the creation of a unified South Slavic state, which even then was sometimes referred to as Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q78544", "label": "Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The same day Bojović informed the Serbian Supreme Command that lieutenant colonels Koszlovány and Dormanti, attached to the Hungarian general staff, had reached the Dunav Division's headquarters on authority of Generalfeldmarschall Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza, with offers of an armistice."}], "Q850188": [{"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been named \"Matins\" (after a monastic liturgy) in analogy to the Sicilian Vespers of 1282."}, {"id": "Q44732", "label": "Battle of the Golden Spurs", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt led to the Battle of the Golden Spurs, which saw the Flemish militia defeat French troops on 11 July 1302."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "When Margaret abdicated in 1278 to her son Guy of Dampierre, the nobles sought an alliance with the French king Philip the Fair (Flanders being a vassal to France at the time)."}, {"id": "Q195983", "label": "Franco-Flemish War", "section": "Background", "says": "This led to the Franco-Flemish War in 1297, during which time royal troops took over the city, a highly unpopular action that caused widespread fear and anger among the Flemish in Bruges."}], "Q977981": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation of the Equator (Portuguese: Confederação do Equador) was a short-lived rebellion that occurred in the northeastern region of the Empire of Brazil in 1824, in the early years of the country's independence from Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation of the Equator (Portuguese: Confederação do Equador) was a short-lived rebellion that occurred in the northeastern region of the Empire of Brazil in 1824, in the early years of the country's independence from Portugal."}], "Q108274219": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Foreign nationals and some vulnerable Afghan citizens were airlifted from Kabul by the United States and its allies in 2021."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The airlift followed the Taliban's rapid takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021 and during the final stages of the US and NATO troop withdrawal, marking the end of the 2001–2021 war in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban took control of Kabul and declared victory on 15 August 2021, and the NATO-backed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed."}, {"id": "Q108127419", "label": "Operation Allies Refuge", "section": "lead", "says": "Although some countries had previously begun small-scale evacuation efforts in the months leading up to August 2021, such as the American Operation Allies Refuge and the British Operation Pitting, the collapse of the Afghan government occurred sooner than intelligence projections had estimated, and evacuation efforts became more urgent."}, {"id": "Q107354956", "label": "Doha Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Afghan peace process, the Trump administration and Taliban signed the Doha Agreement in February 2020."}, {"id": "Q326668", "label": "Operation Enduring Freedom", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Taliban seized control, the urgency to evacuate populations vulnerable to the Taliban, including those interpreters and assistants who had worked with the Operation Enduring Freedom; the International Security Assistance Force, Operation Freedom's Sentinel and the Resolute Support Mission; Hazara people; and vulnerable women and minorities, given the treatment of women by the Taliban, gaine"}], "Q108902202": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "His killer, Ali Harbi Ali, a British citizen and Islamic State sympathiser, was arrested at the scene."}], "Q111606488": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 April 2022, clashes erupted between Palestinians and Israeli Security Forces on the Al-Aqsa compound in the Old City of Jerusalem."}], "Q14605366": [{"id": "Q57634", "label": "Hashim Thaçi", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations were led by Serbian prime minister Ivica Dačić and  Kosovo prime minister Hashim Thaçi, mediated by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton."}, {"id": "Q105667", "label": "Catherine Ashton", "section": "lead", "says": "Negotiations were led by Serbian prime minister Ivica Dačić and  Kosovo prime minister Hashim Thaçi, mediated by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Kosovo (as part of Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) was placed under United Nations administration under UNSC Resolution 1244."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Kosovo (as part of Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) was placed under United Nations administration under UNSC Resolution 1244."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Kosovo (as part of Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) was placed under United Nations administration under UNSC Resolution 1244."}], "Q15243087": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the outbreak of World War II in the Pacific, the island of Borneo was divided into five territories."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "Four of the territories were in the north and under British control – Sarawak, Brunei, the island of Labuan, and British North Borneo; while the remainder, and bulk, of the island, was under the jurisdiction of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Four of the territories were in the north and under British control – Sarawak, Brunei, the island of Labuan, and British North Borneo; while the remainder, and bulk, of the island, was under the jurisdiction of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 December 1941, Japanese forces landed at Miri, Sarawak having sailed from Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Military Administration formally took over from the Japanese on 12 September 1945."}, {"id": "Q1658411", "label": "Raj of Sarawak", "section": "Background", "says": "Japanese immigrants had also been in the Raj of Sarawak since 1915, with some of them working as hawkers and some Japanese women working in the red-light district."}], "Q16782534": [{"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolution of 1934 (Spanish: Revolución de 1934), also known as the Revolution of October 1934 or the Revolutionary General Strike of 1934, was an uprising during the \"black biennium\" of the Second Spanish Republic between 5 and 19 October 1934."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Historians have argued that the revolution increased antagonism between the political right and left, and was one of the causes for the later Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q433615", "label": "Indalecio Prieto", "section": "Background", "says": "Most of the rifles came from a shipment of arms supplied by Indalecio Prieto, a socialist party moderate, on the yacht Turquesa at Pravia, north-east of Oviedo."}], "Q169491": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Budapest Convention (Budapester Vertrag) was a secret agreement between Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1877 to agree on policies and the division of powers in Southeast Europe in the eventuality of war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Budapest Convention (Budapester Vertrag) was a secret agreement between Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1877 to agree on policies and the division of powers in Southeast Europe in the eventuality of war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q685933", "label": "Reichstadt Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement confirmed the results of the earlier Reichstadt Agreement and was made between the Emperor Franz Joseph and Tsar Alexander II of Russia initially during the Constantinople Conference (1876–1877) and was subsequently finalised in Budapest on January 15, 1877."}, {"id": "Q83171", "label": "Alexander II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement confirmed the results of the earlier Reichstadt Agreement and was made between the Emperor Franz Joseph and Tsar Alexander II of Russia initially during the Constantinople Conference (1876–1877) and was subsequently finalised in Budapest on January 15, 1877."}], "Q1800150": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kirovabad pogrom or the pogrom of Kirovabad was an Azeri-led ethnic cleansing that targeted Armenians living in the city of Kirovabad (today called Ganja) in Soviet Azerbaijan during November 1988."}], "Q1818072": [{"id": "Q233505", "label": "Second Barbary War", "section": "lead", "says": "Many news reports cited the last pirate seizure as being during the Second Barbary War in 1815, although other incidents are believed to have occurred until at least 1822."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "Background", "says": "With a crew of 23 and 17,000 metric tons (19,000 short tons) of cargo, the Maersk Alabama, originating from Salalah, Oman, was bound for Mombasa, Kenya, after a stop in Djibouti."}], "Q2110883": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was centered in Kosovo, a province of Serbia within Yugoslavia, and the capital city of Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In October 1970, an Afghan family went on pilgrimage from Afghanistan, where smallpox was endemic, to Mashhad in Iran, triggering an epidemic of smallpox in Iran that would last until September 1972."}], "Q2382729": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid on the Suez Canal, also known as actions on the Suez Canal, took place between 26 January and 4 February 1915 when a German-led Ottoman force advanced from southern Palestine to attack the British Empire-protected Suez Canal, marking the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine campaign (1915–1918) of World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid on the Suez Canal, also known as actions on the Suez Canal, took place between 26 January and 4 February 1915 when a German-led Ottoman force advanced from southern Palestine to attack the British Empire-protected Suez Canal, marking the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine campaign (1915–1918) of World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Capturing this strategically vital channel would cut British communications with East Africa, India and Asia, and prevent British Empire troops from reaching the Mediterranean Sea and Europe."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Ottoman Empire constructed a branch railway line from the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway at Ramleh running south to reach Sileh about 275 miles (443 km) from the Suez Canal during the autumn of 1914."}, {"id": "Q2889191", "label": "Battle of Magdhaba", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By May 1916 it had been extended on to Hafir El Auja then south across the Egyptian frontier, to almost reached the Wadi el Arish in December 1916 when the Battle of Magdhaba was fought."}], "Q2410539": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The European theatre is divided into four main theatres of operations: the Western Front, the Eastern Front, the Italian Front, and the Balkans Front."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom was nearly untouched by the war."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Other countries like Russia and the Ottoman Empire saw armies marching over much of their lands, with a great deal of resulting devastation."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the United States did join the war, due to Great Britain's control over the Atlantic Ocean, the only fighting for the U.S."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of World War I in Europe, there were two main sides, the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire; and the Allies: France, the U.K., Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Greece, and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the start of World War I in Europe, there were two main sides, the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire; and the Allies: France, the U.K., Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Greece, and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The U.K. governed the British Empire and the British Commonwealth, which included Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa, Newfoundland, and the countries in the British West Indies, amongst others."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany had 1.9 million soldiers, Austria-Hungary 450,000."}], "Q2525563": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Marocchinate (Italian for 'Moroccans' deeds', pronounced [marokkiˈnaːte]) refers to the mass rapes and killings committed during World War II after the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy."}, {"id": "Q335288", "label": "Battle of Monte Cassino", "section": "lead", "says": "Marocchinate (Italian for 'Moroccans' deeds', pronounced [marokkiˈnaːte]) refers to the mass rapes and killings committed during World War II after the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy."}, {"id": "Q381244", "label": "Alphonse Juin", "section": "lead", "says": "These atrocities were mostly committed by the Moroccan Goumiers, colonial troops of the French Expeditionary Corps (FEC), commanded by General Alphonse Juin, and mostly targeted civilian women and girls (as well as a few men and boys) in the rural areas of Southern Lazio, between Naples and Rome – a region popularly known as Ciociaria."}], "Q2788282": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Alliance (French: traité d'alliance (1778)), also known as the Franco-American Treaty, was a defensive alliance between the Kingdom of France and the United States formed amid the American Revolutionary War with Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Alliance (French: traité d'alliance (1778)), also known as the Franco-American Treaty, was a defensive alliance between the Kingdom of France and the United States formed amid the American Revolutionary War with Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Alliance (French: traité d'alliance (1778)), also known as the Franco-American Treaty, was a defensive alliance between the Kingdom of France and the United States formed amid the American Revolutionary War with Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by delegates of King Louis XVI and the Second Continental Congress in Paris on February 6, 1778, along with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a secret clause providing for the entry of other European allies; together these instruments are sometimes known as the Franco-American Alliance or the Treaties of Alliance."}, {"id": "Q1194699", "label": "Treaty of Amity and Commerce", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed by delegates of King Louis XVI and the Second Continental Congress in Paris on February 6, 1778, along with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a secret clause providing for the entry of other European allies; together these instruments are sometimes known as the Franco-American Alliance or the Treaties of Alliance."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "When the thirteen British colonies in America declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776, their most obvious potential ally was France, a long-time enemy of Britain and a colonial rival who had lost much of their lands in the Americas after the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "When the thirteen British colonies in America declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776, their most obvious potential ally was France, a long-time enemy of Britain and a colonial rival who had lost much of their lands in the Americas after the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "France's leadership had been alarmed by Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War which had shifted the European balance of power and had been planning for a war of revenge since the Treaty of Paris that had ended the conflict in 1763."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Choiseul had been ready go to war in 1770 during the Falklands Crisis, but Louis XV had been alarmed by the British naval mobilization and instead dismissed Choiseul and backed down."}, {"id": "Q34969", "label": "Benjamin Franklin", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 25 the Continental Congress ordered commissioners, led by Benjamin Franklin, to seek a treaty with France based upon Adams draft treaty that had later been formalized into a Model Treaty which sought the establishment of reciprocal trade relations with France but declined to mention any possible military assistance from the French government."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "Background", "says": "Despite an original openness to the alliance, after word of the Declaration of Independence and a British evacuation of Boston reached France, the French Foreign Minister, Comte de Vergennes, put off signing a formal alliance with the United States after receiving news of British victories over General George Washington in the New York and New Jersey campaign."}], "Q2984282": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In Malta, the French established a constitutional tradition in Maltese history (as part of the French First Republic), granted free education for all, and theoretically established freedom of the press, although only the pro-French newspaper Journal de Malte was actually published during the occupation."}], "Q30682954": [{"id": "Q19686631", "label": "Yemeni Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Yemeni Civil War is an ongoing conflict that began in 2015 between two factions: the internationally recognized Yemeni government, led by Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, and the Houthi armed movement, along with their supporters and allies."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "Houthi forces controlling the capital Sanaʽa, and allied with forces loyal to the former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, have clashed with forces loyal to the government of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, based in Aden."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "A Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen was launched in 2015, with Saudi Arabia leading a coalition of nine countries from the Middle East and Africa, in response to calls from President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi for military support."}], "Q3296124": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958, during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The fate of the territories held by Romania after 1918 that were incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 is treated separately in the article on Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Eastern Front offensive of 1944, the Soviet Army occupied the northwestern part of Moldavia as a result of armed combat that took place between the months of April and August of that year, while Romania was still an ally of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Eastern Front offensive of 1944, the Soviet Army occupied the northwestern part of Moldavia as a result of armed combat that took place between the months of April and August of that year, while Romania was still an ally of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The rest of the territory was occupied after Romania changed sides in World War II, as a result of the royal coup launched by King Michael I on August 23, 1944."}, {"id": "Q1321586", "label": "Moscow Armistice", "section": "lead", "says": "As no formal armistice offer had been extended yet, the Red Army occupied most of Romania as enemy territory prior to the signing of the Moscow Armistice of September 12, 1944."}, {"id": "Q322943", "label": "Paris Peace Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "The armistice convention and eventually the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947 provided a legal basis for the Soviet military presence in Romania, which lasted until 1958, reaching a peak of some 615,000 personnel in 1946."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Background and beginning of the occupation", "says": "Romanian troops entered World War II in June 1941 as part of Operation Barbarossa, under the German High Command."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "Background and beginning of the occupation", "says": "However, Romania's eastern campaign ended in disaster, notably at the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "Background and beginning of the occupation", "says": "On August 23, 1944, King Michael, supported by all major parties, launched a coup d'état, thereby overthrowing the pro-Nazi government of Ion Antonescu, and putting Romania's Army on the side of the Allies."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background and beginning of the occupation", "says": "Under the terms of its Armistice Agreement with the Allies, Romania became subject to an Allied Control Commission, composed of representatives of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, while the Soviet military command exercised predominant, de facto authority."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background and beginning of the occupation", "says": "Under the terms of its Armistice Agreement with the Allies, Romania became subject to an Allied Control Commission, composed of representatives of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, while the Soviet military command exercised predominant, de facto authority."}], "Q4560078": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Up to half of the regiment, which consisted of Indian Muslims predominantly from Rajput background, mutinied on 15 February 1915 due to rumours that they would be sent to fight against the largely Muslim Ottoman Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Up to half of the regiment, which consisted of Indian Muslims predominantly from Rajput background, mutinied on 15 February 1915 due to rumours that they would be sent to fight against the largely Muslim Ottoman Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "However, Ghadar sources in the United States of America revealed that there was very little evidence to connect the Singapore Mutiny to the Ghadar Party itself, and even though the Ghadar Party did seek to take credit for the mutiny after the event, the Ghadar Party headquarters in San Francisco had so little contact with the accused in the ensuing trials that its publications were reporting that "}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Causes", "says": "However, Ghadar sources in the United States of America revealed that there was very little evidence to connect the Singapore Mutiny to the Ghadar Party itself, and even though the Ghadar Party did seek to take credit for the mutiny after the event, the Ghadar Party headquarters in San Francisco had so little contact with the accused in the ensuing trials that its publications were reporting that "}], "Q471261": [{"id": "Q684265", "label": "Plaza Accord", "section": "lead", "says": "The Louvre Accord (formally, the Statement of the G6 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors) was an agreement, signed on February 22, 1987, in Paris, that aimed to stabilize international currency markets and halt the continued decline of the US dollar after 1985 following the Plaza Accord."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed by Canada, France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement was signed by Canada, France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q223151", "label": "James Baker", "section": "Background", "says": "Treasury Secretary James Baker attempted to address the imbalance by encouraging its trade partners to stimulate their economies so they can purchase more from it."}], "Q481236": [{"id": "Q630283", "label": "Carl Gustaf Armfeldt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carolean Death March (Swedish: karolinernas dödsmarsch), also known as the Catastrophe on Øyfjellet (Swedish: katastrofen på Öjfjället) was the disastrous retreat by a force of Swedish soldiers (known as Caroleans), under the command of Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, across the Tydalen mountain range in Trøndelag, Norway, around the new year 1718–1719."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Too weakened to retake these, Charles XII of Sweden instead planned an attack on Norway to force the Dano-Norwegian King Frederick IV into great concessions in subsequent peace treaty negotiations."}, {"id": "Q211661", "label": "Jämtland", "section": "Background", "says": "He was now ordered to make a diversionary attack from Jämtland towards Trondheim in Trøndelag with his poorly equipped soldiers."}], "Q57527214": [{"id": "Q6892571", "label": "Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "By 16 October, separate investigations by Turkish officials and The New York Times had concluded that the murder was premeditated and that some members of the Saudi hit team were closely connected to Mohammed bin Salman, the crown prince of Saudi Arabia, and de facto leader of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "By 16 October, separate investigations by Turkish officials and The New York Times had concluded that the murder was premeditated and that some members of the Saudi hit team were closely connected to Mohammed bin Salman, the crown prince of Saudi Arabia, and de facto leader of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the same month, the United States imposed sanctions against 17 Saudis over the murder, but did not sanction bin Salman himself."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "President Donald Trump disputed the CIA assessment, expressed support for bin Salman, stated that the investigation into Khashoggi's death had to continue, and later said \"The United States intends to remain a steadfast partner of Saudi Arabia to ensure the interests of our country, Israel and all other partners in the region.\"\nThe murder prompted intense global scrutiny and criticism of the Saudi"}], "Q583569": [{"id": "Q57667", "label": "Desi Bouterse", "section": "lead", "says": "Soldiers of Dési Bouterse (dictator of Suriname at the time) took them to Fort Zeelandia (at that time Bouterse's headquarters), where they were heard as \"suspects in a trial\" by Bouterse and other sergeants in a self-appointed court."}], "Q6102087": [{"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Offensive (Turkish: Büyük Taarruz) was the largest and final military operation of the Turkish War of Independence, fought between the Turkish Armed Forces loyal to the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and the Kingdom of Greece, ending the Greco-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Offensive (Turkish: Büyük Taarruz) was the largest and final military operation of the Turkish War of Independence, fought between the Turkish Armed Forces loyal to the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and the Kingdom of Greece, ending the Greco-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q2445317", "label": "Battle of Dumlupınar", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive began on 26 August 1922 with the Battle of Dumlupınar."}], "Q6223430": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid is frequently cited as one of the primary causes of the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q216124", "label": "Stonewall Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "Stonewall Jackson and Jeb Stuart were among the troops guarding the arrested Brown, and John Wilkes Booth was a spectator at Brown's execution."}, {"id": "Q102870", "label": "Harriet Tubman", "section": "lead", "says": "John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan was suicidal."}, {"id": "Q215562", "label": "Frederick Douglass", "section": "lead", "says": "John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan was suicidal."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Brown's raid caused much excitement and anxiety throughout the United States, with the South seeing it as a threat to slavery and thus their way of life, and some in the North perceiving it as a bold abolitionist action."}, {"id": "Q131149", "label": "Henry David Thoreau", "section": "lead", "says": "John Brown – aided by the writings of supporters, including Henry David Thoreau, that turned him into a hero and icon for the Union."}], "Q63472138": [{"id": "Q257811", "label": "Chimalpopoca", "section": "Causes", "says": "The Codex Chimalpopoca states that an outbreak of bloody diarrhea occurred in Colhuacan in 1320."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Causes", "says": "Marr and Kiracofe theorized that arenaviruses, mainly affecting rodents, were not prominent in the pre-Columbian Americas."}], "Q636363": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lower Silesian offensive (Russian: Нижне-Силезская наступательная операция) was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II in 1945, involving forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front under Marshal Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lower Silesian offensive (Russian: Нижне-Силезская наступательная операция) was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II in 1945, involving forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front under Marshal Ivan Konev."}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lower Silesian offensive (Russian: Нижне-Силезская наступательная операция) was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II in 1945, involving forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front under Marshal Ivan Konev."}], "Q912109": [{"id": "Q488282", "label": "Gapsin Coup", "section": "Background", "says": "A coup d'état, also known as the Gapsin Coup, was attempted on December 4, 1884."}, {"id": "Q493818", "label": "Inoue Kaoru", "section": "Background", "says": "Inoue Kaoru was the chief Japanese diplomat in dealings with Korea."}], "Q1065867": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty of China, with assistance from the Joseon dynasty of Korea, and the Tsardom of Russia by the Cossacks in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River with disputes over the Amur region."}, {"id": "Q696094", "label": "Treaty of Nerchinsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of Albazin in 1686 and resulted in the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 which gave the land to China."}, {"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "Russian expansion into Siberia began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582."}], "Q10876019": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (Chinese: 中英續訂藏印條約) was a treaty signed in Peking between the Qing dynasty and the British Empire in 1906 concerning Tibet."}, {"id": "Q3536822", "label": "Treaty of Lhasa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a follow-on to the 1904 Convention of Lhasa signed by the British Empire and Tibet after the British expedition to Tibet in 1903–1904."}, {"id": "Q709890", "label": "Tang Shaoyi", "section": "Background", "says": "During the negotiations, the Chinese representative, Tang Shaoyi, insisted that Britain recognize China's sovereignty over Tibet."}], "Q1091648": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to its sustained violence and widespread economic impact, it is considered the worst of the scores of riots and civil disturbances across the United States during the \"Red Summer\" of 1919, so named because of its racial and labor violence."}, {"id": "Q2981049", "label": "Red Summer of 1919", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to its sustained violence and widespread economic impact, it is considered the worst of the scores of riots and civil disturbances across the United States during the \"Red Summer\" of 1919, so named because of its racial and labor violence."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1919, the sociopolitical atmosphere of Chicago around its rapidly growing black community was one of ethnic tension caused by long-standing racism, competition among new groups, an economic slump, and the social changes engendered by World War I."}], "Q1147833": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Morea expedition (French: Expédition de Morée) is the name given to the land intervention of the French Army in the Peloponnese between 1828 and 1833, at the time of the Greek War of Independence, with the aim of expelling the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation forces from the region."}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "lead", "says": "The intervention began when a Franco-Russo-British fleet was sent to the region and won the Battle of Navarino in October 1827, destroying the entire Turkish-Egyptian fleet."}, {"id": "Q1345319", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent", "section": "lead", "says": "Directed by the naturalist and geographer Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, nineteen scientists representing different specialties in natural history, archaeology and architecture-sculpture made the voyage to Greece in March 1829; most of them stayed there for nine months."}], "Q1195982": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Heglig Crisis was a brief war fought between the countries of Sudan and South Sudan in 2012 over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's Unity and Sudan's South Kordofan states."}], "Q120041493": [{"id": "Q21683191", "label": "Victoria Amelina", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirteen people were killed, including Ukrainian novelist Victoria Amelina, a 17-year-old girl, a pair of 14-year old twin sisters and Ian Tortorici, a US Marine Corps veteran, while 61 were injured in the explosions."}], "Q1202203": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Siberian Ice March (Russian: Великий Сибирский Ледяной поход, romanized: Velikiy Sibirskiy Ledyanoy pokhod) was the name given to the 2,000-kilometre (1,200-mile) winter retreat of Admiral Kolchak's Siberian Army from Omsk to Chita, in the course of the Russian Civil War between 14 November 1919 and March 1920."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Prelude", "says": "By the autumn, Denikin had been defeated and the Red Army was able to direct reinforcements back to the Eastern Front."}], "Q12296445": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Asiatic-Pacific theater was the theater of operations of U.S. forces during World War II in and around the Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During 1945, the United States added the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, commanded by General Carl A."}], "Q141349562": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel launched a large-scale attack on Iran, aimed at regime change."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Yemeni government forces and Saudi Arabia responded by striking the airport's runway to prevent the landing."}], "Q1738747": [{"id": "Q34474", "label": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn", "section": "lead", "says": "The story of the rebellion was first committed to history in The Gulag Archipelago, a work by former Gulag prisoner and Nobel Prize-winning Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, using former Kengir prisoners as sources."}], "Q1861428": [{"id": "Q2704274", "label": "Defence of the Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Heligoland Bight was the first \"named\" air battle of the Second World War, which began the longest air campaign of the war on 3 September 1939, the Defence of the Reich."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "After the declaration of war, RAF Bomber Command began operations against Nazi Germany but limited their attacks to those targets that were purely military and had little risk of civilian casualties."}, {"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "This largely limited their efforts to attacks on the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) warships in German ports to prevent their use in the Battle of the Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "This belief was reinforced by the success of the Battle of France, which meant that opposing air forces were pushed too far away for effective bombing attacks on the German homeland."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Background", "says": "Coordination was not helped by the poor relations between the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine Commanders-in-Chief, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) Erich Raeder."}, {"id": "Q57154", "label": "Erich Raeder", "section": "Background", "says": "Coordination was not helped by the poor relations between the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine Commanders-in-Chief, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) Erich Raeder."}, {"id": "Q156554", "label": "Battle of Jutland", "section": "Background", "says": "Schumacher had served in the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) during the First World War and as an officer cadet had seen combat at the Battle of Jutland."}], "Q2032413": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orzeł incident occurred at the beginning of World War II in September 1939, when the interned Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escaped from Tallinn, in neutral Estonia, to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orzeł incident occurred at the beginning of World War II in September 1939, when the interned Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escaped from Tallinn, in neutral Estonia, to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union used the incident as one of the pretexts to justify its eventual military invasion and occupation of Estonia in June 1940."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "Orzeł was docked at Oksywie when Nazi Germany attacked Poland and began World War II."}], "Q2072172": [{"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Nauru was the period of three years (26 August 1942 – 13 September 1945) during which Nauru, a Pacific island which at that time was under Australian administration, was occupied by the Japanese military as part of its operations in the Pacific War during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Nauru was the period of three years (26 August 1942 – 13 September 1945) during which Nauru, a Pacific island which at that time was under Australian administration, was occupied by the Japanese military as part of its operations in the Pacific War during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "They were unable to relaunch phosphate mining operations, but succeeded in transforming Nauru into a powerful stronghold, which United States forces chose to bypass during their reconquest of the Pacific."}], "Q2081983": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupation of Samoa was the takeover – and subsequent administration – of the Pacific colony of German Samoa by New Zealand during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupation of Samoa was the takeover – and subsequent administration – of the Pacific colony of German Samoa by New Zealand during World War I."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "The landings were unopposed and the New Zealanders took possession of Samoa for the New Zealand Government on behalf of King George V."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The day after the declaration of war, the British Government requested New Zealand seize the wireless station at German Samoa, a protectorate of the German Empire, deeming it \"a great and urgent Imperial service.\"\nSince the days of Richard Seddon, the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1893 to 1906, the New Zealand Government had aspired to control Samoa."}, {"id": "Q2756718", "label": "Alexander Godley", "section": "Background", "says": "Even prior to the war, plans for the occupation of Samoa had been laid down by the Commandant of the New Zealand Military Forces, Major General Alexander Godley, who believed that this would be one likely usage of New Zealand's military in the event of an outbreak of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Therefore, it was arranged that the convoy would liaise at Fiji with the modern battlecruiser HMAS Australia and the French cruiser Montcalm."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Prelude", "says": "However, the day after departing New Zealand and unbeknownst to the New Zealand Government, the British Admiralty decided that the convoy would rendezvous with the modern escorts at Noumea in New Caledonia."}], "Q2457677": [{"id": "Q2375572", "label": "Kliment Boyadzhiev", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the command of Lieutenant General Kliment Boyadzhiev, the Bulgarians seized the fortified areas of Pirot, Niš and the valley of the river Morava."}], "Q2468365": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Russia intervention, also known as the Northern Russian expedition, the Archangel campaign, and the Murman deployment, was part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War after the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Russia intervention, also known as the Northern Russian expedition, the Archangel campaign, and the Murman deployment, was part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War after the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The campaign lasted from March 1918, during the final months of World War I, to October 1919."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Reasons behind the campaign", "says": "The US government declared war on the German Empire and its allies in April, after learning of the former's attempt to persuade Mexico to join the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "Reasons behind the campaign", "says": "The Russian Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky, pledged to continue fighting Imperial Germany on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Reasons behind the campaign", "says": "The Russian Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky, pledged to continue fighting Imperial Germany on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "Reasons behind the campaign", "says": "The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, came to power in October 1917 and established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q464172", "label": "American Expeditionary Force", "section": "Reasons behind the campaign", "says": "This allowed the German army to begin redeploying troops to the Western Front, where the depleted British and French armies had not yet been bolstered by the American Expeditionary Force."}], "Q2573593": [{"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "Violence severely escalated the next morning on May 8 after a televised speech by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah."}, {"id": "Q107354956", "label": "Doha Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Doha Agreement, reached on May 21, 2008, brought an end to the 18-month political feud that exploded into fighting and nearly drove the country to a new civil war."}, {"id": "Q314263", "label": "Fouad Siniora", "section": "Background", "says": "On December 1, 2006, a series of protests and sit-ins began in Lebanon, led by the March 8 political coalition which opposed the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora."}, {"id": "Q184310", "label": "Cedar Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Formed after the Cedar Revolution in 2005, the March 8 coalition was made up of the Shiite Hezbollah and Amal, the Christian Free Patriotic Movement and a number of smaller parties such as the SSNP, LDP and the Arab Democratic Party."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "It argued that too much executive power was in the hands of the Future Movement, the primary political party of March 14, which it in their view misused by too closely aligned with Western states, most notably the United States, thereby compromising Lebanon's sovereignty and security."}, {"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the period was marked by political strife between the March 8 and March 14 coalitions over the international investigation on the assassination of former prime minister Rafic Hariri, the creation of the future Lebanon Tribunal to prosecute the perpetrators this assassination and the question of Hezbollah's armed status."}, {"id": "Q321936", "label": "Taif Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "Hezbollah was the only organization allowed to retain its weapons after the ratification of the Taif Agreement, which brought an end to the Lebanese Civil War, although UN Security Council Resolution 1559 of September 2004 denied the organization the right to retain its arms."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Hezbollah was the only organization allowed to retain its weapons after the ratification of the Taif Agreement, which brought an end to the Lebanese Civil War, although UN Security Council Resolution 1559 of September 2004 denied the organization the right to retain its arms."}], "Q2586098": [{"id": "Q157131", "label": "Zoran Đinđić", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the assassination of Zoran Đinđić and the reduction in the number of KFOR military personnel, tolerance between communities began to wane."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Preparations were underway for the start of negotiations on the status of the territory between representatives of the Albanians on one side and Serbia and Montenegro on the other."}], "Q2640918": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "Black July (Tamil: கறுப்பு யூலை, romanized: Kaṟuppu Yūlai; Sinhala: කළු ජූලිය, romanized: Kalu Juliya) was an anti-Tamil pogrom that occurred in Sri Lanka during July 1983."}], "Q2646583": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1977 Russian flu was an influenza epidemic that was first reported by the Soviet Union in 1977 and lasted until 1979."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian flu first reached the United Kingdom in 1977, and the United States in January 1978."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian flu first reached the United Kingdom in 1977, and the United States in January 1978."}], "Q28444896": [{"id": "Q1005", "label": "The Gambia", "section": "lead", "says": "The ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia or the ECOWAS Mission in The Gambia (abbreviated ECOMIG) – initially code-named Operation Restore Democracy – is an ongoing military intervention in The Gambia by several member states of the Economic Community of West African States."}, {"id": "Q27917049", "label": "Adama Barrow", "section": "lead", "says": "Troops from ECOWAS entered The Gambia in January 2017 following long-time Gambian President Yahya Jammeh's refusal to step down after his loss in the 2016 presidential election to Adama Barrow."}], "Q2898202": [{"id": "Q219470", "label": "Rose Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Adjara crisis (Georgian: აჭარის კრიზისი, romanized: ach'aris k'rizisi), also known as the Adjarian Revolution or the Second Rose Revolution, was a political crisis in Georgia's Adjaran Autonomous Republic, then led by Aslan Abashidze, who refused to obey the central authorities after President Eduard Shevardnadze's ouster during the Rose Revolution of November 2003."}, {"id": "Q43330", "label": "Mikheil Saakashvili", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Georgia's post-revolutionary government of President Mikheil Saakashvili managed to avoid bloodshed and with the help of Adjaran opposition reasserted its supremacy."}], "Q2993585": [{"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Panjdeh incident (spelled Penjdeh in older accounts, and known in Russian historiography as the battle of the Kushka) was an armed engagement between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire regarding the Russian expansion south-eastwards towards the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj (In"}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Panjdeh incident (spelled Penjdeh in older accounts, and known in Russian historiography as the battle of the Kushka) was an armed engagement between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire regarding the Russian expansion south-eastwards towards the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj (In"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Panjdeh incident (spelled Penjdeh in older accounts, and known in Russian historiography as the battle of the Kushka) was an armed engagement between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire regarding the Russian expansion south-eastwards towards the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj (In"}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident halted further Russian expansion in Asia, except for the Pamir Mountains, and resulted in the definition of the north-western border of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Battle of Geok Tepe in January 1881 and the annexation of Merv in March 1884, Russia held most of what is now Turkmenistan."}], "Q3088431": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1917 French Army mutinies took place amongst French Army troops on the Western Front in northern France during World War I."}, {"id": "Q1694094", "label": "Second Battle of the Aisne", "section": "lead", "says": "They started just after the unsuccessful and costly Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917."}, {"id": "Q2005867", "label": "Nivelle Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "They started just after the unsuccessful and costly Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917."}, {"id": "Q49448", "label": "Robert Nivelle", "section": "lead", "says": "The new French commander of the armies in France, General Robert Nivelle, had promised a decisive victory over the Germans in 48 hours; morale in French armies rose to a great height and the shock of failure soured their mood overnight."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "Nivelle was sacked and replaced by General Philippe Pétain, who restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest and leave for exhausted units and moderating discipline."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The catalyst for the mutinies was the extreme optimism and dashed hopes of the Nivelle offensive, pacifism (stimulated by the Russian Revolution and the trade union movement) and disappointment at the non-arrival of American troops."}, {"id": "Q132568", "label": "Battle of the Somme", "section": "Background", "says": "A similar battle would have been considered a draw in 1915 but in 1917, after the huge losses at the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme, the psychology of the soldiers was fragile."}], "Q3322608": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany invaded Estonia in July–December 1941, and occupied the country until 1944."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in the wake of the August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Soviet Union had invaded and occupied Estonia in June 1940, and the country was formally annexed into the USSR in August 1940."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "For the duration of the occupation, Estonia was incorporated as Generalbezirk Estland, subordinated to the Reichskommissariat Ostland, an administrative subdivision of the German Reich."}], "Q34356069": [{"id": "Q10876023", "label": "Convention of Calcutta", "section": "Background", "says": "China's claim on Doklam is based on the 1890 Convention of Calcutta between China and Britain, which states in Article I:\n\nThe boundary of Sikkim and Tibet shall be the crest of the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the Sikkim Teesta and its affluents from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu and northwards into other Rivers of Tibet."}], "Q4072719": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union decided to withdraw in 1989 and when aid dried up on Afghanistan in 1992, a civil war began."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "To counter the insurgency and bring stability in Afghanistan, the United States built bases and garrisons for the Afghan National Security Forces, and is using unmanned aerial vehicles to carry out drone attacks in Pakistan, mainly the Haqqani network in and around the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)."}, {"id": "Q334902", "label": "Baitullah Mehsud", "section": "Background", "says": "The group, led initially by Baitullah Mehsud, is primarily located along the border with Afghanistan and is estimated to have between 30,000 and 35,000 members."}, {"id": "Q32732", "label": "Malala Yousafzai", "section": "Background", "says": "TTP has been responsible for some of the most devastating attacks in Pakistan, targeting churches, schools, and notable figures like Malala Yousafzai, who survived an assassination attempt in 2012 for advocating women's education against Taliban restrictions."}], "Q4116959": [{"id": "Q458532", "label": "Lucjan Żeligowski", "section": "lead", "says": "Żeligowski's Mutiny (Polish: bunt Żeligowskiego, also żeligiada, Lithuanian: Želigovskio maištas) was a Polish false flag operation led by General Lucjan Żeligowski in October 1920, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q523380", "label": "Republic of Central Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Żeligowski's Mutiny (Polish: bunt Żeligowskiego, also żeligiada, Lithuanian: Želigovskio maištas) was a Polish false flag operation led by General Lucjan Żeligowski in October 1920, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "Józef Piłsudski, the Chief of State of Poland, surreptitiously ordered Żeligowski to carry out the operation, and revealed the truth only several years afterwards."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Polish Republic formally annexed Vilnius and its region on 4 March 1922 and the area was recognized by the Conference of Ambassadors as Polish territory on 15 March 1923, which was unrecognized by Lithuania, that claimed Vilnius and its region, and by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Polish Republic formally annexed Vilnius and its region on 4 March 1922 and the area was recognized by the Conference of Ambassadors as Polish territory on 15 March 1923, which was unrecognized by Lithuania, that claimed Vilnius and its region, and by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Polish Republic formally annexed Vilnius and its region on 4 March 1922 and the area was recognized by the Conference of Ambassadors as Polish territory on 15 March 1923, which was unrecognized by Lithuania, that claimed Vilnius and its region, and by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Background", "says": "In the summer of 1920, the Polish–Soviet War was ending with the Soviet Russian Red Army defeated at the Battle of Warsaw and in full retreat."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "Background", "says": "The disputed Vilnius region centered on the Lithuanian capital of Vilnius, founded by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas in 1323, and that had been the Lithuanian capital ever since."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviets returned the region to the Lithuanians because the latter had allowed Soviet troops to move through Lithuanian territory as part of the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty."}, {"id": "Q1495944", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Lithuanians also clashed with Poles over territorial disputes as part of the Polish–Lithuanian War."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "From the Lithuanian point of view, that was highly unlikely, as many Lithuanians saw Polish influence as pernicious and had wanted to be rid of Polish influence from as far back as the marriage of Grand Duke Jogaila to the then 11-year-old Queen Jadwiga of Poland in 1386."}, {"id": "Q470954", "label": "Władysław Grabski", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 July 1920, before the Battle of Warsaw, the Polish prime minister Władysław Grabski signed an agreement in the Spa Conference of 1920, whereby Poland would receive Allied help in exchange for giving up Vilnius to the Lithuanians and the Polish Army retreating to the Curzon demarcation line of 8 December 1919."}, {"id": "Q698651", "label": "Józef Haller", "section": "Prelude until 8 October 1920", "says": "On October 1, in the meeting of the Polish Council of National Defense, General Józef Haller said:\"It is necessary not only to occupy Vilnius, but also to maybe threaten Kaunas and change the Government of Lithuania.\"Żeligowski wrote in his memoirs:I reported to the carriage where the Marshal lived."}], "Q4158590": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Their houses were subsequently inhabited by Armenian repatriates who arrived in the Soviet Union from abroad."}], "Q4348117": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The military occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany was completed on 10 July 1941, by Germany's armed forces, as a part of the German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Anyone not racially acceptable or who opposed the German occupation, as well as those who had cooperated with the Soviet Union, was killed or sent to concentration camps in accordance with the Nazi Generalplan Ost."}], "Q481578": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tallinn offensive (Russian: Таллинская наступательная операция) was a strategic offensive by the Red Army's 2nd Shock Army and 8th Army and the Baltic Fleet against the German Army Detachment Narwa and Estonian units in mainland Estonia on the Eastern Front of World War II on 17–26 September 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tallinn offensive (Russian: Таллинская наступательная операция) was a strategic offensive by the Red Army's 2nd Shock Army and 8th Army and the Baltic Fleet against the German Army Detachment Narwa and Estonian units in mainland Estonia on the Eastern Front of World War II on 17–26 September 1944."}], "Q491182": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Blue House raid, also known in South Korea as the January 21 Incident (Korean: 1·21 사태), was a raid launched by North Korean commandos in an attempt to assassinate President of South Korea Park Chung Hee in his residence at the Blue House in Seoul, on January 21, 1968."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Blue House raid, also known in South Korea as the January 21 Incident (Korean: 1·21 사태), was a raid launched by North Korean commandos in an attempt to assassinate President of South Korea Park Chung Hee in his residence at the Blue House in Seoul, on January 21, 1968."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing pursuit, all but two commandos were killed; one was captured (Kim Shin-jo), and one (Pak Jae-gyong) fled back to North Korea."}, {"id": "Q6431825", "label": "Korean DMZ Conflict", "section": "Background", "says": "The attack at the Blue House took place in the context of the Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–69), which in turn was influenced by the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Background", "says": "The attack at the Blue House took place in the context of the Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–69), which in turn was influenced by the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1965–1968, North Korea–North Vietnam relations were very close, and North Korea provided substantial military and economic assistance to North Vietnam."}], "Q562797": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive (Russian: Острогожско-Россошанская операция) was an offensive of the Voronezh Front on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Hungarian 2nd Army and parts of the Italian 8th Army as part of the Voronezh–Kharkov offensive."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive (Russian: Острогожско-Россошанская операция) was an offensive of the Voronezh Front on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Hungarian 2nd Army and parts of the Italian 8th Army as part of the Voronezh–Kharkov offensive."}, {"id": "Q52315", "label": "Operation Little Saturn", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive came after Operation Little Saturn, made in support of the Stalingrad encirclement."}, {"id": "Q1332642", "label": "Pavel Rybalko", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was supported from the south by the right flank of the Soviet 6th Army and the 3rd Tank Army of Pavel Rybalko."}], "Q601417": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lublin–Brest Offensive (Russian: Люблин‐Брестская наступательная операция, romanized: Lyublin-Brestskaya nastupatel'naya operatsiya, 18 July – 2 August 1944) was a part of the Operation Bagration strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army to clear the Nazi German forces from the regions of Eastern Poland and Western Belarus."}], "Q611682": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 the Swedish dominions Estonia and Livonia were integrated into the Russian Empire following their conquest during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 the Swedish dominions Estonia and Livonia were integrated into the Russian Empire following their conquest during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Livonian nobility and the city of Riga capitulated on 4 July (O.S.) / 15 July 1710 (N.S.), Pernau (Pärnu) in August, and the Estonian nobility and the city of Reval (Tallinn) on 29 September (O.S.) / 10 October (N.S.)."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish Empire formally accepted the capitulations in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swedish Empire formally accepted the capitulations in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "In the pretext of the Great Northern War, August the Strong of Saxe-Poland-Lithuania and Peter the Great of Russia had agreed to conquer and partition Sweden's Baltic dominions in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye in 1699."}, {"id": "Q973764", "label": "Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye", "section": "Background", "says": "In the pretext of the Great Northern War, August the Strong of Saxe-Poland-Lithuania and Peter the Great of Russia had agreed to conquer and partition Sweden's Baltic dominions in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye in 1699."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "During the war, Charles XII of Sweden was able to defeat the Russian army at Narva in 1700, and then pursued August the Strong to Saxony."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "Background", "says": "At this time, the main Swedish army was captured at the Surrender at Perevolochna following the Battle of Poltava."}], "Q623910": [{"id": "Q239235", "label": "Louise Arbour", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 January 2008, then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour said the Arab charter was incompatible with the UN's understanding of universal human rights, including with respect to women's rights and capital punishment for children, in addition to other provisions in the Charter."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The first country to ratify it was Saudi Arabia in 2016."}], "Q6268269": [{"id": "Q35678", "label": "Benjamin Harrison", "section": "lead", "says": "The gunmen's initial incursion in the territory alerted the small farmers and ranchers, as well as the state lawmen, and they formed a posse of 200 men that led to a grueling standoff, ending when the United States Cavalry on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison relieved the two forces, although further fighting persisted."}], "Q671819": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austro-Serbian Convention of 1881 (German: Geheimvertrag zwischen Österreich-Ungarn und Serbien |Hungarian: Osztrák-magyar–szerb titkos egyezmény |Serbian: Аустро-српски савез из 1881)  was a secret bilateral treaty that was signed in Belgrade on 28 June 1881 by Gabriel Freiherr Herbert-Rathkeal on behalf of Austria-Hungary and by Čedomilj Mijatović on behalf of the Principality of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q740791", "label": "Serbo-Bulgarian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Serbia then received Austrian support during the Serbo-Bulgarian War."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Balkans had been divided into spheres of influence, with Austria taking the western part (including Serbia) and Russia taking the eastern part (including Bulgaria)."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "In return, Serbia undertook not to allow any agitation or military activity inimical to Austro-Hungarian interests, which notably included those in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sanjak of Novi Pazar, and all foreign treaties of Serbia were to obtain Vienna's prior approval."}], "Q6740": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The flooding occurred during the Thirty Years' War, which also did not spare Schleswig-Holstein."}], "Q743652": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia)."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia)."}, {"id": "Q262589", "label": "Tewodros II", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, then often referred to by the anglicized name Theodore, imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government in an attempt to force the British government to comply with his requests for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, then often referred to by the anglicized name Theodore, imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government in an attempt to force the British government to comply with his requests for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "Tewodros's letter to Queen Victoria appealed to Christian solidarity in the face of the Islamic expansion occurring throughout the region but this garnered little sympathy."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This was not only to protect the route to India but also to ensure that the Ottoman Empire continued to act as a buffer against Russia's plans for expansion into Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, as a result of the American Civil War, deliveries of cotton from the Confederate States of America to the British textile industry were declining, making the British increasingly dependent on Egyptian-Sudanese cotton."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Background", "says": "Moreover, as a result of the American Civil War, deliveries of cotton from the Confederate States of America to the British textile industry were declining, making the British increasingly dependent on Egyptian-Sudanese cotton."}], "Q1045767": [{"id": "Q152805", "label": "Convention on Biological Diversity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement on biosafety as a supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) effective since 2003."}], "Q1129968": [{"id": "Q735556", "label": "Nihal Atsız", "section": "Background", "says": "Some have argued that the acts were initiated by the articles written by Pan-Turkist ideologists like Cevat Rıfat Atilhan and Faik Kurdoğlu in Millî İnkılâp  (National Revolution) magazine and Nihal Atsız in Orhun magazine."}], "Q1131209": [{"id": "Q2904684", "label": "Moshe Gil", "section": "lead", "says": "For instance, Moshe Gil while discussing al-Tabari's version points out that \"the language of the covenant and its details appear authentic and reliable and in keeping with what is known of Jerusalem at the time.\""}], "Q1141997": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Possible causes", "says": "After two years, the international geoscience community including experts from Japan, Canada, United States, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Hong Kong, UK, Taiwan and the Philippines, came together in Tacloban and St."}], "Q114565965": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "By 19 November, nearly half of the country's power grid was out of commission, and 10 million Ukrainians were without electricity, according to Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Deliberately depriving Ukrainians of electricity and heating during the cold winter months was the biggest attack on a nation's health since World War II."}, {"id": "Q57665", "label": "Jens Stoltenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The strikes were condemned by Western groups, with the European Commission describing them as \"barbaric\" and NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg calling them \"horrific and indiscriminate\"."}, {"id": "Q32024", "label": "Sergei Shoigu", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted four Russian officials for alleged war crimes connected with attacks against civilian infrastructure, including former minister of defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov."}, {"id": "Q36073", "label": "Valery Gerasimov", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted four Russian officials for alleged war crimes connected with attacks against civilian infrastructure, including former minister of defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov."}], "Q1248976": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It entered into force on 6 November 1996, which was triggered by the succession of the Republic of North Macedonia to the treaty giving it the requisite 15 parties."}], "Q127777382": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 21–22 July 2024, two landslides buried two villages in the South Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia, killing 257 people and injuring 12."}], "Q1323301": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was characterized by systemic reform within the Soviet Union, the easing of geopolitical tensions between the Soviet-led bloc and the United States-led bloc, the collapse of the Soviet Union's influence in Eastern Europe, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "The beginning of this period is marked by the ascent of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q169401", "label": "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Over four summit meetings between 1985 and 1988, the two leaders negotiated the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, eliminating an entire class of nuclear weapons for the first time in the Cold War's history."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Popular revolutions swept Eastern Europe in 1989, toppling Communist governments in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Romania, which culminated in the fall of the Berlin Wall that November."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wall's collapse reopened the long-dormant question of German unity; within a year, West Germany and East Germany were reunified as a single state within NATO, a settlement negotiated between the two Germanies and the four wartime Allied powers."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wall's collapse reopened the long-dormant question of German unity; within a year, West Germany and East Germany were reunified as a single state within NATO, a settlement negotiated between the two Germanies and the four wartime Allied powers."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "While the exact end date of the Cold War is debated among historians, it is generally agreed upon that the implementation of nuclear and conventional arms control agreements, the withdrawal of Soviet military forces from Afghanistan and Eastern Europe, and the resultant collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War."}], "Q137802844": [{"id": "Q7791016", "label": "Thomas J. Barrack, Jr.", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 January, the Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa unilaterally announced a 14-point ceasefire agreement with the SDF, negotiated through the US envoy Tom Barrack, under which the SDF is set to be integrated into the Syrian government, and the governorates of Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor immediately handed over to the government, together with the administration of prisoner-of-war camps for Islamic Stat"}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 January, the Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa unilaterally announced a 14-point ceasefire agreement with the SDF, negotiated through the US envoy Tom Barrack, under which the SDF is set to be integrated into the Syrian government, and the governorates of Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor immediately handed over to the government, together with the administration of prisoner-of-war camps for Islamic Stat"}, {"id": "Q59727981", "label": "Mazlum Abdi", "section": "lead", "says": "The SDF commander-in-chief Mazloum Abdi acknowledged the agreement later that day, saying that he would visit Damascus to discuss the deal."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "During the second administration of Donald Trump, which also began in January 2025, the United States accepted Syria as part of a Turkish sphere of influence, while Trump renewed efforts to withdraw US troops from the country."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "During the second administration of Donald Trump, which also began in January 2025, the United States accepted Syria as part of a Turkish sphere of influence, while Trump renewed efforts to withdraw US troops from the country."}, {"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Representatives of the Syrian Democratic Forces were not invited to the Syrian National Dialogue Conference of late February 2025, called by the Syrian transitional government of President Ahmed al-Sharaa as a consultative measure for the provisional Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic that was ratified on 13 March 2025."}], "Q1479636": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federal War (Spanish: Guerra Federal) — also known as the Great War or the 5 Year War — was a civil war in Venezuela between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party over the monopoly the Conservatives held over government positions and land ownership, and their intransigence in granting any reforms."}, {"id": "Q970332", "label": "José Tadeo Monagas", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was a struggle for power between the conservative government of President Julián Castro, who had ousted his predecessor José Tadeo Monagas in March 1858, and the liberal opposition led by Ezequiel Zamora."}, {"id": "Q887139", "label": "Juan Crisóstomo Falcón", "section": "lead", "says": "After this defeat and the death of Ezequiel Zamora, the new Liberal leader Juan Crisóstomo Falcón switched to guerrilla warfare, that by 1863 had weakened the government troops and caused the desertion of thousands of their soldiers."}, {"id": "Q304900", "label": "José Antonio Páez", "section": "lead", "says": "This forced the Conservative leader José Antonio Páez to sue for peace."}], "Q154295": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Take-Ichi sendan (Japanese: 竹一船団; lit. 'Bamboo Number One convoy') was a Japanese naval convoy of World War II."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The convoy left occupied Shanghai on 17 April 1944, carrying two infantry divisions to reinforce Japan's defensive positions in the Philippines and western New Guinea."}], "Q1635316": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Flour War (French: Guerre des farines) refers to a wave of riots from April to May 1775, in the northern, eastern, and western parts of the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "lead", "says": "The Flour War was part of a broader social and political crisis during the Ancien Régime."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Recent analyses tend to treat this event not only as a revolt caused by hunger, but also as a prelude to the French Revolution."}], "Q176796": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Convoy PQ 18 (2–21 September 1942) was an Arctic convoy of forty Allied freighters from Scotland and Iceland to Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q689123", "label": "Convoy PQ 17", "section": "lead", "says": "The German B-Dienst code-breakers read some British signals and the Luftwaffe used the lull in convoys after Convoy PQ 17 (27 June – 10 July) to prepare a maximum effort with the Kriegsmarine."}, {"id": "Q194132", "label": "Operation Torch", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of its losses and the transfer in November of its most effective remaining aircraft to the Mediterranean, to oppose Operation Torch, the Luftwaffe effort could never be repeated."}, {"id": "Q57727", "label": "Hans-Jürgen Stumpff", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The reconnaissance aircraft of Luftflotte 5 (Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff) comprised I/Seefernaufklärungsgruppe 406 (He 115) at Tromsø, I/Seefernaufklärungsgruppe 906 (BV 138) at Stavanger, I KG 40 (Fw 200) at Trondheim, I (F)/22 and I (F)/124 (Ju 88) divided between Bardufoss, Banak and Kirkenes and Wettererkundungstaffel 6 (Weste 6) at Banak."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When B-Dienst discovered that an aircraft carrier would accompany the next convoy, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring gave orders for a maximum effort against it; aircrew were told that the destruction of the convoy was the best way to help the German army at Stalingrad and Caucasus in southern Russia."}], "Q20871": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Sea flood of 1962 was a natural disaster affecting mainly the coastal regions of West Germany and in particular the city of Hamburg in the night from 16 February to 17 February 1962."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The extratropical cyclone responsible for the flooding had previously crossed the United Kingdom as the Great Sheffield Gale, devastating the city of Sheffield and killing nine people."}], "Q2465049": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Minsk offensive (Russian: Минская наступательная операция) was part of the second phase of the Belorussian strategic offensive of the Red Army in summer 1944, commonly known as Operation Bagration."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "German dictator Adolf Hitler ordered the Fourth Army to hold fast, declaring the city to be a fortified place (fester Platz) to be defended even if encircled."}], "Q2525805": [{"id": "Q299364", "label": "Nikolai Vatutin", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful offensive operation was conducted by the forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front commanded by General of Army Nikolai Vatutin during World War II, from 24 December 1943 through to 14 January 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The successful offensive operation was conducted by the forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front commanded by General of Army Nikolai Vatutin during World War II, from 24 December 1943 through to 14 January 1944."}], "Q2634924": [{"id": "Q57587", "label": "Franz von Hipper", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Yarmouth raid was carried out by the German battlecruiser squadron (Admiral Franz von Hipper) with the battlecruisers SMS Seydlitz, Von der Tann and Moltke, the slightly smaller armoured cruiser Blücher and the light cruisers SMS Strassburg, Graudenz, Kolberg and Stralsund."}], "Q2661048": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vilnius offensive (Lithuanian: Vilniaus operacija; Russian: Вильнюсская наступательная операция, lit. 'Vilnius offensive operation') occurred as part of the third phase of Operation Bagration, the Soviet Red Army's strategic summer offensive against the German Wehrmacht in June and July 1944."}, {"id": "Q65494", "label": "Reiner Stahel", "section": "lead", "says": "However, 3,000 German soldiers of the encircled garrison managed to break out with their commander, Reiner Stahel."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the interwar, the Vilnius Region was disputed between the Second Polish Republic and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the interwar, the Vilnius Region was disputed between the Second Polish Republic and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the invasion of Poland, the city was seized by the Soviet Union and later transferred to Lithuania under the terms of the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty."}, {"id": "Q7571821", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the invasion of Poland, the city was seized by the Soviet Union and later transferred to Lithuania under the terms of the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty."}, {"id": "Q62640", "label": "Dietrich von Saucken", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Remnants of the 4th Army that had escaped the encirclement, and units of the 5th Panzer Division (reorganised into an ad hoc Kampfgruppe, later redesignated XXXIX Panzer Corps, under General Dietrich von Saucken) retreated to form a defence before Maladzyechna, an important rail junction; but the 5th Guards Tank Army cut the route between there and Minsk on 3 July."}], "Q2662170": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Riga offensive (Russian: Рижская наступательная операция, lit. 'Riga offensive operation') was part of the larger Baltic offensive on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Riga offensive (Russian: Рижская наступательная операция, lit. 'Riga offensive operation') was part of the larger Baltic offensive on the Eastern Front during World War II."}, {"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Soviet forces had advanced towards the Baltic coast in the beginning of their Tartu offensive and at the end of the highly successful Belorussian offensive (Operation Bagration), during July and August 1944, and at one point had broken through to the Gulf of Riga."}, {"id": "Q823909", "label": "Operation Doppelkopf", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During August, the German 18th Army had mounted a counter-attack, Operation Doppelkopf."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The German Army Group North's commander, Ferdinand Schörner designed Operation Aster to pull his troops out of mainland Estonia."}], "Q2910225": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) occupied the southern half of Lebanon as far as the capital city Beirut, together with allied Maronite Christian paramilitaries involved in the Lebanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2557585", "label": "Saad Haddad", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1979, Saad Haddad, the founder of the SLA, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Free Lebanon with Israeli support."}], "Q3106687": [{"id": "Q40946", "label": "Daniel Defoe", "section": "Causes", "says": "In 1736, the Middlesex Magistrates complained,\n\nIt is with the deepest concern your committee observe the strong Inclination of the inferior Sort of People to these destructive Liquors, and how surprisingly this Infection has spread within these few Years ... it is scarce possible for Persons in low Life to go anywhere or to be anywhere, without being drawn in to taste, and, by Degrees, to like an"}], "Q3124908": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Nakhla (Arabic: سرِيَّة نَخْلَة) was a raid that was initially unplanned by the companions of Muhammad, but is considered to be the first successful raid against the Meccans, since it was carried out during an espionage event."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "This raid took place at Nakhla, in the Hejazi region of what is now Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q380184", "label": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas", "section": "Background and participants", "says": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Utbah ibn Ghazwan lost a camel that they were taking turns to ride."}], "Q3297436": [{"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Graziani had led the Italian forces to victory over the Ethiopians in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and was supreme governor of Italian East Africa."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Haile Selassie had sent 125 men abroad to receive college education, but most of them were killed."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the massacre, Graziani was deposed by Benito Mussolini and replaced by Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta."}, {"id": "Q431121", "label": "Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the massacre, Graziani was deposed by Benito Mussolini and replaced by Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta."}, {"id": "Q1368278", "label": "Battle of Maychew", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of the Ethiopian forces under his personal command at the Battle of Maychew on 31 March 1936, Emperor Haile Selassie left Ethiopia to address the League of Nations to plead for their assistance against the Italians."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the defeat of the Ethiopian forces under his personal command at the Battle of Maychew on 31 March 1936, Emperor Haile Selassie left Ethiopia to address the League of Nations to plead for their assistance against the Italians."}], "Q3354417": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978 and the subsequent collapse of Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea regime in 1979, the Khmer Rouge, responsible for the Cambodian genocide, fled into the border regions of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978 and the subsequent collapse of Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea regime in 1979, the Khmer Rouge, responsible for the Cambodian genocide, fled into the border regions of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978 and the subsequent collapse of Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea regime in 1979, the Khmer Rouge, responsible for the Cambodian genocide, fled into the border regions of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q867778", "label": "People's Republic of Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Khmer Rouge units operated from within refugee camps situated inside Thai territory, launching cross-border attacks in an effort to destabilize the pro-Hanoi People's Republic of Kampuchea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Causes", "says": "Thailand's suspicion of Vietnamese long-term objectives and fear of Vietnamese support for an internal Thai communist insurgency movement led the Thai government to support United States objectives in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "Causes", "says": "Thailand's suspicion of Vietnamese long-term objectives and fear of Vietnamese support for an internal Thai communist insurgency movement led the Thai government to support United States objectives in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "Causes", "says": "Thailand's suspicion of Vietnamese long-term objectives and fear of Vietnamese support for an internal Thai communist insurgency movement led the Thai government to support United States objectives in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "Causes", "says": "In 1973 a new civilian government in Thailand created a chance for some degree of reconciliation with North Vietnam, when it proposed to remove United States military forces from Thai soil and adopt a more neutralist stance."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "Causes", "says": "In addition to the Khmer Rouge armed forces (known as the NADK), the MOULINAKA, the KPNLF and its armed forces, the KPNLAF, and the Armée Nationale Sihanoukiste supporting Norodom Sihanouk all recruited and trained troops in the border refugee camps, striking at Vietnamese military targets."}], "Q4077534": [{"id": "Q2526023", "label": "Colony of Jamaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baptist War  was an eleven-day rebellion that started on 25 December 1831 and involved up to 60,000 of the 300,000 slaves in the Colony of Jamaica."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt, though militarily unsuccessful, played a major part in the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q2656382", "label": "Christmas Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also known as the Sam Sharp Rebellion, the Christmas Rebellion, the Christmas Uprising and the Great Jamaican Slave Revolt of 1831–32."}], "Q4366914": [{"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "King Edward III sent judges to the town with commissions of oyer and terminer to determine what had gone on and to advise what steps should be taken."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1349 the Black Death affected the town; there are no reliable figures for the deaths in the town, but the mortality rate in England has been estimated at 65 per cent."}], "Q4533032": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethnic cleansing occurred during the Bosnian War (1992–95) as large numbers of Bosniaks and Croats were forced to flee their homes or were expelled by the Army of Republika Srpska and Serb paramilitaries."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethnic cleansing occurred during the Bosnian War (1992–95) as large numbers of Bosniaks and Croats were forced to flee their homes or were expelled by the Army of Republika Srpska and Serb paramilitaries."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in 1991, political upheavals in Bosnia and Herzegovina displaced about 2.7 million people by mid-1992, of which over 700,000 sought asylum in other European countries, making it the largest exodus in Europe at the time since World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in 1991, political upheavals in Bosnia and Herzegovina displaced about 2.7 million people by mid-1992, of which over 700,000 sought asylum in other European countries, making it the largest exodus in Europe at the time since World War II."}, {"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Kingdom of Bosnia was annexed by the Ottoman Empire from 1463 until 1878."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Kingdom of Bosnia was annexed by the Ottoman Empire from 1463 until 1878."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Bosnia and Herzegovina's ethnic groups—the Bosniaks, Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats—lived peacefully together from 1878 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, before which intermittent tensions between the three groups were mostly the result of economic issues, though Serbia had had territorial pretensions towards Bosnia and Herzegovina at least since 1878."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Historical background", "says": "According to some historians, certain Serb and Croat nationalists, who practiced Orthodox and Catholic Christianity, respectively, never accepted Bosniaks as a nationality and tried to assimilate them into their own cultures."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Historical background", "says": "As communism was losing its potency, new nationalist leaders Slobodan Milošević in Serbia and Franjo Tuđman in Croatia came to power."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Historical background", "says": "As communism was losing its potency, new nationalist leaders Slobodan Milošević in Serbia and Franjo Tuđman in Croatia came to power."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Slovenia and Croatia called for reforms and a looser confederation of the state in Yugoslavia but this call was opposed by the country's government in Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Historical background", "says": "A short armed conflict followed in Slovenia and the Croatian War of Independence escalated."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Macedonia also declared independence, which Yugoslavia granted without conflict."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Izetbegović-Gligorov Plan offered a restructuring of Yugoslavia based on the principle 2+2+2, with Serbia and Montenegro as the core of an asymmetric federation, with Bosnia and Macedonia in a loose federation, and with Croatia and Slovenia in an even looser confederation."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Historical background", "says": "When the Party of Democratic Action's (SDA) representatives in the Parliament of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina announced their plan for a referendum on independence from Yugoslavia on 14 October 1991, le"}], "Q482859": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 October 1979, Park Chung Hee, the third president of South Korea, was assassinated during a dinner at the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) safe house near the Blue House presidential compound in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea."}, {"id": "Q494074", "label": "Gongmin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first assassination of a head of state on the Korean peninsula in 605 years since the assassination of King Gongmin of Goryeo."}, {"id": "Q165210", "label": "Kim Young-sam", "section": "Background", "says": "In the NDP's election of its chairman in 1979, KCIA backed Yi Chul-seung to prevent the election of hardliner Kim Young-sam, but Cha interfered in KCIA's political sabotage with its own behind-the-scenes maneuvers."}], "Q4846093": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2013 Lahad Datu standoff, also known as the Lahad Datu incursion or Operation Daulat (Malay: Operasi Daulat), was a military conflict in Lahad Datu, Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "lead", "says": "The militants, self proclaimed as \"Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo\", were sent by Jamalul Kiram III, a claimant to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "The militants, self proclaimed as \"Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo\", were sent by Jamalul Kiram III, a claimant to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The militants' stated objective was to assert the territorial claim of the Philippines to eastern Sabah."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "These litigations would later be known as the Malaysia Sulu case, which spanned across multiple jurisdictions in Europe such as Spain, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, as the purported Sulu heirs tried to enforce a seizure of roughly $14.9 billions of Malaysia's foreign assets through forum shopping."}], "Q49413597": [{"id": "Q1842866", "label": "Battle of Aleppo", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the offensive had concluded, the Associated Press reported that the capture of the whole rebel-held Eastern Ghouta enclave would represent one of the most significant victories for Syrian president Bashar al-Assad in the civil war, and the worst setback for the rebels since their defeat in the Battle of Aleppo in late 2016."}], "Q5420950": [{"id": "Q565661", "label": "Battle of Khaybar", "section": "lead", "says": "Some scholars say that it took place just before the Battle of Khaybar, in the 12th month of 6 AH."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "A few days after Muhammad returned to Medina from the raid on the Banu Lihyan, a band of armed men of Ghatafan led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari raided the outskirts of the city; and seized 20 milch camels."}], "Q56062455": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea is a treaty signed in Aktau, Kazakhstan, on 12 August 2018 by the presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea is a treaty signed in Aktau, Kazakhstan, on 12 August 2018 by the presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan."}], "Q6967898": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Nat Turner's Rebellion, historically known as the Southampton Insurrection, was a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, United States, in August 1831."}], "Q699461": [{"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huanggutun incident (Chinese: 皇姑屯事件; pinyin: Huánggū Tún Shìjiàn), also known as the Zhang Zuolin Explosion Death Incident (Japanese: 張作霖爆殺事件, Hepburn: Chō Sakurin bakusatsu jiken) in Imperial Japan, was the bombing assassination of Fengtian clique warlord Zhang Zuolin, who was the Acting President of the Republic of China and the last head of state of the Beiyang government, on early morning "}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huanggutun incident (Chinese: 皇姑屯事件; pinyin: Huánggū Tún Shìjiàn), also known as the Zhang Zuolin Explosion Death Incident (Japanese: 張作霖爆殺事件, Hepburn: Chō Sakurin bakusatsu jiken) in Imperial Japan, was the bombing assassination of Fengtian clique warlord Zhang Zuolin, who was the Acting President of the Republic of China and the last head of state of the Beiyang government, on early morning "}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "Zhang, whose National Pacification Army was being defeated by the Nanjing government's Second Northern Expedition, was returning to Shenyang from Beijing when his personal train carriage was destroyed by a massive bomb explosion at an overpass near the Huanggutun Railway Station, mortally injuring Zhang (who died hours later) and killing his associate Wu Junsheng."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "lead", "says": "Zhang's son and heir Zhang Xueliang, realizing the Japanese threat, agreed to peacefully submit to the Nationalist government at the end of 1928, marking the end of the Warlord Era, and in 1929 arrested and executed the pro-Japanese general Yang Yuting, whom the Kwantung Army had been grooming to replace Zhang."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, China dissolved in spontaneous devolution, with local officials and military leaders assuming power independent of control by the weak central government."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "Background", "says": "In Northern China, the once-powerful Beiyang Army split up into various factions after the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "At the time of the First United Front in 1924, foreign support in China was generally divided as follows:\n\nFengtian clique – Japan\nZhili clique – Europe and United States\nKuomintang – Soviet Union\nThe Fengtian clique's support from abroad was Japan, which had vested economic and political interests in the region dating from the end of the Russo-Japanese War and was interested in exploiting their r"}, {"id": "Q2594871", "label": "Guo Songling", "section": "Background", "says": "The Imperial Japanese Army assisted Zhang in the First and Second Zhili-Fengtian Wars, including the suppression of the anti-Fengtian uprising by General Guo Songling, a senior Fengtian clique leader."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "After he had achieved his objectives, he tried to improve relations with the United States and the United Kingdom by allowing both countries open access to the trade, investment and economic opportunities in Manchuria that he had allowed only to the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "After he had achieved his objectives, he tried to improve relations with the United States and the United Kingdom by allowing both countries open access to the trade, investment and economic opportunities in Manchuria that he had allowed only to the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "The situation was further complicated by the success of the Northern Expedition, led by Chiang Kai-shek of the National Revolutionary Army, in which the Kuomintang successively defeated Sun Chuanfang, Wu Peifu and other warlords of the Northern Faction and the Beijing government, controlled by Zhang Zuolin."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "Background", "says": "The situation was further complicated by the success of the Northern Expedition, led by Chiang Kai-shek of the National Revolutionary Army, in which the Kuomintang successively defeated Sun Chuanfang, Wu Peifu and other warlords of the Northern Faction and the Beijing government, controlled by Zhang Zuolin."}, {"id": "Q697046", "label": "Wu Peifu", "section": "Background", "says": "The situation was further complicated by the success of the Northern Expedition, led by Chiang Kai-shek of the National Revolutionary Army, in which the Kuomintang successively defeated Sun Chuanfang, Wu Peifu and other warlords of the Northern Faction and the Beijing government, controlled by Zhang Zuolin."}], "Q708068": [{"id": "Q709191", "label": "Imo Incident", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882, also known as the Treaty of Chemulpo or the Chemulpo Convention,   was negotiated between Japan and Korea following the Imo Incident in July 1882."}], "Q717149": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Silesian offensives (Russian: Силезские наступления) were two separate offensives conducted in Silesia in February and March 1945 by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front in World War II, to protect the flanks of the Red Army during its push to Berlin to prevent a Wehrmacht counterattack."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Silesian offensives (Russian: Силезские наступления) were two separate offensives conducted in Silesia in February and March 1945 by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front in World War II, to protect the flanks of the Red Army during its push to Berlin to prevent a Wehrmacht counterattack."}], "Q7309441": [{"id": "Q256608", "label": "Outer Space Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Registration Convention and four other space law treaties, including the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Moon Agreement are administered by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space."}, {"id": "Q742575", "label": "Rescue Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Registration Convention and four other space law treaties, including the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Moon Agreement are administered by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space."}], "Q757965": [{"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 February 2005, former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri was assassinated along with 21 others in an explosion in Beirut, Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q184310", "label": "Cedar Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "His assassination triggered the Cedar Revolution, a popular movement which forced Syria to withdraw all its troops in Lebanon by April 2005."}, {"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "The panel of judges concluded there was \"no evidence that the Hezbollah leadership had any involvement in Hariri's murder and there is no direct evidence of Syrian involvement.\" Hezbollah denied  involvement and its leader, Hassan Nasrallah, refused to allow the arrest of Ayyash."}, {"id": "Q206479", "label": "Émile Lahoud", "section": "Background", "says": "Hariri and others in the anti-Assad opposition had questioned the plan to extend the term of Lebanese President Émile Lahoud, emboldened by popular anger and civic action that became the Cedar Revolution."}, {"id": "Q380437", "label": "Walid Jumblatt", "section": "Background", "says": "Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, a newer recruit of the anti-Syrian opposition, said after the assassination that in August 2004 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad threatened Hariri personally in a meeting, saying \"Lahoud represents me..."}, {"id": "Q307237", "label": "Abdul Halim Khaddam", "section": "Background", "says": "In an interview with Der Spiegel, Assad said, \"I never threatened him and no Syrian intelligence officer has ever pointed a gun to his head.\" On the other hand, then-Vice President Abdul Halim Khaddam who defected from the Syrian branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party due to Assad's handling of the Lebanese crisis stated in an interview to Al Arabiya that Bashar threatened Hariri with \"extremel"}], "Q844551": [{"id": "Q2308761", "label": "National Government of the Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (Chinese: 中蘇友好同盟條約, Russian: Договор о дружбе и союзе между СССР и Китайской Республикой) was a treaty signed by the National Government of the Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 14 August 1945, at the time of Japan's surrender."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet and Mongolian troops then occupied Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, after they had seized it from the Japanese during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet and Mongolian troops then occupied Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, after they had seized it from the Japanese during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "During the preceding Sino-Soviet negotiations, despite the lack of a consensus on a formal treaty, the Soviets had already launched the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on August 9, 1945 and, one week later, seized the Allied-recognized Chinese territory of Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (then known as Manchukuo and Mengjiang) from the Japanese Empire."}, {"id": "Q697837", "label": "Mengjiang", "section": "lead", "says": "During the preceding Sino-Soviet negotiations, despite the lack of a consensus on a formal treaty, the Soviets had already launched the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on August 9, 1945 and, one week later, seized the Allied-recognized Chinese territory of Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (then known as Manchukuo and Mengjiang) from the Japanese Empire."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 August 1945, Republic of China Foreign Minister Wang Shijie and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the treaty in Moscow."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Also, the Soviet Union was to cease its aid to the Chinese Communist Party and the Ili National Army's rebellion in Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "Also, the Soviet Union was to cease its aid to the Chinese Communist Party and the Ili National Army's rebellion in Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The attached diplomatic notes contained two main provisions: the Soviets withdraw all of their army from Manchuria within three months of signing the treaty, and \"in view of the Outer Mongolian people's repeated expressions of their desire for independence, the Republic of China government agrees to hold a referendum to determine Outer Mongolia's independence after Japan's defeat,\" with no specifi"}, {"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also agreed that after the Soviet Union deployed troops to defeat Japan, provided that the Soviet Union respects the Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity of Manchuria and does not interfere in Xinjiang's internal affairs, the outcome of a fair referendum shall decide whether on China's part to recognize the Mongolian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in the years that followed, China noticed that the Soviets had secretly and continuously supported the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army, which opposed the ruling Kuomintang and the governme"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1945, the United States, noting that a decisive victory had not yet been achieved in the Pacific Theater and that the atomic bomb had not been successfully tested, estimated that a full defeat of Japan would require the sacrifice of 1,000,000 American troops and 500,000 British troops."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, US President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, together with Joseph Stalin, agreed that the Soviets would declare war on Japan after they had won the war against Germany."}], "Q986843": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Kingdom of Hungary engaged in the military occupation, then annexation, of the Bačka, Baranja, Međimurje and Prekmurje regions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Kingdom of Hungary engaged in the military occupation, then annexation, of the Bačka, Baranja, Međimurje and Prekmurje regions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "These territories had all been under Hungarian rule prior to 1920, and had been transferred to Yugoslavia as part of the post–World War I Treaty of Trianon."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "These territories had all been under Hungarian rule prior to 1920, and had been transferred to Yugoslavia as part of the post–World War I Treaty of Trianon."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "They now form part of several states: Yugoslav Bačka is now part of Vojvodina, an autonomous province of Serbia, Yugoslav Baranja and Međimurje are part of modern-day Croatia, and Yugoslav Prekmurje is part of modern-day Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "The government of the newly formed Axis puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia, subsequently consented to the Hungarian annexation of the Međimurje area, which dismayed the Croat population of the region."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "They then began herding thousands of local Serbs into concentration camps and expelled them to the Independent State of Croatia, Italian-occupied Montenegro, and the German-occupied territory of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the implementation of a policy of \"magyarisation\" of the political, social and economic life of the occupied territories, which included the re-settlement of Hungarians and Székelys from other parts of Hungary. \"Magyarisation\" did not impact the Volksdeutsche, who received special status under Hungarian rule, and in Prekmurje the Hungarian authorities were more permissive towa"}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "Background", "says": "It absorbed parts of southern Czechoslovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia and the northern part of Transylvania, which the Kingdom of Romania ceded."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "On 20 November 1940, Hungary formally joined the Axis Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q117144", "label": "Miklós Horthy", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Yugoslav military coup of 27 March 1941, when the Germans asked the Hungarian Regent, Miklós Horthy, for clearance to launch one of their armoured thrusts using Hungarian territory, Teleki was unable to dissuade the Regent."}], "Q108127419": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Allies Refuge was an evacuation effort carried out by the United States during the 2021 Taliban offensive."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place in the final weeks of the War in Afghanistan and saw the airlifting of certain at-risk Afghan civilians (particularly coalition-allied interpreters), employees of the American embassy in Kabul, and other prospective applicants for the U.S."}], "Q114550059": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "Vladimir Putin has called Crimea a \"sacred place\" and a \"holy land\"."}, {"id": "Q23530", "label": "Dmitry Medvedev", "section": "lead", "says": "Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia Dmitry Medvedev said in July 2022 that the consequence of an attack on Crimea will be that, \"the Day of Judgment will come for all of them there at once."}], "Q11946474": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the furthest west the Hungarians raided during the period of their migration into central Europe; although, in a great raid of 924–25, the Hungarians sacked Nîmes and may have got as far as the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q854415", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Ibn Ḥayyān, the Hungarian raiding party passed through the Kingdom of the Lombards (northern Italy) and then through southern France, skirmishing along the way."}, {"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "They then invaded Thaghr al-Aqṣā (\"Furthest March\"), the northwestern frontier province of the Caliphate of Córdoba."}], "Q119843506": [{"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "On 20 June 2023, a prison riot broke out in the Women's Center for Social Adaptation, a women's prison located in Támara, Honduras, about 29 km (18 mi) northwest from Tegucigalpa, the nation's capital."}], "Q124505238": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "At least 74 Palestinians were killed by Israel in the early morning airstrikes used as cover for the operation, though other estimates produced numbers closer to 100."}], "Q137988475": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "These attacks occurred as part of an ongoing insurgency in the Balochistan region, in which nationalist and separatist groups are seeking greater autonomy or independence from Pakistan and Iran."}], "Q15284773": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bali Package is a trade agreement resulting from the Ninth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization in Bali, Indonesia on 3–7 December 2013."}], "Q1535667": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Artemis, formally European Union Force Democratic Republic of the Congo (EUFOR RDC), was a short-term European Union-led UN-authorised military mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003, during the Ituri conflict."}], "Q1627409": [{"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Concordat of Bologna (1516)  was an agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that Francis negotiated in the wake of his victory at Marignano in September 1515."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "lead", "says": "The Concordat of Bologna (1516)  was an agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that Francis negotiated in the wake of his victory at Marignano in September 1515."}], "Q18711630": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The cross border attacks in Sabah are a series of cross border terrorist attacks perpetrated by Moro pirates from Mindanao, Philippines, in the state of Sabah, Malaysia, that began even before the British colonial period."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The cross border attacks in Sabah are a series of cross border terrorist attacks perpetrated by Moro pirates from Mindanao, Philippines, in the state of Sabah, Malaysia, that began even before the British colonial period."}, {"id": "Q312539", "label": "Diosdado Macapagal", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks were more intense during the presidential terms of Diosdado Macapagal and Ferdinand Marcos, who supported irredentist claims to include eastern Sabah as part of the Philippines territory."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "The attacks were more intense during the presidential terms of Diosdado Macapagal and Ferdinand Marcos, who supported irredentist claims to include eastern Sabah as part of the Philippines territory."}, {"id": "Q457786", "label": "Rodrigo Duterte", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to a large-scale military operation initiated by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte to combat the rampant lawlessness in the southern Philippines since mid-2016, Malaysian security forces had been told to tighten its security and to ensure that terrorists do not attempt to flee prosecution by escaping to uninhabited areas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Various countries and territories such as Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States and Vietnam have raised a travel alert for their citizens to avoid the area in eastern Sabah."}], "Q1883498": [{"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Esquilache Riots (Spanish: Motín de Esquilache) occurred in March 1766 during the rule of Charles III of Spain."}], "Q1953194": [{"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "lead", "says": "The MTM explosive boats had been ferried from Astypalaia by the destroyers Francesco Crispi and Quintino Sella and launched at the approaches to the bay."}, {"id": "Q80398", "label": "Pericles", "section": "lead", "says": "After crossing the three boom defences, the MTM attacked the British heavy cruiser HMS York and the Norwegian tanker Pericles (8,324 GRT)."}], "Q2083668": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The military occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany lasted from the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 to the end of the Battle of Memel on 28 January 1945."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The military occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany lasted from the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 to the end of the Battle of Memel on 28 January 1945."}, {"id": "Q3620958", "label": "Battle of Memel", "section": "lead", "says": "The military occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany lasted from the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 to the end of the Battle of Memel on 28 January 1945."}, {"id": "Q26195", "label": "German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation", "section": "Background", "says": "To compensate the Soviet Union for this loss, a secret codicil to the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty transferred Lithuania to the Soviet sphere of influence, which was the justification for the Soviet Union to occupying Lithuania on 15 June 1940 and establishing the Lithuanian SSR."}, {"id": "Q7571821", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "Almost immediately after the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, the Soviets pressured the Lithuanians into signing the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The territories that Lithuania received from the Soviet Union were former territories of the Second Polish Republic, disputed between Poland and Lithuania since the Polish-Lithuanian War of 1920 and occupied by the Soviet Union following the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "Background", "says": "Finland was the only state to refuse, and that sparked the Winter War."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "Background", "says": "This war delayed the occupation of Lithuania; the Soviets did not interfere with Lithuania's domestic affairs and, as noted by historian Leonas Sabaliūnas, Russian soldiers were \"well-behaved in their bases.\" As the Winter War ended in March and Germany was making rapid advances in the Battle of France, the Soviets heightened their anti-Lithuanian rhetoric and accused Lithuanians of kidnapping Sov"}], "Q2103925": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Treaty of London (1871) was an international treaty signed on 13 March 1871 by Germany, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and Italy."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "It reversed most limitations imposed on the Russian military presence in the Black Sea that came following the settlement of the Crimean War, by virtue of the 1856 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q327020", "label": "Alexander Gorchakov", "section": "lead", "says": "Capitalizing on Prussia's assured and impending victory over France in the Franco-Prussian war (19 July 1870 – 28 January 1871) and instigated by Count Bismarck, who sought to secure Russian neutrality, on 31 October 1870 Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire Alexander Gorchakov denounced the Black Sea clauses of the 1856 Treaty of Paris."}], "Q21405560": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 al-Hawl offensive was an offensive launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) during the Syrian Civil War, in order to capture the strategic town of al-Hawl and the surrounding countryside from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2015 al-Hawl offensive was an offensive launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) during the Syrian Civil War, in order to capture the strategic town of al-Hawl and the surrounding countryside from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)."}], "Q21705712": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "Szczuczyn pogrom was the massacre of some 300 Jews in the community of Szczuczyn carried out by its Polish inhabitants in June 1941 after the town was bypassed by the invading German soldiers in the beginning of Operation Barbarossa."}], "Q2382760": [{"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "lead", "says": "The Panjshir offensives (Russian: Панджшерские операции – Panjsher Operations) were a series of battles from 1980 to 1985 between the Soviet Army, the Afghan Armed Forces and groups of Afghan mujahideen under Ahmad Shah Massoud."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The goal of these offensives was control of the strategic Panjshir Valley in Afghanistan, during the Soviet–Afghan War of the 1980s."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The goal of these offensives was control of the strategic Panjshir Valley in Afghanistan, during the Soviet–Afghan War of the 1980s."}], "Q2395162": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Matanikau Offensive, from 1–4 November 1942, sometimes referred to as the Fourth Battle of the Matanikau, was an engagement between United States (U.S.) Marine and Army and Imperial Japanese Army forces around the Matanikau River and Point Cruz area on Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q361467", "label": "Alexander Vandegrift", "section": "lead", "says": "Marine and Army troops under the overall command of Alexander Vandegrift and tactical command of Merritt A."}, {"id": "Q518209", "label": "Harukichi Hyakutake", "section": "lead", "says": "The area was defended by the Japanese Army's 4th Infantry Regiment under Nomasu Nakaguma along with various other support troops, under the overall command of Harukichi Hyakutake."}, {"id": "Q327121", "label": "Masao Maruyama", "section": "Background", "says": "His 2nd Division (augmented by troops from the 38th Infantry Division), under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defences from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River."}], "Q2632694": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Flămânda Offensive (or Flămânda Maneuver), which took place during World War I between 29 September and 5 October 1916, was an offensive across the Danube mounted by the Romanian 3rd Army supported by Romanian coastal artillery."}, {"id": "Q76909", "label": "August von Mackensen", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after the hamlet of Flămânda, the battle represented a consistent effort by the Romanian Army to stop the Central Powers' southern offensive led by August von Mackensen."}, {"id": "Q58285", "label": "Alexandru Averescu", "section": "Background", "says": "Facing more serious threats than expected, the Romanian Crown Council decided to reinforce the 3rd Army, led by General Alexandru Averescu, with 150,000 more men."}, {"id": "Q2397293", "label": "Andrei Zayonchkovski", "section": "Background", "says": "Averescu subsequently was put in charge of an army group consisting of the 3rd Army and the 50,000-strong Army of the Dobruja, commanded by General Andrei Zayonchkovski and comprising 17 divisions, and planned to counterattack Mackensen's forces across the Danube from behind."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The plan was to attack the Central Powers forces from the rear by crossing the Danube at Flămânda while the front-line Romanian and Russian forces were launching an offensive southwards towards Cobadin and Kurtbunar, so cutting of Mackensen's army from its bases in northern Bulgaria."}], "Q2658487": [{"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It happened on 21–23 November 1918, during the Polish–Ukrainian War that followed World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It happened on 21–23 November 1918, during the Polish–Ukrainian War that followed World War I."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "US President Woodrow Wilson appointed a commission, led by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., to investigate violence against the Jewish population in Poland."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First World War, on 1 November 1918, the Ukrainian National Council proclaimed the West Ukrainian People's Republic, with Lviv as its capital."}, {"id": "Q7308003", "label": "Regency Council", "section": "Background", "says": "A week later, the Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland declared Poland's independence, and they formed a Polish government on 14 November 1918."}], "Q2985697": [{"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kozara Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Kozaračka ofenziva/ofanziva), also known as Operation West Bosnia (German: Operation West-Bosnien) was a large-scale German-led counter-insurgency operation against the Yugoslav Partisans in the Bosnian mountain region of Kozara in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kozara Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Kozaračka ofenziva/ofanziva), also known as Operation West Bosnia (German: Operation West-Bosnien) was a large-scale German-led counter-insurgency operation against the Yugoslav Partisans in the Bosnian mountain region of Kozara in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kozara Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Kozaračka ofenziva/ofanziva), also known as Operation West Bosnia (German: Operation West-Bosnien) was a large-scale German-led counter-insurgency operation against the Yugoslav Partisans in the Bosnian mountain region of Kozara in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kozara Offensive became a part of national mythology in post-war Yugoslavia, which honored the bravery and martyrdom of the Partisans."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria on 6 April 1941."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Afterwards, a pro-Axis puppet state in modern-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Serbia called the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH) was established, led by dictator Ante Pavelić."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "Background", "says": "Afterwards, a pro-Axis puppet state in modern-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Serbia called the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH) was established, led by dictator Ante Pavelić."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "Background", "says": "While initial resistance lacked a centralized leadership and was not strictly aligned with any ideology, two main groups eventually grew in size and importance, the Serbian royalist Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović and the multi-ethnic communist Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "Background", "says": "While initial resistance lacked a centralized leadership and was not strictly aligned with any ideology, two main groups eventually grew in size and importance, the Serbian royalist Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović and the multi-ethnic communist Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q470694", "label": "Vjekoslav Luburić", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ustaše commander Vjekoslav Luburić sent out a plan for a \"security belt\" around the river Sava and gave orders to round up the Serb population that was seen as supportive of the Partisans."}], "Q3151731": [{"id": "Q317681", "label": "Luis Echeverría", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mexican Dirty War (Spanish: Guerra sucia) was the Mexican theater of the Cold War, an internal conflict from the 1960s to the 1980s between the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)-ruled government under the presidencies of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría, and José López Portillo, which were backed by the U.S. government, and left-wing student and guerrilla groups."}, {"id": "Q315613", "label": "José López Portillo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mexican Dirty War (Spanish: Guerra sucia) was the Mexican theater of the Cold War, an internal conflict from the 1960s to the 1980s between the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)-ruled government under the presidencies of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría, and José López Portillo, which were backed by the U.S. government, and left-wing student and guerrilla groups."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1965 the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS, Federal Ministry of Security) set up counterinsurgency units and sent military officers to the United States for training."}, {"id": "Q190572", "label": "Vicente Fox", "section": "lead", "says": "The judicial investigation into state crimes against political movements opened only at the end of the 71-year PRI regime and the accession to power in 2000 of Vicente Fox, who created the Special Prosecutor's Office for Social and Political Movements of the Past (FEMOSPP)."}], "Q3307845": [{"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Tuyutí (Tuiuti in Portuguese) was a Paraguayan offensive in the Paraguayan War targeting the Triple Alliance encampment of Tuyutí."}, {"id": "Q2236812", "label": "Battle of Riachuelo", "section": "lead", "says": "The result of the battle was an Allied victory, which added to the Paraguayan troubles after the loss of its fleet in the Battle of Riachuelo."}], "Q339883": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cronulla riots were a series of race riots in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}], "Q3439306": [{"id": "Q183848", "label": "Alija Izetbegović", "section": "Background", "says": "The attack is thought to have happened in retaliation for the arrest of the President of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović, who was detained at the Sarajevo Airport by the Yugoslav army the previous day."}], "Q3444768": [{"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "Zoran Đinđić, the sixth Prime Minister of the Republic of Serbia, was assassinated on Wednesday 12 March 2003, in Belgrade, Serbia. Đinđić was fatally shot by a sniper while exiting his vehicle outside of the back entrance of the Serbian government headquarters."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "Milenković was arrested, but released from custody after only a few days under unclear circumstances.\nĐinđić had made many enemies domestically throughout his political career primarily because of his regard as being pro-Western and his hard-line policies on organized crime. Đinđić extradited Slobodan Milošević to the ICTY in 2001."}, {"id": "Q1289566", "label": "Milorad Ulemek", "section": "Background", "says": "The assassination was organized and planned by Dušan Spasojević and Milorad Ulemek, also known as Legija."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Ulemek was an ex-commander of the Special Operations Unit (JSO), which was founded by Slobodan Milošević's secret service (SDB) during the 1990s and was used during Milošević's rule for special operations in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, as well as for the elimination of Milošević's political opponents."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "The assassin, Zvezdan Jovanović, was born in 1965 in a village near the town of Peć, Yugoslavia."}], "Q4300306": [{"id": "Q2504040", "label": "Gagauz Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It culminated in the declaration of the Gagauz Republic, separate from Moldavia, with the aim of remaining within the Soviet Union; however, following the latter's dissolution, the Gagauz Republic became a de facto independent state."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It culminated in the declaration of the Gagauz Republic, separate from Moldavia, with the aim of remaining within the Soviet Union; however, following the latter's dissolution, the Gagauz Republic became a de facto independent state."}], "Q448015": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of this traffic, the city had suffered from episodic plague outbreaks since the first wave of \"Black Death\" in the fourteenth century."}], "Q5935403": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hukbalahap rebellion was a rebellion staged in the Philippines by former Hukbalahap or Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (lit. 'People's Anti-Japanese Army') soldiers against the Philippine government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It started in 1946 after the independence of the Philippines from the United States, and ended in 1954 under the presidency of Ramon Magsaysay."}, {"id": "Q117096", "label": "Ramon Magsaysay", "section": "lead", "says": "It started in 1946 after the independence of the Philippines from the United States, and ended in 1954 under the presidency of Ramon Magsaysay."}], "Q60468": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "Madagascar and Saint Kitts and Nevis are parties only to the convention, while Cape Verde, the United States of America and Venezuela are parties only to the protocol."}, {"id": "Q763", "label": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "section": "lead", "says": "Madagascar and Saint Kitts and Nevis are parties only to the convention, while Cape Verde, the United States of America and Venezuela are parties only to the protocol."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "Madagascar and Saint Kitts and Nevis are parties only to the convention, while Cape Verde, the United States of America and Venezuela are parties only to the protocol."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Madagascar and Saint Kitts and Nevis are parties only to the convention, while Cape Verde, the United States of America and Venezuela are parties only to the protocol."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Madagascar and Saint Kitts and Nevis are parties only to the convention, while Cape Verde, the United States of America and Venezuela are parties only to the protocol."}], "Q6431825": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean DMZ Conflict, also known as the Second Korean War, was a series of armed clashes between North Korea and South Korea, supported by the United States, along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between 1966 and 1969."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean DMZ Conflict, also known as the Second Korean War, was a series of armed clashes between North Korea and South Korea, supported by the United States, along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between 1966 and 1969."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean DMZ Conflict, also known as the Second Korean War, was a series of armed clashes between North Korea and South Korea, supported by the United States, along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between 1966 and 1969."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean DMZ Conflict, also known as the Second Korean War, was a series of armed clashes between North Korea and South Korea, supported by the United States, along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between 1966 and 1969."}, {"id": "Q2862267", "label": "Korean Armistice Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "However paragraph 13(d) of the Korean Armistice Agreement mandated that both sides could not introduce new types of weapons into Korea, thus preventing the introduction of nuclear weapons and missiles."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1958, nuclear-armed Honest John missiles and 280mm atomic cannons were deployed to South Korea, followed within a year by atomic demolition munitions and nuclear-armed Matador cruise missiles capable of reaching China and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "Background", "says": "In North Korea, the departure of the Chinese People's Liberation Army in October 1958 allowed Kim Il Sung to consolidate his power base and embark on the Chollima Movement of collectivised agriculture and industrialization to build a base for reunifying Korea by force."}, {"id": "Q489416", "label": "April Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The April Revolution that forced President Syngman Rhee from office in April 1960 was followed by a brief period of democracy before a coup d'"}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "Background", "says": "The April Revolution that forced President Syngman Rhee from office in April 1960 was followed by a brief period of democracy before a coup d'"}], "Q6445769": [{"id": "Q182921", "label": "Reza Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Kurdish–Iranian conflict or the Kurdish separatism in Iran is an ongoing  separatist dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Western Iran and the governments of Iran since the emergence of Reza Shah in 1918."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Transformation from tribal to Kurdish political struggle in Iran took place in the aftermath of World War II, with the KDPI establishing the Republic of Mahabad during the 1946 Iran crisis."}], "Q705189": [{"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tientsin Convention (天津条約, Tenshin Jōyaku), also known as the Tianjin Convention, was an agreement signed by the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan in Tientsin, China on 18 April 1885."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tientsin Convention (天津条約, Tenshin Jōyaku), also known as the Tianjin Convention, was an agreement signed by the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan in Tientsin, China on 18 April 1885."}, {"id": "Q488282", "label": "Gapsin Coup", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Gapsin Coup in Joseon in 1884, tensions had been escalating between China and Japan over external influence over the Joseon dynasty of Korea and its royal family."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup failed when China dispatched 1500 soldiers under Yuan Shikai."}, {"id": "Q174971", "label": "Itō Hirobumi", "section": "lead", "says": "Following extensive negotiations, Itō Hirobumi of Japan and Li Hongzhang of China attempted to defuse tensions by signing an agreement whereby:\n\nBoth nations would pull their expeditionary forces out of Joseon within four months."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "lead", "says": "Following extensive negotiations, Itō Hirobumi of Japan and Li Hongzhang of China attempted to defuse tensions by signing an agreement whereby:\n\nBoth nations would pull their expeditionary forces out of Joseon within four months."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite negotiations, the convention was no deterrent to either party, and the next serious confrontation over Joseon quickly escalated into the First Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q705319": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1939–1940 Winter Offensive (Chinese: 冬季攻勢) was a major engagement between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q716159": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (traditional Chinese: 中蘇互不侵犯條約; simplified Chinese: 中苏互不侵犯条约; pinyin: Zhōng-sū hù bù qīnfàn tiáoyuē) was signed in Nanjing on August 21, 1937, between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (traditional Chinese: 中蘇互不侵犯條約; simplified Chinese: 中苏互不侵犯条约; pinyin: Zhōng-sū hù bù qīnfàn tiáoyuē) was signed in Nanjing on August 21, 1937, between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (traditional Chinese: 中蘇互不侵犯條約; simplified Chinese: 中苏互不侵犯条约; pinyin: Zhōng-sū hù bù qīnfàn tiáoyuē) was signed in Nanjing on August 21, 1937, between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}], "Q7571798": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, which took place in September 1939, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, which took place in September 1939, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "For nearly two years following the invasion, the two occupiers continued to discuss bilateral plans for dealing with the Polish resistance during Gestapo-NKVD Conferences until Germany's Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, in June 1941."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was broken and the new war erupted, the Soviets had already arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Polish nationals in the Kresy macroregion including civic officials, military personnel and all other \"enemies of the people\" such as clergy and the Polish educators: about one in ten of all adult males."}], "Q85170873": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The locust infestations began when Cyclone Mekunu in 2018 produced heavy rains in the Rub' al Khali of the Arabian Peninsula; in spring 2019, swarms spread from these areas, and by June 2019, the locusts spread north to Iran, Pakistan, and India and south to East Africa, particularly the Horn of Africa."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "By June 2020, a separate swarm appeared in South America, affecting Paraguay and Argentina."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "By June 2020, a separate swarm appeared in South America, affecting Paraguay and Argentina."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "By October 2020, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen continued to harbour significant swarms of locusts, with the remainder situated in isolated pockets of Kenya, Sudan and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Causes", "says": "This shift has resulted in increased cyclone activity over the last decade in the Persian Gulf, previously home to very few cyclones, and is associated with flooding in countries along the western Indian Ocean, dry weather in the east, and bushfires in Australia."}], "Q93379227": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Gideon (Spanish: Operación Gedeón) was an unsuccessful attempt by the Active Coalition of the Venezuelan International Reserve, Venezuelan dissidents, and a private security firm, Jordan Goudreau's Silvercorp USA, to infiltrate Venezuela by sea and remove Nicolás Maduro from power."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Gideon (Spanish: Operación Gedeón) was an unsuccessful attempt by the Active Coalition of the Venezuelan International Reserve, Venezuelan dissidents, and a private security firm, Jordan Goudreau's Silvercorp USA, to infiltrate Venezuela by sea and remove Nicolás Maduro from power."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The plan executed from 3 to 4 May 2020 was for expatriate Venezuelan former military personnel living in Colombia to enter the country by boat at Macuto, take control of an airfield, capture Maduro and other high-level figures in his administration, and expel them from the country."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Maduro and his representatives described the attacking force as terrorists who planned to kill him in a plot coordinated by Colombia and the United States."}, {"id": "Q58833335", "label": "Juan Guaidó", "section": "lead", "says": "Venezuelan opposition figure Juan Guaidó and some supporters described the event as a false flag orchestrated by Maduro, and Goudreau described the team as freedom fighters seeking to restore democracy."}, {"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "Background", "says": "Nicolás Maduro first took office as president of Venezuela in 2013 as the hand-picked successor of Hugo Chávez after Chávez's death from cancer."}, {"id": "Q1672657", "label": "Leopoldo López", "section": "Background", "says": "Corrales states that Maduro \"presided over one of the most devastating national economic crises seen anywhere in modern times.\" Beginning with the 2014 Venezuelan protests, Popular Will leader Leopoldo López had sought to expel Maduro, calling for \"direct action to remove\" him, according to an article published by The Wall Street Journal."}], "Q1039366": [{"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ofira Air Battle was one of the first air battles of the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "IAF high command feared this might lead to a reprisal against El-Al aircraft en route to South Africa and back and therefore maintained fighter aircraft on quick reaction alert (QRA) at Ofira."}], "Q1136021": [{"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Partition of Bengal in 1947 left a poorly demarcated international border between the states of India and Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan)."}], "Q123049614": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) ordered mass evacuations in Gaza, which the IDF said were to \"minimize civilian casualties\" in its \"war against Hamas\", resulting in one of the largest displacements of Palestinians since 1948."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "South Africa has referenced these evacuations in its genocide case against"}], "Q123238809": [{"id": "Q4371978", "label": "Ilya Ponomarev", "section": "Background", "says": "Messages about \"refugees from Israel\" arriving in Dagestan were published by the \"Morning Dagestan\" Telegram channel, which was launched by Russian-Ukrainian politician Ilya Ponomarev."}], "Q125358369": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet Union decided to withdraw in 1989 and when aid dried up on Afghanistan in 1992, a civil war began."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "To counter the insurgency and bring stability in Afghanistan, the United States built bases and garrisons for the Afghan National Security Forces, and is using unmanned aerial vehicles to carry out drone attacks in Pakistan, mainly the Haqqani network in and around the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)."}, {"id": "Q334902", "label": "Baitullah Mehsud", "section": "Background", "says": "The group, led initially by Baitullah Mehsud, is primarily located along the border with Afghanistan and is estimated to have between 30,000 and 35,000 members."}, {"id": "Q32732", "label": "Malala Yousafzai", "section": "Background", "says": "TTP has been responsible for some of the most devastating attacks in Pakistan, targeting churches, schools, and notable figures like Malala Yousafzai, who survived an assassination attempt in 2012 for advocating women's education against Taliban restrictions."}], "Q1270130": [{"id": "Q49910", "label": "Colony of Aden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aden riots of December 2–4, 1947 targeted the Jewish community in the British Colony of Aden."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "During the civil war phase of the 1948 Palestine war, the riots broke out from a planned three-day Arab general strike in protest of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), which created a partition plan for Mandatory Palestine."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 181(II), titled: \"Recommendation to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union\"."}], "Q130224794": [{"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "lead", "says": "According to president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, a building in the military institute was \"partially destroyed\"."}], "Q139556342": [{"id": "Q2946372", "label": "Mali War", "section": "lead", "says": "The coordinated attacks are the largest offensive in the Mali War since the 2012 rebellion."}, {"id": "Q170597", "label": "Amadou Toumani Touré", "section": "Background", "says": "The offensive prompted Malian officers to overthrow President Amadou Toumani Touré and seek French intervention via Operation Serval, which routed the jihadists at Konna and reversed the gains made by the Islamist faction of the alliance."}, {"id": "Q2926766", "label": "Operation Serval", "section": "Background", "says": "The offensive prompted Malian officers to overthrow President Amadou Toumani Touré and seek French intervention via Operation Serval, which routed the jihadists at Konna and reversed the gains made by the Islamist faction of the alliance."}, {"id": "Q2388694", "label": "Algiers Accords", "section": "Background", "says": "Although the Algiers Accords were signed between the Malian government and the Coordination of Azawad Movements in 2015, the implementation of the agreement stalled, and fighting also spread from northern to central Mali from late 2014."}, {"id": "Q324108", "label": "Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta", "section": "Background", "says": "Malian president Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, elected in 2013, failed to implement reforms to strengthen the Malian state."}, {"id": "Q17354007", "label": "Opération Barkhane", "section": "Background", "says": "Foreign military missions such as MINUSMA and the French-led Operation Barkhane also failed to fully suppress rebel and jihadist groups, some of which formed the al-Qaeda affiliated alliance Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) in 2017."}, {"id": "Q98497406", "label": "Assimi Goïta", "section": "Background", "says": "Following protests in response to alleged fraud in the 2020 parliamentary election, Keïta was removed in a coup led by Assimi Goïta, who became the military ruler of Mali after another coup in 2021."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "Background", "says": "Following similar coups in Burkina Faso and Niger, the three countries asked UN and French forces to leave, and formed the Alliance of Sahel States in 2023."}, {"id": "Q128007033", "label": "Battle of Tinzaouaten", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a setback at the Battle of Tinzaouaten in 2024, which was won by the Azawad Liberation Front (a descendant of the MNLA) and JNIM, the Wagner Group was replaced by the Russian Africa Corps, who have since exploited the country's minerals and killed civilians in areas frequented by the FLA and JNIM."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "Background", "says": "The group targeted the mining region of Kayes and towns that connect Mali to Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea and Ivory Coast, the primary sources of Malian fuel imports."}], "Q1536983": [{"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "The uprising's leaders were likely from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo, as they were Catholic and some spoke Portuguese."}], "Q15803217": [{"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 2000s until the fall of the Assad regime, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Syrian Arab Republic were close strategic allies, and Iran provided significant support for the Syrian Ba'athist government in the Syrian civil war, including logistical, technical and financial support, as well as training and combat troops."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "By October 2018, Iranian drones had launched over 700 strikes on Islamic State forces alone."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "IRGC presence in Syria had boasted Syria as being Iran's major geopolitical ally, in addition to viewing Bashar al-Assad's Alawite dominated Ba'athist government as a crucial buffer against the influence of Saudi Arabia and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "IRGC presence in Syria had boasted Syria as being Iran's major geopolitical ally, in addition to viewing Bashar al-Assad's Alawite dominated Ba'athist government as a crucial buffer against the influence of Saudi Arabia and the United States."}], "Q16146546": [{"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil conflict in the Philippines is a series of insurgencies launched by Maoist rebels, Moro rebels, and Islamists against Government forces that began in 1969 during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos."}], "Q16512674": [{"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herero and Nama War is the collective term for a series of interlinked, anti-colonial armed struggles by native peoples in German South West Africa (present-day Namibia), mainly the Herero and Nama people, against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herero and Nama War is the collective term for a series of interlinked, anti-colonial armed struggles by native peoples in German South West Africa (present-day Namibia), mainly the Herero and Nama people, against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 1880s, the German statesman Otto von Bismarck, reversing his previous rejection of colonial acquisitions, decided on a policy of imperial expansion."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "Background", "says": "Clarification of Germany's title among the European powers took some time, as the British demurred in response to a German request to clarify the boundaries of their title, however in April 1884 Bismarck instructed the German consul in declare \"Lüderitzland\" (as Lüderitz's holding in South-West Africa had become known) as under the \"protection\" of the German Reich."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "Background", "says": "Clarification of Germany's title among the European powers took some time, as the British demurred in response to a German request to clarify the boundaries of their title, however in April 1884 Bismarck instructed the German consul in declare \"Lüderitzland\" (as Lüderitz's holding in South-West Africa had become known) as under the \"protection\" of the German Reich."}, {"id": "Q705564", "label": "Hendrik Witbooi", "section": "Background", "says": "The continued resistance of the Witboois, led by Hendrik Witbooi, culminated in an armed conflict in 1893, as the Germans opted to violently force them into submission."}, {"id": "Q68882", "label": "Theodor Leutwein", "section": "Background", "says": "It was concluded when the new German governor, Theodor Leutwein, managed to corner the Witboois in the Naukluft Mountains where they agreed to surrender."}], "Q1807089": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calatañazor was a legendary battle of the Reconquista that supposedly took place in July 1002 in Calatañazor, in the Province of Soria, between an army of invading Moors under Almanzor and a force of Christian allies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Navarre, and Sancho García of Castile."}, {"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calatañazor was a legendary battle of the Reconquista that supposedly took place in July 1002 in Calatañazor, in the Province of Soria, between an army of invading Moors under Almanzor and a force of Christian allies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Navarre, and Sancho García of Castile."}, {"id": "Q296652", "label": "Sancho III of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Calatañazor was a legendary battle of the Reconquista that supposedly took place in July 1002 in Calatañazor, in the Province of Soria, between an army of invading Moors under Almanzor and a force of Christian allies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Navarre, and Sancho García of Castile."}, {"id": "Q708843", "label": "Reinhart Dozy", "section": "lead", "says": "Its ahistoricity was first demonstrated by Reinhart Dozy in 1881."}, {"id": "Q291260", "label": "Évariste Lévi-Provençal", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Arabist Évariste Lévi-Provençal attributed the destruction of San Millán de la Cogolla by the Saracens to the campaign in Calatañazor."}], "Q1877202": [{"id": "Q42410", "label": "Evo Morales", "section": "lead", "says": "The expression can be extended to refer to the general conflict in Bolivia over the exploitation of gas resources, thus including the 2005 protests and the election of Evo Morales as president."}, {"id": "Q379645", "label": "Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"Bolivian gas war\" thus came to a head in October 2003, leading to the resignation of President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (aka \"Goni\")."}, {"id": "Q312668", "label": "Carlos Mesa", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by the vice president, Carlos Mesa, who put the gas issue to a referendum on July 18, 2004."}, {"id": "Q4414118", "label": "Bolivian National Revolution (1952-1964)", "section": "Background", "says": "Poorly armed Aymara community militias drove the army and police out of Warisata and the towns of Sorata and Achacachi, equipped only with traditional Aymara sling shots and guns from the 1952 Bolivian National Revolution."}], "Q2027167": [{"id": "Q620735", "label": "Russo-Georgian War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Russo-Georgian War, the city of Gori in Georgia was militarily occupied by Russia for a period of nine days, beginning on 13 August 2008."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Stalin, the ruler of the Soviet Union, was born in Gori."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Joseph Stalin, the ruler of the Soviet Union, was born in Gori."}], "Q2027472": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sukhumi riot was a riot in Sukhumi, Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union, in July 1989, triggered by an increasing inter-ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz and Georgian communities and followed by several days of street fighting and civil unrest in Sukhumi and throughout Abkhazia."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "Abkhazia, being part of medieval Kingdom of Georgia and western Georgian Kingdom of Imereti, joined the Georgia in modern times as recently as 1918 as an autonomous entity."}, {"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "Background", "says": "Abkhazia, being part of medieval Kingdom of Georgia and western Georgian Kingdom of Imereti, joined the Georgia in modern times as recently as 1918 as an autonomous entity."}, {"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "Background", "says": "After Soviet annexation of Georgia, from 1921 until 1931, Abkhazia was a quasi-independent Soviet republic, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (SSR Abkhazia), united with the Georgian SSR in a special treaty status but not fully subservient."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1956, Georgians  protested a policy of de-stalinization of Nikita Khrushchev, inflamed by sarcastic and bitter manner in which Khrushchev emphasized Stalin's Georgian character."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "Background", "says": "As the Georgian dissidents began to campaign for the Georgian independence and mobilized large number of protesters in the late 1980s, on 17 June 1988, an 87-page document, known as the 'Abkhazian Letter', was sent to Mikhail Gorbachev and the rest of the Soviet leadership."}], "Q20896823": [{"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "Background", "says": "During their 2004 conflict with the government of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, the Houthis accused Saudi Arabia of pressuring Saleh to take action against their community and of providing him with financial support.."}], "Q220359": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zoot Suit Riots were disturbances that took place June 3–8, 1943, in Los Angeles, California, United States, involving American servicemen stationed in Southern California and young Latino and Mexican American city residents."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "American servicemen and white Angelenos attacked and stripped youths who wore zoot suits, ostensibly because they considered the outfits, which were made from large amounts of fabric, to be unpatriotic during World War II."}], "Q2259304": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Edwardian War of 1337 to 1360 was the first phase of the Hundred Years' War between England and France."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initiated by King Edward III of England claiming the French throne in defiance of King Philip VI of France."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initiated by King Edward III of England claiming the French throne in defiance of King Philip VI of France."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of England and its allies dominated this phase of the war, and Edward's sovereignty over Aquitaine was confirmed in the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), although he renounced his claim to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of England and its allies dominated this phase of the war, and Edward's sovereignty over Aquitaine was confirmed in the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), although he renounced his claim to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q239486", "label": "David II of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to political trouble in England during his early reign as a minor, Edward initially accepted Philip as King of France, but the relationship between the two kings soured in the 1330s when Philip allied with Edward's enemy, King David II of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q715056", "label": "Robert III of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "Edward in turn provided refuge to Robert III of Artois, a French fugitive."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "When Edward refused to obey Philip's demands for the expulsion of Robert from England, Philip confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "Edward III and his son Edward the Black Prince, led their armies on a largely successful campaign across France with notable victories at Auberoche (1345), Crécy (1346), Calais (1347), and La Roche-Derrien (1347)."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities were paused until the mid-1350s for the deprivations of the Black Death."}, {"id": "Q201692", "label": "Battle of Poitiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Then war continued, and the English were victorious at the Battle of Poitiers (1356) where the French king, John II, was captured and held for ransom."}, {"id": "Q228642", "label": "Isabella of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The latter inherited his right to the throne from his mother, Isabella of France, who was the sister of Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "Background", "says": "The latter inherited his right to the throne from his mother, Isabella of France, who was the sister of Charles IV."}], "Q2345927": [{"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of 1173–1174, sometimes referred to as the Great Revolt, was a rebellion against King Henry II of England led by three of his sons, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, and their supporters."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Revolt of 1173–1174, sometimes referred to as the Great Revolt, was a rebellion against King Henry II of England led by three of his sons, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, and their supporters."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Background", "says": "King Henry II had been ruling England, Normandy, and Anjou since 1154, while his wife Queen Eleanor ruled the vast territory of Aquitaine since 1137."}, {"id": "Q235238", "label": "Henry the Young King", "section": "Background", "says": "By this time, Henry the Young King was 18 years old and praised for his good looks and charm."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Background", "says": "He had recently married to Margaret of France who was the daughter of Louis VII of France, the former husband of Eleanor (Henry the Young King's mother)."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "He had recently married to Margaret of France who was the daughter of Louis VII of France, the former husband of Eleanor (Henry the Young King's mother)."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1173, Henry the Young King met with his father to ask for control of either the Kingdom of England or the Duchy of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "Background", "says": "In February 1173, Henry the Young King met with his father to ask for control of either the Kingdom of England or the Duchy of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q192236", "label": "Thomas Becket", "section": "Background", "says": "She joined the cause as did many others upset by Henry's possible involvement in the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170, which had left Henry alienated throughout Christendom."}], "Q2387549": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Badaber uprising (26–27 April 1985, Badaber, Pakistan) was an armed rebellion by Soviet and Afghan prisoners of war who were being held at the Badaber fortress near Peshawar, Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Badaber fortress, 24 km south of Peshawar, was a military training centre of the Afghan Mujahideen who opposed Soviet presence in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1585785", "label": "Operation Cyclone", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mujahideen were trained by military instructors from the United States (Operation Cyclone) and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q188667", "label": "Burhanuddin Rabbani", "section": "Background", "says": "Burhanuddin Rabbani was the party leader and self-declared president of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "Background", "says": "The military commander of the fortress was Ahmad Shah Massoud."}], "Q25040984": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Sea raid was an Ottoman naval sortie against Russian ports in the Black Sea on 29 October 1914, supported by Germany, that led to the Ottoman entry into World War I."}, {"id": "Q62450", "label": "Wilhelm Souchon", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was conceived by Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha, German Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, and the German foreign ministry."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germanophile Ottoman War Minister, Enver Pasha, began conspiring with the German ambassador to bring the empire into the war."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russians declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November, followed by the British and the French three days later; the British quickly initiated naval attacks in the Dardanelles."}, {"id": "Q214421", "label": "Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim", "section": "Background", "says": "The Germanophile Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha directly proposed an alliance on 22 July 1914 to the German ambassador in Istanbul, Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, but he was rebuffed."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "Background", "says": "Kaiser Wilhelm II overruled Wangenheim two days later, and an Ottoman draft for an alliance was delivered in Berlin on 28 July—the day World War I began."}, {"id": "Q77113", "label": "Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg", "section": "Background", "says": "With the Germans hesitant to make any more significant military obligations, Wangenheim was authorised by German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg to sign the agreement only if the Ottoman Empire would \"undertake action against Russia worthy of its name.\" On 1 August, Enver offered Wangenheim the new battleship Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel in exchange for German protection."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "This was likely a clever ploy; United Kingdom officials, in order to bolster the Royal Navy to wage war against Germany, had already seized Sultan Osman-ı Evvel and the battleship Reşadiye, which were under construction in their shipyards."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The literal wording of the treaty obligated Germany to oppose any foreign infringements on Ottoman territory—particularly by Russia—but only required that the Ottoman Empire assist Germany as per the latter's own terms with Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q2034890", "label": "Said Halim Pasha", "section": "Background", "says": "Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha and Finance Minister Djavid Bey were opposed to Ottoman involvement in the war and viewed the alliance as a passive agreement."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "Other Ottoman officials were hesitant to rush into an armed conflict following the disastrous First Balkan War, especially considering the possibility that the Balkan states might attack the Empire should it become belligerent."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, in the Mediterranean, the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau were cruising off of French Algeria."}, {"id": "Q438489", "label": "Sergey Sazonov", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Informants working for the Russian ambassador in Istanbul, Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers, forwarded information about the payments to Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov."}], "Q2572004": [{"id": "Q2976186", "label": "Hyrum Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "Two days after Rigdon's Salt Sermon, 80 prominent Mormons, including Hyrum Smith, signed the so-called Danite Manifesto, which warned the dissenters to \"depart or a more fatal calamity shall befall you.\"  On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment."}, {"id": "Q47102", "label": "Joseph Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "The text of this speech was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the event and participated in the raising of a liberty pole."}], "Q2659473": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Immediately following the raid, the five Japanese fleet submarines that carried the midget submarines to Australia embarked on a campaign to disrupt merchant shipping in eastern Australian waters."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The midget submarine attacks and subsequent bombardments are among the best-known examples of Axis naval activity in Australian waters during World War II, and are the only occasion in history when either city has come under attack."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Western Attack Group selected the port of Diégo-Suarez in Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This attack—which occurred at nightfall on 30 May and resulted in the damaging of the battleship HMS Ramillies and the sinking of the tanker British Loyalty—came 22 days after the British captured the port from Vichy France at the beginning of the Battle of Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q1052651", "label": "Battle of Madagascar", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This attack—which occurred at nightfall on 30 May and resulted in the damaging of the battleship HMS Ramillies and the sinking of the tanker British Loyalty—came 22 days after the British captured the port from Vichy France at the beginning of the Battle of Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Identified by reconnaissance flights conducted by Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita of the Imperial Japanese Navy flying from I-25; commencing 17 February over Sydney Harbour, and the eastern Australian harbours of Melbourne and Hobart (1 March), followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington (8 March) and Auckland (13 March)."}], "Q2671292": [{"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "lead", "says": "It signified the virtual annihilation of the once formidable Swedish army after the defeat at Battle of Poltava, and paved the way for the eventual Russian victory in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "It signified the virtual annihilation of the once formidable Swedish army after the defeat at Battle of Poltava, and paved the way for the eventual Russian victory in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of Poltava, Charles XII escaped to Moldavia, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "The Tsar Peter the Great sent Prince Golitzin's Semyonovskiy Regiment and Christian Felix Bauer's ten regiments of dragoons in pursuit."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "Background", "says": "Ivan Mazepa and his men along with Silfverhielm's men crossed on the few boats available."}], "Q26847124": [{"id": "Q892014", "label": "Qasem Soleimani", "section": "lead", "says": "This in turn led to a U.S. airstrike near Baghdad International Airport on 3 January 2020, killing Iranian general Qasem Soleimani and Kata'ib Hezbollah commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States intervened in Iraq in 2014 as a part of Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR), the U.S.-led mission to combat the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) terror organization, and have been training and operating alongside Iraqi forces as a part of the anti-ISIL coalition."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "Background", "says": "President Donald Trump unilaterally pulled out of the 2015 nuclear deal and reimposed sanctions."}, {"id": "Q18357664", "label": "Operation Inherent Resolve", "section": "Background", "says": "On 27 December 2019, the K-1 Air Base in Kirkuk province, Iraq—one of many Iraqi military bases that hosted Operation Inherent Resolve coalition personnel—was attacked by multiple rockets, killing a U.S. civilian contractor and injuring four U.S. service members and two Iraqi security forces personnel."}], "Q2705892": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus' was an attack by the Rus' on cities on the Propontis (Sea of Marmara) and on the coast of the Paphlagonia, marking the first known contact between the Rus' and the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q29025615": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 2017, the situation worsened and hundreds of thousands of refugees fled Myanmar into Bangladesh, with an estimated 500,000 refugees having arrived by 27 September 2017."}], "Q3349531": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Asturias Offensive (Spanish: Ofensiva de Asturias, Asturian: Ofensiva d'Asturies) was an offensive in Asturias during the Spanish Civil War from 1 September to 21 October 1937."}, {"id": "Q966525", "label": "North Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalist capture of Gijón in late October saw the end of Republican occupation in northern Spain and the end of the War in the North."}], "Q3443265": [{"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the English Reformation, the break from the Catholic Church, England attacked Scotland, partly to break the Auld Alliance and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for a future invasion by France, partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force the Scottish Parliament to confirm the existing marriage alliance between Mary, Queen of Scots (born 8 December 1542), and the English heir"}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the English Reformation, the break from the Catholic Church, England attacked Scotland, partly to break the Auld Alliance and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for a future invasion by France, partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force the Scottish Parliament to confirm the existing marriage alliance between Mary, Queen of Scots (born 8 December 1542), and the English heir"}, {"id": "Q2569675", "label": "Treaty of Greenwich", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the English Reformation, the break from the Catholic Church, England attacked Scotland, partly to break the Auld Alliance and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for a future invasion by France, partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force the Scottish Parliament to confirm the existing marriage alliance between Mary, Queen of Scots (born 8 December 1542), and the English heir"}], "Q3487302": [{"id": "Q37610", "label": "David Ben-Gurion", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1963, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion demanded the resignation of then chief of Mossad, Isser Harel, over the operation, which effectively ended it."}, {"id": "Q350744", "label": "Isser Harel", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1963, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion demanded the resignation of then chief of Mossad, Isser Harel, over the operation, which effectively ended it."}], "Q3500262": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aunus expedition (Finnish: Aunuksen retkikunta; Swedish: Aunus-expeditionen) was an attempt by Finnish volunteers to occupy parts of East Karelia in 1919, during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "This expedition was one of many Finnic \"kinship wars\" (heimosodat) fought against forces of Soviet Russia after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Finnish Civil War there was much public discussion about joining East Karelia to Finland, although the primarily Finnic Russian East Karelia never was a part of the Swedish Empire or the Grand Duchy of Finland."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Finnish Civil War there was much public discussion about joining East Karelia to Finland, although the primarily Finnic Russian East Karelia never was a part of the Swedish Empire or the Grand Duchy of Finland."}, {"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Finnish Civil War there was much public discussion about joining East Karelia to Finland, although the primarily Finnic Russian East Karelia never was a part of the Swedish Empire or the Grand Duchy of Finland."}, {"id": "Q4333992", "label": "Olonets Government of Southern Karelia", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 15, 1918, as the Olonets Government of Southern Karelia would be founded following Finland's declaration of war on Soviet Russia."}], "Q3647761": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Asunción was a treaty between the countries of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay signed on March 26, 1991."}], "Q3709251": [{"id": "Q327914", "label": "Indro Montanelli", "section": "Causes and responsibility", "says": "Indro Montanelli, then the most influential Italian journalist and a vocal anticommunist, attacked l'Unità and denied any human responsibility; l'Unità and the PCI were dubbed \"jackals, speculating on pain and on the dead\" in many articles by La Domenica del Corriere and a national campaign poster paid for by the Christian Democracy, the party of Prime Minister Giovanni Leone."}, {"id": "Q1235", "label": "Giovanni Leone", "section": "Causes and responsibility", "says": "Indro Montanelli, then the most influential Italian journalist and a vocal anticommunist, attacked l'Unità and denied any human responsibility; l'Unità and the PCI were dubbed \"jackals, speculating on pain and on the dead\" in many articles by La Domenica del Corriere and a national campaign poster paid for by the Christian Democracy, the party of Prime Minister Giovanni Leone."}], "Q3778598": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 was an undeclared war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ethiopian Empire occurring during the Italian colonization of Eritrea, then a province of the Ethiopian Empire under the name of Mereb Melash."}, {"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict ended with the treaty of Wuchale, which delimited the border between Ethiopia and Italian Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emperor Yohannes IV had to face internal resistance from his powerful vassals."}, {"id": "Q1785947", "label": "Battle of Gallabat", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1889, Yohannes died while he was fighting the Mahdists during the Battle of Gallabat."}, {"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "lead", "says": "Menelik claimed the throne after the death of Yohannes and signed the Treaty of Wuchale with Italy in May 1889."}, {"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It may be called the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the war of 1895–1896 as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It may be called the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the war of 1895–1896 as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "The first Italian colony in what was to become the colony of Eritrea was Assab Bay, purchased by Giuseppe Sapeto on behalf of the Società di Navigazione Rubattino (Rubattino Shipping Company) on 15 November 1869 from the brothers Ibrahim and Hassan Ben Ahmed for 6,000 Maria Theresa thalers."}], "Q3819505": [{"id": "Q193157", "label": "Ferdinand VI of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was approved by the King Ferdinand VI of Spain, and organized by the Marquis of Ensenada, and set in motion simultaneously across Spain on 30 July 1749."}], "Q41616483": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tongo Tongo ambush or the Niger ambush occurred on 4 October 2017, when armed militants from the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) attacked Nigerien and US soldiers outside the village of Tongo Tongo, Niger, while they were returning to base after a stop in the village."}, {"id": "Q52226", "label": "Battle of Mogadishu", "section": "lead", "says": "The ambush remains the largest loss of American lives in combat in Africa since the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993."}, {"id": "Q57482", "label": "Mahamadou Issoufou", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 2013, a senior Nigerien official told Reuters that Bisa Williams, the then-United States Ambassador to Niger, requested permission to establish a drone base in a meeting with Nigerien President Mahamadou Issoufou."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On 5 February, officials from both Niger and the United States said that the two countries signed a status of forces agreement that allowed the deployment of unarmed surveillance drones."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "Background", "says": "In that month, US President Barack Obama sent 150 military personnel to Niger to set up a surveillance drone operation that would aid France in its counterterrorism efforts in the Northern Mali conflict."}, {"id": "Q3275982", "label": "Mokhtar Belmokhtar", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the declaration was not recognized by the group's leader, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, and the al-Qaeda loyalists, creating a split in the group."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "Background", "says": "The ISGS's first confirmed terror attack occurred on 2 September 2016 when fighters targeted a customs post in Markoye, Burkina Faso, an attack that left a border agent and a civilian dead."}], "Q42408449": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Cyclone Herwart was a European windstorm that affected Southern Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary and the Czech Republic on 28–29 October 2017."}], "Q4335241": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Eagle Pull was the United States military evacuation by air of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 12 April 1975."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Eagle Pull was the United States military evacuation by air of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 12 April 1975."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "At the beginning of April 1975, Phnom Penh, one of the last remaining strongholds of the Khmer Republic, was surrounded by the Khmer Rouge with the backing of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and totally dependent on aerial resupply through Pochentong Airport."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "At the beginning of April 1975, Phnom Penh, one of the last remaining strongholds of the Khmer Republic, was surrounded by the Khmer Rouge with the backing of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and totally dependent on aerial resupply through Pochentong Airport."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "With a Khmer Rouge victory imminent, the US government made contingency plans for the evacuation of US nationals and allied Cambodians by helicopter to ships in the Gulf of Thailand."}], "Q4335718": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Finale (Hebrew: מבצע פינאלה) was conducted by the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad to capture and secretly transport Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann from Argentina to Israel in May 1960."}, {"id": "Q350744", "label": "Isser Harel", "section": "lead", "says": "After Hermann's information reached Israeli intelligence services, the head of the Mossad, Isser Harel, personally led the operation in Buenos Aires."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel justified the operation's illegality by citing the unprecedented nature of Eichmann's crimes, as he bore direct responsibility for organizing the Holocaust during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1945, Eichmann managed to evade the intelligence services of the Allied countries that defeated Nazi Germany."}], "Q446029": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dervish (21–31 August 1941) was the first of the Arctic Convoys of the Second World War by which the Western Allies supplied material to the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dervish (21–31 August 1941) was the first of the Arctic Convoys of the Second World War by which the Western Allies supplied material to the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q1324220", "label": "Operation Gauntlet", "section": "lead", "says": "Co-incident with the Dervish convoy, civilians in the Svalbard archipelago were evacuated in Operation Gauntlet (25 August – 3 September 1941) and Dervish was followed by Operation Strength (30 August – 14 September 1941) to transport aircraft for No."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "Background", "says": "Between Greenland and Norway are some of the most stormy waters of the world's oceans, 890 mi (1,440 km) of water under gales full of snow, sleet and hail."}, {"id": "Q194364", "label": "Bear Island", "section": "Background", "says": "One stream bears north of Bear Island to Svalbard and a southern stream follows the coast of Murmansk into the Barents Sea."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In mid-1941, Luftflotte 5 (Air Fleet 5) had been re-organised for Operation Barbarossa with Luftgau Norwegen (Air Region Norway) headquartered in Oslo."}], "Q476345": [{"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The Strasbourg massacre occurred on 14 February 1349, when the entire Jewish community of 2,000 Jews was publicly burnt to death as part of the Black Death persecutions."}], "Q4920638": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q498871", "label": "Peasants' Revolt of 1381", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment, and even though the rebellion was suppressed, in the long term serfdom was ended in England."}, {"id": "Q917048", "label": "Great Plague of London", "section": "lead", "says": "From this point its effect became less severe, and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665–1666."}], "Q5100231": [{"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1895, China lost its influence over Korea because of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q709191", "label": "Imo Incident", "section": "Background", "says": "Two weeks after the United States–Korea Treaty of 1882, a military revolt called Imo Incident occurred in Seoul."}], "Q5166303": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background to UN action addressing the problem of statelessness", "says": "Migrations due to political instability during World War II and its immediate aftermath highlighted the international dimensions of problems presented by unprecedented volumes of displaced persons including those rendered effectively stateless."}], "Q527130": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș (also called Black March, Hungarian: Fekete Március) refer to incidents between the Hungarians and Romanians in Târgu Mureș and surrounding settlements in Transylvania, Romania in March 1990."}], "Q5420962": [{"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1516, Mostaganem was seized by Hayreddin Barbarossa from his base of Algiers."}], "Q55631927": [{"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "lead", "says": "Probably bubonic plague, it was part of the first plague pandemic that followed the great plague of Justinian, which began in the 540s and may have killed more than 100 million Europeans before spreading to other parts of the world and which lasted until the end of Late Antiquity."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "lead", "says": "The plague was described by the bishop and chronicler Gregory of Tours and later chronicler Paul the Deacon."}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "lead", "says": "The plague was described by the bishop and chronicler Gregory of Tours and later chronicler Paul the Deacon."}], "Q5613750": [{"id": "Q714113", "label": "Huang Chao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guangzhou massacre or Qinzhou massacre was a massacre of the inhabitants of the prosperous port city of Guangzhou or Qinzhou in 878–879 by the rebel army of Huang Chao."}], "Q5921362": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Empire used the Juye Incident as a pretext for occupying territory in China which prompted other foreign powers to follow suit."}], "Q623757": [{"id": "Q704307", "label": "Miura Gorō", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 6 a.m. on 8 October 1895, Queen Min, the consort of the Korean monarch Gojong, was assassinated by a group of Japanese agents under Miura Gorō."}, {"id": "Q464503", "label": "Empress Myeongseong", "section": "lead", "says": "After her death, she was posthumously given the title of \"Empress Myeongseong\"."}, {"id": "Q469432", "label": "Heungseon Daewongun", "section": "lead", "says": "Among her opponents were the king's father the Heungseon Daewongun, the pro-Japanese ministers of the court, and the Korean army regiment that had been trained by Japan: the Hullyŏndae."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the queen began to align Korea with the Russian Empire to offset Japanese influence, Miura struck a deal with Adachi Kenzō of the newspaper Kanjō shinpō and possibly also the Daewongun to carry out her killing."}, {"id": "Q701045", "label": "Donghak Peasant Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Donghak Peasant Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War for control over Korea concurrently took place on the peninsula."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Donghak Peasant Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War for control over Korea concurrently took place on the peninsula."}], "Q64876": [{"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Syrian occupation of Lebanon lasted from 31 May 1976, beginning with the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, until 30 April 2005."}, {"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lebanese Center for Human Rights reported that 17,415 people were officially recorded as missing during the Lebanese Civil War, with responsibility for disappearances attributed to multiple parties to the conflict, including Syrian forces.The occupation ended following intense international pressure and the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "Israel's resounding win in 1967, compounded by its occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, East Jerusalem and the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights, dealt a catastrophic blow to Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and the pan-Arabist ideology."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "Syria's interventions came in response to appeals from Maronite leaders, who were under attack by leftists and Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q315534", "label": "Bachir Gemayel", "section": "Background", "says": "After a confrontation with Lebanese Forces Leader Bachir Gemayel, the relationship between the Syrian forces and the Maronite leaderships deteriorated."}], "Q717485": [{"id": "Q157627", "label": "Battle of the Atlantic", "section": "lead", "says": "Convoy HX 84 was the 84th of the numbered series of Allied North Atlantic HX convoys of merchant ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Bermuda to Liverpool, England, during the Battle of the Atlantic."}], "Q7396810": [{"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The sack of Mahón occurred in 1535, when Hayreddin Barbarossa attacked the harbour of Mahón in the Balearic Islands."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition followed closely the defeat of Barbarossa in the Conquest of Tunis by Charles V."}], "Q7427167": [{"id": "Q2011891", "label": "Third Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saudi conquest of Hejaz, also known as the Second Hejaz–Nejd War, was a war between the Third Saudi State and the Kingdom of Hejaz from August 1924 to December 1925."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saudi conquest of Hejaz, also known as the Second Hejaz–Nejd War, was a war between the Third Saudi State and the Kingdom of Hejaz from August 1924 to December 1925."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict resulted in the collapse of the Hashemite rule in the region and the proclamation of Ibn Saud as King of Hejaz and the formation of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict resulted in the collapse of the Hashemite rule in the region and the proclamation of Ibn Saud as King of Hejaz and the formation of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Likewise, the end of the subsidies amounting to £25,000 gold coins per month to Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemite, the Sharif of Mecca, spelled the end of the self-proclaimed \"King of the Arabs\" as Hussein needed British gold coins to bribe Bedouin tribal chiefs to fight for him."}], "Q106572235": [{"id": "Q57350", "label": "Idriss Déby", "section": "lead", "says": "Chadian President Idriss Déby was injured during the offensive on 19 April 2021 and died the next day, and his son Mahamat Déby became acting President of Chad on the same day."}, {"id": "Q16206405", "label": "Mahamat Déby", "section": "lead", "says": "Chadian President Idriss Déby was injured during the offensive on 19 April 2021 and died the next day, and his son Mahamat Déby became acting President of Chad on the same day."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Déby was seen in Europe, the United States and China as an ally in the fight against the Boko Haram insurgency and other terrorism in West and Central Africa."}, {"id": "Q2298768", "label": "Khalifa Belqasim Haftar", "section": "Background", "says": "FACT is under the protection of Libyan military warlord Khalifa Haftar and often clashes with the Chadian military."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "A March 2021 report by the United Nations stated that the rebels were based at the Al Jufra Airbase in Libya, which is also used by Russian Wagner Group mercenaries and has received cargo flights carrying weapons from the United Arab Emirates."}], "Q1074957": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chittagong Uprising termed by the British as Chittagong Armoury Raid, was an attempt on 18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury of Bengal Province in British India (now in Bangladesh) by armed Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen."}, {"id": "Q462082", "label": "Surya Sen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chittagong Uprising termed by the British as Chittagong Armoury Raid, was an attempt on 18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury of Bengal Province in British India (now in Bangladesh) by armed Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen."}, {"id": "Q193689", "label": "Easter Rising", "section": "Background", "says": "They were inspired by the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland and led by Surya Sen."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "However, they were ideologically influenced more by the communists in the Soviet Union."}], "Q107629208": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irghiz River skirmish was a minor engagement fought between forces of the Khwarazmian Empire and the Mongol Empire during the early 13th century."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irghiz River skirmish was a minor engagement fought between forces of the Khwarazmian Empire and the Mongol Empire during the early 13th century."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The background events are similar for each possible date: Genghis Khan, khagan of the Mongols, sent an army under his general Subutai to attack hostile forces (either a Merkit confederation or the renegade Naiman prince Kuchlug) in the former lands of the Qara-Khitai dynasty."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Shah Muhammad, the ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire, received news of large armies operating along his northern borders and set out to confront them."}], "Q109678397": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Since its foundation in 1948, Israel has been accused of carrying out genocide against Palestinians during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, {"id": "Q122962941", "label": "Gaza War", "section": "lead", "says": "Those who believe Israel's actions constitute genocide point to the entrenched anti-Palestinian racism, anti-Arab racism, Islamophobia and genocidal rhetoric in Israeli society, and point to events such as the Nakba, the Sabra and Shatila massacre, the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the 2014 Gaza War, and the 2023–present Gaza war as particularly pertinent genocidal episodes."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 29 December 2023, South Africa filed a case against Israel at the International Court of Justice, alleging that Israel's conduct in Gaza during the 2023 war amounted to genocide."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel and the United States have rejected the assertion that the former is engaging in genocide."}], "Q109860738": [{"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The clashes occurred on the 1st of December, the cross-border fighting saw troops of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan capture several checkpoints on the Iranian side of the international border."}, {"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 2001–2021 War in Afghanistan Iran improved its relations with the Taliban, during the war the U.S. and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan accused Iran of providing sanctuaries and material support to the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q26689638", "label": "Ahmad Massoud", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 2021, National Resistance Front of Afghanistan's leader Ahmad Massoud and former warlord Ismail Khan met in Iran as part of their attempts to strengthen the Afghan opposition."}, {"id": "Q283648", "label": "Ismail Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 2021, National Resistance Front of Afghanistan's leader Ahmad Massoud and former warlord Ismail Khan met in Iran as part of their attempts to strengthen the Afghan opposition."}], "Q113019179": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia said that Ukraine used HIMARS missiles for the operation, having recently acquired them from the United States."}], "Q114323885": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "On September 30, 2022, a suicide bomber blew himself up at the Kaaj education center in Dashte Barchi, a Hazara neighborhood in Kabul, Afghanistan, killing at least 53 people and injuring another 110."}], "Q11885643": [{"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Åland War was the operations of an Anglo-French naval force against military and civilian facilities on the coast of the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1854–1856, during the Crimean War between Russia and the allied France and Britain."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Åland War was the operations of an Anglo-French naval force against military and civilian facilities on the coast of the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1854–1856, during the Crimean War between Russia and the allied France and Britain."}, {"id": "Q2091915", "label": "Battle of Bomarsund", "section": "lead", "says": "The war is named after the Battle of Bomarsund in Åland."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia, advancing on the Romanian front, had provoked the Ottoman Empire to declare war on 4 October 1853, and Britain and France decided to support the Ottomans."}], "Q119616154": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 June 2023 rebels of the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), a jihadist group linked to the Islamic State, attacked a secondary school in Mpondwe, a town in western Uganda's Kasese District on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 June 2023 rebels of the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), a jihadist group linked to the Islamic State, attacked a secondary school in Mpondwe, a town in western Uganda's Kasese District on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}], "Q12799296": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The epicenter was near the town of Idrija (now in Slovenia), although some place it in Friuli."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was felt as far as in Switzerland and present-day Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The earthquake was felt as far as in Switzerland and present-day Slovakia."}], "Q131920479": [{"id": "Q29032770", "label": "Félix Tshisekedi", "section": "lead", "says": "Congolese president Félix Tshisekedi called for a national mobilization, and the deputy prime minister for defense Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita said that there will be no negotiations with M23."}, {"id": "Q1231345", "label": "Paul Kagame", "section": "Background", "says": "The Congolese government has described M23 as a terrorist organization that is used by Rwanda to exploit mineral resources in the eastern DRC and refused to negotiate with its leaders directly, as Rwandan president Paul Kagame and his government had insisted in December 2024 and January 2025."}], "Q137671877": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2026, the United States launched a military strike in Venezuela and captured incumbent Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2026, the United States launched a military strike in Venezuela and captured incumbent Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores."}, {"id": "Q799556", "label": "Cilia Flores", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2026, the United States launched a military strike in Venezuela and captured incumbent Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "lead", "says": "US president Donald Trump and his administration justified the operation as a law-enforcement action with military support, saying that the president has \"inherent constitutional authority\" to undertake such an act."}, {"id": "Q15081116", "label": "Delcy Rodriguez", "section": "lead", "says": "Venezuelan vice president Delcy Rodríguez denounced Maduro's \"kidnapping\"."}, {"id": "Q324546", "label": "Marco Rubio", "section": "lead", "says": "According to The New York Times, Venezuela has been a de facto puppet state since the intervention, with the US State Department under Marco Rubio exercising control over core aspects of Venezuela's governance, including its domestic finances, government appointments, revenues, foreign policy, and the distribut"}, {"id": "Q1227076", "label": "Diosdado Cabello", "section": "Background", "says": "According to anonymous sources, Reuters reported that United States officials established conversations with Venezuelan minister of interior Diosdado Cabello months before, in order to avoid using the security services or militant ruling-party supporters to target the Venezuelan opposition in case of an attack."}, {"id": "Q7326068", "label": "Richard Grenell", "section": "Background", "says": "The Venezuelan proposals were made to US envoy Richard Grenell through Qatari channels; the Trump administration reportedly rejected the overtures."}, {"id": "Q3295308", "label": "Jorge Rodríguez", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Financial Times, Delcy Rodríguez's brother Jorge Rodríguez had held talks with the United States government in 2025 to have his sister lead a post-Maduro transitional government, though those talks had included Maduro being allowed to go into exile instead of being captured."}], "Q15499423": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Attacks in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, were launched by supporters of religious leader Paul Joseph Mukungubila against television studios, the airport and a military base in the capital on 30 December 2013."}], "Q16146801": [{"id": "Q1474791", "label": "Sultanate of Darfur", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Darfur was the military invasion and occupation of the Sultanate of Darfur by the British Empire and the Sultanate of Egypt from 16 March to 6 November 1916."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Darfur was the military invasion and occupation of the Sultanate of Darfur by the British Empire and the Sultanate of Egypt from 16 March to 6 November 1916."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Darfur was the military invasion and occupation of the Sultanate of Darfur by the British Empire and the Sultanate of Egypt from 16 March to 6 November 1916."}, {"id": "Q3818737", "label": "Ali Dinar", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultan of Darfur, Ali Dinar, had been reinstated by the British after their victory in the Mahdist War but during the First World War he grew restive, refusing his customary tribute to the Sudanese government and showing partiality to the Ottoman Empire in 1915."}, {"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultan of Darfur, Ali Dinar, had been reinstated by the British after their victory in the Mahdist War but during the First World War he grew restive, refusing his customary tribute to the Sudanese government and showing partiality to the Ottoman Empire in 1915."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultan of Darfur, Ali Dinar, had been reinstated by the British after their victory in the Mahdist War but during the First World War he grew restive, refusing his customary tribute to the Sudanese government and showing partiality to the Ottoman Empire in 1915."}, {"id": "Q2002684", "label": "Reginald Wingate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sirdar, Reginald Wingate, then organised a force of around 2,000 men; under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Philip Kelly, the force entered Darfur in March 1916 and decisively defeated the Fur Army at Beringia and occupied the capital al-Fashir in May."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Darfur was fully annexed to the British administration of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and remained part of Sudan upon its independence."}, {"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "Background", "says": "This lasted until the Mahdist War (1881–1899), when Anglo-Egyptian suzerainty was temporarily curtailed by the forces of Muhammad Ahmad, until Anglo-Egyptian control of the region was re-established following the battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898."}, {"id": "Q87275", "label": "Rudolf Carl von Slatin", "section": "Background", "says": "Relations between Dinar and the Anglo-Egyptians were assisted by the Inspector-General, Rudolf Carl von Slatin, who had knowledge of the Darfur region and its people."}], "Q1630411": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo were a mob attack on Syrian Jews in Aleppo, Syria in December 1947, following the United Nations vote in favour of partitioning British Palestine."}], "Q16711548": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fergana pogroms happened in 1989, after riots broke out between the Meskhetian Turks exiled in Uzbekistan and the native Uzbeks."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The pogrom has been described as \"one of the worst rounds of ethnic violence in the former Soviet Union\" and received considerable international attention."}, {"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were deported by the Soviet regime from the Georgian SSR to Central Asia, mainly to the Uzbek SSR."}, {"id": "Q982769", "label": "Sharof Rashidov", "section": "Background", "says": "The Uzbek SSR enjoyed an extremely high level of autonomy compared to the rest of the Soviet Union, and while nationalism among smaller ethnic groups was discouraged, Uzbek nationalism grew in power, especially under the Sharof Rashidov administration."}], "Q16939424": [{"id": "Q163514", "label": "Sixtus IV", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 April 1481, Pope Sixtus IV issued the papal bull Cogimur iubente altissimo, which called for a crusade against the Ottomans, who had occupied Otranto, in southern Italy."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal decided to send a squadron into Otranto under command of the bishop of Évora, Garcia de Meneses."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 September, Sixtus wrote to King Ferdinand I of Naples, le to inform him that \"a fleet which we sent for proceeds to Otranto from Portugal...."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Portuguese reached Naples, the Ottomans had already withdrawn, because on May 3, Ottoman Sultan \nMehmed II had died, and quarrels about his succession then ensued."}], "Q17071035": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2000 Treaty of Jeddah resolved a border dispute between Saudi Arabia and Yemen dating back to Saudi boundary claims made in 1934."}], "Q1758518": [{"id": "Q2632857", "label": "American Theater", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Kiska took place between 6 June 1942 and 28 July 1943 during the Aleutian Islands campaign of the American Theater and the Pacific Theater of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Kiska took place between 6 June 1942 and 28 July 1943 during the Aleutian Islands campaign of the American Theater and the Pacific Theater of World War II."}], "Q18418566": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Russia intervention was an Allied military intervention in present-day Ukraine between December 1918 and April 1919 on the Black Sea shores of the former Russian Empire, as part of the Allied intervention in Russia after the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Russia intervention was an Allied military intervention in present-day Ukraine between December 1918 and April 1919 on the Black Sea shores of the former Russian Empire, as part of the Allied intervention in Russia after the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The intervention was an involvement in the Russian Civil War on the side of the White movement, but lacking in forces and sympathy among the local population, it was a failure that ended with the evacuation of the territory."}, {"id": "Q2994236", "label": "Nikifor Grigoriev", "section": "lead", "says": "Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv formally submitted to the Bolshevik command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, had succeeded in expelling the Allied forces from the occupied coastal cities in late 1918 and early 1919."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "Background", "says": "The city was left in the hands of units led by Symon Petliura, who maintained an uneasy truce with Denikin."}], "Q1970208": [{"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "Background", "says": "It remained under precarious control of the central Georgian government, but the government of the area was effectively been run, until the 2006 crisis, by a local authority and warlord Emzar Kvitsiani, who previously led the defense of the gorge against the Abkhaz separatist forces in the capacity of the commander of the local Monadire (literally: \"Hunter\") militia force and an envoy of the forme"}, {"id": "Q219470", "label": "Rose Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the ouster of Shevardnadze in the bloodless Rose Revolution in 2003, the new Georgian government disbanded the Monadire force and abolished Kvitsiani's post."}], "Q19906312": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian occupation of Tabriz was a military occupation by the Russian Empire that lasted from 30 April 1909 to 28 February 1918, with a brief interruption from 6 to 31 January 1915."}, {"id": "Q4818171", "label": "Persian Constitutional Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation occurred during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the subsequent years of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation occurred during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the subsequent years of World War I."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, Tabriz was the second-largest city of Qajar Iran, serving as the capital of the Azerbaijan region and the traditional seat of the Qajar Crown Prince."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time, Tabriz was the second-largest city of Qajar Iran, serving as the capital of the Azerbaijan region and the traditional seat of the Qajar Crown Prince."}], "Q21953089": [{"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "According to that group's website, the Harney County Committee of Safety considers itself \"a governmental body established by the people in the absence of the ability of the existing government to provide for the needs and protection of civilized society\" (during the American Revolution, committees of safety were shadow governments organized to usurp authority from colonial administrators)."}], "Q2310240": [{"id": "Q1964451", "label": "Operation Archery", "section": "lead", "says": "This raid was Operation Archery, on 27 December 1941, and Operation Anklet was seen as a diversionary raid for this bigger raid, intended to draw away the German naval and air forces."}, {"id": "Q727175", "label": "John Dill", "section": "Background", "says": "Churchill told the joint Chiefs of Staff to propose measures for an offensive against German-occupied Europe, and stated: \"they must be prepared with specially trained troops of the hunter class who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast.\"\nOne staff officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Dudley Clarke, had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill, the Chief of the Imperial Gener"}, {"id": "Q164983", "label": "Gallipoli Campaign", "section": "Background", "says": "The man initially selected as the commander was Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign and the Zeebrugge Raid in the First World War."}, {"id": "Q700864", "label": "Zeebrugge Raid", "section": "Background", "says": "The man initially selected as the commander was Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign and the Zeebrugge Raid in the First World War."}, {"id": "Q1233004", "label": "Operation Claymore", "section": "Background", "says": "The first, Operation Claymore, had taken place in March 1941, and the third raid, Operation Archery, would take place at the same time as Operation Anklet."}], "Q2349281": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990."}, {"id": "Q898487", "label": "Operation Desert Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "The coalition's efforts were in two phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, from the bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January until the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2003, another US-led coalition invaded and occupied Iraq, beginning the Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Throughout the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction between Iraq and the United States."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "Background", "says": "The US remained officially neutral after Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980, which became the Iran–Iraq War, although it provided resources, political support, and some \"non-military\" aircraft to Iraq."}, {"id": "Q3267722", "label": "Operation Undeniable Victory", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1982, Iran began a successful counteroffensive (Operation Undeniable Victory), and the US increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender."}, {"id": "Q316408", "label": "Abu Nidal", "section": "Background", "says": "When Iraqi president Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties."}, {"id": "Q184650", "label": "Donald Rumsfeld", "section": "Background", "says": "When Iraqi president Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consist"}], "Q2386936": [{"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "John and the 1791 Haitian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian Trevor Burnard, \"[in] terms of its shock to the imperial system, only the American Revolution surpassed Tacky's War in the eighteenth century.\" It was also the largest slave rebellion in the British West Indies until the Baptist War of 1831, which also occurred in Jamaica."}, {"id": "Q4077534", "label": "Baptist War", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian Trevor Burnard, \"[in] terms of its shock to the imperial system, only the American Revolution surpassed Tacky's War in the eighteenth century.\" It was also the largest slave rebellion in the British West Indies until the Baptist War of 1831, which also occurred in Jamaica."}, {"id": "Q5453254", "label": "First Maroon War", "section": "Background", "says": "The uprising was inspired by the successful resistance of Free black people in Jamaica, such as the Queen Nanny during the First Maroon War of the 1730s."}], "Q2457686": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ovche Pole Offensive Operation (Bulgarian: Овчеполска настъпателна операция, Serbian: Битка на Овчем Пољу) was an operation of the Bulgarian Army that occurred between 14 October 1915 and 15 November 1915 as part of the Serbian campaign of 1915 in World War I."}, {"id": "Q1352383", "label": "Georgi Todorov", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian forces consisted of the Second Army (3rd Balkan Infantry Division, 7th Rila Division and the Cavalry Division with 182 guns) under the command of Lieutenant General Georgi Todorov."}, {"id": "Q4087436", "label": "Battle of Krivolak", "section": "lead", "says": "While fighting against the Serbs, the Bulgarians defeated two French divisions in the Battle of Krivolak and conclusively cut the way between the Serbs and the Allies, resulting in the fall of Serbia after the Kosovo Offensive Operation in 1915."}], "Q24661988": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident was the first killing of a sitting British MP since the death of Conservative MP Ian Gow, who was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1990, and the first murder of a politician in the United Kingdom since county councillor Andrew Pennington was killed in 2000."}], "Q2568988": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Concordat of Vienna was a treaty concluded on 17 February 1448 between the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy See."}, {"id": "Q313058", "label": "Eugenius", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Princes' Concordat, concluded in January 1447 between Pope Eugenius IV and the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire, Eugenius agreed to restore the archbishop-electors of Trier and Mainz, whom he had deposed for supporting the Council of Basel and the antipope it elected, Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy."}], "Q2653174": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bobruysk offensive (Russian: Бобруйская наступательная операция) was part of the Belorussian strategic offensive of the Red Army in summer 1944, commonly known as Operation Bagration."}], "Q28493558": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian occupation of Serbia during World War I started in Autumn 1915 following the invasion of Serbia by the combined armies of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian occupation of Serbia during World War I started in Autumn 1915 following the invasion of Serbia by the combined armies of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian occupation zone extended from modern-day Southern and Eastern Serbia, Kosovo and North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Bulgaria entered the war on the side of the Central Powers, with the primary goal of regaining territory briefly gained from the Ottoman Empire in 1912–13, then lost to Serbia in 1913."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The agreement of 6 September granted Bulgaria the whole of Macedonia and Eastern and Southern Serbia, from the Danube to Kosovo in the south."}], "Q3054185": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cowra Breakout occurred on 5 August 1944, when 1,104 Japanese prisoners of war escaped from a POW camp near Cowra, in New South Wales, Australia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest prison escape of World War II, as well as one of the bloodiest."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "Location and background", "says": "The prisoners at Cowra also included 2,000 Italians, Koreans and Taiwanese (who had served in the Japanese military) as well as Indonesian civilians, detained at the request of the Dutch East Indies government."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Location and background", "says": "A riot by Japanese POWs at Featherston prisoner of war camp in New Zealand, in February 1943, led to security being tightened at Cowra."}], "Q3407236": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Valuable was a failed covert operation conducted during the Cold War by France, the United Kingdom and the United States in collaboration with other Western Bloc nations."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Valuable was a failed covert operation conducted during the Cold War by France, the United Kingdom and the United States in collaboration with other Western Bloc nations."}, {"id": "Q53783", "label": "Enver Hoxha", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation aimed to overthrow the communist regime of Albanian ruler Enver Hoxha as part of broader efforts to counter communist influence around the world and install pro-Western leaders."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "Albania was in an unenviable position after World War II, as Greece claimed Albanian-controlled Northern Epirus."}, {"id": "Q60699", "label": "Zog I of Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Western Allies recognized neither King Zog I nor a republican government-in-exile, nor did they ever raise the question of Albania or its borders at major wartime conferences."}], "Q3778618": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lancastrian War was the third and final phase of the Hundred Years' War between England and France."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted from 1415, when Henry V of England invaded Normandy, to 1453, when the English were definitively defeated in Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The phase is named after the House of Lancaster, the ruling house of the Kingdom of England, to which Henry V belonged."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "The phase is named after the House of Lancaster, the ruling house of the Kingdom of England, to which Henry V belonged."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "The early years of the Lancastrian War were dominated by the forces of the House of Plantagenet, who held the English throne and also claimed that of France."}, {"id": "Q188495", "label": "Battle of Agincourt", "section": "lead", "says": "Initial English successes, notably at the Battle of Agincourt, coupled with divisions among the French ruling class, allowed Henry V to win the allegiance of large parts of France."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes of 1420, Henry V married the French princess Catherine of Valois and was made regent of the kingdom and heir to the throne of France."}, {"id": "Q229192", "label": "Catherine of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes of 1420, Henry V married the French princess Catherine of Valois and was made regent of the kingdom and heir to the throne of France."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "The second half of this phase of the war was dominated by forces loyal to the House of Valois, the French-born rivals of the Plantagenets who continued to claim the throne of France themselves."}, {"id": "Q290247", "label": "La Hire", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in 1429, French forces counterattacked, inspired by Joan of Arc, La Hire and the Count of Dunois, and aided by a reconciliation with the Dukes of Burgundy and Brittany, who had previously sided with the Plantagenets."}, {"id": "Q932613", "label": "Battle of Castillon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Castillon (1453) was the final major engagement of the Hundred Years' War, but France and England remained formally at war until the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475."}, {"id": "Q2165331", "label": "Treaty of Picquigny", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Castillon (1453) was the final major engagement of the Hundred Years' War, but France and England remained formally at war until the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475."}, {"id": "Q317279", "label": "Owain Glyndŵr", "section": "Background", "says": "Domestically, England was still dealing with the lingering aftereffects of the Welsh revolt led by Owain Glyndŵr, which had largely been contained by this time, though pockets of resistance remained."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Background", "says": "France's confrontation with England over Aquitaine had quieted due to the civil war between the Armagnacs and Burgundians."}], "Q3884054": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Adriatic Campaign of World War I was a naval campaign fought between the Central Powers and the Mediterranean squadrons of the Allies, specifically the United Kingdom, France, the Kingdom of Italy, Australia, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Adriatic Campaign of World War I was a naval campaign fought between the Central Powers and the Mediterranean squadrons of the Allies, specifically the United Kingdom, France, the Kingdom of Italy, Australia, and the United States."}], "Q4090343": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shatoy ambush (known in Russia as the Battle of Yarysh-mardy) was a significant event during the First Chechen War."}], "Q4127978": [{"id": "Q1071439", "label": "Merina Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Madagascar expedition was a French military intervention which took place in 1894–1895, sealing the conquest of the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar by France."}, {"id": "Q233326", "label": "Ranavalona III", "section": "Background", "says": "The French invasion was triggered by the refusal of Queen Ranavalona III to accept a protectorate treaty from France, despite the signature of the Franco-Hova Treaty of 1885 following the First Madagascar expedition."}], "Q4301647": [{"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Later there was the establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic, and the formation of modern ideas of Mongolian nationalism, which fully pulled Mongolia out of the influence of the Beiyang government of China and under the influence of Soviet Russia."}], "Q450492": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"Revolt of the Admirals\" was a policy and funding dispute within the United States government during the Cold War in 1949, involving a number of retired and active duty United States Navy admirals."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Bogan, as well as Fleet Admirals Chester Nimitz and William Halsey, senior officers during World War II."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "While the dispute was settled in favor of the Truman administration, the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 demonstrated the shortcomings of a defense policy primarily reliant on nuclear weapons, and many of the proposed cuts to conventional forces were ultimately reversed."}, {"id": "Q142988", "label": "Alfred Thayer Maan", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1890 and 1945 its doctrine had been based on the teachings of Alfred Thayer Mahan, who stressed the importance of control of the seas in securing the lines of communication through which maritime commerce traveled and argued that the main objective of a Navy was the destruction of the enemy's battle fleet."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "But the Soviet Union had only a small navy, and as a Eurasian power, it was not dependent on maritime trade, and thus was immune to the effects of a naval blockade."}], "Q5035987": [{"id": "Q1345264", "label": "Jacques-François Menou", "section": "Background", "says": "On 30 August 1801 the French general Abdullah Jacques-François Menou offered to surrender and proposed terms, which were considered, partly accepted and in many details amended, by the British general John Hely-Hutchinson and admiral Lord Keith."}], "Q509337": [{"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Locomotive Chase (a portion of the Andrews' Raid or the Mitchel Raid) was a military raid that occurred April 12, 1862, in northern Georgia during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q361140", "label": "Albert Sidney Johnston", "section": "Military background", "says": "After the Union capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew his forces from central Tennessee to reorganize."}, {"id": "Q504369", "label": "Henry Halleck", "section": "Military background", "says": "On March 11, Buell's army was merged into the new Department of the Mississippi under General Henry Halleck."}], "Q5487383": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Winter '94 (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija Zima '94, Операција Зима '94) was a joint military offensive of the Croatian Army (HV) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) fought in southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina between 29 November and 24 December 1994."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation formed part of the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War fought between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and two unrecognized para-states proclaimed by Croatian Serbs and Bosnian Serbs."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The operation formed part of the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War fought between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and two unrecognized para-states proclaimed by Croatian Serbs and Bosnian Serbs."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The secondary objective was threatening the single direct supply route between Drvar in the Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska and Knin, the capital of the Croatian Serb Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK)."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "This was followed by two unsuccessful attempts by Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval of a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "The request was denied on 15 March, and the JNA came under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than preservation of Yugoslavia, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "Background", "says": "Late 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the Croatian War of Independence, culminating in the Siege of Dubrovnik and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q505939", "label": "Battle of Vukovar", "section": "Background", "says": "Late 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the Croatian War of Independence, culminating in the Siege of Dubrovnik and the Battle of Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q296661", "label": "Cyrus Vance", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1992, an agreement to implement the peace plan negotiated by UN special envoy Cyrus Vance was signed by Croatia, the JNA and the UN."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It was thought that its capture by Serb forces would intensify the war, widening the division between the United States on one side and France and the United Kingdom on the other (advocating different approaches to the area's preservation), and feared that Bihać would become the worst humanitarian disaster of the war."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude", "says": "It was thought that its capture by Serb forces would intensify the war, widening the division between the United States on one side and France and the United Kingdom on the other (advocating different approaches to the area's preservation), and feared that Bihać would become the worst humanitarian disaster of the war."}, {"id": "Q666662", "label": "Janko Bobetko", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Brigadier General Krešimir Ćosić expected the VRS and the ARSK would threaten Karlovac and Sisak once they captured Bihać, while Chief of Croatia's General Staff General Janko Bobetko believed the fall of Bihać would represent an end to Croatia's war effort."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following a US military strategy endorsed by President Bill Clinton in February 1993, the Washington Agreement was signed in March 1994."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following a US military strategy endorsed by President Bill Clinton in February 1993, the Washington Agreement was signed in March 1994."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "This ended the Croat–Bosniak War, abolished Herzeg-Bosnia, established the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and forged the ARBiH–HVO alliance against the VRS."}], "Q551489": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Fontainebleau (German: Vertrag von Fontainebleau) was signed on 30 May 1631 during the Thirty Years' War, at the Palace of Fontainebleau."}, {"id": "Q57206", "label": "Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a pact of mutual assistance between Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and France, for a period of eight years."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In it, France agreed to protect Maximilian from Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, also a French ally and opponent of Emperor Ferdinand, Maximilian's overlord."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "From around 1520 to 1750, European politics was dominated by the rivalry between France and the Habsburgs, rulers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 1620s, France was divided by renewed religious wars and Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister from 1624 to 1642, avoided open conflict with the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Many German Protestants remained neutral, viewing it as an inheritance dispute and with Bavarian support, Emperor Ferdinand quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Many German Protestants remained neutral, viewing it as an inheritance dispute and with Bavarian support, Emperor Ferdinand quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1625, the Protestant Christian IV of Denmark invaded Northern Germany but after some success, was defeated by the Imperial general Wallenstein and forced to withdraw in 1629."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "By effectively undoing the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, it forced moderate Protestants like John George of Saxony and George William of Brandenburg into opposition."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "Background", "says": "This reignited the Protestant cause and in 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden landed in the Duchy of Pomerania, expelling Wallenstein."}], "Q5572919": [{"id": "Q27", "label": "Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Narrow Water Castle is on the banks of the Newry River, which marks the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland."}], "Q5599762": [{"id": "Q320372", "label": "The Plague", "section": "Background", "says": "They were:\n\nThe Plague of 1596–1602 (arrived in Santander by ship from northern Europe, most likely the Netherlands, then spread south through the center of Castile, reaching Madrid by 1599 and arriving in the southern city of Seville by 1600.)\nThe Plague of 1646–1652 (\"The Great Plague of Seville\"; believed to have arrived by ship from Algeria, it was spread north by coastal shipping, afflicting "}], "Q56063289": [{"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "As an element of the Adriatic question, the dispute arose from competing claims by the Kingdom of Italy and the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs carved out in the process of the dissolution of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "As an element of the Adriatic question, the dispute arose from competing claims by the Kingdom of Italy and the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs carved out in the process of the dissolution of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter claim was taken over by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia), itself formed through unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia in late 1918."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter claim was taken over by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia), itself formed through unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia in late 1918."}, {"id": "Q701518", "label": "Armistice of Villa Giusti", "section": "lead", "says": "In its claim, Italy relied on provisions of the Treaty of London, concluded in 1915, as well as on provisions of the Armistice of Villa Giusti, which allowed the victorious Allies of World War I to occupy unspecified Austro-Hungarian territories if necessary."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "In its claim, Italy relied on provisions of the Treaty of London, concluded in 1915, as well as on provisions of the Armistice of Villa Giusti, which allowed the victorious Allies of World War I to occupy unspecified Austro-Hungarian territories if necessary."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "In determining ownership of Rijeka, both sides in the dispute claimed the right of self-determination championed by US President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points, but the two sides defined the extent of the city of Rijeka differently, resulting in majority of the affected population being either Italians or South Slavs (largely Croats and Slovenes)."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "lead", "says": "In determining ownership of Rijeka, both sides in the dispute claimed the right of self-determination championed by US President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points, but the two sides defined the extent of the city of Rijeka differently, resulting in majority of the affected population being either Italians or South Slavs (largely Croats and Slovenes)."}, {"id": "Q193236", "label": "Gabriele D'Annunzio", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupying force left after Italian irredentist and nationalist writer Gabriele D'Annunzio seized the city in September 1919 proclaiming its annexation for Italy."}, {"id": "Q548114", "label": "Free State of Fiume", "section": "lead", "says": "The agreement provided for establishment of the city-state of the Free State of Fiume—against D'Annunzio's objections."}, {"id": "Q1423581", "label": "Italian Regency of Carnaro", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, he proclaimed an independent Italian Regency of Carnaro in Rijeka and declared war on Italy, only to be driven from the city in an"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon the outbreak of World War I, the Kingdom of Italy, nominally part of the Triple Alliance but with historical territorial disputes with Austria-Hungary, especially over Italian-speaking populations in Austrian Trentino and Trieste, remained neutral."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, carved out from areas of Austria-Hungary populated by South Slavs (encompassing the Slovene lands, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina), authorised the Yugoslav Committee to represent it abroad."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "France and the United Kingdom did not recognise the new state before June 1919."}], "Q6105724": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The peninsula's population before World War I included an ethnically diverse population including Muslims, Greeks and Armenians."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "On the other hand, thousands of Turkish refugees from the Balkan Wars, who had occupied their homes in the meantime, were expelled."}], "Q623792": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The October Yusin (Korean: 10월 유신) or October Restoration was a self-coup in South Korea in October 1972, in which President Park Chung Hee assumed dictatorial powers."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "lead", "says": "The October Yusin (Korean: 10월 유신) or October Restoration was a self-coup in South Korea in October 1972, in which President Park Chung Hee assumed dictatorial powers."}], "Q702911": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is a defense pact between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is a defense pact between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 11 July 1961 in Beijing by Chinese premier Zhou Enlai and North Korean leader Kim Il Sung."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed on 11 July 1961 in Beijing by Chinese premier Zhou Enlai and North Korean leader Kim Il Sung."}], "Q7109969": [{"id": "Q732272", "label": "Kemal Reis", "section": "lead", "says": "An Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands occurred in 1501 under the Ottoman admiral Kemal Reis."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These interventions were in response to the Fall of Granada and the help the last Muslim ruler there had requested from the Ottoman Empire in his fight against Castile."}], "Q711793": [{"id": "Q12375607", "label": "Summer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Chōshū expedition (Japanese: 第二次長州征討), also called the Summer War, was a punitive expedition led by the Tokugawa shogunate against the Chōshū Domain in 1866."}], "Q7225136": [{"id": "Q170306", "label": "German Revolution of 1918–1919", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany saw significant political violence from the fall of the Empire and the rise of the Republic through the German Revolution of 1918–1919, until the rise of the Nazi Party to power with 1933 elections and the proclamation of the Enabling Act of 1933 that fully broke down all opposition."}], "Q7253168": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "More than 30,000 Poles who had immigrated to Prussia from the Polish regions of the Russian Empire and Austria and did not obtain a German citizenship, were deported back to their country of origin."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath, Poles without German citizenship were again allowed to work and reside in the German Empire in all seasons but winter."}], "Q748110": [{"id": "Q312681", "label": "Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armistice of Cherasco was a truce signed at Cherasco, Piedmont, on 28 April 1796 between Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "It withdrew Sardinia from the War of the First Coalition (leaving only Britain and Austria in the Coalition) and handed over Alessandria, Coni and Tortone to Republican France."}], "Q7524771": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition to increasing tensions with India, the agreement shifted the balance of the Cold War by bringing Pakistan and China closer together while loosening ties between Pakistan and the United States."}], "Q774054": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1948, during the 1948 Palestine war, the Palestinian towns of Lydda (also known as Lod) and Ramle were captured by the Israel Defense Forces and their residents (totalling 50,000–70,000 people) were violently expelled."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Hundreds of Palestinians were killed in multiple mass killings, including the Lydda massacre, and in what is sometimes known as the Lydda death march."}, {"id": "Q374803", "label": "Benny Morris", "section": "lead", "says": "From the Israeli perspective, the conquest of the towns, designed, according to Benny Morris, \"to induce civilian panic and flight\", averted an Arab threat to Tel Aviv, thwarted an Arab Legion advance by clogging the roads with refugees—the Yiftah Brigade was ordered to strip them  of \"every watch, piece of jewelry, or money, or valuables\"—to force the Arab Legion to assume an additional logistica"}, {"id": "Q34060", "label": "Yitzhak Rabin", "section": "lead", "says": "Once the Israelis were in control of the towns, an expulsion order signed by Yitzhak Rabin was issued to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) stating, \"1."}, {"id": "Q738358", "label": "John Bagot Glubb", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1948, John Bagot Glubb, the commander of the Arab Legion, had toured Palestinian Arab towns, including Lydda and Ramle, urging them to prepare to defend themselves."}, {"id": "Q1859200", "label": "Walid Khalidi", "section": "Background", "says": "Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi writes that just 125 Legionnaires from the Fifth Infantry Company were in Lydda—the Arab Legion numbered 6,000 in all—and that the rest of the town's defense consisted of civilian residents acting under the command of a retired Arab Legion sergeant."}, {"id": "Q192780", "label": "Abdullah I of Jordan", "section": "Background", "says": "An Arab Legion officer was appointed military governor of both towns, signaling the desire of Abdullah I of Jordan to stake a claim in the parts of Palestine allotted by the UN to a Palestinian Arab state, but Glubb advised him that the Legion was overstretched and could not hold the towns."}], "Q7959771": [{"id": "Q307187", "label": "Abdulaziz bin Mohammed", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wahhabi sack of Karbala (Arabic: الهجوم الوهابي على كربلاء) occurred on 21 April 1802, under the rule of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud, the second ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah, where approximately 12,000 Wahhabis from Najd attacked the Shia city of Karbala in Ottoman Iraq."}, {"id": "Q56885910", "label": "Emirate of Diriyah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wahhabi sack of Karbala (Arabic: الهجوم الوهابي على كربلاء) occurred on 21 April 1802, under the rule of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud, the second ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah, where approximately 12,000 Wahhabis from Najd attacked the Shia city of Karbala in Ottoman Iraq."}, {"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wahhabis killed between 2,000and 5,000 of the inhabitants and plundered the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and destroyed its dome, seizing a large quantity of spoils, including gold, Persian carpets, money, pearls, and guns that had accumulated in the tomb, most of them donations."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wahhabis killed between 2,000and 5,000 of the inhabitants and plundered the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and destroyed its dome, seizing a large quantity of spoils, including gold, Persian carpets, money, pearls, and guns that had accumulated in the tomb, most of them donations."}, {"id": "Q491558", "label": "Ibn Taymiyyah", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the teachings of Ibn Taymiyya, the Wahhabis \"sought to return to the fundamentals of the tradition – the Quran, and the Sunnah, and the Hanbali school's legal positions.\" They condemned some of the Shia practices such as veneration of the graves of their holy figures and Imams, which they called bid‘ah, and did not limit themselves to academic confrontation."}, {"id": "Q3473086", "label": "Saud bin Abdulaziz", "section": "Background", "says": "In response, and consistent with their growing ideological opposition to Shi‘ism, Wahhabi forces under Saud bin Abdulaziz launched a major military expedition into Ottoman Iraq, culminating in the assault on Karbala in April 1802."}], "Q80615034": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack occurred during the 2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis and preceded a series of events that eventually brought Iran and the United States to the brink of open conflict."}], "Q861468": [{"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyūshū campaign of 1586–1587 was part of the campaigns of Toyotomi Hideyoshi who sought to dominate Japan at the end of the Sengoku period."}], "Q871373": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Combat started on 10 June 1940 with Italy's declaration of war against the United Kingdom and France and ended on 2 May 1945 when all Axis forces in Italy surrendered."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Various post-war conflicts, such as the Greek Civil War and the first phase of the Palestine War, were rooted in events during the Mediterranean theater."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mediterranean theatre was initially driven by Italian aspirations to establish a new Roman Empire, while the Allies aimed to retain the status quo."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian forces invaded Greece in October 1940—with little initial success—requiring German intervention to conquer it by April 1941; Yugoslavia was invaded and occupied by Axis forces the same month."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "With confidence high from early gains, German forces planned to capture the Middle East with a view to possibly attacking the Soviet Union from the south."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A prolonged battle for Italy commenced between Allied and Axis forces, supported by the Allied-aligned Kingdom of Italy in the south and Axis-aligned Italian Social Republic in the north, lasting until 2 May 1945 with the Surrender at Caserta."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre resulted in the destruction of the Italian Empire and the weakening of Germany's strategic position, as German forces had been diverted from the Western and Eastern fronts and suffered over two million losses (including those captured upon final surrender)."}, {"id": "Q977657", "label": "Nyon Conference", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Nyon Conference of 1937, Italy and the United Kingdom \"disclaimed any desire to modify or see modified the national sovereignty of any country in the Mediterranean area, and agreed to discourage any activities liable to impair mutual relations.\" Italian diplomatic and military moves did not reflect this agreement."}], "Q874870": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 15th century, the attitude towards Jews in the Holy Roman Empire became stricter, both from ecclesiastical and secular authorities."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "While existing papal protection provisions, which, for instance, prohibited forced conversion of Jews to Christianity, were maintained, an intensified anti-Jewish discourse by church authors spread through sermons, fueling hatred among the Christian population."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Their policy, known as \"Judenschutz\" (protection of the Jews), was generally vigorously implemented and largely prevented plague-related persecutions in the Duchy of Austria."}], "Q886691": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The events of Blutmai deepened the split between the SPD and KPD, the two major left-wing parties of the Weimar Republic, making a united stand against the growing strength of far-right parties more difficult."}], "Q1052526": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cold War (1948–1953) is the period within the Cold War from the incapacitation of the Allied Control Council in 1948 to the conclusion of the Korean War in 1953."}], "Q108542187": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1519, a joint Spanish-Italian attack on Algiers was ordered by Charles V and commanded by Hugo of Moncada."}, {"id": "Q426024", "label": "Hugo of Moncada", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1519, a joint Spanish-Italian attack on Algiers was ordered by Charles V and commanded by Hugo of Moncada."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The attack was repelled by the Algerians led by Hayreddin Barbarossa."}], "Q116961929": [{"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "The raid was claimed by the Russian Volunteer Corps; a paramilitary group of Russian citizens, based in Ukraine, which opposes the Russian regime of Vladimir Putin."}], "Q119295176": [{"id": "Q138803", "label": "Qarmatians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sack of Mecca occurred on 11 January 930, when the Qarmatians of Bahrayn sacked the Muslim holy city amidst the rituals of the Hajj pilgrimage."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qarmatians, a radical Isma'ili sect established in Bahrayn since the turn of the 9th century, had previously attacked the caravans of Hajj pilgrims and even invaded and raided Iraq, the heartland of the Abbasid Caliphate, in 927–928."}, {"id": "Q311341", "label": "Al-Ahsa Oasis", "section": "Background", "says": "The preparations for the return of the mahdi gathered pace: a fortified dar al-hijra was built at the Al-Ahsa Oasis, and many Shi'a sympathizers joined the Qarmatians on their return, eager to be present at the mahdi's arrival."}], "Q122818280": [{"id": "Q441633", "label": "Albin Kurti", "section": "Background", "says": "After the decision of Prime Minister Albin Kurti to block all Serbian license plates with the letters KM (Kosovska Mitrovica) within the Republic of Kosovo, citing constitutional concerns, Kosovo Serbs working in the public sector, including the mayors of four municipalities in northern Kosovo, resigned in protest."}, {"id": "Q13047644", "label": "Vjosa Osmani", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 2022, President Vjosa Osmani set 18 December as the date for new elections in the four municipalities in northern Kosovo."}], "Q123329618": [{"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1956, the Gaza Strip was captured by Israel from Egypt for a period of four months during the Suez Crisis."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Israel, the United States, and other legal, military, and foreign policy experts otherwise contend that Israel \"ceded the effective control needed under the legal definition of occupation\" upon its disengagement in 2005."}], "Q12504788": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "After Muhammad received intelligence about the Caravan's route, Muhammad ordered Zayd ibn Haritha to go after the Caravan, and they successfully raided it and captured 100,000 dirhams worth of booty."}], "Q1283625": [{"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The French expedition to Sardinia was a short military campaign fought in 1793 in the Mediterranean Sea in the first year of the War of the First Coalition, during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The French expedition to Sardinia was a short military campaign fought in 1793 in the Mediterranean Sea in the first year of the War of the First Coalition, during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Revolutionary Wars began in April 1792 when the French declared war against the Austrian Empire, allied to the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Revolutionary Wars began in April 1792 when the French declared war against the Austrian Empire, allied to the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q312681", "label": "Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia", "section": "Background", "says": "On Sardinia warnings of the impending French attack had arrived months earlier,  although the political authority based with King Victor Amadeus III in Turin made little effort to reinforce the island, believing that to do so might be seen by the French as a provocation."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The island's inhabitants however were devout Catholics, and the persecution of Catholic clergy in the aftermath of the French Revolution incited considerable opposition among the Sardinian people; the local government, the Stamenti, were able to raise more than 4,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, although the garrison was very short of artillery."}], "Q129643563": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Unconfirmed reports said the attackers were linked to the Islamic State."}], "Q131364168": [{"id": "Q26690015", "label": "Operation Euphrates Shield", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dawn of Freedom refers to a military offensive launched by the Syrian National Army (SNA; a Turkish-backed coalition of forces) against the Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), targeting the northern Aleppo Governorate region between al-Bab and Tadef within the Operation Euphrates Shield zone."}], "Q134124692": [{"id": "Q134459237", "label": "Operation Sindoor", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 May 2025, India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, codenamed Operation Sindoor."}], "Q13538490": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bocskai uprising, known in Hungary as Bocskai's War of Independence (Hungarian: Bocskai szabadságharc, Bocskai-felkelés) was a revolt which took place in Hungary, Transylvania and modern Slovakia during the Long Turkish War (between 1604 and 1606) against Emperor Rudolf II."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bocskai uprising, known in Hungary as Bocskai's War of Independence (Hungarian: Bocskai szabadságharc, Bocskai-felkelés) was a revolt which took place in Hungary, Transylvania and modern Slovakia during the Long Turkish War (between 1604 and 1606) against Emperor Rudolf II."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bocskai uprising, known in Hungary as Bocskai's War of Independence (Hungarian: Bocskai szabadságharc, Bocskai-felkelés) was a revolt which took place in Hungary, Transylvania and modern Slovakia during the Long Turkish War (between 1604 and 1606) against Emperor Rudolf II."}, {"id": "Q316530", "label": "Stephen Bocskai", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebel leader was Stephen Bocskai, a Protestant Hungarian nobleman."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although he was supported by the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate, Moldavia, Transylvania, he prevented an Ottoman siege of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the terms of the Treaty of Vienna in 1606, all constitutional and religious rights and privileges were granted to the Hungarians in both the Principality of Transylvania and Royal Hungary."}, {"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1556, had centralized the military and finances of the Habsburg Empire."}, {"id": "Q313494", "label": "Gabriel Bethlen", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Gabriel Bethlen wrote to ask Stephen Bocskai to lead them against the illegitimate king."}, {"id": "Q368154", "label": "Sigismund Báthory", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Bocskai had a key position when he supported his nephew Sigismund Báthory and was a battle-hardened leader."}], "Q136466492": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 10, 2025, a doublet earthquake consisting of two events measuring Mw 7.4 and 6.7–6.8 struck eastern Mindanao in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Both events raised tsunami warnings for seven provinces in the Philippines and parts of Indonesia, with minor tsunami waves observed."}], "Q15076387": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Skirmish at Joncherey (French pronunciation: [ʒɔ̃ʃʁɛ]) was a clash in the Territoire de Belfort, on the then border between France and Germany, and was the first military action of the Western Front of World War I."}], "Q16415894": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gugark pogrom was a pogrom directed against the Azerbaijani minority of the Gugark District (now a part of the Lori Province) in the Armenian SSR, then part of the Soviet Union."}], "Q16931600": [{"id": "Q2665626", "label": "Battle of Beersheba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Palestine offensive, began on 31 October 1917, with the Battle of Beersheba, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) under the Command of Field Marshall Edmund Allenby attacked Ottoman Empire forces at the town of Beersheba during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, of World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Palestine offensive, began on 31 October 1917, with the Battle of Beersheba, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) under the Command of Field Marshall Edmund Allenby attacked Ottoman Empire forces at the town of Beersheba during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, of World War I."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Palestine offensive, began on 31 October 1917, with the Battle of Beersheba, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) under the Command of Field Marshall Edmund Allenby attacked Ottoman Empire forces at the town of Beersheba during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Palestine offensive, began on 31 October 1917, with the Battle of Beersheba, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) under the Command of Field Marshall Edmund Allenby attacked Ottoman Empire forces at the town of Beersheba during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, of World War I."}, {"id": "Q941322", "label": "Third Battle of Gaza", "section": "lead", "says": "Then, during the night of 1/2 November, the Third Battle of Gaza took place on the Mediterranean coast, when limited attacks by the XXI Corps were made against strongly held, formidable defences."}, {"id": "Q16932897", "label": "Stalemate in Southern Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Gaza to Beersheba line was defended by both sides during the Stalemate in Southern Palestine from April to the end of October 1917."}, {"id": "Q7185566", "label": "Philistia", "section": "Background", "says": "The EEF front line extended for 22 miles (35 km) from the Mediterranean coast at Gaza to a point on the Wadi Ghazzeh near El Gamli, about 14 miles (23 km) south-west of Sharia and 18 miles (29 km) west of Beersheba on the southern edge of the plain of Philistia."}], "Q16986110": [{"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "The India–Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the Government of India and Government of Nepal, is a bilateral treaty signed by the Kingdom of Nepal and the Republic of India to establish a close strategic relationship between the two South Asian neighbours."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty was signed in Kathmandu on 31 July 1950 by the last Rana Prime Minister of Nepal, Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, and the Indian ambassador to Nepal, Chadreshwar Narayan Singh, and came into force the same day as per Article 9 of the Treaty."}, {"id": "Q2003866", "label": "Sugauli Treaty", "section": "Background", "says": "During British rule in India, Nepal's ties with the British government were governed by the 1816 Treaty of Sugauli that was replaced by the 1923 \"Treaty of perpetual peace and friendship\" or  Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923."}], "Q17195717": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Zarb-e-Azb (Pashto/Urdu: آپریشن ضربِ عضب ALA-LC: Āpres̱ẖan Ẓarb-i ʿAẓb; lit. 'Single Strike') was a joint military offensive conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces against various militant groups, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement and Lashkar-e-Islam."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the war in North-West Pakistan, up to 30,000 Pakistani soldiers were involved in Zarb-e-Azb, described as a \"comprehensive operation\" to flush out all foreign and local militants hiding in North Waziristan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Background", "says": "In retaliation, the Pakistani military launched a series of air-strikes targeting terrorist hideouts in the areas bordering Afghanistan."}], "Q18108964": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The military forces of the German Empire occupied Belgium during World War I between 1914 and 1918."}, {"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "lead", "says": "The majority of the country fell within the General Government, a formal occupation administration ruled by a German general, while the others, closer to the front line, came under more repressive direct military rule."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "From August 1918, the Allies advanced into occupied Belgium during the Hundred Days Offensive, liberating some areas."}], "Q1814824": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident was part of anti-Jewish violence in Poland towards and after the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Some Jewish refugees returned to Kraków from the Soviet Union and from neighbouring villages and towns."}], "Q18159629": [{"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 June 2014, United States President Barack Obama ordered United States forces to be dispatched in response to the Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) of the Islamic State (ISIL), as part of Operation Inherent Resolve."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 June 2014, United States President Barack Obama ordered United States forces to be dispatched in response to the Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) of the Islamic State (ISIL), as part of Operation Inherent Resolve."}, {"id": "Q18357664", "label": "Operation Inherent Resolve", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 June 2014, United States President Barack Obama ordered United States forces to be dispatched in response to the Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) of the Islamic State (ISIL), as part of Operation Inherent Resolve."}, {"id": "Q17562199", "label": "James Foley", "section": "Background", "says": "On 12 August 2014, ISIL started a campaign of beheading Western and Japanese civilian hostages (announced 12 August, James Foley 19 August, Steven Sotloff 2 September, David Haines 13 September, Hervé Gourdel 24 September, Alan Henning 3 October, Peter Kassig 16 November, Haruna Yukawa sometime January 2015, Kenji Goto 30 January 2015) marketed via the internet."}], "Q20278906": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kobanî massacre was a combination of suicide missions and attacks on Kurdish civilians by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on the Kurdish-majority city of Kobanî, beginning on Thursday, 25 June 2015, and culminating on Friday, 26 June 2015."}], "Q2093787": [{"id": "Q310462", "label": "Saigō Takamori", "section": "lead", "says": "The expedition ended in a nominal victory for the shogunate after a deal negotiated by Saigō Takamori allowed Chōshū to hand over the ringleaders of the Kinmon incident."}], "Q21057315": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 1, 2015, heavy rains triggered a major landslide in the village of El Cambray Dos within Santa Catarina Pinula, Guatemala—15 km (9.3 mi) east of Guatemala City, killing at least 280 people and leaving dozens unaccounted for across the village."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background and event", "says": "Cuba and the United States offered to provide assistance."}], "Q2276912": [{"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shangani Patrol (or Wilson's Patrol) was a 37-soldier unit of the British South Africa Company that in 1893 was ambushed and annihilated by over 3,000 Matabele warriors in pre-Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), during the First Matabele War."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shangani Patrol (or Wilson's Patrol) was a 37-soldier unit of the British South Africa Company that in 1893 was ambushed and annihilated by over 3,000 Matabele warriors in pre-Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), during the First Matabele War."}, {"id": "Q857982", "label": "First Matabele War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shangani Patrol (or Wilson's Patrol) was a 37-soldier unit of the British South Africa Company that in 1893 was ambushed and annihilated by over 3,000 Matabele warriors in pre-Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), during the First Matabele War."}, {"id": "Q205422", "label": "Battle of the Little Bighorn", "section": "lead", "says": "Its dramatic last stand, sometimes called \"Wilson's Last Stand\", achieved a prominent place in the British public imagination and, subsequently, in Rhodesian history, similarly to events such as the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Battle of the Alamo in the United States."}, {"id": "Q235344", "label": "Battle of the Alamo", "section": "lead", "says": "Its dramatic last stand, sometimes called \"Wilson's Last Stand\", achieved a prominent place in the British public imagination and, subsequently, in Rhodesian history, similarly to events such as the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Battle of the Alamo in the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Its dramatic last stand, sometimes called \"Wilson's Last Stand\", achieved a prominent place in the British public imagination and, subsequently, in Rhodesian history, similarly to events such as the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Battle of the Alamo in the United States."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "Background", "says": "Amid the Scramble for Africa during the 1880s, the South African-based businessman and politician Cecil Rhodes envisioned the annexation to the British Empire of a swathe of territory connecting the Cape of Good Hope and Cairo—respectively at the southern and northern tips of Africa—and the concurrent construction of a line of rail linking the two."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Amid the Scramble for Africa during the 1880s, the South African-based businessman and politician Cecil Rhodes envisioned the annexation to the British Empire of a swathe of territory connecting the Cape of Good Hope and Cairo—respectively at the southern and northern tips of Africa—and the concurrent construction of a line of rail linking the two."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "Background", "says": "In the immediate vicinity of the Cape, this ambition was challenged by the presence of independent states to the north-east of Britain's Cape Colony: the Boer republics, and to the north of these the Kingdom of Matabeleland under Lobengula."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Background", "says": "Having secured the Rudd Concession on mining rights from King Lobengula on 30 October 1888, Rhodes and his British South Africa Company were granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria in October 1889."}, {"id": "Q1390901", "label": "Leander Starr Jameson", "section": "Background", "says": "Matabele warriors began the wholesale slaughter of Mashonas in the vicinity of Fort Victoria in July that year, and an indaba (tribal conference) organised by Company official Leander Starr Jameson to end the conflict ended with violence, and dispersion by force."}], "Q23540783": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shirqat offensive, codenamed Operation Conquest or Operation Fatah, was an offensive against the positions of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in and around the district of Al-Shirqat District to reach the city of Mosul."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "After the fall of Mosul to ISIL forces on 10 June 2014, the United States and the Iraqi Government made plans to retake the city."}], "Q2377085": [{"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo–Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (日英修好通商条約, Nichi-Ei Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku; The Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce, between Queen Victoria and the tycoon of Japan) was signed on 26 August 1858 by Lord Elgin and the then representatives of the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), and was ratified between Queen Victoria and the Tycoon of Japan at Yedo on 11 July 1859."}], "Q2511085": [{"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "Additionally, he notes a slew of unwarranted arrests of Jewish Moroccans during the visit of Gamal Abdel Nasser to Casablanca."}], "Q2580157": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dragon Rouge (French: Opération Dragon Rouge, IPA: [ɔpeɾasjõ dɾagõ ɾuʒə], meaning \"Operation Red Dragon\") was a hostage rescue operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo conducted jointly by Belgium and the United States in 1964."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Dragon Rouge (French: Opération Dragon Rouge, IPA: [ɔpeɾasjõ dɾagõ ɾuʒə], meaning \"Operation Red Dragon\") was a hostage rescue operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo conducted jointly by Belgium and the United States in 1964."}], "Q29025221": [{"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Constanța was an attack by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet on the Romanian port of Constanța on 26 June 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, and resulted in the only encounter between major warships in the Black Sea during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Constanța was an attack by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet on the Romanian port of Constanța on 26 June 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, and resulted in the only encounter between major warships in the Black Sea during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Constanța was an attack by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet on the Romanian port of Constanța on 26 June 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, and resulted in the only encounter between major warships in the Black Sea during World War II."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Background", "says": "After Romania joined the Tripartite Pact in November 1940, the Germans agreed to construct coastal artillery batteries to bolster obsolete Romanian coastal defences, including the Tirpitz battery south of Constanța, armed with three World War I-era 28 cm (11 in) SK L/45 guns."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Background", "says": "Forewarned by Adolf Hitler about the scheduled date for the German invasion of the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Barbarossa, on 22 June 1941, the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora laid 1,000 mines between Cape Midia and Tuzla to protect Constanța between 16 and 19 June."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 June the Royal Romanian Air Force launched attacks against Soviet airfields in Bessarabia, destroying 37 Soviet aircraft on the ground."}, {"id": "Q2468121", "label": "Filipp Oktyabrsky", "section": "Background", "says": "With the failure of the initial air attacks, Vice Admiral Filipp Oktyabrsky, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, decided to launch a combined aerial and naval attack on Constanța and a seaborne assault on the Danube Delta."}], "Q2902647": [{"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "lead", "says": "The Georgian Armed Forces mutiny of October 1998 was an abortive attempt of a rebellion organized by a group of officers led by Colonel Akaki Eliava in western Georgia against the government of President Eduard Shevardnadze."}, {"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "lead", "says": "Akaki Eliava, a leader of the revolt, was among the most active supporters of the late president Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who was ousted in a coup in 1992 and defeated in a subsequent attempt to regain power in 1993."}, {"id": "Q967713", "label": "Tengiz Kitovani", "section": "Background", "says": "As a result of a 2 week long clashes between the government forces and the rebels, Gamsakhurdia was ousted and forced to leave the country, as Tengiz Kitovani and Tengiz Sigua, the main leaders of the rebel factions, invited the former first secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, and the former Soviet minister of foreign affairs, Eduard Shevardnadze, to become the chairman of the Georgian parl"}, {"id": "Q969062", "label": "Jaba Ioseliani", "section": "Background", "says": "Even though the new government restored peace in the country, the political and economical instability continued, as many factors, such as widespread corruption, would halt the recovery of the country from the effects of the civil war, as well as severely damage Shevardnadze's reputation, who survived an assassination attempt in August 1995, for which he blamed and imprisoned Jaba Ioseliani, the l"}], "Q2915092": [{"id": "Q3127920", "label": "Harry Smith Parkes", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Consul General, Harry Parkes, endeavored to keep his country neutral in the growing rivalry between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the pro-imperial forces, which later exploded in the Boshin War."}, {"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "Background", "says": "The new Consul General, Harry Parkes, endeavored to keep his country neutral in the growing rivalry between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the pro-imperial forces, which later exploded in the Boshin War."}], "Q2961211": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was signed at the Ninth International Conference of American States of 30 April 1948, held in Bogotá, Colombia."}], "Q29867946": [{"id": "Q134068", "label": "Nawaz Sharif", "section": "Background", "says": "In March, 32 days after it was closed, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ordered the reopening of the Afghanistan–Pakistan border as a \"goodwill gesture\"."}], "Q3041786": [{"id": "Q2572351", "label": "treaty of Saigon", "section": "Background", "says": "The first phase started in 1859, when French and Spanish forces began an invasion of the Cochinchina, leading to the ceding of three southern provinces to form the colony of Cochinchina under the Treaty of Saigon in 1864."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1867, the French seized three further provinces and by 1883, the process was complete, when northern and central Vietnam were conquered and made into the French protectorates of Tonkin and Annam and incorporated into French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q5260210", "label": "Phan Dinh Phung", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, military resistance to French rule came through the Cần Vương movement led by Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng, which sought to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent nation."}, {"id": "Q447616", "label": "Hàm Nghi", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, military resistance to French rule came through the Cần Vương movement led by Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng, which sought to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent nation."}], "Q3062342": [{"id": "Q461096", "label": "Ibn Hišām", "section": "lead", "says": "Ibn Hisham also refers to this as Abdullah b."}], "Q3091100": [{"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the revolt sparked political upheavals that led to the declaration of the Second Spanish Republic a few months later."}, {"id": "Q192894", "label": "Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella", "section": "Background", "says": "It occurred during a period of growing unrest after six years of dictatorship, first under Miguel Primo de Rivera and then under Dámaso Berenguer."}, {"id": "Q562621", "label": "Dámaso Berenguer, 1st Count of Xauen", "section": "Background", "says": "It occurred during a period of growing unrest after six years of dictatorship, first under Miguel Primo de Rivera and then under Dámaso Berenguer."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "It took place in the context of the mass movements in Europe that followed World War I and the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "It took place in the context of the mass movements in Europe that followed World War I and the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q18363", "label": "Alfonso XIII", "section": "Background", "says": "The origins of the revolt can be traced to the Pact of San Sebastián of August 1930, when Republican politicians united with the goal of dethroning King Alfonso XIII of Spain and proclaiming the Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The origins of the revolt can be traced to the Pact of San Sebastián of August 1930, when Republican politicians united with the goal of dethroning King Alfonso XIII of Spain and proclaiming the Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q186666", "label": "Santiago Casares Quiroga", "section": "Background", "says": "The CRN representative Santiago Casares Quiroga knew of the decision to delay the uprising and came to Jaca the evening before but did not notify Galán."}], "Q3349522": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huesca Offensive was an operation carried out during the Spanish Civil War by the Republican Army in June 1937 in order to take the Aragonese city of Huesca, which since the start of the war in July 1936 had been under the control of the Nationalist forces."}], "Q3365353": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Paris started mobilizing for war in September 1939, when Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union\nattacked Poland, but the war seemed far away until May 10 1940, when the Germans attacked France and quickly defeated the French Army."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Paris started mobilizing for war in September 1939, when Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union\nattacked Poland, but the war seemed far away until May 10 1940, when the Germans attacked France and quickly defeated the French Army."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "As the war continued, anti-German clandestine groups and networks were created, some loyal to the French Communist Party (PCF), and others to General Charles de Gaulle in London."}], "Q3504710": [{"id": "Q1418016", "label": "Heimosodat", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the many \"kinship wars\" (Heimosodat) fought near the newly independent Finland during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the many \"kinship wars\" (Heimosodat) fought near the newly independent Finland during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian East Karelia was never part of the Swedish Empire or the Grand Duchy of Finland, and was at the time mostly inhabited by Karelians."}, {"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian East Karelia was never part of the Swedish Empire or the Grand Duchy of Finland, and was at the time mostly inhabited by Karelians."}], "Q3505334": [{"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, Paraguayan president and commander-in-chief of the army Francisco Solano López was aware of the landing the Allies had made in the rear of his army."}, {"id": "Q738679", "label": "Bernardino Caballero", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking advantage of the Allies' slow march, he sent colonel Bernardino Caballero with 5,000 men and 12 guns, to stop the enemy at a narrow passage over a stream called Ytororó."}], "Q3736097": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Several Soviet OMON (Special Purpose Police Unit) assaults on Lithuanian border posts occurred after Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990."}], "Q3774218": [{"id": "Q1235331", "label": "Greek-Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege and subsequent sacking of Camarina took place in 405 BC during the Sicilian Wars."}, {"id": "Q367407", "label": "Hermocrates", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict began as a response to the offensive activities undertaken by Hermocrates of Syracuse against Carthaginian territories in Sicily, particularly Selinus, after 408 BC."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Carthage dispatched an army under the command of Hannibal Mago and Himilco II, members of the Magonid family, to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q685976", "label": "Hannibal Mago", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Carthage dispatched an army under the command of Hannibal Mago and Himilco II, members of the Magonid family, to Sicily."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "lead", "says": "This event marked a significant point in the Sicilian Wars, with Carthage attaining peak control over Sicily, a level of dominance that wouldn't be seen again until after the demise of Agathocles in 289 BC."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "Background", "says": "Hannibal besieged Akragas in the summer of 406 BC, which withstood the initial assault."}], "Q3807161": [{"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peloponnesian War was fought in the Eastern Mediterranean between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League from 431 to 404 BC for hegemony over Ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peloponnesian War was fought in the Eastern Mediterranean between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League from 431 to 404 BC for hegemony over Ancient Greece."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially inconclusive, the intervention of the Persian Empire in support of Sparta in 413 BC allowed the Spartan coalition to decisively defeat Athens, beginning a period of Spartan hegemony over Greece."}, {"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The opening phase, called the Ten Years' War or the Archidamian War, began in 431 BC when the Spartan king Archidamus II invaded Attica with his army."}, {"id": "Q932202", "label": "Peace of Nicias", "section": "lead", "says": "With both city-states exhausted from years of fighting, the Peace of Nicias was signed in 421 BC."}, {"id": "Q844289", "label": "Sicilian Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The third phase, the Sicilian Expedition, saw Athens attempt to conquer the Spartan-allied Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q143559", "label": "Lysander", "section": "lead", "says": "While Persia captured the Athenian cities in Asia Minor; Sparta, led by Lysander, built a Persian-financed fleet to break Athens's naval superiority."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "lead", "says": "A decade later Athens regained its independence in the Corinthian War, and Sparta's power continued to fall in the years to come."}, {"id": "Q787429", "label": "Thirty Years' Peace", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Thirty Years' Peace was first tested in 440 BC, when Athens's powerful ally Samos rebelled from its alliance with Athens."}, {"id": "Q951932", "label": "Battle of Sybota", "section": "Prelude", "says": "At the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships played a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra."}, {"id": "Q1356189", "label": "Battle of Potidaea", "section": "Prelude", "says": "During the subsequent Battle of Potidaea, the Corinthians unofficially aided Potidaea by sneaking contingents of men into the besieged city to help defend it."}, {"id": "Q743776", "label": "First Peloponnesian War", "section": "Prelude", "says": "A further provocation was Athens in 433/2 BC imposing trade sanctions on Megarian citizens (once more a Spartan ally after the First Peloponnesian War)."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Prelude", "says": "These sanctions, known as the Megarian decree, were largely ignored by Thucydides, but some modern ec"}], "Q3881908": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lake Maggiore massacres was a set of World War II war crimes that took place near Lake Maggiore, Italy in September and October 1943."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Many of the bodies were sunk into the lake to prevent discovery but one washed ashore in neighbouring Switzerland, drawing international attention to the massacre and prompting an inconclusive divisional inquiry."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The war crime was subject to a trial in West Germany in 1968 in which five of the accused were found guilty but later controversially released after a verdict by the German high court which ruled that the statute of limitations for the case had expired."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Italian surrender on 8 September 1943 the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler was stationed in northern Italy, having recently returned from the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Following the Italian surrender on 8 September 1943 the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler was stationed in northern Italy, having recently returned from the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q57199", "label": "Joachim Peiper", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Despite this, a unit of the division under Joachim Peiper committed the Boves massacre on 19 September in retaliation to the capture of two German soldiers and murdered 23 civilians despite the release of the two soldiers."}, {"id": "Q57181", "label": "Paul Hausser", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The division arrested and executed Jews and looted Jewish property and, eventually, was ordered to stop this practice by SS-corps commander Paul Hausser who had made it clear that the arrest of Jews and confiscation of their property was exclusively reserved for the security police and the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service)."}], "Q3915497": [{"id": "Q983925", "label": "Segismundo Casado", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army, led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro, rose against the socialist prime minister Juan Negrín, and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) to negotiate a peace deal."}, {"id": "Q2467469", "label": "Julián Besteiro", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army, led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro, rose against the socialist prime minister Juan Negrín, and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) to negotiate a peace deal."}, {"id": "Q312757", "label": "Juan Negrín", "section": "lead", "says": "On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army, led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro, rose against the socialist prime minister Juan Negrín, and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) to negotiate a peace deal."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "Francisco Franco, however, was willing to accept only an unconditional surrender."}], "Q4046233": [{"id": "Q552191", "label": "Dudley Pound", "section": "lead", "says": "Five ships were sunk of the 19 starters and this alarmed Admiral John Tovey, the commander of the Home Fleet and the First Sea Lord, Admiral Dudley Pound, that the German operation against the convoy foreshadowed more combined-arms attacks against Arctic convoys."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "Prelude", "says": "In support of the convoy escort, guarding against a sortie by Tirpitz and the other big ships based in Norway, was a Heavy Cover Force from the Home Fleet, comprising the battleships Duke of York (Vice Admiral Alban Curteis commanding) King George V, battlecruiser Renown, aircraft carrier HMS Victorious, the cruisers Kent and Edinburgh and sixteen destroyers, Ashanti, Bedouin, Echo, Escapade, Eski"}, {"id": "Q194364", "label": "Bear Island", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The Heavy Cover Force was to follow the track of the convoy at long distance, until the convoy was past Bear Island and then cover Convoy QP 9 the reciprocal convoy."}], "Q429324": [{"id": "Q18363", "label": "Alfonso XIII", "section": "lead", "says": "The general strike took place in the historical context of the Crisis of 1917, during the reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Eduardo Dato."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "The anarcho-syndicalist National Confederation of Labor (Spanish: Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, CNT) had been defending the possibility of convening a general strike to confront the growing deterioration in the living conditions of the working classes, as a consequence of the economic impact that World War I was having on Spain: inflation, subsistence crisis, deterioration of wages, increase"}, {"id": "Q3143157", "label": "Ángel Pestaña", "section": "Background", "says": "The result was the historic \"Pact of Zaragoza\" signed on 17 July 1916 by both organizations, from which a joint committee was formed, made up of Ángel Pestaña and Salvador Seguí for the CNT, and Francisco Largo Caballero, Julián Besteiro and Vicente Barrio for the UGT that would organize the protest strike."}, {"id": "Q2467469", "label": "Julián Besteiro", "section": "Background", "says": "The result was the historic \"Pact of Zaragoza\" signed on 17 July 1916 by both organizations, from which a joint committee was formed, made up of Ángel Pestaña and Salvador Seguí for the CNT, and Francisco Largo Caballero, Julián Besteiro and Vicente Barrio for the UGT that would organize the protest strike."}], "Q4332537": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's Grande Armée occupied Moscow from 14 September to 19 October 1812 during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q184320", "label": "Battle of Borodino", "section": "lead", "says": "With French victory in the Battle of Borodino on 7 September, the way to Moscow was open."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "lead", "says": "The opposing Russian army under Mikhail Kutuzov had suffered heavy losses and chose to retreat."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon and Kutuzov even slept on the same bed in the manor of Bolshiye Vyazyomy just one night apart, as the French chased the Russians down."}, {"id": "Q598090", "label": "Battle of Maloyaroslavets", "section": "lead", "says": "On 19 October, after losing the Battle of Tarutino, Napoleon and his Grande Armée, slowly weakened by the attrition warfare against him, lacking provisions, and facing the first snows, abandoned the city voluntarily and marched southwards until the Battle of Maloyaroslavets stopped the advance."}], "Q4353495": [{"id": "Q2890346", "label": "Battle of Vinegar Hill", "section": "lead", "says": "The Castle Hill convict rebellion (also known as Battle of Vinegar Hill) was a convict rebellion in Castle Hill, Sydney, then part of the British colony of New South Wales."}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by veterans of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the poorly armed insurgents confronted the colonial forces of Australia on 5 March 1804 at Rouse Hill."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by veterans of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the poorly armed insurgents confronted the colonial forces of Australia on 5 March 1804 at Rouse Hill."}], "Q4586802": [{"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Background", "says": "Tensions between Croats and Serbs increased steadily through 1990 and 1991 following the electoral victory of Croatia's nationalist Croatian Democratic Union party, led by Franjo Tuđman."}, {"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "Background", "says": "The village was surrounded by the JNA, commanded by Colonel Ratko Mladić, and the Serb insurgent forces, cutting access and preventing delivery of supplies."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "It was one of the first instances where the JNA openly sided with the insurgent Serbs in the rapidly escalating Croatian War of Independence."}], "Q4698295": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Niš incident was a friendly fire incident during World War II involving American and Soviet forces."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 7 November 1944, United States Army Air Forces fighters strafed a Red Army convoy and airbase near Niš, Yugoslavia, which resulted in an air battle over the area between American and responding Soviet Air Force fighters."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "Background", "says": "After the liberation of Bulgaria, Soviet forces from the 3rd Ukrainian Front advanced into southern Yugoslavia in the Belgrade offensive and in cooperation with the Yugoslav Partisans liberated Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "After taking part in the liberation of Bulgaria with the 37th Army, Lieutenant General Grigory Kotov's 6th Guards Rifle Corps was transferred to the 3rd Ukrainian Front's 57th Army, preparing to attack into southern Hungary."}], "Q474300": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Western Carpathian offensive (Russian: Западно-Карпатская наступательная операция) was a successful offensive by the Red Army during World War II, that lasted from January 12 to February 18, 1945."}], "Q4870524": [{"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement occurred during the War of the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, and was one of the last times Swedish and Danish forces met on the battlefield."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The engagement occurred during the War of the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, and was one of the last times Swedish and Danish forces met on the battlefield."}], "Q4872642": [{"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arcos de Valdevez tournament (Portuguese: Torneio de Arcos de Valdevez) took place at Arcos de Valdevez on the banks of the river Vez between the Kingdom of León and the then self-proclaimed Kingdom of Portugal in the summer of 1140 or 1141."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arcos de Valdevez tournament (Portuguese: Torneio de Arcos de Valdevez) took place at Arcos de Valdevez on the banks of the river Vez between the Kingdom of León and the then self-proclaimed Kingdom of Portugal in the summer of 1140 or 1141."}, {"id": "Q587697", "label": "Afonso I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "His opponent at Arcos de Valdevez was his cousin Afonso I of Portugal."}], "Q53791833": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia's main objective in this campaign was to assist local forces led by Egypt's autonomous ruler, Ali Bey al-Kabir, who was in open rebellion against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia, led by Catherine the Great, was pressing the Ottomans in Europe."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1768, while the Russian Empire was suppressing a Polish uprising near the Ottoman border, a Cossack regiment chased some of the rebels across the border and reportedly carried out a massacre in the town of Balta."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "Background", "says": "He demanded military assistance from Ali Bey, a Mamluk, who was the most powerful official in Ottoman Egypt at the time."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "Later he struck an alliance with Daher al-Umar, a wealthy Arab ruler in northern Palestine."}, {"id": "Q454884", "label": "Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, Tsarina Catherine the Great, lacking an organised Russian fleet in the Black Sea, drew up plans with Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov to detach a large number of ships from the Baltic Fleet and deploy them to the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q1620408", "label": "Battle of Chesma", "section": "Background", "says": "On 7 July, a Turkish fleet was crushed at the Battle of Chesma, which crippled the Ottoman Navy and gave the Russians naval command of the Mediterranean for the remainder of the war."}], "Q5433986": [{"id": "Q57185", "label": "Maximilian von Spee", "section": "lead", "says": "Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee sent the light cruiser SMS Nürnberg along with the collier Titania to attack the station on 7 September 1914 while his East Asia Squadron was crossing the Pacific, en route to South America."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "The station was a part of the All Red Line, connecting Australia, New Zealand, and Canada to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the German East Asia Squadron, commanded by Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee, departed from its base at Qingdao."}], "Q559069": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Great Britain occupied the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and the nearby port of Cavite for eighteen months, from 6 October 1762 to the first week of April 1764."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation was an extension of the larger Seven Years' War between Britain and France, which Spain had recently entered on the side of the French."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "Background", "says": "This had come about because the former Governor-General of the Philippines, Pedro Manuel de Arandia, had died in 1759 and his replacement, Francisco de la Torre, had not arrived due to the British capture of Havana in Spanish Cuba."}], "Q60188600": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the second Persian invasion of Greece, which took place from 480 to 479 BCE, Athens was captured and subsequently destroyed by the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian army commander Mardonius oversaw the razing of several structures of political and religious significance throughout the city, including the Acropolis, the Old Temple of Athena, and the Older Parthenon."}, {"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "lead", "says": "One year later, the Greek coalition retook Athens and dealt a devastating defeat to the Persian army during the Battle of Plataea, killing Mardonius and setting the stage for the eventual expulsion of all Persian troops from southern Greece."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Athens' destruction by the Persians prompted the Greeks to build the Themistoclean Wall around the city in an effort to deter future invaders, and the event continued to have an impact on Greek society for a prolonged period; a number of Athenian artifacts that had been taken to Persia during the Greco-Persian Wars were returned to Greece during the Wars of Alexander the Great, and according to th"}, {"id": "Q551888", "label": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Athens' destruction by the Persians prompted the Greeks to build the Themistoclean Wall around the city in an effort to deter future invaders, and the event continued to have an impact on Greek society for a prolonged period; a number of Athenian artifacts that had been taken to Persia during the Greco-Persian Wars were returned to Greece during the Wars of Alexander the Great, and according to th"}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "lead", "says": "Athens' destruction by the Persians prompted the Greeks to build the Themistoclean Wall around the city in an effort to deter future invaders, and the event continued to have an impact on Greek society for a prolonged period; a number of Athenian artifacts that had been taken to Persia during the Greco-Persian Wars were returned to Greece during the Wars of Alexander the Great, and according to th"}, {"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "lead", "says": "Athens' destruction by the Persians prompted the Greeks to build the Themistoclean Wall around the city in an effort to deter future invaders, and the event continued to have an impact on Greek society for a prolonged period; a number of Athenian artifacts that had been taken to Persia during the Greco-Persian Wars were returned to Greece during the Wars of Alexander the Great, and according to th"}], "Q602902": [{"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "Background", "says": "Escalating tensions led to the Kosovo War in February 1998."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "Many Yugoslav border units suffered from lack of manpower, with the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia having seriously damaged their resources."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Albanian Army had an estimated 4,000–6,000 soldiers, and Yugoslavia was said to have \"little regard\" for the country's military."}], "Q60785914": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1268, the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice agreed to temporarily end hostilities which had erupted after the Byzantine recovery of Constantinople by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1268, the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice agreed to temporarily end hostilities which had erupted after the Byzantine recovery of Constantinople by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1268, the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice agreed to temporarily end hostilities which had erupted after the Byzantine recovery of Constantinople by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Venice had enjoyed a privileged position in the Constantinople-based Latin Empire established by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, while Palaiologos had allied with Venice's main commercial rival, the Republic of Genoa, against them."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Venice had enjoyed a privileged position in the Constantinople-based Latin Empire established by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, while Palaiologos had allied with Venice's main commercial rival, the Republic of Genoa, against them."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "Venice had enjoyed a privileged position in the Constantinople-based Latin Empire established by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, while Palaiologos had allied with Venice's main commercial rival, the Republic of Genoa, against them."}, {"id": "Q2889962", "label": "Battle of Settepozzi", "section": "lead", "says": "A naval war against Genoa and Byzantium followed, but despite a significant Venetian victory at the Battle of Settepozzi in 1263, it failed to produce decisive results."}, {"id": "Q283062", "label": "Battle of Benevento", "section": "Background", "says": "Following his decisive victory over Manfred of Sicily at the Battle of Benevento in February 1266, Charles of Anjou became the effective master of Italy, and began to plan for the realization of his ambitions against Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q3536907", "label": "Treaty of Viterbo", "section": "Background", "says": "His plans were made public with the Treaty of Viterbo in May 1267, concluded between Charles, the exiled Latin emperor, Baldwin, the Papacy, and the Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "Background", "says": "His plans were made public with the Treaty of Viterbo in May 1267, concluded between Charles, the exiled Latin emperor, Baldwin, the Papacy, and the Principality of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q1072987", "label": "Reniero Zeno", "section": "Background", "says": "Consequently, on 1 November 1267, Doge Reniero Zeno sent two plenipotentiary ambassadors, Marco Bembo and Pietro Zeno, to negotiate a treaty with Michael VIII Palaiologos."}], "Q6355746": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish–Moro conflict (Spanish: Conflicto hispano-moro; Tagalog: Sagupaang Kastila at Moro, Labanang Kastila at Moro) was a series of battles in the Philippines lasting more than three centuries."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "It began during the Spanish Philippines and lasted until the Spanish–American War, when Spain finally began to subjugate the Moro people after centuries of attempts to do so."}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain ultimately conquered portions of the Mindanao and Jolo islands and turned the Sultanate of Sulu into a protectorate, establishing geographic dominance over the region until the Spanish-American War."}], "Q714649": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vitebsk–Orsha offensive (Russian: Витебско-Оршанская наступательная операция) was part of the Belorussian strategic offensive of the Red Army in summer 1944, commonly known as Operation Bagration."}], "Q7283721": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Los Baños (Filipino: Pagsalakay sa Los Baños) in the Philippines, early Friday morning on 23 February 1945, was executed by a combined United States Army Airborne and Filipino guerrilla task force, resulting in the liberation of 2,147 Allied civilian and military internees from an agricultural school campus turned Japanese internment camp."}], "Q92056662": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "Influenza-like illnesses had been documented in Europe since at least Charlemagne, with 1357's outbreak the first to be called influenza, but the 1510 flu pandemic is the first to be pathologically described following communication advances brought about by the printing press."}], "Q957491": [{"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "lead", "says": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard is the derisive name given to a series of attacks by the English privateer Francis Drake against the Spanish in the summer of 1587, beginning in April with a raid on Cádiz."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Background", "says": "Protestant England came into direct confrontation with Catholic Spain; Elizabeth I of England had been excommunicated by Pope Pius V in 1570, whilst in 1584 Philip II of Spain had signed the Treaty of Joinville with the French Catholic League, with the aim of eradicating Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q131945", "label": "Pius V", "section": "Background", "says": "Protestant England came into direct confrontation with Catholic Spain; Elizabeth I of England had been excommunicated by Pope Pius V in 1570, whilst in 1584 Philip II of Spain had signed the Treaty of Joinville with the French Catholic League, with the aim of eradicating Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "Protestant England came into direct confrontation with Catholic Spain; Elizabeth I of England had been excommunicated by Pope Pius V in 1570, whilst in 1584 Philip II of Spain had signed the Treaty of Joinville with the French Catholic League, with the aim of eradicating Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q2602266", "label": "Treaty of Nonsuch", "section": "Background", "says": "The support of the English for the United Provinces, who were at this time fighting against Spain for their independence, was sealed by the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585, whereby it was agreed to form an Anglo-Dutch military alliance against Spain."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The increasing power of the Spanish Empire, which in 1580 had entered a dynastic union with the Kingdom of Portugal and its empire under Philip of Spain, was expanding in the Americas, and had the support of the Catholic German Habsburgs as well as the Italian princes, was regarded by the English as a major threat to their security."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "The increasing power of the Spanish Empire, which in 1580 had entered a dynastic union with the Kingdom of Portugal and its empire under Philip of Spain, was expanding in the Americas, and had the support of the Catholic German Habsburgs as well as the Italian princes, was regarded by the English as a major threat to their security."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "The increasing power of the Spanish Empire, which in 1580 had entered a dynastic union with the Kingdom of Portugal and its empire under Philip of Spain, was expanding in the Americas, and had the support of the Catholic German Habsburgs as well as the Italian princes, was regarded by the English as a major threat to their security."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Background", "says": "Philip II ordered the arming of a great military fleet, which was to become known as the Invincible Armada, and it was hastily assembled in the Spanish port of Cádiz and in the Portuguese port of Lisbon, with the objective of invading England."}], "Q1052535": [{"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cold War (1953–1962) refers to the period in the Cold War between the end of the Korean War in 1953 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cold War (1953–1962) refers to the period in the Cold War between the end of the Korean War in 1953 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was marked by tensions and efforts at détente between the USA and Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, Nikita Khrushchev rose to power, initiating the policy of De-Stalinization which caused political unrest in the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact nations."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, Nikita Khrushchev rose to power, initiating the policy of De-Stalinization which caused political unrest in the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact nations."}, {"id": "Q306535", "label": "Austrian State Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite temporary reductions in tensions, such as the Austrian State Treaty and the 1954 Geneva Conference ending the First Indochina War, both superpowers continued their arms race and extended their rivalry into space with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 by the Soviets."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite temporary reductions in tensions, such as the Austrian State Treaty and the 1954 Geneva Conference ending the First Indochina War, both superpowers continued their arms race and extended their rivalry into space with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 by the Soviets."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite temporary reductions in tensions, such as the Austrian State Treaty and the 1954 Geneva Conference ending the First Indochina War, both superpowers continued their arms race and extended their rivalry into space with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 by the Soviets."}, {"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congo Crisis in 1960 drew Cold War battle lines in Africa, as the Democratic Republic of the Congo became a Soviet ally, causing concern in the West."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congo Crisis in 1960 drew Cold War battle lines in Africa, as the Democratic Republic of the Congo became a Soviet ally, causing concern in the West."}, {"id": "Q7327", "label": "Yuri Gagarin", "section": "Origins of the Space Race", "says": "The Soviet Union continued to extend its lead in the space race with its mission on April 12, 1961, which made Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin the first human being to leave Earth's atmosphere and enter space."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Origins of the Space Race", "says": "The United States gained some ground a month later, on May 15, 1961, when they sent Alan Shepard on a fifteen-minute flight outside of Earth's atmosphere during the Freedom 7 project."}, {"id": "Q182642", "label": "John Glenn", "section": "Origins of the Space Race", "says": "On February 20, 1962, America made further progress as John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth in his Mercury mission Friendship 7."}], "Q108543207": [{"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1937 Brazilian coup d'état (Portuguese: Golpe de Estado no Brasil em 1937), also known as the Estado Novo coup, was a self-coup in Brazil led by President Getúlio Vargas with the support of the Armed Forces on 10 November 1937."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1937 Brazilian coup d'état (Portuguese: Golpe de Estado no Brasil em 1937), also known as the Estado Novo coup, was a self-coup in Brazil led by President Getúlio Vargas with the support of the Armed Forces on 10 November 1937."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supported the coup, but in the United States and the United Kingdom,"}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supported the coup, but in the United States and the United Kingdom,"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supported the coup, but in the United States and the United Kingdom,"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supported the coup, but in the United States and the United Kingdom,"}], "Q111032432": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Russia has the second highest userbase after the United States."}], "Q115726004": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was described as the worst landslide in Malaysia in 2022, as well as the second deadliest disaster in Malaysian history after the collapse of Highland Towers in 1993, also occurred within Selangor, which account for the deaths of 48 people."}], "Q11688154": [{"id": "PIR-morgan-panama", "label": "Sack of Panama", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry Morgan's Panama expedition, also known as The Sack of Panama, was a military expedition in which English privateers commanded by Welsh Buccaneer Henry Morgan launched an attack with an army of 1,400 men (including French and Dutch volunteers) with the purpose of capturing the rich Spanish city of Panama off the Pacific coast between 16 December 1670 and 5 March 1671 during the later stage of"}, {"id": "Q65151717", "label": "Battle of Mata Asnillos", "section": "lead", "says": "Outside the city, Morgan's privateer army routed a force of Spanish militia at the Battle of Mata Asnillos."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Morgan knew this was going to be his last voyage, given that peace with Spain was inevitable in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "Background", "says": "Morgan intended to follow in the footsteps of Francis Drake, who had succeeded along the route nearly a century earlier."}], "Q123550499": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in December 2023 that there have been 164 attacks against healthcare in Palestine—in the Gaza Strip—since 7 October 2023."}], "Q129730552": [{"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "In Arabic, the conflict (2023–2024) is referred to as the \"Support War\" or the \"Gaza Support War.\"\nOn 8 October 2023, Hezbollah started firing guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli positions in the Shebaa Farms, which it said was in solidarity with Palestinians following the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel and beginning of Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip."}, {"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2024, Israel intensified its operations with two waves of electronic device attacks targeting Hezbollah's communication systems, and later assassinated the group's leading figures, including Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, and his successor, Hashem Safieddine."}, {"id": "Q5679009", "label": "Hashem Safieddine", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 2024, Israel intensified its operations with two waves of electronic device attacks targeting Hezbollah's communication systems, and later assassinated the group's leading figures, including Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, and his successor, Hashem Safieddine."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The ceasefire is being monitored by a panel of five countries, led by the United States, th"}, {"id": "Q723506", "label": "Yoav Gallant", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 2023, Israeli defense minister Yoav Gallant warned that Beirut could meet the same fate as Gaza."}], "Q131402505": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 December 2024, the United States–backed Syrian Free Army, with support from Suqour al-Sham, launched an offensive from the Al-Tanf \"deconfliction zone\" on the ancient city of Palmyra in the eastern area of the Homs Governorate."}], "Q132412817": [{"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The perpetrator was found to have been inspired by the Islamic State."}], "Q136275717": [{"id": "Q946", "label": "Donald Tusk", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 January 2025, NATO had already launched Baltic Sentry in order \"to enhance NATO's military presence in the Baltic Sea and improve Allies' ability to respond to destabilizing acts.\"\nPrime Minister Donald Tusk of Poland stated that the Russian drone incursion of Polish airspace had brought Poland \"the closest to an armed conflict since the Second World War.\" Stating that the Russian drone incu"}, {"id": "Q57792", "label": "Mark Rutte", "section": "Background", "says": "On 14 January 2025, NATO had already launched Baltic Sentry in order \"to enhance NATO's military presence in the Baltic Sea and improve Allies' ability to respond to destabilizing acts.\"\nPrime Minister Donald Tusk of Poland stated that the Russian drone incursion of Polish airspace had brought Poland \"the closest to an armed conflict since the Second World War.\" Stating that the Russian drone incu"}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Background", "says": "We have seen drones violate our airspace in Romania, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania."}], "Q16148527": [{"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "2 December] 1917, an armistice was signed between the Russian Republic led by the Bolsheviks on the one side, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire—the Central Powers—on the other."}, {"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "2 December] 1917, an armistice was signed between the Russian Republic led by the Bolsheviks on the one side, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire—the Central Powers—on the other."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "2 December] 1917, an armistice was signed between the Russian Republic led by the Bolsheviks on the one side, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire—the Central Powers—on the other."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "2 December] 1917, an armistice was signed between the Russian Republic led by the Bolsheviks on the one side, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire—the Central Powers—on the other."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "By this agreement, Russia de facto exited World War I, although fighting would briefly resume before the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918, and Russia made peace."}], "Q1639992": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) was an Allied offensive of strategic bombing during World War II in Europe."}], "Q16932092": [{"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "As it happened on the same day that the revolutionary Irish parliament first met and declared Ireland's independence, it is often seen as the first engagement of the Irish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q193689", "label": "Easter Rising", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1916, during the First World War, Irish republicans launched an uprising against British rule in Ireland, called the Easter Rising, where they proclaimed an Irish Republic."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "At a meeting in Dublin on 21 January 1919, Sinn Féin established an independent parliament called Dáil Éireann and declared independence from the United Kingdom."}], "Q16933273": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain (Spanish: Anexión de la República Dominicana a España) or Reintegration of Santo Domingo (Reintegración de Santo Domingo) was a four-year period between 1861 and 1865 during which the former Spanish possession of Santo Domingo in the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, then the independent Dominican Republic, was occupied and annexed by the S"}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain (Spanish: Anexión de la República Dominicana a España) or Reintegration of Santo Domingo (Reintegración de Santo Domingo) was a four-year period between 1861 and 1865 during which the former Spanish possession of Santo Domingo in the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, then the independent Dominican Republic, was occupied and annexed by the S"}, {"id": "Q887185", "label": "Pedro Santana", "section": "lead", "says": "The Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain (Spanish: Anexión de la República Dominicana a España) or Reintegration of Santo Domingo (Reintegración de Santo Domingo) was a four-year period between 1861 and 1865 during which the former Spanish possession of Santo Domingo in the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, then the independent Dominican Republic, was occupied and annexed by the S"}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The period coincided with the American Civil War, during which the United States was unable to enforce the Monroe Doctrine."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The period coincided with the American Civil War, during which the United States was unable to enforce the Monroe Doctrine."}], "Q17014851": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Żejtun, also known as The Last Attack (Maltese: L-aħħar ħbit), was the last major attack made by the Ottoman Empire against Hospitaller-ruled Malta."}, {"id": "Q58732", "label": "Siege of Malta", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1565, they made a second attempt known as the Great Siege of Malta, but were repelled after four months of fighting."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "Background", "says": "The Ottomans stayed away from Malta following the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, but began to make incursions to the central Mediterranean once again at the end of the century."}], "Q17326761": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vejce massacre, also known as the Vejce ambush, was carried out by the National Liberation Army against a convoy consisting of Macedonian special forces near the village of Vejce during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia."}], "Q17354928": [{"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman–Etruscan Wars, also known as the Etruscan Wars or the Etruscan–Roman Wars, were a series of wars fought between ancient Rome (in both the regal and the republican periods) and the Etruscans."}], "Q17386637": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Several incidents have taken place on the Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line during the Syrian Civil War, straining the relations between the countries."}], "Q1782419": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Triple Alliance allied the Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of the Triple Alliance allied the Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay."}, {"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Signed in 1865, after the outbreak of the Paraguayan War, its articles (plus a Protocol) prescribed the allies' actions both during and after the war."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "Background", "says": "Paraguay had now made war on the much more populous Empire of Brazil, on Argentina (also more populous), and threatened the Colorado faction of Uruguay, which by now had come into power."}], "Q18603167": [{"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "Context", "says": "In modern times, the conflict (with the first uprising in 1785) has included the First Chechen War (1994–1996), the War of Dagestan (1999), the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), the 2002 Grozny truck bombing, and the Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–present)."}, {"id": "Q643925", "label": "War of Dagestan", "section": "Context", "says": "In modern times, the conflict (with the first uprising in 1785) has included the First Chechen War (1994–1996), the War of Dagestan (1999), the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), the 2002 Grozny truck bombing, and the Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–present)."}, {"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "Context", "says": "In modern times, the conflict (with the first uprising in 1785) has included the First Chechen War (1994–1996), the War of Dagestan (1999), the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), the 2002 Grozny truck bombing, and the Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–present)."}, {"id": "Q849563", "label": "insurgency in the North Caucasus", "section": "Context", "says": "In modern times, the conflict (with the first uprising in 1785) has included the First Chechen War (1994–1996), the War of Dagestan (1999), the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), the 2002 Grozny truck bombing, and the Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–present)."}], "Q1972128": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Numerous sources show that in 1968 Israel stole 200 tonnes of yellowcake from the Belgian mining company Union Minière, which shipped processed uranium mined in Shinkolobwe, in the present-day Haut-Katanga Province of Democratic Republic of the Congo, out of Antwerp to Genoa for a European front company by transferring the ore to another vessel at sea."}], "Q19829429": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015), dubbed by the rebels as the Battle of Victory, took place in the Idlib and Hama governorates during the Syrian Civil War."}], "Q20087579": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tell Abyad offensive or Martyr Rubar Qamışlo operation was a military operation that began in late May 2015 in the northern Raqqa Governorate, during the Syrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was conducted by the Kurdish-majority People's Protection Units (YPG) and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant."}], "Q2008986": [{"id": "Q700864", "label": "Zeebrugge Raid", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostend canal was the smaller and narrower of the two channels giving access to Bruges and so was considered a secondary target behind the Zeebrugge Raid."}], "Q2046972": [{"id": "Q43330", "label": "Mikheil Saakashvili", "section": "lead", "says": "The mutiny broke out after the government announced that it had uncovered what it claimed was a Russian-backed plot to destabilize Georgia and assassinate President Mikheil Saakashvili."}], "Q20556343": [{"id": "Q3355522", "label": "Hospitaller Malta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conspiracy of the Slaves (Maltese: il-konġura tal-ilsiera or il-konfoffa tal-ilsiera; Italian: congiura de schiavi) was a failed plot by Muslim slaves in Hospitaller Malta to rebel and assassinate Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca of the Order of St John, in an attempt to facilitate the capture of Malta by the Ottoman Empire in June 1749."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Conspiracy of the Slaves (Maltese: il-konġura tal-ilsiera or il-konfoffa tal-ilsiera; Italian: congiura de schiavi) was a failed plot by Muslim slaves in Hospitaller Malta to rebel and assassinate Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca of the Order of St John, in an attempt to facilitate the capture of Malta by the Ottoman Empire in June 1749."}], "Q2259923": [{"id": "Q277450", "label": "Aceh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch dispatched a second expedition in Aceh in late 1873 during the Aceh War following the failed First Aceh Expedition of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army to Aceh."}, {"id": "Q1061057", "label": "Aceh Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "They announced that the Aceh Sultanate was dissolved and that Aceh was annexed."}], "Q2456916": [{"id": "Q31301", "label": "Anglo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alexandria expedition of 1807, also known as the Fraser expedition, as an unsuccessful attempt by British forces to capture the Egyptian city of Alexandria during the Anglo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The aim was to secure a base of operations against the Ottoman Empire and the French Empire in the Mediterranean Sea."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of a larger British strategy against the Franco-Ottoman alliance negotiated by Sultan Selim III."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Using this trapped army and his British prisoners as a bargaining tool, Viceroy Muhammad Ali compelled the British commanders to cease further operations in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q1984642", "label": "Dardanelles Operation", "section": "Background", "says": "However, he failed to provide effective support for Dmitry Senyavin's Imperial Russian Navy during the Dardanelles Operation."}], "Q2460259": [{"id": "Q190758", "label": "War in Darfur", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first time that the War in Darfur, previously confined to western Sudan, reached the country's capital."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Overall, the war had claimed the lives of up to 300,000 people, with 2.5 million more made homeless since 2003 (the United States has labeled the conflict in Darfur as genocide, a charge the Sudanese government has rejected)."}], "Q2496205": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning Philippines nationalist movement."}, {"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Many scholars believed that the Cavite mutiny was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution."}], "Q2509903": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mogilev offensive (Russian: Могилевская наступательная операция) was part of the Belorussian strategic offensive – commonly known as Operation Bagration – of the Red Army on the Eastern Front of World War II in the summer of 1944."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mogilev offensive (Russian: Могилевская наступательная операция) was part of the Belorussian strategic offensive – commonly known as Operation Bagration – of the Red Army on the Eastern Front of World War II in the summer of 1944."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mogilev offensive (Russian: Могилевская наступательная операция) was part of the Belorussian strategic offensive – commonly known as Operation Bagration – of the Red Army on the Eastern Front of World War II in the summer of 1944."}], "Q2574041": [{"id": "Q151052", "label": "Operation Bagration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polotsk offensive (Russian: Полоцкая наступательная операция) was part of the second phase of the Belorussian strategic offensive of the Red Army in summer 1944, commonly known as Operation Bagration."}], "Q2890693": [{"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of the Pyrenees was a large-scale offensive (the author David Chandler recognises the 'battle' as an offensive) launched on 25 July 1813 by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult from the Pyrénées region on Emperor Napoleon's order, in the hope of relieving French garrisons under siege at Pamplona and San Sebastián."}, {"id": "Q4872203", "label": "Battle of Roncesvalles", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 July, Soult and two French corps fought the reinforced British 4th Division and a Spanish division at the Battle of Roncesvalles."}, {"id": "Q278505", "label": "Bertrand Clausel", "section": "Background", "says": "General of Division Honoré Reille was ordered by Soult to attack and seize the Roncesvalles Pass with his corps and the corps of General of Division Bertrand Clausel of 40,000 men."}], "Q2893431": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Grobnik field is a imaginary battle that supposedly occurred in 1242 between the poor and uncivilized Croats and the savages tribals Mongols (also called \"Tatars\") of the Golden Horde in the area below the Grobnik Castle in the present-day Čavle municipality in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, western Croatia."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In almost every battle the Christian armies were destroyed and much of Hungary, Poland and the Balkans were laid to waste by Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In almost every battle the Christian armies were destroyed and much of Hungary, Poland and the Balkans were laid to waste by Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan."}], "Q2897094": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Origins of the food subsidy system", "says": "The roots of Egyptian subsidy system are to be found during World War II (in 1941), when the government wanted to assure everyone access to basic food, in rationed quantity and at low prices."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "Lead up to riots", "says": "To reduce the burden of the $9000 million worth debt, Anwar Sadat pursued Infitah (openness) policies, which had—since he took power in 1970—sought to liberalise the economy and privileging the bourgeois class, which supported the government."}], "Q2917533": [{"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Przytyk pogrom or Przytyk riots occurred between the Polish and Jewish communities in Przytyk, Radom County, Kielce Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic, on March 9, 1936."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian Emanuel Melzer, it was the most notorious incident of antisemitic violence in Poland in the interwar period, and attracted worldwide attention, being one of a series of pogroms that occurred in Poland during the years immediately before the outbreak of World War II."}], "Q3010371": [{"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Bois Caïman (French: Bois Caïman, lit. 'Gator Wood'; Bois 'Wood', Caïman 'Gator') was the site of the first major meeting of enslaved Africans during which the first major slave insurrection of the Haitian Revolution was planned."}], "Q304939": [{"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uman–Botoșani offensive or Uman–Botoshany offensive (Russian: Уманско-ботошанская наступательная операция), known on the German side as the Defensive battle at Uman and retreat battles over the Bug and Dniester (German: Abwehrschlacht bei Uman und Rückzugskämpfe über Bug und Dnestr), was a part of the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, carried out by the Red Army in the western Ukrainian Soviet Soc"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uman–Botoșani offensive or Uman–Botoshany offensive (Russian: Уманско-ботошанская наступательная операция), known on the German side as the Defensive battle at Uman and retreat battles over the Bug and Dniester (German: Abwehrschlacht bei Uman und Rückzugskämpfe über Bug und Dnestr), was a part of the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, carried out by the Red Army in the western Ukrainian Soviet Soc"}, {"id": "Q185024", "label": "Ivan Konev", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Konev, it became one of the most successful Red Army operations of the whole war."}, {"id": "Q57135", "label": "Erich von Manstein", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Wehrmacht's defeat, the commander of Army Group South, Erich von Manstein, and the commander of Army Group A, Ewald von Kleist, were dismissed by Adolf Hitler and replaced by Walter Model and Ferdinand Schörner, respectively."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Wehrmacht's defeat, the commander of Army Group South, Erich von Manstein, and the commander of Army Group A, Ewald von Kleist, were dismissed by Adolf Hitler and replaced by Walter Model and Ferdinand Schörner, respectively."}, {"id": "Q70536", "label": "Walter Model", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Wehrmacht's defeat, the commander of Army Group South, Erich von Manstein, and the commander of Army Group A, Ewald von Kleist, were dismissed by Adolf Hitler and replaced by Walter Model and Ferdinand Schörner, respectively."}, {"id": "Q57176", "label": "Ferdinand Schörner", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Wehrmacht's defeat, the commander of Army Group South, Erich von Manstein, and the commander of Army Group A, Ewald von Kleist, were dismissed by Adolf Hitler and replaced by Walter Model and Ferdinand Schörner, respectively."}], "Q30603516": [{"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Viking raid on Išbīliya, then part of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, took place in 844."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "After raiding the coasts of what are now Spain and Portugal, a Viking fleet arrived in Išbīliya (now Seville) through the Guadalquivir on 25 September and took the city on 1 or 3 October."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Abbasid Revolution which overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula (called al-Andalus by the Muslims) declared an independent emirate, with its capital in Córdoba in 756."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "Background", "says": "There might have been small Viking incursions to the Kingdom of Asturias in the early ninth century prior to the raid."}], "Q3062411": [{"id": "Q205783", "label": "Toussaint Louverture", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saint-Domingue expedition was a large French military invasion sent by Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul, under his brother-in-law Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc in an attempt to regain French control of the Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue on the island of Hispaniola, and curtail the measures of independence and abolition of slaves taken by the former slave Toussaint Louverture."}, {"id": "Q2484240", "label": "Battle of Vertières", "section": "lead", "says": "It departed in December 1801 and, after initial success, ended in a French defeat at the Battle of Vertières and the departure of French troops in December 1803."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Context", "says": "The French Revolution led to serious social upheavals on Saint-Domingue, of which the most important was the slave revolt that led to the abolition of slavery in 1793 by the civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel, in a decision endorsed and spread to all the French colonies by the National Convention 6 months later, including Haiti on August 29, 1793."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "Context", "says": "On 9 February 1801, after their defeat at Marengo, the Austrians split off from the Second Coalition and signed the Treaty of Lunéville with France."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "Context", "says": "The Kingdom of Naples then signed a peace treaty with the French at Florence and Russia under Paul I distanced itself from the coalition, with his successor Alexander I finally concluding a secret peace with Bonaparte on 10 October 1801."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "Context", "says": "Britain was thus isolated and, after the first ministry of William Pitt the Younger fell on 13 March 1801, the new Addington ministry began to consider making peace."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Context", "says": "Napoleon (now First Consul) could thus concentrate on internal problems within France and its empire."}, {"id": "Q503201", "label": "Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc", "section": "Context", "says": "In early 1801, Napoleon decided to appoint his sister Pauline's husband, general Charles Leclerc, as head of a military expedition to reassert French authority over Saint-Domingue."}], "Q3067868": [{"id": "Q1141215", "label": "Granadine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an internal conflict between the newly formed conservative Granadine Confederation and a more liberal rebel force from the newly seceded region of Cauca, composed of dissatisfied politicians commanded by General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, its former president."}, {"id": "Q3135880", "label": "Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an internal conflict between the newly formed conservative Granadine Confederation and a more liberal rebel force from the newly seceded region of Cauca, composed of dissatisfied politicians commanded by General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, its former president."}, {"id": "Q2838427", "label": "Mariano Ospina Rodríguez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Granadine Confederation, created a few years earlier in 1858 by Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, was defeated in the capital Bogotá, with Mosquera deposing the newly elected president Bartolomé Calvo on July 18, 1861."}, {"id": "Q2886122", "label": "Bartolomé Calvo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Granadine Confederation, created a few years earlier in 1858 by Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, was defeated in the capital Bogotá, with Mosquera deposing the newly elected president Bartolomé Calvo on July 18, 1861."}, {"id": "Q1061488", "label": "United States of Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting formation of the new United States of Colombia would have significant cultural and economic consequences for Colombia."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "Background", "says": "In order to satisfy the member states and avoid a repeat of past mistakes that had led to Venezuela and Ecuador leaving the previous union during the formation of the Granadine Confederation, the central government created a number of sovereign states from the different regions of Colombia :\n\nAntioquía :The Province of Antioquía became the Sovereign State of Antioquía,\nBolívar :The Sovereign State"}], "Q3077872": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Villarreal Offensive (Spanish: Ofensiva de Villarreal) was an offensive of the Spanish Civil War which lasted from 30 November to 24 December 1936."}], "Q324672": [{"id": "Q650979", "label": "German–Polish Border Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "It supplemented the German–Polish Border Treaty signed in 1990."}], "Q3337680": [{"id": "Q1988079", "label": "Dutch Guiana", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berbice Rebellion was a slave rebellion in Berbice, Dutch Guiana (present-day Guyana), that began on 27 February 1763 and lasted to April 1764, with among them the famous rebel leader Cuffy."}, {"id": "Q770776", "label": "Dutch Gold Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "Cuffy was born in the Dutch Gold Coast in West Africa (now south Ghana) before being trafficked and enslaved."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 April 1763, Cuffy wrote to Governor van Hoogenheim, stating that he did not want a war against the colony's rulers of the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in the Dutch Republic, and proposed a partition of Berbice with the WIC occupying the coastal areas and the free slaves the interior."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Seven Years' War caused a reduction in supplies to the colony, resulting in hunger among the slave population."}], "Q3428126": [{"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Pillage (Swedish: rysshärjningarna), is the name for the action of the Imperial Russian Fleet toward the Swedish civilian population along the Swedish east coast, as well as expeditions and the raids of single unit in the inland, during the finishing years of the Great Northern War in 1719–1721."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter the Great, on the other hand, wished for a swift end to the war, which would make it possible for him to focus on inner reform."}], "Q3474969": [{"id": "Q331377", "label": "Bleeding Kansas", "section": "lead", "says": "The incident fueled the irregular conflict in Kansas Territory that later became known as Bleeding Kansas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Whereas, Certain judicial arrests have been directed to me by the First District Court of the United States, etc., to be executed within the county of Douglas, and whereas an attempt to execute them by the United States Deputy Marshal was evidently resisted by a large number of the people of Lawrence, and as there is every reason to believe that any attempt to execute these writs will be resisted "}], "Q3513572": [{"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Operation Hurricane-91 (Croatian: Operacija Orkan-91) was a military offensive undertaken by the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) against the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) and SAO Western Slavonia Territorial Defense Forces in the Sava River valley, in the region of Western Slavonia during the Croatian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q4416710", "label": "SAO Western Slavonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The offensive was aimed at recapturing the region, in conjunction with two other HV offensives launched against SAO Western Slavonia in the north of the region within days."}], "Q3816808": [{"id": "Q467976", "label": "Fructuoso Rivera", "section": "lead", "says": "The Massacre of Salsipuedes (Spanish: Masacre de Salsipuedes), or the Slaughter of Salsipuedes (Spanish: Matanza de Salsipuedes), was a genocidal attack carried out on 11 April 1831 by the Uruguayan Army, led by president Fructuoso Rivera, as part of the State's efforts to eradicate the Charrúa indigenous people from the Uruguayan countryside."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "While partial descendants of the Charrúa are today believed to number between 160,000 and 300,000 across Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina, the massacre became a major event in the decimation of their communities and began to erase them from Uruguayan public memory; for this reason, it is remembered as the event that exterminated the Charrúa as a people."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Cisplatine War saw indigenous people play a vital role in securing Uruguayan independence: the Thirty-Three Orientals enjoyed fervent support among the Charrúa, who saw them as bulwarks against the Brazilian Empire that had previously displaced them."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Many indigenous people (including one of the survivors later sent to France) had also previously served under José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q649615", "label": "Juan Antonio Lavalleja", "section": "Lead-up to the massacre", "says": "Preceding Fructuosa Rivera's assumption of the presidency, he was petitioned in February 1830 by his rival Juan Antonio Lavalleja: the Charrúa, whom Lavalleja described as \"wicked people who know no restraint (...) (and could not) be left to their natural inclinations\", should be confronted in order to satisfy the settlers' demands for protection."}], "Q3881012": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samarra offensive (March 13 – April 23, 1917) was launched by the British against the Ottomans as part of the Mesopotamian campaign in Ottoman Iraq during World War I."}, {"id": "Q1320918", "label": "Frederick Stanley Maude", "section": "lead", "says": "The British commander, Stanley Maude, decided that, in order to avert these threats, he had to take control of the Samarrah railroad, running 130 km (81 mi) north of Baghdad."}], "Q4046242": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Convoy PQ 8 (8–17 January 1942) was an Arctic convoy of the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q689123", "label": "Convoy PQ 17", "section": "lead", "says": "Harmatris was stranded in Russia by the winter weather, a lack of labour to repair the torpedo damage, frequent air attacks on Murmansk by the Luftwaffe and the cessation of convoys after the disaster of Convoy PQ 17."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "Background", "says": "Between Greenland and Norway are some of the most stormy waters of the world's oceans, 890 mi (1,440 km) of water under gales full of snow, sleet and hail."}, {"id": "Q194364", "label": "Bear Island", "section": "Background", "says": "One stream bears north of Bear Island to Svalbard and a southern stream follows the coast of Murmansk into the Barents Sea."}], "Q4173148": [{"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "All armed forces operating in Ukraine were involved in the killings, in particular the anti-Communist Ukrainian People's Army and Armed Forces of South Russia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "From 1791, Jews living in the Russian Empire were largely restricted to the Pale of Settlement in the western part of the country."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "During World War I, almost half a million Jews fought in the Imperial Russian Army."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "Background", "says": "During the withdrawal of Russian troops in 1915 from Congress Poland, under pressure from the Central Powers, the military command deported 250,000 Jews deep into Russia."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "After the tsar was overthrown on 2 April 1917, Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government abolished the Pale of Settlement and repealed the restrictions on national and religious minorities, thereby granting Jews full civil equality in the Russian Republic."}], "Q4314062": [{"id": "Q750567", "label": "Spring Offensive", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919."}, {"id": "Q185718", "label": "Alexander Kolchak", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919."}, {"id": "Q75903", "label": "Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 January 1919 the Red 1st Army connected with the Army of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which had advanced from Middle Asia."}, {"id": "Q159114", "label": "Radola Gajda", "section": "Background", "says": "The Whites had three armies:\n\nOrenburg Independent Army (cossacks) (11,000 – 13,000 men, commanded by Alexander Dutov) on the southern flank, from May renamed the Southern Army of 25,000 men under General Petr Belov\nWestern Army (42,000 – 48,000 men, 120 guns, commanded by Mikhail Hanzhin) in the middle between Birsk and Ufa\nSiberian Army (45,000 – 52,000 men, 83 guns, commanded by Radola Gajda) o"}], "Q4554489": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter's, carried infected people and supplies up the Missouri River in the Midwestern United States."}], "Q4763617": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement was a joint effort between Ethiopia and the United Kingdom at reestablishing Ethiopian independent statehood following the ousting of Italian troops by combined British and Ethiopian forces in 1941 during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "This convention  involved Menelik II and it largely dealt with the boundary  between Hararghe (Ethiopia) and British Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "This convention  involved Menelik II and it largely dealt with the boundary  between Hararghe (Ethiopia) and British Somaliland."}], "Q4808518": [{"id": "Q2628", "label": "Walter Ulbricht", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 August 1931 a double homicide took place in Berlin, Weimar Germany, when Berlin police captains Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck were assassinated by two members of the Parteiselbstschutz, the paramilitary wing of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), on the orders of Walter Ulbricht, the regional KPD leader (and future premier of East Germany)."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 August 1931 a double homicide took place in Berlin, Weimar Germany, when Berlin police captains Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck were assassinated by two members of the Parteiselbstschutz, the paramilitary wing of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), on the orders of Walter Ulbricht, the regional KPD leader (and future premier of East Germany)."}], "Q5255169": [{"id": "Q228024", "label": "John Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "Its English pastor, John Smith, was implicated."}, {"id": "Q760", "label": "Saint Lucia", "section": "lead", "says": "Jack may have been deported to the island of Saint Lucia after the uprising."}], "Q5470224": [{"id": "Q308999", "label": "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "section": "lead", "says": "This outcome effectively deprived the Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet of air cover for future operations, which proved decisive during the Battle of Leyte Gulf later in October."}, {"id": "Q504347", "label": "Battle of the Philippine Sea", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to Japan's losses during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the core of its air power for operation Sho was land-based."}, {"id": "Q467127", "label": "Soemu Toyoda", "section": "Background", "says": "To restore morale, the Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet Admiral Soemu Toyoda flew out to the front in early October to rally the troops behind Sho."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "This strategy, along with night operations and submarine warfare, was meant to compensate for Japan's smaller fleet compared to that of the United States by flying missions in weather conditions that the Americans were not trained for."}, {"id": "Q846177", "label": "Ryūnosuke Kusaka", "section": "Background", "says": "Out of position and with inadequate lines of communication, the response to such overwhelming enemy air power was left to Toyoda's Chief of Staff, Vice Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka."}], "Q553332": [{"id": "Q2908729", "label": "Ronen Bergman", "section": "Background", "says": "On October 28, Israeli journalist Ronen Bergman reported that Syrian intelligence had cooperated with the US against al-Qaeda, and that Syria had told the US that it would not intervene in a US strike."}, {"id": "Q574543", "label": "Operation Orchard", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the report, after the Syrians gave the U.S. information pertaining to the location of Abu Ghadiya, they agreed to allow the U.S. to apprehend him and take him to Iraq; as such, when Syrian air defenses, on high alert since the Israeli-led Operation Orchard, detected the American helicopters and requested permission to engage them, it was denied."}], "Q5533472": [{"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Genoese took possession of the city and island, a dependency of the Empire of Nicaea, in a surprise attack in 1248, and held it, with aid from the Principality of Achaea, against Nicaean attacks until 1250."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Genoese took possession of the city and island, a dependency of the Empire of Nicaea, in a surprise attack in 1248, and held it, with aid from the Principality of Achaea, against Nicaean attacks until 1250."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 13th century, possibly already before the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Rhodes and its nearby islands were detached from the control of the central Byzantine government under the rule of the Caesar Leo Gabalas."}, {"id": "Q3082374", "label": "Leo Gabalas", "section": "Background", "says": "In the early 13th century, possibly already before the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Rhodes and its nearby islands were detached from the control of the central Byzantine government under the rule of the Caesar Leo Gabalas."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "In an effort to counterbalance Nicaea and strengthen his position, Leo concluded treaties with the Republic of Venice in 1234 and 1236, but his brother John Gabalas, who succeeded him when Leo died in c."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "Background", "says": "1240, was clearly in a less powerful position, and he soon recognized the overlordship of the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, the Republic of Genoa, left out of the spoils of the Fourth Crusade and sidelined by Venice in Constantinople, was eager to acquire footholds in the East."}], "Q586202": [{"id": "Q643348", "label": "Habib Bourguiba", "section": "lead", "says": "President Habib Bourguiba declared a state of emergency and the riots were put down by force."}, {"id": "Q204487", "label": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Three years later General Zine El Abidine Ben Ali seized power in a coup d'état."}], "Q6140819": [{"id": "Q558247", "label": "Yakub Beg", "section": "lead", "says": "After a century of Qing rule, the Uzbek adventurer Yakub Beg conquered almost all of Xinjiang during the revolt, but was eventually defeated by the Qing General Zuo Zongtang (also known as General Tso)."}, {"id": "Q230200", "label": "Zuo Zongtang", "section": "lead", "says": "After a century of Qing rule, the Uzbek adventurer Yakub Beg conquered almost all of Xinjiang during the revolt, but was eventually defeated by the Qing General Zuo Zongtang (also known as General Tso)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, the Qing recovered the Gulja region through diplomatic negotiations with the Russian Empire and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1881."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor conquered Xinjiang from the Dzungar Khanate during the final stage of the Dzungar–Qing Wars in the late 1750s and put Xinjiang under its rule."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor conquered Xinjiang from the Dzungar Khanate during the final stage of the Dzungar–Qing Wars in the late 1750s and put Xinjiang under its rule."}, {"id": "Q6808293", "label": "Dzungar–Qing War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor conquered Xinjiang from the Dzungar Khanate during the final stage of the Dzungar–Qing Wars in the late 1750s and put Xinjiang under its rule."}], "Q6158901": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese occupation of Attu (Operation AL) was the result of an invasion of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska during World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Kiska landing, it was the first time that the continental United States was invaded and occupied by a foreign power since the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Kiska landing, it was the first time that the continental United States was invaded and occupied by a foreign power since the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q700572", "label": "Battle of Attu", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation ended with the Allied victory in the Battle of Attu on 30 May 1943."}], "Q7123123": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called Pacts of Madrid of 1953 were three \"executive agreements\" signed in Madrid on September 23, 1953, between the United States and Spain, then under the dictatorship of General Franco."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "For the Francoist regime, these pacts, alongside the concordat with the Catholic Church signed a month earlier, marked its definitive integration into the Western bloc after years of isolation following World War II due to its ties with the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish government also received additional assistance known as \"American aid.\"\nThe agreements were a significant effort to break Spain's international isolation post-World War II, a period when the victorious Allies of World War II and much of the world remained hostile to a fascist regime sympathetic to the Axis cause and established with German and Italian assistance."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Between May and June 1948, trade and financial agreements were signed with France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "Background", "says": "The \"rehabilitation\" of the Francoist regime was formally completed in 1950, following the outbreak of the Korean War in June, the first major Cold War confrontation."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "Upon learning of North Korea's invasion of South Korea, the Spanish government quickly sent a note to the U.S. offering \"to assist the United States in halting communism by sending forces to Korea.\" The U.S. merely thanked Spain, but the following month, the Senate, at the urging of Democrat Pat McCarran—a member of the Spanish Lobby created by José Félix de Lequerica, Franco's unofficial represen"}], "Q7164013": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 17, 1783, Congress received a message from soldiers of the Continental Army stationed in Philadelphia, which demanded payment as contractually required for their service during the American Revolutionary War, which Congress had failed to provide."}], "Q7200922": [{"id": "Q121932", "label": "People's Republic of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Over 300,000 Turks and Muslims were expelled by the government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria into Turkey in 1989."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "On May 19, 1989, Bulgaria substantially loosened its passport regime and allowed Bulgarian citizens to keep their travel documents at home."}], "Q7251940": [{"id": "Q3647761", "label": "Treaty of Asunción", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1994 Protocol of Ouro Preto was the continuation of economic policies setting up a customs union, as set forth four years earlier in the Treaty of Asunción by the four original Mercosur states, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1994 Protocol of Ouro Preto was the continuation of economic policies setting up a customs union, as set forth four years earlier in the Treaty of Asunción by the four original Mercosur states, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay."}], "Q7258596": [{"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Puerto Rico campaign was the American military sea and land operation in Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War, which resulted in the invasion, occupation, and annexation of the archipelago and island by the United States, and the cession of said territory by Spain."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Puerto Rico campaign was the American military sea and land operation in Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War, which resulted in the invasion, occupation, and annexation of the archipelago and island by the United States, and the cession of said territory by Spain."}, {"id": "Q35041", "label": "William McKinley", "section": "lead", "says": "President William McKinley and French ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territories of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines and Guam."}, {"id": "Q706123", "label": "Jules Cambon", "section": "lead", "says": "President William McKinley and French ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territories of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines and Guam."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "President William McKinley and French ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territories of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines and Guam."}], "Q7283755": [{"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raid on Nassau, on the Bahamian island of New Providence, was a privately raised Franco-Spanish expedition against the English taking place in October 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession."}], "Q7382249": [{"id": "Q4518057", "label": "Plague Riot", "section": "lead", "says": "The bubonic plague epidemic that originated in the Moldovan theatre of the 1768–1774 Russian-Turkish war in January 1770 swept northward through Ukraine and central Russia, peaking in Moscow in September 1771 and causing the Plague Riot."}], "Q739048": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It took place from 19 to 22 August 1936 during the Spanish Civil War."}], "Q7409619": [{"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samland offensive was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front in the final stages of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samland offensive was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front in the final stages of World War II."}, {"id": "Q150894", "label": "Aleksandr Vasilevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky, who had taken over command of the 3rd Belorussian Front in February, incorporated General Hovhannes Bagramyan's 1st Baltic Front into his command from February 22, redesignating it as the Zemland Army Group (or Samland Front)."}], "Q7443413": [{"id": "Q5453254", "label": "First Maroon War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Maroon War of 1795–1796 was an eight-month conflict between the Maroons of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town), a Maroon settlement later renamed after Governor Edward Trelawny at the end of First Maroon War, located near Trelawny Parish, Jamaica in the St."}], "Q7459167": [{"id": "Q694458", "label": "Edward Hobart Seymour", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seymour Expedition (Chinese: 西摩爾遠征) was an attempt by a multinational military force led by Admiral Edward Seymour to march to Beijing and relieve the Siege of the Legations from attacks by Qing China government troops and the Boxers in 1900."}, {"id": "Q1096957", "label": "Claude Maxwell MacDonald", "section": "Historical background", "says": "On 9 June, Sir Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the British Minister in China, cabled Vice-Admiral Edward Hobart Seymour, commander of the British navy's China Station, that the situation in Beijing was becoming more serious and that troops should be landed with all arrangements made for an advance to Peking [Beijing] at once."}], "Q7655000": [{"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began in July 1630 when troops under Gustavus Adolphus landed in Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Edict of Restitution by Emperor Ferdinand II on the height of his and the Catholic League's military success in 1629, Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire was seriously threatened."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1630,  King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden landed in the Duchy of Pomerania to intervene in favor of the German Protestants."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden was able to fight on until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in which the Emperor was forced to accept the \"German liberties\" of the Imperial Estates and Sweden obtained Western Pomerania as an Imperial Estate."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "Religious and political background: The Bohemian Revolt", "says": "Its distal causes reside in the previous century, at the political-religious settlement of the Holy Roman Empire known as the Peace of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "Religious and political background: The Bohemian Revolt", "says": "It established the legitimacy of Lutheranism in Germany and allowed Dukes and high lords to determine the faith of their fiefdom as well as to expel non-conforming subjects from their territory, the principle known as Cuius regio, eius religio."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "Background in Sweden", "says": "However, when Sigismund III Vasa was elected by the nobles of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was elected on the condition that he be a Roman Catholic."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background in Sweden", "says": "However, when Sigismund III Vasa was elected by the nobles of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was elected on the condition that he be a Roman Catholic."}, {"id": "Q371409", "label": "Battle of Stångebro", "section": "Background in Sweden", "says": "After Sigismund's defeat in the Battle of Stångebro, the Swedish nobility demanded that he rule Sweden from Sweden."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background in Sweden", "says": "Despite their demands, Sigismund returned to his Polish capital, Warsaw, and was deposed from the Swedish throne in 1599."}, {"id": "Q52939", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "section": "Background in Sweden", "says": "Gustavus Adolphus' father, Charles IX of Sweden – the uncle of Sigisimund – also a Vasa, was awarded the throne, in part because he was an ardent Lutheran."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background in Sweden", "says": "Soon after, Sweden became engaged in wars with the Kingdom of Denmark–Norway and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "Background in Sweden", "says": "Soon after, Sweden became engaged in wars with the Kingdom of Denmark–Norway and the Tsardom of Russia."}], "Q7676829": [{"id": "Q1122110", "label": "Tajikistani Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency in the Gorno-Badakhshan region in Tajikistan from 2010 to 2015 was an armed conflict between the Tajik Army and Islamist militants, led by numerous leaders from the Tajikistani Civil War."}], "Q81475": [{"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "Skanderbeg's Italian expedition (Albanian: Ekspedita italiane e Skënderbeut) (1460–1462) was undertaken to aid his ally Ferdinand I of Naples, whose rulership was threatened by the Angevin Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg was the ruler of Albania (Latin: dominus Albaniae) who had been leading a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire since 1443 and allied himself with several European monarchs in order to consolidate his domains."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1458, Alfonso V of Aragon, ruler of Sicily and Naples and Skanderbeg's most important ally, died, leaving his illegitimate son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne; René d'Anjou, the French Duke of Anjou, laid claim to the throne."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1458, Alfonso V of Aragon, ruler of Sicily and Naples and Skanderbeg's most important ally, died, leaving his illegitimate son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne; René d'Anjou, the French Duke of Anjou, laid claim to the throne."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "Before leaving, Skanderbeg tried to negotiate a ceasefire with Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, to ensure his domain's safety."}, {"id": "Q463876", "label": "Lekë Dukagjini", "section": "Background", "says": "The latter took advantage of this lull in the fighting by preparing for his voyage to Italy and by securing his northern frontiers from a possible attack by Skanderbeg's elusive ally in northern Albania, Lekë Dukagjini, who had been trying to expand his realm by reaching an agreement with the Turks."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "Background", "says": "Pius II continued to support Skanderbeg, but did not provide him as much financial aid as Calixtus had since he believed that Skanderbeg's military skill and his soldiers' aptitude for battle were enough to hold back the Turkish armies."}], "Q896158": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first climax of fascist violence in South Tyrol, a German-speaking province that was annexed by Italy after World War I."}], "Q942561": [{"id": "Q1071439", "label": "Merina Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Madagascar expedition was the beginning of the Franco-Hova War and consisted of a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar in 1883."}], "Q96359661": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1557, a pandemic strain of influenza emerged in Asia, then spread to Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas."}], "Q97193641": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crusade of 1129 or the Damascus Crusade was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Jerusalem with forces from the other Crusader states and from western Europe against the Emirate of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q51718", "label": "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The brainchild of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, the crusade failed to meet its military objectives."}], "Q142": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Early Middle Ages, the Franks formed the kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia evolving into the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia evolving into the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the High Middle Ages, France was a powerful but decentralised feudal kingdom, but after Philip II defeated the Angevin Empire and won the Battle of Bouvines, it became more centralized and became the most powerful country in Europe."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the High Middle Ages, France was a powerful but decentralised feudal kingdom, but after Philip II defeated the Angevin Empire and won the Battle of Bouvines, it became more centralized and became the most powerful country in Europe."}, {"id": "Q830626", "label": "Battle of Bouvines", "section": "lead", "says": "In the High Middle Ages, France was a powerful but decentralised feudal kingdom, but after Philip II defeated the Angevin Empire and won the Battle of Bouvines, it became more centralized and became the most powerful country in Europe."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "From the mid-14th to the mid-15th centuries, France was plunged into a dynastic conflict with England known as the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the House of Habsburg and the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the House of Habsburg and the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the House of Habsburg and the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "France was successful in the Thirty Years' War and further increased its influence during the reign of Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Revolution of 1789 overthrew the ancien régime and produced the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "France reached its political and military zenith in the early 19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte, subjugating much of continental Europe and establishing the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q655777", "label": "Battle of the Allia", "section": "History - Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)", "says": "Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his troops made their way to Roman Italy, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia, and besieged and ransomed Rome."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)", "says": "Julius Caesar conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix in 52 BC."}, {"id": "Q178953", "label": "Vercingetorix", "section": "History - Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)", "says": "Julius Caesar conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix in 52 BC."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)", "says": "Gaul was divided by Augustus into provinces, and many cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period, including Lugdunum (present-day Lyon), the capital of the Gauls."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)", "says": "In 312, Emperor Constantine I converted to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)", "says": "Teutonic tribes invaded the region, the Visigoths settling in the southwest, the Burgundians along the Rhine Valley, and the Franks in the north."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)", "says": "Teutonic tribes invaded the region, the Visigoths settling in the southwest, the Burgundians along the Rhine Valley, and the Franks in the north."}, {"id": "Q849967", "label": "Celtic Britons", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, settled in west Armorica; the Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany, and Celtic culture was revived."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "The first leader to unite all Franks was Clovis I, who began his reign as king of the Salian Franks in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486."}, {"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "The first leader to unite all Franks was Clovis I, who began his reign as king of the Salian Franks in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the Visigothic Kingdom, which was said to have guaranteed the battle."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "Clovis was the first Germanic conqueror after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus, France was given the title \"Eldest daughter of the Church\" by the papacy, and French kings were called \"the Most Christian Kings of France\"."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated an Umayyad invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732."}, {"id": "Q173077", "label": "Battle of Tours", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated an Umayyad invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "Pepin's son Charlemagne reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus establishing the French government's longtime historical association with the Catholic Church, Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "Charlemagne's son Louis I kept the empire united, although it was divided between Louis' three sons into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia in 843."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)", "says": "Charlemagne's son Louis I kept the empire united, although it was divided between Louis' three sons into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia in 843."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "The nobility played a prominent role in Crusades to restore Christian access to the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "The Albigensian Crusade was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars in the southwest of modern-day France."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the County of Anjou, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then built an \"empire\" from England to the Pyrenees, covering half of modern France."}, {"id": "Q2991084", "label": "county of Anjou", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the County of Anjou, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then built an \"empire\" from England to the Pyrenees, covering half of modern France."}, {"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the County of Anjou, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then built an \"empire\" from England to the Pyrenees, covering half of modern France."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "Charles IV the Fair died without an heir in 1328."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "The crown passed to Philip of Valois rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become Edward III of England the previous year."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)", "says": "France was struck by the Black Death, from which half of the 17 million population died."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Early modern period (15th century–1789)", "says": "France became rivals of the House of Habsburg during the Italian Wars, which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Early modern period (15th century–1789)", "says": "French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the French colonial empire."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "History - Early modern period (15th century–1789)", "says": "The Franco-Spanish War cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "History - Early modern period (15th century–1789)", "says": "Under Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power."}, {"id": "Q656186", "label": "Fronde", "section": "History - Early modern period (15th century–1789)", "says": "During Louis XIV's minority, trouble known as The Fronde occurred."}, {"id": "Q877619", "label": "French Consulate", "section": "History - Revolutionary France (1789–1799)", "says": "The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799, leading to the formation of the French Consulate."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "History - Revolutionary France (1789–1799)", "says": "Its causes were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancien Régime proved unable to manage."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - Revolutionary France (1789–1799)", "says": "Military defeats following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792 resulted in the insurrection of 10 August 1792."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - Revolutionary France (1789–1799)", "says": "The monarchy was abolished and replaced by the French First Republic in September, while Louis XVI was executed in January 1793."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Revolutionary France (1789–1799)", "says": "In 1799, the Consulate seized power in a coup led by Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q241108", "label": "Battle of Friedland", "section": "History - Napoleonic France (1799–1815)", "says": "His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the Austerlitz, Jena-Auerstadt and Battle of Friedland."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Napoleonic France (1799–1815)", "says": "About 306,000 to a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "History - Napoleonic France (1799–1815)", "says": "After his brief return from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, and the Bourbon monarchy was restored with new constitutional limitations."}, {"id": "Q622774", "label": "French Revolution of 1848", "section": "History - Colonial empire", "says": "Unrest led to the French Revolution of 1848 and the end of the July Monarchy."}, {"id": "Q58202", "label": "July Monarchy", "section": "History - Colonial empire", "says": "Unrest led to the French Revolution of 1848 and the end of the July Monarchy."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Colonial empire", "says": "In 1852, president of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the Second Empire, as Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Colonial empire", "says": "Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic."}], "Q30": [{"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The 18th-century American Enlightenment spread values of republicanism and liberalism there, and clashes with the British Crown over taxation without parliamentary representation, among other denied rights, sparked the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "lead", "says": "As more states joined the Union, a sectional division over slavery led 11 Southern states to declare  secession and form the Confederate States of America, fighting the Union in the Civil War of 1861–1865."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1900, the U.S. emerged as a great power, a status solidified after its involvement in World War I."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, it entered World War II on the Allied side."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The war's aftermath left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers, vying for geopolitical dominance during the Cold War."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Indigenous peoples", "says": "The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BCE in North America, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q478805", "label": "Ancestral Puebloans", "section": "History - Indigenous peoples", "says": "In the post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian in the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the Southwest."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)", "says": "Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from what are now Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California."}, {"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "History - European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)", "says": "Early European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of New Nederland (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony of New Sweden (settled 1638 in what became Delaware)."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)", "says": "The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)", "says": "The original Thirteen Colonies that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of the British Empire by Crown-appointed governors, though local governments held elections open to most white male property owners."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "History - American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)", "says": "The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)", "says": "The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)", "says": "At the Second Continental Congress, the colonies appointed George Washington Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, and created a committee that named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence."}, {"id": "Q126462", "label": "Thomas Paine", "section": "History - American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)", "says": "The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, and many others, were inspired by Classical, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History - Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)", "says": "Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a draw."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "History - Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)", "says": "The most significant such legislation was the Indian Removal Act of 1830, a key policy of President Andrew Jackson."}, {"id": "Q849680", "label": "American Indian Wars", "section": "History - Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)", "says": "Settler expansion as well as this influx of Indigenous peoples from the East resulted in the American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "History - Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)", "says": "The United States annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845, and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest."}, {"id": "Q823433", "label": "Oregon Treaty", "section": "History - Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)", "says": "The United States annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845, and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "History - Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)", "says": "Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848)."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "History - World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917–1945)", "says": "Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917–1945)", "says": "The United States was one of the \"Four Policemen\" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China."}, {"id": "Q466", "label": "World Wide Web", "section": "History - Contemporary (1991–present)", "says": "Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web, the evolution of the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "History - Contemporary (1991–present)", "says": "In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Contemporary (1991–present)", "says": "The September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the U.S. launching the war on terror and military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "History - Contemporary (1991–present)", "says": "The country's polarization was violently reflected in the January 2021 Capitol attack, when a mob of insurrectionists supporting President Donald Trump entered the U.S."}], "Q43": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hattians were assimilated by the Hittites and other Anatolian peoples."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into Turkish principalities."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 19th and early 20th centuries, persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction and in the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale loss of life and mass migration into modern-day Turkey from the Balkans, Caucasus, and Crimea."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the control of the Three Pashas, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian subjects."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Ottoman defeat, the Turkish War of Independence resulted in the abolition of the sultanate and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled on the reforms initiated by its founder and first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled on the reforms initiated by its founder and first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "It is not known if the Trojan War is based on historical events."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Early classical antiquity", "says": "Cyrus attacked eastern Anatolia in 547 BC, and Achaemenid Empire eventually expanded into western Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Early classical antiquity", "says": "Following the Greco-Persian Wars, the Greek city-states of the Anatolian Aegean coast regained independence, but most of the interior stayed part of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q2037261", "label": "Asiatic Vespers", "section": "History - Rome and Byzantine Empire", "says": "Following Asiatic Vespers massacre, and Mithridatic Wars with Pontus, Rome emerged victorious."}, {"id": "Q1616064", "label": "Mithridatic Wars", "section": "History - Rome and Byzantine Empire", "says": "Following Asiatic Vespers massacre, and Mithridatic Wars with Pontus, Rome emerged victorious."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Rome and Byzantine Empire", "says": "Around the 1st century BC, Rome expanded into parts of Pontus and Bithynia, while turning rest of Anatolian states into Roman satellites."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Rome and Byzantine Empire", "says": "The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Rome and Byzantine Empire", "says": "The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Rome and Byzantine Empire", "says": "Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to Byzantium, the adoption of Christianity as the state religion, and the predominance of Greek instead of Latin, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier Roman Empire and the later Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks", "says": "In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan and established the Seljuk Empire in Greater Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q26493", "label": "Battle of Dandanaqan", "section": "History - Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks", "says": "In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan and established the Seljuk Empire in Greater Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks", "says": "In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan and established the Seljuk Empire in Greater Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q846670", "label": "Danishmendid dynasty", "section": "History - Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks", "says": "During this period, there were also Turkish principalities such as Danishmendids."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks", "says": "Seljuk expansion was one of the reasons for the Crusades."}, {"id": "Q136344", "label": "Battle of Köse Dağ", "section": "History - Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks", "says": "Seljuk sultanate was defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243 and disappeared by the beginning of the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "Based around Söğüt, Ottoman Beylik was founded by Osman I in the early 14th century."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "Ottoman territories in Europe (Rumelia) were lost in the First Balkan War (1912–1913)."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as Edirne, in the Second Balkan War (1913)."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "Paul Mojzes has called the Balkan Wars an \"unrecognized genocide\", where multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "History - Republic of Türkiye", "says": "Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920)."}, {"id": "Q6541445", "label": "Armistice of Mudanya", "section": "History - Republic of Türkiye", "says": "The military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922."}, {"id": "Q183297", "label": "İsmet İnönü", "section": "History - Republic of Türkiye", "says": "Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some Kurdish and Zaza tribes leading to the Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925 and the Dersim rebellion in 1937.\nİsmet İnönü became the country's second president following Atatürk's death in 1938."}], "Q159": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The emergence of the East Slavs as a prominent group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD led to the establishment of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, which adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The emergence of the East Slavs as a prominent group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD led to the establishment of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, which adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The emergence of the East Slavs as a prominent group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD led to the establishment of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, which adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus' in the 12th century, the Grand Principality of Moscow became the dominant Russian principality and led the unification of Russian lands during the late medieval period, culminating in the formation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Russian Civil War, Russia became the largest and principal constituent of the newly established Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Amidst rapid industrialisation in the 1930s, millions died under Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Cold War, it emerged as a superpower and competed with the United States for geopolitical dominance."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whose leadership it has experienced democratic backsliding, transforming into an authoritarian re"}, {"id": "Q321371", "label": "Bosporan Kingdom", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus', named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054) constitute Kiev's Golden Age."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054) constitute Kiev's Golden Age."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia–Volhynia in the south-west."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia–Volhynia in the south-west."}, {"id": "Q315191", "label": "Andrey Bogolyubsky", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky sacked Kiev in 1169 and made Vladimir his base, leading to political power being shifted to the north-east."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "History - Grand Principality of Moscow", "says": "Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "History - Grand Principality of Moscow", "says": "Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Grand Principality of Moscow", "says": "Ivan III (\"the Great\") threw off the control of the Golden Horde and gained sovereignty over the ethnically Russian lands; he later adopted the title of sovereign of all Russia."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Grand Principality of Moscow", "says": "After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga, and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and Denmark–Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and Denmark–Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and Denmark–Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and Denmark–Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and Denmark–Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade."}, {"id": "Q1760784", "label": "Battle of Molodi", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "The following year, the Crimeans attempted another raid on Moscow, but this time they were defeated in the crucial Battle of Molodi."}, {"id": "Q15756", "label": "Dmitry Pozharsky", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis, whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "History - Tsardom of Russia", "says": "In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis, whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700–1721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth from 1741 to 1762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763)."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III of Russia."}, {"id": "Q743046", "label": "Russo-Turkish Wars", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q8543350", "label": "Russo-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with Alexander I's (1801–1825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809, and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812."}, {"id": "Q51", "label": "Antarctica", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica."}, {"id": "Q185801", "label": "Mikhail Kutuzov", "section": "History - Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts", "says": "Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris."}, {"id": "Q157632", "label": "Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly", "section": "History - Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts", "says": "Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts", "says": "Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "History - Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts", "says": "Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts", "says": "Alexander I controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts", "says": "At the end of the conservative reign of Nicholas I (1825–1855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "History - Great liberal reforms and capitalism", "says": "Nicholas' successor Alexander II (1855–1881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Great liberal reforms and capitalism", "says": "During most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Great liberal reforms and capitalism", "says": "The reign of his son Alexander III (1881–1894) was less liberal but more peaceful."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy and World War", "says": "During the reign of the last Russian emperor, Nicholas II (1894–1917), the Revolution of 1905 was precipitated by the disastrous and humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Revolution and civil war", "says": "In 1914, Russia entered World War I in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia, and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies."}, {"id": "Q221967", "label": "Brusilov Offensive", "section": "History - Revolution and civil war", "says": "In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Revolution and civil war", "says": "The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Revolution and civil war", "says": "The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "History - Revolution and civil war", "says": "In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "History - Command economy and Soviet society", "says": "Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929, and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the official line."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - World War II and United Nations", "says": "The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland, in accordance with a secret protocol within the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II and United Nations", "says": "The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland, in accordance with a secret protocol within the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "History - World War II and United Nations", "says": "Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943, and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "History - World War II and United Nations", "says": "Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943, and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943."}], "Q17": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1937, Japan invaded China and attacked the U.S. and European colonial powers in 1941, thus entering World War II as an Axis power."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "After being defeated in the Pacific War and suffering the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under Allied occupation until 1952."}, {"id": "Q200188", "label": "Jimmu", "section": "History - Prehistoric to classical history", "says": "According to legend, Emperor Jimmu (descendant of Amaterasu) founded a kingdom in central Japan in 660 BC, beginning a continuous imperial line."}, {"id": "Q2378252", "label": "Jinshin War", "section": "History - Prehistoric to classical history", "says": "The Jinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict between Prince Ōama and his nephew Prince Ōtomo, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms."}, {"id": "Q357242", "label": "Kōbun", "section": "History - Prehistoric to classical history", "says": "The Jinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict between Prince Ōama and his nephew Prince Ōtomo, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms."}, {"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan by the Minamoto clan in the Genpei War, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo established a military government at Kamakura."}, {"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "Oda Nobunaga used European technology and firearms to conquer many other daimyō; his consolidation of power began the Azuchi–Momoyama period."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "After the death of Nobunaga in 1582, his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, unified the nation in the early 1590s and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori within the Council of Five Elders and used his position to gain political and military support."}, {"id": "Q313641", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyori", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori within the Council of Five Elders and used his position to gain political and military support."}, {"id": "Q234188", "label": "Battle of Sekigahara", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "When open war broke out, Ieyasu defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600."}, {"id": "Q349440", "label": "Go-Yōzei", "section": "History - Feudal era", "says": "He was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo)."}, {"id": "Q771451", "label": "Convention of Kanagawa", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Arriving at Uraga with four \"Black Ships\" in July 1853, the Perry Expedition resulted in the March 1854 Convention of Kanagawa."}, {"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the emperor (the Meiji Restoration)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "World War I allowed Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to capture German possessions in the Pacific and China in 1920."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In 1931, Japan invaded China and occupied Manchuria, which led to the establishment of puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932."}, {"id": "Q152195", "label": "Anti-Comintern Pact", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany; the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany; the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany; the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In 1940, the Empire invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In 1940, the Empire invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "On December 7–8, 1941, Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, as well as on British forces in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong, among others, beginning World War II i"}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "On December 7–8, 1941, Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, as well as on British forces in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong, among others, beginning World War II i"}], "Q38": [{"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino."}, {"id": "Q238", "label": "San Marino", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The history of Italy goes back to numerous Italic peoples, notably including the ancient Romans, who conquered the Mediterranean world during the Roman Republic and ruled it for centuries during the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Barbarian invasions and other factors led to the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire between late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q228284", "label": "Expedition of the Thousand", "section": "lead", "says": "After centuries of political and territorial divisions, the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, following wars of independence and the Expedition of the Thousand."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 19th to the early 20th century, Italy industrialised and acquired a colonial empire, while the south remained largely impoverished, fuelling a large emigrant diaspora to the Americas."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1915 to 1918, Italy took part in World War I with the Entente against the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "The main historic peoples of possible non-Indo-European or pre-Indo-European heritage include the Etruscans, the Elymians and Sicani of Sicily, and the prehistoric Sardinians, who gave birth to the Nuragic civilisation."}, {"id": "Q1747689", "label": "Ancient Rome", "section": "History - Ancient Rome", "says": "Ancient Rome, a settlement on the River Tiber in central Italy, founded in 753 BC, was ruled for 244 years by a monarchical system."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Ancient Rome", "says": "The long reign of the first emperor, Augustus, began an age of peace and prosperity."}, {"id": "Q1434", "label": "Commodus", "section": "History - Ancient Rome", "says": "98–117 AD), but a period of increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus (r."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Ancient Rome", "says": "The widespread use of Romance languages derived from Latin, numerical system, modern Western alphabet and calendar, and the emergence of Christianity as a world religion, are among the many legacies of Roman dominance."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy fell under the Odoacer's kingdom, and was seized by the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The invasion of another Germanic tribe in the 6th century, the Lombards, reduced Byzantine presence and ended the political unity of the peninsula."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Lombard kingdom was absorbed into Francia by Charlemagne in the late 8th century and became the Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Franks helped form the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1176, the Lombard League of city-states defeated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, ensuring their independence."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The republics participated in the Crusades, providing support and transport but primarily pursuing political and commercial opportunities."}, {"id": "Q169612", "label": "Martin V", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "After the end of the Western Schism, Pope Martin V returned to the Papal States and restored Italy as the sole centre of Western Christianity."}, {"id": "Q134588", "label": "Nicholas V", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "In 1453, despite activity by Pope Nicholas V to support the Byzantines, the city of Constantinople fell to the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q435501", "label": "Federico da Montefeltro", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Humanist rulers such as Federico da Montefeltro and Pope Pius II worked to establish ideal cities, founding Urbino and Pienza."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Humanist rulers such as Federico da Montefeltro and Pope Pius II worked to establish ideal cities, founding Urbino and Pienza."}, {"id": "Q37562", "label": "Donatello", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "In the arts, the Italian Renaissance exercised a dominant influence on European art for centuries, with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giotto, Donatello, and Titian, and architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi, Andrea Palladio, and Donato Bramante."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The most notable explorers included Christopher Columbus, whose 1492 voyage initiated sustained European contact, colonisation, and exploitation of the Americas; John Cabot, who conducted the first documented European exploration of North America since the Norse; and Amerigo Vespucci, whose voyages confirmed the lands as a new continent (the \"New World\"), which was subsequently named in his honour"}, {"id": "Q85642", "label": "John Cabot", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The most notable explorers included Christopher Columbus, whose 1492 voyage initiated sustained European contact, colonisation, and exploitation of the Americas; John Cabot, who conducted the first documented European exploration of North America since the Norse; and Amerigo Vespucci, whose voyages confirmed the lands as a new continent (the \"New World\"), which was subsequently named in his honour"}, {"id": "Q47674", "label": "Amerigo Vespucci", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The most notable explorers included Christopher Columbus, whose 1492 voyage initiated sustained European contact, colonisation, and exploitation of the Americas; John Cabot, who conducted the first documented European exploration of North America since the Norse; and Amerigo Vespucci, whose voyages confirmed the lands as a new continent (the \"New World\"), which was subsequently named in his honour"}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the political and social Italian unification movement, or Risorgimento, emerged to unite Italy by consolidating the states and liberating them from foreign control."}, {"id": "Q187336", "label": "Giuseppe Mazzini", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "A radical figure was the patriotic journalist Giuseppe Mazzini, founder of the political movement Young Italy in the 1830s, who favoured a unitary republic and advocated a broad nationalist movement."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general Giuseppe Garibaldi, who led the republican drive for unification in southern Italy."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "However, the Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy, in the Kingdom of Sardinia, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state."}, {"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept Europe, an unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence was declared against Austria."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "In 1855, Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "Sardinia fought the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "Sardinia fought the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q978331", "label": "Plombières Agreement", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "On the basis of the Plombières Agreement, the Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France, an event that caused the Niçard exodus."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II, allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waged the Third Italian War of Independence, which resulted in Italy annexing Venetia."}, {"id": "Q1248722", "label": "Third Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II, allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waged the Third Italian War of Independence, which resulted in Italy annexing Venetia."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned Rome during the Franco-Prussian War, the Italians captured the Papal States and completed the unification of Italy, after which the capital was moved to Rome."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Liberal period", "says": "In the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power by subjugating Eritrea, Somalia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica in Africa."}, {"id": "Q297190", "label": "Giovanni Giolitti", "section": "History - Liberal period", "says": "The pre-World War I period was dominated by Giovanni Giolitti, prime minister five times between 1892 and 1921."}, {"id": "Q306696", "label": "Austrian Littoral", "section": "History - Liberal period", "says": "Italy, nominally allied with the German and Austro-Hungarian empires in the Triple Alliance, in 1915 joined the Allies, entering World War I with a promise of substantial territorial gains that included west Inner Carniola, the former Austrian Littoral, and Dalmatia, as well as parts of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Liberal period", "says": "Italy, nominally allied with the German and Austro-Hungarian empires in the Triple Alliance, in 1915 joined the Allies, entering World War I with a promise of substantial territorial gains that included west Inner Carniola, the former Austrian Littoral, and Dalmatia, as well as parts of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q662961", "label": "Battle of Vittorio Veneto", "section": "History - Liberal period", "says": "In October 1918, the Italians launched a massive offensive, culminating in victory at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Liberal period", "says": "Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as a \"mutilated victory\", by Benito Mussolini, which helped lead to the rise of Italian fascism."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "The socialist agitations that followed the devastation of the Great War, inspired by the Russian Revolution, led to counter-revolution and repression throughout Italy."}, {"id": "Q468823", "label": "March on Rome", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "In October 1922, the Blackshirts of the National Fascist Party organised a mass demonstration and the \"March on Rome\" coup."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "These actions attracted international attention and inspired similar dictatorships in Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and founded Italian East Africa, resulting in international isolation."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "At this date, France practically had lost the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "They were, however, defeated on the Eastern Front as well as in the East African and North African campaigns, losing their territories in Africa and the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "Yugoslav Partisans perpetrated their own crimes against the ethnic Italian population during and after the war, including the foibe massacres."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "On 3 September, Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile, ending its war with UK and USA."}, {"id": "Q714259", "label": "Operation Achse", "section": "History - Fascist regime and World War II", "says": "The Germans, with the assistance of Italian fascists, succeeded in taking control of north and central Italy (Operation Achse)."}], "Q183": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany borders Denmark to the north; Poland and the Czech Republic to the east; Austria and Switzerland to the south; and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany borders Denmark to the north; Poland and the Czech Republic to the east; Austria and Switzerland to the south; and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Unification of Germany into the modern nation-state, led by Prussia, established the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I and a revolution, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I and a revolution, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1949, after the war and Allied occupation, Germany was organised into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), or West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire", "says": "Under Augustus, the Roman Empire began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire", "says": "Under Augustus, the Roman Empire began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers."}, {"id": "Q68880", "label": "Arminius", "section": "History - Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire", "says": "In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest."}, {"id": "Q87779", "label": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "section": "History - Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire", "says": "In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest."}, {"id": "Q191039", "label": "Germanicus", "section": "History - Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire", "says": "By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The eastern successor kingdom of East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–1350."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–1350."}, {"id": "Q8958", "label": "Johannes Gutenberg", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratisation of knowledge."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Following Martin Luther's 1517 Protestant Reformation, bolstered by his standardised Bible translation, led to the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which recognised Lutheranism under the principle of cuius regio, eius religio (ruler's faith dictates subjects' faith)."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Following Martin Luther's 1517 Protestant Reformation, bolstered by his standardised Bible translation, led to the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which recognised Lutheranism under the principle of cuius regio, eius religio (ruler's faith dictates subjects' faith)."}, {"id": "Q524189", "label": "Cologne War", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Following the War of the Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as empress consort when her husband, Francis I, became emperor."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Following the War of the Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as empress consort when her husband, Francis I, became emperor."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic te"}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states."}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich."}, {"id": "Q57180", "label": "Frederick William IV of Prussia", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "History - German Confederation and Empire", "says": "The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1908, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Nama peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide."}, {"id": "Q70581", "label": "Philipp Scheidemann", "section": "History - Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany", "says": "On 9 November 1918, Philipp Scheidemann, a Social Democrat, proclaimed the German Republic, marking Germany's transition to a federal democratic state."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany", "says": "Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler."}, {"id": "Q2646", "label": "Friedrich Ebert", "section": "History - Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany", "says": "On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution."}, {"id": "Q161141", "label": "Kapp Putsch", "section": "History - Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany", "says": "Communists briefly seized power in Bavaria and a few larger cities, while conservative elements failed to overthrow the central government in the 1920 Kapp Putsch."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "History - Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany", "says": "Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and, in violation of the agreement, occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany", "says": "Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and, in violation of the agreement, occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany", "says": "In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - East and West Germany", "says": "The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland; BRD); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (Deutsche Demokratische Republik; DDR)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - East and West Germany", "says": "The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland; BRD); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (Deutsche Demokratische Republik; DDR)."}, {"id": "Q2492", "label": "Konrad Adenauer", "section": "History - East and West Germany", "says": "Konrad Adenauer was elected the first federal chancellor of Germany in 1949."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - East and West Germany", "says": "East Germany remained under political and military control by the Soviet Union via occupation forces and became an Eastern Bloc state, joining the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact and Comecon."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Reunified Germany and the European Union", "says": "Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q567", "label": "Angela Merkel", "section": "History - Reunified Germany and the European Union", "says": "In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor."}], "Q33": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "From the middle of the 13th century, Finland became part of Sweden during the Northern Crusades."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was captured from Sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Finland declared its independence."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War."}, {"id": "Q154940", "label": "Lapland War", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War."}, {"id": "Q196409", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "The Livonian Crusade was ongoing, and the Finnish tribes, such as the Tavastians and Karelians, were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other."}, {"id": "Q3433771", "label": "Second Swedish Crusade", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "Danes waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier, in 1191 and in 1202, and the Swedes waged the Second Swedish Crusade to Finland in 1249 against the Tavastians, and the Third Swedish Crusade to Finland in 1293 against the Karelians."}, {"id": "Q316828", "label": "Birger Jarl", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "As a result of the Crusades, mostly with the Second Swedish Crusade led by Birger Jarl, and the colonization of some Finnish coastal areas with Christian Swedes during the Middle Ages, Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q350220", "label": "Magnus III of Sweden", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "The Swedes built fortresses in Häme and Turku, while a Swedish royal council was instituted, an administrative structure and fiscal apparatus was created, and law codes were codified during the reigns of Magnus Ladulås (1275–1290) and Magnus Eriksson (1319–1364)."}, {"id": "Q314457", "label": "Magnus IV of Sweden", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "The Swedes built fortresses in Häme and Turku, while a Swedish royal council was instituted, an administrative structure and fiscal apparatus was created, and law codes were codified during the reigns of Magnus Ladulås (1275–1290) and Magnus Eriksson (1319–1364)."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "The end of the Kalmar Union ushered in an era of religious, social, and economic changes."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "Gustav Vasa (r."}, {"id": "Q52937", "label": "Christina of Sweden", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "The first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was established by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe in 1640."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Swedish era", "says": "The Finns reaped a reputation in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) as a well-trained cavalrymen called \"Hakkapeliitta\"."}, {"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "History - Grand Duchy of Finland", "says": "The Swedish era ended with the Finnish War of 1809."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Grand Duchy of Finland", "says": "In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and Åland during the so-called Åland War."}, {"id": "Q11885643", "label": "Åland War", "section": "History - Grand Duchy of Finland", "says": "In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and Åland during the so-called Åland War."}, {"id": "Q130924", "label": "Kalevala", "section": "History - Grand Duchy of Finland", "says": "Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic, the Kalevala, in 1835 and the legal equality of the Finnish language with Swedish in 1892."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Grand Duchy of Finland", "says": "The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - Civil war and early independence", "says": "After the February Revolution of 1917, Finland's position as a Grand Duchy under the rule of the Russian Empire was questioned."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Civil war and early independence", "says": "The October Revolution in Russia changed the geopolitical situation once again."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Civil war and early independence", "says": "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin was the first country to recognise Finland's independence on 4 January 1918."}, {"id": "Q1811029", "label": "Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic", "section": "History - Civil war and early independence", "says": "The Whites, backed by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds and their self-proclaimed Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic."}, {"id": "Q63679", "label": "Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse", "section": "History - Civil war and early independence", "says": "After a brief experiment with monarchy, when an attempt to make Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse the king of Finland failed, a republican constitution was adopted and Finland became a presidential republic, with K."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August 1939, which divided Europe into spheres of influence between the two dictatorships."}, {"id": "Q62519", "label": "Finnish Democratic Republic", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Finnish Democratic Republic was set up by Joseph Stalin at the beginning of the war to govern Finland after Soviet conquest."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Finnish Democratic Republic was set up by Joseph Stalin at the beginning of the war to govern Finland after Soviet conquest."}, {"id": "Q477095", "label": "Battle of Suomussalmi", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Red Army was defeated in numerous battles, most notably the Battle of Suomussalmi."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on 12 March 1940, and the war ended the following day."}, {"id": "Q151860", "label": "Siege of Leningrad", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Finnish troops occupied Eastern Karelia from 1941 to 1944 and assisted the German Army in the Siege of Leningrad."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - After the war", "says": "The development of trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the payment of reparations to the Soviet Union led to Finland's transformation from a primarily agrarian society to an industrialised one."}, {"id": "Q194284", "label": "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade", "section": "History - After the war", "says": "Finland participated in trade liberalisation in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade."}, {"id": "Q179858", "label": "Urho Kekkonen", "section": "History - After the war", "says": "From 1956 president Urho Kekkonen had a virtual monopoly on relations with the Soviet Union, which was crucial to his continued popularity."}, {"id": "Q29213", "label": "Tarja Halonen", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "The Finnish people elected Tarja Halonen in the 2000 Presidential election, making her the first female President of Finland."}, {"id": "Q29230", "label": "Martti Ahtisaari", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Her predecessor, President Martti Ahtisaari, later won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008."}, {"id": "Q29207", "label": "Sauli Niinistö", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Sauli Niinistö was elected President of Finland from 2012 until 2024, when Alexander Stubb took over."}, {"id": "Q503143", "label": "Alexander Stubb", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Sauli Niinistö was elected President of Finland from 2012 until 2024, when Alexander Stubb took over."}], "Q668": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives."}, {"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "lead", "says": "Settled life emerged in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "lead", "says": "Well before the millennium's end, Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Zoroastrianism had become established on India's southern and western coasts."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Early in the 2nd millennium, Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently overran India's northern plains, eventually establishing the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing India into the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In South India, the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite culture."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal Empire ushered in two centuries of economic expansion and relative peace, leaving a rich architectural legacy."}, {"id": "Q9422", "label": "Mahavira", "section": "History - Ancient India", "says": "Also, by the mid-millennium, two new religions arose: Jainism, based on the teachings of Mahavira, and Buddhism, based on those of the Buddha."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Ancient India", "says": "The rise of the two religions was a backdrop to the emergence of the first loose-knit, geographically extensive power in South Asia, the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Early modern India", "says": "India no longer exported manufactured goods as it long had, but instead supplied the British Empire with raw materials."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Modern India", "says": "After World War I, in which more than 1.3 million Indians served, a new period began."}, {"id": "Q1001", "label": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "History - Modern India", "says": "It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-cooperation led by Mahatma Gandhi."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Modern India", "says": "The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism."}], "Q96": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It is the northernmost country in Latin America, bordering the United States of America to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast, while having maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "It is the northernmost country in Latin America, bordering the United States of America to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast, while having maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east."}, {"id": "Q172613", "label": "Teotihuacan", "section": "lead", "says": "Mesoamerica, considered a cradle of civilization, was home to numerous advanced societies, including the Olmecs, Maya, Zapotecs, Teotihuacan civilization, and Purépecha."}, {"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish colonization began in 1521 with an indigenous alliance that defeated the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain with its capital at Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish colonization began in 1521 with an indigenous alliance that defeated the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain with its capital at Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War led to the 1810–1821 Mexican War of Independence, which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of the First Mexican Empire, which quickly collapsed into the short-lived First Mexican Republic."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War led to the 1810–1821 Mexican War of Independence, which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of the First Mexican Empire, which quickly collapsed into the short-lived First Mexican Republic."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War led to the 1810–1821 Mexican War of Independence, which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of the First Mexican Empire, which quickly collapsed into the short-lived First Mexican Republic."}, {"id": "Q1109279", "label": "First Mexican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Peninsular War led to the 1810–1821 Mexican War of Independence, which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of the First Mexican Empire, which quickly collapsed into the short-lived First Mexican Republic."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1848, Mexico lost nearly half its territory in the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q371334", "label": "Second Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Liberal reforms set in the Constitution of 1857 led to civil war and French intervention, culminating in the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire under Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg, who was overthrown by Republican forces led by Benito Juárez."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "Liberal reforms set in the Constitution of 1857 led to civil war and French intervention, culminating in the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire under Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg, who was overthrown by Republican forces led by Benito Juárez."}, {"id": "Q182276", "label": "Benito Juárez", "section": "lead", "says": "Liberal reforms set in the Constitution of 1857 led to civil war and French intervention, culminating in the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire under Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg, who was overthrown by Republican forces led by Benito Juárez."}, {"id": "Q150688", "label": "Porfirio Díaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The late 19th century saw the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, whose modernization policies came at the cost of severe social unrest."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1910–1920 Mexican Revolution led to the overthrow of Díaz and the adoption of the 1917 Constitution."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Indigenous civilizations before European contact (pre-1519)", "says": "Teotihuacan, with a population of more than 150,000, had some of the largest pyramidal structures in the pre-Columbian Americas."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)", "says": "Although the Spanish Empire established colonies in the Caribbean in 1493, it first learned of Mexico during the Juan de Grijalva expedition of 1518."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "History - Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)", "says": "The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in 1519 when Hernán Cortés founded Veracruz."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)", "says": "In 1493 the pope granted sweeping powers to the Spanish monarchy for its overseas empire, with the proviso it spread Christianity."}, {"id": "Q936533", "label": "Chichimeca War", "section": "History - Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)", "says": "Notable Amerindian revolts include the Chichimeca War (1576–1606), the Tepehuán Revolt (1616–20), and Pueblo Revolt (1680)."}, {"id": "Q1547791", "label": "Pueblo Revolt", "section": "History - Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)", "says": "Notable Amerindian revolts include the Chichimeca War (1576–1606), the Tepehuán Revolt (1616–20), and Pueblo Revolt (1680)."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)", "says": "To protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French, and Dutch pirates and the Crown's monopoly of revenue, only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic, connecting to Spain, and Acapulco on the Pacific, connecting to the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)", "says": "Of greater concern to the crown was the issue of invasion, especially after Britain seized Havana and Manila in 1762, during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q55636", "label": "Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "In 1810, secular priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared against \"bad government\" in Dolores, Guanajuato."}, {"id": "Q1145411", "label": "Grito de Dolores", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "Known as the Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) it is commemorated each year, on 16 September, as Mexico's independence day."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "Central America and Chiapas left the union to form the Federal Republic of Central America."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "Former insurgent General Guadalupe Victoria became the first president — the first of many generals to hold the presidency."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "In 1829, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal Vicente Guerrero, a signatory of the Plan of Iguala that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election."}, {"id": "Q1606520", "label": "Plan of ayala", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "In 1829, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal Vicente Guerrero, a signatory of the Plan of Iguala that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election."}, {"id": "Q354678", "label": "Anastasio Bustamante", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "His Conservative vice president, former Royalist General Anastasio Bustamante, led a coup against him and Guerrero was judicially murdered."}, {"id": "Q856168", "label": "Pastry War", "section": "History - Independence era (1808–1855)", "says": "France attempted to recoup losses it claimed for its citizens during Mexico's unrest and blockaded the Gulf Coast during the Pastry War of 1838–39."}, {"id": "Q2091916", "label": "Reform War", "section": "History - Liberal era (1855–1911)", "says": "Conservatives revolted, touching off the Reform War between Liberal and Conservative governments (1858–61)."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Liberal era (1855–1911)", "says": "The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield, but Conservatives sought to gain power via intervention by the French, asking Emperor Napoleon III to place a European monarch as head of state in Mexico."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "History - Liberal era (1855–1911)", "says": "The French Army defeated the Mexicans and placed Maximilian Habsburg on the newly established throne, supported by Mexican Conservatives."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - Liberal era (1855–1911)", "says": "The Liberal Republic under Benito Juárez was a government in internal exile, but with the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the US government began aiding the Mexican Republic."}, {"id": "Q5788450", "label": "Restored Republic", "section": "History - Liberal era (1855–1911)", "says": "The \"Restored Republic\" saw the return of Juárez, \"the personification of the embattled republic,\" as president."}, {"id": "Q316210", "label": "Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada", "section": "History - Liberal era (1855–1911)", "says": "Liberal Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada became president, declaring a \"religion of the state\" for the rule of law, peace, and order."}, {"id": "Q299168", "label": "Victoriano Huerta", "section": "History - Mexican Revolution (1910–20)", "says": "In February 1913, a military coup overthrew Madero's government, with the support of the US, resulting in Madero's murder by agents of Federal Army General Victoriano Huerta."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "History - Mexican Revolution (1910–20)", "says": "The US administration of Taft supported the Huerta coup, but when Democrat Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as president in March 1913, Wilson refused to recognize Huerta's regime and allowed arms sales to the Constitutionalists."}, {"id": "Q41718", "label": "Emiliano Zapata", "section": "History - Mexican Revolution (1910–20)", "says": "A coalition of anti-Huerta forces in the North, the Constitutional Army led by Governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza, and a peasant army in the South under Emiliano Zapata defeated the Federal Army in 1914, leaving only revolutionary forces."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Mexican Revolution (1910–20)", "says": "The expeditionary forces withdrew as the US entered World War I."}, {"id": "Q217498", "label": "Álvaro Obregón", "section": "History - Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)", "says": "The post-revolutionary period (1920–46) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as presidents, including Álvaro Obregón (1920–24), Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–28), Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40), and Manuel Avila Camacho (1940–46)."}, {"id": "Q315066", "label": "Plutarco Elías Calles", "section": "History - Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)", "says": "The post-revolutionary period (1920–46) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as presidents, including Álvaro Obregón (1920–24), Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–28), Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40), and Manuel Avila Camacho (1940–46)."}, {"id": "Q296718", "label": "Lázaro Cárdenas", "section": "History - Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)", "says": "The post-revolutionary period (1920–46) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as presidents, including Álvaro Obregón (1920–24), Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–28), Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40), and Manuel Avila Camacho (1940–46)."}, {"id": "Q315626", "label": "Manuel Ávila Camacho", "section": "History - Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)", "says": "Cárdenas's successor, Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–46) was moderate, and relations between the US and Mexico improved during World War II, when Mexico was a significant ally."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)", "says": "Cárdenas's successor, Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–46) was moderate, and relations between the US and Mexico improved during World War II, when Mexico was a significant ally."}, {"id": "Q190572", "label": "Vicente Fox", "section": "History - Contemporary Mexico", "says": "After 71 years of rule, the incumbent PRI lost the 2000 presidential election to Vicente Fox of the opposing conservative National Action Party (PAN)."}, {"id": "Q318508", "label": "Andrés Manuel López Obrador", "section": "History - Contemporary Mexico", "says": "In the 2006 presidential election, Felipe Calderón from the PAN was declared the winner, with a narrow margin (0.6%) over leftist politician Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)."}, {"id": "Q296741", "label": "Enrique Peña Nieto", "section": "History - Contemporary Mexico", "says": "In the 2012 presidential election, the PRI again won the presidency with the election of Enrique Peña Nieto."}], "Q148": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Warlord Era and Chinese Civil War followed, interrupted by the Second Sino-Japanese War, which ended in a Chinese victory."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Warlord Era and Chinese Civil War followed, interrupted by the Second Sino-Japanese War, which ended in a Chinese victory."}, {"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "In 221, its ruler Qin Shi Huang proclaimed himself the first emperor (皇帝; Huángdì) and founded the Qin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "History - Mid-imperial period", "says": "The 755–763 An Lushan rebellion weakened the Tang, which gradually fragmented before collapsing completely in 907, resulting in another period of war and division."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "History - Mid-imperial period", "says": "It faced military crises, unable to subdue its Sinicized non-Han neighbors, the Khitan-led Liao dynasty and the Tangut-led Western Xia."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "In 1206, Genghis Khan united the nomadic Mongols to the north under the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "In 1206, Genghis Khan united the nomadic Mongols to the north under the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "The empire split into separate khanates, with Mongol leader Kublai Khan establishing the Yuan dynasty and subjugating the Song in the 1270s."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "Various rebellions erupted, leading to a peasant leader establishing the Ming dynasty in 1368 and declaring himself the Hongwu Emperor."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "Trade grew, and the European colonization of the Americas brought new crops and a massive influx of silver to China."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "These began with the United Kingdom's First Opium War in 1839–1842, which resulted in the first of the \"unequal treaties\" imposed on the dynasty."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "China faced an economic crisis and internal unrest, and uprisings such as the 1850–1864 Taiping Rebellion resulted in the deaths of millions."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Late imperial period", "says": "The Empire of Japan's defeat of the Qing in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) resulted in the loss of Taiwan and the growth of both reformist and revolutionary political movements."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "History - Republic of China", "says": "President Yuan Shikai rose to power in 1912 and crushed his main opposition, the Kuomintang, ruling China as a dictator until his death in 1916, following an abortive attempt to restore the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Republic of China", "says": "President Yuan Shikai rose to power in 1912 and crushed his main opposition, the Kuomintang, ruling China as a dictator until his death in 1916, following an abortive attempt to restore the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Republic of China", "says": "During the Warlord Era, feuding regional warlords and governors took power across China, while Tibet and Mongolia declared independence."}, {"id": "Q279790", "label": "May Fourth Movement", "section": "History - Republic of China", "says": "A crackdown on a student protest in 1919 led to the May Fourth Movement and further agitation by intellectuals for a cultural and political upheaval, with many embracing Western political ideas such as communism.In the mid-1920s, the Kuomintang allied with the nascent Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and partially reunified China under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Republic of China", "says": "A renewed coalition between the CCP and Kuomintang fought Japan in what became a theater of World War II, as Japanese forces committed numerous war atrocities against the civilian population and occupied most of China's major cities."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "History - People's Republic of China", "says": "After a string of military victories, CCP chairman Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949."}, {"id": "Q2454958", "label": "Great Chinese Famine", "section": "History - People's Republic of China", "says": "In 1958, Mao launched the Great Leap Forward, a mass industrialization project which resulted in the Great Chinese Famine and millions of deaths."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - People's Republic of China", "says": "As the Cold War deepened, China grew politically isolated from its former ally, the Soviet Union, as well as the Western Bloc."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "History - People's Republic of China", "says": "Attempting to reassert control over the CCP after the Great Leap, Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, sparking a decade of political violence, crackdowns on perceived counterrevolutionaries, and social upheaval that lasted until Mao's death in 1976."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "History - People's Republic of China", "says": "Deng Xiaoping served as paramount leader from 1978 to 1989."}, {"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "History - People's Republic of China", "says": "Under the general secretaryship of Xi Jinping since 2012, he has launched a far-reaching anti-corruption campaign, expanded Chinese economic influence through the Belt and Road Initiative, and abolished term limits for himself as state president."}], "Q408": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "This continued a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and culminating in the Australia Act 1986."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It is a member of international groups including: the United Nations, the G20, the OECD, the World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community and the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Indigenous prehistory", "says": "By the mid-18th century in northern Australia, contact, trade and cross-cultural engagement had been established between local Aboriginal groups and Makassan trepangers, visiting from present-day Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "History - European exploration and colonisation", "says": "In 1770, Captain James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named \"New South Wales\" and claimed for Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q311548", "label": "Arthur Phillip", "section": "History - European exploration and colonisation", "says": "On 26 January 1788, the First Fleet commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson."}, {"id": "Q2065299", "label": "Rum Rebellion", "section": "History - European exploration and colonisation", "says": "The 1808 Rum Rebellion, carried out by officers of the New South Wales Corp, led to a temporary military junta."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Colonial expansion", "says": "Separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Colonial expansion", "says": "The six colonies individually gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q2164870", "label": "Eureka Rebellion", "section": "History - Colonial expansion", "says": "A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe, as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold licence fees."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "History - Colonial expansion", "says": "The Second Boer War (1899–1902) marked the largest overseas deployment of Australia's colonial forces."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Federation to the World Wars", "says": "Australia adopted it in 1942, but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed during World War II."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Federation to the World Wars", "says": "The shock of Britain's defeat in Singapore in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks on Australian soil, led to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was imminent, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the United States as Australia's principal ally and security partner."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Federation to the World Wars", "says": "The shock of Britain's defeat in Singapore in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks on Australian soil, led to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was imminent, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the United States as Australia's principal ally and security partner."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - Post-war and contemporary eras", "says": "A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1973."}, {"id": "Q2354629", "label": "Malayan Emergency", "section": "History - Post-war and contemporary eras", "says": "A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1973."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Post-war and contemporary eras", "says": "A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1973."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "History - Post-war and contemporary eras", "says": "Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the Afghanistan War from 2001 to 2021 and the Iraq War from 2003 to 2009."}], "Q16": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Its border with the United States is the longest international land border."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "This began an accretion of provinces and territories resulting in the displacement of Indigenous populations, and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q42838", "label": "Leif Erikson", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "It is believed that the first documented European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson."}, {"id": "Q85642", "label": "John Cabot", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in the name of Henry VII of England."}, {"id": "Q675493", "label": "Henry VII of England", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in the name of Henry VII of England."}, {"id": "Q7321", "label": "Jacques Cartier", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words, \"long live the King of France\", and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I."}, {"id": "Q447200", "label": "Humphrey Gilbert", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English seasonal camp."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English seasonal camp."}, {"id": "Q68529", "label": "Samuel de Champlain", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608)."}, {"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - British North America", "says": "The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History - British North America", "says": "The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "History - British North America", "says": "New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic-speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances."}, {"id": "Q1560445", "label": "Rebellions of 1837", "section": "History - British North America", "says": "The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837."}, {"id": "Q765499", "label": "Red River Rebellion", "section": "History - Confederation and expansion", "says": "Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Confederation and expansion", "says": "British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871 on the promise of a transcontinental railway extending to Victoria in the province within 10 years, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873."}, {"id": "Q393299", "label": "Battle of Vimy Ridge", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps, which played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war."}, {"id": "Q128633", "label": "William Lyon Mackenzie King", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939, by King George VI, seven days after the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q280856", "label": "George VI", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939, by King George VI, seven days after the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q270517", "label": "Dieppe Raid", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, the Allied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q38610", "label": "Dominion of Newfoundland", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "The financial crisis of the Great Depression led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a Crown colony ruled by a British governor."}], "Q145": [{"id": "Q27", "label": "Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea, while maintaining sovereignty over the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories."}, {"id": "Q46395", "label": "British Overseas Territories", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea, while maintaining sovereignty over the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories."}, {"id": "Q80330", "label": "English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the 17th century the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1707 the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1707 the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q682403", "label": "Treaty of Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1707 the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1707 the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire was the leading economic power for most of the 19th century, a position supported by its agricultural prosperity, its role as a dominant trading nation, a massive industrial capacity, significant technological achievements, and the rise of 19th-century London as the world's principal financial centre."}, {"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "History - Prior to the Treaty of Union", "says": "By the end of the region's prehistoric period, the population is thought to have belonged largely to a culture termed Insular Celtic, comprising Brittonic Britain and Gaelic Ireland."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - Prior to the Treaty of Union", "says": "The English monarchs, through inheritance of substantial territories in France and claims to the French crown, were also heavily involved in conflicts in France, most notably the Hundred Years' War, while the Kings of Scots were in an alliance with the French during this period."}, {"id": "Q104190", "label": "Robert Walpole", "section": "History - Union of England and Scotland", "says": "In the 18th century cabinet government developed under Robert Walpole, who is considered the de facto first prime minister from 1721 to 1742."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "History - Union of England and Scotland", "says": "A series of Jacobite uprisings sought to remove the Protestant House of Hanover from the throne and restore the Catholic House of Stuart."}, {"id": "Q651919", "label": "Battle of Culloden", "section": "History - Union of England and Scotland", "says": "In 1746, the Jacobites were defeated at the Battle of Culloden, after which the Scottish Highlanders were forcibly assimilated into Scotland by revoking the feudal independence of clan chiefs."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Union of England and Scotland", "says": "The British colonies in North America that broke away in the American War of Independence became the United States."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "After the defeat of France at the end of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the United Kingdom emerged as the principal naval and imperial power (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830)."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "After the defeat of France at the end of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the United Kingdom emerged as the principal naval and imperial power (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830)."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "From 1853 to 1856, Britain took part in the Crimean War, allied with the Ottoman Empire against Tsarist Russia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "From 1853 to 1856, Britain took part in the Crimean War, allied with the Ottoman Empire against Tsarist Russia."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British government led by Lord Palmerston assumed direct rule over India."}, {"id": "Q82006", "label": "Benjamin Disraeli", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "By the late 19th century, Conservative governments under Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Salisbury accelerated imperial expansion in Africa, sustained a foreign policy of \"splendid isolation\" from European alliances, and intensified strategic containment of the Russian Empire in Central Asia, a competition known as the Great Game."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "By the late 19th century, Conservative governments under Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Salisbury accelerated imperial expansion in Africa, sustained a foreign policy of \"splendid isolation\" from European alliances, and intensified strategic containment of the Russian Empire in Central Asia, a competition known as the Great Game."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "During this time, Canada, Australia and New Zealand were granted self-governing dominion status."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "During this time, Canada, Australia and New Zealand were granted self-governing dominion status."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "says": "At the turn of the 20th century, Britain's industrial dominance became challenged by the German Empire and the United States."}, {"id": "Q134982", "label": "David Lloyd George", "section": "History - World wars and partition of Ireland", "says": "Under the leadership of David Lloyd George, the British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Post-war 20th century", "says": "The United Kingdom was one of the Big Three powers (with the United States and the Soviet Union) who met to plan the post-war world; it drafted the Declaration by United Nations with the United States and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council."}, {"id": "Q129006", "label": "Clement Attlee", "section": "History - Post-war 20th century", "says": "In the immediate post-war years the Labour government under Clement Attlee initiated a radical programme of reforms, which significantly affected British society in the following decades."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Post-war 20th century", "says": "Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1947."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Post-war 20th century", "says": "Over the next three decades, most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence, and many became members of the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "History - Post-war 20th century", "says": "The UK was the third country to develop a nuclear weapons arsenal, with its first atomic bomb test, Operation Hurricane, in 1952, although the post-war limitations of Britain's international role were illustrated by the Suez Crisis of 1956."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Post-war 20th century", "says": "Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 1960s, the United Kingdom's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France, West Germany and Japan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "British troops fought in the war in Afghanistan, but controversy surrounded Britain's military deployment in Iraq, which saw the largest protest in British history in opposition to the government led by Tony Blair."}, {"id": "Q9545", "label": "Tony Blair", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "British troops fought in the war in Afghanistan, but controversy surrounded Britain's military deployment in Iraq, which saw the largest protest in British history in opposition to the government led by Tony Blair."}, {"id": "Q104469222", "label": "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "On 1 May 2021 the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, a free trade agreement between the UK and the EU, came into force."}], "Q29": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Peninsular Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea, Gibraltar and Morocco (the latter being through its exclaves in North Africa); and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the peninsula was conquered by tribes from Central Europe, among them the Visigoths, who established the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the peninsula was conquered by tribes from Central Europe, among them the Visigoths, who established the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the peninsula was conquered by tribes from Central Europe, among them the Visigoths, who established the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 8th century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, with Al-Andalus centred on Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern Christian kingdoms of Iberia launched the so-called Reconquista, gradually repelling and ultimately expelling Islamic rule from the peninsula, culminating with the fall of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada."}, {"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern Christian kingdoms of Iberia launched the so-called Reconquista, gradually repelling and ultimately expelling Islamic rule from the peninsula, culminating with the fall of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often seen as the de facto unification of Spain as a nation state."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often seen as the de facto unification of Spain as a nation state."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "The 19th century witnessed the victorious Peninsular War (1808–1814) against Napoleonic forces and the loss of most American colonies amid liberal–absolutist conflicts."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "These struggles culminated in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975)."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Prehistory and Iberian peoples", "says": "After the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca led an expedition to Iberia, where he hoped to gain a new empire for Carthage to compensate for territorial losses."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "History - Prehistory and Iberian peoples", "says": "After the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca led an expedition to Iberia, where he hoped to gain a new empire for Carthage to compensate for territorial losses."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "History - Prehistory and Iberian peoples", "says": "After the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca led an expedition to Iberia, where he hoped to gain a new empire for Carthage to compensate for territorial losses."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "History - Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom", "says": "During the Second Punic War, roughly between 210 and 205 BC, the expanding Roman Republic captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom", "says": "Emperors Hadrian, Trajan, Theodosius I, and the philosopher Seneca were born in Hispania."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom", "says": "Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century AD, and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom", "says": "As the western Roman Empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Muslim era and Reconquista", "says": "From 711 to 718, as part of the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate which had conquered North Africa from the Byzantine Empire, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Muslims from across the Strait of Gibraltar, resulting in the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Muslim era and Reconquista", "says": "In the 11th century, the Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed, fracturing into a series of petty kingdoms (Taifas), often subject to the payment of a form of protection money (Parias) to the Northern Christian kingdoms, which otherwise undertook a southward territorial expansion."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Muslim era and Reconquista", "says": "The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the Almoravids and the Almohads achieved temporary unity upon the Muslim-ruled territory, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and partially reversed some Christian territorial gains."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "History - Muslim era and Reconquista", "says": "The Kingdom of León was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "History - Muslim era and Reconquista", "says": "The Kingdom of Castile, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as the strongest kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1233672", "label": "County of Barcelona", "section": "History - Muslim era and Reconquista", "says": "The County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon entered into a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "History - Muslim era and Reconquista", "says": "The County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon entered into a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "The year 1492 also marked the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World, during a voyage funded by Isabella."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q2467248", "label": "Treaty of Granada", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "The Treaty of Granada guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims, for a few years before Islam was outlawed in 1502 in Castile and 1527 in Aragon, leading the remaining Muslim population to become nominally Christian Moriscos."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—Charles V/I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598)."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "This period saw the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, the Italian Wars, the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion, and the Anglo-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "This period saw the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, the Italian Wars, the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion, and the Anglo-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "This period saw the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, the Italian Wars, the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion, and the Anglo-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q3298746", "label": "War of the Portuguese Succession", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "This period saw the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, the Italian Wars, the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion, and the Anglo-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "History - Spanish Empire", "says": "This period saw the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, the Italian Wars, the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion, and the Anglo-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as a leading European power."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "History - Liberalism and nation state", "says": "The subsequent War of the Pyrenees polarised the country in a reaction against the gallicised elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the Peace of Basel in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Liberalism and nation state", "says": "In 1807, a secret treaty between Napoleon and the unpopular prime minister led to a new declaration of war against Britain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "History - Liberalism and nation state", "says": "The Spanish king abdicated and a puppet kingdom satellite to the French Empire was installed with Joseph Bonaparte as king."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Civil War and Francoist dictatorship", "says": "Spain was divided into two zones: one under the authority of the Republican government, that counted on outside support from the Soviet Union and Mexico (and from International Brigades), and the other controlled by the putschists (the Nationalist or rebel faction), most critically supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Civil War and Francoist dictatorship", "says": "Spain was divided into two zones: one under the authority of the Republican government, that counted on outside support from the Soviet Union and Mexico (and from International Brigades), and the other controlled by the putschists (the Nationalist or rebel faction), most critically supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - Civil War and Francoist dictatorship", "says": "Spain was divided into two zones: one under the authority of the Republican government, that counted on outside support from the Soviet Union and Mexico (and from International Brigades), and the other controlled by the putschists (the Nationalist or rebel faction), most critically supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Civil War and Francoist dictatorship", "says": "The Republic was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of non-intervention."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "History - Civil War and Francoist dictatorship", "says": "General Francisco Franco was sworn in as the supreme leader of the rebels in October 1936."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Civil War and Francoist dictatorship", "says": "On 1 April 1939, five months before the beginning of World War II, the rebel side led by Franco emerged victorious, imposing a dictatorship over the whole country."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - Civil War and Francoist dictatorship", "says": "The regime remained nominally \"neutral\" for much of the Second World War, although it was sympathetic to the Axis and provided the Nazi Wehrmacht with Spanish volunteers in the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q156799", "label": "Felipe González", "section": "History - Restoration of democracy", "says": "In 1996, the PSOE was replaced in government by the Partido Popular (PP) after scandals around participation of the government of Felipe González in the Dirty war against ETA."}, {"id": "Q55637", "label": "José María Aznar", "section": "History - Economic prosperity and crash", "says": "In 2003 José María Aznar supported US president George W."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "History - Economic prosperity and crash", "says": "Bush in the Iraq War, and a strong movement against war rose in Spanish society."}, {"id": "Q41395", "label": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero", "section": "History - Economic prosperity and crash", "says": "The PSOE won the election, led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero."}, {"id": "Q42345047", "label": "Catalan Republic", "section": "History - Constitutional issues", "says": "In October 2017 a Catalan independence referendum was held and the Parliament of Catalonia voted to unilaterally declare independence from Spain to form a Catalan Republic on the day the Spanish Senate was discussing approving direct rule over Catalonia as called for by the Spanish Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q10819", "label": "Mariano Rajoy", "section": "History - Constitutional issues", "says": "On the same day the Senate granted the power to impose direct rule and Mariano Rajoy dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a new election."}, {"id": "Q6070218", "label": "Pedro Sánchez", "section": "History - Constitutional issues", "says": "In June 2018, the Congress of Deputies passed a motion of no-confidence against Rajoy and replaced him with the PSOE leader Pedro Sánchez."}], "Q20": [{"id": "Q23408", "label": "Bouvet Island", "section": "lead", "says": "Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency, and not a part of the Kingdom; Norway also claims the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land."}, {"id": "Q202780", "label": "Peter I Island", "section": "lead", "says": "Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency, and not a part of the Kingdom; Norway also claims the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Norway was neutral during the First World War, and in the Second World War until April 1940 when it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany until the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q155616", "label": "House of Glücksburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Haakon VIII of the House of Glücksburg is the king of Norway."}, {"id": "Q467948", "label": "Jonas Gahr Støre", "section": "lead", "says": "Jonas Gahr Støre has been prime minister of Norway since 2021."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and with the United States."}, {"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "It has been estimated that there were nine petty realms in Western Norway during the early Viking Age."}, {"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified them into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway."}, {"id": "Q515561", "label": "Battle of Hafrsfjord", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified them into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and according to the sagas, many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and parts of Britain and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1349, the Black Death spread to Norway and within a year killed a third of the population."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1397, under Margaret I, the Kalmar Union was created between the three Scandinavian countries."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark because of its greater population."}, {"id": "Q314457", "label": "Magnus IV of Sweden", "section": "History - Kalmar Union", "says": "Upon the death of King Haakon V in 1319, Magnus Eriksson, at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII."}, {"id": "Q350220", "label": "Magnus III of Sweden", "section": "History - Kalmar Union", "says": "A simultaneous movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful (he was a grandson of King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden), and both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles."}, {"id": "Q216630", "label": "Valdemar IV of Denmark", "section": "History - Kalmar Union", "says": "In 1363, Haakon married Margaret, daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q161958", "label": "Eric of Pomerania", "section": "History - Kalmar Union", "says": "She settled on Eric of Pomerania, grandson of her sister."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Later modern period", "says": "After Denmark–Norway was attacked by the United Kingdom at the 1807 Battle of Copenhagen, it entered into an alliance with Napoleon, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass starvation in 1812."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Later modern period", "says": "After Denmark–Norway was attacked by the United Kingdom at the 1807 Battle of Copenhagen, it entered into an alliance with Napoleon, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass starvation in 1812."}, {"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "History - Later modern period", "says": "As the Danish kingdom was on the losing side in 1814, it was forced by the Treaty of Kiel to cede Norway to Sweden, while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown."}, {"id": "Q33773", "label": "Convention of Moss", "section": "History - Later modern period", "says": "As Sweden's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright, and Norway's treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and as British and Russian navies blockaded the Norwegian coast, the belligerents were forced to negotiate the Convention of Moss."}, {"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "History - Later modern period", "says": "On 4 November 1814, the Parliament (Storting) elected Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway, thereby establishing the union with Sweden."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Later modern period", "says": "Following the recession caused by the Napoleonic Wars, economic development of Norway remained slow until 1830."}, {"id": "Q80621", "label": "Edvard Grieg", "section": "History - Later modern period", "says": "The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature (Henrik Wergeland, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Jørgen Moe), painting (Hans Gude, Adolph Tidemand), music (Edvard Grieg), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian: Bokmål and Nynorsk."}, {"id": "Q708217", "label": "Battles of Narvik", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the Battles of Narvik, but were forced to surrender on 10 June after losing British support which had been diverted to France during the German invasion of France."}, {"id": "Q151364", "label": "Vidkun Quisling", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "On the day of the invasion, the leader of the small National-Socialist party Nasjonal Samling, Vidkun Quisling, tried to seize power, but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside."}, {"id": "Q57874", "label": "Josef Terboven", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "Real power was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority, Josef Terboven."}, {"id": "Q164346", "label": "Einar Gerhardsen", "section": "History - Post–World War II history", "says": "The government, led by prime minister Einar Gerhardsen, embarked on a programme inspired by Keynesian economics, emphasising state financed industrialisation and co-operation between trade unions and employers' organisations."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Post–World War II history", "says": "Although pursuing the goal of a socialist economy, the Labour Party distanced itself from the Communists, especially after the Communists' seizure of power in Czechoslovakia in 1948, and strengthened its foreign policy and defence policy ties with the US."}, {"id": "Q133009", "label": "Gro Harlem Brundtland", "section": "History - Post–World War II history", "says": "Norway's first female prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland of the Labour Party continued many of the reforms, while backing traditional Labour concerns such as social security, high taxes, the industrialisation of nature, and feminism."}], "Q36": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, and borders Lithuania and Russia to the northeast; Belarus and Ukraine to the east; Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south; and Germany to the west."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, and borders Lithuania and Russia to the northeast; Belarus and Ukraine to the east; Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south; and Germany to the west."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, and borders Lithuania and Russia to the northeast; Belarus and Ukraine to the east; Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south; and Germany to the west."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity in 966 under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of World War I in 1918, Poland regained its independence with the founding of the Second Polish Republic, which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of World War I in 1918, Poland regained its independence with the founding of the Second Polish Republic, which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the invasion by the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties as well as extensive border and demographic changes."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the invasion by the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties as well as extensive border and demographic changes."}, {"id": "Q211274", "label": "Polish People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a signatory of the Warsaw Pact."}, {"id": "Q53436", "label": "Bolesław I the Brave", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "An important national event of the period was the martyrdom of Saint Adalbert, who was killed by Prussian pagans in 997 and whose remains were reputedly bought back for their weight in gold by Mieszko's successor, Bolesław I the Brave."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "Bolesław also expanded the realm considerably by seizing parts of German Lusatia, Czech Moravia, Upper Hungary, and southwestern regions of the Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q28468", "label": "Mieszko II", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "In 1031, Mieszko II Lambert lost the title of king and fled amidst the violence."}, {"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "In 1138, the country fragmented into five principalities when Bolesław III Wrymouth divided his lands among his sons."}, {"id": "Q53460", "label": "Konrad I of Masovia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "In 1226, Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to aid in combating the Baltic Prussians; a decision that later led to centuries of warfare with the Knights."}, {"id": "Q53445", "label": "Henry I the Bearded", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "In the first half of the 13th century, Henry I the Bearded and Henry II the Pious aimed to unite the fragmented dukedoms, but the Mongol invasion and the death of Henry II in battle hindered the unification."}, {"id": "Q53446", "label": "Henry II the Pious", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "In the first half of the 13th century, Henry I the Bearded and Henry II the Pious aimed to unite the fragmented dukedoms, but the Mongol invasion and the death of Henry II in battle hindered the unification."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Kingdom of Poland", "says": "In the first half of the 13th century, Henry I the Bearded and Henry II the Pious aimed to unite the fragmented dukedoms, but the Mongol invasion and the death of Henry II in battle hindered the unification."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "In 1386, Jadwiga of Poland entered a marriage of convenience with Władysław II Jagiełło, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, thus forming the Jagiellonian dynasty and the Polish–Lithuanian union which spanned the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "In the Baltic Sea region, the struggle of Poland and Lithuania with the Teutonic Knights continued and culminated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, where a combined Polish–Lithuanian army inflicted a decisive victory against them."}, {"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "In 1466, after the Thirteen Years' War, king Casimir IV Jagiellon gave royal consent to the Peace of Thorn, which created the future Duchy of Prussia under Polish suzerainty and forced the Prussian rulers to pay tributes."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "In 1466, after the Thirteen Years' War, king Casimir IV Jagiellon gave royal consent to the Peace of Thorn, which created the future Duchy of Prussia under Polish suzerainty and forced the Prussian rulers to pay tributes."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "In 1466, after the Thirteen Years' War, king Casimir IV Jagiellon gave royal consent to the Peace of Thorn, which created the future Duchy of Prussia under Polish suzerainty and forced the Prussian rulers to pay tributes."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "In the south, Poland confronted the Ottoman Empire (at the Varna Crusade) and the Crimean Tatars, and in the east helped Lithuania to combat Russia."}, {"id": "Q53451", "label": "John I Albert", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "In 1493, John I Albert sanctioned the creation of a bicameral parliament (the Sejm) composed of a lower house, the chamber of deputies, and an upper house, the chamber of senators."}, {"id": "Q54056", "label": "Sigismund I the Old", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "The European Renaissance evoked under Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus a sense of urgency in the need to promote a cultural awakening."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "History - The Golden Age", "says": "The European Renaissance evoked under Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus a sense of urgency in the need to promote a cultural awakening."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "The Union of Lublin of 1569 established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a unified federal state with an elective monarchy that was largely governed by the nobility."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "When he left Poland to become King of France, his successor, Stephen Báthory, led a successful campaign in the Livonian War, granting Poland more lands across the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "When he left Poland to become King of France, his successor, Stephen Báthory, led a successful campaign in the Livonian War, granting Poland more lands across the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea."}, {"id": "Q382439", "label": "Jan Zamoyski", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "State affairs were then headed by Jan Zamoyski, the Crown Chancellor."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "In 1592, Sigismund succeeded his father John Vasa, in Sweden."}, {"id": "Q453523", "label": "Stanisław Żółkiewski", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "In 1609, Sigismund invaded Russia which was engulfed in a civil war, and a year later the Polish winged hussar units under Stanisław Żółkiewski occupied Moscow for two years after defeating the Russians at Klushino."}, {"id": "Q540840", "label": "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Sigismund also countered the Ottoman Empire in the southeast; at Khotyn in 1621 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz achieved a decisive victory against the Turks, which ushered the downfall of Sultan Osman II."}, {"id": "Q172056", "label": "Osman II", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Sigismund also countered the Ottoman Empire in the southeast; at Khotyn in 1621 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz achieved a decisive victory against the Turks, which ushered the downfall of Sultan Osman II."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "In 1648, the Polish hegemony over Ukraine sparked the Khmelnytsky Uprising, followed by the decimating Swedish Deluge during the Second Northern War, and Prussia's independence in 1657."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "In 1648, the Polish hegemony over Ukraine sparked the Khmelnytsky Uprising, followed by the decimating Swedish Deluge during the Second Northern War, and Prussia's independence in 1657."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "In 1683, John III Sobieski re-established military prowess when he halted the advance of an Ottoman Army into Europe at the Battle of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "In 1683, John III Sobieski re-established military prowess when he halted the advance of an Ottoman Army into Europe at the Battle of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Both Saxon kings faced opposition from Stanisław Leszczyński during the Great N"}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "History - Partitions", "says": "His candidacy was extensively funded by his sponsor and former lover, Empress Catherine II of Russia."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Partitions", "says": "Stanisław Augustus, the last King of Poland, abdicated the throne on 25 November 1795."}, {"id": "Q849176", "label": "Kościuszko Uprising", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising, where a popular and distinguished general Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had several years earlier served under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War, led Polish insurgents."}, {"id": "Q191479", "label": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising, where a popular and distinguished general Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had several years earlier served under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War, led Polish insurgents."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising, where a popular and distinguished general Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had several years earlier served under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War, led Polish insurgents."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising, where a popular and distinguished general Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had several years earlier served under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War, led Polish insurgents."}, {"id": "Q1577800", "label": "Battle of Racławice", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "Despite the victory at the Battle of Racławice, his ultimate defeat ended Poland's independent existence for 123 years."}, {"id": "Q158027", "label": "Jan Henryk Dąbrowski", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In 1806, an insurrection organised by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski liberated western Poland ahead of Napoleon's advance into Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In 1806, an insurrection organised by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski liberated western Poland ahead of Napoleon's advance into Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In accordance with the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit, Napoleon proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw, a client state ruled by his ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In accordance with the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit, Napoleon proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw, a client state ruled by his ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q53444", "label": "Friedrich August I of Saxony", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In accordance with the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit, Napoleon proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw, a client state ruled by his ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "The Poles actively aided French troops in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly those under Józef Poniatowski who became Marshal of France shortly before his death at Leipzig in 1813."}, {"id": "Q154382", "label": "Józef Poniatowski", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "The Poles actively aided French troops in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly those under Józef Poniatowski who became Marshal of France shortly before his death at Leipzig in 1813."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In the aftermath of Napoleon's exile, the Duchy of Warsaw was abolished at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and its territory was divided into Russian Congress Kingdom of Poland, the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen, and Austrian Galicia with the Free City of Kraków."}, {"id": "Q501303", "label": "Free City of Kraków", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In the aftermath of Napoleon's exile, the Duchy of Warsaw was abolished at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and its territory was divided into Russian Congress Kingdom of Poland, the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen, and Austrian Galicia with the Free City of Kraków."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In 1830, non-commissioned officers at Warsaw's Officer Cadet School rebelled in what was the November Uprising."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "During the European Spring of Nations, Poles took up arms in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 to resist Germanisation, but its failure saw the duchy's status reduced to a mere province; and subsequent integration into the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "History - Era of insurrections", "says": "In Russia, the fall of the January Uprising (1863–1864) prompted severe political, social and cultural reprisals, followed by deportations and pogroms of the Polish-Jewish population."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Second Polish Republic", "says": "A total of 2 million Poles served in the armies of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and the Russian Empire, and over 450,000 died."}], "Q79": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan and the Sahara to the south, and Libya to the west."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century and of the subsequent Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, until its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, until its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was then occupied by the British Empire along with Sudan and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1958, Egypt merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, with Syria withdrawing in 1961 after their coup."}, {"id": "Q309204", "label": "Camp David Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, which recognised Israel and heavily demilitarised the Sinai in exchange for the latter's withdrawal from the occupied Sinai, completely turning over control of the Sinai to Egypt in 1982."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the country faced a protracted period of political unrest; its first democratic elect"}, {"id": "Q34105", "label": "Hosni Mubarak", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the country faced a protracted period of political unrest; its first democratic elect"}, {"id": "Q19244", "label": "Amenemhat III", "section": "History - Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)", "says": "2040 BCE), a phase of renewed stability and prosperity under rulers such as Amenemhat III."}, {"id": "Q7222", "label": "Ahmose I", "section": "History - Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)", "says": "After the Second Intermediate Period and the Hyksos occupation, Egypt was reunified by Ahmose I, founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the New Kingdom (c."}, {"id": "Q12154", "label": "Tutankhamun", "section": "History - Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)", "says": "It produced many of Egypt's most renowned Pharaohs, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II, and witnessed the rise of Atenism, one of the earliest forms of monotheism."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "History - Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)", "says": "It produced many of Egypt's most renowned Pharaohs, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II, and witnessed the rise of Atenism, one of the earliest forms of monotheism."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)", "says": "In 525 BCE, Cambyses II of Persia conquered Egypt, beginning the Achaemenid satrapy period (the Twenty-seventh Dynasty)."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)", "says": "Following renewed Persian domination, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BCE, after which his general Ptolemy I Soter established the Ptolemaic dynasty."}, {"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "History - Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)", "says": "Following renewed Persian domination, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BCE, after which his general Ptolemy I Soter established the Ptolemaic dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "History - Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (305 BCE–641 CE)", "says": "The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a Hellenistic state from southern Syria to Cyrene and south to Nubia, with Alexandria as its capital and a centre of Greek culture and trade."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (305 BCE–641 CE)", "says": "Egypt was a wealthy imperial province of the Roman Empire, supplying grain and hosting the major city of Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q31966", "label": "Mark the Evangelist", "section": "History - Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (305 BCE–641 CE)", "says": "Christianity reached Egypt in the 1st century, brought by Saint Mark the Evangelist."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Medieval Egypt (641–1517)", "says": "The mid-14th century Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population."}, {"id": "Q332543", "label": "Battle of the Pyramids", "section": "History - Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)", "says": "In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt, defeating the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)", "says": "In 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha seized power, massacring the remaining Mamluks and establishing a dynasty that would rule Egypt until 1952."}, {"id": "Q159378", "label": "Isma'il Pasha", "section": "History - Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)", "says": "His successors, including Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I, Sa'id, and Isma'il Pasha, continued reforms in agriculture, science, and industry, and abolished slavery."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Monarchical Egypt (1867–1952)", "says": "In 1914, as the Ottoman Empire joined World War I alongside the Central Powers, Khedive Abbas II declared support for the Ottoman side."}, {"id": "Q157159", "label": "Abbas II", "section": "History - Monarchical Egypt (1867–1952)", "says": "In 1914, as the Ottoman Empire joined World War I alongside the Central Powers, Khedive Abbas II declared support for the Ottoman side."}, {"id": "Q328734", "label": "Saad Zaghloul", "section": "History - Monarchical Egypt (1867–1952)", "says": "Saad Zaghloul and the Wafd Party secured popular support, but the British exiled Zaghloul and his colleagues to Malta on 8 March 1919, prompting the first modern revolution."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)", "says": "His presidency lasted less than a year and a half, as Gamal Abdel Nasser, a Pan-Arabist and the principal architect of the 1952 movement, gradually consolidated power."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)", "says": "In October 1954, Egypt and the United Kingdom agreed to end the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, granting Sudan full independence, which came into effect on 1 January 1956."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "History - Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)", "says": "Later that year, on 26 July, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, provoking the Suez Crisis when Israel, with support from France and the United Kingdom, invaded the Sinai Peninsula and targeted the Canal."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)", "says": "The conflict ended following diplomatic pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union, restoring the pre-war status quo."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)", "says": "The conflict ended following diplomatic pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union, restoring the pre-war status quo."}, {"id": "Q856843", "label": "United Arab States", "section": "History - Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)", "says": "The union, also loosely connected with North Yemen in the United Arab States, was short-lived; Syria seceded in 1961."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "History - Egypt under Sadat and Mubarak (1970–2011)", "says": "After the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970, Anwar Sadat assumed the presidency of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q405451", "label": "Ayman Nour", "section": "History - Egypt under Sadat and Mubarak (1970–2011)", "says": "Voter turnout was less than 25%, and opposition leader Ayman Nour was subsequently imprisoned."}, {"id": "Q45917", "label": "Mohamed Hussein Tantawi", "section": "History - Contemporary (2011–present)", "says": "The Egyptian military assumed control, with Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, acting as interim head of state."}, {"id": "Q4631", "label": "Mohamed Morsi", "section": "History - Contemporary (2011–present)", "says": "Mohamed Morsi, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, won the presidency on 24 June 2012 and was sworn in on 30 June."}, {"id": "Q13593432", "label": "Adly Mansour", "section": "History - Contemporary (2011–present)", "says": "Following growing public discontent, the military removed Morsi on 3 July 2013, dissolved the Shura Council, and installed Adly Mansour, chief justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court, as interim president."}], "Q212": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ukraine also borders Belarus to the north; Poland and Slovakia to the west; Hungary, Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages, it was the site of early Slavic expansion and later became a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "For the next 600 years the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "For the next 600 years the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "For the next 600 years the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "For the next 600 years the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "For the next 600 years the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century but was partitioned between Russia and Poland before being gradually absorbed by the Russian Empire in the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century but was partitioned between Russia and Poland before being gradually absorbed by the Russian Empire in the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Ukrainian nationalism developed and, following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Ukrainian nationalism developed and, following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q165058", "label": "Holodomor", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the Holodomor, a human-made famine."}, {"id": "Q836386", "label": "Orange Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orange Revolution of 2004–2005 ushered electoral and constitutional reforms."}, {"id": "Q15224558", "label": "Euromaidan", "section": "lead", "says": "Resurgent political crises prompted a series of mass demonstrations in 2014 known as the Euromaidan, leading to a revolution, at the end of which Russia unilaterally occupied and annexed Ukraine's Crimean"}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Iranian-speaking Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Iranian-speaking Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In the 7th century, the territory that is now eastern Ukraine was the centre of Old Great Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q48287", "label": "Krivich", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Northern migrations, reaching almost to Lake Ilmen, led to the emergence of the Ilmen Slavs and Krivichs."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Golden Age of Kyiv", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, the Rus' people initially consisted of Varangians from Scandinavia."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "History - Golden Age of Kyiv", "says": "It began with the reign of Vladimir the Great (980–1015), who introduced Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Golden Age of Kyiv", "says": "It began with the reign of Vladimir the Great (980–1015), who introduced Christianity."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "History - Golden Age of Kyiv", "says": "During the reign of his son, Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054), Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural development and military power."}, {"id": "Q60928", "label": "Vladimir II Monomakh", "section": "History - Golden Age of Kyiv", "says": "After a final resurgence under the rule of Vladimir II Monomakh (1113–1125) and his son Mstislav (1125–1132), Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities following Mstislav's death, though ownership of Kyiv would still carry great prestige for decades."}, {"id": "Q58607", "label": "Daniel of Galicia", "section": "History - Golden Age of Kyiv", "says": "Daniel of Galicia, son of Roman the Great, re-united much of south-western Rus', including Volhynia, Galicia, as well as Kyiv."}, {"id": "Q497773", "label": "Roman the Great", "section": "History - Golden Age of Kyiv", "says": "Daniel of Galicia, son of Roman the Great, re-united much of south-western Rus', including Volhynia, Galicia, as well as Kyiv."}, {"id": "Q2545349", "label": "Galicia–Volhynia Wars", "section": "History - Foreign domination", "says": "In 1349, in the aftermath of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, the region was partitioned between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - Foreign domination", "says": "From the mid-13th century to the late 1400s, the Republic of Genoa founded numerous colonies on the northern coast of the Black Sea and transformed these into large commercial centres headed by the consul, a representative of the Republic."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "History - Foreign domination", "says": "In 1441, Genghisid prince Haci I Giray founded the Crimean Khanate on the Crimean Peninsula and the surrounding steppes; the Khanate orchestrated Tatar slave raids."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Foreign domination", "says": "In 1441, Genghisid prince Haci I Giray founded the Crimean Khanate on the Crimean Peninsula and the surrounding steppes; the Khanate orchestrated Tatar slave raids."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "History - Foreign domination", "says": "In 1569, the Union of Lublin established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and most of the Ukrainian lands were transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, becoming de jure Polish territory."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Foreign domination", "says": "In 1569, the Union of Lublin established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and most of the Ukrainian lands were transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, becoming de jure Polish territory."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "History - Foreign domination", "says": "In 1569, the Union of Lublin established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and most of the Ukrainian lands were transferred from Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, becoming de jure Polish territory."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky led the largest of the Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king, which enjoyed wide support from the local population."}, {"id": "Q593045", "label": "Battle of Berestechko", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "After Khmelnytsky suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Berestechko in 1651, he turned to the Russian tsar for help."}, {"id": "Q525758", "label": "Treaty of Pereyaslav", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "In 1654, Khmelnytsky was subject to the Pereiaslav Agreement, forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian monarch."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "The Treaty of Perpetual Peace between Russia and Poland in 1686 divided the lands of the Cossack Hetmanate between them, reducing the portion over which Poland had claimed sovereignty to Ukraine west of the Dnieper river."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "An attempt to reverse the decline was undertaken by Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1639–1709), who ultimately defected to the Swedes in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) in a bid to get rid of Russian dependence, but Hetmanate's capital city Baturyn was sacked (1708) and they were crushed in the Battle of Poltava (1709)."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "An attempt to reverse the decline was undertaken by Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1639–1709), who ultimately defected to the Swedes in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) in a bid to get rid of Russian dependence, but Hetmanate's capital city Baturyn was sacked (1708) and they were crushed in the Battle of Poltava (1709)."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "An attempt to reverse the decline was undertaken by Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1639–1709), who ultimately defected to the Swedes in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) in a bid to get rid of Russian dependence, but Hetmanate's capital city Baturyn was sacked (1708) and they were crushed in the Battle of Poltava (1709)."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "History - Cossack Hetmanate", "says": "In the years 1764–1781, Catherine the Great incorporated much of Central Ukraine into the Russian Empire, abolishing the Cossack Hetmanate and the Zaporo"}, {"id": "Q134958", "label": "Taras Shevchenko", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "The serf-turned-national-poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861) and political theorist Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841–1895) led the growing nationalist movement."}, {"id": "Q1359722", "label": "Mykhailo Drahomanov", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "The serf-turned-national-poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861) and political theorist Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841–1895) led the growing nationalist movement."}, {"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "While conditions for its development in Austrian Galicia under the Habsburgs were relatively lenient, the Russian part (historically known as \"Little Russia\" or \"South Russia\") faced severe restrictions, going as far as banning virtually all books from being published in Ukrainian in 1876."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "The Austrian part of Ukraine was particularly destitute, which forced hundreds of thousands of peasants into emigration, who created the backbone of an extensive Ukrainian diaspora in countries such as Canada, the United States and Brazil."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "Ukraine plunged into turmoil with the beginning of World War I, and fighting on Ukrainian soil persisted until late 1921."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "Initially, the Ukrainians were split between Austria-Hungary, fighting for the Central Powers, though the vast majority served in the Imperial Russian Army, which was part of the Triple Entente, under Russia."}, {"id": "Q2479606", "label": "Ukrainian War of Independence", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "As the Russian Empire collapsed, the conflict evolved into the Ukrainian War of Independence, with Ukrainians fighting alongside, or against, the Red, White, Black and Green armies, with the Poles, Hungarians (in Transcarpathia), and Germans also intervening at various times."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "As the Russian Empire collapsed, the conflict evolved into the Ukrainian War of Independence, with Ukrainians fighting alongside, or against, the Red, White, Black and Green armies, with the Poles, Hungarians (in Transcarpathia), and Germans also intervening at various times."}, {"id": "Q371322", "label": "Mykhailo Hrushevskyi", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "An attempt to create an independent state, the left-leaning Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), was first announced by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, but the period was plagued by an extremely unstable political and military environment."}, {"id": "Q1508143", "label": "Ukrainian State", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th century", "says": "It was first deposed in a coup d'état led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi, which yielded the Ukrainian State under the German protectorate, an"}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "History - Inter-war period", "says": "During the inter-war period, in Poland, Marshal Józef Piłsudski sought Ukrainian support by offering local autonomy as a way to minimise Soviet influence in Poland's eastern Kresy region."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Inter-war period", "says": "Around the same time, Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin instituted the New Economic Policy (NEP), which introduced a form of market socialism, allowing some private ownership of small and medium-sized productive enterprises, hoping to reconstruct the post-war Soviet Union that had been devastated by both WWI and later the civil war."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Inter-war period", "says": "This period was cut short when Joseph Stalin became the leader of the USSR following Lenin's death."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Although this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the Melnyk wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Post–war Soviet Ukraine", "says": "Following the death of Stalin in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the USSR, who began the policies of de-stalinisation and the Khrushchev Thaw."}, {"id": "Q523723", "label": "Volodymyr Scherbytsky", "section": "History - Post–war Soviet Ukraine", "says": "However, it was he and his appointee in Ukraine, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, who presided over the extensive Russification of Ukraine and who were instrumental in repressing a new generation of Ukrainian intellectuals known as the Sixtiers."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Mikhail Gorbachev pursued a policy of limited liberalisation of public life, known as perestroika, and attempted to reform a stagnating economy."}, {"id": "Q189732", "label": "Leonid Kravchuk", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Ukraine's new president, Leonid Kravchuk, went on to sign the Belavezha Accords and made Ukraine a founding member of the much looser Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), though Ukraine never became a full member of the latter as it did not ratify the agreement founding CIS."}], "Q155": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Brazil has the largest Lusophone population in the world and is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas, where it is the official language."}, {"id": "Q174432", "label": "Pedro Álvares Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "Brazil was inhabited by various indigenous peoples prior to the landing of Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was subsequently claimed and settled by Portugal, which founded the country's first city, São Vicente, in 1532 and imported enslaved Africans to work on plantations."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "lead", "says": "An armed revolution in 1930 ended the First Republic and brought Getúlio Vargas to power."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "Vargas' self-coup in 1937 ushered the authoritarian Estado Novo, in which he oversaw Brazil's involvement in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Vargas' self-coup in 1937 ushered the authoritarian Estado Novo, in which he oversaw Brazil's involvement in World War II."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "History - European colonization and Colonial Brazil", "says": "Following the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - European colonization and Colonial Brazil", "says": "Following the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral."}, {"id": "Q216789", "label": "John III of Portugal", "section": "History - European colonization and Colonial Brazil", "says": "Though the first settlement, São Vicente, was founded in 1532, colonization effectively began in 1534, when King John III of Portugal divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous captaincies."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - European colonization and Colonial Brazil", "says": "By the mid-16th century, cane sugar had become Brazil's most important export, while slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa in the slave market of Western Africa (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique), had become its largest import, to cope with sugarcane plantations, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar."}, {"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "History - European colonization and Colonial Brazil", "says": "In this era, other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranhão during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "History - European colonization and Colonial Brazil", "says": "In this era, other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranhão during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Kingdom of Brazil", "says": "With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony."}, {"id": "Q1822923", "label": "Liberal Revolution of 1820", "section": "History - Kingdom of Brazil", "says": "However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see Liberal Revolution of 1820)."}, {"id": "Q2590269", "label": "Cabanagem", "section": "History - Empire of Brazil", "says": "In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the Cabanagem in Grão-Pará, the Malê Revolt in Salvador, the Balaiada (Maranhão), the Sabinada (Bahia), and the Ragamuffin War, which began in Rio Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi."}, {"id": "Q6745211", "label": "Malê Revolt", "section": "History - Empire of Brazil", "says": "In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the Cabanagem in Grão-Pará, the Malê Revolt in Salvador, the Balaiada (Maranhão), the Sabinada (Bahia), and the Ragamuffin War, which began in Rio Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi."}, {"id": "Q209297", "label": "Farroupilha Revolution", "section": "History - Empire of Brazil", "says": "In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the Cabanagem in Grão-Pará, the Malê Revolt in Salvador, the Balaiada (Maranhão), the Sabinada (Bahia), and the Ragamuffin War, which began in Rio Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Empire of Brazil", "says": "In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the Cabanagem in Grão-Pará, the Malê Revolt in Salvador, the Balaiada (Maranhão), the Sabinada (Bahia), and the Ragamuffin War, which began in Rio Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi."}, {"id": "Q2606574", "label": "Acre War", "section": "History - Early Republic", "says": "In this first republican period, Brazil maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries, only broken by the Acre War (1899–1902) and its involvement in World War I (1914–1918), followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations; Internally, from the crisis of Encilhamento and the Navy Revolts, a prolonged"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Early Republic", "says": "In this first republican period, Brazil maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries, only broken by the Acre War (1899–1902) and its involvement in World War I (1914–1918), followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations; Internally, from the crisis of Encilhamento and the Navy Revolts, a prolonged"}, {"id": "Q2634783", "label": "Revolution of 1930", "section": "History - Early Republic", "says": "Little by little, a cycle of general instability sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, supported by most of the military, successfully led the Revolution of 1930."}, {"id": "Q2592295", "label": "Constitutionalist Revolution", "section": "History - Early Republic", "says": "The first was the Constitutionalist Revolution in 1932, led by São Paulo's oligarchy."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Early Republic", "says": "During World War II, Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered retaliation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, entered the war on the allied side."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - Early Republic", "says": "During World War II, Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered retaliation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, entered the war on the allied side."}, {"id": "Q294241", "label": "Ernesto Geisel", "section": "History - Military dictatorship", "says": "The inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure made a redemocratization policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals Ernesto Geisel and Golbery do Couto e Silva."}, {"id": "Q244997", "label": "José Sarney", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "Civilians returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency."}, {"id": "Q236503", "label": "Fernando Collor", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the election in 1989 of the almost-unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992."}, {"id": "Q485946", "label": "Itamar Franco", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance."}, {"id": "Q230578", "label": "Fernando Henrique Cardoso", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance."}, {"id": "Q37181", "label": "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "The peaceful transition of power from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability."}, {"id": "Q40722", "label": "Dilma Rousseff", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "However, sparked by discontent accumulated over decades from corruption, police brutality, inefficiencies of the political establishment and public service, numerous peaceful protests erupted in Brazil in the middle of the first term of Dilma Rousseff, who had succeeded Lula after winning election in 2010 and again in 2014 by narrow margins."}, {"id": "Q463533", "label": "Michel Temer", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "Rousseff was impeached by the Brazilian Congress in 2016, halfway into her second term, and replaced by her vice-president Michel Temer, who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August."}, {"id": "Q10304982", "label": "Jair Bolsonaro", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "In the fiercely contested 2018 elections, the controversial conservative candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round against Fernando Haddad, of the Workers Party (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "In the early 2020s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States."}], "Q39": [{"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, and Italy to the south."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The country originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages as a defensive and commercial alliance; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648."}, {"id": "Q238", "label": "San Marino", "section": "lead", "says": "The confederation was among the first and few republics of the early modern period, and the only one besides San Marino to survive the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The confederation was among the first and few republics of the early modern period, and the only one besides San Marino to survive the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Switzerland remained a network of self-governing states until 1798, when revolutionary France invaded and imposed the centralist Helvetic Republic."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon abolished the republic in 1803 and reinstated a confederation."}, {"id": "Q635028", "label": "Battle of Bibracte", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "After Orgetorix's mysterious death, the tribe continued their migration but was decisively defeated by Julius Caesar's armies at the Battle of Bibracte, in present-day eastern France."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "In 15 BC, Tiberius (later the second Roman emperor) and his brother Drusus conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "The document was agreed among the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden."}, {"id": "Q667460", "label": "Battle of Näfels", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "This increased after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "This increased after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q330", "label": "Battle of Marignano", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "The Confederacy acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano."}, {"id": "Q240243", "label": "Wars of Kappel", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "The success of Zwingli's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel)."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "During the Early Modern period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years' War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653."}, {"id": "Q690096", "label": "Toggenburg War", "section": "History - Old Swiss Confederacy", "says": "In the background to this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the First War of Villmergen, in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen left Switzerland and the Valtellina valley became part of the Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "In 1815, the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence, and the European powers recognised permanent Swiss neutrality."}, {"id": "Q248743", "label": "Züriputsch", "section": "History - Federal state", "says": "After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847, when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)."}, {"id": "Q206223", "label": "Francis II of the Two Sicilies", "section": "History - Federal state", "says": "It came with the exception of serving the Holy See, and the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies, with Swiss Guards present at the siege of Gaeta in 1860."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "During World War I, Switzerland was home to the revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) who remained there until 1917."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "Economic cooperation with Nazi Germany; such as purchasing gold (enabling Germany to purchase foreign goods) and extension of credit varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein) entirely isolated from the wider world by Axis-controlled territory."}], "Q222": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Illyrian Wars, Albania was integrated into the Roman Empire and remained in the Byzantine Empire after its partition."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Illyrian Wars, Albania was integrated into the Roman Empire and remained in the Byzantine Empire after its partition."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 15th century, Albania became a center of resistance against Ottoman expansion under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, whose military campaigns repelled Ottoman advances for over two decades."}, {"id": "Q53783", "label": "Enver Hoxha", "section": "lead", "says": "Albania declared independence in 1912, followed by a turbulent 20th century marked by monarchy, foreign occupation during both World Wars, and a communist regime under Enver Hoxha."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Together with the Dardanian ruler Cleitus, Glaucias, the ruler of the Taulantian kingdom, fought against Alexander the Great at the Battle of Pelium in 335 BC."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "As time passed, the ruler of Ancient Macedonia, Cassander of Macedon, captured Apollonia and crossed the river Genusus (Albanian: Shkumbin) in 314 BC."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Roman Empire was split in 395 upon the death of Theodosius I into an Eastern and Western Roman Empire, in part because of the increasing pressure from threats during the Barbarian Invasions."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Roman Empire was split in 395 upon the death of Theodosius I into an Eastern and Western Roman Empire, in part because of the increasing pressure from threats during the Barbarian Invasions."}, {"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the dissolution of Arbanon, Charles I of Anjou concluded an agreement with the Albanian rulers, promising to protect them and their ancient liberties."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1272, he established the Kingdom of Albania and conquered regions back from the Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Internal power struggles within the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century enabled Serbs' most powerful medieval ruler, Stefan Dušan, to establish a short-lived"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "With the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire entered an extended period of military conquest and expansion, with its borders gradually expanding deep into Southeast Europe."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "Since the vast majority of Albanians were adherents of Christianity, they were considered an inferior class of people, resulting in them being discriminated against in various forms, including being subjected to heavy taxes."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "A prosperous and longstanding revolution erupted after the formation of the League of Lezhë until the fall of Shkodër under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, who consistently defeated major Ottoman armies led by Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "A prosperous and longstanding revolution erupted after the formation of the League of Lezhë until the fall of Shkodër under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, who consistently defeated major Ottoman armies led by Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Ottoman Empire", "says": "A prosperous and longstanding revolution erupted after the formation of the League of Lezhë until the fall of Shkodër under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, who consistently defeated major Ottoman armies led by Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "History - Rilindja", "says": "The victory of Russia over the Ottoman Empire following the Russian-Ottoman Wars resulted the execution of the Treaty of San Stefano which assigned Albanian-populated lands to their Slavic and Greek neighbours."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Rilindja", "says": "However, the United Kingdom and Austro-Hungarian Empire consequently blocked the arrangement and caused the Treaty of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Rilindja", "says": "Signed by only 47 Muslim deputies, the league issued the Kararname that contained a proclamation that the people from northern Albania, Epirus and Bosnia and Herzegovina are willing to defend the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire by all possible means against the troops of Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "History - Rilindja", "says": "Signed by only 47 Muslim deputies, the league issued the Kararname that contained a proclamation that the people from northern Albania, Epirus and Bosnia and Herzegovina are willing to defend the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire by all possible means against the troops of Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q247611", "label": "Ahmet İzzet Furgaç", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In November 1913, the Albanian pro-Ottoman forces had offered the throne of Albania to the Ottoman war minister of Albanian origin, Ahmed Izzet Pasha."}, {"id": "Q730163", "label": "Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In February 1914, the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was proclaimed in Gjirokastër by the local Greek population against incorporation to Albania."}, {"id": "Q1280502", "label": "Isa Boletini", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In May and June 1914, the International Gendarmerie was joined by Isa Boletini and his men, mostly from Kosovo, and the rebels defeated northern Mirdita Catholics, cap"}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - First Republic", "says": "After World War I, Albania lacked an established government and internationally recognised borders, rendering it vulnerable to neighboring entities such as Greece, Italy, and Yugoslavia, all of which sought to expand their influence."}, {"id": "Q366307", "label": "Fan S. Noli", "section": "History - First Republic", "says": "Fan Noli, renowned for his idealism, became prime minister in 1924, with a vision to institute a Western-style constitutional government, abolish feudalism, counter Italian influence, and enhance critical sectors, including infrastructure, education and healthcare."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - First Republic", "says": "Noli's decision to establish diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, an adversary of the Serbian elite, ignited allegations of bolshevism from Belgrade."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - First Republic", "says": "In 1928, Zog transitioned Albania from a republic to a monarchy that garnered backing from Fascist Italy, with Zog assuming the title of King Zog I."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - First Republic", "says": "In 1939, Italy under Benito Mussolini launched a military invasion of Albania, resulting in the exile of Zog and the creation of an Italian protectorate."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - First Republic", "says": "As World War II progressed, Italy aimed to expand its territorial dominion in the Balkans, including territorial claims on regions of Greece (Chameria), Macedonia, Montenegro and Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - First Republic", "says": "In 1943, as Italy's control declined, Nazi Germany assumed control of Albania, subjecting Albanians to forced labour, eco"}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Socialist Republic", "says": "Albania's enduring partnership was with China; it sided with Beijing during the Sino-Soviet conflict, resulting in severed ties with the Soviet Union and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact in response to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968."}, {"id": "Q57625", "label": "Sali Berisha", "section": "History - Fourth Republic", "says": "Despite the International Monetary Fund's warnings, Sali Berisha defended the schemes as large investment firms, leading more people to redirect their remittances and sell their homes and cattle for cash to deposit in the schemes."}, {"id": "Q316901", "label": "Edi Rama", "section": "History - Contemporary", "says": "The Socialist Party, led by Edi Rama, won the election as the main force of the Alliance for a European Albania, with the Socialist Movement for Integration as a coalition partner."}], "Q31": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In antiquity, present-day Belgium was dominated by the Belgae before being annexed into the Roman Empire in the mid first century BC."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location kept it relatively prosperous and connected both commercially and politically to its larger neighbours; it was part of the Carolingian Empire, the succeeding Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location kept it relatively prosperous and connected both commercially and politically to its larger neighbours; it was part of the Carolingian Empire, the succeeding Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location kept it relatively prosperous and connected both commercially and politically to its larger neighbours; it was part of the Carolingian Empire, the succeeding Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Following rule by Habsburg Spain (1556–1714), the Austrian Habsburgs (1714–1794), and Revolutionary France (1794–1815), most of modern-day Belgium was incorporated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Following rule by Habsburg Spain (1556–1714), the Austrian Habsburgs (1714–1794), and Revolutionary France (1794–1815), most of modern-day Belgium was incorporated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Following rule by Habsburg Spain (1556–1714), the Austrian Habsburgs (1714–1794), and Revolutionary France (1794–1815), most of modern-day Belgium was incorporated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In his account of the Roman invasion of Gaul, Roman leader Julius Caesar noted that the original Belgae inhabited the northern part of Gaul extending from the Seine and Marne rivers to the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "As the central government of the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the provinces of Belgica and Germania were inhabited by a mix of Romanized populations and Germanic-speaking Franks, who came to dominate the military and political spheres."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Over the centuries, it was divided up in many ways, but the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms whose borders had a lasting impact on medieval political boundaries."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Most of modern Belgium was in the Middle Kingdom, later known as Lotharingia, but the coastal county of Flanders, west of the Scheldt, became the northernmost part of West Francia, the predecessor of France."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Most of modern Belgium was in the Middle Kingdom, later known as Lotharingia, but the coastal county of Flanders, west of the Scheldt, became the northernmost part of West Francia, the predecessor of France."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 870 in the Treaty of Meerssen, modern Belgium lands all became part of the western kingdom for a period, but in 880 in the Treaty of Ribemont, Lotharingia came under the lasting control of the eastern kingdom, which eventually became the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In the 13th and 14th centuries, the cloth industry and commerce boomed especially in the County of Flanders and it became one of the richest areas in Europe."}, {"id": "Q44732", "label": "Battle of the Golden Spurs", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Famously, Flemish militias scored a surprise victory at the Battle of the Golden Spurs against a strong force of mounted knights in 1302, but France soon regained control of the rebellious province."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "In the 15th century, the French Duchy of Burgundy took control of Flanders, and from there proceeded to unite much of present-day Benelux, the so-called Burgundian Netherlands. \"Burgundy\" and \"Flanders\" were the first two common names used for the Burgundian Netherlands which was the predecessor of the Austrian Netherlands, the predecessor of modern Belgium."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "In the 15th century, the French Duchy of Burgundy took control of Flanders, and from there proceeded to unite much of present-day Benelux, the so-called Burgundian Netherlands. \"Burgundy\" and \"Flanders\" were the first two common names used for the Burgundian Netherlands which was the predecessor of the Austrian Netherlands, the predecessor of modern Belgium."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "Born in Belgium, the Habsburg Emperor Charles V was heir of the Burgundians, but also of the royal families of Austria, Castile and Aragon."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "Born in Belgium, the Habsburg Emperor Charles V was heir of the Burgundians, but also of the royal families of Austria, Castile and Aragon."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "With the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 he gave the Seventeen Provinces more legitimacy as a stable entity, rather than just a temporary personal union."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "He also increased the influence of these Netherlands over the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, which continued to exist as a large semi-independent enclave."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Netherlands", "says": "The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) was triggered by the Spanish government's policy towards Protestantism, which was becoming popular in the Low Countries."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Netherlands", "says": "The southern part continued to be ruled successively by the Spanish (Spanish Netherlands) and the Austrian House of Habsburgs (Austrian Netherlands) and comprised most of modern Belgium."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Netherlands", "says": "This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the War of Devolution (1667–1668), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Netherlands", "says": "This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the War of Devolution (1667–1668), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Netherlands", "says": "This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the War of Devolution (1667–1668), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Netherlands", "says": "This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the War of Devolution (1667–1668), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Netherlands", "says": "This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the War of Devolution (1667–1668), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "says": "Following the campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Low Countries – including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège – were annexed by the French First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "says": "Following the campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Low Countries – including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège – were annexed by the French First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "says": "After the dissolution of the First French Empire and the abdication of Napoleon following his defeat on the battlefield of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15 created the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "says": "After the dissolution of the First French Empire and the abdication of Napoleon following his defeat on the battlefield of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15 created the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "says": "This buffer state, located between the major European powers, united the former territories of the Dutch Republic, the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, under King William I of Orange."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "says": "This buffer state, located between the major European powers, united the former territories of the Dutch Republic, the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, under King William I of Orange."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "History - Independent Belgium", "says": "In 1830, the Belgian Revolution led to the re-separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the establishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, officially French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "History - Independent Belgium", "says": "The Berlin Conference of 1885 ceded control of the Congo Free State to King Leopold II as his private possession."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "History - Independent Belgium", "says": "The Berlin Conference of 1885 ceded control of the Congo Free State to King Leopold II as his private possession."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "History - Independent Belgium", "says": "In 1908, this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony, henceforth called the Belgian Congo."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Independent Belgium", "says": "Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan to attack France, and much of the Western Front fighting of World War I occurred in western parts of the country."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "History - Independent Belgium", "says": "Belgium assumed control of the German colonies of Ruanda-Urundi (modern-day Rwanda and Burundi) during the war, and in 1924 the League of Nations mandated them to Belgium."}], "Q298": [{"id": "Q51", "label": "Antarctica", "section": "lead", "says": "It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, extending along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The country covers a territorial area of 756,102 square kilometers (291,933 sq mi), sharing borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "The capital and largest city is Santiago, and the official and national language is Spanish."}, {"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 19th century, Chile experienced significant economic and territorial growth, putting an end to Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) by defeating Peru and Bolivia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1960s and 1970s, the country was marked by severe left-right political polarization and turmoil, which culminated in the 11 September 1973 coup d'état, with support from the United States, that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government."}, {"id": "Q368", "label": "Augusto Pinochet", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by a 16-and-a-half-year right-wing military dictatorship led by Augusto Pinochet, during which the 1980 Constitution was enacted, along with numerous political and economic reforms, and which was marked by widespread human rights violations, including more than 3,000 deaths and disappearances."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche (or \"Araucanians\", as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization, fighting against the Sapa Inca Topa Inca Yupanqui and his army; the result of the bloody three-day Battle of the Maule was that the Inca co"}, {"id": "Q311415", "label": "Túpac Inca Yupanqui", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche (or \"Araucanians\", as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization, fighting against the Sapa Inca Topa Inca Yupanqui and his army; the result of the bloody three-day Battle of the Maule was that the Inca co"}, {"id": "Q1496", "label": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the globe, Ferdinand Magellan discovered the southern passage now named after him (the Strait of Magellan) thus becoming the first European to set foot on what is now Chile."}, {"id": "Q207668", "label": "Diego de Almagro", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold."}, {"id": "Q203534", "label": "Pedro de Valdivia", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "Chile hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a drain on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Independence and nation building", "says": "A national junta in the name of Ferdinand – heir to the deposed king – was formed on 18 September 1810."}, {"id": "Q734977", "label": "Jose Miguel Carrera", "section": "History - Independence and nation building", "says": "After these events, a movement for total independence, under the command of José Miguel Carrera (one of the most renowned patriots) and his two brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera, soon gained a wider following."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Independence and nation building", "says": "Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the Reconquista led to a prolonged struggle, including infighting from Bernardo O'Higgins, who challenged Carrera's leadership."}, {"id": "Q28930", "label": "Bernardo O'Higgins", "section": "History - Independence and nation building", "says": "Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the Reconquista led to a prolonged struggle, including infighting from Bernardo O'Higgins, who challenged Carrera's leadership."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "History - Independence and nation building", "says": "With Carrera in prison in Argentina, O'Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort José de San Martín, hero of the Argentine War of Independence, led an army that crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "History - Independence and nation building", "says": "With Carrera in prison in Argentina, O'Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort José de San Martín, hero of the Argentine War of Independence, led an army that crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Independence and nation building", "says": "Bernardo O'Higgins once planned to expand Chile by liberating the Philippines from Spain and incorporating the islands."}, {"id": "Q848", "label": "Arturo Alessandri", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress."}, {"id": "Q520217", "label": "Luis Altamirano", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932."}, {"id": "Q576", "label": "Jorge Alessandri", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term."}, {"id": "Q475", "label": "Eduardo Frei Montalva", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "History - Pinochet era (1973–1990)", "says": "Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told U.S. president Richard Nixon that the United States had \"helped\" the coup indirectly."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "History - Pinochet era (1973–1990)", "says": "Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told U.S. president Richard Nixon that the United States had \"helped\" the coup indirectly."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "History - Pinochet era (1973–1990)", "says": "After Pinochet obtained rule of the country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the Sandinista army in Nicaragua, guerrilla forces in Argentina or training camps in Cuba, Eastern Europe and Northern Africa."}, {"id": "Q326", "label": "Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%)."}, {"id": "Q331", "label": "Ricardo Lagos", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile."}, {"id": "Q306", "label": "Sebastián Piñera", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party, defeating Sebastián Piñera, of the National Renewal party, extending the Concertación governance for another four years."}, {"id": "Q320", "label": "Michelle Bachelet", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Due to term limits, Sebastián Piñera did not stand for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in Michelle Bachelet returning to office."}], "Q801": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Land of Israel, also called Palestine or the Holy Land, was home to the ancient Canaanites and later the kingdoms of Israel and Judah and Hasmonean Judea."}, {"id": "Q10359001", "label": "Hasmonean Judea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Land of Israel, also called Palestine or the Holy Land, was home to the ancient Canaanites and later the kingdoms of Israel and Judah and Hasmonean Judea."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "History - Bronze and Iron Ages", "says": "During the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE), large parts of Canaan formed vassal states of the New Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "History - Bronze and Iron Ages", "says": "900 BCE and the Kingdom of Judah by ca."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Bronze and Iron Ages", "says": "The Kingdom of Israel was conquered around 720 BCE by the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Bronze and Iron Ages", "says": "The Kingdom of Judah, under Davidic rule with its capital in Jerusalem, later became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "History - Bronze and Iron Ages", "says": "In 587/6 BCE, following a revolt in Judah, King Nebuchadnezzar II besieged and destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple, dissolved the kingdom and exiled much of the Judean elite to Babylon."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "After capturing Babylon in 539 BCE, Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire, issued a proclamation allowing the exiled Judean population to return."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "After capturing Babylon in 539 BCE, Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire, issued a proclamation allowing the exiled Judean population to return."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "In 332 BCE, Alexander the Great conquered the region as part of his campaign against the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q7930888", "label": "Maccabean Revolt", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, ongoing Hellenisation generated cultural tensions among the Jewish population that culminated under Antiochus IV, whose decrees outlawed Jewish practices and triggered the Maccabean Revolt in 167 BCE."}, {"id": "Q51672", "label": "Herod the Great", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "In 37 BCE, Herod the Great was installed as a dynastic vassal of Rome following the Roman–Parthian Wars."}, {"id": "Q1192043", "label": "Roman–Parthian Wars", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "In 37 BCE, Herod the Great was installed as a dynastic vassal of Rome following the Roman–Parthian Wars."}, {"id": "Q202578", "label": "First Jewish-Roman War", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "The First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple and a sizable portion of the population being killed or displaced."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Late antiquity and the medieval period", "says": "During the Byzantine period, Early Christianity displaced Roman paganism in the 4th century CE, with Constantine embracing and promoting the Christian religion and Theodosius I making it the state religion."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Late antiquity and the medieval period", "says": "During the Byzantine period, Early Christianity displaced Roman paganism in the 4th century CE, with Constantine embracing and promoting the Christian religion and Theodosius I making it the state religion."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Late antiquity and the medieval period", "says": "After the Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem and the short-lived Jewish revolt against Heraclius in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconsolidated control of the area in 628."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Late antiquity and the medieval period", "says": "After the Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem and the short-lived Jewish revolt against Heraclius in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconsolidated control of the area in 628."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Late antiquity and the medieval period", "says": "In 634–641 CE, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Levant."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Late antiquity and the medieval period", "says": "The end of the 11th century brought the Crusades, papally-sanctioned incursions of Christian crusaders intent on wresting Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control and establishing crusader states."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Modern period and the emergence of Zionism", "says": "In 1516, the Ottoman Empire conquered the region and ruled it as part of Ottoman Syria."}, {"id": "Q2453214", "label": "Jezzar Pasha", "section": "History - Modern period and the emergence of Zionism", "says": "In 1799, governor Jazzar Pasha repelled an assault on Acre by Napoleon's troops, prompting the French to abandon the Syrian campaign."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "History - Modern period and the emergence of Zionism", "says": "In 1834, a revolt by Palestinian Arab peasants against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies under Muhammad Ali was suppressed; Muhammad Ali's army retreated and Ottoman rule was restored with British support in 1840."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - British Mandate for Palestine", "says": "In a letter to a leader of the Zionist movement in the United States, he wrote:\nThe Powers had committed themselves to the Zionist programme which inevitably excluded numerical self-determination."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "History - British Mandate for Palestine", "says": "In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain the Mandate for Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q37610", "label": "David Ben-Gurion", "section": "History - 1948 war and establishment of the State of Israel", "says": "On 14 May 1948, the day before the expiration of the British Mandate, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared \"the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel\"."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - 1948 war and establishment of the State of Israel", "says": "The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, and Iraq—entered what had been Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War; contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan joined the war."}, {"id": "Q49106", "label": "Second Intifada", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In late 2000, after a controversial visit by Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began."}, {"id": "Q122962941", "label": "Gaza War", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In 2008, a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed, resulting in the three-week Gaza War."}], "Q41": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ionian Sea is west of the mainland, Albania northwest, and North Macedonia and Bulgaria north."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ionian Sea is west of the mainland, Albania northwest, and North Macedonia and Bulgaria north."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great conquering much of the known ancient world from the Near East to northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great conquering much of the known ancient world from the Near East to northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC and became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, where Greek culture and language were dominant."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC and became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, where Greek culture and language were dominant."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Greece and the rest of the Byzantine empire were fragmented into several Latin and Byzantine successor polities, with most Greek lands finally coming under Ottoman control by the mid-15th century."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Greece pursued territorial expansion during the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918), until its defeat in the Greco-Turkish War in 1922."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Greece pursued territorial expansion during the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918), until its defeat in the Greco-Turkish War in 1922."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Greece endured military occupation during World War II, the subsequent Greek Civil War, and prolonged political instability, leading to a military dictatorship in 1967."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Greece endured military occupation during World War II, the subsequent Greek Civil War, and prolonged political instability, leading to a military dictatorship in 1967."}, {"id": "Q210443", "label": "Greek Dark Ages", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "The collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation ushered in the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent."}, {"id": "Q207634", "label": "Cleisthenes", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "Attempts by Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after defeat by Athens at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC."}, {"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "In response, a number of Greek city-states formed the Hellenic League in 481 BC, led by Sparta, which was the first recorded union of Greek states since the mythical union of the Trojan War."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "After the death of Leonidas at the battle of Thermopylae, during the second Persian invasion of Greece, the Achaemenid navy was decisively defeated in 480 BC at Salamis by an allied Greek navy led by Themistocles, and the Achaemenid army was finally defeated at Plataea in 479 BC, marking the eventual withdrawal of the Persians from all their European territories."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "The Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are a pivotal moment in history, as the 50 years of peace afterwards are known as the Golden Age of Athens, a seminal period that laid many foundations of Western civilisation."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "History - Ancient Greece", "says": "The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), which marked the demise of the Athenian Empire and the emergence of Spartan and later Theban hegemony."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "History - Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD)", "says": "In 280 BC Pyrrhus of Epirus campaigned in Italy against the Romans in order to help Tarentum."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD)", "says": "The process was completed in 27 BC, when emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD)", "says": "Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenised East were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers were mostly Greek-speaking, though not from Greece itself."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD)", "says": "Nevertheless, much of Greece clung to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391–392."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD)", "says": "The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by Emperor Justinian in 529 is considered the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the academy continued."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)", "says": "The Roman Empire in the east, following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, is known as the Byzantine Empire, but called \"Kingdom of the Romans\" in its own time."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)", "says": "Byzantine Emperor Leo III moved the border of the Patriarchate of Constantinople westward and northward in the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "History - Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)", "says": "During the 11th and 12th centuries, under the Komnenos dynasty, the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from economic growth."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)", "says": "Constantinople was captured by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, becoming the capital of the Latin Empire, which briefly ruled much of the former Byzantine lands."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "History - Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)", "says": "Three Greek rump states–the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond–were esta"}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "History - Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)", "says": "Three Greek rump states–the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond–were esta"}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)", "says": "Three Greek rump states–the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond–were esta"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)", "says": "Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into serfs, while the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from European historical developments."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "History - Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)", "says": "However, prior to the Greek Revolution of 1821, there had been wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov revolt in 1770."}, {"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "History - Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)", "says": "However, prior to the Greek Revolution of 1821, there had been wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov revolt in 1770."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)", "says": "Three great powers, France, Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom, each sent a navy."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)", "says": "Three great powers, France, Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom, each sent a navy."}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "History - Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)", "says": "The allied fleet destroyed the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Navarino, and the Greeks captured Central Greece by 1828."}, {"id": "Q220430", "label": "Ioannis Kapodistrias", "section": "History - Kingdom of Greece", "says": "In 1827, Ioannis Kapodistrias was chosen by the Third National Assembly at Troezen as the first governor of the First Hellenic Republic."}, {"id": "Q528546", "label": "First Hellenic Republic", "section": "History - Kingdom of Greece", "says": "In 1827, Ioannis Kapodistrias was chosen by the Third National Assembly at Troezen as the first governor of the First Hellenic Republic."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Kingdom of Greece", "says": "The Church of Greece was established as Greece's national church and 25 March, the day of Annunciation, was chosen as the anniversary of the Greek War of Independence to reinforce the link between Greek identity and Orthodoxy."}, {"id": "Q930925", "label": "Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898", "section": "History - Kingdom of Greece", "says": "Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Hellenic lands under Ottoman rule; the Cretan Revolt (1866–1869) had raised nationalist fervour."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "History - Expansion, disaster, and reconstruction", "says": "Amidst dissatisfaction with the seeming inertia and unattainability of national aspirations, military officers organised a coup in 1909 and called on Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos, who conveyed a vision of national regeneration."}, {"id": "Q265824", "label": "Second Hellenic Republic", "section": "History - Expansion, disaster, and reconstruction", "says": "Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared."}, {"id": "Q167278", "label": "Georgios Kondylis", "section": "History - Expansion, disaster, and reconstruction", "says": "In 1935, a royalist general-turned-politician Georgios Kondylis took power after a coup and abolished the republic, holding a rigged referendum, after which King George II was restored to the throne."}, {"id": "Q189139", "label": "Ioannis Metaxas", "section": "History - Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction", "says": "An agreement between Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas and George II followed in 1936, which installed Metaxas as head of a dictatorship known as the 4th of August Regime, inaugurating authoritarian rule that would last until 1974."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction", "says": "In October 1940, Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but it refused, and, in the Greco-Italian War, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction", "says": "French general Charles de Gaulle praised the fierceness of the Greek resistance, but the country fell to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece."}, {"id": "Q156806", "label": "Konstantinos Karamanlis", "section": "History - Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction", "says": "The post-war period was dominated by Konstantinos Karamanlis."}, {"id": "Q219256", "label": "Andreas Papandreou", "section": "History - Third Hellenic Republic", "says": "In 1981, Andreas Papandreou came to power and implemented an ambitious program of social reforms."}, {"id": "Q312015", "label": "Alexis Tsipras", "section": "History - Third Hellenic Republic", "says": "In 2015, Alexis Tsipras was elected as prime minister, the first outside the two main parties."}, {"id": "Q220579", "label": "Zoran Zaev", "section": "History - Third Hellenic Republic", "says": "Simultaneously, Tsipras, and the leader of North Macedonia, Zoran Zaev, signed the Prespa Agreement, solving the naming dispute that had strained relations and eased the latter's path to EU and NATO membership."}, {"id": "Q55153903", "label": "Prespa agreement", "section": "History - Third Hellenic Republic", "says": "Simultaneously, Tsipras, and the leader of North Macedonia, Zoran Zaev, signed the Prespa Agreement, solving the naming dispute that had strained relations and eased the latter's path to EU and NATO membership."}, {"id": "Q552751", "label": "Kyriakos Mitsotakis", "section": "History - Third Hellenic Republic", "says": "In 2019, Kyriakos Mitsotakis became Greece's new prime minister, after his centre-right New Democracy won the election."}], "Q794": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Iraq to the west; Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest; the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the east; Pakistan to the southeast; and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Iraq to the west; Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest; the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the east; Pakistan to the southeast; and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Iraq to the west; Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest; the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the east; Pakistan to the southeast; and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Iraq to the west; Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest; the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the east; Pakistan to the southeast; and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, the territory of present-day Iran was first unified under the Medes in the 7th century BC and reached its territorial height in the 6th century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, the territory of present-day Iran was first unified under the Medes in the 7th century BC and reached its territorial height in the 6th century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the 4th century BC."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "An Iranian rebellion in the 3rd century BC established the Parthian Empire, which later liberated the country."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 3rd century AD, the Parthians were succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, which oversaw a golden age in the history of Iranian civilization."}, {"id": "Q4818171", "label": "Persian Constitutional Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty by Reza Shah, who ousted the last Qajar Shah in 1925."}, {"id": "Q182921", "label": "Reza Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty by Reza Shah, who ousted the last Qajar Shah in 1925."}, {"id": "Q123037", "label": "Mohammad Mosaddegh", "section": "lead", "says": "Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the oil industry led to the Anglo-American coup in 1953."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 612 BC, Cyaxares and the Babylonian king Nabopolassar invaded Assyria and destroyed Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, which led to the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 612 BC, Cyaxares and the Babylonian king Nabopolassar invaded Assyria and destroyed Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, which led to the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q299428", "label": "Cambyses I", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "The Achaemenids united all Persian tribes under Cambyses I."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "His son, Cambyses II (r."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "After the death of Cambyses II, Darius the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "Darius' first capital was at Susa, and he started the building program at Persepolis."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "This led to the Greco-Persian Wars, which lasted the first half of the 5th century BC."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "In the First Persian invasion of Greece, Persian general Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedon a full part of Persia."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "Darius' successor Xerxes I (r."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "From 334 BC to 331 BC, Alexander the Great defeated Darius III (r."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "Alexander's empire collapsed after his death; his general, Seleucus I Nicator, tried to take control of Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Achaemenid Empire", "says": "His empire was the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Parthian and Sasanian empires", "says": "The Parthians gradually challenged Seleucid rule over Iran, eventually securing control through the 142 BC conquest of Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q294945", "label": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "section": "History - Parthian and Sasanian empires", "says": "Although fighting continued, the death of Antiochus VII Sidetes in 129 BC marked the collapse of the Seleucid Empire, which then lingered on as a rump state in Syria until conquered by the Roman Empire in the 60s BC."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Parthian and Sasanian empires", "says": "Although fighting continued, the death of Antiochus VII Sidetes in 129 BC marked the collapse of the Seleucid Empire, which then lingered on as a rump state in Syria until conquered by the Roman Empire in the 60s BC."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "History - Parthian and Sasanian empires", "says": "Parthian power evaporated when Ardashir I revolted against the Arsacids and killed their last ruler, Artabanus IV, in 224 AD."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Parthian and Sasanian empires", "says": "The Sasanian Empire was characterized by a complex and centralized government bureaucracy and the revitalization of Zoroastrianism as a legitimizing and unifying ideal."}, {"id": "Q1192043", "label": "Roman–Parthian Wars", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Most of the Sasanian Empire's lifespan was overshadowed by the frequent Byzantine–Sasanian wars, a continuation of the Roman–Parthian Wars."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire between 632 and 654."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Early Islamic rule and regional resistance in Iran", "says": "After the fall of the Sasanian Empire in 651, the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate adopted many Persian customs, especially the administrative and the court mannerisms."}, {"id": "Q2381085", "label": "Farrukhan the Great", "section": "History - Early Islamic rule and regional resistance in Iran", "says": "The most prominent ruler of the Dabuyids, Farrukhan the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - The Abbasid revolution and Iranian Renaissance", "says": "In 747–750, one of these insurrections grew into the Abbasid revolution, in which the Umayyads were replaced with the Abbasids, descendants of Muhammad's uncle, Abbas."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "History - The Abbasid revolution and Iranian Renaissance", "says": "The Seljuks were eventually supplanted by the Khwarazmian Empire in 1194, a culturally Persianate empire of Turkic mamluk origin."}, {"id": "Q471041", "label": "Hossein Nasr", "section": "History - Islamization and Persianization", "says": "Historian Seyyed Hossein Nasr suggests that the rapid increase in conversion was aided by the Persian nationality of the rulers."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "After the death of Möngke Khan, the Mongol Empire was fractured by civil war, both over the succession of the next Great Khan and between nomadic traditionalists and the new settled princes of China and the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "After the death of Möngke Khan, the Mongol Empire was fractured by civil war, both over the succession of the next Great Khan and between nomadic traditionalists and the new settled princes of China and the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "Kublai Khan was eventually universally recognized, but the empire was irreversibly fragmented."}, {"id": "Q177320", "label": "Hulegu Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "In much of the southwest of the empire, including Iran, power fell to Hulegu Khan, who had been made a deputy there under Möngke Khan."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "After Ghazan's nephew Abu Said died in 1335, the Ilkhanate lapsed into civil war and was divided between several petty dynasties – most prominently the Jalayirids, Muzaffarids, Sarbadars and Kartids."}, {"id": "Q1931074", "label": "Sarbadars", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "After Ghazan's nephew Abu Said died in 1335, the Ilkhanate lapsed into civil war and was divided between several petty dynasties – most prominently the Jalayirids, Muzaffarids, Sarbadars and Kartids."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "The mid-14th-century Black Death killed about 30% of the country's population."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Timur and the rise of new powers", "says": "The Timurids maintained control of most of Iran until 1452, when they lost the bulk of it to the Qara Qoyunlu, who were conquered by the Aq Qoyunlu in 1468."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Timur and the rise of new powers", "says": "The Timurids maintained control of most of Iran until 1452, when they lost the bulk of it to the Qara Qoyunlu, who were conquered by the Aq Qoyunlu in 1468."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "History - Timur and the rise of new powers", "says": "Uzun Hasan and his successors were the masters of Iran until the rise of the Safavids."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The Safavid Empire, founded by Ismail I (r."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Legitimized by his bloodline as a sayyid, or descendant of Muhammad, the shah monitored the actions of government officials through reports provided by the superintendent of each department."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The rival Afsharid and Zand dynasties were established by Nader Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Nader Shah and the shifting balance of power", "says": "Nader Shah has been described as \"the last great Asiatic military conqueror\", and compared by some historians to Napoleon and Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "History - Nader Shah and the shifting balance of power", "says": "His numerous campaigns created a great empire that, at its maximum extent, briefly encompassed all or part of modern-day Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Oman, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, the North Caucasus, and the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q197884", "label": "Shahrukh Afshar", "section": "History - Rise of the Qajar dynasty and foreign interference", "says": "Shortly thereafter, he captured and deposed the Afsharid Shahrokh Shah, reunifying Iran under a single ruler."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Rise of the Qajar dynasty and foreign interference", "says": "In the 19th century, Iran lost significant territories in the Caucasus to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q8543350", "label": "Russo-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Rise of the Qajar dynasty and foreign interference", "says": "In the 19th century, Iran lost significant territories in the Caucasus to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - World War II and post-occupation instability", "says": "Due in part to Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, the Iranian government expected Germany to win the war and establish a powerful force on the Russian-Iranian border."}, {"id": "Q516639", "label": "Nematollah Nassiri", "section": "History - Mosaddegh and the Shah's rule", "says": "He forced the Shah into a brief exile in August 1953 after a failed military coup by Imperial Guard Colonel Nematollah Nassiri."}, {"id": "Q1068139", "label": "White Revolution", "section": "History - Mosaddegh and the Shah's rule", "says": "Iran initiated economic, social, agrarian, and administrative reforms to modernize the country, which became known as the White Revolution."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "History - Islamic Revolution", "says": "Frustration with the Shah was so great that even secular and leftist groups supported Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, despite sharing none of his political positions."}, {"id": "Q7308003", "label": "Regency Council", "section": "History - Islamic Revolution", "says": "Under increasing pressure, the Shah eventually fled Iran, charging the interim Regency Council with his duties until a new government was formed."}, {"id": "Q471787", "label": "Shapour Bakhtiar", "section": "History - Islamic Revolution", "says": "Shapour Bakhtiar, the head of the council, invited Khomeini to return from exile."}], "Q262": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "Between the 8th and 15th centuries, Algeria was ruled by a succession of local Islamic dynasties including Rustamids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almohads and Zayyanids."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1516, the Regency of Algiers was established, gradually emerging as a largely autonomous state owing nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1516, the Regency of Algiers was established, gradually emerging as a largely autonomous state owing nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q3458306", "label": "Mokrani Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "French colonization faced continuous Algerian resistance, from Emir Abdelkader's campaigns and the Mokrani Revolt to the rise of nationalist movements in the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "It descended into a bloody civil war from 1992 to 2002, remaining in an official state of emergency until the 2010–2012 Algerian protests during the Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "From their principal centre of power at Carthage, the Carthaginians expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a Phoenician presence existed in the Algerian coast, such as Icosium in modern-day Algiers and Hippo Regius (modern Annaba)."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The conquest unfolded in three main phases and ultimately brought most of the region under Umayyad Caliphate control."}, {"id": "Q12244179", "label": "Battle of Sufetula", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Arabs defeated the Byzantine patrician Gregory at the Battle of Sufetula, weakening Byzantine authority in Ifriqiya."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Arabs defeated the Byzantine patrician Gregory at the Battle of Sufetula, weakening Byzantine authority in Ifriqiya."}, {"id": "Q301261", "label": "Musa ibn Nusayr", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The third and decisive phase (697–709) was led by Hassan ibn al-Nu'man and later Musa ibn Nusayr."}, {"id": "Q470634", "label": "Oruç Reis", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "The regency was founded in 1516 by the corsair brothers Aruj Barbarossa and Hayreddin Barbarossa, who seized Algiers with local support against Spanish expansion and placed the territory under the protection of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "The regency was founded in 1516 by the corsair brothers Aruj Barbarossa and Hayreddin Barbarossa, who seized Algiers with local support against Spanish expansion and placed the territory under the protection of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "Corsair fleets operating from Algiers attacked European shipping across the Mediterranean and even into the Atlantic, forcing states such as Britain, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, and later the young United States to pay tribute or negotiate treaties directly with Algiers."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "The city itself became wealthy and heavily fortified, especially after failed European expeditions such as the attack of Emperor Charles V in 1541."}, {"id": "Q179825", "label": "Abdelkader El Djezairi", "section": "History - French colonisation (1830–1962)", "says": "In western Algeria, Emir Abdelkader organized a real state and led fierce resistance against the French, notably at the Battle of Macta (1835)."}, {"id": "Q2895498", "label": "Ben Kiernan", "section": "History - French colonisation (1830–1962)", "says": "Historian Ben Kiernan wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: \"By 1875, the French conquest was complete."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - French colonisation (1830–1962)", "says": "After the Franco-Prussian War, the Third Republic firmly established settler dominance, reinforced by figures like Eugène Étienne."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - French colonisation (1830–1962)", "says": "Algerian nationalism emerged before World War I through moderate, French-educated Jeunes Algériens, who demanded genuine assimilation and equal rights."}, {"id": "Q327414", "label": "Rabah Bitat", "section": "History - The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)", "says": "The FLN's fragile unity broke down immediately after independence, leading to power struggles between the GPRA's president Ben Youcef Ben Khedda, other GPRA members including Ait Ahmed, Rabah Bitat and Ahmed Ben Bella."}, {"id": "Q179908", "label": "Ahmad ibn Billah", "section": "History - The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)", "says": "The FLN's fragile unity broke down immediately after independence, leading to power struggles between the GPRA's president Ben Youcef Ben Khedda, other GPRA members including Ait Ahmed, Rabah Bitat and Ahmed Ben Bella."}, {"id": "Q1891008", "label": "Sand War", "section": "History - The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)", "says": "A territorial dispute arising from Morocco's claims to portions of western Algeria led to the Sand War in 1963."}, {"id": "Q310855", "label": "Houari Boumédiène", "section": "History - The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)", "says": "Ben Bella was overthrown in 1965 by Houari Boumédiène, his former ally and defence minister."}, {"id": "Q314688", "label": "Chadli Bendjedid", "section": "History - The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)", "says": "Boumédienne's successor, Chadli Bendjedid, introduced some liberal economic reforms."}, {"id": "Q57308", "label": "Abd al-Aziz Boutafliqa", "section": "History - Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath", "says": "Algeria held elections in 1999, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups which were won by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika."}], "Q40": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria as a state emerged from the remnants of the Eastern and Hungarian March at the end of the first millennium, first as a frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Emperor Franz Joseph declared war on Serbia, which rapidly escalated into World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Emperor Franz Joseph declared war on Serbia, which rapidly escalated into World War I."}, {"id": "Q11734", "label": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "section": "lead", "says": "During the interwar period, anti-parliamentarian sentiments culminated in the formation of an Austrofascist dictatorship under Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "A year before the outbreak of World War II, Austria was annexed into Nazi Germany by Adolf Hitler, and it became a sub-national division."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "A year before the outbreak of World War II, Austria was annexed into Nazi Germany by Adolf Hitler, and it became a sub-national division."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "The Celtic Kingdom of Noricum that included most of modern Austria and parts of modern Slovenia was conquered by the Roman Empire in 16 BC and made a province called Noricum which lasted until 476."}, {"id": "Q872644", "label": "Rugiland", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was first invaded by the Germanic Rugii which made this region part of their \"Rugiland\"."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "By 493, it was conquered by the Germanic Ostrogoths which created their own kingdom, the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "By 493, it was conquered by the Germanic Ostrogoths which created their own kingdom, the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in 788, encouraged colonisation, and introduced Christianity."}, {"id": "Q580447", "label": "Duchy of Styria", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria."}, {"id": "Q150320", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "As a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia."}, {"id": "Q76956", "label": "Rudolph I of Germany", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to"}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "During the long reign of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683, under the command of the King of Poland John III Sobieski, the Great Turkish War resulted in most of Hungary being controlled by Austria."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "During the long reign of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683, under the command of the King of Poland John III Sobieski, the Great Turkish War resulted in most of Hungary being controlled by Austria."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "During the long reign of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683, under the command of the King of Poland John III Sobieski, the Great Turkish War resulted in most of Hungary being controlled by Austria."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "This arrangement was formalized in the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699."}, {"id": "Q150665", "label": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "He enjoyed the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "Austria engaged in war with Revolutionary France, as part of the First and Second Coalitions, and subsequently in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "To protect their status as an imperial dynasty after Napoleon proclaimed the French Empire, the Empire of Austria was founded in 1804, and to prevent Napoleon from claiming their previous Imperial throne, the Holy Roman Empire was abolished 1806."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The Austrian Empire emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognized great power."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The possibilities for a unified Germany were: a Greater Germany or a Greater Austria or a German Confederation without Austria at all."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "As Austria's Habsburg monarchy was not willing to join its German-speaking territory to the German Empire of 1871, and relinquish its non-German-speaking territories, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "To settle issues lingering from the suppressed Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Ausgleich, provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "As the Second Constitutional Era began in the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 (for Hungary the Treaty of Trianon of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others."}, {"id": "Q11726", "label": "Karl Renner", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor."}, {"id": "Q738635", "label": "Kurt Schuschnigg", "section": "History - Interwar period and World War II", "says": "His successor Kurt Schuschnigg acknowledged the fact that Austria was a \"German state\" and he also believed that Austrians were \"better Germans\" but he wished that Austria would remain independent."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "History - Nazi rule", "says": "Two days later, Austrian-born Adolf Hitler announced what he called the \"reunification\" of his home country with the \"rest of the German Reich\" on Vienna's Heldenplatz."}, {"id": "Q28085", "label": "Adolf Eichmann", "section": "History - Nazi rule", "says": "At that time, Adolf Eichmann, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna and ordered to persecute the Jews."}, {"id": "Q76343", "label": "Otto von Habsburg", "section": "History - Nazi rule", "says": "Otto von Habsburg, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by S"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Allied occupation", "says": "Allied-occupied Austria was after World War II divided into military occupation zones."}, {"id": "Q698269", "label": "Moscow Declaration", "section": "History - Allied occupation", "says": "As stipulated in the Moscow Declaration of 1943 a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945."}, {"id": "Q1260", "label": "Kurt Waldheim", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Kurt Waldheim, the former secretary-general of the United Nations, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992."}], "Q414": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "It covers an area of 2,780,085 km2 (1,073,397 mi2), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "Argentina shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south."}, {"id": "Q51", "label": "Antarctica", "section": "lead", "says": "Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, and a part of Antarctica."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in pre-Columbian times."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine Declaration of Independence on July 9 of 1816 and the Argentine War of Independence (1810–1825) were followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1880, culminating in the country's reorganisation as a federation."}, {"id": "Q363555", "label": "José Félix Uriburu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Depression led to the first coup d'état in 1930 led by José Félix Uriburu, beginning the so-called \"Infamous Decade\" (1930–1943)."}, {"id": "Q93330", "label": "Juan Perón", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his widow and vice president, Isabel Perón, ascended to the presidency, before being overthrown in the final coup in 1976."}, {"id": "Q191014", "label": "Isabel Martínez de Perón", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his widow and vice president, Isabel Perón, ascended to the presidency, before being overthrown in the final coup in 1976."}, {"id": "Q3151731", "label": "Dirty War", "section": "lead", "says": "The following military junta persecuted and murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism and civil unrest that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as presi"}, {"id": "Q193062", "label": "Raúl Alfonsín", "section": "lead", "says": "The following military junta persecuted and murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism and civil unrest that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as presi"}, {"id": "Q47674", "label": "Amerigo Vespucci", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci."}, {"id": "Q312741", "label": "Juan Díaz de Solís", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "The Spanish navigators Juan Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabot visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "Francisco de Aguirre founded Santiago del Estero in 1553."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "Francisco de Aguirre founded Santiago del Estero in 1553."}, {"id": "Q2616487", "label": "Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "Juan de Garay founded Santa Fe in 1573 and the same year Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera set up Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "The Spanish Empire subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the silver and gold mines in Bolivia and Peru, and as such it became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War created great concern."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War created great concern."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty, the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires made up from locals."}, {"id": "Q726514", "label": "Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty, the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires made up from locals."}, {"id": "Q2848406", "label": "Hippolyte Bouchard", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "The French-Argentine Hippolyte Bouchard then brought his fleet to wage war against Spain overseas and attacked Spanish California, Spanish Peru and Spanish Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "The French-Argentine Hippolyte Bouchard then brought his fleet to wage war against Spain overseas and attacked Spanish California, Spanish Peru and Spanish Philippines."}, {"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "At a later date, the Argentine sign of Inca origin, the Sun of May was adopted as a symbol by the Filipinos in the Philippine Revolution against Spain."}, {"id": "Q2342815", "label": "Gervasio Antonio de Posadas", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas as Argentina's first Supreme Director."}, {"id": "Q1394085", "label": "Martín Miguel de Güemes", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on the north."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "General José de San Martín joined Bernardo O'Higgins, and they led a combined army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then it was sent by O'Higgins orders to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru."}, {"id": "Q28930", "label": "Bernardo O'Higgins", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "General José de San Martín joined Bernardo O'Higgins, and they led a combined army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then it was sent by O'Higgins orders to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "Some of the most important figures of Argentine independence made a proposal known as the Inca plan of 1816, which proposed that the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina) should be a monarchy, led by a descendant of the Inca."}, {"id": "Q296269", "label": "Túpac Amaru", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of Túpac Amaru II) was proposed as monarch."}, {"id": "Q315937", "label": "Túpac Amaru II", "section": "History - Independence and civil wars", "says": "Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of Túpac Amaru II) was proposed as monarch."}, {"id": "Q314362", "label": "Bartolomé Mitre", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "Overpowering Urquiza in the 1861 Battle of Pavón, Bartolomé Mitre secured Buenos Aires' predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified country."}, {"id": "Q254041", "label": "Domingo Faustino Sarmiento", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "He was followed by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda; these three presidencies set up the basis of the modern Argentine State."}, {"id": "Q441371", "label": "Nicolás Avellaneda", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "He was followed by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda; these three presidencies set up the basis of the modern Argentine State."}, {"id": "Q356659", "label": "Julio Argentino Roca", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "Starting with Julio Argentino Roca in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasised liberal economic policies."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and the Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and the Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and the Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium."}, {"id": "Q1348983", "label": "Conquest of the Desert", "section": "History - Rise of the modern nation", "says": "Between 1878 and 1884, the so-called Conquest of the Desert occurred, with the purpose of tripling the Argentine territory by means of the constant confrontations between natives and Criollos in the border, and the appropriation of the indigenous territories."}, {"id": "Q40933", "label": "Eva Perón", "section": "History - Peronist years", "says": "His wife Eva Perón, who played a critical role in the party, died of cancer in 1952."}, {"id": "Q188974", "label": "Pedro Eugenio Aramburu", "section": "History - Revolución Libertadora", "says": "The new head of State, Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, proscribed Peronism and banned the party from any future elections."}, {"id": "Q346658", "label": "Arturo Frondizi", "section": "History - Revolución Libertadora", "says": "Arturo Frondizi from the UCR won the 1958 general election."}, {"id": "Q470971", "label": "José María Guido", "section": "History - Revolución Libertadora", "says": "Amidst the political turmoil, Senate leader José María Guido reacted swiftly and applied anti-power vacuum legislation, ascending to the presidency himself; elections were repealed and Peronism was prohibited once again."}, {"id": "Q365326", "label": "Juan Carlos Onganía", "section": "History - Revolución Libertadora", "says": "Elected in 1963, Arturo Illia presided over a period of broad economic expansion until his 1966 ousting by a military coup led by General Juan Carlos Onganía."}, {"id": "Q891808", "label": "Bombing of Plaza de Mayo", "section": "History - National Reorganization Process", "says": "Individual cases of state-sponsored terrorism against Peronism and the left can be traced back even further to the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo in 1955."}, {"id": "Q2504044", "label": "Cordobazo", "section": "History - National Reorganization Process", "says": "In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests: the Cordobazo and the Rosariazo."}, {"id": "Q2504085", "label": "Rosariazo", "section": "History - National Reorganization Process", "says": "In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests: the Cordobazo and the Rosariazo."}, {"id": "Q345487", "label": "Alejandro Agustín Lanusse", "section": "History - National Reorganization Process", "says": "Following several years of military rule, Alejandro Agustín Lanusse was appointed president by the military junta in 1971."}, {"id": "Q185107", "label": "Carlos Menem", "section": "History - Return to democracy", "says": "The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflation reduced his popular support and the Peronist Carlos Menem won the 1989 election."}, {"id": "Q294578", "label": "Eduardo Duhalde", "section": "History - Return to democracy", "says": "Congress appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president, who revoked the fixed exchange rate established by Menem, causing many working- and middle-class Argentines to lose a significant portion of their savings."}, {"id": "Q170899", "label": "Néstor Kirchner", "section": "History - Return to democracy", "says": "Néstor Kirchner was elected as the new president."}], "Q45": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Reconquista against them, Portugal was established as a county of the Kingdom of León in 868 and formally as a kingdom in 1179."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Reconquista against them, Portugal was established as a county of the Kingdom of León in 868 and formally as a kingdom in 1179."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Age of Discovery, the kingdom made several advancements in nautical science and maritime exploration to discover new territories and sea routes, which led to the establishment of the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "After Carthage's defeat by Rome in the First Punic War, it sought new western territories, culminating in the Barcid conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 237 BC."}, {"id": "Q1055755", "label": "Battle of Ilipa", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "The Romans invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC and expelled the Carthaginians after the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC."}, {"id": "Q331889", "label": "Viriathus", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "Within 200 years, mainland Portugal had been annexed by the Romans despite resistance from local tribes such as the Lusitanians under the leadership of Viriathus and other leaders."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "In 409, with the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by Germanic tribes."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "The Visigoths defeated the Suebi in 585 and ruled the peninsula until the early 8th century."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "In 711, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded from the south by the Umayyad Caliphate, which expanded rapidly."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "The Umayyad Caliphate ruled al-Andalus as a province until its independence in 756 under the Emirate of Córdoba, which in 929 gave way to a caliphate that lasted until it fragmented into states known as taifas, collapsing in 1031, and most of what is now central and southern Portugal falling under the Taifa of Badajoz."}, {"id": "Q276841", "label": "Taifa of Badajoz", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "The Umayyad Caliphate ruled al-Andalus as a province until its independence in 756 under the Emirate of Córdoba, which in 929 gave way to a caliphate that lasted until it fragmented into states known as taifas, collapsing in 1031, and most of what is now central and southern Portugal falling under the Taifa of Badajoz."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Antiquity and early Middle Ages", "says": "The taifas were conquered by Muslim forces from North Africa, first completely by the Almoravids by 1115, who were in turn followed by the Almohads in the 1140s."}, {"id": "Q43999", "label": "St. James the Elder", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "The discovery in the 830s of a tomb believed to be that of James the Great gave the Christians a powerful patron, and the elevation of Alfonso III of Asturias in the 860s ended a period of uncertain leadership, thereby providing the command required to channel this energy into a wave of expansionism southward."}, {"id": "Q311138", "label": "Alfonso III of Asturias", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "The discovery in the 830s of a tomb believed to be that of James the Great gave the Christians a powerful patron, and the elevation of Alfonso III of Asturias in the 860s ended a period of uncertain leadership, thereby providing the command required to channel this energy into a wave of expansionism southward."}, {"id": "Q452111", "label": "Vímara Peres", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "In 868, the region between the Minho and Douro rivers was secured from the Moors by Christian forces under Vímara Peres and constituted as the County of Portugal under him."}, {"id": "Q319625", "label": "Henry of Burgundy", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "In 1096, Alfonso VI of León refounded the county and bestowed it on Henry of Burgundy, who married Alfonso's illegitimate daughter, Teresa of León."}, {"id": "Q2733432", "label": "Battle of São Mamede", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "Her close association from 1121 with Fernando Pérez de Traba, a Galician noble, displeased the local nobility, who sided with her son, Afonso Henriques, defeating her and her supporters at the Battle of São Mamede in 1128."}, {"id": "Q1328537", "label": "Battle of Ourique", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "According to legend, he won the Battle of Ourique and took the title of King in 1139."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "Afonso's claim was implicitly recognised by Alfonso VII of León at the Conference of Zamora in 1143, and by Pope Alexander III in 1179 through the papal bull Manifestis Probatum."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "With the support of north-European crusaders and Christian military and religious orders, Afonso Henriques and his successors continued pushing south until the capture of Algarve, the southernmost region of mainland Portugal, which was recognised by the Kingdom of Castile as Portuguese territory in 1267."}, {"id": "Q1365483", "label": "Treaty of Alcañices", "section": "History - Reconquista and independence", "says": "With minor readjustments, Portugal's borders have largely remained the same since the signing of the Treaty of Alcañices between Denis of Portugal and Fernando IV of Castile in 1297."}, {"id": "Q237747", "label": "Leonor Teles de Menezes", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "After King Ferdinand I’s death in 1383, his minor daughter Beatrice became his legal successor under the regency of Leonor Teles."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "Leonor's unpopularity triggered a crisis compounded by fears that the marriage between Beatrice and John I of Castile could lead to the loss of Portugal's independence."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "In 1385, John of Aviz, a royal bastard and brother of Ferdinand, was elected king and later defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota consolidating the House of Aviz's rule over the country."}, {"id": "Q1341972", "label": "Battle of Aljubarrota", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "In 1385, John of Aviz, a royal bastard and brother of Ferdinand, was elected king and later defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota consolidating the House of Aviz's rule over the country."}, {"id": "Q717346", "label": "Treaty of Windsor", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "In 1386, during his reign, Portugal cemented its alliance with England with the signing of the Treaty of Windsor, making it the oldest standing alliance in the world."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly encountered non-European territories between Portugal and Spain along a meridian west of Cape Verde, while the 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza extended this partition to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly encountered non-European territories between Portugal and Spain along a meridian west of Cape Verde, while the 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza extended this partition to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q1147471", "label": "Treaty of Zaragoza", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly encountered non-European territories between Portugal and Spain along a meridian west of Cape Verde, while the 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza extended this partition to the Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India by sea, and two years later Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil and claimed it for Portugal."}, {"id": "Q174432", "label": "Pedro Álvares Cabral", "section": "History - Age of Discovery", "says": "In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India by sea, and two years later Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil and claimed it for Portugal."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Iberian Union and Restoration", "says": "Philip II of Spain, whose mother was Isabella of Portugal, was one of the candidates for the throne."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "History - Iberian Union and Restoration", "says": "In 1641, John, Duke of Braganza, was proclaimed king by the Cortes after an uprising led by some nobles in the year before, ending the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg, and beginning the rule of the House of Braganza."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Iberian Union and Restoration", "says": "In 1641, John, Duke of Braganza, was proclaimed king by the Cortes after an uprising led by some nobles in the year before, ending the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg, and beginning the rule of the House of Braganza."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "History - Iberian Union and Restoration", "says": "In 1641, John, Duke of Braganza, was proclaimed king by the Cortes after an uprising led by some nobles in the year before, ending the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg, and beginning the rule of the House of Braganza."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "History - Iberian Union and Restoration", "says": "During the reign of John V, the large influx of Brazilian gold into the royal treasury, chiefly through the royal fifth, produced a resource curse that weakened industry and cereal production, created a gold rush from Portugal to Brazil, and led to prolonged economic stagnation, permanent reduction of income growth, and the interruption of the institutional and economic progress achieved in the 17"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy", "says": "In 1807, Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to join the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom; an invasion led by General Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy", "says": "British intervention in the Peninsular War helped support Portuguese independence, and all French troops were expelled by 1812."}, {"id": "Q939", "label": "Pedro I of Brazil", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy", "says": "After John VI's death in 1826, his eldest son, Pedro I of Brazil, briefly reigned as Pedro IV of Portugal, granted the 1826 Charter, and abdicated in favour of his minor daughter, Maria da Glória, on the condition that she marry Miguel, who was appointed regent."}, {"id": "Q1237867", "label": "Liberal Wars", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy", "says": "Although Miguel's return was under the condition of swearing allegiance to the Charter, he soon dismantled liberal institutions and was proclaimed king in 1828, leading to the Liberal Wars, after which Pedro forced Miguel's abdication in favour of Maria and his exile causing absolutist ideology to wane."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "History - First Republic and Estado Novo", "says": "These conditions led to the overthrow of the Republic in 1926 and the establishment of the Ditadura Militar, later the Ditadura Nacional, which evolved into the authoritarian nationalist corporative dictatorship of the Estado Novo, under António de Oliveira Salazar."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "History - First Republic and Estado Novo", "says": "These conditions led to the overthrow of the Republic in 1926 and the establishment of the Ditadura Militar, later the Ditadura Nacional, which evolved into the authoritarian nationalist corporative dictatorship of the Estado Novo, under António de Oliveira Salazar."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - First Republic and Estado Novo", "says": "During the Estado Novo, Portugal remained neutral in World War II, after which the postwar end of colonial legitimacy and the growth of African independence movements increasingly challenged Portuguese rule overseas."}, {"id": "Q609836", "label": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "History - First Republic and Estado Novo", "says": "This further fuelled nationalist movements, ultimately leading to the Portuguese Colonial War from 1961 to 1974."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "History - Return to democracy", "says": "In 1974, a military coup overthrew the Estado Novo regime, and started the Carnation Revolution."}], "Q34": [{"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1397, Sweden joined Norway and Denmark to form the Scandinavian Kalmar Union, which Sweden left in 1523."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "When Sweden became involved in the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side, an expansion of its territories began, forming the Swedish Empire, which remained one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "When Sweden became involved in the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side, an expansion of its territories began, forming the Swedish Empire, which remained one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "In the sixth century, the Byzantine historian Jordanes names two tribes living in Scandza, both of which are now considered to be synonymous with the Swedes: the Suetidi and Suehans."}, {"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "The Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly from the eighth century to the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q60199", "label": "Theophilos", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "The Byzantine emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the Varangian Guard."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "The Swedish Vikings, called Rus, are believed to be the founders of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q1058153", "label": "Ingvar the Far-Travelled", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "The last major Swedish Viking expedition appears to have been the ill-fated expedition of Ingvar the Far-Travelled to Serkland, the region south-east of the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "Birka was the Baltic link in the Dnieper trade route through Ladoga (Aldeigja) and Novgorod (Holmsgard) to the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "Birka was the Baltic link in the Dnieper trade route through Ladoga (Aldeigja) and Novgorod (Holmsgard) to the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q313436", "label": "Olof Skötkonung", "section": "History - Kingdom of Sweden", "says": "However, historians typically start the line of Swedish monarchs from when Svealand and Götaland were ruled under the same king, namely Erik the Victorious and his son Olof Skötkonung in the tenth century."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Kingdom of Sweden", "says": "Saint Ansgar is traditionally credited with introducing Christianity to Sweden in 829, but the new religion did not begin to fully replace paganism until the 12th century."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Kingdom of Sweden", "says": "According to the Legend of Saint Erik and the Erik's Chronicle, Swedish kings conducted a series of Crusades to pagan Finland and started conflicts with the Rus', who by then had no further connections with Sweden."}, {"id": "Q3433771", "label": "Second Swedish Crusade", "section": "History - Kingdom of Sweden", "says": "As a result of the Crusades, mostly with the Second Swedish Crusade led by Birger Jarl Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "History - Kingdom of Sweden", "says": "Except for the provinces of Scania, Blekinge, and Halland in the southwest of the Scandinavian peninsula, which were part of the Kingdom of Denmark during this period, feudalism never developed in Sweden as it did in much of Europe."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Swedish Empire", "says": "Sweden rose to prominence on a continental scale during the reign of king Gustavus Adolphus (1611-1632), seizing territories from Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in multiple conflicts."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "History - Swedish Empire", "says": "These German provinces broke away from Swedish power one by one, leaving Sweden with only a few northern German territories: Swedish Pomerania, Bremen-Verden and Wismar."}, {"id": "Q1419229", "label": "Torstenson War", "section": "History - Swedish Empire", "says": "From 1643 to 1645, during the last years of the war, Sweden and Denmark-Norway fought the Torstenson War."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Swedish Empire", "says": "The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 granted Sweden territories in northern Germany."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "History - Swedish Empire", "says": "One-third of the Finnish population died in the devastating Great Famine of 1695–1697 that struck the country."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Swedish Empire", "says": "In the 17th century, Sweden was engaged in many wars, for example with Poland–Lithuania, with both sides competing for territories of today's Baltic states."}, {"id": "Q1347605", "label": "Truce of Altmark", "section": "History - Swedish Empire", "says": "The Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) ended with a ceasefire in Stary Targ (Truce of Altmark) on 26 September 1629 that was in favour of the Swedes, to whom Poland ceded the larger part of Livonia together with its important port of Riga."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "It is thought that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million Swedes moved to the United States."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "These movements precipitated Sweden's migration into a modern parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - World War I and World War II", "says": "However, under pressure from the German Empire, they did take steps which were detrimental to the Allied powers – most notably, mining the Öresund channel, thus closing it to Allied shipping, and allowing the Germans to use Swedish facilities and the Swedish cipher to transmit secret messages to their overseas embassies."}, {"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "History - World War I and World War II", "says": "Sweden also allowed volunteers to fight alongside the Germans for the White Guards against the Red Guards and Russians in the Finnish Civil War, and briefly occupied Åland in cooperation with the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - World War I and World War II", "says": "As in the First World War, Sweden remained officially neutral during World War II, although its neutrality has been disputed."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "History - World War I and World War II", "says": "The Swedish government unofficially supported Finland in the Winter War and the Continuation War by allowing volunteers and materiel to be shipped to Finland."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "History - World War I and World War II", "says": "The Swedish government unofficially supported Finland in the Winter War and the Continuation War by allowing volunteers and materiel to be shipped to Finland."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "Until 2022, Sweden generally remained non-aligned militarily, although it participated in some joint military exercises with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and some other countries, stationed its troops under NATO command in Afghanistan, took part in EU-sponsored peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Cyprus, and helped enforce a UN-mandated no-fly zone over "}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "Until 2022, Sweden generally remained non-aligned militarily, although it participated in some joint military exercises with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and some other countries, stationed its troops under NATO command in Afghanistan, took part in EU-sponsored peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Cyprus, and helped enforce a UN-mandated no-fly zone over "}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "Until 2022, Sweden generally remained non-aligned militarily, although it participated in some joint military exercises with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and some other countries, stationed its troops under NATO command in Afghanistan, took part in EU-sponsored peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Cyprus, and helped enforce a UN-mandated no-fly zone over "}], "Q35": [{"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark, also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the north Atlantic Ocean."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1397, it formed the Kalmar Union with Norway and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "lead", "says": "A surge of nationalist movements in the 19th century were defeated by the Danes in the First Schleswig War of 1848."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "A short note about the Dani in Getica by the historian Jordanes is believed to be an early mention of the Danes, one of the ethnic groups from whom modern Danes are descended."}, {"id": "Q208082", "label": "Robert I of France", "section": "History - Viking and Middle Ages", "says": "They settled in parts of England (known as the Danelaw) under King Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013, and in France where Danes and Norwegians were allowed to settle in what would become Normandy in exchange of allegiance to Robert I of France with Rollo as first ruler."}, {"id": "Q314490", "label": "Gorm the Old", "section": "History - Viking and Middle Ages", "says": "The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to Gorm the Old, who established his reign in the early 10th century."}, {"id": "Q201041", "label": "Harald Bluetooth", "section": "History - Viking and Middle Ages", "says": "As attested by the Jelling stones, the Danes were Christianised around 965 by Harald Bluetooth, the son of Gorm and Thyra."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Viking and Middle Ages", "says": "It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - Viking and Middle Ages", "says": "However, even from the start, Margaret may not have been so idealistic; treating Denmark as the clear \"senior\" partner of the union."}, {"id": "Q631795", "label": "Kalmar War", "section": "History - Early modern history (1536–1849)", "says": "King Christian IV attacked Sweden in the 1611–1613 Kalmar War but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing it to return to the union."}, {"id": "Q629302", "label": "Battle of Lutter", "section": "History - Early modern history (1536–1849)", "says": "In the Thirty Years' War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "History - Early modern history (1536–1849)", "says": "The result was that the Catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein was able to invade, occupy, and pillage Jutland, forcing Denmark to withdraw from the war."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "History - Early modern history (1536–1849)", "says": "Seeing an opportunity to tear up the Treaty of Brømsebro, King Frederick III of Denmark, in 1657, declared war on Sweden, the latter being deeply involved in the Second Northern War (1655–1660), and marched on Bremen-Verden."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "History - Early modern history (1536–1849)", "says": "Seeing an opportunity to tear up the Treaty of Brømsebro, King Frederick III of Denmark, in 1657, declared war on Sweden, the latter being deeply involved in the Second Northern War (1655–1660), and marched on Bremen-Verden."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "History - Early modern history (1536–1849)", "says": "This led to a massive Danish defeat as the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered Jutland and, following the Swedish March across the frozen Danish Straits, occupied Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658, which gave Sweden control of Scania, Blekinge, Bohuslän, Trøndelag, and the island of Bornholm"}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)", "says": "Denmark faced war against both Prussia and the Austrian Empire in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864."}, {"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)", "says": "Denmark faced war against both Prussia and the Austrian Empire in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)", "says": "Denmark maintained its neutral stance during World War I."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)", "says": "In 1939, Denmark signed a 10-year nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)", "says": "World War II in Denmark was characterised by economic co-operation with Germany until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy scuttled most of its ships and sent many of its officers to Sweden, which was neutral."}], "Q881": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "One of two communist states in Southeast Asia, Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west; it lies along the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest and the South China Sea to the east, where it has shared and disputed maritime borders with other countries."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "One of two communist states in Southeast Asia, Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west; it lies along the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest and the South China Sea to the east, where it has shared and disputed maritime borders with other countries."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate regions."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the communist-led Viet Minh coalition front launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945."}, {"id": "Q769960", "label": "August Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the communist-led Viet Minh coalition front launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the communist-led Viet Minh coalition front launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II, France returned to reassert colonial control in the First Indochina War, but was defeated in 1954 amid the global Cold War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vietnam War later broke out between the communist North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South Vietnam, supported by the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vietnam War later broke out between the communist North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South Vietnam, supported by the United States."}, {"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "History - Dynastic Vietnam", "says": "In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord Ngô Quyền defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han state at Bạch Đằng River and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination."}, {"id": "Q1112854", "label": "Ming–Hồ War", "section": "History - Dynastic Vietnam", "says": "Following the 1406–7 Ming–Hồ War, which overthrew the Hồ dynasty, Vietnamese independence was interrupted briefly by the Chinese Ming dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1771050", "label": "Lê Thánh Tông", "section": "History - Dynastic Vietnam", "says": "The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1460–1497)."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - French Indochina", "says": "At the siege of Tourane in 1858, France was aided by Spain (with Spanish and Filipino troops from the Philippines) and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics."}, {"id": "Q2572351", "label": "treaty of Saigon", "section": "History - French Indochina", "says": "After the 1862 Treaty of Saigon, and especially after France completely conquered Lower Cochinchina in 1867, the Văn Thân movement of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against Catholics across central and northern Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "History - First Indochina War", "says": "In August 1945, the Allies had decided to divide Indochina at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's Lord Louis Mountbatten received their surrender in the south."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - First Indochina War", "says": "In August 1945, the Allies had decided to divide Indochina at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's Lord Louis Mountbatten received their surrender in the south."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Vietnam War", "says": "The Republic of Vietnam in the south was supported by the United States, Australia, South Korea, and Thailand, while the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north was supported by the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, Khmer Rouge, and later, Sweden."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "History - Vietnam War", "says": "The Republic of Vietnam in the south was supported by the United States, Australia, South Korea, and Thailand, while the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north was supported by the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, Khmer Rouge, and later, Sweden."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "History - Vietnam War", "says": "The Republic of Vietnam in the south was supported by the United States, Australia, South Korea, and Thailand, while the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north was supported by the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, Khmer Rouge, and later, Sweden."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "History - Vietnam War", "says": "Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the Ho Chi Minh trail, which passed through Laos."}, {"id": "Q867778", "label": "People's Republic of Kampuchea", "section": "History - Reunification and reforms", "says": "The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea, which ruled until 1989."}], "Q258": [{"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "The country consists of nine provinces, and is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 miles) of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The country consists of nine provinces, and is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 miles) of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The country consists of nine provinces, and is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 miles) of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini."}, {"id": "Q1050", "label": "Eswatini", "section": "lead", "says": "The country consists of nine provinces, and is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 miles) of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini."}, {"id": "Q98085401", "label": "Kingdom of Mapungubwe", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe formed in the 13th century, and the Venda Kingdom in the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1652, the Dutch established the first European settlement at Table Bay, Dutch Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q2786767", "label": "Battle of Blaauwberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Its invasion in 1795, and the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806 led to British occupation."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mfecane, a period of significant upheaval, led to the formation of various African kingdoms, including the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Second Boer War, the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 after the amalgamation of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange River colonies, becoming a republic after the 1961 referendum."}, {"id": "Q986822", "label": "Rozwi Empire", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period", "says": "In the late-17th century, a splinter group from the dynasty of the Rozvi Empire migrated south; they were the Singo."}, {"id": "Q130377", "label": "Bartolomeu Dias", "section": "History - Portuguese exploration", "says": "In 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa."}, {"id": "Q313060", "label": "Diogo Cão", "section": "History - Portuguese exploration", "says": "This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor, the Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão, being Cape Cross, north of the bay."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - Dutch and British colonisation of the Cape", "says": "Dutch traders also brought thousands of enslaved people to the fledgling colony from present-day Indonesia, Madagascar, and eastern Africa."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - Dutch and British colonisation of the Cape", "says": "Great Britain occupied Cape Town between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it from falling under the control of the French First Republic, which had invaded the Low Countries."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - Dutch and British colonisation of the Cape", "says": "After briefly returning to Dutch rule under the Batavian Republic in 1803, the Cape was occupied"}, {"id": "Q582594", "label": "Xhosa Wars", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "The 1810s saw the fourth and fifth Xhosa Wars as British colonisation expanded."}, {"id": "Q3780537", "label": "Gaza Empire", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "The Gaza Empire concurrently formed, and while the Zulu managed to totally defeat the Ndwandwe, they were repelled by Gaza."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "During the early 19th century, many Dutch settlers departed from the Cape Colony, where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as Voortrekkers (lit. 'pathfinders'  or 'pioneers')."}, {"id": "Q1392699", "label": "Battle of Blood River", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "They migrated to the future Natal, Free State, and Transvaal regions, and following their victory over the Zulu Kingdom at the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, founded the Boer republics: the Natalia Republic, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q1029847", "label": "Natalia Republic", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "They migrated to the future Natal, Free State, and Transvaal regions, and following their victory over the Zulu Kingdom at the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, founded the Boer republics: the Natalia Republic, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "They migrated to the future Natal, Free State, and Transvaal regions, and following their victory over the Zulu Kingdom at the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, founded the Boer republics: the Natalia Republic, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q220408", "label": "Thomas François Burgers", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "On 16 May 1876, President Thomas François Burgers of the South African Republic declared war against the Pedi people."}, {"id": "Q244407", "label": "Paul Kruger", "section": "History - Mfecane and colonial expansion", "says": "The Boers' inability to subdue the Pedi led to the departure of Burgers in favour of Paul Kruger and the British annexation of the South African Republic."}, {"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "History - Boer Wars and independence", "says": "The Boer republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, which were well-suited to local conditions."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Boer Wars and independence", "says": "In 1931, the union became fully sovereign from the United Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, which abolished the last powers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to legislate in the country."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Boer Wars and independence", "says": "In 1939, the party split over the entry of the Union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which National Party followers opposed."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Apartheid era", "says": "Elizabeth II lost the title Queen of South Africa, and the last Governor-General, Charles Robberts Swart, became state president."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Apartheid era", "says": "Pressured by other Commonwealth of Nations countries, South Africa withdrew from the organisation in 1961."}, {"id": "Q554131", "label": "Mangosuthu Buthelezi", "section": "History - Post-apartheid", "says": "The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q8023", "label": "Nelson Mandela", "section": "History - Post-apartheid", "says": "Ultimately, F.W. de Klerk opened bilateral discussions with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for a transition of policies and government."}, {"id": "Q57282", "label": "Jacob Zuma", "section": "History - Post-apartheid", "says": "Widespread political corruption and state capture took place under the presidency of Jacob Zuma, whose brief imprisonment for contempt of court during the course of his trial for corruption in 2021 led to widespread unrest which left 354 people dead."}, {"id": "Q1148669", "label": "Cyril Ramaphosa", "section": "History - Post-apartheid", "says": "President Cyril Ramaphosa subsequently formed the Government of National Unity with, amongst others, the Democratic Alliance."}], "Q739": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Colombia's mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Peru and Ecuador to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish landed in La Guajira in 1499, and by the mid-16th century had colonized much of present-day Colombia, establishing the New Kingdom of Granada."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Independence from the Spanish Empire was declared in 1810, with what is now Colombia emerging as the United Provinces of New Granada."}, {"id": "Q2249661", "label": "United Provinces of New Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "Independence from the Spanish Empire was declared in 1810, with what is now Colombia emerging as the United Provinces of New Granada."}, {"id": "Q1141215", "label": "Granadine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The new polity experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858) and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before becoming a centralised republic in 1886."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Colombia is recognized for its healthcare system, being the best healthcare in the Americas according to the World Health Organization and 22nd in the world."}, {"id": "Q313369", "label": "Alonso de Ojeda", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Alonso de Ojeda (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the Guajira Peninsula in 1499."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502."}, {"id": "Q19080", "label": "Vasco Núñez de Balboa", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "In 1508, Vasco Núñez de Balboa accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of Gulf of Urabá and they founded the town of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in 1510, the first stable settlement on the continent."}, {"id": "Q347688", "label": "Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada led an expedition to the interior in April 1536, and christened the districts through which he passed \"New Kingdom of Granada\"."}, {"id": "Q332070", "label": "Sebastián de Belalcázar", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Sebastián de Belalcázar, conqueror of Quito, traveled north and founded Cali, in 1536, and Popayán, in 1537; from 1536 to 1539, German conquistador Nikolaus Federmann crossed the Llanos Orientales and went over the Cordillera Oriental in a search for El Dorado, the \"city of gold\"."}, {"id": "Q61482", "label": "Nikolaus Federmann", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Sebastián de Belalcázar, conqueror of Quito, traveled north and founded Cali, in 1536, and Popayán, in 1537; from 1536 to 1539, German conquistador Nikolaus Federmann crossed the Llanos Orientales and went over the Cordillera Oriental in a search for El Dorado, the \"city of gold\"."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "This movement followed the independence of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) in 1804, which provided some support to an eventual leader of this rebellion: Simón Bolívar."}, {"id": "Q452017", "label": "Francisco de Paula Santander", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Francisco de Paula Santander also would play a decisive role."}, {"id": "Q603820", "label": "Antonio Nariño", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "A movement was initiated by Antonio Nariño, who opposed Spanish centralism and led the opposition against the Viceroyalty."}, {"id": "Q2836330", "label": "Camilo Torres Tenorio", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In 1811, the United Provinces of New Granada were proclaimed, headed by Camilo Torres Tenorio."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Shortly after the Napoleonic Wars ended, Ferdinand VII, recently restored to the throne in Spain, unexpectedly decided to send military forces to retake most of northern South America."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Shortly after the Napoleonic Wars ended, Ferdinand VII, recently restored to the throne in Spain, unexpectedly decided to send military forces to retake most of northern South America."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The United States paid Colombia $25,000,000 in 1921, seven years after completion of the canal, as redress for President Theodore Roosevelt's role in the creation of Panama, and Colombia recognized Panama under the terms of the Thomson–Urrutia Treaty."}, {"id": "Q132479", "label": "Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Its cause was mainly mounting tensions between the two leading political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of the Liberal presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 1948."}, {"id": "Q2327438", "label": "Bogotazo", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The ensuing riots in Bogotá, known as El Bogotazo, spread throughout the country and claimed the lives of at least 180,000 Colombians."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Colombia entered the Korean War when Laureano Gómez was elected president."}, {"id": "Q467701", "label": "Laureano Gómez", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Colombia entered the Korean War when Laureano Gómez was elected president."}, {"id": "Q185407", "label": "La Violencia", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The National Front ended \"La Violencia\", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress."}, {"id": "Q187413", "label": "Álvaro Uribe Vélez", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "The administration of President Álvaro Uribe (2002–2010) adopted the democratic security policy which included an integrated counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency campaign."}, {"id": "Q57311", "label": "Juan Manuel Santos", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "After peace negotiations in Cuba, the Colombian government of President Juan Manuel Santos and the guerrillas of the FARC-EP announced a final agreement to end the conflict."}, {"id": "Q450675", "label": "Pope Francis", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "During his visit to Colombia, Pope Francis paid tribute to the victims of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q17478000", "label": "Iván Duque", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In June 2018, Iván Duque, the candidate of the right-wing Democratic Center party, won the presidential election."}, {"id": "Q58132", "label": "Nicolás Maduro", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In February 2019, Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro cut off diplomatic relations with Colombia after Colombian President Ivan Duque had helped Venezuelan opposition politicians deliver humanitarian aid to their country."}, {"id": "Q58833335", "label": "Juan Guaidó", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Colombia recognized Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the country's legitimate president."}], "Q252": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch commercial and colonial control expanded from the 17th century and was consolidated over most of the archipelago during the 19th and early 20th centuries, before Indonesia proclaimed its independence in the aftermath of World War II."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Prehistory, early states, and Islamisation", "says": "Beginning in the third millennium BCE, Austronesian-speaking communities moved south from Taiwan through the Philippines and into the Indonesian archipelago, where related languages eventually spread across most of the islands."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Prehistory, early states, and Islamisation", "says": "Srivijaya, founded in southeastern Sumatra in the late 7th century CE, grew as a maritime trading polity and a centre of Buddhist learning and religious networks."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Prehistory, early states, and Islamisation", "says": "Majapahit emerged in eastern Java in the late 13th century after Raden Wijaya used a Mongol expedition to defeat his rivals and then forced the Mongols to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q49334", "label": "Raden Wijaya", "section": "History - Prehistory, early states, and Islamisation", "says": "Majapahit emerged in eastern Java in the late 13th century after Raden Wijaya used a Mongol expedition to defeat his rivals and then forced the Mongols to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Prehistory, early states, and Islamisation", "says": "Perlak was described by Marco Polo as Muslim in 1292, and a royal tomb at Pasai dated 1297 records a Muslim ruler there."}, {"id": "Q2470857", "label": "Sutan Sjahrir", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "Colonial restrictions on nationalist activity became stricter, and by the mid-1930s, Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, and other non-cooperative nationalist leaders had been imprisoned or exiled."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Emergence of Indonesia and independence", "says": "International opposition to the Netherlands intensified after its offensive of December 1948, and the United States subsequently pressed the Dutch into negotiations recommended by the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q2822794", "label": "New York Agreement", "section": "History - Sukarno era and Suharto's New Order", "says": "His campaign against Dutch rule in western New Guinea led to the New York Agreement in 1962 and Indonesian administration of the territory in 1963."}, {"id": "Q57405", "label": "Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono", "section": "History - Reformasi and contemporary Indonesia", "says": "Former general Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won the first direct presidential election in 2004."}, {"id": "Q3318231", "label": "Joko Widodo", "section": "History - Reformasi and contemporary Indonesia", "says": "Joko Widodo, popularly called Jokowi, was elected president in 2014 and prioritised infrastructure and economic development, which he linked to improving welfare."}, {"id": "Q2107268", "label": "Prabowo Subianto", "section": "History - Reformasi and contemporary Indonesia", "says": "Under his successor Prabowo Subianto, the government pursued a fiscally expansive programme, and revised a military law in 2025, which allowed more active officers to serve in civilian posts."}], "Q889": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The country's land has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and a United States-led coalition."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The country's land has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and a United States-led coalition."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The modern state of Afghanistan began with the Durrani Empire in the 18th century under Ahmad Shah Durrani, although Dost Mohammad Khan is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first modern Afghan state."}, {"id": "Q46798", "label": "Ahmed Shahe Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "The modern state of Afghanistan began with the Durrani Empire in the 18th century under Ahmad Shah Durrani, although Dost Mohammad Khan is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first modern Afghan state."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The modern state of Afghanistan began with the Durrani Empire in the 18th century under Ahmad Shah Durrani, although Dost Mohammad Khan is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first modern Afghan state."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between the British Empire and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between the British Empire and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q989092", "label": "First Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the First Anglo-Afghan War; the Second Anglo-Afghan War saw a British victory."}, {"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the First Anglo-Afghan War; the Second Anglo-Afghan War saw a British victory."}, {"id": "Q1259237", "label": "Third Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926; this monarchy lasted almost half a century."}, {"id": "Q310247", "label": "Mohammed Daoud Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "This period of instability began in 1973 when King Zahir Shah was overthrown by his cousin Mohammad Daoud Khan, ending the monarchy and resulting in the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilization stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "An inscription on the tombstone of Darius I of Persia mentions the Kabul Valley in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "The region of Arachosia, around Kandahar in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to Persia and is thus considered by some to be the \"second homeland of Zoroastrianism\"."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Alexander the Great and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating Darius III of Persia a year earlier in the Battle of Gaugamela."}, {"id": "Q179670", "label": "Battle of Gaugamela", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Alexander the Great and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating Darius III of Persia a year earlier in the Battle of Gaugamela."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the Seleucid Empire controlled the region until 305 BCE, when they gave much of it to the Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the Seleucid Empire controlled the region until 305 BCE, when they gave much of it to the Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Much of it soon broke away and became part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "They were defeated and expelled by the Indo-Scythians in the late 2nd century BCE."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Before the arrival of Islam, the region used to be home to various beliefs and cults, often resulting in Syncretism between the dominant religions such as Zoroastrianism, Buddhism or Greco-Buddhism, Ancient Iranian religions, Hinduism, Christianity, and Judaism."}, {"id": "Q654380", "label": "Kabul Shahi", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Zunbils and Kabul Shahi were first conquered in 870 CE by the Saffarid Muslims of Zaranj."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Ghaznavids rose to power in the 10th century."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "By the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively Islamized the wider region, with the exception of Kafiristan."}, {"id": "Q43459", "label": "Ferdowsi", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Mahmud made Ghazni into an important city and patronized intellectuals such as the historian al-Biruni and the poet Ferdowsi."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In 1219 CE, Genghis Khan and his Mongol army overran the region."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Mongol rule continued with the Ilkhanate in the northwest while the Khalji dynasty administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of Timur (aka Tamerlane), who established the Timurid Empire in 1370."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Mongol rule continued with the Ilkhanate in the northwest while the Khalji dynasty administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of Timur (aka Tamerlane), who established the Timurid Empire in 1370."}, {"id": "Q553204", "label": "Shah Rukh", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Under the rule of Shah Rukh, the city of Herat served as the focal point of the Timurid Renaissance, whose glory matched Florence of the Italian Renaissance as the center of a cultural rebirth."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Babur would go on to conquer the Afghan Lodi dynasty who had ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the First Battle of Panipat."}, {"id": "Q605321", "label": "Battle of Panipat", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Babur would go on to conquer the Afghan Lodi dynasty who had ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the First Battle of Panipat."}, {"id": "Q15535871", "label": "Uzbek Khanate", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Between the 16th and 18th century, the Uzbek Khanate of Bukhara, Iranian Safavids, and Indian Mughals ruled parts of the territory."}, {"id": "Q558242", "label": "Mir Wais Hotak", "section": "History - Hotak dynasty", "says": "In 1709, Mirwais Hotak, a local Ghilzai tribal leader, successfully rebelled against the Safavids."}, {"id": "Q3296937", "label": "Battle of Gulnabad", "section": "History - Hotak dynasty", "says": "Mahmud led the Afghan army in 1722 to the Persian capital of Isfahan, and captured the city after the Battle of Gulnabad and proclaimed himself King of Persia."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Hotak dynasty", "says": "The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by Nader Shah after the 1729 Battle of Damghan."}, {"id": "Q2888384", "label": "Battle of Damghan", "section": "History - Hotak dynasty", "says": "The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by Nader Shah after the 1729 Battle of Damghan."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "By the early 19th century, the Afghan empire was under threat from the Persians in the west and the Sikh Empire in the east."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "Fateh Khan was brutally murdered in 1818 by Mahmud Shah."}, {"id": "Q983036", "label": "Akbar Khan", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "Akbar Khan and the Afghan army failed to capture the Jamrud Fort from the Sikh Khalsa Army, but killed Sikh commander Hari Singh Nalwa, thus ending the Afghan-Sikh Wars."}, {"id": "Q3631373", "label": "Hari Singh Nalwa", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "Akbar Khan and the Afghan army failed to capture the Jamrud Fort from the Sikh Khalsa Army, but killed Sikh commander Hari Singh Nalwa, thus ending the Afghan-Sikh Wars."}, {"id": "Q31649", "label": "Abdur Rahman Khan", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "Hazara dominated Hazaristan and pagan Kafiristan remained politically independent until being conquered by Abdur Rahman Khan in 1891–1896."}, {"id": "Q334869", "label": "Habibullah Khan", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "During the First World War, when Afghanistan was neutral, Habibullah Khan was met by officials of the Central Powers in the Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "They called on Afghanistan to declare full independence from the United Kingdom, join them and attack British India, as part of the Hindu–German Conspiracy."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "History - Barakzai dynasty and British wars", "says": "Habibullah was assassinated in February 1919, and Amanullah Khan eventually assumed power."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "History - Democratic Republic and Soviet War", "says": "In April 1978, the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in a bloody coup d'état against then-President Mohammed Daoud Khan, in what is called the Saur Revolution."}, {"id": "Q299559", "label": "Nur Muhammad Taraki", "section": "History - Democratic Republic and Soviet War", "says": "The PDPA declared the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, with its first leader named as People's Democratic Party General Secretary Nur Muhammad Taraki."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Democratic Republic and Soviet War", "says": "It quickly turned into a proxy war as the Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers, the United States supported them through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime."}, {"id": "Q63831", "label": "Hafizullah Amin", "section": "History - Democratic Republic and Soviet War", "says": "In October 1979, PDPA General Secretary Taraki was assassinated in an internal coup orchestrated by then-prime minister Hafizullah Amin, who became the new general secretary of the PDPA."}, {"id": "Q63827", "label": "Babrak Karmal", "section": "History - Democratic Republic and Soviet War", "says": "A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "History - Democratic Republic and Soviet War", "says": "Soviet troops in more substantial numbers were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal, marking the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "History - Democratic Republic and Soviet War", "says": "After the Soviet withdrawal, another civil war ensued until the communist regime under PDPA leader Mohammad Najibullah collapsed in 1992."}, {"id": "Q200029", "label": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "section": "History - Post–Cold War conflict", "says": "After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum formed the Northern Alliance, later joined by others, to resist the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q331702", "label": "Abdul Rashid Dostum", "section": "History - Post–Cold War conflict", "says": "After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum formed the Northern Alliance, later joined by others, to resist the Taliban."}, {"id": "Q40495", "label": "Pervez Musharraf", "section": "History - Post–Cold War conflict", "says": "Dostum's forces were defeated by the Taliban during the Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif in 1997 and 1998; Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, Pervez Musharraf, began sending thousands of Pakistani militants to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "History - US invasion and the Islamic Republic", "says": "In October 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan to remove the Taliban from power after they refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, the prime suspect of the September 11 attacks, who was a \"guest\" of the Taliban and was operating his al-Qaeda network in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q43944", "label": "Hamid Karzai", "section": "History - US invasion and the Islamic Republic", "says": "In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed."}], "Q219": [{"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania across the Danube river to the north."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 6th to 3rd century BC, the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts, and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They established the First Bulgarian Empire, recognised by treaty in 681 AD by the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 resulted in the formation of the third and current Bulgarian state, which declared independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1908."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - Prehistory and Antiquity", "says": "It was weakened and vassalised by Philip II of Macedon in 341 BC, attacked by Celts in the 3rd century, and finally became a province of the Roman Empire in AD 45."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Prehistory and Antiquity", "says": "Christianity began spreading in the region around the 4th century; within this current, Gothic bishop Ulfilas created the Gothic Bible—the first Germanic language book—in what is today northern Bulgaria around 381."}, {"id": "Q403416", "label": "Battle of Pliska", "section": "History - First Bulgarian Empire", "says": "Krum introduced a written code of law and checked a major Byzantine invasion at the Battle of Pliska, where Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I was killed."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - First Bulgarian Empire", "says": "Simeon's successor Peter I faced revolts by two of his three brothers, but both were quelled."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Second Bulgarian Empire", "says": "The empire's authority declined after a catastrophic military defeat at Manzikert against Seljuk invaders, and was further disturbed by the Crusades."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Second Bulgarian Empire", "says": "Internal strife and incessant Byzantine, Hungarian and Mongol attacks followed, allowing the Golden Horde to establish suzerainty over the weakened Bulgarian state."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "Sultan Murad I took Adrianople from the Byzantines in 1362; Sofia fell in 1382, followed by Shumen in 1388."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "The Russian Empire also asserted itself as a protector of Christians in Ottoman lands with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "The Russian Empire also asserted itself as a protector of Christians in Ottoman lands with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774."}, {"id": "Q622059", "label": "April Uprising of 1876", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "It restored national consciousness and provided an ideological basis for the liberation struggle, resulting in the April Uprising of 1876."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "This allowed the Russian Empire to seek a military solution without risking confrontation with other Great Powers, as had happened in the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q116004", "label": "Battle of Shipka Pass", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "In 1877, Russia declared war on the Ottomans and defeated them with the help of Bulgarian rebels, particularly during the crucial Battle of Shipka Pass which secured Russian control over the main road to Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "History - Third Bulgarian state", "says": "The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Third Bulgarian state", "says": "It was to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality spanning Moesia, Macedonia and Thrace, roughly on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire, and this day is now a public holiday called National Liberation Day."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "History - Third Bulgarian state", "says": "It became involved in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918—two Balkan Wars and World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Third Bulgarian state", "says": "It became involved in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918—two Balkan Wars and World War I."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Third Bulgarian state", "says": "Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Third Bulgarian state", "says": "Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps."}, {"id": "Q463311", "label": "Bogdan Filov", "section": "History - Third Bulgarian state", "says": "The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies."}], "Q227": [{"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of what is now Azerbaijan was ruled first by Caucasian Albania and later by various Persian empires."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the 19th century, it remained part of Qajar Iran, but the Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 forced the Qajar Empire to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire; the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 defined the border between Russia and Iran."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the 19th century, it remained part of Qajar Iran, but the Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 forced the Qajar Empire to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire; the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 defined the border between Russia and Iran."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "By the late 19th century, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918, a year after the Russian Empire collapsed, and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state in the world."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1920, the country was conquered and incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR."}, {"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, which became de facto independent with the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, although the region and seven surrounding districts remained internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, which became de facto independent with the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, although the region and seven surrounding districts remained internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q99659280", "label": "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the seven districts and parts of Nagorno-Karabakh were returned to Azerbaijani control."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Early settlements included the Scythians during the 9th century BC."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 and 700 BC, which was integrated into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252, while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252, while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from the South Caucasus and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Juansher was suppressed in 667."}, {"id": "Q1249785", "label": "Juansher", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from the South Caucasus and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Juansher was suppressed in 667."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids, Sajids, and Shaddadids."}, {"id": "Q960395", "label": "Shaddadids", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids, Sajids, and Shaddadids."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuk Empire, which entered the area by 1067."}, {"id": "Q428400", "label": "Eldiguzids", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "Locally, the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by Eldiguzids, technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans, but sometimes de facto rulers themselves."}, {"id": "Q234908", "label": "Nizami Ganjavi", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "Under the Seljuks, local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature in the region."}, {"id": "Q17526620", "label": "Kingdom of Shirvan", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "Shirvanshahs, the local dynasty of Arabic origin that was later Persianized, became a vassal state of Timurid Empire of Timur and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "Shirvanshahs, the local dynasty of Arabic origin that was later Persianized, became a vassal state of Timurid Empire of Timur and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "Shirvanshahs, the local dynasty of Arabic origin that was later Persianized, became a vassal state of Timurid Empire of Timur and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "Following Timur's death, two independent and rival Turkoman states emerged: Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period", "says": "Following Timur's death, two independent and rival Turkoman states emerged: Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "From the late 18th century, Imperial Russia switched to a more aggressive geo-political stance towards Iran and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "Following Qajar Iran's loss, it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates, along with Georgia and Dagestan to the Russian Empire, per the Treaty of Gulistan."}, {"id": "Q210198", "label": "Erivan Khanate", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay forced Qajar Iran to cede sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1546773", "label": "Talysh Khanate", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay forced Qajar Iran to cede sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was declared, constituting the present-day republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Following the politics of glasnost initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR."}, {"id": "Q734004", "label": "Black January", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to an already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which culminated in the Black January events in Baku."}, {"id": "Q319912", "label": "Abulfaz Elchibey", "section": "History - Aliyev family rule, 1993–present", "says": "In 1993, democratically elected President Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev."}, {"id": "Q2640375", "label": "Surat Huseynov", "section": "History - Aliyev family rule, 1993–present", "says": "In 1993, democratically elected President Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev."}, {"id": "Q157451", "label": "Heydar Aliyev", "section": "History - Aliyev family rule, 1993–present", "says": "In 1993, democratically elected President Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev."}, {"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "History - Aliyev family rule, 1993–present", "says": "On 8 August 2025, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan signed a joint declaration at the White House, committing to a peace deal facilitated by the Trump administration that would end nearly four decades of conflict between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "History - Aliyev family rule, 1993–present", "says": "On 8 August 2025, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan signed a joint declaration at the White House, committing to a peace deal facilitated by the Trump administration that would end nearly four decades of conflict between the two countries."}], "Q184": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of the medieval period, the lands of modern-day Belarus were ruled by independent city-states such as the Principality of Polotsk."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 1300 these lands came fully under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; this period lasted for 500 years until the 1792–1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania placed Belarus within the Russian Empire for the first time."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 1300 these lands came fully under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; this period lasted for 500 years until the 1792–1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania placed Belarus within the Russian Empire for the first time."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 1300 these lands came fully under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; this period lasted for 500 years until the 1792–1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania placed Belarus within the Russian Empire for the first time."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the Civil War, ultimately ending in the rise of the Byelorussian SSR, which became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the Civil War, ultimately ending in the rise of the Byelorussian SSR, which became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland, and were finalised after World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland, and were finalised after World War II."}, {"id": "Q2866", "label": "Alexander Lukashenka", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the adoption of a new constitution in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected Belarus's first president in the country's first and only free election after independence, serving as president ever since."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "From 5000 to 2000 BC, the Bandkeramik predominated in what now constitutes Belarus, and the Cimmerians as well as other pastoralists roamed through the area by 1,000 BC."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "In the 9th century, the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a vast East Slavic state ruled by the Rurikids."}, {"id": "Q210398", "label": "Rurikids", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "In the 9th century, the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a vast East Slavic state ruled by the Rurikids."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "Upon the death of its ruler Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, the state split into independent principalities."}, {"id": "Q2418597", "label": "Battle on the Nemiga River", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "The Battle on the Nemiga River in 1067 was one of the more notable events of the period, the date of which is considered the founding date of Minsk."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "During this time, the duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of Poland against the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410; the joint victory allowed the duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "History - Kievan Rus'", "says": "The Muscovites, led by Ivan III of Russia, began military campaigns in 1486 in an attempt to incorporate the former lands of Kievan Rus', including the territories of modern-day Belarus and Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569 by the Union of Lublin."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Russian Empire", "says": "The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine II were included into the Belarusian Governorate (Russian: Белорусское генерал-губернаторство) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the German Empire during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Russian Empire", "says": "The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine II were included into the Belarusian Governorate (Russian: Белорусское генерал-губернаторство) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the German Empire during World War I."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Russian Empire", "says": "Under Nicholas I and Alexander III the national cultures were repressed with policies of Polonization replaced by Russification which included the return to Orthodox Christianity of Belarusian Uniates."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Russian Empire", "says": "Under Nicholas I and Alexander III the national cultures were repressed with policies of Polonization replaced by Russification which included the return to Orthodox Christianity of Belarusian Uniates."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "History - Russian Empire", "says": "Immediately afterwards, the Polish–Soviet War ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Early states and interwar period", "says": "The Republic of Central Lithuania was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania to the historical confederacy state (it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower)."}, {"id": "Q458532", "label": "Lucjan Żeligowski", "section": "History - Early states and interwar period", "says": "The republic was created in 1920 following the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division of the Polish Army under Lucjan Żeligowski."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The defence of Brest Fortress was the first major battle of Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q704477", "label": "Piotar Mašeraw", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Following the war, many former Soviet partisans entered positions of government, among them Pyotr Masherov and Kirill Mazurov, both of whom were First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia."}, {"id": "Q773309", "label": "Kirill Mazurov", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Following the war, many former Soviet partisans entered positions of government, among them Pyotr Masherov and Kirill Mazurov, both of whom were First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The German occupation in 1941–1944 and war on the Eastern Front devastated Belarus."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Post-war", "says": "Joseph Stalin implemented a policy of Sovietisation to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from Western influences."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Post-war", "says": "After Stalin died in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued his predecessor's cultural hegemony programme, stating, \"The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism.\"\nBetween Stalin's death in 1953 and 1980, Belarusian politics was dominated by former members of the Soviet partisans, including First Secretaries Kirill Mazurov and Pyotr Masherov."}, {"id": "Q314338", "label": "Stanislaw Shushkievich", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Stanislav Shushkevich, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in Białowieża Forest to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Stanislav Shushkevich, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in Białowieża Forest to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States."}, {"id": "Q189732", "label": "Leonid Kravchuk", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Stanislav Shushkevich, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in Białowieża Forest to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States."}, {"id": "Q97010473", "label": "Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya", "section": "History - Lukashenko era", "says": "Neighbouring countries Poland and Lithuania do not recognise Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus and the Lithuanian government has allotted a residence for main opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and other members of the Belarusian opposition in Vilnius."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Lukashenko era", "says": "Neither is Lukashenko recognised as the legitimate president of Belarus by the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom or the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Lukashenko era", "says": "Neither is Lukashenko recognised as the legitimate president of Belarus by the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom or the United States."}], "Q28": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanning much of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanning much of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After it was defeated by the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the kingdom was split into three regions for over 150 years until its reunion under Habsburg rule before the turn of the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Several uprisings against the Habsburgs precipitated the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the Compromise of 1867; Austria-Hungary remained a European great power until World War I."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "Hungary's modern borders were then established by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in severe losses for the country, including 71% of its historical territory and the majority of its economy and population; a third of ethnic Hungarians were left outside the new borders."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Hungary's modern borders were then established by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in severe losses for the country, including 71% of its historical territory and the majority of its economy and population; a third of ethnic Hungarians were left outside the new borders."}, {"id": "Q117144", "label": "Miklós Horthy", "section": "lead", "says": "Hungary endured turmoil in the early interwar period, culminating in the national-conservative regime of regent Miklós Horthy."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Hungary joined the Axis powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties."}, {"id": "Q16410", "label": "Hungarian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After a brief Soviet occupation, the Hungarian People's Republic was established in 1949 as a satellite state inside the Warsaw Pact."}, {"id": "Q164348", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent political repression and economic stagnation led to the unsuccessful Hungarian Revolution of 1956, though communist rule softened in the following decades."}, {"id": "Q57641", "label": "Viktor Orbán", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of Viktor Orbán and Fidesz from 2010 to 2026, the country experienced democratic backsliding."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "The Roman Empire conquered the territory between the Alps and the area west of the Danube River from 16 to 15 BC, the Danube being the frontier of the empire."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "In 14 BC, Pannonia, the western part of the Carpathian Basin, which includes the west of today's Hungary, was recognised by emperor Augustus in the Res Gestae Divi Augusti as part of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century under the stress of the migration of Germanic tribes and Carpian pressure."}, {"id": "Q10295972", "label": "Hunnic Empire", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "This period brought many invaders into Central Europe, beginning with the Hunnic Empire (c."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "Other groups which reached the Carpathian Basin during the Migration Period were the Goths, Vandals, Lombards, and Slavs."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "In the 560s, the Avars founded the Avar Khaganate, a state that maintained supremacy in the region for more than two centuries."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "The Franks under Charlemagne defeated the Avars in a series of campaigns during the 790s."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Before 895", "says": "Between 804 and 829, the First Bulgarian Empire conquered the lands east of the Danube and took over the rule of the local Slavic tribes and remnants of the Avars."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - Middle Ages (895–1526)", "says": "A defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 signalled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the west."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "History - Age of Árpádian kings", "says": "King Saint Ladislaus completed the work of King Saint Stephen, consolidating the Hungarian state's power and strengthening Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Age of Árpádian kings", "says": "King Saint Ladislaus completed the work of King Saint Stephen, consolidating the Hungarian state's power and strengthening Christianity."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "History - Age of Árpádian kings", "says": "He led the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Age of Árpádian kings", "says": "He led the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Age of elected kings", "says": "The second Angevin Hungarian king, Louis the Great (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples) and was also King of Poland from 1370."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Age of elected kings", "says": "After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilised only when Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Age of elected kings", "says": "After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilised only when Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "History - Age of elected kings", "says": "From a small noble family in Transylvania, John Hunyadi grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his capabilities as a mercenary commander."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - Age of elected kings", "says": "The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the Renaissance king Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi."}, {"id": "Q690291", "label": "Battle of Breadfield", "section": "History - Age of elected kings", "says": "Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "History - Ottoman wars (1526–1699)", "says": "Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, John Zápolya and Ferdinand I of the Habsburg dynasty."}, {"id": "Q181333", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "Between 1703 and 1711, there was a large-scale war of independence led by Francis II Rákóczi, who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of Ónod, took power provisionally as the ruling prince for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian crown and the title \"king\"."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars and afterward, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades."}, {"id": "Q157040", "label": "Lajos Kossuth", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "Lajos Kossuth emerged as a leader of the lower gentry in the Parliament."}, {"id": "Q702016", "label": "Lajos Batthyány", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "Under Governor and President Lajos Kossuth and Prime Minister Lajos Batthyány, the House of Habsburg was dethroned."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "Under Governor and President Lajos Kossuth and Prime Minister Lajos Batthyány, the House of Habsburg was dethroned."}, {"id": "Q695383", "label": "János Damjanich", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "Many members of minority nationalities, like János Damjanich and Józef Bem, gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army."}, {"id": "Q266339", "label": "Józef Bem", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "Many members of minority nationalities, like János Damjanich and Józef Bem, gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph I asked for help from the \"Gendarme of Europe\", Tsar Nicholas I, whose Russian armies invaded Hungary."}, {"id": "Q716001", "label": "Artúr Görgey", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "This made Artúr Görgey surrender in August 1849."}, {"id": "Q78597", "label": "Julius Jacob von Haynau", "section": "History - From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)", "says": "The leader of the Austrian army, Julius Jacob von Haynau, became governor of"}, {"id": "Q689527", "label": "Aster Revolution", "section": "History - Between the World Wars (1918–1941)", "says": "Following the First World War, Hungary underwent a period of profound political upheaval, beginning with the Aster Revolution in 1918, which brought the social-democratic Mihály Károlyi to power as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "History - Between the World Wars (1918–1941)", "says": "Following the First World War, Hungary underwent a period of profound political upheaval, beginning with the Aster Revolution in 1918, which brought the social-democratic Mihály Károlyi to power as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Between the World Wars (1918–1941)", "says": "The Little Entente, sensing an opportunity, invaded the country from three sides—Romania invaded Transylvania, Czechoslovakia annexed Upper Hungary (today's Slovakia), and a joint Serb-French coalition annexed Vojvodina and other southern regions."}, {"id": "Q151646", "label": "Béla Kun", "section": "History - Between the World Wars (1918–1941)", "says": "In March 1919, communists led by Béla Kun ousted the Károlyi government and proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic (Tanácsköztársaság), followed by a thorough Red Terror campaign."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "History - Between the World Wars (1918–1941)", "says": "The new government worked quickly to normalise foreign relations while turning a blind eye to a White Terror that swept through the countryside; extrajudicial killings of suspected communists and Jews lasted well into 1920."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - World War II (1941–1945)", "says": "Hungary formally entered World War II as an Axis power on 26 June 1941, declaring war on the Soviet Union after unidentified planes bombed Kassa, Munkács, and Rahó."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - World War II (1941–1945)", "says": "Hungarian troops fought on the Eastern Front for two years."}, {"id": "Q327078", "label": "Battle of Uman", "section": "History - World War II (1941–1945)", "says": "Despite early success at the Battle of Uman, the government began seeking a secret peace pact with the Allies after the Second Army suffered catastrophic losses at the River Don in January 1943."}, {"id": "Q207631", "label": "Mátyás Rákosi", "section": "History - Communism (1945–1989)", "says": "The Soviet leadership selected Mátyás Rákosi to front the Stalinisation of the country, and Rákosi de facto ruled Hungary from 1949 to 1956."}, {"id": "Q177917", "label": "Imre Nagy", "section": "History - Communism (1945–1989)", "says": "The following political cooling saw the ascent of Imre Nagy to the premiership."}, {"id": "Q176170", "label": "Ernő Gerő", "section": "History - Communism (1945–1989)", "says": "Rákosi eventually managed to discredit Nagy and replace him with the more hard-line Ernő Gerő."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "History - Third Republic (1989–present)", "says": "With the removal of state subsidies and rapid privatisation in 1991, along with the Yugoslav Wars on its southern border, Hungary experienced a severe economic recession, as well as social and security instability as a consequence of the war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Third Republic (1989–present)", "says": "As a result of these developments, Hungary's relationship with the United States and the European Union ente"}], "Q224": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It reorganized into the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs before merging into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, most of Croatia was invaded by the Axis powers who installed a puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "A resistance movement restored sovereignty, emerging as the Socialist Republic of Croatia within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1943."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, successfully fighting the War of Independence until 1995."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "In 9 AD, the territory of today's Croatia became part of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Emperor Diocletian was native to the region."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "During the 5th century, the last de jure Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos ruled a small realm from the palace after fleeing Italy in 475."}, {"id": "Q997263", "label": "White Croats", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The predominant scholarly consensus, based on historical chronicles, proposes that the White Croats originated as a Slavic group that migrated from White Croatia during the Migration Period."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was duke Branimir, who received papal recognition from Pope John VIII on 7 June 879."}, {"id": "Q227976", "label": "John X", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Tomislav was the first king of Croatia, noted as such in a letter of Pope John X in 92"}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "An increasing threat of Ottoman conquest and a struggle against the Republic of Venice for control of coastal areas ensued."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "King Louis II died at Mohács, and in 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he protects Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "King Louis II died at Mohács, and in 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he protects Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights."}, {"id": "Q701335", "label": "Battle of Sisak", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "Ottoman advances in Croatia continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak, the first decisive Ottoman defeat, when borders stabilised."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "During the Great Turkish War (1683–1698), Slavonia was regained, but western Bosnia, which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest, remained outside Croatian control."}, {"id": "Q1420791", "label": "Ottoman–Venetian Wars", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "Dalmatia, the southern part of the border, was similarly defined by the Fifth and the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian Wars."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "Subsequently, the emperor pledged to respect all privileges and political rights of the Kingdom of Croatia, and Queen Maria Theresa made significant contributions to Croatian affairs, such as introducing compulsory education."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - Union with Hungary and Austria", "says": "Between 1797 and 1809, the First French Empire increasingly occupied the eastern Adriatic coastline and its hinterland, ending the Venetian and the Ragusan republics, establishin"}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "History - The World Wars and Yugoslavia", "says": "The Croatian Parliament never ratified the union with Serbia and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q347471", "label": "Stjepan Radić", "section": "History - The World Wars and Yugoslavia", "says": "The new constitution was opposed by the most widely supported national political party—the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) led by Stjepan Radić."}, {"id": "Q1274634", "label": "Puniša Račić", "section": "History - The World Wars and Yugoslavia", "says": "The political situation deteriorated further as Radić was assassinated in the National Assembly by NRS member, Serbian nationalist politician Puniša Račić in 1928, culminating in King Alexander I's establishment of the 6 January Dictatorship in 1929."}, {"id": "Q254114", "label": "Vladko Maček", "section": "History - The World Wars and Yugoslavia", "says": "The HSS, now led by Vladko Maček, continued to advocate federalisation, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - The World Wars and Yugoslavia", "says": "In April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - The World Wars and Yugoslavia", "says": "In April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "History - The World Wars and Yugoslavia", "says": "The NDH regime was led by Ante Pavelić and the ultranationalist Ustaše, a fringe movement in pre-war Croatia."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Following the Croatian victory, about 200,000 Serbs from the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina fled the region and hundreds of mainly elderly Serb civilians were killed in the aftermath of the military operation, often in revenge attacks, accompanied by looting, seizing or burning down of their property."}, {"id": "Q321885", "label": "Erdut Agreement", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The remaining occupied areas were restored to Croatia following the Erdut Agreement of November 1995, concluding with the UNTAES mission in January 1998."}], "Q189": [{"id": "Q209138", "label": "Ingólfr Arnarson", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Landnámabók, an ancient manuscript, the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD, when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the island's first permanent settler."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under de facto Danish rule upon its dissolution in 1523."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and the Treaty of Kiel formally ceded Iceland to Denmark in 1814."}, {"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and the Treaty of Kiel formally ceded Iceland to Denmark in 1814."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "History - 874–1262: settlement and Commonwealth", "says": "The lack of arable land also served as an impetus to the settlement of Greenland starting in 986."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - 874–1262: settlement and Commonwealth", "says": "Christianity was adopted by consensus around 999–1000, although Norse paganism persisted among segments of the population for some years afterward."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Black Death reached Iceland in 1402–1404 and again in 1494–1495, with devastating effects."}, {"id": "Q313015", "label": "Haakon VI of Norway", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1380, after the death of Haakon VI, his son Olaf II of Denmark succeeded to the Norwegian throne, uniting the crowns of Denmark and Norway under one monarch."}, {"id": "Q313879", "label": "Olaf II of Denmark", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1380, after the death of Haakon VI, his son Olaf II of Denmark succeeded to the Norwegian throne, uniting the crowns of Denmark and Norway under one monarch."}, {"id": "Q154998", "label": "Christian III of Denmark", "section": "History - Reformation and the Early Modern period", "says": "Around the middle of the 16th century, as part of the Protestant Reformation, King Christian III of Denmark began to impose Lutheranism on all his subjects."}, {"id": "Q2149737", "label": "Turkish Abductions", "section": "History - Reformation and the Early Modern period", "says": "In the summer of 1627, Barbary Pirates committed the events known locally as the Turkish Abductions, in which hundreds of residents were taken into slavery in North Africa and dozens killed; this was the only invasion in Icelandic history to have caused casualties."}, {"id": "Q3481593", "label": "Mist Hardships", "section": "History - Reformation and the Early Modern period", "says": "In the years following the eruption, known as the Mist Hardships (Icelandic: Móðuharðindin), over half of all livestock in the country died."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - 1814–1918: independence movement", "says": "After the Napoleonic Wars in 1814, Denmark-Norway broke up into two separate kingdoms under the Treaty of Kiel, but Iceland remained a Danish dependency."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "History - 1918–1944: independence and the Kingdom of Iceland", "says": "Danish embassies around the world displayed two coats of arms and two flags: those of the Kingdom of Denmark and those of the Kingdom of Iceland."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - 1918–1944: independence and the Kingdom of Iceland", "says": "Iceland's legal position became comparable to those of countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Canada, whose sovereign is King Charles III."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - 1918–1944: independence and the Kingdom of Iceland", "says": "Iceland's legal position became comparable to those of countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Canada, whose sovereign is King Charles III."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 1918–1944: independence and the Kingdom of Iceland", "says": "In 1941, the Government of Iceland, friendly to Britain, invited the United States, then neutral, to take over its defence so that Britain could use its troops elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q207206", "label": "Sveinn Björnsson", "section": "History - 1944–present: Republic of Iceland", "says": "Iceland formally became a republic on 17 June 1944, with Sveinn Björnsson as its first president."}, {"id": "Q189797", "label": "Vigdís Finnbogadóttir", "section": "History - 1944–present: Republic of Iceland", "says": "Vigdís Finnbogadóttir assumed Iceland's presidency on 1 August 1980, making her the first elected female head of state in the world."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - 1944–present: Republic of Iceland", "says": "The 1970s were marked by the Cod Wars, which were several disputes with the United Kingdom over Iceland's extension of its fishing limits to 200 nmi (370 km) offshore."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "History - 1944–present: Republic of Iceland", "says": "Iceland hosted a summit in Reykjavík in 1986 between United States President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, during which they took significant steps towards nuclear disarmament."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - 1944–present: Republic of Iceland", "says": "Iceland hosted a summit in Reykjavík in 1986 between United States President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, during which they took significant steps towards nuclear disarmament."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - 1944–present: Republic of Iceland", "says": "A few years later, Iceland became the first country to recognise the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as they broke away from the USSR."}, {"id": "Q23702848", "label": "Panama Papers", "section": "History - Since 2012", "says": "In 2016, Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson resigned after being implicated in the Panama Papers scandal."}], "Q213": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the 9th century under Great Moravia."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the 9th century under Great Moravia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formally recognized as an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in 1198."}, {"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, all the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Nearly a hundred years later, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Nearly a hundred years later, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q4373", "label": "Battle of White Mountain", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Battle of White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I, most of the region became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I, most of the region became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q140359", "label": "First Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I, most of the region became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a parliamentary democracy during the entirety of the interwar period."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over the Czech lands."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over the Czech lands."}, {"id": "Q2454585", "label": "Third Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Czechoslovakia was restored in 1945 as the Third Czechoslovak Republic and three years later became an Eastern Bloc communist state following a coup d'état in 1948."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended communist rule in the country and restored democracy."}, {"id": "Q149427", "label": "Samo's realm", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars, became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire."}, {"id": "Q437589", "label": "Svatopluk I", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "It reached its zenith in the 9th century during the reign of Svatopluk I, holding off the influence of the Franks."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Bohemia", "says": "After a series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained the Bohemian throne."}, {"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "History - Bohemia", "says": "Jan Hus' followers seceded from some practices of the Roman Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by Emperor Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Bohemia", "says": "Jan Hus' followers seceded from some practices of the Roman Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by Emperor Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q215968", "label": "Jan Žižka", "section": "History - Bohemia", "says": "On 21 December 1421, Jan Žižka, a successful military commander and mercenary, led his group of forces in the Battle of Kutná Hora, resulting in a victory for the Hussites."}, {"id": "Q3493159", "label": "Battle of Kutná Hora", "section": "History - Bohemia", "says": "On 21 December 1421, Jan Žižka, a successful military commander and mercenary, led his group of forces in the Battle of Kutná Hora, resulting in a victory for the Hussites."}, {"id": "Q713261", "label": "Petr Chelčický", "section": "History - Bohemia", "says": "The pacifist thinker Petr Chelčický inspired the movement of the Moravian Brethren (by the middle of the 15th century) that completely separated from the Roman Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "History - Bohemia", "says": "Between 1583 and 1611 Prague was the official seat of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court."}, {"id": "Q78492", "label": "Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk", "section": "History - Czechoslovakia", "says": "In 1918, during the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia, which joined the winning Allied powers, was created, with Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in the lead."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Czechoslovakia", "says": "Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a unitary state, it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest being Germans (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%)."}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "History - Czechoslovakia", "says": "Western Czechoslovakia was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1938, which placed most of the region into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Czechoslovakia", "says": "Most German speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an \"organized transfer\" confirmed by the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at the Potsdam Conference."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Czechoslovakia", "says": "Most German speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an \"organized transfer\" confirmed by the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at the Potsdam Conference."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "History - Czechoslovakia", "says": "Most German speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an \"organized transfer\" confirmed by the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at the Potsdam Conference."}, {"id": "Q10819807", "label": "Andrej Babiš", "section": "History - Czech Republic", "says": "In October 2017, the populist movement ANO 2011, led by Andrej Babiš, won the elections with three times more votes than its closest rival, the Civic Democrats."}, {"id": "Q29032", "label": "Miloš Zeman", "section": "History - Czech Republic", "says": "In December 2017, Czech President Miloš Zeman appointed Babiš as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q3377548", "label": "Petr Fiala", "section": "History - Czech Republic", "says": "In the 2021 elections, ANO 2011 was narrowly defeated, and Petr Fiala became prime minister."}, {"id": "Q2080040", "label": "Petr Pavel", "section": "History - Czech Republic", "says": "In January 2023, retired general Petr Pavel won the presidential election, succeeding Zeman."}], "Q843": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Bounded by the Arabian Sea on the south, the Gulf of Oman on the southwest, and the Sir Creek on the southeast, it shares land borders with India to the east; Afghanistan to the west; Iran to the southwest; and China to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares a maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor."}, {"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan, the Indus Valley Civilisation of the Bronze Age, and the ancient Gandhara civilisation."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan, the Indus Valley Civilisation of the Bronze Age, and the ancient Gandhara civilisation."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Samma, the Shah Miris, the Mughals, and finally, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947."}, {"id": "Q4955540", "label": "Hindu Shahis", "section": "lead", "says": "The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Samma, the Shah Miris, the Mughals, and finally, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "lead", "says": "The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Samma, the Shah Miris, the Mughals, and finally, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Samma, the Shah Miris, the Mughals, and finally, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Samma, the Shah Miris, the Mughals, and finally, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "East Pakistan seceded as the new country of Bangladesh in 1971 after a nine-month-long civil war."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "The western regions of Pakistan became a part of the Achaemenid Empire around 517 BCE."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King Porus, at Jhelum."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150 BCE), allowing the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region to prosper."}, {"id": "Q118992", "label": "Menander", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150 BCE), allowing the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region to prosper."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Makran came under Muslim rule in the 7th century CE when it was conquered and a garrison was established under Mu'awiya I (r."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Arab general Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711 CE."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region of Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Upon the defeat of the Turk and Hindu Shahi dynasties which governed the Kabul Valley, Gandhara, and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, several successive Muslim empires ruled over the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Empire, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE)."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE)."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers like the Maratha Empire and later the Sikh Empire, as well as invasions by Nader Shah from Iran in 1739, and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan in 1748."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers like the Maratha Empire and later the Sikh Empire, as well as invasions by Nader Shah from Iran in 1739, and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan in 1748."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers like the Maratha Empire and later the Sikh Empire, as well as invasions by Nader Shah from Iran in 1739, and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan in 1748."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers like the Maratha Empire and later the Sikh Empire, as well as invasions by Nader Shah from Iran in 1739, and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan in 1748."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "The remainder of Sindh was acquired in 1843, and subsequently, through a series of wars and treaties, the East India Company, and later, after the Sepoy Mutiny (1857–1858), direct rule by Queen Victoria of the British Empire, acquired most of the region."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "The remainder of Sindh was acquired in 1843, and subsequently, through a series of wars and treaties, the East India Company, and later, after the Sepoy Mutiny (1857–1858), direct rule by Queen Victoria of the British Empire, acquired most of the region."}, {"id": "Q3246392", "label": "Battle of Miani", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "Key conflicts included those against the Baloch Talpur dynasty, resolved by the Battle of Miani (1843) in Sindh, the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849), and the Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839–1919)."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "An important uprising against the British in the region was the Indian Rebellion of 1857, known at the time as the Sepoy Mutiny."}, {"id": "Q196546", "label": "Syed Ahmed Khan", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "A Muslim intellectual movement, led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to counter the Hindu renaissance, advocated for the two-nation theory and led to the establishment of the All-India Muslim League in 1906."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "In March 1929, in response to the Nehru Report, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, issued his fourteen points, which included proposals to safeguard the interests of the Muslim minority in a united India."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "By 1942, Britain faced considerable strain during World War II, with India directly threatened by Japanese forces."}, {"id": "Q157068", "label": "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Following rigorous discussions involving Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the All-India Muslim League, and Jawaharlal Nehru of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Following rigorous discussions involving Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the All-India Muslim League, and Jawaharlal Nehru of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic calendar, a holy time regarded as auspicious and noted for its religious importance)."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "This new nation amalgamated the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India, comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and Sindh."}, {"id": "Q3246245", "label": "West Punjab", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "This new nation amalgamated the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India, comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and Sindh."}, {"id": "Q295713", "label": "Liaquat Ali Khan", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan, the secretary-general of the party, the nation's first prime minister."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic."}, {"id": "Q7460067", "label": "Shabbir Ahmad Usmani", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i-Islami played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution."}, {"id": "Q155111", "label": "Iskandar Ali Mirza", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "Democracy faced setbacks due to the martial law imposed by President Iskander Mirza, who was succeeded by General Ayub Khan."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "Democracy faced setbacks due to the martial law imposed by President Iskander Mirza, who was succeeded by General Ayub Khan."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "In 1969, President Yahya Khan consolidated control, but faced a devastating cyclone in East Pakistan resulting in 500,000 deaths."}], "Q869": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares land borders with Myanmar to the west and northwest, Laos to the east and northeast, Cambodia to the southeast, and Malaysia to the south."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares land borders with Myanmar to the west and northwest, Laos to the east and northeast, Cambodia to the southeast, and Malaysia to the south."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its maritime boundaries include the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, and it shares maritime borders with Vietnam, Indonesia, and India."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "lead", "says": "During the classical historical period, major kingdoms such as Sukhothai, Lan Na, and Ayutthaya were established."}, {"id": "Q863279", "label": "Sukhothai Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sukhothai Kingdom is regarded as the beginning of Thai history, while the Ayutthaya Kingdom, founded in 1350 CE, became a regional power replacing the Khmer Empire."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sukhothai Kingdom is regarded as the beginning of Thai history, while the Ayutthaya Kingdom, founded in 1350 CE, became a regional power replacing the Khmer Empire."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sukhothai Kingdom is regarded as the beginning of Thai history, while the Ayutthaya Kingdom, founded in 1350 CE, became a regional power replacing the Khmer Empire."}, {"id": "Q1115291", "label": "Thonburi Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of Ayutthaya, King Taksin reunified the kingdom and established the Thonburi Kingdom, which lasted only 15 years before he was overthrown by Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the founder of the Chakri dynasty."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of Ayutthaya, King Taksin reunified the kingdom and established the Thonburi Kingdom, which lasted only 15 years before he was overthrown by Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the founder of the Chakri dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1155700", "label": "Rattanakosin Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "King Rama I established the Rattanakosin Kingdom and moved the capital to Bangkok in 1782."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Siam adapted to international relations during the imperialist era and joined World War I on the side of the Allies, a political decision aimed at revising the effects of unequal treaties and enhancing Siam's international status."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the country was under the military dictatorship of Pl"}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Early Tai confederate cities (673 BCE – 13th century CE)", "says": "In 1262, King Mangrai relocated the Ngoenyang capital to Chiang Mai, founding the Lan Na kingdom."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Dvaravati (7th–11th centuries)", "says": "Dvaravati is associated with Theravada Buddhism, likely transmitted from Sri Lanka, while its ruling class participated in Hindu rites."}, {"id": "Q501356", "label": "Suryavarman I", "section": "History - Lavo", "says": "This prince married a Khmer princess, and their son became Suryavarman I, linking Lavo to Khmer domination."}, {"id": "Q335273", "label": "Jayavarman VII", "section": "History - Lavo", "says": "Angkor pushed to recover influence in 1181 when Jayavarman VII appointed a kinsman to govern Lavapura."}, {"id": "Q889077", "label": "Mahathammaracha I", "section": "History - Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438)", "says": "Sukhothai embraced Theravada Buddhism under Maha Thammaracha I."}, {"id": "Q1332305", "label": "Lavo Kingdom", "section": "History - Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)", "says": "The Ayutthaya Kingdom rose from the earlier Lavo Kingdom and Suphannaphum with Uthong as its first king."}, {"id": "Q889173", "label": "Trailokkanat", "section": "History - Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)", "says": "King Borommatrailokkanat brought about bureaucratic reforms and created the sakdina social hierarchy, instituting male corvée labour."}, {"id": "Q515704", "label": "Naresuan", "section": "History - Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)", "says": "This brief period of vassalage ended when Naresuan proclaimed independence in 1584."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "History - Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)", "says": "In 1765, the Burmese under the Alaungpaya dynasty invaded, and after a 14-month siege, Ayutthaya fell and was burned in April 1767."}, {"id": "Q1352013", "label": "John Crawfurd", "section": "History - Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernisation (1782–1932)", "says": "In 1821, John Crawfurd negotiated trade with Siam."}, {"id": "Q1016779", "label": "Burney Treaty", "section": "History - Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernisation (1782–1932)", "says": "Bangkok signed the Burney Treaty in 1826."}, {"id": "Q745728", "label": "Bowring Treaty", "section": "History - Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernisation (1782–1932)", "says": "King Mongkut (1851–1868) signed the Bowring Treaty, the first of many unequal treaties, which nevertheless spurred trade and development."}, {"id": "Q158861", "label": "Chulalongkorn", "section": "History - Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernisation (1782–1932)", "says": "King Chulalongkorn accelerated modernisation, abolishing slavery and the corvée system, and centralising administration into a modern nation-state."}, {"id": "Q161389", "label": "Vajiravudh", "section": "History - Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernisation (1782–1932)", "says": "Under Vajiravudh, nationalist ideas spread, and Siam joined the First World War on the side of the Allies, allowing it to eventually revoke extraterritoriality."}, {"id": "Q313124", "label": "Prajadhipok", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "The bloodless Siamese revolution of 1932 led by the Khana Ratsadon forced King Prajadhipok to sign a constitution."}, {"id": "Q248893", "label": "Ananda Mahidol", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "King Prajadhipok abdicated, and the young Ananda Mahidol became king."}, {"id": "Q152777", "label": "Plaek Phibunsongkhram", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "Military strongman Plaek Phibunsongkhram became premier in 1938, launching a nationalist, Irredentist, and pro-fascist agenda, changing the country's name to \"Thailand\"."}, {"id": "Q780845", "label": "Franco-Thai War", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "In 1940, Phibun launched the Franco-Thai War to reclaim territories from French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "In 1940, Phibun launched the Franco-Thai War to reclaim territories from French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q855252", "label": "Bhumibol Adulyadej", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "In 1946, King Ananda died mysteriously, and Bhumibol Adulyadej ascended."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "Phibun returned via coup in 1947, aligned Thailand with the US in the Korean War, and helped establish the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)."}, {"id": "Q975621", "label": "Sarit Thanarat", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "He was ousted in 1957 by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, who reinstated autocracy, rooted legitimacy in the monarchy, and aligned with the US during the Vietnam War, executing an anti-communist campaign."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Military dictatorship (1932–1973)", "says": "He was ousted in 1957 by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, who reinstated autocracy, rooted legitimacy in the monarchy, and aligned with the US during the Vietnam War, executing an anti-communist campaign."}, {"id": "Q379827", "label": "Prem Tinsulanonda", "section": "History - Transition towards democracy (1973–2001)", "says": "Under Prem Tinsulanonda in the 1980s, Thailand enjoyed economic growth and semi-democracy (\"premocracy\"), successfully ending the communist insurgency."}, {"id": "Q701841", "label": "Chatchai Chunhawan", "section": "History - Transition towards democracy (1973–2001)", "says": "In 1988, Chatichai Choonhavan became the first freely-elected prime minister since 1976."}, {"id": "Q164373", "label": "Thaksin Shinawatra", "section": "History - Shinawatra era (2001–present)", "says": "The crisis propelled populist Thaksin Shinawatra and his Thai Rak Thai Party to power."}, {"id": "Q2108126", "label": "Prayut Chanocha", "section": "History - Shinawatra era (2001–present)", "says": "Following a period of intense political polarisation, the military seized power in a 2014 coup led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, establishing a junta that governed for nearly a decade."}, {"id": "Q13026319", "label": "Paetongtarn Shinawatra", "section": "History - Shinawatra era (2001–present)", "says": "The subsequent years were characterised by renewed political instability and significant judicial intervention, which led to the consecutive removals of prime ministers Srettha Thavisin and Paetongtarn Shinawatra."}, {"id": "Q16139757", "label": "Anutin Charnvirakul", "section": "History - Shinawatra era (2001–present)", "says": "The instability culminated in the parliamentary election of Anutin Charnvirakul as prime minister, who quickly dissolved the House and led his Bhumjaithai Party to victory in the 2026 election, marking a major electoral revival for Thai conservatism."}], "Q884": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "It constitutes the southern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and the Sea of Japan to the east."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "The lattermost eventually unified most of the peninsula for the first time in the late seventh century AD, while Balhae succeeded Goguryeo in the north."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The succeeding Korean Empire (1897–1910) sought modernization and reform but was annexed in 1910 into the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The succeeding Korean Empire (1897–1910) sought modernization and reform but was annexed in 1910 into the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Japanese rule ended following Japan's surrender in World War II, after which Korea was divided into two zones: the Soviet-occupied northern zone and the United States-occupied southern zone."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "After negotiations on reunification failed, the southern zone became the Republic of Korea in August 1948, while the northern zone became the Soviet-aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea the following month."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1950, a Soviet-backed North Korean invasion triggered the Korean War, one of the first major proxy conflicts of the Cold War, which saw extensive fighting involving the American-led United Nations Command and the People's Volunteer Army from China."}, {"id": "Q28405", "label": "Gojoseon", "section": "History - Ancient Korea", "says": "According to Korea's founding mythology, the history of Korea begins with the founding of Joseon (also known as \"Gojoseon\", or \"Old Joseon\", to differentiate it from the 14th century dynasty) in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun."}, {"id": "Q498791", "label": "Gwanggaeto the Great", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms of Korea", "says": "Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu, who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their respective reigns, achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q48883", "label": "Goguryeo–Sui War", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms of Korea", "says": "In addition to contesting control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties, most notably the Goguryeo–Sui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms of Korea", "says": "Baekje was a maritime power, sometimes called the \"Phoenicia of East Asia\"."}, {"id": "Q497601", "label": "Geunchogo", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms of Korea", "says": "Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of Geunchogo, but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Unified dynasties", "says": "The Korean court surrendered, sending the crown prince to pledge allegiance to Kublai Khan, who accepted Goryeo as a semi-autonomous ally and sealed the submission through marriage."}, {"id": "Q626937", "label": "House of Yi", "section": "History - Unified dynasties", "says": "Yi Seong-gye established the House of Yi, renamed the nation to Joseon in reference to Gojoseon, and moved the capital to Hanseong (one of the old names of Seoul)."}, {"id": "Q37682", "label": "Sejong the Great", "section": "History - Unified dynasties", "says": "The first 200 years of the Joseon dynasty were marked by peace and saw great advancements in science and education, among them the creation of Hangul by Sejong the Great to promote literacy among the common people."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "History - Unified dynasties", "says": "Between 1592 and 1598, Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched invasions of Korea, but the advance was halted by Korean forces (most notably the Joseon Navy led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his renowned \"turtle ship\""}, {"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "History - Unified dynasties", "says": "Between 1592 and 1598, Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched invasions of Korea, but the advance was halted by Korean forces (most notably the Joseon Navy led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his renowned \"turtle ship\""}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Japanese occupation and World War II", "says": "In the late 19th century, Japan became a significant regional power after winning the First Sino-Japanese War against Qing China and the Russo-Japanese War against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Japanese occupation and World War II", "says": "In the late 19th century, Japan became a significant regional power after winning the First Sino-Japanese War against Qing China and the Russo-Japanese War against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Japanese occupation and World War II", "says": "In the late 19th century, Japan became a significant regional power after winning the First Sino-Japanese War against Qing China and the Russo-Japanese War against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q482525", "label": "March First Movement", "section": "History - Japanese occupation and World War II", "says": "This led to the March First Movement protests in 1919 and the subsequent foundation of resistance groups in exile, primarily in China."}, {"id": "Q28278", "label": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea", "section": "History - Japanese occupation and World War II", "says": "Among the resistance groups was Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q313258", "label": "Dean Rusk", "section": "History - Japanese occupation and World War II", "says": "Dean Rusk and Charles H."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Division of Korea", "says": "Despite intentions to liberate a unified peninsula in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States led to the division of Korea into two political entities in 1948: North Korea and South Korea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Division of Korea", "says": "Despite intentions to liberate a unified peninsula in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States led to the division of Korea into two political entities in 1948: North Korea and South Korea."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "History - Division of Korea", "says": "In the South, the United States appointed and supported the former head of the Korean Provisional Government Syngman Rhee as leader."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "History - Division of Korea", "says": "In the North, the Soviets backed a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, Kim Il Sung, who was appointed premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Korean War", "says": "Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War, making it one of the deadliest conflicts of the Cold War era."}, {"id": "Q489416", "label": "April Revolution", "section": "History - Miracle on the Han River", "says": "In 1960, a student uprising (the \"April Revolution\") led to the resignation of the autocratic President Syngman Rhee."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "History - Miracle on the Han River", "says": "This was followed by 13 months of political instability as South Korea was led by the weak and ineffectual Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "History - Miracle on the Han River", "says": "This instability was broken by the May 16, 1961 coup led by General Park Chung Hee."}, {"id": "Q14362", "label": "Chun Doo-hwan", "section": "History - Miracle on the Han River", "says": "In 1979, General Chun Doo-hwan led the coup d'état of December Twelfth."}, {"id": "Q242651", "label": "Roh Tae-woo", "section": "History - Miracle on the Han River", "says": "Eventually, Chun's party, the Democratic Justice Party, and its leader, Roh Tae-woo, announced the June 29 Declaration, which promised a democratic election of the president."}, {"id": "Q45785", "label": "Kim Dae-jung", "section": "History - Democracy", "says": "Roh Tae-woo went on to win the 1987 election by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders, Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam."}, {"id": "Q165210", "label": "Kim Young-sam", "section": "History - Democracy", "says": "Roh Tae-woo went on to win the 1987 election by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders, Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam."}, {"id": "Q10665", "label": "Kim Jong-il", "section": "History - Democracy", "says": "In June 2000, as part of President Kim Dae-jung's \"Sunshine Policy\" of engagement, a North–South summit took place in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, now ruled by Kim Il Sung's son Kim Jong Il."}, {"id": "Q14342", "label": "Lee Myung-bak", "section": "History - Democracy", "says": "However, because of discontent among the population for fruitless approaches to the North under the previous administrations and, amid North Korean provocations, a conservative government was elected in 2007 led by President Lee Myung-bak, former mayor of Seoul."}, {"id": "Q56226", "label": "Kim Jong-un", "section": "History - Contemporary history", "says": "Kim Jong Un succeeded his father as leader of North Korea in 2011, while South Korea elected the first-ever female president Park Geun-hye in the 2012 election."}, {"id": "Q138048", "label": "Park Geun-hye", "section": "History - Contemporary history", "says": "Kim Jong Un succeeded his father as leader of North Korea in 2011, while South Korea elected the first-ever female president Park Geun-hye in the 2012 election."}, {"id": "Q21001", "label": "Moon Jae-in", "section": "History - Contemporary history", "says": "After the fallout of Park's impeachment and dismissal, elections were held and Moon Jae-in of the Democratic Party won the presidency, immediately taking office on May 10, 2017."}, {"id": "Q16090635", "label": "Yoon Suk Yeol", "section": "History - Contemporary history", "says": "In March 2022, Yoon Suk Yeol, the candidate of the conservative opposition People Power Party, won a close election over Democratic Party candidate Lee Jae-myung by the narrowest margin in the history of the Sixth Republic and was sworn in on May 10, 2022."}], "Q191": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Northern Crusades in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Northern Crusades in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After centuries of foreign rule by the Teutonic Order, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and the Russian Empire, a distinct Estonian national identity gained new momentum with the Age of Awakening in the mid-19th century."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Democratic throughout most of the interwar period, Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II, but the country was repeatedly invaded and occupied, and ultimately annexed into the USSR."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "History - The Viking Age", "says": "1030, Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kievan Rus' attempted to subjugate the Chuds (as East Slavic sources called Estonians and related Finnic tribes) in southeast Estonia and captured Tartu."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - The Viking Age", "says": "1030, Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kievan Rus' attempted to subjugate the Chuds (as East Slavic sources called Estonians and related Finnic tribes) in southeast Estonia and captured Tartu."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "History - Christianisation and the Middle Ages", "says": "In 1199, Pope Innocent III declared a crusade to \"defend the Christians of Livonia\"."}, {"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "History - Christianisation and the Middle Ages", "says": "In 1219, the armies of King Valdemar II of Denmark defeated Estonians in the Battle of Lyndanisse (Tallinn), and conquered northern Estonia."}, {"id": "Q2458532", "label": "Terra Mariana", "section": "History - Christianisation and the Middle Ages", "says": "In the 13th century, the newly Christian territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia was named Terra Mariana; later it became known simply as Livonia."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "History - Christianisation and the Middle Ages", "says": "North Estonia became part of the Kingdom of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Christianisation and the Middle Ages", "says": "Towns were the first to embrace Protestantism in the 1520s, and by the 1530s, the majority of the landowners and rural population had adopted Lutheranism."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "History - Swedish and Russian rule", "says": "In 1558, Tsar Ivan the Terrible of Russia (Muscovy) invaded Livonia, starting the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "History - Swedish and Russian rule", "says": "In 1558, Tsar Ivan the Terrible of Russia (Muscovy) invaded Livonia, starting the Livonian War."}, {"id": "Q1352878", "label": "Duchy of Livonia", "section": "History - Swedish and Russian rule", "says": "As a result of the war, Northern Estonia became the Swedish Duchy of Estonia, Southern Estonia became the Polish Duchy of Livonia, and Saaremaa remained under Danish control."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "History - Swedish and Russian rule", "says": "While large parts of the rural population remained in serfdom, legal reforms under King Charles XI of Sweden strengthened both serfs' and free tenant farmers' land usage and inheritance rights, resulting in this period's reputation as \"The Good Old Swedish Time\" in historical memory."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "History - Swedish and Russian rule", "says": "King Gustavus Adolphus established gymnasiums in Tartu (which became the university in 1632) and Tallinn."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "History - Swedish and Russian rule", "says": "The population of Estonia grew rapidly until about 20% of the population died in the Great Famine of 1695–97."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Swedish and Russian rule", "says": "During the 1700–1721 Great Northern War, the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy) conquered the whole of Estonia by 1710."}, {"id": "Q299114", "label": "Konstantin Päts", "section": "History - National awakening and independence", "says": "In the late 1890s, prominent figures like Jaan Tõnisson and Konstantin Päts rose in a new surge of nationalism."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Occupations", "says": "In September 1939, during the Soviet invasion of Poland, Joseph Stalin pressured the Estonian government into signing a \"mutual assistance treaty\", allowing the USSR to establish military bases in Estonia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Occupations", "says": "On 14 June 1940, the Soviet Union instituted a full naval and air blockade on Estonia, and on 16 June, demanded free passage of the Red Army into Estonia and the establishment of a pro-Soviet government."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Occupations", "says": "When Germany launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union on 22 June, the Summer War began in Estonia."}, {"id": "Q12375607", "label": "Summer War", "section": "History - Occupations", "says": "When Germany launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union on 22 June, the Summer War began in Estonia."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - Independence restored", "says": "On 23 August 1987, the Hirvepark meeting in Tallinn called for the public disclosure of the secret protocols of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact that had led to Estonia's occupation."}, {"id": "Q389646", "label": "Baltic Way", "section": "History - Independence restored", "says": "On 23 August 1989, two million people formed the Baltic Way, a human chain spanning Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, to demonstrate unity in pursuit of independence."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Independence restored", "says": "On 23 August 1989, two million people formed the Baltic Way, a human chain spanning Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, to demonstrate unity in pursuit of independence."}], "Q37": [{"id": "Q242436", "label": "Mindaugas", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united for the first time by Mindaugas, who formed the Kingdom of Lithuania on 6 July 1253."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1386, the grand duchy entered into a de facto personal union with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries gradually dismantled it between 1772 and 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In World War II, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany, before being reoccupied by the Soviets in 1944."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In World War II, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany, before being reoccupied by the Soviets in 1944."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early history and Baltic tribes", "says": "The Balts did not maintain close cultural or political contacts with the Roman Empire, while maintaining trade contacts via the Amber Road."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Early history and Baltic tribes", "says": "Rulers' bodies were cremated up until the conversion to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Moreover, by taking advantage of the weakened territory of the former Kievan Rus' due to the Mongol invasion, Mindaugas incorporated Black Ruthenia into Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q638655", "label": "Traidenis", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Traidenis during his reign (1269–1282) reunified all Lithuanian lands and achieved military successes against the crusaders, fighting alongside other Baltic tribes, but was unable to militarily assist the Old Prussians in their Great Uprising."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Grand Duke Gediminas consolidated a hereditary monarchy and established Vilnius as the capital city in his letters."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "In 1385, Lithuania formed a dynastic union with Poland through the Union of Krewo."}, {"id": "Q693964", "label": "Treaty of Melno", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Wars with the Teutonic State in 1409–1411 and in 1422 concluded with the Treaty of Melno."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Due to the unsuccessful beginning of the Livonian War, which resulted in loss of land to the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Due to the unsuccessful beginning of the Livonian War, which resulted in loss of land to the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Pressure by monarch Sigismund II Augustus (a supporter of a close Polish–Lithuanian union), the Lithuanian nobility agreed to conclude the Union of Lublin in 1569 with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which created the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with a joint monarch, with Lithuania remaining a separate state."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Pressure by monarch Sigismund II Augustus (a supporter of a close Polish–Lithuanian union), the Lithuanian nobility agreed to conclude the Union of Lublin in 1569 with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which created the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with a joint monarch, with Lithuania remaining a separate state."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Efforts to restore statehood", "says": "In 1812 Napoleon during the French invasion of Russia established the puppet Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission to support his war efforts."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "History - Efforts to restore statehood", "says": "During the November Uprising (1830–1831) the Lithuanians and Poles jointly attempted to restore their statehoods, however the Russian victory resulted in stricter Russification measures: the Russian language was introduced in all government institutions, Vilnius University was closed in 1832, and theories that Lithuania had been a \"Western Russian\" state since its establishment were propagated."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "History - Efforts to restore statehood", "says": "Subsequently, the Lithuanians once again tried to restore statehood by participating in the January Uprising (1863–1864), but yet another Russian victory resulted in even stronger Russification policies with the introduction of the Lithuanian press ban, pressure on the Catholic Church in Lithuania and Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky's repressions."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "During World War I the German Empire annexed Lithuanian territories from the Russian Empire and they became a part of Ober Ost."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "During World War I the German Empire annexed Lithuanian territories from the Russian Empire and they became a part of Ober Ost."}, {"id": "Q470954", "label": "Władysław Grabski", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "During the Spa Conference of 1920 the Polish prime minister Władysław Grabski, seeking for the Allies help against the Bolsheviks before the decisive Battle of Warsaw, signed an agreement by which Vilnius was given up to the Lithuanians and the Polish Army was to be retreated to the Curzon Line of 8 December 1919."}, {"id": "Q956429", "label": "Suwałki Agreement", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "Later in 1920 the Suwałki Agreement was concluded between Lithuania and Poland, however the next day the Żeligowski's Mutiny began with Piłsudski's backing and soon the Polish forces captured Vilnius Region, including capital city Vilnius, which was unsuccessfully defended by the heavily outnumbered Lithuanian Army soldiers, and established a puppet state of the Republic of Central Lithuania, whic"}, {"id": "Q4116959", "label": "Żeligowski's Mutiny", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "Later in 1920 the Suwałki Agreement was concluded between Lithuania and Poland, however the next day the Żeligowski's Mutiny began with Piłsudski's backing and soon the Polish forces captured Vilnius Region, including capital city Vilnius, which was unsuccessfully defended by the heavily outnumbered Lithuanian Army soldiers, and established a puppet state of the Republic of Central Lithuania, whic"}, {"id": "Q3358934", "label": "Klaipėda Revolt", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "In 1923, the Klaipėda Revolt was organized which unified the Klaipėda Region with Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q161334", "label": "Memelland", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "In 1923, the Klaipėda Revolt was organized which unified the Klaipėda Region with Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q296950", "label": "Antanas Smetona", "section": "History - Restored statehood and occupations", "says": "The 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état replaced the democratically elected government and president with an authoritarian regime led by Antanas Smetona."}, {"id": "Q1540695", "label": "January Events", "section": "History - Since 1990", "says": "A large part of the Lithuanian population participated in the January Events."}, {"id": "Q212751", "label": "Algirdas Brazauskas", "section": "History - Since 1990", "says": "On 14 February 1993, during the direct general elections, Algirdas Brazauskas became the first president after the restoration of independence."}, {"id": "Q2822795", "label": "Schengen Agreement", "section": "History - Since 1990", "says": "On 1 May 2004, it became a full member of the European Union, and a member of the Schengen Agreement in December 2007."}], "Q399": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC and in AD 301 became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC and in AD 301 became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire while most of Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, up to 1.5 million Armenians were systematically exterminated in the Armenian genocide."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Russian Revolution, the First Republic of Armenia declared independence in 1918."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q599590", "label": "Hayasa-Azzi", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Several Bronze Age cultures and states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, Hayasa-Azzi, and Mitanni (located in southwestern historical Armenia), all of which are believed to have had Indo-European populations."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "After the fall of the state of Urartu at the beginning of the 6th century BC, the Armenian highlands were for some time under the hegemony of the Medes, and after that they were part of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which was a branch of the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including Assyria (under Ashurbanipal, at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of Assyria reached as far as Armenia and the Caucasus Mountains), Medes, Achaemenid Empire, Greeks, Pa"}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Sassanid Empire was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in the mid 7th century, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia subsequently emerged as Arminiya, an autonomous principality under the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Sassanid Empire was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in the mid 7th century, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia subsequently emerged as Arminiya, an autonomous principality under the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Sassanid Empire was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in the mid 7th century, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia subsequently emerged as Arminiya, an autonomous principality under the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its centre in the Armenian city Dvin."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q5228183", "label": "Kingdom of Vaspurakan", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of Vaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh, while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings."}, {"id": "Q3653113", "label": "Kingdom of Syunik", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of Vaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh, while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings."}, {"id": "Q1550130", "label": "Kingdom of Artsakh", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of Vaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh, while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Byzantine rule was short-lived, as in 1071 the Seljuk Empire defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "During the 1230s, the Mongol Empire conquered Zakarid Armenia and then the remainder of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Iran divided Armenia."}, {"id": "Q4203073", "label": "Ottoman–Persian Wars", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geopolitical rivalry that would last in West Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires during the Ottoman–Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar dynasties, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q2060524", "label": "Treaty of Zuhab", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar dynasties, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "The 18th century saw the first foray of the Russian Empire into the region, with Peter the Great and his alliance with the Armenian meliks of Syunik and Artsakh during the Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "In the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, Qajar Iran ceded to Russia the Karabakh, Erivan, and Nakhichevan Khanates."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "In the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, Qajar Iran ceded to Russia the Karabakh, Erivan, and Nakhichevan Khanates."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "In response to the 1894 Sasun rebellion, Sultan Abdul Hamid II organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, res"}, {"id": "Q261965", "label": "Nikolai Yudenich", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "The Imperial Russian Caucasus Army, commanded by Nikolai Yudenich, and the Armenian volunteer units, led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian, succeeded in gaining much of Western Armenia during World War I."}, {"id": "Q278864", "label": "Andranik Ozanian", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "The Imperial Russian Caucasus Army, commanded by Nikolai Yudenich, and the Armenian volunteer units, led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian, succeeded in gaining much of Western Armenia during World War I."}, {"id": "Q2577358", "label": "Tovmas Nazarbekian", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "The Imperial Russian Caucasus Army, commanded by Nikolai Yudenich, and the Armenian volunteer units, led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian, succeeded in gaining much of Western Armenia during World War I."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "However, their gains were lost with the October Revolution of 1917."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic."}, {"id": "Q2859495", "label": "Aram Manukian", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "As a result, the Dashnak-dominated government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "Signed between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Western Armenia to it."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "There was even consideration of making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States."}, {"id": "Q269182", "label": "Kâzım Karabekir", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "Under the command of Kâzım Karabekir, they captured the Armenian territories that Imperial Russia had annexed in 1878 and occupied Alexandropol (today Gyumri)."}, {"id": "Q1347812", "label": "Treaty of Alexandropol", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "Hostilities finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920."}, {"id": "Q259843", "label": "Sergo Ordzhonikidze", "section": "History - First Republic of Armenia", "says": "Simultaneously, the 11th Red Army, led by Sergo Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (today Ijevan) on 29 November."}, {"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "History - Sovietization to Stalinism", "says": "The TSFSR later split into three separate republics in December 1936 – the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, and the Georgian SSR."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Sovietization to Stalinism", "says": "Vladimir Lenin, who \"favored a moderate policy in Armenia,\" appointed Alexander Miasnikian, an experienced administrator, to oversee affairs in the republic."}, {"id": "Q1390561", "label": "Alexander Miasnikian", "section": "History - Sovietization to Stalinism", "says": "Vladimir Lenin, who \"favored a moderate policy in Armenia,\" appointed Alexander Miasnikian, an experienced administrator, to oversee affairs in the republic."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Sovietization to Stalinism", "says": "However, after the death of Lenin and the rise of Joseph Stalin to the Soviet leadership, the situation changed significantly."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "History - Sovietization to Stalinism", "says": "Armenians suffered greatly during Stalin's Great Purge, with Lavrentiy Beria playing an especially conspicuous role, beginning with the death of the popular Soviet Armenian leader Aghasi Khanjian in 1936."}, {"id": "Q4692397", "label": "Aghasi Khanjian", "section": "History - Sovietization to Stalinism", "says": "Armenians suffered greatly during Stalin's Great Purge, with Lavrentiy Beria playing an especially conspicuous role, beginning with the death of the popular Soviet Armenian leader Aghasi Khanjian in 1936."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War and post-war period", "says": "Armenia was not the scene of any battles in the Great Patriotic War of World War II."}, {"id": "Q154182", "label": "Battle of Berlin", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War and post-war period", "says": "The 89th Tamanyan Division, composed of ethnic Armenians, fought in the Battle of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q981449", "label": "Ivan Isakov", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War and post-war period", "says": "Over 60 Armenians were promoted to the rank of general, while one attained the rank of Admiral (Ivan Isakov) and three achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union (Ivan Bagramyan, Hamazasp Babadzhanian, and Sergei Khudyakov)."}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War and post-war period", "says": "In March 1954, two years before Khrushchev denounced Stalin, his close ally, the Armenian statesman Anastas Mikoyan, flew to Yerevan and called for the rehabilitation of Charents and the republication of the writers Raphael Patkanian and Raffi."}, {"id": "Q612949", "label": "Levon Ter-Petrosyan", "section": "History - Post-Soviet independence", "says": "Levon Ter-Petrosyan, who rose to prominence during the Karabakh movement, was popularly elected the first president of the newly independent Republic of Armenia in October 1991."}, {"id": "Q76986", "label": "Belovezh Accords", "section": "History - Post-Soviet independence", "says": "The Soviet Union formally dissolved following the Belovezha Accords in December 1991 and Armenia's independence was recognised."}, {"id": "Q279396", "label": "Vazgen Sargsyan", "section": "History - Post-Soviet independence", "says": "Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside defence minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the First Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighbouring Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "History - Post-Soviet independence", "says": "Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside defence minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the First Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighbouring Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q7035479", "label": "Nikol Pashinyan", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "The 2018 Armenian Revolution was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament—Nikol Pashinyan (head of the Civil Contract party)."}, {"id": "Q93153", "label": "Armen Sarkissian", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In March 2018, the Armenian parliament elected Armen Sarkissian as the new President of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q612803", "label": "Serzh Sargsyan", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following widespread anti-government demonstrations."}, {"id": "Q3553274", "label": "Vahagn Khachatryan", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "On 3 March 2022, Vahagn Khachaturyan was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote."}], "Q403": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Balkans, it is bordered by Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia to the northwest, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Balkans, it is bordered by Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia to the northwest, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Balkans, it is bordered by Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia to the northwest, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Balkans, it is bordered by Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia to the northwest, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Continuously inhabited since the Paleolithic age, the territory of modern-day Serbia, then part of the Roman Empire, faced Slavic migrations in the 6th century."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the mid-16th century, the Ottoman Empire annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, in the aftermath of World War I, the Kingdom of Serbia united with the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina; later in the same year, it joined with other South Slavic nations in the foundation of Yugoslavia, which existed in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, in the aftermath of World War I, the Kingdom of Serbia united with the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina; later in the same year, it joined with other South Slavic nations in the foundation of Yugoslavia, which existed in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, in the aftermath of World War I, the Kingdom of Serbia united with the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina; later in the same year, it joined with other South Slavic nations in the foundation of Yugoslavia, which existed in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "As a result of this, contemporary Serbia extends fully or partially over several former Roman provinces, including Moesia, Pannonia, Praevalitana, Dalmatia, Dacia, and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "The most famous of these was Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor, who issued an edict ordering religious tolerance throughout the Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "When the Roman Empire was divided in 395, most of Serbia remained under the Byzantine Empire, and its northwestern parts were included in the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "When the Roman Empire was divided in 395, most of Serbia remained under the Byzantine Empire, and its northwestern parts were included in the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Between 1166 and 1371, Serbia was ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty, under whom the state was elevated to a kingdom in 1217, and an empire in 1346, under Stefan Dušan."}, {"id": "Q872296", "label": "Jovan Nenad", "section": "History - Ottoman and Habsburg rule", "says": "After the loss of statehood to the Ottoman Empire, Serbian resistance continued in northern regions (modern Vojvodina), under titular despots (until 1537), and popular leaders like Jovan Nenad (1526–1527)."}, {"id": "Q690361", "label": "Long War", "section": "History - Ottoman and Habsburg rule", "says": "One of the most significant was the Banat Uprising in 1594 and 1595, which was part of the Long War (1593–1606) between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q1280568", "label": "Arsenije III Čarnojević", "section": "History - Ottoman and Habsburg rule", "says": "As a result of the persecutions, several tens of thousands of Serbs, led by the patriarch, Arsenije III Crnojević, fled northwards to settle in Hungary, an event known as the Great Migration of 1690."}, {"id": "Q297557", "label": "Miloš Obrenović I", "section": "History - Revolution and independence", "says": "The Second Serbian Uprising began in 1815, led by Miloš Obrenović; it ended with a compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities."}, {"id": "Q1993653", "label": "Akkerman Convention", "section": "History - Revolution and independence", "says": "The Akkerman Convention in 1826, the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 and finally, the Hatt-i Sharif, recognised the suzerainty of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and World War I", "says": "In the First Balkan War in 1912, the Balkan League defeated the Ottoman Empire and captured its European territories, which enabled territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia into regions of Raška, Kosovo, Metohija, and Vardarian Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and World War I", "says": "The Second Balkan War soon ensued when Bulgaria turned on its former allies, but was defeated, resulting in the Treaty of Bucharest."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and World War I", "says": "Austria-Hungary became wary of the rising regional power on its borders and its potential to become an anchor for unification of Serbs and other South Slavs, and the relationship between the two countries became tense."}, {"id": "Q43063", "label": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and World War I", "says": "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Young Bosnia organisation, led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, on 28 July 1914, setting off World War I."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and World War I", "says": "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Young Bosnia organisation, led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, on 28 July 1914, setting off World War I."}, {"id": "Q697748", "label": "Battle of Cer", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and World War I", "says": "Serbia won the first major battles of the war, including the Battle of Cer, and the Battle of Kolubara."}, {"id": "Q682699", "label": "Battle of Kolubara", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and World War I", "says": "Serbia won the first major battles of the war, including the Battle of Cer, and the Battle of Kolubara."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "The Corfu Declaration was a formal agreement between the government-in-exile of the Kingdom of Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee (anti-Habsburg South Slav émigrés) that pledged to unify Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Montenegro with Austria-Hungary's South Slav autonomous crown lands: Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Kingdom of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Vojvodina (then part of the Kingdom of Hungary) and "}, {"id": "Q3324855", "label": "Banat, Bačka and Baranja", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "Just a day later, the Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja declared the unification of these regions (Banat, Bačka, and Baranja) with Serbia."}, {"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "Nikola Pašić, a conservative prime minister, headed or dominated most governments until his death."}, {"id": "Q371355", "label": "Vlado Chernozemski", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "Alexander was assassinated in Marseille, during an official visit in 1934 by Vlado Chernozemski, member of the IMRO."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The territory of modern Serbia was divided between Hungary, Bulgaria, the Independent State of Croatia, Greater Albania and Montenegro, while the remainder was placed under the military administration of Nazi Germany, with Serbian puppet governments led by Milan Aćimović and Milan Nedić assisted by Dimitrije Ljotić's fascist organisation Yugoslav National Movement (Zbor)."}, {"id": "Q2609181", "label": "Milan Aćimović", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The territory of modern Serbia was divided between Hungary, Bulgaria, the Independent State of Croatia, Greater Albania and Montenegro, while the remainder was placed under the military administration of Nazi Germany, with Serbian puppet governments led by Milan Aćimović and Milan Nedić assisted by Dimitrije Ljotić's fascist organisation Yugoslav National Movement (Zbor)."}, {"id": "Q167443", "label": "Milan Nedić", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The territory of modern Serbia was divided between Hungary, Bulgaria, the Independent State of Croatia, Greater Albania and Montenegro, while the remainder was placed under the military administration of Nazi Germany, with Serbian puppet governments led by Milan Aćimović and Milan Nedić assisted by Dimitrije Ljotić's fascist organisation Yugoslav National Movement (Zbor)."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Yugoslav territory was the scene of a civil war between royalist Chetniks commanded by Draža Mihailović and communist partisans commanded by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Yugoslav territory was the scene of a civil war between royalist Chetniks commanded by Draža Mihailović and communist partisans commanded by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q2763", "label": "The Holocaust", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "After one year of occupation, around 16,000 Serbian Jews were murdered in the area, or around 90% of its pre-war Jewish population during The Holocaust in Serbia."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Serbs fled the Axis puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia and sought refuge in German-occupied Serbia, seeking to escape the large-scale persecution and Genocide of Serbs, Jews, and Roma being committed by the Ustaše regime."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "According to Tito himself, Serbs made up the vast majority of anti-fascist fighters and Yugoslav Partisans for the whole course of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "According to Tito himself, Serbs made up the vast majority of anti-fascist fighters and Yugoslav Partisans for the whole course of World War II."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Republic of Užice was a short-lived liberated territory established by the Partisans and the first liberated territory in World War II Europe, organised as a military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1941 in the west of occupied Serbia."}, {"id": "Q164756", "label": "Aleksandar Ranković", "section": "History - Socialist Yugoslavia", "says": "Serbia's most powerful and influential politician in Tito-era Yugoslavia was Aleksandar Ranković, one of the \"big four\" Yugoslav leaders."}, {"id": "Q318161", "label": "Helsinki Accords", "section": "History - Socialist Yugoslavia", "says": "Belgrade, the capital of FPR Yugoslavia and PR Serbia, hosted the first Non-Aligned Movement Summit in September 1961, as well as the first major gathering of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) with the aim of implementing the Helsinki Accords from October 1977 to March 1978."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "History - Breakup of Yugoslavia and political transition", "says": "In 1989, Slobodan Milošević rose to power in Serbia."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "History - Breakup of Yugoslavia and political transition", "says": "In 1998, continued clashes between the Albanian guerilla Kosovo Liberation Army and Yugoslav security forces led to the short Kosovo War (1998–99), in which NATO intervened, leading to the withdrawal of Serbian forces and the establishment of UN administration in the province."}, {"id": "Q222031", "label": "Aleksandar Vučić", "section": "History - Contemporary period", "says": "In 2012 Aleksandar Vučić and his Serbian Progressive Party came to power."}], "Q232": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, and it has a coastline along the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, and it has a coastline along the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, and it has a coastline along the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the south."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the south."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three jüz (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, it became an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, it became an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, it became an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Other groups included the nomadic Scythians and the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the southern territory of the modern country."}, {"id": "Q2607292", "label": "Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Turkic period", "says": "In 630, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was defeated by the Chinese and incorporated into the Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Turkic period", "says": "In 658, the Western Turkic Khaganate suffered a similar fate after its defeat by Tang forces."}, {"id": "Q387151", "label": "Ilterish Qaghan", "section": "History - Turkic period", "says": "Turkic political power was later restored when Kutlug Ilterish Qaghan revived the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 682."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "History - Turkic period", "says": "They later came under pressure from the Samanid Empire and eventually became associated with the rise of the Karakhanid state."}, {"id": "Q2477776", "label": "Kimek Khanate", "section": "History - Turkic period", "says": "Between the 9th and 11th centuries, much of western and central Kazakhstan came under the control of the Kimek Khanate, whose rulers adopted the title of khagan."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "History - Turkic period", "says": "Their ruling elites played an influential role in the politics of Khwarazm, and by the 12th century Kipchak cavalry had become a major military force within the Khwarazmian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1374159", "label": "Urus Khan", "section": "History - Golden Horde", "says": "Kazakh oral tradition preserved this view through stories about rulers of the Jochid Ulus, including Genghis Khan, Jochi, Batu Khan, Jani Beg, Tokhtamysh, Urus Khan, and Edigu."}, {"id": "Q2467956", "label": "Kasym", "section": "History - Kazakh Khanate", "says": "During the reigns of Burunduk Khan (ruled 1488–1509) and Kasym Khan (1509–18), the Kazakhs were the masters of virtually the entire steppe region, reportedly able to field 200,000 cavalry and feared by all their neighbours."}, {"id": "Q4177117", "label": "Esim Khan", "section": "History - Kazakh Khanate", "says": "Esim Khan succeeded his brother Tawakul Khan."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "History - Kazakh Khanate", "says": "After Tursun Muhammad Khan seized power in the 1610s, Esim retreated to the Yarkent Khanate, where he ruled over part of the Kyrgyz and allied with Khan Abd ar-Rahim."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Kazakh Khanate", "says": "From 1635, the Kazakhs began waging war against the newly established Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q2497155", "label": "Tauke Khan", "section": "History - Kazakh Khanate", "says": "After Jangir, Tauke Khan ascended the throne and distinguished himself as a military commander in wars against the Dzungars and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Kazakh Khanate", "says": "After Jangir, Tauke Khan ascended the throne and distinguished himself as a military commander in wars against the Dzungars and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "History - Kazakh Khanate", "says": "He also pursued an active foreign policy, intervening in succession disputes in Moghulistan, maintaining diplomatic relations with Russia"}, {"id": "Q154100", "label": "Pugachev's Rebellion", "section": "History - Russian Kazakhstan", "says": "In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of Pugachev's Rebellion, which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and Volga German settlements."}, {"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "History - Russian Kazakhstan", "says": "The \"Great Game\" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907."}, {"id": "Q1779823", "label": "Alash Autonomy", "section": "History - Kazakh SSR", "says": "Following the collapse of central government in Petrograd in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as \"Kirghiz\") experienced a brief period of autonomy (the Alash Autonomy) before eventually succumbing to the Bolsheviks' rule."}, {"id": "Q168811", "label": "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Kazakh SSR", "says": "On 5 December 1936 the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, a full union republic of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q57394", "label": "Nūrsūltan Nazarbaev", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Nursultan Nazarbayev, the communist-era leader of Kazakhstan, became the country's first president."}, {"id": "Q200881", "label": "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "His successor, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, won the 2019 presidential election and took office o"}], "Q796": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Located within the Middle East, it is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in the 6th millennium BC, the fertile plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates rivers, referred to as Mesopotamia, fostered the rise of early cities, civilisations, and empires including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia in the 7th century, Iraq became the metropole of the Abbasid Caliphate with Baghdad emerging as a global cultural and intellectual hub during the Islamic Golden Age, home to institutions such as the House of Wisdom."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Since independence in 1932 after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Iraq has experienced spells of significant economic and military growth alongside periods of instability and conflict."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Ba'ath Party took power in 1968, establishing a one-party state under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and later Saddam Hussein, who presided over war against Iran from 1980 to 1988 and then invaded Kuwait in 1990."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "From 2013 to 2017, Iraq faced another major conflict with the rise and defeat of the Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Following the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE, Mesopotamia remained a core region of the Achaemenid Empire, with its existing population and local institutions continuing in use."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Maintaining Mesopotamian royal tradition, Cyrus the Great adopted titles such as King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and King of the Four Corners, while continuing the Assyrian-derived imperial title King of Kings, which remained in use into late antiquity."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In late antiquity, Mesopotamia formed part of the decentralized Parthian Empire, which contained numerous semi-autonomous kingdoms and maintained Aramaic as a lingua franca alongside Mesopotamian religious traditions."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "This period of decentralized rule in Iraq ended with the rise of the Seljuk Empire, whose capture of Baghdad in 1055 ended Buyid dominance and left the Abbasid caliphs as largely ceremonial figures under Seljuk rule."}, {"id": "Q2060524", "label": "Treaty of Zuhab", "section": "History - Early Modern Period", "says": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, Iraq was a major frontier of the Ottoman–Safavid wars, with Baghdad changing hands several times until the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639 confirmed Ottoman control."}, {"id": "Q369930", "label": "Midhat Pasha", "section": "History - Early Modern Period", "says": "Midhat Pasha introduced further reforms in taxation, land registration, infrastructure, education, and communications, reforms often seen as laying the groundwork for the modern Iraq."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Modern Iraq", "says": "Iraq's modern history began in the wake of World War I, as the region emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "History - Modern Iraq", "says": "Despite agreements made with Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif of Makkah, the European powers had different plans for the region."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Republic and Ba'athist Iraq", "says": "The United Kingdom deployed its army on the Iraq–Kuwait border, which forced Qasim to back down."}, {"id": "Q307494", "label": "Abdul Salam Arif", "section": "History - Republic and Ba'athist Iraq", "says": "However internal division within Ba'athist factions caused another coup in November, which brought Colonel Abdul Salam Arif to power."}, {"id": "Q307393", "label": "Abdul Rahman Arif", "section": "History - Republic and Ba'athist Iraq", "says": "After the latter's death in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Rahman Arif."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "History - Republic and Ba'athist Iraq", "says": "The Algiers Agreement signed in 1975 by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Saddam resolved the dispute and Iran withdrew support for the Kurds, resulting in their defeat in the war."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "History - Republic and Ba'athist Iraq", "says": "In 1973, Iraq participated in the Yom Kippur War against Israel, alongside Syria and Egypt."}, {"id": "Q965174", "label": "Coalition Provisional Authority", "section": "History - Post-invasion Iraq", "says": "The US-created Coalition Provisional Authority introduced the current political system of the country."}], "Q851": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north, the Arabian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "lead", "says": "Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdulaziz, who united Hejaz, Najd, parts of Eastern Arabia and South Arabia into a single state through a series of military and political campaigns beginning in 1902."}, {"id": "Q2011891", "label": "Third Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom is the Third Saudi State and the successor to the First Saudi State (1727–1818) and the Second Saudi State (1824–1891)."}, {"id": "Q146871", "label": "First Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom is the Third Saudi State and the successor to the First Saudi State (1727–1818) and the Second Saudi State (1824–1891)."}, {"id": "Q146862", "label": "Second Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom is the Third Saudi State and the successor to the First Saudi State (1727–1818) and the Second Saudi State (1824–1891)."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The country has since been governed as an absolute monarchy under the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q19686631", "label": "Yemeni Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saudi government has attracted criticism for various policies such as its intervention in the Yemeni Civil War, restrictions on political and civil liberties, and poor human rights record."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic", "says": "It is common to view that Midian designated a confederation of tribes, the sedentary element settled in the Hijaz while its nomadic affiliates pastured and sometimes pillaged as far away as Palestine."}, {"id": "Q138803", "label": "Qarmatians", "section": "History - Middle Ages and rise of Islam", "says": "For much of the 10th century, the Isma'ili-Shi'ite Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q12229205", "label": "Uyunid Emirate", "section": "History - Middle Ages and rise of Islam", "says": "The Uyunid Emirate later underwent expansion, with its territory stretching from Najd to the Syrian Desert."}, {"id": "Q3818611", "label": "Usfurids", "section": "History - Middle Ages and rise of Islam", "says": "They were overthrown by the Usfurids in 1253."}, {"id": "Q20395996", "label": "Al-Muntafiq", "section": "History - Middle Ages and rise of Islam", "says": "Al-Muntafiq tribe later took over the region and came under Ottoman suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q1319659", "label": "Muhammad bin Saud", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began at the town of Diriyah in central Arabia with the accession as emir of Muhammad bin Saud on 22 February 1727."}, {"id": "Q56885910", "label": "Emirate of Diriyah", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "The Emirate of Diriyah established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, sacking Karbala in 1802, and capturing Mecca in 1803."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "In 1818, it was destroyed by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q169949", "label": "Al Rashid", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid, who ruled the Emirate of Jabal Shammar."}, {"id": "Q5362837", "label": "Emirate of Jabal Shammar", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid, who ruled the Emirate of Jabal Shammar."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have a suzerainty over most of the peninsula."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son, Abdulaziz—later known as Ibn Saud—recaptured control of Riyadh bringing the Al Saud back to Nejd, creating the third \"Saudi state\"."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "In 1916, with the encouragement and support of Britain (which was fighting the Ottomans in World War I), the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, led a pan-Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united Arab state."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "In 1916, with the encouragement and support of Britain (which was fighting the Ottomans in World War I), the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, led a pan-Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united Arab state."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "Ibn Saud avoided involvement in the Arab Revolt and instead continued his struggle with the Al Rashid."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "History - Saud dynasty and unification", "says": "With the help of the Ikhwan, the Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25, and on 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself king of Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q217167", "label": "King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1964 he was deposed in favour of his half brother Faisal of Saudi Arabia, after an intense rivalry, fuelled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1973, Saudi Arabia led an oil boycott against the Western countries that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria, leading to the quadrupling of oil prices."}, {"id": "Q829839", "label": "Grand Mosque Seizure", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The second event was the Grand Mosque Seizure in Mecca by Islamist extremists."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own Arab Spring protests."}], "Q1033": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "Nigeria borders Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west."}, {"id": "Q1591030", "label": "Hausa Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hausa Kingdoms inhabited the north, with the Edo Kingdom of Benin in the south, the Igbo Kingdom of Nri in the southeast, and in the southwest the Yoruba Empire of Oyo."}, {"id": "Q171203", "label": "Benin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hausa Kingdoms inhabited the north, with the Edo Kingdom of Benin in the south, the Igbo Kingdom of Nri in the southeast, and in the southwest the Yoruba Empire of Oyo."}, {"id": "Q145749", "label": "Kingdom of Nri", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hausa Kingdoms inhabited the north, with the Edo Kingdom of Benin in the south, the Igbo Kingdom of Nri in the southeast, and in the southwest the Yoruba Empire of Oyo."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 19th century, the Fulani Jihads culminated in the Sokoto Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q1139762", "label": "Kanem-Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Kanem–Bornu Empire was a long-lived major Islamic power in the region."}, {"id": "Q2030595", "label": "Idris Alooma", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Under rulers such as Mai Idris Alooma, much of Hausaland was brought into tributary status under Borno."}, {"id": "Q849623", "label": "Oyo Empire", "section": "History - Pre-colonial era", "says": "Several kingdoms that directly or indirectly participated in the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the  Benin Empire in the south, Oyo Empire in the southwest, and the Aro Confederacy in the southeast."}, {"id": "Q761370", "label": "Aro Confederacy", "section": "History - Pre-colonial era", "says": "Several kingdoms that directly or indirectly participated in the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the  Benin Empire in the south, Oyo Empire in the southwest, and the Aro Confederacy in the southeast."}, {"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Pre-colonial era", "says": "In the north, the incessant fighting amongst the Hausa city-states and the decline of the Bornu Empire allowed the Fulani people to gain headway into the region."}, {"id": "Q617278", "label": "Anglo-Aro War", "section": "History - British colonisation and independence", "says": "By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the company had vastly succeeded in subjugating the independent southern kingdoms along the Niger River, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - British colonisation and independence", "says": "In 1900, the company's territory came under the direct control of the British government and established the Southern Nigeria Protectorate as a British protectorate and part of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q401032", "label": "Ahmadu Bello", "section": "History - Early republic and civil war", "says": "Because Akintola was an ally of Ahmadu Bello, the undisputed strong man of Nigeria, Akintola was criticised as being a tool of the North."}, {"id": "Q335684", "label": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa", "section": "History - Early republic and civil war", "says": "The coup plotters succeeded in assassinating Sir Ahmadu Bello and Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa alongside prominent leaders of the Northern Region and Premier Samuel Akintola of the Western Region, but the plotters struggled to form a central government."}, {"id": "Q380668", "label": "Shehu Shagari", "section": "History - Military dictatorship and coups", "says": "In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president."}, {"id": "Q361567", "label": "Muhammadu Buhari", "section": "History - Military dictatorship and coups", "says": "The 1983 military coup d'état was coordinated by key officers of the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the government and the installation of Major General Muhammadu Buhari as head of state."}, {"id": "Q333415", "label": "Ibrahim Babangida", "section": "History - Military dictatorship and coups", "says": "Ibrahim Babangida overthrew Buhari in the coup d'état of 1985."}, {"id": "Q202006", "label": "Olusegun Obasanjo", "section": "History - 1999–present", "says": "On 29 May 1999, Abubakar handed over power to the winner of the 1999 presidential election, former military ruler General Olusegun Obasanjo, as President of Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q57380", "label": "Goodluck Jonathan", "section": "History - 1999–present", "says": "Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010, and Vice President Goodluck Jonathan had been sworn in by the Senate three months earlier as acting president to succeed Yar'Adua."}], "Q664": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is the sixth-largest island country by area and lies east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga."}, {"id": "Q42188", "label": "Abel Tasman", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1642, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight and record New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1769, the British explorer Captain James Cook became the first European to set foot on and map New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which paved the way for Britain's declaration of sovereignty later that year and the establishment of the Colony of New Zealand in 1841."}, {"id": "Q1192398", "label": "Musket Wars", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The resulting intertribal Musket Wars encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori."}, {"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by Charles de Thierry, the nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand sent a Declaration of Independence to King William IV of the United Kingdom asking for protection."}, {"id": "Q1510144", "label": "Wairau Affray", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "Armed conflict began between the colonial government and Māori in 1843 with the Wairau Affray over land and disagreements over sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q20875", "label": "Edward VII", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a Dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a Dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "At the 1926 Imperial Conference, the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and the Dominions unanimously declared that all were equal and autonomous members of the British Commonwealth of Nations."}], "Q218": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q723608", "label": "Trajan's Dacian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Romania was settled during the Lower Paleolithic, later becoming Dacia before Trajan's Dacian Wars and Romanisation."}, {"id": "Q294832", "label": "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", "section": "lead", "says": "The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 with the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia under Alexandru Ioan Cuza, becoming the Kingdom of Romania in 1881 under Carol I of Romania."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Romania gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, formalised by the Treaty of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, and Bessarabia joined the Old Kingdom, forming Greater Romania, which reached its largest territorial extent."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, under Axis pressure, Romania lost territories to Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II, it regained Northern Transylvania through the Paris Peace Treaties."}, {"id": "Q322943", "label": "Paris Peace Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II, it regained Northern Transylvania through the Paris Peace Treaties."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "Neolithic agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from Thessaly in the 6th millennium BC."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Among the native peoples, Herodotus listed the Getae of the Lower Danube region, the Agathyrsi of Transylvania and the Syginnae of the plains along the river Tisza at the beginning of the 5th century BC."}, {"id": "Q309869", "label": "Burebista", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Burebista was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes."}, {"id": "Q28928", "label": "Decebalus", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Dacia was again united under Decebalus around 85 AD."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The Romans could not resist, and Emperor Aurelian ordered the evacuation of the province Dacia Trajana in the 270s."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as Scythia Minor) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Magyars (or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the 830s, but the Bulgarians and the Pechenegs forced them to abandon this region for the lowlands along the Middle Danube around 894."}, {"id": "Q10975458", "label": "Maramureș", "section": "History - Early modern times and national awakening", "says": "Transylvania and Maramureș, along with the rest of Banat and Crișana, developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the Principality of Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "History - Early modern times and national awakening", "says": "The Reformation, initiated in Germany by Martin Luther in 1517, encouraged the spread of Protestantism across the region; by 1568, the Edict of Torda formally granted local communities the right to choose their own preachers, sanctioning the existence of four \"received\" religions (Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Unitarianism."}, {"id": "Q118755", "label": "Michael the Brave", "section": "History - Early modern times and national awakening", "says": "The Wallachian prince, Michael the Brave, united the three principalities under his rule in May 1600."}, {"id": "Q313494", "label": "Gabriel Bethlen", "section": "History - Early modern times and national awakening", "says": "Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania, Matei Basarab of Wallachia, and Vasile Lupu of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy."}, {"id": "Q719546", "label": "Matei Basarab", "section": "History - Early modern times and national awakening", "says": "Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania, Matei Basarab of Wallachia, and Vasile Lupu of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy."}, {"id": "Q220653", "label": "Vasile Lupu", "section": "History - Early modern times and national awakening", "says": "Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania, Matei Basarab of Wallachia, and Vasile Lupu of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy."}, {"id": "Q159933", "label": "Dimitrie Cantemir", "section": "History - Early modern times and national awakening", "says": "Princes Dimitrie Cantemir of Moldavia and Consta"}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "History - From the Little Union to the Great War", "says": "In 1913, Romania entered the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria, at the end of which it obtained Southern Dobruja."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War I and the Great Union", "says": "In 1916, Romania entered World War I on the side of the Entente Powers."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "History - World War I and the Great Union", "says": "This act was ratified in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon, which defined the new border between Hungary and Romania."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, in June 1940 Romania accepted the loss of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region in favour of the USSR (as stipulated in the Soviet ultimatum of 28 June 1940)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Unaware of the details of the Soviet–German pact, Carol attempted to secure an alliance with Nazi Germany, and appointed Ion Gigurtu as President of the Council of Ministers, who declared that he would pursue a Nazi pro-Axis (Berlin–Rome) policy that was anti-Semitic and fascist-totalitarian in nature."}, {"id": "Q921959", "label": "Ion Gigurtu", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Unaware of the details of the Soviet–German pact, Carol attempted to secure an alliance with Nazi Germany, and appointed Ion Gigurtu as President of the Council of Ministers, who declared that he would pursue a Nazi pro-Axis (Berlin–Rome) policy that was anti-Semitic and fascist-totalitarian in nature."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In response to the chaotic withdrawal from Bessarabia, the territorial cessions, public discontent, and protests from political leaders, King Carol II suspended the 1938 Constitution of Romania and appointed General Ion Antonescu as Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "On 23 August 1944, with the Soviet army having been present in northern Moldova since March, King Mihai I forcibly removed Marshal Ion Antonescu from power, as he refused to sign an armistice with the Allies of World War II."}, {"id": "Q294072", "label": "Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej", "section": "History - Socialist Romania (1947–1989)", "says": "In 1965, communist leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej died, ushering in a period of change in Romania."}, {"id": "Q80504", "label": "Nicolae Ceaușescu", "section": "History - Socialist Romania (1947–1989)", "says": "After a brief power struggle, Nicolae Ceaușescu emerged as the head of the communist party, becoming General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party in 1965, President of the State Council in 1967, and President of the Socialist Republic of Romania in 1974."}, {"id": "Q189575", "label": "Ion Iliescu", "section": "History - Romania since 1989", "says": "An interim council composed of figures from civil society and former communist officials assumed control of the government, and Ion Iliescu became the provisional president of the country."}, {"id": "Q2368744", "label": "Golaniad", "section": "History - Romania since 1989", "says": "The new government reversed many of the authoritarian communist policies and dismissed several leaders of the former regime, although still influenced by members of the former regime (the basis for the Golaniad, and Mineriads)."}, {"id": "Q299152", "label": "Emil Constantinescu", "section": "History - Romania since 1989", "says": "Illiescu lost the 1996 election to Emil Constantinescu, but returned to power in 2000."}, {"id": "Q57279", "label": "Traian Băsescu", "section": "History - Romania since 1989", "says": "Traian Băsescu was elected president in 2004 and 2009, serving until 2014 at which point Klaus Iohannis succeeded him, being re-elected in 2019 and serving until 2025."}, {"id": "Q701484", "label": "Klaus Iohannis", "section": "History - Romania since 1989", "says": "Traian Băsescu was elected president in 2004 and 2009, serving until 2014 at which point Klaus Iohannis succeeded him, being re-elected in 2019 and serving until 2025."}], "Q230": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north and northeast by Russia; to the west by the Black Sea, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 4th century, Georgians officially adopted Christianity, which contributed to their unification under the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in the 15th century, the kingdom declined and disintegrated under relentless attacks from hostile empires like the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Georgia requested support from the Russian Empire, which ended up gradually annexing the country starting in 1801."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia briefly emerged as an independent republic under German protection."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the country was invaded and annexed by the Red Army in 1921; it then became a republic of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q219470", "label": "Rose Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the peaceful Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia strongly pursued a pro-Western foreign policy, introducing a series of reforms aimed at integration into the European Union and NATO."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The region was annexed by the Kingdom of Pontus and then by the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Eastern Georgia remained a decentralized mosaic of various clans (ruled by individual mamasakhlisi) until the 4th century BC when it was conquered by Alexander the Great, eventually leading to the creation of the Kingdom of Iberia under the protectorate of the Seleucid Empire, an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy."}, {"id": "Q19083", "label": "Kingdom of Iberia", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Eastern Georgia remained a decentralized mosaic of various clans (ruled by individual mamasakhlisi) until the 4th century BC when it was conquered by Alexander the Great, eventually leading to the creation of the Kingdom of Iberia under the protectorate of the Seleucid Empire, an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Eastern Georgia remained a decentralized mosaic of various clans (ruled by individual mamasakhlisi) until the 4th century BC when it was conquered by Alexander the Great, eventually leading to the creation of the Kingdom of Iberia under the protectorate of the Seleucid Empire, an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy."}, {"id": "Q529685", "label": "Mirian III of Iberia", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 337, King Mirian III adopted Christianity as the state religion of Iberia, beginning the Christianization of the Western Caucasus region and solidly anchoring it in Rome's sphere of influence by abandoning the ancient Georgian polytheistic religion heavily influenced by Zoroastrianism."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 337, King Mirian III adopted Christianity as the state religion of Iberia, beginning the Christianization of the Western Caucasus region and solidly anchoring it in Rome's sphere of influence by abandoning the ancient Georgian polytheistic religion heavily influenced by Zoroastrianism."}, {"id": "Q4349895", "label": "Peace of Acilisene", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "However, the Peace of Acilisene in 384 formalized the Sasanian control over the entire Caucasus, though Christian rulers of Iberia sought to rebel at times, leading to devastating wars in the 5th–6th centuries, most famously under the rule of King Vakhtang I who expanded Iberia to its largest historical extent by capturing all of western Georgia and building his capital at Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q359956", "label": "Vakhtang I of Iberia", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "However, the Peace of Acilisene in 384 formalized the Sasanian control over the entire Caucasus, though Christian rulers of Iberia sought to rebel at times, leading to devastating wars in the 5th–6th centuries, most famously under the rule of King Vakhtang I who expanded Iberia to its largest historical extent by capturing all of western Georgia and building his capital at Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Medieval unification", "says": "In 580, the Sasanian Empire abolished the Kingdom of Iberia, leading to the disintegration of its constituent territories into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Medieval unification", "says": "The Roman–Persian wars plunged the region into chaos, with both Persia and Constantinople supporting various warring factions in the Caucasus, however, the Byzantine Empire was able to establish control over Georgian territories by the end of the 6th century, ruling Iberia indirectly through a local Kouropalates."}, {"id": "Q1337828", "label": "Emirate of Tbilisi", "section": "History - Medieval unification", "says": "In 645, the Arabs invaded southeastern Georgia, starting an extended period of Muslim domination in the region; this also led to the establishment of several feudal states seeking independence from each other, such as the Emirate of Tbilisi and the Principality of Kakheti."}, {"id": "Q2082222", "label": "Lazic War", "section": "History - Medieval unification", "says": "Western Georgia remained mostly a Byzantine protectorate, especially following the Lazic War."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Medieval unification", "says": "Consolidating lands in the southwestern region of Tao-Klarjeti, Prince Ashot I (813–830) used infighting between Arab governors to expand his influence to Iberia and was recognized as Presiding Prince of Iberia by both the Abbasid Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q325493", "label": "Kingdom of Abkhazia", "section": "History - Medieval unification", "says": "In western Georgia, the Kingdom of Abkhazia benefited from the weakening of Byzantium in the region to unify various tribes and become one of the most powerful states of the Caucasus in the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Golden Age and division", "says": "However, ties between Byzantium and Georgia were normalized when the two countries faced a new common enemy, the rising Seljuk Empire in the 1060s."}, {"id": "Q1192616", "label": "Battle of Didgori", "section": "History - Golden Age and division", "says": "In 1121, he decisively defeated much larger Turkish armies during the Battle of Didgori and abolished the Emirate of Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Golden Age and division", "says": "Supported by a powerful military elite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire that dominated the Caucasus, and extended over large parts of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, eastern Turkey, and northern Iran, and used the vacuum of power left by the Fourth Crusade to create the Empire of Trebizond as a Georgian vassal state."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - Golden Age and division", "says": "Supported by a powerful military elite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire that dominated the Caucasus, and extended over large parts of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, eastern Turkey, and northern Iran, and used the vacuum of power left by the Fourth Crusade to create the Empire of Trebizond as a Georgian vassal state."}, {"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "In 1649, the Kingdom of Imereti sent ambassadors to the Russian royal court, with Russia returning the favour in 1651."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "In the presence of these ambassadors, Alexander III of Imereti swore an oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia on behalf of Imereti."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "In the presence of these ambassadors, Alexander III of Imereti swore an oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia on behalf of Imereti."}, {"id": "Q4203073", "label": "Ottoman–Persian Wars", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "As a result of incessant Ottoman–Persian Wars and deportations, the population of Georgia dwindled to 784,700 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "Eastern Georgia, composed of the regions of Kartli and Kakheti, had been under Iranian suzerainty since the Peace of Amasya signed with neighbouring rivalling Ottoman Turkey (Safavid Georgia)."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "With the death of Nader Shah in 1747, both kingdoms broke free and were reunified through a personal union under the energetic king Heraclius II, who succeeded in stabilizing Eastern Georgia to a degree."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "In 1783, Russia and the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, which made eastern Georgia a protectorate of Russia, guaranteed its territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagrationi dynasty in return for prerogatives in the conduct of Georgian foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "In 1783, Russia and the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, which made eastern Georgia a protectorate of Russia, guaranteed its territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagrationi dynasty in return for prerogatives in the conduct of Georgian foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q239260", "label": "Pyotr Bagration", "section": "History - Tripartite division", "says": "Pyotr Bagration, one of the descendants of the abolished house of Bagrationi, later joined the Russian army and became a prominent general in the Napoleonic wars."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "History - Within the Russian Empire", "says": "On 22 December 1800, Tsar Paul I of Russia, at the alleged request of the Georgian King George XII, signed the proclamation on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire, which was finalized by a decree on 8 January 1801, and confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on 12 September 1801."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Within the Russian Empire", "says": "Russian suzerainty over eastern Georgia was officially finalized with Iran in 1813 following the Treaty of Gulistan."}, {"id": "Q743046", "label": "Russo-Turkish Wars", "section": "History - Within the Russian Empire", "says": "During the Russo-Turkish Wars, numerous Georgians commanded Russian armies against the Turks, including Ivane Andronikashvili, Ivane Jambakurian-Orbeliani, and Ivane Bagration of Mukhrani."}, {"id": "Q2627602", "label": "Mukhrani", "section": "History - Within the Russian Empire", "says": "During the Russo-Turkish Wars, numerous Georgians commanded Russian armies against the Turks, including Ivane Andronikashvili, Ivane Jambakurian-Orbeliani, and Ivane Bagration of Mukhrani."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was established with Nikolay Chkheidze acting as its president."}, {"id": "Q504419", "label": "Nikolay Chkheidze", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was established with Nikolay Chkheidze acting as its president."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "However, Georgians were not content with this cohabitation, and because of irreconcilable foreign policy differences Georgia declared independence on 26 May 1918, becoming an ally of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q379627", "label": "Noe Zhordania", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "Consequently, the Menshevik Social Democratic Party of Georgia won the parliamentary election and its leader, Noe Zhordania, became prime minister, with Nikolay Chkheidze as parliamentary president."}, {"id": "Q24736", "label": "Giorgi Mazniashvili", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "In 1918–1919, Georgian general Giorgi Mazniashvili led an attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for independent Georgia."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Soviet Socialist Republic", "says": "In February 1921, during the Russian Civil War, the Red Army advanced into Georgia and brought the local Bolsheviks to power."}, {"id": "Q1810007", "label": "Filipp Makharadze", "section": "History - Soviet Socialist Republic", "says": "On 25 February 1921, the Red Army entered Tbilisi and established a government of workers' and peasants' soviets with Filipp Makharadze as acting head of state."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Soviet Socialist Republic", "says": "Joseph Stalin, an ethnic Georgian, was prominent among the Bolsheviks, ultimately becoming the de facto leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death on 5 March 1953."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "History - Soviet Socialist Republic", "says": "Fellow Georgians such as Lavrentiy Beria and Vsevolod Merkulov likewise held powerful positions in the Soviet government."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Soviet Socialist Republic", "says": "After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union and implemented a policy of de-Stalinization."}, {"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "History - Independence, civil wars", "says": "Starting in 1988, mass protests erupted in Georgia in favour of independence, led by Georgian nationalists such as Merab Kostava and Zviad Gamsakhurdia."}, {"id": "Q1209169", "label": "War in Abkhazia", "section": "History - Independence, civil wars", "says": "During the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993), roughly 230,000 to 250,000 Georgians were expelled from Abkhazia by Abkhaz separatists and North Caucasian militants (including Chechens)."}, {"id": "Q312493", "label": "Zurab Zhvania", "section": "History - Rose revolution and UNM government", "says": "The revolution was led by Mikheil Saakashvili, Zurab Zhvania and Nino Burjanadze, former members and leaders of Shevardnadze's ruling party."}, {"id": "Q229493", "label": "Nino Burjanadze", "section": "History - Rose revolution and UNM government", "says": "The revolution was led by Mikheil Saakashvili, Zurab Zhvania and Nino Burjanadze, former members and leaders of Shevardnadze's ruling party."}, {"id": "Q43330", "label": "Mikheil Saakashvili", "section": "History - Rose revolution and UNM government", "says": "Mikheil Saakashvili was elected as President of Georgia in 2004."}, {"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "History - Rose revolution and UNM government", "says": "The country's newly pro-Western stance, along with accusations of Georgian involvement in the Second Chechen War, resulted in a severe deterioration of relations with Russia, fuelled also by Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas."}, {"id": "Q2590797", "label": "Pavel Felgenhauer", "section": "History - Russo-Georgian War", "says": "According to Russian military expert Pavel Felgenhauer, the Ossetian provocation was aimed at triggering Georgian retaliation, which was needed as a pretext for a Russian military invasion."}, {"id": "Q2344156", "label": "Battle of the Kodori Valley", "section": "History - Russo-Georgian War", "says": "Abkhaz forces opened a second front on 9 August with the Battle of the Kodori Valley, an attack on the Kodori Gorge, held by Georgia."}, {"id": "Q13107337", "label": "Giorgi Marghvilashvili", "section": "History - Georgian Dream government (2012–present)", "says": "Giorgi Margvelashvili, nominated by Georgian Dream, won the election and succeeded Saakashvili, further solidifying the power of Georgian Dream."}, {"id": "Q57794", "label": "Bidzina Ivanishvili", "section": "History - Georgian Dream government (2012–present)", "says": "Bidzina Ivanishvili, a businessman who founded the Georgian Dream, served as its first Prime Minister before resigning in 2013."}], "Q902": [{"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "lead", "says": "The Battle of Plassey in 1757 began British colonial rule, which lasted nearly two centuries; colonial policies redirected wealth from Bengal to Britain, while the region itself suffered repeated deadly famines."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Partition of India in 1947, East Bengal became the eastern wing of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan and was later renamed East Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Partition of India in 1947, East Bengal became the eastern wing of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan and was later renamed East Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Partition of India in 1947, East Bengal became the eastern wing of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan and was later renamed East Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After more than two decades of political and economic marginalisation by the West Pakistan–based government, East Pakistan saw growing civil unrest that culminated in the 1971 non-cooperation movement."}, {"id": "Q2985554", "label": "Operation Searchlight", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Pakistani military's Operation Searchlight, the Bangladesh Liberation War began."}, {"id": "Q191375", "label": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman", "section": "lead", "says": "After independence, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led the country until his assassination in 1975; Ziaur Rahman, who later came to power, was himself assassinated in 1981."}, {"id": "Q198313", "label": "Ziaur Rahman", "section": "lead", "says": "After independence, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led the country until his assassination in 1975; Ziaur Rahman, who later came to power, was himself assassinated in 1981."}, {"id": "Q461816", "label": "Hussain Muhammad Ershad", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1980s were dominated by the dictatorship of Hussain Muhammad Ershad, who was overthrown in a mass uprising in 1990."}, {"id": "Q52183", "label": "Sheikh Hasina", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the return to democracy in 1991, national politics has largely alternated between the Awami League, led by Sheikh Hasina, and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Khaleda Zia."}, {"id": "Q234814", "label": "Khaleda Zia", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the return to democracy in 1991, national politics has largely alternated between the Awami League, led by Sheikh Hasina, and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Khaleda Zia."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The first great indigenous empire to cover the territory was the Maurya Empire (c."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Following its decline, the kingdom of Samatata arose, which was a tributary state of the Gupta Empire (ca."}, {"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Buddhist Pala Empire ruled the region from 750 to 1150 AD."}, {"id": "Q2698200", "label": "Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was overthrown by the Hindu Sena dynasty, which ruled the territory until the Muslim conquests led by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji of the Ghurid dynasty in 1204."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Bengal was then incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD)."}, {"id": "Q4083686", "label": "Sultanate of Bengal", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In 1341, the independent Bengal Sultanate was established by Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In 1341, the independent Bengal Sultanate was established by Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in 1576."}, {"id": "Q2637089", "label": "Nawab of Bengal", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, the region became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, founded by Murshid Quli Khan in 1717."}, {"id": "Q1998495", "label": "Siraj ud-Daulah", "section": "History - British colonial rule", "says": "On 23 June 1757, the state led by Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated by the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey—which helped establish colonial British rule over Bengal and the wider Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - As a part of Pakistan", "says": "In the aftermath of direct British rule for nearly two centuries, the borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal between India and Pakistan by the Radcliffe Line during the partition of India on 15 August 1947, when the region became East Bengal as the eastern and most populous wing of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan—alongside West Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q369988", "label": "Khawaja Nazimuddin", "section": "History - As a part of Pakistan", "says": "Khawaja Nazimuddin was East Bengal's first chief minister with Frederick Chalmers Bourne its governor."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "History - As a part of Pakistan", "says": "The Pakistan Armed Forces imposed martial law in 1958, following a coup d'état, with Ayub Khan establishing a dictatorship for over a decade."}, {"id": "Q130255015", "label": "July Revolution", "section": "History - Independent Bangladesh", "says": "Following a July Uprising against the authoritarian government, Hasina was forced to resign and flee to India on 5 August 2024."}, {"id": "Q43969", "label": "Muhammad Yunus", "section": "History - Independent Bangladesh", "says": "An interim government was formed in August 2024, with Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus as the Chief Adviser."}], "Q115": [{"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the southeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the southeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "lead", "says": "In 980 BC, the Kingdom of D'mt extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilisation in the region for 900 years."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity arrived to the kingdom in 330 AD, while Islam gained influence during the first Hijra in 615."}, {"id": "Q888003", "label": "Yekuno Amlak", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shewan usurper, Yekuno Amlak, overthrew the dynasty in 1270 at the Battle of Ansata, inaugurating the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty – asserting its lineage through Aksumite legitimacy by the biblical Solomon and Queen of Sheba, and Menelik I was the first emperor."}, {"id": "Q159888", "label": "Queen of Sheba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shewan usurper, Yekuno Amlak, overthrew the dynasty in 1270 at the Battle of Ansata, inaugurating the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty – asserting its lineage through Aksumite legitimacy by the biblical Solomon and Queen of Sheba, and Menelik I was the first emperor."}, {"id": "Q460342", "label": "Amda Seyon I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Emperor Amda Seyon I (r."}, {"id": "Q262589", "label": "Tewodros II", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Tewodros II ended the Zemene Mesafint at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernisation of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q302519", "label": "Battle of Adwa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 19th century, Ethiopia repelled foreign invasions from both Egypt and Italy, most notably defeating an Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa in 1896."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Emperor Menelik II, it also expanded its territory, remaining independent during the Scramble for Africa and establishing its current borders."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethiopia lost its sovereignty in 1936, when Italy under Benito Mussolini invaded during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and following Ethiopia's defeat, Italian East Africa was established."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1941, during World War II, it was liberated by the British Army, and its full sovereignty was restored in 1944."}, {"id": "Q940785", "label": "Sabaeans", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local Agaw peoples and Sabaeans from Southern Arabia."}, {"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the conquest of Kingdom of Kush in 330, the Aksumite territory reached its peak between the 5th and 6th centuries."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Red Sea was left to the Rashidun Caliphate in 646, and the port city of Adulis was plundered by Arab Muslims in the 8th century; along with irrevocable land degradation, claimed climate change and sporadic rainfall precipitation from 730 to 760, these factors likely caused the kingdom to decline in power as part of an important trade route."}, {"id": "Q342847", "label": "Yetbarak", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Zagwe's rule ended when Amhara nobleman Yekuno Amlak revolted against King Yetbarak and established the Ethiopian Empire (known by the exonym \"Abyssinia\")."}, {"id": "Q157727", "label": "Ifat Sultanate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Among these Muslim entities was the Sultanate of Ifat."}, {"id": "Q147677", "label": "Zara Yaqob", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "During the reign of Emperor Zara Yaqob, the Ethiopian Empire reached its pinnacle."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Ifat's successor, the Adal Sultanate, tried to conquer Ethiopia during the Ethiopian–Adal War, but was ultimately defeated at the 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga."}, {"id": "Q957263", "label": "Battle of Wayna Daga", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Ifat's successor, the Adal Sultanate, tried to conquer Ethiopia during the Ethiopian–Adal War, but was ultimately defeated at the 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga."}, {"id": "Q642265", "label": "Fasiladas", "section": "History - Early Modern Period (1632–1855)", "says": "In 1632, Emperor Fasilides halted Roman Catholic state administration, restoring Orthodox Tewahedo as the state religion."}, {"id": "Q888011", "label": "Iyasu I", "section": "History - Early Modern Period (1632–1855)", "says": "Gondar's power declined after the death of Iyasu I in 1706."}, {"id": "Q343708", "label": "Iyoas I", "section": "History - Early Modern Period (1632–1855)", "says": "In 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul, a regent in Tigray Province, seized Gondar, killing the child Iyoas I in 1769, the reigning emperor, and installed 70-year-old Yohannes II."}, {"id": "Q881197", "label": "Yohannes II", "section": "History - Early Modern Period (1632–1855)", "says": "In 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul, a regent in Tigray Province, seized Gondar, killing the child Iyoas I in 1769, the reigning emperor, and installed 70-year-old Yohannes II."}, {"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "History - Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)", "says": "From 1885 to 1889 (under Yohannes IV), Ethiopia joined the Mahdist War allied to Britain, the Ottomans, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State."}, {"id": "Q3125368", "label": "Mahdist Sudan", "section": "History - Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)", "says": "From 1885 to 1889 (under Yohannes IV), Ethiopia joined the Mahdist War allied to Britain, the Ottomans, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "History - Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)", "says": "On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the Battle of Gallabat."}, {"id": "Q1785947", "label": "Battle of Gallabat", "section": "History - Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)", "says": "On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the Battle of Gallabat."}, {"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "History - Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)", "says": "He had signed the Treaty of Wuchale with Italy in May 1889, by which Italy would recognise Ethiopia's sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of Ethiopia (now part of modern Eritrea)."}, {"id": "Q379889", "label": "Iyasu V", "section": "History - Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974) and Italian colonial rule (1936-1941)", "says": "He came to power after Lij Iyasu was deposed, and undertook a nationwide modernisation campaign from 1916 when he was made a Ras and Regent (Inderase) for the Empress Regnant Zewditu, and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "History - Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974) and Italian colonial rule (1936-1941)", "says": "In 1931, Haile Selassie endowed Ethiopia with its first constitution in emulation of Imperial Japan's 1890 Constitution."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974) and Italian colonial rule (1936-1941)", "says": "Following the entry of Italy into World War II, British Empire forces, together with the Arbegnoch, liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African campaign in 1941."}, {"id": "Q607257", "label": "Eritrean War of Independence", "section": "History - Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974) and Italian colonial rule (1936-1941)", "says": "He dissolved it in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, resulting in the Eritrean War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "History - Derg era (1974–1991)", "says": "After a power struggle in 1977, Mengistu Haile Mariam gained undisputed leadership of the Derg."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "History - Derg era (1974–1991)", "says": "In 1977, Somalia, which had previously been receiving assistance and arms from the USSR, invaded Ethiopia in the Ogaden War, capturing part of the Ogaden region."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Derg era (1974–1991)", "says": "The collapse of Marxism–Leninism during the revolutions of 1989 coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia altogether in 1990."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Derg era (1974–1991)", "says": "EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa in May 1991, and Mengistu fled the country and was granted asylum in Zimbabwe."}], "Q717": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, on the south by Brazil, on the east by Guyana, and on the northeast by Trinidad and Tobago."}, {"id": "Q754", "label": "Trinidad and Tobago", "section": "lead", "says": "The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, on the south by Brazil, on the east by Guyana, and on the northeast by Trinidad and Tobago."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part of the first federal Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia)."}, {"id": "Q1035320", "label": "Caracazo", "section": "lead", "says": "Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a president for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993."}, {"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "lead", "says": "Confidence in the existing political parties collapsed during the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, in which Hugo Chávez was elected and which became the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q891367", "label": "Bolivarian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Confidence in the existing political parties collapsed during the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, in which Hugo Chávez was elected and which became the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Colonization", "says": "In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus sailed near the Orinoco Delta and landed in the Gulf of Paria."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Colonization", "says": "Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his course eastward, Columbus expressed in a letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he must have reached Heaven on Earth (terrestrial paradise):\n\nGreat signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise... for I have never read or heard of such a large quantity of fresh water being inside and in such close proximity to salt water; the very"}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - German colonization", "says": "Klein-Venedig became the most extensive initiative in the German colonization of the Americas from 1528 to 1546."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - German colonization", "says": "In 1528, Charles V granted the Welsers the right to explore, rule and colonize the territory, as well as to seek the mythical golden town of El Dorado."}, {"id": "Q61482", "label": "Nikolaus Federmann", "section": "History - German colonization", "says": "After the deaths of first Ehinger in 1533 then Nikolaus Federmann, and Georg von Speyer in 1540, Philipp von Hutten persisted in exploring the interior."}, {"id": "Q311447", "label": "Francisco de Miranda", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "After unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela under the leadership of Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan marshal who had fought in the American and French Revolutions, declared independence as the First Republic of Venezuela on 1811-07-11."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "Simón Bolívar, leader of the independentist forces, launched his Admirable Campaign in 1813 from New Granada, retaking most of the territory and being proclaimed as El Libertador (\"The Liberator\")."}, {"id": "Q8940", "label": "Admirable Campaign", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "Simón Bolívar, leader of the independentist forces, launched his Admirable Campaign in 1813 from New Granada, retaking most of the territory and being proclaimed as El Libertador (\"The Liberator\")."}, {"id": "Q1372535", "label": "José Tomás Boves", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "A Second Republic of Venezuela was proclaimed on 7 August 1813, but lasted only a few months before being crushed by royalist caudillo José Tomás Boves and his personal army of llaneros."}, {"id": "Q1364163", "label": "Pablo Morillo", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "The end of the French invasion of homeland Spain in 1814 allowed a large expeditionary force to come under general Pablo Morillo, with the goal to regain the lost territory in Venezuela and New Granada."}, {"id": "Q388210", "label": "Battle of Carabobo", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "The war continued until full victory and sovereignty was attained after the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821."}, {"id": "Q471325", "label": "Rafael Urdaneta", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "On 24 July 1823, José Prudencio Padilla and Rafael Urdaneta helped seal Venezuelan independence with their victory in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo."}, {"id": "Q2890925", "label": "Naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "On 24 July 1823, José Prudencio Padilla and Rafael Urdaneta helped seal Venezuelan independence with their victory in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo."}, {"id": "Q304900", "label": "José Antonio Páez", "section": "History - Independence and 19th century", "says": "Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by José Antonio Páez allowed the proclamation of a newly independent Venezuela, on 22 September; Páez became the first president of the State of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The discovery of massive oil deposits in Lake Maracaibo during World War I proved pivotal for Venezuela and transformed its economy from a heavy dependence on agricultural exports."}, {"id": "Q878504", "label": "Eleazar López Contreras", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The gomecista dictatorship (1935–45) system largely continued under Eleazar López Contreras but was relaxed from 1941 under Isaías Medina Angarita."}, {"id": "Q676987", "label": "Isaías Medina Angarita", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The gomecista dictatorship (1935–45) system largely continued under Eleazar López Contreras but was relaxed from 1941 under Isaías Medina Angarita."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "After World War II, immigration from southern Europe and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society."}, {"id": "Q332081", "label": "Rómulo Betancourt", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1945, a civilian-military coup overthrew Angarita and ushered in a period of democratic rule (1945–48) under the mass membership party Democratic Action, initially under Rómulo Betancourt, until Rómulo Gallegos won the 1947 Venezuelan presidential election (the first free and fair elections in Venezuela)."}, {"id": "Q311401", "label": "Rómulo Gallegos", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1945, a civilian-military coup overthrew Angarita and ushered in a period of democratic rule (1945–48) under the mass membership party Democratic Action, initially under Rómulo Betancourt, until Rómulo Gallegos won the 1947 Venezuelan presidential election (the first free and fair elections in Venezuela)."}, {"id": "Q459118", "label": "Marcos Pérez Jiménez", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Gallegos governed until overthrown by a military junta led by Luis Felipe Llovera Páez, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, and Gallegos' Defense Minister, Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q888147", "label": "Carlos Delgado Chalbaud", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Gallegos governed until overthrown by a military junta led by Luis Felipe Llovera Páez, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, and Gallegos' Defense Minister, Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q879003", "label": "Raúl Leoni", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "During the presidencies of Rómulo Betancourt (1959–64) and Raúl Leoni (1964–69), substantial guerrilla movements occurred."}, {"id": "Q152474", "label": "Rafael Trujillo", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Betancourt suffered an attack planned by the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in 1960, and the leftists exclu"}, {"id": "Q878705", "label": "Pedro Carmona", "section": "History - Bolivarian government under Chávez: 1999–2013", "says": "Efforts by interim president Pedro Carmona to nullify the 1999 constitution and undo Chávez's reforms provoked popular outcry and caused support by the military for the coup to wane."}, {"id": "Q8781", "label": "Henrique Capriles", "section": "History - Bolivarian government under Maduro: 2013–2026", "says": "Maduro became president of Venezuela on 14 April 2013, when he won the presidential election after Chavez' death with 51% of the vote, against Henrique Capriles at 49%."}, {"id": "Q1672657", "label": "Leopoldo López", "section": "History - Bolivarian government under Maduro: 2013–2026", "says": "Demonstrations and riots have resulted in over 40 fatalities in the unrest between Chavistas and opposition protesters and opposition leaders, including the arrests of Leopoldo López and Antonio Ledezma."}, {"id": "Q4776740", "label": "Antonio Ledezma", "section": "History - Bolivarian government under Maduro: 2013–2026", "says": "Demonstrations and riots have resulted in over 40 fatalities in the unrest between Chavistas and opposition protesters and opposition leaders, including the arrests of Leopoldo López and Antonio Ledezma."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Capture of Maduro and post-intervention Venezuela", "says": "Following the growing geopolitical and electoral tensions of 2024 and 2025, the United States' Trump administration began preparing an intervention against Nicolás Maduro's government, officially accusing it of running a narco-terrorist network and conspiring to flood the United States with cocaine."}, {"id": "Q136889101", "label": "Operation Southern Spear", "section": "History - Capture of Maduro and post-intervention Venezuela", "says": "In January 2026, the US launched airstrikes across the coastline of Venezuela as part of Operation Southern Spear."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "History - Capture of Maduro and post-intervention Venezuela", "says": "US president Donald Trump announced in a post on social media that Maduro had been captured and flown out of the country."}, {"id": "Q15081116", "label": "Delcy Rodriguez", "section": "History - Capture of Maduro and post-intervention Venezuela", "says": "However, as of 4 January 2026, the government formerly led by Maduro remains in control, with Vice President Delcy Rodríguez having been appointed acting president."}, {"id": "Q324546", "label": "Marco Rubio", "section": "History - Capture of Maduro and post-intervention Venezuela", "says": "Department of State under Secretary of State Marco Rubio."}], "Q225": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Situated on the Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest, with a 20-kilometre-long (12-mile) coast on the Adriatic Sea in the south."}, {"id": "Q3627069", "label": "Banate of Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 12th century, the Banate of Bosnia was established as the first independent Bosnian polity."}, {"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "It gradually evolved and expanded into the Kingdom of Bosnia, which became the most powerful state in the western Balkans by the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire annexed the region in 1463 and introduced Islam."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 19th century until World War I, the country was under Austro-Hungarian rule."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1992, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republic proclaimed independence."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the Bosnian War, which lasted until late 1995 and ended with the signing of the Dayton Agreement."}, {"id": "Q808052", "label": "Bardylis", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The most notable Illyrian kingdoms and dynasties were those of Bardylis of the Dardani and of Agron of the Ardiaei who created the last and best-known Illyrian kingdom."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was precisely in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina that Rome fought one of the most difficult battles in its history since the Punic Wars, as described by the Roman historian Suetonius."}, {"id": "Q10133", "label": "Suetonius", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was precisely in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina that Rome fought one of the most difficult battles in its history since the Punic Wars, as described by the Roman historian Suetonius."}, {"id": "Q1265861", "label": "Great Illyrian Revolt", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "This was the Roman campaign against Illyricum, known as Bellum Batonianum."}, {"id": "Q1257426", "label": "Sclaveni", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Early Slavs raided the Western Balkans, including Bosnia, in the 6th and early 7th century (amid the Migration Period), and were composed of small tribal units drawn from a single Slavic confederation known to the Byzantines as the Sclaveni (whilst the related Antes, roughly speaking, colonized the eastern portions of the Balkans)."}, {"id": "Q1290092", "label": "Noel Malcolm", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "According to Noel Malcolm, the tribal Croats \"settled in an area roughly corresponding to modern Croatia, and probably also including most of Bosnia proper, apart from the eastern strip of the Drina valley\" while the tribal Serbs settled an area \"corresponding to modern south-western Serbia (later known as Raška), and gradually extended their rule into the territories of Duklja and Hum\"."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In the High Middle Ages, political circumstance led to the area being contested between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q313557", "label": "Gyula Andrássy", "section": "History - Austro-Hungarian occupation and condominium", "says": "At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Gyula Andrássy obtained the occupation and administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and he also obtained the right to station garrisons in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, which would remain under Ottoman administration until 1908, when the Austro-Hungarian troops withdrew from the Sanjak."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Austro-Hungarian occupation and condominium", "says": "Austria–Hungary began to plan the annexation of Bosnia, but due to international disputes the issue was not resolved until the annexation crisis of 1908."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "History - Austro-Hungarian occupation and condominium", "says": "On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb member of the revolutionary movement Young Bosnia, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdina"}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "Following World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a province in the South Slav Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (soon renamed Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "However the rising threat of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany forced Yugoslav politicians to shift their attention."}, {"id": "Q1283948", "label": "Džafer Kulenović", "section": "History - World War II (1941–1945)", "says": "Although Croats were by far the largest ethnic group to constitute the Ustaše, the Vice President of the NDH and leader of the Yugoslav Muslim Organization Džafer Kulenović was a Muslim, and Muslims in total constituted nearly 12% of the Ustaše military and civil service authority."}, {"id": "Q898698", "label": "Branko Mikulić", "section": "History - Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)", "says": "While working within the Socialist system, politicians such as Džemal Bijedić, Branko Mikulić and Hamdija Pozderac reinforced and protected the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "History - Bosnian War (1992–1995)", "says": "Following Slovenia and Croatia's declarations of independence from Yugoslavia, a significant split developed among the residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the issue of whether to remain within Yugoslavia (overwhelmingly favored by Serbs) or seek independence (overwhelmingly favored by Muslims and Croats)."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "History - Bosnian War (1992–1995)", "says": "It was renamed Republika Srpska in August 1992."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Bosnian War (1992–1995)", "says": "The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 22 May 1992."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "History - Bosnian War (1992–1995)", "says": "Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević and Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman are believed to have agreed on a partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in March 1991, with the aim of establishing Greater Serbia and Greater Croatia."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "History - Bosnian War (1992–1995)", "says": "Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević and Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman are believed to have agreed on a partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in March 1991, with the aim of establishing Greater Serbia and Greater Croatia."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "On 4 February 2014, the protests against the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the country's two entities, dubbed the Bosnian Spring, the name being taken from the Arab Spring, began in the northern town of Tuzla."}, {"id": "Q335688", "label": "Milorad Dodik", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "Comments by Milorad Dodik in 2021 in favor of secession from national institutions by Republika Srpska, including creation of its own armed forces raised concerns about a return to civil war."}], "Q237": [{"id": "Q193270", "label": "Lateran Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Holy See dates to early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which in 2018 had about 1.329 billion baptized Catholics in the world, in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches."}, {"id": "Q470596", "label": "Year of the Four Emperors", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Tacitus wrote that in AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, when the northern army that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, \"a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the"}, {"id": "Q1417", "label": "Vitellius", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Tacitus wrote that in AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, when the northern army that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, \"a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the"}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder (14 BC – 18 October AD 33) drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early-1st century AD."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In AD 40 her son, the emperor Caligula, built in her gardens a circus for charioteers."}, {"id": "Q33923", "label": "Saint Peter", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Tradition states that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside-down."}, {"id": "Q133350", "label": "Sixtus V", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1586, the obelisk was moved to its current position by Pope Sixtus V, using a method devised by the Italian architect Domenico Fontana."}, {"id": "Q132711", "label": "Paul V", "section": "History - Papal States", "says": "They moved to the Quirinal Palace in 1583, after work on it was completed under Pope Paul V (1605–1621)."}, {"id": "Q43720", "label": "Pius IX", "section": "History - Under Italian rule (1871–1929)", "says": "Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), the last ruler of the Papal States, was referred to as a \"prisoner in the Vatican\"."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Lateran treaties", "says": "This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "History - Lateran treaties", "says": "This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "History - Lateran treaties", "says": "This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Holy See, which governed the Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II under the leadership of Pope Pius XII."}, {"id": "Q2604", "label": "Pius XII", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Holy See, which governed the Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II under the leadership of Pope Pius XII."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "German troops occupied Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, with Allied forces pushing them out in 1944."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "After the United States entered into the war, US officials were against bombing the Vatican City, fearful of offending Catholic members of the American military, but said that \"they could not stop the British from bombing Rome if the British so decided\"."}, {"id": "Q16975", "label": "Paul VI", "section": "History - Post-war history", "says": "In 1970, the Pontifical Military Corps, except for the Swiss Guard, was disbanded by Paul VI."}], "Q27": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Free State was created with Dominion status in 1922, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty."}, {"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Free State was created with Dominion status in 1922, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following The Republic of Ireland Act 1948."}, {"id": "Q208958", "label": "Good Friday Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Irish government have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North/South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non-alignment since before World War II, and the country is consequently not a member of NATO, alt"}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "History - Home-rule movement", "says": "During the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the island's population of over 8 million fell by 30%."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Home-rule movement", "says": "One million Irish died of starvation and disease and another 1.5 million emigrated, mostly to the United States."}, {"id": "Q177235", "label": "Edward Carson, Baron Carson", "section": "History - Home-rule movement", "says": "Under the leadership of the Dublin-born Sir Edward Carson of the Irish Unionist Party and the Ulsterman Sir James Craig of the Ulster Unionist Party, unionists became strongly militant, forming Ulster Volunteers in order to oppose \"the Coercion of Ulster\"."}, {"id": "Q193689", "label": "Easter Rising", "section": "History - Revolution and steps to independence", "says": "The remainder of the Irish Volunteers, who refused Redmond and opposed any support of the UK, launched an armed insurrection against British rule in the 1916 Easter Rising, together with the Irish Citizen Army and other militant Irish nationalist groups."}, {"id": "Q2294549", "label": "Proclamation of the Republic", "section": "History - Revolution and steps to independence", "says": "This commenced on 24 April 1916 with the Proclamation of the Republic."}, {"id": "Q274143", "label": "Patrick Pearse", "section": "History - Revolution and steps to independence", "says": "This included Patrick Pearse, the Commander-in-Chief of the Irish rebel forces, and James Connolly, socialist and founder of the Industrial Workers of the World union and both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements."}, {"id": "Q213374", "label": "James Connolly", "section": "History - Revolution and steps to independence", "says": "This included Patrick Pearse, the Commander-in-Chief of the Irish rebel forces, and James Connolly, socialist and founder of the Industrial Workers of the World union and both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements."}, {"id": "Q173347", "label": "Éamon de Valera", "section": "History - Irish Civil War", "says": "Anti-treaty forces, led by Éamon de Valera, objected to the fact that acceptance of the treaty abolished the Irish Republic of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty, arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the \"people have no right to do wrong\"."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Irish Civil War", "says": "They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the British Empire and that members of the Free State Parliament would have to swear what the anti-treaty side saw as an oath of fidelity to the British king."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Irish Civil War", "says": "However, because the anti-treaty IRA lacked an effective command structure and because of the pro-treaty forces' defensive tactics throughout the war, Michael Collins and his pro-treaty forces were able to build up an army with many tens of thousands of World War I veterans from the 1922 disbanded Irish regiments of the British Army, capable of overwhelming the anti-treatyists."}, {"id": "Q280856", "label": "George VI", "section": "History - Constitution of Ireland 1937", "says": "For instance, the President gave assent to new laws with his own authority, without reference to King George VI who was only an \"organ\", that was provided for by statute law."}, {"id": "Q6670316", "label": "London Declaration", "section": "History - Constitution of Ireland 1937", "says": "This rule was changed 10 days after Ireland declared itself a republic, with the London Declaration of 28 April 1949."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "The prospect of EC membership became doubtful in 1963 when French President General Charles de Gaulle stated that France opposed Britain's accession, thereby halting negotiations with other candidate countries."}, {"id": "Q2185", "label": "Georges Pompidou", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "In 1969 his successor, Georges Pompidou, was not opposed to British and Irish membership."}, {"id": "Q815436", "label": "The Troubles", "section": "History - Recent history", "says": "In the Northern Ireland question, the British and Irish governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict involving many paramilitaries and the British Army in Northern Ireland known as \"The Troubles\"."}], "Q214": [{"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 6th century, parts of modern Slovakia were incorporated into the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q149427", "label": "Samo's realm", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 7th century, the Slavs played a significant role in the creation of Samo's Empire."}, {"id": "Q837326", "label": "Principality of Nitra", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Avar Khaganate dissolved in the 9th century, the Slavs established the Principality of Nitra before it was annexed by the Principality of Moravia, which later became Great Moravia."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Avar Khaganate dissolved in the 9th century, the Slavs established the Principality of Nitra before it was annexed by the Principality of Moravia, which later became Great Moravia."}, {"id": "Q2899771", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "When Great Moravia fell in the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary at the end of the 9th century, which later became the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, southern portions of present-day Slovakia were incorporated into provinces of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, the Czechoslovak National Council successfully fought for independence amidst the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the state of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed in 1918."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, the Czechoslovak National Council successfully fought for independence amidst the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the state of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed in 1918."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "The borders were set by the Treaty of Saint Germain in 1919 and by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the lead up to World War II, local fascist parties gradually came to power in the Slovak lands, and the first Slovak Republic was established in 1939 as a one-party clerical fascist client state under the control of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In the lead up to World War II, local fascist parties gradually came to power in the Slovak lands, and the first Slovak Republic was established in 1939 as a one-party clerical fascist client state under the control of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, the country joined the Axis when its leaders signed the Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman Period", "says": "From 2 CE, the expanding Roman Empire established and maintained a series of outposts around and just south of the Danube, the largest of which were known as Carnuntum (whose remains are on the main road halfway between Vienna and Bratislava) and Brigetio (present-day Szőny at the Slovak-Hungarian border)."}, {"id": "Q933963", "label": "Marcomannic Wars", "section": "History - Roman Period", "says": "Near the northernmost line of the Roman hinterlands, the Limes Romanus, there existed the winter camp of Laugaricio (modern-day Trenčín) where the Auxiliary of Legion II fought and prevailed in a decisive battle over the Germanic Quadi tribe in 179 CE during the Marcomannic Wars."}, {"id": "Q45115", "label": "Bayan I", "section": "History - Avars", "says": "In 568, the Avars, under Khagan Bayan I established an empire in the Carpathian Basin that lasted for 250 years."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Great Moravia (830–before 907)", "says": "When Mojmír I endeavoured to secede from the supremacy of the king of East Francia in 846, King Louis the German deposed him and assisted Mojmír's nephew Rastislav (846–870) in acquiring the throne."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Great Moravia (830–before 907)", "says": "When Mojmír I endeavoured to secede from the supremacy of the king of East Francia in 846, King Louis the German deposed him and assisted Mojmír's nephew Rastislav (846–870) in acquiring the throne."}, {"id": "Q41622", "label": "Michael III", "section": "History - Great Moravia (830–before 907)", "says": "Duke Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to send teachers who would interpret Christianity in the Slavic vernacular."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Great Moravia (830–before 907)", "says": "Duke Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to send teachers who would interpret Christianity in the Slavic vernacular."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Great Moravia (830–before 907)", "says": "In 862, Prince Rastislav of Moravia rebelled against the Franks, and after hiring Hungarian troops, won his independence; this was the first time that Hungarians expeditionary troops entered the Carpathian Basin."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Great Moravia (830–before 907)", "says": "Svatopluk also withstood attacks of the Magyar tribes and the Bulgarian Empire, although sometimes it was he who hired the Magyars when waging war against East Francia."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "History - Great Moravia (830–before 907)", "says": "In 880, Pope John VIII set up an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Methodius as its head."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "History - Grand Principality of Hungary (895–1000)", "says": "In 907, three East Francian armies led by Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria, which entered the Hungarian territory in order to expel the Hungarians from the Carpathian Basin, is annihilated by the Hungarian army at the Battle of Pressburg."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - The Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire (1000–1918)", "says": "After this, up until the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the territory of Slovakia was an integral part of the Hungarian state."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - The Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire (1000–1918)", "says": "One of which had to be sorted out by the king Louis I. with the proclamation Privilegium pro Slavis (Privilege for Slovaks) in the year 1381."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - The Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire (1000–1918)", "says": "In 1465, King Matthias Corvinus founded the Hungarian Kingdom's third university, in Pressburg (Bratislava), but it was closed in 1490 after his death."}, {"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "History - The Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire (1000–1918)", "says": "Hussites also settled in the region after the Hussite Wars."}, {"id": "Q152274", "label": "Edvard Beneš", "section": "History - Czechoslovak independence (1918–1939)", "says": "On 18 October 1918, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Edvard Beneš declared in Washington, D.C. the independence for the territories of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper Hungary and Carpathian Ruthenia from the Austro-Hungarian Empire and proclaimed a common state, Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "History - Czechoslovak independence (1918–1939)", "says": "During the Interwar period, democratic Czechoslovakia was allied with France, and also with Romania and Yugoslavia (Little Entente); however, the Locarno Treaties of 1925 left East European security open."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "History - Czechoslovak independence (1918–1939)", "says": "Eventually, this pressure led to the Munich Agreement of September 1938, which allowed the majority ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland, borderlands of Czechoslovakia, to join with Germany."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "History - Czechoslovak independence (1918–1939)", "says": "Parts of southern and eastern Slovakia were also reclaimed by Hungary at the First Vienna Award of November 1938."}, {"id": "Q154346", "label": "Jozef Tiso", "section": "History - Fascist regime during World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "A one-party clerical fascist Slovak Republic governed by the far-right Hlinka's Slovak People's Party was led by President Jozef Tiso and Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka."}, {"id": "Q367181", "label": "Vojtech Tuka", "section": "History - Fascist regime during World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "A one-party clerical fascist Slovak Republic governed by the far-right Hlinka's Slovak People's Party was led by President Jozef Tiso and Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Fascist regime during World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "The (First) Slovak Republic is primarily known for its collaboration with Nazi Germany, which included sending troops to the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the Soviet Union in 1941."}, {"id": "Q163780", "label": "Slovak National Uprising", "section": "History - Fascist regime during World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "Internal opposition to the fascist government's policies culminated in the Slovak National Uprising, near the end of summer 1944."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "History - From Fascism to Communism (1945–1948)", "says": "More than 80,000 Hungarians and 32,000 Germans were forced to leave Slovakia, in a series of population transfers initiated by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "About 600 people, men, women, and children, were killed on the Czechoslovak border with Austria and West Germany between 1948 and 1989."}, {"id": "Q853348", "label": "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "On 11 July 1960, the Constitution of Czechoslovakia was promulgated, changing the name of the country from the \"Czechoslovak Republic\" to the \"Czechoslovak Socialist Republic\"."}, {"id": "Q842794", "label": "Socialist Republic of Romania", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "In 1968, following the Prague Spring, the country was invaded by the Warsaw Pact forces (People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Republic of Hungary, People's Republic of Poland, and Soviet Union, with the exception of Socialist Republic of Romania and People's Socialist Republic of Albania), ending a period of liberalisation under the leadership of Alexander Dubček."}, {"id": "Q467864", "label": "People's Socialist Republic of Albania", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "In 1968, following the Prague Spring, the country was invaded by the Warsaw Pact forces (People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Republic of Hungary, People's Republic of Poland, and Soviet Union, with the exception of Socialist Republic of Romania and People's Socialist Republic of Albania), ending a period of liberalisation under the leadership of Alexander Dubček."}, {"id": "Q150543", "label": "Alexander Dubček", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "In 1968, following the Prague Spring, the country was invaded by the Warsaw Pact forces (People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Republic of Hungary, People's Republic of Poland, and Soviet Union, with the exception of Socialist Republic of Romania and People's Socialist Republic of Albania), ending a period of liberalisation under the leadership of Alexander Dubček."}, {"id": "Q1751495", "label": "Slovak Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "In 1969, Czechoslovakia became a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic within the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "As one of the first countries in the world acknowledged Kim Il-sung's Democratic People's Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "During the Korean War in 1952, Czechoslovakia sent a military hospital with two hospital teams consisting of 58 people to North Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "During the Korean War in 1952, Czechoslovakia sent a military hospital with two hospital teams consisting of 58 people to North Korea."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "When Fidel Castro took power after the Cuban Revolution in 1959, Czechoslovakia opened an embassy in Cuba and developed mutual relations."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "When Fidel Castro took power after the Cuban Revolution in 1959, Czechoslovakia opened an embassy in Cuba and developed mutual relations."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "History - Communist party rule in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)", "says": "During the Vietnam War, Czechoslovakia sent significant aid to North Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "History - From Communism to Democracy (1989–1992)", "says": "The end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, during the peaceful Velvet Revolution, was followed once again by the country's dissolution, this time into two successor states."}, {"id": "Q1998866", "label": "Czech and Slovak Federal Republic", "section": "History - From Communism to Democracy (1989–1992)", "says": "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic renamed as Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, the word \"socialist\" was dropped in the names of the two republics within the federation, the Slovak Socialist Republic renamed as Slovak Republic."}, {"id": "Q316526", "label": "Vladimír Mečiar", "section": "History - From Communism to Democracy (1989–1992)", "says": "On 17 July 1992, Slovakia, led by Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar, declared itself a sovereign state, meaning that its laws took precedence over those of the federal government."}, {"id": "Q57434", "label": "Václav Klaus", "section": "History - From Communism to Democracy (1989–1992)", "says": "Throughout the autumn of 1992, Vladimír Mečiar and Czech Prime Minister Václav Klaus negotiated the details for disbanding the federation."}, {"id": "Q356990", "label": "Michal Kováč", "section": "History - 1990s", "says": "The first president of the Slovak Republic became Michal Kováč, elected by the National Council of Slovakia in February 1993."}, {"id": "Q2096669", "label": "World Heritage Convention", "section": "History - 1990s", "says": "Slovakia became a member of the United Nations on 19 January 1993, on 31 March 1993 ratified the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, making its historical sites eligible for inclusion on the UNESCO list and on 15 April 1993 joined GATT (current World Trade Organization)."}, {"id": "Q174438", "label": "Madeleine Albright", "section": "History - 1990s", "says": "Madeleine Albright, the U.S. secretary of state, referred to it as \"a black hole in the heart of Europe\"."}, {"id": "Q212765", "label": "Mikuláš Dzurinda", "section": "History - 1990s", "says": "After the 1998 parliamentary election, Mikuláš Dzurinda went on to replace Vladimír Mečiar as prime minister, and during two successive governments between 1998–2006, relaunched the transformation processes that had stalled under"}, {"id": "Q57295", "label": "Ivan Gašparovič", "section": "History - 2000s", "says": "Ivan Gašparovič became the third president of Slovakia in 2004 and in 2009 became the first and the only Slovak re-elected president."}, {"id": "Q57606", "label": "Robert Fico", "section": "History - 2000s", "says": "In 2006, Robert Fico became prime minister, during his first government, Slovakia joined the Schengen area on 21 December 2007, allowing visa free travel and on 1 January 2009 adopted the Euro as its national currency at 30.1260 korunas to the euro."}], "Q833": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and maritime borders with the Philippines and Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and maritime borders with the Philippines and Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and maritime borders with the Philippines and Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate."}, {"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following three years of occupation, Malaya was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Following three years of occupation, Malaya was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia."}], "Q114": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Going clockwise, Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, Tanzania to the southwest, and Lake Victoria and Uganda to the west."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Going clockwise, Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, Tanzania to the southwest, and Lake Victoria and Uganda to the west."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Going clockwise, Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, Tanzania to the southwest, and Lake Victoria and Uganda to the west."}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "Going clockwise, Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, Tanzania to the southwest, and Lake Victoria and Uganda to the west."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "European contact began in 1500 AD with the Portuguese Empire, and effective colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of Africa."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate, established by the British Empire in 1895, and the subsequent Kenya Colony, which began in 1920."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "After independence, Kenya remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "The Bantus had originated in West Africa along the Benue River in what is now eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q3107156", "label": "Kilwa Sultanate", "section": "History - Swahili trade period", "says": "The Kilwa Sultanate was a medieval sultanate centred at Kilwa, in modern-day Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q1150753", "label": "Duarte Barbosa", "section": "History - Early Portuguese presence", "says": "By the 15th century, Portuguese voyager Duarte Barbosa wrote that \"Mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships, both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail to the island of Zanzibar.\"\nOne major city on the Kenyan coast is Malindi."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Early Portuguese presence", "says": "In 1414, the Chinese trader and explorer Zheng He, representing the Ming dynasty, visited the East African coast on one of his last 'treasure voyages'."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "History - Early Portuguese presence", "says": "Malindi also welcomed the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498."}, {"id": "Q458421", "label": "Tippu Tip", "section": "History - Early Portuguese presence", "says": "Initially, these traders came mainly from Oman, but later many came from Zanzibar (such as Tippu Tip)."}, {"id": "Q77400", "label": "Johann Ludwig Krapf", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "The first foreigners to successfully get past the Masai were Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann, two German missionaries who established a mission in Rabai, not too far from Mombasa."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - German Protectorate (1885–1890)", "says": "The German Empire established a protectorate over the Sultan of Zanzibar's coastal possessions in 1885, followed by the arrival of the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1888."}, {"id": "Q705537", "label": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty", "section": "History - German Protectorate (1885–1890)", "says": "Imperial rivalry was prevented by the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, so Germany handed its East African coastal holdings to Britain in 1890."}, {"id": "Q24311", "label": "Richard Meinertzhagen", "section": "History - Nandi Resistance (1890–1906)", "says": "The resistance was broken through an act of treachery on 19 October 1905, when Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen lured Samoei to a purported truce meeting and assassinated him."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - British Kenya (1888–1962)", "says": "At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the governors of British East Africa (as the protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa initially agreed on a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "History - British Kenya (1888–1962)", "says": "At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the governors of British East Africa (as the protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa initially agreed on a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities."}, {"id": "Q57203", "label": "Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck", "section": "History - British Kenya (1888–1962)", "says": "But Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, the German military commander, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "History - British Kenya (1888–1962)", "says": "He eventually surrendered in Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia) 14 days after the Armistice was signed in 1918."}, {"id": "Q2092845", "label": "George Erskine", "section": "History - Mau Mau Uprising", "says": "In May 1953, General Sir George Erskine took charge as commander-in-chief of the colony's armed forces, with the personal backing of Winston Churchill."}, {"id": "Q610057", "label": "Dedan Kimathi", "section": "History - Mau Mau Uprising", "says": "The capture of Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 in Nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the Mau Mau and essentially ended the military offensive."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Early independence period", "says": "In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1271059", "label": "Shifta War", "section": "History - Early independence period", "says": "Concurrently, the Kenyan army fought the Shifta War against ethnic Somali rebels inhabiting the Northern Frontier District who wanted to join their kin in the Somali Republic to the north."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "History - Early independence period", "says": "Concurrently, the Kenyan army fought the Shifta War against ethnic Somali rebels inhabiting the Northern Frontier District who wanted to join their kin in the Somali Republic to the north."}, {"id": "Q645228", "label": "Jaramogi Oginga Odinga", "section": "History - Transition to multiparty democracy", "says": "In 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga died and several coalitions joined his FORD Kenya party to form a new party, United National Democratic Alliance."}, {"id": "Q57291", "label": "Mwai Kibaki", "section": "History - President Kibaki and the road to a new constitution", "says": "Moi's plan to be replaced by Uhuru Kenyatta failed, and Mwai Kibaki, running for the opposition coalition \"National Rainbow Coalition\" (NARC), was elected president."}, {"id": "Q57657", "label": "Raila A Odinga", "section": "History - President Kibaki and the road to a new constitution", "says": "The main opposition leader, Raila Odinga, claimed the election was rigged and that he was the rightfully elected president."}], "Q211": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After centuries of Teutonic, Swedish, Polish-Lithuanian, and Russian rule, the independent Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 after breaking away from the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After centuries of Teutonic, Swedish, Polish-Lithuanian, and Russian rule, the independent Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 after breaking away from the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q298041", "label": "Kārlis Ulmanis", "section": "lead", "says": "The country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 established the dictatorship of Kārlis Ulmanis."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Latvia's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II, beginning with forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union, followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944, which formed the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Latvia's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II, beginning with forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union, followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944, which formed the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Latvia's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II, beginning with forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union, followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944, which formed the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The local people, however, did not convert to Christianity as readily as the church had hoped."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "History - Reformation period and Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish rule", "says": "After the Livonian War (1558–1583), Livonia (northern Latvia and southern Estonia) fell under the hegemony of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Reformation period and Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish rule", "says": "After the Livonian War (1558–1583), Livonia (northern Latvia and southern Estonia) fell under the hegemony of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Reformation period and Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish rule", "says": "The lands were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and formed into the Duchy of Livonia (Ducatus Livoniae Ultradunensis)."}, {"id": "Q379558", "label": "Gotthard Kettler", "section": "History - Reformation period and Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish rule", "says": "Gotthard Kettler, the last master of the Order of Livonia, formed the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "History - Reformation period and Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish rule", "says": "Riga became the capital of Swedish Livonia and the largest city in the entire Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q1347605", "label": "Truce of Altmark", "section": "History - Reformation period and Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish rule", "says": "Fighting continued sporadically between Sweden and Poland until the Truce of Altmark in 1629."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Reformation period and Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish rule", "says": "Under Swedish and largely German rule, western Latvia adopted Lutheranism as its main religion."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Livonia and Courland in the Russian Empire", "says": "During the Great Northern War (1700–1721), up to 40 percent of Latvians died from famine and plague."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "History - Livonia and Courland in the Russian Empire", "says": "The capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 and the Treaty of Nystad, ending the Great Northern War in 1721, gave Vidzeme to Russia (it became part of the Riga Governorate)."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "History - Livonia and Courland in the Russian Empire", "says": "Numeracy was also higher in the Livonian and Courlandian parts of the Russian Empire, which may have been influenced by the Protestant religion of the inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "History - Livonia and Courland in the Russian Empire", "says": "Russification began in Latgale after the Polish led the January Uprising in 1863: this spread to the rest of what is now Latvia by"}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and interwar period", "says": "Demands for self-determination were initially confined to autonomy, until a power vacuum was created by the Russian Revolution in 1917, followed by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany in March 1918, then the Allied armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q106354", "label": "August Winnig", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and interwar period", "says": "The general representative of Germany August Winnig formally handed over political power to the Latvian provisional government on 26 November, and he became its first prime minister."}, {"id": "Q459424", "label": "Pavel Bermondt-Avalov", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and interwar period", "says": "Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Germans at the Battle of Wenden in June 1919, and a massive attack by a predominantly German force—the West Russian Volunteer Army—under Pavel Bermondt-Avalov was repelled in November."}, {"id": "Q1135598", "label": "Battle of Daugavpils", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and interwar period", "says": "Eastern Latvia was cleared of Red Army forces by Latvian and Polish troops in early 1920 (from the Polish perspective the Battle of Daugavpils was a part of the Polish–Soviet War)."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and interwar period", "says": "Eastern Latvia was cleared of Red Army forces by Latvian and Polish troops in early 1920 (from the Polish perspective the Battle of Daugavpils was a part of the Polish–Soviet War)."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - Occupations, 1940–1990", "says": "Early in the morning of 24 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, called the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Occupations, 1940–1990", "says": "The Soviets dealt harshly with their perceived opponents – prior to Operation Barbarossa, in less than a year, at least 34,250 Latvians were deported or killed."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - 1990–present", "says": "The Republic of Latvia declared the end of the transitional period and restored full independence on 21 August 1991, in the aftermath of the failed Soviet coup attempt."}, {"id": "Q151301", "label": "Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga", "section": "History - 1990–present", "says": "Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga was President of Latvia from 1999 until 2007."}], "Q858": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad Empire and later became an important political and administrative center, alongside Aleppo, under the Ayyubid and Mamluk Sultanates and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Arab Spring in 2011, members of the Syrian opposition organized protests against the Assad regime, which became known as the Syrian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Ancient antiquity", "says": "Ebla was weakened by a long war with Mari, and the whole of Syria became part of the Mesopotamian Akkadian Empire after Sargon of Akkad and his grandson Naram-Sin's conquests ended Eblan domination over Syria in the first half of the 23rd century BC."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - Ancient antiquity", "says": "Ebla was weakened by a long war with Mari, and the whole of Syria became part of the Mesopotamian Akkadian Empire after Sargon of Akkad and his grandson Naram-Sin's conquests ended Eblan domination over Syria in the first half of the 23rd century BC."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Ancient antiquity", "says": "Mari reemerged during this period until conquered by Hammurabi of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "Lands that constitute modern-day Syria were part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and had been annexed by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "Lands that constitute modern-day Syria were part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and had been annexed by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "Led by Cyrus the Great, the Achaemenid Persians retained Imperial Aramaic as one of the diplomatic languages of their empire, as well as the Assyrian name for the new satrapy of Aram/Syria Eber-Nari."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "Syria was conquered by the Macedonian Empire which was ruled by Alexander the Great c."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "330 BC and consequently became Coele-Syria province of the Seleucid Empire (323 BC – 64 BC), with the Seleucid kings styling themselves \"King of Syria\" and the city of Antioch being its capital starting from 240 BC."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "Syria briefly came under Armenian control from 83 BC, with the conquests of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great, who was welcomed as a savior from the Seleucids and Romans by the Syrian people."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "However, Pompey the Great, a general of the Roman Empire, rode to Syria and captured Antioch and turned Syria into a Roman province in 64 BC, thus ending Armenian control over the region which had lasted two decades."}, {"id": "Q348583", "label": "Odaenathus", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "In the late 3rd century the Palmyrene king Odaenathus defeated the Persian emperor Shapur I and controlled the entirety of the Roman East while his successor and widow Zenobia established the Palmyrene Empire, which briefly conquered Egypt, Syria, Palestine, much of Asia Minor, Judah and Lebanon, before being finally brought under Roman control in 273."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "In the late 3rd century the Palmyrene king Odaenathus defeated the Persian emperor Shapur I and controlled the entirety of the Roman East while his successor and widow Zenobia established the Palmyrene Empire, which briefly conquered Egypt, Syria, Palestine, much of Asia Minor, Judah and Lebanon, before being finally brought under Roman control in 273."}, {"id": "Q877875", "label": "Palmyrene Empire", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "In the late 3rd century the Palmyrene king Odaenathus defeated the Persian emperor Shapur I and controlled the entirety of the Roman East while his successor and widow Zenobia established the Palmyrene Empire, which briefly conquered Egypt, Syria, Palestine, much of Asia Minor, Judah and Lebanon, before being finally brought under Roman control in 273."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "In the late 3rd century the Palmyrene king Odaenathus defeated the Persian emperor Shapur I and controlled the entirety of the Roman East while his successor and widow Zenobia established the Palmyrene Empire, which briefly conquered Egypt, Syria, Palestine, much of Asia Minor, Judah and Lebanon, before being finally brought under Roman control in 273."}, {"id": "Q149747", "label": "Adiabene", "section": "History - Classical antiquity", "says": "The northern Mesopotamian Assyrian kingdom of Adiabene controlled"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Muhammad's first interaction with the people of Syria was during the invasion of Dumatul Jandal in July 626 where he ordered his followers to invade Duma, because Muhammad received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and were preparing to attack Medina."}, {"id": "Q1391199", "label": "William Muir", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "William Muir also believes that the expedition was important as Muhammad followed by 1,000 men reached the confines of Syria, where distant tribes had learnt his name, while the political horizon of Muhammad was extended."}, {"id": "Q726798", "label": "Tulunids", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 887, the Egypt-based Tulunids annexed Syria from the Abbasids and were later replaced by the Egypt-based Ikhshidids and then by the Hamdanids originating in Aleppo founded by Sayf al-Dawla.Sections of Syria were held by French, English, Italian and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 during the Crusades and were known collectively as the Crusader states, among which the primary one in Syria "}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 887, the Egypt-based Tulunids annexed Syria from the Abbasids and were later replaced by the Egypt-based Ikhshidids and then by the Hamdanids originating in Aleppo founded by Sayf al-Dawla.Sections of Syria were held by French, English, Italian and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 during the Crusades and were known collectively as the Crusader states, among which the primary one in Syria "}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 887, the Egypt-based Tulunids annexed Syria from the Abbasids and were later replaced by the Egypt-based Ikhshidids and then by the Hamdanids originating in Aleppo founded by Sayf al-Dawla.Sections of Syria were held by French, English, Italian and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 during the Crusades and were known collectively as the Crusader states, among which the primary one in Syria "}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 887, the Egypt-based Tulunids annexed Syria from the Abbasids and were later replaced by the Egypt-based Ikhshidids and then by the Hamdanids originating in Aleppo founded by Sayf al-Dawla.Sections of Syria were held by French, English, Italian and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 during the Crusades and were known collectively as the Crusader states, among which the primary one in Syria "}, {"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "History - Ottoman Syria", "says": "In 1516, the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, conquering Syria and incorporating it into its empire."}, {"id": "Q311789", "label": "Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt", "section": "History - Ottoman Syria", "says": "In 1831, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt renounced his loyalty to the empire and overran Ottoman Syria, capturing Damascus."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Ottoman Syria", "says": "During World War I, the Ottoman Empire entered the conflict as a Central Power."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman Syria", "says": "It ultimately suffered defeat and loss of control of the entire Near East to the British Empire and French Empire."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "History - French Mandate", "says": "In 1920, a short-lived independent Kingdom of Syria was established under Faisal I of the Hashemite family."}, {"id": "Q994316", "label": "Battle of Maysalun", "section": "History - French Mandate", "says": "However, his rule over Syria ended after only a few months, following the Battle of Maysalun."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - French Mandate", "says": "With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of Vichy France until the British and Free French occupied the country in the Syria-Lebanon campaign in July 1941."}, {"id": "Q59471", "label": "Adib Shishakli", "section": "History - Independent Syrian Republic", "says": "This was soon followed by another overthrow, by Colonel Sami al-Hinnawi, who was quickly deposed by Colonel Adib Shishakli, all within the same year.Shishakli would then later be overthrown in a 1954 coup, restoring the previous parliamentary system."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Independent Syrian Republic", "says": "In November 1956, as a direct result of the Suez Crisis, Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - United Arab Republic", "says": "On 1 February 1958, Syrian President Shukri al-Quwatli and Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced the merging of Egypt and Syria, creating the United Arab Republic, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the communists therein, ceased overt activities."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "History - United Arab Republic", "says": "On 1 February 1958, Syrian President Shukri al-Quwatli and Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced the merging of Egypt and Syria, creating the United Arab Republic, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the communists therein, ceased overt activities."}, {"id": "Q732137", "label": "Essam Sirius", "section": "History - United Arab Republic", "says": "Meanwhile, a group of Syrian Ba'athist officers, alarmed by the party's poor position and the increasing fragility of the union, decided to form a secret Military Committee; its initial members were Lieutenant-Colonel Muhammad Umran, Major Salah Jadid and Captain Hafez al-Assad."}, {"id": "Q355416", "label": "Michel Aflaq", "section": "History - Ba'athist Syria", "says": "The takeover was engineered by members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "History - Ba'athist Syria", "says": "The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the Palestine Liberation Organization led by Yasser Arafat during the \"Black September (also known as the Jordan Civil War of 1970)\" hostilities with Jordan reflected this disagr"}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "History - Ba'athist Syria", "says": "The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the Palestine Liberation Organization led by Yasser Arafat during the \"Black September (also known as the Jordan Civil War of 1970)\" hostilities with Jordan reflected this disagr"}, {"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "History - Involvement of Lebanese war", "says": "The assassination of Rafic Hariri in 2005 led to international condemnation and triggered protests in Lebanon, which forced the Assad regime to end its 29-year-old military occupation in Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q574543", "label": "Operation Orchard", "section": "History - Involvement of Lebanese war", "says": "On 6 September 2007, foreign jet fighters, suspected as Israeli, reportedly carried out Operation Orchard against a suspected nuclear reactor under construction by North Korean technicians."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Syrian revolution and civil war", "says": "The Arab League, the United States, the European Union states, the Gulf Cooperation Council states, and other countries have condemned the use of violence against the protesters."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "History - Rise and fall of Islamic State and factional escalation", "says": "Taking advantage of the Syrian civil war, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) won many battles against the rebel factions and the Ba'athist-led Syrian government in 2014."}], "Q32": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Luxembourg was established in the 11th century as a state within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Having been restored in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon, it regained independence in 1867 after the Luxembourg Crisis."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Before AD 963", "says": "In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when Julius Caesar conquered Gaul and part of Germania up to the Rhine border, thus the area of what is now Luxembourg became part of the Roman Empire for the next 450 years, living in relative peace under the Pax Romana."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Before AD 963", "says": "In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when Julius Caesar conquered Gaul and part of Germania up to the Rhine border, thus the area of what is now Luxembourg became part of the Roman Empire for the next 450 years, living in relative peace under the Pax Romana."}, {"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "History - Before AD 963", "says": "The Salian Franks who settled in the area are often described as the ones having brought the Germanic language to present-day Luxembourg, since the old Frankish language spoken by them is considered by linguists to be a direct forerunner of the Moselle Franconian dialect, which later evolved into, among others, the modern-day Luxembourgish language."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "When the Carolingian Empire was divided many times starting with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, today's Luxembourgish territory became successively part of the Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855), the Kingdom of Lotharingia (855–959) and finally of the Duchy of Lorraine (959–1059), which itself had become a state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "When the Carolingian Empire was divided many times starting with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, today's Luxembourgish territory became successively part of the Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855), the Kingdom of Lotharingia (855–959) and finally of the Duchy of Lorraine (959–1059), which itself had become a state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "When the Carolingian Empire was divided many times starting with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, today's Luxembourgish territory became successively part of the Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855), the Kingdom of Lotharingia (855–959) and finally of the Duchy of Lorraine (959–1059), which itself had become a state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "When the Carolingian Empire was divided many times starting with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, today's Luxembourgish territory became successively part of the Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855), the Kingdom of Lotharingia (855–959) and finally of the Duchy of Lorraine (959–1059), which itself had become a state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "When the Carolingian Empire was divided many times starting with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, today's Luxembourgish territory became successively part of the Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855), the Kingdom of Lotharingia (855–959) and finally of the Duchy of Lorraine (959–1059), which itself had become a state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "By the time of the reign of Henry V the Blonde, Bitburg, La Roche-en-Ardenne, Durbuy, Arlon, Thionville, Marville, Longwy, and in 1264 the competing County of Vianden (and with it St Vith and Schleiden) had either been incorporated directly or become vassal states to the County of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "The only major setback during their rise in power came in 1288, when Henry VI and his three brothers died at the Battle of Worringen while trying unsuccessfully to add the Duchy of Limburg to their realm."}, {"id": "Q152295", "label": "Battle of Worringen", "section": "History - Emergence and expansion (963–1312)", "says": "The only major setback during their rise in power came in 1288, when Henry VI and his three brothers died at the Battle of Worringen while trying unsuccessfully to add the Duchy of Limburg to their realm."}, {"id": "Q27759", "label": "Battle of Crécy", "section": "History - Golden Age (1312–1443)", "says": "He is also known for having founded the Schueberfouer in 1340 and for his heroic death at the Battle of Crécy in 1346."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Golden Age (1312–1443)", "says": "In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three more members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors and Bohemian Kings: John's descendants Charles IV, Sigismund (who also was King of Hungary and Croatia), and Wenceslaus IV."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Golden Age (1312–1443)", "says": "Charles IV created the long-lasting Golden Bull of 1356, a decree which fixed important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Golden Age (1312–1443)", "says": "During these 130 years, the House of Luxembourg was contending with the House of Habsburg for supremacy within the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "History - Golden Age (1312–1443)", "says": "As the House of Luxembourg had become extinct and Luxembourg now became part of the Burgundian Netherlands, this would mark the start of nearly 400 years of foreign rule over Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - Habsburg rule and French invasions (1444–1794)", "says": "In 1482, Philip the Handsome inherited all of what became then known as the Habsburg Netherlands, and with it the Duchy of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "History - Habsburg rule and French invasions (1444–1794)", "says": "With having become a Habsburg possession, the Duchy of Luxembourg became, like many countries in Europe at the time, heavily involved in the many conflicts for dominance of Europe between the Habsburg-held countries and the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Habsburg rule and French invasions (1444–1794)", "says": "In 1542, the King of France, François I, invaded Luxembourg twice, but the Habsburgs under Charles V managed to reconquer the Duchy each time."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "History - Habsburg rule and French invasions (1444–1794)", "says": "Luxembourg became part of the Spanish Netherlands in 1556, and when France and Spain went to war in 1635 it resulted in the Treaty of the Pyrenees, in which the first partition of Luxembourg was decided."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "History - Habsburg rule and French invasions (1444–1794)", "says": "Luxembourg became part of the Spanish Netherlands in 1556, and when France and Spain went to war in 1635 it resulted in the Treaty of the Pyrenees, in which the first partition of Luxembourg was decided."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Habsburg rule and French invasions (1444–1794)", "says": "In context of the Nine Years' War in 1684, France invaded Luxembourg again, conquering and occupying the Duchy until 1697 when it was returned to the Spanish to garner support for the Bourbon cause during the prelude to the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "History - Habsburg rule and French invasions (1444–1794)", "says": "When the war broke out in 1701 Luxembourg and the Spanish Netherlands were administered by the pro-French faction under the governor Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria and sided with the Bourbons."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "History - French rule (1794–1815)", "says": "During the War of the First Coalition, Revolutionary France invaded the Austrian Netherlands, and with it, Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q310767", "label": "Lazare Carnot", "section": "History - French rule (1794–1815)", "says": "Luxembourg's long defence led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg \"the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar\", giving rise to the city's nickname the Gibraltar of the North."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - French rule (1794–1815)", "says": "Luxembourg was annexed by France, becoming the département des forêts (department of forests), and the incorporation of the former Duchy as a département into France was formalized at the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna decided to restore the Duchy of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "However, as the territory had been part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburgian Netherlands in the past, both the Kingdom of Prussia and the newly formed United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included both the present Kingdom of the Netherlands and Belgium, now claimed possession of the territory."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "However, as the territory had been part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburgian Netherlands in the past, both the Kingdom of Prussia and the newly formed United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included both the present Kingdom of the Netherlands and Belgium, now claimed possession of the territory."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "However, as the territory had been part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburgian Netherlands in the past, both the Kingdom of Prussia and the newly formed United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included both the present Kingdom of the Netherlands and Belgium, now claimed possession of the territory."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "Thus the great powers decided that Luxembourg would become a member state of the newly formed German Confederation, but at the same time would be joined with the Netherlands in personal union under King William I of the Netherlands, the son of the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, William V, Prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q2079957", "label": "William I of the Netherlands", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "Thus the great powers decided that Luxembourg would become a member state of the newly formed German Confederation, but at the same time would be joined with the Netherlands in personal union under King William I of the Netherlands, the son of the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, William V, Prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q312215", "label": "William V, Prince of Orange", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "Thus the great powers decided that Luxembourg would become a member state of the newly formed German Confederation, but at the same time would be joined with the Netherlands in personal union under King William I of the Netherlands, the son of the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, William V, Prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "However, from 1816 to 1830, William I ignored the Duchy's sovereignty, treating Luxembourg as a conquered nation while subjecting Luxembourg to high taxes."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "After Belgium became an independent country following the victorious Belgian Revolution of 1830–1831, it claimed the entire Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg as part of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q12971", "label": "Leopold I of Belgium", "section": "History - National awakening (1815–1890)", "says": "This time the territory was reduced by more than half, as the predominantly francophone western part of the country (but also the then Luxembourgish-speaking part of Arelerland) was transferred to the new Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold I of Belgium, thereby giving Luxembourg its modern-day borders."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - German occupations and interwar political crisis (1890–1945)", "says": "In 1939, the Luxembourg army increased to 425 due to Nazi Germany presence."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - German occupations and interwar political crisis (1890–1945)", "says": "In contrast to the First World War, under the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II, the co"}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - Integration into NATO and European Union (1945–present)", "says": "In the early fifties a small contingent of troops fought in the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Integration into NATO and European Union (1945–present)", "says": "Luxembourg troops have also deployed to Afghanistan, to support ISAF."}, {"id": "Q15981", "label": "Robert Schuman", "section": "History - Integration into NATO and European Union (1945–present)", "says": "With Robert Schuman (one of the founding fathers of the EU), Pierre Werner (considered the father of the Euro), Gaston Thorn, Jacques Santer and Jean-Claude Juncker (all former presidents of the European Commission), Luxembourgish politicians contributed substantially to the EU's formation and establishment."}, {"id": "Q57661", "label": "Jean-Claude Juncker", "section": "History - Integration into NATO and European Union (1945–present)", "says": "With Robert Schuman (one of the founding fathers of the EU), Pierre Werner (considered the father of the Euro), Gaston Thorn, Jacques Santer and Jean-Claude Juncker (all former presidents of the European Commission), Luxembourgish politicians contributed substantially to the EU's formation and establishment."}], "Q1028": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "Morocco also claims to share a border with Mauritania through the disputed territory of Western Sahara."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 15th and 16th centuries, Morocco faced external threats to its sovereignty, with Portugal seizing some territory and the Ottoman Empire encroaching from the east."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 15th and 16th centuries, Morocco faced external threats to its sovereignty, with Portugal seizing some territory and the Ottoman Empire encroaching from the east."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saadi dynasty expanded its territory through the conquest of the Songhai Empire in the late 16th century."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Morocco later became a realm of the Northwest African civilisation of ancient Carthage, and part of the Carthaginian empire."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "The earliest known independent Moroccan state was the Berber kingdom of Mauretania, under King Baga."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "The Muslim conquest of the Maghreb that had begun during the mid-7th century was completed under the Umayyad Caliphate by 709."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "While constituting part of the larger empire, Morocco was initially organised as a subsidiary province of Ifriqiya, with the local governors appointed by the Muslim governor in Kairouan."}, {"id": "Q759998", "label": "Berber (Amazigh) Revolt", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "After the outbreak of the Berber Revolt in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the Miknasa of Sijilmasa and the Barghawata."}, {"id": "Q808139", "label": "Barghawata", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "After the outbreak of the Berber Revolt in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the Miknasa of Sijilmasa and the Barghawata."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "The founder of the Idrisid dynasty and the great-grandson of Hasan ibn Ali, Idris ibn Abdallah, had fled to Morocco after the massacre of his family by the Abbasids in the Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "The Idrisids were ousted in 927 by the Fatimid Caliphate and their Miknasa allies."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "In the 13th and 14th centuries the Zenata Berber Marinids held power in Morocco and strove to replicate the successes of the Almohads through military campaigns in Algeria and Spain."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Foundation and dynasties", "says": "In the 15th century, the Reconquista ended Muslim rule in Iberia, with Muslims and Jews fleeing to find refuge in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - French and Spanish protectorates", "says": "Recognition by the United Kingdom of France's sphere of influence provoked a strong reaction from the German Empire; and a crisis loomed in 1905."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - French and Spanish protectorates", "says": "Recognition by the United Kingdom of France's sphere of influence provoked a strong reaction from the German Empire; and a crisis loomed in 1905."}, {"id": "Q265104", "label": "Louis-Hubert Lyautey", "section": "History - French and Spanish protectorates", "says": "The French colonial administrator, general Marshal Hubert Lyautey, sincerely admired Moroccan culture and succeeded in imposing a joint Moroccan-French administration, while creating a modern school system."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - French and Spanish protectorates", "says": "Several divisions of Moroccan soldiers (Goumiers or regular troops and officers) served in the French army in both World War I and World War II, and in the Spanish Nationalist Army in the Spanish Civil War and after (Regulares)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - French and Spanish protectorates", "says": "Several divisions of Moroccan soldiers (Goumiers or regular troops and officers) served in the French army in both World War I and World War II, and in the Spanish Nationalist Army in the Spanish Civil War and after (Regulares)."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "History - French and Spanish protectorates", "says": "Several divisions of Moroccan soldiers (Goumiers or regular troops and officers) served in the French army in both World War I and World War II, and in the Spanish Nationalist Army in the Spanish Civil War and after (Regulares)."}, {"id": "Q37102", "label": "Republic of the Rif", "section": "History - French and Spanish protectorates", "says": "Between 1921 and 1926, an uprising in the Rif Mountains, led by Abd el-Krim, led to the establishment of the Republic of the Rif."}, {"id": "Q1891008", "label": "Sand War", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "In 1963, the Sand War was fought between Algerian and Moroccan troops over Moroccan claims to parts of Algerian territory."}, {"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "The Polisario movement was formed in 1973, with the aim of establishing an independent state in the Spanish Sahara."}, {"id": "Q870684", "label": "Green March", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "Some 350,000 civilians were reported as being involved in the \"Green March\"."}], "Q1049": [{"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the southeast, and South Sudan to the south."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the southeast, and South Sudan to the south."}, {"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "lead", "says": "1500–1070 BC), and the Kingdom of Kush (c."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Egyptians under the Muhammad Ali dynasty."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a condominium."}, {"id": "Q311798", "label": "Gaafar Nimeiry", "section": "lead", "says": "After Sudan became independent, the Gaafar Nimeiry regime began Islamist rule."}, {"id": "Q191324", "label": "Middle Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "History - Kerma culture (2500–1500 BC)", "says": "The polity seems to have been one of several Nile Valley states during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q296439", "label": "Mentuhotep II", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)", "says": "Mentuhotep II, the 21st century BC founder of the Middle Kingdom, is recorded to have undertaken campaigns against Kush in the 29th and 31st years of his reign."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)", "says": "The Egyptians ruled Kush in the New kingdom beginning when the Egyptian King Thutmose I occupied Kush and destroyed its capital, Kerma."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)", "says": "Around 1500 BC, Nubia was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt, but rebellions continued for centuries."}, {"id": "Q157966", "label": "Amenhotep I", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)", "says": "Resistance to the early eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian rule by neighboring Kush is evidenced in the writings of Ahmose, son of Ebana, an Egyptian warrior who served under Nebpehtrya Ahmose (1539–1514 BC), Djeserkara Amenhotep I (1514–1493 BC), and Aakheperkara Thutmose I (1493–1481 BC)."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)", "says": "Its historical allies, the inhabitants of Canaan, had fallen to the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1020 BC), and then the resurgent Neo-Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC)."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)", "says": "Its historical allies, the inhabitants of Canaan, had fallen to the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1020 BC), and then the resurgent Neo-Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC)."}, {"id": "Q737648", "label": "Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt", "section": "History - Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)", "says": "After King Kashta (\"the Kushite\") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for nearly a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)", "says": "Pharaoh Piye attempted to expand the empire into the Near East but was thwarted by the Assyrian king Sargon II."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)", "says": "The war that took place between Pharaoh Taharqa and the Assyrian king Sennacherib was a decisive event in Western history, with the Nubians being defeated in their attempts to gain a foothold in the Near East by Assyria."}, {"id": "Q434535", "label": "Tanutamani", "section": "History - Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)", "says": "Then, the king Tantamani, a successor of Taharqa, made a final determined attempt to regain Lower Egypt from the newly reinstated Assyrian vassal Necho I."}, {"id": "Q455594", "label": "Necho I", "section": "History - Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)", "says": "Then, the king Tantamani, a successor of Taharqa, made a final determined attempt to regain Lower Egypt from the newly reinstated Assyrian vassal Necho I."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)", "says": "Ashurbanipal, who had succeeded Esarhaddon, sent a large army in Egypt to regain control."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)", "says": "Still in the sixth century they converted to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)", "says": "Between 639 and 641 the Muslim Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate conquered Byzantine Egypt."}, {"id": "Q374306", "label": "Tevfik Paşa", "section": "History - Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Mahdist Sudan (1820–1899)", "says": "In 1879, the Great Powers forced the removal of Ismail and established his son Tewfik Pasha in his place."}, {"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "History - Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Mahdist Sudan (1820–1899)", "says": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah, the Mahdi (Guided One), offered to the ansars (his followers) and those who surrendered to him a choice between adopting Islam or being killed."}, {"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "History - Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Mahdist Sudan (1820–1899)", "says": "On 12 August 1881, an incident occurred at Aba Island, sparking the outbreak of what became the Mahdist War."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "History - Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Mahdist Sudan (1820–1899)", "says": "After a power struggle amongst his deputies, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, with the help primarily of the Baggara of western Sudan, overcame the opposition of the others and emerged as the unchallenged leader of the Mahdiyah."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)", "says": "The British were keen to reverse the process, started under Muhammad Ali Pasha, of uniting the Nile Valley under Egyptian leadership and sought to frustrate all efforts aimed at further uniting the two countries."}, {"id": "Q2002684", "label": "Reginald Wingate", "section": "History - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)", "says": "With a formal end to Ottoman rule in 1914, Sir Reginald Wingate was sent that December to occupy Sudan as the new Military Governor."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "History - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)", "says": "They continued upon their insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state even when the Sultanate of Egypt was retitled as the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan, but it was Saad Zaghloul who continued to be frustrated in the ambitions until his death in 1927."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "History - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)", "says": "They continued upon their insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state even when the Sultanate of Egypt was retitled as the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan, but it was Saad Zaghloul who continued to be frustrated in the ambitions until his death in 1927."}, {"id": "Q328734", "label": "Saad Zaghloul", "section": "History - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)", "says": "They continued upon their insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state even when the Sultanate of Egypt was retitled as the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan, but it was Saad Zaghloul who continued to be frustrated in the ambitions until his death in 1927."}, {"id": "Q188999", "label": "Austen Chamberlain", "section": "History - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)", "says": "The Wafdist parliamentary majority had rejected Sarwat Pasha's accommodation plan with Austen Chamberlain in London; yet Cairo still needed the money."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "History - Bashir era (1989–2019)", "says": "During the 1990s, Hassan al-Turabi, then Speaker of the National Assembly, reached out to Islamic fundamentalist groups and invited Osama bin Laden to the country."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Bashir era (1989–2019)", "says": "The United States subsequently listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "History - Bashir era (1989–2019)", "says": "Following Al Qaeda's bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, the U.S. launched Operation Infinite Reach and targeted the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory, which the U.S. government falsely believed was producing chemical weapons for the terrorist group."}, {"id": "Q190758", "label": "War in Darfur", "section": "History - Bashir era (1989–2019)", "says": "In February 2003, the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) groups in Darfur took up arms, accusing the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favour of Sudanese Arabs, precipitating the War in Darfur."}, {"id": "Q1424647", "label": "Comprehensive Peace Agreement", "section": "History - Bashir era (1989–2019)", "says": "On 9 January 2005, the government signed the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement with the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) with the obje"}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "History - Partition and rehabilitation", "says": "On 13 January 2017, US president Barack Obama signed an Executive Order that lifted many sanctions placed against Sudan and assets of its government held abroad."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "History - Partition and rehabilitation", "says": "On 6 October 2017, Donald Trump lifted most of the remaining sanctions against the country."}, {"id": "Q27654948", "label": "Abdalla Hamdok", "section": "History - 2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government", "says": "The former Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok, a 61-year-old economist who worked previously for the UN Economic Commission for Africa, was sworn in on 21 August 2019."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - 2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government", "says": "The governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had invested significant sums supporting the military council since Bashir's ouster."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "History - 2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government", "says": "The governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had invested significant sums supporting the military council since Bashir's ouster."}], "Q64": [{"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin was designated the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701), Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), German Empire (1871–1918), Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin was designated the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701), Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), German Empire (1871–1918), Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin was designated the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701), Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), German Empire (1871–1918), Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin was designated the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701), Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), German Empire (1871–1918), Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin was designated the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701), Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), German Empire (1871–1918), Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II and following Berlin's occupation, the city was split into West Berlin and East Berlin, divided by the Berlin Wall."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "After the Semnones left around 200 CE, the Burgundians followed."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "History - 12th century to 16th century", "says": "In the 12th century the region came under German rule as part of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, founded by Albert the Bear in 1157."}, {"id": "Q701736", "label": "Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "History - 12th century to 16th century", "says": "In 1443, Frederick II of Brandenburg initiated the construction of a new royal palace in the twin city of Berlin-Cölln."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - 17th to 19th centuries", "says": "The Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - 17th to 19th centuries", "says": "With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "History - 17th to 19th centuries", "says": "Since 1618, the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been in personal union with the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - 17th to 19th centuries", "says": "In 1740, Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great (1740–1786), came to power."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - 17th to 19th centuries", "says": "Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment, but also, was briefly occupied during the Seven Years' War by the Russian army."}, {"id": "Q700264", "label": "Province of Brandenburg", "section": "History - 17th to 19th centuries", "says": "In 1815, the city became part of the new Province of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "At the end of World War I, during the German Revolution, the Weimar Republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building on November 9, 1918."}, {"id": "Q70581", "label": "Philipp Scheidemann", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "At the end of World War I, during the German Revolution, the Weimar Republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building on November 9, 1918."}, {"id": "Q937", "label": "Albert Einstein", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "Albert Einstein rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "Hitler wished for a German Reich with a capital city that had a monumental ensemble."}, {"id": "Q60045", "label": "Albert Speer", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer developed architectural concepts for the conversion of the city into World Capital Germania; these were never implemented."}, {"id": "Q36756", "label": "Kristallnacht", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "After Kristallnacht in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp."}, {"id": "Q117571", "label": "Porajmos", "section": "History - 1900–1945", "says": "During World War II, Berlin was the location of multiple Nazi prisons, forced labor camps, 17 subcamps of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp for men and women, including teenagers, of various nationalities, a camp for Sinti and Romani people (see Romani Holocaust), and the Stalag III-D prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs of various nationalities."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "History - 1946–Present", "says": "All four Allies of World War II shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - 1946–Present", "says": "However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Trizone to the three western sectors of Berlin, the Soviet Union imposed the Berlin Blockade on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - 1946–Present", "says": "The founding of East and West Germany in 1949 increased Cold War tensions."}], "Q928": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q1496", "label": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "lead", "says": "The arrival of the explorer Ferdinand Magellan marked the beginning of Spanish colonization."}, {"id": "Q449551", "label": "Ruy López de Villalobos", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II."}, {"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic."}, {"id": "Q1361989", "label": "First Philippine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "lead", "says": "Since then, the country notably experienced a period of martial law from 1972 to 1981 under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and his subsequent overthrow by the People Power Revolution in 1986, returning to democracy."}, {"id": "Q1274389", "label": "People Power Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Since then, the country notably experienced a period of martial law from 1972 to 1981 under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and his subsequent overthrow by the People Power Revolution in 1986, returning to democracy."}, {"id": "Q2091449", "label": "Battle of Mactan", "section": "History - Early states (900–1565)", "says": "Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by Lapulapu's men in the Battle of Mactan."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "Unification and colonization by the Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain in 1565."}, {"id": "Q318500", "label": "Miguel López de Legazpi", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "Unification and colonization by the Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain in 1565."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "Disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns, where Catholic missionaries could more easily convert their inhabitants to Christianity, which was initially syncretist."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico City-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown averaging 250,000 pesos, usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "History - Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)", "says": "Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo during the last quarter of the 19th century, and the Muslim Moro in the Sultanate of Sulu acknowledged Spanish sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q319950", "label": "Sergio Osmeña", "section": "History - Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)", "says": "Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the Taft Commission; the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year, with Manuel Quezon president and Sergio Osmeña vice president."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)", "says": "The Empire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941 during World War II, and the Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state governed by Jose P."}, {"id": "Q2027229", "label": "Second Philippine Republic", "section": "History - Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)", "says": "The Empire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941 during World War II, and the Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state governed by Jose P."}, {"id": "Q223419", "label": "Manuel Roxas", "section": "History - Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)", "says": "On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the Treaty of Manila."}, {"id": "Q7837141", "label": "Treaty of Manila", "section": "History - Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)", "says": "On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the Treaty of Manila."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "History - Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)", "says": "Quezon became the 2nd President of the Philippines, which made the Philippines a Commonwealth after Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy."}, {"id": "Q132711", "label": "Paul V", "section": "History - Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)", "says": "Truman signed Proclamation 2695 and Truman authorized Paul V."}, {"id": "Q5935403", "label": "Hukbalahap Rebellion", "section": "History - Independence (1946–present)", "says": "Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the Hukbalahap Rebellion succeeded during Ramon Magsaysay's presidency, but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward."}, {"id": "Q312539", "label": "Diosdado Macapagal", "section": "History - Independence (1946–present)", "says": "Succeeding Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration— and pursued a claim on eastern North Borneo."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "History - Independence (1946–present)", "says": "Succeeding Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration— and pursued a claim on eastern North Borneo."}, {"id": "Q212733", "label": "Joseph Estrada", "section": "History - Independence (1946–present)", "says": "His successor, Joseph Estrada, prioritized public housing but faced corruption allegations which led to his overthrow by the 2001 EDSA Re"}], "Q974": [{"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The DRC is bordered by the Republic of the Congo, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west; the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika) to the east; and Zambia and Angola to the south."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The DRC is bordered by the Republic of the Congo, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west; the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika) to the east; and Zambia and Angola to the south."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The DRC is bordered by the Republic of the Congo, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west; the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika) to the east; and Zambia and Angola to the south."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "lead", "says": "The DRC is bordered by the Republic of the Congo, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west; the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika) to the east; and Zambia and Angola to the south."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q12967", "label": "Leopold II of Belgium", "section": "lead", "says": "King Leopold II of Belgium acquired rights to the Congo territory in 1885 and called it the Congo Free State."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "King Leopold II of Belgium acquired rights to the Congo territory in 1885 and called it the Congo Free State."}, {"id": "Q161672", "label": "Patrice Lumumba", "section": "lead", "says": "Congo achieved independence from Belgium in 1960 and was immediately confronted by secessionist movements, the assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, and the seizure of power by Mobutu Sese Seko in 1965."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "lead", "says": "Congo achieved independence from Belgium in 1960 and was immediately confronted by secessionist movements, the assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, and the seizure of power by Mobutu Sese Seko in 1965."}, {"id": "Q426722", "label": "Rwandan Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Instability caused by an influx of refugees from the Rwandan Civil War led to the First Congo War, from 1996 to 1997, which ended with Mobutu's overthrow."}, {"id": "Q838695", "label": "First Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "Instability caused by an influx of refugees from the Rwandan Civil War led to the First Congo War, from 1996 to 1997, which ended with Mobutu's overthrow."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "lead", "says": "The country's name was changed, and it experienced the Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in an estimated several million deaths and the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila."}, {"id": "Q135547", "label": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "section": "lead", "says": "The country's name was changed, and it experienced the Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in an estimated several million deaths and the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila."}, {"id": "Q57416", "label": "Joseph Kabila", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended under President Joseph Kabila, who restored relative stability."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "History - Congo Free State (1877–1908)", "says": "International exposure of the abuses, notably through the 1904 Casement Report and growing diplomatic pressure, led to Leopold's loss of control and the annexation of the territory as the Belgian Congo in 1908."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Belgian Congo (1908–1960)", "says": "After World War II, urbanisation, development programmes, and limited social improvements fostered a small African middle class, but political exclusion persisted, contributing to the rise of nationalist movements and escalating demands for independence in the late 1950s."}, {"id": "Q206048", "label": "Joseph Kasa-Vubu", "section": "History - Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)", "says": "The parliament elected Joseph Kasa-Vubu of the ABAKO party as president."}, {"id": "Q316942", "label": "Antoine Gizenga", "section": "History - Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)", "says": "Other parties that emerged included the African Solidarity Party led by Antoine Gizenga, and the National Party of the People led by Albert Delvaux and Laurent Mbariko."}, {"id": "Q334830", "label": "Tshombé Moïse", "section": "History - Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)", "says": "Shortly after independence the Force Publique mutinied, and on 11 July the province of Katanga, led by Moïse Tshombe, and South Kasai engaged in secessionist uprisings against the new leadership."}, {"id": "Q639073", "label": "South Kasai", "section": "History - Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)", "says": "Shortly after independence the Force Publique mutinied, and on 11 July the province of Katanga, led by Moïse Tshombe, and South Kasai engaged in secessionist uprisings against the new leadership."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)", "says": "After the United Nations rejected Lumumba's call for help to put down the secessionist movements, Lumumba asked for assistance from the Soviet Union, who accepted and sent military supplies and advisers."}, {"id": "Q182309", "label": "Cyrille Adoula", "section": "History - Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)", "says": "Several short-lived governments took over in quick succession, led by Joseph Ileo, Cyrille Adoula, and then Tshombe."}, {"id": "Q1152126", "label": "People's Republic of the Congo", "section": "History - Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)", "says": "Meanwhile, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban-backed rebels called the Simbas rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist \"People's Republic of the Congo\" in Stanleyville."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997)", "says": "Mobutu had the staunch support of the United States because of his opposition to communism; the U.S. believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "History - Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997)", "says": "In the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu was invited to visit the U.S. on several occasions, meeting with U.S. presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H."}, {"id": "Q314524", "label": "Ange-Félix Patassé", "section": "History - Continental and civil wars (1996–2007)", "says": "From 2002 to 2003, Bemba intervened in the Central African Republic on behalf of its then president, Ange-Félix Patassé."}, {"id": "Q152809", "label": "Laurent Nkunda", "section": "History - Continued conflicts (2008–2018)", "says": "Laurent Nkunda, a member of Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma, defected along with troops loyal to him and formed the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP), which began an armed rebellion against the government."}, {"id": "Q29032770", "label": "Félix Tshisekedi", "section": "History - 2018 election and Tshisekedi presidency (2018–present)", "says": "On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate Félix Tshisekedi as the winner of the presidential vote, and he was officially sworn in as president on 24 January."}, {"id": "Q196070", "label": "Uhuru Kenyatta", "section": "History - 2018 election and Tshisekedi presidency (2018–present)", "says": "On 22 April 2021, meetings between Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta and Tshisekedi resulted in new agreements increasing international trade and security (counterterrorism, immigration, cyber security, and customs) between the two countries."}], "Q1016": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of Libya were variously ruled by Carthaginians, Numidians, Persians, and Greeks before the entire region became a part of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Libya was an early centre of Christianity."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century when invasions brought Islam to the region."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire and the Knights Hospitaller occupied Tripoli until Ottoman rule began in 1551."}, {"id": "Q807741", "label": "Barbary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Libya was involved in the Barbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman rule continued until the Italo-Turkish War in 1911, which resulted in Italy occupying Libya and establishing two colonies: Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica, later unified in the Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman rule continued until the Italo-Turkish War in 1911, which resulted in Italy occupying Libya and establishing two colonies: Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica, later unified in the Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "A bloodless military coup in 1969, initiated by a coalition led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris I and created a republic."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "He ruled for 42 years until being overthrown and killed in the 2011 civil war, which was part of the wider Arab Spring, with authority transferred to the National Transitional Council then to the elected General National Congress."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Ancient Libya", "says": "By the 5th century BC, the greatest of the Phoenician colonies, Carthage, had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa, where a distinctive civilisation, known as Punic, came into being."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - Ancient Libya", "says": "In 525 BC the Persian army of Cambyses II overran Cyrenaica, which for the next two centuries remained under Persian or Egyptian rule."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Ancient Libya", "says": "Alexander the Great ended Persian rule in 331 BC and received tribute from Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "History - Ancient Libya", "says": "Eastern Libya again fell under the control of the Greeks, this time as part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q886894", "label": "Ptolemy Apion", "section": "History - Ancient Libya", "says": "Ptolemy Apion, the last Greek ruler, bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome, which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as a Roman province."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "History - Ancient Libya", "says": "On the eastern side, Cyrenaica's first Christian communities were established by the time of the Emperor Claudius."}, {"id": "Q423772", "label": "Uqba ibn Nafi", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "The Fezzan was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi in 663."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "For the next several decades, Libya was under the purview of the Umayyad Caliph of Damascus until the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750, and Libya came under the rule of Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "When Caliph Harun al-Rashid appointed Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab as his governor of Ifriqiya in 800, Libya enjoyed considerable local autonomy under the Aghlabid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1004719", "label": "Bologhine ibn Ziri", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "By the 10th century, the Shiite Fatimids controlled Western Libya, and ruled the entire region in 972 and appointed Bologhine ibn Ziri as governor."}, {"id": "Q3827580", "label": "Banu Khazrun", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "Zirid rule in Tripolitania was short-lived though, and already in 1001 the Berbers of the Banu Khazrun broke away."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "Later, a general of the Almohads, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, ruled Libya from 1207 to 1221 before the later establishment of the Tunisian Hafsid Kingdom independent from the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "Later, a general of the Almohads, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, ruled Libya from 1207 to 1221 before the later establishment of the Tunisian Hafsid Kingdom independent from the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Islamic Libya: 647–1556", "says": "By the 16th century, the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "After a successful invasion of Tripoli by Habsburg Spain in 1510, and its handover to the Knights Hospitaller, the Ottoman admiral Sinan Pasha took control of Libya in 1551."}, {"id": "Q367350", "label": "Turgut Reis", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "His successor Turgut Reis was named the Bey of Tripoli and later Pasha of Tripoli in 1556."}, {"id": "Q3825115", "label": "Ahmed Karamanli", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "One such coup was led by Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "In 1793, Turkish officer Ali Pasha deposed Hamet Karamanli and briefly restored Tripolitania to Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "In the early 19th century war broke out between the United States and Tripolitania, and a series of battles ensued in what came to be known as the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War."}, {"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "In the early 19th century war broke out between the United States and Tripolitania, and a series of battles ensued in what came to be known as the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War."}, {"id": "Q233505", "label": "Second Barbary War", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "In the early 19th century war broke out between the United States and Tripolitania, and a series of battles ensued in what came to be known as the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911", "says": "By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripolitania's economy began to crumble."}, {"id": "Q462874", "label": "Ilan Pappé", "section": "History - Italian colonisation and Allied occupation (1911–1951)", "says": "Ilan Pappé estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military \"killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in Italian concentration camps in Libya).\"\n\nIn 1934, Italy combined Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan and adopted the name \"Libya\" (used by the Ancient Greeks for all of North Africa except Egypt) for the unified colony, with Tripoli as its capital."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Italian colonisation and Allied occupation (1911–1951)", "says": "In June 1940, Italy entered World War II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Independent Kingdom (1951–1969)", "says": "By 24 December 1951, Libya declared its independence as the United Kingdom of Libya, a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under King Idris."}, {"id": "Q548636", "label": "Goukouni Oueddei", "section": "History - Libya under the Gaddafi regime (1969–2011)", "says": "In February 1977, Libya started delivering military supplies to Goukouni Oueddei and the People's Armed Forces in Chad."}, {"id": "Q310855", "label": "Houari Boumédiène", "section": "History - Libya under the Gaddafi regime (1969–2011)", "says": "Both nations agreed to a ceasefire under the mediation of the Algerian president Houari Boumédiène."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "History - Libya under the Gaddafi regime (1969–2011)", "says": "Hundreds of Libyans lost their lives in the country's support for Idi Amin's Uganda in its war against Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q296724", "label": "Mahmoud Jibril", "section": "History - First Libyan Civil War and the fall of Gaddafi (2011)", "says": "On 10 March 2011, the United States and many other nations recognised the council headed by Mahmoud Jibril as acting prime minister and as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people and withdrawing the recognition of Gaddafi's regime."}, {"id": "Q1253", "label": "Ban Ki-moon", "section": "History - First Libyan Civil War and the fall of Gaddafi (2011)", "says": "The town of Zawiya, 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Tripoli, was bombarded by air force planes and army tanks and seized by Jamahiriya troops, \"exercising a level of brutality not yet seen in the conflict.\" Organizations of the United Nations, including United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and the United Nations Human Rights Council, condemned the crackdown as violating international law, with "}, {"id": "Q294536", "label": "Christopher Stevens", "section": "History - Interwar period and the Second Libyan Civil War (2011–2020)", "says": "Christopher Stevens, and three others."}, {"id": "Q57847", "label": "Ali Zeidan", "section": "History - Interwar period and the Second Libyan Civil War (2011–2020)", "says": "On 14 October 2012, the General National Congress elected former GNC member and human rights lawyer Ali Zeidan as prime minister-designate."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "History - Interwar period and the Second Libyan Civil War (2011–2020)", "says": "Most notably, radical Islamist fighters seized Derna in 2014 and Sirte in 2015 in the name of the Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q63285566", "label": "Fathi Bashagha", "section": "History - Post-civil war years (2020–present)", "says": "Fathi Bashagha was appointed prime minister by the parliament in February 2022 to lead a transitional administration, but standing prime minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh refused to hand over power as of April 2022."}, {"id": "Q105319569", "label": "Abd al-Hamid Dbeibeh", "section": "History - Post-civil war years (2020–present)", "says": "Fathi Bashagha was appointed prime minister by the parliament in February 2022 to lead a transitional administration, but standing prime minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh refused to hand over power as of April 2022."}, {"id": "Q122311648", "label": "Storm Daniel", "section": "History - Post-civil war years (2020–present)", "says": "On 10 September 2023, catastrophic floods due to dam failures generated by Storm Daniel devastated the port city of Derna, killing more than 5,900 and possibly as many as 24,000."}], "Q228": [{"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Andorra was formed as a polity by a charter in 1278, being a lordship within the Principality of Catalonia until 1715."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Iberian and Roman Andorra", "says": "Early writings and documents relating to this group of people goes back to the second century BCE by the Greek writer Polybius in his Histories during the Punic Wars."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "History - Iberian and Roman Andorra", "says": "Early writings and documents relating to this group of people goes back to the second century BCE by the Greek writer Polybius in his Histories during the Punic Wars."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Visigoths and Carolingians", "says": "After the fall of the Roman Empire, Andorra came under the influence of the Visigoths, the Kingdom of Toledo, and the Diocese of Urgell."}, {"id": "Q2301372", "label": "Kingdom of Toledo", "section": "History - Visigoths and Carolingians", "says": "After the fall of the Roman Empire, Andorra came under the influence of the Visigoths, the Kingdom of Toledo, and the Diocese of Urgell."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Visigoths and Carolingians", "says": "The Visigoths remained in the valleys for 200 years, during which time Christianity spread."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Visigoths and Carolingians", "says": "Tradition holds that Charles the Great (Charlemagne) granted a charter to the Andorran people for a contingent of 5,000 soldiers under the command of Marc Almugaver, in return for fighting against the Moors near Porté-Puymorens (Cerdanya)."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Visigoths and Carolingians", "says": "Tradition also holds that it was guaranteed by the son of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, writing the Carta de Poblament or a local municipal charter c."}, {"id": "Q509228", "label": "Borrell II, Count of Barcelona", "section": "History - Visigoths and Carolingians", "says": "In 988, Count Borrell II of Urgell gave the Andorran valleys to the Diocese of Urgell in exchange for land in Cerdanya."}, {"id": "Q1348955", "label": "Reapers' War", "section": "History - 16th to 18th centuries", "says": "In both the Reapers' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Andorran people (while professing to be a neutral country) supported the rest of the Catalans who ultimately saw most of their rights suppressed in 1716 as a consequence of the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - 16th to 18th centuries", "says": "In both the Reapers' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Andorran people (while professing to be a neutral country) supported the rest of the Catalans who ultimately saw most of their rights suppressed in 1716 as a consequence of the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - 19th century: New Reform and the Andorran Question", "says": "In 1812–1813, the First French Empire attempted to annex Catalonia during the Peninsular War (Guerra Peninsular) and divided the region into four departements, with Andorra as a part of the district of Puigcerdà."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - 19th century: New Reform and the Andorran Question", "says": "After the French defeat in the Peninsular War in 1814, an imperial decree reestablished the independence and economy of Andorra."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "History - 20th and 21st century: Modernisation of the country and constitution", "says": "From 1936 until 1940, a French military detachment of Garde Mobile led by well-known Colonel René-Jules Baulard was garrisoned in Andorra to secure the principality against disruption from the Spanish Civil War and Francoist Spain and also face the rise of Republicanism in the aftermath of the 1933 Revolution."}, {"id": "Q13474305", "label": "Francoist Spain", "section": "History - 20th and 21st century: Modernisation of the country and constitution", "says": "From 1936 until 1940, a French military detachment of Garde Mobile led by well-known Colonel René-Jules Baulard was garrisoned in Andorra to secure the principality against disruption from the Spanish Civil War and Francoist Spain and also face the rise of Republicanism in the aftermath of the 1933 Revolution."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - 20th and 21st century: Modernisation of the country and constitution", "says": "During World War II, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between Vichy France and Francoist Spain."}], "Q334": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north."}, {"id": "Q130327", "label": "Thomas Stamford Raffles", "section": "lead", "says": "Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and in 1963 became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak."}, {"id": "Q27842", "label": "Kingdom of Singapura", "section": "History - Ancient Singapore", "says": "In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama."}, {"id": "Q3363540", "label": "Parameswara", "section": "History - Ancient Singapore", "says": "Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, its ruler Parameswara was attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese, forcing him to move to Malacca where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Ancient Singapore", "says": "Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, its ruler Parameswara was attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese, forcing him to move to Malacca where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca."}, {"id": "Q1150344", "label": "Johor Sultanate", "section": "History - Ancient Singapore", "says": "By then, Singapore was nominally part of the Johor Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - British colonisation", "says": "After hearing rumours that they were to be sent to fight the Ottoman Empire, a Muslim state, the soldiers rebelled, killing their officers and several British civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by non-Muslim troops arriving from Johore and Burma."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - British colonisation", "says": "After World War I, the British built the large Singapore Naval Base as part of the defensive Singapore strategy."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - Japanese occupation", "says": "During the Pacific War, the Japanese invasion of Malaya culminated in the Battle of Singapore."}, {"id": "Q716144", "label": "Sook Ching", "section": "History - Japanese occupation", "says": "Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre."}, {"id": "Q704374", "label": "Seishirō Itagaki", "section": "History - Post-war period", "says": "British, Australian, and Indian troops led by Lord Louis Mountbatten returned to Singapore to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region from General Seishirō Itagaki on behalf of General Hisaichi Terauchi on 12 September 1945."}, {"id": "Q168339", "label": "Hisaichi Terauchi", "section": "History - Post-war period", "says": "British, Australian, and Indian troops led by Lord Louis Mountbatten returned to Singapore to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region from General Seishirō Itagaki on behalf of General Hisaichi Terauchi on 12 September 1945."}, {"id": "Q254004", "label": "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "section": "History - Post-war period", "says": "Meanwhile, Tomoyuki Yamashita was tried by a US military commission for war crimes, but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Post-war period", "says": "He was convicted and hanged in the Philippines on 23 February 1946."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "History - Post-war period", "says": "The British Military Administration ended on 1 April 1946, and Singapore became a separate crown colony in its own right, as the Straits Settlements were formally dissolved that year."}, {"id": "Q2354629", "label": "Malayan Emergency", "section": "History - Post-war period", "says": "During the 1950s, Chinese communists, with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools, waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency."}, {"id": "Q296317", "label": "Tunku Abdul Rahman", "section": "History - Within Malaysia", "says": "On 27 May 1961, Malaya's prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, made a surprise proposal for a new Federation called Malaysia, which would unite the current and former British possessions in the region: the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, North Borneo, and Sarawak."}, {"id": "Q1361929", "label": "Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation", "section": "History - Within Malaysia", "says": "Indonesia opposed the formation of Malaysia due to its own claims over Borneo and launched Konfrontasi  in response to the formation of Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q131248", "label": "Kuan Yew Lee", "section": "History - Republic of Singapore", "says": "After its expulsion from Malaysia, Singapore became independent as the \"Republic of Singapore\" on 9 August 1965, with Lee Kuan Yew and Yusof bin Ishak as the first prime minister and president respectively."}, {"id": "Q259331", "label": "Yusof bin Ishak", "section": "History - Republic of Singapore", "says": "After its expulsion from Malaysia, Singapore became independent as the \"Republic of Singapore\" on 9 August 1965, with Lee Kuan Yew and Yusof bin Ishak as the first prime minister and president respectively."}], "Q419": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the southeast by Bolivia, to the south by Chile, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Peruvian territory was home to several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE Caral–Supe civilization, the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the cradles of civilization."}, {"id": "Q2314963", "label": "Kingdom of Cusco", "section": "lead", "says": "Notable succeeding cultures and civilizations include the Nazca culture, the Moche, Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Cusco, and the Inca Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Americas."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Notable succeeding cultures and civilizations include the Nazca culture, the Moche, Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Cusco, and the Inca Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Americas."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and Charles V established a viceroyalty with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and Charles V established a viceroyalty with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "lead", "says": "Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, and Simón Bolívar, as well as the decisive battle of Ayacucho, it completed its independence in 1824."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, and Simón Bolívar, as well as the decisive battle of Ayacucho, it completed its independence in 1824."}, {"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative economic and political stability began due to the exploitation of guano that ended with the War of the Pacific (1879–1884)."}, {"id": "Q133040", "label": "Alberto Fujimori", "section": "lead", "says": "Implementation of Plan Verde shifted Peru towards neoliberal economics under the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of Fujimorism leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to the pres"}, {"id": "Q2164400", "label": "Vladimiro Montesinos", "section": "lead", "says": "Implementation of Plan Verde shifted Peru towards neoliberal economics under the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of Fujimorism leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to the pres"}, {"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last Sapa Inca, became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last Sapa Inca, became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "In December 1532, a party of conquistadors (supported by the Chankas, Huancas, Cañaris and Chachapoyas as Indian auxiliaries) led by Francisco Pizarro defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the Battle of Cajamarca."}, {"id": "Q1425362", "label": "Battle of Cajamarca", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "In December 1532, a party of conquistadors (supported by the Chankas, Huancas, Cañaris and Chachapoyas as Indian auxiliaries) led by Francisco Pizarro defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the Battle of Cajamarca."}, {"id": "Q10715354", "label": "Neo-Inca State", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba in 1572."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian forced labor as its primary workforce."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Conquest and colonial period", "says": "With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to Catholicism, with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples \"had been corrupted by the Devil\", who was working \"through them to frustrate"}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies."}, {"id": "Q28930", "label": "Bernardo O'Higgins", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General Bernardo O'Higgins and liberated the country in the battles of Chacabuco and Maipú in 1818."}, {"id": "Q934097", "label": "Bernardo Monteagudo", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "On 27 December 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; Ministry of War and Navy, to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue."}, {"id": "Q1763351", "label": "Ramón Castilla", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla, through increased state revenues from guano exports."}, {"id": "Q2321115", "label": "José Balta", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The government of José Balta was lavished on infrastructure (i.e., the construction of the Central Railway), the first signs of excess governmental spending becoming apparent."}, {"id": "Q1801868", "label": "Rio Protocol", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, after which the Rio Protocol sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries."}, {"id": "Q116718", "label": "Manuel Prado Ugarteche", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Odría was succeeded by Manuel Prado Ugarteche."}, {"id": "Q117002", "label": "Ricardo Pérez Godoy", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a coup d'état led by Ricardo Pérez Godoy."}, {"id": "Q311431", "label": "Juan Velasco Alvarado", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "On 3 October 1968 another coup d'état led by a group of officers led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of \"social progress and integral development\", nationalist and reformist, influenced by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC) theses on dependence and underdevelopment."}, {"id": "Q81638", "label": "Valentín Paniagua", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "A caretaker government presided over by Valentín Paniagua took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections."}, {"id": "Q207426", "label": "Alejandro Toledo", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Afterwards Alejandro Toledo became president in 2001 to 2006."}, {"id": "Q167211", "label": "Alan García", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "On 28 July 2006, former president Alan García became President of Peru after winning the 2006 elections."}, {"id": "Q235137", "label": "Keiko Fujimori", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In 2006, Alberto Fujimori's daughter, Keiko Fujimori, entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism."}, {"id": "Q381027", "label": "Pedro Pablo Kuczynski", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra, the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents."}, {"id": "Q24030720", "label": "Martín Vizcarra", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra, the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents."}, {"id": "Q57254", "label": "Ollanta Humala", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "On 5 June 2011, Ollanta Humala was elected president, with his cabinet being successfully censured by the Fujimorist Congress."}, {"id": "Q5993760", "label": "Manuel Merino", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President Manuel Merino, faced protests across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency."}], "Q215": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The present territory has been part of many different states, including the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Empire, Napoleonic France, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The present territory has been part of many different states, including the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Empire, Napoleonic France, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The present territory has been part of many different states, including the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Empire, Napoleonic France, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The present territory has been part of many different states, including the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Empire, Napoleonic France, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The present territory has been part of many different states, including the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Empire, Napoleonic France, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The present territory has been part of many different states, including the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Empire, Napoleonic France, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in December 1918; in 1929, the Kingdom became known as Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1941, during World War II, Slovenia's territory was partitioned by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Horthyist Hungary and the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following World War II, in 1945 Slovenia was established as one of six constituent republics that made up the Socialist Federation of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q163883", "label": "Ten-Day War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the brief Ten-Day War it became a sovereign state."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "During Roman times, the area of modern-day Slovenia was divided between Venetia et Histria (region X of Roman Italia in the classification of Augustus) and the imperial provinces Pannonia and Noricum."}, {"id": "Q836944", "label": "Battle of the Frigidus", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "In 394, the historic Battle of the Frigidus took place in the Vipava Valley, where Eastern Emperor Theodosius I defeated German usurper Eugenius."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "In 394, the historic Battle of the Frigidus took place in the Vipava Valley, where Eastern Emperor Theodosius I defeated German usurper Eugenius."}, {"id": "Q313058", "label": "Eugenius", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "In 394, the historic Battle of the Frigidus took place in the Vipava Valley, where Eastern Emperor Theodosius I defeated German usurper Eugenius."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Slavic settlement", "says": "The Slavic tribes migrated to the Alpine area after the westward departure of the Lombards (the last Germanic tribe) in 568, and, under intense pressure from Avars, established a Slavic settlement in the Eastern Alps."}, {"id": "Q501754", "label": "Carantania", "section": "History - Slavic settlement", "says": "After its disintegration following Samo's death around 658, the ancestors of the Slovenes formed independent geopolitical entities: duchy of Carantania, and Carniola, later duchy Carniola."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Slavic settlement", "says": "While the Avars temporarily reclaimed surrounding territories, Frankish King Charlemagne decisively defeated them in 803, bringing the entire region under Western European influence."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The Carantanians, one of the ancestral groups of the modern Slovenes, particularly the Carinthian Slovenes, were the first Slavic people to accept Christianity."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "This process, together with the Christianization of the Bavarians, was later described in the memorandum known as the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, which is thought to have overemphasized the role of the Church of Salzburg in the Christianization process over similar efforts of the Patriarchate of Aquileia."}, {"id": "Q836894", "label": "Patriarchate of Aquileia", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "This process, together with the Christianization of the Bavarians, was later described in the memorandum known as the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, which is thought to have overemphasized the role of the Church of Salzburg in the Christianization process over similar efforts of the Patriarchate of Aquileia."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the victory of Emperor Otto I over the Magyars in 955, Slovene territory was divided into multiple border regions of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Carantania was elevated into the Duchy of Carinthia in 976."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The consolidation and formation of these lands took place in the period between the 11th and 14th centuries, and were led by feudal families, such as the Dukes of Spanheim, the Counts of Gorizia, the Counts of Celje, and, finally, the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "His daughter Margaret was able to keep the County of Tyrol, while the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV passed Carinthia and the Carniolan march to Habsburg Duke Albert II of Austria, whose mother, Elisabet"}, {"id": "Q158434", "label": "Albert II, Duke of Austria", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "His daughter Margaret was able to keep the County of Tyrol, while the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV passed Carinthia and the Carniolan march to Habsburg Duke Albert II of Austria, whose mother, Elisabet"}, {"id": "Q699923", "label": "Illyrian Provinces", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Slovene Lands were successively part of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Slovene Lands were successively part of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q306696", "label": "Austrian Littoral", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Slovenes inhabited most of Carniola, the southern part of the duchies of Carinthia and Styria, the northern and eastern areas of the Austrian Littoral, as well as Prekmurje in the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "World War I brought heavy casualties to Slovenes, particularly the twelve Battles of the Isonzo."}, {"id": "Q681517", "label": "Battles of the Isonzo", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "World War I brought heavy casualties to Slovenes, particularly the twelve Battles of the Isonzo."}, {"id": "Q692946", "label": "Gorizia and Gradisca", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Hundreds of thousands of Slovenes from Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca were resettled in refugee camps in Italy and Austria."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "History - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia)", "says": "On 1 December 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs merged with Serbia, becoming part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; in 1929, it was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia)", "says": "On 1 December 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs merged with Serbia, becoming part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; in 1929, it was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia)", "says": "Slovene industrial production was four times greater than Serbia's and 22 times greater than North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "History - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia)", "says": "With the Treaty of Trianon, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was awarded the mostly Slovene-inhabited Prekmurje region, formerly part of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II and annexation", "says": "The area was trisected and annexed into Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during World War II."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - World War II and annexation", "says": "The area was trisected and annexed into Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during World War II."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "History - World War II and annexation", "says": "Led by the Communist Party, it formed the Slovene Partisan units that were part of the Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - World War II and annexation", "says": "Led by the Communist Party, it formed the Slovene Partisan units that were part of the Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q268003", "label": "Edvard Kardelj", "section": "History - Socialist Republic of Slovenia", "says": "After the failure of forced collectivisation that was attempted from 1949 to 1953, a policy of gradual economic liberalisation, known as workers' self-management, was introduced under the advice and supervision of Slovene Marxist and Communist leader Edvard Kardelj, the main ideologue of the Titoist path."}], "Q217": [{"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became an autonomous state within the Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR)."}, {"id": "Q15071069", "label": "Maia Sandu", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the presidency of Maia Sandu, elected in 2020 on a pro-Western and anti-corruption ticket, Moldova has pursued membership in the European Union, and was granted candidate status in June 2022."}], "Q424": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline along the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest."}, {"id": "Q379239", "label": "Jayavaraman II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 802 AD, Jayavarman II declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of Chenla under the name \"Kambuja\"."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the beginning of the Khmer Empire."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vietnam War embroiled the country in civil war during the 1960s, culminating in a 1970 coup which installed the U.S.-aligned Khmer Republic and the takeover of the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vietnam War embroiled the country in civil war during the 1960s, culminating in a 1970 coup which installed the U.S.-aligned Khmer Republic and the takeover of the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace was restored by the 1991 Paris Peace Accords and subsequent United Nations peacekeeping mission, establishing a new constitution, holding the 1993 general election, and ending long-term insurgencies."}, {"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1997 coup d'état consolidated power under Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP)."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Pre-Angkorian, Angkorian, and Post-Angkor", "says": "During the rule of Jayavarman VIII the Angkor empire was attacked by the Mongol army of Kublai Khan; the king was able to buy peace."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Pre-Angkorian, Angkorian, and Post-Angkor", "says": "Around the 13th century, Theravada missionaries from Sri Lanka reintroduced Theravada Buddhism to Southeast Asia, having sent missionaries previously in the 1190s."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "History - Pre-Angkorian, Angkorian, and Post-Angkor", "says": "After a series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the Ayutthaya Kingdom and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown."}, {"id": "Q16673775", "label": "Kingdom of Kampuchea", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "The protectorate of France period lasted until 1953, with a brief interruption while the kingdom was occupied by the Japanese empire from 1941 to 1945 and simultaneously existing as the puppet state of Kingdom of Kampuchea in 1945."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "Instead, Norodom Sihanouk, a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "History - Kingdom (1953–1970)", "says": "Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Cambodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q3543703", "label": "Stanley Karnow", "section": "History - Kingdom (1953–1970)", "says": "In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the U.S. wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Cambodians were killed."}, {"id": "Q880817", "label": "Chester Bowles", "section": "History - Kingdom (1953–1970)", "says": "Johnson emissary Chester Bowles in January 1968."}, {"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "History - Khmer Republic (1970–1975)", "says": "While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was ousted by a military coup led by PM General Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak."}, {"id": "Q2701376", "label": "Sisowath Sirik Matak", "section": "History - Khmer Republic (1970–1975)", "says": "While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was ousted by a military coup led by PM General Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Khmer Republic (1970–1975)", "says": "Once the coup was completed, the new regime, which demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Cambodia, gained the political support of the United States."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "History - Khmer Republic (1970–1975)", "says": "The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces launched armed attacks on the new government to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q379225", "label": "Nuon Chea", "section": "History - Khmer Republic (1970–1975)", "says": "Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by then second-in-command Nuon Chea."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "History - Khmer Republic (1970–1975)", "says": "President Richard Nixon announced that U.S. and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Cambodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Cambodia (see: Cambodian campaign)."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "History - Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979)", "says": "Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any potential threats, escalating violence against the general population."}, {"id": "Q369942", "label": "Ta Mok", "section": "History - Vietnamese occupation and transition (1979–1992)", "says": "The People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) was established as a pro-Soviet state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Cambodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and Ta Mok."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Vietnamese occupation and transition (1979–1992)", "says": "Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q57319", "label": "Norodom Sihamoni", "section": "History - Kingdom (1993–present)", "says": "Norodom Sihamoni was crowned Cambodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication."}, {"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "History - Kingdom (1993–present)", "says": "A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the Khmer Rouge Tribunal sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders."}, {"id": "Q336412", "label": "Kang Kek Iew", "section": "History - Kingdom (1993–present)", "says": "In July 2010, Kang Kek Iew was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity in his role as the former commandant of the S21 extermination camp and he was sentenced to life in prison."}], "Q822": [{"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "From 3200 to 539 BC, it was part of Phoenicia, a maritime civilization that spanned the Mediterranean Basin."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 64 BC, the region became part of the Roman Empire and the subsequent Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 64 BC, the region became part of the Roman Empire and the subsequent Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Lebanon came under the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, administered by France, which established Greater Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1943, Lebanon had gained independence from Free France and established a distinct form of confessional government, with the state's major religious groups being apportioned specific political powers."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Lebanese state was relatively stable, but this was ultimately shattered by the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In the 9th century BC, Phoenician colonies, including Carthage in present-day Tunisia and Cádiz in present-day Spain, flourished throughout the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Subsequently, foreign powers, starting with the Neo-Assyrian Empire, imposed tribute and attacked non-compliant cities."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The Neo-Babylonian Empire took control in the 6th century BC."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 539 BC, the cities of Phoenicia were then incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 539 BC, the cities of Phoenicia were then incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The Phoenician city-states were later incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great following the siege of Tyre in 332 BCE."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The region that is now Lebanon, as with the rest of Syria and much of Anatolia, became a major center of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the early spread of the faith."}, {"id": "Q500409", "label": "Roman–Persian Wars", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "During the frequent Roman–Persian Wars t"}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "During the 980s, the Fatimid Caliphate took control of the Levant, including Mount Lebanon, resulting in the rejuvenation of Mediterranean trade along the Lebanese coast through renewed connections with Byzantium and Italy."}, {"id": "Q174762", "label": "Murad IV", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "This expansion raised concerns for Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, leading to a punitive expedition in 1633."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "History - French Mandate", "says": "Amidst the height of the First World War, the Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, a secret pact between Britain and France, delineated Lebanon and its surrounding areas as regions open to potential French influence or control."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "History - French Mandate", "says": "In 1920, King Faisal I proclaimed the Arab Kingdom of Syria's independence and asserted control over Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q994316", "label": "Battle of Maysalun", "section": "History - French Mandate", "says": "However, following a defeat to the French at the Battle of Maysalun, the kingdom was dissolved."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "History - French Mandate", "says": "Shortly afterward, the formal division of territories took place in the Treaty of Sèvres, signed a few months later."}, {"id": "Q527004", "label": "Henri Dentz", "section": "History - Pressure on German-occupied France", "says": "General Henri Dentz, the Vichy High commissioner for Syria and Lebanon, played a major role in the independence of the nation."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Pressure on German-occupied France", "says": "The United Kingdom, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government, sent its army into Syria and Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Pressure on German-occupied France", "says": "The United Kingdom, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government, sent its army into Syria and Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - Pressure on German-occupied France", "says": "After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General Charles de Gaulle visited the area."}, {"id": "Q553522", "label": "Georges Catroux", "section": "History - Pressure on German-occupied France", "says": "On 26 November 1941, General Georges Catroux announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Independence from Free France", "says": "Following the end of World War II in Europe the French mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League of Nations or its successor the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "History - Independence from Free France", "says": "100,000 Palestinians fled to Lebanon because of the war."}, {"id": "Q2557585", "label": "Saad Haddad", "section": "History - Civil War and occupation", "says": "These positions were held by the South Lebanon Army (SLA), a Christian militia under the leadership of Major Saad Haddad backed by Israel."}, {"id": "Q130873", "label": "Menachem Begin", "section": "History - Civil War and occupation", "says": "The Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, compared the plight of the Christian minority in southern Lebanon (then about 5% of the population in SLA territory) to that of European Jews during World War II."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "History - Civil War and occupation", "says": "PLO leader Yasser Arafat refused to condemn these attacks on the grounds that the cease-fire was only relevant to Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q314263", "label": "Fouad Siniora", "section": "History - Post-war revolution and spillover of the Syrian conflict", "says": "Between 2006 and 2008, a series of protests led by groups opposed to the pro-Western Prime Minister Fouad Siniora demanded the creation of a national unity government, over which the mostly Shia opposition groups would have veto power."}, {"id": "Q107354956", "label": "Doha Agreement", "section": "History - Post-war revolution and spillover of the Syrian conflict", "says": "On 21 May 2008, the signing of the Doha Agreement ended the fighting."}, {"id": "Q57427", "label": "Michel Suleiman", "section": "History - Post-war revolution and spillover of the Syrian conflict", "says": "As part of the accord, which ended 18 months of political paralysis, Michel Suleiman became president and a national unity government was established, granting a veto to the opposition."}, {"id": "Q318493", "label": "Mohamed Agha", "section": "History - Post-war revolution and spillover of the Syrian conflict", "says": "The parliament elected Najib Mikati, the candidate for the Hezbollah-led March 8 Alliance, Prime Minister of Lebanon, making him responsible for forming a new government."}, {"id": "Q181182", "label": "Hasan Nasrallah", "section": "History - Post-war revolution and spillover of the Syrian conflict", "says": "Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah later accused Israel of assassinating Hariri."}, {"id": "Q296771", "label": "Saad Harirị", "section": "History - National crisis (2019–present)", "says": "As a result of the protests, Lebanon entered a political crisis, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation and echoing protestors' demands for a government of independent specialists."}], "Q948": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "It features the archaeological sites of Carthage dating back to the 9th century BC, as well as the Great Mosque of Kairouan."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the Amphitheatre of El Jem."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Then, in 1546, the Ottoman Empire established control, holding sway until 1881, when the French conquered Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The translated meaning of Numidian is Nomad and indeed the people were semi-nomadic until the reign of Masinissa of the Massyli tribe."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The settlers of Carthage brought their culture and religion from Phoenicia, now present-day Lebanon and adjacent areas."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "A Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War,  one of a series of wars with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of Roman power."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "A Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War,  one of a series of wars with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of Roman power."}, {"id": "Q470634", "label": "Oruç Reis", "section": "History - Ottoman Tunisia", "says": "The first Ottoman conquest of Tunis took place in 1534 under the command of Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, the younger brother of Oruç Reis, who was the Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Fleet during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Ottoman Tunisia", "says": "The first Ottoman conquest of Tunis took place in 1534 under the command of Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, the younger brother of Oruç Reis, who was the Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Fleet during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q808027", "label": "Treaty of Bardo", "section": "History - French Protectorate of Tunisia (1881–1956)", "says": "In 1881, using the pretext of a Tunisian incursion into Algeria, the French invaded with an army of about 36,000 and forced the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad III as-Sadiq, to agree to the terms of the 1881 Treaty of Bardo."}, {"id": "Q62457", "label": "Walter Rauff", "section": "History - French Protectorate of Tunisia (1881–1956)", "says": "SS Commander Walter Rauff continued to implement the \"Final Solution\" there."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "History - French Protectorate of Tunisia (1881–1956)", "says": "SS Commander Walter Rauff continued to implement the \"Final Solution\" there."}, {"id": "Q643348", "label": "Habib Bourguiba", "section": "History - Struggle for independence (1943–1956)", "says": "In 1945 after escaping French surveillance, Tunisian nationalist Habib Bourguiba arrived in Cairo."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Struggle for independence (1943–1956)", "says": "Later in 1946, after traveling to other Middle Eastern countries, he made his way to the United States to speak to both the United Nations at their headquarters at Lake Success and U.S."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Struggle for independence (1943–1956)", "says": "The French were opposed to his presence there, and the US feared political change in North Africa due to the looming presence of possible Soviet Union communist expansion."}, {"id": "Q204487", "label": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali", "section": "History - Post-independence (1956–2011)", "says": "In November 1987, doctors declared Bourguiba unfit to rule and, in a bloodless coup d'état, Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali assumed the presidency in accordance with Article 57 of the Tunisian constitution."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - Post-revolution (since 2011)", "says": "The protests inspired the Arab Spring, a wave of similar actions throughout the Arab world."}, {"id": "Q214088", "label": "Mohamed Bouazizi", "section": "History - Post-revolution (since 2011)", "says": "The catalyst for mass demonstrations was the death of Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year-old Tunisian street vendor, who set himself afire on 17 December 2010 in protest at the confiscation of his wares and the humiliation inflicted on him by a municipal official named Faida Hamdy."}, {"id": "Q4715", "label": "Moncef Marzouki", "section": "History - Post-revolution (since 2011)", "says": "On 12 December 2011, former dissident and veteran human rights activist Moncef Marzouki was elected president."}, {"id": "Q4250503", "label": "Chokri Belaïd", "section": "History - Post-revolution (since 2011)", "says": "On 6 February 2013, Chokri Belaid, the leader of the leftist opposition and prominent critic of Ennahda, was assassinated."}, {"id": "Q313539", "label": "Beji Caid Essebsi", "section": "History - Presidency of Kais Saied (2019–present)", "says": "Tunisia's first democratically elected president Beji Caid Essebsi died in July 2019."}, {"id": "Q16120878", "label": "Kais Saied", "section": "History - Presidency of Kais Saied (2019–present)", "says": "Following him, Kais Saied became Tunisia's president after a landslide victory in the 2019 Tunisian presidential elections in October."}, {"id": "Q360792", "label": "Rached Ghannouchi", "section": "History - Presidency of Kais Saied (2019–present)", "says": "In April 2023, the Tunisian government closed the headquarters of the Ennahda party and arrested its leader Rached Ghannouchi."}], "Q233": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was sieged by the Axis powers during World War II and was an Allied base for North Africa and the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations since its independence, and it joined the European Union in 2004 and the eurozone monetary union in 2008."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Malta was an early centre of Christianity, and Catholicism is the state religion, although the country's constitution guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "After the fall of Phoenicia in 332 BC, the area came under the control of Carthage."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "After the fall of Phoenicia in 332 BC, the area came under the control of Carthage."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "During the First Punic War, the island was conquered by Roman general Marcus Atilius Regulus."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "After the failure of his expedition, the island fell back into the hands of Carthage, only to be conquered again during the Second Punic War in 218 BC by the Roman consul named Tiberius Sempronius Longus."}, {"id": "Q1275151", "label": "Tiberius Sempronius Longus", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "After the failure of his expedition, the island fell back into the hands of Carthage, only to be conquered again during the Second Punic War in 218 BC by the Roman consul named Tiberius Sempronius Longus."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "In 395, when the Roman Empire was divided for the last time at the death of Theodosius I, Malta and Sicily fell under the control of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "In 395, when the Roman Empire was divided for the last time at the death of Theodosius I, Malta and Sicily fell under the control of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "In 454, the islands were subdued by the Vandals and the Ostrogoths took over in 464."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "In 533, Belisarius and his army, on his way to conquer the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, reunited the islands under Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "In 533, Belisarius and his army, on his way to conquer the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, reunited the islands under Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans", "says": "Malta remained under the Byzantine Empire until 870, when it was conquered by the Arabs."}, {"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "History - Arab period and the Middle Ages", "says": "Malta became involved in the Arab–Byzantine wars, and the conquest of Malta is linked with the Muslim conquest of Sicily that began in 827 after Admiral Euphemius' betrayal of his fellow Byzantines, requesting that the Aghlabids invade the island."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Arab period and the Middle Ages", "says": "The Muslim chronicler and geographer Ibn ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-Ḥimyarī recounts that, in 870, following a violent struggle against the defending Byzantines, the Arab invaders, first led by Halaf al-Hadim and later by Sawada ibn Muhammad, pillaged the island, destroying the most important buildings and leaving it practically uninhabited until it was recolonized by the Arabs from Sicily in 1048–1049."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Arab period and the Middle Ages", "says": "Malta would be a settlement for Banu Matkud, which was a vassalised tribal city state from Misrata during both Fatimid Caliphate and the Aghlabid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q315297", "label": "Roger I of Sicily", "section": "History - Norman conquest", "says": "Their leader, Roger I of Sicily, was welcomed by Christian captives."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "History - Norman conquest", "says": "Malta became part of the new Kingdom of Sicily, which also covered the southern Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "History - Norman conquest", "says": "In 1266, the kingdom passed to the Capetian House of Anjou, but high taxes made the dynasty unpopular in Malta, due in part to Charles of Anjou's war against the Republic of Genoa, and the island of Gozo was sacked in 1275."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - Norman conquest", "says": "In 1266, the kingdom passed to the Capetian House of Anjou, but high taxes made the dynasty unpopular in Malta, due in part to Charles of Anjou's war against the Republic of Genoa, and the island of Gozo was sacked in 1275."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "Malta was ruled by the House of Barcelona, the ruling dynasty of the Crown of Aragon, from 1282 to 1409, with Aragon aiding Malta in the Sicilian Vespers in the naval battle in Grand Harbour in 1283."}, {"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "Malta was ruled by the House of Barcelona, the ruling dynasty of the Crown of Aragon, from 1282 to 1409, with Aragon aiding Malta in the Sicilian Vespers in the naval battle in Grand Harbour in 1283."}, {"id": "Q468616", "label": "Martin I of Sicily", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "This led King Martin I of Sicily to abolish the title, which returned a few years later."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "The Maltese, led by the local nobility, rose up against Count Gonsalvo Monroy, though they voiced their loyalty to the Sicilian Crown, which impressed King Alfonso V of Aragon enough that he didn't punish Malta, and chose never to grant the title to a third party, moving it back under control of the crown."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "On 23 March 1530, Charles V gave the islands to the Knights Hospitaller under the leadership of Frenchman Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, for which they had to pay an annual tribute of a Maltese Falcon."}, {"id": "Q379765", "label": "Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "On 23 March 1530, Charles V gave the islands to the Knights Hospitaller under the leadership of Frenchman Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, for which they had to pay an annual tribute of a Maltese Falcon."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "These knights, a military religious order also known as the Order of Saint John and later as the Knights of Malta, had been driven out of Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire in 1522."}, {"id": "Q264097", "label": "Jean de Valette Parisot", "section": "History - Crown of Aragon and the Knights of Malta", "says": "The knights, led by Frenchman Jean Parisot de Valette, withstood the Siege of Malta by the Ottomans in 1565."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - French period and British conquest", "says": "The Knights' reign ended when Napoleon captured Malta on his way to Egypt during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1798."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - French period and British conquest", "says": "The Knights' reign ended when Napoleon captured Malta on his way to Egypt during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1798."}, {"id": "Q445924", "label": "Alexander Ball", "section": "History - French period and British conquest", "says": "On 28 October 1798, Captain Alexander Ball completed negotiations with the French garrison on Gozo for a transfer of Malta to the British."}, {"id": "Q2958137", "label": "Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois", "section": "History - French period and British conquest", "says": "General Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois surrendered his French forces in 1800."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "History - French period and British conquest", "says": "The Maltese people created a Declaration of Rights in which they agreed to come \"under the protection and sovereignty of the King of the free people, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\"."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - British Empire and World War II", "says": "In 1814, as part of the Treaty of Paris, Malta officially became a part of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q280856", "label": "George VI", "section": "History - British Empire and World War II", "says": "The Maltese defence during the second siege of Malta moved King George VI to award the George Cross to Malta on a collective basis on 15 April 1942."}, {"id": "Q296754", "label": "Battle of Singapore", "section": "History - British Empire and World War II", "says": "Some historians argue that the award caused Britain to incur disproportionate losses in defending Malta, as British credibility would have suffered if Malta had surrendered, as was done during the Battle of Singapore."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Independence and Republic", "says": "Under its 1964 constitution, Malta initially retained Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta and therefore head of state, with a governor-general exercising executive authority on her behalf."}, {"id": "Q167307", "label": "Dom Mintoff", "section": "History - Independence and Republic", "says": "In 1971, the Malta Labour Party led by Dom Mintoff won the general elections, resulting in Malta declaring itself a republic on 13 December 1974 within the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Independence and Republic", "says": "Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev, which precluded the end of the Cold War."}], "Q221": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares land borders with Greece to the south, Albania to the west, Bulgaria to the east, Kosovo to the northwest and Serbia to the north."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late-6th century BC, most of the area was subjugated by the Persian Empire, and then incorporated into the kingdom of Macedonia by the mid-4th century BC."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The area remained part of the Byzantine Empire, but was often raided and settled by Slavic tribes beginning in the 6th century CE."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following centuries of contention between the Byzantine and Bulgarian empires, it became part of the Serbian Empire in the mid-14th century, and then it was part of the Ottoman Empire from the late-14th century until the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), when it came under Serbian rule."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following centuries of contention between the Byzantine and Bulgarian empires, it became part of the Serbian Empire in the mid-14th century, and then it was part of the Ottoman Empire from the late-14th century until the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), when it came under Serbian rule."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Following centuries of contention between the Byzantine and Bulgarian empires, it became part of the Serbian Empire in the mid-14th century, and then it was part of the Ottoman Empire from the late-14th century until the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), when it came under Serbian rule."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of the war, it returned to Serbian rule as part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Second World War, it was again ruled by Bulgaria; and in 1945 it was established as a constituent state of communist Yugoslavia, which it remained until its peaceful secession in 1991."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Ancient period", "says": "In the late 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persians under Darius the Great conquered Paeonia, incorporating the area within their vast territories."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - Ancient period", "says": "Philip II of Macedon absorbed the regions of Lynkestis, Pelagonia and the southern part of Paeonia (Deuriopus) into the kingdom of Macedon in 356 BC."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Ancient period", "says": "After the death of Agis, the kingdom of Paeonia then led by Lycceius, became vassal to Philip II in 356 BC."}, {"id": "Q882934", "label": "Langarus", "section": "History - Ancient period", "says": "Alexander wished to bestow the hand of his sister Cynane upon Langarus, king of the Agrianians, who had shown himself loyal to Philip II."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "History - Ancient period", "says": "In 310 BC, Celtic armies attacked the area, but were defeated by Cassander."}, {"id": "Q299387", "label": "Ptolemy Ceraunus", "section": "History - Ancient period", "says": "In 279, the Gauls defeated Ptolemy Ceraunus and got as far as Delphi and it is certain that Paeonia was overrun and held for a time by their chieftain Brennus, but in the wake of the Celtic invasion, Leon reestablished the Paeonian kingdom."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "History - Ancient period", "says": "In 227 BC, Antigonus Doson reconquered the southern part of Paeonia and founded the city of Antigoneia, and ten years after Philip V of Macedon captured Bylazora; after this Perseis and Astraion were founded."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "By the time of Diocletian, the province was subdivided between Macedonia Prima (\"first Macedonia\") in the south, encompassing most of the kingdom of Macedon, and Macedonia Salutaris (meaning \"wholesome Macedonia\"), known also as Macedonia Secunda (\"second Macedonia\") in the north."}, {"id": "Q1423", "label": "Domitian", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Roman expansion brought the Scupi area, which was part of Dardania, under Roman rule in the time of Domitian (81–96 AD), and it fell within the Province of Moesia."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "They were led by Pannonian Avars."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Slavic tribes that settled in the region of Macedonia converted to Christianity around the 9th century during the reign of Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q311057", "label": "Boris I of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Slavic tribes that settled in the region of Macedonia converted to Christianity around the 9th century during the reign of Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "The Ohrid Literary School became one of the two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire, along with the Preslav Literary School."}, {"id": "Q158504", "label": "Clement of Ohrid", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Established in Ohrid in 886 by Saint Clement of Ohrid on the order of Boris I, the Ohrid Literary School was involved in the spreading of the Cyrillic script."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Samuil re-established Bulgarian power, but after several decades of conflicts, in 1014, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II defeated his armies, and within four years the Byzantines restored control over the Balkans (modern-day North Macedonia was included into a new province, called Bulgaria)."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "In the early 13th century, a revived Bulgarian Empire gained control of the region."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Macedonian autonomism", "says": "In 1905 it was renamed the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO), and after World War I the organisation separated into the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and the Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation (ITRO)."}, {"id": "Q1145682", "label": "Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising", "section": "History - Macedonian autonomism", "says": "In 1903, IMRO organised the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans, which after some initial successes, including the forming of the Kruševo Republic, was crushed with much loss of life."}, {"id": "Q1771831", "label": "Kruševo Republic", "section": "History - Macedonian autonomism", "says": "In 1903, IMRO organised the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans, which after some initial successes, including the forming of the Kruševo Republic, was crushed with much loss of life."}, {"id": "Q2157257", "label": "Robert Gerwarth", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "According to Robert Gerwarth, the Bulgarian denationalisation policy, including its paramilitary aspect, was almost identical in its intent and execution to the Serbian policy that preceded it."}, {"id": "Q269267", "label": "Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "Also after the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, the Strumica region was annexed to Serbian Macedonia in 1919."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "In 1929, the Kingdom was officially renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and divided into provinces called banovinas."}, {"id": "Q14946371", "label": "South Serbia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "South Serbia, including all of present-day North Macedonia, became the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q956689", "label": "Aleksandar Protogerov", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "Its leaders—including Todor Alexandrov, Aleksandar Protogerov, and Ivan Mihailov—promoted independence of the Macedonian territory split between Serbia and Greece for the whole population, regardless of religion and ethnicity."}, {"id": "Q672922", "label": "Ivan Mihailov", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "Its leaders—including Todor Alexandrov, Aleksandar Protogerov, and Ivan Mihailov—promoted independence of the Macedonian territory split between Serbia and Greece for the whole population, regardless of religion and ethnicity."}, {"id": "Q371355", "label": "Vlado Chernozemski", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "On 9 October 1934, IMRO member Vlado Chernozemski assassinated Alexander I of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q207384", "label": "Alexander I of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "On 9 October 1934, IMRO member Vlado Chernozemski assassinated Alexander I of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Harsh rule by the occupying forces encouraged many Vardar Macedonians to support the Communist Partisan resistance movement of Josip Broz Tito after 1943, and the National Liberation War ensued."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Compelled by the Soviet Union with a view towards the creation of a large South Slav Federation, in 1946 the new Communist government, led by Georgi Dimitrov, agreed to give Bulgarian Macedonia to a United Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q155074", "label": "Georgi Dimitrov", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Compelled by the Soviet Union with a view towards the creation of a large South Slav Federation, in 1946 the new Communist government, led by Georgi Dimitrov, agreed to give Bulgarian Macedonia to a United Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Socialist Yugoslavia", "says": "In December 1944, the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) proclaimed the People's Republic of Macedonia as part of the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q336046", "label": "Robert Badinter", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "Robert Badinter, as the head of the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, recommended EC recognition in January 1992."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "Macedonia remained at peace through the Yugoslav Wars of the early 1990s."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "It was seriously destabilised by the Kosovo War in 1999, when an estimated 360,000 ethnic Albanian refugees from Kosovo took refuge in the country."}, {"id": "Q1363801", "label": "Ohrid Agreement", "section": "History - 2001 insurgency", "says": "Under the terms of the Ohrid Agreement, the government agreed to devolve greater political power and cultural recognition to the Albanian minority."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Antiquisation", "says": "Statues of Alexander the Great and Philip of Macedon have been erected in several cities across the country."}], "Q1045": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Stretching across the Horn of Africa, it borders Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "Stretching across the Horn of Africa, it borders Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi."}, {"id": "Q862518", "label": "Geledi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 19th century, the Somali sultanates were colonised by the Italian and British empires, who merged these tribal territories into two colonies: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 19th century, the Somali sultanates were colonised by the Italian and British empires, who merged these tribal territories into two colonies: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government."}, {"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, launching a failed invasion of Ethiopia which triggered major instability in Somalia and brutally attempting to quash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country."}, {"id": "Q1477220", "label": "Somali Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, launching a failed invasion of Ethiopia which triggered major instability in Somalia and brutally attempting to quash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country."}, {"id": "Q107177113", "label": "Somaliland War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, launching a failed invasion of Ethiopia which triggered major instability in Somalia and brutally attempting to quash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country."}, {"id": "Q181264", "label": "Mycenaean Greece", "section": "History - Classical era", "says": "This civilisation enjoyed a trading relationship with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since the second millennium BC, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q282350", "label": "Land of Punt", "section": "History - Classical era", "says": "This civilisation enjoyed a trading relationship with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since the second millennium BC, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "History - Classical era", "says": "An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - Classical era", "says": "According to Herodotus' account, the Persian Emperor Cambyses II, upon his conquest of Egypt in 525 BC, sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission."}, {"id": "Q11029653", "label": "Nabataean kingdom", "section": "History - Classical era", "says": "During the classical period, the Barbara city-states of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon and Sarapion developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, the Nabataean Kingdom, and the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Classical era", "says": "During the classical period, the Barbara city-states of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon and Sarapion developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, the Nabataean Kingdom, and the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q332790", "label": "Leo Africanus", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "According to Leo Africanus, the Adal Sultanate was governed by local Somali dynasties and its realm encompassed the geographical area between the Bab-el-Mandeb and Cape Guardafui."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Throughout the Middle Ages, Arab immigrants arrived in Somaliland, a historical experience which would later lead to the legendary stories about Muslim sheikhs such as Daarood and Ishaaq bin Ahmed (the purported ancestors of the Darod and Isaaq clans, respectively) travelling from Arabia to Somalia and marrying into the local Dir clan."}, {"id": "Q716024", "label": "Dawit I", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "When the last Sultan of Ifat, Sa'ad ad-Din II, was also killed by Emperor Dawit I in Zeila in 1410, his children escaped to Yemen, before returning in 1415."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Muslim Chinese diplomat Zheng He visited Mogadishu in his voyages to the horn of Africa."}, {"id": "Q862532", "label": "Ajuuraan state", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate and Ajuran Sultanate began to flourish in Somalia."}, {"id": "Q105582386", "label": "Isaaq chieftainship", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "These included the Hiraab Imamate, the Isaaq Sultanate led by the Guled dynasty, the Habr Yunis Sultanate led by the Ainanshe dynasty, the Sultanate of the Geledi (Gobroon dynasty), the Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), and the Sultanate of Hobyo (Obbia)."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "In that year, a British protectorate was declared over part of Somalia, on the African coast opposite South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "History - Independence and post-independence", "says": "During the 1945 Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy Italian Somaliland, on the condition that Somalia achieve independence within ten years, due to pressure from Somali organisations."}, {"id": "Q157197", "label": "Aden Abdullah Osman Daar", "section": "History - Independence and post-independence", "says": "A government was formed by members of the former trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become president from 1967 to 1969)."}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "History - Independence and post-independence", "says": "A government was formed by members of the former trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become president from 1967 to 1969)."}], "Q229": [{"id": "Q1760729", "label": "Alashiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The late Bronze Age saw the emergence of Alashiya, an urbanised society closely connected to the wider Mediterranean world."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Owing to its rich natural resources (particularly copper) and strategic position at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Asia, the island was subsequently contested and occupied by several empires, including the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Persians, from whom it was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Cyprus was placed under British administration in 1878 pursuant to the Cyprus Convention and formally annexed by the United Kingdom in 1914."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "During the Late Bronze Age, from around 1650 BC Cyprus (identified in whole or part as Alashiya in contemporary texts) became more connected to the wider Mediterranean world driven by the trade in copper extracted from the Troodos Mountains, which stimulated the development of urbanised settlements across the island, with records suggesting that Cyprus at this time was ruled by \"kings\" who corresp"}, {"id": "Q181264", "label": "Mycenaean Greece", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "It was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief period under Egyptian rule and eventually Achaemenid rule in 545 BC."}, {"id": "Q1278391", "label": "Onesilus", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "The Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 499 BC against the Achaemenids."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "The Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 499 BC against the Achaemenids."}, {"id": "Q463301", "label": "Evagoras", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "Evagoras I was the king of Salamis from 411 to 374 BC, and was known especially from the work of Isocrates, who presents him as a model ruler."}, {"id": "Q221182", "label": "Isocrates", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "Evagoras I was the king of Salamis from 411 to 374 BC, and was known especially from the work of Isocrates, who presents him as a model ruler."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "From 391 BC, he was aided by the Athenians and the Egyptian king Hakor, he was virtually at war with the Persians and extended his rule over the greater part of Cyprus, crossed over to Anatolia, took several cities in Phoenicia (including Tyre), and persuaded the Cilicians to revolt."}, {"id": "Q929567", "label": "Stasanor", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "In addition, Alexander had two Cypriot generals Stasander and Stasanor both from the Soli and later both became satraps in Alexander's empire."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "History - Ancient Cyprus", "says": "Following Alexander's death, the division of his empire, and the subsequent Wars of the Diadochi"}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Byzantine Cyprus", "says": "When the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the Eastern part, later called Byzantine Empire; the island would remain part of the empire for some 900 years."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Byzantine Cyprus", "says": "When the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the Eastern part, later called Byzantine Empire; the island would remain part of the empire for some 900 years."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Byzantine Cyprus", "says": "Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured repeated attacks and raids launched by Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "History - Byzantine Cyprus", "says": "In 688, Emperor Justinian II and Caliph Abd al-Malik signed a treaty whereby Cyprus would be paying an equal amount of tribute to the Caliphate and tax to the Empire, but would remain politically neutral to both while being retained as a province administered by the Empire."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "History - Byzantine Cyprus", "says": "Full Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas scored decisive victories on land and sea."}, {"id": "Q316831", "label": "Raynald of Châtillon", "section": "History - Byzantine Cyprus", "says": "In 1156, Raynald of Châtillon and Thoros II of Armenia conducted a three-week military occupation and systematic sack of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q392653", "label": "Isaac Komnenos", "section": "History - Byzantine Cyprus", "says": "In 1185, Isaac Komnenos, a member of the Byzantine imperial family, took over Cyprus and declared it independent of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "History - Kingdom of Cyprus", "says": "In 1191, during the Third Crusade, Richard I of England captured the island from Isaac."}, {"id": "Q294192", "label": "Guy of Lusignan", "section": "History - Kingdom of Cyprus", "says": "A year later Richard sold the island to the Knights Templar, who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to Guy of Lusignan."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Venetian Cyprus", "says": "Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead."}, {"id": "Q149192", "label": "Catherine Cornaro", "section": "History - Venetian Cyprus", "says": "Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Venetian Cyprus", "says": "Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Ottoman Cyprus", "says": "As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces."}, {"id": "Q3545355", "label": "Kyprianos", "section": "History - Ottoman Cyprus", "says": "In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos, and four other bishops."}, {"id": "Q220430", "label": "Ioannis Kapodistrias", "section": "History - Ottoman Cyprus", "says": "In 1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - British Cyprus", "says": "In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Congress of Berlin, Cyprus was leased to the British Empire which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a de jure Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with Egypt and Sudan) in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman "}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "History - British Cyprus", "says": "Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q152099", "label": "Constantine I of Greece", "section": "History - British Cyprus", "says": "In October 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece, ruled by King Constantine I of Greece, on the condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British and went to Serbia's assistance, in order to fulfil her Treaty obligations under the Serbo-Greek pact of May 1913."}, {"id": "Q153509", "label": "Makarios III", "section": "History - Independence and inter-communal violence", "says": "Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes, which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots."}, {"id": "Q552189", "label": "Nikos Sampson", "section": "History - 1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division", "says": "The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - 1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division", "says": "The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the entire island, including its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, which remain under the UK's control according to the London and Zürich Agreements."}, {"id": "Q200436", "label": "Rauf Denktaş", "section": "History - Post-division", "says": "In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot parliament, led by the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktaş, proclaimed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is recognised only by Turkey."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In 2004, the Annan Plan, drafted by then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, was put to a referendum in both Cypriot administrations."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In November 2023, the Cyprus Confidential data leak published by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists showed the country's financial network entertaining strong links with Russian oligarchs and high-up figures in the Kremlin, supporting the regime of Vladimir Putin."}], "Q117": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "It is situated with the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Ivory Coast to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to the east."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "It is situated with the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Ivory Coast to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to the east."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Asante Empire and other Akan kingdoms in the south emerged over the centuries."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese Empire, followed by other European powers, contested the area for trading rights, until the British ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q797527", "label": "British Togoland", "section": "lead", "says": "Following more than a century of colonial resistance, the later borders of the country took shape, encompassing four separate British colonial territories: Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "These were unified as an independent dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q8620", "label": "Kwame Nkrumah", "section": "lead", "says": "Under President Kwame Nkrumah, it became influential in decolonisation efforts and the Pan-African movement."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - European contact and colonialism", "says": "European contact was by the Portuguese people, who came to the Gold Coast region in the 15th century to trade."}, {"id": "Q217637", "label": "John II of Portugal", "section": "History - European contact and colonialism", "says": "In 1481, King John II of Portugal commissioned Diogo de Azambuja to build Elmina Castle, which was completed in three years."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "History - European contact and colonialism", "says": "European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century, including the Swedes, establishing the Swedish Gold Coast (Svenska Guldkusten), and Denmark–Norway, establishing the Danish Gold Coast (Danske Guldkyst or Dansk Guinea)."}, {"id": "Q356920", "label": "War of the Golden Stool", "section": "History - European contact and colonialism", "says": "The Kingdom of Ashanti defeated the British some times in the 100-year-long Anglo-Ashanti wars and eventually lost with the War of the Golden Stool in 1900."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Transition to independence", "says": "Nkrumah was the first African head of state to promote the concept of Pan-Africanism, which he had been introduced to during his studies at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when Marcus Garvey was known for his \"Back to Africa Movement\"."}, {"id": "Q272504", "label": "Marcus Garvey", "section": "History - Transition to independence", "says": "Nkrumah was the first African head of state to promote the concept of Pan-Africanism, which he had been introduced to during his studies at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when Marcus Garvey was known for his \"Back to Africa Movement\"."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to Hanoi, Vietnam, to help end the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to Hanoi, Vietnam, to help end the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to Hanoi, Vietnam, to help end the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q424377", "label": "Akwasi Afrifa", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "The coup took place on 24 February 1966, led by Colonel Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa."}, {"id": "Q51005", "label": "John Kufuor", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "After the 2000 general election, John Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party became president of Ghana on 7 January 2001 and was re-elected in 2004, thus also serving two terms (the term limit) as president of Ghana and marking the first time under the fourth republic that power was transferred from one legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another."}, {"id": "Q718601", "label": "Nana Akufo-Addo", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "Nana Akufo-Addo, the ruling party candidate, was defeated in the 2008 general election by John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress."}, {"id": "Q51008", "label": "John Evans Atta Mills", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "Nana Akufo-Addo, the ruling party candidate, was defeated in the 2008 general election by John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress."}, {"id": "Q50678", "label": "John Mahama", "section": "History - Operation Cold Chop and aftermath", "says": "Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President John Mahama on 24 July 2012."}], "Q77": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q312741", "label": "Juan Díaz de Solís", "section": "lead", "says": "The first European explorer to reach the region was Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516, but the area was colonized later than its neighbors."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "Uruguay secured its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle involving Portugal, Spain, and later the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "Uruguay secured its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle involving Portugal, Spain, and later the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined with a period of sustained political stability, these developments earned the country the reputation of being the \"Switzerland of the Americas\"."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Combined with a period of sustained political stability, these developments earned the country the reputation of being the \"Switzerland of the Americas\"."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "In 1806 and 1807, the British army attempted to seize Buenos Aires and Montevideo as part of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "History - Independence struggle", "says": "In 1811, José Gervasio Artigas, who became Uruguay's national hero, launched a successful revolt against the Spanish authorities, defeating them on 18 May at the Battle of Las Piedras."}, {"id": "Q2889112", "label": "Battle of Las Piedras", "section": "History - Independence struggle", "says": "In 1811, José Gervasio Artigas, who became Uruguay's national hero, launched a successful revolt against the Spanish authorities, defeating them on 18 May at the Battle of Las Piedras."}, {"id": "Q2625228", "label": "League Federal", "section": "History - Independence struggle", "says": "Artigas organized the Federal League under his protection, consisting of six provinces, five of which later became part of Argentina."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Independence struggle", "says": "The Brazilian Empire became independent of Portugal in 1822."}, {"id": "Q649615", "label": "Juan Antonio Lavalleja", "section": "History - Independence struggle", "says": "In response to the annexation, the Thirty-Three Orientals, led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja, declared independence on 25 August 1825, supported by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina)."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "History - Independence struggle", "says": "This led to the 500-day-long Cisplatine War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Independence struggle", "says": "Neither side gained the upper hand, and in 1828, the Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by the United Kingdom through the diplomatic efforts of Viscount John Ponsonby, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state."}, {"id": "Q467987", "label": "Manuel Oribe", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The political scene in Uruguay became split between two parties: the conservative Blancos (Whites), headed by the second President Manuel Oribe, representing the agricultural interests of the countryside, and the liberal Colorados (Reds), led by the first President Fructuoso Rivera, representing the business interests of Montevideo."}, {"id": "Q467976", "label": "Fructuoso Rivera", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The political scene in Uruguay became split between two parties: the conservative Blancos (Whites), headed by the second President Manuel Oribe, representing the agricultural interests of the countryside, and the liberal Colorados (Reds), led by the first President Fructuoso Rivera, representing the business interests of Montevideo."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The besieged Uruguayans called on resident foreigners for help, which led to a French and an Italian legion being formed, the latter led by the exiled Giuseppe Garibaldi."}, {"id": "Q336247", "label": "Justo José de Urquiza", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "It appeared that Montevideo would finally fall when an uprising against Rosas, led by Justo José de Urquiza, governor of Argentina's Entre Ríos Province, began."}, {"id": "Q560958", "label": "Venancio Flores", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "In 1865, the Triple Alliance was formed by the emperor of Brazil, the president of Argentina, and the Colorado general Venancio Flores, the Uruguayan head of government whom they both had helped to gain power."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The Triple Alliance declared war on the Paraguayan leader Francisco Solano López."}, {"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The resulting Paraguayan War ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three count"}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The resulting Paraguayan War ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three count"}, {"id": "Q15145", "label": "José Batlle y Ordóñez", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The Colorado leader José Batlle y Ordóñez was elected president in 1903."}, {"id": "Q277922", "label": "Gabriel Terra", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Gabriel Terra became president in March 1931."}, {"id": "Q879020", "label": "Alfredo Baldomir", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1938, general elections were held, and Terra's brother-in-law, General Alfredo Baldomir, was elected president."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1945, Uruguay formally signed the Declaration by the United Nations and entered World War II, leading the country to declare war on Germany and Japan."}, {"id": "Q313531", "label": "Juan María Bordaberry", "section": "History - Civic-military dictatorship", "says": "In 1973, amid increasing economic and political turmoil, the armed forces, asked by President Juan María Bordaberry, disbanded Parliament and established a civilian-military regime."}, {"id": "Q311428", "label": "Julio María Sanguinetti", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1984–present)", "says": "Colorado Party leader Julio María Sanguinetti won the presidency and served from 1985 to 1990."}, {"id": "Q336253", "label": "Luis Alberto Lacalle", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1984–present)", "says": "The National Party's Luis Alberto Lacalle won the 1989 presidential election, and a referendum endorsed amnesty for human rights abusers."}, {"id": "Q15147", "label": "Jorge Batlle Ibáñez", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1984–present)", "says": "Colorado Party candidate Jorge Batlle, aided by the support of the National Party, defeated Broad Front candidate Tabaré Vázquez."}, {"id": "Q9099", "label": "Tabaré Vázquez", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1984–present)", "says": "Colorado Party candidate Jorge Batlle, aided by the support of the National Party, defeated Broad Front candidate Tabaré Vázquez."}, {"id": "Q9094", "label": "José Mujica", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1984–present)", "says": "In 2009, José Mujica, a former left-wing guerrilla leader (Tupamaros) who spent almost 15 years in prison during the country's military rule, emerged as the new president as the Broad Front won the election for a second time."}], "Q837": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, and India to the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "Kathmandu is the nation's capital and its largest city."}, {"id": "Q3332217", "label": "Gorkha Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, under its Rana dynasty of premiers."}, {"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, the first urban culture in South Asia."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Ancient", "says": "By 250 BC, the southern regions had come under the influence of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Ancient", "says": "By the 4th century AD, much of Nepal was under the influence of the Gupta Empire."}, {"id": "Q320122", "label": "Songtsän Gampo", "section": "History - Ancient", "says": "In 641, Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire sends Narendradeva back to Licchavi with an army and subjugates Nepal."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Ancient", "says": "In 641, Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire sends Narendradeva back to Licchavi with an army and subjugates Nepal."}, {"id": "Q574450", "label": "Prithvi Narayan Shah", "section": "History - Unification, expansion and consolidation (1768–1846)", "says": "In the mid-18th century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king of Gorkha, set out to put together what would become present-day Nepal."}, {"id": "Q2003866", "label": "Sugauli Treaty", "section": "History - Unification, expansion and consolidation (1768–1846)", "says": "The war ended in the Sugauli Treaty, under which Nepal ceded recently captured lands."}, {"id": "Q2355896", "label": "Jung Bahadur Rana", "section": "History - Rana regime (1846–1951)", "says": "Bir Narsingh Kunwar emerged victoriously and founded the Rana dynasty, and came to be known as Jung Bahadur Rana."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - Rana regime (1846–1951)", "says": "The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and assisted them during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (and later in both World Wars)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Rana regime (1846–1951)", "says": "In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship that superseded the Sugauli Treaty of 1816."}], "Q916": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Angolan province of Cabinda is an exclave on the Atlantic coast, bordering the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Kongo ascended to achieve hegemony among the other kingdoms from the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q17166174", "label": "Mbunda Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "To the south were the kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba, with the Ovimbundu kingdoms further south, and the Mbunda Kingdom in the east."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "After a protracted anti-colonial struggle (1961–1974), Angola achieved independence in 1975 as a one-party Republic, but the country descended into a devastating civil war the same year, between the ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba; the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, an originally Maoist and later anti"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "After a protracted anti-colonial struggle (1961–1974), Angola achieved independence in 1975 as a one-party Republic, but the country descended into a devastating civil war the same year, between the ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba; the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, an originally Maoist and later anti"}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "After a protracted anti-colonial struggle (1961–1974), Angola achieved independence in 1975 as a one-party Republic, but the country descended into a devastating civil war the same year, between the ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba; the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, an originally Maoist and later anti"}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Early migrations and political units", "says": "Its traders even reached Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa Empire, although the kingdom engaged in little or no trans-oceanic trade."}, {"id": "Q854468", "label": "Kingdom of Mutapa", "section": "History - Early migrations and political units", "says": "Its traders even reached Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa Empire, although the kingdom engaged in little or no trans-oceanic trade."}, {"id": "Q1796232", "label": "Kingdom of Ndongo", "section": "History - Early migrations and political units", "says": "To its south lay the Kingdom of Ndongo, from which the area of the later Portuguese colony was sometimes known as Dongo."}, {"id": "Q973988", "label": "Kingdom of Matamba", "section": "History - Early migrations and political units", "says": "Next to that was the Kingdom of Matamba."}, {"id": "Q369587", "label": "Kingdom of Kakongo", "section": "History - Early migrations and political units", "says": "The lesser Kingdom of Kakongo to the north was later a vassal of the Kingdom of Kongo."}, {"id": "Q313060", "label": "Diogo Cão", "section": "History - Portuguese colonisation", "says": "Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the area in 1484."}, {"id": "Q1243549", "label": "Paulo Dias de Novais", "section": "History - Portuguese colonisation", "says": "Paulo Dias de Novais founded São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) in 1575 with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese colonisation", "says": "The transition from a feudal system of slavery to a capitalist one with Portugal would prove crucial to the history of the Kingdom of Kongo."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Angolan War of Independence", "says": "The first nationalist movements did not take root until after World War II, spearheaded by a largely Westernised and Portuguese-speaking urban class, which included many mestiços."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Angolan War of Independence", "says": "In 1966, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), a largely Ovimbundu-dominated guerrilla movement against the Portuguese Empire, was founded by Jonas Savimbi."}, {"id": "Q273051", "label": "Jonas Malheiro Savimbi", "section": "History - Angolan War of Independence", "says": "In 1966, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), a largely Ovimbundu-dominated guerrilla movement against the Portuguese Empire, was founded by Jonas Savimbi."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "History - Angolan Civil War", "says": "The collapse of Portugal's Estado Novo government following the 1974 Carnation Revolution suspended all Portuguese military activity in Africa and the brokering of a ceasefire pending negotiations for Angolan independence."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "History - Angolan Civil War", "says": "The collapse of Portugal's Estado Novo government following the 1974 Carnation Revolution suspended all Portuguese military activity in Africa and the brokering of a ceasefire pending negotiations for Angolan independence."}, {"id": "Q181665", "label": "Agostinho Neto", "section": "History - Angolan Civil War", "says": "Encouraged by the Organisation of African Unity, Holden Roberto, Jonas Savimbi, and MPLA chairman Agostinho Neto met in Mombasa in early January 1975 and agreed to form a coalition government."}, {"id": "Q449550", "label": "Alvor Agreement", "section": "History - Angolan Civil War", "says": "This was ratified by the Alvor Agreement later that month, which called for general elections and set the country's independence date for 11 November 1975."}], "Q235": [{"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "With a population of 38,423 living in an area of 2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi), Monaco is the second smallest sovereign state in the world, after Vatican City, as well as the most densely populated."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Arrival of the Grimaldi family", "says": "Following a grant of land from Emperor Henry VI in 1191, Monaco was refounded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "History - Arrival of the Grimaldi family", "says": "The Genoese engaged in other conflicts, and in the late 1300s Genoa lost Monaco after fighting the Crown of Aragon over Corsica."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "History - 1400–1800", "says": "In the 1630s, he sought French protection against the Spanish forces and, in 1642, was received at the court of Louis XIII as a \"duc et pair étranger\"."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - 1400–1800", "says": "The principality continued its existence as a protectorate of France until the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "It was designated a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "Monaco remained in this position until 1860 when, by the Treaty of Turin, the Sardinian forces pulled out of the principality; the surrounding County of Nice (as well as Savoy) was ceded to France."}, {"id": "Q3559284", "label": "Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "They declared their independence as the Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune, hoping for annexation by Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q4301694", "label": "Monegasque Revolution", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Until the Monégasque Revolution of 1910 forced the adoption of the 1911 Constitution of Monaco, the princes of Monaco were absolute rulers."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Blum's colleague Raoul Gunsbourg, the director of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, helped by the French Resistance, escaped arrest and fled to Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1963, a crisis developed when Charles de Gaulle blockaded Monaco, angered by its status as a tax haven for wealthy French citizens."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "On 27 August 2015, Albert II apologised for Monaco's role during World War II in facilitating the deportation of a total of 90 Jews and resistance fighters, of whom only nine survived. \"We committed the irreparable in handing over to the neighbouring authorities women, men and a child who had taken refuge with us to escape the persecutions they had suffered in France,\" Albert said at a ceremony in"}, {"id": "Q6109517", "label": "Leo XIV", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "On 28 March 2026, Pope Leo XIV visited Monaco."}], "Q711": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometers (603,909 square miles), making it the 18th-largest country in the world and the second largest landlocked nation after Kazakhstan, as well as the largest landlocked country that does not border an inland sea."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Tocharians (Yuezhi) and Scythians inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Early states", "says": "The Rouran Khaganate (330–555) of Xianbei provenance was the first to use \"Khagan\" as an imperial title."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - Early states", "says": "It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the Göktürks (555–745), an even larger empire."}, {"id": "Q3875016", "label": "Khamag Mongol", "section": "History - Early states", "says": "The Mongolic Khitans, descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the Liao dynasty (907–1125), after which the Khamag Mongol (1125–1206) rose to prominence."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "History - Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty", "says": "These eventually became quasi-independent after the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power following Möngke Khan's death in 1259."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "History - Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty", "says": "After more than a century of power, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Yuan court fled to the north, thus becoming the Northern Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - Northern Yuan", "says": "The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid Oirats, as well as by several Ming invasions (such as the five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor)."}, {"id": "Q735871", "label": "Zanabazar", "section": "History - Northern Yuan", "says": "His grandson Zanabazar became the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu in 1640."}, {"id": "Q6808293", "label": "Dzungar–Qing War", "section": "History - Northern Yuan", "says": "After several Dzungar–Qing Wars, the Dzungars were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1755 and 1758."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "History - Qing period", "says": "Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tüsheet Khan, Sechen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "History - Bogd Khanate", "says": "Yuan Shikai, the president of the Republic of China, considered the republic to be the successor of the Qing."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Bogd Khanate", "says": "In 1919, after the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops led by warlord Xu Shuzheng occupied Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q2408784", "label": "Xu Shuzheng", "section": "History - Bogd Khanate", "says": "In 1919, after the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops led by warlord Xu Shuzheng occupied Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Bogd Khanate", "says": "As a result of the Russian Civil War, the White Russian Lieutenant General Baron Ungern led his troops into Mongolia in October 1920, defeating the Chinese forces in Niislel Khüree (now Ulaanbaatar) in early February 1921 with Mongol support."}, {"id": "Q311488", "label": "Khorloogiin Choibalsan", "section": "History - Mongolian People's Republic", "says": "In 1928, Khorloogiin Choibalsan rose to power."}, {"id": "Q188925", "label": "Battles of Khalkhin Gol", "section": "History - Mongolian People's Republic", "says": "Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and during the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945 to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan and Mengjiang."}, {"id": "Q220602", "label": "Soviet–Japanese War", "section": "History - Mongolian People's Republic", "says": "Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and during the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945 to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan and Mengjiang."}, {"id": "Q697837", "label": "Mengjiang", "section": "History - Mongolian People's Republic", "says": "Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and during the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945 to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan and Mengjiang."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - Cold War", "says": "The February 1945 Yalta Conference provided for the Soviet Union's participation in the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Cold War", "says": "After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on 6 October 1949."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - Cold War", "says": "However, the Republic of China (ROC), which still held a seat on the United Nations Security Council despite its defeat in the Chinese Civil War, used its Security Council veto in 1955 to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia—including Outer Mongolia—as part of China."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "History - Cold War", "says": "Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia."}], "Q924": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest, Kenya to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east, Mozambique and Malawi to the south, Zambia to the southwest, and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest, Kenya to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east, Mozambique and Malawi to the south, Zambia to the southwest, and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers similar to modern day Iraqw people, who moved south from present-day Ethiopia; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border"}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "lead", "says": "These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 19th century, the mainland came under German rule as German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by British rule after World War I when it was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity is the largest religion in Tanzania, with substantial Muslim and Animist minorities."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "History - Ancient", "says": "Eastern Nilotic peoples, including the Maasai, represent a more recent migration from present-day South Sudan within the past 500 to 1,500 years."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Medieval", "says": "Growth in Egyptian and Persian shipping from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf revitalised Indian Ocean trade, particularly after the Fatimid Caliphate relocated to Fustat (Cairo)."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Medieval", "says": "The Venda-Shona Kingdoms of Mapungubwe and Zimbabwe in South Africa and Zimbabwe, respectively, became a major producer of gold around this same period."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Medieval", "says": "The Venda-Shona Kingdoms of Mapungubwe and Zimbabwe in South Africa and Zimbabwe, respectively, became a major producer of gold around this same period."}, {"id": "Q506193", "label": "Said bin Sultan Al Busaidi", "section": "History - Colonial", "says": "Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Said bin Sultan moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840."}, {"id": "Q458421", "label": "Tippu Tip", "section": "History - Colonial", "says": "One of the most infamous slave traders on the East African coast was Tippu Tip."}, {"id": "Q705553", "label": "Majimaji War", "section": "History - Colonial", "says": "The Maji Maji Rebellion, between 1905 and 1907, was an uprising of several African tribes in German East Africa against the colonial authorities, in particular because of forced labour and deportation of certain tribes."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Colonial", "says": "The commission reasoned that Germany had virtually forced Portugal to cede the triangle in 1894."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Modern", "says": "Elizabeth II, who had acceded to the British throne in 1952, continued to reign through the first year of Tanganyika's independence, but now distinctly as Queen of Tanganyika, represented by the governor general."}, {"id": "Q75844", "label": "Zanzibar Revolution", "section": "History - Modern", "says": "After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar, accompanied with the slaughter of thousands of Arab Zanzibaris, which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964."}], "Q954": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire began to consolidate control of the area following the 1890 British Ultimatum against the Portuguese, who had claimed the area between Angola and Mozambique in the 1885 Pink Map."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "lead", "says": "The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after the First Matabele War."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after the First Matabele War."}, {"id": "Q857982", "label": "First Matabele War", "section": "lead", "says": "The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after the First Matabele War."}, {"id": "Q10707", "label": "Robert Mugabe", "section": "lead", "says": "Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987, after converting the country's initial parliamentary system into a presidential one, until his resignation in 2017 following a coup."}, {"id": "Q98085401", "label": "Kingdom of Mapungubwe", "section": "History - Pre-colonial era", "says": "Around the early 10th century, trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast, helping to develop the Kingdom of Mapungubwe in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Pre-colonial era", "says": "The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of trading states which had developed in Zimbabwe by the time the first European explorers arrived from Portugal."}, {"id": "Q854468", "label": "Kingdom of Mutapa", "section": "History - Pre-colonial era", "says": "1450 to 1760, the Kingdom of Mutapa ruled much of the area of present-day Zimbabwe, plus parts of central Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q986822", "label": "Rozwi Empire", "section": "History - Pre-colonial era", "says": "As a direct response to increased European presence in the interior a new Shona state emerged, known as the Rozwi Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)", "says": "He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to the company over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland as well."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "History - Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)", "says": "Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as \"Zambesia\"."}, {"id": "Q916340", "label": "Jameson Raid", "section": "History - Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)", "says": "Shortly after the disastrous Rhodes-sponsored Jameson Raid on the South African Republic, the Ndebele rebelled against white rule, led by their charismatic religious leader, Mlimo."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "History - Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)", "says": "Shortly after the disastrous Rhodes-sponsored Jameson Raid on the South African Republic, the Ndebele rebelled against white rule, led by their charismatic religious leader, Mlimo."}, {"id": "Q233657", "label": "Second Matabele War", "section": "History - Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)", "says": "The Second Matabele War of 1896–1897 lasted in Matabeleland until 1896, when Mlimo was assassinated by U.S. scout Frederick Russell Burnham."}, {"id": "Q458036", "label": "Frederick Russell Burnham", "section": "History - Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)", "says": "The Second Matabele War of 1896–1897 lasted in Matabeleland until 1896, when Mlimo was assassinated by U.S. scout Frederick Russell Burnham."}, {"id": "Q4516015", "label": "Chimurenga", "section": "History - Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)", "says": "Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts (known as Chimurenga) against company rule during 1896 and 1897."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980)", "says": "ZAPU was supported by the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact and associated nations such as Cuba, and adopted a Marxist–Leninist ideology; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with Maoism and the bloc headed by the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980)", "says": "ZAPU was supported by the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact and associated nations such as Cuba, and adopted a Marxist–Leninist ideology; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with Maoism and the bloc headed by the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q318479", "label": "Abel Muzorewa", "section": "History - Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980)", "says": "In March 1978, Smith reached an accord with three African leaders, led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, who offered to leave the white population comfortably entrenched in exchange for the establishment of a biracial democracy."}, {"id": "Q313711", "label": "Canaan Banana", "section": "History - Independence era (1980–present)", "says": "Zimbabwe's first president after its independence was Canaan Banana in what was originally a mainly ceremonial role as head of state."}, {"id": "Q219918", "label": "Samora Moisés Machel", "section": "History - Independence era (1980–present)", "says": "In 1980, Samora Machel told Mugabe that Zimbabwe was the \"Jewel of Africa\" but added: \"Don't tarnish it!\"."}, {"id": "Q490844", "label": "Gukurahundi", "section": "History - Independence era (1980–present)", "says": "Estimates for the number of deaths during the five-year Gukurahundi campaign ranged from 3,750 to 80,000."}], "Q1019": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Madagascar was first permanently settled during or before the mid-first millennium CE (roughly 500 to 700) by Austronesian peoples, presumably arriving on outrigger canoes from present-day Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q136500275", "label": "Michael Randrianirina", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2025, a series of mass protests resulted in a military coup and the installation of Michael Randrianirina as president of a military junta."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity is the country's predomina"}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "In either case, these dates make Madagascar one of the most recent major landmasses on Earth to be settled by humans, predating the settlement of Iceland and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q525141", "label": "Radama I the Great", "section": "History - 19th century and the Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "His ambition to bring the entire island under his control was largely achieved by his son and successor, King Radama I (r."}, {"id": "Q976827", "label": "Carnatic Wars", "section": "History - 19th century and the Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "The 18th century had seen rivalry between the French and the British over the wider Indian Ocean trade, of which Malagasy trade had proved decisive during the Carnatic Wars."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "History - 19th century and the Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "Radama expanded east to control Toamasina on the coast, and concluded a treaty in 1817 with the British governor of Mauritius to abolish the lucrative slave trade in return for British military and financial assistance, and recognition as the \"King of Madagascar\"."}, {"id": "Q169794", "label": "Ranavalona I", "section": "History - 19th century and the Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "Radama's successor, Queen Ranavalona I (r."}, {"id": "Q1071439", "label": "Merina Kingdom", "section": "History - 19th century and the Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "The queen made heavy use of the traditional practice of fanompoana (forced labor as tax payment) to complete public works projects and develop a standing army of between 20,000 and 30,000 Merina soldiers, whom she deployed to pacify outlying regions of the island and further expand the Merina Kingdom to encompass most of Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q233326", "label": "Ranavalona III", "section": "History - French colonization and the colonial period", "says": "Upon reaching the city in September 1895, the column bombarded the royal palace with heavy artillery, causing heavy casualties and leading Queen Ranavalona III to surrender."}, {"id": "Q315944", "label": "Philibert Tsiranana", "section": "History - Independent state", "says": "The First Republic (1960–72), under the leadership of French-appointed President Philibert Tsiranana, was characterized by a continuation of strong economic and political ties to France."}, {"id": "Q365387", "label": "Gabriel Ramanantsoa", "section": "History - Independent state", "says": "Gabriel Ramanantsoa, a major general in the army, was appointed interim president and prime minister that same year but low public approval forced him to step down in 1975."}, {"id": "Q559681", "label": "Richard Ratsimandrava", "section": "History - Independent state", "says": "Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava, appointed to succeed him, was assassinated six days into his tenure."}, {"id": "Q878859", "label": "Gilles Andriamahazo", "section": "History - Independent state", "says": "General Gilles Andriamahazo ruled after Ratsimandrava for four months before being replaced by another military appointee, Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka, who ushered in the Marxist–Leninist Second Republic that ran under his tenure from 1975 to 1993."}, {"id": "Q315953", "label": "Didier Ratsiraka", "section": "History - Independent state", "says": "General Gilles Andriamahazo ruled after Ratsimandrava for four months before being replaced by another military appointee, Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka, who ushered in the Marxist–Leninist Second Republic that ran under his tenure from 1975 to 1993."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "History - Independent state", "says": "General Gilles Andriamahazo ruled after Ratsimandrava for four months before being replaced by another military appointee, Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka, who ushered in the Marxist–Leninist Second Republic that ran under his tenure from 1975 to 1993."}, {"id": "Q559672", "label": "Albert Zafy", "section": "History - Independent state", "says": "Within two months, a transitional government had been established under the leadership of Albert Zafy (1993–96), who went on to win the 1992 presidential elections and inaugurate the Third Republic (1992–2010)."}], "Q813": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast."}, {"id": "Q2047076", "label": "Kyrgyz Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was first established as the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 13th century it was conquered by the Mongol Empire and under several Mongol dynasties; it regained independence but was invaded by the Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 13th century it was conquered by the Mongol Empire and under several Mongol dynasties; it regained independence but was invaded by the Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936 the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936 the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q489893", "label": "Askar Akayev", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president."}, {"id": "Q459162", "label": "Tulip Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic; however, it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the Uyghur Khaganate in 840 AD."}, {"id": "Q15535871", "label": "Uzbek Khanate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the 17th century by the Mongols, in the mid-18th century by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China, and in the early 19th century by the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand."}, {"id": "Q56314483", "label": "Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1842, the Kyrgyz tribes broke away from Kokand and united into the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate, led by Ormon Khan."}, {"id": "Q10871730", "label": "Treaty of Tarbagatai", "section": "History - Russian conquest", "says": "In the late 19th century, the much of the Issyk-Kul Region was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China through the Treaty of Tarbagatai."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Russian conquest", "says": "The Russian takeover was met with numerous revolts, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to relocate to the Pamir Mountains and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Soviet Kyrgyzstan", "says": "Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1919, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Soviet Kyrgyzstan", "says": "After the Russian Civil War, the period of the New Economic Policy began, which lasted roughly to 1928."}, {"id": "Q484816", "label": "Kurmanbek Bakiyev", "section": "History - 2000–2009", "says": "Subsequently, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, a former prime minister and opposition leader, assumed the presidency after winning the July 2005 presidential election with a significant majority."}, {"id": "Q485136", "label": "Roza Otunbayeva", "section": "History - 2010–2019", "says": "These demonstrations culminated in Bakiyev's ousting and the establishment of a provisional government led by Roza Otunbayeva."}, {"id": "Q24692", "label": "Almazbek Atambaev", "section": "History - 2010–2019", "says": "In 2011, Almazbek Atambayev was elected president, serving until 2017."}, {"id": "Q23810819", "label": "Sooronbay Jeenbekov", "section": "History - 2010–2019", "says": "In 2017, Sooronbay Jeenbekov succeeded Atambayev as president, continuing efforts to strengthen democratic institutions and address ongoing challenges such as corruption and economic development."}, {"id": "Q25597826", "label": "Sadyr Japarov", "section": "History - Since 2020", "says": "Amid the unrest, Sadyr Japarov, a nationalist politician previously imprisoned, was released and subsequently appointed as interim president and prime minister."}, {"id": "Q57366", "label": "Emomali Rahmon", "section": "History - Since 2020", "says": "In March 2025, Presidents Japarov and Emomali Rahmon of Tajikistan signed an agreement to demarcate their shared border, aiming to resolve the territorial conflicts and reopen transportation links that had been closed since the 2022 clashes."}], "Q878": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The UAE borders Oman to the east and northeast, and Saudi Arabia to the south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Local sheikhdoms formed a pact with the United Kingdom to create the Trucial States, a British protectorate that was effectively shielded from attempted Saudi and Omani suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q1852345", "label": "Trucial States", "section": "lead", "says": "Local sheikhdoms formed a pact with the United Kingdom to create the Trucial States, a British protectorate that was effectively shielded from attempted Saudi and Omani suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q167846", "label": "Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan", "section": "lead", "says": "Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president (1971–2004), oversaw rapid development of the Emirates by investing revenues from newly found oil into healthcare, education, and infrastructure."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Islam", "says": "The spread of Islam to the northeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula is thought to have followed directly from a letter sent by the Islamic prophet Muhammad to the rulers of Oman in 630 CE."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "History - Islam", "says": "Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory (the Ridda Wars) with the Battle of Dibba in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Islam", "says": "This assured the integrity of the Caliphate and the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the newly emerging Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Islam", "says": "In 637, Julfar—situated within the geographic boundaries of modern-day Ras Al Khaimah—was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Islam", "says": "It forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity, which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 CE following trade routes."}, {"id": "Q1479236", "label": "Red Line Agreement", "section": "History - British era and discovery of oil", "says": "APOC was prevented from developing the region alone because of the restrictions of the Red Line Agreement, which required it to operate through IPC."}, {"id": "Q128956", "label": "Harold Wilson", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "On 24 January 1968, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the government's decision, reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath, to end the treaty relationships with the seven trucial sheikhdoms."}, {"id": "Q128967", "label": "Edward Heath", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "On 24 January 1968, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the government's decision, reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath, to end the treaty relationships with the seven trucial sheikhdoms."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The UAE's sense of threat from Iran influenced its financial support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "The UAE supported military operations by the US and other coalition states engaged in the Gulf War against Saddam Hussein in Ba'athist Iraq (1991), as well as operations supporting the global war on terror for the Horn of Africa at Al Dhafra Air Base located outside of Abu Dhabi."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "The UAE supported military operations by the US and other coalition states engaged in the Gulf War against Saddam Hussein in Ba'athist Iraq (1991), as well as operations supporting the global war on terror for the Horn of Africa at Al Dhafra Air Base located outside of Abu Dhabi."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "The UAE supported military operations by the US and other coalition states engaged in the Gulf War against Saddam Hussein in Ba'athist Iraq (1991), as well as operations supporting the global war on terror for the Horn of Africa at Al Dhafra Air Base located outside of Abu Dhabi."}, {"id": "Q2026233", "label": "Operation Northern Watch", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch."}, {"id": "Q1059948", "label": "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan was elected as the president of the UAE."}, {"id": "Q215477", "label": "Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assumed both roles."}, {"id": "Q57655", "label": "Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assumed both roles."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "The UAE has largely escaped the Arab Spring, which other countries have experienced; however, 60 Emirati activists from Al Islah were apprehended for an alleged coup attempt and the attempt of the establishment of an Islamist state in the UAE."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "On 29 August 2020, the UAE established normal diplomatic relations with Israel and with the help of the United States, they signed the Abra"}], "Q836": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by India and Bangladesh to the northwest, China to the northeast, Laos and Thailand to the east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to the south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by India and Bangladesh to the northwest, China to the northeast, Laos and Thailand to the east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to the south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country."}, {"id": "Q2248139", "label": "Anglo-Burmese Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony."}, {"id": "Q36740", "label": "Aung San Suu Kyi", "section": "lead", "says": "A nominally civilian government was installed, and longtime political prisoners like Aung San Suu Kyi were released, but the military retained power over key government operations."}, {"id": "Q45241", "label": "Anawrahta", "section": "History - Pagan Kingdom", "says": "Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "History - Pagan Kingdom", "says": "In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "History - Pagan Kingdom", "says": "Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley."}, {"id": "Q2500952", "label": "Ava Kingdom", "section": "History - Pagan Kingdom", "says": "The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy kingdom, emerged."}, {"id": "Q10791211", "label": "Kingdom of Mrauk U", "section": "History - Pagan Kingdom", "says": "In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437."}, {"id": "Q4083686", "label": "Sultanate of Bengal", "section": "History - Pagan Kingdom", "says": "The kingdom was a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate at different time periods."}, {"id": "Q981475", "label": "Tabinshwehti", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "Taungoo's young, ambitious King Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia, including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang, and southern Arakan."}, {"id": "Q2166619", "label": "Mong Mao", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia, including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang, and southern Arakan."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia, including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang, and southern Arakan."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)."}, {"id": "Q3302610", "label": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q6428897", "label": "Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "After the fall of Ava, the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy, and by 1759, he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the French and the British, who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "After the fall of Ava, the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy, and by 1759, he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the French and the British, who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy."}, {"id": "Q3237019", "label": "Sino-Burmese War", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War against Qing China."}, {"id": "Q796571", "label": "Bodawpaya", "section": "History - Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties", "says": "Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814), and Assam (1817)."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - British Burma (1885–1948)", "says": "Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q713427", "label": "Ba Maw", "section": "History - British Burma (1885–1948)", "says": "On 1 April 1937, Burma became a separately administered colony of Britain, and Ba Maw became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - British Burma (1885–1948)", "says": "Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule, and he opposed the participation of Britain, and by extension Burma, in World War II."}, {"id": "Q194161", "label": "Aung San", "section": "History - British Burma (1885–1948)", "says": "In 1940, before Japan formally entered the war, Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan."}, {"id": "Q7233551", "label": "Union of Burma (1948–1962)", "section": "History - Independence (1948–1962)", "says": "The new country was named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister."}, {"id": "Q3034878", "label": "Sao Shwe Thaik", "section": "History - Independence (1948–1962)", "says": "The new country was named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister."}, {"id": "Q316384", "label": "U Nu", "section": "History - Independence (1948–1962)", "says": "The new country was named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister."}, {"id": "Q1264", "label": "U Thant", "section": "History - Independence (1948–1962)", "says": "In 1961, U Thant, the Union of Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister, was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations, a position he held for ten years."}, {"id": "Q315522", "label": "Ne Win", "section": "History - Military rule (1962–2011)", "says": "On 2 March 1962, the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup d'état, and the government has been under direct or indirect control by the military since then."}, {"id": "Q13072974", "label": "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma", "section": "History - Military rule (1962–2011)", "says": "A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974."}, {"id": "Q740342", "label": "Saw Maung", "section": "History - Military rule (1962–2011)", "says": "Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'état and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)."}, {"id": "Q202553", "label": "Than Shwe", "section": "History - Military rule (1962–2011)", "says": "General Than Shwe took over the Chairmanship – effectively the position of Myanmar's top ruler – from General Saw Maung in 1992 and held it until 2011."}, {"id": "Q12149", "label": "Thein Sein", "section": "History - Period of liberalisation, 2011–2021", "says": "A nominally civilian government was then formed, with retired general Thein Sein as president."}, {"id": "Q6294", "label": "Hillary Clinton", "section": "History - Period of liberalisation, 2011–2021", "says": "In response, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Myanmar in December 2011 – the first visit by a US Secretary of State in more than fifty years – meeting both President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi."}, {"id": "Q23020990", "label": "Htin Kyaw", "section": "History - 2015 general elections", "says": "The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016, and on 15 March 2016, Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962."}, {"id": "Q3462649", "label": "Min Aung Hlaing", "section": "History - Coup d'état and civil war", "says": "The military handed power to military chief Min Aung Hlaing and declared a state of emergency for one year and began closing the borders, restricting travel and electronic communications nationwide."}], "Q347": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "A microstate, it is located between Austria to the east and north-east and Switzerland to the north-west, west and south."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Formed in 1719, Liechtenstein became fully independent upon the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 58 BC, at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar defeated the Alpine tribes, thereby bringing the region under Roman subjugation."}, {"id": "Q2208978", "label": "Alamannia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The territory that would later be known as Liechtenstein was located at the eastern edge of Alamannia."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The area that later became Liechtenstein remained under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) until the Treaty of Verdun divided the Carolingian empire in 843, following the death of Charlemagne in 814."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The area that later became Liechtenstein remained under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) until the Treaty of Verdun divided the Carolingian empire in 843, following the death of Charlemagne in 814."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The territory that later became Liechtenstein formed part of East Francia and would later be reunified with Middle Francia under the Holy Roman Empire, around 1000."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The territory that later became Liechtenstein formed part of East Francia and would later be reunified with Middle Francia under the Holy Roman Empire, around 1000."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The territory that later became Liechtenstein formed part of East Francia and would later be reunified with Middle Francia under the Holy Roman Empire, around 1000."}, {"id": "Q150665", "label": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - Principality of Liechtenstein", "says": "On 23 January 1719, after the lands had been purchased, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, decreed that Vaduz and Schellenberg were united and elevated the newly formed territory to the dignity of Reichsfürstentum (imperial principality) with the name \"Liechtenstein\" in honour of \"[his] true servant, Anton Florian of Liechtenstein\"."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Principality of Liechtenstein", "says": "By the early 19th century, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire came under the effective control of France, following the crushing defeat at Austerlitz by Napoleon in 1805."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Principality of Liechtenstein", "says": "By the early 19th century, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire came under the effective control of France, following the crushing defeat at Austerlitz by Napoleon in 1805."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Principality of Liechtenstein", "says": "In 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, ending more than 960 years of feudal government."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - Principality of Liechtenstein", "says": "Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - 20th and 21st centuries", "says": "Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein was closely tied first to the Austrian Empire and later to Austria-Hungary; the ruling princes continued to derive much of their wealth from estates in the Habsburg territories, and spent much of their time at their two palaces in Vienna."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - 20th and 21st centuries", "says": "Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein was closely tied first to the Austrian Empire and later to Austria-Hungary; the ruling princes continued to derive much of their wealth from estates in the Habsburg territories, and spent much of their time at their two palaces in Vienna."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 20th and 21st centuries", "says": "During World War I it did officially stay neutral, but was dependent on its neighbours and some, like Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein got involved working for Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - 20th and 21st centuries", "says": "After making his grandnephew regent he moved to Feldsberg, Czechoslovakia and on 25 July, he died while at one of his family's castles, Castle Feldberg, and Franz Joseph formally succeeded him as the Prince of Liechtenstein."}], "Q657": [{"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main practiced religions."}, {"id": "Q297812", "label": "François Tombalbaye", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye."}, {"id": "Q310886", "label": "Hissène Habré", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until President Hissène Habré defeated his rivals."}, {"id": "Q57350", "label": "Idriss Déby", "section": "lead", "says": "Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby."}, {"id": "Q16206405", "label": "Mahamat Déby", "section": "lead", "says": "After Déby was killed by FACT rebels in April 2021, the Transitional Military Council led by his son Mahamat Déby assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly."}, {"id": "Q1537016", "label": "Kanem Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire, the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD."}, {"id": "Q1472873", "label": "Kingdom of Baguirmi", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Two other states in the region, the Sultanate of Bagirmi and the Wadai Sultanate, emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries."}, {"id": "Q1132786", "label": "Ouaddai Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Two other states in the region, the Sultanate of Bagirmi and the Wadai Sultanate, emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries."}], "Q1030": [{"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Zambia (via the Caprivi Strip) and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south; in the northeast, approximating a quadripoint, Zimbabwe lies less than 200 metres (660 ft) away along the Zambezi river near Kazungula, Zambia."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Zambia (via the Caprivi Strip) and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south; in the northeast, approximating a quadripoint, Zimbabwe lies less than 200 metres (660 ft) away along the Zambezi river near Kazungula, Zambia."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Zambia (via the Caprivi Strip) and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south; in the northeast, approximating a quadripoint, Zimbabwe lies less than 200 metres (660 ft) away along the Zambezi river near Kazungula, Zambia."}, {"id": "Q7903544", "label": "Uukwanyama", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1600, the Owambo formed kingdoms, such as Ondonga and Oukwanyama."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1884, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as German South West Africa."}, {"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1884, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as German South West Africa."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The National Party, elected to power in 1948 in South Africa, applied apartheid to what was then known as South West Africa."}, {"id": "Q1993848", "label": "South African Border War", "section": "lead", "says": "Namibia gained independence from South Africa in March 1990, following the South African Border War."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period", "says": "Around the 14th century, immigrating Bantu people began to arrive during the Bantu expansion from central Africa.\"From the late 18th century onward, Oorlam people from the Dutch Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period", "says": "In 1878, the Cape of Good Hope, then a British colony, annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands; these became an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910."}, {"id": "Q313060", "label": "Diogo Cão", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period", "says": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, but the Portuguese did not try to claim the area."}, {"id": "Q130377", "label": "Bartolomeu Dias", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period", "says": "The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, but the Portuguese did not try to claim the area."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - German rule", "says": "Namibia became a German colony in 1884 under Otto von Bismarck to forestall perceived British encroachment and was known as German South West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika)."}, {"id": "Q159397", "label": "Louis Botha", "section": "History - South African mandate", "says": "During World War I, South African troops under General Louis Botha occupied the territory and deposed the German colonial administration."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The insurgents sought out weapons and sent recruits to the Soviet Union for military training."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "This practical alliance reinforced the external perception of SWAPO as a Soviet proxy, which dominated Cold War rhetoric in South Africa and the United States."}, {"id": "Q57469", "label": "Hifikepunye Pohamba", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "The transition from the 15-year rule of President Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "In 1998, Namibia Defence Force (NDF) troops were sent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) contingent."}, {"id": "Q1568274", "label": "Hage Geingob", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "In December 2014, Prime Minister Hage Geingob, the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the presidential elections, taking 87% of the vote."}, {"id": "Q287100", "label": "Nangolo Mbumba", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "On 4 February 2024, President Hage Geingob died and he was immediately succeeded by vice-president Nangolo Mbumba as new President of Namibia who finished the late President's term as it came to an end in March 2025."}, {"id": "Q527020", "label": "Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "SWAPO's first female presidential candidate, Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, was declared the winner of the 2024 elections with 57% of the vote."}], "Q736": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The land that comprises modern-day Ecuador was once home to several groups of indigenous peoples that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was colonized by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as a sovereign state in 1830."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was colonized by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as a sovereign state in 1830."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Pre-Inca era", "says": "The archeological evidence suggests that the Paleo-Indians' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the last glacial period, around 16,500–13,000 years ago."}, {"id": "Q311415", "label": "Túpac Inca Yupanqui", "section": "History - Pre-Inca era", "says": "When the Incas arrived, they found that these confederations were so developed that it took the Incas two generations of rulers—Topa Inca Yupanqui and Huayna Capac—to absorb them into the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "History - Pre-Inca era", "says": "When the Incas arrived, they found that these confederations were so developed that it took the Incas two generations of rulers—Topa Inca Yupanqui and Huayna Capac—to absorb them into the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "History - Pre-Inca era", "says": "People belonging to the confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, and north Argentina."}, {"id": "Q6694", "label": "Alexander von Humboldt", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "The 1797 Riobamba earthquake, which caused up to 40,000 casualties, was studied by Alexander von Humboldt, when he visited the area in 1801–1802."}, {"id": "Q189779", "label": "Antonio José de Sucre", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The rest of Ecuador gained its independence after Antonio José de Sucre defeated the Spanish Royalist forces at the Battle of Pichincha, near Quito."}, {"id": "Q1402751", "label": "Battle of Pichincha", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The rest of Ecuador gained its independence after Antonio José de Sucre defeated the Spanish Royalist forces at the Battle of Pichincha, near Quito."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Following the battle, Ecuador joined Simón Bolívar's Republic of Gran Colombia, also including modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama."}, {"id": "Q554933", "label": "Juan José Flores", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The first president of Ecuador was the Venezuelan-born Juan José Flores, who was ultimately deposed."}, {"id": "Q601975", "label": "Antonio Flores Jijón", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Leaders who followed him included Vicente Rocafuerte; José Joaquín de Olmedo; José María Urbina; Diego Noboa; Pedro José de Arteta; Manuel de Ascásubi; and Flores's own son, Antonio Flores Jijón, among others."}, {"id": "Q434730", "label": "Gabriel García Moreno", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The conservative Gabriel García Moreno unified the country in the 1860s with the support of the Roman Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q378158", "label": "Eloy Alfaro", "section": "History - Liberal Revolution", "says": "The Liberal Revolution of 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land owners."}, {"id": "Q707171", "label": "José María Velasco Ibarra", "section": "History - Liberal Revolution", "says": "The 1930s and 1940s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians, such as five-time President José María Velasco Ibarra."}, {"id": "Q1759249", "label": "Real Audiencia de Quito", "section": "History - Loss of claimed territories since 1830", "says": "After Ecuador's separation from Colombia on 13 May 1830, its first President, General Juan José Flores, laid claim to the territory that had belonged to the Real Audiencia of Quito, also referred to as the Presidencia of Quito."}, {"id": "Q580765", "label": "First Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "History - Loss of claimed territories since 1830", "says": "In addition, Ecuador's eastern border with the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Amazon Basin was modified before the Wars of Independence by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777) between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Loss of claimed territories since 1830", "says": "In addition, Ecuador's eastern border with the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Amazon Basin was modified before the Wars of Independence by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777) between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q709244", "label": "Jaime Roldos Aquilera", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1979–present)", "says": "Jaime Roldós Aguilera was elected president, garnering over one million votes, the most in Ecuadorian history."}, {"id": "Q878508", "label": "Osvaldo Hurtado", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1979–present)", "says": "Roldos was immediately succeeded by Vice President Osvaldo Hurtado."}, {"id": "Q471324", "label": "León Febres-Cordero", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1979–present)", "says": "In 1984, León Febres Cordero from the Social Christian Party was elected president."}, {"id": "Q743354", "label": "Rodrigo Borja Cevallos", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1979–present)", "says": "Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática, or ID) party won the presidency in 1988, winning the runoff election against Abdalá Bucaram (brother in law of Jaime Roldos and founder of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party)."}, {"id": "Q307701", "label": "Abdalá Bucaram Ortiz", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1979–present)", "says": "Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática, or ID) party won the presidency in 1988, winning the runoff election against Abdalá Bucaram (brother in law of Jaime Roldos and founder of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party)."}, {"id": "Q2337340", "label": "Cenepa War", "section": "History - Return to democracy (1979–present)", "says": "A notable event was the Cenepa War fought between Ecuador and Peru in 1995."}], "Q805": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in southern Arabia, the country includes the Socotra Archipelago and borders Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the northeast, the Arabian Sea to the east, the Gulf of Aden to the south, and the Red Sea to the west."}, {"id": "Q940785", "label": "Sabaeans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sabaeans formed a thriving commercial kingdom that influenced parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sabaeans formed a thriving commercial kingdom that influenced parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity arrived in the fourth century, followed by the rapid spread of Islam in the seventh century."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, the Kingdom of Yemen was established, which in 1962 became the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) following the North Yemen civil war."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1967, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) gained independence from the British Aden Protectorate, becoming the first and only communist state in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen, with Ali Abdullah Saleh serving as the first president until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen, with Ali Abdullah Saleh serving as the first president until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "By the third century BC, Qataban, Hadhramaut, and Ma'in became independent from Saba."}, {"id": "Q943191", "label": "Lakhmids", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "Ma'adikarib was Christian and launched a campaign against the Persia-allied Lakhmids in southern Iraq, with Arabs allied to Byzantium supporting."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "Emperor Justinian I wanted the Himyarites to attack Persia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Muhammad sent his cousin Ali to Sanaa and its surroundings around 630."}, {"id": "Q1147464", "label": "Muadh ibn Jabal", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Muhammad sent Muadh ibn Jabal to Al-Janad in present-day Taiz, and dispatched letters to various tribal leaders."}, {"id": "Q3299394", "label": "Sharhabeel ibn Hasana", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Several Yemenis accepted Islam before 630, such as Ammar ibn Yasir, Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami, Miqdad ibn Aswad, Abu Musa Ashaari, and Sharhabeel ibn Hasana."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Yemen was stable during the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Yemeni tribes who settled in Syria contributed significantly to the solidification of Umayyad rule, especially during the reign of Marwan I."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "They nominally recognised the Abbasid Caliphate but ruled independently from Zabid."}, {"id": "Q614141", "label": "Yufirids", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "A Himyarite clan called the Yufirids established their rule over the highlands from Saada to Taiz, while Hadhramaut was an Ibadi stronghold and rejected all allegiance to the Abbasids in Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese", "says": "Starting in the 15th century, Portugal intervened, dominating the port of Aden for about 20 years and maintaining a fortified enclave on the island of Socotra during this period."}, {"id": "Q3826903", "label": "Hadım Süleyman Paşa", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Hadım Suleiman Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Egypt, stormed Aden in 1538, and extended Ottoman authority to include Zabid in 1539, making it the administrative headquarters of Yemen Eyalet, and eventually taking Tihamah in its entirety."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The country established diplomatic relations with the Safavid dynasty of Persia, Ottomans of Hejaz, Mughal Empire in India, and Ethiopia, as well."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The British Empire tried to reach an agreement with the Zaydi imam of Sanaa, permitting them a foothold in Mocha, and when unable to secure their position, they extracted a similar agreement from the Sultan of Lahej, enabling them to consolidate a position in Aden."}, {"id": "Q400961", "label": "Ahmad bin Yahya", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "This became apparent when Imam Ahmad bin Yahya died in 1962."}, {"id": "Q3299864", "label": "Aden Emergency", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "The revolution in the north coincided with the Aden Emergency, which ended British rule in the south."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "On 30 November 1967, the state of South Yemen was formed, comprising Aden and the former Protectorate of South Arabia."}], "Q819": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom of Lan Xang existed from the 13th to 18th centuries and was a hub for overland trade through its territory."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1893, these kingdoms were unified under French rule as part of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Laos was under Japanese administration during World War II, gaining independence in 1945 before returning to French administration until achieving autonomy in 1949."}, {"id": "Q379794", "label": "Sisavang Vong", "section": "lead", "says": "It regained full independence in 1953 as the Kingdom of Laos, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "A civil war from 1959 to 1975 saw the communist Pathet Lao (supported by China, North Vietnam, and the Soviet Union) oppose the Royal Lao Armed Forces (backed by the United States)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "A civil war from 1959 to 1975 saw the communist Pathet Lao (supported by China, North Vietnam, and the Soviet Union) oppose the Royal Lao Armed Forces (backed by the United States)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A civil war from 1959 to 1975 saw the communist Pathet Lao (supported by China, North Vietnam, and the Soviet Union) oppose the Royal Lao Armed Forces (backed by the United States)."}, {"id": "Q532364", "label": "Fa Ngum", "section": "History - Lan Xang", "says": "Prince Fa Ngum founded the kingdom of Lan Xang (\"a million elephants\") in the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q888948", "label": "Samsènethaï", "section": "History - Lan Xang", "says": "His eldest son succeeded him as Samsenethai and reigned for 43 years."}, {"id": "Q888327", "label": "Photisarath", "section": "History - Lan Xang", "says": "In 1520, Photisarath ascended the throne and moved the capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane to counter the threat of a Burmese invasion."}, {"id": "Q732557", "label": "Setthathirath", "section": "History - Lan Xang", "says": "Setthathirath became king in 1548 and commissioned That Luang."}, {"id": "Q888712", "label": "Sourigna Vongsa", "section": "History - Lan Xang", "says": "Sourigna Vongsa expanded Lan Xang's borders after taking the throne in 1637."}, {"id": "Q1062415", "label": "Kingdom of Champasak", "section": "History - Lan Xang", "says": "Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese forces overran northern Laos and annexed Luang Prabang, while the Kingdom of Champasak came under Siamese suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q560843", "label": "Anouvong", "section": "History - Lan Xang", "says": "The Siamese installed Anouvong as a vassal king of Vientiane."}, {"id": "Q962950", "label": "Oun Kham", "section": "History - French Laos", "says": "France rescued King Oun Kham and included Luang Prabang to the protectorate of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "History - French Laos", "says": "During World War II, Vichy France, Thailand, Imperial Japan and Free France occupied Laos."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "History - French Laos", "says": "During the First Indochina War, the Indochinese Communist Party formed the Pathet Lao independence organization."}, {"id": "Q604897", "label": "Battle of Dien Bien Phu", "section": "History - Independence, and communist state", "says": "The First Indochina War took place across French Indochina and eventually led to French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the signing of peace accord for Laos at the Geneva Conference of 1954."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "History - Independence, and communist state", "says": "The First Indochina War took place across French Indochina and eventually led to French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the signing of peace accord for Laos at the Geneva Conference of 1954."}, {"id": "Q469498", "label": "Souvanna Phouma", "section": "History - Independence, and communist state", "says": "A second provisional government of \"National Union\" formed by Prince Souvanna Phouma and the Pathet Lao in 1956 was unsuccessful, and by 1959 the situation turned into civil war between the Royal Laotian government and the Pathet Lao."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Independence, and communist state", "says": "Laos became drawn into the Vietnam War, with parts of Laos were invaded and occupied by North Vietnam since 1958 for use as a supply route for its war against South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "History - Independence, and communist state", "says": "Laos became drawn into the Vietnam War, with parts of Laos were invaded and occupied by North Vietnam since 1958 for use as a supply route for its war against South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q320100", "label": "Kaysone Phomvihane", "section": "History - Independence, and communist state", "says": "On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under Kaysone Phomvihane as head of the party renamed"}], "Q1009": [{"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south."}, {"id": "Q775550", "label": "Adamawa Emirate", "section": "lead", "says": "Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, it was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, it was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively."}, {"id": "Q298718", "label": "Ahmadou Ahidjo", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President Ahmadou Ahidjo."}, {"id": "Q57272", "label": "Paul Biya", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by President Paul Biya."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity is the majority religion in Cameroon, with significant minorities practising Islam and traditional fait"}, {"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "500 CE, and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the Bornu Empire."}, {"id": "Q60549", "label": "Gustav Hermann Nachtigal", "section": "History - German Empire", "says": "Later, Gustav Nachtigal made a treaty with one of the local kings to annex the region for the German emperor."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - German Empire", "says": "The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland; the natives resisted in the Bafut Wars and Adamawa Wars."}, {"id": "Q202006", "label": "Olusegun Obasanjo", "section": "History - Republic of Cameroon under Biya", "says": "The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "History - Republic of Cameroon under Biya", "says": "The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula."}, {"id": "Q57350", "label": "Idriss Déby", "section": "History - Republic of Cameroon under Biya", "says": "In May 2014, in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping, presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and Idriss Déby of C"}], "Q238": [{"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "Located on the northeastern slopes of the Apennine Mountains, it is the larger of two microstates within the Italian Peninsula, the other being Vatican City."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "lead", "says": "It is named after Saint Marinus, a stonemason from the Roman island of Rab (in present-day Croatia), who fled persecution under Emperor Diocletian to have established a monastic community on Monte Titano, where he built a small chapel."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Only the Federal Council of Switzerland follows this same structure, except with some modifications due to its immensely larger size."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 20th century onwards", "says": "During World War I, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 24 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile view of Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - 20th century onwards", "says": "During World War I, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 24 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile view of Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - 20th century onwards", "says": "During World War II, San Marino remained neutral, although it was wrongly reported in an article in The New York Times that it had declared war on the United Kingdom on 17 September 1940."}], "Q810": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Jordan is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the south, and both Israel and Palestine (West Bank) to the west."}, {"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "lead", "says": "In the third century BC, the Arab Nabataeans established their kingdom centered in Petra."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1916 Great Arab Revolt during World War I, former Ottoman Syria was partitioned, leading to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921, which became a British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1916 Great Arab Revolt during World War I, former Ottoman Syria was partitioned, leading to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921, which became a British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Jordan captured and annexed the West Bank during the 1948 Palestine war until it was occupied by Israel in 1967."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Jordan renounced its claim to the territory to the Palestinians in 1988 and signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Jordan was mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the Arab Spring in 2010."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "Alexander the Great's conquest of the Persian Empire in 332 BC introduced Hellenistic culture to the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q11029653", "label": "Nabataean kingdom", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "The Nabataean Kingdom controlled much of the trade routes of the region, and it stretched south along the Red Sea coast into the Hejaz desert, up to as far north as Damascus, which it controlled for a short period (85–71 BC)."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "In 324 AD, the Roman Empire split and the Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the Byzantine Empire, continued to control or influence the region until 636."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "In 324 AD, the Roman Empire split and the Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the Byzantine Empire, continued to control or influence the region until 636."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "Christianity had become legal within the empire in 313 after co-emperors Constantine and Licinius signed an edict of toleration."}, {"id": "Q184549", "label": "Licinius", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "Christianity had become legal within the empire in 313 after co-emperors Constantine and Licinius signed an edict of toleration."}, {"id": "Q1639459", "label": "Battle of Mu'tah", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "In 629, during the Battle of Mu'tah in what is today Karak Governorate, the Byzantines and their Arab Christian clients, the Ghassanids, staved off an attack by a Muslim Rashidun force that marched northwards towards the Levant from the Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "In 629, during the Battle of Mu'tah in what is today Karak Governorate, the Byzantines and their Arab Christian clients, the Ghassanids, staved off an attack by a Muslim Rashidun force that marched northwards towards the Levant from the Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "The Byzantines however were defeated by the Muslims in 636 at the decisive Battle of the Yarmuk just north of Transjordan."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Under the Umayyad Caliphate, several desert castles were constructed in Transjordan, including Qasr Al-Mshatta and Qasr Al-Hallabat."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "The powerful 749 earthquake is thought to have contributed to the Umayyads' defeat by the Abbasids, who moved the caliphate's capital from Damascus to Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "After the decline of the Abbasids, Transjordan was ruled by the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1070), then by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1115–1187)."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "After the decline of the Abbasids, Transjordan was ruled by the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1070), then by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1115–1187)."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "During the Battle of Hattin (1187) near Lake Tiberias just north of Transjordan, the Crusaders lost to Saladin, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1187–1260)."}, {"id": "Q244356", "label": "Battle of Ain Jalut", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "During the next century Transjordan experienced Mongol attacks, but the Mongols were ultimately repelled by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut (1260)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Increasing policies of Turkification and centralisation adopted by the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution disenchanted the Arabs of the Levant, which contributed to the development of an Arab nationalist movement."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Increasing policies of Turkification and centralisation adopted by the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution disenchanted the Arabs of the Levant, which contributed to the development of an Arab nationalist movement."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The Allies of World War I, including Britain and France whose imperial interests converged with the Arabist cause, offered support."}, {"id": "Q2081944", "label": "Battle of Aqaba", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The revolt started on 5 June 1916 from Medina and pushed northwards until the fighting reached Transjordan in the Battle of Aqaba on 6 July 1917."}, {"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The revolt reached its climax when Faisal entered Damascus in October 1918 and established an Arab-led military administration in OETA East, later declared as the Arab Kingdom of Syria, both of which Transjordan was part of."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "During this period, the southernmost region of the country, including Ma'an and Aqaba, was also claimed by the neighbouring Kingdom of Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q994316", "label": "Battle of Maysalun", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The nascent Hashemite Kingdom over the region of Syria was forced to surrender to French troops on 24 July 1920 during the Battle of Maysalun; the French occupied only the northern part of Syria, leaving Transjordan in a period of interregnum."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Arab aspirations failed to gain international recognition, due mainly to the secret 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, which divided the region into French and British spheres of influence, and the 1917 Balfour Declaration, in which Britain announced its support for the establishment of a \"national home\" for Jews in Palestine."}, {"id": "Q146713", "label": "Arab Federation", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite Iraq formed the Arab Federation as a response to the formation of the rival United Arab Republic between Nasser's Egypt and Syria."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite Iraq formed the Arab Federation as a response to the formation of the rival United Arab Republic between Nasser's Egypt and Syria."}, {"id": "Q322607", "label": "War of Attrition", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "The War of Attrition with Israel followed, which included the 1968 Battle of Karameh where the combined forces of the Jordanian Armed Forces and the Palestine Liberation Organisat"}, {"id": "Q1930278", "label": "Battle of Karameh", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "The War of Attrition with Israel followed, which included the 1968 Battle of Karameh where the combined forces of the Jordanian Armed Forces and the Palestine Liberation Organisat"}], "Q865": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The main island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, lies between the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south."}, {"id": "Q152855", "label": "Kingdom of Tungning", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese immigration began under Dutch colonial rule and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state in Taiwanese history."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of China, controlled by Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang (KMT), assumed control following the surrender of Japan in World War II."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of China, controlled by Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang (KMT), assumed control following the surrender of Japan in World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of China, controlled by Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang (KMT), assumed control following the surrender of Japan in World War II."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "With the loss of mainland China to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, the government of the Republic of China moved to Taiwan in 1949."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "With the loss of mainland China to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, the government of the Republic of China moved to Taiwan in 1949."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The ROC maintained its claim to be the sole legitimate representative of China and its territory until 1991, when it ceased to regard the Chinese Communist Party as a rebellious group and acknowledged its"}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Early colonial period (to 1683)", "says": "In 1626, the Spanish Empire occupied northern Taiwan as a trading base, first at Keelung and in 1628 building Fort Santo Domingo at Tamsui."}, {"id": "Q1326844", "label": "Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui", "section": "History - Early colonial period (to 1683)", "says": "Following the fall of the Ming dynasty in Beijing in 1644, Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) pledged allegiance to the Yongli Emperor and attacked the Qing dynasty along the southeastern coast of China."}, {"id": "Q701449", "label": "Shi Lang", "section": "History - Qing rule (1683–1895)", "says": "Following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang in 1683, the Qing dynasty formally annexed Taiwan in May 1684, making it a prefecture of Fujian province while retaining its administrative seat (now Tainan) under Koxinga as the capital."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Japanese rule (1895–1945)", "says": "Following the Qing defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Taiwan, its associated islands, and the Penghu archipelago were ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "History - Japanese rule (1895–1945)", "says": "Following the Qing defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Taiwan, its associated islands, and the Penghu archipelago were ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q319881", "label": "Republic of Formosa", "section": "History - Japanese rule (1895–1945)", "says": "On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule."}, {"id": "Q714535", "label": "Musha incident", "section": "History - Japanese rule (1895–1945)", "says": "After suppressing Han guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in bloody campaigns against the Indigenous people residing in mountainous regions, culminating in the Musha Incident of 1930."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - Republic of China (1945–present)", "says": "While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was founded on mainland China on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911."}, {"id": "Q163244", "label": "Potsdam Declaration", "section": "History - Republic of China (1945–present)", "says": "During World War II, the 1943 Cairo Declaration specified that Formosa and the Pescadores be returned by Japan to the ROC; the terms were later repeated in the 1945 Potsdam Declaration that Japan agreed to carry out in its instrument of surrender."}, {"id": "Q188408", "label": "Chen Yi", "section": "History - Republic of China (1945–present)", "says": "The ROC appointed General Chen Yi garrison commander and administrator of Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Republic of China (1945–present)", "says": "The Communists founded the People's Republic of China on 1 October."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Republic of China (1945–present)", "says": "Some 2 million people, mainly soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated to Taiwan, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "History - Martial law era (1949–1987)", "says": "During the White Terror, as the period is known, 140,000 people were imprisoned or executed for being perceived as anti-KMT or pro-Communist."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Martial law era (1949–1987)", "says": "The United States also passed the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and the Formosa Resolution of 1955, granting substantial foreign aid to the KMT regime between 1951 and 1965."}, {"id": "Q315528", "label": "Lee Teng-hui", "section": "History - Transition to democracy", "says": "After Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, Lee Teng-hui became the first president of the ROC born in Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q22368", "label": "Chen Shui-bian", "section": "History - Transition to democracy", "says": "Chen Shui-bian of the DPP was elected as the first non-KMT president in 2000."}, {"id": "Q19216", "label": "Ma Ying-jeou", "section": "History - Transition to democracy", "says": "The KMT's nominee Ma Ying-jeou won the 2008 presidential election on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC under a policy of \"mutual non-denial\"."}], "Q750": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "Bolivia is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "Bolivia is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "With an area of 1,098,581 square kilometers (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the fifth-largest country in South America after Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Colombia, and, alongside Paraguay, is one of two landlocked countries in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "With an area of 1,098,581 square kilometers (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the fifth-largest country in South America after Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Colombia, and, alongside Paraguay, is one of two landlocked countries in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "By the late 16th century, Bolivian silver was an important source of revenue for the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q468810", "label": "Túpac Katari", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Túpac Katari led the indigenous rebellion that laid siege to La Paz in March 1781, during which 20,000 people died."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "As Spanish royal authority weakened during the Napoleonic Wars, sentiment against colonial rule grew."}, {"id": "Q5116509", "label": "Chuquisaca Revolution", "section": "History - Independence and subsequent wars", "says": "The La Paz revolution marked a complete split with the Spanish government, while the Chuquisaca Revolution established a local independent junta in the name of the Spanish King deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q189779", "label": "Antonio José de Sucre", "section": "History - Independence and subsequent wars", "says": "Bolivia was finally freed of Royalist dominion by Marshal Antonio José de Sucre, with a military campaign coming from the North in support of the campaign of Simón Bolívar."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "History - Independence and subsequent wars", "says": "Bolivia was finally freed of Royalist dominion by Marshal Antonio José de Sucre, with a military campaign coming from the North in support of the campaign of Simón Bolívar."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "History - Independence and subsequent wars", "says": "In 1836, Bolivia, under the rule of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, invaded Peru to reinstall the deposed president, General Luis José de Orbegoso."}, {"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "History - Independence and subsequent wars", "says": "The Peruvian-Bolivian forces achieved several major victories during the War of the Confederation: the defeat of the Argentine expedition and the defeat of the first Chilean expedition on the fields of Paucarpata near the city of Arequipa."}, {"id": "Q2890439", "label": "Battle of Yungay", "section": "History - Independence and subsequent wars", "says": "Chile organized a second attack on the Confederation and defeated it in the Battle of Yungay."}, {"id": "Q379638", "label": "Agustín Gamarra", "section": "History - Independence and subsequent wars", "says": "Following the renewed independence of Peru, Peruvian president General Agustín Gamarra invaded Bolivia."}, {"id": "Q223126", "label": "Chaco War", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Bolivia's defeat by Paraguay in the Chaco War (1932–1935), where Bolivia lost a great part of the Gran Chaco region in dispute, marked a turning-point."}, {"id": "Q312055", "label": "Víctor Paz Estenssoro", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Under President Víctor Paz Estenssoro, the MNR, having strong popular pressure, introduced universal suffrage into his political platform and carried out a sweeping land-reform promoting rural education and nationalization of the country's largest tin mines."}, {"id": "Q332074", "label": "René Emilio Barrientos Ortuño", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "The 1969 death of President René Barrientos, a former member of the junta who was elected president in 1966, led to a succession of weak governments."}, {"id": "Q195762", "label": "Juan José Torres", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "Alarmed by the rising Popular Assembly and the increase in the popularity of President Juan José Torres, the military, the MNR, and others installed Hugo Banzer as president in 1971."}, {"id": "Q269039", "label": "Hugo Banzer", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "Alarmed by the rising Popular Assembly and the increase in the popularity of President Juan José Torres, the military, the MNR, and others installed Hugo Banzer as president in 1971."}, {"id": "Q5809", "label": "Che Guevara", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "The revolutionary leader Che Guevara was killed by a team of CIA officers and members of the Bolivian Army on 9 October 1967, in Bolivia."}, {"id": "Q639120", "label": "Félix Rodríguez", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "Félix Rodríguez was a CIA officer on the team with the Bolivian Army that captured and shot Guevara."}, {"id": "Q467929", "label": "Luis García Meza Tejada", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "Following the 1980 election, General Luis García Meza carried out a coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q471313", "label": "Hernán Siles Zuazo", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "In October 1982, Hernán Siles Zuazo again became president, twenty-two years after the end of his first term of office (1956–1960)."}, {"id": "Q379645", "label": "Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada", "section": "History - Democratic transition", "says": "In 1993, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was elected president in alliance with the Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement, which inspired indigenous-sensitive and multicultural-aware policies."}, {"id": "Q555207", "label": "Jaime Paz Zamora", "section": "History - General Banzer presidency (1997–2002)", "says": "The Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) of Jaime Paz Zamora remained a coalition-partner throughout the Banzer government, supporting this policy (called the Dignity Plan)."}, {"id": "Q312668", "label": "Carlos Mesa", "section": "History - Sánchez de Lozada and Mesa presidencies (2002–2005)", "says": "After his resignation was accepted and his vice president, Carlos Mesa, became president, he left on a commercially scheduled flight for the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Sánchez de Lozada and Mesa presidencies (2002–2005)", "says": "After his resignation was accepted and his vice president, Carlos Mesa, became president, he left on a commercially scheduled flight for the United States."}, {"id": "Q312761", "label": "Eduardo Rodríguez", "section": "History - Sánchez de Lozada and Mesa presidencies (2002–2005)", "says": "The chief justice of the Supreme Court, Eduardo Rodríguez, was sworn as interim president to succeed the outgoing Carlos Mesa."}, {"id": "Q42410", "label": "Evo Morales", "section": "History - Morales presidency (2005–2019)", "says": "Evo Morales won the 2005 presidential election with 53.7% of the votes."}, {"id": "Q16581287", "label": "Jeanine Áñez", "section": "History - Áñez presidency (2019–2020)", "says": "Opposition Senator Jeanine Áñez declared herself interim president, claiming constitutional succession after the president, vice president and both head of the legislature chambers."}, {"id": "Q16149892", "label": "Luis Arce", "section": "History - Luis Arce presidency (2020–2025)", "says": "On 8 November 2020, Luis Arce was sworn in as President of Bolivia alongside his Vice President David Choquehuanca."}, {"id": "Q110520817", "label": "Rodrigo Paz", "section": "History - 2025 election and Rodrigo Paz presidency (2025–present)", "says": "In October 2025, Rodrigo Paz of the centre-right Christian Democratic Party (PDC) won the run-off race of the election against right-wing former president Jorge  Quiroga, meaning the end of governance by the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party and a clear political shift to the right."}], "Q963": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q12199", "label": "HIV/AIDS", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite Botswana’s economic gains, Botswana continues to grapple with high unemployment, severe income inequality, and one of the world's most critical HIV/AIDS epidemics."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Botswana is a member of the Southern African Customs Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q747314", "label": "Bechuanaland Protectorate", "section": "History - Bechuanaland Protectorate", "says": "In 1885, Britain established the Bechuanaland Protectorate to prevent German and Afrikaner expansion while maintaining a strategic link between southern and central Africa."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "History - Bechuanaland Protectorate", "says": "Tswana dikgosi supported British protection since they feared settler colonialism by Germany along with incorporation into South Africa and the mining magnate Cecil Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Bechuanaland Protectorate", "says": "At this point, all Tswana tribes had adopted Christianity."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Bechuanaland Protectorate", "says": "The war brought shortages, higher prices, taxation, and economic disruption throughout the protectorate; however, relative to other nations in the British Empire, the people of Bechuanaland approved of the war."}, {"id": "Q219962", "label": "Seretse Khama", "section": "History - Bechuanaland Protectorate", "says": "The most important political crisis came from Seretse Khama, heir to the Ngwato chieftainship, whose marriage to the British white woman Ruth Williams caused controversy."}, {"id": "Q310574", "label": "Quett Masire", "section": "History - Independence–present", "says": "After Seretse Khama's death in 1980, then Vice-President of Botswana Quett Masire became the president of Botswana."}, {"id": "Q193238", "label": "Festus Mogae", "section": "History - Independence–present", "says": "Festus Mogae became president in 1998 when Quett Masire stepped down as President."}, {"id": "Q57449", "label": "Seretse Khama Ian Khama", "section": "History - Independence–present", "says": "Ian Khama, the son of Seretse Khama succeeded to the presidency at the end of Mogae's term on 1 April 2008."}], "Q1036": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The southern part includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q1444485", "label": "Empire of Kitara", "section": "lead", "says": "These new inhabitants established influential kingdoms such as the Empire of Kitara."}, {"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "lead", "says": "Uganda gained independence in 1962, with Milton Obote as the first prime minister."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "Obote was overthrown in a military coup in 1971 by Idi Amin, who subsequently ruled the country under a brutal dictatorship until he was overthrown in 1979 during the Uganda–Tanzania War."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Precolonial Uganda", "says": "According to oral tradition and archaeological studies, the Empire of Kitara covered an important part of the Great Lakes Area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes Victoria and Tanganyika."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "History - Precolonial Uganda", "says": "According to oral tradition and archaeological studies, the Empire of Kitara covered an important part of the Great Lakes Area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes Victoria and Tanganyika."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)", "says": "The Protectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to 1962."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Independence (1962–1965)", "says": "Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state and Queen of Uganda."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Independence (1962–1965)", "says": "In 1963, Uganda de facto became a republic whilst maintaining its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q486016", "label": "Benedicto Kiwanuka", "section": "History - Buganda crisis (1962–1966)", "says": "The Kabaka particularly disliked the DP leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka."}, {"id": "Q186525", "label": "Julius Nyerere", "section": "History - Idi Amin's regime (1971–1979)", "says": "Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere supported the intervention with the hope of returning his ally, Obote, to power."}, {"id": "Q57274", "label": "Yoweri Museveni", "section": "History - 1979–present", "says": "In 1980, the Ugandan Bush War broke out, leading to Yoweri Museveni becoming president."}, {"id": "Q75756", "label": "Second Congo War", "section": "History - 1979–present", "says": "His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the Second Congo War, resulting in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since 1998, and by participating in other conflicts in the Great Lakes region of Africa."}], "Q241": [{"id": "Q5785", "label": "Cayman Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Situated at the convergence of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean, Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula, south of both Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Cuba is the largest country in the Caribbean by area and the third-largest by population, after Haiti and the Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory remained part of the Spanish Empire until the Spanish–American War of 1898, after which it was occupied by the United States and gained independence in 1902."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory remained part of the Spanish Empire until the Spanish–American War of 1898, after which it was occupied by the United States and gained independence in 1902."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory remained part of the Spanish Empire until the Spanish–American War of 1898, after which it was occupied by the United States and gained independence in 1902."}, {"id": "Q1043038", "label": "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada", "section": "lead", "says": "A 1933 coup toppled the democratically elected government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada and began a long period of military influence, particularly by Fulgencio Batista."}, {"id": "Q11270", "label": "Fulgencio Batista", "section": "lead", "says": "A 1933 coup toppled the democratically elected government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada and began a long period of military influence, particularly by Fulgencio Batista."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolution established a communist government under Fidel Castro that remains to this day."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Castro's government became a major point of contention between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War; the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis is widely considered to be the closest the world has come to a nuclear war."}, {"id": "Q46809", "label": "Raúl Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2008, Castro retired after 49 years; Raúl Castro was elected his successor."}, {"id": "Q1932603", "label": "Miguel Díaz-Canel", "section": "lead", "says": "Raúl retired as president of the Council of State in 2018, and Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected presid"}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)", "says": "Christopher Columbus first arrived in Cuba on 27 October 1492 during his famous first voyage and landed the following day."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "History - Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)", "says": "Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana (\"John's Island\") after John, Prince of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q381871", "label": "John, Prince of Asturias", "section": "History - Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)", "says": "Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana (\"John's Island\") after John, Prince of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q310566", "label": "Diego Velazquez de Cuéllar", "section": "History - Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)", "says": "In 1511 the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa."}, {"id": "Q60040", "label": "Hernando de Soto", "section": "History - Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)", "says": "On 18 May 1539, conquistador Hernando de Soto departed from Havana with some 600 followers on an extensive expedition through the Southeastern United States in search of gold, treasure, fame, and power."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)", "says": "He arrived in Santiago de Cuba on 4 November 1549 and declared the liberty of the indigenous population."}, {"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "History - Independence movements", "says": "The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known as the Ten Years' War."}, {"id": "Q1292493", "label": "Pact of Zanjón", "section": "History - Independence movements", "says": "In 1878, the Pact of Zanjón ended the conflict, with Spain promising greater autonomy to Cuba."}, {"id": "Q935398", "label": "Calixto García", "section": "History - Independence movements", "says": "In 1879–80, Cuban patriot Calixto García attempted to start another war known as the Little War but failed to receive enough support."}, {"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "History - Independence movements", "says": "In 1879–80, Cuban patriot Calixto García attempted to start another war known as the Little War but failed to receive enough support."}, {"id": "Q103285", "label": "José Martí", "section": "History - Independence movements", "says": "Exiled dissident José Martí founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York City in 1892."}, {"id": "Q558738", "label": "Máximo Gómez Báez", "section": "History - Independence movements", "says": "In 1895, he traveled to San Fernando de Monte Cristi and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic to join the efforts of Máximo Gómez."}, {"id": "Q732892", "label": "Valeriano Weyler", "section": "History - Independence movements", "says": "General Valeriano Weyler, the military governor of Cuba, herded the rural population into what he called reconcentrados, described by international observers as \"fortified towns\"."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - First years (1902–1925)", "says": "After the Spanish–American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1898), by which Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States for the sum of US $20 million The U.S. excluded the Cuban revolutionaries from the peace conference."}, {"id": "Q322173", "label": "Tomás Estrada Palma", "section": "History - First years (1902–1925)", "says": "Following disputed elections in 1906, the first president, Tomás Estrada Palma, faced an armed revolt by independence war veterans who defeated the meager government forces."}, {"id": "Q554259", "label": "José Miguel Gómez", "section": "History - First years (1902–1925)", "says": "In 1908, self-government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected president, but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs."}, {"id": "Q365703", "label": "Gerardo Machado", "section": "History - First years (1902–1925)", "says": "In 1924, Gerardo Machado was elected president."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Constitution of 1940", "says": "Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II—though Batista did suggest a joint U.S.-Latin American assault on Francoist Spain to overthrow its authoritarian regime."}, {"id": "Q13474305", "label": "Francoist Spain", "section": "History - Constitution of 1940", "says": "Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II—though Batista did suggest a joint U.S.-Latin American assault on Francoist Spain to overthrow its authoritarian regime."}, {"id": "Q655779", "label": "Carlos Prío Socarrás", "section": "History - Constitution of 1940", "says": "Carlos Prío Socarrás, a protégé of Grau, became president in 1948."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Batista regime", "says": "After Castro's fighters captured Santa Clara, Batista fled to the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959 with his family, going into exile in Portugal."}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "History - Consolidation and nationalization (1959–1970)", "says": "In February 1960, Castro signed a commercial agreement with Soviet Vice-Premier Anastas Mikoyan."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "History - Consolidation and nationalization (1959–1970)", "says": "On 15 April 1961 at dawn, Brigade 2506 flew from Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, and carried out preemptive airstrikes on Cuban military airfields at San Antonio de Los Baños, Ciudad Libertad, Pinar del Río, and Santiago de Cuba, destroying five aircraft and damaging an indeterminable number."}, {"id": "Q191721", "label": "Bay of Pigs invasion", "section": "History - Consolidation and nationalization (1959–1970)", "says": "The invasion (known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion) took place on 17 April, during the term of President John F."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Foreign interventions (1971–1991)", "says": "South Africa developed nuclear weapons because of the threat to its security posed by the presence of large numbers of Cuban troops in Angola."}, {"id": "Q386051", "label": "Battle of Cuito Cuanavale", "section": "History - Foreign interventions (1971–1991)", "says": "In 1975–76 and again in 1988 at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, the Cubans alongside their MPLA allies fought UNITA rebels and apartheid South African forces."}, {"id": "Q1152126", "label": "People's Republic of the Congo", "section": "History - Foreign interventions (1971–1991)", "says": "In December 1977, Cuba sent its combat troops from Angola, the People's Republic of the Congo, and the Caribbean to Ethiopia, assisted by mechanized Soviet battalions, to help defeat a Somali invasion of the Ogaden."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Foreign interventions (1971–1991)", "says": "In December 1977, Cuba sent its combat troops from Angola, the People's Republic of the Congo, and the Caribbean to Ethiopia, assisted by mechanized Soviet battalions, to help defeat a Somali invasion of the Ogaden."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "History - Foreign interventions (1971–1991)", "says": "In 1972, a major military mission consisting of tank, air, and artillery specialists was dispatched to South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "History - Foreign interventions (1971–1991)", "says": "The Cubans were also involved in the Syrian-Israeli conflict in 1973 and 1974 that followed the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "History - Foreign interventions (1971–1991)", "says": "After the U.S. was defeated by communist forces in the Vietnam War, Castro began supporting Marxist insurgencies in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Colombia by supplying weapons, munitions, and t"}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Political readjustments (1991–present)", "says": "Cuba then found a new source of aid and support in the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "History - Political readjustments (1991–present)", "says": "In addition, Castro, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and Bolivian President Evo Morales became allies, and both countries began to support the Cuban economy."}, {"id": "Q42410", "label": "Evo Morales", "section": "History - Political readjustments (1991–present)", "says": "In addition, Castro, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and Bolivian President Evo Morales became allies, and both countries began to support the Cuban economy."}, {"id": "Q27559", "label": "Black Spring", "section": "History - Political readjustments (1991–present)", "says": "In 2003, the government arrested and imprisoned a large number of civil activists, a period known as the \"Black Spring\"."}, {"id": "Q76", "label": "Barack Obama", "section": "History - Political readjustments (1991–present)", "says": "Talks with American officials, including President Barack Obama, resulted in the 2014 release of Alan"}], "Q912": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q309333", "label": "Mansa Musa", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa with Emperor Mansa Musa believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Rise of Islam", "says": "Among these are references to \"Pene\" and \"Malal\" in the work of al-Bakri in 1068, the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to Ibn Khaldun (by 1397) as Barmandana, and a few geographical details in the work of al-Idrisi."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Rise of Islam", "says": "The have Keita dynasty have been claimed to have claimed descent from a man called \"Lawalo\", whom Niane claim was one of the sons of Bilal, the faithful muezzin of Islam's prophet Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q1319855", "label": "Battle of Kirina", "section": "History - Rise of Islam", "says": "The Battle of Kirina in 1235 culminated in a victory for the Mandinka under the command of the exiled prince Sundiata Keita, which led to the downfall of the Sosso Empire."}, {"id": "Q175772", "label": "Sunjata Keïta", "section": "History - Rise of Islam", "says": "The Battle of Kirina in 1235 culminated in a victory for the Mandinka under the command of the exiled prince Sundiata Keita, which led to the downfall of the Sosso Empire."}, {"id": "Q13099593", "label": "Soso Empire", "section": "History - Rise of Islam", "says": "The Battle of Kirina in 1235 culminated in a victory for the Mandinka under the command of the exiled prince Sundiata Keita, which led to the downfall of the Sosso Empire."}, {"id": "Q332790", "label": "Leo Africanus", "section": "History - Mali Empire", "says": "Leo Africanus made note of their professors and regarded Malians as \"the most civilised, most intelligent, and most highly regarded of the blacks.\"\n\nSome of the worst famines in the region's recorded history occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries."}, {"id": "Q313240", "label": "Modibo Keïta", "section": "History - Independence and Keïta regime", "says": "Modibo Keïta was elected the first president."}, {"id": "Q170597", "label": "Amadou Toumani Touré", "section": "History - Traoré regime, 1968-1991", "says": "That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the radio that he had arrested Traoré."}, {"id": "Q313239", "label": "Alpha Oumar Konaré", "section": "History - Multi-party democracy", "says": "In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, and he was re-elected in 1997."}, {"id": "Q372679", "label": "Amadou Sanogo", "section": "History - Northern Mali conflict", "says": "In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'état, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)."}, {"id": "Q372780", "label": "Dioncounda Traoré", "section": "History - Northern Mali conflict", "says": "On 11 January 2013, the French Armed Forces intervened at the request of the interim government of President Dioncounda Traoré."}, {"id": "Q157", "label": "François Hollande", "section": "History - Northern Mali conflict", "says": "On 2 February, French President François Hollande joined Traoré in a public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu."}, {"id": "Q324108", "label": "Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta", "section": "History - Conflict in central Mali", "says": "A runoff was held on 12 August 2018 between the top two candidates, incumbent president Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta of the Rally for Mali and Soumaïla Cissé of the Union for the Republic and Democracy, and Keïta was re-elected with 67% of the vote."}, {"id": "Q98497406", "label": "Assimi Goïta", "section": "History - 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta", "says": "Members of the military led by Colonel Assimi Goïta and Colonel-Major Ismaël Wagué in Kati, Koulikoro Region, began a mutiny on 18 August 2020."}, {"id": "Q30005153", "label": "Boubou Cisse", "section": "History - 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta", "says": "Keïta and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "History - 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta", "says": "In 2022 and 2023, the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara saw major gains in the Mali War, occupying large swaths of territory in southeastern Mali."}, {"id": "Q17354007", "label": "Opération Barkhane", "section": "History - 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta", "says": "France had started withdrawing French troops from Mali in February 2022, commencing the end of Operation Barkhane."}], "Q1008": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the north, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean's Gulf of Guinea to the south."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Islam, Christianity and traditional faiths often entailing animism."}, {"id": "Q1587244", "label": "Kong Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ivory Coast was traditionally home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé."}, {"id": "Q214407", "label": "Félix Houphouët-Boigny", "section": "lead", "says": "It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2023, Ivory Coast had the second-highest GDP per capita in West Africa, behind Cape Verde."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods", "says": "The Ghana Empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods", "says": "The Ghana Empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods", "says": "After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the early part of the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q469314", "label": "Samori Ture", "section": "History - Pre-European modern period", "says": "In 1895 the city of Kong was sacked and conquered by Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Establishment of French rule", "says": "A French mission was established in 1687 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana)."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Establishment of French rule", "says": "The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace–Lorraine initially caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its militar"}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output, behind Brazil and Colombia."}, {"id": "Q179242", "label": "Laurent Gbagbo", "section": "History - Houphouët-Boigny administration", "says": "Laurent Gbagbo, (who eventually became the president of Ivory Coast in 2000) had to flee the country in the 1980s after he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny by founding the Ivorian Popular Front."}, {"id": "Q357779", "label": "Henri Konan Bédié", "section": "History - Houphouët-Boigny administration", "says": "He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his successor."}, {"id": "Q57413", "label": "Alassane Ouattara", "section": "History - Bédié administration", "says": "Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasised the concept of Ivoirité to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara, who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for the future presidential election."}, {"id": "Q357802", "label": "Robert Guéï", "section": "History - Bédié administration", "says": "In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéï in power."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - First civil war", "says": "France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west."}, {"id": "Q101547", "label": "Thabo Mbeki", "section": "History - Second civil war", "says": "The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former president of South Africa, to mediate the conflict."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Second civil war", "says": "The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former president of South Africa, to mediate the conflict."}, {"id": "Q1087909", "label": "Second Ivorian Civil War", "section": "History - Second civil war", "says": "The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War."}], "Q423": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea) to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The succeeding Korean Empire (1897–1910) was annexed in 1910 into Japan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1945, after the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II, Korea was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel, with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1945, after the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II, Korea was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel, with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1948, two separate governments were formed in Korea: the Soviet-aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the Western-aligned Republic of Korea in the south."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q2862267", "label": "Korean Armistice Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1953, the Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire and established a demilitarized zone (DMZ)."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the late 19th century, Korea came under the influence of Japan, which had become a significant regional power after winning the First Sino-Japanese War against Qing China and the Russo-Japanese War against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the late 19th century, Korea came under the influence of Japan, which had become a significant regional power after winning the First Sino-Japanese War against Qing China and the Russo-Japanese War against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the late 19th century, Korea came under the influence of Japan, which had become a significant regional power after winning the First Sino-Japanese War against Qing China and the Russo-Japanese War against the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q482525", "label": "March First Movement", "section": "History - Background", "says": "This led to the March First Movement protests in 1919 and the subsequent foundation of resistance groups in exile, primarily in China."}, {"id": "Q28278", "label": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Among the resistance groups was Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "History - Background", "says": "One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders was the Communist Kim Il Sung."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Joint US-Soviet occupation and Division of Korea", "says": "After the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two occupation zones along the 38th parallel, with the northern half of the peninsula occupied by the Soviet Union and the southern half by the United States."}, {"id": "Q15242873", "label": "Soviet Civil Administration", "section": "History - Joint US-Soviet occupation and Division of Korea", "says": "Soviet general Terentii Shtykov recommended the establishment of the Soviet Civil Administration in October 1945, and supported Kim Il Sung as chairman of the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea, established in February 1946."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "History - Joint US-Soviet occupation and Division of Korea", "says": "The South declared its statehood in May 1948 and two months later the ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee became its ruler."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Joint US-Soviet occupation and Division of Korea", "says": "The two successfully lobbied Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to support a quick war against the South, which culminated in the outbreak of the Korean War."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Korean War", "says": "The motion passed because the Soviet Union, a close ally of North Korea and a member of the UN Security Council, was boycotting the UN over its recognition of the Republic of China rather than the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Korean War", "says": "The motion passed because the Soviet Union, a close ally of North Korea and a member of the UN Security Council, was boycotting the UN over its recognition of the Republic of China rather than the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Korean War", "says": "Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Leadership of Kim Il Sung", "says": "He was highly critical of Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his de-Stalinization policies and critiqued Khrushchev as revisionist."}, {"id": "Q10665", "label": "Kim Jong-il", "section": "History - Leadership of Kim Jong Il", "says": "In 1992, as Kim Il Sung's health began deteriorating, his son Kim Jong Il slowly began taking over various state tasks."}, {"id": "Q56226", "label": "Kim Jong-un", "section": "History - Leadership of Kim Jong Un", "says": "His youngest son Kim Jong Un was announced as his successor."}], "Q733": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Bolivia to the northwest and north, Brazil to the northeast and east, and Argentina to the southeast, south, and west."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Asunción was founded in 1537 as the first capital of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata within the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 17th century, Paraguay was the center of Jesuit missions, where the natives were converted to Christianity and introduced to European culture."}, {"id": "Q223126", "label": "Chaco War", "section": "lead", "says": "Paraguay prevailed in another major conflict in the twentieth century, the Chaco War with Bolivia (1932-1935)."}, {"id": "Q152534", "label": "Alfredo Stroessner", "section": "lead", "says": "It subsequently came under a succession of military dictators, culminating in the 35-year regime of Alfredo Stroessner."}, {"id": "Q34063", "label": "José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia", "section": "History - Independence and rule of Rodríguez de Francia", "says": "Paraguay's first dictator was José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, who ruled Paraguay from 1814 until his death in 1840 with very little outside contact or influence."}, {"id": "Q235648", "label": "Carlos Antonio López", "section": "History - Rule of the López family", "says": "After Francia's death in 1840, Paraguay was ruled by various military officers under a new junta militar, until Carlos Antonio López (allegedly Rodríguez de Francia's nephew) came to power in 1841."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "History - Rule of the López family", "says": "After López's death in 1862, power was transferred to his eldest son, Francisco Solano López."}, {"id": "Q314362", "label": "Bartolomé Mitre", "section": "History - Paraguayan War (1864–1870)", "says": "On 12 October 1864, despite Paraguayan ultimatums, Brazil (allied with the Argentine Government under General Bartolomé Mitre and the rebellious Uruguayan colorados led by Gen."}, {"id": "Q560958", "label": "Venancio Flores", "section": "History - Paraguayan War (1864–1870)", "says": "Venancio Flores) invaded the Republic of Uruguay in order to overthrow the government of that time (which was under the rule of the Blanco Party, an ally of López), The Paraguayans, in turn, led by the Marshal of the Republic Francisco Solano López, attacked Mato Grosso on 15 December 1864 and later declared war against Argentina on 23 March 1865."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "History - Paraguayan War (1864–1870)", "says": "Afterward, the Argentine Republic, the Empire of Brazil and the Republic of Uruguay signed the secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance against the Paraguayan Government on 1 May 1865."}, {"id": "Q1782419", "label": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance", "section": "History - Paraguayan War (1864–1870)", "says": "Afterward, the Argentine Republic, the Empire of Brazil and the Republic of Uruguay signed the secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance against the Paraguayan Government on 1 May 1865."}, {"id": "Q2610334", "label": "Cirilo Antonio Rivarola Acosta", "section": "History - Paraguayan War (1864–1870)", "says": "On 22 July 1869 the National Assembly elected the National Junta formed by Carlos Loizaga, Juan Francisco Decoud and Cirilo Antonio Rivarola."}, {"id": "Q3504617", "label": "Battle of Cerro Corá", "section": "History - Paraguayan War (1864–1870)", "says": "The war ultimately ended with his death in 1870 in the Battle of Cerro Corá, where he refused to surrender and died in action."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Paraguayan War (1864–1870)", "says": "The real causes of this war, which remains the bloodiest international conflict in the history of The Americas, are still highly debatable."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "On 17 February 1936, the February Revolution brought colonel Rafael Franco to power."}, {"id": "Q1654212", "label": "Rafael Franco", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "On 17 February 1936, the February Revolution brought colonel Rafael Franco to power."}, {"id": "Q887269", "label": "Higinio Morínigo", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Between 1940 and 1948, the country was ruled by general Higinio Morínigo."}, {"id": "Q57131", "label": "Hans-Ulrich Rudel", "section": "History - Stroessner era, 1954–1989", "says": "Furthermore, Stroessner's Paraguay became a haven for Nazi war criminals, including Josef Mengele, Hans-Ulrich Rudel, and Eduard Roschmann."}, {"id": "Q112042", "label": "Eduard Roschmann", "section": "History - Stroessner era, 1954–1989", "says": "Furthermore, Stroessner's Paraguay became a haven for Nazi war criminals, including Josef Mengele, Hans-Ulrich Rudel, and Eduard Roschmann."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Stroessner era, 1954–1989", "says": "The Stroessner regime's strong anti-communist stance earned it the support of the United States, with which it enjoyed close military and economic ties."}, {"id": "Q440837", "label": "Andrés Rodríguez", "section": "History - Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "says": "On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General Andrés Rodríguez."}, {"id": "Q376549", "label": "Juan Carlos Wasmosy", "section": "History - Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "says": "In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate Juan Carlos Wasmosy was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost forty years, in what international observers deemed free and fair elections."}, {"id": "Q438594", "label": "Luis González Macchi", "section": "History - Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "says": "Senate President Luis González Macchi, a Cubas opponent, was peacefully sworn in as president the same day."}, {"id": "Q222652", "label": "Nicanor Duarte", "section": "History - Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "says": "In 2003, Nicanor Duarte was elected as president."}, {"id": "Q151879", "label": "Fernando Lugo", "section": "History - Election of Fernando Lugo", "says": "After sixty years of Colorado rule, voters chose Fernando Lugo, a former Roman Catholic Bishop and not a professional politician in civil government, and a member of the Authentic Radical Liberal Party, Paraguay's largest opposition party."}, {"id": "Q5901842", "label": "Horacio Cartes", "section": "History - Election of Fernando Lugo", "says": "Reports suggested that the businessman Horacio Cartes became the new political figure amid disputes."}, {"id": "Q57496", "label": "Federico Franco", "section": "History - Election of Fernando Lugo", "says": "Impeachment was quickly approved and the resulting trial in Paraguay's Senate, also controlled by the opposition, ended with the removal of Lugo from office and Vice President Federico Franco assuming the duties of president."}, {"id": "Q10304982", "label": "Jair Bolsonaro", "section": "History - Present day", "says": "President Mario Abdo enjoyed a close relationship with the Brazilian far-right president (in power 2019–2022), Jair Bolsonaro."}, {"id": "Q22695687", "label": "Santiago Peña Palacios", "section": "History - Present day", "says": "In May 2023, Santiago Peña of the long-ruling Colorado Party, won the presidential election to succeed Mario Abdo as the next President of Paraguay."}], "Q953": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Botswana (via a tiny border of Chobe District) and Zimbabwe to the south, Namibia (via the Caprivi Strip) to the southwest, and Angola to the west."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Botswana (via a tiny border of Chobe District) and Zimbabwe to the south, Namibia (via the Caprivi Strip) to the southwest, and Angola to the west."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Botswana (via a tiny border of Chobe District) and Zimbabwe to the south, Namibia (via the Caprivi Strip) to the southwest, and Angola to the west."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Botswana (via a tiny border of Chobe District) and Zimbabwe to the south, Namibia (via the Caprivi Strip) to the southwest, and Angola to the west."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following European expeditions in the eighteenth century, the British Empire began to consolidate control of the area following the 1890 British Ultimatum against the Portuguese, who had claimed the area between Angola and Mozambique in the 1885 Pink Map."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain formed the British protectorates of Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom as a republic in the Commonwealth, and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president."}, {"id": "Q105480", "label": "Kenneth Kaunda", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom as a republic in the Commonwealth, and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991, with him playing a role in regional diplomacy, cooperating with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "History - Bantu origins", "says": "The Bantu people originally lived in West and Central Africa around what is today Cameroon and Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q1796223", "label": "Kingdom of Lunda", "section": "History - Luba-Lunda states", "says": "In the same region of Southern Congo, the Lunda people were made into a satellite of the Luba empire and adopted forms of Luba culture and governance, thus becoming the Lunda Empire to the south."}, {"id": "Q854468", "label": "Kingdom of Mutapa", "section": "History - Mutapa Empire and Mfecane", "says": "The Mutapa Empire ruled territory between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, in what is now Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from the 14th to the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Mutapa Empire and Mfecane", "says": "The peak of this uneasy relationship was reached when the Portuguese attempted to influence the kingdoms internal affairs by establishing markets in the kingdom and converting the population to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q986822", "label": "Rozwi Empire", "section": "History - Mutapa Empire and Mfecane", "says": "The Portuguese presence in the region was a reason for the founding of the Rozvi Empire, a breakaway state of Mutapa."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Europeans", "says": "One of the earliest recorded Europeans to visit the area was the Portuguese explorer Francisco de Lacerda in the late 18th century."}, {"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "History - Europeans", "says": "This territory, located between Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Angola, was claimed and explored by Portugal in that period."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Europeans", "says": "This territory, located between Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Angola, was claimed and explored by Portugal in that period."}, {"id": "Q48373", "label": "David Livingstone", "section": "History - Europeans", "says": "The most prominent of these was David Livingstone, who had a vision of ending the slave trade through the \"3 Cs\": Christianity, Commerce, and Civilisation."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Europeans", "says": "He was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River in 1855, naming them the Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "History - Europeans", "says": "British South Africa Company\nIn 1888, the British South Africa Company (BSA Company), led by Cecil Rhodes, obtained mineral rights from the Litunga of the Lozi people, the Paramount Chief of the Lozi (Ba-rotse) for the area which later became Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q458036", "label": "Frederick Russell Burnham", "section": "History - Europeans", "says": "In 1895, Rhodes asked his American scout Frederick Russell Burnham to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the region, and it was during this trek that Burnham discovered major copper deposits along the Kafue River."}, {"id": "Q654342", "label": "Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland", "section": "History - British colonisation", "says": "In 1953, the creation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland grouped together Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland (now Malawi) as a single semi-autonomous region."}, {"id": "Q470290", "label": "Joshua Nkomo", "section": "History - Independent nation", "says": "18 people, including children, survived the crash, only for most of them to be shot by militants of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) led by Joshua Nkomo."}, {"id": "Q1207604", "label": "Namibian War of Independence", "section": "History - Independent nation", "says": "Civil strife in both Portuguese colonies and a mounting Namibian War of Independence resulted in an influx of refugees and compounded transportation issues."}, {"id": "Q297057", "label": "Frederick Chiluba", "section": "History - Democratisation", "says": "Following multiparty elections, Kaunda was removed from office after losing multi-party elections to Frederick Chiluba."}], "Q1041": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "lead", "says": "It also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde."}, {"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "History - Early and pre-colonial eras", "says": "Some kingdoms were created between the 6th and 14th centuries, such as Takrur in the 6th century, Namandiru, and the Jolof Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "History - Early and pre-colonial eras", "says": "Eastern Senegal was once part of the Ghana Empire."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "European missionaries introduced Christianity to Senegal and the Casamance in the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q545751", "label": "Louis Faidherbe", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "French colonists under Governor Louis Faidherbe progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms, except the Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum."}, {"id": "Q696829", "label": "Battle of Dakar", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "The Battle of Dakar (23–25 September 1940) was an unsuccessful Allied attempt to capture the strategic port and overthrow the pro-German Vichy French colonial administration."}, {"id": "Q216632", "label": "Mali Federation", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960."}, {"id": "Q154545", "label": "Léopold Sédar Senghor", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Léopold Sédar Senghor was elected Senegal's first president in August 1960."}, {"id": "Q219728", "label": "Abdou Diouf", "section": "History - 1980 to present", "says": "In 1981, he transferred power to his hand-picked successor, Abdou Diouf."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 1980 to present", "says": "In the 1980s, Boubacar Lam discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the Tuculor noble, Yoro Dyâo, not long after World War I, which documented migrations into West Africa from the Nile Valley; ethnic groups, from the Senegal River to the Niger Delta, retained traditions of having an eastern origin."}, {"id": "Q1005", "label": "The Gambia", "section": "History - 1980 to present", "says": "Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal Senegambia Confederation on 1 February 1982."}, {"id": "Q828443", "label": "Senegambia Confederation", "section": "History - 1980 to present", "says": "Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal Senegambia Confederation on 1 February 1982."}, {"id": "Q57438", "label": "Macky Sall", "section": "History - 1980 to present", "says": "In the early 21st century, violence has subsided, and President Macky Sall held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012."}, {"id": "Q106963", "label": "Abdoulaye Wade", "section": "History - 1980 to present", "says": "In the 1999 presidential election, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf, an election deemed free and fair by international observers."}], "Q265": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the south-west."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the south-west."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the south-west."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the south-west."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the south-west."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "It is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world, the other being Liechtenstein."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "The first recorded settlers in Uzbekistan were Eastern Iranian nomads, known as Scythians, who founded kingdoms in Khwarazm, Sogdiana, and Bactria in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as in Fergana and Margiana in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The area was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-Bactrian rule, was part of the Sasanian Empire until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The area was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-Bactrian rule, was part of the Sasanian Empire until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The early Muslim conquests and the subsequent Samanid Empire resulted in the spread of Islam among the local people."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The local Khwarazmian Empire was destroyed in the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Mongol peoples."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur in the 14th century established the Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q486088", "label": "Ulugh Beg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Timurid capital of Samarkand became a centre of science under the rule of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance."}, {"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of the Timurid dynasty were conquered by Turko-Mongol Shaybanids in the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Central Asia was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political centre of Russian Turkestan."}, {"id": "Q484578", "label": "Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1924, national delimitation created the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1924, national delimitation created the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "The Achaemenid emperors Cyrus the Great, and later Darius the Great, exerted control over the Amu Darya, incorporating Bactria and Chorasmia as satrapies."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "The Achaemenid emperors Cyrus the Great, and later Darius the Great, exerted control over the Amu Darya, incorporating Bactria and Chorasmia as satrapies."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "In 327 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire provinces of Sogdiana and Bactria, which contained the territories of modern Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "In 327 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire provinces of Sogdiana and Bactria, which contained the territories of modern Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "Popular resistance to the conquest was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of the Macedonian Greco-Bactrian Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "The kingdom was replaced with the Yuezhi dominated Kushan Empire in the first century BC."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "For many centuries thereafter the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by the Hephthalites and Sassanid empires, as well as by other empires, such as the First Turkic Khaganate established by the Turkic Gokturk peoples."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Prehistory and ancient history", "says": "For many centuries thereafter the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by the Hephthalites and Sassanid empires, as well as by other empires, such as the First Turkic Khaganate established by the Turkic Gokturk peoples."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "History - Medieval history", "says": "In the eighth century, Transoxiana, the territory between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, was conquered by the Arabs under Qutayba ibn Muslim, soon becoming a focal point during the Islamic Golden Age."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Medieval history", "says": "Karakhanids and Seljuks were succeeded by the Turkic Anushtegin dynasty; the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmian Empire under Genghis Khan during the 13th century brought devastating effects over the region."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Medieval history", "says": "Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the Mongol Empire was divided among his four sons and family members."}, {"id": "Q487543", "label": "Chagatai Khan", "section": "History - Medieval history", "says": "Control of most of Transoxiana stayed in the hands of the direct descendants of Chagatai Khan, the second son of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "History - Medieval history", "says": "Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chagatai Khanate, and the eastern section of the Mongol Empire remained a strong and united kingdom, known as the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Medieval history", "says": "Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chagatai Khanate, and the eastern section of the Mongol Empire remained a strong and united kingdom, known as the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q503340", "label": "Ali-Shir Nava'i", "section": "History - Timurid period", "says": "The greatest Chaghataid writer, Ali-Shir Nava'i, was active in the city of Herat (now in north-western Afghanistan) in the second half of the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Uzbek period", "says": "The slave trade in the Emirate of Bukhara became prominent and was established at this time."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Uzbek period", "says": "The Khanate of Bukhara was eventually invaded by the foreign government of Persia in 1740, and then became a part of the Persian empire of the day."}, {"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "History - Russian conquest", "says": "The 'Great Game' period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Soviet period", "says": "From 1941 to 1945, during World War II, 1,433,230 people from Uzbekistan fought in the Red Army against Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Soviet period", "says": "From 1941 to 1945, during World War II, 1,433,230 people from Uzbekistan fought in the Red Army against Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - Soviet period", "says": "As many as 263,005 Uzbek soldiers died in the battlefields of the Eastern Front, and 32,670 went missing in action."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "History - Soviet period", "says": "During the Soviet–Afghan War, about 65,000 Uzbek troops fought in neighbouring Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q57558", "label": "Islam Karimov", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Islam Karimov, who had been first secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989, was elected president of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990."}, {"id": "Q57808", "label": "Shavkat Mirziyoyev", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "He was replaced by his long-time Prime Minister, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, on 14 December of the same year."}], "Q854": [{"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "lead", "says": "Sri Lanka shares a maritime border with the Maldives to the southwest and India to the northwest, and lies across the Bay of Bengal from Bangladesh and Myanmar to the northeast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India to the east."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Sri Lanka shares a maritime border with the Maldives to the southwest and India to the northwest, and lies across the Bay of Bengal from Bangladesh and Myanmar to the northeast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India to the east."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese Empire established a colony in the sixteenth century, during a period of political upheaval in the Kingdom of Kotte where it also faced attacks from neighbouring kingdoms of Kandy and Sitawaka."}, {"id": "Q1589163", "label": "Kingdom of Kotte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese Empire established a colony in the sixteenth century, during a period of political upheaval in the Kingdom of Kotte where it also faced attacks from neighbouring kingdoms of Kandy and Sitawaka."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the early 19th century, the British Empire established a colony on the island, which lasted until 1948."}, {"id": "Q2670092", "label": "Dominion of Ceylon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1948, Sri Lanka gained independence as the Dominion of Ceylon, eventually becoming a republic in 1972."}, {"id": "Q242036", "label": "Tamil Eelam", "section": "lead", "says": "Sri Lanka's recent history has been marred by a prolonged civil war between the Tamil separatist militant organisation of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Sri Lankan Armed Forces, which lasted from 1983 to 2009, and ended with the defeat of the separatists."}, {"id": "Q3932084", "label": "Kingdom of Tambapanni", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "He established the Kingdom of Tambapanni, near modern-day Mannar."}, {"id": "Q3025383", "label": "Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "Society underwent a major transformation during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa, with the arrival of Buddhism from India."}, {"id": "Q3536135", "label": "Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa", "section": "History - Post-classical period", "says": "Following a 17-year-long campaign, Vijayabahu I successfully drove the Chola out of Sri Lanka in 1070, reuniting the country for the first time in over a century."}, {"id": "Q3167772", "label": "Kingdom of Polonnaruwa", "section": "History - Post-classical period", "says": "In 1215, Kalinga Magha, an invader with uncertain origins, identified as the founder of the Jaffna kingdom, invaded and captured the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa."}, {"id": "Q2657862", "label": "Lourenço de Almeida", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The early modern period of Sri Lanka begins with the arrival of Portuguese soldier and explorer Lourenço de Almeida, the son of Francisco de Almeida, in 1505."}, {"id": "Q337066", "label": "Francisco de Almeida", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The early modern period of Sri Lanka begins with the arrival of Portuguese soldier and explorer Lourenço de Almeida, the son of Francisco de Almeida, in 1505."}, {"id": "Q3529329", "label": "Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "In 1592, after decades of intermittent warfare with the Portuguese, Vimaladharmasuriya I moved his kingdom to the inland city of Kandy, a location he thought more secure from attack."}, {"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The following Dutch–Portuguese War resulted in a Dutch victory, with Colombo falling into Dutch hands by 1656."}, {"id": "Q1530762", "label": "Kingdom of Kandy", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The Kingdom of Kandy was the last independent monarchy of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q7933552", "label": "Vira Narendra Sinha of Kandy", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Later, a crisis of succession emerged in Kandy upon king Vira Narendra Sinha 's death in 1739."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "During the French Revolutionary Wars, fearing that French control of the Netherlands might deliver Sri Lanka to the French, the British Empire occupied the coastal areas of the island (which they called the colony of British Ceylon) with little difficulty in 1796."}, {"id": "Q194291", "label": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike", "section": "History - Contemporary history", "says": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the widow of Bandaranaike, took office as prime minister in 1960, and withstood an attempted coup d'état in 1962."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Contemporary history", "says": "During her second term as prime minister, the government instituted socialist economic policies, strengthening ties with the Soviet Union and China, while promoting a policy of non-alignment."}], "Q965": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q442765", "label": "Maurice Yaméogo", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1960, it gained full independence with Maurice Yaméogo as the president."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Approximately 63.8% of its population practices Islam, while 26.3% practices Christianity and 9% animistic religions, especially in the southwest of the country."}, {"id": "Q945436", "label": "Sonni Ali", "section": "History - 8th to 18th centuries", "says": "Sometime between 1328 and 1338, Mossi warriors raided Timbuktu but the Mossi were defeated by Sonni Ali of Songhai at the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483."}, {"id": "Q469314", "label": "Samori Ture", "section": "History - From colony to independence (1890s–1958)", "says": "The eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler Samori Ture complicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - From colony to independence (1890s–1958)", "says": "Draftees from the territory participated in the European fronts of World War I in the battalions of the Senegalese Rifles."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Upper Volta (1958–1984)", "says": "The Republic of Upper Volta (French: République de Haute-Volta) was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community."}, {"id": "Q529272", "label": "Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana", "section": "History - Lamizana's rule and multiple coups", "says": "Sangoulé Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers."}, {"id": "Q557941", "label": "Saye Zerbo", "section": "History - Lamizana's rule and multiple coups", "says": "Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless coup."}, {"id": "Q558209", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo", "section": "History - Lamizana's rule and multiple coups", "says": "Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP) in the 1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q202155", "label": "Thomas Sankara", "section": "History - 1983 coup d'état", "says": "Thomas Sankara, was appointed prime minister in January 1983, but was subsequently arrested."}, {"id": "Q57324", "label": "Blaise Compaoré", "section": "History - 1983 coup d'état", "says": "Blaise Compaoré, resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983."}, {"id": "Q16105972", "label": "Michel Kafando", "section": "History - Kafando presidency", "says": "Under the plan Michel Kafando became the transitional president and Lt."}, {"id": "Q20978710", "label": "Gilbert Diendéré", "section": "History - Kafando presidency", "says": "However, on 22 September 2015, the coup leader, Gilbert Diendéré, apologized and promised to restore civilian government."}, {"id": "Q599988", "label": "Roch Marc Christian Kaboré", "section": "History - Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023)", "says": "Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won the election in the first round with 53.5% of the vote, defeating businessman Zéphirin Diabré, who took 29.7%."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023)", "says": "On 8 July 2020, the United States raised concerns after a Human Rights Watch report revealed ma"}, {"id": "Q110666454", "label": "Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba", "section": "History - 2022 coups d'état", "says": "The Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (MPSR) supported by the military declared itself to be in power, led by Lieutenant Colonel Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba."}, {"id": "Q114341246", "label": "Ibrahim Traoré", "section": "History - 2022 coups d'état", "says": "Ibrahim Traoré."}], "Q986": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is bordered by Ethiopia to the south, Sudan to the west, and Djibouti to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is bordered by Ethiopia to the south, Sudan to the west, and Djibouti to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Aksum, centred in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was established during the first or second century AD and was considered one of the four great powers of the world by the Persian prophet Mani, the founder of Manichaeism."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "It adopted Christianity around the middle of the fourth century."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1865, much of the coastal lowlands came under the rule of the Khedivate of Egypt, until it was transferred to Italy in February 1885."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian rule continued until 1942, when Eritrea was placed under British Military Administration during World War II; following a UN General Assembly decision in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament, but for foreign affairs and defense, it would enter into federal status with Ethiopia for ten years."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian rule continued until 1942, when Eritrea was placed under British Military Administration during World War II; following a UN General Assembly decision in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament, but for foreign affairs and defense, it would enter into federal status with Ethiopia for ten years."}, {"id": "Q282350", "label": "Land of Punt", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Around 2,000 BC, parts of Eritrea were likely part of the Land of Punt, a kingdom first mentioned in the twenty-fifth century BC."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The region is known from ancient Egyptian records of trade expeditions, especially a well-documented expedition to Punt in approximately 1,469 BC, during the reestablishment of disrupted trade routes by Hatshepsut and shortly after the beginning of her rule as the pharaoh of ancient Egypt."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Kingdom of Aksum", "says": "In the seventh century AD, early Muslims from Mecca, at least companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, sought refuge from Qurayshi persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijrah."}, {"id": "Q2736541", "label": "Zoskales", "section": "History - Kingdom of Aksum", "says": "At the time, Aksum was ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - Early Modern Period", "says": "After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands fell under the domain of the Christian Zagwe dynasty, and later the control of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - Early Modern Period", "says": "Its coastal territories were also under the Adal Sultanate during the reign of Sultan Badlay."}, {"id": "Q147677", "label": "Zara Yaqob", "section": "History - Early Modern Period", "says": "Ethiopian Emperor Zara Yaqob strengthened imperial presence in the area by increasing the power of the Bahr Negash and placing him above other local chiefs, establishing a military colony of settlers from Shewa, and forcing the Muslims on the coast to pay tribute."}, {"id": "Q736159", "label": "Cristóvão da Gama", "section": "History - Early Modern Period", "says": "Massawa was also the stage for the 1541 landing of troops by Cristóvão da Gama in the military campaign that eventually defeated the Adal Sultanate in the battle of Wayna Daga in 1543."}, {"id": "Q733360", "label": "Oreste Baratieri", "section": "History - Italian Eritrea", "says": "Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - Italian Eritrea", "says": "Uccialli) signed the same year, Menelik II of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "History - Italian Eritrea", "says": "Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the Italian army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and Second Italo-Abyssinian Wars."}, {"id": "Q1970005", "label": "Battle of Keren", "section": "History - British administration", "says": "Through the 1941 Battle of Keren, the British expelled the Italians and took over the administration of the country."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "History - Federation with Ethiopia", "says": "In the 1950s, the Ethiopian semi-feudal state under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "History - Federation with Ethiopia", "says": "In the 1950s, the Ethiopian semi-feudal state under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Federation with Ethiopia", "says": "The minority report, presented by Pakistan and Guatemala, proposed that Eritrea be independent after a period of trusteeship."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "History - Federation with Ethiopia", "says": "The minority report, presented by Pakistan and Guatemala, proposed that Eritrea be independent after a period of trusteeship."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "History - Federation with Ethiopia", "says": "The majority report, presented by Burma, Norway, and the Union of South Africa, called for Eritrea to be incorporated into Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Federation with Ethiopia", "says": "Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States."}], "Q863": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east; it is narrowly separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east; it is narrowly separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east; it is narrowly separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east; it is narrowly separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of the country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and were ruled by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco‑Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara‑Khanids, the Seljuks, the Khwarazmians, the Mongols, the Timurids, and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of the country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and were ruled by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco‑Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara‑Khanids, the Seljuks, the Khwarazmians, the Mongols, the Timurids, and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of the country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and were ruled by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco‑Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara‑Khanids, the Seljuks, the Khwarazmians, the Mongols, the Timurids, and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of the country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and were ruled by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco‑Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara‑Khanids, the Seljuks, the Khwarazmians, the Mongols, the Timurids, and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of the country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and were ruled by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco‑Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara‑Khanids, the Seljuks, the Khwarazmians, the Mongols, the Timurids, and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of the country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and were ruled by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco‑Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara‑Khanids, the Seljuks, the Khwarazmians, the Mongols, the Timurids, and the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The region was later conquered by the Russian Empire, before becoming part of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The region was later conquered by the Russian Empire, before becoming part of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q57366", "label": "Emomali Rahmon", "section": "lead", "says": "The country has been led since 1994 by Emomali Rahmon, who heads an authoritarian regime and whose human rights record has been criticised."}, {"id": "Q862648", "label": "Ismail Samani", "section": "History - Samanid Empire", "says": "In 892, Ismail Samani (892–907) united the Samanid state under a single ruler, thereby putting an end to the feudal system that had previously prevailed."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Samanid Empire", "says": "The empire was centred on Khorasan and Transoxiana, and at its greatest extent encompassed Afghanistan, parts of Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, parts of Kazakhstan, and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "History - Samanid Empire", "says": "The Karluk Turkic Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponded approximately to what would later become Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and south‑west Kazakhstan) and ruled there from 999 to 1211."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "History - Samanid Empire", "says": "While the Kart dynasty ruled in present‑day Afghanistan, Muhammad of Ghor, a ruler of the Ghurid dynasty, conquered large parts of India."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Samanid Empire", "says": "In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire swept through Central Asia, invaded the Khwarezmian Empire, and sacked its cities, looting and massacring their inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - Samanid Empire", "says": "The Turco‑Mongol conqueror Tamerlane founded the Timurid Empire, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty in what later became Tajikistan and Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Bukharan rule", "says": "Following the khanate's collapse in the 18th century, the region fell under the control of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Kokand."}, {"id": "Q696241", "label": "Khanate of Kokand", "section": "History - Bukharan rule", "says": "Following the khanate's collapse in the 18th century, the region fell under the control of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Kokand."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Imperial Russia", "says": "Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Soviet period", "says": "After the Russian Revolution of 1917, guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in an attempt to maintain independence."}, {"id": "Q484578", "label": "Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Soviet period", "says": "Tajikistan was first created in 1924 as the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (abbreviated as the Tajik ASSR), an autonomous republic within the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q558515", "label": "Rahmon Nabiyev", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Regional groups from the Gharm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan, led by a combination of liberal democratic reformers and Islamists, who eventually became the United Tajik Opposition, rose up against the newly formed government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulob regions."}], "Q962": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the northwest, and Niger to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The largest religious group in Benin, as projected for 2020 by the Pew Research Centre in 2026 based on 2010 statistics, is Christianity (53%), followed by Islam (31%) and other faiths including African traditional religions (11%)."}, {"id": "Q849623", "label": "Oyo Empire", "section": "History - Pre-colonial", "says": "The Oyo Empire, located primarily to the east of Benin, was a military force in the region, conducting raids and exacting tribute from the coastal kingdoms and tribal regions."}, {"id": "Q798431", "label": "Republic of Dahomey", "section": "History - Colonial", "says": "In 1958, France granted autonomy to the Republic of Dahomey, and full independence on 1 August 1960 which is celebrated each year as Independence Day, a national holiday."}, {"id": "Q336242", "label": "Hubert Maga", "section": "History - Colonial", "says": "The president who led the country to independence was Hubert Maga."}, {"id": "Q878888", "label": "Émile Derlin Zinsou", "section": "History - Post-colonial", "says": "After 1960, there were coups and regime changes, with the figures of Hubert Maga, Sourou Migan Apithy, Justin Ahomadégbé, and Émile Derlin Zinsou dominating; the first three each represented a different area and ethnicity of the country."}, {"id": "Q206719", "label": "Mathieu Kérékou", "section": "History - Post-colonial", "says": "Mathieu Kérékou overthrew the ruling triumvirate, becoming president and stating that the country would not \"burden itself by copying foreign ideology, and wants neither Capitalism, Communism, nor Socialism\"."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Post-colonial", "says": "Establishing relations with China, North Korea, and Libya, he put \"nearly all\" businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment in Benin to dry up."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Post-colonial", "says": "The regime financed itself by contracting to take nuclear waste, first from the Soviet Union and later from France."}, {"id": "Q29196", "label": "Thomas Boni Yayi", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "The Beninese presidential election, 2006 resulted in a runoff between Thomas Boni Yayi and Adrien Houngbédji."}, {"id": "Q16669148", "label": "Patrice Talon", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In the March 2016 presidential elections in which Boni Yayi was barred by the constitution from running for a third term, businessman Patrice Talon won the second round with 65.37% of the vote, defeating investment banker and former Prime Minister Lionel Zinsou."}], "Q398": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "lead", "says": "Bahrain spans some 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi) and is the third-smallest nation in Asia after Maldives and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Bahrain spans some 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi) and is the third-smallest nation in Asia after Maldives and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to be influenced by Islam, during the lifetime of Muhammad in 628."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas the Great of the Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q171349", "label": "Abbas the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas the Great of the Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas the Great of the Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 19th century, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2011, the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "From the 6th to 3rd century BC, Bahrain was part of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q320132", "label": "Nearchus", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "During the classical era, Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when the Greek admiral Nearchus serving under Alexander landed on Bahrain."}, {"id": "Q160362", "label": "Theophrastus", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia.\"\nThe Greek philosopher and a botanist Theophrastus states that much of Bahrain was covered by these cotton trees and that Bahrain was famous for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Herodotus also believed that the homeland of the Phoenicians was Bahrain."}, {"id": "Q4704263", "label": "Al Kudr Invasion", "section": "History - Arrival of Islam", "says": "Muhammad's first interaction with the people of Bahrain was the Al Kudr Invasion."}, {"id": "Q138803", "label": "Qarmatians", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 899, the Qarmatians, a millenarian Ismaili Muslim sect, seized Bahrain, seeking to create a utopian society based on reason and redistribution of property among initiates."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Following their defeat in 976 by the Abbasids, the Qarmatians were overthrown by the Arab Uyunid dynasty of al-Hasa, who took over the entire Bahrain region in 1076."}, {"id": "Q3818611", "label": "Usfurids", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1253, the Usfurids brought down the Uyunid dynasty, thereby gaining control over eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "History - Portuguese and early modern era", "says": "In 1753, the Huwala clan of Nasr Al-Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranian Zand leader Karim Khan Zand and restored direct Iranian rule."}, {"id": "Q1158126", "label": "House of Khalifa", "section": "History - Portuguese and early modern era", "says": "The House of Khalifa moved from Qatar to Bahrain in 1799."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The country had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from the Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Bahrain opposed the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq and had offered Saddam Hussein asylum in the days before the invasion."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 2026 Iran war", "says": "On 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel launched joint airstrikes on Iran, killing the supreme leader of Iran and many other Iranian officials, starting a war with the stated goal of regime change."}], "Q817": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "With a coastline of approximately 500 km (311 mi), it is situated at the head of the Persian Gulf in the northeastern edge of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The protectorate agreements with the United Kingdom ended in June 1961 when Kuwait officially became an independent state."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "It suffered pro-Iranian attacks during the Iran–Iraq War, as a result of Kuwait's financial support to Iraq."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1990, the state of Kuwait was invaded, had a puppet regime installed, and was subsequently annexed by Ba'athist Iraq under the leadership of Saddam Hussein following disputes over oil production."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1990, the state of Kuwait was invaded, had a puppet regime installed, and was subsequently annexed by Ba'athist Iraq under the leadership of Saddam Hussein following disputes over oil production."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ended on 26 February 1991, after a U.S.–led international coalition expelled Iraqi forces from the country during the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q56376885", "label": "Bani Khalid Emirate", "section": "History - 1752–1945: Pre-oil", "says": "Sometime after the death of the Bani Khalid's leader Barak bin Abdul Mohsen and the fall of the Bani Khalid Emirate, the Utub were able to wrest control of Kuwait as a result of successive matrimonial alliances."}, {"id": "Q4783165", "label": "Arab Cold War", "section": "History - 1946–1980: State-building", "says": "This massive growth attracted many foreign workers, especially from Palestine, Iran, India, and Egypt – with the latter being particularly political within the context of the Arab Cold War."}, {"id": "Q2183167", "label": "Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah", "section": "History - 1946–1980: State-building", "says": "In June 1961, Kuwait became independent with the end of the British protectorate and the Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah became Emir of Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 1981–1991: Wars and terrorism", "says": "After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States led a coalition to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait, in what became known as the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q2349281", "label": "Operation Desert Storm", "section": "History - 1981–1991: Wars and terrorism", "says": "On 26 February 1991, in phase of code-named Operation Desert Storm, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "History - 1992–2023: Post-war period", "says": "In the early 1990s, Kuwait deported nearly 400,000 Palestinians."}, {"id": "Q57555", "label": "Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah", "section": "History - 1992–2023: Post-war period", "says": "As a result, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was sworn in as Emir."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "History - 1992–2023: Post-war period", "says": "The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack."}], "Q1025": [{"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "lead", "says": "The country's name derives from Mauretania, the Latin name for a region, to the north, in the ancient Mediterranean Maghreb."}, {"id": "Q294969", "label": "Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2008 Mauritanian coup d'état was led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, who won subsequent presidential elections in 2009 and 2014."}, {"id": "Q12241106", "label": "Mohamed Ould Ghazouani", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani following the 2019 elections, in what was considered the country's first peaceful transition of power since independence."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "According to a disputed Arab tradition, the Almoravids traveled south and conquered the ancient and extensive Ghana Empire around 1076."}, {"id": "Q345385", "label": "Moktar Ould Daddah", "section": "History - Ould Daddah era (1960–1978)", "says": "In 1964, President Moktar Ould Daddah, originally installed by the French, formalized Mauritania as a one-party state with a new constitution, setting up an authoritarian presidential regime."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - CMRN and CMSN military governments (1978–1984)", "says": "In 1981, United States newspapers mistakenly reported that the Central Intelligence Agency planned a covert operation to overthrow the government of Mauritania as part of the U.S."}, {"id": "Q312782", "label": "Bob Woodward", "section": "History - CMRN and CMSN military governments (1978–1984)", "says": "Journalist Bob Woodward later wrote that the mistake was made by \"White House aides unfamiliar with the world\" who meant to leak news about an operation planned for Mauritius."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "History - CMRN and CMSN military governments (1978–1984)", "says": "Journalist Bob Woodward later wrote that the mistake was made by \"White House aides unfamiliar with the world\" who meant to leak news about an operation planned for Mauritius."}, {"id": "Q313662", "label": "Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya", "section": "History - Ould Taya's rule (1984–2005)", "says": "In December 1984, Haidallah was deposed by Colonel Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who, while retaining tight military control, relaxed the political climate."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "History - Ould Taya's rule (1984–2005)", "says": "Mauritania grew increasingly isolated internationally, and tensions with Western countries grew dramatically after it took a pro-Iraqi position during the 1991 Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q451521", "label": "Ely Ould Mohamed Vall", "section": "History - August 2005 military coup", "says": "On 3 August 2005, a military coup led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall ended President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya's 21 years of rule."}, {"id": "Q310203", "label": "Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi", "section": "History - 2007 presidential elections", "says": "The elections were won in a second round of voting by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - 2008–2018", "says": "In February 2011, the waves of the Arab Spring spread to Mauritania, where thousands of people took to the streets of the capital."}, {"id": "Q60772", "label": "Ursula von der Leyen", "section": "History - 2019–present", "says": "In early 2024, a sudden increase of the number of refugees arriving on the Canary Islands by boat prompted a visit from European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez."}, {"id": "Q6070218", "label": "Pedro Sánchez", "section": "History - 2019–present", "says": "In early 2024, a sudden increase of the number of refugees arriving on the Canary Islands by boat prompted a visit from European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez."}], "Q917": [{"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first millennium, the Vajrayana school of Buddhism spread to Bhutan from the southern Pala Empire of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bhutan came under increasing British influence from the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q200273", "label": "Jigme Singye Wangchuck", "section": "History - Political reform and modernization", "says": "King Jigme Singye Wangchuck transferred most of his administrative powers to the Council of Cabinet Ministers and allowed for impeachment of the King by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly."}, {"id": "Q57376", "label": "Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck", "section": "History - Political reform and modernization", "says": "On 6 November 2008, 28-year-old Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck was crowned king."}], "Q1037": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Rwanda is bordered by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Rwanda is bordered by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1897, Germany colonized Rwanda as part of German East Africa, followed by Belgium, which took control in 1916 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1897, Germany colonized Rwanda as part of German East Africa, followed by Belgium, which took control in 1916 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q557995", "label": "Grégoire Kayibanda", "section": "lead", "says": "They massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent, Hutu-dominated republic in 1962 led by President Grégoire Kayibanda."}, {"id": "Q272580", "label": "Juvénal Habyarimana", "section": "lead", "says": "A 1973 military coup overthrew Kayibanda and brought Juvénal Habyarimana to power, who retained the pro-Hutu policy."}, {"id": "Q1231345", "label": "Paul Kagame", "section": "lead", "says": "Rwanda has been governed by the RPF as a de facto one-party state since 1994 with former commander Paul Kagame serving as president since 2000."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - German colonisation", "says": "The Berlin Conference of 1884 assigned the territory to the German Empire, who declared it to be part of German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "History - Belgian mandate of Ruanda-Urundi", "says": "Belgian forces invaded Rwanda and Burundi in 1916, during World War I, and later, in 1922, they started to rule both Rwanda and Burundi as a League of Nations mandate called Ruanda-Urundi and started a period of more direct colonial rule."}, {"id": "Q1429076", "label": "Arusha Accords", "section": "History - Second Republic", "says": "Neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage in the war, but by 1992 it had weakened Habyarimana's authority; mass demonstrations forced him into a coalition with the domestic opposition and eventually to sign the 1993 Arusha Accords with the RPF."}], "Q8646": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing dynasty ceded Hong Kong Island in 1841–1842 as a result of losing the First Opium War."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing dynasty ceded Hong Kong Island in 1841–1842 as a result of losing the First Opium War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q1078359", "label": "Battle of Yamen", "section": "History - Prehistory and Imperial China", "says": "During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen by the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Prehistory and Imperial China", "says": "Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1887."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "History - Prehistory and Imperial China", "says": "The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684."}, {"id": "Q334351", "label": "Daoguang Emperor", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade."}, {"id": "Q184999", "label": "Lin Tse-hsu", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade."}, {"id": "Q838373", "label": "Convention of Chuenpee", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi, signed by Charles Elliot and Qishan."}, {"id": "Q184780", "label": "Charles Elliot", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi, signed by Charles Elliot and Qishan."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "Conditions on the island improved during the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony."}, {"id": "Q418151", "label": "Second Opium War", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War."}, {"id": "Q604938", "label": "Convention of Peking", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "The Qing were again defeated and were forced to give up Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in the Convention of Peking."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port."}, {"id": "Q2608053", "label": "Geoffry Northcote", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party too"}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "History - British colony", "says": "Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party too"}, {"id": "Q137031", "label": "Murray MacLehose", "section": "History - Chinese special administrative region", "says": "The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "History - Chinese special administrative region", "says": "The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979."}, {"id": "Q671479", "label": "Sino-British Joint Declaration", "section": "History - Chinese special administrative region", "says": "Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to the handover of the colony in 1997, and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the handover."}], "Q1032": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "It is a unitary state bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin and Burkina Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west and Algeria to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q1139762", "label": "Kanem-Bornu Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the Kanem–Bornu Empire and the Mali Empire before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the Sultanate of Agadez and the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the Kanem–Bornu Empire and the Mali Empire before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the Sultanate of Agadez and the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q1502813", "label": "Sultanate of Agadez", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the Kanem–Bornu Empire and the Mali Empire before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the Sultanate of Agadez and the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the Kanem–Bornu Empire and the Mali Empire before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the Sultanate of Agadez and the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q120965176", "label": "Abdourahamane Tiani", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the most recent coup in 2023, the country has been ruled by National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta, led by President Abdourahamane Tiani."}, {"id": "Q175772", "label": "Sunjata Keïta", "section": "History - Mali Empire (13th to 17th century)", "says": "The Mali Empire was a Mandinka empire founded by Sundiata Keita in c."}, {"id": "Q13099593", "label": "Soso Empire", "section": "History - Mali Empire (13th to 17th century)", "says": "As detailed in the Epic of Sundiata, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the Sosso Empire which had split from the earlier Ghana Empire."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "History - Mali Empire (13th to 17th century)", "says": "As detailed in the Epic of Sundiata, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the Sosso Empire which had split from the earlier Ghana Empire."}, {"id": "Q1319855", "label": "Battle of Kirina", "section": "History - Mali Empire (13th to 17th century)", "says": "Thereafter Mali defeated the Sosso at the Battle of Kirina in 1235 and then Ghana in 1240."}, {"id": "Q309333", "label": "Mansa Musa", "section": "History - Mali Empire (13th to 17th century)", "says": "From its heartland around the later Guinea-Mali border region, the empire expanded under successive kings and came to dominate the trans-Saharan trade routes, reaching its greatest extent during the rule of Mansa Musa in the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q945436", "label": "Sonni Ali", "section": "History - Songhai Empire (11th century–1591)", "says": "Under king Sonni Ali (r."}, {"id": "Q589285", "label": "Battle of Tondibi", "section": "History - Songhai Empire (11th century–1591)", "says": "The empire was unable to withstand repeated attacks from the Saadi dynasty and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591; it then collapsed into several smaller kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Kanem–Bornu Empire (8th–19th century)", "says": "Attacks by the Bulala people in the 14th century forced Kanem to shift westwards of Lake Chad where it became known as the Bornu Empire ruled from its capital Ngazargamu."}, {"id": "Q2030595", "label": "Idris Alooma", "section": "History - Kanem–Bornu Empire (8th–19th century)", "says": "Bornu prospered during the rule of Mai Idris Alooma (r. circa 1575–1610) and re-conquered most of the \"traditional lands\" of Kanem, hence the designation 'Kanem–Bornu' for the empire."}, {"id": "Q4154364", "label": "Sultanate of Damagaram", "section": "History - Kanem–Bornu Empire (8th–19th century)", "says": "Circa 1730–40 a group of Kanuri settlers led by Mallam Yunus left Kanem and founded the Sultanate of Damagaram, centred on the town of Zinder."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "History - Kanem–Bornu Empire (8th–19th century)", "says": "The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate (see below), and was later captured by the French in 1899."}, {"id": "Q1591030", "label": "Hausa Kingdoms", "section": "History - Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (15th–19th century)", "says": "Between the Niger River and Lake Chad lay Hausa Kingdoms, encompassing the cultural-linguistic area known as Hausaland which straddles what later became the Niger-Nigeria border."}, {"id": "Q335488", "label": "Abu Yazid", "section": "History - Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (15th–19th century)", "says": "Bawo was the only son of the Hausa queen Daurama and Bayajidda or (Abu Yazid according to certain historians) who came from Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q60549", "label": "Gustav Hermann Nachtigal", "section": "History - Colonial rule (1900–1958)", "says": "19th century European explorers to the region were Mungo Park (in 1805–1806), the Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822–25), Heinrich Barth (1850–55 with James Richardson and Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865–1867), Gustav Nachtigal (1869–1874) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890–1892)."}, {"id": "Q3365040", "label": "Parfait-Louis Monteil", "section": "History - Colonial rule (1900–1958)", "says": "19th century European explorers to the region were Mungo Park (in 1805–1806), the Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822–25), Heinrich Barth (1850–55 with James Richardson and Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865–1867), Gustav Nachtigal (1869–1874) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890–1892)."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "History - Colonial rule (1900–1958)", "says": "The three eventually met at Kousséri (in the far north of Cameroon) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the Battle of Kousséri."}, {"id": "Q1164601", "label": "Battle of Kousséri", "section": "History - Colonial rule (1900–1958)", "says": "The three eventually met at Kousséri (in the far north of Cameroon) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the Battle of Kousséri."}, {"id": "Q314355", "label": "Diori Hamani", "section": "History - Diori years (1960–1974)", "says": "For its first 14 years as an independent state, Niger was run by a single-party civilian regime under the presidency of Hamani Diori."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "History - Diori years (1960–1974)", "says": "Links with France remained, with Diori allowing the development of French-led uranium mining in Arlit and supporting France in the Algerian War."}, {"id": "Q353198", "label": "Seyni Kountché", "section": "History - First military regime (1974–1991)", "says": "The coup had been masterminded by Colonel Seyni Kountché and a military group under the name of the Conseil Militaire Supreme, with Kountché going on to rule the country until his death in 1987."}, {"id": "Q448655", "label": "Ali Saibou", "section": "History - First military regime (1974–1991)", "says": "Kountché died in November 1987 from a brain tumour and was succeeded by his chief of staff, Colonel Ali Saibou who was confirmed as Chief of the Supreme Military Council."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "History - First military regime (1974–1991)", "says": "A Second Republic was declared, and a new constitution was drawn up, which was adopted following a referendum in 1989."}, {"id": "Q319430", "label": "Mahamane Ousmane", "section": "History - National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)", "says": "Elections were held in 1993, and Mahamane Ousmane became president of the Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q365417", "label": "Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara", "section": "History - Second and third military regimes (1996–1999)", "says": "The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; a coup on 27 January 1996, led by Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposed Ousmane and ended the Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q348886", "label": "Daouda Malam Wanké", "section": "History - Second and third military regimes (1996–1999)", "says": "Major Daouda Malam Wanké then took over, establishing a transitional National Reconciliation Council to oversee the drafting of a constitution with a French-style semi-presidential system."}, {"id": "Q220227", "label": "Mamadou Tandja", "section": "History - Fifth Republic (1999–2009)", "says": "After winning the election in November 1999, President Mamadou Tandja was sworn into office as president of the Fifth Republic."}, {"id": "Q356835", "label": "Salou Djibo", "section": "History - Sixth republic and fourth military regime (2009–2010)", "says": "In a coup d'état in February 2010, a military junta led by Salou Djibo was established in response to Tandja's attempted extension of his political term."}, {"id": "Q57482", "label": "Mahamadou Issoufou", "section": "History - Seventh Republic (2010–2023)", "says": "Following the adoption of a constitution in 2010 and presidential elections in 2011, Mahamadou Issoufou was elected president of the Seventh Republic; he was re-elected in 2016."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "History - Seventh Republic (2010–2023)", "says": "Issoufou's time in office was marked by threats to the country's security, stemming from the fallout from the Libyan Civil War and Northern Mali conflict, an insurgency in western Niger by al-Qaeda and Islamic State, the spillover of Nigeria's Boko Haram insurgency into south-eastern Niger, and the use of Niger as a transit country for migrants (often organised by people-smuggling gangs)."}, {"id": "Q3318398", "label": "Mohamed Bazoum", "section": "History - Seventh Republic (2010–2023)", "says": "No candidate won an absolute majority in the vote: Mohamed Bazoum came closest with 39.33%."}, {"id": "Q311440", "label": "António Guterres", "section": "History - Fifth military regime (2023–present)", "says": "UN resident coordinator Louise Aubin was also expelled in October after the junta alleged \"underhanded maneuvers\" by UN secretary-general António Guterres to prevent the country's participation in the UN General Assembly."}], "Q800": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, sharing a maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Costa Rica was a peripheral colony of the Spanish Empire until independence in 1821 as part of the First Mexican Empire, followed by membership in the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823, from which it formally declared independence in 1847."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Costa Rica was a peripheral colony of the Spanish Empire until independence in 1821 as part of the First Mexican Empire, followed by membership in the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823, from which it formally declared independence in 1847."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "Costa Rica was a peripheral colony of the Spanish Empire until independence in 1821 as part of the First Mexican Empire, followed by membership in the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823, from which it formally declared independence in 1847."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "The name la costa rica, meaning \"rich coast\" in the Spanish language, was in some accounts first applied by Christopher Columbus, who sailed to the eastern shores of Costa Rica during his final voyage in 1502, and reported vast quantities of gold jewelry worn by natives."}, {"id": "Q928747", "label": "Gil González Dávila", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "The name may also have come from conquistador Gil González Dávila, who landed on the west coast in 1522, encountered natives, and obtained some of their gold, sometimes by violent theft and sometimes as gifts from local leaders."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "During most of the colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "History - Spanish colonization", "says": "Colombia), and lack of resources such as gold and silver, made Costa Rica into a poor, isolated, and sparsely inhabited region within the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "On 15 September 1821, after the final Spanish defeat in the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821), the authorities in Guatemala declared the independence of all of Central America."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Economic growth in the 19th century", "says": "In exchange for completing the railroad, the Costa Rican government granted Keith large tracts of land and a lease on the train route, which he used to produce bananas and export them to the United States."}, {"id": "Q887715", "label": "Federico Alberto Tinoco Granados", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1917–1919, General Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a military dictator until he was overthrown and forced into exile."}, {"id": "Q311126", "label": "José Figueres Ferrer", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election between Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (who had been president between 1940 and 1944) and Otilio Ulate Blanco."}, {"id": "Q886923", "label": "Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election between Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (who had been president between 1940 and 1944) and Otilio Ulate Blanco."}, {"id": "Q145952", "label": "Otilio Ulate Blanco", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election between Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (who had been president between 1940 and 1944) and Otilio Ulate Blanco."}], "Q804": [{"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q277343", "label": "Torrijos–Carter Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Pre-Columbian period", "says": "The existence of the isthmus affected the dispersal of people, agriculture and technology throughout the Americas from the appearance of the first hunters and collectors to the era of villages and cities."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Pre-Columbian period", "says": "Austronesians had a trade network to Panama as there is evidence of coconuts reaching the Pacific coast of Panama from the Philippines in Precolumbian times."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Conquest to 1799", "says": "A year later, Christopher Columbus visited the isthmus, and established a short-lived settlement in the province of Darien."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - 1800s", "says": "As the Spanish American wars of independence were heating up all across Latin America, Panama City was preparing for independence; however, their plans were accelerated by the unilateral Grito de La Villa de Los Santos (Cry From the Town of Saints), issued on November 10, 1821, by the residents of Azuero without backing from Panama City to declare their separation from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q630882", "label": "Republic of New Granada", "section": "History - Independence to 1968", "says": "It then became part of the Republic of New Granada in 1831 and was divided into several provinces."}, {"id": "Q1141215", "label": "Granadine Confederation", "section": "History - Independence to 1968", "says": "It continued as a state in the Granadine Confederation (1858–1863) and United States of Colombia (1863–1886)."}, {"id": "Q1061488", "label": "United States of Colombia", "section": "History - Independence to 1968", "says": "It continued as a state in the Granadine Confederation (1858–1863) and United States of Colombia (1863–1886)."}, {"id": "Q43378", "label": "Thousand Days' War", "section": "History - Independence to 1968", "says": "They came close to success in 1831, then again during the Thousand Days' War of 1899–1902, understood among Indigenous Panamanians as a struggle for land rights under the leadership of Victoriano Lorenzo."}, {"id": "Q2131701", "label": "Herrán-Hay treaty", "section": "History - Independence to 1968", "says": "When the Senate of Colombia rejected the Hay–Herrán Treaty on January 22, 1903, the United States decided to support and encourage the Panamanian secessionist movement."}, {"id": "Q676676", "label": "Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty", "section": "History - Independence to 1968", "says": "In November 1903, Panama, tacitly supported by the United States, proclaimed its independence and concluded the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty with the United States without the presence of a single Panamanian."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Independence to 1968", "says": "Because of the strategic importance of the canal during World War II, the US extensively fortified access to it."}, {"id": "Q708795", "label": "Ramsey Clark", "section": "History - US invasion (1989)", "says": "The United Nations put the Panamanian civilian death toll at 500, Americas Watch estimated 300, the United States gave a figure of 202 civilians killed and former US attorney general Ramsey Clark estimated 4,000 deaths."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - US invasion (1989)", "says": "It represented the largest United States military operation since the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - US invasion (1989)", "says": "A similar resolution was vetoed in the Security Council by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France."}, {"id": "Q443831", "label": "Guillermo Endara", "section": "History - Post-intervention era", "says": "Panama's Electoral Tribunal moved quickly to restore civilian constitutional government, reinstated the results of the May 1989 election on December 27, 1989, and confirmed the victory of President Guillermo Endara and Vice Presidents Guillermo Ford and Ricardo Arias Calderón."}, {"id": "Q231946", "label": "Mireya Moscoso", "section": "History - Post-intervention era", "says": "On September 1, 1999, Mireya Moscoso, the widow of former president Arnulfo Arias Madrid, took office after defeating PRD candidate Martín Torrijos, son of Omar Torrijos, in a free and fair election."}, {"id": "Q276283", "label": "Martín Torrijos", "section": "History - Post-intervention era", "says": "On September 1, 1999, Mireya Moscoso, the widow of former president Arnulfo Arias Madrid, took office after defeating PRD candidate Martín Torrijos, son of Omar Torrijos, in a free and fair election."}, {"id": "Q57491", "label": "Ricardo Martinelli", "section": "History - Post-intervention era", "says": "Conservative supermarket magnate Ricardo Martinelli was elected to succeed Martin Torrijos with a landslide victory in the May 2009 Panamanian general election."}, {"id": "Q1134096", "label": "Juan Carlos Varela", "section": "History - Post-intervention era", "says": "On May 4, 2014, Vice President Juan Carlos Varela, candidate of the Partido Panamenista (Panamanian Party) won the 2014 presidential election with over 39 percent of"}], "Q945": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north."}, {"id": "Q155385", "label": "Étienne Gnassingbé Eyadéma", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état and became president of an anti-communist, single-party state."}, {"id": "Q4414", "label": "Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, Commonwealth of Nations, and Economic Community of West African States."}, {"id": "Q312667", "label": "Sylvanus Epiphanio Olympio", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In the Togolese general election, 1961, Sylvanus Olympio became the first president, gaining 100 per cent of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and West Germany."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and West Germany."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "He rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilised after the Algerian War and tried to get a position in the Togolese army."}, {"id": "Q561303", "label": "Nicolas Grunitzky", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The military handed over power to an interim government led by Nicolas Grunitzky."}, {"id": "Q106963", "label": "Abdoulaye Wade", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Some \"democratically elected\" African leaders such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria supported the move, creating a rift within the African Union."}, {"id": "Q202006", "label": "Olusegun Obasanjo", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Some \"democratically elected\" African leaders such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria supported the move, creating a rift within the African Union."}], "Q967": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1885, it became part of German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "lead", "says": "After the First World War and Germany's defeat, the League of Nations mandated the territories of Burundi and Rwanda to Belgium in a combined territory called Ruanda-Urundi."}, {"id": "Q457201", "label": "Melchior Ndadaye", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1993, Melchior Ndadaye became Burundi's first Hutu president following the country's first multi-party presidential election."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "As a result of heightened tensions and border disputes between the German East Africa Company, the British Empire and the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the German Empire was called upon to put down the Abushiri revolt and protect the empire's interests in the region."}, {"id": "Q157904", "label": "Sultanate of Zanzibar", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "As a result of heightened tensions and border disputes between the German East Africa Company, the British Empire and the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the German Empire was called upon to put down the Abushiri revolt and protect the empire's interests in the region."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Colonial rule", "says": "As a result of heightened tensions and border disputes between the German East Africa Company, the British Empire and the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the German Empire was called upon to put down the Abushiri revolt and protect the empire's interests in the region."}, {"id": "Q4162685", "label": "Rwandan Revolution", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The push for independence was influenced by the Rwandan Revolution and the accompanying instability and ethnic conflict that occurred there, which brought many Rwandan Tutsi refugees to Burundi from 1959 to 1961."}, {"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The assassination occurred in the broader context of the Congo Crisis during which Western anti-communist countries were confronting the communist People's Republic of China as it attempted to make Burundi a logistics base for communist insurgents battling in Congo."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The assassination occurred in the broader context of the Congo Crisis during which Western anti-communist countries were confronting the communist People's Republic of China as it attempted to make Burundi a logistics base for communist insurgents battling in Congo."}, {"id": "Q282359", "label": "Michel Micombero", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The Tutsi dominated army, led by Captain Michel Micombero, purged Hutu from their ranks and carried out reprisal attacks which ultimately claimed the lives of up to 5,000 people."}, {"id": "Q377765", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Bagaza", "section": "History - Genocides", "says": "In 1976 Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, a Tutsi, led a bloodless coup to topple Micombero and set about promoting reform."}, {"id": "Q380916", "label": "Pierre Buyoya", "section": "History - Genocides", "says": "Major Pierre Buyoya, a Tutsi, overthrew Bagaza in 1987, suspended the constitution, and dissolved political parties."}, {"id": "Q272580", "label": "Juvénal Habyarimana", "section": "History - Civil war and early democracy project", "says": "He and President Juvénal Habyarimana of Rwanda, both Hutus, died together when their airplane was shot down in April 1994."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Civil war and early democracy project", "says": "Under Buyoya's rule, long peace talks started, mediated by South Africa."}, {"id": "Q1257", "label": "Boutros Boutros-Ghali", "section": "History - Peace agreements", "says": "African leaders began a series of peace talks between the warring factions following a request by the United Nations Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali for them to intervene in the humanitarian crisis."}, {"id": "Q186525", "label": "Julius Nyerere", "section": "History - Peace agreements", "says": "Talks were initiated under the aegis of former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere in 1995; following his death, South African President Nelson Mandela took the helm."}, {"id": "Q8023", "label": "Nelson Mandela", "section": "History - Peace agreements", "says": "Talks were initiated under the aegis of former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere in 1995; following his death, South African President Nelson Mandela took the helm."}, {"id": "Q101547", "label": "Thabo Mbeki", "section": "History - Peace agreements", "says": "As the talks progressed, South African President Thabo Mbeki and United States President Bill Clinton also contributed to the accords."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "History - Peace agreements", "says": "As the talks progressed, South African President Thabo Mbeki and United States President Bill Clinton also contributed to the accords."}, {"id": "Q16873213", "label": "Pascal Nyabenda", "section": "History - Present day", "says": "As per the constitution, Pascal Nyabenda, the president of the national assembly, led the government until Ndayishimiye's inauguration on 18 June 2020."}], "Q1006": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Ivory Coast to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Ivory Coast to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2011, the United States government claimed that torture by security forces and abuse of women and children (including female genital mutilation) were ongoing human rights issues."}, {"id": "Q4413", "label": "Alpha Condé", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2021, a military faction overthrew president Alpha Condé and suspended the constitution."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "History - West African empires and kingdoms", "says": "The earliest, the Ghana Empire, grew on trade and ultimately fell after repeated incursions of the Almoravids."}, {"id": "Q13099593", "label": "Soso Empire", "section": "History - West African empires and kingdoms", "says": "The Sosso Empire came and stayed from the 12th to 13th centuries; later, the Mali Empire came when Soundiata Kéïta defeated the Sosso ruler Soumangourou Kanté at the Battle of Kirina in c."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - West African empires and kingdoms", "says": "The Sosso Empire came and stayed from the 12th to 13th centuries; later, the Mali Empire came when Soundiata Kéïta defeated the Sosso ruler Soumangourou Kanté at the Battle of Kirina in c."}, {"id": "Q1319855", "label": "Battle of Kirina", "section": "History - West African empires and kingdoms", "says": "The Sosso Empire came and stayed from the 12th to 13th centuries; later, the Mali Empire came when Soundiata Kéïta defeated the Sosso ruler Soumangourou Kanté at the Battle of Kirina in c."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "History - West African empires and kingdoms", "says": "The Songhai Empire expanded its power in about 1460."}, {"id": "Q2866678", "label": "Askia Daoud", "section": "History - West African empires and kingdoms", "says": "It continued to prosper until a civil war, over succession, followed the death of Askia Daoud in 1582."}, {"id": "Q69829", "label": "French Fourth Republic", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In 1958, the French Fourth Republic collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially Indochina and Algeria."}, {"id": "Q200686", "label": "French Fifth Republic", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The French Fifth Republic gave the colonies the choice of autonomy in a new French Community or immediate independence in the referendum of 28 September 1958."}, {"id": "Q155402", "label": "Ahmed Sékou Touré", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The political party for independence was led by Ahmed Sékou Touré, whose Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (PDG) had won 56 of 60 seats in the 1957 territorial elections."}, {"id": "Q462077", "label": "Jacques Foccart", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Later, Opération Persil was planned by Jacques Foccart; they planned to create large quantities of forged Guinean francs to hyperinflate Guinea's economy and to arm Touré's opposition figures."}, {"id": "Q770372", "label": "Operation Green Sea", "section": "History - Under Touré's rule", "says": "On 22 November 1970, Portuguese forces from neighbouring Portuguese Guinea staged Operation Green Sea, a raid on Conakry by several hundred exiled Guinean opposition forces."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Under Touré's rule", "says": "Touré vacillated from supporting the Soviet Union to supporting the United States."}, {"id": "Q718245", "label": "Louis Lansana Beavogui", "section": "History - Under Conté's rule", "says": "Sékou Touré died on 26 March 1984 after a heart operation in the United States, and was replaced by Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who was to serve as interim president, pending new elections."}, {"id": "Q202582", "label": "Lansana Conté", "section": "History - Under Conté's rule", "says": "Hours before that meeting, Colonels Lansana Conté and Diarra Traoré seized power in a bloodless coup."}, {"id": "Q708989", "label": "Diarra Traoré", "section": "History - Under Conté's rule", "says": "Hours before that meeting, Colonels Lansana Conté and Diarra Traoré seized power in a bloodless coup."}, {"id": "Q314271", "label": "Moussa Dadis Camara", "section": "History - Political violence and Ebola outbreak", "says": "Several hours after his death, Moussa Dadis Camara seized control in a coup, declaring himself head of a military junta."}, {"id": "Q718230", "label": "Sékouba Konaté", "section": "History - Political violence and Ebola outbreak", "says": "Vice-president (and defence minister) Sékouba Konaté flew from Lebanon to run the country."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "History - Political violence and Ebola outbreak", "says": "After meeting in Ouagadougou on 13 and 14 January 2010, Camara, Konaté, and Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, produced a formal statement of 12 principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within six months."}, {"id": "Q108418519", "label": "Mamadi Doumbouya", "section": "History - Under military rule", "says": "On 5 September 2021, after hours of gunfire near the presidential palace, Lieutenant Colonel Mamady Doumbouya seized control of state television and declared that President Alpha Conde's government had been dissolved and the nation's borders closed."}], "Q1029": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q1050", "label": "Eswatini", "section": "lead", "says": "Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte, and Madagascar through the Mozambique Channel to the east."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "lead", "says": "The voyage of Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of the Portuguese, who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505."}, {"id": "Q596092", "label": "Kingdom of Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Swahili Coast", "says": "Inland states like the Kingdom of Zimbabwe and Kingdom of Mutapa provided the coveted gold and ivory, which were then exchanged up the coast to larger port cities like Kilwa and Mombasa."}, {"id": "Q854468", "label": "Kingdom of Mutapa", "section": "History - Swahili Coast", "says": "Inland states like the Kingdom of Zimbabwe and Kingdom of Mutapa provided the coveted gold and ivory, which were then exchanged up the coast to larger port cities like Kilwa and Mombasa."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese Mozambique (1498–1960)", "says": "These land grants tied emigrants to their settlements, and inland Mozambique was largely left to be administered by prazeiros, the grant holders, while central authorities in Portugal concentrated their direct exercise of power on, in their view, the more important Portuguese possessions in Asia and the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Portuguese Mozambique (1498–1960)", "says": "These land grants tied emigrants to their settlements, and inland Mozambique was largely left to be administered by prazeiros, the grant holders, while central authorities in Portugal concentrated their direct exercise of power on, in their view, the more important Portuguese possessions in Asia and the Americas."}, {"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "History - Mozambican War of Independence (1961–1974)", "says": "This conflict—along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese colonies of Angola and Portuguese Guinea—became part of the so-called Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974)."}, {"id": "Q609836", "label": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "History - Mozambican War of Independence (1961–1974)", "says": "This conflict—along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese colonies of Angola and Portuguese Guinea—became part of the so-called Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974)."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "History - Independence (1975)", "says": "FRELIMO took control of the territory after ten years of sporadic warfare, as well as Portugal's own return to democracy after the fall of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime in the Carnation Revolution of April 1974 and the failed coup of 25 November 1975."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "History - Independence (1975)", "says": "FRELIMO took control of the territory after ten years of sporadic warfare, as well as Portugal's own return to democracy after the fall of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime in the Carnation Revolution of April 1974 and the failed coup of 25 November 1975."}, {"id": "Q57392", "label": "Armando Guebuza", "section": "History - Independence (1975)", "says": "A law had been passed on the initiative of the relatively unknown Armando Guebuza of the FRELIMO party, ordering the Portuguese to leave the country in 24 hours with only 20 kilograms (44 pounds) of luggage."}, {"id": "Q219918", "label": "Samora Moisés Machel", "section": "History - Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)", "says": "The new government under President Samora Machel established a one-party state based on Marxist principles."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)", "says": "It received diplomatic and some military support from Cuba and the Soviet Union and proceeded to crack down on opposition."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "History - Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)", "says": "This conflict characterised the first decades of Mozambican independence, combined with sabotage from the neighbouring states of Rhodesia and South Africa, ineffective policies, failed central planning, and the resulting economic collapse."}, {"id": "Q208355", "label": "Joaquim Chissano", "section": "History - Democratic era (1993–present)", "says": "In the 1994 elections, FRELIMO won, under Joaquim Chissano, while RENAMO, led by Afonso Dhlakama, ran as the official opposition."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Democratic era (1993–present)", "says": "In 1995, Mozambique joined the Commonwealth of Nations, becoming, at the time, the only member nation that had never been part of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Democratic era (1993–present)", "says": "In 1995, Mozambique joined the Commonwealth of Nations, becoming, at the time, the only member nation that had never been part of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q297057", "label": "Frederick Chiluba", "section": "History - Democratic era (1993–present)", "says": "Indicating in 2001 that he would not run for a third term, Chissano criticised leaders who stayed on longer than he had, which was generally seen as a reference to Zambian President Frederick Chiluba and Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe."}, {"id": "Q10707", "label": "Robert Mugabe", "section": "History - Democratic era (1993–present)", "says": "Indicating in 2001 that he would not run for a third term, Chissano criticised leaders who stayed on longer than he had, which was generally seen as a reference to Zambian President Frederick Chiluba and Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe."}, {"id": "Q5448556", "label": "Filipe Nyusi", "section": "History - Democratic era (1993–present)", "says": "His successor, Filipe Nyusi, became the fourth President of Mozambique on 15 January 2015."}], "Q929": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west."}, {"id": "Q1421888", "label": "Ubangi-Shari", "section": "lead", "says": "The borders were established by France, which began annexing portions to the French Congo in the late 19th century and in 1903 established the separate colony of Ubangi-Shari, part of French Equatorial Africa."}, {"id": "Q162708", "label": "Jean-Bedel Bokassa", "section": "lead", "says": "After gaining independence from France in 1960, the CAR was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including Jean-Bédel Bokassa who changed the country's name to the Central African Empire and ruled as a monarch from 1976 to 1979."}, {"id": "Q189988", "label": "Central African Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After gaining independence from France in 1960, the CAR was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including Jean-Bédel Bokassa who changed the country's name to the Central African Empire and ruled as a monarch from 1976 to 1979."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - 16th–19th century", "says": "In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi to reach the coast."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - French colonial period", "says": "In 1911 at the Treaty of Fez, France ceded a nearly 300,000 km2 portion of the Sangha and Lobaye basins to the German Empire which ceded a smaller area (in present-day Chad) to France."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "History - French colonial period", "says": "Modeled on King Leopold's Congo Free State, concessions were doled out to private companies that endeavored to strip the region's assets as quickly and cheaply as possible before depositing a percentage of their profits into the French treasury."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - French colonial period", "says": "During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation, a network of roads were built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity."}, {"id": "Q310860", "label": "David Dacko", "section": "History - Since independence (1960–present)", "says": "After Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin David Dacko took control of MESAN."}, {"id": "Q310883", "label": "André Kolingba", "section": "History - Bokassa and the Central African Empire (1965–1979)", "says": "Dacko was again overthrown in a 1981 coup by General André Kolingba."}, {"id": "Q314524", "label": "Ange-Félix Patassé", "section": "History - Central African Republic under Kolingba", "says": "In 1987 and 1988, semi-free elections to parliament were held, but Kolingba's two major political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Félix Patassé, were not allowed to participate."}, {"id": "Q57452", "label": "François Bozizé", "section": "History - Patassé government (1993–2003)", "says": "Eventually, Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad."}, {"id": "Q8202995", "label": "Michel Djotodia", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "Michel Djotodia took over as president."}, {"id": "Q1253", "label": "Ban Ki-moon", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "In February 2014, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the UN Security Council to depl"}, {"id": "Q57758", "label": "Faustin-Archange Touadéra", "section": "History - Touadéra government (2016–present)", "says": "In the second round of voting, former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was declared the winner with 63% of the vote, defeating Union for Central African Renewal candidate Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, another former prime minister."}, {"id": "Q1566314", "label": "Roger Cohen", "section": "History - Touadéra government (2016–present)", "says": "In December 2022, Roger Cohen wrote in The New York Times that \"Wagner shock troops form a Praetorian Guard for Mr."}], "Q1005": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire established a colony in 1765."}, {"id": "Q312716", "label": "Dawda Kairaba Jawara", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1965, 200 years later, the Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara."}, {"id": "Q57356", "label": "Yahya Jammeh", "section": "lead", "says": "Jawara remained the president, winning several elections, until he was overthrown by Yahya Jammeh in a  bloodless coup on  22 July 1994."}, {"id": "Q27917049", "label": "Adama Barrow", "section": "lead", "says": "Adama Barrow was elected as the Gambia's third president in December 2016."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations in 2018 after previously withdrawing in 2013."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Muslim and Portuguese influence (9th–16th centuries)", "says": "At the beginning of the 14th century, most of what is today called The Gambia was part of the Mali Empire."}, {"id": "Q321325", "label": "António, Prior of Crato", "section": "History - English and French administration (17th–19th centuries)", "says": "In 1588, the claimant to the Portuguese throne, António, Prior of Crato, sold exclusive trade rights on the Gambia River to English merchants."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - English and French administration (17th–19th centuries)", "says": "Letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I confirmed the grant."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - English and French administration (17th–19th centuries)", "says": "In 1618, King James I of England granted a charter to an English company for trade with The Gambia and the Gold Coast (now Ghana)."}, {"id": "Q313191", "label": "Jacob Kettler", "section": "History - English and French administration (17th–19th centuries)", "says": "Mary Island (modern day Banjul) and Fort Jillifree – came under the rule of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a vassal state of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in what is now Latvia, having been bought by Prince Jacob Kettler."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - English and French administration (17th–19th centuries)", "says": "This was finally ceded to the United Kingdom in 1856."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - Gambia Colony and Protectorate (1821–1965)", "says": "In the ensuing years, Bathurst (now Banjul) was at times under the jurisdiction of the British Governor-General in Sierra Leone."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Gambia Colony and Protectorate (1821–1965)", "says": "During World War II, some soldiers fought with the Allies of World War II."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "History - Gambia Colony and Protectorate (1821–1965)", "says": "During World War II, some soldiers fought with the Allies of World War II."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Independence and formation of the republic", "says": "The Gambia achieved independence on 18 February 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth, with Elizabeth II as Queen of The Gambia, represented by the Governor-General."}, {"id": "Q828443", "label": "Senegambia Confederation", "section": "History - Independence and formation of the republic", "says": "The Senegambia Confederation aimed to combine the armed forces of the two states and to unify their economies and currencies."}], "Q971": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Congo, also known as the Congo Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, or simply the Congo, is a country located on the western coast of Central Africa to the west of the Congo River."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the west by Gabon, to the northwest by Cameroon, to the northeast by the Central African Republic, to the southeast by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south by the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the west by Gabon, to the northwest by Cameroon, to the northeast by the Central African Republic, to the southeast by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south by the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"id": "Q4778463", "label": "Anziku Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tio Kingdom emerged in the 14th century, and Loango in the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q57418", "label": "Denis Sassou-Nguesso", "section": "lead", "says": "After the introduction of multi-party elections in 1992, the democratically elected government was overthrown during the civil war, after which Denis Sassou Nguesso, who had previously served as president from 1979 to 1992, returned to office in 1997."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity is the most widely professed faith in the country."}], "Q977": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In antiquity, the territory, together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland, was part of the Land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q282350", "label": "Land of Punt", "section": "lead", "says": "In antiquity, the territory, together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland, was part of the Land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q310278", "label": "Mentuhotep III", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In the reign of Mentuhotep III (11th dynasty, ca."}, {"id": "Q18734", "label": "Amenemhat II", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Trading missions of the 12th dynasty pharaohs Senusret I, Amenemhat II and Amenemhat IV had also successfully navigated their way to and from the mysterious land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q19246", "label": "Amenemhat IV", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Trading missions of the 12th dynasty pharaohs Senusret I, Amenemhat II and Amenemhat IV had also successfully navigated their way to and from the mysterious land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Hatshepsut built a Red Sea fleet to facilitate trade between the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and points south as far as Punt to bring mortuary goods to Karnak in exchange for Nubian gold."}, {"id": "Q11768", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The Puntites were a nation of people who had close relations with Ancient Egypt during the reign of the 5th dynasty Pharaoh Sahure and the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Introduction of Islam and the Middle Ages", "says": "Adal is also mentioned by Marco Polo in 1295 as a state continuously in conflict with Abyssinia."}, {"id": "Q157727", "label": "Ifat Sultanate", "section": "History - Introduction of Islam and the Middle Ages", "says": "According to fourteenth century Arab historian Al Umari, Adal was one of the founding regions of the Ifat Sultanate alongside Biqulzar, Shewa, Kwelgora, Shimi, Jamme and Laboo."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - Introduction of Islam and the Middle Ages", "says": "It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabitant low land portion east of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q7636800", "label": "Sultanate of Showa", "section": "History - Introduction of Islam and the Middle Ages", "says": "Ifat first emerged when Umar Ibn Dunyā-ḥawaz, later to be known as Sultan Umar Walasma, carved out his own kingdom and conquered the Sultanate of Shewa located in northern Hararghe."}, {"id": "Q888003", "label": "Yekuno Amlak", "section": "History - Introduction of Islam and the Middle Ages", "says": "Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Walashma's military acts as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in the Horn of Africa in much the same way as Emperor Yekuno Amlak was attempting to consolidate the Christian territories in the highlands during the same period."}, {"id": "Q887847", "label": "Gelawdewos", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "In 1559, he led an invasion against the Ethiopian Empire, killing Emperor Gelawdewos at the Battle of Fatagar, while simultaneously repelling an Ethiopian assault on Harar, which resulted in the death of Sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din and the end of the Walashma dynasty."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "His successor, Muhammad ibn Nasir, attempted an expedition against Ethiopia but was defeated and killed at the Battle of Webi River, marking the end of Adal's aggression."}, {"id": "Q791787", "label": "Aussa Sultanate", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "In the seventeenth century, Harla people and Doba populations integrated into the Afar identity, leading to the emergence of the Sultanate of Aussa."}, {"id": "Q887763", "label": "Sarsa Dengel", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "Enrico Cerulli attributed Adal's downfall to its inability to overcome tribal divisions, unlike the Ethiopian Empire under Sarsa Dengel, resulting in ongoing struggles among the nomadic tribes."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - Early modern era", "says": "The collapse of the Adal Sultanate led to the formation of multiple rump states such as Aussa, Tadjourah and Rahayto."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - French colonization (1862–1977)", "says": "Although the population fell after the completion of the railwayline to Dire Dawa and the original company failed and required a government bail-out, the rail link allowed the territory to quickly supersede the caravan-based trade carried on at Zeila (then in the British area of Somaliland) and become the premier port for coffee and other goods leaving southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden through Hara"}, {"id": "Q297667", "label": "Hassan Gouled Aptidon", "section": "History - Djibouti Republic", "says": "Hassan Gouled Aptidon, an Issa (ethnic Somali) politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, became the nation's first president (1977–1999)."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "History - Djibouti Republic", "says": "During the Ogaden War, influential Issa politicians envisioned a Greater Djibouti or \"Issa-land\", where Djibouti's borders would extend from the Red Sea to Dire Dawa."}], "Q1007": [{"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others had been under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea."}, {"id": "Q137049690", "label": "Horta Inta-A Na Man", "section": "lead", "says": "Several successful military coups have since interrupted peaceful transfer of power, most recently the 2025 coup, which installed the currently ruling military junta, headed by the transitional president Horta Inta-A Na Man."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The nation is home to numerous followers of Islam, Christianity, and multiple traditional faiths."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Bijagos Islands", "says": "With colonisation underway in other parts of Africa and the Americas, demand for workers was high and the Europeans sometimes pushed for more captives to be taken."}, {"id": "Q175772", "label": "Sunjata Keïta", "section": "History - Kaabu", "says": "Kaabu was established first as a province of Mali through the conquest in the 13th century of the Senegambia by Tiramakhan Traore, a general under Sundiata Keita."}, {"id": "Q760741", "label": "Imamate of Futa Jallon", "section": "History - Kaabu", "says": "In the late 18th century, the rise of the Imamate of Futa Jallon to the east posed a powerful challenge to the animist Kaabu."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "History - 15th–16th centuries", "says": "In 1580 the Iberian Union unified the crowns of Portugal and Spain."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - 15th–16th centuries", "says": "In 1580 the Iberian Union unified the crowns of Portugal and Spain."}, {"id": "Q1011", "label": "Cape Verde", "section": "History - 15th–16th centuries", "says": "Spain's enemies launched attacks on Portuguese possessions in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - 17th–18th centuries", "says": "In the early 17th century the government attempted to force all Guinean trade to go through Santiago, and to promote trade and settlement on the mainland, while restricting the sale of weapons to the locals."}, {"id": "Q213416", "label": "Amílcar Cabral", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) was founded in 1956 under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "Aided by the jungle-like terrain, it had easy access to borders with neighbouring allies and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries."}, {"id": "Q298609", "label": "Aristides Pereira", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "After Cabral's death, party leadership fell to Aristides Pereira, who would later become the first president of the Republic of Cape Verde."}, {"id": "Q311443", "label": "Luís Cabral", "section": "History - Independence (1973–2000)", "says": "Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first president of Guinea-Bissau."}, {"id": "Q106164", "label": "João Bernardo Vieira", "section": "History - Independence (1973–2000)", "says": "On 14 November 1980, João Bernardo Vieira, known as \"Nino Vieira\", overthrew President Luís Cabral."}, {"id": "Q1781457", "label": "Bissau-Guinean Civil War", "section": "History - Independence (1973–2000)", "says": "An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999."}, {"id": "Q336238", "label": "Kumba Ialá", "section": "History - Independence (1973–2000)", "says": "Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ialá was elected president."}, {"id": "Q232796", "label": "Malam Bacai Sanhá", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a run-off election."}, {"id": "Q314538", "label": "Raimundo Pereira", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009."}, {"id": "Q3075634", "label": "Mamadu Ture Kuruma", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties."}, {"id": "Q16908893", "label": "José Mário Vaz", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "The 2014 general election saw José Mário Vaz elected President of Guinea-Bissau."}], "Q874": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991."}, {"id": "Q82918", "label": "Saparmyrat Nyýazow", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy or \"Head of the Turkmens\") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (who had been the minister of health, vice-president"}, {"id": "Q57530", "label": "Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy or \"Head of the Turkmens\") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (who had been the minister of health, vice-president"}], "Q921": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q31880", "label": "Castille War", "section": "lead", "says": "The maritime state of Brunei was visited by the surviving crew of the Magellan Expedition in 1521, and in 1578 it fought against Spain in the Castilian War."}, {"id": "Q441276", "label": "James Brooke", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate ceded Kuching to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Japanese occupation during World War II, a new constitution was written in 1959."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The settlement known as Vijayapura was a vassal-state to the Buddhist Srivijaya empire and was thought to be located in Borneo's Northwest which flourished in the 7th Century."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Vijayapura itself upon earlier in its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, Funan Civilization; previously located in what is now Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q698817", "label": "Zhao Rukuo", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1225, the Chinese official Zhao Rukuo reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there was great wealth in the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Marco Polo suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and failed many times in invading “Great Java”, which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Marco Polo suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and failed many times in invading “Great Java”, which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In the 14th century, the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365, mentioned Barune as the constituent state of Hindu Majapahit, which had to make an annual tribute of 40 katis of camphor."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "When the Chinese admiral Zheng He visited the Brunei in the early 15th century, he founded a major trading port which included Chinese people who were actively trading with China."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - War with Spain and decline", "says": "The Bruneian Sultan then intervened in a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Muslim Manila in the Philippines by appointing the Bruneian descended Rajah Ache of Manila as admiral of the Bruneian navy in a rivalry against Tondo and as the enforcer of Bruneian interests in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q310922", "label": "Antonio Pigafetta", "section": "History - War with Spain and decline", "says": "He subsequently encountered the Magellan expedition wherein Antonio Pigafetta noted that under orders from his grandfather the Sultan of Brunei, Ache had previously sacked the Buddhist city of Loue in Southwest Borneo for being faithful to the old religion and rebelling against the authority of Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "History - War with Spain and decline", "says": "Turks were routinely migrating to Brunei as evidenced by the complaints of Manila Oidor Melchor Davalos who in his 1585 report, say that Turks were coming to Sumatra, Borneo and Ternate every year, including defeated veterans from the Battle of Lepanto."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "History - War with Spain and decline", "says": "He organised an expedition from Manila for Brunei, consisting of 400 Spaniards and Mexicans, 1,500 Filipino natives, and 300 Borneans."}, {"id": "Q1658411", "label": "Raj of Sarawak", "section": "History - British intervention", "says": "The sultan granted land (now Sarawak) to James Brooke, who had helped him quell a rebellion, and allowed him to establish the Raj of Sarawak."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "History - Japanese occupation", "says": "Brunei's administration was reorganised into five prefectures, which included British North Borneo."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Post-World War II", "says": "Before 1941, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, was responsible for the duties of British High Commissioner for Brunei, Sarawak, and North Borneo (now Sabah)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Post-World War II", "says": "In 1959, a new constitution was written declaring Brunei a self-governing state, while its foreign affairs, security, and defence remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom."}], "Q1020": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south, and southwest."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south, and southwest."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire began to consolidate control of the area following the 1890 British Ultimatum against the Portuguese, who had claimed the area between Angola and Mozambique in the 1885 Pink Map."}, {"id": "Q184945", "label": "Hastings Banda", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1964, Nyasaland became independent under Prime Minister Hastings Banda and was renamed Malawi."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The country maintains diplomatic relations with most countries and participates in several international organisations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, and the African Union."}, {"id": "Q12199", "label": "HIV/AIDS", "section": "lead", "says": "HIV/AIDS is highly prevalent."}, {"id": "Q48373", "label": "David Livingstone", "section": "History - Colonialisation (1859–1960)", "says": "Missionary and explorer David Livingstone reached Lake Malawi (then Lake Nyasa) in 1859 and identified the Shire Highlands south of the lake as an area suitable for European settlement."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "History - Colonialisation (1859–1960)", "says": "In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in what was the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, often called the Central African Federation (CAF), for mainly political reasons."}, {"id": "Q654342", "label": "Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland", "section": "History - Colonialisation (1859–1960)", "says": "In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in what was the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, often called the Central African Federation (CAF), for mainly political reasons."}, {"id": "Q317107", "label": "Bakili Muluzi", "section": "History - Multi-party democracy (1993–present)", "says": "In 1994 the first multi-party elections were held, and Banda was defeated by Bakili Muluzi (a former secretary general of the MCP and former Banda Cabinet minister)."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Multi-party democracy (1993–present)", "says": "Over a period of 48 hours, his death was kept secret, including an elaborate flight with the body to South Africa, where the ambulance drivers refused to move the body, saying they were not licensed to move a corpse."}, {"id": "Q57388", "label": "Joyce Banda", "section": "History - Multi-party democracy (1993–present)", "says": "After the South African government threatened to reveal the information, the presidential title was taken over by Vice-President Joyce Banda (no relation to Hastings Banda)."}, {"id": "Q7176020", "label": "Peter Mutharika", "section": "History - Multi-party democracy (1993–present)", "says": "In the 2014 Malawian general election, Banda lost the elections (coming in third) and was replaced by Peter Mutharika, the brother of ex-President Bingu wa Mutharika."}, {"id": "Q16202782", "label": "Lazarus Chakwera", "section": "History - Multi-party democracy (1993–present)", "says": "Opposition leader Lazarus Chakwera won the 2020 Malawian presidential election."}], "Q783": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea."}, {"id": "Q1165546", "label": "Mosquitia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1960, the northern part of what was the Mosquito Coast was transferred from Nicaragua to Honduras by the International Court of Justice."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 20th century, Honduras was dominated by transnational agricultural companies, whose interests were protected militarily by the United States."}, {"id": "Q191060", "label": "Manuel Zelaya", "section": "lead", "says": "A 2009 military coup toppled the government of Manuel Zelaya, and controversy arose from claims of electoral fraud in the subsequent 2013 and 2017 presidential elections."}, {"id": "Q8044708", "label": "Xiomara Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2021 Xiomara Castro was elected to the presidency, returning the left to power for the first time since the 2009 coup."}, {"id": "Q16146159", "label": "Nasry Asfura", "section": "lead", "says": "Nasry Asfura won the 2025 election amid claims of fraud and electoral interference by the United States."}, {"id": "Q17523945", "label": "Toltec Empire", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period", "says": "The Lenca people of the interior highlands are also generally considered to be culturally Mesoamerican, though the extent of linkage with other areas varied over time (for example, expanding during the zenith of the Toltec Empire)."}, {"id": "Q928747", "label": "Gil González Dávila", "section": "History - Spanish conquest (1524–1539)", "says": "In March 1524, Gil González Dávila became the first Spaniard to enter Honduras as a conquistador. followed by Hernán Cortés, who had brought forces down from Mexico."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "History - Spanish conquest (1524–1539)", "says": "In March 1524, Gil González Dávila became the first Spaniard to enter Honduras as a conquistador. followed by Hernán Cortés, who had brought forces down from Mexico."}, {"id": "Q550491", "label": "Cristóbal de Olid", "section": "History - Spanish conquest (1524–1539)", "says": "Much of the conquest took place in the following two decades, first by groups loyal to Cristóbal de Olid, and then by those loyal to Francisco de Montejo but most particularly by those following Alvarado."}, {"id": "Q387619", "label": "Francisco de Montejo y León", "section": "History - Spanish conquest (1524–1539)", "says": "Much of the conquest took place in the following two decades, first by groups loyal to Cristóbal de Olid, and then by those loyal to Francisco de Montejo but most particularly by those following Alvarado."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "History - Independence (1821)", "says": "Honduras gained independence from Spain in 1821 and was a part of the First Mexican Empire until 1823, when it became part of the United Provinces of Central America."}, {"id": "Q783111", "label": "Ramón Villeda Morales", "section": "History - 20th century and the role of American companies", "says": "A 1963 military coup unseated democratically elected President Ramón Villeda Morales."}, {"id": "Q223085", "label": "Hundred Hour War", "section": "History - War and upheaval (1969–1999)", "says": "In 1969, Honduras and El Salvador fought what became known as the Football War."}, {"id": "Q371186", "label": "Oswaldo López Arellano", "section": "History - War and upheaval (1969–1999)", "says": "Border tensions led to acrimony between the two countries after Honduran President Oswaldo López Arellano blamed the deteriorating economy on immigrants from El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q880335", "label": "Policarpo Paz García", "section": "History - War and upheaval (1969–1999)", "says": "Following Fifi, Presidents Melgar Castro and Policarpo Paz García largely built the current physical infrastructure and telecommunications system of Honduras."}, {"id": "Q5951723", "label": "Juan Orlando Hernández", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "President Juan Orlando Hernández took office in 2014."}], "Q842": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, and maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, and maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, and maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 20th century, Oman came under the influence of the British Empire while de jure remaining sovereign."}, {"id": "Q57331", "label": "Qaboos bin Said Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "Qaboos bin Said served as sultan from 1970 until his death in 2020."}, {"id": "Q2363565", "label": "Dhofar Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "His nearly five-decade reign marked the beginning of a period of rapid modernization now known as the Omani Renaissance, which saw a rise in the country's living standards, the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgatio"}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Persian period", "says": "The northern half of Oman was presumably part of the Maka satrapy of the Persian Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Persian period", "says": "By the time of the conquests of Alexander the Great, the satrapy may have existed in some form."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Persian period", "says": "Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval suggests that Shammir bin Wathil bin Himyar recognised the authority of Cyrus the Great over Oman in 536 BCE."}, {"id": "Q1348630", "label": "Ridda Wars", "section": "History - Islam", "says": "During the 7th century CE, Omanis came in contact with and accepted Islam, with consolidation taking place in the Ridda Wars in 632."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Islam", "says": "The conversion of Omanis to Islam is ascribed to Amr ibn al-As, who was sent by the Islamic prophet Muhammad during the Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Battle of Dibba", "says": "Following the death of the prophet Muhammad in 632, a series of campaigns launched by the Rashidun Caliphate against tribes that had renounced their allegiance to Medina."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "History - Imamate of Oman", "says": "Ibadism originated in Basra through its founder, Abd Allah ibn Ibad, as a moderate branch of the Kharijites, an Islamic sect that split from the Muhakkima."}, {"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "History - Imamate of Oman", "says": "These groups initially supported Imam Ali during the First Fitna but turned away after rejecting arbitration at the Battle of Siffin in AD 657. around the year 650; the Omani Azd in Iraq would subsequently adopt this as their predominant faith."}, {"id": "Q735876", "label": "Battle of Siffin", "section": "History - Imamate of Oman", "says": "These groups initially supported Imam Ali during the First Fitna but turned away after rejecting arbitration at the Battle of Siffin in AD 657. around the year 650; the Omani Azd in Iraq would subsequently adopt this as their predominant faith."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Imamate of Oman", "says": "The authority of the Imams started to decline due to power struggles, the constant interventions of Abbasid, and the rise of the Seljuk Empire."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "History - Portuguese era", "says": "A decade after Vasco da Gama succeeded in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope and to India in 1497–1498, Afonso de Albuquerque captured Hormuz and Portugal governed Oman for a 143-year period, from 1507 to 1650."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "History - Portuguese era", "says": "A decade after Vasco da Gama succeeded in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope and to India in 1497–1498, Afonso de Albuquerque captured Hormuz and Portugal governed Oman for a 143-year period, from 1507 to 1650."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese era", "says": "A decade after Vasco da Gama succeeded in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope and to India in 1497–1498, Afonso de Albuquerque captured Hormuz and Portugal governed Oman for a 143-year period, from 1507 to 1650."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Civil war (1718-1744)", "says": "With the power of the Yaruba Dynasty dwindling, Imam Saif eventually asked for help against his rivals from Nader Shah of Persia whose forces occupied parts of the country on two occasions between 1737 and 1744."}, {"id": "Q506193", "label": "Said bin Sultan Al Busaidi", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "Sultan's son, Seyyid Said bin Sultan, succeeded him."}, {"id": "Q794432", "label": "Azzan bin Qais Al Busaidi", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "During the entire 19th century, in addition to Imam Said bin Ahmed, who retained the title until he died in 1803, Azzan bin Qais was the only elected Imam of Oman."}, {"id": "Q1479236", "label": "Red Line Agreement", "section": "History - Treaty of Seeb", "says": "On 31 July 1928, the Red Line Agreement was signed between Anglo-Persian Company (later renamed British Petroleum), Royal Dutch/Shell, Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later renamed Total), Near East Development Corporation (later renamed ExxonMobil) and Calouste Gulbenkian (an Armenian businessman) to collectively produce oil in the post-Ottoman Empire region, which included the Arabian peninsul"}, {"id": "Q879869", "label": "Said bin Taimur Al Said", "section": "History - Reign of Sultan Said (1932–1970)", "says": "Said bin Taimur became the sultan of Muscat officially on 10 February 1932."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Reign of Sultan Said (1932–1970)", "says": "Upon the outbreak of World War II, the sultan of Oman declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Reign of Sultan Said (1932–1970)", "says": "The December 1951 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (covering commerce, oil reserves and navigation) between Oman and the United Kingdom recognised the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman as a fully independent state."}, {"id": "Q6172500", "label": "Jebel Akhdar War", "section": "History - Jebel Akhdar War", "says": "The Omanis in the interior led by Imam Ghalib Alhinai, Talib Alhinai, the brother of the Imam and the Wali (governor) of Rustaq, and Suleiman bin Hamyar, who was the Wali (governor) of Jebel Akhdar, defended the Imamate in the Jebel Akhdar War against British-backed attacks by the Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - Omani Renaissance (1970–2020)", "says": "Inspired by the Arab Spring uprisings that were taking place throughout the region, protests occurred in Oman during the early months of 2011."}], "Q1000": [{"id": "Q983", "label": "Equatorial Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, while sharing a maritime border with São Tomé and Príncipe to the west in the Gulf of Guinea."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, while sharing a maritime border with São Tomé and Príncipe to the west in the Gulf of Guinea."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, while sharing a maritime border with São Tomé and Príncipe to the west in the Gulf of Guinea."}, {"id": "Q1039", "label": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, while sharing a maritime border with São Tomé and Príncipe to the west in the Gulf of Guinea."}, {"id": "Q4337218", "label": "Kingdom of Orungu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Orungu was established around 1700."}, {"id": "Q172083", "label": "Omar Bongo", "section": "lead", "says": "Omar Bongo came to office in 1967 and created a dynasty which stabilized its power through a client network, Françafrique."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity is the predominant religion, practised by about 80% of the population."}, {"id": "Q1042", "label": "Seychelles", "section": "lead", "says": "With petroleum and foreign private investment, it has the fourth highest HDI (after Mauritius, Seychelles, and South Africa) and the fifth highest GDP per capita (PPP) of the Sub-Saharan African nations."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "With petroleum and foreign private investment, it has the fourth highest HDI (after Mauritius, Seychelles, and South Africa) and the fifth highest GDP per capita (PPP) of the Sub-Saharan African nations."}, {"id": "Q1479630", "label": "Kingdom of Loango", "section": "History - Pre-colonisation", "says": "By the 14th century, the Vili Kingdom of Loango had extended its control northward along the Gabonese coastline."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - French rule and independence", "says": "During World War II, the state conscripted half of the adult male population for road construction and on plantations managed by the government-sponsored Sociétés Indigènes de Prévoyance."}, {"id": "Q299629", "label": "Léon M'ba", "section": "History - M'ba rule", "says": "The first president of Gabon, elected in 1961, was Léon M'ba, with Omar Bongo Ondimba as his vice president."}, {"id": "Q270645", "label": "Rose Francine Rogombe", "section": "History - Death of Bongo and succession", "says": "Per the amended constitution, Rose Francine Rogombé, president of the Senate, assumed the role of interim president."}, {"id": "Q57521", "label": "Ali Bongo Ondimba", "section": "History - Death of Bongo and succession", "says": "With a crowded field of 18 contenders, including Bongo's son and ruling party leader, Ali Bongo, the elections were closely watched both domestically and internationally."}, {"id": "Q877619", "label": "French Consulate", "section": "History - Death of Bongo and succession", "says": "The unrest claimed four lives and led to significant property damage, including attacks on the French Consulate and a local prison."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Death of Bongo and succession", "says": "In June 2022, Gabon joined the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q122067521", "label": "Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema", "section": "History - 2023 coup d'état", "says": "On 31 August army officers who seized power, ending the Bongo family's 55-year hold on power, named General Brice Oligui Nguema as transitional leader, and Nguema was sworn in as interim president."}], "Q1044": [{"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "lead", "says": "Freetown is its capital and largest city."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sierra Leone's current territorial configuration was established in two phases: in 1808, the coastal Sierra Leone Colony was founded as part of the British Empire, to be a place to resettle returning Africans after the abolition of the slave trade; then in 1896, the inland Protectorate was created as a result of the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Sierra Leone attained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 under the leadership of Prime Minister Sir Milton Margai of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP)."}, {"id": "Q879302", "label": "Milton Augustus Strieby Margai", "section": "lead", "says": "Sierra Leone attained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 under the leadership of Prime Minister Sir Milton Margai of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP)."}, {"id": "Q515657", "label": "Siaka Stevens", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1971, under Prime Minister Siaka Stevens of the All People's Congress (APC), the country adopted a new constitution, transforming Sierra Leone into a presidential republic, with Stevens as the inaugural president."}, {"id": "Q887812", "label": "Joseph Saidu Momoh", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1985, he was succeeded by Joseph Saidu Momoh."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The region's dense tropical rainforest and swamps, coupled with the presence of the tsetse fly which carried a disease fatal to horses and the zebu cattle used by the Mandé people, provided natural defences against invasions by the Mandinka Empire and other African empires, and limited influence by the Mali Empire."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Black Poor of London", "says": "In the late 18th century, some African Americans who had fought for the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War were resettled in Sierra Leone, forming a community named Black Loyalists."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Black Poor of London", "says": "Official documentation known as the Book of Negroes lists thousands of freed slaves whom the British evacuated from the nascent United States and resettled in colonies elsewhere in British North America."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "History - Black Poor of London", "says": "William Pitt the Younger, prime minister and leader of the Tory party, had an active interest in the scheme because he saw it as a means to repatriate the Black Poor to Africa."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - Black Poor of London", "says": "In January 1787, the Atlantic and the Belisarius set sail for Sierra Leone, but bad weather forced them to divert to Plymouth, during which time about 50 passengers died."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - Nova Scotians", "says": "Following the American Revolution, some Black Loyalists from Nova Scotia, Canada, were relocated to Sierra Leone, founding Freetown and contributing significantly to the Krio people and Krio language that came to define the region."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Jamaican Maroons and Liberated Africans", "says": "As the Liberated Africans became successful traders and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they intermarried with the Nova Scotians and Maroons."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Colonial era (1808–1961)", "says": "In the early 19th century, Freetown served as the residence of the British colonial governor of the region, who also administered the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and the Gambia settlements."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Independence and post-independence era", "says": "The Dominion of Sierra Leone retained a parliamentary system of government and was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q1175107", "label": "David Lansana", "section": "History - 1967 General Election and military coups (1967–1968)", "says": "Within hours of taking office, Stevens was ousted in a bloodless military coup led by Brigadier General David Lansana, the commander of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q4757560", "label": "Andrew Juxon-Smith", "section": "History - 1967 General Election and military coups (1967–1968)", "says": "On 23 March 1967, a group of military officers in the Sierra Leone Army led by Brigadier General Andrew Juxon-Smith staged a counter-coup against Lansana."}, {"id": "Q443070", "label": "Foday Sankoh", "section": "History - One-party state and dawn of the 'Republic' (1968–1991)", "says": "Among the soldiers arrested was an army corporal, Foday Sankoh, a strong Bangura supporter, who later formed the Revolutionary United Front (RUF)."}, {"id": "Q155402", "label": "Ahmed Sékou Touré", "section": "History - One-party state and dawn of the 'Republic' (1968–1991)", "says": "Stevens was a close ally of Guinean president Ahmed Sékou Touré to the point where there was talk of unification between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q49090", "label": "Charles Taylor", "section": "History - Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) and the NPRC regime (1992–1996)", "says": "Charles Taylor, then leader of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia, reportedly helped form the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under the command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Saybana Sankoh, an ethnic Temne from Tonkolili District in Northern Sierra Leone."}, {"id": "Q283829", "label": "Julius Maada Bio", "section": "History - Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) and the NPRC regime (1992–1996)", "says": "On 29 April 1992, a group of young soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army, led by seven army officers—Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Captain Valentine Strasser, Lieutenant Solomon \"SAJ\" Musa, Captain Komba Mondeh, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Julius Maada Bio and Captain Komba Kambo—staged a military coup that sent Momoh into exile in Guinea, and the soldiers established the National Provisional Ruling Counci"}, {"id": "Q887565", "label": "Valentine Strasser", "section": "History - Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) and the NPRC regime (1992–1996)", "says": "On 29 April 1992, a group of young soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army, led by seven army officers—Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Captain Valentine Strasser, Lieutenant Solomon \"SAJ\" Musa, Captain Komba Mondeh, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Julius Maada Bio and Captain Komba Kambo—staged a military coup that sent Momoh into exile in Guinea, and the soldiers established the National Provisional Ruling Counci"}, {"id": "Q336297", "label": "Ahmed Tejan Kabbah", "section": "History - Kabbah's tenure: government, \"dawn of a new republic\", the AFRC and end of the Civil War (1996–2007)", "says": "Bio handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of the SLPP, after the conclusion of elections in early 1996 which Kabbah won."}, {"id": "Q888792", "label": "Johnny Paul Koroma", "section": "History - Kabbah's tenure: government, \"dawn of a new republic\", the AFRC and end of the Civil War (1996–2007)", "says": "On 25 May 1997, 17 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army led by Corporal Tamba Gborie, loyal to the detained Major Johnny Paul Koroma, launched a military coup which sent President Kabbah into exile in Guinea and they established the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC)."}], "Q1741": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Vienna is completely surrounded by Lower Austria, and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west of Slovakia and its capital Bratislava, 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Hungary, and 60 km (37 mi) south of Moravia (Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Vienna is completely surrounded by Lower Austria, and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west of Slovakia and its capital Bratislava, 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Hungary, and 60 km (37 mi) south of Moravia (Czech Republic)."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of the Lombards and later the Pannonian Avars, when Slavs formed the majority of the region's population."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of the Lombards and later the Pannonian Avars, when Slavs formed the majority of the region's population."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 16th century, the Habsburgs, who had succeeded the Babenbergs, established Vienna as the seat of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, a position it held until the empire's dissolution in 1806, with only a brief interruption."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the formation of the Austrian Empire in 1804, Vienna became the capital of it and all its successor states."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "In the 1st century, the Romans set up the military camp of Vindobona in Pannonia on the site of today's Vienna city centre near the Danube with an adjoining civilian town to secure the borders of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius may have died here in AD 180 during a campaign against the Marcomanni."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "History - Middle Ages and early modern period", "says": "This march gradually expanded eastward under successive Babenberg rulers, eventually evolving into the Duchy of Austria and incorporating Vienna and its surrounding areas."}, {"id": "Q268970", "label": "Republic of German-Austria", "section": "History - Austrian Empire and early 20th century", "says": "In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became the capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria."}, {"id": "Q518101", "label": "First Republic of Austria", "section": "History - Austrian Empire and early 20th century", "says": "In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became the capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria."}, {"id": "Q7304", "label": "Gustav Mahler", "section": "History - Austrian Empire and early 20th century", "says": "A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss."}, {"id": "Q13894", "label": "Richard Strauss", "section": "History - Austrian Empire and early 20th century", "says": "A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss."}, {"id": "Q9391", "label": "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "section": "History - Austrian Empire and early 20th century", "says": "The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, the Second Viennese School, the architecture of Adolf Loos, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and the Vienna Circle."}, {"id": "Q11726", "label": "Karl Renner", "section": "History - Red Vienna", "says": "The theoretical foundations of so-called Austromarxism were established by Otto Bauer, Karl Renner, and Max Adler."}, {"id": "Q11734", "label": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "section": "History - July Revolt and Civil War", "says": "In 1933, right-wing Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved the parliament, essentially letting him run the country as a dictatorship, banned the Communist Party and severely limited the influence of the Social Democratic Party."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Anschluss and World War II", "says": "On 15 March 1938, three days after German troops first entered Austria, Adolf Hitler arrived in Vienna."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Anschluss and World War II", "says": "200,000 Austrians greeted him at the Heldenplatz, where he delivered a speech from a balcony of the Neue Burg, announcing that Austria would be absorbed into Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q36756", "label": "Kristallnacht", "section": "History - Anschluss and World War II", "says": "This culminated in the Kristallnacht, a nationwide pogrom against Jews carried out by the Schutzstaffel and the Sturmabteilung, with the support of the Hitler Youth and German civilians."}, {"id": "Q28085", "label": "Adolf Eichmann", "section": "History - Anschluss and World War II", "says": "Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organised the expropriation and persecution of Jews."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Four-power Vienna", "says": "That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission."}, {"id": "Q306535", "label": "Austrian State Treaty", "section": "History - Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty", "says": "The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty", "says": "The city experienced another wave of refugees after the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty", "says": "The city experienced another wave of refugees after the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991."}, {"id": "Q44517", "label": "Bruno Kreisky", "section": "History - Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty", "says": "In the same decade, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Centre, a new area of the city created to host international institutions."}], "Q1014": [{"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Liberia began in the early 19th century as a project of the American Colonization Society (ACS), which fomented the emigration of Black Americans from the United States to Africa."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1822 and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, more than 15,000 freed and free-born African Americans, along with 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to Liberia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ethiopia was never colonized but endured an Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Liberia supported the U.S. war effort against Nazi Germany and in turn received considerable American investment in infrastructure, which aided the country's wealth and development."}, {"id": "Q301707", "label": "William Tubman", "section": "lead", "says": "President William Tubman encouraged economic and political changes that heightened the country's prosperity and international profile; Liberia was a founding member of the League of Nations, United Nations, and the Organisation of African Unity."}, {"id": "Q336212", "label": "William Richard Tolbert", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1980, political tensions from the rule of William Tolbert resulted in a military coup, marking the end of Americo-Liberian rule and the seizure of power by Liberia's first indigenous leader, Samuel Doe."}, {"id": "Q294618", "label": "Samuel Doe", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1980, political tensions from the rule of William Tolbert resulted in a military coup, marking the end of Americo-Liberian rule and the seizure of power by Liberia's first indigenous leader, Samuel Doe."}, {"id": "Q49090", "label": "Charles Taylor", "section": "lead", "says": "Establishing a dictatorial regime, Doe was assassinated in 1990 during the First Liberian Civil War, which ran from 1989 until 1997 with the election of rebel leader Charles Taylor as president."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Mande expansion", "says": "This influx of these groups was compounded by the decline of the Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "History - Mande expansion", "says": "This influx of these groups was compounded by the decline of the Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Mande expansion", "says": "People along the coast built canoes and traded with other West Africans from Cap-Vert to the Gold Coast."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Early colonization", "says": "They developed an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Political formation", "says": "The United Kingdom was the first country to recognize Liberia's independence."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Political formation", "says": "On July 16, 1892, Martha Ann Erskine Ricks met Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle and presented her with a handmade quilt, Liberia's first diplomatic gift."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - World Wars and interwar period", "says": "After the partition of Africa between the European powers in the 1800s, American businesses abandoned trade with Liberia and turned to other countries in the Americas for tropical commodities."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World Wars and interwar period", "says": "The German bombing of Monrovia was the only battle in which Liberia was directly involved in World War I."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - World Wars and interwar period", "says": "In the early 1920s, the British Empire controlled 67 percent of rubber output."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "History - Late 20th-century political instability", "says": "The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, a rebel group led by Charles Taylor, launched an insurrection in December 1989 against Doe's government with the backing of neighboring countries such as Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast."}, {"id": "Q795269", "label": "Sierra Leone Civil War", "section": "History - Late 20th-century political instability", "says": "Under Taylor's leadership, Liberia became a pariah state due to its use of blood diamonds and illegal timber exports to fund the Revolutionary United Front in the Sierra Leone Civil War."}, {"id": "Q43179", "label": "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a US-educated economist, former Minister of Finance and future Nobel Peace Prize winner, was elected as the first female president in Africa."}, {"id": "Q107037", "label": "Leymah Gbowee", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In October 2011, peace activist Leymah Gbowee received the Nobel Peace Prize in her work of leading a women's peace movement that brought an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003."}, {"id": "Q173139", "label": "George Weah", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Following the 2017 Liberian general election, former professional football striker George Weah, considered one of the greatest African players of all time, was sworn in as president on January 22, 2018, becoming the fourth youngest serving president in Africa."}, {"id": "Q2630483", "label": "Joseph Boakai", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Opposition leader Joseph Boakai defeated Weah in the tightly contested 2023 presidential election."}], "Q574": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Timor-Leste shares a land border with Indonesia to the west; Australia is the country's southern neighbour, across the Timor Sea."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Timor-Leste shares a land border with Indonesia to the west; Australia is the country's southern neighbour, across the Timor Sea."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese era (1769–1975)", "says": "Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal."}, {"id": "Q1440764", "label": "Battle of Timor", "section": "History - Portuguese era (1769–1975)", "says": "The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Portuguese era (1769–1975)", "says": "Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q51330", "label": "John Howard", "section": "History - Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)", "says": "Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence."}, {"id": "Q11509", "label": "Xanana Gusmão", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president."}, {"id": "Q11665", "label": "José Ramos-Horta", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president."}, {"id": "Q57519", "label": "Taur Matan Ruak", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister."}], "Q790": [{"id": "Q778", "label": "The Bahamas", "section": "lead", "says": "Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It occupies the western side of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1492, Christopher Columbus established the first European settlement in the Americas, La Navidad, on its northeastern coast."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The island was part of the Spanish Empire until 1697, when the western portion was ceded to France and became Saint-Domingue, dominated by sugarcane plantations worked by enslaved Africans."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1791–1804 Haitian Revolution made Haiti the first sovereign state in the Caribbean, the second republic in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a slave revolt."}, {"id": "Q560853", "label": "Faustin Soulouque", "section": "lead", "says": "The independent state began as an empire, later splitting into two nations before reunifying in 1820; a second empire was established under Faustin Soulouque before the return of the republic in 1859."}, {"id": "Q21294765", "label": "Jovenel Moïse", "section": "lead", "says": "The presidency has been vacant since the 2021 assassination of Jovenel Moïse, while the National Assembly and the judiciary have been rendered inoperative, leaving the country in virtual anarchy with almost nonexistent state control."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "History - Spanish rule (1492–1625)", "says": "Navigator Christopher Columbus landed in Haiti on 6 December 1492, in an area that he named Môle-Saint-Nicolas, and claimed the island for the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "History - Spanish rule (1492–1625)", "says": "In 1697 France and Spain settled their hostilities on the island by way of the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them."}, {"id": "Q188971", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Colbert", "section": "History - French rule (1625–1804)", "says": "The French enacted the Code Noir (\"Black Code\"), prepared by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and ratified by Louis XIV, which established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - French rule (1625–1804)", "says": "The French enacted the Code Noir (\"Black Code\"), prepared by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and ratified by Louis XIV, which established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "Inspired by the French Revolution of 1789 and principles of the rights of man, the French settlers and free people of color pressed for greater political freedom and more civil rights."}, {"id": "Q3559780", "label": "Vincent Ogé", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "Tensions between these two groups led to conflict, and a militia of free-coloreds was set up in 1790 by Vincent Ogé, resulting in his capture, torture and execution."}, {"id": "Q205783", "label": "Toussaint Louverture", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "Sensing an opportunity, in August 1791 the first slave armies were established in northern Haiti under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture inspired by the Vodou houngan (priest) Boukman, and backed by the Spanish in Santo Domingo – soon a full-blown slave rebellion had broken out across the entire colony."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "In 1792 , the French First Republic sent three commissioners with troops to re-establish control."}, {"id": "Q1050194", "label": "Léger-Félicité Sonthonax", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "To build an alliance with the gens de couleur and enslaved persons, commissioners Léger-Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel abolished slavery in the colony."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "The United States oscillated between supporting or not supporting Louverture and the emerging country of Haiti, depending on who was President of the US."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "George Washington, who was a slave holder and isolationist, kept the United States neutral, although private US citizens at times provided aid to French planters trying to put down the revolt."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "John Adams, a vocal opponent of both slavery and Revolutionary France, fully supported the slave revolt by providing diplomatic recognition, financial support, munitions and warships (including the USS Constitution) beginning in 1798."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "This support ended in 1801 when Thomas Jefferson, another slave-holding president, took office and recalled the US Navy."}, {"id": "Q289738", "label": "Andre Rigaud", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)", "says": "However, an insurgency against French rule broke out in the east, and in the west there was fighting between Louverture's forces and the free people of color led by André Rigaud in the War of the Knives (1799–1800)."}, {"id": "Q353458", "label": "Henri Christophe", "section": "History - State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820)", "says": "After Dessalines' death, Haiti became split into two, with the Kingdom of Haiti in the north directed by Henri Christophe, later declaring himself Henri I, and a republic in the south centered on Port-au-Prince, directed by Alexandre Pétion, an homme de couleur."}, {"id": "Q353464", "label": "Alejandro Petion", "section": "History - State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820)", "says": "After Dessalines' death, Haiti became split into two, with the Kingdom of Haiti in the north directed by Henri Christophe, later declaring himself Henri I, and a republic in the south centered on Port-au-Prince, directed by Alexandre Pétion, an homme de couleur."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "History - State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820)", "says": "Pétion also gave military and financial assistance to the revolutionary leader Simón Bolívar, which were critical in enabling him to liberate the Viceroyalty of New Granada."}, {"id": "Q449421", "label": "Jean-Pierre Boyer", "section": "History - Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844)", "says": "Beginning in 1821, President Jean-Pierre Boyer, also an homme de couleur and successor to Pétion, reunified the island following the suicide of Christophe."}, {"id": "Q7758", "label": "Charles X of France", "section": "History - Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844)", "says": "In July 1825, King Charles X of France, during a period of restoration of the French monarchy, sent a fleet to reconquer Haiti."}, {"id": "Q605428", "label": "Charles Rivière-Hérard", "section": "History - Loss of the eastern portion of the island", "says": "After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843, with Charles Rivière-Hérard replacing him as president."}, {"id": "Q886231", "label": "Philippe Guerrier", "section": "History - Loss of the eastern portion of the island", "says": "Rivière-Hérard was removed from office by the mulatto hierarchy and replaced with the aged general Philippe Guerrier, who assumed the presidency on 3 May 1844."}, {"id": "Q864786", "label": "Jean-Louis Pierrot", "section": "History - Loss of the eastern portion of the island", "says": "Guerrier died in April 1845 and was succeeded by General Jean-Louis Pierrot."}, {"id": "Q616264", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Riché", "section": "History - Loss of the eastern portion of the island", "says": "With the war against the Dominicans having become very unpopular in Haiti, it was beyond the power of the new president, General Jean-Baptiste Riché, to stage another invasion."}, {"id": "Q546872", "label": "Fabre Geffrard", "section": "History - Second Empire (1849–1859)", "says": "In 1858 a revolution began, led by General Fabre Geffrard."}, {"id": "Q864790", "label": "Sylvain Salnave", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "Geffrard was overthrown in a coup in 1867, as was his successor, Sylvain Salnave, in 1869."}, {"id": "Q886224", "label": "Michel Domingue", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "Under the Presidency of Michel Domingue (1874–1876) relations with the Dominican Republic were dramatically improved by the signing of a treaty, in which both parties acknowledged the independence of the other."}, {"id": "Q886204", "label": "Lysius Salomon", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "Some modernisation of the economy and infrastructure also occurred in this period, especially under the presidencies of Lysius Salomon (1879–1888) and Florvil Hyppolite (1889–1896)."}, {"id": "Q886457", "label": "Florvil Hyppolite", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "Some modernisation of the economy and infrastructure also occurred in this period, especially under the presidencies of Lysius Salomon (1879–1888) and Florvil Hyppolite (1889–1896)."}, {"id": "Q886443", "label": "Tirésias Simon Sam", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "In 1892 the German government supported suppression of the reform movement of Anténor Firmin, and in 1897 the Germans used gunboat diplomacy to intimidate and then humiliate the Haitian government of President Tirésias Simon Sam (1896–1902) during the Lüders affair."}, {"id": "Q886447", "label": "Pierre Nord Alexis", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "A series of short lived presidencies came and went: Pierre Nord Alexis was forced from power in 1908, as was his successor François C."}, {"id": "Q886454", "label": "Cincinnatus Leconte", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "Antoine Simon in 1911; Cincinnatus Leconte (1911–1912) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace; Michel Oreste (1913–1914) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor Oreste Zamor in 1914."}, {"id": "Q889838", "label": "Michel Oreste", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "Antoine Simon in 1911; Cincinnatus Leconte (1911–1912) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace; Michel Oreste (1913–1914) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor Oreste Zamor in 1914."}, {"id": "Q887391", "label": "Oreste Zamor", "section": "History - Late 19th century–early 20th century", "says": "Antoine Simon in 1911; Cincinnatus Leconte (1911–1912) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace; Michel Oreste (1913–1914) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor Oreste Zamor in 1914."}, {"id": "Q886436", "label": "Vilbrun Guillaume Sam", "section": "History - United States occupation (1915–1934)", "says": "In 1915, Haiti President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam sought to strengthen his tenuous rule by a mass execution of 167 political prisoners."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "History - United States occupation (1915–1934)", "says": "Fearing possible foreign intervention or the emergence of a government led by the anti-American Haitian politician Rosalvo Bobo, President Woodrow Wilson sent U.S."}, {"id": "Q268439", "label": "Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave", "section": "History - United States occupation (1915–1934)", "says": "Haitian President Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave was installed, and a new constitution was written that was favorable to the interests of the United States."}, {"id": "Q152474", "label": "Rafael Trujillo", "section": "History - Post-occupation era (1934–1957)", "says": "After U.S. forces left in 1934, Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo used anti-Haitian sentiment as a nationalist tool."}, {"id": "Q886213", "label": "Stenio Vincent", "section": "History - Post-occupation era (1934–1957)", "says": "Haitian President Sténio Vincent, under US pressure owing to his increasingly dictatorial actions, resigned in 1941 and was replaced by Élie Lescot."}, {"id": "Q274660", "label": "Élie Lescot", "section": "History - Post-occupation era (1934–1957)", "says": "Haitian President Sténio Vincent, under US pressure owing to his increasingly dictatorial actions, resigned in 1941 and was replaced by Élie Lescot."}, {"id": "Q738355", "label": "Dumarsais Estimé", "section": "History - Post-occupation era (1934–1957)", "says": "In 1946 Lescot was overthrown by the military, with Dumarsais Estimé becoming president."}, {"id": "Q707178", "label": "Paul Magloire", "section": "History - Post-occupation era (1934–1957)", "says": "Estimé sought to improve the economy and education, and to boost the role of black Haitians; however, as he sought to consolidate his rule he too was overthrown in a coup led by Paul Magloire, who replaced him in 1950."}, {"id": "Q187697", "label": "François Duvalier", "section": "History - Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)", "says": "In the September 1957 election François Duvalier was elected president."}, {"id": "Q310775", "label": "Jean-Claude Duvalier", "section": "History - Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)", "says": "In 1971 Duvalier died, and he was succeeded by his son Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed 'Baby Doc', who ruled until 1986."}, {"id": "Q989", "label": "John Paul II", "section": "History - Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)", "says": "The opposition became more vocal, bolstered by a visit to the country by Pope John Paul II in 1983, who publicly lambasted the president."}, {"id": "Q470500", "label": "Henri Namphy", "section": "History - Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)", "says": "Following Duvalier's departure, army leader General Henri Namphy headed the National Governing Council."}, {"id": "Q470492", "label": "Leslie Manigat", "section": "History - Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)", "says": "The newly elected president, Leslie Manigat, was then overthrown some months later in the June 1988 Haitian coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q209617", "label": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide", "section": "History - Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)", "says": "Jean Bosco massacre in which approximately 13 to 50 people were killed while attending a mass led by prominent government critic and Catholic priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide."}, {"id": "Q653169", "label": "Prosper Avril", "section": "History - Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)", "says": "General Prosper Avril subsequently led a military regime until March 1990."}, {"id": "Q887405", "label": "Hérard Abraham", "section": "History - Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)", "says": "Avril transferred power to the army chief of staff General Hérard Abraham on 10 March."}, {"id": "Q2026486", "label": "Operation Uphold Democracy", "section": "History - Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)", "says": "In September 1994, the United States negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders and the peaceful entry of 20,000 US troops under Operation Uphold Democracy."}, {"id": "Q208834", "label": "René Préval", "section": "History - Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)", "says": "The 1995 general election was won by René Préval, gaining 88% of the popular vote, albeit on a low turnout."}, {"id": "Q57512", "label": "Joseph Michel Martelly", "section": "History - Post-Aristide era (2004–present)", "says": "The run-off between Michel Martelly and Mirlande Manigat declared Martelly the winner."}], "Q1011": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A sizeable diaspora exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "A sizeable diaspora exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "As of the 2021 census, the most populous islands were Santiago (269,370) – which hosts the country's capital and largest city, Praia – São Vicente (74,016), Santo Antão (36,632), Fogo (33,519) and Sal (33,347)."}], "Q846": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q2502270", "label": "House of Thani", "section": "lead", "says": "Qatar has been ruled as a hereditary monarchy by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed an agreement with Britain in 1868, which officially recognised its separate status."}, {"id": "Q3493526", "label": "Muhammad ibn Thani", "section": "lead", "says": "Qatar has been ruled as a hereditary monarchy by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed an agreement with Britain in 1868, which officially recognised its separate status."}, {"id": "Q1855372", "label": "Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani", "section": "lead", "says": "The current emir is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, who, like previous emirs, holds nearly all executive, legislative, and judicial authority in an autocratic manner under the Constitution of Qatar."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 21st century, Qatar emerged as both a non-NATO ally of the United States and a middle power in the Arab world."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Its economy has grown rapidly due to its resource-wealth, and its geopolitical power has risen through its media group, Al Jazeera Media Network, and reported financial support for rebel groups during the Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Kassite Babylonian material dating back to the second millennium BC found on the Al Khor Islands attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in modern-day Bahrain."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In AD 224, the Sasanian Empire gained control over the territories surrounding the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Under the Sasanid reign, many of the inhabitants in eastern Arabia were introduced to Christianity following the eastward dispersal of the religion by Mesopotamian Christians (see also Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 628, the Islamic prophet Muhammad sent a Muslim envoy to a ruler in eastern Arabia named Munzir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi and requested that he and his subjects accept Islam."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Early and late Islamic period (661–1783)", "says": "Chinese porcelain, West African coins, and artefacts from Thailand have been discovered in Qatar."}, {"id": "Q3818611", "label": "Usfurids", "section": "History - Early and late Islamic period (661–1783)", "says": "Much of eastern Arabia was controlled by the Usfurids in 1253, but control of the region was seised by the prince of Ormus in 1320."}, {"id": "Q191231", "label": "Manuel I of Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese era (1507–1650)", "says": "In 1515, Manuel I of Portugal vassalised the Kingdom of Ormus."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese era (1507–1650)", "says": "Portugal went on to seize a significant portion of eastern Arabia in 1521."}, {"id": "Q56885910", "label": "Emirate of Diriyah", "section": "History - Bahraini and Saudi rule (1783–1868)", "says": "Following his swearing-in as crown prince of the Emirate of Diriyah in 1788, Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz moved to expand Wahhabi territory eastward towards the Persian Gulf and Qatar."}, {"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "History - Bahraini and Saudi rule (1783–1868)", "says": "Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, capitalised on this opportunity and raided the Wahhabi garrisons on the eastern coast, setting fire to the fort in Zubarah."}, {"id": "Q369930", "label": "Midhat Pasha", "section": "History - Ottoman period (1871–1915)", "says": "Under military and political pressure from the governor of the Ottoman Vilayet of Baghdad, Midhat Pasha, the ruling Al Thani tribe submitted to Ottoman rule in 1871."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman period (1871–1915)", "says": "Although Qatar did not gain full independence from the Ottoman Empire, the result of the battle forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar's emerging as an autonomous country within the empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - British period (1916–1971)", "says": "With the outbreak of World War I however, nothing was done to carry this out, and the garrison remained in the fort at Doha, although its numbers dwindled as men deserted."}, {"id": "Q4116065", "label": "Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani", "section": "History - British period (1916–1971)", "says": "In 1915, with the presence of British gunboats in the harbour, Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani (who was pro-British) persuaded the remainder to abandon the fort, and when British troops approached the following morning, they found it deserted."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - British period (1916–1971)", "says": "Qatar became a British protectorate on 3 November 1916 when the United Kingdom signed a treaty with Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani to bring Qatar under its Trucial System of Administration."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - British period (1916–1971)", "says": "Exploitation and development were, however, delayed by World War II."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - British period (1916–1971)", "says": "The focus of British interests in Qatar changed after the Second World War with the independence of India, the creation of Pakistan in 1947, and the development of oil in Qatar."}, {"id": "Q1852345", "label": "Trucial States", "section": "History - British period (1916–1971)", "says": "When Britain officially announced in 1968 that it would withdraw from the Persian Gulf in three years' time, Qatar joined talks with Bahrain and seven other Trucial States to create the Federation of Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "History - British period (1916–1971)", "says": "Regional disputes, however, persuaded Qatar and Bahrain to withdraw from the talks and become independent states separate from the Trucial States, which went on to become the United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Independence and later (1971–2000)", "says": "Ahmad bin Ali  made the announcement of Qatar's independence from his villa in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "History - Independence and later (1971–2000)", "says": "In 1991, Qatar played a significant role in the Gulf War, particularly during the Battle of Khafji in which Qatari tanks rolled through the streets of the town and provided fire support for the Saudi Arabian National Guard units that were engaging Iraqi Army troops."}, {"id": "Q718770", "label": "Battle of Khafji", "section": "History - Independence and later (1971–2000)", "says": "In 1991, Qatar played a significant role in the Gulf War, particularly during the Battle of Khafji in which Qatari tanks rolled through the streets of the town and provided fire support for the Saudi Arabian National Guard units that were engaging Iraqi Army troops."}, {"id": "Q57360", "label": "Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani", "section": "History - Independence and later (1971–2000)", "says": "In 1995, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani seized control of the country from his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, after having secured the support of most senior members of the royal family, as well as that of the United States."}, {"id": "Q2072385", "label": "Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani", "section": "History - Independence and later (1971–2000)", "says": "In 1995, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani seized control of the country from his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, after having secured the support of most senior members of the royal family, as well as that of the United States."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In 2003, Qatar served as the United States Central Command headquarters and one of the main launching sites of the invasion of Iraq to topple the government of Saddam Hussein."}, {"id": "Q57352", "label": "Hamad II of Bahrain", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "The increased influence of Qatar and its role during the Arab Spring, especially during the 2011 uprisings in Bahrain against King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, worsened longstanding tensions with Saudi Arabia, the neighbouring United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In 2011, Qatar joined NATO operations in Libya and reportedly armed Libyan opposition groups against Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Qatar participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh."}], "Q826": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maldives is located southwest of India and Sri Lanka, about 750 kilometres (470 miles; 400 nautical miles) from the Asian continent's mainland."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Independence from the United Kingdom came in 1965, and a presidential republic was established in 1968 with an elected People's Majlis."}, {"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "History - Ancient history and settlement", "says": "Assuming that cowrie shells come from the Maldives, historians believe that there may have been people living in the Maldives during the Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BCE)."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - Ancient history and settlement", "says": "A 4th-century notice written by Ammianus Marcellinus (362 CE) speaks of gifts sent to the Roman emperor Julian by a deputation from the nation of Divi."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "History - Islamic period", "says": "Adopting the Muslim title of Sultan Muhammad al-Adil, he initiated a series of six Islamic dynasties that lasted until 1932 when the sultanate became elective."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Islamic period", "says": "Some scholars have suggested the possibility of Ibn Battuta misreading Maldive texts, and having a bias towards the North African, Maghrebi narrative of this Shaykh, instead of the Persian origins account that was known as well at the time."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Protectorate period", "says": "Their attempts to forcefully impose Christianity with the threat of death provoked a local revolt led by Muhammad Thakurufaanu al-A'uẓam, his two brothers, and Dhuvaafaru Dhandahele, who fifteen years later drove the Portuguese out of the Maldives."}, {"id": "Q1852345", "label": "Trucial States", "section": "History - Protectorate period", "says": "The status of the islands was akin to other British protectorates in the Indian Ocean region, including Zanzibar and the Trucial States."}, {"id": "Q3270179", "label": "Muhammad Fareed Didi", "section": "History - Independence and republic", "says": "After this, the sultanate continued for another three years under Sir Muhammad Fareed Didi, who declared himself King upon independence."}, {"id": "Q558802", "label": "Ibrahim Nasir", "section": "History - Independence and republic", "says": "The republic was declared on 11 November 1968, thus ending the 853-year-old monarchy, which was replaced by a republic under the presidency of Ibrahim Nasir."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Independence and republic", "says": "With support for his administration faltering, Nasir fled to Singapore in 1978, with millions of dollars from the treasury."}, {"id": "Q297957", "label": "Maumoon Abdul Gayoom", "section": "History - Independence and republic", "says": "Maumoon Abdul Gayoom began his 30-year role as president in 1978, winning six consecutive elections without opposition."}, {"id": "Q152381", "label": "Mohamed Nasheed", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "The dissident journalist and activist Mohamed Nasheed founded the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) in 2003 and pressured Maumoon into allowing gradual political reforms."}], "Q730": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1863, indentured servants were recruited mostly from British India and the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1954, Suriname became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Suriname is highly diverse, with no ethnic group forming a majority; proportionally, its Muslim and Hindu populations are some of the largest in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "From the early 17th century, Jews began to settle there after the expulsion from Spain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of Surinam they had gained from the English."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "In return the English kept New Amsterdam, the main city of the former colony of New Netherland in North America on the mid-Atlantic coast."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "The British renamed it New York, after the Duke of York who would later become King James II of England."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "In November 1795, the Society was nationalized by the Batavian Republic and from then on the Batavian Republic and its legal successors (the Kingdom of Holland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands) governed the territory as a national colony – barring two periods of British occupation, between 1799 and 1802, and between 1804 and 1816."}, {"id": "Q212278", "label": "Kingdom of Holland", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "In November 1795, the Society was nationalized by the Batavian Republic and from then on the Batavian Republic and its legal successors (the Kingdom of Holland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands) governed the territory as a national colony – barring two periods of British occupation, between 1799 and 1802, and between 1804 and 1816."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - Abolition of slavery", "says": "From 1861 to 1863, with the American Civil War underway, and enslaved people escaping to Northern territory controlled by the Union, United States President Abraham Lincoln and his administration looked abroad for places to relocate people who were freed from enslavement and who wanted to leave the United States."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "History - Abolition of slavery", "says": "From 1861 to 1863, with the American Civil War underway, and enslaved people escaping to Northern territory controlled by the Union, United States President Abraham Lincoln and his administration looked abroad for places to relocate people who were freed from enslavement and who wanted to leave the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Abolition of slavery", "says": "From 1861 to 1863, with the American Civil War underway, and enslaved people escaping to Northern territory controlled by the Union, United States President Abraham Lincoln and his administration looked abroad for places to relocate people who were freed from enslavement and who wanted to leave the United States."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Abolition of slavery", "says": "To make up for a shortage of labour, the Dutch recruited and transported contract or indentured labourers from the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) and India (the latter through an arrangement with the British, who then ruled the area)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Decolonization", "says": "During World War II, on 23 November 1941, under an agreement with the Netherlands government-in-exile, the United States sent 2,000 soldiers to Suriname to protect the bauxite mines to support the Allies' war effort."}, {"id": "Q25227", "label": "Netherlands Antilles", "section": "History - Decolonization", "says": "In 1954, Suriname became one of the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, along with the Netherlands Antilles and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q333129", "label": "Johan Ferrier", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The first president of the country was Johan Ferrier, the former governor, with Henck Arron (the then leader of the NPS) as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q57667", "label": "Desi Bouterse", "section": "History - 1980 military coup", "says": "It was initiated by a group of 16 sergeants, led by Dési Bouterse."}, {"id": "Q1968705", "label": "Ronnie Brunswijk", "section": "History - Civil war, elections, and constitution", "says": "The brutal civil war between the Suriname army and Maroons loyal to rebel leader Ronnie Brunswijk, begun in 1986, continued and its effects further weakened Bouterse's position during the 1990s."}, {"id": "Q333135", "label": "Chan Santokhi", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "After winning the 2020 elections, Chan Santokhi was the sole nomination for president of Suriname."}, {"id": "Q440403", "label": "Jennifer Geerlings-Simons", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "On 6 July 2025,  Jennifer Geerlings-Simons of the National Democratic Party (NDP) was elected as Suriname's first woman president by the parliament."}], "Q792": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "Situated along the Pacific coast, it is bounded by Guatemala to the northwest and Honduras to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "Situated along the Pacific coast, it is bounded by Guatemala to the northwest and Honduras to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1524, the region was conquered by the Spanish Empire and subsequently incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following its independence from Spain in 1821, El Salvador was briefly annexed by the First Mexican Empire before seceding to join the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "Following its independence from Spain in 1821, El Salvador was briefly annexed by the First Mexican Empire before seceding to join the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "Late in the 19th century, the nation temporarily reunited with Honduras and Nicaragua to form the Greater Republic of Central America, a political union that endured from 1896 to 1898."}, {"id": "Q2741089", "label": "Greater Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "Late in the 19th century, the nation temporarily reunited with Honduras and Nicaragua to form the Greater Republic of Central America, a political union that endured from 1896 to 1898."}, {"id": "Q1783607", "label": "Salvadoran Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Entrenched socioeconomic disparities and escalating conflict eventually culminated in the Salvadoran Civil War (1979-1992), fought between the military-led government and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict and its economic aftermath triggered mass emigration, primarily to the United States."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "History - Conquest of Cuzcatlán and Managuara", "says": "In 1524, after participating in the conquest of the Aztec Empire, Pedro de Alvarado, his brother Gonzalo, and their men crossed the Rio Paz southwards into Cuzcatlec territory."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "History - Conquest of Cuzcatlán and Managuara", "says": "Wounded, unable to fight and hiding in the cliffs, Alvarado sent his Spanish men on their horses to approach the Cuzcatlec to see if they would fear the horses, but they did not retreat, Alvarado recalls in his letters to Hernán Cortés."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Colonial period (1525–1821)", "says": "The main external factors motivating the independence movement were the success of the French and American revolutions in the 18th century, and the weakening of the Spanish Crown's military power as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, with the resulting inability to control its colonies effectively."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "History - Independence (1821)", "says": "In 1821, in light of unrest in Guatemala, Spanish authorities capitulated and signed the Act of Independence of Central America, which released all of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (comprising current territories of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica and the Mexican state of Chiapas) from Spanish rule and declared its independence."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "History - Independence (1821)", "says": "In early 1822, the authorities of the newly independent Central American provinces, meeting in Guatemala City, voted to join the newly constituted First Mexican Empire under Agustín de Iturbide."}, {"id": "Q887447", "label": "Tomás Regalado", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1898, General Tomás Regalado gained power by force, deposing General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez and ruling as president until 1903."}, {"id": "Q887470", "label": "Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1898, General Tomás Regalado gained power by force, deposing General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez and ruling as president until 1903."}, {"id": "Q887302", "label": "Manuel Enrique Araujo", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "When President Manuel Enrique Araujo was killed in 1913, many hypotheses were advanced for the political motive of his murder."}, {"id": "Q887275", "label": "Pío Romero Bosque", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Pío Romero Bosque, a former minister and a trusted collaborator of the dynasty, succeeded President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, and in 1930 announced free elections, in which Arturo Araujo came to power on 1 March 1931, in what was considered the country's first freely contested election."}, {"id": "Q887450", "label": "Alfonso Quiñónez Molina", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Pío Romero Bosque, a former minister and a trusted collaborator of the dynasty, succeeded President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, and in 1930 announced free elections, in which Arturo Araujo came to power on 1 March 1931, in what was considered the country's first freely contested election."}, {"id": "Q715109", "label": "Arturo Araujo", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Pío Romero Bosque, a former minister and a trusted collaborator of the dynasty, succeeded President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, and in 1930 announced free elections, in which Arturo Araujo came to power on 1 March 1931, in what was considered the country's first freely contested election."}, {"id": "Q319419", "label": "Maximiliano Hernández Martínez", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "His vice president and minister of war was General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez."}, {"id": "Q939859", "label": "1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre", "section": "History - La Matanza", "says": "Beginning in January 1932, there was brutal suppression of a rural revolt known as La Matanza."}, {"id": "Q223085", "label": "Hundred Hour War", "section": "History - La Matanza", "says": "This phenomenon was a major cause of the 1969 Football War between the two countries."}, {"id": "Q360283", "label": "José Napoleón Duarte", "section": "History - La Matanza", "says": "PDC leader José Napoleón Duarte was the mayor of San Salvador from 1964 to 1970, winni"}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)", "says": "Napoleón Duarte was recalled from his exile in Venezuela to head this new junta."}, {"id": "Q293455", "label": "Óscar Romero", "section": "History - Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)", "says": "He was unable to influence the outcome of the insurrection.\nÓscar Romero, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of San Salvador, denounced injustices and massacres committed against civilians by government forces."}, {"id": "Q211000", "label": "Antonio Saca", "section": "History - Post-war (1992–2019)", "says": "From 1989 until 2004, Salvadorans favoured the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), voting in ARENA presidents in every election (Alfredo Cristiani, Armando Calderón Sol, Francisco Flores Pérez, Antonio Saca) until 2009."}, {"id": "Q57342", "label": "Mauricio Funes", "section": "History - Post-war (1992–2019)", "says": "On 15 March 2009, Mauricio Funes, a television figure, became the first president from the FMLN."}, {"id": "Q17712353", "label": "Nayib Bukele", "section": "History - 2019–present", "says": "On 1 June 2019, Nayib Bukele became the new president of El Salvador."}], "Q1050": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by South Africa on all sides except the east, where it shares a border with Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by South Africa on all sides except the east, where it shares a border with Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Second Boer War, the kingdom, under the name of Swaziland, was a British high commission territory from 1903 until it regained its full independence on 6 September 1968."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Eswatini's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Eswatini is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q57340", "label": "Mswati III", "section": "lead", "says": "The country has been ruled by King Mswati III since 1986."}, {"id": "Q12199", "label": "HIV/AIDS", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swazi population faces major health issues: HIV/AIDS and (to a lesser extent) tuberculosis are widespread."}, {"id": "Q3378038", "label": "London Convention", "section": "History - Swazi settlers (18th and 19th centuries)", "says": "This independence was also recognised in the London Convention of 1884."}, {"id": "Q2340665", "label": "Basutoland", "section": "History - British indirect rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)", "says": "In 1903, after the British victory in the Second Boer War, Swaziland became one of the British \"High Commission Territories\", the others being Basutoland (now Lesotho) and Bechuanaland (now Botswana), although a protectorate was not established because terms had not been agreed with the Swazi Queen Regent Labotsibeni Mdluli."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "History - British indirect rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)", "says": "In 1903, after the British victory in the Second Boer War, Swaziland became one of the British \"High Commission Territories\", the others being Basutoland (now Lesotho) and Bechuanaland (now Botswana), although a protectorate was not established because terms had not been agreed with the Swazi Queen Regent Labotsibeni Mdluli."}, {"id": "Q1187978", "label": "Transvaal Colony", "section": "History - British indirect rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)", "says": "Much of the early administration of the territory (for example, postal services) was carried out from South Africa until 1906, when the Transvaal Colony was granted self-government."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - British indirect rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)", "says": "Sobhuza's official coronation as king was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni, after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land."}, {"id": "Q379576", "label": "Sobhuza II", "section": "History - British indirect rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)", "says": "In the period between 1923 and 1963, Sobhuza II established the Swazi Commercial Amadoda which was to grant licences to small businesses on the Swazi reserves and also established the Swazi National School to counter the dominance of the missions in education."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "History - British indirect rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)", "says": "His stature grew with time, and the Swazi royal leadership was successful in resisting the weakening power of the British administration and the possibility of the incorporation of Swaziland into the Union of South Africa."}], "Q734": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Suriname to the east, Brazil to the south and southwest, and Venezuela to the west."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It gained independence in 1966 and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Pomeroon (1581), Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752)."}, {"id": "Q189144", "label": "Walter Raleigh", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Pomeroon (1581), Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752)."}, {"id": "Q1368792", "label": "Essequibo", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Pomeroon (1581), Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752)."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "After France invaded the Dutch Republic (1795), the British assumed control in 1796, with the Dutch and British signing the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 in London that ceded Demerara-Essequibo and Berbice to Britain."}, {"id": "Q617263", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "After France invaded the Dutch Republic (1795), the British assumed control in 1796, with the Dutch and British signing the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 in London that ceded Demerara-Essequibo and Berbice to Britain."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Simón Bolívar wrote to the British government warning against the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the 16th century, claimed was theirs."}, {"id": "Q1988079", "label": "Dutch Guiana", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "However, the treaty did not specify the boundary between Spanish Guiana and Dutch Guiana."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom as a dominion on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q718256", "label": "Forbes Burnham", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Following independence, Forbes Burnham of the People's National Congress rose to power, quickly becoming a repressive authoritarian leader."}, {"id": "Q23685", "label": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "President Jimmy Carter visited Guyana to lobby for the resumption of free elections."}, {"id": "Q724156", "label": "Cheddi Jagan", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Cheddi Jagan of the PPP was elected and sworn in as president on 9 October 1992."}, {"id": "Q212760", "label": "Bharrat Jagdeo", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations."}, {"id": "Q2744514", "label": "UNASUR Constitutive Treaty", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations."}, {"id": "Q64840184", "label": "Irfaan Ali", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Granger refused to accept the results, but eventually five months later, Irfaan Ali of the People's Progressive Party/Civic was sworn in as the new president because of allegations of fraud and irregularities."}], "Q691": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Papua New Guinea (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an island country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It has a land border with Indonesia to the west and maritime borders with Australia to the south and the Solomon Islands to the east."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It has a land border with Indonesia to the west and maritime borders with Australia to the south and the Solomon Islands to the east."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Australia occupied German New Guinea during World War I and then administered the territory as a League of Nations mandate."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The nation was the site of fierce fighting during the New Guinea campaign of World War II, following which the two territories were united in 1949."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The country has a large Christian majority population, of several different denominations, and in March 2025 its constitution was amended to adopt Christianity as the official state religion."}, {"id": "Q4118614", "label": "Sultanate of Tidore", "section": "History - First settlement", "says": "After European interest in the region grew in the 16th century, Dutch influence grew over the Sultanate of Tidore."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - European influence", "says": "By the 1800s, there was some trade with the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - European influence", "says": "The eastern half of the island was divided between Germany in the north and the United Kingdom in the south in 1884."}, {"id": "Q113621", "label": "Battle of Milne Bay", "section": "History - World War II and Australian rule", "says": "While this campaign was ongoing, the Japanese launched the Battle of Milne Bay, where their attack was repulsed by Australian and American forces."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - World War II and Australian rule", "says": "These events, along with the nearby Guadalcanal campaign, marked a turning point in the Pacific War."}], "Q970": [{"id": "Q1039", "label": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "section": "lead", "says": "At 1,659 square kilometres (641 sq mi), the Comoros is the third-smallest African country by area after São Tomé and Príncipe and Seychelles."}, {"id": "Q1042", "label": "Seychelles", "section": "lead", "says": "At 1,659 square kilometres (641 sq mi), the Comoros is the third-smallest African country by area after São Tomé and Príncipe and Seychelles."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "Subsequent settlers came from the east coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf, the Malay Archipelago, and Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "Settlers from the Arabian peninsula, particularly Hadhramaut, arrived during this period."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Medieval Comoros and European contact", "says": "According to legend, in 632, upon hearing of Islam, islanders are said to have dispatched an emissary, Mtswa-Mwindza, to Mecca—but by the time he arrived there, the Islamic prophet Muhammad had died."}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "History - Medieval Comoros and European contact", "says": "Among the earliest accounts of East Africa, the works of Al-Masudi describe early Islamic trade routes, and how the coast and islands were frequently visited by Muslims including Persian and Arab merchants and sailors in search of coral, ambergris, ivory, tortoiseshell, gold and slaves for the Arabic slave trade."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Medieval Comoros and European contact", "says": "The Comoros are part of the Swahili cultural and economic complex and the islands became a major hub of trade and an important location in a network of trading towns that included Kilwa, in present-day Tanzania, Sofala (an outlet for Zimbabwean gold), in Mozambique, and Mombasa in Kenya."}, {"id": "Q506193", "label": "Said bin Sultan Al Busaidi", "section": "History - Medieval Comoros and European contact", "says": "One of his successors, Said bin Sultan, increased Omani Arab influence in the region, moving his administration to nearby Zanzibar, which came under Omani rule."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "Meanwhile, Ndzwani (or Johanna as it was known to the British) continued to serve as a way station for English merchants sailing to India and the Far East, as well as American whalers, although the British gradually abandoned it following their possession of Mauritius in 1814, and by the time the Suez Canal opened in 1869 there was no longer any significant supply trade at Ndzwani."}, {"id": "Q401076", "label": "Ahmed Abdallah", "section": "History - Independence to present", "says": "On 3 August 1975, less than one month after independence, president Ahmed Abdallah was removed from office in an armed coup and replaced with United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) member Said Mohamed Jaffar."}, {"id": "Q3173401", "label": "Said Mohamed Jaffar", "section": "History - Independence to present", "says": "On 3 August 1975, less than one month after independence, president Ahmed Abdallah was removed from office in an armed coup and replaced with United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) member Said Mohamed Jaffar."}, {"id": "Q437248", "label": "Bob Denard", "section": "History - Independence to present", "says": "On 13 May 1978, Bob Denard, once again commissioned by the French intelligence service (SDECE), returned to overthrow President Soilihi and reinstate Abdallah with the support of the French, Rhodesian and South African governments."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Independence to present", "says": "Very close to South Africa, which financed his \"presidential guard\", he allowed Paris to circumvent the international embargo on the apartheid regime via Moroni."}], "Q983": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "The mainland region, Río Muni, is bordered by Cameroon to the north and Gabon to the south and east."}, {"id": "Q1039", "label": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese-speaking island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Via the 1778 Treaty of El Pardo, Portugal ceded territories in the Bight of Biafra to Spain; the territory was declared Spanish Guinea during the Scramble for Africa."}, {"id": "Q211936", "label": "Francisco Macías Nguema Biyoko", "section": "lead", "says": "Nearly 200 years later, it gained independence in 1968 under the bloody dictatorship of President Francisco Macías Nguema."}, {"id": "Q57385", "label": "Teodoro Obiang", "section": "lead", "says": "He declared himself president for life in 1972 but was overthrown in a coup in 1979 by his nephew, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, who has served as the country's president since."}, {"id": "Q1923018", "label": "Treaty of El Pardo", "section": "History - Early Spanish rule and lease to Britain (1778–1844)", "says": "In 1778, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of El Pardo."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Early Spanish rule and lease to Britain (1778–1844)", "says": "From 1827 to 1843 the Spanish leased a base in Bioko to the United Kingdom, which the British had sought as part of their efforts to suppress the slave trade."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - Early Spanish rule and lease to Britain (1778–1844)", "says": "In 1827 Britain unilaterally moved the headquarters of the Mixed Commission for the Suppression of Slave Traffic to Fernando Pó, before moving it back to Sierra Leone under an agreement with Spain in 1843."}, {"id": "Q171421", "label": "Henry Morton Stanley", "section": "History - Late 19th century (1844–1900)", "says": "Henry Morton Stanley had labelled Fernando Pó \"a jewel which Spain did not polish\" for refusing to enact such a policy."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Early 20th century (1900–1945)", "says": "By the late nineteenth century, the Bubi were protected from the demands of the planters by Spanish Claretian missionaries, who were very influential in the colony and eventually organised the Bubi into little mission theocracies reminiscent of the famous Jesuit reductions in Paraguay."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Final years of Spanish rule (1945–1968)", "says": "Politically, post-war colonial history has three fairly distinct phases: up to 1959, when its status was raised from \"colonial\" to \"provincial\", following the approach of the Portuguese Empire; between 1960 and 1968, when Madrid attempted a partial decolonisation aimed at keeping the territory as part of the Spanish system; and from 1968 on, after the territory became an independent republic."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Independence under Macías (1968–1979)", "says": "In spite of his condemnation of Marxism, which he deemed \"neo-colonialist\", Equatorial Guinea maintained special relations with communist states, notably China, Cuba, East Germany and the USSR."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Independence under Macías (1968–1979)", "says": "Macias Nguema signed a preferential trade agreement and a shipping treaty with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Obiang (1979–present)", "says": "On 10 November 2025 it was reported that the second Trump administration had sent $7.5M to the government of Equatorial Guinea to accept non-citizen deportees from the United States, an amount far exceeding the total amount of U.S. aid sent to the country in the past eight years according to Sen."}, {"id": "Q270316", "label": "Jeanne Shaheen", "section": "History - Obiang (1979–present)", "says": "Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire."}], "Q1027": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, located about 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) off the southeastern coast of Africa, east of Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "A Dutch fleet landed at what is now the Grand Port District and took possession of the island in 1598, renaming it after Maurice, Prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1810, the United Kingdom seized the island and under the Treaty of Paris, France ceded Mauritius and its dependencies to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1042", "label": "Seychelles", "section": "lead", "says": "Brandon, the Chagos Archipelago, and, until 1906, the Seychelles."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The local population was forcibly expelled and the largest island, Diego Garcia, was leased to the United States, restricting access to the archipelago."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to prevent conflict between Portugal and Spain, gave the Kingdom of Portugal the right to colonise this part of the world."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to prevent conflict between Portugal and Spain, gave the Kingdom of Portugal the right to colonise this part of the world."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to prevent conflict between Portugal and Spain, gave the Kingdom of Portugal the right to colonise this part of the world."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1598, a Dutch squadron under Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck landed at Grand Port and named the island \"Mauritius\" after Prince Maurice of Nassau (Dutch: Maurits van Nassau) of the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q42188", "label": "Abel Tasman", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was from here that Dutch navigator Abel Tasman set out to seek the Great Southern Land, mapping parts of Tasmania, New Zealand and New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was from here that Dutch navigator Abel Tasman set out to seek the Great Southern Land, mapping parts of Tasmania, New Zealand and New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q828583", "label": "Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais", "section": "History - French Mauritius (1715–1810)", "says": "The 1735 arrival of French governor Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais coincided with the development of a prosperous economy based on sugar production."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - French Mauritius (1715–1810)", "says": "During the French rule, slaves were brought from parts of Africa such as Mozambique and Zanzibar."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - French Mauritius (1715–1810)", "says": "From 1767 to 1810, except for a brief period during the French Revolution when the inhabitants set up a government virtually independent of France, the island was controlled by officials appointed by the French government."}, {"id": "Q128985", "label": "Harold Macmillan", "section": "History - Independence and constitutional monarchy (1968–1992)", "says": "In 1959, Harold Macmillan had made his famous \"Wind of Change Speech\" in which he acknowledged that the best option for Britain was to give complete independence to its colonies."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Independence and constitutional monarchy (1968–1992)", "says": "Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam became the first prime minister of an independent Mauritius – with Queen Elizabeth II remaining head of state as Queen of Mauritius."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Republic (since 1992)", "says": "On 12 March 1992, Mauritius was proclaimed a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations and the monarch removed as head of state."}, {"id": "Q290061", "label": "Veerasamy Ringadoo", "section": "History - Republic (since 1992)", "says": "The last Governor-General of Mauritius, Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, became the first President."}, {"id": "Q323628", "label": "Cassam Uteem", "section": "History - Republic (since 1992)", "says": "This was under a transitional arrangement, in which he was replaced by Cassam Uteem later that year."}, {"id": "Q217566", "label": "Anerood Jugnauth", "section": "History - Republic (since 1992)", "says": "Sir Anerood Jugnauth of the MSM returned to power in September 2000 after securing an alliance with the MMM."}], "Q15180": [{"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian SFSR, the world's first constitutionally communist state."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR and its subordinate republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Lenin's death in 1924, a six-year power struggle saw Joseph Stalin emerge as the country's undisputed personalist ruler."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Failing to build an anti-Nazi coalition in Europe, the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in 1939."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Geopolitical tensions with the United States led to the Cold War."}], "Q811": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "With a population of 7,097,329 as of 2026, it is the third-most populous country in Central America after Guatemala and Honduras, and the largest by area in all of Central America."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "With a population of 7,097,329 as of 2026, it is the third-most populous country in Central America after Guatemala and Honduras, and the largest by area in all of Central America."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "Nicaragua is bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "The country also shares maritime borders with El Salvador to the west and Colombia to the east."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country also shares maritime borders with El Salvador to the west and Colombia to the east."}, {"id": "Q1165546", "label": "Mosquitia", "section": "lead", "says": "The official language is Spanish, though different groups on the Caribbean coast (Mosquitia) speak their own languages and English."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally inhabited by various indigenous cultures since ancient times, the region was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q57402", "label": "Daniel Ortega", "section": "lead", "says": "Though nominally a unitary presidential republic, Nicaragua has experienced significant democratic backsliding since 2007 under the presidency of Daniel Ortega, resulting in large protests in 2018 and a subsequent crackdown."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2025, Nicaragua was ranked as the second-most corrupt country in Latin America, after Venezuela, b"}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Spanish colonial era (1523–1821)", "says": "In 1502, on his fourth voyage, Christopher Columbus became the first European known to have reached what is now Nicaragua as he sailed southeast toward the Isthmus of Panama."}, {"id": "Q928747", "label": "Gil González Dávila", "section": "History - Spanish colonial era (1523–1821)", "says": "The first attempt to conquer Nicaragua was by the conquistador Gil González Dávila, who had arrived in Panama in January 1520."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "History - Independent Nicaragua (1821–1909)", "says": "The Act of Independence of Central America dissolved the Captaincy General of Guatemala in September 1821, and Nicaragua soon became part of the First Mexican Empire."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "History - Independent Nicaragua (1821–1909)", "says": "In July 1823, after the overthrow of the Mexican monarchy in March of the same year, Nicaragua joined the newly formed United Provinces of Central America, a country later known as the Federal Republic of Central America."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Independent Nicaragua (1821–1909)", "says": "Following the start of the California Gold Rush in 1848, Nicaragua provided a route for travelers from the eastern United States to journey to California by sea, via the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua."}, {"id": "Q196401", "label": "William Walker", "section": "History - Independent Nicaragua (1821–1909)", "says": "Invited by the Liberals in 1855 to join their struggle against the Conservatives, the American adventurer and filibuster William Walker set himself up as President of Nicaragua after conducting a farcical election in 1856; his presidency lasted less than a year."}, {"id": "Q2377568", "label": "Zelaya Department", "section": "History - Independent Nicaragua (1821–1909)", "says": "Mosquitia remained semi-independent until the Nicaragua Crisis in 1894, when it was militarily occupied by orders of José Santos Zelaya, President of Nicaragua, who later renamed the territory \"Zelaya Department\"."}, {"id": "Q142505", "label": "Adolfo Díaz", "section": "History - United States occupation (1909–1933)", "says": "In August 1912, the President of Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz, requested the secretary of war, General Luis Mena, to resign for fear he was leading an insurrection."}, {"id": "Q536417", "label": "Luis Mena", "section": "History - United States occupation (1909–1933)", "says": "In August 1912, the President of Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz, requested the secretary of war, General Luis Mena, to resign for fear he was leading an insurrection."}, {"id": "Q2983294", "label": "Bryan–Chamorro Treaty", "section": "History - United States occupation (1909–1933)", "says": "In 1914, the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed, giving the U.S. control over a proposed canal through Nicaragua, as well as leases for potential canal defenses."}, {"id": "Q213746", "label": "Augusto César Sandino", "section": "History - United States occupation (1909–1933)", "says": "From 1927 to 1933, rebel general Augusto César Sandino led a sustained guerrilla war against the regime and then against the U.S."}, {"id": "Q650211", "label": "Juan Bautista Sacasa", "section": "History - United States occupation (1909–1933)", "says": "Marines withdrew from Nicaragua in January 1933, Sandino and the newly elected administration of President Juan Bautista Sacasa reached an agreement that Sandino would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty, a land grant for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year."}, {"id": "Q312622", "label": "Anastasio Somoza García", "section": "History - United States occupation (1909–1933)", "says": "However, due to a growing hostility between Sandino and National Guard director Anastasio Somoza García and a fear of armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza García ordered his assassination."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Somoza dynasty (1936–1979)", "says": "In 1941, during the Second World War, Nicaragua declared war on Japan (8 December), Germany (11 December), Italy (11 December), Bulgaria (19 December), Hungary (19 December) and Romania (19 December)."}, {"id": "Q529610", "label": "Luis Somoza Debayle", "section": "History - Somoza dynasty (1936–1979)", "says": "Luis Somoza Debayle, the eldest son of the late president, was appointed president by the congress and officially took charge of the country."}, {"id": "Q218443", "label": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle", "section": "History - Somoza dynasty (1936–1979)", "says": "Somoza García's youngest son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, often referred to simply as \"Somoza\", became president in 1967."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Nicaraguan Revolution (1961–1990)", "says": "Somoza fled the country, and eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party."}, {"id": "Q114142", "label": "Violeta Chamorro", "section": "History - Post-war (1990–2018)", "says": "In the 1990 Nicaraguan general election, a coalition of anti-Sandinista parties from both the left and right of the political spectrum led by Violeta Chamorro, the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, defeated the Sandinistas."}, {"id": "Q356647", "label": "Arnoldo Alemán", "section": "History - Post-war (1990–2018)", "says": "In the 1996 general election, Daniel Ortega and the Sandinistas of the FSLN lost again, this time to Arnoldo Alemán of the Constitutional Liberal Party (PLC)."}, {"id": "Q311355", "label": "Enrique Bolaños", "section": "History - Post-war (1990–2018)", "says": "In the 2001 elections, the PLC again defeated the FSLN, with Alemán's Vice President Enrique Bolaños succeeding him as president."}, {"id": "Q150851", "label": "Colin Powell", "section": "History - Post-war (1990–2018)", "says": "Secretary of State Colin Powell told Bolaños to distance from the FSLN."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "History - Post-war (1990–2018)", "says": "Nicaragua briefly participated in the Iraq War in 2004 as part of the Plus Ultra Brigade, a military contingent of mixed personnel."}], "Q242": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "It also shares a maritime boundary with Honduras to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "European contact began in 1502–1504 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the Gulf of Honduras."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Belize achieved its independence from the United Kingdom on 21 September 1981."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "It is the only mainland Central American country which is a Commonwealth realm, with King Charles III as its monarch and head of state, represented by a governor-general."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Early colonial period (1506–1862)", "says": "Spanish conquistadors explored the land and declared it part of the Spanish Empire, but they failed to settle the territory because of its lack of resources and the tribes of the Yucatán defending their land."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - As part of the British Empire (1862–1981)", "says": "After a generation of wrangling, slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - As part of the British Empire (1862–1981)", "says": "Economic conditions improved during World War II, as many Belizean men entered the armed forces or otherwise contributed to the war effort."}], "Q766": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Jamaica lies about 145 km (78 nmi) south of Cuba, 191 km (103 nmi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and 215 km (116 nmi) southeast of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory)."}, {"id": "Q5785", "label": "Cayman Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "Jamaica lies about 145 km (78 nmi) south of Cuba, 191 km (103 nmi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and 215 km (116 nmi) southeast of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory)."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indigenous Ciboney people of the island gradually came under Spanish rule after the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "The island belonged to Spain under the name Santiago until 1655, when England, part of what would become the Kingdom of Great Britain, conquered it and named it Jamaica."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The island belonged to Spain under the name Santiago until 1655, when England, part of what would become the Kingdom of Great Britain, conquered it and named it Jamaica."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Jamaica achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as its king; the appointed representative of the Crown is the Governor-General of Jamaica, the office having been held by Patrick Allen since 2009."}, {"id": "Q109147", "label": "Patrick Allen", "section": "lead", "says": "Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as its king; the appointed representative of the Crown is the Governor-General of Jamaica, the office having been held by Patrick Allen since 2009."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, there is a large Jamaican diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q656629", "label": "William Penn", "section": "History - Early British period", "says": "The English began taking an interest in the island and, following a failed attempt to conquer Santo Domingo on Hispaniola, Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables led an invasion of Jamaica in 1655."}, {"id": "Q5453254", "label": "First Maroon War", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "In the 18th century, slaves ran away and joined the Maroons in increasing numbers, and resulted in The First Maroon War (1728 – 1739/40), which ended in stalemate."}, {"id": "Q2386936", "label": "Tacky's War", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "A large slave rebellion, known as Tacky's War, broke out in 1760 but was defeated by the British and their Maroon allies."}, {"id": "Q4077534", "label": "Baptist War", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "In 1831 a huge slave rebellion, known as the Baptist War, broke out, led by the Baptist preacher Samuel Sharpe."}, {"id": "Q272504", "label": "Marcus Garvey", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Various movements seeking political change arose as a result, most notably the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League founded by Marcus Garvey in 1917."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "He was also one of the chief inspirations behind Rastafari, a religion founded in Jamaica in the 1930s that combined Christianity with an Afrocentric theology focused on the figure of Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "He was also one of the chief inspirations behind Rastafari, a religion founded in Jamaica in the 1930s that combined Christianity with an Afrocentric theology focused on the figure of Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The new state retained, however, its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations (with the British monarch as head of state) and adopted a Westminster-style parliamentary system."}, {"id": "Q365395", "label": "Michael Manley", "section": "History - Post-independence era", "says": "This led to the voters electing the PNP under Michael Manley in 1972."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Post-independence era", "says": "Internationally he improved ties with the Communist bloc and vigorously opposed the apartheid regime in South Africa."}], "Q774": [{"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast (in the adjacency zone) by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast (in the adjacency zone) by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1823 to 1841, it was part of the Federal Republic of Central America."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "From the early 20th century, it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United States."}, {"id": "Q549431", "label": "Jorge Ubico", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1944, authoritarian leader Jorge Ubico was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup, initiating a decade-long revolution that led to social and economic reforms."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "With an estimated population of around 17.6 million, Guatemala is the most populous country in Central America, the fourth most populous country in North America and the 11th most populous country in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "History - Spanish era (1519–1821)", "says": "The Spanish conquest of Guatemala began in the early 16th century, led by conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, who was appointed by Hernán Cortés to extend Spanish control into Central America."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "History - Spanish era (1519–1821)", "says": "The Spanish conquest of Guatemala began in the early 16th century, led by conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, who was appointed by Hernán Cortés to extend Spanish control into Central America."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Spanish era (1519–1821)", "says": "In 1524, the Spanish established their first capital, Villa de Santiago de Guatemala, near the ruins of Iximché, the former Kaqchikel capital."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "History - Spanish era (1519–1821)", "says": "Later renamed the Kingdom of Guatemala (a province of Spain), this administrative unit encompassed present-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the Mexican state of Chiapas."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "Independence from Spain was gained, and the Captaincy General of Guatemala joined the First Mexican Empire under Agustín de Iturbide."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "Independence from Spain was gained, and the Captaincy General of Guatemala joined the First Mexican Empire under Agustín de Iturbide."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "Under the First Mexican Empire, Mexico reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from northern California to the provinces of Central America (excluding Panama, which was then part of Gran Colombia), which had not initially approved becoming part of the Mexican Empire but joined the Empire shortly after their independence."}, {"id": "Q332111", "label": "Francisco Morazán", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "In 1838, the liberal forces of Honduran leader Francisco Morazán and Guatemalan José Francisco Barrundia invaded Guatemala and reached San Sur, where they executed Chúa Alvarez, father-in-law of Rafael Carrera, then a military commander and later the first president of Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q328323", "label": "José Francisco Barrundia", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "In 1838, the liberal forces of Honduran leader Francisco Morazán and Guatemalan José Francisco Barrundia invaded Guatemala and reached San Sur, where they executed Chúa Alvarez, father-in-law of Rafael Carrera, then a military commander and later the first president of Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q365381", "label": "Rafael Carrera", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "In 1838, the liberal forces of Honduran leader Francisco Morazán and Guatemalan José Francisco Barrundia invaded Guatemala and reached San Sur, where they executed Chúa Alvarez, father-in-law of Rafael Carrera, then a military commander and later the first president of Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q738264", "label": "State of Los Altos", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "Morazán used the proceeds to support Los Altos and then replaced Valenzuela with Mariano Rivera Paz, a member of the Aycinena clan, although he did not return to that clan any property confiscated in 1829."}, {"id": "Q734565", "label": "Mariano Rivera Paz", "section": "History - Independence and Central America (1821–1847)", "says": "Morazán used the proceeds to support Los Altos and then replaced Valenzuela with Mariano Rivera Paz, a member of the Aycinena clan, although he did not return to that clan any property confiscated in 1829."}, {"id": "Q880821", "label": "Doroteo Vasconcelos", "section": "History - Second Carrera government (1851–1865)", "says": "After Carrera returned from exile in 1849 the president of El Salvador, Doroteo Vasconcelos, granted asylum to the Guatemalan liberals, who harassed the Guatemalan government in several different ways."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "History - Second Carrera government (1851–1865)", "says": "Under that circumstance, the Salvadorean head of state started a campaign against the conservative Guatemalan regime, inviting Honduras and Nicaragua to participate in the alliance; only the Honduran government led by Juan Lindo accepted."}, {"id": "Q718333", "label": "Juan Lindo y Zelaya", "section": "History - Second Carrera government (1851–1865)", "says": "Under that circumstance, the Salvadorean head of state started a campaign against the conservative Guatemalan regime, inviting Honduras and Nicaragua to participate in the alliance; only the Honduran government led by Juan Lindo accepted."}, {"id": "Q882177", "label": "Vicente Cerna Sandoval", "section": "History - Second Carrera government (1851–1865)", "says": "Before he died, Carrera nominated his friend and loyal soldier, Army Marshall Vicente Cerna y Cerna, as his successor."}, {"id": "Q679362", "label": "Justo Rufino Barrios", "section": "History - Liberal governments (1871–1898)", "says": "Guatemala's \"Liberal Revolution\" came in 1871 under the leadership of Justo Rufino Barrios, who worked to modernize the country, improve trade, and introduce new crops and manufacturing."}, {"id": "Q712945", "label": "Manuel Barillas", "section": "History - Liberal governments (1871–1898)", "says": "Manuel Barillas was president from 16 March 1886 to 15 March 1892."}, {"id": "Q888406", "label": "José María Reina Barrios", "section": "History - Liberal governments (1871–1898)", "says": "José María Reina Barrios was president between 1892 and 1898."}, {"id": "Q885542", "label": "Juan Federico Ponce Vaides", "section": "History - Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954)", "says": "His chosen replacement, General Juan Federico Ponce Vaides, was forced out of office on 20 October 1944 by a coup d'état led by Major Francisco Javier Arana and Captain Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán."}, {"id": "Q3177456", "label": "Francisco Javier Arana", "section": "History - Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954)", "says": "His chosen replacement, General Juan Federico Ponce Vaides, was forced out of office on 20 October 1944 by a coup d'état led by Major Francisco Javier Arana and Captain Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán."}, {"id": "Q1986756", "label": "Jorge Toriello Garrido", "section": "History - Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954)", "says": "The country was then led by a military junta made up of Arana, Árbenz, and Jorge Toriello Garrido."}, {"id": "Q881158", "label": "Juan José Arévalo", "section": "History - Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954)", "says": "The junta organized Guatemala's first free election, which the philosophically conservative writer and teacher Juan José Arévalo, who wanted to turn the country into a social democratic and democratic socialist society won with a majority of 86%."}, {"id": "Q312622", "label": "Anastasio Somoza García", "section": "History - Coup and civil war (1954–1996)", "says": "US President Harry Truman authorized Operation PBFortune to topple Árbenz in 1952, with the support of Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza García, but the operation was aborted when too many details became public."}, {"id": "Q223677", "label": "John Foster Dulles", "section": "History - Coup and civil war (1954–1996)", "says": "Eisenhower was elected US president in 1952, promising to take a harder line against communism; the close links that his staff members John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles had to the UFCO also predisposed him to act against Árbenz."}, {"id": "Q317243", "label": "Allen Dulles", "section": "History - Coup and civil war (1954–1996)", "says": "Eisenhower was elected US president in 1952, promising to take a harder line against communism; the close links that his staff members John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles had to the UFCO also predisposed him to act against Árbenz."}, {"id": "Q468224", "label": "Carlos Castillo Armas", "section": "History - Coup and civil war (1954–1996)", "says": "The CIA armed, funded, and trained a force of 480 men led by Carlos Castillo Armas."}, {"id": "Q879275", "label": "Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes", "section": "History - Coup and civil war (1954–1996)", "says": "After the rigged election that followed, General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes assumed power."}, {"id": "Q191721", "label": "Bay of Pigs invasion", "section": "History - Coup and civil war (1954–1996)", "says": "He also provided airstrips in the region of Petén for what later became the US-sponsored, failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961."}, {"id": "Q107254030", "label": "Bernardo Arévalo de León", "section": "History - Since 2000", "says": "In the 2023 elections, Bernardo Arévalo won the presidency."}, {"id": "Q182441", "label": "Alfonso Portillo", "section": "History - Since 2000", "says": "Ex-President Alfonso Portillo was arrested in January 2010 while trying to flee Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q57539", "label": "Otto Pérez Molina", "section": "History - Pérez Molina government and \"La Línea\"", "says": "Retired general Otto Pérez Molina was elected president in 2011 along with Roxana Baldetti, the first woman ever elected vice-president in Guatemala; they began their term in office on 14 January 2012."}, {"id": "Q17995110", "label": "Jimmy Morales", "section": "History - Jimmy Morales and Alejandro Giammattei in power (2016–2024)", "says": "In the October 2015 presidential election, former TV comedian Jimmy Morales was elected as the new president of Guatemala after huge anti-corruption demonstrations."}, {"id": "Q2134696", "label": "Alejandro Giammattei", "section": "History - Jimmy Morales and Alejandro Giammattei in power (2016–2024)", "says": "In January 2020, Alejandro Giammattei replaced Jimmy Morales as the president of Guatemala."}], "Q1013": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Surrounded by South Africa, it is the largest of the three sovereign enclaves."}, {"id": "Q469775", "label": "Moshoeshoe I", "section": "lead", "says": "Lesotho was formed in 1824 by King Moshoeshoe I."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Continuous encroachments by Dutch settlers made the King enter into an agreement with the United Kingdom to become a protectorate in 1868 and, in 1884, a crown colony."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Lesotho is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African Development Community."}, {"id": "Q2340665", "label": "Basutoland", "section": "History - Basutoland", "says": "Basutoland emerged as a single polity under King Moshoeshoe I in 1822."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "History - Basutoland", "says": "Further evolution of the state emerged from conflicts between British and Dutch colonists leaving the Cape Colony following its seizure from the French-allied Dutch by the British in 1795, and also from the Orange River Sovereignty and subsequent Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q3048062", "label": "Orange River Sovereignty", "section": "History - Basutoland", "says": "Further evolution of the state emerged from conflicts between British and Dutch colonists leaving the Cape Colony following its seizure from the French-allied Dutch by the British in 1795, and also from the Orange River Sovereignty and subsequent Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "History - Basutoland", "says": "Further evolution of the state emerged from conflicts between British and Dutch colonists leaving the Cape Colony following its seizure from the French-allied Dutch by the British in 1795, and also from the Orange River Sovereignty and subsequent Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Basutoland", "says": "The last war with the Boers ended in 1867 when Moshoeshoe appealed to Queen Victoria who agreed to make Basutoland a British protectorate in 1868."}], "Q712": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "It lies about 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) north-northeast of New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q57830", "label": "Frank Bainimarama", "section": "lead", "says": "In a 2006 coup, Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power."}, {"id": "Q316317", "label": "Josefa Iloilo", "section": "lead", "says": "At that point, President Ratu Josefa Iloilo, whom the military had retained as the nominal head of state, formally abrogated the 1997 Constitution and re-appointed Bainimarama as interim prime minister."}, {"id": "Q373605", "label": "Epeli Nailatikau", "section": "lead", "says": "Later in 2009, Ratu Epeli Nailatikau succeeded Iloilo as president."}, {"id": "Q42188", "label": "Abel Tasman", "section": "History - Early interaction with Europeans", "says": "Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first known European visitor to Fiji, sighting the northern island of Vanua Levu and the North Taveuni archipelago in 1643 while looking for the Great Southern Continent."}, {"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "History - Early interaction with Europeans", "says": "James Cook, the British navigator, visited one of the southern Lau islands in 1774."}, {"id": "Q294147", "label": "William Bligh", "section": "History - Early interaction with Europeans", "says": "It was not until 1789, however, that the islands were charted and plotted, when William Bligh, the castaway captain of HMS Bounty, passed Ovalau and sailed between the main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu en route to Batavia, in what is now Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Early interaction with Europeans", "says": "It was not until 1789, however, that the islands were charted and plotted, when William Bligh, the castaway captain of HMS Bounty, passed Ovalau and sailed between the main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu en route to Batavia, in what is now Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Cakobau and the wars against Christian infiltration", "says": "Around this time, the United States also became interested in asserting its power in the region, and it threatened intervention following a number of incidents involving their consul in the Fiji islands, John Brown Williams."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Cakobau and the wars against Christian infiltration", "says": "He underwent the lotu and converted to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - Cotton, confederacies and the Kai Colo", "says": "The rising price of cotton in the wake of the American Civil War (1861–1865) caused an influx of hundreds of settlers to Fiji in the 1860s from Australia and the United States in order to obtain land and grow cotton."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Cotton, confederacies and the Kai Colo", "says": "The rising price of cotton in the wake of the American Civil War (1861–1865) caused an influx of hundreds of settlers to Fiji in the 1860s from Australia and the United States in order to obtain land and grow cotton."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "History - Blackbirding and slavery in Fiji", "says": "The blackbirding era began in Fiji in 1865 when the first New Hebridean and Solomon Islands labourers were transported there to work on cotton plantations."}, {"id": "Q752431", "label": "New Hebrides", "section": "History - Blackbirding and slavery in Fiji", "says": "On 5 July 1865 Ben Pease received the first licence to provide 40 labourers from the New Hebrides to Fiji."}, {"id": "Q82006", "label": "Benjamin Disraeli", "section": "History - British annexation", "says": "The newly elected Tory British government under Benjamin Disraeli encouraged expansion of the empire and was therefore much more sympathetic to annexing Fiji than it had been previously."}, {"id": "Q400465", "label": "Little War", "section": "History - Sir Arthur Gordon and the Little War", "says": "In what Gordon termed the \"Little War\", the suppression of this uprising took the form of two coordinated military campaigns in the western half of Viti Levu."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War I and II", "says": "Fiji was only peripherally involved in World War I."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - World War I and II", "says": "By the time of World War II, the United Kingdom had reversed its policy of not enlisting natives, and many thousands of Fijians volunteered for the Fiji Infantry Regiment, which was under the command of Ratu Sir Edward Cakobau, another great-grandson of Cakobau."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - World War I and II", "says": "By the time of World War II, the United Kingdom had reversed its policy of not enlisting natives, and many thousands of Fijians volunteered for the Fiji Infantry Regiment, which was under the command of Ratu Sir Edward Cakobau, another great-grandson of Cakobau."}, {"id": "Q469507", "label": "Kamisese Mara", "section": "History - Responsible government and independence", "says": "A series of compromises led to the establishment of a cabinet system of government in 1967, with Ratu Kamisese Mara as the first Chief Minister."}, {"id": "Q981549", "label": "Sitiveni Rabuka", "section": "History - 1987 coups d'état", "says": "In 1992, Sitiveni Rabuka, the Lieutenant Colonel who had carried out the 1987 coup, became Prime Minister following elections held under the new constitution."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - 1987 coups d'état", "says": "Fiji was re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q109012733", "label": "Wiliame Katonivere", "section": "History - Since 2014", "says": "In October 2021, Tui Macuata Ratu Wiliame Katonivere was elected the new President of Fiji by the parliament."}], "Q786": [{"id": "Q25596", "label": "Saint Martin", "section": "lead", "says": "It shares a maritime border with Puerto Rico to the east and a land border with Haiti to the west, occupying the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola which, along with Saint Martin, is one of only two islands in the Caribbean shared by two sovereign states."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "Christopher Columbus claimed the island for Castile, landing there on his first voyage in 1492."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q2006756", "label": "First Empire of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which became the independent First Empire of Haiti in 1804."}, {"id": "Q3439047", "label": "War of Dominican Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Independence came 22 years later in 1844, after victory in the Dominican War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q3815421", "label": "Dominican Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "The next 72 years saw several civil wars, corrupt dictatorships, failed invasions by Haiti, and a brief return to Spanish colonial status, before permanently ousting the Spanish during the Dominican Restoration War of 1863–1865."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924, followed by the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, ruling from 1930 until his assassination in 1961."}, {"id": "Q152474", "label": "Rafael Trujillo", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924, followed by the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, ruling from 1930 until his assassination in 1961."}, {"id": "Q439980", "label": "Juan Bosch", "section": "lead", "says": "Juan Bosch was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963."}, {"id": "Q955457", "label": "Dominican Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican Civil War of 1965 preceded a second American occupation and the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer (1966–1978 and 1986–1996)."}, {"id": "Q147989", "label": "Joaquín Balaguer", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominican Civil War of 1965 preceded a second American occupation and the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer (1966–1978 and 1986–1996)."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "He claimed the land for the Crown of Castile and named it La Española, due to its diverse climate and terrain, which reminded him of the Spanish landscape."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "By the time of the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, which ceded the western one-third of the island to France, the population of Santo Domingo consisted of a few thousand whites, approximately 30,000 black slaves, and a few Taínos."}, {"id": "Q685164", "label": "Treaty of Basel", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "In 1795, Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France by the Treaty of Basel as a result of its defeat in the War of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "In 1795, Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France by the Treaty of Basel as a result of its defeat in the War of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - European colonization", "says": "In 1809, with the outbreak of the Peninsular War, the French were expelled from the island and Santo Domingo returned to Spanish rule."}, {"id": "Q3963507", "label": "José Núñez de Cáceres", "section": "History - Ephemeral independence and Haitian occupation (1821–1844)", "says": "After a dozen years of discontent and failed independence plots by various opposing groups, Santo Domingo's former Lieutenant-Governor (top administrator), José Núñez de Cáceres, declared the colony's independence from the Spanish crown as Spanish Haiti on November 30, 1821."}, {"id": "Q449421", "label": "Jean-Pierre Boyer", "section": "History - Ephemeral independence and Haitian occupation (1821–1844)", "says": "The newly independent republic ended two months later, when it was occupied and annexed by Haiti, then under the leadership of Jean-Pierre Boyer."}, {"id": "Q188122", "label": "Juan Pablo Duarte", "section": "History - First Republic (1844–1861)", "says": "In 1838, Juan Pablo Duarte founded a secret society called La Trinitaria, which sought the complete independence of Santo Domingo without any foreign intervention."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - First Republic (1844–1861)", "says": "Also Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Ramon Matias Mella, despite not being among the founding members of La Trinitaria, were decisive in the fight for independence."}, {"id": "Q887185", "label": "Pedro Santana", "section": "History - First Republic (1844–1861)", "says": "They were backed by Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle rancher, who became general of the army of the nascent republic."}, {"id": "Q330837", "label": "Buenaventura Báez", "section": "History - First Republic (1844–1861)", "says": "Archrivals Santana and Buenaventura Báez held power most of the time, both ruling arbitrarily."}, {"id": "Q880165", "label": "Manuel Jimenes", "section": "History - First Republic (1844–1861)", "says": "After defeating a Haitian invasion in April 1849 at the Battle of Las Carreras, Santana marched on Santo Domingo and deposed President Manuel Jimenes in a coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "History - Restoration Republic (1865–1899)", "says": "In 1861, after imprisoning, exiling, and executing many of his opponents and due to political and economic reasons, Santana asked Queen Isabella II of Spain to retake control of the Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q864790", "label": "Sylvain Salnave", "section": "History - Restoration Republic (1865–1899)", "says": "The Haitian rebel Sylvain Salnave, fearful of the reestablishment of Spain as colonial power, gave refuge and logistics to revolutionaries seeking to reestablish the independent nation."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "History - Restoration Republic (1865–1899)", "says": "Lebanese, Syrians, and Palestinians from the Ottoman Empire began to arrive in the country during the latter part of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Restoration Republic (1865–1899)", "says": "Lebanese, Syrians, and Palestinians from the Ottoman Empire began to arrive in the country during the latter part of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "History - 20th century (1900–1930)", "says": "United States President Theodore Roosevelt sought to prevent European intervention, largely to protect the routes to the future Panama Canal."}, {"id": "Q887594", "label": "Ramón Cáceres", "section": "History - 20th century (1900–1930)", "says": "After six years in power, President Ramón Cáceres (who had himself assassinated Heureaux) was assassinated in 1911."}, {"id": "Q35648", "label": "William Howard Taft", "section": "History - 20th century (1900–1930)", "says": "U.S. mediation by the William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only a short respite each time."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "History - 20th century (1900–1930)", "says": "U.S. mediation by the William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only a short respite each time."}, {"id": "Q6291727", "label": "José Bordas Valdés", "section": "History - 20th century (1900–1930)", "says": "General José Bordas Valdez became president on April 14, 1913."}, {"id": "Q887824", "label": "Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra", "section": "History - 20th century (1900–1930)", "says": "A provisional president was chosen, and later the same year relatively free elections put former president (1899–1902) Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra back in power."}, {"id": "Q443057", "label": "Battle of the Caribbean", "section": "History - Trujillo Era (1930–1961)", "says": "During the Battle of the Caribbean in 1942, German U-boats torpedoed and sank two Dominican-flagged merchant vessels—the San Rafael off the coast of Jamaica and the Presidente Trujillo off Fort-de-France—along with four other Dominican-manned ships in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "History - Trujillo Era (1930–1961)", "says": "Trujillo also formed a right-wing Foreign Legion of 3,000 mercenaries to attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba."}, {"id": "Q2680974", "label": "Ramfis Trujillo", "section": "History - Post-Trujillo (1961–1996)", "says": "After the assassination, Ramfis Trujillo, the dictator's son, remained in de facto control of the government for the next 6 months, as commander of the armed forces."}, {"id": "Q313258", "label": "Dean Rusk", "section": "History - Post-Trujillo (1961–1996)", "says": "Secretary of State Dean Rusk issued a warning that the US would not \"remain idle\" if the Trujillos attempted to \"reassert dictatorial domination\"."}, {"id": "Q436477", "label": "Donald Reid Cabral", "section": "History - Post-Trujillo (1961–1996)", "says": "On April 24, 1965, a second military coup ousted the military-installed president Donald Reid Cabral."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "History - Post-Trujillo (1961–1996)", "says": "The following countries volunteered: Brazil (1,250 soldiers), Costa Rica (25 police), Honduras (250 soldiers), Nicaragua (164 soldiers), and Paraguay (286 soldiers)."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "History - Post-Trujillo (1961–1996)", "says": "The following countries volunteered: Brazil (1,250 soldiers), Costa Rica (25 police), Honduras (250 soldiers), Nicaragua (164 soldiers), and Paraguay (286 soldiers)."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "History - Post-Trujillo (1961–1996)", "says": "The following countries volunteered: Brazil (1,250 soldiers), Costa Rica (25 police), Honduras (250 soldiers), Nicaragua (164 soldiers), and Paraguay (286 soldiers)."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Post-Trujillo (1961–1996)", "says": "The following countries volunteered: Brazil (1,250 soldiers), Costa Rica (25 police), Honduras (250 soldiers), Nicaragua (164 soldiers), and Paraguay (286 soldiers)."}, {"id": "Q151944", "label": "Leonel Fernández", "section": "History - 1996–present", "says": "In 1996, with the support of Joaquín Balaguer and the Social Christian Reform Party in a coalition called the Patriotic Front, Leonel Fernández achieved the first-ever win for the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), which Bosch had founded in 1973 after leaving the PRD."}, {"id": "Q653611", "label": "Hipólito Mejía", "section": "History - 1996–present", "says": "In 2000, the PRD's Hipólito Mejía won the election."}, {"id": "Q57429", "label": "Danilo Medina", "section": "History - 1996–present", "says": "Danilo Medina of the PLD was elected president in 2012 and re-elected in 2016."}, {"id": "Q16594097", "label": "Luis Abinader", "section": "History - 1996–present", "says": "He was succeeded by the opposition candidate Luis Abinader in the 2020 election (weeks after protests erupted in the country against Medina's government), marking the end to 16 years in power of the centre-left Dominican Liberation Party (PLD)."}], "Q778": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The country comprises 700 islands, and more than 2,500 cays in the Atlantic Ocean, located north of Cuba and north-west of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida and east of the Florida Keys."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the New World in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador (which the Lucayans called Guanahaní)."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Kingdom of Spain shipped the native Lucayans to Hispaniola and enslaved them there, leaving the Bahama islands mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bahamas became a crown colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1718 when the British clamped down on piracy."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the American Revolutionary War, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas; they took slaves with them and established plantations on land grants."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm separate from the United Kingdom in 1973."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bahamas maintains King Charles III as its monarch; the appointed representative of the Crown is the governor-general of the Bahamas."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "History - Arrival of the Spanish", "says": "On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayans and exchanged goods with them, claiming the islands for the Crown of Castile, before proceeding to explore the larger isles of the Greater Antilles."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "History - Arrival of the Spanish", "says": "The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas theoretically divided the new territories between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere; however, they did little to press their claim on the ground."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "History - Arrival of the Spanish", "says": "The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas theoretically divided the new territories between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere; however, they did little to press their claim on the ground."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History - Arrival of the Spanish", "says": "The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas theoretically divided the new territories between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere; however, they did little to press their claim on the ground."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Arrival of the English", "says": "In 1684 the Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital Charles Town (later renamed Nassau), and in 1703 a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q213518", "label": "Blackbeard", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "During proprietary rule the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including Blackbeard (circa 1680–1718)."}, {"id": "Q114206", "label": "Woodes Rogers", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "To put an end to the \"Pirates' republic\" and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718, which they dubbed \"the Bahama islands\" under the governorship of Woodes Rogers."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "In 1720 the Spanish attacked Nassau during the War of the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "Later, in April 1783, on a visit made by Prince William of the United Kingdom (later King William IV) to Luis de Unzaga at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana, they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris (1783), in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for East Florida, which would still have to conquer the city"}, {"id": "Q900693", "label": "Seminole Wars", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834."}, {"id": "Q590227", "label": "Edward VIII", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "In August 1940 the Duke of Windsor (formerly King Edward VIII) was appointed Governor of the Bahamas."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The couple visited the \"Out Islands\" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The couple visited the \"Out Islands\" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Post-Second World War", "says": "It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Post-Second World War", "says": "Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first governor-general of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence."}], "Q1042": [{"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "lead", "says": "Nearby island countries and territories include the Maldives, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and the Chagos Archipelago to the east."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by service, public sector, and tourism activities."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Vasco da Gama and his 4th Portuguese India Armada discovered the Seychelles on 15 March 1503; the first sighting was made by Thomé Lopes aboard Rui Mendes de Brito."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Royal Navy frigate HMS Orpheus under Captain Henry Newcombe arrived at Mahé on 16 May 1794."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "After British forces completed their invasion of Isle de France in December 1810, they assumed control over the Seychelles, which was formalised in the 1814 Treaty of Paris that ended the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q224986", "label": "France-Albert René", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In 1977, a coup d'état by France-Albert René ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham."}, {"id": "Q362948", "label": "James Mancham", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In 1977, a coup d'état by France-Albert René ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In the 1980s there were a series of coup attempts against President René, some of which were supported by South Africa."}, {"id": "Q1568174", "label": "Wavel Ramkalawan", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Wavel Ramkalawan was the first president who did not represent United Seychelles (the current name of the former Seychelles People's Progressive Front)."}, {"id": "Q16190544", "label": "Patrick Herminie", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In October 2025, presidential runoff was won by former parliamentary speaker and main opposition leader, Patrick Herminie, meaning Herminie's party, United Seychelles (US) returned to power."}], "Q244": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "It was claimed for the Crown of Castile by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century, who named it \"Barbudos\", and it first appeared on a Spanish map in 1511."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536, but abandoned it in 1620 with their only remnants being the introduction of wild boars intended as a supply of meat whenever the island was visited."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Slavery continued until it was phased out through most of the British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "On 30 November 1966, Barbados moved toward political independence and assumed the status of a Commonwealth realm, becoming a sovereign state with Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - English settlement in the 17th century", "says": "In the period 1640–1660, the West Indies attracted more than two-thirds of the total number of English emigrants to the Americas."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Effects of the English Civil War", "says": "These acts were a precursor to the First Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q330362", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "section": "History - Effects of the English Civil War", "says": "The Commonwealth of England sent an invasion force under the command of Sir George Ayscue, which arrived in October 1651."}, {"id": "Q221357", "label": "Dutch Brazil", "section": "History - The sugar revolution", "says": "The introduction of sugar cane from Dutch Brazil in 1640 completely transformed society, the economy and the physical landscape."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - 20th century before independence", "says": "Barbados opted to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q57709", "label": "Freundel Stuart", "section": "History - Post-independence era", "says": "The DLP won the 2008 Barbadian general election, but the new Prime Minister David Thompson died in 2010 and was replaced by Freundel Stuart."}, {"id": "Q6827147", "label": "Mia Mottley", "section": "History - Post-independence era", "says": "The BLP returned to power in 2018 under Mia Mottley, who became Barbados's first female prime minister."}, {"id": "Q754", "label": "Trinidad and Tobago", "section": "History - Transition to republic", "says": "Barbados would then cease to be a Commonwealth realm, but could maintain membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, like Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago."}, {"id": "Q9333540", "label": "Sandra Mason", "section": "History - Transition to republic", "says": "The following week, on 12 October 2021, incumbent Governor-General of Barbados Sandra Mason was jointly nominated by the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition as candidate to be the first president of Barbados, and was subsequently elected on 20 October."}], "Q1039": [{"id": "Q1042", "label": "Seychelles", "section": "lead", "says": "With a population of 201,800 (2018 official estimate), São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest and second-least populous African sovereign state after Seychelles."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The people of São Tomé and Príncipe are predominantly of African and mestiço (mixed European and African) descent, with most practicing Christianity."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans", "says": "Príncipe was initially named Santo Antão (\"Saint Anthony\"), changing its name in 1502 to Ilha do Príncipe (\"Prince's Island\"), in reference to the Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Economic development in the 16th century", "says": "In the 16th century, the enslaved were imported from and exported to Portugal, Elmina, the Kingdom of Kongo, Angola, and the Spanish Americas."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "History - Economic development in the 16th century", "says": "Throughout the early to mid-sixteenth century, São Tomé traded in slaves intermittently with Angola and the Kingdom of Kongo."}, {"id": "Q295049", "label": "Manuel Pinto da Costa", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "After a period of transitional government, São Tomé and Príncipe achieved independence on 12 July 1975, choosing as the first president the MLSTP Secretary General Manuel Pinto da Costa."}, {"id": "Q504522", "label": "Miguel Trovoada", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Miguel Trovoada, a former prime minister who had been in exile since 1986, returned as an independent candidate and was elected president."}, {"id": "Q271012", "label": "Fradique de Menezes", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In the 2001 presidential elections the candidate backed by the Independent Democratic Action party, Fradique de Menezes, was elected in the first round and inaugurated on 3 September."}, {"id": "Q709734", "label": "Evaristo Carvalho", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "Evaristo Carvalho became the President of São Tomé and Príncipe in the 2016 elections, after winning over the incumbent President Manuel Pinto da Costa."}, {"id": "Q27982047", "label": "Carlos Vila Nova", "section": "History - 21st century", "says": "In September 2021, the candidate of the centre-right opposition Independent Democratic Action (ADI), Carlos Vila Nova, won the presidential election.In September 2022, the opposition Independent Democratic Action (ADI), led by former prime minister Patrice Trovoada, won the election over the ruling Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) of Prime Mi"}], "Q781": [{"id": "Q763", "label": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "section": "lead", "says": "The country shares maritime borders with Anguilla, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Kitts and Nevis to the west, Montserrat to the southwest, and Guadeloupe to the south."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "They were followed by the Arawaks of Venezuela during the Ceramic period."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which resulted in an attempt at Spanish settlement in 1520."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the Commonwealth and a Commonwealth realm, being a constitutional monarchy with Charles III as its head of st"}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - European rule and slavery", "says": "Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, affecting the economy."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - European rule and slavery", "says": "Antigua and Barbuda subsequently became an associated state of the United Kingdom with full internal autonomy on 27 February 1967."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - European rule and slavery", "says": "The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth, retaining Elizabeth II (r."}, {"id": "Q431167", "label": "James Carlisle", "section": "History - European rule and slavery", "says": "Succeeding Wilfred Jacobs were James Carlisle (1993–2007), Louise Lake-Tack (2007–2014), and the present since 2014 being Rodney Williams."}, {"id": "Q232610", "label": "Louise Lake-Tack", "section": "History - European rule and slavery", "says": "Succeeding Wilfred Jacobs were James Carlisle (1993–2007), Louise Lake-Tack (2007–2014), and the present since 2014 being Rodney Williams."}, {"id": "Q17566330", "label": "Rodney Williams", "section": "History - European rule and slavery", "says": "Succeeding Wilfred Jacobs were James Carlisle (1993–2007), Louise Lake-Tack (2007–2014), and the present since 2014 being Rodney Williams."}], "Q697": [{"id": "Q710", "label": "Kiribati", "section": "lead", "says": "It lies within the Micronesia subregion of Oceania, with its nearest neighbour being Banaba (part of Kiribati) about 300 kilometres (190 mi) to the east."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "With an area of only 21 square kilometres (8.1 mi2; 2,100 ha; 5,200 acres), Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world, as well as the smallest member state of the Commonwealth of Nations by both area and population."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "First settled by Micronesians circa 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was occupied by Australia during World War I and subsequently became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia with New Zealand and the United Kingdom as co-trustees."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was occupied by Australia during World War I and subsequently became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia with New Zealand and the United Kingdom as co-trustees."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "It was occupied by Australia during World War I and subsequently became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia with New Zealand and the United Kingdom as co-trustees."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was occupied by Australia during World War I and subsequently became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia with New Zealand and the United Kingdom as co-trustees."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Nauru was occupied by Japan for three years during World War II and became a United Nations trust territory after the war's end."}], "Q686": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 540 km (340 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 540 km (340 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 540 km (340 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1880s, France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the archipelago, and in 1906, they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides – through an Anglo-French condominium."}, {"id": "Q752431", "label": "New Hebrides", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1880s, France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the archipelago, and in 1906, they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides – through an Anglo-French condominium."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Since its independence, the country has become a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the  Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Pacific Islands Forum."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "The immediate origins of the Lapita lie to the northwest, in the Solomon Islands archipelago and the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea, though DNA studies of a 3,000-year-old skeleton found near Port Vila in 2016 indicates that some may have arrived directly from the Philippines or Taiwan, pausing only briefly en route."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "The immediate origins of the Lapita lie to the northwest, in the Solomon Islands archipelago and the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea, though DNA studies of a 3,000-year-old skeleton found near Port Vila in 2016 indicates that some may have arrived directly from the Philippines or Taiwan, pausing only briefly en route."}, {"id": "Q153911", "label": "Louis-Antoine de Bougainville", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans (1606–1906)", "says": "Europeans did not return until 1768, when the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed by the islands on 22 May, naming them the Great Cyclades."}, {"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans (1606–1906)", "says": "In July–September 1774 the islands were explored extensively by British explorer Captain James Cook, who named them the New Hebrides, after the Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland, a name that lasted until independence in 1980."}, {"id": "Q294147", "label": "William Bligh", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans (1606–1906)", "says": "In 1789, William Bligh and the remainder of his crew sailed through the Banks Islands on their return voyage to Timor following the mutiny on the Bounty; Bligh later returned to the islands, naming them after his benefactor Joseph Banks."}, {"id": "Q153408", "label": "Joseph Banks", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans (1606–1906)", "says": "In 1789, William Bligh and the remainder of his crew sailed through the Banks Islands on their return voyage to Timor following the mutiny on the Bounty; Bligh later returned to the islands, naming them after his benefactor Joseph Banks."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "During the 1920s–1930s, indentured workers from Vietnam (then part of French Indochina) came to work in the plantations in the New Hebrides."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The fall of France to Nazi Germany in 1940 allowed Britain to gain a greater level of authority on the islands."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the United States joined the war on the Allied side; Japan soon advanced rapidly throughout Melanesia and was in possession of much of what is now Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands by April 1942, leaving the New Hebrides on the frontline of any further advance."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Independence (1980–present)", "says": "In foreign affairs, Lini joined the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed Apartheid in South Africa and all forms of colonialism, established links with Libya and Cuba, and opposed the French presence in New Caledonia and their nuclear testing in French Polynesia."}, {"id": "Q755794", "label": "Ati George Sokomanu", "section": "History - Independence (1980–present)", "says": "Opposition to Lini's tight grip on power grew and in 1987, after he had suffered a stroke whilst on a visit to the United States, a section of the Vanua'aku Pati (VP) under Barak Sopé broke off to form a new party (the Melanesian Progressive Party, MPP), and an attempt was made by President Ati George Sokomanu to unseat Lini."}, {"id": "Q933149", "label": "Maxime Carlot Korman", "section": "History - Independence (1980–present)", "says": "A coalition was thus formed with Lini's NUP, with the UMP's Maxime Carlot Korman becoming prime minister."}], "Q784": [{"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "Christopher Columbus is said to have passed the island on Sunday, 3rd November 1493."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Great Britain took possession in 1763 after the Seven Years' War and continued the legacy of forced labor to gain wealth, and gradually established English as its official language."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States and the Non-Aligned Movement."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period and early European contact", "says": "In 1493, Christopher Columbus first spotted the island during his second voyage to the Americas."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "In World War I, many Dominicans, mainly the sons of small farmers, volunteered to fight in Europe for the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "In World War I, many Dominicans, mainly the sons of small farmers, volunteered to fight in Europe for the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "During World War II, some Dominicans volunteered in British and Caribbean forces."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "After the federation dissolved in 1962, Dominica became an associated state of the United Kingdom in 1967, and formally took responsibility for its internal affairs."}, {"id": "Q2743454", "label": "Operation Red Dog", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "A second occurred later in the year when the country was threatened with a takeover by mercenaries, led by Mike Perdue and Wolfgang Droege in Operation Red Dog."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "The Charles government supported the 1983 American invasion of Grenada, earning Dominica praise from the US government of Ronald Reagan, and an increase in financial aid."}], "Q683": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The country became a colony of the German Empire in 1899 after the Tripartite Convention, and was known as German Samoa."}, {"id": "Q553024", "label": "Treaty of Berlin", "section": "lead", "says": "The country became a colony of the German Empire in 1899 after the Tripartite Convention, and was known as German Samoa."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "German administration ended in August 1914 after New Zealand troops bloodlessly occupied the colony at the start of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "German administration ended in August 1914 after New Zealand troops bloodlessly occupied the colony at the start of World War I."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It was admitted to the United Nations on 15 December 1976 and the country is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Pacific Islands Forum."}, {"id": "Q153911", "label": "Louis-Antoine de Bougainville", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "This visit was followed by French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville, who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "The Salem brig Roscoe (Captain Benjamin Vanderford), in October 1821, was the first American trading vessel known to have called, and the Maro (Captain Richard Macy) of Nantucket, in 1824, was the first recorded United States whaler at Samoa."}, {"id": "Q1512", "label": "Robert Louis Stevenson", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "West, \"The Samoans were also known to engage in 'headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery.\"\nIn A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa (1892), Robert Louis Stevenson details the activities of the great powers battling for influence in Samoa – the United States, Germany and Britain – and the p"}, {"id": "Q661994", "label": "Black Saturday", "section": "History - Mau movement", "says": "That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday."}, {"id": "Q317378", "label": "Malietoa Tanumafili II", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Another paramount chief, Tuiaana Tuimalealiʻifano Suatipatipa II, was admitted to the Council of Deputies; the remaining two – Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole and Malietoa Tanumafili II – became joint heads of state for life."}, {"id": "Q180383", "label": "Helen Clark", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In 2002, New Zealand prime minister Helen Clark formally apologised for New Zealand's role in the Spanish influenza outbreak in 1918 that killed over a quarter of Samoa's population and for the Black Saturday killings in 1929."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "On 7 September 2009, the government changed the rule of the road from right to left, in common with most other Commonwealth countries – most notably countries in the region such as Australia and New Zealand, home to large numbers of Samoans."}], "Q678": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "It is surrounded by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna (France) to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west, Niue (the nearest foreign territory) to the east and Kermadec (New Zealand) to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a thalassocracy that conquered and controlled unprecedented swathes of the Pacific, from parts of the Solomon Islands and the whole of New Caledonia and Fiji in the west to Samoa and Niue and even as far as parts of modern-day French Polynesia in the east."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a thalassocracy that conquered and controlled unprecedented swathes of the Pacific, from parts of the Solomon Islands and the whole of New Caledonia and Fiji in the west to Samoa and Niue and even as far as parts of modern-day French Polynesia in the east."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom looked after Tonga's foreign affairs under a Treaty of Friendship, but Tonga never relinquished its sovereignty to any foreign power."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "Tonga is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, the Pacific Islands Forum, and the Alliance of Small Island States."}], "Q695": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Palau consists of approximately 340 islands and is the western part of the Caroline Islands, while the eastern and central parts make up the Federated States of Micronesia."}, {"id": "Q702", "label": "Federated States of Micronesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Palau consists of approximately 340 islands and is the western part of the Caroline Islands, while the eastern and central parts make up the Federated States of Micronesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty, where they were administered as part of German New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q664603", "label": "German–Spanish Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty, where they were administered as part of German New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations."}, {"id": "Q718763", "label": "South Seas Mandate", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, skirmishes including the major Battle of Peleliu were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign."}, {"id": "Q609030", "label": "Battle of Peleliu", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, skirmishes including the major Battle of Peleliu were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with other Pacific Islands, Palau was made a part of the United States–governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947."}, {"id": "Q2478583", "label": "Compact of Free Association", "section": "lead", "says": "Having voted in a referendum against joining the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978, the islands gained full sovereignty in 1994 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Transitions era", "says": "Later in 1899 as part of the Caroline Islands, Palau was sold by the Spanish Empire to the German Empire as part of German New Guinea in the German–Spanish Treaty (1899)."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Transitions era", "says": "Later in 1899 as part of the Caroline Islands, Palau was sold by the Spanish Empire to the German Empire as part of German New Guinea in the German–Spanish Treaty (1899)."}, {"id": "Q2027229", "label": "Second Philippine Republic", "section": "History - Transitions era", "says": "The invasion overthrew the American-installed Commonwealth government in the Philippines and installed the Japanese-backed Second Philippine Republic in 1943."}, {"id": "Q1538855", "label": "Battle of Angaur", "section": "History - United States era", "says": "During World War II, the United States captured Palau from Japan in 1944 after the costly Battle of Peleliu, when more than 2,000 Americans and 10,000 Japanese were killed, and later the Battle of Angaur."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Four of the Trust Territory districts joined and formed the Federated States of Micronesia in 1979, but the districts of Palau and the Marshall Islands voted against the proposed constitution."}], "Q672": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Tuvalu (  too-VAH-loo) is an archipelagic country in the Polynesian sub-region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean, about midway between Hawaii and Australia."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (which belong to Solomon Islands), northeast of Vanuatu, southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna, and north of Fiji."}, {"id": "Q710", "label": "Kiribati", "section": "lead", "says": "It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (which belong to Solomon Islands), northeast of Vanuatu, southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna, and north of Fiji."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2022 census determined that Tuvalu had a population of 10,643, making it the 194th most populous country and also the 2nd least populated country in the United Nations, exceeding only Niue and the Vatican City in population."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 October 1978, Tuvalu became fully independent as a sovereign state within the Commonwealth, and is a constitutional monarchy with Charles III as King of Tuvalu."}, {"id": "Q507665", "label": "John Byron", "section": "History - Early contacts with other cultures", "says": "Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1765, during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751)."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Early contacts with other cultures", "says": "The first recorded sighting of Nanumea by Europeans was by Spanish naval officer Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa who sailed past it on 5 May 1781 as captain of the frigate La Princesa, when attempting a southern crossing of the Pacific from the Philippines to New Spain."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Scientific expeditions and travellers", "says": "In 1885 or 1886, the New Zealand photographer Thomas Andrew visited Funafuti and Nui."}, {"id": "Q1512", "label": "Robert Louis Stevenson", "section": "History - Scientific expeditions and travellers", "says": "In 1890, Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific."}, {"id": "Q1035", "label": "Charles Darwin", "section": "History - Scientific expeditions and travellers", "says": "This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q250309", "label": "Battle of Tarawa", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "The atolls of Tuvalu acted as staging posts during the preparation for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that commenced on 20 November 1943, which were part of the implementation of \"Operation Galvanic\"."}, {"id": "Q2670873", "label": "Battle of Makin", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "The atolls of Tuvalu acted as staging posts during the preparation for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that commenced on 20 November 1943, which were part of the implementation of \"Operation Galvanic\"."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Post–World War II period and transition to independence", "says": "The formation of the United Nations after World War II resulted in the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization committing to a process of decolonisation; as a consequence, the British colonies in the Pacific started on a path to self-determination."}, {"id": "Q48780688", "label": "Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "In June 2025, Tuvalu ratified the High Seas Treaty, in a bid to conserve marine life in the island nation's territorial waters."}], "Q754": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "Trinidad and Tobago comprises the southernmost islands of the Caribbean eastern islands chain, and it is close to the continent of South America, being north to northeast of Venezuela and northwest of Guyana."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "lead", "says": "Trinidad and Tobago is located six nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) north to northeast off the coast of Venezuela, 70 nautical miles (130 km; 81 mi) south of Grenada, and 155 nautical miles (287 km; 178 mi) southwest of Barbados."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "Indigenous peoples inhabited Trinidad for centuries prior to Spanish colonisation, following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "lead", "says": "Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - European colonisation", "says": "Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Trinidad, on his third voyage to the Americas in 1498."}, {"id": "Q189144", "label": "Walter Raleigh", "section": "History - European colonisation", "says": "Shortly thereafter the English pirate Walter Raleigh arrived in Trinidad on 22 March 1595 in search of the long-rumoured \"El Dorado\" (\"City of Gold\") supposedly located in South America."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Influx of French settlers", "says": "Laurent, a Frenchman living in Grenada, was able to obtain a Cédula de Población from the Spanish king Charles III on 4 November 1783."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Influx of French settlers", "says": "The Cédula was issued only a few years before the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "History - Influx of French settlers", "says": "During that period of upheaval, French planters with their slaves, free coloureds and mulattos from the neighbouring islands of Martinique, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Guadeloupe and Dominica migrated to Trinidad, where they established an agriculture-based economy (sugar and cocoa)."}, {"id": "Q278399", "label": "Ralph Abercromby", "section": "History - British rule", "says": "The British had begun to take a keen interest in Trinidad, and in 1797 a British force led by General Sir Ralph Abercromby launched an invasion of Trinidad."}, {"id": "Q121734", "label": "Sir Thomas Picton", "section": "History - British rule", "says": "The colony's first British governor was Thomas Picton, however his heavy-handed approach to enforcing British authority, including the use of torture and arbitrary arrest, led to his being recalled."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - British rule", "says": "British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History - British rule", "says": "English, Scots, Irish, German and Italian families arrived, as well as some free blacks known as \"Merikins\" who had fought for Britain in the War of 1812 and were granted land in southern Trinidad."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "However, Elizabeth II remained head of state, represented locally by Governor-General Solomon Hochoy, until the passage of the 1976 Republican Constitution."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Contemporary era", "says": "The 1960s saw the rise of a Black Power movement, inspired in part by the civil rights movement in the United States."}], "Q769": [{"id": "Q757", "label": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "section": "lead", "says": "The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada is directly south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and about 100 miles (160 km) north of Trinidad and the South American mainland."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The new country became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "The new country became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state."}, {"id": "Q468234", "label": "Maurice Bishop", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1979, the Marxist–Leninist New JEWEL Movement overthrew Gairy's government in a coup and established the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG), a de facto dictatorship headed by Maurice Bishop as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q47674", "label": "Amerigo Vespucci", "section": "History - European arrival", "says": "In 1498, Christopher Columbus was the first European to report sighting Grenada during his third voyage, naming it 'La Concepción', but Amerigo Vespucci may have renamed it 'Mayo' in 1499."}, {"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "History - French colony and slavery (1649–1763)", "says": "Warfare continued during the 1600s between the French on Grenada and the Caribs of present-day Dominica and St."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - French colony and slavery (1649–1763)", "says": "The British captured Grenada in the Seven Years' War in 1762."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Early colonial period and slavery", "says": "The French re-captured the island during the American Revolutionary War, after Comte d'Estaing won the bloody land and naval Battle of Grenada in July 1779."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "History - Post-independence era", "says": "His Marxist–Leninist government established close ties with Cuba, Nicaragua, and other communist bloc countries."}, {"id": "Q953795", "label": "Hudson Austin", "section": "History - Coup and execution of Maurice Bishop", "says": "After the execution of Bishop, the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) formed a military Marxist government with General Hudson Austin as chairman."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "History - United States and allied response and reaction", "says": "US President Ronald Reagan stated that particularly worrying was the presence of Cuban construction workers and military personnel building a 10,000-foot (3,000 m) airstrip on Grenada."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - United States and allied response and reaction", "says": "Reagan asserted that Cuba, under the direction of the Soviet Union, would use Grenada as a refuelling stop for Cuban and Soviet airplanes loaded with weapons destined for Central American communist insurgents."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "History - United States and allied response and reaction", "says": "The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Barbados, and Jamaica all appealed to the United States for assistance."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - United States and allied response and reaction", "says": "The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Barbados, and Jamaica all appealed to the United States for assistance."}, {"id": "Q754", "label": "Trinidad and Tobago", "section": "History - United States and allied response and reaction", "says": "The invasion was criticised by the governments of Britain, Trinidad and Tobago, and Canada."}], "Q710": [{"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "There is also a significant number of I‑Kiribati forming a diaspora, the largest of which still growing via emigration is probably in New Zealand; historically, diasporic communities were created through over-population resettlement in the Solomon Islands on Ghizo and Wagina, and through intermarriage in the United Kingdom and United States."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "There is also a significant number of I‑Kiribati forming a diaspora, the largest of which still growing via emigration is probably in New Zealand; historically, diasporic communities were created through over-population resettlement in the Solomon Islands on Ghizo and Wagina, and through intermarriage in the United Kingdom and United States."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "There is also a significant number of I‑Kiribati forming a diaspora, the largest of which still growing via emigration is probably in New Zealand; historically, diasporic communities were created through over-population resettlement in the Solomon Islands on Ghizo and Wagina, and through intermarriage in the United Kingdom and United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "There is also a significant number of I‑Kiribati forming a diaspora, the largest of which still growing via emigration is probably in New Zealand; historically, diasporic communities were created through over-population resettlement in the Solomon Islands on Ghizo and Wagina, and through intermarriage in the United Kingdom and United States."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Another country with growing diasporic communities born of recent labour immigration is Australia."}, {"id": "Q965155", "label": "Teburoro Tito", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In September 1994, Teburoro Tito from the opposition was elected president."}, {"id": "Q57456", "label": "Anote Tong", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Anote Tong of the opposition party Boutokaan Te Koaua was elected to succeed Tito in July 2003."}], "Q685": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons, is an archipelagic country consisting of six major islands and over 1,000 smaller islands in Melanesia, Oceania, to the north-east of Australia."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is adjacent to Bougainville to the west, New Caledonia and Vanuatu to the south-east, Fiji, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna to the east, and the Federated States of Micronesia and Nauru to the north."}, {"id": "Q702", "label": "Federated States of Micronesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is adjacent to Bougainville to the west, New Caledonia and Vanuatu to the south-east, Fiji, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna to the east, and the Federated States of Micronesia and Nauru to the north."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The country takes its name from the wider area of the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (currently a part of Papua New Guinea), but excludes the Santa Cruz Islands."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Solomon Islands campaign (1942–1945) saw fierce fighting between the United States, British Imperial forces, and the Empire of Japan, including the Battle of Guadalcanal."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Solomon Islands campaign (1942–1945) saw fierce fighting between the United States, British Imperial forces, and the Empire of Japan, including the Battle of Guadalcanal."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The King of Solomon Islands is Charles III, who is represented in the country by a governor-general appointed on the advice of the prime minister."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans (1568–1886)", "says": "The new commander Pedro Fernandes de Queirós thus decided to abandon the settlement and they sailed north to the Spanish territory of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q153911", "label": "Louis-Antoine de Bougainville", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans (1568–1886)", "says": "French explorers also reached the Solomons, with Louis Antoine de Bougainville naming Choiseul in 1768 and Jean-François de Surville exploring the islands in 1769."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Arrival of Europeans (1568–1886)", "says": "Some of the earliest regular foreign visitors to the islands were whaling vessels from Britain, the United States and Australia."}, {"id": "Q553024", "label": "Treaty of Berlin", "section": "History - Establishment of colonial rule", "says": "In 1900, under the terms of the Tripartite Convention of 1899, Germany ceded the Northern Solomon to Britain, minus Buka and Bougainville, the latter becoming part of German New Guinea despite geographically belonging to the Solomons archipelago."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Allies counter-invaded Guadalcanal in August 1942, followed by the New Georgia campaign in 1943, both of which were turning points in the Pacific War, stopping and then countering the Japanese advance."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Ethnic violence (1998–2003)", "says": "In late 1999, after several failed attempts at brokering a peace deal, Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu declared a four-month state of emergency, and also requested assistance from Australia and New Zealand, but his appeal was rejected."}], "Q763": [{"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as king and head of state."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Before independence, the federation became an associated state of the United Kingdom with full internal self-government in 1964."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Pre-colonial period", "says": "Around 100 BCE, the islands saw the arrival of the Saladoid people, a ceramic-using, agricultural society that migrated northward from the Orinoco River region in present-day Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - European arrival and early colonial period (1493–1700)", "says": "Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - European arrival and early colonial period (1493–1700)", "says": "The French renounced their claim to the islands with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713."}, {"id": "Q178903", "label": "Alexander Hamilton", "section": "History - British colonial period (1700–1983)", "says": "Alexander Hamilton, the future U.S. secretary of the Treasury, was born on Nevis in 1755 or 1757."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - British colonial period (1700–1983)", "says": "The African slave trade was terminated within the British Empire in 1807, and slavery outlawed completely in 1834."}], "Q757": [{"id": "Q760", "label": "Saint Lucia", "section": "lead", "says": "To the north lies Saint Lucia, to the east is Barbados and Grenada lies to the south."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "lead", "says": "To the north lies Saint Lucia, to the east is Barbados and Grenada lies to the south."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "SVG remained a colony of the British Empire from 1783 until 1979, when it peacefully achieved independence; the country's culture, language, government and legal system reflect the long legacy of British rule."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It is part of the Commonwealth of Nations and is a Commonwealth realm, with King Charles III as its official head of state."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "It is part of the Commonwealth of Nations and is a Commonwealth realm, with King Charles III as its official head of state."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Saint Vincent is a member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, CARICOM, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Assistance and emergency financial support was provided by several nearby islands, the United Kingdom, and agencies such as the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - European arrival and early colonial period", "says": "It is thought that Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1498, giving it the name St Vincent."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - French and British colonisation and First Carib War", "says": "The British captured the island and drove out the French from Barrouallie during the Seven Years' War, a claim confirmed by the Treaty of Paris (1763)."}, {"id": "Q1553709", "label": "Victor Hugues", "section": "History - British colonial period and Second Carib War", "says": "The Garifuna were led by paramount chief Joseph Chatoyer and supported by the French, notably Victor Hugues who was based on the island of Martinique."}, {"id": "Q278399", "label": "Ralph Abercromby", "section": "History - British colonial period and Second Carib War", "says": "They were eventually defeated in 1797 by British forces under the command Sir Ralph Abercromby; a peace treaty agreement was made which resulted in almost 5,000 Garifuna being deported to Roatán, an island off the coast of Honduras, and to Belize and Baliceaux in the Grenadines."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "History - British colonial period and Second Carib War", "says": "They were eventually defeated in 1797 by British forces under the command Sir Ralph Abercromby; a peace treaty agreement was made which resulted in almost 5,000 Garifuna being deported to Roatán, an island off the coast of Honduras, and to Belize and Baliceaux in the Grenadines."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - British colonial period and Second Carib War", "says": "After its end, labour shortages on the plantations resulted, and were initially addressed by the immigration of indentured servants; starting from 1845, many Portuguese Catholic settlers arrived from Madeira, with around 2,100 arrivals from Portugal recorded from 1845 to 1850."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations, retaining the then-Queen Elizabeth II as Monarch, represented locally by a Governor-General."}, {"id": "Q57800", "label": "Ralph Gonsalves", "section": "History - Post-independence era", "says": "In 2000, Arnhim Eustace became Prime Minister after taking over the leadership of the NDP following Mitchell's retirement; he was defeated a year later by Ralph Gonsalves of the Unity Labour Party (successor party to the SVLP)."}], "Q709": [{"id": "Q710", "label": "Kiribati", "section": "lead", "says": "The country shares maritime boundaries with Wake Island to the north, Kiribati to the southeast, Nauru to the south, and the Federated States of Micronesia to the west."}, {"id": "Q702", "label": "Federated States of Micronesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country shares maritime boundaries with Wake Island to the north, Kiribati to the southeast, Nauru to the south, and the Federated States of Micronesia to the west."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marshall Islands are one of only four atoll-based nations, along with Kiribati, The Maldives, and Tuvalu."}, {"id": "Q545300", "label": "Alonso de Salazar", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Europeans to visit the islands were the crew of a Spanish maritime expedition led by Alonso de Salazar who arrived in Taongi in 1526, which they called Isla de San Bartolomé (Saint Bartholomew Island)."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1528, another Spanish ship arrived in the Marshall Islands and visited Ujelang and Enewetak, this time led by Alvaro de Saavedra who was sailing back to the Americas from the Spice Islands."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "German copra traders dominated the economy in the 1870s and 1880s, and the German Empire annexed the Marshalls as a protectorate in 1885."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Japan occupied the islands in the autumn of 1914 at the beginning of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Japan occupied the islands in the autumn of 1914 at the beginning of World War I."}, {"id": "Q718763", "label": "South Seas Mandate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the war, the Marshalls and other former German Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese South Seas Mandate."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States occupied the islands during World War II and administered them as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after the war."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States occupied the islands during World War II and administered them as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after the war."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "Linguistic and anthropological studies have suggested that the first Austronesian settlers of the Marshall Islands arrived from the Solomon Islands."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - European exploration", "says": "While commanding the Santa Maria de la Victoria, he sighted an atoll with a green lagoon, which may have been Taongi."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - European exploration", "says": "By the late 16th century, Spanish galleons sailing between the Americas and the Philippines kept to a sea lane at 13°N and provisioned at Guam, avoiding the Marshalls, which Spanish sailors saw as unprofitable islands amid hazardous waters."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "In the 1870s, various other companies from Germany, Hawaii, New Zealand, and the United States engaged in the copra trade in the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - German protectorate", "says": "On August 29, 1885, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck authorized the annexation of the Marshall Islands as a protectorate following repeated petitions by German business interests."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - Japanese mandate", "says": "After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States Pacific Fleet carried out the Marshalls–Gilberts raids, which struck Jaluit, Kwajalein, Maloelap, and Wotje on February 1, 1942."}, {"id": "Q2478583", "label": "Compact of Free Association", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States in 1986."}, {"id": "Q12917", "label": "Imata Kabua", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "It was not until 1999, following political corruption allegations, that the aristocratic government was overthrown, with Imata Kabua replaced by the commoner Kessai Note."}, {"id": "Q12914", "label": "Kessai Note", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "It was not until 1999, following political corruption allegations, that the aristocratic government was overthrown, with Imata Kabua replaced by the commoner Kessai Note."}, {"id": "Q20658229", "label": "David Kabua", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In a January 2020 election, David Kabua, son of founding president Amata Kabua, replaced Hilda Heine as President of the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q12915", "label": "Amata Kabua", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In a January 2020 election, David Kabua, son of founding president Amata Kabua, replaced Hilda Heine as President of the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q20090884", "label": "Hilda Heine", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In a January 2020 election, David Kabua, son of founding president Amata Kabua, replaced Hilda Heine as President of the Marshall Islands."}], "Q760": [{"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "lead", "says": "Part of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Early European exploration and colonization", "says": "It is possible that Christopher Columbus may have sighted the island during his fourth voyage in 1502, but he does not mention the island in his log."}, {"id": "Q345620", "label": "Juan de la Cosa", "section": "History - Early European exploration and colonization", "says": "Juan de la Cosa noted the island on his map of 1500, calling it El Falcon, and another island to the south Las Agujas."}, {"id": "Q130805", "label": "George I of Great Britain", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "In 1722, George I of Great Britain granted both Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent to the 2nd Duke of Montagu."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "During the American Revolutionary War, the British captured the island in 1778, but returned it to France in 1783 under the terms of the Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "In January 1791, during the French Revolution the National Assembly sent four commissioners to Saint Lucia to counter Royalist sentiments there."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "Following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars and proclamation of the French First Republic, in December 1792 Lieutenant Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse arrived in Saint Lucia with revolutionary pamphlets and the colony's poor whites and free people of colour began to arm themselves."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "Following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars and proclamation of the French First Republic, in December 1792 Lieutenant Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse arrived in Saint Lucia with revolutionary pamphlets and the colony's poor whites and free people of colour began to arm themselves."}, {"id": "Q1553709", "label": "Victor Hugues", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "In June 1795, French forces under the nominal control of Victor Hugues recaptured the island from the British."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "History - 18th and 19th centuries", "says": "The British returned Saint Lucia to France in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens, which ended the French Revo"}, {"id": "Q443057", "label": "Battle of the Caribbean", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Many Saint Lucians served during the Second World War, and the conflict visited the island directly during the Battle of the Caribbean, when a German U-boat attacked and sank two British ships in Castries harbour on 9 March 1942."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Independence was peacefully gained in 1979 under Sir John Compton of United Workers Party, with the island remaining within the British Commonwealth, keeping then-Queen Elizabeth II as Monarch, represented locally by a Governor-General."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Post-independence era", "says": "The 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 killed two Saint Lucians, and caused an economic slowdown, although moderate growth continued until the Great Recession."}], "Q641": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as an important centre of commerce—especially silk, grain, and spice, and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as an important centre of commerce—especially silk, grain, and spice, and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797, at the hands of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "This part of Roman Italy was again overrun in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by Attila."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the Lombards in 568, left the Eastern Roman Empire only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the Lombards in 568, left the Eastern Roman Empire only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice."}, {"id": "Q336023", "label": "Paolo Lucio Anafesto", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the Exarch Paul, and Paul's successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's magister militum (or \"general\"), literally \"master of soldiers.\" In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy, at the urging of Pope Gregory II."}, {"id": "Q44343", "label": "Marcello Tegalliano", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the Exarch Paul, and Paul's successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's magister militum (or \"general\"), literally \"master of soldiers.\" In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy, at the urging of Pope Gregory II."}, {"id": "Q103321", "label": "Gregory II", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the Exarch Paul, and Paul's successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's magister militum (or \"general\"), literally \"master of soldiers.\" In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy, at the urging of Pope Gregory II."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade centre between Western Europe and the rest of the world, especially with the Byzantine Empire and Asia, where its navy protected sea routes against piracy."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by the capture and sacking of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by the capture and sacking of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Venice confronted the Ottoman Empire in the Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) and sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks in 1453."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "After the Fall of Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II declared the first of a series of Ottoman-Venetian wars that cost Venice many of its eastern Mediterranean possessions."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and struck again between 1575 and 1577."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Venice began to lose its position as a centre of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "The Republic of Venice lost its independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "It was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia."}, {"id": "Q1163753", "label": "Daniele Manin", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "In 1848, a revolt briefly re-established the Venetian republic under Daniele Manin, but this was crushed in 1849."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "During World War II, the historic city was largely free from attack, with the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "On 29 April 1945, a force of British and New Zealand troops of the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant General Freyberg, liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity."}], "Q490": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From AD 284 to 402, it served as capital of the western part of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q762", "label": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "lead", "says": "The city is a major cultural center, with museums and art galleries that feature some of the most important collections in the world, including major works by Leonardo da Vinci."}, {"id": "Q316475", "label": "Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus", "section": "History - Roman times", "says": "During the Roman Republic, the Romans, led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, fought the Insubres and captured the settlement in 222 BC."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "History - Roman times", "says": "In 286, the Roman Emperor Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman times", "says": "In 286, the Roman Emperor Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum."}, {"id": "Q46768", "label": "Maximian", "section": "History - Roman times", "says": "Diocletian himself chose to reside at Nicomedia in the Eastern Empire, leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After the siege of the city by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence moved to Ravenna."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 539 the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 539 the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In the summer of 569 the Lombards (from whom the name of the Italian region Lombardy derives), conquered Milan, overpowering the small Byzantine garrison left for its defence."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the Franks in 774."}, {"id": "Q693411", "label": "Peace of Constance", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained in the Peace of Constance in 1183, Milan returned to the commune form of local government first established in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q357539", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Visconti", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1395, Gian Galeazzo Visconti became the first Duke of Milan upon receiving the title from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Milan's last independent ruler, Lodovico il Moro, requested the aid of Charles VIII of France against the other Italian states, eventually unleashing the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Milan's last independent ruler, Lodovico il Moro, requested the aid of Charles VIII of France against the other Italian states, eventually unleashing the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "When the Emperor Charles V defeated Francis I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, French rule in the Duchy of Milan came to an end."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Charles's Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and the line of the Spanish Habsburgs, while Ferdinand's Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1064", "label": "Alessandro Manzoni", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "The Great Plague of Milan in 1629–31, that claimed the lives of an estimated 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000, caused unprecedented devastation in the city and was effectively described by Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece The Betrothed."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "This episode was seen by many as the symbol of Spanish bad rule and decadence and is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries-long pandemic of plague that began with the Black Death."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "After his death, the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796, and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796, and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "After Napoleon's occupation ended, the Congress of Vienna returned Lombardy and Milan to Austrian control in 1815."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Late modern and contemporary", "says": "About ten years later, however, Italian nationalist politicians, officers and intellectuals such as Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini were able to gather a huge consensus and to pressure the monarchy to forge an alliance with the new French Empire of Napoleon III to defeat Austria and establish a large Italian state in the region."}, {"id": "Q324916", "label": "Battle of Solferino", "section": "History - Late modern and contemporary", "says": "At the Battle of Solferino in 1859, French and Italian troops heavily defeated the Austrians that retreated under the Quadrilateral line."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Late modern and contemporary", "says": "It was in Milan that Benito Mussolini built his political and journalistic careers, and his fascist Blackshirts rallied for the first time in the city's Piazza San Sepolcro; here the future Fascist dictator launched his March on Rome on 28 October 1922."}, {"id": "Q468823", "label": "March on Rome", "section": "History - Late modern and contemporary", "says": "It was in Milan that Benito Mussolini built his political and journalistic careers, and his fascist Blackshirts rallied for the first time in the city's Piazza San Sepolcro; here the future Fascist dictator launched his March on Rome on 28 October 1922."}], "Q14773": [{"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Zhuhai to the north and west, and it lies west of Hong Kong, separated by the Pearl River estuary."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Formerly a Portuguese colony, the territory of Portuguese Macau was first leased to Portugal by the Ming dynasty as a trading post in 1557."}, {"id": "Q700327", "label": "Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking", "section": "lead", "says": "Portugal paid an annual rent and administered the territory under Chinese sovereignty until 1887, when Portugal gained perpetual colonial rights with the signing of the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking."}], "Q219060": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict dates back to the rise of the Zionist movement, supported by the United Kingdom during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict dates back to the rise of the Zionist movement, supported by the United Kingdom during World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The war saw Britain occupying Palestine from the Ottoman Empire, where it set up Mandatory Palestine under the auspices of the League of Nations."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Increased Jewish immigration led to intercommunal conflict between Jews and Palestinian Arabs, which escalated into a civil war in 1947 after a proposed partitioning by the United Nations was rejected by the Palestinians and other Arab nations."}], "Q702": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire island federation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire island federation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire island federation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire island federation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The entire island federation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The FSM was a part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United States from 1947 to 1994."}, {"id": "Q2478583", "label": "Compact of Free Association", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 10, 1979, the islands ratified a constitutional government and then became a sovereign state after attaining independence on November 3, 1986—under a Compact of Free Association with the United States."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "The Treaty of Tordesillas gave these lands to Spain and the Spanish incorporated the archipelago to the Spanish East Indies through the capital, Manila, and in the 19th century established several outposts and missions."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "In 1887, they founded the town of Santiago de la Ascensión in what today is Kolonia on the island of Pohnpei."}, {"id": "Q43922", "label": "Leo XIII", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "In the 1870s, Germany began extending its sphere of influence in the Caroline Islands, leading to the Carolines Question of 1885 in which Pope Leo XIII was asked to determine if Germany or Spain had authority over the islands."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "Following defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Spanish sold the archipelago to Germany in 1899 under the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899."}, {"id": "Q664603", "label": "German–Spanish Treaty", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "Following defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Spanish sold the archipelago to Germany in 1899 under the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "Germany incorporated it into German New Guinea. (A few remote islands, notably Kapingamarangi, were not specifically named in the treaty, but this remained unnoticed until the late 1940s and, while acknowledging the historical curiosity in 1949, Spain has made no modern claims to the islands.)\nDuring World War I, it was captured by Japan."}, {"id": "Q718763", "label": "South Seas Mandate", "section": "History - European contact and colonial rule", "says": "Following the war, the League of Nations awarded a mandate for Japan to administer the islands as part of the South Seas Mandate."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Operation Hailstone", "says": "Truk Lagoon served as a significant base for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II."}, {"id": "Q2026138", "label": "Operation Hailstone", "section": "History - Operation Hailstone", "says": "Navy launched Operation Hailstone, a massive air and surface attack on Truk Lagoon."}], "Q12560": [{"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "lead", "says": "1299 by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "lead", "says": "Further conquests by Selim I led the Sultans to adopt the title of caliph."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire became a global power."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Further defeats from Austria and Russia culminated in the loss of territory, and with rising nationalism after the French Revolution, a number of new states emerged in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1876 revolution, the Ottoman Empire attempted constitutional monarchy, before reverting to an absolute monarchy under Abdul Hamid II, following the Great Eastern Crisis."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the course of the late 19th century, Ottoman intellectuals known as Young Turks sought to liberalise and rationalise society and politics along Western lines, culminating in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which reestablished a constitutional monarchy."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "However, following the disastrous Balkan Wars, the CUP became increasingly radicalis"}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "One of these, in the Bithynia region on the Byzantine frontier, was led by Osman I (d."}, {"id": "Q1509619", "label": "Battle of Bapheus", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "Osman extended his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River, and a Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Bapheus in 1302 contributed to his rise."}, {"id": "Q927154", "label": "Tsardom of Vidin", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "The Battle of Nicopolis for the Bulgarian Tsardom of Vidin in 1396, regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, also failed to stop the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "In 1402, the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Ottoman Anatolia from the east."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "The Balkan territories lost by the Ottomans after 1402, including Thessaloniki, Macedonia, and Kosovo, were recovered by Murad II be"}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "History - Rise (c. 1299–1453)", "says": "The Balkan territories lost by the Ottomans after 1402, including Thessaloniki, Macedonia, and Kosovo, were recovered by Murad II be"}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "History - Expansion and peak (1453–1566)", "says": "Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) dramatically expanded the eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Iran, in the Battle of Chaldiran."}, {"id": "Q745110", "label": "Battle of Chaldiran", "section": "History - Expansion and peak (1453–1566)", "says": "Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) dramatically expanded the eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Iran, in the Battle of Chaldiran."}, {"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "History - Expansion and peak (1453–1566)", "says": "Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt by defeating and annexing the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and created a naval presence on the Red Sea."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Expansion and peak (1453–1566)", "says": "After this Ottoman expansion, competition began between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottomans to become the dominant power in the region."}, {"id": "Q1080711", "label": "Ottoman–Hungarian Wars", "section": "History - Expansion and peak (1453–1566)", "says": "Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars, and, after his historic victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Ottoman rule in the territory of present-day Hungary and other Central European territories."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Expansion and peak (1453–1566)", "says": "By this partitioning as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while southern Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "History - Revolts, reversals, and revivals (1566–1683)", "says": "Under Ivan IV (1533–1584), the Tsardom of Russia expanded into the Volga and Caspian regions at the expense of the Tatar khanates."}, {"id": "Q735719", "label": "Devlet I Giray", "section": "History - Revolts, reversals, and revivals (1566–1683)", "says": "In 1571, the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray, commanded by the Ottomans, invaded Russia and burned Moscow."}, {"id": "Q1760784", "label": "Battle of Molodi", "section": "History - Revolts, reversals, and revivals (1566–1683)", "says": "The next year, the invasion was repeated but repelled at the Battle of Molodi."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Revolts, reversals, and revivals (1566–1683)", "says": "The Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the Crimean Khanate, continued to invade Eastern Europe in a series of slave raids, and remained a significant power in Eastern Europe until the end of the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q18639863", "label": "Venetian Cyprus", "section": "History - Revolts, reversals, and revivals (1566–1683)", "says": "The Ottomans decided to conquer Venetian Cyprus and on 22 July 1570, Nicosia was besieged; 50,000 Christians died, and 180,000 were enslaved."}, {"id": "Q1086625", "label": "Siege of Famagusta", "section": "History - Revolts, reversals, and revivals (1566–1683)", "says": "The Siege of Famagusta claimed 50,000 Ottoman casualties."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine (part of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721)."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine (part of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721)."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine (part of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721)."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "Charles XII persuaded the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia, which resulted in an Ottoman victory in the Pruth River Campaign of 1710–1711, in Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q846708", "label": "Pruth River Campaign", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "Charles XII persuaded the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia, which resulted in an Ottoman victory in the Pruth River Campaign of 1710–1711, in Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "After the Austro-Turkish War, the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia, and \"Little Walachia\" (Oltenia) to Austria."}, {"id": "Q11821309", "label": "Treaty of Belgrade", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "The Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739), which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the Ottoman recovery of northern Bosnia, Habsburg Serbia (including Belgrade), Oltenia and the southern parts of the Banat of Temeswar; but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians."}, {"id": "Q951058", "label": "Damat Ibrahim Pasha", "section": "History - Military defeats", "says": "In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders)."}, {"id": "Q75698", "label": "Samuel Finley Breese Morse", "section": "History - Decline and modernisation (1828–1908)", "says": "American inventor Samuel Morse received an Ottoman patent for the telegraph in 1847, issued by Sultan Abdülmecid, who personally tested the invention."}, {"id": "Q723717", "label": "Norman Stone", "section": "History - Decline and modernisation (1828–1908)", "says": "Author Norman Stone suggests that the Arabic alphabet, in which Turkish was written until 1928, was ill-suited to reflect the sounds of Turkish (which is a Turkic as opposed to Semitic language), which imposed further difficulty on Turkish children."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Decline and modernisation (1828–1908)", "says": "The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Young Turk movement", "says": "Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Young Turk movement", "says": "Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "History - Young Turk movement", "says": "Despite military reforms which reconstituted the Ottoman Modern Army, the Empire lost its North African territories and the Dodecanese in the Italo-Turkish War (1911) and almost all of its European territories in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Young Turk movement", "says": "The Empire faced continuous unrest in the years leading up to World War I, including the 31 March Incident and two further coups in 1912 and 1913."}, {"id": "Q516749", "label": "March Incident", "section": "History - Young Turk movement", "says": "The Empire faced continuous unrest in the years leading up to World War I, including the 31 March Incident and two further coups in 1912 and 1913."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Ottoman participation in the war began with the combined German-Ottoman surprise attack on the Black Sea coast of the Russian Empire on 29 October 1914."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Following the attack, the Russian Empire (2 November 1914) and its allies France (5 November 1914) and the British Empire (5 November 1914) declared war on the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Also on 5 November 1914, the British government changed the status of the Khedivate of Egypt and Cyprus, which were de jure Ottoman territories prior to the war, to British protectorates."}, {"id": "Q815166", "label": "Siege of Kut", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Ottomans successfully defended the Dardanelles strait during the Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) and achieved initial victories against British forces in the first two years of the Mesopotamian campaign, such as the Siege of Kut (1915–1916); but the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) turned the tide against the Ottomans in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Ottomans successfully defended the Dardanelles strait during the Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) and achieved initial victories against British forces in the first two years of the Mesopotamian campaign, such as the Siege of Kut (1915–1916); but the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) turned the tide against the Ottomans in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Russian forces advanced into northeastern Anatolia and controlled the major cities there until retreating from World War I with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk following the Russian Revolution in 1917."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "History - Arab Revolt", "says": "Following the terms of the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, the British and French later partitioned the Middle East into mandate territories."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "History - Treaty of Sèvres and Turkish War of Independence", "says": "Defeated in World War I, the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "History - Treaty of Sèvres and Turkish War of Independence", "says": "The partition of the Ottoman Empire was finalised under the terms of the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "History - Treaty of Sèvres and Turkish War of Independence", "says": "It won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname \"Atatürk\")."}, {"id": "Q162543", "label": "Mehmed VI", "section": "History - Treaty of Sèvres and Turkish War of Independence", "says": "The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–1922), left the country on 17 November 1922."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Treaty of Sèvres and Turkish War of Independence", "says": "The Republic of Turkey was established in its place on 29 October 1923, in the new capital city of Ankara."}], "Q2277": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD, whereas the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire) persisted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it was severely destabilised by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it was severely destabilised by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q160387", "label": "Battle of Actium", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it was severely destabilised by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it was severely destabilised by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power (imperium) and the new title of Augustus, marking his accession as the first Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q1434", "label": "Commodus", "section": "lead", "says": "98–117 AD), but increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus (r."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gallic and Palmyrene empires broke away and a series of short-lived emperors led the Empire, which was later reunified under Aurelian (r."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil wars ended with the victory of Diocletian (r."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Constantine the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in 476 by Odoacer, the Western Empire finally collapsed."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Transition from Republic to Empire", "says": "The Republic was not a nation-state in the modern sense, but a network of self-ruled towns (with varying degrees of independence from the Senate) and provinces administered by military commanders."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Transition from Republic to Empire", "says": "In 44 BC Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated by a faction that opposed his concentration of power."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "History - Pax Romana", "says": "The Julio-Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors—Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of the Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as the victor."}, {"id": "Q470596", "label": "Year of the Four Emperors", "section": "History - Pax Romana", "says": "The Julio-Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors—Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of the Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as the victor."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "History - Pax Romana", "says": "The Julio-Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors—Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of the Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as the victor."}, {"id": "Q1429", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "section": "History - Pax Romana", "says": "Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, followed by the Nerva–Antonine dynasty which produced the \"Five Good Emperors\": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "History - Pax Romana", "says": "Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, followed by the Nerva–Antonine dynasty which produced the \"Five Good Emperors\": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius."}, {"id": "Q334502", "label": "Bar Kokhba revolt", "section": "History - Pax Romana", "says": "Hadrian's measures, combined with restrictions on Jewish practices, helped spark the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–135 AD)."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "History - Transition from classical to late antiquity", "says": "In the view of contemporary Greek historian Cassius Dio, the accession of Commodus in 180 marked the descent \"from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron\", a comment which has led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the Empire's decline."}, {"id": "Q161841", "label": "Edward Gibbon", "section": "History - Transition from classical to late antiquity", "says": "In the view of contemporary Greek historian Cassius Dio, the accession of Commodus in 180 marked the descent \"from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron\", a comment which has led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the Empire's decline."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "History - Transition from classical to late antiquity", "says": "The Severan dynasty was tumultuous; an emperor's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution and, following its collapse, the Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of invasions, civil strife, economic disorder, and plague."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Transition from classical to late antiquity", "says": "Diocletian's reign brought the empire's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity, the \"Great Persecution\"."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "History - Transition from classical to late antiquity", "says": "Julian, who under the influence of his adviser Mardonius attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Transition from classical to late antiquity", "says": "Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395 after making Christianity the state religion."}, {"id": "Q37142", "label": "Konstantinos XI Palaiologos", "section": "History - Fall in the West and survival in the East", "says": "The Eastern Roman Empire, called the Byzantine Empire by later historians, continued until the reign of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Fall in the West and survival in the East", "says": "He died in battle in 1453 against Mehmed II and his Ottoman forces during the siege of Constantinople."}], "Q11768": [{"id": "Q551888", "label": "Wars of Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The end of ancient Egypt is variously defined as occurring with the end of the Late Period during the Wars of Alexander the Great in 332 BC or with the end of the Greek-ruled Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The end of ancient Egypt is variously defined as occurring with the end of the Late Period during the Wars of Alexander the Great in 332 BC or with the end of the Greek-ruled Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Predynastic period", "says": "As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes."}, {"id": "Q296439", "label": "Mentuhotep II", "section": "History - First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC)", "says": "Around 2055 BC the northern Theban forces under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II finally defeated the Herakleopolitan rulers, reuniting the Two Lands."}, {"id": "Q7222", "label": "Ahmose I", "section": "History - Second Intermediate Period (1674–1549 BC) and the Hyksos", "says": "Ahmose I waged a series of campaigns that permanently eradicated the Hyksos' presence in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)", "says": "Military campaigns waged under Thutmose I and his grandson Thutmose III extended the influence of the pharaohs to the largest empire Egypt had ever seen."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "History - New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)", "says": "Between their reigns, Hatshepsut, a queen who established herself as pharaoh, launched many building projects, including the restoration of temples damaged by the Hyksos, and sent trading expeditions to Punt and the Sinai."}, {"id": "Q81794", "label": "Akhenaten", "section": "History - New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)", "says": "Changing his name to Akhenaten, he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten as the supreme deity, suppressed the worship of most other deities, and moved the capital to the new city of Akhetaten (modern-day Amarna)."}, {"id": "Q157995", "label": "Horemheb", "section": "History - New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)", "says": "The subsequent pharaohs, Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb, worked to erase all mention of Akhenaten's heresy, now known as the Amarna Period."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "History - New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)", "says": "Around 1279 BC, Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, ascended the throne, and went on to build more temples, erect more statues and obelisks, and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)", "says": "A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh (in modern Syria) and, after fighting to a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty, around 1258 BC."}, {"id": "Q203729", "label": "Battle of Kadesh", "section": "History - New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)", "says": "A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh (in modern Syria) and, after fighting to a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty, around 1258 BC."}, {"id": "Q313121", "label": "Ramesses XI", "section": "History - Third Intermediate Period (1069–653 BC)", "says": "Following the death of Ramesses XI in 1078 BC, Smendes assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt, ruling from the city of Tanis."}, {"id": "Q311811", "label": "Shoshenq I", "section": "History - Third Intermediate Period (1069–653 BC)", "says": "Libyan princes took control of the delta under Shoshenq I in 945 BC, founding the so-called Libyan or Bubastite dynasty that would rule for some 200 years."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Late Period (653–332 BC)", "says": "The Saite kings based in the new capital of Sais witnessed a brief but spirited resurgence in the economy and culture, but in 525 BC, the Persian Empire, led by Cambyses II, began its conquest of Egypt, eventually defeating the pharaoh Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - Late Period (653–332 BC)", "says": "The Saite kings based in the new capital of Sais witnessed a brief but spirited resurgence in the economy and culture, but in 525 BC, the Persian Empire, led by Cambyses II, began its conquest of Egypt, eventually defeating the pharaoh Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium."}, {"id": "Q316278", "label": "Psamtik III", "section": "History - Late Period (653–332 BC)", "says": "The Saite kings based in the new capital of Sais witnessed a brief but spirited resurgence in the economy and culture, but in 525 BC, the Persian Empire, led by Cambyses II, began its conquest of Egypt, eventually defeating the pharaoh Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Late Period (653–332 BC)", "says": "Following its annexation by Persia, Egypt was joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q313126", "label": "Nectanebo II", "section": "History - Late Period (653–332 BC)", "says": "The last of these dynasties, the Thirtieth, proved to be the last native royal house of ancient Egypt, ending with the kingship of Nectanebo II."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Late Period (653–332 BC)", "says": "A brief restoration of Persian rule, sometimes known as the Thirty-First Dynasty, began in 343 BC, but shortly after, in 332 BC, the Persian ruler Mazaces handed Egypt over to Alexander the Great without a fight."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)", "says": "Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC, following the defeat of Mark Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) in the Battle of Actium."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "History - Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)", "says": "Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC, following the defeat of Mark Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) in the Battle of Actium."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)", "says": "Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC, following the defeat of Mark Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) in the Battle of Actium."}, {"id": "Q160387", "label": "Battle of Actium", "section": "History - Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)", "says": "Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC, following the defeat of Mark Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) in the Battle of Actium."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)", "says": "From the mid-first century AD, Christianity took root in Egypt and it was originally seen as another cult that could be accepted."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "History - Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)", "says": "This led to the persecution of converts to Christianity, culminating in the great purges of Diocletian starting in 303, but eventually Christianity won out."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Roman period (30 BC – AD 642)", "says": "In 391, the Christian emperor Theodosius I introduced legislation that banned pagan rites and closed temples."}], "Q12544": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Having survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Having survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "324–337) legalised Christianity and moved the capital to Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodosius I (r."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent under the reign of Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 630s and 640s the Arab conquests defeated Byzantine field armies in Syria and Egypt, resulting in the permanent loss of those provinces to the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 698, Africa was lost to the Umayyad Caliphate, but the empire stabilised under the Isaurian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was severely fragmented in 1204, following the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade; its former territories were then divided into competing Greek rump states and Latin realms."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "History - Pre-518: Constantinian, Theodosian, and Leonid dynasties", "says": "One of these, Diocletian (r."}, {"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "History - Pre-518: Constantinian, Theodosian, and Leonid dynasties", "says": "379–395), secured peace in the east by allowing the Goths to settle in Roman territory; he also twice intervened in the western half, defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius in 388 and 394, respectively."}, {"id": "Q313058", "label": "Eugenius", "section": "History - Pre-518: Constantinian, Theodosian, and Leonid dynasties", "says": "379–395), secured peace in the east by allowing the Goths to settle in Roman territory; he also twice intervened in the western half, defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius in 388 and 394, respectively."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "History - Pre-518: Constantinian, Theodosian, and Leonid dynasties", "says": "Theodosius II (r."}, {"id": "Q211772", "label": "Anthemius", "section": "History - Pre-518: Constantinian, Theodosian, and Leonid dynasties", "says": "408–450) largely left the rule of the East to officials such as Anthemius, who constructed the Theodosian Walls."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom in North Africa was subjugated in late 533 by the general Belisarius, who then invaded Italy; the Ostrogothic Kingdom mostly ended in 554."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom in North Africa was subjugated in late 533 by the general Belisarius, who then invaded Italy; the Ostrogothic Kingdom mostly ended in 554."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom in North Africa was subjugated in late 533 by the general Belisarius, who then invaded Italy; the Ostrogothic Kingdom mostly ended in 554."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "In the 540s, Justinian began to suffer reversals on multiple fronts."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "Capitalising on Constantinople's preoccupation with the West, Khosrow I of the Sasanian Empire invaded Byzantine territory and sacked Antioch in 540."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "Capitalising on Constantinople's preoccupation with the West, Khosrow I of the Sasanian Empire invaded Byzantine territory and sacked Antioch in 540."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "Justin II (r."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "Fearing the aggressive Avars, the Lombards conquered much of northern Italy by 572."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "The Sasanians seized their moment and reopened hostilities; Phocas was unable to cope and soon faced a major rebellion led by Heraclius."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "History - 518–717: Justinian and Heraclian dynasties", "says": "Under Khosrow II, the Sassanids occupied the Levant and Egypt and advanced into Asia Minor, and the Avars and Slavs raided in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "The emperors Leo III (r."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "717–741) and Constantine V (r."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "Constantine overcame an early civil war against his brother-in-law Artabasdos, created stability against the new Abbasid Caliphate, campaigned successfully against the Bulgars, and continued to make administrative and military reforms."}, {"id": "Q41661", "label": "Konstantinos VI", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "In 780, Empress Irene assumed power as regent for her son Constantine VI."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "The Bulgars and Abbasids inflicted numerous defeats on the Byzantine armies, and the papacy crowned Charlemagne as Roman emperor in 800."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "In 802, the unpopular Irene was overthrown by Nikephoros I; he reformed the empire's administration but died in battle against the Bulgars in 811."}, {"id": "Q60199", "label": "Theophilos", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "Stability was somewhat restored during the reign of Theophilos (r."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "After his death, his empress Theodora, ruling on behalf of her son Michael III, permanently restored the veneration of icons; the empire prospered under their sometimes-fraught rule."}, {"id": "Q41622", "label": "Michael III", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "After his death, his empress Theodora, ruling on behalf of her son Michael III, permanently restored the veneration of icons; the empire prospered under their sometimes-fraught rule."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "History - 718–867: Isaurian, Nikephorian, and Amorian dynasties", "says": "Michael was posthumously vilified by historians loyal to the dynasty of his successor Basil I, who had him assassinated in 867 and later benefited from successes begun under his predecessor."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "The early reign of this heir, Constantine VII, was tumultuous, as his mother Zoe, his uncle Alexander, the patriarch Nicholas, members of leading aristocratic families, and the powerful external pressure of Simeon I of Bulgaria shaped the struggle for power."}, {"id": "Q192264", "label": "Simeon I of Bulgaria", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "The early reign of this heir, Constantine VII, was tumultuous, as his mother Zoe, his uncle Alexander, the patriarch Nicholas, members of leading aristocratic families, and the powerful external pressure of Simeon I of Bulgaria shaped the struggle for power."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "His reign, marked by the end of the war against Bulgaria and successes in the east under the general John Kourkouas, ended in 944 when his sons deposed him; Constantine then removed them and ruled as sole emperor."}, {"id": "Q2632670", "label": "John Kourkouas", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "His reign, marked by the end of the war against Bulgaria and successes in the east under the general John Kourkouas, ended in 944 when his sons deposed him; Constantine then removed them and ruled as sole emperor."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "963–969) and John I Tzimiskes (r."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "969–976), the army claimed numerous military successes, including the conquest of Cilicia and Antioch, and a victory against Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus' in 971."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "After John's death, Constantine VII's grandsons Basil II and Constantine VIII ruled jointly for half a century, although the latter exercised little real power."}, {"id": "Q41663", "label": "Konstantinos VIII", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "After John's death, Constantine VII's grandsons Basil II and Constantine VIII ruled jointly for half a century, although the latter exercised little real power."}, {"id": "Q744590", "label": "Bardas Skleros", "section": "History - 867–1081: Macedonian and Doukas dynasties", "says": "Their early reign was occupied by conflicts against two prominent generals, Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas, which ended in 989 after Phokas's death and Skleros's submission, and by a power struggle against the eunuch Basileios, who was dismissed in 985."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "Alexios immediately faced the Normans under Robert Guiscard and repelled them through warfare and diplomacy."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "Finally, looking to recover Asia Minor from the Seljuks, he approached Pope Urban II for help c."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "The scale and aims of western Christendom's response exceeded Byzantine expectations: the First Crusade helped restore parts of western Anatolia to Byzantine control, although Alexios and its leaders soon fell out."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "Alexios' concentration of power in the hands of his Komnenos dynasty meant the most serious political threats came from within the imperial family—before his coronation, John II had to overcome his mother Irene and his sister Anna, and the primary threat during his reign was his brother Isaac."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "John campaigned annually and extensively—he fought the Pechenegs in 1122, the Hungarians in the late 1120s, and the Seljuks throughout his reign, waging large campaigns in Syria in his final years—but he did not achieve large territorial gains."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "In 1138, John raised the imperial standard over the Crusader Principality of Antioch to intimidate the city into allying with the Byzantines, but did not attack, fearing that it would provoke western Christendom to respond."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "Through a combination of diplomacy and subsidies, he cultivated a network of allies and client rulers around the empire: the Turks of the Sultanate of Rum, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Cilician Armenians, Balkan princes, Italian and Dalmatian cities, and most importantly Antioch and the Crusader States, marrying one of their princesses in 1161."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "History - 1081–1204: Komnenos and Angelos dynasties", "says": "Manuel managed the difficult passage of the Second Crusade through Byzantine territories in 1147, but the campaign's failure was blamed on the Byzantines by western contemporaries."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "The crusaders crowned Baldwin I as the ruler of a new Latin Empire in Constantinople; it soon suffered a crushing defeat against the Bulgarians in 1205."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "It also failed to expand west or east, where three successor states had formed: the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond in Asia Minor, and the Despotate of Epirus on the Adriatic."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "It also failed to expand west or east, where three successor states had formed: the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond in Asia Minor, and the Despotate of Epirus on the Adriatic."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "It also failed to expand west or east, where three successor states had formed: the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond in Asia Minor, and the Despotate of Epirus on the Adriatic."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "The Venetians acquired many ports and islands, and the Principality of Achaea emerged in southern Greece."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "For a time, Epirus appeared well placed to reclaim Constantinople from the Latins, and its ruler Theodore Doukas crowned himself emperor, but he suffered a critical defeat at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230, and Epirote power waned."}, {"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "He staved off the threatening Charles I of Anjou first by recognising papal primacy and certain Catholic doctrines at the 1274 Second Council of Lyon, and then by aiding the Sicilian Vespers against Charles in 1282."}, {"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "He staved off the threatening Charles I of Anjou first by recognising papal primacy and certain Catholic doctrines at the 1274 Second Council of Lyon, and then by aiding the Sicilian Vespers against Charles in 1282."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - 1204–1453: Palaiologos dynasty", "says": "1328–1341) led several campaigns to restore imperial influence, succeeding in Epirus and Thessaly."}], "Q36704": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It came into existence following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "It came into existence following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "It came into existence following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It came into existence following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter I was the country's first sovereign."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country from 1944 until his death in 1980, first as the prime minister and later as the president."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The six constituent republics that made up the SFRY were the socialist republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia."}], "Q12548": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It developed in the Early Middle Ages (beginning in either 800 or 962), and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 15th century, imperial governance had become concentrated in and upon the Kingdom of Germany, as the empire's effective control over Italy and Burgundy had largely disappeared."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne (the Frankish king) as Roman Emperor, reviving the title more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne (the Frankish king) as Roman Emperor, reviving the title more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne (the Frankish king) as Roman Emperor, reviving the title more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476."}, {"id": "Q172933", "label": "John XII", "section": "lead", "says": "The title had again lapsed by 924 but was revived again in 962 with the crowning of Otto of Saxony as emperor by Pope John XII."}, {"id": "Q43915", "label": "Otto I the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Otto the Great (as he became known), was King of the Germans but as emperor he became Charlemagne's successor, ruling in lands that had been first brought together as the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Otto the Great (as he became known), was King of the Germans but as emperor he became Charlemagne's successor, ruling in lands that had been first brought together as the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q130875", "label": "House of Hohenstaufen", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire reached its apex in terms of territorial expansion and power in the mid-13th century, under the House of Hohenstaufen, but this was an overextension and led to a partial collapse."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation by French emperor Napoleon of the Confederation of the Rhine from German client states loyal to France."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation by French emperor Napoleon of the Confederation of the Rhine from German client states loyal to France."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation by French emperor Napoleon of the Confederation of the Rhine from German client states loyal to France."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, the Merovingians, under Clovis I and his successors, consolidated Frankish tribes and extended hegemony over others to gain control of northern Gaul and the middle Rhine river valley region."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "By the middle of the 8th century, the Merovingians were reduced to figureheads, and the Carolingians, led by Charles Martel, became the de facto rulers."}, {"id": "Q31755", "label": "Leo III the Syrian", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "Although antagonism about the expense of Byzantine domination had long persisted within Italy, a political rupture was set in motion in earnest in 726 by the iconoclasm of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, in what Pope Gregory II saw as the latest in a series of imperial heresies."}, {"id": "Q103321", "label": "Gregory II", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "Although antagonism about the expense of Byzantine domination had long persisted within Italy, a political rupture was set in motion in earnest in 726 by the iconoclasm of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, in what Pope Gregory II saw as the latest in a series of imperial heresies."}, {"id": "Q41661", "label": "Konstantinos VI", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "In 797, the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VI was removed from the throne by his mother, Empress Irene, who declared herself sole ruler."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "Charlemagne's good service to the Church in his defense of Papal possessions against the Lombards made him the ideal candidate."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "This can be seen as symbolic of the papacy turning away from the declining Byzantine Empire toward the new power of Carolingian Francia."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "In 802, Irene was overthrown and exiled by Nikephoros I and henceforth there were two Roman emperors."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "After Charlemagne died in 814, the imperial crown passed to his son, Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "Treaty of Verdun, Treaty of Prüm, Treaty of Meerssen and Treaty of Ribemont), and over the course of the later 9th century the title of emperor was disputed by the Carolingian rulers of the Western Frankish Kingd"}, {"id": "Q708468", "label": "Treaty of Ribemont", "section": "History - Carolingian Empire", "says": "Treaty of Verdun, Treaty of Prüm, Treaty of Meerssen and Treaty of Ribemont), and over the course of the later 9th century the title of emperor was disputed by the Carolingian rulers of the Western Frankish Kingd"}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom", "says": "Around 900, East Francia's autonomous stem duchies (Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, Saxony, and Lotharingia) reemerged."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "History - Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom", "says": "After the Carolingian king Louis the Child died without issue in 911, East Francia did not turn to the Carolingian ruler of West Francia to take over the realm but instead elected one of the dukes, Conrad of Franconia, as Rex Francorum Orientalium."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom", "says": "After the Carolingian king Louis the Child died without issue in 911, East Francia did not turn to the Carolingian ruler of West Francia to take over the realm but instead elected one of the dukes, Conrad of Franconia, as Rex Francorum Orientalium."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "History - Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom", "says": "After the Carolingian king Louis the Child died without issue in 911, East Francia did not turn to the Carolingian ruler of West Francia to take over the realm but instead elected one of the dukes, Conrad of Franconia, as Rex Francorum Orientalium."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "History - Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom", "says": "On his deathbed, Conrad yielded the crown to his main rival, Henry the Fowler of Saxony (r."}, {"id": "Q164697", "label": "Battle of Riade", "section": "History - Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom", "says": "Henry reached a truce with the raiding Magyars, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the Battle of Riade."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - Formation of the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "In 955, Otto won a decisive victory over the Magyars in the Battle of Lechfeld."}, {"id": "Q1747689", "label": "Ancient Rome", "section": "History - Formation of the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Otto's coronation as emperor marked the German kings as successors to the empire of Charlemagne, which through the concept of translatio imperii, also made them consider themselves as successors to Ancient Rome."}, {"id": "Q464081", "label": "Theophanu", "section": "History - Formation of the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "During the Ottonian era, imperial women played a prominent role in political and ecclesiastic affairs, often combining their functions as religious leader and advisor, regent or co-ruler, notably Matilda of Ringelheim, Eadgyth, Adelaide of Italy, Theophanu, and Matilda of Quedlinburg."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Formation of the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "This also renewed the conflict with the Byzantine emperor, especially after Otto's son Otto II (r."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Formation of the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Otto died young in 1002, and was succeeded by his cousin Henry II, who focused on Germany."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "History - Investiture Controversy", "says": "The reform-minded Pope Gregory VII was determined to oppose such practices, which led to the Investiture Controversy with King Henry IV (r."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Investiture Controversy", "says": "The reform-minded Pope Gregory VII was determined to oppose such practices, which led to the Investiture Controversy with King Henry IV (r."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - Investiture Controversy", "says": "After his death, his second son, Henry V, reached an agreement with the Pope and the bishops in the 1122 Concordat of Worms."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "History - Ostsiedlung", "says": "As the result of Ostsiedlung, less populated regions of Central Europe (i.e. sparsely populated border areas in present-day Poland and the Czech Republic) received a significant number of German speakers."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "History - Ostsiedlung", "says": "From the late 12th century, the Duchy of Pomerania was under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire and the conquests of the Teutonic Order made that region German-speaking."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "History - Hohenstaufen dynasty", "says": "When the Salian dynasty ended with Henry V's death in 1125, the princes chose not to elect the next of kin, but rather Lothair III, the moderately powerful but already old duke of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q366696", "label": "Henry X", "section": "History - Hohenstaufen dynasty", "says": "When he died in 1137, the princes again aimed to check royal power; accordingly they did not elect Lothair's favoured heir, his son-in-law, Henry the Proud of the Welf family, but Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen family, the grandson of Emperor Henry IV and nephew of Emperor Henry V."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Hohenstaufen dynasty", "says": "Conrad ousted the Welfs from their possessions, but after his death in 1152, his nephew Frederick Barbarossa succeeded him and made peace with the Welfs, restoring his cousin Henry the Lion to his – albeit diminished – possessions."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - Hohenstaufen dynasty", "says": "Conrad ousted the Welfs from their possessions, but after his death in 1152, his nephew Frederick Barbarossa succeeded him and made peace with the Welfs, restoring his cousin Henry the Lion to his – albeit diminished – possessions."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Bohemia", "says": "The Kingdom of Bohemia was a significant regional power during the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Bohemia", "says": "In 1212, King Ottokar I (bearing the title \"king\" since 1198) extracted a Golden Bull of Sicily (a formal edict) from Emperor Frederick II, confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants, and the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a kingdom."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Kingdom of Bohemia", "says": "Charles IV set Prague to be the seat of the Holy Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q314527", "label": "Richard of Cornwall", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil."}, {"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil."}, {"id": "Q76956", "label": "Rudolph I of Germany", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "After Richard's death in 1273, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Hohenstaufen count, was elected."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "Almost immediately, King Philip IV of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother, Charles of Valois, to be elected the next king of the Romans."}, {"id": "Q270438", "label": "Charles of Valois", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "Almost immediately, King Philip IV of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother, Charles of Valois, to be elected the next king of the Romans."}, {"id": "Q131463", "label": "Clement V", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "Philip thought he had the backing of the French Pope, Clement V (established at Avignon in 1309), and that his prospects of bringing the empire into the orbit of the French royal house were good."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "Instead Count Henry of Luxembourg, with the aid of his brother, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier, was elected as Henry VII with six votes at Frankfurt on 27 November 1308."}, {"id": "Q317210", "label": "Danish-Hanseatic War of 1361-1370", "section": "History - Changes in political structure", "says": "This culminated in the Danish–Hanseatic War from 1361 to 1370."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Imperial Reform", "says": "The vision for a simultaneous reform of the Empire and the Church on a central level began with Sigismund (reigned 1433–1437, King of the Romans since 1411), who, according to historian Thomas Brady Jr., \"possessed a breadth of vision and a sense of grandeur unseen in a German monarch since the thirteenth century\"."}, {"id": "Q85348", "label": "Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild", "section": "History - Imperial Reform", "says": "Berthold von Henneberg, the Archbishop of Mainz, who spoke on behalf of reform-minded princes (who wanted to reform the Empire without strengthening the imperial hand), capitalized on Frederick's desire to secure the imperial election for his son Maximilian."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Creation of institutions", "says": "A new tax was launched to finance it, the Gemeine Pfennig, although this would only be collected under Charles V and Ferdinand I, and not fully."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "History - Creation of institutions", "says": "Under Paul von Liechtenstein, the Hofkammer was entrusted with not only hereditary lands' affairs, but Maximilian's affairs as the German king too."}, {"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "History - Reception of Roman law", "says": "The legal reform seriously weakened the ancient Vehmic court (Vehmgericht, or Secret Tribunal of Westphalia, traditionally held to be instituted by Charlemagne but this theory is now considered unlikely), although it would not be abolished completely until 1811 (when it was abolished under the order of Jérôme Bonaparte)."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - National political culture", "says": "The development of the printing industry together with the emergence of the postal system (the first modern one in the world), initiated by Maximilian himself with contribution from Frederick III and Charles the Bold, led to a revolution in communication and allowed ideas to spread."}], "Q7318": [{"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany, officially the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany, officially the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Reich, meaning \"Third Realm\" or \"Third Empire\", referred to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and the German Empire (1871–1918)."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Reich, meaning \"Third Realm\" or \"Third Empire\", referred to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and the German Empire (1871–1918)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Reich, which the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945, after 12 years, when the Allies defeated Germany and entered the capital, Berlin, ending World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Hitler made increasingly aggressive territorial demands, seizing Austria in the Anschluss of 1938 and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union and invaded Poland in 1939, launching World War II in Europe."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "In alliance with Fascist Italy and other Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, but failed to subdue Britain."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Severe setbacks to the German economy began after World War I ended, partly because of reparations payments required under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nazi party platform included destruction of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism."}, {"id": "Q58860", "label": "Gustav Ritter von Kahr", "section": "Background", "says": "Such far-right armed groups were common in Bavaria, and were tolerated by the sympathetic far-right state government of Gustav Ritter von Kahr."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "When the stock market in the United States crashed in 1929, the effect in Germany was dire."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "History - Nazi seizure of power", "says": "Under pressure from politicians, industrialists, and the business community, President Paul von Hindenburg reluctantly appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933."}, {"id": "Q58583", "label": "Ernst Röhm", "section": "History - Consolidation of power", "says": "Hitler targeted SA Stabschef (Chief of Staff) Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who—along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher)—were arrested and shot."}, {"id": "Q76638", "label": "Gregor Strasser", "section": "History - Consolidation of power", "says": "Hitler targeted SA Stabschef (Chief of Staff) Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who—along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher)—were arrested and shot."}, {"id": "Q57133", "label": "Kurt von Schleicher", "section": "History - Consolidation of power", "says": "Hitler targeted SA Stabschef (Chief of Staff) Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who—along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher)—were arrested and shot."}, {"id": "Q41749", "label": "Joseph Goebbels", "section": "History - Consolidation of power", "says": "They were deluged with propaganda orchestrated by the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, who promised peace and plenty for all in a united, Marxist-free country without the constraints of the Treaty of Versailles."}, {"id": "Q707678", "label": "Anglo-German Naval Agreement", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "Britain agreed to Germany building a naval fleet with the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement on 18 June 1935."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "When the Italian invasion of Ethiopia led to only mild protests by the British and French governments, on 7 March 1936 Hitler used the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance as a pretext to order the army to march 3,000 troops into the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in violation of the Versailles Treaty."}, {"id": "Q1826038", "label": "Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "When the Italian invasion of Ethiopia led to only mild protests by the British and French governments, on 7 March 1936 Hitler used the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance as a pretext to order the army to march 3,000 troops into the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in violation of the Versailles Treaty."}, {"id": "Q152195", "label": "Anti-Comintern Pact", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "In 1936 Hitler signed an Anti-Comintern Pact with the Empire of Japan and a non-aggression agreement with the dictator of Fascist Italy, Benito Mussolini, who was soon referring to a \"Rome-Berlin Axis\"."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "In 1936 Hitler signed an Anti-Comintern Pact with the Empire of Japan and a non-aggression agreement with the dictator of Fascist Italy, Benito Mussolini, who was soon referring to a \"Rome-Berlin Axis\"."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "In 1936 Hitler signed an Anti-Comintern Pact with the Empire of Japan and a non-aggression agreement with the dictator of Fascist Italy, Benito Mussolini, who was soon referring to a \"Rome-Berlin Axis\"."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "Hitler sent military supplies and assistance to the Nationalist forces of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War, which began in July 1936."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "History - Military build-up", "says": "Hitler sent military supplies and assistance to the Nationalist forces of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War, which began in July 1936."}, {"id": "Q738635", "label": "Kurt Schuschnigg", "section": "History - Austria and Czechoslovakia", "says": "In February 1938, Hitler emphasised to Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg the need for Germany to secure its frontiers."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Austria and Czechoslovakia", "says": "The Republic of Czechoslovakia was home to a substantial minority of Germans, who lived mostly in the Sudetenland."}, {"id": "Q10664", "label": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "History - Austria and Czechoslovakia", "says": "Attempting to avoid war, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain arranged a series of meetings, the result of which was the Munich Agreement, signed on 29 September 1938."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "History - Austria and Czechoslovakia", "says": "Attempting to avoid war, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain arranged a series of meetings, the result of which was the Munich Agreement, signed on 29 September 1938."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "History - Austria and Czechoslovakia", "says": "The Reichswerke Hermann Göring industrial conglomerate took control of steel and coal production facilities in both countries."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "History - Poland", "says": "Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop arranged in negotiations with the Soviet Union a non-aggression pact, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, signed in August 1939."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - Poland", "says": "Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop arranged in negotiations with the Soviet Union a non-aggression pact, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, signed in August 1939."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "They intended to obtain soldiers from allies such as Italy and Hungary and workers and food supplies from allies such as Vichy France."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "Hungary was the fourth nation to join the Axis, signing the Tripartite Pact on 27 September 1940."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "Bulgaria signed the pact on 17 November."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "German efforts to secure oil included negotiating a supply from their new ally, Romania, who signed the Pact on 23 November, alongside the Slovak Republic."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "By late 1942 there were 24 divisions from Romania on the Eastern Front, 10 from Italy, and 10 from Hungary."}, {"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "History - Outbreak of war", "says": "Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; Security Police) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service), ordered on 21 September that Polish Jews should be rounded up and concentrated into cities with good rail links."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - Outbreak of war", "says": "Initially the intention was to deport them farther east, or possibly to Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "History - Outbreak of war", "says": "Soviet forces advanced into Finland in the Winter War, and German forces saw action at sea."}, {"id": "Q190882", "label": "Phoney War", "section": "History - Outbreak of war", "says": "But little other activity occurred until May, so the period became known as the \"Phoney War\"."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Conquest of Europe", "says": "They quickly conquered Luxembourg and the Netherlands and outmanoeuvred the Allies in Belgium, forcing the evacuation of many British and French troops at Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q57154", "label": "Erich Raeder", "section": "History - Conquest of Europe", "says": "Grand Admiral Erich Raeder had advised Hitler in June that air superiority was a pre-condition for a successful invasion of Britain, so Hitler ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force (RAF) airbases and radar stations, as well as nightly air raids on British cities, including London, Plymouth, and Coventry."}, {"id": "Q154720", "label": "Battle of Britain", "section": "History - Conquest of Europe", "says": "The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the RAF in what became known as the Battle of Britain, and by the end of October, Hitler realised that air superiority would not be achieved."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Conquest of Europe", "says": "On 6 April Germany launched an invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Invasion of the Soviet Union", "says": "In addition to Hitler's stated purpose of acquiring Lebensraum, this large-scale offensive—codenamed Operation Barbarossa—was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers."}, {"id": "Q158287", "label": "Case Blue", "section": "History - Invasion of the Soviet Union", "says": "In an attempt to resolve the shortage, in June 1942 Germany launched Fall Blau (\"Case Blue\"), an offensive against the Caucasian oilfields."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "History - Turning point and collapse", "says": "Soviet forces continued to push westward after the failed German offensive at the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943."}, {"id": "Q152025", "label": "Bernard Montgomery", "section": "History - Turning point and collapse", "says": "In Egypt, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps were defeated by British forces under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery in October 1942."}, {"id": "Q60045", "label": "Albert Speer", "section": "History - Turning point and collapse", "says": "Hitler ordered the destruction of transport, bridges, industries, and other infrastructure—a scorched earth decree—but Armaments Minister Albert Speer prevented this order from being fully carried out."}, {"id": "Q154182", "label": "Battle of Berlin", "section": "History - Turning point and collapse", "says": "During the Battle of Berlin (16 April – 2 May 1945), Hitler and his staff lived in the underground Führerbunker while the Red Army approached."}, {"id": "Q76433", "label": "Eva Braun", "section": "History - Turning point and collapse", "says": "On 30 April, when Soviet troops were within two blocks of the Reich Chancellery, Hitler and his wife, Eva Braun, committed suicide."}, {"id": "Q57271", "label": "Helmuth Weidling", "section": "History - Turning point and collapse", "says": "On 2 May, General Helmuth Weidling un"}, {"id": "Q1376016", "label": "Richard Overy", "section": "History - German casualties", "says": "Richard Overy estimated in 2014 that about 353,000 civilians were killed in Allied air raids."}], "Q11772": [{"id": "Q210443", "label": "Greek Dark Ages", "section": "lead", "says": "Ancient Greece (Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, romanized: Hellás) was an ancient civilization existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity (c."}, {"id": "Q181264", "label": "Mycenaean Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Scholars mark Ancient Greece as beginning with Mycenaean Greece, which declined during the Bronze Age collapse c."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the intellectual flourishing of the Classical period of Ancient Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, which included the Golden Age of Athens, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, the short-lived Spartan and Theban hegemonies, the creation of the Hellenic league led by Philip II of Macedon and the subsequent conquest of "}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the intellectual flourishing of the Classical period of Ancient Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, which included the Golden Age of Athens, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, the short-lived Spartan and Theban hegemonies, the creation of the Hellenic league led by Philip II of Macedon and the subsequent conquest of "}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the intellectual flourishing of the Classical period of Ancient Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, which included the Golden Age of Athens, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, the short-lived Spartan and Theban hegemonies, the creation of the Hellenic league led by Philip II of Macedon and the subsequent conquest of "}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the intellectual flourishing of the Classical period of Ancient Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, which included the Golden Age of Athens, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, the short-lived Spartan and Theban hegemonies, the creation of the Hellenic league led by Philip II of Macedon and the subsequent conquest of "}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed by the intellectual flourishing of the Classical period of Ancient Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, which included the Golden Age of Athens, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, the short-lived Spartan and Theban hegemonies, the creation of the Hellenic league led by Philip II of Macedon and the subsequent conquest of "}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "30 BC, when the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, centred in Alexandria, was annexed by Rome."}, {"id": "Q1747689", "label": "Ancient Rome", "section": "lead", "says": "Classical Greek culture, especially Greek philosophy, had a powerful influence on Ancient Rome, which propagated variants of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe."}, {"id": "Q242172", "label": "Pisistratus", "section": "History - Archaic period", "says": "In the middle of the 6th century, Pisistratus established himself as a tyrant, and after his death in 527 his son Hippias inherited his position; by the end of the 6th century he had been overthrown, and Cleisthenes carried out further democratising reforms."}, {"id": "Q207634", "label": "Cleisthenes", "section": "History - Archaic period", "says": "In the middle of the 6th century, Pisistratus established himself as a tyrant, and after his death in 527 his son Hippias inherited his position; by the end of the 6th century he had been overthrown, and Cleisthenes carried out further democratising reforms."}, {"id": "Q5555632", "label": "First Messenian War", "section": "History - Archaic period", "says": "Over the course of the First Messenian War and Second Messenian War, Sparta subjugated the neighbouring region of Messenia, enserfing the population."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "History - Classical Greece", "says": "Though heavily outnumbered, the Athenians—supported by their Plataean allies—defeated the Persian hordes at the Battle of Marathon, and the Persian fleet turned tail."}, {"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "History - Classical Greece", "says": "The Persians were decisively defeated at sea by a primarily Athenian naval force at the Battle of Salamis, and on land in 479 BC at the Battle of Plataea."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - Classical Greece", "says": "The alliance against Persia continued, initially led by the Spartan Pausanias but from 477 by Athens, and by 460 Persia had been driven out of the Aegean."}, {"id": "Q787429", "label": "Thirty Years' Peace", "section": "History - Classical Greece", "says": "Athens and Sparta signed the Thirty Years' Peace in the"}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The period from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC until the death of Cleopatra, the last Macedonian ruler of Egypt, is known as the Hellenistic period."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The most important of these rulers in the decades after Alexander's death were Antigonus I and his son Demetrius in Macedonia and the rest of Greece, Ptolemy in Egypt, and Seleucus I in Syria and the former Persian empire; smaller Hellenistic kingdoms included Epirus under the reign of Pyrrhus, the Attalids in Anatolia and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Antigonus attempted to expand his territory by attacking the other successor kingdoms until they joined against him, and he was killed at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Meanwhile, the Seleucid kingdom gave up territory in the east to the Indian king Chandragupta Maurya in exchange for war elephants, and later lost large parts of Persia to the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Meanwhile, the Seleucid kingdom gave up territory in the east to the Indian king Chandragupta Maurya in exchange for war elephants, and later lost large parts of Persia to the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The Aetolian League which had begun in the fourth century expanded in the third to include first Delphi, then city-states as far away as Crete, Asia Minor, and on the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "In the 280s BC, the Achaean League formed in the Peloponnese."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the 1st century BC."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the 1st century BC."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the 1st century BC."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the 1st century BC."}, {"id": "Q587983", "label": "Battle of Corinth", "section": "History - Roman Greece", "says": "The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule during the 146 BC conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman Greece", "says": "The Roman civil wars devastated the land even further, until Augustus organized the peninsula as the province of Achaea in 27 BC."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman Greece", "says": "Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco-Roman."}], "Q8680": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the world, and in the process established large overseas empires."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Motivated by the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks in the Americas and Asia."}, {"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain became a major power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The American Revolution resulted in Britain losing some of its oldest and most populous colonies in North America by 1783."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century and expanded its imperial holdings."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It also colonised India by defeating the last major imperial dynasty Maratha Empire by 1818 in the Third Anglo-Marat"}, {"id": "Q675493", "label": "Henry VII of England", "section": "Origins (1497–1583)", "says": "In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead an expedition to discover a Northwest Passage to Asia via the North Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q85642", "label": "John Cabot", "section": "Origins (1497–1583)", "says": "In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead an expedition to discover a Northwest Passage to Asia via the North Atlantic."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Origins (1497–1583)", "says": "Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the first voyage of Christopher Columbus, and made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Origins (1497–1583)", "says": "No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, during the last decades of the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q315490", "label": "John Hawkins", "section": "Origins (1497–1583)", "says": "In 1562, Elizabeth I encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of establishing an Atlantic slave trade."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "Origins (1497–1583)", "says": "In 1562, Elizabeth I encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of establishing an Atlantic slave trade."}, {"id": "Q185510", "label": "Richard Hakluyt", "section": "Origins (1497–1583)", "says": "At the same time, influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee (who was the first to use the term \"British Empire\") were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q48249", "label": "Falklands War", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "Britain's successful military response to retake the Falkland Islands during the ensuing Falklands War contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "The 1980s saw Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sever their final constitutional links with Britain."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "The 1980s saw Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sever their final constitutional links with Britain."}, {"id": "Q7416", "label": "Margaret Thatcher", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "In September 1982 the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese Communist government, on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "In September 1982 the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese Communist government, on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)", "says": "Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking and 1860 Convention of Peking, Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula had been respectively ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the majority of the colony consist"}], "Q33946": [{"id": "Q78492", "label": "Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk", "section": "lead", "says": "Championed by nationalists and first presidents Tomáš Masaryk and Edvard Beneš, Czechoslovakia declared independence in 1918 amid the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and had its sovereignty affirmed in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Championed by nationalists and first presidents Tomáš Masaryk and Edvard Beneš, Czechoslovakia declared independence in 1918 amid the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and had its sovereignty affirmed in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the Sudetenland was annexed by Nazi Germany while the Second Czechoslovak Republic was formed as a client state."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the Sudetenland was annexed by Nazi Germany while the Second Czechoslovak Republic was formed as a client state."}, {"id": "Q2010024", "label": "Second Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the Sudetenland was annexed by Nazi Germany while the Second Czechoslovak Republic was formed as a client state."}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1939, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed while the Slovak Republic was administered separately and Carpathian Ruthenia was annexed by Hungary."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1939, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed while the Slovak Republic was administered separately and Carpathian Ruthenia was annexed by Hungary."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following liberation by the Red Army in 1944 and 1945, Czechoslovakia was re-established under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union)."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1989, as Marxist–Leninist governments and communism were ending all over Central and Eastern Europe, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the Velvet Revolution, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and the Communist party itself resigned."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia split peacefully into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia split peacefully into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The area was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until it collapsed at the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q152274", "label": "Edvard Beneš", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "He was succeeded by his close ally Edvard Beneš (1884–1948)."}, {"id": "Q159642", "label": "František Palacký", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule, Czech leaders such as historian František Palacký (1798–1876) founded various patriotic self-help organizations which provided a chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life before independence."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Palacký supported Austro-Slavism and worked for a reorganized federal Austrian Empire, which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats."}, {"id": "Q159227", "label": "Karel Kramář", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "An advocate of democratic reform and Czech autonomy within Austria-Hungary, Masaryk was elected twice to the Reichsrat (Austrian Parliament), from 1891 to 1893 for the Young Czech Party, and from 1907 to 1914 for the Czech Realist Party, which he had founded in 1889 with Karel Kramář and Josef Kaizl."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Ethnicity", "says": "The population consisted of Czechs (51%), Germans (22%), Slovaks (16%), Hungarians (5%) and Rusyns (4%)."}, {"id": "Q268970", "label": "Republic of German-Austria", "section": "History - Ethnicity", "says": "This policy led to unrest among the non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking Sudetenland, which initially had proclaimed itself part of the Republic of German-Austria in accordance with the self-determination principle."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Ethnicity", "says": "Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II (after the country had been divided during the war), the conflict between the Czechs and the Slovaks surfaced again."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Munich Agreement, the Second Republic, and the Two-Step German Occupation", "says": "In September 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "History - Munich Agreement, the Second Republic, and the Two-Step German Occupation", "says": "The First Vienna Award assigned a strip of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q60039", "label": "Reinhard Heydrich", "section": "History - Munich Agreement, the Second Republic, and the Two-Step German Occupation", "says": "The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich, and the fortress town of Terezín was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families."}, {"id": "Q715264", "label": "Operation Anthropoid", "section": "History - Munich Agreement, the Second Republic, and the Two-Step German Occupation", "says": "On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in Operation Anthropoid."}, {"id": "Q57576", "label": "Kurt Daluege", "section": "History - Munich Agreement, the Second Republic, and the Two-Step German Occupation", "says": "Heydrich's successor, Colonel General Kurt Daluege, ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of Lidice and Ležáky."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Third and Fourth Republics", "says": "After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, with the exception of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, which was annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "History - Third and Fourth Republics", "says": "Following the expulsion of the ethnic German population from Czechoslovakia, parts of the former Sudetenland, especially around Krnov and the surrounding villages of the Jeseníky mountain region (Nízký Jeseník and Hrubý Jeseník) in northeastern Czechoslovakia, were settled in 1949 by Communist refugees from Northern Greece who had left their homeland as a result of the Greek Civil War."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "History - After 1989", "says": "This occurred around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland."}], "Q34754": [{"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "It is located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden and bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the south and west, and Somalia to the east."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden and bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the south and west, and Somalia to the east."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area during the early Islamic period, including in the 14th to 15th centuries the Zeila-based Adal Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q105582386", "label": "Isaaq chieftainship", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate emerged, including the Isaaq Sultanate, which was established in the middle of the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 19th century, the United Kingdom signed agreements with various clans in the area, establishing the Somaliland Protectorate, which was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the State of Somaliland on 26 June 1960."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Five days later, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somalia) to form the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "lead", "says": "The union of the two states proved problematic early on, and in response to the harsh policies enacted by Somalia's Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War, a 10-year war of independence concluded with the declaration of Somaliland's independence in 1991."}, {"id": "Q181264", "label": "Mycenaean Greece", "section": "History - Antiquity and classical era", "says": "Ancient Somaliland had trading relationships with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece dating back to at least the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q282350", "label": "Land of Punt", "section": "History - Antiquity and classical era", "says": "Ancient Somaliland had trading relationships with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece dating back to at least the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "History - Antiquity and classical era", "says": "An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati."}, {"id": "Q11029653", "label": "Nabataean kingdom", "section": "History - Antiquity and classical era", "says": "During the classical period, the northern Barbara city-states of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon, and Sarapion developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, the Nabataean Kingdom, and the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Antiquity and classical era", "says": "During the classical period, the northern Barbara city-states of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon, and Sarapion developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, the Nabataean Kingdom, and the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q460342", "label": "Amda Seyon I", "section": "History - Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages", "says": "In the 14th century, the Zeila-based Adal Sultanate battled the forces of the Ethiopian emperor Amda Seyon I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages", "says": "The Ottoman Empire later occupied Berbera and environs in the 1500s."}, {"id": "Q1402902", "label": "Dervish War", "section": "History - Somaliland campaign", "says": "The Somaliland Campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the Horn of Africa, pitting the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (nicknamed the \"Mad Mullah\") against the British."}, {"id": "Q379889", "label": "Iyasu V", "section": "History - Somaliland campaign", "says": "During the First World War (1914–1918), Hassan also received aid from the Ottomans, Germans, and, for a time, from Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Somaliland campaign", "says": "It was one of the bloodiest and longest militant movements in sub-Saharan Africa during the colonial era, one that overlapped with World War I."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - State of Somaliland (Independence)", "says": "However, the United States merely acknowledged Somaliland's declaration of independence by sending a congratulatory message to its Council of Ministers at the time, without extending formal recognition, since its period of independence was anticipated to be extremely short-lived."}, {"id": "Q157197", "label": "Aden Abdullah Osman Daar", "section": "History - Somali Republic (union with Somalia)", "says": "A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later becoming president, from 1967 to 1969)."}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "History - Somali Republic (union with Somalia)", "says": "A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later becoming president, from 1967 to 1969)."}, {"id": "Q470991", "label": "Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal", "section": "History - Somali Republic (union with Somalia)", "says": "In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke."}, {"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "History - Somali Republic (union with Somalia)", "says": "The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army."}, {"id": "Q28450472", "label": "Isaaq Genocide", "section": "History - Somali National Movement, Barre persecution", "says": "They refer to the clampdown as the Isaaq Genocide or \"Hargeisa Holocaust\"."}, {"id": "Q307114", "label": "Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur", "section": "History - Restoration of sovereignty (end of the union with Somalia)", "says": "Under the leadership of Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur, the local administration declared the northwestern Somali territories independent at a conference held in Burao between 27 April 1991 and 15 May 1991."}, {"id": "Q355458", "label": "Dahir Rayale Kahin", "section": "History - Restoration of sovereignty (end of the union with Somalia)", "says": "The vice-president, Dahir Riyale Kahin, who was during the 1980s the highest-ranking National Security Service (NSS) officer in Berbera in Siad Barre's government, was sworn in as president shortly afterward."}], "Q1747689": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD."}, {"id": "Q201038", "label": "Roman Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509‍–‍27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) until the fall of the western empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509‍–‍27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) until the fall of the western empire."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France."}, {"id": "Q335070", "label": "Alba Longa", "section": "History - Early Italy and the founding of Rome", "says": "The Romans themselves had a founding myth, attributing their city to Romulus and Remus, offspring of Mars and a princess of the mythical city of Alba Longa."}, {"id": "Q206119", "label": "Marcus Terentius Varro", "section": "History - Early Italy and the founding of Rome", "says": "The story dates at least to the 3rd century BC, and the later Roman antiquarian Marcus Terentius Varro placed the city's foundation to 753 BC."}, {"id": "Q26204", "label": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus", "section": "History - Early Italy and the founding of Rome", "says": "Another legend, recorded by Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus, says that Prince Aeneas led a group of Trojans on a sea voyage to found a new Troy after the Trojan War."}, {"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "History - Early Italy and the founding of Rome", "says": "Another legend, recorded by Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus, says that Prince Aeneas led a group of Trojans on a sea voyage to found a new Troy after the Trojan War."}, {"id": "Q655777", "label": "Battle of the Allia", "section": "History - Republic", "says": "On 16 July 390 BC, a Gallic army under the leadership of tribal chieftain Brennus, defeated the Romans at the Battle of the Allia and marched to Rome."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "History - Republic", "says": "Their victorious general Camillus remarked \"With iron, not with gold, Rome buys her freedom.\"\nThe Romans gradually subdued the other peoples on the Italian peninsula, including the Etruscans."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "History - Republic", "says": "The last threat to Roman hegemony in Italy came when Tarentum, a major Greek colony, enlisted the aid of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 281 BC, but this effort failed as well."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "In the 3rd century BC Rome faced a new and formidable opponent: Carthage, the other major power in the Western Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "The First Punic War began in 264 BC, when the city of Messana asked for Carthage's help in their conflicts with Hiero II of Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q313675", "label": "Hiero II of Syracuse", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "The First Punic War began in 264 BC, when the city of Messana asked for Carthage's help in their conflicts with Hiero II of Syracuse."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "Among the reasons for the Second Punic War was the subsequent war reparations Carthage acquiesced to at the end of the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "The war began with the audacious invasion of Hispania by Hannibal, who marched through Hispania to the Italian Alps."}, {"id": "Q200056", "label": "Battle of Zama", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "Hannibal's invasion lasted over 16 years, ravaging Italy, but ultimately Carthage was defeated in the decisive Battle of Zama in October 202 BC."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "The Third Punic War began when Rome declared war against Carthage in 149 BC."}, {"id": "Q2307", "label": "Scipio Aemilianus", "section": "History - Punic Wars", "says": "Carthage resisted well at the first strike but could not withstand the attack of Scipio Aemilianus, who entirely destroyed the city, enslaved all the citizens and gained control of that region, which became the province of Africa."}, {"id": "Q281025", "label": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus", "section": "History - Late Republic", "says": "Gaius Marius soon became a leader of the Republic, holding the first of his seven consulships (an unprecedented number) in 107 BC by arguing that his former patron Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus was not able to defeat and capture the Numidian king Jugurtha."}, {"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "History - Late Republic", "says": "Gaius Marius soon became a leader of the Republic, holding the first of his seven consulships (an unprecedented number) in 107 BC by arguing that his former patron Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus was not able to defeat and capture the Numidian king Jugurtha."}, {"id": "Q703346", "label": "Marcus Livius Drusus", "section": "History - Late Republic", "says": "The reformist Marcus Livius Drusus supported their legal process but was assassinated, and the socii revolted against the Romans in the Social War."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Caesar and the First Triumvirate", "says": "Julius Caesar reconciled the two most powerful men in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had financed much of his earlier career, and Crassus' rival, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (anglicised as Pompey), to whom he married his daughter."}, {"id": "Q473280", "label": "Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus", "section": "History - Caesar and the First Triumvirate", "says": "Julius Caesar reconciled the two most powerful men in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had financed much of his earlier career, and Crassus' rival, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (anglicised as Pompey), to whom he married his daughter."}, {"id": "Q205887", "label": "Battle of Carrhae", "section": "History - Caesar and the First Triumvirate", "says": "Caesar's daughter died in childbirth in 54 BC, and in 53 BC, Crassus invaded Parthia and was killed in the Battle of Carrhae; the Triumvirate disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q203681", "label": "Battle of Pharsalus", "section": "History - Caesar and the First Triumvirate", "says": "The Battle of Pharsalus was a brilliant victory for Caesar and in this and other campaigns, he destroyed all of the optimates leaders: Metellus Scipio, Cato the Younger, and Pompey's son, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus."}, {"id": "Q193506", "label": "Cato the Younger", "section": "History - Caesar and the First Triumvirate", "says": "The Battle of Pharsalus was a brilliant victory for Caesar and in this and other campaigns, he destroyed all of the optimates leaders: Metellus Scipio, Cato the Younger, and Pompey's son, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "History - Octavian and the Second Triumvirate", "says": "Caesar's assassination caused political and social turmoil in Rome; the city was ruled by his friend and colleague, Mark Antony."}, {"id": "Q318803", "label": "Lucius Antonius", "section": "History - Octavian and the Second Triumvirate", "says": "The Second Triumvirate was marked by the proscriptions of many senators and equites: after a revolt led by Antony's brother Lucius Antonius, more than 300 senators and equites involved were executed, although Lucius was spared."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "History - Octavian and the Second Triumvirate", "says": "Antony's affair with Cleopatra was seen as an act of treason, since she was queen of another country."}, {"id": "Q160387", "label": "Battle of Actium", "section": "History - Octavian and the Second Triumvirate", "says": "Octavian annihilated Egyptian forces in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Empire – the Principate", "says": "In that year, he took the name Augustus."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "History - Julio-Claudian dynasty", "says": "The emperors of this dynasty were Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "History - Julio-Claudian dynasty", "says": "While Caligula and Nero are usually remembered in popular culture as dysfunctional emperors, Augustus and Claudius are remembered as successful in politics and the military."}, {"id": "Q156778", "label": "Nero Claudius Drusus", "section": "History - Julio-Claudian dynasty", "says": "His generals were responsible for the field command, gaining such commanders as Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Nero Claudius Drusus and Germanicus much respect from the populace and the legions."}, {"id": "Q191039", "label": "Germanicus", "section": "History - Julio-Claudian dynasty", "says": "His generals were responsible for the field command, gaining such commanders as Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Nero Claudius Drusus and Germanicus much respect from the populace and the legions."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "History - Flavian dynasty", "says": "After the turmoil in the Year of the Four Emperors, Titus Flavius Vespasianus (anglicised as Vespasian) took control of the empire and established a new dynasty."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Flavian dynasty", "says": "Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of whom a majority were Jewish, and 97,000 were captured and enslaved."}, {"id": "Q202578", "label": "First Jewish-Roman War", "section": "History - Flavian dynasty", "says": "Vespasian was a general under Claudius and Nero and fought as a commander in the First Jewish-Roman War."}, {"id": "Q470596", "label": "Year of the Four Emperors", "section": "History - Flavian dynasty", "says": "Following the turmoil of the Year of the Four Emperors, in 69 AD, four emperors were enthroned in turn: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and, lastly, Vespasian, who crushed Vitellius' forces and became emperor."}, {"id": "Q1417", "label": "Vitellius", "section": "History - Flavian dynasty", "says": "Following the turmoil of the Year of the Four Emperors, in 69 AD, four emperors were enthroned in turn: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and, lastly, Vespasian, who crushed Vitellius' forces and became emperor."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Flavian dynasty", "says": "The historians Josephus and Pliny the Elder wrote their works during Vespasian's reign."}, {"id": "Q1423", "label": "Domitian", "section": "History - Flavian dynasty", "says": "Titus died of fever in 81 AD, and was succeeded by his brother Domitian."}, {"id": "Q1429", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "section": "History - Nerva–Antonine dynasty", "says": "The Nerva–Antonine dynasty from 96 AD to 192 AD included the \"five good emperors\" Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "History - Nerva–Antonine dynasty", "says": "The Nerva–Antonine dynasty from 96 AD to 192 AD included the \"five good emperors\" Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius."}, {"id": "Q1434", "label": "Commodus", "section": "History - Nerva–Antonine dynasty", "says": "The Nerva-Antonine dynasty came to an end with Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius."}, {"id": "Q189375", "label": "Apollodorus of Damascus", "section": "History - Nerva–Antonine dynasty", "says": "He undertook an ambitious public building program in Rome, including Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column, with the architect Apollodorus of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "History - Nerva–Antonine dynasty", "says": "Hadrian's army crushed a revolt in Mauretania and the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea."}, {"id": "Q243721", "label": "Year of the Five Emperors", "section": "History - Severan dynasty", "says": "The following year is known as the Year of the Five Emperors, during which Helvius Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus held the imperial dignity."}, {"id": "Q237960", "label": "Clodius Albinus", "section": "History - Severan dynasty", "says": "The following year is known as the Year of the Five Emperors, during which Helvius Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus held the imperial dignity."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "History - Severan dynasty", "says": "The following year is known as the Year of the Five Emperors, during which Helvius Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus held the imperial dignity."}, {"id": "Q1436", "label": "Pertinax", "section": "History - Severan dynasty", "says": "Pertinax, a member of the senate who had been one of Marcus Aurelius's right-hand men, was the choice of Laetus, and he ruled vigorously and judiciously."}, {"id": "Q1440", "label": "Didius Julianus", "section": "History - Severan dynasty", "says": "Laetus soon became jealous and instigated Pertinax's murder by the Praetorian Guard, who then auctioned the empire to the highest bidder, Didius Julianus, for 25,000 sesterces per man."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "History - Severan dynasty", "says": "The changes on coinage and military expenditures were the root of the financial crisis that marked the Crisis of the Third Century."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "History - Severan dynasty", "says": "His sons Caracalla and Geta were made emperors."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Crisis of the Third Century", "says": "The old Roman values had fallen, and Mithraism and Christianity had begun to spread through the populace."}, {"id": "Q1777", "label": "Maximinus Thrax", "section": "History - Crisis of the Third Century", "says": "Maximinus Thrax was the first ruler of that time, governing for just three years."}, {"id": "Q1805", "label": "Balbinus", "section": "History - Crisis of the Third Century", "says": "Others ruled just for a few months, like Gordian I, Gordian II, Balbinus and Hostilian."}, {"id": "Q46837", "label": "Hostilian", "section": "History - Crisis of the Third Century", "says": "Others ruled just for a few months, like Gordian I, Gordian II, Balbinus and Hostilian."}, {"id": "Q320372", "label": "The Plague", "section": "History - Crisis of the Third Century", "says": "The Plague of Cyprian broke out in 250 and killed a huge portion of the population."}], "Q16957": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Before its establishment, the country's territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the Berlin Declaration abolishing German sovereignty in World War II."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The SED dominated political life in the GDR following the country's establishment, before being democratized and liberalized amid the revolutions of 1989; this paved the way for East Germany's reunification with West Germany."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the government of West Germany, the SED did not see its state as the successor to the German Reich (1871–1945)."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, the GDR bordered the Baltic Sea to the north, Poland to the east, Czechoslovakia to the southeast, and West Germany to the west."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom, and France, known collectively as West Berlin (de facto part of the FRG)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the GDR had to pay substantial war reparations to the Soviet Union, its economy became the most successful in the Eastern Bloc."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "At the Yalta Conference during World War II, the Allies – the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), and the Soviet Union (USSR) – agreed to divide defeated Nazi Germany into occupation zones, as well as divide Berlin, the German capital, among the Allied powers."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - 1949 establishment", "says": "On 10 March 1952 (in what would become known as the \"Stalin Note\"), the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, issued a proposal to reunify Germany with a policy of neutrality, with no conditions on economic policies and with guarantees for \"the rights of man and basic freedoms, including freedom of speech, press, religious persuasion, political conviction, an"}, {"id": "Q65917", "label": "Wilhelm Pieck", "section": "History - 1949 establishment", "says": "On October 7, 1949 the German Democratic Republic was formally established and the Soviets Military Administration turned control of East Germany over to the SED, headed by Wilhelm Pieck (1876–1960), who became President of the GDR and held the office until his death, while the SED general secretary Walter Ulbricht assumed most executive authority."}, {"id": "Q2628", "label": "Walter Ulbricht", "section": "History - 1949 establishment", "says": "On October 7, 1949 the German Democratic Republic was formally established and the Soviets Military Administration turned control of East Germany over to the SED, headed by Wilhelm Pieck (1876–1960), who became President of the GDR and held the office until his death, while the SED general secretary Walter Ulbricht assumed most executive authority."}, {"id": "Q77210", "label": "Otto Grotewohl", "section": "History - 1949 establishment", "says": "Socialist leader Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964) beca"}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Zones of occupation", "says": "His successor, Nikita Khrushchev, rejected reunification as equivalent to returning East Germany for annexation to the West; hence reunification was off the table until the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989."}, {"id": "Q151349", "label": "Berlin Blockade", "section": "History - Zones of occupation", "says": "The deepening Cold War conflict between the Western Powers and the Soviet Union over the unresolved status of West Berlin led to the Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949)."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - GDR identity", "says": "The SED destroyed a number of symbolic relics of the former Prussian aristocracy – Junker manor-houses were torn down, the Berliner Stadtschloß was razed and the Palace of the Republic was built in its place, and the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great was removed from East Berlin."}, {"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "History - GDR identity", "says": "Instead, the SED focused on the progressive heritage of German history, including Thomas Müntzer's role in the German Peasants' War (1524–1525) and the roles of heroes of the class struggle during Prussia's industrialization."}, {"id": "Q213645", "label": "Karl August von Hardenberg", "section": "History - GDR identity", "says": "The SED upheld other notable figures and reformers from Prussian history – such as Karl Freiherr vom Stein (1757–1831), Karl August von Hardenberg (1750–1822), Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), and Gerhard von Scharnhorst (1755–1813) – as examples and role models."}, {"id": "Q77888", "label": "Wilhelm von Humboldt", "section": "History - GDR identity", "says": "The SED upheld other notable figures and reformers from Prussian history – such as Karl Freiherr vom Stein (1757–1831), Karl August von Hardenberg (1750–1822), Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), and Gerhard von Scharnhorst (1755–1813) – as examples and role models."}, {"id": "Q76343", "label": "Otto von Habsburg", "section": "History - Die Wende (German reunification)", "says": "The idea of opening the border at a ceremony came from Otto von Habsburg, who proposed it to Miklós Németh, then Hungarian Prime Minister, who promoted the idea."}, {"id": "Q651317", "label": "Imre Pozsgay", "section": "History - Die Wende (German reunification)", "says": "The patrons of the picnic, Habsburg and Hungarian Minister of State Imre Pozsgay, who did not attend the event, saw the planned event as an opportunity to test Mikhail Gorbachev's reaction to an opening of the border on the Iron Curtain."}, {"id": "Q78515", "label": "Karl von Habsburg", "section": "History - Die Wende (German reunification)", "says": "The Austrian branch of the Paneuropean Union, then headed by Karl von Habsburg, distributed thousands of brochures inviting GDR citizens to a picnic near the border at Sopron (near Hungary's border with Austria)."}], "Q34266": [{"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire was an empire that extended across northern Eurasia from 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in 1917, forming the final era of Tsarist Russia and the wider Russian monarchy."}, {"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "1462–1505), who greatly expanded his domain, established a centralized Russian national state, and secured independence from the Great Horde."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter the Great transformed the tsardom into an empire, and fought wars that turned Russia into a major European power."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Catherine the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "1801–1825) helped defeat the militaristic ambitions of Napoleon and constituted the Holy Alliance, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Its victories in the Russo-Turkish wars were checked by defeat in the Crimean War (1853–1856), leading to a period of reform and conquests in Central Asia instead."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander II (r."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Peter the Great (1682–1725)", "says": "The foundations of the Russian Empire were laid during Peter I's reforms, which altered Russia's political and social structure, and as a result of the Great Northern War which strengthened Russia's world standing."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Peter the Great (1682–1725)", "says": "Peter I (r."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Peter the Great (1682–1725)", "says": "Peter's first military efforts were directed against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Peter the Great (1682–1725)", "says": "Peter's ambitions for a \"window to the sea\" led him, in 1699, to make a secret alliance with Saxony, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Denmark-Norway against Sweden; they conducted the Great Northern War, which ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "History - Peter the Great (1682–1725)", "says": "22 October] 1721, the day of the announcement of the Treaty of Nystad, the Governing Senate and Synod invested the tsar with the titles of Peter the Great, Pater Patriae (father of the fatherland), and Imperator of all Russia."}, {"id": "Q154240", "label": "Yemelyan Pugachev", "section": "History - Catherine the Great (1762–1796)", "says": "Led by the Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be the deposed Emperor Peter III, the rebels captured substantial territory along the Volga and threatened Moscow before they were suppressed."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Catherine the Great (1762–1796)", "says": "Although Catherine sought to project an enlightened image abroad, the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 prompted her to suppress political dissent at home."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "History - Catherine the Great (1762–1796)", "says": "Her son and successor, Paul I, further intensified censorship, banning foreign publications and French cultural influences."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "History - Population", "says": "Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian colonization of the Pacific, the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) which led to the incorporation of left-bank Ukraine, and the Russian conquest of Siberia."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "History - First half of the 19th century", "says": "After Alexander was defeated in Friedland, he agreed to negotiate and sued for peace with France; the Treaties of Tilsit led to the Franco-Russian alliance against the Coalition and joined the Continental System."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "History - First half of the 19th century", "says": "By 1812, Russia had occupied many territories in Eastern Europe, holding some of Eastern Galicia from Austria and Bessarabia from the Ottoman Empire; from Northern Europe, it had gained Finland from the war against a weakened Sweden; it also gained some territory in the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - First half of the 19th century", "says": "Russian troops then pursued Napoleon's forces across Europe to Paris, cementing Russia's status as a premier arbiter of the post-war European order at the Congress of Vienna (1815), which confirmed Alexander as constitutional monarch of Congress Poland."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "History - First half of the 19th century", "says": "Russian troops then pursued Napoleon's forces across Europe to Paris, cementing Russia's status as a premier arbiter of the post-war European order at the Congress of Vienna (1815), which confirmed Alexander as constitutional monarch of Congress Poland."}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1800–1864)", "says": "Following the incorporation of the Eastern Georgian Kingdom into the empire in 1801, Russian forces clashed with Persia over control of the Caucasus during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), and also became involved in the Caucasian War against the Caucasian Imamate."}, {"id": "Q2088141", "label": "Caucasian Imamate", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1800–1864)", "says": "Following the incorporation of the Eastern Georgian Kingdom into the empire in 1801, Russian forces clashed with Persia over control of the Caucasus during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), and also became involved in the Caucasian War against the Caucasian Imamate."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1800–1864)", "says": "At the conclusion of the war, Persia irrevocably ceded what is now Dagestan, eastern Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia, under the Treaty of Gulistan."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1800–1864)", "says": "At the conclusion of the war, Persia irrevocably ceded what is now Dagestan, eastern Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia, under the Treaty of Gulistan."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1800–1864)", "says": "Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, Russia managed to favorably bring an end to the war with the Treaty of Turkmenchay, including the formal acquisition of what are now Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iğdır Province."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1800–1864)", "says": "Russian emperors quelled two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1800–1864)", "says": "Russian emperors quelled two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "History - Second half of the 19th century", "says": "Seeking more territories, Russia obtained Priamurye (Outer Manchuria) from the weakened Manchu-led Qing China, which had been occupied fighting against the Taiping Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q618292", "label": "Treaty of Aigun", "section": "History - Second half of the 19th century", "says": "In 1858, the Treaty of Aigun ceded much of the Manchu homeland to the Russian Empire, and in 1860, the Treaty of Peking also ceded the modern Primorsky Krai, which provided the land for the establishment of the outpost of the future Vl"}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Alexander III", "says": "The throne passed to Alexander III (1881–1894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of \"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality\" of Nicholas I."}, {"id": "Q243799", "label": "Franco-Russian Alliance", "section": "History - Alexander III", "says": "During his reign, Russia formed the Franco-Russian Alliance, to contain the growing power of Germany; completed the conquest of Central Asia; and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from China."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1864–1907)", "says": "This advance alarmed the British Empire over the security of the India frontier, initiating decades of regional rivalry and diplomatic maneuvering known as the Great Game."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1864–1907)", "says": "That rivalry between the two empires has been considered to have included far-flung territories such as Outer Mongolia and Tibet."}, {"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1864–1907)", "says": "The maneuvering largely ended with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1864–1907)", "says": "In 1900, the Russian Empire invaded Manchuria as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance's intervention against the Boxer Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1864–1907)", "says": "Japan strongly opposed Russian expansion, and defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Foreign policy (1864–1907)", "says": "Following the Anglo-Russian Convention in 1907, which partitioned Persia into spheres of influence and recognized British dominance over Afghanistan, Britain, France, and Russia stood together in opposition to Germany and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Nicholas II proved to be an ineffective ruler, and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The RSDLP's formative years were marked by ideological and strategic disputes culminating at its Second Congress in 1903, where the party split into two main factions: the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, who advocated a tightly organized vanguard of professional revolutionaries; and the Mensheviks, led by Julius Martov and others, who favored a more moderate, broad-based model."}, {"id": "Q215505", "label": "Yuly Martov", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The RSDLP's formative years were marked by ideological and strategic disputes culminating at its Second Congress in 1903, where the party split into two main factions: the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, who advocated a tightly organized vanguard of professional revolutionaries; and the Mensheviks, led by Julius Martov and others, who favored a more moderate, broad-based model."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "The February Revolution of 1917 saw some Menshe"}, {"id": "Q567712", "label": "League of the Three Emperors", "section": "History - Origins and causes", "says": "Meanwhile, 19th-century alignments like the League of the Three Emperors dissolved."}, {"id": "Q167246", "label": "Bosnian Crisis", "section": "History - Origins and causes", "says": "Relations with Berlin cooled, while rivalry with Austria-Hungary over Balkan influence peaked during the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 and the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "History - Origins and causes", "says": "Relations with Berlin cooled, while rivalry with Austria-Hungary over Balkan influence peaked during the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 and the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Origins and causes", "says": "The June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered the July Crisis."}, {"id": "Q153858", "label": "Battle of Tannenberg", "section": "History - German front", "says": "By August 1914, Russia had invaded with unexpected speed the German province of East Prussia, ending with a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg, largely due to unencrypted radio transmissions, causing the destruction of the entire second army."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - German front", "says": "Russia lost the entire territory of Poland and Lithuania, part of the Baltic states and Grodno, and partly of Volhynia and Podolia in Ukraine; thereafter the front with Germany was stable until 1917."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "History - Austrian front", "says": "The Russians started to invade Galicia, held by Austrian Cisleithania on 20 August, and annihilated the Austro-Hungarian Army at Lemberg, leading to the occupation of Galicia."}, {"id": "Q207738", "label": "Aleksey Brusilov", "section": "History - Austrian front", "says": "On 4 June 1916, General Aleksei Brusilov carried out an offensive by targeting Kovel."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Austrian front", "says": "The eponymous offensive was the most successful allied strike of World War I, practically destroying the Austro-Hungarian army as an independent force, but suffering heavy casualties (approximately one million men) prevented Russian forces from launching further major attacks."}, {"id": "Q261965", "label": "Nikolai Yudenich", "section": "History - Turkish front", "says": "In December 1914, Russia obtained success at Sarikamish, where the Russian General Nikolai Yudenich routed Enver Pasha."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "History - Turkish front", "says": "In December 1914, Russia obtained success at Sarikamish, where the Russian General Nikolai Yudenich routed Enver Pasha."}, {"id": "Q43989", "label": "Grigori Rasputin", "section": "History - Problems in the empire", "says": "Nicholas II's decision in August 1915 to assume direct supreme military command tied the prestige of the monarchy directly to battlefield reverses, while leaving political governance in Petrograd under Empress Alexandra and the controversial influence of Grigori Rasputin."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "History - End of imperial rule", "says": "The constitutional framework of Russia remained in limbo until Alexander Kerensky finally confirmed Russia's status as a republic on 14 September [O.S."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - End of imperial rule", "says": "In July 1918, following the October Revolution, the Romanov family was murdered by the Bolsheviks in Yekaterinburg, marking the end of the dynasty as well as more than a millennium of Russian monarchy."}], "Q8733": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty lasted until the Xinhai Revolution of October 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor in February 1912."}, {"id": "Q296367", "label": "Hong Taiji", "section": "lead", "says": "As the founding Khan of the Manchu state he established the Eight Banners military system, and his son Hong Taiji was declared Emperor of the Great Qing in 1636."}, {"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "lead", "says": "As Ming control disintegrated, peasant rebels captured Beijing as the short-lived Shun dynasty, but the Ming general Wu Sangui opened the Shanhai Pass to the Qing army, which defeated the rebels, seized the capital, and took over the government in 1644 under the Shunzhi Emperor and his prince regent."}, {"id": "Q310453", "label": "Shunzhi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "As Ming control disintegrated, peasant rebels captured Beijing as the short-lived Shun dynasty, but the Ming general Wu Sangui opened the Shanhai Pass to the Qing army, which defeated the rebels, seized the capital, and took over the government in 1644 under the Shunzhi Emperor and his prince regent."}, {"id": "Q112501", "label": "Revolt of the Three Feudatories", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Qing became the new rulers of China, resistance from Ming rump regimes and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories delayed the complete conquest until 1683, which marked the beginning of the High Qing era."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "As an emperor of Manchu ethnic origin, the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) consolidated control, relished the role of a Confucian ruler, patronised Buddhism, encouraged scholarship, population and economic growth."}, {"id": "Q70806", "label": "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "History - Nurhaci", "says": "Nurhaci may have spent time in a Han household in his youth, and became fluent in Chinese and Mongolian languages and read the Chinese novels Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin."}, {"id": "Q70827", "label": "Water Margin", "section": "History - Nurhaci", "says": "Nurhaci may have spent time in a Han household in his youth, and became fluent in Chinese and Mongolian languages and read the Chinese novels Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin."}, {"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "History - Claiming the Mandate of Heaven", "says": "In April 1644, Beijing was sacked by a contentious rebel coalition led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty."}, {"id": "Q10069", "label": "Chongzhen Emperor", "section": "History - Claiming the Mandate of Heaven", "says": "The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell to the rebels, marking the effective end of the dynasty."}, {"id": "Q4520158", "label": "Battle of Shanhai Pass", "section": "History - Claiming the Mandate of Heaven", "says": "Wu and Dorgon allied to defeat Li Zicheng in the Battle of Shanhai Pass on 27 May 1644."}, {"id": "Q3388649", "label": "Pindale Min", "section": "History - Claiming the Mandate of Heaven", "says": "The last Ming pretender, Prince Gui, sought refuge with Pindale Min, the king of Burma, but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to Yunnan and executed in early 1662."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Kangxi Emperor's reign and consolidation", "says": "Like Kublai Khan of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty, Qing rulers like the Qianlong Emperor portrayed the image of themselves as Buddhist sage rulers (wheel-turning kings), patrons of Tibetan Buddhism to maintain legitimacy for Tibetan Buddhists."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - Kangxi Emperor's reign and consolidation", "says": "Like Kublai Khan of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty, Qing rulers like the Qianlong Emperor portrayed the image of themselves as Buddhist sage rulers (wheel-turning kings), patrons of Tibetan Buddhism to maintain legitimacy for Tibetan Buddhists."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Kangxi Emperor's reign and consolidation", "says": "Like Kublai Khan of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty, Qing rulers like the Qianlong Emperor portrayed the image of themselves as Buddhist sage rulers (wheel-turning kings), patrons of Tibetan Buddhism to maintain legitimacy for Tibetan Buddhists."}, {"id": "Q317839", "label": "Yongzheng Emperor", "section": "History - Reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors", "says": "The reigns of the Yongzheng Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q932820", "label": "Jonathan Spence", "section": "History - Reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors", "says": "However, the historian Jonathan Spence notes that the empire at the end of Qianlong's reign was \"like the sun at midday\"."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors", "says": "In 1723, he outlawed Christianity and expelled most Christian missionaries."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors", "says": "In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand in dealing with the situation in Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure", "says": "Although there was no formal ministry of foreign relations, the Lifan Yuan was responsible for relations with the Mongols and Tibetans in Inner Asia, while the tributary system, a loose set of institutions and customs taken over from the Ming, in theory governed relations with East and Southeast Asian countries."}, {"id": "Q696094", "label": "Treaty of Nerchinsk", "section": "History - Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure", "says": "The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk stabilised relations with the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "History - Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure", "says": "The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk stabilised relations with the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure", "says": "European trading posts expanded into territorial control in what is now India and Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q334351", "label": "Daoguang Emperor", "section": "History - Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure", "says": "The Daoguang Emperor, concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects, ordered Lin Zexu to end the opium trade."}, {"id": "Q184999", "label": "Lin Tse-hsu", "section": "History - Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure", "says": "The Daoguang Emperor, concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects, ordered Lin Zexu to end the opium trade."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "History - Rebellion, unrest, and external pressure", "says": "The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military."}, {"id": "Q334452", "label": "Xianfeng Emperor", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor in 1861, and the accession of the 5-year-old Tongzhi Emperor, the Qing rallied."}, {"id": "Q318811", "label": "Tongzhi Emperor", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor in 1861, and the accession of the 5-year-old Tongzhi Emperor, the Qing rallied."}, {"id": "Q230200", "label": "Zuo Zongtang", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "In the Tongzhi Restoration, Han Chinese officials such as Zuo Zongtang stood behind the Manchus and organised provincial troops."}, {"id": "Q189512", "label": "Zeng Guofan", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "Zeng Guofan, in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang, who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self-Strengthening Movement, which adopted Western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values.Their institutional reforms included China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs in the Zongli Yamen, allowing f"}, {"id": "Q509360", "label": "Prince Gong", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "Zeng Guofan, in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang, who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self-Strengthening Movement, which adopted Western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values.Their institutional reforms included China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs in the Zongli Yamen, allowing f"}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "Zeng Guofan, in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang, who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self-Strengthening Movement, which adopted Western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values.Their institutional reforms included China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs in the Zongli Yamen, allowing f"}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860."}, {"id": "Q3130098", "label": "Tianjin Massacre", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the 1870 Tianjin Massacre, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats."}, {"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou."}, {"id": "Q488282", "label": "Gapsin Coup", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations."}, {"id": "Q7273754", "label": "Zheltuga Republic", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "Some Russian and Chinese gold miners also established a short-lived proto-state known as the Zheltuga Republic (1883–1886) in the Amur River basin, which was however soon crushed by the Qing forces."}, {"id": "Q174971", "label": "Itō Hirobumi", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "The Japanese prime minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin, an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the First Sino-Ja"}, {"id": "Q705189", "label": "Convention of Tientsin", "section": "History - Self-strengthening and frustration of reforms", "says": "The Japanese prime minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin, an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the First Sino-Ja"}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modernised Han Chinese state."}, {"id": "Q360135", "label": "Kang Youwei", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modernised Han Chinese state."}, {"id": "Q379836", "label": "Liang Chi-chao", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries debated reform officials and constitutional monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao over how to transform the Manchu-ruled empire into a modernised Han Chinese state."}, {"id": "Q299710", "label": "Guangxu Emperor", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, and Cixi died the following day."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "Zaifeng forced Yuan Shikai to resign."}, {"id": "Q1204208", "label": "Yikuang, Prince Qing", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "The Qing dynasty became a constitutional monarchy on 8 May 1911, when Zaifeng created a \"responsible cabinet\" led by Yikuang, Prince Qing."}, {"id": "Q339291", "label": "Wuchang Uprising", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "The Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911 set off a series of uprisings."}, {"id": "Q1370907", "label": "Empress Dowager Longyu", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "After taking the position of Prime Minister he created his own cabinet, with the support of Empress Dowager Longyu."}, {"id": "Q699600", "label": "Zhang Xun", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "In July 1917, there was an abortive attempt to restore the Qing led by Zhang Xun."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "The Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo there in"}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "History - Reform, revolution, and collapse", "says": "The Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo there in"}], "Q28513": [{"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy: it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War, following wars of independence by Hungary (primarily Rákóczi's War of Independence of 1703–1711 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–1849) in opposition to Habsburg rule."}, {"id": "Q595545", "label": "Rákóczi’s War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy: it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War, following wars of independence by Hungary (primarily Rákóczi's War of Independence of 1703–1711 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–1849) in opposition to Habsburg rule."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy: it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War, following wars of independence by Hungary (primarily Rákóczi's War of Independence of 1703–1711 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–1849) in opposition to Habsburg rule."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved shortly after Hungary terminated the union with Austria in 1918 at the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary was one of Europe's major powers, and was the second-largest country in Europe in area (after Russia) and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire), while being among the 10 most populous countries worldwide."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "lead", "says": "At its core was the dual monarchy, which was a real union between Cisleithania, the northern and western parts of the former Austrian Empire, and Transleithania, which corresponded to the medieval territories of the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At its core was the dual monarchy, which was a real union between Cisleithania, the northern and western parts of the former Austrian Empire, and Transleithania, which corresponded to the medieval territories of the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q533558", "label": "Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia", "section": "lead", "says": "A third component of the union was the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, an autonomous region under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement in 1868."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian joint military and civilian rule until it was fully annexed in 1908, provoking the Bosnian crisis."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "Following Hungary's defeat against the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Mohács of 1526, the Habsburg Empire became more involved in the Kingdom of Hungary, and subsequently assumed the Hungarian throne."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "Eventually, following the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, all former territories of the Hungarian kingdom were ceded from the Ottomans to the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "In the 1860s, the Empire faced two severe defeats: its loss in the Second Italian War of Independence broke its dominion over a large part of Northern Italy (Lombardy, Veneto, Modena, Reggio, Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza) while defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 led to the dissolution of the German Confederation (of which the Habsburg emperor was the hereditary president) and the exclusion o"}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "In the 1860s, the Empire faced two severe defeats: its loss in the Second Italian War of Independence broke its dominion over a large part of Northern Italy (Lombardy, Veneto, Modena, Reggio, Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza) while defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 led to the dissolution of the German Confederation (of which the Habsburg emperor was the hereditary president) and the exclusion o"}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "These twin defeats gave the Hungarians the opportunity to remove the shackles of absolutist rule."}, {"id": "Q387614", "label": "Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust", "section": "History - 1866–1878: Beyond Lesser Germany", "says": "Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust, who was the foreign minister from 1866 to 1871, hated the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, who had repeatedly outmaneuvered him."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - 1866–1878: Beyond Lesser Germany", "says": "Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust, who was the foreign minister from 1866 to 1871, hated the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, who had repeatedly outmaneuvered him."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - 1866–1878: Beyond Lesser Germany", "says": "Beust looked to France for avenging Austria's defeat and attempted to negotiate with Emperor Napoleon III of France and Italy for an anti-Prussian alliance, but no terms could be reached."}, {"id": "Q313557", "label": "Gyula Andrássy", "section": "History - 1866–1878: Beyond Lesser Germany", "says": "Count Gyula Andrássy, a Hungarian who was Foreign Minister (1871–1879), made the centerpiece of his policy one of opposition to Russian expansion in the Balkans and blocking Serbian ambitions to dominate a new South Slav federation."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "History - 1877–1908: Congress of Berlin and Balkan instability", "says": "With help from Romania and Greece, Russia defeated the Ottomans and with the Treaty of San Stefano tried to create a large pro-Russian Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - 1877–1908: Congress of Berlin and Balkan instability", "says": "With help from Romania and Greece, Russia defeated the Ottomans and with the Treaty of San Stefano tried to create a large pro-Russian Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q82006", "label": "Benjamin Disraeli", "section": "History - 1877–1908: Congress of Berlin and Balkan instability", "says": "British Prime Pinister Benjamin Disraeli moved warships into position against Russia to halt the advance of Russian influence in the eastern Mediterranean so close to Britain's route through the Suez Canal."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - 1877–1908: Congress of Berlin and Balkan instability", "says": "As a result, Greater Bulgaria was broken up and remained under nominal Ottoman control, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania became fully independent and Austria occupied (but did not annex) the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a predominantly Slavic area."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - 1908: Bosnian Crisis", "says": "The deaths of Franz Joseph's brother, Maximilian (1867), and his only son, Rudolf, made the Emperor's nephew, Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne."}, {"id": "Q167246", "label": "Bosnian Crisis", "section": "History - 1908: Bosnian Crisis", "says": "The principal players in the Bosnian Crisis of 1908–09 were the foreign ministers of Austria and Russia, Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal and Alexander Izvolsky."}, {"id": "Q542902", "label": "Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal", "section": "History - 1908: Bosnian Crisis", "says": "The principal players in the Bosnian Crisis of 1908–09 were the foreign ministers of Austria and Russia, Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal and Alexander Izvolsky."}, {"id": "Q47561", "label": "Ivo Andrić", "section": "History - Prelude to World War I", "says": "Writer Ivo Andrić referred to the violence as the \"Sarajevo frenzy of hate.\" Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were organized not only in Sarajevo but also in many other larger Austro-Hungarian cities in modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "History - Prelude to World War I", "says": "Some members of the government, such as Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Leopold Berchtold and Army Commander Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, had wanted to confront the resurgent Serbian nation for some years in a preventive war, but the Emperor and Hungarian prime minister István Tisza were opposed."}, {"id": "Q336493", "label": "István Tisza", "section": "History - Prelude to World War I", "says": "Some members of the government, such as Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Leopold Berchtold and Army Commander Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, had wanted to confront the resurgent Serbian nation for some years in a preventive war, but the Emperor and Hungarian prime minister István Tisza were opposed."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - Prelude to World War I", "says": "The foreign ministry of Austro-Hungarian Empire sent ambassador László Szőgyény to Potsdam, where he inquired about the standpoint of the German emperor, Wilhelm II, on 5 July and received a supportive response."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "History - Prelude to World War I", "says": "Franz Joseph I finally followed the urgent counsel of his top advisers."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Homefront", "says": "Nevertheless, Austria–Hungary was more urbanized (25%) than its actual opponents in the war, like the Russian Empire (13.4%), Serbia (13.2%) or Romania (18.8%)."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Homefront", "says": "However, the Croatian political leadership was focused on creating a new state (Yugoslavia) and worked with the advancing Serbian army to impose control and end the uprisings."}, {"id": "Q12082703", "label": "Battle of Lemberg", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "The Austro-Hungarian Army was defeated at the Battle of Lemberg and the great fortress city of Przemyśl was besieged and fell in March 1915."}, {"id": "Q670489", "label": "Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "The Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive started as a minor German offensive to relieve the pressure of the Russian numerical superiority on the Austro-Hungarians, but the cooperation of the Central Powers resulted in huge Russian losses and the total collapse of the Russian lines and their 100 km (62 mi) long retreat into Russia."}, {"id": "Q221967", "label": "Brusilov Offensive", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "From June 1916, the Russians focused their attacks on the Austro-Hungarian Army in the Brusilov Offensive, recognizing the latter's numerical inferiority."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "Nevertheless, the huge losses in men and materiel inflicted on the Russians during the offensive contributed greatly to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and caused an economic crash in the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "This act promised the creation of the Kingdom of Poland out of the territory of Congress Poland, envisioned by its authors as a puppet state controlled by the Central Powers, with the nominal authority vested in the Regency Council."}, {"id": "Q7308003", "label": "Regency Council", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "This act promised the creation of the Kingdom of Poland out of the territory of Congress Poland, envisioned by its authors as a puppet state controlled by the Central Powers, with the nominal authority vested in the Regency Council."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 ending the World War I, in spite of the previous initial total dependence of the kingdom on its sponsors, it ultimately served against their intentions as the cornerstone proto state of the nascent Second Polish Republic, the latter composed also of territories never intended by the Central Powers to be ceded to Poland."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 ending the World War I, in spite of the previous initial total dependence of the kingdom on its sponsors, it ultimately served against their intentions as the cornerstone proto state of the nascent Second Polish Republic, the latter composed also of territories never intended by the Central Powers to be ceded to Poland."}, {"id": "Q697697", "label": "Battle of Zborov", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "The Battle of Zborov (1917) was the first significant action of the Czechoslovak Legions, which fought for the independence of Czechoslovakia against the Austro-Hungarian Army."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Russian front 1914–1917", "says": "The Battle of Zborov (1917) was the first significant action of the Czechoslovak Legions, which fought for the independence of Czechoslovakia against the Austro-Hungarian Army."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "History - Italian front 1915–1918", "says": "Chief of Staff Luigi Cadorna marched his army towards the Isonzo River, hoping to seize Ljubljana, and to eventually threaten Vienna."}, {"id": "Q297793", "label": "Vittorio Emanuele Orlando", "section": "History - Italian front 1915–1918", "says": "Italy, although suffering massive casualties, recovered from the blow, and a coalition government under Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was formed."}, {"id": "Q333778", "label": "Armando Diaz", "section": "History - Italian front 1915–1918", "says": "Cadorna was replaced by General Armando Diaz; under his command, the Italians retook the initiative and won the decisive Second Battle of the Piave River (15–23 June 1918), in which some 60,000 Austrian and 43,000 Italian soldiers were killed."}, {"id": "Q662947", "label": "Battle of the Piave River", "section": "History - Italian front 1915–1918", "says": "Cadorna was replaced by General Armando Diaz; under his command, the Italians retook the initiative and won the decisive Second Battle of the Piave River (15–23 June 1918), in which some 60,000 Austrian and 43,000 Italian soldiers were killed."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "History - 1918: Demise, disintegration, dissolution", "says": "On 14 October 1918, Foreign Minister Baron István Burián von Rajecz asked for an armistice based on President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and two days later Emperor Karl I issued a proclamation (\"Imperial Manifesto of 16 October 1918\") altering the empire into a federal union to give ethnic groups decentralization and representation."}, {"id": "Q361366", "label": "Robert Lansing", "section": "History - 1918: Demise, disintegration, dissolution", "says": "However, on 18 October, United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied that autonomy for the nationalities – the tenth of the Fourteen Points – was no longer enough."}, {"id": "Q662961", "label": "Battle of Vittorio Veneto", "section": "History - 1918: Demise, disintegration, dissolution", "says": "With defeat in the war imminent after the Italian offensive in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto on 24 October, Czech politicians peacefully took over command in Prague on 28 October (later declared the birth of Czechoslovakia) and followed up in other major cities in the next few days."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "History - 1918: Demise, disintegration, dissolution", "says": "On 29 October, the Slavs in both portions of what remained of Austria–Hungary proclaimed the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and declared that their ultimate intention was to unite with Serbia and Montenegro in a large South Slav state."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "History - 1918: Demise, disintegration, dissolution", "says": "On 29 October, the Slavs in both portions of what remained of Austria–Hungary proclaimed the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and declared that their ultimate intention was to unite with Serbia and Montenegro in a large South Slav state."}], "Q12557": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the medieval empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to Eastern Europe, extending northward into Siberia and east and southward into the Indian subcontinent, mounting invasions of Southeast Asia, and conquering the Iranian plateau; and reaching westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol heartland under the leadership of Temüjin, known by the title of Genghis Khan (c."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "After Möngke Khan died in 1259, rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, who fought each other in the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "lead", "says": "After Möngke Khan died in 1259, rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, who fought each other in the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "After Möngke Khan died in 1259, rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, who fought each other in the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "After Möngke Khan died in 1259, rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, who fought each other in the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "By Kublai's death in 1294, the empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Iran, and the Yuan dynasty in China, based in modern-day Beijing."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "By Kublai's death in 1294, the empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Iran, and the Yuan dynasty in China, based in modern-day Beijing."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "By Kublai's death in 1294, the empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Iran, and the Yuan dynasty in China, based in modern-day Beijing."}], "Q2028": [{"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Stilicho, a military commander in the Roman army, defeated Alaric and his Visigoths here in 402."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Stilicho, a military commander in the Roman army, defeated Alaric and his Visigoths here in 402."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 489, Verona was conquered by the Ostrogoths, and the Gothic domination of Italy began."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "In 552 the Romans under the general Valerian vainly endeavored to enter the city, but it was only when the Goths were fully overthrown that they surrendered it. in whose kingdom it was, in a sense, the second most important city."}, {"id": "Q297520", "label": "Desiderius", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Adalgisus, son of Desiderius, in 774 made his last resistance in Verona to Charlemagne, who had destroyed the Lombard kingdom."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Adalgisus, son of Desiderius, in 774 made his last resistance in Verona to Charlemagne, who had destroyed the Lombard kingdom."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Otto I ceded to Verona the marquisate dependent on the Duchy of Bavaria, however, the increasing wealth of the burgher families eclipsed the power of the counts, and in 1135 Verona was organised as a free commune."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Otto I ceded to Verona the marquisate dependent on the Duchy of Bavaria, however, the increasing wealth of the burgher families eclipsed the power of the counts, and in 1135 Verona was organised as a free commune."}, {"id": "Q283364", "label": "Battle of Legnano", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Victory was achieved at the Battle of Legnano in 1176, and the Treaty of Venice signed in 1177 followed by the Peace of Constance in 1183."}, {"id": "Q788050", "label": "Treaty of Venice", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Victory was achieved at the Battle of Legnano in 1176, and the Treaty of Venice signed in 1177 followed by the Peace of Constance in 1183."}, {"id": "Q693411", "label": "Peace of Constance", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Victory was achieved at the Battle of Legnano in 1176, and the Treaty of Venice signed in 1177 followed by the Peace of Constance in 1183."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "From 1508 to 1517, the city was in the power of the Emperor Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Verona was occupied by Napoleon in 1797, but on Easter Monday the populace rose and drove out the French."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Verona became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "The Congress of Verona, which met on 20 October 1822, was part of the series of international conferences or congresses, opening with the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815, that marked the continuing enforcement of the \"Concert of Europe\"."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Throughout Italy, the Jewish population was hit by the Manifesto of Race, a series of anti-Semitic laws passed in 1938, and after the invasion by Nazi Germany in 1943, deportations to Nazi concentration camps."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "An Austrian Fort (now a church, the Santuario della Madonna di Lourdes), was used to incarcerate and torture Allied troops, Jews and anti-fascists, especially after 1943, when Verona became part of the Italian Social Republic."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Contemporary", "says": "After World War II, as Italy joined the NATO alliance, Verona once again acquired its strategic importance, due to its geographical closeness to the Iron Curtain."}], "Q28567": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maya script is the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in the pre-Columbian Americas."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maya civilization developed in the Maya Region, an area that today comprises southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maya civilization developed in the Maya Region, an area that today comprises southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maya civilization developed in the Maya Region, an area that today comprises southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q172613", "label": "Teotihuacan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire colonized the Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of Nojpetén, the last Maya city, in 1697."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "History - Contact period and Spanish conquest (1511–1697 AD)", "says": "After the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish in 1521, Hernán Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala with 180 cavalry, 300 infantry, 4 cannons, and thousands of allied warriors from central Mexico; they arrived in Soconusco in 1523."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "History - Contact period and Spanish conquest (1511–1697 AD)", "says": "After the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish in 1521, Hernán Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala with 180 cavalry, 300 infantry, 4 cannons, and thousands of allied warriors from central Mexico; they arrived in Soconusco in 1523."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "History - Contact period and Spanish conquest (1511–1697 AD)", "says": "After the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish in 1521, Hernán Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala with 180 cavalry, 300 infantry, 4 cannons, and thousands of allied warriors from central Mexico; they arrived in Soconusco in 1523."}, {"id": "Q387619", "label": "Francisco de Montejo y León", "section": "History - Contact period and Spanish conquest (1511–1697 AD)", "says": "Francisco de Montejo and his son, Francisco de Montejo the Younger, launched a long series of campaigns against the polities of the Yucatán Peninsula in 1527, and finally completed the conquest of the northern portion of the peninsula in 1546."}, {"id": "Q2362335", "label": "Martín de Ursúa", "section": "History - Contact period and Spanish conquest (1511–1697 AD)", "says": "In 1697, Martín de Ursúa launched an assault on the Itza capital Nojpetén and the last independent Maya city fell to the Spanish."}, {"id": "Q407741", "label": "Yuri Knorozov", "section": "History - Investigation of Maya civilization", "says": "These ideas began to collapse with major advances in the decipherment of the script in the late 20th century, pioneered by Heinrich Berlin, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, and Yuri Knorozov."}], "Q35355": [{"id": "Q352544", "label": "Eannatum", "section": "History - 1st Dynasty of Lagash", "says": "Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - 1st Dynasty of Lagash", "says": "He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Akkadian Empire", "says": "The Akkadian Empire dates to c."}, {"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "History - Gutian period", "says": "There is very little information on the Gutian rulers and people, it is often considered to be a dark age of the Sumerians, an intermediary between the Akkadian Empire and the Third Dynasty of Ur."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Ur III period", "says": "Already, the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the resurgence of the Akkadian-speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu (Amorites), who founded several competing local powers in the south, including Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna and later, Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Ur III period", "says": "The last of these eventually came to briefly dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done in the north from the late 21st century BC."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Fall and transmission", "says": "The independent Amorite states of the 20th to 18th centuries are summarized as the \"Dynasty of Isin\" in the Sumerian king list, ending with the rise of Babylonia under Hammurabi c."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "History - Fall and transmission", "says": "Later rulers who dominated Assyria and Babylonia occasionally assumed the old Sargonic title \"King of Sumer and Akkad\", such as Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria after c."}], "Q5869": [{"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2000 census gave a total population of 474,490, of whom 387,124 were ethnic Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, but since then many have been restored and serve as tourist attractions."}], "Q9903": [{"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the short-lived Shun dynasty), numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family, collectively called the Southern Ming, survived until 1662."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q9961", "label": "Jianwen Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "This failed when his teenage successor, the Jianwen Emperor, attempted to curtail his uncle's power, prompting the Jingnan campaign, an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "This failed when his teenage successor, the Jianwen Emperor, attempted to curtail his uncle's power, prompting the Jingnan campaign, an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "lead", "says": "One eunuch, Zheng He, led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa."}, {"id": "Q9983", "label": "Zhengtong Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances; the capture of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely."}, {"id": "Q1196236", "label": "Tumu Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances; the capture of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely."}, {"id": "Q1336609", "label": "Chen Youliang", "section": "History - Revolt and rebel rivalry", "says": "In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history."}, {"id": "Q1291963", "label": "Battle of Lake Poyang", "section": "History - Revolt and rebel rivalry", "says": "In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "History - Campaign in the North-East", "says": "After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, Manchuria remained under control of the Northern Yuan based in Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Campaign in the North-East", "says": "After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, Manchuria remained under control of the Northern Yuan based in Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q623719", "label": "Naghachu", "section": "History - Campaign in the North-East", "says": "Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (the former Yuan province of Liaoyang)."}, {"id": "Q10011", "label": "Jiajing Emperor of Ming", "section": "History - Relations with Tibet", "says": "Some believe it was a relationship of loose suzerainty that was largely cut off when the Jiajing Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Relations with Tibet", "says": "The Ming sporadically sent armed forays into Tibet during the 14th century, which the Tibetans successfully resisted."}, {"id": "Q10061", "label": "Wanli Emperor", "section": "History - Relations with Tibet", "says": "The Wanli Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q1333775", "label": "Güshi Khan", "section": "History - Relations with Tibet", "says": "By the late 16th century, the Mongols proved to be successful armed protectors of the Yellow Hat Dalai Lama after their increasing presence in the Amdo region, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by Güshi Khan (1582–1655) in 1642, establishing the Khoshut Khanate."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "History - Relations with Tibet", "says": "By the late 16th century, the Mongols proved to be successful armed protectors of the Yellow Hat Dalai Lama after their increasing presence in the Amdo region, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by Güshi Khan (1582–1655) in 1642, establishing the Khoshut Khanate."}, {"id": "Q150056", "label": "Kingdom of Cochin", "section": "History - New capital and foreign engagement", "says": "Among the kingdoms visited by Zheng He, the Yongle Emperor proclaimed the Kingdom of Cochin to be its protectorate."}, {"id": "Q716074", "label": "Wang Zhen", "section": "History - Tumu Crisis and the Ming Mongols", "says": "The chief eunuch Wang Zhen encouraged the Zhengtong Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q9988", "label": "Jingtai Emperor", "section": "History - Tumu Crisis and the Ming Mongols", "says": "The former emperor was placed under house arrest in the palace until the coup against the Jingtai Emperor in 1457 known as the \"Wresting the Gate Incident\"."}, {"id": "Q576338", "label": "Japanese invasions of Korea", "section": "History - Reign of the Wanli Emperor", "says": "There were several military campaigns during the Wanli Emperor's reign, Ordos campaign, the response to the Bozhou rebellion, and the Imjin War."}, {"id": "Q10066", "label": "Tianqi Emperor", "section": "History - Role of eunuchs", "says": "The eunuch Wei Zhongxian (1568–1627) dominated the court of the Tianqi Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q10069", "label": "Chongzhen Emperor", "section": "History - Role of eunuchs", "says": "Although the Chongzhen Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "History - Economic breakdown and natural disasters", "says": "Philip IV of Spain (r."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Economic breakdown and natural disasters", "says": "1621–1665) began cracking down on illegal smuggling of silver from New Spain and Peru across the Pacific through the Philippines towards China, in favor of shipping silver mined in the Spanish Latin American colonies through Spanish ports."}, {"id": "Q296367", "label": "Hong Taiji", "section": "History - Rise of the Manchus", "says": "In 1636, Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji renamed his dynasty the \"Great Qing\" at Mukden (modern Shenyang), which had been made their capital in 1625."}, {"id": "Q715573", "label": "Zhang Xianzhong", "section": "History - Rebellion, invasion, collapse", "says": "By the 1640s, an ex-soldier and rival to Li—Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1647)—had created a firm rebel base in Chengdu, Sichuan, with the establishment of the Xi dynasty, while Li's center of power was in Hubei with extended influence over Shaanxi and Henan."}, {"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "History - Rebellion, invasion, collapse", "says": "Seizing opportunity, the Eight Banners crossed the Great Wall after the Ming border general Wu Sangui (1612–1678) opened the gates at Shanhai Pass."}, {"id": "Q310453", "label": "Shunzhi Emperor", "section": "History - Rebellion, invasion, collapse", "says": "On 6 June, the Manchus and Wu entered the capital and proclaimed the young Shunzhi Emperor ruler of China."}], "Q28573": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "At its largest, the empire joined modern-day Peru with what are now western Ecuador, western and south-central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, the southwesternmost tip of Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, forming a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "At its largest, the empire joined modern-day Peru with what are now western Ecuador, western and south-central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, the southwesternmost tip of Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, forming a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q165968", "label": "Manco Capac", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Indigenous Andean oral history tells two main origin stories: the legends of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo, and that of the Ayar brothers."}, {"id": "Q213758", "label": "Pachacútec", "section": "History - Kingdom of Cuzco", "says": "In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of the 9th Sapa Inca (\"paramount leader\"), Pachacuti Cusi Yupanqui (Pachakutiy Kusi Yupanki), whose epithet Pachacuti means \"the turn of the world\"."}, {"id": "Q311415", "label": "Túpac Inca Yupanqui", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Following a revolt during which Amaru almost led the Inca forces to defeat, the Sapa Inca decided to replace the co-ruler with another one of his sons, Topa Inca Yupanqui."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Topa Inca's son Huayna Capac added a small portion of land to the north in what is today Ecuador."}, {"id": "Q1763918", "label": "Inca Civil War", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Instead, he places it in 1532 during the Inca Civil War."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - First contact", "says": "He was a castaway who lived in Brazil and explored Paraguay and Bolivia."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "History - Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest", "says": "Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526."}, {"id": "Q179577", "label": "Atahualpa", "section": "History - Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest", "says": "When the conquistadors returned to Peru in 1532, a war of succession between the sons of Sapa Inca Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest", "says": "This claim has been disputed, with the earliest written accounts of Huayan Capac's death not fully agreeing on the cause, early chroniclers like Francisco de Xerez having simply describing it as \"that disease\"."}, {"id": "Q60040", "label": "Hernando de Soto", "section": "History - Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest", "says": "Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, that were at the moment armed only with hunting tools (knives and lassos for hunting llamas)."}, {"id": "Q332049", "label": "Manco Inca", "section": "History - End of the Inca Empire", "says": "The Spaniards installed Atahualpa's brother Manco Inca Yupanqui in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spaniards while they fought to put down resistance in the north."}, {"id": "Q207668", "label": "Diego de Almagro", "section": "History - End of the Inca Empire", "says": "Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, attempted to claim Cusco."}, {"id": "Q10715354", "label": "Neo-Inca State", "section": "History - End of the Inca Empire", "says": "Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State, where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them."}, {"id": "Q315937", "label": "Túpac Amaru II", "section": "History - End of the Inca Empire", "says": "See Juan Santos Atahualpa and Túpac Amaru II."}], "Q38872": [{"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "It originated from the 1525 secularization act of the Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the Prussian Army."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia formed the German Empire when it united the German states in 1871."}, {"id": "Q150552", "label": "Franz von Papen", "section": "lead", "says": "It was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and de jure by an Allied decree in 1947."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia acquired rich new territories, including the coal-rich Ruhr."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the North German Confederation in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Weimar Republic, the Free State of Prussia lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen."}, {"id": "Q271104", "label": "Andrew II of Hungary", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "In 1211, King Andrew II of Hungary granted Burzenland in Transylvania as a fiefdom to the Teutonic Knights, a German military order of crusading knights, headquartered in the Kingdom of Jerusalem at Acre."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "In 1211, King Andrew II of Hungary granted Burzenland in Transylvania as a fiefdom to the Teutonic Knights, a German military order of crusading knights, headquartered in the Kingdom of Jerusalem at Acre."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "After the Livonian Brothers of the Sword joined the Teutonic Order in 1237, the Order also controlled Livonia (now Latvia and Estonia)."}, {"id": "Q693964", "label": "Treaty of Melno", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "The Treaty of Melno defined the final border between Prussia and the adjoining Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1422."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "The Treaty of Melno defined the final border between Prussia and the adjoining Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1422."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "Eventually, Poland and Lithuania, allied through the Union of Krewo (1385), defeated the Knights in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "Eventually, Poland and Lithuania, allied through the Union of Krewo (1385), defeated the Knights in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410."}, {"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "The Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) began when the Prussian Confederation, a coalition of Hanseatic cities of western Prussia, rebelled against the Order and requested help from the Polish king, Casimir IV Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "History - Teutonic Order", "says": "The Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) began when the Prussian Confederation, a coalition of Hanseatic cities of western Prussia, rebelled against the Order and requested help from the Polish king, Casimir IV Jagiellon."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Duchy of Prussia", "says": "For the first time, these lands came into the hands of a branch of the Hohenzollern family, who already ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg, since the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "In 1594 Duchess Anna of Prussia, granddaughter of Albert I and daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia (reigned 1568–1618), married her cousin Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), various armies repeatedly marched across the disconnected Hohenzollern lands, especially the occupying Swedes."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "His successor, Frederick William I (1640–1688), reformed the army to defend the lands."}, {"id": "Q54054", "label": "Władysław IV Vasa", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "Frederick William I went to Warsaw in 1641 to render homage to King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland for the Duchy of Prussia, which was still held in fief from the Polish crown."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "In January 1656, during the first phase of the Second Northern War (1654–1660), he received the duchy as a fief from the Swedish king who later granted him full sovereignty in the Treaty of Labiau (November 1656)."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "Above all, he emphasised the importance of a powerful military to protect the state's disconnected territories, while the Edict of Potsdam (1685) opened Brandenburg-Prussia for the immigration of Protestant refugees (especially Huguenots), and he established a bureaucracy to carry out state administration efficiently."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "In the Crown Treaty of 16 November 1700, Leopold I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, allowed Frederick only to title himself \"King in Prussia\", not \"King of Prussia\"."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "His troops only briefly saw action during the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "In the Treaty of Stockholm (1720), he acquired half of Swedish Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "It signalled the beginning of three Silesian Wars (1740–1763)."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "The First Silesian War (1740–1742) and the Second Silesian War (1744–1745) have, historically, been grouped together with the general European war called the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q233702", "label": "Second Silesian War", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "The First Silesian War (1740–1742) and the Second Silesian War (1744–1745) have, historically, been grouped together with the general European war called the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "The First Silesian War (1740–1742) and the Second Silesian War (1744–1745) have, historically, been grouped together with the general European war called the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "He was succeeded to the throne by his daughter, Maria Theresa."}, {"id": "Q663435", "label": "Battle of Mollwitz", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "By defeating the Austrian Army at the Battle of Mollwitz on 10 April 1741, Frederick succeeded in conquering Lower Silesia (the northwestern half of Silesia)."}, {"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "Furthermore, in the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven"}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Prussia took a leading part in the French Revolutionary Wars, but remained quiet for more than a decade because of the Peace of Basel of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Under the Treaties of Tilsit in 1807, the state lost about one-third of its area, including the areas gained from the second and third Partitions of Poland, which now fell to the Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Under the Treaties of Tilsit in 1807, the state lost about one-third of its area, including the areas gained from the second and third Partitions of Poland, which now fell to the Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleon in Russia, Prussia quit its alliance with France and took part in the Sixth Coalition during the \"Wars of Liberation\" (Befreiungskriege) against the French occupation."}, {"id": "Q153522", "label": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Prussian troops under Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher contributed crucially (alongside the British and Dutch) to the final victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo of June 1815."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Prussian troops under Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher contributed crucially (alongside the British and Dutch) to the final victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo of June 1815."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "History - Wars of unification", "says": "In 1862, King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Minister President of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Wars of unification", "says": "In 1862, King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Minister President of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "History - Schleswig Wars", "says": "The Kingdom of Denmark was at the time in personal union with the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, both of which had close ties with each other, although only Holstein was part of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Schleswig Wars", "says": "The Kingdom of Denmark was at the time in personal union with the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, both of which had close ties with each other, although only Holstein was part of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q708601", "label": "Punctation of Olmütz", "section": "History - Schleswig Wars", "says": "Because Russia supported Austria, Prussia also conceded predominance in the German Confederation to Austria in the Punctation of Olmütz in 1850, resulting in a return to the status quo."}, {"id": "Q520149", "label": "Gastein Convention", "section": "History - Schleswig Wars", "says": "In the resulting Gastein Convention of 1865 Prussia took over the administration of Schleswig while Austria assumed that of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War", "says": "On the Austrian side stood the south German states (including Bavaria and Württemberg), some central German states (including Saxony), and Hanover in the north."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War", "says": "Eventually, the better-armed Prussian troops won the crucial victory at the Battle of Königgrätz under Helmuth von Moltke the Elder."}, {"id": "Q44205", "label": "Helmuth von Moltke the Elder", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War", "says": "Eventually, the better-armed Prussian troops won the crucial victory at the Battle of Königgrätz under Helmuth von Moltke the Elder."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "History - Franco-Prussian War", "says": "The controversy with the Second French Empire over the candidacy of Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern to the Spanish throne was escalated both by France and Bismarck."}, {"id": "Q553168", "label": "Prince Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern", "section": "History - Franco-Prussian War", "says": "The controversy with the Second French Empire over the candidacy of Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern to the Spanish throne was escalated both by France and Bismarck."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Franco-Prussian War", "says": "The government of Napoleon III, expecting another civil war among the German states, declared war against Prussia, continuing Franco-German enmity."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - German Empire", "says": "At age 29, Wilhelm became Kaiser Wilhelm II after a difficult youth and conflicts with his British"}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic", "says": "Almost all of Germany's territorial losses, specified in the Treaty of Versailles, were areas that had been part of Prussia: Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium; North Schleswig to Denmark; the Memel Territory to Lithuania; the Hultschin area to Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic", "says": "Many of the areas Prussia annexed in the partitions of Poland, such as the provinces of Posen and West Prussia, as well as eastern Upper Silesia, went to the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "History - The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic", "says": "Also, the Saargebiet was created mainly from formerly Prussian territories, except present Saarpfalz district, which was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "History - The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic", "says": "Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic", "says": "Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some rural areas, the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class starting in 1930."}, {"id": "Q58667", "label": "Otto Braun", "section": "History - The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic", "says": "The East Prussian Otto Braun, who was Prussian minister-president almost continuously from 1920 to 1932, is considered one of the most capable Social Democrats in history."}, {"id": "Q66689", "label": "Carl Severing", "section": "History - The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic", "says": "He implemented several trend-setting reforms together with his minister of the interior, Carl Severing, which were also models for the later Federal Republic of"}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "History - Prussia and Nazi Germany", "says": "After the appointment of Hitler as the new chancellor, the Nazis used the absence of Franz von Papen as an opportunity to appoint Hermann Göring federal commissioner for the Prussian ministry of the interior."}], "Q617": [{"id": "Q166234", "label": "Ugo Foscolo", "section": "lead", "says": "To the city's south west lies the Euganaean Hills, which feature in poems by Lucan, Martial, Petrarch, Ugo Foscolo, and Percy Bysshe Shelley."}, {"id": "Q93343", "label": "Percy Bysshe Shelley", "section": "lead", "says": "To the city's south west lies the Euganaean Hills, which feature in poems by Lucan, Martial, Petrarch, Ugo Foscolo, and Percy Bysshe Shelley."}, {"id": "Q307", "label": "Galileo Galilei", "section": "lead", "says": "Padua is home to one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Padua, founded in 1222, where Galileo Galilei and Nicolaus Copernicus taught or studied."}, {"id": "Q619", "label": "Nicolaus Copernicus", "section": "lead", "says": "Padua is home to one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Padua, founded in 1222, where Galileo Galilei and Nicolaus Copernicus taught or studied."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "Still, later, the Veneti of Padua successfully repulsed invasions by the Etruscans and Gauls."}, {"id": "Q316123", "label": "Silius Italicus", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "According to Livy and Silius Italicus, the Veneti, including those of Padua, formed an alliance with the Romans by 226 BC against their common enemies, first the Gauls and then the Carthaginians."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "History - Late Antiquity", "says": "A number of years afterward, it fell under the control of the Gothic kings Odoacer and Theodoric the Great."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Late Antiquity", "says": "It was reconquered for a short time by the Byzantine Empire in 540 during the Gothic War."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Late Antiquity", "says": "The city was again seized by the Goths under Totila, but was restored to the Eastern Empire by Narses only to fall under the control of the Lombards in 568."}, {"id": "Q169915", "label": "Alexander IV", "section": "History - Emergence of the Commune", "says": "Ezzelino was unseated in June 1256 without civilian bloodshed, thanks to Pope Alexander IV."}, {"id": "Q1401", "label": "Petrarch", "section": "History - Emergence of the Signoria", "says": "Under Carraresi rule the early humanist circles in the university were effectively disbanded: Albertino Mussato, the first modern poet laureate, died in exile at Chioggia in 1329, and the eventual heir of the Paduan tradition was the Tuscan Petrarch."}, {"id": "Q323446", "label": "John Hawkwood", "section": "History - Emergence of the Signoria", "says": "In 1387, John Hawkwood won the Battle of Castagnaro for Padua, against Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona."}, {"id": "Q646532", "label": "Battle of Castagnaro", "section": "History - Emergence of the Signoria", "says": "In 1387, John Hawkwood won the Battle of Castagnaro for Padua, against Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Venetian rule", "says": "Padua came under the rule of the Republic of Venice in 1405, and mostly remained that way until the fall of the republic in 1797."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Venetian rule", "says": "On 10 December 1508, representatives of the Papacy, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Ferdinand V of Castile concluded the League of Cambrai against the Republic."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Venetian rule", "says": "The agreement provided for the complete dismemberment of Venice's territory in Italy and for its partition among the signatories: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg was to receive Padua in addition to Verona and other territories."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Venetian rule", "says": "The agreement provided for the complete dismemberment of Venice's territory in Italy and for its partition among the signatories: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg was to receive Padua in addition to Verona and other territories."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "In 1797 the Venetian Republic came to an end with the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Padua, like much of the Veneto region, was ceded to the Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "In 1806 the city passed to the French puppet Kingdom of Italy until the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, when the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, part of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "In 1806 the city passed to the French puppet Kingdom of Italy until the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, when the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, part of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "In 1806 the city passed to the French puppet Kingdom of Italy until the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, when the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, part of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "In 1866 the Battle of Königgrätz gave Italy the opportunity, as an ally of Prussia, to take Veneto, and Padua was also annexed to the recently formed Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "When Italy entered World War I on 24 May 1915, Padua was chosen as the main command of the Italian Army."}, {"id": "Q333809", "label": "Luigi Cadorna", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The king  and the commander in chief, respectively Vittorio Emanuele III and Luigi Cadorna, went to live in Padua for the period of the war."}, {"id": "Q662961", "label": "Battle of Vittorio Veneto", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In late October 1918, the Italian Army won the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto, and the Austrian forces collapsed."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The city was also the site of one of the largest fascist mass rallies, with some 300,000 people reportedly attending one speech by the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Following Italy's defeat in the Second World War on 8 September 1943, Padua became part of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state of the Nazi occupiers."}], "Q25227": [{"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen, pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə(n)] ; Papiamento: Antias Hulandes), also known as the Dutch Antilles, was a constituent Caribbean country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands consisting of the islands of Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten in the Lesser Antilles, and Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao  in the Leeward Antilles."}], "Q7209": [{"id": "Q1151705", "label": "Chu–Han Contention", "section": "lead", "says": "The Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD) was an imperial dynasty of China established by Liu Bang, and preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and the interregnum known as the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC)."}, {"id": "Q7250", "label": "Wang Mang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD) and also briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) established by the usurping regent Wang Mang."}, {"id": "Q1349911", "label": "Rebellion of the Seven States", "section": "lead", "says": "These kingdoms gradually lost their autonomy, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States."}, {"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "History - Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)", "says": "The Qin united the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their regime became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huang."}, {"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "History - Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)", "says": "Two former rebel leaders, Xiang Yu (d."}, {"id": "Q5349053", "label": "Eighteen Kingdoms", "section": "History - Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)", "says": "195 BC) of Han, engaged in a war to determine who would have hegemony over China, which had fissured into Eighteen Kingdoms, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang."}, {"id": "Q1349891", "label": "Battle of Gaixia", "section": "History - Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)", "says": "Although Xiang Yu proved to be an effective commander, Liu Bang defeated him at the Battle of Gaixia (202 BC) in modern-day Anhui."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "History - Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)", "says": "To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)", "says": "By the end of his reign, he controlled the Inner Asian regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand."}, {"id": "Q7247", "label": "Ruzi Ying", "section": "History - Wang Mang's reign and civil war", "says": "When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD, Ruzi Ying (d."}, {"id": "Q759985", "label": "Red Eyebrows", "section": "History - Wang Mang's reign and civil war", "says": "The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers, many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the Red Eyebrows to survive."}, {"id": "Q7265", "label": "Liu Penzi", "section": "History - Wang Mang's reign and civil war", "says": "However, he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed, assassinated, and replaced him with the puppet monarch Liu Penzi."}, {"id": "Q3272217", "label": "Battle of Kunyang", "section": "History - Wang Mang's reign and civil war", "says": "25–57 AD), after distinguishing himself at the Battle of Kunyang in 23 AD, was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor."}, {"id": "Q7268", "label": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "The Eastern Han (traditional Chinese: 東漢; simplified Chinese: 东汉; pinyin: Dōnghàn), also known as the Later Han (後漢; 后汉; Hòuhàn), formally began on 5 August AD 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30."}, {"id": "Q953191", "label": "Ma Yuan", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan (d."}, {"id": "Q726485", "label": "Battle of Ikh Bayan", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89, Dou Xian (d."}, {"id": "Q985907", "label": "Tanshihuai", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai (d."}, {"id": "Q366132", "label": "Ban Chao", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "Ban Chao (d."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, which controlled territory across South and Central Asia, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Eastern Han (25–220 AD)", "says": "100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (modern-day Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao."}, {"id": "Q751743", "label": "Yellow Turban Rebellion", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD, largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions."}, {"id": "Q197259", "label": "Zhang Lu", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "184 AD) and Zhang Lu (d."}, {"id": "Q4953027", "label": "Empress He", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d."}, {"id": "Q337013", "label": "Yuan Shao", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d."}, {"id": "Q7316", "label": "Emperor Xian of Han", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han (r."}, {"id": "Q334081", "label": "Dong Zhuo", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "General Dong Zhuo (d."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "History - End of the Han dynasty", "says": "Xian was persuaded by Cao Cao (155–220 A"}], "Q244165": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh or the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, was a breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923; however, throughout the Soviet period, Armenians in the NKAO were heavily discriminated against."}, {"id": "Q2389126", "label": "Artur Mkrtchyan", "section": "History - Dissolution of the USSR; First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)", "says": "Artur Mkrtchyan was chosen as president of the Nagorno-Karabakh region following parliamentary elections on 28 December 1991."}, {"id": "Q355850", "label": "Ayaz Mutallibov", "section": "History - Dissolution of the USSR; First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)", "says": "On 2 January 1992, President Ayaz Mutallibov of Azerbaijan placed the Nagorno-Karabakh region under direct presidential control, and Nagorno-Karabakh formally declared its independence from Azerbaijan on 6 January 1992."}, {"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "History - Dissolution of the USSR; First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)", "says": "The First Nagorno-Karabakh War ended with a ceasefire in May 1994, with Armenian forces controlling practically the entire territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast as well as most of seven adjacent districts of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - De facto post-war independence (1994–2020)", "says": "The Republic of Artsakh became a de facto independent country, though closely integrated with Armenia, while its territory remained internationally recognised as part of the Republic of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - De facto post-war independence (1994–2020)", "says": "Professor Matt Qvortrup considered it hypocritical that Western Europe countries had eagerly recognised the succession of several states from Yugoslavia, ignoring the laws of territorial integrity, but simultaneously did not show the same interest for the Nagorno-Karabakh referendum, noting \"the practice of independence referendums seemingly owes more to national interest than to adherence to prin"}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "History - Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020), Azerbaijan gains", "says": "The agreement included provisions for a Russian peacekeeping force to deploy to the region, with Russian President Vladimir Putin stating that the ceasefire agreement would \"create the conditions for a long-term settlement\"."}, {"id": "Q97925295", "label": "Samvel Shahramanyan", "section": "History - 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, exodus, and dissolution", "says": "On 28 September, Artsakh president Samvel Shahramanyan signed a decree stating that all state institutions would be dissolved by 1 January 2024, bringing the existence of the republic to an end."}, {"id": "Q57371", "label": "Ilham Aliyev", "section": "History - 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, exodus, and dissolution", "says": "Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev visited the region on 15 October, and officially raised the flag of Azerbaijan at the building that was previously used as the Artsakh Presidential Palace."}], "Q43287": [{"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Empire (German: Deutsches Reich), also referred to as Imperial Germany or the Second Reich, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when Germany changed its form of government to a republic."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was founded on 18 January 1871, when the south German states, except for Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, joined the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was founded on 18 January 1871, when the south German states, except for Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, joined the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was founded on 18 January 1871, when the south German states, except for Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, joined the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "The new constitution came into force on 16 April, changing the name of the federal state to the German Empire and introducing the title of German Emperor for Wilhelm I, King of Prussia from the House of Hohenzollern."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "Otto von Bismarck served as the first and longest-tenured chancellor of the German Empire from 1871 to 1890."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "In foreign affairs, Bismarck concluded the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 and fostered close ties to the Ottoman Empire; the former expanded into the Triple Alliance with Italy in 1882."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In foreign affairs, Bismarck concluded the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 and fostered close ties to the Ottoman Empire; the former expanded into the Triple Alliance with Italy in 1882."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, after being alluded to in Article 6 of the 1814 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, after being alluded to in Article 6 of the 1814 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, after being alluded to in Article 6 of the 1814 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864, the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–1871 sparked a growing pan-German ideal and contributed to the formation of the German state, with victory for the Kleindeutsche Lösung (\"Lesser German solution\")."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864, the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–1871 sparked a growing pan-German ideal and contributed to the formation of the German state, with victory for the Kleindeutsche Lösung (\"Lesser German solution\")."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864, the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–1871 sparked a growing pan-German ideal and contributed to the formation of the German state, with victory for the Kleindeutsche Lösung (\"Lesser German solution\")."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The German Confederation ended as a result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 between the constituent Confederation entities of the Austrian Empire and its allies on one side and Prussia and its allies on the other."}, {"id": "Q896505", "label": "German Confederation Constitution", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The new constitution (Constitution of the German Confederation) and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871."}, {"id": "Q34933", "label": "Eric Hobsbawm", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "British historian Eric Hobsbawm concludes that he \"remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [devoting] himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers\"."}, {"id": "Q656545", "label": "Reinsurance Treaty", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "Despite Germany's and especially Austria's lack of faith in the Russian alliance, the Reinsurance Treaty would be first signed in 1887, and renewed up until 1890, when the Bismarckian system collapsed upon Bismarck's resignation."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "History - Colonies", "says": "However, in German East Africa, a guerrilla campaign was waged by the colonial army leader there, General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "History - Colonies", "says": "Using Germans and native Askaris, Lettow-Vorbeck launched multiple guerrilla raids against British forces in Kenya and Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Colonies", "says": "He also invaded Portuguese Mozambique to gain supplies and recruits."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Economy", "says": "By 1900, Germany had become the largest economy in continental Europe and the third largest in the world behind the United States and the British Empire, which were also its main economic rivals."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Economy", "says": "By 1900, Germany had become the largest economy in continental Europe and the third largest in the world behind the United States and the British Empire, which were also its main economic rivals."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Rail", "says": "The German rail network was followed by Austria-Hungary (43,280 km; 26,890 mi), France (40,770 km; 25,330 mi), the United Kingdom (32,623 km; 20,271 mi), Italy (18,873 km; 11,727 mi) and Spain (15,088 km; 9,375 mi)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "The effective alliance between Germany and Austria played a major role in Germany's decision to enter World War I in 1914."}, {"id": "Q43720", "label": "Pius IX", "section": "History - Social issues", "says": "He opposed Catholic civil rights and emancipation, especially the influence of the Vatican under Pope Pius IX, and working-class radicalism, represented by the emerging Social Democratic Party."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - Antisemitism", "says": "Before Napoleon's decrees ended the ghettos in the Confederation of the Rhine, it had been religiously motivated, but by the 19th century, it was a factor in German nationalism."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "History - Year of the Three Emperors", "says": "On 9 March 1888, Wilhelm I died shortly before his 91st birthday, leaving his son Frederick as the new emperor."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Year of the Three Emperors", "says": "Frederick was a liberal and an admirer of the British constitution, while his links to Britain strengthened further with his marriage to Princess Victoria, eldest child of Queen Victoria."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - Bismarck's resignation", "says": "Wilhelm II wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - Bismarck's resignation", "says": "The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather, but the emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side."}, {"id": "Q135645", "label": "Walther Rathenau", "section": "History - Bismarck's resignation", "says": "Wilhelm allowed politician Walther Rathenau to tutor him in European economics and industrial and financial realities in Europe."}, {"id": "Q10873", "label": "Leo von Caprivi", "section": "History - Domestic affairs", "says": "The reforms of Chancellor Leo von Caprivi, which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment, were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners, who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain, which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France, Germany acquired German Southwest Africa (modern Namibia), German Kamerun (modern Cameroon), Togoland (modern Togo) and German East Africa (modern Rwanda, Burundi, and the mainland part of current Tanzania)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "During the departure ceremonies for the German contingent, Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the Hun invaders of continental Europe – an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during World War I and World War II."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "History - Middle East", "says": "In an interview with Wilhelm in 1899, Cecil Rhodes had tried \"to convince the Kaiser that the future of the German empire abroad lay in the Middle East\" and not in Africa; with a grand Middle-Eastern empire, Germany could afford to allow Britain the unhindered completion of the Cape-to-Cairo railway that Rhodes preferred."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "History - South America", "says": "In South America, Germany was primarily interested in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay and viewed the countries of northern South America—Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela—as a buffer to protect its interest from the growing influence of the United States."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - South America", "says": "In South America, Germany was primarily interested in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay and viewed the countries of northern South America—Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela—as a buffer to protect its interest from the growing influence of the United States."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Buildup to War", "says": "Germany was left with no firm ally but Austria-Hungary, and her support for action in annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 further soured relations with Russia."}, {"id": "Q464399", "label": "Entente Cordiale", "section": "History - Buildup to War", "says": "By 1911, Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck, and Britain turned to France in the Entente Cordiale."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Following the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, the Kaiser offered Emperor Franz Joseph full support for Austro-Hungarian plans to invade the Kingdom of Serbia, which Austria-Hungary blamed for the assassination."}, {"id": "Q80492", "label": "Gavrilo Princip", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Following the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, the Kaiser offered Emperor Franz Joseph full support for Austro-Hungarian plans to invade the Kingdom of Serbia, which Austria-Hungary blamed for the assassination."}, {"id": "Q61687", "label": "Fritz Fischer", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "This unconditional support for Austria-Hungary was called a \"blank check\" by historians, including German Fritz Fischer."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Western Front", "says": "Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco-German border and instead adopted the Schlieffen Plan, a military strategy designed to cripple France by invading Belgium and Luxembourg, sweeping down to encircle and crush both Paris and the French forces along the Franco-German border in a quick victory."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - Western Front", "says": "In addition, some German units that were originally slotted for the German far right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated."}, {"id": "Q190712", "label": "First Battle of the Marne", "section": "History - Western Front", "says": "Attacking the exposed German right flank, the French Army and the British Army put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne, resulting in the German Army retreating to defensive positions along the Aisne."}, {"id": "Q57153", "label": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "section": "History - Western Front", "says": "German Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn decided to exploit the defensive advantages that had shown themselves in the 1915 Allied offensives by attempting to goad France into attacking strong defensive positions near Verdun, one of the last holdouts against the German Army in 1870, and Falkenhayn predicted that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not "}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Eastern Front", "says": "In 1917 the German government allowed Russia's communist Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin to travel through Germany from Switzerland into Russia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Eastern Front", "says": "Facing political opposition, he decided to end Russia's campaign against Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - 1918", "says": "Meanwhile, soldiers had become radicalized by the Russian Revolution and were less willing to continue fighting."}, {"id": "Q1130507", "label": "Hundred Days Offensive", "section": "History - 1918", "says": "In the summer of 1918, the British Army was at its peak strength with as many as 4.5 million men on the western front and 4,000 tanks for the Hundred Days Offensive."}, {"id": "Q170306", "label": "German Revolution of 1918–1919", "section": "History - Revolt and demise", "says": "The end of October 1918, in Kiel, in northern Germany, saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918–1919."}, {"id": "Q2540011", "label": "Armistice of Salonica", "section": "History - Revolt and demise", "says": "Bulgaria signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "History - Revolt and demise", "says": "The Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918."}, {"id": "Q701518", "label": "Armistice of Villa Giusti", "section": "History - Revolt and demise", "says": "Between 24 October and 3 November 1918, Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in the battle of Vittorio Veneto, which forced Austria-Hungary to sign the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q70581", "label": "Philipp Scheidemann", "section": "History - Revolt and demise", "says": "On 9 November, the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "History - Revolt and demise", "says": "It was succeeded by the Weimar Republic."}], "Q9683": [{"id": "Q9738", "label": "Wu Zetian", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was formally interrupted from 690 to 705 when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, proclaiming the Wu Zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese female emperor."}, {"id": "Q835435", "label": "Zhou dynasty (690–705)", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was formally interrupted from 690 to 705 when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, proclaiming the Wu Zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese female emperor."}, {"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "lead", "says": "The An Lushan rebellion (755–763) led to devastation and the decline of central authority during the latter half of the dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7071", "label": "Li Bai", "section": "lead", "says": "Two of China's most famous poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, belonged to this age, contributing with poets such as Wang Wei to the monumental Three Hundred Tang Poems."}, {"id": "Q33772", "label": "Du Fu", "section": "lead", "says": "Two of China's most famous poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, belonged to this age, contributing with poets such as Wang Wei to the monumental Three Hundred Tang Poems."}, {"id": "Q706443", "label": "Li Guang", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "According to official Tang records, they were paternally descended from Laozi, the traditional founder of Taoism (whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er), the Han dynasty general Li Guang, and Li Gao, the founder of the Han-ruled Western Liang kingdom."}, {"id": "Q712325", "label": "Li Gao", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "According to official Tang records, they were paternally descended from Laozi, the traditional founder of Taoism (whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er), the Han dynasty general Li Guang, and Li Gao, the founder of the Han-ruled Western Liang kingdom."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "According to official Tang records, they were paternally descended from Laozi, the traditional founder of Taoism (whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er), the Han dynasty general Li Guang, and Li Gao, the founder of the Han-ruled Western Liang kingdom."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "This argument is partially based on a comparison with Li Xian, a Northern Zhou general, whose epitaph states that he was both descended from the Han dynasty general Li Ling and Yidigui, a 10th generation ancestor who came from the steppes."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Despite possessing Xianbei names (Bulugu and Daye), the findings suggest that they were likely Han aristocrats, reflecting the historical policy of granting Xianbei names to Han elites in Western Wei."}, {"id": "Q7419", "label": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Li Yuan had prestige and military experience, and was a first cousin of Emperor Yang of Sui through their mothers, both of whom were one of the Dugu sisters)."}, {"id": "Q712065", "label": "Zhang Jiuling", "section": "History - Emperor Xuanzong's reign", "says": "His staunch Confucian chancellor Zhang Jiuling (673–740) worked to reduce deflation and increase the money supply by upholding the use of private coinage, while his aristocratic and technocratic successor Li Linfu (d."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "History - An Lushan rebellion and catastrophe", "says": "While the heir apparent raised troops in Shanxi and Xuanzong fled to Sichuan, they called upon the help of the Uyghur Khaganate in 756."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - An Lushan rebellion and catastrophe", "says": "The Tibetans took hold of the opportunity and raided many areas under Chinese control, and even after the Tibetan Empire had fallen apart in 842, followed soon after by the Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho, the Tang were in no position to reconquer Central Asia after 763."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - An Lushan rebellion and catastrophe", "says": "The Tibetans took hold of the opportunity and raided many areas under Chinese control, and even after the Tibetan Empire had fallen apart in 842, followed soon after by the Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho, the Tang were in no position to reconquer Central Asia after 763."}, {"id": "Q1328480", "label": "Shi Siming", "section": "History - An Lushan rebellion and catastrophe", "says": "Although An Lushan was killed by one of his eunuchs in 757, this time of troubles and widespread insurrection continued until rebel Shi Siming was killed by his own son in 763."}, {"id": "Q714113", "label": "Huang Chao", "section": "History - End of the dynasty", "says": "In addition to factors like natural calamity and jiedushi claiming autonomy, a rebellion by Huang Chao (874–884) devastated both northern and southern China, took an entire decade to suppress, and resulted in the sacking of both Chang'an and Luoyang."}, {"id": "Q714164", "label": "Li Keyong", "section": "History - End of the dynasty", "says": "During the last two decades of the Tang dynasty, the gradual collapse of central authority led to the rise of the rival military figures Li Keyong and Zhu Wen in northern China."}, {"id": "Q1275305", "label": "Emperor Taizu of Later Liang", "section": "History - End of the dynasty", "says": "During the last two decades of the Tang dynasty, the gradual collapse of central authority led to the rise of the rival military figures Li Keyong and Zhu Wen in northern China."}, {"id": "Q9891", "label": "Emperor Zhaozong of Tang", "section": "History - End of the dynasty", "says": "By 903, he forced Emperor Zhaozong of Tang to move the capital to Luoyang, preparing to take the throne for himself."}], "Q5684": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Babylon also served as a regional capital of other empires, such as the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a clay tablet from the reign of Shar-Kali-Sharri (2217–2193 BC), of the Akkadian Empire."}, {"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "lead", "says": "The collapse of the Akkadian Empire was followed by a few decades under the south Mesopotamian Gutian Dynasty, then the Third Dynasty of Ur ruling the whole of Mesopotamia, including the town of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Amorite king Hammurabi founded the Old Babylonian Empire in the 18th century BC."}, {"id": "Q325917", "label": "Samsu-iluna", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire waned under Hammurabi's son Samsu-iluna, and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian, Kassite and Elamite domination."}, {"id": "Q363563", "label": "Sumu-abum", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "19th or 18th century BC) with a chieftain named Sumu-abum, who declared independence from the neighboring city-state of Kazallu."}, {"id": "Q518914", "label": "Sumu-la-El", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "Sumu-la-El, whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu-abum, is usually given as the progenitor of the First Babylonian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "After the destruction of the city, the Kassites rose to control the region."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "History - Middle Babylon", "says": "In 1595 BC, the city is thought to have been sacked by Mursili I, ruler of the Hittite Empire sometime during the 31-year reign of Samsu-Ditana, last ruler of the First Dynasty of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q391117", "label": "Samsu-Ditana", "section": "History - Middle Babylon", "says": "In 1595 BC, the city is thought to have been sacked by Mursili I, ruler of the Hittite Empire sometime during the 31-year reign of Samsu-Ditana, last ruler of the First Dynasty of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Middle Babylon", "says": "Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1053 BC) to the north, and Elam to the east, with both powers vying for control of the city."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Assyrian period", "says": "During the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC), Babylonia was under constant Assyrian domination or direct control."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Assyrian period", "says": "During the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a continual state of revolt, led by a chieftain named Marduk-apla-iddina II, in alliance with the Elamites, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q356505", "label": "Marduk-apla-iddina II", "section": "History - Assyrian period", "says": "During the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a continual state of revolt, led by a chieftain named Marduk-apla-iddina II, in alliance with the Elamites, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q391038", "label": "Shamash-shum-ukin", "section": "History - Assyrian period", "says": "After his death, Babylonia was governed by his elder son, the Assyrian prince Shamash-shum-ukin, who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother, Ashurbanipal, who ruled in Nineveh."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Assyrian period", "says": "After his death, Babylonia was governed by his elder son, the Assyrian prince Shamash-shum-ukin, who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother, Ashurbanipal, who ruled in Nineveh."}, {"id": "Q516329", "label": "Kandalanu", "section": "History - Assyrian period", "says": "An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was appointed as ruler of the city."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian Empire", "says": "Under Nabopolassar, Babylon escaped Assyrian rule, and the allied Medo-Babylonian armies destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 626 BC and 609 BC."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian Empire", "says": "With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of architectural activity ensued, particularly during the reign of his son Nebuchadnezzar II (604–561 BC)."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Persian conquest", "says": "In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great, the king of Persia, with a military engagement known as the Battle of Opis."}, {"id": "Q3434300", "label": "Battle of Opis", "section": "History - Persian conquest", "says": "In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great, the king of Persia, with a military engagement known as the Battle of Opis."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Persian conquest", "says": "The account was elaborated upon by Herodotus."}, {"id": "Q405008", "label": "Cyrus cylinder", "section": "History - Persian conquest", "says": "The text found on the Cyrus Cylinder has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of this policy; that interpretation is disputed, though, because the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries but makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "In October of 331 BC, Darius III, the last Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela, occupying Babylon."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "In October of 331 BC, Darius III, the last Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela, occupying Babylon."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "In October of 331 BC, Darius III, the last Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela, occupying Babylon."}, {"id": "Q179670", "label": "Battle of Gaugamela", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "In October of 331 BC, Darius III, the last Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela, occupying Babylon."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Babylon was within the Seleucid Empire throughout most of this period, and declined somewhat in importance but remained active."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Renewed Persian rule", "says": "Examples of their culture are found in Judaism's Babylonian Talmud, the Gnostic Mandaean religion, the East Syrian Rite of Christianity, and Manichaeism, the religion founded by Mani."}, {"id": "Q367330", "label": "Ibn Hawqal", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "Ibn Hawqal (10th century) and Arab scholar al-Qazwini (13th century) describe Babylon (Babil) as a small village."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "History - Iraqi government", "says": "The site was officially protected and excavated by the Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, which later became the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, and its successors: the Arab Federation, the Iraqi Republic, Ba'athist Iraq (also officially called the Iraqi Republic), and the Republic of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q146713", "label": "Arab Federation", "section": "History - Iraqi government", "says": "The site was officially protected and excavated by the Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, which later became the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, and its successors: the Arab Federation, the Iraqi Republic, Ba'athist Iraq (also officially called the Iraqi Republic), and the Republic of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "History - Iraqi government", "says": "The site was officially protected and excavated by the Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, which later became the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, and its successors: the Arab Federation, the Iraqi Republic, Ba'athist Iraq (also officially called the Iraqi Republic), and the Republic of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "History - Iraqi government", "says": "In February 1978, the Ba'athist government of Iraq under Saddam Hussein began the \"Archaeological Restoration of Babylon Project\": reconstructing features of the ancient city atop its ruins."}, {"id": "Q545449", "label": "Iraq War", "section": "History - Under US and Polish occupation", "says": "Conway of the I Marine Expeditionary Force were criticized for building the military base \"Camp Alpha\", with a helipad and other facilities on ancient Babylonian ruins during the Iraq War."}], "Q12536": [{"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasids rose to power in 750, when the Abbasid Revolution overthrew the preceding Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasids rose to power in 750, when the Abbasid Revolution overthrew the preceding Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q726798", "label": "Tulunids", "section": "lead", "says": "The 9th century also saw many provinces becoming increasingly autonomous, giving rise to local dynasties that controlled different regions of the empire, such as the Aghlabids, Tahirids, Samanids, Saffarids, and Tulunids."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Abbasid Revolution (747–750)", "says": "The Abbasid caliphs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan."}, {"id": "Q298403", "label": "Umar II", "section": "History - Abbasid Revolution (747–750)", "says": "Muhammad ibn Ali began to campaign in Persia for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashemites, which may have started during the reign of Umar II."}, {"id": "Q335210", "label": "Abu Muslim al Khorasani", "section": "History - Abbasid Revolution (747–750)", "says": "They pledged allegiance to Ibrahim and returned to Khurasan accompanied by one of Ibrahim's freedmen, a Persian known as Abu Muslim."}, {"id": "Q492415", "label": "Battle of Talas", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation (750–775)", "says": "Gao Xianzhi and his army were defeated in 751 at the Battle of Talas, near present-day Tashkent, by the Abbasid army under Ziyad ibn Salih."}, {"id": "Q289492", "label": "Battle of the Zab", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation (750–775)", "says": "His uncle, Abdallah ibn Ali, the victor over the Umayyads at the Battle of the Zab, was the most serious potential rival for leadership and al-Mansur sent Abu Muslim, the Khurasani revolutionary commander, against him in 754."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation (750–775)", "says": "One member of the Umayyad dynasty, Abd al-Rahman, also managed to escape the purge of his family and established independent rule in al-Andalus (present-day Spain and Portugal) in 756, founding the Umayyad emirate of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Golden age (775–861)", "says": "At the western end of the empire, Harun al-Rashid agreed to grant the province of Ifriqiya (centered in present-day Tunisia) as a hereditary emirate to Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab, who founded the Aghlabid dynasty there."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "History - Golden age (775–861)", "says": "After several years of peace, Nikephoros I broke the treaty, then fended off multiple incursions during the first decade of the 9th century."}, {"id": "Q2888966", "label": "Battle of Krasos", "section": "History - Golden age (775–861)", "says": "These Abbasid attacks pushed into the Taurus Mountains, culminating with a victory at the Battle of Krasos and the massive invasion of 806, led by al-Rashid himself."}, {"id": "Q293509", "label": "Al-Rashid", "section": "History - Golden age (775–861)", "says": "Al-Rashid then focused on the rebellion of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khurasan and died while there."}, {"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "History - Political fragmentation (861–945)", "says": "As mentioned, Harun al-Rashid had already granted the province of Ifriqiya to the Aghlabids, who ruled this region as an autonomous vassal state until its fall to the Fatimids in 909."}, {"id": "Q1814900", "label": "Tahir ibn Husayn", "section": "History - Political fragmentation (861–945)", "says": "In al-Ma'mun's reign, Tahir ibn Husayn (al-Ma'mun's general in the civil war) was appointed viceroy of Iran and most of the eastern regions of the empire from 821 onward."}, {"id": "Q293458", "label": "Al-Muhtadi", "section": "History - Political fragmentation (861–945)", "says": "Al-Muhtadi was succeeded by a"}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "History - Buyid and Seljuq control (945–1118)", "says": "The succeeding sultans Alp Arslan and Malikshah, as well as their vizier Nizam al-Mulk, took up residence in Persia, but held power over the Abbasids in Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Revival of caliphal state (1118–1258)", "says": "Ibn Hubayra concentrated on reasserting authority in Iraq while the Seljuk Empire deteriorated."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "History - Revival of caliphal state (1118–1258)", "says": "1170–1180) was able to further rally some support from the Baghdad public as well as symbolic support abroad from the Ayyubid sultan Saladin and the Rum Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasion and end", "says": "In 1206, Genghis Khan established a powerful dynasty among the Mongols of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Mongol invasion and end", "says": "During the 13th century, this Mongol Empire conquered most of the Eurasian land mass, including both China in the east and much of the old Islamic caliphate and the Kievan Rus' in the west."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Mongol invasion and end", "says": "During the 13th century, this Mongol Empire conquered most of the Eurasian land mass, including both China in the east and much of the old Islamic caliphate and the Kievan Rus' in the west."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasion and end", "says": "In 1252, Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of the new Mongol ruler, Möngke Khan, was placed in charge of a new western campaign to the Middle East that would culminate in the conquest of Baghdad in 1258."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Mongol invasion and end", "says": "The caliph's immediate family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son who was sent to Mongolia and a daughter who became a slave in the harem of Hulagu."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "History - Abbasid caliphs in Cairo (1261–1517)", "says": "It continued to be relevant even to other Muslim rulers until the 14th century; for example, the sultans of Delhi, the Muzaffarid sultan Muhammad, the Jalayirid sultan Ahmad, and the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I all sought diplomas of investiture from the caliph or declared nominal allegiance to him."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "History - Abbasid caliphs in Cairo (1261–1517)", "says": "The last Abbasid caliph in Cairo was al-Mutawakkil III, who was in place when the Ottoman sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks in 1516 and conquered Egypt in 1517, ending the Mamluk Sultanate."}], "Q33296": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a ruler from what is today Uzbekistan, who with the help of the neighbouring Safavid and Ottoman Empires, defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat and swept down the plains of North India."}, {"id": "Q605321", "label": "Battle of Panipat", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a ruler from what is today Uzbekistan, who with the help of the neighbouring Safavid and Ottoman Empires, defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat and swept down the plains of North India."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "This imperial structure lasted until 1720, shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "lead", "says": "There was conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)", "says": "The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)", "says": "The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side."}, {"id": "Q4166578", "label": "Battle of Khanwa", "section": "History - Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)", "says": "In the decisive Battle of Khanwa, fought near Agra a year later, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the combined Rajput armies of Rana Sanga of Mewar, with his native cavalry employing traditional flanking tactics."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "History - Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)", "says": "In the decisive Battle of Khanwa, fought near Agra a year later, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the combined Rajput armies of Rana Sanga of Mewar, with his native cavalry employing traditional flanking tactics."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "History - Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)", "says": "The instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun (reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by the rebellious Sher Shah Suri (reigned 1540–1545)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)", "says": "Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad in the Umarkot Fort, to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess."}, {"id": "Q455424", "label": "Bairam Khan", "section": "History - Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)", "says": "Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India."}, {"id": "Q400998", "label": "Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "section": "History - Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)", "says": "Shah Jahan extended the Mughal Empire to the Deccan by ending the Ahmadnagar Sultanate and forcing the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute."}, {"id": "Q544228", "label": "Bahadur Shah I", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "Aurangzeb's son, Bahadur Shah I, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. \"However, after he died in 1712, the Mughal dynasty began to sink into chaos and violent feuds."}, {"id": "Q29896", "label": "Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "As the Mughals tried to suppress the independence of Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I in the Deccan, he encouraged the Marathas to invade central and northern India."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "The Indian campaign of Nader Shah, who had previously reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi shattering the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, and taking off all the accumulated Mughal treasury."}, {"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline."}, {"id": "Q1259218", "label": "Third Battle of Panipat", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "Delhi was sacked by the Afghans, and when the Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Ahmad Shah Durrani) in 1761, in which the Afghans were victorious, the emperor had ignominiously taken temporary refuge with the British to the east."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "Delhi was sacked by the Afghans, and when the Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Ahmad Shah Durrani) in 1761, in which the Afghans were victorious, the emperor had ignominiously taken temporary refuge with the British to the east."}, {"id": "Q46798", "label": "Ahmed Shahe Durrani", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "Delhi was sacked by the Afghans, and when the Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Ahmad Shah Durrani) in 1761, in which the Afghans were victorious, the emperor had ignominiously taken temporary refuge with the British to the east."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Decline (1707–1857)", "says": "In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from the Rohillas, and in 1784 the Marathas officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until the Second Anglo-Maratha War."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "History - Causes of decline", "says": "After the execution of Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719, local Mughal successor states took power in region after region."}], "Q2749": [{"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "After Neuss, Trier, Worms, Cologne and Xanten, Augsburg is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became \"the dominant centre of early capitalism\", having benefited from being part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost system as \"the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire\" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became \"the dominant centre of early capitalism\", having benefited from being part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost system as \"the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire\" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q550343", "label": "Welf I, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "History - Leading European centre of capitalism of the sixteenth century", "says": "Monopolies were considered criminal in contemporary laws, and these families' practices were criticised by Martin Luther himself, but as Emperor Charles V needed their financial assistance, he cancelled the charge in the 1530s."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Leading European centre of capitalism of the sixteenth century", "says": "Monopolies were considered criminal in contemporary laws, and these families' practices were criticised by Martin Luther himself, but as Emperor Charles V needed their financial assistance, he cancelled the charge in the 1530s."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - Leading European centre of capitalism of the sixteenth century", "says": "This postal system, which was the first modern postal service in the world, was created through negotiations and agreements between the Taxis family represented by Franz von Taxis and the early Habsburgs monarches, notably Maximilian I, his son Philip the Handsome and grandson Charles V."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Religious peace in the city was largely maintained despite increasing tensions up to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "However, the edict was revoked in April 1632, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden occupied Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Nine Years' War", "says": "The coalition consisted at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - End of Free Imperial City status", "says": "However, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, Napoleon encouraged his German allies to annex their smaller neighbours, and Augsburg lost its independence."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "History - End of Free Imperial City status", "says": "It was annexed to the Kingdom of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q75866", "label": "Rudolf Hess", "section": "History - Second World War and Cold War", "says": "In 1941, Rudolf Hess, without Adolf Hitler's permission, secretly took off from a local Augsburg airport and flew to Scotland, crashing in Eaglesham, to the south of Glasgow."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Second World War and Cold War", "says": "His objective was to meet the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Second World War and Cold War", "says": "The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States on 28 April 1945 when the U.S."}], "Q17167": [{"id": "Q201038", "label": "Roman Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana, pronounced [ˈreːs ˈpuːblɪka roːˈmaːna]) was the era of classical Roman civilisation beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana, pronounced [ˈreːs ˈpuːblɪka roːˈmaːna]) was the era of classical Roman civilisation beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "Its greatest strategic rival was Carthage, against which it waged three wars."}, {"id": "Q200056", "label": "Battle of Zama", "section": "lead", "says": "Rome defeated Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC and in the following decades became the dominant power in the ancient Mediterranean world."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, defeating Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, Vercingetorix of the Arverni tribe of Gaul, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q331889", "label": "Viriathus", "section": "lead", "says": "It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, defeating Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, Vercingetorix of the Arverni tribe of Gaul, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "lead", "says": "It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, defeating Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, Vercingetorix of the Arverni tribe of Gaul, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q178953", "label": "Vercingetorix", "section": "lead", "says": "It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, defeating Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, Vercingetorix of the Arverni tribe of Gaul, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "lead", "says": "It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, defeating Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, Vercingetorix of the Arverni tribe of Gaul, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra."}, {"id": "Q223440", "label": "Lucius Junius Brutus", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "The tradition asserted that the monarchy was abolished in a revolution led by the semi-mythical Lucius Junius Brutus and the king's powers were then transferred to two separate consuls elected to office for a term of one year; each was capable of checking his colleague by veto."}, {"id": "Q1644792", "label": "Battle of Lake Regillus", "section": "History - Early campaigns", "says": "Rome defeated its rival Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Ariccia in 495 BC, the Battle of Mount Algidus in 458 BC, and the Battle of Corbio in 446 BC."}, {"id": "Q2705449", "label": "Battle of Mount Algidus", "section": "History - Early campaigns", "says": "Rome defeated its rival Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Ariccia in 495 BC, the Battle of Mount Algidus in 458 BC, and the Battle of Corbio in 446 BC."}, {"id": "Q2518498", "label": "Battle of Corbio", "section": "History - Early campaigns", "says": "Rome defeated its rival Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Ariccia in 495 BC, the Battle of Mount Algidus in 458 BC, and the Battle of Corbio in 446 BC."}, {"id": "Q2487876", "label": "Battle of the Cremera", "section": "History - Early campaigns", "says": "But it suffered a significant defeat at the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC, wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city, Veii; this defeat was later avenged at the Battle of Veii in 396 BC, wherein Rome destroyed the city."}, {"id": "Q540205", "label": "Battle of Veii", "section": "History - Early campaigns", "says": "But it suffered a significant defeat at the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC, wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city, Veii; this defeat was later avenged at the Battle of Veii in 396 BC, wherein Rome destroyed the city."}, {"id": "Q737907", "label": "Second Latin War", "section": "History - Wars against Italian neighbours", "says": "In the Latin War (340–338 BC), Rome defeated a coalition of Latins at the battles of Vesuvius and the Trifanum."}, {"id": "Q3953988", "label": "Second Samnite War", "section": "History - Wars against Italian neighbours", "says": "A Second Samnite War began in 327 BC."}, {"id": "Q1887733", "label": "Battle of Bovianum", "section": "History - Wars against Italian neighbours", "says": "The war ended with Samnite defeat at the Battle of Bovianum in 305 BC."}, {"id": "Q2889686", "label": "Battle of Populonia", "section": "History - Wars against Italian neighbours", "says": "At the Battle of Populonia, in 282 BC, Rome finished off the last vestiges of Etruscan power in the region."}, {"id": "Q435392", "label": "Marcus Manlius", "section": "History - Rise of the plebeian nobility", "says": "In 385 BC, the former consul and saviour of the besieged capital, Marcus Manlius Capitolinus, is said to have sided with the plebeians, ruined by the sack and largely indebted to patricians."}, {"id": "Q935315", "label": "Gaius Marcius Rutilus", "section": "History - Rise of the plebeian nobility", "says": "The four-time consul Gaius Marcius Rutilus became the first plebeian dictator in 356 BC and censor in 351 BC."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Pyrrhic War", "says": "A cousin of Alexander the Great, he was eager to build an empire for himself in the western Mediterranean and saw Tarentum's plea as a perfect opportunity."}, {"id": "Q241386", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "section": "History - Pyrrhic War", "says": "Pyrrhus then withdrew from Italy, but left a garrison in Tarentum, to wage a new campaign in Greece against Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Pyrrhic War", "says": "Pyrrhus then withdrew from Italy, but left a garrison in Tarentum, to wage a new campaign in Greece against Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q1164281", "label": "Mamertines", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "Between 288 and 283 BC, Messina in Sicily was taken by the Mamertines, a band of mercenaries formerly employed by Agathocles."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "Between 288 and 283 BC, Messina in Sicily was taken by the Mamertines, a band of mercenaries formerly employed by Agathocles."}, {"id": "Q453947", "label": "Appius Claudius Caudex", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "A supporter of war, the consul Appius Claudius Caudex, turned to one of the popular assemblies to get a favourable vote by promising plunder to the voters."}, {"id": "Q379991", "label": "Valerius Maximus", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "His successor, Manius Valerius Maximus, landed with an army of 40,000 men and conquered eastern Sicily, which prompted Hiero to shift his allegiance and forge a long-lasting alliance with Rome."}, {"id": "Q453853", "label": "Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "The consul for 260 BC, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, lost the first naval skirmish of the war against Hannibal Gisco at Lipara, but his colleague Gaius Duilius won a great victory at Mylae."}, {"id": "Q361194", "label": "Hannibal Gisko", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "The consul for 260 BC, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, lost the first naval skirmish of the war against Hannibal Gisco at Lipara, but his colleague Gaius Duilius won a great victory at Mylae."}, {"id": "Q435408", "label": "Gaius Duilius", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "The consul for 260 BC, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, lost the first naval skirmish of the war against Hannibal Gisco at Lipara, but his colleague Gaius Duilius won a great victory at Mylae."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "History - Second Punic War", "says": "Hannibal took the city in 219, triggering the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "History - Second Punic War", "says": "Hannibal took the city in 219, triggering the Second Punic War."}, {"id": "Q179591", "label": "Battle of Cannae", "section": "History - Second Punic War", "says": "In terms of casualties, the Battle of Cannae was the worst defeat in Roman history: only 14,500 soldiers escaped, and Paullus was killed as well as 80 senators."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "History - Roman supremacy in the Greek East", "says": "The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they achieved their objective of occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "History - Roman supremacy in the Greek East", "says": "Doubting Rome's strength, Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Roman supremacy in the Greek East", "says": "The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire and had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "History - Roman supremacy in the Greek East", "says": "A major Roman-Greek force was mobilised under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus, and set o"}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "History - Conquest of Greece", "says": "With its Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q552373", "label": "Fourth Macedonian War", "section": "History - Conquest of Greece", "says": "The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilising Greece by trying to reestablish the old kingdom."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "History - Conquest of Greece", "says": "The Achaean League, seeing the direction of Roman policy trending towards direct administration, met at Corinth and declared war \"nominally against Sparta but in reality, against Rome\"."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "History - Third Punic War", "says": "For Carthage, the Third Punic War was a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed and attacked Carthaginian merchants."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Third Punic War", "says": "The Romans rebuilt Carthage 100 years later as a Roman colony, by order of Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q618066", "label": "First Servile War", "section": "History - Gracchan period", "says": "In the winter of 138–137 BC, a first slave uprising, known as the First Servile War, broke out in Sicily."}, {"id": "Q1283535", "label": "Quintus Fabius Maximus Sanga", "section": "History - Gracchan period", "says": "In 121, the province of Gallia Narbonensis was established after the victory of Quintus Fabius Maximus over a coalition of Arverni and Allobroges in southern Gaul in 123."}, {"id": "Q710877", "label": "Lucius Licinius Crassus", "section": "History - Gracchan period", "says": "Lucius Licinius Crassus founded the city of Narbo there in 118."}, {"id": "Q827612", "label": "Jugurthine War", "section": "History - Rise of Marius", "says": "Rome fought the Jugurthine War from 111 to 104 BC against the North African kingdom of Numidia (in what is now Algeria and Tunisia)."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "History - Rise of Marius", "says": "Numidia had been a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars."}, {"id": "Q903199", "label": "Cimbrian War", "section": "History - Rise of Marius", "says": "Marius's victory played on existing themes of senatorial corruption and incompetence, contrasted especially against the military failure of senatorial leadership in the Cimbrian War."}, {"id": "Q774487", "label": "Battle of Aquae Sextiae", "section": "History - Rise of Marius", "says": "At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae, Marius led the Roman armies, which virtually annihilated both tribes, ending the threat."}, {"id": "Q1230563", "label": "Battle of the Colline Gate", "section": "History - First civil wars", "says": "In the Battle of the Colline Gate, just outside Rome, Sulla's army defeated the Marian defenders and then proceeded to \"run riot... killing for profit, ple"}, {"id": "Q3778726", "label": "Sertorian War", "section": "History - Sullan republic", "says": "Aemilius Lepidus, in 77 BC and afterwards led troops successfully against the remaining anti-Sullan forces in the Sertorian War; he brought the war successfully to a close in 72 BC."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Sullan republic", "says": "Sertorius's ostensible republic-in-exile, Mithridates, and various Mediterranean pirate groups, the Sullan regime feared encirclement and stepped up efforts against the threats: they reinforced Pompey in Spain and fortified Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q83406", "label": "Spartacus", "section": "History - Sullan republic", "says": "In 73, a slave uprising started in southern Italy under Spartacus, a gladiator, who defeated the local Roman garrisons and four legions under the consuls of 72."}, {"id": "Q194378", "label": "Third Servile War", "section": "History - Sullan republic", "says": "At the head of some 70,000 men, Spartacus led them in a Third Servile War—they sought freedom by escape from Italy—before being defeated by troops raised by M."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "History - Sullan republic", "says": "Licinius Lucullus, one of Sulla's ablest lieutenants, had fought against Mithridates during the first Mithridatic war before Sulla's civil war."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "History - Sullan republic", "says": "After his invasion of Bithynia in 73, Lucullus was assigned against Mithridates and his Armenian ally Tigranes the Great in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "History - First Triumvirate", "says": "Pompey returned from the Third Mithridatic War at the end of 62 BC."}, {"id": "Q193506", "label": "Cato the Younger", "section": "History - First Triumvirate", "says": "He attempted to have his eastern settlements passed by the Senate; ratification was not forthcoming, due to the opposition of Lucullus, Crassus, and Cato the Younger."}, {"id": "Q313664", "label": "Publius Clodius Pulcher", "section": "History - First Triumvirate", "says": "Caesar also facilitated the election of the former patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher to the tribunate for 58."}], "Q22647": [{"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "lead", "says": "It is best known as the setting for the Greek myth of the Trojan War."}], "Q37024": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (often shortened to Serbia and Montenegro), known from 1992 to 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and commonly referred to as Yugoslavia, was a country in Southeast Europe."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q1150680", "label": "Republic of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its aspirations to be the sole legal successor state to the SFR Yugoslavia were not recognized by the United Nations, following the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 777, which affirmed that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a new state."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The government of Slobodan Milošević opposed any such claims, and as such, the FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence, the FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community, as economic sanctions were issued against the state during the course of the Yugoslav Wars and Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence, the FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community, as economic sanctions were issued against the state during the course of the Yugoslav Wars and Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Efforts were also made in 1991 to include the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the federation, with negotiations between Miloševic, Bosnia's Serbian Democratic Party, and the Bosniak proponent of union – Bosnia's Vice-president Adil Zulfikarpašić taking place on this matter."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "The FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serb separatist movements in breakaway states, including the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska, and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "The FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serb separatist movements in breakaway states, including the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska, and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "Following the transfer of Yugoslav Army units, Yugoslavia ceased to play an important military role in the Yugoslav Wars, barring conflicts on the border with Croatia, such as the Siege of Dubrovnik."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "It instead provided economic and political aid, to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve the FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia.'\nIn 1995, following Operation Storm, a military offensive by the Croatian Army, and NATO involvement in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Milošević agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian posi"}], "Q713750": [{"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "West Germany was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until its reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, established from twelve states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, established from twelve states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, established from twelve states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, West Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945 German Reich."}, {"id": "Q310293", "label": "Saar Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, and the Saarland joined West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the Saar Protectorate from Allied-occupied Germany by France (the separation had not been legal as it had not been recognised by the Allied Control Council)."}, {"id": "Q2415901", "label": "allied-occupied Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, and the Saarland joined West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the Saar Protectorate from Allied-occupied Germany by France (the separation had not been legal as it had not been recognised by the Allied Control Council)."}, {"id": "Q2492", "label": "Konrad Adenauer", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, worked for a full alignment with the NATO rather than neutrality, and secured membership in the military alliance."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - NATO membership", "says": "With territories and frontiers that coincided largely with the ones of old Middle Ages East Francia and the 19th-century Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949 under the terms of the Bonn–Paris conventions, whereby it obtained \"the full authority of a sovereign state\" on 5 May 1955 (although \"full sovereignty\" was not obtained until the Tw"}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - NATO membership", "says": "With territories and frontiers that coincided largely with the ones of old Middle Ages East Francia and the 19th-century Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949 under the terms of the Bonn–Paris conventions, whereby it obtained \"the full authority of a sovereign state\" on 5 May 1955 (although \"full sovereignty\" was not obtained until the Tw"}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - NATO membership", "says": "The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 led to US calls to rearm West Germany to help defend Western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - NATO membership", "says": "The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces."}, {"id": "Q2496", "label": "Ludwig Erhard", "section": "History - Reforms during the 1960s", "says": "His successor was to be Ludwig Erhard."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "History - Reforms during the 1960s", "says": "A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967, when the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, visited West Berlin."}, {"id": "Q2514", "label": "Willy Brandt", "section": "History - Willy Brandt", "says": "In October 1969, Willy Brandt became chancellor."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Willy Brandt", "says": "Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his Ostpolitik, and on the left wing, for his support of right-wing authoritarian regimes and of American policies, including the Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q160161", "label": "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "section": "History - Willy Brandt", "says": "In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the Kniefall von Warschau."}, {"id": "Q106235", "label": "Hans-Dietrich Genscher", "section": "History - Helmut Schmidt", "says": "Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, became Vice-Chancellor and Foreign Minister."}, {"id": "Q2518", "label": "Helmut Kohl", "section": "History - Helmut Kohl", "says": "In October 1982 the SPD–FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl as Chancellor in a constructive vote of no confidence."}, {"id": "Q451546", "label": "Unification Treaty", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "Following democratic elections, East Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic subject to the terms of the Unification Treaty between the two states; and then both West Germany and East Germany radically amended their respective constitutions in accordance with that Treaty's provisions."}, {"id": "Q2567", "label": "Richard von Weizsäcker", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the Reichstag building, including Chancellor Helmut Kohl, President Richard von Weizsäcker, former Chancellor Willy Brandt and many others."}], "Q42534": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It spanned much of Pakistan, northwestern India, and northeast Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It spanned much of Pakistan, northwestern India, and northeast Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro was the culmination of work that had begun after the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj in 1861."}], "Q11774": [{"id": "Q844536", "label": "Chandragupta II", "section": "lead", "says": "The high points of the period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of Samudragupta, Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta I."}, {"id": "Q470715", "label": "Kumaragupta I", "section": "lead", "says": "The high points of the period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of Samudragupta, Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta I."}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the Huna peoples (Kidarites and Alchon Huns) from Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q21050766", "label": "Alchon Huns", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the Huna peoples (Kidarites and Alchon Huns) from Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q849802", "label": "Chandragupta I", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "280-319 CE, followed by Ghatotkacha's son, Chandragupta I, c."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "In the later period, the title Maharaja was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of the Kushan Empire)."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "According to the dynasty's official records, he was succeeded by his son Samudragupta."}, {"id": "Q2600532", "label": "Vikramaditya VI", "section": "History - Chandragupta II \"Vikramaditya\"", "says": "Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI (r."}, {"id": "Q1275876", "label": "Skandagupta", "section": "History - Kumaragupta I", "says": "The Kidarites as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son Skandagupta mentions in the Bhitari pillar inscription his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganisation and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the Hunas."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Skandagupta", "says": "He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading Kidarites (sometimes described as the Hephthalites or \"White Huns\", known in India as the Sweta Huna), from the northwest."}, {"id": "Q5152922", "label": "Narasimhagupta", "section": "History - Decline of the empire", "says": "Skandagupta was followed by Purugupta (467–473), Kumaragupta II (473–476), Budhagupta (476–495), Narasimhagupta (495–530), Kumaragupta III (530–540), Vishnugupta (540–550), two lesser known kings namely, Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta."}, {"id": "Q2588669", "label": "Toramana", "section": "History - Decline of the empire", "says": "In the late 490's the Alchon Huns under Toramana and Mihirakula broke through the Gupta defences in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500."}, {"id": "Q2573564", "label": "Mihirakula", "section": "History - Decline of the empire", "says": "In the late 490's the Alchon Huns under Toramana and Mihirakula broke through the Gupta defences in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500."}, {"id": "Q12448145", "label": "Maukhari", "section": "History - Post-Gupta successor dynasties", "says": "In the heart of the former Gupta Empire, in the Gangetic region, the Guptas were succeeded by the Maukhari dynasty and the Pushyabhuti dynasty."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Post-Gupta successor dynasties", "says": "In the western regions, they were succeeded by Gurjaradesa, the Gurjara-Pratiharas, and later the Chaulukya-Paramara dynasties, who issued so-called Indo-Sasanian coinage, on the model of the coinage of the Sasanian Empire, which had been introduced in India by the Alchon Huns."}], "Q41137": [{"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "lead", "says": "2600 BCE, but there is no evidence that the city was independent until the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur, in the 21st century BCE, when a line of independent kings starting with Puzur-Ashur I began ruling the city."}, {"id": "Q2493427", "label": "Puzur-Ashur I", "section": "lead", "says": "2600 BCE, but there is no evidence that the city was independent until the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur, in the 21st century BCE, when a line of independent kings starting with Puzur-Ashur I began ruling the city."}, {"id": "Q299468", "label": "Ashur-uballit I", "section": "lead", "says": "The city underwent several periods of foreign rule or domination before Assyria rose under Ashur-uballit I in the early 14th century BCE as the Middle Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods, Assyria was one of the two major Mesopotamian kingdoms, alongside Babylonia in the south, and at times became the dominant power in the ancient Near East."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 7th century BCE the Neo-Assyrian Empire, weakened by a period of civil war, fell, conquered by a coalition of the ethno-linguistically near-identical Babylonians, who for some three centuries had lived under Assyrian rule or domination, and of Assyria's erstwhile vassels, the  Medes and Scythians."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Though Assyria's core urban territory was extensively devastated in the Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire and though the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire invested few reso"}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Early on, Assur for a time fell under the loose hegemony of the Sumerian city of Kish and it was later occupied by both the Akkadian Empire and then the Third Dynasty of Ur."}, {"id": "Q720814", "label": "Erishum I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The city was still influential in other ways; under Erishum I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q295194", "label": "Adad-nirari I", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "Under the warrior-kings Adad-nirari I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q310142", "label": "Shalmaneser I", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "1305–1274 BC), Shalmaneser I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "1273–1244 BC) and Tukulti-Ninurta I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q906834", "label": "Battle of Nihriya", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "His most notable military achievements were his victory at the Battle of Nihriya c."}, {"id": "Q374567", "label": "Ashur-dan I", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "Though some kings in this period of decline, such as Ashur-dan I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q521473", "label": "Ashur-resh-ishi I", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "1178–1133 BC), Ashur-resh-ishi I (r."}, {"id": "Q296295", "label": "Tiglath-Pileser I", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "1132–1115 BC) and Tiglath-Pileser I (r."}, {"id": "Q536201", "label": "Eriba-Adad II", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "From the time of Eriba-Adad II (r."}, {"id": "Q466990", "label": "Ashur-dan II", "section": "History - Assyrian Empire", "says": "Under Ashur-dan II"}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Under the Seleucid Empire, which controlled Mesopotamia from the late 4th to mid-2nd century BC, Assyrian sites such as Assur, Nimrud and Nineveh were resettled, and a large number of villages were rebuilt and expanded."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "After the Parthian Empire conquered the region in the 2nd century BC, the recovery of Assyria continued, culminating in an unprecedented return to prosperity and revival in the 1st to 3rd centuries AD."}, {"id": "Q149747", "label": "Adiabene", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The region was under the Parthians primarily ruled by a group of vassal kingdoms, including Osroene, Adiabene and Hatra."}], "Q13378": [{"id": "Q5592", "label": "Michelangelo", "section": "lead", "says": "Known as the city of gold and of the high fashion, Arezzo was home to artists and poets such as Giorgio Vasari, Guido of Arezzo and Guittone d'Arezzo and in its province to Renaissance artist Michelangelo."}], "Q41304": [{"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was officially named the German Reich, but was more commonly referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "During the interwar period in the Anglophone world, the republic was usually simply called \"Germany\", with \"Weimar Republic\" (a term introduced by Adolf Hitler in 1929) not commonly used until the 1930s."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the First World War (1914–1918), the German Empire was economically and militarily exhausted and sued the Allies for peace."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "Awareness of an imminent defeat sparked the German revolution, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the collapse of the Empire and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "Hostilities in the war formally ceased with the Armistice of 11 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q152925", "label": "Locarno Treaties", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Locarno Treaties of 1925, Germany moved toward normalizing relations with its neighbors, recognizing most territorial changes under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and committing never to go to war."}, {"id": "Q2667", "label": "Paul von Hindenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "From March 1930 onwards, President Paul von Hindenburg used emergency powers to back chancellors Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen and Kurt"}, {"id": "Q150552", "label": "Franz von Papen", "section": "lead", "says": "From March 1930 onwards, President Paul von Hindenburg used emergency powers to back chancellors Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen and Kurt"}, {"id": "Q58579", "label": "Erich Ludendorff", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When it became obvious to the generals that defeat was at hand, General Erich Ludendorff convinced the Kaiser that Germany needed to pursue an armistice and that the majority parties in the Reichstag, not the OHL, had to take responsibility for it."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - November Revolution (1918–1919)", "says": "Sailors, soldiers and workers began electing workers' and soldiers' councils (Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte) modelled after the soviets of the 1917 Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q44393", "label": "Ludwig III of Bavaria", "section": "History - November Revolution (1918–1919)", "says": "By 7 November, the revolution had reached Munich, resulting in the flight of King Ludwig III of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q70581", "label": "Philipp Scheidemann", "section": "History - November Revolution (1918–1919)", "says": "On 9 November 1918, the German Republic was proclaimed by MSPD member Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, angering Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the MSPD, who thought that the question of monarchy or republic should be answered by a national assembly."}, {"id": "Q2646", "label": "Friedrich Ebert", "section": "History - November Revolution (1918–1919)", "says": "On 9 November 1918, the German Republic was proclaimed by MSPD member Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, angering Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the MSPD, who thought that the question of monarchy or republic should be answered by a national assembly."}, {"id": "Q75886", "label": "Karl Liebknecht", "section": "History - November Revolution (1918–1919)", "says": "The proclamation was issued by Karl Liebknecht, co-leader with Rosa Luxemburg of the communist Spartakusbund (Spartacus League), a group of a few hundred supporters of the Russian Revolution that had allied itself with the USPD in 1917."}, {"id": "Q7231", "label": "Rosa Luxemburg", "section": "History - November Revolution (1918–1919)", "says": "The proclamation was issued by Karl Liebknecht, co-leader with Rosa Luxemburg of the communist Spartakusbund (Spartacus League), a group of a few hundred supporters of the Russian Revolution that had allied itself with the USPD in 1917."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Treaty of Versailles", "says": "Alsace–Lorraine, which Prussia had annexed following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, once again became French."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - War guilt", "says": "During the course of World War I, war reporting was the responsibility of the German General Staff and after 1918, of the Potsdam Reich Archives founded by General Hans von Seeckt, which dedicated itself to the task of \"disproving\" German war guilt and war crimes."}, {"id": "Q57204", "label": "Hans von Seeckt", "section": "History - War guilt", "says": "During the course of World War I, war reporting was the responsibility of the German General Staff and after 1918, of the Potsdam Reich Archives founded by General Hans von Seeckt, which dedicated itself to the task of \"disproving\" German war guilt and war crimes."}, {"id": "Q161141", "label": "Kapp Putsch", "section": "History - Political turmoil: Kapp Putsch and Ruhr uprising", "says": "Some among the working class did not limit themselves to passive resistance to the Kapp Putsch."}, {"id": "Q57755", "label": "Matthias Erzberger", "section": "History - Political assassinations", "says": "Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger was assassinated in August 1921 and Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau in June 1922."}, {"id": "Q135645", "label": "Walther Rathenau", "section": "History - Political assassinations", "says": "Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger was assassinated in August 1921 and Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau in June 1922."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Political assassinations", "says": "Erzberger was also attacked for signing the armistice agreement in 1918, and Rathenau had sought to break Germany's external isolation after the First World War through the Treaty of Rapallo, which opened diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union, renounced all war claims and mutually cancelled pre-war debts."}, {"id": "Q191974", "label": "Raymond Poincaré", "section": "History - Reparations and the occupation of the Ruhr", "says": "The French minister president Raymond Poincaré saw Germany's failure to pay reparations as a lever that he could use to achieve the separation of the Rhineland from the German Reich, a French demand that had been refused by the British at Versailles."}, {"id": "Q103955", "label": "Gustav Stresemann", "section": "History - Reparations and the occupation of the Ruhr", "says": "Realizing that continuing the course was untenable, the new Reich Chancellor Gustav Stresemann called off the passive resistance in September 1923."}, {"id": "Q481492", "label": "Rhenish Republic", "section": "History - Additional political violence and the Hitler putsch", "says": "With the proclamation on 21 October 1923 of the Rhenish Republic came a short-lived secessionist movement in the wake of which sections of the labor force became increasingly radicalized."}, {"id": "Q58860", "label": "Gustav Ritter von Kahr", "section": "History - Additional political violence and the Hitler putsch", "says": "In a breach of the Weimar constitution, Bavaria declared a state of emergency, and executive power was transferred to Gustav Ritter von Kahr as state commissioner general."}, {"id": "Q62546", "label": "Otto von Lossow", "section": "History - Additional political violence and the Hitler putsch", "says": "In spite of the moves against the governments in Saxony and Thuringia, no action was taken against Bavaria, where Kahr was preparing a military coup aimed at overthrowing the Reich government in cooperation with the Bavarian military under district commander Otto von Lossow."}, {"id": "Q48244", "label": "Mein Kampf", "section": "History - Additional political violence and the Hitler putsch", "says": "While in jail Hitler dictated Mein Kampf, which laid out his ideas and future policies."}, {"id": "Q77183", "label": "Wilhelm Marx", "section": "History - Unstable political system", "says": "After Reich President Ebert died at the beginning of 1925 at the age of 54, the candidate of the parties that supported the Republic, Wilhelm Marx of the Centre Party, was defeated in the second round of the 1925 Reich presidential election by the candidate of the nationalist right, Paul von Hindenburg, 48.3% to 45.3%."}, {"id": "Q155419", "label": "Hans Luther", "section": "History - Unstable political system", "says": "From 1924 to 1928, there were three chancellors: Wilhelm Marx of the Centre party (twice), the non-partisan Hans Luther and Hermann Müller of the SPD."}, {"id": "Q57158", "label": "Hermann Müller", "section": "History - Unstable political system", "says": "From 1924 to 1928, there were three chancellors: Wilhelm Marx of the Centre party (twice), the non-partisan Hans Luther and Hermann Müller of the SPD."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "Germany signed arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, undertaking to refer any future disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice."}, {"id": "Q205073", "label": "Kellogg-Briand pact", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "In 1928 Stresemann played an important mediating role between the US and France in the negotiations on the Kellogg–Briand Pact, an international agreement on peace."}, {"id": "Q57133", "label": "Kurt von Schleicher", "section": "History - Onset of the Great Depression", "says": "Four chancellors (Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen, Kurt von Schleicher and, from 30 January to 23 March 1933, Adolf Hitler) governed through presidential decree rather than parliamentary consultation."}, {"id": "Q155398", "label": "Heinrich Brüning", "section": "History - Brüning and the first presidential cabinet (1930–1932)", "says": "On 29 March 1930, at the instigation of General Kurt von Schleicher, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed finance expert Heinrich Brüning as successor to Hermann Müller (SPD), whose five-party coalition had broken down on 27 March over how to finance the increased costs of unemployment compensation."}, {"id": "Q451046", "label": "Preußenschlag", "section": "History - Papen cabinet", "says": "Using the political violence that took place during the Reichstag election campaign as a pretext, he ousted the SPD-led coalition government of Prussia in the Prussian coup d'état (Preußenschlag) of 20 July."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Enabling Act", "says": "The passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 is widely considered to mark the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Nazification", "says": "It met only sporadically until the end of World War II, held no debates and enacted only a few laws; for all purposes, it was reduced to a mere stage for Hitler's speeches."}], "Q389688": [{"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaemenid Empire (, ə-KEE-mə-nid; Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' or 'The Kingdom') was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "Based in the Iranian plateau, it stretched from the Balkans and Cyrenaica in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, including Anatolia, Cyprus, Mesopotamia, the Levant, the South Caucasus, parts of Eastern Arabia, and large parts of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From Persis, Cyrus rose and defeated Media, Lydia, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, thus marking the establishment of a new imperial polity in the ancient Near East."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In 330 BC, amidst a Greek military campaign that began in 336 BC, the Achaemenid Empire was conquered in its entirety by Alexander the Great, who annexed it to his Macedonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon Alexander's death, which sparked the beginning of the Hellenistic period in 323 BC, the majority of the former Achaemenid Empire's territories came under the rule of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon Alexander's death, which sparked the beginning of the Hellenistic period in 323 BC, the majority of the former Achaemenid Empire's territories came under the rule of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Almost a century later, Iranian elites in the central plateau successfully reclaimed power from the Seleucids and established the Parthian Empire, which existed for nearly half a millennium before being succeeded by the Iranian Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Almost a century later, Iranian elites in the central plateau successfully reclaimed power from the Seleucids and established the Parthian Empire, which existed for nearly half a millennium before being succeeded by the Iranian Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q405008", "label": "Cyrus cylinder", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "According to the Cyrus Cylinder (the oldest extant genealogy of the Achaemenids) the kings of Anshan were Teispes, Cyrus I, Cambyses I and Cyrus II, also known as Cyrus the Great, who founded the empire."}, {"id": "Q299428", "label": "Cambyses I", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "According to the Cyrus Cylinder (the oldest extant genealogy of the Achaemenids) the kings of Anshan were Teispes, Cyrus I, Cambyses I and Cyrus II, also known as Cyrus the Great, who founded the empire."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "The later Behistun Inscription, written by Darius the Great, claims that Teispes was the son of Achaemenes and that Darius is also descended from Teispes through a different line, but no earlier texts mention Achaemenes."}, {"id": "Q271260", "label": "Mandane of Media", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "In Herodotus' Histories, he writes that Cyrus the Great was the son of Cambyses I and Mandane of Media, the daughter of Astyages, the king of the Median Empire."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "In Herodotus' Histories, he writes that Cyrus the Great was the son of Cambyses I and Mandane of Media, the daughter of Astyages, the king of the Median Empire."}, {"id": "Q462684", "label": "Harpagus", "section": "History - 540s BC", "says": "Mazares, and after his death Harpagus, set about reducing all the cities which had taken part in the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q28169617", "label": "Fall of Babylon", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "Nothing is known of Persia–Babylon relations between 547 and 539 BC, but it is likely that there were hostilities between the two empires for several years leading up to the war of 540–539 BC and the Fall of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "In October 539 BC, Cyrus won a battle against the Babylonians at Opis, then took Sippar without a fight before finally capturing the city of Babylon on 12 October, where the Babylonian king Nabonidus was taken prisoner."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "Upon taking control of the city, Cyrus depicted himself in propaganda as restoring the divine order which had been disrupted by Nabonidus, who had promoted the cult of Sin rather than Marduk, and he also portrayed himself as restoring the heritage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by comparing himself to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "Upon taking control of the city, Cyrus depicted himself in propaganda as restoring the divine order which had been disrupted by Nabonidus, who had promoted the cult of Sin rather than Marduk, and he also portrayed himself as restoring the heritage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by comparing himself to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "In 530 BC, Cyrus died and was succeeded by his eldest son Cambyses II, while his younger son Bardiya received a large territory in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "By 525 BC, Cambyses had successfully subjugated Phoenicia and Cyprus and was making preparations to invade Egypt with the newly created Persian navy."}, {"id": "Q312045", "label": "Amasis II", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Pharaoh Amasis II had died in 526, and had been succeeded by Psamtik III, resulting in the defection of key Egyptian allies to the Persians."}, {"id": "Q316278", "label": "Psamtik III", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Pharaoh Amasis II had died in 526, and had been succeeded by Psamtik III, resulting in the defection of key Egyptian allies to the Persians."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Herodotus depicts Cambyses as openly antagonistic to the Egyptian people and their gods, cults, temples, and priests, in particular stressing the murder of the sacred bull Apis."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Cambyses then planned invasions of Carthage, the oasis of Ammon and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Cambyses then planned invasions of Carthage, the oasis of Ammon and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "In 513, Darius the Great (521–486) initiated Persian military operations that included the subjugation of Macedonia, as a large Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans and tried to defeat the European Scythians north of the Danube."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "In 513, Darius the Great (521–486) initiated Persian military operations that included the subjugation of Macedonia, as a large Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans and tried to defeat the European Scythians north of the Danube."}, {"id": "Q1917012", "label": "Megabazus", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "Darius left in Europe one of his commanders named Megabazus whose task was to accomplish conquests in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "Family ties that the Macedonian rulers Amyntas and Alexander enjoyed with Bubares ensured them good relations with the Persian kings Darius and Xerxes I, who was also known as Xerxes the Great."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - 5th century BC", "says": "By the 5th century BC, the Kings of Persia were either ruling over or had subordinated territories encompassing not just all of the Persian Plateau and all of the territories formerly held by the Assyrian Empire (Mesopotamia, the Levant, Cyprus and Egypt), but beyond this, all of Anatolia and Armenia, as well as the Southern Caucasus and parts of the North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikis"}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - 5th century BC", "says": "By the 5th century BC, the Kings of Persia were either ruling over or had subordinated territories encompassing not just all of the Persian Plateau and all of the territories formerly held by the Assyrian Empire (Mesopotamia, the Levant, Cyprus and Egypt), but beyond this, all of Anatolia and Armenia, as well as the Southern Caucasus and parts of the North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikis"}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "The Ionian Revolt in 499 BC, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus, and Caria, were military rebellions by several regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC."}, {"id": "Q451426", "label": "Histiaeus", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "The Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Achaemenid Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "In 492 BC, the Persian general Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedonia a fully subordinate part of the empire; it had been a vassal as early as the late 6th century BC but retained a great deal of autonomy."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "However, in 490 BC the Persian forces were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon and Darius I would die before having the chance to launch an invasion of Greece."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "His army entered Greece from the north in the spring of 480 BC, meeting little or no resistance through Macedonia and Thessaly, but was delayed by a small Greek force for three days at Thermopylae."}, {"id": "Q189689", "label": "Artaxerxes I", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "After Xerxes I was assassinated, he was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Artaxerxes I."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Under Artaxerxes I, Zoroastrianism became the de facto religion of the empire."}, {"id": "Q370709", "label": "Peace of Callias", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "After Cimon's failure to attain much in this expedition, the Peace of Callias was agreed between Athens, Argos and Persia in 449 BC."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Artaxerxes offered asylum to Themistocles, who was the winner of the Battle of Salamis, after Themistocles was ostracized from Athens."}, {"id": "Q272043", "label": "Xerxes II", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Artaxerxes I was immediately succeeded by his eldest and only legitimate son, Xerxes II."}, {"id": "Q298631", "label": "Sogdianus", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "However, after a few days on the throne, he was assassinated while drunk by Pharnacyas and Menostanes on the orders of his illegitimate brother Sogdianus, who apparently had gained the support of his regions."}, {"id": "Q202236", "label": "Darius II", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Ochus then took the royal name Darius II."}, {"id": "Q355727", "label": "Tissaphernes", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "From 412 BC Darius II, at the insistence of Tissaphernes, gave support first to Athens, then to Sparta, but in 407 BC, Darius' son Cyrus the Younger was appointed to replace Tissaphernes and aid was given entirely to Sparta which finally defeated Athens in 404 BC."}, {"id": "Q297960", "label": "Cyrus the Younger", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "From 412 BC Darius II, at the insistence of Tissaphernes, gave support first to Athens, then to Sparta, but in 407 BC, Darius' son Cyrus the Younger was appointed to replace Tissaphernes and aid was given entirely to Sparta which finally defeated Athens in 404 BC."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "History - Second conquest of Egypt", "says": "In 343 BC, Artaxerxes III, in addition to his 330,000 Persians, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor: 4,000 under Mentor, consisting of the troops that he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent by Argos; and 1,000 from Thebes."}, {"id": "Q313126", "label": "Nectanebo II", "section": "History - Second conquest of Egypt", "says": "Nectanebo II resisted with an army of 100,000 of whom 20,000 were Greek mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Fall to Alexander III of Macedon", "says": "Bagoas then placed Darius III, a nephew of Artaxerxes IV, on the throne."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Fall to Alexander III of Macedon", "says": "Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) defeated the Persian armies at Granicus (334 BC), followed by Issus (333 BC), and lastly at Gaugamela (331 BC)."}, {"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "History - Fall to Alexander III of Macedon", "says": "Afterwards, he marched on Susa and Persepolis which surrendered and was destroyed by fire in early 330 BC."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "History - Descendants in later Persian dynasties", "says": "Sasanian Empire\n\nWith the reign of Šābuhr, the son of Pāpag, the kingdom of Persis then became a part of the Sasanian Empire. Šābuhr's brother and successor, Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) V, defeated the last legitimate Parthian king, Artabanos V in 224 AD, and was crowned at Ctesiphon as Ardaxšir I (Ardashir I), šāhanšāh ī Ērān, becoming the first king of the new Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "History - Descendants in later Persian dynasties", "says": "Kingdom of Pontus\nThe Achaemenid line would also be carried on through the Kingdom of Pontus, based in the Pontus region of northern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Descendants in later Persian dynasties", "says": "The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI the Great, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Descendants in later Persian dynasties", "says": "Thus, this Persian dynasty managed to survive and prosper in the Hellenistic world while the main Persian Empire had fallen."}], "Q6231": [{"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Roman military outpost", "says": "It supplied troops to Julius Caesar and benefited from his rule, but later supported Marcus Junius Brutus and the Senate in their conflict with Augustus, who, having won, in 40 BC confiscated Cremona's land and redistributed it to his men."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman military outpost", "says": "It supplied troops to Julius Caesar and benefited from his rule, but later supported Marcus Junius Brutus and the Senate in their conflict with Augustus, who, having won, in 40 BC confiscated Cremona's land and redistributed it to his men."}, {"id": "Q2163922", "label": "Second Battle of Bedriacum", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "The city's prosperity continued to increase until 69 AD, when it was sacked and destroyed in the Second Battle of Bedriacum by the troops of Vespasian under command of Marcus Antonius Primus, fighting to install him as Emperor against his rival Vitellius."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "The city's prosperity continued to increase until 69 AD, when it was sacked and destroyed in the Second Battle of Bedriacum by the troops of Vespasian under command of Marcus Antonius Primus, fighting to install him as Emperor against his rival Vitellius."}, {"id": "Q712981", "label": "Marcus Antonius Primus", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "The city's prosperity continued to increase until 69 AD, when it was sacked and destroyed in the Second Battle of Bedriacum by the troops of Vespasian under command of Marcus Antonius Primus, fighting to install him as Emperor against his rival Vitellius."}, {"id": "Q1417", "label": "Vitellius", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "The city's prosperity continued to increase until 69 AD, when it was sacked and destroyed in the Second Battle of Bedriacum by the troops of Vespasian under command of Marcus Antonius Primus, fighting to install him as Emperor against his rival Vitellius."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "When the Lombards invaded much of Italy in the second half of the 6th century AD, Cremona remained a Byzantine stronghold as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Holy Roman Vassal", "says": "Control of the city fell increasingly to its bishop, who became a Holy Roman Empire vassal after Charlemagne's conquest of Italy."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Holy Roman Vassal", "says": "Emperor Conrad II settled the quarrel by entering Cremona in 1037 together with the young Pope Benedict IX."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Pro-Empire", "says": "When Frederick Barbarossa descended into Italy to assert his authority, Cremona sided with him in order to gain his support against Crema, which had rebelled with the help of Milan."}, {"id": "Q283364", "label": "Battle of Legnano", "section": "History - Lombard League", "says": "Its troops were part of the army that, on 29 May 1176, defeated Barbarossa in the Battle of Legnano."}, {"id": "Q1169274", "label": "Battle of Cortenuova", "section": "History - Lombard League", "says": "In the Battle of Cortenuova, the Cremonese were on the winning side."}, {"id": "Q155167", "label": "John of Bohemia", "section": "History - Seignory Lords", "says": "The Visconti's signoria (lordship) was interrupted in 1327 by Ludwig the Bavarian, in 1331 by John of Bohemia, and in 1403 by a short-lived return of the Cavalcabò."}, {"id": "Q289285", "label": "Filippo Maria Visconti", "section": "History - Seignory Lords", "says": "Thus Filippo Maria Visconti made his signoria hereditary."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - Seignory Lords", "says": "Cremona became part of the Duchy of Milan, following its fate until the unification of Italy."}, {"id": "Q310536", "label": "Francesco I Sforza", "section": "History - Seignory Lords", "says": "In 1441 the city hosted the marriage of Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti in the temple built by the Benedictines, which today is the church of Saint Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Seignory Lords", "says": "In 1441 the city hosted the marriage of Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti in the temple built by the Benedictines, which today is the church of Saint Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Austria", "says": "The duchy, after a short-lived French conquest in 1701 during the War of the Spanish Succession, passed to Austria on 10 April 1707."}], "Q2184": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) was a communist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "25 October], as a result of the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as a sovereign state and the world's first communist state guided by communist ideology."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "lead", "says": "On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin, supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement, was elected the first and only President of the RSFSR, a post that would later become the Presidency of the Russian Federation."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "The August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q76986", "label": "Belovezh Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belovezha Accords declaring dissolution of the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose replacement confederation."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "History - Early years (1917–1920)", "says": "The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interim Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution, the second of the two Russian Revolutions."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "History - Early years (1917–1920)", "says": "The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interim Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution, the second of the two Russian Revolutions."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Early years (1917–1920)", "says": "On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire, in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Early years (1917–1920)", "says": "On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire, in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - Early years (1917–1920)", "says": "On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire, in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Early years (1917–1920)", "says": "On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire, in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Early years (1917–1920)", "says": "By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more, although some were conquered by the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q1909499", "label": "David Christian", "section": "History - 1920s", "says": "According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920)."}, {"id": "Q2895", "label": "Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "History - 1920s", "says": "On 30 December 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - 1930s", "says": "The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan) and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyzstan)."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "History - 1930s", "says": "The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan) and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyzstan)."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "History - 1930s", "says": "The former Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbekistan)."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - 1940s", "says": "Just four months after Operation Barbarossa, the Wehrmacht was quickly advancing through the Russian SFSR, and was approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Moscow."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - 1940s", "says": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), General Secretary of the Communist Party, later Premier, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading Germans in the Great Patriotic War (World War II, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 1940s", "says": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), General Secretary of the Communist Party, later Premier, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading Germans in the Great Patriotic War (World War II, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "History - 1940s", "says": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), General Secretary of the Communist Party, later Premier, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading Germans in the Great Patriotic War (World War II, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"id": "Q816709", "label": "Tuvan People's Republic", "section": "History - 1940s", "says": "On 11 October 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic was joined with the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1961."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 1940s", "says": "The status of the southernmost Kurils, north of Hokkaido of the Japanese home islands remains in dispute with Japan and the United States following the peace treaty of 1951 ending the state of war."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - 1940s", "says": "On 17 April 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast – the north-eastern portion of the former Kingdom of Prussia, the founding state of the German Empire (1871–1918) and later the German province of East Prussia including the capital and Baltic seaport city of Königsberg – was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR."}, {"id": "Q180588", "label": "Georgy Malenkov", "section": "History - 1950s", "says": "After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953, Georgy Malenkov became the new leader of the USSR."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - 1960s–1980s", "says": "In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev."}, {"id": "Q765165", "label": "Leonid Brezhnev", "section": "History - 1960s–1980s", "says": "In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev."}, {"id": "Q189732", "label": "Leonid Kravchuk", "section": "History - Early 1990s", "says": "On 8 December 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), Yeltsin, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich signed the \"Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States\", known in media as the Belovezh Accords."}, {"id": "Q314338", "label": "Stanislaw Shushkievich", "section": "History - Early 1990s", "says": "On 8 December 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), Yeltsin, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich signed the \"Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States\", known in media as the Belovezh Accords."}], "Q1180": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Jammu and Kashmir was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1947 to 2019, constituting the southern and south-eastern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century."}], "Q129286": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy, called the princely states."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India)."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India)."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted until 1947 when the British Raj was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Union of India (later the Republic of India) and Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and People's Republic of Bangladesh after the 1971 Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence)."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted until 1947 when the British Raj was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Union of India (later the Republic of India) and Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and People's Republic of Bangladesh after the 1971 Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence)."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted until 1947 when the British Raj was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Union of India (later the Republic of India) and Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and People's Republic of Bangladesh after the 1971 Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence)."}, {"id": "Q49910", "label": "Colony of Aden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden was also part of British India at the inception of the British Raj and became a separate colony known as Aden Colony in 1937 as well."}, {"id": "Q138559", "label": "Lord William Bentinck", "section": "History - 1858–1868: Rebellion aftermath, critiques, and responses", "says": "Until the rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on sati by Lord William Bentinck."}, {"id": "Q3534685", "label": "Great Famine of 1876–1878", "section": "History - 1858–1880: Railways, canals, Famine Code", "says": "After the Great Famine of 1876–1878, the Indian Famine Commission report was issued in 1880, and the Indian Famine Codes, the earliest famin"}, {"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "History - 1880s–1890s: middle class, Indian National Congress", "says": "Irritation, on the other hand, came not just from incidents of racial discrimination at the hands of the British in India but also from governmental actions like the use of Indian troops in imperial campaigns (e.g., in the Second Anglo-Afghan War) and the attempts to control the vernacular press (e.g., in the Vernacular Press Act of 1878)."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "History - 1870s–1906: Muslim social movements, Muslim League", "says": "The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the revelations of the Census of British India in 1871, which had for the first time estimated the populations in regions of the Muslim majority (for his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever"}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "History - 1905–1911: Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi movement", "says": "His agenda included the creation of the North-West Frontier Province; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of a Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the u"}, {"id": "Q312555", "label": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak", "section": "History - 1905–1911: Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi movement", "says": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - 1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues", "says": "Their participation had a wider cultural fallout as news spread of how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues", "says": "At the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and Mesopotamia, had led the previous viceroy, Lord Harding, to worry about the \"risks involved in denuding India of troops\"."}, {"id": "Q464318", "label": "Annie Besant", "section": "History - 1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues", "says": "It was under the Defence of India Act that the Ali brothers were imprisoned in 1916, and Annie Besant, a European woman, and ordinarily more problematic to imprison, was arrested in 1917."}, {"id": "Q313299", "label": "Gopal Krishna Gokhale", "section": "History - 1915–1918: return of Gandhi", "says": "Already known in India as a result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor Gopal Krishna Gokhale and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country at first hand, and writing."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - 1915–1918: return of Gandhi", "says": "Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although small, was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - 1916–1919: Montagu–Chelmsford reforms", "says": "After more discussion, in August 1917, the new Liberal secretary of state for India, Edwin Montagu, announced the British aim of \"increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire\"."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "History - 1919–1929: Jallianwala and non-cooperation movement", "says": "At its annual session in Lahore, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, issued a demand for Purna Swaraj (Hindustani language: \"complete independence\"), or Purna Swarajya."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 1939–1945: World War II", "says": "With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest."}, {"id": "Q332405", "label": "Stafford Cripps", "section": "History - 1946–1947: Independence and partition", "says": "Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they had the effect of spurring the new Labour government in Britain to action, and leading to the Cabinet Mission to India led by the Secretary of State for India, Lord Pethick Lawrence, and including Sir Stafford Cripps, who had visited four years before."}, {"id": "Q2096814", "label": "Direct Action Day", "section": "History - 1946–1947: Independence and partition", "says": "Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946, Direct Action Day, with the stated goal of highlighting, peacefully, the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India."}], "Q83891": [{"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Ardashir I, whose rise coincided with the decline of Arsacid influence in the face of both internal and external strife, the House of Sasan was highly determined to restore the legacy of the Achaemenid Empire by expanding and consolidating the dominions of the Iranian nation."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Ardashir I, whose rise coincided with the decline of Arsacid influence in the face of both internal and external strife, the House of Sasan was highly determined to restore the legacy of the Achaemenid Empire by expanding and consolidating the dominions of the Iranian nation."}, {"id": "Q316067", "label": "Artabanus IV of Parthia", "section": "lead", "says": "Most notably, after defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia at the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, it began competing far more zealously with the neighboring Roman Empire than the Arsacids had, thus sparking a new phase of the Roman–Iranian Wars."}, {"id": "Q2887977", "label": "Battle of Hormozdgan", "section": "lead", "says": "Most notably, after defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia at the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, it began competing far more zealously with the neighboring Roman Empire than the Arsacids had, thus sparking a new phase of the Roman–Iranian Wars."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Most notably, after defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia at the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, it began competing far more zealously with the neighboring Roman Empire than the Arsacids had, thus sparking a new phase of the Roman–Iranian Wars."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "lead", "says": "A high point in the history of Iranian civilization, the Sasanian Empire was characterized by a complex and centralized government bureaucracy and the revitalization of Zoroastrianism as a legitimizing and unifying ideal."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the rise of Islam in Arabia, and a devastating war with the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Sasanian Empire fell to the early Muslim conquests, which were initiated by Muhammad and continued under the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the rise of Islam in Arabia, and a devastating war with the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Sasanian Empire fell to the early Muslim conquests, which were initiated by Muhammad and continued under the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Origins and early history (205–310)", "says": "Conflicting accounts shroud the details of the fall of the Parthian Empire and subsequent rise of the Sasanian Empire in mystery."}, {"id": "Q318023", "label": "Vologases VI of Parthia", "section": "History - Origins and early history (205–310)", "says": "At that time the Arsacid dynasty was divided between supporters of Artabanus IV and Vologases VI, which probably allowed Ardashir to consolidate his authority in the south with little or no interference from the Parthians."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "History - First Golden Era (309–379)", "says": "The throne was reserved for a younger son, Shapur II."}, {"id": "Q1661685", "label": "Indo-Sassanids", "section": "History - First Golden Era (309–379)", "says": "In the east around 325, Shapur II regained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - First Golden Era (309–379)", "says": "In the east around 325, Shapur II regained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - First Golden Era (309–379)", "says": "In the east around 325, Shapur II regained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "From Shapur II's death until Kavad I's first coronation, there was a largely peaceful period with the Romans (by this time the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire) engaged in just two brief wars with the Sasanian Empire, the first in 421–422 and the second in 440."}, {"id": "Q310311", "label": "Ardashir II", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "After Shapur II died in 379, the empire passed on to his half-brother Ardashir II (379–383; son of Hormizd II) and his son Shapur III (383–388), neither of whom demonstrated their predecessor's skill in ruling."}, {"id": "Q313599", "label": "Hormizd II", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "After Shapur II died in 379, the empire passed on to his half-brother Ardashir II (379–383; son of Hormizd II) and his son Shapur III (383–388), neither of whom demonstrated their predecessor's skill in ruling."}, {"id": "Q310267", "label": "Shapur III", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "After Shapur II died in 379, the empire passed on to his half-brother Ardashir II (379–383; son of Hormizd II) and his son Shapur III (383–388), neither of whom demonstrated their predecessor's skill in ruling."}, {"id": "Q313644", "label": "Bahram IV", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "Bahram IV (388–399) also failed to achieve anything important for the empire."}, {"id": "Q217290", "label": "Yazdegerd I", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "Bahram IV's son Yazdegerd I (399–421) is often compared to Constantine I."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "His reign marked a relatively peaceful era with the Romans, and he even took the young Theodosius II (408–450) under his guardianship."}, {"id": "Q299271", "label": "Bahram V", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "Yazdegerd I's successor was his son Bahram V (421–438), one of the most well-known Sasanian kings and the hero of many myths."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "In 427, he crushed an invasion in the east by the nomadic Hephthalites, extending his influence into Central Asia, where his portrait survived for centuries on the coinage of Bukhara (in modern Uzbekistan)."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "In 427, he crushed an invasion in the east by the nomadic Hephthalites, extending his influence into Central Asia, where his portrait survived for centuries on the coinage of Bukhara (in modern Uzbekistan)."}, {"id": "Q310303", "label": "Yazdegerd II", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "Bahram V's son Yazdegerd II (438–457) was in some ways a moderate ruler, but, in contrast to Yazdegerd I, he practised a harsh policy towards minority religions, particularly Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "Bahram V's son Yazdegerd II (438–457) was in some ways a moderate ruler, but, in contrast to Yazdegerd I, he practised a harsh policy towards minority religions, particularly Christianity."}, {"id": "Q734700", "label": "Battle of Avarayr", "section": "History - Intermediate Era (379–498)", "says": "However, at the Battle of Avarayr in 451, the Armenian subje"}, {"id": "Q244071", "label": "Kavad I", "section": "History - Second Golden Era (498–622)", "says": "The second golden era began after the second reign of Kavad I."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - Second Golden Era (498–622)", "says": "The army was met by the Roman general Belisarius, and, though superior in numbers, was defeated at the Battle of Dara."}, {"id": "Q385604", "label": "Battle of Dara", "section": "History - Second Golden Era (498–622)", "says": "The army was met by the Roman general Belisarius, and, though superior in numbers, was defeated at the Battle of Dara."}, {"id": "Q1265750", "label": "Battle of Callinicum", "section": "History - Second Golden Era (498–622)", "says": "In the same year, a second Persian army under Mihr-Mihroe was defeated at Satala by Roman forces under Sittas and Dorotheus, but in 531 a Persian army accompanied by a Lakhmid contingent under Al-Mundhir III defeated Belisarius at the Battle of Callinicum, and in 532 an \"eternal peace\" was concluded."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "History - Second Golden Era (498–622)", "says": "After the reign of Kavad I, his son Khosrow I, also known as Anushirvan (\"with the immortal soul\"; ruled 531–579), ascended to the throne."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Second Golden Era (498–622)", "says": "Emperor Justinian I (527–565) paid Khosrow I 440,000 pieces of gold as a part of the \"eternal peace\" treaty of 532."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "History - Decline and collapse (622–651)", "says": "While successful at its first stage (from 602 to 622), the campaign of Khosrow II had actually exhausted the Persian army and treasuries."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Decline and collapse (622–651)", "says": "Thus, while his empire was on the verge of total defeat, Heraclius (610–641) drew on all his diminished and devastated empire's remaining resources, reorganised his armies, and mounted a remarkable, risky counter-offensive."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Decline and collapse (622–651)", "says": "Between 622 and 627, he campaigned against the Persians in Anatolia and the Caucasus, winning a string of victories against Persian forces under Shahrbaraz, Shahin, and Shahraplakan (whose competition to claim the glory of personally defeating the Byzantine emperor contributed to their failure), sacking the great Zoroastrian temple at Ganzak, and securing assistance from the Khazars and Western Tu"}, {"id": "Q347447", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "section": "History - Decline and collapse (622–651)", "says": "The Sassanids, led by Shahrbaraz, attacked the city on the eastern side of the Bosphorus, while his Avar and Slavic allies invaded from the western side."}, {"id": "Q755966", "label": "Battle of Nineveh", "section": "History - Decline and collapse (622–651)", "says": "In 627–628, Heraclius mounted a winter invasion of Mesopotamia, and, despite the departure of his Khazar allies, defeated a Persian army commanded by Rhahzadh in the Battle of Nineveh."}, {"id": "Q315873", "label": "Kavadh II", "section": "History - Decline and collapse (622–651)", "says": "In early 628, he was overthrown and murdered by his son Kavadh II (628), who immediately brought an end to the war, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territories."}, {"id": "Q6395203", "label": "Paduspanids", "section": "History - Descended nobility", "says": "The Paduspanids (665–1598) of Mazandaran, descendant of Jamasp."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "History - Descended nobility", "says": "The Kamkarian family (9th–10th century) a dehqan family descended from Yazdegerd III."}], "Q29999": [{"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Belgium and Luxembourg independence", "says": "In 1839 Luxembourg ceased to be part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and continued as a grand duchy in personal union with the Dutch monarch until 1890."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Belgium and Luxembourg independence", "says": "To compensate the German Confederation for that loss, the remainder of the Dutch province of Limburg received the same status that Luxembourg had enjoyed before, as a Dutch province that at the same time formed a Duchy of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Decolonisation", "says": "Initially, this speech had propaganda purposes; the Dutch government had the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in mind, and hoped to appease public opinion in the United States, which had become sceptical towards colonialism."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Decolonisation", "says": "Initially, this speech had propaganda purposes; the Dutch government had the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in mind, and hoped to appease public opinion in the United States, which had become sceptical towards colonialism."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Decolonisation", "says": "Initially, this speech had propaganda purposes; the Dutch government had the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in mind, and hoped to appease public opinion in the United States, which had become sceptical towards colonialism."}, {"id": "Q2112088", "label": "Linggadjati Agreement", "section": "History - Decolonisation", "says": "With Indonesia's independence, a temporary confederal constitution was established through the Linggadjati Agreement in 1946, which mandated the creation of a Netherlands-Indonesia Union."}, {"id": "Q25227", "label": "Netherlands Antilles", "section": "History - Decolonisation", "says": "Initially, a federal constitution was considered too heavy as the economies of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were insignificant compared to that of the Netherlands."}], "Q41642": [{"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "They founded colonies and trading posts throughout the Mediterranean; among these, Carthage in the Mediterranean Maghreb developed into a major power by the 7th century BC."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The fifth-century BC Greek historian Herodotus claimed that the Phoenicians had migrated from the Erythraean Sea around 2750 BC and the first-century AD geographer Strabo reports a claim that they came from Tylos and Arad (Bahrain and Muharraq)."}, {"id": "Q157985", "label": "Thutmose IV", "section": "History - Emergence during the Late Bronze Age (1479–1200 BC)", "says": "Thutmose IV himself visited Sidon, where the purchase of lumber from Lebanon was arranged."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Emergence during the Late Bronze Age (1479–1200 BC)", "says": "Byblos was the leading city; it was a center for bronze-making and the primary terminus of trade routes for precious goods such as tin and lapis lazuli from as far east as Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Emergence during the Late Bronze Age (1479–1200 BC)", "says": "The Amarna letters report that from 1350 to 1300 BC, neighboring Amorites and Hittites were capturing Phoenician cities, especially in the north."}, {"id": "Q467115", "label": "Hiram I", "section": "History - Ascendance and high point (1200–800 BC)", "says": "By the tenth century BC, Tyre rose to become the richest and most powerful Phoenician city-state, particularly during the reign of Hiram I (c."}, {"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "History - Foundation of Carthage", "says": "Carthage would grow into a multi-ethnic empire spanning North Africa, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, the Balearic Islands, and southern Iberia, but would ultimately be destroyed by Rome in the Punic Wars (264–146 BC)."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Foundation of Carthage", "says": "It was eventually rebuilt as a Roman city by Julius Caesar in the period from 49 to 44 BC, with the official name Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Vassalage under the Assyrians and Babylonians (858–538 BC)", "says": "The Assyrian domination of Phoenicia began with King Shalmaneser III."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Vassalage under the Assyrians and Babylonians (858–538 BC)", "says": "In 721 BC, Sargon II besieged Tyre and crushed the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Vassalage under the Assyrians and Babylonians (858–538 BC)", "says": "His successor Sennacherib suppressed further rebellions across the region."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Vassalage under the Assyrians and Babylonians (858–538 BC)", "says": "The Babylonians, formerly vassals of the Assyrians, took advantage of the empire's collapse and rebelled, quickly establishing the Neo-Babylonian Empire in its place."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "History - Vassalage under the Assyrians and Babylonians (858–538 BC)", "says": "Phoenician cities revolted several times throughout the reigns of the first Babylonian kings: Nabopolassar (626–605 BC) and his son Nebuchadnezzar II (c."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Persian period (539–332 BC)", "says": "In 539 BC, Cyrus the Great, king and founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, took Babylon."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Persian period (539–332 BC)", "says": "In 539 BC, Cyrus the Great, king and founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, took Babylon."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Persian period (539–332 BC)", "says": "The Phoenicians remained a core asset to the Achaemenid Empire, particularly for their prowess in maritime technology and navigation; they furnished the bulk of the Persian fleet during the Greco-Persian Wars of the late fifth century BC."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - Persian period (539–332 BC)", "says": "Phoenicians under Xerxes I built the Xerxes Canal and the pontoon bridges that allowed his forces to cross into mainland Greece."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "History - Persian period (539–332 BC)", "says": "In the mid-fourth century BC, King Tennes of Sidon led a failed rebellion against Artaxerxes III, enlisting the help of the Egyptians, who were subsequently drawn into a war with the Persians."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Persian period (539–332 BC)", "says": "The resulting destruction of Sidon led to the resurgence of Tyre, which remained the dominant Phoenician city for two decades until the arrival of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Hellenistic period (332–152 BC)", "says": "Polybius recounts how the Seleucid King Demetrius I escaped from Rome by boarding a Carthaginian ship that was delivering goods to Tyre."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "History - Hellenistic period (332–152 BC)", "says": "The Phoenician homeland was repeatedly contested by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt during the forty-year Syrian Wars, coming under Ptolemaic rule in the third century BC."}, {"id": "Q1330607", "label": "Syrian Wars", "section": "History - Hellenistic period (332–152 BC)", "says": "The Phoenician homeland was repeatedly contested by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt during the forty-year Syrian Wars, coming under Ptolemaic rule in the third century BC."}], "Q80702": [{"id": "Q766543", "label": "Hispanic Monarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the beginning, Portugal was the only serious threat to Spanish hegemony in the New World."}, {"id": "Q3298746", "label": "War of the Portuguese Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "To end the threat of Portuguese expansion, Spain conquered Portugal and the Azores Islands from 1580 to 1582 during the War of the Portuguese Succession, resulting in the establishment of the Iberian Union, a forced union between the two crowns that lasted until 1640 when Portugal regained its independence from Spain."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "To end the threat of Portuguese expansion, Spain conquered Portugal and the Azores Islands from 1580 to 1582 during the War of the Portuguese Succession, resulting in the establishment of the Iberian Union, a forced union between the two crowns that lasted until 1640 when Portugal regained its independence from Spain."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Spain was largely able to defend its territories in the Americas, with the Dutch, English, and French taking only small Caribbean islands and outposts, using them to engage in contraband trade with the Spanish populace in the Indies."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Catholic Monarchs and origins of the empire", "says": "It had conquered Melilla in 1497, and further expansionism policy in North Africa was developed during the regency of Ferdinand the Catholic in Castile, stimulated by Cardinal Cisneros."}], "Q131964": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During its existence, it was the third most populous nation in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, while geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "During its existence, it was the third most populous nation in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, while geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During its existence, it was the third most populous nation in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, while geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was proclaimed by Francis II in 1804 in response to Napoleon's declaration of the First French Empire, unifying all Habsburg possessions under one central government."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until the latter's dissolution in 1806."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It continued fighting against Napoleon throughout the Napoleonic Wars, except for a period between 1809 and 1813, when Austria was first allied with Napoleon during the invasion of Russia and later neutral during the first few weeks of the Sixth Coalition War."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It continued fighting against Napoleon throughout the Napoleonic Wars, except for a period between 1809 and 1813, when Austria was first allied with Napoleon during the invasion of Russia and later neutral during the first few weeks of the Sixth Coalition War."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria and its allies emerged victorious in the war, leading to the Congress of Vienna, which reaffirmed the empire as one of the great powers of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "After Austria was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "After Austria was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "The House of Habsburg began as relatively minor nobles in what is now Switzerland, but through a highly effective strategy of dynastic marriages, often summarized by the phrase \"Bella gerunt alii, tu felix Austria nube\" (\"let others wage war; you, happy Austria, marry\"), they expanded their influence across vast parts of Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Background", "says": "The House of Habsburg began as relatively minor nobles in what is now Switzerland, but through a highly effective strategy of dynastic marriages, often summarized by the phrase \"Bella gerunt alii, tu felix Austria nube\" (\"let others wage war; you, happy Austria, marry\"), they expanded their influence across vast parts of Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, they faced persistent military pressure from the Ottoman Empire, particularly in Hungary and the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "By the 18th century, under rulers like Maria Theresa and Joseph II, the monarchy underwent significant administrative and institutional changes."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, but the actual consequence of the Imperial Recess, along with the French occupying the Electorate of Hanover in the same month and various Holy Roman states becoming allied with or against France, was the end of the empire."}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "History - Metternich era", "says": "Klemens von Metternich became Foreign Minister in 1809."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "History - Metternich era", "says": "The Austrian Empire was the main beneficiary from the Congress of Vienna and it established an alliance with Britain, Prussia, and Russia forming the Quadruple Alliance."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Metternich era", "says": "The Austrian Empire also gained new territories from the Congress of Vienna, and its influence expanded to the north through the German Confederation and also into Italy."}, {"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "History - Revolutions of 1848", "says": "Although most of the revolution plans failed, some changes were made; significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom, cancellation of censorship and a promise made by Ferdinand I of Austria said to implement a constitution throughout the whole Empire."}, {"id": "Q547074", "label": "Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg", "section": "History - The Bach years", "says": "After the death of Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg in 1852, the Minister of the Interior Baron Alexander von Bach largely dictated policy in Austria and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - After 1859", "says": "Diets replaced the parliament in 17 provinces, the Hungarians pressed for autonomy, and Venetia was attracted by the now unified Italy."}], "Q172107": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic (Polish: I Rzeczpospolita), was a federative real union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of Lublin established the Commonwealth as a single entity on 1 July 1569."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The two nations had previously been in a personal union since the Krewo Agreement of 1385 (Polish–Lithuanian union) and the subsequent marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland to Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, who was crowned as Władysław II Jagiełło, jure uxoris King of Poland."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "lead", "says": "The two nations had previously been in a personal union since the Krewo Agreement of 1385 (Polish–Lithuanian union) and the subsequent marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland to Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, who was crowned as Władysław II Jagiełło, jure uxoris King of Poland."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Their descendant, Sigismund II Augustus, enforced the merger to strengthen frontiers of his dominion and maintain unity."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Prelude (1370–1569)", "says": "The Polish lords rejected Mary in favour of her younger sister Jadwiga, partly due to Mary's association with Sigismund of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Prelude (1370–1569)", "says": "The Polish lords rejected Mary in favour of her younger sister Jadwiga, partly due to Mary's association with Sigismund of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "History - Prelude (1370–1569)", "says": "Jogaila was a lifelong pagan and vowed to adopt Catholicism upon marriage by signing the Union of Krewo on 14 August 1385."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Prelude (1370–1569)", "says": "The Act imposed Christianity in Lithuania and transformed Poland into a diarchy, a kingdom ruled over by two sovereigns; their descendants and successive monarchs held the titles of king and grand duke respectively."}, {"id": "Q1028238", "label": "Union of Grodno", "section": "History - Union of Lublin (1569)", "says": "Several minor agreements were struck before unification, notably the Union of Kraków and Vilnius, the Union of Vilnius and Radom and the Union of Grodno."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "History - Apex and the Golden Age (1573–1648)", "says": "On 11 May 1573, Henry de Valois, son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, was proclaimed King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in the first royal election outside Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q150862", "label": "Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - Apex and the Golden Age (1573–1648)", "says": "The interregnum concluded on 12 December 1575 when primate Jakub Uchański declared Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, as the next king."}, {"id": "Q233989", "label": "Anna Jagiellon", "section": "History - Apex and the Golden Age (1573–1648)", "says": "As a compromise, on 13 December 1575 Anna Jagiellon – sister of Sigismund Augustus and a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty – became the new monarch."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Apex and the Golden Age (1573–1648)", "says": "As a compromise, on 13 December 1575 Anna Jagiellon – sister of Sigismund Augustus and a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty – became the new monarch."}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "History - Apex and the Golden Age (1573–1648)", "says": "The nobles simultaneously elected Stephen Báthory as co-regent, who ruled jure uxoris."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "History - Apex and the Golden Age (1573–1648)", "says": "However, his successful Livonian campaign ended in the annexation of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (modern-day Estonia and Latvia, respectively), thus expanding the Commonwealth's influence into the Baltics."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "A major rebellion of self-governed Ukrainian Cossacks inhabiting south-eastern borderlands of the Commonwealth rioted against Polish and Catholic oppression of Orthodox Ukraine in 1648, in what came to be known as the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q195625", "label": "George II Rákóczi", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "The other blow to the Commonwealth was a Swedish invasion in 1655, known as the Deluge, which was supported by troops of Transylvanian Duke George II Rákóczi and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q688969", "label": "Treaty of Bromberg", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "Under the Treaty of Bromberg in 1657, Catholic Poland was forced to renounce its suzerainty over Protestant Prussia; in 1701 the once-insignificant duchy was transformed into the Kingdom of Prussia, which became a major European power in the 18th century and proved to be Poland's most enduring foe."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "Under the Treaty of Bromberg in 1657, Catholic Poland was forced to renounce its suzerainty over Protestant Prussia; in 1701 the once-insignificant duchy was transformed into the Kingdom of Prussia, which became a major European power in the 18th century and proved to be Poland's most enduring foe."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "In the late 17th century, the king of the weakened Commonwealth, John III Sobieski, allied with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I to deal crushing defeats to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "In the late 17th century, the king of the weakened Commonwealth, John III Sobieski, allied with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I to deal crushing defeats to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "In 1683, the Battle of Vienna marked the final turning point in the 250-year struggle between the forces of Christian Europe and the Islamic Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696)", "says": "During the next 16 years, the Great Turkish War would drive the Turks permanently south of the Danube River, never again to threaten central Europe."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Political turmoil and the enlightenment (1697–1771)", "says": "Louis XIV of France heavily invested in François Louis, Prince of Conti, in opposition to James Louis Sobieski, Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria and Frederick Augustus of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q464674", "label": "François Louis, Prince of Conti", "section": "History - Political turmoil and the enlightenment (1697–1771)", "says": "Louis XIV of France heavily invested in François Louis, Prince of Conti, in opposition to James Louis Sobieski, Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria and Frederick Augustus of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Political turmoil and the enlightenment (1697–1771)", "says": "The latter's conversion from Lutheranism to Catholicism awed the conservative magnates and Pope Innocent XII, who in turn voiced their endorsement."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Political turmoil and the enlightenment (1697–1771)", "says": "At the height of the Great Northern War a coalition (Warsaw Confederation) against Augustus II was formed by Stanisław Leszczyński and other magnates sponsored by Sweden."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "History - Political turmoil and the enlightenment (1697–1771)", "says": "At the height of the Great Northern War a coalition (Warsaw Confederation) against Augustus II was formed by Stanisław Leszczyński and other magnates sponsored by Sweden."}, {"id": "Q54019", "label": "Stanisław August Poniatowski", "section": "History - Partitions (1772–1795)", "says": "In 1764, aristocrat Stanisław August Poniatowski was elected monarch with the connivance and support of his former lover Catherine the Great, a German noblewoman who became Empress of Russia."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "History - Partitions (1772–1795)", "says": "In 1764, aristocrat Stanisław August Poniatowski was elected monarch with the connivance and support of his former lover Catherine the Great, a German noblewoman who became Empress of Russia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Partitions (1772–1795)", "says": "Politically, however, the vast Commonwealth was in steady decline and by 1768, it started to be considered by Russians as a protectorate of the Russian Empire despite the fact that it was still an independent state."}], "Q82070": [{"id": "Q157155", "label": "Ernest Renan", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Ernest Renan described it as \"a city of ruins, built out of ruins\"."}], "Q83958": [{"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centred on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, and bordered by Epirus to the southwest, Illyria to the northwest, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom centered in Aegae, outside of the area dominated by the city-states of Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of king Philip II (359–336 BC), Macedonia with its capital in Pella, subdued mainland Greece, Paeonia, and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom through conquest and diplomacy."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states founded by his father, accomplished the objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted."}, {"id": "Q868", "label": "Aristotle", "section": "lead", "says": "Of particular importance were the contributions of Aristotle, tutor to Alexander, whose writings became a keystone of Western philosophy."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the ensuing wars of the Diadochi, and the partitioning of Alexander's short-lived empire, Macedonia remained a Greek cultural and political centre in the Mediterranean region along with Ptolemaic Egypt, the Seleucid Empire, and the Attalid kingdom."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "lead", "says": "Important cities included its capital Pella, Dion, Beroea, Pydna, and Amphipolis, while new cities were founded, such as Thessalonica by the usurper Cassander (named after his wife Thessalonike of Macedon)."}, {"id": "Q242293", "label": "Thessalonike of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "Important cities included its capital Pella, Dion, Beroea, Pydna, and Amphipolis, while new cities were founded, such as Thessalonica by the usurper Cassander (named after his wife Thessalonike of Macedon)."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "The Classical Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides reported the legend that the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty were descendants of Temenus, king of Argos, and could therefore claim the mythical Heracles as one of their ancestors as well as a direct lineage from Zeus, chief god of the Greek pantheon."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "The Classical Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides reported the legend that the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty were descendants of Temenus, king of Argos, and could therefore claim the mythical Heracles as one of their ancestors as well as a direct lineage from Zeus, chief god of the Greek pantheon."}, {"id": "Q313889", "label": "Perdiccas I of Macedon", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "Contradictory legends state that either Perdiccas I of Macedon or Caranus of Macedon were the founders of the Argead dynasty, with either five or eight kings before Amyntas I."}, {"id": "Q313912", "label": "Amyntas I of Macedon", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "Little is known about the kingdom before the reign of Alexander I's father Amyntas I of Macedon (r."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "A year after Darius I of Persia (r."}, {"id": "Q1917012", "label": "Megabazus", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "522–486 BC) launched an invasion into Europe against the Scythians, Paeonians, Thracians, and several Greek city-states in coastal Thrace, the Persian general Megabazus used diplomacy to convince Amyntas I to submit as a vassal of the Achaemenid Empire, ushering in the period of Achaemenid Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "Achaemenid Persian hegemony over Macedonia was briefly interrupted by the Ionian Revolt (499–493 BC), yet the Persian general Mardonius brought it back under Achaemenid suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "History - Early history and legend", "says": "Achaemenid Persian hegemony over Macedonia was briefly interrupted by the Ionian Revolt (499–493 BC), yet the Persian general Mardonius brought it back under Achaemenid suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q80398", "label": "Pericles", "section": "History - Involvement in the Classical Greek world", "says": "The Athenian statesman Pericles promoted colonization of the Strymon River near the Kingdom of Macedonia, where the colonial city of Amphipolis was founded in 437/436 BC so that it could provide Athens with a steady supply of silver and gold as well as timber and pitch to support the Athenian navy."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "History - Involvement in the Classical Greek world", "says": "Perdiccas II sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) between Athens and Sparta, and in 429 BC Athens retaliated by persuading Sitalces to invade Macedonia, but he was forced to retreat owing to a shortage of provisions in winter."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "History - Involvement in the Classical Greek world", "says": "In 424 BC, Arrhabaeus, a local ruler of Lynkestis in Upper Macedonia, rebelled against his overlord Perdiccas, and the Spartans agreed to help in putting down the revolt."}, {"id": "Q311742", "label": "Brasidas", "section": "History - Involvement in the Classical Greek world", "says": "At the Battle of Lyncestis the Macedonians panicked and fled before the fighting began, enraging the Spartan general Brasidas, whose soldiers looted the unattended Macedonian baggage train."}, {"id": "Q932202", "label": "Peace of Nicias", "section": "History - Involvement in the Classical Greek world", "says": "Brasidas died in 422 BC, the year Athens and Sparta struck an accord, the Peace of Nicias, that freed Macedonia from its obligations as an Athenian ally."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "Through the use of deft diplomacy, he was able to convince the Thracians under Berisades to cease their support of Pausanias, a pretender to the throne, and the Athenians to halt their support of another pretender."}, {"id": "Q190436", "label": "Epaminondas", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "Confusing accounts in ancient sources have led modern scholars to debate how much Philip II's royal predecessors may have contributed to these reforms and the extent to which his ideas were influenced by his adolescent years of captivity in Thebes as a political hostage during the Theban hegemony, especially after meeting with the general Epaminondas."}, {"id": "Q686411", "label": "Arrhidaeus", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "To establish an alliance with Larissa in Thessaly, he married the Thessalian noblewoman Philinna in 358 BC, who bore him a son who would later rule as Philip III Arrhidaeus (r."}, {"id": "Q223134", "label": "Olympias", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "In 357 BC, he married Olympias to secure an alliance with Arybbas, the king of Epirus and the Molossians."}, {"id": "Q827399", "label": "Molossians", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "In 357 BC, he married Olympias to secure an alliance with Arybbas, the king of Epirus and the Molossians."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "This marriage would bear a son who would later rule as Alexander III (better known as Alexander the Great) and claim descent from the legendary Achilles by way of his dynastic heritage from Epirus."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "Philip II had Archelaus put to death in 359 BC, while Philip II's other two half brothers fled to Olynthos, serving as a casus belli for the Olynthian War (349–348 BC) against the Chalcidian League."}, {"id": "Q2042616", "label": "Chalkidian League", "section": "History - Rise of Macedon", "says": "Philip II had Archelaus put to death in 359 BC, while Philip II's other two half brothers fled to Olynthos, serving as a casus belli for the Olynthian War (349–348 BC) against the Chalcidian League."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "Modern scholars have argued over the possible role of Alexander III \"the Great\" and his mother Olympias in the assassination of Philip II, noting the latter's choice to exclude Alexander from his planned invasion of Asia, choosing instead for him to act as regent of Greece and deputy hegemon of the League of Corinth, and the potential bearing of another male heir between Philip II and his new wife"}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "336–323 BC) was immediately proclaimed king by an assembly of the army and leading aristocrats, chief among them being Antipater and Parmenion."}, {"id": "Q296233", "label": "Parmenion", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "336–323 BC) was immediately proclaimed king by an assembly of the army and leading aristocrats, chief among them being Antipater and Parmenion."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "By the end of his reign and military career in 323 BC, Alexander would rule over an empire consisting of mainland Greece, Asia Minor, the Levant, ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and much of Central and South Asia (i.e. modern Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q808052", "label": "Bardylis", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "Shortly thereafter, the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus, son of Bardylis, threatened to attack Macedonia with the aid of Glaucias, king of the Taulantii, but Alexander took the initiative and besieged the Illyrians at Pelion (in modern Albania)."}, {"id": "Q192938", "label": "Battle of the Granicus", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "His first victory against the Persians in Asia Minor at the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC used a small cavalry contingent as a distraction to allow his infantry to cross the river followed by a cavalry charge from his companion cavalry."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "Alexander led the cavalry charge at the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, forcing the Persian king Darius III and his army to flee."}, {"id": "Q179670", "label": "Battle of Gaugamela", "section": "History - Alexander's Empire", "says": "Darius III, despite having superior numbers, was again forced to flee the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC."}, {"id": "Q169915", "label": "Alexander IV", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "323–317 BC) as king and the other siding with the infant son of Alexander and Roxana, Alexander IV (r."}, {"id": "Q28365", "label": "Lamian War", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "Except for the Euboeans and Boeotians, the Greeks also immediately rose up in a rebellion against Antipater known as the Lamian War (323–322 BC)."}, {"id": "Q347164", "label": "Leonnatus", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "A Macedonian army led by Leonnatus rescued Antipater by lifting the siege."}, {"id": "Q297390", "label": "Craterus", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "Antipater, Antigonus Monophthalmus, Craterus, and Ptolemy formed a coalition against Perdiccas in a civil war initiated by Ptolemy's seizure of the hearse of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q1271334", "label": "Partition of Triparadisus", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "Although Eumenes of Cardia managed to kill Craterus in battle, this had little to no effect on the outcome of the 321 BC Partition of Triparadisus in Syria where the victorious coalition settled the issue of a new regency and territorial rights."}, {"id": "Q312008", "label": "Polyperchon", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "Before Antipater died in 319 BC, he named the staunch Argead loyalist Polyperchon as his successor, passing over his own son Cassander and ignoring the right of the king to choose a new regent (since Philip III was considered mentally unstable), in effect bypassing the council of the army as well."}, {"id": "Q2543376", "label": "Second War of the Diadochi", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "Forming an alliance with Ptolemy, Antigonus, and Lysimachus, Cassander had his officer Nicanor capture the Munichia fortress of Athens' port town Piraeus in defiance of Polyperchon's decree that Greek cities should be free of Macedonian garrisons, sparking the Second War of the Diadochi (319–315 BC)."}, {"id": "Q292317", "label": "Eurydice II of Macedon", "section": "History - Diadochi", "says": "Given a string of military failures by Polyperchon, in 317 BC, Philip III, by way of his politically engaged wife Eurydice II of Macedon, officially re"}, {"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "305–297 BC), son of Antipater, and the Antigonid dynasty, led by the Macedonian general Antigonus I Monophthalmus (r."}, {"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "While Antigonus and Demetrius attempted to recreate Philip II's Hellenic league with themselves as dual hegemons, a revived coalition of Cassander, Ptolemy I Soter (r."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "305–283 BC) of Egypt's Ptolemaic dynasty, Seleucus I Nicator (r."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "305–281 BC) of the Seleucid Empire, and Lysimachus (r."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "306–281 BC), King of Thrace, defeated the Antigonids at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC, killing Antigonus and forcing Demetrius into flight."}, {"id": "Q347170", "label": "Alexander V of Macedon", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "Cassander died in 297 BC, and his sickly son Philip IV died the same year, succeeded by Cassander's other sons Alexander V of Macedon (r."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "His desperate brother Alexander V then requested aid from Pyrrhus of Epirus (r."}, {"id": "Q312326", "label": "Agathocles of Syracuse", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "War broke out between Pyrrhus and Demetrius in 290 BC when Lanassa, wife of Pyrrhus, daughter of Agathocles of Syracuse, left him for Demetrius and offered him her dowry of Corcyra."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "History - Antigonid Macedon", "says": "The Aetolian League hampered Antigonus II's control over central Greece, and the formation of the Achaean League in 251 BC pushed Macedonian forces out of much of the Peloponnese and at times incorporated Athens and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "History - Antigonid Macedon", "says": "The Aetolian League hampered Antigonus II's control over central Greece, and the formation of the Achaean League in 251 BC pushed Macedonian forces out of much of the Peloponnese and at times incorporated Athens and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q1330607", "label": "Syrian Wars", "section": "History - Antigonid Macedon", "says": "While the Seleucid Empire aligned with Antigonid Macedonia against Ptolemaic Egypt during the Syrian Wars, the Ptolemaic navy heavily disrupted Antigonus II's efforts to control mainland Greece."}, {"id": "Q1076902", "label": "Chremonidean War", "section": "History - Antigonid Macedon", "says": "With the aid of the Ptolemaic navy, the Athenian statesman Chremonides led a revolt against Macedonian authority known as the Chremonidean War (267–261 BC)."}, {"id": "Q3235767", "label": "Battle of Cos", "section": "History - Antigonid Macedon", "says": "By 265 BC, Athens was surrounded and besieged by Antigonus II's forces, and a Ptolemaic fleet was defeated in the Battle of Cos."}, {"id": "Q39576", "label": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "section": "History - Antigonid Macedon", "says": "After Macedonia formed an alliance with the Seleucid ruler Antiochus II, a peace settlement between Antigonus II and Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt was finally struck in 255 BC."}, {"id": "Q317331", "label": "Aratus of Sicyon", "section": "History - Antigonid Macedon", "says": "In 251 BC, Aratus of Sicyon led a rebellion against Antigonus II, and in 250 BC, Ptolemy II declared his support for the self-proclaimed King Alexander of Corinth."}], "Q7313": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Genghis Khan's enthronement as khagan in 1206 was described in Chinese as the Han-style title of emperor and the Mongol Empire had ruled territories including modern-day northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated i"}, {"id": "Q1078359", "label": "Battle of Yamen", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Genghis Khan's enthronement as khagan in 1206 was described in Chinese as the Han-style title of emperor and the Mongol Empire had ruled territories including modern-day northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated i"}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern-day Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the Later Jin dynasty (which later evolved into the Qing dynasty); this rump state is known in Chinese history as the Northern Yuan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the temple name Taizu."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Kublai, as a khagan (great khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the Chagatai, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate, before proclaiming as the emperor of China in 1271."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Kublai, as a khagan (great khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the Chagatai, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate, before proclaiming as the emperor of China in 1271."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedei's son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging his claim to the throne."}, {"id": "Q8532", "label": "Külüg Khan", "section": "History - Founding the dynasty", "says": "During the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued issuing coins; however, under Külüg Khan coins were completely replaced by paper money."}, {"id": "Q8666", "label": "Toghon Temür", "section": "History - Founding the dynasty", "says": "It was not until the reign of Toghon Temür that the government of the Yuan dynasty would attempt to reintroduce copper coinage for circulation."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Founding the dynasty", "says": "He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "History - Founding the dynasty", "says": "Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like Christopher Columbus to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "History - Military conquests and campaigns", "says": "They descended from the Three Kingdoms era king Huoji who legendarily helped Zhuge Liang against Meng Huo."}, {"id": "Q7500", "label": "Emperor Gong of Song", "section": "History - Military conquests and campaigns", "says": "In 1276 Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou (杭州), the wealthiest city of China, after the surrender of the Southern Song Han Chinese Emperor Gong of Song."}, {"id": "Q7503", "label": "Emperor Bing of Song", "section": "History - Military conquests and campaigns", "says": "Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song, who was Emperor Gong's younger brother."}, {"id": "Q697567", "label": "Zhang Hongfan", "section": "History - Military conquests and campaigns", "says": "The Yuan forces commanded by Han Chinese General Zhang Hongfan led a predominantly Han navy to defeat the Song loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279."}, {"id": "Q8468", "label": "Temür Khan", "section": "History - Temür Khan", "says": "Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307."}, {"id": "Q8560", "label": "Yesün Temür Khan", "section": "History - Gegeen Khan and Yesün Temür", "says": "They placed Yesün Temür (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide."}, {"id": "Q23039105", "label": "War of the Two Capitals", "section": "History - Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür", "says": "Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals."}, {"id": "Q7496", "label": "Emperor Ningzong of Song", "section": "History - Toghon Temür", "says": "After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from exile in Koryo and succeeded to the throne."}, {"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "History - Decline of the empire", "says": "In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion led by Song loyalists started and grew into a nationwide uprising and the Song loyalists established a renewed Song dynasty in 1351 with its capital at Kaifeng."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "History - Decline of the empire", "says": "The Prince of Liang, Basalawarmi established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in Yunnan and Guizhou, but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in 1381."}, {"id": "Q623719", "label": "Naghachu", "section": "History - Decline of the empire", "says": "By 1387 the remaining Yuan forces in Manchuria under Naghachu had also surrendered to the Ming dynasty."}], "Q47690": [{"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was retrospectively called \"the country of Akkad\" (māt Akkadī in Akkadian), a deliberate archaism in reference to the previous glory of the Akkadian Empire."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was retrospectively called \"the country of Akkad\" (māt Akkadī in Akkadian), a deliberate archaism in reference to the previous glory of the Akkadian Empire."}, {"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "lead", "says": "1696–1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "1696–1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q363563", "label": "Sumu-abum", "section": "History - First Babylonian dynasty – Amorite dynasty, 1894–1595 BC", "says": "Around 1894 BC, an Amorite chieftain named Sumu-abum appropriated a tract of land which included the then relatively small city of Babylon from the neighbouring minor city-state of Kazallu, of which it had initially been a territory, turning his newly acquired lands into a state in its own right."}, {"id": "Q519005", "label": "Apil-Sin", "section": "History - First Babylonian dynasty – Amorite dynasty, 1894–1595 BC", "says": "He was followed by Sumu-la-El, Sabium, and Apil-Sin, each of whom ruled in the same vague manner as Sumu-abum, with no reference to kingship of Babylon itself being made in any written records of the time."}, {"id": "Q374546", "label": "Sin-Muballit", "section": "History - First Babylonian dynasty – Amorite dynasty, 1894–1595 BC", "says": "Sin-Muballit was the first of these Amorite rulers to be regarded officially as a king of Babylon, and then on only one single clay tablet."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "History - Empire of Hammurabi", "says": "Hammurabi turned his disciplined armies eastwards and invaded the region which a thousand years later became Iran, conquering Elam, Gutium, Lullubi, Turukku and Kassites."}, {"id": "Q254523", "label": "Shamshi-Adad I", "section": "History - Empire of Hammurabi", "says": "After a protracted struggle over decades with the powerful Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia kings Shamshi-Adad I and Ishme-Dagan I, Hammurabi forced their successor Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute to Babylon c."}, {"id": "Q879850", "label": "Mut-Ashkur", "section": "History - Empire of Hammurabi", "says": "After a protracted struggle over decades with the powerful Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia kings Shamshi-Adad I and Ishme-Dagan I, Hammurabi forced their successor Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute to Babylon c."}, {"id": "Q325917", "label": "Samsu-iluna", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Under his successor Samsu-iluna (1749–1712 BC) the far south of Mesopotamia was lost to a native Akkadian-speaking king Ilum-ma-ili who ejected the Amorite-ruled Babylonians."}, {"id": "Q4199260", "label": "Ilum-ma-ili", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Under his successor Samsu-iluna (1749–1712 BC) the far south of Mesopotamia was lost to a native Akkadian-speaking king Ilum-ma-ili who ejected the Amorite-ruled Babylonians."}, {"id": "Q887842", "label": "Puzur-Sin", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Both the Babylonians and their Amorite rulers were driven from Assyria to the north by an Assyrian-Akkadian governor named Puzur-Sin c."}, {"id": "Q1778286", "label": "Abi-Eshuh", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Amorite rule survived in a much reduced Babylon, Samshu-iluna's successor Abi-Eshuh made a vain attempt to recapture the Sealand Dynasty for Babylon, but met defeat at the hands of king Damqi-ilishu II."}, {"id": "Q2416493", "label": "Ammi-Ditana", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "He was followed by Ammi-Ditana and then Ammi-Saduqa, both of whom were in too weak a position to make any attempt to regain the many territories lost after the death of Hammurabi, contenting themselves with peaceful building projects in Babylon itself."}, {"id": "Q441344", "label": "Ammi-Saduqa", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "He was followed by Ammi-Ditana and then Ammi-Saduqa, both of whom were in too weak a position to make any attempt to regain the many territories lost after the death of Hammurabi, contenting themselves with peaceful building projects in Babylon itself."}, {"id": "Q391117", "label": "Samsu-Ditana", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Samsu-Ditana was to be the last Amorite ruler of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Babylon was then attacked by the Indo-European-speaking, Anatolia-based Hittites in 1595 BC."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Shamshu-Ditana was overthrown following the \"sack of Babylon\" by the Hittite king Mursili I."}, {"id": "Q398605", "label": "Agum II", "section": "History - Kassite dynasty, 1595–1155 BC", "says": "Agum II took the throne for the Kassites in 1595 BC, and ruled a state that extended from Iran to the middle Euphrates; The new king retained peaceful relations with Erishum III, the native Mesopotamian king of Assyria, but successfully went to war with the Hittite Empire, and twenty-four years after, the Hittites took the sacred statue of Marduk, he recovered it and declared the god equal to the "}, {"id": "Q764929", "label": "Burnaburiash I", "section": "History - Kassite dynasty, 1595–1155 BC", "says": "Burnaburiash I succeeded him and drew up a peace treaty with the Assyrian king Puzur-Ashur III, and had a largely uneventful reign, as did his successor Kashtiliash III."}, {"id": "Q704046", "label": "Puzur-Ashur III", "section": "History - Kassite dynasty, 1595–1155 BC", "says": "Burnaburiash I succeeded him and drew up a peace treaty with the Assyrian king Puzur-Ashur III, and had a largely uneventful reign, as did his successor Kashtiliash III."}, {"id": "Q888938", "label": "Kashtiliash III", "section": "History - Kassite dynasty, 1595–1155 BC", "says": "Burnaburiash I succeeded him and drew up a peace treaty with the Assyrian king Puzur-Ashur III, and had a largely uneventful reign, as did his successor Kashtiliash III."}, {"id": "Q2997574", "label": "Marduk-kabit-ahheshu", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "The Elamites did not remain in control of Babylonia long, instead entering into an ultimately unsuccessful war with Assyria, allowing Marduk-kabit-ahheshu (1155–1139 BC) to establish the Dynasty IV of Babylon, from Isin, with the first native Akkadian-speaking south Mesopotamian dynasty to rule Babylonia, with Marduk-kabit-ahheshu becoming only the second native Mesopotamian to sit on the throne o"}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "The Elamites did not remain in control of Babylonia long, instead entering into an ultimately unsuccessful war with Assyria, allowing Marduk-kabit-ahheshu (1155–1139 BC) to establish the Dynasty IV of Babylon, from Isin, with the first native Akkadian-speaking south Mesopotamian dynasty to rule Babylonia, with Marduk-kabit-ahheshu becoming only the second native Mesopotamian to sit on the throne o"}, {"id": "Q144318", "label": "Itti-Marduk-balatu", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "Itti-Marduk-balatu succeeded his father in 1138 BC, and successfully repelled Elamite attacks on Babylonia during his 8-year reign."}, {"id": "Q2997561", "label": "Ninurta-nadin-shumi", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "Ninurta-nadin-shumi took the throne in 1127 BC, and also attempted an invasion of Assyria, his armies seem to have skirted through eastern Aramea (modern Syria) and then made an attempt to attack the Assyrian city of Arbela (modern Erbil) from the west."}, {"id": "Q521473", "label": "Ashur-resh-ishi I", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "However, this bold move met with defeat at the hands of Ashur-resh-ishi I who then forced a treaty in his favour upon the Babylonian king."}, {"id": "Q12610", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar I", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar I (1124–1103 BC) was the most famous ruler of this dynasty."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "However, Nebuchadnezzar failed to extend Babylonian territory further, being defeated a number of times by Ashur-resh-ishi I (1133–1115 BC), king of the Middle Assyrian Empire, for control of formerly Hittite-controlled territories in Aram and Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q2619561", "label": "Enlil-nadin-apli", "section": "History - Early Iron Age – Native rule, second dynasty of Isin, 1155–1026 BC", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar was succeeded by his two sons, firstly Enlil-nadin-apli (1103–1100 BC), who lost territor"}, {"id": "Q2641667", "label": "Nabu-shum-libur", "section": "History - Period of chaos, 1026–911 BC", "says": "The ruling Babylonian dynasty of Nabu-shum-libur was deposed by marauding Arameans in 1026 BC, and the heart of Babylonia, including the capital city itself descended into anarchic state, and no king was to rule Babylon for over 20 years."}, {"id": "Q185774", "label": "Simbar-shipak", "section": "History - Period of chaos, 1026–911 BC", "says": "However, in southern Mesopotamia (a region corresponding with the old Dynasty of the Sealand), Dynasty V (1025–1004 BC) arose, this was ruled by Simbar-shipak, leader of a Kassite clan, and was in effect a separate state from Babylon."}, {"id": "Q709708", "label": "Ashur-nirari IV", "section": "History - Period of chaos, 1026–911 BC", "says": "The state of anarchy allowed the Assyrian ruler Ashur-nirari IV (1019–1013 BC) the opportunity to attack Babylonia in 1018 BC, and he invaded and captured the Babylonian city of Atlila and some south central regions of Mesopotamia for Assyria."}, {"id": "Q2997566", "label": "Mar-biti-apla-usur", "section": "History - Period of chaos, 1026–911 BC", "says": "The Elamites deposed this brief Kassite revival, with king Mar-biti-apla-usur founding Dynasty VII (984–977 BC)."}, {"id": "Q2395421", "label": "Nabû-mukin-apli", "section": "History - Period of chaos, 1026–911 BC", "says": "Babylonian rule was restored by Nabû-mukin-apli in 977 BC, ushering in Dynasty VIII."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "From 911 BC with the founding of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC) by Adad-nirari II, Babylon found itself once again under the domination and rule of its fellow Mesopotamian state for the next three centuries."}, {"id": "Q311573", "label": "Adad-nirari II", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Adad-nirari II twice attacked and defeated Shamash-mudammiq of Babylonia, annexing a large area of land north of the Diyala River and the towns of Hīt and Zanqu in mid Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q283560", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta II", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Tukulti-Ninurta II and Ashurnasirpal II also forced Babylonia into vassalage, and Shalmaneser III (859–824 BC) sacked Babylon itself, slew king Nabu-apla-iddina, subjugated the Aramean, Sutean and Chaldean tribes settled within Babylonia, and installed Marduk-zakir-shumi I (855–819 BC) followed by Marduk-balassu-iqbi (819–813 BC) as his vassals."}, {"id": "Q193290", "label": "Ashurnasirpal II", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Tukulti-Ninurta II and Ashurnasirpal II also forced Babylonia into vassalage, and Shalmaneser III (859–824 BC) sacked Babylon itself, slew king Nabu-apla-iddina, subjugated the Aramean, Sutean and Chaldean tribes settled within Babylonia, and installed Marduk-zakir-shumi I (855–819 BC) followed by Marduk-balassu-iqbi (819–813 BC) as his vassals."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Tukulti-Ninurta II and Ashurnasirpal II also forced Babylonia into vassalage, and Shalmaneser III (859–824 BC) sacked Babylon itself, slew king Nabu-apla-iddina, subjugated the Aramean, Sutean and Chaldean tribes settled within Babylonia, and installed Marduk-zakir-shumi I (855–819 BC) followed by Marduk-balassu-iqbi (819–813 BC) as his vassals."}, {"id": "Q797534", "label": "Baba-aha-iddina", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Upon the death of Shalmaneser II, Baba-aha-iddina was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrian queen Shammuramat (known as Semiramis to the Persians, Armenians and Greeks), acting as regent to his successor Adad-nirari III who was merely a boy."}, {"id": "Q234177", "label": "Shammuramat", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Upon the death of Shalmaneser II, Baba-aha-iddina was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrian queen Shammuramat (known as Semiramis to the Persians, Armenians and Greeks), acting as regent to his successor Adad-nirari III who was merely a boy."}, {"id": "Q313127", "label": "Adad-nirari III", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Upon the death of Shalmaneser II, Baba-aha-iddina was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrian queen Shammuramat (known as Semiramis to the Persians, Armenians and Greeks), acting as regent to his successor Adad-nirari III who was merely a boy."}, {"id": "Q315465", "label": "Shamshi-Adad V", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "The next Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad V then made a vassal of Marduk-bel-zeri."}, {"id": "Q885823", "label": "Marduk-apla-usur", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Babylonia briefly fell to another foreign ruler when Marduk-apla-usur ascended the throne in 780 BC, taking advantage of a period of civil war in Assyria."}, {"id": "Q179468", "label": "Shalmaneser IV", "section": "History - Assyrian rule, 911–619 BC", "says": "Shalmaneser IV attacked him and retook northern Babylonia, forcing a border treaty in Assyria's favour upon him."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Destruction of Babylon", "says": "Sennacherib (705–681 BC) succeeded Sargon II, and after ruling directly for a while, he placed his son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the throne."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Destruction of Babylon", "says": "Sennacherib (705–681 BC) succeeded Sargon II, and after ruling directly for a while, he placed his son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the throne."}, {"id": "Q726871", "label": "Ashur-nadin-shumi", "section": "History - Destruction of Babylon", "says": "Sennacherib (705–681 BC) succeeded Sargon II, and after ruling directly for a while, he placed his son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the throne."}, {"id": "Q878844", "label": "Nergal-ushezib", "section": "History - Destruction of Babylon", "says": "Nergal-ushezib, an Elamite, murdered the Assyrian prince and briefly took the throne."}, {"id": "Q253292", "label": "Marduk-zakir-shumi II", "section": "History - Destruction of Babylon", "says": "The new Assyrian king Esarhaddon placed a puppet king Marduk-zakir-shumi II on the throne in Babylon."}, {"id": "Q391038", "label": "Shamash-shum-ukin", "section": "History - Restoration and rebuilding", "says": "Upon his death, and in an effort to maintain harmony within his vast empire (which stretched from the Caucasus to Egypt and Nubia and from Cyprus to Persia and the Caspian Sea), he installed his eldest son Shamash-shum-ukin as a subject king in Babylon, and his youngest, the highly educated Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC), in the more senior position as king of Assyria and overlord of Shamash-shum-ukin."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Restoration and rebuilding", "says": "Upon his death, and in an effort to maintain harmony within his vast empire (which stretched from the Caucasus to Egypt and Nubia and from Cyprus to Persia and the Caspian Sea), he installed his eldest son Shamash-shum-ukin as a subject king in Babylon, and his youngest, the highly educated Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC), in the more senior position as king of Assyria and overlord of Shamash-shum-ukin."}, {"id": "Q516329", "label": "Kandalanu", "section": "History - Babylonian revolt", "says": "An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was placed on the throne to rule on behalf of the Assyrian king."}, {"id": "Q729114", "label": "Sin-shumu-lishir", "section": "History - Babylonian revolt", "says": "Ashur-etil-ilani was deposed by one of his own generals, named Sin-shumu-lishir in 623 BC, who also set himself up as king in Babylon."}, {"id": "Q318708", "label": "Sinsharishkun", "section": "History - Babylonian revolt", "says": "After only one year on the throne amidst continual civil war, Sinsharishkun (622–612 BC) ousted him as ruler of Assyria and Babylonia in 622 BC."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Babylonian revolt", "says": "It was during the reign of Sin-shar-ishkun that Assyria's vast empire began to unravel, and many of its former subject peoples ceased to pay tribute, most significantly for the Assyrians; the Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians, Arameans and Cimmerians."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire)", "says": "The stalemate ended in 615 BC, when Nabopolassar entered the Babylonians and Chaldeans into alliance with Cyaxares, an erstwhile vassal of Assyria, and king of the Iranian peoples; the Medes, Persians, Sagartians and Parthians."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire)", "says": "The Scythians from north of the Caucasus, and the Cimmerians from the Black Sea who had both also been subjugated by Assyria, joined the alliance, as did regional Aramean tribes."}], "Q7183": [{"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qin then assumed an imperial prerogative – with Ying Zheng declaring himself to be Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, and bringing an end to the Warring States period (c."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the succeeding Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) largely continued the military and administrative practices instituted by the Qin; as a result, the Qin have been credited as the originators of the Chinese imperial system that would endure in some form until the Xinhai Revolution in 1911."}, {"id": "Q351345", "label": "Shang Yang", "section": "lead", "says": "Qin was a minor power for the first several centuries of its existence; its strength greatly increased in the 4th century BC, in large part owing to the administrative and military reforms of Shang Yang."}, {"id": "Q1209245", "label": "King Xiao of Zhou", "section": "History - Origin and development, 9th century – 230 BC", "says": "During the rule of King Xiao of Zhou, this area became known as the state of Qin."}, {"id": "Q1151702", "label": "Meng Tian", "section": "History - Campaign against the Xiongnu, 215 BC", "says": "In retaliation, a military campaign was led by the Qin general Meng Tian."}, {"id": "Q7196", "label": "Qin Er Shi", "section": "History - Collapse and aftermath, 210–202 BC", "says": "It is understood that his eldest son Fusu was intended to inherit the throne; however, Li and Zhao conspired to transmit a fabricated order for Fusu to commit suicide, and instead elevated the former emperor's son Huhai to the throne, taking the name of Qin Er Shi."}], "Q184536": [{"id": "Q175772", "label": "Sunjata Keïta", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita (c."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It began to develop during the 11th and 12th centuries as the Ghana Empire, or Wagadu, declined and trade epicentres shifted southward."}, {"id": "Q309333", "label": "Mansa Musa", "section": "lead", "says": "Mansa Musa took the throne in c."}, {"id": "Q3276821", "label": "Maghan", "section": "lead", "says": "Maghan I succeeded him as mansa c."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "lead", "says": "1337, but was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "lead", "says": "It was during Suleyman's 19-year reign that Ibn Battuta visited Mali."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, from 1507 onwards neighboring states such as Diarra, Great Fulo, Yatenga, and the Songhai Empire chipped away at Mali's borders."}, {"id": "Q13099593", "label": "Soso Empire", "section": "History - Pre-imperial Mali", "says": "In approximately 1140 the Sosso Empire, often called Kaniaga, another former vassal of Wagadou, began conquering the lands of its old rulers."}, {"id": "Q1319855", "label": "Battle of Kirina", "section": "History - Sundiata Keita", "says": "The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina in approximately 1235."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Sundiata Keita", "says": "Some oral traditions agree with Ibn Khaldun in indicating that a son of Sunjata, named Yerelinkon in oral tradition and Wali in Arabic, took power as Sunjata's successor."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Height of power", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Muhammad, who launched two voyages to explore the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "History - Height of power", "says": "During this period the Jolof Empire was founded, and soon dominated all of northern Senegambia."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In an attempt to stem the tide, Mansa Mahmud Keita II opened diplomatic relations with Portugal, receiving the envoys Pêro d'Évora and Gonçalo Enes in 1487."}, {"id": "Q1771994", "label": "Askia Muhammad I", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Songhai forces under the command of Askia Muhammad I defeated the Mali general Fati Quali Keita in 1502 and seized the province of Diafunu."}, {"id": "Q6734486", "label": "Mahmud IV", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "The end of the Mali Empire came in 1599, under the reign of Mansa Mahmud IV."}, {"id": "Q1136188", "label": "Saadi dynasty", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "The Songhai Empire had fallen to the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco eight years earlier, and Mahmud sought to take advantage of their defeat by trying to capture Jenne."}], "Q1986139": [{"id": "Q456935", "label": "Andragoras", "section": "lead", "says": "Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I, who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I, who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In modern historiography, the Arsacids are considered the first indigenous Iranian dynasty to come to power in the Iranian world after the Achaemenids, in contrast to the Seleucids who represented Hellenistic rule after Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arsacid rulers were titled \"King of Kings\", claiming the inheritance of the Achaemenid Empire; indeed, they accepted many local kings as vassals, though the Achaemenids had centrally appointed, albeit largely autonomous, satraps."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest enemies of the Parthians were the Seleucids in the west and the Scythians in the north."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, as Parthia expanded westward, they came into conflict with the Kingdom of Armenia, and eventually the late Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q205887", "label": "Battle of Carrhae", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthians destroyed the army of Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, and in 40–39 BC, Parthian forces captured the whole of the Levant except Tyre from the Romans; Mark Antony led a Roman counterattack."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthians destroyed the army of Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, and in 40–39 BC, Parthian forces captured the whole of the Levant except Tyre from the Romans; Mark Antony led a Roman counterattack."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "A fictitious claim was later made from the 2nd-century BC onwards by the Parthians, which represented them as descendants of the Achaemenid king of kings, Artaxerxes II of Persia (r."}, {"id": "Q39602", "label": "Ptolemy III Euergetes", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "For a time, Arsaces I consolidated his position in Parthia and Hyrcania by taking advantage of the invasion of Seleucid territory in the west by Ptolemy III Euergetes (r."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "171–132 BC), whom Katouzian compares to Cyrus the Great (d."}, {"id": "Q363368", "label": "Diodotus II", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Relations between Parthia and Greco-Bactria deteriorated after the death of Diodotus II, when forces under Mithridates I captured two eparchies of the latter kingdom, then under Eucratides I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q381819", "label": "Eucratides I", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Relations between Parthia and Greco-Bactria deteriorated after the death of Diodotus II, when forces under Mithridates I captured two eparchies of the latter kingdom, then under Eucratides I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q878366", "label": "Timarchus", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Turning his sights on the Seleucid realm, Mithridates I invaded Media and occupied Ecbatana in 148 or 147 BC; the region had been destabilized by a recent Seleucid suppression of a rebellion there led by Timarchus."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "This victory was followed by the Parthian conquest of Babylonia in Mesopotamia, where Mithridates I had coins minted at Seleucia in 141 BC and held an official investiture ceremony."}, {"id": "Q1062946", "label": "Characene", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "While Mithridates I retired to Hyrcania, his forces subdued the kingdoms of Elymais and Characene and occupied Susa."}, {"id": "Q297651", "label": "Diodotus Tryphon", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "The Seleucids were unable to retaliate immediately as general Diodotus Tryphon led a rebellion at the capital Antioch in 142 BC."}, {"id": "Q309719", "label": "Demetrius II Nicator", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "However, by 140 BC Demetrius II Nicator was able to launch a counter-invasion against the Parthians in Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q294945", "label": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Antiochus VII Sidetes (r."}, {"id": "Q231682", "label": "Cleopatra Thea", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "138–129 BC), a brother of Demetrius, assumed the Seleucid throne and married the latter's wife Cleopatra Thea."}, {"id": "Q317020", "label": "Phraates II of Parthia", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "After defeating Diodotus Tryphon, Antiochus initiated a campaign in 130 BC to retake Mesopotamia, now under the rule of Phraates II (r. c."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "The Yuezhi Kushan Empire in northern India largely guaranteed the security of Parthia's eastern border."}, {"id": "Q310808", "label": "Antiochus X Eusebes", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "Despite this agreement, in 93 or 92 BC Parthia fought a war in Syria against the tribal leader Laodice and her Seleucid ally Antiochus X Eusebes (r."}, {"id": "Q312809", "label": "Demetrius III Eucaerus", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "When one of the last Seleucid monarchs, Demetrius III Eucaerus, attempted to besiege Beroea (modern Aleppo), Parthia sent military aid to the inhabitants and Demetrius was defeated."}, {"id": "Q313933", "label": "Orodes II of Parthia", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "It is only with the beginning of the reign of Orodes II in c."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "Following the outbreak of the Third Mithridatic War, Mithridates VI of Pontus (r."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "When the Roman commander Lucullus marched against the Armenian capital Tigranocerta in 69 BC, Mithridates VI and Tigranes II requested the aid of Phraates III (r. c."}, {"id": "Q310978", "label": "Phraates III of Parthia", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "When the Roman commander Lucullus marched against the Armenian capital Tigranocerta in 69 BC, Mithridates VI and Tigranes II requested the aid of Phraates III (r. c."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Following the defeat and deaths of Antony and Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian consolidated his political power and in 27 BC was named Augustus by the Roman Senate, becoming the first Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q160387", "label": "Battle of Actium", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Following the defeat and deaths of Antony and Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian consolidated his political power and in 27 BC was named Augustus by the Roman Senate, becoming the first Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Following the defeat and deaths of Antony and Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian consolidated his political power and in 27 BC was named Augustus by the Roman Senate, becoming the first Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q467466", "label": "Musa of Parthia", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Along with the prince, Augustus also gave Phraates IV an Italian slave-girl, who later became Queen Musa of Parthia."}, {"id": "Q314793", "label": "Phraates V of Parthia", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "When Phraataces took the throne as Phraates V (r. c."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "2 BC – 4 AD), Musa ruled alongside him, and according to Josephus, married him."}, {"id": "Q345134", "label": "Artabanus II", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "The Parthian nobility, angered by Vonones' sympathies for the Romans, backed a rival claimant, Artabanus II of Parthia (r. c."}, {"id": "Q2553009", "label": "Pharasmanes I of Iberia", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "After the Iberian king Pharasmanes I had his son Rhadamistus (r."}, {"id": "Q541979", "label": "Rhadamistus", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "After the Iberian king Pharasmanes I had his son Rhadamistus (r."}, {"id": "Q312446", "label": "Vologases I of Parthia", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "51–55 AD) invade Armenia to depose the Roman client king Mithridates, Vologases I of Parthia (r. c."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "However, not only did the Arsacid line continue through the Armenians, it also continued through the Georgian kings with the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, and for many centuries afterwards in Caucasian Albania through the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania."}, {"id": "Q313066", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "In the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 AD, the commander Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo achieved some military successes against the Parthians while installing Tigranes VI of Armenia as a Roman client."}, {"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "To match Parthia's strength in missile troops and mounted warriors, the Romans at first used foreign allies (especially Nabataeans), but later established a permanent auxilia force to complement their heavy legionary infantry."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "History - Native and external sources", "says": "Although the Parthian court maintained records, the Parthians had no formal study of history; the earliest universal history of Iran, the Khwaday-Namag, was not compiled until the reign of the last Sasanian ruler Yazdegerd III (r."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Native and external sources", "says": "For example, at the early Parthian capital of Mithradatkert/Nisa in Turkmenistan, large caches of pottery ostraca have been found yielding information on the sale and storage of items like wine."}], "Q180573": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Vietnam (RVN; Vietnamese: Việt Nam Cộng hòa, VNCH), commonly known as South Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1976, North Vietnam and the Republic of South Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The aftermath of World War II saw the communist-led Viet Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, seize power and proclaim the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Hanoi in September 1945, initiating civil conflicts."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "The aftermath of World War II saw the communist-led Viet Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, seize power and proclaim the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Hanoi in September 1945, initiating civil conflicts."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1949, during the First Indochina War, the French and Vietnamese nationalists established the State of Vietnam (SVN), led by former emperor Bảo Đại, as an anti-communist alternative."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1954 Geneva Conference, the DRV took control of North Vietnam, while the SVN administered South Vietnam, which encompassed the southern and part of the central regions of the country."}, {"id": "Q334419", "label": "Duong Van Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "His authoritarian tendencies provoked resentment and opposition during the communist insurgency, and Diệm was killed in a CIA-backed military coup led by general Dương Văn Minh in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed which ended in 1967 with General Nguyễn Cao Kỳ ratifying a constitution which formally granted liberal democratic freedoms."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vietnam War e"}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - Foundations", "says": "Republican ideas entered French Indochina in the early 20th century, introducing new concepts about the modern nation-state, initially transmitted via China and Japan."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - Foundations", "says": "Caught between communism and colonial reconquest\nDuring World War II, Indochina was administered by Vichy France and occupied by Japan in September 1940."}, {"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "History - Foundations", "says": "The nationalist sentiment that had intensified during World War II prepared the ground for the communist-led Viet Minh, which, cloaked in nationalism, seized power from the collapsing Empire of Vietnam during the August Revolution and proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Hanoi."}, {"id": "Q769960", "label": "August Revolution", "section": "History - Foundations", "says": "The nationalist sentiment that had intensified during World War II prepared the ground for the communist-led Viet Minh, which, cloaked in nationalism, seized power from the collapsing Empire of Vietnam during the August Revolution and proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Hanoi."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "History - Foundations", "says": "In the meantime, the 16th parallel was established following the Potsdam Conference, dividing Vietnam into two military zones: Chinese Nationalist forces occupied the North and British forces the South to disarm Japanese troops."}, {"id": "Q650194", "label": "Ngo Dinh Nhu", "section": "History - First Republic (1955–1963)", "says": "The poll was supervised by his younger brother, Ngô Đình Nhu."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - First Republic (1955–1963)", "says": "The French, who needed troops to fight in Algeria and were increasingly sidelined by the United States, completely withdrew from Vietnam by April 1956."}, {"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "History - First Republic (1955–1963)", "says": "The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "History - Second Republic (1967–1975)", "says": "The Tet Offensive failed to spark a national uprising and was militarily disastrous."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "History - Second Republic (1967–1975)", "says": "The new administration of Richard Nixon introduced a policy of Vietnamization to reduce US combat involvement and began negotiations with the North Vietnamese to end the war."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Second Republic (1967–1975)", "says": "US and South Vietnamese forces launched a series of attacks on PAVN/VC bases in Cambodia in April–July 1970."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "History - Final years: 1973–1975", "says": "In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords signed on 27 January 1973, US military forces withdrew from South Vietnam at the end of March 1973 while PAVN forces in the South were permitted to remain in place."}], "Q42834": [{"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "lead", "says": "Although there were periods with more than one emperor ruling jointly before, the view that it was impossible for a single emperor to govern the entire Empire was institutionalized by emperor Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegrations of the Crisis of the Third Century."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "lead", "says": "Although there were periods with more than one emperor ruling jointly before, the view that it was impossible for a single emperor to govern the entire Empire was institutionalized by emperor Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegrations of the Crisis of the Third Century."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 286 he introduced the system of the Tetrarchy, with two senior emperors titled Augustus, one in the East and one in the West, each with an appointed subordinate and heir titled Caesar."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "lead", "says": "Some emperors, such as Constantine I and Theodosius I, governed, if briefly, as the sole Augustus across the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of Theodosius in 395, the empire was divided between his two infant sons, with Honorius as his successor in the West governing briefly from Mediolanum then from Ravenna, and Arcadius as his successor in the East governing from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of Theodosius in 395, the empire was divided between his two infant sons, with Honorius as his successor in the West governing briefly from Mediolanum then from Ravenna, and Arcadius as his successor in the East governing from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q159369", "label": "Arcadius", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of Theodosius in 395, the empire was divided between his two infant sons, with Honorius as his successor in the West governing briefly from Mediolanum then from Ravenna, and Arcadius as his successor in the East governing from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer forced Romulus Augustulus to abdicate and became the first King of Italy."}, {"id": "Q161841", "label": "Edward Gibbon", "section": "lead", "says": "That event was popularised by the 18th-century British historian Edward Gibbon as a demarcating the fall of the Western Roman Empire and is sometimes used to mark the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "lead", "says": "In 480, Western emperor Julius Nepos was assassinated and Eastern emperor Zeno dissolved the Western court and pro"}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantius, his third son and the second by his wife Fausta (Maximian's daughter) received the eastern provinces, including Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica; Constantine II received Britannia, Gaul, Hispania, and Mauretania; and Constans, initially under the supervision of Constantine II, received Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantius, his third son and the second by his wife Fausta (Maximian's daughter) received the eastern provinces, including Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica; Constantine II received Britannia, Gaul, Hispania, and Mauretania; and Constans, initially under the supervision of Constantine II, received Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea."}, {"id": "Q185538", "label": "Constans", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantius, his third son and the second by his wife Fausta (Maximian's daughter) received the eastern provinces, including Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica; Constantine II received Britannia, Gaul, Hispania, and Mauretania; and Constans, initially under the supervision of Constantine II, received Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantius, his third son and the second by his wife Fausta (Maximian's daughter) received the eastern provinces, including Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica; Constantine II received Britannia, Gaul, Hispania, and Mauretania; and Constans, initially under the supervision of Constantine II, received Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea."}, {"id": "Q212876", "label": "Magnentius", "section": "Background", "says": "The West was unified in 340 under Constans, who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the usurper Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q1424076", "label": "Battle of Mursa Major", "section": "Background", "says": "After Magnentius lost the Battle of Mursa Major and committed suicide, a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred under Constantius in 353."}, {"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "Background", "says": "Constantius II focused most of his power in the East."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "Background", "says": "The site had been acknowledged for its strategic importance already by emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla, more than a century prior."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "Background", "says": "The site had been acknowledged for its strategic importance already by emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla, more than a century prior."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Julian was killed in 363 in the Battle of Samarra against the Sasanian Empire and was succeeded by Jovian, who ruled for only nine months."}, {"id": "Q46720", "label": "Valentinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the death of Jovian, Valentinian I emerged as emperor in 364."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Background", "says": "In 376, the Visigoths, fleeing before the Ostrogoths, who in turn were fleeing before the Huns, were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle in the Balkans by the Eastern government."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "Background", "says": "In 376, the Visigoths, fleeing before the Ostrogoths, who in turn were fleeing before the Huns, were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle in the Balkans by the Eastern government."}, {"id": "Q102371", "label": "Alaric I", "section": "History - Reign of Honorius", "says": "The western capital was initially Mediolanum, as it had been during previous divisions, but it was moved to Ravenna in 401 upon the entry of the Visigothic king Alaric I into Italy."}, {"id": "Q170026", "label": "Valentinian III", "section": "History - Reign of Honorius", "says": "Ravenna would remain the western capital until 450 when Valentinian III moved the court back to Rome."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Reign of Honorius", "says": "The last de facto western emperor Romulus Augustulus resided in Ravenna from 475 until his deposition in 476 and Ravenna would later be the capital of both the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Exarchate of Ravenna."}, {"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "History - Reign of Honorius", "says": "After Emperor Gallienus had banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century, the senatorial elite lost all experience of – and interest in – military life."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "History - Reign of Honorius", "says": "Stilicho managed to subdue Gildo but was campaigning in Raetia when the Visigoths entered Italy in 402."}, {"id": "Q237907", "label": "Galla Placidia", "section": "History - Escalating barbarian conflicts", "says": "Honorius' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government installed Valentinian III as Western emperor in Ravenna by force of arms, with Galla Placidia acting as regent during her son's minority."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "History - Escalating barbarian conflicts", "says": "Theodosius II, the Eastern emperor, had hesitated to announce the death of Honorius and in the ensuing interregnum, Joannes was nominated as Western emperor."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "History - Escalating barbarian conflicts", "says": "Meanwhile, pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by Bonifacius, the governor of Africa, induced the Vandals under King Gaiseric to cross from Spain to Tingitana in what is now Morocco in 429."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Escalating barbarian conflicts", "says": "With Aetius occupied in Gaul, the Western Roman government could do nothing to prevent the Vandals conquering the wealthy African provinces, culminating in the fall of Carthage on 19 October 439 and the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - Escalating barbarian conflicts", "says": "With Aetius occupied in Gaul, the Western Roman government could do nothing to prevent the Vandals conquering the wealthy African provinces, culminating in the fall of Carthage on 19 October 439 and the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q191940", "label": "Petronius Maximus", "section": "History - Internal unrest and Majorian", "says": "Valentinian III was intimidated by Aetius and was encouraged by the Roman senator Petronius Maximus and the chamberlain Heraclius to assassinate him."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Internal unrest and Majorian", "says": "Valentinian III was intimidated by Aetius and was encouraged by the Roman senator Petronius Maximus and the chamberlain Heraclius to assassinate him."}, {"id": "Q47180", "label": "Petronius", "section": "History - Internal unrest and Majorian", "says": "Petronius was not able to take effective control of the significantly weakened and unstable Empire."}, {"id": "Q43954", "label": "Leo I", "section": "History - Internal unrest and Majorian", "says": "With the Vandals at the gates, Pope Leo I requested that the King not destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants, to which Gaiseric agreed and the city gates were opened to him."}, {"id": "Q195443", "label": "Theodoric II", "section": "History - Internal unrest and Majorian", "says": "Avitus, a prominent general under Petronius, was proclaimed emperor by the Visigothic king Theodoric II and accepted as such by the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "History - Internal unrest and Majorian", "says": "The prominent general Majorian defeated an invading force of Alemanni and was subsequently proclaimed Western emperor by the army and eventually accepted as such by Leo."}, {"id": "Q207121", "label": "Libius Severus", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "The first of these puppet emperors, Libius Severus, had no recognition outside of Italy, with the Eastern emperor Leo I and provincial governors in Gaul and Illyria all refusing to recognize him."}, {"id": "Q211772", "label": "Anthemius", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "Severus died in 465 and Leo I, with the consent of Ricimer, appointed the capable Eastern general Anthemius as Western emperor following an eighteen-month interregnum."}, {"id": "Q193678", "label": "Olybrius", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "Following two years of ill feeling, Ricimer deposed and killed Anthemius in 472, elevating Olybrius to the Western throne."}, {"id": "Q207499", "label": "Syagrius", "section": "History - Fall of the Empire", "says": "Syagrius, who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an exclave in northern Gaul (a realm today known as the Domain of Soissons) also recognized Nepos as his sovereign and the legitimate Western emperor."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "History - Fall of the Empire", "says": "These emperors would continue to rule the Roman Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, nearly a thousand years later."}], "Q1108445": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, the first ruler to unite East Slavic lands into what would become Kievan Rus' was Varangian prince Oleg the Wise (r."}, {"id": "Q6131983", "label": "Oleg the Wise", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, the first ruler to unite East Slavic lands into what would become Kievan Rus' was Varangian prince Oleg the Wise (r."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Vladimir the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "980–1015) spread Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, extended it to all inhabitants of Kiev and beyond."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "lead", "says": "Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav the Wise (r."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was further weakened by external factors, such as the decline of the Byzantine Empire, its major economic partner, and the accompanying diminution of trade routes through its territory."}, {"id": "Q186321", "label": "Feodor I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "It finally fell to the Mongol invasion in the mid-13th century, though the Rurik dynasty would continue to rule until the death of Feodor I of Russia in 1598."}, {"id": "Q1520835", "label": "Vyatichi", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen."}, {"id": "Q48287", "label": "Krivich", "section": "History - Calling of the Varangians", "says": "The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichs and the Ves then said to the Rus', \"Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it."}, {"id": "Q918815", "label": "Radimichs", "section": "History - Foundation of the Kievan state", "says": "By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars."}, {"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "History - Volatile steppe politics", "says": "In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs to migrate west  from Central Asia into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q1429276", "label": "Tivertsi", "section": "History - Volatile steppe politics", "says": "In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Volatile steppe politics", "says": "In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Volatile steppe politics", "says": "The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Rus'–Byzantine relations", "says": "The Slavs had no written language, so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet, later replaced by Cyrillic (developed in the First Bulgarian Empire) and standardized the language of the Slavs, later known as Old Church Slavonic."}, {"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "History - Reign of Vladimir and Christianisation", "says": "According to the Primary Chronicle, Vladimir assembled a host of Varangian warriors, first subdued the Principality of Polotsk and then defeated and killed Yaropolk, thus establishing his reign over the entire Kievan Rus' realm."}, {"id": "Q193198", "label": "Olga of Kiev", "section": "History - Reign of Vladimir and Christianisation", "says": "Some of the earliest Kievan princes and princesses such as Askold and Dir and Olga of Kiev reportedly converted to Christianity, but Oleg, Igor and Sviatoslav remained pagans."}, {"id": "Q60928", "label": "Vladimir II Monomakh", "section": "History - Succession issues", "says": "Familicide was frequently deployed to obtain power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi (sons of Yaroslav), when the established succession system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II Monomakh as the Grand Prince of Kiev (r."}, {"id": "Q497773", "label": "Roman the Great", "section": "History - Fragmentation and decline", "says": "The Rostislavichi, who had initially established in the lands of Galicia by 1189, were defeated by the Monomakh-Piast descendant Roman the Great."}, {"id": "Q469742", "label": "Yaropolk II of Kiev", "section": "History - Fragmentation and decline", "says": "After his death in 1132, Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev, instead of focusing on the external threat of the Cumans, was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "History - Fragmentation and decline", "says": "After his death in 1132, Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev, instead of focusing on the external threat of the Cumans, was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Fragmentation and decline", "says": "The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Final disintegration", "says": "Following the Mongol invasion of Cumania (or the Kipchaks), in which case many Cuman rulers fled to Rus', such as Köten, the state finally disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', fragmenting it into successor principalities who paid tribute to the Golden Horde (the so-called Tatar Yoke)."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Final disintegration", "says": "Later, as these territories, now part of modern central Ukraine and Belarus, fell to the Gediminids, the powerful, largely Ruthenized Grand Duchy of Lithuania drew heavily on the cultural and legal traditions of the Rus'."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "History - Final disintegration", "says": "From 1398 until the Union of Lublin in 1569, its full name was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Final disintegration", "says": "On the north-eastern periphery of Kievan Rus', traditions were adapted in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality that gradually gravitated towards Moscow."}], "Q131337": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "ASSR) also referred to as the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, Azerbaijani SSR, AzSSR, Soviet Azerbaijan or simply Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic brought pro-Soviet figures to power in the region, the first two years of the Azerbaijani SSR were as an nominally independent country until incorporation into the Transcaucasian SFSR, along with the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR."}, {"id": "Q130229", "label": "Georgian SSR", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic brought pro-Soviet figures to power in the region, the first two years of the Azerbaijani SSR were as an nominally independent country until incorporation into the Transcaucasian SFSR, along with the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Azerbaijan SSR was established on 28 April 1920 after the surrender of the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to local Bolsheviks led by Mirza Davud Huseynov and Nariman Narimanov and the invasion of the Bolshevik 11th Red Army."}, {"id": "Q1366710", "label": "Mirza Davud Huseynov", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Azerbaijan SSR was established on 28 April 1920 after the surrender of the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to local Bolsheviks led by Mirza Davud Huseynov and Nariman Narimanov and the invasion of the Bolshevik 11th Red Army."}, {"id": "Q1956360", "label": "Nariman Narimanov", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Azerbaijan SSR was established on 28 April 1920 after the surrender of the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to local Bolsheviks led by Mirza Davud Huseynov and Nariman Narimanov and the invasion of the Bolshevik 11th Red Army."}, {"id": "Q259843", "label": "Sergo Ordzhonikidze", "section": "History - Transcaucasian SFSR", "says": "The First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Communist Party was Sergo Ordzhonikidze."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "From 17 September 1939 to 21 June 1941, Nazi Germany, due to its non-aggression pact and relatively normalized trade relations with the USSR, was a major importer of oil produced in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The German army reached the mountains of the Caucasus, but was at the same time decisively defeated at the Battle of Stalingrad and thus forced to retreat from the area, abandoning all hopes for a Reichskommissariat Kaukasien."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "History - Pre-secession", "says": "As a result, Azerbaijan had the lowest rate of growth in productivity and economic output among the Soviet republics, with the exception of Tajikistan."}, {"id": "Q157451", "label": "Heydar Aliyev", "section": "History - Pre-secession", "says": "In an attempt to end the growing structural crisis, the government in Moscow appointed Heydar Aliyev as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan in 1969."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Pre-secession", "says": "In 1987, when perestroika was implemented, he was forced to retire by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, whose reform policies he opposed."}, {"id": "Q284506", "label": "Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Secession", "says": "The Supreme Soviet of the exclave of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic also decided not to participate in the referendum."}], "Q188712": [{"id": "Q718763", "label": "South Seas Mandate", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Seas Mandate and concessions were de jure not internal parts of the empire but dependent territories."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the closing stages of World War II, with Japan defeated alongside the rest of the Axis powers, the formalized surrender was issued on 2 September 1945, in compliance with the Potsdam Declaration of the Allies, and the empire's territory subsequently shrunk to cover only mainland Japan."}, {"id": "Q163244", "label": "Potsdam Declaration", "section": "lead", "says": "In the closing stages of World War II, with Japan defeated alongside the rest of the Axis powers, the formalized surrender was issued on 2 September 1945, in compliance with the Potsdam Declaration of the Allies, and the empire's territory subsequently shrunk to cover only mainland Japan."}, {"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the slogans of \"Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces\" and \"Promote Industry\" which followed the Boshin War and the restoration of power to the emperor from the shogun, Japan underwent a period of large-scale industrialization and militarization, often regarded as the fastest modernization of any country to date."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Economic and political turmoil in the 1920s, including the Great Depression, led to the rise of militarism, nationalism, statism and totalitarianism, during which Japan joined the Axis alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, conquering a large part of the Asia–Pacific; during this period, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) committed numerous atrocities and "}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "Economic and political turmoil in the 1920s, including the Great Depression, led to the rise of militarism, nationalism, statism and totalitarianism, during which Japan joined the Axis alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, conquering a large part of the Asia–Pacific; during this period, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) committed numerous atrocities and "}, {"id": "Q192055", "label": "Nanjing Massacre", "section": "lead", "says": "Economic and political turmoil in the 1920s, including the Great Depression, led to the rise of militarism, nationalism, statism and totalitarianism, during which Japan joined the Axis alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, conquering a large part of the Asia–Pacific; during this period, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) committed numerous atrocities and "}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces initially achieved large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, most notably in the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on 7 December 1941."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces initially achieved large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, most notably in the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on 7 December 1941."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "However, from 1942 onwards, and particularly after decisive Allied advances at Midway Atoll and Guadalcanal, Japan was forced to adopt a defensive stance against the United States."}, {"id": "Q771451", "label": "Convention of Kanagawa", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After two centuries, the seclusion policy, or sakoku, under the shōguns of the Edo period came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by the Convention of Kanagawa which came when American commander Matthew C."}, {"id": "Q299179", "label": "Emperor Kōmei", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In early 1867, Emperor Kōmei died of smallpox, and he was replaced by his son, Crown Prince Mutsuhito (Meiji)."}, {"id": "Q287657", "label": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On November 9, 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned from his post and authorities to the emperor, agreeing to \"be the instrument for carrying out\" imperial orders, leading to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate."}, {"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On January 3, 1868, Satsuma-Chōshū forces seized the imperial palace in Kyoto, and the following day had the fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji declare his own restoration to full power."}, {"id": "Q1193959", "label": "Battle of Toba-Fushimi", "section": "History - Boshin War", "says": "The Battle of Toba–Fushimi was a decisive victory in which a combined army from Chōshū, Tosa, and Satsuma domains defeated the Tokugawa army."}, {"id": "Q714006", "label": "Republic of Ezo", "section": "History - Boshin War", "says": "Pro-Tokugawa remnants retreated to northern Honshū (Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei) and later to Ezo (present-day Hokkaido), where they established the breakaway Republic of Ezo."}, {"id": "Q220984", "label": "Opium Wars", "section": "History - Meiji era (1868–1912)", "says": "He believed that Qing China and Joseon Korea were resisting modernization and that Japan's association with them would only lead Western nations to view Japan as equally \"backwards\" and thus colonize it as they did with the Opium Wars"}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Transposition in social order and cultural destruction", "says": "Conversion from traditional faith was no longer legally forbidden, officials lifted the 250-year ban on Christianity, and missionaries of established Christian churches reentered Japan."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - First Sino-Japanese War and the cession of Taiwan to Japan", "says": "The First Sino-Japanese War, fought in 1894 and 1895, revolved around the issue of control and influence over Korea under the rule of the Joseon dynasty."}, {"id": "Q623391", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876", "section": "History - First Sino-Japanese War and the cession of Taiwan to Japan", "says": "On February 27, 1876, after several confrontations between Korean isolationists and the Japanese, Japan imposed the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, forcing Korea open to Japanese trade."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "History - First Sino-Japanese War and the cession of Taiwan to Japan", "says": "The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed between Japan and China, which ceded the Liaodong Peninsula and the island of Taiwan to Japan."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "History - Boxer Rebellion", "says": "In 1900, Japan joined an international military coalition set up in response to the Boxer Rebellion in the Qing Empire of China."}, {"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "History - Boxer Rebellion", "says": "In 1900, Japan joined an international military coalition set up in response to the Boxer Rebellion in the Qing Empire of China."}, {"id": "Q7459167", "label": "Seymour Expedition", "section": "History - Boxer Rebellion", "says": "The Japanese were able to contribute 52 men to the Seymour Expedition."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Boxer Rebellion", "says": "Britain at the time was heavily engaged in the Boer War, so a large part of the British army was tied down in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Russo-Japanese War", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict for control of Korea and parts of Manchuria between the Russian Empire and Empire of Japan that took place from 1904 to 1905."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Russo-Japanese War", "says": "The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict for control of Korea and parts of Manchuria between the Russian Empire and Empire of Japan that took place from 1904 to 1905."}, {"id": "Q1363925", "label": "Battle of Port peturth", "section": "History - Russo-Japanese War", "says": "The war began with a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern fleet stationed at Port Arthur, which was followed by the Battle of Port Arthur."}, {"id": "Q702377", "label": "Battle of the Yellow Sea", "section": "History - Russo-Japanese War", "says": "Those elements that attempted escape were defeated by the Japanese navy under Admiral Togo Heihachiro at the Battle of the Yellow Sea."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "History - Russo-Japanese War", "says": "While the ground war did not fare as poorly for the Russians, the Japanese forces were significantly more aggressive than their Russian counterparts and gained a political advantage that culminated with the Treaty of Portsmouth, negotiated in the United States by the American president Theodore Roosevelt."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "History - Russo-Japanese War", "says": "While the ground war did not fare as poorly for the Russians, the Japanese forces were significantly more aggressive than their Russian counterparts and gained a political advantage that culminated with the Treaty of Portsmouth, negotiated in the United States by the American president Theodore Roosevelt."}, {"id": "Q696736", "label": "Karafuto Prefecture", "section": "History - Russo-Japanese War", "says": "As a result, Russia lost the part of Sakhalin Island south of 50 degrees North latitude (which became Karafuto Prefecture), as well as many mineral rights in Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "History - Annexation of Korea", "says": "The Korean Empire was then occupied and declared a Japanese protectorate following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905."}, {"id": "Q233254", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of November 1905", "section": "History - Annexation of Korea", "says": "The Korean Empire was then occupied and declared a Japanese protectorate following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "History - Annexation of Korea", "says": "The 1905 and 1910 treaties were eventually declared \"null and void\" by both Japan and South Korea in 1965."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Japan entered World War I on the side of the Allies in 1914, capitalizing on the opportunity of Germany's distraction with the European War to expand its sphere of influence in China and the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Japanese and allied British Empire forces soon moved to occupy Tsingtao fortress, the German East Asia Squadron base, German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province as well as the Marianas, Caroline, and Marshall Islands in the Pacific, which were part of German New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Japanese and allied British Empire forces soon moved to occupy Tsingtao fortress, the German East Asia Squadron base, German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province as well as the Marianas, Caroline, and Marshall Islands in the Pacific, which were part of German New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q706563", "label": "Siege of Tsingtao", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The swift invasion in the German territory of the Kiautschou Bay concession and the Siege of Tsingtao proved successful."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Capitalizing on its military successes, Japan presented Chinese President Yuan Shikai with a series of requests that would have turned China into a de facto Japanese protectorate."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Known as the Twenty-One Demands, the Japanese requests included five groups of secret demands, including recognizing Japan's dominant position in Shandong, southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, building an industrial complex in central China, forbidding China from giving any coastal or island concessions to foreign powers except Japan and the most outrageous of all, requiring China to ins"}, {"id": "Q714039", "label": "Matsukata Masayoshi", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The last demand was later dropped following the opposition of elder Japanese statesmen such as Matsukata Masayoshi."}, {"id": "Q279790", "label": "May Fourth Movement", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Twenty-One Demands nurtured a considerable amount of Chinese ill-will towards Japan, and the upsurge in Chinese nationalism eventually culminated in the May Fourth Movement in 1919 which still resonated to the present day."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "With its Western allies, notably the United Kingdom, heavily involved in the war in Europe, Japan dispatched a Naval fleet to the Mediterranean Sea to aid Allied shipping."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was renewed and expanded in scope twice, in 1905 and 1911, before its demise in 1921."}, {"id": "Q315559", "label": "Terauchi Masatake", "section": "History - Siberian Intervention", "says": "Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake agreed to send 12,000 troops but under the Japanese command rather than as part of an international coalition."}, {"id": "Q1381504", "label": "Provisional Priamurye Government", "section": "History - Siberian Intervention", "says": "The Japanese army provided military support to the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamurye Government based in Vladivostok against the Moscow-backed Far Eastern Republic."}, {"id": "Q61292", "label": "Far Eastern Republic", "section": "History - Siberian Intervention", "says": "The Japanese army provided military support to the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamurye Government based in Vladivostok against the Moscow-backed Far Eastern Republic."}, {"id": "Q704536", "label": "London Naval Treaty", "section": "History - Rise of militarism and its social organizations in the 1920s", "says": "The militarists would later successfully oppose new disarmament efforts during the 1930 London Naval Treaty."}, {"id": "Q315553", "label": "Hara Takashi", "section": "History - \"Taishō Democracy\"", "says": "After Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake fell from office as a result of the riots of 1918, Hara Takashi was appointed as the first Prime Minister from a commoner background."}, {"id": "Q658598", "label": "Siberian Intervention", "section": "History - \"Taishō Democracy\"", "says": "The crucial point came with his handling of the Nikolayevsk incident during the Siberian Intervention and h"}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "History - Early Shōwa (1926–1941)", "says": "Hirohito ascended to the throne on 25 December 1926, upon the death of his father Emperor Taishō, beginning the Shōwa era."}, {"id": "Q157052", "label": "Emperor Taishō", "section": "History - Early Shōwa (1926–1941)", "says": "Hirohito ascended to the throne on 25 December 1926, upon the death of his father Emperor Taishō, beginning the Shōwa era."}, {"id": "Q353244", "label": "Sadao Araki", "section": "History - Nationalism and decline of democracy", "says": "Sadao Araki was an important figurehead and founder of the Army party and the most important militarist thinker in his time."}, {"id": "Q1148095", "label": "Kazushige Ugaki", "section": "History - Nationalism and decline of democracy", "says": "His first ideological works date from his leadership of the Kōdōha (Imperial Benevolent Rule or Action Group), opposed by the Tōseiha (Control Group) led by General Kazushige Ugaki."}, {"id": "Q335177", "label": "Wakatsuki Reijirō", "section": "History - Nationalism and decline of democracy", "says": "The anti-war Foreign Minister Kijuro Shidehara and Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijirō formally opposed the military's actions to seize Manchuria and aimed to keep the incident contained."}, {"id": "Q354687", "label": "Inukai Tsuyoshi", "section": "History - Nationalism and decline of democracy", "says": "Following the collapse of the government, the right-wing Rikken Seiyūkai led by Inukai Tsuyoshi took power, leading to a pro-military stance and the eventual establishment of the Manchukuo puppet state."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "History - Nationalism and decline of democracy", "says": "Following the collapse of the government, the right-wing Rikken Seiyūkai led by Inukai Tsuyoshi took power, leading to a pro-military stance and the eventual establishment of the Manchukuo puppet state."}, {"id": "Q327121", "label": "Masao Maruyama", "section": "History - One-party state", "says": "While Masao Maruyama in his influential works challenged Marxist interpretation, he agreed with the term \"fascist\", but contrasted \"fascism from below\" in Europe to \"fascism from above\" in Japan."}, {"id": "Q1229212", "label": "Robert Paxton", "section": "History - One-party state", "says": "Robert Paxton wrote that Japan \"is better understood\" as a military dictatorship than a fascist regime, but the term \"military dictatorship\" has been criticized by such scholars as Ben-Ami Shillony; Edwin Palmer Hoyt uses the term \"oligarchy\" and notes that it was not led by a dictator, but by the officers known as gunbatsu."}], "Q79965": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (lit. 'Great State' in Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It grew greatly in size under Batu Khan, the founder of the Blue Horde."}, {"id": "Q644979", "label": "Blue Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "It grew greatly in size under Batu Khan, the founder of the Blue Horde."}, {"id": "Q335097", "label": "Öz Beg Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Özbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south, while bordering the Caucasus Mountains and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "lead", "says": "The khanate experienced a period of great political instability known as the Great Troubles (1359–1381), before it briefly reunited under Tokhtamysh (1381–1395)."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Timur, the founder of the Timurid Empire, the Golden Horde broke into smaller khanates which declined steadily in power."}, {"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1466, it was being referred to simply as the \"Great Horde\"."}, {"id": "Q25628", "label": "Great stand on the Ugra river", "section": "lead", "says": "These internal struggles allowed Moscow to formally rid itself of the \"Tatar yoke\" at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480, which traditionally marks the end of Mongol rule over Russia."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively, when they were conquered by the expanding Russian state."}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively, when they were conquered by the expanding Russian state."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Mongol origins (c. 1225 – 1241)", "says": "Genghis Khan divided the Mongol Empire amongst his four sons as appanages."}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "Mongol origins (c. 1225 – 1241)", "says": "In 1235, Batu with the great general Subutai began an invasion westwards, first conquering the Bashkirs' land and then moving on to Volga Bulgaria in 1236."}, {"id": "Q152370", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "section": "Mongol origins (c. 1225 – 1241)", "says": "In January or February 1242, the Mongols crossed the Danube and advanced into Austria and Dalmatia while pursuing Béla IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Mongol origins (c. 1225 – 1241)", "says": "On their way back through Hungary, the Mongols destroyed Pest before proceeding to subjugate Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Mongol origins (c. 1225 – 1241)", "says": "Batu resented the authority of the Ögödeids and never returned to Mongolia, instead opting to consolidate his horde."}, {"id": "Q2477899", "label": "Temür Qutlugh", "section": "Decline", "says": "Temür Qutlugh was chosen Khan in Sarai while Edigu became co-ruler, and Koirijak was appointed sovereign of the White Horde by Timur."}, {"id": "Q2553863", "label": "White Horde", "section": "Decline", "says": "Temür Qutlugh was chosen Khan in Sarai while Edigu became co-ruler, and Koirijak was appointed sovereign of the White Horde by Timur."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "Decline", "says": "Tokhtamysh fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and asked Vytautas for assistance in retaking the Golden Horde in exchange for suzerainty over the Russian lands."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "Decline", "says": "Tokhtamysh fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and asked Vytautas for assistance in retaking the Golden Horde in exchange for suzerainty over the Russian lands."}, {"id": "Q597478", "label": "Battle of the Vorskla River", "section": "Decline", "says": "In 1399, Vytautas and Tokhtamysh attacked Temür Qutlugh and Edigu at the Battle of the Vorskla River but were defeated."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Decline", "says": "His son Jalal al-Din fled to Lithuania and participated in the Battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "Decline", "says": "His son Jalal al-Din fled to Lithuania and participated in the Battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q553204", "label": "Shah Rukh", "section": "Decline", "says": "In 1414, Shah Rukh of the Timurids conquered Khwarezm."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "Disintegration and succession", "says": "The Crimean Tatars claimed the legacy of the Golden Horde, overlordship over the Khanate of Kazan as an appanage of ruling Giray dynasty, and suzerainty over Moscow."}], "Q81931": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederate States or the Confederacy, was a republic in the Southern United States from 1861 to 1865, unrecognized as a sovereign nation by either foreign governments or the United States."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "These states fought against the United States during the American Civil War in the wake of the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as president, with the principal aim of safeguarding slavery amid fears of northern abolitionist influence and federal interference in slave property."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "These states fought against the United States during the American Civil War in the wake of the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as president, with the principal aim of safeguarding slavery amid fears of northern abolitionist influence and federal interference in slave property."}, {"id": "Q12325", "label": "James Buchanan", "section": "Origins", "says": "The U.S. government, under President James Buchanan, did not cede control of federal forts located in territory claimed by the Confederacy."}], "Q12172": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Basel-Stadt is one of the northernmost and lowest cantons of Switzerland, and the smallest by area."}, {"id": "Q660776", "label": "canton of Basel", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt was part of the Canton of Basel, which joined the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1501."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "Together with Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt was part of the Canton of Basel, which joined the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1501."}], "Q172579": [{"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Italy was a unitary state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 18 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June, resulting in the establishment of the modern Italian Republic."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Italy was a unitary state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 18 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June, resulting in the establishment of the modern Italian Republic."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power, resulting to the establishment of the Italian Empire, and in 1882 it entered into a Triple Alliance with the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, following strong disagreements with France about their respective colonial expansions."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power, resulting to the establishment of the Italian Empire, and in 1882 it entered into a Triple Alliance with the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, following strong disagreements with France about their respective colonial expansions."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Although relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal, due in part to Italy's desire to acquire Trentino and Trieste from Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allied Powers during World War I, as the western powers promised territorial compensation (at the expense of Austria-Hungary) for participation that was more generous than Vienna's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini became prime minister and the National Fascist Party took control of the Italian government, thus ushering an era of the Fascist period in Italy known as \"Fascist Italy\"."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini became prime minister and the National Fascist Party took control of the Italian government, thus ushering an era of the Fascist period in Italy known as \"Fascist Italy\"."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1929, the Italian government reconciled with the Roman Catholic Church through the Lateran Treaties, which granted independence to the Vatican City."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The following decade presided over an aggressive foreign policy, with Italy launching successful military operations against Ethiopia in 1935, Spain in 1937, and Albania in 1939."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the political and social Italian unification movement, or Risorgimento, emerged to consolidate the different states of the peninsula and liberate it from foreign control."}, {"id": "Q187336", "label": "Giuseppe Mazzini", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "A prominent radical figure was the patriotic journalist Giuseppe Mazzini, member of the secret revolutionary society of Carbonari and founder of the influential political movement Young Italy in the early 1830s."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general Giuseppe Garibaldi, renowned for his extremely loyal followers, who led the Italian republican drive for unification in Southern Italy."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "However, the Northern Italy monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state."}, {"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, was declared on Austria."}, {"id": "Q181261", "label": "Carlo Alberto I of Sardinia", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, was declared on Austria."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "In 1855, the Kingdom of Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the Crimean War, giving Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q978331", "label": "Plombières Agreement", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "On the basis of the secret Plombières Agreement (21 July 1858), the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France, an event that caused the Niçard exodus, that was the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy."}, {"id": "Q228284", "label": "Expedition of the Thousand", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "In 1860–1861, Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily (the Expedition of the Thousand), while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Unification process (1848–1870)", "says": "In 1860–1861, Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily (the Expedition of the Thousand), while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of Papal States."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Economy", "says": "Italy managed to industrialize in several steps, although the country remained the most backward economy among the great powers (except for the Russian Empire) and was very dependent on foreign trade, especially the international markets through which it imported coal and exported grain."}, {"id": "Q730889", "label": "Gaetano Salvemini", "section": "History - Industrialization", "says": "Various solutions were proposed for the so-called \"Southern question\" by Francesco Saverio Nitti, Gaetano Salvemini and Sidney Sonnino, but the government only acted in special problem areas such as Naples."}, {"id": "Q320922", "label": "Sidney Sonnino", "section": "History - Industrialization", "says": "Various solutions were proposed for the so-called \"Southern question\" by Francesco Saverio Nitti, Gaetano Salvemini and Sidney Sonnino, but the government only acted in special problem areas such as Naples."}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "History - Social changes and mass emigration", "says": "Prime Minister Francesco Crispi financed the colonial policy with tax increases and austerity measures."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "History - Social changes and mass emigration", "says": "His successor was Victor Emmanuel III politically dominant however was Giolitti, who was initially Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1903, then prime minister from 1903 with interruptions until 1914 (and often also Minister of the Interior at the same time)."}, {"id": "Q312295", "label": "Giovanni Gentile", "section": "History - Education", "says": "In fact, Giovanni Gentile was appointed the task of creating an education system deemed fit for the fascist system."}, {"id": "Q597155", "label": "Marco Minghetti", "section": "History - Liberal era of politics (1870–1914)", "says": "After unification, Italy's politics favored liberalism: the liberal-conservative right (destra storica or Historical Right) was regionally fragmented and liberal-conservative prime minister Marco Minghetti only held on to power by enacting revolutionary and left-leaning policies (such as the nationalization of railways) to appease the opposition."}, {"id": "Q356711", "label": "Agostino Depretis", "section": "History - Agostino Depretis", "says": "In 1876, Minghetti was ousted and replaced by liberal Agostino Depretis, who began the long Liberal Period."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Francesco Crispi", "says": "Crispi greatly admired the United Kingdom, but was unable to get British assistance for his aggressive foreign policy and turned instead to Germany."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "These were done to gain the support of Italian nationalists and imperialists, who wanted to rebuild a Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "Italian missionaries had already established a foothold at Massawa (in present-day Eritrea) in the 1830s and had entered deep into the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "In 1888, Italy annexed Massawa by force, creating the colony of Italian Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "At the same time, Italy occupied territory on the south side of the horn of Africa, forming what would become Italian Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "The Treaty of Wuchale, signed in 1889, stated in the Italian language version that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version stated that the Ethiopian emperor Menelik II could go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - Colonialism", "says": "The Treaty of Wuchale, signed in 1889, stated in the Italian language version that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version stated that the Ethiopian emperor Menelik II could go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q297190", "label": "Giovanni Giolitti", "section": "History - Giovanni Giolitti", "says": "In 1892, Giovanni Giolitti became Prime Minister of Italy for his first term."}, {"id": "Q354715", "label": "Antonio Salandra", "section": "History - World War I and failure of the liberal state (1915–1922)", "says": "Prime Minister Antonio Salandra and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino negotiated with both sides in secret for the best deal, and got one from the Entente, which was quite willing to promise large slices of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including the Tyrol and Trieste, as well as making Albania a protectorate."}, {"id": "Q468823", "label": "March on Rome", "section": "History - Rise of Fascism into power", "says": "With no immediate response, a group of 30,000 Fascists began a long trek across Italy to Rome (the March on Rome), claiming that Fascists were intending to restore law and order."}, {"id": "Q193270", "label": "Lateran Treaty", "section": "History - End of the Roman question", "says": "The Lateran Treaty was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the question."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "History - End of the Roman question", "says": "The Lateran Treaty was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the question."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Foreign politics", "says": "To the south of Italy, the Fascists claimed Malta, which belonged to the United Kingdom, and Corfu, which belonged to Greece, to the north claimed Italian Switzerland, while to the west claimed Corsica, Nice and Savoy, which belonged to France."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Foreign politics", "says": "The Fascist regime held negative relations with Yugoslavia, as it continued to claim Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "History - Foreign politics", "says": "During the Spanish Civil War between the socialist Republicans and Nationalists led by Francisco Franco, Italy sent arms and over 60,000 troops to aid the Nationalist faction."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Hesitance remained from the king and military commander Pietro Badoglio, who warned Mussolini that Italy had too few tanks, armoured vehicles, and aircraft available to be able to carry out a long-term war; Badoglio told Mussolini \"It is suicide\" for Italy to get involved in the European conflict."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Mussolini and the Fascist regime thus waited as France was invaded by Germany in June 1940 (Battle of France) before deciding to get involved."}, {"id": "Q2862273", "label": "Franco-Italian Armistice", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Mussolini hoped to quickly capture Savoy, Nice, Corsica, and the African colonies of Tunisia and Algeria from the French, on 21 June, Italy invaded France but their achieved with only modest gains due to the Franco-Italian Armistice on 24 June, but Germany signed an armistice (22 June: Second Armistice at Compiègne) with Marshal Philippe Pétain establishing Vichy France, that retained control over"}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Mussolini hoped to quickly capture Savoy, Nice, Corsica, and the African colonies of Tunisia and Algeria from the French, on 21 June, Italy invaded France but their achieved with only modest gains due to the Franco-Italian Armistice on 24 June, but Germany signed an armistice (22 June: Second Armistice at Compiègne) with Marshal Philippe Pétain establishing Vichy France, that retained control over"}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Mussolini hoped to quickly capture Savoy, Nice, Corsica, and the African colonies of Tunisia and Algeria from the French, on 21 June, Italy invaded France but their achieved with only modest gains due to the Franco-Italian Armistice on 24 June, but Germany signed an armistice (22 June: Second Armistice at Compiègne) with Marshal Philippe Pétain establishing Vichy France, that retained control over"}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "In summer 1940, Mussolini ordered the bombing of Mandatory Palestine and the conquest of British Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "In summer 1940, Mussolini ordered the bombing of Mandatory Palestine and the conquest of British Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "In September, he ordered the invasion of Egypt; despite initial success, Italian forces were soon driven back by the British on  Operation Compass."}, {"id": "Q14060", "label": "Erwin Rommel", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Hitler had to intervene with the sending of the Afrika Korps of General Erwin Rommel, that was the mainstay in the North African campaign."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Italy gained south Slovenia, Dalmatia, Montenegro and established the puppet states of Croatia and Hellenic State."}, {"id": "Q3013827", "label": "Hellenic State", "section": "History - World War II and fall of Fascism", "says": "Italy gained south Slovenia, Dalmatia, Montenegro and established the puppet states of Croatia and Hellenic State."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation", "says": "The Allies organized some royalist Italian troops into the Italian Co-Belligerent Army, while other troops continued to fight alongside Nazi Germany in the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano, the National Republican Army."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation", "says": "The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the Gothic Line, leading to the surrender of German and Fascist forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "History - Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation", "says": "Yugoslav Partisans perpetrated their own crimes against the local ethnic Italian population during and after the war, including the foibe massacres."}, {"id": "Q176919", "label": "Severino Di Giovanni", "section": "History - Anti-fascism against Mussolini's regime", "says": "The Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 March on Rome, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community."}], "Q62943": [{"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Chandragupta Maurya around c."}, {"id": "Q312548", "label": "Megasthenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The primary sources for the written records of the Mauryan times are partial records of the lost history of Megasthenes in Roman texts of several centuries later; and the Edicts of Ashoka."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Through military conquests and diplomatic treaties, Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nanda dynasty and extended his suzerainty as far westward as Afghanistan below the Hindu Kush and as far south as the northern Deccan; however, beyond the core Magadha area, the prevailing levels of technology and infrastructure limited how deeply his rule could penetrate society."}, {"id": "Q9045", "label": "Chanakya", "section": "History - Sources", "says": "The Arthashastra, a work first discovered in the early 20th century, and previously attributed to a Kautilya, who was mistakenly identified with Chanakya, is now thought to be composed by multiple authors in the first centuries of the common era, has lost its value as a source for Mauryan times, as it describes post-Mauryan customs."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "History - Chandragupta Maurya", "says": "Greek sources refer to confrontations between the Greeks and Chandragupta Maurya, but are almost silent on his conquest of the Nanda Empire."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "History - Chandragupta Maurya", "says": "Plutarch states that Chandragupta, as a young man, saw Alexander."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Unrest and warfare in the Punjab", "says": "Alexander the Great was leading his Indian campaigns and ventured into Punjab."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "History - Unrest and warfare in the Punjab", "says": "When Alexander's remaining forces were routed, returning westwards, Seleucus I Nicator fought to defend these territories."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - Unrest and warfare in the Punjab", "says": "Seleucus was defeated and retreated into the mountainous region of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "History - Dynastic marriage-alliance with Seleucus", "says": "According to Kosmin, \"Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, and possibly also Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat.\" Seleucus I received 500 war elephants, that were to have a decisive role in his victory against western Hellenistic kings at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE."}, {"id": "Q315526", "label": "Bindusara", "section": "History - Dynastic marriage-alliance with Seleucus", "says": "In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar)."}, {"id": "Q39576", "label": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "section": "History - Dynastic marriage-alliance with Seleucus", "says": "Later, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Dynastic marriage-alliance with Seleucus", "says": "Later, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court."}, {"id": "Q160362", "label": "Theophrastus", "section": "History - Dynastic marriage-alliance with Seleucus", "says": "Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus:\n\nAnd Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters [as to make people more amorous]."}, {"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "History - Chandragupta's state", "says": "The span of control was relative, with three very different spheres, the metropolitan state, the core areas of previously established Janapadas and Mahajanapadas and, finally, the peripheral regions of \"lineage-based societies\" which \"would be relatively liberated from the control of the metropolitan state.\" The core region consisted of Magadha \"and some of the adjacent old mahajanapadas,\" and onl"}, {"id": "Q7898321", "label": "Upinder Singh", "section": "History - Bindusara", "says": "Historian Upinder Singh estimates that Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE."}, {"id": "Q2586782", "label": "Kambojas", "section": "History - Ashoka", "says": "Ashoka's edicts refer to the Greeks, Kambojas, and Gandharas as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire."}, {"id": "Q124346", "label": "Alexandros II of Epirus", "section": "History - Ashoka", "says": "The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of the Hellenistic world at the time such as Amtiyoko (Antiochus II Theos), Tulamaya (Ptolemy II), Amtikini (Antigonos II), Maka (Magas) and Alikasudaro (Alexander II of Epirus) as recipients of Ashoka's proselytism."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Subhagasena (206 BCE)", "says": "He ruled an area south of the Hindu Kush, possibly in Gandhara."}, {"id": "Q538082", "label": "Dasaratha Maurya", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "He was succeeded by Dasharatha Maurya, who was Ashoka's grandson."}, {"id": "Q24405", "label": "Brihadratha Maurya", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 180 BCE, Brihadratha Maurya, was killed by his general, Pushyamitra Shunga in a military parade without any heir, giving rise to the Shunga Empire."}, {"id": "Q119973", "label": "Pushyamitra Shunga", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 180 BCE, Brihadratha Maurya, was killed by his general, Pushyamitra Shunga in a military parade without any heir, giving rise to the Shunga Empire."}, {"id": "Q651377", "label": "Shunga Empire", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 180 BCE, Brihadratha Maurya, was killed by his general, Pushyamitra Shunga in a military parade without any heir, giving rise to the Shunga Empire."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Reasons advanced for the decline include the succession of weak emperors after Ashoka Maurya, the partition of the empire into two, the growing independence of some areas within the empire, such as that ruled by Sophagasenus, a top-heavy administration where authority was entirely in the hands of a few persons, an absence of any national consciousness, the pure scale of the empire making it unwiel"}, {"id": "Q2744161", "label": "Romila Thapar", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Others, such as Romila Thapar, have suggested that the extent and impact of his pacifism have been \"grossly exaggerated\"."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE)", "says": "The Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius capitalised on the break-up, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q118992", "label": "Menander", "section": "History - Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE)", "says": "Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings, Menander, became a famous figure of Buddhism; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city of Sialkot."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "History - Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE)", "says": "Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Shungas, Satavahanas, and Kalinga are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, named Indo-Scythians, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of Mathura, and Gujarat."}], "Q65968": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "They were best known for ruling vast realms throughout Europe and the Americas during the Middle Ages and early modern period, including the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg monarchy and Spain."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They were best known for ruling vast realms throughout Europe and the Americas during the Middle Ages and early modern period, including the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg monarchy and Spain."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The house takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a Swabian fortress built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland by Radbot of Klettgau, who named his fortress Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "lead", "says": "His grandson Otto II was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding \"Count of Habsburg\" to his title."}, {"id": "Q150320", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he appointed his sons as Dukes of Austria and moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburg dynasty gained the name of \"House of Austria\" and ruled until 1918."}, {"id": "Q700194", "label": "Battle on the Marchfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he appointed his sons as Dukes of Austria and moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburg dynasty gained the name of \"House of Austria\" and ruled until 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The house also produced kings of Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Lombardy-Venetia and Galicia-Lodomeria, with their respective colonies; rulers of several principalities in the Low Countries and Italy; numerous prince-bishoprics in the Holy Roman Empire, and in the 19th century, emperors of Austria and of Austria-Hungary, as well as one emperor of Mexico."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The family split several times into parallel branches, most consequentially in the mid-16th century between its Spanish and German-Austrian branches following the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Habsburg family oversee the Austrian branch of the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Order of the Starry Cross and the Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "History - Counts of Habsburg", "says": "Giovanni Thomas Marnavich in his book \"Regiae Sanctitatis Illyricanae Faecunditas\" dedicated to Ferdinand III, wrote that the House of Habsburg is descended from the Roman emperor Constantine the Great, a claim common in ruling dynasties at the time."}, {"id": "Q21077045", "label": "Landgraviate of Upper Alsace", "section": "History - Counts of Habsburg", "says": "In the 13th century, the house aimed its marriage policy at families in Upper Alsace and Swabia."}, {"id": "Q76956", "label": "Rudolph I of Germany", "section": "History - Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies", "says": "On 1 October 1273, he was elected as a compromise candidate as King of the Romans and received the name Rudolph I of Germany."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "History - Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies", "says": "In the early 14th century, they also focused on the Kingdom of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies", "says": "The Bohemian kingship was an elected position, and the Habsburgs were only able to secure it on a hereditary basis much later in 1626, following their reconquest of the Czech lands during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q275408", "label": "Henry of Bohemia", "section": "History - Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies", "says": "After 1307, subsequent Habsburg attempts to gain the Bohemian crown were frustrated first by Henry of Bohemia (a member of the House of Gorizia) and then by the House of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies", "says": "After 1307, subsequent Habsburg attempts to gain the Bohemian crown were frustrated first by Henry of Bohemia (a member of the House of Gorizia) and then by the House of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies", "says": "Instead, they were able to expand southwards: in 1311, they took over Savinja; after the death of Henry in 1335, they assumed power in Carniola and Carinthia; and in 1369, they succeeded his daughter Margaret in Tyrol."}, {"id": "Q349086", "label": "Leopold III", "section": "History - Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections", "says": "Rudolf IV's brothers Albert III and Leopold III ignored his efforts to preserve the integrity of the family domains and enacted the separation of the so-called Albertinian and Leopoldian family lines on 25 September 1379 by the Treaty of Neuberg."}, {"id": "Q561493", "label": "Treaty of Neuberg", "section": "History - Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections", "says": "Rudolf IV's brothers Albert III and Leopold III ignored his efforts to preserve the integrity of the family domains and enacted the separation of the so-called Albertinian and Leopoldian family lines on 25 September 1379 by the Treaty of Neuberg."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections", "says": "By marrying Elisabeth of Luxembourg, the daughter of Emperor Sigismund, in 1437 Duke Albert V of the Albertine line (1397–1439) became the ruler of Bohemia and Hungary, again expanding the family's political horizons."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections", "says": "By marrying Elisabeth of Luxembourg, the daughter of Emperor Sigismund, in 1437 Duke Albert V of the Albertine line (1397–1439) became the ruler of Bohemia and Hungary, again expanding the family's political horizons."}, {"id": "Q312603", "label": "Postumus", "section": "History - Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections", "says": "Following his early death in a battle against the Ottomans in 1439 and that of his son Ladislaus Postumus in 1457, the Habsburgs lost Bohemia once more as well as Hungary for several decades."}, {"id": "Q134588", "label": "Nicholas V", "section": "History - Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections", "says": "Several Habsburg kings had attempted to gain the imperial dignity over the years, but success finally arrived on 19 March 1452, when Pope Nicholas V crowned Frederick III as the Holy Roman Emperor in a grand ceremony held in Rome."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections", "says": "While in Rome, Frederick III married Eleanor of Portugal, enabling him to build a network of connections with dynasties in the west and southeast of Europe."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Archdukes", "says": "Through the forged document called privilegium maius (1358/59), Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (1339–1365) introduced the title of Archduke to place the Habsburgs on a par with the Prince-electors of the Empire, since Emperor Charles IV had omitted to give them the electoral dignity in his Golden Bull of 1356."}, {"id": "Q145606", "label": "Albert VI, Archduke of Austria", "section": "History - Archdukes", "says": "The title was first granted to Frederick's younger brother, Albert VI of Austria (died 1463), who used it at least from 1458."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "History - Archdukes", "says": "In 1477, Frederick granted the title archduke to his first cousin Sigismund of Austria, ruler of Further Austria."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "History - Archdukes", "says": "Frederick's son and heir, the future Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, apparently only started to use the title after the death of his wife Mary of Burgundy in 1482, as Archduke never appears in documents issued jointly by Maximilian and Mary as rulers in the Low Countries (where Maximilian is still titled \"Duke of Austria\")."}, {"id": "Q47365", "label": "Marie Antoinette", "section": "History - Archdukes", "says": "From the 16th century onward, archduke and its female form, archduchess, came to be used by all the members of the House of Habsburg (e.g., Queen Marie Antoinette of France was born Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria)."}, {"id": "Q116382", "label": "Ladislaus the Posthumous", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "In 1457 Duke Frederick V of Inner Austria also gained the Austrian archduchy after his Albertine cousin Ladislaus the Posthumous had died without issue."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "1490 saw the reunification of all Habsburg lines when Archduke Sigismund of Further Austria and Tyrol resigned in favor of Frederick's son Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q506846", "label": "Siege of Neuss", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "Externally, one of Frederick's main achievements was the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), in which he coerced Charles the Bold of Burgundy to give his daughter Mary of Burgundy as wife to Frederick's son Maximilian."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "Externally, one of Frederick's main achievements was the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), in which he coerced Charles the Bold of Burgundy to give his daughter Mary of Burgundy as wife to Frederick's son Maximilian."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "The wedding took place on the evening of 16 August 1477, and ultimately resulted in the Habsburgs acquiring control of the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "After Mary's early death in 1482, Maximilian attempted to secure the Burgundian inheritance for one of his and Mary's children Philip the Handsome."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "Charles VIII of France contested this, using both military and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favor of Philip in the Treaty of Senlis in 1493."}, {"id": "Q693070", "label": "Treaty of Senlis", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "Charles VIII of France contested this, using both military and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favor of Philip in the Treaty of Senlis in 1493."}, {"id": "Q171136", "label": "Juana I of Castile", "section": "History - Reunification and expansion", "says": "In 1497, Maximilian's son Philip, known as the Handsome or the Fair, married Joanna of Castile, also known as Joanna the Mad, heiress of Castile and Aragon."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs", "says": "After the abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Habsburg dynasty split into the branch of the Austrian (or German) Habsburgs, led by Ferdinand, and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs, initially led by Charles's son Philip."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs", "says": "Philip became King of Spain and its colonial empire as Philip II, and ruler of the Habsburg domains in Italy and the Low Countries."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces and the Duchy of Milan were in personal union under the King of Spain but remained part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces and the Duchy of Milan were in personal union under the King of Spain but remained part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines", "says": "A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the University of Santiago de Compostela suggests inbreeding may have played a role in their extinction."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "History - Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines", "says": "The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and that of Emperor Charles VI in 1740 to the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines", "says": "The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and that of Emperor Charles VI in 1740 to the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines", "says": "The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and that of Emperor Charles VI in 1740 to the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines", "says": "The former was won by House of Bourbon, putting an end to Habsburg rule in Spain."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines", "says": "The latter, however, was won by Maria Theresa and led to the succession of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen) becoming the new main branch of the dynasty in the person of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph II."}, {"id": "Q2638011", "label": "House of Lorraine", "section": "History - Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines", "says": "This new House was created by the marriage between Maria Theresa and Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine. (Both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg emperor Ferdinand III, but from different empresses.) This new House was a cadet branch of the female line of the House of Habsburg and the male line of the House of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "says": "In anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis had declared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria (as Francis I) on 11 August 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of the French on 18 May 1804."}, {"id": "Q692946", "label": "Gorizia and Gradisca", "section": "History - House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "says": "Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official full list of titles: \"We, Francis the First, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola; Grand Duke of Kraków; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Du"}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "says": "Under this arrangement, the Hungarians referred to their ruler as king and never emperor (see k. u. k.)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "says": "This prevailed until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q51068", "label": "Charles I of Austria", "section": "History - House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "says": "On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I of Austria (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs."}, {"id": "Q76343", "label": "Otto von Habsburg", "section": "History - House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "says": "The Habsburgs did not formally abandon all hope of returning to power until Otto von Habsburg, the eldest son of Charles I, on 31 May"}], "Q66710": [{"id": "Q626191", "label": "Annexation of Goa", "section": "lead", "says": "A Portuguese colony since the 1500s, these territories were taken over by India with the Annexation of Goa in 1961."}], "Q7462": [{"id": "Q7471", "label": "Emperor Taizu of Song", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao, Western Xia, and Jin dynasties in northern China."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, died in 1259 while besieging the mountain castle Diaoyucheng in Chongqing."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, died in 1259 while besieging the mountain castle Diaoyucheng in Chongqing."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "His younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan and in 1271 founded the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1078359", "label": "Battle of Yamen", "section": "lead", "says": "After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279 after defeating the Southern Song in the Battle of Yamen, and reunited China under the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Northern Song, 960–1127", "says": "The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with Chola India, the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, Srivijaya in modern-day Indonesia, the Kara-Khanid Khanate in Central Asia, the Goryeo Kingdom in Korea, Đại Cồ Việt and the Kingdom of Champa in Vietnam, and other countries that were also trade partners with Japan."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Northern Song, 960–1127", "says": "The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with Chola India, the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, Srivijaya in modern-day Indonesia, the Kara-Khanid Khanate in Central Asia, the Goryeo Kingdom in Korea, Đại Cồ Việt and the Kingdom of Champa in Vietnam, and other countries that were also trade partners with Japan."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Northern Song, 960–1127", "says": "The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with Chola India, the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, Srivijaya in modern-day Indonesia, the Kara-Khanid Khanate in Central Asia, the Goryeo Kingdom in Korea, Đại Cồ Việt and the Kingdom of Champa in Vietnam, and other countries that were also trade partners with Japan."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "History - Northern Song, 960–1127", "says": "The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with Chola India, the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, Srivijaya in modern-day Indonesia, the Kara-Khanid Khanate in Central Asia, the Goryeo Kingdom in Korea, Đại Cồ Việt and the Kingdom of Champa in Vietnam, and other countries that were also trade partners with Japan."}, {"id": "Q210564", "label": "Michael VII Doukas", "section": "History - Northern Song, 960–1127", "says": "Chinese records even mention an embassy from the ruler of \"Fu lin\" (拂菻, i.e. the Byzantine Empire), Michael VII Doukas, and its arrival in 1081."}, {"id": "Q1151686", "label": "Chanyuan Treaty", "section": "History - Northern Song, 960–1127", "says": "Song forces were repulsed by the Liao forces, who engaged in aggressive yearly campaigns into Northern Song territory until 1005, when the signing of the Chanyuan Treaty ended these northern border clashes."}, {"id": "Q2397117", "label": "Battle of Caishi", "section": "History - Southern Song, 1127–1279", "says": "With a permanent navy, the Song were prepared to face the naval forces of the Jin on the Yangtze River in 1161, in the Battle of Tangdao and the Battle of Caishi."}, {"id": "Q5072", "label": "Emperor Hailingwang of Jin", "section": "History - Southern Song, 1127–1279", "says": "Although the Jin forces commanded by Wanyan Liang (the Prince of Hailing) boasted 70,000 men on 600 warships, and the Song forces only 3,000 men on 120 warships, the Song dynasty forces were victorious in both battles due to the destructive power of the bombs and the rapid assaults by paddlewheel ships."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Southern Song, 1127–1279", "says": "The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan (r."}], "Q133356": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, UkSSR and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The first iterations of the Ukrainian SSR were established during the Russian Revolution, particularly after the Bolshevik Revolution."}, {"id": "Q2419855", "label": "Ukrainian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The outbreak of the Ukrainian–Soviet War in the former Russian Empire saw the Bolsheviks defeat the independent Ukrainian People's Republic, during the conflict against which they founded the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets, which was governed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in December 1917; it was later succeeded by the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The outbreak of the Ukrainian–Soviet War in the former Russian Empire saw the Bolsheviks defeat the independent Ukrainian People's Republic, during the conflict against which they founded the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets, which was governed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in December 1917; it was later succeeded by the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The outbreak of the Ukrainian–Soviet War in the former Russian Empire saw the Bolsheviks defeat the independent Ukrainian People's Republic, during the conflict against which they founded the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets, which was governed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in December 1917; it was later succeeded by the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q2381337", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets", "section": "lead", "says": "The outbreak of the Ukrainian–Soviet War in the former Russian Empire saw the Bolsheviks defeat the independent Ukrainian People's Republic, during the conflict against which they founded the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets, which was governed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in December 1917; it was later succeeded by the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Simultaneously with the Russian Civil War, the Ukrainian War of Independence was being fought among the different Ukrainian republics founded by Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian anarchists, and Ukrainian separatists – primarily against Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian SSR, with either help or opposition from neighbouring states."}, {"id": "Q2479606", "label": "Ukrainian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Simultaneously with the Russian Civil War, the Ukrainian War of Independence was being fought among the different Ukrainian republics founded by Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian anarchists, and Ukrainian separatists – primarily against Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian SSR, with either help or opposition from neighbouring states."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "A significant portion of what is now western Ukraine was gained via the Soviet-German Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, with the annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia in 1939, significant portions of Romania in 1940, and Carpathian Ruthenia in Czechoslovakia in 1945."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "A significant portion of what is now western Ukraine was gained via the Soviet-German Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, with the annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia in 1939, significant portions of Romania in 1940, and Carpathian Ruthenia in Czechoslovakia in 1945."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - Aftermath of the revolution", "says": "Following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II during the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, many people in Ukraine wished to establish an autonomous Ukrainian Republic."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Early Soviet governments", "says": "Immediately after the October Revolution in Petrograd, Bolsheviks instigated the Kiev Bolshevik Uprising to support the revolution and secure Kiev."}, {"id": "Q450008", "label": "Yevgenia Bosch", "section": "History - Early Soviet governments", "says": "Later, this move was regarded as a mistake by some of the People's Commissars (Yevgenia Bosch)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Early Soviet governments", "says": "With the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, the Bolsheviks resumed its hostilities towards the Ukrainian People's Republic fighting for Ukrainian independence and organised another Soviet Ukrainian government."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "History - Incorporation into the Soviet Union", "says": "Eventually, the Red Army ended up controlling much of the Ukrainian territory after the Polish-Soviet Peace of Riga."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - Incorporation into the Soviet Union", "says": "The war ended with the territory of pro-independence Ukrainian People's Republic being annexed into a new Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, and western Ukraine being annexed into the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q2447954", "label": "Volodymyr Zatonsky", "section": "History - Incorporation into the Soviet Union", "says": "One fraction, represented by Stalin, considered it necessary to incorporate the latter as federal subjects of Russia, meanwhile their opponents, led by Volodymyr Zatonsky, opposed Russian dominance and supported an equal federation."}, {"id": "Q165058", "label": "Holodomor", "section": "History - Collectivization and Holodomor", "says": "A famine known as the Holodomor caused a direct loss of human life estimated between 2.6 million to 10 million."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Stalinist terror", "says": "In Ukraine its main executors were security officers Martin Latsis and Vsevolod Balitsky, as well as party secretaries Pavel Postyshev and Nikita Khrushchev."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Annexation of Western Ukraine", "says": "According to the Treaty on Friendship and Borders from 28 September 1939, Soviet Union and Nazi Germany partitioned the Polish state, as a result of which approximately 200,000 sq km of territory with a population of 12 million people was incorporated into the USSR."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "History - Annexation of Western Ukraine", "says": "Following the campaign against Poland, as well as the subsequent Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania in 1940, newly incorporated territories were divided into oblasts, of which Volyn, Drohobych, Lviv, Rivne, Stanislaviv, Ternopil, Chernivtsi and Izmail oblasts were attached to the Ukrainian SSR."}, {"id": "Q708213", "label": "Battle of Brody", "section": "History - German–Soviet War", "says": "In the Battle of Brody mechanized units of the Soviet Southwestern Front suffered a crushing defeat from German forces."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "History - Nazi occupation", "says": "According to the plans of Hitler and his closest circle, occupied Ukraine was to become part of the Greater German Reich."}, {"id": "Q2392075", "label": "Oleksiy Fedorov", "section": "History - Liberation movements", "says": "Their biggest detachments were led by Sydir Kovpak, Alexander Saburov and Oleksiy Fedorov."}, {"id": "Q313748", "label": "Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive", "section": "History - Liberation movements", "says": "After the Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive in August 1944, most partisans in Ukraine became regular members of the Soviet Army."}, {"id": "Q157280", "label": "Stepan Bandera", "section": "History - Liberation movements", "says": "In April 1941, the OUN congress in Kraków signified a split in the movement, with the establishment of two separate organizations - the OUN-B led by Stepan Bandera and the OUN-M headed by Andriy Melnyk."}, {"id": "Q57129", "label": "Wilhelm Canaris", "section": "History - Liberation movements", "says": "OUN members were supported in their anti-Soviet actions by Abwehr leader Wilhelm Canaris, who allowed the creation of two Ukrainian nationalist battallions under code names Roland and Nachtigall."}, {"id": "Q2620128", "label": "Yaroslav Stetsko", "section": "History - Liberation movements", "says": "On 29 June 1941 OUN members launched an uprising in Lviv, and after the entry of German troops on the next day OUN-B member Yaroslav Stetsko proclaimed the Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state."}, {"id": "Q749594", "label": "Dmytro Klyachkivsky", "section": "History - Liberation movements", "says": "Blaming local Poles of collaboration with Nazis, in July 1943 UPA forces under command of Dmytro Klyachkivsky organized a campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Polish inha"}, {"id": "Q38789", "label": "Battle of Stalingrad", "section": "History - Soviet counteroffensive", "says": "Following the Battle of Stalingrad, between December 1942 and February 1943 Soviet forces expelled German troops from easternmost parts of Ukraine up to the Mius river."}, {"id": "Q130861", "label": "Battle of Kursk", "section": "History - Soviet counteroffensive", "says": "Following the Battle of Kursk, in Autumn 1943 Soviet armies advanced to the Dnieper, and on 6 November entered Kyiv."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Aftermath of war", "says": "While World War II (called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet government) did not end before May 1945, the Germans were driven out of Ukraine between February 1943 and October 1944."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Aftermath of war", "says": "Also, an estimated 3.9 million Ukrainians were evacuated to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic during the war, and 2.2 million Ukrainians were sent to forced labour camps by the Germans."}, {"id": "Q422493", "label": "Operation Vistula", "section": "History - Expansion and international recognition", "says": "Further 150,000 of Ukrainians would be deported from Polish territory during the Operation Vistula in 1947."}, {"id": "Q535894", "label": "Avhustyn Voloshyn", "section": "History - Expansion and international recognition", "says": "In May 1945 Avhustyn Voloshyn, the former president of Carpatho-Ukraine, was arrested by Soviet secret police, and on 29 June 1945 Czechoslovakia officially agreed to transfer Carpathian Ruthenia to the Ukrainian SSR."}, {"id": "Q950644", "label": "Carpatho-Ukraine", "section": "History - Expansion and international recognition", "says": "In May 1945 Avhustyn Voloshyn, the former president of Carpatho-Ukraine, was arrested by Soviet secret police, and on 29 June 1945 Czechoslovakia officially agreed to transfer Carpathian Ruthenia to the Ukrainian SSR."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Expansion and international recognition", "says": "This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the General Assembly, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc."}, {"id": "Q463766", "label": "Roman Shukhevych", "section": "History - Soviet policies and resistance", "says": "By 1949, the base of insurgency had been significantly damaged as a result of special operations, deportations and collectivization, and UPA commander Roman Shukhevych ordered the incorporation of all rebel units into the structure of OUN-B."}, {"id": "Q462207", "label": "Pavel Sudoplatov", "section": "History - Soviet policies and resistance", "says": "On 5 March 1950 Shukhevych was killed in battle in the village of Bilohorshcha near Lviv following a search operation led by Pavel Sudoplatov."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "History - Khrushchev Thaw", "says": "When Stalin died on 5 March 1953, the collective leadership of Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov and Lavrentiy Beria took power and a period of de-Stalinization began."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "History - Khrushchev Thaw", "says": "When Stalin died on 5 March 1953, the collective leadership of Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov and Lavrentiy Beria took power and a period of de-Stalinization began."}, {"id": "Q1996140", "label": "Levko Lukianenko", "section": "History - Khrushchev Thaw", "says": "In 1958 Levko Lukianenko established the underground \"Ukrainian Workers' and Peasants' Union\", whose members were arrested three years later and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment."}, {"id": "Q4410349", "label": "Ivan Svitlychny", "section": "History - Khrushchev Thaw", "says": "The process against the organization was publicized in foreign media through the efforts of Ivan Svitlychnyi."}, {"id": "Q765165", "label": "Leonid Brezhnev", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "In October 1964, Khrushchev was deposed by a joint Central Committee and Politburo plenum and succeeded by another collective leadership, this time led by Leonid Brezhnev, born in Ukraine, as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers."}, {"id": "Q202770", "label": "Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "In October 1964, Khrushchev was deposed by a joint Central Committee and Politburo plenum and succeeded by another collective leadership, this time led by Leonid Brezhnev, born in Ukraine, as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers."}, {"id": "Q725435", "label": "Petro Shelest", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "In order to suppress the opposition, in September 1965 First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine Petro Shelest ordered the KGB to perform a series of arrests against prominent dissdents."}, {"id": "Q1979276", "label": "Ivan Dziuba", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "After learning about the arrests, Ivan Dziuba and Viacheslav Chornovil organized Ukraine's first public protest in decades, which took place during the screening of Sergei Parajanov's film Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors in Kyiv's Ukraina cinema."}, {"id": "Q2084848", "label": "Viacheslav Chornovil", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "After learning about the arrests, Ivan Dziuba and Viacheslav Chornovil organized Ukraine's first public protest in decades, which took place during the screening of Sergei Parajanov's film Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors in Kyiv's Ukraina cinema."}, {"id": "Q318161", "label": "Helsinki Accords", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "However, following the Helsinki Accords of 1975, a new wave of dissident activities started in form of the Human rights movement."}, {"id": "Q523723", "label": "Volodymyr Scherbytsky", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost (English: restructuring and openness) failed to reach Ukraine as early as other Soviet republics because of the influence of Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a conservative communist appointed by Brezhnev as the First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q189732", "label": "Leonid Kravchuk", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "Among prominent people who became disillusioned with the Soviet regime were Ukrainian Central Committee member Leonid Kravchuk and poet Dmytro Pavlychko, both of whom adopted positions critical of Moscow's Communist rule."}, {"id": "Q691471", "label": "Dmytro Pavlychko", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "Among prominent people who became disillusioned with the Soviet regime were Ukrainian Central Committee member Leonid Kravchuk and poet Dmytro Pavlychko, both of whom adopted positions critical of Moscow's Communist rule."}, {"id": "Q3889308", "label": "Yuriy Shcherbak", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "In his interview given in November of the same year, writer Yuriy Shcherbak called the famine an element of terror against the Ukrainian national liberation movement."}, {"id": "Q1065213", "label": "Volodymyr Ivashko", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "In 1990 the Institute of Party History of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine published a collection of documents dedicated to the famine, which was approved by first secretary Volodymyr Ivashko."}, {"id": "Q1963094", "label": "Dmytro Yavornytsky", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "Simultaneously, publication of previously banned works on Ukrainian history, including Mykhailo Hrushevsky's History of Ukraine-Rus, texts by Dmytro Yavornytsky and Mykhailo Drahomanov, memoirs of Volodymyr Vynnychenko and the History of Ruthenians was initiated by a Ukrainian party commission."}, {"id": "Q1359722", "label": "Mykhailo Drahomanov", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "Simultaneously, publication of previously banned works on Ukrainian history, including Mykhailo Hrushevsky's History of Ukraine-Rus, texts by Dmytro Yavornytsky and Mykhailo Drahomanov, memoirs of Volodymyr Vynnychenko and the History of Ruthenians was initiated by a Ukrainian party commission."}, {"id": "Q2494143", "label": "Volodymyr Vynnychenko", "section": "History - Liberalization", "says": "Simultaneously, publication of previously banned works on Ukrainian history, including Mykhailo Hrushevsky's History of Ukraine-Rus, texts by Dmytro Yavornytsky and Mykhailo Drahomanov, memoirs of Volodymyr Vynnychenko and the History of Ruthenians was initiated by a Ukrainian party commission."}, {"id": "Q2632284", "label": "Ivan Drach", "section": "History - Rise of civil society", "says": "On 8-10 September 1989 the constituent congress of the People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) was organized in Kyiv, with Ivan Drach being elected as its leader."}, {"id": "Q2370272", "label": "Unification Act", "section": "History - Rise of civil society", "says": "On 21 January 1990 Rukh activists organized a human chain in memory of the 1919 Unification Act between the Ukrainian People's Republic and West Ukrainian People's Republic, during which hundreds of thousands of participants connected Kyiv with Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "History - Rise of civil society", "says": "On 21 January 1990 Rukh activists organized a human chain in memory of the 1919 Unification Act between the Ukrainian People's Republic and West Ukrainian People's Republic, during which hundreds of thousands of participants connected Kyiv with Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk."}], "Q4948": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy."}, {"id": "Q336023", "label": "Paolo Lucio Anafesto", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded, according to tradition, in 697 by Paolo Lucio Anafesto, over the course of its 1,100 years of history it established itself as one of the major European commercial and naval powers."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially extended in the Dogado area (a territory currently comparable to the Metropolitan City of Venice), during its history it annexed a large part of Northeast Italy, Istria, Dalmatia, the coasts of present-day Montenegro and Albania as well as numerous islands in the Adriatic and eastern Ionian seas."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the fall of the Exarchate and the weakening of Byzantine power, the Duchy of Venice arose, led by a doge and established on the island of Rialto; it prospered from maritime trade with the Byzantine Empire and other eastern states."}, {"id": "Q1074467", "label": "War of Chioggia", "section": "lead", "says": "The supremacy over the Mediterranean Sea led the Republic to the clash with Genoa, which lasted until the 14th century, when, after having risked complete collapse during the War of Chioggia (with the Genoese army and fleet in the lagoon for a long period), Venice quickly managed to recover from the territorial losses suffered with the Treaty of Turin of 1381 and begin expansion on the mainland."}, {"id": "Q1754732", "label": "Battle of Agnadello", "section": "lead", "says": "Venetian expansion, however, led to the coalition of the Habsburg monarchy, Spain and France in the League of Cambrai, which in 1509 defeated the Republic of Venice in the Battle of Agnadello."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "While maintaining most of its mainland possessions, Venice was defeated, and the attempt to expand the eastern dominions caused a long series of wars against the Ottoman Empire, which ended only in the 18th century with the Treaty of Passarowitz of 1718 and which caus"}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "While maintaining most of its mainland possessions, Venice was defeated, and the attempt to expand the eastern dominions caused a long series of wars against the Ottoman Empire, which ended only in the 18th century with the Treaty of Passarowitz of 1718 and which caus"}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - 9th–10th century: The ducal age", "says": "In 726, Emperor Leo III attempted to extend iconoclasm to the Exarchate of Ravenna, causing numerous revolts throughout the territory."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - 9th–10th century: The ducal age", "says": "The Lombard conquest of Ravenna in 751 and the subsequent conquest of the Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne's Franks in 774, with the creation of the Carolingian Empire in 800, considerably changed the geopolitical context of the lagoon, leading the Venetians to divide into two factions : a pro-Frankish party led by the city of Equilium and a pro-Byzantine party with a stronghold in Heraclia."}, {"id": "Q126424", "label": "Agnello Participazio", "section": "History - 9th–10th century: The ducal age", "says": "Following the failed Frankish conquest, Doge Obelerio was replaced by the pro-Byzantine nobleman Agnello Participazio who definitively moved the capital to Rivoalto"}, {"id": "Q507725", "label": "Pietro II Orseolo", "section": "History - 11th–12th century: Relations with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Pietro II Orseolo gave a notable boost to Venetian commercial expansion by stipulating new commercial privileges with the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - 11th–12th century: Relations with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Pietro II Orseolo gave a notable boost to Venetian commercial expansion by stipulating new commercial privileges with the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "History - 11th–12th century: Relations with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "The following year, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos granted Venice the chrysobull, a commercial privilege that allowed Venetian merchants substantial tax exemptions in numerous Byzantine ports and the establishment of a Venetian neighbourhood in Durrës and Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "History - 11th–12th century: Relations with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "The war ended in 1085 when, following the death of the leader Robert Guiscard, the Norman army abandoned its positions to return to Puglia."}, {"id": "Q41628", "label": "John II Komnenos", "section": "History - 11th–12th century: Relations with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Having taken office in 1118, Emperor John II Komnenos decided not to renew the chrysobull of 1082, arousing the reaction of Venice which declared war on the Byzantine Empire in 1122."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In the 12th century, Venice decided not to participate in the Crusades due to its commercial interests in the East and instead concentrated on maintaining its possessions in Dalmatia which were repeatedly besieged by the Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In the 12th century, Venice decided not to participate in the Crusades due to its commercial interests in the East and instead concentrated on maintaining its possessions in Dalmatia which were repeatedly besieged by the Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q205688", "label": "Enrico Dandolo", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "The situation changed in 1202 when the Doge Enrico Dandolo decided to exploit the expedition of the Fourth Crusade to conclude the Zara War and the following year, after twenty years of conflict, Venice conquered the city and won the war, regaining control of Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "The situation changed in 1202 when the Doge Enrico Dandolo decided to exploit the expedition of the Fourth Crusade to conclude the Zara War and the following year, after twenty years of conflict, Venice conquered the city and won the war, regaining control of Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In addition to the territorial conquests, the doge was awarded the title of Lord of a quarter and a half of the Eastern Roman Empire, thus obtaining the faculty of appointing the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople and the possibility of sending a Venetian representative to the government of the Eastern Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In addition to the territorial conquests, the doge was awarded the title of Lord of a quarter and a half of the Eastern Roman Empire, thus obtaining the faculty of appointing the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople and the possibility of sending a Venetian representative to the government of the Eastern Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q1305130", "label": "War of Saint Sabas", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "Venice's control over the eastern trade routes became pressing and this caused an increase in conflicts with Genoa which in 1255 exploded into the War of Saint Sabas; on 24 June 1258 the two republics faced each other in the Battle of Acre which ended with an overwhelming Venetian victory."}, {"id": "Q27627693", "label": "Battle of Acre", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "Venice's control over the eastern trade routes became pressing and this caused an increase in conflicts with Genoa which in 1255 exploded into the War of Saint Sabas; on 24 June 1258 the two republics faced each other in the Battle of Acre which ended with an overwhelming Venetian victory."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In 1261 the Empire of Nicaea with the help of the Republic of Genoa managed to dissolve the Eastern Latin Empire and re-establish the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In 1261 the Empire of Nicaea with the help of the Republic of Genoa managed to dissolve the Eastern Latin Empire and re-establish the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1627613", "label": "Republic of Ancona", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In 1281 Venice defeated the Republic of Ancona in battle and in 1293 a new war between Genoa, the Byzantine Empire and Venice broke out, won by the Genoese following the Battle of Curzola and ending in 1299."}, {"id": "Q2139987", "label": "Battle of Curzola", "section": "History - 13th–14th century: The Crusades and the rivalry with Genoa", "says": "In 1281 Venice defeated the Republic of Ancona in battle and in 1293 a new war between Genoa, the Byzantine Empire and Venice broke out, won by the Genoese following the Battle of Curzola and ending in 1299."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "History - 15th century: Territorial expansion", "says": "Hostilities began after Prince Mehmed I ended the civil war of the Ottoman Interregnum and established himself as sultan."}, {"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "History - 15th century: Territorial expansion", "says": "Hostilities began after Prince Mehmed I ended the civil war of the Ottoman Interregnum and established himself as sultan."}, {"id": "Q1368089", "label": "Pietro Loredan", "section": "History - 15th century: Territorial expansion", "says": "The conflict escalated until Pietro Loredan won a crushing victory against the Turks off Gallipoli in 1416."}, {"id": "Q317593", "label": "Ladislaus of Naples", "section": "History - 15th century: Territorial expansion", "says": "Venice expanded as well along the Dalmatian coast from Istria to Albania, which was acquired from King Ladislaus of Naples during the civil war in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - 15th century: Territorial expansion", "says": "The situation in Dalmatia had been settled in 1408 by a truce with King Sigismund of Hungary, but the difficulties of Hungary finally granted to the republic the consolidation of its Adriatic dominions."}, {"id": "Q540415", "label": "Pippo Spano", "section": "History - 15th century: Territorial expansion", "says": "The situation culminated in the Battle of Motta in late August 1412, when an invading army of Hungarians, Germans and Croats, led by Pippo Spano and Voivode Miklós Marczali attacked the Venetian positions at Motta and suffered a heavy defeat."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - 16th century: League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepanto", "says": "In 1499, Venice allied itself with Louis XII of France against Milan, gaining Cremona."}, {"id": "Q602332", "label": "Antonio Grimani", "section": "History - 16th century: League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepanto", "says": "Antonio Grimani, more a businessman and diplomat than a sailor, was defeated in the sea battle of Zonchio in 1499."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - 16th century: League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepanto", "says": "Venice's attention was diverted from its usual maritime position by the delicate situation in Romagna, then one of the richest lands in Italy, which was nominally part of the Papal States, but effectively divided into a series of small lordships which were difficult for Rome's troops to control."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "History - 16th century: League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepanto", "says": "Eager to take some of Venice's lands, all neighbouring powers joined in the League of Cambrai in 1508, under the leadership of Pope Julius II."}, {"id": "Q345506", "label": "Andrea Gritti", "section": "History - 16th century: League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepanto", "says": "The citizens of the mainland rose to the cry of \"Marco, Marco\", and Andrea Gritti recaptured Padua in July 1509, successfully defending it against the besieging imperial troops."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "De Vries attributes this decline to the loss of the spice trade, a declining uncompetitive textile industry, competition in book publishing from a rejuvenated Catholic Church, the adverse impact of the Thirty Years' War on Venice's key trade partners, and the increasing cost of cotton and silk imports to Venice."}, {"id": "Q132711", "label": "Paul V", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Pope Paul V held that these provisions were contrary to canon law, and demanded that they be repealed."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Rivalry with Habsburg Spain and the Holy Roman Empire led to Venice's last significant wars in Italy and the northern Adriatic."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Between 1615 and 1618 Venice fought Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in the Uskok War in the northern Adriatic and on the Republic's eastern border, while in Lombardy to the west, Venetian troops skirmished with the forces of Don Pedro de Toledo Osorio, Spanish governor of Milan, around Crema in 1617 and in the countryside of Romano di Lombardia in 1618."}, {"id": "Q598089", "label": "Uskok War", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Between 1615 and 1618 Venice fought Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in the Uskok War in the northern Adriatic and on the Republic's eastern border, while in Lombardy to the west, Venetian troops skirmished with the forces of Don Pedro de Toledo Osorio, Spanish governor of Milan, around Crema in 1617 and in the countryside of Romano di Lombardia in 1618."}, {"id": "Q1527665", "label": "War of the Mantuan Succession", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "A fragile peace did not last, and in 1629 the Most Serene Republic returned to war with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Mantuan Succession."}, {"id": "Q3015062", "label": "Daniele Dolfin", "section": "History - 18th century: Decline", "says": "Daniele Dolfin, commander of the Venetian fleet, thought it better to save the fleet than risk it for the Morea."}, {"id": "Q690391", "label": "Battle of Petrovaradin", "section": "History - 18th century: Decline", "says": "In the meantime, the Turks had suffered a grave defeat by the Austrians in the Battle of Petrovaradin on 5 August 1716."}, {"id": "Q336033", "label": "Angelo Emo", "section": "History - 18th century: Decline", "says": "Angelo Emo was named the last Captain General of the Sea (Capitano Generale da Mar) of the Republic in 1784."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In spring 1796, Piedmont (the Duchy of Savoy) fell to the invading French, and the Austrians were beaten from Montenotte to Lodi."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The army under Napoleon crossed the frontiers of neutral Venice in pursuit of the enemy."}, {"id": "Q1346429", "label": "Treaty of Leoben", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In the preliminaries to the Peace of Leoben, the terms of which remained secret, the Austrians were to take the Venetian possessions in the Balkans as the price of peace (18 April 1797) while France acquired the Lombard part of the state."}, {"id": "Q458677", "label": "Ludovico Manin", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "After Napoleon's ultimatum, Ludovico Manin surrendered unconditionally on 12 May and abdicated, while the Major Council declared the end of the republic."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "On 17 October, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, agreeing to share all the territory of the republic, with a new border just west of the Adige."}, {"id": "Q166234", "label": "Ugo Foscolo", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Italian democrats, especially young poet Ugo Foscolo, viewed the treaty as a betrayal."}, {"id": "Q6527", "label": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "section": "History - Legacy", "says": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau was hired in July 1743 as secretary by Comte de Montaigu, who had been named ambassador of the French in Venice."}], "Q93180": [{"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by the Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, following the division of Alexander the Great's Empire, and was ruled by the Seleucid dynasty from Seleucia and later Antioch until its annexation by the Roman Republic under Pompey in 63 BC."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "After receiving the Mesopotamian regions of Babylonia and Assyria in 321 BC, Seleucus I began expanding his dominions to include the Near Eastern territories that include modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, and Lebanon, all of which had been under Macedonian control after the fall of the former Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After receiving the Mesopotamian regions of Babylonia and Assyria in 321 BC, Seleucus I began expanding his dominions to include the Near Eastern territories that include modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, and Lebanon, all of which had been under Macedonian control after the fall of the former Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Seleucid Empire's height, it had consisted of territory that covered Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what are now modern Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Turkmenistan in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Seleucid Empire's height, it had consisted of territory that covered Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what are now modern Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Turkmenistan in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "lead", "says": "To the east, conflict with the Indian ruler Chandragupta of the Maurya Empire in 305 BC led to a political alliance and the cession of territories conquered by Alexander along the Indus River, east of Bactria."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early second century BC, Antiochus III the Great attempted to project Seleucid power and authority into Hellenistic Greece, but his attempts were thwarted by the Roman Republic and its Greek allies."}, {"id": "Q312442", "label": "Mithridates I of Parthia", "section": "lead", "says": "Mithridates I of Parthia conquered much of the remaining eastern lands of the Seleucid Empire in the mid-second century BC, including Assyria and what had been Babylonia, while the independent Greco-Bactrian Kingdom continued to flourish in the northeast."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Mithridates I of Parthia conquered much of the remaining eastern lands of the Seleucid Empire in the mid-second century BC, including Assyria and what had been Babylonia, while the independent Greco-Bactrian Kingdom continued to flourish in the northeast."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seleucid kings were thereafter reduced to a rump state in Syria after a civil war, until their conquest by Tigranes the Great of Armenia in 83 BC, and ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BC."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Partition of Alexander's empire", "says": "Alexander, who quickly conquered the Persian Empire under its last Achaemenid dynast, Darius III, died young in 323 BC, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenised culture without an adult heir."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Partition of Alexander's empire", "says": "Alexander, who quickly conquered the Persian Empire under its last Achaemenid dynast, Darius III, died young in 323 BC, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenised culture without an adult heir."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "History - Partition of Alexander's empire", "says": "The empire was put under the authority of a regent, Perdiccas, and the vast territories were divided among Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps at the Partition of Babylon, all in that same year."}, {"id": "Q797946", "label": "Partition of Babylon", "section": "History - Partition of Alexander's empire", "says": "The empire was put under the authority of a regent, Perdiccas, and the vast territories were divided among Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps at the Partition of Babylon, all in that same year."}, {"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "History - Rise of Seleucus", "says": "Ptolemy I Soter, a former general and then current satrap of Egypt, was the first to challenge the new system, which eventually led to the demise of Perdiccas."}, {"id": "Q1271334", "label": "Partition of Triparadisus", "section": "History - Rise of Seleucus", "says": "Ptolemy's revolt created a new subdivision of the empire with the Partition of Triparadisus in 320 BC."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - Rise of Seleucus", "says": "Seleucus, who had been \"Commander-in-Chief of the Companion cavalry\" (hetairoi) and appointed first or court chiliarch (which made him the senior officer in the Royal Army after the regent and commander-in-chief Perdiccas since 323 BC, though he helped to assassinate him later) received Babylonia."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "Chandragupta Maurya (Sandrokottos) founded the Maurya Empire in 321 BC after the conquest of the Nanda Empire and their capital Pataliputra in Magadha."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "Chandragupta received, formalized through a treaty, territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern day Afghanistan, and the eastern part of Balochistan province of Pakistan, bordering on the Indus."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "In a return gesture, Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants, a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC."}, {"id": "Q312548", "label": "Megasthenes", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state)."}, {"id": "Q315526", "label": "Bindusara", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state)."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "Megasthenes wrote detailed descriptions of India and Chandragupta's reign, which have been partly preserved to us through Diodorus Siculus."}, {"id": "Q39576", "label": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan c"}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)", "says": "Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan c"}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "History - Westward expansion", "says": "Seleucus's empire reached its greatest extent following his defeat of his erstwhile ally, Lysimachus, at Corupedion in 281 BC, after which Seleucus expanded his control to encompass western Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Westward expansion", "says": "He hoped further to take control of Lysimachus's lands in Europe – primarily Thrace and even Macedonia itself, but was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus on landing in Europe."}, {"id": "Q299387", "label": "Ptolemy Ceraunus", "section": "History - Westward expansion", "says": "He hoped further to take control of Lysimachus's lands in Europe – primarily Thrace and even Macedonia itself, but was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus on landing in Europe."}, {"id": "Q211488", "label": "Antiochus I Soter", "section": "History - Westward expansion", "says": "His son and successor, Antiochus I Soter, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with Antigonus II Gonatas in Macedonia and Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire."}, {"id": "Q241386", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "section": "History - Westward expansion", "says": "His son and successor, Antiochus I Soter, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with Antigonus II Gonatas in Macedonia and Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire."}, {"id": "Q222930", "label": "Antiochus II Theos", "section": "History - Breakup of Central Asian territories", "says": "Antiochus I (reigned 281–261 BC) and his son and successor Antiochus II Theos (reigned 261–246 BC) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with Ptolemy II and a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor—distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together."}, {"id": "Q456935", "label": "Andragoras", "section": "History - Breakup of Central Asian territories", "says": "Towards the end of Antiochus II's reign, various provinces simultaneously asserted their independence, such as Bactria and Sogdiana under Diodotus, Cappadocia under Ariarathes III, and Parthia under Andragoras."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Breakup of Central Asian territories", "says": "A few years later, the last was defeated and killed by the invading Parni of Arsaces—the region would then become the core of the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q347916", "label": "Demetrius I of Bactria", "section": "History - Breakup of Central Asian territories", "says": "One of the Greco-Bactrian kings, Demetrius I of Bactria, invaded India around 180 BC to form the Indo-Greek Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Breakup of Central Asian territories", "says": "One of the Greco-Bactrian kings, Demetrius I of Bactria, invaded India around 180 BC to form the Indo-Greek Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q3373", "label": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "section": "History - Breakup of Central Asian territories", "says": "Antiochus II's son Seleucus II Callinicus came to the throne around 246 BC."}, {"id": "Q34145", "label": "Third Syrian War", "section": "History - Breakup of Central Asian territories", "says": "Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the Third Syrian War against Ptolemy III of Egypt and then had to fight a civil war against his own brother Antiochus Hierax."}, {"id": "Q1418062", "label": "Fourth Syrian War", "section": "History - Revival (223–191 BC)", "says": "Although initially unsuccessful in the Fourth Syrian War against Egypt, which led to a defeat at the Battle of Raphia (217 BC), Antiochus would prove himself to be the greatest of the Seleucid rulers after Seleucus I himself."}, {"id": "Q630781", "label": "Battle of Raphia", "section": "History - Revival (223–191 BC)", "says": "Although initially unsuccessful in the Fourth Syrian War against Egypt, which led to a defeat at the Battle of Raphia (217 BC), Antiochus would prove himself to be the greatest of the Seleucid rulers after Seleucus I himself."}, {"id": "Q2761397", "label": "Battle of the Arius", "section": "History - Revival (223–191 BC)", "says": "He gained many victories such as the Battle of Mount Labus and Battle of the Arius and besieged the Bactrian capital."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Revival (223–191 BC)", "says": "Actual translation of Polybius 11.34 (No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus):\n\nHe [Antiochus] crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) (Hindu Kush) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again"}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "History - Revival (223–191 BC)", "says": "Antiochus and Philip V of Macedon then made a pact to divide the Ptolemaic possessions outside of Egypt, and in the Fifth Syrian War, the Seleucids ousted Ptolemy V from control of Coele-Syria."}, {"id": "Q372330", "label": "Fifth Syrian War", "section": "History - Revival (223–191 BC)", "says": "Antiochus and Philip V of Macedon then made a pact to divide the Ptolemaic possessions outside of Egypt, and in the Fifth Syrian War, the Seleucids ousted Ptolemy V from control of Coele-Syria."}, {"id": "Q1389951", "label": "Battle of Panium", "section": "History - Revival (223–191 BC)", "says": "The Battle of Panium (200 BC) definitively transferred these holdings from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "History - Expansion into Greece and war with Rome", "says": "Encouraged by the exiled Carthaginian general Hannibal, and making an alliance with the disgruntled Aetolian League, Antiochus launched an invasion across the Hellespont."}, {"id": "Q1259381", "label": "Treaty of Apamea", "section": "History - Expansion into Greece and war with Rome", "says": "At the battles of Thermopylae (191 BC) and Magnesia (190 BC), Antiochus's forces suffered resounding defeats, and he was compelled to make peace and sign the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC), the main clause of which saw the Seleucids agree to pay a large indemnity, to retreat from Anatolia and to never again attempt to expand Seleucid territory west of the Taurus Mountains."}, {"id": "Q3362", "label": "Seleucus IV Philopator", "section": "History - Roman power, Parthia and Judea", "says": "The reign of Antiochus III's son and successor, Seleucus IV Philopator (187–175 BC), was largely spent in attempts to pay the large indemnity, and Seleucus was ultimately assassinated by his minister Heliodorus."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "History - Roman power, Parthia and Judea", "says": "Seleucus' younger brother, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, now seized the throne."}, {"id": "Q464897", "label": "Gaius Popillius Laenas", "section": "History - Roman power, Parthia and Judea", "says": "As the king planned on how to conclude the war, he was informed that Roman commissioners, led by the Proconsul Gaius Popillius Laenas, were near and requesting a meeting with the Seleucid king."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Roman power, Parthia and Judea", "says": "On his return journey, according to Josephus, he made an expedition to Judea, took Jerusalem by force, slew a great many who had favored Ptolemy, sent his soldiers to plunder them without mercy."}, {"id": "Q7930888", "label": "Maccabean Revolt", "section": "History - Roman power, Parthia and Judea", "says": "Antiochus' aggressive Hellenizing (or de-Judaizing) activities provoked a full scale armed rebellion in Judea—the Maccabean Revolt."}, {"id": "Q298628", "label": "Antiochus V", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "Epiphanes' young son, Antiochus V Eupator, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, Demetrius I Soter in 161 BC."}, {"id": "Q296304", "label": "Demetrius I Soter", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "Epiphanes' young son, Antiochus V Eupator, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, Demetrius I Soter in 161 BC."}, {"id": "Q297657", "label": "Alexander Balas", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "Demetrius I attempted to restore Seleucid power in Judea particularly, but was overthrown in 150 BC by Alexander Balas—an impostor who (with Egyptian backing) claimed to be the son of Epiphanes."}, {"id": "Q309719", "label": "Demetrius II Nicator", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "Alexander Balas reigned until 145 BC when he was overthrown by Demetrius I's son, Demetrius II Nicator."}, {"id": "Q297651", "label": "Diodotus Tryphon", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "While he ruled Babylonia and eastern Syria from Damascus, the remnants of Balas' supporters—first supporting Balas' son Antiochus VI, then the usurping general Diodotus Tryphon—held out in Antioch."}, {"id": "Q294945", "label": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "Demetrius Nicator's brother, Antiochus VII Sidetes, took the throne after his brother's capture."}, {"id": "Q319043", "label": "John Hyrcanus", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "Sidetes managed to bring the Maccabees to heel and frighten the Anatolian dynasts into a temporary submission; then, in 133, he turned east with the full might of the Royal Army (supported by a body of Jews under the Hasmonean prince, John Hyrcanus) to drive back the Parthians."}, {"id": "Q317020", "label": "Phraates II of Parthia", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "In the winter of 130/129 BC, his army was scattered in winter quarters throughout Media and Persis when the Parthian king, Phraates II, counter-attacked."}, {"id": "Q3555607", "label": "Battle of Ecbatana", "section": "History - Civil war and further decay", "says": "Moving to intercept the Parthians with only the troops at his immediate disposal, he was ambushed and killed at the Battle of Ecbatana in 129 BC."}], "Q329888": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Its principal members were the \"Big Four\"—the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Its principal members were the \"Big Four\"—the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Its principal members were the \"Big Four\"—the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "They were joined by the independent dominions of the British Commonwealth: Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "They were joined by the independent dominions of the British Commonwealth: Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "As Axis forces began invading northern Europe and the Balkans, the Allies added the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Greece, and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Republic of China had already been at war with Japan since 1937 after the Marco Polo Bridge incident, and formally joined the Allies in December 1941."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Origins", "says": "A further blow came when Nazi Germany withdrew from the League and the world disarmament conference in October 1933."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Origins", "says": "Britain declined a Soviet offer to form a defensive alliance against Germany and also declined a French request to provide a security guarantee to Czechoslovakia, which was subject to German threats over its alleged mistreatment of the German-speaking majority in its Sudetenland region."}, {"id": "Q1028848", "label": "French Cameroons", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1939", "says": "Poland: 1 September 1939\n France: 3 September 1939\n French Equatorial Africa: 27 October 1940\n French Cameroon: 27 August 1940\n United Kingdom: 3 September 1939\n India: 3 September 1939\n Australia: 3 September 1939\n New Zealand: 3 September 1939\n Nepal: 4 September 1939\n South Africa: 6 September 1939\n Canada: 10 September 1939\n Muscat and Oman: 10 September 1939"}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1939", "says": "Poland: 1 September 1939\n France: 3 September 1939\n French Equatorial Africa: 27 October 1940\n French Cameroon: 27 August 1940\n United Kingdom: 3 September 1939\n India: 3 September 1939\n Australia: 3 September 1939\n New Zealand: 3 September 1939\n Nepal: 4 September 1939\n South Africa: 6 September 1939\n Canada: 10 September 1939\n Muscat and Oman: 10 September 1939"}, {"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1939", "says": "Poland: 1 September 1939\n France: 3 September 1939\n French Equatorial Africa: 27 October 1940\n French Cameroon: 27 August 1940\n United Kingdom: 3 September 1939\n India: 3 September 1939\n Australia: 3 September 1939\n New Zealand: 3 September 1939\n Nepal: 4 September 1939\n South Africa: 6 September 1939\n Canada: 10 September 1939\n Muscat and Oman: 10 September 1939"}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1940", "says": "Norway: 8 April 1940\n Denmark 9 April 1940 – German invasion without declaration of war\n Belgium: 10 May 1940\n Luxembourg: 10 May 1940\n Netherlands: 10 May 1940\n Greece: 28 October 1940"}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Yugoslavia: 6 April 1941 (Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact, becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Panama: 7 December 1941\n United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)\n Philippines: 8 December 1941\n Costa Rica: 8 December 1941\n Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941\n El Salvador: 8 December 1941\n Haiti: 8 December 1941\n Honduras: 8 December 1941\n Nicaragua: 8 December 1941\n China: 9 December 1941 (at war with Japan since 1937)\n Cuba: 9 December 1941\n Guatem"}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Panama: 7 December 1941\n United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)\n Philippines: 8 December 1941\n Costa Rica: 8 December 1941\n Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941\n El Salvador: 8 December 1941\n Haiti: 8 December 1941\n Honduras: 8 December 1941\n Nicaragua: 8 December 1941\n China: 9 December 1941 (at war with Japan since 1937)\n Cuba: 9 December 1941\n Guatem"}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Panama: 7 December 1941\n United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)\n Philippines: 8 December 1941\n Costa Rica: 8 December 1941\n Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941\n El Salvador: 8 December 1941\n Haiti: 8 December 1941\n Honduras: 8 December 1941\n Nicaragua: 8 December 1941\n China: 9 December 1941 (at war with Japan since 1937)\n Cuba: 9 December 1941\n Guatem"}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Panama: 7 December 1941\n United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)\n Philippines: 8 December 1941\n Costa Rica: 8 December 1941\n Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941\n El Salvador: 8 December 1941\n Haiti: 8 December 1941\n Honduras: 8 December 1941\n Nicaragua: 8 December 1941\n China: 9 December 1941 (at war with Japan since 1937)\n Cuba: 9 December 1941\n Guatem"}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Panama: 7 December 1941\n United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)\n Philippines: 8 December 1941\n Costa Rica: 8 December 1941\n Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941\n El Salvador: 8 December 1941\n Haiti: 8 December 1941\n Honduras: 8 December 1941\n Nicaragua: 8 December 1941\n China: 9 December 1941 (at war with Japan since 1937)\n Cuba: 9 December 1941\n Guatem"}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Panama: 7 December 1941\n United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)\n Philippines: 8 December 1941\n Costa Rica: 8 December 1941\n Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941\n El Salvador: 8 December 1941\n Haiti: 8 December 1941\n Honduras: 8 December 1941\n Nicaragua: 8 December 1941\n China: 9 December 1941 (at war with Japan since 1937)\n Cuba: 9 December 1941\n Guatem"}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1941", "says": "Panama: 7 December 1941\n United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)\n Philippines: 8 December 1941\n Costa Rica: 8 December 1941\n Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941\n El Salvador: 8 December 1941\n Haiti: 8 December 1941\n Honduras: 8 December 1941\n Nicaragua: 8 December 1941\n China: 9 December 1941 (at war with Japan since 1937)\n Cuba: 9 December 1941\n Guatem"}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1942", "says": "Mexico: 22 May 1942\n Brazil: 22 August 1942\n Ethiopia: 14 December 1942"}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1943", "says": "Iraq: 16 January 1943\n Bolivia: 7 April 1943\n Colombia: 26 July 1943\n Iran: 9 September 1943\n Italy: 10 October 1943 – former Axis power; Italian Social Republic was founded in September 1943 and continued on the Axis side"}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1943", "says": "Iraq: 16 January 1943\n Bolivia: 7 April 1943\n Colombia: 26 July 1943\n Iran: 9 September 1943\n Italy: 10 October 1943 – former Axis power; Italian Social Republic was founded in September 1943 and continued on the Axis side"}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1944", "says": "Liberia: 27 January 1944\n Romania: 25 August 1944 – former Axis power\n Bulgaria: 8 September 1944 – former Axis power\n Hungary: 30 December 1944 – former Axis power"}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1945", "says": "Ecuador: 2 February 1945\n Paraguay: 7 February 1945\n Peru: 12 February 1945\n Uruguay: 15 February 1945\n Venezuela: 15 February 1945\n Turkey: 23 February 1945\n Egypt: 24 February 1945\n Syria: 26 February 1945\n Lebanon: 27 February 1945\n Saudi Arabia: 1 March 1945\n Finland: 3 March 1945 – former ally of Germany in the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1945", "says": "Ecuador: 2 February 1945\n Paraguay: 7 February 1945\n Peru: 12 February 1945\n Uruguay: 15 February 1945\n Venezuela: 15 February 1945\n Turkey: 23 February 1945\n Egypt: 24 February 1945\n Syria: 26 February 1945\n Lebanon: 27 February 1945\n Saudi Arabia: 1 March 1945\n Finland: 3 March 1945 – former ally of Germany in the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1945", "says": "Ecuador: 2 February 1945\n Paraguay: 7 February 1945\n Peru: 12 February 1945\n Uruguay: 15 February 1945\n Venezuela: 15 February 1945\n Turkey: 23 February 1945\n Egypt: 24 February 1945\n Syria: 26 February 1945\n Lebanon: 27 February 1945\n Saudi Arabia: 1 March 1945\n Finland: 3 March 1945 – former ally of Germany in the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q122100", "label": "Continuation War", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1945", "says": "Ecuador: 2 February 1945\n Paraguay: 7 February 1945\n Peru: 12 February 1945\n Uruguay: 15 February 1945\n Venezuela: 15 February 1945\n Turkey: 23 February 1945\n Egypt: 24 February 1945\n Syria: 26 February 1945\n Lebanon: 27 February 1945\n Saudi Arabia: 1 March 1945\n Finland: 3 March 1945 – former ally of Germany in the Continuation War."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Timeline of Allied states entering the war - 1945", "says": "Argentina: 27 March 1945\n Chile: 11 April 1945 declared war on Germany and Japan."}], "Q179876": [{"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927, when all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united under the rule of Æthelstan, until 1 May 1707, when it relinquished its sovereignty along with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927, when all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united under the rule of Æthelstan, until 1 May 1707, when it relinquished its sovereignty along with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927, when all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united under the rule of Æthelstan, until 1 May 1707, when it relinquished its sovereignty along with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in the year 886, Alfred the Great took London from the Danes and adopted the title King of the Anglo-Saxons in order to reflect his control over both Wessex and western Mercia."}, {"id": "Q187114", "label": "Edward the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "This style would go on to be inherited by his son, Edward the Elder (reigned 899–924), and grandson, Æthelstan, both of whom greatly expanded the authority of the House of Wessex during their respective reigns."}, {"id": "Q3281269", "label": "North Sea Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1016, the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway."}, {"id": "Q134128", "label": "Cnut the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1016, the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norman Conquest in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster, and the City of London quickly established itself as England's largest and principal commercial centre."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "All English monarchs after 1066 ultimately descend from the Normans, and the distinction of the Plantagenets is conventional—beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became \"more English in nature\"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of t"}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "All English monarchs after 1066 ultimately descend from the Normans, and the distinction of the Plantagenets is conventional—beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became \"more English in nature\"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of t"}, {"id": "Q79972", "label": "James VI and I", "section": "lead", "says": "All English monarchs after 1066 ultimately descend from the Normans, and the distinction of the Plantagenets is conventional—beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became \"more English in nature\"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of t"}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "All English monarchs after 1066 ultimately descend from the Normans, and the distinction of the Plantagenets is conventional—beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became \"more English in nature\"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of t"}, {"id": "Q523140", "label": "Margaret Tudor", "section": "lead", "says": "All English monarchs after 1066 ultimately descend from the Normans, and the distinction of the Plantagenets is conventional—beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became \"more English in nature\"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of t"}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "History - Anglo-Saxon England", "says": "In 1018, Lothian, a portion of the northern half of Northumbria Bernicia was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q183499", "label": "Æthelred the Unready", "section": "History - Anglo-Saxon England", "says": "During the reign of Æthelred the Unready (978–1016), a new wave of Danish invasions was orchestrated by Swein Forkbeard, King of Denmark, culminating after a quarter-century of warfare in the Danish conquest of England in 1013."}, {"id": "Q203225", "label": "Battle of Stamford Bridge", "section": "History - Norman Conquest", "says": "Harold and his army were in York, following their victory against the Norwegians at the Battle of Stamford Bridge (25 September 1066), when the news reached him."}, {"id": "Q83224", "label": "Battle of Hastings", "section": "History - Norman Conquest", "says": "The armies of Harold and William faced each other at the Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066), in which the English army, or Fyrd, was defeated, Harold and his two brothers were slain, and William emerged as victor."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "History - Norman Conquest", "says": "He was not, however, planning to absorb the Kingdom into the Duchy of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q58907", "label": "Philip I of France", "section": "History - Norman Conquest", "says": "As a mere duke, William owed allegiance to Philip I of France, whereas in the independent Kingdom of England he could rule without interference."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1124, Henry I ceded what is now southeast Scotland (called Lothian) to the Kingdom of Scotland, in return for the King of Scotland's loyalty."}, {"id": "Q107299", "label": "Kingdom of Northumbria", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "This area of land had previously been a part of the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q2230310", "label": "Treaty of York", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "This arrangement was later finalized in 1237 by the Treaty of York."}, {"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "At the time, Gaelic Ireland was made up of several kingdoms, with a High King claiming lordship over most of the other kings."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "The Duchy of Aquitaine came into personal union with England upon the accession of Henry II, who had married Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "They remained united until John Lackland, Henry II's son and fourth-generation descendant of William the Conqueror, lost the continental possessions to Philip II of France decisively after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "They remained united until John Lackland, Henry II's son and fourth-generation descendant of William the Conqueror, lost the continental possessions to Philip II of France decisively after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214."}, {"id": "Q830626", "label": "Battle of Bouvines", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "They remained united until John Lackland, Henry II's son and fourth-generation descendant of William the Conqueror, lost the continental possessions to Philip II of France decisively after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214."}, {"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "History - Conquest of Wales", "says": "He created the title Prince of Wales for his heir, the future Edward II, in 1301."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois."}, {"id": "Q1140646", "label": "Battle of Formigny", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "England was defeated at the Battle of Formigny in 1450 and finally at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, retaining only a single town in France, Calais."}, {"id": "Q932613", "label": "Battle of Castillon", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "England was defeated at the Battle of Formigny in 1450 and finally at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, retaining only a single town in France, Calais."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "This was a consequence of sustained hostility to the increasingly nationalist French, whose kings and other leaders (notably the charismatic Joan of Arc) used a developing sense of French identity to help draw people to their cause."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "The kingdom had little time to recover before entering the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), a series of civil wars over possession of the throne between the House of Lancaster (whose heraldic symbol was the red rose) and the House of York (whose symbol was the white rose), each led by different branches of the descendants of Edward III."}, {"id": "Q207953", "label": "Elizabeth of York", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "The end of these wars found the throne held by the descendant of an initially illegitimate member of the House of Lancaster, married to the eldest daughter of the House of York: Henry VII and Elizabeth of York."}, {"id": "Q1483510", "label": "Principality of Wales", "section": "History - Tudor period", "says": "The country was divided between the Marcher Lords, who gave feudal allegiance to the crown, and the Principality of Wales."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "History - Tudor period", "says": "Under the Tudor monarchy, Henry VIII replaced the laws of Wales with those of England (under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542)."}, {"id": "Q82674", "label": "Mary I", "section": "History - Tudor period", "says": "Calais, the last remaining continental possession of the Kingdom, was lost in 1558, during the reign of Philip and Mary I."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Tudor period", "says": "Their successor, Elizabeth I, consolidated the new and increasingly Protestant Church of England."}, {"id": "Q101978", "label": "House of Tudor", "section": "History - Early modern history", "says": "The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603."}, {"id": "Q80330", "label": "English Civil War", "section": "History - Civil War and Interregnum", "says": "In the first instance, Charles I's introduction of new forms of taxation in defiance of Parliament led to the English Civil War (1641–1645), in which the king was defeated, and to the abolition of the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell during the Interregnum of 1649–1660."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "History - Civil War and Interregnum", "says": "In the first instance, Charles I's introduction of new forms of taxation in defiance of Parliament led to the English Civil War (1641–1645), in which the king was defeated, and to the abolition of the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell during the Interregnum of 1649–1660."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Civil War and Interregnum", "says": "Meanwhile, relations with the Dutch Republic had deteriorated."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Civil War and Interregnum", "says": "The First Anglo-Dutch War which followed, however, failed to resolve the commercial issues."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Restoration and Glorious Revolution", "says": "In 1665 the unresolved commercial issues with the Dutch led to the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which culminated in the disastrous Raid on the Medway and forced the humiliated Charles in to an unfavourable peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q331740", "label": "Raid on the Medway", "section": "History - Restoration and Glorious Revolution", "says": "In 1665 the unresolved commercial issues with the Dutch led to the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which culminated in the disastrous Raid on the Medway and forced the humiliated Charles in to an unfavourable peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Restoration and Glorious Revolution", "says": "The treaty eliminated a number of long-standing issues, and in the long-term made it possible for the two countries to unite against the expansionist policies pursued by Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Restoration and Glorious Revolution", "says": "In the short-term however, Charles' desire to avenge this setback led to the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "History - Restoration and Glorious Revolution", "says": "William and his wife Mary II were subsequently crowned by Parliament."}, {"id": "Q682403", "label": "Treaty of Union", "section": "History - Union with Scotland", "says": "A Treaty of Union was agreed on 22 July 1706, and following the Acts of Union of 1707, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain, the independence of the kingdoms of England and Scotland came to an end on 1 May 1707."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "History - Union with Scotland", "says": "This continued after the 1801 union between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "History - Union with Scotland", "says": "In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."}], "Q35216": [{"id": "Q701488", "label": "Jiang Ziya", "section": "History - Traditional myth", "says": "Around 1046 BC, Wen's son Wu and his ally Jiang Ziya led an army of 45,000 men and 300 chariots across the Yellow River and defeated Di Xin at the Battle of Muye, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty."}, {"id": "Q470072", "label": "King Zhou of Shang", "section": "History - Traditional myth", "says": "Around 1046 BC, Wen's son Wu and his ally Jiang Ziya led an army of 45,000 men and 300 chariots across the Yellow River and defeated Di Xin at the Battle of Muye, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1273506", "label": "Battle of Muye", "section": "History - Traditional myth", "says": "Around 1046 BC, Wen's son Wu and his ally Jiang Ziya led an army of 45,000 men and 300 chariots across the Yellow River and defeated Di Xin at the Battle of Muye, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty."}, {"id": "Q698909", "label": "King Wen of Zhou", "section": "History - Culture", "says": "For example, the philosopher Mencius (372–289 BC) acknowledged that King Wen of Zhou had ancestry from among the Xirong, as King Wen's descendants, the Zhou kings, claimed descent from Hou Ji, a legendary culture hero possibly related to the Xirong through his mother Jiang Yuan."}, {"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "History - Western Zhou", "says": "Although Wu's early death left a young and inexperienced heir, the Duke of Zhou assisted his nephew King Cheng in consolidating royal power."}], "Q170174": [{"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gave Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gave Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gave Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "During the early modern period, the papal territory expanded greatly, and the pope became one of Italy's most important rulers as well as the head of Western Christianity."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1929, the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, the head of the Italian government, ended the \"Prisoner in the Vatican\" period by negotiating the Lateran Treaty, signed by the two parties."}, {"id": "Q193270", "label": "Lateran Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1929, the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, the head of the Italian government, ended the \"Prisoner in the Vatican\" period by negotiating the Lateran Treaty, signed by the two parties."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty acknowledged the sovereignty of the Holy See over the Vatican City, a newly created city-state within Rome."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "For its first 300 years, within the Roman Empire, the Church was persecuted and unable to hold or transfer property."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "A law of Constantine the Great, promulgated in 321, allowed the Christian Church to possess property and restored to it any property formerly confiscated; in the larger cities of this empire the property restored would have been quite considerable, the Roman patrimony not least among them."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the papacy found itself increasingly placed in a precarious and vulnerable position."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "As central Roman authority disintegrated throughout the late 5th century, control over the Italian Peninsula repeatedly changed hands, falling under the Arian suzerainty of Odoacer in 473, and in 493, Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Beginning in 535, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I launched a series of campaigns to wrest Italy from the Ostrogoths which continued until 554 and devastated Italy's political and economic structures."}, {"id": "Q848383", "label": "Duchy of Rome", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Byzantines established the Exarchate of Ravenna of which the Duchy of Rome, an area roughly coterminous with modern day Lazio, was an administrative division."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Donation of Pepin", "says": "When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part."}, {"id": "Q295157", "label": "Childeric III", "section": "History - Donation of Pepin", "says": "In 751, Pope Zachary had Pepin the Short crowned king in place of the powerless Merovingian figurehead King Childeric III."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Donation of Pepin", "says": "Some later claimed that in 781, Charlemagne extended the regions over which the pope would be temporal sovereign: the Duchy of Rome, Ravenna, the Duchy of the Pentapolis, parts of the Duchy of Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica, Lombardy, and a number of Italian cities."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - Donation of Pepin", "says": "The cooperation between the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty climaxed in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne 'Emperor of the Romans'."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Relationship with the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Holy Roman Empire in its Frankish form collapsed when it was subdivided among Charlemagne's grandchildren."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Relationship with the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Over several campaigns in the mid-10th century, the German ruler Otto I conquered northern Italy; Pope John XII crowned him emperor (the first so crowned in more than forty years) and the two of them ratified the Diploma Ottonianum, by which the emperor became the guarantor of the independence of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q172933", "label": "John XII", "section": "History - Relationship with the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Over several campaigns in the mid-10th century, the German ruler Otto I conquered northern Italy; Pope John XII crowned him emperor (the first so crowned in more than forty years) and the two of them ratified the Diploma Ottonianum, by which the emperor became the guarantor of the independence of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q788050", "label": "Treaty of Venice", "section": "History - Relationship with the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "In response to the struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Treaty of Venice was signed in 1177."}, {"id": "Q33923", "label": "Saint Peter", "section": "History - Relationship with the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "In the treaty, the rights of the Crown in Rome and in the Patrimony of Saint Peter were left vague, while papal rights of possession, including the Prefecture of the City of Rome, were recognized but \"saving all the rights of the empire\"."}, {"id": "Q1122980", "label": "Comtat Venaissin", "section": "History - Avignon Papacy", "says": "During this period the city of Avignon itself and the surrounding Comtat Venaissin was added to the Papal States; it remained a papal possession for some 400 years even after the popes returned to Rome, until it was seized and incorporated into the French state during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Avignon Papacy", "says": "During this period the city of Avignon itself and the surrounding Comtat Venaissin was added to the Papal States; it remained a papal possession for some 400 years even after the popes returned to Rome, until it was seized and incorporated into the French state during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q131463", "label": "Clement V", "section": "History - Avignon Papacy", "says": "In Ferrara, the death of Azzo VIII d'Este without legitimate heirs (1308) encouraged Pope Clement V to bring Ferrara under his direct rule: however, it was governed by his appointed vicar, King Robert of Naples, for only nine years before the citizens recalled the Este from exile (1317)."}, {"id": "Q165568", "label": "John XXII", "section": "History - Avignon Papacy", "says": "Interdiction and excommunications were in vain because in 1332, John XXII was obliged to name three Este brothers as his vicars in Ferrara."}, {"id": "Q1401", "label": "Petrarch", "section": "History - Avignon Papacy", "says": "As Guido Ruggiero states, \"even with the support of Petrarch, his return to first times and the rebirth of ancient Rome was one that would not prevail.\"\nThe Rienzo episode engendered renewed attempts from the absentee papacy to re-establish order in the dissolving Papal States, resulting in the military progress of Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, who was appointed papal legate, and his "}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "History - Renaissance", "says": "During the Renaissance, the Papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Popes Alexander VI and Julius II."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "History - Renaissance", "says": "During the Renaissance, the Papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Popes Alexander VI and Julius II."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "In 1527, before the Holy Roman Empire fought the Protestants, troops loyal to Emperor Charles V brutally sacked Rome and imprisoned Pope Clement VII, as a side effect of battles over the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "In 1527, before the Holy Roman Empire fought the Protestants, troops loyal to Emperor Charles V brutally sacked Rome and imprisoned Pope Clement VII, as a side effect of battles over the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "A generation later the armies of King Philip II of Spain defeated those of Pope Paul IV in the Italian War of 1551–1559, fought to prevent growing Spanish dominance in Italy."}, {"id": "Q101430", "label": "Paul IV", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "A generation later the armies of King Philip II of Spain defeated those of Pope Paul IV in the Italian War of 1551–1559, fought to prevent growing Spanish dominance in Italy."}, {"id": "Q2524228", "label": "Italian War of 1551–1559", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "A generation later the armies of King Philip II of Spain defeated those of Pope Paul IV in the Italian War of 1551–1559, fought to prevent growing Spanish dominance in Italy."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "In 1512 the state of the church annexed Parma and Piacenza, which in 1545 became an independent duchy under an illegitimate son of Pope Paul III, albeit as a Papal fief."}, {"id": "Q693570", "label": "Duchy of Ferrara", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "This process culminated in the reclaiming of the Duchy of Ferrara in 1598, and the Duchy of Urbino in 1631."}, {"id": "Q649202", "label": "Duchy of Urbino", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "This process culminated in the reclaiming of the Duchy of Ferrara in 1598, and the Duchy of Urbino in 1631."}, {"id": "Q1054409", "label": "March of Ancona", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "Although the Papal States underwent significant administrative centralisation, in practice their government rested on two pillars: a clerical core at the centre and a network of urban patriciates in the provincial towns, especially in regions such as the March of Ancona, where this civic nobility formed a kind of diarchic arrangement between the Roman curia and the local urban patriciates."}, {"id": "Q1615411", "label": "Duchy of Castro", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "In 1649, after the annexation of the Duchy of Castro, the Papal States reached their greatest extent, including most of central Italy – Latium, Umbria, Marche, and the legations of Ravenna, Ferrara, and Bologna extending north into the Romagna."}, {"id": "Q463289", "label": "Cispadane Republic", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "Later, with the French invasion of Italy in 1796, the Legations (the Papal States' northern territories) were seized and became part of the Cispadane Republic."}, {"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "Two years later, French forces invaded the remaining area of the Papal States, and in February 1798 General Louis-Alexandre Berthier declared a Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q128019", "label": "Pius VI", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "Pope Pius VI fled from Rome to Siena and died in exile in Valence in 1799."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "In October 1799, Neapolitan troops under King Ferdinand invaded the newfound republic and restored Papal States, ending the republic."}, {"id": "Q877619", "label": "French Consulate", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "In June 1800, French Consulate formally concluded the occupation and restored the Papal States, with the newly elected Pope Pius VII taking residence in Rome."}, {"id": "Q124754", "label": "Pius VII", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "In June 1800, French Consulate formally concluded the occupation and restored the Papal States, with the newly elected Pope Pius VII taking residence in Rome."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "Yet, in 1808 the French Empire under Napoleon invaded again."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "Approximately 13 months later on 17 May 1809, the remainder of the Papal States (including Rome) was annexed to the First French Empire, forming the départements of Tibre and Trasimène."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - The Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era", "says": "Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) formally restored the Italian territories of the Papal States, but not the Comtat Venaissin or Avignon, to Vatican control."}, {"id": "Q43720", "label": "Pius IX", "section": "History - Italian unification", "says": "In February 1849 a Roman Republic was declared, and the hitherto liberally-inclined Pope Pius IX had to flee the city."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Italian unification", "says": "As a result of the Second Italian War of Independence (1859), Piedmont-Sardinia annexed Lombardy, while Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchy in the south."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Italian unification", "says": "As a result of the Second Italian War of Independence (1859), Piedmont-Sardinia annexed Lombardy, while Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchy in the south."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Italian unification", "says": "Afraid that Garibaldi would set up a republican government, the Piedmontese government petitioned French Emperor Napoleon III for permission to send troops through the Papal States to gain control of the south."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Italian invasion of Rome, 1870", "says": "The opportunity for the Kingdom of Italy to eliminate the Papal States came in 1870; the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July prompted Napoleon III to recall his garrison from Rome and the collapse of the Second French Empire at the Battle of Sedan deprived Rome of its French protector."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "History - Italian invasion of Rome, 1870", "says": "The opportunity for the Kingdom of Italy to eliminate the Papal States came in 1870; the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July prompted Napoleon III to recall his garrison from Rome and the collapse of the Second French Empire at the Battle of Sedan deprived Rome of its French protector."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "History - Italian invasion of Rome, 1870", "says": "King Victor Emmanuel II at first aimed at a peaceful conquest of the city and proposed sending troops into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the Pope."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "History - Italian invasion of Rome, 1870", "says": "In the 1920s, the papacy – then ruled by Pius XI – renounced the bulk of the Papal States."}], "Q200464": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Initiated during the Age of Discovery, at one point territories included parts of the Americas and Africa, along with ports and trading posts throughout Asia and Oceania."}, {"id": "Q130377", "label": "Bartolomeu Dias", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India."}, {"id": "Q174432", "label": "Pedro Álvares Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral, while on a voyage to India, reached what would later be Brazil."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "When King Philip II of Spain (Philip I of Portugal) seized the Portuguese crown and Portuguese territories such as Brazil in 1580, there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent historiography as the Iberian Union, although the realms continued to have separate administrations."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "When King Philip II of Spain (Philip I of Portugal) seized the Portuguese crown and Portuguese territories such as Brazil in 1580, there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent historiography as the Iberian Union, although the realms continued to have separate administrations."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "Origins (1139–1415)", "says": "The origin of the Kingdom of Portugal lay in the reconquista, the gradual reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999)", "says": "In the wake of World War II, decolonisation movements began to gain momentum in the empires of the European powers."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999)", "says": "The ensuing Cold War also created instabilities among Portuguese overseas populations, as the United States and Soviet Union vied to increase their spheres of influence."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999)", "says": "The ensuing Cold War also created instabilities among Portuguese overseas populations, as the United States and Soviet Union vied to increase their spheres of influence."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999)", "says": "This was resisted by António de Oliveira Salazar, who had taken power in 1933."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999)", "says": "Salazar rebuffed a request in 1950 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to return the enclaves, viewing them as integral parts of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q66710", "label": "Daman and Diu", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999)", "says": "In 1961, shortly after an uprising against the Portuguese in Angola, Nehru ordered the Indian Army into Goa, Daman and Diu, which were quickly captured and formally annexed the following year."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999)", "says": "Unrest spread from Angola to Guinea, which rebelled in 1963, and Mozambique in 1964."}], "Q27306": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It played a significant role in the unification of Germany in 1871 and was a major constituent of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Prussia took its name from the historical region of Prussia, and controlled most of said region, although it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and its capital was Berlin."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "The kings of Prussia were from the House of Hohenzollern."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity of Brandenburg-Prussia, predecessor of the kingdom, became a military power under Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, known as \"The Great Elector\"."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick the Great was instrumental in starting the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), holding his own against Austria, Russia, France and Sweden and establishing Prussia's dominant role among the German states, as well as establishing the country as a European great power through the victories of the powerful Prussian Army."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick the Great was instrumental in starting the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), holding his own against Austria, Russia, France and Sweden and establishing Prussia's dominant role among the German states, as well as establishing the country as a European great power through the victories of the powerful Prussian Army."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia made attempts to unify all the German states (excluding the German cantons in Switzerland) under its rule, and whether Austria would be included in such a unified German domain became an ongoing question."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Napoleonic Wars led to the creation of the German Confederation, the issue of unifying the German states caused the German revolutions of 1848–1849, with representatives from all states attempting to unify under their own constitution."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Napoleonic Wars led to the creation of the German Confederation, the issue of unifying the German states caused the German revolutions of 1848–1849, with representatives from all states attempting to unify under their own constitution."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Attempts to create a federation remained unsuccessful and the German Confederation collapsed in 1866 when the Austro-Prussian War ensued between its two most powerful member states."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia was subsequently the driving force behind establishing in 1866 the North German Confederation, transformed in 1871 into the unified German Empire and considered the earliest continual legal predecessor of today's Federal Republic of Germany."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Empire successfully unified all of the German states aside from Austria and Switzerland under Prussian hegemony due to the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Empire successfully unified all of the German states aside from Austria and Switzerland under Prussian hegemony due to the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "In 1529, the Hohenzollerns secured the reversion of the Duchy of Pomerania after a series of conflicts, and acquired its eastern part following the Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "In 1529, the Hohenzollerns secured the reversion of the Duchy of Pomerania after a series of conflicts, and acquired its eastern part following the Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "In 1618, the electors of Brandenburg also inherited the Duchy of Prussia, since 1511 ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hohenzollern."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "A full union was not possible, since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Prussia was a fief of Poland."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "In the course of the Second Northern War, the treaties of Labiau and Wehlau-Bromberg granted the Hohenzollerns full sovereignty over the Prussian duchy by September 1657."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Background and establishment", "says": "In return for an alliance against France in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Great Elector's son, Frederick III, was allowed to elevate Prussia to a kingdom in the Crown Treaty of 16 November 1700."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "The Kingdom of Prussia was still recovering from the devastation of the Thirty Years' War and was poor in natural resources."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "In 1708, about one third of the population of East Prussia died during the Great Northern War plague outbreak."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "Starting in 1700, the war involved a coalition led by Tsarist Russia against the dominant North European power at the time, the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q2237757", "label": "Battle of Stresow", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "Prussia only participated in one battle, the Battle of Stresow on the island of Rügen, as the war had already been practically decided in the 1709 Battle of Poltava."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "Prussia only participated in one battle, the Battle of Stresow on the island of Rügen, as the war had already been practically decided in the 1709 Battle of Poltava."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "In the Treaty of Stockholm, Prussia gained all of Swedish Pomerania east of the River Oder."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "The Great Northern War not only marked the end of the Swedish Empire but also elevated Prussia and Russia at the expense of the declining Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as new powers in Europe."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War", "says": "King Frederick William I inaugurated the Prussian compulsory conscription system in 1717."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - 1740–1762: Silesian Wars", "says": "Using the pretext of a 1537 treaty (vetoed by Emperor Ferdinand I) by which parts of Silesia were to pass to Brandenburg after the extinction of its ruling Piast dynasty, Frederick invaded Silesia, thereby beginning the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - 1740–1762: Silesian Wars", "says": "After rapidly occupying Silesia, Frederick offered to protect Queen Maria Theresa if the province were turned over to him."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "History - 1740–1762: Silesian Wars", "says": "In 1744, Frederick invaded again to forestall reprisals and to claim, this time, the Kingdom of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q37467350", "label": "Third Silesian War", "section": "History - 1740–1762: Silesian Wars", "says": "When Frederick preemptively invaded Saxony and Bohemia over the course of a few months in 1756–1757, he began a Third Silesian War and initiated the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q697982", "label": "Battle of Burkersdorf", "section": "History - 1740–1762: Silesian Wars", "says": "Defeating the Austrian army at the Battle of Burkersdorf and relying on continuing British success against France in the war's colonial theatres, Prussia was finally able to force a status quo ante bellum on the continent."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Following the French Revolution and the Execution of Louis XVI, Prussia declared war on the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Following the French Revolution and the Execution of Louis XVI, Prussia declared war on the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q685164", "label": "Treaty of Basel", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "When Prussian troops attempted to invade France, they were beaten back and the Treaty of Basel (1795) ended the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "When Prussian troops attempted to invade France, they were beaten back and the Treaty of Basel (1795) ended the War of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "In it, the First French Republic and Prussia had stipulated that the latter would ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all the latter's territories north of the demarcation line of the River Main, including the British monarch's continental dominions of the Electorate of Hanover and the Duchies of Bremen-Verden."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "In it, the First French Republic and Prussia had stipulated that the latter would ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all the latter's territories north of the demarcation line of the River Main, including the British monarch's continental dominions of the Electorate of Hanover and the Duchies of Bremen-Verden."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "During the War of the Second Coalition, Napoleon urged Prussia to occupy Hanover."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Britain first ignored Prussia's hostility, but when the Prussians joined the pro-French Second League of Armed Neutrality alongside Denmark–Norway and Russia the British began to seize Prussian ships."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Nonetheless, King Frederick William III was now de jure as well as de facto sovereign of all of the Hohenzollern domains."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Prussia then turned against the First French Empire, but was defeated in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt (14 October 1806) and Frederick William III was then forced to temporarily flee to remote Memel."}, {"id": "Q154426", "label": "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Prussia then turned against the First French Empire, but was defeated in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt (14 October 1806) and Frederick William III was then forced to temporarily flee to remote Memel."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "After the Treaties of Tilsit in 1807, Prussia lost about half of its territory, including the land gained from the Second and Third Partitions of Poland (which now fell to the Duchy of Warsaw) and all land west of the Elbe river."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "History - 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars", "says": "After the Treaties of Tilsit in 1807, Prussia lost about half of its territory, including the land gained from the Second and Third Partitions of Poland (which now fell to the Duchy of Warsaw) and all land west of the Elbe river."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - 1815: After Napoleon", "says": "Prussia's reward for its part in France's defeat came at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "History - 1815: After Napoleon", "says": "Notable exceptions included part of the territory annexed in the Second and Third Partitions of Poland, which became Congress Poland under Russian rule (though it did retain Danzig, acquired in the Second Partition)."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "History - 1815: After Napoleon", "says": "However, as compensation, it picked up some new territory, including 40% of the Kingdom of Saxony and much of Westphalia and the Rhineland."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - 1848–1871: German wars of unification", "says": "The main debate centered around whether Prussia or the Austrian Empire should be the leading member of any unified Germany."}, {"id": "Q57180", "label": "Frederick William IV of Prussia", "section": "History - 1848–1871: German wars of unification", "says": "In the wake of the Revolutions of 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 offered King Frederick William IV of Prussia the crown of a united Germany."}, {"id": "Q116728", "label": "Victoria, Princess Royal", "section": "History - 1871–1918: Peak and fall", "says": "The ties between London and Berlin had already been sealed in 1858, when Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia married Victoria, Princess Royal."}], "Q161885": [{"id": "Q682403", "label": "Treaty of Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingdom of England (including Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingdom of England (including Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingdom of England (including Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "1702–1714) did not produce a clear Protestant heir and endangered the line of succession, with the laws of succession differing in the two kingdoms and threatening a return to the throne of Scotland of the Roman Catholic House of Stuart, exiled in the Glorious Revolution of 1688."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting kingdom was in legislative and personal union with the Kingdom of Ireland from its inception, but the Parliament of Great Britain resisted early attempts to incorporate Ireland in the political union."}, {"id": "Q104190", "label": "Robert Walpole", "section": "lead", "says": "The relative incapacity or ineptitude of the Hanoverian kings resulted in a growth in the powers of Parliament and a new role, that of \"prime minister\", emerged in the heyday of Robert Walpole."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The term \"Augustan\" refers to the acknowledgement of the influence of classical Latin from the ancient Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Queen Anne, 1702–1714", "says": "During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–14) England continued its policy of forming and funding alliances, especially with the Dutch Republic and the Holy Roman Empire against their common enemy, King Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Queen Anne, 1702–1714", "says": "During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–14) England continued its policy of forming and funding alliances, especially with the Dutch Republic and the Holy Roman Empire against their common enemy, King Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Queen Anne, 1702–1714", "says": "During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–14) England continued its policy of forming and funding alliances, especially with the Dutch Republic and the Holy Roman Empire against their common enemy, King Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Queen Anne, 1702–1714", "says": "During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–14) England continued its policy of forming and funding alliances, especially with the Dutch Republic and the Holy Roman Empire against their common enemy, King Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - Queen Anne, 1702–1714", "says": "The concluding Treaty of Utrecht was highly favourable for Britain."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Queen Anne, 1702–1714", "says": "Spain lost its empire in Europe and faded away as a great power, while working to better manage its colonies in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Queen Anne, 1702–1714", "says": "The First British Empire, based upon the English overseas possessions, was enlarged."}, {"id": "Q333688", "label": "Charles Townshend", "section": "History - Hanoverian succession: 1714–1760", "says": "The Whigs came to power, under the leadership of James Stanhope, Charles Townshend, the Earl of Sunderland, and Robert Walpole."}, {"id": "Q5975504", "label": "Jeremy Black", "section": "History - George I: 1714–1727", "says": "Jeremy Black has argued that George wanted to spend even more time in Hanover: \"His visits, in 1716, 1719, 1720, 1723 and 1725, were lengthy, and, in total, he spent a considerable part of his reign abroad."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History - George I: 1714–1727", "says": "These visits were also occasions both for significant negotiations and for the exchange of information and opinion....The visits to Hanover also provided critics with the opportunity...to argue that British interests were being neglected....George could not speak English, and all relevant documents from his British ministers were translated into French for him....Few British ministers or diplomats"}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - South Sea Bubble", "says": "The South Sea Company, although originally set up to trade with the Spanish Empire, quickly turned most of its attention to very high risk financing, involving £30 million, some 60 per cent of the entire British national debt."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "History - Walpole's foreign policy", "says": "King Louis XV came of age in 1726, and his elderly chief minister Cardinal Fleury collaborated informally with Walpole to prevent a major war and keep the peace."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - Walpole's foreign policy", "says": "He worked for an end to the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763", "says": "The Seven Years' War, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale and saw British involvement in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and coastal Africa."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763", "says": "The Seven Years' War, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale and saw British involvement in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and coastal Africa."}, {"id": "Q311726", "label": "Battle of the Plains of Abraham", "section": "History - Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763", "says": "In the Americas, they captured Fort Ticonderoga (Carillon), drove the French out of the Ohio Country, captured Quebec City in Canada as a result of the decisive Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and captured the rich sugar island of Guadeloupe in the West Indies."}, {"id": "Q683044", "label": "Battle of Minden", "section": "History - Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763", "says": "In Europe, British troops partook in a decisive Allied victory at the Battle of Minden."}, {"id": "Q450318", "label": "Battle of Quiberon Bay", "section": "History - Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763", "says": "The victory over the French navy at the Battle of Lagos and the decisive Battle of Quiberon Bay ended threats of a French invasion, and confirmed Britain's reputation as the world's foremost naval power."}, {"id": "Q207672", "label": "William Wilberforce", "section": "History - Evangelical religion and social reform", "says": "Its leaders included William Wilberforce and Hannah More."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "History - Loss of the 13 American colonies", "says": "During the 1760s and 1770s, relations with the Thirteen Colonies turned from benign neglect to outright revolt, primarily because of the British Parliament's insistence on taxing colonists without their consent to recover losses incurred protecting the American Colonists during the French and Indian War (1754–1763)."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Loss of the 13 American colonies", "says": "In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the Americans then trapped the British Army in Boston in the Siege of Boston and suppressed the Loyalists who supported The Crown."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "History - Loss of the 13 American colonies", "says": "In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the Americans then trapped the British Army in Boston in the Siege of Boston and suppressed the Loyalists who supported The Crown."}, {"id": "Q815128", "label": "Siege of Boston", "section": "History - Loss of the 13 American colonies", "says": "In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the Americans then trapped the British Army in Boston in the Siege of Boston and suppressed the Loyalists who supported The Crown."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - Loss of the 13 American colonies", "says": "The Second Continental Congress charged the Committee of Five with authoring the Declaration, but the committee, in turn, largely relied on Thomas Jefferson, who authored its first draft."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "History - Loss of the 13 American colonies", "says": "Under the military leadership of Continental Army general George Washington and with some economic and military assistance from France, the Dutch Republic, and Spain, the United States held off successive British invasions."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Loss of the 13 American colonies", "says": "Under the military leadership of Continental Army general George Washington and with some economic and military assistance from France, the Dutch Republic, and Spain, the United States held off successive British invasions."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Second British Empire", "says": "Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - Canada", "says": "Several thousand free blacks also arrived; most of them later went to Sierra Leone in Africa."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "History - Canada", "says": "The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and English-speaking communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Great Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government "}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - Canada", "says": "The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and English-speaking communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Great Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government "}, {"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "History - Australia", "says": "In 1770, British explorer James Cook had discovered the eastern coast of Australia whilst on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Australia", "says": "In 1770, British explorer James Cook had discovered the eastern coast of Australia whilst on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Australia", "says": "Matra reasoned that the land was suitable for plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could prove valuable commodities; it could form a base for Pacific trade; and it could be a suitable compensation for displaced American Loyalists."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - India", "says": "Company interests expanded during the 18th century to include control of territory as the old Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company battled for the spoils with the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s."}, {"id": "Q976827", "label": "Carnatic Wars", "section": "History - India", "says": "Company interests expanded during the 18th century to include control of territory as the old Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company battled for the spoils with the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s."}, {"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "History - India", "says": "Victories at the Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar by Robert Clive gave the Company control over Bengal and made it the major military and political power in India."}, {"id": "Q2355467", "label": "Battle of Buxar", "section": "History - India", "says": "Victories at the Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar by Robert Clive gave the Company control over Bengal and made it the major military and political power in India."}, {"id": "Q162296", "label": "Robert Clive", "section": "History - India", "says": "Victories at the Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar by Robert Clive gave the Company control over Bengal and made it the major military and political power in India."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "History - Battling the French Revolution and Napoleon", "says": "With the regicide of King Louis XVI in 1793, the French Revolution represented a contest of ideologies between conservative, royalist Britain and radical Republican France."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Battling the French Revolution and Napoleon", "says": "With the regicide of King Louis XVI in 1793, the French Revolution represented a contest of ideologies between conservative, royalist Britain and radical Republican France."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Napoleon", "says": "It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was threatened: Napoleon, who came to power in 1799, threatened invasion of Great Britain itself, and with it, a fate similar to the countries of continental Europe that his armies had overrun."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Napoleon", "says": "The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which the British invested all the moneys and energies it could raise."}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "History - Ireland", "says": "In 1798, Irish nationalists, under Protestant leadership, plotted the Irish Rebellion of 1798, believing that the French would help them to overthrow the British."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "History - Ireland", "says": "Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger firmly believed that the only solution to the problem was a union of Great Britain and Ireland."}], "Q25979": [{"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially based in the Bactrian territories, it spread to encompass much of what is now Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially based in the Bactrian territories, it spread to encompass much of what is now Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "lead", "says": "Kushan territory in India extended at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi, where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great."}, {"id": "Q560157", "label": "Kujula Kadphises", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the dynasty, Kujula Kadphises, followed Iranian and Greek cultural ideas and iconography after the Greco-Bactrian tradition."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kushans in general were also great patrons of Buddhism, and, starting with emperor Kanishka, they employed elements of Zoroastrianism in their pantheon."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "lead", "says": "A direct road from Gandhara to China remained under Kushan control for more than a century, encouraged travel across the Karakoram, and facilitated the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was at the center of trade relations between the Roman Empire and China: according to Alain Daniélou, \"for a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations\"."}, {"id": "Q1661685", "label": "Indo-Sassanids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kushan Empire fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD, which fell to the Sasanians invading from the west and establishing the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom in the areas of Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Yuezhi reached the Hellenic kingdom of Greco-Bactria (in northern Afghanistan and Uzbekistan) around 135 BC."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "Origins", "says": "Under the pressure of Yuezhi and the Scythians who were in turn displaced by them, the Greek dynasties moved further southeast in areas of the Hindu Kush (in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan) and the Indus basin (in present-day Pakistan and India), where the Indo-Greek kingdoms were located."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Origins", "says": "Under the pressure of Yuezhi and the Scythians who were in turn displaced by them, the Greek dynasties moved further southeast in areas of the Hindu Kush (in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan) and the Indus basin (in present-day Pakistan and India), where the Indo-Greek kingdoms were located."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Early Kushans", "says": "Fan Ye's Book of Later Han \"relates how the chief of the Kushans, Ch'iu-shiu-ch'ueh (the Kujula Kadphises of coins), founded by means of the submission of the other Yueh-chih clans the Kushan Empire.\"\nThe name Guishuang was adopted in the West and modified into Kushan to designate the confederation, although the Chinese continued to call them Yuezhi."}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "History - Heraios", "says": "Kushan rulers are recorded for a period of about three centuries, from circa 30 CE to circa 375 CE, until the invasions of the Kidarites."}, {"id": "Q2086608", "label": "Western Satraps", "section": "History - Territorial peak", "says": "A 2nd century stone inscription by a Great Satrap named Rupiamma was discovered in Pauni, south of the Narmada river, suggesting that Kushan control extended this far south, although this could alternatively have been controlled by the Western Satraps."}, {"id": "Q1282366", "label": "Vasudeva I", "section": "History - Huvishka", "says": "Huvishka (Kushan: Οοηϸκι, \"Ooishki\") was a Kushan emperor from the death of Kanishka (assumed on the best evidence available to be in 150) until the succession of Vasudeva I about thirty years later."}, {"id": "Q2511011", "label": "Vāsishka", "section": "History - Vāsishka", "says": "Vāsishka was a Kushan emperor who seems to have had a 20-year reign following Kanishka II."}, {"id": "Q977830", "label": "Kanishka II", "section": "History - Vāsishka", "says": "Vāsishka was a Kushan emperor who seems to have had a 20-year reign following Kanishka II."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Little Kushans", "says": "Following territorial losses in the west (Bactria lost to the Kushano-Sasanians), and in the east (loss of Mathura to the Gupta Empire), several \"Little Kushans\" are known, who ruled locally in the area of Punjab with their capital at Taxila: Vasudeva II (270 – 300), Mahi (300 – 305), Shaka (305 – 335) and Kipunada (335 – 350)."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Kushano-Sassanians", "says": "The Western Kushans (in Afghanistan) were soon subjugated by the Persian Sasanian Empire and lost Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara to them."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "History - Kushano-Sassanians", "says": "The Sassanian king Shapur I (240–270) claims in his Naqsh-e Rostam inscription possession of the territory of the Kushans (Kūšān šahr) as far as Purushapura (modern Peshawar), suggesting he controlled Bactria and areas as far as the Hindu-Kush or even south of it:\n\nI, the Mazda-worshipping lord, Shapur, king of kings of Iran and An-Iran... (I) am the Master of the Domain of Iran (Ērānšahr) and pos"}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "History - \"Little Kushans\" and Gupta suzerainty", "says": "Then in the mid-4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "History - Sasanian, Kidarite and Alchon invasions", "says": "In the east around 350, Shapur II regained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan, possibly as a consequence of the destruction of the Kushano-Sasanians by the Chionites."}, {"id": "Q26264", "label": "Chionites", "section": "History - Sasanian, Kidarite and Alchon invasions", "says": "In the east around 350, Shapur II regained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan, possibly as a consequence of the destruction of the Kushano-Sasanians by the Chionites."}, {"id": "Q310267", "label": "Shapur III", "section": "History - Sasanian, Kidarite and Alchon invasions", "says": "Important finds of Sasanian coinage beyond the Indus River in the city of Taxila only start with the reigns of Shapur II (r.309–379) and Shapur III (r.383–388), suggesting that the expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus was the result of the wars of Shapur II \"with the Chionites and Kushans\" in 350-358 as described by Ammianus Marcellinus."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - Sasanian, Kidarite and Alchon invasions", "says": "Important finds of Sasanian coinage beyond the Indus River in the city of Taxila only start with the reigns of Shapur II (r.309–379) and Shapur III (r.383–388), suggesting that the expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus was the result of the wars of Shapur II \"with the Chionites and Kushans\" in 350-358 as described by Ammianus Marcellinus."}], "Q4461035": [{"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "lead", "says": "Established by Sargon of Akkad after defeating the king Lugal-zage-si, it replaced the system of independent Sumero-Akkadian city-states and unified southern Mesopotamia, under a centralized government, its influence stretching from the Mediterranean to Iran and from Anatolia to the Persian Gulf."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History and development of the empire - The Fall of Akkad", "says": "Even though it was considerably reduced in size and was likely limited to northern Babylonia around Akkad and Kish, since the Sumerian King List attributes several successors to it."}], "Q8575586": [{"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate, whose third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, was also a member of the Umayyad clan, who ruled from 644 to 656."}, {"id": "Q37731", "label": "Uthman ibn Affan", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate, whose third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, was also a member of the Umayyad clan, who ruled from 644 to 656."}, {"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Umayyad family established hereditary rule under Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the long-time governor of Syria, who became caliph in 661 after emerging victorious in the First Fitna."}, {"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "Umayyad authority was later challenged in the Second Fitna, during which the Sufyanid line of Mu'awiya (which includes only the first three Umayyad caliphs) was replaced in 684 by Marwan ibn al-Hakam, who founded the Marwanid line that became the ruling Umayyad house thereafter."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 750, the Abbasids overthrew Caliph Marwan II, and most of the Umayyad family were slain."}, {"id": "Q128371", "label": "Marwan II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 750, the Abbasids overthrew Caliph Marwan II, and most of the Umayyad family were slain."}, {"id": "Q335430", "label": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "section": "History - Early influence", "says": "The Umayyads under the leadership of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early influence", "says": "The Umayyads under the leadership of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Early influence", "says": "When Umar's overall steward of the province, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, died in 639, he appointed Yazid as governor of the districts of Damascus, Palestine and Jordan."}, {"id": "Q380184", "label": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas", "section": "History - Caliphate of Uthman", "says": "He was elected by the shura council, composed of Muhammad's cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, all of whom were close, early companions of Muhammad and belonged to the Quraysh."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Caliphate of Uthman", "says": "He appointed his relatives as governors over the conquered regions, namely much of the Sasanian Empire, i.e."}, {"id": "Q2342420", "label": "Wilferd Madelung", "section": "History - Caliphate of Uthman", "says": "According to the historian Wilferd Madelung, this policy stemmed from Uthman's \"conviction that the house of Umayya, as the core clan of Quraysh, was uniquely qualified to rule in the name of Islam\"."}, {"id": "Q1133574", "label": "Battle of the Camel", "section": "History - First Fitna", "says": "Ali defeated them at the Battle of the Camel, in which Zubayr and Talha were slain, and Aisha consequently entered self-imposed seclusion."}, {"id": "Q735876", "label": "Battle of Siffin", "section": "History - First Fitna", "says": "Ali's Iraqi army and Mu'awiya's Syrian forces fought to a stalemate at the Battle of Siffin in early 657."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "History - First Fitna", "says": "The decision to arbitrate fundamentally weakened Ali's political position as he was compelled to negotiate with Mu'awiya on equal terms, while it drove a faction of Ali's forces, who later became known as the Kharijites, to revolt."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Caliphate of Mu'awiya", "says": "The long-established, formerly Christian Arab tribes in Syria, having been integrated into the military of the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid client kings, were \"more accustomed to order and obedience\" than their Iraqi counterparts, according to historian Julius Wellhausen."}, {"id": "Q76897", "label": "Julius Wellhausen", "section": "History - Caliphate of Mu'awiya", "says": "The long-established, formerly Christian Arab tribes in Syria, having been integrated into the military of the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid client kings, were \"more accustomed to order and obedience\" than their Iraqi counterparts, according to historian Julius Wellhausen."}, {"id": "Q41605", "label": "Constantine IV", "section": "History - Caliphate of Mu'awiya", "says": "Toward the end of his reign the caliph entered a thirty-year truce with Byzantine emperor Constantine IV (r."}, {"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "History - Succession of Yazid I and collapse of Sufyanid power", "says": "However, in an unprecedented move in Islamic politics, Mu'awiya nominated his own son, Yazid I, as his successor in 676, introducing hereditary rule to caliphal succession and, in practice, turning the office of the caliph into a kingship."}, {"id": "Q2617539", "label": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "section": "History - Succession of Yazid I and collapse of Sufyanid power", "says": "An army mobilized by Iraq's governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad intercepted and killed Husayn outside Kufa at the Battle of Karbala."}, {"id": "Q264210", "label": "Mu'awiya II", "section": "History - Succession of Yazid I and collapse of Sufyanid power", "says": "In Syria Ibn Bahdal secured the succession of Yazid's son and appointed successor Mu'awiya II, whose authority was likely restricted to Damascus and Syria's southern districts."}, {"id": "Q27940416", "label": "Battle of Khazir", "section": "History - Marwanid transition and end of Second Fitna", "says": "Although Ibn Ziyad attempted to restore the Syrian army, persistent divisions along Qays–Yaman lines contributed to the army's massive rout and Ibn Ziyad's death at the hands of the pro-Alid forces commanded by Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar at the Battle of Khazir in August 686."}, {"id": "Q646434", "label": "Marwanids", "section": "History - Domestic consolidation and centralization", "says": "To consolidate Umayyad rule after the Second Fitna, the Marwanids launched a series of centralization, Islamization and Arabization measures."}, {"id": "Q2237769", "label": "Battle of Sebastopolis", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "The war with the Byzantines had resumed under his father after the civil war, with the Umayyads defeating the Byzantines at the Battle of Sebastopolis in 692."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "By 705, Armenia was annexed by the Caliphate along with the principalities of Caucasian Albania and Iberia, which collectively became the province of Arminiya."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "In 695–698, the commander Hassan ibn al-Nu'man restored Umayyad control over Ifriqiya after defeating the Byzantines and Berbers there."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "Carthage was captured and destroyed in 698, signaling \"the final, irretrievable end of Roman power in Africa\", according to Kennedy."}, {"id": "Q301261", "label": "Musa ibn Nusayr", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "His successor in Ifriqiya, Musa ibn Nusayr, subjugated the Berbers of the Hawwara, Zenata and Kutama confederations and advanced into the Maghreb, conquering Tangier and Sus in 708/709."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "Musa's Berber mawla, Tariq ibn Ziyad, invaded the Visigothic Kingdom in 711 and within five years most of Hispania was conquered."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "Musa's Berber mawla, Tariq ibn Ziyad, invaded the Visigothic Kingdom in 711 and within five years most of Hispania was conquered."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "History - Renewal of conquests", "says": "His lieutenant governor of Khurasan, Qutayba ibn Muslim, launched numerous campaigns against Transoxiana (Central Asia), which had been a largely impenetrable region for earlier Muslim armies, between 705 and 715."}, {"id": "Q298403", "label": "Umar II", "section": "History - Late Marwanid period", "says": "After the death of Umar II, another son of Abd al-Malik, Yazid II (r."}, {"id": "Q314791", "label": "Yazid II", "section": "History - Late Marwanid period", "says": "After the death of Umar II, another son of Abd al-Malik, Yazid II (r."}, {"id": "Q128996", "label": "Battle of Akroinon", "section": "History - Caliphate of Hisham and end of expansion", "says": "The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion."}, {"id": "Q173077", "label": "Battle of Tours", "section": "History - Caliphate of Hisham and end of expansion", "says": "Hisham's reign also witnessed the end of expansion in the west (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759), following the Frankish victory at the Battle of Tours in 732."}, {"id": "Q759998", "label": "Berber (Amazigh) Revolt", "section": "History - Caliphate of Hisham and end of expansion", "says": "In 739, a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was probably the largest military setback in the reign of Caliph Hisham."}, {"id": "Q4087410", "label": "Battle of Marj Ardabil", "section": "History - Caliphate of Hisham and end of expansion", "says": "The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Umayyad army suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730."}, {"id": "Q5242954", "label": "Day of Thirst", "section": "History - Caliphate of Hisham and end of expansion", "says": "Following the Umayyad defeat in the \"Day of Thirst\" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues from the province."}, {"id": "Q128413", "label": "Yazid III", "section": "History - Third Fitna", "says": "In 744, Yazid III, a son of al-Walid I, was proclaimed as caliph in Damascus, while his army killed al-Walid II."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "History - Third Fitna", "says": "Yazid had appointed his brother, Ibrahim, as his successor, but Marwan II (744–750), the grandson of Marwan I, led an army from the northern frontier and entered Damascus in December 744, where he was proclaimed caliph."}, {"id": "Q335210", "label": "Abu Muslim al Khorasani", "section": "History - Abbasid Revolution and fall", "says": "Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan."}, {"id": "Q1370548", "label": "Nasr ibn Sayyar", "section": "History - Abbasid Revolution and fall", "says": "He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westward."}, {"id": "Q289492", "label": "Battle of the Zab", "section": "History - Abbasid Revolution and fall", "says": "In January 750, the two forces met at the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Abbasid Revolution and fall", "says": "One grandson of Caliph Hisham, Abd al-Rahman I, survived, escaped across North Africa, and established the Emirate of Córdoba in al-Andalus."}], "Q132856": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ArSSR), also known as the Armenian SSR, Soviet Armenia, or simply Armenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet Armenia bordered the Soviet republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia and the independent states of Iran and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet Armenia was established on 29 November 1920, with the Sovietisation of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Consequently, historians refer to it as the Second Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "Soviet Armenia flourished during Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy, but suffered during the Great Purge of Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Prior to the Soviet era, Eastern Armenia had been part of the Russian Empire since the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Prior to the Soviet era, Eastern Armenia had been part of the Russian Empire since the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Prior to the Soviet era, Eastern Armenia had been part of the Russian Empire since the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay."}, {"id": "Q466144", "label": "Stepan Shahumyan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Marxism did not emerge among Armenian intellectuals until the end of the 19th century and eventually developed into the Union of Armenian Social Democrats, co-founded by Stepan Shaumian in Tiflis in 1902."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin announced that non-Russian nationalities could pursue a course of self-determination, and in April 1918, the major national groups of Russian Transcaucasia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin announced that non-Russian nationalities could pursue a course of self-determination, and in April 1918, the major national groups of Russian Transcaucasia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin announced that non-Russian nationalities could pursue a course of self-determination, and in April 1918, the major national groups of Russian Transcaucasia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "By May 1918, this entity split into three independent states: the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the First Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Background", "says": "By May 1918, this entity split into three independent states: the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the First Republic of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Sovietization", "says": "By April 1920, the Red Army had gained the upper-hand in the Russian Civil War and overthrew the Azerbaijan Republic, thus establishing Soviet Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q2082837", "label": "Alexander Khatisian", "section": "History - Sovietization", "says": "However, \"the Turks rejected any Russian interference.\" By the end of November, the 11th Red Army had entered the Armenian republic and announced that \"Armenia's salvation lay in becoming a Bolshevik state\" and \"cutting its ties to the West.\" Faced with a dire situation, the Yerevan government instructed Alexander Khatisian to open talks with the Turks at Alexandropol and to appoint a team headed "}, {"id": "Q7879226", "label": "Drastamat Kanayan", "section": "History - Sovietization", "says": "However, \"the Turks rejected any Russian interference.\" By the end of November, the 11th Red Army had entered the Armenian republic and announced that \"Armenia's salvation lay in becoming a Bolshevik state\" and \"cutting its ties to the West.\" Faced with a dire situation, the Yerevan government instructed Alexander Khatisian to open talks with the Turks at Alexandropol and to appoint a team headed "}, {"id": "Q1390561", "label": "Alexander Miasnikian", "section": "History - New Economic Policy", "says": "Convinced that the heavy-handed tactics of the Revkom were the source of popular discontent in Armenia, in 1921, Lenin appointed Alexander Miasnikian, an experienced administrator, to carry out a more moderate policy and one better attuned to Armenian national sensibilities."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "History - Stalinism and the Great Purge", "says": "Politically, Stalin's ally in Georgia, Lavrentiy Beria, sought to consolidate his control over the Caucasus, resulting in a power struggle with Armenian First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian."}, {"id": "Q4692397", "label": "Aghasi Khanjian", "section": "History - Stalinism and the Great Purge", "says": "Politically, Stalin's ally in Georgia, Lavrentiy Beria, sought to consolidate his control over the Caucasus, resulting in a power struggle with Armenian First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian."}, {"id": "Q12880107", "label": "Amatuni Amatuni", "section": "History - Stalinism and the Great Purge", "says": "At first, Beria framed Khanjian's death as \"suicide,\" but soon condemned him for abetting \"rabid nationalist elements among the Armenian intelligentsia.\"\nAfter Khanjian's death, Beria promoted his loyalists in Armenia—Amatuni Amatuni as Armenian First Secretary and Khachik Mughdusi [hy] as chief of the Armenian NKVD."}, {"id": "Q152738", "label": "Anastas Mikoyan", "section": "History - Stalinism and the Great Purge", "says": "In response, in September 1937, he sent Georgy Malenkov, Mikhail Litvin [ru], and later Anastas Mikoyan to oversee a purge of the Communist Party of Armenia."}, {"id": "Q4070476", "label": "Grigory Arutinov", "section": "History - Stalinism and the Great Purge", "says": "The trip also resulted in the appointment of a new Armenian Party leadership, headed by Grigory Arutinov, who was approved by Beria."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War", "says": "Armenia was spared the devastation and destruction that wrought most of the western Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War of World War II."}, {"id": "Q981449", "label": "Ivan Isakov", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War", "says": "Over 60 Armenians were promoted to the rank of general, while one attained the rank of Admiral (Ivan Isakov) and three achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union (Ivan Bagramyan, Hamazasp Babadzhanian, and Sergei Khudyakov)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War", "says": "At the end of the war, after the capitulation of Nazi Germany, the Soviet government attempted to annul the Treaty of Kars, allowing it to regain the provinces of Kars, Ardahan, Artvin, and Surmalu."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "History - Great Patriotic War", "says": "On 7 June 1945, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the disputed provinces should be returned to Soviet Union in the name of both the Armenian and Georgian Soviet Republics."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Khrushchev Thaw", "says": "Armenia underwent significant social and cultural change in the aftermath of Stalin's death in 1953 and the emergence of Nikita Khrushchev as the new Soviet leader."}, {"id": "Q4459254", "label": "Suren Tovmasyan", "section": "History - Khrushchev Thaw", "says": "At the same congress, Armenia's new First Secretary, Suren Tovmasyan, praised Charents and \"recalled the poet's quote casting Moscow as the 'center of the world.'\" During the unfolding Khrushchev Thaw, the Soviet leadership loosened political restrictions and began a campaign of de-Stalinization."}, {"id": "Q8047172", "label": "Yakov Zarobyan", "section": "History - Khrushchev Thaw", "says": "During the Thaw, the government of Armenian First Secretary Yakov Zarobyan, advised by Mikoyan, persuaded Khrushchev to support the construction of the Arpa–Sevan tunnel to save the lake."}, {"id": "Q765165", "label": "Leonid Brezhnev", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "After Leonid Brezhnev assumed power in 1964, Khrushchev's reforms were partly curtailed."}, {"id": "Q1280744", "label": "Vardan Mamikonian", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "The government likewise approved the creation of monuments dedicated to popular Armenian figures, like Yervand Kochar's statues of the fifth-century military commander Vardan Mamikonian and the folk hero David of Sassoun."}, {"id": "Q3618853", "label": "Anton Kochinyan", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "A new intelligentsia emerged in Armenia that rejected the prevailing situation, and felt that \"the corruption, emigration of talented individuals, pollution and general loss of ethics\" had put the republic \"on the road to disaster.\" This sentiment resulted in the removal of Armenian First Secretary Anton Kochinyan and the promotion of Karen Demirchyan, whose main prerogative was to \"clean up the r"}, {"id": "Q1729248", "label": "Karen Demirchyan", "section": "History - Brezhnev era", "says": "A new intelligentsia emerged in Armenia that rejected the prevailing situation, and felt that \"the corruption, emigration of talented individuals, pollution and general loss of ethics\" had put the republic \"on the road to disaster.\" This sentiment resulted in the removal of Armenian First Secretary Anton Kochinyan and the promotion of Karen Demirchyan, whose main prerogative was to \"clean up the r"}, {"id": "Q76986", "label": "Belovezh Accords", "section": "History - Glasnost and perestroika", "says": "The republic's independence became official with the Belovezha Accords and the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, making Armenia a sovereign, independent state."}], "Q13695": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Tlaxcaltec and the Spanish in 1521."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, it was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas."}, {"id": "Q141791", "label": "Moctezuma II", "section": "History - Conquest", "says": "When Cortés and his men invaded Tenochtitlan, Moctezuma II chose to welcome Cortés as an ambassador rather than risk a war which might quickly be joined by aggrieved indigenous people."}, {"id": "Q210900", "label": "Pedro de Alvarado", "section": "History - Conquest", "says": "The Spanish leader, Pedro de Alvarado, who was left in charge, worried that the natives planned a surprise attack."}, {"id": "Q351751", "label": "Axayacatl", "section": "History - Ruins", "says": "This sculpture was carved around 1470 under the rule of King Axayacatl, the predecessor of Tizoc, and is said to tell the history of the Mexicas and to prophesy the future."}], "Q169705": [{"id": "Q453449", "label": "Liu Xin", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the traditional chronology, based upon calculations by Liu Xin, the Xia ruled between 2205 and 1766 BC."}], "Q69808": [{"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy, lit. 'Vichy regime'; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), also known as the Pétainist regime (Régime pétainiste) and Pétainist France, officially the French State (État français), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of German victory in the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy, lit. 'Vichy regime'; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), also known as the Pétainist regime (Régime pétainiste) and Pétainist France, officially the French State (État français), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of German victory in the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q151340", "label": "Battle of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy, lit. 'Vichy regime'; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), also known as the Pétainist regime (Régime pétainiste) and Pétainist France, officially the French State (État français), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of German victory in the Battle of France."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under the harsh terms of the 1940 armistice with Nazi Germany, it adopted a policy of collaboration."}, {"id": "Q161076", "label": "Paul Reynaud", "section": "lead", "says": "Paul Reynaud resigned as Prime Minister rather than sign an armistice, and was replaced by Marshal Philippe Pétain."}, {"id": "Q170360", "label": "Armistice of 22 June 1940", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the Armistice of 22 June 1940."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The state and tightly controlled media promoted antisemitism and racism, Anglophobia, and, after Operation Barbarossa started in June 1941, anti-Sovietism."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1940, during a meeting with Adolf Hitler in Montoire-sur-le-Loir, Pétain officially announced the policy of collaboration with Germany whilst maintaining overall neutrality in the war."}, {"id": "Q274344", "label": "Édouard Herriot", "section": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government", "says": "Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but Mayor Édouard Herriot was too associated with the Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q151983", "label": "Pierre Laval", "section": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government", "says": "Pierre Laval and Raphaël Alibert began their campaign to convince the assembled senators and deputies to vote full powers to Pétain."}, {"id": "Q213526", "label": "Édouard Daladier", "section": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government", "says": "They were aided by the absence of popular, charismatic figures who might have opposed them, such as Georges Mandel and Édouard Daladier, who were then aboard the ship Massilia on their way to North Africa and exile."}, {"id": "Q18434", "label": "Léon Blum", "section": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government", "says": "Léon Blum, who voted no, wrote three months later that Laval's \"obvious objective was to cut all the roots that bound France to its republican and revolutionary past."}, {"id": "Q165006", "label": "Fernand de Brinon", "section": "Decline of the regime", "says": "After both Pétain and Laval refused to cooperate, Fernand de Brinon was selected by the Germans to establish a pseudo-government in exile at Sigmaringen."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "Decline of the regime", "says": "The enclave had its own radio station (Radio-patrie, Ici la France) and official press (La France, Le Petit Parisien), and hosted the embassies of Axis powers Germany and Japan, as well as an Italian Social Republic consulate."}, {"id": "Q151820", "label": "Louis-Ferdinand Céline", "section": "Decline of the regime", "says": "The population of the enclave was about 6,000, including known collaborationist journalists, the writers Louis-Ferdinand Céline and Lucien Rebatet, the actor Robert Le Vigan, and their families, as well as 500 soldiers, 700 French SS, prisoners of war and French civilian forced labourers."}, {"id": "Q964776", "label": "Lucien Rebatet", "section": "Decline of the regime", "says": "The population of the enclave was about 6,000, including known collaborationist journalists, the writers Louis-Ferdinand Céline and Lucien Rebatet, the actor Robert Le Vigan, and their families, as well as 500 soldiers, 700 French SS, prisoners of war and French civilian forced labourers."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Decline of the regime", "says": "The end came within days, and by the 26th, Pétain was in the hands of French authorities in Switzerland while Laval had fled to Spain."}], "Q160440": [{"id": "Q379718", "label": "Hacı I Giray", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state established by Hacı I Giray existing from 1441 to 1783."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Pre-history", "says": "In the 11th century, Cumans (Kipchaks) appeared in Crimea; they later became the ruling and state-forming people of the Golden Horde and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "History - Pre-history", "says": "The first formally recognized ruler in the Crimea is considered Aran-Timur, the nephew of Batu Khan of the Golden Horde, who received this area from Mengu-Timur, and the first center of the Crimea was the ancient city Qırım (Solhat)."}, {"id": "Q448095", "label": "Mengu-Timur", "section": "History - Pre-history", "says": "The first formally recognized ruler in the Crimea is considered Aran-Timur, the nephew of Batu Khan of the Golden Horde, who received this area from Mengu-Timur, and the first center of the Crimea was the ancient city Qırım (Solhat)."}, {"id": "Q379723", "label": "Nogai Khan", "section": "History - Pre-history", "says": "An example is the well-known campaign of the Nogai Khan in 1299, which resulted in a number of Crimean cities suffering."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Pre-history", "says": "There are legends that, in the 14th century, the Crimea was repeatedly ravaged by the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "History - Pre-history", "says": "Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas broke the Tatar army in 1363 near the mouth of the Dnieper, and then invaded the Crimea, devastated Chersonesos and seized valuable church objects there."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "At that time, the Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire had governed the Crimean peninsula as an ulus since 1239, with its capital at Qirim (Staryi Krym)."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The local separatists invited a Genghisid contender for the Golden Horde throne, Hacı Giray, to become their khan."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Hacı Giray accepted their invitation and travelled from exile in Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q379724", "label": "Meñli I Giray", "section": "History - Ottoman protectorate", "says": "The Ottomans intervened and installed one of the sons, Meñli I Giray, on the throne."}, {"id": "Q874954", "label": "Principality of Theodoro", "section": "History - Ottoman protectorate", "says": "Menli I Giray, took the imperial title \"Sovereign of Two Continents and Khan of Khans of Two Seas.\"\nIn 1475 the Ottoman forces, under the command of Gedik Ahmet Pasha, conquered the Greek Principality of Theodoro and the Genoese colonies at Cembalo, Soldaia, and Caffa (modern Feodosiya)."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Ottoman protectorate", "says": "The Empire annexed the Crimean coast but recognized the legitimacy of the khanate rule of the steppes, as the khans were descendants of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q551841", "label": "Mehmed I Giray", "section": "History - Ottoman protectorate", "says": "Later on, Crimea lost power in this relationship as the result of a crisis in 1523, during the reign of Meñli's successor, Mehmed I Giray."}, {"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "History - Victory over the Golden Horde", "says": "In 1502, Meñli I Giray defeated the last khan of the Great Horde, which put an end to the Horde's claims on Crimea."}, {"id": "Q559150", "label": "Sahib I Giray", "section": "History - Victory over the Golden Horde", "says": "Later, the capital was moved a short distance to Bahçeseray, founded in 1532 by Sahib I Giray."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Slave trade", "says": "Author and historian Brian Glyn Williams writes:\n\n Fisher estimates that in the sixteenth century the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost around 20,000 individuals a year and that from 1474 to 1694, as many as a million Commonwealth citizens were carried off into Crimean slavery."}, {"id": "Q2418795", "label": "Zaporizhian Sich", "section": "History - Alliances and conflicts with Poland and Zaporozhian Cossacks", "says": "At times Crimean Khanate made alliances with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Zaporizhian Sich."}, {"id": "Q344132", "label": "İslâm III Giray", "section": "History - Alliances and conflicts with Poland and Zaporozhian Cossacks", "says": "The assistance of İslâm III Giray during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 contributed greatly to the initial momentum of military successes for the Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "History - Alliances and conflicts with Poland and Zaporozhian Cossacks", "says": "The assistance of İslâm III Giray during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 contributed greatly to the initial momentum of military successes for the Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "History - Struggle with Muscovy", "says": "In the middle of the 16th century, the Crimean Khanate asserted a claim to be the successor to the Golden Horde, which entailed asserting the right of rule over the Tatar khanates of the Caspian-Volga region, particularly the Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q735719", "label": "Devlet I Giray", "section": "History - Struggle with Muscovy", "says": "A successful campaign by Devlet I Giray upon the Russian capital in 1571 culminated in the burning of Moscow, and he thereby gained the sobriquet, That Alğan (seizer of the throne)."}, {"id": "Q1760784", "label": "Battle of Molodi", "section": "History - Struggle with Muscovy", "says": "The following year, however, the Crimean Khanate lost access to the Volga once and for all due to its catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Molodi."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "History - Struggle with Muscovy", "says": "Don Cossacks reached lower Don, Donets and Azov by the 1580s and thus became the north-eastern neighbours of the khanate."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "History - Relationship with Nogais", "says": "That land, however, was not uncontested pasture, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde."}, {"id": "Q1408764", "label": "Circassia", "section": "History - Relationship with Circassians", "says": "Circassian mercenaries and recruits played an important role in the khan's armies, khans often married Circassian women and it was a custom for young Crimean princes to spend time in Circassia training in the art of warfare."}, {"id": "Q202308", "label": "Evliya Çelebi", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The Turkish traveler writer Evliya Çelebi mentions the impact of Cossack raids from Azak upon the territories of the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "By the late 17th century, Russia became too strong for Crimean Khan to pillage and the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) outlawed further raids."}, {"id": "Q4210248", "label": "Kalmyk Khanate", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In the first half of the 17th century, Kalmyks formed the Kalmyk Khanate in the Lower Volga and under Ayuka Khan conducted many military expeditions against the Crimean Khanate and Nogays."}, {"id": "Q743778", "label": "Ayuka Khan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In the first half of the 17th century, Kalmyks formed the Kalmyk Khanate in the Lower Volga and under Ayuka Khan conducted many military expeditions against the Crimean Khanate and Nogays."}], "Q70972": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 16th to the 18th centuries, the French colonial empire stretched from a total area at its peak in 1680 to over 10 million square kilometres (3.9 million square miles), the second-largest empire in the world at the time behind the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of France was descended directly from the western Frankish realm of the Carolingian Empire, which was ceded to Charles the Bald with the Treaty of Verdun (843)."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of France was descended directly from the western Frankish realm of the Carolingian Empire, which was ceded to Charles the Bald with the Treaty of Verdun (843)."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of France was descended directly from the western Frankish realm of the Carolingian Empire, which was ceded to Charles the Bald with the Treaty of Verdun (843)."}, {"id": "Q159575", "label": "Hugh Capet of France", "section": "lead", "says": "A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987, when Hugh Capet was elected king and founded the Capetian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The first king calling himself rex Francie ('King of France') was Philip II, in 1190, and officially from 1204."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "From then, France was continuously ruled by the Capetians and their cadet lines under the Valois and Bourbon until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of France was also ruled in personal union with the Kingdom of Navarre over two time periods, 1284–1328 and 1572–1620, after which the institutions of Navarre were abolished and it was fully annexed by France (though the King of France continued to use the title \"King of Navarre\" through the end of the monarchy)."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Late Middle Ages, rivalry between the Capetian dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of France and their vassals the House of Plantagenet, who also ruled the Kingdom of England as part of their so-called competing Angevin Empire, resulted in many armed struggles."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Late Middle Ages, rivalry between the Capetian dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of France and their vassals the House of Plantagenet, who also ruled the Kingdom of England as part of their so-called competing Angevin Empire, resulted in many armed struggles."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Late Middle Ages, rivalry between the Capetian dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of France and their vassals the House of Plantagenet, who also ruled the Kingdom of England as part of their so-called competing Angevin Empire, resulted in many armed struggles."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The most notorious of them all are the series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) in which the kings of Engla"}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "Political history - West Francia", "says": "The Treaty of Verdun of 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts, with Charles the Bald ruling over West Francia, the nucleus of what would develop into the kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "Political history - West Francia", "says": "Charles the Bald was also crowned King of Lotharingia after the death of Lothair II in 869, but in the Treaty of Meerssen (870) was forced to cede much of Lotharingia to his brothers, retaining the Rhône and Meuse basins (including Verdun, Vienne and Besançon) but leaving the Rhineland with Aachen, Metz, and Trier in East Francia."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "Political history - West Francia", "says": "Charles the Bald was also crowned King of Lotharingia after the death of Lothair II in 869, but in the Treaty of Meerssen (870) was forced to cede much of Lotharingia to his brothers, retaining the Rhône and Meuse basins (including Verdun, Vienne and Besançon) but leaving the Rhineland with Aachen, Metz, and Trier in East Francia."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "Political history - West Francia", "says": "Charles the Bald was also crowned King of Lotharingia after the death of Lothair II in 869, but in the Treaty of Meerssen (870) was forced to cede much of Lotharingia to his brothers, retaining the Rhône and Meuse basins (including Verdun, Vienne and Besançon) but leaving the Rhineland with Aachen, Metz, and Trier in East Francia."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Political history - West Francia", "says": "Charles the Bald was also crowned King of Lotharingia after the death of Lothair II in 869, but in the Treaty of Meerssen (870) was forced to cede much of Lotharingia to his brothers, retaining the Rhône and Meuse basins (including Verdun, Vienne and Besançon) but leaving the Rhineland with Aachen, Metz, and Trier in East Francia."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "Political history - West Francia", "says": "During the reign of Charles the Simple (898–922), Vikings under Rollo from Scandinavia settled along the Seine, downstream from Paris, in a region that came to be known as Normandy."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Political history - High Middle Ages", "says": "The area around the lower Seine became a source of particular concern when Duke William of Normandy took possession of the Kingdom of England by the Norman Conquest of 1066, making himself and his heirs the king's equal outside France (where he was still nominally subject to the Crown)."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Political history - High Middle Ages", "says": "Henry II inherited the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Anjou, and married France's newly single ex-queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, who ruled much of southwest France, in 1152."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "Political history - High Middle Ages", "says": "Henry II inherited the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Anjou, and married France's newly single ex-queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, who ruled much of southwest France, in 1152."}, {"id": "Q2991084", "label": "county of Anjou", "section": "Political history - High Middle Ages", "says": "Henry II inherited the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Anjou, and married France's newly single ex-queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, who ruled much of southwest France, in 1152."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "Political history - High Middle Ages", "says": "Henry II inherited the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Anjou, and married France's newly single ex-queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, who ruled much of southwest France, in 1152."}, {"id": "Q830626", "label": "Battle of Bouvines", "section": "Political history - High Middle Ages", "says": "After the French victory at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, the English monarchs maintained power only in southwestern Duchy of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Political history - High Middle Ages", "says": "After the French victory at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, the English monarchs maintained power only in southwestern Duchy of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q174964", "label": "Charles IV of France", "section": "Political history - Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War", "says": "The death of Charles IV of France in 1328 without male heirs ended the main Capetian line."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Political history - Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War", "says": "Under Salic law the crown could not pass through a woman (Philip IV's daughter was Isabella, whose son was Edward III of England), so the throne passed to Philip VI, son of Charles of Valois."}, {"id": "Q270438", "label": "Charles of Valois", "section": "Political history - Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War", "says": "Under Salic law the crown could not pass through a woman (Philip IV's daughter was Isabella, whose son was Edward III of England), so the throne passed to Philip VI, son of Charles of Valois."}, {"id": "Q1021160", "label": "Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War", "section": "Political history - Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War", "says": "The following century was to see devastating warfare, the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, peasant revolts (the English peasants' revolt of 1381 and the Jacquerie of 1358 in France) and the growth of nationalism in both countries."}, {"id": "Q7126013", "label": "Jacquerie", "section": "Political history - Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War", "says": "The following century was to see devastating warfare, the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, peasant revolts (the English peasants' revolt of 1381 and the Jacquerie of 1358 in France) and the growth of nationalism in both countries."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Political history - Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War", "says": "The losses of the century of war were enormous, particularly owing to the plague (the Black Death, usually considered an outbreak of bubonic plague), which arrived from Italy in 1348, spreading rapidly up the Rhône valley and thence across most of the country: it is estimated that a population of some 18–20 million in modern-day France at the time of the 1328 hearth tax returns had been reduced 15"}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "Political history - Italian Wars", "says": "After the Hundred Years' War, Charles VIII of France signed three additional treaties with Henry VII of England, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II of Aragon respectively at Étaples (1492), Senlis (1493) and Barcelona (1493)."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Political history - Italian Wars", "says": "After the Hundred Years' War, Charles VIII of France signed three additional treaties with Henry VII of England, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II of Aragon respectively at Étaples (1492), Senlis (1493) and Barcelona (1493)."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Political history - Italian Wars", "says": "After the Hundred Years' War, Charles VIII of France signed three additional treaties with Henry VII of England, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II of Aragon respectively at Étaples (1492), Senlis (1493) and Barcelona (1493)."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "Political history - Italian Wars", "says": "These three treaties cleared the way for France to undertake the long Italian Wars (1494–1559), which marked the beginning of early modern France."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Political history - Italian Wars", "says": "French efforts to gain dominance resulted only in the increased power of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "Political history - Wars of Religion", "says": "A growing urban-based Protestant minority (later dubbed Huguenots) faced ever harsher repression under the rule of Francis I's son King Henry II."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "Political history - Wars of Religion", "says": "Renewed Catholic reaction headed by the powerful dukes of Guise culminated in a massacre of Huguenots (1572), starting the first of the French Wars of Religion, during which English, German and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces."}, {"id": "Q3778623", "label": "War of the Three Henrys", "section": "Political history - Wars of Religion", "says": "The Wars of Religion culminated in the War of the Three Henrys in which Henry III assassinated Henry de Guise, leader of the Spanish-backed Catholic League, and the king was murdered in return."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Political history - Wars of Religion", "says": "After the assassination of both Henry of Guise (1588) and Henry III (1589), the conflict was ended by the accession of the Protestant king of Navarre as Henry IV (first king of the Bourbon dynasty) and his subsequent abandonment of Protestantism (Expedient of 1592) effective in 1593, his acceptance by most of the Catholic establishment (1594) and by the Pope (1595), and his issue of the toleration"}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "Political history - Colonial France", "says": "France was expansive during all but the end of the seventeenth century: the French began trading in India and Madagascar, founded Quebec and penetrated the North American Great Lakes and Mississippi, established plantation economies in the West Indies and extended their trade contacts in the Levant and enlarged their merchant marine."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister (1624–1642) Cardinal Richelieu elaborated a policy against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which had broken out in Germany."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister (1624–1642) Cardinal Richelieu elaborated a policy against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which had broken out in Germany."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister (1624–1642) Cardinal Richelieu elaborated a policy against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which had broken out in Germany."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister (1624–1642) Cardinal Richelieu elaborated a policy against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which had broken out in Germany."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde (1648–1653) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q151209", "label": "Anne of Austria", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde (1648–1653) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde (1648–1653) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde (1648–1653) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "The Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) formalised France's seizure (1642) of the Spanish territory of Roussillon after the crushing of the ephemeral Catalan Republic and ushered a short period of peace."}, {"id": "Q42345047", "label": "Catalan Republic", "section": "Political history - Thirty Years' War", "says": "The Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) formalised France's seizure (1642) of the Spanish territory of Roussillon after the crushing of the ephemeral Catalan Republic and ushered a short period of peace."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "Political history - Administrative structures", "says": "The Ancien Régime, a French term rendered in English as \"Old Rule\", or simply \"Former Regime\", refers primarily to the aristocratic, social and political system of early modern France under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Political history - Louis XIV, the Sun King", "says": "For most of the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), (\"The Sun King\"), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Cardinal Richelieu's successor as the King's chief minister, (1642–61) Cardinal Jules Mazarin, (1602–1661)."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "Political history - Louis XIV, the Sun King", "says": "Renewed wars (the War of Devolution, 1667–1668 and the Franco-Dutch War, 1672–1678) brought further territorial gains (Artois and western Flanders and the free County of Burgundy, previously left to the Empire in 1482), but at the cost of the increasingly concerted opposition of rival royal powers, and a legacy of an increasingly enormous national debt."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "Political history - Louis XIV, the Sun King", "says": "Renewed wars (the War of Devolution, 1667–1668 and the Franco-Dutch War, 1672–1678) brought further territorial gains (Artois and western Flanders and the free County of Burgundy, previously left to the Empire in 1482), but at the cost of the increasingly concerted opposition of rival royal powers, and a legacy of an increasingly enormous national debt."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "Political history - Louis XIV, the Sun King", "says": "Renewed wars (the War of Devolution, 1667–1668 and the Franco-Dutch War, 1672–1678) brought further territorial gains (Artois and western Flanders and the free County of Burgundy, previously left to the Empire in 1482), but at the cost of the increasingly concerted opposition of rival royal powers, and a legacy of an increasingly enormous national debt."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "Political history - Dissent and revolution", "says": "The reign (1715–1774) of Louis XV saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the regency (1715–1723) of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, whose policies were largely continued (1726–1743) by Cardinal Fleury, prime minister in all but name."}, {"id": "Q155596", "label": "Philippe II, Duke of Orléans", "section": "Political history - Dissent and revolution", "says": "The reign (1715–1774) of Louis XV saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the regency (1715–1723) of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, whose policies were largely continued (1726–1743) by Cardinal Fleury, prime minister in all but name."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Political history - Dissent and revolution", "says": "Large-scale warfare resumed with the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Political history - Dissent and revolution", "says": "But alliance with the traditional Habsburg enemy (the \"Diplomatic Revolution\" of 1756) against the rising power of Britain and Prussia led to costly failure in the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and the loss of France's North American colonies."}], "Q48685": [{"id": "Q3185305", "label": "United Kingdom of Israel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hebrew Bible depicts the Kingdom of Judah as one of the two successor states of the United Kingdom of Israel, a term denoting the united monarchy under biblical kings Saul, David, and Solomon and covering the territory of Judah and Israel."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under Neo-Assyrian vassalage despite Hezekiah's revolt against the Assyrian king Sennacherib."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the final fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, competition emerged between Saite Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire over control of the Levant, ultimately resulting in Judah's rapid decline."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the final fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, competition emerged between Saite Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire over control of the Levant, ultimately resulting in Judah's rapid decline."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 587 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II engaged in a siege of Jerusalem, ultimately destroying the city and ending the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "A large number of Judeans were deported to Babylonia, while others died in the war or fled the country; the fallen kingdom was annexed as a Babylonian province."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenid Empire, t"}], "Q71084": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 6 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the \"First Empire\" to distinguish it from the restorationist Second Empire (1852–1870) ruled by his nephew Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q877619", "label": "French Consulate", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français, pronounced [ɑ̃pʁœʁ de fʁɑ̃sɛ]) by the French Sénat conservateur and was crowned on 2 December 1804 (11 Frimaire year XIII), signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français, pronounced [ɑ̃pʁœʁ de fʁɑ̃sɛ]) by the French Sénat conservateur and was crowned on 2 December 1804 (11 Frimaire year XIII), signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through the War of the Third Coalition, where French armies scored a string of decisive victories against Austrian and Russian forces, most notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through the War of the Third Coalition, where French armies scored a string of decisive victories against Austrian and Russian forces, most notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807, before Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia led to the near complete loss of his army, and the French empire started to collapse in 1814 amidst the severe depletion of its army and a mounting invasion from all sides by several countries."}, {"id": "Q154426", "label": "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt", "section": "lead", "says": "French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807, before Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia led to the near complete loss of his army, and the French empire started to collapse in 1814 amidst the severe depletion of its army and a mounting invasion from all sides by several countries."}, {"id": "Q241108", "label": "Battle of Friedland", "section": "lead", "says": "French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807, before Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia led to the near complete loss of his army, and the French empire started to collapse in 1814 amidst the severe depletion of its army and a mounting invasion from all sides by several countries."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, Napoleon managed to briefly restore the French empire before he was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland."}, {"id": "Q294344", "label": "Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès—one of five Directors constituting the executive branch of the French government—who sought his support for a coup d'état to overthrow the Constitution of the Year III."}, {"id": "Q1663883", "label": "Roger Ducos", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The plot included Bonaparte's brother Lucien, then serving as speaker of the Council of Five Hundred, Roger Ducos, another Director, and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800) inaugurated the political idea that was to continue its development until Napoleon's Russian campaign."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "He gradually extended his authority in Italy by annexing the Piedmont and by acquiring Genoa, Parma, Tuscany, and Naples, and added this Italian territory to the Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q1428015", "label": "Concordat of 1801", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Then he laid siege to the Roman state and initiated the Concordat of 1801 to control the material claims of the Pope."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "When he recognised his error of raising the authority of the Pope from that of a figurehead, Napoleon produced the Articles Organiques (1802) with the goal of becoming the legal protector of the papacy, like Charlemagne."}, {"id": "Q310767", "label": "Lazare Carnot", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "On 12 May 1802, the French Tribunat voted unanimously, with the exception of Lazare Carnot, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "In the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old Holy Roman Empire and created in southern Germany the vassal states of Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Saxony, which were reorganised into the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "In the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old Holy Roman Empire and created in southern Germany the vassal states of Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Saxony, which were reorganised into the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q7729", "label": "Louis Bonaparte", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q212278", "label": "Kingdom of Holland", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; adopted son Eugène de Beauharnai"}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "The Treaties of Tilsit ended the war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much power as the rest of Europe."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "France pledged to aid Russia against the Ottoman Empire, while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against Britain."}, {"id": "Q2441248", "label": "Anglo-Russian War", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the Anglo-Russian War and to instigate the Finnish War against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System."}, {"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the Anglo-Russian War and to instigate the Finnish War against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System."}, {"id": "Q314339", "label": "Fyodor Ushakov", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "The Ionian Islands and Cattaro, which had been captured by Russian admirals Fyodor Ushakov and Dmitry Senyavin, were to be handed over to the French."}, {"id": "Q638642", "label": "Dmitry Senyavin", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "The Ionian Islands and Cattaro, which had been captured by Russian admirals Fyodor Ushakov and Dmitry Senyavin, were to be handed over to the French."}, {"id": "Q697084", "label": "Duchy of Oldenburg", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the Duchy of Oldenburg and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory: Cottbus was given to Saxony, the left bank of the Elbe was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia, Białystok was given to Russia, and the rest of the Polish lands in Prussian possession were set up as the Duchy of Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q124754", "label": "Pius VII", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centred around Pius VII renewing the theocratic affirmations of Pope Gregory VII."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centred around Pius VII renewing the theocratic affirmations of Pope Gregory VII."}, {"id": "Q353907", "label": "Jean-Andoche Junot", "section": "History - Height of the Empire", "says": "The emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the Marches, and by the entry of General Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis into Rome; while General Jean-Andoche Junot invaded Portugal, Marshal Murat took control of formerly Roman Spain as Regent."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Intrigues and unrest", "says": "Napoleon, though he underrated it, soon felt his failure in coping with the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q152782", "label": "Caroline Bonaparte", "section": "History - Intrigues and unrest", "says": "Caroline Bonaparte conspired against her brother and against her husband Murat; the hypochondriac Louis, now Dutch in his sympathies, found the supervision of the blockade taken from him, and also the defence of the Scheldt, which he had refused to ensure."}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "History - Intrigues and unrest", "says": "Talleyrand betrayed his designs to Klemens von Metternich and suffered dismissal."}, {"id": "Q216958", "label": "Joseph Fouché", "section": "History - Intrigues and unrest", "says": "Joseph Fouché, corresponding with Austria in 1809 and 1810, entered into an understanding with Louis and also with Britain, while Louis Antoine de Bourrienne was convicted of speculation."}, {"id": "Q296023", "label": "Jean-de-Dieu Soult", "section": "History - Intrigues and unrest", "says": "Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Intrigues and unrest", "says": "Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "History - Last days", "says": "King Louis XVIII sent Marshal Michel Ney to arrest him."}, {"id": "Q40756", "label": "Michel Ney", "section": "History - Last days", "says": "King Louis XVIII sent Marshal Michel Ney to arrest him."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "History - Last days", "says": "Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying \"If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!\" Instead of firing, the soldiers went to join Napoleon's side shouting \"Vive l'Empereur!\"; \"Long live the Emperor!\" Napoleon retook the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the empire in the \"Hundred Days\"."}], "Q128904": [{"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC)", "says": "Elamite history can only be traced from records dating to beginning of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) onwards."}, {"id": "Q352544", "label": "Eannatum", "section": "History - Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)", "says": "Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and Hamazi; and likewise, several of the stronger Sumerian rulers, such as Eannatum of Lagash and Lugal-anne-mundu of Adab, are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - Awan dynasty", "says": "The Awan dynasty (2350–2150 BC) was partly contemporary with that of the Mesopotamian emperor Sargon of Akkad, who not only defeated the Awan king Luh-ishan and subjected Susa, but attempted to make the East Semitic Akkadian the official language there."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Sukkalmah dynasty", "says": "1770 BC) after \"Great regents\", the title borne by its members, also called the Epartid dynasty after the name of its founder Ebarat/ Eparti, was roughly contemporary with the Old Assyrian Empire, and Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia, being younger by approximately sixty years than the Akkadian-speaking Old Assyrian Empire in Upper Mesopotamia, and almost seventy-five years older than the Old "}, {"id": "Q733897", "label": "Old Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Sukkalmah dynasty", "says": "1770 BC) after \"Great regents\", the title borne by its members, also called the Epartid dynasty after the name of its founder Ebarat/ Eparti, was roughly contemporary with the Old Assyrian Empire, and Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia, being younger by approximately sixty years than the Akkadian-speaking Old Assyrian Empire in Upper Mesopotamia, and almost seventy-five years older than the Old "}, {"id": "Q1311757", "label": "Kudur-Mabuk", "section": "History - Sukkalmah dynasty", "says": "Around 1850 BC Kudur-Mabuk, apparently king of another Akkadian state to the north of Larsa, managed to install his son, Warad-Sin, on the throne of Larsa, and Warad-Sin's brother, Rim-Sin, succeeded him and conquered much of southern Mesopotamia for Larsa."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Sukkalmah dynasty", "says": "Siruk-tuh was the king of Elam when Hammurabi first ruled, he and later kings of the Elamite dynasty were referred to as \"great king\" and \"father\" by kings in Syria and Mesopotamia and were the only kings that the Mesopotamian Kings considered to be higher in status than themselves."}, {"id": "Q254523", "label": "Shamshi-Adad I", "section": "History - Sukkalmah dynasty", "says": "Siwe-Palar-Khuppak, who for some time was the most powerful person in the area, respectfully addressed as \"Father\" by Mesopotamian kings such as Zimrilim of Mari, Shamshi-Adad I of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, and even Hammurabi of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "History - Trade with the Indus Valley Civilization", "says": "Trade between the Indus Valley Civilization and the cities of Mesopotamia and Elam can be inferred from numerous find of Indus artifacts, particularly in the excavation at Susa."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "The Kassites were also a language isolate speaking people from the Zagros Mountains who had taken Babylonia shortly after its sacking by the Hittite Empire in 1595 BC."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "The Kassites were also a language isolate speaking people from the Zagros Mountains who had taken Babylonia shortly after its sacking by the Hittite Empire in 1595 BC."}, {"id": "Q521577", "label": "Kurigalzu II", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "The Kassite king of Babylon Kurigalzu II who had been installed on the throne by Ashur-uballit I of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366–1020 BC), temporarily occupied Elam around 1320 BC, and later (c."}, {"id": "Q299468", "label": "Ashur-uballit I", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "The Kassite king of Babylon Kurigalzu II who had been installed on the throne by Ashur-uballit I of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366–1020 BC), temporarily occupied Elam around 1320 BC, and later (c."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "The Kassite king of Babylon Kurigalzu II who had been installed on the throne by Ashur-uballit I of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366–1020 BC), temporarily occupied Elam around 1320 BC, and later (c."}, {"id": "Q736190", "label": "Kashtiliash IV", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "1230 BC) another Kassite king, Kashtiliash IV, fought Elam unsuccessfully."}, {"id": "Q2620220", "label": "Enlil-nadin-shumi", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "Kiddin-Khutran of Elam repulsed the Kassites by defeating Enlil-nadin-shumi in 1224 BC and Adad-shuma-iddina around 1222–1217 BC."}, {"id": "Q346620", "label": "Adad-shuma-iddina", "section": "History - Kassite invasions", "says": "Kiddin-Khutran of Elam repulsed the Kassites by defeating Enlil-nadin-shumi in 1224 BC and Adad-shuma-iddina around 1222–1217 BC."}, {"id": "Q136691", "label": "Zababa-shuma-iddina", "section": "History - Elamite Empire", "says": "In 1158 BC, after much of Babylonia had been annexed by Ashur-Dan I of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated the Kassites permanently, killing the Kassite king of Babylon, Zababa-shuma-iddin, and replacing him with his eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian-speaking Babylonians."}, {"id": "Q374567", "label": "Ashur-dan I", "section": "History - Elamite Empire", "says": "The Elamites then briefly came into conflict with Assyria, managing to take the Assyrian city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk) before being ultimately defeated and having a treaty forced upon them by Ashur-dan I."}, {"id": "Q12610", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar I", "section": "History - Elamite Empire", "says": "He was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the statue of Marduk, but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I."}, {"id": "Q521473", "label": "Ashur-resh-ishi I", "section": "History - Elamite Empire", "says": "He was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the statue of Marduk, but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I."}, {"id": "Q315465", "label": "Shamshi-Adad V", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite I (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)", "says": "There appear to have been unsuccessful alliances of Elamites, Babylonians, Chaldeans and other peoples against the powerful Neo Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC); the Babylonian king Mar-biti-apla-ushur (984–979 BC) was of Elamite origin, and Elamites are recorded to have fought unsuccessfully with the Babylonian king Marduk-balassu-iqbi against the Assyrian forces under Shamshi-Adad V (823–811 BC)."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)", "says": "These newly arrived Iranian peoples were also conquered by Assyria, and largely regarded as vassals of the Neo-Assyrian Empire until the late 7th century."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)", "says": "Humban-nikash I (743–717 BC) supported Merodach-baladan against Sargon II, apparently without success; while his successor, Shutruk-Nahhunte II (716–699 BC), was routed by Sargon's troops during an expedition in 710, and another Elamite defeat by Sargon's troops is recorded for 708."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)", "says": "The Assyrian dominion over Babylon was underlined by Sargon's son Sennacherib, who defeated the Elamites, Chaldeans and Babylonians and dethroned Merodach-baladan for a second time, installing his own son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the Babylonian throne in 700."}, {"id": "Q726871", "label": "Ashur-nadin-shumi", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)", "says": "The Assyrian dominion over Babylon was underlined by Sargon's son Sennacherib, who defeated the Elamites, Chaldeans and Babylonians and dethroned Merodach-baladan for a second time, installing his own son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the Babylonian throne in 700."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)", "says": "The devastation was a little less complete than Ashurbanipal boasted, and a weak and fragmented Elamite rule was resurrected soon after with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Humban-umena III (not to be confused with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Indada, a petty king in the first half of the 6th century)."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)", "says": "Cyaxares the king of the Medes, Persians, Parthians and Sagartians entered into an alliance with a coalition of fellow former vassals of Assyria, including Nabopolassar of Babylon and Chaldea, and also the Scythians and Cimmerians, against Sin-shar-ishkun of Assyria, who was faced with unremitting civil war in Assyria itself."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)", "says": "Cyaxares the king of the Medes, Persians, Parthians and Sagartians entered into an alliance with a coalition of fellow former vassals of Assyria, including Nabopolassar of Babylon and Chaldea, and also the Scythians and Cimmerians, against Sin-shar-ishkun of Assyria, who was faced with unremitting civil war in Assyria itself."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)", "says": "Cyaxares the king of the Medes, Persians, Parthians and Sagartians entered into an alliance with a coalition of fellow former vassals of Assyria, including Nabopolassar of Babylon and Chaldea, and also the Scythians and Cimmerians, against Sin-shar-ishkun of Assyria, who was faced with unremitting civil war in Assyria itself."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)", "says": "The major cities in Assyria itself were gradually taken; Arrapha (modern Kirkuk) and Kalhu (modern Nimrud) in 616 BC, Ashur, Dur-Sharrukin and Arbela (modern Erbil) in 613, Nineveh falling in 612, Harran in 608 BC, Carchemish in 605 BC, and finally Dur-Katlimmu by 599 BC."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)", "says": "Elam, already largely destroyed and subjugated by Assyria, thus became easy prey for the Median dominated Iranian peoples, and was incorporated into the Median Empire (612–546 BC) and then the succeeding Achaemenid Empire"}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)", "says": "Elymaïs was the location of the death of Antiochus III the Great who was killed while pillaging a temple of Bel in 187 BC."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)", "says": "Following the rise and fall of the Achaemenid Empire and the Seleucid Empire, a new dynasty of Elamite rulers established Elymais from 147 BC to 224 AD, usually under the suzerainty of the Parthian Empire, until the advent of the unified Sasanian Empire in 224 AD."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)", "says": "Following the rise and fall of the Achaemenid Empire and the Seleucid Empire, a new dynasty of Elamite rulers established Elymais from 147 BC to 224 AD, usually under the suzerainty of the Parthian Empire, until the advent of the unified Sasanian Empire in 224 AD."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)", "says": "Following the rise and fall of the Achaemenid Empire and the Seleucid Empire, a new dynasty of Elamite rulers established Elymais from 147 BC to 224 AD, usually under the suzerainty of the Parthian Empire, until the advent of the unified Sasanian Empire in 224 AD."}], "Q168811": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Kazakhstan, the Kazakh SSR, KSSR, or simply Kazakhstan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It shared borders with its fellow Soviet republics of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, while also sharing an international border with the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It shared borders with its fellow Soviet republics of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, while also sharing an international border with the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "It shared borders with its fellow Soviet republics of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, while also sharing an international border with the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q57394", "label": "Nūrsūltan Nazarbaev", "section": "lead", "says": "QKP first secretary Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected president in April of that year – a role he remained in until 2019."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 by the Soviet of the Republics."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal successor to the Kazakh SSR, was admitted to the United Nations on 2 March 1992."}, {"id": "Q1226580", "label": "Dinmukhamed Konayev", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "In 1986, the dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan by the last Soviet general secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev, proved to be highly controversial."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "In 1986, the dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan by the last Soviet general secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev, proved to be highly controversial."}, {"id": "Q883298", "label": "Jeltoqsan", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "Riots would break out for four days between 16 and 19 December 1986 [now known as Jeltoqsan] by student demonstrators in Brezhnev Square in the capital city, Alma-Ata."}], "Q620765": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Candaules", "says": "According to Herodotus, one of Lydus's descendants was Iardanus, with whom Heracles was in service at one time."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Gyges", "says": "Gyges's rise to power happened in the context of a period of turmoil following the invasion of the Cimmerians, a nomadic people from the Pontic steppe who had invaded Western Asia, who around 675 BC destroyed the previous major power in Anatolia, the kingdom of Phrygia."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Alyattes", "says": "Soon after Alyattes's ascension and early during his reign, with Assyrian approval and in alliance with the Lydians, the Scythians under their king Madyes entered Anatolia, expelled the Treres from Asia Minor, and defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat again, following which the Scythians extended their domination to Central Anatolia until they were themselves expelled"}, {"id": "Q537755", "label": "Polyaenus", "section": "History - Alyattes", "says": "This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes, whom Strabo credits with expelling the Treres and Cimmerians from Asia Minor, and of Alyattes, whom Herodotus and Polyaenus claim finally defeated the Cimmerians."}, {"id": "Q30648004", "label": "Battle of Halys", "section": "History - Alyattes", "says": "Alyattes's eastern conquests brought the Lydian Empire in conflict in the 590s BC with the Medes, and a war broke out between the Median and Lydian Empires in 590 BC which was waged in eastern Anatolia lasted five years, until a solar eclipse occurred in 585 BC during a battle (hence called the Battle of the Eclipse) opposing the Lydian and Median armies, which both sides interpreted as an omen to"}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "History - Alyattes", "says": "The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and the king Syennesis of Cilicia acted as mediators in the ensuing peace treaty, which was sealed by the marriage of the Median king Cyaxares's son Astyages with Alyattes's daughter Aryenis, and the possible wedding of a daughter of Cyaxares with either Alyattes or with his son Croesus."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "History - Alyattes", "says": "The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and the king Syennesis of Cilicia acted as mediators in the ensuing peace treaty, which was sealed by the marriage of the Median king Cyaxares's son Astyages with Alyattes's daughter Aryenis, and the possible wedding of a daughter of Cyaxares with either Alyattes or with his son Croesus."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Alyattes", "says": "The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and the king Syennesis of Cilicia acted as mediators in the ensuing peace treaty, which was sealed by the marriage of the Median king Cyaxares's son Astyages with Alyattes's daughter Aryenis, and the possible wedding of a daughter of Cyaxares with either Alyattes or with his son Croesus."}, {"id": "Q724307", "label": "Pantaleon", "section": "History - Croesus", "says": "Alyattes died shortly after the Battle of the Eclipse, in 585 BC itself, following which Lydia faced a power struggle between his son Pantaleon, born from a Greek woman, and his other son Croesus, born from a Carian noblewoman, out of which the latter emerged successful."}, {"id": "Q312045", "label": "Amasis II", "section": "History - Croesus", "says": "And, under Croesus's rule, Lydia continued its good relations started by Gyges with the Saite Egyptian kingdom, then ruled by the pharaoh Amasis II."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Croesus", "says": "Croesus also established trade and diplomatic relations with the Neo-Babylonian Empire of Nabonidus, and he further increased his contacts with the Greeks on the European continent by establishing relations with the city-state of Sparta."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "History - Croesus", "says": "Croesus also established trade and diplomatic relations with the Neo-Babylonian Empire of Nabonidus, and he further increased his contacts with the Greeks on the European continent by establishing relations with the city-state of Sparta."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Croesus", "says": "In 550 BC, Croesus's brother-in-law, the Median king Astyages, was overthrown by his own grandson, the Persian king Cyrus the Great, and Croesus responded by attacking Pteria, the capital of a Phrygian state vassal to the Lydians which might have attempted to declare its allegiance to the new Persian Empire of Cyrus."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Croesus", "says": "In 550 BC, Croesus's brother-in-law, the Median king Astyages, was overthrown by his own grandson, the Persian king Cyrus the Great, and Croesus responded by attacking Pteria, the capital of a Phrygian state vassal to the Lydians which might have attempted to declare its allegiance to the new Persian Empire of Cyrus."}, {"id": "Q1568965", "label": "Battle of Pteria", "section": "History - Persian Empire", "says": "The Battle of Pteria resulted in a stalemate, forcing the Lydians to retreat to their capital city of Sardis."}, {"id": "Q890341", "label": "Battle of Thymbra", "section": "History - Persian Empire", "says": "Some months later the Persian and Lydian kings met at the Battle of Thymbra."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Hellenistic Empire", "says": "Lydia remained a satrapy after the invasion and conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Roman province of Asia", "says": "The whole west of Asia Minor had Jewish colonies very early, and Christianity was also soon present there."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "History - Roman province of Lydia", "says": "Under the tetrarchy reform of Emperor Diocletian in 296 CE, Lydia was revived as the name of a separate Roman province, much smaller than the former satrapy, with its capital at Sardis."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Roman province of Lydia", "says": "Together with the provinces of Caria, Hellespontus, Lycia, Pamphylia, Phrygia prima and Phrygia secunda, Pisidia (all in modern Turkey) and the Insulae (Ionian islands, mostly in modern Greece), it formed the diocese (under a vicarius) of Asiana, which was part of the praetorian prefecture of Oriens, together with the dioceses Pontiana (most of the rest of Asia Minor), Oriens proper (mainly Syria)"}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Eastern Roman Empire (and Crusader) age", "says": "Under the Eastern Roman emperor Heraclius (610–641), Lydia became part of Anatolikon, one of the original themata, and later of Thrakesion."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Eastern Roman Empire (and Crusader) age", "says": "Although the Seljuk Turks conquered most of the rest of Anatolia, forming the Sultanate of Ikonion (Konya), Lydia remained part of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - In Greek mythology", "says": "Diodorus Siculus (4.31.8) and Ovid (Heroides 9.54) mentions a son called Lamos, while pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheke 2.7.8) gives the name Agelaus and Pausanias (2.21.3) names Tyrsenus as the son of Heracles by \"the Lydian woman\"."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - In Greek mythology", "says": "Diodorus Siculus (4.31.8) and Ovid (Heroides 9.54) mentions a son called Lamos, while pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheke 2.7.8) gives the name Agelaus and Pausanias (2.21.3) names Tyrsenus as the son of Heracles by \"the Lydian woman\"."}, {"id": "Q26204", "label": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus", "section": "History - In Greek mythology", "says": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus was skeptical of this story, indicating that the Etruscan language and customs were known to be totally dissimilar to those of the Lydians."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "History - In Greek mythology", "says": "In addition, the story of the \"Lydian\" origins of the Etruscans was not known to Xanthus of Lydia, an authority on the history of the Lydians."}, {"id": "Q1351047", "label": "Michael Grant", "section": "History - Lydians, the Tyrrhenians and the Etruscans", "says": "Michael Grant argue that the Etruscans may have propagated this narrative to facilitate their trading in Asia Minor, when many cities in Asia Minor, and the Etruscans themselves, were at war with the Greeks."}], "Q2895": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in World War I, the Belarusian Democratic Republic (BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was established in its place by the Bolsheviks in December, and it was later merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919 to"}, {"id": "Q68678", "label": "Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in World War I, the Belarusian Democratic Republic (BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was established in its place by the Bolsheviks in December, and it was later merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919 to"}, {"id": "Q80211", "label": "Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in World War I, the Belarusian Democratic Republic (BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was established in its place by the Bolsheviks in December, and it was later merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919 to"}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in World War I, the Belarusian Democratic Republic (BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was established in its place by the Bolsheviks in December, and it was later merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919 to"}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a peace treaty with Lithuania, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was re-founded on 31 July 1920 and later became known as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The BSSR became one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union in December 1922, together with the republics of Russia, Transcaucasia, and Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Beginning", "says": "Prior to the First World War, the territories of modern-day Belarus were part of the Russian Empire, which it gained from the Partitions of Poland more than a century earlier."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - Beginning", "says": "The abdication of Nicholas II in light of the February Revolution in Russia in February 1917, activated a rather dormant political life in Belarus."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Beginning", "says": "Towards the autumn, political stability continued to shake, and countering the rising nationalist tendencies, were the soviets led by Bolsheviks when the October Revolution hit Russia; that same day, on 25 October (7 November) 1917, the Minsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies took over the administration of the city."}, {"id": "Q2026080", "label": "Operation Faustschlag", "section": "History - German involvement", "says": "The German Operation Faustschlag was of immediate success, and within 11 days, they were able to make a serious advance eastward, taking over Ukraine, the Baltic region, and occupying eastern Belarus."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - Litbel", "says": "The Lithuanian operation and continuing conquest of Byelorussia were threatened by the rise of the Second Polish Republic after the withdrawal of German forces."}, {"id": "Q188271", "label": "Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas", "section": "History - Litbel", "says": "The republic was headed by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas and the combined party was headed by nationalist Zmicier Zhylunovich."}, {"id": "Q313623", "label": "Georgy Chicherin", "section": "History - Pawn on a chessboard", "says": "On the diplomatic front, on 11 September 1919, the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia, Georgy Chicherin, sent a note to Lithuania with a proposal for a peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "History - Pawn on a chessboard", "says": "However, Piłsudski had greater ambitions, and he also made an agreement with Symon Petliura in Ukraine to exchange Galicia in return for a promise to force out communists in right-bank Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q1491221", "label": "Hayk Bzhishkyan", "section": "History - War continues", "says": "Within a few days, the 3rd Cavalry Corps under command of Hayk Bzhishkyan broke the Polish front, causing a collapse and a retreat."}, {"id": "Q2599728", "label": "Battle of the Niemen River", "section": "History - War continues", "says": "The Poles were able to successfully break the Russian lines at the Battle of the Niemen River in September 1920."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "History - Early Soviet years", "says": "In February 1921, the delegations of the Second Polish Republic and the Russian SFSR finally signed the Treaty of Riga putting an end to hostilities in Europe and Belarus in particular."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "History - Early Soviet years", "says": "For one, Leon Trotsky and his supporters within the Soviet leadership still supported its World Revolution concept, and as said above, viewed the Treaty of Riga as only a temporary setback to the process, and a future advance would require a prepared bridgehead."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Early Soviet years", "says": "However the politics in Moscow took a different course of events, and eventually the accession of Joseph Stalin saw a new policy adopted: Socialism in One Country."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - Stalinist years", "says": "In September 1939, the Soviet Union, following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany, occupied eastern Poland after the 1939 invasion of Poland."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Nazi German occupation", "says": "This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the General Assembly, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "In its last years during perestroika under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR declared sovereignty on 27 July 1990 over Soviet laws."}, {"id": "Q76986", "label": "Belovezh Accords", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "On 8 December 1991, it was a signatory, along with Russia and Ukraine, of the Belovezha Accords, which replaced the Soviet Union with the Commonwealth of Independent States."}], "Q83311": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaemenid Empire (, ə-KEE-mə-nid; Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' or 'The Kingdom') was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaemenid Empire (, ə-KEE-mə-nid; Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' or 'The Kingdom') was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "Based in the Iranian plateau, it stretched from the Balkans and Cyrenaica in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, including Anatolia, Cyprus, Mesopotamia, the Levant, the South Caucasus, parts of Eastern Arabia, and large parts of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From Persis, Cyrus rose and defeated Media, Lydia, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, thus marking the establishment of a new imperial polity in the ancient Near East."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In 330 BC, amidst a Greek military campaign that began in 336 BC, the Achaemenid Empire was conquered in its entirety by Alexander the Great, who annexed it to his Macedonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon Alexander's death, which sparked the beginning of the Hellenistic period in 323 BC, the majority of the former Achaemenid Empire's territories came under the rule of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon Alexander's death, which sparked the beginning of the Hellenistic period in 323 BC, the majority of the former Achaemenid Empire's territories came under the rule of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Almost a century later, Iranian elites in the central plateau successfully reclaimed power from the Seleucids and established the Parthian Empire, which existed for nearly half a millennium before being succeeded by the Iranian Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Almost a century later, Iranian elites in the central plateau successfully reclaimed power from the Seleucids and established the Parthian Empire, which existed for nearly half a millennium before being succeeded by the Iranian Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q405008", "label": "Cyrus cylinder", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "According to the Cyrus Cylinder (the oldest extant genealogy of the Achaemenids) the kings of Anshan were Teispes, Cyrus I, Cambyses I and Cyrus II, also known as Cyrus the Great, who founded the empire."}, {"id": "Q299428", "label": "Cambyses I", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "According to the Cyrus Cylinder (the oldest extant genealogy of the Achaemenids) the kings of Anshan were Teispes, Cyrus I, Cambyses I and Cyrus II, also known as Cyrus the Great, who founded the empire."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "The later Behistun Inscription, written by Darius the Great, claims that Teispes was the son of Achaemenes and that Darius is also descended from Teispes through a different line, but no earlier texts mention Achaemenes."}, {"id": "Q271260", "label": "Mandane of Media", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "In Herodotus' Histories, he writes that Cyrus the Great was the son of Cambyses I and Mandane of Media, the daughter of Astyages, the king of the Median Empire."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "History - Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty", "says": "In Herodotus' Histories, he writes that Cyrus the Great was the son of Cambyses I and Mandane of Media, the daughter of Astyages, the king of the Median Empire."}, {"id": "Q462684", "label": "Harpagus", "section": "History - 540s BC", "says": "Mazares, and after his death Harpagus, set about reducing all the cities which had taken part in the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q28169617", "label": "Fall of Babylon", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "Nothing is known of Persia–Babylon relations between 547 and 539 BC, but it is likely that there were hostilities between the two empires for several years leading up to the war of 540–539 BC and the Fall of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "In October 539 BC, Cyrus won a battle against the Babylonians at Opis, then took Sippar without a fight before finally capturing the city of Babylon on 12 October, where the Babylonian king Nabonidus was taken prisoner."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "Upon taking control of the city, Cyrus depicted himself in propaganda as restoring the divine order which had been disrupted by Nabonidus, who had promoted the cult of Sin rather than Marduk, and he also portrayed himself as restoring the heritage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by comparing himself to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - 530s BC", "says": "Upon taking control of the city, Cyrus depicted himself in propaganda as restoring the divine order which had been disrupted by Nabonidus, who had promoted the cult of Sin rather than Marduk, and he also portrayed himself as restoring the heritage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by comparing himself to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "In 530 BC, Cyrus died and was succeeded by his eldest son Cambyses II, while his younger son Bardiya received a large territory in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "By 525 BC, Cambyses had successfully subjugated Phoenicia and Cyprus and was making preparations to invade Egypt with the newly created Persian navy."}, {"id": "Q312045", "label": "Amasis II", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Pharaoh Amasis II had died in 526, and had been succeeded by Psamtik III, resulting in the defection of key Egyptian allies to the Persians."}, {"id": "Q316278", "label": "Psamtik III", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Pharaoh Amasis II had died in 526, and had been succeeded by Psamtik III, resulting in the defection of key Egyptian allies to the Persians."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Herodotus depicts Cambyses as openly antagonistic to the Egyptian people and their gods, cults, temples, and priests, in particular stressing the murder of the sacred bull Apis."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Cambyses then planned invasions of Carthage, the oasis of Ammon and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - 520s BC", "says": "Cambyses then planned invasions of Carthage, the oasis of Ammon and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "In 513, Darius the Great (521–486) initiated Persian military operations that included the subjugation of Macedonia, as a large Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans and tried to defeat the European Scythians north of the Danube."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "In 513, Darius the Great (521–486) initiated Persian military operations that included the subjugation of Macedonia, as a large Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans and tried to defeat the European Scythians north of the Danube."}, {"id": "Q1917012", "label": "Megabazus", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "Darius left in Europe one of his commanders named Megabazus whose task was to accomplish conquests in the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - 510s BC", "says": "Family ties that the Macedonian rulers Amyntas and Alexander enjoyed with Bubares ensured them good relations with the Persian kings Darius and Xerxes I, who was also known as Xerxes the Great."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - 5th century BC", "says": "By the 5th century BC, the Kings of Persia were either ruling over or had subordinated territories encompassing not just all of the Persian Plateau and all of the territories formerly held by the Assyrian Empire (Mesopotamia, the Levant, Cyprus and Egypt), but beyond this, all of Anatolia and Armenia, as well as the Southern Caucasus and parts of the North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikis"}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - 5th century BC", "says": "By the 5th century BC, the Kings of Persia were either ruling over or had subordinated territories encompassing not just all of the Persian Plateau and all of the territories formerly held by the Assyrian Empire (Mesopotamia, the Levant, Cyprus and Egypt), but beyond this, all of Anatolia and Armenia, as well as the Southern Caucasus and parts of the North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikis"}, {"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "The Ionian Revolt in 499 BC, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus, and Caria, were military rebellions by several regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC."}, {"id": "Q451426", "label": "Histiaeus", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q318627", "label": "Aristagoras", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "The Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Achaemenid Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "In 492 BC, the Persian general Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedonia a fully subordinate part of the empire; it had been a vassal as early as the late 6th century BC but retained a great deal of autonomy."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "However, in 490 BC the Persian forces were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon and Darius I would die before having the chance to launch an invasion of Greece."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Greco-Persian Wars", "says": "His army entered Greece from the north in the spring of 480 BC, meeting little or no resistance through Macedonia and Thessaly, but was delayed by a small Greek force for three days at Thermopylae."}, {"id": "Q189689", "label": "Artaxerxes I", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "After Xerxes I was assassinated, he was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Artaxerxes I."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Under Artaxerxes I, Zoroastrianism became the de facto religion of the empire."}, {"id": "Q370709", "label": "Peace of Callias", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "After Cimon's failure to attain much in this expedition, the Peace of Callias was agreed between Athens, Argos and Persia in 449 BC."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Artaxerxes offered asylum to Themistocles, who was the winner of the Battle of Salamis, after Themistocles was ostracized from Athens."}, {"id": "Q272043", "label": "Xerxes II", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Artaxerxes I was immediately succeeded by his eldest and only legitimate son, Xerxes II."}, {"id": "Q298631", "label": "Sogdianus", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "However, after a few days on the throne, he was assassinated while drunk by Pharnacyas and Menostanes on the orders of his illegitimate brother Sogdianus, who apparently had gained the support of his regions."}, {"id": "Q202236", "label": "Darius II", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "Ochus then took the royal name Darius II."}, {"id": "Q355727", "label": "Tissaphernes", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "From 412 BC Darius II, at the insistence of Tissaphernes, gave support first to Athens, then to Sparta, but in 407 BC, Darius' son Cyrus the Younger was appointed to replace Tissaphernes and aid was given entirely to Sparta which finally defeated Athens in 404 BC."}, {"id": "Q297960", "label": "Cyrus the Younger", "section": "History - Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms", "says": "From 412 BC Darius II, at the insistence of Tissaphernes, gave support first to Athens, then to Sparta, but in 407 BC, Darius' son Cyrus the Younger was appointed to replace Tissaphernes and aid was given entirely to Sparta which finally defeated Athens in 404 BC."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "History - Second conquest of Egypt", "says": "In 343 BC, Artaxerxes III, in addition to his 330,000 Persians, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor: 4,000 under Mentor, consisting of the troops that he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent by Argos; and 1,000 from Thebes."}, {"id": "Q313126", "label": "Nectanebo II", "section": "History - Second conquest of Egypt", "says": "Nectanebo II resisted with an army of 100,000 of whom 20,000 were Greek mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Fall to Alexander III of Macedon", "says": "Bagoas then placed Darius III, a nephew of Artaxerxes IV, on the throne."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Fall to Alexander III of Macedon", "says": "Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) defeated the Persian armies at Granicus (334 BC), followed by Issus (333 BC), and lastly at Gaugamela (331 BC)."}, {"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "History - Fall to Alexander III of Macedon", "says": "Afterwards, he marched on Susa and Persepolis which surrendered and was destroyed by fire in early 330 BC."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "History - Descendants in later Persian dynasties", "says": "Sasanian Empire\n\nWith the reign of Šābuhr, the son of Pāpag, the kingdom of Persis then became a part of the Sasanian Empire. Šābuhr's brother and successor, Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) V, defeated the last legitimate Parthian king, Artabanos V in 224 AD, and was crowned at Ctesiphon as Ardaxšir I (Ardashir I), šāhanšāh ī Ērān, becoming the first king of the new Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "History - Descendants in later Persian dynasties", "says": "Kingdom of Pontus\nThe Achaemenid line would also be carried on through the Kingdom of Pontus, based in the Pontus region of northern Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Descendants in later Persian dynasties", "says": "The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI the Great, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia."}], "Q172640": [{"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it opposed the anti-communist, French-associated State of Vietnam and later the Western-allied Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)."}, {"id": "Q769960", "label": "August Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "During the August Revolution following World War II, Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh, leader of the Việt Minh Front, declared independence on 2 September 1945, proclaiming the Democratic Republic of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, France moved in to reassert its colonial dominance over Vietnam in the aftermath of WW2, eventually prompting the First Indochina War in December 1946."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "The negotiations in the Geneva Conference that year ended the war and affirmed Vietnamese independence."}, {"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "The Geneva Accords provisionally divided the country into a northern zone and a southern zone along the 17th parallel, stipulating general elections scheduled for July 1956 to \"bring about the unification of Viet-Nam\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States, which did not sign the Geneva Accords, stated that it \"shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly\"."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "History - Proclamation of the republic", "says": "After nearly three centuries of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Proclamation of the republic", "says": "After nearly three centuries of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Early periods", "says": "With the Chinese Kuomintang withdrawal, Võ Nguyên Giáp resolved that the Viet Minh must consolidate full control of the government and promptly moved to secure a monopoly of power for the movement."}, {"id": "Q179910", "label": "Võ Nguyên Giáp", "section": "History - Early periods", "says": "With the Chinese Kuomintang withdrawal, Võ Nguyên Giáp resolved that the Viet Minh must consolidate full control of the government and promptly moved to secure a monopoly of power for the movement."}, {"id": "Q32993", "label": "Chinese Communist Revolution", "section": "History - First Indochina War", "says": "Following the Chinese Communist Revolution (1946–50), Chinese communist forces arrived on the border in 1949."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - First Indochina War", "says": "The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 transformed what had been an anti-colonial struggle into a Cold War battleground, with the U.S. providing financial support to the French."}, {"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "History - First Indochina War", "says": "At its accession, the DRV state had accommodated urban elites, the colonial-trained bureaucracy, former officials of the Empire of Vietnam, and local mass organizations."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "History - First Indochina War", "says": "Following the establishment of the Cominform and the Chinese Communist Party's victories in areas where Mao Zedong attributed success to the mobilization of landless peasants, the DRV adopted a more aggressive land policy."}, {"id": "Q192502", "label": "Ngô Đình Diệm", "section": "History - Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam", "says": "The Catholic migration is attributed to an expectation of persecution of Catholics by the North Vietnamese  government, as well as publicity employed by the Saigon government of the Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem."}], "Q173532": [{"id": "Q2918851", "label": "Yosef Garfinkel", "section": "History and archaeology - Dunand's five-level stratigraphy", "says": "Prehistoric settlements at Byblos were divided up by Dunand into the following five periods, which were recently expanded and re-calibrated by Yosef Garfinkel to correlate with Tell es-Sultan (Jericho):\n\nEarly Neolithic (early phase) corresponding to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) of Jericho, represented by plastered floors and naviforme technology, dated between 8800 and 7000 BC;\nEarly Neolit"}, {"id": "Q177819", "label": "Old Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "History and archaeology - Early Bronze", "says": "Watson Mills and Roger Bullard suggest that during the Old Kingdom of Egypt and Middle Kingdom of Egypt Byblos was virtually an Egyptian colony."}, {"id": "Q294266", "label": "Khasekhemwy", "section": "History and archaeology - Early Bronze", "says": "Archaeologists have recovered Egyptian-made artifacts as old as a vessel fragment bearing the name of the Second dynasty ruler Khasekhemwy, although this \"may easily have reached Byblos through trade and/or at a later period\"."}, {"id": "Q18722", "label": "Senusret II", "section": "History and archaeology - Middle Bronze", "says": "In the Middle Bronze IIA, objects have been found at Byblos naming the 12th Dynasty king Senusret II, the 13th Dynasty Egyptian king Neferhotep I."}, {"id": "Q355429", "label": "Neferhotep I", "section": "History and archaeology - Middle Bronze", "says": "In the Middle Bronze IIA, objects have been found at Byblos naming the 12th Dynasty king Senusret II, the 13th Dynasty Egyptian king Neferhotep I."}, {"id": "Q11768", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "History and archaeology - Late Bronze", "says": "During the Late Bronze Age, the rulers of Byblos maintained close relationships with the New Kingdom pharaohs of Ancient Egypt."}, {"id": "Q81794", "label": "Akhenaten", "section": "History and archaeology - Amarna period", "says": "This is mainly due to Rib-Hadda's constant pleas for military assistance from Akhenaten."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History and archaeology - Ramesside period", "says": "In addition, when the New Kingdom collapsed in the 11th century BC, Byblos ceased being a colony and became the foremost city of Phoenicia."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History and archaeology - Phoenician period", "says": "One of the most important monuments of this period is the Temple of the Obelisks, dedicated to the Canaanite war god Resheph, but this had fallen into ruins by the time of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History and archaeology - Assyrian period", "says": "In the Assyrian period, Sibittibaal of Byblos became tributary to Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 BC, and in 701 BC, when Sennacherib conquered all Phoenicia, the king of Byblos was Urumilki."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History and archaeology - Assyrian period", "says": "681–669 BC) and Ashurbanipal (r."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History and archaeology - Persian period", "says": "In the Achaemenid Empire (538–332 BC), Byblos was the fourth of four Phoenician vassal kingdoms established by the Persians; the first three being Sidon, Tyr, and Arwad."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History and archaeology - Classical antiquity", "says": "With the rise of Christianity, a bishopric was established in Byblos, and the town grew rapidly."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History and archaeology - Classical antiquity", "says": "Trade with Europe effectively dried up, and it was not until the coming of the First Crusade in 1098 that prosperity returned to Byblos, known then as Gibelet or Giblet."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "History and archaeology - Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman period", "says": "In the 12th and 13th century, Byblos became part of the County of Tripoli, a Crusader state connected to, but largely independent from, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History and archaeology - Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman period", "says": "In the 12th and 13th century, Byblos became part of the County of Tripoli, a Crusader state connected to, but largely independent from, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q9713085", "label": "Lordship of Gibelet", "section": "History and archaeology - Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman period", "says": "As Gibelet or Giblet, it came under the rule of the Genoese Embriaco family, who created for themselves the Lordship of Gibeletto, first as administrators of the city in the name of the Republic of Genoa, and then as a hereditary fief, undertaking to pay an annual fee to Genoa and the church of San Lorenzo (Genoa's Cathedral)."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History and archaeology - Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman period", "says": "As Gibelet or Giblet, it came under the rule of the Genoese Embriaco family, who created for themselves the Lordship of Gibeletto, first as administrators of the city in the name of the Republic of Genoa, and then as a hereditary fief, undertaking to pay an annual fee to Genoa and the church of San Lorenzo (Genoa's Cathedral)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History and archaeology - Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman period", "says": "From 1516 until 1918, the town and the whole region became part of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q188161": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies, or Insulind, a 'garland of Emeralds', was a Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which declared independence on 17 August 1945."}, {"id": "Q224794", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the Dutch ceded the governorate of Dutch Malacca to Britain, leading to its eventual incorporation into Melaka of modern Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the Dutch ceded the governorate of Dutch Malacca to Britain, leading to its eventual incorporation into Melaka of modern Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy."}, {"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leaders Sukarno and Hatta declared independence, instigating the Indonesian National Revolution."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States threatened to terminate financial aid for the Netherlands under the Marshall Plan if they did not agree to transfer sovereignty to Indonesia, leading to Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference."}, {"id": "Q2822794", "label": "New York Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1962, the Dutch turned over their last possession in Southeast Asia, Dutch New Guinea (Western New Guinea), to Indonesia under the provisions of the New York Agreement."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Before the Dutch", "says": "At the time when Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states (the most important were Srivijaya and Majapahit)."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Before the Dutch", "says": "At the time when Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states (the most important were Srivijaya and Majapahit)."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Before the Dutch", "says": "The islands were known to the Europeans and were sporadically visited by expeditions such as that of Italians Marco Polo in 1292 and Odoric of Pordenone in 1321."}, {"id": "Q379733", "label": "Odoric of Pordenone", "section": "History - Before the Dutch", "says": "The islands were known to the Europeans and were sporadically visited by expeditions such as that of Italians Marco Polo in 1292 and Odoric of Pordenone in 1321."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Before the Dutch", "says": "In 1580, Portugal formed a union with Spain, and therewith entered the war with the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Before the Dutch", "says": "In 1580, Portugal formed a union with Spain, and therewith entered the war with the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q7729", "label": "Louis Bonaparte", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "In 1806, with the Netherlands under Imperial French domination, Emperor Napoleon I appointed his brother Louis Bonaparte to the Dutch throne, which led to the 1808 appointment of Marshal Herman Willem Daendels as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q741772", "label": "Herman Willem Daendels", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "In 1806, with the Netherlands under Imperial French domination, Emperor Napoleon I appointed his brother Louis Bonaparte to the Dutch throne, which led to the 1808 appointment of Marshal Herman Willem Daendels as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q2201389", "label": "Jan Willem Janssens", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "In 1811 Daendels was replaced by Governor-General Jan Willem Janssens, but shortly after his arrival, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including the Spice islands in 1810 and Java the following year, leading to Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles becoming Lieutenant Governor."}, {"id": "Q130327", "label": "Thomas Stamford Raffles", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "In 1811 Daendels was replaced by Governor-General Jan Willem Janssens, but shortly after his arrival, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including the Spice islands in 1810 and Java the following year, leading to Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles becoming Lieutenant Governor."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "Following Napoleon's defeat at the 1815 Battle of Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna, independent Dutch control was restored in 1816 on the basis of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "Following Napoleon's defeat at the 1815 Battle of Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna, independent Dutch control was restored in 1816 on the basis of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814."}, {"id": "Q617263", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "Following Napoleon's defeat at the 1815 Battle of Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna, independent Dutch control was restored in 1816 on the basis of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Dutch conquests", "says": "Under the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty the Dutch secured the Kepaksian Pernong Sekala Brak and British settlements such as Bengkulu, both in Sumatra, and the British secured the Dutch settlement of Singapore as well as Dutch possessions in the Malay Peninsula (Malaya) and Dutch India."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Njai System", "says": "The practice had not died out, however, by the time the Empire of Japan invaded and occupied the Indies."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - World War II and independence", "says": "On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q29050", "label": "Mohammad Hatta", "section": "History - World War II and independence", "says": "Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence."}], "Q28179": [{"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, {"id": "Q302096", "label": "U of Goryeo", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "General Yi Sŏnggye was chosen to lead the attack; he revolted, swept back to the capital Kaegyŏng (now Kaesong) and initiated a coup d'état, overthrowing King U of Goryeo in favor of his son, Chang of Goryeo (1388)."}, {"id": "Q37682", "label": "Sejong the Great", "section": "History - Sejong the Great", "says": "In August 1418, following Taejong's abdication two months earlier, Sejong the Great ascended the throne."}, {"id": "Q703454", "label": "Treaty of Gyehae", "section": "History - Sejong the Great", "says": "In 1443, The Treaty of Gyehae was signed in which the daimyō of Tsushima was granted rights to conduct trade with Korea using fifty ships per year in exchange for sending tribute to Korea and aiding to stop any Waegu coastal pirate raids on Korean ports."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Sejong the Great", "says": "Kim's military campaign captured several castles, pushed north, and expanded Korean territory, roughly the current border between North Korea and China."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "History - Japanese invasions", "says": "During the Japanese invasions in the 1590s, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, plotting the conquest of Ming China with Portuguese guns, invaded Korea with his daimyōs and their troops, intending to use Korea as a stepping stone."}, {"id": "Q50184", "label": "Yi Sun-sin", "section": "History - Japanese invasions", "says": "The invasion was slowed when Admiral Yi Sun-sin destroyed the Japanese invasion fleet."}, {"id": "Q296367", "label": "Hong Taiji", "section": "History - Manchu invasions", "says": "1583–1626), the chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens, was unifying the Jurchen tribes of Manchuria into a strong coalition that his son Hong Taiji (r."}, {"id": "Q493736", "label": "Hyeonjong", "section": "History - Emergence of Silhak and renaissance of the Joseon", "says": "Under the leadership of Kim Yuk, the chief minister of King Hyeonjong, the implementation of reforms proved highly advantageous both to state revenues and to the lot of the peasants."}, {"id": "Q484974", "label": "Jeongsun", "section": "History - Government by in-law families", "says": "With Jeongjo's death the Noron seized power with the regency of Queen Dowager Jeongsun, whose family had strong ties to the faction, and initiated a persecution of Catholics."}, {"id": "Q469432", "label": "Heungseon Daewongun", "section": "History - End of the dynasty", "says": "His father, Heungseon Daewongun, ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood."}, {"id": "Q464503", "label": "Empress Myeongseong", "section": "History - End of the dynasty", "says": "With the subsequent retirement of Daewongun, Queen Min (later called Empress Myeongseong) became a power in the court, placing her family in high court positions."}, {"id": "Q701045", "label": "Donghak Peasant Revolution", "section": "History - End of the dynasty", "says": "In 1894, the Donghak Peasant Revolution saw farmers rise up in a mass rebellion, with peasant leader Jeon Bong-jun defeating the forces of local ruler Jo Byong-gap at the battle of Gobu on January 11, 1894; after the battle, Jo's properties were handed out to the peasants."}, {"id": "Q1363925", "label": "Battle of Port peturth", "section": "History - Establishment of the empire and colonization", "says": "In a complicated series of maneuvers and counter-maneuvers, Japan pushed back the Russian fleet at the Battle of Port Arthur in 1904."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Establishment of the empire and colonization", "says": "With the conclusion of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War with the Treaty of Portsmouth, the way was open for Japan to take control of Korea."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "History - Establishment of the empire and colonization", "says": "With the conclusion of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War with the Treaty of Portsmouth, the way was open for Japan to take control of Korea."}, {"id": "Q482413", "label": "An Jung-geun", "section": "History - Establishment of the empire and colonization", "says": "Prince Itō was the first Resident-General of Korea, although he was assassinated by Korean independence activist An Jung-geun in 1909 at the train station in Harbin, China."}], "Q70802": [{"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Third Republic (French: Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Third Republic (French: Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Third Republic (French: Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "The early days of the French Third Republic were dominated by political disruption caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, which the Third Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "lead", "says": "Social upheaval and the Paris Commune preceded the final defeat."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Empire, proclaimed by the invaders in the Palace of Versailles, annexed the French regions of Alsace (keeping the Territoire de Belfort) and Lorraine (the northeastern part, i.e. present-day department of Moselle)."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Calls for the re-establishment of the monarchy dominated the tenures of the first two presidents, Adolphe Thiers and Patrice de MacMahon."}, {"id": "Q158838", "label": "Patrice de MacMahon", "section": "lead", "says": "Calls for the re-establishment of the monarchy dominated the tenures of the first two presidents, Adolphe Thiers and Patrice de MacMahon."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics, between the Democratic Republican Alliance and the Radicals."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "Origins and formation", "says": "The Jules Ferry laws making public education free, mandatory, and secular (laїque), were voted in 1881 and 1882, one of the first signs of the expanding civic powers of the Republic."}, {"id": "Q504", "label": "Émile Zola", "section": "Social history - City department store", "says": "The great writer Émile Zola (1840–1902) set his novel Au Bonheur des Dames (1882–83) in the typical department store."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "The looming threat to France of Nazi Germany was delayed at the Munich Conference of 1938."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "France and Great Britain abandoned Czechoslovakia and appeased the Germans by giving in to their demands concerning the acquisition of the Sudetenland (the portions of Czechoslovakia with German-speaking majorities)."}, {"id": "Q218280", "label": "Maurice Gamelin", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "According to the British historian Julian Jackson, the Dyle Plan conceived by French General Maurice Gamelin was destined for failure, since it drastically miscalculated the ensuing attack by German Army Group B into central Belgium."}, {"id": "Q208529", "label": "Battle of Dunkirk", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "The Germans also rushed along the Somme valley toward the English Channel coast to catch the Allies in a large pocket that forced them into the disastrous Battle of Dunkirk."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "France had to accept the terms imposed by Adolf Hitler at the Second Armistice at Compiègne, which was signed on 22 June 1940 in the same railway carriage in which the Germans had signed the armistice that ended the First World War on 11 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "The Third Republic officially ended on 10 July 1940, when the French parliament gave full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, who proclaimed in the following days the État Français (the \"French State\"), commonly known as the \"Vichy Regime\" or \"Vichy France\" following its re-location to the town of Vichy in central France."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "The Third Republic officially ended on 10 July 1940, when the French parliament gave full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, who proclaimed in the following days the État Français (the \"French State\"), commonly known as the \"Vichy Regime\" or \"Vichy France\" following its re-location to the town of Vichy in central France."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "Charles de Gaulle had made the Appeal of 18 June earlier, exhorting all French not to accept defeat and to rally to Free France and continue the fight with the Allies."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "World War II and downfall", "says": "Charles de Gaulle had made the Appeal of 18 June earlier, exhorting all French not to accept defeat and to rally to Free France and continue the fight with the Allies."}], "Q146246": [{"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "lead", "says": "Its founder was King Clovis I who united Frankish tribes and expanded the Frankish realm into Roman Gaul."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 800, it evolved into the Carolingian Empire, thus becoming the longest lasting Germanic kingdom from the era of Great Migrations."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally, the core Frankish territories inside the former Western Roman Empire were located close to the Rhine and Meuse rivers in the north, but Frankish chiefs such as Chlodio expanded their influence within Roman territory as far as the Somme river in the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q193869", "label": "Childeric I", "section": "lead", "says": "Childeric I, a Salian Frankish king, was one of several military leaders commanding Roman forces of various ethnic affiliations in the northern territory."}, {"id": "Q91392", "label": "Pepin of Herstal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was by building upon the basis of these Merovingian deeds that the subsequent Carolingian dynasty—through the nearly continuous campaigns of Pepin of Herstal, his son Charles Martel, grandson Pepin the Short, and great-grandson Charlemagne—secured the greatest expansion of the Frankish state by the early 9th century."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was by building upon the basis of these Merovingian deeds that the subsequent Carolingian dynasty—through the nearly continuous campaigns of Pepin of Herstal, his son Charles Martel, grandson Pepin the Short, and great-grandson Charlemagne—secured the greatest expansion of the Frankish state by the early 9th century."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "lead", "says": "It was by building upon the basis of these Merovingian deeds that the subsequent Carolingian dynasty—through the nearly continuous campaigns of Pepin of Herstal, his son Charles Martel, grandson Pepin the Short, and great-grandson Charlemagne—secured the greatest expansion of the Frankish state by the early 9th century."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "It was by building upon the basis of these Merovingian deeds that the subsequent Carolingian dynasty—through the nearly continuous campaigns of Pepin of Herstal, his son Charles Martel, grandson Pepin the Short, and great-grandson Charlemagne—secured the greatest expansion of the Frankish state by the early 9th century."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "The old Frankish lands, for example, were initially contained within the kingdom of Austrasia, centred on the Rhine and Meuse."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "lead", "says": "The bulk of the Gallo-Roman territory to its south and west was called Neustria."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "After various treaties and conflicts in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, West Francia came under control of the Capetian dynasty, becoming the Kingdom of France, while East Francia and Lotharingia ca"}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "After various treaties and conflicts in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, West Francia came under control of the Capetian dynasty, becoming the Kingdom of France, while East Francia and Lotharingia ca"}], "Q160307": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in Ifriqiya under the Aghlabids, who were themselves nominally under the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatimids eventually overthrew both, and extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast, ultimately making Egypt the centre of their caliphate."}, {"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in Ifriqiya under the Aghlabids, who were themselves nominally under the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatimids eventually overthrew both, and extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast, ultimately making Egypt the centre of their caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in Ifriqiya under the Aghlabids, who were themselves nominally under the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatimids eventually overthrew both, and extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast, ultimately making Egypt the centre of their caliphate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early Shi'ism and the roots of Isma'ilism", "says": "The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late ninth century had commonly been identified with Muhammad, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq."}, {"id": "Q138803", "label": "Qarmatians", "section": "History - The Qarmatian schism and its aftermath", "says": "Abdallah's claim caused a rift in the Isma'ili movement, as Hamdan Qarmat and other leaders denounced this change and held onto the original doctrine, becoming known as the \"Qarmatians\", while other communities remained loyal to Salamiya."}, {"id": "Q293482", "label": "Al-Mahdi", "section": "History - Establishment of the Caliphate", "says": "Al-Mahdi quickly fell out with Abu Abdallah: not only was the dā'ī over-powerful, but he demanded proof that the new caliph was the true mahdī."}, {"id": "Q78002", "label": "Heinz Halm", "section": "History - Establishment of the Caliphate", "says": "The historian Heinz Halm describes the early Fatimid state as being, in essence, \"a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib\"."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Establishment of the Caliphate", "says": "The Fatimids also inherited the Aghlabid province of Sicily, which the Aghlabids had gradually conquered from the Byzantine Empire starting in 827."}, {"id": "Q335488", "label": "Abu Yazid", "section": "History - Consolidation and western rivalry", "says": "The reign of the second Fatimid imam-caliph, al-Qa'im, was dominated by the Kharijite rebellion of Abu Yazid."}, {"id": "Q1004719", "label": "Bologhine ibn Ziri", "section": "History - The Zirids in the Maghreb", "says": "Before leaving for Egypt, al-Mu'izz had installed Buluggin ibn Ziri, the son of Ziri bn Manad (who died in 971), as his viceroy in the Maghreb."}, {"id": "Q3827580", "label": "Banu Khazrun", "section": "History - The Zirids in the Maghreb", "says": "In 978 the caliph also gave Tripolitania to Buluggin to govern, though Zirid authority there was later replaced by the local Banu Khazrun dynasty in 1001."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Conquest of Egypt and transfer of the Caliphate to Cairo", "says": "Ramla, the capital of Palestine, was retaken by the Fatimids in May 972, but otherwise the progress in Syria had been lost."}, {"id": "Q7404509", "label": "Salih ibn Mirdas", "section": "History - Losses, successes, and civil war", "says": "In Aleppo, Fatak, who had declared his independence, was killed and replaced in 1022, but this opened the way for a coalition of Bedouin chiefs from the Banu Kilab, Jarrahids, and Banu Kalb led by Salih ibn Mirdas to take the city in 1024 or 1025 and to begin imposing their control on the rest of Syria."}, {"id": "Q4817748", "label": "Atsiz ibn Uvaq", "section": "History - Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid revival", "says": "Atsiz ibn Uwaq, a Turkmen of the Nawaki tribe, conquered Jerusalem in 1073 and Damascus in 1076 before attempting to invade even Egypt itself."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid revival", "says": "In particular, he enlisted Cyril II (Coptic Pope from 1078 to 1092) to secure the allegiance of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia (specifically Makuria) and Ethiopia (specifically the Zagwe dynasty) as vassals to the Fatimid state."}, {"id": "Q551601", "label": "Al-Afdal Shahanshah", "section": "History - Final decline", "says": "Badr al-Jamali died in 1094, along with Caliph al-Mustansir that same year, and his son Al-Afdal Shahanshah succeeded him in power as vizier."}, {"id": "Q124745907", "label": "Hasan-i Sabbah", "section": "History - Final decline", "says": "This resulted in a schism with Isma'ili missionaries in Iran, led by the da'i Hasan-i Sabbah, who founded the Nizari sect and went on to form the Order of Assassins."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - Final decline", "says": "During al-Afdal's tenure (1094–1121), the Fatimids faced a new external threat: the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q1226606", "label": "Alexios Komnenos", "section": "History - Final decline", "says": "First contact seems to have been established by the crusaders who sent in May or June 1097, on suggestion of Byzantine Emperor Alexios Komnenos, an embassy to al-Afdal."}], "Q170072": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, also known as the United Provinces (of the Netherlands), and referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation and great power that existed from 1588 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795."}, {"id": "Q2603206", "label": "Batavian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, also known as the United Provinces (of the Netherlands), and referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation and great power that existed from 1588 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the Spanish Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the Union of Utrecht) and declaring their independence in 1581 (the Act of Abjuration), after which they confederated in 1588 (the Instruction of 12 April 1588) after the States General could not agree on a new monarch."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the Spanish Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the Union of Utrecht) and declaring their independence in 1581 (the Act of Abjuration), after which they confederated in 1588 (the Instruction of 12 April 1588) after the States General could not agree on a new monarch."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674, and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748), and"}, {"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674, and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748), and"}, {"id": "Q755170", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674, and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748), and"}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674, and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748), and"}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674, and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748), and"}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674, and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748), and"}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674, and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748), and"}, {"id": "Q41264", "label": "Johannes Vermeer", "section": "lead", "says": "Artists flourished under this regime, including painters such as Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, and many others."}, {"id": "Q39599", "label": "Christiaan Huygens", "section": "lead", "says": "So did scientists, such as Hugo Grotius, Christiaan Huygens, and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek."}, {"id": "Q43522", "label": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", "section": "lead", "says": "So did scientists, such as Hugo Grotius, Christiaan Huygens, and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the republic g"}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - Religious tolerance and refugees", "says": "The Netherlands became home to many other notable refugees, including Protestants from Antwerp and Flanders, which remained under Spanish Catholic rule; French Huguenots; and English Dissenters, including the Pilgrim Fathers."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Amsterdam", "says": "Therefore, the wealthy Sephardic Jews from Portugal were welcomed and accorded all privileges except those of citizenship, but the poor Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe were far more carefully vetted and those who became dependent on the city were encouraged to move on."}, {"id": "Q311455", "label": "William II, Prince of Orange", "section": "History - First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1675)", "says": "In 1650, the stadtholder William II, Prince of Orange suddenly died; his son was a baby and the Orangists were leaderless."}, {"id": "Q318362", "label": "Johan de Witt", "section": "History - First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1675)", "says": "Johan de Witt, a brilliant politician and diplomat, emerged as the dominant figure."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars", "says": "An incident at sea concerning the Act resulted in the First Anglo-Dutch War, which lasted from 1652 to 1654, ending in the Treaty of Westminster (1654), which left the Navigation Act in effect."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars", "says": "King Charles thought a naval war would weaken the Dutch traders and strengthen the English economy and empire, so the Second Anglo-Dutch War was launched in 1665."}, {"id": "Q1981397", "label": "Holmes's Bonfire", "section": "History - First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars", "says": "Holmes's Bonfire was a raid on the Vlie estuary in the Netherlands, executed by the English Fleet during the Second Anglo-Dutch War on 19 and 20 August 1666."}, {"id": "Q331740", "label": "Raid on the Medway", "section": "History - First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars", "says": "However, the Raid on the Medway, in June 1667, ended the war with a Dutch victory."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)", "says": "England declared war on the Republic, (the Third Anglo-Dutch War), followed by France, Münster and Cologne, which had all signed alliances against the Republic."}, {"id": "Q316945", "label": "Michiel de Ruyter", "section": "History - Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)", "says": "An Anglo-French attempt to land on the Dutch shore was barely repelled in three desperate naval battles under command of Admiral Michiel de Ruyter."}, {"id": "Q126188", "label": "James II of England", "section": "History - Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)", "says": "To this end he secured the support from the Dutch States-General and from Protestant English nobles opposed to William's Catholic father-in-law James II of England."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)", "says": "This manoeuvre secured England as a critical ally of the United Provinces in its ongoing war with Louis XIV of France."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "History - The Orangist revolution (1747–1751)", "says": "French attacks on Dutch fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands and occupation of the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders led to the Republic joining the Quadruple Alliance, which suffered a significant defeat at the Battle of Fontenoy."}, {"id": "Q1997647", "label": "Quadruple Alliance", "section": "History - The Orangist revolution (1747–1751)", "says": "French attacks on Dutch fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands and occupation of the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders led to the Republic joining the Quadruple Alliance, which suffered a significant defeat at the Battle of Fontenoy."}, {"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "History - The Orangist revolution (1747–1751)", "says": "However, William IV died unexpectedly in 1751 at the age of 40."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "History - Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779)", "says": "His mother delegated most of the powers of the regency to Bentinck and her favorite, Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779)", "says": "In 1767, he married Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, the daughter of Augustus William of Prussia, niece of Frederick the Great."}, {"id": "Q576292", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779)", "says": "However, things came to a head with the Dutch attempt to join the Russian-led League of Armed Neutrality, leading to the outbreak of the disastrous Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "History - Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)", "says": "The Fourth Anglo–Dutch War (1780–1784) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)", "says": "The war, tangentially related to the American Revolutionary War, broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)", "says": "Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the United States and their allies, U.S. ambassador (and future President) John Adams managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognize the Continental Congress in April 1782."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "History - Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)", "says": "Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the United States and their allies, U.S. ambassador (and future President) John Adams managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognize the Continental Congress in April 1782."}, {"id": "Q185105", "label": "Fernand Braudel", "section": "History - Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)", "says": "The Treaty of Paris (1784), according to Fernand Braudel, \"sounded the knell of Dutch greatness.\""}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)", "says": "Influenced by the American Revolution, the Patriots sought a more democratic form of government."}, {"id": "Q312215", "label": "William V, Prince of Orange", "section": "History - Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)", "says": "Their aim was to reduce corruption and the power held by the stadtholder, William V, Prince of Orange."}, {"id": "Q741772", "label": "Herman Willem Daendels", "section": "History - Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)", "says": "Herman Willem Daendels attempted to organise an overthrow of various municipal governments (vroedschap)."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)", "says": "The goal was to oust government officials and force new elections. \"Seen as a whole this revolution was a string of violent and confused events, accidents, speeches, rumours, bitter enmities and armed confrontations\", wrote French historian Fernand Braudel, who saw it as a forerunner of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "History - Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)", "says": "In June 1787, his energetic wife Wilhelmina (the sister of Frederick William II of Prussia) tried to travel to The Hague."}, {"id": "Q58773", "label": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "History - Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)", "says": "She appealed to her brother for help, and he sent some 26,000 troops to invade, led by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, to suppress the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "Decline", "says": "The end of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, and Austria becoming allies with France against Prussia, marked the end of the republic as a major military power."}], "Q201705": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khmer Empire was an empire in mainland Southeast Asia, centred on hydraulic cities in what is now northern Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q379239", "label": "Jayavaraman II", "section": "lead", "says": "The beginning of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802 AD, when Khmer prince Jayavarman II declared himself chakravartin (lit. 'universal ruler', a title equivalent to 'emperor') in the Phnom Kulen mountains."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the end of the Khmer Empire has traditionally been marked with the fall of Angkor to the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1431 AD, the reasons for the empire's collapse are still debated amongst scholars."}, {"id": "Q501356", "label": "Suryavarman I", "section": "History - Establishment of Yasodharapura", "says": "Three kings reigned simultaneously as antagonists to each other until Suryavarman I (reigned 1006–1050) ascended to the throne by taking the capital Angkor."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Establishment of Yasodharapura", "says": "After surviving several invasions from his enemies, Suryavarman requested aid from the powerful Chola emperor Rajendra I against Tambralinga."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Establishment of Yasodharapura", "says": "After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Chola, Tambralinga requested aid from the Srivijaya king"}, {"id": "Q430309", "label": "Dai Viet", "section": "History - Reign of Suryavarman II and Angkor Wat", "says": "In the east, Suryavarman II's campaigns against Champa and Dai Viet were unsuccessful, though he sacked Vijaya in 1145 and deposed Jaya Indravarman III."}, {"id": "Q2119008", "label": "Kulothunga Chola I", "section": "History - Reign of Suryavarman II and Angkor Wat", "says": "In 1114, Suryavarman II sent a mission to Chola and presented a precious stone to the Chola emperor Kulottunga I."}, {"id": "Q335273", "label": "Jayavarman VII", "section": "History - Reign of Jayavarman VII and Angkor Thom", "says": "King Jayavarman VII (reigned 1181–1219) was generally considered Cambodia's greatest king."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Reign of Jayavarman VIII", "says": "The new king was a follower of Theravada Buddhism, a school of Buddhism that had arrived in Southeast Asia from Sri Lanka and subsequently spread through most of the region."}, {"id": "Q613372", "label": "Ramesuan", "section": "History - Foreign pressure", "says": "In 1393, the Ayutthayan king Ramesuan besieged Angkor again, capturing it the next year."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Plague", "says": "By the 14th century, the Black Death had affected Asia, as the plague first appeared in China around 1330 and reached Europe around 1345."}], "Q484195": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Timurid Empire was a late medieval Turco-Mongol, culturally Persianate, Muslim empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India, and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He saw himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, regarded himself as his heir, and associated closely with the Borjigin."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "He saw himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, regarded himself as his heir, and associated closely with the Borjigin."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur continued to have strong trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde, with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng traveling west to his capital, Samarkand."}, {"id": "Q702918", "label": "Ma Huan", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur continued to have strong trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde, with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng traveling west to his capital, Samarkand."}, {"id": "Q701313", "label": "Chen Cheng", "section": "lead", "says": "Timur continued to have strong trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde, with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng traveling west to his capital, Samarkand."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling Timurid dynasty lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation with the defeat and death of Abu Sa'id Mirza (1451–1469)."}, {"id": "Q1192519", "label": "Abu Sa'id Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling Timurid dynasty lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation with the defeat and death of Abu Sa'id Mirza (1451–1469)."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 16th century, Babur, the Timurid prince of Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "After a final attempt to retake Samarkand in 1511–12, Babur turned to India and used this kingdom as a staging ground to invade the Delhi Sultanate in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After a final attempt to retake Samarkand in 1511–12, Babur turned to India and used this kingdom as a staging ground to invade the Delhi Sultanate in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Timur began a campaign westwards in 1380, invading the various successor states of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Tokhtamysh, the khan of the Golden Horde, was a major rival to Timur in the region."}, {"id": "Q3389106", "label": "Pir Muhammad", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "At the beginning of 1398, Timur sent an army led by his grandson Pir Muhammad to cross the Indus and attack Multan; the successful siege lasted six months."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In December 1398, Timur engaged with the armies of Sultan Mahmud Shah and won."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "He destroyed Baghdad in 1401, and in 1402 he defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "This made Timur the most preeminent Muslim ruler of the time, as the Ottoman Empire plunged into civil war."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Stagnation and decline", "says": "1405–1447), who eventually emerged victorious from the first civil war, ruled from Herat and dealt with the Qara Qoyunlu, who aimed to expand into Iran."}, {"id": "Q486088", "label": "Ulugh Beg", "section": "History - Stagnation and decline", "says": "Shahrukh was succeeded by his son Ulugh Beg, who was based in Samarkand and a famed patron of science being an astronomer and mathematician himself; his execution in 1449 after a revolt by his son Abdal-Latif Mirza plunged the empire into a civil war."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "History - Stagnation and decline", "says": "1451–1469) briefly reunited most of empire but after his defeat and execution in 1469 by Uzun Hasan, bey of the Aq Qoyunlu, the Timurid possessions were permanently divided."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Persia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Eastern Anatolia fell quickly to the Shi'ite Safavid Empire, secured by Shah Ismail I in the following decade."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Much of the Central Asian lands was overrun by the Uzbeks under Shaybani Khan  who conquered the key cities of Samarkand and Herat in 1501 and 1507 respectively, founding the Khanate of Bukhara, and bringing an end to the rule of the main Timurid branches."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Babur and the Mughal Empire", "says": "The Timurid dynasty finally came to an end when the remaining nominal rule of the Mughals was abolished by the British Empire following the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - Babur and the Mughal Empire", "says": "The Timurid dynasty finally came to an end when the remaining nominal rule of the Mughals was abolished by the British Empire following the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}], "Q130229": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Georgia, the Georgian SSR, or simply Georgia, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its occupation by the Red Army in 1921 to its independence in 1991."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Coterminous with the present-day republic of Georgia including the contested regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia, which had existed as a series of states in the Caucasus prior to the annexation by the Russian Empire in the course of the 19th century and from 1918 to 1921 as the Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Coterminous with the present-day republic of Georgia including the contested regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia, which had existed as a series of states in the Caucasus prior to the annexation by the Russian Empire in the course of the 19th century and from 1918 to 1921 as the Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q545205", "label": "Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Until 1936 it was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, which existed as a union republic within the USSR."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On November 28, 1917, after the October Revolution in Russia, there was a Transcaucasian Commissariat established in Tiflis."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On April 22 the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed, though it only lasted for a month before being replaced by three new states: \nthe Georgian Democratic Republic, the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On April 22 the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed, though it only lasted for a month before being replaced by three new states: \nthe Georgian Democratic Republic, the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On April 22 the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed, though it only lasted for a month before being replaced by three new states: \nthe Georgian Democratic Republic, the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Georgia was dragged into wars against Armenia and remnants of the Ottoman Empire, while the rapid spread of ideas of revolutionary socialism in rural regions accounted for some Soviet-backed peasants' revolts in Racha, Samegrelo and Dusheti."}, {"id": "Q141829", "label": "Lavrentiy Beria", "section": "History - Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic", "says": "During this period the province was led by Lavrentiy Beria, the first secretary of the Georgian Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Joseph Stalin, an ethnic Georgian, led the USSR during the World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Joseph Stalin, an ethnic Georgian, led the USSR during the World War II."}, {"id": "Q151929", "label": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "section": "History - Post-Stalin period", "says": "Eduard Shevardnadze, the country's interior minister between 1964 and 1972, gained a reputation as a fighter of corruption and engineered the removal of Vasil Mzhavanadze, the corrupt First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q500581", "label": "Vasil Mzhavanadze", "section": "History - Post-Stalin period", "says": "Eduard Shevardnadze, the country's interior minister between 1964 and 1972, gained a reputation as a fighter of corruption and engineered the removal of Vasil Mzhavanadze, the corrupt First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "History - End of the Soviet period", "says": "Georgia declared independence on 9 April 1991 under Zviad Gamsakhurdia as one of the republics to secede just four months before the failed coup against Gorbachev in August, which was supported by a declining number of hardliners."}], "Q170468": [{"id": "Q3087763", "label": "Republic of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initially a short-lived political union between the Republic of Egypt (including Egyptian-governed Gaza) and the Second Syrian Republic from 1958 until Syria seceded from the union following the 1961 Syrian coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q146885", "label": "Second Syrian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initially a short-lived political union between the Republic of Egypt (including Egyptian-governed Gaza) and the Second Syrian Republic from 1958 until Syria seceded from the union following the 1961 Syrian coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until it was formally dissolved by Anwar Sadat in September 1971."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was led by Gamal Abdel Nasser as the Egyptian president."}, {"id": "Q856843", "label": "United Arab States", "section": "lead", "says": "The UAR was a member of the United Arab States, a loose confederation with the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, which was dissolved in 1961."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The UAR was a member of the United Arab States, a loose confederation with the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, which was dissolved in 1961."}, {"id": "Q307226", "label": "Abdel Hakim Amer", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The delegation was received by Egyptian Chief of Staff Abdel Hakim Amer and petitioned for a Syrian-Egyptian union."}, {"id": "Q144615", "label": "Zakaria Mohieddin", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee, consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Bitar to oversee the affairs in Syria."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Syrian Army officers resented being subordinate to Egyptian officers, and Syrian Bedouin tribes received money from Saudi Arabia to prevent them from becoming loyal to Nasser."}, {"id": "Q3246667", "label": "Abdul Hamid", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Mustafa al-Barudi, the Syrian Minister of Propaganda, stated that 'the smallest member of the (Egyptian) retinue thought that he had inherited our country. [Egyptians] spread \"like octopuses\" everywhere.' Nasser was not able to address problems in Syria completely, because they were new to him, and instead of appointing Syrians to run Syria, he assigned this position to Amer and Abdul Hamid al-Sar"}, {"id": "Q149724", "label": "Faisal II of Iraq", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "To counter the UAR's influence, King Hussein proposed a Jordanian-Iraqi counter-alliance to Faisal II of Iraq; leading to the formation of the Arab Federation on 14 February 1958."}, {"id": "Q146713", "label": "Arab Federation", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "To counter the UAR's influence, King Hussein proposed a Jordanian-Iraqi counter-alliance to Faisal II of Iraq; leading to the formation of the Arab Federation on 14 February 1958."}, {"id": "Q365971", "label": "Camille Chamoun", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "In nearby Lebanon, President Camille Chamoun, an opponent of Nasser, viewed the creation of the UAR with worry."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "On 14 July 1958, Iraqi army officers staged a military coup and overthrew the Kingdom of Iraq – which had only recently united with Jordan to form the rival Arab Federation."}, {"id": "Q449407", "label": "Fouad Chehab", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "This allowed the election of Fouad Chehab as Lebanon's new president."}], "Q130280": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic  (Estonian SSR, ESSR), also known as Soviet Estonia, was a de facto administrative unit (union republic) of the former Soviet Union, established on the occupied and annexed territory of Estonia in 1940."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was nominally established to replace the until then independent Republic of Estonia on 21 July 1940, a month after the 16–17 June 1940 Soviet military invasion and occupation of the country during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941, until it was reconquered by the USSR in 1944."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Soviet occupation of Estonia", "says": "On 16 June, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Estonia (along with Lithuania and Latvia)."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Soviet occupation of Estonia", "says": "Soviet leader Joseph Stalin claimed that the 1939 mutual assistance treaties had been violated, and gave six-hour ultimatums for new governments to be formed in each country, including lists of persons for cabinet posts provided by the Kremlin."}, {"id": "Q205073", "label": "Kellogg-Briand pact", "section": "History - Soviet occupation of Estonia", "says": "The Estonian government decided, in accordance with the Kellogg–Briand Pact, to not respond to the ultimatums by military means."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - International reaction", "says": "The United States, United Kingdom, and several other countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal following the Stimson Doctrine—a stance that made the doctrine an established precedent of international law."}, {"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "History - International reaction", "says": "Although the US, the UK, the other Allies of World War II recognised the occupation of the Baltic states by USSR at Yalta Conference in 1945 de facto, they retained diplomatic relations with the exiled representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, and never formally recognised the annexation of Estonia de jure."}, {"id": "Q3744498", "label": "Tartu Offensive", "section": "History - Soviet recapture", "says": "This began when the Red Army re-occupied Estonian Ingria, Narva and eastern Vaivara Parish in the Battle of Narva, Southeast Estonia in the Tartu Offensive and the rest of the country in the Baltic Offensive."}, {"id": "Q687465", "label": "Baltic Offensive", "section": "History - Soviet recapture", "says": "This began when the Red Army re-occupied Estonian Ingria, Narva and eastern Vaivara Parish in the Battle of Narva, Southeast Estonia in the Tartu Offensive and the rest of the country in the Baltic Offensive."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Soviet recapture", "says": "Although the United States and the United Kingdom, the major"}, {"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "History - Destruction of graveyards and war memorials", "says": "On 15 April 1945, in Pärnu, a monument by Amandus Adamson, erected to 87 persons who had fallen in the Estonian War of Independence, was demolished."}, {"id": "Q179858", "label": "Urho Kekkonen", "section": "History - Post-Stalin regime", "says": "President of Finland Urho Kekkonen had visited Tallinn in the previous year and the ferry line is widely credited to Kekkonen."}, {"id": "Q153149", "label": "Lennart Meri", "section": "History - Restoration of independence", "says": "In 1992, Heinrich Mark, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia in Exile, presented his credentials to the newly elected President of Estonia Lennart Meri."}], "Q174193": [{"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union in 1801 that united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into one unitary and sovereign state."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "It continued in this form until 1922, after the Irish Free State gained independence, with the remainder continuing as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q188371", "label": "Great Irish Famine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Irish Famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The UK, from its islands off the coast of Europe, financed the coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars, and developed its dominant Royal Navy enabling the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The UK, from its islands off the coast of Europe, financed the coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars, and developed its dominant Royal Navy enabling the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "From the defeat of Napoleon to World War I, Britain was almost continuously at peace with the Great Powers."}, {"id": "Q220984", "label": "Opium Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the UK did engage in extensive wars in Africa and Asia, such as the Opium Wars, to extend its empire and influence."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in earnest in the second half of the 19th century, the Imperial government granted increasing autonomy to local governments in colonies where white settlers were politically dominant, with this process resulting in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa becoming self-governing dominions."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With respect to other powers, the British remained non-aligned until the 20th century when the growing naval power of the German Empire came to be seen as an existential threat to the British Empire."}], "Q178897": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople or the Constantinopolitan Empire, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople or the Constantinopolitan Empire, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors."}, {"id": "Q312369", "label": "Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat", "section": "lead", "says": "The main objective to form a Latin Empire was planned over the course of the Fourth Crusade, promoted by crusade leaders such as Boniface I of Montferrat, as well as the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The main objective to form a Latin Empire was planned over the course of the Fourth Crusade, promoted by crusade leaders such as Boniface I of Montferrat, as well as the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos to the throne, which had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos to the throne, which had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185–1204) in Nicaea, by the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081–1185) in Trebizond, and by the Komnenos Doukas family in Epirus and Thessalonica (especially from 1224 to 1242)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes, it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the Nicene Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the Sack of Constantinople, the crusaders agreed to divide up Byzantine territory."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Latin Empire claimed the remainder and exerted control over:\n\nareas of Greece, divided into vassal fiefs:\nthe Kingdom of Thessalonica\nthe Principality of Achaea\nthe Duchy of Athens\nthe Duchy of the Archipelago\nthe short-lived Duchy of Philippopolis in north Thrace\nFurther duchies were projected in Asia Minor, at Nicaea (for Louis of Blois), Nicomedia (Thierry de Loos), Philadelphia (Stephen du"}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Latin Empire claimed the remainder and exerted control over:\n\nareas of Greece, divided into vassal fiefs:\nthe Kingdom of Thessalonica\nthe Principality of Achaea\nthe Duchy of Athens\nthe Duchy of the Archipelago\nthe short-lived Duchy of Philippopolis in north Thrace\nFurther duchies were projected in Asia Minor, at Nicaea (for Louis of Blois), Nicomedia (Thierry de Loos), Philadelphia (Stephen du"}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Latin Empire claimed the remainder and exerted control over:\n\nareas of Greece, divided into vassal fiefs:\nthe Kingdom of Thessalonica\nthe Principality of Achaea\nthe Duchy of Athens\nthe Duchy of the Archipelago\nthe short-lived Duchy of Philippopolis in north Thrace\nFurther duchies were projected in Asia Minor, at Nicaea (for Louis of Blois), Nicomedia (Thierry de Loos), Philadelphia (Stephen du"}, {"id": "Q777981", "label": "Duchy of the Archipelago", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Latin Empire claimed the remainder and exerted control over:\n\nareas of Greece, divided into vassal fiefs:\nthe Kingdom of Thessalonica\nthe Principality of Achaea\nthe Duchy of Athens\nthe Duchy of the Archipelago\nthe short-lived Duchy of Philippopolis in north Thrace\nFurther duchies were projected in Asia Minor, at Nicaea (for Louis of Blois), Nicomedia (Thierry de Loos), Philadelphia (Stephen du"}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "These duchies remained theoretical, due to the establishment of the Empire of Nicaea in the area."}, {"id": "Q269235", "label": "Henry of Flanders", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Philadelphia never came under actual Latin control, although the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders laid claim to the region after defeating the local strongman, Theodore Mangaphas, in 1205."}, {"id": "Q766496", "label": "Theodore Mangaphas", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Philadelphia never came under actual Latin control, although the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders laid claim to the region after defeating the local strongman, Theodore Mangaphas, in 1205."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "However, much of the former Byzantine territory remained in the hands of rival successor states led by Byzantine Greek aristocrats, such as the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond, each bent on reconquest from the Latins."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "However, much of the former Byzantine territory remained in the hands of rival successor states led by Byzantine Greek aristocrats, such as the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond, each bent on reconquest from the Latins."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - In Asia Minor", "says": "The initial campaigns of the crusaders in Asia Minor resulted in the capture of most of Bithynia by 1205, with the defeat of the forces of Theodore I Laskaris at Poemanenum and Prusa."}, {"id": "Q37086", "label": "Theodore I Laskaris", "section": "History - In Asia Minor", "says": "The initial campaigns of the crusaders in Asia Minor resulted in the capture of most of Bithynia by 1205, with the defeat of the forces of Theodore I Laskaris at Poemanenum and Prusa."}, {"id": "Q365620", "label": "Robert of Courtenay", "section": "History - In Asia Minor", "says": "At the battle of Poimanenon in 1224, the Latin army was defeated, and by the next year Emperor Robert of Courtenay was forced to cede all his Asian possessions to Nicaea, except for Nicomedia and the territories directly across from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q441429", "label": "Michael I Komnenos Doukas", "section": "History - In Europe", "says": "At the same time, another Byzantine successor state, the Despotate of Epirus, under Michael I Komnenos Doukas, posed a threat to the empire's vassals in Thessalonica and Athens."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - In Europe", "says": "This alliance allowed Henry to launch a campaign in Macedonia, Thessaly and Central Greece against the rebellious Lombard lords of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "History - In Europe", "says": "In 1214 however, Michael died, and was succeeded by Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who was determined to capture Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q160182", "label": "Honorius III", "section": "History - In Europe", "says": "Distracted by the renewed war with Nicaea, and waiting in vain for assistance from Pope Honorius III and the King of France Philip II, the Latin Empire was unable to prevent the final fall of Thessalonica to Epirus in 1224."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - In Europe", "says": "Distracted by the renewed war with Nicaea, and waiting in vain for assistance from Pope Honorius III and the King of France Philip II, the Latin Empire was unable to prevent the final fall of Thessalonica to Epirus in 1224."}, {"id": "Q332704", "label": "John of Brienne", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "After Robert of Courtenay died in 1228, a new regency under John of Brienne was set up."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "After the disastrous Epirote defeat by the Bulgarians at the Battle of Klokotnitsa, the Epirote threat to the Latin Empire was removed, only to be replaced by Nicaea, which started acquiring territories in Greece."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea concluded an alliance with Bulgaria, which in 1235 resulted in a joint campaign against the Latin Empire, and an unsuccessful siege of Constantinople the same year."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Following the victory at the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259 Michael VIII Palaiologos of the Nicaean empire  had only one obstacle in the Theodosian walls."}, {"id": "Q888405", "label": "Philip of Courtenay", "section": "History - Titular claimants", "says": "The title passed from Baldwin to his son Philip of Courtenay and subsequently through the female line to the Angevin princes of Taranto."}, {"id": "Q592881", "label": "James of Baux", "section": "History - Titular claimants", "says": "In 1373, James of Baux inherited the last imperial title from his uncle Philip II of Taranto."}, {"id": "Q658100", "label": "Philip II, Prince of Taranto", "section": "History - Titular claimants", "says": "In 1373, James of Baux inherited the last imperial title from his uncle Philip II of Taranto."}, {"id": "Q235381", "label": "Joanna I of Naples", "section": "History - Titular claimants", "says": "In 1380, the Navarrese Company entered the Morea in his service as he asserted a competing claim to the Principality of Achaea against Joanna I of Naples."}], "Q179023": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On the eve of World War I, France's colonial empire was the second-largest in the world after the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "France began to establish colonies in the Americas, the Caribbean, and India in the 16th century but lost most of its possessions after its defeat in the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "France began to establish colonies in the Americas, the Caribbean, and India in the 16th century but lost most of its possessions after its defeat in the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was then sold to the United States in 1803."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Especially after the disastrous Franco-Prussian War, which saw Germany become the leading economic and military power of the continent of Europe, acquiring colonies and rebuilding an empire was seen as a way to restore French prestige in the world."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "lead", "says": "Promoted by figures like Jules Ferry, who spoke of a \"duty to civilize\", this vision framed colonialism as a universalist and progressive project."}], "Q185068": [{"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Weakened by constant conflict, it was eventually conquered, either by the Iranian Medes in the early 6th century BC or by Cyrus the Great in the middle of the 6th century BC."}, {"id": "Q310142", "label": "Shalmaneser I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Assyrian inscriptions of Shalmaneser I (c."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Nairi states were repeatedly subjected to further attacks and invasions by the Middle and Neo-Assyrian Empires, which lay to the south in Upper Mesopotamia (\"the Jazirah\") and northern Syria, especially under Tukulti-Ninurta I (c."}, {"id": "Q296295", "label": "Tiglath-Pileser I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "1240 BC), Tiglath-Pileser I (c."}, {"id": "Q362675", "label": "Ashur-bel-kala", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "1100 BC), Ashur-bel-kala (c."}, {"id": "Q311573", "label": "Adad-nirari II", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "1070 BC), Adad-nirari II (c."}, {"id": "Q283560", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta II", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "900 BC), Tukulti-Ninurta II (c."}, {"id": "Q193290", "label": "Ashurnasirpal II", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "890 BC), and Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC)."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Urartu reemerged in Assyrian language inscriptions in the ninth century BC as a powerful northern rival to the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "860–843 BC), whose capitals, first at Sugunia and then at Arzashkun, were captured by the Assyrians under the Neo-Assyrian emperor Shalmaneser III."}, {"id": "Q353497", "label": "Sarduri II", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "He made his son Sarduri II viceroy."}, {"id": "Q315465", "label": "Shamshi-Adad V", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "After conquering Musasir, Ispuini was in turn attacked by Shamshi-Adad V."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Decline and recuperation", "says": "In 714 BC, the Urartian kingdom suffered heavily from Cimmerian raids and the campaigns of Sargon II."}, {"id": "Q380815", "label": "Argishti II", "section": "History - Decline and recuperation", "says": "Rusa's son Argishti II (714–685 BC) restored Urartu's position against the Cimmerians, however it was no longer a threat to Assyria and peace was made with the new king of Assyria Sennacherib in 705 BC."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Decline and recuperation", "says": "Rusa's son Argishti II (714–685 BC) restored Urartu's position against the Cimmerians, however it was no longer a threat to Assyria and peace was made with the new king of Assyria Sennacherib in 705 BC."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Decline and recuperation", "says": "Rusa's son Argishti II (714–685 BC) restored Urartu's position against the Cimmerians, however it was no longer a threat to Assyria and peace was made with the new king of Assyria Sennacherib in 705 BC."}, {"id": "Q460078", "label": "Rusa II", "section": "History - Decline and recuperation", "says": "This, in turn, helped Urartu enter a long period of development and prosperity, which continued through the reign of Argishti's son Rusa II (685–645 BC)."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Decline and recuperation", "says": "As a result, it became dependent on Assyria, as evidenced by Rusa II's son Sarduri III (645–635 BC) referring to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal as his \"father\"."}, {"id": "Q541989", "label": "Rusa III", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "According to Urartian epigraphy, Sarduri III was followed by two kings—Rusa III (also known as Rusa Erimenahi) (620–609 BC) and his son, Rusa IV (609–590 or 585 BC)."}, {"id": "Q673022", "label": "Rusa IV", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "According to Urartian epigraphy, Sarduri III was followed by two kings—Rusa III (also known as Rusa Erimenahi) (620–609 BC) and his son, Rusa IV (609–590 or 585 BC)."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Late during the 7th century BC (during or after Sarduri III's reign), Urartu was invaded by Scythians and their allies—the Medes."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In 612 BC, the Median king Cyaxares the Great together with Nabopolassar of Babylon and the Scythians conquered Assyria after it had been irreversibly weakened by civil war."}, {"id": "Q7829045", "label": "Touraj Daryaee", "section": "History - Appearance of Armenia", "says": "According to historian Touraj Daryaee, during the Armenian rebellion against the Persian king Darius I in 521 BC, some of the personal and topographic names attested in connection with Armenia or Armenians were of Urartian origin, suggesting that Urartian elements persisted within Armenia after its fall."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Appearance of Armenia", "says": "According to historian Touraj Daryaee, during the Armenian rebellion against the Persian king Darius I in 521 BC, some of the personal and topographic names attested in connection with Armenia or Armenians were of Urartian origin, suggesting that Urartian elements persisted within Armenia after its fall."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "History - Appearance of Armenia", "says": "The toponym Urartu did not disappear, however, as the name of the province of Ayrarat in the center of the Kingdom of Armenia is believed to be its continuum."}, {"id": "Q365695", "label": "Moses of Chorene", "section": "History - Appearance of Armenia", "says": "Parts of its history passed down as popular stories and were preserved in Armenia, as written by Movses Khorenatsi in the form of garbled legends in his 5th century book History of Armenia, where he speaks of a first Armenian Kingdom in Van which fought wars against the Assyrians."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Appearance of Armenia", "says": "According to Herodotus, the Alarodians (Alarodioi) were part of the 18th Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire and formed a special contingent in the grand army of Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Appearance of Armenia", "says": "According to Herodotus, the Alarodians (Alarodioi) were part of the 18th Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire and formed a special contingent in the grand army of Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - Appearance of Armenia", "says": "According to Herodotus, the Alarodians (Alarodioi) were part of the 18th Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire and formed a special contingent in the grand army of Xerxes I."}], "Q229411": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, as well as some parts of southern Nepal."}, {"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "lead", "says": "The foundation of the sultanate was laid by the Ghurid conqueror Muhammad Ghori, who routed the Rajput Confederacy, led by Ajmer ruler Prithviraj Chauhan, in 1192 near Tarain, in a reversal of an earlier battle."}, {"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultanate reached its geographical zenith under the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A major political transformation occurred across northern India, triggered by the Central Asian king Timur's devastating raid on Delhi in 1398, coinciding with the re-emergence of rival Hindu powers such as Vijayanagara Empire and Kingdom of Mewar, and new Muslim sultanates such as the Bengal and Bahmani Sultanates asserting independence."}, {"id": "Q17319155", "label": "Kingdom of Mewar", "section": "lead", "says": "A major political transformation occurred across northern India, triggered by the Central Asian king Timur's devastating raid on Delhi in 1398, coinciding with the re-emergence of rival Hindu powers such as Vijayanagara Empire and Kingdom of Mewar, and new Muslim sultanates such as the Bengal and Bahmani Sultanates asserting independence."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1526, Timurid ruler Babur invaded northern India and conquered the sultanate, leading to its succession by the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also one of the few powers to repel attacks by the Mongols (from the Chagatai Khanate) and saw the enthronement of one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana (r."}, {"id": "Q465076", "label": "Razia Sultana", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also one of the few powers to repel attacks by the Mongols (from the Chagatai Khanate) and saw the enthronement of one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana (r."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Many of the Turkic Mamluk slaves eventually rose to become rulers and conquered large parts of the Muslim world, establishing Mamluk Sultanates from Egypt to present-day Afghanistan, before turning their attention to the Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave, who raided and plundered kingdoms in northern India from east of the Indus river to west of the Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In contrast, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor) began a systematic war of expansion into northern India in 1173."}, {"id": "Q2349158", "label": "Aram Shah", "section": "History - Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)", "says": "After Aibak died, Aram Shah assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Aibak's son-in-law, Shams ud-Din Iltutmish."}, {"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "History - Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)", "says": "After Aibak died, Aram Shah assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Aibak's son-in-law, Shams ud-Din Iltutmish."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "History - Khalji dynasty (1290–1320)", "says": "After the Mongols withdrew, Ala ud-Din Khalji continued to expand the Delhi Sultanate into southern India with the help of Indian slave generals such as Malik Kafur and Khusro Khan."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413)", "says": "Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of Deogiri in the present-day Indian state of Maharashtra (renaming it Daulatabad), as the second administrative capital of the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q2741754", "label": "Khizr Khan", "section": "History - Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450)", "says": "The Sayyid dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan and it ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1415 to 1451."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450)", "says": "Annemarie Schimmel notes the first ruler of the dynasty as Khizr Khan, who assumed power as a vassal of the Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "History - Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450)", "says": "His successor was Mubarak Khan, who renamed himself Mubarak Shah, discontinued his father's nominal allegiance to Timur and unsuccessfully tried to regain lost territories in Punjab from Khokhar warlords."}, {"id": "Q11947898", "label": "Sayyid Alà-ad-Din Àlam-Xah", "section": "History - Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450)", "says": "By the time of the last Sayyid ruler, Alam Shah (whose name translated to \"king of the world\"), this resulted in a common northern Indian witticism, according to which the \"kingdom of the king of the world extends from Delhi to Palam\", i.e. merely 13 kilometres (8.1 mi)."}, {"id": "Q2747189", "label": "Bahlul Khan Lodi", "section": "History - Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)", "says": "The founder of the dynasty, Bahlul Khan Lodi, was a Khalji of the Lodi clan."}, {"id": "Q167134", "label": "Jaunpur Sultanate", "section": "History - Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)", "says": "He started his reign by attacking the Muslim Jaunpur Sultanate to expand the influence of the Delhi Sultanate and was partially successful through a treaty."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "Decline", "says": "For example, a Sanskrit inscription notes that Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq repaired a Shiva and Parvati temple in Bidar after his Deccan conquest."}], "Q30623": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Manchukuo or Manchoukuo was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Manchuria that existed from 1932 until its dissolution in 1945."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Manchu-led Qing dynasty, which had governed China since the 17th century, was overthrown with the permanent abolition of the dynastic system in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, with Puyi, the final emperor of China, forced to abdicate at the age of six."}, {"id": "Q315572", "label": "Nobusuke Kishi", "section": "lead", "says": "Under vice-minister Nobusuke Kishi and the Manchurian Industrial Development Company, heavy industry was dramatically expanded using slave labor of the local populations."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Manchukuo was the primary launching ground for further invasion of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, beginning with the 1937 Marco Polo Bridge incident."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was ultimately toppled at the end of World War II with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945; its government was formally dissolved following the surrender of Japan in September."}, {"id": "Q696094", "label": "Treaty of Nerchinsk", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Qing stated explicitly in various edicts, as well as within the Treaty of Nerchinsk, that the Manchu home provinces belonged to China."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Russian Empire had set its sights on Qing's northern territories, and through unequal treaties signed in 1858 and 1860 ultimately annexed huge tracts of territory adjoining the Amur River outright, now known collectively as Outer Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q1140643", "label": "Tōyama Mitsuru", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Tōyama Mitsuru, who was the Society's leader as well as a member of the pan-Asian secret society Gen'yōsha, additionally believed that the anti-Qing revolutionaries would even aid the Japanese in taking over, as well as helping them to enlarge the opium trade that the Qing were currently trying to destroy."}, {"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "History - Japanese invasion and establishment of Manchukuo", "says": "During the Warlord Era, Marshal Zhang Zuolin established himself in Manchuria with Japanese backing."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "History - Japanese invasion and establishment of Manchukuo", "says": "Marshal Zhang was killed when the bridge his train was riding across was blown up while three Chinese men were murdered and explosive equipment was placed on their corpses to make it appear that they were the killers, but the plot was foiled when Zhang's son Zhang Xueliang, the 'Young Marshal', succeeded him without incident while Tokyo refused to send additional troops to Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q197223", "label": "Zhang Jinghui", "section": "History - Japanese invasion and establishment of Manchukuo", "says": "On 16 February 1932, the Imperial Army hosted the \"Founding Conference\" or \"Big Four Conference\" with Liaoning governor Zang Shiyi, Heilongjiang governor Zhang Jinghui, commander of the Kirin Provincial Army Xi Qia, and general Ma Zhanshan, in order to establish the Northeast Administrative Committee."}, {"id": "Q713038", "label": "Xi Qia", "section": "History - Japanese invasion and establishment of Manchukuo", "says": "On 16 February 1932, the Imperial Army hosted the \"Founding Conference\" or \"Big Four Conference\" with Liaoning governor Zang Shiyi, Heilongjiang governor Zhang Jinghui, commander of the Kirin Provincial Army Xi Qia, and general Ma Zhanshan, in order to establish the Northeast Administrative Committee."}, {"id": "Q388327", "label": "Ma Zhanshan", "section": "History - Japanese invasion and establishment of Manchukuo", "says": "On 16 February 1932, the Imperial Army hosted the \"Founding Conference\" or \"Big Four Conference\" with Liaoning governor Zang Shiyi, Heilongjiang governor Zhang Jinghui, commander of the Kirin Provincial Army Xi Qia, and general Ma Zhanshan, in order to establish the Northeast Administrative Committee."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "History - Nominal transition to monarchy", "says": "The conquest of Manchuria was also presented as resolving the \"unfinished business\" left over the Russo-Japanese war that finally undid one of the key terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth."}, {"id": "Q709429", "label": "Battle of Beiping–Tianjin", "section": "History - Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "The Manchu general Tong Linge was killed in action by the Japanese in the Battle of Beiping–Tianjin, which marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "History - Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "In the summer of 1939, a border dispute between Manchukuo and the Mongolian People's Republic resulted in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol."}, {"id": "Q188925", "label": "Battles of Khalkhin Gol", "section": "History - Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "In the summer of 1939, a border dispute between Manchukuo and the Mongolian People's Republic resulted in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Soviet invasion, dissolution, and aftermath", "says": "On 8 August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, in accordance with the agreement at the Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from Outer Manchuria and Outer Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Soviet invasion, dissolution, and aftermath", "says": "On 8 August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, in accordance with the agreement at the Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from Outer Manchuria and Outer Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - Soviet invasion, dissolution, and aftermath", "says": "From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria served as a base of operations for the People's Liberation Army against the National Revolutionary Army in the Chinese Civil War."}], "Q62623": [{"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalmar Union was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by Queen Margaret of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1397 to 1523, it joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including much of present-day Finland), and Norway, together with Norway's maritime colonies (then including Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland)."}, {"id": "Q7837137", "label": "Treaty of Malmö", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick I formally renounced his claim to Sweden in 1524 at the Treaty of Malmö."}, {"id": "Q202266", "label": "Margaret I of Denmark", "section": "History - Inception", "says": "On the personal level, the union was achieved by Queen Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412)."}, {"id": "Q216630", "label": "Valdemar IV of Denmark", "section": "History - Inception", "says": "She was a daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark and had married King Haakon VI of Norway and Sweden, who was the son of King Magnus IV of Sweden, Norway and Scania."}, {"id": "Q313015", "label": "Haakon VI of Norway", "section": "History - Inception", "says": "She was a daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark and had married King Haakon VI of Norway and Sweden, who was the son of King Magnus IV of Sweden, Norway and Scania."}, {"id": "Q161958", "label": "Eric of Pomerania", "section": "History - Inception", "says": "She adopted her great-nephew Eric of Pomerania the same year."}, {"id": "Q69057", "label": "Christian I", "section": "History - Inception", "says": "The Union lost territory when Orkney and Shetland were pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland in 1468."}, {"id": "Q222616", "label": "James III of Scotland", "section": "History - Inception", "says": "The Union lost territory when Orkney and Shetland were pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland in 1468."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "History - Inception", "says": "The money was never paid, so in 1472 the Kingdom of Scotland annexed the islands."}, {"id": "Q58056", "label": "Christopher of Bavaria", "section": "History - Internal conflict", "says": "The death of Christopher of Bavaria (who had no heirs) in 1448 ended a period in which the three Scandinavian kingdoms were uninterruptedly united for a lengthy period."}, {"id": "Q452506", "label": "Sten Sture the Elder", "section": "History - Internal conflict", "says": "When Karl died in 1470, Christian tried to become king of Sweden again, but was defeated by Sten Sture the Elder in the 1471 battle of Brunkeberg outside Stockholm."}, {"id": "Q541674", "label": "Sten Sture the Younger", "section": "History - Internal conflict", "says": "After his death, Sweden was ruled by Svante Nilsson (1504–1512) and then Svante's son Sten Sture the Younger (1512–1520)."}, {"id": "Q1606958", "label": "Battle of Bogesund", "section": "History - Internal conflict", "says": "Sten Sture the Younger was killed in the 1520 Battle of Bogesund when the Danish king Christian II invaded Sweden with a large army."}, {"id": "Q846876", "label": "Stockholm Bloodbath", "section": "History - Internal conflict", "says": "Subsequently, Christian II was crowned King of Sweden, and supporters of Sten Sture were executed en masse in the Stockholm Bloodbath."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "History - Swedish War of Liberation", "says": "After the Stockholm Bloodbath, Gustav Vasa (whose father, Erik Johansson, was executed) travelled to Dalarna, where he organized a rebellion against Christian II."}, {"id": "Q158677", "label": "Northern Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Swedish War of Liberation", "says": "After the Northern Seven Years' War, the Treaty of Stettin (1570) saw Frederick II renounce all claims to Sweden."}, {"id": "Q707364", "label": "Count's Feud", "section": "History - End and aftermath", "says": "One of the union's last structures remained until 1536/1537, when the Danish Privy Council, in the aftermath of the Count's Feud, declared Norway a Danish province."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "History - End and aftermath", "says": "This Denmark–Norway union lasted nearly three centuries, until Norway was ceded to Sweden in 1814."}], "Q7405": [{"id": "Q770951", "label": "War of the Eight Princes", "section": "lead", "says": "The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close, ending a prolonged period of political division since the War of the Eight Princes."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of military campaigns against the Goguryeo in the Korean pen"}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Foundation and Emperor Wen", "says": "During the late Northern and Southern dynasties period, the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi in 577, reunifying northern China."}, {"id": "Q1143524", "label": "Northern Qi", "section": "History - Foundation and Emperor Wen", "says": "During the late Northern and Southern dynasties period, the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi in 577, reunifying northern China."}, {"id": "Q1149124", "label": "Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Foundation and Emperor Wen", "says": "Yang Jian's daughter was the Empress Dowager, and her stepson, Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou, was a child."}, {"id": "Q7418", "label": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "section": "History - Foundation and Emperor Wen", "says": "After crushing an army in the eastern provinces, Yang Jian usurped the throne from the Northern Zhou rulers, and became Emperor Wen of Sui."}, {"id": "Q7419", "label": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "section": "History - Emperor Yang and re-conquest of Vietnam", "says": "Emperor Yang of Sui (569–618) ascended the throne after his father's death, possibly by murder."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "Men would deliberately break their limbs in order to avoid military conscription, calling the practice \"propitious paws\" and \"fortunate feet.\" Later, after the fall of Sui, in the year 642, Emperor Taizong of Tang made an effort to eradicate this practice by issuing a decree of a stiffer punishment for those who were found to deliberately injure and heal themselves."}, {"id": "Q9700", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Tang", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "Meanwhile, in the North, the aristocrat Li Yuan (李淵) held an uprising after which he ended up ascending the throne to become Emperor Gaozu of Tang."}], "Q173065": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily citra Pharum or \"on this side of  the lighthouse\", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily citra Pharum or \"on this side of  the lighthouse\", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302)."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "When the island of Sicily revolted and was conquered by the Crown of Aragon, it became a separate kingdom also called the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q311861", "label": "Charles III of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, two competing lines of the Angevin family competed for the Kingdom of Naples in the late 14th century, which resulted in the murder of Joanna I at the hands of her successor, Charles III of Naples."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles' daughter Joanna II adopted King Alfonso V of Aragon as heir, who would then unite Naples into his Aragonese dominions in 1442."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century, the possession of the kingdom again changed hands; the 1714 Treaty of Rastatt saw Naples given to Charles VI of the Austrian Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q163236", "label": "Treaty of Rastatt", "section": "lead", "says": "After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century, the possession of the kingdom again changed hands; the 1714 Treaty of Rastatt saw Naples given to Charles VI of the Austrian Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1816, Naples formally unified with the island of Sicily to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q1051600", "label": "Duchy of Naples", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Naples, which was the capital of the Duchy of Naples since the 7th century, surrendered to Roger II of Sicily in 1137, and was annexed to the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q193901", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Naples, which was the capital of the Duchy of Naples since the 7th century, surrendered to Roger II of Sicily in 1137, and was annexed to the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q314025", "label": "Anacletus II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The title of King of Sicily was established by the Antipope Anacletus II as early as 1130 and subsequently legitimized, in 1139, by Pope Innocent II."}, {"id": "Q170386", "label": "Innocent II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The title of King of Sicily was established by the Antipope Anacletus II as early as 1130 and subsequently legitimized, in 1139, by Pope Innocent II."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Since the royal titles over the State had been assigned to the Normans by Innocent II, the popes, in particular Pope Innocent III and Pope Innocent IV, claimed the feudal rights of the Church State over the Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Angevin dynasty", "says": "In 1389 Louis II of Anjou son of Louis I managed to seize the throne from Ladislas of Naples son of Charles III, but was expelled by Ladislas in 1399."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Angevin dynasty", "says": "In 1389 Louis II of Anjou son of Louis I managed to seize the throne from Ladislas of Naples son of Charles III, but was expelled by Ladislas in 1399."}, {"id": "Q170353", "label": "René of Anjou", "section": "History - Angevin dynasty", "says": "1414–1435) adopted Alfonso V of Aragon (whom she later repudiated) and Louis III of Anjou as heirs alternately, finally settling succession on Louis' brother René of Anjou of the junior Angevin line, and he succeeded her in 1435."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "History - Aragonese dynasty", "says": "When Ferdinand I died in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, using as a pretext the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, which his father had inherited in 1481 on the will of Charles IV of Anjou, nephew and heir of King René who had no surviving son."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Aragonese dynasty", "says": "When Ferdinand I died in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, using as a pretext the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, which his father had inherited in 1481 on the will of Charles IV of Anjou, nephew and heir of King René who had no surviving son."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Aragonese dynasty", "says": "This began the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q436753", "label": "Alfonso II of Naples", "section": "History - Charles VIII's invasion", "says": "Charles VIII expelled Alfonso II of Naples from Naples in 1495, but was soon forced to withdraw due to the support of Ferdinand II of Aragon for his cousin, Alfonso II's son Ferrantino."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "History - Charles VIII's invasion", "says": "Charles VIII expelled Alfonso II of Naples from Naples in 1495, but was soon forced to withdraw due to the support of Ferdinand II of Aragon for his cousin, Alfonso II's son Ferrantino."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - Charles VIII's invasion", "says": "Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII reiterated the French claim."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Charles VIII's invasion", "says": "In 1501, he occupied Naples and partitioned the kingdom with Ferdinand of Aragon, who abandoned his cousin King Frederick."}, {"id": "Q836963", "label": "Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis", "section": "History - Spanish rule", "says": "The French finally abandoned their claims to Naples by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Spanish rule", "says": "As the most populous holding of the Spanish Empire outside of Castile itself (with 3 million inhabitants in 1600), Naples remained an important source of economic and military power for the Spanish."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - Spanish rule", "says": "Beyond dispatching troops to fight the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries, Naples also disbursed a third of the military expenditures accruing to the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan and paid for the Spanish garrisons in Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - Spanish rule", "says": "Beyond dispatching troops to fight the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries, Naples also disbursed a third of the military expenditures accruing to the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan and paid for the Spanish garrisons in Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "History - Spanish rule", "says": "The kingdom suffered a heavy burden from the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburgs and Bourbons", "says": "Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by a Spanish army during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, and Charles, Duke of Parma, a younger son of King Philip V of Spain, the first member of the French House of Bourbon to rule in Spain, was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburgs and Bourbons", "says": "Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by a Spanish army during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, and Charles, Duke of Parma, a younger son of King Philip V of Spain, the first member of the French House of Bourbon to rule in Spain, was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburgs and Bourbons", "says": "Being a member of the House of Bourbon, Ferdinand IV was a natural opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburgs and Bourbons", "says": "Being a member of the House of Bourbon, Ferdinand IV was a natural opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburgs and Bourbons", "says": "On 29 November 1798, Ferdinand IV effectively started the War of the Second Coalition by briefly occupying Rome, but was expelled from it by French Revolutionary forces within the year and safely returned home."}, {"id": "Q2538456", "label": "Treaty of Florence", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburgs and Bourbons", "says": "However, in 1801 Ferdinand was compelled to make important concessions to the French by the Treaty of Florence, which reinforced France's position as the dominant power in mainland Italy."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "History - Napoleonic kingdom", "says": "When Joseph was sent off to Spain two years later, he was replaced by Napoleon's sister Caroline and his brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "History - Napoleonic kingdom", "says": "Therefore, when Napoleon returned to France for the Hundred Days in 1815, Murat once again sided with him."}, {"id": "Q298864", "label": "Neapolitan War", "section": "History - Napoleonic kingdom", "says": "The ensuing Neapolitan War between Murat and the Austrians was short, ending with a decisive victory for the Austrian forces at the Battle of Tolentino."}, {"id": "Q1359641", "label": "Battle of Tolentino", "section": "History - Napoleonic kingdom", "says": "The ensuing Neapolitan War between Murat and the Austrians was short, ending with a decisive victory for the Austrian forces at the Battle of Tolentino."}], "Q178665": [{"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Later on, Hurrians made up the main population of Mitanni, which was firstly known as Ḫabigalbat, at Babylonia, in two texts of the late Old Babylonian period, during the reign of Ammi-Saduqa, (c."}, {"id": "Q441344", "label": "Ammi-Saduqa", "section": "lead", "says": "Later on, Hurrians made up the main population of Mitanni, which was firstly known as Ḫabigalbat, at Babylonia, in two texts of the late Old Babylonian period, during the reign of Ammi-Saduqa, (c."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mitanni Empire was a strong regional power limited by the Hittites to the north, Egyptians to the west, Kassites to the south, and later by the Assyrians to the east."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mitanni Empire was a strong regional power limited by the Hittites to the north, Egyptians to the west, Kassites to the south, and later by the Assyrians to the east."}, {"id": "Q1047069", "label": "Kizzuwatna", "section": "lead", "says": "At its maximum extent Mitanni ranged as far west as Kizzuwatna by the Taurus Mountains, Tunip in the south, Arraphe in the east, and north to Lake Van."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - Early Kingdom", "says": "It was already a powerful kingdom at the end of the 17th century or in the first half of the 16th century BC, and its beginnings date to well before the time of Thutmose I, to the time of the Hittite sovereigns Hattusili I and Mursili I."}, {"id": "Q299472", "label": "Hattusili I", "section": "History - Early Kingdom", "says": "It was already a powerful kingdom at the end of the 17th century or in the first half of the 16th century BC, and its beginnings date to well before the time of Thutmose I, to the time of the Hittite sovereigns Hattusili I and Mursili I."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "History - Early Kingdom", "says": "It was already a powerful kingdom at the end of the 17th century or in the first half of the 16th century BC, and its beginnings date to well before the time of Thutmose I, to the time of the Hittite sovereigns Hattusili I and Mursili I."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Great Syrian War", "says": "A number of years later in 1327 BC Carchemish too was taken after a siege and Tushratta got murdered sometime after the war by Mitannians."}, {"id": "Q310142", "label": "Shalmaneser I", "section": "History - After the war", "says": "The Assyrians had not given up their claim on Mitanni, and in the 13th century BC, Shalmaneser I annexed the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - After the war", "says": "1600 and 1350 BC, but succumbed to Hittite and later Assyrian attacks, and Mitanni was reduced to the status of a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire between c."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "History - After the fall of Mitanni", "says": "This continued until the decline of Middle Assyrian power after the death of Tukulti-Ninurta I."}, {"id": "Q379890", "label": "Ninurta-apal-Ekur", "section": "History - After the fall of Mitanni", "says": "While under direct Assyrian control Hanigalbat was ruled by appointed governors such as the Assyrian grand-vizier Ilī-padâ, father of Ninurta-apal-Ekur (1191–1179), who took the title of King of Hanigalbat."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - After the fall of Mitanni", "says": "The Babylonian Kings List A names the Assyrian ruler Sennacherib (705–681 BC) and his son Ashur-nadin-shumi (700–694) as being \"Dynasty of Ḫabigal\"."}, {"id": "Q726871", "label": "Ashur-nadin-shumi", "section": "History - After the fall of Mitanni", "says": "The Babylonian Kings List A names the Assyrian ruler Sennacherib (705–681 BC) and his son Ashur-nadin-shumi (700–694) as being \"Dynasty of Ḫabigal\"."}], "Q186096": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, wars with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian conquest of Siberia, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Great Northern War, he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire after victory over Sweden in 1721."}, {"id": "Q37142", "label": "Konstantinos XI Palaiologos", "section": "History - Byzantine heritage", "says": "Tsar (царь) represents the Slavic adaptation of the Roman Imperial title/name Caesar) Indeed, after Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the late Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, in 1472, the Moscow court adopted Byzantine terms, rituals, titles, and emblems such as the double-headed eagle, which survives in the coat of arms of Russia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Byzantine heritage", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was ready to be succeeded since it had been conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Byzantine heritage", "says": "Notably, the hegumen Philotheus of Pskov claimed in 1510 that after Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire, the Russian tsar remained the only legitimate Orthodox ruler, and that Moscow was the Third Rome, becoming the final lineal successor to Rome and Constantinople; these were the two centers of Christianity and of the Western and Eastern Roman empires of earlier periods."}, {"id": "Q326499", "label": "Vladimir Dal", "section": "History - Early reign of Ivan IV", "says": "Vladimir Dal defined grozny specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: \"Courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience\"."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "Muscovy remained a fairly unknown society in Western Europe until Baron Sigismund von Herberstein published his Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (literally Notes on Muscovite Affairs) in 1549."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "Ivan IV used these merchants to exchange letters with Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "Ivan defeated and annexed the Khanate of Kazan on the middle Volga in 1552 and later the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556, where the Volga meets the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "Ivan defeated and annexed the Khanate of Kazan on the middle Volga in 1552 and later the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556, where the Volga meets the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "This had the effect of making the Nogai Horde the main adversary of Moscow in the steppe."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "Hoping to make profit from Russia's concentration on Livonian affairs, Devlet I Giray of Crimea, accompanied by as many as 120,000 horsemen, repeatedly devastated the Moscow region, until the Battle of Molodi put a stop to such northward incursions."}, {"id": "Q735719", "label": "Devlet I Giray", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "Hoping to make profit from Russia's concentration on Livonian affairs, Devlet I Giray of Crimea, accompanied by as many as 120,000 horsemen, repeatedly devastated the Moscow region, until the Battle of Molodi put a stop to such northward incursions."}, {"id": "Q1760784", "label": "Battle of Molodi", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "Hoping to make profit from Russia's concentration on Livonian affairs, Devlet I Giray of Crimea, accompanied by as many as 120,000 horsemen, repeatedly devastated the Moscow region, until the Battle of Molodi put a stop to such northward incursions."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Foreign policies of Ivan IV", "says": "But for decades to come, the southern borderland was annually pillaged by the Nogai Horde and the Crimean Khanate, who took local inhabitants with them as slaves."}, {"id": "Q2663703", "label": "Massacre of Novgorod", "section": "History - Late reign of Ivan IV and oprichnina", "says": "Thus began a decade of terror in Russia that culminated in the Massacre of Novgorod (1570)."}, {"id": "Q170172", "label": "Boris Godunov", "section": "History - Time of Troubles", "says": "Actual power went to Feodor's brother-in-law, the boyar Boris Godunov (who is credited with abolishing Yuri's Day, the only time of the year when serfs were free to move from one landowner to another)."}, {"id": "Q209535", "label": "False Dmitriy I", "section": "History - Time of Troubles", "says": "This pretender to the throne, who came to be known as False Dmitriy I, gained support in Poland and marched to Moscow, gathering followers among the boyars and other elements as he went."}, {"id": "Q1044829", "label": "Polish–Muscovite War", "section": "History - Romanovs", "says": "The Polish–Muscovite War was ended with the Truce of Deulino in 1618, restoring temporarily Polish and Lithuanian rule over some territories, including Smolensk, lost by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1509."}, {"id": "Q542169", "label": "Truce of Deulino", "section": "History - Romanovs", "says": "The Polish–Muscovite War was ended with the Truce of Deulino in 1618, restoring temporarily Polish and Lithuanian rule over some territories, including Smolensk, lost by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1509."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Romanovs", "says": "The Polish–Muscovite War was ended with the Truce of Deulino in 1618, restoring temporarily Polish and Lithuanian rule over some territories, including Smolensk, lost by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1509."}, {"id": "Q600898", "label": "Salt Riot", "section": "History - Romanovs", "says": "Morozov abused his position by exploiting the populace, and in 1648 Aleksey dismissed him in the wake of the Salt Riot in Moscow."}, {"id": "Q54054", "label": "Władysław IV Vasa", "section": "History - Romanovs", "says": "Polish king Władysław IV Vasa, whose father and predecessor was Sigismund III Vasa, had been elected by Russian boyars as tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, renounced all claims to the title as a condition of the peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "History - Romanovs", "says": "Polish king Władysław IV Vasa, whose father and predecessor was Sigismund III Vasa, had been elected by Russian boyars as tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, renounced all claims to the title as a condition of the peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "History - Legal code of 1649", "says": "A favourite refuge was the Don River region, domain of the Don Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q193175", "label": "Stepan Razin", "section": "History - Legal code of 1649", "says": "Stenka Razin, a Cossack who was from the Don River region, led a revolt that drew together wealthy Cossacks"}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "History - Acquisition of the Wild Fields", "says": "In 1648, the peasants of what is now Eastern Ukraine joined the Cossacks in rebellion during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "History - Acquisition of the Wild Fields", "says": "In 1648, the  Hetman (leader) of the Zaporozhian Host, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to ally with the Russian tsar, Aleksey I."}, {"id": "Q721168", "label": "Truce of Andrusovo", "section": "History - Acquisition of the Wild Fields", "says": "The Truce of Andrusovo, which did not involve the Hetmanate (Cossack Hetmanate) as a participating party of the agreement ended the war in 1667."}, {"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "History - Acquisition of the Wild Fields", "says": "The Truce of Andrusovo, which did not involve the Hetmanate (Cossack Hetmanate) as a participating party of the agreement ended the war in 1667."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "History - Acquisition of the Wild Fields", "says": "However, the self-government did not last long and Cossack territory was eventually incorporated into the Russian Empire (after the Battle of Poltava) during the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "History - Conquest of Siberia", "says": "Yermak defeated the Khanate of Sibir and claimed the territories west of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers for Russia."}, {"id": "Q12060881", "label": "Chinese Empire", "section": "History - Conquest of Siberia", "says": "By the middle of the 17th century, Russians had reached the Amur River and the outskirts of the Chinese Empire."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Conquest of Siberia", "says": "The border of Russia and the Dzungar Khanate was eventually established from the Irtysh to the Yenisei."}], "Q201038": [{"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "Origin", "says": "The traditional version of Roman history, which has come down principally through Livy (59  BC – AD 17), Plutarch (before 50 – after AD 120), and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c."}, {"id": "Q26204", "label": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus", "section": "Origin", "says": "The traditional version of Roman history, which has come down principally through Livy (59  BC – AD 17), Plutarch (before 50 – after AD 120), and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c."}, {"id": "Q60586", "label": "Barthold Georg Niebuhr", "section": "Origin", "says": "Since the work of Barthold Georg Niebuhr, modern scholarship has generally discounted this schema."}, {"id": "Q655777", "label": "Battle of the Allia", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Gauls destroyed many of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city after the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC (according to Varro; according to Polybius, the battle occurred in 387 or 386), and what remained eventually fell prey to time or to theft."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Gauls destroyed many of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city after the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC (according to Varro; according to Polybius, the battle occurred in 387 or 386), and what remained eventually fell prey to time or to theft."}], "Q3708094": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "They then moved west to conquer Baghdad, filling the power vacuum created by struggles between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Iranian Buyid Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent Seljuk expansion into eastern Anatolia triggered the Byzantine–Seljuk wars, with the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 marking a decisive turning point in the conflict in favour of the Seljuks, undermining the authority of the Byzantine Empire in the remaining parts of Anatolia and gradually enabling the Turkification of the region."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuk Empire united the fractured political landscape in the non-Arab eastern parts of the Muslim world and played a key role in both the First and Second Crusades; it also bore witness to the creation and expansion of multiple artistic movements during this period."}, {"id": "Q3950956", "label": "Battle of Qatwan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1141, the Seljuk Empire suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Qatwan against Western Liao dynasty, resulting in the loss of vast eastern territories."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuks were eventually supplanted in the east by the Khwarazmian Empire in 1194 and in the west by the Zengids and Ayyubids."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "The last surviving Seljuk sultanate to fall was the Sultanate of Rum, which fell in 1308."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "History - Founder of the dynasty", "says": "Khwarezm, administered by the Ma'munids, was under the nominal control of the Samanid Empire."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "History - Founder of the dynasty", "says": "By 999, the Samanids had fallen to the Kara-Khanid Khanate in Transoxiana, while the Ghaznavids occupied the lands south of the Amu Darya."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Founder of the dynasty", "says": "By 999, the Samanids had fallen to the Kara-Khanid Khanate in Transoxiana, while the Ghaznavids occupied the lands south of the Amu Darya."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Tughril and Chaghri", "says": "Contemporary sources place them in Dehistan/Mishrian, Gyzylarbat, and Nisa, as well as Sarakhs, all in present-day Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Tughril and Chaghri", "says": "Initially, the Seljuks were repulsed by Mahmud of Ghazni and retired to Khwarazm, but Tughril and Chaghri led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1037–1038)."}, {"id": "Q26493", "label": "Battle of Dandanaqan", "section": "History - Tughril and Chaghri", "says": "In 1040, at the Battle of Dandanaqan, the Seljuks decisively defeated Masʽud I, forcing him to abandon most of his western territories."}, {"id": "Q2628015", "label": "Battle of Kapetron", "section": "History - Tughril and Chaghri", "says": "In 1048–1049, the Seljuks, commanded by Ibrahim Yinal, uterine brother of Tughril, made their first incursion into the Byzantine frontier region of Iberia and clashed with a combined Byzantine-Georgian army of 50,000 at the Battle of Kapetron on 10 September 1048."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "History - Alp Arslan", "says": "Alp Arslan, the son of Chaghri Beg, expanded significantly upon Tughril's holdings by adding Armenia and Georgia in 1064 and invading the Byzantine Empire in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q887083", "label": "George II of Georgia", "section": "History - Alp Arslan", "says": "In 1073 the Seljuk Amirs of Ganja, Dvin and Dmanisi invaded Georgia and were defeated by George II of Georgia, who successfully took the fortress of Kars."}, {"id": "Q2031186", "label": "Saltukids", "section": "History - Alp Arslan", "says": "Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beyliks: the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beylik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in"}, {"id": "Q400360", "label": "Ahlatshahs", "section": "History - Alp Arslan", "says": "Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beyliks: the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beylik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in"}, {"id": "Q1920525", "label": "Mengujekids", "section": "History - Alp Arslan", "says": "Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beyliks: the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beylik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in"}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "History - Alp Arslan", "says": "Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beyliks: the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beylik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in"}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "History - Alp Arslan", "says": "Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beyliks: the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beylik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in"}, {"id": "Q311482", "label": "Malik-Shah I", "section": "History - Malik Shah I", "says": "Under Alp Arslan's successor, Malik-Shah I, and his two Persian viziers, Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk, the Seljuk state expanded in various directions, to the former Iranian border of the days before the Arab invasion, so that it soon bordered China in the east and the Byzantines in the west."}, {"id": "Q730338", "label": "Suleiman ibn Qutulmish", "section": "History - Malik Shah I", "says": "Malik Shah's brother Tutush defended Seljuk's interests in Syria in the battle of Ain Salm against Suleiman ibn Qutalmish who had started to carve out an independent state in Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q337506", "label": "Ahmad Sanjar", "section": "History - Ahmad Sanjar", "says": "Ahmad Sanjar was the son of Malik Shah I and initially took part in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew: Mahmud I, Berkyaruq, Malik Shah II and Muhammad I Tapar."}, {"id": "Q1296751", "label": "Muhammad I Tapar", "section": "History - Ahmad Sanjar", "says": "Ahmad Sanjar was the son of Malik Shah I and initially took part in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew: Mahmud I, Berkyaruq, Malik Shah II and Muhammad I Tapar."}, {"id": "Q345544", "label": "Kilij Arslan I", "section": "History - Division of empire", "says": "At the same time, the son of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish, Kilij Arslan I, escaped Malik-Shah I's imprisonment and claimed authority in the former lands of his father."}, {"id": "Q387011", "label": "Barkiyaruq", "section": "History - Division of empire", "says": "In Persia, Malik-Shah I's four-year-old son Mahmud I was proclaimed sultan but his reign was contested by his three brothers Berkyaruq in Iraq, Muhammad I in Baghdad, and Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q512593", "label": "Tutush I", "section": "History - Division of empire", "says": "Additionally, Malik-Shah I's brother Tutush I made a claim to the throne but was killed in battle against Berkyaruq in February 1096."}, {"id": "Q365543", "label": "Kerbogha", "section": "History - Division of empire", "says": "The Dānišmand dynasty founded a state in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria and contested land with the Sultanate of Rum, and Kerbogha exercised independence as the atabeg of Mosul."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - First Crusade (1095–1099)", "says": "During the First Crusade, the fractured states of the Seljuks were generally more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the crusaders."}, {"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "History - First Crusade (1095–1099)", "says": "The Seljuks easily defeated the People's Crusade arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent Princes' Crusade (First Crusade), which took important cities such as Nicaea (İznik), Iconium (Konya), Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri), and Antioch (Antakya) on its march to Jerusalem (Al-Quds)."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "History - First Crusade (1095–1099)", "says": "In 1121 he went north towards Georgia and with supposedly up to 250,000–350,000 troops, including men led by his son-in-law Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of Ganja, he invaded the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q36760", "label": "David IV of Georgia", "section": "History - First Crusade (1095–1099)", "says": "David IV of Georgia gathered 40,000 Georgian warriors, including 5,000 monaspa guards, 15,000 Kipchaks, 300 Alans and 100 French Crusaders to fight against Ilghazi's vast army."}, {"id": "Q1192616", "label": "Battle of Didgori", "section": "History - First Crusade (1095–1099)", "says": "At the Battle of Didgori on 12 August 1121, the Seljuks were routed, being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days afterward."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History - First Crusade (1095–1099)", "says": "The weakening of the main enemy of the Latin principalities also benefitted the Kingdom of Jerusalem under King Baldwin II."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "History - Second Crusade (1147–1149)", "says": "In 1144 Zengi captured Edessa, as the County of Edessa had allied itself with the Artuqids against him."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "History - Second Crusade (1147–1149)", "says": "This event triggered the launch of the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Decline of the Seljuk Empire", "says": "Ahmad Sanjar fought to contain the revolts by the Kara-Khanids in Transoxiana, Ghurids in Afghanistan and Qarluks in modern Kyrgyzstan, as well as the nomadic invasion of the Qara-Khitais in the east."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "History - Decline of the Seljuk Empire", "says": "Ahmad Sanjar fought to contain the revolts by the Kara-Khanids in Transoxiana, Ghurids in Afghanistan and Qarluks in modern Kyrgyzstan, as well as the nomadic invasion of the Qara-Khitais in the east."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "History - Conquest by Khwarezm and the Ayyubids", "says": "The same was true during the revival of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, under Leo II of Armenia, in Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q280697", "label": "Toghrul III", "section": "History - Conquest by Khwarezm and the Ayyubids", "says": "For a brief period, Toghrul III was the Sultan of all Seljuk lands except for Anatolia."}], "Q49683": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The grand duchy expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus' and other neighbouring states, including what is now Lithuania, Belarus, most of Ukraine as well as parts of Latvia, Poland, Moldova and Russia."}, {"id": "Q242436", "label": "Mindaugas", "section": "lead", "says": "Mindaugas, the first ruler of the grand duchy, was crowned as the Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "lead", "says": "Its rapid territorial expansion started late in the reign of Gediminas, and continued under the co-leadership of his sons, Algirdas and Kęstutis."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "lead", "says": "Its rapid territorial expansion started late in the reign of Gediminas, and continued under the co-leadership of his sons, Algirdas and Kęstutis."}, {"id": "Q355869", "label": "Kęstutis", "section": "lead", "says": "Its rapid territorial expansion started late in the reign of Gediminas, and continued under the co-leadership of his sons, Algirdas and Kęstutis."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "lead", "says": "Algirdas's son Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in 1386, bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the conversion to Christianity of Europe's last pagan state, and the establishment of a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Algirdas's son Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in 1386, bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the conversion to Christianity of Europe's last pagan state, and the establishment of a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Algirdas's son Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in 1386, bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the conversion to Christianity of Europe's last pagan state, and the establishment of a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of Vytautas the Great, son of Kęstutis, marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the grand duchy and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of Vytautas the Great, son of Kęstutis, marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the grand duchy and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410."}, {"id": "Q963303", "label": "Union of Lublin", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "History - Establishment of the state", "says": "At some point between 1180 and 1183 the situation began to change, and the Lithuanians started to organize sustainable military raids on the Slavic provinces, raiding the Principality of Polotsk as well as Pskov, and even threatening Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q16362506", "label": "Lithuanian Crusade", "section": "History - Establishment of the state", "says": "The Lithuanian Crusade began after the Livonian Order and Teutonic Knights, crusading military orders, were established in Riga and in Prussia in 1202 and 1226 respectively."}, {"id": "Q853754", "label": "Battle of Saule", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania", "says": "In 1236, the Samogitians, led by Vykintas, defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Saule."}, {"id": "Q58607", "label": "Daniel of Galicia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania", "says": "The powerful coalition against Mindaugas included Vykintas, the Livonian Order, Daniel of Galicia and Vasilko of Volhynia."}, {"id": "Q55647646", "label": "Battle of Szkudy", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania", "says": "The Teutonic Knights used this period to strengthen their position in parts of Samogitia and Livonia, but they lost the Battle of Skuodas in 1259 and the Battle of Durbe in 1260."}, {"id": "Q600609", "label": "Battle of Durbe", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania", "says": "The Teutonic Knights used this period to strengthen their position in parts of Samogitia and Livonia, but they lost the Battle of Skuodas in 1259 and the Battle of Durbe in 1260."}, {"id": "Q324506", "label": "Treniota", "section": "History - Kingdom of Lithuania", "says": "As military campaigns were not successful, the relationships between Mindaugas and Treniota deteriorated."}, {"id": "Q324500", "label": "Wojsiełk", "section": "History - Rise of the Gediminids", "says": "From 1263 to 1269, Lithuania had three grand dukes – Treniota, Vaišvilkas, and Švarnas."}, {"id": "Q638655", "label": "Traidenis", "section": "History - Rise of the Gediminids", "says": "The state did not disintegrate, however, and Traidenis came to power in 1269."}, {"id": "Q1049530", "label": "Battle of Karuse", "section": "History - Rise of the Gediminids", "says": "Traidenis strengthened Lithuanian control in Black Ruthenia, fought with the Livonian Order, winning the Battle of Karuse in 1270 and the Battle of Aizkraukle in 1279, and assisted the Yotvingians/Sudovians to defend from the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q1640209", "label": "Battle of Aizkraukle", "section": "History - Rise of the Gediminids", "says": "Traidenis strengthened Lithuanian control in Black Ruthenia, fought with the Livonian Order, winning the Battle of Karuse in 1270 and the Battle of Aizkraukle in 1279, and assisted the Yotvingians/Sudovians to defend from the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "Rus' principalities were never incorporated directly into the Golden Horde, maintaining vassal relationships with a fair degree of independence."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "History - One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians", "says": "In 1440, Casimir IV Jagiellon was sent by his older brother Władysław III to Lithuania to rule in his name, however instead a manifestation of the sovereignty of Lithuania occurred when Casimir was elected as the Grand Duke of Lithuania upon his arrival to Vilnius on 29 June 1440 and subsequently titled himself as a \"free lord\" (pan – dominus), this way breaching the agreements of the Union of Gro"}, {"id": "Q1028238", "label": "Union of Grodno", "section": "History - One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians", "says": "In 1440, Casimir IV Jagiellon was sent by his older brother Władysław III to Lithuania to rule in his name, however instead a manifestation of the sovereignty of Lithuania occurred when Casimir was elected as the Grand Duke of Lithuania upon his arrival to Vilnius on 29 June 1440 and subsequently titled himself as a \"free lord\" (pan – dominus), this way breaching the agreements of the Union of Gro"}, {"id": "Q53450", "label": "Alexander Jagiellon", "section": "History - One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians", "says": "Following Casimir's death in 1492, the factual termination of the Polish–Lithuanian union also occurred during the reign of Casimir's sons Alexander Jagiellon and John I Albert who had respectively ruled Lithuania and Poland separately in 1492–1501."}, {"id": "Q53451", "label": "John I Albert", "section": "History - One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians", "says": "Following Casimir's death in 1492, the factual termination of the Polish–Lithuanian union also occurred during the reign of Casimir's sons Alexander Jagiellon and John I Albert who had respectively ruled Lithuania and Poland separately in 1492–1501."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "History - One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians", "says": "The rapid expansion of the influence of Moscow soon put it into a comparable position to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and after the annexation of Novgorod Republic in 1478, Muscovy was among the preeminent states in northeastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Following the death of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus in 1572, a joint Polish–Lithuanian monarch was to be elected as in the Union of Lublin it was agreed that the title \"Grand Duke of Lithuania\" will be received by a jointly elected monarch in the Election sejm on his accession to the throne, thus losing its former institutional significance, however the Union of Lublin guaranteed that the inst"}, {"id": "Q54030", "label": "Stephen Báthory", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "The double election of 1575 was held in the presence of a small number of Lithuanian lords, who additionally supported the Habsburg candidate Emperor Maximilian II, however, the race for the crown was won by Stephen Báthory, crowned on May 1, 1576."}, {"id": "Q83029", "label": "Gregory XIII", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "On May 29, 1580, in Vilnius Cathedral, King and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory received from the hand of the bishop of Samogitia Merkelis Giedraitis a blessed sword and hat, given by Pope Gregory XIII through the envoy Paweł Uchański."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "says": "Báthory's reign was marked with successful Livonian campaign against tsar Ivan the Terrible's military forces, which resulted in the reintegration of Polotsk to Lithuania and the restoration of"}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Partitions and the Napoleonic period", "says": "Following the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania were directly annexed by the Russian Empire, the rest by Kingdom of Prussia (see: New East Prussia)."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Partitions and the Napoleonic period", "says": "Following the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania were directly annexed by the Russian Empire, the rest by Kingdom of Prussia (see: New East Prussia)."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "History - Partitions and the Napoleonic period", "says": "Following the death of Russian Empress Catherine the Great, since 1796 a non-sovereign administrative-territorial unit of the Russian Empire (governorate) called Lithuania Governorate with its capital in Vilnius briefly existed until in 1801 it was divided into separate Lithuania–Vilna and Lithuania–Grodno governorates."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Partitions and the Napoleonic period", "says": "Soon after his arrival in Vilnius, Napoleon proclaimed the creation of a Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which, in turn, renewed the Polish-Lithuanian Union."}], "Q58389": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Bourbon (English: , also UK: ; French: [buʁbɔ̃]) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, Spain and Luxembourg have monarchs from the House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The royal Bourbons originated in 1272, when Robert, the youngest son of King Saint Louis IX of France, married the heiress of the lordship of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The senior line of the House of Bourbon became extinct in the male line in 1527 with the death of Duke Charles III of Bourbon in the Sack of Rome."}, {"id": "Q53448", "label": "Henry III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1589, at the death of Henry III of France, the House of Valois became extinct in the male line."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1589, at the death of Henry III of France, the House of Valois became extinct in the male line."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Salic law, the head of the House of Bourbon, as the senior representative of the senior-surviving branch of the Capetian dynasty (first prince of the blood), became King of France as Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "Bourbon monarchs then united to France the part of the Kingdom of Navarre north of the Pyrenees, which Henry's father had acquired by marriage in 1555, ruling both until the 1792 overthrow of the monarchy during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Bourbon monarchs then united to France the part of the Kingdom of Navarre north of the Pyrenees, which Henry's father had acquired by marriage in 1555, ruling both until the 1792 overthrow of the monarchy during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Restored briefly in 1814 and definitively in 1815 after the fall of the First French Empire, the senior line of the Bourbons was finally overthrown in the July Revolution of 1830."}, {"id": "Q622774", "label": "French Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "A cadet Bourbon branch, the House of Orléans, then ruled for 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown during the French Revolution of 1848."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "Although illegitimate, the House of Braganza traces its line to the House of Capet via descent from Robert II of France through the Fir"}, {"id": "Q178918", "label": "Robert II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Although illegitimate, the House of Braganza traces its line to the House of Capet via descent from Robert II of France through the Fir"}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Origins", "says": "Because he chose to fight under the banner of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and lived in exile from France, his title was discontinued after his death."}, {"id": "Q536615", "label": "Louis I, Duke of Bourbon", "section": "Origins", "says": "The remaining line of Bourbons henceforth descended from James I, Count of La Marche, the younger son of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q1347446", "label": "Charles IV, Duke of Alençon", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1525, at the death of Charles IV, Duke of Alençon, all of the princes of the blood royal were Bourbons; all remaining members of the House of Valois were members of the king's immediate family."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "Origins", "says": "Finally, in 1589, the House of Valois died out and Antoine's son Henry III of Navarre became Henry IV of France."}], "Q165154": [{"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was a member of the Council of Aragon and initially consisted of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, sovereignty over both of which was claimed by the papacy, which granted them as a fief, the Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae (Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica), to King James II of Aragon in 1297."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, Sardinia became a part of the burgeoning Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1720, the island and its kingdom were ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants from the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian mainland, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with the mainland states, which included, besides Savoy and Aosta, dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returne"}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Early history - Resisting Zaragozan Muslims", "says": "The island was not the personal property of the ruler and of his family, as was then the dominant practice in western Europe, but rather a separate entity and during the Byzantine Empire, a monarchical republic, as it had been since Roman times."}, {"id": "Q1246569", "label": "Massacre of the Latins", "section": "Early history - Taifa of Denia invasions", "says": "Even the title of \"Judge\" was a Byzantine reminder of the Greek church and state, in times of harsh relations between eastern and western churches (Massacre of the Latins, 1182, Siege of Constantinople (1204), Recapture of Constantinople, 1261)."}, {"id": "Q2297073", "label": "Giudicato of Cagliari", "section": "Early history - Taifa of Denia invasions", "says": "The archons still wrote in Greek or Latin, but one of the oldest documents left of the Judicate of Cagliari (the Carta Volgare), issued by Torchitorio I de Lacon-Gunale in 1070, was already written in the Romance Sardinian language, albeit with the Greek alphabet."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to Barisone II of Arborea, and subsequently also to Enzio of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q2406329", "label": "Barisone II of Arborea", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to Barisone II of Arborea, and subsequently also to Enzio of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q704892", "label": "Enzio of Sardinia", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to Barisone II of Arborea, and subsequently also to Enzio of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "In that year it was incorporated into a sort of confederation of states, each with its own institutions, called the Crown of Aragon, and united only in the person of the king."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "The Crown of Aragon was made by a council of representatives of the various states and grew in importance for the main purpose of separating the legacy of Ferdinand II of Aragon from that of Isabella I of Castile when they married in 1469."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "The Crown of Aragon was made by a council of representatives of the various states and grew in importance for the main purpose of separating the legacy of Ferdinand II of Aragon from that of Isabella I of Castile when they married in 1469."}, {"id": "Q134646", "label": "Boniface VIII", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "The idea of the kingdom was created in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII, as a hypothetical entity created for James II of Aragon under a secret clause in the Treaty of Anagni."}, {"id": "Q1456414", "label": "Treaty of Anagni", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "The idea of the kingdom was created in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII, as a hypothetical entity created for James II of Aragon under a secret clause in the Treaty of Anagni."}, {"id": "Q367226", "label": "Frederick III of Sicily", "section": "Early history - Resisting Kingdom of Aragon", "says": "This was an inducement to join in the effort to restore Sicily, then under the rule of James's brother Frederick III of Sicily, to the Angevin dynasty over the oppositions of the Sicilians."}], "Q83618": [{"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marathas were a Marathi-speaking warrior group from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra) that rose to prominence under leadership of Shivaji (17th century), who revolted against the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire for establishing \"Hindavi Swarajya\" (lit. 'self-rule of Hindus')."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marathas were a Marathi-speaking warrior group from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra) that rose to prominence under leadership of Shivaji (17th century), who revolted against the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire for establishing \"Hindavi Swarajya\" (lit. 'self-rule of Hindus')."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The religious attitude of Emperor Aurangzeb estranged non-Muslims, and the Maratha insurgency came at a great cost for his men and treasury."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "lead", "says": "Shivaji's monarchy, referred to as the Maratha Kingdom, expanded into a large realm in the 18th century under the leadership of Peshwa Bajirao I."}, {"id": "Q3633171", "label": "Shahu I", "section": "lead", "says": "Marathas from the time of Shahu I recognised the Mughal emperor as their nominal suzerain, similar to other contemporary Indian entities, though in practice, Mughal politics were largely controlled by the Marathas between 1737 and 1803."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marathas' rapid expansion was halted with the defeat of Panipat in 1761, at the hands of the Durrani Empire."}, {"id": "Q5971343", "label": "Madhavrao I", "section": "lead", "says": "However the Marathas managed to retake most of their lost territories ten years later under the leadership of Peshwa Madhavrao I."}, {"id": "Q4848887", "label": "Baji Rao II", "section": "lead", "says": "After he was defeated by the Holkar dynasty in 1802, the Peshwa Baji Rao II sought protection from the British East India Company, whose intervention destroyed the confederacy by 1818 after the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "History - Shivaji and his descendants", "says": "Shivaji had two sons: Sambhaji and Rajaram, who had different mothers and were half-brothers."}, {"id": "Q4849857", "label": "Balaji Vishwanath", "section": "History - Peshwa era", "says": "Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath as Peshwa in 1713."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "History - Peshwa era", "says": "In 1719, Marathas under Balaji marched to Delhi with Sayyid Hussain Ali, the Mughal governor of Deccan, and deposed the Mughal emperor, Farrukhsiyar."}, {"id": "Q4871975", "label": "Battle of Palkhed", "section": "History - Peshwa era", "says": "The Battle of Palkhed was a land battle that took place on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India between Baji Rao I and Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad."}, {"id": "Q29896", "label": "Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad", "section": "History - Peshwa era", "says": "The Battle of Palkhed was a land battle that took place on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India between Baji Rao I and Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad."}, {"id": "Q6727333", "label": "Madhavrao II", "section": "History - Confederacy era", "says": "After the death of Peshwa Madhavrao I, various chiefs and jagirdars became de facto rulers and regents for the infant Peshwa Madhavrao II."}, {"id": "Q3275992", "label": "Mahadaji Scindia", "section": "History - Confederacy era", "says": "Under the leadership of Mahadaji Shinde, the ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India, the Marathas defeated the Jats, the Rohilla Afghans and took Delhi which remained under Maratha control for the next three decades."}, {"id": "Q1259218", "label": "Third Battle of Panipat", "section": "History - Confederacy era", "says": "Shinde was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power after the débâcle of the Third Battle of Panipat, and in this, he was assisted by Benoît de Boigne."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "History - Confederacy era", "says": "The Battle of Gajendragad was fought between the Marathas under the command of Tukoji Rao Holkar (the adopted son of Malharrao Holkar) and Tipu Sultan from March 1786 to March 1787 in which Tipu Sultan was defeated by the Marathas."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Confederacy era", "says": "Following the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1806, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington drafted a treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the Sutlej River in exchange for their allegiance to the British General Gerard Lake acting on his dispatch."}, {"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "History - Confederacy era", "says": "He divided Haryana into four territories: Delhi (Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, his family and areas surrounding Delhi), Panipat (K"}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "History - Maratha–Mysore Wars", "says": "The Marathas came into conflict with Tipu Sultan and his Kingdom of Mysore, leading to the Maratha–Mysore War in 1785."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "History - Maratha–Mysore Wars", "says": "The Maratha-Mysore war ended in April 1787 following the finalizing of the treaty of Gajendragad, as per which the Tipu Sultan of Mysore was obligated to pay 4.8 million rupees as a war cost to the Marathas and an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees, in addition to returning all the territory captured by Hyder Ali."}, {"id": "Q617782", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "History - Maratha–Mysore Wars", "says": "After the British had suffered a defeat against Mysore in the first two Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Maratha cavalry assisted the British in the last two Anglo-Mysore Wars from 1790 onwards, eventually helping the British conquer Mysore in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799."}, {"id": "Q7283047", "label": "Raghunathrao", "section": "History - British intervention", "says": "In 1775, the British East India Company, from its base in Bombay, intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, on behalf of Raghunathrao (also called Raghobadada), who wanted to become Peshwa of the confederacy."}, {"id": "Q1362209", "label": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - British intervention", "says": "What became known as the First Anglo-Maratha War ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war status quo and the East India Company's abandonment of Raghunathrao's cause."}, {"id": "Q3630499", "label": "Yashwantrao Holkar", "section": "History - British intervention", "says": "In 1799, Yashwantrao Holkar was crowned King of the Holkars and he captured Ujjain."}, {"id": "Q808575", "label": "Baroda State", "section": "History - British intervention", "says": "All except Gaekwad, ruler of Baroda State, who had already accepted British protection by a separate treaty on 26 July 1802, supported the new regime."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - British intervention", "says": "The Second Anglo-Maratha War represents the military high-water mark of the Marathas who posed the last serious opposition to the formation of the British Raj."}], "Q12490507": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "These early caliphs led the Muslim community (Ummah) from the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 CE to the establishment of the succeeding Umayyad Caliphate in 661 CE, and marked the beginning of the transition out of late antiquity into the Near East's Islamic period."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "These early caliphs led the Muslim community (Ummah) from the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 CE to the establishment of the succeeding Umayyad Caliphate in 661 CE, and marked the beginning of the transition out of late antiquity into the Near East's Islamic period."}], "Q174306": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic became a long lasting partner to the Spanish Empire, leading to a global expansion of its activity."}, {"id": "Q1365493", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1284, Genoa fought victoriously against the Republic of Pisa in the Battle of Meloria for dominance over the Tyrrhenian Sea, and it was an eternal rival of Venice for dominance in the Mediterranean as a whole."}, {"id": "Q118951", "label": "Battle of Meloria", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1284, Genoa fought victoriously against the Republic of Pisa in the Battle of Meloria for dominance over the Tyrrhenian Sea, and it was an eternal rival of Venice for dominance in the Mediterranean as a whole."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic began when Genoa became a self-governing commune in the 11th century and ended when it was conquered by the French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic began when Genoa became a self-governing commune in the 11th century and ended when it was conquered by the French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic."}, {"id": "Q659312", "label": "Ligurian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic began when Genoa became a self-governing commune in the 11th century and ended when it was conquered by the French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ligurian Republic was annexed by the First French Empire in 1805; its restoration was briefly proclaimed in 1814 following the defeat of Napoleon, but it was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city of Genoa was invaded by Germanic tribes."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Eastern Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great captured the city in 537 under General Belisarius as part of the Renovatio imperii."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Eastern Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great captured the city in 537 under General Belisarius as part of the Renovatio imperii."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Eastern Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great captured the city in 537 under General Belisarius as part of the Renovatio imperii."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In the Mahdia campaign of 1087, supported by Pope Victor III, Italian forces led by Hugh of Pisa attacked the North African Zirid vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "This enabled Western Europe to supply the troops of the First Crusade of 1096–1099 by sea."}, {"id": "Q235080", "label": "Alfonso VI of León and Castile", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In 1092, Genoa and Pisa, in collaboration with Alfonso VI of León and Castile attacked the Muslim Taifa of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q676811", "label": "Taifa of Valencia", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In 1092, Genoa and Pisa, in collaboration with Alfonso VI of León and Castile attacked the Muslim Taifa of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "After the capture of Antioch on 3 May 1098, Genoa forged an alliance with Bohemond of Taranto, who became the ruler of the Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - 13th and 14th centuries", "says": "The Republic of Venice played a significant role in the Fourth Crusade, diverting \"Latin\" energies to the ruin of its former patron and present trading rival, Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - 13th and 14th centuries", "says": "As a result, Venetian support of the newly established Latin Empire meant that Venetian trading rights were enforced, and Venice gained control of a large portion of the commerce of the eastern Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "History - 13th and 14th centuries", "says": "In order to regain control of the commerce, the Republic of Genoa allied with Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor of Nicaea, who wanted to restore the Byzantine Empire by recapturing Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - 13th and 14th centuries", "says": "In order to regain control of the commerce, the Republic of Genoa allied with Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor of Nicaea, who wanted to restore the Byzantine Empire by recapturing Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q2618802", "label": "Benedetto I Zaccaria", "section": "History - 13th and 14th centuries", "says": "On 5 August 1284, in the naval Battle of Meloria the Genoese fleet, consisting of 93 ships led by Oberto Doria and Benedetto I Zaccaria, defeated the Pisan fleet, which consisted of 72 ships and was led by Albertino Morosini and Ugolino della Gherardesca."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Golden age of Genoese bankers", "says": "Genoa lost Sardinia to the Crown of Aragon, Corsica to internal revolt, and its colonies in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia Minor to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "History - Golden age of Genoese bankers", "says": "In the 15th century, two of the earliest banks in the world were founded in Genoa: the Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, which was the oldest state deposit bank in the world at its closure in 1805, and the mount of piety of Genoa was founded in 1483 and it still exists."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "History - Golden age of Genoese bankers", "says": "Threatened by Alfonso V of Aragon, the Doge of Genoa in 1458 handed the Republic over to the French, making it the Duchy of Genoa under the control of John of Anjou, a French royal governor."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "History - Golden age of Genoese bankers", "says": "When the admiral Andrea Doria of the powerful Doria family allied with the Emperor Charles V to oust the French and restore Genoa's independence, a renewed prospect opened: 1528 marks the first loan from Genoese banks to Charles."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Golden age of Genoese bankers", "says": "When the admiral Andrea Doria of the powerful Doria family allied with the Emperor Charles V to oust the French and restore Genoa's independence, a renewed prospect opened: 1528 marks the first loan from Genoese banks to Charles."}, {"id": "Q42207", "label": "Caravaggio", "section": "History - Golden age of Genoese bankers", "says": "At the time of Genoa's peak in the 16th century, the city attracted many artists, including Rubens, Caravaggio, and van Dyck."}, {"id": "Q673556", "label": "War of the Reunions", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Though that siege was eventually lifted with the aid of the Spanish, the French would later bombard the city in May 1684 for its support of Spain during the War of the Reunions."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "However, when this temporary alliance was made more reliable and lasting via the 1743 Treaty of Worms, the fear of diplomatic isolation had caused the Genoese Republic to abandon its neutrality and to ally with the House of Bourbon in the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "However, when this temporary alliance was made more reliable and lasting via the 1743 Treaty of Worms, the fear of diplomatic isolation had caused the Genoese Republic to abandon its neutrality and to ally with the House of Bourbon in the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q1061644", "label": "Giacomo Maria Brignole", "section": "History - The end of the Republic and its brief revival in 1814", "says": "In May 1797, Genoese Jacobins, aided by French volunteers, moved to overthrow Doge Giacomo Maria Brignole, giving rise to a civil war in the streets between opponents and supporters of the government."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - The end of the Republic and its brief revival in 1814", "says": "However, the subsequent Congress of Vienna assigned all Genoese territories (all of Liguria, the Oltregiogo area, and the island of Capraia) to the Kingdom of Sardinia, ruled by the House of Savoy, even though this contravened the principle of restoring legitimate governments and monarchies."}], "Q185682": [{"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second French Empire colonized Cochinchina in 1862 and established a protectorate in Cambodia in 1863."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second French Empire colonized Cochinchina in 1862 and established a protectorate in Cambodia in 1863."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the French Third Republic took over northern Vietnam through the Tonkin campaign, the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until 9 March 1945, when the Japanese army overthrew the colonial regime."}, {"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "They established puppet states including the Empire of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q769960", "label": "August Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Japanese surrender, the communist Viet Minh movement called for an uprising, leading to the August Revolution."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "lead", "says": "Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh, subsequently proclaimed the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 2 September 1945."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "That summer, the Viet Minh colluded with French forces to eliminate nationalists, targeted for their ardent anti-colonialism, which led to all-out the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "History - Early French encounters", "says": "Around this time, Vietnam was carrying out its Nam tiến (\"Southward\"), the occupation of the Mekong Delta, a territory being part of the Khmer Empire and to a lesser extent, the kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471."}, {"id": "Q1851231", "label": "Pigneau de Behaine", "section": "History - Early French encounters", "says": "In 1787, Pierre Pigneau de Behaine, a French Catholic priest, petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands his family lost to the Tây Sơn."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - French conquest of Cochinchina", "says": "Under the pretext of protesting the persecution and expulsion of Catholic missionaries, and following Charles de Montigny's failure to secure concessions, Napoleon III ordered Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly to attack Tourane (present day Da Nang)."}, {"id": "Q2960122", "label": "Charles Rigault de Genouilly", "section": "History - French conquest of Cochinchina", "says": "Under the pretext of protesting the persecution and expulsion of Catholic missionaries, and following Charles de Montigny's failure to secure concessions, Napoleon III ordered Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly to attack Tourane (present day Da Nang)."}, {"id": "Q2572351", "label": "treaty of Saigon", "section": "History - French conquest of Cochinchina", "says": "On 5 June 1862, the Vietnamese conceded and signed the Treaty of Saigon whereby they agreed to legalize the free practice of the Catholic religion; to open trade in the Mekong Delta and at three ports at the mouth of the Red River in northern Vietnam; to cede the provinces of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường along with the islands of Poulo Condore to France; and to pay reparations equivalent to o"}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Establishment and early administration", "says": "In 1867, Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906)."}, {"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "History - Establishment and early administration", "says": "France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino-French War (1884–85)."}, {"id": "Q447616", "label": "Hàm Nghi", "section": "History - Early Vietnamese rebellions", "says": "While the French were trying to establish control over Cambodia, a large scale Vietnamese insurgency – the Cần Vương movement – started to take shape, aiming to expel the French and install the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as the leader of an independent Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Early Vietnamese rebellions", "says": "Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after World War I, but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain significant  concessions from the French."}, {"id": "Q158861", "label": "Chulalongkorn", "section": "History - Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)", "says": "King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British, but the British minister told the king to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Anti-French revolts in the early 20th century", "says": "Although during the early 20th century calm was supposed to reign as the French had \"pacified\" the region, constant uprisings contesting French rule characterised French Indochina this period. \"There is ample evidence of the rural populations' involvement in revolts against authority during the first 50 years of the French colonial presence in Cambodia.\" The French Sûreté was worried about the Jap"}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - Anti-French revolts in the early 20th century", "says": "Although during the early 20th century calm was supposed to reign as the French had \"pacified\" the region, constant uprisings contesting French rule characterised French Indochina this period. \"There is ample evidence of the rural populations' involvement in revolts against authority during the first 50 years of the French colonial presence in Cambodia.\" The French Sûreté was worried about the Jap"}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Anti-French revolts in the early 20th century", "says": "Although during the early 20th century calm was supposed to reign as the French had \"pacified\" the region, constant uprisings contesting French rule characterised French Indochina this period. \"There is ample evidence of the rural populations' involvement in revolts against authority during the first 50 years of the French colonial presence in Cambodia.\" The French Sûreté was worried about the Jap"}, {"id": "Q2705303", "label": "Phan Châu Trinh", "section": "History - Anti-French revolts in the early 20th century", "says": "Some Vietnamese revolutionaries like Phan Châu Trinh traveled to the Western World (Đi Tây) to obtain the \"keys\" to modernity and hope to bring these back to Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q460318", "label": "Albert Sarraut", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "During this period governor-general of French Indochina Albert Sarraut promised a new policy of association and a \"Franco-Annamese Collaboration\" (French: Collaboration franco-annamite; Vietnamese: Pháp-Việt Đề huề) for the wartime contribution by the French Indochinese to their colonial masters."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Initially the French maintained a racial hierarchy where they believed in \"martial races\" making the early recruitment fall onus primarily on North Africa and French West Africa, but soon the need for additional manpower forced the French to recruit men from the Far East and Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "History - Relations with Japan during World War I", "says": "Even though the Japanese openly supported a number of anti-French secessionist movements, such as Prince Cường Để's Duy Tân Hội, the French situation in Europe was bad enough for prime minister Georges Clemenceau to ask the Japanese for their help."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Relations with Japan during World War I", "says": "Clemenceau asked the Empire of Japan to aid them with the transportation of the travailleurs et tirailleurs indochinois to Europe and by sending its own forces to help fight in Europe."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Relations with Japan during World War I", "says": "Clemenceau also wanted Japan to help by intervening in Siberia to fight the Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War to prevent the loss of the many French-Russian loans, which were important for the French post-war economy."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Expansion of the security apparatus", "says": "French security was expanded because of fears of German involvement with their enemies in the Far East, Gaston Ernest Liébert, the French consul in Hong Kong and a major player for the intelligence services coordinated by the political affairs bureau of French Indochina, noted that Vietnamese revolutionaries and Germany both shared the same interest (the defeat of the French)."}, {"id": "Q828519", "label": "occupation of the Rhineland", "section": "History - 1920s", "says": "Official reports on the French Occupation of the Rhineland summarised the contents of the letters written by the soldiers during that period this way: \"The French oppress the Germans in the same way they have the Annamites [sic].\"\nAfter the Great War former governor-general Albert Sarraut became the French minister of the colonies, Sarraut was the architect of the collaboration Franco-annamite whi"}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - Left opposition and the 1940 uprising in Cochinchina", "says": "With the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939, the local communists were ordered by Moscow to return to direct confrontation with the French."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In September 1940, during World War II, the newly created regime of Vichy France granted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, which lasted until the end of the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In September 1940, during World War II, the newly created regime of Vichy France granted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, which lasted until the end of the Pacific War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai-shek, but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over Southeast Asia and later on, the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai-shek, but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over Southeast Asia and later on, the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere."}, {"id": "Q780845", "label": "Franco-Thai War", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the Franco-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941."}, {"id": "Q702579", "label": "Battle of Ko Chang", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In January, Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "On 9 March 1945, with France liberated, Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan launched a coup d'etat against the French Indochina colonial administration to prevent a potential uprising by the colonial forces."}, {"id": "Q202979", "label": "Cordell Hull", "section": "History - Return of the French and early conflicts", "says": "He told Secretary of State Cordell Hull the Indochinese were worse off under the French rule of nearly 100 years than they were at the beginning."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "History - Return of the French and early conflicts", "says": "This was in accordance with the instructions made by General Douglas MacArthur in General Order No."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Return of the French and early conflicts", "says": "Working with the VNQDĐ (broadly the Vietnamese equivalent of the Chinese Kuomintang), to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - First Indochina War", "says": "In 1949 the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States, China and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "History - Geneva Agreements", "says": "On 21 July 1954, the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France."}, {"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "History - Geneva Agreements", "says": "The United States and the State of Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Geneva Agreements", "says": "The events of 1954 marked the partition of Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War between communists and anti-communists."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "History - Geneva Agreements", "says": "The Geneva Agreement did not state that the French Union had to withdraw its troops from South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q9582", "label": "Gerald Ford", "section": "History - United States involvement", "says": "Johnson and Gerald Ford  both used him to large extents, Kennedy did have several meetings with him in the White House, and Nixon was mostly on his own, but considering their familial ties there was inevitably some ideas that were considered that otherwise would not have been."}], "Q217169": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Rhodesia was the de facto successor to the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia following its unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom in 1965."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979 and general elections held under a universal suffrage in 1980, the territory finally gained de jure independence and international recognition as the Republic of Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The new nation, renamed Rhodesia, initially sought recognition as an autonomous realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, but reconstituted itself as a republic in 1970."}, {"id": "Q313424", "label": "Ian Douglas Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "Growing war weariness, diplomatic pressure, and an extensive trade embargo imposed by the United Nations prompted Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith to concede to majority rule in 1978."}, {"id": "Q318479", "label": "Abel Muzorewa", "section": "lead", "says": "However, elections and a multiracial provisional government, with Smith succeeded by the moderate Abel Muzorewa, failed to appease international critics or halt the war."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "A landlocked nation, Rhodesia was bordered by Botswana (Bechuanaland: British protectorate until 1966) to the southwest, Mozambique (as a Portuguese province until 1975) to the east, South Africa to the south, and Zambia (Northern Rhodesia until 1964) to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "A landlocked nation, Rhodesia was bordered by Botswana (Bechuanaland: British protectorate until 1966) to the southwest, Mozambique (as a Portuguese province until 1975) to the east, South Africa to the south, and Zambia (Northern Rhodesia until 1964) to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1922, faced with the decision to join the Union of South Africa as a fifth province or accept nearly full internal autonomy, the electorate cast its vote against South African integration."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "History - Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965)", "says": "They were also disturbed by the chaos of the post-colonial political transitions occurring in other African nations at the time, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q128976", "label": "Alec Douglas-Home", "section": "History - Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965)", "says": "After the federation was dissolved in December 1963, British Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home insisted that preconditions on independence talks hinge on what he termed the \"five principles\" – unimpeded progress to majority rule, assurance against any future legislation decidedly detrimental to black interests, \"improvement in the political status\" of local Africans, an end to official racial d"}, {"id": "Q128956", "label": "Harold Wilson", "section": "History - Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965)", "says": "Harold Wilson and his incoming Labour government took an even harder line on demanding that these points be legitimately addressed before a timetable for independence could be set."}, {"id": "Q1543039", "label": "Winston Field", "section": "History - Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965)", "says": "In 1964, growing white dissatisfaction with the ongoing negotiations played a major role in the ousting of Winston Field as Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Impact of UDI", "says": "A significant majority of white Rhodesian residents were either British immigrants or of British ancestry, and many held a special affection for the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q470290", "label": "Joshua Nkomo", "section": "History - Early militant activity", "says": "As early as 1960, minority rule in Southern Rhodesia was already being challenged by a rising tide of political violence led by black African nationalists such as Joshua Nkomo and Ndabaningi Sithole."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Early militant activity", "says": "As early as 1960, ZAPU's predecessor, the National Democratic Party (NDP), had established informal contacts with the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, and discussed the possibility of obtaining military training in Eastern Europe for its members."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Early militant activity", "says": "As early as 1960, ZAPU's predecessor, the National Democratic Party (NDP), had established informal contacts with the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, and discussed the possibility of obtaining military training in Eastern Europe for its members."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Military and political escalation (1972–1976)", "says": "The practical alliances between ZIPRA and MK, and later ZANLA and FRELIMO, prompted Rhodesia to look increasingly towards South Africa and Portugal for active assistance."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "History - Military and political escalation (1972–1976)", "says": "They saw strong parallels between their nation's position of being threatened by black nationalist insurgencies and the Portuguese predicament with FRELIMO in Mozambique, as well as to a lesser extent the insurgencies in South Africa and South West Africa."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - End of the Bush War", "says": "In 1976, the South African government and United States governments worked together to place pressure on Smith to agree to a form of majority rule."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "History - End of the Bush War", "says": "In response to the initiative of United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, in 1976 Ian Smith accepted the principle of black majority rule within two years."}, {"id": "Q10707", "label": "Robert Mugabe", "section": "History - End of UDI (1979)", "says": "While there was never any suggestion of disloyalty among the soldiers from predominantly black units (in particular within the Selous Scouts or the Rhodesian African Rifles – RAR), some argue that, by the time of the 1980 election, many of the RAR soldiers voted for Robert Mugabe."}], "Q55502": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Crusader Kingdom, was one of the Crusader states established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "lead", "says": "It lasted for almost 200 years, from the accession of Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 until the fall of Acre in 1291."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Its history is divided into two periods with a brief interruption in its existence, beginning with its collapse after the siege of Jerusalem in 1187 and its restoration after the Third Crusade in 1192."}, {"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Acre remained the capital for the rest of its existence, even during the two decades that followed the Crusaders' establishment of partial control over Jerusalem during the Sixth Crusade, through the diplomacy of Emperor Frederick II."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The vast majority of the Crusaders who settled the Kingdom of Jerusalem were from the Kingdom of France, as were the knights and soldiers who made up the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout its 200-year existence; its rulers and elite were therefore predominantly French."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "The First Crusade was preached at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II, with the goal of assisting the Byzantine Empire against the invasions of the \"Turks and Arabs\" and \"to destroy this vile race from the lands of our friends.\" However, the main objective quickly became the control of the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "The First Crusade was preached at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II, with the goal of assisting the Byzantine Empire against the invasions of the \"Turks and Arabs\" and \"to destroy this vile race from the lands of our friends.\" However, the main objective quickly became the control of the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "The Sunni Seljuks had formerly ruled the Seljuk Empire, but this empire had collapsed into several smaller states after the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092."}, {"id": "Q311482", "label": "Malik-Shah I", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "The Sunni Seljuks had formerly ruled the Seljuk Empire, but this empire had collapsed into several smaller states after the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "Malik-Shah was succeeded in the Anatolian Sultanate of Rum by Kilij Arslan I, and in Syria by his brother Tutush I, who died in 1095."}, {"id": "Q345544", "label": "Kilij Arslan I", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "Malik-Shah was succeeded in the Anatolian Sultanate of Rum by Kilij Arslan I, and in Syria by his brother Tutush I, who died in 1095."}, {"id": "Q512593", "label": "Tutush I", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "Malik-Shah was succeeded in the Anatolian Sultanate of Rum by Kilij Arslan I, and in Syria by his brother Tutush I, who died in 1095."}, {"id": "Q365543", "label": "Kerbogha", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "Tutush's sons Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan and Duqaq inherited Aleppo and Damascus respectively, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other, as well as Kerbogha, the atabeg of Mosul."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "Egypt and much of Palestine were controlled by the Fatimid Caliphate, which had extended further into Syria before the arrival of the Seljuks."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "Egypt and much of Palestine were controlled by the Fatimid Caliphate, which had extended further into Syria before the arrival of the Seljuks."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "The Fatimids, under the nominal rule of caliph al-Musta'li but actually controlled by vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah, had lost Jerusalem to the Seljuks in 1073; they recaptured it in 1098 from the Artuqids, a smaller Turkish tribe associated with the Seljuks, just before the arrival of the Crusaders."}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "History - First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom", "says": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon were recognized as the leaders of the crusade and the siege of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q51653", "label": "Crusade of 1101", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The number of European inhabitants increased, as the minor Crusade of 1101 brought reinforcements to the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q367506", "label": "Thomas Madden", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "As historian Thomas Madden says, Baldwin was \"the true founder of the kingdom of Jerusalem\", who \"had transformed a tenuous arrangement into a solid feudal state."}, {"id": "Q193901", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "He bigamously married Adelaide del Vasto, regent of Sicily, in 1113, but was convinced to divorce her as well in 1117; Adelaide's son from her first marriage, Roger II of Sicily, never forgave Jerusalem and for decades withheld much-needed Sicilian naval support."}, {"id": "Q354338", "label": "Eustace III, Count of Boulogne", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Baldwin died without heirs in 1118 during a campaign against Egypt, and the kingdom was offered to his brother Eustace III of Boulogne, who had accompanied Baldwin and Godfrey on the crusade."}, {"id": "Q622184", "label": "Battle of Ager Sanguinis", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Although Antioch was severely weakened after the Battle of Ager Sanguinis in 1119, and Baldwin was held captive by the emir of Aleppo from 1123 to 1124, Baldwin led the Crusader states to victory at the Battle of Azaz in 1125."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "He brought Jerusalem into the sphere of the Angevin Empire, as the father of Geoffrey V of Anjou and grandfather of the future Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q111490", "label": "Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "He brought Jerusalem into the sphere of the Angevin Empire, as the father of Geoffrey V of Anjou and grandfather of the future Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "He brought Jerusalem into the sphere of the Angevin Empire, as the father of Geoffrey V of Anjou and grandfather of the future Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q437271", "label": "Raymond of Poitiers", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "He defeated Tripoli in battle and settled the regency in Antioch by arranging a marriage between the countess, Melisende's niece Constance, and his own relative Raymond of Poitiers."}, {"id": "Q232151", "label": "Melisende", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "This scandal allowed Melisende and her supporters to gain control of the government, just as her father had intended."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "The fall of Edessa shocked Europe, and a Second Crusade arrived in 1148."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "After meeting in Acre in June, the crusading kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany agreed with Melisende, Baldwin and the major nobles of the kingdom to attack Damascus."}, {"id": "Q157133", "label": "Conrad III of Germany", "section": "History - Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade", "says": "After meeting in Acre in June, the crusading kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany agreed with Melisende, Baldwin and the major nobles of the kingdom to attack Damascus."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "The Muslim states of Syria were meanwhile gradually united by Nur ad-Din, who defeated the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab in 1149 and gained control of Damascus in 1154."}, {"id": "Q1328380", "label": "Battle of Inab", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "The Muslim states of Syria were meanwhile gradually united by Nur ad-Din, who defeated the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab in 1149 and gained control of Damascus in 1154."}, {"id": "Q311822", "label": "William of Tyre", "section": "History - Byzantine alliance and invasion of Egypt", "says": "As William of Tyre put it, it was hoped that Manuel would be able \"to relieve from his own abundance the distress under which our realm was suffering and to change our poverty into superabundance\"."}, {"id": "Q349062", "label": "Bohemond III of Antioch", "section": "History - Byzantine alliance and invasion of Egypt", "says": "Amalric and Shirkuh both besieged Bilbeis in 1164, but both withdrew due to Nur ad-Din's campaigns against Antioch, where Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli were defeated at the Battle of Harim."}, {"id": "Q354389", "label": "Raymond III of Tripoli", "section": "History - Byzantine alliance and invasion of Egypt", "says": "Amalric and Shirkuh both besieged Bilbeis in 1164, but both withdrew due to Nur ad-Din's campaigns against Antioch, where Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli were defeated at the Battle of Harim."}, {"id": "Q2034912", "label": "Battle of Harim", "section": "History - Byzantine alliance and invasion of Egypt", "says": "Amalric and Shirkuh both besieged Bilbeis in 1164, but both withdrew due to Nur ad-Din's campaigns against Antioch, where Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli were defeated at the Battle of Harim."}, {"id": "Q255737", "label": "Maria Komnene", "section": "History - Byzantine alliance and invasion of Egypt", "says": "Amalric cemented his alliance with Manuel by marrying Manuel's niece Maria Komnene in 1167, and an embassy led by William of Tyre was sent to Constantinople to negotiate a military expedition, but in 1168 Amalric pillaged Bilbeis without waiting for the naval support promised by Manuel."}, {"id": "Q49979", "label": "Steven Runciman", "section": "History - Baldwin IV and Saladin", "says": "Baldwin, Steven Runciman, and Hans E."}, {"id": "Q503875", "label": "Joscelin III", "section": "History - Baldwin IV and Saladin", "says": "To balance this, the king turned from time to time to his uncle, Joscelin III of Edessa, who was appointed seneschal in 1176; Joscelin was more closely related to Baldwin than Raymond was but had no claim to the throne."}, {"id": "Q374385", "label": "Balian of Ibelin", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "Guy was on the verge of attacking Raymond, but realized that the kingdom would need to be united in the face of the threat from Saladin, and Balian of Ibelin effected a reconciliation between the two during Easter in 1187."}, {"id": "Q577190", "label": "Battle of Cresson", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "Saladin attacked Kerak again in April, and in May, a Muslim raiding party ran into the much smaller embassy on its way to negotiate with Raymond, and defeated it at the Battle of Cresson near Nazareth."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "On 4 July 1187, the army of the kingdom was utterly destroyed at the Battle of Hattin."}, {"id": "Q1388825", "label": "Reginald of Sidon", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "Raymond of Tripoli, Balian of Ibelin, and Reginald of Sidon escaped, but Raynald was executed by Saladin and Guy was imprisoned in Damascus."}, {"id": "Q169329", "label": "Conrad of Montferrat", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "Only the port of Tyre remained in Frankish hands, defended by Conrad of Montferrat, who had coincidentally arrived just in time from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "The capture of the city led to the Third Crusade, launched in 1189 and led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus and Frederick Barbarossa, though the last drowned en route."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "The capture of the city led to the Third Crusade, launched in 1189 and led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus and Frederick Barbarossa, though the last drowned en route."}, {"id": "Q294192", "label": "Guy of Lusignan", "section": "History - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade", "says": "Guy of Lusignan, who had been refused entry to Tyre by Conrad, began to besiege Acre in 1189."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Kingdom of Acre", "says": "Aimery had already inherited Cyprus from Guy, and had been crowned king by Frederick Barbarossa's son, Emperor Henry VI."}, {"id": "Q293450", "label": "Az-Zahir", "section": "History - Kingdom of Acre", "says": "Az-Zahir of Aleppo submitted to his uncle in 1202, thus re-uniting the Ayyubid territories."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Kingdom of Acre", "says": "A Fourth Crusade was planned after the failure of the Third, but it resulted in the sack of Constantinople in 1204, and most of the crusaders involved never arrived in the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q234706", "label": "Maria of Montferrat", "section": "History - Kingdom of Acre", "says": "Both Isabella and Aimery died in 1205 and again an underage girl, Isabella and Conrad's daughter Maria of Montferrat, became queen of"}, {"id": "Q271104", "label": "Andrew II of Hungary", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "In late 1217 King Andrew II of Hungary and Duke Leopold VI of Austria arrived in Acre and, along with John of Brienne, raided territory further inland, including Mount Tabor, but without success."}, {"id": "Q437303", "label": "Leopold VI, Duke of Austria", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "In late 1217 King Andrew II of Hungary and Duke Leopold VI of Austria arrived in Acre and, along with John of Brienne, raided territory further inland, including Mount Tabor, but without success."}, {"id": "Q332704", "label": "John of Brienne", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "In late 1217 King Andrew II of Hungary and Duke Leopold VI of Austria arrived in Acre and, along with John of Brienne, raided territory further inland, including Mount Tabor, but without success."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "After the departure of the Hungarians, the remaining Crusaders set about refortifying Caesarea and the Templar fortress of Château Pèlerin throughout the winter of 1217 and spring of 1218."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "In the spring of 1218 the Fifth Crusade began in earnest when German crusader fleets landed at Acre."}, {"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "In the autumn of 1218 reinforcements arrived from Europe, including the papal legate Pelagius of Albano."}, {"id": "Q676555", "label": "Francis of Assisi", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "In the winter the crusaders were affected by floods and disease, and the siege dragged on throughout 1219, when Francis of Assisi arrived to attempt to negotiate a truce."}, {"id": "Q293464", "label": "Al-Kamil", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "Al-Kamil retreated to the nearby fortress of al-Mansurah, but the crusaders remained in Damietta throughout 1219 and 1220, awaiting the arrival of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, while King John returned to Acre briefly to defend against al-Mu'azzam, who was raiding the kingdom from Damascus in John's absence."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "History - Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II", "says": "After the failure of the crusade, John travelled throughout Europe seeking assistance, but found support only from Frederick, who then married John and Maria's daughter Isabella II in 1225."}], "Q75613": [{"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "It established an empire that stretched over the western Maghreb and al-Andalus, starting in the 1050s and lasting until its fall to the Almohads in 1147."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Almoravids emerged from a coalition of the Lamtuna, Gudala, and Massufa, nomadic Berber tribes living in what is now Mauritania and the Western Sahara, traversing the territory between the Draa, the Niger, and the Senegal rivers."}, {"id": "Q369981", "label": "Youssef ibn Tashfin", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after this, the empire was divided into two branches: a northern one centered in the Maghreb, led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his descendants, and a southern one based in the Sahara, led by Abu Bakr ibn Umar and his descendants."}, {"id": "Q334882", "label": "Abu Bakr ibn Umar", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after this, the empire was divided into two branches: a northern one centered in the Maghreb, led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his descendants, and a southern one based in the Sahara, led by Abu Bakr ibn Umar and his descendants."}, {"id": "Q392538", "label": "Battle of Sagrajas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Almoravids expanded their control to al-Andalus (the Muslim territories in Iberia) and were crucial in temporarily halting the advance of the Christian kingdoms in this region, with the Battle of Sagrajas in 1086 among their signature victories."}, {"id": "Q455925", "label": "Ibn Tumart", "section": "lead", "says": "The final cause of their downfall was the Masmuda-led Almohad rebellion initiated in the Maghreb by Ibn Tumart in the 1120s."}, {"id": "Q971532", "label": "Ishaq ibn ʿAli", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Almoravid ruler, Ishaq ibn Ali, was killed when the Almohads captured Marrakesh in 1147 and established themselves as the new dominant power in both North Africa and Al-Andalus."}, {"id": "Q367330", "label": "Ibn Hawqal", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "It occupied the region around Awdaghust (Aoudaghost) in the southern Sahara according to contemporary Arab chroniclers such as al-Ya'qubi, al-Bakri and Ibn Hawqal."}, {"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the collapse of the Sanhaja union, Awdaghust passed over to the Ghana Empire; and the trans-Saharan routes were taken over by the Zenata Maghrawa of Sijilmasa."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Around 1035, the Lamtuna chieftain Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tifat (alias Tarsina), tried to reunite the Sanhaja desert tribes, but his reign lasted less than three years."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "On his return, he stopped by Kairouan in Ifriqiya, where he met Abu Imran al-Fasi, a native of Fez and a jurist and scholar of the Sunni Maliki school."}, {"id": "Q3046604", "label": "Ibn Abi Zar", "section": "History - Founding of Marrakesh and internal division", "says": "Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this event ranging from 1062, given by Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun, to 1078 (470 AH), given by Muhammad al-Idrisi."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Founding of Marrakesh and internal division", "says": "Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this event ranging from 1062, given by Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun, to 1078 (470 AH), given by Muhammad al-Idrisi."}, {"id": "Q508501", "label": "Ibn Idhari", "section": "History - Founding of Marrakesh and internal division", "says": "The year 1070, given by Ibn Idhari, is more commonly used by modern historians, although 1062 is still cited by some writers."}, {"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "After the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century, al-Andalus had split into small kingdoms or city-states known as the Taifas."}, {"id": "Q284721", "label": "Al-Mu'tamid", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "Al-Mu'tamid is said to have remarked bitterly: \"Better to pasture camels than to be a swineherd\"—meaning that it was better to submit to another Muslim ruler than to end up as subjects of a Christian king."}, {"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "History - Campaigns against Valencia", "says": "Al-Qadir's unpopular rule in Valencia was supported by a Castilian garrison headed by Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, a Castilian noble and mercenary better known today as El Cid."}, {"id": "Q552458", "label": "Ali ibn Yusuf", "section": "History - Early reign of Ali ibn Yusuf", "says": "According to some scholars, Ali ibn Yusuf represented a new generation of leadership that had forgotten the desert life for the comforts of the city."}, {"id": "Q2630913", "label": "Battle of Cutanda", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Ali ibn Yusuf ordered a major expedition to recover the loss, but it suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Cutanda in 1120."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Alfonso I's capture of Zaragoza in 1118, along with the union of Aragon with the counties of Catalonia in 1137, also transformed the Kingdom of Aragon into a major Christian power in the region."}, {"id": "Q587697", "label": "Afonso I of Portugal", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "To the west, Afonso I of Portugal asserted his independent authority and effectively created the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "To the west, Afonso I of Portugal asserted his independent authority and effectively created the Kingdom of Portugal."}], "Q139377": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Aksum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in the Horn of Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, based in what is now Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia, and spanning present-day Djibouti, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Aksum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in the Horn of Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, based in what is now Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia, and spanning present-day Djibouti, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to its ties with the Greco-Roman world, Aksum adopted Christianity as its state religion in the mid 4th century under Ezana (320s – c."}, {"id": "Q705378", "label": "Kaléb", "section": "lead", "says": "Aksumite dominance in the Red Sea culminated during the reign of Kaleb of Axum (514–542), who, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Justin I, invaded the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen to end the persecution of Christians perpetrated by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "lead", "says": "Aksumite dominance in the Red Sea culminated during the reign of Kaleb of Axum (514–542), who, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Justin I, invaded the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen to end the persecution of Christians perpetrated by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Persian (and later Muslim) presence in the Red Sea, as well as the past few centuries seeing the decline in power of the Roman Empire (which was a major trade partner), caused Aksum to suffer economically, and the population of the city of Ax"}, {"id": "Q940785", "label": "Sabaeans", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Scholarly consensus had previously held that the Sabaeans (the people of Sheba) were the founders of 'Semitic' civilization in Ethiopia, though this view has now been refuted, and their influence is considered minor."}, {"id": "Q2736541", "label": "Zoskales", "section": "History - Rise of Aksum", "says": "Axum is mentioned alongside Adulis and Ptolemais of the Hunts as lying within the realm of Zoskales."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Rise of Aksum", "says": "Both Pliny the Elder and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea refer to this port, situated three days away from the initial ivory market at Coloe, itself five days distant from Aksum."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "However, a more enduring impact occurred with the rise of Islam in the early seventh century and the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 630, Muhammad sent a naval expedition against suspected Abyssinian pirates, the Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz."}, {"id": "Q367330", "label": "Ibn Hawqal", "section": "History - Gudit's invasion", "says": "The Arabic writer Ibn Hawqal, writing around 980, records that the Queen of Abyssinia had been ruling for thirty years and had killed the king or hadani, who is \"more than likely identical with Gudit.\" The legend appears to have been constructed around a kernel of truth regarding a late 10th-century queen of the Banu \nl-Ham(u)wiya who came from the south, perhaps from Damot or Bali."}, {"id": "Q348489", "label": "James Bruce", "section": "History - Gudit's invasion", "says": "The common description of Gudit as Jewish derives largely from the Scottish traveller James Bruce, whose account the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica credits as \"most responsible for its dissemination into both scholarly and popular writings\", while Carlo Conti Rossini demonstrated that \"significant reasons exist for rejecting the queen's alleged Jewishness.\"\nShe was said to have been succeeded by Dagna-J"}, {"id": "Q2919812", "label": "Dil Na'od", "section": "History - Gudit's invasion", "says": "According to one Ethiopian traditional account, she reigned for forty years and her dynasty was eventually overthrown by Mara Tekla Haymanot in 1137 C.E., who ushered in the formation of the Zagwe dynasty by bearing children with a descendant of the last Aksumite emperor, Dil Na'od."}, {"id": "Q888003", "label": "Yekuno Amlak", "section": "History - Gudit's invasion", "says": "However, Yekuno Amlak, who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern Solomonic dynasty around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, Dil Na'od."}], "Q178084": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ilkhanate or  Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established after Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established after Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ilkhanate's core territory was situated in what is now the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Dagestan (Russia)."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death."}, {"id": "Q335301", "label": "Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 1335, after which the Ilkhanate disintegrated."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanian Empire (224–651)."}, {"id": "Q520090", "label": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "When Muhammad II of Khwarazm ordered a contingent of merchants, dispatched by the Mongols, to be killed, Genghis Khan declared war on the Anushtegin dynasty in 1219."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Mongols invaded Armenia and Georgia in 1234 or 1236, completing the conquest of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1238."}, {"id": "Q2622868", "label": "Bagratid Armenia", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "They began to attack the western parts of Bagratid Armenia, which was under the Seljuks, the following year."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia (including modern-day Azerbaijan), Armenia, Georgia (excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds), as well as all of Afghanistan and Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q136344", "label": "Battle of Köse Dağ", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongols under Baiju occupied Anatolia, while the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongols under Baiju occupied Anatolia, while the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Realizing the danger posed by the Mongols, the rulers of Mosul and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia submitted to the Great Khan."}, {"id": "Q7520", "label": "Güyük Khan", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "In 1244, Güyük Khan stopped raising of revenue from districts in Persia as well and offered tax exemptions to others."}, {"id": "Q177320", "label": "Hulegu Khan", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "Immediately after his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251, Hulegu was appointed as administrator of North China, however in the following year, North China was assigned to Kublai and Hulegu tasked with conquering the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "Möngke's death forced Hulegu to return to Mongolia to attend the kuriltai for the next Great Khan."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "He left a small force of around 10,000 behind in Palestine that was defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut by the Mamluks of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q244356", "label": "Battle of Ain Jalut", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "He left a small force of around 10,000 behind in Palestine that was defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut by the Mamluks of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "Due to the suspicious deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulegu's service, Berke of the Golden Horde declared war on Hulegu in 1262."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "History - Hulegu Khan", "says": "During his early rule, the Ilkhanate experienced mass revolts by its subjects, with the exception of the Seljukids and Artuqids in Anatolia and Mardin."}, {"id": "Q1341161", "label": "Baraq", "section": "History - Middle period (1265–1291)", "says": "In 1270, Abaqa defeated an invasion by Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "History - Middle period (1265–1291)", "says": "In 1270, Abaqa defeated an invasion by Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate."}, {"id": "Q2628082", "label": "Battle of Elbistan", "section": "History - Middle period (1265–1291)", "says": "In 1277, the Mamluks invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "History - Middle period (1265–1291)", "says": "Tekuder was elected khan by the Chinggisids."}, {"id": "Q470322", "label": "Gaykhatu", "section": "History - Religious shift (1291–1316)", "says": "The Ilkhanate started crumbling under the reign of Arghun's brother, Gaykhatu."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Religious shift (1291–1316)", "says": "Hulegu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions, including Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, and ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "History - Religious shift (1291–1316)", "says": "The Ilkhanids launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the Mamluks, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "History - Religious shift (1291–1316)", "says": "The Chagatai Khanate in Moghulistan and the Golden Horde threatened the Ilkhanate in the Caucasus and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward."}, {"id": "Q1430929", "label": "Battle of Wadi", "section": "History - Religious shift (1291–1316)", "says": "The Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar, also known a"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Disintegration (1316–1357)", "says": "The non-Mongol emirs Sharaf-ud-Din Mahmud-Shah and Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad were given unprecedented military authority, which irked the Mongol emirs."}, {"id": "Q698603", "label": "Arpa Ke'un", "section": "History - Disintegration (1316–1357)", "says": "Ghiyas-ud-Din put a descendant of Ariq Böke, Arpa Ke'un, on the throne, triggering a succession of short-lived khans until \"Little\" Hasan took Azerbaijan in 1338."}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "History - Disintegration (1316–1357)", "says": "In 1357, Jani Beg of the Golden Horde conquered Chupanid-held Tabriz for a year, putting an end to the Ilkhanate remnant."}], "Q191077": [{"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q3324855", "label": "Banat, Bačka and Baranja", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The regions of Kosovo and what is today North Macedonia had become parts of Serbia prior to the unification."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was ruled by the Serbian dynasty of Karađorđević, which previously ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I, who became the first king of Yugoslavia, reigning until his death in 1921."}, {"id": "Q371355", "label": "Vlado Chernozemski", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1934, the king was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), during his visit to France."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander's cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941, when Peter II came of age following a coup d'etat that reversed Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "A royal government-in-exile, recognized by the United Kingdom and, later, by all the Allies, was established in London."}, {"id": "Q1277557", "label": "Democratic Federal Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1944, after pressure from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the King recognized the government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as the legitimate government."}, {"id": "Q570629", "label": "Ivan Šubašić", "section": "lead", "says": "This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans)."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans)."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans)."}, {"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "Immediately after 1 December proclamation, negotiations between the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Serbian government resulted in agreement over the new government which was to be headed by Nikola Pašić."}, {"id": "Q934196", "label": "Stojan Protić", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "Many regarded this rejection as a violation of parliamentary principles, but the matter was resolved when the regent suggested replacing Pašić with Stojan Protić, a leading member of Pašić's People's Radical Party.The National Council and the Serbian government agreed and the new government came into existence on 20 December 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "A realignment of parties combining several members of the Serbian opposition with political parties from the former Austria-Hungary led to the creation of a new party, The Democratic Party, that dominated the Provisional Representation and the government."}, {"id": "Q1285673", "label": "Ljubomir Davidović", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "Because the Democratic Party led by Ljubomir Davidović pushed a highly centralized agenda a number of Croatian delegates moved into opposition."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Political history - Constituent assembly to dictatorship", "says": "The other gainers were the communists, who had done especially well in the wider Macedonia region, Montenegro, and in the larger cities elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Political history - Constituent assembly to dictatorship", "says": "The other gainers were the communists, who had done especially well in the wider Macedonia region, Montenegro, and in the larger cities elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "This decision was made following a proposal by the British ambassador to better decentralize the country, modeled on Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q254114", "label": "Vladko Maček", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court."}, {"id": "Q2263774", "label": "Svetozar Pribićević", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "Immediately after the dictatorship was proclaimed, Croatian deputy Ante Pavelić left for exile from the country."}, {"id": "Q937", "label": "Albert Einstein", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "As a response, Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder, accusing the Yugoslav government."}, {"id": "Q76480", "label": "Heinrich Mann", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "As a response, Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder, accusing the Yugoslav government."}, {"id": "Q648570", "label": "Milan Stojadinović", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "Prince Paul decided to appoint well-known economist Milan Stojadinović as prime minister in 1935."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "His solution to solving the economic problems left over from the Great Depression was to make trade deals and get closer to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "His solution to solving the economic problems left over from the Great Depression was to make trade deals and get closer to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q905523", "label": "Dragiša Cvetković", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "Paul was concerned with rising tensions in Europe, especially with the Anschluss and the Munich Agreement Therefore, Paul ousted Milan Stojadinović replacing him with Dragiša Cvetković for being a Germanophile."}, {"id": "Q219017", "label": "Dušan Simović", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "General Dušan Simović became his Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria annexed some border areas outright."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "Italy added the Governorship of Dalmatia, part of Macedonia and Kosovo, Montenegro, southerly part of Croatia, and more than a third of western Slovenia to the Italian Empire."}, {"id": "Q167443", "label": "Milan Nedić", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "The rump territory became a military administration of Germany run by military governors and a Serb civil government led by Milan Nedić."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "Political history - Exile of the king", "says": "This resistance movement, which was both anti-German and anti-communist, was commanded by Royalist General Draža Mihailović."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Political history - Exile of the king", "says": "For a long time, the Chetniks were supported by the British, the United States, and the Yugoslav royal government in exile of King Peter II."}], "Q484578": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbek USSR or officially The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, (UzSSR), also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbek USSR or officially The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, (UzSSR), also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q57558", "label": "Islam Karimov", "section": "lead", "says": "Islam Karimov became the republic's inaugural president."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kirghizia to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kirghizia to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kirghizia to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kirghizia to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest."}], "Q112707": [{"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "lead", "says": "They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "Michael's grandson, Peter I, who took the title of emperor and proclaimed the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great power through a series of wars and reforms."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Michael's grandson, Peter I, who took the title of emperor and proclaimed the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great power through a series of wars and reforms."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, her nephew Peter III, an agnatic member of the House of Holstein-Gottorp (a cadet branch of the German House of Oldenburg), ascended to the throne and adopted his Romanov mother's house name."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "lead", "says": "Paul I became the first heir to the throne, having the title tsesarevich, which was subsequently used for all main heirs."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "2 March] 1917 as a result of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishment of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the lead-up to the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "2 March] 1917 as a result of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishment of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the lead-up to the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "2 March] 1917 as a result of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishment of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the lead-up to the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922."}, {"id": "Q83171", "label": "Alexander II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1924, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the senior surviving male-line descendant of Alexander II of Russia by primogeniture, claimed the headship of the defunct Imperial House of Russia."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "One of Kobyla's sons, Feodor, a member of the boyar duma of Dmitry Donskoy, was nicknamed Koshka (\"cat\")."}, {"id": "Q201221", "label": "Alexander Herzen", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the former became known as Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen among them), whereas the grandchildren of Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev changed their name to \"Romanov\"."}, {"id": "Q170172", "label": "Boris Godunov", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "Throughout Feodor's reign (1584–1598), the tsar's brother-in-law, Boris Godunov, and his Romanov cousins contested the de facto rule of Russia."}, {"id": "Q209535", "label": "False Dmitriy I", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "False Dmitriy I made him a metropolitan of Rostov-on-Don, and False Dmitriy II raised him to the dignity of patriarch."}, {"id": "Q193232", "label": "Vasili IV of Russia", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "His brother Ivan Romanov took part in the overthrow of Vasili IV of Russia."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - Dynastic crises and Peter the Great", "says": "Upon Alexei's death in 1676, there was a period of dynastic struggle between his children by his first wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Feodor III, Sofia Alexeyevna, Ivan V) and his son by his second wife Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, the future Peter the Great."}, {"id": "Q130752", "label": "Elizabeth I of Russia", "section": "History - Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov", "says": "In 1742, Empress Elizabeth of Russia brought Anna's son, her nephew Peter of Holstein-Gottorp, to St."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "History - Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov", "says": "She reigned as Catherine the Great."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "History - Age of Autocracy", "says": "Alexander II, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Age of Autocracy", "says": "Alexander II, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Age of Autocracy", "says": "His son Alexander III succeeded Alexander II."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "While several members of the imperial family managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government and were eventually able to leave Russia, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of Tobolsk by Alexander Kerensky in August 1917."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "In the October Revolution of 1917 the Bolsheviks ousted the Provisional Government."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "Here, on the night of 16–18 July 1918, the entire Russian Imperial Romanov family, along with several of their retainers, were executed by Bolshevik revolutionaries, most likely on the orders of Vladimir Lenin."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Executions", "says": "Of the several \"Anastasias\" that surfaced in Europe in the decade after the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the United States in 1984, was the most convincing."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Remains", "says": "Avdonin released his discovery following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 prompting investigation by the Russian government."}, {"id": "Q80976", "label": "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh", "section": "History - Remains", "says": "Using a DNA sample from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a grand nephew of Alexandra, scientists matched his DNA to her and her children's remains found in the mass grave."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Remains", "says": "However, \"conspiracy theories\" persisted throughout the 20th century, with some authors still contending that \"somehow the real Anastasia, Maria, or perhaps Aleksei, might have survived the Russian Revolution\" even after the discovery of the bodies and the confir"}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Other executions", "says": "They included: Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia, Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia and Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley, Grand Duke Sergei's secretary Varvara Yakovleva, and Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and elder sister of Tsarina Alexandra."}, {"id": "Q154444", "label": "Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia", "section": "History - Other executions", "says": "On 13 June 1918, Bolshevik revolutionary authorities killed Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and Nicholas Johnson (Michael's secretary) in Perm."}, {"id": "Q33923", "label": "Saint Peter", "section": "History - Other executions", "says": "In January 1919, revolutionary authorities killed Grand Dukes Dmitry Konstantinovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich, Paul Alexandrovich and George Mikhailovich, who had been held in the prison of the Saint Peter and Paul Fortress in Petrograd."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna", "says": "In 1919, Maria Feodorovna, widow of Alexander III, and mother of Nicholas II, managed to escape Russia aboard HMS Marlborough, which her nephew, King George V of the United Kingdom, had sent to rescue her, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, who was Maria's elder sister."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna", "says": "In 1919, Maria Feodorovna, widow of Alexander III, and mother of Nicholas II, managed to escape Russia aboard HMS Marlborough, which her nephew, King George V of the United Kingdom, had sent to rescue her, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, who was Maria's elder sister."}, {"id": "Q156617", "label": "Christian X of Denmark", "section": "History - Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna", "says": "After a stay in England with Queen Alexandra, she returned to her native Denmark, first living at Amalienborg Palace, with her nephew, King Christian X, and later, at Villa Hvidøre."}, {"id": "Q151040", "label": "Patriarch Alexius II", "section": "History - Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna", "says": "The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate ceremony at Saint Isaac's Cathedral officiated by Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q43989", "label": "Grigori Rasputin", "section": "History - Other exiles", "says": "Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, a cousin of Nicholas II, had been exiled to the Caucasus in 1916 for his part in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, and managed to escape Russia."}, {"id": "Q57666", "label": "Marie of Romania", "section": "History - Other exiles", "says": "His sister Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, alongside her husband and brother-in-law, was able to escape into German-occupied Ukraine before being granted asylum by her cousin Queen Marie of Romania."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Other exiles", "says": "Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaievich, who was supreme commander of Russian troops during World War I prior to Nicholas II taking command, along with his brother, Grand Duke Peter, and their wives, Grand Duchesses Anastasia and Militza, who were sisters, and Peter's children, son-in-law, and granddaughter also fled the country."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Other exiles", "says": "They fled to Romania and then Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q616804", "label": "Saxe-Coburg", "section": "History - Other exiles", "says": "The other Grand Duchesses by birth who were living abroad during the Revolution as a result of marrying into other royal families included the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg an"}], "Q153136": [{"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg monarchy, also known as the Habsburg Empire or Habsburg Realm (), and Danube Monarchy, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities (composite monarchy) that were ruled by the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1804 onward it was referred to as the Austrian Empire, and from 1867 onward as Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1804 onward it was referred to as the Austrian Empire, and from 1867 onward as Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The history of the Habsburg monarchy can be traced back to the election of Rudolf I as King of Germany in 1273 and his acquisition of the Duchy of Austria for the Habsburgs in 1282."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1482, Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands through marriage."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "Both realms passed to his grandson and successor, Charles V, who also inherited the Spanish throne and its colonial possessions, and thus came to rule the Habsburg empire at its greatest territorial extent."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The abdication of Charles V in 1556 led to a division within the dynasty between his son Philip II of Spain and his brother Ferdinand I, who had served as his lieutenant and the elected king of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish branch (which held all of Iberia, the Netherlands, and lands in Italy) became extinct in the male line in 1700, but continued through the female line through the House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q645719", "label": "House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but continued through the female line as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg monarchy was a union of crowns, with only partial shared laws and institutions other than the Habsburg court itself; the provinces were divided in three groups: the Archduchy proper, Inner Austria that included Styria and Carniola, and Further Austria with Tyrol and the Swabian lands."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarchy began to fracture in the face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Republic of German-Austria and the First Hungarian Republic in late 1918."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarchy began to fracture in the face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Republic of German-Austria and the First Hungarian Republic in late 1918."}, {"id": "Q268970", "label": "Republic of German-Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarchy began to fracture in the face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Republic of German-Austria and the First Hungarian Republic in late 1918."}, {"id": "Q516160", "label": "First Hungarian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarchy began to fracture in the face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Republic of German-Austria and the First Hungarian Republic in late 1918."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "Austrian monarchy (Latin: monarchia austriaca) came into use around 1700 as a term of convenience for the Habsburg territories.\n\"Danubian monarchy\" (German: Donaumonarchie) was an unofficial name often used contemporaneously.\n\"Dual monarchy\" (German: Doppel-Monarchie) referred to the combination of Cisleithania and the Transleithania, two states under one crowned ruler."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "Austrian Empire (German: Kaisertum Österreich): This was the official name of the new Habsburg empire created in 1804, immediately prior to the Holy Roman Empire being dissolved in 1806."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "The Hungarian parts of the empire were called \"Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen\" or \"Lands of Holy (St.) Stephen's Crown\" (Länder der Heiligen Stephans Krone)."}, {"id": "Q701614", "label": "Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "Names of some smaller territories:\n\nThe Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg finally became Austrian in 1816 after the Napoleonic wars; before that it was ruled by the prince-archbishops of Salzburg as a sovereign territory."}, {"id": "Q1231403", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Trent", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Trent and Prince-Bishopric of Brixen became Austrian in 1803 following the Treaty of Lunéville."}, {"id": "Q13496558", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Brixen", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Trent and Prince-Bishopric of Brixen became Austrian in 1803 following the Treaty of Lunéville."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Trent and Prince-Bishopric of Brixen became Austrian in 1803 following the Treaty of Lunéville."}, {"id": "Q681391", "label": "Treaty of Teschen", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "Upper Austria was enlarged after the Treaty of Teschen (1779) following the War of the Bavarian Succession by the so-called Innviertel (\"Inn Quarter\"), formerly part of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q157548", "label": "War of the Bavarian Succession", "section": "Origins and expansion", "says": "Upper Austria was enlarged after the Treaty of Teschen (1779) following the War of the Bavarian Succession by the so-called Innviertel (\"Inn Quarter\"), formerly part of Bavaria."}], "Q168518": [{"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of the Early Dynastic period, with the rise of the Akkadian Empire, the city lost its prime importance."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Uruk into Late Antiquity", "says": "2000 BC), Uruk went into a steep decline until about 850 BC when the Neo-Assyrian Empire annexed it as a provincial capital."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Uruk into Late Antiquity", "says": "Uruk, known as Orcha (Ὄρχα) to the Greeks, continued to thrive under the Seleucid Empire."}], "Q170770": [{"id": "Q174044", "label": "Alexander Nevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "1263–1303), the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, received the city and surrounding area as an appanage."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the 13th century, Moscow had become one of the leading principalities within the Grand Principality of Vladimir, alongside Tver."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "1303–1325) contested the title and was later made grand prince in 1318 by the khan of the Golden Horde, who held suzerainty over the princes."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "History - Yury", "says": "Mikhail of Tver attempted to consolidate his power, and was confirmed as the prince of Novgorod in 1307, but Yury retained control of Pereyaslavl and was able to gain control of Nizhny Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q679083", "label": "Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver", "section": "History - Ivan I", "says": "1325–1340) became prince following the murder of Yury, while the title of grand prince went to Aleksandr of Tver."}, {"id": "Q335097", "label": "Öz Beg Khan", "section": "History - Ivan I", "says": "After the residents of Tver launched a revolt against Tatar rule in 1327, Özbeg Khan dispatched a punitive force led by Ivan and Aleksandr of Suzdal, causing Aleksandr of Tver to flee to Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Ivan I", "says": "After the residents of Tver launched a revolt against Tatar rule in 1327, Özbeg Khan dispatched a punitive force led by Ivan and Aleksandr of Suzdal, causing Aleksandr of Tver to flee to Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "History - Ivan I", "says": "In particular, Ivan was credited by his grandson Dmitry Donskoy in his will with purchasing the principalities of Beloozero, Galich and Uglich."}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "History - Simeon", "says": "Although the khan, Jani Beg, was prepared to support Simeon in his conflict with Lithuania, he was unwilling to provide unlimited support to Moscow, for fear that it would become too strong."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Simeon", "says": "In 1352–1353, the Black Death reached Russia, which killed Simeon, his brother Andrey, along with his sons."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "History - Ivan II", "says": "During the first four years of Ivan's reign, there are no signs of any antagonism between Ivan and Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "History - Ivan II", "says": "Although no formal treaty was drawn, Ivan had one of his daughters married to the son of Karijotas, the fifth eldest son of Gediminas."}, {"id": "Q1367194", "label": "Berdi Beg", "section": "History - Dmitry", "says": "The murder of Berdi Beg in 1359 led to great turmoil within the Golden Horde, with repeated coups."}, {"id": "Q3820837", "label": "Abdullah Khan", "section": "History - Dmitry", "says": "Alexius also approached Mamai's protégé Abdallāh and received his approval as well in order to strengthen Dmitry's claim."}, {"id": "Q1188685", "label": "Mikhail II of Tver", "section": "History - Dmitry", "says": "After taking the throne, Mikhail II of Tver mounted a direct challenge to Moscow's pre-eminence with Lithuanian support."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - Dmitry", "says": "As Moscow grew, the warlord Timur built his own empire in Central Asia and recruited Tokhtamysh into his ranks."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "History - Vasily I", "says": "At the start of his reign, Vasily posed no threat to the ambitions of Vytautas and assumed the role of junior partner."}, {"id": "Q597478", "label": "Battle of the Vorskla River", "section": "History - Vasily I", "says": "Vytautas allied himself with Tokhtamysh, but in 1399, their forces were defeated by Edigu in the Battle of the Vorskla River."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "History - Vasily I", "says": "In 1410, Vytautas joined Jogaila of Poland in defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald, and relations between Lithuania and Moscow resumed a more peaceful course, although the two continued to wrestle for influence in Pskov and Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q2039445", "label": "Oluğ Möxämmät", "section": "History - Vasily II", "says": "Vasily sent his representatives to the khan, Ulugh Muhammad, and was able to receive the patent for the grand princely throne."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Ivan III", "says": "He also adopted the title of sovereign of all Russia and competed with his powerful rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for control over the Upper Oka Principalities."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "History - Vasily III", "says": "Vasily also advanced the Russian border in the east and supported the pro-Russian party in the Khanate of Kazan."}], "Q180393": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was the largest sovereign state by population and land area in Italy before the Italian unification, comprising Sicily and most of the area of today's Mezzogiorno (southern Italy) and covering virtually all of the Italian peninsula south of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was formed when the Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples, which was officially also known as the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "The king of the Two Sicilies was overthrown by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, after which the people voted in a plebiscite to join the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the dynastic union in 1494 between the Habsburgs and the houses of Aragon and Castile, Naples and Sicily also fell to Charles V in 1516."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "Background", "says": "With the extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs in 1700, Naples and Sicily were caught up in the turmoil of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "Background", "says": "Infante Charles of the House of Bourbon ruled both Sicilies from the mid 18th century, until he became King of Spain."}, {"id": "Q158229", "label": "Maria Carolina of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "This line was united with the Austrian Habsburgs through the marriage of Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina of Austria, a daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, on 12 May 1768."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "This line was united with the Austrian Habsburgs through the marriage of Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina of Austria, a daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, on 12 May 1768."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially dominated by the dual influence of the great powers Spain and Austria, Naples-Sicily – particularly in the course of the French Revolutionary Wars from 1792 onwards – became increasingly dependent on the naval power Great Britain to defend itself against the new European superpower, France."}, {"id": "Q666989", "label": "Treaty of Casalanza", "section": "History - 1816–1848", "says": "The Treaty of Casalanza restored Ferdinand IV of Bourbon to the throne of Naples and the island of Sicily (where the constitution of 1812 had virtually disempowered him) was returned to him."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "History - 1816–1848", "says": "A few of the deeds under the administration of Kings Joseph and Joachim Murat, such as some reforms to their civil code, the penal and commercial code, were kept (and extended to Sicily)."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - 1816–1848", "says": "The Congress of Vienna had granted Austria the right to station troops in the kingdom, and Austria, as well as Russia and Prussia, insisted that no written constitution was to be granted to the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q502", "label": "Stendhal", "section": "History - 1816–1848", "says": "The French novelist Henri de Stendhal, who visited Naples in 1817, called the kingdom \"an absurd monarchy in the style of Philip II\"."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - 1816–1848", "says": "The French novelist Henri de Stendhal, who visited Naples in 1817, called the kingdom \"an absurd monarchy in the style of Philip II\"."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - 1816–1848", "says": "Nevertheless, King Ferdinand felt compelled to grant the constitution sought by the liberals (13 July)."}, {"id": "Q204375", "label": "Guglielmo Pepe", "section": "History - 1816–1848", "says": "An attempt at Neapolitan resistance to the Austrians by regular forces under General Guglielmo Pepe, as well as by"}], "Q230791": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1707, during the reign of Queen Anne, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union."}, {"id": "Q137906", "label": "James IV of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, with Court of Session meeting daily in Edinburgh."}, {"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "History - Origins: 400–943", "says": "Of these, the four most important were those of the Picts in the north-east, the Scots of Dál Riata in the west, the Britons of Strathclyde in the south-west and the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia (which united with Deira to form Northumbria in 653) in the south-east, stretching into modern northern England."}, {"id": "Q298263", "label": "Kenneth MacAlpin", "section": "History - Origins: 400–943", "says": "This led to a period of instability, which culminated in the rise of Cínaed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin) as \"king of the Picts\" in the 840s (traditionally dated to 843), and brought to power the House of Alpin."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "History - Origins: 400–943", "says": "The long reign (900–942/3) of Donald's successor Causantín (Constantine II) is often regarded as the key to formation of the Kingdom of Alba/Scotland, and he was later credited with bringing Scottish Christianity into conformity with the Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Origins: 400–943", "says": "The long reign (900–942/3) of Donald's successor Causantín (Constantine II) is often regarded as the key to formation of the Kingdom of Alba/Scotland, and he was later credited with bringing Scottish Christianity into conformity with the Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q225890", "label": "Kingdom of Strathclyde", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "943–954) is believed to have annexed the Kingdom of Strathclyde, over which the kings of Alba had probably exercised some authority since the later 9th century."}, {"id": "Q107299", "label": "Kingdom of Northumbria", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "His successor, Indulf the Aggressor, was described as the King of Strathclyde before inheriting the throne of Alba; he is credited with later annexing parts of Lothian, including Edinburgh, from the Kingdom of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q2310910", "label": "Davidian Revolution", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "The reign of David I has been characterised as a \"Davidian Revolution\", in which he introduced a system of feudal land tenure, established the first royal burghs in Scotland and the first recorded Scottish coinage, and continued a process of religious and legal reforms."}, {"id": "Q2230310", "label": "Treaty of York", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "The Treaty of York (1237) fixed the boundaries with England close to the modern border."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "By the reign of Alexander III, the Scots had annexed the remainder of the Norwegian-held western seaboard after the stalemate of the Battle of Largs and the Treaty of Perth in 1266."}, {"id": "Q2097266", "label": "Battle of Largs", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "By the reign of Alexander III, the Scots had annexed the remainder of the Norwegian-held western seaboard after the stalemate of the Battle of Largs and the Treaty of Perth in 1266."}, {"id": "Q1456646", "label": "Treaty of Perth", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "By the reign of Alexander III, the Scots had annexed the remainder of the Norwegian-held western seaboard after the stalemate of the Battle of Largs and the Treaty of Perth in 1266."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "The English briefly occupied most of Scotland, under Edward I."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "Under Edward III, the English backed Edward Balliol, son of King John Balliol, in an attempt to gain his father's throne and restore the lands of the Scottish lords dispossessed by Robert I and his successors in the 14th century in the Wars of Independence (1296–1357)."}, {"id": "Q471796", "label": "Edward Balliol", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "Under Edward III, the English backed Edward Balliol, son of King John Balliol, in an attempt to gain his father's throne and restore the lands of the Scottish lords dispossessed by Robert I and his successors in the 14th century in the Wars of Independence (1296–1357)."}, {"id": "Q310065", "label": "John of Scotland", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "Under Edward III, the English backed Edward Balliol, son of King John Balliol, in an attempt to gain his father's throne and restore the lands of the Scottish lords dispossessed by Robert I and his successors in the 14th century in the Wars of Independence (1296–1357)."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "History - Expansion: 943–1513", "says": "The Auld Alliance with France committed Scotland to action in the War of the League of Cambrai, resulting in the heavy defeat of a Scottish army at the Battle of Flodden Field in 1513 and the death of the King James IV."}, {"id": "Q137814", "label": "James V of Scotland", "section": "History - Consolidation: 1513–1690", "says": "In the 16th century, under James V of Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, the Crown and court took on many of the attributes of the Renaissance and New Monarchy, despite long royal minorities, civil wars and interventions by the English and French."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "History - Consolidation: 1513–1690", "says": "In the 16th century, under James V of Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, the Crown and court took on many of the attributes of the Renaissance and New Monarchy, despite long royal minorities, civil wars and interventions by the English and French."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Consolidation: 1513–1690", "says": "In 1603, he inherited the thrones of England and Ireland from his childless cousin, Elizabeth I, creating a Union of the Crowns that left the three states with their separate identities and institutions."}, {"id": "Q807843", "label": "Bishops' Wars", "section": "History - Consolidation: 1513–1690", "says": "When James' son Charles I attempted to impose elements of the English religious settlement on Scotland, the result was the Bishops' Wars (1637–1640), which ended in defeat for the king and a virtually independent Presbyterian Covenanter state in Scotland."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "History - Consolidation: 1513–1690", "says": "It also helped precipitate the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, during which the Scots carried out major military interventions."}, {"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "History - Consolidation: 1513–1690", "says": "After Charles I's defeat, the Scots backed the king in the Second English Civil War; after his execution, they proclaimed his son Charles II king, resulting in the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652 against the emerging republican regime of Parliamentarians in England led by Oliver Cromwell."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "History - Consolidation: 1513–1690", "says": "After Charles I's defeat, the Scots backed the king in the Second English Civil War; after his execution, they proclaimed his son Charles II king, resulting in the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652 against the emerging republican regime of Parliamentarians in England led by Oliver Cromwell."}], "Q102679": [{"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), Masinissa, king of the Massylii, defeated Syphax of the Masaesyli to unify Numidia into the first unified Berber state for Numidians in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), Masinissa, king of the Massylii, defeated Syphax of the Masaesyli to unify Numidia into the first unified Berber state for Numidians in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "To the east lay the Carthaginian hinterlands of eastern Tunisia—later known as Africa Proconsularis—extending toward Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The emergence of Libyan monarchical states was probably stimulated, at least partly, from a combination of internal developments and external political pressure from Carthage."}, {"id": "Q311702", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Masinissa then joined the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca in Spain, where he played a key role in Carthaginian campaigns against Rome."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 204 BC, the Roman general Scipio Africanus landed in Africa with Roman forces, joined by Masinissa, whose tactical brilliance became evident when he helped destroy a combined Carthaginian-Numidian camp and later defeated Syphax and Hasdrubal at the Battle of Cirta in 203 BC."}, {"id": "Q1660792", "label": "Battle of Cirta", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 204 BC, the Roman general Scipio Africanus landed in Africa with Roman forces, joined by Masinissa, whose tactical brilliance became evident when he helped destroy a combined Carthaginian-Numidian camp and later defeated Syphax and Hasdrubal at the Battle of Cirta in 203 BC."}, {"id": "Q241210", "label": "Sophonisba", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Masinissa captured Syphax and married Sophonisba, but Scipio, wary of her Carthaginian loyalty, demanded her surrender."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Several of his relatives bore Carthaginian names and his brother and uncle had family connections with Hannibal through marriage, and his grandson would later serve as a general there."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "History - War with Carthage", "says": "By preparing to fight back, Carthage effectively broke the peace treaty of 201 BC—an act that would soon trigger Rome's wrath and lead directly to the Third Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2307", "label": "Scipio Aemilianus", "section": "History - War with Carthage", "says": "In 146 BC Carthage was obliterated by the armies of Consul Scipio Aemilianus after a 3 years long siege and 8 days of urban fighting in the city."}, {"id": "Q75813", "label": "Macedonian Wars", "section": "History - Numidian Apogee", "says": "Politically, he engaged in the eastern Mediterranean, aiding Rome in the Macedonian Wars, sending troops to Greece, and supplying grain to Delos (which honored him)."}, {"id": "Q465838", "label": "Nicomedes II of Bithynia", "section": "History - Numidian Apogee", "says": "Masinissa also maintained ties with Hellenistic monarchs such as Nicomedes II of Bithynia, while his sons received their education in Greece, probably Athens."}, {"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "History - Numidian Apogee", "says": "On the death of his two brothers in 145 BC, Micipsa, finding himself sole heir to the kingdom of Massinissa, reigned in Cirta, with the help of his two sons Adherbal and Hiempsal I, and his nephew Jugurtha, son of his brother Manastabal."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "History - Divided kingdom", "says": "After the death of Jugurtha, western Numidia, which was now called Mauretania, was added to the lands of Bocchus I."}, {"id": "Q530576", "label": "Bocchus I", "section": "History - Divided kingdom", "says": "After the death of Jugurtha, western Numidia, which was now called Mauretania, was added to the lands of Bocchus I."}, {"id": "Q619030", "label": "Battle of the Bagradas River", "section": "History - Roman civil war and the end of the Numidian Kingdom", "says": "Together, they defeated the army of Gaius Scribonius Curio, Caesar's lieutenant, at the Battle of the Bagradas in July 49 BC."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "History - Roman civil war and the end of the Numidian Kingdom", "says": "In the meanwhile, the Alexandrian war in Ptolemaic Egypt ended favorably for Caesar, who installed Cleopatra as queen of Egypt, and moved on to suppress a revolt in Armenia."}], "Q105313": [{"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In about  886, Alfred the Great adopted the title 'King of the Anglo-Saxons' as the ruler of all Anglo-Saxons not under Danish rule."}, {"id": "Q187114", "label": "Edward the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next thirty years Alfred's son, Edward the Elder and grandson Æthelstan conquered the Danish kingdoms, and when Æthelstan conquered the last surviving one, York, in 927, he adopted the title 'King of the English'."}, {"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next thirty years Alfred's son, Edward the Elder and grandson Æthelstan conquered the Danish kingdoms, and when Æthelstan conquered the last surviving one, York, in 927, he adopted the title 'King of the English'."}, {"id": "Q2305651", "label": "Battle of Edington", "section": "lead", "says": "In 878, they forced Alfred to flee to the Somerset Levels, but were eventually defeated at the Battle of Edington."}, {"id": "Q235250", "label": "Æthelflæd", "section": "lead", "says": "Alfred's son, Edward, captured the eastern Midlands and East Anglia from the Danes and became ruler of Mercia in 918 upon the death of his sister, Æthelflæd."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "History - Roman Britain", "says": "However, the Roman general Theodosius had recaptured most areas by the end of 368."}, {"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "History - Roman Britain", "says": "In 380–1, Magnus Maximus defeated further raids."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman Britain", "says": "However, there was increasing internal conflict across the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman Britain", "says": "During 383–4, in the context of the overthrow of Emperor Gratian, Maximus took most of the garrison from Britain to Gaul, where he was made Augustus of the West, ruling Britain, Gaul, Spain and Roman Africa."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "History - Roman Britain", "says": "During the late 390s, Stilicho attempted to restore control, with a campaign against the Picti, but this was undermined in 401 when Stilicho transferred troops to the Continent to fight the Goths."}, {"id": "Q209793", "label": "Constantine III", "section": "History - Roman Britain", "says": "In 407, a Roman officer in Britain, Constantine III declared himself Augustus of the West, and left for Gaul, taking with him Roman troops."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "History - Roman Britain", "says": "Finally, in 410, when Romano-British officials requested military assistance from Emperor Honorius, he told them to manage their own defences."}, {"id": "Q849967", "label": "Celtic Britons", "section": "History - The Welsh tradition", "says": "In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Celtic Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions."}, {"id": "Q45792", "label": "King Arthur", "section": "History - The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "says": "Gildas states that the Saxons were completely defeated in the battle, in which King Arthur participated according to Nennius."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Christianisation of Wessex", "says": "This was the first conversion to Christianity by a West Saxon king, but it was not accompanied by the immediate conversion of all the West Saxons: Cynegils' successor (and probably his son), Cenwealh, who came to the throne in about 642, was a pagan at his accession."}, {"id": "Q336016", "label": "Oswald of Northumbria", "section": "History - Christianisation of Wessex", "says": "Cynegils' godfather was King Oswald of Northumbria, and his conversion may have been connected with an alliance against King Penda of Mercia, who had previously attacked Wessex."}, {"id": "Q332123", "label": "Penda of Mercia", "section": "History - Christianisation of Wessex", "says": "Cynegils' godfather was King Oswald of Northumbria, and his conversion may have been connected with an alliance against King Penda of Mercia, who had previously attacked Wessex."}, {"id": "Q818595", "label": "Beornwulf of Mercia", "section": "History - Hegemony of Wessex and the Viking raids", "says": "In 825 or 826 he overturned the political order of England by decisively defeating King Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellendun and seizing control of Surrey, Sussex, Kent and Essex from the Mercians, while with his help East Anglia broke away from Mercian control."}, {"id": "Q818588", "label": "Beorhtwulf of Mercia", "section": "History - Hegemony of Wessex and the Viking raids", "says": "Having defeated King Beorhtwulf of Mercia in battle, the Danes moved on to invade Wessex, but were decisively crushed by Egbert's son and successor King Æthelwulf in the exceptionally bloody Battle of Aclea."}, {"id": "Q159597", "label": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "History - Unification of England; Earldom of Wessex", "says": "For almost fifty years the vastly wealthy holders of this earldom, first Godwin and then his son Harold Godwinson, were the most powerful men in English politics af"}], "Q171150": [{"id": "Q2899771", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catholic kingdom emerged as a continuation of the Grand Principality of Hungary upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around 1000; his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 continuously until 1918 and also played a key role in the wars against the Ottoman Empire and the eventual expulsion of the Turks during and after the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 continuously until 1918 and also played a key role in the wars against the Ottoman Empire and the eventual expulsion of the Turks during and after the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 continuously until 1918 and also played a key role in the wars against the Ottoman Empire and the eventual expulsion of the Turks during and after the Great Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarians fought many wars of independence against the Habsburgs, including in 1604–06, 1664–71, 1680–85, 1703–11, and 1848–49."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king Charles IV in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic state from its inception until the Treaty of Trianon and it covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania and other parts of Romania, Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), the territory of Burgenland (now part of Austria), Međimurje (now part of Croatia), Prekmurje (now part of Slovenia) and a few villages which "}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic state from its inception until the Treaty of Trianon and it covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania and other parts of Romania, Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), the territory of Burgenland (now part of Austria), Međimurje (now part of Croatia), Prekmurje (now part of Slovenia) and a few villages which "}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Hungarians led several successful incursions to Western Europe, until they were stopped by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in Battle of Lechfeld."}, {"id": "Q177903", "label": "Stephen I of Hungary", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "Stephen I of Hungary was canonized as a Catholic saint in 1083 and an Eastern Orthodox saint in 2000."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1051, armies of the Holy Roman Empire tried to conquer Hungary, but they were defeated at Vértes Mountain."}, {"id": "Q312775", "label": "Samuel Aba", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "Before 1052, Peter Orseolo, a supporter of the Holy Roman Empire, was overthrown by king Samuel Aba of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q26486", "label": "Ladislaus I of Hungary", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "He was succeeded by Ladislaus I of Hungary, who further stabilized and strengthened the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q705874", "label": "Battle of Mohi", "section": "History - 13th century: Mongol invasion and recovery", "says": "In 1241, Hungary was invaded by the Mongols and while the first minor battles with Subutai's vanguard probes ended in seeming Hungarian victories, the Mongols finally destroyed the combined Hungarian and Cuman armies at the Battle of Mohi."}, {"id": "Q152370", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "section": "History - 13th century: Mongol invasion and recovery", "says": "In 1242, after the end of the Mongol invasion, numerous fortresses to defend against future invasion were erected by Béla IV of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q696795", "label": "Battle of Kressenbrunn", "section": "History - 13th century: Mongol invasion and recovery", "says": "In 1260 Béla IV lost the War of the Babenberg Succession, his army was defeated at the Battle of Kressenbrunn by the united Bohemian forces."}, {"id": "Q156147", "label": "Ladislaus IV of Hungary", "section": "History - 13th century: Mongol invasion and recovery", "says": "However, in 1278, Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Austrian troops fully destroyed the Bohemian army at the Battle on the Marchfeld."}, {"id": "Q700194", "label": "Battle on the Marchfeld", "section": "History - 13th century: Mongol invasion and recovery", "says": "However, in 1278, Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Austrian troops fully destroyed the Bohemian army at the Battle on the Marchfeld."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Subsequently, Hungary was ruled by the Angevins until the end of the 14th century, and then by several non-dynastic rulers – notably Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and Matthias Corvinus – until the early 16th century."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - The Anjou Age", "says": "When Andrew III's predecessor, Ladislaus IV, was assassinated in 1290, another nobleman was set up as titular King of Hungary: Charles Martel of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q314331", "label": "Charles II of Naples", "section": "History - The Anjou Age", "says": "Charles Martel was the son of King Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, the sister of Ladislaus IV."}, {"id": "Q157077", "label": "Mary of Hungary", "section": "History - The Anjou Age", "says": "Charles Martel was the son of King Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, the sister of Ladislaus IV."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - The Anjou Age", "says": "On the other hand, he gave importance to the cults of the princesses Saint Elizabeth and Saint Margaret, which added relevance to the lineage inheritance through the feminine branches."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "History - The Anjou Age", "says": "For this, he founded the Order of Saint George in 1326, which was the first secular chivalric order in the world, and included the most important noblemen of the Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - The Anjou Age", "says": "When Charles died in 1342, his eldest son by Elizabeth succeeded him as Louis I."}, {"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "History - The Age of Sigismund", "says": "Louis I of Hungary always kept good and close relationships with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg and finally proclaimed Charles's son Sigismund of Luxembourg to succeed him as the co-ruler of Louis' daughter and Sigismund's bride, Mary."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - The Age of Sigismund", "says": "Louis I of Hungary always kept good and close relationships with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg and finally proclaimed Charles's son Sigismund of Luxembourg to succeed him as the co-ruler of Louis' daughter and Sigismund's bride, Mary."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - The Age of Sigismund", "says": "Louis I of Hungary always kept good and close relationships with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg and finally proclaimed Charles's son Sigismund of Luxembourg to succeed him as the co-ruler of Louis' daughter and Sigismund's bride, Mary."}, {"id": "Q43977", "label": "Jan Hus", "section": "History - The Age of Sigismund", "says": "He had to deal with the Hussite movement, a religious reformist group that was born in Bohemia, and he presided at the Council of Constance, where the theologist founder Jan Hus, was judged."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "History - Hunyadi family", "says": "The Hungarian kingdom's golden age was during the reign of Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490), the son of John Hunyadi."}, {"id": "Q32832", "label": "Battle of Varna", "section": "History - Hunyadi family", "says": "Initially, they were successful, but later at the Battle of Varna, the Ottomans won a decisive if Pyrrhic victory."}, {"id": "Q690291", "label": "Battle of Breadfield", "section": "History - Hunyadi family", "says": "In 1479, under the leadership of Pál Kinizsi, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Hunyadi family", "says": "In 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent annihilated the Hungarian army."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "The majority of Hungary's ruling elite elected John Zápolya (10 November 1526)."}, {"id": "Q150611", "label": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "A small minority of aristocrats sided with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Archduke of Austria, and was related to Louis by marriage."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "Due to previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs, Ferdinand was elected king by a rump diet in December 1526."}, {"id": "Q625380", "label": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom under the Szapolyai."}, {"id": "Q606632", "label": "Nikola Jurišić", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "In 1532, Nikola Jurišić defended Kőszeg and stopped a powerful Ottoman army."}, {"id": "Q7847144", "label": "Truce of Adrianople", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "In 1547, the Truce of Adrianople was signed between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "In 1547, the Truce of Adrianople was signed between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent."}, {"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "History - The divided kingdom", "says": "Through this treaty, Ferdinand I of Austria and Charles V recognized total Ottoman control of Hungary, and agreed to pay to the Ottomans a yearly tribute of 30,000 gold florins for their Habsburg possessions in northern and western Hungary."}, {"id": "Q720641", "label": "Battle of Trencsén", "section": "History - The Kuruc age", "says": "In 1708, the Habsburgs finally defeated the main Hungarian army at Battle of Trencsén, and this diminished the further effectiveness of the Kuruc army."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - The Kuruc age", "says": "While the Hungarians were exhausted by the fights, the Austrians defeated the French army in the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q279397", "label": "István Széchenyi", "section": "History - Age of Enlightenment", "says": "The reform age of Hungary was started by István Széchenyi a Hungarian noble, who built one of the greatest bridges of Hungary, the Széchenyi Chain Bridge."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "History - Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "says": "The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 sought to redress the long suppressed desire for political change, namely independence."}, {"id": "Q81219", "label": "Sándor Petőfi", "section": "History - Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "says": "In literature, this was best expressed by the greatest poet of the revolution, Sándor Petőfi."}, {"id": "Q716001", "label": "Artúr Görgey", "section": "History - Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "says": "As war broke out with Austria, Hungarian military successes, which included the campaigns of the Hungarian general, Artúr Görgey, forced the Austrians on the defensive."}, {"id": "Q1241936", "label": "Battle of Pákozd", "section": "History - Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "says": "One of the most famous battles of the revolution, the Battle of Pákozd, was fought on 29 September 1848, when the Hungarian revolutionary army led by Lieutenant-General János Móga defeated the troops of the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić."}, {"id": "Q154418", "label": "Josip Jelačić", "section": "History - Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "says": "One of the most famous battles of the revolution, the Battle of Pákozd, was fought on 29 September 1848, when the Hungarian revolutionary army led by Lieutenant-General János Móga defeated the troops of the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić."}, {"id": "Q533558", "label": "Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia", "section": "History - Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)", "says": "The lands of the Hungarian Crown (comprising the Kingdom of Hungary proper, into which Transylvania was fully incorporated, and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which maintained a distinct identity and internal autonomy) were granted equal status with the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)", "says": "The lands of the Hungarian Crown (comprising the Kingdom of Hungary proper, into which Transylvania was fully incorporated, and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which maintained a distinct identity and internal autonomy) were granted equal status with the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)", "says": "This arrangement lasted until 1918, when the Central Powers went down in defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Two short-lived republics", "says": "The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Hungarian Republic of Councils (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság or Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság) was a short-lived independent communist state established in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q16985296", "label": "Provisional Goverment of the Republic of Hungary", "section": "History - Two short-lived republics", "says": "The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Hungarian Republic of Councils (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság or Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság) was a short-lived independent communist state established in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q151646", "label": "Béla Kun", "section": "History - Two short-lived republics", "says": "The state was led by Béla Kun and was not recognized by France, the UK or the US."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Two short-lived republics", "says": "It was the second socialist state in the world to be formed after the October Revolution in Russia brought the Bolsheviks to power."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "History - Two short-lived republics", "says": "The Hungarian Republic of Councils had military conflicts with the Kingdom of Romania (see Hungarian–Romanian War), the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the evolving Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q252298", "label": "Hungarian–Romanian War", "section": "History - Two short-lived republics", "says": "The Hungarian Republic of Councils had military conflicts with the Kingdom of Romania (see Hungarian–Romanian War), the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the evolving Czechoslovakia."}], "Q178038": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII."}, {"id": "Q18363", "label": "Alfonso XIII", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists rebels led by General Francisco Franco."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists rebels led by General Francisco Franco."}, {"id": "Q203708", "label": "Manuel Azaña", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next two years of constitutional government, known as the Reformist Biennium, Prime Minister Manuel Azaña initiated numerous reforms."}, {"id": "Q451370", "label": "Alejandro Lerroux", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so."}, {"id": "Q192894", "label": "Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella", "section": "History - 1931–1933, the Reformist Biennium", "says": "On 28 January 1930, the military dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera (who had been in power since September 1923) was overthrown."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "History - 1931–1933, the Reformist Biennium", "says": "Two days later, the Second Republic was proclaimed, and King Alfonso XIII went into exile."}, {"id": "Q313785", "label": "Niceto Alcalá-Zamora", "section": "History - 1931–1933, the Reformist Biennium", "says": "The king's departure led to a provisional government of the young republic under Niceto Alcalá-Zamora."}, {"id": "Q153020", "label": "José Ortega y Gasset", "section": "History - 1931 Constitution", "says": "José Ortega y Gasset stated, \"the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me.\" Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish government's deprivation of the civil liberties of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "History - 1931 Constitution", "says": "José Ortega y Gasset stated, \"the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me.\" Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish government's deprivation of the civil liberties of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis."}, {"id": "Q3109574", "label": "Sanjurjada", "section": "History - Azaña government", "says": "The attempted coup which became known as Sanjurjada ended in failure."}, {"id": "Q16782534", "label": "Revolution of 1934", "section": "History - 1933–1935 period, the \"Black Biennium\" and miners' uprising", "says": "The period culminated in the failed socialist and anarchist uprising in Asturias which became known as the Asturian Revolution of 1934."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - 1933–1935 period, the \"Black Biennium\" and miners' uprising", "says": "The CEDA and its leader Gil Robles proclaimed their goals to dissolve workers' movements and parliamentary democracy, purge \"Marxists, Freemasons, Separatists and Jews\", and establish an authoritarian corporate state, praising Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany and Engelbert Dollfuss of the Austrian Ständestaat."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - 1933–1935 period, the \"Black Biennium\" and miners' uprising", "says": "The CEDA and its leader Gil Robles proclaimed their goals to dissolve workers' movements and parliamentary democracy, purge \"Marxists, Freemasons, Separatists and Jews\", and establish an authoritarian corporate state, praising Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany and Engelbert Dollfuss of the Austrian Ständestaat."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - 1933–1935 period, the \"Black Biennium\" and miners' uprising", "says": "The CEDA and its leader Gil Robles proclaimed their goals to dissolve workers' movements and parliamentary democracy, purge \"Marxists, Freemasons, Separatists and Jews\", and establish an authoritarian corporate state, praising Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany and Engelbert Dollfuss of the Austrian Ständestaat."}, {"id": "Q11734", "label": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "section": "History - 1933–1935 period, the \"Black Biennium\" and miners' uprising", "says": "The CEDA and its leader Gil Robles proclaimed their goals to dissolve workers' movements and parliamentary democracy, purge \"Marxists, Freemasons, Separatists and Jews\", and establish an authoritarian corporate state, praising Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany and Engelbert Dollfuss of the Austrian Ständestaat."}, {"id": "Q312040", "label": "Francisco Largo Caballero", "section": "History - 1933–1935 period, the \"Black Biennium\" and miners' uprising", "says": "Following the rise of militant revolutionary sentiments within the ranks of PSOE and UGT, Francisco Largo Caballero adopted a revolutionary Marxist rhetoric which justified revolutionism as a way to combat rising fascism, uncharacteristic of European social democratic mainstream and the reformist traditions of the PSOE; the anarchists of the CNT followed a similar rhetoric."}, {"id": "Q433615", "label": "Indalecio Prieto", "section": "History - Assassinations of political leaders and beginning of the war", "says": "According to all later investigations, the perpetrator of the murder was a socialist gunman, Luis Cuenca, who was known as the bodyguard of PSOE leader Indalecio Prieto."}, {"id": "Q352918", "label": "Emilio Mola", "section": "History - Civil War", "says": "On 17 July 1936, General Franco led the Spanish Army of Africa from Morocco to attack the mainland, while another force from the north under General Emilio Mola moved south from Navarre."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Civil War", "says": "Although both sides received foreign military aid, the help that Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany (as part of the Italian military intervention in Spain and the German involvement in the Spanish Civil War), and neighbouring Portugal gave the rebels was much greater and more effective than the assistance that the Republicans received from the USSR, Mexico, and volunteers of the International Brigades."}, {"id": "Q815108", "label": "Siege of the Alcázar", "section": "History - Civil War", "says": "Early in the war, the rebels won the Siege of the Alcázar at Toledo after a long siege."}, {"id": "Q1280119", "label": "Battle of the Ebro", "section": "History - Civil War", "says": "The Battle of the Ebro in July–November 1938 was the final desperate attempt by the Republicans to turn the tide."}], "Q180114": [{"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ayyubid dynasty (Arabic: الأيوبيون, romanized: al-Ayyūbīyūn), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin that founded the medieval Sultanate of Egypt, which was established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ayyubid dynasty (Arabic: الأيوبيون, romanized: al-Ayyūbīyūn), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin that founded the medieval Sultanate of Egypt, which was established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of his Zengid suzerain Nur al-Din in 1174, Saladin was proclaimed as the first Sultan of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliphate, and rapidly expanded the new sultanate beyond Egypt to encompass most of Syria, in addition to Hejaz, Yemen, northern Nubia, Tripolitania and Upper Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the Crusader states fell to Saladin after his victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, but the Crusaders reconquered the Syrian coastlands in the 1190s."}, {"id": "Q462697", "label": "Vladimir Minorsky", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "While these genealogies are generally regarded as politically motivated constructions, the historian Vladimir Minorsky argued that they reflect an underlying historical reality."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "He suggested the Rawadiya Kurds to be descendants of the Arab general Rawwād al-Azdī, who governed Tabriz in the early 9th century, and whose lineage became Kurdicized in Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Conquest of North Africa and Nubia", "says": "A family council was held there by the Ayyubid emirs of Egypt where it was decided that al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar, Saladin's nephew, would launch an expedition against the coastal region of Barqa (Cyrenaica) west of Egypt with a force of 500 cavalry."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Conquest of North Africa and Nubia", "says": "While some Ayyubid forces fought the Crusaders in the Levant, Qaraqush's forces went on to capture most of Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia) from the Almohads by 1185–1186."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Conquest of North Africa and Nubia", "says": "While some Ayyubid forces fought the Crusaders in the Levant, Qaraqush's forces went on to capture most of Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia) from the Almohads by 1185–1186."}, {"id": "Q374385", "label": "Balian of Ibelin", "section": "History - Conquest of Palestine and Transjordan", "says": "In September–October 1187, the Ayyubids besieged Jerusalem, taking possession of it on 2 October, after negotiations with Balian of Ibelin."}, {"id": "Q169329", "label": "Conrad of Montferrat", "section": "History - Conquest of Palestine and Transjordan", "says": "By the end of 1187 the Ayyubids were in control of virtually the entire Crusader kingdom in the Levant with the exception of Tyre, which held out under Conrad of Montferrat."}, {"id": "Q101866", "label": "Gregory VIII", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "Pope Gregory VIII called for a Third Crusade against the Muslims in early 1189."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "Pope Gregory VIII called for a Third Crusade against the Muslims in early 1189."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionheart of England formed an alliance to reconquer Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionheart of England formed an alliance to reconquer Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "In 1189–1190, he sent letters to Yaqub al-Mansur requesting naval support in Palestine, which the Almohad caliph declined."}, {"id": "Q940026", "label": "Battle of Arsuf", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "The Crusaders, now under the unified command of Richard, defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf, allowing for the Crusader conquest of Jaffa and much of coastal Palestine, but they were unable to recover the interior regions."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "Instead, Richard signed a treaty with Saladin in 1192, restoring the Kingdom of Jerusalem to a coastal strip between Jaffa and Beirut."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "History - Loss of territories and ceding of Jerusalem", "says": "In the east, the Khwarazmian Empire under Jalal al-Din Mangburni captured the town of Khilat from al-Ashraf, while the traditionally loyalist Rasulids began to encroach on Ayyubid holdings in Arabia."}, {"id": "Q51660", "label": "Sixth Crusade", "section": "History - Loss of territories and ceding of Jerusalem", "says": "Under Frederick II, a Sixth Crusade was launched, capitalizing on the ongoing strife between al-Kamil of Egypt and al-Mu'azzam of Syria."}, {"id": "Q293464", "label": "Al-Kamil", "section": "History - Loss of territories and ceding of Jerusalem", "says": "Al-Kamil continued negotiations with Frederick in Acre in 1228, leading to a truce signed in February 1229."}, {"id": "Q287145", "label": "An-Nasir Dawud", "section": "History - Loss of territories and ceding of Jerusalem", "says": "An-Nasir Dawud resisted, incensed by the Ayyubid-Crusader truce."}, {"id": "Q293559", "label": "As-Salih Najm al-din Ayyub", "section": "History - Syro-Egyptian divide", "says": "As-Salih Ayyub eventually occupied Damascus in December 1238, but his uncle Ismail retrieved the city in September 1239."}, {"id": "Q286639", "label": "An-Nasir Yusuf", "section": "History - Restoration of unity", "says": "An-Nasir Yusuf found this intolerable and decided to annex Homs in the winter of 1248."}, {"id": "Q51661", "label": "Seventh Crusade", "section": "History - Rise of the Mamluks and fall of Egypt", "says": "In 1248, a Crusader fleet of 1,800 boats and ships arrived in Cyprus with the intent of launching a Seventh Crusade against the Muslims by conquering Egypt."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "History - Rise of the Mamluks and fall of Egypt", "says": "Their commander, Louis IX, attempted to enlist the Mongols to launch a coordinated attack on Egypt, but when this failed to materialize, the Crusader force sailed to Damietta and the local population there fled as soon as they landed."}, {"id": "Q1148862", "label": "Battle of Fariskur", "section": "History - Rise of the Mamluks and fall of Egypt", "says": "The latter ultimately surrendered at the Battle of Fariskur, and King Louis and his companions were arrested."}, {"id": "Q248786", "label": "Bahri dynasty", "section": "History - Rise of the Mamluks and fall of Egypt", "says": "Fearing for their positions of power, the Bahri Mamluks revolted against the sultan and killed him in April 1250."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Mongol invasion and collapse of the empire", "says": "The Ayyubids had been under the nominal sovereignty of the Mongol Empire after a Mongol force targeted Ayyubid territories in Anatolia in 1244."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "History - Remnants of the dynasty", "says": "Al-Mansur of Hama had fought alongside the Mamluks from the start of their conquest and because of this, Hama continued to be ruled by the Ayyubid descendants of al-Muzaffar Umar."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Remnants of the dynasty", "says": "The latter died in 1331 and was succeeded by his son al-Afdal Muhammad, who eventually lost the favor of his Mamluk overlords."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Remnants of the dynasty", "says": "In southeastern Anatolia, the Ayyubids continued to rule the principality of Hisn Kayfa and managed to remain an autonomous entity, independent of the Mongol Ilkhanate, which ruled northern Mesopotamia until the 1330s."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "History - Remnants of the dynasty", "says": "After the breakup of the Ilkhanate, their former vassals in the area, the Artuqids, waged war against the Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa in 1334, but were decisively defeated, with the Ayyubids gaining the Artuqids' possessions on the left bank of the Tigris River."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Remnants of the dynasty", "says": "The Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa were vassals of the Mamluks and later the Dulkadirids until being supplanted by the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century."}], "Q185488": [{"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "lead", "says": "Its strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse, Cumans, and Pannonian Avars."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Origin and creation of the state", "says": "The origin of the early Bulgars remains a topic of scholarly debate, as their precise beginnings are still unclear, but most researchers believe their homeland was likely situated somewhere in the vast region stretching between modern-day Kazakhstan and the North Caucasian steppes."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "History - Origin and creation of the state", "says": "In about 630 they founded Old Great Bulgaria, which was destroyed by the Khazars in 668."}, {"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "History - Origin and creation of the state", "says": "Most scholars generally agree that the Volga Bulgars, during their early historical period, were initially under the political and military dominance of the Khazar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam and further statehood", "says": "Volga Bulgaria adopted Islam as a state religion in 922 – 66 years before the Christianization of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam and further statehood", "says": "Commanding the Volga River in its middle course, the state controlled much of trade between Europe and Asia prior to the Crusades (which made other trade routes practicable)."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam and further statehood", "says": "Some of them were ruined during and after the Golden Horde invasion."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam and further statehood", "says": "Between the eighth and tenth centuries, elite households in Byzantium and the Islamic world acquired slaves from Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea region, who were traded along the Dnieper and Volga river systems, as well as through the Carolingian Empire and Venice."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam and further statehood", "says": "People taken captive during the Viking raids in Eastern Europe could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade or transported to Hedeby or Brännö in Scandinavia and from there via the Volga trade route to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver dirham and silk, which have been found in Birka, Wollin and Dublin; initially this trade route be"}, {"id": "Q547869", "label": "Yuri II of Vladimir", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1220, the Grand Duke Yuri II of Vladimir captured Ustiug and besieged the important Bulgar town of Aşlı."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The consequence of this was that Vladimir-Suzdal gained access to Volga Bulgaria's northern trade routes and hindered the means of the Bulgars acquiring fur."}, {"id": "Q348689", "label": "Vsevolod III the Big Nest", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "However, by the time Vasilko Konstantinovich of Rostov arrived, Yuri accepted an offer of gifts and agreed to adhere to an earlier peace treaty with the Bulgars that was agreed under the rule of his father, Vsevolod the Big Nest."}, {"id": "Q2563577", "label": "Battle of Samara Bend", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In September 1223 near Samara an advance guard of Genghis Khan's army under the command of Uran, son of Subutai Bahadur, entered Volga Bulgaria but was defeated in the Battle of Samara Bend."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "By the 1430s, the Khanate of Kazan was established as the most important of these principalities."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "History - The Russian siege of Kazan", "says": "The first contacts of Ivan the Terrible with the subjects of the Kazan Khanate began in 1546, he diplomatically agreed with the mountain people (Right high bank of the Volga) and with the princes of the Arsk and Zyurei Daruga (Left bank of the Volga) about an alliance against Khan Safa Giray who sat on the Kazan throne."}], "Q188586": [{"id": "Q193901", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae; Sicilian: Regnu di Sicilia; Italian: Regno di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in North Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816."}, {"id": "Q1917014", "label": "County of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of the southern peninsula."}, {"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "After a brief rule by Charles of Anjou, a revolt in 1282 known as the Sicilian Vespers threw off Angevin rule in the island of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q3932086", "label": "Kingdom of Trinacria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sicily on the island (also known as Kingdom of Trinacria between 1282 and 1442 and Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of the Lighthouse between 1282 and 1816) on the other hand, became a semi-independent viceroyalty ruled by relatives of the House of Barcelona, and was then added permanently to the Crown of Aragon as a result of the Compromise of Caspe of 1412, while retaining a de"}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sicily on the island (also known as Kingdom of Trinacria between 1282 and 1442 and Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of the Lighthouse between 1282 and 1816) on the other hand, became a semi-independent viceroyalty ruled by relatives of the House of Barcelona, and was then added permanently to the Crown of Aragon as a result of the Compromise of Caspe of 1412, while retaining a de"}, {"id": "Q1541862", "label": "Compromise of Caspe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sicily on the island (also known as Kingdom of Trinacria between 1282 and 1442 and Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of the Lighthouse between 1282 and 1816) on the other hand, became a semi-independent viceroyalty ruled by relatives of the House of Barcelona, and was then added permanently to the Crown of Aragon as a result of the Compromise of Caspe of 1412, while retaining a de"}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "During the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–1714), the island was taken over by the House of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Napoleonic period, the Kingdom of Sicily was formally merged with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which in 1861 became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q315297", "label": "Roger I of Sicily", "section": "History - Norman conquest", "says": "In 1068, Roger I of Sicily and his men defeated the Muslims at Misilmeri but the most crucial battle was the Siege of Palermo, which led to Sicily being completely under Norman control by 1091."}, {"id": "Q314025", "label": "Anacletus II", "section": "History - Norman kingdom (1130–1198)", "says": "The Norman Kingdom was sanctioned on Christmas Day, 1130, by Roger II of Sicily, with the agreement of Antipope Anacletus II."}, {"id": "Q170386", "label": "Innocent II", "section": "History - Norman kingdom (1130–1198)", "says": "In 1136, the rival of Anacletus, Pope Innocent II, convinced Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor to attack the Kingdom of Sicily with help from the Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "History - Hohenstaufen period (1198–1266)", "says": "His uncle Philip of Swabia moved to secure Frederick's inheritance by appointing Markward von Anweiler, margrave of Ancona, regent in 1198."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "History - Hohenstaufen period (1198–1266)", "says": "Meanwhile, Pope Innocent III had reasserted papal authority in Sicily, but recognised Frederick's rights."}, {"id": "Q468653", "label": "Tancred, King of Sicily", "section": "History - Hohenstaufen period (1198–1266)", "says": "Walter III of Brienne had married the daughter of Tancred of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q158246", "label": "Conradin", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "With the usurpation of the Sicilian throne from Conradin by Manfred of Sicily in 1258, the relationship between the Papacy and the Hohenstaufen had changed again."}, {"id": "Q587095", "label": "Battle of Montaperti", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "Instead of the boy Conradin, safely sequestered across the Alps, the Papacy now faced an able military leader who had greatly supported the Ghibelline cause at the Battle of Montaperti in 1260."}, {"id": "Q169305", "label": "Urban IV", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "Accordingly, when negotiations broke down with Manfred in 1262, Pope Urban IV again took up the scheme of disseising the Hohenstaufen from the kingdom, and offered the crown to Charles of Anjou again."}, {"id": "Q283062", "label": "Battle of Benevento", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "With Papal and Guelph support Charles descended into Italy and defeated Manfred at the Battle of Benevento in 1266 and in 1268 Conradin at the Battle of Tagliacozzo."}, {"id": "Q1894062", "label": "Battle of Tagliacozzo", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "With Papal and Guelph support Charles descended into Italy and defeated Manfred at the Battle of Benevento in 1266 and in 1268 Conradin at the Battle of Tagliacozzo."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "Opposition to French officialdom and taxation combined with incitement of rebellion by agents from the Crown of Aragon and the Byzantine Empire led to the successful insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers followed by the invitation and intervention by King Peter III of Aragon in 1282."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "Opposition to French officialdom and taxation combined with incitement of rebellion by agents from the Crown of Aragon and the Byzantine Empire led to the successful insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers followed by the invitation and intervention by King Peter III of Aragon in 1282."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "The resulting War of the Sicilian Vespers lasted until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, dividing the old Kingdom of Sicily in two."}, {"id": "Q661425", "label": "Peace of Caltabellotta", "section": "History - Angevin Sicily (1266–1282)", "says": "The resulting War of the Sicilian Vespers lasted until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, dividing the old Kingdom of Sicily in two."}, {"id": "Q170353", "label": "René of Anjou", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "The Kingdom of Naples was ruled by the Angevin ruler René of Anjou until the two thrones were reunited by Alfonso V of Aragon, after the successful siege of Naples and the defeat of René on 6 June 1443."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "The Kingdom of Naples was ruled by the Angevin ruler René of Anjou until the two thrones were reunited by Alfonso V of Aragon, after the successful siege of Naples and the defeat of René on 6 June 1443."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "He gave the rule of Naples to his illegitimate son Ferdinand I of Naples, who ruled from 1458 to 1494, and the rest of the Crown of Aragon and Sicily to his brother John II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q312328", "label": "John II of Aragon", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "He gave the rule of Naples to his illegitimate son Ferdinand I of Naples, who ruled from 1458 to 1494, and the rest of the Crown of Aragon and Sicily to his brother John II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "From 1494 to 1503, successive kings of France Charles VIII and Louis XII, who were heirs of the Angevins, tried to conquer Naples (see Italian Wars) but failed."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "From 1494 to 1503, successive kings of France Charles VIII and Louis XII, who were heirs of the Angevins, tried to conquer Naples (see Italian Wars) but failed."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "The titles were held by the Aragonese kings of the Crown of Aragon and Kingdom of Spain until the end of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg in 1700."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "The titles were held by the Aragonese kings of the Crown of Aragon and Kingdom of Spain until the end of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg in 1700."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Sicily under Aragon and Spain (1282–1700)", "says": "In 1530, in an effort to protect Rome from Ottoman invasion from the south, Charles V, as king of Spain and Sicily, gave the islands of Malta and Gozo to the Knights Hospitaller in perpetual fiefdom, in exchange for an annual fee of two Maltese falcons, which they were to send on All Souls' Day to the Viceroy of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - Savoyard and Habsburg rule (1713–1735)", "says": "From 1713 until 1720, the Kingdom of Sicily was ruled briefly by the House of Savoy, which had received it by the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, which brought an end to the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "History - Savoyard and Habsburg rule (1713–1735)", "says": "The new king, Victor Amadeus II, travelled to Sicily in 1713 and remained a year before returning to his mainland capital, Turin, where his son the Prince of Piedmont had been acting as regent."}, {"id": "Q221941", "label": "War of the Quadruple Alliance", "section": "History - Savoyard and Habsburg rule (1713–1735)", "says": "In Spain, the results of the war had not been truly accepted, and the War of the Quadruple Alliance was the result."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "In 1734, in the aftermath of the War of the Polish Succession, Naples was reconquered by King Philip V of Spain, a Bourbon, who installed his younger son, Duke Charles of Parma, as King Charles VII of Naples, starting a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "In 1734, in the aftermath of the War of the Polish Succession, Naples was reconquered by King Philip V of Spain, a Bourbon, who installed his younger son, Duke Charles of Parma, as King Charles VII of Naples, starting a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "Adding to his Neapolitan possessions, he became also King of Sicily with the name of Charles V of Sicily the next year after Austria gave up Sicily and her pretensions to Naples in exchange for the Duchy of Parma and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "He remained King of Sicily until his accession to the Spanish throne as Charles III of Spain in 1759, the Treaty of Vienna (1738) with Austria forbidding a union of the Italian domains with the Crown of Spain."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "Charles III abdicated in favour of Ferdinand, his third son, who acceded to the thrones with the names of Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "Charles III abdicated in favour of Ferdinand, his third son, who acceded to the thrones with the names of Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q15462", "label": "William Hamilton", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "The latter tried to distance Naples and Sicily from the influence of Spain and Austria and to place them nearer to Great Britain, then represented by ambassador William Hamilton."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "In 1799, Napoleon conquered Naples, forcing King Ferdinand and the court to flee to Sicily under the protection of the British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson."}, {"id": "Q514423", "label": "Parthenopean Republic", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "While Naples was formed into the Parthenopean Republic with French support and later again a kingdom under French protection and influence, Sicily became the British base of operation in the Mediterranean in the long struggle against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q138559", "label": "Lord William Bentinck", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1735–1816)", "says": "Under British guidance, especially from Lord William Bentinck who was commander of British troops in Sicily, Sicily tried to modernise its constitutional apparatus, forcing the King to ratify a Constitution modeled after the British system."}], "Q199821": [{"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "It included present-day Colombia, mainland Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, parts of northern Peru, northwestern Brazil, and claimed the Essequibo region."}, {"id": "Q1368792", "label": "Essequibo", "section": "lead", "says": "It included present-day Colombia, mainland Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, parts of northern Peru, northwestern Brazil, and claimed the Essequibo region."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "International recognition of the legitimacy of the Gran Colombian state ran afoul of European opposition to the independence of states in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria, France, and the Russian Empire only recognized independence in the Americas if the new states accepted monarchs from European royal houses."}, {"id": "Q452017", "label": "Francisco de Paula Santander", "section": "lead", "says": "The faction that favored constitutional rule coalesced around Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander, while those who supported the creation of a stronger presidency were led by President Simón Bolívar."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "The faction that favored constitutional rule coalesced around Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander, while those who supported the creation of a stronger presidency were led by President Simón Bolívar."}, {"id": "Q304900", "label": "José Antonio Páez", "section": "History - Federalists and separatists", "says": "The strongest calls for a federal arrangement instead came from Venezuela, where there was strong federalist sentiment among the region's liberals, many of whom had not fought in the war of independence but had supported Spanish liberalism in the previous decade and who now allied themselves with the conservative Commandant General of the Department of Venezuela, José Antonio Páez, against the cen"}, {"id": "Q630882", "label": "Republic of New Granada", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The former Department of Cundinamarca (as established in 1819 at the Congress of Angostura) became a new country, the Republic of New Granada."}, {"id": "Q1141215", "label": "Granadine Confederation", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In 1858, New Granada was replaced by the Granadine Confederation."}, {"id": "Q1061488", "label": "United States of Colombia", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In 1863, the Granadine Confederation changed its name officially to the United States of Colombia and, in 1886, adopted its present-day name: the Republic of Colombia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The United States wanted territorial rights in the future Panama Canal Zone, which Colombia had refused."}], "Q71092": [{"id": "Q58326", "label": "French Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 2 December 1852 by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, president of France under the French Second Republic, who proclaimed himself Emperor of the French as Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 2 December 1852 by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, president of France under the French Second Republic, who proclaimed himself Emperor of the French as Napoleon III."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "Using very harsh methods, he built up the French Empire in North Africa, in East Africa and in French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q371334", "label": "Second Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon III also launched an intervention in Mexico seeking to erect the Second Mexican Empire and bring it into the French orbit, but this ended in a fiasco."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Empire came to an end during the Franco-Prussian War, following Napoleon III's capture at the Battle of Sedan and the proclamation of the Third French Republic on 4 September 1870."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - Coup of 1851", "says": "The popular referendum became a distinct sign of Bonapartism, which Charles de Gaulle would later use."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Early reign", "says": "Working with Georges-Eugène Haussmann, Napoleon spent lavishly to rebuild the city into a world-class showpiece."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "History - The Union libérale", "says": "The Opposition gained forty seats in the elections of May–June 1863, and Adolphe Thiers urgently gave voice to the opposition parties' demands for \"necessary liberties\"."}, {"id": "Q535", "label": "Victor Hugo", "section": "History - The Union libérale", "says": "But though the opposition represented by Thiers was rather constitutional than dynastic, there was another and irreconcilable opposition, that of the amnestied or voluntarily exiled republicans, of whom Victor Hugo was the eloquent mouthpiece."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - The Union libérale", "says": "He was aided by international events such as the reopening of cotton supplies when the American Civil War ended in 1865, by the apparent closing of the Roman question by the convention of 15 September, which guaranteed to the Papal States the protection of Italy, and finally by the treaty of 30 October 1864, which temporarily put an end to the Second Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - The Union libérale", "says": "He was aided by international events such as the reopening of cotton supplies when the American Civil War ended in 1865, by the apparent closing of the Roman question by the convention of 15 September, which guaranteed to the Papal States the protection of Italy, and finally by the treaty of 30 October 1864, which temporarily put an end to the Second Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "History - The Union libérale", "says": "He was aided by international events such as the reopening of cotton supplies when the American Civil War ended in 1865, by the apparent closing of the Roman question by the convention of 15 September, which guaranteed to the Papal States the protection of Italy, and finally by the treaty of 30 October 1864, which temporarily put an end to the Second Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q9061", "label": "Karl Marx", "section": "History - Mobilisation of the working classes", "says": "Disregarding Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's impassioned attack on communism, they had gradually been won over by the collectivist theories of Karl Marx and the revolutionary theories of Mikhail Bakunin, as set forth at the congresses of the International."}, {"id": "Q27645", "label": "Mikhail Bakunin", "section": "History - Mobilisation of the working classes", "says": "Disregarding Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's impassioned attack on communism, they had gradually been won over by the collectivist theories of Karl Marx and the revolutionary theories of Mikhail Bakunin, as set forth at the congresses of the International."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Downfall", "says": "The United States remained alienated because of the fiasco in Mexico."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Downfall", "says": "Napoleon did not know what he wanted or what to do, but the reverse was true for Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck, who planned to create a great new German nation, based on Prussian power, as well as resurgent German nationalism based on the systematic humiliation of France."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "Downfall", "says": "France was successful in the diplomatic standoff, but Napoleon wanted to humiliate the Prussian king, Wilhelm I."}, {"id": "Q158838", "label": "Patrice de MacMahon", "section": "Downfall", "says": "He forged the Army of Châlons, which, led by Marshal Patrice de MacMahon and the Emperor, attempted to relieve the Siege of Metz, where the largest French army lay entrapped."}], "Q975405": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The name Rum was a synonym for the medieval Roman Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077."}, {"id": "Q730338", "label": "Suleiman ibn Qutulmish", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "lead", "says": "The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia: Danishmendids, House of Mengüjek, Saltukids, Artuqids."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ."}, {"id": "Q136344", "label": "Battle of Köse Dağ", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q370032", "label": "Mesud II", "section": "lead", "says": "The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, Mesud II, was murdered in 1308."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them the Ottoman dynasty which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In the 1070s, after the Battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk commander Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, a distant cousin of Alp Arslan and a former contender for the throne of the Seljuk Empire, came to power in western Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Sultanate was officially recognized as a vassal state by the Seljuk ruler Malikshah in 1084, but as late as 1085, Suleiman was tasked by Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos to reconquer Antioch and the former travelled there on a secret route, presumably guided by the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q345544", "label": "Kilij Arslan I", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In the aftermath, Suleiman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned and a general of his, Abu'l-Qasim, took power in Nicaea."}, {"id": "Q4055153", "label": "Abu'l Qasim", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In the aftermath, Suleiman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned and a general of his, Abu'l-Qasim, took power in Nicaea."}, {"id": "Q1378373", "label": "Malik Shah", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Following the death of sultan Malik Shah in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and established himself in his father's territories between 1092 and 1094, possibly with the approval of Malik Shah's son and successor Berkyaruq."}, {"id": "Q387011", "label": "Barkiyaruq", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Following the death of sultan Malik Shah in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and established himself in his father's territories between 1092 and 1094, possibly with the approval of Malik Shah's son and successor Berkyaruq."}, {"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "Kilij Arslan, although victorious against the People's Crusade of 1096, was defeated by princely soldiers of the First Crusade and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in Konya."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "Kilij Arslan, although victorious against the People's Crusade of 1096, was defeated by princely soldiers of the First Crusade and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in Konya."}, {"id": "Q51653", "label": "Crusade of 1101", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "He defeated three Crusade contingents in the Crusade of 1101."}, {"id": "Q58810", "label": "Mesud", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son, Mesud I, took the city with the help of the Danishmends."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles."}, {"id": "Q167610", "label": "Eugene III", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles."}, {"id": "Q157133", "label": "Conrad III of Germany", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles."}, {"id": "Q5626", "label": "Odo of Deuil", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the Crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the Crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "Mesud's son, Kilij Arslan II, is the first known Seljuk ruler who is known to have used the title of sultan and captured the remaining territories around Sivas and Malatya from the last of the Danishmends."}, {"id": "Q730553", "label": "Battle of Myriokephalon", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "At the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176, Kilij Arslan II defeated a Byzantine army led by Manuel I Komnenos."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the Holy Roman Empire's forces of the Third Crusade, the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power."}, {"id": "Q61591", "label": "Kaykhusraw I", "section": "History - Crusades", "says": "During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with Kaykhusraw I fighting to retain control and losing to his brother Suleiman II in 1196."}, {"id": "Q467001", "label": "Kaykhusraw II", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbakır, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by Baiju in the Battle of Köse Dağ (a mountain between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan), resulting in the Seljuk Turks being forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals."}, {"id": "Q1385575", "label": "Kaykaus II", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "The eldest, Kaykaus II (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river Kızılırmak."}, {"id": "Q770205", "label": "Kilij Arslan IV", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration."}, {"id": "Q1378313", "label": "Kayqubad II", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia became officially subject to Möngke Khan."}, {"id": "Q1378714", "label": "Kaykhusraw III", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and Kaykhusraw III (1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents."}, {"id": "Q2628082", "label": "Battle of Elbistan", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the Mamluk Sultan Baibars raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan, temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "Following the ensuing chaos, the Karamanids under Shams al-Din Mehmed managed to capture Konya, briefly installing Jimri as a puppet ruler of the Sultanate of Rum."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "History - Mongol conquest", "says": "Also, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia, as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni, from the Seljuk in the 1240s."}], "Q178469": [{"id": "Q380670", "label": "Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu", "section": "lead", "says": "Biafra was established on 30 May 1967 by Igbo military officer and Eastern Region governor Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu under his presidency, following a series of ethnic tensions and military coups after Nigerian independence in 1960 that culminated in the 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom."}, {"id": "Q829875", "label": "Nigerian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nigerian military attempted to reclaim the territory of Biafra, resulting in the beginning of the Nigerian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Biafra was officially recognized as a sovereign and independent country by Gabon, Haiti, Côte d'Ivoire, Tanzania, and Zambia while receiving de facto recognition and covert military support from France, Portugal, Israel, South Africa, and Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Biafra was officially recognized as a sovereign and independent country by Gabon, Haiti, Côte d'Ivoire, Tanzania, and Zambia while receiving de facto recognition and covert military support from France, Portugal, Israel, South Africa, and Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Biafra was officially recognized as a sovereign and independent country by Gabon, Haiti, Côte d'Ivoire, Tanzania, and Zambia while receiving de facto recognition and covert military support from France, Portugal, Israel, South Africa, and Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "After nearly three years of war, during which around two million Biafran civilians died, President Ojukwu fled into exile in the Ivory Coast as the Nigerian military approached the capital of Biafra."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Under independent Nigeria", "says": "In 1960, Nigeria became independent from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "History - Under independent Nigeria", "says": "Consequently, the northern region of the country has a Muslim majority, primarily encompassing the territory of the indigenous Sokoto Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q335684", "label": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa", "section": "History - Under independent Nigeria", "says": "A military coup occurred during which a mixed but predominantly Igbo group of army officers assassinated 30 political leaders, including Nigeria's Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and the Northern premier, Sir Ahmadu Bello."}, {"id": "Q401032", "label": "Ahmadu Bello", "section": "History - Under independent Nigeria", "says": "A military coup occurred during which a mixed but predominantly Igbo group of army officers assassinated 30 political leaders, including Nigeria's Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and the Northern premier, Sir Ahmadu Bello."}, {"id": "Q181782", "label": "Nnamdi Azikiwe", "section": "History - Under independent Nigeria", "says": "Nnamdi Azikiwe, the President of Igbo extraction, and the favoured Western Region politician Obafemi Awolowo were not killed."}, {"id": "Q1108659", "label": "Republic of Benin", "section": "History - Independence and the Nigerian civil war", "says": "This led to the creation of the Republic of Benin, a short lived puppet-state."}], "Q188836": [{"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "lead", "says": "Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "Later listed as one of the \"Five Barbarians\", their descendants founded in northern China the dynastic states of Han-Zhao, Xia and perhaps Northern Liang during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the Northern Zhou dynasty during the Northern and Southern dynasties."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "Later listed as one of the \"Five Barbarians\", their descendants founded in northern China the dynastic states of Han-Zhao, Xia and perhaps Northern Liang during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the Northern Zhou dynasty during the Northern and Southern dynasties."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "lead", "says": "Attempts to associate the Xiongnu with the nearby Iranian Saka and Sarmatians were once controversial."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Predecessors", "says": "The territories associated with the Xiongnu in central/east Mongolia were previously inhabited by the Slab Grave Culture (Ancient Northeast Asian origin), which persisted until the 3rd century BC."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Predecessors", "says": "A Scythian culture, it was identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans, such as the Siberian Ice Maiden, found in the Siberian permafrost, in the Altai Mountains, Kazakhstan and nearby Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q9372", "label": "Sima Qian", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Western Han historian Sima Qian composed an early yet detailed exposition on the Xiongnu in one liezhuan (arrayed account) of his Records of the Grand Historian (c."}, {"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "History - State formation", "says": "In 215 BC, Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent General Meng Tian on a military campaign against the Xiongnu."}, {"id": "Q1151702", "label": "Meng Tian", "section": "History - State formation", "says": "In 215 BC, Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent General Meng Tian on a military campaign against the Xiongnu."}, {"id": "Q7210", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "section": "History - Marriage diplomacy with Han dynasty", "says": "In the winter of 200 BC, following a Xiongnu siege of Taiyuan, Emperor Gaozu of Han personally led a military campaign against Modu Chanyu."}, {"id": "Q3271565", "label": "Battle of Baideng", "section": "History - Marriage diplomacy with Han dynasty", "says": "At the Battle of Baideng, he was ambushed, reputedly by Xiongnu cavalry."}, {"id": "Q197276", "label": "Zhang Qian", "section": "History - Han–Xiongnu wars", "says": "The Han dynasty made preparations for war when the Emperor Wu dispatched Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu."}, {"id": "Q701330", "label": "Wei Qing", "section": "History - Han–Xiongnu wars", "says": "In 127 BC, the Han general Wei Qing retook the Ordos."}, {"id": "Q380583", "label": "Huo Qubing", "section": "History - Han–Xiongnu wars", "says": "In 121 BC, the Xiongnu suffered another setback when Huo Qubing led a force of light cavalry westward out of Longxi and within six days fought his way through five Xiongnu kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q7968690", "label": "War of the Heavenly Horses", "section": "History - Han–Xiongnu wars", "says": "In 104 and 102 BC, the Han fought and won the War of the Heavenly Horses against the Kingdom of Dayuan."}, {"id": "Q870947", "label": "Battle of Zhizhi", "section": "History - Tributary relations with the Han", "says": "In 36 BC, a junior officer named Chen Tang, with the help of Gan Yanshou, protector-general of the Western Regions, assembled an expeditionary force that defeated him at the Battle of Zhizhi and sent his head as a trophy to Chang'an."}, {"id": "Q366132", "label": "Ban Chao", "section": "History - Northern Xiongnu", "says": "The expedition, which saw the exploits of the famed general, Ban Chao, was initially successful, but the Han had to temporarily withdraw in 75 due to matters back home."}, {"id": "Q726485", "label": "Battle of Ikh Bayan", "section": "History - Northern Xiongnu", "says": "With the Northern Xiongnu in disarray, the Han general, Dou Xian launched an expedition and crushed them at the Battle of the Altai Mountains in 89."}, {"id": "Q129854572", "label": "Jushi Kingdom", "section": "History - Northern Xiongnu", "says": "Remnants of the Northern Xiongnu held out in the Tarim Basin as they allied themselves with the Nearer Jushi Kingdom and captured Yiwu in 119."}, {"id": "Q751743", "label": "Yellow Turban Rebellion", "section": "History - Southern Xiongnu", "says": "During the late 2nd century AD, the southern Chanyu began sending his people to deal with the Han's internal matters; first against the Yellow Turban Rebellion and then against the Wuhuan in Hebei in 188."}, {"id": "Q334081", "label": "Dong Zhuo", "section": "History - Southern Xiongnu", "says": "Yufuluo travelled to Luoyang to seek aid from the Han court, but the court was in disorder from the clash between Grand General He Jin and the eunuchs, and the eventual intervention of the warlord Dong Zhuo."}, {"id": "Q1196190", "label": "Shi Le", "section": "History - Descendants and later states in northern China", "says": "The founder of the Later Zhao, Shi Le was also a descendant of the Qiangqu tribe, but by his time, he and his people were known as the Jie, who are considered separate from the Xiongnu within the Five Barbarians category."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Han-Zhao dynasty (304–329)", "says": "The Commander of the Left Division, Liu Bao briefly unified them during the mid-3rd century before the Cao Wei and the Western Jin courts intervened and forced them back into five."}, {"id": "Q714159", "label": "Liu Yuan", "section": "History - Han-Zhao dynasty (304–329)", "says": "The conspirators acclaimed Liu Yuan, the son of Liu Bao and a general under one of the Jin princes, as the leader of their rebellion."}, {"id": "Q714176", "label": "Liu Cong", "section": "History - Han-Zhao dynasty (304–329)", "says": "In 311, a few months after Liu Cong succeeded to the Han throne, the rebels annihilated the main Jin force in northern China before descending upon Luoyang, sacking the capital and capturing Emperor Huai of Jin."}, {"id": "Q7361", "label": "Emperor Huai of Jin", "section": "History - Han-Zhao dynasty (304–329)", "says": "In 311, a few months after Liu Cong succeeded to the Han throne, the rebels annihilated the main Jin force in northern China before descending upon Luoyang, sacking the capital and capturing Emperor Huai of Jin."}, {"id": "Q1149197", "label": "Liu Yao", "section": "History - Han-Zhao dynasty (304–329)", "says": "The Jin restoration in Chang'an, headed by Emperor Min was also crushed by Liu Cong's cousin, Liu Yao in 316."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "History - Later Zhao dynasty (319–351)", "says": "He was initially a slave to a Chinese magnate before joining Liu Yuan's rebellion and rising through the ranks, eventually becoming powerful enough to breakaway and establish the Later Zhao dynasty in 319."}, {"id": "Q1149441", "label": "Shi Hu", "section": "History - Later Zhao dynasty (319–351)", "says": "The Jie and Hu dominated the north for a time, but ethnic tension was evident between them and the common Han Chinese people, especially during the oppressive reign of Shi Hu."}, {"id": "Q836256", "label": "Ran Min", "section": "History - Later Zhao dynasty (319–351)", "says": "When the Later Zhao fell into civil war in 349, the Chinese paramount general, Ran Min, issued an infamous massacre by offering to reward any Han Chinese for every Jie or Hu person they killed."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe and Helian Xia dynasty (309–431)", "says": "The chieftains of the Tiefu tribe descended from Qubei and were distantly related to the Han-Zhao imperial clan."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe and Helian Xia dynasty (309–431)", "says": "In 392, the Tuoba, ruling as the Northern Wei dynasty, carried out a large-scale assault against the Tiefu that decimated the tribe."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe and Helian Xia dynasty (309–431)", "says": "Liu Bobo, a surviving member of the Tiefu, went into exile and eventually submitted to the Qiang-led Later Qin, who garrisoned him at Shuofang."}, {"id": "Q254752", "label": "Helian Bobo", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe and Helian Xia dynasty (309–431)", "says": "Helian Bobo placed the Later Qin in a perpetual state of warfare and greatly contributed to its decline."}, {"id": "Q1668970", "label": "Western Qin", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe and Helian Xia dynasty (309–431)", "says": "His brother, Helian Ding succeeded him and vanquished the Western Qin in 431, but that same year, he was ambushed and imprisoned by the Tuyuhun while attempting a campaign against Northern Liang."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Juqu clan and Northern Liang dynasty (401–460)", "says": "The Northern Liang of Gaochang also existed as a rump state between 442 and 460 before they were wiped out by the Rouran Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Assimilation and integration", "says": "The Yuwen notably founded the Western Wei (535–557) and Northern Zhou (557–581) dynasties."}], "Q205662": [{"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate."}, {"id": "Q234188", "label": "Battle of Sekigahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Japan was established under the Meiji government, and Tokugawa loyalists continued to fight in the Boshin War until the defeat of the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate in June 1869."}, {"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Japan was established under the Meiji government, and Tokugawa loyalists continued to fight in the Boshin War until the defeat of the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate in June 1869."}, {"id": "Q714006", "label": "Republic of Ezo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Japan was established under the Meiji government, and Tokugawa loyalists continued to fight in the Boshin War until the defeat of the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate in June 1869."}, {"id": "Q716562", "label": "Battle of Hakodate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Japan was established under the Meiji government, and Tokugawa loyalists continued to fight in the Boshin War until the defeat of the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate in June 1869."}, {"id": "Q287657", "label": "Tokugawa Yoshinobu", "section": "History - Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867)", "says": "An alliance of daimyō and the emperor succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate, which came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, leading to the \"restoration\" (王政復古, Ōsei fukko) of imperial rule."}, {"id": "Q1193959", "label": "Battle of Toba-Fushimi", "section": "History - Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867)", "says": "Some loyal retainers of the shogun continued to fight during the Boshin War that followed but were eventually defeated in the notable Battle of Toba–Fushimi."}], "Q101978": [{"id": "Q229192", "label": "Catherine of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "They descended ultimately from Ednyfed Fychan and the Penmynydd family, a Welsh noble family, and Catherine of Valois."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "They ruled the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "They ruled the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "They ruled the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q82674", "label": "Mary I", "section": "lead", "says": "They ruled the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "They ruled the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the Scottish House of Stuart."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the Scottish House of Stuart."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The Penmynydd family came to power and started the Tudor period in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), which had resulted in the main House of Lancaster (with which the Tudors were aligned) becoming extinct in the male line."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VII (a descendant of Edward III, and the son of Edmund Tudor, a half-brother of Henry VI) succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters, but also for discontented supporters of their rival Plantagenet cadet House of York, and he took the throne by right of conquest."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VII (a descendant of Edward III, and the son of Edmund Tudor, a half-brother of Henry VI) succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters, but also for discontented supporters of their rival Plantagenet cadet House of York, and he took the throne by right of conquest."}, {"id": "Q222013", "label": "Battle of Bosworth Field", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV and the heiress of the Yorkist claim to the throne, thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions of Lancaster and York under the new dynasty (represented by the Tudor rose)."}, {"id": "Q207953", "label": "Elizabeth of York", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV and the heiress of the Yorkist claim to the throne, thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions of Lancaster and York under the new dynasty (represented by the Tudor rose)."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV and the heiress of the Yorkist claim to the throne, thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions of Lancaster and York under the new dynasty (represented by the Tudor rose)."}, {"id": "Q1483510", "label": "Principality of Wales", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tudors extended their power beyond the boundaries of modern England, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 (Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542), and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542)."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France; although none of them pressed the matter."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VIII waged wars against France primarily as a result of international alliances."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children, four of whom survived early childhood:\n\nArthur, Prince of Wales (born 1486, died 1502)\nHenry, Duke of York (born 1491, died 1547 as Henry VIII)\nMargaret (born 1489, died 1541), Queen of Scots, who married King James IV\nMary (born 1496, died 1533), Queen of France, who married King Louis XII\nHenry VII's foreign policy had an objective of dynastic "}, {"id": "Q137906", "label": "James IV of Scotland", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children, four of whom survived early childhood:\n\nArthur, Prince of Wales (born 1486, died 1502)\nHenry, Duke of York (born 1491, died 1547 as Henry VIII)\nMargaret (born 1489, died 1541), Queen of Scots, who married King James IV\nMary (born 1496, died 1533), Queen of France, who married King Louis XII\nHenry VII's foreign policy had an objective of dynastic "}, {"id": "Q162819", "label": "Catherine of Aragon", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children, four of whom survived early childhood:\n\nArthur, Prince of Wales (born 1486, died 1502)\nHenry, Duke of York (born 1491, died 1547 as Henry VIII)\nMargaret (born 1489, died 1541), Queen of Scots, who married King James IV\nMary (born 1496, died 1533), Queen of France, who married King Louis XII\nHenry VII's foreign policy had an objective of dynastic "}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children, four of whom survived early childhood:\n\nArthur, Prince of Wales (born 1486, died 1502)\nHenry, Duke of York (born 1491, died 1547 as Henry VIII)\nMargaret (born 1489, died 1541), Queen of Scots, who married King James IV\nMary (born 1496, died 1533), Queen of France, who married King Louis XII\nHenry VII's foreign policy had an objective of dynastic "}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children, four of whom survived early childhood:\n\nArthur, Prince of Wales (born 1486, died 1502)\nHenry, Duke of York (born 1491, died 1547 as Henry VIII)\nMargaret (born 1489, died 1541), Queen of Scots, who married King James IV\nMary (born 1496, died 1533), Queen of France, who married King Louis XII\nHenry VII's foreign policy had an objective of dynastic "}, {"id": "Q549757", "label": "Perkin Warbeck", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "He went to war only twice: once in 1489 during the French–Breton War and the invasion of Brittany, and in 1496–1497 in revenge for Scottish support of Perkin Warbeck and for the Scottish invasion of northern England."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "History - Henry VII", "says": "Henry VII made peace with James IV in 1502 with the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, paving the way for the marriage of his daughter Margaret."}, {"id": "Q206512", "label": "Thomas Wolsey", "section": "History - Henry VIII", "says": "When it became clear to Henry that the Tudor line was at risk, he consulted his chief minister Cardinal Thomas Wolsey about the possibility of annulling his marriage to Catherine."}, {"id": "Q80823", "label": "Anne Boleyn", "section": "History - Break with Rome", "says": "In order to allow Henry to dissolve his marriage and marry Anne Boleyn, the English parliament enacted laws breaking ties with Rome, and declaring the king Supreme Head of the Church of England (from Elizabeth I the monarch is known as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England), thus severing the ecclesiastical structure of England from the Catholic Church and the Pope."}, {"id": "Q199894", "label": "Thomas Cranmer", "section": "History - Break with Rome", "says": "The newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, was then able to declare Henry's marriage to Catherine void."}, {"id": "Q83229", "label": "Edward VI of England", "section": "History - Protestant alliance", "says": "Jane became pregnant, and in 1537 produced a son, who became King Edward VI following Henry's death in 1547."}, {"id": "Q48319", "label": "Hans Holbein the Younger", "section": "History - Protestant alliance", "says": "Henry was reluctant to marry again, especially to a Protestant, but he was persuaded when the court painter Hans Holbein the Younger showed him a flattering portrait of her."}, {"id": "Q694458", "label": "Edward Hobart Seymour", "section": "History - England under Lord Somerset", "says": "Although Henry had specified a group of men to act as regents during Edward's minority, Edward Seymour, the young king's uncle, quickly seized control and created himself Duke of Somerset on 15 February 1547."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "History - England under Lord Somerset", "says": "Somerset aimed to unite England and Scotland by marrying Edward to his cousin, the young Mary, Queen of Scots, and aimed to forcibly impose the English Reformation on the Church of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q2368123", "label": "Battle of Pinkie", "section": "History - England under Lord Somerset", "says": "Somerset led a large and well equipped army to Scotland, where he and the Scottish regent James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, commanded their armies at the Battle of Pinkie on 10 September 1547."}, {"id": "Q132548", "label": "Francis II of France", "section": "History - England under Lord Somerset", "says": "The English won the battle, and after this Queen Mary was smuggled to France, where she was betrothed to the Dauphin, the future King Francis II of France."}, {"id": "Q499763", "label": "Prayer Book Rebellion", "section": "History - England under Lord Somerset", "says": "This caused the Prayer Book Rebellion, in which groups of Cornish non-conformists gathered round the mayor."}, {"id": "Q162356", "label": "Lady Jane Grey", "section": "History - Problematic succession", "says": "This gave the throne to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, the granddaughter of Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor, who, after the death of Louis XII of France in 1515 had married Henry VIII's favourite Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - Problematic succession", "says": "This gave the throne to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, the granddaughter of Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor, who, after the death of Louis XII of France in 1515 had married Henry VIII's favourite Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk."}, {"id": "Q5686", "label": "Charles Dickens", "section": "History - Mary I", "says": "Protestants came to hate her as \"Bloody Mary.\" Charles Dickens stated that \"as bloody Queen Mary this woman has become famous, and as Bloody Queen Mary she will ever be remembered with horror and detestation\"."}, {"id": "Q28495", "label": "Francis, Duke of Guise", "section": "History - Mary I", "says": "Mary's dream of a new, Catholic Habsburg line was finished, and her popularity further declined when she lost Calais – the last English territory on French soil – to François, Duke of Guise, in January 1558."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Mary I", "says": "Mary's reign, however, introduced a new coining system that would be used until the 18th century, and her marriage to Philip II created new trade routes for England."}, {"id": "Q131945", "label": "Pius V", "section": "History - Pressure to marry", "says": "In 1570, Pope Pius V issued a Papal bull, Regnans in"}, {"id": "Q318380", "label": "Francis, Duke of Anjou", "section": "History - Last hopes for a Tudor heir", "says": "The closest she came to marriage was between 1579 and 1581, when she was courted by Francis, Duke of Anjou, the son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "History - Last hopes for a Tudor heir", "says": "The closest she came to marriage was between 1579 and 1581, when she was courted by Francis, Duke of Anjou, the son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - Last hopes for a Tudor heir", "says": "Despite Elizabeth's government constantly begging her to marry in the early years of her reign, it was now persuading Elizabeth not to marry the French prince, for his mother, Catherine de' Medici, was suspected of ordering the St Bartholomew's Day massacre of tens of thousands of French Protestant Huguenots in 1572."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Last hopes for a Tudor heir", "says": "Elizabeth bowed to public feeling against the marriage, learning from the mistake her sister, Mary I, made when she married Philip II of Spain, and sent the Duke of Anjou away."}, {"id": "Q36517", "label": "Francis Drake", "section": "History - Last hopes for a Tudor heir", "says": "The Spanish lost, however, as a result of bad weather on the English Channel, poor planning and logistics, and the skills of Francis Drake and Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham."}], "Q13426199": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of China established its governance over Mainland China on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and ended China's imperial history."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of China established its governance over Mainland China on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and ended China's imperial history."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Beiyang government in Beijing was the internationally recognized government of the ROC from 1912 to 1928, with regional warlords occupying parts of the country after the death of Beiyang leader Yuan Shikai in 1916."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1926, the Kuomintang (KMT) launched the Northern Expedition, which eventually reunified the country in 1928."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1949, the KMT was defeated in the Chinese Civil War by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the ROC government retreated to Taiwan, where it remains to this date."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of China was officially proclaimed on 1 January 1912 by revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen, who became provisional president of the new republic."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, the KMT under Sun attempted multiple times to establish a rival government in Guangzhou, eventually taking the city with help from the Soviet Union under the condition that the KMT form the First United Front with the CCP in order to go about reunifying China."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Sun's death in 1925 precipitated a power struggle that eventually resulted in the rise of General Chiang Kai-shek to KMT chairmanship."}, {"id": "Q339291", "label": "Wuchang Uprising", "section": "History - 1912–1916: Founding", "says": "The Chinese Republic grew out of the Wuchang Uprising against the Qing government, on 10 October 1911, which is now celebrated annually as the ROC's national day, also known as \"Double Ten Day\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 1912–1916: Founding", "says": "He then returned from the United States to China and on 29 December, Sun Yat-sen was elected as the provisional president by the revolutionists' assembly in Nanjing, which consisted of representatives from seventeen provinces."}, {"id": "Q1370907", "label": "Empress Dowager Longyu", "section": "History - 1912–1916: Founding", "says": "On 12 February 1912, regent Empress Dowager Longyu signed the abdication decree on behalf of Puyi, ending several millennia of monarchical rule."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - 1912–1916: Founding", "says": "The Kuomintang emerged as the formal political party that replaced the revolutionary organization Tongmenghui, and at these elections it won the largest share of seats in both houses of the National Assembly and in some provincial assemblies."}, {"id": "Q532587", "label": "Song Jiaoren", "section": "History - 1912–1916: Founding", "says": "Song Jiaoren led the Kuomintang Party to electoral victories by fashioning his party's program to appeal to the gentry, landowners, and merchants."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "History - 1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931, and established the former emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of Japanese defiance."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "History - 1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "The importance of \"internal unity before external danger\" was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped by Zhang Xueliang and forced to ally with the Communists against the Japanese in the Second United Front, an event now known as the Xi'an Incident."}, {"id": "Q244941", "label": "Xi'an Incident", "section": "History - 1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "The importance of \"internal unity before external danger\" was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped by Zhang Xueliang and forced to ally with the Communists against the Japanese in the Second United Front, an event now known as the Xi'an Incident."}, {"id": "Q192055", "label": "Nanjing Massacre", "section": "History - 1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "The capital, Nanking fell in December 1937 , which was followed by mass murders and rapes known as the Nanjing Massacre."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "History - 1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "In 1940, the Japanese set up the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime, with its capital in Nanjing, which proclaimed itself the legitimate \"Republic of China\" in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's government, although its claims were significantly hampered due to its being a puppet state controlling limited amounts of territory."}], "Q161205": [{"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavid dynasty (; Persian: دودمان صفوی, romanized: Dudmân-e Safavi, pronounced [d̪uːd̪ˈmɒːne sæfæˈviː]) was the ruling dynasty of Safavid Iran, and one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavid Shah Ismail I established the Twelver denomination of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavid Shah Ismail I established the Twelver denomination of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid Sufi order, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."}], "Q177819": [{"id": "Q200986", "label": "Menkaure", "section": "lead", "says": "It is also known as the \"Age of the Pyramids\" or the \"Age of the Pyramid Builders\", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, under whom the art of pyramid-building was perfected, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, who commissioned the construction of the pyramids at Giza."}, {"id": "Q209397", "label": "Djedefre", "section": "History - Height of the Old Kingdom", "says": "After Khufu's death, his sons Djedefre (2566–2558 BC) and Khafre (2558–2532 BC) may have quarrelled."}, {"id": "Q220252", "label": "Shepseskaf", "section": "History - Height of the Old Kingdom", "says": "The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were Menkaure (2532–2504 BC), who commissioned the smallest of the three great pyramids in Giza; Shepseskaf (2504–2498 BC); and, perhaps, Djedefptah (2498–2496 BC)."}, {"id": "Q269271", "label": "Neferefre", "section": "History - Fifth Dynasty", "says": "He was followed by two short-lived kings, his son Neferefre (2455–2453 BC) and Shepseskare, the latter of uncertain parentage."}, {"id": "Q269200", "label": "Nyuserre Ini", "section": "History - Fifth Dynasty", "says": "Shepseskare may have been deposed by Neferefre's brother Nyuserre Ini (2445–2421 BC), a long-lived pharaoh who commissioned extensively in Abusir and restarted royal activity in Giza."}, {"id": "Q269257", "label": "Menkauhor Kaiu", "section": "History - Fifth Dynasty", "says": "The last pharaohs of the dynasty were Menkauhor Kaiu (2421–2414 BC), Djedkare Isesi (2414–2375 BC), and Unas (2375–2345), the earliest ruler to have the Pyramid Texts inscribed in his pyramid."}, {"id": "Q269247", "label": "Djedkare Isesi", "section": "History - Fifth Dynasty", "says": "The last pharaohs of the dynasty were Menkauhor Kaiu (2421–2414 BC), Djedkare Isesi (2414–2375 BC), and Unas (2375–2345), the earliest ruler to have the Pyramid Texts inscribed in his pyramid."}, {"id": "Q6198", "label": "Pepi II", "section": "History - Decline into the First Intermediate Period", "says": "Internal disorders set in during the incredibly long reign of Pepi II (2278–2214 BC) towards the end of the dynasty."}], "Q282428": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultanate was established with the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1250 and was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "1290–1293), the Mamluks had conquered the Crusader states, expanded into Makuria (Nubia), Cyrenaica, the Hejaz, and southern Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultanate experienced a long period of stability and prosperity during the third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad (r."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "History - Conflict with the Ayyubids", "says": "In 1249, Louis IX of France captured Damietta during the Seventh Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51661", "label": "Seventh Crusade", "section": "History - Conflict with the Ayyubids", "says": "In 1249, Louis IX of France captured Damietta during the Seventh Crusade."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "History - Conflict with the Ayyubids", "says": "On 6 April, Egypt's forces annihilated the Crusader army, capturing Louis IX."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Reign of Baybars", "says": "He diplomatically engaged the Mongols to stifle their potential alliance with Christian Europe, sow divisions between the Mongol Ilkhanate and Golden Horde empires, and maintain the flow of Turkic mamluks from Mongol-controlled Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Reign of Baybars", "says": "He diplomatically engaged the Mongols to stifle their potential alliance with Christian Europe, sow divisions between the Mongol Ilkhanate and Golden Horde empires, and maintain the flow of Turkic mamluks from Mongol-controlled Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Reign of Baybars", "says": "At around the same time, Baybars captured Safed from the Knights Templar, and shortly after, Ramla, both cities in inner Palestine."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "History - Reign of Baybars", "says": "In 1271, Baybars captured the major Krak des Chevaliers fortress from the County of Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q293505", "label": "Al-Nasir Muhammad", "section": "History - Third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad", "says": "Al-Nasir Muhammad further consolidated power by replacing Caliph al-Mustakfi (r."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Reign of Barquq", "says": "Towards the end of the 14th century, challengers to the Mamluks emerged in Anatolia, including the Ottoman dynasty and the Turkmen allies of Timur, the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu tribes of southern and eastern Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Reign of Barquq", "says": "Towards the end of the 14th century, challengers to the Mamluks emerged in Anatolia, including the Ottoman dynasty and the Turkmen allies of Timur, the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu tribes of southern and eastern Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Successors of Barsbay", "says": "He ruled when Mehmed II, the Ottoman sultan, conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ordered public celebrations to commemorate the event, much like the celebrations of a Mamluk victory."}, {"id": "Q11955224", "label": "Şehsuvar Bey", "section": "History - Reign of Qaitbay", "says": "The challenges to Mamluk dominance abroad were also mounting, particularly in Anatolia, where the Ottomans backed the Dulkadirids under Shah Suwar and Qaitbay supported the Karamanid principality under Ahmad."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Reign of Qaitbay", "says": "In 1489, the Republic of Venice annexed Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - Reign of al-Ghuri", "says": "In the meantime, Shah Ismail I had emerged in 1501 and forged the Safavid Empire in Iran."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "History - Fall to the Ottomans", "says": "Selim I, the new Ottoman sultan, defeated the Safavids decisively at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514."}, {"id": "Q745110", "label": "Battle of Chaldiran", "section": "History - Fall to the Ottomans", "says": "Selim I, the new Ottoman sultan, defeated the Safavids decisively at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514."}, {"id": "Q971248", "label": "Battle of Marj Dabiq", "section": "History - Fall to the Ottomans", "says": "On 24 August 1516, at the Battle of Marj Dabiq, the Ottomans were victorious against an army led by al-Ghuri himself."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "History - Mamluks under Ottoman rule", "says": "The mamluks remained a dominating force in Egyptian politics until their final elimination at the hands of Muhammad Ali following the Egyptian civil war in 1811."}], "Q58296": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In the history of France, the French Republic (French: République française), retroactively referred to as the First Republic (French: Première République) and sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q58773", "label": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "End of the monarchy in France", "says": "In July 1792, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto, threatening the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI and his family."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "End of the monarchy in France", "says": "In July 1792, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto, threatening the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI and his family."}, {"id": "Q862586", "label": "September Massacres", "section": "End of the monarchy in France", "says": "This became known as the September Massacres."}], "Q171740": [{"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031."}, {"id": "Q169640", "label": "Hisham II", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity flourished for nearly three centuries, before disintegrating in the early 11th century during the Fitna of al-Andalus, a civil war between the descendants of caliph Hisham II and the successors of his hajib (court official), Almanzor."}, {"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity flourished for nearly three centuries, before disintegrating in the early 11th century during the Fitna of al-Andalus, a civil war between the descendants of caliph Hisham II and the successors of his hajib (court official), Almanzor."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "The Visigothic Kingdom had ruled Iberia for over two centuries when it was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "The Visigothic Kingdom had ruled Iberia for over two centuries when it was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "The Umayyads had previously conducted small raids on the southern tip of Iberia against the Visigoths, but full-scale conquest did not begin until April of 711."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "An army led by Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed into Southern Hispania from North Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q504172", "label": "Battle of Guadalete", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "After the crossing, Tariq's troops defeated Visigothic forces at the Battle of Guadalete."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "In 756, Abd al-Rahman I, a prince of the deposed Umayyad royal family, refused to recognize the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate and became an independent emir of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "For example, the power of emir Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi (c."}, {"id": "Q284558", "label": "Al-Hakam I", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "In 818, the inhabitants of the al-Rabad suburb of Córdoba rose against Al-Hakam I."}, {"id": "Q603771", "label": "Emirate of Crete", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "Some settled in Fez or Alexandria, while others formed the Emirate of Crete in the 820s."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III ascended to the throne in 912, and faced the Fatimid Caliphate, a rival North African Shiʿite Islamic empire based in Tunis."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III increased diplomatic relations with the Berber tribes in North Africa, Christian kingdoms from the north, West Francia, East Francia, and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III increased diplomatic relations with the Berber tribes in North Africa, Christian kingdoms from the north, West Francia, East Francia, and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q284531", "label": "Al-Hakam II", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III was succeeded by his 46-year-old son, Al-Hakam II, in 961."}, {"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "Political history - Collapse", "says": "Beset by factionalism, the caliphate crumbled in 1031 into a number of independent taifas, including the Taifa of Córdoba, Taifa of Seville and Taifa of Zaragoza."}, {"id": "Q33061", "label": "Taifa of Zaragoza", "section": "Political history - Collapse", "says": "Beset by factionalism, the caliphate crumbled in 1031 into a number of independent taifas, including the Taifa of Córdoba, Taifa of Seville and Taifa of Zaragoza."}], "Q199442": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a part of the larger Crown of Aragon, which also included other territories—the Principality of Catalonia (which included the former Catalan Counties), the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece—that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a part of the larger Crown of Aragon, which also included other territories—the Principality of Catalonia (which included the former Catalan Counties), the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece—that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a part of the larger Crown of Aragon, which also included other territories—the Principality of Catalonia (which included the former Catalan Counties), the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece—that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q836676", "label": "Kingdom of Majorca", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a part of the larger Crown of Aragon, which also included other territories—the Principality of Catalonia (which included the former Catalan Counties), the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece—that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The arrangement remained until the Nueva Planta decrees, promulgated between 1707 and 1715 by Philip V of Spain in the aftermath of the War of the Spanish Succession, centralised power in Spain."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The arrangement remained until the Nueva Planta decrees, promulgated between 1707 and 1715 by Philip V of Spain in the aftermath of the War of the Spanish Succession, centralised power in Spain."}, {"id": "Q296652", "label": "Sancho III of Navarre", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "On the death of Sancho III of Navarre in 1035, the Kingdom of Navarre was divided into three parts: (1) Pamplona and its hinterland along with western and coastal Basque districts, (2) Castile, and (3) Sobrarbe, Ribagorza and Aragon."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "On the death of Sancho III of Navarre in 1035, the Kingdom of Navarre was divided into three parts: (1) Pamplona and its hinterland along with western and coastal Basque districts, (2) Castile, and (3) Sobrarbe, Ribagorza and Aragon."}, {"id": "Q344802", "label": "Sancho Ramírez", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "His son Sancho Ramírez, who also inherited the kingdom of Navarre, was the first to call himself \"King of the Aragonese and Pamplonese\"."}, {"id": "Q81833", "label": "Alphonse the Battler", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "After Alfonso the Battler died childless in 1134, different rulers were chosen for Navarre and Aragon, and the two kingdoms ceased to have the same ruler."}, {"id": "Q319439", "label": "Ramon Berenguer IV", "section": "History - Dynastic union with the County of Barcelona", "says": "The Kingdom of Aragon gave the name to the Crown of Aragon, created in 1150 with the dynastic union resulting from the marriage of the Queen of Aragon, Petronilla, and the Count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer IV."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Union of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile and afterwards", "says": "Subsequently, in 1412 the Aragonese secured the election of a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera, to the vacant Aragonese throne, over strong Catalan opposition."}, {"id": "Q312328", "label": "John II of Aragon", "section": "History - Union of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile and afterwards", "says": "One of Ferdinand's successors, John II of Aragon (1458–1479), countered residual Catalan resistance by arranging for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella, the heir presumptive of Henry IV of Castile."}, {"id": "Q310918", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "section": "History - Union of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile and afterwards", "says": "One of Ferdinand's successors, John II of Aragon (1458–1479), countered residual Catalan resistance by arranging for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella, the heir presumptive of Henry IV of Castile."}], "Q207521": [{"id": "Q888003", "label": "Yekuno Amlak", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak around 1270 until the 1974 coup d'état by the Derg, which ended the reign of the final Emperor, Haile Selassie."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak around 1270 until the 1974 coup d'état by the Derg, which ended the reign of the final Emperor, Haile Selassie."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 19th century, under Emperor Menelik II, the empire expanded significantly to the south, and in 1952, Eritrea was federated under Selassie's rule."}, {"id": "Q159888", "label": "Queen of Sheba", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in 1270 by Yekuno Amlak, who claimed to descend from the last Aksumite king and ultimately King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, it replaced the Agaw kingdom of the Zagwe."}, {"id": "Q460342", "label": "Amda Seyon I", "section": "lead", "says": "While initially a rather small and politically unstable entity, the Empire managed to expand significantly under the crusades of Amda Seyon I (1314–1344) and Dawit I (1382–1413), temporarily becoming the dominant force in the Horn of Africa."}, {"id": "Q716024", "label": "Dawit I", "section": "lead", "says": "While initially a rather small and politically unstable entity, the Empire managed to expand significantly under the crusades of Amda Seyon I (1314–1344) and Dawit I (1382–1413), temporarily becoming the dominant force in the Horn of Africa."}, {"id": "Q147677", "label": "Zara Yaqob", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ethiopian Empire would reach its peak during the long reign of Emperor Zara Yaqob (1434–1468)."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The neighboring Muslim Adal Sultanate began to threaten the empire by repeatedly attempting to invade it, finally succeeding under Imam Mahfuz."}, {"id": "Q558437", "label": "Lebna Dengel", "section": "lead", "says": "Mahfuz's ambush and defeat by Emperor Lebna Dengel brought about the early 16th-century jihad of the Ottoman-supported Adalite Imam Ahmed Gran, who was defeated in 1543 with the help of the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q642265", "label": "Fasiladas", "section": "lead", "says": "Reacting to these challenges, in the 1630s Emperor Fasilides founded the new capital of Gondar, marking the start of a new golden age known as the Gondarine period."}, {"id": "Q735638", "label": "Iyasu II", "section": "lead", "says": "With the deaths of Emperor Iyasu II (1755) and Iyoas I (1769) the realm eventually entered a period of decentralization, known as the Zemene Mesafint where regional warlords fought for power, with the emperor being a mere puppet."}, {"id": "Q343708", "label": "Iyoas I", "section": "lead", "says": "With the deaths of Emperor Iyasu II (1755) and Iyoas I (1769) the realm eventually entered a period of decentralization, known as the Zemene Mesafint where regional warlords fought for power, with the emperor being a mere puppet."}, {"id": "Q262589", "label": "Tewodros II", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor Tewodros II (r."}, {"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the fall of the Kingdom of Aksum in the 10th century AD, the Ethiopian Highlands would fall under the rule of the Zagwe Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q342847", "label": "Yetbarak", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Taddesse Tamrat argued that this king was Yetbarak, but due to a local form of damnatio memoriae, his name was removed from the official records."}, {"id": "Q736179", "label": "Na'akueto La'ab", "section": "History - Background", "says": "A more recent chronicler of Wollo history, Getatchew Mekonnen Hasen, states that the last Zagwe king deposed by Yekuno Amlak was Na'akueto La'ab."}, {"id": "Q2919812", "label": "Dil Na'od", "section": "History - Early Solomonic period", "says": "He was allegedly a descendant of the last king of Aksum, Dil Na'od, and hence the royal kings of Aksum."}, {"id": "Q887998", "label": "Yagbe'u Seyon", "section": "History - Early Solomonic period", "says": "A devout Christian, he would order the construction of the church of Genneta Maryam, commemorating his work with an inscription that reads, \"By the grace of God, I king Yekuno Amlak, after I had come to the throne by the will of God, built this church.\"\nIn 1285, Yekuno Amlak was succeeded by his son Yagbe'u Seyon, who wrote a letter the Mamluk Sultan, Qalawun asking him to allow the patriarch of A"}, {"id": "Q328495", "label": "Wedem Arad", "section": "History - Early Solomonic period", "says": "Towards the end of his reign, Yagbe'u refused to appoint one of his sons to be his successors and instead decreed that each of them should rule for one year, he was succeeded by his sons in 1294 but this agreement immediately broke down, by 1299 one of his sons Wedem Arad seized the throne."}, {"id": "Q157727", "label": "Ifat Sultanate", "section": "History - Early Solomonic period", "says": "Wedem Arad seems to have been in conflict with the neighbouring Sultanate of Ifat who were trying to expand in eastern Shewa."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Amda Seyon's Conquests", "says": "Around 1320, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad of the Mamluk Sultanate based in Cairo began persecuting Copts and destroying their churches."}, {"id": "Q736112", "label": "Newaya Krestos", "section": "History - Golden age of Solomonic Rule", "says": "Amda Seyon was succeeded by his son Newaya Krestos in 1344."}, {"id": "Q288013", "label": "Al-Salih Salih", "section": "History - Golden age of Solomonic Rule", "says": "Towards the end of his reign he aggressively helped the Patriarch of Alexandria Mark IV, who had been imprisoned by As-Salih Salih, the Sultan of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q343713", "label": "Newaya Maryam", "section": "History - Golden age of Solomonic Rule", "says": "In 1382, Dawit I succeeded the son of Newaya Krestos, Newaya Maryam, as Emperor of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "History - Golden age of Solomonic Rule", "says": "After a battle between Sa'ad ad-Din and the Emperor, in which the Ifat army was defeated and \"no less [sic] than 400 elders, each of whom carried an iron bar as his insignia of office\" were killed, Sa'ad ad-Din with his remaining supporters were chased to as far as Zeila on the coast of Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q581685", "label": "Yeshaq I", "section": "History - Golden age of Solomonic Rule", "says": "The Muslims then began to harass Christian held territories in the east prompting Emperor Yeshaq I to dedicate much of his time to defending his eastern peripheral territories."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Invasion of Adal Sultanate", "says": "The Adal Sultanate stockpiled imported firearms, cannons and other advanced weaponry from Arabia and the Ottoman Empire, and invaded Ethiopia in 1529, inflicting a heavy defeat on Emperor Dawit II, but later withdrew."}, {"id": "Q887847", "label": "Gelawdewos", "section": "History - Invasion of Adal Sultanate", "says": "The Emperor was succeeded by his 18-year-old son, Gelawdewos, who faced a desperate situation but rallied his soldiers and people to resist the Muslim invasion."}, {"id": "Q736159", "label": "Cristóvão da Gama", "section": "History - Invasion of Adal Sultanate", "says": "Together with his Turkish allies Ahmed attacked the Portuguese camp at Wofla, killing 200 of their rank and file, including their commander, Cristóvão da Gama."}, {"id": "Q957263", "label": "Battle of Wayna Daga", "section": "History - Invasion of Adal Sultanate", "says": "The Emperor did not hesitate to take the offensive and won a major victory at the Battle of Wayna Daga, when the fate of Abyssinia was decided by the death of the Imam and the flight of his army."}, {"id": "Q1475713", "label": "Sennar Sultanate", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "It was constituted by the conquest of Massawa, Ethiopia's main port, and the seizure of Suakin from the Ethiopian-allied Funj Sultanate in what is now Sudan."}, {"id": "Q887763", "label": "Sarsa Dengel", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "In 1573 the Adal Sultanate attempted to invade Ethiopia again, but Sarsa Dengel successfully defended the Ethiopian frontier at the Battle of Webi River, where he defeated, captured, and executed the Adalite Sultan Muhammad ibn Nasir along with the core of the Adalite nobility."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "In 1573 the Adal Sultanate attempted to invade Ethiopia again, but Sarsa Dengel successfully defended the Ethiopian frontier at the Battle of Webi River, where he defeated, captured, and executed the Adalite Sultan Muhammad ibn Nasir along with the core of the Adalite nobility."}, {"id": "Q888011", "label": "Iyasu I", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "After the death of Iyasu I the empire fell into a period of political turmoil."}, {"id": "Q2625892", "label": "Alula Engida", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "From 1874 to 1876, the Empire re-expanded into Eritrea, under Yohannes IV King of Tembien, whose forces led by Ras Alula won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the Egyptian forces at the Battle of Gundet in Hamasien."}, {"id": "Q3778598", "label": "Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Italy, seeking a colonial presence in Africa, was awarded Eritrea by Britain, which led to the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 and the scramble for Eritrea's coastal regions between King Yohannes IV of Tembien and Italy."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Italy, seeking a colonial presence in Africa, was awarded Eritrea by Britain, which led to the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 and the scramble for Eritrea's coastal regions between King Yohannes IV of Tembien and Italy."}, {"id": "Q989115", "label": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The First Italo-Ethiopian War resulted in the 1896 Battle of Adwa, in which Italy was decisively defeated by the numerically superior Ethiopians."}, {"id": "Q302519", "label": "Battle of Adwa", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "The First Italo-Ethiopian War resulted in the 1896 Battle of Adwa, in which Italy was decisively defeated by the numerically superior Ethiopians."}, {"id": "Q2399119", "label": "Treaty of Addis Ababa", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "As a result, the Treaty of Addis Ababa was signed in October, which strictly delineated the borders of Eritrea and forced Italy to recognize the independence of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Modern era", "says": "Delegations from the United Kingdom and France – European powers whose colonial possessions lay next to Ethiopia – soon arrived in the Ethiopian capital to negotiate their own treaties with this newly-proven power."}, {"id": "Q354486", "label": "Emilio De Bono", "section": "History - Italian invasion and World War II", "says": "In 1935, Italian soldiers under the command of Marshal Emilio De Bono began what is known as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "History - Italian invasion and World War II", "says": "In 1935, Italian soldiers under the command of Marshal Emilio De Bono began what is known as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q605626", "label": "Geneva Protocol", "section": "History - Italian invasion and World War II", "says": "Italian troops used sulfur mustard in chemical warfare, ignoring the Geneva Protocol that it had signed seven years earlier."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "History - Italian invasion and World War II", "says": "On May 1, 1936, Haile Selassie took a train to Djibouti and then boarded a British ship to Jerusalem, spending the majority of his time in the city with Ethiopian monks, praying with them at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "History - Italian invasion and World War II", "says": "Italy proclaimed the establishment of the Italian Empire in East Africa, with King Victor Emmanuel III as Emperor of Ethiopia, which was united with other Italian colonies in eastern Africa to form the new colony of Italian East Africa on June 1."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "History - Italian invasion and World War II", "says": "Italy proclaimed the establishment of the Italian Empire in East Africa, with King Victor Emmanuel III as Emperor of Ethiopia, which was united with other Italian colonies in eastern Africa to form the new colony of Italian East Africa on June 1."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Italian invasion and World War II", "says": "On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France, as the latter was in the process of being conquered by German forces at the time, and Benito Mussolini wished to expand Italy's colonial holdings."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "History - Fall of monarchy", "says": "It is commonly believed that Mengistu Haile Mariam killed him, either by ordering it done or by his own hand although the former is more likely."}], "Q234009": [{"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas during the Second Urbanization period."}, {"id": "Q651377", "label": "Shunga Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism and formed the core of the Haryankan Empire, Nanda Empire, Mauryan Empire, Shunga Empire and Gupta Empire."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism and formed the core of the Haryankan Empire, Nanda Empire, Mauryan Empire, Shunga Empire and Gupta Empire."}, {"id": "Q317765", "label": "Bimbisara", "section": "History - Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)", "says": "Two notable Haryanka dynasty rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara (also known as Shrenika) and his son Ajatashatru (also known as Kunika), who are mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature as contemporaries of the Buddha and Mahavira."}, {"id": "Q379242", "label": "Ajatasatru", "section": "History - Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)", "says": "Two notable Haryanka dynasty rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara (also known as Shrenika) and his son Ajatashatru (also known as Kunika), who are mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature as contemporaries of the Buddha and Mahavira."}, {"id": "Q9422", "label": "Mahavira", "section": "History - Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)", "says": "Two notable Haryanka dynasty rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara (also known as Shrenika) and his son Ajatashatru (also known as Kunika), who are mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature as contemporaries of the Buddha and Mahavira."}, {"id": "Q3267658", "label": "Mahapadma Nanda", "section": "History - Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)", "says": "Later, the throne of Magadha was usurped by Mahapadma Nanda, the founder of the Nanda Dynasty (c."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)", "says": "The Nanda dynasty was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire (c."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)", "says": "The Nanda dynasty was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire (c."}, {"id": "Q605199", "label": "Vajji", "section": "History - Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)", "says": "Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Vajjika League and Anga, respectively."}, {"id": "Q12448145", "label": "Maukhari", "section": "History - Maukharis (c. 510 CE–c. 606 CE)", "says": "The earliest inscription of the Maukhari dynasty has been found in Gaya dating back to the third-century BCE on a clay seal and the Maukharis continued to have a recorded presence in Gaya until the 6th century CE."}], "Q151148": [{"id": "Q6806806", "label": "Chola Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height, it ruled over the Chola Empire, an expansive maritime empire."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q2128757", "label": "Rajaraja I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Rajaraja I and his successors Rajendra I, Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra II, Virarajendra, and Kulothunga Chola I, the empire became a military, economic and cultural powerhouse in South Asia and Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q2119008", "label": "Kulothunga Chola I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Rajaraja I and his successors Rajendra I, Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra II, Virarajendra, and Kulothunga Chola I, the empire became a military, economic and cultural powerhouse in South Asia and Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "Origins", "says": "Mahāvaṃsa, a Buddhist text written down during the 5th century CE, recounts several conflicts between the inhabitants of Sri Lanka and Cholas in the 1st century BCE."}, {"id": "Q2572901", "label": "Kalabhra", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "Due to Kalabhra invasion and the growing power of Pallavas, Cholas migrated from their native land Uraiyur to Telugu country and ruled from there as chieftains of Pallavas at least since 540 CE."}, {"id": "Q745268", "label": "Karikala Chola", "section": "History - Interregnum", "says": "Several Telugu Chola families like Renati Cholas, Pottapi Cholas, Nellore Cholas, Velanati Cholas, Nannuru Cholas, Kondidela Cholas existed and claimed descent from ancient Tamil king Karikala Chola."}, {"id": "Q3532146", "label": "Early Cholas", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "The Chola Empire was founded in 848 CE by Vijayalaya, a descendant of Early Cholas."}, {"id": "Q7135564", "label": "Parantaka I", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "Later Aditya's son Parantaka I defeated the Rashtrakuta dynasty in the battle of Vallala and also defeated the Pandyas."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "Rajaraja I and Rajendra I would expand the dynasty to its imperial state in the 11th century, creating an influential empire in the Bay of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "Rajendra Chola I successfully invaded the Srivijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia which led to the decline of the empire there."}, {"id": "Q2600532", "label": "Vikramaditya VI", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "The Western Chalukyas mounted several unsuccessful attempts to engage the Chola emperors in war, and except for a brief occupation of the Vengi territories between 1118 and 1126, allied with Prince Vikramaditya VI."}, {"id": "Q731884", "label": "Vishnuvardhana", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "With the occupation of Dharwar in North Central Karnataka by the Hoysalas under Vishnuvardhana, where he based himself with his son Narasimha I in charge of the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra around 1149, and with the Kalachuris occupying the Chalukyan capital for over 35 years from around 1150–1151, the Chalukya kingdom had already started to dissolve."}, {"id": "Q3870387", "label": "Narasimha I", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "With the occupation of Dharwar in North Central Karnataka by the Hoysalas under Vishnuvardhana, where he based himself with his son Narasimha I in charge of the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra around 1149, and with the Kalachuris occupying the Chalukyan capital for over 35 years from around 1150–1151, the Chalukya kingdom had already started to dissolve."}, {"id": "Q335836", "label": "Kulothunga Chola III", "section": "History - Imperial Cholas", "says": "The Cholas under Kulothunga Chola III collaborated to herald the dissolution of the Chalukyas by aiding the Hoysalas under Veera Ballala II, the son-in-law of the Chola monarch, and defeated the Western Chalukyas in a series of wars with Someshvara IV between 1185 and 1190."}, {"id": "Q7933646", "label": "Virarajendra Chola", "section": "History - Overseas conquests", "says": "During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the Chola armies invaded Sri Lanka, the Maldives and parts of Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand of the Srivijaya Empire in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "History - Overseas conquests", "says": "During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the Chola armies invaded Sri Lanka, the Maldives and parts of Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand of the Srivijaya Empire in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Overseas conquests", "says": "During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the Chola armies invaded Sri Lanka, the Maldives and parts of Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand of the Srivijaya Empire in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Overseas conquests", "says": "During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the Chola armies invaded Sri Lanka, the Maldives and parts of Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand of the Srivijaya Empire in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Overseas conquests", "says": "A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola, who conquered Kedah in Malaysia of Srivijaya in the late 11th century."}, {"id": "Q3765117", "label": "Eastern Chalukyas", "section": "History - Later Cholas (1070–1279)", "says": "Marital and political alliances between the Eastern Chalukyas began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi."}, {"id": "Q7285611", "label": "Rajadhiraja Chola II", "section": "History - Later Cholas (1070–1279)", "says": "The Later Chola dynasty was led by capable rulers such as Kulothunga Chola I, his son Vikrama Chola, other successors like Rajaraja Chola II, Rajadhiraja Chola II, and Kulothunga Chola III, who conquered Kalinga, Ilam, and Kataha."}, {"id": "Q466581", "label": "Hoysala Empire", "section": "History - Later Cholas (1070–1279)", "says": "Around 1118, they lost control of Vengi to the Western Chalukya and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the Hoysala Empire."}], "Q186537": [{"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that encompassed the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria from 1438 until 1552."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde (Mongol state), and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q2039445", "label": "Oluğ Möxämmät", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the reign of Ulugh Muhammad and his son Maxmud, Kazan forces raided Muscovy and its subject lands several times."}, {"id": "Q210359", "label": "Vasily II of Moscow", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Vasily II of Moscow engaged in the Muscovite War of Succession against his cousins, was defeated in a battle near Suzdal, and was forced to pay ransom to the Kazan khan."}, {"id": "Q4288097", "label": "Muscovite Civil War", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Vasily II of Moscow engaged in the Muscovite War of Succession against his cousins, was defeated in a battle near Suzdal, and was forced to pay ransom to the Kazan khan."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In July 1487, Grand Duke Ivan III of Moscow occupied Kazan and seated a puppet leader, Möxämmädämin, on the Kazan throne."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Supporters of a union between the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate tried to exploit the population's grievances to provoke revolts (in 1496, 1500, and 1505), but with negligible results."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Supporters of a union between the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate tried to exploit the population's grievances to provoke revolts (in 1496, 1500, and 1505), but with negligible results."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1521, Kazan emerged from the dominance of Moscow, concluding a mutual aid treaty with the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Nogai Horde."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1521, Kazan emerged from the dominance of Moscow, concluding a mutual aid treaty with the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Nogai Horde."}, {"id": "Q735719", "label": "Devlet I Giray", "section": "History - The final decade", "says": "At that time Safa Giray's relatives (including Devlet I Giray) were in Crimea."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "In August 1552, forces of Ivan the Terrible, operating from the Russian fortress-island of Sviyazhsk, laid siege to Kazan."}], "Q189326": [{"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty ruled Iran from 1789 until 1925, beginning with the Unification of Iran (1779–1796) by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (r."}, {"id": "Q182921", "label": "Reza Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty's effective rule in Iran ended in 1925 when Iran's Majlis, convening as a constituent assembly on 12 December 1925, declared Reza Shah, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, as the new shah of Iran, beginning the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty."}], "Q203817": [{"id": "Q41605", "label": "Constantine IV", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 680–681 after a group of Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans, and secured Byzantine recognition and their right to settle south of the Danube by defeating – possibly with the help of local South Slavic tribes – the Byzantine army led by Constantine IV."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 9th and 10th century, Bulgaria reached the height of its power and stretched from the Danube Bend to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River to the Adriatic Sea, becoming a major power capable of competing with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Byzantium had a strong cultural influence on Bulgaria, which also led to the eventual adoption of Christianity in 864."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "Background", "says": "474–491) against the Ostrogoths, although an obscure reference to Ziezi ex quo Vulgares, with Ziezi being an offspring of Biblical Shem, son of Noah, is in the Chronography of 354."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "In the first half of the 6th century, the Bulgars occasionally raided the Byzantine Empire, but in the second half of the century the Kutrigurs were subjugated by the Avar Khaganate and the Utigurs came under the rule of the Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "In the first half of the 6th century, the Bulgars occasionally raided the Byzantine Empire, but in the second half of the century the Kutrigurs were subjugated by the Avar Khaganate and the Utigurs came under the rule of the Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 630 and 635 Khan Kubrat of the Dulo clan managed to unite the main Bulgar tribes and to declare independence from the Avars, creating a powerful confederation called Old Great Bulgaria, also known as Patria Onoguria, between the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "Kubrat, who was baptised in Constantinople in 619, concluded an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r."}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The second brother Kotrag migrated to the middle Volga region and founded Volga Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The fourth one, Kuber, initially settled in Pannonia under Avar suzerainty but revolted and moved to the region of Macedonia, while the fifth brother Alcek settled in central Italy."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "The Bulgars of Asparuh moved westwards to what is now Bessarabia, subdued the territories to the north of the Danube in modern Romania, and established themselves in the Danube Delta."}, {"id": "Q670819", "label": "Sigebert of Gembloux", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "In his universal chronicle the Western European author Sigebert of Gembloux remarked that the Bulgarian state was established in 680."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor wrote of the treaty:\n\n... the Emperor [Constantine IV] signed peace with them [the Bulgars], and agreed to pay them tribute for shame of the Romans and for our many sins."}, {"id": "Q2079726", "label": "Vasil Zlatarski", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "Vasil Zlatarski asserts that they concluded a treaty, but most historians agree that they were subjugated."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "History - Internal instability and struggle for survival", "says": "The internal instability was used by the \"soldier Emperor\" Constantine V (r."}, {"id": "Q1375800", "label": "Battle of the Rishki Pass", "section": "History - Internal instability and struggle for survival", "says": "He defeated the Bulgarians at Marcellae in 756, Anchialus in 763 and Berzitia in 774, but lost the Battle of the Rishki Pass in 759 in addition to hundreds of ships lost to storms in the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "Krum made extensive preparations to capture Constantinople: 5,000 iron-plated wagons were built to carry the siege equipment; the Byzantines even pleaded for help from the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q1492048", "label": "Treaty of 716", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In 894 the Byzantines moved the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki, affecting the commercial interests of Bulgaria and the principle of Byzantine–Bulgarian trade, regulated under the Treaty of 716 and later agreements on the most favoured nation basis."}, {"id": "Q1811747", "label": "Battle of Boulgarophygon", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In 896 the Byzantines were routed in the decisive Battle of Boulgarophygon and pleaded for peace that confirmed the Bulgarian domination of the Balkans, restored the status of Bulgaria as a most favoured nation, abolished the commercial restrictions and obliged the Byzantine Empire to pay annual tribute."}, {"id": "Q362589", "label": "Leo the Deacon", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In the words of Theophanes Continuatus \"a bloodshed occurred, that had not happened in centuries\", and Leo the Deacon witnessed piles of bones of perished soldiers on the battlefield 50 years later."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "The country was surrounded by aggressive neighbours – the Magyars to the north-west, the Pechenegs and the growing power of Kievan Rus' to the north-east, and the Byzantine Empire to the south."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "To the south, the Byzantine Empire reversed the course of the Byzantine–Arab wars against the declining Abbasid Caliphate and in 965 discontinued the payment of the tribute, leading to sharp deterioration in their relations."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "In this desperate situation the aging Peter I abdicated, leaving the crown to his son Boris II (r."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "The Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes eventually defeated Svyatoslav's forces and compelled him to leave the Balkans in 971."}], "Q7352": [{"id": "Q7356", "label": "Emperor Wu of Jin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Sima Yan, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Jin, who previously served as the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Sima Yan, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Jin, who previously served as the regent of the Cao Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q470091", "label": "Cao Huan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Jin (266–316 CE) was established as the successor to Cao Wei after Emperor Wu usurped the throne from Cao Huan."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "In 280 CE, after conquering Eastern Wu, the Western Jin ended the Three Kingdoms period and reunited China proper for the first time since the end of the Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q770951", "label": "War of the Eight Princes", "section": "lead", "says": "From 291 to 306 CE, a series of civil wars known as the War of the Eight Princes were fought over control of the Jin state which weakened it considerably."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "Han-Zhao, one of the northern states established during the disorder, sacked Luoyang in 311, captured Chang'an in 316, and executed Emperor Min of Jin in 318 CE, ending the Western Jin era."}, {"id": "Q7382", "label": "Emperor Min of Jin", "section": "lead", "says": "Han-Zhao, one of the northern states established during the disorder, sacked Luoyang in 311, captured Chang'an in 316, and executed Emperor Min of Jin in 318 CE, ending the Western Jin era."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 383 CE, the Eastern Jin inflicted a devastating defeat on the Former Qin, a Di-ruled state that had briefly unified northern China."}, {"id": "Q10900417", "label": "Liu Yu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Jin was eventually usurped by General Liu Yu in 420 CE and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the Three Kingdoms period, the Sima clan—with its most accomplished individual being Sima Yi—rose to prominence within the kingdom of Cao Wei that dominated northern China."}, {"id": "Q707808", "label": "Sima Shi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Sima Yi's death in 251, Sima Yi's eldest son Sima Shi succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei, maintaining the Sima clan's tight grip on the Cao Wei political scene."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Sima Shi's death in 255, Sima Shi's younger brother Sima Zhao became the regent of Cao Wei."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 263, he directed Cao Wei forces in conquering Shu Han and capturing Liu Shan (the son of Liu Bei), marking the first demise of one of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q468780", "label": "Liu Shan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 263, he directed Cao Wei forces in conquering Shu Han and capturing Liu Shan (the son of Liu Bei), marking the first demise of one of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 263, he directed Cao Wei forces in conquering Shu Han and capturing Liu Shan (the son of Liu Bei), marking the first demise of one of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q1069905", "label": "Cheng Han", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The short-lived unification of China came to an end in 304; that year, the Cheng-Han and Han-Zhao declared their independence from Jin."}, {"id": "Q3817040", "label": "Wu Hu uprising", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The Upheaval of the Five Barbarians carried on the chaos from the War of the Eight Princes, as uprisings and famines continued to erode Jin authority in the north."}, {"id": "Q714176", "label": "Liu Cong", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 311, the Jin capital Luoyang was sacked by Han-Zhao forces under Liu Cong, and Sima Chi, posthumously known as Emperor Huai, was captured and later executed."}, {"id": "Q2496512", "label": "Huan Wen", "section": "History - Wars with the north", "says": "In order to recover the lands lost during the fall of the Western Jin, the Eastern Jin dynasty launched several military campaigns against the northern states, such as the expeditions led by Huan Wen from 354 to 369."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Wars with the north", "says": "Most notably, in 383, a heavily outnumbered Eastern Jin force inflicted a devastating defeat on the state of Former Qin at the Battle of Fei River."}, {"id": "Q1137864", "label": "Huan Xuan", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "In 403, Huan Xuan, the son of esteemed general Huan Wen, usurped the Jin throne and declared the dynasty of Huan Chu."}, {"id": "Q23114", "label": "Lu Xun", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "Meanwhile, the civilian administration suffered, as there were further revolts led by Sun En and Lu Xun, and Western Shu became an independent kingdom under Qiao Zong."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "In the north, Northern Liang, the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms, was conquered by Northern Wei in 439, ushering in the Northern dynasties period."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "In the north, Northern Liang, the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms, was conquered by Northern Wei in 439, ushering in the Northern dynasties period."}, {"id": "Q1132566", "label": "Juqu Mujian", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "Sima Fei's wife was named Huayang (華陽公主), who was a daughter of Emperor Xiaowen; Sima Chuzhi's son was Sima Jinlong, who married a Northern Liang princess who was a daughter of the Lushuihu king Juqu Mujian."}, {"id": "Q33566", "label": "Sima Guang", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "Much later, Sima Guang (1019–1086), who served as chancellor for the Song and created the comprehensive history Zizhi Tongjian, claimed descent from the Jin dynasty (specifically, Sima Fu, brother of Sima Yi)."}, {"id": "Q1156935", "label": "Sima Fu", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "Much later, Sima Guang (1019–1086), who served as chancellor for the Song and created the comprehensive history Zizhi Tongjian, claimed descent from the Jin dynasty (specifically, Sima Fu, brother of Sima Yi)."}], "Q81589": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Windsor is the current royal house of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "The house was founded on 17 July 1917, when King George V changed the name of the royal house from the German Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor due to anti-German sentiment during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "The house was founded on 17 July 1917, when King George V changed the name of the royal house from the German Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor due to anti-German sentiment during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "There have been five British monarchs of the House of Windsor: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II, and Charles III."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "There have been five British monarchs of the House of Windsor: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II, and Charles III."}, {"id": "Q80976", "label": "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh", "section": "lead", "says": "The children and male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, also genealogically belong to the House of Oldenburg since Philip was by birth a member of the Glücksburg branch of that house."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The children and male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, also genealogically belong to the House of Oldenburg since Philip was by birth a member of the Glücksburg branch of that house."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "These are the United Kingdom, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu."}, {"id": "Q46395", "label": "British Overseas Territories", "section": "lead", "says": "As well as these separate monarchies, there are also three Crown Dependencies, fourteen British Overseas Territories and two associated states and one dependent territory of New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "As well as these separate monarchies, there are also three Crown Dependencies, fourteen British Overseas Territories and two associated states and one dependent territory of New Zealand."}], "Q105092": [{"id": "Q2308616", "label": "Frank Stenton", "section": "lead", "says": "Nicholas Brooks noted that \"the Mercians stand out as by far the most successful of the various early Anglo-Saxon peoples until the later ninth century\", and some historians, such as Sir Frank Stenton, believe the unification of England south of the Humber estuary was achieved during Offa's reign."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "King Peada converted to Christianity around 656."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, it was ruled by a lord or ealdorman under the overlordship of Alfred the Great, who styled himself \"King of the Anglo-Saxons\"."}, {"id": "Q1818410", "label": "Battle of Maserfield", "section": "History - Penda and the Mercian Supremacy", "says": "When another Northumbrian king, Oswald, arose and again claimed overlordship of the south, he too was defeated and killed at the hands of Penda and his allies – in 642 at the Battle of Maserfield."}, {"id": "Q160445", "label": "Saint Boniface", "section": "History - Penda and the Mercian Supremacy", "says": "The next king, Æthelred, defeated Northumbria in the Battle of the Trent in 679, settling once and for all the long-disputed control of the former kingdom of Lindsey. Æthelred was succeeded by Cœnred, son of Wulfhere; both these kings became better known for their religious activities than anything else, but the king who succeeded them in 709, Ceolred, is said in a letter of Saint Boniface to have"}, {"id": "Q888048", "label": "Wihtred of Kent", "section": "History - Penda and the Mercian Supremacy", "says": "For the first few years of his reign he had to face two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Reign of Offa and rise of Wessex", "says": "Not only did he win battles and dominate Southern England, but also he took an active hand in administering the affairs of his kingdom, founding market towns and overseeing the first major issues of gold coins in Britain; he assumed a role in the administration of the Catholic Church in England (sponsoring the short-lived archbishopric of Lichfield, 787 to 799), and even negotiated with Charlemagn"}, {"id": "Q727889", "label": "Ecgfrith of Mercia", "section": "History - Reign of Offa and rise of Wessex", "says": "Offa exerted himself to ensure that his son Ecgfrith of Mercia would succeed him, but after Offa's death in July 796 Ecgfrith survived for only five months, and the kingdom passed to a distant relative named Coenwulf in December 796."}, {"id": "Q762675", "label": "Coenwulf", "section": "History - Reign of Offa and rise of Wessex", "says": "Offa exerted himself to ensure that his son Ecgfrith of Mercia would succeed him, but after Offa's death in July 796 Ecgfrith survived for only five months, and the kingdom passed to a distant relative named Coenwulf in December 796."}, {"id": "Q1939977", "label": "Battle of Ellandun", "section": "History - Reign of Offa and rise of Wessex", "says": "The Battle of Ellendun proved decisive."}, {"id": "Q235250", "label": "Æthelflæd", "section": "History - Arrival of the Danes", "says": "879 were in the name of the West Saxon king. Æthelred had married Æthelflæd (c."}, {"id": "Q187114", "label": "Edward the Elder", "section": "History - Arrival of the Danes", "says": "After Æthelred's death in 911 Æthelflæd ruled as \"Lady of the Mercians\", but Alfred's successor as King of the Anglo-Saxons, Edward the Elder (r."}, {"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "History - Loss of independence", "says": "Edward was succeeded as king of the Anglo-Saxons by his eldest son Æthelstan (r."}, {"id": "Q188684", "label": "Edmund II of England", "section": "History - Loss of independence", "says": "Mercia briefly regained a political existence separate from Wessex in 955–959, when Edgar became king of Mercia, and again in 1016, when Cnut and Edmund Ironside divided the English kingdom between themselves, with Cnut taking Mercia."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "History - Loss of independence", "says": "Mercia maintained its separate identity as an earldom until the Norman Conquest in 1066."}], "Q167639": [{"id": "Q2726068", "label": "Harihara I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire rose to prominence in the aftermath of the invasion of the Delhi Sultanate in India by the end of the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q1362188", "label": "Battle of Talikota", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire lasted until 1646, although its power declined greatly after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "History - Background and origin theories", "says": "By 1317, the four kingdoms had been conquered by armies of Sultan Alauddin Khalji, his general Malik Kafur."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "History - Background and origin theories", "says": "By 1317, the four kingdoms had been conquered by armies of Sultan Alauddin Khalji, his general Malik Kafur."}, {"id": "Q466581", "label": "Hoysala Empire", "section": "History - Background and origin theories", "says": "One is that Harihara I and Bukka I, the founders of the empire, were Kannadigas and commanders in the army of the Hoysala Empire stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from Northern India."}, {"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "History - Background and origin theories", "says": "They were believed to have been captured by the army of Muhammad bin Tughluq at Warangal."}, {"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "Firuz Bahmani of Bahmani Sultanate entered into a treaty with Deva Raya I in 1407 that required the latter to pay Bahmani an annual tribute of \"100,000 huns, five maunds of pearls and fifty elephants\"."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "He invaded Sri Lanka and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim."}, {"id": "Q3319050", "label": "Mohammed Qacim Ferichta", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "The Persian visitor Firishta attributes Deva Raya II's war preparations, which included augmenting his armies with Muslim archers and cavalry, to be the cause of the conflict."}, {"id": "Q3764651", "label": "Quli Qutb Shah", "section": "History - Empire's peak", "says": "The empire gained territory from the Deccan sultanates, including Raichur in 1520 and Gulbarga in the central Deccan, and from wars with Sultan Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda in the eastern Deccan; the Kalinga region as well was gained from the Gajapatis of Odisha."}, {"id": "Q592872", "label": "Aliya Rama Raya", "section": "History - Empire's peak", "says": "When Sadashiva Raya was old enough to assert his independent claim over the throne, Rama Raya made him a virtual prisoner and became the de facto ruler."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "History - Civil War", "says": "He was a capable ruler who defended the empire against external threats from the Bijapur Sultanate and conducted successful southern campaigns during the Battle of Tamraparni in 1532, with his trusted general Salakaraju Tirumala, who was his brother-in-law."}], "Q181254": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Nicaea (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων), also known as the Nicene Empire, was the largest of the three Greek rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled when Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian armed forces during the Fourth Crusade, a military event known as the Sack of Constantinople; Latin Empire, was established by an army of Crusade"}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Nicaea (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων), also known as the Nicene Empire, was the largest of the three Greek rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled when Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian armed forces during the Fourth Crusade, a military event known as the Sack of Constantinople; Latin Empire, was established by an army of Crusade"}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Nicaea (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων), also known as the Nicene Empire, was the largest of the three Greek rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled when Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian armed forces during the Fourth Crusade, a military event known as the Sack of Constantinople; Latin Empire, was established by an army of Crusade"}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the other Byzantine rump states that formed due to the 1204 fracturing of the empire, such as the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus, it was a continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived well into the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the other Byzantine rump states that formed due to the 1204 fracturing of the empire, such as the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus, it was a continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived well into the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the other Byzantine rump states that formed due to the 1204 fracturing of the empire, such as the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus, it was a continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived well into the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate of Epirus initially contested this claim, especially after the capture of Thessalonica in 1224, but it was forced to renounce its claim in 1242, while the Empire of Trebizond, which had declared its independence a few weeks before the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, withdrew its claim in the Treaty of 1282."}, {"id": "Q37086", "label": "Theodore I Laskaris", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Soon after, Theodore I Laskaris, the son-in-law of Emperor Alexios III Angelos, was proclaimed emperor, but he too, realizing the situation in Constantinople was hopeless, fled to the city of Nicaea in Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Soon after, Theodore I Laskaris, the son-in-law of Emperor Alexios III Angelos, was proclaimed emperor, but he too, realizing the situation in Constantinople was hopeless, fled to the city of Nicaea in Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Soon after, Theodore I Laskaris, the son-in-law of Emperor Alexios III Angelos, was proclaimed emperor, but he too, realizing the situation in Constantinople was hopeless, fled to the city of Nicaea in Bithynia."}, {"id": "Q269235", "label": "Henry of Flanders", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Theodore Laskaris was not immediately successful, as Henry of Flanders defeated him at Poimanenon and Prusa (now Bursa) in 1204."}, {"id": "Q294439", "label": "Kaloyan of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "But Theodore was able to capture much of northwestern Anatolia after the Bulgarian defeat of Latin Emperor Baldwin I in the Battle of Adrianople, because Henry was recalled to Europe to defend against invasions from Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Numerous truces and alliances were formed and broken over the next few years, as the Byzantine successor states, the Latin Empire, the Bulgarian Empire and the Seljuks of Iconium (whose territory also bordered Nicaea) fought each other."}, {"id": "Q447439", "label": "David I of Trebizond", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The Nicenes were compensated for this territorial loss when, in 1212, the death of David Komnenos allowed their annexation of his lands in Paphlagonia."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The Nicenes were compensated for this territorial loss when, in 1212, the death of David Komnenos allowed their annexation of his lands in Paphlagonia."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "In 1219, he married the daughter of Latin Empress Yolanda of Flanders, but he died in 1221 and was succeeded by his son-in-law, John III Doukas Vatatzes."}, {"id": "Q1355254", "label": "Battle of Poimanenon", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Vatatzes prevailed over their combined forces, however, in the Battle of Poimanenon, securing his throne and regaining almost all of the Asian territories held by the Latin Empire in the process."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1224, the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica was captured by the Despot of Epirus Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who crowned himself emperor in rivalry to Vatatzes and established the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1224, the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica was captured by the Despot of Epirus Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who crowned himself emperor in rivalry to Vatatzes and established the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q623151", "label": "Empire of Thessalonica", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1224, the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica was captured by the Despot of Epirus Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who crowned himself emperor in rivalry to Vatatzes and established the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "It proved short-lived, as it came under Bulgarian control after the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230."}, {"id": "Q313427", "label": "Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1235, he allied with Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, allowing him to extend his influence over Thessalonica and Epirus."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1245, John allied with the Holy Roman Empire by marrying Constance II of Hohenstaufen, daughter of Frederick II."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1246, John attacked Bulgaria and recovered most of Thrace and Macedonia, and proceeded to incorporate Thessalonica into his realm."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1246, John attacked Bulgaria and recovered most of Thrace and Macedonia, and proceeded to incorporate Thessalonica into his realm."}, {"id": "Q37088", "label": "John IV Laskaris", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "John IV Laskaris succeeded him, but since he was still a child he was put under the regency of the general Michael Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Michael proclaimed himself co-emperor (as Michael VIII) in 1259, and soon defeated a combined invasion by Manfred, the Despot of Epirus, and the Latin Prince of Achaea at the Battle of Pelagonia."}], "Q199841": [{"id": "Q267584", "label": "Yemen Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "South Yemen, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY), abbreviated to Democratic Yemen, was a country in South Arabia that existed in what is now southeast Yemen from 1967 until its unification with the Yemen Arab Republic in 1990."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "It shared ill-defined and often disputed borders with the Yemen Arab Republic to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the east."}, {"id": "Q49910", "label": "Colony of Aden", "section": "lead", "says": "South Yemen's origins can be traced to 1874 with the creation of the British Colony of Aden and the Aden Protectorate, which consisted of two-thirds of present-day Yemen."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "South Yemen's origins can be traced to 1874 with the creation of the British Colony of Aden and the Aden Protectorate, which consisted of two-thirds of present-day Yemen."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the establishments of the Protectorate and Federation of South Arabia amidst rising Pan-Arab and anti-colonial sentiment, an armed rebellion began in 1963 that was led by the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) against British colonial rule."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federation and Protectorate of South Arabia were overthrown to become the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (PRSY) on 30 November 1967."}, {"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The official name of the state was changed a year after the reforms to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and was able to establish strong relations with Cuba, East Germany, North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The official name of the state was changed a year after the reforms to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and was able to establish strong relations with Cuba, East Germany, North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the  Qu'aiti and Kathiri sultanates of Hadhramaut, along with Mahra, and Upper Yafa refused to join either of the federations and became the Protectorate of South Arabia, marking the end of the Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q1367119", "label": "Upper Yafa", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, the  Qu'aiti and Kathiri sultanates of Hadhramaut, along with Mahra, and Upper Yafa refused to join either of the federations and became the Protectorate of South Arabia, marking the end of the Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 September 1962, a successful coup carried out against the Kingdom of Yemen by the Free Officers Movement in Yemen, supported by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser—who had led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 against British rule—resulted in the establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "On 26 September 1962, a successful coup carried out against the Kingdom of Yemen by the Free Officers Movement in Yemen, supported by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser—who had led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 against British rule—resulted in the establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Decolonisation and NLF seizure of power", "says": "The insurgency in Radfan began raising questions in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on what should the fate of Aden and the protectorates be."}, {"id": "Q1296908", "label": "Kathiri Sultanate", "section": "History - Decolonisation and NLF seizure of power", "says": "Ali Salem al-Beidh and Haidar al-Attas joined the NLF faction in the eastern protectorates and prevented the sultans of the Kathiri Sultanate and the Qu'aiti Sultanate from entering their sultanates but allowed the Sultan of the Mahra back, in sympathy for his old age."}, {"id": "Q202775", "label": "Qu'aiti Sultanate", "section": "History - Decolonisation and NLF seizure of power", "says": "Ali Salem al-Beidh and Haidar al-Attas joined the NLF faction in the eastern protectorates and prevented the sultans of the Kathiri Sultanate and the Qu'aiti Sultanate from entering their sultanates but allowed the Sultan of the Mahra back, in sympathy for his old age."}, {"id": "Q57905", "label": "Mohammed Basindawa", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Abdullah Al-Asnag and Mohammed Basindawa left for the Yemen Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q2214390", "label": "Salim Rubaya Ali", "section": "History - Reforms and the establishment of a Marxist-Leninist state", "says": "On 22 June 1969, a radical Marxist wing of the NLF formed a presidential committee of five people: Salim Rubaya Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "History - Reforms and the establishment of a Marxist-Leninist state", "says": "This group took an extreme leftist line and declared its support for the Palestinians and the Dho"}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "In November 1989, after returning from the Soviet–Afghan War, Osama bin Laden offered to send the newly formed al-Qaeda to overthrow the South Yemeni government on behalf of Saudi Arabia, but Prince Turki bin Faisal found the plan reckless and declined."}], "Q215530": [{"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of the kingdom comprised that of the former Lordship of Ireland, founded in 1177 by King Henry II of England after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of the kingdom comprised that of the former Lordship of Ireland, founded in 1177 by King Henry II of England after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "By the terms of the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, Henry VIII of England became \"King of Ireland\", theoretically elevating Ireland to coequal status with England, as a kingdom in personal union."}, {"id": "Q1200808", "label": "Desmond Rebellions", "section": "lead", "says": "This sparked the Desmond Rebellions and the Nine Years' War."}, {"id": "Q1672808", "label": "Irish Confederate Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "This was one of the main drivers behind the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1653), during which the Irish Catholic Confederates controlled most of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When Pope Clement VII excommunicated the king of England, Henry VIII, in 1533, the constitutional position of the lordship in Ireland became uncertain."}, {"id": "Q162819", "label": "Catherine of Aragon", "section": "History - Background", "says": "He had petitioned Rome to procure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Clement VII refused Henry's request and Henry subsequently refused to recognise the Roman Catholic Church's vestigial sovereignty over Ireland, and was excommunicated again in late 1538 by Pope Paul III."}, {"id": "Q82674", "label": "Mary I", "section": "History - Tudor Ireland", "says": "After the death of Edward VI, Henry's son, the papal bull of 1555 recognised the Roman Catholic Mary I as Queen of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "History - Tudor Ireland", "says": "This placed the new Kingdom of Ireland in personal union with the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q225649", "label": "Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone", "section": "History - Tudor Ireland", "says": "In 1593 war broke out, as Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, led a confederation of Irish lords and Spain against the crown, in what later became known as the Nine Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "History - Stuart Ireland", "says": "The political order of the kingdom was interrupted by the Wars of the Three Kingdoms starting in 1639."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "History - Grattan's Patriots", "says": "Although Ireland had legislative independence, executive administration remained under the control of the executive of the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History - Grattan's Patriots", "says": "In 1788–1789 a Regency crisis arose when King George III became ill."}, {"id": "Q130586", "label": "George IV of the United Kingdom", "section": "History - Grattan's Patriots", "says": "Grattan wanted to appoint the Prince of Wales, later George IV, as Regent of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "History - United Irishmen", "says": "The Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the rebels' alliance with Great Britain's longtime enemy the French, led to a push to bring Ireland formally into the British Union."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "History - United Irishmen", "says": "By the Acts of Union 1800, voted for by both Irish and British Parliaments, the Kingdom of Ireland merged on 1 January 1801 with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."}], "Q234197": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Srivijaya, also spelled Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya, was a Malay thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia) that influenced much of Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was involved in close interactions, and often in rivalries, with the neighbouring Mataram Kingdom, Khmer Empire and Champa."}, {"id": "Q6806806", "label": "Chola Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom may have disintegrated after 1025 following several major raids launched by the Chola Empire upon their ports."}, {"id": "Q3112053", "label": "Melayu", "section": "History - Siddhayatra", "says": "Under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, the Melayu Kingdom became the first kingdom to be integrated into Srivijaya."}, {"id": "Q2247225", "label": "Tarumanagara", "section": "History - Regional conquests", "says": "Also, according to the inscriptions, Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a military campaign against Java in the late 7th century, a period which coincided with the decline of Tarumanagara in West Java and the Kalingga in Central Java."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Regional conquests", "says": "The empire thus grew to control trade on the Strait of Malacca, the western side of Java Sea, and possibly the Gulf of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q2320075", "label": "Langkasuka", "section": "History - Conquest of the Malay Peninsula", "says": "During the 7th century, Langkasuka on the Malay Peninsula became part of Srivijaya."}, {"id": "Q379239", "label": "Jayavaraman II", "section": "History - Sailendra dynasty rule", "says": "It was in these years, at the beginning of the 9th century, that the Khmer prince Jayavarman II was appointed governor of Indrapura in the Mekong Delta under Sailendran rule."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Chola invasion", "says": "According to the 15th-century Malay Annals, Rajendra Chola I after the successful naval raid in 1025 married Onang Kiu, the daughter of Vijayottunggavarman."}, {"id": "Q12491034", "label": "Kahuripan", "section": "History - Chola invasion", "says": "This invasion forced Srivijaya to make peace with the Javanese kingdom of Kahuripan."}, {"id": "Q47179", "label": "Airlangga", "section": "History - Chola invasion", "says": "The peace deal was brokered by the exiled daughter of Vijayottunggavarman, who managed to escape the destruction of Palembang, and came to the court of King Airlangga in East Java."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Chola invasion", "says": "Even today the Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia as many Malaysian princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, such as the Raja of Perak, Raja Chulan."}, {"id": "Q7933646", "label": "Virarajendra Chola", "section": "History - Under the Cholas", "says": "Virarajendra Chola states in his inscription, dated in the 7th year of his reign, that he conquered Kadaram (Kedah) and gave it back to its king who came and worshiped his feet."}, {"id": "Q5269336", "label": "Dharmasraya", "section": "History - Successor state Malayu Dharmasraya", "says": "This late 12th century Malayu Dharmasraya kingdom can be considered as the successor of Srivijaya."}], "Q6500954": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Zaire (spelt Zaïre in French, and sometimes in English), officially the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 1971 and the Republic of Zaire from 1971 to 1997, was the Congolese state in Central Africa headed by Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 to 1997."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "lead", "says": "Zaire (spelt Zaïre in French, and sometimes in English), officially the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 1971 and the Republic of Zaire from 1971 to 1997, was the Congolese state in Central Africa headed by Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 to 1997."}, {"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Mobutu seized power in a military coup in 1965, after five years of political upheaval following independence from Belgium known as the Congo Crisis."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "A wider campaign of authenticité, ridding the country of the influences from the colonial era of the Belgian Congo, was also launched under Mobutu's direction."}, {"id": "Q135547", "label": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1996, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, the head of the AFDL militia, led a popular rebellion against Mobutu."}, {"id": "Q3290619", "label": "First Shaba War", "section": "History - Growing conflict", "says": "In 1977 and 1978, Katangan rebels based in Angola launched two invasions, Shaba I and Shaba II, into the Katanga Province (renamed \"Shaba\" in 1972)."}, {"id": "Q2745406", "label": "Shaba II", "section": "History - Growing conflict", "says": "In 1977 and 1978, Katangan rebels based in Angola launched two invasions, Shaba I and Shaba II, into the Katanga Province (renamed \"Shaba\" in 1972)."}, {"id": "Q217242", "label": "Katanga Province", "section": "History - Growing conflict", "says": "In 1977 and 1978, Katangan rebels based in Angola launched two invasions, Shaba I and Shaba II, into the Katanga Province (renamed \"Shaba\" in 1972)."}, {"id": "Q2745987", "label": "Battle of Kolwezi", "section": "History - Growing conflict", "says": "The Battle of Kolwezi, fought in May 1978, resulted in an airborne operation in an aim of rescuing Zairian, Belgian and French miners held as hostages by pro-Communist Katangan guerrillas."}, {"id": "Q989", "label": "John Paul II", "section": "History - Growing conflict", "says": "Pope John Paul II made a papal trip to Zaire on 2 May 1980, on the centenary of Catholic evangelisation."}, {"id": "Q426722", "label": "Rwandan Civil War", "section": "History - First Congo War and demise of Zaire", "says": "By 1996, tensions from the neighbouring Rwandan Civil War and genocide had spilled over to Zaire (see History of Rwanda)."}, {"id": "Q838695", "label": "First Congo War", "section": "History - First Congo War and demise of Zaire", "says": "When the Zairian government began to escalate its massacres in November 1996, the Tutsi militias erupted in rebellion against Mobutu, triggering the First Congo War."}], "Q126936": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the Germanic successor states to the Western Roman Empire, it was originally created by the settlement of the Visigoths under King Wallia in the province of Gallia Aquitania in southwest Gaul by the Roman government and then extended by conquest over all of Hispania."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the Germanic successor states to the Western Roman Empire, it was originally created by the settlement of the Visigoths under King Wallia in the province of Gallia Aquitania in southwest Gaul by the Roman government and then extended by conquest over all of Hispania."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom maintained independence from the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, whose attempts to re-establish Roman authority in Hispania were only partially successful and short-lived."}, {"id": "Q211772", "label": "Anthemius", "section": "lead", "says": "Alarmed at Visigoth expansion from Aquitania after victory over the Gallo-Roman and Breton armies at Déols in 469, Western Emperor Anthemius sent a fresh army across the Alps against Euric, who was besieging Arles."}, {"id": "Q2301372", "label": "Kingdom of Toledo", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom of the 6th and 7th centuries is sometimes called the Regnum Toletanum or Kingdom of Toledo after the new capital of Toledo in Hispania."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "A civil war starting in 549 resulted in an invitation from the Visigoth Athanagild, who had usurped the kingship, to the Byzantine emperor Justinian I to send soldiers to his assistance."}, {"id": "Q313065", "label": "Liuvigild", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in the 570s Athanagild's brother Liuvigild compensated for this loss by conquering the Kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia, which corresponds roughly to present-day Galicia an"}, {"id": "Q1048918", "label": "Kingdom of the Suebi", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting in the 570s Athanagild's brother Liuvigild compensated for this loss by conquering the Kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia, which corresponds roughly to present-day Galicia an"}, {"id": "Q237907", "label": "Galla Placidia", "section": "History - Federate kingdom", "says": "For their part, the Visigoths under Alaric famously sacked Rome in 410, capturing Galla Placidia, the sister of Western Roman emperor Honorius."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "History - Federate kingdom", "says": "For their part, the Visigoths under Alaric famously sacked Rome in 410, capturing Galla Placidia, the sister of Western Roman emperor Honorius."}, {"id": "Q110892", "label": "Theodoric I", "section": "History - Federate kingdom", "says": "Under Theodoric I (418–451), the Visigoths attacked Arles (in 425 and 430) and Narbonne (in 436), but were checked by Litorius using Hunnic mercenaries."}, {"id": "Q185476", "label": "Aëtius", "section": "History - Federate kingdom", "says": "By 451, the situation had reversed and the Huns had invaded Gaul; now Theodoric fought under Flavius Aetius against Attila the Hun in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}, {"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "History - Federate kingdom", "says": "By 451, the situation had reversed and the Huns had invaded Gaul; now Theodoric fought under Flavius Aetius against Attila the Hun in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Federate kingdom", "says": "The Vandals completed the conquest of North Africa when they took Carthage on October 19, 439, and the Suebi had taken most of Hispania."}, {"id": "Q195443", "label": "Theodoric II", "section": "History - Federate kingdom", "says": "Theodoric II (453–466) invaded and defeated the king of the Suebi, Rechiarius, at the battle on the river Órbigo in 456 near Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and then sacked Bracara Augusta (Braga), the Suebi capital."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "History - Kingdom of Toulouse", "says": "The Visigothic Kingdom was formally recognized as an independent kingdom in former Roman territory instead of having the status of foederati when the Western emperor Julius Nepos (474–475) signed in 475 an alliance with Euric, granting him the lands south of the Loire and west of the Rhone in exchange for military service and the lands in Provence (including Arles and Marseille)."}, {"id": "Q303421", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Toulouse", "says": "By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom, centered at Toulouse, controlled Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Narbonensis and most of Hispania with the exception of the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia in the northwest and small areas controlled by independent Iberian peoples, such as the Basques and the Cantabrians."}, {"id": "Q110884", "label": "Alaric II", "section": "History - Kingdom of Toulouse", "says": "Euric's son Alaric II (484–507) issued a new body of laws, the Breviarium Alarici, and held a church council at Agde."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Kingdom of Toulouse", "says": "The Visigoths now came into conflict with the Franks under their King Clovis I, who had conquered northern Gaul."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Kingdom of Toulouse", "says": "In 507, the Franks attacked again, this time allied with the Burgundians."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "History - Arian Kingdom of Hispania", "says": "After Alaric II's death, his illegitimate son Gesalec took power until he was deposed by Theodoric the Great, ruler of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, who invaded and defeated him at Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Arian Kingdom of Hispania", "says": "After Alaric II's death, his illegitimate son Gesalec took power until he was deposed by Theodoric the Great, ruler of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, who invaded and defeated him at Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q452673", "label": "Amalaric", "section": "History - Arian Kingdom of Hispania", "says": "Theodoric then installed his grandson Amalaric (511–531), the son of Alaric II, as king."}, {"id": "Q212852", "label": "Childebert I", "section": "History - Arian Kingdom of Hispania", "says": "His rule did not last long, as in 531, Amalaric was defeated by the Frankish king Childebert I and then murdered at Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Arian Kingdom of Hispania", "says": "Hermenegild became the first Visigothic king to convert to Nicene Christianity due to his ties with the Romans, but he was defeated in 584 and killed in 585."}, {"id": "Q313057", "label": "Reccared I", "section": "History - Catholic Kingdom of Toledo", "says": "On becoming King, Liuvigild's son Reccared I (586–601) converted from Arian to Chalcedonian Christianity."}, {"id": "Q378355", "label": "Liuva II", "section": "History - Catholic Kingdom of Toledo", "says": "Reccared's son Liuva II became king in 601 but was deposed by the Visigothic noble Witteric (603–610), ending the short-lived dynasty."}, {"id": "Q366966", "label": "Witteric", "section": "History - Catholic Kingdom of Toledo", "says": "Reccared's son Liuva II became king in 601 but was deposed by the Visigothic noble Witteric (603–610), ending the short-lived dynasty."}, {"id": "Q334766", "label": "Chintila", "section": "History - Catholic Kingdom of Toledo", "says": "The fourth council, held during the brief reign of Sisinand in 633, excommunicated and exiled the king, replacing him with Chintila (636–639)."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "In 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Muslim Berber client of Musa bin Nusair, the governor of Islamic Africa, invaded Spain with about 7,000 Berber men, while Roderic was in the north fighting the Basques."}, {"id": "Q2990983", "label": "Julian, Count of Ceuta", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "The tale that Julian, Count of Ceuta, facilitated the invasion because one of his daughters had been dishonored by Roderic is possibly mythical."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "In 712, Musa, the governor of Ifriqiya, arrived with another army of 18,000, with large Arab contingents."}, {"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "The only effective resistance was in Asturias, where a Visigothic nobleman named Pelagius revolted in 718, and defeated the Muslims at the battle of Covadonga; this was the beginning of the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "The only effective resistance was in Asturias, where a Visigothic nobleman named Pelagius revolted in 718, and defeated the Muslims at the battle of Covadonga; this was the beginning of the Reconquista."}], "Q178913": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Trebizond or the Trapezuntine Empire was one of the three Byzantine rump states of the Byzantine Empire that existed during the 13th through to the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade overthrew Alexios V Doukas and established the Latin Empire, the Empire of Trebizond became one of three Byzantine successor states to claim the imperial throne alongside the Empire of Nicaea under the House of Laskaris and the Despotate of Epirus under a branch of the House of Angelos."}, {"id": "Q37076", "label": "Alexios V Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade overthrew Alexios V Doukas and established the Latin Empire, the Empire of Trebizond became one of three Byzantine successor states to claim the imperial throne alongside the Empire of Nicaea under the House of Laskaris and the Despotate of Epirus under a branch of the House of Angelos."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade overthrew Alexios V Doukas and established the Latin Empire, the Empire of Trebizond became one of three Byzantine successor states to claim the imperial throne alongside the Empire of Nicaea under the House of Laskaris and the Despotate of Epirus under a branch of the House of Angelos."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade overthrew Alexios V Doukas and established the Latin Empire, the Empire of Trebizond became one of three Byzantine successor states to claim the imperial throne alongside the Empire of Nicaea under the House of Laskaris and the Despotate of Epirus under a branch of the House of Angelos."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade overthrew Alexios V Doukas and established the Latin Empire, the Empire of Trebizond became one of three Byzantine successor states to claim the imperial throne alongside the Empire of Nicaea under the House of Laskaris and the Despotate of Epirus under a branch of the House of Angelos."}, {"id": "Q244007", "label": "Tamar of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trapezuntine Empire was formed in 1204 with the help of Queen Tamar of Georgia after the Georgian expedition in Chaldia and Paphlagonia, which was commanded by Alexios Komnenos a few weeks before the Sack of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trapezuntine Empire was formed in 1204 with the help of Queen Tamar of Georgia after the Georgian expedition in Chaldia and Paphlagonia, which was commanded by Alexios Komnenos a few weeks before the Sack of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q1226606", "label": "Alexios Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trapezuntine Empire was formed in 1204 with the help of Queen Tamar of Georgia after the Georgian expedition in Chaldia and Paphlagonia, which was commanded by Alexios Komnenos a few weeks before the Sack of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trapezuntine Empire was formed in 1204 with the help of Queen Tamar of Georgia after the Georgian expedition in Chaldia and Paphlagonia, which was commanded by Alexios Komnenos a few weeks before the Sack of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q447439", "label": "David I of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexios and David Komnenos, grandsons and last male descendants of the deposed emperor Andronikos I Komnenos, pressed their claims as Roman emperors against Alexios V Doukas."}, {"id": "Q41830", "label": "Andronikos I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexios and David Komnenos, grandsons and last male descendants of the deposed emperor Andronikos I Komnenos, pressed their claims as Roman emperors against Alexios V Doukas."}, {"id": "Q623151", "label": "Empire of Thessalonica", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing wars saw the Empire of Thessalonica, the imperial government that sprang from Epirus, collapse following conflicts with Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire and the final recapture of Constantinople by the Nicaeans in 1261."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing wars saw the Empire of Thessalonica, the imperial government that sprang from Epirus, collapse following conflicts with Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire and the final recapture of Constantinople by the Nicaeans in 1261."}, {"id": "Q452041", "label": "John II of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "Emperor John II of Trebizond officially gave up the Trapezuntine claim to the Roman imperial title and Constantinople itself 21 years after the Nicaeans recaptured the city, altering his imperial title from \"Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans\" to \"Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, Iberia and Perateia\"."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "Trebizond lasted until 1461, when the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II conquered it after a month-long siege and took its ruler and his family into captivity."}, {"id": "Q874954", "label": "Principality of Theodoro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean Principality of Theodoro, an offshoot of Trebizond, lasted another 14 years, falling to the Ottomans in 1475."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "Origins", "says": "However, after Michael VIII Palaiologos of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople in 1261, the Komnenian use of the style \"Emperor\" became a sore point."}, {"id": "Q41628", "label": "John II Komnenos", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1282, John II Komnenos, as a result of a treaty with Michael, stripped off his imperial regalia before the walls of Constantinople before entering to marry Michael's daughter, accepting his legal title of despot."}, {"id": "Q311462", "label": "Abulfeda", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The city of Trebizond was the capital of the theme of Chaldia, which according to the 10th century Arab geographer Abulfeda was regarded as being largely a Lazican port."}, {"id": "Q179284", "label": "Anna Komnene", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Chaldia had already shown its separatist tendencies in the 10th and 11th centuries when it came under the control of a local leader named Theodore Gabras, who according to Anna Komnene regarded Trebizond and its hinterlands \"as a prize which had fallen to his own lot\" and conducted himself as an independent prince."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos confirmed him as governor of Chaldia but kept his son at Constantinople as a hostage for his good conduct."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Both men were the grandsons of the last Komnenian Byzantine emperor, Andronikos I Komnenos, by his son Manuel Komnenos and Rusudan, daughter of George III of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q542017", "label": "George III of Georgia", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Both men were the grandsons of the last Komnenian Byzantine emperor, Andronikos I Komnenos, by his son Manuel Komnenos and Rusudan, daughter of George III of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Andronikos I had been deposed by Isaac II Angelos, while Manuel was blinded (a traditional Byzantine punishment for treason) and died not long after."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Vasiliev explains that she had been motivated to do so after the Emperor Alexios III Angelos stole the gifts Tamar had given to a group of visiting monks as they passed through Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "History - Up to the civil wars", "says": "George\" with the inscriptions Ἀλέξιος ὁ Κομνηνός [Alexios Komnenos] and Ὁ Ἅ(γιος) Γεώργιος [Saint George] on either side; on the obverse is a scene of Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀνάστασις [The Holy Resurrection] with the corresponding inscription."}, {"id": "Q37086", "label": "Theodore I Laskaris", "section": "History - Up to the civil wars", "says": "However, not long after they had gained control of Trebizond and the neighboring territories, news of the Latin conquest of Constantinople reached them, and the brothers entered the competition for recovery of the imperial city against Theodore I Laskaris in western Anatolia (ruler of the \"Empire of Nicaea\") and Michael Komnenos Doukas in mainland Greece (ruler of the \"Despotate of Epirus\")."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - Up to the civil wars", "says": "For most of the 13th century Trebizond was in continual conflict with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Constantinople and the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - From the civil wars to the end of the 14th century", "says": "In addition, the Black Death spread from Caffa to ravage Trebizond and other Pontic cities."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "This threat was not from the small Turkmen emirates that bordered Trebizond, but from the dynasty of the Osmanli, a new Turkish power emerging from western Anatolia that would soon consolidate the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Although their expansion was temporarily checked by Tamerlane at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, by the 1430s the Ottomans had recovered their fortunes, seizing large segments of Greece and finally capturing Constantinople itself on 29 May 1453."}, {"id": "Q37062", "label": "John VIII Palaiologos", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "His eldest daughter Maria became the third wife of the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The Ottoman sultan Murad II first attempted to take the capital by the sea in 1442, but high surf made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "He gave his daughter Theodora (also known by the name of Despina Khatun) to the son of his brother-in-law, Uzun Hasan, khan of the Ak Koyunlu, in return for his promise to defend Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "He gave his daughter Theodora (also known by the name of Despina Khatun) to the son of his brother-in-law, Uzun Hasan, khan of the Ak Koyunlu, in return for his promise to defend Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q709495", "label": "Alexios IV of Trebizond", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Through Theodora and the daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond (also named Theodora), the Safavid dynasty of Iran that succeeded the Ak Koyunlu, would be of direct partial Pontic Greek ethnicity from its very beginning, Ismail I being the grandson of Theodora."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Through Theodora and the daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond (also named Theodora), the Safavid dynasty of Iran that succeeded the Ak Koyunlu, would be of direct partial Pontic Greek ethnicity from its very beginning, Ismail I being the grandson of Theodora."}], "Q206411": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Azerbaijan, better known in historiography as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, was the first secular democratic republic in the Turkic and Muslim worlds."}, {"id": "Q330756", "label": "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The ADR was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council in Tiflis on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, and ceased to exist on 28 April 1920."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its established borders were with Russia to the north, the Democratic Republic of Georgia to the north-west, the Republic of Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south."}, {"id": "Q984384", "label": "Fatali Khan Khoyski", "section": "lead", "says": "Fatali Khan Khoyski became its first prime minister."}, {"id": "Q313623", "label": "Georgy Chicherin", "section": "Fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (April 1920)", "says": "1920 was marked by a diplomatic dispatch which started with a radiogram sent by Minister of Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin, which said: \"The government of the Russian Socialist Federative Republic reverts to Azerbaijan with an initiative to immediately launch talks with the Soviet government aiming at acceleration and finishing of the White army bodies in the South of Russia\"."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "Fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (April 1920)", "says": "Following the adoption of the name of \"Azerbaijan\" by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, a naming dispute arose with Qajar Iran, with the latter protesting this decision."}], "Q206789": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghana Empire (Arabic: غانا), also known as simply Ghana, Ghanata, or Wagadu, was an ancient western-Sahelian empire based in the modern-day southeast of Mauritania and western Mali."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After centuries of prosperity, the empire began its decline in the second millennium, and would finally become a vassal state of the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1957, the Gold Coast, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah named itself Ghana upon independence."}, {"id": "Q8620", "label": "Kwame Nkrumah", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1957, the Gold Coast, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah named itself Ghana upon independence."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - First apogee and early Arab records", "says": "In 734 the Umayyad Caliphate launched an expedition, commanded by Habib ibn Abi Ubayda al-Fihri, against the Sous and Sudan."}, {"id": "Q337126", "label": "Al-Bakri", "section": "History - First apogee and early Arab records", "says": "While the location and outcome of this expedition to the Sudan is unknown, Al-Bakri writing in the 11th century noted that the descendants of these troops, called the Hunayhin, could still be found within the Ghana Empire and that they were now following the native religion."}, {"id": "Q374374", "label": "Ahmad ibn Tulun", "section": "History - First apogee and early Arab records", "says": "It had developed a trade route that led directly to Egypt and was recorded to have also been used by Egyptian and Nubian merchants to visit the Sudan, but it was closed during the reign of Ahmad ibn Tulun (r."}, {"id": "Q293689", "label": "al-Yaʿqubi", "section": "History - First apogee and early Arab records", "says": "Al-Ya'qubi describes its king as very powerful and mentions the gold mines and the number of vassals under their authority."}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "History - First apogee and early Arab records", "says": "Al-Masudi, writing in the first half of the 10th century, refers to the King of Ghana as supreme with vassals under him and describes the kingdom itself as being of great importance because of its gold trade."}, {"id": "Q367330", "label": "Ibn Hawqal", "section": "History - First apogee and early Arab records", "says": "Adding to the newly gained prestige of Ghana, Ibn Hawqal writing during the 970s proclaimed the King of Ghana as the \"wealthiest king on the face of the earth,\" who also maintained relations with the king of Aoudaghost."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Almoravids", "says": "The first to hint of a supposed conquest was Ibn Khaldun who was writing 300 years after and even then doesn't outright claim any Almoravid conquest of Ghana."}, {"id": "Q9546", "label": "Al-Ghazali", "section": "History - Almoravids", "says": "Al-Ghazali, a contemporary of the Almoravids at the peak of their size and the alleged conquest, explicitly references the Almoravids as only bordering the Ghana Empire and the land of the Franks."}, {"id": "Q175772", "label": "Sunjata Keïta", "section": "History - Vassal of Mali", "says": "In his brief overview of Sudanese history, Ibn Khaldun related that \"the people of Mali outnumbered the peoples of the Sudan in their neighborhood and dominated the whole region.\" He went on to relate that they \"vanquished the Susu and acquired all their possessions, both their ancient kingdom and that of Ghana.\" According to a modern tradition, this resurgence of Mali was led by Sundiata Keita, t"}, {"id": "Q1319855", "label": "Battle of Kirina", "section": "History - Vassal of Mali", "says": "After Soumaoro's defeat at the Battle of Kirina in 1235 (a date again assigned arbitrarily by Delafosse), the new rulers of Koumbi Saleh became permanent allies of the Mali Empire."}], "Q213651": [{"id": "Q112980583", "label": "Gandhāra", "section": "lead", "says": "Gandhara (IAST: Gandhāra) was an ancient Indo-Aryan culture and historical region located in present-day northwestern Pakistan and northeastern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Gandhara (IAST: Gandhāra) was an ancient Indo-Aryan culture and historical region located in present-day northwestern Pakistan and northeastern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Gandhara (IAST: Gandhāra) was an ancient Indo-Aryan culture and historical region located in present-day northwestern Pakistan and northeastern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was annexed by the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BCE as the satrapy of Gandāra."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "During its invasion by Alexander the Great in 327–326 BCE, Gandhara was divided among various polities, notably that of Taxila under king Omphis and the tribe of Aśvaka."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Gandhara became a part of the Maurya Empire in 321 BCE."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "In the succeeding centuries it was ruled by the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, and the Indo-Parthians; local Gandharan dynasties of Oḍirājas and Apracharajas remained autonomous in some parts until the ascent of the Kushan Empire, which saw the zenith of region's cultural and political influence."}, {"id": "Q4781804", "label": "Apraca", "section": "lead", "says": "In the succeeding centuries it was ruled by the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, and the Indo-Parthians; local Gandharan dynasties of Oḍirājas and Apracharajas remained autonomous in some parts until the ascent of the Kushan Empire, which saw the zenith of region's cultural and political influence."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the succeeding centuries it was ruled by the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, and the Indo-Parthians; local Gandharan dynasties of Oḍirājas and Apracharajas remained autonomous in some parts until the ascent of the Kushan Empire, which saw the zenith of region's cultural and political influence."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "lead", "says": "Gandhara was devastated during the Hunnic invasions, but survived as a core region under Turk Shahis and Hindu Shahis."}, {"id": "Q4955540", "label": "Hindu Shahis", "section": "lead", "says": "Gandhara was devastated during the Hunnic invasions, but survived as a core region under Turk Shahis and Hindu Shahis."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Achaemenid conquest by Cyrus the Great (535-518 BCE)", "says": "Around 535 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of northwestern Indian subcontinent into his nascent Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Achaemenid conquest by Cyrus the Great (535-518 BCE)", "says": "With a brief pause after Cyrus' death around 530 BCE, the campaign continued under Darius the Great, who began to re-conquer former provinces and further expand the Achaemenid Empire's political boundaries."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Gandharan troops employed by Xerxes the Great (c. 518 BC – 465 BC)", "says": "During the reign of Xerxes I, Gandharan troops were noted by Herodotus to have taken part in the Second Persian invasion of Greece and were described as clothed similar to that of the Bactrians."}, {"id": "Q281368", "label": "Quintus Curtius Rufus", "section": "History - Conquest by Alexander the Great (327 BCE)", "says": "The primary stronghold among the Asvakas, Massaga, characterised as strongly fortified by Quintus Curtius Rufus, became a focal point."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Conquest by Alexander the Great (327 BCE)", "says": "According to Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE), the Asvakas, including women fighting alongside their husbands, valiantly resisted Alexander's army but were ultimately defeated."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Mauryan Gandhāra (3rd cent. BCE)", "says": "After Alexander's death, Chandragupta Maurya allied with Trigarta king Parvataka to conquer the Nanda Empire."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "History - Mauryan Gandhāra (3rd cent. BCE)", "says": "After Alexander's death, Chandragupta Maurya allied with Trigarta king Parvataka to conquer the Nanda Empire."}, {"id": "Q2586782", "label": "Kambojas", "section": "History - Mauryan Gandhāra (3rd cent. BCE)", "says": "This alliance resulted in the formation of a composite army, comprising Gandharans and Kambojas, as documented in the Mudrarakshasa, and the establishment of the short-lived Mauryan Empire."}, {"id": "Q315526", "label": "Bindusara", "section": "History - Mauryan Gandhāra (3rd cent. BCE)", "says": "The reign of Chandragupta's successor Bindusara witnessed a rebellion among the locals of Taxila, to which Bindusara, according to the Ashokavadana, dispatched his son Ashoka to quell the uprising."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Mauryan Gandhāra (3rd cent. BCE)", "says": "This engagement is corroborated by Polybius, who records an instance where Antiochus III the Great descended into India to renew his ties with King Subhagasena in 206 BCE, subsequently receiving a substantial gift of 150 elephants from the monarch."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Mauryan Gandhāra (3rd cent. BCE)", "says": "This engagement is corroborated by Polybius, who records an instance where Antiochus III the Great descended into India to renew his ties with King Subhagasena in 206 BCE, subsequently receiving a substantial gift of 150 elephants from the monarch."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "History - Greco-Bactrian rule (c. 180 BCE – c. 150 BCE)", "says": "The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (256 BCE – c."}, {"id": "Q347916", "label": "Demetrius I of Bactria", "section": "History - Greco-Bactrian rule (c. 180 BCE – c. 150 BCE)", "says": "Demetrius I of Bactria of Bactria (reign c."}, {"id": "Q118992", "label": "Menander", "section": "History - Greco-Bactrian rule (c. 180 BCE – c. 150 BCE)", "says": "His conquests were mentioned by the historian Strabo along with that of Menander."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Greco-Bactrian rule (c. 180 BCE – c. 150 BCE)", "says": "This established in the northwestern Indian subcontinent what is called the Indo-Greek Kingdom, dividing the Greeks to the east of the Seleucid Empire to the Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Greco-Bactrian rule (c. 180 BCE – c. 150 BCE)", "says": "This established in the northwestern Indian subcontinent what is called the Indo-Greek Kingdom, dividing the Greeks to the east of the Seleucid Empire to the Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q347878", "label": "Menander I", "section": "History - Indo-Greek kingdoms (2nd-1st cent. BCE)", "says": "The Indo-Greek king Menander I (reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of Gandhara and beyond the Hindu Kush, becoming king shortly after his victory."}, {"id": "Q1387135", "label": "Strato II", "section": "History - Indo-Greek kingdoms (2nd-1st cent. BCE)", "says": "His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king, Strato II, disappeared around 10 CE, who may have been supplanted by the Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps, particularly Rajuvula and Bhadayasa, whose coins were often copied on those of the last Indo-Greek kings."}, {"id": "Q2014166", "label": "Oddiyana", "section": "History - Apracharajas (1st cent. BCE–78 CE)", "says": "Archaeological evidence establishes dynastic affiliations between them and the rulers of Oddiyana in modern-day Swat."}, {"id": "Q1397542", "label": "Gondophares", "section": "History - Indo-Parthian rule (1st c. CE)", "says": "The Indo-Parthian Kingdom (19 CE–226 CE) was founded when the governor of Drangiana (Sakastan) Gondophares (19-46 CE) declared independence from the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Indo-Parthian rule (1st c. CE)", "says": "The Indo-Parthian Kingdom (19 CE–226 CE) was founded when the governor of Drangiana (Sakastan) Gondophares (19-46 CE) declared independence from the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Indo-Parthian rule (1st c. CE)", "says": "They managed to retain control of Sakastan, until its conquest by the Sasanian Empire in c."}, {"id": "Q2274948", "label": "Philostratus", "section": "History - Indo-Parthian rule (1st c. CE)", "says": "In 46 CE Philostratus and Apollonius of Tyana visted Gondophares's successor Phraotes."}, {"id": "Q297040", "label": "Apollonius of Tyana", "section": "History - Indo-Parthian rule (1st c. CE)", "says": "In 46 CE Philostratus and Apollonius of Tyana visted Gondophares's successor Phraotes."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Yuezhi and the Kushan Empire", "says": "The migration of the Yuezhi pushed the Sakas (Scythians) southwards into South Asia."}, {"id": "Q560157", "label": "Kujula Kadphises", "section": "History - Indo-Scythian rule (c. 80 BCE–1st/2n cent. CE)", "says": "The Indo-Scythians were subjugated by the Kushan Empire's Kujula Kadphises (1st c."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "History - Indo-Scythian rule (c. 80 BCE–1st/2n cent. CE)", "says": "CE) or Kanishka (2nd c."}, {"id": "Q2086608", "label": "Western Satraps", "section": "History - Indo-Scythian rule (c. 80 BCE–1st/2n cent. CE)", "says": "The Saka continued to govern as satraps, forming the Northern Satraps and Western Satraps."}, {"id": "Q844536", "label": "Chandragupta II", "section": "History - Indo-Scythian rule (c. 80 BCE–1st/2n cent. CE)", "says": "Indo-Scythian rule in the northwestern subcontinent ended when the last Western Satrap, Rudrasimha III, was defeated by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II in 395 CE."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Establishment of the Kushan Empire (1st. c. CE)", "says": "The Greater Yuezhi initially migrated northwest into the Ili Valley (on the modern borders of China and Kazakhstan), where they reportedly displaced elements of the Sakas."}, {"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "History - Kushan Buddhist Gandhāran culture and society", "says": "Emperor Kanishka was a great patron of the Buddhist faith; Buddhism spread from India to Central Asia and the Far East across Bactria and Sogdia, where his empire met the Han Empire of China."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Kushan Buddhist Gandhāran culture and society", "says": "This tower was reported by Chinese monks Faxian, Song Yun, and Xuanzang who visited the country."}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "History - Kidarites (4th-5th c. CE)", "says": "The Kidarites conquered Peshawar and parts of the northwest Indian subcontinent including Gandhara probably sometime between 390 and 410 from Kushan empire, around the end of the rule of Gupta Emperor Chandragupta II or beginning of the rule of Kumaragupta I."}, {"id": "Q470715", "label": "Kumaragupta I", "section": "History - Kidarites (4th-5th c. CE)", "says": "The Kidarites conquered Peshawar and parts of the northwest Indian subcontinent including Gandhara probably sometime between 390 and 410 from Kushan empire, around the end of the rule of Gupta Emperor Chandragupta II or beginning of the rule of Kumaragupta I."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Kidarites (4th-5th c. CE)", "says": "It is probably the rise of the Hephthalites and the defeats against the Sasanians which pushed the Kidarites into northern India."}, {"id": "Q2573564", "label": "Mihirakula", "section": "History - Alchon Huns (5th-6th c. CE)", "says": "Mihirakula in particular is remembered by Buddhist sources to have been a \"terrible persecutor of their religion\" in Gandhara."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "History - Turk (7th-9th c. CE) and Hindu (9th-11th c. CE) Shahis", "says": "Bhimadeva, the next most notable ruler, is most significant for vanquishing the Samanid Empire in Ghazni and Kabul in response to their conquests, his grand-daughter Didda was also the last ruler of the Lohara dynasty."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "History - Turk (7th-9th c. CE) and Hindu (9th-11th c. CE) Shahis", "says": "Jayapala then gained control and was brought into conflict with the newly formed Ghaznavid Empire, however, he was eventually defeated."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Turk (7th-9th c. CE) and Hindu (9th-11th c. CE) Shahis", "says": "The following Shahi rulers all resisted the Ghaznavids but were ultimately unsuccessful, resulting in the downfall of the empire in 1026 CE."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - End of geographical denotation", "says": "Thereafter the area was part of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), the Mughal Empire (1526–1857), and the British Raj (1858–1947)."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - End of geographical denotation", "says": "Thereafter the area was part of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), the Mughal Empire (1526–1857), and the British Raj (1858–1947)."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - End of geographical denotation", "says": "Thereafter the area was part of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), the Mughal Empire (1526–1857), and the British Raj (1858–1947)."}], "Q217230": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom John VI, fled from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom John VI, fled from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina (later to become Uruguay)."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina (later to become Uruguay)."}, {"id": "Q174432", "label": "Pedro Álvares Cabral", "section": "History - Independence and early years", "says": "The territory which would come to be known as Brazil was claimed by Portugal on 22 April 1500, when the navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on its coast."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "History - Independence and early years", "says": "In 1808, the army of French Emperor Napoleon I invaded Portugal, forcing the Portuguese royal family—the House of Braganza, a branch of the thousand-year-old Capetian dynasty—into exile."}, {"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "History - Independence and early years", "says": "In 1815, the Portuguese crown prince Dom John (later Dom John VI), acting as regent, created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, which raised the status of Brazil from colony to kingdom."}, {"id": "Q773874", "label": "Maria I of Portugal", "section": "History - Independence and early years", "says": "He ascended the Portuguese throne the following year, after the death of his mother, Maria I of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "History - Independence and early years", "says": "A secessionist rebellion in the Cisplatina Province in early 1825 and the subsequent attempt by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (later Argentina) to annex Cisplatina led the Empire into the Cisplatine War: \"a long, inglorious, and ultimately futile war in the south\"."}, {"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "The third crisis was a conflict with the Argentine Confederation over ascendancy in territories adjacent to the Río de la Plata and free navigation of that waterway."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "Since the 1830s, Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas had supported rebellions within Uruguay and Brazil."}, {"id": "Q3042457", "label": "Platine War", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "The Empire was unable to address the threat posed by Rosas until 1850, when an alliance was forged between Brazil, Uruguay and disaffected Argentines, leading to the Platine War and the subsequent overth"}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Paraguayan War", "says": "As war with the British Empire loomed, Brazil had to turn its attention to its southern frontiers."}, {"id": "Q3042463", "label": "Uruguayan War", "section": "History - Paraguayan War", "says": "Brazil's progressive cabinet decided to intervene and dispatched an army, which invaded Uruguay in December 1864, beginning the brief Uruguayan War."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "History - Paraguayan War", "says": "The dictator of nearby Paraguay, Francisco Solano López, took advantage of the Uruguayan situation in late 1864 by attempting to establish his nation as a regional power."}, {"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "History - Paraguayan War", "says": "In November of that year, he ordered a Brazilian civilian steamship seized, triggering the Paraguayan War, and then invaded Brazil."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Paraguayan War", "says": "However, the possibility of a two-front conflict (with Britain and Paraguay) faded when, in September 1865, the British government sent an envoy who publicly apologized for the crisis between the empires."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "The Empire became known internationally as a modern and progressive nation, second only to the United States in the Americas; it was a politically stable economy with a good investment potential."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "The Empire became known internationally as a modern and progressive nation, second only to the United States in the Americas; it was a politically stable economy with a good investment potential."}, {"id": "Q1791359", "label": "José Maria da Silva Paranhos", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "In March 1871, Pedro II named the conservative José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco as the head of a cabinet whose main goal was to pass a law to immediately free all children born to female slaves."}], "Q28456": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "Silla, along with Paekche and Goguryeo, formed the Three Kingdoms of Korea."}, {"id": "Q698239", "label": "Later Baekje", "section": "lead", "says": "After nearly 1,000 years of rule, Silla fragmented into the brief Later Three Kingdoms of Silla, Later Paekche, and Taebong, handing over power to Goryeo in 935."}, {"id": "Q28405", "label": "Gojoseon", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Saro-guk consisted of six clans later known as the Six Clans of Jinhan (진한 6부; 辰韓六部) from Gojoseon."}, {"id": "Q200188", "label": "Jimmu", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, Inahi no Mikoto the brother of the mythological Emperor Jimmu was the ancestor to the kings of Silla."}, {"id": "Q715210", "label": "Geumgwan Gaya", "section": "History - Emergence of a centralized monarchy", "says": "Silla absorbed the Kaya confederacy during the Kaya–Silla Wars, annexing Geumgwan Gaya in 532 and conquering Daegaya in 562, thereby expanding its borders to the Nakdong River basin."}, {"id": "Q10922917", "label": "Baekje–Tang War", "section": "History - Unified Silla", "says": "In 660, under Muyeol of Silla (654–661), the Silla–Tang alliance subjugated Paekche after the Paekche–Tang War."}, {"id": "Q494501", "label": "Kim Yushin", "section": "History - Unified Silla", "says": "In 668, under King Munmu of Silla (King Muyeol's successor) and General Kim Yu-sin, the Silla–Tang alliance conquered Goguryeo to its north after the Goguryeo–Tang War."}, {"id": "Q703179", "label": "Goguryeo–Tang War", "section": "History - Unified Silla", "says": "In 668, under King Munmu of Silla (King Muyeol's successor) and General Kim Yu-sin, the Silla–Tang alliance conquered Goguryeo to its north after the Goguryeo–Tang War."}], "Q431731": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Tanganyika ( TANG-gən-YEE-kə; Swahili: [tɑᵑɡɑˈɲikɑ]) was a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania, that existed from 1961 until 1964."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a Commonwealth realm headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations as the Republic of Tanganyika a year later."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a Commonwealth realm headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations as the Republic of Tanganyika a year later."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a Commonwealth realm headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations as the Republic of Tanganyika a year later."}, {"id": "Q157535", "label": "People's Republic of Zanzibar", "section": "lead", "says": "After signing the Articles of Union on 22 April 1964 and passing an Act of Union on 25 April, Tanganyika officially joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on Union Day, 26 April 1964."}], "Q49326": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Majapahit (Javanese: ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀, romanized: Måjåpahit; Javanese pronunciation: [mɔd͡ʒɔpaɪt] (eastern and central dialect) or [mad͡ʒapaɪt] (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (Javanese: ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; Javanese pronunciation: [wɪlwatɪkta], Sanskrit: विल्वतिक्त, romanized: vilvatikta), was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day "}, {"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "lead", "says": "After a civil war that weakened control over the vassal states, the empire slowly declined before collapsing in 1527 due to an invasion by the Sultanate of Demak."}, {"id": "Q49334", "label": "Raden Wijaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuvana and her son Hayam Wuruk, whose reigns in the mid-14th century were marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Nagarakṛtāgama written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea; including territories in present-day Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand, Timor Leste, and southwestern Philippines (in particular the Sulu Archipelago), although the scope of Majapahit sphere of influence is still the subject of debate among hist"}, {"id": "Q3112053", "label": "Melayu", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "After the Pamalayu campaign to conquer the Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra from 1275–1292, the kingdom of Singhasari became the most powerful polity in the region."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Shortly after, Singhasari was directly challenged by Emperor Kublai Khan, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, who sent emissaries demanding tribute."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Shortly after, Singhasari was directly challenged by Emperor Kublai Khan, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, who sent emissaries demanding tribute."}, {"id": "Q5269336", "label": "Dharmasraya", "section": "History - The first king, Kertarajasa Jayawardhana", "says": "According to the Pararaton (Book of Kings), he also wed a princess named Dara Petak from Dharmasraya, the capital of the Sumatran Melayu Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q379733", "label": "Odoric of Pordenone", "section": "History - Jayanegara", "says": "Around the time of Jayanegara's reign in the early 14th century, the Italian friar Odoric of Pordenone visited the Majapahit court in Java, noting that it was well-populated and filled with cloves, nutmeg, and many other spices."}, {"id": "Q12491027", "label": "Bali Kingdom", "section": "History - Queen Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi", "says": "According to the Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342, Majapahit forces led by Gajah Mada and assisted by General Arya Damar, the regent of Palembang, landed in the Bali Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Queen Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi", "says": "Maghrebi explorer Ibn Battuta visited the island during his travels between 1332 and 1347, noting that he stopped by a place called Mul Jawa (the \"island of Java\", as opposed to al-Jawa which referred to Sumatra)."}, {"id": "Q3284315", "label": "Samudra Pasai", "section": "History - Reign of Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada's conquest", "says": "The Hikayat Raja Pasai, a 14th-century Acehenese chronicle, describes a Majapahit naval invasion on the Samudera Pasai Sultanate on the north coast of Sumatra in 1350."}, {"id": "Q287996", "label": "Kingdom of Blambangan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The identity and full name of Bhre Wirabhumi is unclear; \"Bhre\" simply means \"duke or duchess\", and \"Wirabhumi\" is an area corresponding to the Blambangan Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "By the time of Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit had lost its grip on its vassal states on the northern coasts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula—the latter of which, according to Chinese sources, would become a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom until the rise of the Malacca Sultanate as supported by the Ming dynasty."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "By the time of Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit had lost its grip on its vassal states on the northern coasts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula—the latter of which, according to Chinese sources, would become a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom until the rise of the Malacca Sultanate as supported by the Ming dynasty."}, {"id": "Q27842", "label": "Kingdom of Singapura", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1299, the Kingdom of Singapura had been established, and following a failed attempt to take Singapore in 1350, Majapahit finally sacked and destroyed the Kingdom in 1398, after approximately a month-long siege by three hundred jong war ships and 200,000 men."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1299, the Kingdom of Singapura had been established, and following a failed attempt to take Singapore in 1350, Majapahit finally sacked and destroyed the Kingdom in 1398, after approximately a month-long siege by three hundred jong war ships and 200,000 men."}, {"id": "Q3363540", "label": "Parameswara", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The last king, Parameswara, fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the Malacca Sultanate in 1400."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition", "says": "During the reign of Wikramawardhana, a series of Ming armada naval expeditions led by Zheng He, a Muslim Chinese admiral, arrived in Java several times spanning the period from 1405 to 1433."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "History - Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition", "says": "The Chinese intervened in the politics of the southern seas by supporting Thais against the declining Khmer Empire, supporting and installing allied factions in India, Sri Lanka and other places in Indian Ocean coasts."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition", "says": "The Chinese intervened in the politics of the southern seas by supporting Thais against the declining Khmer Empire, supporting and installing allied factions in India, Sri Lanka and other places in Indian Ocean coasts."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition", "says": "Previously, Majapahit had succeeded in asserting its influence in Malacca strait by containing the aspiration of Malay polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to ever reach the geopolitical might like those of Srivijaya."}, {"id": "Q3177715", "label": "Pagaruyung Kingdom", "section": "History - Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition", "says": "The Ming's support for Malacca and the spread of Islam propagated by both Malacca and Zheng He's treasure fleet has weakened Majapahit maritime influence in Sumatra, which caused the northern part of the island to increasingly converting to Islam and gained independence from Majapahit, leaving Indragiri, Jambi and Palembang, remnants of the old Srivijaya, the only suzerainty under Majapahit in Sum"}, {"id": "Q702918", "label": "Ma Huan", "section": "History - Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition", "says": "This Ming dynasty voyages are extremely important for Majapahit historiography, since Zheng He's translator Ma Huan wrote Yingya Shenglan, a detailed description of Majapahit, which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java during Majapahit period."}, {"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "History - Queen Suhita", "says": "She was married to future Kelantan king Iskandar Shah or Kemas Jiwa in 1427."}], "Q545205": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The TSFSR comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, traditionally known as the \"Transcaucasian Republics\" as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains."}], "Q83969": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Hohenzollern (, US also ; German: Haus Hohenzollern, pronounced [ˌhaʊs hoːənˈtsɔlɐn] ; Romanian: Casa de Hohenzollern) is a formerly royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) German dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania."}, {"id": "Q568473", "label": "Burgraviate of Nuremberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hohenzollern family split into two branches, the Catholic Swabian branch and the Protestant Franconian branch, which ruled the Burgraviate of Nuremberg and later became the Brandenburg–Prussian branch."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were ruled in personal union after 1618 and were called Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were ruled in personal union after 1618 and were called Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were ruled in personal union after 1618 and were called Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "From there, the Kingdom of Prussia was created in 1701, eventually leading to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in 1871, with the Hohenzollerns as hereditary German Emperors and Kings of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany's defeat in World War I in 1918 led to the German Revolution."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hohenzollerns were overthrown and the Weimar Republic was established, thus bringing an end to the German and Prussian monarchy."}], "Q106151": [{"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, when Richard III died in battle."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the deposing of Richard II in 1399, two cadet branches of the Plantagenets ruled England: the houses of Lancaster and York."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the reign of Edward III (r."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social, political and economic problems."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "lead", "says": "The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the Wars of the Roses, a decades-long fight for the English succession."}, {"id": "Q222013", "label": "Battle of Bosworth Field", "section": "lead", "says": "It culminated in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, when the death of King Richard III ended both the reign of the Plantagenets and the English Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q207953", "label": "Elizabeth of York", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VII, a Lancastrian through the maternal line, became king of England; five months later he married Elizabeth of York, thus ending the Wars of the Roses and giving rise to the Tudor dynasty."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Every monarch of England, and later the United Kingdom, from Henry VII to the present is a descendant of the Plantagenet"}, {"id": "Q378249", "label": "William Clito", "section": "Origin", "says": "After William drowned in the wreck of the White Ship, Fulk married another of his daughters, Sibylla, to William Clito, son of Henry I's older brother, Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q220994", "label": "Robert Curthose", "section": "Origin", "says": "After William drowned in the wreck of the White Ship, Fulk married another of his daughters, Sibylla, to William Clito, son of Henry I's older brother, Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "Origin", "says": "Henry I had the marriage annulled to avoid strengthening William's rival claim to Normandy."}], "Q130654": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch colonial empire (Dutch: Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) comprised overseas territories and trading posts under some form of Dutch control from the early 17th to late 20th centuries, including those initially administered by Dutch chartered companies—primarily the Dutch East India Company (1602–1799) and Dutch West India Company (1621–1792)—and subsequently governed by the Dutch Republic (158"}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch colonial empire (Dutch: Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) comprised overseas territories and trading posts under some form of Dutch control from the early 17th to late 20th centuries, including those initially administered by Dutch chartered companies—primarily the Dutch East India Company (1602–1799) and Dutch West India Company (1621–1792)—and subsequently governed by the Dutch Republic (158"}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the de facto independence of the Dutch Republic from the Spanish Empire in the late 16th century, various trading companies known as voorcompagnie led maritime expeditions overseas in search of commercial opportunities."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "By the mid-17th century, the VOC—along with the Dutch West India Company (Dutch: Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie, GWC), which was founded in 1621 to advance interests in the Americas—had greatly expanded Dutch economic and territorial influence worldwide, exercising quasi-governmental powers to negotiate treaties, wage war, administer territory, and establish settlements."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "While searching for new trade passages between Asia and Europe, Dutch navigators explored and charted distant regions such as Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania, and parts of eastern North America."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch also secured favorable trading relations with several Asian states, such as the Mughal Empire in India, from which they received half of all textiles and 80% of silks, and exclusive access to the Japanese market."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - Origins (1590s–1602)", "says": "In the 1560s, the Eighty Years' War broke out in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "History - Origins (1590s–1602)", "says": "A coalition of rebel provinces united in the Union of Utrecht declared independence from the Spanish Empire with the 1581 Act of Abjuration, in 1588 establishing the de facto independent northern Dutch Republic (alias the United Provinces), whose sovereignty was recognised by the Treaty of Antwerp (1609)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Origins (1590s–1602)", "says": "The war was largely fought on the European continent, but war was also conducted against Phillip II's overseas territories, including Spanish colonies and the Portuguese metropoles, colonies, trading posts and forts belonging to the King of Spain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "History - Origins (1590s–1602)", "says": "As a result of Portugal's incorporation in the Iberian Union with Spain by Philip II in 1580, all Portuguese territories became Spanish Habsburg branch territory, and all Portuguese markets were closed to the United Provinces."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Origins (1590s–1602)", "says": "As a result of Portugal's incorporation in the Iberian Union with Spain by Philip II in 1580, all Portuguese territories became Spanish Habsburg branch territory, and all Portuguese markets were closed to the United Provinces."}, {"id": "Q558994", "label": "Cornelis de Houtman", "section": "History - Origins (1590s–1602)", "says": "In 1595, the Dutch set sail to acquire products for themselves, making use of the \"secret\" knowledge of the Portuguese trade routes, which Cornelis de Houtman had managed to acquire in Lisbon."}, {"id": "Q770776", "label": "Dutch Gold Coast", "section": "History - Origins (1590s–1602)", "says": "In the 1590s, Dutch ships began to trade with Brazil and the Dutch Gold Coast of Africa, towards the Indian Ocean, and the source of the lucrative spice trade."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) (1602–1609)", "says": "Shortly after the VOC was founded, the problem of justifying attacks on Spanish and Portuguese ships became more acute when in February 1603, the Portuguese carrack Santa Catarina was captured off the coast of Singapore by three VOC ships under the command of Jacob van Heemskerck."}, {"id": "Q154959", "label": "Hugo Grotius", "section": "History - Establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) (1602–1609)", "says": "As a result, in September 1604 jurist Hugo Grotius wrote a treatise titled De Jure Praedae Commentarius (\"Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty\"), later published in 1609 as Mare Liberum, sive de jure quod Batavis competit ad Indicana commercia dissertatio (\"The Freedom of the Seas, Or, The Right Which Belongs to the Dutch to Take Part in the East Indian Trade\"), in which the act of aggression "}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) (1602–1609)", "says": "This was a \"critical\" event according to several historical studies, with Borschberg (2013) stating it \"marked a major shift in policy of the VOC\" and \"set the cornerstone for the establishment of the Dutch colonial empire in Asia\", because the resolution transformed the VOC \"into an instrument of war and colonial expansion that was directed against the Iberian powers in Asia and later, of course,"}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Iberian–Dutch conflicts (until 1661)", "says": "The Dutch attacked most of Portugal's far-flung trading network in and around Asia, including Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), and Goa, as well as attacks upon her commercial interests in Japan, Africa (especially Mina), and South America."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Iberian–Dutch conflicts (until 1661)", "says": "The Dutch also established a trading post in Ayutthaya, modern day Thailand during the reign of King Naresuan, in 1604."}, {"id": "Q515704", "label": "Naresuan", "section": "History - Iberian–Dutch conflicts (until 1661)", "says": "The Dutch also established a trading post in Ayutthaya, modern day Thailand during the reign of King Naresuan, in 1604."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Asia", "says": "The war between Phillip II's possessions and other countries led to a deterioration of the Portuguese Empire, as with the loss of Ormuz to England in 1622, but the Dutch Empire was the main beneficiary."}, {"id": "Q470856", "label": "Jan Pieterszoon Coen", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Asia", "says": "The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Pieterszoon Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the putative Dutch ancestors the Batavians, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Asia", "says": "The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Pieterszoon Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the putative Dutch ancestors the Batavians, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q2025874", "label": "Battle of Liaoluo Bay", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Asia", "says": "Then Chinese defeated the Dutch again at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay in 1633."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Asia", "says": "The Dutch colonised Mauritius in 1638, several decades after three ships out of the Dutch Second Fleet sent to the Spice Islands were blown off course in a storm and landed there in 1598."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Asia", "says": "They named it in honour of Prince Maurice of Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q25596", "label": "Saint Martin", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of the Americas", "says": "The Dutch then shifted to places like Bonaire, Saint Martin (island) and La Tortuga Island."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of the Americas", "says": "On the north-east coast of North America, the West India Company took over a settlement that had been established by the Company of New Netherland (1614"}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Southern Africa", "says": "The Cape authorities also imported a number of Europeans of other nationalities, namely Germans and French Huguenots, as well as thousands of slaves from the East Indies, to bolster the local Dutch workforce."}, {"id": "Q4807130", "label": "Dutch Cape Colony", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Southern Africa", "says": "The Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope expanded beyond the initial settlement and its borders were formally consolidated as the composite Dutch Cape Colony in 1778."}, {"id": "Q582594", "label": "Xhosa Wars", "section": "History - Dutch colonisation of Southern Africa", "says": "However, the Dutch proved unable to control their own settlers, who disregarded the agreement and crossed into Xhosa territory, sparking one of Southern Africa's longest colonial conflicts: the Xhosa Wars."}, {"id": "Q755170", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Wars", "section": "History - Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)", "says": "In 1651, the English parliament passed the first of the Navigation Acts which excluded Dutch shipping from the lucrative trade between England and its Caribbean colonies, and led directly to the outbreak of hostilities between the two countries the following year, the first of three Anglo-Dutch Wars that would last on and off for two decades and slowly erode Dutch naval power to England's benefit."}, {"id": "Q704384", "label": "Frederick Coyett", "section": "History - Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)", "says": "The Dutch defense, led by governor Frederick Coyett, held out for nine months."}, {"id": "Q1151913", "label": "First Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)", "says": "The English in the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54) had the naval advantage with larger numbers of more powerful \"ships of the line\" which were well suited to the naval tactics of the era."}, {"id": "Q1981397", "label": "Holmes's Bonfire", "section": "History - Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)", "says": "Holmes's Bonfire was a raid on the Vlie estuary in the Netherlands, executed by the English Fleet during the Second Anglo-Dutch War on 19 and 20 August 1666."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)", "says": "Holmes's Bonfire was a raid on the Vlie estuary in the Netherlands, executed by the English Fleet during the Second Anglo-Dutch War on 19 and 20 August 1666."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)", "says": "Though the Dutch would again take New Netherland in 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, it was returned to England the following year, thereby ending Dutch rule in continental North America, but leaving behind a large Dutch community under English rule that persisted with its language, church and customs until the mid-18th century."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "In 1795, the French Revolutionary Army invaded the Dutch Republic and turned the nation into a satellite of France, named the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "Britain, which was at war with France, soon moved to occupy Dutch colonies in Asia, South Africa, and the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain and France in 1802, the Cape Colony and the islands of the Dutch West Indies that the British had seized were returned to the Republic."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain and France in 1802, the Cape Colony and the islands of the Dutch West Indies that the British had seized were returned to the Republic."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "In 1806, Napoleon dissolved the Batavian Republic and established a monarchy with his brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne as King of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q7729", "label": "Louis Bonaparte", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "In 1806, Napoleon dissolved the Batavian Republic and established a monarchy with his brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne as King of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q617263", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "The following year, the independent Netherlands signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with Britain."}, {"id": "Q1841483", "label": "Dutch Ceylon", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1795–1815)", "says": "All the colonies Britain had seized were returned to the Netherlands, with the exception of the Dutch Cape Colony, Dutch Ceylon, and part of Dutch Guyana."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)", "says": "After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, Europe's borders were redrawn at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)", "says": "For the first time since the declaration of independence from Spain in 1581, the Dutch were reunited with the Southern Netherlands in a constitutional monarchy, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q224794", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824", "section": "History - Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)", "says": "However, the impossibility of removing the British from Singapore, which was becoming an increasingly important centre of trade, became apparent to the Dutch, and the disagreement was resolved with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)", "says": "Only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become the boundaries of modern-day Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Indonesia", "says": "The subsequent Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies during the remainder of World War II saw the fundamental dismantling of the Dutch colonial state's economic, political and social structures, replacing it with a Japanese regime."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "History - Indonesia", "says": "Under the terms of the 1949 agreement, Western New Guinea remained under the auspices of the Dutch as Netherlands New Guinea, and its dispute will be resolved by a year."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Indonesia", "says": "Following United States pressure, the Netherlands transferred it to Indonesia under the 1962 New York Agreement."}, {"id": "Q2822794", "label": "New York Agreement", "section": "History - Indonesia", "says": "Following United States pressure, the Netherlands transferred it to Indonesia under the 1962 New York Agreement."}, {"id": "Q25227", "label": "Netherlands Antilles", "section": "History - Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles", "says": "In 1954, under the \"Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands\", the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles (at the time including Aruba) became a composite state, known as the \"Tripartite Kingdom of the Netherlands\"."}], "Q170588": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Tejas), or simply Texas, was a short-lived sovereign country in North America from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846."}, {"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Texas Revolution began when hostilities broke out on October 2, 1835, shortly before the regime of Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna adopted a new Mexican constitution known as the Siete Leyes that abolished the authority of the states under the federal republic and established a centralized government."}, {"id": "Q1361674", "label": "Treaties of Velasco", "section": "lead", "says": "Major fighting ended on April 21, 1836, with the Treaties of Velasco that ended the fighting and secured Texas' independence."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "European powers (France and the United Kingdom), along with the United States, hesitated to recognize the new republic, in deference to established relations with Mexico, but over time recognized Texas and adopted trade relations."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "European powers (France and the United Kingdom), along with the United States, hesitated to recognize the new republic, in deference to established relations with Mexico, but over time recognized Texas and adopted trade relations."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Consequently, the annexation led to the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Spanish Texas", "says": "Following the loss of numerous troops and failure to suppress the revolution by slaves and free people of color in Saint-Domingue, Napoleon decided to abandon North America; he sold what became known as the Louisiana Purchase to the United States."}, {"id": "Q351722", "label": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "section": "History - Spanish Texas", "says": "The status of Texas during these transfers was unclear and was not resolved until 1819, when the Adams–Onís Treaty between Spain and the United States ceded Spanish Florida to the United States, and established a clear boundary between Texas and Louisiana."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "History - Mexican Texas", "says": "The First Mexican Empire was short-lived, being replaced by a republican form of government in 1823."}, {"id": "Q354678", "label": "Anastasio Bustamante", "section": "History - Mexican Texas", "says": "In the Law of April 6, 1830, Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante outlawed American immigration to Texas, following several conflicts with the Empresarios over the status of slavery, which had been abolished in Mexico in 1829, but which the Texians refused to end."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "History - Texas Revolution", "says": "By 1834, American immigrants in the area greatly outnumbered Mexicans."}, {"id": "Q1191854", "label": "Battle of Gonzales", "section": "History - Texas Revolution", "says": "The Texian leadership under Austin began to organize its own military, and hostilities broke out on October 2, 1835, at the Battle of Gonzales, the first engagement of the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q970690", "label": "Lorenzo de Zavala", "section": "History - Politics", "says": "Burnet became the interim president of Texas, and appointed Lorenzo de Zavala as vice president at the same time, following a vote where Burnet won among convention delegates."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "History - Politics", "says": "Burnet declined to run for reelection, thereafter Sam Houston was elected as the new President of the Republic of Texas on September 5, 1836, with Burnet resigning."}, {"id": "Q569983", "label": "Anson Jones", "section": "History - Politics", "says": "The 1844 Republic of Texas presidential election split the electorate dramatically, with the newer western regions of the Republic preferring the nationalist candidate Edward Burleson, while the cotton country, particularly east of the Trinity River, went for Anson Jones."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Armed conflicts", "says": "Under command of Potsanaquahip (Buffalo Hump), 500 to 700 Comanche cavalry warriors swept down the Guadalupe River valley, killing and plundering all the way to the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, where they sacked the towns of Victoria and Linnville."}], "Q179293": [{"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile, as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion."}, {"id": "Q311138", "label": "Alfonso III of Asturias", "section": "History - 9th to 11th centuries: beginnings", "says": "According to the chronicles of Alfonso III of Asturias, the first reference to the name \"Castile\" (Castilla) can be found in a document written during AD 800."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "History - 9th to 11th centuries: beginnings", "says": "The name reflects its origin as a march on the eastern frontier of the Kingdom of Asturias, protected by castles, towers, or castra, in a territory formerly called Bardulia."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "History - 9th to 11th centuries: beginnings", "says": "From the first half of the 9th century until the middle of the century, in which it came to be paid more attention, it was administered and defended by the monarchs of Leon, due to the increased incursions from the Emirate of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q223646", "label": "Ordoño I of Asturias", "section": "History - 9th to 11th centuries: beginnings", "says": "The first count of a wider and more united Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordoño I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - 9th to 11th centuries: beginnings", "says": "He settled and fortified the ancient Cantabrian hill town of Amaya, west and south of the Ebro river, which offered an easier defense from the Muslim military expeditions and command of the main highway, still functional from the Roman Empire, passing by, south of the Cantabrian ridge all the way to Leon."}, {"id": "Q296652", "label": "Sancho III of Navarre", "section": "History - 11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León", "says": "The minority of Count García Sánchez led Castile to accept Sancho III of Navarre, married to the sister of Count García, as feudal overlord."}, {"id": "Q345392", "label": "Bermudo III of León", "section": "History - 11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León", "says": "García was assassinated in 1028 while in León to marry the princess Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - 11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León", "says": "Sancho III, acting as feudal overlord, appointed his younger son (García's nephew) Ferdinand as Count of Castile, marrying him to his uncle's intended bride, Sancha of León."}, {"id": "Q1847459", "label": "Sancha of León", "section": "History - 11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León", "says": "Sancho III, acting as feudal overlord, appointed his younger son (García's nephew) Ferdinand as Count of Castile, marrying him to his uncle's intended bride, Sancha of León."}, {"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "History - 11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León", "says": "Sancho later attacked Alfonso VI and invaded León with the help of El Cid, and drove his brother into exile, thereby reuniting the three kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q319625", "label": "Henry of Burgundy", "section": "History - 11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León", "says": "He gave his daughters, Elvira, Urraca, and Theresa in marriage to Raymond of Toulouse, Raymond of Burgundy, and Henry of Burgundy respectively."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "History - 12th century: a link between Christianity and Islam", "says": "The 2nd Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - 12th century: a link between Christianity and Islam", "says": "Aided by this knowledge and the juxtaposition of beliefs, the Abbasids considered it valuable to look at Islam with Greek eyes, and to look at the Greeks with Islamic eyes."}, {"id": "Q243122", "label": "Ferdinand III of Castille", "section": "History - 13th century: definitive union with the Kingdom of León", "says": "The rivalry between both kingdoms continued until 1230 when Ferdinand III of Castile received the Kingdom of León from his father Alfonso IX, having previously received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother Berenguela of Castile in 1217."}, {"id": "Q269876", "label": "House of Trastámara", "section": "History - 14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara", "says": "The House of Trastámara was a lineage that ruled Castile from 1369 to 1504, Aragón from 1412 to 1516, Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and Naples from 1442 to 1501."}, {"id": "Q262363", "label": "Henry II of Castile", "section": "History - 14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara", "says": "This title was used by Henry II of Castile, of the Mercedes, before coming to the throne in 1369, during the civil war with his legitimate brother, King Peter of Castile."}, {"id": "Q310963", "label": "Peter of Castile", "section": "History - 14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara", "says": "This title was used by Henry II of Castile, of the Mercedes, before coming to the throne in 1369, during the civil war with his legitimate brother, King Peter of Castile."}, {"id": "Q236889", "label": "Leonor I of Navarre", "section": "History - 14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara", "says": "John II of Aragón ruled from 1458 to 1479 and upon his death, his daughter became Queen Eleanor of Navarre and his son became King Ferdinand II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "History - 14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara", "says": "John II of Aragón ruled from 1458 to 1479 and upon his death, his daughter became Queen Eleanor of Navarre and his son became King Ferdinand II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "History - Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon", "says": "The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, in 1469 at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid began the familial union of the two kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "History - Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon", "says": "When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union, creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit, referred to as España (Spain).\n\"Los Reyes Católicos\" started policies that diminished the power of the bourgeoisie and nobility in Castile, and greatly reduc"}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon", "says": "In 1492, the Kingdom of Castile conquered the last Moorish state of Granada, thereby ending Muslim rule in Iberia and completing the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "Charles I also became Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "Charles I also became Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519."}], "Q179840": [{"id": "Q333306", "label": "Robert II", "section": "lead", "says": "The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II; he and his descendants were monarchs of Scotland from 1371 and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "lead", "says": "Mary, Queen of Scots (r."}, {"id": "Q137906", "label": "James IV of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor, thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England."}, {"id": "Q523140", "label": "Margaret Tudor", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor, thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Margaret's niece, Elizabeth I of England died without issue in 1603, and James IV's and Margaret's great-grandson James VI of Scotland acceded to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I in the Union of the Crowns."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the Glorious Revolution in 1688: Mary II and Anne."}, {"id": "Q79972", "label": "James VI and I", "section": "lead", "says": "Both were the Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife Anne Hyde and the great-grandchildren of James VI and I."}, {"id": "Q158252", "label": "Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Hanover had become linked to the House of Stuart through the line of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "Origins", "says": "The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to Alan fitz Flaad, a Breton who went to England not long after the Norman Conquest."}, {"id": "Q101384", "label": "Henry I of England", "section": "Origins", "says": "Alan had been the hereditary steward of the Bishop of Dol in the Duchy of Brittany; Alan had a good relationship with Henry I of England who awarded him with lands in Shropshire."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "Origins", "says": "When the civil war in the Kingdom of England, known as The Anarchy, broke out between Empress Matilda and King Stephen, Walter had sided with Matilda."}, {"id": "Q743768", "label": "The Anarchy", "section": "Origins", "says": "When the civil war in the Kingdom of England, known as The Anarchy, broke out between Empress Matilda and King Stephen, Walter had sided with Matilda."}, {"id": "Q150872", "label": "Empress Matilda", "section": "Origins", "says": "When the civil war in the Kingdom of England, known as The Anarchy, broke out between Empress Matilda and King Stephen, Walter had sided with Matilda."}, {"id": "Q216787", "label": "David I of Scotland", "section": "Origins", "says": "Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld."}, {"id": "Q2991084", "label": "county of Anjou", "section": "Origins", "says": "After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou, essentially failing in her attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "Origins", "says": "It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland, where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire and the title for life of lord high steward."}], "Q204920": [{"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown of Aragon (US: ) was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q1233672", "label": "County of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown of Aragon (US: ) was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown of Aragon (US: ) was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown of Aragon (US: ) was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous state according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, and dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes (parliaments), particularly in the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia, and the Kingdom of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1479, a new dynastic union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as \"the Spains\", led to what would become the Spanish composite monarchy under Habsburg monarchs."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aragonese Crown continued to exist until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1707–1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q836676", "label": "Kingdom of Majorca", "section": "Context", "says": "The Crown of Aragon eventually included the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia (until the late 12th century the County of Barcelona and others), the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, the Kingdom of Sicily, Malta, the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "Context", "says": "For brief periods the Crown of Aragon also controlled Montpellier, Provence, Corsica, and the twin Duchy of Athens and Neopatras in Latin Greece."}, {"id": "Q1164500", "label": "Kingdom of Murcia", "section": "Context", "says": "In the Late Middle Ages, the southward territorial expansion of the Aragonese Crown in the Iberian Peninsula stopped in Murcia, which eventually consolidated as a realm of the Crown of Castile, the Kingdom of Murcia."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Context", "says": "In contrast, Portugal, which completed its southward expansion in 1249, would focus on the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"id": "Q235409", "label": "Petronilla of Aragon", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Crown of Aragon originated in 1137, when the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (along with the County of Provence, Girona, Cerdanya, Osona, and other territories) merged by dynastic union upon the marriage of Petronilla of Aragon and Raymond Berenguer IV of Barcelona; their individual titles combined in the person of their son Alfonso II of Aragon, who ascended to the throne in 116"}, {"id": "Q299156", "label": "Alfonso II of Aragon", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Crown of Aragon originated in 1137, when the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (along with the County of Provence, Girona, Cerdanya, Osona, and other territories) merged by dynastic union upon the marriage of Petronilla of Aragon and Raymond Berenguer IV of Barcelona; their individual titles combined in the person of their son Alfonso II of Aragon, who ascended to the throne in 116"}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "His brothers Peter I (reigned 1094–1104) and Alfonso I El Batallador (The Battler, reigned 1104–1134) had fought against Castile for hegemony in the Iberian peninsula."}, {"id": "Q1334322", "label": "County of Toulouse", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "And the House of Barcelona succeeded in extending its influence to the area that is now south of France through strong family ties, in the areas of the County of Provence, County of Toulouse and County of Foix."}, {"id": "Q1481436", "label": "County of Foix", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "And the House of Barcelona succeeded in extending its influence to the area that is now south of France through strong family ties, in the areas of the County of Provence, County of Toulouse and County of Foix."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Pope Innocent III called upon Philip II of France to suppress the Albigensians—the Albigensian Crusade, which led to bringing Occitania firmly under the control of the King of France, and the Capetian dynasty from northern France."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Pope Innocent III called upon Philip II of France to suppress the Albigensians—the Albigensian Crusade, which led to bringing Occitania firmly under the control of the King of France, and the Capetian dynasty from northern France."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Pope Innocent III called upon Philip II of France to suppress the Albigensians—the Albigensian Crusade, which led to bringing Occitania firmly under the control of the King of France, and the Capetian dynasty from northern France."}, {"id": "Q315058", "label": "Peter II of Aragon", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Peter II of Aragon returned from the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in autumn 1212 to find that Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, had conquered Toulouse, exiling Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, who was Peter's brother-in-law and vassal."}, {"id": "Q219697", "label": "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Peter II of Aragon returned from the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in autumn 1212 to find that Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, had conquered Toulouse, exiling Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, who was Peter's brother-in-law and vassal."}, {"id": "Q356564", "label": "Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Peter II of Aragon returned from the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in autumn 1212 to find that Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, had conquered Toulouse, exiling Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, who was Peter's brother-in-law and vassal."}, {"id": "Q1354080", "label": "Battle of Muret", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Battle of Muret began on 12 September 1213."}, {"id": "Q1541862", "label": "Compromise of Caspe", "section": "History - Personal union with Castile", "says": "As a result, on the Compromise of Caspe, representatives from each Iberian state of the Crown, the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia, chose Ferdinand of Antequera from the Castilian dynasty of Trastámara as king of the Crown of Aragon as Ferdinand I of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Personal union with Castile", "says": "As a result, on the Compromise of Caspe, representatives from each Iberian state of the Crown, the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia, chose Ferdinand of Antequera from the Castilian dynasty of Trastámara as king of the Crown of Aragon as Ferdinand I of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q47412", "label": "Ferdinand I of Aragon", "section": "History - Personal union with Castile", "says": "As a result, on the Compromise of Caspe, representatives from each Iberian state of the Crown, the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia, chose Ferdinand of Antequera from the Castilian dynasty of Trastámara as king of the Crown of Aragon as Ferdinand I of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "History - Personal union with Castile", "says": "Later, his grandson King Ferdinand II of Aragon recovered the northern Catalan counties—Roussillon and Cerdagne—which had been lost to France as well as the Kingdom of Navarre, which had recently joined the Crown of Aragon but had been lost after internal dynastic disputes."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "History - Personal union with Castile", "says": "Later, his grandson King Ferdinand II of Aragon recovered the northern Catalan counties—Roussillon and Cerdagne—which had been lost to France as well as the Kingdom of Navarre, which had recently joined the Crown of Aragon but had been lost after internal dynastic disputes."}, {"id": "Q310918", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "section": "History - Personal union with Castile", "says": "In 1469, Ferdinand married Infanta Isabella of Castile, half-sister of King Henry IV of Castile, who became Queen of Castile and León after Henry's death in 1474."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Personal union with Castile", "says": "The process of territorial consolidation was completed when their grandson King Charles I, known as Emperor Charles V, in 1516 ruled over all of the kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula, save the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarve, under one monarch—his co-monarch and mother Queen Joanna I in confinement—thereby furthering the creation of the Spanish monarchy, albeit a composite and decentralized o"}, {"id": "Q1348955", "label": "Reapers' War", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "It was unable to prevent the separation of Sicily and Naples due to the establishment of the Council of Italy, the loss of Roussillon in 1659 after the Reapers' War in the Principality of Catalonia, the loss of Minorca and its Italian domains in 1707–1716, and the imposition of French language on Roussillon (1700) and Castilian as the language of government in all the old Aragonese Crown lands in "}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "The Crown of Aragon and its institutions and public law were abolished between 1707 and 1716 only after the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) by the Nueva Planta decrees, issued by Philip V of Spain."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "The original political structure was swept away, the administration was subsumed into the Castilian laws, the states of the Crown of Aragon loss their status of separate entitites and were united formally with those of Castile to legally form a single state, the Kingdom of Spain, as it moved towards an absolutist centralized government under the new Bourbon dynasty."}], "Q207272": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Polish Republic, officially known at the time as the Republic of Poland, was the Polish state that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939 after being established in the final stage of World War I."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was taken over in 1939 on the eve of its twenty-first anniversary, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was taken over in 1939 on the eve of its twenty-first anniversary, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was taken over in 1939 on the eve of its twenty-first anniversary, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was taken over in 1939 on the eve of its twenty-first anniversary, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, this had grown to an estimated 35.1 million."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Polish Jews were some of the biggest supporters of Second Republic leader Józef Piłsudski, even after he returned to politics and staged a coup in 1926, after his death in 1935 the Pilsudskites ruling the Republic began to openly discriminate against its Jewish (and, to a lesser extent, its Ukrainian and Belarusian) citizens, restricting Jewish entry into professions and placing limitatio"}, {"id": "Q303836", "label": "Republic of Tarnobrzeg", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 November, socialists proclaimed the Republic of Tarnobrzeg at Tarnobrzeg in the Austrian Galicia."}, {"id": "Q14430", "label": "Ignacy Daszyński", "section": "Background", "says": "The same day, the Socialist, Ignacy Daszyński, set up a Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej) in Lublin."}, {"id": "Q2988903", "label": "Kazimierz Sosnkowski", "section": "Background", "says": "Piłsudski, together with Colonel Kazimierz Sosnkowski, was greeted at Warsaw's railway station by Regent Zdzisław Lubomirski and by Colonel Adam Koc."}, {"id": "Q7308003", "label": "Regency Council", "section": "Background", "says": "The next day, due to his popularity and support from most political parties, the Regency Council appointed Piłsudski as Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q736481", "label": "Republic of Zakopane", "section": "Background", "says": "Centres of government that formed at that time in Galicia (formerly Austrian-ruled southern Poland) included the National Council of the Principality of Cieszyn (established in November 1918), the Republic of Zakopane and the Polish Liquidation Committee (28 October)."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon afterward, the Polish–Ukrainian War broke out in Lwów (1 November 1918) between forces of the Military Committee of Ukrainians and the Polish irregular units made up of students known as the Lwów Eaglets, who were later supported by the Polish Army (see Battle of Lwów (1918), Battle of Przemyśl (1918))."}, {"id": "Q1933729", "label": "Polish–Czechoslovak War", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1919, Czechoslovak forces attacked Polish units in the area of Trans-Olza (see Polish–Czechoslovak War)."}, {"id": "Q1495944", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon afterwards, the Polish–Lithuanian War (ca 1919–1920) began, and, in August 1919, Polish-speaking residents of Upper Silesia initiated a series of three Silesian Uprisings."}, {"id": "Q703893", "label": "Silesian Uprisings", "section": "Background", "says": "Soon afterwards, the Polish–Lithuanian War (ca 1919–1920) began, and, in August 1919, Polish-speaking residents of Upper Silesia initiated a series of three Silesian Uprisings."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Background", "says": "The most critical military conflict of that period, however, the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921), ended in a decisive Polish victory."}], "Q210036": [{"id": "Q179846", "label": "Dzhokhar Dudayev", "section": "lead", "says": "In September–October 1991, supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev seized power in Chechnya during the Chechen Revolution."}, {"id": "Q218435", "label": "Zviad Gamsakhurdia", "section": "lead", "says": "The move was welcomed by Georgia's president, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who was one of the first to congratulate Dudayev on his victory and attended his inauguration as president in Grozny."}, {"id": "Q314116", "label": "Alexander Rutskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Close ties between Gamsakhurdia and Dudayev led to Russian officials, including Alexander Rutskoy, accusing Georgia of \"fomenting unrest in the [Chechen autonomous] republic\"."}, {"id": "Q29269", "label": "First Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Chechen War of 1994–1996 resulted in the victory of the separatist forces."}, {"id": "Q120843", "label": "Second Chechen War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Chechen War began in August 1999, with Ichkeria falling and subsequently being forcibly subsumed back under the control of the Russian central government in 2000."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "In November 1990, Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected head of the executive committee of the unofficial opposition Chechen National Congress (NCChP), which advocated sovereignty for Chechnya as a separate republic within the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "As crowds of armed separatists gathered in Grozny, Russian president Boris Yeltsin sought to declare a state of emergency in the region, but his efforts were thwarted by the Russian parliament."}, {"id": "Q193354", "label": "Aslan Maskhadov", "section": "History - Interwar period (1996–1999)", "says": "Parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power Aslan Maskhadov."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "History - Interwar period (1996–1999)", "says": "The elections were deemed free and fair, but no government recognized Chechnya's independence, except for the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q718173", "label": "Sulim Yamadayev", "section": "History - Interwar period (1996–1999)", "says": "The internal violence in Chechnya peaked on 16 July 1998, when fighting broke out between Maskhadov's National Guard force led by Sulim Yamadayev (who joined pro-Moscow forces in the second war) and militants in the town of Gudermes; over 50 people wer"}, {"id": "Q190731", "label": "Shamil Basayev", "section": "History - Second war and insurgency period", "says": "In August 1999, Islamist fighters from Chechnya, along with defected militants from other factions, invaded Russia’s Dagestan region and declared it an independent state, calling for a jihad against “unbelievers.” These fighters, led by commanders such as Shamil Basayev and Ibn al-Khattab, operated outside the formal authority of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria government under President Aslan Ma"}, {"id": "Q174438", "label": "Madeleine Albright", "section": "History - Second war and insurgency period", "says": "Secretary of State Madeleine Albright stated that, at that time, there was no evidence tying the bombings to Chechnya."}, {"id": "Q16335075", "label": "War in Donbas", "section": "History - Russo-Ukrainian War", "says": "The Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion fought on the side of Ukraine since its formation during the War in Donbas in 2014."}, {"id": "Q340556", "label": "Zaki Axmad", "section": "History - Russo-Ukrainian War", "says": "In May 2022, Ichkeria's government-in-exile leader Akhmed Zakayev travelled to Kyiv and met with Ukrainian officials for \"confidential\" talks."}, {"id": "Q2414302", "label": "Ruslan Gelayev", "section": "History - Russo-Ukrainian War", "says": "A fourth separatist unit, called \"Khamzat Gelayev Joint Task Detachment\" (named after Ruslan Gelayev) was also founded."}, {"id": "Q165058", "label": "Holodomor", "section": "History - Russo-Ukrainian War", "says": "In November, the Ichkerian exile government recognized the Holodomor as a genocide against the Ukrainian people."}], "Q231392": [{"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Asturias was a medieval monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the nobleman Pelagius."}, {"id": "Q957186", "label": "Battle of Covadonga", "section": "lead", "says": "In the summer of 722, Pelagius defeated an Umayyad army at the Battle of Covadonga, in what is retroactively regarded as the beginning of the Christian Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "In the summer of 722, Pelagius defeated an Umayyad army at the Battle of Covadonga, in what is retroactively regarded as the beginning of the Christian Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "791–842), the kingdom was firmly established with Alfonso's recognition as king of Asturias by Charlemagne and the Pope."}, {"id": "Q43999", "label": "St. James the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "During his reign, the holy bones of St James the Great were declared to be found in Galicia, in Compostela."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "Indigenous background", "says": "According to the descriptions of Strabo, Cassius Dio and other Graeco-Roman geographers, several peoples of Celtic origin inhabited the lands of Asturias at the beginning of the Christian era, most notably:\n\nin the Cantabri, the Vadinienses, who inhabited the Picos de Europa region and whose settlement gradually expanded southward during the first centuries of the modern era\nthe Orgenomesci, who d"}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Indigenous background", "says": "However, other geographers placed the frontier between the Astures and the Cantabri further to the east: Julius Honorius stated in his Cosmographia that the springs of the river Ebro were located in the land of the Astures (sub asturibus)."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Indigenous background", "says": "The situation started to change during the Late Roman Empire and the early Middle Ages, when an Asturian identity gradually started to develop: the centuries-old fight between Visigothic and Suebian nobles may have helped to forge a distinct identity among the peoples of the Cantabrian districts."}], "Q31929": [{"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, which had ruled as kings of the Franks since 751 and as kings of the Lombards in Italy from 774."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "lead", "says": "In 800 Pope Leo III crowned King Charlemagne as the Roman emperor in return for political protection, disregarding the universalist claims of the weakened Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "In 800 Pope Leo III crowned King Charlemagne as the Roman emperor in return for political protection, disregarding the universalist claims of the weakened Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 800 Pope Leo III crowned King Charlemagne as the Roman emperor in return for political protection, disregarding the universalist claims of the weakened Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Carolingian Empire is sometimes considered the first phase in the history of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "lead", "says": "After a civil war from 840 to 843 following the death of Emperor Louis the Pious, the empire was divided into autonomous kingdoms, with one king still recognised as emperor but with little authority outside his own kingdom."}, {"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "lead", "says": "In 884 Charles the Fat reunited all the Carolingian kingdoms for the last time, but he was deposed by the Frankish nobility in 887 and died in 888, and the empire immediately fractured."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "In the south it crossed the Pyrenees and bordered the Emirate of Córdoba and (after 824) the Kingdom of Pamplona; to the north it bordered the kingdom of the Danes; to the west it had a short land border with Brittany, which was later reduced to a tributary; and to the east it had a long border with the Slavs and the Avars, who were eventually defeated and their land incorporated into the empire."}, {"id": "Q781935", "label": "Principality of Benevento", "section": "lead", "says": "In southern Italy, the Carolingians' claims to authority were disputed by the Byzantines and the vestiges of the Lombard kingdom in the Principality of Benevento."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Rise of the Carolingians (732–768)", "says": "Though Charles Martel chose not to take the title of king (as his son Pepin III would) or emperor (as his grandson Charlemagne), he was the absolute ruler of virtually all of today's continental Western Europe north of the Pyrenees."}, {"id": "Q173077", "label": "Battle of Tours", "section": "History - Rise of the Carolingians (732–768)", "says": "Martel cemented his place in history with his defense of Christian Europe against a Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732."}, {"id": "Q161841", "label": "Edward Gibbon", "section": "History - Rise of the Carolingians (732–768)", "says": "Historian Edward Gibbon calls Martel \"the paramount prince of his age\"."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Reign of Charlemagne (768–814)", "says": "The Carolingian Empire during the reign of Charlemagne covered most of Western Europe, as the Roman Empire once had."}, {"id": "Q458847", "label": "Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "History - Reign of Charlemagne (768–814)", "says": "He then extended his domain into Bavaria after forcing Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, to renounce any claim to his title in 794."}, {"id": "Q820211", "label": "massacre of Verden", "section": "History - Reign of Charlemagne (768–814)", "says": "He also conquered Saxon territories in wars and rebellions fought from 772 to 804, with such events as the Massacre of Verden in 782 and the codification of the Lex Saxonum in 802."}, {"id": "Q283107", "label": "Charles the Younger", "section": "History - Reign of Charlemagne (768–814)", "says": "These included King Charles the Younger who received Neustria; King Louis the Pious who received Aquitaine; and King Pepin who received Italy."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Reign of Louis the Pious and Civil War (814–843)", "says": "In 817 Louis had established three Carolingian kingships for his sons from his first marriage: Lothar was made king of Italy and co-emperor, Pepin was made king of Aquitaine, and Louis the German was made king of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Reign of Louis the Pious and Civil War (814–843)", "says": "His attempts in 823 to bring his fourth son (from his second marriage) Charles the Bald into the will was marked by the resistance of his eldest sons."}, {"id": "Q826380", "label": "Bernard of Septimania", "section": "History - Reign of Louis the Pious and Civil War (814–843)", "says": "Whilst this was part of the reason for strife amongst Louis' sons, some suggest that it was the appointment of Bernard of Septimania as chamberlain which caused discontent with Lothar, as he was stripped of his co-emperorship in 829 and was banished to Italy (although it is not kn"}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "The partition of Carolingian Empire was finally settled in 843 by and between Louis the Pious' three sons in the Treaty of Verdun."}, {"id": "Q835646", "label": "Treaty of Prüm", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "By the Treaty of Prüm (855), Lothar divided his kingdom into three parts: the Italian territory already held by Louis remained his, the territory of the former Kingdom of Burgundy was granted to his third son Charles of Burgundy, and the remaining territory for which there was no traditional name was granted to his second son Lothar II, whose realm was named Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "By the Treaty of Prüm (855), Lothar divided his kingdom into three parts: the Italian territory already held by Louis remained his, the territory of the former Kingdom of Burgundy was granted to his third son Charles of Burgundy, and the remaining territory for which there was no traditional name was granted to his second son Lothar II, whose realm was named Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "By the Treaty of Prüm (855), Lothar divided his kingdom into three parts: the Italian territory already held by Louis remained his, the territory of the former Kingdom of Burgundy was granted to his third son Charles of Burgundy, and the remaining territory for which there was no traditional name was granted to his second son Lothar II, whose realm was named Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "Lothar II died in 869 with no legitimate heirs, due to the pope's refusal to allow the divorce, and his kingdom was divided between Charles the Bald and Louis the German in 870 by the Treaty of Meerssen."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "Louis II died in 875, and named Carloman, the eldest son of Louis the German, his heir."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "Charles tried to annex his realm too, but was defeated decisively at Andernach, and East Francia was divided between Louis the Younger, Carloman of Bavaria and Charles the Fat."}, {"id": "Q157084", "label": "Carloman of Bavaria", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877)", "says": "Charles tried to annex his realm too, but was defeated decisively at Andernach, and East Francia was divided between Louis the Younger, Carloman of Bavaria and Charles the Fat."}, {"id": "Q182840", "label": "Louis the Stammerer", "section": "History - Decline and division (877–888)", "says": "His successor, Louis the Stammerer, became king of the Western Franks, but the title of emperor lapsed."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History - Decline and division (877–888)", "says": "Louis the Stammerer was physically weak and died two years later, his realm being divided between his eldest two sons: Louis III gaining Neustria and Francia, and Carloman II gaining Aquitaine and Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q192846", "label": "Carloman II of France", "section": "History - Decline and division (877–888)", "says": "Louis the Stammerer was physically weak and died two years later, his realm being divided between his eldest two sons: Louis III gaining Neustria and Francia, and Carloman II gaining Aquitaine and Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q33242", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "section": "History - Decline and division (877–888)", "says": "In 879, Boso of Vienne founded the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy in Provence."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "History - Decline and division (877–888)", "says": "The following year his nephew Arnulf of Carinthia, the illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria, raised the standard of rebellion."}, {"id": "Q33235", "label": "Upper Burgundy", "section": "History - Decline and division (877–888)", "says": "The empire of the Carolingians was divided: Arnulf maintained Carinthia, Bavaria, Lorraine and modern Germany; Count Odo of Paris was elected king of Western Francia (France), Ranulf II became king of Aquitaine, Italy went to Count Berengar of Friuli, Upper Burgundy to Rudolph I, and Lower Burgundy to Louis the Blind, the son of Boso of Arles, King of Lower Burgundy and maternal grandson of Empero"}, {"id": "Q310435", "label": "Louis the Blind", "section": "History - Decline and division (877–888)", "says": "The empire of the Carolingians was divided: Arnulf maintained Carinthia, Bavaria, Lorraine and modern Germany; Count Odo of Paris was elected king of Western Francia (France), Ranulf II became king of Aquitaine, Italy went to Count Berengar of Friuli, Upper Burgundy to Rudolph I, and Lower Burgundy to Louis the Blind, the son of Boso of Arles, King of Lower Burgundy and maternal grandson of Empero"}], "Q373189": [{"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It borders Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "Herodotus mentions the Thyni and Bithyni as settling side by side."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Kingdom of Bithynia", "says": "Even before the conquest by Alexander the Great, the Bithynians appear to have asserted their independence, and successfully maintained it under two native princes, Bas and Zipoites, the latter of whom assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BC."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Kingdom of Bithynia", "says": "But the last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself in power against Mithridates VI of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q168707", "label": "Pliny the Younger", "section": "History - Roman province", "says": "This was the situation at the time of Emperor Trajan, when Pliny the Younger was appointed governor of the combined provinces (109/110 – 111/112), a circumstance which has provided historians with valuable information concerning the Roman provincial administration at that time."}], "Q151536": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "According to the 12th-century Primary Chronicle, in 859, the Varangians began to levy tribute on these tribes, who chased out the Varangians three years later."}, {"id": "Q6131983", "label": "Oleg the Wise", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Primary Chronicle states that when Oleg the Wise conquered Kiev in 882, which traditionally marks the beginning of Kievan Rus', he ordered Novgorod to pay tribute to the Varangian princes in Kiev."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Primary Chronicle states that when Oleg the Wise conquered Kiev in 882, which traditionally marks the beginning of Kievan Rus', he ordered Novgorod to pay tribute to the Varangian princes in Kiev."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - 12th century", "says": "The Novgorodians sought to maintain the balance of power by alternating their invitations to princes from different regional centers, including the principalities of Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal) and Kiev, whose prince remained the \"eldest\" among the Rurikids until 1169."}, {"id": "Q210398", "label": "Rurikids", "section": "History - 12th century", "says": "The Novgorodians sought to maintain the balance of power by alternating their invitations to princes from different regional centers, including the principalities of Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal) and Kiev, whose prince remained the \"eldest\" among the Rurikids until 1169."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "Yaroslav retreated to Novgorod, claimed no ill will towards Pskov, but raised another army supposedly for the purpose of attacking Riga (a stronghold of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword)."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "With the Suzdalian princely threat gone, the Pskovians sent the Livonian auxiliaries home, while the veche elected Michael of Chernigov as Novgorod's new knyaz in 1230."}, {"id": "Q60952", "label": "Albert of Riga", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "Meanwhile, Yaroslav Vladimirovich, a son of the previous Pskovian prince Vladimir Mstislavich of Pskov sought to leverage his family ties with the bishops Hermann of Dorpat and Albert of Riga (died 1229) to gain his father's throne."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Tver, Moscow and Lithuania fought over control of Novgorod and its enormous wealth from the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q314457", "label": "Magnus IV of Sweden", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Pskov won its formal independence in August 1348 after Magnus IV of Sweden captured the key fortress of Orekhov."}, {"id": "Q4288097", "label": "Muscovite Civil War", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Novgorod supported Dmitry Shemyaka against Vasily Vasilievich in the Muscovite War of Succession (1425–1453)."}, {"id": "Q4536370", "label": "Treaty of Yazhelbitsy", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "After Vasily II returned to throne, a war between Moscow and Novgorod took place, which ended after the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy was signed in 1456."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Novgorod negotiated with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for a new prince to be sent over."}], "Q153660": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian Social Republic (Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana, IPA: [reˈpubblika soˈtʃaːle itaˈljaːna]; RSI), known prior to December 1943 as the National Republican State of Italy (Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia; SNRI), but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò (Repubblica di Salò, IPA: [reˈpubblika di saˈlɔ]), was a German puppet state with limited diplomatic recognition that w"}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian Social Republic was the second and last incarnation of the Italian Fascist state, led by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and his reformed Republican Fascist Party."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "In July 1943, after the Allies had pushed Italy out of North Africa and subsequently invaded Sicily, the Grand Council of Fascism—with the support of King Victor Emmanuel III—overthrew and arrested Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "lead", "says": "The new government began secret peace negotiations with the Allied powers but when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September, Nazi Germany was prepared and quickly intervened."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The new government began secret peace negotiations with the Allied powers but when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September, Nazi Germany was prepared and quickly intervened."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "Finland and Vichy France, although in the German orbit, did not recognize it."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Unofficial relations were maintained with Argentina, Portugal, Spain, and, through commercial agents, Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "Vatican City did not recognize the RSI."}, {"id": "Q353201", "label": "Dino Grandi", "section": "Context of its creation", "says": "On 24 July 1943, after the Allied landings in Sicily, on a motion by Dino Grandi, the Grand Council of Fascism voted a motion of no confidence in Prime Minister Benito Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "Context of its creation", "says": "The next day, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini from office, ordered him arrested, and appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio as new prime minister."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "Context of its creation", "says": "German Führer Adolf Hitler and his staff, long aware of the negotiations, acted immediately by ordering German troops to seize control of Northern and Central Italy."}], "Q175276": [{"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1008, Norman Vikings attacked Galicia, destroying Santiago de Composte"}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The city of León was founded by the Legio VII Gemina (\"twin seventh legion\") of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q313065", "label": "Liuvigild", "section": "Background", "says": "In 569, the city was conquered by the Arian Visigothic king Liuvigild, who did not harass the already well-established Catholic population."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "Background", "says": "However, León was one of the first cities retaken during the Reconquista and became part of the Kingdom of Asturias in 742."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "Background", "says": "However, León was one of the first cities retaken during the Reconquista and became part of the Kingdom of Asturias in 742."}, {"id": "Q296652", "label": "Sancho III of Navarre", "section": "History - Peak", "says": "However, Sancho III of Navarre (1004–1035) took over Castile in the 1020s, and managed León in the last year of his life, leaving Galicia to temporary independence."}, {"id": "Q296863", "label": "Ferdinand I of León and Castile", "section": "History - Peak", "says": "For nearly 30 years, until his death in 1065, he ruled over the kingdom of León and the county of Castile as Ferdinand I of León."}, {"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Peak", "says": "Early in its existence, León lay directly to the north of the powerful Caliphate of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Peak", "says": "Ferdinand and his heirs (the kings of León and Castile) became the main benefactors of the Abbey of Cluny, where Abbot Hugh undertook construction of a third abbey church, the cynosure of every eye."}, {"id": "Q43999", "label": "St. James the Elder", "section": "History - Peak", "says": "The Way of Saint James called pilgrims from Western Europe to the supposed tomb of Saint James the Great in Santiago de Compostela, and the large hostels and churches along the route encouraged building in the Romanesque style."}, {"id": "Q312767", "label": "Alfonso VII of Castile", "section": "History - León and Castile", "says": "The two kingdoms of León and Castile were split in 1157, when a major defeat for Alfonso VII of Castile weakened the authority of Castile."}, {"id": "Q243122", "label": "Ferdinand III of Castille", "section": "History - León and Castile", "says": "However, when Alfonso IX died in 1230, his son by Berenguela of Castile, Ferdinand III of Castile, invaded León and assumed the crown."}, {"id": "Q1139807", "label": "County of Portugal", "section": "History - León and Castile", "says": "The isolated Atlantic province, the County of Portugal, had won independence in 1139 to become the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History - León and Castile", "says": "The isolated Atlantic province, the County of Portugal, had won independence in 1139 to become the Kingdom of Portugal."}], "Q191369": [{"id": "Q203969", "label": "Zimri–lim", "section": "History - Middle Bronze IIA", "says": "Zimri-Lim of Mari (r."}, {"id": "Q18763", "label": "Senusret I", "section": "History - Middle Bronze IIA", "says": "One artifact is a carnelian bead inscribed with the name of Senusret I."}, {"id": "Q19248", "label": "Senusret III", "section": "History - Middle Bronze IIA", "says": "A stela and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been recovered; it is unclear at what time these objects were brought to Ugarit."}, {"id": "Q299472", "label": "Hattusili I", "section": "History - Middle Bronze IIB", "says": "1590 BC), the Hattusili I of Hatti attacked Yamhad around 1620 with Mursili I of Hatti making new raids around 1600/1590 BC, causing the Great Kingdom of Yamhad to collapse."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "History - Middle Bronze IIB", "says": "1590 BC), the Hattusili I of Hatti attacked Yamhad around 1620 with Mursili I of Hatti making new raids around 1600/1590 BC, causing the Great Kingdom of Yamhad to collapse."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "The city reached its golden age between 1500 BC and 1200 BC when it ruled a mercantile coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus, Aegean states (primarily Minoan Crete), polities in Syria, the Hittites, cities of the Levantine core (including Ascalon in Canaan), and much of the eastern Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q42606", "label": "Amenhotep III", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "A letter (EA45) sent by him, probably to pharaoh Amenhotep III (1388–1351 BC), expresses cordial diplomatic relations between the two."}, {"id": "Q81794", "label": "Akhenaten", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "Diplomatic relations with Egypt continued, as evidenced by two letters sent by Niqmaddu II (EA49) and his wife Ḫeba (EA48), probably sent to Akhenaten (1351–1334 BC)."}, {"id": "Q1760729", "label": "Alashiya", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "Eshuwara, the senior governor of Alashiya, responded:\n\nAs for the matter concerning those enemies: (it was) the people from your country (and) your own ships (who) did this!"}], "Q213510": [{"id": "Q12967", "label": "Leopold II of Belgium", "section": "lead", "says": "King Leopold II of Belgium attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexploited Congo Basin."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "With support from a number of Western countries, Leopold achieved international recognition of the Congo Free State in 1885."}], "Q230407": [{"id": "Q211663", "label": "Rehoboam", "section": "lead", "says": "However, upon the death of Solomon, who was the son and successor of David, there was discontent over his son and successor Rehoboam, whose reign was only accepted by the Tribe of Judah and the Tribe of Benjamin."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "The unpopularity of Rehoboam's reign among the rest of the Israelites, who sought Jeroboam as their monarch, resulted in Jeroboam's Revolt, which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria), whereas the loyalists of Judah and Benjamin kept Rehoboam as their monarch and established the Kingdom of Judah in the south (Judea), ending Israelite political unity."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 720 BCE, Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "lead", "says": "The records of Assyrian king Sargon II indicate that he deported 27,290 Israelites to Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Some of these Israelites, however, managed to migrate to safety in neighbouring Judah, though the Judahites themselves would be conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire less than 1.5 centuries later."}], "Q28370": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Archaeological evidence suggests it may have extended as far west as modern-day eastern Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q715257", "label": "Later Silla", "section": "lead", "says": "After its fall, its territory was divided between the Tang dynasty, Later Silla and Parhae."}, {"id": "Q28405", "label": "Gojoseon", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The earliest record of the name of Goguryeo can be traced to geographic monographs in the Book of Han and is first attested as the name of one of the subdivisions of the Xuantu Commandery, established along the trade routes within the Amnok river basin following the destruction of Gojoseon in 113 BC."}, {"id": "Q495636", "label": "Kim Pusik", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Samguk sagi, a text from the 12th century in Goryeo, claims that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC, but today the date of the dynasty's foundation is in doubt, as archaeological evidence suggests that Goguryeo was founded before Silla, and four things support this:\n\nKim Pusik was a 12th-century historian and author of the Samguk sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms)."}, {"id": "Q953834", "label": "Gongsun Kang", "section": "History - Centralization and early expansion (mid-first century)", "says": "Around this time, Chinese warlord Gongsun Kang established the Daifang Commandery by separating the southern half from the Lelang commandery."}, {"id": "Q498568", "label": "Sansang", "section": "History - Centralization and early expansion (mid-first century)", "says": "Balgi, a brother of King Sansang of Goguryeo, defected to Kang and asked for Kang's aid to help him take the throne of Goguryeo."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Goguryeo–Wei Wars", "says": "Surrounded by these commanderies, who were governed by aggressive warlords, Goguryeo moved to improve relations with the newly created dynasty of Cao Wei in China and sent tribute in 220."}, {"id": "Q498590", "label": "Dongcheon", "section": "History - Goguryeo–Wei Wars", "says": "It is said that Dongcheon, with his army destroyed, fled for a while to the Okjeo state in the east."}, {"id": "Q498618", "label": "Jungcheon", "section": "History - Goguryeo–Wei Wars", "says": "Wei invaded again in 259 but was defeated at Yangmaenggok; according to the Samguk sagi, Jungcheon assembled 5,000 elite cavalry and defeated the invading Wei troops, beheading 8,000 enemies."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "History - Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)", "says": "In the early 4th century, the nomadic proto-Mongol Xianbei people occupied northern China; during the winter of 342, the Xianbei of Former Yan, ruled by the Murong clan, attacked and destroyed Goguryeo's capital, Hwando, capturing 50,000 Goguryeo men and women to use as slave labor in addition to taking the Queen Dowager and Queen prisoner, and forced Gogukwon to flee for a while."}, {"id": "Q497601", "label": "Geunchogo", "section": "History - Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)", "says": "In 371, Geunchogo of Baekje killed Gogukwon in the Battle of Chiyang and sacked Pyongyang, one of Goguryeo's largest cities."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "History - Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)", "says": "His successor and the father of Gwanggaeto the Great, Gogukyang, invaded Later Yan, the successor state of Former Yan, in 385 and Paekche in 386."}, {"id": "Q498791", "label": "Gwanggaeto the Great", "section": "History - Zenith of Goguryeo's Power (391 to 531 AD)", "says": "Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Zenith of Goguryeo's Power (391 to 531 AD)", "says": "Gwanggaeto's exploits were recorded on a huge memorial stele erected by his son Jangsu, located in present-day Ji'an on the border between China and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q498904", "label": "Pyeongwon", "section": "History - Goguryeo–Sui War", "says": "The Sui dynasty's reunification of China for the first time in centuries was met with alarm in Goguryeo, and Pyeongwon of Goguryeo began preparations for a future war by augmenting military provisions and training more troops."}, {"id": "Q498952", "label": "Yeongnyu", "section": "History - Goguryeo–Silla War, Goguryeo-Tang War and the Silla–Tang alliance", "says": "In the winter of 642, King Yeongnyu was apprehensive about Yŏn Kaesomun, one of the great nobles of Goguryeo, and plotted with other officials to kill him."}, {"id": "Q485131", "label": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "section": "History - Goguryeo–Silla War, Goguryeo-Tang War and the Silla–Tang alliance", "says": "Although these invasions were ultimately unsuccessful, in 643, once again under pressure from the Goguryeo–Paekche alliance, Jinpyeong's successor, Queen Seondeok of Silla, requested military aid from Tang."}, {"id": "Q253774", "label": "An Lushan Rebellion", "section": "History - Restoration movements", "says": "Bojang's descendants declared independence from Tang during the same period as the An Lushan Rebellion and Li Zhengji (Yi Jeong-gi in Korean)'s rebellion in Shandong."}], "Q487829": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongolian language continued to be used for official documents into the 14th century; Tughlugh Timur and Ilyas Khoja, the first Chaghatayid rulers of Moghulistan, still issued royal edicts in Mongolian."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the division of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains on the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty)."}, {"id": "Q1341161", "label": "Baraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders while recognizing the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty in 1303."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The reduced realm came to be known as Moghulistan, which lasted until the late 15th century, when it broke off into the Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1680, the remaining Chagatai domains lost their independence to the Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q10921952", "label": "Kumul Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, the Kumul Khanate, an autonomous division of China established during the Qing dynasty in 1696 and governed by descendants of Chagatai Khan, was abolished during the Republic of China in 1930, ending the dynasty."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, the Kumul Khanate, an autonomous division of China established during the Qing dynasty in 1696 and governed by descendants of Chagatai Khan, was abolished during the Republic of China in 1930, ending the dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "When he dismissed the governor of Transoxania, Mahmud Yalavach, Ögedei Khan reinstated Mahmud, whose dynasty continued to administer the region even after the death of Chagatai."}, {"id": "Q1207224", "label": "Qara Hülëgü", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "Chagatai Khan died in 1242 and was succeeded by his grandson Qara Hülegü."}, {"id": "Q7520", "label": "Güyük Khan", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "In 1246, Güyük Khan replaced him with one of his uncles, Yesü Möngke."}, {"id": "Q2556555", "label": "Yesü Möngke", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "In 1246, Güyük Khan replaced him with one of his uncles, Yesü Möngke."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "In 1252 he was deposed by Möngke Khan, who installed Qara Hülegü again."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "Qara Hülegü died on his way home and was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "In 1260, Ariq Böke replaced Mubarak Shah with Alghu, a grandson of Chagatai Khan."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "Alghu rebelled against Ariq Böke upon securing power and defected to Kublai Khan's side in the Toluid Civil War."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Vassal of the Great Khan (1227–1266)", "says": "His rule was cut short by his cousin Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq, who deposed him with the support of Kublai Khan."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Reign of Kaidu (1266–1301)", "says": "Baraq also came into conflict with Kaidu, who enlisted the Golden Horde khan Mengu-Timur in attacking Baraq."}, {"id": "Q448095", "label": "Mengu-Timur", "section": "History - Reign of Kaidu (1266–1301)", "says": "Baraq also came into conflict with Kaidu, who enlisted the Golden Horde khan Mengu-Timur in attacking Baraq."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Reign of Kaidu (1266–1301)", "says": "Kaidu then coerced Baraq into invading the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q223239", "label": "Abaqa Khan", "section": "History - Reign of Kaidu (1266–1301)", "says": "Baraq attacked first, defeating Prince Buchin, the governor of Khorasan, and brother of Abaqa Khan."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Reign of Kaidu (1266–1301)", "says": "Abaqa rushed from Azerbaijan and defeated Baraq near Herat on 22 July 1270, forcing him to retreat."}, {"id": "Q12857549", "label": "Buqa Temür", "section": "History - Reign of Kaidu (1266–1301)", "says": "When Negübei rebelled, he was killed and replaced with another khan, Buqa Temür in 1274."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Reign of Kaidu (1266–1301)", "says": "Several invasions of the Delhi Sultanate also occurred but none were able to make any headway."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Foreign wars (1301–1325)", "says": "In 1315, Esen Buqa invaded the Ilkhanate in support of Duwa's grandson, Dawud Khoja, who had set himself up in eastern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q685545", "label": "Tarmashirin", "section": "History - Religious conflict (1325–1338)", "says": "Tarmashirin (1326–1334) converted to Islam and raided the Delhi Sultanate, reaching as far as Delhi."}, {"id": "Q170389", "label": "Benedict XII", "section": "History - Religious conflict (1325–1338)", "says": "Pope Benedict XII appointed the Franciscan bishop Richard of Burgundy to Almalik in 1339."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Religious conflict (1325–1338)", "says": "He built a church and baptized some people during his stay, and the presence of Christianity lasted until the end of the Mongol era."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - Fragmentation and expansion (1338–1363)", "says": "From then on the Chagatayid khans of Transoxania served as nothing more but figureheads until it was annexed by the Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q3159345", "label": "Suurgatmish", "section": "History - Fragmentation and expansion (1338–1363)", "says": "Like his predecessors, Timur maintained a puppet khan (Soyurgatmish) on the throne to legitimize his rule, but his khans were members of the house of Ögedei rather than descendants of Chagatai."}, {"id": "Q9263", "label": "Esen Taishi", "section": "History - Moghulistan (1363–1487)", "says": "During his reign he waged war on the Oirats and was taken prisoner by their leader Esen Taishi."}, {"id": "Q1192519", "label": "Abu Sa'id Mirza", "section": "History - Moghulistan (1363–1487)", "says": "The Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id Mirza schemed to split the Moghuls in two, so he summoned Yunus in 1456 and supported his authority in the Ili region."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Moghulistan (1363–1487)", "says": "His son Dost Muhammad was an inexperienced 17 year old."}, {"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "History - Western and Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1508)", "says": "In 1487, Mahmud gave refuge to Muhammad Shaybani, who then seized Bukhara and Samarkand from the Timurids in 1500, making himself ruler of Transoxania."}, {"id": "Q4098712", "label": "Muhammad Sultan", "section": "History - Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705)", "says": "Abdul was succeeded in 1590 by his brother Muhammad Sultan, who repelled an invasion by the Khanate of Bukhara under Abdullah Khan II."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705)", "says": "Abdul was succeeded in 1590 by his brother Muhammad Sultan, who repelled an invasion by the Khanate of Bukhara under Abdullah Khan II."}, {"id": "Q317649", "label": "Abdullah Khan II", "section": "History - Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705)", "says": "Abdul was succeeded in 1590 by his brother Muhammad Sultan, who repelled an invasion by the Khanate of Bukhara under Abdullah Khan II."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705)", "says": "Friendly relations were also established with Bukhara and the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q9643578", "label": "Kara Del", "section": "History - Turpan Khanate (1487–1570)", "says": "In 1482, Hami was restored to Kara Del under Qanšin, but in 1488, Ahmad killed Qanšin and retook the city."}], "Q5780": [{"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "lead", "says": "This city was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries from around 590 BC, until its collapse in the 4th century AD."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - First Meroitic Period (542–315 BC)", "says": "The earliest king was Analmaye (542–538 BC) and the last king of the first phase is Nastasen (335–315 BC)\nIn the fifth century BC, Greek historian Herodotus described it as \"a great city...said to be the mother city of the other Ethiopians.\"\nExcavations revealed evidence of important, high ranking Kushite burials from the Napatan Period (c."}, {"id": "Q47180", "label": "Petronius", "section": "History - Conflict with Rome", "says": "In 23 BC, in response to a Nubian attack on southern Egypt, the Roman governor of Egypt, Publius Petronius, invaded Nubia to end the Meroitic raids."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Conflict with Rome", "says": "Roman forces later reclaimed some of the statues, and others were returned following the peace treaty signed in 22 BC between Rome and Meroë under Augustus and Amanirenas, respectively."}, {"id": "Q237136", "label": "Berenice", "section": "History - Conflict with Rome", "says": "On the right-hand coast next below Berenice is the country of the Berbers."}, {"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "History - Fourth Meroitic Period (1st century – 4th century AD)", "says": "A stele of Ge'ez of an unnamed ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum thought to be Ezana was found at the site of Meroë; from its description, in Greek, he was \"King of the Aksumites and the Omerites,\" (i.e. of Aksum and Himyar) it is likely this king ruled sometime around 330."}], "Q76048": [{"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was privately owned by King Leopold II, the constitutional monarch of the Kingdom of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q838416", "label": "International Association of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Via the International Association of the Congo, he was able to lay claim to most of the Congo Basin."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The state included the entire area of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo and existed from 1885 to 1908, when the Belgian Parliament reluctantly annexed the state as a colony belonging to Belgium after international pressure."}, {"id": "Q311966", "label": "Roger Casement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Casement Report of the British Consul Roger Casement led to the arrest and punishment of officials who had been responsible for killings during a rubber-collecting expedition in 1903."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "Portugal flirted with the French at first, but the British offered to support Portugal's claim to the entire Congo in return for a free trade agreement and to spite their French rivals."}], "Q188553": [{"id": "Q2603206", "label": "Batavian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 after the Batavian Revolution and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bonaparte to the Dutch throne."}, {"id": "Q7729", "label": "Louis Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 after the Batavian Revolution and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bonaparte to the Dutch throne."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1795, intervention by the French Republic led to the downfall of the old Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Batavian Republic became a client state, the first of the \"sister republics\", and later part of the French Empire of Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q576292", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the disastrous Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, the Patriot party revolted against the authoritarian regime of Stadtholder William V but were quickly struck down through the intervention of William's brother-in-law Frederick William II of Prussia in September 1787."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Due to the disastrous Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, the Patriot party revolted against the authoritarian regime of Stadtholder William V but were quickly struck down through the intervention of William's brother-in-law Frederick William II of Prussia in September 1787."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The French Revolution embraced many of the political ideas that the Patriots had espoused in their own revolt."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Stadtholder joined the ill-fated First Coalition of countries in their attempt to subdue the suddenly anti-Austrian French First Republic."}], "Q200262": [{"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The medieval state took form around the city of Pamplona during the first centuries of the Iberian Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom had its origins in the conflict in the buffer region between the Carolingian Empire and the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba that controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom had its origins in the conflict in the buffer region between the Carolingian Empire and the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba that controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 15th century, another dynastic dispute over control by the king of Aragon led to internal divisions and the eventual conquest of the southern part of the kingdom by Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1512 (permanently annexed in 1524)."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "It was annexed by the Courts of Castile to the Crown of Castile in 1515 as a separate kingdom with its own Courts and judiciary until 1841."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The remaining northern part of the kingdom was once again joined with France by personal union in 1589 when King Henry III of Navarre inherited the French throne as Henry IV of France, and in 1620 it was merged into the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The remaining northern part of the kingdom was once again joined with France by personal union in 1589 when King Henry III of Navarre inherited the French throne as Henry IV of France, and in 1620 it was merged into the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarchs of this unified state took the title \"King of France and Navarre\" until its fall in the French Revolution, and again during the Bourbon Restoration from 1814 until 1830 (with a brief interregnum in 1815)."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "Early historic background", "says": "According to Roman geographers such as Pliny the Elder and Livy, these regions were inhabited by the Vascones and other related Vasconic-Aquitanian tribes, a pre-Indo-European group of peoples who inhabited the southern slopes of the western Pyrenees and part of the shore of the Bay of Biscay."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Early historic background", "says": "The Romans took full control of the area by 74 BC, but unlike their northern neighbors, the Aquitanians, and other tribes from the Iberian Peninsula, the Vascones negotiated their status within the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Early historic background", "says": "After the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Vascones were slow to be incorporated into the Visigothic Kingdom, which was in a civil war that provided the opportunity for the Umayyad conquest of Hispania."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "Early historic background", "says": "After the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Vascones were slow to be incorporated into the Visigothic Kingdom, which was in a civil war that provided the opportunity for the Umayyad conquest of Hispania."}, {"id": "Q324438", "label": "War of the Pyrenees", "section": "Later history and the end of the fueros", "says": "By the time of the War of the Pyrenees and the Peninsular War, Navarre was in a deep crisis over the Spanish royal authority, involving the Spanish prime minister Manuel Godoy, who bitterly opposed the Basque charters and their autonomy, and maintained high duty exactions on the Ebro customs against the Navarrese, and the Basques as a whole."}, {"id": "Q316110", "label": "Manuel Godoy", "section": "Later history and the end of the fueros", "says": "By the time of the War of the Pyrenees and the Peninsular War, Navarre was in a deep crisis over the Spanish royal authority, involving the Spanish prime minister Manuel Godoy, who bitterly opposed the Basque charters and their autonomy, and maintained high duty exactions on the Ebro customs against the Navarrese, and the Basques as a whole."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Later history and the end of the fueros", "says": "After the French defeat, the only source of support for Navarrese self-government was Ferdinand VII."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Later history and the end of the fueros", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars, many in Navarre took to the bush to avoid tax exactions and the military abuses over property and people during their expeditions, be they French, English, or Spanish."}, {"id": "Q1178424", "label": "Carlist Wars", "section": "Later history and the end of the fueros", "says": "These parties sowed the seeds of the later militias of the Carlist Wars acting under different banners, Carlists most often, but also pro-fueros liberals."}, {"id": "Q183085", "label": "Isabella II of Spain", "section": "Later history and the end of the fueros", "says": "In 1833, Navarre and the whole Basque region in Spain became the chief stronghold of the Carlists, but in 1837 a Spanish Liberal, centralist constitution was proclaimed in Madrid, and Isabella II recognized as queen."}, {"id": "Q434529", "label": "Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara", "section": "Later history and the end of the fueros", "says": "Its separate status was acknowledged on the Act promulgated in October that year, but after arrival of Baldomero Espartero and the anti-fueros Progressives to office in Madrid, talks with Navarrese Liberal negotiators led to a near-assimilation of Navarre with the Spanish province."}], "Q211274": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish People's Republic was a unitary communist state established in the country after the Red Army's takeover of Polish territory from German occupation in World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - 1945–1956", "says": "In the summer of 1944, the Polish Committee of National Liberation was established by Soviet-backed Polish communists to control territory retaken from Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q151187", "label": "Potsdam Conference", "section": "History - 1945–1956", "says": "These were confirmed, pending a final peace conference with Germany, at the Tripartite Conference of Berlin, otherwise known as the Potsdam Conference in August 1945 after the end of the war in Europe."}, {"id": "Q159603", "label": "Władysław Gomułka", "section": "History - 1945–1956", "says": "Władysław Gomułka then took advantage of a split in the Polish Socialist Party."}, {"id": "Q312185", "label": "Edward Gierek", "section": "History - 1970s and 1980s", "says": "They also forced another major change in the government, as Gomułka was replaced by Edward Gierek as the new First Secretary."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 1970s and 1980s", "says": "Gierek's plan for recovery was centered on massive borrowing, mainly from the United States and West Germany, to re-equip and modernise Polish industry, and to import consumer goods to give the workers some incentive to work."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - 1970s and 1980s", "says": "Gierek's plan for recovery was centered on massive borrowing, mainly from the United States and West Germany, to re-equip and modernise Polish industry, and to import consumer goods to give the workers some incentive to work."}, {"id": "Q989", "label": "John Paul II", "section": "History - 1970s and 1980s", "says": "On 16 October 1978, the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, was elected Pope, taking the name John Paul II."}, {"id": "Q444", "label": "Lech Wałęsa", "section": "History - 1970s and 1980s", "says": "Labour turmoil led to the formation of the independent trade union Solidarity (Solidarność) in September 1980, originally led by Lech Wałęsa."}], "Q238445": [{"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic polity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Middle Ages, ruled  by the Arab Nasrid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "By the late 12th century, following the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the north, the area of Muslim control had been reduced to the southern parts of the peninsula governed by the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The emirate generally existed as a tributary state of the rising Crown of Castile, though it frequently warred with the latter and with other neighboring states over control of its frontier regions."}, {"id": "Q1267953", "label": "Muhammad V", "section": "lead", "says": "The political and cultural apogee of Nasrid Granada was in the 14th century, particularly in the second reign of Muhammad V."}, {"id": "Q1552718", "label": "Granada War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1491, after the decade-long Granada War, the emirate was forced to capitulate."}, {"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Background", "says": "By the 10th century, under the Caliphate of Córdoba, the region was one of the most prosperous and advanced in Europe."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Background", "says": "This marked a precipitous decline in the power of Iberian Muslim polities and facilitated the centuries-long Christian Reconquista and the recurrent conquest of al-Andalus by North African dynasties based in what is now Morocco, commencing with the Almoravids in the late 11th century and followed by the Almohads in the mid 12th century."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Background", "says": "This marked a precipitous decline in the power of Iberian Muslim polities and facilitated the centuries-long Christian Reconquista and the recurrent conquest of al-Andalus by North African dynasties based in what is now Morocco, commencing with the Almoravids in the late 11th century and followed by the Almohads in the mid 12th century."}, {"id": "Q219697", "label": "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Almohad regime grew more unstable following the defeat of the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 by a coalition of Christian kingdoms from the north."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Establishment of Nasrid rule", "says": "One of Ibn Hud's foremost military commanders had been a man called Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr, commonly known as Ibn al-Ahmar, who was born in Arjona."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Establishment of Nasrid rule", "says": "When Ferdinand conquered Cordoba in 1236, Ibn al-Ahmar was his ally."}, {"id": "Q335451", "label": "Yaghmurasan", "section": "History - Conflict with the Banu Ashqilula and Marinid intervention", "says": "He made an alliance with Alfonso X and incited the Zayyanids of Tlemcen, led by Yaghmurasan, to attack the Marinids."}, {"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "History - Nasrid offensive against Ceuta", "says": "He nurtured an alliance with James II of Aragon, raided Castilian territory, and recaptured two frontier forts at Alcaudete and Quesada."}, {"id": "Q11937796", "label": "Muhammad IV", "section": "History - Challenges under Isma'il I and Muhammad IV", "says": "Isma'il I was assassinated by a cousin in July 1325 and was succeeded by his son, Muhammad IV (r."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Yusuf I and the Battle of Rio Salado", "says": "On land, however, the combined forces of Castile and Portugal, along with volunteers from elsewhere in Europe, decisively defeated the Marinid and Nasrid forces at the Salado River, near Tarifa."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Yusuf I and the Battle of Rio Salado", "says": "Spurred by his successes, Alfonso XI went on to begin a new siege of Gibraltar in 1349, but the following year he died from the Black Death that was sweeping through the region."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - The reigns of Muhammad V", "says": "Muhammad V escaped to Guadix, where he had support from the local garrison, but was unable to rally further support from Almería or from Peter I, the Castilian king."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - The reigns of Muhammad V", "says": "Both men also met Ibn Khaldun, who supported their cause."}, {"id": "Q310963", "label": "Peter of Castile", "section": "History - The reigns of Muhammad V", "says": "Eventually, Muhammad V secured the support he needed from Peter of Castile."}, {"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "History - The reigns of Muhammad V", "says": "The ongoing Castilian Civil War meant that Castile was not in a position to threaten Granada."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Political instability", "says": "During the early reign of Henry IV (r."}, {"id": "Q312328", "label": "John II of Aragon", "section": "History - Fall of Granada", "says": "Henry IV had only one child, Isabella, who in 1468 married Ferdinand, the son of John II of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q2467248", "label": "Treaty of Granada", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The rebellion was seen as a chance to formally end the Treaty of Granada, withdrawing the rights of Muslims."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Philip II of Spain (r."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "As a result of the repression of the Moriscos, some of them requested help from the Muslim sultans and princes, headed by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II (r."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "During the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire reached the height of its power and prestige, recognized as a major power by the Holy Roman Empire and the Christian kingdoms of Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "During the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire reached the height of its power and prestige, recognized as a major power by the Holy Roman Empire and the Christian kingdoms of Western Europe."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "With this position of strength, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (r."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "After preparing the necessary bases for their fleets at Ifriqiya (roughly present-day Tunisia), the plan was to attack Spain itself in order to recapture Andalusia."}, {"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "His son and successor, Selim II (r."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "After the Ottomans became preoccupied on several eastern fronts and were defeated in the west at the naval Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the offensive nature of the Ottoman strategy in the Mediterranean came to an end, and with it the idea of attacking Spain and recapturing Andalusia."}, {"id": "Q1136188", "label": "Saadi dynasty", "section": "History - Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus", "says": "The other major Muslim power in the region was the Saadi Sultanate in Morocco."}], "Q243610": [{"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to its proclamation, the Central Council of Ukraine was elected in March 1917 as a result of the February Revolution, and in June declared Ukrainian autonomy within Russia, which was later recognized by the Russian Provisional Government."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the October Revolution, the Central Council of Ukraine denounced the Bolshevik seizure of power and proclaimed the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the approximate territory Russian governorates of Kiev, Volhynia, Kharkov, Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Poltava, Chernigov and Podolia."}, {"id": "Q2479606", "label": "Ukrainian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, both parties were opposed by the White movement, Poland, Green armies, and anarchists, leading to a protracted conflict known as the Ukrainian War of Independence, part of the wider Russian Civil War, and resulting in numerous victims among Ukrainians fighting on different sides of the front."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, both parties were opposed by the White movement, Poland, Green armies, and anarchists, leading to a protracted conflict known as the Ukrainian War of Independence, part of the wider Russian Civil War, and resulting in numerous victims among Ukrainians fighting on different sides of the front."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the fighting, Soviet Russia managed to extend its control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the fighting, Soviet Russia managed to extend its control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "lead", "says": "During its short existence, the republic went through several political transformations – from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the Central Council of Ukraine with its general secretariat, to the socialist republic led by the Directorate and by Symon Petliura."}, {"id": "Q1508143", "label": "Ukrainian State", "section": "lead", "says": "Between April and December 1918, the socialist authority of the Ukrainian People's Republic was suspended, having been overthrown by the pro-German Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadskyi, who was elected as the Hetman of Ukraine by a congress of landowners."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Polish–Ukrainian War, it signed an alliance with the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Polish–Ukrainian War, it signed an alliance with the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Peace of Riga, signed on 18 March 1921 between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus), and Soviet Ukraine, the republic's government continued its activities in exile."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Revolutionary wave", "says": "The February Revolution in the Russian Empire, which took place on 8-12 March 1917, ended in victory of the democratic forces."}, {"id": "Q2494143", "label": "Volodymyr Vynnychenko", "section": "History - Revolutionary wave", "says": "Many of the revolutionary soldiers and workers who had overthrown the monarchy in Petrograd belonged to the Ukrainian ethnicity, and some of them were members of a secret Social Democratic organization coordinated by Volodymyr Vynnychenko, who at the time resided in Moscow."}, {"id": "Q1284649", "label": "Oleksander Shulhyn", "section": "History - Revolutionary wave", "says": "Following the revolution, on 13 April a Ukrainian national committee was created in Petrograd, headed by Oleksander Lototsky, and a Ukrainian fraction was formed in the Petrograd Soviet under the leadership of Oleksander Shulhyn."}, {"id": "Q371322", "label": "Mykhailo Hrushevskyi", "section": "History - Revolutionary wave", "says": "It became the centre of Ukrainian political life under the leadership of professor Mykhailo Hrushevsky, who arrived to Kyiv following his liberation from exile on 9 April."}, {"id": "Q24194", "label": "Andrey Sheptytsky", "section": "History - Revolutionary wave", "says": "During the same time, Andrey Sheptytsky was liberated from Russian imprisonment and allowed to return to Galicia."}, {"id": "Q1358162", "label": "Mykola Mikhnovsky", "section": "History - Revolutionary wave", "says": "On 10 April the Ukrainian Central Council supported the convocation of the Ukrainian National Congress, and on 11 April the Ukrainian Military Society of Hetman Polubotok headed by Mykola Mikhnovsky was established and started works on organization of the 1st Ukrainian Volunteer Regiment of Bohdan Khmelnytsky."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "History - Revolutionary wave", "says": "On 10 April the Ukrainian Central Council supported the convocation of the Ukrainian National Congress, and on 11 April the Ukrainian Military Society of Hetman Polubotok headed by Mykola Mikhnovsky was established and started works on organization of the 1st Ukrainian Volunteer Regiment of Bohdan Khmelnytsky."}, {"id": "Q297032", "label": "Georgy Lvov", "section": "History - Declaration of autonomy", "says": "In March the Russian revolutionary cabinet headed by Georgy Lvov allowed the establishment of the post of representative in Ukrainian affairs, appointed Dmytro Doroshenko, Oleksander Lototsky and Ivan Kraskovsky as governors in Galicia and Bukovina, restored Ukrainians' rights in the occupied territories of Austria-Hungary and permitted the introduction of Ukrainian language in schools and adminis"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Declaration of autonomy", "says": "In March the Russian revolutionary cabinet headed by Georgy Lvov allowed the establishment of the post of representative in Ukrainian affairs, appointed Dmytro Doroshenko, Oleksander Lototsky and Ivan Kraskovsky as governors in Galicia and Bukovina, restored Ukrainians' rights in the occupied territories of Austria-Hungary and permitted the introduction of Ukrainian language in schools and adminis"}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "History - Declaration of autonomy", "says": "On 24 June 1917, the Central Council of Ukraine declared its autonomy as part of the Russian Republic by its First Universal at the All-Ukrainian Military Congress."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "History - Attempts of compromise with the Provisional Government", "says": "On 11 July a delegation of the Russian Provisional Government composed of Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky, foreign minister Mikhail Tereshchenko, transport minister Nikolai Nekrasov and minister of the post Irakli Tsereteli arrived to Kyiv."}, {"id": "Q2468389", "label": "Mikhail Tereshchenko", "section": "History - Attempts of compromise with the Provisional Government", "says": "On 11 July a delegation of the Russian Provisional Government composed of Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky, foreign minister Mikhail Tereshchenko, transport minister Nikolai Nekrasov and minister of the post Irakli Tsereteli arrived to Kyiv."}, {"id": "Q132387", "label": "Irakli Tsereteli", "section": "History - Attempts of compromise with the Provisional Government", "says": "On 11 July a delegation of the Russian Provisional Government composed of Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky, foreign minister Mikhail Tereshchenko, transport minister Nikolai Nekrasov and minister of the post Irakli Tsereteli arrived to Kyiv."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "History - Breakdown of relations with Petrograd", "says": "Ukrainization of army units was also hindered by authorities in Petrograd, and on 8 August a terrorist attack took place at the Post-Volynsky railroad station in Kyiv, where the newly formed Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment was attacked by the Moscow cuirassiers and Don Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q450008", "label": "Yevgenia Bosch", "section": "History - Conflict with the Bolsheviks", "says": "Simultaneously, the 1st Ukrainian Corps of general Skoropadsky joined the Free Cossacks and disarmed elements of the 2nd Guards Corps, which were moving on Kyiv under the leadership Yevgenia Bosch, and deported them to Russia across Belarus."}, {"id": "Q1575096", "label": "Vsevolod Holubovych", "section": "History - Proclamation of independence", "says": "At the start of peace negotiations in Brest on 6 January, the head of Ukrainian delegation Vsevolod Holubovych requested the recognition of Ukraine as a sovereign state, attachment of the Kholm Governorate to its territory and conduction of a plebiscite in territories of Austria-Hungary where Ukrainian population dominated."}, {"id": "Q1778994", "label": "Kuban People's Republic", "section": "History - Occupation by Central Powers", "says": "On 20 February 1918 the council of the Kuban People's Republic accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards Yekaterinodar."}, {"id": "Q435090", "label": "Pavlo Skoropadsky", "section": "History - Deposition of Central Rada", "says": "On 29 April, the All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elected Pavlo Skoropadsky the Hetman of Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q709220", "label": "Mykola Vasylenko", "section": "History - Establishment of the Hetmanate", "says": "One day after Skoropadsky's election, on 30 April 1918 Mykola Vasylenko was appointed the Chairman of Council of Ministers and tasked with the formation of a new government."}, {"id": "Q704557", "label": "Dmytro Doroshenko", "section": "History - Establishment of the Hetmanate", "says": "On 30 May Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Doroshenko petitioned German ambassador in Ukraine baron Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein to allow the incorporation of Crimea into Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Restoration of the Republic", "says": "Due to the impending loss of World War I by Germany and Austria-Hungary, who were Skoropadsky's main sponsors, part of the hetman's ministers adopted a pro-Entente position and voiced support for the restoration of \"one indivisible Russia\"."}, {"id": "Q2370272", "label": "Unification Act", "section": "History - Establishment of the Directorate", "says": "On 28 January the congress officially ratified the Unification Act."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - New Bolshevik invasion", "says": "On 17 February the Directorate petitioned the governments of the Entente and the United States for help in fight with the Bolsheviks."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "History - New Bolshevik invasion", "says": "The Bolsheviks, meanwhile, started advancing from the north in order to separate troops of the Ukrainian People's Republic from the Galician Army, and from the southeast, aiming to enter Romania and come to the aid of the Hungarian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q695901", "label": "Yevhen Petrushevych", "section": "History - New Bolshevik invasion", "says": "On 15 March the delegation of Western Ukraine headed by Yevhen Petrushevych met with the Directorate in Proskuriv to further discuss the development of joint military operations."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - War on two fronts", "says": "On 18 June the delegation of Ukraine at the Versailles Peace Conference together with the representatives of Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan and North Caucasus expressed its protest against the recognition of Admiral Kolchak's government by the Supreme Council of Paris Peace conference."}, {"id": "Q2030798", "label": "Mykola Yunakiv", "section": "History - Counteroffensive in the east", "says": "In order to coordinate actions of the two allied armies, on 11 August the Staff of Chief Otaman was created under the command of Mykola Yunakiv and Viktor Kurmanovych."}, {"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "History - War against Denikin", "says": "To save their human resources, on 6 November command of the Galician Army signed an agreement with Denikin, according to which their force would become part of the Armed Forces of South Russia."}, {"id": "Q2060105", "label": "Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko", "section": "History - War against Denikin", "says": "On 4 December a joint council of government members and army command of the UPR took a decision to engage in guerrilla war in the rear of Bolsheviks and Denikin's troops, and on 6 December a group under command of Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko and Yuriy Tyutyunnyk moved northeast, starting the First Winter Campaign."}, {"id": "Q2491782", "label": "Yuriy Tyutyunnyk", "section": "History - War against Denikin", "says": "On 4 December a joint council of government members and army command of the UPR took a decision to engage in guerrilla war in the rear of Bolsheviks and Denikin's troops, and on 6 December a group under command of Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko and Yuriy Tyutyunnyk moved northeast, starting the First Winter Campaign."}, {"id": "Q510930", "label": "Andriy Livytskyi", "section": "History - Alliance with Poland", "says": "In October 1919 a diplomatic mission headed by Andriy Livytskyi and involving Stepan Vytvytskyi arrived to Poland in order to negotiate provision of supplies for Ukrainian troops."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "History - Alliance with Poland", "says": "This forced Petliura and Livytskyi to issue an appeal on the name of Polish leader Józef Piłsudski."}], "Q42585": [{"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the predecessor state of the modern Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Bohemia was an Imperial State in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was established by the Přemyslid dynasty in the 12th century from the Duchy of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "It  was later ruled by the House of Luxembourg, the Jagiellonian dynasty, and from 1526 the House of Habsburg and its successor, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It  was later ruled by the House of Luxembourg, the Jagiellonian dynasty, and from 1526 the House of Habsburg and its successor, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q645719", "label": "House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "It  was later ruled by the House of Luxembourg, the Jagiellonian dynasty, and from 1526 the House of Habsburg and its successor, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly before the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the kingdom became part of the newly proclaimed Habsburg Austrian Empire, and subsequently the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Czech language (called the Bohemian language in English usage until the 19th century) was the main language of the Diet and the nobility until 1627 (after the Bohemian Revolt was suppressed)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, both the Kingdom and Empire were dissolved."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "History - 13th century (growth)", "says": "Although some former rulers of Bohemia had enjoyed a non-hereditary royal title during the 11th and 12th centuries (Vratislaus II, Vladislaus II), the kingdom was formally established (by elevating Duchy of Bohemia) in 1198 by Přemysl Ottokar I, who had his status acknowledged by Philip of Swabia, elected King of the Romans, in return for his support against the rival Emperor Otto IV."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "History - 13th century (growth)", "says": "In 1204 Ottokar's royal status was accepted by Otto IV as well as by Pope Innocent III."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - 13th century (growth)", "says": "It was officially recognized in 1212 by the Golden Bull of Sicily issued by Emperor Frederick II, elevating the Duchy of Bohemia to Kingdom status and proclaiming its independence which was also later bolstered by future king of Bohemia and emperor Charles IV, with his golden bull in 1356."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - 13th century (growth)", "says": "Přemysl Ottokar II (1253–78) married a German princess, Margaret of Babenberg, and became duke of Austria."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - 14th century (\"Golden Age\")", "says": "In 1306, the Přemyslid line died out and, after a series of dynastic wars, John, Count of Luxembourg, was elected Bohemian king."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "History - 14th century (\"Golden Age\")", "says": "He married Elisabeth, the daughter of Wenceslaus II."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - 14th century (\"Golden Age\")", "says": "His half-brother, Sigismund, was eventually crowned Emperor in Rome in 1433, ruling until 1437, and he was the last male member of the House of Luxemburg."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - 15th century (Hussite movement)", "says": "Because many of warriors of the crusades were Germans, although many were also Hungarians and Catholic Czechs, the Hussite movement is seen as a Czech national movement."}, {"id": "Q43977", "label": "Jan Hus", "section": "History - 15th century (Hussite movement)", "says": "In 1403 Jan Hus became rector of the university."}, {"id": "Q173893", "label": "John Wycliffe", "section": "History - 15th century (Hussite movement)", "says": "A reformist preacher, Hus espoused the anti-papal and anti-hierarchical teachings of John Wycliffe of England, often referred to as the \"Morning Star of the Reformation\"."}, {"id": "Q159679", "label": "George of Poděbrady", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "Upon the death of the Hussite king, George of Poděbrady, the Bohemian Diet elected the Polish prince Vladislaus of the Jagiellonian dynasty as king."}, {"id": "Q1456626", "label": "Peace of Olomouc", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "In 1479, Mattias and Vladislaus made the Peace of Olomouc, which ceded some of Bohemia's territory to Hungary ended the Bohemian–Hungarian War."}, {"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "The Bohemian estrangement from the Empire continued; not considered an Imperial State, the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were not part of the Imperial Circles established by the 1500 Imperial Reform."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "In 1526, Vladislaus's son, King Louis II of Hungary, was killed at the Battle of Mohács, fighting the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "In 1526, Vladislaus's son, King Louis II of Hungary, was killed at the Battle of Mohács, fighting the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q625380", "label": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "Louis' death ended the Jagiellonian dynasty in Bohemia and Hungary; Louis' lands were partitioned between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg monarchy, and the newly formed Eastern Hungarian Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "The Bohemian Diet elected Louis' brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand, as the new king of Bohemia, beginning almost four centuries of Habsburg rule for both Bohemia and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "The incorporation of Bohemia into the Habsburg monarchy against the resistance of the local Protestant nobility sparked the 1618 Defenestration of Prague, the brief reign of the Winter King, and the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q4373", "label": "Battle of White Mountain", "section": "History - After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule", "says": "Their defeat at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 put an end to the Bohemian autonomy movement."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "History - Defeat and dissolution", "says": "In 1740 the Prussian Army conquered Bohemian Silesia in the Silesian Wars and forced Maria Theresa in 1742 to cede the majority of Silesia, except the southernmost area with the duchies of Cieszyn, Krnov and Opava, to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Defeat and dissolution", "says": "In 1740 the Prussian Army conquered Bohemian Silesia in the Silesian Wars and forced Maria Theresa in 1742 to cede the majority of Silesia, except the southernmost area with the duchies of Cieszyn, Krnov and Opava, to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q127299", "label": "Battle of Kolín", "section": "History - Defeat and dissolution", "says": "In the Battle of Kolín, however, Frederick lost and had to vacate Prague and retreat from Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "History - Defeat and dissolution", "says": "In the course of the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia became k. k. crown lands of Cisleithania."}], "Q842931": [{"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "East Pakistan was the eastern province of Pakistan between 1956 and 1971, restructured and renamed from the province of East Bengal and covering the territory of the modern country of Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "East Pakistan was the eastern province of Pakistan between 1956 and 1971, restructured and renamed from the province of East Bengal and covering the territory of the modern country of Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "East Pakistan was formed with West Pakistan at the reorganisation of the One Unit Scheme orchestrated by the 3rd prime minister of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali."}, {"id": "Q155111", "label": "Iskandar Ali Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "Suhrawardy served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan between 1956 and 1957 and a Bengali bureaucrat Iskander Mirza became the first President of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état brought General Ayub Khan to power."}, {"id": "Q191375", "label": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1966, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman emerged as the preeminent opposition leader in Pakistan and launched the six-point movement for autonomy and democracy."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Another General, Yahya Khan, usurped the presidency and enacted martial law."}, {"id": "Q371394", "label": "Bangladesh Liberation War", "section": "lead", "says": "The military junta stalled in accepting the results, leading to civil disobedience, the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 Bangladesh genocide and persecution of Biharis."}, {"id": "Q469875", "label": "Muhammad Ali Bogra", "section": "History - One Unit and Islamic Republic", "says": "In 1955, Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra implemented the One Unit scheme which merged the four western provinces into a single unit called West Pakistan by the Establishment of West Pakistan Act, 1955 while East Bengal was renamed as East Pakistan by the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Era of Ayub Khan", "says": "Roughly after two weeks, President Mirza's relations with Pakistan Armed Forces deteriorated leading Army Commander General Ayub Khan relieving the president from his presidency and forcefully exiling President Mirza to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q464947", "label": "Fatima Jinnah", "section": "History - Era of Ayub Khan", "says": "Fatima Jinnah received strong support in East Pakistan during her failed bid to unseat Ayub Khan in the 1965 presidential election."}, {"id": "Q2985554", "label": "Operation Searchlight", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "Pakistan Army was ordered to immediately launch a crackdown on 26 March whose purpose was to curb the resistance, some of these operations include Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Dhaka University massacre."}], "Q154195": [{"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Bavaria was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the unification of Germany into the German Empire in 1871, the kingdom became a federated state of the new empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "With the unification of Germany into the German Empire in 1871, the kingdom became a federated state of the new empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity's foundation dates back to the ascension of Elector Maximilian IV Joseph of the House of Wittelsbach as King of Bavaria in 1806."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the border of modern Germany's Free State of Bavaria was established after 1814 with the Treaty of Paris, in which the Kingdom of Bavaria ceded Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the Austrian Empire while receiving Aschaffenburg and Würzburg."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "After a separation of four and a half centuries, the Electoral Palatinate, to which the duchies of Jülich and Berg had been added, was thus reunited with Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q213722", "label": "Maximilian von Montgelas", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "Though his own sympathies, and those of his all-powerful minister, Maximilian von Montgelas, were, if anything, French rather than Austrian, the state of the Bavarian finances, and the fact that the Bavarian Army was scattered and disorganized, left him helpless in the hands of Austria; on 2 December 1800, the Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden, and Moreau once more o"}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "By the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801), Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken and Jülich."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January 1806 as Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "The king still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the Holy Roman Empire on 1 August 1806, joining the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "The king still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the Holy Roman Empire on 1 August 1806, joining the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q151095", "label": "Duchy of Berg", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "The Duchy of Berg was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "The Duchy of Berg was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I (1777-1818)", "says": "The kingdom was forced to give Napoleon conscripts for the Peninsular War, faced w"}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Ludwig I, Maximilian II and the Revolutions (1825-1864)", "says": "In foreign affairs under Ludwig's rule, Bavaria supported the Greeks during the Greek War of Independence with his second son, Otto being elected King of Greece in 1832."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "Prussian Minister-President Otto von Bismarck, recognizing the immediate likelihood of war, tried to keep Bavaria neutral."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "In 1866, the Austro-Prussian War began."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "Prussia quickly defeated the Kingdom of Hanover, then won the Battle of Königgrätz (3 July 1866) against Austria, which sued for peace shortly afterward."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "Prussia quickly defeated the Kingdom of Hanover, then won the Battle of Königgrätz (3 July 1866) against Austria, which sued for peace shortly afterward."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "The states of the German Confederation had not agreed on a common strategy in the war."}, {"id": "Q323365", "label": "Battle of Kissingen", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "The Bavarian Army was defeated in Lower Franconia at the Battle of Kissingen (10 July 1866)."}, {"id": "Q61548", "label": "Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria took command, but the Bavarians were decisively beaten at Roßbrunn (26 July 1866)."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1864-1866)", "says": "Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria took command, but the Bavarians were decisively beaten at Roßbrunn (26 July 1866)."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Ludwig II and the German Empire (1866-1886)", "says": "With Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the northern German states quickly unified into the North German Confederation, with the Prussian king leading the state."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Ludwig II and the German Empire (1866-1886)", "says": "Bavaria's previous inhibitions towards Prussia changed, along with those of many of the south German states, after French Emperor Napoleon III began speaking of France's need for \"compensation\" from its loss in 1814 and included the Bavarian-held Palatinate as part of its territorial claims."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Ludwig II and the German Empire (1866-1886)", "says": "In 1870, war erupted between France and Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "History - Ludwig II and the German Empire (1866-1886)", "says": "With France's defeat and humiliation against the combined German forces, it was Ludwig II who proposed that Prussian King Wilhelm I be proclaimed German Emperor (Kaiser) of the new German Empire (Deutsches Reich), which occurred in 1871 at the German-occupied Palace of Versailles, France."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - Regency and institutional reform (1886-1918)", "says": "Bavaria protested Prussian dominance over Germany and snubbed the Prussian-born German Emperor, Wilhelm II, in 1900, by forbidding the flying of any other flag other than the Bavarian flag on public buildings for the emperor's birthday, but this was swiftly modified afterwards, allowing the German imperial flag to be hung beside the Bavarian flag."}, {"id": "Q161084", "label": "Georg von Hertling", "section": "History - Regency and institutional reform (1886-1918)", "says": "With the Centre politician Georg von Hertling the Prince Regent appointed a government headed by a representative of the Landtag's majority for the first time in 1912."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - World War I and the end of the kingdom (1914-1918)", "says": "In 1914, a clash of alliances occurred over Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia following the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Bosnian Serb militant."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - World War I and the end of the kingdom (1914-1918)", "says": "Germany went to the side of its former rival-turned-ally, Austria-Hungary, and declared war on France and Russia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - World War I and the end of the kingdom (1914-1918)", "says": "Following the German invasion of neutral Belgium the United Kingdom declared war on Germany."}, {"id": "Q76440", "label": "Kurt Eisner", "section": "History - World War I and the end of the kingdom (1914-1918)", "says": "Although he never formally abdicated, the socialist-led government of Kurt Eisner took Ludwig's declaration as such and declared the House of Wittelsbach deposed."}, {"id": "Q38251605", "label": "People's State of Bavaria", "section": "History - World War I and the end of the kingdom (1914-1918)", "says": "With this, the 700 year rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty came to an end, and the former Kingdom of Bavaria became the People's State of Bavaria."}], "Q190513": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its history, members of the Shaybanid and Taibugid dynasties often contested the rulership over the Khanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of Genghis Khan through his eldest son Jochi and Jochi's fifth son Shayban (Shiban) (died 1266)."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the Mongol Empire; it later came under the control of the White Horde, and under the Golden Horde from 1242 to 1468."}, {"id": "Q2553863", "label": "White Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the Mongol Empire; it later came under the control of the White Horde, and under the Golden Horde from 1242 to 1468."}, {"id": "Q2723462", "label": "Battle of Chuvash Cape", "section": "History - Conquest of Sibir", "says": "Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the Battle of Chuvash Cape in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year."}], "Q19083": [{"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "Iberia, centered on present-day eastern Georgia, was bordered by Colchis in the west, Caucasian Albania in the east and Armenia in the south."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Iberia, ruled by the Pharnavazid, Artaxiad, Arsacid and Chosroid royal dynasties, together with Colchis to its west, would form the nucleus of the unified medieval Kingdom of Georgia under the Bagrationi dynasty."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 4th century, during the reign of King Mirian III, Christianity was made the state religion of the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q315902", "label": "Hormizd IV", "section": "lead", "says": "In 580, king Hormizd IV (578–590) abolished the monarchy after the death of King Bakur III, and Iberia became a Persian province ruled by a marzpan (governor)."}, {"id": "Q1134707", "label": "Cyril Toumanoff", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "According to Cyril Toumanoff, the Moschians were an early proto-Georgian tribe that played a leading role in the consolidation of Iberian tribes largely inhabiting eastern and southern Georgia."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "One such chronicle, Moktsevay Kartlisay (\"Conversion of Kartli\"), relates that a ruler named Azo and his people came from Arian-Kartli—the initial homeland of the proto-Iberians, which had been under Achaemenid rule until the fall of the Persian Empire—and settled on the site where Mtskheta was later founded."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "History - Pharnavaz I and his descendants", "says": "Some southern regions of Iberia, conquered from the Kingdom of Armenia in the 2nd century BC, were reunited with Armenia, while Colchian lands seceded to form separate princedoms (sceptuchoi)."}, {"id": "Q1277328", "label": "Parnajom of Iberia", "section": "History - Pharnavaz I and his descendants", "says": "At the end of the 2nd century BC, the Pharnavazid king Pharnajom was dethroned by his subjects after converting to Zoroastrianism, and the crown was given to the Armenian prince Artaxias, who ascended the Iberian throne in 93 BC, establishing the Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Pharnavaz I and his descendants", "says": "At the end of the 2nd century BC, the Pharnavazid king Pharnajom was dethroned by his subjects after converting to Zoroastrianism, and the crown was given to the Armenian prince Artaxias, who ascended the Iberian throne in 93 BC, establishing the Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "History - Roman period and Roman–Parthian rivalry", "says": "This close association with the Kingdom of Armenia and the Kingdom of Pontus drew Iberia into a Roman invasion in 65 BC, led by the Roman general Pompey during his war against Mithradates VI of Pontus and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q1269387", "label": "Parnavaz II of Iberia", "section": "History - Roman period and Roman–Parthian rivalry", "says": "Twenty-nine years later, in 36 BC, Roman forces again marched into Iberia, compelling King Pharnavaz II to participate in their campaign against Albania."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "History - Roman period and Roman–Parthian rivalry", "says": "A stone inscription discovered at Mtskheta refers to the 1st-century ruler Mithridates I (AD 58–106) as \"the friend of the Caesars\" and as king \"of the Roman-loving Iberians.\" Emperor Vespasian fortified the ancient site of Arzami near Mtskheta for the Iberian kings in AD 75."}, {"id": "Q1429", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "section": "History - Roman period and Roman–Parthian rivalry", "says": "Under Hadrian's successor, Antoninus Pius, relations improved considerably: Pharsman is reported to have visited Rome, where, according to Dio Cassius, a statue was erected in his honor and he was granted the right to offer sacrifices."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "History - Roman period and Roman–Parthian rivalry", "says": "Some scholars have suggested that Mithras may have served as a precursor to the cult of Saint George in pre-Christian Georgia."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "History - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia", "says": "A decisive turning point in the history of Iberia was the foundation of the Sasanian (or Sassanid) Empire in 224 by Ardashir I."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "History - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia", "says": "During the reign of Shapur I (241–272), Iberia became a tributary of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia", "says": "During the reign of Shapur I (241–272), Iberia became a tributary of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q246833", "label": "Peace of Nisibis", "section": "History - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia", "says": "However, under the terms of the Peace of Nisibis in 298, the Roman Empire regained control over Caucasian Iberia as a vassal state."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia", "says": "However, under the terms of the Peace of Nisibis in 298, the Roman Empire regained control over Caucasian Iberia as a vassal state."}, {"id": "Q529685", "label": "Mirian III of Iberia", "section": "History - Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia", "says": "Rome acknowledged Iberian authority over much of the Caucasus and recognized Mirian III, the first ruler of the Chosroid dynasty, as king of Iberia."}, {"id": "Q236779", "label": "Saint Nino", "section": "History - Adoption of Christianity and Sasanian Persian period", "says": "This event is associated with the mission of a Cappadocian woman, Saint Nino, who had been preaching Christianity in the Georgian kingdom since 303."}, {"id": "Q4349895", "label": "Peace of Acilisene", "section": "History - Adoption of Christianity and Sasanian Persian period", "says": "King Varaz-Bakur I (Asphagur) (363–365) became a Persian vassal, as confirmed by the Peace of Acilisene in 387."}, {"id": "Q359956", "label": "Vakhtang I of Iberia", "section": "History - Adoption of Christianity and Sasanian Persian period", "says": "The early reign of Vakhtang I, known as Gorgasali (447–502), marked a revival of the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2745787", "label": "Bacurius III of Iberia", "section": "History - Fall of the kingdom", "says": "In 580, Hormizd IV (578–590) abolished the monarchy following the death of King Bacurius III, converting Iberia into a Persian province administered by a marzpan (governor)."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - Arab period and restoration of the kingship", "says": "The Arabs reached Iberia around 645 and compelled its eristavi (prince), Stephen II (r."}], "Q193619": [{"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It included the territories that were formerly part of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "It included the territories that were formerly part of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Following World War I, the Union of South Africa was a signatory of the Treaty of Versailles and became one of the founding members of the League of Nations."}, {"id": "Q953068", "label": "South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was mandated by the League with the administration of South West Africa (now known as Namibia)."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union of South Africa was a self-governing dominion of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union came to an end with the enactment of the constitution of 1961, by which it became a republic and left the Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth on 1 June 1994."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "History of the Union of South Africa - National Convention", "says": "The four colonies that would become South Africa were represented, along with a delegation from Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q214321", "label": "Jan Christiaan Smuts", "section": "History of the Union of South Africa - Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia", "says": "Prior to the referendum, representatives of Southern Rhodesia visited Cape Town where the Prime Minister of South Africa, Jan Smuts, eventually offered terms he considered reasonable and which the United Kingdom government found acceptable."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History of the Union of South Africa - Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia", "says": "Prior to the referendum, representatives of Southern Rhodesia visited Cape Town where the Prime Minister of South Africa, Jan Smuts, eventually offered terms he considered reasonable and which the United Kingdom government found acceptable."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "History of the Union of South Africa - Background", "says": "Anticipating invasion by a European power and already suffering Portuguese encroachment from the north and Afrikaner encroachment from the south, these leaders approached the Cape Colony government to discuss the possibility of accession and the political representation it would entail."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History of the Union of South Africa - Background", "says": "Accession to the Cape Colony, a self-governing state with a system of multi-racial franchise and legal protection for traditional land rights, was at the time considered marginally preferable to annexation by either the Kingdom of Portugal or the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History of the Union of South Africa - Background", "says": "Accession to the Cape Colony, a self-governing state with a system of multi-racial franchise and legal protection for traditional land rights, was at the time considered marginally preferable to annexation by either the Kingdom of Portugal or the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "History of the Union of South Africa - South African occupation", "says": "Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Union of South Africa occupied and annexed the German colony of German South West Africa."}], "Q202687": [{"id": "Q945436", "label": "Sonni Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Sonni Ali established Gao as the empire's capital, although a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into an important trading center and attracted the interest of the expanding Mali Empire."}, {"id": "Q2866678", "label": "Askia Daoud", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire experienced a period of stability and a string of military successes during the reign of Askia Daoud."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1590, Al-Mansur took advantage of the recent civil conflict in the empire and sent an army under the command of Judar Pasha to conquer the Songhai and gain control of the trans-Saharan trade routes."}, {"id": "Q589285", "label": "Battle of Tondibi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Songhai Empire collapsed after the defeat at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Gao and Mali", "says": "Ibn Battuta visited Gao in 1353 when the town was still a part of the Mali Empire."}, {"id": "Q1121532", "label": "Battle of Alcácer Quibir", "section": "History - Decline and Saadian Invasion", "says": "During this period, Moroccan armies annihilated a Portuguese invasion at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, but were left on the verge of economic depletion and bankruptcy, as they needed to pay for the defences used to hold off the siege."}], "Q203493": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (known locally as the Romanian War of Independence), after which it was forced to cede the southern part of Bessarabia in exchange for Northern Dobruja."}, {"id": "Q3778687", "label": "Romanian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (known locally as the Romanian War of Independence), after which it was forced to cede the southern part of Bessarabia in exchange for Northern Dobruja."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (known locally as the Romanian War of Independence), after which it was forced to cede the southern part of Bessarabia in exchange for Northern Dobruja."}, {"id": "Q444912", "label": "Romanian Old Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom's territory during the reign of King Carol I, between 13 (O.S.) / 25 March 1881 and 27 September (O.S.) / 10 October 1914 is sometimes referred to as the Romanian Old Kingdom, to distinguish it from \"Greater Romania\", which included the provinces that became part of the state after World War I (Bessarabia, Banat, Bukovina, and Transylvania)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "With the exception of the southern halves of Bukovina and Transylvania, these territories were ceded to neighboring countries in 1940, under the pressure of Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "With the exception of the southern halves of Bukovina and Transylvania, these territories were ceded to neighboring countries in 1940, under the pressure of Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the abolishment of the 1923 constitution by King Carol II in 1938, the Kingdom of Romania became an absolute monarchy, only to become a military dictatorship under Ion Antonescu in 1940 after the forced abdication of King Carol II, with his successor, King Michael I being a figurehead with no effective political power."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The disastrous World War II campaign on the side of the Axis powers led to King Michael's Coup against Ion Antonescu in 1944, as a result of which the Kingdom of Romania became a constitutional monarchy again and switched sides to the Allies, recovering Northern Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q575347", "label": "King Michael's Coup", "section": "lead", "says": "The disastrous World War II campaign on the side of the Axis powers led to King Michael's Coup against Ion Antonescu in 1944, as a result of which the Kingdom of Romania became a constitutional monarchy again and switched sides to the Allies, recovering Northern Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q294832", "label": "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", "section": "History - Unification and monarchy", "says": "The 1859 ascendancy of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as prince of both Moldavia and Wallachia under the nominal suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire united an identifiably Romanian nation under a single ruler."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "History - Unification and monarchy", "says": "Abstaining from the Initial Balkan War against the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Romania entered the Second Balkan War in June 1913 against the Tsardom of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Unification and monarchy", "says": "Abstaining from the Initial Balkan War against the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Romania entered the Second Balkan War in June 1913 against the Tsardom of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Unification and monarchy", "says": "In 1916 Romania entered World War I on the Entente side."}, {"id": "Q2889252", "label": "Battle of Mărășești", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "In 1917, despite fierce Romanian resistance, especially at the Battle of Mărășești, due to Russia's withdrawal from the war following the October Revolution, Romania, being almost completely surrounded by the Central Powers, was forced to also drop from the war, signing the Armistice of Focșani and next year, in May 1918, the Treaty of Bucharest."}, {"id": "Q15401938", "label": "Truce of Focșani", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "In 1917, despite fierce Romanian resistance, especially at the Battle of Mărășești, due to Russia's withdrawal from the war following the October Revolution, Romania, being almost completely surrounded by the Central Powers, was forced to also drop from the war, signing the Armistice of Focșani and next year, in May 1918, the Treaty of Bucharest."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "War with the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 resulted in the occupation of Budapest by Romanian troops and the end of Béla Kun's Bolshevik regime."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "History - Union with Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania", "says": "The last territorial change during this period came in 1923, when a few border settlements were exchanged between Romania and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Union with Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania", "says": "Greater Romania now had a significant minority population, especially of Hungarians, and faced the difficulty of assimilation."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - The interbellum years", "says": "Upon the death of King Ferdinand in 1927, his son, Prince Carol, was prevented from succeeding him because of previous marital scandals that had resulted in his renunciation of rights to the throne."}, {"id": "Q462164", "label": "Iuliu Maniu", "section": "History - The interbellum years", "says": "Iuliu Maniu, leader of the National Peasants' Party, engineered Carol's return on the basis of a promise that he would forsake his mistress Magda Lupescu, and Lupescu herself had agreed to the arrangement."}], "Q207991": [{"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pahlavi dynasty (Persian: خاندان پهلوی, romanized: Xândân-e Pahlavi) is an Iranian royal dynasty that was the last to rule Iran before the country's monarchy was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution in 1979."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 1925 by Reza Shah Pahlavi, born Reza Khan, a non-aristocratic Iranian soldier of Mazanderani origin, who took on the name of the Pahlavi scripts of the Middle Persian language from the Sasanian Empire of pre-Islamic Iran."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty largely espoused this form of Iranian nationalism rooted in the pre-Islamic era (notably based on the Achaemenid Empire) during its time in power, especially under its last Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty largely espoused this form of Iranian nationalism rooted in the pre-Islamic era (notably based on the Achaemenid Empire) during its time in power, especially under its last Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q188684", "label": "Edmund II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty replaced the Qajar dynasty in 1925 after the 1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British General Edmund Ironside to lead the British-run Persian Cossack Brigade."}, {"id": "Q317799", "label": "Ahmad Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the Majlis agreed to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah Qajar."}, {"id": "Q334871", "label": "Reza Pahlavi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Persian Constitution of 1906."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had done in Turkey, but he abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Family background", "says": "His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire) whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza's birth."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "Family background", "says": "His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire) whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza's birth."}, {"id": "Q8543350", "label": "Russo-Persian Wars", "section": "Family background", "says": "His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire) whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza's birth."}, {"id": "Q617772", "label": "Anglo-Persian War", "section": "Family background", "says": "His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856."}], "Q212056": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically positioned between the Soviet Union and China, the MPR became the world's second communist state."}, {"id": "Q2081446", "label": "Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was established in 1924 following the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, which was supported by the Soviet Red Army."}, {"id": "Q311488", "label": "Khorloogiin Choibalsan", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the rule of Khorloogiin Choibalsan, the government aligned closely with Soviet policies, undertaking Stalinist repressions from 1937 to 1939 that resulted in the deaths of over 20,000 people."}, {"id": "Q188925", "label": "Battles of Khalkhin Gol", "section": "lead", "says": "The MPR's army fought alongside the Soviets in the 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol against Japan, and its independence was formally recognized by China after a 1945 referendum."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "Inspired by the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, the 1990 Mongolian Revolution led to the resignation of the MPRP leadership, the legalization of opposition parties, and the establishment of a multi-party system."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Revolution and early years", "says": "After the 1917 October Revolution and outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Mongolia was recognized by the Bolshevik government in August 1919."}, {"id": "Q353547", "label": "Bogd Khan", "section": "History - Revolution and early years", "says": "That November, ROC troops entered the capital and overthrew the Bogd Khan."}, {"id": "Q70542", "label": "Roman von Ungern-Sternberg", "section": "History - Revolution and early years", "says": "In October, White Russian cavalry under Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg entered Mongolia, and in February 1921 drove out the Chinese and restored the Bogd Khan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "In 1931–1932, the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria and set up the puppet state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "In 1931–1932, the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria and set up the puppet state of Manchukuo."}, {"id": "Q124617", "label": "Georgy Zhukov", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "That July, Japan launched an unsuccessful attack across the river, and in August, Soviet and Mongolian troops under General (later Marshal) Georgy Zhukov, encircled and destroyed the Japanese forces."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "That June, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "That June, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, MPRP general secretary and second to Choibalsan, rose to prominence, inspecting aid deliveries and touring the Eastern Front as a Mongolian People's Army (MPA) lieutenant general."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the \"Big Three\" Allied powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union) decided the terms of the planned Soviet entry into the war against Japan, which included a recognition of the \"status quo\" in Mongolia (which was still internationally recognized as part of China)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the \"Big Three\" Allied powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union) decided the terms of the planned Soviet entry into the war against Japan, which included a recognition of the \"status quo\" in Mongolia (which was still internationally recognized as part of China)."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "The ROC, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, was persuaded to recognize Mongolian independence in the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty after Stalin promised to refrain from supporting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - World War II (1939–1945)", "says": "The ROC, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, was persuaded to recognize Mongolian independence in the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty after Stalin promised to refrain from supporting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "History - Cold War politics (1945–1984)", "says": "Mao Zedong privately hoped for Outer Mongolia's reintegration with China, and he was rebuffed by Soviet leadership after raising the question in 1949 and again in 1954, the year after Stalin's death."}, {"id": "Q3051543", "label": "Sanjaasürengiin Zorig", "section": "History - Reforms and end (1984–1992)", "says": "In January 1990, anti-MPRP rallies were held by student and social democratic organizations; their spokesman was Sanjaasürengiin Zorig."}], "Q215643": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indo-Greek Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom, were Hellenistic-era Greek kingdoms in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent covering most of modern-day Pakistan, parts of northwestern India and some eastern parts of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indo-Greek Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom, were Hellenistic-era Greek kingdoms in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent covering most of modern-day Pakistan, parts of northwestern India and some eastern parts of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q1387461", "label": "Theophilus", "section": "lead", "says": "Ptolemy's Geographia and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that Theophilus in the south of the Indo-Greek sphere of influence may also have had a royal seat there at one time."}, {"id": "Q347916", "label": "Demetrius I of Bactria", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius I of Bactria invaded India from Bactria in about 200 BC."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greeks to the east of the Seleucid Empire were eventually divided to the Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdoms in the North Western Indian Subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q362604", "label": "Euthydemus I", "section": "lead", "says": "Euthydemus I was, according to Polybius, a Magnesian Greek."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "Euthydemus I was, according to Polybius, a Magnesian Greek."}, {"id": "Q337819", "label": "Artemidoros", "section": "lead", "says": "For example, Artemidoros (80 BC) was supposed to have been of Indo-Scythian descent, although he is now seen as a regular Indo-Greek king."}, {"id": "Q347878", "label": "Menander I", "section": "lead", "says": "Menander I, being the most well known amongst the Indo-Greek kings, is often referred to simply as \"Menander,\" despite the fact that there was indeed another Indo-Greek King known as Menander II."}, {"id": "Q118992", "label": "Menander", "section": "lead", "says": "Menander I, being the most well known amongst the Indo-Greek kings, is often referred to simply as \"Menander,\" despite the fact that there was indeed another Indo-Greek King known as Menander II."}, {"id": "Q119973", "label": "Pushyamitra Shunga", "section": "Background", "says": "In India, the Maurya dynasty was overthrown around 185 BC when Pushyamitra Shunga, the commander-in-chief of Mauryan Imperial forces and a Brahmin, assassinated the last of the Mauryan emperors Brihadratha."}, {"id": "Q651377", "label": "Shunga Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Pushyamitra Shunga then ascended the throne and established the Shunga Empire, which extended its control as far west as the Punjab."}, {"id": "Q2744161", "label": "Romila Thapar", "section": "Background", "says": "While it is established by secular sources that Hinduism and Buddhism were in competition during this time, with the Shungas preferring the former to the latter, historians such as Etienne Lamotte and Romila Thapar argue that Buddhist accounts of persecution of Buddhists by Shungas are largely exaggerated."}, {"id": "Q315526", "label": "Bindusara", "section": "Background", "says": "Some Puranic sources however also describe the resurgence of Brahmanism following the Maurya dynasty, and the killing of millions of Buddhists, such as the Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana:\n\n\"At this time [after the rule of Chandragupta, Bindusara and Ashoka] the best of the brahmanas, Kanyakubja, performed sacrifice on the top of a mountain named Arbuda."}, {"id": "Q43182", "label": "Eratosthenes", "section": "History - Sources", "says": "In addition to these dozen sentences, the geographer Strabo mentions India a few times in the course of his long dispute with Eratosthenes about the shape of Eurasia."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "History - Sources", "says": "There was also a Chinese expedition to Bactria by Chang-k'ien under the Emperor Wu of Han, recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian and Book of the Former Han, with additional evidence in the Book of the Later Han; the identification of places and peoples behind transcriptions into Chinese is difficult, and several alternate interpretations have been proposed."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Sources", "says": "There was also a Chinese expedition to Bactria by Chang-k'ien under the Emperor Wu of Han, recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian and Book of the Former Han, with additional evidence in the Book of the Later Han; the identification of places and peoples behind transcriptions into Chinese is difficult, and several alternate interpretations have been proposed."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Expansion of Demetrius into India", "says": "The true intents of the Greek kings in occupying India are unknown, but it is thought that the elimination of the Maurya Empire by the Sunga greatly encouraged this expansion."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Expansion of Demetrius into India", "says": "Demetrius I seems to have conquered the Kabul valley, Arachosia and perhaps Gandhara; he struck no Indian coins, so either his conquests did not penetrate that far into India or he died before he could consolidate them."}, {"id": "Q724307", "label": "Pantaleon", "section": "History - First bilingual and multi-religion monetary system", "says": "After the death of Demetrius, the Bactrian kings Pantaleon and Agathocles struck the first bilingual coins with Indian inscriptions found as far east as Taxila so in their time (c."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "History - First bilingual and multi-religion monetary system", "says": "After the death of Demetrius, the Bactrian kings Pantaleon and Agathocles struck the first bilingual coins with Indian inscriptions found as far east as Taxila so in their time (c."}, {"id": "Q577756", "label": "Antimachus II", "section": "History - First bilingual and multi-religion monetary system", "says": "Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I."}, {"id": "Q577747", "label": "Antimachus I", "section": "History - First bilingual and multi-religion monetary system", "says": "Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I."}, {"id": "Q381819", "label": "Eucratides I", "section": "History - Rule of Menander I", "says": "Soon after, Eucratides I king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom began warring with the Indo-Greeks in the north western frontier."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "History - Rule of Menander I", "says": "Soon after, Eucratides I king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom began warring with the Indo-Greeks in the north western frontier."}, {"id": "Q558603", "label": "Pancala", "section": "History - Rule of Menander I", "says": "It is not known if the expedition was carried out, or if the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) were successful in this campaign.\n\n\"After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the Mathuras, the Yavanas, wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja (\"The town of the flower-standard\", Pataliputra)."}, {"id": "Q1391280", "label": "Kharavela", "section": "History - Rule of Menander I", "says": "King Kharavela of Kalinga, during his forth year reigning, was recorded in the Hathigumpha inscription to have routed a demoralized Indo-Greek army back to Mathura."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - Western accounts", "says": "Greek presence in Arachosia, where Greek populations had been living since before the acquisition of the territory by Chandragupta from Seleucus, is mentioned by Isidore of Charax."}, {"id": "Q312548", "label": "Megasthenes", "section": "History - Indian sources", "says": "The Brahmanical text of the Yuga Purana describes events in the form of a prophecy, which may have been historical, relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the capital Pataliputra, a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to Megasthenes, and describes the ultimate destruction of the city's walls:\n\nThen, after having approached Saketa together with the Panchalas and the "}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Fall of Bactria and death of Menander", "says": "From the mid-2nd century BC, the Scythians, in turn being pushed forward by the Yuezhi who were completing a long migration from the border of China, started to invade Bactria from the north."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "History - Fall of Bactria and death of Menander", "says": "Immediately after the fall of Bactria, the bronze coins of Indo-Greek king Zoilos I (130–120 BC), successor of Menander in the western part of the Indian territories, combined the club of Herakles with a Scythian-type bowcase and short recurve bow inside a victory wreath, illustrating interaction with horse-mounted people originating from the steppes, possibly either the Scythians (future Indo-Scy"}, {"id": "Q724127", "label": "Strato I", "section": "History - Preservation of the Indo-Greek realm", "says": "Probable members of the dynasty of Menander include the ruling queen Agathokleia, her son Strato I, and Nicias, though it is uncertain whether they ruled directly after Menander."}, {"id": "Q574812", "label": "Antialcidas", "section": "History - Preservation of the Indo-Greek realm", "says": "Other kings emerged, usually in the western part of the Indo-Greek realm, such as Zoilos I, Lysias, Antialcidas and Philoxenus."}, {"id": "Q854679", "label": "Bhagabhadra", "section": "History - Indo-Greeks in the regions of Vidisha and Sanchi (115 BC)", "says": "Vidisha\nIt is around this time, in 115 BC, that the embassy of Heliodorus, from king Antialkidas to the court of the Sungas king Bhagabhadra in Vidisha, is recorded."}, {"id": "Q1387135", "label": "Strato II", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "About 20 Indo-Greek kings are known during this period, down to the last known Indo-Greek rulers, Strato II and Strato III, who ruled in the Punjab region until around 10 AD."}, {"id": "Q1387449", "label": "Hippostratus", "section": "History - Loss of Hindu Kush territories (70 BC–)", "says": "The later king Hippostratus may however also have held territories in the Paropamisadae."}, {"id": "Q560157", "label": "Kujula Kadphises", "section": "History - Loss of Hindu Kush territories (70 BC–)", "says": "After the death of Hermaeus, the Yuezhi or Saka nomads became the new rulers of the Paropamisadae, and minted vast quantities of posthumous issues of Hermaeus up to around 40 AD, when they blend with the coinage of the Kushan king Kujula Kadphises."}, {"id": "Q2086608", "label": "Western Satraps", "section": "History - Loss of Eastern territories (10 AD)", "says": "These entities would remain independent until being conquered by the Saka King Rudradaman I of the Western Satraps."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "History - Loss of Eastern territories (10 AD)", "says": "They would again win independence until being conquered by Samudragupta (350-375 CE) of the Gupta Empire, and would disintegrate soon after."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Loss of Eastern territories (10 AD)", "says": "They would again win independence until being conquered by Samudragupta (350-375 CE) of the Gupta Empire, and would disintegrate soon after."}, {"id": "Q335247", "label": "Buddhaghosa", "section": "History - Yavana era for Buddha sculptures", "says": "The inscription at the base of the statue is:\n\nsa 1 1 1 100 10 4 4 Prothavadasa di 20 4 1 1 1 Budhagosa danamu(khe) Saghorumasa sadaviyasa\n\n\"In year 318, the day 27 of Prausthapada, gift of Buddhaghosa, the companion of Samghavarma\" \nThis would make it one of the earliest known representations of the Buddha, after the Bimaran casket (1st century AD), and at about the same time as the Buddhist coin"}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "History - Yavana era for Buddha sculptures", "says": "The inscription at the base of the statue is:\n\nsa 1 1 1 100 10 4 4 Prothavadasa di 20 4 1 1 1 Budhagosa danamu(khe) Saghorumasa sadaviyasa\n\n\"In year 318, the day 27 of Prausthapada, gift of Buddhaghosa, the companion of Samghavarma\" \nThis would make it one of the earliest known representations of the Buddha, after the Bimaran casket (1st century AD), and at about the same time as the Buddhist coin"}], "Q215669": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Allies or the Entente (UK: , US:  on-TONT) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918)."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The five British Dominions (the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Dominion of Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa) all fought alongside the British."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "The five British Dominions (the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Dominion of Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa) all fought alongside the British."}, {"id": "Q38610", "label": "Dominion of Newfoundland", "section": "lead", "says": "The five British Dominions (the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Dominion of Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa) all fought alongside the British."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The five British Dominions (the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Dominion of Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa) all fought alongside the British."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The colonies of Allied countries, such as the American Philippines, Belgian Congo, British India, French Algeria, and Japanese Korea, were also used as a source of manpower by the colonial powers."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "Other \"associated members\" of the Allies included Serbia, Belgium, Montenegro, Asir, Nejd and Hasa, Portugal, Romania, Hejaz, Panama, Cuba, Greece, China, Siam, Brazil, Armenia, Luxembourg, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Haiti, Liberia, and Honduras."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Fighting commenced when Austria invaded Serbia on 28 July 1914, in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Emperor Franz Joseph I; this brought Serbia's ally Montenegro into the war on 9 August and it attacked the Austrian naval base at Cattaro, modern Kotor."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "Background", "says": "Fighting commenced when Austria invaded Serbia on 28 July 1914, in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Emperor Franz Joseph I; this brought Serbia's ally Montenegro into the war on 9 August and it attacked the Austrian naval base at Cattaro, modern Kotor."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Fighting commenced when Austria invaded Serbia on 28 July 1914, in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Emperor Franz Joseph I; this brought Serbia's ally Montenegro into the war on 9 August and it attacked the Austrian naval base at Cattaro, modern Kotor."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, German troops carried out the Schlieffen Plan, entering neutral Belgium and Luxembourg; over 95% of Belgium was occupied but the Belgian Army held their lines on the Yser Front throughout the war."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "Background", "says": "On 2 September, Japanese forces surrounded the German Treaty Port of Tsingtao (now Qingdao) in China and occupied German colonies in the Pacific, including the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Background", "says": "On 17 January 1916, Montenegro capitulated and left the Entente; this was offset when Germany declared war on Portugal in March 1916, while Romania commenced hostilities against Austria on 27 August."}], "Q217242": [{"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga provinces."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaire), its official name was Shaba Province."}], "Q234081": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The ancien régime (; French: [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim] ; lit. 'former regime') was the  political  and  social system  of the  Kingdom of France  that the  French Revolution  overturned."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The ancien régime (; French: [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim] ; lit. 'former regime') was the  political  and  social system  of the  Kingdom of France  that the  French Revolution  overturned."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "This was accomplished through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of King Louis XVI and declaration of a republic. \"Ancien régime\" is now a common metaphor for  \"a system or mode no longer prevailing\"."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "The attempts of the House of Valois to reform and re-establish control over the scattered political centres of the country were hindered by the Wars of Religion from 1562 to 1598."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "During the House of Bourbon, much of the reigns of Henry IV (r."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "During the House of Bourbon, much of the reigns of Henry IV (r."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "1589–1610) and Louis XIII (r."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "1610–1643) and the early years of Louis XIV (r."}, {"id": "Q472272", "label": "Simon Schama", "section": "Origin of term", "says": "Simon Schama has observed that \"virtually as soon as the term was coined, 'old regime' was automatically freighted with associations of both traditionalism and senescence."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "Downfall", "says": "The American Revolution had demonstrated that Enlightenment ideas about the organisation of governance could actually be put into practice."}, {"id": "Q34969", "label": "Benjamin Franklin", "section": "Downfall", "says": "Some American diplomats, like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, had lived in Paris and consorted freely with members of the French intellectual class there."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "Downfall", "says": "Some American diplomats, like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, had lived in Paris and consorted freely with members of the French intellectual class there."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Downfall", "says": "Furthermore, contact between American revolutionaries and the French soldiers, who had provided aid to the Continental Army in North America during the American Revolutionary War, helped to spread revolutionary ideals in France."}], "Q58326": [{"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic existed from 1848, when the monarchy fell, until its dissolution only four years later in 1852 upon the proclamation of the Second French Empire."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo, in June 1815, France had been reconstituted into a monarchy known as the Bourbon Restoration."}, {"id": "Q58202", "label": "July Monarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "After a brief period of revolutionary turmoil in 1830, royal power was again secured in the \"July Monarchy\", governed under principles of moderate conservatism and improved relations with the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After a brief period of revolutionary turmoil in 1830, royal power was again secured in the \"July Monarchy\", governed under principles of moderate conservatism and improved relations with the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of it was led by France in the February Revolution, overthrowing King Louis-Philippe."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "To avoid this restriction and remain in power, President Louis-Napoléon overthrew the second Republic in a process beginning with the 1851 self-coup d'état; he became known  as Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire from 1852."}], "Q152115": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Warsaw (Polish: Księstwo Warszawskie; French: Duché de Varsovie; German: Herzogtum Warschau) was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "lead", "says": "It initially comprised the ethnically Polish lands ceded to France by Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit, and was augmented in 1809 with territory ceded by Austria in the Treaty of Schönbrunn."}, {"id": "Q53444", "label": "Friedrich August I of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was held in personal union by Napoleon's ally, Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, who became the duke of Warsaw and remained a legitimate candidate for the Polish throne."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, Napoleon seemingly abandoned the duchy, and it was left to be occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally divided between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, Napoleon seemingly abandoned the duchy, and it was left to be occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally divided between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The east-central territory of the duchy acquired by the Russian Empire was subsequently transformed into a polity called Congress Poland, and Prussia formed the Grand Duchy of Posen in the west."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The east-central territory of the duchy acquired by the Russian Empire was subsequently transformed into a polity called Congress Poland, and Prussia formed the Grand Duchy of Posen in the west."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Napoleon's campaign against Russia", "says": "As a result of Napoleon's campaign in 1812 against Russia, the Poles expected that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom and that during Napoleon's invasion of Russia, they would be joined by the liberated territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland's historic partner in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "History - Napoleon's campaign against Russia", "says": "Alexander I of Russia created a Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw to govern the area through his generals."}, {"id": "Q501303", "label": "Free City of Kraków", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition", "says": "The city of Kraków and some surrounding territory, previously part of the Duchy of Warsaw, were established as the semi-independent Free City of Cracow [sic], under the \"protection\" of its three powerful neighbors."}, {"id": "Q688918", "label": "Grand Duchy of Cracow", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition", "says": "The city was eventually annexed by Austria in 1846, becoming the Grand Duchy of Kraków."}, {"id": "Q2068091", "label": "Vistula Land", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition", "says": "Its constituent territories became the Vistula Land in 1867."}], "Q153867": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria-Hungary had to be pressured by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck into accepting the principles of consultation and mutual agreement with Italy on any territorial changes initiated in the Balkans or on the coasts and islands of the Adriatic and Aegean seas."}, {"id": "Q934468", "label": "Racconigi Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Italy and Russia sign Racconigi Bargain in 1909 occurred shortly after  which Austria-Hungary unilaterally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia initially faced with German backing of Austria-Hungary, Russian diplomacy eventually yielded, formalized by amendments to the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909."}], "Q182135": [{"id": "Q270438", "label": "Charles of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Valois descended from Charles, Count of Valois (1270–1325), the second surviving son of King Philip III of France (reigned 1270–1285)."}, {"id": "Q172203", "label": "Philip III of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Valois descended from Charles, Count of Valois (1270–1325), the second surviving son of King Philip III of France (reigned 1270–1285)."}, {"id": "Q230031", "label": "Joan II of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "Their title to the throne was based on a precedent in 1316 (later retroactively attributed to the Merovingian Salic law) which excluded females (Joan II of Navarre), as well as male descendants through the distaff side (Edward III of England), from the succession to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Their title to the throne was based on a precedent in 1316 (later retroactively attributed to the Merovingian Salic law) which excluded females (Joan II of Navarre), as well as male descendants through the distaff side (Edward III of England), from the succession to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "After holding the throne for several centuries the Valois male line became extinct and the House of Bourbon succeeded the Valois to the throne as the senior surviving branch of the Capetian dynasty."}], "Q183150": [{"id": "Q2993294", "label": "David Marshall Lang", "section": "lead", "says": "According to David Marshall Lang: \"one of the most important elements in the modern Georgian nation, the Colchians were probably established in the Caucasus by the Middle Bronze Age.\"\nIt has been described in modern scholarship as \"the earliest Georgian formation\", which, along with the Kingdom of Iberia, would later contribute significantly to the development of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Geo"}, {"id": "Q19083", "label": "Kingdom of Iberia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to David Marshall Lang: \"one of the most important elements in the modern Georgian nation, the Colchians were probably established in the Caucasus by the Middle Bronze Age.\"\nIt has been described in modern scholarship as \"the earliest Georgian formation\", which, along with the Kingdom of Iberia, would later contribute significantly to the development of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Geo"}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to David Marshall Lang: \"one of the most important elements in the modern Georgian nation, the Colchians were probably established in the Caucasus by the Middle Bronze Age.\"\nIt has been described in modern scholarship as \"the earliest Georgian formation\", which, along with the Kingdom of Iberia, would later contribute significantly to the development of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Geo"}, {"id": "Q317030", "label": "Argishti I of Urartu", "section": "History - Prehistory and earliest references", "says": "The polity of Kilkhi/Qulha warred first against Assyrians under the rule of Tiglath-pileser I and then with Urartians under the reigns of Argišti I and Menua.."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Prehistory and earliest references", "says": "Herodotus, who is thought to have never been to Colchis, imagined Colchians as \"dark-skinned (μελάγχροες) and woolly-haired\" and calls them Egyptians."}, {"id": "Q19248", "label": "Senusret III", "section": "History - Prehistory and earliest references", "says": "Furthermore, he claimed that the Colchians, with the Ancient Egyptians and the Ethiopians, were the first to practice circumcision, a custom that according to him was inherited by Colchians from remnants of the army of Pharaoh Sesostris (Senusret III)."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Prehistory and earliest references", "says": "According to Pliny the Elder:"}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Scytho-Cimmerian invasions", "says": "Starting from the 8th century BC, Colchis was invaded by Scythians and Cimmerians migrating from Central Asia into the Pontic steppes Scythians would go on to establish a base on the former territory of the kingdom, from where they performed raids and campaigns in Media and Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Scytho-Cimmerian invasions", "says": "Starting from the 8th century BC, Colchis was invaded by Scythians and Cimmerians migrating from Central Asia into the Pontic steppes Scythians would go on to establish a base on the former territory of the kingdom, from where they performed raids and campaigns in Media and Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q2553559", "label": "Donald Rayfield", "section": "History - Achaemenid satrapy", "says": "According to Donald Rayfield, the tribes living in the southern Colchis (Macrones, Moschi, and Marres) were incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and formed the 19th satrapy, while the northern tribes submitted \"voluntarily\" and had to send to the Achaemenid court 100 girls and 100 boys every five years, though it is not clear whether these were Colchians or persons obtained from other peoples b"}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Achaemenid satrapy", "says": "According to Donald Rayfield, the tribes living in the southern Colchis (Macrones, Moschi, and Marres) were incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and formed the 19th satrapy, while the northern tribes submitted \"voluntarily\" and had to send to the Achaemenid court 100 girls and 100 boys every five years, though it is not clear whether these were Colchians or persons obtained from other peoples b"}, {"id": "Q651855", "label": "the Ten Thousand", "section": "History - Achaemenid satrapy", "says": "In 400 BC, shortly after the Ten Thousand reached Trapezus, a battle was fought between them and Colchians, in which the latter were decisively defeated."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Under Pontus", "says": "On the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus in 65 BC, Colchis was occupied by Pompey, who captured one of the local chiefs (sceptuchus) Olthaces, and installed Aristarchus as a dynast (63–47 BC)."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Under Pontus", "says": "On the fall of Pompey, Pharnaces II, son of Mithridates, took advantage of Julius Caesar being occupied in Egypt, and reduced Colchis, Armenia, and some part of Cappadocia, defeating Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, whom Caesar subsequently sent against him."}, {"id": "Q63447", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus", "section": "History - Under Pontus", "says": "On the fall of Pompey, Pharnaces II, son of Mithridates, took advantage of Julius Caesar being occupied in Egypt, and reduced Colchis, Armenia, and some part of Cappadocia, defeating Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, whom Caesar subsequently sent against him."}, {"id": "Q321371", "label": "Bosporan Kingdom", "section": "History - Under Pontus", "says": "Under Polemon I, the son and heir of Zenon, Colchis was part of the Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2280204", "label": "Pythodorida of Pontus", "section": "History - Under Pontus", "says": "After the death of Polemon (8 BC), his second wife Pythodorida of Pontus retained possession of Colchis as well as of Pontus, although the kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power."}, {"id": "Q2319252", "label": "Polemon II of Pontus", "section": "History - Under Pontus", "says": "Her son and successor, Polemon II of Pontus, was induced by Emperor Nero to abdicate the throne, and both Pontus and Colchis were incorporated in the Province of Galatia (63) and later, in Cappadocia (81)."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Under Roman rule", "says": "In 69, the people of Pontus and Colchis under Anicetus staged a major uprising against the Roman Empire, which ended unsuccessfully."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Under Roman rule", "says": "According to traditional accounts Christianity began to spread in the early first century by Andrew the Apostle, Simon the Zealot, and Saint Matthias."}], "Q241748": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Serbia, under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, de facto achieved full independence when the very last Ottoman troops left Belgrade in 1867."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1882, Serbia was elevated to the status of a kingdom, initially maintaining a foreign policy friendly to Austria-Hungary before turning to the Russian Empire and France following a coup d'état in 1903."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1882, Serbia was elevated to the status of a kingdom, initially maintaining a foreign policy friendly to Austria-Hungary before turning to the Russian Empire and France following a coup d'état in 1903."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1912 and 1913, Serbia greatly enlarged its territory through engagement in the First and Second Balkan Wars – Sandžak-Raška, Kosovo Vilayet and Vardar Macedonia were annexed."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of World War I in 1918 it united with Vojvodina and the Kingdom of Montenegro, and in December 1918 it merged with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Kingdom of Yugoslavia) under the continued rule of the Karađorđević dynasty."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of World War I in 1918 it united with Vojvodina and the Kingdom of Montenegro, and in December 1918 it merged with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Kingdom of Yugoslavia) under the continued rule of the Karađorđević dynasty."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of World War I in 1918 it united with Vojvodina and the Kingdom of Montenegro, and in December 1918 it merged with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Kingdom of Yugoslavia) under the continued rule of the Karađorđević dynasty."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of World War I in 1918 it united with Vojvodina and the Kingdom of Montenegro, and in December 1918 it merged with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Kingdom of Yugoslavia) under the continued rule of the Karađorđević dynasty."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of World War I in 1918 it united with Vojvodina and the Kingdom of Montenegro, and in December 1918 it merged with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Kingdom of Yugoslavia) under the continued rule of the Karađorđević dynasty."}, {"id": "Q315172", "label": "Karađorđe", "section": "History - Principality of Serbia", "says": "Despite brutal oppression and retaliation by the Ottoman authorities, the revolutionary leaders, first Karađorđe and then Miloš Obrenović, succeeded in their goal to liberate Serbia after centuries of Turkish rule."}, {"id": "Q297557", "label": "Miloš Obrenović I", "section": "History - Principality of Serbia", "says": "Despite brutal oppression and retaliation by the Ottoman authorities, the revolutionary leaders, first Karađorđe and then Miloš Obrenović, succeeded in their goal to liberate Serbia after centuries of Turkish rule."}, {"id": "Q740791", "label": "Serbo-Bulgarian War", "section": "History - Serbo-Bulgarian War, 1885", "says": "The Serbo-Bulgarian War erupted on November 14, 1885, and lasted until November 28 of the same year."}, {"id": "Q1861319", "label": "Battle of Slivnitsa", "section": "History - Serbo-Bulgarian War, 1885", "says": "Bulgarians successfully repelled the Serbs after the decisive victory at the Battle of Slivnitsa and advanced into Serbian territory taking Pirot and clearing the way to Niš."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Serbo-Bulgarian War, 1885", "says": "When Austria-Hungary declared that it would join the war on the side of Serbia, Bulgaria withdrew from Serbia leaving the Serbo-Bulgarian border precisely where it had been prior to the war."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and expansion", "says": "Negotiations between Russia, Serbia and Bulgaria led to the Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of March 1912, which aimed to conquer and to divide the Ottoman held Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and expansion", "says": "After the war started, Serbia, together with Montenegro, conquered Pristina and Novi Pazar."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and expansion", "says": "On November 29, 1913, the Drač County of the Kingdom of Serbia was established on the part of the territory of Albania taken from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and expansion", "says": "The old disagreements regarding the territory of Macedonia among the members of the Balkan League and primarily Serbia and Bulgaria, led to the Second Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and expansion", "says": "Serbia came to control the land which became known as Vardar Macedonia, and today stands independent as the Republic of North Macedonia but land-locked Serbia was prevented from gaining access to the Adriatic Sea by the newly established Principality of Albania."}, {"id": "Q187035", "label": "Principality of Albania", "section": "History - Balkan Wars and expansion", "says": "Serbia came to control the land which became known as Vardar Macedonia, and today stands independent as the Republic of North Macedonia but land-locked Serbia was prevented from gaining access to the Adriatic Sea by the newly established Principality of Albania."}, {"id": "Q43063", "label": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "History - Assassination in Sarajevo", "says": "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo (then part of Austria-Hungary) brought the tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia to a head."}, {"id": "Q192050", "label": "assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand", "section": "History - Assassination in Sarajevo", "says": "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered a chain of international events that embroiled Russia and the major European powers in the conflict."}], "Q241790": [{"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarchs of Kush ruled Egypt for over a century until the Assyrian conquest, being dethroned by the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal in the mid-7th century BC."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The northernmost part of Nubia was occupied from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, first by the Ptolemaic Kingdom and then by the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The northernmost part of Nubia was occupied from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, first by the Ptolemaic Kingdom and then by the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q191324", "label": "Middle Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "History - Kerma culture (2500–1500 BC)", "says": "The polity seems to have been one of several Nile Valley states during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q296439", "label": "Mentuhotep II", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–1070 BC)", "says": "Mentuhotep II, the 21st century BC founder of the Middle Kingdom, is recorded to have undertaken campaigns against Kush in the 29th and 31st years of his reign."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–1070 BC)", "says": "The Egyptians ruled Kush in the New kingdom beginning when the Egyptian King Thutmose I occupied Kush and destroyed its capital, Kerma."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–1070 BC)", "says": "Around 1500 BC, Nubia was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt, but rebellions continued for centuries."}, {"id": "Q157966", "label": "Amenhotep I", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–1070 BC)", "says": "Resistance to the early eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian rule by neighboring Kush is evidenced in the writings of Ahmose, son of Ebana, an Egyptian warrior who served under Nebpehtrya Ahmose (1539–1514 BC), Djeserkara Amenhotep I (1514–1493 BC), and Aakheperkara Thutmose I (1493–1481 BC)."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–1070 BC)", "says": "Its historical allies, the inhabitants of Canaan, had fallen to the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1020 BC), and then the resurgent Neo-Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC)."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Egyptian Nubia (1504–1070 BC)", "says": "Its historical allies, the inhabitants of Canaan, had fallen to the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1020 BC), and then the resurgent Neo-Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC)."}, {"id": "Q533344", "label": "Iuput II", "section": "History - Rule over Egypt (754–656 BC)", "says": "He invaded an Egypt fragmented into four kingdoms, ruled by King Peftjauawybast, King Nimlot, King Iuput II, and King Osorkon IV."}, {"id": "Q718214", "label": "Osorkon IV", "section": "History - Rule over Egypt (754–656 BC)", "says": "He invaded an Egypt fragmented into four kingdoms, ruled by King Peftjauawybast, King Nimlot, King Iuput II, and King Osorkon IV."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Rule over Egypt (754–656 BC)", "says": "Piye then sought to support anti-Assyrian rebellions in the southern Levant, however these were decisively put down by the Assyrian king Sargon II in 720 BC."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Rule over Egypt (754–656 BC)", "says": "After the reign of Shabaka, Pharaoh Taharqa's army. claimed to have undertook successful military campaigns, as attested by the \"list of conquered Asiatic principalities\" from the Mut temple at Karnak and \"conquered peoples and countries (Libyans, Shasu nomads, Phoenicians?, Khor in Palestine)\" from Sanam temple inscriptions."}, {"id": "Q244912", "label": "Hezekiah", "section": "History - Rule over Egypt (754–656 BC)", "says": "In 701 BC, Taharqa and his army aided Judah and King Hezekiah in withstanding a siege by King Sennacherib of the Assyrians (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9)."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Rule over Egypt (754–656 BC)", "says": "In 701 BC, Taharqa and his army aided Judah and King Hezekiah in withstanding a siege by King Sennacherib of the Assyrians (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9)."}, {"id": "Q434535", "label": "Tanutamani", "section": "History - Assyrian conquest of Egypt", "says": "Taharqa's successor, Tantamani sailed north from Napata, through Elephantine, and to Thebes with a large army, where he was \"ritually installed as the king of Egypt\"."}, {"id": "Q455594", "label": "Necho I", "section": "History - Assyrian conquest of Egypt", "says": "After defeating Sais and killing Assyria's vassal, Necho I, in Memphis, \"some local dynasts formally surrendered, while others withdrew to their fortresses\"."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Napatan period (656 BC – c. 270 BC)", "says": "According to Welsby, \"throughout the Saite, Persian, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods, the Kushite rulers—the descendants of the XXVth Dynasty pharaohs, and the guardians of the Temple of Amun at Jebel Barkal—could have pressed their 'legitimate' claim for control of Egypt and they thus posed a potential threat to the rulers of Egypt.\"\n\nHerodotus mentioned an invasion of Kush by the Achaemenid ruler C"}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Napatan period (656 BC – c. 270 BC)", "says": "For example, the DNa inscription of Darius I (r."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Napatan period (656 BC – c. 270 BC)", "says": "522–486 BC) on his tomb at Naqsh-e Rustam mentions Kūšīyā (Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠, pronounced Kūshīyā) among the territories being \"ruled over\" by the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q373521", "label": "Psamtik II", "section": "History - Meroitic period (c. 270 BC – 4th century AD)", "says": "591 BC, just after the sack of Napata by Psamtik II."}, {"id": "Q25351", "label": "Theodor Mommsen", "section": "History - Relations with the Roman Empire", "says": "Theodor Mommsen and Welsby state the Kingdom of Kush became a client Kingdom, which was similar to the situation under Ptolemaic rule of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Relations with the Roman Empire", "says": "According to Strabo, the Kushites \"sacked Aswan with an army of 30,000 men and destroyed imperial statues...at Philae.\" A \"fine over-life-size bronze head of the emperor Augustus\" was found buried in Meroe in front of a temple."}, {"id": "Q47180", "label": "Petronius", "section": "History - Relations with the Roman Empire", "says": "Alerted to the advance, Gaius Petronius, prefect of Roman Egypt, again marched south and managed to reach Qasr Ibrim and bolster its defenses before the invading Kushites arrived."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Thus, they must have been erected before Aksum's conversion to Christianity in around 340, perhaps by king Ousanas (r. c."}], "Q242115": [{"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following 19 years, Song gradually subdued the remaining states in South China, but the Liao dynasty still remained in China's north (eventually succeeded by the Jin dynasty), and the Western Xia was eventually established in China's northwest."}, {"id": "Q1141471", "label": "Northern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The last of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms regimes was Northern Han, which held out until Song conquered it in 979."}, {"id": "Q571453", "label": "Former Shu", "section": "Background", "says": "The founders of Wu and Former Shu were 'rogues' from Huainan and Xuchang respectively, the founder of Min was a minor government staffer from Huainan, the founder of Wuyue was a 'rogue' from Hangzhou, the founder of Chu was (according to one source) a carpenter from Xuchang, the founder of Jingnan was a slave from Shanzhou and the founder of Southern Han was a southern tribal chief."}, {"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "Background", "says": "The founders of Wu and Former Shu were 'rogues' from Huainan and Xuchang respectively, the founder of Min was a minor government staffer from Huainan, the founder of Wuyue was a 'rogue' from Hangzhou, the founder of Chu was (according to one source) a carpenter from Xuchang, the founder of Jingnan was a slave from Shanzhou and the founder of Southern Han was a southern tribal chief."}], "Q26576": [{"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "lead", "says": "They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanian Empire defeated them."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanian Empire defeated them."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanian Empire defeated them."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Hephthalites, based in Bactria, expanded eastwards to the Tarim Basin, westwards to Sogdia and southwards through Afghanistan, but they never went beyond the Hindu-Kush, which was occupied by the Alchon Huns, previously thought to be an extension of the Hephthalites."}, {"id": "Q21050766", "label": "Alchon Huns", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial Hephthalites, based in Bactria, expanded eastwards to the Tarim Basin, westwards to Sogdia and southwards through Afghanistan, but they never went beyond the Hindu-Kush, which was occupied by the Alchon Huns, previously thought to be an extension of the Hephthalites."}, {"id": "Q26264", "label": "Chionites", "section": "lead", "says": "They formed part of the four major states known collectively as Xyon (Xionites) or Huna, being preceded by the Kidarites and by the Alkhon, and succeeded by the Nezak Huns and by the First Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The stronghold of the Hephthalites was Tokharistan (present-day southern Uzbekistan and northern Afghanistan) on the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush, and their capital was probably at Kunduz, having come from the east, possibly from the area of Pamir."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442–c.530 CE)", "says": "The Hephthalites were originally vassals of the Rouran Khaganate but split from their overlords in the early fifth century."}, {"id": "Q310303", "label": "Yazdegerd II", "section": "History - Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442–c.530 CE)", "says": "The next time they were mentioned was in Persian sources as foes of Yazdegerd II (435–457), who from 442, fought 'tribes of the Hephthalites', according to the Armenian Elisee Vardaped."}, {"id": "Q310233", "label": "Peroz I", "section": "History - Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442–c.530 CE)", "says": "In 458, a Hephthalite king called Akhshunwar helped the Sasanian Emperor Peroz I (458–484) gain the Persian throne from his brother."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442–c.530 CE)", "says": "The weakened Kidarites had to take refuge in the area of Gandhara."}, {"id": "Q244071", "label": "Kavad I", "section": "History - Victories over the Sasanian Empire (474–484 CE)", "says": "She became pregnant and had a daughter who would later marry her uncle Kavad I."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "History - Hephthalite coinage", "says": "Overall, the Sasanians paid \"an enormous tribute\" to the Hephthalites, until the 530s and the rise of Khosrow I."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Hephthalites in Tokharistan (466 CE)", "says": "Significantly, he presents himself as a vassal of the Sasanian Empire king Peroz I, but Mehama was probably later able to wrestle autonomy or even independence as Sasanian power waned and he moved into India, with dire consequences for the Gupta Empire."}, {"id": "Q12060881", "label": "Chinese Empire", "section": "History - Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479 CE)", "says": "Alternatively, the Hephthalites may have occupied Sogdia later in 509 CE, as this is the date of the last known embassy from Samarkand to the Chinese Empire, but this might not be conclusive as several cities, such as Balkh or Kobadiyan, are known to have sent embassies to China as late as 522 CE, while under Hephthalite control."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479 CE)", "says": "Sogdia, at the center of a new Silk Road between China to the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire became extremely prosperous under its nomadic elites."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Tarim Basin (circa 480–550 CE)", "says": "They occupied the western Tarim Basin (Kashgar and Khotan), taking control of the area from the Rourans, who had been collecting heavy tribute from the oasis cities, but were now weakening under the assaults of the Chinese Northern Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1330290", "label": "Southern Liang", "section": "History - Hephthalite embassies to Liang China (516–526 CE)", "says": "An illustrated account of a Hepthalite (滑, Hua) embassy to the Chinese court of the Southern Liang in the capital Jingzhou in 516–526 CE is given in Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, originally painted by Pei Ziye or the future Emperor Yuan of Liang while he was a Governor of the Province of Jingzhou as a young man between 526 and 539 CE, and of which an 11th-century Song copy is preserve"}, {"id": "Q1149114", "label": "Emperor Yuan of Liang", "section": "History - Hephthalite embassies to Liang China (516–526 CE)", "says": "An illustrated account of a Hepthalite (滑, Hua) embassy to the Chinese court of the Southern Liang in the capital Jingzhou in 516–526 CE is given in Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, originally painted by Pei Ziye or the future Emperor Yuan of Liang while he was a Governor of the Province of Jingzhou as a young man between 526 and 539 CE, and of which an 11th-century Song copy is preserve"}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Other embassies", "says": "The last three are mentioned in the Zhoushu, which records that the Hepththalites had conquered Anxi, Yutian (Hotan region in Xinjiang) and more than twenty other countries, and that they sent embassies to the Chinese court of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou in 546, 553 and 558 CE respectively, after what the Hepthalites were \"crushed by the Turks\" and embassies stopped."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Other embassies", "says": "The last three are mentioned in the Zhoushu, which records that the Hepththalites had conquered Anxi, Yutian (Hotan region in Xinjiang) and more than twenty other countries, and that they sent embassies to the Chinese court of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou in 546, 553 and 558 CE respectively, after what the Hepthalites were \"crushed by the Turks\" and embassies stopped."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - End of the Empire and fragmentation into Hephthalite Principalities (560–710 CE)", "says": "In 552, the Göktürks took over Mongolia, formed the First Turkic Khaganate, and by 558 reached the Volga."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - End of the Empire and fragmentation into Hephthalite Principalities (560–710 CE)", "says": "In 552, the Göktürks took over Mongolia, formed the First Turkic Khaganate, and by 558 reached the Volga."}, {"id": "Q13600791", "label": "Battle of Gol-Zarriun", "section": "History - End of the Empire and fragmentation into Hephthalite Principalities (560–710 CE)", "says": "Circa 555–567, the Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanians under Khosrow I allied against the Hephthalites and defeated them after an eight-day battle near Qarshi, the Battle of Gol-Zarriun, perhaps in 557."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - End of the Empire and fragmentation into Hephthalite Principalities (560–710 CE)", "says": "By 581 or before, the western part of the First Turkic Khaganate separated and became the Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "History - Raids into the Sasanid Empire (600–610 CE)", "says": "The Hephthalites issued numerous coins imitating the coinage of Khosrow II, adding on the obverse a Hephthalite signature in Sogdian and a Tamgha symbol ."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "History - Western Turk takeover (625 CE)", "says": "Their legacy was extended to the southeast until the 9th century CE, with the Turk Shahis and the Zunbils."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "History - Arab invasion (c.651 CE)", "says": "Circa 650 CE, during the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire, the Sasanian Empire ruler Yazdegerd III was trying to regroup and gather forces around Tokharistan and was hoping to obtain the help of the Turks, after his defeat to the Arabs in the Battle of Nihâvand (642 CE)."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Arab invasion (c.651 CE)", "says": "But when Yazdegerd arrived in Merv (in what is today's Turkmenistan) he demanded tax from the Marzban of Marw, losing his support and making him ally with the Hephthalite ruler of Badghis, Nezak Tarkan."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Arab invasion (c.651 CE)", "says": "The Arabs weakened during the 4-year civil war leading to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, but they were able to continue their expansion after that."}], "Q28233": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1905, the Korean Empire became a protectorate of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q709191", "label": "Imo Incident", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Moreover, after the opening of Korea, members of the Gaehwa Party often declared independence from China, but China increased its interference in Korean affairs after the Imo Incident and Kapsin Coup."}, {"id": "Q488282", "label": "Gapsin Coup", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Moreover, after the opening of Korea, members of the Gaehwa Party often declared independence from China, but China increased its interference in Korean affairs after the Imo Incident and Kapsin Coup."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "They regarded the formation of the Korean Empire as a more embarrassing event than the loss of the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Foreign affairs", "says": "Despite its official neutrality, the country had many policies that favored the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Taft-Katsura Agreement and the Russo-Japanese War", "says": "On 27 January 1904, Russia, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom formally commended Korea's declaration of neutrality."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Taft-Katsura Agreement and the Russo-Japanese War", "says": "It was not actually a secret pact or agreement between the United States and Japan, but rather a set of notes regarding discussions on U.S.-Japanese relations between members of the governments of both countries, hence its more appropriate name memorandum."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "History - Taft-Katsura Agreement and the Russo-Japanese War", "says": "Taft expressed in the memorandum that a suzerain relationship with Japan guiding Korea would \"contribute to permanent peace in the Far East.\"\nIn September 1905, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Portsmouth, ending the Russo-Japanese War and firmly establishing Japan's influence in Korea."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "History - Taft-Katsura Agreement and the Russo-Japanese War", "says": "Taft expressed in the memorandum that a suzerain relationship with Japan guiding Korea would \"contribute to permanent peace in the Far East.\"\nIn September 1905, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Portsmouth, ending the Russo-Japanese War and firmly establishing Japan's influence in Korea."}, {"id": "Q174971", "label": "Itō Hirobumi", "section": "History - Eulsa Treaty", "says": "On February 1, 1906, Itō Hirobumi, who led the Japanese treaty negotiations, became the first Japanese Resident-General of Korea."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - Korean resistance", "says": "He sent many messages to European monarchs such as Wilhelm II, George V, or Nicholas II."}, {"id": "Q713917", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907", "section": "History - Japanese protectorate and annexation", "says": "After Sunjong became emperor, the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 was signed."}, {"id": "Q495558", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910", "section": "History - Japanese protectorate and annexation", "says": "After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 was signed on 22 August 1910, the Korean Empire was annexed."}], "Q83546": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally established during the disintegration of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "From the mid-13th century, the grand prince of Vladimir was the leading prince; the Novgorod Republic in the north recognized his suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q174044", "label": "Alexander Nevsky", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander Nevsky (r."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1331, the prince of Moscow was also the grand prince of Vladimir, except for one brief interruption from 1360 to 1363, when the throne was held by Nizhny Novgorod during the minority of Dmitry Donskoy."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1331, the prince of Moscow was also the grand prince of Vladimir, except for one brief interruption from 1360 to 1363, when the throne was held by Nizhny Novgorod during the minority of Dmitry Donskoy."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The first known prince of Rostov mentioned in the Primary Chronicle under the year 988 was Yaroslav Vladimirovich, appointed by his father Vladimir I of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q275106", "label": "Yuri Dolgorukiy", "section": "History - Rostov-Suzdal", "says": "Yuri Dolgorukiy, a younger son of Vladimir Monomakh, was assigned Rostov at an early age."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Under Mongol suzerainty", "says": "Vladimir became a vassal of the Mongol Empire, later succeeded by the Golden Horde, with the Grand Prince appointed by the Great Khan."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Under Mongol suzerainty", "says": "Vladimir became a vassal of the Mongol Empire, later succeeded by the Golden Horde, with the Grand Prince appointed by the Great Khan."}, {"id": "Q4453239", "label": "Tver Uprising of 1327", "section": "History - Under Mongol suzerainty", "says": "When the Tver Uprising of 1327 broke out, forces of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod helped the Mongols crush it."}], "Q150981": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a milestone of German Unification that put the Kingdom of Prussia at the head of the emerging nation and led to the exclusion of Austria from the eventual united Germany."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation was formed following the victory of Prussia and its allies over the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation was formed following the victory of Prussia and its allies over the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The states of the North German Confederation became the core of the German Empire when it was founded on 18 January 1871 after the German victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The states of the North German Confederation became the core of the German Empire when it was founded on 18 January 1871 after the German victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Prelude", "says": "The majority of the largest states of the German Confederation – the kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg among others – sided with Austria in the war, while Prussia's allies were mostly smaller north German states."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Prelude", "says": "When Austria and its supporters decided to mobilize, Minister President Otto von Bismarck of Prussia withdrew the Kingdom from the German Confederation and declared it dissolved."}], "Q191324": [{"id": "Q296439", "label": "Mentuhotep II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 or 1700 BC (depending on the definition), stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty or the mid Thirteenth Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q721807", "label": "Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "Some scholars also include the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt wholly into this period, in which case the Middle Kingdom would end around 1650 BC, while others only include it until Merneferre Ay around 1700 BC, last king of this dynasty to be attested in both Upper and Lower Egypt."}, {"id": "Q310278", "label": "Mentuhotep III", "section": "Political history - Reunification under the Eleventh Dynasty", "says": "He died after a reign of 51 years and passed the throne to his son, Mentuhotep III."}, {"id": "Q313865", "label": "Mentuhotep IV", "section": "Political history - Reunification under the Eleventh Dynasty", "says": "Mentuhotep III was succeeded by Mentuhotep IV, whose name, significantly, is omitted from all ancient Egyptian king lists."}, {"id": "Q18763", "label": "Senusret I", "section": "Political history - Early Twelfth Dynasty", "says": "In his twentieth regnal year, Amenemhat established his son Senusret I as his coregent, beginning a practice which would be used repeatedly throughout the rest of the Middle Kingdom and again during the New Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q19248", "label": "Senusret III", "section": "Political history - Height of the Middle Kingdom", "says": "Senusret III was a warrior-king, often taking to the field himself."}, {"id": "Q228951", "label": "Sobekneferu", "section": "Political history - Decline into the Second Intermediate Period", "says": "After the death of Sobekneferu, the throne may have passed to Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep, though in older studies Wegaf, who had previously been the Great Overseer of Troops, was thought to have reigned next."}, {"id": "Q355429", "label": "Neferhotep I", "section": "Political history - Decline into the Second Intermediate Period", "says": "The strongest king of this period, Neferhotep I, ruled for eleven years and maintained effective control of Upper Egypt, Nubia, and the Delta, with the possible exceptions of Xois and Avaris."}, {"id": "Q713796", "label": "Sobekhotep V", "section": "Political history - Decline into the Second Intermediate Period", "says": "Sobekhotep IV was succeeded by the short reign of Sobekhotep V, who was followed by Wahibre Ibiau, then Merneferre Ai."}], "Q209065": [{"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος, romanised: Vasíleion tis Elládos, pronounced [vaˈsili.on tis eˈlaðos]) was the Greek state established in 1832 by the Treaty of Constantinople, which formally recognised Greece as an independent state and established it as a monarchy, following the Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q528546", "label": "First Hellenic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the First Hellenic Republic and was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, through which Greece secured full independence from the Ottoman Empire after nearly four centuries."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the First Hellenic Republic and was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, through which Greece secured full independence from the Ottoman Empire after nearly four centuries."}, {"id": "Q265824", "label": "Second Hellenic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The country remained a kingdom until 1924, when the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q708318", "label": "Alexandros Koumoundouros", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Ministers, such as Alexandros Koumoundouros and Charilaos Trikoupis, shaped the politics and identity of the kingdom (including the annexation of Thessaly in 1881) before an economic depression and a catastrophic defeat in the Thirty Days' War weakened the Greek state."}, {"id": "Q197692", "label": "Harilaos Trikoupis", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Ministers, such as Alexandros Koumoundouros and Charilaos Trikoupis, shaped the politics and identity of the kingdom (including the annexation of Thessaly in 1881) before an economic depression and a catastrophic defeat in the Thirty Days' War weakened the Greek state."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Prime Ministers, such as Alexandros Koumoundouros and Charilaos Trikoupis, shaped the politics and identity of the kingdom (including the annexation of Thessaly in 1881) before an economic depression and a catastrophic defeat in the Thirty Days' War weakened the Greek state."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Goudi coup in 1909 brought Eleftherios Venizelos to power and brought sweeping reforms, culminating in the Hellenic Army's victory in the Balkan Wars, led militarily by Crown Prince Constantine, who became King following George I's assassination during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Goudi coup in 1909 brought Eleftherios Venizelos to power and brought sweeping reforms, culminating in the Hellenic Army's victory in the Balkan Wars, led militarily by Crown Prince Constantine, who became King following George I's assassination during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Goudi coup in 1909 brought Eleftherios Venizelos to power and brought sweeping reforms, culminating in the Hellenic Army's victory in the Balkan Wars, led militarily by Crown Prince Constantine, who became King following George I's assassination during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The dispute and deep political rift of Monarchist and Venizelist forces regarding Greece's initial neutrality in World War I led to the National Schism, which, with Allied interventi"}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, which ruled most of the Eastern Mediterranean region for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since the sacking of Constantinople by the Latin Crusaders in 1204."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, which ruled most of the Eastern Mediterranean region for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since the sacking of Constantinople by the Latin Crusaders in 1204."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Reign of King Otto (1832–1862)", "says": "This was called the Great Idea (Megali Idea), and it was sustained by almost continuous rebellions against Ottoman rule in Greek-speaking territories, notably Crete, Thessaly and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Reign of King Otto (1832–1862)", "says": "During the Crimean War the British occupied Piraeus to prevent Greece declaring war on the Ottomans as a Russian ally."}, {"id": "Q365201", "label": "Konstantinos Kanaris", "section": "History - Reign of King Otto (1832–1862)", "says": "In 1862, the King dismissed his prime minister, the former admiral Konstantinos Kanaris, the most prominent politician of the period."}, {"id": "Q471319", "label": "Theodoros Deligiannis", "section": "History - Reign of King George I (1863–1913)", "says": "Although parties were centred around the individual leaders, often bearing their names, two broad political tendencies existed: the liberals, led first by Charilaos Trikoupis and later by Eleftherios Venizelos, and the conservatives, led initially by Theodoros Deligiannis and later by Thrasivoulos Zaimis."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Reign of King George I (1863–1913)", "says": "Poverty was rife in the rural areas and the islands and was eased only by large-scale emigration to the United States."}, {"id": "Q3556730", "label": "Hasan Tahsin Pasha", "section": "History - Macedonian front", "says": "20 October] 1912, the Ottoman commander Hasan Tahsin Pasha surrendered Thessaloniki and its garrison of 26,000 men to the Greeks on 9 November [O.S."}, {"id": "Q2888162", "label": "Battle of Bizani", "section": "History - Epirus front", "says": "In the Battle of Bizani the Ottoman positions were breached and Ioannina taken on 6 March [O.S."}, {"id": "Q374655", "label": "Pavlos Kountouriotis", "section": "History - Naval operations in the Aegean and Ionian seas", "says": "On the outbreak of hostilities on 18 October, the Greek fleet, placed under the newly promoted Rear Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis, sailed for the island of Lemnos, occupying it three days later (although fighting continued on the island until 27 October) and establishing an anchorage at Moudros Bay."}, {"id": "Q1989935", "label": "Provisional Government of Albania", "section": "History - Naval operations in the Aegean and Ionian seas", "says": "A naval blockade extending from the pre-war Greek border to Vlorë was also instituted on 3 December, isolating the newly established Provisional Government of Albania based there from any outside support."}, {"id": "Q604175", "label": "Battle of Elli", "section": "History - Confrontations off the Dardanelles", "says": "The war's first major fleet action, the Naval Battle of Elli, was fought two days later, on 16 December [O.S."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - End of the War", "says": "In June 1913, Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia, beginning the Second Balkan War, but was beaten back."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "History - End of the War", "says": "In June 1913, Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia, beginning the Second Balkan War, but was beaten back."}, {"id": "Q3564426", "label": "Noemvriana", "section": "History - 1914–1924: World War I, crises, and the first abolition of the monarchy", "says": "There were also riots against supporters of Venizelos in Athens (the Noemvriana)."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - 1914–1924: World War I, crises, and the first abolition of the monarchy", "says": "Following the February Revolution in Russia, however, the Tsar's support for his cousin was removed, and Constantine was forced to leave the country, without actually abdicating in June 1917."}, {"id": "Q167278", "label": "Georgios Kondylis", "section": "History - Restoration of Monarchy and the 4th of August Regime", "says": "On 10 October 1935, a few months after he suppressed a Venizelist Coup in March 1935, Georgios Kondylis, the former Venizelist stalwart, abolished the Republic in another coup and declared the monarchy restored."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - Restoration of Monarchy and the 4th of August Regime", "says": "Venizelos meanwhile, in exile, urged an end to the conflict over the monarchy given the threat to Greece from the rise of Fascist Italy."}, {"id": "Q311207", "label": "Georgios Papandreou", "section": "History - Restoration of Monarchy and the 4th of August Regime", "says": "His successors as Liberal leader, Themistoklis Sophoulis and Georgios Papandreou, agreed, and the restoration of the monarchy was accepted."}, {"id": "Q189139", "label": "Ioannis Metaxas", "section": "History - Restoration of Monarchy and the 4th of August Regime", "says": "The road was now clear for Ioannis Metaxas, who had succeeded Demertzis as interim Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Restoration of Monarchy and the 4th of August Regime", "says": "Thus, when World War II broke out in September 1939, Greece remained neutral."}, {"id": "Q223604", "label": "Greco-Italian War", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Italian troops crossed the border on 28 October 1940, beginning the Greco-Italian War, but were stopped by a determined Greek defence, and ultimately driven back into Albania."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In the meantime, Adolf Hitler was reluctantly forced to divert German troops to rescue Mussolini from defeat and attacked Greece through Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on 6 April 1941."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In the meantime, Adolf Hitler was reluctantly forced to divert German troops to rescue Mussolini from defeat and attacked Greece through Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on 6 April 1941."}, {"id": "Q153316", "label": "Battle of Crete", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The king and the government escaped to Crete, where they stayed until the end of the Battle of Crete."}, {"id": "Q471242", "label": "Georgios Tsolakoglou", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The three quisling prime ministers were Georgios Tsolakoglou, the general who had signed the armistice with the Wehrmacht, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, and Ioannis Rallis, who took office when the German defeat was inevitable and aimed primarily at combating the left-wing Resistance movement."}, {"id": "Q707189", "label": "Konstantinos Logothetopoulos", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The three quisling prime ministers were Georgios Tsolakoglou, the general who had signed the armistice with the Wehrmacht, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, and Ioannis Rallis, who took office when the German defeat was inevitable and aimed primarily at combating the left-wing Resistance movement."}, {"id": "Q707184", "label": "Ioannis Rallis", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The three quisling prime ministers were Georgios Tsolakoglou, the general who had signed the armistice with the Wehrmacht, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, and Ioannis Rallis, who took office when the German defeat was inevitable and aimed primarily at combating the left-wing Resistance movement."}, {"id": "Q693729", "label": "Aris Velouchiotis", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The largest resistance group, the National Liberation Front (EAM), was controlled by the Communists, as was (ELAS) led by Aris Velouchiotis and a civil war soon broke out between it and non-Communist groups such as the National Republican Greek League (EDES) in those areas liberated from the Germans."}, {"id": "Q1473722", "label": "Dekemvriana", "section": "History - Greek Civil War (1946–1949)", "says": "A few days later, on 3 December 1944, a large-scale pro-EAM demonstration in Athens ended in violence and ushered an intense, house-to-house struggle with British and monarchist forces (the Dekemvriana)."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "History - Greek Civil War (1946–1949)", "says": "The anti-EAM backlash grew into a full-scale \"White Terror\", which exacerbated tensions."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - Greek Civil War (1946–1949)", "says": "In 1949, the insurgents suffered a major blow, as Yugoslavia closed its borders following the split between Marshal Josip Broz Tito with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Greek Civil War (1946–1949)", "says": "In 1949, the insurgents suffered a major blow, as Yugoslavia closed its borders following the split between Marshal Josip Broz Tito with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Greek Civil War (1946–1949)", "says": "Many more emigrated to Australia and other countries."}, {"id": "Q449445", "label": "Nikolaos Plastiras", "section": "History - Postwar Greece and the fall of the monarchy (1950–1973)", "says": "At the beginning of the 1950s, the forces of the Centre (EPEK) succeeded in gaining the power and under the leadership of the aged general Nikolaos Plastiras they governed for about half a four-year term."}], "Q221457": [{"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Congress Poland, or the Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a semi-autonomous Polish state established in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna in personal union with the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Congress Poland, or the Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a semi-autonomous Polish state established in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna in personal union with the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "Created from parts of Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw, the kingdom gradually lost its political autonomy following uprisings in 1830 and 1863."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian rule over the region effectively ended during World War I with the 1915 Russian withdrawal, after which the territory was occupied by the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory, with its native population, was split among the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also commonly referred to as \"Austrian Poland\"."}, {"id": "Q2396442", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also commonly referred to as \"Austrian Poland\"."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy as the Grand Duchy of Posen outside of the German Confederation, but was later demoted to a mere Prussian province (the Province of Posen), which was subsequently annexed in 1866 into the North German Confederation, the predecessor of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy as the Grand Duchy of Posen outside of the German Confederation, but was later demoted to a mere Prussian province (the Province of Posen), which was subsequently annexed in 1866 into the North German Confederation, the predecessor of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy as the Grand Duchy of Posen outside of the German Confederation, but was later demoted to a mere Prussian province (the Province of Posen), which was subsequently annexed in 1866 into the North German Confederation, the predecessor of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q2068091", "label": "Vistula Land", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was subsequently integrated directly into the Russian Empire and increasingly referred to in official use as Vistula Land."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The predominant religion was Roman Catholicism and the official language used within the state was Polish until the failed January Uprising (1863) when Russian became co-official as a consequence."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "History - Uprisings and loss of autonomy", "says": "Nicholas reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland, resulting in the November Uprising."}], "Q28428": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "Paekche was a great maritime power; its nautical skills, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan."}, {"id": "Q715257", "label": "Later Silla", "section": "lead", "says": "In 660, it was defeated by Tang China and Silla, and ultimately submitted to Unified Silla."}, {"id": "Q497601", "label": "Geunchogo", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "King Geunchogo (346–375) expanded Paekche's territory to the north through war against Goguryeo, while annexing the remaining Mahan societies in the south."}, {"id": "Q1036636", "label": "Battle of Hwangsanbeol", "section": "History - Fall and restoration movement", "says": "A heavily outmanned army led by General Gyebaek was defeated in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol near Nonsan."}, {"id": "Q706581", "label": "Buyeo Pung", "section": "History - Fall and restoration movement", "says": "They welcomed the Paekche prince Buyeo Pung back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, in modern Seocheon County, South Chungcheong) as their headquarters."}, {"id": "Q608727", "label": "Battle of Baekgang", "section": "History - Fall and restoration movement", "says": "In 663, Paekche revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Paekche to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang."}], "Q46370": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In medieval historiography, West Francia (Medieval Latin: Francia occidentalis) or the Kingdom of the West Franks (Latin: regnum Francorum occidentalium) constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the Treaty of Verdun in 843 to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "In medieval historiography, West Francia (Medieval Latin: Francia occidentalis) or the Kingdom of the West Franks (Latin: regnum Francorum occidentalium) constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the Treaty of Verdun in 843 to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created from the division of the Carolingian Empire following the death of Louis the Pious, with its neighbor East Francia eventually evolving into the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created from the division of the Carolingian Empire following the death of Louis the Pious, with its neighbor East Francia eventually evolving into the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created from the division of the Carolingian Empire following the death of Louis the Pious, with its neighbor East Francia eventually evolving into the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created from the division of the Carolingian Empire following the death of Louis the Pious, with its neighbor East Francia eventually evolving into the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "It did not include such future French holdings as Lorraine, the County and Kingdom of Burgundy (the duchy was already a part of West Francia), Alsace and Provence in the east and southeast for example."}], "Q62633": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Finland was the direct predecessor to modern Finland, existing from 1809 to 1917 as an autonomous region within the Russian Empire and briefly under the Russian Provisional Government."}, {"id": "Q736268", "label": "Finnish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Originating in the 16th century as a titular grand duchy held by the King of Sweden, Finland was ceded to Russia following the Finnish War of 1808–1809."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of Alexander II (1855–1881) brought significant liberalization, industrial expansion, and the elevation of the Finnish language to official status alongside Swedish."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "History - Beginning of the Grand Duchy", "says": "The formation of the grand duchy stems from the Treaty of Tilsit between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Emperor Napoleon I of the French."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Beginning of the Grand Duchy", "says": "The treaty mediated peace between Russia and France and allied the two countries against Napoleon's remaining threats: the United Kingdom and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q700437", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden", "section": "History - Beginning of the Grand Duchy", "says": "Thus, in the beginning of the war, General roda Voysk Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden, with permission of the tsar, imposed an oath of fealty on Finland, in which Russia would honour Finland's Lutheran faith, the Diet of Finland, and the Finnish estates as long as the Finns would remain loyal to the Russian imperial crown."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "History - Beginning of the Grand Duchy", "says": "The cession of Finland to the Russian Empire in 1809 represented a significant and bitter loss for the Kingdom of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "History - Beginning of the Grand Duchy", "says": "Finnish participation was instrumental in Sweden's ascent to great-power status during the seventeenth century, when the Swedish Empire expanded across the Baltic region."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "Whether or not Alexander purposely ignored the existence of the Diet is debatable, with notable factors such as the fall of Napoleon and the creation of the Holy Alliance, newfound religious mysticism of the Russian crown, and the negative experience with the Polish Sejm."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "History - Alexander's death and the assimilation of Finland: 1820s–1850s", "says": "Poland, another Russian client state, saw a massive uprising against Saint Petersburg during the November Uprising of 1830–1831."}, {"id": "Q374393", "label": "Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov", "section": "History - Alexander's death and the assimilation of Finland: 1820s–1850s", "says": "Zakrevsky died in 1831; Knyaz Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov succeeded him as Governor-General of Finland and continued Finnish appeasement."}, {"id": "Q130924", "label": "Kalevala", "section": "History - Alexander's death and the assimilation of Finland: 1820s–1850s", "says": "This fad peaked in 1835 with the publication of The Kalevala, the Finnish epic."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Crimean War and 1860s–1870s", "says": "This heightened during the Crimean War in which Finnish ports and fortresses on the Baltic Sea became subject for Allied attacks, specifically Suomenlinna and Bomarsund in Åland during the Åland War."}, {"id": "Q11885643", "label": "Åland War", "section": "History - Crimean War and 1860s–1870s", "says": "This heightened during the Crimean War in which Finnish ports and fortresses on the Baltic Sea became subject for Allied attacks, specifically Suomenlinna and Bomarsund in Åland during the Åland War."}, {"id": "Q2091915", "label": "Battle of Bomarsund", "section": "History - Crimean War and 1860s–1870s", "says": "As newspapers were printed in Swedish and Russian due to censorship, many Finns could not read about the events of the Battle of Bomarsund and the Battle of Suomenlinna."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "History - Crimean War and 1860s–1870s", "says": "The background was precisely the situation in Congress Poland: in 1863 there was the January Uprising, which made Russian authorities hostile to regional self-government rights."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "History - Crimean War and 1860s–1870s", "says": "The background was precisely the situation in Congress Poland: in 1863 there was the January Uprising, which made Russian authorities hostile to regional self-government rights."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Russification", "says": "The policies of Russification under Alexander III and Nicholas II easily sum up the time period from 1881 to 1917."}], "Q62651": [{"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark–Norway was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark–Norway was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q704288", "label": "Duchy of Holstein", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark–Norway was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q912382", "label": "Danish India", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark–Norway had several colonies, namely the Danish Gold Coast, Danish India (the Nicobar Islands, Serampore, Tharangambadi), and the Danish West Indies."}, {"id": "Q313879", "label": "Olaf II of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1380, Olaf II of Denmark inherited the Kingdom of Norway, titled as Olaf IV, after the death of his father Haakon VI of Norway, who was married to Olaf's mother Margaret I."}, {"id": "Q313015", "label": "Haakon VI of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1380, Olaf II of Denmark inherited the Kingdom of Norway, titled as Olaf IV, after the death of his father Haakon VI of Norway, who was married to Olaf's mother Margaret I."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Denmark, Norway, and Sweden established and formed the Kalmar Union in 1397."}, {"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dano-Norwegian union lasted until 1814, when the Treaty of Kiel decreed that Norway (except for the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland) be ceded to Sweden."}, {"id": "Q1780850", "label": "Swedish-Norwegian War 1814", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty however was not recognized by Norway, which resisted the attempt in the 1814 Swedish–Norwegian War."}, {"id": "Q707364", "label": "Count's Feud", "section": "History - Origins of the Union", "says": "During the Count's Feud, where the Danish crown was contested between Protestant Oldenburg King Christian III and Catholic King Christian II, the relatively Catholic realm of Norway also wished to leave the union in the 1530s, but was unable to do so due to Denmark's superior military might."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Origins of the Union", "says": "Following this, King Christian III completely united the two kingdoms to reduce the chances of further uprisings, and made Lutheranism the state religion in both kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q704550", "label": "Battle of Hel", "section": "History - Baltic Ambitions", "says": "When Poland-Lithuania attempted to build a navy in 1571, the Danish–Norwegian fleet destroyed or captured much of the Polish fleet in the Battle of Hel."}, {"id": "Q52945", "label": "Eric XIV of Sweden", "section": "History - Northern Seven Years' War", "says": "The Estonians, who were fearful of the Russians, contacted King Eric XIV of Sweden for protection."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Northern Seven Years' War", "says": "After Eric introduced blockades in an attempt to hinder trade with Russia (Sweden and Russia were disputing over Estonia), Lübeck and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth joined Denmark–Norway in a war alliance."}, {"id": "Q2138526", "label": "Treaty of Knäred", "section": "History - Kalmar War", "says": "On 20 January 1613, the Treaty of Knäred was signed, in which Norway's land route from Sweden was regained by incorporating Lapland into Norway, and Swedish payment of the Älvsborg Ransom for two fortresses which Denmark–Norway had taken in the war."}, {"id": "Q629302", "label": "Battle of Lutter", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "However, during the Battle of Lutter in 1626, Denmark–Norway faced a crushing defeat."}, {"id": "Q653561", "label": "Battle of Wolgast", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "After another defeat at the Battle of Wolgast and following the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629, which forbade Denmark–Norway from future intervening in German affairs, Denmark–Norways's participation in the war came to an end."}, {"id": "Q708862", "label": "Treaty of Lübeck", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "After another defeat at the Battle of Wolgast and following the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629, which forbade Denmark–Norway from future intervening in German affairs, Denmark–Norways's participation in the war came to an end."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Torstenson War", "says": "Sweden was very successful during the Thirty Years' War, while Denmark–Norway failed to make gains."}, {"id": "Q850497", "label": "Second Treaty of Brömsebro", "section": "History - Torstenson War", "says": "The war ended as foreseen with a Swedish victory, and with the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, Denmark–Norway had to cede some of their territories, including Norwegian territories Jemtland, Herjedalen and Idre & Serna, and the Danish Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "History - Second Northern Wars", "says": "The Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658), a part of the Second Northern War, was one of the most devastating wars for the Dano-Norwegian kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "History - Second Northern Wars", "says": "After a huge loss in the war, Denmark–Norway was forced in the Treaty of Roskilde to give Sweden a quarter of its territory."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "History - Scanian War", "says": "However, Christian V saw an opportunity when Sweden got involved in the Franco-Dutch War, and after some hesitation Denmark–Norway invaded Sweden in 1675."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Six years later during the Napoleonic Wars, the British sent an expedition which besieged and occupied Copenhagen."}, {"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "History - The end of the Union", "says": "Denmark–Norway was defeated and King Frederick VI had to cede the Kingdom of Norway to the King Charles XIII of Sweden 14 January 1814 at the Treaty of Kiel, but Norway's overseas possessions were kept by Denmark."}], "Q107299": [{"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The rump Earldom of Bamburgh maintained control of Bernicia for a period of time; however, the area north of the Tweed was eventually absorbed into the medieval Kingdom of Scotland while the portion south of the Tweed was absorbed into the Kingdom of England as the county of Northumberland and County Palatine of Durham."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The rump Earldom of Bamburgh maintained control of Bernicia for a period of time; however, the area north of the Tweed was eventually absorbed into the medieval Kingdom of Scotland while the portion south of the Tweed was absorbed into the Kingdom of England as the county of Northumberland and County Palatine of Durham."}], "Q10914393": [{"id": "Q311573", "label": "Adad-nirari II", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning with the accession of Adad-nirari II in 911 BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew to dominate the ancient Near East and parts of the South Caucasus, North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean throughout much of the 9th to 7th centuries BCE, becoming the largest empire in history up to that point."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The early Neo-Assyrian kings were chiefly concerned with restoring Assyrian control over much of northern Mesopotamia, eastern Anatolia and Levant, since significant portions of the preceding Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BCE) had been lost during the late 11th century BCE."}, {"id": "Q193290", "label": "Ashurnasirpal II", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Ashurnasirpal II (r."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "lead", "says": "Ashurnasirpal's campaigns reached as far as the Mediterranean, and he oversaw the transfer of the imperial capital from the traditional city of Assur to the more centrally-located Kalḫu (later known as Calah in the Hebrew Bible, and Nimrud to the Arabs) The empire grew even more under Ashurnasirpal's successor Shalmaneser III (r."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "His most notable conquests were Babylonia in the south and large parts of the Levant."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Sennacherib (r."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The succeeding Akkadian Empire is generally regarded as the first known empire."}, {"id": "Q295194", "label": "Adad-nirari I", "section": "Background", "says": "From the time of Adad-nirari I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Tukulti-Ninurta I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q296295", "label": "Tiglath-Pileser I", "section": "Background", "says": "Though this period of decline was broken up by Tiglath-Pileser I (r."}, {"id": "Q466990", "label": "Ashur-dan II", "section": "History - Initial reconquest", "says": "One of the first conquests of Ashur-dan II had been Katmuḫu in this region, which he made a vassal state rather than annexing it outright; this suggests that the resources available to the early Neo-Assyrian rulers were very limited and that the imperial reconquest had to begin nearly from scratch."}, {"id": "Q283560", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta II", "section": "History - Initial reconquest", "says": "911–891 BCE) and Tukulti-Ninurta II (r."}, {"id": "Q878717", "label": "Bit Adini", "section": "History - Dominion over the Near East", "says": "One of Ashurnasirpal's most persistent enemies was the Aramean king Ahuni, who ruled Bit Adini."}, {"id": "Q362675", "label": "Ashur-bel-kala", "section": "History - Dominion over the Near East", "says": "Ahuni's defeat was highly important as it marked the first time since Ashur-bel-kala two centuries prior that Assyrian forces campaigned further west than the Euphrates."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Dominion over the Near East", "says": "Though few of them became formally incorporated into the empire at this point, many kingdoms on the way paid tribute to Ashurnasirpal to avoid being attacked, including Carchemish and Patina, as well as Phoenician cities such as Sidon, Byblos, Tyre and Arwad."}, {"id": "Q315465", "label": "Shamshi-Adad V", "section": "History - Age of the magnates", "says": "Shalmaneser's final years became preoccupied by an internal crisis when one of his sons, Ashur-danin-pal, rebelled in an attempt to seize the throne, possibly because the younger son Shamshi-Adad V had been designated as heir instead of him."}, {"id": "Q313127", "label": "Adad-nirari III", "section": "History - Revitalization and rise", "says": "745–727 BCE), probably another son of Adad-nirari III."}, {"id": "Q443902", "label": "Nabonassar", "section": "History - Revitalization and rise", "says": "In his first year as king, he waged war against Nabonassar, the Chaldean king of Babylon, and conquered territories on the eastern bank of the Tigris."}, {"id": "Q353497", "label": "Sarduri II", "section": "History - Revitalization and rise", "says": "Campaigns against both targets proved resoundingly successful; in 743 BCE, Sarduri II of Urartu was defeated, and in 740 BCE, Arpad, Syria was conquered after a three-year siege."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "History - Revitalization and rise", "says": "In 734 BCE, the Assyrian army marched through the Levant all the way to the Egyptian border, forcing several of the states on the way—such as Ammon, Edom, Moab and the Kingdom of Judah—to pay tribute and become Assyrian vassals."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Sargon II and Sennacherib", "says": "Shalmaneser was succeeded by Sargon II (r."}, {"id": "Q356505", "label": "Marduk-apla-iddina II", "section": "History - Sargon II and Sennacherib", "says": "The most significant of the revolts was the successful uprising of the Chaldean warlord Marduk-apla-iddina II, who took control of Babylon, restoring Babylonian independence, and allied with the Elamite king Ḫuban‐nikaš I."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal", "says": "He defeated the Cimmerians who plagued the northwestern part of the empire, conquered the cities of Kundu and Sissû in Anatolia, and conquered the Phoenician city of Sidon, which was renamed Kar-Aššur‐aḫu‐iddina (\"fortress of Esarhaddon\")."}, {"id": "Q362680", "label": "Aššur-etil-ilāni", "section": "History - Collapse and fall of the empire", "says": "After Ashurbanipal's death in 631 BCE, the throne was inherited by his son, Aššur-etil-ilāni."}, {"id": "Q729114", "label": "Sin-shumu-lishir", "section": "History - Collapse and fall of the empire", "says": "Despite being his father's legitimate successor, he appears to have been installed against considerable opposition with the aid of the chief eunuch, Sîn-šumu-līšir."}, {"id": "Q318708", "label": "Sinsharishkun", "section": "History - Collapse and fall of the empire", "says": "After a reign of four years, Aššur-etil-ilāni died in unclear circumstances in 627 BCE and was succeeded by his brother, Sîn-šar-iškun."}, {"id": "Q516329", "label": "Kandalanu", "section": "History - Collapse and fall of the empire", "says": "The Babylonian vassal king Kandalanu also died in 627 BCE."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "Reasons for the fall of Assyria", "says": "Under Esarhaddon's reign, many experienced and capable officials and generals had been killed as the result of the king's paranoia; under Ashurbanipal, many had lost their positions to eunuchs."}], "Q153529": [{"id": "Q357539", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Visconti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Milan (Italian: Ducato di Milano; Lombard: Ducaa de Milan) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had ruled the city since 1277."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "During much of its existence, it was wedged between Savoy to the west, Republic of Venice to the east, the Swiss Confederacy to the north, and separated from the Mediterranean by the Republic of Genoa to the south."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "During much of its existence, it was wedged between Savoy to the west, Republic of Venice to the east, the Swiss Confederacy to the north, and separated from the Mediterranean by the Republic of Genoa to the south."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 15th century, the Duchy of Milan was contested between the forces of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by Habsburg Spain from 1556 and it passed to Habsburg Austria in 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by Habsburg Spain from 1556 and it passed to Habsburg Austria in 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy remained an Austrian possession until 1796 when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte captured it in the War of the First Coalition, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy remained an Austrian possession until 1796 when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte captured it in the War of the First Coalition, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy remained an Austrian possession until 1796 when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte captured it in the War of the First Coalition, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleonic France, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored many other Italian States which he had dissolved, but not the Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, its former territory became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, with the Emperor of Austria as its king."}, {"id": "Q378756", "label": "Bernabò Visconti", "section": "History - Visconti rule (1395–1447)", "says": "The House of Visconti had been expanding their dominions for nearly a century, under the reigns of Azzone Visconti, Luchino Visconti, Giovanni Visconti, Bernabò Visconti and Gian Galeazzo Visconti: during the rule of Azzone Visconti, the Ossola in Piedmont had been conquered in 1331, followed by Bergamo and Pavia (Lombardy) and Novara (Piedmont) in 1332, Pontremoli (Tuscany) in 1333, Vercelli (Pie"}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Visconti rule (1395–1447)", "says": "The brothers Luchino and Giovanni Visconti added Bellinzona (present-day Switzerland in 1342, Parma (Emilia) in 1346 and several territories in southwestern Piedmont in 1347: Tortona, Alessandria, Asti, and Mondovì."}, {"id": "Q746443", "label": "Golden Ambrosian Republic", "section": "History - Ambrosian Republic (1447–1450)", "says": "When the last Visconti duke, Filippo Maria, died in 1447 without a male heir, the Milanese declared the so-called Golden Ambrosian Republic, which soon faced revolts and attacks from its neighbors."}, {"id": "Q310536", "label": "Francesco I Sforza", "section": "History - First Sforza's rule (1450–1499)", "says": "The Venetian republic had not abandoned its desire to expand into Lombardy and therefore entered into an alliance with Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Naples, and with Emperor Frederick III, against Francesco I Sforza and his allies."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "History - First Sforza's rule (1450–1499)", "says": "The political balance achieved with the Peace of Lodi lasted until the death of Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the incursion of King Charles VIII of France into Italy in 1494, except for some Swiss incursions which resulted in the Peace of Lucerne."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "History - First Sforza's rule (1450–1499)", "says": "Relations between Ludovico and Ferdinand II of Aragon therefore deteriorated: Gian Galeazzo had in fact married a niece of the King of Naples, who took the side of the legitimate heir."}, {"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "History - First Sforza's rule (1450–1499)", "says": "Ludovico il Moro responded by encouraging King Charles VIII of France to reclaim the Kingdom of Naples, as until 1442 the Neapolitan throne had belonged to Charles ancestors, the Capetian House of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - First Sforza's rule (1450–1499)", "says": "In 1494, Charles VIII conquered Naples, upsetting the balance between the various Italian states and starting the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - First French rule (1499–1512)", "says": "In 1495, Charles VIII was expelled from the Peninsula by a League composed of many Italian states, the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Empire and the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - First French rule (1499–1512)", "says": "In 1495, Charles VIII was expelled from the Peninsula by a League composed of many Italian states, the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Empire and the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "History - First French rule (1499–1512)", "says": "In 1495, Charles VIII was expelled from the Peninsula by a League composed of many Italian states, the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Empire and the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - First French rule (1499–1512)", "says": "Only three years later, in 1498, the Duke of Orléans, who had become King of France under the name of Louis XII, asserted his claims on the Duchy of Milan: one of his ancestors, Louis of Orleans, had in fact married Valentina Visconti, daughter of Duke Gian Galeazzo, in 1389, whose marriage contract established that, in the event of the extinction of the Visconti dynasty, the title of Duke of Mila"}, {"id": "Q378739", "label": "Maximilian Sforza", "section": "History - Second Sforza's rule (1512–1515)", "says": "Louis XII remained Duke of Milan until 1512, when the Swiss army expelled the French from Lombardy and placed Maximilian Sforza, son of Ludovico il Moro, on the Milanese throne."}, {"id": "Q330", "label": "Battle of Marignano", "section": "History - Second French rule (1515–1521)", "says": "In 1515, after the bloody Battle of Marignano, which saw the defeat of the Swiss army, the French sovereign deposed Maximilian and installed himself on the ducal throne."}, {"id": "Q378868", "label": "Francesco II Sforza", "section": "History - Second French rule (1515–1521)", "says": "Francis I governed the duchy until 1521 when Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, conquered it after the Battle of Vaprio d'Adda and raised Maximilian's young brother, Francesco II Sforza, to the ducal throne."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Third and last Sforza's rule (1521–1535)", "says": "The French briefly retook the city in late 1524 but lost it again after their decisive defeat in the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525, which left the forces of Emperor Charles V in a strong position within the Italian peninsula."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "History - Third and last Sforza's rule (1521–1535)", "says": "Francesco II Sforza then joined the Republic of Venice, the Florentine Republic, Pope Clement VII and the Kingdom of France in the League of Cognac against Charles."}, {"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "History - Third and last Sforza's rule (1521–1535)", "says": "Shortly thereafter the War of the League of Cognac broke out."}, {"id": "Q506466", "label": "Charles III, Duke of Bourbon", "section": "History - Third and last Sforza's rule (1521–1535)", "says": "Fighting erupted in Lombardy between League forces and Imperial forces under Antonio de Leyva, Alfonso del Guasto and Charles III, Duke of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q14043328", "label": "treaty of Cambrai", "section": "History - Third and last Sforza's rule (1521–1535)", "says": "Milan continued to be held throughout the war by Imperial forces and was returned to Sforza and the Milanese only after both side sought peace and agreed to negotiations which resulted in the Treaty of Cambrai whereby France officially abandoned their claims to their Italian territories, including Milan and Naples."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Spanish Habsburg rule (1556–1707)", "says": "The latter, claiming it as an imperial fief upon the extinction of the Sforza, obtained control of the duchy and installed his son Philip II there with an imperial diploma signed in Brussels on 11 October 1540 and made public in 1554."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "History - Spanish Habsburg rule (1556–1707)", "says": "Philip's possession of the duchy was finally recognized by King Henry II of France  in 1559, with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis."}, {"id": "Q836963", "label": "Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis", "section": "History - Spanish Habsburg rule (1556–1707)", "says": "Philip's possession of the duchy was finally recognized by King Henry II of France  in 1559, with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "History - Spanish Habsburg rule (1556–1707)", "says": "During the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Milan sent and paid for on average 4,000 soldiers per year (and over 100,000 in total) to the Spanish crown, with many of these men serving in the Low Countries against the Dutch States Army.[44]"}, {"id": "Q688939", "label": "Treaty of Baden", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburg rule (1714–1796)", "says": "With the Treaty of Baden, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duchy of Milan was ceded to the Austrian Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q766501", "label": "Duchy of Mantua", "section": "History - Austrian Habsburg rule (1714–1796)", "says": "During the 18th century, the surface area of the duchy—despite its unification in 1745 with the Duchy of Mantua, which had strong autonomy from Milan—was further reduced, reaching a much smaller extension than present-day Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q729481", "label": "Transpadane Republic", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "Already in 1796, the French had established the vassal state of the Transpadane Republic on the territories of the Duchy of Milan, which merged with the Cispadane Republic in 1797 to form the Cisalpine Republic, of which Milan became the capital."}, {"id": "Q463289", "label": "Cispadane Republic", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "Already in 1796, the French had established the vassal state of the Transpadane Republic on the territories of the Duchy of Milan, which merged with the Cispadane Republic in 1797 to form the Cisalpine Republic, of which Milan became the capital."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleon, on the basis of the decisions taken by the Congress of Vienna on 9 June 1815, the Duchy of Milan was not restored but became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a constituent land of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleon, on the basis of the decisions taken by the Congress of Vienna on 9 June 1815, the Duchy of Milan was not restored but became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a constituent land of the Austrian Empire."}], "Q177076": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly overlapping the region of present-day Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q260437", "label": "Atropatene", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, the area south of the Greater Caucasus and north of the Lesser Caucasus was divided between Caucasian Albania in the east, Caucasian Iberia in the center, Colchis in the west, Armenia in the southwest and Atropatene to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 252, Caucasian Albania acknowledged the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, appearing among its provinces in Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Median and Achaemenid era", "says": "As early as the Achaemenid Empire, measures may have been taken to fortify the Caucasian passes."}, {"id": "Q29455", "label": "Atropates", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "The Greek historian Arrian mentions (perhaps anachronistically) the Caucasian Albanians for the first time in the battle of Gaugamela, where the Albanians, Medes, Cadussi and Sacae were under the command of Atropates."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "Albania first appears in history as a vassal state in the empire of Tigranes the Great of Armenia (95-56 BC)."}, {"id": "Q43182", "label": "Eratosthenes", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "Herodotus, Strabo, and other classical authors repeatedly mention the Caspians but do not seem to know much about them; they are grouped with other inhabitants of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, like the Amardi, Anariacae, Cadusii, Albani (see below), and Vitii (Eratosthenes apud Strabo, 11.8.8), and their land (Caspiane) is said to be part of Albania (Theophanes Mytilenaeus apud Strabo, 11"}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "History - Hellenistic era", "says": "In the 2nd century BC parts of Albania were conquered by the Kingdom of Armenia, presumably from Medes (although possibly it was earlier part of Orontid Armenia)."}, {"id": "Q1747689", "label": "Ancient Rome", "section": "History - Roman Empire", "says": "There was an enduring relation of Albania with Ancient Rome."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman Empire", "says": "The coins of Augustus are ubiquitous."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "History - Roman Empire", "says": "In 69-68 BC Lucullus, having overcome Armenian ruler Tigranes II, approached the borders of Caucasian Albania and was succeeded by Pompey."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "History - Roman Empire", "says": "Plutarch also reported that \"after the battle, Pompey set out to march to the Caspian Sea, but was turned back by a multitude of deadly reptiles when he was only three days march distant, and withdrew into Lesser Armenia\"."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Sassanid period", "says": "The Roman Empire again obtained control of Caucasian Albania as a vassal state for a few years around 300 AD, but then the Sassanids regained control and subsequently dominated the area for centuries until the Arab invasions."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "History - Sassanid period", "says": "Albania was mentioned among the Sassanid provinces listed in the trilingual inscription of Shapur I at Naqsh-e Rustam."}, {"id": "Q309953", "label": "Gregory the Illuminator", "section": "History - Sassanid period", "says": "In the middle of the 4th century, King Urnayr of Albania arrived in Armenia and was baptized by Gregory the Illuminator, but Christianity spread in Albania only gradually, and the Albanian king remained loyal to the Sassanids."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Sassanid period", "says": "In the middle of the 4th century, King Urnayr of Albania arrived in Armenia and was baptized by Gregory the Illuminator, but Christianity spread in Albania only gradually, and the Albanian king remained loyal to the Sassanids."}, {"id": "Q310303", "label": "Yazdegerd II", "section": "History - Sassanid period", "says": "In the mid-5th century, the Sassanid King Yazdegerd II passed an edict requiring all the Christians in his empire to convert to Zoroastrianism, fearing that Christians might ally with Roman Empire, which had recently adopted Christianity as its official religion."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Sassanid period", "says": "In the mid-5th century, the Sassanid King Yazdegerd II passed an edict requiring all the Christians in his empire to convert to Zoroastrianism, fearing that Christians might ally with Roman Empire, which had recently adopted Christianity as its official religion."}, {"id": "Q734700", "label": "Battle of Avarayr", "section": "History - Sassanid period", "says": "At the Battle of Avarayr, the allied forces of Caucasian Albania, Georgia, and Armenia, devoted to Christianity, suffered defeat at the hands of the Sassanid army."}, {"id": "Q365695", "label": "Moses of Chorene", "section": "History - Impact of Armenian politics, culture and civilization", "says": "The Armenian medieval atlas Ashkharhatsuyts (Աշխարացույց), compiled in the 7th century by Anania Shirakatsi (Անանիա Շիրակացի, but sometimes attributed to Movses Khorenatsi as well), categorizes Artsakh and Utik as provinces of Armenia despite their presumed detachment from the Armenian Kingdom and their political association with Caucasian Albania and Persia at the time of his writing."}, {"id": "Q7054713", "label": "North Caucasian Huns", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "In 682, the catholicos, Israel, led an unsuccessful delegation to convert Alp Iluetuer, the ruler of the North Caucasian Huns, to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "In the 7th century, Varaz-Grigor, ruler of Albania, and \"his nation\" were christened by Emperor Heraclius at Gardman."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Sassanid Albania fell to the Islamic conquest of Persia in the mid-7th century and was incorporated into the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q960395", "label": "Shaddadids", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "By the 8th century, \"Albania\" had been reduced to a strictly geographical and titular ecclesiastical connotation, and was referred to as such by medieval Armenian historians; on its place sprang a number principalities, such as that of the Armenian principality and kingdom of Khachen, along with various Caucasian, Iranian and Arabic principalities: the principality of Shaddadids, the principality "}, {"id": "Q17526620", "label": "Kingdom of Shirvan", "section": "History - Islamic era", "says": "Early Muslim ruling dynasties of the time included Rawadids, Sajids, Salarids, Shaddadids, Shirvanshahs, and the Sheki and Tiflis emirates."}], "Q18234383": [{"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "lead", "says": "Shah Ismail I established Twelver Shi'ism as the official religion of the empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, they controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, and Iraq, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, they controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, and Iraq, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q2634811", "label": "Shaykh Junayd", "section": "Background", "says": "When Shaykh Junayd, the son of Ibrāhim, assumed the leadership of the Safaviyya in 1447, the history of the Safavid movement was radically changed."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "Background", "says": "According to historian Roger Savory, \"Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power.\" At that time, the most powerful dynasty in Iran was that of the Qara Qoyunlu, the \"Black Sheep\", whose ruler Jahan Shah ordered Junāyd to leave Ardabil or else he would bring destruction and ruin upon the city."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "Background", "says": "Junayd sought refuge with the rival of Kara Koyunlu Jahan Shah, the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) Khan Uzun Hassan, and cemented his relationship by marrying Uzun Hassan's sister, Khadija Begum."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "Background", "says": "Martha's mother Theodora—better known as Despina Khatun—was a Pontic Greek princess, the daughter of the Grand Komnenos John IV of Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q536820", "label": "John IV of Trebizond", "section": "Background", "says": "Martha's mother Theodora—better known as Despina Khatun—was a Pontic Greek princess, the daughter of the Grand Komnenos John IV of Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "Background", "says": "She had been married to Uzun Hassan in exchange for protection of the Grand Komnenos from the Ottomans."}], "Q207330": [{"id": "Q1064913", "label": "Ur-Nanshe", "section": "History - Ur-Nanshe", "says": "While many details like the length of reign are not known for the next ruler, Ur-Nanshe, a number of his inscriptions have been found, most at Lagash with one stele at Ur, which along with Umma, he claimed to have conquered in battle."}, {"id": "Q352544", "label": "Eannatum", "section": "History - Eannatum", "says": "The next ruler, Eannatum (earlier referred to as \"Eannadu\"), son of Akurgal and grandson of Ur-Nanshe, turned Lagash into a major power extending throughout large areas of Mesopotamia and to the east as well."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - Under the Akkadian Empire", "says": "In his conquest of Sumer circa 2300 BC, Sargon of Akkad, after conquering and destroying Uruk, then conquered Ur and E-Ninmar and \"laid waste\" the territory from Lagash to the sea, and from there went on to conquer and destroy Umma, and he collected tribute from Mari and Elam."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Second dynasty of Lagash (c. 2260 – c. 2023 BC)", "says": "During the reigns of the first two rulers of this dynasty Lugal-ushumgal (under Naram-Sin and Shar-Kali-Sharri) and Puzur-Mama (under Shar-kali-shari), Lagash was still under the control of the Akkadian Empire."}], "Q2429397": [{"id": "Q124988", "label": "Punic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Following centuries of conflict with the Sicilian Greeks, its growing competition with Rome culminated in the Punic Wars (264–146 BC), which saw some of the largest and most sophisticated battles in antiquity."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage narrowly avoided destruction after the Second Punic War, but was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC after the Third Punic War."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Carthage narrowly avoided destruction after the Second Punic War, but was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC after the Third Punic War."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "All remnants of Carthaginian civilization came under Roman rule by the 1st century AD, and Rome subsequently became the dominant Mediterranean power, paving the way for the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1235331", "label": "Greek-Punic Wars", "section": "History - Settlement as Tyrian colony (c. 814 BC)", "says": "Their settlements in Crete and Sicily continually clashed with the Greeks, foreshadowing the later Sicilian Wars."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Independence, expansion and hegemony", "says": "Certain deities became more prominent in the Carthaginian pantheon than in Phoenicia; into the fifth century BC, the Carthaginians were worshiping Greek deities such as Demeter."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Independence, expansion and hegemony", "says": "Herodotus"}, {"id": "Q296478", "label": "Hanno the Navigator", "section": "History - Second Sicilian War (410–404 BC)", "says": "It also extended its reach well beyond the Mediterranean; Hanno the Navigator journeyed down the West African coast, and Himilco the Navigator had explored the European Atlantic coast."}, {"id": "Q685976", "label": "Hannibal Mago", "section": "History - Second Sicilian War (410–404 BC)", "says": "The loss of such strategically important mineral wealth, combined with the desire to exercise firmer control over shipping routes, led Hannibal Mago, grandson of Hamilcar, to make preparations to reclaim Sicily."}, {"id": "Q312326", "label": "Agathocles of Syracuse", "section": "History - Third Sicilian War", "says": "In 315 BC, Carthage found itself on the defensive in Sicily, as Agathocles of Syracuse broke the terms of the peace treaty and sought to dominate the entire island."}, {"id": "Q313555", "label": "Hanno the Great", "section": "History - Third Sicilian War", "says": "Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the Great, led the Carthaginian response with great success."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "History - Third Sicilian War", "says": "In desperation, Agathocles secretly led an expedition of 14,000 men to attack Carthage, forcing Hamilcar and most of his army to return home."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "History - Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC)", "says": "Carthage was once again drawn into a war in Sicily, this time by Pyrrhus of Epirus, who challenged both Roman and Carthaginian supremacy over the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC)", "says": "According to Justin, the Carthaginians worried that Pyrrhus might get involved in Sicily; Polybius confirms the existence of a mutual defense pact between Carthage and Rome, ratified shortly after the battle of Asculum."}, {"id": "Q1164281", "label": "Mamertines", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "The Mamertines became a growing threat to Carthage and Syracuse alike."}, {"id": "Q313675", "label": "Hiero II of Syracuse", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "In 265 BC, Hiero II of Syracuse, former general of Pyrrhus, took action against them."}, {"id": "Q380401", "label": "Xanthippus", "section": "History - First Punic War (264–241 BC)", "says": "During the First Punic Wars, the Romans under the command of Marcus Atilius Regulus managed to land in Africa, though were ultimately repelled by the Carthaginians led by Xanthippus after the carthaginian victory at the battle of Tunis."}, {"id": "Q1132393", "label": "Mercenary War", "section": "History - Mercenary War (241–238 BC)", "says": "The Mercenary War, also known as the Truceless War, was a mutiny by troops that were employed by Carthage at the end of the First Punic War (264–241 BC), supported by uprisings of African settlements revolting against Carthaginian control."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "History - Mercenary War (241–238 BC)", "says": "The Mercenary War, also known as the Truceless War, was a mutiny by troops that were employed by Carthage at the end of the First Punic War (264–241 BC), supported by uprisings of African settlements revolting against Carthaginian control."}, {"id": "Q185101", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "section": "History - Mercenary War (241–238 BC)", "says": "However, in 240BC, Hamilcar Barca was given joint-command, and supreme command a year later."}, {"id": "Q271873", "label": "Battle of the Trebia", "section": "History - Second Punic War (218–201 BC)", "says": "His entrance into northern Italy was followed by his reinforcement by Gaulish allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the Battle of the Trebia and the giant ambush at Trasimene."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "History - Second Punic War (218–201 BC)", "says": "Along with their superior capability in siegecraft, they were able to recapture all the major cities that had joined the enemy, as well as defeat a Carthaginian attempt to reinforce Hannibal at the Battle of the Metaurus."}, {"id": "Q848056", "label": "Battle of the Metaurus", "section": "History - Second Punic War (218–201 BC)", "says": "Along with their superior capability in siegecraft, they were able to recapture all the major cities that had joined the enemy, as well as defeat a Carthaginian attempt to reinforce Hannibal at the Battle of the Metaurus."}, {"id": "Q2253", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "section": "History - Second Punic War (218–201 BC)", "says": "Meanwhile, in Iberia, which served as the main source of manpower for the Carthaginian army, a second Roman expedition under Scipio Africanus took New Carthage and ended Carthaginian rule over the peninsula in the Battle of Ilipa."}, {"id": "Q1055755", "label": "Battle of Ilipa", "section": "History - Second Punic War (218–201 BC)", "says": "Meanwhile, in Iberia, which served as the main source of manpower for the Carthaginian army, a second Roman expedition under Scipio Africanus took New Carthage and ended Carthaginian rule over the peninsula in the Battle of Ilipa."}, {"id": "Q200056", "label": "Battle of Zama", "section": "History - Second Punic War (218–201 BC)", "says": "The final showdown was the Battle of Zama, which took place in the Carthaginian heartland of Tunisia."}, {"id": "Q180081", "label": "Cato the Elder", "section": "History - Third Punic War (149–146 BC)", "says": "The third and final Punic War began in 149 BC, largely due to the efforts of hawkish Roman senators, led by Cato the Elder, to finish Carthage off once and for all."}, {"id": "Q2307", "label": "Scipio Aemilianus", "section": "History - Third Punic War (149–146 BC)", "says": "Carthage itself managed to resist the Roman siege for three years, until Scipio Aemilianus—the adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus—was appointed consul and took command of the assault."}, {"id": "Q297183", "label": "Gaius Gracchus", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In 122 BC, Gaius Gracchus, a populist Roman senator, founded the short-lived colony of Colonia Iunonia, after the Latin name for the Punic goddess Tanit, Iuno Caelestis."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Nearly a century after the fall of Carthage, Roman Carthage was built on the same site by Julius Caesar between 49 and 44 BC."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Two Roman emperors in the third century, Septimius Severus and his son and successor Caracalla, were of Libyan Berber descent, and spoke Latin with a Punic accent."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Two Roman emperors in the third century, Septimius Severus and his son and successor Caracalla, were of Libyan Berber descent, and spoke Latin with a Punic accent."}, {"id": "Q8018", "label": "Augustine of Hippo", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In the fourth century, Augustine of Hippo, himself of Berber heritage, noted that Punic was still spoken in the region by people who identified as Kn'nm, or \"Chanani\", as the Carthaginians had called themselves."}], "Q28208": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "Goryeo achieved what has been called a \"true national unification\" by Korean historians, as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae, who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea."}, {"id": "Q715257", "label": "Later Silla", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence, Goryeo, alongside Unified Silla, was known to be the Golden Age of Buddhism in Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The capital in modern-day Kaesong, North Korea, was a center of trade and industry."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was invaded by the Mongol Empire and became a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty in the 13th–14th centuries, but attacked the Yuan and reclaimed territories as the Yuan declined."}, {"id": "Q698239", "label": "Later Baekje", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "The military officer Kyŏn Hwŏn revived Baekje in 892 with the descendants of the Baekje refugees, and the Buddhist monk Kung Ye revived Goguryeo in 901 with the descendants of the Goguryeo refugees; these states are called Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo in historiography, and together with Later Silla form the Later Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "History - Political reformation", "says": "In 958, advised by Shuang Ji, a naturalized Chinese official from the Later Zhou dynasty, Gwangjong implemented the kwagŏ civil service examinations, based primarily on the imperial examination of the Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q493736", "label": "Hyeonjong", "section": "History - Goryeo–Khitan War", "says": "In 1009, Kang Cho staged a coup d'état, assassinating Mokjong and installing Hyeonjong on the throne."}, {"id": "Q5000", "label": "Emperor Shengzong of Liao", "section": "History - Goryeo–Khitan War", "says": "Under the pretext of avenging Mokjong, Emperor Shengzong of Liao led an invasion of Goryeo with an army of 400,000 soldiers."}, {"id": "Q1151686", "label": "Chanyuan Treaty", "section": "History - Goryeo–Khitan War", "says": "Meanwhile, Goryeo tried to establish relations with Song but was ignored, as Song had agreed to the Chanyuan Treaty in 1005."}, {"id": "Q495636", "label": "Kim Pusik", "section": "History - Power struggles", "says": "The other one, led by Kim Pusik (author of the Samguk sagi), wanted to keep the status quo."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions and Yuan domination", "says": "In 1231, Mongols under Ögedei Khan invaded Goryeo following the aftermath of joint Goryeo-Mongol forces against the Khitans in 1219."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Mongol invasions and Yuan domination", "says": "Thus, dictatorship by his military group was ended, and the scholars who had insisted on peace with Mongolia gained power."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions and Yuan domination", "says": "Goryeo was never conquered by the Mongols, but exhausted after decades of fighting, Goryeo sent Crown Prince Wonjong to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to the Mongols; Kublai Khan accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince."}], "Q31747": [{"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Free State (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its Irish name Saorstát Éireann, was the Irish state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921, initially as a Dominion."}, {"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the Irish Republic—the Irish Republican Army (IRA)—and British Crown forces."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As per the 6 December 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State, the new state was called the Irish Free State and became a Dominion of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1931, with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, the Parliament of the United Kingdom relinquished nearly all of its remaining authority to legislate for the Irish Free State and the other dominions."}, {"id": "Q748042", "label": "Irish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first months of the Free State, the Irish Civil War was waged between the newly established National Army and the Anti-Treaty IRA, which refused to recognise the state."}, {"id": "Q173347", "label": "Éamon de Valera", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1926, when Sinn Féin president Éamon de Valera failed to have this policy reversed, he resigned from Sinn Féin and led most of its membership into a new party, Fianna Fáil, which entered the Dáil following"}, {"id": "Q193689", "label": "Easter Rising", "section": "Background", "says": "The Easter Rising of 1916 and its aftermath caused a profound shift in public opinion towards the republican cause in Ireland."}], "Q3185305": [{"id": "Q158043", "label": "Merneptah", "section": "lead", "says": "The first extra-biblical mention of Israel dates from the Merneptah Stele created by Pharaoh Merneptah in 1208 BC."}, {"id": "Q726264", "label": "Israel Finkelstein", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1990s, Israeli archaeologist Israel Finkelstein contended that existing archaeological evidence for the United Monarchy in the 10th century BCE should be dated to the 9th century BCE."}, {"id": "Q2918851", "label": "Yosef Garfinkel", "section": "lead", "says": "Recent archaeological discoveries by Israeli archaeologists Eilat Mazar and Yosef Garfinkel in Jerusalem and Khirbet Qeiyafa, respectively, seem to support the existence of the United Monarchy, but the dating and identifications are not universally accepted."}], "Q329618": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The German colonial empire (German: deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "Unified in 1871, the chancellor of this time period was Otto von Bismarck."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany lost control of most of its colonial empire at the beginning of the First World War in 1914, but some German forces held out in German East Africa until the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the German defeat in World War I, Germany's Colonial Empire was officially confiscated as part of the Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and German Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Origins", "says": "A French proposal after the Franco-Prussian War to hand over the French colony of Cochinchina instead of Alsace–Lorraine, was rejected by Bismarck and a majority of the delegates in the North German Reichstag in 1870."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "Germany's overseas empire was dismantled following defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "With the concluding Treaty of Versailles, Article 22, German colonies were transformed into League of Nations mandates and divided between Belgium, the United Kingdom and certain British Dominions, France and Japan with the determination not to see any of them returned to Germany – a guarantee secured by Article 119."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "Belgium gained Ruanda-Urundi in northwestern German East Africa, the United Kingdom obtained by far the greater landmass of this colony, thus gaining the \"missing link\" in the chain of British possessions stretching from South Africa to Egypt (Cape to Cairo), and Portugal received the Kionga Triangle, a sliver of German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "Belgium gained Ruanda-Urundi in northwestern German East Africa, the United Kingdom obtained by far the greater landmass of this colony, thus gaining the \"missing link\" in the chain of British possessions stretching from South Africa to Egypt (Cape to Cairo), and Portugal received the Kionga Triangle, a sliver of German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "Belgium gained Ruanda-Urundi in northwestern German East Africa, the United Kingdom obtained by far the greater landmass of this colony, thus gaining the \"missing link\" in the chain of British possessions stretching from South Africa to Egypt (Cape to Cairo), and Portugal received the Kionga Triangle, a sliver of German East Africa."}, {"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "German South West Africa was taken under mandate by the Union of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "German South West Africa was taken under mandate by the Union of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany's islands north of the equator (the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, the Marianas, the Palau Islands) and Kiautschou in China."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "German Samoa was assigned to New Zealand; German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Nauru went to Australia as mandates."}, {"id": "Q159397", "label": "Louis Botha", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "Hughes, William Massey, and Louis Botha, the prime ministers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "End of the German colonial empire (1914–1918)", "says": "Hughes, William Massey, and Louis Botha, the prime ministers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa."}], "Q45670": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It coexisted with the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies."}, {"id": "Q1139807", "label": "County of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q452111", "label": "Vímara Peres", "section": "lead", "says": "The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the Battle of São Mamede."}, {"id": "Q2733432", "label": "Battle of São Mamede", "section": "lead", "says": "The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the Battle of São Mamede."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha."}, {"id": "Q167360", "label": "First Portuguese Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the independence of Brazil, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa, but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum, eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic."}, {"id": "Q1328537", "label": "Battle of Ourique", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Independence from León took place in three stages:\n\nThe first on 26 July 1139 when Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese by his troops after the (possibly legendary) Battle of Ourique."}, {"id": "Q312767", "label": "Alfonso VII of Castile", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The second was on 5 October 1143, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king through the Treaty of Zamora."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The third, in 1179, was the Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum, in which Portugal's independence was recognized by Pope Alexander III."}, {"id": "Q964618", "label": "Afonso I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Fall of the Monarchy", "says": "Manuel's reign was short-lived however, ending by force with the 5 October 1910 revolution, forcing the deposed king into immediate exile in the United Kingdom and giving way to the Portuguese First Republic."}, {"id": "Q4412123", "label": "Monarchy of the North", "section": "History - Fall of the Monarchy", "says": "On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Porto, but its inability to gain strong popular support anywhere in the rest the country, coupled with its unorganised structure, led to its swift demise and the re-establishment of republican control in the north a month later."}, {"id": "Q16879646", "label": "Portuguese Africa", "section": "History - Fall of the Monarchy", "says": "After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of the empire became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic until the late 20th century when the last overseas territories of Portugal became independent, most notably in Portuguese Africa where the provinces of Angola and Mozambique achieved independence in 1975."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Fall of the Monarchy", "says": "After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of the empire became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic until the late 20th century when the last overseas territories of Portugal became independent, most notably in Portuguese Africa where the provinces of Angola and Mozambique achieved independence in 1975."}], "Q468814": [{"id": "Q1108659", "label": "Republic of Benin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Dahomey (; Fon: Danhɔmɛ, lit. 'In the Belly of  Chief Dan') was a West African kingdom located within the present-day Republic of Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904."}, {"id": "Q849623", "label": "Oyo Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Dahomey was also weakened after crushing defeats by Abeokuta, a Yoruba city-state founded by Oyo Empire refugees migrating south."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Rule of Ghezo (1818–1859)", "says": "His reign also cemented the Kingdom of Dahomey as one of the most powerful African kingdoms that stood against attempts by European missionaries, with Egba support, at converting people to Christianity, and maintained their traditional religion, known as Vodun."}, {"id": "Q2092939", "label": "First Franco-Dahomean War", "section": "History - End", "says": "The kingdom fought the First Franco-Dahomean War and Second Franco-Dahomean War with France."}, {"id": "Q2090475", "label": "Second Franco-Dahomean War", "section": "History - End", "says": "The kingdom fought the First Franco-Dahomean War and Second Franco-Dahomean War with France."}, {"id": "Q862701", "label": "People's Republic of Benin", "section": "History - End", "says": "It was renamed in 1975 the People's Republic of Benin and in 1991 the Republic of Benin."}], "Q69829": [{"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of the French Third Republic which governed from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, it suffered many of the same problems which led to its end."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of the French Third Republic which governed from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, it suffered many of the same problems which led to its end."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of the French Third Republic which governed from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, it suffered many of the same problems which led to its end."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite political dysfunction, the Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after World War II, with assistance from the United States through the Marshall Plan."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "Wartime leader Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration empowered to design a new French constitution."}, {"id": "Q200686", "label": "French Fifth Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Republic was dissolved on 5 October 1958 following a public referendum which established the current French Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "Algeria and collapse", "says": "French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "Algeria and collapse", "says": "French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "Algeria and collapse", "says": "The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as the Pieds-Noirs, who wanted to stay part of France, so the Algerian War became not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war."}, {"id": "Q693529", "label": "Jacques Massu", "section": "Algeria and collapse", "says": "This prompted General Jacques Massu to create a French settlers' committee to demand the formation of a new national government under General De Gaulle, who was a national hero and had advocated a strong military policy, nationalism and the retention of French control over Algeria."}], "Q842794": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian and Moldavian SSRs) to the north and east, Hungary and Yugoslavia (via SR Serbia) to the west, and Bulgaria to the south."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian and Moldavian SSRs) to the north and east, Hungary and Yugoslavia (via SR Serbia) to the west, and Bulgaria to the south."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian and Moldavian SSRs) to the north and east, Hungary and Yugoslavia (via SR Serbia) to the west, and Bulgaria to the south."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "As World War II ended, the Kingdom of Romania, a former Axis member which had overthrown their pro-Axis government, was occupied by the Soviet Union as the sole representative of the Allies."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "As World War II ended, the Kingdom of Romania, a former Axis member which had overthrown their pro-Axis government, was occupied by the Soviet Union as the sole representative of the Allies."}, {"id": "Q80504", "label": "Nicolae Ceaușescu", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1960s and 1970s, Nicolae Ceaușescu became General Secretary of the Communist Party (1965), Chairman of the State Council (1967), and the newly established role of President in 1974."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ceaușescu's denunciation of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and a brief relaxation in internal repression led to a positive image both at home and in the West."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "History - Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists", "says": "When King Michael, supported by the main political parties, overthrew Ion Antonescu in August 1944, breaking Romania away from the Axis and bringing it over to the Allied side, Michael could do nothing to erase the memory of his country's recent active participation in the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q322943", "label": "Paris Peace Treaties", "section": "History - Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists", "says": "The Paris Peace Treaties did not acknowledge Romania as an allied co-belligerent, as the Romanian army had fought hard against the Soviets for the better part of the war, changing sides only when the tides started to turn."}, {"id": "Q368100", "label": "Constantin Sănătescu", "section": "History - Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists", "says": "The Communists, as all political parties, played only a minor role in King Michael's first wartime government, headed by General Constantin Sănătescu, though their presence increased in the one led by Nicolae Rădescu."}, {"id": "Q317313", "label": "Petru Groza", "section": "History - Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists", "says": "Petru Groza of the Ploughmen's Front, a party closely associated with the Communists, became prime minister."}, {"id": "Q294072", "label": "Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "Later historiography claimed to identify the following factions: the \"Muscovites\", notably Ana Pauker and Vasile Luca, who had spent the war in Moscow and the \"Prison Communists\", notably Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who had been imprisoned during the war."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Gheorghiu-Dej era", "says": "In 1956, the Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, denounced Stalin in a secret speech before the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Human rights issues", "says": "During the Ceaușescu era, there was a secret ongoing \"trade\" between Romania on one side and Israel and West Germany on the other side, under which Israel and West Germany paid money to Romania to allow Romanian citizens with certified Jewish or German ancestry to emigrate to Israel and West Germany, respectively."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Industrialization", "says": "Conservation plans were made, especially during the 1960s and early 1970s, but all were halted after Ceaușescu embarked on what is known as \"The Small Cultural Revolution\" (\"Mica revoluție culturală\"), after visiting North Korea and the People's Republic of China and then delivering a speech known as the July Theses."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Industrialization", "says": "Conservation plans were made, especially during the 1960s and early 1970s, but all were halted after Ceaușescu embarked on what is known as \"The Small Cultural Revolution\" (\"Mica revoluție culturală\"), after visiting North Korea and the People's Republic of China and then delivering a speech known as the July Theses."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - 1980s: severe rationing", "says": "During the first 3 post-war decades, Romania industrialized faster than Spain, Greece, and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Last years: increased social control", "says": "As such, Romania started coming under fire from the United States and its allies, but such complaints were merely brushed off as \"unwelcome interference in our nation's internal affairs\"."}, {"id": "Q189575", "label": "Ion Iliescu", "section": "History - Controversy over the events of December 1989", "says": "For several months after the events of December 1989, it was widely argued that Ion Iliescu and the National Salvation Front (FSN) had merely taken advantage of the chaos to stage a coup."}], "Q105098": [{"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented the northeastern part of the Frankish realm, founded by the Merovingian king Clovis I (r."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "lead", "says": "481–511), while the more Romanized regions to its west came to be known as Neustria."}, {"id": "Q309946", "label": "Sigebert I", "section": "lead", "says": "These two Frankish dynasties did not always have a single ruling monarch over the whole Frankish realm, and already by 561, Austrasia was ruled as a separate kingdom within the Frankish realm by the Merovingian king Sigebert I (561–575)."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 843 Treaty of Verdun Austrasia was divided into two parts, with the parts east of the Rhine becoming a single East Francia kingdom together with the non-Frankish lands of the Saxons, Thuringians, Bavarians and Allamani, while in Gaul west of the Rhine forming the northernmost part of a new kingdom of Middle Francia which stretched to Italy."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 843 Treaty of Verdun Austrasia was divided into two parts, with the parts east of the Rhine becoming a single East Francia kingdom together with the non-Frankish lands of the Saxons, Thuringians, Bavarians and Allamani, while in Gaul west of the Rhine forming the northernmost part of a new kingdom of Middle Francia which stretched to Italy."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 843 Treaty of Verdun Austrasia was divided into two parts, with the parts east of the Rhine becoming a single East Francia kingdom together with the non-Frankish lands of the Saxons, Thuringians, Bavarians and Allamani, while in Gaul west of the Rhine forming the northernmost part of a new kingdom of Middle Francia which stretched to Italy."}, {"id": "Q835646", "label": "Treaty of Prüm", "section": "lead", "says": "This kingdom was further divided in the Treaty of Prüm (855) and Austrasia became the realm of king Lothair II, whose name gave rise to the new term Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "This kingdom was further divided in the Treaty of Prüm (855) and Austrasia became the realm of king Lothair II, whose name gave rise to the new term Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "This kingdom was further divided in the Treaty of Prüm (855) and Austrasia became the realm of king Lothair II, whose name gave rise to the new term Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "lead", "says": "Lotharingia was divided by the Treaty of Meerssen (870), but reunited by the Treaty of Ribemont (880), which also brought it under east Frankish rule."}, {"id": "Q708468", "label": "Treaty of Ribemont", "section": "lead", "says": "Lotharingia was divided by the Treaty of Meerssen (870), but reunited by the Treaty of Ribemont (880), which also brought it under east Frankish rule."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 9th century, Austrasia was still considered as one of the main regions (stem lands) within the Carolingian Empire, surrounded by Alamannia (to the south), Bavaria (to the south-east), Thuringia (to the north-east), and Saxony (to the north), as attested by the Royal Frankish Annals, and the Annals of Saint Bertin, that mentions not only Austrasia, but also Autrasians."}, {"id": "Q2208978", "label": "Alamannia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 9th century, Austrasia was still considered as one of the main regions (stem lands) within the Carolingian Empire, surrounded by Alamannia (to the south), Bavaria (to the south-east), Thuringia (to the north-east), and Saxony (to the north), as attested by the Royal Frankish Annals, and the Annals of Saint Bertin, that mentions not only Austrasia, but also Autrasians."}], "Q154849": [{"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy located in Central Italy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q131945", "label": "Pius V", "section": "lead", "says": "Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de' Medici, was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on 27 August 1569."}, {"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors, which was bestowed upon him as compensation for the unwelcome loss of his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q223793", "label": "Kingdom of Etruria", "section": "lead", "says": "His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 1801–1807), then annexed it directly to the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 1801–1807), then annexed it directly to the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q2268597", "label": "United Provinces of Central Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "In the lead up to the Italian unification Tuscany merged in 1859 with other former neighboring states and territories into the  United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia."}], "Q193383": [{"id": "Q83100", "label": "Osman I", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kayı tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks, under the leadership of Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik, Söğüt."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The imperial family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 immediately after the Turkish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Turkey was declared the following year."}], "Q200686": [{"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary, feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime and the parliamentary Third Republic (4 September 1870–10 July 1940)."}, {"id": "Q158768", "label": "René Coty", "section": "Origins", "says": "René Coty remained president of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed."}], "Q200969": [{"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "During a period of weakness in the East Semitic-speaking kingdom of Babylonia, new tribes of West Semitic-speaking migrants arrived in the region from the Levant between the 11th and 9th centuries BC."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From 626 BC to 539 BC, a ruling dynasty in later times referred to as the \"Chaldean dynasty\", named after their possible Chaldean origin, ruled the kingdom at its height under the Neo-Babylonian Empire, although the final ruler of this empire, Nabonidus (556–539 BC) (and his son and regent Belshazzar) was a usurper of Assyrian ancestry."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "lead", "says": "From 626 BC to 539 BC, a ruling dynasty in later times referred to as the \"Chaldean dynasty\", named after their possible Chaldean origin, ruled the kingdom at its height under the Neo-Babylonian Empire, although the final ruler of this empire, Nabonidus (556–539 BC) (and his son and regent Belshazzar) was a usurper of Assyrian ancestry."}, {"id": "Q379716", "label": "Neriglissar", "section": "History - End of the Chaldean dynasty", "says": "Neriglissar succeeded Amel-Marduk."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - End of the Chaldean dynasty", "says": "He and his son, the regent Belshazzar, were deposed by the Persians under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - End of the Chaldean dynasty", "says": "When the Babylonian Empire was absorbed into the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name \"Chaldean\" lost its meaning in reference to a particular ethnicity or land, but lingered for a while as a term solely and explicitly used to describe a societal class of astrologers and astronomers in southern Mesopotamia."}], "Q208404": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The root of the kingdom lies in the Satrapy of Armenia of the Achaemenid Empire of Iran, which was formed from the territory of Urartu (860–590 BC) after it was conquered by the Medes in 590 BC."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The satrapy became a kingdom in 321 BC during the reign of the Orontid dynasty after the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great, which was then incorporated as one of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The satrapy became a kingdom in 321 BC during the reign of the Orontid dynasty after the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great, which was then incorporated as one of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Roman Republic's eastern expansion, the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tigranes the Great, reached its peak, from 83 to 69 BC, after it reincorporated Sophene and conquered the remaining territories of the falling Seleucid Empire, effectively ending its existence and raising Armenia into an empire for a brief period, until it was itself conquered by Rome in 69 BC."}, {"id": "Q1192043", "label": "Roman–Parthian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Roman–Parthian Wars, the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was founded when Tiridates I, a member of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty, was proclaimed King of Armenia in 52."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From 114 to 118, Armenia briefly became a province of the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "In 301/314, Tiridates III proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making the Armenian kingdom the first state in history to officially embrace Christianity."}, {"id": "Q2622868", "label": "Bagratid Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Arsacid king of Armenia was deposed in 428, ending independent Armenian statehood until the emergence of Bagratid Armenia in the 9th century."}, {"id": "Q179670", "label": "Battle of Gaugamela", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Orontid dynasty ruled as satraps of the Achaemenid Empire for three centuries until the empire was defeated by Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC."}, {"id": "Q723192", "label": "Neoptolemus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After Alexander's death in 323 BC, a Macedonian general named Neoptolemus obtained Armenia until he died in 321 BC and the Orontids returned, not as satraps, but as kings."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "History - Artaxiad dynasty", "says": "The Seleucid Empire's influence over Armenia had weakened after it was defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC."}, {"id": "Q36456", "label": "Hannibal", "section": "History - Artaxiad dynasty", "says": "According to Strabo and Plutarch, Hannibal received hospitality at the Armenian court of Artaxias I."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "Armenia became a Roman client kingdom in 66 BC, after the final defeat of Armenia's ally, Mithridates VI of Pontus by Pompey at the Battle of the Lycus."}, {"id": "Q2707112", "label": "Battle of the Lycus", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "Armenia became a Roman client kingdom in 66 BC, after the final defeat of Armenia's ally, Mithridates VI of Pontus by Pompey at the Battle of the Lycus."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "Mark Antony invaded and defeated the kingdom in 34 BC, but the Romans lost hegemony during the Final War of the Roman Republic in 32–30 BC."}, {"id": "Q2116320", "label": "Final War of the Roman Republic", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "Mark Antony invaded and defeated the kingdom in 34 BC, but the Romans lost hegemony during the Final War of the Roman Republic in 32–30 BC."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "In 20 BC, Augustus negotiated a truce with the Parthians, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "Mithridates was arrested by Caligula, but later restored by Claudius."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "Mithridates was arrested by Caligula, but later restored by Claudius."}, {"id": "Q541979", "label": "Rhadamistus", "section": "History - Roman rule", "says": "In AD 51 Armenia fell to an Iberian invasion sponsored by Parthia, led by Rhadamistus."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Arsacid dynasty", "says": "Under Nero, the Romans fought a campaign (55–63) against the Parthian Empire, which had invaded the Kingdom of Armenia, allied with the Romans."}, {"id": "Q313066", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo", "section": "History - Arsacid dynasty", "says": "After gaining Armenia in 60, then losing it in 62, the Romans sent the Legio XV Apollinaris from Pannonia to Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, legatus of Syria."}, {"id": "Q312446", "label": "Vologases I of Parthia", "section": "History - Arsacid dynasty", "says": "In 63, strengthened further by the legions III Gallica, V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XXII, General Corbulo entered into the territories of Vologases I of Parthia, who then returned the Armenian kingdom to Tiridates, king Vologases I's brother."}, {"id": "Q24972074", "label": "Treaty of Rhandeia", "section": "History - Arsacid dynasty", "says": "An agreement was reached at the Treaty of Rhandeia in 63, according to which members of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty would rule Armenia as client kings of Rome."}, {"id": "Q1433", "label": "Lucius Verus", "section": "History - Arsacid dynasty", "says": "Another campaign was led by Emperor Lucius Verus in 162–165, after Vologases IV of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne."}, {"id": "Q342795", "label": "Vologases IV of Parthia", "section": "History - Arsacid dynasty", "says": "Another campaign was led by Emperor Lucius Verus in 162–165, after Vologases IV of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne."}], "Q218023": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orange Free State (Dutch: Oranje Vrijstaat [oːˈrɑɲə ˈvrɛistaːt]; Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat [uˈraɲə ˈfrəistɑːt]) was a landlocked independent Boer republic in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orange Free State (Dutch: Oranje Vrijstaat [oːˈrɑɲə ˈvrɛistaːt]; Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat [uˈraɲə ˈfrəistɑːt]) was a landlocked independent Boer republic in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Extending between the Orange and Vaal rivers, its borders were determined by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1848 when the region was proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty, with a British Resident based in Bloemfontein."}, {"id": "Q3048062", "label": "Orange River Sovereignty", "section": "lead", "says": "Extending between the Orange and Vaal rivers, its borders were determined by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1848 when the region was proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty, with a British Resident based in Bloemfontein."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Bloemfontein and the southern parts of the Sovereignty had previously been settled by Griqua and by Trekboere from the Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q2315131", "label": "Orange River Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the British recognising the independence of the Orange River Sovereignty and the country officially became independent as the Orange Free State on 23 February 1854, with the signing of the Orange River Convention."}, {"id": "Q1142179", "label": "Orange River Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orange Free State was annexed as the Orange River Colony in 1900."}, {"id": "Q927606", "label": "Treaty of Vereeniging", "section": "lead", "says": "It ceased to exist as an independent Boer republic on 31 May 1902 with the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging at the conclusion of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Following a period of direct rule by the British, it attained self-government in 1907 and joined the Union of South Africa in 1910 as the Orange Free State Province, along with the Cape Province, Natal, and the Transvaal."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1961, the Union of South Africa became the Republic of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q2281221", "label": "Principality of Orange", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic's name derives partly from the Orange River, which was named by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, whose name in turn derived from its partial origins in the Principality of Orange in French Provence."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Boer immigration", "says": "Reprisals followed, and in November 1837 the Boers decisively defeated Mzilikazi, who thereupon fled northward and eventually established himself on the site of the future Bulawayo in Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q982129", "label": "Piet Retief", "section": "History - Boer immigration", "says": "After the defeat of Mzilikazi the town of Winburg (so named by the Boers in commemoration of their victory) was founded, a Volksraad elected, and Piet Retief, one of the ablest of the Voortrekkers, chosen \"governor and commandant-general\"."}, {"id": "Q1392699", "label": "Battle of Blood River", "section": "History - British rule", "says": "During their stay in Natal the Boers inflicted a severe defeat on the Zulus under Dingane in the Battle of Blood River in December 1838, which, following on the flight of Mzilikazi, greatly strengthened the position of Moshoeshoe, whose power became a menace to that of the Boer farmers."}, {"id": "Q440155", "label": "Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius", "section": "History - Boer governance", "says": "Sir Harry Smith's popularity among the Boers gained for his policy considerable support, but the republican party, at whose head was Andries Pretorius, did not submit without a struggle."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "History - Conflict with the South African Republic", "says": "Distracted among themselves, with the formidable Basotho power on their southern and eastern flank, the troubles of the infant state were speedily added to by the action of the Transvaal Boers of the South African Republic."}, {"id": "Q244407", "label": "Paul Kruger", "section": "History - Conflict with the South African Republic", "says": "Thereupon Pretorius, aided by Paul Kruger, conducted a raid into the Orange Free State's territory."}, {"id": "Q3643403", "label": "Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff", "section": "History - Conflict with the South African Republic", "says": "On learning of the invasion, President Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff proclaimed martial law throughout the country."}, {"id": "Q661420", "label": "Stephanus Schoeman", "section": "History - Conflict with the South African Republic", "says": "President Boshoff not only got together some 800 men within the Orange Free State, but he received offers of support from Commandant Stephanus Schoeman, the Transvaal leader in the Zoutpansberg district and from Commandant Joubert of Lydenburg."}, {"id": "Q76821", "label": "George Grey", "section": "History - Conflict with the South African Republic", "says": "This proposition received the strong support of Sir George Grey, the then Governor of Cape Colony, but his view did not commend itself to the British government, and was not adopted."}, {"id": "Q2340665", "label": "Basutoland", "section": "History - Diamonds discovered", "says": "The Basutoland difficulties were no sooner arranged than the Free Staters found themselves confronted with a serious difficulty on their western border."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Diamonds discovered", "says": "At this juncture Waterboer offered to place the territory under the administration of Queen Victoria."}, {"id": "Q1390594", "label": "Johannes Brand", "section": "History - Diamonds discovered", "says": "When the British annexation took place a party in the Volksraad wished to go to war with Britain, but the counsels of President Johannes Brand prevailed."}, {"id": "Q1507874", "label": "George McCall Theal", "section": "History - Diamonds discovered", "says": "In the opinion of historian George McCall Theal, the annexation of Griqualand West was probably in the best interests of the Free State. \"There was,\" he stated, \"no alternative from British sovereignty other than an independent diamond field republic.\"\nAt this time, largely owing to the struggle with the Basothos, the Free State Boers, like their Transvaal neighbors, had drifted into financial str"}, {"id": "Q2547918", "label": "Griqualand West", "section": "History - Diamonds discovered", "says": "In the opinion of historian George McCall Theal, the annexation of Griqualand West was probably in the best interests of the Free State. \"There was,\" he stated, \"no alternative from British sovereignty other than an independent diamond field republic.\"\nAt this time, largely owing to the struggle with the Basothos, the Free State Boers, like their Transvaal neighbors, had drifted into financial str"}, {"id": "Q916340", "label": "Jameson Raid", "section": "History - Peaceful relations with neighbours", "says": "The Orange Free State retained the right to purchase this extension at cost, a right it exercised after the Jameson Raid."}, {"id": "Q726327", "label": "Francis William Reitz", "section": "History - Renewal of hostilities", "says": "In January 1889 Francis William Reitz was elected president of the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q3378038", "label": "London Convention", "section": "History - Renewal of hostilities", "says": "It was on this occasion that Kruger, referring to the London Convention, spoke of Queen Victoria as a kwaaje Vrouw (angry woman), an expression which caused a good deal of offence in England at the time, but which, in the phraseology of the Boers, was not meant by President Kruger as insulting."}], "Q243312": [{"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "They controlled Babylonia under the Kassite Dynasty after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire from c."}, {"id": "Q733897", "label": "Old Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They controlled Babylonia under the Kassite Dynasty after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire from c."}, {"id": "Q325917", "label": "Samsu-iluna", "section": "lead", "says": "There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Abī-ešuh, and Ammī-ditāna."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "1749–1712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. (\"Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites\")."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Middle Bronze Age", "says": "The idol of the god Marduk had been carried off from Babylon, possibly by the Hittites, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna."}, {"id": "Q643302", "label": "Karaindash", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "A typical treaties include the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c."}, {"id": "Q598059", "label": "Ashur-bel-nisheshu", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "A typical treaties include the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c."}, {"id": "Q603556", "label": "Kurigalzu I", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14th century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa."}, {"id": "Q879862", "label": "Enlil-nadin-ahi", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Achaemenid through Hellenistic period", "says": "They did not submit to the Achaemenids, but may have sent soldiers to fight with the forces of Darius III against Alexander the Great near Arbela in 331 BC."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Achaemenid through Hellenistic period", "says": "They did not submit to the Achaemenids, but may have sent soldiers to fight with the forces of Darius III against Alexander the Great near Arbela in 331 BC."}], "Q324470": [{"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Duharlu Turkmens, a branch of the Qara Qoyunlu, first appeared in the Chronicle of Michael Panaretos of the rump state of the Empire of Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q866716", "label": "Jalayirid Sultanate", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "During the 14th century, the Qara Qoyunlu had several encounters with the powerful Jalayirid Sultanate, which was based in Baghdad and Tabriz."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In 1400, the Timurid Empire under Timur defeated the Qara Qoyunlu, and Qara Yusuf fled to Egypt, seeking refuge with the Mamluk Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q1070476", "label": "Ahmad Jalayir", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Not long after, the Jalayirid sultan Ahmad Jalayir also came to Damascus."}, {"id": "Q698037", "label": "Nasir-ad-Din Faraj", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Not wanting to worsen relations with Timur, An-Nasir Faraj agreed to capture Qara Yusuf and Ahmad Jalayir and hand them over to him."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Together in prison, the two leaders renewed their friendship, making an agreement that Ahmad Jalayir should keep Baghdad while Qara Yusuf would have Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q936616", "label": "Miran Shah", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Abu Bakr and his father Miran Shah tried to recapture Azerbaijan, but on 20 April 1408, Qara Yusuf inflicted a decisive defeat on them at the Battle of Sardrud in which Miran Shah was killed."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In the west, Mardin, the last stronghold of the Artuqids, was taken over by the Qara Qoyunlu in 1409."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Armenia and Georgia (1410)", "says": "For all this, Jihanshah continued to attack Armenian towns and take Armenian captives as the country saw further devastation in the final years of Jihanshah's failed struggles with the Aq Qoyunlu."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "History - Armenia and Georgia (1410)", "says": "1412–1442), the Qara Qoyunlu multiplied raids against the Kingdom of Georgia, such as the raids led by Qara Yusuf in Akhaltsikhe in 1416."}, {"id": "Q553204", "label": "Shah Rukh", "section": "History - Baghdad", "says": "After the death of Qara Yusuf in December 1420, Shah Rukh tried to take Azerbaijan from Qara Yusuf's son Iskander, using the fact that none of his sons was accompanying his father."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "History - Baghdad", "says": "Peace was made when Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor was married to a daughter of Jahan Shah."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Southern and Eastern expansion", "says": "In 1452-1453, Jahan Shah seized the opportunity of the death of Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor, Timurid Governor of Fars, to further expand East and South, taking Saveh, Qum, Isfahan, Shiraz and Yazd."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "This time Hasanali Mirza came to power, but was killed by Uzun Hasan."}], "Q420759": [{"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A successor to the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually being conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q313427", "label": "Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "A successor to the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually being conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Until 1256, the Second Bulgarian Empire was the dominant power in the Balkans, defeating the Byzantine Empire in several major battles."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1205, Emperor Kaloyan defeated the newly established Latin Empire in the Battle of Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 13th century, however, the Empire declined under constant invasions by Mongols, Byzantines, Hungarians, and Serbs, as well as internal unrest and revolts."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1018, when the Byzantine emperor Basil II (r."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The initial centre of the resistance was the theme of Bulgaria, in what is now Macedonia, where the massive Uprising of Peter Delyan (1040–41) and the Uprising of Georgi Voiteh (1072) took place."}, {"id": "Q195812", "label": "Uprising of Peter Delyan", "section": "Background", "says": "The initial centre of the resistance was the theme of Bulgaria, in what is now Macedonia, where the massive Uprising of Peter Delyan (1040–41) and the Uprising of Georgi Voiteh (1072) took place."}, {"id": "Q195805", "label": "Uprising of Georgi Voiteh", "section": "Background", "says": "The initial centre of the resistance was the theme of Bulgaria, in what is now Macedonia, where the massive Uprising of Peter Delyan (1040–41) and the Uprising of Georgi Voiteh (1072) took place."}, {"id": "Q37135", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "section": "History - Rebellion", "says": "The first act of his successor Isaac II Angelos was to impose an extra tax to finance his wedding."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Rebellion", "says": "Theodore, the elder brother, was crowned Emperor of Bulgaria under the name Peter IV, after the sainted Peter I (r.927–969)."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Kaloyan knew the Byzantines would never recognize his imperial title; he began negotiations with Pope Innocent III."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Several months before Kaloyan's coronation, the leaders of the Fourth Crusade turned on the Byzantine Empire and captured Constantinople, creating the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The restoration of the Byzantine Empire under the ambitious Michael VIII Palaiologos further worsened Bulgaria's situation."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Temporary stabilization", "says": "In 1300, Theodore Svetoslav, George I's eldest son, took advantage of a civil war in the Golden Horde, overthrew Chaka, and presented his head to the Mongol khan Toqta."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "History - Temporary stabilization", "says": "This brought an end to Mongol interference in Bulgarian domestic affairs and secured Southern Bessarabia as far as Bolgrad to Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "History - Temporary stabilization", "says": "The energetic despot of Vidin, Michael Shishman, was elected emperor the next year; he immediately turned on the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos, regaining the lost lands."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In 1366, Ivan Alexander refused to grant passage to the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos, and the troops of the Savoyard crusade attacked the Bulgarian Black Sea coast."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The Bulgarians eventually granted passage to John V, but the lost towns were handed over to the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q954147", "label": "Vladislav I of Wallachia", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Ivan Alexander reconquered his province four years later, allied with his de jure vassal Dobrotitsa and Vladislav I of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q380071", "label": "Vukašin Mrnjavčević", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "On 26 September 1371, the Ottomans defeated a large Christian army led by the Serbian brothers Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Jovan Uglješa in the Battle of Chernomen."}, {"id": "Q646772", "label": "Dan I of Wallachia", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "According to the Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle, he killed the Wallachian voivode Dan I of Wallachia in September 1386"}], "Q5066": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors adapted to Han customs and even fortified the Great Wall against the ascendant Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1211, the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded the Jin Empire, winning several victories."}, {"id": "Q904766", "label": "Heungyo", "section": "Origin", "says": "Da Yanlin's rebel Xingliao state was defeated the next year."}, {"id": "Q5060", "label": "Emperor Taizu of Jin", "section": "History - Taizu (1115–1123)", "says": "After Wuyashu's death in 1113, his brother Aguda (posthumously Emperor Taizu of Jin) was elected leader of the Jurchens by the tribal elders."}, {"id": "Q5009", "label": "Emperor Tianzuo of Liao", "section": "History - Taizu (1115–1123)", "says": "In late 1112, Emperor Tianzuo of Liao embarked on a fishing expedition to the Huntong River (modern Songhua River) where the Jurchen tribes were expected to pay homage to the emperor."}, {"id": "Q6596990", "label": "Yang Pu", "section": "History - Taizu (1115–1123)", "says": "The one responsible for this seems to be a man of Balhae origins, Yang Pu, who had received the jinshi degree under the Liao as a young man."}, {"id": "Q5070", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Jin", "section": "History - Taizong (1123–1135)", "says": "After Aguda died in 1123, he was succeeded by his younger brother Wuqimai (posthumously Emperor Taizong of Jin)."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "History - Taizong (1123–1135)", "says": "Emperor Tianzuo of Liao sought refuge with Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia, who while initially receptive, changed his mind after warnings from the Jurchens and declared himself a vassal of Jin in 1124."}, {"id": "Q1330091", "label": "Yelü Dashi", "section": "History - Taizong (1123–1135)", "says": "Yelü Dashi, who had rejoined Tianzuo, grew tired of his behaviour and left for the west."}, {"id": "Q59223", "label": "Zhongshan", "section": "History - Taizong (1123–1135)", "says": "The Song ceded the three prefectures of Taiyuan, Hejian, and Zhongshan, representing the majority of Shanxi and Hebei's territory."}, {"id": "Q5071", "label": "Emperor Xizong of Jin", "section": "History - Xizong (1135–1150)", "says": "After Emperor Taizong of Jin died in 1135, he was succeeded by Hela (posthumously Emperor Xizong of Jin), a grandson of Emperor Taizu of Jin."}, {"id": "Q10900417", "label": "Liu Yu", "section": "History - Xizong (1135–1150)", "says": "Hela was much less favorable towards Liu Yu than his predecessor."}, {"id": "Q334398", "label": "Yue Fei", "section": "History - Xizong (1135–1150)", "says": "Due to the machinations of Qin Hui, who has the ears of the emperor, the Song general who had experienced the most success in fighting back against the Jin, Yue Fei, was put to death in 1141."}, {"id": "Q842316", "label": "Treaty of Shaoxing", "section": "History - Xizong (1135–1150)", "says": "The Song agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Shaoxing, which stipulated that the entire course of the Huai River would become the new border, Tangzhou and Dengzhou would be ceded to the Jin, 250,000 ounces of silver and silk would be paid annually to the Jin as tribute, no garrisons could be constructed on the side of the Song border, and the Song would not pursue criminals north of the border bu"}, {"id": "Q7489", "label": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", "section": "History - Xizong (1135–1150)", "says": "The treaty was couched in terms of vassalage with the Jin addressed as \"Your superior state\" investing Emperor Gaozong of Song as ruler of the Song."}, {"id": "Q5072", "label": "Emperor Hailingwang of Jin", "section": "History - Wanyan Liang (1150–1161)", "says": "Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on a program of legitimization to ensure his rule as an emperor of China."}, {"id": "Q5073", "label": "Emperor Shizong of Jin", "section": "History - Shizong (1161–1189)", "says": "The new emperor, Wulu, also known as Yong (posthumously Emperor Shizong of Jin), was not officially recognized as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir."}, {"id": "Q5074", "label": "Emperor Zhangzong of Jin", "section": "History - Zhangzong (1189–1208)", "says": "By the time Shizong died in 1189, the crown prince and heir apparent Wanyan Yungong had already passed, so his grandson Madage (posthumously Emperor Zhangzong of Jin) succeeded him."}, {"id": "Q5076", "label": "Wanyan Yongji", "section": "History - Wanyan Yongji (1208–1213)", "says": "When Emperor Zhangzong died in 1208, he was succeeded by Shizong's seventh son, Wanyan Yongji (originally Wanyan Yunji)."}, {"id": "Q5080", "label": "Emperor Xuanzong of Jin", "section": "History - Wanyan Yongji (1208–1213)", "says": "Wanyan Yongji was born to a Balhae concubine and is not recorded in history as an emperor due to his successor, Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, reverting his status to that of a prince posthumously, therefore he is known as \"Prince Shao of Wei\" or \"Prince Weishao\"."}, {"id": "Q5081", "label": "Emperor Aizong of Jin", "section": "History - Aizong (1224–1234)", "says": "Ningjiasu, posthumously Emperor Aizong of Jin, succeeded his father, Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, in 1224."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "History - Aizong (1224–1234)", "says": "In 1230 and 1231, Ögedei Khan launched another invasion of the Jin dynasty, attacking them from two directions under the personal command of Ögedei and Genghis' youngest son Tolui."}], "Q7427": [{"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "By the 650s, the Tanguts had left their homeland to escape pressure from the Tibetans and migrated eastward, to what are now parts of Shanxi and Shaanxi."}, {"id": "Q253774", "label": "An Lushan Rebellion", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "By the time of the An Lushan Rebellion in the 750s, the Tanguts had become the primary local power in the Ordos region in northern Shaanxi."}, {"id": "Q712372", "label": "Du You", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 806, the Acting Minister of Works, Du You, admitted that they treated the Tanguts badly:\n\nIn recent years, corrupt frontier generals have repeatedly harassed and mistreated [the Tanguts]."}, {"id": "Q714113", "label": "Huang Chao", "section": "History - Dingnan Jiedushi", "says": "When Chang'an fell to Huang Chao in 880, Sigong led a Chinese-Tangut army to assist Tang forces in driving out the rebels."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "History - Dingnan Jiedushi", "says": "In 905 Li Keyong's independent regime allied with the Khitans, which pushed the Tanguts into an alliance with Later Liang, which awarded the Dingnan rulers with honorary titles."}, {"id": "Q1143126", "label": "Later Tang", "section": "History - Dingnan Jiedushi", "says": "In 924 Renfu was enfeoffed as \"Prince of Shuofang\" by Later Tang."}, {"id": "Q7473", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Song", "section": "History - Jiqian's foundation", "says": "Emperor Taizong of Song was receptive of these gestures, but Jiqian returned to raiding Song territory the next year."}, {"id": "Q1000124", "label": "Gansu Uyghur Kingdom", "section": "History - Jingzong (1038–1048)", "says": "In 1028, he sent his son Yuanhao to conquer the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q7483", "label": "Emperor Shenzong of Song", "section": "History - Huizong (1068–1086)", "says": "In 1085, the war ended with the death of Emperor Shenzong of Song."}, {"id": "Q7486", "label": "Emperor Huizong of Song", "section": "History - Chongzong (1086–1139)", "says": "Incensed at this provocation, Emperor Huizong of Song dispatched Tong Guan to evict the Tanguts."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Huanzong (1193–1206)", "says": "In 1206, Temüjin was formally proclaimed Genghis Khan, ruler of all Mongols, marking the official start of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Huanzong (1193–1206)", "says": "In 1206, Temüjin was formally proclaimed Genghis Khan, ruler of all Mongols, marking the official start of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q5076", "label": "Wanyan Yongji", "section": "History - Xiangzong (1206–1211)", "says": "The Tanguts tried to form a united front with the Jurchen Jin dynasty against the Mongols, but the usurper monarch, Wanyan Yongji, refused to cooperate and declared that it was to their advantage that enemies attack one another."}], "Q106577": [{"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "Neustria was the western part of the Kingdom of the Franks during the Early Middle Ages, in contrast to the eastern Frankish sub-kingdom, Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The same term later referred to a smaller region between the Seine and the Loire rivers known as the regnum Neustriae, a constituent subkingdom of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The same term later referred to a smaller region between the Seine and the Loire rivers known as the regnum Neustriae, a constituent subkingdom of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia."}], "Q10957559": [{"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "An initially independent and later autonomous state under Ottoman overlordship, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertsa."}, {"id": "Q41830", "label": "Andronikos I Komnenos", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 1164, the future Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos, was taken prisoner by Vlach shepherds in the same region."}, {"id": "Q316083", "label": "William of Rubruck", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "The Franciscan Friar William of Rubruck, who visited the court of the Great Khan in the 1250s, listed \"the Blac\", or Vlachs, among the peoples who paid tribute to the Mongols, but the Vlachs' territory is uncertain."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "Friar William described \"Blakia\" as \"Assan's territory\" south of the Lower Danube, showing that he identified it with the northern regions of the Second Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q213061", "label": "Charles I of Hungary", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "Later in the 14th century, King Charles I of Hungary attempted to expand his realm and the influence of the Catholic Church eastwards after the fall of Cuman rule, and ordered a campaign under the command of Phynta de Mende (1324)."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1342 and 1345, the Hungarians were victorious in a battle against Tatar-Mongols; the conflict was resolved by the death of Jani Beg, in 1357."}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1342 and 1345, the Hungarians were victorious in a battle against Tatar-Mongols; the conflict was resolved by the death of Jani Beg, in 1357."}, {"id": "Q326493", "label": "Jan Długosz", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz mentioned Moldavians (under the name Wallachians) as having joined a military expedition in 1342, under King Władysław I, against the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz mentioned Moldavians (under the name Wallachians) as having joined a military expedition in 1342, under King Władysław I, against the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q10975458", "label": "Maramureș", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1353, Dragoș, mentioned as a Vlach Knyaz in Maramureș, was sent by Louis I to establish a line of defense against the Golden Horde forces of Mongols on the Siret River."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1353, Dragoș, mentioned as a Vlach Knyaz in Maramureș, was sent by Louis I to establish a line of defense against the Golden Horde forces of Mongols on the Siret River."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "In 1353, Dragoș, mentioned as a Vlach Knyaz in Maramureș, was sent by Louis I to establish a line of defense against the Golden Horde forces of Mongols on the Siret River."}, {"id": "Q1060836", "label": "Alexandru Lăpușneanu", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "After first residing in Baia, Bogdan moved Moldavia's seat to Siret (it was to remain there until Petru II Mușat moved it to Suceava; it was finally moved to Iași under Alexandru Lăpușneanu - in 1565)."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - High Middle Ages", "says": "Despite remaining officially Eastern Orthodox and culturally connected with the Byzantine Empire after 1382, princes of the House of Bogdan-Mușat entered a conflict with the Constantinople Patriarchate about control of appointments to the new"}, {"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Under Stephen the Great, who took the throne and subsequently came to an agreement with Casimir IV of Poland in 1457, the state reached its most glorious period."}, {"id": "Q2510875", "label": "Battle of Baia", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Stephen blocked Hungarian interventions in the Battle of Baia, invaded Wallachia in 1471, and dealt with Ottoman reprisals in a major victory (the 1475 Battle of Vaslui); after feeling threatened by Polish ambitions, he also attacked Galicia and resisted a Polish invasion in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497)."}, {"id": "Q1073358", "label": "Battle of Vaslui", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Stephen blocked Hungarian interventions in the Battle of Baia, invaded Wallachia in 1471, and dealt with Ottoman reprisals in a major victory (the 1475 Battle of Vaslui); after feeling threatened by Polish ambitions, he also attacked Galicia and resisted a Polish invasion in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497)."}, {"id": "Q946056", "label": "Battle of the Cosmin Forest", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Stephen blocked Hungarian interventions in the Battle of Baia, invaded Wallachia in 1471, and dealt with Ottoman reprisals in a major victory (the 1475 Battle of Vaslui); after feeling threatened by Polish ambitions, he also attacked Galicia and resisted a Polish invasion in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497)."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "However, he had to surrender Chilia (now Kiliia) and Cetatea Albă (now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), the two main fortresses in the Budjak, to the Ottomans in 1484, and in 1498 he had to accept Ottoman suzerainty, when he was forced to agree to continue paying tribute to Sultan Bayezid II."}, {"id": "Q524402", "label": "George Martinuzzi", "section": "History - Early Modern Era and Renaissance", "says": "Peter IV Rareș, who reigned in the 1530s and 1540s, clashed with the Habsburg monarchy over his ambitions in Transylvania (losing possessions in the region to George Martinuzzi), was defeated in Pokuttya by Poland, and failed in his attempt to extricate Moldavia from Ottoman rule – the country lost Bender to the Ottomans, who included it in their Silistra Eyalet."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - Early Modern Era and Renaissance", "says": "Such problems became endemic when the country, brought into the Great Turkish War, suffered the impact of the stagnation of the Ottoman Empire; at one point, during the 1650s and 1660s, princes began relying on counterfeit coinage (usually copies of Swedish riksdalers, as was that issued by Eustratie Dabija)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Early Modern Era and Renaissance", "says": "Such problems became endemic when the country, brought into the Great Turkish War, suffered the impact of the stagnation of the Ottoman Empire; at one point, during the 1650s and 1660s, princes began relying on counterfeit coinage (usually copies of Swedish riksdalers, as was that issued by Eustratie Dabija)."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - Phanariots (1711–1822)", "says": "During the late 17th century, Moldavia became the target of the Russian Empire's southwards expansion, inaugurated by Peter the Great with the Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1711."}, {"id": "Q159933", "label": "Dimitrie Cantemir", "section": "History - Phanariots (1711–1822)", "says": "Prince Dimitrie Cantemir sided with Peter in open rebellion against the Ottomans, but he was defeated at Stănilești."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "History - Phanariots (1711–1822)", "says": "Sultan Ahmed III officially discarded recognition of local choices for princes, imposing instead a system relying solely on Ottoman approval: the Phanariote epoch, inaugurated by the reign of Nicholas Mavrocordatos."}, {"id": "Q927783", "label": "Nicholas Mavrocordatos", "section": "History - Phanariots (1711–1822)", "says": "Sultan Ahmed III officially discarded recognition of local choices for princes, imposing instead a system relying solely on Ottoman approval: the Phanariote epoch, inaugurated by the reign of Nicholas Mavrocordatos."}, {"id": "Q1051934", "label": "Constantine Mavrocordatos", "section": "History - Phanariots (1711–1822)", "says": "Nonetheless, they also attempted legislative and administrative modernization inspired by The Enlightenment (such as the decision by Constantine Mavrocordatos to salarize public offices, to the outrage of boyars, and the abolition of serfdom in 1749, as well as Scarlat Callimachi's Code), and signified a decrease in Ottoman demands after the threat of Russian annexation became real and the prospec"}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "History - Phanariots (1711–1822)", "says": "The effects of Ottoman control were also made less notable after the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca allowed Russia to intervene in favour of Ottoman subjects of the Eastern Orthodox faith - leading to campaigns of petitioning by the Moldavian boyars against princely policies."}, {"id": "Q122442", "label": "Treaty of Jassy", "section": "History - Fragmentation", "says": "The Treaty of Jassy in 1792 forced the Ottoman Empire to cede Yedisan to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Fragmentation", "says": "The Treaty of Jassy in 1792 forced the Ottoman Empire to cede Yedisan to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Organic Statute, 1848 revolution", "says": "Phanariote rule was officially ended after the 1821 occupation of the country by Alexander Ypsilantis's Filiki Eteria during the Greek War of Independence; the subsequent Ottoman retaliation led to the rule of Ioan Sturdza."}, {"id": "Q1051294", "label": "Ioan Sturdza", "section": "History - Organic Statute, 1848 revolution", "says": "Phanariote rule was officially ended after the 1821 occupation of the country by Alexander Ypsilantis's Filiki Eteria during the Greek War of Independence; the subsequent Ottoman retaliation led to the rule of Ioan Sturdza."}, {"id": "Q2396442", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria", "section": "History - Organic Statute, 1848 revolution", "says": "After 1829, the country also became an important destination for immigration of Ashkenazi Jews from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and areas of Russia (see History of the Jews in Romania and Sudiți)."}, {"id": "Q715022", "label": "Mihail Sturdza", "section": "History - Organic Statute, 1848 revolution", "says": "The first Moldavian rule established under the Statute, that of Mihail Sturdza, was nonetheless ambivalent: eager to reduce abuse of office, Sturdza introduced reforms (the abolition of slavery, secularization, economic rebuilding), but he was widely seen as enforcing his own power over that of the newly instituted consultative Assembly."}, {"id": "Q1363670", "label": "Grigore Alexandru Ghica", "section": "History - Organic Statute, 1848 revolution", "says": "Grigore Alexandru Ghica allowed the exiled revolutionaries to return to Moldavia c."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Union with Wallachia", "says": "Russian domination ended abruptly after the Crimean War, when the Treaty of Paris also passed the two Romanian principalities under the tutelage of Great European Powers (together with Russia and the Ottoman overlord, power-sharing included the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Austrian Empire, the French Empire, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and Prussia)."}, {"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "History - Union with Wallachia", "says": "Russian domination ended abruptly after the Crimean War, when the Treaty of Paris also passed the two Romanian principalities under the tutelage of Great European Powers (together with Russia and the Ottoman overlord, power-sharing included the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Austrian Empire, the French Empire, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and Prussia)."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Union with Wallachia", "says": "Russian domination ended abruptly after the Crimean War, when the Treaty of Paris also passed the two Romanian principalities under the tutelage of Great European Powers (together with Russia and the Ottoman overlord, power-sharing included the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Austrian Empire, the French Empire, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and Prussia)."}, {"id": "Q3122626", "label": "Nicolae Vogoride", "section": "History - Union with Wallachia", "says": "In September 1857, given that Caimacam Nicolae Vogoride had perpetrated fraud in elections in Moldavia, the Powers allowed the two states to convene ad hoc divans, which were to decide a new constitutional framework; the result showed overwhelming support for the union, as the creation of a liberal and neutral state."}, {"id": "Q294832", "label": "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", "section": "History - Union with Wallachia", "says": "However, the Convention failed to note whether the two thrones could not be occupied by the same person, allowing Partida Națională to introduce the candidacy of Alexandru Ioan Cuza in both countries."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "History - Union with Wallachia", "says": "All other pending legal matters were clarified after the replacement of Cuza with Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in April 1866, and the creation of an independent Kingdom of Romania in 1881."}], "Q1337854": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031."}, {"id": "Q169640", "label": "Hisham II", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity flourished for nearly three centuries, before disintegrating in the early 11th century during the Fitna of al-Andalus, a civil war between the descendants of caliph Hisham II and the successors of his hajib (court official), Almanzor."}, {"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity flourished for nearly three centuries, before disintegrating in the early 11th century during the Fitna of al-Andalus, a civil war between the descendants of caliph Hisham II and the successors of his hajib (court official), Almanzor."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "The Visigothic Kingdom had ruled Iberia for over two centuries when it was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "The Visigothic Kingdom had ruled Iberia for over two centuries when it was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "The Umayyads had previously conducted small raids on the southern tip of Iberia against the Visigoths, but full-scale conquest did not begin until April of 711."}, {"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "An army led by Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed into Southern Hispania from North Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q504172", "label": "Battle of Guadalete", "section": "Political history - Background", "says": "After the crossing, Tariq's troops defeated Visigothic forces at the Battle of Guadalete."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "In 756, Abd al-Rahman I, a prince of the deposed Umayyad royal family, refused to recognize the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate and became an independent emir of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "For example, the power of emir Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi (c."}, {"id": "Q284558", "label": "Al-Hakam I", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "In 818, the inhabitants of the al-Rabad suburb of Córdoba rose against Al-Hakam I."}, {"id": "Q603771", "label": "Emirate of Crete", "section": "Political history - Emirate", "says": "Some settled in Fez or Alexandria, while others formed the Emirate of Crete in the 820s."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III ascended to the throne in 912, and faced the Fatimid Caliphate, a rival North African Shiʿite Islamic empire based in Tunis."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III increased diplomatic relations with the Berber tribes in North Africa, Christian kingdoms from the north, West Francia, East Francia, and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III increased diplomatic relations with the Berber tribes in North Africa, Christian kingdoms from the north, West Francia, East Francia, and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q284531", "label": "Al-Hakam II", "section": "Political history - Caliphate", "says": "Abd al-Rahman III was succeeded by his 46-year-old son, Al-Hakam II, in 961."}, {"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "Political history - Collapse", "says": "Beset by factionalism, the caliphate crumbled in 1031 into a number of independent taifas, including the Taifa of Córdoba, Taifa of Seville and Taifa of Zaragoza."}, {"id": "Q33061", "label": "Taifa of Zaragoza", "section": "Political history - Collapse", "says": "Beset by factionalism, the caliphate crumbled in 1031 into a number of independent taifas, including the Taifa of Córdoba, Taifa of Seville and Taifa of Zaragoza."}], "Q148540": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Florence (Old Italian: Republica di Fiorenza; contemporary Italian: Repubblica di Firenze), also known as the Florentine Republic (Latin: Res publica Florentina; Old Italian: Republica Fiorentina; contemporary Italian: Repubblica Fiorentina [reˈpubblika fjorenˈtiːna]), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q464162", "label": "Matilda of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence."}, {"id": "Q3393334", "label": "Signoria of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "lead", "says": "Giovanni de' Medici, who later became Pope Leo X, reconquered the republic in 1512."}, {"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "lead", "says": "Florence repudiated Medici authority for a second time in 1527, during the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medici reassumed their rule in 1531 after an 11-month siege of the city, aided by Emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de' Medici as the first \"Duke of the Florentine Republic\", thereby transforming the Republic into a hereditary monarchy."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1737."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "The city of Florence was established in 59 BC by Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q366696", "label": "Henry X", "section": "Background", "says": "The first official mention of the Florentine republic was in 1138, when several cities around Tuscany formed a league against the then-margrave of Tuscany, Duke Henry X of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The country was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - 12th century", "says": "The Florentines reasserted their independence when Emperor Henry VI died in 1197."}, {"id": "Q587095", "label": "Battle of Montaperti", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "The Guelphs lost the reins of power after Florence suffered a catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Montaperti against Siena in 1260."}, {"id": "Q172928", "label": "Clement IV", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "The fragility of their rule caused the Ghibellines to seek out an arbitrator in the form of Pope Clement IV, who openly favoured the Guelphs, and restored them to power."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Florence's reign as the foremost banking city of Europe did not last long; the aforesaid families were bankrupt in 1340, not because of Edward III of England's refusal to pay his debts, as is often stated (the debt was just £13,000) but because of a Europe-wide economic recession."}, {"id": "Q1401", "label": "Petrarch", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "While the banks perished, Florentine literature flourished, and Florence was home to some of the greatest writers in Italian history: Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio"}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The state authorities had been approached by the Duchy of Milan in 1422, with a treaty, that prohibited Florence's interference with Milan's impending war with the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The state authorities had been approached by the Duchy of Milan in 1422, with a treaty, that prohibited Florence's interference with Milan's impending war with the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q1235720", "label": "Republic of Lucca", "section": "History - Medicis' rule", "says": "He played a prominent role in the government of Florence until his exile in 1433, after a disastrous war with Tuscany's neighbour, the Republic of Lucca."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Cosimo de' Medici", "says": "The Renaissance began during Cosimo's de facto rule of Florence, the seeds of which had arguably been laid before the Black Death tore through Europe."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Cosimo de' Medici", "says": "Pope Eugenius IV convened it in reply to a cry for assistance from the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire) John VIII Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q37062", "label": "John VIII Palaiologos", "section": "History - Cosimo de' Medici", "says": "Pope Eugenius IV convened it in reply to a cry for assistance from the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire) John VIII Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Cosimo de' Medici", "says": "However, upon John VIII's homecoming to Constantinople, the Greeks rejected the compromise, leading to riots throughout what remained of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "History - Cosimo de' Medici", "says": "John VIII was forced to repudiate the agreement with the Roman church to appease the rioters."}, {"id": "Q2506432", "label": "Wars in Lombardy", "section": "History - Cosimo de' Medici", "says": "Foreign relations, both as a backdrop to Cosimo's rise to power and during the first twenty years of his rule, were dominated by the Wars in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q289285", "label": "Filippo Maria Visconti", "section": "History - Cosimo de' Medici", "says": "Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan invaded Florence twice in the 1430s, and again in 1440, but his army was finally defeated in the battle of Anghi"}, {"id": "Q317894", "label": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza", "section": "History - Piero de' Medici", "says": "Duke Francesco Sforza of Milan died in 1466, and his son Galeazzo Maria Sforza became the new Milanese duke."}, {"id": "Q5592", "label": "Michelangelo", "section": "History - Lorenzo de' Medici", "says": "He patronised Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Botticelli, among others."}, {"id": "Q704594", "label": "Francesco Salviati", "section": "History - Lorenzo de' Medici", "says": "The scheme was supported by the Archbishop of Pisa, Francesco Salviati, who was also executed in his ceremonial robes."}, {"id": "Q163514", "label": "Sixtus IV", "section": "History - Lorenzo de' Medici", "says": "News of this sacrilege reached Pope Sixtus IV (who had also supported the conspiracy against the Medicis)."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "History - Piero 'the Unfortunate'", "says": "Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in September 1494."}, {"id": "Q164823", "label": "Girolamo Savonarola", "section": "History - Savonarola", "says": "After the fall of the Medici, Girolamo Savonarola ruled the state."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "History - Savonarola", "says": "He was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI in late 1497."}, {"id": "Q1399", "label": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "section": "History - Piero Soderini", "says": "Soderini succeeded where Savonarola had failed, when the Secretary of War, Niccolò Machiavelli, recaptured Pisa in 1509."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "History - Giovanni de' Medici", "says": "Soderini was repudiated in September 1512, when Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici captured Florence with Papal troops during the War of the League of Cambrai."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "History - Giovanni de' Medici", "says": "Pope Julius II had just died, and he needed to be present for the ensuing Papal conclave."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Giovanni de' Medici", "says": "This effectively brought the Papal States and Florence into a political union."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "History - Giovanni de' Medici", "says": "President and historian John Adams, \"at this time the citizens of the state of Florence were in secret very discontented, because the Duke Lorenzo, desiring to reduce the government to the form of a principality, appeared to disdain to consult any longer with the magistrates and his fellow-citizens as he used to do, and gave audiences very seldom, and with much impatience; he attended less to the "}, {"id": "Q2414192", "label": "Treaty of Barcelona", "section": "History - Giulio de' Medici", "says": "In 1529, Clement VII signed the Treaty of Barcelona with Charles V, under which Charles would, in exchange for the Pope's blessing, invade Florence and restore the Medici."}, {"id": "Q307815", "label": "Margaret of Parma", "section": "History - Alessandro de' Medici", "says": "Charles had no intention of deposing Alessandro, who was married to Charles' daughter Margaret of Parma."}, {"id": "Q736727", "label": "Republic of Siena", "section": "History - Cosimo I de' Medici", "says": "In alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, Cosimo defeated the Republic of Siena, which was allied with France, in the Battle of Marciano on 2 August 1554."}, {"id": "Q2628768", "label": "Battle of Marciano", "section": "History - Cosimo I de' Medici", "says": "In alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, Cosimo defeated the Republic of Siena, which was allied with France, in the Battle of Marciano on 2 August 1554."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Cosimo I de' Medici", "says": "On 17 April 1555, Florence and Spain occupied the territory of Siena, which, in July 1557 Philip II of Spain bestowed on Cosimo as a hereditary fiefdom."}, {"id": "Q131945", "label": "Pius V", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "In 1569, Cosimo was elevated to the rank of the Grand Duke of Tuscany by Pope Pius V."}], "Q153128": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a World War II–era quasi-state."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a protectorate of Fascist Italy from 1941 to 1943, and a puppet state of Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a protectorate of Fascist Italy from 1941 to 1943, and a puppet state of Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941, after the invasion of the country by the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory consisted mostly of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia, Istria, and Međimurje."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory consisted mostly of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia, Istria, and Međimurje."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "lead", "says": "During its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a one-party state by the fascist Ustaše organization under its Poglavnik, Ante Pavelić."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "As Pavelić came to power alongside the Ustaše, German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini resourced and provided political power to the NDH."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "As Pavelić came to power alongside the Ustaše, German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini resourced and provided political power to the NDH."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Influences on the rise of the Ustaše", "says": "In 1915 a group of political emigres from Austria-Hungary, predominantly Croats but including some Serbs and a Slovene, formed themselves into a Yugoslav Committee, with a view to creating a South Slav state in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Influences on the rise of the Ustaše", "says": "In 1915 a group of political emigres from Austria-Hungary, predominantly Croats but including some Serbs and a Slovene, formed themselves into a Yugoslav Committee, with a view to creating a South Slav state in the aftermath of World War I."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "History - Influences on the rise of the Ustaše", "says": "In 1918, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs sent a delegation to the Serbian monarch to offer unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q347471", "label": "Stjepan Radić", "section": "History - Influences on the rise of the Ustaše", "says": "The leader of the Croatian Peasant Party, Stjepan Radić, warned on their departure for Belgrade that the council had no democratic legitimacy."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "History - Influences on the rise of the Ustaše", "says": "But a new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, was duly proclaimed on 1 December 1918, with no heed taken of legal protocols such as the signing of a new Pacta conventa in recognition of historic Croatian state rights."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Influences on the rise of the Ustaše", "says": "In January 1929, King Alexander responded by proclaiming a royal dictatorship, under which all dissenting political activity was banned and the state was renamed the \"Kingdom of Yugoslavia\"."}, {"id": "Q254114", "label": "Vladko Maček", "section": "History - Establishment of the NDH", "says": "The Axis powers offered Vladko Maček the opportunity to form a government, since Maček and his party, the Croatian Peasant Party (Croatian: Hrvatska seljačka stranka – HSS) had the greatest electoral support among Yugoslavia's Croats – but Maček refused that offer."}, {"id": "Q532975", "label": "Slavko Kvaternik", "section": "History - Establishment of the NDH", "says": "With their support, retired lieutenant-colonel Slavko Kvaternik, deputy leader of the Ustaše, declared the creation of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska – NDH) \"in the name of Croats and the header [sic] (poglavnik) Ante Pavelić\"."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "History - Establishment of the NDH", "says": "Aosta was not interested in being the figurehead King of Croatia: Upon learning he had been named King of Croatia, he told close colleagues that he thought his nomination was a bad joke by his cousin King Victor Emmanuel III though he accepted the crown out of a sense of duty."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Establishment of the NDH", "says": "From a strategic perspective, the establishment of the NDH was an attempt by Mussolini and Hitler to pacify the Croats, while reducing the use of Axis resources, which were more urgently needed for Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "History - Italian influence", "says": "The peace negotiations in 1919, however, influenced by the Fourteen Points proclaimed by US President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), called for national self-determination and determined that the Yugoslavs rightfully deserved the territory in question."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "History - Italian influence", "says": "The peace negotiations in 1919, however, influenced by the Fourteen Points proclaimed by US President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), called for national self-determination and determined that the Yugoslavs rightfully deserved the territory in question."}, {"id": "Q193236", "label": "Gabriele D'Annunzio", "section": "History - Italian influence", "says": "Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio raided Fiume (which held a mixed population of Croats and Italians) and proclaimed it part of the Italian Regency of Carnaro."}, {"id": "Q1423581", "label": "Italian Regency of Carnaro", "section": "History - Italian influence", "says": "Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio raided Fiume (which held a mixed population of Croats and Italians) and proclaimed it part of the Italian Regency of Carnaro."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Italian influence", "says": "Although Dalmatia was a largely Croat-populated territory, it had been part of various Italian states, such as the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice in prior centuries and was part of Italian nationalism's irredentist claims."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Italian influence", "says": "Although Dalmatia was a largely Croat-populated territory, it had been part of various Italian states, such as the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice in prior centuries and was part of Italian nationalism's irredentist claims."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Influence of Nazi Germany", "says": "Military forces from other Axis powers, included Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - Partisan resistance", "says": "Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, and citizens of all nationalities and backgrounds began joining the pan-Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q1263175", "label": "Mladen Lorković", "section": "History - End of the war", "says": "In August 1944, there was an attempt by the NDH Foreign Minister Mladen Lorković and Minister of War Ante Vokić to execute a coup d'état against Ante Pavelić so as to separate from the Axis and align with the Allies."}, {"id": "Q3501165", "label": "Battle of Odžak", "section": "History - End of the war", "says": "On 25 May 1945, the final battle of the Second World War in Europe, the Battle of Odžak, ended with the fall of the Independent State of Croatia, whose territory became part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, and the demise of the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q1277557", "label": "Democratic Federal Yugoslavia", "section": "History - End of the war", "says": "On 25 May 1945, the final battle of the Second World War in Europe, the Battle of Odžak, ended with the fall of the Independent State of Croatia, whose territory became part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, and the demise of the Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "History - End of the war", "says": "Meanwhile, Pavelić had detached from the group and fled to Austria, Italy, Argentina and finally Spain, where he would die in 1959."}, {"id": "Q701960", "label": "Mile Budak", "section": "History - End of the war", "says": "Several other members of the NDH government were captured in May and June 1945, and sentenced to death or long-term imprisonment in the trial of Mile Budak."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - End of the war", "says": "The end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Yugoslavia, which later became the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with the Constitution of 1946 officially making the People's Republic of Croatia and the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina two of the six constituent republics of the new state."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - End of the war", "says": "The end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Yugoslavia, which later became the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with the Constitution of 1946 officially making the People's Republic of Croatia and the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina two of the six constituent republics of the new state."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Although far right movements in Croatia inspired by the former NDH reemerged during the Croatian War of Independence, the current Constitution of Croatia does not officially recognize the Independent State of Croatia as the historical or legitimate predecessor state of the current Croatian republic."}], "Q193152": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Great Moravia, or simply Moravia, was the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, possibly including territories which are today part of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine and Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Centered on the Morava River – which gave the realm its name – the core encompassed today’s Moravia in the eastern Czech Republic and adjacent western Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Centered on the Morava River – which gave the realm its name – the core encompassed today’s Moravia in the eastern Czech Republic and adjacent western Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom saw the rise of the first-ever Slavic literary culture in the Old Church Slavonic language as well as the expansion of Christianity, first via missionaries from East Francia, and later after the arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in 863 and the creation of the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet dedicated to a Slavic language."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom saw the rise of the first-ever Slavic literary culture in the Old Church Slavonic language as well as the expansion of Christianity, first via missionaries from East Francia, and later after the arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in 863 and the creation of the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet dedicated to a Slavic language."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Glagolitic was subsequently replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet created in the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Separatism and internal conflicts emerging after Svatopluk's death contributed to the fall of Great Moravia, which was overrun by the Hungarians, who then included the territory of present-day Slovakia in their domains."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Origins (before c. 800)", "says": "The Slavs were forced to pay tribute to the Avars and to participate in their raids against the Byzantine Empire, the Franks and the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Origins (before c. 800)", "says": "The Slavs were forced to pay tribute to the Avars and to participate in their raids against the Byzantine Empire, the Franks and the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Origins (before c. 800)", "says": "Charlemagne launched a series of military expeditio"}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Development of Moravia (c. 800–846)", "says": "In the autumn of this year, according to the Royal Frankish Annals, Avar rulers and the duces or \"leaders of the Slavs who live along the Danube\" visited the court of Emperor Louis the Pious (r."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "History - Development of Moravia (c. 800–846)", "says": "The late-9th-century Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum (\"The Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians\") makes the first reference to a Moravian ruler."}, {"id": "Q837326", "label": "Principality of Nitra", "section": "History - Development of Moravia (c. 800–846)", "says": "Historians who identify Pribina as the ruler of an autonomous state, the Principality of Nitra—for instance, Bartl, Kirschbaum and Urbańczyk—add that \"Great Moravia\" emerged through the enforced integration of his principality into Moravia under Mojmír."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Fights for independence (846–870)", "says": "846–870), who initially accepted the suzerainty of Louis the German, consolidated his position within Moravia and expanded the frontiers of his realm."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - Fights for independence (846–870)", "says": "For instance, Rastislav supported Louis the German's son, Carloman, in his rebellion against his father in 861."}, {"id": "Q41622", "label": "Michael III", "section": "History - Fights for independence (846–870)", "says": "Having received no answer from Rome, Rastislav turned to the Byzantine Emperor Michael III with the same request."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "History - Svatopluk's reign (870–894)", "says": "In the meantime, Archbishop Methodius, who had been released upon the demand of Pope John VIII (r."}, {"id": "Q455874", "label": "Regino of Prüm", "section": "History - Decline and fall (894–before 907)", "says": "Svatopluk—\"a man most prudent among his people and very cunning by nature\", according to Regino of Prüm—died in the summer of 894."}, {"id": "Q551716", "label": "Mojmir II", "section": "History - Decline and fall (894–before 907)", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, Mojmir II, but his empire shortly disintegrated, because the tribes subjugated to Svatopluk's rule by force started to get rid of Moravian supremacy."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "History - Decline and fall (894–before 907)", "says": "According to Liudprand of Cremona, the Hungarians already \"claimed for themselves the nation of the Moravians, which King Arnulf had subdued with the aid of their might\" at the coronation of Arnulf's son, Louis the Child, in 900."}], "Q205466": [{"id": "Q29001", "label": "Bumin Qaghan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples."}, {"id": "Q1194963", "label": "Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Book of Sui reports that on 18 October 439, the Tuoba ruler Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei overthrew Juqu Mujian of the Northern Liang in eastern Gansu, whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the Rouran Khaganate in the vicinity of Gaochang."}, {"id": "Q1132566", "label": "Juqu Mujian", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Book of Sui reports that on 18 October 439, the Tuoba ruler Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei overthrew Juqu Mujian of the Northern Liang in eastern Gansu, whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the Rouran Khaganate in the vicinity of Gaochang."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Book of Sui reports that on 18 October 439, the Tuoba ruler Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei overthrew Juqu Mujian of the Northern Liang in eastern Gansu, whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the Rouran Khaganate in the vicinity of Gaochang."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Chinese sources linked the Hu on their northern borders to the Xiongnu just as Graeco-Roman historiographers called the Pannonian Avars, Huns and Hungarians, \"Scythians\"."}, {"id": "Q458008", "label": "Denis Sinor", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "According to Denis Sinor, the rise to power of the Ashina clan represented an 'internal revolution' in the Rouran Khaganate rather than an external conquest."}, {"id": "Q371760", "label": "Peter Benjamin Golden", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Peter Benjamin Golden points out that the khaghans of the Turkic Khaganate, the Ashina, who were of an undetermined ethnic origin, adopted Iranian and Tokharian (or non-Altaic) titles."}, {"id": "Q171232", "label": "Yami Qaghan", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "With the support of Emperor Wen of Sui, Yami Qaghan won the competition."}, {"id": "Q7419", "label": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "When the Sui began to decline, Shibi Khagan began to assault its territory and even surrounded Emperor Yang of Sui at the Siege of Yanmen (615 AD) with 100,000 cavalry troops."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "History - Conquest by the Tang", "says": "Emperor Taizong of Tang, in spite of the limited resources at his disposal, managed to turn them back."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Conquest by the Tang", "says": "Later, Taizong sent his troops to Mongolia and defeated the main force of Göktürk army in Battle of Yinshan four years later and captured Illig Qaghan in 630 AD."}, {"id": "Q1005372", "label": "Qilibi Khan", "section": "History - Conquest by the Tang", "says": "On 13 August 639, following Jiesheshuai's unsuccessful raid, Taizong installed Qilibi Khan and ordered the settled Turkic people to follow him north of the Yellow River to settle between the Great Wall of China and the Gobi Desert."}, {"id": "Q387151", "label": "Ilterish Qaghan", "section": "History - Revival", "says": "In 682, Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk revolted and occupied Heisha Castle (northwest of present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men."}, {"id": "Q2384764", "label": "Tonyukuk", "section": "History - Revival", "says": "In 682, Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk revolted and occupied Heisha Castle (northwest of present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men."}, {"id": "Q381125", "label": "Bilge Qaghan", "section": "History - Revival", "says": "However, after the death of Bilge Qaghan, the Göktürks could no longer subjugate other Turkic tribes in the grasslands."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "History - Revival", "says": "In 744, allied with the Tang dynasty, the Uyghur Khaganate defeated the last Göktürk Khaganate and controlled the Mongolian Plateau."}], "Q208475": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Edom was an ancient kingdom that stretched across areas in the south of present-day Israel, Jordan, and Palestine."}, {"id": "Q157918", "label": "Seti I", "section": "lead", "says": "Edom and the Edomites appear in several written sources relating to the late Bronze Age and to the Iron Age in the Levant, including the list of the Egyptian pharaoh Seti I from c."}, {"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "lead", "says": "1215 BC as well as in the chronicle of a campaign by Ramesses III (r."}, {"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the kingdom of Edom, the Edomites were pushed westward towards southern Judah by nomadic tribes coming from the east; among them were the Nabataeans, who first appeared in the historical annals of the 4th century BC and had already established their own kingdom in what used to be Edom by the first half of the 2nd century BC."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "More recent excavations show that the process of Edomite settlement in the southern parts of Judah and parts of the Negev down to Timna had started already before the destruction of the kingdom by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587/86 BC, both by peaceful penetration and by military means and taking advantage of the already-weakened state of Judah."}, {"id": "Q51672", "label": "Herod the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 2nd century BC Hasmoneans, the Edomites either began or resumed following Jewish law and were subsumed into the larger Jewish population; Herod the Great was of Edomite origin."}, {"id": "Q158043", "label": "Merneptah", "section": "Ancient history - Edom", "says": "Indeed, a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the Wadi Tumilat during the reign of Merneptah reports movement of nomadic \"shasu-tribes of Edom\" to watering holes in Egyptian territory."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "Ancient history - Edom", "says": "Edom ceased to exist as a state when it was conquered by Nabonidus in the 6th century BC."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "Ancient history - Edom", "says": "745 BC), Aya-ramu at the time of Sennacherib (c."}], "Q2415901": [{"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II, from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II, from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Nazi Germany was stripped of its sovereignty and its government was entirely dissolved."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "After Germany formally surrendered on Tuesday, 8 May 1945, the four countries representing the Allies (the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France) asserted joint authority and sovereignty through the Allied Control Council (ACC)."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "All territories annexed by Germany before the war from Austria and Czechoslovakia were returned to these countries."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Memel Territory, annexed by Germany from Lithuania before the war, was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and transferred to the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q80211", "label": "Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Memel Territory, annexed by Germany from Lithuania before the war, was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and transferred to the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "All territories annexed by Germany during the war from Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia were returned to their respective countries."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Deviating from the occupation zones planned according to the London Protocol in 1944, at Potsdam, the United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union approved the detachment from Germany of the territories east of the Oder–Neisse line, with the exact line of the boundary to be determined in a final German peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "This treaty was expected to confirm the shifting westward of Poland's borders, as the United Kingdom and United States committed themselves to support the permanent incorporation of eastern Germany into Poland and the Soviet Union."}], "Q31711": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سُعُود, romanized: ʾĀl Suʿūd IPA: [ʔaːl sʊʕuːd]) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1319659", "label": "Muhammad bin Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder  of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State, (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q56885910", "label": "Emirate of Diriyah", "section": "lead", "says": "It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder  of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State, (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q146871", "label": "First Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder  of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State, (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder  of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State, (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q558967", "label": "Musaylimah", "section": "lead", "says": "It forms a subtribe of the larger prominent ancient Banu Hanifa tribe of Arabia, from which well-known 7th century Arabian claimant of prophethood Musaylima also originates."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd along with numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q169949", "label": "Al Rashid", "section": "lead", "says": "The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd along with numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "King Salman, who reigns currently, first replaced the next crown prince, his brother Muqrin, with his nephew Muhammad bin Nayef."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Emirate of Diriyah", "says": "The first imam, Muhammad bin Saud, was succeeded by his eldest son, Abdulaziz in 1765."}, {"id": "Q146862", "label": "Second Saudi State", "section": "History - Emirate of Nejd", "says": "A few years after the fall of Diriyah in 1818, the Saudis were able to re-establish their authority in Najd, establishing the Emirate of Nejd, commonly known as the Second Saudi State, with its capital in Riyadh."}, {"id": "Q317421", "label": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal", "section": "History - Present form", "says": "After his defeat at Mulayda, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia among the Al Murra bedouin."}, {"id": "Q3319080", "label": "Muhammed bin ʿAbdullah Al Rashid", "section": "History - Present form", "says": "Supported by a few dozen followers and accompanied by some of his brothers and relatives, Abdulaziz was able to capture Riyadh's Masmak fort and kill the governor appointed there by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Present form", "says": "From 1915 to 1927, Abdulaziz's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire, pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin."}, {"id": "Q7837031", "label": "Treaty of Darin", "section": "History - Present form", "says": "From 1915 to 1927, Abdulaziz's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire, pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "History - Present form", "says": "For the next five and a half years, he administered the two parts of his dual realm, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, as separate units."}], "Q386496": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Montenegro (Serbian: Краљевина Црна Гора / Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous period of time on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 November 1918, following the end of World War I, with the Montenegrin government still in exile, the Podgorica Assembly proclaimed unification with the Kingdom of Serbia, which itself was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes three days later, on 1 December 1918."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Internationally, Montenegro aligned itself with Serbia and other Balkan states during the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), aiming to expand its territory at the expense of the weakening Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Internationally, Montenegro aligned itself with Serbia and other Balkan states during the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), aiming to expand its territory at the expense of the weakening Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2656382", "label": "Christmas Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Montenegrins saw this act as illegitimate, leading to the Christmas Uprising in 1919 by royalist forces, which was quickly suppressed."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite this resistance, Montenegro was absorbed into the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and it ceased to exist as a sovereign kingdom."}], "Q4958": [{"id": "Q1143126", "label": "Later Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liao dynasty launched multiple military campaigns against neighboring states and peoples including the Kumo Xi, Shiwei, Tatars, Zubu, Khongirad, Balhae, Goryeo, Later Tang, and the Song dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1151686", "label": "Chanyuan Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "After heavy fighting and large casualties between the two empires, both sides worked out the Chanyuan Treaty."}, {"id": "Q5009", "label": "Emperor Tianzuo of Liao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liao dynasty was destroyed by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in 1125 with the capture of the Emperor Tianzuo of Liao."}, {"id": "Q1330091", "label": "Yelü Dashi", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the remaining Liao loyalists, led by Yelü Dashi (who would become Emperor Dezong), established the Western Liao dynasty (or Qara Khitai), which ruled over parts of Central Asia for almost a century before being conquered by the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the remaining Liao loyalists, led by Yelü Dashi (who would become Emperor Dezong), established the Western Liao dynasty (or Qara Khitai), which ruled over parts of Central Asia for almost a century before being conquered by the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the remaining Liao loyalists, led by Yelü Dashi (who would become Emperor Dezong), established the Western Liao dynasty (or Qara Khitai), which ruled over parts of Central Asia for almost a century before being conquered by the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The earliest reference to a Khitan state is found in the Book of Wei, a history of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534) that was completed in 554."}, {"id": "Q1078573", "label": "Murong Sheng", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Book of Jin (648) mentions the Khitans in the section covering the reign of Murong Sheng (398–401)."}, {"id": "Q328782", "label": "Rashid-al-Din Hamadani", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Beginning with Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in the fourteenth century, several scholars have theorized that the Khitans were Mongolic in origin, and in the late 19th century, Western scholars made the claim that the Khitans were Tungusic in origin (modern linguistic analysis has discredited this claim)."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Khitans then faced a joint invasion by the Rouran Khaganate and Goguryeo, which caused them to migrate south to the east of Bailang River (modern Daling River)."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Khitans then faced a joint invasion by the Rouran Khaganate and Goguryeo, which caused them to migrate south to the east of Bailang River (modern Daling River)."}, {"id": "Q1143524", "label": "Northern Qi", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Khitans suffered a series of military defeats to other nomadic groups in the region, as well as to the Northern Qi (550–577) and Sui (589–618) dynasties."}, {"id": "Q2006864", "label": "Northern Yan", "section": "History - Eight tribes", "says": "The Khitan federation presented tribute to the Northern Yan (409–436), which in return invested the Khitan khan as Prince Guishan."}, {"id": "Q1325694", "label": "Qapaghan Qaghan", "section": "History - Dahe Confederation", "says": "Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacked the Khitans from the north while the Tang invaded from the south."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Dahe Confederation", "says": "Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacked the Khitans from the north while the Tang invaded from the south."}, {"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "History - Yaonian Confederation", "says": "The Tang governor An Lushan launched two invasions into Khitan territory in 751 and 755."}, {"id": "Q253774", "label": "An Lushan Rebellion", "section": "History - Yaonian Confederation", "says": "The An Lushan Rebellion marked the beginning of the end of the Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q4989", "label": "Emperor Taizu of Liao", "section": "History - Abaoji (907–926)", "says": "Abaoji, posthumously Emperor Taizu of Liao, was born in 872 to the Yila chieftain, Saladi."}, {"id": "Q714164", "label": "Li Keyong", "section": "History - Abaoji (907–926)", "says": "Two years later, he led 70,000 cavalry to Datong to form a blood oath with the Shatuo warlord Li Keyong."}, {"id": "Q4991", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Liao", "section": "History - Taizong (926–947)", "says": "Yelü Deguang, posthumously Emperor Taizong of Liao, was the second son of Shulü Ping (Empress Yingtian) and not the first in line for the Khitan throne."}, {"id": "Q1147373", "label": "Dongdan Kingdom", "section": "History - Taizong (926–947)", "says": "Bei was still ruler of the Dongdan Kingdom in former Balhae, given to him by his father after participating in its conquest."}, {"id": "Q703646", "label": "Li Siyuan", "section": "History - Taizong (926–947)", "says": "In 930, Bei fled by sea to the Later Tang court and was received by Li Siyuan as an honored guest."}, {"id": "Q1189495", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin", "section": "History - Taizong (926–947)", "says": "In 937, he was killed by Shi Jingtang, who overthrew Later Tang and ruled Later Jin (Five Dynasties) as a puppet of the Khitans."}, {"id": "Q708431", "label": "Emperor Min of Later Tang", "section": "History - Taizong (926–947)", "says": "His son, Li Conghou, lasted only five months before his adoptive brother, Li Congke, killed him."}, {"id": "Q713115", "label": "Li Congke", "section": "History - Taizong (926–947)", "says": "His son, Li Conghou, lasted only five months before his adoptive brother, Li Congke, killed him."}, {"id": "Q4992", "label": "Emperor Shizong of Liao", "section": "History - Shizong (947–951)", "says": "Yelü Ruan, posthumously Emperor Shizong of Liao, was the son of Yelü Bei."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Shizong (947–951)", "says": "From 949 to 950, Shizong invaded Later Han."}, {"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "History - Shizong (947–951)", "says": "In late 951, Shizong decided to invade Later Zhou."}, {"id": "Q4993", "label": "Emperor Muzong of Liao", "section": "History - Muzong (951–969)", "says": "Yelü Jing, posthumously Emperor Muzong of Liao, succeeded his cousin, Emperor Shizong of Liao."}, {"id": "Q1141471", "label": "Northern Han", "section": "History - Muzong (951–969)", "says": "During Muzong's reign, the Liao assisted Northern Han in fending off an attack by Later Zhou in 952."}, {"id": "Q1319646", "label": "Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou", "section": "History - Muzong (951–969)", "says": "Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou believed that the Liao dynasty were poised to invade the Zhou."}, {"id": "Q4997", "label": "Emperor Jingzong of Liao", "section": "History - Jingzong (969–982)", "says": "Yelü Xian, posthumously Emperor Jingzong of Liao, was the son of Emperor Shizong of Liao."}, {"id": "Q7473", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Song", "section": "History - Jingzong (969–982)", "says": "In the summer of 979, Emperor Taizong of Song took Taiyuan and annexed Northern Han."}, {"id": "Q5000", "label": "Emperor Shengzong of Liao", "section": "History - Shengzong (982–1031)", "says": "Yelü Longxu, posthumously Emperor Shengzong of Liao, succeeded his father."}, {"id": "Q5005", "label": "Emperor Xingzong of Liao", "section": "History - Xingzong (1031–1055)", "says": "The 15 year old Yelü Zongzhen, posthumously Emperor Xingzong of Liao, was born to Emperor Shengzong of Liao and one of his lesser consorts, Xiao Noujin."}, {"id": "Q5007", "label": "Emperor Daozong of Liao", "section": "History - Daozong (1055–1101)", "says": "Yelü Hongji, posthumously Emperor Daozong of Liao, succeeded his father, Emperor Xingzong of Liao, having already gained experience in governing while his father was alive."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "History - Tianzuo (1101–1125)", "says": "Between 1103 and 1105, the Western Xia repeatedly requested the Khitans to attack the Song dynasty, but the Liao court refused."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "History - Qara Khitai", "says": "After conquering the Karakhanid city of Balasaghun (in modern Kyrgyzstan), he attempted to reclaim former Liao territory, which ended in disaster."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "History - Qara Khitai", "says": "The new Liao empire expanded to the Aral Sea, defeating the Kara-Khanid Khanate and Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Qatwan in 1141, and establishing their dominance in the region."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Qara Khitai", "says": "The new Liao empire expanded to the Aral Sea, defeating the Kara-Khanid Khanate and Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Qatwan in 1141, and establishing their dominance in the region."}, {"id": "Q3950956", "label": "Battle of Qatwan", "section": "History - Qara Khitai", "says": "The new Liao empire expanded to the Aral Sea, defeating the Kara-Khanid Khanate and Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Qatwan in 1141, and establishing their dominance in the region."}], "Q83572": [{"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from 1799, when maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and annexed by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q243590", "label": "Second Anglo-Sikh war", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from 1799, when maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and annexed by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 12 million in 1800 (making it the 12th most populous state at the time), it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be conquered by the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q83322", "label": "Guru Nanak", "section": "lead", "says": "He was formally crowned on 12 April 1801 by Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1840 Ladakh and Baltistan had been brought under Sikh suzerainty by Gulab Singh."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Initially a pacifist faith, the followers of Sikhism (known as Sikhs) became increasingly militarised owing to their conflicts with the Mughal Empire and the killing of their gurus, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, on the orders of Mughal emperors."}, {"id": "Q369920", "label": "Guru Arjan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Initially a pacifist faith, the followers of Sikhism (known as Sikhs) became increasingly militarised owing to their conflicts with the Mughal Empire and the killing of their gurus, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, on the orders of Mughal emperors."}, {"id": "Q2019145", "label": "Guru Tegh Bahadur", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Initially a pacifist faith, the followers of Sikhism (known as Sikhs) became increasingly militarised owing to their conflicts with the Mughal Empire and the killing of their gurus, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, on the orders of Mughal emperors."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Background", "says": "With the decline of Mughal power after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the tenth and last Sikh guru Gobind Singh established a militia known as Khalsa Fauj."}, {"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The first Sikh state led by Banda Singh Bahadur was short-lived, but by the mid-18th century a confederation of twelve Sikh states, known as misls, was firmly established in central and eastern Punjab."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Empire", "says": "The Chattha chief Jan Muhammad was killed in the siege and Rasulnagar, now renamed Ramnagar, was annexed."}, {"id": "Q145401", "label": "Zaman Shah Durrani", "section": "History - Empire", "says": "In 1797–98, Zaman Shah Durrani invaded Punjab, but was forced to retreat, following which Ranjit Singh captured Lahore."}, {"id": "Q3631373", "label": "Hari Singh Nalwa", "section": "History - Empire", "says": "His general Hari Singh Nalwa also achieved important victories in Hazara and Peshawar."}, {"id": "Q5070876", "label": "Chand Kaur", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The leadership of the empire passed through a quick succession of rulers, namely Kharak Singh, Nau Nihal Singh, Chand Kaur, and Sher Singh, who kept being assassinated, with no ruler being able to rule for a sustained period of time, leading to unstability."}, {"id": "Q7494639", "label": "Sher Singh", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The leadership of the empire passed through a quick succession of rulers, namely Kharak Singh, Nau Nihal Singh, Chand Kaur, and Sher Singh, who kept being assassinated, with no ruler being able to rule for a sustained period of time, leading to unstability."}, {"id": "Q333140", "label": "Duleep Singh I", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "After the murder of Sher Singh, Duleep Singh was appointed as the new ruler by the Panch (Military Council) with Jind Kaur as regnant since Duleep was a child."}, {"id": "Q2753670", "label": "Jind Kaur", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "After the murder of Sher Singh, Duleep Singh was appointed as the new ruler by the Panch (Military Council) with Jind Kaur as regnant since Duleep was a child."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Due to internal divisions and factionalisms (include the British colluding with internal fifth-columnists), Jind Kaur was advised to go to war against the East India Company to distract the Sikh Army and decrease their power and influence in the affairs of the state, leading to the First Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q116222", "label": "Battle of Ferozeshah", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In the Battle of Ferozeshah in 1845, the British encountered the Khalsa Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs \"had the better of the British artillery\"."}], "Q132272": [{"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - Akkadian period", "says": "The Akkadian Period began with Sargon of Akkad (r."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Akkadian period", "says": "2334-2279 BCE) who founded the Akkadian Empire (c."}, {"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "History - Ur III period", "says": "While it was no longer the seat of an independent hegemony as it had been in the Early Dynastic period, it remained a vital strategic and ideological center under the centralized administration of the Third Dynasty of Ur."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Ur III period", "says": "Because of its location in northern Babylonia, it acted as a gateway between the Sumerian south and the Semitic-speaking regions to the north and west."}, {"id": "Q363563", "label": "Sumu-abum", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "By the early part of the First Dynasty of Babylon Kish was under the control of Babylon with the tenth year name of ruler Sumu-abum (c."}, {"id": "Q518914", "label": "Sumu-la-El", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "In the 13th year of Sumu-la-El he reports destroying Kish (repeated in following four years) and then destroying the city wall of Kish in his 19th year and in his 30th year \"Year the temple of Zababa, the Emeteursag / the house, ornament of the heros (Zababa), was built\"."}, {"id": "Q374546", "label": "Sin-Muballit", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "By the time of Babylon ruler Sin-Muballit (c."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "The rulers of Babylon at its peak of power, Hammurabi and Samsu-iluna, are known to have done extensive construction at Kish, including rebuilding the city wall."}, {"id": "Q325917", "label": "Samsu-iluna", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "The rulers of Babylon at its peak of power, Hammurabi and Samsu-iluna, are known to have done extensive construction at Kish, including rebuilding the city wall."}, {"id": "Q391117", "label": "Samsu-Ditana", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "Samsu-Ditana was the last ruler of the First Dynasty of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Iron Age and later", "says": "This last incarnation of Kish prospered under Sasanian and then Islamic rule, before being finally abandoned during the later years of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)."}], "Q139319": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Republic was the short-lived Russian state which controlled, de jure, the territory of the former Russian Empire after its proclamation by the Russian Provisional Government on 1 September (14 September, N.S.Tooltip New Style) 1917 in a decree signed by Alexander Kerensky as Minister-Chairman and Alexander Zarudny as Minister of Justice."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Republic was the short-lived Russian state which controlled, de jure, the territory of the former Russian Empire after its proclamation by the Russian Provisional Government on 1 September (14 September, N.S.Tooltip New Style) 1917 in a decree signed by Alexander Kerensky as Minister-Chairman and Alexander Zarudny as Minister of Justice."}], "Q146055": [{"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power."}, {"id": "Q12154", "label": "Tutankhamun", "section": "lead", "says": "Several of Egypt's most famous pharaohs were from the Eighteenth Dynasty, including Tutankhamun (c."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "lead", "says": "Other famous pharaohs of the dynasty include Hatshepsut (c."}, {"id": "Q81794", "label": "Akhenaten", "section": "lead", "says": "1479 BC–1458 BC), the longest-reigning woman pharaoh of an indigenous dynasty, and Akhenaten (c."}, {"id": "Q40930", "label": "Nefertiti", "section": "lead", "says": "1353–1336 BC), the \"heretic pharaoh\", with his Great Royal Wife, Nefertiti."}, {"id": "Q157958", "label": "Neferneferuaten", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eighteenth Dynasty is unique among indigenous Egyptian dynasties in that it had two queens regnant women who ruled as pharaohs: Hatshepsut and Neferneferuaten, usually identified as Nefertiti."}, {"id": "Q7222", "label": "Ahmose I", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "Dynasty XVIII was founded by Ahmose I, the brother or son of Kamose, the last ruler of the 17th Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q157966", "label": "Amenhotep I", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "Ahmose was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I, whose reign was relatively uneventful."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next pharaoh, Thutmose I, seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "During his reign, the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse, extending in the north to Carchemish on the Euphrates and in the south up to Kanisah Kurgus beyond the fourth cataract of the Nile."}, {"id": "Q158025", "label": "Thutmose II", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "Thutmose I was succeeded by Thutmose II and his queen, Hatshepsut, who was the daughter of Thutmose I."}, {"id": "Q158052", "label": "Amenhotep II", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "He had a second co-regency in his old age with his son Amenhotep II."}, {"id": "Q157985", "label": "Thutmose IV", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "Amenhotep II was succeeded by Thutmose IV, who in his turn was followed by his son Amenhotep III, whose reign is seen as a high point in this dynasty."}, {"id": "Q42606", "label": "Amenhotep III", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "Amenhotep II was succeeded by Thutmose IV, who in his turn was followed by his son Amenhotep III, whose reign is seen as a high point in this dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "History - Early Dynasty XVIII", "says": "Amenhotep III undertook large scale building programmes, the extent of which can only be compared with those of the much longer reign of Ramesses II during Dynasty XIX."}, {"id": "Q158003", "label": "Smenkhkare", "section": "History - Akhenaten, the Amarna Period, and Tutankhamun", "says": "After his death, Akhenaten was succeeded by two short-lived pharaohs, Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten, of which little is known."}, {"id": "Q157995", "label": "Horemheb", "section": "History - Ay and Horemheb", "says": "The last two members of the Eighteenth Dynasty—Ay and Horemheb—became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court, although Ay might also have been the maternal uncle of Akhenaten as a fellow descendant of Yuya and Tjuyu."}, {"id": "Q1526", "label": "Ramesses I", "section": "History - Ay and Horemheb", "says": "This vizier ascended the throne in 1292 BC as Ramesses I, and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty."}], "Q147909": [{"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Ferdinand, founder of the royal family, was crowned as tsar at the Declaration of Independence, mainly because of his military plans and for seeking options for unification of all lands in the Balkans region with an ethnic Bulgarian majority (lands that had been seized from Bulgaria and given to the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Berlin)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Ferdinand, founder of the royal family, was crowned as tsar at the Declaration of Independence, mainly because of his military plans and for seeking options for unification of all lands in the Balkans region with an ethnic Bulgarian majority (lands that had been seized from Bulgaria and given to the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Berlin)."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "For several years, Bulgaria mobilized an army of more than 1 million people from its population of about 5 million, and in the 1910s it engaged in three wars – the First and Second Balkan Wars, and the First World War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Less than two decades later Bulgaria entered World War II on the side of the Axis powers and once again found itself on the losing side until it switched sides to the Allies in September 1944."}, {"id": "Q121932", "label": "People's Republic of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1946, the monarchy was abolished, its final tsar was sent into exile, and the tsardom was replaced by the People's Republic of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Despite the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria (subject to Ottoman suzerainty) in 1878, and the subsequent Bulgarian control over Eastern Rumelia after 1885, there was a substantial Bulgarian population still living under Ottoman rule, particularly in Macedonia and Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Despite the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria (subject to Ottoman suzerainty) in 1878, and the subsequent Bulgarian control over Eastern Rumelia after 1885, there was a substantial Bulgarian population still living under Ottoman rule, particularly in Macedonia and Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q1145682", "label": "Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "In 1903 the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising broke out in Ottoman Macedonia, making war seem likely."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - First Balkan War", "says": "In February 1912 a secret treaty was signed between Bulgaria and Serbia, which was firstly against Austria-Hungary, but also then redirected by Bulgaria to be against the Ottoman Empire and in May 1912 a similar treaty was signed with Greece."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - First Balkan War", "says": "Montenegro was also brought into the pact."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "History - First Balkan War", "says": "After the Ottomans refused to implement reforms in the disputed areas, the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "History - Second Balkan War", "says": "The Serbs, in particular, did not see things this way and refused to vacate any of the territories they had seized in northern Macedonia (that is, the territory roughly corresponding to the modern Republic of North Macedonia), stating that the Bulgarian army had failed to accomplish its pre-war goals at Adrianople (i.e., failing to capture it without Serbian help) and that the pre-war agreements o"}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "History - Second Balkan War", "says": "The Serbian Prime Minister, Nikola Pasic, told Greece it could have Thrace if Greece helped Serbia keep Bulgaria out of the Serbian part of Macedonia, and the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos agreed."}, {"id": "Q2888211", "label": "Battle of Bregalnica", "section": "History - Second Balkan War", "says": "The fighting was very harsh, with many casualties, especially during the key Battle of Bregalnica."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Recuperating from the Balkan Wars, Bulgaria remained neutral during the first year of World War I."}, {"id": "Q313535", "label": "Aleksandar Stamboliyski", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Aleksandar Stamboliyski, leader of the Agrarian Party, was imprisoned for his opposition to the war."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Russian Revolution of February 1917 significantly impacted Bulgaria, spreading antiwar and anti-monarchist sentiments among troops and in cities."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Under the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (November 1919), Bulgaria lost its Aegean coastline (Western Thrace) to Greece, parts of its Macedonian territory and the Western Outlands to the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Southern Dobruja was returned to the Kingdom of Romania."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Under the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (November 1919), Bulgaria lost its Aegean coastline (Western Thrace) to Greece, parts of its Macedonian territory and the Western Outlands to the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Southern Dobruja was returned to the Kingdom of Romania."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Stamboliyski's cabinet", "says": "Bulgaria was burdened with substantial war reparations to Yugoslavia and Romania and had to contend with the issue of refugees, as pro-Bulgarian Macedonians were forced to leave Yugoslav Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Stamboliyski's cabinet", "says": "Faced with this array of enemies, Stamboliyski allied himself with the Bulgarian Communist Party and established relations with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q443480", "label": "Aleksandar Tsankov", "section": "History - 1923 Bulgarian coup d'etat, Tsankov and Lyapchev's cabinets", "says": "A right-wing government under Aleksandar Tsankov took power, backed by the Tsar, the army, and the VMRO."}, {"id": "Q941932", "label": "September Uprising", "section": "History - 1923 Bulgarian coup d'etat, Tsankov and Lyapchev's cabinets", "says": "The September Uprising began in 1923, after the 9 June coup d'état, when Alexander Stamboliyski was planning to capture Pazardzhik with his sympathizers to restore his power, which was quickly disrupted by the Bulgarian Army."}, {"id": "Q350248", "label": "Vasil Kolarov", "section": "History - 1923 Bulgarian coup d'etat, Tsankov and Lyapchev's cabinets", "says": "Vasil Kolarov and Georgi Dimitrov, who were the main leaders of the uprisings, chose Montana as the centre."}, {"id": "Q155074", "label": "Georgi Dimitrov", "section": "History - 1923 Bulgarian coup d'etat, Tsankov and Lyapchev's cabinets", "says": "Vasil Kolarov and Georgi Dimitrov, who were the main leaders of the uprisings, chose Montana as the centre."}, {"id": "Q459651", "label": "Kimon Georgiev", "section": "History - 1934 Bulgarian coup d'etat and the beginning of authoritarian rule", "says": "In May 1934 there was another coup by the military organization Zveno, an authoritarian regime headed by Colonel Kimon Georgiev was established."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - 1934 Bulgarian coup d'etat and the beginning of authoritarian rule", "says": "Kyoseivanov's Premiership oversaw the trials of the instigators of the 1934 military coup and also concluded pacts with Yugoslavia and Greece as Nazi Germany undertook a policy of economic isolation of the Balkans."}, {"id": "Q189139", "label": "Ioannis Metaxas", "section": "History - 1934 Bulgarian coup d'etat and the beginning of authoritarian rule", "says": "His government also oversaw a policy of rearmament after a treaty concluded with Ioannis Metaxas overturned the military claus"}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Bulgaria was determined to observe it until the end of the war, but it hoped for bloodless territorial gains to recover the territories lost in the Second Balkan War and World War I, as well as gain other lands with a significant Bulgarian population occupied by neighboring countries."}, {"id": "Q463311", "label": "Bogdan Filov", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "On 15 February 1940, following the resignation of Georgi Kyoseivanov, a pro-German Bogdan Filov was appointed Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q2292449", "label": "Treaty of Craiova", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "On 7 September 1940 Bulgaria succeeded in negotiating the recovery of Southern Dobruja in the Axis-sponsored Treaty of Craiova."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "On 1 March 1941 Bulgaria formally signed the Tripartite Pact, becoming an ally of Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "On 1 March 1941 Bulgaria formally signed the Tripartite Pact, becoming an ally of Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "German troops entered the country in preparation for the German invasions of the Kingdom of Greece and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Bulgaria declared war on Britain and the United States but resisted German pressure to declare war on the Soviet Union, fearful of pro-Russian sentiment in the country."}, {"id": "Q1060355", "label": "Simeon II of Bulgaria", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "He was later succeeded by his six-year-old son Simeon II."}, {"id": "Q2763", "label": "The Holocaust", "section": "History - Holocaust", "says": "The Holocaust in Bulgaria was the persecution of Jews between 1941 and 1944 in the Kingdom of Bulgaria and their deportation and annihilation in the Bulgarian-occupied regions of Yugoslavia and Greece during World War II, arranged by the Nazi Germany-allied government of Tsar Boris III and prime minister Bogdan Filov."}], "Q153963": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "German East Africa (GEA; German: Deutsch-Ostafrika DOA) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "German East Africa (GEA; German: Deutsch-Ostafrika DOA) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended with Imperial Germany's defeat in World War I."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately the territory was divided amongst Britain, Belgium and Portugal, and was reorganised as a mandate of the League of Nations."}], "Q173082": [{"id": "Q309869", "label": "Burebista", "section": "lead", "says": "A Dacian kingdom that united the Dacians and the Getae was formed under the rule of Burebista in 82 BC and lasted until the Roman conquest in AD 106."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the wars with the Roman Empire, after the conquest of Dacia, the population was dispersed, and the capital city, Sarmizegetusa Regia, was destroyed by the Romans."}, {"id": "Q28928", "label": "Decebalus", "section": "Geographical history - 1st century BC", "says": "Stability was only restored when Duras and later Decebalus managed to reunite the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "Geographical history - 1st century AD", "says": "According to Tacitus (AD 56–117) Dacians bordered Germania in the south-east, while Sarmatians bordered it in the east.Although Strabo and Caesar notes that the Dacians reached the Hercynian Forest, Germania and beyond, Strabo still indicates their borders as the middle Danube and the northwestern Carpathians."}, {"id": "Q1423", "label": "Domitian", "section": "Geographical history - 2nd century AD", "says": "Although the Romans gained a major strategic victory at Tapae in AD 88, Emperor Domitian offered the Dacians favourable terms, in exchange for which Roman suzerainty was recognised."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "Geographical history - 2nd century AD", "says": "The later Roman province Dacia Aureliana, was organized inside former Moesia Superior after the retreat of the Roman army from Dacia, during the reign of emperor Aurelian during AD 271–275."}], "Q208169": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1202, the Venetian Republic invaded Dalmatia with the forces of the Fourth Crusade, and Ragusa was forced to pay tribute."}, {"id": "Q314346", "label": "Stefan Uroš III", "section": "Historical background", "says": "On 22 January 1325, Serbian king Stefan Uroš III issued a document for the sale of his maritime possessions of the city of Ston and peninsula of Pelješac to Ragusa."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In January 1348, the Black Death struck the city and decimated the urban population."}, {"id": "Q2345536", "label": "Treaty of Zadar", "section": "History - Independence from Venice (1358)", "says": "In 1358, the Treaty of Zadar forced Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "History - Independence from Venice (1358)", "says": "The city accepted the hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman suzerainty", "says": "In 1430 and 1442, the Republic signed short-term arrangements with the Ottoman Empire defining its status."}, {"id": "Q1627613", "label": "Republic of Ancona", "section": "History - Ottoman suzerainty", "says": "Under the agreement, the republic retained its autonomous status and was virtually independent, and usually allied with the Maritime Republic of Ancona."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman suzerainty", "says": "When, in the late 16th century, Ragusa placed its merchant marine at the disposal of the Spanish Empire on condition that its participation in the Spanish military ventures would not affect the interest of the Ottoman Empire; the latter tolerated the situation as the trade of Ragusa permitted the importation of goods from states with which the Ottoman Empire was at war."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Decline of the Republic", "says": "Moreover, the discovery of the Americas started a crisis in Mediterranean shipping."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "History - Decline of the Republic", "says": "Charles VIII of France granted trading rights to the Ragusans in 1497, and Louis XII in 1502."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - Decline of the Republic", "says": "Charles VIII of France granted trading rights to the Ragusans in 1497, and Louis XII in 1502."}, {"id": "Q1628477", "label": "Battle of Diu", "section": "History - Decline of the Republic", "says": "Ragusa and Venice lent technical assistance to the Ottoman–Mameluke–Zamorin alliance that the Portuguese defeated in the Battle of Diu in the Indian Ocean (1509)."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "History - French occupation", "says": "The Battle of Austerlitz and the consequent peace treaty, having compelled Austria to hand over Dalmatia to France, put Ragusa in a dilemma."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - French occupation", "says": "But while France held the land, the United Kingdom and Russia held the sea; and while French troops marched from Austerlitz to Dalmatia, eleven Russian ships of the line entered the Bay of Kotor, and landed 6,000 men, later supported by 16,000 Montenegrins under Petar I Petrović-Njegoš."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - French occupation", "says": "Even though the emissaries managed to persuade General Molitor not to violate Ragusan territory, Napoleon was not content with the stalemate between France and Russia concerning Ragusa and the Bay of Kotor and"}, {"id": "Q699923", "label": "Illyrian Provinces", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "In 1810, Ragusa, together with Dalmatia and Istria, went to the newly created French Illyrian Provinces."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "The Austrian Empire sent a force under General Todor Milutinović offering to help their Ragusan allies."}], "Q208270": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) was a semi-autonomous tribal region in north-western Pakistan that existed from 1947 until being merged with the neighbouring province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018 through the Twenty-fifth amendment to the constitution of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q14257286", "label": "Mamnoon Hussain", "section": "lead", "says": "The 25th Amendment received assent from President Mamnoon Hussain on 31 May 2018, after which FATA was officially merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Although the British never succeeded in completely calming unrest in the region, it served as a buffer from unrest in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "The annexed areas continued to be governed through the Frontier Crimes Regulations after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, by the Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, and into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956."}, {"id": "Q1585785", "label": "Operation Cyclone", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "Mujahideen entered to fight against the jirgas as allies of the CIA Operation Cyclone; both were opposed to forces of the Soviet Union prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall and collapse of Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "Mujahideen entered to fight against the jirgas as allies of the CIA Operation Cyclone; both were opposed to forces of the Soviet Union prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall and collapse of Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "In 2003, Taliban forces sheltered in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas began crossing the border into Afghanistan, attacking military and police after the United States invasion."}, {"id": "Q17195717", "label": "Operation Zarb-e-Azb", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "The Pakistan Army launched 10 operations against the Pakistani Taliban since 2001, notably the Operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan."}, {"id": "Q40495", "label": "Pervez Musharraf", "section": "History - After independence", "says": "The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and it was attended by the Chief Minist"}], "Q216173": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was established on 15 November 1920, per the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, following the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Although predominantly German-populated, the territory was bound by the imposed union with Poland, which covered foreign policy, defense, customs, railways, and post, and remained distinct from both the post-war Weimar Republic and the newly independent Polish Republic."}], "Q2320005": [{"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 305 BC by the Macedonian Greek general Ptolemy I Soter, a companion of Alexander the Great, and was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty until the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 305 BC by the Macedonian Greek general Ptolemy I Soter, a companion of Alexander the Great, and was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty until the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander conquered Egypt in 332 BC during his campaigns against the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q1330607", "label": "Syrian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Syrian Wars with the Seleucid Empire, a rival Hellenistic state, the Ptolemaic Kingdom expanded its territory to include eastern Libya, the Sinai, and northern Nubia."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Syrian Wars with the Seleucid Empire, a rival Hellenistic state, the Ptolemaic Kingdom expanded its territory to include eastern Libya, the Sinai, and northern Nubia."}, {"id": "Q39576", "label": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning with Ptolemy I's son and successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Ptolemies began to adopt Egyptian customs, such as marrying their siblings per the Osiris myth and participating in Egyptian religious life."}, {"id": "Q39602", "label": "Ptolemy III Euergetes", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak under Ptolemy III Euergetes, the kingdom was the grea"}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Early in 331 BC he was ready to depart, and led his forces away to Phoenicia."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as regent for both Philip III and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death."}, {"id": "Q686411", "label": "Arrhidaeus", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as regent for both Philip III and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death."}, {"id": "Q295530", "label": "Philip III of Macedon", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as regent for both Philip III and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death."}, {"id": "Q207847", "label": "Alexandros IV of Macedon", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as regent for both Philip III and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death."}, {"id": "Q169915", "label": "Alexander IV", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Ptolemy ruled Egypt from 323 BC, nominally in the name of the joint kings Philip III and Alexander IV."}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Ptolemy successfully defended Egypt against an invasion by Perdiccas in 321 BC, and consolidated his position in Egypt and the surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322–301 BC)."}, {"id": "Q237136", "label": "Berenice", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, while princesses and female rulers preferred the names Cleopatra, Arsinoë and Berenice."}, {"id": "Q40022", "label": "Berenice IV of Egypt", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The only basilissa-regnant or female Pharaohs to officially rule on their own were Cleopatra II, Berenice III and Berenice IV."}, {"id": "Q40242", "label": "Cleopatra V of Egypt", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Cleopatra V did co-rule, but it was with another female, Berenice IV."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - Ptolemy I", "says": "In 312 BC, allied with Seleucus, the ruler of Babylonia, he defeated Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, in the battle of Gaza."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Ptolemy I", "says": "In 312 BC, allied with Seleucus, the ruler of Babylonia, he defeated Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, in the battle of Gaza."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Ptolemy I", "says": "He had instead taken the opportunity to secure Coele-Syria and Palestine as well as parts of Anatolia, in breach of the agreement assigning it to Seleucus, thereby setting the scene for the future Syrian Wars."}, {"id": "Q936803", "label": "First Syrian War", "section": "History - Ptolemy II", "says": "Ptolemy I had left Egypt strong and prosperous; three years of campaigning in the First Syrian War made the Ptolemies masters of the eastern Mediterranean, controlling the Aegean islands (the Nesiotic League) and the coastal districts of Cilicia, Pamphylia, Lycia and Caria in Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q34103", "label": "Second Syrian War", "section": "History - Ptolemy II", "says": "However, some of these territories were lost near the end of his reign as a result of the Second Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "History - Ptolemy II", "says": "In the 270s BC, Ptolemy II defeated the Kingdom of Kush in war, gaining the Ptolemies free access to Kushite territory and control of important gold deposits south of Egypt known as Dodekaschoinos."}, {"id": "Q231668", "label": "Arsinoe I", "section": "History - Ptolemy II", "says": "Ptolemy's first wife, Arsinoe I, daughter of Lysimachus, was the mother of his legitimate children."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "History - Ptolemy II", "says": "Ptolemy's first wife, Arsinoe I, daughter of Lysimachus, was the mother of his legitimate children."}, {"id": "Q40234", "label": "Arsinoe II", "section": "History - Ptolemy II", "says": "After her repudiation he followed Egyptian custom and married his sister, Arsinoe II, beginning a practice that, while pleasing to the Egyptian population, had serious consequences in later reigns."}, {"id": "Q219484", "label": "Theocritus", "section": "History - Ptolemy II", "says": "Callimachus, keeper of the Library of Alexandria, Theocritus, and a host of other poets, glorified the Ptolemaic family."}, {"id": "Q34145", "label": "Third Syrian War", "section": "History - Ptolemy III Euergetes", "says": "He abandoned his predecessors' policy of keeping out of the wars of the other Macedonian successor kingdoms, and began the Third Syrian War (246–241 BC) with the Seleucid Empire when his sister, Queen Berenice, and her son were murdered in a dynastic dispute."}, {"id": "Q3373", "label": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "section": "History - Ptolemy III Euergetes", "says": "Seleucus II Callinicus kept his throne, but Egyptian fleets controlled most of the coasts of Anatolia and Greece."}, {"id": "Q7235", "label": "Sophocles", "section": "History - Ptolemy III Euergetes", "says": "It is said that he borrowed the official manuscripts of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides from Athens and forfeited the considerable deposit he paid for them in order to keep them for the Library rather than returning them."}, {"id": "Q48305", "label": "Euripides", "section": "History - Ptolemy III Euergetes", "says": "It is said that he borrowed the official manuscripts of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides from Athens and forfeited the considerable deposit he paid for them in order to keep them for the Library rather than returning them."}, {"id": "Q43182", "label": "Eratosthenes", "section": "History - Ptolemy III Euergetes", "says": "The most distinguished scholar at Ptolemy III's court was the polymath and geographer Eratosthenes, most noted for his remarkably accurate calculation of the circumference of the world."}, {"id": "Q39595", "label": "Ptolemy IV Philopator", "section": "History - Ptolemy IV", "says": "In 221 BC, Ptolemy III died and was succeeded by his son Ptolemy IV Philopator, a weak king whose rule precipitated the decline of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Ptolemy IV", "says": "Nevertheless, his ministers were able to make serious preparations to meet the attacks of Antiochus III the Great on Coele-Syria, and the great Egyptian victory of Raphia in 217 BC secured the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1418062", "label": "Fourth Syrian War", "section": "History - Ptolemy IV", "says": "Ptolemy IV continued this tradition by holding his own synod at Memphis in 217 BC, after the victory celebrations of the Fourth Syrian War."}, {"id": "Q40258", "label": "Arsinoe III of Egypt", "section": "History - Ptolemy IV", "says": "The decree records the military success of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III and their benefactions to the Egyptian priestly elite."}, {"id": "Q878952", "label": "Hugronaphor", "section": "History - Great Theban Revolt", "says": "Misrule by the Pharaoh in Alexandria led to a nearly successful revolt, led by a priest named Horwennefer."}, {"id": "Q489289", "label": "Ankhmakis", "section": "History - Great Theban Revolt", "says": "Horwennefer was succeeded by his son Ankhwennefer, whose forces nearly drove the Ptolemies out of the country."}, {"id": "Q48584", "label": "Rosetta Stone", "section": "History - Great Theban Revolt", "says": "The revolutionary dynasty was finally defeated in 186, and a stele celebrating this event was historically significant as the famous Rosetta Stone."}, {"id": "Q39957", "label": "Ptolemy V Epiphanes", "section": "History - Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor", "says": "Ptolemy V Epiphanes, son of Philopator and Arsinoë, was a child when he came to the throne in 204 BC, and a series of regents ran the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "History - Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor", "says": "As the Great Revolt was raging internally, Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire and Philip V of Macedon made a compact to seize the Ptolemaic possessions."}, {"id": "Q39952", "label": "Ptolemy VI", "section": "History - Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor", "says": "He was succeeded by his infant son Ptolemy VI Philometor."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "History - Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor", "says": "In 170 BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes invaded Egypt and captured Philometor, installing him at Memphis as a puppet king."}, {"id": "Q3350", "label": "Ptolemy VIII Physcon", "section": "History - Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor", "says": "Philometor's younger brother (later Ptolemy VIII Physcon) was installed as king by the Ptolemaic court in Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q40247", "label": "Cleopatra II of Egypt", "section": "History - Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor", "says": "When Antiochus withdrew, the brothers agreed to reign jointly with their sister Cleopatra II."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "History - Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor", "says": "In order to secure the region, the strategos of Upper Egypt, Boethus, founded two new cities, named Philometris and Cleopatra in honour of the royal couple."}, {"id": "Q40003", "label": "Cleopatra III of Egypt", "section": "History - Later Ptolemies", "says": "On his death in 116 BC he left the kingdom to his wife Cleopatra III and her son Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II."}, {"id": "Q3345", "label": "Ptolemy X Alexander I", "section": "History - Later Ptolemies", "says": "The young king was driven out by his mother in 107 BC, who reigned jointly with Physcon's youngest son Ptolemy X Alexander I."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "History - Later Ptolemies", "says": "He was succeeded by Ptolemy XI Alexander II, the son of Ptolemy X."}, {"id": "Q39938", "label": "Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator", "section": "History - Later Ptolemies", "says": "He died in 51 BC, leaving the kingdom to his ten-year-old son and seventeen-year-old daughter, Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Cleopatra VII, who reigned jointly as husband and wife."}, {"id": "Q451204", "label": "Tryphaena", "section": "History - Cleopatra VII", "says": "He had paid vast sums of Egyptian wealth and resources in tribute to the Romans in order to regain and secure his throne following the rebellion and brief coup led by his older daughters, Tryphaena and Berenice IV."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Cleopatra VII", "says": "Julius Caesar left Rome for Alexandria in 48 BC in order to quell the looming civil war, as war in Egypt, which was one of Rome's greatest suppliers of grain and other expensive goods, would have had a detrimental effect on trade with Rome, especially on Rome's working-class citizens."}], "Q326304": [{"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "History - Bronze Age", "says": "The existence of the Kingdom of Moab prior to the rise of the Israelite state has been deduced from a colossal statue erected at Luxor by pharaoh Ramesses II, in the 13th century BCE."}, {"id": "Q1669960", "label": "Kenneth A. Kitchen", "section": "History - Bronze Age", "says": "Kenneth Kitchen later responded to Na'aman, reasserting the identification of Mw-i-bw with Moab."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "In the late 8th century BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire expanded into the southern Levant."}, {"id": "Q625649", "label": "Aram-Damascus", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "While Assyria conquered the kingdoms of Israel and Aram-Damascus, converting their territories into provinces, other polities in the region maintained autonomy as vassal states."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "In 711 BCE, Moab entered into a regional coalition with Edom and Judah in rebellion against the Assyrian King Sargon II, which was instigated by Yamani of Ashdod."}, {"id": "Q244912", "label": "Hezekiah", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "On the Taylor prism, which recounts the Assyrian expedition against Hezekiah of Judah, Kammusu-Nadbi (Chemosh-nadab), King of Moab, brings tribute to Sargon as his suzerain."}], "Q427941": [{"id": "Q1415585", "label": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, the Taliban government controlled approximately 90% of the country, while remaining regions in the northeast were held by the Northern Alliance, which maintained broad international recognition as a continuation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q193968", "label": "Mohammed Omar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban referred to the government as interim throughout the entire period of its existence, despite the strong and permanent role of Mullah Omar in the government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "After the September 11 attacks and subsequent declaration of a \"war on terror\" by the United States, international opposition to the regime drastically increased, with diplomatic recognition from the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan being rescinded."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "After the September 11 attacks and subsequent declaration of a \"war on terror\" by the United States, international opposition to the regime drastically increased, with diplomatic recognition from the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan being rescinded."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the September 11 attacks and subsequent declaration of a \"war on terror\" by the United States, international opposition to the regime drastically increased, with diplomatic recognition from the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan being rescinded."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "History - Early history and ethnic conflict", "says": "The Taliban and its rule arose from the chaos after the Soviet–Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Early history and ethnic conflict", "says": "It began to receive support from neighboring Pakistan as well as from Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q317797", "label": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "section": "History - Early history and ethnic conflict", "says": "Starting with the capture of a border crossing and a huge ammunition dump from warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a few weeks later they freed \"a convoy trying to open a trade route from Pakistan to Central Asia\" from another group of warlords attempting to extort money."}], "Q467627": [{"id": "Q1138904", "label": "Kingdom of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Durrani Empire, colloquially known as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, the Afghan Empire, or the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, of the Pashtun Durrani tribe."}, {"id": "Q46798", "label": "Ahmed Shahe Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "The Durrani Empire, colloquially known as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, the Afghan Empire, or the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, of the Pashtun Durrani tribe."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, it ruled over present-day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, it ruled over present-day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, it ruled over present-day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Alongside the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered one of the most significant Islamic empires of the second half of the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1749, the Maratha Empire controlled eastern Afghanistan after driving out the Mughals; Ahmad then set out westward to take possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by the Afsharid dynasty under Shahrokh Shah, who also acknowledged Afghan suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q197884", "label": "Shahrukh Afshar", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1749, the Maratha Empire controlled eastern Afghanistan after driving out the Mughals; Ahmad then set out westward to take possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by the Afsharid dynasty under Shahrokh Shah, who also acknowledged Afghan suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q732026", "label": "Alamgir II", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 1757, Ahmad Shah sacked Delhi, but permitted Mughal emperor Alamgir II to remain in nominal control as long as he acknowledged Afghan suzerainty over the regions south of the Indus River, up to the Sutlej River."}, {"id": "Q167283", "label": "Timur Shah Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Ahmad's death in 1772, his son Timur Shah Durrani became the next ruler of the Durrani dynasty."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the empire had begun to crumble by this time, and lost Peshawar, Multan, and Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century."}, {"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty continued in Afghanistan for generations, up until Dost Muhammad Khan and the Barakzai dynasty deposed it in Kabul, leading to its supersession by the Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q558242", "label": "Mir Wais Hotak", "section": "History - Foundation of the Afghan state", "says": "In 1709, Mirwais Hotak, chief of the Ghilji tribe of Kandahar Province, gained independence from the Safavid Persians."}, {"id": "Q31494", "label": "Mahmud Hotaki", "section": "History - Foundation of the Afghan state", "says": "From 1722 to 1725, his son Mahmud Hotak briefly ruled large parts of Iran and declared himself as Shah of Persia."}, {"id": "Q400807", "label": "Ahmad Shah Bahadur", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "In 1749, the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to save his capital from Afghan attack."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Early victories", "says": "Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions, with Lahore being governed by Afghans."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Third Battle of Panipat", "says": "The Mughal power in northern India had been declining after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, who died in 1707."}, {"id": "Q7283047", "label": "Raghunathrao", "section": "History - Third Battle of Panipat", "says": "To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao."}, {"id": "Q1259218", "label": "Third Battle of Panipat", "section": "History - Third Battle of Panipat", "says": "The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front."}, {"id": "Q12568000", "label": "Wali Khan", "section": "History - Humayun Mirza (1772)", "says": "Upon Ahmad Shah's death in 1772, Shah Wali Khan and Sardar Jahan Khan pretended that the Shah was not dead, merely ill, and was being kept separate from all but the most trusted officials."}, {"id": "Q334869", "label": "Habibullah Khan", "section": "History - Humayun Mirza (1772)", "says": "Shah Sulayman surrendered to Timur Shah and became loyal, according to Amir Habibullah Khan."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Zaman Shah (1793–1801)", "says": "The Sikhs started to rise under the command of Sikh chief, Ranjit Singh, who succeeded in wresting power from Zaman's forces."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Zaman Shah (1793–1801)", "says": "Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his Barakzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zaman's younger brother, Mahmud Shah."}, {"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "History - Abbas Mirza (1810)", "says": "Abbas Mirza ruled for a short period of time before being defeated by Mahmud Shah once he returned from campaign."}], "Q4712": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté)."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "It belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté)."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "It belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté)."}, {"id": "Q178918", "label": "Robert II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1004, prince Henry of France, a son of king Robert II of France, inherited the Duchy, but later ceded it as an appanage to his younger brother Robert in 1032."}, {"id": "Q169992", "label": "John II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the extinction of the Burgundian male line with the death of Duke Philip I in 1361, the duchy reverted to King John II of France and the royal House of Valois."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the extinction of the Burgundian male line with the death of Duke Philip I in 1361, the duchy reverted to King John II of France and the royal House of Valois."}, {"id": "Q466252", "label": "Margaret III, Countess of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "With his marriage with Countess Margaret III of Flanders, he laid the foundation for a Burgundian State which expanded further north in the Low Countries collectively known as the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q7882199", "label": "Burgundian State", "section": "lead", "says": "With his marriage with Countess Margaret III of Flanders, he laid the foundation for a Burgundian State which expanded further north in the Low Countries collectively known as the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "With his marriage with Countess Margaret III of Flanders, he laid the foundation for a Burgundian State which expanded further north in the Low Countries collectively known as the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon further acquisitions of the County of Burgundy, Holland, and Luxemburg, the House of Valois-Burgundy came into possession of numerous French and imperial fiefs stretching from the western Alps to the North Sea, in some ways reminiscent of the Middle Frankish realm of Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "After just over one hundred years of Valois-Burgundy rule, however, the last duke, Charles the Bold, rushed to the Burgundian Wars and was killed in the 1477 Battle of Nancy."}, {"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After just over one hundred years of Valois-Burgundy rule, however, the last duke, Charles the Bold, rushed to the Burgundian Wars and was killed in the 1477 Battle of Nancy."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The extinction of the dynasty led to the absorption of the duchy itself into the French crown lands by King Louis XI, while the bulk of the Burgundian possessions in the Low Countries passed to Charles' daughter, Mary, and her Habsburg descendants."}, {"id": "Q13590051", "label": "Kingdom of the Burgundians", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Duchy of Burgundy was a successor of the earlier Kingdom of the Burgundians, which evolved out of territories ruled by the Burgundians, an East Germanic tribe that arrived in Gaul in the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Duchy of Burgundy was a successor of the earlier Kingdom of the Burgundians, which evolved out of territories ruled by the Burgundians, an East Germanic tribe that arrived in Gaul in the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q212852", "label": "Childebert I", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Kingdom of the Burgundians was annexed by the Merovingian King of the Franks, Childebert I, in 534, following their defeat by the Franks."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "Origins", "says": "When Charles Martel drove the invaders out, he divided Burgundy into four commands: Arles-Burgundy, Vienne-Burgundy, Alamanic Burgundy and Frankish Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Origins", "says": "Already in 839, emperor Louis the Pious decided to divide Burgundian counties between his sons, by awarding most to Lothair I, and the rest to Charles the Bald (Geneva, Lyons, Chalon, Amous, Oscheret, Langres, Toul), but that initial division had to be renegotiated after emperors death in 840."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "Origins", "says": "Already in 839, emperor Louis the Pious decided to divide Burgundian counties between his sons, by awarding most to Lothair I, and the rest to Charles the Bald (Geneva, Lyons, Chalon, Amous, Oscheret, Langres, Toul), but that initial division had to be renegotiated after emperors death in 840."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "When the Carolingian Empire was divided by the Partition of Verdun in 843, most of Burgundian counties were awarded to the Middle Francia, while the remaining counties, to the northwest of river Saône, became part of the West Frankish Realm."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "Origins", "says": "When the Carolingian Empire was divided by the Partition of Verdun in 843, most of Burgundian counties were awarded to the Middle Francia, while the remaining counties, to the northwest of river Saône, became part of the West Frankish Realm."}], "Q555994": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1508, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu are first attested in the district of Bayburt south of the Pontic Mountains from at least the 1340s."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Since the end of the 14th century, Aq Qoyunlu waged constant wars with another tribal confederation of the Oghuz tribes, the Qara Qoyunlu."}, {"id": "Q1192519", "label": "Abu Sa'id Mirza", "section": "History - Uzun Hasan (ruled 1452–1478)", "says": "After the death of Jahan Shah, his son Hasan Ali, with the help of the Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id Mirza, marched on Azerbaijan to meet Uzun Hasan."}, {"id": "Q3023703", "label": "Yadgar Muhammad Mirza", "section": "History - Uzun Hasan (ruled 1452–1478)", "says": "Uzun Hasan supported a new Timurid ruler in Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, and gave him military assistance in occupying Khorasan, and temporarily capture Herat in July 1470 from Sultan Husayn Bayqara."}, {"id": "Q537570", "label": "Husayn Bayqarah", "section": "History - Uzun Hasan (ruled 1452–1478)", "says": "Uzun Hasan supported a new Timurid ruler in Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, and gave him military assistance in occupying Khorasan, and temporarily capture Herat in July 1470 from Sultan Husayn Bayqara."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Uzun Hasan (ruled 1452–1478)", "says": "However, around this time, the Ottoman Empire sought to expand eastwards, a serious threat that forced the Aq Qoyunlu into an alliance with the Karamanids of central Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "History - Uzun Hasan (ruled 1452–1478)", "says": "However, around this time, the Ottoman Empire sought to expand eastwards, a serious threat that forced the Aq Qoyunlu into an alliance with the Karamanids of central Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q2007212", "label": "Battle of Otlukbeli", "section": "History - Uzun Hasan (ruled 1452–1478)", "says": "Despite Venetian promises, and the visit of Venetian ambassadors at the court of Uzun Hasan, this aid never arrived and, as a result, Uzun Hasan was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Otlukbeli in 1473, though this did not destroy the Aq Qoyunlu."}, {"id": "Q17526620", "label": "Kingdom of Shirvan", "section": "History - Sultan Ya'qub (ruled 1478-1490)", "says": "During his march to Georgia, Sheikh Haydar attacked one of Ya'qub's vassals, the Shirvanshahs, in revenge for his father, Sheikh Junayd (assassinated in 1460), and Ya'qub sent troops to the Shirvanshahs, who defeated and killed Haydar and captured his three sons."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - Sultan Ya'qub (ruled 1478-1490)", "says": "The Safavids and the Aq Qoyunlu met in battle in the city of Nakhchivan in 1501 and the Safavid leader Ismail I forced the Aq Qoyunlu to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Ahmad Beg (ruled 1497)", "says": "Ahmed Bey was the son of Uzun Hasan's eldest son Ughurlu Muhammad, who, in 1475, escaped to the Ottoman Empire, where the sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror, received Uğurlu Muhammad with kindness and gave him his daughter in marriage, of whom Ahmed Bey was born."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "History - Ahmad Beg (ruled 1497)", "says": "According to Hasan Rumlu's Ahsan al-tavarikh, in 1496–97, Hasan Ali Tarkhani went to the Ottoman Empire to tell Sultan Bayezid II that Azerbaijan and Persian Iraq were defenceless and suggested that Ahmed Bey, heir to that kingdom, should be sent there with Ottoman troops."}], "Q624887": [{"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning with the coronation of Nabopolassar as the King of Babylon in 626 BC and being firmly established through the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 612–609 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 539 BC, less than a century after the founding of the Chaldean dynasty."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning with the coronation of Nabopolassar as the King of Babylon in 626 BC and being firmly established through the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 612–609 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 539 BC, less than a century after the founding of the Chaldean dynasty."}, {"id": "Q733897", "label": "Old Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the Assyrian Empire and subsequent return of power to Babylon marked the first time that the city, and southern Mesopotamia in general, had risen to dominate the ancient Near East since the collapse of the Old Babylonian Empire (under Hammurabi) nearly a thousand years earlier."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of the Assyrian Empire and subsequent return of power to Babylon marked the first time that the city, and southern Mesopotamia in general, had risen to dominate the ancient Near East since the collapse of the Old Babylonian Empire (under Hammurabi) nearly a thousand years earlier."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Neo-Babylonian Empire retains a notable position in modern cultural memory due to the portrayal of Babylon and its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II in the Bible."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "The biblical account of Nebuchadnezzar describes his military campaign against the Kingdom of Judah, and in particular the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem in 587 BC which resulted in the destruction of Solomon's Temple and the subsequent Babylonian captivity."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "lead", "says": "Religious policies introduced by the final Babylonian king Nabonidus, who favoured the moon god Sîn over Babylon's patron deity Marduk, eventually served as a casus belli for Persian king Cyrus the Great, who invaded Babylonia in 539 BC by portraying himself as a champion of Marduk divinely restoring order to Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Religious policies introduced by the final Babylonian king Nabonidus, who favoured the moon god Sîn over Babylon's patron deity Marduk, eventually served as a casus belli for Persian king Cyrus the Great, who invaded Babylonia in 539 BC by portraying himself as a champion of Marduk divinely restoring order to Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the conquest, Babylon remained culturally distinct for centuries, with references to people with Babylonian names and to the Babylonian religion known from as late as the Parthian Empire in the 1st century BC."}, {"id": "Q363563", "label": "Sumu-abum", "section": "Background", "says": "Babylonia was founded as an independent state by an Amorite chieftain named Sumu-abum c."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "Background", "says": "Babylonia fell to the Hittite king Mursili I c."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "Background", "says": "1595 BC, after which the Kassites took control and ruled for almost five centuries before being deposed by native Babylonian rulers, who continued to rule the Babylonian rump state."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "This collapse eventually resulted in their powerful northern neighbor, the Neo-Assyrian Empire, conquering and incorporating Babylonia in 729 BC, with the King of Assyria becoming also King of Babylon."}, {"id": "Q318708", "label": "Sinsharishkun", "section": "History - Foundation and the fall of Assyria", "says": "Early in the reign of the Neo-Assyrian king Sinsharishkun, the southern official or general Nabopolassar revolted amid ongoing political instability in Assyria, caused by an earlier brief civil war between Sinsharishkun and the general Sin-shumu-lishir."}, {"id": "Q729114", "label": "Sin-shumu-lishir", "section": "History - Foundation and the fall of Assyria", "says": "Early in the reign of the Neo-Assyrian king Sinsharishkun, the southern official or general Nabopolassar revolted amid ongoing political instability in Assyria, caused by an earlier brief civil war between Sinsharishkun and the general Sin-shumu-lishir."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Foundation and the fall of Assyria", "says": "In October or November 615 BC, the Medes under King Cyaxares, also ancient enemies of Assyria, entered the tottering empire and seized the district of Arrapha, in July or August 614 BC, attacked the cities of Kalhu and Nineveh, and finally besieged Assur, the ancient religious capital of Assyria."}, {"id": "Q312045", "label": "Amasis II", "section": "History - Reign of Nebuchadnezzar II", "says": "It is possible that Nebuchadnezzar campaigned against Egypt in 568–567 BC, given that a fragmentary Babylonian inscription, given the modern designation BM 33041, from that year records the word \"Egypt\" as well as possibly traces of the name \"Amasis\" (the name of the then incumbent Pharaoh, Amasis II, r."}, {"id": "Q379716", "label": "Neriglissar", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "His son and successor, Amel-Marduk, reigned for only two years before being assassinated in a coup by the influential courtier Neriglissar."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "History - Fall of Babylon", "says": "In 549 BC Cyrus the Great, the Achaemenid king of Persia, revolted against the Median king Astyages at Ecbatana."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Fall of Babylon", "says": "Astyages' army betrayed him and Cyrus established himself as ruler of all the Iranian peoples, as well as the Elamites and Gutians, ending the Median Empire and establishing the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q3434300", "label": "Battle of Opis", "section": "History - Fall of Babylon", "says": "Nabonidus sent Belshazzar to meet the Persian army, but the Babylonian forces were defeated at the Battle of Opis."}, {"id": "Q405008", "label": "Cyrus cylinder", "section": "History - Fall of Babylon", "says": "This was explicitly granted in a proclamation, the Cyrus Cylinder, in which Cyrus also justifies his conquests as the will of Marduk."}], "Q831218": [{"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In 657, the Western Turkic Khaganate was defeated by the Tang dynasty, after which the Uyghurs defected to the Tang."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Prior to this the Uyghurs had already shown an inclination towards alliances with the Tang when they fought with them against the Tibetan Empire and Turks in 627."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In 742, the Uyghurs, Karluks, and Basmyls rebelled against the Second Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q1799031", "label": "Bayanchur Khan", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In 747, Qutlugh Bilge Köl Kaghan died and was succeeded by his youngest son, Bayanchur Khan."}, {"id": "Q492415", "label": "Battle of Talas", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In 751, the Tang Empire suffered a strategic defeat against the Arabs at the Battle of Talas."}, {"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In 755 An Lushan instigated a rebellion against the Tang dynasty and in 756 Emperor Suzong of Tang turned to Bayanchur for assistance."}, {"id": "Q9749", "label": "Emperor Suzong of Tang", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In 755 An Lushan instigated a rebellion against the Tang dynasty and in 756 Emperor Suzong of Tang turned to Bayanchur for assistance."}, {"id": "Q83142", "label": "Yenisei Kirghiz", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In 758, the Uyghurs turned their attention to the northern Yenisei Kyrgyz."}, {"id": "Q381125", "label": "Bilge Qaghan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Külüg Qaghan died, and his son succeeded him as Qutluq Bilge Qaghan."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 791, the Tibetans attacked Lingzhou but were driven off by the Uyghurs, who presented captured prisoners and cattle to Emperor Dezong of Tang."}, {"id": "Q9755", "label": "Emperor Dezong of Tang", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 791, the Tibetans attacked Lingzhou but were driven off by the Uyghurs, who presented captured prisoners and cattle to Emperor Dezong of Tang."}, {"id": "Q9801", "label": "Emperor Wuzong of Tang", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "A 30,000-strong group led by the aristocrat Ormïzt sought refuge in Tang territory but Emperor Wuzong of Tang ordered the borders to be closed."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Two years later, Wuzong extended the order to ban Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and especially Buddhism."}, {"id": "Q9886", "label": "Emperor Yizong of Tang", "section": "History - Successors", "says": "During the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang (860–873), there were three recorded instances of contact between the Tang and Kyrgyz, but the nature of their relationship is unclear."}, {"id": "Q1000124", "label": "Gansu Uyghur Kingdom", "section": "History - Successors", "says": "After the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Uyghurs migrated south and established the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in modern Gansu and the Kingdom of Qocho near modern Turpan."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "History - Successors", "says": "In 1134, Qocho became a vassal of Yelü Dashi's nascent Qara Khitai empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Successors", "says": "In 1209, the Qocho ruler Idiqut (\"Lord of happiness\") Barchuk Art Tegin declared his allegiance to Genghis Khan, and the Uyghurs became important civil servants in the later Mongol Empire, which adapted the Old Uyghur alphabet as its official script."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Successors", "says": "In 1209, the Qocho ruler Idiqut (\"Lord of happiness\") Barchuk Art Tegin declared his allegiance to Genghis Khan, and the Uyghurs became important civil servants in the later Mongol Empire, which adapted the Old Uyghur alphabet as its official script."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "History - Successors", "says": "The Karluks, together with other tribes such as the Chigils and Yagmas, later founded the Kara-Khanid Khanate (940–"}], "Q153080": [{"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of the Carolingian Empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established through the 843 Treaty of Verdun which divided the former kingdom of Francia into three kingdoms: Francia Orientalis (the East Frankish kingdom); Francia Media (the Middle Frankish kingdom); and Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom)."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The east–west division with the Treaty of Verdun, enforced by the Germanic-Latin language split, \"gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms\", with East Francia becoming (or being) the Kingdom of Germany, and West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The east–west division with the Treaty of Verdun, enforced by the Germanic-Latin language split, \"gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms\", with East Francia becoming (or being) the Kingdom of Germany, and West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The east–west division with the Treaty of Verdun, enforced by the Germanic-Latin language split, \"gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms\", with East Francia becoming (or being) the Kingdom of Germany, and West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France."}], "Q164079": [{"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Hanover (German: Königreich Hannover) was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Hanover (German: Königreich Hannover) was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the former Electorate of Hanover, and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the former Electorate of Hanover, and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Her uncle Ernest Augustus thus became the ruler of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "His only son succeeded him to the throne as George V."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "As he backed the losing side in the Austro-Prussian War, his kingdom was conquered by Prussia in 1866 and ceased to exist as an independent kingdom, becoming the Prussian Province of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1871, along with the rest of Prussia, Hanover became part of the German Empire upon the unification of Germany."}, {"id": "Q641116", "label": "substate of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "Briefly revived as the State of Hanover in 1946, the state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of Lower Saxony in West Germany."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Briefly revived as the State of Hanover in 1946, the state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of Lower Saxony in West Germany."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "The outcome of the Battle of Langensalza led to the dissolution of Hanover as an independent kingdom, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and became the Prussian Province of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "The private wealth of the dethroned House of Hanover was then used by Otto von Bismarck to finance his continuing efforts against Ludwig II of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q44039", "label": "Ludwig II of Bavaria", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "The private wealth of the dethroned House of Hanover was then used by Otto von Bismarck to finance his continuing efforts against Ludwig II of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q326029", "label": "Duchy of Brunswick", "section": "History - Continuing Claim", "says": "Ernest Augustus was also first in line to the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick, whose rulers had been a junior branch of the House of Hanover."}], "Q201625": [{"id": "Q52927", "label": "Charles XIV John of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Bernadotte is the royal family of Sweden, founded there in 1818 by King Charles XIV John."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Bernadotte, who had been made a General of Division and Minister of War for his service in the French Army during the French Revolution, and Marshal of the French Empire and Prince of Pontecorvo under Napoleon, was adopted by the elderly king of Sweden Charles XIII, who had no other heir and whose Holstein-Gottorp branch of the House of Oldenburg thus was soon to be extinct on the Swedish throne."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Bernadotte, who had been made a General of Division and Minister of War for his service in the French Army during the French Revolution, and Marshal of the French Empire and Prince of Pontecorvo under Napoleon, was adopted by the elderly king of Sweden Charles XIII, who had no other heir and whose Holstein-Gottorp branch of the House of Oldenburg thus was soon to be extinct on the Swedish throne."}, {"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Bernadotte, who had been made a General of Division and Minister of War for his service in the French Army during the French Revolution, and Marshal of the French Empire and Prince of Pontecorvo under Napoleon, was adopted by the elderly king of Sweden Charles XIII, who had no other heir and whose Holstein-Gottorp branch of the House of Oldenburg thus was soon to be extinct on the Swedish throne."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Bernadotte, who had been made a General of Division and Minister of War for his service in the French Army during the French Revolution, and Marshal of the French Empire and Prince of Pontecorvo under Napoleon, was adopted by the elderly king of Sweden Charles XIII, who had no other heir and whose Holstein-Gottorp branch of the House of Oldenburg thus was soon to be extinct on the Swedish throne."}, {"id": "Q45068", "label": "Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The current king of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, is a direct descendant of Charles XIV John."}, {"id": "Q154927", "label": "Haakon VII of Norway", "section": "History of the house - Bernadotte", "says": "Prince Carl of Denmark was then elected as King Haakon VII of Norway."}, {"id": "Q52925", "label": "Carl XV of Sweden", "section": "History of the house - Bernadotte", "says": "Carl was a grandson of King Charles XV of Sweden and a great-great-grandson of Charles XIV."}], "Q203193": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (often abbreviated as SNNPR; Amharic: የደቡብ ብሔር ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች ክልል, romanized: Yädäbub Bḥer Bḥeräsäbočna Hzboč Kllə) was a regional state in southwestern Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The SNNPR bordered Kenya to the south (including a small part of Lake Turkana), the Ilemi Triangle (a region claimed by Kenya and South Sudan) to the southwest, Oromia region to the north and east."}], "Q244762": [{"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The governors became independent with the disintegration of the Akkadian Empire, and rebuilt the city as a regional center of the Euphrates valley."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Amorite Mari lasted only a short time before it was destroyed by Babylonia in c."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "They also revealed the wide trading networks of the 18th century BC, which connected areas as far as Afghanistan in Southern Asia and Crete in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - Destruction of Mari by Sargon of Akkad", "says": "2300 BC middle chronology), Mari itself was destroyed and burned by Sargon of Akkad, as shown by one of his year names (\"Year in which Mari was destroyed\")."}, {"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "History - Shakkanakku dynasty", "says": "Akkad disintegrated during Shar-Kali-Sharri's reign, and Mari gained its independence, but the use of the Shakkanakku title continued during the following Third Dynasty of Ur period."}, {"id": "Q254523", "label": "Shamshi-Adad I", "section": "History - Lim dynasty", "says": "Yahdun-Lim defeated the Yaminites but an open war with Yamhad was avoided, as the Mariote king became occupied by his rivalry with Shamshi-Adad I of Shubat-Enlil, the son of the late Ila-kabkabu."}, {"id": "Q203969", "label": "Zimri–lim", "section": "History - Shamshi-Adad and Yasmah-Adad", "says": "1776 BC, while the armies of Yarim-Lim I of Yamhad were advancing in support of Zimri-Lim, the heir of the Lim dynasty."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Zimri-Lim of Mari", "says": "Zimri-Lim started his reign with a campaign against the Yaminites, he also established alliances with Eshnunna and Hammurabi of Babylon, and sent his armies to aid the Babylonians."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "Mari became part of Assyria and was listed among the territories conquered by the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (r."}, {"id": "Q362675", "label": "Ashur-bel-kala", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "The king of Hana Tukulti-Mer assumed the title king of Mari and rebelled against Assyria, prompting Assyrian king Ashur-bel-kala (r."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "In the first half of the 8th century BC Mari came firmly under the authority of the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q446412", "label": "Ashur-dan III", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "760 BC Shamash-Risha-Usur, an autonomous administrator under the nominal authority of Ashur-dan III, ruled parts of the upper middle Euphrates; he styled himself the governor of the lands of Suhu and Mari, as did his son Ninurta-Kudurri-Usur."}], "Q457167": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The ZUNR emerged as a breakaway state amid the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and in January 1919 nominally united with the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) as its autonomous Western Oblast."}, {"id": "Q2510537", "label": "Komancza Republic", "section": "History - Independence and struggle for existence", "says": "The Komańcza Republic, an association of 30 Lemko villages based around Komańcza in eastern Lemko Region, existed between 4 November 1918 and 23 January 1919."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Exile and diplomacy", "says": "Part of the defeated army (Mountain Brigade of UGA) found refuge in Czechoslovakia and became known there under the name Ukrajinská brigáda (Czech)."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "History - Exile and diplomacy", "says": "Relations between the exiled West Ukrainian government and the Kyiv-based government continued to deteriorate, in part because the Western Ukrainians saw the Poles as the main enemy (with the Russians a potential ally) while Symon Petliura in Kyiv considered the Poles a potential ally against his Russian enemies."}, {"id": "Q694239", "label": "Kost Levytsky", "section": "History - Exile and diplomacy", "says": "In August 1919, Kost Levytsky, head of the Western Ukrainian state secretariat, proposed an alliance with Anton Denikin's White Russians which would involve guaranteed autonomy within a Russian state."}, {"id": "Q3185419", "label": "Joseph Noulens", "section": "History - Barthelemy Line", "says": "This was carried out by the Inter-allied Commission for Poland subcommittee set up on 15 February 1919 and headed by Joseph Noulens."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Barthelemy Line", "says": "The sub-commission consisted of General Joseph Barthelemy (France) as chairman, Colonel Adrian Carton de Wiart (UK), Dr Robert Howard Lord (United States) and Major Giovanni Stabile (Italy)."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "History - Treaty of Warsaw (1920)", "says": "In April 1920, Józef Piłsudski and Symon Petliura agreed in the Treaty of Warsaw to a border on the river Zbruch, officially recognizing Polish control over the disputed territory of Eastern Galicia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Autonomous status", "says": "The Western Ukrainians continued pressing their interests during the negotiations following World War I at the Paris Peace Conference."}], "Q467864": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Communist Albania was established after the end of World War II, succeeding the communist-dominated National Liberation Movement-led (or LANÇ) Democratic Government of Albania."}, {"id": "Q53783", "label": "Enver Hoxha", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was first led by Enver Hoxha from 1946 to 1985, and then by Ramiz Alia from 1985 to 1991."}, {"id": "Q156833", "label": "Ramiz Alia", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was first led by Enver Hoxha from 1946 to 1985, and then by Ramiz Alia from 1985 to 1991."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the only Warsaw Pact member to formally withdraw from the alliance before 1990, an action which was occasioned by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Albania was proclaimed on 29 April 1991 and the country's first parliamentary elections were held on 22 March 1992 leading to the anti-communist oppositional victory."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Albanian–Yugoslav tensions", "says": "Shortly thereafter, Yugoslavia became the first country to recognize Albania's provisional government."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - Albanian–Yugoslav tensions", "says": "Yugoslavia signed a similar friendship treaty with the Bulgarian People's Republic, and Marshal Josip Broz Tito and Bulgaria's Georgi Dimitrov talked of plans to establish a Balkan Federation to include Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q155074", "label": "Georgi Dimitrov", "section": "History - Albanian–Yugoslav tensions", "says": "Yugoslavia signed a similar friendship treaty with the Bulgarian People's Republic, and Marshal Josip Broz Tito and Bulgaria's Georgi Dimitrov talked of plans to establish a Balkan Federation to include Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Albanian–Yugoslav tensions", "says": "Yugoslavia signed a similar friendship treaty with the Bulgarian People's Republic, and Marshal Josip Broz Tito and Bulgaria's Georgi Dimitrov talked of plans to establish a Balkan Federation to include Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Deteriorating relations with the West", "says": "Albania restricted the movement of United States and British personnel in the country, charging that they had instigated anti-Communist uprisings in the northern mountains."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Deteriorating relations with the West", "says": "After 1946 the United States and the United Kingdom began implementing an elaborate covert plan to overthrow Albania's Communist government by backing anti-Communist and royalist forces within the country."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Deteriorating relations with the West", "says": "They recruited Albanian refugees and émigrés from Egypt, Italy, and Greece; trained them in Cyprus, Malta, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); and infiltrated them into Albania."}, {"id": "Q296313", "label": "Kim Philby", "section": "History - Deteriorating relations with the West", "says": "Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent working as a liaison officer between the British intelligence service and the United States Central Intelligence Agency, had leaked details of the infiltration plan to Moscow, and the security breach claimed the lives of about 300 infiltrators."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - In the Soviet sphere", "says": "Tirana soon entered into trade agreements with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - In the Chinese sphere", "says": "Albania again sided with the People's Republic of China when it launched an attack on the Soviet Union's leadership of the international communist movement at the November 1960 Moscow conference of the world's 81 communist parties."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact", "says": "Soviet-Albanian relations dipped to new lows after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and Albania felt that the Soviet Union had become too liberal since the death of Joseph Stalin."}, {"id": "Q765165", "label": "Leonid Brezhnev", "section": "History - Withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact", "says": "Leonid Brezhnev made no attempt to force Albania to remain."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "History - Cultural and Ideological Revolution", "says": "As a result, after Mao Zedong unleashed the Cultural Revolution in China in 1966, Hoxha launched his own Cultural and Ideological Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "History - Cultural and Ideological Revolution", "says": "As a result, after Mao Zedong unleashed the Cultural Revolution in China in 1966, Hoxha launched his own Cultural and Ideological Revolution."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Transition", "says": "The very gradual and slight reforms intensified as Mikhail Gorbachev introduced his new policies of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union, culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the collapse of communist governments across Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q80504", "label": "Nicolae Ceaușescu", "section": "History - Transition", "says": "After Nicolae Ceaușescu (the leader of Communist Romania) was executed in a revolution in December 1989, Alia expedited his reforms, apparently concerned about violence and his own fate if radical changes were not made."}], "Q476757": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, by Iran to the west, by the Soviet Union to the north, and by China to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, by Iran to the west, by the Soviet Union to the north, and by China to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Established by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) following the Saur Revolution in April 1978, it came to rely heavily on the Soviet Union for financial and military assistance and was therefore widely considered to be a Soviet satellite state."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The PDPA's rise to power is seen as the beginning of the ongoing Afghan conflict, and the majority of the country's years in existence were marked by the Soviet–Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q310247", "label": "Mohammed Daoud Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The PDPA began ruling Afghanistan after ousting the unelected autocrat Mohammad Daoud Khan, who had become president by leading the 1973 Afghan coup d'état; he was succeeded by Nur Muhammad Taraki as the head of state and government on 30 April 1978."}, {"id": "Q299559", "label": "Nur Muhammad Taraki", "section": "lead", "says": "The PDPA began ruling Afghanistan after ousting the unelected autocrat Mohammad Daoud Khan, who had become president by leading the 1973 Afghan coup d'état; he was succeeded by Nur Muhammad Taraki as the head of state and government on 30 April 1978."}, {"id": "Q63831", "label": "Hafizullah Amin", "section": "lead", "says": "Both Taraki and his successor Hafizullah Amin, who had organized the Saur Revolution as the General Secretary of the PDPA, introduced several contentious reforms during their time in office, such as land and marriage reforms and an enforced policy of de-Islamization vis-à-vis the promotion of socialism."}, {"id": "Q63827", "label": "Babrak Karmal", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon afterwards, a power struggle began between two PDPA factions: the hardline Khalq, led by Taraki and Amin; and the moderate Parcham, led by Babrak Karmal."}, {"id": "Q975430", "label": "Tajbeg Palace assault", "section": "lead", "says": "On 27 December 1979, the Soviet Union launched Operation Storm-333, assaulting the Tajbeg Palace in Kabul and assassinating Amin, who was"}, {"id": "Q489416", "label": "April Revolution", "section": "History - Saur Revolution and Taraki: 1978–1979", "says": "Mohammad Daoud Khan, the President of the Republic of Afghanistan from 1973 to 1978, was ousted during the Saur Revolution (April Revolution) following the death of Mir Akbar Khyber, a Parchamite politician from the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), who died under mysterious circumstances."}, {"id": "Q973248", "label": "Mohammad Aslam Watanjar", "section": "History - Saur Revolution and Taraki: 1978–1979", "says": "Under him was Babrak Karmal, the leader of the Parcham faction, as Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Council and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Amin as Council of Ministers deputy chairman and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Mohammad Aslam Watanjar as Council of Ministers deputy chairman."}, {"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "History - Saur Revolution and Taraki: 1978–1979", "says": "Parchamite ambassadors were recalled, but few returned; for instance, Karmal and Mohammad Najibullah stayed in their respective countries."}, {"id": "Q765165", "label": "Leonid Brezhnev", "section": "History - Karmal era: 1979–1986", "says": "On 1 January Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and Alexei Kosygin, the Soviet Chairman of the Council of Ministers, congratulated Karmal on his \"election\" as leader, before any Afghan state or party organ had elected him to anything."}, {"id": "Q202770", "label": "Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin", "section": "History - Karmal era: 1979–1986", "says": "On 1 January Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and Alexei Kosygin, the Soviet Chairman of the Council of Ministers, congratulated Karmal on his \"election\" as leader, before any Afghan state or party organ had elected him to anything."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "History - Najibullah and Soviet withdrawal: 1986–1989", "says": "When Gorbachev met with Ronald Reagan during his visit the United States, Reagan called for the dissolution of the Afghan Military."}, {"id": "Q957806", "label": "Genuuva Accords", "section": "History - Najibullah and Soviet withdrawal: 1986–1989", "says": "On 14 April the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the 1988 Geneva Accords, and the Soviet Union and the United States signed as guarantors; t"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Najibullah and Soviet withdrawal: 1986–1989", "says": "On 14 April the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the 1988 Geneva Accords, and the Soviet Union and the United States signed as guarantors; t"}, {"id": "Q19882267", "label": "Battle of Jalalabad", "section": "History - Fall: 1989–1992", "says": "Almost immediately after the Soviet withdrawal, the Battle of Jalalabad was fought between Afghan government forces and the mujahideen; the government forces, to the surprise of many, repulsed the attack and won the battle."}, {"id": "Q3080960", "label": "Siege of Khost", "section": "History - Fall: 1989–1992", "says": "By the beginning of 1991, the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan, the eleven-year Siege of Khost had ended in a mujahideen victory and the morale of the Afghan military slumped."}, {"id": "Q34453", "label": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "History - Fall: 1989–1992", "says": "The last Soviet aid came in October, with all Russian aid being cut by the new President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin in January 1992."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "History - Fall: 1989–1992", "says": "Correctly fearing that a Mujahedeen victory could lead to the new government backing Islamists against the former Soviet Central Asian republics, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan provided food aid to the Najibullah government."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Fall: 1989–1992", "says": "Correctly fearing that a Mujahedeen victory could lead to the new government backing Islamists against the former Soviet Central Asian republics, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan provided food aid to the Najibullah government."}, {"id": "Q331702", "label": "Abdul Rashid Dostum", "section": "History - Fall: 1989–1992", "says": "But Najibullah was hindered by Abdul Rashid Dostum from escaping; instead, Najibullah sought haven in the local UN headquarters in Kabul."}], "Q49696": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "Background", "says": "Of these, the kingdom of Cao Wei was the strongest, followed by Eastern Wu and Shu Han."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "Background", "says": "Of these, the kingdom of Cao Wei was the strongest, followed by Eastern Wu and Shu Han."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "Background", "says": "Of these, the kingdom of Cao Wei was the strongest, followed by Eastern Wu and Shu Han."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "Background", "says": "After a 249 coup by Sima Yi, the Sima family essentially controlled Cao Wei and the conquest of Shu Han by Cao Wei followed in late 263."}, {"id": "Q7356", "label": "Emperor Wu of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "Sima Yan (Emperor Wu of Jin) then founded the Western Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7357", "label": "Emperor Hui of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Western Jin reunification was short-lived; the ascension of the developmentally disabled Emperor Hui of Jin gave rise to the War of the Eight Princes (291–306), a period when corruption was rampant and the ruling princes pitched their armies against one another for paramountcy over the empire."}, {"id": "Q770951", "label": "War of the Eight Princes", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Western Jin reunification was short-lived; the ascension of the developmentally disabled Emperor Hui of Jin gave rise to the War of the Eight Princes (291–306), a period when corruption was rampant and the ruling princes pitched their armies against one another for paramountcy over the empire."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "Background", "says": "In 311, the Han-Zhao dynasty, founded by descendants of the Xiongnu people, sacked Luoyang and captured the Jin emperor in the Disaster of Yongjia."}, {"id": "Q2481148", "label": "Disaster of Yongjia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 311, the Han-Zhao dynasty, founded by descendants of the Xiongnu people, sacked Luoyang and captured the Jin emperor in the Disaster of Yongjia."}, {"id": "Q7392", "label": "Emperor Yuan of Jin", "section": "Background", "says": "Amidst the calamity, a scion of the imperial house, Sima Rui (Emperor Yuan of Jin) was stationed south of the Huai River, where the situation was relatively stable and peaceful compared to the north."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "Background", "says": "Very few of the Sixteen Kingdoms came close to unifying the north, and even the Former Qin dynasty that managed to do so in 376 swiftly disintegrated less than a decade after their defeat"}], "Q577668": [{"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad Shaybani, grandson of the steppe ruler Abu'l Khayr Khan, conquered the major cities of Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) – Balkh, Bukhara, Samarkand, and Tashkent – and established his rule in the region."}, {"id": "Q317649", "label": "Abdullah Khan II", "section": "lead", "says": "In its earliest years, the Khanate was alternately governed from each of these cities before Abdullah Khan II (r."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1740, it was conquered by Nader Shah, the Shah of Iran."}, {"id": "Q4521263", "label": "Xah Murad", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1785, his descendant, Shah Murad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the Khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1785, his descendant, Shah Murad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the Khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Manghits were non-Chingissid and took the Islamic title of emir instead of khan since their legitimacy was not based on descent from Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "History - Rise of Muhammad Shaybani", "says": "A turning point in the conflict between the two was the Battle of Sar-i Pul in the spring of 1501, which resulted in victory for the Shaybanids."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Rise of Muhammad Shaybani", "says": "Babur's defeat and subsequent flight to Kabul forced him to turn his ambitions southwards, towards India; he would eventually defeat the forces of the Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Panipat and found the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Rise of Muhammad Shaybani", "says": "Babur's defeat and subsequent flight to Kabul forced him to turn his ambitions southwards, towards India; he would eventually defeat the forces of the Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Panipat and found the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q537570", "label": "Husayn Bayqarah", "section": "History - Rise of Muhammad Shaybani", "says": "The ruler of Herat, Sultan Husayn Bayqara, attempted to launch a campaign to Transoxiana but it proved to be abortive."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - Rise of Muhammad Shaybani", "says": "However Shah Ismail I of the newly founded Safavid Empire,"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Janid dynasty (1599–1747)", "says": "Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped from Astrakhan after the city fell to the Russians."}], "Q699964": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Archduchy of Austria (Latin: Archiducatus Austriae; German: Erzherzogtum Österreich) was a major principality and later transformed into one of the most important states of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q283627", "label": "Margraviate of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The archduchy developed out of the Bavarian Margraviate of Austria, elevated to the Duchy of Austria according to the 1156 Privilegium Minus by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The archduchy developed out of the Bavarian Margraviate of Austria, elevated to the Duchy of Austria according to the 1156 Privilegium Minus by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "The archduchy developed out of the Bavarian Margraviate of Austria, elevated to the Duchy of Austria according to the 1156 Privilegium Minus by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg came to the Austrian throne in Vienna in 1282 and in 1453 Emperor Frederick III, also the ruler of Austria, officially adopted the archducal title."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was replaced with the Lower and Upper Austria crown lands of the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q116382", "label": "Ladislaus the Posthumous", "section": "History - From duchy to archduchy", "says": "On Epiphany 1453, Emperor Frederick III, regent of the Duchy of Austria for his minor Albertinian cousin Ladislaus the Posthumous, finally acknowledged the archducal title."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "History - From duchy to archduchy", "says": "Frederick further promoted the rise of the Habsburg dynasty into European dimensions with the arrangement of the marriage between his son Archduke Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy, heiress of Burgundy in 1477."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - From duchy to archduchy", "says": "After Maximilian's son Philip the Handsome in 1496 had married Joanna the Mad, Queen of Castile and Aragon, his son Charles V could come into an inheritance \"on which the sun never sets\"."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - From duchy to archduchy", "says": "After Maximilian's son Philip the Handsome in 1496 had married Joanna the Mad, Queen of Castile and Aragon, his son Charles V could come into an inheritance \"on which the sun never sets\"."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - From duchy to archduchy", "says": "By marrying Princess Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, Ferdinand inherited both kingdoms in 1526."}, {"id": "Q645719", "label": "House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "section": "History - From duchy to archduchy", "says": "Also King of the Romans from 1531, he became the progenitor of the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg (House of Habsburg-Lorraine from 1780 on), which as Archdukes of Austria and Kings of Bohemia ruled as Holy Roman Emperors until the Empire's dissolution in 1806."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Austrian Empire", "says": "In 1804, Emperor Francis II, who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy, established the Austrian Empire in reaction to Napoleon's proclamation of the French Empire."}, {"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "History - Austrian Empire", "says": "His new state comprised both territories within the Holy Roman Empire (the Erblande, which included the Archduchy, and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown) and outside it (Hungary including Croatia and Transylvania, Galicia and Lodomeria and his recently acquired former Venetian territory)."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Austrian Empire", "says": "The Archduchy of Austria continued to exist as a constituent crown land (Kronland) within the Empire, although it was divided into Upper and Lower Austria for administrative purposes. (Hungary preserved its earlier status as Regnum Independens.) The title of archduke continued to be used by members of the imperial family and the archduchy was only formally dissolved in 1918 with the collapse of Au"}, {"id": "Q268970", "label": "Republic of German-Austria", "section": "History - Austrian Empire", "says": "The Archduchy of Austria continued to exist as a constituent crown land (Kronland) within the Empire, although it was divided into Upper and Lower Austria for administrative purposes. (Hungary preserved its earlier status as Regnum Independens.) The title of archduke continued to be used by members of the imperial family and the archduchy was only formally dissolved in 1918 with the collapse of Au"}], "Q121932": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II deposed the Tsardom of Bulgaria administration in the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944 which ended the country's alliance with the Axis powers and led to the People's Republic in 1946."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The BCP modeled its policies after those of the Soviet Union, transforming the country over the course of a decade from an agrarian peasant society into an industrialized socialist society."}, {"id": "Q28517", "label": "Todor Zhivkov", "section": "lead", "says": "In the mid-1950s and after the death of Stalin, the party's hardliners lost influence and a period of social liberalization and stability followed under Todor Zhivkov."}, {"id": "Q276567", "label": "Zhelyu Zhelev", "section": "lead", "says": "The first elected president Zhelyu Zhelev was inaugurated on 1 August and became the first oppositional president of Bulgaria in the People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Communist coup", "says": "In 1944, with the entry of the Red Army into Romania, the Kingdom of Bulgaria renounced the Axis and declared neutrality."}, {"id": "Q459651", "label": "Kimon Georgiev", "section": "History - Early years and Chervenkov era", "says": "After taking power, the Fatherland Front formed a coalition led by former Prime Minister Kimon Georgiev, which included the Social Democrats and the Agrarians."}, {"id": "Q1060355", "label": "Simeon II of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Early years and Chervenkov era", "says": "The Communists deliberately took a minor role in the new government at first, though an all-Communist regency council was set up for the young Tsar Simeon II."}, {"id": "Q463311", "label": "Bogdan Filov", "section": "History - Early years and Chervenkov era", "says": "On 1 February 1945, Regent Prince Kiril, former Prime Minister Bogdan Filov, and hundreds of other officials of the kingdom were arrested on charges of war crimes."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Early years and Chervenkov era", "says": "These revolutionary attacks strengthened when it became apparent that the United States and United Kingdom had little interest in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Early years and Chervenkov era", "says": "These revolutionary attacks strengthened when it became apparent that the United States and United Kingdom had little interest in Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q155074", "label": "Georgi Dimitrov", "section": "History - Early years and Chervenkov era", "says": "In November 1945, Communist Party leader Georgi Dimitrov returned to Bulgaria after 22 years in exile."}, {"id": "Q350248", "label": "Vasil Kolarov", "section": "History - Early years and Chervenkov era", "says": "Vasil Kolarov, the number-t"}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Macedonization in Pirin Macedonia", "says": "In 1946, Stalin sent the following order to the Bulgarian delegation:\n\nCultural autonomy must be granted to Pirin Macedonia within the framework of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Macedonization in Pirin Macedonia", "says": "Bulgaria adopted the Communist policy of closer rapprochement with Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q318161", "label": "Helsinki Accords", "section": "History - 1971–1989", "says": "Bulgaria signed the Helsinki Accords in 1975, which guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, right to work, and the rights to education and medical care."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "History - 1971–1989", "says": "The Bulgarian People's Army sided with the Soviet Union and the Afghan communists during the Soviet–Afghan War in Afghanistan fighting the jihadist guerrillas from 1982 until its withdrawal in 1989."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - 1971–1989", "says": "The Bulgarian People's Army sided with the Soviet Union and the Afghan communists during the Soviet–Afghan War in Afghanistan fighting the jihadist guerrillas from 1982 until its withdrawal in 1989."}, {"id": "Q81144", "label": "Petar Mladenov", "section": "History - End of the People's Republic", "says": "More moderate elements in the Communist leadership reacted by deposing Zhivkov and replacing him with foreign minister Petar Mladenov on 10 November 1989."}], "Q130875": [{"id": "Q693980", "label": "Duchy of Swabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hohenstaufen dynasty (, US also , German: [ˌhoːənˈʃtaʊfn̩]), also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of German origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hohenstaufen dynasty (, US also , German: [ˌhoːənˈʃtaʊfn̩]), also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of German origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty's most prominent rulers – Frederick I (1155), Henry VI (1191) and Frederick II (1220) – ascended the imperial throne and also reigned over Italy and Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "Origins", "says": "A local count Frederick (d. about 1075) is mentioned as progenitor in a pedigree drawn up by Abbot Wibald of Stavelot at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1153."}, {"id": "Q58559", "label": "Leo IX", "section": "Origins", "says": "1094–1095), a niece of Pope Leo IX."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Origins", "says": "Their son Frederick I was appointed Duke of Swabia at Hohenstaufen Castle by the Salian king Henry IV of Germany in 1079."}], "Q153015": [{"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Saxony (German: Königreich Sachsen) was a German monarchy in Central Europe between 1806 and 1918, the successor of the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "It joined the Confederation of the Rhine after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, later joining the German Confederation after Napoleon was defeated in 1815."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It joined the Confederation of the Rhine after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, later joining the German Confederation after Napoleon was defeated in 1815."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "It joined the Confederation of the Rhine after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, later joining the German Confederation after Napoleon was defeated in 1815."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It joined the Confederation of the Rhine after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, later joining the German Confederation after Napoleon was defeated in 1815."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in 1871, it was part of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a free state of the Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a free state of the Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The third largest of the German kingdoms before integrating into the modern nation state of Germany, the kingdom of Saxony had a larger population in 1910 than Australia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland or Denmark."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The third largest of the German kingdoms before integrating into the modern nation state of Germany, the kingdom of Saxony had a larger population in 1910 than Australia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland or Denmark."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in August 1806 following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, thereby rendering Saxony an independent state."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in August 1806 following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, thereby rendering Saxony an independent state."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "Following the defeat of Saxony's ally Prussia at the Battle of Jena in October 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, subordinating itself to the First French Empire, then the dominant power in Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "In 1807 the Treaties of Tilsit ceded the Lordship of Cottbus, formerly a collection of Prussian enclaves within Saxon Lower Lusatia, to Saxony."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "The treaties also established the Polish Duchy of Warsaw, which was placed in a personal union with Saxony under Frederick Augustus I."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "Saxony remained within the Confederation until its dissolution in 1813 with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "This was probably more due to the Prussian desire to annex Saxony than to any crime on Frederick Augustus's part, and the fate of Saxony would prove to be one of the main issues at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and the German Confederation", "says": "Frederick Augustus was restored to the throne in the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire", "says": "This effectiveness probably allowed Saxony to escape the fate of other north German states allied with Austria – notably the Kingdom of Hanover – which were annexed by Prussia after the war."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire", "says": "Saxony nevertheless joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire", "says": "With Prussia's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the members of the confederation were organised by Otto von Bismarck into the German Empire, with Wilhelm I as its emperor."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire", "says": "With Prussia's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the members of the confederation were organised by Otto von Bismarck into the German Empire, with Wilhelm I as its emperor."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire", "says": "With Prussia's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the members of the confederation were organised by Otto von Bismarck into the German Empire, with Wilhelm I as its emperor."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - End of the kingdom", "says": "Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 as a result of a revolution set off in the days before Germany's defeat in World War I."}], "Q190025": [{"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was composed of five states (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), and a Federal District from 1835 to 1839."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was composed of five states (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), and a Federal District from 1835 to 1839."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federal Republic of Central America was bordered on the north by Mexico, on the south by Gran Colombia and on the east by the Kingdom of Mosquitia and British Honduras, both claimed by the federal republic."}, {"id": "Q1165546", "label": "Mosquitia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federal Republic of Central America was bordered on the north by Mexico, on the south by Gran Colombia and on the east by the Kingdom of Mosquitia and British Honduras, both claimed by the federal republic."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "After Central America (then the Captaincy General of Guatemala) declared its independence from the Spanish Empire in September 1821, it was annexed by the First Mexican Empire in January 1822 before regaining its independence and forming a federal republic in 1823."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Central America (then the Captaincy General of Guatemala) declared its independence from the Spanish Empire in September 1821, it was annexed by the First Mexican Empire in January 1822 before regaining its independence and forming a federal republic in 1823."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Central America (then the Captaincy General of Guatemala) declared its independence from the Spanish Empire in September 1821, it was annexed by the First Mexican Empire in January 1822 before regaining its independence and forming a federal republic in 1823."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federal Republic of Central America adopted its constitution, based on that of the federal government of the United States, in November 1824."}, {"id": "Q1433911", "label": "Manuel José Arce", "section": "lead", "says": "It held its first presidential election in April 1825, during which liberal politician Manuel José Arce was elected as the country's first president."}, {"id": "Q332111", "label": "Francisco Morazán", "section": "lead", "says": "Liberal politician Francisco Morazán led the liberals to victory, and was elected president in 1830."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish king Ferdinand VII was overthrown in 1808 by the French emperor Napoleon, who installed his brother Joseph as king of Spain."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "The Spanish king Ferdinand VII was overthrown in 1808 by the French emperor Napoleon, who installed his brother Joseph as king of Spain."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain's colonies in the Americas (including the Captaincy General of Guatemala) did not recognize Joseph as the legitimate king and established provisional governments, known as juntas, which continued to recognize Ferdinand as king."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Spain's colonies in the Americas (including the Captaincy General of Guatemala) did not recognize Joseph as the legitimate king and established provisional governments, known as juntas, which continued to recognize Ferdinand as king."}, {"id": "Q344704", "label": "Gabino Gaínza", "section": "Background", "says": "Most government administrators, including Brigadier General Gabino Gaínza (the final captain general of Guatemala), retained their positions."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "Background", "says": "Mexican Regent (and later Mexican Emperor) Agustín de Iturbide asked the Consultive Junta to join the First Mexican Empire in November 1821, and the junta voted for annexation on 5 January 1822."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mexicans sent Brigadier General Vicente Filísola to enforce the annexation."}, {"id": "Q715279", "label": "Vicente Filisola", "section": "Background", "says": "The Mexicans sent Brigadier General Vicente Filísola to enforce the annexation."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "Background", "says": "Liberals in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua resisted Mexican attempts to anne"}, {"id": "Q2623940", "label": "Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz", "section": "History - Drafting the constitution", "says": "José Matías Delgado was Central America's provisional president until 10 July 1823, when the National Constituent Assembly appointed a triumvirate consisting of Arce, Juan Vicente Villacorta and Pedro Molina Mazariegos."}, {"id": "Q604620", "label": "Antonio Rivera Cabezas", "section": "History - Drafting the constitution", "says": "Since Arce was in the United States when the triumvirate was established, Antonio Rivera Cabezas was appointed as his substitute."}, {"id": "Q9088229", "label": "Tomás Antonio O'Horán y Argüello", "section": "History - Guatemalan mutiny", "says": "They installed a second, less-liberal triumvirate consisting of Arce, José Cecilio del Valle, and Tomás O'Horan."}, {"id": "Q328323", "label": "José Francisco Barrundia", "section": "History - 1825 election", "says": "Valle was entitled to become vice president since he was the runner-up in the election, but refused to accept the position; so did liberal José Francisco Barrundia."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "History - Path to civil war", "says": "Despite a minor rebellion in Costa Rica led by José Zamora, who called himself a \"vassal of the king of Spain\", the feared European invasion did not take place."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - First civil war", "says": "Prado ordered his soldiers to invade Guatemala in response, beginning the First Central American Civil War without a formal declaration of war."}, {"id": "Q345839", "label": "José Justo Milla", "section": "History - First civil war", "says": "While Arce was campaigning in El Salvador, he sent a division of soldiers commanded by Colonel José Justo Milla into Honduras to arrest liberal Honduran Governor Dionisio de Herrera."}, {"id": "Q1359457", "label": "Dionisio de Herrera", "section": "History - First civil war", "says": "While Arce was campaigning in El Salvador, he sent a division of soldiers commanded by Colonel José Justo Milla into Honduras to arrest liberal Honduran Governor Dionisio de Herrera."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "History - 1831–1832 conservative invasion", "says": "Receiving no reply, José Francisco Barrundia sent a letter to Mexican president Vicente Guerrero in November 1829 with the same request; Guerrero did not respond either."}, {"id": "Q887531", "label": "Francisco Ferrera", "section": "History - 1831–1832 conservative invasion", "says": "Honduran soldiers under Colonel Francisco Ferrera began a siege of Omoa in March, recaptured Trujillo in April, and recaptured Opoteca in May."}, {"id": "Q376057", "label": "José Gregorio Salazar", "section": "History - Federal capital move to San Salvador", "says": "San Martín was succeeded as provisional governor by Carlos Salazar (José Gregorio Salazar's brother), and by José Gregorio Salazar on 13 July."}, {"id": "Q365381", "label": "Rafael Carrera", "section": "History - Second civil war and dissolution", "says": "On 17 April, Guatemalan President Rafael Carrera issued a decree dissolving the Federal Republic of Central America; the Federal Congress accepted his decree on 14 July."}], "Q207600": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aghlabid dynasty (Arabic: الأغالبة) was an Arab dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya from 800 to 909, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aghlabid dynasty (Arabic: الأغالبة) was an Arab dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya from 800 to 909, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q168776", "label": "Ibrahim I", "section": "History - Independence and consolidation", "says": "In 800, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid appointed Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab, son of a Khurasanian Arab commander from the Banu Tamim tribe, as hereditary Emir of Ifriqiya, in response to the anarchy that had reigned in that province following the fall of the Muhallabids."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Independence and consolidation", "says": "The territory granted to Ibrahim was not demarcated, as it theoretically encompassed the entire Maghreb west of Cyrenaica, including any newly conquered territories."}, {"id": "Q2541827", "label": "Euphemios", "section": "History - Conquest of Sicily", "says": "The pretense for this invasion was an internal revolt in Byzantine Sicily led by a military commander named Euphemios who requested support from the Aghlabids."}, {"id": "Q369690", "label": "Ibn Kathir", "section": "History - Conquest of Sicily", "says": "Ibn Kathir recorded that a joint force of 300 Umayyad and Aghlabid ships were present."}, {"id": "Q1878022", "label": "Emirate of Bari", "section": "History - Italian Peninsula", "says": "The Emirate of Bari, which existed from 847 to 871, had its own rulers whose relations to the Aghlabids are not clearly known."}, {"id": "Q726798", "label": "Tulunids", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "An attack by the Tulunids of Egypt had to be repelled and a revolt of the Berbers put down with much loss of life."}], "Q212278": [{"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Holland was the short-lived successor state of the Batavian Republic."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Since becoming emperor in 1804, Napoleon sought to extirpate republican sympathy in territories France controlled, and placed his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the puppet kingdom."}, {"id": "Q7729", "label": "Louis Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "Since becoming emperor in 1804, Napoleon sought to extirpate republican sympathy in territories France controlled, and placed his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the puppet kingdom."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Also in 1809, Dutch forces fighting on the French side participated in defeating the anti-Bonapartist German rebellion led by Ferdinand von Schill, at the Battle of Stralsund."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the first formal monarchy in Dutch territory since 1581, when most of it was under the Spanish crown (Spanish Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q281640", "label": "Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck", "section": "History - Preface", "says": "A new constitution was drafted by Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck in March 1805 which reinstated the unity state."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "History - Preface", "says": "The Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy with Napoleon as its king."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "History - Preface", "says": "Joachim Murat became Grand Duke of Berg and Joseph Bonaparte received the established Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "History - Preface", "says": "Joachim Murat became Grand Duke of Berg and Joseph Bonaparte received the established Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "History - Louis Bonaparte assumes office", "says": "With Louis Napoleon on the Dutch throne the Kingdom of Holland the country participated in the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q249428", "label": "Grand Duchy of Berg", "section": "History - Louis Bonaparte assumes office", "says": "After the victory of the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt Louis hoped he could enlarge his kingdom with parts of Westphalia and the Grand Duchy of Berg."}, {"id": "Q1080899", "label": "Walcheren Campaign", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "Napoleon saw his brother as a slacker, and after the Walcheren Campaign (1809), he called Louis back to Paris."}], "Q219817": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Directory governed the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire an IV) until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate."}, {"id": "Q620965", "label": "coup of 18 Brumaire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Directory governed the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire an IV) until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions, including Britain, Austria, Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia and the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Directory established 29 short-lived sister republics in Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q8628", "label": "War in the Vendée", "section": "lead", "says": "The Directory defeated a resurgence of the War in the Vendée, the royalist-led civil war in the Vendée region, but failed in its venture to support the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and create an Irish Republic."}, {"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "lead", "says": "The Directory defeated a resurgence of the War in the Vendée, the royalist-led civil war in the Vendée region, but failed in its venture to support the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and create an Irish Republic."}, {"id": "Q189714", "label": "François-Noël Babeuf", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jacobin political club was closed on 12 November 1794 and the government crushed an armed uprising planned by the Jacobins and an early socialist revolutionary, François-Noël Babeuf, known as \"Gracchus Babeuf\"."}, {"id": "Q355643", "label": "Jean-Charles Pichegru", "section": "lead", "says": "But after the discovery of a royalist conspiracy including a prominent general, Jean-Charles Pichegru, the Jacobins took charge of the new Councils and hardened the measures against the Church and émigrés."}, {"id": "Q333843", "label": "Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras", "section": "Background", "says": "A group of five republican deputies, led by Paul Barras, had already formed an unofficial directory, in anticipation of the creation of the real one."}, {"id": "Q1345264", "label": "Jacques-François Menou", "section": "Background", "says": "They were concerned about the National Guard members from western Paris, and were unsure about the military commander of Paris, General Jacques-François Menou."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "Background", "says": "There on 5 October 1795, the royalists were met by the artillery of sous-lieutenant Joachim Murat at the Sablons and by Bonaparte's soldiers and artillery in front of the church of Saint-Roch."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "It was the last uprising to take place in Paris during the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "History - Directory takes charge", "says": "To assure that the Directory did not abandon the Revolution entirely, the Council required that all of the members of the Directory be former members of the Convention and regicides, those who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI."}, {"id": "Q310767", "label": "Lazare Carnot", "section": "History - Directory takes charge", "says": "A new member, Lazare Carnot, was elected in his place."}, {"id": "Q1871443", "label": "Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux", "section": "History - Directory takes charge", "says": "He has all the tastes of an opulent prince, generous, magnificent and dissipated.\"\nLouis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux was a fierce republican and anti-Catholic, who had proposed to execute Louis XVI after the flight to Varennes."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Directory takes charge", "says": "He promoted the establishment of a new religion, theophilanthropy, to replace Christianity."}, {"id": "Q1685535", "label": "Jean-François Rewbell", "section": "History - Directory takes charge", "says": "Jean-François Rewbell had an expertise in foreign relations, and was a close ally of Paul Barras."}, {"id": "Q297183", "label": "Gaius Gracchus", "section": "History - Babeuf's Conspiracy of the Equals", "says": "Babeuf had, since 1789, been drawn to the Agrarian Law, an agrarian reform preconized by the ancient Roman brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, of sharing goods in common, as means of achieving economic equality."}, {"id": "Q516784", "label": "Jean-Pierre-André Amar", "section": "History - Babeuf's Conspiracy of the Equals", "says": "He formed an alliance of utopian socialists and radical Jacobins, including Félix Lepeletier, Pierre-Antoine Antonelle, Sylvain Marechal, Jean-Pierre-André Amar and Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet."}, {"id": "Q1458685", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet", "section": "History - Babeuf's Conspiracy of the Equals", "says": "He formed an alliance of utopian socialists and radical Jacobins, including Félix Lepeletier, Pierre-Antoine Antonelle, Sylvain Marechal, Jean-Pierre-André Amar and Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - War and Diplomacy (1796–1797)", "says": "The military objective set by the Convention in October 1795 was to enlarge France to what were declared its natural limits: the Pyrenees, the Rhine and the Alps, the borders of Gaul at the time of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - War and Diplomacy (1796–1797)", "says": "In 1795, Prussia, Spain and the Dutch Republic quit the War of the First Coalition and made peace with France, but Great Britain refused to accept the French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - War and Diplomacy (1796–1797)", "says": "In 1795, Prussia, Spain and the Dutch Republic quit the War of the First Coalition and made peace with France, but Great Britain refused to accept the French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "History - War and Diplomacy (1796–1797)", "says": "In 1795, Prussia, Spain and the Dutch Republic quit the War of the First Coalition and made peace with France, but Great Britain refused to accept the French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q481466", "label": "Battle of Amberg", "section": "History - War and Diplomacy (1796–1797)", "says": "Jourdan's army captured Mayence and Frankfurt, but on 14 August 1796 was defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Amberg and again on 3 September 1796 at the Battle of Würzburg, and had to retreat back to the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q1415566", "label": "Battle of Würzburg", "section": "History - War and Diplomacy (1796–1797)", "says": "Jourdan's army captured Mayence and Frankfurt, but on 14 August 1796 was defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Amberg and again on 3 September 1796 at the Battle of Würzburg, and had to retreat back to the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q900945", "label": "Battle of Lodi", "section": "History - Italian campaign", "says": "Bonaparte slipped his army between them and defeated them in a series of battles, culminating at the Battle of Mondovi where he defeated the Sardinians on 22 April 1796, and the Battle of Lodi, where he defeated the Austrians on 10 May."}, {"id": "Q312681", "label": "Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia", "section": "History - Italian campaign", "says": "King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia was forced to make peace in May 1796 and ceded Nice and Savoy to France."}, {"id": "Q776609", "label": "Battle of the Bridge of Arcole", "section": "History - Italian campaign", "says": "At the end of 1796, Austria sent two new armies to Italy to expel Bonaparte, but Bonaparte outmaneuvered them both, winning a first victory at the Battle of Arcole on 17 November 1796, then at the Battle of Rivoli on 14 January 1797."}, {"id": "Q1069936", "label": "Battle of Rivoli", "section": "History - Italian campaign", "says": "At the end of 1796, Austria sent two new armies to Italy to expel Bonaparte, but Bonaparte outmaneuvered them both, winning a first victory at the Battle of Arcole on 17 November 1796, then at the Battle of Rivoli on 14 January 1797."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Italian campaign", "says": "He forced Austria to sign the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797), whereby Emperor Francis II ceded Lombardy and the Austrian Netherlands to the French Republic in exchange for Venice and urged the Imperial Diet to surrender the lands beyond the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q1881990", "label": "Second Treaty of San Ildefonso", "section": "History - Spanish alliance", "says": "By the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso, concluded in August 1796, Spain became the ally of France, and on 5 October, it declared war on Britain."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "History - Irish Misadventure", "says": "A French fleet of 44 vessels departed Brest on 15 December 1796, carrying an expeditionary force of 14,000 soldiers, led by General Hoche to Ireland, where they hoped to join forces with Irish rebels to expel the British from the Kingdom of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q573712", "label": "Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours", "section": "History - Rise of the royalists and coup d'état (1797)", "says": "The constitutional monarchists elected to the Council included Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, who later emigrated to the United States with his family, and whose son, Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, founded the \"E."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Rise of the royalists and coup d'état (1797)", "says": "The constitutional monarchists elected to the Council included Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, who later emigrated to the United States with his family, and whose son, Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, founded the \"E."}, {"id": "Q9191", "label": "René Descartes", "section": "History - Rise of the royalists and coup d'état (1797)", "says": "When the Directory proposed moving the ashes of the celebrated mathematician and philosopher René Descartes to the Panthéon, one deputy, Louis-Sébastien Mercier, a former Girondin and opponent of the Jacobins, protested that the ideas of Descartes had inspired the Reign of Terror of the Revolution and destroyed religion in France."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - War and diplomacy (1798)", "says": "France received the left bank of the Rhine as far south as Andernach, Belgium, and the Ionian Islands that had belonged to the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - War and diplomacy (1798)", "says": "In late November and December, Napoleon took part in negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire and Austria, at the Second Congress of Rastatt, to redraw the borders of Germany."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - War and diplomacy (1798)", "says": "In late November and December, Napoleon took part in negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire and Austria, at the Second Congress of Rastatt, to redraw the borders of Germany."}, {"id": "Q567459", "label": "Second Congress of Rastatt", "section": "History - War and diplomacy (1798)", "says": "In late November and December, Napoleon took part in negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire and Austria, at the Second Congress of Rastatt, to redraw the borders of Germany."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "In the Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands), the French army installed the Batavian Republic with the same system of a Directory and two elected Councils."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "In Milan, the Cisalpine Republic was created, which was governed jointly by a Directory and Councils and by the French army."}, {"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "General Louis-Alexandre Berthier, who had replaced Bonaparte as the commander of the Army of Italy, imitated the actions of the Directory in Paris, purging the new republic's legislature of members whom he considered too radical."}, {"id": "Q659312", "label": "Ligurian Republic", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "The Ligurian Republic was formed in Genoa."}, {"id": "Q1054910", "label": "Piedmontese Republic", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "Piedmont was also turned by the French army into a sister republic, the Piedmontese Republic."}, {"id": "Q232365", "label": "Clotilde", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "In Turin, King Charles-Emmanuel IV, (whose wife, Clotilde, was Louis XVI's youngest sister), fled French dominance and sailed, protected by the British fleet, to Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q128743", "label": "Barthélémy Catherine Joubert", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "In Savoy, General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert did not bother to form a sister republic, he simply made the province a department of France."}, {"id": "Q128019", "label": "Pius VI", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "The Directory also directly attacked the authority of Pope Pius VI, who governed Rome and the Papal States surrounding it."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "The Directory also directly attacked the authority of Pope Pius VI, who governed Rome and the Papal States surrounding it."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "Pius VI was arrested and confined in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany before being taken to France in 1799."}, {"id": "Q318790", "label": "Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "A French army under General Guillaume Brune occupied much of Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "History - Sister Republics", "says": "The Helvetic Republic was proclaimed on 12 April 1798."}, {"id": "Q160499", "label": "Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord", "section": "History - Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt (May 1798)", "says": "The idea of a French military expedition to Egypt had been proposed by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord in a memoir to the Institut de France as early as 3 July 1797, and in a letter the following month from Talleyrand to Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q332543", "label": "Battle of the Pyramids", "section": "History - Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt (May 1798)", "says": "His army marched across the desert, despite extreme heat, and defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July 1798."}, {"id": "Q2474206", "label": "Jean Joseph Amable Humbert", "section": "History - Failed uprising in Ireland (August 1798)", "says": "A French fleet sailed from Rochefort-sur-Mer (Rochefort) carrying an expeditionary force led by General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert."}, {"id": "Q437962", "label": "Wolfe Tone", "section": "History - Failed uprising in Ireland (August 1798)", "says": "The attack was intended to support an uprising of Irish nationalists led by Wolfe Tone."}, {"id": "Q655480", "label": "Quasi-War", "section": "History - Quasi-War with the United States (1798–1799)", "says": "Tensions between the United States and France developed into the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war."}, {"id": "Q2788282", "label": "Treaty of Alliance", "section": "History - Quasi-War with the United States (1798–1799)", "says": "France complained the United States was ignoring the 1778 Treaty of Alliance that had brought the French into the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Quasi-War with the United States (1798–1799)", "says": "France complained the United States was ignoring the 1778 Treaty of Alliance that had brought the French into the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q1568837", "label": "Jay's Treaty", "section": "History - Quasi-War with the United States (1798–1799)", "says": "After the Jay Treaty with Britain went into effect in 1795, France began to side against the United States and by 1797 had seized over 300 American merchant ships."}], "Q550374": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, abbreviated ZAR; Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was a landlocked independent Boer republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it was annexed into the British Empire as a result of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, abbreviated ZAR; Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was a landlocked independent Boer republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it was annexed into the British Empire as a result of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Relations between the ZAR and Britain started to deteriorate after the British Cape Colony expanded into the Southern African interior, eventually leading to the outbreak of the First Boer War between the two nations."}, {"id": "Q329203", "label": "First Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "Relations between the ZAR and Britain started to deteriorate after the British Cape Colony expanded into the Southern African interior, eventually leading to the outbreak of the First Boer War between the two nations."}, {"id": "Q1187978", "label": "Transvaal Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty which ended the war, the ZAR was transformed into the Transvaal Colony, and eventually the Union of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the treaty which ended the war, the ZAR was transformed into the Transvaal Colony, and eventually the Union of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War I, there was a failed attempt at resurrecting the republic in the Maritz rebellion."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Boer republics emerged when the British had annexed the Cape Colony from the Dutch in 1806, in order to prevent the sea routes to the East (India etc.) from falling to Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q440141", "label": "Marthinus Wessel Pretorius", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The first president of the ZAR was Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader Andries Pretorius, who commanded the Boers to victory at the Battle of Blood River."}, {"id": "Q440155", "label": "Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The first president of the ZAR was Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader Andries Pretorius, who commanded the Boers to victory at the Battle of Blood River."}, {"id": "Q1392699", "label": "Battle of Blood River", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The first president of the ZAR was Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader Andries Pretorius, who commanded the Boers to victory at the Battle of Blood River."}, {"id": "Q3378038", "label": "London Convention", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The ZAR became fully independent on 27 February 1884, when the London Convention was signed."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "On 3 November 1884 the country signed a postal convention with the government of the Cape Colony and later a similar convention with the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q1269234", "label": "Stellaland", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "On 9 May 1887, burghers from the territories of Stellaland and Goosen (sometimes referred to as \"Goshen\") were granted the ZAR franchise."}, {"id": "Q661420", "label": "Stephanus Schoeman", "section": "Military history - Civil War, 1861–1864", "says": "Commandant-General Stephanus Schoeman did not accept the Volksraad proclamation of 20 September 1858, under which members of the Reformed Churches of South Africa would be entitled to citizenship of the ZAR."}, {"id": "Q244407", "label": "Paul Kruger", "section": "Military history - Civil War, 1861–1864", "says": "Consequently, Paul Kruger was not accepted as a citizen and disallowed from political intercourse."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Military history - First Boer War, 1880–1881", "says": "Instead of declaring war, the country decided to send a delegation to the United Kingdom and the United States, to protest."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Military history - First Boer War, 1880–1881", "says": "Instead of declaring war, the country decided to send a delegation to the United Kingdom and the United States, to protest."}, {"id": "Q741129", "label": "Battle of Laing's Nek", "section": "Military history - First Boer War, 1880–1881", "says": "The Battle of Laing's Nek would be the last occasion on which a British Army regiment carried its official regimental colours into battle."}, {"id": "Q1794609", "label": "Pretoria Convention", "section": "Military history - First Boer War, 1880–1881", "says": "The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was signed on 3 August 1881 and ratified on 25 October 1881 by the ZAR, where the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek is referred to by the name \"Transvaal Territory\"."}, {"id": "Q469797", "label": "Piet Joubert", "section": "Military history - Malaboch War, 1894", "says": "The Malaboch War was between Chief Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) of the Bahananwa (Xananwa) people and the South African Republic (ZAR) Government led by Commandant-General Piet Joubert."}, {"id": "Q916340", "label": "Jameson Raid", "section": "Military history - Second Boer War, 1899–1902", "says": "The British first attacked the ZAR with the December 1895 Jameson Raid, which ended in failure."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Military history - Second Boer War, 1899–1902", "says": "When the British refused, Kruger declared war against Britain, Britain received assistance from its possessions Australia, and Canada, as well as Natal and the Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q927606", "label": "Treaty of Vereeniging", "section": "Military history - Second Boer War, 1899–1902", "says": "The Treaty of Vereeniging was signed on 31 May 1902."}, {"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "Military history - Maritz Rebellion, 1914–1915", "says": "Boer commandos operated in and out of bordering German South West Africa."}], "Q5743": [{"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "lead", "says": "It was then rebuilt and was mentioned in the records of the Third Dynasty of Ur."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "lead", "says": "The third kingdom also flourished as a trade center; it became a subject and an ally of Yamhad (modern-day Aleppo) until its final destruction by the Hittite king Mursili I in c."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Artifacts from Sumer, Cyprus, Egypt and as far as Afghanistan were recovered from the city's palaces."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Geography", "says": "At its greatest extent, Ebla controlled an area roughly half the size of modern Syria, from Ursa'um in the north, to the area around Damascus in the south, and from Phoenicia and the coastal mountains in the west, to Haddu in the east."}, {"id": "Q352544", "label": "Eannatum", "section": "History - First destruction of Ebla", "says": "The scholar suggests the city was destroyed in 2400 BC by a Mesopotamian such as Eannatum of Lagash – who boasted of taking tribute from Mari – or Lugalzagesi of Umma, who claimed to have reached the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - First destruction of Ebla", "says": "Akkadian hypothesis: Both kings Sargon of Akkad and his grandson Naram-Sin claimed to have destroyed a town called Ibla."}, {"id": "Q1097820", "label": "Mario Liverani", "section": "History - First destruction of Ebla", "says": "This view is supported by Mario Liverani."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Second kingdom", "says": "The second kingdom was attested in contemporaneous sources; in an inscription, Gudea of Lagash asked for cedars to be brought from Urshu in the mountains of Ebla, indicating Ebla's territory included Urshu north of Carchemish in modern-day Turkey."}, {"id": "Q299472", "label": "Hattusili I", "section": "History - Middle Bronze II - Mardikh IIIB", "says": "In Middle Bronze IIB (MB IIB), the Great Kingdom of Yamhad under which Ebla Mardikh IIIB2 was a vassal declined due to climate change and raiding attacks by the Hittites (Hattusili I and Mursili I)."}], "Q13474305": [{"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "Francoist Spain (Spanish: España franquista), also known as Nationalist Spain, Falangist Spain, the Franco regime, or  the Franco dictatorship, officially the Spanish State (Estado Español), was a state established in Nationalist-held territories of Spain ruled by Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939 and then comprising the whole of Spain from 1939 until Franco's death i"}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Francoist Spain (Spanish: España franquista), also known as Nationalist Spain, Falangist Spain, the Franco regime, or  the Franco dictatorship, officially the Spanish State (Estado Español), was a state established in Nationalist-held territories of Spain ruled by Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939 and then comprising the whole of Spain from 1939 until Franco's death i"}], "Q1408764": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Circassia was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 80–97% of the Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Circassians also dominated the northern end of the Kuban River, but were eventually pushed back to the south of the Kuban after suffering losses to military raids conducted by the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Circassians also dominated the northern end of the Kuban River, but were eventually pushed back to the south of the Kuban after suffering losses to military raids conducted by the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Circassians also dominated the northern end of the Kuban River, but were eventually pushed back to the south of the Kuban after suffering losses to military raids conducted by the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q11821309", "label": "Treaty of Belgrade", "section": "lead", "says": "Legally and internationally, the Treaty of Belgrade, which was signed between Austria and the Ottoman Empire in 1739, provided for the recognition of the independence of Eastern Circassia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Legally and internationally, the Treaty of Belgrade, which was signed between Austria and the Ottoman Empire in 1739, provided for the recognition of the independence of Eastern Circassia."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congress of Vienna also stipulated the recognition of the independence of Circassia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this, the United Kingdom recognized Circassia."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Maikop Civilization", "says": "In 1200 BC, Circassians fought alongside the Hittites against the Egyptians."}, {"id": "Q367377", "label": "Hipponax", "section": "History - Sindica", "says": "The Greek poet Hipponax, who lived in the 5th century BC, and Herodotus later mentioned the Sindis."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Sindica", "says": "The Greek poet Hipponax, who lived in the 5th century BC, and Herodotus later mentioned the Sindis."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Medieval Era", "says": "As a result of Armenian, Greek and Byzantine influence, Christianity spread throughout the Caucasus between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Russo-Circassian War", "says": "In 1714, Peter I established a plan to occupy the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "History - Russo-Circassian War", "says": "During the Persian expedition of 1796, Russia again conquered the west coast of the Caspian, but the expedition was withdrawn after Catherine's death in November 1796 by her son and successor Paul I."}], "Q154401": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Slovakia, officially the (First) Slovak Republic, and from 14 March until 21 July 1939 officially known as the Slovak State (Slovak: Slovenský štát), was a partially recognized client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945 in Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Slovakia, officially the (First) Slovak Republic, and from 14 March until 21 July 1939 officially known as the Slovak State (Slovak: Slovenský štát), was a partially recognized client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945 in Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak part of Czechoslovakia declared independence with German support one day before the German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "A one-party state governed by the far-right Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, the Slovak Republic is primarily known for its collaboration with Nazi Germany, which included sending troops to the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the Soviet Union in 1941."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, the country joined the Axis when its leaders signed the Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q163780", "label": "Slovak National Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Internal opposition to the government's policies culminated in the Slovak National Uprising in 1944, itself triggered by the Nazi German occupation of the country."}, {"id": "Q2454585", "label": "Third Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Republic was abolished after the Soviet conquest in 1945, and its territory was reintegrated into the recreated Third Czechoslovak Republic."}], "Q156418": [{"id": "Q163080", "label": "Kalākaua", "section": "lead", "says": "Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom subsequently gained diplomatic recognition from European powers and the United States."}, {"id": "Q1057542", "label": "Republic of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "The Committee of Safety dissolved the kingdom and established the Republic of Hawaii, intending for the U.S. to annex the islands, which it did on July 7, 1898, via the Newlands Resolution."}, {"id": "Q547795", "label": "Territory of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "Hawaii became part of the U.S. as the Territory of Hawaii until it became a U.S. state in 1959."}, {"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Captain James Cook was the first European to encounter the Hawaiian Islands, on his Pacific third voyage (1776–1780)."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Similar political developments occurred (for example) in Tahiti, Tonga, Fiji, and New Zealand (see the Māori King Movement)."}, {"id": "Q380341", "label": "Kamehameha II", "section": "History - Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874)", "says": "Liholiho (Kamehameha II, r."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Bayonet Constitution", "says": "The document created a constitutional monarchy like that of the United Kingdom, stripping the King of most of his personal authority, empowering the legislature and establishing a cabinet government."}, {"id": "Q2593459", "label": "Provisional Government of Hawaii", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "Dole and his committee took control of the government and declared itself the Provisional Government of Hawaii \"to rule until annexation by the United States\"."}, {"id": "Q35171", "label": "Grover Cleveland", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "President Grover Cleveland considered the overthrow to have been an illegal act of war; he refused to consider annexation and initially worked to restore the queen to her throne."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "Between December 14, 1893, and January 11, 1894, a standoff known as the Black Week occurred between the United States, the Empire of Japan and the United Kingdom against the Provisional Government to pressure them into returning the Queen."}], "Q210398": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rurikids were the ruling dynasty of Kievan Rus' and its principalities following its disintegration."}, {"id": "Q497773", "label": "Roman the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romanovichi ruled the southwestern territories, which were unified by Roman the Great and his son Daniel, who was in 1253 crowned by Pope Innocent IV as the king of Ruthenia."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Galicia–Volhynia was eventually annexed by Poland and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern and northeastern territories were unified by the Daniilovichi of Moscow; by the 15th century, Ivan III threw off the control of the Golden Horde and assumed the title of sovereign of all Russia."}, {"id": "Q112707", "label": "House of Romanov", "section": "lead", "says": "Ivan IV was crowned as the tsar of all Russia, where the Rurik line ruled until 1598, following which they were eventually succeeded by the House of Romanov."}, {"id": "Q186321", "label": "Feodor I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "879) to Feodor I of Russia (d."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "Origins", "says": "The study found that Dmitry Alexandrovich and most of the \"medieval and modern Rurikids\", starting with Prince Yaroslav the Wise, belong to paternal haplogroup N-M231 (N1a)."}, {"id": "Q2992005", "label": "Oleg I of Chernigov", "section": "History - Descendants of Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "says": "The Olgovichi descended from Oleg I of Chernigov, a son of Sviatoslav II of Kiev and grandson of Yaroslav the Wise."}, {"id": "Q469731", "label": "Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "says": "The Olgovichi descended from Oleg I of Chernigov, a son of Sviatoslav II of Kiev and grandson of Yaroslav the Wise."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Descendants of Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "says": "They continued to rule until the early 14th century when they were torn apart by the emerging Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Grand Duchy of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q368805", "label": "Vsevolod II of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "says": "The line continued through Oleg's son Vsevolod II of Kiev, grandson Sviatoslav III of Kiev, great-grandson Vsevolod IV of Kiev and great-great-grandson Michael of Chernigov, from whose sons the extant lines of the Olegoviches are descended, including the Massalsky, Gorchakov, Baryatinsky, Volkonsky and Obolensky, including Repnin."}, {"id": "Q497100", "label": "Sviatoslav III of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "says": "The line continued through Oleg's son Vsevolod II of Kiev, grandson Sviatoslav III of Kiev, great-grandson Vsevolod IV of Kiev and great-great-grandson Michael of Chernigov, from whose sons the extant lines of the Olegoviches are descended, including the Massalsky, Gorchakov, Baryatinsky, Volkonsky and Obolensky, including Repnin."}, {"id": "Q585131", "label": "Vsevolod IV of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "says": "The line continued through Oleg's son Vsevolod II of Kiev, grandson Sviatoslav III of Kiev, great-grandson Vsevolod IV of Kiev and great-great-grandson Michael of Chernigov, from whose sons the extant lines of the Olegoviches are descended, including the Massalsky, Gorchakov, Baryatinsky, Volkonsky and Obolensky, including Repnin."}, {"id": "Q318434", "label": "Vsevolod I of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Vsevolod I of Kiev was the father of Vladimir II Monomakh, giving rise to the name Monomakh for his progeny."}, {"id": "Q60928", "label": "Vladimir II Monomakh", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Vsevolod I of Kiev was the father of Vladimir II Monomakh, giving rise to the name Monomakh for his progeny."}, {"id": "Q41514", "label": "Mstislav I of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Two of Vladimir II's sons were Mstislav I of Kiev and Yuri Dolgorukiy."}, {"id": "Q275106", "label": "Yuri Dolgorukiy", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Two of Vladimir II's sons were Mstislav I of Kiev and Yuri Dolgorukiy."}, {"id": "Q269085", "label": "Iziaslav II of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "The Romanovichi (Izyaslavichi of Volhynia) were the line of Roman the Great, descended from Mstislav I of Kiev through his son Iziaslav II of Kiev and his grandson Mstislav II of Kiev, father of Roman the Great."}, {"id": "Q497573", "label": "Mstislav II of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "The Romanovichi (Izyaslavichi of Volhynia) were the line of Roman the Great, descended from Mstislav I of Kiev through his son Iziaslav II of Kiev and his grandson Mstislav II of Kiev, father of Roman the Great."}, {"id": "Q680472", "label": "Principality of Volhynia", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "The older Monomakhovychi line that ruled the Principality of Volhynia were eventually crowned kings of Galicia and Volhynia and ruled until 1323."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "The Polish king, Władysław I the Elbow-high, in his letter to the Pope wrote with regret: \"The two last Ruthenian kings, that had been firm shields for Poland from the Tatars, left this world and after their death Poland is directly under Tatar threat.\" Losing their leadership role, the Rurikids, however, continued to play a vital role in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the later Polish–Lithuania"}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "The Polish king, Władysław I the Elbow-high, in his letter to the Pope wrote with regret: \"The two last Ruthenian kings, that had been firm shields for Poland from the Tatars, left this world and after their death Poland is directly under Tatar threat.\" Losing their leadership role, the Rurikids, however, continued to play a vital role in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the later Polish–Lithuania"}, {"id": "Q497904", "label": "Rostislav I of Kiev", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "The Rostislavichi were the line of Rostislav I of Kiev, another son of Mstislav I of Kiev, who was Prince of Smolensk and a progenitor of the lines descending from the princes of Smolensk and Yaroslavl."}, {"id": "Q185316", "label": "Ivan I of Moscow", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "This branch also descends cognatically of Ivan I of Moscow, through the latter's daughter Evdokia Ivanovna Moskovskaya (1314–1342), who married Vasili Mikhailovich, Prince of Yaroslavl (died 1345)."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "This is possibly the most senior extant branch of the Rurikids, with many Shakhovskoys living outside of Russia after having fled during the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q348689", "label": "Vsevolod III the Big Nest", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Yuri's son Vsevolod the Big Nest was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, a precursor state to the Grand Principality of Moscow and thus of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Yuri's son Vsevolod the Big Nest was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, a precursor state to the Grand Principality of Moscow and thus of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Yuri's son Vsevolod the Big Nest was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, a precursor state to the Grand Principality of Moscow and thus of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Yuri's son Vsevolod the Big Nest was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, a precursor state to the Grand Principality of Moscow and thus of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q561490", "label": "Konstantin of Rostov", "section": "History - Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev", "says": "Vsevolod's son Konstantin of Rostov was Prince of Rosto"}], "Q245160": [{"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Recognized by all major European powers of the time, DRG was created in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the collapse of the Russian Empire and allowed territories formerly under Russia's rule to assert independence."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Recognized by all major European powers of the time, DRG was created in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the collapse of the Russian Empire and allowed territories formerly under Russia's rule to assert independence."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, DRG was a protectorate of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the German defeat in World War I, the country was partially occupied by British troops, who were sent there to counter a proposed Bolshevik invasion."}, {"id": "Q379627", "label": "Noe Zhordania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Georgian Government, led by Prime Minister Noe Zhordania, moved to France where it continued to work in exile."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution of 1917 and collapse of the tsarist administration in the Caucasus, most powers were held by the Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom, short for Osobyi Zakavkazskii Komitet) of the Russian Provisional Government."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "The Bolshevist October Revolution changed the situation drastically."}, {"id": "Q504419", "label": "Nikolay Chkheidze", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 April 1918, the Sejm – Nikolay Chkheidze was the president – declared the Transcaucasus an independent democratic federation with an executive Transcaucasian government chaired by Evgeni Gegechkori and later by Akaki Chkhenkeli."}, {"id": "Q2028186", "label": "Akaki Chkhenkeli", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 April 1918, the Sejm – Nikolay Chkheidze was the president – declared the Transcaucasus an independent democratic federation with an executive Transcaucasian government chaired by Evgeni Gegechkori and later by Akaki Chkhenkeli."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "Two days later both Armenia and Azerbaijan declared their independence as well."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Recognition", "says": "Georgia was immediately recognized by the German Empire, which was followed by the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Recognition", "says": "Georgia was immediately recognized by the German Empire, which was followed by the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q2632683", "label": "Treaty of Poti", "section": "History - Recognition", "says": "The young state had to place itself under German protection in the Treaty of Poti."}, {"id": "Q61808", "label": "Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein", "section": "History - Recognition", "says": "German forces were almost certainly under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein."}, {"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "In January, the Soviet leadership offered Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan an alliance against the White armies in South Russia and the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q24590", "label": "Giorgi Kvinitadze", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "The Georgian government began mobilization and appointed Giorgi Kvinitadze commander-in-chief."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "Under the terms of the controversial Moscow Peace Treaty of 7 May, Georgian independence was recognized in return for the legalization of Bolshevik organizations and a commitment not to allow foreign troops on Georgian soil."}], "Q491106": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate of Khiva (Chagatay: خیوه خانلیگی, romanized: Khivâ Khânligi, Persian: خانات خیوه, romanized: Khânât-e Khiveh, Uzbek: Xiva xonligi, Хива хонлиги, Turkmen: Hywa hanlygy, Russian: Хивинское ханство, romanized: Khivinskoye khanstvo) was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in the historical region of Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740"}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of Khiva, its territories covered present-day western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before the Russian conquest at the second half of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of Khiva, its territories covered present-day western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before the Russian conquest at the second half of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of Khiva, its territories covered present-day western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before the Russian conquest at the second half of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q61291", "label": "Khorezm People's Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today it is largely a part of Karakalpakstan, Xorazm Region in Uzbekistan, and Daşoguz Region of Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History - After 1500", "says": "This led to many wars with the Khanate of Bukhara further up the river (1538–40, 1593, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1684, 1689, 1694, 1806, and others)."}, {"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "History - After 1500", "says": "From 1488 Muhammad Shaybani built a large but short-lived empire in southern Central Asia, taking Khorezm in 1505."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - After 1500", "says": "At nearly the same time, Shah Ismail I was building a powerful Shiite state in Persia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - After 1500", "says": "The two consequently clashed in 1510 near Merv with Muhammad killed in the battle and Khorezm shortly occupied."}, {"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "History - After 1500", "says": "The Arabshaids or Yadigarids were Shaybanids and are sometimes distinguished from the Abulkhayrids, another branch of the family."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "History - Russian conquest and protectorate", "says": "In 1801, an army was sent toward Khiva but was recalled when Paul I was murdered."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Russian conquest and protectorate", "says": "Major Todd, the senior British political officer stationed in Herat (in Afghanistan) dispatched Captain James Abbott, disguised as an Afghan, on 24 December 1839, for Khiva."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Civil war and Soviet Republic", "says": "After the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution, anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan."}], "Q504769": [{"id": "Q7250", "label": "Wang Mang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xin dynasty (; Chinese: 新朝; pinyin: Xīn Cháo), also known as Xin Mang (新莽) in Chinese historiography, was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty which lasted from 9 to 23 AD, established by the Han dynasty consort kin Wang Mang, who usurped the throne of the Emperor Ping of Han and the infant \"crown prince\" Liu Ying."}, {"id": "Q7244", "label": "Emperor Ping of Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xin dynasty (; Chinese: 新朝; pinyin: Xīn Cháo), also known as Xin Mang (新莽) in Chinese historiography, was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty which lasted from 9 to 23 AD, established by the Han dynasty consort kin Wang Mang, who usurped the throne of the Emperor Ping of Han and the infant \"crown prince\" Liu Ying."}, {"id": "Q7224", "label": "Emperor Jing of Han", "section": "lead", "says": "After Wang's death, the Han dynasty was restored by Liu Xiu, a distant descendant of the Emperor Jing of Han; therefore, the Xin dynasty is often considered an interregnum of the Han, dividing it into the Western Han and the Eastern Han."}], "Q58202": [{"id": "Q7771", "label": "Louis-Philippe I", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Monarchy (French: Monarchie de Juillet), officially the Kingdom of France (French: Royaume de France), was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting on 9 August 1830, with the revolutionary victory in the July Revolution of 1830, and ending on 24 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X, the last king of the main line House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q157324", "label": "François Guizot", "section": "lead", "says": "It followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of François Guizot."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The king promoted friendship with the United Kingdom and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1848, Louis Philippe I's popularity had collapsed, and he abdicated following the successful February Revolution, part of the larger revolutions of 1848."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The relatively moderate Comte de Provence, brother of the deposed-and-executed Louis XVI, ruled as Louis XVIII from 1814 to 1824 and was succeeded by his more conservative younger brother, the former Comte d'Artois, ruling as Charles X from 1824."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "Background", "says": "The relatively moderate Comte de Provence, brother of the deposed-and-executed Louis XVI, ruled as Louis XVIII from 1814 to 1824 and was succeeded by his more conservative younger brother, the former Comte d'Artois, ruling as Charles X from 1824."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "The administrative reforms of Napoleon, such as the Napoleonic Code and efficient bureaucracy, also remained in place."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "End of the monarchy", "says": "His gesture was in vain as the Second Republic was proclaimed on 26 February 1848, on the Place de la Bastille, before the July Column."}], "Q816709": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located in the same territory as the former Russian protectorate of Uryankhay Krai, northwest of Mongolia, and now corresponds to the Republic of Tuva, a republic of Russia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union and Mongolia were the only countries to formally recognize it during its existence, in 1924 and 1926 respectively."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "As the Qing dynasty fell in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, revolutions in Mongolia were also occurring, leading to the independence of both Mongolia and the Tuvan Uryankhay Republic."}, {"id": "Q56282578", "label": "Uryankhay Republic", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "As the Qing dynasty fell in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, revolutions in Mongolia were also occurring, leading to the independence of both Mongolia and the Tuvan Uryankhay Republic."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "After a period of political uncertainty, the new republic became a protectorate of the Russian Empire in April 1914, known as Uryankhay Krai."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "After the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 and the establishment of the Russian Republic, both it and Uryankhay Krai reaffirmed its status as a Russian protectorate."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "During the subsequent Russian Civil War, the Whites fought against soldiers sent by the Beiyang government to re-occupy Mongolia and Tuva."}, {"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "History - Early independence", "says": "It also signed a “Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Recognition” with the Mongolian People's Republic, another Soviet satellite state."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Sovietization", "says": "While Kuular was implementing his policies, the Soviet Union had laid foundations for a new leadership – staunchly loyal to Joseph Stalin – including the creation of the \"Tuva Revolutionary Youth Union\" where members received military training."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan undertook several aggressive actions against China."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "This included the invasion of Manchuria and the creation of the Manchukuo puppet state, and culminated in a full-scale war against China in 1937."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The tankers and 177 of the cavalrymen were assigned to the Red Army and served on the Eastern Front from early 1944, especially around Ukraine."}], "Q841364": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "1657–1688) Persian and then European influence was strong, and an embassy went to the court of Louis XIV in 1686."}, {"id": "Q335273", "label": "Jayavarman VII", "section": "History - Suzerainty and autonomy", "says": "The Preah Khan inscription of Jayavarman VII names cities of the western basin, including Suphanburi as Suvarnapura, Phetchaburi as Srijayavajrapuri, Mueang Kosi Narai as Samphukapatthana, and Ratchaburi as Srijayarajapura, but records no authority over them."}, {"id": "Q255931", "label": "Haripuñjaya", "section": "History - Ayodhya", "says": "Proposed explanations for the move include changes in the course of the Lopburi River, political or religious divisions within the Lavo elite, and the recovery of Lavo from Angkorian influence by forces associated with Suphannabhum and Haripuñjaya."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Other three port polities", "says": "Phrip Phri, at present-day Phetchaburi, was re-established in the same generation by Uthong I's brother Phanom Thale Sri, dated 1157/58 in the Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal of 1684 and 1188 in Du Royaume de Siam."}, {"id": "Q863279", "label": "Sukhothai Kingdom", "section": "History - Xiān in Chinese and Vietnamese records", "says": "Older scholarship identified it with the Sukhothai Kingdom or Suphanburi, while Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit argue that it referred to Ayodhya, noting that the Chinese later used the same name for Ayutthaya and that the Guangzhou gazetteer of 1297–1307 describes Xiān as controlling Shang-shui Su-gu-di, in which Su-gu-di is identified with Sukhothai."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Archaeological and epigraphic evidence", "says": "Sujato, another Sukhothai monk, is likewise recorded as settling at Ayutthaya early in the 14th century after periods in Sri Lanka and Pagan."}, {"id": "Q1185850", "label": "Chit Phumisak", "section": "History - Archaeological and epigraphic evidence", "says": "Chit Phumisak argued that it predated Ayutthaya and had been deposited in the crypt by the appointee's descendants when the prang was built in 1424."}, {"id": "Q613372", "label": "Ramesuan", "section": "History - The founding of 1351", "says": "Ramesuan lost Ayutthaya to Borommarachathirat in 1370 but recovered it from Thong Lan in 1388, bringing Ayutthaya and Lavo under one ruler."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Early maritime dominance", "says": "In the 1290s through to the 1490s, Ayutthaya sent forces down to the peninsula and demanded tribute from the Malay principalities down to Temasek (Singapura; modern Singapore) and Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Early maritime dominance", "says": "Baker and Pasuk set the polity of these years beside the other trading centres that rose after Srivijaya, whose rulers were merchants rather than warriors, who held only the land they needed to feed themselves, and who left little or nothing as inscriptions."}, {"id": "Q889173", "label": "Trailokkanat", "section": "History - Age of warfare", "says": "Palace Law Codes under Borommatrailokkanat reflected a growing emphasis on warfare, specifying rewards based on the number of enemies beheaded."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "History - Transition to a hinterland state", "says": "Although Borommatrailokkanat symbolized the merger of North and South, Lan Na, north of Ayutthaya in modern Northern Thailand, contested Ayutthaya's growing influence over the Northern Cities."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Transition to a hinterland state", "says": "Ayutthaya's sphere of influence down the peninsula was contested by the Malacca Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Transition to a hinterland state", "says": "In the early 15th century, the Ming admiral Zheng He established a base in the port city, making it a strategic position China could not afford to lose to the Siamese."}, {"id": "Q728777", "label": "Maha Chakkraphat", "section": "History - Centralization and dominance of the Northern lords", "says": "Under Maha Chakkraphat, the Lord of Phitsanulok, Maha Thammarachathirat, emerged as a kingmaker."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "History - First Burmese wars", "says": "A second siege (1563–1564) led by King Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat to surrender in 1564."}, {"id": "Q580075", "label": "Mahinthrathirat", "section": "History - First Burmese wars", "says": "The royal family was taken to Pegu (Bago), while his second son Mahinthrathirat was installed as vassal king."}, {"id": "Q515704", "label": "Naresuan", "section": "History - First Burmese wars", "says": "In May 1584, less than three years after Bayinnaung's death, Uparaja Naresuan (or Sanphet II), son of Sanphet I, proclaimed Ayutthaya's independence."}, {"id": "Q3182715", "label": "Nanda Bayin", "section": "History - First Burmese wars", "says": "In 1599, the Siamese attacked Pegu but were ultimately driven out by Burmese rebels who had assassinated King Nanda Bayin and taken power."}, {"id": "Q488485", "label": "Anaukpetlun", "section": "History - First Burmese wars", "says": "In 1613, after King Anaukpetlun reunited Burma, the Burmese invaded Siamese-held Tanintharyi province and took Tavoy."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Later Phitsanulok dynasty to early Prasat Thong dynasty", "says": "Ekathotsarot's reign was marked with stability for Siam and its sphere of influence, as well as increased foreign interactions, especially with the Dutch Republic, Portuguese Empire, and Tokugawa Shogunate (by way of the Red Seal Ships), among others."}, {"id": "Q882744", "label": "Ekathotsarot", "section": "History - Later Phitsanulok dynasty to early Prasat Thong dynasty", "says": "The question of his succession was complicated by the alleged suicide of his eldest legitimate son, Suthat, while his second legitimate son, Si Saowaphak, was never legally designated as an heir by Ekathotsarot himself."}, {"id": "Q561528", "label": "Songtham", "section": "History - Later Phitsanulok dynasty to early Prasat Thong dynasty", "says": "After this episode, the kingdom was handed to Songtham, a lesser son born of Ekathotsarot and a first-class concubine."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Later Phitsanulok dynasty to early Prasat Thong dynasty", "says": "Abroad, he lost suzerainty over Lan Na, Cambodia, and Tavoy, expelled the Portuguese, and opened trade with the English East India Company and the French East India Company, alongside new merchant colonies from across Asia."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "History - Continued prosperity and increased Chinese connections", "says": "Both post-Ayutthaya monarchs, Taksin and Rama I, were connected by blood and political ties to the Sino-Siamese community."}, {"id": "Q779323", "label": "Ekkathat", "section": "History - Succession conflicts and corruption", "says": "The last monarch, Ekkathat, and his brother Uthumphon undermined Prince Thammathibet, the Front Palace Uparaj and designated heir to their father, King Borommakot, by instigating or exposing his affair with two of his father's consorts."}, {"id": "Q889151", "label": "Uthumphon", "section": "History - Succession conflicts and corruption", "says": "The last monarch, Ekkathat, and his brother Uthumphon undermined Prince Thammathibet, the Front Palace Uparaj and designated heir to their father, King Borommakot, by instigating or exposing his affair with two of his father's consorts."}, {"id": "Q2408970", "label": "Thammathibet", "section": "History - Succession conflicts and corruption", "says": "The last monarch, Ekkathat, and his brother Uthumphon undermined Prince Thammathibet, the Front Palace Uparaj and designated heir to their father, King Borommakot, by instigating or exposing his affair with two of his father's consorts."}, {"id": "Q889146", "label": "Borommakot", "section": "History - Succession conflicts and corruption", "says": "The last monarch, Ekkathat, and his brother Uthumphon undermined Prince Thammathibet, the Front Palace Uparaj and designated heir to their father, King Borommakot, by instigating or exposing his affair with two of his father's consorts."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Military and political situation to 1759", "says": "Narai tried unsuccessfully to capture Chiang Mai in the 1650s and 1660s."}, {"id": "Q3302610", "label": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "section": "History - Fall of Ayutthaya", "says": "The weakened Burmese Toungoo dynasty was overthrown by the Mons of Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom in 1752."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "History - Fall of Ayutthaya", "says": "Aung Zeiya, a local Burmese leader, rebelled against the Mons, reconquered Upper Burma, proclaimed himself King Alaungpaya, and established the militaristic Konbaung dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1395046", "label": "Hsinbyushin", "section": "History - Fall of Ayutthaya", "says": "The new Burmese king Hsinbyushin, who had participated in the 1759–1760 invasion, sought to complete his father Alaungpaya's unfinished conquest of Ayutthaya."}], "Q844930": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ten years after its victory at Marathon, Athens formed an alliance with Sparta and other Greek city-states, which defeated the invading Achaemenid Empire at Salamis and Plataea."}, {"id": "Q80398", "label": "Pericles", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the Second Persian invasion of Greece during the 470s, Athens led by Cimon established hegemony over a wide range of other Greek polities around the Aegean, known as the Delian League, reaching its peak of power in the 450s and 440s BC during the age of Pericles."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), the Athenian empire fought against the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League, suffering a decisive defeat in 404 BC."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat at the battle of Chaeronea, Athens was forced to become a member of the League of Corinth by Philip II of Macedon, while continuing to be a major maritime power in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean up until the start of the Hellenistic period following the death of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat at the battle of Chaeronea, Athens was forced to become a member of the League of Corinth by Philip II of Macedon, while continuing to be a major maritime power in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean up until the start of the Hellenistic period following the death of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat at the battle of Chaeronea, Athens was forced to become a member of the League of Corinth by Philip II of Macedon, while continuing to be a major maritime power in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean up until the start of the Hellenistic period following the death of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q159905", "label": "Hipparchus", "section": "History - Athenian democracy", "says": "Hippias, son of Peisistratus, had ruled Athens jointly with his brother, Hipparchus, from the death of Peisistratus in about 527."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Athenian democracy", "says": "Upon their exile, they went to Delphi, and Herodotus says they bribed the Pythia always to tell visiting Spartans that they should invade Attica and overthrow Hippias."}, {"id": "Q44005", "label": "Cleomenes I", "section": "History - Athenian democracy", "says": "That supposedly worked after a number of times, and Cleomenes I led a Spartan force to overthrow Hippias, which succeeded, and instated an oligarchy."}, {"id": "Q207634", "label": "Cleisthenes", "section": "History - Athenian democracy", "says": "Cleisthenes disliked the Spartan rule, along with many other Athenians, and so made his own bid for power."}, {"id": "Q179552", "label": "Themistocles", "section": "History - Athenian democracy", "says": "The silver mines of Laurion contributed significantly to the development of Athens in the 5th century BC, when the Athenians learned to prospect, treat, and refine the ore and used the proceeds to build a massive fleet, at the instigation of Themistocles."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Persian Wars and rise of Athens", "says": "In 499 BC, Athens sent troops to aid the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor who were rebelling against the Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q210350", "label": "Miltiades", "section": "History - Persian Wars and rise of Athens", "says": "This provoked two Persian invasions of Greece, both of which were repelled under the leadership of the soldier-statesmen Miltiades and Themistocles."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Persian Wars and rise of Athens", "says": "In 490 the Athenians, led by Miltiades, prevented the first invasion of the Persians, guided by king Darius I, with their victory at the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q31900", "label": "Battle of Marathon", "section": "History - Persian Wars and rise of Athens", "says": "In 490 the Athenians, led by Miltiades, prevented the first invasion of the Persians, guided by king Darius I, with their victory at the Battle of Marathon."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - Persian Wars and rise of Athens", "says": "In 480 the Persians returned under a new ruler, Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q354403", "label": "Thrasybulus", "section": "History - Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)", "says": "In 403, democracy was restored by Thrasybulus and an amnesty declared."}, {"id": "Q651008", "label": "Corinthian War", "section": "History - Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League", "says": "Argos, Thebes and Corinth, allied with Athens, fought against Sparta in the Corinthian War of 395–387 BC."}, {"id": "Q461599", "label": "Battle of Leuctra", "section": "History - Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League", "says": "Finally Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 in the Battle of Leuctra."}, {"id": "Q190436", "label": "Epaminondas", "section": "History - Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League", "says": "However, other Greek cities, including Athens, turned against Thebes, and its dominance was brought to an end at the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) with the death of its leader, the military genius Epaminondas."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Athens relations with Philip II and Alexander", "says": "By mid century, however, the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon under Philip II was becoming dominant in Greek affairs despite the opposition of Demosthenes."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Antipater dissolved the Athenian government and established a plutocratic system in 322 BC at the end of the Lamian War (see also Demetrius Phalereus)."}, {"id": "Q28365", "label": "Lamian War", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Antipater dissolved the Athenian government and established a plutocratic system in 322 BC at the end of the Lamian War (see also Demetrius Phalereus)."}], "Q926295": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, between 1936 and 1941, the colonial possessions in Africa included the territories of present-day Libya, Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia (the latter three officially grouped under the name Africa Orientale Italiana, AOI)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the empire exercised control over four puppet states and occupied several additional territories, although these were not formally annexed."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fascist government that came to power under the leadership of the dictator Benito Mussolini after 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and it also sought to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Italy allied itself with Nazi Germany in 1940 and it also occupied British Somaliland, western Egypt, much of Yugoslavia, parts of south-eastern France and most of Greece; however, it then lost those conquests and its African colonies to the invading Allied forces by 1943."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Italy allied itself with Nazi Germany in 1940 and it also occupied British Somaliland, western Egypt, much of Yugoslavia, parts of south-eastern France and most of Greece; however, it then lost those conquests and its African colonies to the invading Allied forces by 1943."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, Italy allied itself with Nazi Germany in 1940 and it also occupied British Somaliland, western Egypt, much of Yugoslavia, parts of south-eastern France and most of Greece; however, it then lost those conquests and its African colonies to the invading Allied forces by 1943."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1950, former Italian Somaliland, then under British administration, was turned into the Italian Trust Territory of Somaliland until it became independent in 1960."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1950, former Italian Somaliland, then under British administration, was turned into the Italian Trust Territory of Somaliland until it became independent in 1960."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Background and pre-unification era", "says": "During the Middle Ages and the modern period, the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa controlled networks of \"colonies\" in the Mediterranean region known as the Venetian Empire and the Genoese Empire respectively."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - Background and pre-unification era", "says": "During the Middle Ages and the modern period, the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa controlled networks of \"colonies\" in the Mediterranean region known as the Venetian Empire and the Genoese Empire respectively."}, {"id": "Q47674", "label": "Amerigo Vespucci", "section": "History - Background and pre-unification era", "says": "Between the 15th and 16th centuries, Italian explorers contributed to the colonial enterprises of other European countries in the Americas: Cristopher Columbus from Genoa served Spain, Amerigo Vespucci from Florence served Portugal, the Cabot brothers from Venice served England, and Giovanni da Verrazzano from Florence served France."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Background and pre-unification era", "says": "Between the 15th and 16th centuries, Italian explorers contributed to the colonial enterprises of other European countries in the Americas: Cristopher Columbus from Genoa served Spain, Amerigo Vespucci from Florence served Portugal, the Cabot brothers from Venice served England, and Giovanni da Verrazzano from Florence served France."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Background and pre-unification era", "says": "However, no Italian power took an active role in the scramble for the Americas, with the notable exception of the Pope who acted as an arbiter between European colonial powers during the Renaissance."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "History - Background and pre-unification era", "says": "In 1651, Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian nobleman and Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller of Malta (at the time a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily), possessed four Caribbean islands: Saint Christopher, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Croix, which were colonized from 1651 until 1665."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "A last-minute offer by Italy to share Tunisia between the two countries was refused, and France, confident in German support, ordered its troops in from French Algeria, imposing a protectorate over Tunisia in May 1881 under the Treaty of Bardo."}, {"id": "Q808027", "label": "Treaty of Bardo", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "A last-minute offer by Italy to share Tunisia between the two countries was refused, and France, confident in German support, ordered its troops in from French Algeria, imposing a protectorate over Tunisia in May 1881 under the Treaty of Bardo."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "The shock of the \"Slap of Tunis\", as it was referred to in the Italian press, and the sense of Italy's isolation in Europe, led it into signing the Triple Alliance in 1882 with Germany and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "Italy's search for colonies continued until February 1885, when, by secret agreement with Britain, it annexed the port of Massawa in Eritrea on the Red Sea from the crumbling Egyptian Empire."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "Italian annexation of Massawa denied the Ethiopian Empire of Yohannes IV an outlet to the sea."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "Italian annexation of Massawa denied the Ethiopian Empire of Yohannes IV an outlet to the sea."}, {"id": "Q2625892", "label": "Alula Engida", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "This led Ras Alula to unsuccessfully besiege the Italian possession of Saati."}, {"id": "Q674553", "label": "Battle of Dogali", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "He then ambushed and killed five hundred Italian troops at the Battle of Dogali."}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "The Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, who coveted Ethiopia itself, signed the Treaty of Wuchale in 1889 with Menelik II, the new emperor."}, {"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "The Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, who coveted Ethiopia itself, signed the Treaty of Wuchale in 1889 with Menelik II, the new emperor."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "The Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, who coveted Ethiopia itself, signed the Treaty of Wuchale in 1889 with Menelik II, the new emperor."}, {"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "History - East Africa", "says": "This treaty ceded Ethiopian territory around Massawa to Italy to form the colony of Italian Eritrea, and – at least, according t"}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "History - Forts and concessions in China", "says": "This prompted Italy to take part in the international expedition in Beijing at the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion on 18 October 1899, and resulted in the acquisition of a concession in Tianjin in September 1901, the only example of Italian colonialism in Asia, and other minor concessions, these not administrated by the Italian government."}, {"id": "Q297190", "label": "Giovanni Giolitti", "section": "History - North Africa and Dodecanese", "says": "Fearful of being excluded altogether from North Africa by Britain and France, and mindful of public opinion, Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ordered the declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire, of which Libya was part, in October 1911."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - North Africa and Dodecanese", "says": "Fearful of being excluded altogether from North Africa by Britain and France, and mindful of public opinion, Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ordered the declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire, of which Libya was part, in October 1911."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - North Africa and Dodecanese", "says": "As a result of the Italo-Turkish War, Italy gained Libya (then divided in the colonies of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) and the Dodecanese Islands from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q965346", "label": "Tripolitanian Republic", "section": "History - North Africa and Dodecanese", "says": "Although native resistance to the Italian colonisers was less prevalent in Tripolitania than Cyrenaica (which waged significant guerilla warfare), a resistance group did form the short-lived Tripolitanian Republic in 1918."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War I and its aftermath", "says": "In 1914 Italy remained neutral and did not join its ally Germany in World War I."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "History - World War I and its aftermath", "says": "From 1916 to 1918, Italians conducted a campaign in Albania against Austrian forces (who had occupied Northern and Central Albania in pursuing the forces of Serbia and Montenegro)."}, {"id": "Q193236", "label": "Gabriele D'Annunzio", "section": "History - World War I and its aftermath", "says": "Famous Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zara (today's Zadar) in an Italian warship in December 1918."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Mussolini entered World War II in June 1940 on the side of Adolf Hitler with plans to enlarge Italy's territorial holdings."}, {"id": "Q1421888", "label": "Ubangi-Shari", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In July 1940, Italian foreign minister Count Ciano presented Hitler with a list of Italy's goals that included: the annexation of Corsica, Nice, and Malta; protectorate in Tunisia and a buffer zone in Eastern Algeria; independence with Italian military presence and bases in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Transjordan as well as expropriation of oil companies in those territories; military occupatio"}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "A member of the House of Savoy, Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta, was appointed king of the newly created Independent State of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q154720", "label": "Battle of Britain", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "During the height of the Battle of Britain, the Italians launched an invasion of Egypt in the hope of capturing the Suez Canal."}, {"id": "Q696018", "label": "Operation Compass", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "However, in December, the British launched Operation Compass and, by February 1941, the British had cut off and captured the Italian 10th Army and had driven deep into Libya."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "History - End of the empire", "says": "On 7 May, the surrender of Axis forces in Tunisia and other near continuous Italian reversals, led King Victor Emmanuel III to plan the removal of Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q153660", "label": "Italian Social Republic", "section": "History - End of the empire", "says": "Afterwards, Mussolini remained a prisoner of the King until 12 September, when, on the orders of Hitler, he was rescued by German paratroops and became leader of the newly established Italian Social Republic."}, {"id": "Q200085", "label": "Pietro Badoglio", "section": "History - End of the empire", "says": "After 25 July, the new Italian government under the King and Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio remained outwardly part of the Axis."}, {"id": "Q708173", "label": "Dodecanese Campaign", "section": "History - End of the empire", "says": "During the Dodecanese Campaign, an Allied attempt to take the Dodecanese with the cooperation of the Italian troops ended in total German victory."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "History - End of the empire", "says": "Later in 1943 the Italian Social Republic formally ceded control of the concession to Japan's puppet regime in China, the Reorganized National Government of China under Wang Jingwei."}], "Q148499": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Brandenburg (German: Markgrafschaft Brandenburg) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing land division with Küstrin as recent as middle in the 16th century, it then quickly reunited and grew rapidly in importance after inheriting the Duchy of Prussia in 1618."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Hohenzollern came to the throne of Brandenburg in 1415."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Brandenburg-Prussia was the predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia, which became a leading German state during the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The resulting Brandenburg-Prussia was the predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia, which became a leading German state during the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was replaced after the Napoleonic Wars with the Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1815."}, {"id": "Q700264", "label": "Province of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was replaced after the Napoleonic Wars with the Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1815."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire; it was the legal predecessor of the united German Reich of 1871–1945, and as such a direct ancestor of the present-day Federal Republic of Germany,"}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire; it was the legal predecessor of the united German Reich of 1871–1945, and as such a direct ancestor of the present-day Federal Republic of Germany,"}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire; it was the legal predecessor of the united German Reich of 1871–1945, and as such a direct ancestor of the present-day Federal Republic of Germany,"}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "History - Northern March", "says": "King Henry the Fowler started governing in the region in 928–929, allowing Emperor Otto I to establish the Northern March under Margrave Gero in 936 during the German Ostsiedlung."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Northern March", "says": "King Henry the Fowler started governing in the region in 928–929, allowing Emperor Otto I to establish the Northern March under Margrave Gero in 936 during the German Ostsiedlung."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "History - Early Ascanian rule", "says": "During the second phase of the German Ostsiedlung, Albert the Bear began the expansionary eastern policy of the Ascanians."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "History - Early Ascanian rule", "says": "In the same year, Emperor Lothair III named Albert margrave of the Northern March and raised Pribislav to the status of king, although that was later rescinded."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Early Ascanian rule", "says": "In contrast to their leaders, who had accepted Christianity, the Havolane population still worshipped old Slavic deities and opposed Albert's assumption of power."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "This policy brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "The middle of the 13th century was a time of important developments for the Ascanian House, as it won Stettin (Szczecin) and the Uckermark (1250), although the former was later lost to the Duchy of Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q1515009", "label": "Duchy of Greater Poland", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "Also around 1250 it took over Lubusz Land from then-fragmented Poland and subsequently conquered northwestern parts of the Duchy of Greater Poland in the late 13th century, moving the border east of the Oder river."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "Henry II, the last Ascanian margrave, died in 1320."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "Succession conflict after 1319 \nThe death of Margrave Waldemar in 1319 sparked a conflict between the neighbouring principalities of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Mecklenburg, Saxe-Wittenberg, Pomerania-Wolgast, Jawor, and Żagań, for control of different parts of the Margraviate."}, {"id": "Q699820", "label": "Rudolf I", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "In 1319, Wartislaw IV of Pomerania took control of the New March with Torzym Land, the Międzyrzecz castellany, annexed from Greater Poland by Brandenburg in 1297, and northern Lubusz Land, in the north-east, Henry II of Mecklenburg captured Prignitz in the north-west and Uckermark in the north, Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg captured the Mittelmark, Teltow and Barnim, i.e. the central part, Otto the "}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "In 1319, Wartislaw IV of Pomerania took control of the New March with Torzym Land, the Międzyrzecz castellany, annexed from Greater Poland by Brandenburg in 1297, and northern Lubusz Land, in the north-east, Henry II of Mecklenburg captured Prignitz in the north-west and Uckermark in the north, Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg captured the Mittelmark, Teltow and Barnim, i.e. the central part, Otto the "}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "In 1320, a large portion of the Lubusz Land passed to Duke Henry I of Jawor, who tried to reclaim it as a region lost by his grandfather Bolesław II the Horned, and afterwards its western outskirts and a portion of the Uckermark were occupied by Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Decline and extinction of the dynasty", "says": "By February 1322, the eastern outskirts of the Lubusz Land with Torzym and Sulęcin and the Międzyrzecz castellany were controlled by Duke Henry IV the Faithful of Żagań."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "Having defeated the Habsburgs, the Wittelsbach Emperor Louis IV, an uncle of Henry II, formally granted Brandenburg to his oldest son, Louis I (the \"Brandenburger\") in 1323, although various portions of the margraviate were still controlled by various neighbouring principalities."}, {"id": "Q165568", "label": "John XXII", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "Bavarian forces soon entered the region, but in October 1323 Pope John XXII called Louis IV to annul the grant of Brandenburg to Louis V, declaring it unlawful."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "King Władysław I Łokietek of Poland actively joined the ongoing war, invading Frankfurt (Oder) in 1326, and the Międzyrzecz castellany was ultimately reintegrated with Poland."}, {"id": "Q126956", "label": "False Waldemar", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "The rule of Margrave Louis I was rejected by the domestic nobility of Brandenburg, and, after the death of Emperor Louis IV in 1347, the margrave was confronted with the False Waldemar, an imposter of the deceased Margrave Waldemar."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "The pretender was recognized as Margrave of Brandenburg on 2 October 1348 by the new emperor, Charles IV of Luxembourg, but was exposed as a fraud after a peace between the Wittelsbachs and Luxembourgs at Eltville."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "The pretender was recognized as Margrave of Brandenburg on 2 October 1348 by the new emperor, Charles IV of Luxembourg, but was exposed as a fraud after a peace between the Wittelsbachs and Luxembourgs at Eltville."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Luxembourgs", "says": "After the middle of the 14th century, Emperor Charles IV attempted to secure Brandenburg for the House of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Hohenzollerns", "says": "In return for supporting Sigismund as Holy Roman Emperor at Frankfurt in 1410, Frederick VI of Nuremberg, a burgrave of the House of Hohenzollern, was granted hereditary control over Brandenburg in 1411."}, {"id": "Q61336", "label": "Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Hohenzollerns", "says": "Frederick was officially recognized as Margrave and Prince-elector Frederick I of Brandenburg at the Council of Constance in 1415."}, {"id": "Q67345", "label": "John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "section": "History - Hohenzollerns", "says": "John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died childless in 1609."}, {"id": "Q40746", "label": "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Hohenzollerns", "says": "His eldest niece, Anna, Duchess of Prussia, was the wife of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, who promptly claimed the inheritance and sent troops to take hold of some of John William's holdings in the Rhineland."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Hohenzollerns", "says": "Unfortunately for John Sigismund, this effort became tied up with the Thirty Years' War and the disputed succession of Jülich."}, {"id": "Q641138", "label": "Duchy of Cleves", "section": "History - Hohenzollerns", "says": "At the end of the war in 1648, Brandenburg was recognized as the possessor of approximately half the inheritance, comprising the Duchy of Cleves in the Rhineland and the Counties of Mark and Ravensberg in Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q40647", "label": "Albert Frederick of Prussia", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "When Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia died without a son in 1618, his son-in-law John Sigismund inherited the Duchy of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "Prussia lay outside the Holy Roman Empire and the electors of Brandenburg held it as a fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to which the electors paid homage."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "In the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648, Brandenburg-Prussia acquired Farther Pomerania and made it the Province of Pomerania by the Treaty of Stettin (1653)."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Brandenburg-Prussia", "says": "The state constructed Brandenburg's first navy (Kurbrandenburgische Marine), leading to short-lived colonies at Arguin, the Brandenburger Gold Coast, and Saint Thomas."}, {"id": "Q105013", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "King Frederick William I of Prussia, the \"Soldier-King\", modernized the Prussian Army, while his son Frederick the Great achieved glory and infamy with the Silesian Wars and Partitions of Poland."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "King Frederick William I of Prussia, the \"Soldier-King\", modernized the Prussian Army, while his son Frederick the Great achieved glory and infamy with the Silesian Wars and Partitions of Poland."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "History - Kingdom of Prussia", "says": "King Frederick William I of Prussia, the \"Soldier-King\", modernized the Prussian Army, while his son Frederick the Great achieved glory and infamy with the Silesian Wars and Partitions of Poland."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Later years", "says": "During the Gleichschaltung of provinces by Nazi Germany during the 1930s, the Province of Brandenburg and the Free State of Prussia lost all practical relevance."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Later years", "says": "The state of Prussia was de jure abolished in 1947 after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II; the Gau March of Brandenburg was replaced with the Land Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Later years", "says": "Brandenburg west of the Oder–Neisse line lay in the Soviet occupation zone; it became part of the German Democratic Republic."}], "Q155616": [{"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, also known by its short name as the House of Glücksburg, is the senior surviving branch of the German House of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Glücksburg house members have reigned at various times in Denmark, Norway, Greece, the United Kingdom and in northern German states."}, {"id": "Q165241", "label": "Haakon VIII of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Patrilineal members of the House of Glücksburg include the current King of Norway, Haakon VIII, the former monarch Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and former consorts Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Queen Sofía of Spain, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh."}, {"id": "Q102139", "label": "Margrethe II of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Patrilineal members of the House of Glücksburg include the current King of Norway, Haakon VIII, the former monarch Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and former consorts Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Queen Sofía of Spain, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh."}, {"id": "Q156548", "label": "Queen Sofía of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Patrilineal members of the House of Glücksburg include the current King of Norway, Haakon VIII, the former monarch Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and former consorts Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Queen Sofía of Spain, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh."}, {"id": "Q80976", "label": "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh", "section": "lead", "says": "Patrilineal members of the House of Glücksburg include the current King of Norway, Haakon VIII, the former monarch Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and former consorts Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Queen Sofía of Spain, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh."}], "Q15864": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars through the fusion of territories that had belonged to the former Dutch Republic, Austrian Netherlands, and Prince-Bishopric of Liège in order to form a buffer state between the major European powers."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars through the fusion of territories that had belonged to the former Dutch Republic, Austrian Netherlands, and Prince-Bishopric of Liège in order to form a buffer state between the major European powers."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars through the fusion of territories that had belonged to the former Dutch Republic, Austrian Netherlands, and Prince-Bishopric of Liège in order to form a buffer state between the major European powers."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity was a constitutional monarchy, ruled by William I of the House of Orange-Nassau."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity collapsed in 1830 with the outbreak of the Belgian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the Netherlands and Belgium are still kingdoms and Luxembourg is still a grand duchy and the only surviving grand duchy in the world."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), the Low Countries was a patchwork of different polities created by the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648)."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Before the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), the Low Countries was a patchwork of different polities created by the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648)."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch Republic in the north was independent; the Southern Netherlands was split between the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège – the former being part of Habsburg monarchy, while both were part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch Republic in the north was independent; the Southern Netherlands was split between the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège – the former being part of Habsburg monarchy, while both were part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the War of the First Coalition broke out in 1792 and France was invaded by Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the War of the First Coalition broke out in 1792 and France was invaded by Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q159631": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom emerged during the period of territorial reorganisation that followed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, when the Electorate of Württemberg was elevated to royal status as part of Napoleon’s restructuring of the German lands."}, {"id": "Q2172530", "label": "Electorate of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom emerged during the period of territorial reorganisation that followed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, when the Electorate of Württemberg was elevated to royal status as part of Napoleon’s restructuring of the German lands."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine under French protection, Frederick assumed the title King Frederick I of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q170179", "label": "Frederick I of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine under French protection, Frederick assumed the title King Frederick I of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "During the nineteenth century, the kingdom developed into a medium-sized constitutional monarchy within the German Confederation and later the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the nineteenth century, the kingdom developed into a medium-sized constitutional monarchy within the German Confederation and later the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Frederick I", "says": "In return for these favours, Frederick joined French Emperor Napoleon in his campaigns against Prussia, Austria, and Russia."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "History - Frederick I", "says": "After the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Frederick deserted the French emperor and, by a treaty with Metternich at Fulda in November 1813, he secured the confirmation of his royal title and of his recent acquisitions of territory."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Frederick I", "says": "In 1815, the king joined the German Confederation, but the Congress of Vienna made no change to the extent of his lands."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - William I", "says": "Frederick was succeeded by his son, William I (1781–1864; succeeded 1816), who after much discussion, granted a new constitution in September 1819."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - Charles I", "says": "In 1866, Württemberg took up arms on behalf of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, but three weeks after the Battle of Königgrätz (3 July 1866), the allies suffered a comprehensive defeat at the Battle of Tauberbischofsheim."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "History - Charles I", "says": "In 1866, Württemberg took up arms on behalf of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, but three weeks after the Battle of Königgrätz (3 July 1866), the allies suffered a comprehensive defeat at the Battle of Tauberbischofsheim."}, {"id": "Q618935", "label": "Battle of Tauberbischofsheim", "section": "History - Charles I", "says": "In 1866, Württemberg took up arms on behalf of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, but three weeks after the Battle of Königgrätz (3 July 1866), the allies suffered a comprehensive defeat at the Battle of Tauberbischofsheim."}, {"id": "Q684479", "label": "Battle of Wörth", "section": "History - Charles I", "says": "The Army of Württemberg played a creditable part in the Battle of Wörth and in other operations of the war."}, {"id": "Q76927", "label": "Mary of Teck", "section": "History - William II", "says": "A Protestant morganatic line included Mary of Teck, who married George V of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - William II", "says": "A Protestant morganatic line included Mary of Teck, who married George V of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - William II", "says": "A Protestant morganatic line included Mary of Teck, who married George V of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q569871", "label": "Free People's State of Württemberg", "section": "History - William II", "says": "The kingdom was replaced with the Free People's State of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q251660", "label": "Württemberg-Baden", "section": "History - William II", "says": "After World War II, Württemberg was divided between the American and French occupation zones and became part of two new states: Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern."}, {"id": "Q262733", "label": "Württemberg-Hohenzollern", "section": "History - William II", "says": "After World War II, Württemberg was divided between the American and French occupation zones and became part of two new states: Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern."}, {"id": "Q261407", "label": "South Baden", "section": "History - William II", "says": "These two states merged with South Baden in 1952 to become the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg within the Federal Republic of Germany."}], "Q206696": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Helvetic Republic was a sister republic of France that existed between 1798 and 1803, during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created following the French invasion and the consequent dissolution of the Old Swiss Confederacy, marking the end of the ancien régime in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created following the French invasion and the consequent dissolution of the Old Swiss Confederacy, marking the end of the ancien régime in Switzerland."}], "Q209857": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, commonly called the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, was a constituent land (crown land) of the Austrian Empire from 1815 to 1866."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna in recognition of the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine's rights to the former Duchy of Milan and the former Republic of Venice after the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna in recognition of the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine's rights to the former Duchy of Milan and the former Republic of Venice after the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna in recognition of the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine's rights to the former Duchy of Milan and the former Republic of Venice after the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom survived for only fifty years—the region of Lombardy was ceded to France in 1859 after the Second Italian War of Independence, which then immediately ceded it to the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q1248722", "label": "Third Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Lombardy-Venetia was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory was incorporated into the recently proclaimed Kingdom of Italy following the kingdom's victory against Austria in the Third Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q766501", "label": "Duchy of Mantua", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "In the Treaty of Paris in 1814, the Austrians had confirmed their claims to the territories of the former Lombard Duchy of Milan, which had been ruled by the Habsburg monarchy since 1714 and together with the adjacent Duchy of Mantua by the Austrian branch of the dynasty from 1708 to 1796, and of the former Republic of Venice, which had been under Austrian rule intermittently upon the 1797 Treaty "}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "In the Treaty of Paris in 1814, the Austrians had confirmed their claims to the territories of the former Lombard Duchy of Milan, which had been ruled by the Habsburg monarchy since 1714 and together with the adjacent Duchy of Mantua by the Austrian branch of the dynasty from 1708 to 1796, and of the former Republic of Venice, which had been under Austrian rule intermittently upon the 1797 Treaty "}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The Congress of Vienna combined these lands into a single kingdom, ruled in personal union by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria; as distinct from the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio as well as the Duchy of Parma, which remained independent entities under Habsburg rule."}, {"id": "Q252580", "label": "Duchy of Modena and Reggio", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The Congress of Vienna combined these lands into a single kingdom, ruled in personal union by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria; as distinct from the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio as well as the Duchy of Parma, which remained independent entities under Habsburg rule."}, {"id": "Q623164", "label": "Five Days of Milan", "section": "History - Years of the Kingdom", "says": "After a popular revolution on 22 March 1848, known as the \"Five Days of Milan\", the Austrians fled from Milan, which became the capital city of a Governo Provvisorio della Lombardia (Lombardy Provisional Government)."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "History - Years of the Kingdom", "says": "Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria ruled over the kingdom for the rest of its existence."}, {"id": "Q324916", "label": "Battle of Solferino", "section": "History - End of the Kingdom", "says": "After the Second Italian War of Independence and the defeat in the Battle of Solferino in 1859, Austria by the Treaty of Zurich had to cede Lombardy up to the Mincio River, except for the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera, to the French Emperor Napoleon III, who immediately passed it to the Kingdom of Sardinia and the embryonic Italian state."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - End of the Kingdom", "says": "After the Second Italian War of Independence and the defeat in the Battle of Solferino in 1859, Austria by the Treaty of Zurich had to cede Lombardy up to the Mincio River, except for the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera, to the French Emperor Napoleon III, who immediately passed it to the Kingdom of Sardinia and the embryonic Italian state."}], "Q211853": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Serbian Krajina or Serb Republic of Krajina (Serbian: Република Српска Крајина / Republika Srpska Krajina, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sr̩̂pskaː krâjina]; abbr. РСК / RSK), also known as the Serbian Krajina (Српска Крајина / Srpska Krajina) or simply Krajina (Крајина), was an unrecognised geopolitical entity and a self-proclaimed Serb quasi-state, a territory within the newly independent"}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Serbian Krajina or Serb Republic of Krajina (Serbian: Република Српска Крајина / Republika Srpska Krajina, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sr̩̂pskaː krâjina]; abbr. РСК / RSK), also known as the Serbian Krajina (Српска Крајина / Srpska Krajina) or simply Krajina (Крајина), was an unrecognised geopolitical entity and a self-proclaimed Serb quasi-state, a territory within the newly independent"}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Serbian Krajina or Serb Republic of Krajina (Serbian: Република Српска Крајина / Republika Srpska Krajina, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sr̩̂pskaː krâjina]; abbr. РСК / RSK), also known as the Serbian Krajina (Српска Крајина / Srpska Krajina) or simply Krajina (Крајина), was an unrecognised geopolitical entity and a self-proclaimed Serb quasi-state, a territory within the newly independent"}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The RSK government waged a war for ethnic Serb independence from Croatia and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska (in Bosnia and Herzegovina)."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "The RSK government waged a war for ethnic Serb independence from Croatia and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska (in Bosnia and Herzegovina)."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The RSK government waged a war for ethnic Serb independence from Croatia and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska (in Bosnia and Herzegovina)."}, {"id": "Q321885", "label": "Erdut Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "A rump remained in eastern Slavonia under UNTAES administration until its peaceful reintegration into Croatia in 1998 under the Erdut Agreement."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The name Krajina (meaning \"frontier\") stemmed from the Military Frontier which the Habsburg monarchy carved out of parts of the crown lands of Croatia and Slavonia between 1553 and 1578 with a view to defending itself against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the end of World War I in 1918, the regions formerly forming part of the Military Frontier came under the control of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where they formed part of the Sava Banovina, along with most of the old Croatia-Slavonia."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the end of World War I in 1918, the regions formerly forming part of the Military Frontier came under the control of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where they formed part of the Sava Banovina, along with most of the old Croatia-Slavonia."}, {"id": "Q2263774", "label": "Svetozar Pribićević", "section": "Background", "says": "Between the two World Wars, the Serbs of the Croatian and Slavonian Krajina, as well as those of the Bosnian Krajina and of other regions west of Serbia, organized a notable political party, the Independent Democratic Party under Svetozar Pribićević."}, {"id": "Q347471", "label": "Stjepan Radić", "section": "Background", "says": "In the new state there existed much tension between the Croats and Serbs over differing political visions, with the campaign for Croatian autonomy culminating in the assassination of a Croatian leader, Stjepan Radić, in the parliament, and repression by the Serb-dominated security structures."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1941, the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia and in the aftermath the Independent State of Croatia (which included the whole of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Serbia (Eastern Syrmia) as well) was declared."}, {"id": "Q314295", "label": "Milan Babić", "section": "Decline", "says": "Milan Babić strongly opposed the Vance Plan but was overruled by the RSK's assembly."}, {"id": "Q295043", "label": "Goran Hadžić", "section": "Decline", "says": "On 26 February 1992, Babić was deposed and replaced as President of the RSK by Goran Hadžić, a Milošević loyalist."}], "Q2431480": [{"id": "Q320122", "label": "Songtsän Gampo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tibetan Empire (Tibetan: བོད་ཆེན་པོ, Wylie: bod chen po, lit. 'Great Tibet') was centered on the Tibetan Plateau and formed as a result of expansions under the Yarlung dynasty's 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century."}, {"id": "Q366661", "label": "Tri Songdetsen", "section": "lead", "says": "It expanded further under Trisong Detsen and reached its greatest extent under Tritsuk Detsen, stretching east to Chang'an, west beyond modern Afghanistan, south into modern India and the Bay of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It expanded further under Trisong Detsen and reached its greatest extent under Tritsuk Detsen, stretching east to Chang'an, west beyond modern Afghanistan, south into modern India and the Bay of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q558271", "label": "Langdarma", "section": "lead", "says": "The murder of Tritsuk Detsen in 838 by his brother Langdarma, and Langdarma's subsequent enthronement followed by his assassination in 842 marks the simultaneous beginning of the dissolution of the empire period."}, {"id": "Q1358851", "label": "Zhangzhung", "section": "History - Namri Songtsen and founding of the dynasty", "says": "There, according to the Old Tibetan Chronicle, a group convinced Tagbu Nyazig (Stag-bu snya-gzigs) to rebel against Gudri Zingpoje (Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje), who was, in turn, a vassal of the Zhangzhung empire under the Lig myi dynasty."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Reign of Mangsong Mangtsen (650–676)", "says": "Between 665 and 670, Khotan was defeated by the Tibetans, and a long string of conflicts ensued with the Chinese Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2666817", "label": "Tridu Songtsen", "section": "History - Reign of Tridu Songtsen (677–704)", "says": "The power of Emperor Tridu Songtsen was offset, to an extent, by that of his mother, Thrimalö and the influence of the Gar clan. (Wylie: mgar)."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Reign of Tride Tsuktsen (704–754)", "says": "The Umayyad Caliphate and Turgesh became increasingly prominent in the 710s."}, {"id": "Q492415", "label": "Battle of Talas", "section": "History - Reign of Tride Tsuktsen (704–754)", "says": "However, after Gao Xianzhi's defeat by the Caliphate and Karluks at the Battle of Talas (751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence began to increase again."}, {"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "History - Reign of Trisong Detsen (756–797)", "says": "In 755, China had already begun to be weakened because of the An Shi Rebellion started by An Lushan in 751, which would last until 763."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Reign of Trisong Detsen (756–797)", "says": "Recent historical research indicates the presence of Christianity in as early as the sixth and seventh centuries, a period when the Hephthalites had extensive links with the Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Reign of Trisong Detsen (756–797)", "says": "Recent historical research indicates the presence of Christianity in as early as the sixth and seventh centuries, a period when the Hephthalites had extensive links with the Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q1910177", "label": "Sadnalegs", "section": "History - Reign of Tride Songtsen (799–815)", "says": "Under Tride Songtsen (Khri lde srong brtsan – generally known as Sadnalegs), there was a protracted war with the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Reign of Tride Songtsen (799–815)", "says": "Under Tride Songtsen (Khri lde srong brtsan – generally known as Sadnalegs), there was a protracted war with the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "History - Reign of Tride Songtsen (799–815)", "says": "In the meantime, the Uyghur Khaganate attacked Tibet from the northeast."}, {"id": "Q2353150", "label": "Ralpacan", "section": "History - Reign of Tritsu Detsen (815–838)", "says": "Tritsu Detsen (Khri gtsug lde brtsan), best known as Ralpachen, is important to Tibetan Buddhists as one of the three Dharma Kings who brought Buddhism to Tibet."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Reign of Tritsu Detsen (815–838)", "says": "It was under the reign of Ralpachen that the political power of Tibet was at its greatest extent, stretching as far as Mongolia and Bengal, and entering into treaties with China on a mutual basis."}], "Q243652": [{"id": "Q516160", "label": "First Hungarian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of Hungary was a short-lived state that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919 (133 days), succeeding the First Hungarian Republic."}, {"id": "Q151646", "label": "Béla Kun", "section": "lead", "says": "The nominal head of government was Sándor Garbai, but the de facto leader was Béla Kun, leader of the Party of Communists in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Communist government failed to reach an agreement with the Triple Entente that would lead to the lifting of the economic blockade, the improvement of the new borders or the recognition of the new government by the victorious powers of World War I."}, {"id": "Q200896", "label": "Slovak Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In mid-June, the birth of the Slovak Soviet Republic was proclaimed, which lasted two weeks until a Hungarian withdrawal at the request of the Triple Entente."}], "Q28025": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ryukyu Kingdom became a vassal state of the Satsuma Domain of Japan after the invasion of Ryukyu in 1609 but retained de jure independence until it was transformed into the Ryukyu Domain by the Empire of Japan in 1872."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - Origins of the Kingdom", "says": "On 30 January 1406, the Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the Ryukyuans castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to serve in the Ming imperial palace."}, {"id": "Q1372130", "label": "Shō Hashi", "section": "History - Origins of the Kingdom", "says": "Shō Hashi adopted the Chinese hierarchical court system, built Shuri Castle and the town as his capital, and constructed Naha harbor."}, {"id": "Q430964", "label": "Hōjō Tokimune", "section": "History - Invasion of neighbouring islands and the Amami islands", "says": "During the Kamakura and Nanbokuchō periods, Amami was held as the property of Hōjō Tokimune."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "History - Satsuma Clan's invasion and subordination", "says": "Around 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi asked the Ryukyu Kingdom to aid in his campaign to conquer Korea."}, {"id": "Q907317", "label": "Shō Nei", "section": "History - Satsuma Clan's invasion and subordination", "says": "Occupation occurred fairly quickly, with some fierce fighting, and King Shō Nei was taken prisoner to Kagoshima and later to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)."}, {"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "History - Annexation by the Japanese Empire", "says": "In 1872, Emperor Meiji unilaterally declared that the kingdom was then Ryukyu Domain."}, {"id": "Q1372454", "label": "Shō Tai", "section": "History - Annexation by the Japanese Empire", "says": "The last king of Ryukyu was forced to relocate to Tokyo, and was given a compensating kazoku rank as Marquis Shō Tai."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Annexation by the Japanese Empire", "says": "With the abolition of the aristocracy after World War II, the Sho family continues to live in Tokyo."}], "Q330362": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Commonwealth of England, enlarged in 1653 as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when the Kingdom of England was dissolved into a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I."}, {"id": "Q3025332", "label": "Second English Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Commonwealth of England, enlarged in 1653 as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when the Kingdom of England was dissolved into a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1653, after dissolution of the Rump Parliament, the Army Council adopted the Instrument of Government, by which Oliver Cromwell was made Lord Protector of a united \"Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland\", inaugurating the period now usually known as the Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q203980", "label": "Richard Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "After Cromwell's death, and following a brief period of rule under his son, Richard Cromwell, the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, starting a process that led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660."}, {"id": "Q1787448", "label": "Pride's Purge", "section": "History - Rump Parliament", "says": "The Rump was created by Pride's Purge of those members of the Long Parliament who did not support the political position of the Grandees in the New Model Army."}, {"id": "Q1395992", "label": "John Lambert", "section": "History - 1659–1660", "says": "On 12 October 1659 the Commons cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the Speaker."}], "Q435583": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: Orte or Stände, French: cantons), initially within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: Orte or Stände, French: cantons), initially within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The confederacy pledged neutrality in 1647 (under the threat of the Thirty Years' War), although many Swiss served privately as mercenaries in the Italian Wars and during the early modern period."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The confederacy pledged neutrality in 1647 (under the threat of the Thirty Years' War), although many Swiss served privately as mercenaries in the Italian Wars and during the early modern period."}, {"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Swabian War of 1499 the confederacy was a de facto independent state throughout the early modern period, although still nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648 when the Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Swiss Confederacy fell to a French invasion in 1798, after which it became the short-lived Helvetic Republic."}, {"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Since 1889, the Federal Charter of 1291 among the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden has been considered the founding document of the confederacy."}, {"id": "Q315342", "label": "Burgundian Wars", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Burgundian Wars prompted a further enlargement of the confederacy; Fribourg and Solothurn were accepted in 1481."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "By defeating the Duchy of Burgundy in this war, the Confederacy mana"}, {"id": "Q688257", "label": "Appenzell", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "In Glarus, Appenzell, in the Grisons and in most condominiums both religions coexisted; Appenzell split in 1597 into a Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden and a Protestant Appenzell Ausserrhoden."}, {"id": "Q240243", "label": "Wars of Kappel", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "The division led to civil war (the Wars of Kappel) and separate alliances with foreign powers by the Catholic and Protestant factions, but the confederacy as a whole continued to exist."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Reformation", "says": "At the Peace of Westphalia, the Swiss delegation was granted formal recognition of the confederacy as a state independent of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Growing social differences and an increasing absolutism in the city cantons during the Ancien Régime led to local popular revolts."}, {"id": "Q233594", "label": "Second War of Kappel", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The politically dominant cantons were Zürich and Bern (both Protestant), but the Catholic cantons were influential since the Second War of Kappel in 1531."}], "Q756617": [{"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "It consists of metropolitan Denmark (sometimes called \"Denmark proper\")—the kingdom's territory in continental Europe and its proximate islands—and the realm's two autonomous (but not sovereign) regions: the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The relationship between the three parts of the kingdom is known as Rigsfællesskabet (The Unity of the Realm, which has also been translated as the Danish Commonwealth or the United Kingdom of Denmark)."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been under the Crown of Denmark since 1397 (de facto) when the Kalmar Union was ratified, and part of the Danish Realm since 1814 (de jure)."}, {"id": "Q62567", "label": "Kingdom of Iceland", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The act established a personal union between Denmark and the newly created Kingdom of Iceland, with Denmark handling coastal protection and foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Historical background", "says": "This happened during World War II, where Denmark and Iceland were cut off from each other, as Denmark was occupied by Germany, and Iceland by the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Historical background", "says": "This happened during World War II, where Denmark and Iceland were cut off from each other, as Denmark was occupied by Germany, and Iceland by the United States."}], "Q796583": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1862 to 1914, it functioned intermittently as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1914, following the Portuguese suppression of a Kongo revolt, Portugal abolished the titular monarchy."}, {"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "The remaining territories of the kingdom were assimilated into the colony of Portuguese Angola and the Independent State of the Congo respectively."}, {"id": "Q313060", "label": "Diogo Cão", "section": "History - Contact with Portugal and Christianisation", "says": "In 1483, the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the coast of the Kongo Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Contact with Portugal and Christianisation", "says": "They remained in Europe for nearly four years, studying Christianity and learning reading and writing."}, {"id": "Q964618", "label": "Afonso I", "section": "History - Contact with Portugal and Christianisation", "says": "Therefore, upon the death of João I in 1506, a conflict arose between conservatives who preferred the Kongolese faith and the Catholic bloc led by Afonso I."}, {"id": "Q1796232", "label": "Kingdom of Ndongo", "section": "History - Expansion of the slave trade", "says": "New markets for slaves such as Mpanzalumbu (a rebel Kongolese province conquered by Afonso in 1526) and the Mbundu Kingdom of Ndongo also rivalled the Kongolese monopoly on the sla"}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Kongo under the House of Kwilu", "says": "As the Jagas drove him from the capital to refuge on an island in the Congo River, Álvaro appealed to Portugal for aid, and was sent an expedition under Francisco de Gouveia Sottomaior, governor of São Tomé."}, {"id": "Q4871703", "label": "Battle of Mbumbi", "section": "History - First Kongo-Portuguese War", "says": "The Portuguese forces scored a victory at the Battle of Mbumbi."}, {"id": "Q973988", "label": "Kingdom of Matamba", "section": "History - Dutch invasion of Luanda, and the Second Portuguese War", "says": "While relations between São Salvador and Luanda were not warm, the two polities had enjoyed an easy peace, due to the former's internal distractions, and the latter's war against the Kingdom of Matamba."}, {"id": "Q4871476", "label": "Battle of Kombi", "section": "History - Third Portuguese War", "says": "In 1647, Kongo troops participated in the Battle of Kombi, where they soundly defeated the Portuguese field army, after forcing them to fight defensively."}, {"id": "Q1752752", "label": "Battle of Mbwila", "section": "History - Battle of Mbwila", "says": "At the Battle of Mbwila in 1665, the Portuguese forces from Angola had their first victory against the kingdom of Kongo since 1622."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Battle of Mbwila", "says": "Many of the survivors of the Kongo army were taken captive and sold as slaves in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q4871456", "label": "Battle of Kitombo", "section": "History - Kongo Civil War", "says": "They met with no more success than Garcia II, being roundly defeated by Soyo's forces at the Battle of Kitombo on 18 October 1670."}], "Q1433867": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged after the fragmentation of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q2467956", "label": "Kasym", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reigns of Burunduk Khan and Kasym Khan, the Kazakhs came to control nearly the entire steppe region."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Under his rule, Kazakh authority extended from the territory of present-day southeastern Kazakhstan to the Ural Mountains."}, {"id": "Q2497155", "label": "Tauke Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Tauke Khan, the khanate, in effect, split into three independent khanates."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Kazakh Khanate was formed as a result of the disintegration of the Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, which had originally been a ulus of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Ulus of Jochi within the Mongol Empire", "says": "In 1206, Genghis Khan was proclaimed the ruler of all the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q644979", "label": "Blue Horde", "section": "History - The Eastern wing of the Ulus of Jochi", "says": "Blue Horde was inhabited primarily by Turkic and Mongol steppe tribes, including the Kipchaks and Kangly who had lived there before the Mongol conquest, as well as the Naimans, Keraites, Karluks, Khongirats, Merkits, Jalayir, and Tatars who had accompanied Genghis Khan's Mongols."}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "History - The Eastern wing of the Ulus of Jochi", "says": "Following the death of Jani Beg in 1357, the Golden Horde entered a period of political turmoil."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - The Eastern wing of the Ulus of Jochi", "says": "In 1378, the young Mangyshlak prince Tokhtamysh, a descendant of Tuqa-Timur, the youngest son of Jochi, was installed as khan at Sighnaq with the support of the Samarqand amir Timur."}, {"id": "Q1374159", "label": "Urus Khan", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "This struggle had already begun among various branches of the Jochid dynasty during the reign of Barak Khan, the grandson of the famous Urus Khan, and intensified following Barak's death."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "This tribal confederation migrated to Moghulistan, where they practiced qazaqliq."}, {"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Around 1495–1496, Burunduk Khan and Muhammad Shaybani Khan agreed on a division of territories: the Kazakh rulers retained control over several cities of northern Turkestan, while the Shaybanids held the southern cities such as Otrar, Yasi, Arkuq, and Uzgend."}, {"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "During this period, Muhammad Shaybani controlled only the southern part of Turkestan."}, {"id": "Q2658842", "label": "Janybek Khan", "section": "History - Burunduk and Kasym", "says": "Kasym, son of Janibek, became the khan in 1511 and from that point only the descendants of Janibek Khan ruled Kazakh khanate until its fall."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "History - Burunduk and Kasym", "says": "Under his rule, the Kazakh Khanate reached its greatest strength so much that the Nogai Horde, which occupied the territory of modern Western Kazakhstan, became its number one enemy."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "History - Burunduk and Kasym", "says": "Kasym successfully captured the Nogai capital Saray-Juk in 1520, pushing the Nogai Horde to the Astrakhan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "History - Burunduk and Kasym", "says": "One of the first states to establish diplomatic contacts with him was the Tsardom of Russia under Vasily III Ivanovich."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Burunduk and Kasym", "says": "During Kasym's reign, the Kazakhs became known in Western Europe as a distinct ethnic community after being mentioned by the Austrian diplomat Sigismund von Herberstein, who visited Moscow in 1517 and 1526."}, {"id": "Q4494877", "label": "Khaqnazar Khan", "section": "History - Haqnazar Khan (1537–1580)", "says": "Under Haqnazar Khan, also known as Haq-Nazar or Khaknazar Khan or Ak Nazar Khan, The Kazakh Khanate regained control over the eastern Qipchaq Steppe during the reign of Haqq Nazar, a son of Kasym Khan, successfully defeating the Manghits (Nogai Horde)."}, {"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "History - Haqnazar Khan (1537–1580)", "says": "According to popular tradition, by the time of Haqq Nazar Khan, the Kazakhs had divided into three groups: the Great Horde in Jetisu, the Middle Horde in central Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia, and the Little Horde in western Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Tawakkul Khan (1586–1598)", "says": "They were eventually defeated in subsequent battles by the Uzbeks, including forces led by Baki Muhammad, the founder of the Toqay-Timurid (Astrakhanid) dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1576797", "label": "Qasim Khan", "section": "History - Esim Khan and Tursun khan (1598–1628)", "says": "His reign marked a period of the Kazakh Khanate’s third major rise in power, following the eras of Qasim Khan and Haqq Nazar Khan."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Salqam-Jangir Khan (1629–1652)", "says": "During the reign of Salqam-Jangir Khan, a new and powerful rival of the Kazakhs appeared in the east, known as the Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q743749", "label": "Erdeni Batur", "section": "History - Salqam-Jangir Khan (1629–1652)", "says": "Major battle began in the winter of 1643 with the attack of Erdeni Batur on the Kazakh lands."}, {"id": "Q4098701", "label": "Bulavin Rebellion", "section": "History - Tauke Khan (1680–1718)", "says": "After the suppression of the Bulavin Rebellion, he defeated the Cossacks who had participated in the uprising and attacked the Kazakh nomads."}, {"id": "Q322100", "label": "Ablai Khan", "section": "History - Ablai Khan (1771–1781)", "says": "Ablai Khan was a khan of the Middle jüz or Horde who managed to extend his control over the other two jüzes to include all of the Kazakhs."}, {"id": "Q4208075", "label": "Kazakh–Dzungar Wars", "section": "History - Ablai Khan (1771–1781)", "says": "Before he became khan, Ablai participated in the Kazakh–Dzungar Wars and proved himself a talented organizer and commander."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Ablai Khan (1771–1781)", "says": "During his actual reign, Ablai Khan did his best to keep Kazakhstan as independent as possible from the encroaching Russian Empire and the Chinese Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q372192", "label": "Amursana", "section": "History - Ablai Khan (1771–1781)", "says": "He also sheltered the Dzungar Oirat taishas Amursana and Dawachi from attacks by the Dzungar Khan Lama Dorji, as the Dzungar Khanate fractured following the death of Galdan Tseren in 1745."}, {"id": "Q160165", "label": "Anna I of Russia", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "On October 10, 1731, the khan of the Junior Jüz, Abu'l Khayr, swore fealty to Anna of Russia to obtain Russian help against his rival Sultan Qayip and to secure economic stability."}, {"id": "Q129799", "label": "Bukey Horde", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "1827–1828 saw the first serious Kazakh resistance to the Russians, as Qayip Ali led fighters of the Bukey Horde against a Russian garrison"}], "Q154667": [{"id": "Q36760", "label": "David IV of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from the 11th to 13th centuries."}, {"id": "Q154816", "label": "Kingdom of the Iberians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Georgia emerged in the early 11th century out of unification of various Georgian kingdoms, most notably the Kingdom of the Iberians and the Kingdom of Abkhazia."}, {"id": "Q325493", "label": "Kingdom of Abkhazia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Georgia emerged in the early 11th century out of unification of various Georgian kingdoms, most notably the Kingdom of the Iberians and the Kingdom of Abkhazia."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The following decades were marked by the Black Death, as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Timur, who devastated the country's economy, population, and urban centers."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom's geopolitical situation further worsened after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of Trebizond by the Ottoman Turks."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom's geopolitical situation further worsened after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of Trebizond by the Ottoman Turks."}, {"id": "Q1363706", "label": "David III of Tao", "section": "History - Unification of the Georgian State", "says": "During the 10th century, David III of Tao invaded Kartli, a de-facto independent region under the control of the kingdom of Abkhazian, giving it to his adopted son, who would later be known as Bagrat III of Georgia, with his biological father, Gurgen of Iberia, as regent."}, {"id": "Q467266", "label": "Bagrat III of Georgia", "section": "History - Unification of the Georgian State", "says": "During the 10th century, David III of Tao invaded Kartli, a de-facto independent region under the control of the kingdom of Abkhazian, giving it to his adopted son, who would later be known as Bagrat III of Georgia, with his biological father, Gurgen of Iberia, as regent."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "History - Unification of the Georgian State", "says": "During this time, the Kingdom of Abkhazia encompassing what is today western Georgia was under the rule of Theodosius the Blind, who did not have a successor and was the maternal uncle of Bagrat III."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - War and peace with Byzantium", "says": "This war had its roots in the 990s, when David III, after losing a rebellion against the Byzantine Emperor Basil II, agreed to cede his lands in Tao to the emperor upon his death."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - War and peace with Byzantium", "says": "George I, in an attempt to take back the Kuropalates' land, occupied Tao starting from 1015 or 1016, during a Byzantine war with the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - War and peace with Byzantium", "says": "When Bulgaria was dealt with in 1021, Basil II turned his attention to Georgia, leading to a two-year-long war and an eventual Byzantine victory."}, {"id": "Q7216494", "label": "First Kingdom of Kakheti", "section": "History - War and peace with Byzantium", "says": "During the war against Byzantium, Gagik, a relative of kvirike III the great, rebelled and took control of eastern Georgia, restoring the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti."}, {"id": "Q210564", "label": "Michael VII Doukas", "section": "History - Great Turkish Invasion", "says": "In a political arrangement, Bagrat's daughter Maria married the Byzantine co-emperor Michael VII Doukas at some point between 1066 and 1071."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "History - Great Turkish Invasion", "says": "In 1065 the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan attacked Kartli, taking Tbilisi and building a mosque."}, {"id": "Q887083", "label": "George II of Georgia", "section": "History - Great Turkish Invasion", "says": "During the internecine conflict between Seljuk heirs, George II of Georgia defeated a Seljuk governor, Sarang of Ganja, at the Battle of Partskhisi in 1074."}, {"id": "Q1378373", "label": "Malik Shah", "section": "History - Great Turkish Invasion", "says": "Georgia eventually submitted to Malik Shah, paying an annual tribute in order to have peace."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - David IV", "says": "Muhammad declared a holy war on Georgia, but David IV defeated his army at Didgori in 1121, marking the end of the turkish hegemony in the caucasus."}, {"id": "Q17526620", "label": "Kingdom of Shirvan", "section": "History - Reign of Demetrius I and George III", "says": "The Seljuqid sultans fought to restore the rule of the Shirvanshahs."}, {"id": "Q428400", "label": "Eldiguzids", "section": "History - Reign of Demetrius I and George III", "says": "In reply to this, the sultan of the Eldiguzids attacked Ganja several times, and in 1143 the town again fell to the sultan."}, {"id": "Q2031186", "label": "Saltukids", "section": "History - Reign of Demetrius I and George III", "says": "While a Georgian army waited in ambush, he offered tribute to Saltukids, ruler of Erzerum and asked the latter to accept him as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History - Golden age", "says": "In spite of repeated incidents of dynastic strife, the kingdom continued to prosper during the reigns of Demetrios I (c.1125–1156), George III (c.1156–1184), and especially, his daughter Tamar (c.1184–1213)."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "History - Queen Tamar's reign", "says": "In an attempt to reassure her Empire's neighbor, she issued a peace document in Arabic, believed to be addressed to Kilij Arslan II, stating, \"in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost to be friend of your friends, enemy of your enemies, as long as I am alive, to have the best intentions, never to attack your towns, states or fortresses\"."}, {"id": "Q1362993", "label": "David Soslan", "section": "History - Queen Tamar's reign", "says": "The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195."}, {"id": "Q1048657", "label": "Battle of Shamkor", "section": "History - Queen Tamar's reign", "says": "The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195."}, {"id": "Q2920414", "label": "Battle of Basian", "section": "History - Queen Tamar's reign", "says": "Alarmed by the Georgian successes, Süleymanshah II, the resurgent Seljuqid sultan of Rûm, rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, but his camp was attacked and destroyed by David Soslan at the Battle of Basian in 1203 or 1204."}, {"id": "Q400360", "label": "Ahlatshahs", "section": "History - Queen Tamar's reign", "says": "Exploiting her success in this battle, between 1203 and 1205 Georgians seized the town of Dvin and entered Ahlatshah possessions twice and subdued the emir of Kars (vassal of the Saltukids in Erzurum), the Ahlatshahs, and the emirs of Erzurum and Erzincan."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - George V the Brilliant", "says": "In 1335, after his death without a successor, the Ilkhanate fell into a state of civil war and was divided into several states."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - George V the Brilliant", "says": "George V took good advantage of the situation."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "History - George V the Brilliant", "says": "George V had friendly relations with King Philip VI of France, as evidenced by the correspondence between them."}, {"id": "Q553204", "label": "Shah Rukh", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "Turkomans, particularly the Kara Koyunlu clan, were among the first to rebel against Shah Rukh who ruled most of the Persia and Mawerannahr."}, {"id": "Q431850", "label": "Constantine I of Georgia", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "Constantine I of Georgia, fearing further encroachment, allied himself with the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I to counter Turkoman advance and engaged them in the Battle of Chalagan, in which he was defeated and taken captive."}, {"id": "Q168776", "label": "Ibrahim I", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "Constantine I of Georgia, fearing further encroachment, allied himself with the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I to counter Turkoman advance and engaged them in the Battle of Chalagan, in which he was defeated and taken captive."}, {"id": "Q2920626", "label": "Battle of Chalagan", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "Constantine I of Georgia, fearing further encroachment, allied himself with the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I to counter Turkoman advance and engaged them in the Battle of Chalagan, in which he was defeated and taken captive."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "Kara Koyunlu tribal confederation was destroyed by Aq Qoyunlu, their kin tribesmen who formed another confederation, which was similar in many ways to its predecessor."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "Georgia was at least twice attacked by Uzun Hasan"}], "Q16410": [{"id": "Q164348", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a professed communist state, governed first by the Hungarian Working People's Party and after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Both governments were closely tied to the Soviet Union as part of the Eastern Bloc."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The state considered itself the heir to the Hungarian Soviet Republic, which was formed in 1919 as one of the first communist states created after the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR)."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, it bordered Romania and the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian SSR) to the east; Yugoslavia (via SRs Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia) to the southwest; Czechoslovakia to the north and Austria to the west."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, it bordered Romania and the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian SSR) to the east; Yugoslavia (via SRs Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia) to the southwest; Czechoslovakia to the north and Austria to the west."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, it bordered Romania and the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian SSR) to the east; Yugoslavia (via SRs Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia) to the southwest; Czechoslovakia to the north and Austria to the west."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "After initially allowing the Revolution to run its course, the Soviet Union sent thousands of troops and tanks to crush the opposition and install a new Soviet-controlled government under Kádár, killing thousands of Hungarians and driving hundreds of thousands into exile."}, {"id": "Q219062", "label": "Zoltán Tildy", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "The coalition, under Prime Minister Zoltán Tildy, thus frustrated the Kremlin's expectations of ruling through a democratically elected government."}, {"id": "Q344780", "label": "László Rajk", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Communist Interior Minister László Rajk established the ÁVH secret police, in an effort to suppress political opposition through intimidation, false accusations, imprisonment and torture."}, {"id": "Q207631", "label": "Mátyás Rákosi", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "In early 1947, the Soviet Union pressed the leader of the Hungarian Communists, Mátyás Rákosi, a surviving member of the Soviet Republic's government, to take a \"line of more pronounced class struggle\"."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "American observers likened communist machinations to a coup and concluded that \"the coup in Hungary is Russia's answer to our actions in Greece and Turkey\", referring to US military intervention in the Greek Civil War and the building of US military bases in Turkey pursuant to the Truman Doctrine."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - Stalinist era (1949–1956)", "says": "At the September 1949 trial, Rajk made a forced confession, claiming that he had been an agent of Miklós Horthy, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito and Western imperialism."}, {"id": "Q176170", "label": "Ernő Gerő", "section": "History - Stalinist era (1949–1956)", "says": "He also admitted that he had taken part in a murder plot against Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő."}, {"id": "Q200850", "label": "János Kádár", "section": "History - Stalinist era (1949–1956)", "says": "Despite their helping Rákosi to liquidate Rajk, future Hungarian leader János Kádár and other dissidents were also purged from the party during this period."}, {"id": "Q177917", "label": "Imre Nagy", "section": "History - Revolution of 1956", "says": "The Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party responded to the pressure by appointing the reformer Imre Nagy as the new prime minister."}, {"id": "Q44071", "label": "Yuri Andropov", "section": "History - Changes under Kádár", "says": "During a 1983 visit to Hungary, Soviet leader Yuri Andropov expressed interest in adopting some of the country's economic reforms in the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Changes under Kádár", "says": "Bush and the foreign ministers of France and West Germany visited Budapest, where they received a friendly welcome, bu"}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Transition to democracy", "says": "In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev rose to power in the Soviet Union, and changed the course of its foreign policy."}, {"id": "Q1028400", "label": "Károly Grósz", "section": "History - Transition to democracy", "says": "In 1988, Kádár was replaced as General Secretary of the MSZMP by Prime Minister Károly Grósz, and reformist communist leader Imre Pozsgay was admitted to the Politburo."}, {"id": "Q651317", "label": "Imre Pozsgay", "section": "History - Transition to democracy", "says": "In 1988, Kádár was replaced as General Secretary of the MSZMP by Prime Minister Károly Grósz, and reformist communist leader Imre Pozsgay was admitted to the Politburo."}], "Q199443": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghurids were centered in the hills of the Ghor region in the present-day central Afghanistan, where they initially started out as local chiefs."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "lead", "says": "They gradually converted to Sunni Islam after the conquest of Ghor by the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when Muhammad of Ghor seized Lahore and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when Muhammad of Ghor seized Lahore and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seljuk imperial power, however, was itself swept away in eastern Iran with the contemporaneous advent of the Khwarazmian Empire."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "During the dyarchy of the Ala al-Din Husayn nephews – Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad and Muhammad of Ghor, the Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent, holding encompassed territory from eastern Iran through easternmost India."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire."}, {"id": "Q2746373", "label": "Ali ibn Muhammad", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The early Ghurids followed Paganism before being converted to Islam by Abu Ali ibn Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q141094", "label": "Bahram-Shah of Ghazna", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram-Shah of Ghazna poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge in the city of Ghazni after having a quarrel with his brother Sayf al-Din Suri."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "History - Ghurid conquest of Khorasan", "says": "Afterwards, Muhammad assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the Khwarezmian Empire, who were at times supported by their \"pagan\" suzerains the Qara Khitai, for the lordship of Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q337506", "label": "Ahmad Sanjar", "section": "History - Ghurid conquest of Khorasan", "says": "Seljuk power in Khorasan had collapsed since the defeat of Ahmad Sanjar against the Ghuzz Turks in 1153, which left the region at the hands of the Turkmen."}, {"id": "Q1147823", "label": "Gahadavala", "section": "History - Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)", "says": "On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent Rajput kings, often fighting with each other, such as the Chahamana ruler Prithviraja III in Delhi and Ajmer, the Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II in Gujarat, the Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra in Kanauj, further in the east of Ganges Plain there were other independent Hindu powers such as the Sena's under"}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)", "says": "Afterwards, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghanzavids, whose domain was considerably truncated, though they were still controlling parts of Punjab and Pakistan down to the valley of Kabul which were of strategic importance in the pathway to northern India."}, {"id": "Q65089139", "label": "First Battle of Tarain", "section": "History - Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)", "says": "In 1191, the Ghurids seized Bathinda and marched towards Delhi, but were defeated in the First Battle of Tarain by the Rajput confederacy led by the Ajmer-Chahamana king Prithviraja III."}, {"id": "Q2890128", "label": "Second Battle of Tarain", "section": "History - Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)", "says": "Nevertheless, Muhammad returned a year later with an army of Turkish mounted archers and routed the Rajput forces in the Second Battle of Tarain, and executed Prithviraja shortly afterwards."}, {"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "History - Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)", "says": "Govindaraja IV, son of Prithviraj Chauhan, submitted to the Ghurids the region of Ajmer, which became a vassal state."}, {"id": "Q860152", "label": "Yelü Zhilugu", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Alauddin then appealed to his nominal suzerain the Qara-Khitai, who dispatched a large contingent led by Yelü Zhilugu."}], "Q207162": [{"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814 and 1815."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France, which had been profoundly changed by the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Exhausted by the Napoleonic Wars, the kingdom experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialisation."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Revolution of 1830 effectively ended the restoration during the reign of Charles X, brother of the late King Louis XVI, leading to the July Monarchy and eventually the French Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q58202", "label": "July Monarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Revolution of 1830 effectively ended the restoration during the reign of Charles X, brother of the late King Louis XVI, leading to the July Monarchy and eventually the French Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q58326", "label": "French Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The July Revolution of 1830 effectively ended the restoration during the reign of Charles X, brother of the late King Louis XVI, leading to the July Monarchy and eventually the French Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q620965", "label": "coup of 18 Brumaire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the collapse of the Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), Napoleon Bonaparte became ruler of France as leader of the Consulate."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By the Consulate's end with the creation of the First French Empire on 18 May 1804, Napoleon had consolidated his power into an authoritarian personal rule."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "By the Consulate's end with the creation of the First French Empire on 18 May 1804, Napoleon had consolidated his power into an authoritarian personal rule."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "After Napoleon spent the next ten years expanding his empire by successive military victories, a coalition of European powers defeated him in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ended the First Empire in 1814, and restored the monarchy to the brothers of Louis XVI."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Background", "says": "At the Congress of Vienna, the Bourbons were treated politely by the victorious monarchies, but had to give up most of the territorial gains made by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France after 1789."}], "Q207778": [{"id": "Q294266", "label": "Khasekhemwy", "section": "lead", "says": "It is most known for its last ruler, Khasekhemwy, but is otherwise one of the most obscure periods in Egyptian history."}], "Q210163": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its khans claimed patrilineal descent from Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "To the south was the Caspian Sea, to the east the Nogai Horde, and to the west Nogais who were theoretically subjects of the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "To the south was the Caspian Sea, to the east the Nogai Horde, and to the west Nogais who were theoretically subjects of the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "Before the Khanate", "says": "They formed two states: Old Great Bulgaria (c."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "Before the Khanate", "says": "In the fifteenth century parts of the Horde broke off as follows: 1438: Khanate of Kazan, 1441: Khanate of Crimea, 1466: Astrakhan, 1480: Russia."}], "Q239502": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine, with parts in Belarus, Poland, Romania, Moldova, and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q497773", "label": "Roman the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman the Great united the principalities of Galicia and Volhynia at the turn of the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q58607", "label": "Daniel of Galicia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1239–1241), Prince Daniel of Galicia and other princes of Rus' pledged allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1239–1241), Prince Daniel of Galicia and other princes of Rus' pledged allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1239–1241), Prince Daniel of Galicia and other princes of Rus' pledged allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon annexing Galicia in 1349, Polish king Casimir III the Great adopted the title of King of Poland and Ruthenia, and in 1434 the territory was transformed into the Ruthenian Voivodeship (Latin: Palatinatus Russiae), with the last remnants of the region's legal autonomy being abolished in 1506."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Volhynia, which came under control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following a series of wars with Poland, formally became a Lithuanian province in 1452."}, {"id": "Q680472", "label": "Principality of Volhynia", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Principality of Volhynia may have emerged as early as the late 10th century, with Vsevolod, a son of Vladimir I of Kiev, mentioned as a prince of the city of Volodymyr."}, {"id": "Q4197646", "label": "Igor Yaroslavich", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Igor Yaroslavich reportedly briefly reigned as the prince of Volodymyr in the 1050s."}, {"id": "Q3403551", "label": "Principality of Halych", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Principality of Galicia was formed in the years 1124–1144 by Vladimirko Volodarovich's unification of the principalities of Zvenyhorod, Peremyshl, and Terebovlia."}, {"id": "Q675847", "label": "Rostislav of Tmutarakan", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Since the 1080s or 1090s, all three had been ruled by sons of prince Rostislav of Tmutarakan, who may or may not also have been a prince in Volhynia and Galicia c."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Reign of Roman the Great (1199–1205)", "says": "Roman was allied with Poland, signed a peace treaty with Hungary and developed diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1261908", "label": "Principality of Pereyaslavl", "section": "History - Reign of Roman the Great (1199–1205)", "says": "In 1203 Roman also extended his rule to the Principality of Pereyaslavl."}, {"id": "Q271104", "label": "Andrew II of Hungary", "section": "History - War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)", "says": "King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ, Latin for \"king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]\", a title that was later adopted by the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)", "says": "King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ, Latin for \"king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]\", a title that was later adopted by the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q2534903", "label": "Mstislav Mstislavich", "section": "History - War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)", "says": "In 1221, Mstislav Mstislavich, son of Mstislav Rostislavich (descendant of the princes of Novgorod), liberated Galicia–Volhynia from the Hungarians and Poles."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)", "says": "In 1221, Mstislav Mstislavich, son of Mstislav Rostislavich (descendant of the princes of Novgorod), liberated Galicia–Volhynia from the Hungarians and Poles."}, {"id": "Q570204", "label": "Battle of the Kalka River", "section": "History - War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)", "says": "During Mstislav's 1221–1228 reign, the Galician and Volhynian armies participated in the Battle of the Kalka River (1223) against the Mongols, but in 1228 the boyars expelled him and transferred the Principality of Galicia to the king of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q955294", "label": "Boroldai", "section": "History - Reign of Daniel (1245–1264)", "says": "Upon the approach of a large army under the Mongolian general Boroldai in 1260; however, Daniel was forced to accept their authority and to raze the fortifications he had built against them."}, {"id": "Q324500", "label": "Wojsiełk", "section": "History - Reign of Leo I (1264–1301)", "says": "Soon after his brother Shvarn ascended to the Lithuanian throne in 1267, he had the former Lithuanian ruler Vaišvilkas killed."}, {"id": "Q638655", "label": "Traidenis", "section": "History - Reign of Leo I (1264–1301)", "says": "From 1274 to 1276 he fought a war with the new Lithuanian ruler Traidenis but was defeated, and Lithuania annexed the territory of Black Ruthenia with its city Navahrudak."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Reign of Leo I (1264–1301)", "says": "In 1279, Leo allied himself with king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and invaded Poland, although his attempt to capture Kraków in 1280 ended in failure."}, {"id": "Q379723", "label": "Nogai Khan", "section": "History - Reign of Leo I (1264–1301)", "says": "During the Second Mongol invasion of Hungary (1285–1286) and Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1286–1287), Volhynian and Galician troops joined the Mongol and Tatar armies led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga on their campaigns, which ended in defeat."}, {"id": "Q427920", "label": "Talabuga", "section": "History - Reign of Leo I (1264–1301)", "says": "During the Second Mongol invasion of Hungary (1285–1286) and Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1286–1287), Volhynian and Galician troops joined the Mongol and Tatar armies led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga on their campaigns, which ended in defeat."}, {"id": "Q2310836", "label": "Lubart", "section": "History - Decline (1301–1340)", "says": "After the extinction of the Rurikid dynasty in Galicia–Volhynia in 1323, Volhynia passed into the control of the Lithuanian prince Liubartas, while the boyars took control over Galicia."}, {"id": "Q891323", "label": "Bolesław Jerzy of Mazovia", "section": "History - Decline (1301–1340)", "says": "They invited the Polish prince Yuri II Boleslav, a grandson of Yuri I, to assume the Galician throne."}, {"id": "Q170389", "label": "Benedict XII", "section": "History - Final years and partition between Poland and Lithuania (1341–1392)", "says": "After Detko's death, Casimir III mounted a successful invasion, capturing and annexing Galicia in 1349.The Romanovichi (branch of the Rurikid) dynasty of Daniel of Galicia attempted to gain support from Pope Benedict XII and broader European powers for an alliance against the Mongols, but ultimately proved unable to compete with the rising powers of the centralised Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the"}, {"id": "Q4350658", "label": "Principality of Peremyshl", "section": "History - Final years and partition between Poland and Lithuania (1341–1392)", "says": "The first stage of conflict led to the signing of a treaty in 1344 that secured the Principality of Peremyshl for the Crown of Poland, while the rest of the territory belonged to a member of the Gediminid dynasty of Liubartas (Lubart)."}, {"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "History - Final years and partition between Poland and Lithuania (1341–1392)", "says": "Following the death of Casimir the Great in 1370, Galicia–Volhynia was ruled by Vladislaus II of Opole in 1372–1379 and 1385–1387, as Lord of Ruthenia (Terre Russie Domin), being a descendant of princes of Belz and a subject of King Louis I of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "History - Integration into the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1392–1452)", "says": "In 1410 military units from the lands of Lviv, Halych and Peremyshl fought under king Jogaila in the Battle of Grunwald."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "History - Integration into the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1392–1452)", "says": "Volhynia, which following the death of Lubart and deposition of his son Theodore was allocated by Jogaila to Vytautas, formally remained a principality of its own until the death of Svitrigaila in 1452, after which it became a province, and after 1566 the Volhynian Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}], "Q260437": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom, mostly centered around the present-day Azerbaijan region in northwestern Iran, was ruled by Atropates' descendants until the early 1st-century AD, when the Parthian Arsacid dynasty supplanted them."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Atropatene was the only Iranian region to remain under Zoroastrian authority from the Achaemenids to the Arab conquest without interruption, aside from being briefly ruled by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (r."}], "Q266923": [{"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "While originally a feudal vassal under the Vijayanagara Empire, it became a princely state in the British Raj from 1799 to 1947, marked in-between by major political changes."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "While originally a feudal vassal under the Vijayanagara Empire, it became a princely state in the British Raj from 1799 to 1947, marked in-between by major political changes."}, {"id": "Q15845051", "label": "Timmaraja Wodeyar II", "section": "lead", "says": "With the gradual decline of the Empire, the 16th-century Timmaraja Wodeyar II declared independence from it."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Muslim rule from 1761 to 1799, the kingdom became a sultanate under Hyder Ali and Tipu, often referring to it as Sultanat-e-Khudadad (transl."}, {"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "lead", "says": "During this time, it came into conflict with the Maratha Confederacy, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Kingdom of Travancore, and the British, culminating in four Anglo-Mysore Wars."}, {"id": "Q815204", "label": "Siege of Seringapatam", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Tipu's death in the Fourth War during the Siege of Seringapatam, large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British, which signalled the end of a period of Mysorean hegemony over South India."}, {"id": "Q3817019", "label": "Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar III", "section": "lead", "says": "Power returned absolutely to the Wadiyars when Krishnaraja Wodeyar III became king."}, {"id": "Q3374892", "label": "Mysore State", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon accession, it became Mysore State, later uniting with other Kannada speaking regions to form the present-day Karnataka state."}, {"id": "Q15912370", "label": "Raja Wodeyar I", "section": "History - Autonomy: advances and reversals", "says": "After the death of Aravidu Ramaraya, the Wodeyars began to assert themselves further and King Raja Wodeyar I wrested control of Srirangapatna from the Vijayanagara governor (Mahamandaleshvara) Aravidu Tirumalla – a development which elicited, if only ex post facto, the tacit approval of Venkatapati Raya, the incumbent king of the diminished Vijayanagar Empire ruling from Chandragiri."}, {"id": "Q15901299", "label": "Kanthirava Narasaraja I", "section": "History - Autonomy: advances and reversals", "says": "Chamaraja VI and Kanthirava Narasaraja I attempted to expand further northward but were thwarted by the Bijapur Sultanate and its Maratha subordinates, though the Bijapur armies under Ranadullah Khan were effectively repelled in their 1638 siege of Srirangapatna."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "History - Autonomy: advances and reversals", "says": "Chamaraja VI and Kanthirava Narasaraja I attempted to expand further northward but were thwarted by the Bijapur Sultanate and its Maratha subordinates, though the Bijapur armies under Ranadullah Khan were effectively repelled in their 1638 siege of Srirangapatna."}, {"id": "Q5097433", "label": "Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar", "section": "History - Autonomy: advances and reversals", "says": "Chikka Devaraja (r."}, {"id": "Q2613325", "label": "Eyre Coote", "section": "History - Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan", "says": "The period also saw the French vie with the British for control of the Carnatic—a contest in which the British would eventually prevail as British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French under the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760, a watershed in Indian history as it cemented British supremacy in South Asia."}, {"id": "Q658845", "label": "Battle of Wandiwash", "section": "History - Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan", "says": "The period also saw the French vie with the British for control of the Carnatic—a contest in which the British would eventually prevail as British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French under the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760, a watershed in Indian history as it cemented British supremacy in South Asia."}, {"id": "Q617070", "label": "First Anglo-Mysore War", "section": "History - Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan", "says": "In a bid to stem Hyder's rise, the British allied with the Marathas and the Nizam of Golconda, culminating in the First Anglo-Mysore War in 1767."}, {"id": "Q5971343", "label": "Madhavrao I", "section": "History - Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan", "says": "Three wars were fought from 1764 and 1772 between the Maratha armies of Peshwa Madhavrao I against Hyder, in which Hyder was severely defeated and had to pay 36 lacs of tribute as war expenses along with an annual tribute of 14 lacs every year to the peshwa."}], "Q285658": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also the only former viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after gaining independence."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire existed from 1821 to 1823, making it one of the few modern-era independent monarchies in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q371334", "label": "Second Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "To distinguish it from the later Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867) under Emperor Maximilian, this historical period is commonly referred to as the First Mexican Empire."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was led by former Royal Spanish military officer Agustín de Iturbide, who ruled as Agustín I."}, {"id": "Q1606520", "label": "Plan of ayala", "section": "lead", "says": "The establishment of a monarchy was the initial goal for an independent Mexico, as outlined in the Plan of Iguala, a political document drafted by Iturbide that unified the forces fighting for independence from Spain."}, {"id": "Q767450", "label": "Treaty of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba by the last Spanish viceroy in September 1821, the plan for a Mexican monarchy advanced."}, {"id": "Q1109279", "label": "First Mexican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Power was then transferred to a republican provisional government of 1823-1824, which abolished the monarchy and established the First Mexican Republic."}, {"id": "Q55636", "label": "Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla", "section": "Background", "says": "In New Spain cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who had long been part of a circle of intellectuals who sought to reform the colonial system, triggered the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, a decade of warfare between insurgents for independence from Spain and royalists seeking to maintain the existing colonial order."}, {"id": "Q68750", "label": "Mexican War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "In New Spain cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who had long been part of a circle of intellectuals who sought to reform the colonial system, triggered the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, a decade of warfare between insurgents for independence from Spain and royalists seeking to maintain the existing colonial order."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "Background", "says": "Remaining insurgents, including Vicente Guerrero, waged guerrilla warfare in the countryside of southern Mexico."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "When Liberals in Spain seized power in 1820, re-established the Spanish Constitution of 1812, forcing limits on the power of Ferdinand VII of Spain and curtailing privileges of established elites and institutions, Mexican elites saw their interests threatened."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "Background", "says": "The newly constituted movement involved three principles, or \"guarantees\": that Mexico would be an independent constitutional monarchy governed by a Spanish prince; that Americanos, that is all Mexicans regardless of ethnic category and those born in Spain would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges; and that the Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges and position as the official"}, {"id": "Q973289", "label": "Juan O’Donojú", "section": "Background", "says": "Viceroy Juan O'Donojú acceded to the Mexican insurgents' demands, having no other option because he lacked independent resources."}], "Q431575": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after the founder, Idris I, the Idrisids were an Alid dynasty descended from Muhammad through his grandson Hasan."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Fleeing the Abbasid Caliphate to the east in the aftermath of the Battle of Fakhkh, Idris I first established himself in 788 at Volubilis in present-day Morocco with the help of local Berber allies."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 10th century the region came under the political domination of Zenata tribes who fought proxy battles on behalf of two rival powers in the region, the Fatimid Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 10th century the region came under the political domination of Zenata tribes who fought proxy battles on behalf of two rival powers in the region, the Fatimid Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q182914", "label": "Hasan ibn Ali", "section": "History - Founders of the Idrisid state: Idris I and Idris II", "says": "He was the great-grandchild of Hasan ibn Ali."}, {"id": "Q6403042", "label": "Battle of Fakhkh", "section": "History - Founders of the Idrisid state: Idris I and Idris II", "says": "After the Battle of Fakhkh, near Mecca, between the Abbasids and supporters of the descendants of Muhammad, Idris ibn Abdallah fled to the Maghreb."}, {"id": "Q2836401", "label": "Ali ibn Umar", "section": "History - Successors of Idris II", "says": "Upon Umar's death in September or October 835 his son Ali ibn Umar was granted all of his father's domains in turn."}, {"id": "Q2746373", "label": "Ali ibn Muhammad", "section": "History - Successors of Idris II", "says": "His son Ali ibn Muhammad inherited his position and ruled for 13 years (836–849) in a competent manner, ensuring the stability of the state."}, {"id": "Q681523", "label": "Yahya ibn Muhammad", "section": "History - Successors of Idris II", "says": "After his death in 849 he was succeeded by his brother Yahya ibn Muhammad (or Yahya I), who also enjoyed a peaceful reign.During this time Islamic and Arabic culture gained a stronghold in the towns and Morocco profited from the trans-Saharan trade, which came to be dominated by Muslim (mostly Berber) traders."}], "Q488880": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (Greek: Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς, romanized: Basileía tês Baktrianês, lit. 'Kingdom of Bactria') was a Greek kingdom during the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak the kingdom consisted of present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and for a short time, small parts of Kazakhstan, Pakistan and Iran."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak the kingdom consisted of present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and for a short time, small parts of Kazakhstan, Pakistan and Iran."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak the kingdom consisted of present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and for a short time, small parts of Kazakhstan, Pakistan and Iran."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander the Great had conquered the region by 327 BC, founding many cities, most of them named Alexandria, and further settling Macedonians and other Greeks."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Alexander, control of Bactria passed on to his general Seleucus I Nicator."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The fertility and the prosperity of the region led to the creation of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom under Diodotus by the early 3rd century BC, as a successor state of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q724307", "label": "Pantaleon", "section": "lead", "says": "This invasion led to the creation of the Indo-Greek kingdom, which in turn was a successor to the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, and was subsequently ruled by the kings Pantaleon and Apollodotus I."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Baktrianē) was inhabited by Greek settlers since the time of Darius I, when the majority of the population of Barca, in Cyrenaica, was deported to the region for refusing to surrender assassins."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Baktrianē) was inhabited by Greek settlers since the time of Darius I, when the majority of the population of Barca, in Cyrenaica, was deported to the region for refusing to surrender assassins."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Greek influence increased under Xerxes I, after the descendants of Greek priests who had once lived near Didyma (western Asia Minor) were forcibly relocated in Bactria, and later on with other exiled Greeks, most of them prisoners of war."}, {"id": "Q34145", "label": "Third Syrian War", "section": "History - Independence and Diodotid dynasty", "says": "On the other hand, the low chronology, from the mid-240s BC, has the advantage of connecting the secession of Diodotus I with the Third Syrian War, a catastrophic conflict for the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q456935", "label": "Andragoras", "section": "History - Independence and Diodotid dynasty", "says": "In the resulting power vacuum, Andragoras, the Seleucid satrap of Parthia, proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, declaring himself king."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Independence and Diodotid dynasty", "says": "A decade later, he was defeated and killed by Arsaces of Parthia, leading to the rise of a Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q363368", "label": "Diodotus II", "section": "History - Independence and Diodotid dynasty", "says": "Diodotus was succeeded by his son Diodotus II, who allied himself with the Parthian Arsaces in his fight against Seleucus II:\n\n Soo"}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Euthydemid dynasty and Seleucid invasion", "says": "Euthydemus, an Ionian Greek from Magnesia according to Polybius, and possibly satrap of Sogdiana, overthrew the dynasty of Diodotus II around 230–220 BC and started his own dynasty."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "History - Euthydemid dynasty and Seleucid invasion", "says": "In an inscription found in the Kulob area of Tajikistan, in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC, a Greek by the name of Heliodotus, dedicating a fire altar to Hestia, mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son Demetrius I as \"Demetrios Kallinikos\", meaning \"Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror\":\n\nFollowing the departure of the Seleucid army, the Bactrian kingdom seems to "}, {"id": "Q118992", "label": "Menander", "section": "History - Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)", "says": "However, these campaigns are typically attributed to Menander."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)", "says": "This established in the northwestern Indian Subcontinent what is called the Indo-Greek Kingdom, which lasted for almost two centuries until around 10 AD."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)", "says": "It was also a period of great cultural syncretism, exemplified by the development of Greco-Buddhism in the region of Gandhara."}, {"id": "Q381819", "label": "Eucratides I", "section": "History - Eucratides the Great", "says": "Back in Bactria, Eucratides I, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the Seleucids, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and establish his own rule, the short-lived Eucratid dynasty, around 170 BC, probably dethroning Antimachus I and Antimachus II."}, {"id": "Q577747", "label": "Antimachus I", "section": "History - Eucratides the Great", "says": "Back in Bactria, Eucratides I, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the Seleucids, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and establish his own rule, the short-lived Eucratid dynasty, around 170 BC, probably dethroning Antimachus I and Antimachus II."}, {"id": "Q577756", "label": "Antimachus II", "section": "History - Eucratides the Great", "says": "Back in Bactria, Eucratides I, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the Seleucids, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and establish his own rule, the short-lived Eucratid dynasty, around 170 BC, probably dethroning Antimachus I and Antimachus II."}, {"id": "Q347878", "label": "Menander I", "section": "History - Eucratides the Great", "says": "In the end, however, he was repulsed by the Indo-Greek king Menander I, who managed to create a huge unified territory."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Nomadic invasions and fall", "says": "Around 140 BC, eastern Scythians (the Saka, or Sacaraucae of Greek sources), apparently being pushed forward by the southward migration of the Yuezhi started to invade various parts of Parthia and Bactria."}, {"id": "Q317020", "label": "Phraates II of Parthia", "section": "History - Nomadic invasions and fall", "says": "They managed to defeat and kill the Parthian king Phraates II, son of Mithridates I, routing the Greek mercenary troops under his command (troops he had acquired during his victory over Antiochus VII)."}, {"id": "Q197276", "label": "Zhang Qian", "section": "History - Nomadic invasions and fall", "says": "When the Han Chinese diplomat Zhang Qian visited the Yuezhi around 126 BC, trying to obtain their alliance to fight the Xiongnu, he explained that the Yuezhi were settled north of the Oxus but also held under their sway the territory south of Oxus, which makes up the remainder of Bactria."}, {"id": "Q362604", "label": "Euthydemus I", "section": "History - Nomadic invasions and fall", "says": "According to Zhang Qian, the Yuezhi represented a considerable force of between 100,000 and 200,000 mounted archer warriors, with customs identical to those of the Xiongnu, which would probably have easily defeated Greco-Bactrian forces (in 208 BC when the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I confronted the invasion of the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great, he commanded 10,000 horsemen)."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Nomadic invasions and fall", "says": "According to Zhang Qian, the Yuezhi represented a considerable force of between 100,000 and 200,000 mounted archer warriors, with customs identical to those of the Xiongnu, which would probably have easily defeated Greco-Bactrian forces (in 208 BC when the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I confronted the invasion of the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great, he commanded 10,000 horsemen)."}], "Q503585": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1910 to 1945, Korea was ruled by the Empire of Japan as a colony under the name Chōsen (朝鮮), the Japanese reading of \"Joseon\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in 1854, Japan was forcibly opened by the United States."}, {"id": "Q623391", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan eventually succeeded in forcefully opening Joseon with the unequal Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876."}, {"id": "Q701045", "label": "Donghak Peasant Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan assassinated the defiant Korean queen and intervened in the Donghak Peasant Revolution."}, {"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Japan defeated China in the 1894–1895 First Sino–Japanese War, Joseon became nominally independent and declared the short-lived Korean Empire."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan defeated Russia in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, making it the sole regional power."}, {"id": "Q233254", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of November 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "It first made Korea a protectorate under the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, and ruled the country indirectly through the Japanese Resident-General of Korea."}, {"id": "Q495558", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910", "section": "lead", "says": "After forcing Emperor Gojong to abdicate in 1907, Japan formally annexed Korea with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Korea's infrastructure built during this time was destroyed during the 1950–1953 Korean War."}], "Q582861": [{"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "After being at their service for a brief period, the Marinids waged war during the 13th century to overthrow the Almohads, who ruled the western Maghreb, eventually succeeding in 1269 with the capture of Marrakesh."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "They supported the Emirate of Granada in al-Andalus in the 13th and 14th centuries and made an attempt to gain a direct foothold on the European side of the Strait of Gibraltar."}, {"id": "Q1792643", "label": "Battle of Río Salado", "section": "lead", "says": "They were however defeated at the Battle of Río Salado in 1340 and finished after the Castilians took Algeciras in 1344, definitively expelling them from the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "According to Ibn Khaldun, the ancestors of the Banu Marin were the Banu Wasin."}, {"id": "Q1481920", "label": "Battle of Alarcos", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Their leader Mahyu contributed to the Almohad victory at Battle of Alarcos in 1195, in central Iberian Peninsula, though he died of his wounds."}, {"id": "Q219697", "label": "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Later, the Almohads suffered a severe defeat against Christian kingdoms of Iberia on 16 July 1212 in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Meanwhile, the Almohads lost their territories in Al-Andalus to Christian kingdoms like Castile, the Hafsids of Ifriqiya broke away in 1229, followed by the independence of the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen in 1235."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "After the Nasrids of Granada ceded the town of Algeciras to the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went to Al-Andalus to support the ongoing struggle against the Kingdom of Castile."}, {"id": "Q11903905", "label": "Abu Said Uthman II", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "Despite internal infighting, Abu Said Uthman II (r."}, {"id": "Q336990", "label": "Abu Inan Faris", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "After the death of Abu Inan Faris in 1358, the real power lay with the viziers, while the Marinid sultans were paraded and forced to succeed each other in quick succession."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "This event saw the end of the Marinid dynasty as Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, leader of the Sharifs, was proclaimed Sultan in Fes."}, {"id": "Q335496", "label": "Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq", "section": "History - Chronology of events", "says": "His uncle, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq, fourth son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds to the throne."}, {"id": "Q335489", "label": "Abu Yaqub Yusuf I", "section": "History - Chronology of events", "says": "His son Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr replaces him."}, {"id": "Q335438", "label": "Abu Thabit Amir", "section": "History - Chronology of events", "says": "His son Abu Thabit Amir succeeds to the throne."}], "Q63134381": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khwarazmian Empire ruled large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iran from 1077 to 1231; first as vassals of the Seljuk Empire and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty), and from circa 1190 as independent rulers up until the Mongol invasion in 1219–1221."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khwarazmian Empire ruled large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iran from 1077 to 1231; first as vassals of the Seljuk Empire and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty), and from circa 1190 as independent rulers up until the Mongol invasion in 1219–1221."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khwarazmian Empire eventually became the most powerful state in and around Persia, defeating the Seljuk Empire and the Ghurid Empire, and even threatening the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1219, the Mongols under their ruler Genghis Khan invaded the Khwarazmian Empire, conquering most of it in just two years."}, {"id": "Q2602572", "label": "Afrighids", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The title of Khwarazmshah was introduced in 305 by the founder of the Afrighids and existed until 995."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the uprising in Khwarazm in 1017, rebels killed Khwarazmshah Ma'mun II and his wife Khurra-ji, the sister of Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud of Ghazni."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "As a result, it became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire and remained so until 1035."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "He was replaced by Anush Tigin Gharachai's son, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, by the Seljuqs, who had reconquered the region."}, {"id": "Q311482", "label": "Malik-Shah I", "section": "History - Anushtegin Gharachai", "says": "Anushtegin was put in command together with his master al-Taj Gümüshtegin in 1073 by the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah I to retake territory in northern Khorasan that the Ghaznavids had seized."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Anushtegin Gharachai", "says": "Anushtegin was put in command together with his master al-Taj Gümüshtegin in 1073 by the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah I to retake territory in northern Khorasan that the Ghaznavids had seized."}, {"id": "Q337506", "label": "Ahmad Sanjar", "section": "History - Ala ad-Din Atsiz", "says": "In 1138, he rebelled against his suzerain, the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar, but was defeated in Hazarasp and forced to flee."}, {"id": "Q1330091", "label": "Yelü Dashi", "section": "History - Ala ad-Din Atsiz", "says": "The same year that Sanjar pardoned Atsiz, the Kara Khitai under Yelü Dashi defeated the Seljuqs in the Battle of Qatwan, near Samarqand."}, {"id": "Q3950956", "label": "Battle of Qatwan", "section": "History - Ala ad-Din Atsiz", "says": "The same year that Sanjar pardoned Atsiz, the Kara Khitai under Yelü Dashi defeated the Seljuqs in the Battle of Qatwan, near Samarqand."}, {"id": "Q2629418", "label": "Il-Arslan", "section": "History - Il-Arslan and Tekish", "says": "Il-Arslan was the Shah of Khwarazm from 1156 until 1172."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "History - Il-Arslan and Tekish", "says": "Like his father, he decided to pay tribute to both the Seljuk sultan Sanjar and the Qara Khitai gurkhan."}, {"id": "Q280697", "label": "Toghrul III", "section": "History - Il-Arslan and Tekish", "says": "In 1194, Tekish defeated the Seljuq sultan of Hamadan, Toghrul III, in an alliance with Caliph al-Nasir, and conquered his territories."}, {"id": "Q5954482", "label": "Terken Hatun", "section": "History - Muhammad II & Turkan Khatun", "says": "Muhammad was legally considered the absolute ruler, but the influence of his mother Turkan Khatun (Terken Khatun) was also great."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "History - Muhammad II & Turkan Khatun", "says": "Initially, Muhammad led the maximum expansion of the Khwarazmian Empire, extinguishing the Western Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1213, and sweeping aside the Ghurids in 1215, whom they vassalized after the assassination of Muhammad Ghuri."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Muhammad II & Turkan Khatun", "says": "Muhammad then turned his attention to an invasion of Persia, and by late 1217, he controlled all of Persian Iraq, with Arran, Azerbaijan, and Derbent becoming his vassals."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Meanwhile, the Mongol Empire was expanding closer and closer to Khwarazm."}, {"id": "Q2986408", "label": "Inalchuq", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Muhammad, in turn, had one of his governors (Inalchuq, his uncle) openly accuse the party of spying, seizing their rich goods and arresting the party."}, {"id": "Q3269746", "label": "Battle of Parwan", "section": "History - Jalal al-Din Mangburni", "says": "Jalal al-Din inflicted a severe defeat over the Mongols in the Battle of Parwan in 1221."}, {"id": "Q3269760", "label": "Battle of Indus", "section": "History - Jalal al-Din Mangburni", "says": "He attempted to flee to India, but the Mongols caught up with him before he got there, and he was defeated at the Battle of Indus."}, {"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "History - Jalal al-Din Mangburni", "says": "Iltutmish, however, denied this to him in deference to the relationship with the Abbasid caliphs."}, {"id": "Q61964", "label": "Kayqubad baraa I", "section": "History - Jalal al-Din Mangburni", "says": "Sultan Kayqubad I defeated him at Arzinjan on the Upper Euphrates at the Battle of Yassıçemen in 1230."}, {"id": "Q929537", "label": "Battle of Yassıçemen", "section": "History - Jalal al-Din Mangburni", "says": "Sultan Kayqubad I defeated him at Arzinjan on the Upper Euphrates at the Battle of Yassıçemen in 1230."}], "Q696241": [{"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established during the decline of the Khanate of Bukhara by Shahrukh Biy, the leader of the Ming tribe of Uzbeks."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite these efforts, its weaponry was generally inferior to the forces of the Russian Empire, who abolished the khanate in 1876."}, {"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "History - Background", "says": "It specifically referred to the descendants of the several hundred thousand Turkic people led by Muhammad Shaybani at the start of the 16th century, who moved from the Qipchaq steppe to Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Early period (1709–1799)", "says": "For the following 140 years, Urateppe would be the focal point of almost constant fighting between Kokand and the Emirate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Early period (1709–1799)", "says": "Although the Iranian ruler Nader Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Fought against the Dzungars", "says": "In 1745, the Dzungar Khanate invaded the Fergana Valley, laying siege to Kokand."}, {"id": "Q4203121", "label": "Erdeni Beg", "section": "History - Fought against the Dzungars", "says": "After Abd al-Karim Biy's death in 1751, his other son Irdana Biy (r."}, {"id": "Q3826591", "label": "Narbuta Biy", "section": "History - Relationship with Qing", "says": "He was succeeded by Abd al-Karim Biy's grandson Narbuta Biy (r."}, {"id": "Q56314483", "label": "Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate", "section": "History - Decline and downfall (1842–1876)", "says": "During this period, the Kyrgyz tribes also broke away, forming the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate under the leadership of Ormon Khan."}, {"id": "Q558247", "label": "Yakub Beg", "section": "History - Decline and downfall (1842–1876)", "says": "Shortly before the fall of Tashkent, Kokand’s best-known son, Yakub Beg, former lord of Tashkent, was sent by the then Khan of Kokand, Alimqul, to Kashgar, where the Hui Muslims were in revolt against the Chinese."}, {"id": "Q6712721", "label": "Yaqub Beg", "section": "History - Decline and downfall (1842–1876)", "says": "When Alimqul was killed in 1865 during the battle with Russia for Tashkent, many Kokandian soldiers fled to join Yaqub Beg, helping him establish his dominion (known as Yettishar) throughout the Tarim Basin, which lasted until 1877, when Qing reconquered the region."}, {"id": "Q1688526", "label": "Yettishar", "section": "History - Decline and downfall (1842–1876)", "says": "When Alimqul was killed in 1865 during the battle with Russia for Tashkent, many Kokandian soldiers fled to join Yaqub Beg, helping him establish his dominion (known as Yettishar) throughout the Tarim Basin, which lasted until 1877, when Qing reconquered the region."}, {"id": "Q57173", "label": "Mikhail Skobelev", "section": "History - Decline and downfall (1842–1876)", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, Nasruddin Khan, whose anti-Russian stance provoked the annexation of Kokand by generals Konstantin von Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev."}], "Q13708": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (Filipino: Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao; Arabic: الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو Al-ḥukm adh-dhātī al-'iqlīmī li-muslimī Mindanāu; ARMM) was an autonomous region of the Philippines, located in the Mindanao island group of the Philippines, that consisted of five predominantly Muslim provinces: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguind"}, {"id": "Q1464", "label": "Benigno Aquino III", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 7, 2012, President Benigno Aquino III said that the government aimed to have peace in the autonomous region and that it would become known as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, a compound of bangsa (nation) and Moro."}, {"id": "Q457786", "label": "Rodrigo Duterte", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 26, 2018, Aquino's successor, President Rodrigo Duterte, signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL), which paved the way for the establishment of a new autonomous political entity in the area, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "History - Precursors", "says": "In the 1970s, escalating hostilities between government forces and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) prompted President Ferdinand Marcos to issue a proclamation forming an Autonomous Region in the Southern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q123665", "label": "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo", "section": "History - 2001 expansion of the ARMM", "says": "RA 9054 lapsed into law on March 31, 2001, without the signature of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain", "says": "On July 18, 2008, Hermogenes Esperon, peace advisor to then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, in his talks with Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) rebels in Malaysia, revealed the planned expansion of the region."}], "Q139670": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Republic of Armenia, officially known at the time of its existence as the Republic of Armenia, was an independent Armenian state that existed from May (28th de jure, 30th de facto) 1918 to 2 December 1920 in the Armenian-populated territories of the former Russian Empire known as Eastern or Russian Armenia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In its first year of independence, Armenia was confined to a small territory around Lake Sevan after its invasion by the Ottoman Empire during the Caucasus campaign."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1919, the isolated Armenian region of Zangezur came under attack by neighbouring Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1920, Armenian representatives at the Paris Peace Conference signed the Treaty of Sèvres, which awarded Armenia an additional 40,000 square miles (100,000 square kilometres) of territory in Western Armenia, albeit the treaty was never implemented."}, {"id": "Q132856", "label": "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1920, Armenia was invaded by Kemalist Turkey, ending with its partition and sovietisation by the Russian SFSR, with the latter founding the superseding Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q28048694", "label": "Armistice of Erzincan", "section": "Background", "says": "As Russian and Ottoman armies, despite the revolution, were still engaged in combat, the Transcaucasian Commissariat signed the Armistice of Erzincan with the Ottoman Empire on 18 December."}, {"id": "Q738598", "label": "Hovhannes Katchaznouni", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "The council dispatched Hovhannes Kajaznuni and Alexander Khatisian, both Dashnaks, to Yerevan to assume power, and issued the following \"intentionally vague\" statement on 30 May (retroactive to 28 May):\n\nIn view of the dissolution of the political unity of Transcaucasia and the new situation created by the proclamation of the independence of Georgia and Azerbaijan, the Armenian National Council de"}, {"id": "Q2082837", "label": "Alexander Khatisian", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "The council dispatched Hovhannes Kajaznuni and Alexander Khatisian, both Dashnaks, to Yerevan to assume power, and issued the following \"intentionally vague\" statement on 30 May (retroactive to 28 May):\n\nIn view of the dissolution of the political unity of Transcaucasia and the new situation created by the proclamation of the independence of Georgia and Azerbaijan, the Armenian National Council de"}, {"id": "Q2287161", "label": "Treaty of Batum", "section": "History - Treaty of Batum", "says": "The Treaty of Batum was thereafter signed on 4 June."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "History - Treaty of Batum", "says": "Armenian representatives in the Ottoman capital humbled themselves as to \"expressing gratitude\" to the unsympathetic Enver Pasha for tolerating the Armenian republic's establishment."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "History - Armistice of Mudros", "says": "On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, thus ending hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies."}, {"id": "Q72292", "label": "Fridtjof Nansen", "section": "History - Armistice of Mudros", "says": "According to Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian relief worker who cared for Ottoman Armenian refugees, \"[i]t was obviously the intent of the Turkish leaders to exterminate the Armenian people even in Russian Armenia.\" In the Akhalkalaki uezd, claimed by Armenia, 60,000 of 110,000 inhabitants had survived, over seventy villages were completely destroyed by the Turkish army in 1918."}, {"id": "Q2035119", "label": "Firuz Kazemzadeh", "section": "History - Refugees and winter of 1918–1919", "says": "Yale historian Firuz Kazemzadeh wrote that Armenia in the summer of 1918 was packed with \"at least six hundred thousand refugees\", one of the factors that led him to write that \"of the three Transcaucasian republics Armenia suffered the greatest hardship in the fateful years 1918–1920\"."}, {"id": "Q449064", "label": "Richard Pipes", "section": "History - Refugees and winter of 1918–1919", "says": "American historian Richard Pipes writes that Soviet estimates place the number of Armenians who perished due to famine and disease at 300,000."}, {"id": "Q2468597", "label": "Turkish Republic of Aras", "section": "History - Annexation of Kars and Nakhchivan", "says": "The Ottoman Empire also sponsored the creation of the Republic of Aras in the Muslim-dominated southern districts of the Erivan Governorate corresponding to Nakhchivan."}, {"id": "Q1859103", "label": "Georgian–Armenian War", "section": "History - Annexation of Kars and Nakhchivan", "says": "Following the conclusion of the Armeno-Georgian War in late 1918, Armenia repositioned its forces to annex the Republic of Aras."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "History - Muslim insurgencies", "says": "During the insurgencies, only the Volunteer Army of Anton Denikin sent ammunition to replenish the Armenian army."}, {"id": "Q790333", "label": "Avedis Aharonyan", "section": "History - Diplomacy", "says": "At the Paris Peace Conference, the delegation led by Avetis Aharonian from the Armenian republic united with the delegation from the Armenian diaspora, headed by Boghos Nubar, forming the \"Delegation of Integral Armenia\"."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "History - Diplomacy", "says": "Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos was a \"staunch champion of the Armenians\" and constantly kept their delegation apprised of developments."}, {"id": "Q2037317", "label": "September Days", "section": "History - Diplomacy", "says": "Conversely, 25,000–40,000 Armenians in eastern and north-central Azerbaijan were massacred by the Azerbaijani–Ottoman advance in 1918, forcing the survivors to gather in the three remaining Armenian villages (of 51 originally); further, thousands of Armenian women and girls were abducted during the advance, in an extension of the Armenian genocide. in Baku, Ottoman–Azerbaijani forces slew some 15,"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Diplomacy", "says": "Despite these atrocities, a peace agreement was signed in Tiflis under the auspices of Georgia and the United States in order to end the Azerbaijani campaign against Zangezur."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "History - Recognition", "says": "As no country was willing to assume the mandate over Armenia, the peace conference decided to only assign it the vilayets of Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, and Trebizond, with the precise boundary to be arbitrated by American president Woodrow Wilson."}, {"id": "Q269182", "label": "Kâzım Karabekir", "section": "History - Turkish invasion", "says": "After the provisional Ottoman government failed to win support for ratification of the Treaty of Sèvres, remnants of the Ottoman Army's XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir, who had orders from the Ankara Government to \"eliminate Armenia physically and politically\", invaded Armenia on 28 September 1920."}, {"id": "Q1956360", "label": "Nariman Narimanov", "section": "History - Sovietisation", "says": "On 30 November, Azerbaijani revolutionary Nariman Narimanov issued a decree stating that \"Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan have to be considered a part of the Armenian Socialist Republic\"—this cession was done \"because boundaries had no meaning among the family of Soviet peoples\"."}, {"id": "Q1347812", "label": "Treaty of Alexandropol", "section": "History - Sovietisation", "says": "As the Treaty of Alexandropol had been signed after the establishment of Soviet rule in Armenia and hadn't been ratified, the Revkom \"quickly repudiated\" it."}, {"id": "Q2038853", "label": "Simon Vratsian", "section": "History - Sovietisation", "says": "On 28 February, whilst the Red army incited a revolt in Georgia, anti-Soviet insurgents led by the erstwhile prime minister Simon Vratsian gained control of the countryside of Yerevan, forcing the Red Army to retreat."}, {"id": "Q1390561", "label": "Alexander Miasnikian", "section": "History - Sovietisation", "says": "Alexander Miasnikian,"}], "Q152750": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a partially annexed territory of Nazi Germany that was established on 16 March 1939 after the German occupation of the Czech lands."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Munich Agreement of September 1938, the German Reich had annexed the German-majority Sudetenland to Germany from Czechoslovakia in October 1938."}, {"id": "Q1206012", "label": "German Reich", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Munich Agreement of September 1938, the German Reich had annexed the German-majority Sudetenland to Germany from Czechoslovakia in October 1938."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Munich Agreement of September 1938, the German Reich had annexed the German-majority Sudetenland to Germany from Czechoslovakia in October 1938."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the establishment of the independent Slovak Republic on 14 March 1939, and the German occupation of the Czech rump state the next day, Adolf Hitler established the protectorate on 16 March 1939, issuing a proclamation from Prague Castle."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the establishment of the independent Slovak Republic on 14 March 1939, and the German occupation of the Czech rump state the next day, Adolf Hitler established the protectorate on 16 March 1939, issuing a proclamation from Prague Castle."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II (1939–1945), the well-trained Czech workforce and developed industry were forced to make a major contribution to the German war economy."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the Protectorate was just out of the reach of Allied bombers based in the United Kingdom, the Czech economy was able to work almost undisturbed until the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q1376016", "label": "Richard Overy", "section": "Background", "says": "The British historian Richard Overy wrote the huge demands of the Four Year Plan \"...could not be fully met by a policy of import substitution and industrial rationalization\"."}, {"id": "Q156502", "label": "Emil Hácha", "section": "Background", "says": "Five months later, the Nazis violated the Munich Agreement, when, with Nazi German support, the Slovak parliament declared the independence of the Slovak Republic, Adolf Hitler invited Czechoslovak President Emil Hácha to Berlin and the latter accepted his request for the German occupation of the Czech rump state and its reorganization as a German protectorate."}, {"id": "Q153421", "label": "Konstantin von Neurath", "section": "Background", "says": "In the same way that Indian maharajahs in the Princely states were allowed a nominal independence, the real power rested with the British resident stationed to monitor the maharajah, Hitler emulated this practice with the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia as the German media quite explicitly compared the relationship between the Reich Protector, Baron Konstantin von Neurath and President Emil Hácha "}], "Q155361": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century with territory that covered all of modern-day Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, as well as parts of Manchuria in Northeast China, Eastern Siberia, Xinjiang, and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century with territory that covered all of modern-day Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, as well as parts of Manchuria in Northeast China, Eastern Siberia, Xinjiang, and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hephthalites were vassals of the Rouran Khaganate until the beginning of the 5th century, with the royal house of Rourans intermarrying with the royal houses of the Hephthalites."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "lead", "says": "Their Khaganate overthrown, some Rouran remnants possibly became Tatars while others possibly migrated west and became the Pannonian Avars (known by such names as Varchonites or Pseudo Avars), who settled in Pannonia (centred on modern Hungary) during the 6th century."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These Avars were pursued into the Byzantine Empire by the Göktürks, who referred to the Avars as a slave or vassal people, and requested that the Byzantines expel them."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "lead", "says": "These Avars were pursued into the Byzantine Empire by the Göktürks, who referred to the Avars as a slave or vassal people, and requested that the Byzantines expel them."}, {"id": "Q2593890", "label": "Yujiulü Shelun", "section": "History - Khaganate", "says": "The founder of the Rouran Khaganate, Yujiulü Shelun, was descended from Mugulü, a slave of the Xianbei."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Khaganate", "says": "Immediately after uniting, the Rouran entered a perpetual conflict with Northern Wei, beginning with a Wei offensive that drove the Rouran from the Ordos region."}, {"id": "Q2006864", "label": "Northern Yan", "section": "History - Heqin", "says": "The Rouran were involved in many royal intermarriage (also known as heqin in China), with the Northern Yan as well as the Northern Wei dynasty and its successors Eastern and Western Wei, which were fighting each other, and each seeking the support of the Rouran to defeat the other."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Heqin", "says": "The Rouran were involved in many royal intermarriage (also known as heqin in China), with the Northern Yan as well as the Northern Wei dynasty and its successors Eastern and Western Wei, which were fighting each other, and each seeking the support of the Rouran to defeat the other."}, {"id": "Q2512659", "label": "Kara Issik Qaghan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of the Turkic Khaganate after conquering Otuken; Bumin died soon after and his son Issik Qaghan succeeded him."}, {"id": "Q2586994", "label": "Muqan Qaghan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "He was later delivered to Turks by Emperor Gong with his soldiers under pressure from Muqan Qaghan."}], "Q157904": [{"id": "Q170850", "label": "Anglo-Zanzibar War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also involved in the shortest war in history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War, which lasted 38 minutes on the morning of 27 August 1896."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "According to the 16th-century explorer Leo Africanus, Zanzibar (Zanguebar) was the term used by Arabs and Persians to refer to the eastern African coast running from Kenya to Mozambique, dominated by five semi-independent Muslim kingdoms: Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Mozambique, and Sofala."}, {"id": "Q854468", "label": "Kingdom of Mutapa", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Africanus further noted that they all had standing agreements of loyalty with the major central African states, including the Kingdom of Mutapa."}, {"id": "Q506193", "label": "Said bin Sultan Al Busaidi", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "In 1832 or 1840, Omani ruler Said bin Sultan moved his court from Muscat to Stone Town on the island of Unguja (that is, Zanzibar Island)."}, {"id": "Q705143", "label": "Majid bin Said Al Busaidi", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "After his death in 1856, two of his sons, Majid bin Said and Thuwaini bin Said, struggled over the succession, so Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate realms."}, {"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Thuwaini became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman while Majid became the first Sultan of Zanzibar, but obliged to pay an annual tribute to the Omani court in Muscat."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "History - Context for the Sultan's loss of control over his dominions", "says": "In 1886, the British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the African Great Lakes, with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with the British to take what would become the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya) and the Germans to take present-day Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Context for the Sultan's loss of control over his dominions", "says": "The blockade of Zanzibar (1888–1889) was a joint international operation led by Germany, with the support of the British Empire, Portugal and Italy, against the Sultanate of Zanzibar, with the aim of ending the slave and arms trade off the eastern coast of Africa."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Establishment of the Zanzibar Protectorate", "says": "With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Establishment of the Zanzibar Protectorate", "says": "With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "History - Establishment of the East Africa Protectorate", "says": "It administered about 240 km (150 mi) of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Establishment of the East Africa Protectorate", "says": "Lord Delamere now commenced extensive farming operations, and in 1905, when a large number of immigrants arrived from Britain and South Africa, the Protectorate was transferred from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office."}, {"id": "Q75844", "label": "Zanzibar Revolution", "section": "History - End of the Zanzibar Protectorate and deposition of the Sultan", "says": "Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown a month later during the Zanzibar Revolution."}, {"id": "Q157535", "label": "People's Republic of Zanzibar", "section": "History - End of the Zanzibar Protectorate and deposition of the Sultan", "says": "Jamshid fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "History - End of the Zanzibar Protectorate and deposition of the Sultan", "says": "In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which became known as Tanzania six months later."}], "Q157956": [{"id": "Q1526", "label": "Ramesses I", "section": "lead", "says": "This dynasty was founded by Vizier Ramesses I, whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne."}, {"id": "Q157995", "label": "Horemheb", "section": "lead", "says": "This dynasty was founded by Vizier Ramesses I, whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Canaan to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront in the future."}, {"id": "Q157918", "label": "Seti I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Canaan to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront in the future."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Canaan to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront in the future."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "History - Seti I and Ramesses II", "says": "The New Kingdom of Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II (\"The Great\"), who campaigned vigorously against the Libyans and the Hittites."}, {"id": "Q297588", "label": "Hattusili III", "section": "History - Seti I and Ramesses II", "says": "In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the earliest recorded peace treaty with Urhi-Teshub's successor, Hattusili III, and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly."}, {"id": "Q158043", "label": "Merneptah", "section": "History - Merneptah and successors", "says": "This dynasty declined as infighting for the throne between the heirs of Merneptah increased."}, {"id": "Q158065", "label": "Amenmesse", "section": "History - Merneptah and successors", "says": "Amenmesse apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, Seti II, but he ruled Egypt for only four years."}, {"id": "Q8048", "label": "Seti II", "section": "History - Merneptah and successors", "says": "Amenmesse apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, Seti II, but he ruled Egypt for only four years."}, {"id": "Q791534", "label": "Chancellor Bay", "section": "History - Merneptah and successors", "says": "Seti was served at court by Chancellor Bay, who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt, gaining the unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings (KV13)."}, {"id": "Q312402", "label": "Setnakhte", "section": "History - Merneptah and successors", "says": "She was likely ousted in a revolt led by Setnakhte, founder of the 20th Dynasty."}], "Q159856": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Brabant was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1183."}, {"id": "Q751868", "label": "Landgraviate of Brabant", "section": "lead", "says": "It developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant of 1085–1183, and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy comprised part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt of 1566–1648."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ceded present-day North Brabant (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic, while the reduced duchy remained part of the Habsburg Netherlands until French Revolutionary forces conquered it in 1794 — a change recognized by the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ceded present-day North Brabant (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic, while the reduced duchy remained part of the Habsburg Netherlands until French Revolutionary forces conquered it in 1794 — a change recognized by the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ceded present-day North Brabant (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic, while the reduced duchy remained part of the Habsburg Netherlands until French Revolutionary forces conquered it in 1794 — a change recognized by the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Counts of Leuven", "says": "In 959 the East Frankish king Otto I of Germany elevated Count Godfrey of Jülich to the rank of duke of Lower Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Counts of Leuven", "says": "Upon the death of Count Palatine Herman II of Lotharingia in 1085, Emperor Henry IV assigned his fief between the Dender and Zenne rivers as the Landgraviate of Brabant to Count Henry III of Leuven and Brussels."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Counts of Leuven", "says": "Upon the death of Count Palatine Herman II of Lotharingia in 1085, Emperor Henry IV assigned his fief between the Dender and Zenne rivers as the Landgraviate of Brabant to Count Henry III of Leuven and Brussels."}, {"id": "Q461045", "label": "Henry the Courageous", "section": "History - Counts of Leuven", "says": "About one hundred years later, in 1183/1184, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa formally established the Duchy of Brabant and created the hereditary title of duke of Brabant in favour of Henry I of Brabant, son of Count Godfrey III of Leuven."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Counts of Leuven", "says": "In 1190, after the death of Godfrey III, Henry I also became Duke of Lower Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q660393", "label": "Lower Lotharingia", "section": "History - Counts of Leuven", "says": "In 1190, after the death of Godfrey III, Henry I also became Duke of Lower Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q152295", "label": "Battle of Worringen", "section": "History - Counts of Leuven", "says": "After the Battle of Worringen in 1288, the dukes of Brabant also acquired the Duchy of Limburg and the Lands of Overmaas (trans-Meuse)."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "In 1430 the Duchies of Lower Lotharingia, Brabant and Limburg were inherited by Philip the Good of Burgundy and became part of the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "In 1477 the Duchy of Brabant became part of the House of Habsburg as part of the dowry of Mary of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "In 1477 the Duchy of Brabant became part of the House of Habsburg as part of the dowry of Mary of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands", "says": "The subsequent history of Brabant is part of the history of the Habsburg Seventeen Provinces."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - Eighty Years War and division of Brabant", "says": "The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) brought the northern parts (essentially the present Dutch province of North Brabant) under military control of the northern insurgents."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Eighty Years War and division of Brabant", "says": "Brabant was included in the unrecognised United States of Belgium, which existed from January to December 1790 during short-lived revolt against Emperor Joseph II, until imperial troops regained the Austrian Netherlands for Leopold II who had succeeded his brother."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "History - Eighty Years War and division of Brabant", "says": "Brabant was included in the unrecognised United States of Belgium, which existed from January to December 1790 during short-lived revolt against Emperor Joseph II, until imperial troops regained the Austrian Netherlands for Leopold II who had succeeded his brother."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "History - Eighty Years War and division of Brabant", "says": "Brabant was included in the unrecognised United States of Belgium, which existed from January to December 1790 during short-lived revolt against Emperor Joseph II, until imperial troops regained the Austrian Netherlands for Leopold II who had succeeded his brother."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Eighty Years War and division of Brabant", "says": "The area was overrun during the French Revolution in 1794, and formally annexed by France in 1795."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Eighty Years War and division of Brabant", "says": "After the defeat of Bonaparte in 1815, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created at the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Eighty Years War and division of Brabant", "says": "After the defeat of Bonaparte in 1815, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created at the Congress of Vienna."}], "Q187684": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate of Epirus (Medieval Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek rump states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty, the Komnenodoukas dynasty."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate of Epirus (Medieval Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek rump states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty, the Komnenodoukas dynasty."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire during the subsequent struggle for Constantinople, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond; its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242, during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire during the subsequent struggle for Constantinople, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond; its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242, during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q623151", "label": "Empire of Thessalonica", "section": "lead", "says": "It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire during the subsequent struggle for Constantinople, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond; its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242, during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate was centred on the region of Epirus, encompassing also the western portion of Greek Macedonia, Thessaly, western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos, and Albania."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodore was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230, where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodore was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230, where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1410s, Carlo I Tocco, Count Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, managed to reunite the core of the Epirote state, but his successors gradually lost it to the advancing Ottoman Empire, with the last stronghold, Vonitsa, falling to the Ottomans in 1479."}], "Q211001": [{"id": "Q177819", "label": "Old Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty IV) is characterized as a \"golden age\" of the Old Kingdom of Egypt."}], "Q213638": [{"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially ruled as an independent Christian kingdom, it was established by the French House of Lusignan after the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "The island of Cyprus was conquered by Richard I of England in 1191 during the Third Crusade, from Isaac Komnenos, an upstart local governor, Byzantine prince, and self-proclaimed emperor of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q392653", "label": "Isaac Komnenos", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "The island of Cyprus was conquered by Richard I of England in 1191 during the Third Crusade, from Isaac Komnenos, an upstart local governor, Byzantine prince, and self-proclaimed emperor of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "The island of Cyprus was conquered by Richard I of England in 1191 during the Third Crusade, from Isaac Komnenos, an upstart local governor, Byzantine prince, and self-proclaimed emperor of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "The shipwrecked survivors were taken prisoner by Komnenos, and when a ship bearing Richard I's sister Joan and bride Berengaria entered the port, Komnenos refused their request to disembark for fresh water."}, {"id": "Q294192", "label": "Guy of Lusignan", "section": "History - Third Crusade", "says": "Meanwhile, Richard I resumed his journey to Acre and, with much needed respite, new funds and reinforcements, set sail for the Holy Land accompanied by the King of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan and other high ranking nobles."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Knights Templar", "says": "Roman Catholics kept the reins of power and control, while the Orthodox inhabitants lived in the countryside; this was much the same as the arrangement in the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q453325", "label": "Aimery of Cyprus", "section": "History - Guy and Aimery", "says": "In 1194, Guy died without any heirs and so his older brother, Aimery, became King Aimery of Cyprus, a crown and title which was approved in 1196 by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Guy and Aimery", "says": "In 1194, Guy died without any heirs and so his older brother, Aimery, became King Aimery of Cyprus, a crown and title which was approved in 1196 by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Guy and Aimery", "says": "Frederick II's supporters were defeated on Cyprus in 1232 at the Battle of Agridi, although the conflict lasted longer in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q544496", "label": "Hugh III of Cyprus", "section": "History - Guy and Aimery", "says": "Frederick II's Hohenstaufen descendants continued to rule as kings of Jerusalem until 1268 when Hugh III of Cyprus claimed the title and its territory of Acre for himself upon the death of Conrad III of Jerusalem, thus uniting the two kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Guy and Aimery", "says": "The territory in Palestine was finally lost while Henry II was king in 1291, but the kings of Cyprus continued to claim the title."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Guy and Aimery", "says": "The territory in Palestine was finally lost while Henry II was king in 1291, but the kings of Cyprus continued to claim the title."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - Governance", "says": "The kingdom eventually came to be dominated more and more in the 14th century by Genoese merchants, under the leadership of the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q149192", "label": "Catherine Cornaro", "section": "History - Governance", "says": "The Mameluks then made the kingdom a tributary state in 1426; the remaining monarchs gradually lost almost all independence, until 1489 when the last queen, Catherine Cornaro, was forced to sell the island to Venice."}], "Q215443": [{"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period, it also held territories on the North Sea including overseas colonies, such as New Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The beginning of the period is usually taken as the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The beginning of the period is usually taken as the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "After its victories in the Thirty Years' War and the subsequent Peace of Westphalia Sweden was granted territories in northern Germany."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden reached the height of its power during the Northern War of 1655–1660, when its primary adversary, Denmark–Norway, was neutralized by the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden reached the height of its power during the Northern War of 1655–1660, when its primary adversary, Denmark–Norway, was neutralized by the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden reached the height of its power during the Northern War of 1655–1660, when its primary adversary, Denmark–Norway, was neutralized by the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658."}, {"id": "Q701663", "label": "Peace of Travendal", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the reign of Charles XII would see initial Swedish victories in the Peace of Travendal (1700) and the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), he would go on to lead a campaign in Russia that would end in a decisive defeat at the Battle of Poltava."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the reign of Charles XII would see initial Swedish victories in the Peace of Travendal (1700) and the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), he would go on to lead a campaign in Russia that would end in a decisive defeat at the Battle of Poltava."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, and Sweden's last remaining continental territory (Swedish Pomerania) was ceded to Denmark in exchange for Norway following the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, and Sweden's last remaining continental territory (Swedish Pomerania) was ceded to Denmark in exchange for Norway following the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q155127", "label": "Axel Oxenstierna", "section": "History - Emergence as a great power", "says": "Sweden emerged as a great European power under Axel Oxenstierna and King Gustavus Adolphus."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Emergence as a great power", "says": "As a result of acquiring territories seized from Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, Sweden found itself transformed into the leader of Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Emergence as a great power", "says": "During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden managed to conquer approximately half of the member states of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "History - Emergence as a great power", "says": "New Sweden was founded in the valley of the Delaware River in 1638, and Sweden later laid claim to a number of Caribbean islands."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Peace of Westphalia", "says": "At the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) granted Sweden territories as war reparations."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "History - Peace of Westphalia", "says": "Through the efforts of Johan Oxenstierna and Johan Adler Salvius it obtained:\n\nSwedish Pomerania, the Swedish share of the former Duchy of Pomerania since the Treaty of Stettin in 1653, consisting of\nWestern Pomerania, with the islands of Rügen, Usedom and Wollin, as well as the towns of Stettin, Greifswald, and Stralsund;\na strip of Farther Pomerania on the right side of the Oder, including the t"}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "History - Peace of Westphalia", "says": "Through the efforts of Johan Oxenstierna and Johan Adler Salvius it obtained:\n\nSwedish Pomerania, the Swedish share of the former Duchy of Pomerania since the Treaty of Stettin in 1653, consisting of\nWestern Pomerania, with the islands of Rügen, Usedom and Wollin, as well as the towns of Stettin, Greifswald, and Stralsund;\na strip of Farther Pomerania on the right side of the Oder, including the t"}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "History - Peace of Westphalia", "says": "Sweden reached its largest territorial extent during this time under the rule of Charles X Gustav (1654–1660) after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658."}, {"id": "Q1456449", "label": "Treaty of Cardis", "section": "History - Treaty of Roskilde and Peace of Oliva", "says": "The Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) was terminated by the Treaty of Cardis on 2 July 1661, through which the Tsar surrendered the Baltic provinces to Sweden — Ingria, Estonia and Kexholm."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Scanian War", "says": "In 1674, Louis XIV called upon Sweden to invade the Electorate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "History - Scanian War", "says": "The Fehrbellin affair was a mere skirmish, with actual casualties numbering fewer than 600 men, but it made Sweden appear vulnerable and enabled neighbouring countries to attack in the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q53454", "label": "John III Sobieski", "section": "History - Scanian War", "says": "A defensive alliance with John III Sobieski of Poland was rendered inoperative on 4 August 1677, by the annihilation of Sweden's sea-power; the Battle of Öland, 17 June 1676; the Battle of Fehmarn, June 1677, and most notable on 1–2 July the Battle of Køge Bay."}, {"id": "Q736140", "label": "Battle of Öland", "section": "History - Scanian War", "says": "A defensive alliance with John III Sobieski of Poland was rendered inoperative on 4 August 1677, by the annihilation of Sweden's sea-power; the Battle of Öland, 17 June 1676; the Battle of Fehmarn, June 1677, and most notable on 1–2 July the Battle of Køge Bay."}, {"id": "Q652359", "label": "Peace of Lund", "section": "History - Scanian War", "says": "By the Treaty of Fontainebleau confirmed by the subsequent Peace of Lund on 2 September, Denmark–Norway was to return all the land it had captured to Sweden on 4 October 1679."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "History - Charles XI", "says": "The Riksdag, completely overshadowed by the Crown, did little more than register the royal decrees during the reign of Charles XI of Sweden; but it continued to exist as an essential part of the government."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Charles XII and the Great Northern War", "says": "In 1709, the Swedish army was defeated and captured in the Battle of Poltava; Charles managed to escape south to Bender in the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "History - Charles XII and the Great Northern War", "says": "With his death, Swedish war efforts mostly came to a halt, although Russia continued to harass the civilian population of the Swedish coastal areas until the concluding Treaty of Nystad was finally signed in 1721."}], "Q223936": [{"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d'Italia; French: Royaume d'Italie) was a kingdom in Northern Italy (formerly the Italian Republic) that was a client state of Napoleon's French Empire."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Its government was assumed by Napoleon as King of Italy and the viceroyalty delegated to his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais."}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "lead", "says": "Its government was assumed by Napoleon as King of Italy and the viceroyalty delegated to his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais."}, {"id": "Q698430", "label": "Heinrich Joseph Johann von Bellegarde", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "Finally, on 25 May, the Supreme Imperial Commissioner Count Heinrich von Bellegarde took all the powers in Lombardy, and former monarchies in Modena, Romagna and Piedmont were gradually re-established; on 30 May, the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the remains of the kingdom were annexed by the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, which was announced by Count Bellegarde on 12 June."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "Finally, on 25 May, the Supreme Imperial Commissioner Count Heinrich von Bellegarde took all the powers in Lombardy, and former monarchies in Modena, Romagna and Piedmont were gradually re-established; on 30 May, the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the remains of the kingdom were annexed by the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, which was announced by Count Bellegarde on 12 June."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "Finally, on 25 May, the Supreme Imperial Commissioner Count Heinrich von Bellegarde took all the powers in Lombardy, and former monarchies in Modena, Romagna and Piedmont were gradually re-established; on 30 May, the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the remains of the kingdom were annexed by the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, which was announced by Count Bellegarde on 12 June."}], "Q22880": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electoral Palatinate was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire until it was annexed by the Electorate of Baden in 1803."}, {"id": "Q637238", "label": "Electorate of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electoral Palatinate was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire until it was annexed by the Electorate of Baden in 1803."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1541, Otto Henry, Elector Palatine converted to Lutheranism, while his Calvinist descendant, Frederick V, sparked the Thirty Years' War in 1618 by accepting the Crown of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1541, Otto Henry, Elector Palatine converted to Lutheranism, while his Calvinist descendant, Frederick V, sparked the Thirty Years' War in 1618 by accepting the Crown of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Occupied until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, the Palatinate suffered extensive damage during the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled in personal union with the Electorate of Bavaria from 1777, the Palatinate was annexed by Baden in 1803, before being absorbed by Bavaria in 1805."}, {"id": "Q212852", "label": "Childebert I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "A position of Count Palatine at the Frankish court of King Childebert I was mentioned about 535."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Up to the tenth century, the Frankish empire was centered at the royal palace (Pfalz) in Aachen, in what had become the Carolingian kingdom of Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q660393", "label": "Lower Lotharingia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 985, Herman I, a scion of the Ezzonids, is mentioned as count palatine of Lotharingia (which by then had been divided into Upper and Lower Lotharingia)."}, {"id": "Q834528", "label": "Henry of Laach", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In practice, the Count Palatinate's Palatine authority had collapsed, reducing his successor (Henry of Laach) to a mere feudal magnate over his own territories – along the Upper Rhine in south-western Franconia."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Various noble dynasties competed to be enfeoffed with the Palatinate by the Holy Roman Emperor – among them the House of Ascania, the House of Salm (Count Otto I of Salm in 1040) and the House of Babenberg (Henry Jasomirgott in 1140/41)."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Various noble dynasties competed to be enfeoffed with the Palatinate by the Holy Roman Emperor – among them the House of Ascania, the House of Salm (Count Otto I of Salm in 1040) and the House of Babenberg (Henry Jasomirgott in 1140/41)."}, {"id": "Q130875", "label": "House of Hohenstaufen", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The first hereditary Count Palatine of the Rhine was Conrad, a member of the House of Hohenstaufen and younger half-brother of Emper"}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Frederick was evicted from Bohemia in 1620 following his defeat by the forces of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, at the Battle of the White Mountain."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Over the period 1621–1622, the Palatinate was occupied by Spanish and Bavarian troops and Frederick was exiled to the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "His territories and electoral rights were transferred to the distantly related but Catholic Maximilian I of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria and  now Prince Elector Palatine."}, {"id": "Q158252", "label": "Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "After his death in 1632, Frederick's daughter Princess Elizabeth and wife Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, worked tirelessly to have the Palatinate restored to her son Charles Louis and the Protestant cause."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "In 1670, Charles II's sister Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate married Philippe of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV; on this basis, Louis claimed the Rhineland territories of the Palatinate for France."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "However, he was outmaneuvered by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, whose third wife was Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg, eldest daughter of Philip William, a Catholic who was the closest male heir in the direct line."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "History - Nine Years' War", "says": "France later renounced its claim to the region in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "History - Nine Years' War", "says": "Like his father, he was a Catholic, which under the 1555 Peace of Augsburg meant the Protestant majority in the Palatinate was theoretically obliged to convert to Catholicism."}, {"id": "Q701983", "label": "Palatinate-Zweibrücken", "section": "History - Mediatization", "says": "In 1799 Elector Charles Theodore died and the territory was inherited by the Duke of Palatine Zweibrücken, uniting all the Wittelsbach lands."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "History - Mediatization", "says": "Those on the right were taken by the Elector of Baden, after the 1805 Peace of Pressburg dissolved the Holy Roman Empire; the remaining Wittelsbach territories were united by Maximilian Joseph as the Kingdom of Bavaria."}], "Q232806": [{"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "lead", "says": "It was remote from the other states and was not on particularly good terms with its closest neighbor, the Principality of Antioch."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of Edessa in 1144 was the first major setback for Outremer and provoked the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "All the later Crusades, however, were troubled by strategic uncertainties and disagreements."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "History of Edessa - Founding", "says": "In 1100, Baldwin became King of Jerusalem when his brother, Godfrey of Bouillon, died."}, {"id": "Q220806", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "section": "History of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours", "says": "He helped secure the ransom of Bohemond I of Antioch from the Danishmends in 1103, and, with Antioch, attacked the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia in 1104."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours", "says": "He helped secure the ransom of Bohemond I of Antioch from the Danishmends in 1103, and, with Antioch, attacked the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia in 1104."}, {"id": "Q1500314", "label": "Battle of Harran", "section": "History of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours", "says": "Later in 1104, Edessa was attacked by Mosul, and both Baldwin and Joscelin were taken prisoner after their defeat at the Battle of Harran."}, {"id": "Q630794", "label": "Richard of Salerno", "section": "History of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours", "says": "Bohemond's cousin Tancred became regent in Edessa (although Richard of Salerno actually governed the territory), until Baldwin and Joscelin were ransomed in 1108."}, {"id": "Q55503", "label": "Joscelin II", "section": "History of Edessa - Fall of the county", "says": "Joscelin was gravely injured during a siege in 1131 and was succeeded by his son Joscelin II."}], "Q267584": [{"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yemen Arab Republic (YAR; Arabic: الجمهورية العربية اليمنية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘arabiyyah al-Yamaniyyah), also known as Yemen (Sanaʽa) and commonly referred to as North Yemen, was a country that existed from 1962 until its unification with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (commonly known as South Yemen) in 1990, in the northwestern part of what is now Yemen."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yemen Arab Republic (YAR; Arabic: الجمهورية العربية اليمنية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘arabiyyah al-Yamaniyyah), also known as Yemen (Sanaʽa) and commonly referred to as North Yemen, was a country that existed from 1962 until its unification with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (commonly known as South Yemen) in 1990, in the northwestern part of what is now Yemen."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered South Yemen to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the north and the Red Sea to the west, sharing maritime borders with Djibouti and the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered South Yemen to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the north and the Red Sea to the west, sharing maritime borders with Djibouti and the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q940821", "label": "People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered South Yemen to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the north and the Red Sea to the west, sharing maritime borders with Djibouti and the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q483672", "label": "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "section": "lead", "says": "Relative stability began with the rise to power of Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was able to successfully consolidate his position in the government."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The YAR eventually managed to establish good relations with many Arab states and the United States, for which it served as a counterweight to communist South Yemen, but it maintained ties with the USSR, relying on the weapons it purchased from it."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 after the First World War, northern Yemen became an independent state as the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 after the First World War, northern Yemen became an independent state as the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q400961", "label": "Ahmad bin Yahya", "section": "Background", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, Ahmad bin Yahya."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - The coup d'etat and a civil war", "says": "His son Muhammad al-Badr was crowned in his place on September 19."}, {"id": "Q14947304", "label": "Corrective Movement", "section": "History - Military junta seizes power", "says": "Those problems led to Eryani being overthrown in what became known as the \"June 13 Corrective Movement\" in 1974 by Military Command Council or MCC - the Nasserist military junta consisted of 7 army's officers - and replaced by Colonel Ibrahim al-Hamdi, the first leader of the MCC."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "Against the background of the perestroika in the Soviet Union, political reforms were started in PDRY in the late 1980s too."}], "Q273025": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Gallic Empire or Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway Western European part of the Roman Empire that functioned de facto as a separate state from 260 to 274."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "lead", "says": "It originated during the Crisis of the Third Century, when a series of Roman military leaders and aristocrats declared themselves emperors and took control of Gaul and adjacent provinces without attempting to conquer Italy or otherwise seize the central Roman administrative apparatus."}, {"id": "Q312603", "label": "Postumus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gallic Empire was established by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and Hispania."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "It was retaken by Roman Emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274."}, {"id": "Q1231684", "label": "Battle of Châlons", "section": "lead", "says": "It was retaken by Roman Emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Roman Crisis of the Third Century continued as Emperor Valerian was defeated and captured by the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of Edessa, together with a large part of the Roman field army in the east."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Roman Crisis of the Third Century continued as Emperor Valerian was defeated and captured by the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of Edessa, together with a large part of the Roman field army in the east."}, {"id": "Q1165502", "label": "Battle of Edessa", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Roman Crisis of the Third Century continued as Emperor Valerian was defeated and captured by the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of Edessa, together with a large part of the Roman field army in the east."}, {"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "This left his son Gallienus in very shaky control."}, {"id": "Q348583", "label": "Odaenathus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Shortly thereafter, King Odaenathus gained control of a wide swath of the east, including Egypt, Syria, Judea, and Arabia Petraea; while he was nominally loyal to the Roman government, his domain was de facto independent and has come to be referred to as the Palmyrene Empire."}, {"id": "Q877875", "label": "Palmyrene Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Shortly thereafter, King Odaenathus gained control of a wide swath of the east, including Egypt, Syria, Judea, and Arabia Petraea; while he was nominally loyal to the Roman government, his domain was de facto independent and has come to be referred to as the Palmyrene Empire."}, {"id": "Q297494", "label": "Saloninus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Gallienus's son Saloninus and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at Colonia Agrippina to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a check on Postumus' ambitions."}, {"id": "Q187489", "label": "Silvanus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Gallienus's son Saloninus and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at Colonia Agrippina to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a check on Postumus' ambitions."}, {"id": "Q310442", "label": "Marcus Aurelius Marius", "section": "History - After Postumus", "says": "An officer in Postumus' army, Marcus Aurelius Marius, was installed as emperor upon Postumus's death, but he died very shortly after; ancient sources writing much later state that he reigned only two days, though it is more likely, based on the numismatic record, that he reigned for a few months."}, {"id": "Q333770", "label": "Victorinus", "section": "History - After Postumus", "says": "Subsequently, the tribune of the praetorians Marcus Piavonius Victorinus came to power, being recognized as emperor in northern Gaul and Britannia but not in Hispania."}, {"id": "Q46762", "label": "Claudius Gothicus", "section": "History - After Postumus", "says": "Meanwhile, Gallienus had been killed in a coup in 268, and his successor in the central Roman provinces, Claudius Gothicus, re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania; there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize Postumus's successors in Gaul, may have realigned with Rome then."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "History - After Postumus", "says": "Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the Gaulish territories taken by Claudius."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - After Postumus", "says": "He was assassinated in 271, but his mother Victoria took control of his troops and used her power to influence the selection of his successor."}, {"id": "Q328050", "label": "Faustinus", "section": "History - After Postumus", "says": "The following year Tetricus II was made co-consul with his father, but the area under their control grew weak from internal strife, including a mutiny led by the usurper Faustinus."}], "Q273874": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As Iranians of Daylamite origin, the Buyids consciously revived the symbols and practices of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Buyids had many inscriptions carved into the Achaemenid ruins at Persepolis, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king Jamshid."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Buyids were initially Zaydi Shia, they became Twelver Shi'a following the Major Occultation of Muhammad al-Mahdi after the death of his fourth agent in 941."}, {"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "Origins", "says": "He had a son named Buya, who was a fisherman from Lahijan, and later left Zoroastrianism and converted to Islam."}, {"id": "Q299271", "label": "Bahram V", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Buyids claimed royal lineage from Bahram V (r."}, {"id": "Q3057537", "label": "Mardavij", "section": "History - Rise (934–945)", "says": "The founder of the dynasty, 'Ali ibn Buya, was originally a soldier in the service of the Daylamite warlord Makan ibn Kaki, but later changed his allegiance to the Iranian ruler Mardavij, who had established the Ziyarid dynasty, and was himself related to the ruling dynasty of Gilan, a region bordering Daylam. 'Ali was later joined by his two younger brothers, Hasan ibn Buya and Ahmad ibn Buya."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Rise (934–945)", "says": "However, Mardavij, who sought to depose the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad and recreate a Zoroastrian Iranian Empire, shortly wrested Khuzestan from the Abbasids and forced 'Ali to recognize him as his suzerain."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Decline and fall (983–1062)", "says": "During the mid-11th century, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavids and Seljuk Turks."}], "Q282350": [{"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "Various locations have been offered, southeast of Egypt, a coastal region south of it along the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, in present day north-east Sudan, Eritrea, northeast Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern Somalia, including Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "Various locations have been offered, southeast of Egypt, a coastal region south of it along the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, in present day north-east Sudan, Eritrea, northeast Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern Somalia, including Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The assumed location has generally been applied to territories covering Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea."}], "Q28405": [{"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the founding date of Old Chosŏn is officially celebrated as Gaecheonjeol ('National Foundation Day') in North and South Korea."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fragmentation of the Han Empire during the 3rd century and the subsequent chaotic 4th century, the area escaped Chinese control and was conquered by Goguryeo in 313 CE."}], "Q321371": [{"id": "Q3133991", "label": "Tiberius Julius Sauromates II", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the 2nd century AD, King Sauromates II inflicted a critical defeat on the Scythians and included all the territories of the Crimean Peninsula in the structure of his state."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of the 2nd century AD, King Sauromates II inflicted a critical defeat on the Scythians and included all the territories of the Crimean Peninsula in the structure of his state."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Archaeanactidae dynasty", "says": "According to Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (xii."}, {"id": "Q2589830", "label": "Parisades V", "section": "History - Spartocid dynasty", "says": "The last of them, however, Paerisades V, unable to make headway against increasingly violent attacks from nomadic tribes in the area, called in the help of Diophantus, general of King Mithridates VI of Pontus, leaving him his kingdom."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Spartocid dynasty", "says": "The last of them, however, Paerisades V, unable to make headway against increasingly violent attacks from nomadic tribes in the area, called in the help of Diophantus, general of King Mithridates VI of Pontus, leaving him his kingdom."}, {"id": "Q878546", "label": "Leukon of Bosporus", "section": "History - Spartocid dynasty", "says": "They maintained close relations with Athens, their best customer for the Bosporan grain exports: Leucon I of Bosporus created privileges for Athenian ships at Bosporan ports."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "History - Mithridates VI", "says": "Pompey buried Mithridates VI in a rock-cut tomb in either Sinope or Amasia, the capital of the Kingdom of Pontus."}, {"id": "Q1238338", "label": "Caesar's Civil War", "section": "History - Roman client kingdom", "says": "After the death of Mithridates VI (63 BC), Pharnaces II (63–47 BC) supplicated to Pompey, and then tried to regain his dominion during Julius Caesar's Civil War, but was defeated by Caesar at Zela and was later killed by his former governor and son-in-law Asander."}, {"id": "Q589734", "label": "Scribonius", "section": "History - Roman client kingdom", "says": "After the death of Asander, Dynamis was compelled to marry a Roman usurper called Scribonius, but the Romans under Agrippa intervened and established Polemon I of Pontus (16–8 BC) in his place."}, {"id": "Q325921", "label": "Polemon I of Pontus", "section": "History - Roman client kingdom", "says": "After the death of Asander, Dynamis was compelled to marry a Roman usurper called Scribonius, but the Romans under Agrippa intervened and established Polemon I of Pontus (16–8 BC) in his place."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman client kingdom", "says": "The Bosporan Kingdom of Aspurgus was a client state of the Roman Empire, protected by Roman garrisons."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman client kingdom", "says": "Aspurgus adopted the Roman name \"Tiberius Julius\" when he received Roman citizenship and enjoyed the patronage of the first two Roman Emperors, Augustus and Tiberius."}, {"id": "Q43706", "label": "John Chrysostom", "section": "History - Fate of the kingdom", "says": "380 onwards, since a 404 letter to John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople, refers to the local ruler as a rex Gothiorum (\"king of the Goths\")."}, {"id": "Q10295972", "label": "Hunnic Empire", "section": "History - Fate of the kingdom", "says": "The Gothic Bosporan realm likely became a vassal of the Hunnic Empire, regaining its independence after the empire's collapse in the 450s and 460s."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Fate of the kingdom", "says": "Through some means, the Goths appear to have left or been driven away, leading to the resumption of local self-rule in the late 5th century under rulers such as Douptounos, who re-oriented the kingdom towards the Byzantine Empire as a client state."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "History - Fate of the kingdom", "says": "Such a re-orientation is also evidenced by the presence of Byzantine coins in the Crimea, including coinage of emperors Justin I (r."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Fate of the kingdom", "says": "518–527) and Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Fate of the kingdom", "says": "Though Gordas maintained good relations with Justinian, he was killed in a revolt in 527, which led the emperor to send armies to the Bosporus, conquering the lands of the kingdom and establishing imperial control there."}], "Q622783": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish Netherlands were a collection of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Habsburgs, but not annexed to the Spanish Crown, thus encompassing the second period in history of the Habsburg Netherlands, that lasted from 1556 to 1714."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "This region comprised most of the modern states of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as parts of northern France and western Germany, with the capital being Brussels."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial fiefs in the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial fiefs in the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imperial fiefs in the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands, which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Holy Roman and Spain's emperor Charles V in 1556."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands, which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Holy Roman and Spain's emperor Charles V in 1556."}, {"id": "Q697823", "label": "Fall of Antwerp", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish hegemony in the south of the Netherlands was solidified following their victory in the Fall of Antwerp during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish hegemony in the south of the Netherlands was solidified following their victory in the Fall of Antwerp during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This war would lead to the northern part of Spanish Netherlands separating to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule for over a century until the War of the Spanish Succession led to a handover to the Austrian Habsburgs, thus becoming Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule for over a century until the War of the Spanish Succession led to a handover to the Austrian Habsburgs, thus becoming Austrian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "History - Background", "says": "A common administration of fiefs in the Low Countries, centered in the Duchy of Brabant, already existed under the rule of the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good with the implementation of a stadtholder and the first convocation of the States General of the Netherlands in 1464."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "History - Background", "says": "A common administration of fiefs in the Low Countries, centered in the Duchy of Brabant, already existed under the rule of the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good with the implementation of a stadtholder and the first convocation of the States General of the Netherlands in 1464."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the government takeover by her husband Archduke Maximilian I of Austria, the States insisted on their privileges, culminating in a Hook rebellion in Holland and Flemish revolts."}, {"id": "Q560806", "label": "Albert III, Duke of Saxony", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Maximilian prevailed with the support of Duke Albert III of Saxony and his son Philip the Handsome, husband of Joanna of Castile, could assume the rule over the Habsburg Netherlands in 1493."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Maximilian prevailed with the support of Duke Albert III of Saxony and his son Philip the Handsome, husband of Joanna of Castile, could assume the rule over the Habsburg Netherlands in 1493."}, {"id": "Q171136", "label": "Juana I of Castile", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Maximilian prevailed with the support of Duke Albert III of Saxony and his son Philip the Handsome, husband of Joanna of Castile, could assume the rule over the Habsburg Netherlands in 1493."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Philip as well as his son and successor Charles V retained the title of a \"Duke of Burgundy\" referring to their Burgundian inheritance, but not having the Duchy of Burgundy in their possession, since it was taken by the French already in 1477."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Only the Free County of Burgundy, in the Holy Roman Empire, remained in Habsburg rule, since 1493."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Between 1555 and 1556, the House of Habsburg split into an Austrian and a Spanish branch as a consequence of Charles's abdications: the Netherlands were left to his son Philip II of Spain, while his brother King Ferdinand I succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "History - Eighty Years' War", "says": "Philip's stern Counter-Reformation measures sparked the Dutch Revolt in the mainly Calvinist Netherlandish provinces, which led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War in 1568."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "History - Eighty Years' War", "says": "In January 1579 the seven northern provinces formed the Protestant Union of Utrecht, which declared independence from the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands by the 1581 Act of Abjuration."}, {"id": "Q158256", "label": "Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain", "section": "History - Eighty Years' War", "says": "Better times came, when in 1598 the Spanish Netherlands passed to Philip's daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband Archduke Albert VII of Austria."}, {"id": "Q311452", "label": "Albert VII, Archduke of Austria", "section": "History - Eighty Years' War", "says": "Better times came, when in 1598 the Spanish Netherlands passed to Philip's daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband Archduke Albert VII of Austria."}, {"id": "Q5599", "label": "Peter Paul Rubens", "section": "History - Eighty Years' War", "says": "Among the artists who emerged from the court of the \"Archdukes\", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Eighty Years' War", "says": "The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia, and given the peculiar inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): Zeelandic Flanders (south of the River Scheldt), the presen"}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "History - Spanish Withdrawal", "says": "By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed most of Artois, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English."}, {"id": "Q25857", "label": "War of Devolution", "section": "History - Spanish Withdrawal", "says": "By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Cambrai, Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the County of Hainaut (including Valenciennes), and further to the south Spanish Habsburgs also lost the Free County of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "History - Spanish Withdrawal", "says": "By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Cambrai, Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the County of Hainaut (including Valenciennes), and further to the south Spanish Habsburgs also lost the Free County of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q309460", "label": "County of Hainaut", "section": "History - Spanish Withdrawal", "says": "By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Cambrai, Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the County of Hainaut (including Valenciennes), and further to the south Spanish Habsburgs also lost the Free County of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q673556", "label": "War of the Reunions", "section": "History - Spanish Withdrawal", "says": "Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region that were restored to Spain by the Treaty of Rijswijk 1697."}], "Q62589": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Norway had been in a closer union with Denmark, but Denmark–Norway's alliance with Napoleonic France caused the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire to consent to Sweden's annexation of the realm as compensation for the loss of Finland to Russia in 1809 and as a reward for joining the alliance against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Norway had been in a closer union with Denmark, but Denmark–Norway's alliance with Napoleonic France caused the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire to consent to Sweden's annexation of the realm as compensation for the loss of Finland to Russia in 1809 and as a reward for joining the alliance against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Norway had been in a closer union with Denmark, but Denmark–Norway's alliance with Napoleonic France caused the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire to consent to Sweden's annexation of the realm as compensation for the loss of Finland to Russia in 1809 and as a reward for joining the alliance against Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, the King of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway to the King of Sweden, but Norway refused to submit to the treaty provisions, declared independence, and convoked a constituent assembly at Eidsvoll in early 1814."}, {"id": "Q1780850", "label": "Swedish-Norwegian War 1814", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing Swedish–Norwegian War and the Convention of Moss compelled Christian Frederick to abdicate after calling an extraordinary session of the Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, to revise the Constitution in order to allow for a personal union with Sweden."}, {"id": "Q33773", "label": "Convention of Moss", "section": "lead", "says": "The ensuing Swedish–Norwegian War and the Convention of Moss compelled Christian Frederick to abdicate after calling an extraordinary session of the Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, to revise the Constitution in order to allow for a personal union with Sweden."}, {"id": "Q52928", "label": "Charles XIII of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "On 4 November the Storting elected Sweden's king, Charles XIII, as the King of Norway, thereby confirming the union."}, {"id": "Q154927", "label": "Haakon VII of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "After a plebiscite confirming the election of Prince Carl of Denmark as the new king of Norway, he accepted the Storting's offer of the throne on 18 November and took the regnal name of Haakon VII."}, {"id": "Q314457", "label": "Magnus IV of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden and Norway had been united under the same crown on two previous occasions: from 1319 to 1343 under Magnus Eriksson and again briefly from 1449 to 1450 under Karl Knutsson in opposition to Christian of Oldenburg who was elected king of the Kalmar Union by the Danes."}, {"id": "Q310433", "label": "Karl Knutsson", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden and Norway had been united under the same crown on two previous occasions: from 1319 to 1343 under Magnus Eriksson and again briefly from 1449 to 1450 under Karl Knutsson in opposition to Christian of Oldenburg who was elected king of the Kalmar Union by the Danes."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden and Norway had been united under the same crown on two previous occasions: from 1319 to 1343 under Magnus Eriksson and again briefly from 1449 to 1450 under Karl Knutsson in opposition to Christian of Oldenburg who was elected king of the Kalmar Union by the Danes."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "Background", "says": "The united kingdoms are referred to as Denmark–Norway by later historians."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union permanently in 1523 under King Gustav Vasa, and in the middle of the 17th century rose to the status of a major regional power after the intervention of Gustavus II Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union permanently in 1523 under King Gustav Vasa, and in the middle of the 17th century rose to the status of a major regional power after the intervention of Gustavus II Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "Background", "says": "The wars during the reign of King Charles XII, however, led to the loss of that status after the Great Northern War, 1700–1721."}], "Q1206012": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although commonly translated as \"German Empire\", the word Reich here better translates as \"realm\" or territorial \"reach\", in that the term does not in itself have monarchical connotations."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "lead", "says": "The name \"German Reich\" was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871 at the Palace of Versailles by Otto von Bismarck and Wilhelm I of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q150652", "label": "Wilhelm I", "section": "lead", "says": "The name \"German Reich\" was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871 at the Palace of Versailles by Otto von Bismarck and Wilhelm I of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q57472", "label": "Hans Heinrich Lammers", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the decree of the Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Lammers of 26 June 1943, the name \"Greater German Reich\" became mandatory in official documents."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Reich collapsed de facto with the death of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945, when the Allies decided not to recognise Karl Dönitz as the Reich President and to grant no legitimacy to the Flensburg Government he had formed."}, {"id": "Q76437", "label": "Karl Dönitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The German Reich collapsed de facto with the death of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945, when the Allies decided not to recognise Karl Dönitz as the Reich President and to grant no legitimacy to the Flensburg Government he had formed."}, {"id": "Q2415901", "label": "allied-occupied Germany", "section": "Fall of the Third Reich", "says": "At the Potsdam Conference, Allied-occupied Germany was defined as comprising \"Germany as a whole\"; and was divided into British, French, American and Soviet occupation zones; while the Allied Powers exercised the state authority assumed by the Berlin Declaration in transferring the former eastern territories of the German Reich east of the Oder–Neisse line to the Republic of Poland and the Soviet "}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Fall of the Third Reich", "says": "At the Potsdam Conference, Allied-occupied Germany was defined as comprising \"Germany as a whole\"; and was divided into British, French, American and Soviet occupation zones; while the Allied Powers exercised the state authority assumed by the Berlin Declaration in transferring the former eastern territories of the German Reich east of the Oder–Neisse line to the Republic of Poland and the Soviet "}], "Q15146034": [{"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d."}, {"id": "Q29001", "label": "Bumin Qaghan", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Turkic Khaganate succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the hegemonic power of the Mongolian Plateau and rapidly expanded their territories in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Göktürks spoke a Siberian Turkic language, the direct predecessor to the Orkhon Turkic of the Second Turkic Khaganate, the First Khaganate's early official texts and coins were written in Sogdian."}, {"id": "Q2607292", "label": "Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khaganate collapsed in 603, after a series of conflicts and civil wars which separated the polity into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khaganate collapsed in 603, after a series of conflicts and civil wars which separated the polity into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744, when it was overthrown by the Uyghur Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q458008", "label": "Denis Sinor", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "According to Denis Sinor, this reference indicates that the Turks specialized in metallurgy, although it is unclear if they were miners or blacksmiths."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "A disappointed Bumin allied with the Western Wei against the Rouran, their common enemy, by marrying Princess Changle."}, {"id": "Q2586994", "label": "Muqan Qaghan", "section": "History - Western expansion", "says": "The newly established empire was then divided among Bumin's other son, Muqan Qaghan and his brother Istämi."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Western expansion", "says": "Muqan ruled over the eastern part of the empire centered on Mongolia and defeated the Hephthalite Empire."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "History - Western expansion", "says": "In 557, Istämi forged an alliance with Khosrow I of the Sassanid Empire of Iran to defeat and destroy the Hephthalites, who were allies of the Rouran."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Western expansion", "says": "In 557, Istämi forged an alliance with Khosrow I of the Sassanid Empire of Iran to defeat and destroy the Hephthalites, who were allies of the Rouran."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Western expansion", "says": "The alliance with Northern China was further reinforced in 568 through the marriage of the Turkic princess Ashina, daughter of Muqan Qaghan, with Emperor Wu of the Xianbei-led Chinese Northern Zhou dynasty."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "History - Western expansion", "says": "The appearance of the Pannonian Avars in the West has been interpreted as a nomadic faction fleeing the westward expansion of the Göktürks, although the specifics are a matter of debate given the lack of clear sources and chronology."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Western expansion", "says": "As for the southern borders, they were drawn south of the Amu Darya, bringing the Ashina into conflict with their former allies, the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "History - Relations with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "The second contact occurred when Maniah, a Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi (also known as Silziboulos in Greek writings) of the Göktürks to send an embassy directly to the Byzantine Empire's capital Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered silk as a gift to emperor Justin II and where they discussed an alliance."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Relations with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "With the insults reflecting a breakdown of the alliance, the likely cause is that the anger was due to the Turks not having their expectations met from their agreements and realising they were being used when they no longer aligned with the current goals of the Byzantine Empire (who correspondingly did not trust the Turks as partners)."}, {"id": "Q2670239", "label": "Taspar Qaghan", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "When the fourth ruler of the khaganate, Taspar Qaghan, died in 581, the realm split in two over his succession."}, {"id": "Q2670230", "label": "Ishbara Qaghan", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "He had willed the title of khagan to Muqan's son Apa Qaghan, but the high council appointed Ishbara Qaghan instead."}, {"id": "Q7419", "label": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "In order to support his position, Ishbara of the Eastern Khaganate, acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Yang of Sui in order to seek their protection."}, {"id": "Q171698", "label": "Shibi Khan", "section": "History - Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "says": "Shibi Khan (609–619) and Illig Qaghan (620–630) attacked the Central Plain at its weakest moment during the transition between the Sui and Tang."}, {"id": "Q1192865", "label": "Xuanwu Gate Incident", "section": "History - Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "says": "In 626, Illig Qaghan took advantage of the Xuanwu Gate Incident and drove on to Chang'an."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "History - Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "says": "On September 25, 626, Emperor Taizong of Tang met Illig Qaghan on the border bridge, Taizong accused Illig Qaghan of crossing the border, Illig saw that Taizong was imposing and mistakenly thought that the reinforcements from the Tang dynasty had arrived, and was asked to duel."}, {"id": "Q718254", "label": "Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang", "section": "History - Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "says": "On March 27, 630, a Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeated the Eastern Tur"}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Western Turkic Khaganate", "says": "In 627 Tung Yabghu, assisted by the Khazars and Emperor Heraclius, launched a massive invasion of Transcaucasia which culminated in the taking of Derbent and Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q1074375", "label": "Su Dingfang", "section": "History - Western Turkic Khaganate", "says": "The Tang campaign against Karakhoja in 640 led to the retreat of the Western Turks, who were defeated during the Tang campaigns against Karasahr in 644 and the Tang campaign against Kucha in 648, leading to the 657 conquest of the Western Turks by the Tang general Su Dingfang."}, {"id": "Q387151", "label": "Ilterish Qaghan", "section": "History - Tang vassals", "says": "The Second Turkic Khaganate was founded by Ilterish Qaghan after rebelling against the Tang in 681."}], "Q153665": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "German South West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) officially known as the German South West Africa Protectorate, was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, when it was captured by the Western Allies during World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "German South West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) officially known as the German South West Africa Protectorate, was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, when it was captured by the Western Allies during World War I."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Its administration was taken over by the Union of South Africa (a dominion within the British Empire) and administered as South West Africa under a League of Nations mandate."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its administration was taken over by the Union of South Africa (a dominion within the British Empire) and administered as South West Africa under a League of Nations mandate."}], "Q156111": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The General Government (German: Generalgouvernement, IPA: [ɡenəˈʁaːlɡuvɛʁnəˌmã] ; Polish: Generalne Gubernatorstwo; Ukrainian: Генеральна губернія, romanized: Heneralna huberniia), formally the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Territories (German: Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete), was a German zone of occupation established after the invasion of Poland by Nazi G"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The General Government (German: Generalgouvernement, IPA: [ɡenəˈʁaːlɡuvɛʁnəˌmã] ; Polish: Generalne Gubernatorstwo; Ukrainian: Генеральна губернія, romanized: Heneralna huberniia), formally the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Territories (German: Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete), was a German zone of occupation established after the invasion of Poland by Nazi G"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The General Government (German: Generalgouvernement, IPA: [ɡenəˈʁaːlɡuvɛʁnəˌmã] ; Polish: Generalne Gubernatorstwo; Ukrainian: Генеральна губернія, romanized: Heneralna huberniia), formally the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Territories (German: Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete), was a German zone of occupation established after the invasion of Poland by Nazi G"}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The newly occupied Second Polish Republic was split into three zones: the General Government in its centre, Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany in the west, and Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union in the east."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The newly occupied Second Polish Republic was split into three zones: the General Government in its centre, Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany in the west, and Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union in the east."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The area of the Generalgouvernement roughly corresponded with the Austrian part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition of Poland in 1795."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Wehrmacht forces invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the area of the General Government was enlarged by the inclusion of the Polish regions previously annexed to the USSR."}], "Q165040": [{"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally a realm of the Farnese family after Pope Paul III made it a hereditary duchy for his son, Pier Luigi Farnese, it was ruled by the dynasty until 1731, when the last duke, Antonio Farnese, died without direct heirs."}, {"id": "Q364023", "label": "Pier Luigi Farnese", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally a realm of the Farnese family after Pope Paul III made it a hereditary duchy for his son, Pier Luigi Farnese, it was ruled by the dynasty until 1731, when the last duke, Antonio Farnese, died without direct heirs."}, {"id": "Q548485", "label": "Antonio Farnese", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally a realm of the Farnese family after Pope Paul III made it a hereditary duchy for his son, Pier Luigi Farnese, it was ruled by the dynasty until 1731, when the last duke, Antonio Farnese, died without direct heirs."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was invaded by Napoleon and annexed by France, having its sovereignty restored in 1814 after Napoleon's defeat."}, {"id": "Q442497", "label": "Ottavio Farnese", "section": "History - The consolidation of the duchy", "says": "Ottavio Farnese strove to make the duchy prosperous, to win the support of the people by applying the wise measures already taken by his father, and to flatter the local nobility using more moderation than Pier Luigi."}, {"id": "Q554961", "label": "Alessandro Farnese", "section": "History - The consolidation of the duchy", "says": "Alessandro Farnese, who was also an important general of the Spanish army,  succeeding the leadership of the duchy, was forced by King Philip II of Spain to appoint his seventeen-year-old son Ranuccio I Farnese, as regent, since the Spanish King did not want to deprive himself of the able and valiant general."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - The consolidation of the duchy", "says": "Alessandro Farnese, who was also an important general of the Spanish army,  succeeding the leadership of the duchy, was forced by King Philip II of Spain to appoint his seventeen-year-old son Ranuccio I Farnese, as regent, since the Spanish King did not want to deprive himself of the able and valiant general."}, {"id": "Q544873", "label": "Ranuccio I Farnese", "section": "History - The consolidation of the duchy", "says": "Alessandro Farnese, who was also an important general of the Spanish army,  succeeding the leadership of the duchy, was forced by King Philip II of Spain to appoint his seventeen-year-old son Ranuccio I Farnese, as regent, since the Spanish King did not want to deprive himself of the able and valiant general."}, {"id": "Q539927", "label": "Giulio Alberoni", "section": "History - Rule of Francesco Farnese", "says": "In 1714 the duchy achieved an important diplomatic success when Francesco, thanks to the offices of his ambassador in Spain Giulio Alberoni, was able to marry his niece Elisabeth to King Philip V of Spain, who had been widowed earlier that year."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "History - Rule of Francesco Farnese", "says": "In 1714 the duchy achieved an important diplomatic success when Francesco, thanks to the offices of his ambassador in Spain Giulio Alberoni, was able to marry his niece Elisabeth to King Philip V of Spain, who had been widowed earlier that year."}, {"id": "Q229867", "label": "Elisabeth Farnese", "section": "History - Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma", "says": "Because of the lack of male heirs, Elisabeth Farnese, niece of Duke Antonio Farnese, was declared the Farnese heiress."}, {"id": "Q1195251", "label": "Treaty of Seville", "section": "History - Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma", "says": "On the death of childless Duke Antonio in 1731, Philip V asserted the rights that his wife had over the duchies according to the agreements signed in the Treaty of Vienna of 1725 and the Treaty of Seville of 1729, and he claimed both for the Spanish House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q895180", "label": "Spanish House of Bourbon", "section": "History - Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma", "says": "On the death of childless Duke Antonio in 1731, Philip V asserted the rights that his wife had over the duchies according to the agreements signed in the Treaty of Vienna of 1725 and the Treaty of Seville of 1729, and he claimed both for the Spanish House of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma", "says": "He ruled his territories for four years until the end of the War of the Polish Succession, when, according to what was established in the Treaty of Vienna (1738), he handed over both duchies to the House of Habsburg in exchange for the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma", "says": "The Habsburgs only ruled until the conclusion of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, whose final peace treaty, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ceded back the duchy to the Bourbons in the person of Infante Philip of Spain, younger brother of Charles I."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma", "says": "Ferdinand maintained his throne under French military governors until the Treaty of Aranjuez of 1801, when a general agreement between the House of Bourbon and Napoleon formally decided the cession of the duchy to France in exchange for Tuscany, but the Duke remained in Parma until he died in 1802."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma", "says": "Ferdinand maintained his throne under French military governors until the Treaty of Aranjuez of 1801, when a general agreement between the House of Bourbon and Napoleon formally decided the cession of the duchy to France in exchange for Tuscany, but the Duke remained in Parma until he died in 1802."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Napoleonic era (1796-1814)", "says": "Even as French laws and administration were gradually introduced by the French \"administrator\" Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry, the formal annexation to the French Empire was declared only in 1808 after the outbreak of the Peninsular War."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "History - Last decades of the duchy (1814 to 1860)", "says": "In December 1859, the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was combined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy."}, {"id": "Q2268597", "label": "United Provinces of Central Italy", "section": "History - Last decades of the duchy (1814 to 1860)", "says": "In December 1859, the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was combined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy."}], "Q235030": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Antioch (Latin: Principatus Antiochenus; Norman: Princeté de Antioch) was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) and Syria."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was much smaller than the County of Edessa or the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was much smaller than the County of Edessa or the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "It extended around the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean, bordering the County of Tripoli to the south, Edessa to the east, and the Byzantine Empire or the Kingdom of Armenia to the northwest, depending on the date."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It extended around the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean, bordering the County of Tripoli to the south, Edessa to the east, and the Byzantine Empire or the Kingdom of Armenia to the northwest, depending on the date."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "It extended around the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean, bordering the County of Tripoli to the south, Edessa to the east, and the Byzantine Empire or the Kingdom of Armenia to the northwest, depending on the date."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "This patriarchate would endure as a titular one after the Crusades, until it was dropped in 1964."}, {"id": "Q289677", "label": "Tatikios", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The army consisted of various leaders who had sworn to return all territory that had belonged to the Byzantine Empire as well as a Byzantine contingent under the command of the general Tatikios."}, {"id": "Q55605048", "label": "Battle of the Lake of Antioch", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "There were several attempts by neighbouring Turkish chiefs to relieve the town, but these were beaten back such as during the Battle of the Lake of Antioch under the military leadership of Bohemond of Taranto."}, {"id": "Q365543", "label": "Kerbogha", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "In May 1098 another relief force under Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul, approached the city and thus it became important for the crusaders to act fast."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine emperor, was on his way to assist the Crusaders, but upon hearing rumours that the city had fallen to the Muslims, Alexios turned back."}, {"id": "Q450666", "label": "Peter Bartholomew", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The Crusaders withstood the siege, with help from a mystic named Peter Bartholomew."}, {"id": "Q33923", "label": "Saint Peter", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Excavations took place in the Basilica of Saint Peter and the Lance was discovered by Peter himself."}, {"id": "Q49967", "label": "Adhemar of Le Puy", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Although it is possible Peter planted it there himself (the papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy believed this to be the case), it raised the spirits of the Crusaders as well as of the local Armenians and Greeks."}, {"id": "Q1500314", "label": "Battle of Harran", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "However those newly captured cities along with other territory were lost after the Battle of Harran when Baldwin II of Edessa was captured."}, {"id": "Q178621", "label": "Treaty of Devol", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Bohemond was defeated at Dyrrhachium in 1108 and was forced by Alexius I to sign the Treaty of Devol, making Antioch a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire upon Bohemond's death."}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Tancred, in fact, had been the only Crusade leader who did not swear to return conquered land to Alexius (though none of the other leaders, save for Raymond IV of Toulouse, kept their oaths anyway)."}, {"id": "Q550310", "label": "Roger of Salerno", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Tancred died in 1112 and was succeeded by Bohemond II, under the regency of Tancred's nephew Roger of Salerno, who defeated a Seljuk attack in 1113."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "History - Antioch and the Byzantine Empire", "says": "After the fall of Edessa in 1144, Antioch was attacked by Nur ad-Din during the Second Crusade."}, {"id": "Q146465", "label": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Antioch and the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem was technically regent for Raymond's widow Constance until 1153 when she married Raynald of Châtillon."}, {"id": "Q316831", "label": "Raynald of Châtillon", "section": "History - Antioch and the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Baldwin III of Jerusalem was technically regent for Raymond's widow Constance until 1153 when she married Raynald of Châtillon."}, {"id": "Q2034912", "label": "Battle of Harim", "section": "History - Antioch and the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Bohemond was taken captive by Nur ad-Din the following year at the Battle of Harim, and the Orontes River became the permanent boundary between Antioch and Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "History - Antioch and the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Neither Antioch nor Tripoli participated in the Third Crusade, although the remnants of Frederick Barbarossa's army briefly stopped in Antioch in 1190 to bury their king."}, {"id": "Q233568", "label": "Battle of Hattin", "section": "History - Antioch and the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Bohemond III's son, also named Bohemond, had become count of Tripoli after the Battle of Hattin, and Bohemond III's eldest son Raymond married an Armenian princess in 1194."}, {"id": "Q888113", "label": "Raymond-Roupen", "section": "History - Antioch and the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Bohemond's death resulted in a struggle for control between Antioch, represented by Bohemond of Tripoli, and Armenia, represented by Bohemond III's grandson Raymond-Roupen."}, {"id": "Q630794", "label": "Richard of Salerno", "section": "History - Relations with other Latin settlements in the East", "says": "In 1108, Bohemond also put Richard of Salerno in charge of Edessa, but Tancred was reluctant to hand it over because Tancred and Baldwin were fighting each other for possession of Edessa at the time."}, {"id": "Q51717", "label": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Relations with other Latin settlements in the East", "says": "Bertrand of Toulouse then entered an alliance with Baldwin I of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Fall of the Principality", "says": "In 1260, under the influence of his father-in-law, the Armenian king Hetoum I, Bohemond VI submitted to the Mongols under Hülegü, making Antioch a tributary state of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q244356", "label": "Battle of Ain Jalut", "section": "History - Fall of the Principality", "says": "When the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Baibars, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, began to threaten Antioch, which (as a vassal of the Armenians) had supported the Mongols."}], "Q274488": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "It previously existed from 220 to 222 AD as a vassal kingdom nominally under its rival state Cao Wei but declared complete independence in November 222 AD."}, {"id": "Q334101", "label": "Sun Jian", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Towards the end of the Han dynasty, Sun Ce, the eldest son of the warlord Sun Jian, and his followers borrowed troops from the warlord Yuan Shu and embarked on a series of military conquests in the Jiangdong and Wu regions between 194 and 199, seizing several territories previously occupied by warlords such as Liu Yao, Yan Baihu and Wang Lang."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Towards the end of the Han dynasty, Sun Ce, the eldest son of the warlord Sun Jian, and his followers borrowed troops from the warlord Yuan Shu and embarked on a series of military conquests in the Jiangdong and Wu regions between 194 and 199, seizing several territories previously occupied by warlords such as Liu Yao, Yan Baihu and Wang Lang."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "The warlord Cao Cao, who was the de facto head of government in the Han imperial court, asked Emperor Xian to grant Sun Ce the title of \"Marquis of Wu\" (吳侯)."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Sun Ce was assassinated in the summer of 200 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "In 208, Sun Quan allied with the warlord Liu Bei and they combined forces to defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs."}, {"id": "Q830059", "label": "Battle of Red Cliffs", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "In 208, Sun Quan allied with the warlord Liu Bei and they combined forces to defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs."}, {"id": "Q470080", "label": "Lü Meng", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "In 219, Sun Quan severed ties with Liu Bei when he sent his general Lü Meng to invade Liu's territories in Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q222797", "label": "Guan Yu", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Guan Yu, who was defending Liu Bei's assets in Jing Province, was captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces."}, {"id": "Q313333", "label": "Cao Pi", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "In 220, Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi, ended the Han dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate in his favour and established the state of Cao Wei."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "A year later, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han."}, {"id": "Q1141614", "label": "Battle of Xiaoting", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "In 222, Liu Bei launched a military campaign against Sun Quan to take back Jing Province and avenge Guan Yu, leading to the Battle of Xiaoting."}, {"id": "Q23114", "label": "Lu Xun", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "However, Liu Bei suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Sun Quan's general Lu Xun and was forced to retreat to Baidicheng, where he died a year later."}, {"id": "Q468780", "label": "Liu Shan", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Liu Bei's successor, Liu Shan, and his regent, Zhuge Liang, made peace with Sun Quan later and reaffirmed their previous alliance."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Liu Bei's successor, Liu Shan, and his regent, Zhuge Liang, made peace with Sun Quan later and reaffirmed their previous alliance."}, {"id": "Q470034", "label": "Sun Liang", "section": "History - Sun Quan's reign", "says": "Sun Quan appointed his youngest son, Sun Liang, as the crown prince after the incident."}, {"id": "Q468767", "label": "Sun Xiu", "section": "History - Reigns of Sun Liang and Sun Xiu", "says": "Sun Liang was deposed in 258 by Sun Chen, who installed Sun Xiu, another son of Sun Quan, on the throne."}, {"id": "Q736613", "label": "Ding Feng", "section": "History - Reigns of Sun Liang and Sun Xiu", "says": "Sun Xiu killed Sun Chen later in a coup with the help of Zhang Bu and Ding Feng."}, {"id": "Q470030", "label": "Sun Hao", "section": "History - Fall of Wu", "says": "The ministers Puyang Xing, Wan Yu and Zhang Bu decided to install Sun He's son, Sun Hao, on the throne."}, {"id": "Q470091", "label": "Cao Huan", "section": "History - Fall of Wu", "says": "In February 266, Sima Yan ended the state of Cao Wei by forcing its last ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate in his favour, and then established the Jin dynasty."}], "Q320930": [{"id": "Q313333", "label": "Cao Pi", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was established in 220 AD by Cao Pi based upon the foundations laid by his father Cao Cao during the end of the Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was established in 220 AD by Cao Pi based upon the foundations laid by his father Cao Cao during the end of the Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q699624", "label": "Cao Shuang", "section": "lead", "says": "The authority of the ruling Cao family dramatically weakened following the deposition and execution of Cao Shuang, a regent for the dynasty's third emperor Cao Fang in 249 AD."}, {"id": "Q77822", "label": "Cao Fang", "section": "lead", "says": "The authority of the ruling Cao family dramatically weakened following the deposition and execution of Cao Shuang, a regent for the dynasty's third emperor Cao Fang in 249 AD."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Cao Shuang's death, another regent, Sima Yi, gradually consolidated state authority for himself and his relatives, with the last Wei emperors largely being puppets of the Sima family."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "At that time, the southern part of China was divided into two areas controlled by two other warlords, Liu Bei and Sun Quan."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "At that time, the southern part of China was divided into two areas controlled by two other warlords, Liu Bei and Sun Quan."}, {"id": "Q378470", "label": "Cao Rui", "section": "History - Reigns of Cao Pi and Cao Rui", "says": "Cao Pi ruled for six years until his death on 29 June 226 and was succeeded by his son, Cao Rui, who ruled until his death on 22 January 239."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "History - Reigns of Cao Pi and Cao Rui", "says": "Between 228 and 234, Zhuge Liang, the Shu chancellor and regent, led a series of five military campaigns to attack Wei's western borders (within present-day Gansu and Shaanxi), with the aim of conquering Chang'an, a strategic city which lay on the road to the Wei capital, Luoyang."}, {"id": "Q197191", "label": "Zhang He", "section": "History - Reigns of Cao Pi and Cao Rui", "says": "The Shu invasions were repelled by the Wei armies led by the generals Cao Zhen, Sima Yi, Zhang He and others; Shu did not make any significant gains in the expeditions."}, {"id": "Q736639", "label": "Guanqiu Jian", "section": "History - Sima Yi's Liaodong Campaign", "says": "After Guanqiu Jian failed to subjugate the Gongsun clan of the Liaodong Commandery, it was Sima Yi who, in June 238, as the Grand Commandant (太尉), launched an invasion with 40,000 troops at the behest of Emperor Cao Rui against Liaodong, which at this point had been firmly rooted under Gongsun control for 4 decades."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Goguryeo–Wei Wars", "says": "Around that time, as the Korean kingdom Goguryeo consolidated its power, it proceeded to conquer the territories on the Korean peninsula which were under Chinese rule."}, {"id": "Q707808", "label": "Sima Shi", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "Sima Yi died on 7 September 251, passing on his authority to his eldest son, Sima Shi, who continued ruling as regent."}, {"id": "Q550290", "label": "Cao Mao", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "Sima Shi deposed Cao Fang in 254, on grounds of planning to stage a rebellion, and replaced him with Cao Mao."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "In response, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin staged a rebellion, but were crushed by Sima Shi in an event that nevertheless took a heavy toll on Sima Shi's health, having undergone eye surgery prior to the insurrection, causing him to die on 23 March 255, but not before handing his power and regency over to his younger brother, Sima Zhao."}, {"id": "Q859401", "label": "Three Rebellions in Shouchun", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "In 258, Sima Zhao quelled Zhuge Dan's rebellion, marking an end to what are known as the Three Rebellions in Shouchun."}, {"id": "Q470091", "label": "Cao Huan", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "After Cao Mao's death, Cao Huan was enthroned as the fifth ruler of Wei."}, {"id": "Q197813", "label": "Zhong Hui", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "In 263, Wei armies led by Zhong Hui and Deng Ai conquered Shu."}, {"id": "Q550368", "label": "Deng Ai", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "In 263, Wei armies led by Zhong Hui and Deng Ai conquered Shu."}, {"id": "Q280866", "label": "Jiang Wei", "section": "History - Fall of Wei", "says": "Afterwards, Zhong Hui and former Shu general Jiang Wei grouped and plotted together in order to oust Sima Zhao from power, however, various Wei officials turned against them when it was found out that Jiang Wei had urged Zhong Hui to get rid of these officials before the planned coup."}], "Q335088": [{"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Located outside the Armenian Highlands and distinct from the Kingdom of Armenia of antiquity, it was centered in the Cilicia region, northwest of the Gulf of Alexandretta."}, {"id": "Q541848", "label": "Leo I, King of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1198, with the crowning of Leo I, King of Armenia of the Rubenid dynasty, Cilician Armenia became a kingdom."}, {"id": "Q733854", "label": "Hethum I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1226, the crown was passed to the rival Hethumid dynasty through Leo's daughter Isabella's second husband, Hethum I."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Crusader states and the Mongol Ilkhanate disintegrated, leaving the Armenian Kingdom without any regional allies."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "History - Cilicia under Tigranes the Great", "says": "Armenian presence in Cilicia dates back to the first century BC, when under Tigranes the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia expanded and conquered a vast region in the Levant."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Cilicia under Tigranes the Great", "says": "Tigranes then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively ending the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Cilicia under Tigranes the Great", "says": "Tigranes then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively ending the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Cilicia under Tigranes the Great", "says": "In 27 BC, the Roman Empire conquered Cilicia and transformed it into one of its eastern provinces."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire", "says": "After the 395 AD partition of the Roman Empire into halves, Cilicia became incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Cilicia fell to Arab invasions in the seventh century and was entirely incorporated into the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Emperor Basil II (976–1025) tried to expand into Armenian Vaspurakan in the east and Arab-held Syria towards the south."}, {"id": "Q2622868", "label": "Bagratid Armenia", "section": "History - Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire", "says": "The Armenians could not re-establish an independent state in their native highland after the fall of Bagratid Armenia, as it remained under foreign occupation."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "History - Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire", "says": "In 1064, the Seljuk Turks led by Alp Arslan made their advance towards Anatolia by capturing Ani in Byzantine-held Armenia."}, {"id": "Q311482", "label": "Malik-Shah I", "section": "History - Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Alp Arslan's successor, Malik-Shah I, further expanded the Seljuk Empire and lev"}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire", "says": "Alp Arslan's successor, Malik-Shah I, further expanded the Seljuk Empire and lev"}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - First Crusade", "says": "During the reign of Constantine I, the First Crusade took place."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "History - First Crusade", "says": "The Armenians in Cilicia gained powerful allies among the Frankish Crusaders, whose leader, Godfrey of Bouillon, was considered a savior for the Armenians."}, {"id": "Q83029", "label": "Gregory XIII", "section": "History - First Crusade", "says": "The Armenians also helped the Crusaders; as described by Pope Gregory XIII in his Ecclesia Romana:\n\nAmong the good deeds which the Armenian people has done towards the church and the Christian world, it should especially be stressed that, in those times when the Latin Christian princes and the warriors went to retake the Holy Land, no people or nation, with the same enthusiasm, joy and faith came "}, {"id": "Q51719", "label": "Joscelin I, Count of Edessa", "section": "History - First Crusade", "says": "For instance, Joscelin I of Edessa married the daughter of Constantine, and Baldwin, brother of Godfrey, married Constantine's niece, daughter of his brother T'oros."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "History - Armenian–Byzantine and Armenian–Seljuk contentions", "says": "During this period, there was continued hostility between Cilician Armenia and the Seljuk Turks, as well as occasional bickering between Armenians and the Principality of Antioch over forts located near southern Amanus."}, {"id": "Q992945", "label": "Ruben III, Prince of Armenia", "section": "History - Armenian–Byzantine and Armenian–Seljuk contentions", "says": "Ruben II, Mleh, and Ruben III, succeeded Thoros II in 1169, 1170, and 1175, respectively."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Principality becomes a kingdom", "says": "At the time, Saladin of Egypt defeated the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which led to the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "History - Principality becomes a kingdom", "says": "At the time, Saladin of Egypt defeated the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which led to the Third Crusade."}, {"id": "Q336684", "label": "Clement III", "section": "History - Principality becomes a kingdom", "says": "Cilician Armenia's prominence in the region is attested by letters sent in 1189 by Pope Clement III to Levon and to Catholicos Gregory IV, in which he asks Armenian military and financial assistance to the crusaders."}, {"id": "Q167052", "label": "Gregory IV", "section": "History - Principality becomes a kingdom", "says": "Cilician Armenia's prominence in the region is attested by letters sent in 1189 by Pope Clement III to Levon and to Catholicos Gregory IV, in which he asks Armenian military and financial assistance to the crusaders."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Principality becomes a kingdom", "says": "Thanks to the support given to Levon by the Holy Roman Emperors (Frederick Barbarossa, and his son, Henry VI), he elevated the princedom's status to a kingdom."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Principality becomes a kingdom", "says": "Thanks to the support given to Levon by the Holy Roman Emperors (Frederick Barbarossa, and his son, Henry VI), he elevated the princedom's status to a kingdom."}, {"id": "Q888113", "label": "Raymond-Roupen", "section": "History - Principality becomes a kingdom", "says": "In 1219, after a failed attempt by Raymond-Roupen to claim the throne, Levon's daughter Zabel was proclaimed the new ruler of Cilicia"}, {"id": "Q61964", "label": "Kayqubad baraa I", "section": "History - Hethumid dynasty", "says": "In order to enact revenge for his son's death, Bohemond sought an alliance with Seljuk sultan Kayqubad I, who captured regions west of Seleucia."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Armeno-Mongol alliance and Mamluk threat", "says": "During the rule of Zabel and Het'um, the Mongols under Genghis Khan and his successor Ögedei Khan rapidly expanded from Central Asia and reached the Middle East, conquering Mesopotamia and Syria in their advance towards Egypt."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "History - Armeno-Mongol alliance and Mamluk threat", "says": "During the rule of Zabel and Het'um, the Mongols under Genghis Khan and his successor Ögedei Khan rapidly expanded from Central Asia and reached the Middle East, conquering Mesopotamia and Syria in their advance towards Egypt."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Armeno-Mongol alliance and Mamluk threat", "says": "In 1253, Het'um himself visited the new Mongol ruler Möngke Khan at Karakorum."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Armeno-Mongol alliance and Mamluk threat", "says": "They took control of Egypt and Palestine in 1250 and 1253, respectively, and filled the vacuum caused by the Mongol destruction of the pre-existing Ayyubid and Abbasid governments."}, {"id": "Q2726734", "label": "Second Battle of Homs", "section": "History - Truce with Mamluks (1281–1295)", "says": "In 1281, following the defeat of the Mongols and the Armenians under Möngke Temur by the Mamluks at the Second Battle of Homs, a truce was forced on Armenia."}, {"id": "Q392815", "label": "Al-Ashraf Khalil", "section": "History - Truce with Mamluks (1281–1295)", "says": "In 1292, it was invaded by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, who had conquered the remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre the year before."}, {"id": "Q1430929", "label": "Battle of Wadi", "section": "History - Campaigns with Mongols (1299–1303)", "says": "The combined force defeated the Mamluks in the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, on December 23, 1299."}, {"id": "Q213638", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "section": "History - Campaigns with Mongols (1299–1303)", "says": "Levon IV formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Cyprus, then ruled by the Frankish Lusignan dynasty, but could not resist attacks from the Mamluks."}, {"id": "Q310421", "label": "John I of Castile and Leon", "section": "History - Decline and fall with the Lusignan dynasty", "says": "The final king, Levon V, was granted safe passage and arrived in Castille seeking assistance from the King John I of Castile to recover his kingdom."}], "Q45310": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty's founder was Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, who was born in 840 in a small town called Karnin (Qarnin), which was located east of Zaranj and west of Bost, in what is now Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time of Ya'qub's death, he had conquered the Kabul Valley, Tocharistan, Makran (Balochistan), Kerman, Fars, Khorasan, and nearly reached Baghdad but then suffered a defeat by the Abbasids."}, {"id": "Q862648", "label": "Ismail Samani", "section": "lead", "says": "His brother and successor, Amr ibn al-Layth, was defeated at the Battle of Balkh against Ismail Samani in 900."}, {"id": "Q4955540", "label": "Hindu Shahis", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "From his capital Zaranj he moved east into al-Rukhkhadj (Arachosia), Zamindawar and ultimately Kabul, vanquishing the Zunbils and the Hindu Shahis by 865."}, {"id": "Q7675521", "label": "Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Under Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr (901–908), the dynasty fought the Abbasids for the possession of Fars to maintain its control over the province."}, {"id": "Q4561714", "label": "Ahmad ibn Muhammad", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Sistan passed briefly to Abbasid control, but became independent again under the Saffarid Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad; but now the dynasty was a minor power isolated in Sistan."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1002, Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Sistan, dethroned Khalaf ibn Ahmad and finally ended the Saffarid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q4562131", "label": "Khalaf ibn Ahmad", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1002, Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Sistan, dethroned Khalaf ibn Ahmad and finally ended the Saffarid dynasty."}], "Q494354": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 11th century, they came under the suzerainty of the Seljuk Empire followed by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) who defeated the Seljuks in the Battle of Qatwan in 1141."}, {"id": "Q3950956", "label": "Battle of Qatwan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 11th century, they came under the suzerainty of the Seljuk Empire followed by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) who defeated the Seljuks in the Battle of Qatwan in 1141."}, {"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Khanate ended in 1211, and the Western Khanate was extinguished by the Khwarazmian Empire in 1212."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Kara-Khanid Khanate originated from a confederation formed some time in the 9th century by Karluks, Yagmas, Chigils, Tuhsi, and other peoples living in Zhetysu, Western Tian Shan (modern Kyrgyzstan), and Western Xinjiang around Kashgar."}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "10th-century Arab historian Al-Masudi listed two \"Khagan of Khagans\" of the Karluk horde: Sanah, a possible rendition of Ashina (compare Śaya (also by al-Masudi), Aś(i)nas (al-Tabari), Ānsa (Hudud al-'Alam), and Śaba (Ibn Khordadbeh)), and Afrasiab, whom 11th-century Karakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari identified with Turkic king Alp Er Tunga, the legendary progenitor of the Karakhanid ruling dy"}, {"id": "Q380004", "label": "Ibn Khordadbeh", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "10th-century Arab historian Al-Masudi listed two \"Khagan of Khagans\" of the Karluk horde: Sanah, a possible rendition of Ashina (compare Śaya (also by al-Masudi), Aś(i)nas (al-Tabari), Ānsa (Hudud al-'Alam), and Śaba (Ibn Khordadbeh)), and Afrasiab, whom 11th-century Karakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari identified with Turkic king Alp Er Tunga, the legendary progenitor of the Karakhanid ruling dy"}, {"id": "Q326005", "label": "Vasily Bartold", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Even so, the tribal origin of Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, the first Kara-Khan, is still unknown: if Bilge Kul Qadir descended from the Karluk Yabghus, then he indeed belonged to the Ashina dynasty as they did; if Bilge Kul Qadir descended from the Yagma (as suggested by Vasily Bartold), then he did not, considering that the Hudud al-'Alam stated that \"Their [Yagmas'] king is from the family of the Toġuz"}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 742, the Karluks were part of an alliance led by the Basmyls and the Uyghur Khaganate that rebelled against the Göktürks, leading to the demise of the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744)."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 742, the Karluks were part of an alliance led by the Basmyls and the Uyghur Khaganate that rebelled against the Göktürks, leading to the demise of the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744)."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 742, the Karluks were part of an alliance led by the Basmyls and the Uyghur Khaganate that rebelled against the Göktürks, leading to the demise of the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744)."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Karluks converted to Christianity, specifically the Church of the East, at the end of the 8th century, about 15 years after they established themselves in the Jetisu region."}, {"id": "Q3239600", "label": "Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam (c. 934 CE)", "says": "According to the Ottoman historian known as Munajjim-bashi, a Karakhanid prince named Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan was the first of the khans to convert."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Conquest of Transoxiana", "says": "The Samanid domains were divided between the Ghaznavids, who gained Khorasan and Afghanistan, and the Karakhanids, who received Transoxiana."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Conquest of Transoxiana", "says": "The Samanid domains were divided between the Ghaznavids, who gained Khorasan and Afghanistan, and the Karakhanids, who received Transoxiana."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Conquest of Transoxiana", "says": "The four sons of Ali (Ahmad, Nasr, Mansur, Muhammad) each held their own independent appanage within the Karakhanid state."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Conquest of Transoxiana", "says": "Around the same time, the Kara-Khanid ruler Ilig Khan reached an agreement with Mahmud of Ghazni, in which they agreed to partition former Samanid territory along the Oxus river."}, {"id": "Q914898", "label": "Kingdom of Khotan", "section": "History - Conquest of the western Tarim Basin", "says": "In the mid-10th century, Satuq's son Musa began to put pressure on Khotan, and a long period of war between Kashgar and the Kingdom of Khotan ensued."}, {"id": "Q26493", "label": "Battle of Dandanaqan", "section": "History - Seljuk suzerainty", "says": "In 1040, the Seljuk Empire defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan and entered Iran."}, {"id": "Q1330091", "label": "Yelü Dashi", "section": "History - Qara Khitai invasion", "says": "The Liao noble Yelü Dashi recruited warriors from various tribes and formed a horde that moved westward to rebuild the Liao dynasty."}, {"id": "Q862304", "label": "Qara Khitai", "section": "History - Qara Khitai invasion", "says": "In 1141, the Qara Khitai became the dominant force in the region after they dealt a devastating blow to the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar and the Kara-Khanids at the Battle of Qatwan near Samarkand."}, {"id": "Q337506", "label": "Ahmad Sanjar", "section": "History - Qara Khitai invasion", "says": "In 1141, the Qara Khitai became the dominant force in the region after they dealt a devastating blow to the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar and the Kara-Khanids at the Battle of Qatwan near Samarkand."}], "Q733668": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They became clients of the Roman Empire, serving as foederati responsible for defending the eastern frontier of the empire against Bedouin raids and rival powers."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As Roman allies, the Ghassanids frequently fought against the Lakhmid kingdom, a rival Arab polity allied with the Sasanian Empire, and played a significant role in the Roman–Persian conflicts of late antiquity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period, they converted to Christianity and emerged as one of the most prominent Arab Christian groups in the pre-Islamic Near East."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "At the height of their power in the 6th century, particularly under the reign of Justinian I, the Ghassanids rose from being one of several Arab allies of Byzantium to exercising collective authority over them all, forming a broad confederation of Arab tribes."}, {"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "lead", "says": "Although relations with Byzantium were occasionally strained, the Ghassanids remained key allies of the empire until the early 7th century, participating in the final Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "lead", "says": "In 636, the Ghassanids faced a decisive military defeat at the Battle of the Yarmuk and fell under the rule of the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 636, the Ghassanids faced a decisive military defeat at the Battle of the Yarmuk and fell under the rule of the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "These are probably the people called Casani in Pliny the Elder, Gasandoi in Diodorus Siculus and Kasandreis in Photios I of Constantinople (relying on older sources)."}, {"id": "Q243187", "label": "Photios I of Constantinople", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "These are probably the people called Casani in Pliny the Elder, Gasandoi in Diodorus Siculus and Kasandreis in Photios I of Constantinople (relying on older sources)."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Their earliest appearance in records is dated to 473, when their chief, Amorkesos, signed a treaty with the Byzantine Empire acknowledging their status as foederati controlling parts of Palestine."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Their earliest appearance in records is dated to 473, when their chief, Amorkesos, signed a treaty with the Byzantine Empire acknowledging their status as foederati controlling parts of Palestine."}, {"id": "Q943191", "label": "Lakhmids", "section": "History - Becoming clients of the Byzantines", "says": "The Romans found a powerful ally in the Ghassanids who acted as a buffer zone against the Lakhmids."}, {"id": "Q129020", "label": "Michael the Syrian", "section": "History - The restoration under Maurice (585–602 AD)", "says": "The exception is some information about the phylarch Jafnah, brother of Al-Nu'man, active between 587 and 591 AD, preserved by Michael the Syrian."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - The reign of Heraclius (610–641 AD)", "says": "In the time of the emperor Heraclius, relations with the Ghassanids dramatically improved, and they became as good as they were at their height in the time of Justinian I."}, {"id": "Q755966", "label": "Battle of Nineveh", "section": "History - The reign of Heraclius (610–641 AD)", "says": "The three main episodes for the Ghassanids in this time period is the joint Ghassanid-Oriens armies fighting against the invasion of the Persians, and then a withdrawal by the Ghassanids to Anatolia where they fight alongside Heraclius in his counteroffensive to deliver a decisive blow to the Persians at the Battle of Nineveh (627), and lastly their fight against the Muslims in the Oriens where th"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Muslim conquest of the Levant", "says": "The nascent Muslim state in Medina, first under the Islamic prophet Muhammad (d."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Muslim conquest of the Levant", "says": "The latter became the cornerstone of Mu'awiya's military power in Syria, and later, when he became head of the Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate in 661, of the Islamic empire in general."}, {"id": "Q264210", "label": "Mu'awiya II", "section": "History - Umayyad and Abbasid periods", "says": "When Mu'awiya's grandson, Caliph Mu'awiya II, died without a chosen successor amid the Second Muslim Civil War in 684, Umayyad rule was on the verge of collapse in Syria, having already collapsed throughout the caliphate, where the supporters of a rival caliph, the Mecca-based Ibn al-Zubayr, took charge."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "History - Umayyad and Abbasid periods", "says": "The Ghassan, along with their tribal allies in Syria, especially the Kalb, supported continued Umayyad rule to secure their interests under the dynasty, and nominated Mu'awiya's distant cousin, Marwan I, as caliph during a summit of the Syrian tribes in the old Ghassanid capital of Jabiyah."}, {"id": "Q128413", "label": "Yazid III", "section": "History - Umayyad and Abbasid periods", "says": "After the latter was killed, the Ghassan marched on Damascus to help install his successor, the Yamani-backed Yazid III (r."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Umayyad and Abbasid periods", "says": "The toppling of the Umayyads and the advent of the Iraq-based Abbasid Caliphate in 75"}, {"id": "Q11273979", "label": "Yahya ibn Yahya", "section": "History - Scholarly families in Damascus", "says": "Two Damascene Ghassanid families in particular achieved prominence in early Islamic Syria, those of Yahya ibn Yahya al-Ghassani (d."}, {"id": "Q298403", "label": "Umar II", "section": "History - Scholarly families in Damascus", "says": "Upon returning to Damascus after his stint as a governor of Mosul for the Umayyad caliph Umar II (r."}], "Q746558": [{"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Bukhara was an Uzbek absolute monarchy in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now parts of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Bukhara was an Uzbek absolute monarchy in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now parts of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "lead", "says": "It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana."}, {"id": "Q696241", "label": "Khanate of Kokand", "section": "lead", "says": "It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana."}, {"id": "Q68682", "label": "Bukharan People's Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic."}], "Q1250763": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sicily was a peripheral part of the Byzantine Empire when Muslim forces from Ifriqiya (roughly present-day Tunisia) began launching raids in 652."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "Sicily was a peripheral part of the Byzantine Empire when Muslim forces from Ifriqiya (roughly present-day Tunisia) began launching raids in 652."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fatimid Caliphate replaced Aghlabid rule after 909."}, {"id": "Q1917014", "label": "County of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Christian Norman mercenaries under Roger I ultimately conquered the island, founding the County of Sicily in 1071; the last Muslim city on the island, Noto, fell in 1091, marking the end of independent Islamic rule in Sicily."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "But by the mid thirteenth century, Muslims who had not already left or converted to Christianity were expelled, ending roughly four hundred years of Islamic presence in Sicily."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Early Muslim conquest of Sicily", "says": "In 535, Emperor Justinian I reconquered Sicily for the Roman Empire, which by then was ruled from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early Muslim conquest of Sicily", "says": "In 535, Emperor Justinian I reconquered Sicily for the Roman Empire, which by then was ruled from Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Early Muslim conquest of Sicily", "says": "As the power of what is now known as the Byzantine Empire waned in the West, a new and expansionist power was emerging in the Middle East: the Rashidun Caliphate, the first major Muslim state to emerge following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early Muslim conquest of Sicily", "says": "As the power of what is now known as the Byzantine Empire waned in the West, a new and expansionist power was emerging in the Middle East: the Rashidun Caliphate, the first major Muslim state to emerge following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Early Muslim conquest of Sicily", "says": "Over a period of twenty five years, the caliphate succeeded in annexing much of the Persian Sasanian Empire and former Roman territories in the Levant and North Africa."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Early Muslim conquest of Sicily", "says": "By the end of the seventh century, with the Umayyad conquest of North Africa, the Muslims had captured the nearby port city of Carthage, allowing them to build shipyards and a permanent base from which to launch more sustained attacks."}, {"id": "Q2541827", "label": "Euphemios", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "In 826, Euphemius, the commander of the Byzantine fleet of Sicily, forced a nun to marry him."}, {"id": "Q41640", "label": "Michael II", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "Emperor Michael II caught wind of the matter and ordered that General Constantine end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' nose."}, {"id": "Q367311", "label": "Giustiniano Participazio", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "After year-long siege, and an attempted mutiny, his troops were able to defeat a large army sent from Palermo, backed by a Venetian fleet led by Doge Giustiniano Participazio."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Muslim rule", "says": "Raids into Southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a joint Christian army under the Emperor Otto II and the brothers Landulf and Pandulf was defeated at Stilo near Crotone in Calabria."}, {"id": "Q4055153", "label": "Abu'l Qasim", "section": "History - Muslim rule", "says": "But Emir Abu'l-Qasim was killed in battle and with Emir Yusuf al-Kalbi (986–998) a period of steady decline began."}, {"id": "Q315297", "label": "Roger I of Sicily", "section": "History - Decline and \"Taifa\" period", "says": "By the 11th century, mainland southern Italian powers were hiring Norman mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the Vikings; it was the Normans under Roger de Hauteville, who became Roger I of Sicily, that captured Sicily from the Muslims."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "History - Decline and \"Taifa\" period", "says": "The Norman Robert Guiscard, son of Tancred, then conquered Sicily in 1060 after taking Apulia and Calabria, while his brother Roger de Hauteville occupied Messina with an army of 700 knights."}, {"id": "Q203647", "label": "Harald III of Norway", "section": "History - Decline and \"Taifa\" period", "says": "Many Anglo-Danish and Varangian mercenaries fought in Southern Italy, including Harald Hardrada and William de Hauteville who conquered parts of Sicily between 1038 and 1040, and Edgar the Ætheling who fought in the Norman conquest of southern Italy."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Decline and \"Taifa\" period", "says": "Runestones were raised in Sweden in memory of warriors who died in Langbarðaland (Land of the Lombards), the Old Norse name for southern Italy."}], "Q153091": [{"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Prussia (German: Herzogtum Preußen, Polish: Księstwo Pruskie, Lithuanian: Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (German: Herzogliches Preußen; Polish: Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformatio"}, {"id": "Q40433", "label": "Albert, Duke in Prussia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "As Protestantism spread among the laity of the Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia, dissent began to develop against the Roman Catholic rule of the Teutonic Knights, whose Grand Master, Albert, Duke of Prussia, a member of a cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern, lacked the military resources to assert the order's authority."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "History - Background", "says": "As Protestantism spread among the laity of the Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia, dissent began to develop against the Roman Catholic rule of the Teutonic Knights, whose Grand Master, Albert, Duke of Prussia, a member of a cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern, lacked the military resources to assert the order's authority."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After losing a war against the Kingdom of Poland, and with his personal bishop, Georg von Polenz of Pomesania and of Samland, who had converted to Lutheranism in 1523, and a number of his commanders already supporting Protestant ideas, Albert began to consider a radical solution."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "History - Background", "says": "At Wittenberg in 1522, and at Nuremberg in 1524, Martin Luther encouraged him to convert the order's territory into a secular principality under his personal rule, as the Teutonic Knights would not be able to survive the Reformation."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In a deal partly brokered by Luther, Ducal Prussia became the first Protestant state, anticipating the dispensations of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Some of the knights converted to Lutheranism in order to retain their property and then married into the Prussian nobility, while others returned to the Holy Roman Empire, and remained Catholic."}, {"id": "Q698426", "label": "Walter von Cronberg", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "These remaining Teutonic Knights, led by the next Grand Master, Walter von Cronberg, continued to unsuccessfully claim Prussia, but retained much of the estates in the Teutonic bailiwicks outside of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q157789", "label": "Frederick I of Denmark", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On 1 March 1526, Albert married Princess Dorothea, daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark, thereby establishing political ties between Lutheranism and Scandinavia."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Lack of heirs", "says": "Following King Sigismund III's Prussian regency agreement (1605) with Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg and his Treaty of Warsaw, 1611, with John Sigismund of Brandenburg, confirming the Brandenburgian co-inheritance of Prussia, both regents guaranteed the free practice of Catholic religion in predominantly-Lutheran Prussia."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Personal union with Brandenburg", "says": "In 1618, the Thirty Years' War broke out, and John Sigismund himself died the following year."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "History - Personal union with Brandenburg", "says": "His son, George William, was successfully invested with the duchy in 1623 by King of Poland Sigismund III Vasa, thus the personal union Brandenburg-Prussia was confirmed."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "History - Personal union with Brandenburg", "says": "His son, George William, was successfully invested with the duchy in 1623 by King of Poland Sigismund III Vasa, thus the personal union Brandenburg-Prussia was confirmed."}, {"id": "Q1377426", "label": "Jerzy Ossoliński", "section": "History - Personal union with Brandenburg", "says": "During the Polish–Swedish wars, the duchy became administered in 1635 by the Polish statesman Jerzy Ossoliński, who was appointed by Polish King Władysław IV Vasa."}, {"id": "Q54054", "label": "Władysław IV Vasa", "section": "History - Personal union with Brandenburg", "says": "During the Polish–Swedish wars, the duchy became administered in 1635 by the Polish statesman Jerzy Ossoliński, who was appointed by Polish King Władysław IV Vasa."}, {"id": "Q52936", "label": "Charles X Gustav of Sweden", "section": "History - Personal union with Brandenburg", "says": "Yet, during the Second Northern War, Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Ducal Prussia and dictated the Treaty of Königsberg (January 1656), which made the duchy a Swedish fief."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Personal union with Brandenburg", "says": "When the tide of the war turned against Charles X Gustav, he concluded the Treaty of Labiau (November 1656), making Frederick William I the full sovereign in Ducal Prussia and Warmia, which, however, was part of Poland."}, {"id": "Q53452", "label": "John II Casimir Vasa", "section": "History - Emancipation", "says": "In response to the Swedish-Prussian alliance, King John II Casimir Vasa submitted a counteroffer, which Frederick William accepted."}, {"id": "Q688969", "label": "Treaty of Bromberg", "section": "History - Emancipation", "says": "They signed the Treaty of Wehlau on 19 September 1657 and the Treaty of Bromberg on 6 November 1657."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Emancipation", "says": "Full sovereignty was a necessary prerequisite to upgrade Ducal Prussia to the sovereign Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 when Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg became \"King in Prussia\" in 1701."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Later development", "says": "The Kingdom of Prussia, then consisting of East and West Prussia, being a sovereign state, and Brandenburg, being a fief within the Holy Roman Empire, were amalgamated de jure only after the latter's dissolution in 1806, though later became again partially distinct during the existence of the German Confederation (1815–1866)."}], "Q153943": [{"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "While formally independent, it was ruled by Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon imposed the first written modern constitution in Germany, a French-style central administration, and agricultural reform."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Downfall", "says": "A significant burden on the kingdom was the requirement to supply troops and financial support for the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q1373441", "label": "Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev", "section": "Downfall", "says": "In September 1813, Russian general Alexander Chernyshyov led a raid on Cassel with 1,200 to 2,300 regular cavalrymen and Cossacks, along with four to six artillery pieces."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "Downfall", "says": "Prussian troops occupied Westphalia on 26 October, following the French defeat at the Battle of Leipzig on 19 October."}], "Q156199": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Saxony, 1356 to 1806, was an Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q693562", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Centred on the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg with its capital at Dresden, Saxony was one of the most significant states within the empire."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "Formally known as the Prince-Elector of Saxony, its rulers came first from the House of Ascania until 1422, then the House of Wettin until 1806, when it was replaced by the Kingdom of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Formally known as the Prince-Elector of Saxony, its rulers came first from the House of Ascania until 1422, then the House of Wettin until 1806, when it was replaced by the Kingdom of Saxony."}], "Q1923401": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to Tibet in the south, and from present-day west of Mongolia and the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to Tibet in the south, and from present-day west of Mongolia and the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "When Chinggis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206, the Oirat tribes and the Mongols had not yet formed a single nomadic people."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Oirat's leader, Qutuqa Beki, submitted to Genghis Khan in 1208, and his house intermarried with all four branches of the Genghisid line."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Oirat's leader, Qutuqa Beki, submitted to Genghis Khan in 1208, and his house intermarried with all four branches of the Genghisid line."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "During the Toluid Civil War, the Four Oirat (Choros, Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoid) sided with Ariq Böke and therefore never accepted Kublaid rule."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "During the Toluid Civil War, the Four Oirat (Choros, Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoid) sided with Ariq Böke and therefore never accepted Kublaid rule."}, {"id": "Q8985", "label": "Jorightu Khan Yesüder", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the Yuan dynasty's collapse, the Oirats supported the Ariq Bökid Jorightu Khan Yesüder to seize the Northern Yuan throne."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the Yuan dynasty's collapse, the Oirats supported the Ariq Bökid Jorightu Khan Yesüder to seize the Northern Yuan throne."}, {"id": "Q9263", "label": "Esen Taishi", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Oirats held sway over the Northern Yuan khans until the death of Esen Taishi in 1455, after which they migrated west due to Khalkha Mongol aggression."}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "History - Erdeni Batur's rule", "says": "The Dzungars invaded the Kazakh Khanate in 1635, capturing their sultan, Jangir in the process."}, {"id": "Q743749", "label": "Erdeni Batur", "section": "History - Erdeni Batur's rule", "says": "Erdeni Batur later continued his invasions in 1640."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "History - Erdeni Batur's rule", "says": "He established relations with the Tsardom of Russia, granting them rights to salt mines and trade and allowing Russians to settle and create outposts."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "History - Erdeni Batur's rule", "says": "His rule ended in 1653 when he died, before which he requested the Khoshut Khanate to aid him in their war against the Kazakhs, and they sent Galdamba to defeat Jangir at Battle of Turkistan and Bukharans at the Battle of the Chu and Talas river."}, {"id": "Q4340725", "label": "Ochirtu Khan", "section": "History - Succession dispute (1653–1677)", "says": "With the support of Ochirtu Khan of the Khoshut, this strife ended with Sengge's victory in 1661."}, {"id": "Q1395045", "label": "Galdan Boshugtu Khan", "section": "History - Succession dispute (1653–1677)", "says": "Sengge's younger brother Galdan Boshugtu Khan had been residing in Tibet at the time."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "History - Conquest of the Yarkent Khanate (1678–1680)", "says": "From the late 16th century onward, the Yarkent Khanate fell under the influence of the Khojas."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Conquest of the Yarkent Khanate (1678–1680)", "says": "The Khojas were Naqshbandi Sufis who claimed descent from the prophet Muhammad or from the Rashidun caliphs."}, {"id": "Q283648", "label": "Ismail Khan", "section": "History - Conquest of the Yarkent Khanate (1678–1680)", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, who ruled for only a brief period before Ismail Khan was enthroned."}, {"id": "Q1076837", "label": "Afaq Khoja", "section": "History - Conquest of the Yarkent Khanate (1678–1680)", "says": "Ismail reversed the power struggle between the two Muslim factions and drove out the Aq Taghliq leader, Afaq Khoja."}, {"id": "Q9341", "label": "Ligdan Khan", "section": "History - Khalkha war (1687–1688)", "says": "The Oirats had established peace with the Khalkha Mongols since Ligdan Khan died in 1634, and the Khalkhas were preoccupied with the rise of the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q735871", "label": "Zanabazar", "section": "History - Khalkha war (1687–1688)", "says": "After two bloody battles with the Dzungars near Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Chakhundorji and his brother Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Zanabazar fled across the Gobi Desert to the Qing dynasty and submitted to the Kangxi Emperor."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "History - Khalkha war (1687–1688)", "says": "After two bloody battles with the Dzungars near Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Chakhundorji and his brother Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Zanabazar fled across the Gobi Desert to the Qing dynasty and submitted to the Kangxi Emperor."}, {"id": "Q4087470", "label": "Battle of Ulan Butung", "section": "History - First Qing war (1690–1696)", "says": "Late in the summer of 1690, Galdan crossed the Kherlen River with a force of 20,000 and engaged a Qing army at Battle of Ulan Butung 350 kilometers north of Beijing near the western headwaters of the Liao River."}, {"id": "Q3874305", "label": "Battle of Jao Modo", "section": "History - First Qing war (1690–1696)", "says": "He was defeated in the ensuing Battle of Jao Modo near the upper Tuul River."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Chagatai rebellion (1693–1705)", "says": "Muhammad sought help from the Qing dynasty, Khanate of Bukhara, and the Mughal Empire in combating the Dzungars."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Chagatai rebellion (1693–1705)", "says": "Muhammad sought help from the Qing dynasty, Khanate of Bukhara, and the Mughal Empire in combating the Dzungars."}, {"id": "Q881387", "label": "Lha-bzang Khan", "section": "History - Second Qing war (1714–1720)", "says": "Tsewang Rabtan's brother Tseren Dhondup invaded the Khoshut Khanate in 1717, deposed Yeshe Gyatso, killed Lha-bzang Khan, and looted Lhasa."}, {"id": "Q4502462", "label": "Battle of the Salween River", "section": "History - Second Qing war (1714–1720)", "says": "The Kangxi Emperor retaliated in 1718, but his military expedition was annihilated by the Dzungars in the Battle of the Salween River, not far from Lhasa."}, {"id": "Q317839", "label": "Yongzheng Emperor", "section": "History - Galdan Tseren (1727–1745)", "says": "In retaliation against attacks against his Khalkha subjects, the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty sent an invasion force of 10,000 in the early 1730s, which the Dzungars defeated near the Khoton Lake."}, {"id": "Q4210248", "label": "Kalmyk Khanate", "section": "History - Galdan Tseren (1727–1745)", "says": "The Kazakhs, who were preparing campaigns against the Kalmyk Khanate and the Bashkirs, were caught unprepared and were unable to repel the Dzungar invasion."}, {"id": "Q372192", "label": "Amursana", "section": "History - End of the Dzungar Khanate (1745–1757)", "says": "He was overthrown by his cousin Dawachi and the Khoid noble Amursana, but they too fought over control of the khanate."}, {"id": "Q322100", "label": "Ablai Khan", "section": "History - End of the Dzungar Khanate (1745–1757)", "says": "During this period, Sultan Ablai (later Ablai Khan) intervened in Dzungar affairs, alternately supporting rival claimants and leading campaigns into Dzungaria at the head of Middle Jüz forces."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Amursana's rebellion (1755–1757)", "says": "Instead, the Qianlong Emperor made him only khan of the Khoid."}, {"id": "Q597003", "label": "Wei Yuan", "section": "History - Genocide", "says": "According to the Qing scholar Wei Yuan (1794–1857), the Dzungar population before the Qing conquest was around 600,000 in 200,000 households."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Demographic change in Xinjiang", "says": "The Qing ideology of unification portrayed the \"outer\" non-Han Chinese like the Mongols, Oirats, and Tibetans together with the \"inner\" Han Chinese as \"one family\" united in the Qing state."}], "Q272033": [{"id": "Q51717", "label": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Frankish Crusaders, mostly southern French forces – captured the region in 1109, Bertrand of Toulouse became the first count of Tripoli as a vassal of King Baldwin I of Jerusalem."}], "Q28322": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "There are differing accounts of Parhae's founding, but most of them state that when Parhae was founded by Tae Choyŏng in 698, it involved Goguryeo and Mohe people."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Li died soon after and Sun succeeded him, only to be defeated by the Second Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q9738", "label": "Wu Zetian", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Because the route to Tae was cut off by the Kumo Xi and Khitans who had submitted to the Türks, Wu Zetian was unable to attack."}, {"id": "Q495636", "label": "Kim Pusik", "section": "History - Ethnic identity", "says": "While modern Korean scholars usually consider Parhae a Korean state and one of the Northern and Southern States of Korea, Russian and Chinese scholars reject this notion, echoing the position of historical Korean scholars such as Kim Pusik, author of the Samguk sagi."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Relations with Japan", "says": "At the same time, trouble with the Tibetan Empire to the west forced the Tang to withdraw all military forces from Korea and adopt a defensive stance."}, {"id": "Q253774", "label": "An Lushan Rebellion", "section": "History - Relations with Japan", "says": "In 755, the An Lushan Rebellion broke out, causing the Tang to lose control of the northeast, and even after the rebellion's end in 763, warlords known as jiedushi controlled the former northeastern part of the Tang empire."}, {"id": "Q9753", "label": "Emperor Daizong of Tang", "section": "History - Relations with Japan", "says": "In 762, Emperor Daizong of Tang formally recognized Parhae as a state and Hŭmmu as its king."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Internal development", "says": "Since the 1980s large numbers of archaeological sites related to Parhae have been excavated in North Korea; among those sites, the fortress at Bukcheong and the monastery site at Omae-ri in the city of Sinpo were locales engaged in the trade between Parhae and Silla."}, {"id": "Q9755", "label": "Emperor Dezong of Tang", "section": "History - Conflict with Mohe tribes and Silla", "says": "By the end of Hŭmmu's reign in 793, princes from Parhae's royal family were serving as guards at the court of Emperor Dezong of Tang of their own volition."}, {"id": "Q334312", "label": "Taejo of Goryeo", "section": "History - Goryeo", "says": "They were granted land and the crown prince was given the family name Wang (왕; 王), the royal family name of the Goryeo dynasty, and included in the royal household by Wang Geon, who was crowned as Taejo of Goryeo."}, {"id": "Q715257", "label": "Later Silla", "section": "History - Goryeo", "says": "This was in stark contrast to Later Silla, which had endured a hostile relationship with Parhae."}, {"id": "Q698239", "label": "Later Baekje", "section": "History - Goryeo", "says": "Later Baekje fared only little better than Later Silla before its fall in 936."}, {"id": "Q6596990", "label": "Yang Pu", "section": "History - Jin dynasty", "says": "Aguda was advised by a Parhae man named Yang Pu who aided him in establishing an imperial court."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Mongol Empire", "says": "The term \"Parhae\" became noticeably less prevalent under the rule of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Mongol Empire", "says": "After You surrendered, Muqali praised him to Genghis Khan, who bestowed on him the Mongol name Halabadu."}], "Q373981": [{"id": "Q1814900", "label": "Tahir ibn Husayn", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Tahir ibn Husayn, a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun."}, {"id": "Q3778593", "label": "Fourth Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "For his support of al-Ma'mun in the Fourth Fitna, he was granted the governance of Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The arrangement was effectively a partnership between the Abbasids and the Tahirids.\" Indeed, the Tahirids were loyal to the Abbasid caliphs and in return enjoyed considerable autonomy; they were in effect viceroys representing Abbasid rule in Persia."}], "Q583501": [{"id": "Q11768", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "This dynasty is generally considered to mark the beginning of the decline of Ancient Egypt, coinciding with the Bronze Age Collapse which led to the end of the New Kingdom and the onset of the Third Intermediate Period."}, {"id": "Q312402", "label": "Setnakhte", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Upon the death of the last pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, Queen Twosret, Egypt descended into a period of civil war, as attested by the Elephantine stela built by Setnakhte."}, {"id": "Q157995", "label": "Horemheb", "section": "History - 20th Dynasty", "says": "Horemheb, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, had restored the traditional Ancient Egyptian religion and the priesthood of Amun after their abandonment by Akhenaten."}, {"id": "Q81794", "label": "Akhenaten", "section": "History - 20th Dynasty", "says": "Horemheb, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, had restored the traditional Ancient Egyptian religion and the priesthood of Amun after their abandonment by Akhenaten."}, {"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "History - Setnakhte", "says": "He ruled for about 3-4 years before being succeeded by his son Ramesses III."}, {"id": "Q158043", "label": "Merneptah", "section": "History - Ramesses III", "says": "In Year 5 of his reign, Ramesses defeated a Libyan invasion of Egypt by the Libu, Meshwesh and Seped people through Marmarica, who had previously unsuccessfully invaded during the reign of Merneptah."}, {"id": "Q844639", "label": "Battle of Djahy", "section": "History - Ramesses III", "says": "Ramesses III is most famous for decisively defeating a confederacy of the Sea Peoples, including the Denyen, Tjekker, Peleset, Shardana and Weshesh in the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta during Year 8 of his reign."}, {"id": "Q1036947", "label": "Battle of the Delta", "section": "History - Ramesses III", "says": "Ramesses III is most famous for decisively defeating a confederacy of the Sea Peoples, including the Denyen, Tjekker, Peleset, Shardana and Weshesh in the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta during Year 8 of his reign."}, {"id": "Q1532", "label": "Ramesses IV", "section": "History - Ramesses III", "says": "The king died from the attempt on his life; however, it was his legitimate heir and son Ramesses IV who succeeded him to the throne, who thereafter arrested and put approximately 30 conspirators to death."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "History - Ramesses IV", "says": "Ramesses expanded his father's Temple of Khonsu at Karnak and possibly began his own mortuary temple at a site near the Temple of Hatshepsut."}, {"id": "Q4064", "label": "Ramesses V", "section": "History - Ramesses V", "says": "Ramesses V reigned for no more than 4 years, dying of smallpox in 1143 BC."}, {"id": "Q5167", "label": "Ramesses VI", "section": "History - Ramesses VI", "says": "Ramesses VI is best known for his tomb which, when built, inadvertently buried the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun underneath, keeping it safe from grave robbing until its discovery by Howard Carter in 1922."}, {"id": "Q12154", "label": "Tutankhamun", "section": "History - Ramesses VI", "says": "Ramesses VI is best known for his tomb which, when built, inadvertently buried the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun underneath, keeping it safe from grave robbing until its discovery by Howard Carter in 1922."}, {"id": "Q4009", "label": "Ramesses IX", "section": "History - Ramesses VIII", "says": "The only monument from his reign is his modest tomb, which was used for Mentuherkhepeshef, son of Ramesses IX, rather than Ramesses VIII himself."}, {"id": "Q8045", "label": "Ramesses VIII", "section": "History - Ramesses VIII", "says": "The only monument from his reign is his modest tomb, which was used for Mentuherkhepeshef, son of Ramesses IX, rather than Ramesses VIII himself."}, {"id": "Q12523930", "label": "Sobekemsaf II", "section": "History - Ramesses IX", "says": "Many of these were found to have been broken into, like the tomb of Pharaoh Sobekemsaf II, whose mummy had been stolen."}, {"id": "Q313121", "label": "Ramesses XI", "section": "History - Ramesses XI", "says": "Ramesses XI was the last pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty."}], "Q58738": [{"id": "Q57266", "label": "Ernst Toller", "section": "lead", "says": "The members of the new government, led by playwright Ernst Toller, had no political or administrative experience, and after just six days in power they were ousted in a putsch organized by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD)."}, {"id": "Q44393", "label": "Ludwig III of Bavaria", "section": "Background", "says": "Faced with demonstrations and growing unrest in Munich, King Ludwig III of Bavaria fled the city on 7 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q76440", "label": "Kurt Eisner", "section": "Background", "says": "Kurt Eisner of the left-wing Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), with the support of local revolutionary workers' and soldiers' councils, then became minister-president of the newly proclaimed Free State of Bavaria."}], "Q61292": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although nominally independent, it largely came under the control of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which envisaged it as a buffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Far Eastern Republic came to an end in November 1922 when it voluntarily merged with the RSFSR, which became one of founding members of the Soviet Union the following month."}, {"id": "Q185718", "label": "Alexander Kolchak", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "During the Civil War local authorities generally controlled the towns and cities of the Russian Far East, cooperating to a greater or lesser extent with the White Siberian government of Alexander Kolchak and with the succeeding invading forces of the Japanese Army."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "However, Vladimir Lenin and other party leaders in Moscow felt that the approximately 70,000 Japanese and 12,000 American troops might regard such an action as a provocation, which might spur a further attack that the Soviet Republic could ill afford."}, {"id": "Q696736", "label": "Karafuto Prefecture", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The pretext for the occupation was the killing of Japanese civilians during the Nikolayevsk Incident, But Japan already had considerable interest in the territory due to it bordering Karafuto Prefecture, along with north Sakhalin's considerable petroleum reserves."}, {"id": "Q2625552", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "They would withdraw following the signing of the Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention."}], "Q696251": [{"id": "Q329888", "label": "Allies of World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945, at the war's end until the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945, at the war's end until the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952."}, {"id": "Q392541", "label": "Treaty of San Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "Japan was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945, at the war's end until the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "lead", "says": "The occupation was overseen by the US general Douglas MacArthur, who was appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) by the US president Harry S."}, {"id": "Q494930", "label": "Matthew Ridgway", "section": "lead", "says": "Truman; MacArthur was succeeded as supreme commander by General Matthew Ridgway in 1951."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike in the occupations of Germany and Austria, the Soviet Union had little to no influence in Japan, declining to participate because it did not want to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command."}, {"id": "Q34479", "label": "Hirohito", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, at General MacArthur's insistence, Emperor Hirohito remained on the imperial throne and was effectively granted full immunity from prosecution for war crimes after he agreed to replace the wartime cabinet with a ministry acceptable to the Allies and committed to implementing the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, which among other things called for the country to become a parliamentary"}, {"id": "Q163244", "label": "Potsdam Declaration", "section": "lead", "says": "Furthermore, at General MacArthur's insistence, Emperor Hirohito remained on the imperial throne and was effectively granted full immunity from prosecution for war crimes after he agreed to replace the wartime cabinet with a ministry acceptable to the Allies and committed to implementing the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, which among other things called for the country to become a parliamentary"}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "While Article 9 of the constitution explicitly forbade Japan from maintaining a military or pursuing war as a means to settle international disputes, this policy soon became problematic especially as neighboring China fell under the control of the Chinese Communist Party and the Korean War broke out."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "While Article 9 of the constitution explicitly forbade Japan from maintaining a military or pursuing war as a means to settle international disputes, this policy soon became problematic especially as neighboring China fell under the control of the Chinese Communist Party and the Korean War broke out."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "Background", "says": "The official British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF), composed of Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand personnel, did not begin deployment to Japan until February 21, 1946."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "The National Revolutionary Army under Chiang Kai-shek was allotted Aichi Prefecture as its initial zone of responsibility, with the possibility of the Chinese occupation zone being altered by SCAP as needed."}], "Q797422": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Upper Volta (French: République de Haute-Volta), or simply Upper Volta, was a landlocked West African country established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing state within the French Community."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "On 4 August 1984, it changed its name to Burkina Faso."}], "Q838291": [{"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Socialist Republic of Montenegro (Serbo-Croatian: Socijalistička Republika Crna Gora / Социјалистичка Република Црна Гора), commonly referred to as Socialist Montenegro or simply Montenegro, was one of the six republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the nation state of the Montenegrins."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Prior to its formation, Montenegro was part of Zeta banovina administrative unit of Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Dissent was minimal until the 1980s, when a broader liberalization across Yugoslavia led to increasing national expression and the emergence of reformist voices."}], "Q853348": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (known from 1948 to 1960 as the Czechoslovak Republic), Fourth Czechoslovak Republic, or simply Czechoslovakia, was the Czechoslovak state from 1948 until 1989, when the country was under communist rule, and was regarded as a satellite state in the Soviet sphere of interest."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the coup d'état of February 1948, when the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power with the support of the Soviet Union, the country was declared a \"people's democratic state\" when the Ninth-of-May Constitution became effective."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1990, shortly after the Velvet Revolution, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was renamed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic."}, {"id": "Q1998866", "label": "Czech and Slovak Federal Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1990, shortly after the Velvet Revolution, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was renamed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic."}, {"id": "Q709968", "label": "Marián Čalfa", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 December 1989, the National Government of Understanding was established with Marián Čalfa as Prime Minister, replacing a Ladislav Adamec led communist government, with a cabinet in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia held 10 of 21 seats, compared with the 15 of 20 seats they had held in the previous cabinet."}, {"id": "Q725653", "label": "Ladislav Adamec", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 December 1989, the National Government of Understanding was established with Marián Čalfa as Prime Minister, replacing a Ladislav Adamec led communist government, with a cabinet in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia held 10 of 21 seats, compared with the 15 of 20 seats they had held in the previous cabinet."}, {"id": "Q152274", "label": "Edvard Beneš", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Before the Prague Offensive in 1945, Edvard Beneš, the Czechoslovak leader, agreed to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's demands for unconditional agreement with Soviet foreign policy and the Beneš decrees."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Communists were the big winners in the 1946 elections, taking a total of 114 seats (they ran a separate list in Slovakia)."}, {"id": "Q315531", "label": "Jan Masaryk", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk, the only prominent Minister still left who was not either a Communist or fellow traveler, was found dead two weeks later."}, {"id": "Q1751495", "label": "Slovak Socialist Republic", "section": "History - 1968–1990", "says": "In 1969, the country became a federative republic comprising the Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q36233", "label": "Václav Havel", "section": "History - 1968–1990", "says": "The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented (among others) by Václav Havel."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "History - 1968–1990", "says": "However, in late 1992, after further rifts between the Czechs and Slovaks proved insurmountable, the Federal Assembly decided it would break up the country into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993."}], "Q877619": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "As Napoleon increased his power, he borrowed some of the institutions of the ancien régime in his new form of one-man government, but also made some of his own."}, {"id": "Q1428015", "label": "Concordat of 1801", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Napoleon also instituted the Concordat of 1801, drawn up not in the Catholic Church's interest but his own."}, {"id": "Q2998928", "label": "Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "Historians sometimes date the start of the political downfall of the Directory to 18 June 1799 (Coup of 30 Prairial VII by the French Republican calendar)."}, {"id": "Q294344", "label": "Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "This was when anti-Jacobin Director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, after only a month in office, with the help of the Directory's only surviving original member, Paul Barras, also an anti-Jacobin, successfully rid himself of the other three then-sitting directors."}, {"id": "Q333843", "label": "Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "This was when anti-Jacobin Director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, after only a month in office, with the help of the Directory's only surviving original member, Paul Barras, also an anti-Jacobin, successfully rid himself of the other three then-sitting directors."}, {"id": "Q721665", "label": "Jean Baptiste Treilhard", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "The elections held for the two councils in March and April had produced a new \"Neo-Jacobin\" majority in the two bodies, and being unhappy with the existing five man Directory, by 5 June 1799, these councils had found an irregularity in the election of the Director Jean Baptiste Treilhard, who thus retired in favour of Louis-Jérôme Gohier, a Jacobin more \"in tune\" with the feelings in the two counc"}, {"id": "Q1550536", "label": "Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "The next day, 18 June 1799, anti-Jacobins Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai and Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux were also driven to resign, although one long time anti-Jacobin, popularly known for his cunning, survived the day's coup; they were replaced by the Jacobin baron Jean-François-Auguste Moulin and by non-Jacobin, or \"weak\" Jacobin, Roger Ducos."}, {"id": "Q1871443", "label": "Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "The next day, 18 June 1799, anti-Jacobins Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai and Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux were also driven to resign, although one long time anti-Jacobin, popularly known for his cunning, survived the day's coup; they were replaced by the Jacobin baron Jean-François-Auguste Moulin and by non-Jacobin, or \"weak\" Jacobin, Roger Ducos."}, {"id": "Q1663883", "label": "Roger Ducos", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "The next day, 18 June 1799, anti-Jacobins Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai and Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux were also driven to resign, although one long time anti-Jacobin, popularly known for his cunning, survived the day's coup; they were replaced by the Jacobin baron Jean-François-Auguste Moulin and by non-Jacobin, or \"weak\" Jacobin, Roger Ducos."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "With General Jean Victor Marie Moreau being unattainable as his sword, Sieyès favoured General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert; but, when Joubert was killed at the Battle of Novi on 15 August, he turned to General Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q128743", "label": "Barthélémy Catherine Joubert", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "With General Jean Victor Marie Moreau being unattainable as his sword, Sieyès favoured General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert; but, when Joubert was killed at the Battle of Novi on 15 August, he turned to General Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q1194172", "label": "Battle of Novi", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "With General Jean Victor Marie Moreau being unattainable as his sword, Sieyès favoured General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert; but, when Joubert was killed at the Battle of Novi on 15 August, he turned to General Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q318790", "label": "Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "Although Generals Guillaume Brune and André Masséna won battles at Bergen and Zurich, and the Allies of the Second Coalition lingered on the frontier as they had done after the Battle of Valmy, the fortunes of the Directory were still not restored."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "Although Generals Guillaume Brune and André Masséna won battles at Bergen and Zurich, and the Allies of the Second Coalition lingered on the frontier as they had done after the Battle of Valmy, the fortunes of the Directory were still not restored."}, {"id": "Q4411", "label": "Battle of Valmy", "section": "Fall of the Directory", "says": "Although Generals Guillaume Brune and André Masséna won battles at Bergen and Zurich, and the Allies of the Second Coalition lingered on the frontier as they had done after the Battle of Valmy, the fortunes of the Directory were still not restored."}], "Q111471": [{"id": "Q1991742", "label": "Kingdom of Alba", "section": "lead", "says": "After a period of expansion, Dál Riata eventually became associated with the Gaelic Kingdom of Alba."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Within Dál Riata was the important monastery of Iona, which played a key role in the spread of Celtic Christianity throughout northern Britain, and in the development of insular art."}, {"id": "Q2712138", "label": "Battle of Degsastan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, King Æthelfrith of Bernicia checked its growth at the Battle of Degsastan in 603."}, {"id": "Q712949", "label": "Domnall Brecc", "section": "lead", "says": "Serious defeats in Ireland and Scotland during the reign of Domnall Brecc (died 642) ended Dál Riata's \"golden age\", and the kingdom became a client of Northumbria for a time."}, {"id": "Q1284541", "label": "Áed Find", "section": "lead", "says": "750–760), while others have seen a revival under Áed Find (736–778)."}, {"id": "Q298263", "label": "Kenneth MacAlpin", "section": "lead", "says": "Some sources say Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin) was king of Dál Riata before becoming king of the Picts in 843, following a disastrous defeat of the Picts by Vikings."}, {"id": "Q2030487", "label": "Airgíalla", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The time in which Dál Riata arose was one of great instability in Ulster, following the Ulaid's loss of territory (including the ancient centre of Emain Macha) to the Airgíalla and the Uí Néill. \"The thriving of Dalriada"}, {"id": "Q2305886", "label": "Donncoirce", "section": "History - Mag Rath to the Pictish conquest", "says": "It has been proposed that some of the more obscure kings of Dál Riata mentioned in the Annals of Ulster, such as Fiannamail ua Dúnchado and Donncoirce, may have been kings of Irish Dál Riata."}, {"id": "Q881490", "label": "Ferchar Fota", "section": "History - Mag Rath to the Pictish conquest", "says": "The annals make it clear that the Cenél Gabraín lost any earlier monopoly of royal power in the late 7th century and in the 8th, when Cenél Loairn kings such as Ferchar Fota, his son Selbach, and grandsons Dúngal and Muiredach are found contesting for the kingship of Dál Riata."}], "Q1240096": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the Nizam, who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal Empire in the Deccan."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It had also become a protectorate under the Maratha Empire, until the empire's overthrow in 1818 and gradually became one of the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of the British Raj in 1901, the state had a revenue of ₹41.7 million (equivalent to ₹15 billion or US$160 million in 2023)."}, {"id": "Q16839090", "label": "Battle of Shakar Kheda", "section": "History - Early history and Maratha suzerainty", "says": "In 1724, following the Battle of Shakar Kheda, he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of Asaf Jah (granted by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah)."}, {"id": "Q3633171", "label": "Shahu I", "section": "History - Early history and Maratha suzerainty", "says": "Following the conquest of Deccan by Shahu I and the imposition of Chauth by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes and hence, Hyderabad became a protectorate of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Early history and Maratha suzerainty", "says": "By 1818 following the overthrow of the Maratha Empire by the Company after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Maratha protection of Hyderabad was quickly replaced by the Company's subsidiary alliance and thereby, the Peshwa, who maintained all the suzerinial lands, was deposed from his suzerainty from Hyderabad and was replaced with a viceroy."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - British suzerainty", "says": "Hyderabad under Asaf Jah II was a British ally in the second and third Maratha Wars (1803–05, 1817–19), Anglo-Mysore wars, and would remain loyal to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–58)."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Asaf Jah VII", "says": "He was given the title \"Faithful Ally of the British Empire\"."}, {"id": "Q2992979", "label": "Operation Polo", "section": "History - Asaf Jah VII", "says": "After Operation Polo, he continued to rule the state until January 1950, but in name only."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - After Indian Independence (1947–1948)", "says": "In 1947 India gained independence and Pakistan came into existence."}], "Q146597": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The lands of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia were controlled by khanates which were de jure part of the Zand realm, but the region was de facto autonomous."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of its founder and most important ruler, Karim Khan Zand (r."}, {"id": "Q170302", "label": "Saadi", "section": "lead", "says": "The tombs of the medieval Persian poets Hafez and Saadi Shirazi were also renovated by Karim Khan."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "1789–1794), was eventually executed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (r."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Karim Khan Zand", "says": "Nader Shah moved the Zand tribe from their home in the Zagros mountains to the eastern steppes of Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q197881", "label": "Adil Shah", "section": "History - Karim Khan Zand", "says": "After Adel Shah was made king Karim Khan and his soldiers defected from the army and along with Ali Morad Khan Bakhtiari and Abolfath Khan Haft Lang, two other local chiefs, became a major contender but was challenged by several adversaries."}, {"id": "Q197884", "label": "Shahrukh Afshar", "section": "History - Karim Khan Zand", "says": "By 1760, Karim Khan had defeated all his rivals and controlled all of Iran except Khorasan, in the northeast, which was ruled by Shahrokh Shah."}], "Q182902": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "It had extensive international borders with China (998 km) and Mongolia (868 km) and internal borders with Irkutsk and Amur Oblasts, as well as with the republics of Buryatia and Yakutia."}, {"id": "Q190229", "label": "Agin-Buryat Autonomous district", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 1, 2008, Chita Oblast merged with Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug to form Zabaykalsky Krai."}], "Q186320": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It originally existed as a sovereign state from 1806 to 1871 and later as part of the German Empire until 1918."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory grew and assumed its ducal status after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire but suffered a revolution in 1848, whose demands had been formulated in Offenburg the previous year at a meeting now considered the first-ever democratic program in Germany."}, {"id": "Q4044", "label": "Offenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory grew and assumed its ducal status after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire but suffered a revolution in 1848, whose demands had been formulated in Offenburg the previous year at a meeting now considered the first-ever democratic program in Germany."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "With the collapse of the German Empire it became part of the Weimar Republic under the name Republic of Baden."}, {"id": "Q690821", "label": "Republic of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "With the collapse of the German Empire it became part of the Weimar Republic under the name Republic of Baden."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hesse, to the west by the Rhine, to the south by Switzerland, and to the east mainly by the Kingdom of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q20135", "label": "Grand Duchy of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hesse, to the west by the Rhine, to the south by Switzerland, and to the east mainly by the Kingdom of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hesse, to the west by the Rhine, to the south by Switzerland, and to the east mainly by the Kingdom of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q159631", "label": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hesse, to the west by the Rhine, to the south by Switzerland, and to the east mainly by the Kingdom of Württemberg."}], "Q211092": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Socialist Republic of Slovenia, commonly referred to as Socialist Slovenia or simply Slovenia, was one of the six federal republics forming Yugoslavia and the nation state of the Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q163883", "label": "Ten-Day War", "section": "lead", "says": "Republic of Slovenia dropped the 'Socialist' label shortly after and in late 1990 cast a successful public vote for independence, which it formally declared on 25 June 1991 and achieved after the brief Ten-Day War."}], "Q240123": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indo-Scythians, also known as Indo-Sakas, were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the present-day regions of Afghanistan, eastern Iran and the northwestern Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan and northern India)."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indo-Scythians, also known as Indo-Sakas, were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the present-day regions of Afghanistan, eastern Iran and the northwestern Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan and northern India)."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Saka king in the Indian subcontinent was Maues (first century BCE) who established Saka power in Gandhara, the Indus Valley, and other regions."}, {"id": "Q560157", "label": "Kujula Kadphises", "section": "lead", "says": "They were apparently subjugated by the Kushan Empire's Kujula Kadphises or Kanishka."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "lead", "says": "They were apparently subjugated by the Kushan Empire's Kujula Kadphises or Kanishka."}, {"id": "Q2086608", "label": "Western Satraps", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saka continued to govern as satraps, forming the Northern Satraps and Western Satraps."}, {"id": "Q844536", "label": "Chandragupta II", "section": "lead", "says": "Indo-Scythian rule in the northwestern subcontinent ended when the last Western Satrap, Rudrasimha III, was defeated by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II in 395 CE."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "A tribe known to ancient Greek writers as the Sacaraucae (probably from the Old Persian Sakaravaka, meaning \"nomadic Saka\") and an allied people, the Massagetae, came into conflict with the Parthian Empire between 138 and 124 BCE."}, {"id": "Q317020", "label": "Phraates II of Parthia", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Sacaraucae–Massagetae alliance won several battles and killed the Parthian kings Phraates II and Artabanus I."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Yuezhi later migrated east into Bactria and subsequently conquered northern India, establishing the Kushan Empire."}], "Q268970": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of German-Austria, commonly known as German-Austria (German: Deutschösterreich), was a de facto state that was created following World War I as an initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking and ethnic German population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with plans for eventual unification with Germany."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of German-Austria, commonly known as German-Austria (German: Deutschösterreich), was a de facto state that was created following World War I as an initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking and ethnic German population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with plans for eventual unification with Germany."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "lead", "says": "In practice, however, its authority was limited to the Danubian and Alpine provinces which had been the core of Cisleithania."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of its claimed territory was de facto administered by the newly formed Czechoslovakia, and internationally recognized as such."}, {"id": "Q518101", "label": "First Republic of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Attempts to create German-Austria under these auspices were ultimately unsuccessful, especially since union with Germany was forbidden in the Treaty of Versailles, and the new state of the First Austrian Republic was created in 1920."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs had been reconstituted as a dual monarchy by the Compromise of 1867."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "Background", "says": "It comprised the Magyar-dominated \"lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen\", the core of which was the Kingdom of Hungary and was sometimes referred to as Transleithania, and the German-dominated remainder of the empire, informally called \"Austria\" but semi-officially given the name Cisleithania."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Background", "says": "The dual monarchy, or Austria-Hungary as it came to be known, was effectively two states with the Habsburg monarch as Emperor of Austria in Cisleithania and King of Hungary in Transleithania."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Austria-Hungary was a multinational entity comprising Germans and Hungarians, as well as nine other major nationalities, who increasingly demanded the right to self-determination."}, {"id": "Q157648", "label": "Fourteen Points", "section": "Background", "says": "Additionally, the demands of the empire's nationalities were becoming increasingly radicalised, encouraged by the American president Woodrow Wilson's commitment to self-determination in his Fourteen Points published in January 1918."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "Background", "says": "In October, the independence of Czechoslovakia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (they latter unified with Serbia that December to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later called Yugoslavia), Hungary"}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "Background", "says": "In October, the independence of Czechoslovakia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (they latter unified with Serbia that December to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later called Yugoslavia), Hungary"}, {"id": "Q84254", "label": "Karl Seitz", "section": "History - Declaration of the Republic", "says": "They also elected three Presidents of the Assembly, one from each of the three political groupings: Franz Dinghofer (de) of the German National Movement, Jodok Fink of the Christian Social Party, and the Social Democrat Karl Seitz."}, {"id": "Q11726", "label": "Karl Renner", "section": "History - Constitutional Assembly", "says": "The Constituent National Assembly first met on 4 March 1919 and on 15 March a new government was formed, once again led by Karl Renner."}], "Q289577": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Thereafter, Himyar was ruled by an Aksumite-backed regime until Sasanian intervention brought Yemen under the influence of the Sasanian Empire in 575 or 578."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity itself became the main religion after the Aksumite conquest in 530 CE."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "lead", "says": "Their influence waned with their defeat at the Battle of Marj Rahit against the Quda'a confederation and the Umayyad caliph Marwan I in 684 and pract"}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "In the early 2nd century AD, Saba' and Qataban split from the Kingdom of Ḥimyar; yet in a few decades, Qataban was conquered by Hadhramaut (which in turn was conquered by Ḥimyar in the 4th century), whereas Saba' was finally conquered by Ḥimyar in the late 3rd century.\n\nẒafār's ruins cover an area of over 120 hectares on Mudawwar Mountain, 10 km north-north-west of the town of Yarim."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "Around the same time in the north, Himyar General named Nuh Ifriqis led an expedition to Barbaria and took control of eastern ports in modern-day Djibouti."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "Other Himyarite generals went as far as invading Rhapta in modern-day Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q380943", "label": "Philostorgius", "section": "History - Conversion", "says": "These events are chronicled by the Book of the Himyarites and the fifth-century Ecclessiastical History of the Anomean Philostorgius."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Conversion", "says": "Such sources implicate the motive for conversion was a wish among the Himyarite rulers to distance themselves from the Roman Empire, which had tried to convert them to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "History - Conversion", "says": "This also occurred several decades after the Kingdom of Aksum converted to Christianity in 328."}, {"id": "Q312491", "label": "John Malalas", "section": "History - The end of Jewish rule over Himyar", "says": "These events are also discussed in several contemporary Christian sources: in the writings of Procopius, Cosmas Indicopleustes, John Malalas, and Jacob of Serugh."}, {"id": "Q718607", "label": "John of Ephesus", "section": "History - The end of Jewish rule over Himyar", "says": "Soon afterwards, John of Ephesus (d."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "History - Sasanian conquest of Himyar", "says": "After being denied by Justinian, Ma'adi Yakrib sought help from Khosrow I, the Sassanid Persian Emperor, thus triggering the Aksumite–Persian wars."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Sasanian conquest of Himyar", "says": "Following the capture of Sanaa by Sasanian forces, Wahrez placed Ma'adi Yakrib on the throne of Himyar as a vassal of the Sasanian Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Sasanian conquest of Himyar", "says": "Greater Yemen remained under firm Sasanian control until the rise of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the early 7th century."}], "Q303421": [{"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 10th century, the Kingdom of Galicia was formed following the division of the Kingdom of Asturias after the death of Alfonso III in 910."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, Ordoño II integrated Galicia into the Kingdom of León when he inherited the latter."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Compostela became the capital of Galicia in the 11th century, while the independence of Portugal (1128) determined its southern boundary."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The accession of Castilian King Ferdinand III to the Leonese kingdom in 1230 brought Galicia under the control of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q108442", "label": "Ferdinand I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Galicia resisted central control and supported a series of alternative claimants, including John of León, Galicia and Seville (1296), Ferdinand I of Portugal (1369) and John of Gaunt (1386) and was not brought firmly into submission until the Catholic Monarchs imposed the Santa Hermandad in Galicia."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "lead", "says": "Galicia resisted central control and supported a series of alternative claimants, including John of León, Galicia and Seville (1296), Ferdinand I of Portugal (1369) and John of Gaunt (1386) and was not brought firmly into submission until the Catholic Monarchs imposed the Santa Hermandad in Galicia."}, {"id": "Q364200", "label": "Hermeric", "section": "Origin and foundation (409)", "says": "Their king, Hermeric, probably signed a foedus, or pact, with the Roman Emperor Honorius, which conceded them lands in Galicia."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Origin and foundation (409)", "says": "Their king, Hermeric, probably signed a foedus, or pact, with the Roman Emperor Honorius, which conceded them lands in Galicia."}, {"id": "Q1048918", "label": "Kingdom of the Suebi", "section": "Origin and foundation (409)", "says": "The Suebi set their capital in the former Bracara Augusta and set the foundations of a kingdom, which was first acknowledged as Regnum Suevorum (Kingdom of the Suebi) but later as Regnum Galliciense (Kingdom of Galicia)."}], "Q30747910": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q172388", "label": "Ashraf Ghani", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, led by President Ashraf Ghani, and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate under the control of the Taliban, today the ruling government of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q43944", "label": "Hamid Karzai", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, a transitional government was formed under the leadership of Hamid Karzai."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban regrouped as an insurgency with the alleged support of Pakistan"}, {"id": "Q57665", "label": "Jens Stoltenberg", "section": "History - 2021 Taliban resurgence", "says": "On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "History - Fall of Kabul", "says": "In the afternoon, it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country, fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan; Chairman of the House of the People Mir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q317797", "label": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "section": "History - Fall of Kabul", "says": "On 17 August 2021, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of Hezb-e-Islami, met with both Hamid Karzai, former President of Afghanistan, and Abdullah Abdullah, Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive, in Doha, seeking to form a government."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "History - Fall of Kabul", "says": "President Ghani, having settled in the United Arab Emirates, said that he supported such negotiations."}, {"id": "Q477828", "label": "Amrullah Saleh", "section": "History - Fall of Kabul", "says": "On 17 August, the former First Vice President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Amrullah Saleh, tweeted that he had remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani citing the Afghan Constitution as his basis."}, {"id": "Q26689638", "label": "Ahmad Massoud", "section": "History - National Resistance Front", "says": "The forces later became the National Resistance Front led by Ahmad Shah Massoud's son Ahmad Massoud and was based in the Panjshir Valley, using the city of Bazarak as a temporary capital, as it was one of the few areas of Afghanistan that was still under control of the Islamic Republic."}], "Q309272": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 3rd century onward,  Christianity spread."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "History - First King", "says": "During the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome, unlike the neighboring kingdoms of Masaesyli and Massylii, Mauretania maintained formal neutrality."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - First King", "says": "During the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome, unlike the neighboring kingdoms of Masaesyli and Massylii, Mauretania maintained formal neutrality."}, {"id": "Q314685", "label": "Massinissa", "section": "History - First King", "says": "However, in 206 BC, when the Massylian prince Massinissa  was defeated by his rivals and sought refuge in Mauretania, Bagas chose to offer him protection."}, {"id": "Q530576", "label": "Bocchus I", "section": "History - First King", "says": "After Baga there is a historical gap in the history of Mauretania and its kings up to Bocchus I."}, {"id": "Q156173", "label": "Jugurtha", "section": "History - Jugurthine War", "says": "He initially aligned himself with the Numidian king Jugurtha, sealing their alliance by giving him his daughter in marriage."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Diarchic period", "says": "During Caesar’s Civil War, both brothers aligned with Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q516760", "label": "Battle of Munda", "section": "History - Diarchic period", "says": "Meanwhile, Bogud provided key military support to Caesar during the campaigns in Hispania, playing a vital role at the Battle of Munda."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "History - Diarchic period", "says": "However, the subsequent rivalry between Mark Antony and Octavian shattered the brothers' unity: Bocchus II declared for Octavian, whereas Bogud backed Antony."}, {"id": "Q2116320", "label": "Final War of the Roman Republic", "section": "History - Diarchic period", "says": "Bogud fled to Mark Antony's camp and ultimately fell during the War of Actium in 31 BC."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman Cliental Period", "says": "In 25 BC, Augustus transformed Mauretania into a client kingdom, appointing Juba II, son of King Juba I, as his ruler."}, {"id": "Q315670", "label": "Juba II", "section": "History - Roman Cliental Period", "says": "In 25 BC, Augustus transformed Mauretania into a client kingdom, appointing Juba II, son of King Juba I, as his ruler."}, {"id": "Q379277", "label": "Juba I", "section": "History - Roman Cliental Period", "says": "In 25 BC, Augustus transformed Mauretania into a client kingdom, appointing Juba II, son of King Juba I, as his ruler."}, {"id": "Q40058", "label": "Cleopatra Selene II", "section": "History - Roman Cliental Period", "says": "That same year, Juba II married Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "History - Roman Cliental Period", "says": "In recognition of his loyalty, the Roman Emperor Caligula invited Ptolemy to Rome or Lugdunum."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "History - Rebel Kings Period", "says": "Securing broader local support, Sabalus held the Romans at bay for two years until Emperor Claudius dispatched generals Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta to crush the insurgency."}, {"id": "Q326600", "label": "Gaius Suetonius Paulinus", "section": "History - Rebel Kings Period", "says": "Securing broader local support, Sabalus held the Romans at bay for two years until Emperor Claudius dispatched generals Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta to crush the insurgency."}], "Q328818": [{"id": "Q105313", "label": "Kingdom of Wessex", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from either the fifth or the sixth century AD until it was fully absorbed into the Kingdom of Wessex in the mid-9th century and later into the Kingdom of England in the early 10th century."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from either the fifth or the sixth century AD until it was fully absorbed into the Kingdom of Wessex in the mid-9th century and later into the Kingdom of England in the early 10th century."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Decline of Romano-British Kent", "says": "In 410, the Roman Emperor Honorius sent a letter to his British subjects announcing that they must thenceforth look after their own defence and could no longer rely on the imperial military to protect them."}, {"id": "Q784963", "label": "Anglo-Saxon England", "section": "Decline of Romano-British Kent", "says": "According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, produced in late Anglo-Saxon England and not considered an accurate record of events in the fifth century, in 418 many Romans left Britain via Kent, taking much of their wealth with them."}], "Q330756": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as parts of Russia and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The region that formed the TDFR had been part of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "As the empire dissolved during the 1917 February Revolution and a provisional government took over, a similar body, called the Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom), did the same in the Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the October Revolution and rise of the Bolsheviks in Russia, the Transcaucasian Commissariat replaced the Ozakom."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1918, as the First World War continued, the Commissariat initiated peace talks with the Ottoman Empire, which had invaded the region, but the talks broke down quickly as the Ottomans refused to accept the authority of the Commissariat."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Peace talks again broke down and, facing a renewed Ottoman offensive in May 1918, Georgian delegates in the Seim announced that the TDFR was unable to continue, and declared the Democratic Republic of Georgia independent on 26 May."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Georgians no longer part of the TDFR, the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic each declared themselves independent on 28 May, ending the federation."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Tiflis (now Tbilisi), which had been the capital of the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, became the seat of the viceroy and the de facto capital of the region."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "History - Background", "says": "However, they were concerned that the local population, who were mostly Muslims, would continue to follow the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V and disrupt the Russian forces, as he was also the caliph, the spiritual leader of Islam."}, {"id": "Q28048694", "label": "Armistice of Erzincan", "section": "History - Transcaucasian Commissariat", "says": "With Russian and Ottoman forces still nominally engaged in the region, a temporary ceasefire, the Armistice of Erzincan, was signed on 18 December 1917 [O.S."}], "Q37102": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Rif (Arabic: جمهورية الريف, romanized: Jumhūriyyatu r-Rīf; Tarifit: Tagududa n Rif) was a confederate republic in the Rif, Morocco, that existed between 1921 and 1926."}, {"id": "Q766437", "label": "Rif War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in September 1921, when a coalition of Riffians and Jebala led by Abd el-Krim revolted in the Rif War against the Spanish protectorate in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "A protracted struggle for independence killed many Rifians and Spanish–French soldiers, and witnessed the use of chemical weapons by the Spanish army—their first widespread deployment since the end of the World War I."}, {"id": "Q464399", "label": "Entente Cordiale", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following the allowance of its interests and recognition of its influence in northern Morocco through the 1904 Entente Cordiale, 1906 Algeciras Conference and 1907 Pact of Cartagena, Restoration-era Spain occupied Ras Kebdana, a town near the Moulouya River, in March 1908 and launched the Melillan and Kert campaigns against the Riffian tribes between 1909 and 1912."}, {"id": "Q1138460", "label": "Battle of Annual", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921 Spanish colonial troops were massacred at the Battle of Annual."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Morocco became quiet, and in 1936 became the base from which Francisco Franco launched the fascist coup of July 1936."}, {"id": "Q3180734", "label": "Manuel Fernández Silvestre", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In 1921, local Rifians, under the leadership of Abd el-Krim, crushed a Spanish offensive led by General Manuel Fernández Silvestre at the Battle of Annual, and soon after declared the creation of an independent republic on 18 September 1921."}, {"id": "Q265104", "label": "Louis-Hubert Lyautey", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The resident-general, Hubert Lyautey, was replaced as military commander by Philippe Pétain on 3 September 1925."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The resident-general, Hubert Lyautey, was replaced as military commander by Philippe Pétain on 3 September 1925."}], "Q382593": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw Nederland) was a colony of the Dutch Republic located on the East Coast of what is now the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw Nederland) was a colony of the Dutch Republic located on the East Coast of what is now the United States."}, {"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The settlement of New Sweden by the Swedish South Company encroached on its southern flank, while its eastern border was redrawn to accommodate the English colonies of an expanding New England Confederation."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch conquered New Sweden in 1655, but during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch surrendered New Netherland to England following the capture of New Amsterdam in 1664."}, {"id": "Q1342568", "label": "Third Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1673, the Dutch retook the colony but relinquished it under the Treaty of Westminster (1674) that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Origin", "says": "In the Americas, the English had a settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, the French had small settlements at Port Royal and Quebec, and the Spanish were developing colonies in South America and the Caribbean."}], "Q391980": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free Territory of Trieste was an independent territory in Southern Europe between Italy and Yugoslavia (modern day Croatia and Slovenia), facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of World War II."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free Territory of Trieste was an independent territory in Southern Europe between Italy and Yugoslavia (modern day Croatia and Slovenia), facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free Territory of Trieste was an independent territory in Southern Europe between Italy and Yugoslavia (modern day Croatia and Slovenia), facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of World War II."}, {"id": "Q933745", "label": "Treaty of Osimo", "section": "lead", "says": "This created a border dispute which was only settled twenty years later with the signing of the bilateral Treaty of Osimo in 1975, which was ratified in 1977."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Beginning in 1940, Italy joined World War II alongside Nazi Germany as one of the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "When the Fascist regime collapsed and Italy capitulated with the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, the territory in and around Trieste was occupied by the German Wehrmacht armed forces, which made the city the capital of their regional Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (OZAK)."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "An uneasy truce then developed between New Zealand and Yugoslav troops occupying the area, until British General William Morgan proposed partition of the territory into separate military-administered zones."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito agreed with the idea on 23 May, as the British 13th Corps was moving forward to the proposed demarcation line."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Establishment of the territory and provisional government", "says": "A permanent statute codifying its provisions was to become recognized under international law upon the appointment of an international governor approved by the Quatripartite Powers (the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Establishment of the territory and provisional government", "says": "A permanent statute codifying its provisions was to become recognized under international law upon the appointment of an international governor approved by the Quatripartite Powers (the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Suppression", "says": "On 5 October 1954, the dispute was resolved when the London Memorandum was signed by ministers of the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Yugoslavia; the memorandum decreed the end of the Allied military administration of Zone A, which would be transferred to Italy, whereas Zone B would be annexed by Yugoslavia, along with the villages of Plavje, Spodnje Škofije, Elerji, Hrvatini, Kolomb"}], "Q46652": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malacca Sultanate (Malay: Kesultanan Melaka; Jawi script: کسلطانن ملاک) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q3363540", "label": "Parameswara", "section": "lead", "says": "1400 as the founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah, although earlier dates for its founding have been proposed."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "At the height of the sultanate's power in the 15th century, its capital grew into one of the most important transshipment ports of its time, with territory covering much of the Malay Peninsula, the Riau Islands and part of the central eastern coast of Sumatra in present-day Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1511, the capital of Malacca fell to the Portuguese Empire, forcing the last Sultan, Mahmud Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1511, the capital of Malacca fell to the Portuguese Empire, forcing the last Sultan, Mahmud Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Early foundation", "says": "The region was dominated by the Srivijaya empire centered on Palembang in Sumatra until it was weakened by the Chola Empire in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q6806806", "label": "Chola Empire", "section": "History - Early foundation", "says": "The region was dominated by the Srivijaya empire centered on Palembang in Sumatra until it was weakened by the Chola Empire in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Early foundation", "says": "By the end of the 13th century, the Javanese Singhasari followed by the Majapahit had become dominant."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Early foundation", "says": "According to the Malay Annals, a prince from Palembang named Seri Teri Buana who claimed to be a descendant of Alexander the Great stayed on Bintan Island for several years before he set sail and landed on Temasek in 1299."}, {"id": "Q27842", "label": "Kingdom of Singapura", "section": "History - Early foundation", "says": "By the second half of the 14th century, the Kingdom of Singapura grew wealthy."}, {"id": "Q2320075", "label": "Langkasuka", "section": "History - Early foundation", "says": "The village belonged to the Orang Laut who were left alone by Majapahit's forces that not only sacked Singapura but also Langkasuka and Pasai."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "In 1405, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty (r."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "Two years later, Admiral Zheng He made his first of six visits to Malacca."}, {"id": "Q28025", "label": "Ryukyu Kingdom", "section": "History - Golden era", "says": "Its port city had become the centre of regional and international trade, attracting regional traders as well as traders from major states such as the Chinese Ming dynasty, the Ryukyu Kingdom as well as Persians, Gujarats and Arabs."}, {"id": "Q217637", "label": "John II of Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese invasion", "says": "Upon becoming king in 1481, John II of Portugal decided to break this chain and control the lucrative spice trade directly from its source."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "History - Portuguese invasion", "says": "This led to the expansion of Portuguese sea exploration, pioneered by Vasco da Gama, into the east coasts of India that resulted in the establishment of Portuguese stronghold in Calicut."}, {"id": "Q1226851", "label": "Diogo Lopes de Sequeira", "section": "History - Portuguese invasion", "says": "Years later, during the reign of Manuel I, a fidalgo named Diogo Lopes de Sequeira was assigned to analyse trade potential in Madagascar and Malacca."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - Portuguese invasion", "says": "Years later, during the reign of Manuel I, a fidalgo named Diogo Lopes de Sequeira was assigned to analyse trade potential in Madagascar and Malacca."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "History - Portuguese invasion", "says": "In April 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque, who was the Portuguese expedition leader together with his armada, arrived in Malacca to sever its Islamic and Venetian trade."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese invasion", "says": "His intention was described in his own words when he arrived to Malacca:\n\nIf they were only to take \"Malaca\" out of the hands of the Moors, Cairo and Mecca would be entirely ruined, and Venice would then be able to obtain no spiceries except what her merchants might buy in Portugal."}], "Q496922": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "116 BC the dynasty ruled Judea semi-autonomously within the Seleucid Empire, and from roughly 110 BC, with the empire disintegrating, gained further autonomy and expanded into the neighboring regions of Perea, Samaria, Idumea, Galilee, and Iturea."}, {"id": "Q51672", "label": "Herod the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the Roman Republic intervened in the Hasmonean Civil War in 63 BC, turning the kingdom into a client state and marking an irreversible decline of Hasmonean power; Herod the Great displaced the last reigning Hasmonean client-ruler in 37 BC."}, {"id": "Q359711", "label": "Simon Thassi", "section": "lead", "says": "Simon Thassi established the dynasty in 141 BC, two decades after his brother Judah Maccabee (יהודה המכבי Yehudah HaMakabi) had defeated the Seleucid army during the Maccabean Revolt of 167 to 160 BC."}, {"id": "Q7930888", "label": "Maccabean Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Simon Thassi established the dynasty in 141 BC, two decades after his brother Judah Maccabee (יהודה המכבי Yehudah HaMakabi) had defeated the Seleucid army during the Maccabean Revolt of 167 to 160 BC."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "lead", "says": "According to 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, and the first book of The Jewish War by historian Josephus (37 – c."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "lead", "says": "100 AD), the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (r."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "175–164) moved to assert strict control over the Seleucid satrapy of Coele Syria and Phoenicia after his successful invasion of the Ptolemaic Egyptian Kingdom (170–168 BC) was turned back by the intervention of the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The steady collapse of the Seleucid Empire under attacks from the rising powers of the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire allowed Judea to regain some autonomy; however, in 63 BC, the kingdom was invaded by the Roman Republic, broken up and set up as a Roman client state."}, {"id": "Q359684", "label": "Hyrcanus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, Simon's great-grandsons, became pawns in a proxy war between Julius Caesar and Pompey."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "lead", "says": "Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, Simon's great-grandsons, became pawns in a proxy war between Julius Caesar and Pompey."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The deaths of Pompey (48 BC) and Caesar (44 BC), and the related Roman civil wars, temporarily relaxed Rome's grip on the Hasmonean kingdom, allowing a brief reassertion of autonomy backed by the Parthian Empire, rapidly crushed by the Romans under Mark Antony and Augustus."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The deaths of Pompey (48 BC) and Caesar (44 BC), and the related Roman civil wars, temporarily relaxed Rome's grip on the Hasmonean kingdom, allowing a brief reassertion of autonomy backed by the Parthian Empire, rapidly crushed by the Romans under Mark Antony and Augustus."}, {"id": "Q313056", "label": "Herodian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hasmonean dynasty survived for 103 years before yielding to the Herodian dynasty in 37 BC."}, {"id": "Q111559", "label": "Judah Maccabee", "section": "Etymology and origins", "says": "The widely known label \"Maccabees\" originally applied only to Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias, whose nickname probably meant \"hammer\" and indicates his reputation as a fierce fighter."}, {"id": "Q230407", "label": "Kingdom of Israel", "section": "Background", "says": "720 BC and 333 BC, the lands of the former Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah were occupied in turn by Assyria, Babylonia, and the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "Background", "says": "720 BC and 333 BC, the lands of the former Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah were occupied in turn by Assyria, Babylonia, and the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "Background", "says": "720 BC and 333 BC, the lands of the former Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah were occupied in turn by Assyria, Babylonia, and the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "720 BC and 333 BC, the lands of the former Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah were occupied in turn by Assyria, Babylonia, and the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "After the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great (c."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "333 BC), the entire region was heavily contested between the two major successor states of the Macedonian empire — the Seleucid Empire to the north and the Ptolemaic Kingdom to the south."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Antiochus III the Great, the Seleucids wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemies for the final time, defeating Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the Battle of Panium in 200 BC."}, {"id": "Q39957", "label": "Ptolemy V Epiphanes", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Antiochus III the Great, the Seleucids wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemies for the final time, defeating Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the Battle of Panium in 200 BC."}, {"id": "Q1389951", "label": "Battle of Panium", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Antiochus III the Great, the Seleucids wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemies for the final time, defeating Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the Battle of Panium in 200 BC."}, {"id": "Q359679", "label": "Aristobulus II", "section": "Roman intervention: the end of the Hasmonean dynasty", "says": "Aristobulus III, grandson of Aristobulus II through his elder son Alexander, was briefly made high priest, but was soon executed (36 BC) due to Herod's jealousy."}, {"id": "Q298636", "label": "Agrippa I", "section": "Roman intervention: the end of the Hasmonean dynasty", "says": "The later Herodian rulers Agrippa I and Agrippa II both had Hasmonean blood, as Agrippa I's father was Aristobulus IV, son of Herod by Mariamne I, but they were not direct male descendants."}, {"id": "Q313419", "label": "Agrippa II", "section": "Roman intervention: the end of the Hasmonean dynasty", "says": "The later Herodian rulers Agrippa I and Agrippa II both had Hasmonean blood, as Agrippa I's father was Aristobulus IV, son of Herod by Mariamne I, but they were not direct male descendants."}], "Q668412": [{"id": "Q1194765", "label": "Kamarupa", "section": "lead", "says": "Ramapala was the last strong Pala emperor who held control of Kamarupa and Kalinga."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pala empire maintained relations with the Srivijaya Empire, the Tibetan Empire and the Arab Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pala empire maintained relations with the Srivijaya Empire, the Tibetan Empire and the Arab Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q334752", "label": "Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Medieval historian Abul Fazl going by this tradition described these kings as Kayasthas."}, {"id": "Q366661", "label": "Tri Songdetsen", "section": "History - Imperial expansion and consolidation", "says": "According to Tibetan sources, the emperors; Khri-srong-lda-btsan (Trisong Detsen) and his son, Mu-teg-btsan-po (Ralpacan), conquered India and made Dharmapala submit."}, {"id": "Q2353150", "label": "Ralpacan", "section": "History - Imperial expansion and consolidation", "says": "According to Tibetan sources, the emperors; Khri-srong-lda-btsan (Trisong Detsen) and his son, Mu-teg-btsan-po (Ralpacan), conquered India and made Dharmapala submit."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Imperial expansion and consolidation", "says": "Whether this is historically accurate has been debated between historians however it can be asserted that Devapala came into conflict with the Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q2586782", "label": "Kambojas", "section": "History - Revival under Mahipala I", "says": "He also recovered his capital, Gauda, which had been lost to he Kambojas."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Revival under Mahipala I", "says": "During his reign, Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire frequently invaded Bengal from 1021 to 1023 CE to get Ganges water and in the process, succeeded to humble the rulers, acquiring considerable booty."}, {"id": "Q6806806", "label": "Chola Empire", "section": "History - Revival under Mahipala I", "says": "During his reign, Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire frequently invaded Bengal from 1021 to 1023 CE to get Ganges water and in the process, succeeded to humble the rulers, acquiring considerable booty."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Revival under Mahipala I", "says": "Mahipala also gained control of north and south Bihar, probably aided by the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni, which exhausted the strength of other rulers of North India."}, {"id": "Q2600532", "label": "Vikramaditya VI", "section": "History - Second period of decline", "says": "Vigrahapala III was later defeated by the invading Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI."}, {"id": "Q1147823", "label": "Gahadavala", "section": "History - Revival under Ramapala", "says": "He also held back the aggressive design of the Gahadavala ruler Govindacharndra through a matrimonial alliance, by marrying off his cousin Kumaradevi to the king."}], "Q718374": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a political entity that was constituted in October 1918, at the end of World War I, by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (Prečani) residing in what were the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "Thirty-three days after it was proclaimed, the state joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."}], "Q723587": [{"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In Mesopotamian history, this imperial experiment can be seen as a continuation of the Akkadian Empire, which preceded it by about two centuries and served as a model."}], "Q75903": [{"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR; Russian: Туркестанская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Turkestanskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika; Uzbek: Turkiston Avtonom Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi), originally called the Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic, was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialis"}], "Q815731": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Княжество България, romanized: Knyazhestvo Balgariya) was a vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Russo-Turkish War ended with a Russian victory, the Treaty of San Stefano was signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire on 3 March 1878."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Under this, a large Bulgarian vassal state was agreed to, which was significantly larger: its lands encompassed nearly all ethnic Bulgarians in the Balkans, and included most of Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia, stretching from the Black Sea to the Aegean."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the United Kingdom and Austria-Hungary were against the establishment of such a large Russian client state in the Balkans, fearing it would shift the balance of power in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the United Kingdom and Austria-Hungary were against the establishment of such a large Russian client state in the Balkans, fearing it would shift the balance of power in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q1789244", "label": "Tophane Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1885, a bloodless revolution resulted in Eastern Rumelia being de facto annexed by Bulgaria, which the Ottoman Empire accepted with the Tophane Agreement."}, {"id": "Q147909", "label": "Kingdom of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "22 September] 1908, Bulgaria formally declared its independence as the Kingdom of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q3622689", "label": "Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1396 the Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars ended with the fall of the Bulgarian Empire, due to the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans and its own internal divisions."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1396 the Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars ended with the fall of the Bulgarian Empire, due to the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans and its own internal divisions."}], "Q854468": [{"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Origins and early history", "says": "Shona tradition says that some Karanga from Great Zimbabwe migrated slowly to the northern Zimbabwean Plateau."}, {"id": "Q986881", "label": "Kingdom of Butua", "section": "History - Origins and early history", "says": "In the early-15th century Angoche traders had opened a new route along the Zambezi via the Tonga and Tavara to reach the goldfields close to Khami (capital of the Kingdom of Butua)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Barreto's invasion, the wars of Gatsi Rusere, and the Portuguese struggle for dominance", "says": "The expedition suffered several setbacks en route from Portugal, though had travelled up the Zambezi and reached Sena by 1571."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Kapararidze–Mavhura succession conflict, Portuguese vassalage, and the Mukombwean revival", "says": "This also included a payment of 1.28 kg (2.8 lb) of gold to the Captain of Mozambique every three years (ending the kuruva), and the return of territory around Tete that Gatsi Rusere had conquered."}, {"id": "Q986822", "label": "Rozwi Empire", "section": "History - Rise of the Rozvi and the Boroma–Nyamhandu conflicts", "says": "Scholars differ on whether Changamire Dombo, founder of the Rozvi Empire, descended from Changamire I."}], "Q124943": [{"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Kingdom of Egypt (Arabic: المملكة المصرية, romanized: Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣriyya, lit. 'The Egyptian Kingdom') was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and the Sudan in 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, as the United Kingdom retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military, and the territory of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, as the United Kingdom retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military, and the territory of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The legal status of Egypt had been highly convoluted, due to its de facto breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805, its occupation by Britain in 1882, and the re-establishment of the Sultanate of Egypt (destroyed by the Ottomans in 1517) as a British protectorate in 1914."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The legal status of Egypt had been highly convoluted, due to its de facto breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805, its occupation by Britain in 1882, and the re-establishment of the Sultanate of Egypt (destroyed by the Ottomans in 1517) as a British protectorate in 1914."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "As had been the case during the Khedivate of Egypt, and the Sultanate of Egypt, the Egyptian monarch was styled as the sovereign of \"Egypt and the Sudan\"."}, {"id": "Q157159", "label": "Abbas II", "section": "History - Sultanate and Kingdom", "says": "In 1914, Khedive Abbas II sided with the Ottoman Empire and the Central Powers in the First World War, and was promptly deposed by the British in favour of his uncle Hussein Kamel, creating the Sultanate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q311839", "label": "Fuad I of Egypt", "section": "History - Recognition", "says": "With nationalist sentiment rising, Britain formally recognised Egyptian independence in February 1922, and Hussein Kamel's successor, Sultan Ahmed Fuad I, substituted the title of King for Sultan, becoming King Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "London's highest priority was control of the Eastern Mediterranean, especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia."}, {"id": "Q7508662", "label": "Battle of Sidi Barrani", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "Several battles of the North African campaign were fought on Egyptian soil, such as the Italian Invasion of Egypt, Battle of Sidi Barrani or the Battle of Mersa Matruh, First, Second Battles of El Alamein."}, {"id": "Q2092845", "label": "George Erskine", "section": "History - Suez Emergency", "says": "In response, on 25 January, General George Erskine sent British tanks and infantry to surround the auxiliary police station in Ismailia and gave the policemen an hour to surrender their arms in the grounds."}, {"id": "Q661994", "label": "Black Saturday", "section": "History - Suez Emergency", "says": "The next day, 26 January 1952, was \"Black Saturday\", as the anti-British riot was known."}, {"id": "Q104392", "label": "Mohamed Naguib", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "On 23 July 1952, the Free Officers Movement, led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, toppled King Farouk in a coup d'état that began the Egyptian Revolution of 1952."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "On 23 July 1952, the Free Officers Movement, led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, toppled King Farouk in a coup d'état that began the Egyptian Revolution of 1952."}, {"id": "Q7308003", "label": "Regency Council", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "Following precedent for a sovereign under the age of majority, a Regency Council was formed, led by Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim."}], "Q149805": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded on 23 August 1921 as the Kingdom of Iraq, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Mesopotamian campaign of the World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded on 23 August 1921 as the Kingdom of Iraq, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Mesopotamian campaign of the World War I."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Although a League of Nations mandate was awarded to the United Kingdom in 1920, the 1920 Iraqi revolt resulted in the scrapping of the original mandate plan in favour of a formally sovereign Iraqi kingdom, but one that was under effective British administration."}, {"id": "Q541372", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The plan was formally established by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the World War II, the Iraqi government of the Prince-Regent, Abd al-Ilah, was overthrown in 1941 by the Golden Square officers, headed by Rashid Ali."}, {"id": "Q696848", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "The short-lived pro-Nazi government of Iraq was defeated in May 1941 by the Allied forces in the Anglo-Iraqi War."}, {"id": "Q368858", "label": "Mustafa Barzani", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led a rebellion against the central government in Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "After the failure of the uprising, Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q146906", "label": "Hussein I of Jordan", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1958, King Hussein of Jordan and Prince Abd al-Ilah proposed a union of Hashemite monarchies to counter the recently formed Egyptian–Sy"}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In 1932, the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was granted full independence under King Faisal I."}, {"id": "Q149724", "label": "Faisal II of Iraq", "section": "History - Political instability and army coups, 1933–1941", "says": "Bakr Sidqi himself ascended to power in 1936, following a successful coup d'état against prime minister Yasin al-Hashimi but was later assassinated in 1937 during a visit to Mosul, followed by the death of King Ghazi in a car crash in 1939 suspected to have been planned by the British, causing a regency under Prince 'Abd al-Ilah over the 4 year old king Faisal II of Iraq lasting until 1953."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Anglo-Iraqi War and second British occupation", "says": "The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état overthrew the pro-British Prime minister Taha al-Hashimi and placed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as prime minister of a pro-Nazi government called \"the National defense government\", the Regent 'Abd al-Ilah fled the royal palace after learning of this and with British support went to Habbaniyah then to Basra, he would spend the rest of the following months in Jordan and the Mand"}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - Anglo-Iraqi War and second British occupation", "says": "Rashid Ali attempted to secure control over Iraq asking assistance of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - The end of the British occupation until the end of the monarchy", "says": "In 1955, to counter the influence of the Soviet Union on the Middle East, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom signed the Baghdad Pact, with the United States being heavily involved in the negotiations to form it."}, {"id": "Q146713", "label": "Arab Federation", "section": "History - The end of the British occupation until the end of the monarchy", "says": "The resulting Arab Federation was formed on 14 February 1958."}], "Q163814": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Comneni), was a Byzantine Greek noble family who ruled the Byzantine Empire in the 11th and 12th centuries."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 13th century, they founded the Empire of Trebizond, a Byzantine rump state which they ruled from 1204 to 1461."}, {"id": "Q294109", "label": "Michael Psellos", "section": "Origins", "says": "The 11th-century Byzantine historian Michael Psellos reported that the Komnenos family originated from the village of Komne, in southern Thrace—usually identified with the \"Fields of Komnene\" (Κομνηνῆς λειμῶνας) near Adrianople mentioned in the 14th century by John Kantakouzenos, or further south at Komniana (Κομνιανά) according to Varzos—a view commonly accepted by modern scholarship."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "Origins", "says": "The first known member of the family, Manuel Erotikos Komnenos, acquired extensive estates at Kastamon in Paphlagonia, which became the stronghold of the family in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q46762", "label": "Claudius Gothicus", "section": "Origins", "says": "Aside from deriving legitimacy as rulers from familial links to the prominent Doukai (emperors Constantine X and Michael VII in particular), they also had a tradition linking them to Claudius Gothicus, the supposed grandfather of Constantine the Great."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "Origins", "says": "Aside from deriving legitimacy as rulers from familial links to the prominent Doukai (emperors Constantine X and Michael VII in particular), they also had a tradition linking them to Claudius Gothicus, the supposed grandfather of Constantine the Great."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "Origins", "says": "Many classical monuments dedicated to Claudius stood in the vicinity of Kastra Komnenon, which according to historian Maximilian C."}], "Q191484": [{"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Successor states are the First Bulgarian Empire and Volga Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Successor states are the First Bulgarian Empire and Volga Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "Origins", "says": "Agathon wrote about the \"nation of Onogur Bulğars\", Nikephoros I stated that Kubrat was lord of the Onogundurs, Theophanes referred to them as Onogundur Bulgars and Constantine VII remarked that the Bulgars formerly called themselves Onogundurs."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "Origins", "says": "Agathon wrote about the \"nation of Onogur Bulğars\", Nikephoros I stated that Kubrat was lord of the Onogundurs, Theophanes referred to them as Onogundur Bulgars and Constantine VII remarked that the Bulgars formerly called themselves Onogundurs."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Origins", "says": "In some Turkic languages on means \"10\" and ğur \"arrow\"; and \"ten arrows\" might imply a federation of ten tribes, i.e. the Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q41605", "label": "Constantine IV", "section": "Disintegration", "says": "In the times of Emperor Constantine IV, he narrates, Kubrat died and Batbayan, the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state."}], "Q237325": [{"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus, a general and successor of Alexander the Great who first came to power during the Diadochi Wars."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus, a general and successor of Alexander the Great who first came to power during the Diadochi Wars."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonids ruled much of Hellenistic Greece from 294 until their defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC during the Third Macedonian War, after which Macedon came under the control of the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q241386", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the subsequent instability and loss of the Asian territory, the family managed to maintain its power in mainland Greece and the islands, with Antigonus II Gonatas ultimately solidifying Antigonid rule over Macedon."}, {"id": "Q108816", "label": "Antigonus III Doson", "section": "lead", "says": "Antigonus III Doson further expanded Macedonian influence in southern Greece reestablishing the Hellenic Alliance with himself as leader."}], "Q242036": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "Tamil Eelam is a proposed independent state that many Sri Lankan Tamils and their diaspora aspire to create in the north and east of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q194291", "label": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1970 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, the United Front led by Sirimavo Bandaranaike came to power."}], "Q31454": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Libya (Arabic: المملكة الليبية, romanized: Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya, lit. 'Libyan Kingdom'; Italian: Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q2347668", "label": "Libyan Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "The government was in close alliance with the United States and United Kingdom; both countries maintained military base rights in Libya."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Foreign policy", "says": "Libya forged close ties with France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and established full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1955, but declined a Soviet offer of economic aid."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Development of the nation", "says": "This situation changed suddenly and dramatically in June 1959 when research prospectors from Esso (later renamed Exxon) confirmed the location of major petroleum deposits at Zaltan in Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - International relations", "says": "Nevertheless, the brand of Arab nationalism advanced by Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser exercised an increasing influence, particularly among the younger Libyan generation that were influenced by the influx of Egyptian teachers into Libya."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - International relations", "says": "At the Arab summit conference held at Khartoum in September 1967, however, Libya, along with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, agreed to provide generous subsidies from oil revenues to aid Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, defeated in June by Israel."}], "Q590743": [{"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Once part of German East Africa, the region was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Once part of German East Africa, the region was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Once part of German East Africa, the region was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was subsequently awarded to Belgium as a Class-B Mandate under the League of Nations in 1922 and became a Trust Territory of the United Nations in the aftermath of World War II and the dissolution of the League."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "History - Belgian military occupation, 1916–1922", "says": "When World War I broke out in 1914, German colonies were originally meant to preserve their neutrality as mandated in the Berlin Convention, but fighting soon broke out on the frontier between German East Africa and the Belgian Congo around Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "History - Belgian military occupation, 1916–1922", "says": "By September, a large portion of German East Africa was under Belgian occupation reaching as far south as Kigoma and Karema and as far eastwards as Tabora all in modern-day Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946", "says": "German East Africa was partitioned, with Tanganyika allocated to the British and a small area allocated to Portugal."}, {"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "History - League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946", "says": "Belgian diplomats had originally hoped that Belgian claims in the region could be traded for territory in Portuguese Angola to expand the Congo's access to the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946", "says": "Unlike colonies which belonged to its colonial power, a mandate was theoretically subject to international oversight through the League's Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) in Geneva, Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q4162685", "label": "Rwandan Revolution", "section": "History - United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962", "says": "Unrest also broke out in Ruanda where the monarchy was deposed in the Rwandan Revolution (1959–1961)."}, {"id": "Q557995", "label": "Grégoire Kayibanda", "section": "History - United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962", "says": "Grégoire Kayibanda led the dominant and ethnically defined Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu, PARMEHUTU) in Rwanda, while the equivalent Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA) in Burundi attempted to balance competing Hutu and Tutsi ethnic claims."}, {"id": "Q739990", "label": "Prince Louis Rwagasore of Burundi", "section": "History - United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962", "says": "The assassination of the UPRONA leader Louis Rwagasore (also Burundi's crown prince) in October 1961 did not halt this movement."}, {"id": "Q1192936", "label": "Kingdom of Burundi", "section": "History - United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962", "says": "After hurried preparations which included the dissolution of the monarchy in the Kingdom of Rwanda in September 1961, Ruanda-Urundi became independent on 1 July 1962, broken up along traditional lines as the independent Republic of Rwanda and Kingdom of Burundi."}], "Q600018": [{"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "In reality there was no king, and attempts by King Charles IV to return to the throne shortly before his death were prevented by Horthy."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "Foreign policy was characterized by revisionism: the total or partial revision of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in the loss of 72% of Hungary's historical territory, 58% of its population, 32% of its ethnic Hungarian population, and much of its economic resources and industrial capacity."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "As a consequence, more than three million ethnic Hungarians found themselves outside the country's new borders, primarily in territories transferred to the Kingdom of Romania and the newly created states of Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "As a consequence, more than three million ethnic Hungarians found themselves outside the country's new borders, primarily in territories transferred to the Kingdom of Romania and the newly created states of Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "As a consequence, more than three million ethnic Hungarians found themselves outside the country's new borders, primarily in territories transferred to the Kingdom of Romania and the newly created states of Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "As a consequence, more than three million ethnic Hungarians found themselves outside the country's new borders, primarily in territories transferred to the Kingdom of Romania and the newly created states of Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Hungary was an Axis power during World War II, intent on regaining Hungarian-majority territory that had been lost in the Treaty of Trianon, which it mostly did in early 1941 after the First and Second Vienna Awards and after joining the German invasion of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q156473", "label": "Ferenc Szálasi", "section": "lead", "says": "The extremist Arrow Cross Party's leader Ferenc Szálasi established a new Nazi-backed government, effectively turning Hungary into a German-occupied puppet state."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Soviet Union reached Hungary, its anti-fascist parties found it possible to create a counter-government which sided with the Sovie"}, {"id": "Q940741", "label": "Second Hungarian Republic", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "The regency was replaced by the Second Hungarian Republic."}, {"id": "Q16410", "label": "Hungarian People's Republic", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "It was quickly followed by the creation of the Hungarian People's Republic."}], "Q722071": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "It expanded from the Ashanti Region to include most of Ghana and also parts of Ivory Coast and Togo."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "British forces later burnt and sacked the Asante capital of Kumasi, however, and following the final Asante defeat at the fifth Anglo-Ashanti War, the Asante empire became part of the Gold Coast colony on 1 January 1902."}, {"id": "Q686754", "label": "Duarte Pacheco Pereira", "section": "History - The kingdoms of Arcania and the Accanists", "says": "Duarte Pacheco Pereira, writing between 1505 and 1508, listed the Haccanys among the principal gold-trading groups of in the Gold Coast, alongside the Bremus, Atis, Boroes, and Madinguas."}, {"id": "Q2888493", "label": "Battle of Feyiase", "section": "History - The foundation of Asante", "says": "In 1701, Osei Tutu and Okomfo Anokye led a coalition of Asante states against Denkyira and defeated them at the Battle of Feyiase."}, {"id": "Q1395929", "label": "Fante Confederacy", "section": "History - Reign of Osei Bonsu and War with the Fante", "says": "By 1816, Asante had absorbed the Fante Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - First Anglo-Ashanti War", "says": "In these conflicts, the Asante empire faced off, with varying degrees of success, against the British Empire residing on the coast."}, {"id": "Q171421", "label": "Henry Morton Stanley", "section": "History - Third Anglo-Ashanti War", "says": "This was a modern war, replete with press coverage (including by the renowned reporter Henry Morton Stanley) and printed precise military and medical instructions to the troops."}, {"id": "Q1042", "label": "Seychelles", "section": "History - Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War", "says": "Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh was deposed and arrested, and he and other Asante leaders were sent into exile in the Seychelles."}], "Q752662": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hafsid dynasty (Arabic: الحفصيون, romanized: al-Ḥafṣiyūn) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descent that ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia, western Libya, and eastern Algeria) from 1229 to 1574."}, {"id": "Q29480", "label": "Mohammad Abu Zakariya Yahya", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Abu Zakariya Yahya, who was initially appointed governor of the region by the Almohad caliph before declaring his independence."}, {"id": "Q324785", "label": "Abu-Yahya Abu-Bakr", "section": "lead", "says": "A reunification took place under Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II (r."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 16th century, as the Ottoman Empire encroached on the region, the Hafsids were propped up by Spain until the final Ottoman conquest of Tunis in 1574 put an end to their reign."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "lead", "says": "The medieval historian, Ibn Khaldun, was born in Tunis during this time."}, {"id": "Q455925", "label": "Ibn Tumart", "section": "History - Almohad Ifriqiya", "says": "He was a member of the Council of Ten, one of the highest Almohad political bodies, and a close companion of Ibn Tumart, the Almohad movement's founder."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Almohad Ifriqiya", "says": "The son of Abu Hafs, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs, was appointed by the Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nasir as governor of Ifriqiya (generally present-day Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and western Libya) where he ruled from 1207 to 1221."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Almohad Ifriqiya", "says": "He was established in Tunis, which the Almohads had chosen as the province's administrative capital."}, {"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "By this point, Al-Ma'mun did not have the means to stop him or to reassert control over Ifriqiya."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "He welcomed many refugees and immigrants from al-Andalus who were fleeing the advance of the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q335451", "label": "Yaghmurasan", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "In 1242, he captured Tlemcen from the Zayyanids, but the Zayyanid leader Yaghmurasan evaded him."}, {"id": "Q243684", "label": "Eighth Crusade", "section": "History - Consolidation and division", "says": "It was during his reign that the failed Eighth Crusade took place, led by Louis IX of France."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "History - Consolidation and division", "says": "It was during his reign that the failed Eighth Crusade took place, led by Louis IX of France."}, {"id": "Q11937796", "label": "Muhammad IV", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "In 1424, he defeated the Zayyanid sultan, Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid, and placed another Zayyanid, Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV, on the throne of Tlemcen as his vassal."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "A year later the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V seized Tunis, drove the Ottomans out and restored Muley Hassan as a Habsburg tributary."}], "Q842199": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Belarusian People's Republic (BNR; Belarusian: Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка, romanized: Biełaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, БНР), also known as the Belarusian Democratic Republic, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in its Second Constituent Charter on 9 March 1918 during World War I."}, {"id": "Q68678", "label": "Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Soviet Russia-controlled Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (which later became part of the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Hrodna, but ceased to exist due to the partition of the whole Belarusian territory between the Bolshevik Red Army and the Polish Armed Forces as a result of the P"}, {"id": "Q76236", "label": "Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Soviet Russia-controlled Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (which later became part of the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Hrodna, but ceased to exist due to the partition of the whole Belarusian territory between the Bolshevik Red Army and the Polish Armed Forces as a result of the P"}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Soviet Russia-controlled Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (which later became part of the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Hrodna, but ceased to exist due to the partition of the whole Belarusian territory between the Bolshevik Red Army and the Polish Armed Forces as a result of the P"}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Just a few hours before Minsk was occupied by troops of the German Empire on February 21, the Executive Committee of the All-Belarusian Congress, through its First Constituent Charter, declared itself the authority in the region and formed a provisional government (the People's Secretariat)."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, active discussions started in Belarus about either gaining autonomy within the new Russian Republic or declaring independence."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, active discussions started in Belarus about either gaining autonomy within the new Russian Republic or declaring independence."}, {"id": "Q2350484", "label": "Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz", "section": "History - Military", "says": "General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz supported the Government of the People's Republic and openly positioned his army as a Belarusian national army."}, {"id": "Q381859", "label": "Boris Savinkov", "section": "History - Military", "says": "In 1920, his units became a part of the Russian People's Volunteer Army led by the Russian SR revolutionary Boris Savinkov which established the short-lived Belarusian State during its actions against the Red Army."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Military", "says": "The Council of the BNR, based at that time in Lithuania, sent officers to help organize armed anti-Bolshevik resistance in the town of Slutsk."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "During its short existence, the government of Belarus established close ties with the Ukrainian People's Republic, organized food supplies to Belarus from Ukraine and thereby prevented hunger in the country."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "Beginning in 1918, Anton Łuckievič, the prime minister of Belarus, met with Vladimir Lenin hoping to gain recognition for the independence of Belarus by Soviet Russia."}, {"id": "Q78492", "label": "Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "On the way to the conference, the delegation was received by Czechoslovak president Tomáš Masaryk in Prague."}, {"id": "Q438489", "label": "Sergey Sazonov", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "During the conference, Łuckievič had meetings with the exiled foreign minister of Admiral Kolchak's Russian government Sergey Sazonov and the prime minister of Poland Ignacy Jan Paderewski."}], "Q1138904": [{"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Afghanistan, also known as the Sublime State of Afghanistan, was a monarchy operating under a unitary state in Central Asia that was established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed by its first king, Amanullah Khan, seven years after he acceded to the throne."}], "Q1365493": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Pisa (Italian: Repubblica di Pisa) was an independent state existing from the 11th to the 15th century, centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italian trade for a century, before being surpassed and superseded by the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic's participation in the Crusades secured valuable commercial positions for Pisan traders, leading to increased wealth and power."}, {"id": "Q118951", "label": "Battle of Meloria", "section": "Decline", "says": "The rivalry between Pisa and Republic of Genoa intensified in the 13th century and resulted in the naval Battle of Meloria (1284), with the casus belli of the rally of Giudice di Cinarca in Pisa, fought right in front of the Pisan port."}, {"id": "Q357539", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Visconti", "section": "Decline", "says": "Given the difficult economic and political situation of the now decadent Republic, on February 13, 1399, the lord of Pisa Gherardo Appiani sold the city and the countryside for the sum of 200,000 gold florins to Gian Galeazzo Visconti of the Pisan branch of the Visconti family to become lord of Piombino and obtain the appointment as Lord of Pisa."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "Decline", "says": "However, the control of the Republic by the Visconti did not last long, in fact Pisa maintained its independence and dominion over that part of the Tuscan coast and beyond until 1406, when it was occupied by the mercenaries Angelo Tartaglia and Muzio Attendolo Sforza who ordered the annexation to the Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Decline", "says": "Suffocated of the commercial and merchant traffic that had characterized its efficiency for centuries, some of the most important Pisan families—such as the Alliata, the Della Gherardesca, the Caetani and the Upezzinghi—emigrated to other Italian city-states to escape the Florentine domination, in particular to the Kingdom of Sicily."}], "Q156038": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726 and incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726 and incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 24 October 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "His successor, Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler, was only six years old and was under the regency of his uncle Ferdinand – a Polish general."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "During this time, the Great Northern War (1700–1721) began between Sweden and Russia with its allies – the Commonwealth, Saxony and Denmark."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "The Tsar of Russia, Peter the Great, received a promise from Friedrich Wilhelm that he would marry one of the daughters of the tsar's brother."}, {"id": "Q558983", "label": "Ferdinand Kettler", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "After the death of Friedrich Wilhelm, the next candidate for the seat of duke was Ferdinand Kettler, who, at the time, lived in Danzig."}, {"id": "Q76723", "label": "Maurice de Saxe", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "One favourite was Maurice de Saxe, natural son of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland."}, {"id": "Q560476", "label": "Peter von Lacy", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "When Catherine I was Empress, Peter Lacy was given responsibility for removing Maurice de Saxe from Courland."}], "Q157070": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the neighbouring states of Brabant and Hainaut, it was within the territory of the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Aside from this, the counts, from the 11th century onward, held land east of the river as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, and this is referred to as \"Imperial Flanders\" (Rijks-Vlaanderen or Flandre impériale)."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1384, the county was politically united to the Duchy of Burgundy, and it formed the starting point for more acquisitions in the area by the duchy, and the eventual creation of the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1384, the county was politically united to the Duchy of Burgundy, and it formed the starting point for more acquisitions in the area by the duchy, and the eventual creation of the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1795, the entire Austrian Netherlands, the successor of the Spanish Netherlands, was acquired by France under the French First Republic, and this was recognized by treaty in 1797."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1795, the entire Austrian Netherlands, the successor of the Spanish Netherlands, was acquired by France under the French First Republic, and this was recognized by treaty in 1797."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1795, the entire Austrian Netherlands, the successor of the Spanish Netherlands, was acquired by France under the French First Republic, and this was recognized by treaty in 1797."}, {"id": "Q48314", "label": "Battle of Waterloo", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1815 Battle of Waterloo, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to the newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1815 Battle of Waterloo, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to the newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1815 Battle of Waterloo, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to the newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "During the time of Julius Caesar, the inhabitants were part of the Belgae, a collective name for all Celtic and Germanic tribes in the north of Gaul."}, {"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "From their base land, Toxandria, the Salian Franks further expanded into the Roman empire."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "Childeric is recorded in 463 as king of Tournay and ally of the Romans against the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Prehistory and antiquity", "says": "His son Clovis I began his conquest of all of Northern France in 486."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "At the end of the 6th century, the duchy of Dentelinus was created in the north of what would later constitute Neustria."}, {"id": "Q209118", "label": "Chlothar II", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 600, Chlothar II (584–628) was forced to temporarily cede the duchy to Austrasia, but after the restoration of the Austrasian dual-monarchy in 622–623, the duchy was returned."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 600, Chlothar II (584–628) was forced to temporarily cede the duchy to Austrasia, but after the restoration of the Austrasian dual-monarchy in 622–623, the duchy was returned."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "This area had been germanised in the 5th century and descendants of the Saxons and Franks had settled in future Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q109860", "label": "Dagobert I", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "In the 7th century a new effort was made under influence from King Dagobert I."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "The missionaries were tasked with founding monasteries and abbeys there, that were to serve as centers of Christianity in a pagan region."}, {"id": "Q295157", "label": "Childeric III", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "The last Merovingian king, Childeric III, was placed in captivity at the later Abbey of Saint Bertinus in St."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "Charlemagne succeeded his father Pepin the Short in Neustria and Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "Charlemagne succeeded his father Pepin the Short in Neustria and Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "They eventually concluded multiple treaties, of which the Treaty of Verdun, signed in 843, would be the definitive one."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "These treaties created East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "These treaties created East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "West Francia, inherited by Charles the Bald, included the original county of Flanders, that spanned roughly between Oudenburg, Aardenburg and Torhout."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "Now, Western Europe had been divided into two sides: the solid West Francia (the later France) and the loose confederation of principalities of East Francia, that would become the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q778266", "label": "County of Artois", "section": "History - Growth in the 9th to the 11th centuries (864–1071)", "says": "The counts expanded the influence of the original Flemish pagus over the years over all territories south and west of the Scheldt river, including the lordship of the Four Amts, Zeelandic Flanders, the Burgraviate of Aalst to the east and the County of Artois to the southwest, which remained part of Flanders until it became a separate county in 1237."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - The 11th to 13th centuries (1071–1278)", "says": "Flemish knights in the 11th and 12th centuries were some of the most effective and well-respected knights of Europe even before the Crusades."}, {"id": "Q333306", "label": "Robert II", "section": "History - The 11th to 13th centuries (1071–1278)", "says": "Nevertheless, count Robert II and his wife Clementia of Burgundy were supporters of the Cluniac reform movement and on October 1096 Robert left with an army for the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - The 11th to 13th centuries (1071–1278)", "says": "Nevertheless, count Robert II and his wife Clementia of Burgundy were supporters of the Cluniac reform movement and on October 1096 Robert left with an army for the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q378249", "label": "William Clito", "section": "History - Prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries", "says": "After a short interlude under William Clito of Normandy (1127–1128), the county went to Thierry of Alsace of the House of Alsace."}, {"id": "Q26385", "label": "Vermandois", "section": "History - Prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries", "says": "In the second half of the 12th century, the county went through a period of great prosperity when Philip of Alsace managed to incorporate the County of Vermandois into Flanders through the inheritance of his wife."}, {"id": "Q298896", "label": "Baldwin I of Constantinople", "section": "History - Prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries", "says": "In 1194, Baldwin I of Constantinople of the House of Hainaut, succeeded the House of Alsace."}, {"id": "Q195983", "label": "Franco-Flemish War", "section": "History - The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)", "says": "The king of France wanted to definitively conquer Flanders, and started the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305)."}, {"id": "Q44732", "label": "Battle of the Golden Spurs", "section": "History - The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)", "says": "Increasingly powerful in the 12th century, the territory's autonomous urban centres were instrumental in defeating the French invasion attempt, defeating the French at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)", "says": "Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however, owing to widespread European population decline following the Black Death of 1348, the disruption of trade during the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War (1338–1453), and increased English cloth production."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)", "says": "Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however, owing to widespread European population decline following the Black Death of 1348, the disruption of trade during the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War (1338–1453), and increased English cloth production."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "Through his marriage with Margaret of Dampierre in 1369, Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, made an end to the independence of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q298892", "label": "Philip the Bold", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "Through his marriage with Margaret of Dampierre in 1369, Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, made an end to the independence of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q7882199", "label": "Burgundian State", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "Flanders became the possession of the House of Valois-Burgundy, that ruled over the Burgundian State."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "In 1449, the city of Ghent revolted against duke Philip the Good."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "The cities of Ghent and Bruges had previously operated virtually as city-states,\nand upon the death of duke Charles the Bold attempted to re-assert this position by means of the Great Privilege that they wrested from Mary of Burgundy, Charles' daughter and successor."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "In 1482, this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son Philip I of Castile of the House of Habsburg the new count, and her husband Maximilian I of Austria the regent."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "In 1482, this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son Philip I of Castile of the House of Habsburg the new count, and her husband Maximilian I of Austria the regent."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "In 1482, this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son Philip I of Castile of the House of Habsburg the new count, and her husband Maximilian I of Austria the regent."}, {"id": "Q693070", "label": "Treaty of Senlis", "section": "History - The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)", "says": "The 1493 Treaty of Senlis established peace between France and the Habsburgs; per the terms of the treaty, Flanders would henceforth be a territory of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q572291", "label": "Guelders Wars", "section": "History - The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)", "says": "The county was later involved in the Guelders Wars."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)", "says": "This constitutional act made Flanders part of the Seventeen Provinces that constituted the Low Countries and from then on would be inherited as a whole."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)", "says": "Lordship transferred to the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg with Philip II of Spain, and after 1556 belonged to the Kings of Spain."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)", "says": "The Beeldenstorm spread through all of the Low Countries and eventually led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War and the secession of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "History - The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)", "says": "Originally, Flanders cooperated with the northern provinces as a member of the Union of Utrecht, and also signed the Act of Abjuration in 1581, but from 1579 to 1585, in the period known as the \"Calvinist Republic of Ghent\", it was reconquered by the Spanish army."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - The Spanish 17th century (1598–1713)", "says": "Through the efforts of the French king Louis XIV, the entire southern part of Flanders was annexed by France, and became known as South-Flanders or French Flanders."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - The Austrian 18th century (1713–89)", "says": "Under Maria Theresa of Austria, the Austrian Netherlands flourished."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Last years (1789–97)", "says": "In 1790, the county of Flanders and a separate province called West Flanders, which constituted the territories returned to the Emperor by France, were two of the founding members of the United States of Belgium."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - Last years (1789–97)", "says": "Austria confirmed its loss in the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Last years (1789–97)", "says": "After the French Revolution the county was not restored, and instead the two departments continued their existence as the provinces of East and West Flanders in the Unitarian United Kingdom of the Netherlands and later, after the Belgian Revolution, in Belgium."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "History - Last years (1789–97)", "says": "After the French Revolution the county was not restored, and instead the two departments continued their existence as the provinces of East and West Flanders in the Unitarian United Kingdom of the Netherlands and later, after the Belgian Revolution, in Belgium."}], "Q1775277": [{"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominion of India, officially the Union of India, was an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations existing between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Until its independence, India had been ruled as an informal empire by the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire, also called the British Raj and sometimes the British Indian Empire, consisted of regions, collectively called British India, that were directly administered by the British government, and regions, called the princely states, that were ruled by Indian rulers under a system of paramountcy, in favour of the British."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This same Act also formalised an independent Dominion of Pakistan, which was composed of the two regions of British India that are today Pakistan and Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "This same Act also formalised an independent Dominion of Pakistan, which was composed of the two regions of British India that are today Pakistan and Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "This same Act also formalised an independent Dominion of Pakistan, which was composed of the two regions of British India that are today Pakistan and Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "lead", "says": "The first government of the new Union was formed under Jawaharlal Nehru as prime minister with Vallabhbhai Patel as deputy prime minister, both members of the Indian National Congress."}, {"id": "Q9455", "label": "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel", "section": "lead", "says": "The first government of the new Union was formed under Jawaharlal Nehru as prime minister with Vallabhbhai Patel as deputy prime minister, both members of the Indian National Congress."}, {"id": "Q157068", "label": "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma", "section": "lead", "says": "Lord Mountbatten, who had served as the last Viceroy of India, stayed on from August 1947 until June 1948 as independent India's first governor-general; he was replaced by C."}, {"id": "Q1001", "label": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "lead", "says": "The religious violence occasioned by the partition was soon reduced, in large part through the efforts of Mahatma Gandhi; resentment of him grew though amongst Hindu fundamentalists, eventually costing him his life."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Background: 1946", "says": "Led by Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress was to lead India to independence from the United Kingdom, and powerfully influence other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - Background: 1946", "says": "The Congress's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism, led by the All-India Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, which demanded a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India."}, {"id": "Q129006", "label": "Clement Attlee", "section": "History - Background: 1946", "says": "A government headed by Clement Attlee, with Stafford Cripps and Lord Pethick-Lawrence in the Cabinet, was sworn in."}, {"id": "Q332405", "label": "Stafford Cripps", "section": "History - Background: 1946", "says": "A government headed by Clement Attlee, with Stafford Cripps and Lord Pethick-Lawrence in the Cabinet, was sworn in."}, {"id": "Q2096814", "label": "Direct Action Day", "section": "History - Background: 1946", "says": "Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946 \"Direct Action Day\" with the stated goal of peacefully highlighting the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "History - Partition: 1947", "says": "From Sind, some 400,000 Hindus migrated to India, as did a million Hindus from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to West Bengal province in India."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Settling the refugees", "says": "They attempted to take possession the Purana Qila, or Old Fort—ruins from the Delhi Sultanate—which were milling with Muslims waiting to be expatriated to Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - War over Kashmir", "says": "The princely state of Kashmir was created in 1846, after the defeat of the Sikh Empire by the British in the First Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - War over Kashmir", "says": "The princely state of Kashmir was created in 1846, after the defeat of the Sikh Empire by the British in the First Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q3305294", "label": "Treaty of Amritsar", "section": "History - War over Kashmir", "says": "Upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "History - War over Kashmir", "says": "Upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q12446053", "label": "Hari Singh I of Kashmir", "section": "History - War over Kashmir", "says": "Gulab Singh's descendant, Hari Singh, who was the reigning Maharaja of Kashmir in August 1947, had signed a \"standstill agreement\" with Pakistan to facilitate trade and communication."}, {"id": "Q808575", "label": "Baroda State", "section": "History - Political integration of princely states", "says": "Baroda State and Kathiawar were combined to form the new federal unit of Saurashtra; and the states of Rajputana were united to form Rajasthan."}, {"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "History - Political integration of princely states", "says": "The princely states of Travancore and Cochin became Kerala."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Framing the new constitution", "says": "The definition of fundamental rights is based on the Constitution of the United States, and the constitutional directives, or goals of endeavor, are based on the Constitution of Ireland."}], "Q189545": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially an Atabegate of the Seljuk Empire created in 1127, it ruled parts of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia, and eventually seized control of Fatimid Egypt in 1169."}, {"id": "Q2083368", "label": "Siege of Edessa", "section": "History - Conflict with the Crusaders", "says": "In 1146 he defeated the Crusaders at the Siege of Edessa."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "History - Conflict with the Crusaders", "says": "In 1149, he defeated Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, at the battle of Inab, and the next year conquered the remnants of the County of Edessa west of the Euphrates."}, {"id": "Q316831", "label": "Raynald of Châtillon", "section": "History - Conflict with the Crusaders", "says": "Another Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon was captured, and the territories of the Principality of Antioch were greatly reduced."}, {"id": "Q235030", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "section": "History - Conflict with the Crusaders", "says": "Another Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon was captured, and the territories of the Principality of Antioch were greatly reduced."}, {"id": "Q337506", "label": "Ahmad Sanjar", "section": "History - Conquests", "says": "After the defeats of the Seljuk Empire in Khorasan and the death of the Seljuk ruler Ahmad Sanjar in 1157, the Zengids remained nominally under Seljuk suzerainty, but in practice became essentially independent."}, {"id": "Q311808", "label": "Amalric I of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Conquests", "says": "In the 1160s, Nur ad-Din's attention was mostly held by a competition with the King of Jerusalem, Amalric of Jerusalem, for control of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Conquests", "says": "In the 1160s, Nur ad-Din's attention was mostly held by a competition with the King of Jerusalem, Amalric of Jerusalem, for control of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "History - Conquests", "says": "In 1164, Latin Patriarch of Antioch Aimery of Limoges sent a letter to King Louis VII of France, in which he described the events in the Crusader States: \"[Shirkuh] having gotten possession of Damascus, the latter entered Egypt with a great force of Turks, in order to conquer the country.\"\nIn 1163, the vizier to the Fatimid caliph al-Adid, Shawar, had been driven out of Egypt by his rival Dirgham,"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Battle for Mosul (1182–1183)", "says": "Each force returned to their cities and al-Fadil wrote: \"They [Izz ad-Din's coalition] advanced like men, like women they vanished.\"\n\nFrom the point of view of Saladin, in terms of territory, the war against Mosul was going well, but he still failed to achieve his objectives and his army was shrinking; Taqi ad-Din took his men back to Hama, while Nasir ad-Din Muhammad and his forces had left."}, {"id": "Q285133", "label": "Al-Adil I", "section": "History - Final decline (1183–1250)", "says": "In 1204, Saladin's brother and successor, the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I, dispatched an army under the leadership of his own son al-Ashraf of Harran, accompanied by his brother Al-Awhad Ayyub, to relieve the Zengid emir of Sinjar, Qutb al-Din, from an assault by his cousin Nur ad-Din Arslan Shah I of Mosul, the chief Zengid emir."}, {"id": "Q4702239", "label": "Al-Awhad Ayyub", "section": "History - Final decline (1183–1250)", "says": "In 1204, Saladin's brother and successor, the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I, dispatched an army under the leadership of his own son al-Ashraf of Harran, accompanied by his brother Al-Awhad Ayyub, to relieve the Zengid emir of Sinjar, Qutb al-Din, from an assault by his cousin Nur ad-Din Arslan Shah I of Mosul, the chief Zengid emir."}, {"id": "Q400360", "label": "Ahlatshahs", "section": "History - Final decline (1183–1250)", "says": "In 1207, the Ayyubids under Al-Awhad Ayyub, starting from their base in Mayyafariqin, captured Akhlat in Anatolia, putting an end to the Ahlatshahs."}, {"id": "Q286639", "label": "An-Nasir Yusuf", "section": "History - Final decline (1183–1250)", "says": "In 1250, al-Jazira fell under the domination of An-Nasir Yusuf, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, marking the end of"}], "Q244746": [{"id": "Q352544", "label": "Eannatum", "section": "History - Early Dynastic IIIB", "says": "The historical \"Larsa\" was already in existence as early as the reign of Early Dynastic ruler Eannatum of Lagash (circa 2500–2400 BC), who annexed it to his empire."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Akkadian period", "says": "Larsa is attested in the Akkadian Empire in the Temple Hymns of Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon of Akkad.\n\n\"..."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - Akkadian period", "says": "Larsa is attested in the Akkadian Empire in the Temple Hymns of Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon of Akkad.\n\n\"..."}, {"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "History - Middle Bronze Age", "says": "After the Third Dynasty of Ur collapsed c."}, {"id": "Q458359", "label": "Rim-Sin I", "section": "History - Middle Bronze Age", "says": "At its peak under king Rim-Sin I (c."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Middle Bronze Age", "says": "After the defeat of Rim-Sin I by Hammurabi of Babylon, Larsa became a minor site, though it has been suggested that it was the home of the First Sealand Dynasty of Babylon."}], "Q319881": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Formosa was a short-lived unrecognized state that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 during the interregnum between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan after the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Formosa was a short-lived unrecognized state that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 during the interregnum between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan after the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Formosa was a short-lived unrecognized state that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 during the interregnum between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan after the Treaty of Shimonoseki."}, {"id": "Q590021", "label": "Kabayama Sukenori", "section": "Background", "says": "On 10 May, Admiral Kabayama Sukenori was appointed the first Japanese governor-general of Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q709550", "label": "Liu Yongfu", "section": "Collapse", "says": "Following Tang's flight, Liu Yongfu assumed the mantle of leadership of the Republic in Tainan."}, {"id": "Q705872", "label": "Lin Sen", "section": "Collapse", "says": "One of the republic's resistance fighters was Lin Sen, future President of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Collapse", "says": "One of the republic's resistance fighters was Lin Sen, future President of the Republic of China."}], "Q320925": [{"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Shu Han's founder, Liu Bei (Emperor Zhaolie), had named his dynasty \"Han\", as he considered it a rump state of the Han dynasty and thus the legitimate successor to the Han throne, while the prefix \"Shu\" was first used by the rival state of Cao Wei to delegitimize the claims of the Shu Han state to orthodox succession."}, {"id": "Q468890", "label": "Chen Shou", "section": "lead", "says": "Later on when writing the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the historian, Chen Shou, also used the prefix \"Shu\" to describe Liu Bei's state of Han as a historiographical prefix to differentiate it from the many other states officially named \"Han\" throughout Chinese history."}, {"id": "Q245315", "label": "Liu Bei", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Liu Bei, a warlord and distant relative of the Han imperial clan, rallied the support of many capable followers."}, {"id": "Q198211", "label": "Zhuge Liang", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Following the counsel of his advisor, Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge's Longzhong Plan, Liu Bei conquered parts of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) in 208 and 209, took over Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from the warlord Liu Zhang between 212 and 214, and wrestled control of Hanzhong from his rival, Cao Cao, in 219."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Following the counsel of his advisor, Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge's Longzhong Plan, Liu Bei conquered parts of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) in 208 and 209, took over Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from the warlord Liu Zhang between 212 and 214, and wrestled control of Hanzhong from his rival, Cao Cao, in 219."}, {"id": "Q313327", "label": "Sun Quan", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "However, in 219, the alliance between Liu Bei and his ally, Sun Quan, was broken when Sun sent his general, Lü Meng, to invade Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q470080", "label": "Lü Meng", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "However, in 219, the alliance between Liu Bei and his ally, Sun Quan, was broken when Sun sent his general, Lü Meng, to invade Jing Province."}, {"id": "Q222797", "label": "Guan Yu", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Guan Yu, the general guarding Liu Bei's assets in Jing Province, was captured and subsequently executed by Sun Quan's forces."}, {"id": "Q313333", "label": "Cao Pi", "section": "History - Beginnings and founding", "says": "Cao Cao died in 220, and was succeeded by his son, Cao Pi, who forced the last Han ruler, Emperor Xian, to abdicate the throne in his favour."}, {"id": "Q1141614", "label": "Battle of Xiaoting", "section": "History - Liu Bei's reign", "says": "In 222, he launched a campaign against Sun Quan to retake Jing Province and avenge Guan Yu, culminating in the Battle of Xiaoting."}, {"id": "Q23114", "label": "Lu Xun", "section": "History - Liu Bei's reign", "says": "However, due to grave tactical mistakes, Liu Bei suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Sun Quan's general, Lu Xun, and lost the bulk of his army."}, {"id": "Q468780", "label": "Liu Shan", "section": "History - Liu Shan's reign", "says": "Before Liu Bei's death, he appointed the chancellor Zhuge Liang and the general Li Yan as regents to his son, Liu Shan."}, {"id": "Q280866", "label": "Jiang Wei", "section": "History - Liu Shan's reign", "says": "However, aside from gaining Jiang Wei as an officer in 228, and the Wudu and Yinping commanderies, Shu failed to achieve any significant victories or lasting gains in the five expeditions."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "History - Liu Shan's reign", "says": "During his final campaign where he fought against the Wei general, Sima Yi, an already taxed and ill Zhuge Liang died under the strain of the long stalemate with the Wei forces at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains."}, {"id": "Q1753340", "label": "Battle of Wuzhang Plains", "section": "History - Liu Shan's reign", "says": "During his final campaign where he fought against the Wei general, Sima Yi, an already taxed and ill Zhuge Liang died under the strain of the long stalemate with the Wei forces at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains."}, {"id": "Q740867", "label": "Fei Yi", "section": "History - Liu Shan's reign", "says": "After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu government was then headed by Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, and others, and Shu temporarily ceased its ag"}, {"id": "Q550368", "label": "Deng Ai", "section": "History - Fall of Shu", "says": "In 263, armies led by the Wei generals Deng Ai and Zhong Hui attacked Shu, and conquered its capital, Chengdu, without much struggle — the state having been exhausted by Jiang Wei's ill-fated campaigns."}, {"id": "Q197813", "label": "Zhong Hui", "section": "History - Fall of Shu", "says": "In 263, armies led by the Wei generals Deng Ai and Zhong Hui attacked Shu, and conquered its capital, Chengdu, without much struggle — the state having been exhausted by Jiang Wei's ill-fated campaigns."}, {"id": "Q532884", "label": "Sima Zhao", "section": "History - Fall of Shu", "says": "Zhong Hui captured Deng Ai, and openly rebelled against the Wei regent, Sima Zhao, but the revolt was suppressed by Wei forces."}], "Q330533": [{"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces (Dutch: Zeventien Provinciën, French: Dix-Sept Provinces, Spanish: Diecisiete Provincias) was a term used to describe the Spanish Netherlands before the Dutch Revolt, when they were at their largest extent."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces (Dutch: Zeventien Provinciën, French: Dix-Sept Provinces, Spanish: Diecisiete Provincias) was a term used to describe the Spanish Netherlands before the Dutch Revolt, when they were at their largest extent."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "They covered most of the Low Countries, i.e., what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and most of the French departments of Nord (French Flanders and French Hainaut) and Pas-de-Calais (Artois)."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces arose from the Burgundian Netherlands, a number of fiefs held by the House of Valois-Burgundy and inherited by the House of Habsburg in 1482, and held by Habsburg Spain from 1556."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces arose from the Burgundian Netherlands, a number of fiefs held by the House of Valois-Burgundy and inherited by the House of Habsburg in 1482, and held by Habsburg Spain from 1556."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces arose from the Burgundian Netherlands, a number of fiefs held by the House of Valois-Burgundy and inherited by the House of Habsburg in 1482, and held by Habsburg Spain from 1556."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1581, many of these provinces seceded to form what would eventually become the Dutch Republic."}], "Q370736": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cape Colony (Dutch: Kaapkolonie), also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa, then became the Cape Province, which existed even after 1961, when South Africa had become a republic, albeit temporarily outside the Commonwealth of Nations (1961–94)."}, {"id": "Q849164", "label": "Cape Province", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa, then became the Cape Province, which existed even after 1961, when South Africa had become a republic, albeit temporarily outside the Commonwealth of Nations (1961–94)."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa, then became the Cape Province, which existed even after 1961, when South Africa had become a republic, albeit temporarily outside the Commonwealth of Nations (1961–94)."}, {"id": "Q1977699", "label": "Battle of Muizenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The VOC lost the colony to Great Britain following the 1795 Battle of Muizenberg, but it was ceded to the Batavia Republic following the 1802 Treaty of Amiens."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "lead", "says": "The VOC lost the colony to Great Britain following the 1795 Battle of Muizenberg, but it was ceded to the Batavia Republic following the 1802 Treaty of Amiens."}, {"id": "Q2786767", "label": "Battle of Blaauwberg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was re-occupied by the British following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806, and British possession was affirmed with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814."}, {"id": "Q617263", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814", "section": "lead", "says": "It was re-occupied by the British following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806, and British possession was affirmed with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cape of Good Hope then remained in the British Empire, becoming self-governing in 1872."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Orange River, natively known as the ǂNūǃarib (Black River) and subsequently called the Gariep River, served as the boundary for some time, although some land between the river and the southern boundary of Botswana was later added to it."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - VOC settlement", "says": "VOC traders imported thousands of slaves to the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch East Indies and other parts of Africa."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "In 1795, France occupied the Seven Provinces of the Dutch Republic, the mother country of the Dutch United East India Company."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "The United East India Company transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic (the Revolutionary period Dutch state) in 1798, and went bankrupt in 1799."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "The temporary peace between the UK and Napoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic (which Napoleon would subsequently abolish and directly administer later the same year)."}, {"id": "Q582594", "label": "Xhosa Wars", "section": "History - British colonisation", "says": "At the same time, the long series of Xhosa Wars fought between the Xhosa people in the east and the government of the Cape Colony as well as Boer settlers finally died down when the Xhosa took part in a mass destruction of their own crops and cattle, in the belief that this would cause their ancestors to wake from the dead."}, {"id": "Q2547918", "label": "Griqualand West", "section": "History - Responsible government", "says": "In 1877, the state expanded by annexing Griqualand West and Griqualand East – that is, the Mount Currie district (Kokstad)."}, {"id": "Q5157575", "label": "Griqualand East", "section": "History - Responsible government", "says": "In 1877, the state expanded by annexing Griqualand West and Griqualand East – that is, the Mount Currie district (Kokstad)."}, {"id": "Q1269234", "label": "Stellaland", "section": "History - Responsible government", "says": "The emergence of two Boer mini-republics along the Missionary Road resulted in 1885 in the Warren Expedition, sent to annex the republics of Stellaland and Goshen (lands annexed to British Bechuanaland)."}, {"id": "Q74338", "label": "Charles Warren", "section": "History - Responsible government", "says": "Major-General Charles Warren annexed the land south of the Molopo River as the colony of British Bechuanaland and proclaimed a protectorate over the land lying to the North of the river."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "History - Responsible government", "says": "However, the discovery of diamonds around Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal led to a return to instability, particularly because they fuelled the rise to power of the ambitious imperialist Cecil Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q916340", "label": "Jameson Raid", "section": "History - Responsible government", "says": "In particular, he sought to engineer the conquest of the Transvaal, and although his ill-fated Jameson Raid failed and brought down his government, it led to the Second Boer War and British conquest at the turn of the century."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "History - Responsible government", "says": "In particular, he sought to engineer the conquest of the Transvaal, and although his ill-fated Jameson Raid failed and brought down his government, it led to the Second Boer War and British conquest at the turn of the century."}], "Q388739": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afsharid dynasty (Persian: دودمان افشاریان, romanized: Dudemān-e Afshāriyān) was an Iranian dynasty founded by Nader Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q63149558", "label": "Afsharid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "1736–1747) of the Qirqlu clan of the Turkoman Afshar tribe, ruling over Afsharid Iran."}], "Q426025": [{"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created when Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, raised the County of Savoy into a duchy for Amadeus VIII."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was an Imperial fief, subject of the Holy Roman Empire, until 1792, with a vote in the Imperial Diet."}, {"id": "Q675363", "label": "County of Geneva", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory included the current French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and the Alpes-Maritimes, the current Italian region of Aosta Valley, a large part of Piedmont and the County of Geneva in Switzerland, which was then lost to the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory included the current French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and the Alpes-Maritimes, the current Italian region of Aosta Valley, a large part of Piedmont and the County of Geneva in Switzerland, which was then lost to the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory included the current French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and the Alpes-Maritimes, the current Italian region of Aosta Valley, a large part of Piedmont and the County of Geneva in Switzerland, which was then lost to the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q15604942", "label": "Duchy of Montferrat", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "His long reign was highlighted by wars (the country expanded its territory by defeating the Duchy of Montferrat and Marquisate of Saluzzo), as well as reforms, edicts and some controversial actions."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Louis was in turn succeeded by the weak Amadeus IX, who was extremely religious (he was eventually declared blessed), but of little practical power, to the point that he allowed his wife, Yolande (Violante) of Valois, sister of Louis XI, to make very important decisions."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "When Philibert II died in 1504, he was succeeded by Charles III the Good, and Savoy entered into a period of weak leadership."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "Later in 1515 as a part of the War of the League of Cambrai, the French defeated the Swiss and Milanese at the Battle of Marignano, occupied Milan, and put all of northern Italy including Saluzzo, Genoa and Savoy under its influence."}, {"id": "Q330", "label": "Battle of Marignano", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "Later in 1515 as a part of the War of the League of Cambrai, the French defeated the Swiss and Milanese at the Battle of Marignano, occupied Milan, and put all of northern Italy including Saluzzo, Genoa and Savoy under its influence."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "King Francis I of France, however, was not satisfied and began to bide his time, just waiting for an opportunity to permanently annex Savoy and its possessions."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, signed in 1559, restored full autonomy to the duchy, with his marriage to Margaret of France."}, {"id": "Q318091", "label": "Carlo Emanuele I, Duke of Savoy", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "His son, Charles Emmanuel I, extended the duchy to the detriment of the lordships of Montferrat and the territory of Saluzzo, previously ceded to France, in 1601 under the Treaty of Lyon."}, {"id": "Q2300960", "label": "Treaty of Lyon", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "His son, Charles Emmanuel I, extended the duchy to the detriment of the lordships of Montferrat and the territory of Saluzzo, previously ceded to France, in 1601 under the Treaty of Lyon."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Due to the proximity of the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan and Savoyard defeats in the previous century, French troops were garrisoned in forts (such as Pinerolo) in a number of key Alpine passes on the Italian side."}, {"id": "Q1527665", "label": "War of the Mantuan Succession", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "The War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) was very bloody in the countryside and subjected Casale Monferrato to a long siege (1629)."}, {"id": "Q1083398", "label": "Christine of France", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "The post of regent for the next-oldest son, Charles Emmanuel II, also went to his mother Christine of France, whose followers became known as madamisti (supporters of Madama Reale)."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Because of this, Savoy became a satellite state of the regent's brother, King Louis XIII of France."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Charles Emmanuel II was succeeded by his 11-year-old son, Victor Amadeus II; his mother, the French born Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours was regent."}, {"id": "Q156190", "label": "Peter II of Portugal", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Marie Jeanne sought to marry her son to the daughter and heir presumptive of King Peter II of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "This could have led to the House of Savoy becoming rulers of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Savoy became a French satellite, and Victor Amadeus II married Anne Marie d'Orléans, niece of King Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Savoy remained a French ally during the first phase of the War of the Spanish Succession, but changed sides later."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "France invaded again, and Savoy was saved by Austrian troops led by the Duke's cousin, Prince Eugene of Savoy at the siege of Turin."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "At the end of the war in 1713, Victor Amadeus II received the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Charles Emmanuel III, son and successor of Victor Amadeus II, joined the War of the Austrian Succession and concluded it with a resounding victory against the French in the Battle of Assietta."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Charles Emmanuel III, son and successor of Victor Amadeus II, joined the War of the Austrian Succession and concluded it with a resounding victory against the French in the Battle of Assietta."}, {"id": "Q693265", "label": "Battle of Assietta", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Charles Emmanuel III, son and successor of Victor Amadeus II, joined the War of the Austrian Succession and concluded it with a resounding victory against the French in the Battle of Assietta."}, {"id": "Q175250", "label": "Vittorio Emanuele I of Sardinia", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Part of Savoy was restored to Victor Emmanuel I in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna in 1814, with the remainder being returned in 1815 after the Hundred Days."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Part of Savoy was restored to Victor Emmanuel I in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna in 1814, with the remainder being returned in 1815 after the Hundred Days."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "History - From duchy to kingdom", "says": "Part of Savoy was restored to Victor Emmanuel I in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna in 1814, with the remainder being returned in 1815 after the Hundred Days."}], "Q466803": [{"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese traveller Xuanzang visited Kanchipuram during Pallava rule and extolled their benign rule."}], "Q501259": [{"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Akkadian period", "says": "2350-2150 BCE), Isin is known to have been occupied by the Akkadian Empire."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "History - Ur III period", "says": "Activity resumed under the Kassites, followed by a period of local control."}, {"id": "Q458359", "label": "Rim-Sin I", "section": "History - Isin-Larsa period", "says": "Although politically and economically weak, Isin maintained its independence from Larsa for at least another forty years, ultimately succumbing to Larsa's ruler Rim-Sin I."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "For most of his reign, Hammurabi of Babylon (r."}, {"id": "Q325917", "label": "Samsu-iluna", "section": "History - Old Babylonian period", "says": "In 1723 BCE, the Isin was fell in the 27th year of the reign of Samsu-iluna (r."}, {"id": "Q346530", "label": "Adad-apla-iddina", "section": "History - Iron and Classical Age", "says": "The final significant stage of activity occurred during the Second Dynasty of Isin at the end of the 2nd millennium, most notably by king Adad-apla-iddina."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Iron and Classical Age", "says": "Isin remained occupied at least as late as the second decade of the reign of the Persian ruler Darius I (c 507 BC), then in the control of the region."}, {"id": "Q363563", "label": "Sumu-abum", "section": "History - Iron and Classical Age", "says": "These year names combined with new tablet joins show that there were two additional rulers, Sumu-abum and Ikūn-pī-Išta, slotting in between Erra-imittī and Enlil-bān."}], "Q503623": [{"id": "Q797527", "label": "British Togoland", "section": "lead", "says": "The term Gold Coast may also refer collectively to the four separate jurisdictions administered by the Governor of the Gold Coast: the colony proper, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gold Coast became a major centre of the Atlantic slave trade, with enslaved Africans exported to the Americas."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "British rule expanded through treaties, the acquisition of rival European possessions, and the conquest of African states, most notably the Ashanti Empire, and by the early 20th century encompassed territories that now form most of present-day Ghana."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - British rule", "says": "The British Crown dissolved the company in 1821, giving authority over British forts on the Gold Coast to Charles MacCarthy, governor of the colony of Sierra Leone."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Economic and social development in the British colony", "says": "During the first decade of the 20th century, he worked as a surveyor in the British colonies of the Gold Coast and Nigeria, and later, during World War I, he served in France."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Nationalism", "says": "The development of national consciousness accelerated quickly after World War II, when, in addition to ex-servicemen, a substantial group of urban African workers and traders emerged to lend mass support to the aspirations of a small educated minority."}, {"id": "Q8620", "label": "Kwame Nkrumah", "section": "History - Politics of the independence movements", "says": "The manner in which politics were then conducted was to change after Kwame Nkrumah created his Convention People's Party (CPP) in June 1949."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Politics of the independence movements", "says": "He received further training in the United States at Lincoln University and at the University of Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q737469", "label": "George Padmore", "section": "History - Politics of the independence movements", "says": "During his time in Britain, Nkrumah came to know such outspoken anti-colonialists and intellectuals as the West Indian George Padmore, and the Af"}], "Q504759": [{"id": "Q698909", "label": "King Wen of Zhou", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Jilian's descendant Yuxiong was the teacher of King Wen of Zhou (r."}, {"id": "Q1278781", "label": "Battle of Boju", "section": "History - Spring and Autumn period", "says": "Following the Battle of Boju, it occupied Chu's capital at Ying, forcing King Zhao to flee to his allies in Yun and \"Sui\"."}, {"id": "Q698899", "label": "Wu Qi", "section": "History - Warring States period", "says": "In the late 390s BC, King Dao of Chu made Wu Qi his chancellor."}, {"id": "Q351345", "label": "Shang Yang", "section": "History - Warring States period", "says": "During the late Warring States period, Chu was increasingly pressured by Qin to its west, especially after Qin enacted and preserved the Legalistic reforms of Shang Yang."}, {"id": "Q197321", "label": "Zhang Yi", "section": "History - Defeat", "says": "According to the Records of the Warring States, a debate between the Diplomat strategist Zhang Yi and the Qin general Sima Cuo led to two conclusions concerning the unification of China."}, {"id": "Q564282", "label": "King Huiwen of Qin", "section": "History - Defeat", "says": "King Huiwen of Qin opted to support Sima Cuo."}, {"id": "Q708651", "label": "Wang Jian", "section": "History - Defeat", "says": "Wang Jian said that the invasion force needed to be at least 600,000 strong, while Li Xin thought that less than 200,000 men would be sufficient."}, {"id": "Q718238", "label": "Li Xin", "section": "History - Defeat", "says": "Wang Jian said that the invasion force needed to be at least 600,000 strong, while Li Xin thought that less than 200,000 men would be sufficient."}, {"id": "Q699882", "label": "Chen Sheng", "section": "History - Qin and Han dynasties", "says": "The Dazexiang Uprising occurred in 209 BC under the leadership of a Chu peasant, Chen Sheng, who proclaimed himself \"King of Rising Chu\" (Zhangchu)."}, {"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "History - Qin and Han dynasties", "says": "Xiang Yu then engaged with Liu Bang, another prominent anti-Qin rebel, in a long struggle for supremacy over the lands of the former Qin Empire, which became known as the Chu–Han Contention."}, {"id": "Q574498", "label": "Han Xin", "section": "History - Qin and Han dynasties", "says": "The core Chu territories centered in Pengcheng was granted first to general Han Xin and then to Liu Bang's brother Liu Jiao as the Kingdom of Chu."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "History - Qin and Han dynasties", "says": "By the time of Emperor Wu of Han, the southern folk culture and aesthetics were mixed with the Han-sponsored Confucian tradition and Qin-influenced central governance to create a distinct \"Chinese\" culture."}], "Q651377": [{"id": "Q854679", "label": "Bhagabhadra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shunga empire's capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar (modern Vidisha) in eastern Malwa."}, {"id": "Q24395", "label": "Agnimitra", "section": "lead", "says": "Pushyamitra ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra."}, {"id": "Q3878846", "label": "Devabhuti", "section": "lead", "says": "The last of the Shunga emperors was Devabhuti (83–73 BCE)."}, {"id": "Q24405", "label": "Brihadratha Maurya", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to historical reconstructions, the Shunga dynasty was established in 184 BCE, about 50 years after Ashoka's death, when the emperor Brihadratha Maurya, the last ruler of the Maurya Empire, was assassinated by his Senānī or commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra, while he was reviewing the Guard of Honour of his forces."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to historical reconstructions, the Shunga dynasty was established in 184 BCE, about 50 years after Ashoka's death, when the emperor Brihadratha Maurya, the last ruler of the Maurya Empire, was assassinated by his Senānī or commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra, while he was reviewing the Guard of Honour of his forces."}], "Q654342": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "With most of the world moving away from colonialism during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United Kingdom was subjected to pressure to decolonise from both the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU)."}, {"id": "Q2763", "label": "The Holocaust", "section": "History - Negotiations", "says": "Cohen, who was Jewish and traumatised by The Holocaust, was an anti-racialist and an advocate of African rights."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Negotiations", "says": "But he compromised his ideals to avoid what he saw as an even greater risk than the continuation of the paternalistic white ascendancy system of Southern Rhodesia – its becoming an even less flexible, radical white supremacy, like the National Party government in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q469710", "label": "Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern", "section": "History - Negotiations", "says": "Following the insistence and reassurances of the Southern Rhodesian prime minister, Sir Godfrey Huggins, a little more than 25,000 white Southern Rhodesians voted in the referendum for a federal government, versus nearly 15,000 against."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "History - Constitution", "says": "The ceremony was also attended by the Lord High Chancellor and the Chief Justice of the Union of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Belgium more hastily vacated its colony and thousands of European refugees fled the Belgian Congo from the brutalities of the civil war and into Southern Rhodesia."}, {"id": "Q203129", "label": "Duncan Sandys", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "The new Commonwealth Secretary, Duncan Sandys, negotiated the '1961 Constitution', a new constitution for the CAF which greatly reduced Britain's powers over it: however, by 1962, the British and the CAF cabinet had agreed that Nyasaland should be allowed to secede, though Southern Rhodesian Premier Sir Edgar Whitehead committed the British to keep this secret until after the 1962 elections in the"}, {"id": "Q1284218", "label": "Edgar Whitehead", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "The new Commonwealth Secretary, Duncan Sandys, negotiated the '1961 Constitution', a new constitution for the CAF which greatly reduced Britain's powers over it: however, by 1962, the British and the CAF cabinet had agreed that Nyasaland should be allowed to secede, though Southern Rhodesian Premier Sir Edgar Whitehead committed the British to keep this secret until after the 1962 elections in the"}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "On 5 June 1963, the leaders of Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda expressed their intention to unite as the federation of East Africa."}], "Q676184": [{"id": "Q784963", "label": "Anglo-Saxon England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the South Saxons, today referred to as the Kingdom of Sussex, was an early medieval English kingdom, constituting one of the seven traditional kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England."}, {"id": "Q1939977", "label": "Battle of Ellandun", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Saxons were ruled by the kings of Sussex until the country was annexed by Wessex, probably in 827, in the aftermath of the Battle of Ellendun."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Foundation story", "says": "From 491 until the arrival of Christianity in the 7th century, there was a dearth of contemporary written material.Because of the lack of written history before the 7th century it has made it difficult for historians to produce a definitive story."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "History - Christianisation and loss of independence (600–860)", "says": "The abbey eventually became the seat of the South Saxon bishopric, where it remained until after the Norman Conquest, when it was moved to Chichester by decree of the Council of London of 1075."}], "Q842091": [{"id": "Q1072330", "label": "Treaty of Saint Clair-sur-Epte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo."}, {"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1066 until 1204, as a result of the Norman Conquest of England, the dukes of Normandy were usually also kings of England, the only exceptions being Dukes Robert Curthose (1087–1106), Geoffrey Plantagenet (1144–1150), and Henry II (1150–1152), who became king of England in 1154."}, {"id": "Q220994", "label": "Robert Curthose", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1066 until 1204, as a result of the Norman Conquest of England, the dukes of Normandy were usually also kings of England, the only exceptions being Dukes Robert Curthose (1087–1106), Geoffrey Plantagenet (1144–1150), and Henry II (1150–1152), who became king of England in 1154."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1066 until 1204, as a result of the Norman Conquest of England, the dukes of Normandy were usually also kings of England, the only exceptions being Dukes Robert Curthose (1087–1106), Geoffrey Plantagenet (1144–1150), and Henry II (1150–1152), who became king of England in 1154."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1202, Philip II of France declared Normandy forfeit to him and seized it by force of arms in 1204 (with the exception of the Channel Islands)."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Kingdom of France, the duchy was occasionally set apart as an appanage to be ruled by a member of the royal family."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The title \"Duke of Normandy\" continues to be used in an informal manner in the Channel Islands (insular Normandy), to refer to the monarch of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "History - Norman rule", "says": "Though weakened, the Vikings were still a formidable force, and in the aftermath Charles the Simple who was with the army decided to negotiate the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte with Rollo."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Norman rule", "says": "Rollo was ceded lands along the lower Seine already under Danish control with Rollo agreeing to defend the territory from other Vikings and that he and his men would convert to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "History - Norman rule", "says": "Rollo's son and successor, William Longsword, supported Rudolph and in 933 in return was granted Avranchin and the heavily Norse Cotentin which were in practice outside effective Carolingian control and so had to be forcibly taken from the Duchy of Brittany and would quite quickly suffer a pagan revolt."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "History - Norman rule", "says": "Richard I's son, Richard II, was the first to be styled duke of Normandy, the ducal title becoming established between 987 and 1006."}, {"id": "Q159575", "label": "Hugh Capet of France", "section": "History - Norman rule", "says": "In 980, the dukes helped place Hugh Capet on the French throne."}, {"id": "Q83224", "label": "Battle of Hastings", "section": "History - Norman rule", "says": "In 1066, Duke William defeated Harold II of England at the Battle of Hastings and was subsequently crowned King of England, through the Norman conquest of England."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "History - Norman rule", "says": "From 1154 until 1214, with the creation of the Angevin Empire, the Angevin kings of England controlled half of France and all of England, dwarfing the power of the French king, yet the Angevins were still de jure French vassals."}, {"id": "Q208331", "label": "Olaf II of Norway", "section": "History - Political Systems", "says": "Olaf Haraldsson crossed the Channel in such circumstances to support Richard II in the conflict against the count of Chartres and was baptized in Rouen in 1014."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "History - French appanage", "says": "In 1465, Louis XI was forced by the League of the Public Weal to cede the duchy to his eighteen-year-old brother, Charles de Valois and Normandy served as a base for rebellion."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "History - French appanage", "says": "Dauphin Louis Charles, the second son of Louis XVI, was again given the nominal title of 'Duke of Normandy' before the death of his elder brother in 1789."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "History - Channel Islands", "says": "After the absorption of the mainland portion of the Duchy into the royal domain of France, the Duchy, now confined to the Channel Islands, continued to exist under the English Crown until it was split around 1290 into the Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey by Otto de Grandson, who was Lord of the Channel Islands since his appointment in 1277 by Edward I of England."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Channel Islands", "says": "The final rupture occurred in 1569 when Queen Elizabeth I demanded that the bishop hand the island over to the Bishop of Winchester."}], "Q847420": [{"id": "Q3695807", "label": "Kayumars of Delhi", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ruler, Shamsuddin Kayumars, an infant, was murdered by Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, a nobleman who then established the Khalji dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2691885", "label": "Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ruler, Shamsuddin Kayumars, an infant, was murdered by Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, a nobleman who then established the Khalji dynasty."}], "Q862304": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qara Khitai or Kara Khitai, officially the Great Liao, also known as the Western Liao, was a dynastic state based in Central Asia, ruled by the Yelü clan of the Khitan people, a Sinicized Para-Mongolic people from modern day eastern Mongolia and Northeast China."}, {"id": "Q1330091", "label": "Yelü Dashi", "section": "lead", "says": "A group of displaced Khitans led by Yelü Dashi fled to Central Asia and continued to rule as a continuation of the Liao dynasty."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of the Qara Khitai corresponded to parts of modern-day China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of the Qara Khitai corresponded to parts of modern-day China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anushtegin dynasty, the Karluks, Qocho kingdom, the Kankalis, and the Kara-Khanid Khanate were vassal states of the Qara Khitai at some point in history."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "One of these groups was led by Yelü Dashi, who joined the Liao emperor, Tianzuo, at the border of the Western Xia kingdom."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "History - Founding of the Qara Khitai", "says": "In 1134 he conquered the Karakhanid city of Balasaghun (in modern Kyrgyzstan), resulting in the vassalization of the nearby Kankalis, Karluks, Kyrgyz, and the Kingdom of Qocho."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Battle of Qatwan", "says": "The Western Karakhanids were vassals of the Seljuk Empire and the Karakhanid ruler Mahmud II appealed to his Seljuk overlord Ahmad Sanjar for protection."}, {"id": "Q337506", "label": "Ahmad Sanjar", "section": "History - Battle of Qatwan", "says": "The Western Karakhanids were vassals of the Seljuk Empire and the Karakhanid ruler Mahmud II appealed to his Seljuk overlord Ahmad Sanjar for protection."}, {"id": "Q3950956", "label": "Battle of Qatwan", "section": "History - Battle of Qatwan", "says": "The Battle of Qatwan took place on the Qatwan steppe, north of Samarkand, on 9 September 1141."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Territorial extent", "says": "The Qara Khitai in 1143 constituted a realm encompassing a territory roughly equivalent to modern Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and south Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q83142", "label": "Yenisei Kirghiz", "section": "History - Territorial extent", "says": "In the north they bordered the Yenisei Kyrgyz north of Lake Balkhash until 1175 when they retreated further south."}, {"id": "Q848946", "label": "Yelü Yilie", "section": "History - Yelü Yilie (r. 1150-1163)", "says": "The son, Yelü Yilie, ruled from 1150 to 1163."}, {"id": "Q2629418", "label": "Il-Arslan", "section": "History - Yelü Yilie (r. 1150-1163)", "says": "In early 1156, the Karluks fled to Khwarazm and sought the help of its ruler, Il-Arslan, who sent an army agains"}, {"id": "Q5954482", "label": "Terken Hatun", "section": "History - Yelü Pusuwan  (r. 1164–1177)", "says": "The younger son, Sultan Shah, was enthroned with the aid of his mother, Terken Khatun, who ruled in his name."}, {"id": "Q860152", "label": "Yelü Zhilugu", "section": "History - Khwarazm war", "says": "Xiao Wolila installed Yelü Zhilugu (r."}, {"id": "Q855467", "label": "Ong Khan", "section": "History - Tribal conflict", "says": "Toghrul later made an alliance with the Jin, through which he received his other title,  Ong Khan, in 1197."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "History - Ghurid war", "says": "In 1198, Muhammad of Ghor, one of the Ghurid rulers, seized Balkh from the vassal of the Qara Khitai."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Ghurid war", "says": "The Qara Khitai were urged by the Khwarazm Shah Tekish (who was also in conflict with the Ghurids) not to let this slide, as the other Ghurid ruler Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad would seize Khwarazm and Transoxiana."}, {"id": "Q520090", "label": "Muhammad II of Khwarazm", "section": "History - Ghurid war", "says": "Tekish died in 1200 and his son Muhammad II of Khwarazm started his reign as a tributary of the Qara Khitai."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Kuchlug's usurpation and end of the Khanate", "says": "In 1216, Genghis Khan dispatched his general Jebe to pursue Kuchlug; Kuchlug fled, but in 1218, he was finally captured and decapitated."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The Qara Khitais became absorbed into the Mongol Empire; a segment of the Qara-Khitan troops had previously already joined the Mongol army fighting against Kuchlug."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Another segment of the Qara-Khitans, in a dynasty founded by Buraq Hajib, survived in Kirman as a vassal of the Mongols, but ceased to exist as an entity during the reign of Öljaitü of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In the 14th century, they began to lose their ethnic identity, traces of their presence however may be found as clan names or toponyms from Afghanistan to Moldova."}], "Q953068": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "South West Africa bordered Angola (a Portuguese colony before 1975), Botswana (Bechuanaland before 1966), South Africa, and Zambia (Northern Rhodesia before 1964)."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "South West Africa bordered Angola (a Portuguese colony before 1975), Botswana (Bechuanaland before 1966), South Africa, and Zambia (Northern Rhodesia before 1964)."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "A German colony known as German South West Africa from 1884 to 1915, it was made a League of Nations mandate of the Union of South Africa following Germany's defeat in the First World War."}], "Q956357": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was self-proclaimed as a kingdom in June 1916 during the First World War, to be independent from the Ottoman Empire, on the basis of an alliance with the British Empire to drive the Ottoman Army from the Arabian Peninsula during the Arab Revolt."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was self-proclaimed as a kingdom in June 1916 during the First World War, to be independent from the Ottoman Empire, on the basis of an alliance with the British Empire to drive the Ottoman Army from the Arabian Peninsula during the Arab Revolt."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "It was self-proclaimed as a kingdom in June 1916 during the First World War, to be independent from the Ottoman Empire, on the basis of an alliance with the British Empire to drive the Ottoman Army from the Arabian Peninsula during the Arab Revolt."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The British government had promised Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz, a single independent Arab state that would include, in addition to the Hejaz region, modern-day Jordan, Iraq, and most of Syria, with the fate of the Palestine region (today's Israel and Palestine) being mentioned in more ambiguous terms."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24 and negotiations were suspended in March 1924; within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was unified with the other Saudi dominions, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was unified with the other Saudi dominions, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "Background", "says": "Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908, enthroned himself as King of the Hejaz after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, and continued to hold both of the offices of Sharif and King from 1916 to 1924."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "At the end of his reign he also briefly laid claim to the office of Sharifian Caliph; he was a 37th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad, as he belongs to the Hashemite family."}, {"id": "Q4298662", "label": "Young Turk Revolution of 1908", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1908, in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution, he was appointed Emir of Mecca by the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1908, in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution, he was appointed Emir of Mecca by the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II."}, {"id": "Q4121369", "label": "Sharifate of Mecca", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Kingdom of Hejaz was invaded by the Al Saud-Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan, on 23 December 1925 King Hussein bin Ali surrendered to the Saudis, bringing both the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sharifate of Mecca to an end."}], "Q10416611": [{"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Latin: Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, and a barbarian kingdom established under Gaiseric (or Genseric), a Vandalic warlord."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 435 AD, the Western Roman Empire, then ruling North Africa, allowed the Vandals to settle in the provinces of Numidia and Mauretania when it became clear that the Vandals could not be defeated through military force."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "lead", "says": "In 435 AD, the Western Roman Empire, then ruling North Africa, allowed the Vandals to settle in the provinces of Numidia and Mauretania when it became clear that the Vandals could not be defeated through military force."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "In 439 AD, the Vandals renewed their advance eastward and captured Carthage, the most important city in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Although primarily remembered for their sack of Rome in 455 AD and the persecution of Nicene Christians in favour of Arian Christianity, the Vandals also supported the continued construction of educational institutions in their kingdom."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534 AD, when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Vandalic War and incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534 AD, when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Vandalic War and incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534 AD, when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Vandalic War and incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Although their numbers are unknown and some historians debate the validity of estimates, based on Procopius's assertion that the Vandals and Alans numbered 80,000 when they moved to North Africa, Peter Heather estimates that they could have fielded an army of around 15,000–20,000."}, {"id": "Q170026", "label": "Valentinian III", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Peace was made between the Romans and the Vandals in 435 through a treaty between Valentinian III and Gaiseric, giving the Vandals control of coastal Numidia and parts of Mauretania."}, {"id": "Q533515", "label": "Averil Cameron", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Averil Cameron suggests that the new Vandal rule may not have been unwelcome to the population of North Africa, as the previous landowners were generally unpopular.The impression given by sources such as Victor of Vita, Possidius, Quodvultdeus, and Fulgentius of Ruspe was that the Vandal takeover of Carthage and North Africa led to widespread destruction."}, {"id": "Q161841", "label": "Edward Gibbon", "section": "History - The grain trade", "says": "Historians since Edward Gibbon have seen the capture of North Africa by the Vandals and Alans as the \"deathblow\" and \"the greatest single blow\" to the Western Roman Empire in its struggle to survive."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - The grain trade", "says": "The scholar Josephus in the 1st century AD said that North Africa fed Rome for eight months of the year, with the other four months of needed grain coming from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q191940", "label": "Petronius Maximus", "section": "History - Sack of Rome", "says": "However, they had not yet wed when in 455, Valentinian III was murdered by accomplices of the usurper Petronius Maximus, who sought control of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q232329", "label": "Licinia Eudoxia", "section": "History - Sack of Rome", "says": "Maximus immediately married Valentinian's widow, the Empress Licinia Eudoxia, and he also canceled Eudocia's betrothal to Huneric and married her instead to his own son, Palladius."}, {"id": "Q193678", "label": "Olybrius", "section": "History - Sack of Rome", "says": "Claiming that the broken betrothal between Huneric and Eudocia invalidated his peace treaty with Valentinian, Gaiseric sacked Rome, rescuing Eudoxia, Eudocia, and Eudoxia's younger daughter Placidia (the latter was married to the future unrecognised emperor Olybrius)."}, {"id": "Q454652", "label": "Prosper of Aquitaine", "section": "History - Sack of Rome", "says": "The chronicler Prosper of Aquitaine offers the only 5th-century report that on 2 June 455, Pope Leo the Great received Gaiseric and implored him to abstain from murder and destruction by fire, and to be satisfied with pillage."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "History - Later years", "says": "The Western Roman Emperor Majorian began to organize an offensive in the summer of 458."}, {"id": "Q7327810", "label": "Richard Miles", "section": "History - Later years", "says": "Andy Merrills and Richard Miles have asserted that the operation was undoubtedly extensive and \"deserves admiration for its logistical brilliance.\" At a naval battle in Cape Bon, Tunisia, the Vandals destroyed the Western fleet and part of the Eastern fleet through the use of fire ships."}, {"id": "Q310962", "label": "Hilderic", "section": "History - Final years and conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire", "says": "Thrasamund's successor Hilderic (523–530) was the Vandal king who was most tolerant of Trinitarian Christians."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Final years and conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire", "says": "Byzantine Emperor Justinian I declared war, with the stated intention of restoring Hilderic to the Vandal throne."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Final years and conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire", "says": "This enabled the armies of the Byzantine Empire, commanded by Belisarius, to land unopposed 10 miles (16 km) from Carthage in the Summer of 533."}, {"id": "Q1127353", "label": "Battle of Ad Decimum", "section": "History - Final years and conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire", "says": "Gelimer quickly assembled an army and met Belisarius at the Battle of Ad Decimum."}, {"id": "Q598261", "label": "Battle of Tricamarum", "section": "History - Final years and conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire", "says": "On 15 December 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at the Battle of Tricamarum, some 20 miles (32 km) from Carthage."}], "Q110888": [{"id": "Q888863", "label": "Sigered of Essex", "section": "lead", "says": "The last king of Essex was Sigered of Essex, who in 825 ceded the kingdom to Ecgberht, King of Wessex."}, {"id": "Q3057629", "label": "Old Saxony", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "A large proportion of the original settlers came from Old Saxony."}, {"id": "Q849967", "label": "Celtic Britons", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "According to British legend (see Historia Brittonum) the territory known later as Essex was ceded by the Celtic Britons to the Saxons following the infamous Treason of the Long Knives, which occurred c."}], "Q1395011": [{"id": "Q708370", "label": "Pulakeshi II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II."}, {"id": "Q3765117", "label": "Eastern Chalukyas", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Pulakeshin II, the Eastern Chalukyas became an independent kingdom in the eastern Deccan."}, {"id": "Q2600532", "label": "Vikramaditya VI", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to the Nilagunda inscription of King Vikramaditya VI (11th century or later), the Chalukyas originally hailed from Ayodhya where fifty-nine kings ruled, and later, sixteen more of this family ruled from South India where they had migrated."}, {"id": "Q3576629", "label": "Vikramaditya I", "section": "Periods in Chalukya history - Chalukyas of Badami", "says": "It recovered during the reign of Vikramaditya I, who succeeded in pushing the Pallavas out of Badami and restoring order to the empire."}, {"id": "Q7929259", "label": "Vijayaditya", "section": "Periods in Chalukya history - Chalukyas of Badami", "says": "The thirty-seven year rule of Vijayaditya (696–733) was a prosperous one and is known for prolific temple building activity."}, {"id": "Q466581", "label": "Hoysala Empire", "section": "Periods in Chalukya history - Chalukyas of Kalyani", "says": "They went into their final dissolution towards the end of the 12th century with the rise of the Hoysala Empire, the Pandyas, the Kakatiya and the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri."}, {"id": "Q731884", "label": "Vishnuvardhana", "section": "Periods in Chalukya history - Chalukyas of Vengi", "says": "He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as Viceroy in 621."}], "Q1419681": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was one of many short-lived states that declared independence after the 1917 Russian Revolution caused the collapse of the Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was one of many short-lived states that declared independence after the 1917 Russian Revolution caused the collapse of the Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was one of many short-lived states that declared independence after the 1917 Russian Revolution caused the collapse of the Russian Republic."}, {"id": "Q1124178", "label": "Noman Çelebicihan", "section": "Brief history - Establishment", "says": "Noman Çelebicihan was chosen as the first President of the nascent Republic."}, {"id": "Q4058738", "label": "Asan Sabri Ayvazov", "section": "Brief history - Establishment", "says": "Asan Sabri Ayvazov, long-time Crimean independence leader, journalist, and educator, was elected Chairman of the Kurultai."}, {"id": "Q2579852", "label": "Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Brief history - Bolshevik coup d'état", "says": "The Bolsheviks briefly established the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic on Crimean territory in early 1918 before the area was overrun by forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "Brief history - Bolshevik coup d'état", "says": "The Bolsheviks briefly established the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic on Crimean territory in early 1918 before the area was overrun by forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Brief history - Bolshevik coup d'état", "says": "The Bolsheviks briefly established the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic on Crimean territory in early 1918 before the area was overrun by forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the German Empire."}], "Q164092": [{"id": "Q3057629", "label": "Old Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Saxony (German: Herzogtum Sachsen; Low German: Hartogdom Sassen) was a medieval duchy that encompassed Old Saxony, a historical region settled by the Saxons since the Migration Period."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "It was later subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars (772–804), and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q499909", "label": "Saxon Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was later subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars (772–804), and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was later subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars (772–804), and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "From the Treaty of Verdun (843) onwards, it belonged to the East Frankish Kingdom, and thus became one of the five stem duchies of the emerging German realm."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "lead", "says": "Saxon duke Henry the Fowler was elected German king in 919, thus founding the Saxon dynasty that ruled Germany and the Holy Roman Empire up to 1024."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Saxon duke Henry the Fowler was elected German king in 919, thus founding the Saxon dynasty that ruled Germany and the Holy Roman Empire up to 1024."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the deposition of duke Henry the Lion in 1180, the ducal title, together with the electoral rights, fell to the House of Ascania."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the deposition of duke Henry the Lion in 1180, the ducal title, together with the electoral rights, fell to the House of Ascania."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In time, many territories were split from the ducal jursidiction, such as the Principality of Anhalt in 1218 and the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1235."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "Those requests were denied by the emperor Sigismund, who granted the possessions and titles in question to the House of Wettin."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Since that time, the Wettin aglomeration of lands in the middle Elbe regions (Saxe-Wittenberg, March of Meissen, Osterland and others) led to the emergence of Upper Saxony, centered on the Wettin Electorate of Saxony, while core territories of the former stem duchy in the old Saxony came to be known as Lower Saxony."}, {"id": "Q312386", "label": "Widukind of Corvey", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "According to the Res gestae saxonicae by tenth century chronicler Widukind of Corvey, the Saxons had arrived from Britannia at the coast of Land Hadeln in the Elbe-Weser Triangle, called by the Merovingian rulers of Francia to support the conquest of the Thuringian kingdom, a mirror of the English origin myth where Saxon tribes from the region, under the leadership of legendary brothers Hengist an"}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "The Royal Frankish Annals mention a 743 Frankish campaign led by the Carolingian Mayor of the Palace Carloman against the Saxons, followed by a second expedition together with his brother Pepin the Short the next year."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "The Royal Frankish Annals mention a 743 Frankish campaign led by the Carolingian Mayor of the Palace Carloman against the Saxons, followed by a second expedition together with his brother Pepin the Short the next year."}, {"id": "Q320348", "label": "Widukind", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "The Saxons devastated the Frankish stronghold at Eresburg; their leader (Herzog) Widukind refused to appear at the 777 diet at Paderborn, retired to Nordalbingia and afterwards led several uprisings against the occupants, avenged by Charlemagne at the Massacre of Verden in 782."}, {"id": "Q820211", "label": "massacre of Verden", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "The Saxons devastated the Frankish stronghold at Eresburg; their leader (Herzog) Widukind refused to appear at the 777 diet at Paderborn, retired to Nordalbingia and afterwards led several uprisings against the occupants, avenged by Charlemagne at the Massacre of Verden in 782."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "836), a grandson of Charles Martel and cousin of the emperor, who in 811 fixed the Treaty of Heiligen with King Hemming of Denmark, defining the northern border of the Empire along the Eider River."}, {"id": "Q2880684", "label": "Treaty of Heiligen", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "836), a grandson of Charles Martel and cousin of the emperor, who in 811 fixed the Treaty of Heiligen with King Hemming of Denmark, defining the northern border of the Empire along the Eider River."}, {"id": "Q345762", "label": "Hemming of Denmark", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "836), a grandson of Charles Martel and cousin of the emperor, who in 811 fixed the Treaty of Heiligen with King Hemming of Denmark, defining the northern border of the Empire along the Eider River."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "In 865, under the Division of Frankfurt, king Louis the German granted Saxony, together with (Franconia) to his son Louis the Younger, who succeeded his father as king in those regions (876), and ruled there until his death in 882, being married to Liutgard of Saxony, daughter of count Liudolf."}, {"id": "Q160190", "label": "Louis III the Younger", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "In 865, under the Division of Frankfurt, king Louis the German granted Saxony, together with (Franconia) to his son Louis the Younger, who succeeded his father as king in those regions (876), and ruled there until his death in 882, being married to Liutgard of Saxony, daughter of count Liudolf."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "Subdued only a few decades earlier, the Saxons rose to one of the leading tribes in East Francia; it is however uncertain if the Ottonians already held the ducal title in the ninth century."}, {"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "His position was strong enough to wed Hedwiga of the Babenberg, daughter of mighty Duke Henry of Franconia, princeps militiae of King Charles the Fat."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "In 911, the East Frankish Carolingian dynasty went extinct with the death of King Louis the Child, whereafter the dukes of Saxony, Swabia and Bavaria met at Forchheim to elect the Conradine duke Conrad I of Franconia king."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - House of Billung", "says": "973: Hermann Billung dies in Quedlinburg and shortly after Otto I dies in Memleben."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - House of Billung", "says": "Otto II becomes emperor and he make Hermann's son Bernhard I the first duke of Saxony of the Billung House."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - House of Billung", "says": "1112: Otto of Ballenstedt created duke by Emperor Henry V."}, {"id": "Q366696", "label": "Henry X", "section": "History - House of Billung", "says": "The Welf Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria since 1126, had been appointed Lothar's successor (who died without a male heir) as duke of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "History - House of Billung", "says": "The Duchy of Saxony is granted to the Ascanian Albert the Bear."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "History - House of Billung", "says": "1141: Albert the Bear renounces the Duchy of Saxony and the title (as well as the Duchy of Bavaria) is granted to Henry X's adolescent son Henry the Lion."}, {"id": "Q157133", "label": "Conrad III of Germany", "section": "History - Henry the Lion", "says": "In 1142, King Conrad III of Germany granted the ducal title to the Welf scion Henry the Lion (as Duke Henry III)."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "History - Henry the Lion", "says": "In 1168, Henry married Matilda Plantagenêt, the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and sister of Richard Lionheart."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "History - Henry the Lion", "says": "In 1168, Henry married Matilda Plantagenêt, the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and sister of Richard Lionheart."}, {"id": "Q283364", "label": "Battle of Legnano", "section": "History - Henry the Lion", "says": "Nevertheless, lacking the support of the Saxons the following Battle of Legnano was a complete failure for the Emperor."}, {"id": "Q657241", "label": "Duchy of Westphalia", "section": "History - Ascanian Duchy of Saxony", "says": "The western part was split amongst several minor counties and prince-bishoprics, as well as the newly formed Duchy of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Ascanian Duchy of Saxony", "says": "King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia succeeded in bringing Albert II in favour of electing Adolf of Germany, as new emperor (Albert II signed an elector pact on 29 November 1291 that he would vote the sa"}, {"id": "Q693562", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg", "section": "History - Divisions and legacies", "says": "Albert II received Saxe-Wittenberg around the eponymous city and Belzig, thus becoming the founder of the Ascanian Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg, while his nephews continued to rule over the Ascanian Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q313175", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg", "section": "History - Divisions and legacies", "says": "Albert II received Saxe-Wittenberg around the eponymous city and Belzig, thus becoming the founder of the Ascanian Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg, while his nephews continued to rule over the Ascanian Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q314076", "label": "Treaty of Leipzig", "section": "History - Divisions and legacies", "says": "Since that time, the newly emerging agglomeration of Wettin lands in the middle Elbe regions (Saxe-Wittenberg, March of Meissen, Osterland and various possessions throughout Thuringia) led to the additional expansion of Saxon territorial designations, in spite of numerous Wettin dinastic divisions (such as the Treaty of Leipzig in 1485) that all included the Saxon ducal title."}], "Q199688": [{"id": "Q455925", "label": "Ibn Tumart", "section": "lead", "says": "The Almohad movement was founded by Ibn Tumart among the Berber Masmuda tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty, known as the Mu'minid dynasty, were founded after his death by Abd al-Mu'min."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when Almohad Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian forces from Castile, Aragon and Navarre."}, {"id": "Q219697", "label": "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa", "section": "lead", "says": "The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when Almohad Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian forces from Castile, Aragon and Navarre."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the Marinids in 1215."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "At the time, present-day Morocco, Mauritania, western Algeria and parts of Spain and Portugal (al-Andalus) were under the rule of the Almoravids, a Sanhaja Berber dynasty."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "At the time, present-day Morocco, Mauritania, western Algeria and parts of Spain and Portugal (al-Andalus) were under the rule of the Almoravids, a Sanhaja Berber dynasty."}, {"id": "Q552458", "label": "Ali ibn Yusuf", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "He even went so far as to assault the sister of the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf, in the streets of Fez, because she was going about unveiled, after the manner of Berber women."}, {"id": "Q971532", "label": "Ishaq ibn ʿAli", "section": "History - Caliphate and expansion", "says": "The last Almoravid ruler, Ishaq ibn Ali, was killed."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Caliphate and expansion", "says": "This may have been encouraged by the Norman conquests along the coast of Ifriqiya, as fighting the Christian invaders here gave him a pretext for conquering the rest of the region."}, {"id": "Q39837", "label": "Averroes", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "Ultimately they became less fanatical than the Almoravids, and Ya'qub al-Mansur was a highly accomplished man who wrote a good Arabic style and protected the philosopher Averroes."}, {"id": "Q295268", "label": "Alfonso VIII of Castile", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "His title of \"al-Manṣūr\" (\"the Victorious\") was earned by his victory over Alfonso VIII of Castile in the Battle of Alarcos (1195)."}, {"id": "Q1481920", "label": "Battle of Alarcos", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "His title of \"al-Manṣūr\" (\"the Victorious\") was earned by his victory over Alfonso VIII of Castile in the Battle of Alarcos (1195)."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History - Holding years", "says": "The Almohad ministers were careful to negotiate a series of truces with the Christian kingdoms, which remained more-or-less in place for next fifteen years (the loss of Alcácer do Sal to the Kingdom of Portugal in 1217 was an exception)."}, {"id": "Q243122", "label": "Ferdinand III of Castille", "section": "History - Holding years", "says": "He set up a rebel camp and forged an alliance with the hitherto quiet Ferdinand III of Castile."}, {"id": "Q316115", "label": "Alfonso IX of León", "section": "History - Decline in al-Andalus", "says": "Sensing a power vacuum, both Alfonso IX of León and Sancho II of Portugal opportunistically ordered raids into Andalusian territory that same year."}, {"id": "Q203996", "label": "Sancho II of Portugal", "section": "History - Decline in al-Andalus", "says": "Sensing a power vacuum, both Alfonso IX of León and Sancho II of Portugal opportunistically ordered raids into Andalusian territory that same year."}], "Q216068": [{"id": "Q940785", "label": "Sabaeans", "section": "lead", "says": "Its inhabitants were the Sabaeans, who, as a people, were indissociable from the kingdom itself for much of the 1st millennium BCE."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "In some periods, they expanded to much of modern Yemen and even parts of the Horn of Africa, particularly Eritrea and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Sabaean kingdom lasted from the 8th century BCE to the 1st century BCE: this kingdom can be divided into the \"mukarrib\" period, where it reigned supreme over all of South Arabia; and the \"kingly\" period, a long period of decline to the neighbouring kingdoms of Ma'in, Hadhramaut, and Qataban, ultimately ending when a newer neighbour, Himyar, annexed them."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditions concerning the legacy of the Queen of Sheba feature extensively in Ethiopian Christianity, particularly Orthodox Tewahedo, and among Yemenis today."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Era of the mukarribs", "says": "Saba reigned supreme over South Arabia, and Karib'il established diplomatic contacts with the Assyrian emperor Sennacherib."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Era of the kings", "says": "The Republic conquered Syria in 63 BCE and Egypt in 30 BCE, diverting Saba's overland trade network."}], "Q217196": [{"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1492, the voyage of Christopher Columbus and the discovery of the Americas were major events in the history of Castile."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1492, the voyage of Christopher Columbus and the discovery of the Americas were major events in the history of Castile."}, {"id": "Q3322982", "label": "Treaty of Villafáfila", "section": "lead", "says": "The West Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The West Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic."}, {"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The discovery of the Pacific Ocean, the conquest of the Aztec Empire, the conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish conquest of New Granada as well as the conquest of the Philippines all helped shape the Crown of Castile into a global empire in the 16th Century."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The discovery of the Pacific Ocean, the conquest of the Aztec Empire, the conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish conquest of New Granada as well as the conquest of the Philippines all helped shape the Crown of Castile into a global empire in the 16th Century."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The discovery of the Pacific Ocean, the conquest of the Aztec Empire, the conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish conquest of New Granada as well as the conquest of the Philippines all helped shape the Crown of Castile into a global empire in the 16th Century."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "History - Towards unification", "says": "The Kingdom of León arose out of the Kingdom of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "History - Towards unification", "says": "The Kingdom of León arose out of the Kingdom of Asturias."}, {"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "History - Towards unification", "says": "The Kingdom of Castile appeared initially as a county of the Kingdom of León."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "History - Towards unification", "says": "From the second half of the 10th century to the first half of the 11th century it changed hands between León and the Kingdom of Navarre."}, {"id": "Q296863", "label": "Ferdinand I of León and Castile", "section": "History - Towards unification", "says": "The two kingdoms had been united twice previously: \n\nFrom 1037 until 1065 under Ferdinand I of León."}, {"id": "Q232323", "label": "Berengaria of Castile", "section": "History - Union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III", "says": "Ferdinand III received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother, Queen Berengaria of Castile granddaughter of Sancho III in 1217, and the Kingdom of León from his father Alfonso IX of León son of Ferdinand II in 1230."}, {"id": "Q316115", "label": "Alfonso IX of León", "section": "History - Union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III", "says": "Ferdinand III received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother, Queen Berengaria of Castile granddaughter of Sancho III in 1217, and the Kingdom of León from his father Alfonso IX of León son of Ferdinand II in 1230."}, {"id": "Q1164500", "label": "Kingdom of Murcia", "section": "History - Union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III", "says": "Ferdinand III later conquered the Guadalquivir Valley, while his son Alfonso X conquered the Kingdom of Murcia from Al-Andalus, further extending the area of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "The Castilian Civil War pitting supporters of Henry of Trastámara against Peter I entailed a struggle of competing factions, with the former party being favoured by the Castilian nobility (and, to a lesser extent, the Clergy), whereas the latter party lied on the side of Jews', conversos' and town councils' interests."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "The Castilian Civil War pitting supporters of Henry of Trastámara against Peter I entailed a struggle of competing factions, with the former party being favoured by the Castilian nobility (and, to a lesser extent, the Clergy), whereas the latter party lied on the side of Jews', conversos' and town councils' interests."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "On the death of Alfonso XI a dynastic conflict started between his sons, the Infantes Peter (Pedro) and Henry, Count of Trastámara, which became entangled in the Hundred Years' War between England and France."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "Alfonso XI had married Maria of Portugal with whom he had his heir, the Infante Peter."}, {"id": "Q1631158", "label": "Battle of Nájera", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "In 1367, the Black Prince defeated Henry II's allies at the Battle of Nájera, restoring Pedro's reign of the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q922200", "label": "Battle of Montiel", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "Henry finally was victorious in 1369 in the Battle of Montiel, in which he had Peter killed."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "In 1371, the brother of the Black Prince, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, married Constance, Peter's daughter."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "He then moved on to occupy Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra and Vigo."}, {"id": "Q233745", "label": "Beatrice of Portugal", "section": "History - Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty", "says": "In the midst of these dynastic negotiations, John I also sought to claim the Portuguese crown through his marriage to Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of King Ferdinand I."}, {"id": "Q1541862", "label": "Compromise of Caspe", "section": "History - Relations with the Crown of Aragon during the 14th century", "says": "After the Compromise of Caspe in 1412, Ferdinand left Castile to become King of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q251471", "label": "Álvaro de Luna, Constable of Castile", "section": "History - Relations with the Crown of Aragon during the 14th century", "says": "The young king entrusted his government to regent Álvaro de Luna, the most influential person in court and allied with the lesser nobility, the cities, the clergy, and the Jews."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Second Conflict of Succession", "says": "Henry IV unsuccessfully tried to re-establish the peace with the nobility that his father, John II, had shattered."}, {"id": "Q2656396", "label": "Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando", "section": "History - Second Conflict of Succession", "says": "After the death of Alfonso in an accident, Henry IV signed the Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando with his half-sister Isabella I in which he named her heiress in return for her marrying a prince chosen by him."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Catholic Monarchs: Dynastic union with the Crown of Aragon", "says": "This union however was not effective until the reign of his grandson Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V)."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "History - Catholic Monarchs: Dynastic union with the Crown of Aragon", "says": "Later Pope Alexander VI bestowed upon them the title of 'los Reyes Católicos' ('the Catholic Monarchs')."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Catholic Monarchs: Dynastic union with the Crown of Aragon", "says": "The pact regulated the joint government of the Crown of Castile following the contested accession of Isabella, and is regarded as a foundational instrument of the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon that gave rise to the future Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs."}, {"id": "Q282135", "label": "War of the Castilian Succession", "section": "History - Catholic Monarchs: Dynastic union with the Crown of Aragon", "says": "On 28 April 1475, on the eve of the War of the Castilian Succession against the supporters of Joanna la Beltraneja and her husband Afonso V of Portugal, Isabella issued a document authorising Ferdinand to exercise all the governmental faculties she herself was legally entitled to exercise."}, {"id": "Q236882", "label": "Joanna la Beltraneja", "section": "History - Catholic Monarchs: Dynastic union with the Crown of Aragon", "says": "On 28 April 1475, on the eve of the War of the Castilian Succession against the supporters of Joanna la Beltraneja and her husband Afonso V of Portugal, Isabella issued a document authorising Ferdinand to exercise all the governmental faculties she herself was legally entitled to exercise."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - Period of regency – Joanna I", "says": "In the Treaty of Villafáfila in 1506 King Ferdinand the Catholic renounced not only the government of Castile in favour of his son-in-law Philip I of Castile but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding a half of the income of the kingdoms of the Indies."}, {"id": "Q171136", "label": "Juana I of Castile", "section": "History - Period of regency – Joanna I", "says": "Joanna of Castile and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "History - Charles I", "says": "Charles I received the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon and the empire through a combination of dynastic marriages and premature deaths:\n\nwhen his father Philip I died in 1506, he became sovereign of the Netherlands;\nupon the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandfather, in 1516 he gained the rule of Aragon and Castile (with the Americas), in co-regency title with his mother Queen Joanna."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Imperial policies of Philip II", "says": "Philip II continued the politics of Charles I, but unlike his father he made Castile the core of the Spanish Empire, centralising all administration in Madrid."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "History - Imperial policies of Philip II", "says": "This edict limited religious, linguistic and cultural freedom of the Morisco population and provoked the Morisco Revolt (1568–1571), which was put down by John of Austria."}, {"id": "Q924894", "label": "Luis Méndez de Haro", "section": "History - Later Habsburgs", "says": "Luis Méndez de Haro took over from Olivares as favourite Philip IV between 1659 and 1665."}], "Q237234": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Background and context", "says": "Osroene, or Edessa, was one of several states that acquired independence from the collapsing Seleucid Empire through a dynasty of the nomadic Nabataean tribe from Southern Canaan and North Arabia, the Osrhoeni, from 136 BC."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "Background and context", "says": "Osroene was generally allied with the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background and context", "says": "After a period under the rule of the Parthian Empire, it was absorbed into the Roman Empire in 114 as a semiautonomous vassal state, and incorporated as a simple Roman province in 214."}], "Q2980623": [{"id": "Q3627069", "label": "Banate of Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian: Kraljevina Bosna / Краљевина Босна), or Bosnian Kingdom (Bosansko kraljevstvo / Босанско краљевство), was a medieval kingdom that lasted for nearly a century, from 1377 to 1463, and evolved out of the Banate of Bosnia, which itself lasted from at least 1154."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire annexed portions of eastern Bosnia in the 1440s and 1450s and went on to conquer Hum, by then renamed to Herzegovina, with the last fortress, Novi, falling in December 1481."}, {"id": "Q317593", "label": "Ladislaus of Naples", "section": "Background", "says": "Ladislaus of Naples acknowledged the territories of the kingdom on 26 August 1406 at the request of Tvrtko II."}, {"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "History - Tvrtko's I ascension and reign", "says": "In 1372, Tvrtko formed an alliance with Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, one of the regional lords in the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "History - Tvrtko's I ascension and reign", "says": "In 1372, Tvrtko formed an alliance with Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, one of the regional lords in the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire."}, {"id": "Q138465", "label": "Saint Sava", "section": "History - Tvrtko's I ascension and reign", "says": "This acquisition included the important Serbian Orthodox monastery of Mileševa, which held the relics of Saint Sava, the first Serbian Archbishop."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Death of Tvrtko I and decline", "says": "Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, the kingdom's leading magnate, came into agreement with Sigismund and Mary but remained loyal to Dabiša."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Ostoja's and Tvrtko's II infighting", "says": "Ostoja ended the decade-long dispute with the Hungarians by recognizing the suzerainty of the Hungarian crown and,"}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Second reign of Tvrtko II and rising Ottoman influence", "says": "In December 1422 Tvrtko signed a beneficial trade treaty with the Republic of Venice and discussed plans for joint military action against Sigismund in Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q1312266", "label": "Stjepan Vukčić Kosača", "section": "History - Death of Tvrtko II and Thomas's ascension", "says": "Thomas succeeded Tvrtko, but his accession was not recognized by the leading magnate of Bosnia, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "History - Death of Tvrtko II and Thomas's ascension", "says": "Throughout his reign, Thomas waged a war with the Serbian Despotate over the lucrative mining town of Srebrenica and its surroundings, in addition to (or in conjunction with) multiple conflicts with his father-in-law."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "History - Tvrtko II's death, religious strife and outbreak of civil war", "says": "Thomas had at the same time been recognized by the Hungarian regent John Hunyadi."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "History - Tvrtko II's death, religious strife and outbreak of civil war", "says": "Stjepan turned to King Alfonso V of Aragon, who made him \"Knight of the Virgin\", but did not give him troops."}, {"id": "Q342130", "label": "Đurađ Branković", "section": "History - Peace through royal marriage", "says": "Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković was also displeased due to the Srebrenica issue, as the principal mining center of Bosnia returned to Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "History - Renewal of conflict", "says": "In 1451 Stjepan Vukčić attacked the Republic of Ragusa, and laid siege to the city."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - Stjepan Tomašević and Ottoman conquest", "says": "Under Tomašević, Bosnia was left to fend for itself by his senior, Matthias Corvinus, who held nominal rule of Bosnia, and by other European powers."}, {"id": "Q965771", "label": "Mahmud Pasha", "section": "History - Stjepan Tomašević and Ottoman conquest", "says": "After the Ottomans laid siege on Jajce, Tomašević escaped to Ključ, a fortress in the western territories of his realm, but Ottomans led by Mahmud Pasha Angelović pursued and caught up with him there."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Herzegovina emerges", "says": "Meanwhile, all this, along with death of Mehmed II, prompted new sultan, Bayezid II, to overtake Novi and its harbor, along with whatever territory remained."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "History - Herzegovina emerges", "says": "Meanwhile, all this, along with death of Mehmed II, prompted new sultan, Bayezid II, to overtake Novi and its harbor, along with whatever territory remained."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Jajce banate", "says": "Much of modern northern and western Bosnia and Herzegovina was then incorporated into the Ottoman Sanjak of Bosnia, initially belonging to the Rumelia Eyalet, when in 1580 Bosnian Sanjak became a core province of the newly established Eyalet of Bosnia."}], "Q302132": [{"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The period of colonial expansion marked a rise in the status and power of Danes and Norwegians in the Kalmar Union."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 17th century, following territorial losses on the Scandinavian Peninsula, Denmark–Norway began to develop forts with trading posts in West Africa, and colonies in the Caribbean, and the Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the only remaining vestiges are two originally Norwegian dependencies that are currently within the Danish Realm, the Faroe Islands and Greenland; the Faroes were a Danish county until 1948, while Greenland's colonial status ceased in 1953."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the only remaining vestiges are two originally Norwegian dependencies that are currently within the Danish Realm, the Faroe Islands and Greenland; the Faroes were a Danish county until 1948, while Greenland's colonial status ceased in 1953."}], "Q334731": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Croatian: Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna) was an unrecognized geopolitical entity and quasi-state in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "In its proclaimed borders, Herzeg-Bosnia encompassed about 30% of the country, but did not have effective control over the entire territory as parts of it were lost to the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) at the beginning of the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The armed forces of Herzeg-Bosnia, the Croatian Defence Council (HVO), were formed on 8 April 1992 and initially fought in an alliance with the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q1069736", "label": "Croat–Bosniak War", "section": "lead", "says": "Their relations deteriorated throughout late 1992, which led to the Croat–Bosniak War."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "In March 1994, the Washington Agreement was signed that ended the conflict between Croats and Bosniaks."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In early 1991, following the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the leaders of the six Yugoslav republics began a series of meetings to solve the crisis in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q183848", "label": "Alija Izetbegović", "section": "Background", "says": "Alija Izetbegović proposed an asymmetrical federation on 22 February, where Slovenia and Croatia would maintain loose ties with the four remaining republics."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background", "says": "Alija Izetbegović proposed an asymmetrical federation on 22 February, where Slovenia and Croatia would maintain loose ties with the four remaining republics."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 March 1991, Croatian president Franjo Tuđman met with Serbian president Slobodan Milošević in Karađorđevo, allegedly to discuss the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "Background", "says": "On 25 March 1991, Croatian president Franjo Tuđman met with Serbian president Slobodan Milošević in Karađorđevo, allegedly to discuss the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q153381", "label": "Kiro Gligorov", "section": "Background", "says": "On 6 June, Izetbegović and Macedonian president Kiro Gligorov proposed a weak confederation between Croatia, Slovenia and a federation of the other four republics, which was rejected by Milošević."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1991, Radovan Karadžić, president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, and Muhamed Filipović, vice president of the Muslim Bosniak Organisation (MBO), drafted an agreement between the Serbs and Bosniaks which would leave Bosnia in a state union with SR Serbia and SR Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1991, Radovan Karadžić, president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, and Muhamed Filipović, vice president of the Muslim Bosniak Organisation (MBO), drafted an agreement between the Serbs and Bosniaks which would leave Bosnia in a state union with SR Serbia and SR Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1991, Radovan Karadžić, president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, and Muhamed Filipović, vice president of the Muslim Bosniak Organisation (MBO), drafted an agreement between the Serbs and Bosniaks which would leave Bosnia in a state union with SR Serbia and SR Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "Background", "says": "From July 1991 to January 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries used Bosnian territory to wage attacks on Croatia."}, {"id": "Q1283467", "label": "Dario Kordić", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On 12 November 1991, at a meeting chaired by Dario Kordić and Mate Boban, local party leaders of the HDZ BiH reached an agreement to undertake a policy of achieving an \"age-old dream, a common Croatian State\" and decided that the proclamation of a Croatian banovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be the \"initial phase leading towards the final solution of the Croatian question and the creation of"}, {"id": "Q36111", "label": "Mate Boban", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On 12 November 1991, at a meeting chaired by Dario Kordić and Mate Boban, local party leaders of the HDZ BiH reached an agreement to undertake a policy of achieving an \"age-old dream, a common Croatian State\" and decided that the proclamation of a Croatian banovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be the \"initial phase leading towards the final solution of the Croatian question and the creation of"}, {"id": "Q684999", "label": "Mate Granić", "section": "History - Washington Agreement", "says": "On 18 March, at a ceremony hosted by US President Bill Clinton, Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak signed the ceasefire agreement."}, {"id": "Q3437194", "label": "Krešimir Zubak", "section": "History - Washington Agreement", "says": "On 18 March, at a ceremony hosted by US President Bill Clinton, Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak signed the ceasefire agreement."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In November 1995 the Dayton Agreement was signed by presidents of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia that ended the Bosnian war."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The Republic of Srpska (RS) comprised the other 49%."}], "Q497777": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was founded after the abdication of King Amadeo on 10 February 1873."}, {"id": "Q957532", "label": "Third Carlist War", "section": "lead", "says": "The government inherited a state of war, the so-called Third Carlist War, ongoing since 1872, and the Ten Years' War in Cuba, ongoing since 1868, to which was added the Cantonal rebellion in 1873."}, {"id": "Q184637", "label": "Ten Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The government inherited a state of war, the so-called Third Carlist War, ongoing since 1872, and the Ten Years' War in Cuba, ongoing since 1868, to which was added the Cantonal rebellion in 1873."}, {"id": "Q548543", "label": "Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1874, General Arsenio Martínez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII king of Spain in Sagunto, bringing an end to the Republic and initiating the period of Spanish history known as the Bourbon Restoration."}, {"id": "Q32347", "label": "Alfonso XII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1874, General Arsenio Martínez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII king of Spain in Sagunto, bringing an end to the Republic and initiating the period of Spanish history known as the Bourbon Restoration."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "End of the Republic", "says": "Thereafter, the commemoration was moved to 14 April, the anniversary of the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931."}], "Q5257": [{"id": "Q2086608", "label": "Western Satraps", "section": "lead", "says": "In particular their struggles with the Saka (Western Satraps) went on for a long time."}, {"id": "Q312548", "label": "Megasthenes", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The Indica of Megasthenes (350 – 290 BCE) mentions a powerful tribe named \"Andarae\", whose king maintained an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants."}, {"id": "Q1391280", "label": "Kharavela", "section": "History - Early expansion", "says": "The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga king Kharavela mentions a king named \"Satakani\" or \"Satakamini\", who some identify with Satakarni I."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "On the other hand, the Western Satraps would continue to prosper for the next two centuries, until their extinction by the Gupta Empire."}], "Q61291": [{"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was the state created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the Khan abdicated in response to pressure."}], "Q68682": [{"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was a Soviet state that governed the former Emirate of Bukhara during the years immediately following the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was a Soviet state that governed the former Emirate of Bukhara during the years immediately following the Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q191882", "label": "Mikhail Frunze", "section": "History - Young Bukharans", "says": "On 28 August 1920, an army of well-disciplined and well equipped Red Army troops under the command of Bolshevik general Mikhail Frunze attacked the city of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q3826595", "label": "Alim Khan", "section": "History - Young Bukharans", "says": "On 31 August 1920, the Emir Alim Khan fled to Dushanbe in Eastern Bukhara (later he escaped from Dushanbe to Kabul in Afghanistan)."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Young Bukharans", "says": "On 31 August 1920, the Emir Alim Khan fled to Dushanbe in Eastern Bukhara (later he escaped from Dushanbe to Kabul in Afghanistan)."}, {"id": "Q153899", "label": "Enver Pasha", "section": "History - Bukharan People's Soviet Republic", "says": "At the end of 1921, Enver Pasha assumed the leadership of the movement and unified the struggle against the Soviets with the aim of establishing a “Muslim state” across Turkestan."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Bukharan People's Soviet Republic", "says": "As the Soviet Union stabilized, it could afford to purge itself of so-called opportunists and potential nationalists."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "History - Bukharan Socialist Soviet Republic", "says": "Today the territory of the defunct Bukhara SSR lies mostly in Uzbekistan with parts in Tajikistan and Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "History - Bukharan Socialist Soviet Republic", "says": "Today the territory of the defunct Bukhara SSR lies mostly in Uzbekistan with parts in Tajikistan and Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Bukharan Socialist Soviet Republic", "says": "Today the territory of the defunct Bukhara SSR lies mostly in Uzbekistan with parts in Tajikistan and Turkmenistan."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Geography of partition", "says": "Bukharan PSR, together with the Khorezm PSR, stretched from north-west to south-east in a belt that cut Turkestan ASSR into two separate parts: the small part in the south-west, corresponding to today's Turkmenistan (except a narrow strip along the southern bank of Amudarya, which was included in the Bukharan PSR), and the much larger part in the north-east, corresponding to sections of today's Uz"}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Geography of partition", "says": "Bukharan PSR, together with the Khorezm PSR, stretched from north-west to south-east in a belt that cut Turkestan ASSR into two separate parts: the small part in the south-west, corresponding to today's Turkmenistan (except a narrow strip along the southern bank of Amudarya, which was included in the Bukharan PSR), and the much larger part in the north-east, corresponding to sections of today's Uz"}], "Q700283": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Netherlands were the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The period began with the acquisition by the Austrian Habsburg monarchy of the former Spanish Netherlands under the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714."}, {"id": "Q163236", "label": "Treaty of Rastatt", "section": "lead", "says": "The period began with the acquisition by the Austrian Habsburg monarchy of the former Spanish Netherlands under the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria relinquished its claim on the province in 1797 through the Treaty of Campo Formio."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Netherlands, previously the Burgundian Netherlands – inherited by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs – revolted against the absolutism and centralism of their common sovereign Philip II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Netherlands, previously the Burgundian Netherlands – inherited by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs – revolted against the absolutism and centralism of their common sovereign Philip II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "In the southern part of the Netherlands, Philip II and his successors managed to retain ten provinces of the original seventeen provinces as part of a diminished Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1700, King Charles II of Spain designated the French Prince Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, as his successor."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1700, King Charles II of Spain designated the French Prince Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, as his successor."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "This marked the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), during which the Spanish Netherlands were occupied by France on behalf of Louis XIV's grandson."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "At the end of this war (Treaties of Utrecht in 1713 and Rastatt in 1714), the Kingdom of Spain remained in the hands of Philip V."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "These were again occupied by France during the War of the Austrian Succession (1744–1748)."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned them to Maria Theresa in 1748."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The provinces of the Netherlands, which at the end of the reign of Charles V (1555), numbered seventeen (the Seventeen Provinces), were gathered by the dukes of Burgundy from 1384 to 1477."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The provinces of the Netherlands, which at the end of the reign of Charles V (1555), numbered seventeen (the Seventeen Provinces), were gathered by the dukes of Burgundy from 1384 to 1477."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q778266", "label": "County of Artois", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q309460", "label": "County of Hainaut", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q599613", "label": "County of Namur", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q1945565", "label": "County of Zeeland", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The main ones were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Artois, the County of Flanders, the County of Hainaut, the Duchy of Luxembourg, the County of Namur, the County of Holland, and the County of Zeeland."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "Most of them are part of the Holy Empire, except Artois and Flanders, fiefs of the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The death of Charles the Bold led to a conflict with France, the War of the Burgundian Succession, at the end of which Charles's successor, Philip the Handsome, son of Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482) and the Habsburg Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) but retained the remaining Burgundian possessions (County of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q2209960", "label": "War of the Burgundian Succession", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The death of Charles the Bold led to a conflict with France, the War of the Burgundian Succession, at the end of which Charles's successor, Philip the Handsome, son of Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482) and the Habsburg Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) but retained the remaining Burgundian possessions (County of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The death of Charles the Bold led to a conflict with France, the War of the Burgundian Succession, at the end of which Charles's successor, Philip the Handsome, son of Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482) and the Habsburg Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) but retained the remaining Burgundian possessions (County of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The death of Charles the Bold led to a conflict with France, the War of the Burgundian Succession, at the end of which Charles's successor, Philip the Handsome, son of Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482) and the Habsburg Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) but retained the remaining Burgundian possessions (County of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "The death of Charles the Bold led to a conflict with France, the War of the Burgundian Succession, at the end of which Charles's successor, Philip the Handsome, son of Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482) and the Habsburg Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) but retained the remaining Burgundian possessions (County of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "His successor, Charles of Habsburg (1500–1558), who became ruler of the Netherlands in 1516, became king of Castile and king of Aragon the same year, and in 1519, upon the death of Maximilian, he became head of the House of Habsburg and was elected emperor under the now common name of Charles V (Charles V)."}, {"id": "Q152420", "label": "Duchy of Guelders", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "To the Dutch provinces he already held, he added Tournai (1521), the Principality of Utrecht (1528) and the Duchy of Guelders (1543), and obtained from the King of France the end of French suzerainty over Artois and Flanders (Treaty of Madrid of 1526), which were integrated into the Empire."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "As early 1512, Maximilian I grouped the possessions of the House of Burgundy into an imperial circle, the Burgundian Circle (the other nine being Austria, Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia, Upper and Lower Saxony, Westphalia, the Upper Rhine, and the Lower Rhine)."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "When Charles V abdicated sovereignty of the Netherlands in October 1555, he passed it on to his eldest son Philip, who also became King of Spain in January 1556, while the Habsburg possessions in Austria went to Ferdinand (1503–1564), Charles's brother."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - From the Burgundian Netherlands to the Austrian Netherlands (1477–1714)", "says": "In 1566, the Eighty Years' War began, which escalated into a war in 1568 under"}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Brabant Revolution", "says": "In the aftermath of rioting and disruption in 1787 known as the Small Revolution, many opponents took refuge in the neighboring Dutch Republic where they formed a rebel army."}, {"id": "Q692015", "label": "United Belgian States", "section": "History - Brabant Revolution", "says": "Despite the tacit support of Prussia, the independent United Belgian States, established in January 1790, received no foreign recognition and soon became divided along ideological lines."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Brabant Revolution", "says": "By mid-1790, Habsburg Austria ended its war with the Ottoman Empire and prepared to suppress the rebels."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "History - Brabant Revolution", "says": "The new Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, was also a liberal and proposed an amnesty for the rebels."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - Brabant Revolution", "says": "The Austrian reestablishment was short-lived and the territory was overrun by the French in 1794 (during the War of the First Coalition) after the \nBattle of Fleurus."}], "Q719639": [{"id": "Q228951", "label": "Sobekneferu", "section": "lead", "says": "Its first pharaoh was Amenemhat I and its final was Sobekneferu."}], "Q838261": [{"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (often shortened to Serbia and Montenegro), known from 1992 to 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and commonly referred to as Yugoslavia, was a country in Southeast Europe."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q1150680", "label": "Republic of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the secession of Montenegro in June 2006, Serbia asserted state continuity with the former union."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "The government of Slobodan Milošević opposed any such claims, and as such, the FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence, the FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community, as economic sanctions were issued against the state during the course of the Yugoslav Wars and Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence, the FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community, as economic sanctions were issued against the state during the course of the Yugoslav Wars and Kosovo War."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Efforts were also made in 1991 to include the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the federation, with negotiations between Miloševic, Bosnia's Serbian Democratic Party, and the Bosniak proponent of union – Bosnia's Vice-president Adil Zulfikarpašić taking place on this matter."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "The FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serb separatist movements in breakaway states, including the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska, and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "The FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serb separatist movements in breakaway states, including the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska, and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q815140", "label": "Siege of Dubrovnik", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "Following the transfer of Yugoslav Army units, Yugoslavia ceased to play an important military role in the Yugoslav Wars, barring conflicts on the border with Croatia, such as the Siege of Dubrovnik."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "History - Yugoslav Wars", "says": "It instead provided economic and political aid, to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve the FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia.'\nIn 1995, following Operation Storm, a military offensive by the Croatian Army, and NATO involvement in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Milošević agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian posi"}], "Q853477": [{"id": "Q532364", "label": "Fa Ngum", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom is conventionally dated from its foundation by Fa Ngum in 1353."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "Decline", "says": "The rice varieties were both low yield, and labor-intensive in comparison to the floating rice grown in Thailand."}], "Q877875": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century."}, {"id": "Q329838", "label": "Crisis of the Third Century", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century."}, {"id": "Q507623", "label": "Vaballathus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Palmyrene Empire was ruled by Queen Zenobia, officially as regent for her son Vaballathus, who inherited the throne in 267 at age ten."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "lead", "says": "In 271, she claimed the imperial title for both herself and her son, fighting a short war with the Roman emperor Aurelian, who conquered Palmyra and captured Zenobia."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, Shapur I of Persia inflicted a disastrous defeat upon the Romans at the Battle of Edessa in 260, capturing the Roman emperor Valerian and soon, Quietus and Macrianus rebelled against Valerian's son Gallienus and usurped the imperial power in Syria."}, {"id": "Q1165502", "label": "Battle of Edessa", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, Shapur I of Persia inflicted a disastrous defeat upon the Romans at the Battle of Edessa in 260, capturing the Roman emperor Valerian and soon, Quietus and Macrianus rebelled against Valerian's son Gallienus and usurped the imperial power in Syria."}, {"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, Shapur I of Persia inflicted a disastrous defeat upon the Romans at the Battle of Edessa in 260, capturing the Roman emperor Valerian and soon, Quietus and Macrianus rebelled against Valerian's son Gallienus and usurped the imperial power in Syria."}, {"id": "Q104475", "label": "Gallienus", "section": "Background", "says": "Finally, Shapur I of Persia inflicted a disastrous defeat upon the Romans at the Battle of Edessa in 260, capturing the Roman emperor Valerian and soon, Quietus and Macrianus rebelled against Valerian's son Gallienus and usurped the imperial power in Syria."}, {"id": "Q348583", "label": "Odaenathus", "section": "Background", "says": "The Palmyrene leader Odaenathus was declared king, and remained nominally loyal to Gallienus, forming an army of Palmyrenes and Syrian peasants to attack Shapur."}, {"id": "Q32052", "label": "John Zonaras", "section": "Background", "says": "Odaenathus was assassinated along with his son Hairan in 267; according to Joannes Zonaras and the Historia Augusta, he was killed by his cousin, whose name is given by the latter source as Maeonius."}, {"id": "Q731120", "label": "Maeonius", "section": "Background", "says": "Odaenathus was assassinated along with his son Hairan in 267; according to Joannes Zonaras and the Historia Augusta, he was killed by his cousin, whose name is given by the latter source as Maeonius."}], "Q888574": [{"id": "Q45241", "label": "Anawrahta", "section": "lead", "says": "Over the next two hundred years, the small principality gradually grew to absorb its surrounding regions until the 1050s and 1060s when King Anawrahta founded the Pagan Empire, presumably for the first time unifying under one polity the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 12th and 13th centuries, Pagan, alongside the Khmer Empire, was one of two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q558603", "label": "Pancala", "section": "History - Chronicle tradition", "says": "Abhiraja (အဘိရာဇာ)of the Sakya clan (သကျ သာကီဝင် မင်းမျိုး) – the clan of the Buddha – left his homeland with followers in 850 BC after military defeat by the neighbouring kingdom of Panchala (ပဉ္စာလရာဇ်)."}, {"id": "Q732215", "label": "Nyaung-u Sawrahan", "section": "History - Early Pagan", "says": "Prior to Anawrahta, inscriptional evidence exists thus far only for Nyaung-u Sawrahan and Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu."}, {"id": "Q470979", "label": "Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu", "section": "History - Early Pagan", "says": "Prior to Anawrahta, inscriptional evidence exists thus far only for Nyaung-u Sawrahan and Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "The Burmese and Siamese chronicles report an empire which covered the present-day Myanmar and northern Thailand."}, {"id": "Q887114", "label": "Alaungsithu", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Moreover, most scholars attribute Pagan's control of peripheral regions (Arakan, Shan Hills) to later kings—Arakan to Alaungsithu, and cis-Salween Shan Hills to Narapatisithu. (Even those latter-day kings may not have had more than nominal control over the farther peripheral regions."}, {"id": "Q887132", "label": "Kyansittha", "section": "History - Cultural synthesis and economic growth", "says": "King Kyansittha (r."}, {"id": "Q3111335", "label": "Htilominlo", "section": "History - Zenith", "says": "1174–1211) and Htilominlo (r."}, {"id": "Q574724", "label": "Narathihapate", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "When Narathihapate refused both times, the Mongols under Kublai Khan systematically invaded the country."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "When Narathihapate refused both times, the Mongols under Kublai Khan systematically invaded the country."}, {"id": "Q2889512", "label": "Battle of Ngasaunggyan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "The first invasion in 1277 defeated the Burmese at the Battle of Ngasaunggyan, and secured their hold of Kanngai (modern-day Yingjiang, Yunnan, 112 kilometres (70 mi) north of Bhamo)."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "The chronicles report that the eastern territories including trans-Salween states of Keng Hung, Kengtung and Chiang Mai stopped paying tribute although most scholars attribute Pagan's limits to the Salween."}, {"id": "Q3066500", "label": "Thihathu", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "In the following years, the brothers, especially the youngest, Thihathu, increasingly acted like sovereigns."}, {"id": "Q8468", "label": "Temür Khan", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "To check the increasing power of the three brothers, Kyawswa submitted to the Mongols in January 1297, and was recognised by the Mongol emperor Temür Khan as viceroy of Pagan on 20 March 1297."}, {"id": "Q3446205", "label": "Myinsaing Kingdom", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "On 17 December 1297, the three brothers overthrew Kyawswa and founded the Myinsaing Kingdom."}], "Q126195": [{"id": "Q228024", "label": "John Smith", "section": "lead", "says": "It was settled by the passengers on the Mayflower at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by Captain John Smith."}, {"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "lead", "says": "Plymouth played a central role in King Philip's War (1675–1678), one of several Indian Wars."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony was ultimately merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories in 1691 to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "They had declined the opportunity to settle south of Cape Cod in New Netherland because of their desire to avoid Dutch influence."}, {"id": "Q68529", "label": "Samuel de Champlain", "section": "History - Prior exploration and settlements", "says": "Frenchman Samuel de Champlain had explored the area extensively in 1605."}, {"id": "Q8007", "label": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "section": "History - Growth of Plymouth", "says": "Among the passengers of the Fortune were several of the original Leiden congregation, including William Brewster's son Jonathan, Edward Winslow's brother John, and Philip Delano (originally \"de la Noye\"), an ancestor of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt."}, {"id": "Q1207617", "label": "Pequot War", "section": "History - Pequot War and United Colonies of New England", "says": "The first major war in New England was the Pequot War of 1637."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "History - Pequot War and United Colonies of New England", "says": "John Adams later considered the United Colonies to be the prototype for the Articles of Confederation, the first attempt at a national American government."}, {"id": "Q729648", "label": "Metacomet", "section": "History - King Philip's War", "says": "Metacomet was the younger son of Massasoit and the heir to Massasoit as sachem of the Pokanokets and supreme leader of the Wampanoags."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - King Philip's War", "says": "Sassamon had been an advisor and friend to Philip before Sassamon's conversion to Christianity had driven the two apart."}, {"id": "Q2896036", "label": "Benjamin Church", "section": "History - King Philip's War", "says": "Captain Benjamin Church fervently argued to seek help from friendly Native Americans to learn how to fight against Philip, but he was repeatedly rebuffed by the Plymouth leadership who mistrusted all Native Americans, thinking them potential enemies."}, {"id": "Q6273074", "label": "West Jersey", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "In 1688, New York, West Jersey, and East Jersey were added."}, {"id": "Q845760", "label": "East Jersey", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "In 1688, New York, West Jersey, and East Jersey were added."}, {"id": "Q659069", "label": "Edmund Andros", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "The Anglican and Dominion President Edmund Andros was highly unpopular."}, {"id": "Q2632251", "label": "Increase Mather", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "A delegation of New Englanders led by Increase Mather went to England to negotiate a return of the colonial charters that had been nullified during the Dominion years."}, {"id": "Q1896325", "label": "William Phips", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "The official date of the proclamation was October 17, 1691, legally ending the existence of Plymouth Colony, though it was not put into force until the arrival of the new royal governor Sir William Phips inaugurated the Province of Massachusetts Bay on May 14, 1692."}], "Q142417": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Valencia (Valencian: Regne de València; Spanish: Reino de Valencia; Latin: Regnum Valentiae), located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Valencia was formally created in 1238 when the Moorish taifa of Valencia was taken in the course of the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved, alongside the other components of the old crown of Aragon, by Philip V of Spain in 1707, by means of the Nueva Planta decrees, as a result of the Spanish War of Succession."}], "Q146600": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was announced on 5 October 1918 as a fully independent Arab constitutional government with the permission of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "History - Foundations", "says": "The Arab Revolt and the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence were crucial factors in the foundation of the Arab Kingdom of Syria."}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "History - Foundations", "says": "As the British were promising independence, the French made the Sykes–Picot Agreement."}, {"id": "Q171730", "label": "Georges Clemenceau", "section": "History - Arab constitutional government", "says": "The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau found disconcerting the establishment of a semi-independent Arab state without international recognition and under the auspices of the British."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Determining the status", "says": "The meeting determined that in return for a British guarantee of French control in Syria, the British would be given a mandate over Mosul and Palestine."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "On 2 July the Syrian National Congress in Damascus passed the Damascus Program, a series of resolutions calling for a completely independent constitutional monarchy with Faisal as king, asking for assistance from the United States, and rejecting any rights claimed by the French."}, {"id": "Q994316", "label": "Battle of Maysalun", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "At the Battle of Maysalun, the Syrian army was easily defeated by the French, with General al-'Azma being killed during the battle."}], "Q1479726": [{"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya."}, {"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, Malaya became fully sovereign on 31 August 1957, and on 16 September 1963, the federation was superseded by Malaysia when it united with Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Singapore left on 9 August 1965, leaving the original states of Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah – now collectively known as East Malaysia – to form modern-day Malaysia, while the former Federation of Malaya is now referred to as Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia."}], "Q156020": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1237, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch – the Livonian Order (while their state, Terra Mariana, covering present-day Estonia, Latvia, and a small part of Russia, became part of the State of the Teutonic Order)."}, {"id": "Q2458532", "label": "Terra Mariana", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1237, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch – the Livonian Order (while their state, Terra Mariana, covering present-day Estonia, Latvia, and a small part of Russia, became part of the State of the Teutonic Order)."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The Livonian branch joined the Livonian Confederation and continued to exist as part of it until 1561."}, {"id": "Q715613", "label": "William of Modena", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four bishoprics: Culm (Chełmno), Pomesania, Ermland (Warmia) and Samland (Sambia)."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "History - Danzig and the Hansa", "says": "At the beginning of the 14th century, the Duchy of Pomerania, a neighboring region, plunged into war with Poland and the Margraviate of Brandenburg to the west."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Danzig and the Hansa", "says": "At the beginning of the 14th century, the Duchy of Pomerania, a neighboring region, plunged into war with Poland and the Margraviate of Brandenburg to the west."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "History - Danzig and the Hansa", "says": "In September 1309, Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal sold his claim to the territory to the Teutonic Order for the sum of 10,000 Marks in the Treaty of Soldin."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Danzig and the Hansa", "says": "While the Order promoted the Prussian cities by granting them extended surrounding territory and privileges, establishing courts, civil and commercial law, it allowed the cities less outward independence than free imperial cities enjoyed within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "History - Danzig and the Hansa", "says": "The Teutonic Order's annexation and possession of Gdańsk (Danzig) and the surrounding region was consistently disputed by the Polish kings Władysław I and Casimir III the Great – claims that led to the Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) and, eventually, lawsuits in the papal court in 1320 and 1333, which ruled in favor of Poland, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy th"}, {"id": "Q216630", "label": "Valdemar IV of Denmark", "section": "History - Second Danish-Hanseatic War", "says": "In the conflict between the Hanse and Denmark on the trade in the Baltic, King Valdemar IV of Denmark had held the Hanseatic city of Visby to ransom in 1361."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Second Danish-Hanseatic War", "says": "Besides Prussia, three more territorial partners, Henry II of Schauenburg and Holstein-Rendsburg, Albert II of Mecklenburg, and the latter's son Albert of Sweden, joined the alliance, attacking via land and sea, forcing Denmark to sign the Treaty of Stralsund in 1370."}, {"id": "Q524952", "label": "Treaty of Stralsund", "section": "History - Second Danish-Hanseatic War", "says": "Besides Prussia, three more territorial partners, Henry II of Schauenburg and Holstein-Rendsburg, Albert II of Mecklenburg, and the latter's son Albert of Sweden, joined the alliance, attacking via land and sea, forcing Denmark to sign the Treaty of Stralsund in 1370."}, {"id": "Q16362506", "label": "Lithuanian Crusade", "section": "History - English Merchant Adventurers", "says": "During the Lithuanian Crusade of 1369–1370, ending with the Teutonic victory in the Battle of Rudau, Prussia enjoyed considerable support from English knights."}, {"id": "Q81000", "label": "Richard II of England", "section": "History - English Merchant Adventurers", "says": "This necessarily brought about a conflict with the rest of the Hansa, which was in a heavy argument with Richard II of England, over levies of higher dues."}, {"id": "Q819564", "label": "Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein", "section": "History - English Merchant Adventurers", "says": "Dissatisfied, Richard II's navy suddenly attacked six Prussian ships in May 1385 – and those of more Hanse members – in the Zwin, Grand Master Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein immediately terminated all trade with England."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "History - English Merchant Adventurers", "says": "So when in 1388 Richard II finally reconfirmed the Hanseatic trade privileges, Prussia once again permitted merchant adventurers, granting permissions to remain; for this action, they were renounced once again by the Grand Master Conrad of Jungingen in 1398."}, {"id": "Q298892", "label": "Philip the Bold", "section": "History - English Merchant Adventurers", "says": "In the conflict with the Burgundian Philip the Bold on the Hansa privileges in the Flemish cities, the positions of the Hanseatic cities and Prussia were again reversed."}, {"id": "Q202266", "label": "Margaret I of Denmark", "section": "History - Trading", "says": "Since the late 1380s grave piracy by privateers, promoted by Albert of Sweden and Mecklenburg, actually directed against Margaret I of Denmark, blocked seafaring to the herring supplies at the Scania Market; thus fish prices tripled in Prussia."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Konrad von Jungingen", "says": "In 1402, the Luxembourg dynasty, which ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg, reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków, according to which Poland was to purchase and re-incorporate the region of New March (Neumark)."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "History - Konrad von Jungingen", "says": "The Order fought the War of Gotland in 1403 against the Kalmar Union."}, {"id": "Q330895", "label": "Ulrich von Jungingen", "section": "History - Konrad von Jungingen", "says": "In March 1407, Konrad died from complications caused by gallstones and was succeeded by his younger brother, Ulrich von Jungingen."}, {"id": "Q937255", "label": "Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "In 1409, the Teutonic Order invaded Poland's Dobrzyń Land again, and the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War broke out, in which the Teutonic Knights were supported by the Duchy of Pomerania, and the Polish-Lithuanian alliance was supported by Ruthenian, Tatar and Moldavian allies and auxiliary forces."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "Poland and Lithuania triumphed following a victory at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), which marked the start of the decline of the State of the Teutonic Order, and the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as a major power in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q221559", "label": "Heinrich von Plauen", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "The Order assigned Heinrich von Plauen to defend Teutonic-held Eastern Pomerania (Pomerelia), who moved rapidly to bolster the defence of Marienburg Castle in Pomesania."}, {"id": "Q653582", "label": "Siege of Marienburg", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "Heinrich von Plauen was elected vice-grand master and led the Teutonic Knights through the Siege of Marienburg in 1410."}, {"id": "Q2072825", "label": "Treaty of Thorn", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "Eventually, von Plauen was promoted to Grand Master and, in 1411, concluded the First Treaty of Thorn with King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "Eventually, von Plauen was promoted to Grand Master and, in 1411, concluded the First Treaty of Thorn with King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland."}, {"id": "Q1456425", "label": "Peace of Brześć Kujawski", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "The next major Polish–Teutonic war was fought in 1431–1435, after the Teutonic Knights invaded Poland again, and was ended in the Peace of Brześć Kujawski, which was favorable for Poland."}, {"id": "Q315921", "label": "Thirteen Years' War", "section": "History - Losses to Poland, Polish suzerainty", "says": "The Thirteen Years' War, the longest of the Polish–Teutonic wars (also known as the War of the Cities), broke out."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "History - Transformation to Ducal Prussia", "says": "In 1525, during the aftermath of the Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521), Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland, and his nephew, the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a member of a cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern, agreed that the latter would resign his position, adopt Lutheran faith and assume the title of Duke of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "History - Transformation to Ducal Prussia", "says": "Thus, in a deal partially brokered by Martin Luther, Roman Catholic Teutonic Prussia was transformed into the Duchy of Prussia, the first Protestant state."}], "Q157886": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Maulbronn Monastery (German: Kloster Maulbronn) is a former Cistercian abbey and ecclesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire located at Maulbronn, Baden-Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q2227570", "label": "Duchy of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Prosperity returned in the 15th century and lasted until Maulbronn was annexed by the Duchy of Württemberg in 1504."}, {"id": "Q159631", "label": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "It also became the seat of an important administrative district of the Duchy and later Kingdom of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "History - Annexation by Württemberg", "says": "In 1504, during the War of the Succession of Landshut, Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg took Maulbronn after a seven-day siege."}, {"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "History - Annexation by Württemberg", "says": "In 1525, the monastery was occupied by peasants participating in the German Peasants' War in 1525 and the monks were expelled."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "History - Annexation by Württemberg", "says": "The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire decided in the Cistercians' favor at the 1548 Augsburg Interim, which followed the defeat of Ulrich and the other Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War."}, {"id": "Q154577", "label": "Peace of Augsburg", "section": "History - Annexation by Württemberg", "says": "After the 1555 Peace of Augsburg restored religious peace in the Empire, however, Christoph, Duke of Württemberg was able to fully reform the Duchy."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Annexation by Württemberg", "says": "The Thirty Years' War forced the monastery school to close until 1656."}, {"id": "Q58755", "label": "Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden", "section": "History - Annexation by Württemberg", "says": "During the Nine Years War, Maulbronn was part of the defensive network of the Eppingen lines, built from 1695 to 1697 by Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden."}], "Q249578": [{"id": "Q32853", "label": "Sabuktigin", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh."}, {"id": "Q555219", "label": "Alp Tigin", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "lead", "says": "Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west."}, {"id": "Q936594", "label": "Mas'ud I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q26493", "label": "Battle of Dandanaqan", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni but lost the city to the Ghuzz Turks who in turn lost it to Muhammad of Ghor."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni but lost the city to the Ghuzz Turks who in turn lost it to Muhammad of Ghor."}, {"id": "Q140973", "label": "Khusrau Malik", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1186, Lahore was conquered by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, and its Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Malik, was imprisoned and later executed."}], "Q330988": [{"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "lead", "says": "Democratic Kampuchea was the official name of the Cambodian state from 1975 to 1979, under the general secretaryship of Pol Pot and the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), commonly known as the Khmer Rouge."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "Democratic Kampuchea was the official name of the Cambodian state from 1975 to 1979, under the general secretaryship of Pol Pot and the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), commonly known as the Khmer Rouge."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khmer Rouge's capture of the capital Phnom Penh in 1975 effectively ended the United States-backed Khmer Republic under Prime Minister and later President Lon Nol."}, {"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khmer Rouge's capture of the capital Phnom Penh in 1975 effectively ended the United States-backed Khmer Republic under Prime Minister and later President Lon Nol."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khmer Rouge subsequently established a government-in-exile in neighbouring Thailand and retained Kampuchea's seat at the United Nations (UN)."}, {"id": "Q867778", "label": "People's Republic of Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "In response, Vietnamese-backed communists created a rival government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea, but failed to gain international recognition."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The exiled government renamed itself the National Government of Cambodia in 1990, in the run-up to the UN-sponsored 1991 Paris Peace Agreements."}, {"id": "Q635533", "label": "Cambodian–Vietnamese War", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "Sihanouk remained under comfortable but strict house arrest in Phnom Penh until late in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, at which point he departed for the United States, where he presented Democratic Kampuchea's case before the United Nations Security Council."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "Sihanouk remained under comfortable but strict house arrest in Phnom Penh until late in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, at which point he departed for the United States, where he presented Democratic Kampuchea's case before the United Nations Security Council."}, {"id": "Q379203", "label": "Khieu Samphan", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "Khieu Samphan was the only person to serve in this office, which he assumed after Siha"}, {"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "Fall of large parts of territory and start of government-in-exile", "says": "In 1997, Cambodia established a Khmer Rouge Trial Task Force to create a legal and judicial structure to try the remaining leaders for war crimes and other crimes against humanity, but progress was slow, mainly because the Cambodian government of ex-Khmer Rouge Cadre Hun Sen, despite its origins in the Vietnamese-backed regime of the 1980s, was reluctant to bring the Khmer Rouge leaders to trial."}, {"id": "Q1254", "label": "Kofi Annan", "section": "Fall of large parts of territory and start of government-in-exile", "says": "In March 2006, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, nominated seven judges for a trial of the Khmer Rouge leaders."}, {"id": "Q336412", "label": "Kang Kek Iew", "section": "Fall of large parts of territory and start of government-in-exile", "says": "The chief Khmer Rouge torturer, Kang Kek Iew, known as Duch and ex-commandant of the notorious S-21 prison, went on trial for crimes against humanity on 17 February 2009."}], "Q332005": [{"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Achaea () or Principality of Morea was one of the vassal states of the Latin Empire, which replaced the Byzantine Empire after the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Achaea () or Principality of Morea was one of the vassal states of the Latin Empire, which replaced the Byzantine Empire after the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Achaea () or Principality of Morea was one of the vassal states of the Latin Empire, which replaced the Byzantine Empire after the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a vassal of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, along with the Duchy of Athens, until Thessalonica was captured by Epirus in 1224."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a vassal of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, along with the Duchy of Athens, until Thessalonica was captured by Epirus in 1224."}], "Q334714": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Athens (Greek: Δουκᾶτον Ἀθηνῶν, Doukaton Athinon; Catalan: Ducat d'Atenes) was one of the Crusader states set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade as part of the process known as Frankokratia, encompassing the regions of Attica and Boeotia."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Athens (Greek: Δουκᾶτον Ἀθηνῶν, Doukaton Athinon; Catalan: Ducat d'Atenes) was one of the Crusader states set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade as part of the process known as Frankokratia, encompassing the regions of Attica and Boeotia."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "History - Establishment of the Duchy", "says": "Athens was originally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, but after Thessalonica was captured in 1224 by Theodore, the Despot of Epirus, the Principality of Achaea claimed suzerainty over Athens, a claim disputed by the de la Roche in the War of the Euboeote Succession."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "History - Establishment of the Duchy", "says": "Athens was originally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, but after Thessalonica was captured in 1224 by Theodore, the Despot of Epirus, the Principality of Achaea claimed suzerainty over Athens, a claim disputed by the de la Roche in the War of the Euboeote Succession."}, {"id": "Q7968681", "label": "War of the Euboeote Succession", "section": "History - Establishment of the Duchy", "says": "Athens was originally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, but after Thessalonica was captured in 1224 by Theodore, the Despot of Epirus, the Principality of Achaea claimed suzerainty over Athens, a claim disputed by the de la Roche in the War of the Euboeote Succession."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Establishment of the Duchy", "says": "The Duchy occupied the Attic peninsula as well as Boeotia and extended partially into Thessaly, sharing an undefined border with Thessalonica and then Epirus."}, {"id": "Q428634", "label": "Lordship of Negroponte", "section": "History - Establishment of the Duchy", "says": "It did not hold the islands of the Aegean Sea, which were Venetian territories, but exercised influence over the Latin Triarchy of Negroponte."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "History - Catalan conquest", "says": "Walter hired the Catalan Company, a group of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor, to fight against the Byzantine successor state of Epirus, but when he tried to dismiss and cheat them of their pay in 1311, they slew him and the bulk of the Frankish nobility at the Battle of Halmyros and took over the Duchy."}, {"id": "Q436817", "label": "Roger de Flor", "section": "History - Catalan conquest", "says": "Walter hired the Catalan Company, a group of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor, to fight against the Byzantine successor state of Epirus, but when he tried to dismiss and cheat them of their pay in 1311, they slew him and the bulk of the Frankish nobility at the Battle of Halmyros and took over the Duchy."}, {"id": "Q2064142", "label": "Battle of Halmyros", "section": "History - Catalan conquest", "says": "Walter hired the Catalan Company, a group of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor, to fight against the Byzantine successor state of Epirus, but when he tried to dismiss and cheat them of their pay in 1311, they slew him and the bulk of the Frankish nobility at the Battle of Halmyros and took over the Duchy."}, {"id": "Q367226", "label": "Frederick III of Sicily", "section": "History - Catalan conquest", "says": "In 1312, the Catalans recognized the suzerainty of King Frederick III of Sicily, who appointed his son Manfred as Duke."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "History - Catalan conquest", "says": "The ducal title remained in the hands of the Crown of Aragon until 1388, but actual authority was exercised by a series of vicars-general."}, {"id": "Q1520008", "label": "Duchy of Neopatria", "section": "History - Catalan conquest", "says": "In 1318/19 the Catalans conquered Siderokastron and the south of Thessaly as well, and created the Duchy of Neopatras, united to Athens."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "History - Catalan conquest", "says": "Part of Thessaly was conquered from the Catalans by the Serbian Empire in the 1340s."}, {"id": "Q592881", "label": "James of Baux", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "In 1379 the Navarrese Company, in the service of the Latin emperor James of Baux, conquered Thebes and part of the Duchy of Neopatras."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "In 1456, after the Fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman Empire, Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey conquered the remnants of the Duchy."}], "Q501303": [{"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by the Congress of Vienna using territory from the former Duchy of Warsaw, which had been divided among the Russian, Prussian and Austrian empires after the Congress in 1815."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by the Congress of Vienna using territory from the former Duchy of Warsaw, which had been divided among the Russian, Prussian and Austrian empires after the Congress in 1815."}], "Q51153": [{"id": "Q2899771", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "They were the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "lead", "says": "Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first king of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Christianity was adopted as the state religion for the Kingdom of Hungary by the dynasty, and the Árpád kings used the title of apostolic king; the descendants of the dynasty gave the world the highest number of saints and blesseds from one family."}, {"id": "Q298056", "label": "Andrew III of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary, while the last member of the House of Árpád, Andrew's daughter, Blessed Elizabeth of Töss, died in 1336 or 1338."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "All of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were cognatic descendants of the Árpád dynasty."}], "Q518101": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Austrian Republic (German: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria—and ended with the establishment of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria based upon a di"}, {"id": "Q268970", "label": "Republic of German-Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Austrian Republic (German: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria—and ended with the establishment of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria based upon a di"}, {"id": "Q176495", "label": "Federal State of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Austrian Republic (German: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria—and ended with the establishment of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria based upon a di"}, {"id": "Q11734", "label": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Austrian Republic (German: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria—and ended with the establishment of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria based upon a di"}, {"id": "Q684762", "label": "July Revolt of 1927", "section": "lead", "says": "The republican period was increasingly marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934."}, {"id": "Q306123", "label": "Austrian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The republican period was increasingly marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934."}], "Q580188": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Middle East, it was bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Aden Protectorate to the south, and the Red Sea to the west."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Middle East, it was bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Aden Protectorate to the south, and the Red Sea to the west."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After declaring his rule, he launched attacks on Aden, which was under the auspices of the British Empire, but the British repelled the attacks."}, {"id": "Q1656908", "label": "Emirate of Asir", "section": "lead", "says": "He then suppressed the rebellions of the tribes in Southern Tihama, advanced towards the Emirate of Asir, and increased his legitimacy by making agreements with the Kingdom of Italy and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "He then suppressed the rebellions of the tribes in Southern Tihama, advanced towards the Emirate of Asir, and increased his legitimacy by making agreements with the Kingdom of Italy and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1934, he signed a friendship treaty with the United Kingdom, promising not to attack Aden in exchange for border negotiations."}, {"id": "Q400961", "label": "Ahmad bin Yahya", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore, as a result of the growing discontent, Imam Yahya was assassinated in 1948 by revolutionaries who wanted to establish a constitutional government, but his son Ahmad bin Yahya, who was the crown prince at the time, seized power with the help of loyal Zaydi tribes."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1849, the Ottoman Empire conquered the Tihama region in order for the Zaydi imam to recognize Ottoman sovereignty and allow Ottoman forces to deploy to Sana'a."}, {"id": "Q401411", "label": "Ahmed Muhtar Pasha", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Ahmed Muhtar Pasha with the Fırka-i İhtiyâtiyye Army to which he was assigned After eliminating Muhammed Âiz in Asir, he re-established the Ottoman authority in Yemen by taking Sana'a, the most important city of Yemen, during the governorship of Yemen to which he was appointed in 1872."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Abdul Hamid II made some reforms to eliminate the authority of Imam Yahya and eased the tax burden of the poor in Yemen and built schools."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Then, Along with World War I, many wars took place in Yemen."}, {"id": "Q276098", "label": "Ahmet Tevfik Okday", "section": "History - Imam Yahya period (1918-1948)", "says": "Corps Commander Ahmet Tevfik Pasha paid a small amount of the soldiers' overdue salaries from the Provincial coffers."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Saudi-Yemeni War", "says": "In March 1934, Abdulaziz ibn Saud ordered his son Prince Saud to occupy the shadow of Tihama and al-Hudaydah."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - Saudi-Yemeni War", "says": "When they threatened to plunder the traders from the Dominion of India, they gave up plundering when soldiers from the Royal Navy arrived to restore order."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "History - Saudi-Yemeni War", "says": "Ibn Saud demanded the imam's abdication, five-year control of the border region and the exile of the former Emir of Asir from Yemen, but Imam Yahya did not accept."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "History - Saudi-Yemeni War", "says": "Kingdom of Yemen; He had to leave Najran, Asir and Jizan to the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd."}, {"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "History - Post-war", "says": "Failure to recognize the southern border of his kingdom with the British Aden Protectorate (later People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) negotiated by Yahya's ulema, despite the Treaty of Friendship at Sana'a, From time to time it caused conflicts with the British."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - World War II and after", "says": "Although Imam Yahya was anti-British and close to the Axis powers, he pursued an isolationist policy throughout World War II."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - World War II and after", "says": "He showed his plan to people he trusted, such as the poet Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Shami, but no one supported him."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - World War II and after", "says": "Since doctors could not find a solution, they advised his father to be sent to Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q2282006", "label": "Abdul Qadir Dagarwal", "section": "History - Al-Waziri Coup", "says": "Numan as the Minister of Agriculture, Sheikh Muhammad Ahmed Numan as the Minister of Internal Affairs, Muhammad Mahmud al-Zubari as the Minister of Education and Judge Abdullah Al-Agbari as the Minister of State, Hussein Abdul Qadir as the Minister of Defense, Servant Galib al-Wajih as the Minister of Finance, Judge Ahmed al-Agbari as the Minister of Education."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - Ahmed bin Yahya period (1948–1962)", "says": "Ahmed bin Yahya faced increasing pressure from the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was supported by Arab nationalists and pan-Arabists, and in April 1956 He also signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt."}, {"id": "Q856843", "label": "United Arab States", "section": "History - Ahmed bin Yahya period (1948–1962)", "says": "In March 1958, Yemen joined the United Arab States."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "History - Ahmed bin Yahya period (1948–1962)", "says": "However, this confederation disintegrated shortly after Syria withdrew from the United Arab Republic in September 1961 and from the United Arab States in December 1961."}, {"id": "Q267584", "label": "Yemen Arab Republic", "section": "History - North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970)", "says": "Inspired by Nasser's Free Officers movement, Egyptian-trained officers led by the commander of the royal guard, Abdullah al-Sallal, deposed Muhammad al-Badr the year he came to power, took control of Sanaa, and founded the Yemen Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970)", "says": "After these events, the United Kingdom and the United States put pressure on Egypt."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970)", "says": "Egyptian historians call this civil war \"Egypt's Vietnam War\" due to the guerrilla warfare tactics used by"}, {"id": "Q4783165", "label": "Arab Cold War", "section": "History - Instability and decline", "says": "This sparked the North Yemen Civil War and created a new front in the Arab Cold War, in which Egypt assisted the YAR with troops and supplies to combat forces loyal to the imamate, while the monarchies of Saudi Arabia and Jordan supported Badr's royalist forces in opposing the newly formed republic."}], "Q631210": [{"id": "Q379723", "label": "Nogai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 1250s to about 1300, the Golden Horde's kingmaker Nogai Khan (a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Jochi) formed an army of the Manghits joined by numerous Turkic tribes."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 1250s to about 1300, the Golden Horde's kingmaker Nogai Khan (a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Jochi) formed an army of the Manghits joined by numerous Turkic tribes."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nogais north of the Black Sea were nominally subject to the Crimean Khanate rather than the Nogai Bey."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Decline of the Golden Horde", "says": "After the Mongols managed to destroy the Cuman-Kipchak Confederation and conquered its lands, they established the Golden Horde also known as Ulus Juchi."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - Decline of the Golden Horde", "says": "Due to his role in defeating and killing Tokhtamysh he was granted a great measure of independence to the Nogai Horde and giving him control over much of the western territories of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Decline of the Golden Horde", "says": "Additionally the consequences of Tamerlane’s fatal expeditions, and the rising power of Lithuania and Muscovy also led to diminishing power of the Golden Horde and eventual collapse in 1501, when the Crimeans sacked the capital city of the Golden Horde – Sarai."}, {"id": "Q551841", "label": "Mehmed I Giray", "section": "History - Independence and the Conflict with Crimean Khanate", "says": "The first and most important attempt of Crimean Khanate to subjugate the Nogais ended when the Nogais killed the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray, near Astrakhan."}, {"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "1509 Nogais move into lands vacated by Great Horde\n1519 end of Moscow–Crimean alliance\n1521 Nogais, driven west by the Kazakhs, cross the Volga and attack Astrakhan.\nc."}, {"id": "Q923852", "label": "Crimean-Russian Wars", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Nogais lose tribute\n1557 Mirza Kazy crosses the Volga and founds Small Horde along the Kuban\n1567–1571 Muscovite fort on the Terek, south of Nogais\n1569 Ottomans and Crimeans with Small Horde fail to take Astrakhan\n1570s Kazakh pressure shifts Nogai trade away from Central Asia toward Moscow\n1571 Russo-Crimean Wars (1571) Crimean–Nogai attack on Moscow."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "1580/81 or 1577: Saraichick destroyed by the Cossack raiders\n1582/83 Muscovite peace with Sweden and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "1736–1739 Russians temporarily hold Azov\n1770 Yedisans ally with Russia, blocking the land route from the Balkans to Crimea\n1771 Exodus of Trans-Volga Kalmyks back to Dzungaria\n1772 many Crimean Nogais accept Russian protection\n1774 Crimea is proclaimed independent from the Ottoman Empire by the Russo-Ottoman Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "1736–1739 Russians temporarily hold Azov\n1770 Yedisans ally with Russia, blocking the land route from the Balkans to Crimea\n1771 Exodus of Trans-Volga Kalmyks back to Dzungaria\n1772 many Crimean Nogais accept Russian protection\n1774 Crimea is proclaimed independent from the Ottoman Empire by the Russo-Ottoman Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca."}], "Q655621": [{"id": "Q836424", "label": "Treaty of Speyer", "section": "lead", "says": "The establishment of the principality was connected to the Treaty of Speyer."}, {"id": "Q595545", "label": "Rákóczi’s War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "After the unsettled period of Rákóczi's War of Independence, it was subordinated to the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "On 29 August 1526, the army of Sultan Suleiman of the Ottoman Empire inflicted a decisive defeat on the Hungarian forces at Mohács."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "Background", "says": "John Zápolya was en route to the battlefield with his sizable army but did not participate in the battle for unknown reasons."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "Background", "says": "The youthful King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia fell in battle, as did many of his soldiers."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "When Zápolya was proclaimed king of Hungary, Ferdinand from the House of Habsburg also claimed the throne."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "Background", "says": "When Zápolya was proclaimed king of Hungary, Ferdinand from the House of Habsburg also claimed the throne."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Background", "says": "In the ensuing struggle, John Zápolya received the support of Suleiman, who after Zápolya's death in 1540, occupied Buda and central Hungary in 1541 under the pretext of protecting Zápolya's son, John II Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q625380", "label": "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Hungary was now divided into three sections: Royal Hungary in the west and north, Ottoman Hungary, and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom under Ottoman suzerainty, which later became the Principality of Transylvania, where Austrian and Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries."}], "Q668294": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Kamerun  was a Central African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "Kamerun  was a Central African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Kamerun also included northern parts of Gabon and the Congo with western parts of the Central African Republic, southwestern parts of Chad and far northeastern parts of Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Years preceding colonization (1868–1883)", "says": "The Cameroon territory was under the informal control of the British Empire throughout the years preceding 1884, with substantial British trading operations as well."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Years preceding colonization (1868–1883)", "says": "This, among a number of other factors, led to Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck approving the establishment of a colony."}, {"id": "Q60549", "label": "Gustav Hermann Nachtigal", "section": "History - Initial colonization (1884–1889/90)", "says": "Gustav Nachtigal had arrived in Duala in July and negotiated a treaty with a number of rulers local to the region around Duala, at that time the center of Germany's trading operations."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Loss of Cameroon as a colony", "says": "Following Germany's defeat, the Treaty of Versailles divided the territory into two League of Nations mandates (Class B) under the administration of the United Kingdom and France."}, {"id": "Q1028848", "label": "French Cameroons", "section": "History - Loss of Cameroon as a colony", "says": "French Cameroon and part of British Cameroon reunified in 1961 to form present-day Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Loss of Cameroon as a colony", "says": "It would take until World War II before Germany was \"fully out\" of Cameroon."}], "Q691928": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chakri dynasty, unofficially the House of Chakri, is the current reigning dynasty of the Kingdom of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Rama I, a former military leader of the Thonburi Kingdom who came from the old Ayutthaya elite."}, {"id": "Q1115291", "label": "Thonburi Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Rama I, a former military leader of the Thonburi Kingdom who came from the old Ayutthaya elite."}, {"id": "Q515704", "label": "Naresuan", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian Edward van Roy, Kosa Pan was the son of Phraya Kiat, a Mon noble who supported Naresuan during the fourth Burmese–Siamese War, and Chao Mae Wat Dusit, said to be a daughter of King Ekathotsarot and the wet nurse of Phetracha and Prince Narai, both future kings of Siam."}, {"id": "Q882744", "label": "Ekathotsarot", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian Edward van Roy, Kosa Pan was the son of Phraya Kiat, a Mon noble who supported Naresuan during the fourth Burmese–Siamese War, and Chao Mae Wat Dusit, said to be a daughter of King Ekathotsarot and the wet nurse of Phetracha and Prince Narai, both future kings of Siam."}, {"id": "Q561295", "label": "Phetracha", "section": "lead", "says": "According to historian Edward van Roy, Kosa Pan was the son of Phraya Kiat, a Mon noble who supported Naresuan during the fourth Burmese–Siamese War, and Chao Mae Wat Dusit, said to be a daughter of King Ekathotsarot and the wet nurse of Phetracha and Prince Narai, both future kings of Siam."}, {"id": "Q548733", "label": "Rama X of Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The current head of the house is Vajiralongkorn who was proclaimed king on 1 December 2016, but has reigned with retroactive effect since 13 October 2016 after the death of his father Bhumibol Adulyadej."}, {"id": "Q855252", "label": "Bhumibol Adulyadej", "section": "lead", "says": "The current head of the house is Vajiralongkorn who was proclaimed king on 1 December 2016, but has reigned with retroactive effect since 13 October 2016 after the death of his father Bhumibol Adulyadej."}, {"id": "Q319675", "label": "Phutthaloetla Naphalai", "section": "History - Front Palaces", "says": "By tradition the Uparat was designated the heir to the throne, however only Prince Itsarasunthon was able to ascend the throne as King Phutthaloetla Naphalai."}, {"id": "Q158861", "label": "Chulalongkorn", "section": "History - Front Palaces", "says": "The office was abolished by King Chulalongkorn when his Uparat and cousin Prince Wichaichan died."}, {"id": "Q4777900", "label": "Anurak Devesh, Deputy Viceroy of Rattanakosin", "section": "History - Rear Palace", "says": "Prince Anurak Devesh was the nephew of King Phutthayotfa Chualok (his mother Princess Thepsuthavadi was the king's elder sister) and was appointed to the office in 1785."}, {"id": "Q161389", "label": "Vajiravudh", "section": "History - Crown Princes", "says": "The succession is governed by the 1924 Palace Law of Succession passed by King Vajiravudh."}], "Q737629": [{"id": "Q311811", "label": "Shoshenq I", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Shoshenq I, who was of ancient Libyan origin."}], "Q738144": [{"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata or United Provinces of the River Plate, along with United Provinces in South America, are names used to refer to the emerging state that succeeded the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata after the May Revolution, from 1810 to 1831, encompassing the Argentine War of Independence, the Cisplatine War and the beginning of the Argentine Civil Wars."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata or United Provinces of the River Plate, along with United Provinces in South America, are names used to refer to the emerging state that succeeded the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata after the May Revolution, from 1810 to 1831, encompassing the Argentine War of Independence, the Cisplatine War and the beginning of the Argentine Civil Wars."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata or United Provinces of the River Plate, along with United Provinces in South America, are names used to refer to the emerging state that succeeded the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata after the May Revolution, from 1810 to 1831, encompassing the Argentine War of Independence, the Cisplatine War and the beginning of the Argentine Civil Wars."}, {"id": "Q2697981", "label": "Argentine Civil Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata or United Provinces of the River Plate, along with United Provinces in South America, are names used to refer to the emerging state that succeeded the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata after the May Revolution, from 1810 to 1831, encompassing the Argentine War of Independence, the Cisplatine War and the beginning of the Argentine Civil Wars."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The name \"United Provinces of the Río de la Plata\" is recognised as one of the official names of Argentina according to its constitution."}, {"id": "Q2511385", "label": "Primera Junta y messi", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "The Primera Junta, founded on 25 May 1810, was a government junta similar to the ones from the Iberian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q2361877", "label": "Cornelio Saavedra", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "It was integrated by Cornelio Saavedra as chairman, Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Juan Larrea and Domingo Matheu as voting members, and Mariano Moreno and Juan José Paso as secretaries."}, {"id": "Q2790355", "label": "Juan Larrea", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "It was integrated by Cornelio Saavedra as chairman, Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Juan Larrea and Domingo Matheu as voting members, and Mariano Moreno and Juan José Paso as secretaries."}, {"id": "Q1237495", "label": "Domingo Matheu", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "It was integrated by Cornelio Saavedra as chairman, Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Juan Larrea and Domingo Matheu as voting members, and Mariano Moreno and Juan José Paso as secretaries."}, {"id": "Q2074387", "label": "Mariano Moreno", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "It was integrated by Cornelio Saavedra as chairman, Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Juan Larrea and Domingo Matheu as voting members, and Mariano Moreno and Juan José Paso as secretaries."}, {"id": "Q960163", "label": "Juan José Paso", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "It was integrated by Cornelio Saavedra as chairman, Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Juan Larrea and Domingo Matheu as voting members, and Mariano Moreno and Juan José Paso as secretaries."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "They were considered to be extremists by their political oponents, since they were inspired by the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "In the political sphere, as mentioned earlier, the Junta declared its loyalty to Ferdinand VII—the Spanish king imprisioned by Napoleon—and opposed the French invasion of the Iberian Pe"}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Primera Junta", "says": "In the political sphere, as mentioned earlier, the Junta declared its loyalty to Ferdinand VII—the Spanish king imprisioned by Napoleon—and opposed the French invasion of the Iberian Pe"}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Junta Grande", "says": "Firstly, the Intendancy of Paraguay successfully repelled the campaign launched from Buenos Aires."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Junta Grande", "says": "On 5 and 6 April 1811, the Saavedrist party positioned people across the Plaza de la Victoria (present-day Plaza de Mayo), right in front of the Fort of Buenos Aires (where the Casa Rosada is now located), to demand the dismissal of the last Morenist members of the Junta."}, {"id": "Q380742", "label": "Nicolás Rodríguez Peña", "section": "History - Junta Grande", "says": "Larrea, Azcuénaga, Hipólito Vieytes and Nicolás Rodríguez Peña were expelled from the government, consolidating Saavedrist control over the Junta’s politics."}, {"id": "Q2342815", "label": "Gervasio Antonio de Posadas", "section": "History - Junta Grande", "says": "Many Morenists were exiled: Azcuénaga and Gervasio Antonio de Posadas to Mendoza, Larrea to San Juan, Rodríguez Peña to San Luis, and French, Beruti and Vieytes to Patagonia."}, {"id": "Q3571687", "label": "Cry of Asencio", "section": "History - Junta Grande", "says": "On 28 February 1811, the Cry of Asencio took place, marking the beginning of the Oriental Revolution, whose main figure was José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "History - Junta Grande", "says": "On 28 February 1811, the Cry of Asencio took place, marking the beginning of the Oriental Revolution, whose main figure was José Gervasio Artigas."}, {"id": "Q2889112", "label": "Battle of Las Piedras", "section": "History - Junta Grande", "says": "After the victory in the Battle of Las Piedras, he led the establishment of the First Siege of Montevideo, since the city government did not want to surrender."}, {"id": "Q927664", "label": "Manuel de Sarratea", "section": "History - First Triumvirate", "says": "The First Triumvirate was established on 23 September 1811 with Feliciano Antonio Chiclana, Manuel de Sarratea and Paso as triumvirs, although Paso was replaced by Juan Martín de Pueyrredón months later."}, {"id": "Q303615", "label": "Juan Martín de Pueyrredon", "section": "History - First Triumvirate", "says": "The First Triumvirate was established on 23 September 1811 with Feliciano Antonio Chiclana, Manuel de Sarratea and Paso as triumvirs, although Paso was replaced by Juan Martín de Pueyrredón months later."}, {"id": "Q441072", "label": "Vicente López y Planes", "section": "History - First Triumvirate", "says": "Bernardino Rivadavia, Vicente López y Planes and José Julián Pérez were appointed as secretaries."}, {"id": "Q465493", "label": "Carlos María de Alvear", "section": "History - First Triumvirate", "says": "On 12 January 1812, a ship set sail from London to the United Provinces with José de San Martín, Carlos María de Alvear and other Spanish officers who wanted to join the fight in South America."}, {"id": "Q3268356", "label": "Battle of San Lorenzo", "section": "History - Second Triumvirate", "says": "However, San Martín, alongside his grenadiers, had been following the fleet in secret and was prepared to launch a surprise attack, which took place on 3 February 1813, in the Battle of San Lorenzo, where the Mounted Grenadiers had their baptism of fire and defeated the Montevideo militia."}, {"id": "Q592091", "label": "Battle of Salta", "section": "History - Second Triumvirate", "says": "On the other hand, Belgrano and the Army of the North were victorious in the Battle of Salta, securing many northern territories."}, {"id": "Q370922", "label": "Treaty of Valençay", "section": "History - Posadas' Directorship", "says": "Ferdinand VII returned to the Spanish throne in 1814 after signing the Treaty of Valençay with Napoleon, whose empire was going through a crisis after the failure of the Russian campaign, and thus could not keep fighting the Peninsular War nor maintaining its domain over Spain."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Posadas' Directorship", "says": "Ferdinand VII returned to the Spanish throne in 1814 after signing the Treaty of Valençay with Napoleon, whose empire was going through a crisis after the failure of the Russian campaign, and thus could not keep fighting the Peninsular War nor maintaining its domain over Spain."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Posadas' Directorship", "says": "On 4 May 1814, King Ferdinand abolished the Spanish Constitution of 1812—which had established that the Spanish territories in the Americas were not colonies but rather equal parts of the Spanish crown—and began persecuting liberals and political dissidents who were against the restoration of absolutism."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Posadas' Directorship", "says": "On 4 May 1814, King Ferdinand abolished the Spanish Constitution of 1812—which had established that the Spanish territories in the Americas were not colonies but rather equal parts of the Spanish crown—and began persecuting liberals and political dissidents who were against the restoration of absolutism."}, {"id": "Q966952", "label": "William Brown", "section": "History - Posadas' Directorship", "says": "On 1 March 1814, he appointed William Brown as lieutenant colonel and commander of the Buenos Aires Squadron."}, {"id": "Q1495258", "label": "Gaspar de Vigodet", "section": "History - Posadas' Directorship", "says": "Finally, on 17 May 1814, Captain General Gaspar de Vigodet negotiated the surrender."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Alvear's Directorship", "says": "Due to the desperate situation, on 28 February, Alvear sent the diplomat Manuel José García to Rio de Janeiro to negotiate with the British consul Lord Strangford the possibility of making the United Provinces part of the United Kingdom as a protectorate, hoping to end the civil war in that way and re-establish a central government without Artigas."}, {"id": "Q1394085", "label": "Martín Miguel de Güemes", "section": "History - Rondeau-Álvarez Thomas' Directorship", "says": "Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, with 500 men and the help of Martín Miguel de Güemes, defeated Francisco Fernando de la Cruz and his army."}, {"id": "Q3754515", "label": "Pedro Antonio Olañeta", "section": "History - Rondeau-Álvarez Thomas' Directorship", "says": "Thereafter, Rondeau moved forward to Yavi, where royalist Pedro Antonio Olañeta had been located before withdrawing."}, {"id": "Q2890016", "label": "Battle of Sipe-Sipe", "section": "History - Rondeau-Álvarez Thomas' Directorship", "says": "Nonetheless, Pezuela's army received reinforcements while encamped in Oruro, and counterattacked on 29 November in the Battle of Viluma."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Congresses of Tucumán and Oriente", "says": "Deputies from Buenos Aires, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, San Luis, La Rioja, Catamarca and Mendoza attended the Congress, as well as deputies from provinces that are now part of Bolivia (at that time, Upper Peru) or Peru, such as Charcas, Chichas and Mizque."}, {"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "History - Pueyrredón's Directorship", "says": "An urgent subject that Pueyrredón had to face at the very beginning of his term was the imminent invasion of the Oriental Province by the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Pueyrredón's Directorship", "says": "Besides, there were rumours about a second great military expedition being prepared in Spain, this time headed towards the Río de la Plata—the previous one had disembarked in Venezuela—."}, {"id": "Q2625228", "label": "League Federal", "section": "History - Pueyrredón's Directorship", "says": "Their neutrality within the framework of the Argentine War of Independence was ensured, and the Federal League was weakened as expected."}], "Q779011": [{"id": "Q2258726", "label": "Herzegovina Uprising", "section": "History - Reign of Nikola", "says": "Nikola sent aid to the Serb rebels in the Herzegovina Uprising (1875–78), and then led a war against the Ottomans, the Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Reign of Nikola", "says": "This was the Great Powers' official demarcation between Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire, de facto recognizing Montenegro's independence; Montenegro was recognized by the Ottoman Empire at the Treaty of Berlin (1878)."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "History - Reign of Nikola", "says": "Minor border skirmishes excepted, diplomacy ushered in approximately 30 years of peace between the two states until the deposition of Abdul Hamid II."}, {"id": "Q3246667", "label": "Abdul Hamid", "section": "History - Reign of Nikola", "says": "The political skills of Abdul Hamid and Nikola I played a major role on the mutually amicable relations."}], "Q827040": [{"id": "Q701895", "label": "Zhao Tuo", "section": "lead", "says": "Nanyue (Chinese: 南越 or 南粵; pinyin: Nányuè; Jyutping: Naam4 Jyut6; lit. 'Southern Yue', Vietnamese: Nam Việt, Zhuang: Namz Yied) was an ancient kingdom founded in 204 BC by the Chinese general Zhao Tuo, whose family (known in Vietnamese as the Triệu dynasty) continued to rule until 111 BC."}, {"id": "Q839161", "label": "Zhao Xing", "section": "lead", "says": "In 113 BC, fourth-generation leader Zhao Xing sought to have Nanyue formally included as part of the Han Empire."}, {"id": "Q839130", "label": "Zhao Jiande", "section": "lead", "says": "His prime minister Lü Jia objected vehemently and subsequently killed Zhao Xing, installing his elder brother Zhao Jiande on the throne and forcing a confrontation with the Han dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The next year, Emperor Wu of Han sent 100,000 troops to war against Nanyue."}, {"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "History - Qin southward expansion (218 BC)", "says": "After Qin Shi Huang conquered the six other Chinese kingdoms of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi, he turned his attention to the Xiongnu tribes of the north and west and the Hundred Yue peoples of what is now southern China."}, {"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "History - Qin southward expansion (218 BC)", "says": "Insurrections spread throughout much of China (including those led by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, who would later face off over"}, {"id": "Q7214", "label": "Emperor Hui of Han", "section": "History - Nanyue under Zhao Tuo", "says": "After the death of Liu Bang in 195 BC, the government was put in the hands of his wife, Empress Lü Zhi, who served as Empress Dowager over their son Emperor Hui of Han and then Emperor Hui's sons Liu Gong and Liu Hong."}, {"id": "Q7217", "label": "Liu Gong", "section": "History - Nanyue under Zhao Tuo", "says": "After the death of Liu Bang in 195 BC, the government was put in the hands of his wife, Empress Lü Zhi, who served as Empress Dowager over their son Emperor Hui of Han and then Emperor Hui's sons Liu Gong and Liu Hong."}, {"id": "Q888526", "label": "Zhao Mo", "section": "History - Zhao Mo", "says": "Because of his great age, his son, the Crown Prince Zhao Shi, had preceded him in death, and therefore Zhao Tuo's grandson Zhao Mo became king of Nanyue."}, {"id": "Q839134", "label": "Zhao Yingqi", "section": "History - Zhao Mo", "says": "The Emperor sent court emissary Yan Zhu to the Nanyue capital to give an official report of Minyue's surrender to Zhao Mo, who had Yan return his gratitude to the Emperor along with a promise that Zhao would come visit the Imperial Court in Chang'an, and even sent his son Zhao Yingqi to return with Yan to the Chinese capital."}, {"id": "Q9372", "label": "Sima Qian", "section": "History - Zhao Xing and Zhao Jiande", "says": "Sima Qian recorded a story that the Queen Dowager and the Zhao Xing invited Lü to a banquet with several Han emissaries where they hoped to find a chance to kill Lü: during the banquet, the Queen"}, {"id": "Q6596990", "label": "Yang Pu", "section": "History - War and the decline of Nanyue", "says": "The second company was led by Commander Yang Pu and advanced from Yuzhang Commandery (modern Nanchang) through the Hengpu Pass and down the Zhen River."}], "Q847837": [{"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nasrid dynasty (Arabic: بنو نصر banū Naṣr or بنو الأحمر banū al-Aḥmar; Spanish: Nazarí) was an Arab dynasty that ruled the Emirate of Granada from 1232 to 1492."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "Twenty-three sultans ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammad I until 1492, when Muhammad XI surrendered all lands to Isabella I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q510879", "label": "Muhammad I of Granada", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The dynasty founded by Muhammad I of Granada held a territory that included Granada, Jaén, Almería, and Málaga."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Valencia, Játiva, and Jaén were conquered by Christians during the campaigns of the Reconquista and for the most part, the Nasrids were made into tribute-paying vassals from 1243."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Throughout the 14th century, the Nasrids are noted for their palace architecture like the Alhambra, which was a product of the efforts of Ismail I and Muhammad V."}, {"id": "Q1267953", "label": "Muhammad V", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Throughout the 14th century, the Nasrids are noted for their palace architecture like the Alhambra, which was a product of the efforts of Ismail I and Muhammad V."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella I of Castile, resulting in the union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Muhammad XI surrendered Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 and was given a lordship in the Alpujarras mountains, but instead took financial compensation from the Spanish crown to leave the Iberian Peninsula."}], "Q870055": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in Southeast Asia at the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, it was bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, North Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in Southeast Asia at the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, it was bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, North Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in Southeast Asia at the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, it was bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, North Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest."}, {"id": "Q379797", "label": "Sisavang Vatthana", "section": "lead", "says": "It survived until 2 December 1975, when its last king, Sisavang Vatthana, surrendered the throne to the Pathet Lao during the civil war in Laos, who abolished the monarchy in favour of a Marxist–Leninist state called the Lao People's Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "Given self-rule with the new Constitution in 1947 as part of the French Union and a federation with the rest of French Indochina, the 1953 Franco-Lao Treaty finally established a sovereign, independent Laos, but did not stipulate who would rule the country."}, {"id": "Q469498", "label": "Souvanna Phouma", "section": "lead", "says": "In the years that followed, three groups, led by the so-called Three Princes, contended for power: the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right-wing party under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing, North Vietnamese-backed Pathet Lao under Prince Souphanouvong and future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane."}, {"id": "Q320103", "label": "Souphanouvong", "section": "lead", "says": "In the years that followed, three groups, led by the so-called Three Princes, contended for power: the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right-wing party under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing, North Vietnamese-backed Pathet Lao under Prince Souphanouvong and future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane."}, {"id": "Q320100", "label": "Kaysone Phomvihane", "section": "lead", "says": "In the years that followed, three groups, led by the so-called Three Princes, contended for power: the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right-wing party under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing, North Vietnamese-backed Pathet Lao under Prince Souphanouvong and future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane."}, {"id": "Q877450", "label": "Laotian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pathet Lao eventually emerged victorious in the Laotian Civil War and established the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "Fall of the government", "says": "A ceasefire was finally attained in February 1973, following the Paris Peace Accords between the United States and North Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Fall of the government", "says": "A ceasefire was finally attained in February 1973, following the Paris Peace Accords between the United States and North Vietnam."}], "Q940785": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "In some periods, they expanded to much of modern Yemen and even parts of the Horn of Africa, particularly Eritrea and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Sabaean kingdom lasted from the 8th century BCE to the 1st century BCE: this kingdom can be divided into the \"mukarrib\" period, where it reigned supreme over all of South Arabia; and the \"kingly\" period, a long period of decline to the neighbouring kingdoms of Ma'in, Hadhramaut, and Qataban, ultimately ending when a newer neighbour, Himyar, annexed them."}, {"id": "Q159888", "label": "Queen of Sheba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hebrew Bible references the kingdom in an account describing the interactions between King Solomon of Israel and a figure identified as the Queen of Sheba."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditions concerning the legacy of the Queen of Sheba feature extensively in Ethiopian Christianity, particularly Orthodox Tewahedo, and among Yemenis today."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Era of the mukarribs", "says": "Saba reigned supreme over South Arabia, and Karib'il established diplomatic contacts with the Assyrian emperor Sennacherib."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Era of the kings", "says": "The Republic conquered Syria in 63 BCE and Egypt in 30 BCE, diverting Saba's overland trade network."}], "Q1054923": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Hong Kong was a Crown colony of the United Kingdom from 1841 to 1982, and a dependent territory from 1 January 1983 to 30 June 1997."}, {"id": "Q838373", "label": "Convention of Chuenpee", "section": "lead", "says": "The British rule began with the British occupation of Hong Kong Island under the Convention of Chuenpi in 1841 during the Victorian era, and ended with the handover of Hong Kong in July 1997."}, {"id": "Q238262", "label": "Treaty of Nanjing", "section": "lead", "says": "In accordance with Article III of the Treaty of Nanking of 1842, signed in the aftermath of the First Opium War, the island of Hong Kong was ceded in perpetuity to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "lead", "says": "In accordance with Article III of the Treaty of Nanking of 1842, signed in the aftermath of the First Opium War, the island of Hong Kong was ceded in perpetuity to Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "With the lease nearing its end during the late 20th century, Britain did not see any viable way to administer the colony by dividing it, whilst the People's Republic of China would not consider extending the lease or allowing continued British administration thereafter."}, {"id": "Q671479", "label": "Sino-British Joint Declaration", "section": "lead", "says": "With the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, which stated that the economic and social systems in Hong Kong would remain relatively unchanged for 50 years, the British government agreed to transfer the entire territory to China upon the expiration of the New Territories lease in 1997 – with Hong Kong becoming a special administrative region (SAR) until at least 2047."}, {"id": "Q184999", "label": "Lin Tse-hsu", "section": "History - Colonial establishment", "says": "Viceroy Lin Zexu took on the task of suppressing the opium trade."}, {"id": "Q184780", "label": "Charles Elliot", "section": "History - Colonial establishment", "says": "Chief Superintendent of Trade, Charles Elliot, complied with Lin's demands in order to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments."}, {"id": "Q3127920", "label": "Harry Smith Parkes", "section": "History - Growth and expansion", "says": "The Consul in Canton, Harry Parkes, claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were \"an insult of very grave character\"."}, {"id": "Q332508", "label": "John Bowring", "section": "History - Growth and expansion", "says": "Parkes and Sir John Bowring, the fourth Governor of Hong Kong, seized on the incident to pursue a forward policy."}, {"id": "Q604938", "label": "Convention of Peking", "section": "History - Growth and expansion", "says": "In 1860, the capture of the Taku Forts and occupation of Beijing led to the Treaty of Tientsin and Convention of Peking."}, {"id": "Q1096957", "label": "Claude Maxwell MacDonald", "section": "History - Growth and expansion", "says": "After negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in Beijing, Sir Claude MacDonald, representing Britain, and diplomat Li Hongzhang leading the Chinese, the Second Convention of Peking was signed on 9 June."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "History - Growth and expansion", "says": "After negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in Beijing, Sir Claude MacDonald, representing Britain, and diplomat Li Hongzhang leading the Chinese, the Second Convention of Peking was signed on 9 June."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "History - Japanese occupation", "says": "In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek that if Japan attacked Hong Kong, the Chinese National Army would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison."}, {"id": "Q697059", "label": "Battle of Hong Kong", "section": "History - Japanese occupation", "says": "On 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack."}, {"id": "Q5056108", "label": "Cecil Harcourt", "section": "History - Restoration of British rule", "says": "On 1 September, Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - Restoration of British rule", "says": "The economy was the main concern for the British administration after the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Restoration of British rule", "says": "Hong Kong welcomed businesses from both the PRC and Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Restoration of British rule", "says": "Throughout the Cold War, Hong Kong received a large influx of Chinese Kuomintang refugees, fleeing the Chinese Civil War and communist persecution."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Transfer of sovereignty", "says": "The principal British guest was Charles, Prince of Wales (now Charles III, King of the United Kingdom) who read a farewell speech on behalf of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II."}, {"id": "Q9545", "label": "Tony Blair", "section": "History - Transfer of sovereignty", "says": "The newly elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair; the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook; the departing Governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten; the Chief of the Defence Staff of the United Kingdom, Field Marshal Sir Charles Guthrie, also attended."}, {"id": "Q311214", "label": "Robin Cook", "section": "History - Transfer of sovereignty", "says": "The newly elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair; the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook; the departing Governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten; the Chief of the Defence Staff of the United Kingdom, Field Marshal Sir Charles Guthrie, also attended."}, {"id": "Q23368", "label": "Chris Patten", "section": "History - Transfer of sovereignty", "says": "The newly elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair; the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook; the departing Governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten; the Chief of the Defence Staff of the United Kingdom, Field Marshal Sir Charles Guthrie, also attended."}], "Q1135255": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) was a proto-state within the Republic of China, proclaimed on 7 November 1931 by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the early stages of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) was a proto-state within the Republic of China, proclaimed on 7 November 1931 by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the early stages of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q22513", "label": "Zhu De", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) was a proto-state within the Republic of China, proclaimed on 7 November 1931 by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the early stages of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) was a proto-state within the Republic of China, proclaimed on 7 November 1931 by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the early stages of the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The encirclement campaigns initiated by the Kuomintang in 1934 forced the CCP to abandon most of the soviets in southern China."}, {"id": "Q46333", "label": "Long March", "section": "lead", "says": "The CCP (including the leadership of the CSR) embarked on the Long March from southern China to the Yan'an Soviet, where a rump CSR continued to exist."}, {"id": "Q244941", "label": "Xi'an Incident", "section": "lead", "says": "A complex series of events in 1936 culminated in the Xi'an Incident, in which Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped and forced to negotiate with the CCP."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "A complex series of events in 1936 culminated in the Xi'an Incident, in which Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped and forced to negotiate with the CCP."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the First United Front between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang, the two parties embarked on the Northern Expedition in an effort to unify China with a single government."}, {"id": "Q699327", "label": "Wang Ming", "section": "History - Encirclement campaigns", "says": "However, after the third counter-encirclement campaign Mao was replaced by Wang Ming, a Chinese communist returning from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Encirclement campaigns", "says": "However, after the third counter-encirclement campaign Mao was replaced by Wang Ming, a Chinese communist returning from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q58667", "label": "Otto Braun", "section": "History - Encirclement campaigns", "says": "The Chinese Red Army was commanded by a three-man committee, which included Wang Ming's associates Otto Braun (a Comintern military advisor), Bo Gu and Zhou Enlai."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "History - Encirclement campaigns", "says": "The Chinese Red Army was commanded by a three-man committee, which included Wang Ming's associates Otto Braun (a Comintern military advisor), Bo Gu and Zhou Enlai."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "The Chinese Soviet Republic was dissolved on 22 September 1937 when the Chinese Communist Party issued, in the Second United Front, its manifesto on unity with the Kuomintang; the Second Sino-Japanese War was only a few weeks old."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "The Chinese Soviet Republic was dissolved on 22 September 1937 when the Chinese Communist Party issued, in the Second United Front, its manifesto on unity with the Kuomintang; the Second Sino-Japanese War was only a few weeks old."}], "Q1274468": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Republika Bosna i Hercegovina / Република Босна и Херцеговина) was the Bosnian state in Southeastern Europe, existing from 1992 to 1995."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bosnia and Herzegovina seceded from the disintegrating Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bosnian War broke out soon after its Declaration of Independence and lasted for 3 years."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "lead", "says": "Leaders from two of the three main ethnicities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Serbs and the Croats, separately established their separatist quasi-states of Republika Srpska and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, respectively, which were unrecognized by the Bosnian state and international governments."}, {"id": "Q334731", "label": "Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia", "section": "lead", "says": "Leaders from two of the three main ethnicities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Serbs and the Croats, separately established their separatist quasi-states of Republika Srpska and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, respectively, which were unrecognized by the Bosnian state and international governments."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Washington Agreement of 1994, however, Bosniaks were joined by Herzeg-Bosnia, in support for the Republic by the formation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a sub-state joint entity."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The prefix Republic was removed following the co-signing of the Annex 4 of the Dayton Agreement, containing the constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 14 December 1995."}], "Q12844800": [{"id": "Q32853", "label": "Sabuktigin", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh."}, {"id": "Q555219", "label": "Alp Tigin", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "lead", "says": "Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west."}, {"id": "Q936594", "label": "Mas'ud I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q26493", "label": "Battle of Dandanaqan", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni but lost the city to the Ghuzz Turks who in turn lost it to Muhammad of Ghor."}, {"id": "Q140973", "label": "Khusrau Malik", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1186, Lahore was conquered by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, and its Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Malik, was imprisoned and later executed."}], "Q1406298": [{"id": "Q2273304", "label": "Moravian Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "From the ruins of the Serbian Empire, Moravian Serbia emerged as the largest and most powerful Serbian state under the rule of the Lazarević dynasty, later playing the key role in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From the ruins of the Serbian Empire, Moravian Serbia emerged as the largest and most powerful Serbian state under the rule of the Lazarević dynasty, later playing the key role in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Stefan Dušan was the son of the Serbian king Stefan Dečanski (r."}, {"id": "Q314346", "label": "Stefan Uroš III", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Stefan Dušan was the son of the Serbian king Stefan Dečanski (r."}, {"id": "Q561940", "label": "Simeon Uroš", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Although this title bore significant power in medieval Serbia, Stefan wanted his younger son, Simeon Uroš, to inherit him instead of Dušan."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1333, Dušan launched a large attack on the Byzantine empire, at the time ruled by the ambitious emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos, with the help of a deserted Byzantine general, Syrgian."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "By 1345, Dušan the Mighty had expanded his state to cover half of the Balkans, more territory than either the Byzantine Empire or the Second Bulgarian Empire in that time."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "By 1345, Dušan the Mighty had expanded his state to cover half of the Balkans, more territory than either the Byzantine Empire or the Second Bulgarian Empire in that time."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "These actions, which the Byzantines received with indignation, appear to have been supported by the Bulgarian Empire and tsar Ivan Alexander, as the Patri"}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dušan", "says": "Serbia held parts of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moravian Serbia, Kosovo, Zeta, modern North Macedonia, modern Albania, and half of modern Greece."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dušan", "says": "Dušan undertook a campaign against the Byzantine Empire, which was attempting to avert a deteriorating situation after the destruction caused by the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dušan", "says": "Dušan swiftly seized Thessaly, Albania, Epirus, and most of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dušan", "says": "After besieging the emperor at Salonica in 1340, he imposed a treaty assuring Serbia sovereignty over regions extending from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth, from the Adriatic Sea to the Maritsa river, and including parts of southern Bulgaria up to the environs of Adrianople."}, {"id": "Q1400440", "label": "Battle of Velbazhd", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dušan", "says": "Bulgaria had never fully recovered since its defeat by the Serbs at the Battle of Velbazhd."}, {"id": "Q37084", "label": "John VI Kantakouzenos", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dušan", "says": "He gave sanctuary to the former regent of the Byzantine Empire, John VI Kantakouzenos, in revolt against the government, and agreed to an alliance."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Events in Bosnia and Dalmatia (1350s)", "says": "Mladen soon died from Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348, and Jelena sought to maintain the rule of the Šubić's cities of Klis and Skradin for herself and her son."}, {"id": "Q279693", "label": "Stefan Uroš V of Serbia", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Uroš V", "says": "Dušan was succeeded by his son, Stefan Uroš V, called \"the Weak,\" a term that also described the empire as it slowly slid into feudal anarchy."}, {"id": "Q939570", "label": "Battle of Maritsa", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Uroš V", "says": "Stefan Uroš V died childless on 4 December 1371, after much of the Serbian nobility had been killed by the Ottoman Turks during the Battle of Maritsa."}], "Q155019": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Lorraine, initially also known as the Duchy of Upper Lorraine, was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire which existed from the 10th century until 1766, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Lorraine, initially also known as the Duchy of Upper Lorraine, was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire which existed from the 10th century until 1766, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 959-965, following the division of the old Stem Duchy of Lotharingia into two separate duchies: Upper and Lower Lorraine, the westernmost parts of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2638011", "label": "House of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Lorraine was coveted and briefly occupied by the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of France, but was ruled by the dukes of the House of Lorraine after 1473."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1737, the duchy was given to Stanisław Leszczyński, the former monarch of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, who had lost his throne as a result of the War of the Polish Succession, with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death."}, {"id": "Q170353", "label": "René of Anjou", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of René of Anjou, several territories had already split off, such as the County of Luxembourg, the Electorate of Trier, the County of Bar and the \"Three Bishoprics\" of Verdun, Metz and Toul."}, {"id": "Q5177890", "label": "County of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of René of Anjou, several territories had already split off, such as the County of Luxembourg, the Electorate of Trier, the County of Bar and the \"Three Bishoprics\" of Verdun, Metz and Toul."}, {"id": "Q1794352", "label": "Electorate of Trier", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of René of Anjou, several territories had already split off, such as the County of Luxembourg, the Electorate of Trier, the County of Bar and the \"Three Bishoprics\" of Verdun, Metz and Toul."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "In 1301, Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of his lands (Barrois mouvant) as a fief by King Philip IV of France."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "In 1475, the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but was finally defeated and killed at the 1477 Battle of Nancy."}, {"id": "Q1414387", "label": "Treaty of Chambord", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "In the 1552 Treaty of Chambord, a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Maurice, Elector of Saxony ceded the Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support."}, {"id": "Q317710", "label": "Maurice of Saxony", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "In the 1552 Treaty of Chambord, a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Maurice, Elector of Saxony ceded the Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "In the 1552 Treaty of Chambord, a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Maurice, Elector of Saxony ceded the Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "Due to the weakening of Imperial authority during the 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War, France was able to occupy the duchy in 1634 and retained it until 1661 when Charles IV was restored."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir Charles V (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of the Imperial House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir Charles V (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of the Imperial House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "France returned the Duchy in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War and Charles' son Leopold (1679–1729), became duke and was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession, parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "says": "France returned the Duchy in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War and Charles' son Leopold (1679–1729), became duke and was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession, parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville."}], "Q171203": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It grew out of the previous Edo Kingdom of Igodomigodo around the 11th century AD; it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897, but endured as a non-sovereign monarchy."}, {"id": "Q125057", "label": "Richard Francis Burton", "section": "History - Britain seeks control over trade", "says": "Several attempts were made to achieve this end beginning with the official visit of Richard Francis Burton in 1862 when he was consul at Fernando Pó."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Britain seeks control over trade", "says": "Following that came attempts to establish a treaty between Benin and the United Kingdom by Hewtt, Blair, and Annesley in 1884, 1885 and 1886 respectively."}, {"id": "Q7114198", "label": "Ovonramwen", "section": "History - The Gallwey Treaty of 1892", "says": "Gallwey was able to get Omo n'Oba (Ovonramwen) and his chiefs to sign a treaty which gave Britain legal justification for exerting greater influence over the Empire."}], "Q175211": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In medieval history, the Kingdom of Germany (Latin: Regnum Teutonicum) was the original core of the Holy Roman Empire, which continued to be distinguished from other parts of the empire such as the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "In medieval history, the Kingdom of Germany (Latin: Regnum Teutonicum) was the original core of the Holy Roman Empire, which continued to be distinguished from other parts of the empire such as the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "It evolved from the eastern Frankish kingdom formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, which split the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It evolved from the eastern Frankish kingdom formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, which split the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Germany originally consisted of several identifiable regions which became the stem duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Thuringia, Bavaria, and Swabia, and in the 10th century it consolidated its hold on Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "In modern geographical terms, it eventually expanded to include modern Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, along with significant parts of Switzerland, Belgium and France."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "Background", "says": "Within East Francia were large duchies, sometimes called kingdoms (regna) after their former status, which had a certain level of internal solidarity."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Background", "says": "Early among these were Saxony and Bavaria, which had been conquered by Charlemagne."}, {"id": "Q78997", "label": "Herwig Wolfram", "section": "Background", "says": "Herwig Wolfram (1971) denied any real distinction between older and younger stem duchies, or between the stem duchies of Germany and similar territorial principalities in other parts of the Carolingian empire:\n\nI am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West-Frankish, \"French\", principautés territoriales, and the East-Frankish, \"German,\" s"}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The existence of a \"tribal\" self-designation among Saxons and Bavarians can be asserted \nfor the 10th and 12th centuries, respectively, although they may have existed much earlier."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the last Carolingian, Louis the Child, in 911, the stem duchies acknowledged the unity of the kingdom."}], "Q214102": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union is a term used to refer to the federal government and loyal states of the United States during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union is a term used to refer to the federal government and loyal states of the United States during the American Civil War."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "lead", "says": "Its military forces and civilian population resisted the secession of the Southern slave states that formed the Confederate States of America following the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "lead", "says": "Its military forces and civilian population resisted the secession of the Southern slave states that formed the Confederate States of America following the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States."}], "Q2396442": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1804, it became a crown land of the newly proclaimed Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1867, it was a crown land within the Cisleithanian or Austrian half of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The domain was initially carved in 1772 from the southwestern part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "During the World War I, it was temporarily occupied and governed within the General Governorate of Galicia and Bukovina (1914–1915)."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, its eastern regions were claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic, and also by the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but following the Polish–Ukrainian War the entire region became part of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, its eastern regions were claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic, and also by the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but following the Polish–Ukrainian War the entire region became part of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, its eastern regions were claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic, and also by the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but following the Polish–Ukrainian War the entire region became part of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, its eastern regions were claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic, and also by the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but following the Polish–Ukrainian War the entire region became part of the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of later  border changes following World War II, the region of Galicia became divided between the Republic of Poland and the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union, now Poland and Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of later  border changes following World War II, the region of Galicia became divided between the Republic of Poland and the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union, now Poland and Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "History - From 1809 to 1860", "says": "In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, Austria was forced in the Treaty of Schönbrunn to cede all of its third partition gains, plus Zamość and some other areas, to the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw, and some eastern areas around Ternopol to the Russian Empire. (For details, see § Administrative divisions.) In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna returned Ternopil and a few other ter"}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - From 1809 to 1860", "says": "In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, Austria was forced in the Treaty of Schönbrunn to cede all of its third partition gains, plus Zamość and some other areas, to the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw, and some eastern areas around Ternopol to the Russian Empire. (For details, see § Administrative divisions.) In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna returned Ternopil and a few other ter"}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - From 1809 to 1860", "says": "In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, Austria was forced in the Treaty of Schönbrunn to cede all of its third partition gains, plus Zamość and some other areas, to the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw, and some eastern areas around Ternopol to the Russian Empire. (For details, see § Administrative divisions.) In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna returned Ternopil and a few other ter"}, {"id": "Q501303", "label": "Free City of Kraków", "section": "History - From 1809 to 1860", "says": "The city of Kraków and the surrounding territory, formerly also part of New or West Galicia, became the semi-autonomous Free City of Kraków under the supervision of the three powers that ruled Poland (i.e."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "History - From 1809 to 1860", "says": "After the failure of the November Uprising in Russian Poland in 1830–1831, in which a few thousand Galician volunteers participated, many Polish refugees arrived in Galicia."}, {"id": "Q2550842", "label": "Markiian Shashkevych", "section": "History - From 1809 to 1860", "says": "In 1837, the so-called Ruthenian Triad led by Markiian Shashkevych, published"}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "History - Constitutional experiments", "says": "Meanwhile, the Ruthenians felt more and more abandoned by Vienna and among the Old Ruthenians grouped around the Greek Catholic Cathedral of Saint George, there occurred a turn towards Russia."}, {"id": "Q134958", "label": "Taras Shevchenko", "section": "History - Constitutional experiments", "says": "At the same time, influenced by the Ukrainian language poetry of the central Ukrainian writer, Taras Shevchenko, an opposing Ukrainophile movement arose which published literature in the Ukrainian/Ruthenian language and eventually established a network of reading halls."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "History - Galician autonomy", "says": "In 1866, following the Battle of Königgrätz and the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the Austrian Empire began to experience increased internal problems."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - Galician autonomy", "says": "In 1866, following the Battle of Königgrätz and the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the Austrian Empire began to experience increased internal problems."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "History - Galician autonomy", "says": "Only five years after the tragic end of the January Uprising, the pamphlets ridiculed the idea of armed national uprisings and suggested compromise with Poland's enemies, especially the Austrian Empire, concentration on economic growth, and acceptance of the political concessions offered by Vienna."}, {"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "History - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict", "says": "The Russian administration, created during two different periods (1914-15 and 1916-1917), was called General Government of Galicia and Bukovina."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "History - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict", "says": "The fate of Galicia was settled by the Peace of Riga on 18 March 1921, giving all of Galicia to the Second Polish Republic."}], "Q252580": [{"id": "Q933592", "label": "Duchy of Massa and Carrara", "section": "Provinces of the Duchy before the dissolution", "says": "Modena (Duchy of Modena)\nReggio (Duchy of Reggio)\nGuastalla\nFrignano\nGarfagnana\nLunigiana\nMassa and Carrara (Duchy of Massa and Carrara)"}], "Q2608489": [{"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "lead", "says": "These three city-states ruled that area in and around the Valley of Mexico from 1428 until the combined forces of the Spanish conquistadores and their native allies who ruled under Hernán Cortés defeated them in 1521."}, {"id": "Q796651", "label": "Azcapotzalco", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance was formed from the victorious factions of a civil war fought between the city of Azcapotzalco and its former tributary provinces."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the initial conception of the empire as an alliance of three self-governed city-states, the capital Tenochtitlan became dominant militarily."}, {"id": "Q778550", "label": "Tezozomoc", "section": "History - Aztec warfare", "says": "The new Mexica city-state allied with the city of Azcapotzalco and paid tribute to its ruler Tezozomoc."}, {"id": "Q335525", "label": "Acamapichtli", "section": "History - Aztec warfare", "says": "Their son Acamapichtli was enthroned as the first tlatoani of Tenochtitlan in 1372."}, {"id": "Q257811", "label": "Chimalpopoca", "section": "History - Tepanec War", "says": "But his son Maxtla soon usurped the throne and turned against factions that opposed him, including the Mexica ruler Chimalpopoca."}, {"id": "Q318072", "label": "Itzcoatl", "section": "History - Tepanec War", "says": "The new Mexica ruler Itzcoatl continued to defy Maxtla, and he blockaded Tenochtitlan and demanded increased tribute payments."}, {"id": "Q379964", "label": "Nezahualcóyotl", "section": "History - Tepanec War", "says": "Maxtla similarly turned against the Acolhua, and the king of Texcoco Nezahualcoyotl fled into exile."}, {"id": "Q13702", "label": "Moctezuma I", "section": "History - Imperial reforms", "says": "After Moctezuma I succeeded Itzcoatl as the Mexica emperor, more reforms were instigated to maintain control over conquered cities."}, {"id": "Q351751", "label": "Axayacatl", "section": "History - Early years of expansion", "says": "In 1468, Moctezuma I died and was succeeded by his son Axayacatl."}, {"id": "Q2605410", "label": "Tarascan State", "section": "History - Early years of expansion", "says": "Also, as the Aztec Empire was expanding and consolidating power, the Purépecha Empire in West Mexico was similarly expanding."}, {"id": "Q351758", "label": "Ahuitzotl", "section": "History - Later years of expansion", "says": "Tizoc was succeeded by his brother Ahuitzotl in 1486."}, {"id": "Q141791", "label": "Moctezuma II", "section": "History - Later years of expansion", "says": "Ahuitzotl was succeeded by his nephew Moctezuma II in 1502."}, {"id": "Q2791", "label": "Gerónimo", "section": "History - Spanish conquest", "says": "At the island of Cozumel, Cortés encountered a shipwrecked Spaniard named Gerónimo de Aguilar who joined the expedition and translated between Spanish and Mayan."}, {"id": "Q614072", "label": "Tlaxcala", "section": "History - Spanish conquest", "says": "The Totonacs provided Cortés with 20 companies of soldiers for his march to Tlaxcala, having effectively declared war on the Aztecs."}], "Q283680": [{"id": "Q203969", "label": "Zimri–lim", "section": "History - Middle Bronze IIA", "says": "1770s-1760s BC and contemporary with king Zimri-Lim of Mari."}, {"id": "Q354903", "label": "Suppiluliuma I", "section": "History - Hittite influence", "says": "Around the end of the reign of Pharaoh Tutankhamen, Carchemish was captured by king Šuppiluliuma I of the Hittites (c."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Hittite influence", "says": "Around the end of the reign of Pharaoh Tutankhamen, Carchemish was captured by king Šuppiluliuma I of the Hittites (c."}, {"id": "Q203729", "label": "Battle of Kadesh", "section": "History - Hittite influence", "says": "He participated in the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - Egyptian influence", "says": "Pharaoh Thutmose I of the Eighteenth Dynasty  erected a stele near Carchemish to celebrate his conquest of Syria and other lands beyond the Euphrates."}, {"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "Although Ramesses III states in an inscription dating to his 8th Year from his Medinet Habu mortuary temple that Carchemish was destroyed by the Sea Peoples, the city evidently survived the onslaught."}, {"id": "Q310142", "label": "Shalmaneser I", "section": "History - Relations with Assyria", "says": "In the mid-13th century BC, after the fall of the Mitanni, Shalmaneser I visited Carchemish together with Prince Tukultī-Ninurta."}, {"id": "Q193290", "label": "Ashurnasirpal II", "section": "History - Relations with Assyria", "says": "In the 9th century BC, King Sangara (870-848 BC), the last member of the dynasty, paid tribute to Kings Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III of Assyria."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Relations with Assyria", "says": "In the 9th century BC, King Sangara (870-848 BC), the last member of the dynasty, paid tribute to Kings Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III of Assyria."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - House of Astiruwa", "says": "Carchemish was conquered  by Sargon II in 717 BC in the reign of King Pisiri, the last ruler of the House of Astiruwa."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "History - Battle of Carchemish", "says": "In the summer of 605 BC, the Battle of Carchemish was fought there by the Babylonian army of Nebuchadnezzar II and that of Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt and the remnants of the Assyrian army (Jer."}, {"id": "Q125102", "label": "Necho II", "section": "History - Battle of Carchemish", "says": "In the summer of 605 BC, the Battle of Carchemish was fought there by the Babylonian army of Nebuchadnezzar II and that of Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt and the remnants of the Assyrian army (Jer."}], "Q332337": [{"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League (Greek: κοινὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων, koinòn tõn Hellḗnōn; or simply οἱ Ἕλληνες, the Héllēnes), was a federation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon in 338–337 BC."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The League was created in order to unify Greek military forces under Macedonian hegemony (leadership) in a pan-Hellenic expedition against the Persian Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q221182", "label": "Isocrates", "section": "lead", "says": "King Philip was initially urged by Isocrates in 346 BC to unify Greece against the Persians."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander the Great utilized his father's league when planning his pan-Hellenic invasion of Asia to expand Macedon and take revenge on the Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander the Great utilized his father's league when planning his pan-Hellenic invasion of Asia to expand Macedon and take revenge on the Persian Empire."}], "Q3462133": [{"id": "Q541199", "label": "Republic of Reuss", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1920, the northern part of the duchy (since 1918 the Free State of Gotha; culturally and linguistically Thuringian) was merged with six other Thuringian free states to form the Free State of Thuringia: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (until 1918 a grand duchy), Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Meiningen (until 1918 duchies), Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (until 1918 principalities), as well "}, {"id": "Q314925", "label": "Free State of Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The southern part of the duchy (since 1918 the Free State of Coburg; culturally and linguistically Franconian), as southernmost of the Thuringian states, was the only one which, after a referendum, became part of the Free State of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early part of the 20th century, before the First World War, it was the family of the sovereigns of the United Kingdom, Belgium, Portugal, Bulgaria, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "As of 2026, a branch of the family still reigns in Belgium, and while the British line still technically exists up to the present day, it now uses the name Windsor due to a proclamation issued by King George V in 1917."}, {"id": "Q1060355", "label": "Simeon II of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The former Tsar of Bulgaria, Simeon II (reigned 1943–46), kept his surname while serving as the Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2001 to 2005."}], "Q389161": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Swat District (Pashto: سوات اولسوالۍ, Urdu: ضلع سوات) was an administrative district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan from 1969 to 2025."}], "Q468902": [{"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "lead", "says": "Middle Francia (Latin: Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, which ended nearly three years of civil war among the surviving sons of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, and divided the Carolingian Empire in three kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "lead", "says": "Middle Francia (Latin: Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, which ended nearly three years of civil war among the surviving sons of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, and divided the Carolingian Empire in three kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "Middle Francia (Latin: Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, which ended nearly three years of civil war among the surviving sons of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, and divided the Carolingian Empire in three kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Middle Francia (Latin: Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, which ended nearly three years of civil war among the surviving sons of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, and divided the Carolingian Empire in three kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "lead", "says": "Middle Francia was allocated to Lothair I, the eldest of the three sons."}, {"id": "Q835646", "label": "Treaty of Prüm", "section": "lead", "says": "Middle Francia ceased to exist as a unified kingdom when Lothair I divided it among his sons under the Treaty of Prüm, shortly before his death in 855."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis II received Italy and the imperial title, Charles received the southern territories centred on Provence, and Lothair II received the northern kingdom, which later became known as Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis II received Italy and the imperial title, Charles received the southern territories centred on Provence, and Lothair II received the northern kingdom, which later became known as Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of the former Middle Francia were thus progressively redistributed, which allowed West Francia and East Francia to claim them."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territories of the former Middle Francia were thus progressively redistributed, which allowed West Francia and East Francia to claim them."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "Partition of 855", "says": "Most of the lands north of the Alps, comprising the Low Countries, the western Rhineland, the lands today on the border between France and Germany, and what is now western Switzerland, passed to Lothair II and were called Lotharingia, after its ruler."}, {"id": "Q333802", "label": "Charles of Provence", "section": "Partition of 855", "says": "Charles of Provence received the Kingdom of Burgundy (Upper Burgundy and Lower Burgundy) and Provence."}, {"id": "Q33235", "label": "Upper Burgundy", "section": "Partition of 855", "says": "Charles of Provence received the Kingdom of Burgundy (Upper Burgundy and Lower Burgundy) and Provence."}, {"id": "Q33242", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "section": "Partition of 855", "says": "Charles of Provence received the Kingdom of Burgundy (Upper Burgundy and Lower Burgundy) and Provence."}, {"id": "Q263164", "label": "Waldrada", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "When Lothair II died in 869, his only son Hugh by his mistress Waldrada was declared illegitimate, so his only legal heir was his brother Louis II."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "However, as Louis II was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, Lotharingia was partitioned between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the Treaty of Meerssen in 870."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "However, as Louis II was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, Lotharingia was partitioned between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the Treaty of Meerssen in 870."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "However, as Louis II was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, Lotharingia was partitioned between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the Treaty of Meerssen in 870."}, {"id": "Q157084", "label": "Carloman of Bavaria", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "In 875 Louis II died without sons and named as his successor in Italy his cousin Carloman of Bavaria, eldest son of Louis the German."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "However, Pope John VIII, dealing with the constant threat of raiders from the Emirate of Sicily, sided with Charles the Bald."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "Carloman was crowned king of Bavaria in 876 and invaded Italy in 877 to claim the Kingdom of Italy, but on his death in 880 without any legitimate heirs, his kingdom went to his younger brother, King Charles the Fat."}, {"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "Later partitions", "says": "Carloman was crowned king of Bavaria in 876 and invaded Italy in 877 to claim the Kingdom of Italy, but on his death in 880 without any legitimate heirs, his kingdom went to his younger brother, King Charles the Fat."}], "Q47261": [{"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A new duchy was created from this area during the decline of the Carolingian Empire in the late ninth century."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "It became one of the stem duchies of the East Frankish realm, which evolved as the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It became one of the stem duchies of the East Frankish realm, which evolved as the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "lead", "says": "During internal struggles in the Ottonian dynasty, the Bavarian territory was considerably diminished by the separation of the newly established Duchy of Carinthia in 976."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "lead", "says": "In the final conflict between the Welf and Hohenstaufen dynasties, Duke Henry the Lion was banned and deprived of his Bavarian and Saxon fiefs by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "In the final conflict between the Welf and Hohenstaufen dynasties, Duke Henry the Lion was banned and deprived of his Bavarian and Saxon fiefs by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "Frederick passed Bavaria over to the House of Wittelsbach, which held it until 1918."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bavarian dukes were raised to prince-electors during the Thirty Years' War in 1623, and to kings by Napoleon in 1806."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bavarian dukes were raised to prince-electors during the Thirty Years' War in 1623, and to kings by Napoleon in 1806."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Older stem duchy", "says": "In his Getica, the chronicler Jordanes writes: \"That area of the Swabians has the Bavarii in the east, the Franks in the west ...\""}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "History - Agilolfings", "says": "The Bavarians then colonized the area from the March of the Nordgau along the Naab river (later called the Upper Palatinate) up to the Enns in the east and southward across the Brenner Pass to the Upper Adige in present-day South Tyrol."}, {"id": "Q501754", "label": "Carantania", "section": "History - Agilolfings", "says": "At around 743, the Bavarian duke Odilo vassalised the Slavic princes of Carantania (roughly corresponding with the later March of Carinthia), who had asked him for protection against the invading Avars."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - Agilolfings", "says": "In the adjacent Alamannic (Swabian) lands west of the Lech river, Augsburg was a bishop's seat."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - Agilolfings", "says": "In 798, Pope Leo III created the Bavarian ecclesiastical province with Salzburg as metropolitan seat and Regensburg, Passau, Freising, and Säben (later Brixen) as suffragan dioceses."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "In the west, the Carolingian mayor of the palace Carloman had suppressed the last Alamannic revolt in 746 Blood court at Cannstatt."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Carolingians", "says": "The conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne entailed the fall of Tassilo, who was deposed in 788."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "In his 817, Ordinatio Imperii, Charlemagne's son and successor Emperor Louis the Pious tried to maintain the unity of the Carolingian Empire: while imperial authority upon his death was to pass to his eldest son Lothair I, the younger brothers were to receive subordinate realms."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "In his 817, Ordinatio Imperii, Charlemagne's son and successor Emperor Louis the Pious tried to maintain the unity of the Carolingian Empire: while imperial authority upon his death was to pass to his eldest son Lothair I, the younger brothers were to receive subordinate realms."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "From 825, Louis the German styled himself \"King of Bavaria\" in the territory that was to become the centre of his power."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "When the brothers divided the Empire by the 843 Treaty of Verdun, Bavaria became part of East Francia under King Louis the German, who upon his death, bequeathed the Bavarian royal title to his eldest son Carloman in 876."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "Carloman's natural son Arnulf of Carinthia, raised in the former Carantanian lands, secured possession of the March of Carinthia upon his father's death in 880, and became King of East Francia in 887."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "In 899, Bavaria passed to Louis the Child, during whose reign continuous Hungarian ravages occurred."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "Resistance to these inroads became gradually feebler, and tradition has it that on 5 July, 907, almost the whole of the Bavarian tribe perished in the Battle of Pressburg against these formidable enemies."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "He died in the great battle of 907, but his son Arnulf, whose last name was the Bad, rallied the remnants of the tribe in alliance with the Hungarians and became duke of the Bavarians in 911, uniting Bavaria and Carinthia under his rule."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "Nevertheless, the self-confidence of the Bavarian dukes was an ongoing matter of dispute in the newly established Kingdom of Germany: Duke Arnulf's son Eberhard was deposed by King Otto I of Germany in 938; he was succeeded by his younger brother Berthold."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "In 948, King Otto finally disempowered the Luitpoldings and installed his younger brother Henry I as Bavarian duke."}, {"id": "Q701920", "label": "March of Verona", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "In 952, Duke Henry I also received the Italian March of Verona, which Otto I had seized from King Berengar II of Italy."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "He still had to deal with the Hungarian threat, which was not eliminated until King Otto's victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "Although ruled by the Ottonian descendants of Henry I, a cadet branch of the Saxon royal dynasty, the conflict of the Bavarian dukes with the German (from 962: Imperial) court continued: in 976, Emperor Otto II deposed his rebellious cousin Duke Henry II of Bavaria and established the Duchy of Carinthia on former Bavarian territory granted to the former Luitpolding Count palatine Henry III, who al"}, {"id": "Q454304", "label": "Henry II, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "Although ruled by the Ottonian descendants of Henry I, a cadet branch of the Saxon royal dynasty, the conflict of the Bavarian dukes with the German (from 962: Imperial) court continued: in 976, Emperor Otto II deposed his rebellious cousin Duke Henry II of Bavaria and established the Duchy of Carinthia on former Bavarian territory granted to the former Luitpolding Count palatine Henry III, who al"}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "Though Henry II reconciled with Emperor Otto's widow Theophanu in 985 and regained his duchy, the power of the Bavarian dukes was further diminished by the rise of the Franconian House of Babenberg, ruling as Margraves of Austria (Ostarrichi), who became increasingly independent."}, {"id": "Q464081", "label": "Theophanu", "section": "History - Luitpoldings and Ottonians", "says": "Though Henry II reconciled with Emperor Otto's widow Theophanu in 985 and regained his duchy, the power of the Bavarian dukes was further diminished by the rise of the Franconian House of Babenberg, ruling as Margraves of Austria (Ostarrichi), who became increasingly independent."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "The last Ottonian duke, Henry IV of Bavaria, was elected King of the Romans in 1002 as Henry II."}, {"id": "Q262192", "label": "Agnes of Poitou", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "In 1061, the dowager empress Agnes of Poitou enfeoffed the Saxon count Otto of Nordheim with the Duchy."}, {"id": "Q65006", "label": "Otto of Nordheim", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "In 1061, the dowager empress Agnes of Poitou enfeoffed the Saxon count Otto of Nordheim with the Duchy."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "After Henry V, the last of the Salian emperors, died in 1125, Lothair III of the House of Supplinburg was elected to the throne; the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud had married Lothair's daughter Gertrude, and was thus promised her inheritance."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "After Henry V, the last of the Salian emperors, died in 1125, Lothair III of the House of Supplinburg was elected to the throne; the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud had married Lothair's daughter Gertrude, and was thus promised her inheritance."}, {"id": "Q366696", "label": "Henry X", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "After Henry V, the last of the Salian emperors, died in 1125, Lothair III of the House of Supplinburg was elected to the throne; the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud had married Lothair's daughter Gertrude, and was thus promised her inheritance."}, {"id": "Q130875", "label": "House of Hohenstaufen", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "When conflict arose with anti-king Conrad III, nephew of Henry V and member of the Swabian House of Hohenstaufen, the Bavarian duke threw his support behind Lothair, further increasing his social capital and increasing his chances of election as King of Germany as well as Duke of Saxony in the aftermath of Lothair's death."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "However, Conrad III was successfully elected as King of Germany in 1138; fearing Henry's power, Conrad denied Henry his investiture with the Duchy of Saxony, claiming that it was unlawful for a duke to hold two duchies."}, {"id": "Q693980", "label": "Duchy of Swabia", "section": "History - House of Welf", "says": "The Duchy of Swabia consisted largely of countryside during the reign of the Staufer king, while Franconia became the center of Staufer power, having been invested with the title dux Francorum orientalium, in 1115 by Henry V."}, {"id": "Q60563", "label": "Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "When Count Palatine Otto VI. of Wittelsbach became Otto I, Duke of Bavaria in 1180, the Wittelsbach treasury was rather low."}, {"id": "Q57161", "label": "Louis IV of Bavaria", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "Despite renewed division after a short time of reunification, Bavaria gained new heights of power with Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who became the first Wittelsbach emperor in 1328."}, {"id": "Q571775", "label": "Bavaria-Ingolstadt", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich."}, {"id": "Q552033", "label": "Bavaria-Munich", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich."}, {"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "History - Wittelsbachs", "says": "In spite of the decree of 1506, Albert's oldest son William IV was compelled to grant a share in the government in 1516 to his br"}], "Q533534": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Cisleithania, officially The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (German: Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder), was the northern and western part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual Monarchy created in the Compromise of 1867—as distinguished from Transleithania (i.e., the Hungarian Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen east of [\"beyond\"] the Leitha River)."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "lead", "says": "Cisleithania, officially The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (German: Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder), was the northern and western part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual Monarchy created in the Compromise of 1867—as distinguished from Transleithania (i.e., the Hungarian Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen east of [\"beyond\"] the Leitha River)."}, {"id": "Q2396442", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached from Vorarlberg in the west to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Duchy of Bukovina (today part of Ukraine and Romania) in the east, as well as from the Kingdom of Bohemia in the north to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (today part of Croatia and Montenegro) in the south."}, {"id": "Q4137588", "label": "Duchy of Bukovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached from Vorarlberg in the west to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Duchy of Bukovina (today part of Ukraine and Romania) in the east, as well as from the Kingdom of Bohemia in the north to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (today part of Croatia and Montenegro) in the south."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached from Vorarlberg in the west to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Duchy of Bukovina (today part of Ukraine and Romania) in the east, as well as from the Kingdom of Bohemia in the north to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (today part of Croatia and Montenegro) in the south."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached from Vorarlberg in the west to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Duchy of Bukovina (today part of Ukraine and Romania) in the east, as well as from the Kingdom of Bohemia in the north to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (today part of Croatia and Montenegro) in the south."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It comprised the current States of Austria (except for Burgenland), as well as most of the territories of the Czech Republic and Slovenia (except for Prekmurje), southern Poland, parts of Italy (Trieste, Gorizia, Tarvisio, Trentino, and South Tyrol), Croatia (Istria, Dalmatia), Montenegro (Kotor Bay), Romania (Southern Bukovina), and Ukraine (Northern Bukovina and Galicia)."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "It comprised the current States of Austria (except for Burgenland), as well as most of the territories of the Czech Republic and Slovenia (except for Prekmurje), southern Poland, parts of Italy (Trieste, Gorizia, Tarvisio, Trentino, and South Tyrol), Croatia (Istria, Dalmatia), Montenegro (Kotor Bay), Romania (Southern Bukovina), and Ukraine (Northern Bukovina and Galicia)."}], "Q719634": [{"id": "Q296439", "label": "Mentuhotep II", "section": "lead", "says": "Its earlier members before King Mentuhotep II are grouped with the four preceding dynasties to form the First Intermediate Period, whereas the later members are considered part of the Middle Kingdom."}], "Q728479": [{"id": "Q15631010", "label": "Abydos Dynasty", "section": "Dynastic history - Territorial extent", "says": "Regular conflicts continued with the Egyptian dynasties to the south, the Sixteenth Dynasty, the Abydos Dynasty and the Seventeenth Dynasty, with short intervals of peace during which there were some relations with Nubia."}, {"id": "Q7222", "label": "Ahmose I", "section": "Dynastic history - Territorial extent", "says": "The Fifteenth Dynasty eventually ended with the conquest of Avaris by the Pharaoh Ahmose I."}], "Q7380487": [{"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Pontus reached its greatest extent under Mithridates VI the Great, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia and the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos, plus (only temporarily) the Roman province of Asia."}, {"id": "Q200401", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "section": "History - Mithridatic dynasty of Cius", "says": "Mithridates II remained as ruler after Alexander's conquests and was a vassal to Antigonus I Monophthalmus, who briefly ruled Asia Minor after the Partition of Triparadisus."}, {"id": "Q1271334", "label": "Partition of Triparadisus", "section": "History - Mithridatic dynasty of Cius", "says": "Mithridates II remained as ruler after Alexander's conquests and was a vassal to Antigonus I Monophthalmus, who briefly ruled Asia Minor after the Partition of Triparadisus."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "History - Mithridatic dynasty of Cius", "says": "Mithridates was killed by Antigonus in 302 BC under suspicion that he was working with his enemy Cassander."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "History - Mithridatic dynasty of Cius", "says": "Mithridates first went to the city of Cimiata in Paphlagonia and later to Amasya in Cappadocia."}, {"id": "Q3373", "label": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "Mithridates went on to support Antiochus Hierax against his brother Seleucus II Callinicus."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "Seleucus was defeated in Anatolia by Hierax, Mithridates, and the Galatians."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "He married Seleucus II's sister and gave his daughter in marriage to Antiochus III, to obtain recognition for his new kingdom and create strong ties with the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q359215", "label": "Pharnaces I of Pontus", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "Pharnaces I of Pontus was much more successful in his expansion of the kingdom at the expense of the Greek coastal cities."}, {"id": "Q372361", "label": "Prusias I of Bithynia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "He joined in a war with Prusias I of Bithynia against Eumenes of Pergamon in 188 BC, but the two made peace in 183 after Bithynia suffered a series of reversals."}, {"id": "Q312431", "label": "Attalus II Philadelphus", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "He sent aid to the Roman ally Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon against Prusias II of Bithynia in 155."}, {"id": "Q359222", "label": "Prusias II of Bithynia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "He sent aid to the Roman ally Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon against Prusias II of Bithynia in 155."}, {"id": "Q6334", "label": "Third Punic War", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "His successor, Mithridates V of Pontus Euergetes, remained a friend of Rome and in 149 BC sent ships and a small force of auxiliaries to aid Rome in the Third Punic War."}, {"id": "Q309804", "label": "Attalus III", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "He also sent troops for the war against Eumenes III (Aristonicus), who had usurped the Pergamene throne after the death of Attalus III."}, {"id": "Q2022162", "label": "Kingdom of Pergamon", "section": "History - Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "After Rome received the Kingdom of Pergamon in the will of Attalus III in the absence of an heir, they turned part of it into the province of Asia, while giving the rest to loyal allied kings."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Mithridates VI Eupator", "says": "Mithridates VI Eupator, 'the Good Father', followed a decisive anti-Roman agenda, extolling Greek and Iranian culture against ever-expanding Roman influence."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "History - Mithridates VI Eupator", "says": "Mithridates began his expansion by inheriting Lesser Armenia from King Antipater (precise date unknown, c.115–106) and by conquering the Kingdom of Colchis."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Mithridates VI Eupator", "says": "The cities of the Tauric Chersonesus now appealed for his aid against the Scythians in the north."}, {"id": "Q353702", "label": "Nicomedes III of Bithynia", "section": "History - Mithridates VI Eupator", "says": "After Nicomedes III of Bithynia married Laodice, he tried to intervene in the region by sending troops; Mithridates swiftly invaded, placing his nephew Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia on the throne of Cappadocia."}, {"id": "Q359570", "label": "Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia", "section": "History - Mithridates VI Eupator", "says": "After Nicomedes III of Bithynia married Laodice, he tried to intervene in the region by sending troops; Mithridates swiftly invaded, placing his nephew Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia on the throne of Cappadocia."}, {"id": "Q1259636", "label": "Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia", "section": "History - Mithridates VI Eupator", "says": "Mithridates then installed his eight-year-old son, Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia as king, with Gordius as regent."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "History - Mithridates VI Eupator", "says": "In 91/90 BC, while Rome was busy in the Social War in Italy, Mithridates encouraged his new ally and son-in-law, King Tigranes the Great of Armenia, to invade Cappadocia, which he did, and Ariobarzanes fled to Rome."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "History - The First Mithridatic War", "says": "Many Greek city-states now joined Mithridates, including Sparta, the Achaean League, and most of the Boeotian League except Thespiae."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "History - The First Mithridatic War", "says": "After stiff resistance, Archelaus, the Pontic general in Piraeus, left by sea, and Sulla utterly destroyed the port city."}, {"id": "Q1509221", "label": "Battle of Orchomenus", "section": "History - The First Mithridatic War", "says": "Archelaus regrouped and attacked a second time at the Battle of Orchomenus in 85 BC but was once again defeated and suffered heavy losses."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "History - Second and Third Mithridatic wars", "says": "When in 74 the consul Lucullus took over Cilicia, Mithridates faced Roman commanders on two fronts."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "History - Second and Third Mithridatic wars", "says": "The Third Mithridatic War broke out when Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 and left his kingdom to Rome."}, {"id": "Q315480", "label": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia", "section": "History - Second and Third Mithridatic wars", "says": "The Third Mithridatic War broke out when Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 and left his kingdom to Rome."}, {"id": "Q2299845", "label": "Battle of Tigranocerta", "section": "History - Second and Third Mithridatic wars", "says": "Despite this, Lucullus led his men in a charge against the Armenian horses and won a great victory at the Battle of Tigranocerta."}, {"id": "Q321371", "label": "Bosporan Kingdom", "section": "History - Roman province and client kingdoms", "says": "The Bosporan Kingdom also remained independent under Pharnaces II of Pontus as an ally and friend of Rome."}, {"id": "Q313052", "label": "Pharnaces II of Pontus", "section": "History - Roman province and client kingdoms", "says": "The Bosporan Kingdom also remained independent under Pharnaces II of Pontus as an ally and friend of Rome."}], "Q837998": [{"id": "Q233573", "label": "Offa of Mercia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by the Wuffingas dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries, but the territory was taken by Offa of Mercia in 794."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "After Alfred the Great forced a treaty with the Danes, East Anglia was left as part of the Danelaw."}, {"id": "Q187114", "label": "Edward the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was taken back from Danish control by Edward the Elder and incorporated into the Kingdom of England in 918."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was taken back from Danish control by Edward the Elder and incorporated into the Kingdom of England in 918."}, {"id": "Q1235472", "label": "Henry of Huntingdon", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post-medieval historians as the Heptarchy, a scheme used by Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century."}, {"id": "Q784963", "label": "Anglo-Saxon England", "section": "History - Pagan rule", "says": "For a brief period in the early 7th century, whilst Rædwald ruled, East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England: he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the Humber. and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle identifies him as Bretwalda."}, {"id": "Q348955", "label": "Edwin of Northumbria", "section": "History - Pagan rule", "says": "In 616, he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king Æthelfrith at the Battle of the River Idle and enthrone Edwin of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Christianisation", "says": "Anglo-Saxon Christianity became established in the 7th century."}, {"id": "Q509072", "label": "Sigeberht", "section": "History - Christianisation", "says": "After three years of apostasy, Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald's brother (or step-brother) Sigeberht, who had been baptised during his exile in Francia."}, {"id": "Q332123", "label": "Penda of Mercia", "section": "History - Mercian aggression", "says": "The eminence of East Anglia under Rædwald fell victim to the rising power of Penda of Mercia and successors."}, {"id": "Q1517749", "label": "Battle of the Winwaed", "section": "History - Mercian aggression", "says": "In 655 Æthelhere of East Anglia joined Penda in a campaign against Oswiu that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the Battle of the Winwaed, where Penda and his ally Æthelhere were killed."}, {"id": "Q762675", "label": "Coenwulf", "section": "History - Mercian aggression", "says": "A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald, after Offa's death in 796, was suppressed by the new Mercian king, Coenwulf."}, {"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "History - Mercian aggression", "says": "East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by Æthelstan in 825."}, {"id": "Q3119819", "label": "Thorkell the Tall", "section": "History - Absorption into the Kingdom of England", "says": "Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new earldom of East Anglia in 1017, when Thorkell the Tall was made earl by Cnut the Great."}, {"id": "Q134128", "label": "Cnut the Great", "section": "History - Absorption into the Kingdom of England", "says": "Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new earldom of East Anglia in 1017, when Thorkell the Tall was made earl by Cnut the Great."}], "Q844910": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "In the second half of the 13th century under Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I and Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, the Pandyas ruled extensive territories including regions of present-day South India and northern Sri Lanka through vassal states subject to Madurai."}, {"id": "Q2572901", "label": "Kalabhra", "section": "lead", "says": "The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the Kalabhra dynasty in south India."}, {"id": "Q6806806", "label": "Chola Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pandyas allied themselves with the Sinhalese and the Cheras against the Chola Empire until it found an opportunity to revive its frontiers during the late 13th century."}, {"id": "Q1391280", "label": "Kharavela", "section": "Sources of Pandya history - Archaeological sources", "says": "Kharavela, the Kalinga king who ruled during c."}, {"id": "Q312548", "label": "Megasthenes", "section": "Sources of Pandya history - Foreign sources", "says": "Pandyas are also mentioned by Greek author Megasthenes (4th century BCE) where he writes about the south Indian kingdom being ruled by women."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "Sources of Pandya history - Foreign sources", "says": "Pliny the Elder refers to the Pandya ruler of Madurai in general terms (first century CE)."}, {"id": "Q313924", "label": "Nicolaus of Damascus", "section": "Sources of Pandya history - Foreign sources", "says": "The 1st-century Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met, at Antioch, the ambassador sent by a king from India \"named Pandion or, according to others, Porus\" to Caesar Augustus c."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Sources of Pandya history - Foreign sources", "says": "The 1st-century Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met, at Antioch, the ambassador sent by a king from India \"named Pandion or, according to others, Porus\" to Caesar Augustus c."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Pandya revival (7th–10th centuries CE)", "says": "This is attested by the numerous inscriptions dated from the 6th century and thereafter, as well as the Chinese language memoirs of the Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang who visited the Tamil region about 640 CE along with other parts of the Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q7135564", "label": "Parantaka I", "section": "History - Under Chola influence (10th–13th centuries)", "says": "Parantaka I, successor to Aditya, invaded the Pandya territories in 910 CE and captured Madurai from king Maravarman Rajasimha II (hence the title \"Madurai Konda\")."}, {"id": "Q4997590", "label": "Parantaka Chola II", "section": "History - Under Chola influence (10th–13th centuries)", "says": "Chola ruler Sundara Parantaka II (r."}, {"id": "Q2128757", "label": "Rajaraja I", "section": "History - Under Chola influence (10th–13th centuries)", "says": "Chola emperor Rajaraja I (r."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Under Chola influence (10th–13th centuries)", "says": "Emperor Rajendra I continued to occupy the Pandya kingdom, and even appointed a series of Chola viceroys with the title \"Chola Pandya\" to rule from Madurai (over Pandya and Western Chera/Kerala countries)."}, {"id": "Q335836", "label": "Kulothunga Chola III", "section": "History - Maravarman Sundara I", "says": "He invaded the Chola country, sacked Uraiyur and Thanjavur, and drove the Chola king Kulothunga III into exile."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "History - Decline of Pandyas", "says": "However, Ballala had to retreat to his capital, when Alauddin Khalji's general Malik Kafur invaded his kingdom at the same time."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "History - Tenkasi Pandyas (14th–16th centuries)", "says": "Although the Vijayanagara Empire and the Nayaks ruled Madurai after the 14th century, they were occasionally opposed by the Pandyas."}, {"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "History - Legacy", "says": "While the previous sultanate raids were content with plunder, the Tughluqs under Ulugh Khan (later Muhammad bin Tughluq) annexed the former Pandya dominions to the sultanate as the province of Ma'bar."}], "Q1072140": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Republic (Italian: Repubblica Romana) was a short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's departure to Gaeta."}, {"id": "Q187336", "label": "Giuseppe Mazzini", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi."}, {"id": "Q775698", "label": "Aurelio Saffi", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi."}, {"id": "Q43720", "label": "Pius IX", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the major innovations the Republic hoped to achieve was enshrined in its constitution: freedom of religion, with Pope Pius IX and his successors guaranteed the right to govern the Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Assassination of Pellegrino Rossi", "says": "The following day, the liberals of Rome filled the streets, where various groups demanded a democratic government, social reforms and a declaration of war against the Austrian Empire to liberate long-held territories that were culturally and ethnically Italian."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "History - Assassination of Pellegrino Rossi", "says": "On the night of 24 November, Pope Pius IX left Rome disguised as an ordinary priest, and went out of the state to Gaeta, a fortress in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "History - Elections", "says": "Margaret Fuller described the procession under a new flag, a tricolore sent from Venice, that set the flag in the hands of the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius at the Campidoglio, and the angry popular reaction to papal warnings of excommunication for political actions of November received from Gaeta and posted on the 3rd."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Proclamation of the Roman Republic", "says": "Giuseppe Garibaldi formed the \"Italian Legion\", with many recruits coming from Piedmont and the Austrian territories of Lombardy and Venetia, and took up a station at the border town of Rieti on the border with the Kingdom of Two Sicilies."}, {"id": "Q355112", "label": "Louis Blanc", "section": "History - Foreign intervention", "says": "He inaugurated prison and insane asylum reforms, freedom of the press, and secular education, but shied away from the \"Right to Work\" or work guarantee programs for unemployed poor, having seen the compromise National Workshops measure of Louis Blanc fail in France shortly before."}, {"id": "Q153500", "label": "Joseph Radetzky von Radetz", "section": "History - Foreign intervention", "says": "The commander-in-chief of Austrian forces in Milan, Count Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, had remarked during the \"Five Glorious Days\" of Milan, \"Three days of blood will give us thirty years of peace\"."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Foreign intervention", "says": "In France, newly elected President Louis Napoleon, who would soon declare himself emperor Napoleon III, was torn."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Foreign intervention", "says": "In France, newly elected President Louis Napoleon, who would soon declare himself emperor Napoleon III, was torn."}, {"id": "Q209169", "label": "Ferdinand de Lesseps", "section": "History - French siege", "says": "The French government sent Ferdinand de Lesseps to negotiate a more formal ceasefire."}, {"id": "Q721738", "label": "Goffredo Mameli", "section": "History - French siege", "says": "Many Italians from outside the Papal States went to Rome to fight for the Republic: among them was Goffredo Mameli, who had tried to form a common state jo"}], "Q1124402": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tughlaq dynasty was the third dynasty to rule over the Delhi Sultanate in the medieval Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tughlaq dynasty reached its territorial zenith through the military campaigns led by Muhammad bin Tughluq between 1330 and 1335."}, {"id": "Q2741754", "label": "Khizr Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the disastrous invasion of Timur in 1398–99, the last Tughlaq sultan was eventually deposed by Khizr Khan, who went on to establish Sayyid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q3319050", "label": "Mohammed Qacim Ferichta", "section": "Origin", "says": "The 16th-century writer Firishta claims that it is an Indian corruption of the Turkic term Qutlugh, but this is doubtful."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta stated with reference to the Sufi saint Rukn-e-Alam that Tughluq belonged to the \"Qarauna\" [Neguderi] tribe of Turks, who lived in the hilly region between Turkestan and Sindh, and were in fact Mongols."}, {"id": "Q207000", "label": "Ziauddin Barani", "section": "History - Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq", "says": "He lowered the tax rate on Muslims that was prevalent during Khalji dynasty, but raised the taxes on Hindus, wrote his court historian Ziauddin Barani, so that they might not be blinded by wealth or afford to become rebellious."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq", "says": "In 1321, he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to Deogir to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of Telangana)."}, {"id": "Q455442", "label": "Firuz Shah Tughlaq", "section": "History - Feroz Shah Tughluq", "says": "Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew Firuz Shah Tughlaq replaced him and assumed the throne."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "History - Feroz Shah Tughluq", "says": "Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Abohar people."}, {"id": "Q3104923", "label": "Tughluq Khan", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "Tughluq Khan assumed power, but died in conflict."}, {"id": "Q2822165", "label": "Abu Bakr Shah", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "In 1389, Abu Bakr Shah assumed power, but he too died within a year."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "In 1394, Hindus in Lahore region and northwest South Asia (now Pakistan) had re-asserted self-rule."}], "Q1136188": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty's rise to power started in 1510, when Muhammad al-Qa'im was declared leader of the tribes of the Sous valley in southern Morocco in their resistance against the Portuguese who occupied Agadir and other coastal cities."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the later half of his reign he launched a successful invasion of the Songhai Empire, resulting in the establishment of a Pashalik centered on Timbuktu."}, {"id": "Q182914", "label": "Hasan ibn Ali", "section": "Origins of the dynasty", "says": "The Saadi dynasty claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the line of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Zahra (Muhammad's daughter), and more specifically through Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, grandson of Hasan ibn Ali."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "History - Conquest of Fes and confrontation with the Ottomans", "says": "Al-Harran died of sickness in Tlemcen shortly before an army of Ottoman Janissaries and tribal allies sent by the Ottoman Pasha of Algiers, Hasan Pasha, expelled the Saadian forces from the city and from western Algeria in February 1551."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Conquest of Fes and confrontation with the Ottomans", "says": "The Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, sent a diplomatic embassy to Muhammad al-Shaykh in 1552 in an attempt to persuade the latter to accept Ottoman suzerainty, even if just nominally, but this was refused."}, {"id": "Q1430929", "label": "Battle of Wadi", "section": "History - Abdallah al-Ghalib and his successors", "says": "The Saadians evacuated the city and were pursued by the Ottomans into Morocco, resulting in the Battle of Wadi al-Laban to the north of Fez in early 1558."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "History - Abdallah al-Ghalib and his successors", "says": "In the end, Ottoman pressure on Morocco was reduced by their own defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - The reign of Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)", "says": "Meanwhile, King Sebastian's lack of an immediate heir led to a succession crisis that ultimately resulted in King Philip II of Spain annexing Portugal in 1580."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - The reign of Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)", "says": "Meanwhile, King Sebastian's lack of an immediate heir led to a succession crisis that ultimately resulted in King Philip II of Spain annexing Portugal in 1580."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "History - The reign of Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)", "says": "One consequence of this was a widespread adoption of firearms and artillery in the Moroccan military, which aided Al-Mansur in his later conquests."}, {"id": "Q2030595", "label": "Idris Alooma", "section": "History - Conquest of the western Sudan under Al-Mansur", "says": "This ambition may have been further encouraged by the embassies of Idris Alooma, the Mai (king) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, who, having failed to secure support from the Ottoman Empire, expressed willingness to recognize Al-Mansur as caliph instead."}, {"id": "Q1139762", "label": "Kanem-Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Conquest of the western Sudan under Al-Mansur", "says": "This ambition may have been further encouraged by the embassies of Idris Alooma, the Mai (king) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, who, having failed to secure support from the Ottoman Empire, expressed willingness to recognize Al-Mansur as caliph instead."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Conquest of the western Sudan under Al-Mansur", "says": "This ambition may have been further encouraged by the embassies of Idris Alooma, the Mai (king) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, who, having failed to secure support from the Ottoman Empire, expressed willingness to recognize Al-Mansur as caliph instead."}, {"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "History - Succession war (1603–1627)", "says": "Abu Faris initially held Marrakesh until 1606 while Moulay Zaydan held Fes for a year before being defeated and expelled by Al-Ma'mun in 1604, who then ruled from Fes."}, {"id": "Q1121532", "label": "Battle of Alcácer Quibir", "section": "History - Chronological summary", "says": "1510: Saadian chief Al-Qa'im recognized as leader of the Sous\n1513: Al-Qa'im moves his base to Afughal, the burial place of Al-Jazuli\n1517: Al-Qa'im dies; Saadian realm divided between his sons Ahmad al-'Araj and Muhammad al-Shaykh\n1524 or 1525: Ahmad al-'Araj takes control of Marrakesh\n1527: Wattasids recognize Saadian rule over southern Morocco through the Treaty of Tadla\n1536: Saadians defeat W"}, {"id": "Q589285", "label": "Battle of Tondibi", "section": "History - Chronological summary", "says": "1510: Saadian chief Al-Qa'im recognized as leader of the Sous\n1513: Al-Qa'im moves his base to Afughal, the burial place of Al-Jazuli\n1517: Al-Qa'im dies; Saadian realm divided between his sons Ahmad al-'Araj and Muhammad al-Shaykh\n1524 or 1525: Ahmad al-'Araj takes control of Marrakesh\n1527: Wattasids recognize Saadian rule over southern Morocco through the Treaty of Tadla\n1536: Saadians defeat W"}], "Q11709": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "Fall of the empire", "says": "With the death of Ibrahim Lodi, the Lodi dynasty also came to an end, leading to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in the subcontinent."}], "Q127861": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khedivate of Egypt was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire established and ruled by members of the dynasty of Muhammad Ali."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khedivate of Egypt was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire established and ruled by members of the dynasty of Muhammad Ali."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon's forces from Egypt in 1801, Muhammad Ali and his successors had already ruled Ottoman Egypt with a significant degree of autonomy."}, {"id": "Q159378", "label": "Isma'il Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1867, the Ottoman sultan granted Muhammad Ali's grandson, Isma'il Pasha (r."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1914, the formal connection to the Ottoman Empire was ended and Britain unilaterally established a protectorate called the Sultanate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Reign of Khedive Isma'il", "says": "Isma'il did not obtain independence from the Ottoman Empire but did persuade the Ottoman sultan, Abdulaziz (r."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - War with Ethiopia", "says": "This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Isma'il to expansive policies directed against the Ethiopian Empire under Yohannes IV."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "History - War with Ethiopia", "says": "This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Isma'il to expansive policies directed against the Ethiopian Empire under Yohannes IV."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - War with Ethiopia", "says": "This province, which neighboured Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian emperor."}, {"id": "Q2888711", "label": "Battle of Gura", "section": "History - War with Ethiopia", "says": "In March 1876, Isma'il's army tried again and suffered a second dramatic defeat by Yohannes' army in the Battle of Gura."}, {"id": "Q157904", "label": "Sultanate of Zanzibar", "section": "History - Invasion of East Africa", "says": "The Egyptian control over the region had started to cause concern for the Sultanate of Zanzibar however Egyptians withdrew in April 1884 following their failed attempt to establish themselves beyond Berbera and the eastern littoral of Somalia."}, {"id": "Q365919", "label": "Ahmed ‘Urabi", "section": "History - Revolt and British intervention", "says": "The Khedive was forced to appoint a new Minister of War, but the officers' movement grew stronger under a new leader, Colonnel Ahmed Urabi, in alliance with rural elites."}, {"id": "Q310035", "label": "Charles George Gordon", "section": "History - Loss and reconquest of Sudan", "says": "The British soldier-adventurer Charles George Gordon, an ex-governor of the Sudan, was sent to the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, with orders to evacuate its minority of European and Egyptian inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q157159", "label": "Abbas II", "section": "History - Loss and reconquest of Sudan", "says": "In 1896, during the reign of Tewfik's son, Abbas II, a massive Anglo-Egyptian force, under the command of General Herbert Kitchener, began the conquest of the Sudan not long after the death of the Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, to typhus."}, {"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "History - Loss and reconquest of Sudan", "says": "In 1896, during the reign of Tewfik's son, Abbas II, a massive Anglo-Egyptian force, under the command of General Herbert Kitchener, began the conquest of the Sudan not long after the death of the Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, to typhus."}, {"id": "Q1137302", "label": "Battle of Omdurman", "section": "History - Loss and reconquest of Sudan", "says": "The campaign was concluded with the Anglo-Egyptian victory in the Battle of Omdurman, the Mahdist capital."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "History - Loss and reconquest of Sudan", "says": "Caliph Abdallahi ibn Muhammad was hunted down and killed in 1899 in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat, and Anglo-Egyptian rule was restored to the Sudan."}, {"id": "Q476402", "label": "Battle of Umm Diwaykarat", "section": "History - Loss and reconquest of Sudan", "says": "Caliph Abdallahi ibn Muhammad was hunted down and killed in 1899 in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat, and Anglo-Egyptian rule was restored to the Sudan."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - End of the Khedivate", "says": "In 1914, when World War I broke out, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers against Britain and France."}], "Q1335260": [{"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Afghanistan, known as the Principality of Kabul before 1834, and as the Emirate of Kabul until 1855, and also referred to as the Guarded Domains of Afghanistan, the Sublime State of Afghanistan, and the God-Given State of Afghanistan, was an emirate in Central Asia that encompassed present-day Afghanistan, as well as parts of present-day Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Afghanistan, known as the Principality of Kabul before 1834, and as the Emirate of Kabul until 1855, and also referred to as the Guarded Domains of Afghanistan, the Sublime State of Afghanistan, and the God-Given State of Afghanistan, was an emirate in Central Asia that encompassed present-day Afghanistan, as well as parts of present-day Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The emirate emerged from its predecessor, the Durrani Empire, after the Barakzai dynasty prevailed in Kabul."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The history of the Emirate was dominated by the 'Great Game' between the Russian Empire and the British Empire for supremacy in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The history of the Emirate was dominated by the 'Great Game' between the Russian Empire and the British Empire for supremacy in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Afghanistan continued the Durrani Empire's war with the Sikh Empire, losing control of the former Afghan stronghold of the Valley of Peshawar at the Battle of Nowshera on 14 March 1823."}, {"id": "Q989092", "label": "First Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was followed in 1838 by the First Anglo-Afghan War with British forces."}, {"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), the British and Afghans signed the Treaty of Gandamak, which allowed the British to assume control of the Afghan territories within modern-day Pakistan as well as of Afghanistan's foreign affairs, on the condition that a subsidy be paid to the Afghans and the British military fully withdraw."}, {"id": "Q259430", "label": "Treaty of Gandamak", "section": "lead", "says": "However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), the British and Afghans signed the Treaty of Gandamak, which allowed the British to assume control of the Afghan territories within modern-day Pakistan as well as of Afghanistan's foreign affairs, on the condition that a subsidy be paid to the Afghans and the British military fully withdraw."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), the British and Afghans signed the Treaty of Gandamak, which allowed the British to assume control of the Afghan territories within modern-day Pakistan as well as of Afghanistan's foreign affairs, on the condition that a subsidy be paid to the Afghans and the British military fully withdraw."}, {"id": "Q153620", "label": "Amanullah Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Emir Amanullah Khan signed the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 following the Third Anglo-Afghan War, gaining full Afghan autonomy, and the removal of Afghanistan's status of being a de-jure British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q1456454", "label": "Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919", "section": "lead", "says": "Emir Amanullah Khan signed the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 following the Third Anglo-Afghan War, gaining full Afghan autonomy, and the removal of Afghanistan's status of being a de-jure British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q1259237", "label": "Third Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Emir Amanullah Khan signed the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 following the Third Anglo-Afghan War, gaining full Afghan autonomy, and the removal of Afghanistan's status of being a de-jure British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q1138904", "label": "Kingdom of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1926, Amanullah Khan reformed the country as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, becoming its first King."}], "Q1627675": [{"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The thousand-year period, often referred to as the Pyu millennium, linked the Bronze Age to the beginning of the classical states period when the Pagan Kingdom emerged in the late 9th century."}, {"id": "Q1045322", "label": "Kingdom of Nanzhao", "section": "lead", "says": "The millennium-old civilisation came crashing down in the 9th century when the city-states were destroyed by repeated invasions from the Kingdom of Nanzhao."}, {"id": "Q45241", "label": "Anawrahta", "section": "Decline of Pyu city-states", "says": "The Burmese chronicles claim the Burmans founded the fortified city of Pagan (Bagan) in 849 but the oldest radiocarbon dated evidence at Pagan (old walls) points to 980 CE while the main walls point to circa 1020 CE, just 24 years earlier than the beginning of the reign of Anawrahta, the founder of Pagan Empire."}], "Q20135": [{"id": "Q693551", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "The grand duchy originally formed from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806 as the Grand Duchy of Hesse (German: Großherzogtum Hessen)."}, {"id": "Q529605", "label": "Electorate of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "It assumed the name Hesse and by Rhine in 1816 to distinguish itself from the Electorate of Hesse, which had formed from the neighbouring Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel."}, {"id": "Q168651", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "lead", "says": "It assumed the name Hesse and by Rhine in 1816 to distinguish itself from the Electorate of Hesse, which had formed from the neighbouring Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and joined Napoleon's new Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and joined Napoleon's new Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q657241", "label": "Duchy of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was promoted to the status of grand duchy and received considerable new territories, principally the Duchy of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "After the French defeat in 1815, the grand duchy joined the new German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1866, Hesse entered the Austro-Prussian War on the Austrian side, but received a relatively mild settlement from the Prussian victors."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The grand duchy joined the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "During the November Revolution after World War I in 1918, the grand duchy was overthrown and replaced by the People's State of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "History - 1806 establishment", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars, Louis X, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, initially sought Prussian protection against Napoleonic France, but after the Battle of Austerlitz, this policy became untenable."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - 1806 establishment", "says": "At the last minute, Louis X switched sides and supplied troops to Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q878016", "label": "Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - 1806 establishment", "says": "The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was promoted to a grand duchy and Louis X thereafter styled himself Grand Duke Louis I (German: Großherzog Ludewig I., with an extra 'e') and announced not only the promotion, but also the territories he had received under the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine in an edict on 13 August 1806."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "History - Developments after 1806", "says": "In August 1810, there was a three-way agreement between France, Hesse, and the Grand Duchy of Baden."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna (1815)", "says": "At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the grand duchy joined the German Confederation and received a portion of the former Mont-Tonnerre department, which had a population of 140,000 people and included the important federal Fortress of Mainz, as compensation for the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse had received in 1803 and which was now transferred to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q199955", "label": "Hundred Days", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna (1815)", "says": "During the turbulence of Hundred Days, when Napoleon returned from exile, Austria, Prussia, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse concluded a treaty on 30 June 1816, which regulated the region and went into more detail that the treaty signed at Vienna in the previous year."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna (1815)", "says": "There were further border agreements and exchanges of small areas of territory with the Electorate of Hesse and the Kingdom of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna (1815)", "says": "The neighbouring Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, which Napoleon had annexed into the Kingdom of Westphalia, was re-established by the Congress of Vienna as the Electorate of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q506216", "label": "William I, Elector of Hesse", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna (1815)", "says": "After Louis I's counterpart in Hesse-Kessel, William I, Elector of Hesse, began styling himself \"Elector of Hesse and Grand Duke of Fulda\", Louis sought the additional title \"Elector of Mainz and Duke of Worms\" in order to match William I."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - The Congress of Vienna (1815)", "says": "After Louis I's counterpart in Hesse-Kessel, William I, Elector of Hesse, began styling himself \"Elector of Hesse and Grand Duke of Fulda\", Louis sought the additional title \"Elector of Mainz and Duke of Worms\" in order to match William I."}, {"id": "Q896505", "label": "German Confederation Constitution", "section": "History - Constitution", "says": "Furthermore, article 13 of the Constitution of the German Confederation required each member state to establish their own \"parliamentary constitution\" (Landständische Verfassung)."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Constitution", "says": "Louis I balked at this and was quoted as saying that a parliament \"in a sovereign state [is] not necessary, not useful, and in some respects dangerous.\" In fact, the process of constitutional reform was mainly undertaken by the civil service rather than the grand duke himself."}, {"id": "Q65230", "label": "Heinrich von Gagern", "section": "History - Revolution", "says": "The next day, Karl du Thil was dismissed and replaced as chief minister by Heinrich von Gagern."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Internal politics", "says": "However, increased pressure on individual representatives (many of whom gave up and emigrated to the United States) and, especially, the new electoral law of 1856 weakened even this opposition."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Zollverein crisis, 1852", "says": "The whole affair created an enduring enemy to Dalwigk, however: the Prussian representative in the Federal Convention, Otto von Bismarck."}, {"id": "Q44530", "label": "Maximilian II of Bavaria", "section": "History - Dynastic reorientation", "says": "The Grand Duchess Mathilde, a sister of King Maximilian II of Bavaria, died in 1862."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Dynastic reorientation", "says": "A few weeks later, the crown prince Louis IV married Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843–1878), the second eldest daughter of Queen Victoria at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Dynastic reorientation", "says": "A few weeks later, the crown prince Louis IV married Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843–1878), the second eldest daughter of Queen Victoria at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight."}, {"id": "Q520149", "label": "Gastein Convention", "section": "History - Lead-up to the Austro-Prussian War", "says": "When Austria and Prussia came to an agreement at the Gastein Convention, von Dalwigk proved to have chosen the wrong horse once again."}, {"id": "Q704288", "label": "Duchy of Holstein", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1866)", "says": "On 14 June 1866, Prussian forces marched into the Duchy of Holstein and the forces of the German Confederation faced off against Prussia."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1866)", "says": "When the outcome of the war was decided by the Prussian victory at the Battle of Königgrätz on 3 July 1866, the Hessian forces had still not encountered the enemy."}, {"id": "Q618935", "label": "Battle of Tauberbischofsheim", "section": "History - Austro-Prussian War (1866)", "says": "Their continued retreat southwards led to a second defeat at the Battle of Tauberbischofsheim on 24 July 1866."}, {"id": "Q83171", "label": "Alexander II of Russia", "section": "History - Peace treaty", "says": "Due to the intervention of Alexander II of Russia, the brother-in-law of Grand Duke Louis III, this was a relatively mild treaty."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "One consequence of the peace treaty of 1866 was that the whole area north of the Main river (the Province of Upper Hesse, as well as Mainz-Kastel and Mainz-Kostheim in the Mainz district of Rhine-Hesse Province) became part of the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "History - Proclamation of the German Empire", "says": "In the Franco-Prussian War, the grand duchy fought alongside the North German Confederation, which it joined partway through the war on 20 October 1870."}, {"id": "Q20875", "label": "Edward VII", "section": "History - A small state in the German Empire", "says": "He was a brother-in-law of Edward VII, heir to the British throne, and of the Prussian heir, Frederick."}, {"id": "Q37103", "label": "Florence Nightingale", "section": "History - Social policy", "says": "With advice from Florence Nightingale, the society organised a secular health service."}], "Q223793": [{"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "lead", "says": "It took its name from Etruria, the old Roman name for the land of the Etruscans."}], "Q256961": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Bavaria (German: Kurfürstentum Bayern) was a quasi-independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Bavaria (German: Kurfürstentum Bayern) was a quasi-independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wittelsbach dynasty which ruled the Duchy of Bavaria was the younger branch of the family which also ruled the Electoral Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wittelsbach dynasty which ruled the Duchy of Bavaria was the younger branch of the family which also ruled the Electoral Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q1785022", "label": "Bohemian Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1621, Frederick V, Elector Palatine was put under the imperial ban for his role in the Bohemian Revolt against Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the electoral dignity and territory of the Upper Palatinate was conferred upon his loyal cousin, Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1621, Frederick V, Elector Palatine was put under the imperial ban for his role in the Bohemian Revolt against Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the electoral dignity and territory of the Upper Palatinate was conferred upon his loyal cousin, Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1621, Frederick V, Elector Palatine was put under the imperial ban for his role in the Bohemian Revolt against Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the electoral dignity and territory of the Upper Palatinate was conferred upon his loyal cousin, Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Peace of Westphalia would create a new electoral title for Frederick V's son, with the exception of a brief period during the War of the Spanish Succession, Maximilian's descendants would continue to hold the original electoral dignity until the extinction of his line in 1777."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "The result was a unity and order in the duchy which enabled Maximilian to play an important part in the Thirty Years' War; during the earlier years of which he was so successful as to acquire the Upper Palatinate and the electoral dignity which had been enjoyed since 1356 by the elder branch of the Wittelsbach family."}, {"id": "Q57628", "label": "Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "His constructive work, however, was largely undone by his son Maximilian II Emanuel (1679–1726), whose far-reaching ambition set him warring against the Ottoman Empire and, on the side of France, in the great struggle of the Spanish succession."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "His constructive work, however, was largely undone by his son Maximilian II Emanuel (1679–1726), whose far-reaching ambition set him warring against the Ottoman Empire and, on the side of France, in the great struggle of the Spanish succession."}, {"id": "Q154635", "label": "Battle of Blenheim", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "He shared in the defeat at the Battle of Blenheim, near Höchstädt, on 13 August 1704."}, {"id": "Q688939", "label": "Treaty of Baden", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "Placed under the imperial ban, his dominions were temporarily partitioned between Austria and the elector palatine by the Treaty of Ilbersheim, and only restored to him, harried and exhausted, at the Treaty of Baden in 1714; the first Bavarian peasant insurrection, known as Sendling's night of murder, having been crushed by the Austrian occupiers in 1706."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "The death of the Emperor Charles VI proved his opportunity: he disputed the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction which secured the Habsburg succession to Maria Theresa, allied himself with France, conquered Upper Austria, was crowned king of Bohemia at Prague and, in 1742, emperor at Frankfurt."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "The price he had to pay, however, was the occupation of Bavaria itself by Austrian troops; and, though the invasion of Bohemia in 1744 by Frederick II of Prussia enabled him to return to Munich, at his death on 20 January 1745 it was left to his successor to make what terms he could for the recovery of his dominions."}, {"id": "Q57841", "label": "Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "Maximilian III Joseph (1745–1777), by the Treaty of Füssen signed on 22 April 1745, obtained the restitution of his dominions in return for a formal acknowledgment of the Pragmatic Sanction."}, {"id": "Q571556", "label": "Treaty of Füssen", "section": "History - Absolutism", "says": "Maximilian III Joseph (1745–1777), by the Treaty of Füssen signed on 22 April 1745, obtained the restitution of his dominions in return for a formal acknowledgment of the Pragmatic Sanction."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "History - Palatinate-Bavaria", "says": "He felt himself a foreigner among foreigners, and his favourite scheme, the subject of endless intrigues with the Austrian cabinet and the immediate cause of Frederick II's League of Princes (Fürstenbund) of 1785, was to exchange Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands and the title of king of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Palatinate-Bavaria", "says": "On the eve of the French Revolution the intellectual and social condition of Bavaria remained that of the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q701983", "label": "Palatinate-Zweibrücken", "section": "History - Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods", "says": "Maximilian IV Joseph (of Palatine Zweibrücken), the new elector, succeeded to a difficult inheritance."}, {"id": "Q213722", "label": "Maximilian von Montgelas", "section": "History - Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods", "says": "Though his own sympathies, and those of his all-powerful minister, Maximilian von Montgelas, were, if anything, French rather than Austrian, the state of the Bavarian finances, and the fact that the Bavarian troops were scattered and disorganized, placed him helpless in the hands of Austria; on 2 December 1800 the Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden, and Moreau once mo"}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "History - Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods", "says": "By the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801) Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken and Jülich."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods", "says": "In 1803, accordingly, in the territorial rearrangements consequent on Napoleon's suppression of the ecclesiastical states, and of many free cities of the Empire, Bavaria received the bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg and Freisingen, part of that of Passau, the territories of twelve abbeys, and seventeen cities and villages, the whole forming a compact territory which more than compensated "}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - End of the Electorate of Bavaria", "says": "The primary consequence of the treaty was Bavaria's military support for Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q64759", "label": "Carl Philipp von Wrede", "section": "History - End of the Electorate of Bavaria", "says": "Bavarian troops under General Karl Philipp von Wrede fought the Austrians at Iglau in Bohemia, which contributed to the simultaneous French victory at Austerlitz on 2 December 1805."}, {"id": "Q318987", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt", "section": "History - End of the Electorate of Bavaria", "says": "In the war of 1805, in accordance with a treaty of alliance signed at Würzburg on 23 September, Bavarian troops, for the first time since the days of Charles VII, fought side by side with the French, and by the Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December, the Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt, the Margravate of Burgau, the Lordship of Vorarlberg, the countships of Hohenems and Königsegg-Rothenfels, the"}, {"id": "Q155545", "label": "Eugène de Beauharnais", "section": "History - End of the Electorate of Bavaria", "says": "The price which Maximilian had reluctantly to pay for this accession of dignity was the marriage of his daughter Augusta with Eugène de Beauharnais."}, {"id": "Q151095", "label": "Duchy of Berg", "section": "History - End of the Electorate of Bavaria", "says": "On 15 March 1806 Max Joseph had ceded the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - End of the Electorate of Bavaria", "says": "Shortly thereafter, the Confederation of the Rhine was formed and Maximilian Joseph, with the other princes who joined that body, announced his secession from the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q269876": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Trastámara (Spanish and Aragonese: Casa de Trastámara) was a royal dynasty which first ruled in the Crown of Castile and then expanded to the Crown of Aragon from the Late Middle Ages to the early modern period."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Trastámara (Spanish and Aragonese: Casa de Trastámara) was a royal dynasty which first ruled in the Crown of Castile and then expanded to the Crown of Aragon from the Late Middle Ages to the early modern period."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "They were an illegitimate cadet line of the House of Burgundy who acceded to power in Castile in 1369 as a result of the victory of Henry of Trastámara over his half-brother Peter I in the 1351–1369 Castilian Civil War, in which the nobility, and, to a lesser extent, the clergy had played a decisive role in favour of the former."}, {"id": "Q1205962", "label": "Castilian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "They were an illegitimate cadet line of the House of Burgundy who acceded to power in Castile in 1369 as a result of the victory of Henry of Trastámara over his half-brother Peter I in the 1351–1369 Castilian Civil War, in which the nobility, and, to a lesser extent, the clergy had played a decisive role in favour of the former."}, {"id": "Q332681", "label": "Martin of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "After the succession crisis induced in the neighbouring Crown of Aragon by the death of Martin of Aragon without a legitimate heir, the 1412 Compromise of Caspe installed a member of the house of Trastámara, Ferdinand of Antequera, as monarch."}, {"id": "Q1541862", "label": "Compromise of Caspe", "section": "lead", "says": "After the succession crisis induced in the neighbouring Crown of Aragon by the death of Martin of Aragon without a legitimate heir, the 1412 Compromise of Caspe installed a member of the house of Trastámara, Ferdinand of Antequera, as monarch."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "After the succession crisis induced in the neighbouring Crown of Aragon by the death of Martin of Aragon without a legitimate heir, the 1412 Compromise of Caspe installed a member of the house of Trastámara, Ferdinand of Antequera, as monarch."}, {"id": "Q282135", "label": "War of the Castilian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "After the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs (both members of the house of Trastámara), Castile and Aragon came to be ruled under a dynastic union, even if a conflict, the War of the Castilian Succession, was waged between Aragon-supported and Portugal-supported parties over the throne of Castile, which was ensuingly confirmed to Queen Isabella."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was replaced by the House of Habsburg upon the effective enthronement of Charles V as king of Castile and Aragon in 1516, even though his mother Joanna lived (imprisoned and with deteriorating health) until 1555."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was replaced by the House of Habsburg upon the effective enthronement of Charles V as king of Castile and Aragon in 1516, even though his mother Joanna lived (imprisoned and with deteriorating health) until 1555."}], "Q374521": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The first independent Muslim sultanate of the Deccan, the Bahmani Kingdom came to power in 1347 during the rebellion of Ismail Mukh against Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of Delhi."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bahmani Kingdom was perpetually at war with its neighbours, including its rival to the south, the Vijayanagara Empire, which outlasted the sultanate."}, {"id": "Q2723071", "label": "Ahmed Shah I", "section": "lead", "says": "Bidar Fort was built by Ahmad Shah I (r."}, {"id": "Q24950832", "label": "Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial revolts of Yusuf Adil Shah, Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I, and Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk in 1490, and Qasim Barid I in 1492 saw the end of any real Bahmani power, and the last independent sultanate, Golkonda, in 1518, ended the Bahmanis' 180-year rule over the Deccan."}, {"id": "Q669317", "label": "Bidar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The last four Bahmani rulers were puppet monarchs under Amir Barid I of the Bidar Sultanate, and the kingdom formally dissolved in 1527."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Origin", "says": "Abd-al-Malek Esami, a contemporary historian, states that Bahman Shah was born in Ghazni, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q961890", "label": "Yusuf Adil Shah", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The tarafdars of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, and Berar, Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I, Yusuf Adil Shah, and Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk agreed to assert their independence in 1490, and established their own sultanates but maintained loyalty to the Bahmani Sultan."}], "Q386303": [{"id": "Q504873", "label": "Nepherites II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded after the overthrow of Nepherites II in 380 BC by Nectanebo I, and was disestablished upon the invasion of Egypt by the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes III in 343 BC."}, {"id": "Q175775", "label": "Nectanebo I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded after the overthrow of Nepherites II in 380 BC by Nectanebo I, and was disestablished upon the invasion of Egypt by the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes III in 343 BC."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded after the overthrow of Nepherites II in 380 BC by Nectanebo I, and was disestablished upon the invasion of Egypt by the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes III in 343 BC."}], "Q466581": [{"id": "Q731884", "label": "Vishnuvardhana", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty gained prominence under King Vishnuvardhana particularly after the defeat of the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad, which consolidated Hoysala authority in the Deccan."}, {"id": "Q7933553", "label": "Vira Someshwara", "section": "History - Increased influence and later eclipse", "says": "Vira Narasimha II's son Vira Someshwara earned the honorific Mamadi (uncle) from the Pandyas and Cholas."}, {"id": "Q3632884", "label": "Veera Ballala III", "section": "History - Increased influence and later eclipse", "says": "Toward the end of the 13th century, Veera Ballala III recaptured territory in the Tamil country which had been lost during a Pandya uprising, thus uniting the northern and southern portions of the Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "History - Increased influence and later eclipse", "says": "Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi, was determined to control southern India."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "History - Increased influence and later eclipse", "says": "In 1311 he sent his commander Malik Kafur on an expedition to plunder Devagiri, the capital city of the Seuna Kingdom By 1318 the Seuna Kingdom had  been subjugated."}, {"id": "Q2726068", "label": "Harihara I", "section": "History - Increased influence and later eclipse", "says": "Then, after nearly three decades of resistance, Veera Ballala III was killed at the battle of Madurai in 1343, and the sovereign territories of the Hoysala Kingdom were merged with the areas administered by Harihara I in the Tungabhadra River region."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "History - Increased influence and later eclipse", "says": "This new Hindu Kingdom resisted the northern invasions and would later prosper and come to be known as the Vijayanagara Empire."}], "Q501754": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Carantania, also known as Carentania (Slovene: Karantanija, German: Karantanien, in Old Slavic *Korǫtanъ), was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of the 7th century, in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Carantania thus became the predecessor of the March of Carinthia, created within the Carolingian Empire by 889."}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "Origin of the name", "says": "Paul the Deacon mentions Slavs in \"Carnuntum, which is erroneously called Carantanum\" (Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum)."}], "Q538677": [{"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "The Angevin Empire (; French: Empire Plantagenêt) was the collection of territories held by the House of Plantagenet during the 12th and 13th centuries, when they ruled over an area covering roughly all of present-day England, half of France, and parts of Ireland and Wales, and claiming overlordship and some influence over the remaining parts of Wales, Scotland and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire was established by Henry II of England, who succeeded his father Geoffrey as duke of Normandy and count of Anjou (from the latter of which the term Angevin is derived)."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, acquiring the Duchy of Aquitaine, and inherited his mother Empress Matilda's claim to the English throne, succeeding his rival Stephen in 1154."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, acquiring the Duchy of Aquitaine, and inherited his mother Empress Matilda's claim to the English throne, succeeding his rival Stephen in 1154."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Although their title of highest rank came from the Kingdom of England, the Plantagenets held court primarily on the continent at Angers in Anjou and at Chinon in Touraine."}, {"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "lead", "says": "Although their title of highest rank came from the Kingdom of England, the Plantagenets held court primarily on the continent at Angers in Anjou and at Chinon in Touraine."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the extent of Angevin rule, Henry's son King John was defeated in the Anglo-French War (1213–1214) by Philip II of France following the Battle of Bouvines."}, {"id": "Q830626", "label": "Battle of Bouvines", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the extent of Angevin rule, Henry's son King John was defeated in the Anglo-French War (1213–1214) by Philip II of France following the Battle of Bouvines."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "This defeat set the scene for further conflicts between England and France, leading up to the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), in which the Plantagenets re-established dominion over much of western, central, and northern France before losing their possessions again, this time permanently."}, {"id": "Q237889", "label": "Alexander", "section": "Collapse", "says": "By August only Dover, Lincoln, and Windsor remained loyal to John in the east, and Alexander II of Scotland travelled to Canterbury to pay homage to Louis."}], "Q583038": [{"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae), was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Theodoric the Great, the Ostrogoths killed Odoacer, a Germanic soldier and erstwhile leader of the foederati."}, {"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer had previously become the de facto ruler of Italy following Odoacer's deposition of Romulus Augustulus, the final emperor of the Western Roman Empire, in 476."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer had previously become the de facto ruler of Italy following Odoacer's deposition of Romulus Augustulus, the final emperor of the Western Roman Empire, in 476."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Justinian I, however, the Byzantine Empire embarked on a campaign to reconquer Italy in 535."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Justinian I, however, the Byzantine Empire embarked on a campaign to reconquer Italy in 535."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "History - Kingdom of Odoacer (476–493)", "says": "In 476, Odoacer, leader of the foederati in the West, had staged a coup against the rebellious magister militum Orestes, who was seeking to have his son Romulus Augustulus recognized as Western Emperor in place of Emperor Julius Nepos."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Conquest of Italy by the Goths (488–493)", "says": "At that point, however, the Visigoths intervened, the siege of Ticinum was lifted, and Odoacer was decisively defeated at the river Adda on 11 August 490."}, {"id": "Q102105", "label": "Liberius", "section": "History - Theodoric's rule", "says": "The continuity in administration is illustrated by the fact that several senior ministers of Odoacer, like Liberius and Cassiodorus the Elder, were retained in the new kingdom's top positions."}, {"id": "Q192365", "label": "Cassiodorus", "section": "History - Theodoric's rule", "says": "The continuity in administration is illustrated by the fact that several senior ministers of Odoacer, like Liberius and Cassiodorus the Elder, were retained in the new kingdom's top positions."}, {"id": "Q102851", "label": "Boethius", "section": "History - Theodoric's rule", "says": "This resulted in the arrest and execution of the magister officiorum Boethius and his father-in-law, Symmachus, in 524."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Theodoric's rule", "says": "The Goths were settled mostly in northern Italy, and kept themselves largely apart from the Roman population, a tendency reinforced by their different faiths: the Goths were mostly Homoian Christians (''Arians\"), while the people they ruled over were adherents of Chalcedonian Christianity."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "As Jordanes states: \"...there was no race left in the western realms which Theodoric had not befriended or brought into subjection during his lifetime.\" This was in part meant as a defensive measure, and in part as a counterbalance to the influence of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q110884", "label": "Alaric II", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "His daughters were wedded to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund, his sister Amalfrida married the Vandal king Thrasamund, while he himself married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king Clovis I."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "His daughters were wedded to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund, his sister Amalfrida married the Vandal king Thrasamund, while he himself married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king Clovis I."}, {"id": "Q311888", "label": "Thrasamund", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "His daughters were wedded to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund, his sister Amalfrida married the Vandal king Thrasamund, while he himself married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king Clovis I."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "His daughters were wedded to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund, his sister Amalfrida married the Vandal king Thrasamund, while he himself married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king Clovis I."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "The Franks were rapidly successful, killing Alaric in the Battle of Vouillé and subduing Aquitania by 507."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "However, starting in 508, Theodoric's generals campaigned in Gaul, and were successful in saving Septimania for the Visigoths, as well as extending Ostrogothic rule into southern Gaul (Provence) at the expense of the Burgundians."}, {"id": "Q452673", "label": "Amalaric", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "Now Theodoric had a common border with the Visigothic kingdom, where, after Alaric's death, he also ruled as regent of his infant grandson Amalaric."}, {"id": "Q310962", "label": "Hilderic", "section": "History - Relations with the Germanic states of the West", "says": "His successor Hilderic showed favour to the Nicaean Christians, and when Amalfrida protested, he had her and her entourage murdered."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "History - Relations with the Empire", "says": "With the accession of Justin I in 518, a more harmonious relationship seemed to be restored."}, {"id": "Q160916", "label": "John I", "section": "History - Relations with the Empire", "says": "Pope John I was sent to Constantinople to mediate on the Arians' behalf, and, although he achieved his mission, on his return he was imprisoned and died shortly after."}, {"id": "Q110895", "label": "Athalaric", "section": "History - Death of Theodoric and dynastic disputes (526–535)", "says": "Since Eutharic had died in 523, Theodoric was succeeded by his infant grandson Athalaric, supervised by his mother, Amalasuntha, as regent."}, {"id": "Q371670", "label": "Amalasuntha", "section": "History - Death of Theodoric and dynastic disputes (526–535)", "says": "Since Eutharic had died in 523, Theodoric was succeeded by his infant grandson Athalaric, supervised by his mother, Amalasuntha, as regent."}, {"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "History - Death of Theodoric and dynastic disputes (526–535)", "says": "To that end, she actively courted the support of the Senate and the newly ascended Emperor Justinian I, even providing him with bases in Sicily during the Vandalic War."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Death of Theodoric and dynastic disputes (526–535)", "says": "Amalasuntha resolved to move against them, but as a precaution, she also made preparations to flee to Constantinople, and even wrote to Justinian asking for protection."}, {"id": "Q312601", "label": "Theodahad", "section": "History - Death of Theodoric and dynastic disputes (526–535)", "says": "Amalasuntha then turned for support to her only relative, her cousin Theodahad, while at the same time sending ambassadors to Justinian and proposing to cede Italy to him."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Gothic War and end of the Ostrogothic Kingdom (535–554)", "says": "The Gothic War between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom was fought from 535 until 554 in Italy, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily and Corsica."}, {"id": "Q769358", "label": "Battle of Taginae", "section": "History - Gothic War and end of the Ostrogothic Kingdom (535–554)", "says": "During the second phase (540/541–553), Gothic resistance was reinvigorated under Totila and put down only after a long struggle by Narses in the Battle of Taginae and later in the Battle of Mons Lactarius."}, {"id": "Q1137764", "label": "Battle of Mons Lactarius", "section": "History - Gothic War and end of the Ostrogothic Kingdom (535–554)", "says": "During the second phase (540/541–553), Gothic resistance was reinvigorated under Totila and put down only after a long struggle by Narses in the Battle of Taginae and later in the Battle of Mons Lactarius."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Gothic War and end of the Ostrogothic Kingdom (535–554)", "says": "As a consequence, the victorious Byzantines found themselves unable to resist the invasion of the Lombards in 568, which resulted in the loss of large parts of the Italian Peninsula."}], "Q615902": [{"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Finland (Finnish: Suomen kuningaskunta, Swedish: Konungariket Finland) was a failed attempt to establish a monarchy in Finland in the aftermath of the Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in December 1917 and the Finnish Civil War from January to May 1918."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Finnish Civil War of 1918, Finnish Reds on friendly terms with Soviet Russia fought Finnish Whites who allied with the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon after the election, Finnish leaders as well as the population belatedly came to understand the grave situation their German allies were in, and the wisdom of electing a German prince as monarch as Germany was about to lose World War I was called into question."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "Germany itself became a republic, deposed Kaiser Wilhelm II and signed an armistice with the Allies in November."}], "Q642301": [{"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The last two kings of the dynasty opposed the Hyksos rule over Egypt and initiated a war that would rid Egypt of the Hyksos kings and began a period of unified rule, the New Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q31526", "label": "Seqenenre Tao", "section": "lead", "says": "Kamose, the second son of Seqenenre Tao and last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, was the brother of Ahmose I, the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7222", "label": "Ahmose I", "section": "lead", "says": "Kamose, the second son of Seqenenre Tao and last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, was the brother of Ahmose I, the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty."}], "Q662653": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate (Somali: Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida), was a protectorate of the United Kingdom in the territory of modern Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by Italian Somalia, French Somali Coast, and the Ethiopian Empire (later part of Italian East Africa from 1936 to 1941)."}, {"id": "Q1106857", "label": "State of Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "On 26 June 1960, British Somaliland gained independence as the State of Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "Five days later, on 1 July 1960, it voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Five days later, on 1 July 1960, it voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q105582386", "label": "Isaaq chieftainship", "section": "History - Protectorate Treaties", "says": "The British, the Isaaq Sultanate and the Isaaq clan in Somaliland had come into contact in 1825, when a British ship named the Mary Anne was attacked, sacked, and plundered by Isaaq forces in the port city of Berbera."}], "Q684030": [{"id": "Q2092429", "label": "Serbian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Serbia (Serbian: Књажество Србија, romanized: Knjažestvo Srbija) was an autonomous, later sovereign state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q297557", "label": "Miloš Obrenović I", "section": "lead", "says": "Its creation was negotiated first through an unwritten agreement between Miloš Obrenović, leader of the Second Serbian Uprising, and Ottoman official Marashli Pasha, followed by a series of decrees of the Sublime Porte in 1828–1833."}, {"id": "Q243585", "label": "Second Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Its creation was negotiated first through an unwritten agreement between Miloš Obrenović, leader of the Second Serbian Uprising, and Ottoman official Marashli Pasha, followed by a series of decrees of the Sublime Porte in 1828–1833."}, {"id": "Q315172", "label": "Karađorđe", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "The Serbian revolutionary leaders—first Karađorđe and then Miloš Obrenović—succeeded in their goal of liberating Serbia from centuries-long Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "Serbia was de jure an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire, its autonomy was constrained by the presence of the Ottoman army on its soil and by being forced to pay to Istanbul a yearly tribute of 2.3 million groschen, which represented about 10% of the country's budget."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Political history - Autonomy", "says": "Akkerman Convention (October 7, 1826), treaty between the Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire, contained article 5 on Serbia: autonomy, and return of lands removed in 1813, Serbs were also granted freedom of movement through the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q689837": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been one of the most recent acquisitions as well as one of the last remaining holdings of the Spanish Empire, which had once extended from the Americas to the Spanish East Indies."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "It had been one of the most recent acquisitions as well as one of the last remaining holdings of the Spanish Empire, which had once extended from the Americas to the Spanish East Indies."}, {"id": "Q1640107", "label": "Ifni War", "section": "lead", "says": "This was reversed during the Ifni War when Ifni and the Sahara became provinces of Spain separately, two days apart, while Cape Juby was ceded to Morocco in the peace deal."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "There was internal pressure from the native Sahrawi population, through the Polisario Front, and the claims of Morocco and Mauritania."}, {"id": "Q2572143", "label": "Henri Gouraud", "section": "History - Ma El Ainin", "says": "El Ainin also faced a renewed French threat to the south, as French forces under Colonel Henri Gouraud swept northwards, seizing Adrar."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - The Forgotten Colony (1934–1958)", "says": "In World War II, some in the Spanish government wanted to extend the borders of the colony into Mauritania, using the 1886 treaty with the Emir of Adrar as justification."}, {"id": "Q3800705", "label": "Zemla Intifada", "section": "History - Sahrawi insurgency and Moroccan claims", "says": "In 1970, Spain suppressed the Zemla Intifada."}, {"id": "Q593355", "label": "Treaty of Alcáçovas", "section": "History - Sahrawi insurgency and Moroccan claims", "says": "To back its claims the country cites two sixteenth-century treaties, the Treaty of Alcáçovas and the Treaty of Cintra, between Spain and Portugal, where both countries recognize that the authority of Morocco extended beyond Cabo Bojador."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Sahrawi insurgency and Moroccan claims", "says": "To back its claims the country cites two sixteenth-century treaties, the Treaty of Alcáçovas and the Treaty of Cintra, between Spain and Portugal, where both countries recognize that the authority of Morocco extended beyond Cabo Bojador."}], "Q696908": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie, German: Königreich Polen), also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Regencyjne), was a short-lived puppet state of the German Empire and polity that was proclaimed during World War I by it and Austria-Hungary on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers a"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie, German: Königreich Polen), also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Regencyjne), was a short-lived puppet state of the German Empire and polity that was proclaimed during World War I by it and Austria-Hungary on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers a"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie, German: Königreich Polen), also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Regencyjne), was a short-lived puppet state of the German Empire and polity that was proclaimed during World War I by it and Austria-Hungary on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers a"}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie, German: Königreich Polen), also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Regencyjne), was a short-lived puppet state of the German Empire and polity that was proclaimed during World War I by it and Austria-Hungary on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers a"}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was subsequently transformed between 7 October 1918 and 22 November 1918 into the independent Second Polish Republic, the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being set at 11 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "lead", "says": "In spite of the initial total dependence of this client state on its sponsors, it ultimately served against their intentions in the aftermath of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 as the cornerstone proto-state of the nascent Second Polish Republic, the latter composed also of territories never intended by the Central Powers to be ceded to Poland, and therefore played a crucial role in the resurrec"}], "Q721801": [{"id": "Q66417", "label": "Jürgen von Beckerath", "section": "lead", "says": "Since next to nothing is known of this dynasty beyond Manetho's account, Egyptologists such as Jürgen von Beckerath and Toby Wilkinson have usually considered it to be fictitious."}], "Q721807": [{"id": "Q18980", "label": "Sobekhotep I", "section": "lead", "says": "Amenemhat Sobekhotep I is usually considered the 13th Dynasty's first king, and Ay I, while not the final king, was the last to occupy the Middle Kingdom capital of Itjtawy, and the last of the dynasty with a significant recorded reign."}], "Q737648": [{"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "lead", "says": "The 25th dynasty was a line of pharaohs who originated in the Kingdom of Kush, located in present-day northern Sudan and Upper Egypt."}, {"id": "Q11768", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "They reigned in part or all of Ancient Egypt for nearly a century, from 744 to 656 BC."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "lead", "says": "After Sargon II and Sennacherib defeated attempts by the Nubian kings to gain a foothold in the Near East, their successors Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal invaded Egypt and defeated the dynasty, in the Assyrian conquest of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "lead", "says": "After Sargon II and Sennacherib defeated attempts by the Nubian kings to gain a foothold in the Near East, their successors Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal invaded Egypt and defeated the dynasty, in the Assyrian conquest of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "lead", "says": "After Sargon II and Sennacherib defeated attempts by the Nubian kings to gain a foothold in the Near East, their successors Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal invaded Egypt and defeated the dynasty, in the Assyrian conquest of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Twenty-sixth Dynasty was initially a puppet dynasty installed by and vassals of the Assyrians, and was the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before the invasion by the Persian Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Piye", "says": "He also expanded the Temple of Amun at Jebel Barkal by adding \"an immense colonnaded forecourt.\"\n\nPiye made various unsuccessful attempts to extend Egyptian influence in the Near East, then controlled from Mesopotamia by the Semitic Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q7185566", "label": "Philistia", "section": "History - Piye", "says": "In 720 BC he sent an army in support of a rebellion against Assyria in Philistia and Gaza, however, Piye was defeated by Sargon II, and the rebellion failed."}, {"id": "Q434535", "label": "Tanutamani", "section": "History - Piye", "says": "Manetho also does not mention the last king, Tantamani, although inscriptions exist to attest to the existence of both Piye and Tantamani."}, {"id": "Q459201", "label": "Tefnakhte", "section": "History - Piye", "says": "Studies of horse skeletons at El-Kurru, textual evidence, and iconographical evidence related to the use of horses in Kushite warfare indicate that \"the finest horses used in Egypt and Assyria were bred in, and exported from Nubia.\"  Better horses, chariots, and the development of cavalry tactics helped Piye to defeat Tefnakht and his allies."}, {"id": "Q434547", "label": "Shebitku", "section": "History - Shabaka and Shebitku Chronology Dispute", "says": "Although the Manethonic and classical traditions maintain that it was Shabaka's invasion which brought Egypt under Kushite rule, the most recent archaeological evidence shows that Shabaka ruled Egypt after Shebitku and not before, as previously thought."}, {"id": "Q1669960", "label": "Kenneth A. Kitchen", "section": "History - Shebitku", "says": "Kahn's arguments have been widely accepted by many Egyptologists including Rolf Krauss, and Aidan Dodson and other scholars at the SCIEM 2000 (Synchronisation of Civilisations of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C.) project with the notable exception of Kenneth Kitchen and Manfred Bietak at present."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Taharqa", "says": "Taharqa was buried with \"over 1070 shabtis of varying sizes and made of granite, green ankerite, and alabaster.\"\nTaharqa's army undertook successful military campaigns, as attested by the \"list of conquered Asiatic principalities\" from the Mut temple at Karnak and \"conquered peoples and countries (Libyans, Shasu nomads, Phoenicians?, Khor in Palestine)\" from Sanam temple inscriptions."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Taharqa", "says": "Imperial ambitions of the Mesopotamian based Assyrian Empire made war with the 25th dynasty inevitable."}, {"id": "Q244912", "label": "Hezekiah", "section": "History - Taharqa", "says": "In 701 BC, Taharqa and his army aided Judah and King Hezekiah in withstanding a siege by King Sennacherib of the Assyrians (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9)."}, {"id": "Q455594", "label": "Necho I", "section": "History - Tantamani", "says": "After defeating Sais and killing Assyria's vassal, Necho I, in Memphis, \"some local dynasts formally surrendered, while others withdrew to their fortresses.\"  Tantamani proceeded north of Memphis, invading Lower Egypt and, besieged cities in the Delta, a number of which surrendered to him."}], "Q748846": [{"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on contextual evidence, it was located in the Persian Gulf, on a trade route between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilisation, close to the sea and to artesian springs."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Dilmun encompassed Bahrain, Kuwait, and eastern Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q707687", "label": "Burna-Buriash II", "section": "History - Dilmun under foreign rule", "says": "Dilmun was mentioned in two letters dated to the reign of Burna-Buriash II (c."}], "Q783684": [{"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR; French: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, GPRF) was the provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, following the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon, and lasting until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic."}, {"id": "Q69829", "label": "French Fourth Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR; French: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, GPRF) was the provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, following the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon, and lasting until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Its establishment marked the official restoration and re-establishment of a provisional French Republic, assuring continuity with the defunct French Third Republic."}], "Q846670": [{"id": "Q155915", "label": "Kastamonu", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was centered originally around Sivas, Tokat, and Niksar in central-northeastern Anatolia, and extended as far west as Ankara and Kastamonu for a time, and as far south as Malatya, which they captured in 1103."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 12th century, the Danishmends were rivals of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, which controlled much of the territory surrounding the Danishmend lands, and they fought extensively against the Crusaders."}, {"id": "Q714771", "label": "Danishmend Gazi", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was established by Danishmend Gazi for whom historical information is rather scarce and was generally written long after his death."}, {"id": "Q297340", "label": "Niketas Choniates", "section": "Origins", "says": "For instance, according to Niketas Choniates, a Byzantine government official and historian and a near-contemporary of Danishmend Gazi, he was of Arsacid descent."}, {"id": "Q302586", "label": "Matthew of Edessa", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to the medieval Armenian historians Matthew of Edessa and Vardan Areveltsi, Danishmend Gazi was of Armenian origin, which, as Tahsin Yazici explains, \"is not incompatible with Niketas' report\"."}, {"id": "Q311482", "label": "Malik-Shah I", "section": "Origins", "says": "Some identified him as a nephew of Malik-Shah I (r."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "1072–1092), Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire."}, {"id": "Q730338", "label": "Suleiman ibn Qutulmish", "section": "Origins", "says": "Others viewed Danishmend Gazi as a maternal uncle of Suleiman ibn Qutulmish (r."}, {"id": "Q2047004", "label": "Suren Yeremyan", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to Robert Gregory Bedrosian (citing Suren Yeremian and Halil Yinanc), Danishmend Gazi was an Armenian Muslim."}, {"id": "Q293621", "label": "Al-Mustarshid", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "As of 1134, Danishmend dynasty leaders also held the title Melik (the King) bestowed in recognition of their military successes by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustarshid, although the Beys (Emirs) of Danishmend prior to 1134 may also be retrospectively referred to as Melik."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "The Danishmends established themselves in Anatolia in the aftermath of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, in which the Seljuks defeated the Byzantine Empire and captured most of Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q220806", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "In 1100, Gazi's son, Emir Gazi, captured Bohemond I of Antioch, who remained in their captivity until 1103."}, {"id": "Q51653", "label": "Crusade of 1101", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "A Seljuk-Danishmend alliance was also responsible for defeating the Crusade of 1101."}, {"id": "Q58810", "label": "Mesud", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "In 1116, the Danishmends helped Mesud I become the Seljuk sultan."}, {"id": "Q333884", "label": "Bohemond II of Antioch", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "In 1130, Bohemond II of Antioch was killed in a battle with Emir Gazi, after coming to the aid of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which Gümüshtigin had invaded."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "In 1130, Bohemond II of Antioch was killed in a battle with Emir Gazi, after coming to the aid of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which Gümüshtigin had invaded."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "History - The dynasty", "says": "In 1155, Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan II attacked Melik Yaghibasan, who sought help from Nur ad-Din, the Zengid emir of Mosul."}], "Q919071": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khalji or Khilji dynasty was the second ruling house of the Delhi Sultanate, covering large parts of the Indian subcontinent for nearly three decades between 1290 and 1320."}, {"id": "Q2691885", "label": "Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, it is best known for the reign of Alauddin Khalji, under whom the Sultanate reached its greatest territorial extent and underwent significant military, administrative, and economic reforms."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, it is best known for the reign of Alauddin Khalji, under whom the Sultanate reached its greatest territorial extent and underwent significant military, administrative, and economic reforms."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Khalji dynasty was of Turko-Afghan origin whose ancestors, the Khalaj, are said to have been initially a Turkic people who migrated together with the Hunas and Hephthalites from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day Afghanistan as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Khalji dynasty was of Turko-Afghan origin whose ancestors, the Khalaj, are said to have been initially a Turkic people who migrated together with the Hunas and Hephthalites from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day Afghanistan as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Khalji dynasty was of Turko-Afghan origin whose ancestors, the Khalaj, are said to have been initially a Turkic people who migrated together with the Hunas and Hephthalites from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day Afghanistan as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Origins", "says": "Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's Jahan-nama explicitly describes them as Turkic, although he notes that their complexion had become darker (compared to the Turks) and their language had undergone enough alterations to become a distinct dialect."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "History - Alauddin Khalji", "says": "It was here where Nusrat Khan captured Malik Kafur who would later become a military general."}, {"id": "Q466581", "label": "Hoysala Empire", "section": "History - Alauddin Khalji", "says": "In 1308, Alauddin's lieutenant, Malik Kafur captured Warangal, overthrew the Hoysala Empire south of the Krishn"}, {"id": "Q16863366", "label": "Shihab-ud-din Omar", "section": "History - The last Khalji sultans", "says": "First, the amirs installed a six-year-old named Shihab-ud-din Omar as sultan and his teenage brother, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, as regent."}, {"id": "Q3179907", "label": "Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah", "section": "History - The last Khalji sultans", "says": "First, the amirs installed a six-year-old named Shihab-ud-din Omar as sultan and his teenage brother, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, as regent."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "History - The last Khalji sultans", "says": "After ruling in his own name for less than four years, Mubarak Shah was murdered in 1320 by one of his generals, Khusrau Khan."}], "Q10406562": [{"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Almohad Caliphate or Almohad Empire was a North African empire ruled by a Berber Muslim dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries."}, {"id": "Q455925", "label": "Ibn Tumart", "section": "lead", "says": "The Almohad movement was founded by Ibn Tumart among the Berber Masmuda tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty, known as the Mu'minid dynasty, were founded after his death by Abd al-Mu'min."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when Almohad Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian forces from Castile, Aragon and Navarre."}, {"id": "Q219697", "label": "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa", "section": "lead", "says": "The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when Almohad Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian forces from Castile, Aragon and Navarre."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "At the time, present-day Morocco, Mauritania, western Algeria and parts of Spain and Portugal (al-Andalus) were under the rule of the Almoravids, a Sanhaja Berber dynasty."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "At the time, present-day Morocco, Mauritania, western Algeria and parts of Spain and Portugal (al-Andalus) were under the rule of the Almoravids, a Sanhaja Berber dynasty."}, {"id": "Q552458", "label": "Ali ibn Yusuf", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "He even went so far as to assault the sister of the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf, in the streets of Fez, because she was going about unveiled, after the manner of Berber women."}, {"id": "Q971532", "label": "Ishaq ibn ʿAli", "section": "History - Caliphate and expansion", "says": "The last Almoravid ruler, Ishaq ibn Ali, was killed."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Caliphate and expansion", "says": "This may have been encouraged by the Norman conquests along the coast of Ifriqiya, as fighting the Christian invaders here gave him a pretext for conquering the rest of the region."}, {"id": "Q39837", "label": "Averroes", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "Ultimately they became less fanatical than the Almoravids, and Ya'qub al-Mansur was a highly accomplished man who wrote a good Arabic style and protected the philosopher Averroes."}, {"id": "Q295268", "label": "Alfonso VIII of Castile", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "His title of \"al-Manṣūr\" (\"the Victorious\") was earned by his victory over Alfonso VIII of Castile in the Battle of Alarcos (1195)."}, {"id": "Q1481920", "label": "Battle of Alarcos", "section": "History - Expansion into al-Andalus", "says": "His title of \"al-Manṣūr\" (\"the Victorious\") was earned by his victory over Alfonso VIII of Castile in the Battle of Alarcos (1195)."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History - Holding years", "says": "The Almohad ministers were careful to negotiate a series of truces with the Christian kingdoms, which remained more-or-less in place for next fifteen years (the loss of Alcácer do Sal to the Kingdom of Portugal in 1217 was an exception)."}, {"id": "Q243122", "label": "Ferdinand III of Castille", "section": "History - Holding years", "says": "He set up a rebel camp and forged an alliance with the hitherto quiet Ferdinand III of Castile."}, {"id": "Q316115", "label": "Alfonso IX of León", "section": "History - Decline in al-Andalus", "says": "Sensing a power vacuum, both Alfonso IX of León and Sancho II of Portugal opportunistically ordered raids into Andalusian territory that same year."}, {"id": "Q203996", "label": "Sancho II of Portugal", "section": "History - Decline in al-Andalus", "says": "Sensing a power vacuum, both Alfonso IX of León and Sancho II of Portugal opportunistically ordered raids into Andalusian territory that same year."}], "Q1129036": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "They are an Arab Sharifian dynasty and claim descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandson, Hasan ibn Ali."}, {"id": "Q182914", "label": "Hasan ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "They are an Arab Sharifian dynasty and claim descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandson, Hasan ibn Ali."}, {"id": "Q293509", "label": "Al-Rashid", "section": "lead", "says": "His son Al-Rashid, ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the Saadi Sultanate, establishing the Alawi Sultanate that succeeded it."}, {"id": "Q1136188", "label": "Saadi dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "His son Al-Rashid, ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the Saadi Sultanate, establishing the Alawi Sultanate that succeeded it."}, {"id": "Q12183875", "label": "Sharifian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "His son Al-Rashid, ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the Saadi Sultanate, establishing the Alawi Sultanate that succeeded it."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Political history - After Mawlay Isma'il", "says": "Muhammad also signed a Treaty of Friendship with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "Political history - After Mawlay Isma'il", "says": "After his death, he was succeeded by his brother Suleyman (or Mawlay Slimane), though the latter had to defeat two more brothers who contested the throne: Maslama in the north and Hisham in Marrakesh to the south."}, {"id": "Q179825", "label": "Abdelkader El Djezairi", "section": "Political history - European encroachment", "says": "Widespread popular support for the Algerians against the French led Morocco to allow the flow of aid and arms to the resistance movement led by Emir Abdelkader, while the Moroccan ulama issued a fatwa supporting a jihad in 1837."}, {"id": "Q348998", "label": "Battle of Isly", "section": "Political history - European encroachment", "says": "The French, led by the marshall Bugeaud, pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the Battle of Isly, near Oujda, on August 14."}, {"id": "Q1540737", "label": "Hispano-Moroccan War", "section": "Political history - European encroachment", "says": "Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in 1848.The next confrontation, the Hispano-Moroccan War, took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent Treaty of Wad Ras led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its war debt to Spain."}, {"id": "Q9089641", "label": "Treaty of Wad Ras", "section": "Political history - European encroachment", "says": "Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in 1848.The next confrontation, the Hispano-Moroccan War, took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent Treaty of Wad Ras led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its war debt to Spain."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "Political history - European encroachment", "says": "He was assisted in the training of his troops by Andrew Belton, a British officer and veteran of the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q265104", "label": "Louis-Hubert Lyautey", "section": "Political history - Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence", "says": "The French colonial administration was headed by the French resident-general, the first of whom was Hubert Lyautey, who enacted many of the policies that set the tone for France's colonial regime in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Political history - Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence", "says": "He reaffirmed Morocco's loyalty to France in 1939, at the beginning of the World War II."}, {"id": "Q1891008", "label": "Sand War", "section": "Political history - From 1957 to present day", "says": "Hassan II worked to improve relations with France and position Morocco as an ally of the West, but relations with neighboring Algeria deteriorated over border issues and resulted in the Sand War in 1963."}, {"id": "Q4850939", "label": "Years of Lead", "section": "Political history - From 1957 to present day", "says": "The period from roughly 1975 to 1990 is known as the \"Years of Lead\", as state violence was regularly deployed against dissenters and political opponents were jailed or disappeared."}, {"id": "Q689837", "label": "Spanish Sahara", "section": "Political history - From 1957 to present day", "says": "Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish  from Spanish Sahara in 1975 and the declaration of independence of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Hassan II used the opportunity to publicly galvanize nationalist sentiment by pressing Morocco's irredentist claims to the territory, over the objections of the local Sahrawi people and of the Algerian and Mauritanian governments."}, {"id": "Q870684", "label": "Green March", "section": "Political history - From 1957 to present day", "says": "He organized the Green March, which saw around 350,000 Moroccans crossing the southern border to settle inside the territory, triggering a war with the Polisario, the armed front of the Sahrawi people."}], "Q139708": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (French: Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; Arabic: الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان, romanized: al-intidāb al-faransī ʻalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire concerning the territories of Syria and Lebanon"}, {"id": "Q211674", "label": "Sykes–Picot Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918 and in accordance with the Sykes–Picot Agreement, signed by the United Kingdom and France during the war, the British held control of most of Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq) and the southern part of Ottoman Syria (now Israel, Palestine and Jordan), and the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including Lebanon, Alexandretta and portions"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918 and in accordance with the Sykes–Picot Agreement, signed by the United Kingdom and France during the war, the British held control of most of Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq) and the southern part of Ottoman Syria (now Israel, Palestine and Jordan), and the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including Lebanon, Alexandretta and portions"}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918 and in accordance with the Sykes–Picot Agreement, signed by the United Kingdom and France during the war, the British held control of most of Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq) and the southern part of Ottoman Syria (now Israel, Palestine and Jordan), and the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including Lebanon, Alexandretta and portions"}, {"id": "Q12183911", "label": "Syrian Federation", "section": "lead", "says": "The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–1924), the State of Syria (1925–1930) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State and the Jabal Druze State."}, {"id": "Q146880", "label": "State of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–1924), the State of Syria (1925–1930) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State and the Jabal Druze State."}, {"id": "Q130802", "label": "Alawite State", "section": "lead", "says": "The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–1924), the State of Syria (1925–1930) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State and the Jabal Druze State."}, {"id": "Q146740", "label": "Jabal Druze", "section": "lead", "says": "The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–1924), the State of Syria (1925–1930) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State and the Jabal Druze State."}, {"id": "Q146761", "label": "Hatay State", "section": "lead", "says": "Hatay State was annexed by Turkey in 1939."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The French mandate lasted until 1946, when French troops finally left Syria and Lebanon, which had both declared independence during World War II."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "With the defeat of the Ottomans in Syria, British troops, under General Sir Edmund Allenby, entered Damascus in 1918 and were accompanied by troops of the Arab Revolt, led by Faisal, the son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz."}, {"id": "Q2572143", "label": "Henri Gouraud", "section": "Background", "says": "However, France's determination to intervene in Syria was shown by the naming of General Henri Gouraud as high commissioner in Syria and Cilicia."}], "Q15102440": [{"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and was colloquially known as Yugoslavia (lit. 'Land of the South Slavs') due to its origins."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q3324855", "label": "Banat, Bačka and Baranja", "section": "lead", "says": "The preliminary kingdom was formed in late 1918 by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia, which was previously independent, with the Kingdom of Montenegro, and the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, mainly the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (encompassing what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of what are now the states of Croatia and Slovenia) as well as Ba"}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The regions of Kosovo and what is today North Macedonia had become parts of Serbia prior to the unification."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was ruled by the Serbian dynasty of Karađorđević, which previously ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I, who became the first king of Yugoslavia, reigning until his death in 1921."}, {"id": "Q371355", "label": "Vlado Chernozemski", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1934, the king was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), during his visit to France."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexander's cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941, when Peter II came of age following a coup d'etat that reversed Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "A royal government-in-exile, recognized by the United Kingdom and, later, by all the Allies, was established in London."}, {"id": "Q1277557", "label": "Democratic Federal Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1944, after pressure from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the King recognized the government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as the legitimate government."}, {"id": "Q570629", "label": "Ivan Šubašić", "section": "lead", "says": "This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans)."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans)."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "lead", "says": "This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans)."}, {"id": "Q313843", "label": "Nikola Pašić", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "Immediately after 1 December proclamation, negotiations between the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Serbian government resulted in agreement over the new government which was to be headed by Nikola Pašić."}, {"id": "Q934196", "label": "Stojan Protić", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "Many regarded this rejection as a violation of parliamentary principles, but the matter was resolved when the regent suggested replacing Pašić with Stojan Protić, a leading member of Pašić's People's Radical Party.The National Council and the Serbian government agreed and the new government came into existence on 20 December 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "A realignment of parties combining several members of the Serbian opposition with political parties from the former Austria-Hungary led to the creation of a new party, The Democratic Party, that dominated the Provisional Representation and the government."}, {"id": "Q1285673", "label": "Ljubomir Davidović", "section": "Political history - Early politics", "says": "Because the Democratic Party led by Ljubomir Davidović pushed a highly centralized agenda a number of Croatian delegates moved into opposition."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Political history - Constituent assembly to dictatorship", "says": "The other gainers were the communists, who had done especially well in the wider Macedonia region, Montenegro, and in the larger cities elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Political history - Constituent assembly to dictatorship", "says": "The other gainers were the communists, who had done especially well in the wider Macedonia region, Montenegro, and in the larger cities elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "This decision was made following a proposal by the British ambassador to better decentralize the country, modeled on Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q254114", "label": "Vladko Maček", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court."}, {"id": "Q2263774", "label": "Svetozar Pribićević", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court."}, {"id": "Q36965", "label": "Ante Pavelić", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "Immediately after the dictatorship was proclaimed, Croatian deputy Ante Pavelić left for exile from the country."}, {"id": "Q937", "label": "Albert Einstein", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "As a response, Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder, accusing the Yugoslav government."}, {"id": "Q76480", "label": "Heinrich Mann", "section": "Political history - 6 January dictatorship", "says": "As a response, Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder, accusing the Yugoslav government."}, {"id": "Q648570", "label": "Milan Stojadinović", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "Prince Paul decided to appoint well-known economist Milan Stojadinović as prime minister in 1935."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "His solution to solving the economic problems left over from the Great Depression was to make trade deals and get closer to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "His solution to solving the economic problems left over from the Great Depression was to make trade deals and get closer to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q905523", "label": "Dragiša Cvetković", "section": "Political history - Yugoslav regency", "says": "Paul was concerned with rising tensions in Europe, especially with the Anschluss and the Munich Agreement Therefore, Paul ousted Milan Stojadinović replacing him with Dragiša Cvetković for being a Germanophile."}, {"id": "Q219017", "label": "Dušan Simović", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "General Dušan Simović became his Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria annexed some border areas outright."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "Italy added the Governorship of Dalmatia, part of Macedonia and Kosovo, Montenegro, southerly part of Croatia, and more than a third of western Slovenia to the Italian Empire."}, {"id": "Q167443", "label": "Milan Nedić", "section": "Political history - Downfall", "says": "The rump territory became a military administration of Germany run by military governors and a Serb civil government led by Milan Nedić."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "Political history - Exile of the king", "says": "This resistance movement, which was both anti-German and anti-communist, was commanded by Royalist General Draža Mihailović."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Political history - Exile of the king", "says": "For a long time, the Chetniks were supported by the British, the United States, and the Yugoslav royal government in exile of King Peter II."}], "Q152855": [{"id": "Q652211", "label": "Zheng Zhilong", "section": "History - Ming-Qing war", "says": "The Kingdom of Tungning started out as a Ming dynasty loyalist movement led by Zheng Chenggong, known in Dutch sources as Koxinga, the son of a former pirate-turned-general, Zheng Zhilong."}, {"id": "Q45697", "label": "Zhu Yujian", "section": "History - Ming-Qing war", "says": "His father Zhilong aided the Longwu Emperor in a military expedition in 1646, but Longwu was captured and executed."}, {"id": "Q704384", "label": "Frederick Coyett", "section": "History - Conquest of Taiwan", "says": "Frederick Coyett, the Dutch governor, negotiated a treaty, where the Dutch surrendered the fortress and left all the goods and property of the Company behind."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Conquest of Taiwan", "says": "In return, most Dutch officials, soldiers and civilians were allowed to leave with their personal belongings and supplies and return to Batavia (present-day Jakarta, Indonesia), ending 38 years of Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q1198163", "label": "Southern Ming dynasty", "section": "History - Permanent settlement", "says": "Realizing that defeating the Qing would not happen in the short term, Koxinga began transforming Taiwan into a temporary but practical seat of power for the Southern Ming loyalist movement."}, {"id": "Q84018", "label": "Zheng Jing", "section": "History - Permanent settlement", "says": "Later \"Eastern Capital\" (Dongdu) was renamed to Dongning (Wades Giles: Tungning), which means \"Eastern Pacification,\" by Zheng Jing, the son of Koxinga."}, {"id": "Q10069", "label": "Chongzhen Emperor", "section": "History - Permanent settlement", "says": "According to Zheng, the suicide of the Chongzhen Emperor was \"a most miserable plight, alas, unseen since antiquity!\" Zheng blamed the incompetence of the Ming loyalists on the mainland in resisting the Manchus."}, {"id": "Q1326844", "label": "Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui", "section": "History - Permanent settlement", "says": "He treated the deceased Yongli Emperor as though he were still alive and paid homage to him on the Lunar New Year."}, {"id": "Q701449", "label": "Shi Lang", "section": "History - Agriculture", "says": "According to a 1668 memorial to the Qing court, Shi Lang claimed that there were 20,000 to 30,000 Han Chinese in Taiwan under the Dutch."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "History - Retreat to Taiwan", "says": "The Kangxi Emperor granted the Dutch permission to set up inland trading posts but declined the proposal for a joint expedition."}, {"id": "Q112501", "label": "Revolt of the Three Feudatories", "section": "History - Peace negotiations", "says": "He never gave up on aspirations for power on the mainland and later attacked the Qing dynasty during the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, taking settlements on the coast."}, {"id": "Q84015", "label": "Zheng Keshuang", "section": "History - Preparations", "says": "His illegitimate son, Zheng Keshuang, murdered his brother Zheng Kezang with the support of minister Feng Xifan."}], "Q157367": [{"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "Brandenburg–Prussia (German: Brandenburg-Preußen; Low German: Brannenborg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the early modern realm of the Brandenburgian House of Hohenzollern between 1618 and 1701."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Based in the Electorate of Brandenburg, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the Duchy of Prussia, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618."}, {"id": "Q693496", "label": "Treaty of Xanten", "section": "lead", "says": "Another consequence of intermarriage was the incorporation of the lower Rhenish principalities of Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg after the Treaty of Xanten in 1614."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was especially devastating."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "By the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, Brandenburg gained Minden and Halberstadt, also the succession in Farther Pomerania (incorporated in 1653) and the Duchy of Magdeburg (incorporated in 1680)."}, {"id": "Q688969", "label": "Treaty of Bromberg", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Treaty of Bromberg (1657), concluded during the Second Northern War, the electors were freed of Polish vassalage for the Duchy of Prussia and gained Lauenburg–Bütow and Draheim."}, {"id": "Q654006", "label": "Second Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Treaty of Bromberg (1657), concluded during the Second Northern War, the electors were freed of Polish vassalage for the Duchy of Prussia and gained Lauenburg–Bütow and Draheim."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Brandenburg-Prussia also established a navy and German colonies in the Brandenburger Gold Coast and Arguin."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This was made possible by the Duchy of Prussia's sovereign status outside the Holy Roman Empire, and approval by the imperial House of Habsburg and other European royals in the course of form"}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "This was made possible by the Duchy of Prussia's sovereign status outside the Holy Roman Empire, and approval by the imperial House of Habsburg and other European royals in the course of form"}], "Q1771706": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It maintained close relations not only with the Byzantine Empire but also the Kingdom of Georgia, as well as the small Dagestani kingdom of Sarir; the first two also employed Alan mercenaries, who were infamous horsemen."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "It maintained close relations not only with the Byzantine Empire but also the Kingdom of Georgia, as well as the small Dagestani kingdom of Sarir; the first two also employed Alan mercenaries, who were infamous horsemen."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "It was responsible for spreading Orthodox Christianity among neighboring pagan peoples such as the Circassians and Vainakhs."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "History - As vassal of Khazaria", "says": "Theophanes the Confessor left a detailed account of Leo the Isaurian's mission to Alania in the early 8th century."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "History - As vassal of Khazaria", "says": "Leo was instructed by Emperor Justinian II to bribe the Alan leader Itaxes into severing his \"ancient friendship\" with the Kingdom of Abkhazia, which had allied itself with Caliph Al-Walid I."}, {"id": "Q325493", "label": "Kingdom of Abkhazia", "section": "History - As vassal of Khazaria", "says": "Leo was instructed by Emperor Justinian II to bribe the Alan leader Itaxes into severing his \"ancient friendship\" with the Kingdom of Abkhazia, which had allied itself with Caliph Al-Walid I."}, {"id": "Q284003", "label": "Al-Walid I", "section": "History - As vassal of Khazaria", "says": "Leo was instructed by Emperor Justinian II to bribe the Alan leader Itaxes into severing his \"ancient friendship\" with the Kingdom of Abkhazia, which had allied itself with Caliph Al-Walid I."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - As vassal of Khazaria", "says": "Eight years later, Marwan ibn Muhammad passed by the Gate in order to ravage the forts in Alania."}, {"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "History - As vassal of Khazaria", "says": "As a result of their united stand against the successive waves of invaders from the south, the Alans of the Caucasus fell under the overlordship of the Khazar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q209793", "label": "Constantine III", "section": "History - Independence and Christianization (late 9th–10th centuries)", "says": "In the early 10th century, the Alans fell under the influence of the Byzantine Empire due to King Constantine III of Abkhazia's activities in the North Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q552447", "label": "Nicholas Mystikos", "section": "History - Independence and Christianization (late 9th–10th centuries)", "says": "He sent an army into Alan territory and, with the Byzantine patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, converted the Alans to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q923825", "label": "Richard Foltz", "section": "History - Independence and Christianization (late 9th–10th centuries)", "says": "Richard Foltz has suggested that only certain elite Alan families were Christianized, the bulk of the population continuing to follow their original pagan traditions."}, {"id": "Q312330", "label": "John Skylitzes", "section": "History - Later history (11th–13th centuries)", "says": "John Skylitzes reports that Alda of Alania, after the death of her husband, \"George of Abasgia\" (i.e., George I of Georgia), received Anakopia as a maritime fief from Emperor Romanus III."}, {"id": "Q560244", "label": "George I of Georgia", "section": "History - Later history (11th–13th centuries)", "says": "John Skylitzes reports that Alda of Alania, after the death of her husband, \"George of Abasgia\" (i.e., George I of Georgia), received Anakopia as a maritime fief from Emperor Romanus III."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Later history (11th–13th centuries)", "says": "This happened in 1033, the year when the Alans and the Rus sacked the coast of Shirvan in modern-day Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q1362993", "label": "David Soslan", "section": "History - Later history (11th–13th centuries)", "says": "The alliance culminated in 1187, when the Alanian prince David Soslan married Queen Tamar of Georgia, a half-Alanian herself, with their descendants ruling Georgia until the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q244007", "label": "Tamar of Georgia", "section": "History - Later history (11th–13th centuries)", "says": "The alliance culminated in 1187, when the Alanian prince David Soslan married Queen Tamar of Georgia, a half-Alanian herself, with their descendants ruling Georgia until the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q348689", "label": "Vsevolod III the Big Nest", "section": "History - Later history (11th–13th centuries)", "says": "For instance, Maria the Ossetian, who founded the Convent of Princesses in Vladimir, was the wife of Vsevolod the Big Nest and grandmother of Alexander Nev"}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Mongol conquest and aftermath (13th–14th centuries)", "says": "The war there is incessant, leader against leader, village against village.\" In 1220, Genghis Khan sent his military leaders Subudei and Jebe on a campaign to reach “eleven countries and peoples”, among which were “Asut” (Alania)."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Mongol conquest and aftermath (13th–14th centuries)", "says": "Appreciating their skill as horsemen, the Mongols deported thousands of Alans to Mongolia in their need of fresh warriors for the conquest of the Southern Song and Dali."}], "Q190229": [{"id": "Q182902", "label": "Chita Oblast", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 March 2008, the region merged with Chita Oblast (which it was surrounded by) to form the new Zabaykalsky Krai."}], "Q2006542": [{"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominion of Pakistan, officially Pakistan, was the Pakistani state between 1947 and 1956, when it existed as an independent federal dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 14 August 1947 when it was created from British India under the Indian Independence Act 1947 of the British parliament, which also established an independent Dominion of India on 15 August."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Until 1947, these regions had been ruled by the United Kingdom as a part of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Until 1947, these regions had been ruled by the United Kingdom as a part of the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The constitution also administratively split the nation into West Pakistan and East Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The constitution also administratively split the nation into West Pakistan and East Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the East became Bangladesh and the West became Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q295713", "label": "Liaquat Ali Khan", "section": "History - Partition and independence", "says": "In 1947, the founding fathers of Pakistan agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan as the country's first prime minister, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as both first governor-general and speaker of the State Parliament."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - Partition and independence", "says": "In 1947, the founding fathers of Pakistan agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan as the country's first prime minister, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as both first governor-general and speaker of the State Parliament."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "History - Political unrest", "says": "Nonetheless, tensions began to grow in East Bengal."}, {"id": "Q369988", "label": "Khawaja Nazimuddin", "section": "History - Political unrest", "says": "Bengali leader, Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin succeeded as the governor general of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2046354", "label": "Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy", "section": "History - Political unrest", "says": "Huseyn Suhrawardy became the prime minister leading a communist-socialist alliance, and Iskander Mirza became the first president of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q155111", "label": "Iskandar Ali Mirza", "section": "History - Political unrest", "says": "Huseyn Suhrawardy became the prime minister leading a communist-socialist alliance, and Iskander Mirza became the first president of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q139948", "label": "Khanate of Kalat", "section": "History - Radcliffe Line and territory", "says": "They included Bahawalpur, Khairpur, Swat, Dir, Chitral, and the Khanate of Kalat."}, {"id": "Q280856", "label": "George VI", "section": "History - Monarchy and the Commonwealth", "says": "From 1947 to 1952, George VI was the sovereign of Pakistan, which shared the same person as its sovereign with the United Kingdom and the other Dominions in the British Commonwealth of Nations."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Monarchy and the Commonwealth", "says": "During the Queen's coronation in 1953, Elizabeth II was crowned as Queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries, including Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "Territorial problems arose with neighbouring Afghanistan over the Pakistan–Afghanistan border in 1949, and with India over the Line of Control in Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "Diplomatic recognition became a problem when the Soviet Union led by Joseph Stalin did not welcome the partition which established Pakistan and India."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "Diplomatic recognition became a problem when the Soviet Union led by Joseph Stalin did not welcome the partition which established Pakistan and India."}, {"id": "Q129006", "label": "Clement Attlee", "section": "History - Foreign relations", "says": "The USA, which did not approve of Pakistan's creation, was against this idea and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite, as opposed to the hoped-for unity of Muslim World."}], "Q216632": [{"id": "Q313240", "label": "Modibo Keïta", "section": "lead", "says": "During the brief existence of the Mali Federation, Modibo Keïta, who later became the first president of Mali, served as federation premier, and the government was based in Dakar, the eventual capital of Senegal."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Background", "says": "After World War II, the colonies of French West Africa began pushing significantly for increased self-determination and to redefine their colonial relationships with France."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "Background", "says": "The RDA was the governing party in the Ivory Coast colony, the French Sudan colony, and Guinea, while the PRA was a major governing party in Senegal and had sizable majorities in many countries."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "Background", "says": "Both parties struggled with each other to shape the political future of the region; Mauritania often became a neutral party that would break any deadlocks."}, {"id": "Q214407", "label": "Félix Houphouët-Boigny", "section": "Background", "says": "The RDA held a congress on 15 November 1958 to discuss the recent election results, and the division became clear with Modibo Keïta from French Sudan and Doudou Gueye from Senegal arguing for primary federation, which would include France and the colonies in a unified system, and Félix Houphouët-Boigny of the Ivory Coast dismissing that idea."}], "Q2826232": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese Angola (Portuguese: Angola Portuguesa) was a historical colony of the Portuguese Empire (1575–1951), the overseas province Portuguese West Africa of Estado Novo Portugal (1951–1972), and the State of Angola of the Portuguese Empire (1972–1975)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese Angola (Portuguese: Angola Portuguesa) was a historical colony of the Portuguese Empire (1575–1951), the overseas province Portuguese West Africa of Estado Novo Portugal (1951–1972), and the State of Angola of the Portuguese Empire (1972–1975)."}, {"id": "Q2208280", "label": "People's Republic of Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Republic of Angola became independent in 1975 until 1992, when the country officially changed to the Republic of Angola as a multi-party democratic republic."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 16th and 17th century, Portugal ruled along the coast and engaged in military conflicts with the Kingdom of Kongo, but in the 18th century, Portugal colonial control began to gradually spread into the interior highlands."}, {"id": "Q1796223", "label": "Kingdom of Lunda", "section": "lead", "says": "Other polities in the region included the Kingdom of Ndongo, Kingdom of Lunda, and Mbunda Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q17166174", "label": "Mbunda Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Other polities in the region included the Kingdom of Ndongo, Kingdom of Lunda, and Mbunda Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Full control of the entire territory that now forms Angola was not achieved until the beginning of the 20th century, when agreements with other European powers during the Scramble for Africa fixed the colony's interior borders, especially the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) as Belgium's private colony."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Full control of the entire territory that now forms Angola was not achieved until the beginning of the 20th century, when agreements with other European powers during the Scramble for Africa fixed the colony's interior borders, especially the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) as Belgium's private colony."}, {"id": "Q313060", "label": "Diogo Cão", "section": "History - Colony, 1575–1951", "says": "When in 1484, Diogo Cão and other explorers reached the Kongo Kingdom at the end of the 15th century, its present territory comprised a number of separate peoples, some organized as kingdoms or tribal federations of varying sizes."}, {"id": "Q964618", "label": "Afonso I", "section": "History - Colony, 1575–1951", "says": "Kings such as João I and Afonso I studied Christianity and learned Portuguese, in turn Christianising their nation and sharing the benefits from the slave trade."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Colony, 1575–1951", "says": "Kings such as João I and Afonso I studied Christianity and learned Portuguese, in turn Christianising their nation and sharing the benefits from the slave trade."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "History - Overseas province, 1951–1971 beginning of the colonial war", "says": "However, the conflict, conversely known as the Colonial War or the War of Liberation, erupted in the north of the territory when UPA rebels based in Republic of the Congo massacred both white and black civilians in surprise attacks in the countryside."}, {"id": "Q1374575", "label": "Álvaro Holden Roberto", "section": "History - Overseas province, 1951–1971 beginning of the colonial war", "says": "After visiting the United Nations, rebel leader Holden Roberto returned to Kinshasa and organised Bakongo militants."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "History - Overseas province, 1951–1971 beginning of the colonial war", "says": "After these events the Portuguese government, under the dictatorial Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and later Marcelo Caetano, sent thousands of troops from Europe to perform counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "History - Overseas province, 1951–1971 beginning of the colonial war", "says": "After these events the Portuguese government, under the dictatorial Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and later Marcelo Caetano, sent thousands of troops from Europe to perform counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations."}, {"id": "Q310870", "label": "Marcelo Caetano", "section": "History - Overseas province, 1951–1971 beginning of the colonial war", "says": "After these events the Portuguese government, under the dictatorial Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and later Marcelo Caetano, sent thousands of troops from Europe to perform counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Federated state status, 1972", "says": "Renaming Angola (like Mozambique) in  November 1972 (in effect 1 January 1973) \"Estado\" (state) was part of an apparent effort to give the Portuguese Empire a sort of federal structure, conferring some degree of autonomy to the \"states\"."}, {"id": "Q609836", "label": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "History - Carnation Revolution, 1974 and independence, 1975", "says": "However, the Portuguese authorities were unable to defeat the guerrillas as a whole during the Portuguese Colonial War, particularly in Portuguese Guinea, and suffered heavy casualties in the 13 years of conflict."}, {"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "History - Carnation Revolution, 1974 and independence, 1975", "says": "However, the Portuguese authorities were unable to defeat the guerrillas as a whole during the Portuguese Colonial War, particularly in Portuguese Guinea, and suffered heavy casualties in the 13 years of conflict."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "History - Carnation Revolution, 1974 and independence, 1975", "says": "It was this escalation that would lead directly to the mutiny of members of the Portuguese armed forces in the Carnation Revolution of April 1974 – an event that would lead to the independence of all of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa."}, {"id": "Q449550", "label": "Alvor Agreement", "section": "History - Carnation Revolution, 1974 and independence, 1975", "says": "On 11 November 1975, Angola became a sovereign state  in accordance with the Alvor Agreement and the newly independent country was proclaimed the People's Republic of Angola for over 17 years until its constitution in 1992, when the country was renamed the \"Republic of Angola\"."}], "Q287652": [{"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemysl (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Przemysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century – 1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemysl (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Przemysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century – 1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria."}, {"id": "Q2670751", "label": "Margraviate of Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemysl (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Przemysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century – 1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria."}, {"id": "Q360116", "label": "Bořivoj I", "section": "Origin and rise", "says": "The first historically-documented Přemyslid duke was Bořivoj I (867)."}, {"id": "Q355013", "label": "Bretislaus I", "section": "Origin and rise", "says": "The decline ended in the reign of Prince Bretislaus I, grandson of Boleslaus II."}], "Q332137": [{"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "lead", "says": "The kings of the Kingdom of Commagene claimed descent from Orontes with Darius I of Persia as their ancestor, by his marriage to Rhodogune, daughter of Artaxerxes II who had a family descent from king Darius I."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "lead", "says": "The kings of the Kingdom of Commagene claimed descent from Orontes with Darius I of Persia as their ancestor, by his marriage to Rhodogune, daughter of Artaxerxes II who had a family descent from king Darius I."}, {"id": "Q2626105", "label": "Kingdom of Sophene", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it seems that, from what little evidence remains, Commagene formed part of a larger state that also included the Kingdom of Sophene."}, {"id": "Q557215", "label": "Ptolemaeus of Commagene", "section": "lead", "says": "163 BC, when the local satrap, Ptolemaeus of Commagene, established himself as an independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "lead", "says": "163 BC, when the local satrap, Ptolemaeus of Commagene, established himself as an independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes."}, {"id": "Q580014", "label": "Antiochus IV of Commagene", "section": "lead", "says": "It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when Antiochus IV of Commagene was reinstated to the throne by order of Caligula, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, Claudius."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "lead", "says": "It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when Antiochus IV of Commagene was reinstated to the throne by order of Caligula, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, Claudius."}, {"id": "Q1411", "label": "Claudius", "section": "lead", "says": "It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when Antiochus IV of Commagene was reinstated to the throne by order of Caligula, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, Claudius."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "lead", "says": "The re-emergent state lasted until 72 AD, when the Emperor Vespasian finally and definitively made it part of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The re-emergent state lasted until 72 AD, when the Emperor Vespasian finally and definitively made it part of the Roman Empire."}], "Q335070": [{"id": "Q874283", "label": "Latin League", "section": "lead", "says": "The ancient Romans believed it to be the founder and head of the Latin League, before it was destroyed by the Roman Kingdom around the middle of the 7th century BC and its inhabitants were forced to settle in Rome."}, {"id": "Q201038", "label": "Roman Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The ancient Romans believed it to be the founder and head of the Latin League, before it was destroyed by the Roman Kingdom around the middle of the 7th century BC and its inhabitants were forced to settle in Rome."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Legendary history - Founding myth", "says": "According to Roman mythology, after the fall of Troy in 1184 BC, Aeneas led a group of surviving Trojans through the Mediterranean Sea to Sicily, Carthage, and eventually the Italian Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q200859", "label": "Tullus Hostilius", "section": "Legendary history - War with Rome", "says": "In the seventh century BC, the Roman king Tullus Hostilius succeeded Numa Pompilius."}, {"id": "Q200031", "label": "Numa Pompilius", "section": "Legendary history - War with Rome", "says": "In the seventh century BC, the Roman king Tullus Hostilius succeeded Numa Pompilius."}, {"id": "Q763823", "label": "Mettius Fufetius", "section": "Legendary history - War with Rome", "says": "However, Cluilius died in the camp of unspecified causes, whereupon the Albans appointed Mettius Fufetius as dictator to lead the army in his place."}, {"id": "Q17161", "label": "Etruscans", "section": "Legendary history - The Horatii and Curiatii", "says": "At the conference, Mettius proposed that the dispute be resolved by some means other than mass bloodshed, citing the concern that the nearby Etruscans would fall upon the two Latin states if these were weakened by war and unable to defend themselves."}], "Q34756": [{"id": "Q9372", "label": "Sima Qian", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "According to the 2nd-century BC Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, the state of Qin traced its origin to Zhuanxu, one of the legendary Five Emperors in ancient times."}, {"id": "Q470072", "label": "King Zhou of Shang", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "One of the Shang, Elai, was killed defending Di Xin during the rebellion led by Ji Fa that established the Zhou dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1209245", "label": "King Xiao of Zhou", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Feizi, a younger son of Elai's fourth-generation descendant Daluo, impressed King Xiao of Zhou so much with his horse breeding skills that he was awarded a separate fief in the valley of Qin (modern Qingshui and Zhangjiachuan in Gansu) northeast of Quanqiu, and his seat was named Qinyi (秦邑; Qin's hamlet) in the modern town of Qinting (秦亭)."}, {"id": "Q561973", "label": "Duke Wen of Jin", "section": "History - Spring and Autumn period", "says": "After Chong'er defeated Duke Hui to become Duke Wen of Jin, he expressed gratitude to Duke Mu, and relations between the two states improved."}, {"id": "Q698899", "label": "Wu Qi", "section": "History - Early non-involvement", "says": "Between 413 and 409 BC, during the reign of Duke Jian of Qin, the Wei army—led by Wu Qi and supported by Zhao and Han states—attacked Qin and conquered some Qin territories west of the Yellow River."}, {"id": "Q351345", "label": "Shang Yang", "section": "History - Legalist reforms", "says": "Among these foreign talents, Shang Yang successfully conducted a series of Legalist reforms in Qin with the support of Duke Xiao, despite facing strong opposition from conservative Qin politicians."}, {"id": "Q887650", "label": "King Xian of Zhou", "section": "History - Hegemonic stage", "says": "In 364 BC, Qin defeated the combined armies of Wei and Han, and King Xian of Zhou, the nominal ruler of China, declared Duke Xian the Hegemon (ba) of China."}, {"id": "Q197321", "label": "Zhang Yi", "section": "History - Actions against Chu", "says": "The Qin strategist Zhang Yi suggested that King Huiwen to pursue Qin's interests at the expense of Chu."}, {"id": "Q1195760", "label": "Battle of Changping", "section": "History - Wars against Zhao, Han, and Wei", "says": "Qin and Zhao engaged in the three-year-long Battle of Changping, followed by another three-year siege by Qin of Zhao's capital city of Handan."}], "Q3624335": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Austria was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right."}, {"id": "Q156404", "label": "Rudolf IV", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1453, the archducal title of the Austrian rulers, invented by Duke Rudolf IV in the forged Privilegium Maius of 1359, was officially acknowledged by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The territory originally inhabited by Celts was conquered by the Roman Empire at the end of the 1st century BC."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, the area was invaded by several Germanic tribes and from the 6th century onward settled by Avars as well as by Slavic tribes, who about 600 founded the independent principality of Carantania in the south."}, {"id": "Q501754", "label": "Carantania", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, the area was invaded by several Germanic tribes and from the 6th century onward settled by Avars as well as by Slavic tribes, who about 600 founded the independent principality of Carantania in the south."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Avar Khaganate established in 567 comprised most of the later Austrian march up to the Enns river, where it bordered on the German stem duchy of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q149427", "label": "Samo's realm", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Temporarily part of Samo's Empire from 631 to 658, the territory was under constant attack by the Carolingian forces of Charlemagne from 791 onward."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Temporarily part of Samo's Empire from 631 to 658, the territory was under constant attack by the Carolingian forces of Charlemagne from 791 onward."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The East Frankish margraviate was again lost to the invading Magyars at the 907 Battle of Pressburg, and re-established as the Bavarian March of Austria after King Otto I of Germany's victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The East Frankish margraviate was again lost to the invading Magyars at the 907 Battle of Pressburg, and re-established as the Bavarian March of Austria after King Otto I of Germany's victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The East Frankish margraviate was again lost to the invading Magyars at the 907 Battle of Pressburg, and re-established as the Bavarian March of Austria after King Otto I of Germany's victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 976 Emperor Otto II enfeoffed the Babenberg count Leopold the Illustrious with the Austrian margraviate."}, {"id": "Q130875", "label": "House of Hohenstaufen", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "Margrave Leopold the Generous (1136–1141) was a loyal vassal of the imperial House of Hohenstaufen in the struggle against the Bavarian Welf dynasty."}, {"id": "Q157133", "label": "Conrad III of Germany", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "In 1139, after King Conrad III of Germany deposed the Welf duke Henry the Proud, he gave the Bavarian duchy to his half-brother Margrave Leopold."}, {"id": "Q366696", "label": "Henry X", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "In 1139, after King Conrad III of Germany deposed the Welf duke Henry the Proud, he gave the Bavarian duchy to his half-brother Margrave Leopold."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "In 1156, Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick Barbarossa approached a settlement with the Welfs."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "At the 1156 Imperial Diet in Regensburg, Henry Jasomirgott had to renounce the Bavarian duchy in favor of Henry the Lion."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "The Austrian lands prospered, due to their favorable location on the Danube, as an important trade route from Krems and Mautern via Vienna down to Hungary and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q51655", "label": "Third Crusade", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "In 1191, Duke Leopold V joined the Third Crusade and the siege of Acre."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "History - House of Babenberg", "says": "Once the city was conquered and occupied, he picked a fierce quarrel with King Richard the Lionheart, allegedly over Leopold's raising of his Babenberg banner beside the royal flags of Richard and Philip II of France."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - The rule of King Ottokar", "says": "However, Emperor Frederick II, in the last years of his rule, was weakened by the struggle against Pope Innocent IV, and was stuck in the Italian Wars between the Guelphs and Ghibellines."}, {"id": "Q150320", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "section": "History - The rule of King Ottokar", "says": "It was the ambitious Přemyslid ruler Ottokar II of Bohemia, son of King Wenceslaus I, who took the occasion to take over the rule in the \"princeless\" lands of late Duke Frederick II the Warlike."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - The rule of King Ottokar", "says": "Referring to the Privilegium Minus, Pope Innocent IV, against the feudal principle of patrilineal inheritance, confirmed the hereditary rights of Frederick's sister Margaret, widow of Henry of Hohenstaufen, and his niece Gertrude, widow of Ottokar's elder brother Přemyslid Margrave Vladislaus of Moravia who died in 1247."}, {"id": "Q152370", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "section": "History - The rule of King Ottokar", "says": "King Béla IV of Hungary contested this, referring to the Gertrude's third marriage with his relative Roman Danylovich and occupied the Styrian lands."}, {"id": "Q696795", "label": "Battle of Kressenbrunn", "section": "History - The rule of King Ottokar", "says": "However, Ottokar prevailed as he defeated the Hungarian troops at the Battle of Kressenbrunn."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "History - The rule of King Ottokar", "says": "In 1269, Ottokar also effectively controlled the Duchy of Carinthia, with Carniola and the Windic March further in the south."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "Rudolf married his daughter Judith off to Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II, who retained the Bohemian kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "Having reached an agreement with the prince-electors, he granted the Austrian domains to his sons Albert and Rudolf II at the 1282 Diet of Augsburg, elevating them to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "Rudolf established his residence at the Vienna Hofburg Palace and in 1358/59 he had the Privilegium Maius forged to elevate himself to a privileged \"archduke\" of the Empire, but failed to secure confirmation from the Emperor Charles IV."}, {"id": "Q349086", "label": "Leopold III", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "Following the brief, yet eventful, rule of Duke Rudolf IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III divided the Austrian domains between themselves, in accordance with the Treaty of Neuberg, signed in 1379."}, {"id": "Q561493", "label": "Treaty of Neuberg", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "Following the brief, yet eventful, rule of Duke Rudolf IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III divided the Austrian domains between themselves, in accordance with the Treaty of Neuberg, signed in 1379."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "In 1402, there was another split in the Leopoldian line, when Duke Ernest took Inner Austria (i.e. the duchies of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola) and Duke Frederick IV became the ruler of Tyrol and Further Austria."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "The partitions decisively weakened the Habsburg position, in favour of their rivals from the Luxembourg and Wittelsbach dynasties."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen King of the Romans as the successor to his House of Luxembourg father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - House of Habsburg", "says": "Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen King of the Romans as the successor to his House of Luxembourg father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund."}], "Q371334": [{"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Mexican Empire (Spanish: Segundo Imperio mexicano), officially known as the Mexican Empire (Spanish: Imperio Mexicano), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists with the support of the Second French Empire."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Emperor, Napoleon III, with backing from Mexican conservatives, the clergy, and nobility, aimed to establish a monarchist ally in the Americas as a counterbalance to the growing power of the United States."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Emperor, Napoleon III, with backing from Mexican conservatives, the clergy, and nobility, aimed to establish a monarchist ally in the Americas as a counterbalance to the growing power of the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Emperor, Napoleon III, with backing from Mexican conservatives, the clergy, and nobility, aimed to establish a monarchist ally in the Americas as a counterbalance to the growing power of the United States."}, {"id": "Q645719", "label": "House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The throne of Mexico was offered by Mexican monarchists, who had lost a civil war against Mexican liberals, to Austrian Archduke Maximilian of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, who had ancestral ties to the rulers of colonial Mexico."}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "His wife, Belgian princess Charlotte of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, became the empress consort of Mexico, known locally as \"Carlota\"."}, {"id": "Q182276", "label": "Benito Juárez", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite being forced to abandon Mexico City, President Benito Juárez never left Mexican territory, even as he relocated his government multiple times to evade Imperial forces."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Maximilian's regime received recognition from European powers such as the United Kingdom and Austria, as well as from Brazil and China, but it was not recognized by the United States."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "With the conclusion of the American Civil War in 1865, the geopolitical situation shifted."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "History - Mexican monarchism", "says": "After a decade of warfare (1810–21), New Spain gained its independence as Mexico under the leadership of the royalist military commander turned insurgent Agustín de Iturbide, who united insurgents and Spaniards under the Plan of Iguala."}, {"id": "Q1606520", "label": "Plan of ayala", "section": "History - Mexican monarchism", "says": "After a decade of warfare (1810–21), New Spain gained its independence as Mexico under the leadership of the royalist military commander turned insurgent Agustín de Iturbide, who united insurgents and Spaniards under the Plan of Iguala."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "History - Mexican monarchism", "says": "The Plan promised independence for Mexico as a monarchy (First Mexican Empire), and also invited a member of Spanish royalty to assume the newly established Mexican throne."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "History - Mexican monarchism", "says": "Although during the independence struggle, Mexicans considered the idea of republicanism,  \"monarchy was the default position.\" Iturbide's rule as emperor lasted less than two years, but the height of his power lasted only six months. in his attempts to govern, Iturbide struggled to find funds to pay the army and the rest of the government, and closed congress, accusing representatives of obstruct"}, {"id": "Q970690", "label": "Lorenzo de Zavala", "section": "History - Mexican monarchism", "says": "Lorenzo de Zavala claimed that in that year, he was approached by a foreign agent hoping to recruit him in a plan to place an Orléans monarch upon a Mexican throne."}, {"id": "Q157324", "label": "François Guizot", "section": "History - Mexican monarchism", "says": "French diplomats tended to sympathize with the Conservatives in Mexico, Victor de Broglie opining that monarchy was a form of government more suited to Mexico at the time and François Guizot giving a positive review of Estrada's pamphlet."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - French invasion and establishment of monarchy", "says": "Napoleon finally had a pretext for armed intervention."}, {"id": "Q1061228", "label": "Battle of Puebla", "section": "History - French invasion and establishment of monarchy", "says": "Charles de Lorencez's small expeditionary force was repulsed at the Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862, delaying the French push to capture the capital."}, {"id": "Q1837971", "label": "José Mariano Salas", "section": "History - French invasion and establishment of monarchy", "says": "Forey appointed a committee of thirty-five Mexicans, the Junta Superior, who then elected three Mexican citizens to serve as the government's executive: Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (the natural son of independence leader José María Morelos), José Mariano Salas, and Pelagio Antonio de Labastida."}, {"id": "Q449439", "label": "Miguel Miramón", "section": "History - Maximilian's reign", "says": "He sent Generals Miguel Miramón and Leonardo Márquez out of the country and disbanded the small Mexican army that had supported the empire."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "History - Deteriorating imperial military situation", "says": "French troops had been able to take considerable Mexican territory from republican forces while the U.S. was embroiled in its civil war, but in April 1865, Union forces defeated the secessionist Confederate States of America after four years of bloody combat."}, {"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "History - Conservative and traditionalist turn in the government", "says": "This was due to the measures suggested and taken by the political advisors that Emperor Maximilian had, while they noted that the indigenous, and in general the common Mexican, clung to traditionalist New Spanish ways of life, being stubborn in their customs as a traditional society and communitarians form of life that were alien to the Modernization project of the liberal and Individualist-egalit"}], "Q44642": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federation of Arab Republics (FAR; Arabic: إتحاد الجمهوريات العربية, romanized: Ittiḥād al-Jumhūrīyāt al-'Arabīyah, lit. 'Union of Arab Republics') was an unsuccessful attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to merge Libya, Egypt and Syria in order to create a unified Arab state."}], "Q473748": [{"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1967, Uganda's first Prime Minister Milton Obote declared Uganda a republic, abolished all monarchs, parliament became the constituent assembly and later all political parties were outlawed except the Uganda People's Congress."}, {"id": "Q57274", "label": "Yoweri Museveni", "section": "lead", "says": "Following years of political turmoil, the kingdom, which largely occupies a ceremonial role, was officially restored in 1993 by Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under Yoweri Museveni, the President of Uganda since 1986."}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Elizabeth Isichei said that it is likely that the Buganda state is much more ancient than had previously been thought, and that Buganda began as a small kingdom in the north of Lake Victoria in what is now Busiro County."}, {"id": "Q125057", "label": "Richard Francis Burton", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The first Europeans to enter the Kingdom of Buganda were British explorers John Hanning Speke and Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton while searching for the headwaters of the Nile in 1862."}, {"id": "Q171421", "label": "Henry Morton Stanley", "section": "History - European Accounts", "says": "Henry Morton Stanley described the Baganda as \"an extraordinary people, as different from the barbarous pirates of Uvuma, and the wild, mop-headed men of Eastern Usukuma, as the British in India are from their Afridi fellow-subjects, or the white Americans of Arkansas from the semi-civilized Choctaws.\"\n\nPerhaps one of the best organised and most civilised of African kingdoms at the present day."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "History - European Accounts", "says": "Colonel Lambkin and the explorer Harry Johnston both described the Baganda as the black Japanese or \"the Japanese of the dark continent\" and \"the most naturally civilized, charming, kind, tactful, and courteous of black people.\"\n Frederick Lugard claimed that Buganda was \"probably the most civilised of any native state in Africa.\"\nFormer US President Theodore Roosevelt was amazed by the kingdom wh"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - European Accounts", "says": "Colonel Lambkin and the explorer Harry Johnston both described the Baganda as the black Japanese or \"the Japanese of the dark continent\" and \"the most naturally civilized, charming, kind, tactful, and courteous of black people.\"\n Frederick Lugard claimed that Buganda was \"probably the most civilised of any native state in Africa.\"\nFormer US President Theodore Roosevelt was amazed by the kingdom wh"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Colonial times", "says": "Buganda was colonized by the British and made a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1884."}], "Q541455": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Arabic: السودان الإنجليزي المصري, romanised: as-Sūdān al-Inglīzī al-Maṣrī) was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt between 1899 and 1956, corresponding to the territory of what is now both Sudans and parts of southeastern Libya."}, {"id": "Q3486796", "label": "Republic of Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "By agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1953, Sudan was granted independence as the Republic of Sudan on 1 January 1956."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2011, the south of Sudan itself became independent as the Republic of South Sudan."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt in 1805, and while he was nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt under his rule acted as a virtually independent state."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Seeking to supplant and ultimately replace the Ottoman Empire as the dominant regional power, Muhammad Ali declared himself Khedive, and expanded Egypt's borders both southwards into Sudan, and eastwards into the Levant and Arabia, the latter at the expense of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Muhammad Ali's grandson, Isma'il Pasha, Egypt consolidated and expanded its control of the Sudan as far south as the Great Lakes region, whilst simultaneously acquiring territory in modern-day Chad, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia."}, {"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "Background", "says": "The rebellion in Sudan, led by the Sudanese religious leader Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi (Guided One), was both political and religious."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "Though he died six months after the fall of Khartoum, Ahmad's call was fully echoed by his successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, who invaded Ethiopia in 1887, and penetrated as far as Gondar, and the remainder of northern Sudan and Egypt in 1889."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Background", "says": "Though he died six months after the fall of Khartoum, Ahmad's call was fully echoed by his successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, who invaded Ethiopia in 1887, and penetrated as far as Gondar, and the remainder of northern Sudan and Egypt in 1889."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - Abrogation of the condominium", "says": "Having abolished the monarchy in 1953, Egypt's new leaders, Muhammad Naguib, who was raised as the son of an Egyptian army officer in Sudan, and Gamal Abdel Nasser, believed the only way to end the British domination in Sudan was for Egypt itself to officially abandon its sovereignty over Sudan."}], "Q600093": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Habsburg Spain, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, was the period of Spanish history and Spanish Empire from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Habsburg Spain, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, was the period of Spanish history and Spanish Empire from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period, Spain held many territories, including Pan-American continental holdings and the West Indies; European territories like the Low Countries, Italian territories, Portugal and parts of France; and the Philippines and other possessions in Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period, Spain held many territories, including Pan-American continental holdings and the West Indies; European territories like the Low Countries, Italian territories, Portugal and parts of France; and the Philippines and other possessions in Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 united the two main crowns, Castile and Aragon, which eventually led to the de facto unification of Spain after the culmination of the Reconquista with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and of Navarre from 1512 to 1529."}, {"id": "Q12860", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 united the two main crowns, Castile and Aragon, which eventually led to the de facto unification of Spain after the culmination of the Reconquista with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and of Navarre from 1512 to 1529."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 united the two main crowns, Castile and Aragon, which eventually led to the de facto unification of Spain after the culmination of the Reconquista with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and of Navarre from 1512 to 1529."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Isabella and Ferdinand were given the title of \"Catholic Monarchs of Spain\" by Pope Alexander VI in 1494."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "lead", "says": "Isabella and Ferdinand were given the title of \"Catholic Monarchs of Spain\" by Pope Alexander VI in 1494."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburg period ushered in the Spanish Golden Age of arts and literature, producing some of the world's most influential writers, painters, and intellectuals, including Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Domingo de Soto, Francisco Suárez and Francisco de Vitoria."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The death of Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, in 1700, led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the ascension of Philip V of the Bourbon dynasty."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Beginnings of the empire (1504–1521)", "says": "Her husband, Philip, was the Habsburg son of Emperor Maximilian I and Duchess Mary of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "History - Beginnings of the empire (1504–1521)", "says": "Her husband, Philip, was the Habsburg son of Emperor Maximilian I and Duchess Mary of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q636365", "label": "War of the League of Cambrai", "section": "History - Beginnings of the empire (1504–1521)", "says": "In the War of the League of Cambrai against Venice, Spanish soldiers distinguished themselves on the field alongside their French allies at the Battle of Agnadello (1509)."}, {"id": "Q1754732", "label": "Battle of Agnadello", "section": "History - Beginnings of the empire (1504–1521)", "says": "In the War of the League of Cambrai against Venice, Spanish soldiers distinguished themselves on the field alongside their French allies at the Battle of Agnadello (1509)."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "Pope Clement VII switched sides and now joined forces with France and prominent Italian states against the Habsburg Emperor, in the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "Pope Clement VII switched sides and now joined forces with France and prominent Italian states against the Habsburg Emperor, in the War of the League of Cognac."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "In 1533, Clement's refusal to annul Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon (Charles' aunt) was a direct consequence of his unwillingness to offend the Emperor and perhaps have his capital sacked a second time."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "The Peace of Barcelona, signed between Charles and the pope in 1529, established a more cordial relationship between the two leaders that effectively made Charles the protector of the Catholic cause and recognized Charles as King of Italy in return for Imperial-Spanish intervention in overthrowing the rebellious Republic of Florence."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "Charles, through his position as Holy Roman Emperor, his important holdings along Germany's frontiers, and his close relationship with his Habsburg relatives in Austria, had a vested interest in maintaining the stability of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q154031", "label": "German Peasants' War", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "The German Peasants' War broke out in Germany in 1524 and ravaged the country until it was brutally put down in 1526."}, {"id": "Q568387", "label": "Peasants' War", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "After the Peasants' War the Protestants organized themselves into a defensive league to protect themselves from Emperor Charles."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "In 1543, Francis I, King of France, announced his unprecedented alliance with the Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, by occupying the Spanish-controlled city of Nice in cooperation with Turkish forces."}, {"id": "Q2237484", "label": "Battle of Ceresole", "section": "History - Charles, an emperor and a king (1521–1558)", "says": "Although the Spanish army was soundly defeated at the Battle of Ceresole, in Savoy Henry fared better, and France was forced to accept terms."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "History - Philip II (1558–1598)", "says": "Spain was not yet at peace, as the aggressive Henry II of France came to the throne in 1547 and renewed the conflict between the two countries four years later."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Philip II (1558–1598)", "says": "Charles' successor, Philip II, aggressively conducted the war against France, crushing a French army at the Battle of St."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Philip II (1558–1598)", "says": "Spanish settlements were established in the New World: Mexico City, the most important colonial city established in 1524 to be the primary center of administration in the New World; Florida, colonized in the 1560s; Buenos Aires, established in 1536; and New Granada (modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela), colonized in the 1530s."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Philip II (1558–1598)", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had long menaced the fringes of the Habsburg dominions in Austria and northwest Africa."}, {"id": "Q613478", "label": "Battle of Djerba", "section": "History - Ottoman Turks, the Mediterranean, and North Africa during Philip II's rule", "says": "In 1560, a Spanish-led Christian fleet was sent to recapture Tripoli (captured by Spain in 1510), but the fleet was destroyed by the Ottomans at the Battle of Djerba."}, {"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "History - Ottoman Turks, the Mediterranean, and North Africa during Philip II's rule", "says": "The death of Suleiman the Magnificent the following year and his succession by his less capable son Selim II emboldened Philip, who resolved to carry the war to the Sultan himself."}, {"id": "Q157107", "label": "John of Austria", "section": "History - Ottoman Turks, the Mediterranean, and North Africa during Philip II's rule", "says": "In 1571, a Christian fleet, led by Philip's half-brother John of Austria, annihilated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in the waters off southwestern Greece."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "History - Ottoman Turks, the Mediterranean, and North Africa during Philip II's rule", "says": "In 1571, a Christian fleet, led by Philip's half-brother John of Austria, annihilated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in the waters off southwestern Greece."}, {"id": "Q2890849", "label": "Battle of Cape Celidonia", "section": "History - Ottoman Turks, the Mediterranean, and North Africa during Philip II's rule", "says": "In the first half of the 17th century, Spanish ships attacked the Anatolian coast, defeating larger Ottoman fleets at the Battle of Cape Celidonia and the Battle of Cape Corvo."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Conflicts in North-West Europe", "says": "Philip led Spain into the final phase of the Italian Wars, crushing a French army at the Battle of St."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - Conflicts in North-West Europe", "says": "The Battle of Rheindalen is often seen as the unofficial start of the Eighty Years' War that led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces."}, {"id": "Q697823", "label": "Fall of Antwerp", "section": "History - Conflicts in North-West Europe", "says": "After the Fall of Antwerp, the Queen of England began to aid the Northern provinces and sent troops there in 1585."}, {"id": "Q10715354", "label": "Neo-Inca State", "section": "History - Spanish America", "says": "In Peru, after decades of political unrest, with ineffective viceroys and encomenderos wielding undue power, weak royal institutions, a renegade Neo-Inca State existing in Vilcabamba, and waning revenue from the Cerro Rico silver mine of Potosí, Toledo's appointment was a major step forward for royal control."}, {"id": "Q296269", "label": "Túpac Amaru", "section": "History - Spanish America", "says": "Under Toledo, the last stronghold of the Inca state was destroyed and the last Inca emperor, Túpac Amaru, was executed."}, {"id": "Q318500", "label": "Miguel López de Legazpi", "section": "History - The Philippines, the Sultanate of Brunei and Southeast Asia", "says": "In 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), Don Luís de Velasco, to lead an expedition in the Pacific Ocean to find the Spice Islands, where earlier explorers Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively."}, {"id": "Q1496", "label": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "History - The Philippines, the Sultanate of Brunei and Southeast Asia", "says": "In 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), Don Luís de Velasco, to lead an expedition in the Pacific Ocean to find the Spice Islands, where earlier explorers Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively."}, {"id": "Q449551", "label": "Ruy López de Villalobos", "section": "History - The Philippines, the Sultanate of Brunei and Southeast Asia", "says": "In 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), Don Luís de Velasco, to lead an expedition in the Pacific Ocean to find the Spice Islands, where earlier explorers Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively."}, {"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "History - The Philippines, the Sultanate of Brunei and Southeast Asia", "says": "In 1571, the Spanish, their Mexican recruits and their Filipino (Visayan) allies attacked and occupied Maynila, a vassal-state of the Sultanate of Brunei, and negotiated the incorporation of the Kingdom of Tondo which was liberated from the Bruneian Sultanate's control and of whom, their princess, Kandarapa, had a tragic romance with the Mexican-born Conquistador and grandson of Miguel Lopez de Le"}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "History - Portugal and the Iberian Union 1580–1640", "says": "Despite the fact that during the Iberian Union a certain degree of autonomy and the cultural identity of Portugal was maintained, many historians agree that the dynastic union was in fact a Spanish conquest by keeping Portugal and the Portuguese Empire as part of the Spanish colonial empire under the sovereignty of Philip II of Spain and his successors after the Spanish victory in the War of Portu"}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Portugal and the Iberian Union 1580–1640", "says": "Despite the fact that during the Iberian Union a certain degree of autonomy and the cultural identity of Portugal was maintained, many historians agree that the dynastic union was in fact a Spanish conquest by keeping Portugal and the Portuguese Empire as part of the Spanish colonial empire under the sovereignty of Philip II of Spain and his successors after the Spanish victory in the War of Portu"}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Portugal and the Iberian Union 1580–1640", "says": "Despite the fact that during the Iberian Union a certain degree of autonomy and the cultural identity of Portugal was maintained, many historians agree that the dynastic union was in fact a Spanish conquest by keeping Portugal and the Portuguese Empire as part of the Spanish colonial empire under the sovereignty of Philip II of Spain and his successors after the Spanish victory in the War of Portu"}, {"id": "Q222123", "label": "Henry I of Portugal", "section": "History - Portugal and the Iberian Union 1580–1640", "says": "In 1580, King Philip saw the opportunity to strengthen his position in Iberia when the last member of the Portuguese royal family, Henry, King of Portugal, died."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Portugal and the Iberian Union 1580–1640", "says": "Philip famously remarked upon his acquisition of the Portuguese throne: \"I inherited, I bought, I conquered,\" a variation on Julius Caesar and Veni, Vidi, Vici."}, {"id": "Q145934", "label": "English Armada", "section": "History - Portugal and the Iberian Union 1580–1640", "says": "The English Armada of 1589 failed to liberate Portugal."}, {"id": "Q5939792", "label": "Francisco Gómez", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "He needed someone to do the work of governing, and he settled on Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "The Dutch, led by Maurice of Nassau, the son of William the Silent, had succeeded in taking a number of border cities since 1590, including the fortress of Breda."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "The Dutch, led by Maurice of Nassau, the son of William the Silent, had succeeded in taking a number of border cities since 1590, including the fortress of Breda."}, {"id": "Q359936", "label": "Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "Following the peace with England, the new Spanish commander Ambrogio Spinola pressed hard against the Dutch."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "Fortunately, Spanish forces had regained enough of the military initiative to convince a politically divided United Provinces to sign a Twelve Years' Truce in 1609."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "In the Spanish Netherlands, the rule of Philip II's daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, and her husband, Archduke Albert, restored stability."}, {"id": "Q158256", "label": "Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "In the Spanish Netherlands, the rule of Philip II's daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, and her husband, Archduke Albert, restored stability."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "War with France threatened in 1610, but shortly after, Henry IV was assassinated, and the regency of the boy king Louis XIII was not stable."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "History - Philip III", "says": "War with France threatened in 1610, but shortly after, Henry IV was assassinated, and the regency of the boy king Louis XIII was not stable."}, {"id": "Q371833", "label": "Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares", "section": "History - Philip IV", "says": "The following year, Zúñiga was replaced by Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, an able man who believed that the center of all Spain's woes lay in Holland."}, {"id": "Q1527665", "label": "War of the Mantuan Succession", "section": "History - Philip IV", "says": "Olivares, who had backed certain tax measures in Spain pending the completion of the war, was further blamed for the fruitless War of the Mantuan Succession in Italy."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "History - Philip IV", "says": "In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Swede"}], "Q6673921": [{"id": "Q835646", "label": "Treaty of Prüm", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 855 by the Treaty of Prüm as a distinct kingdom within the Carolingian Empire, but abolished already in 869–870 when it was divided by the Treaty of Meerssen."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 855 by the Treaty of Prüm as a distinct kingdom within the Carolingian Empire, but abolished already in 869–870 when it was divided by the Treaty of Meerssen."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 855 by the Treaty of Prüm as a distinct kingdom within the Carolingian Empire, but abolished already in 869–870 when it was divided by the Treaty of Meerssen."}, {"id": "Q708468", "label": "Treaty of Ribemont", "section": "lead", "says": "It was territorially reunited in 880 by the Treaty of Ribemont, and reestablished as a kingdom from 895 to 900."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the final division, the region comprised present-day Lorraine (France), Luxembourg, parts of Switzerland, parts of modern Germany west of the Rhine, most of Belgium, and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the final division, the region comprised present-day Lorraine (France), Luxembourg, parts of Switzerland, parts of modern Germany west of the Rhine, most of Belgium, and the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The regional name Lotharingia means, approximately, \"the land of Lothair\", and was derived from the name of its first ruler, king Lothair II, who received this territory as his share of the Kingdom of Middle Francia."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "Several consecutive conflicts between East and West Francia over Lotharingia were based on the fact that these were the old Frankish homelands of Austrasia, so possession of them was a matter of great prestige to their kings as true claimant of Frankish imperial legacy."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "Several consecutive conflicts between East and West Francia over Lotharingia were based on the fact that these were the old Frankish homelands of Austrasia, so possession of them was a matter of great prestige to their kings as true claimant of Frankish imperial legacy."}], "Q729768": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1810s, Shaka established a standing army that consolidated rival clans and built a large following which ruled a wide expanse of Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to the Pongola River in the north, centred on the present KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q228911", "label": "Anglo-Zulu War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1879, a British force invaded Zululand, beginning the Anglo-Zulu War."}, {"id": "Q747589", "label": "Battle of Isandlwana", "section": "lead", "says": "After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January, the British regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July during the Battle of Ulundi, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q2166177", "label": "Battle of Ulundi", "section": "lead", "says": "After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January, the British regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July during the Battle of Ulundi, ending the war."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q600562", "label": "Mthethwa Paramountcy", "section": "History - Rise under Shaka", "says": "Shaka fought as a warrior under Dingiswayo, leader of the Mthethwa Paramountcy."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "History - Rise under Shaka", "says": "The Ngoni people fled as far north as Tanzania and Malawi."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Rise under Shaka", "says": "An offshoot of the Zulu, the amaNdebele, better known to history as the Matabele, created an even larger empire under their king Mzilikazi, including large parts of the highveld and modern-day Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "History - Clashes with Voortrekkers", "says": "In the Cape Colony, increasing tensions between some Dutch Settlers and the British colonial authorities led to a wave of Boer (also known as Voortrekkers) migration northwards from 1836 onwards in order to establish autonomous Boer states independent of British control."}, {"id": "Q982129", "label": "Piet Retief", "section": "History - Clashes with Voortrekkers", "says": "In October 1837, the Voortrekker leader Piet Retief visited Dingane at his royal kraal to negotiate a land deal for the voortrekkers."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "History - Clashes with Voortrekkers", "says": "In November, about 1,000 Voortrekker wagons began descending the Drakensberg mountains from the Orange Free State into what is now KwaZulu-Natal."}, {"id": "Q440155", "label": "Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius", "section": "History - Clashes with Voortrekkers", "says": "The remaining Voortrekkers elected a new leader, Andries Pretorius, who led a successful defence of the Voortrekker position from the Zulu forces and Dingane at the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, when 15,000 Zulu impis (warriors) attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by Pretorius."}, {"id": "Q1392699", "label": "Battle of Blood River", "section": "History - Clashes with Voortrekkers", "says": "The remaining Voortrekkers elected a new leader, Andries Pretorius, who led a successful defence of the Voortrekker position from the Zulu forces and Dingane at the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, when 15,000 Zulu impis (warriors) attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by Pretorius."}, {"id": "Q950220", "label": "Henry Bartle Frere", "section": "History - British Conquest", "says": "On 11 December 1878, with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, on his own initiative and without the approval of the British government, presented an ultimatum to the Zulu king Cetshwayo in terms with which he could not possibly comply: that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Division and the death of Cetshwayo", "says": "He had audiences with Queen Victoria and other famous personages before being allowed to return to Zululand to be reinstated as king."}, {"id": "Q159397", "label": "Louis Botha", "section": "History - Dinuzulu's reign and exile", "says": "The Boers were led by Louis Botha."}, {"id": "Q3274751", "label": "Bambatha Rebellion", "section": "History - Dinuzulu's reign and exile", "says": "In 1906 Dinuzulu was accused of being behind the Bambatha Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q554131", "label": "Mangosuthu Buthelezi", "section": "History - Dinuzulu's reign and exile", "says": "In 1923, Solomon founded the organisation Inkatha YaKwaZulu to promote his royal claims, which became moribund and then was revived in the 1970s by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, chief minister of the KwaZulu bantustan."}], "Q853342": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Most Serene House of Braganza (Portuguese: Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), also known as the Brigantine dynasty (dinastia Brigantina), is a dynasty of emperors, kings, princes, and dukes of Portuguese origin which reigned in Europe and the Americas."}, {"id": "Q964618", "label": "Afonso I", "section": "lead", "says": "The house was founded by Afonso I, 1st Duke of Braganza, illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal of the House of Aviz, and would eventually grow into one of the wealthiest and most powerful noble houses of Iberia during the Renaissance period."}, {"id": "Q201575", "label": "John I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The house was founded by Afonso I, 1st Duke of Braganza, illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal of the House of Aviz, and would eventually grow into one of the wealthiest and most powerful noble houses of Iberia during the Renaissance period."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braganzas came to rule the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after successfully deposing the Philippine Dynasty in the Restoration War, resulting in the Duke of Braganza becoming King John IV of Portugal, in 1640."}, {"id": "Q7185044", "label": "Philippine Dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braganzas came to rule the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after successfully deposing the Philippine Dynasty in the Restoration War, resulting in the Duke of Braganza becoming King John IV of Portugal, in 1640."}, {"id": "Q1060796", "label": "John IV of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braganzas came to rule the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after successfully deposing the Philippine Dynasty in the Restoration War, resulting in the Duke of Braganza becoming King John IV of Portugal, in 1640."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braganzas ruled Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from 1640 and with the creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, in 1815, and the subsequent independence of the Empire of Brazil, in 1822, the Braganzas came to rule as the monarchs of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braganzas ruled Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from 1640 and with the creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, in 1815, and the subsequent independence of the Empire of Brazil, in 1822, the Braganzas came to rule as the monarchs of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braganzas ruled Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from 1640 and with the creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, in 1815, and the subsequent independence of the Empire of Brazil, in 1822, the Braganzas came to rule as the monarchs of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Braganzas ruled Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from 1640 and with the creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, in 1815, and the subsequent independence of the Empire of Brazil, in 1822, the Braganzas came to rule as the monarchs of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q176253", "label": "Catherine of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Braganza produced 15 Portuguese monarchs and all four Brazilian monarchs, numerous consorts to various European kingdoms, such as Catherine of Braganza (wife of Charles II of England who introduced tea to Britain) and Maria Isabel of Braganza (wife of Ferdinand VII of Spain who founded the El Prado Museum), as well as sometime candidates for the thrones of Poland and Greece, Infante M"}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Braganza produced 15 Portuguese monarchs and all four Brazilian monarchs, numerous consorts to various European kingdoms, such as Catherine of Braganza (wife of Charles II of England who introduced tea to Britain) and Maria Isabel of Braganza (wife of Ferdinand VII of Spain who founded the El Prado Museum), as well as sometime candidates for the thrones of Poland and Greece, Infante M"}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Braganza produced 15 Portuguese monarchs and all four Brazilian monarchs, numerous consorts to various European kingdoms, such as Catherine of Braganza (wife of Charles II of England who introduced tea to Britain) and Maria Isabel of Braganza (wife of Ferdinand VII of Spain who founded the El Prado Museum), as well as sometime candidates for the thrones of Poland and Greece, Infante M"}], "Q856691": [{"id": "Q3764262", "label": "Dantidurga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Elichpur clan was a feudatory of the Badami Chalukyas, and during the rule of Dantidurga, it overthrew Chalukya Kirtivarman II and went on to build an empire with the Gulbarga region in modern Karnataka as its base."}, {"id": "Q707430", "label": "Kirtivarman II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Elichpur clan was a feudatory of the Badami Chalukyas, and during the rule of Dantidurga, it overthrew Chalukya Kirtivarman II and went on to build an empire with the Gulbarga region in modern Karnataka as its base."}, {"id": "Q3630862", "label": "Amoghavarsha I", "section": "lead", "says": "Amoghavarsha I, the most famous king of this dynasty wrote Kavirajamarga, a landmark literary work in the Kannada language."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "His military exploits have been compared to those of Alexander the Great and Arjuna of Mahabharata."}, {"id": "Q3765117", "label": "Eastern Chalukyas", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Amoghavarsha I made peace with the Western Ganga dynasty by giving them his two daughters in marriage, and then defeated the invading Eastern Chalukyas at Vingavalli and assumed the title Viranarayana."}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Sulaiman (851), Al-Masudi (944) and Ibn Khurdadba (912) wrote that their empire was the largest in contemporary India and Sulaiman further called it one among the four great contemporary empires of the world."}], "Q1061057": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aceh Sultanate, officially the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam (Acehnese: Acèh Darussalam; Jawoe: اچيه دارالسلام), was a sultanate centered in the modern-day province of Aceh of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q2988343", "label": "Portuguese Malacca", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak it competed with the Sultanate of Johor and Portuguese Malacca, both on the Malay Peninsula, as all three attempted to control the trade through the Strait of Malacca and the regional exports of pepper and tin, with varying success."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Foundation, rise and trade development", "says": "1571) extended the domains further south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with the support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent's Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q4083686", "label": "Sultanate of Bengal", "section": "History - Foundation, rise and trade development", "says": "Ships from the Bengal Sultanate transported diplomats from Sumatra and Brunei to Ming China."}, {"id": "Q368237", "label": "James Lancaster", "section": "History - Foundation, rise and trade development", "says": "After they arrived, they were permitted by the sultan to purchase pepper, during the same year as representatives of the English East India Company under the command of James Lancaster."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Foundation, rise and trade development", "says": "He returned in 1602 bearing a letter from English queen Elizabeth I."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Later years and conquest by the Dutch", "says": "Britain, heretofore guarding the independence of Aceh to keep it out of Dutch hands, re-evaluated its policy and concluded the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra, which allowed for Dutch control throughout Sumatra in exchange for concessions in the Gold Coast and equal trading rights in northern Aceh."}, {"id": "Q277450", "label": "Aceh War", "section": "History - Later years and conquest by the Dutch", "says": "The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873, with the Dutch making the unfounded excuses that Aceh was sponsoring piracy and preparing to conclude a treaty with the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Later years and conquest by the Dutch", "says": "The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873, with the Dutch making the unfounded excuses that Aceh was sponsoring piracy and preparing to conclude a treaty with the United States."}], "Q107258515": [{"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from the establishment of the dynasty in 1925 until its overthrow during the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which ended Iran's over 2,500-year-old monarchy."}, {"id": "Q182921", "label": "Reza Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1935, Reza Shah requested that foreign governments refer to the country as \"Iran\" rather than \"Persia\" in official correspondence."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Iran declared neutrality during World War II, it was invaded and occupied by British and Soviet forces in 1941, forcing Reza Shah to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Iran declared neutrality during World War II, it was invaded and occupied by British and Soviet forces in 1941, forcing Reza Shah to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}, {"id": "Q123037", "label": "Mohammad Mosaddegh", "section": "lead", "says": "The rise of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh and the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry culminated in a constitutional crisis that forced the Shah into temporary exile in 1953."}, {"id": "Q1068139", "label": "White Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Supported by rising oil revenues and Western backing during the Cold War, he pursued an extensive military buildup and launched the White Revolution, a broad reform program that implemented sweeping land reform while expanding state investment in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and industrial development."}, {"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Iranian dependence on the two empires intensified with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention, which formally divided Iran into British and Russian spheres of influence and significantly undermined the country's sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q4818171", "label": "Persian Constitutional Revolution", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Public dissatisfaction with foreign interference, bureaucratic mismanagement, and royal corruption contributed to the 1905–1911 Persian Constitutional Revolution, which established the first Iranian parliament and introduced a constitution limiting the powers of the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q188684", "label": "Edmund II of England", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In January 1921, British Army officer Edmund Ironside appointed Reza Khan, then a brigadier general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, to lead the entire force."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "History - Establishment and early years", "says": "He had initially planned to declare Iran a republic, similar to the reforms implemented by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, but abandoned the proposal in the face of opposition from British leaders and the Shia clergy."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Establishment and early years", "says": "Upon being sworn in as the monarch by a constituent assembly on 15 December 1925, Reza Shah adopted the dynastic name \"Pahlavi\", a reference to the Middle Persian language of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and the United Kingdom became enemies during World War II."}, {"id": "Q696848", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi War", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In April 1941, war reached Iran's borders when Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, with assistance from Germany and Italy, launched the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, sparking the Anglo-Iraqi War in May 1941."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Allied occupation of Iran", "says": "In June 1941, Nazi Germany broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and invaded the Soviet Union, Iran's northern neighbor."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "History - Allied occupation of Iran", "says": "In June 1941, Nazi Germany broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and invaded the Soviet Union, Iran's northern neighbor."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Allied occupation of Iran", "says": "The invasion's strategic purpose was to secure a supply line to the Soviet Union (later named the Persian Corridor), secure the oil fields and the Abadan Refinery (of the UK-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company), and limit German influence in Iran."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Allied occupation of Iran", "says": "Reza Shah passed away on 26 July 1944 while in exile in South Africa, at the age of 66."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Post-war conflict and recovery", "says": "While the party's strongholds in Tehran and Isfahan were suppressed, Soviet troops stationed in Azerbaijan province prevented Iranian forces from entering the region."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Post-war conflict and recovery", "says": "With the support of the United States, the oil concessions granted to the Soviet Union were subsequently revoked by the Iranian government."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Cold War era", "says": "On 12–16 October 1971, an elaborate set of celebrations and festivities for the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire occurred in commemoration of the founding of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Cold War era", "says": "On 12–16 October 1971, an elaborate set of celebrations and festivities for the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire occurred in commemoration of the founding of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Cold War era", "says": "On 12–16 October 1971, an elaborate set of celebrations and festivities for the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire occurred in commemoration of the founding of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "History - Collapse of the monarchy", "says": "Islamic leaders, particularly the cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, were able to focus this discontent with an ideology tied to Islamic principles that called for the overthrow of the Shah and a return to Islamic traditions."}, {"id": "Q382369", "label": "Mehdi Bazargan", "section": "History - Collapse of the monarchy", "says": "Khomeini appointed the politically moderate Mehdi Bazargan as prime minister, who served from 11 February to 6 November 1979."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "History - Exile and present-day", "says": "Mohammad Reza fled the country on 16 January 1979, seeking medical treatment in Egypt, Mexico, the United States, and Panama, and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as a guest of Anwar Sadat."}, {"id": "Q334871", "label": "Reza Pahlavi", "section": "History - Exile and present-day", "says": "On his death on 27 July 1980, his son Reza Pahlavi, who was formally invested as Crown Prince on 26 October 1967, succeeded him as head of the Pahlavi dynasty."}], "Q140359": [{"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was commonly called Czechoslovakia, a compound of Czech and Slovak; which gradually became the most widely used name for its successor states."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was composed of former territories of Austria-Hungary, inheriting different systems of administration from the formerly Austrian (Bohemia, Moravia, a small part of Silesia) and Hungarian territories (mostly Upper Hungary and Carpathian Ruthenia)."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Under pressure from its German minority, supported by neighbouring Nazi Germany, Czechoslovakia was forced to cede its Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938 as part of the Munich Agreement."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "It also ceded southern parts of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary and the Trans-Olza region in Silesia to Poland."}, {"id": "Q2010024", "label": "Second Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was replaced by the Second Czechoslovak Republic, which lasted less than half a year before Germany occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939."}], "Q1415585": [{"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "Background", "says": "In March 1992, President Mohammad Najibullah, having lost the Russian support that upheld his government, agreed to resign and make way for a neutral, interim government."}, {"id": "Q317797", "label": "Gulbuddin Hekmatyar", "section": "Background", "says": "But one group, the Hezb-e Islami led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, presumably supported and directed by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), did not join the negotiations and announced its intent to conquer Kabul alone."}, {"id": "Q476757", "label": "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "History - Rabbani and Hekmatyar", "says": "President Mohammad Najibullah, leader of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, was forced to resign on 15 April 1992."}, {"id": "Q188667", "label": "Burhanuddin Rabbani", "section": "History - Rabbani and Hekmatyar", "says": "In June, Burhanuddin Rabbani, leader of the Tajik-dominated Jamiat-e Islami (\"Islamic Association\") faction, was made interim-president of the new Islamic State of Afghanistan, and on 30 December 1992 he was elected head of the 7-member Government Council for a two-year term."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Rise of the Taliban", "says": "In late 1994, a new Pashtun-dominated Islamic fundamentalist militia called the Taliban (lit. '\"Religious students\"') managed to conquer large parts of southern Afghanistan with the support of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "History - Rise of the Taliban", "says": "The Taliban renamed the country the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, and imposed an even more strict version of Sharia and purdah on the population they controlled."}, {"id": "Q331702", "label": "Abdul Rashid Dostum", "section": "History - Northern Alliance", "says": "The ousted Rabbani government formed a political coalition with Tajik leader Ahmed Shah Massoud, Uzbek warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum, and the Shia Hizb-i-Wahdat faction (dominated by Hazaras) of Karim Khalili."}, {"id": "Q115596", "label": "Karim Khalili", "section": "History - Northern Alliance", "says": "The ousted Rabbani government formed a political coalition with Tajik leader Ahmed Shah Massoud, Uzbek warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum, and the Shia Hizb-i-Wahdat faction (dominated by Hazaras) of Karim Khalili."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Northern Alliance", "says": "The Northern Alliance drove the Taliban away in December 2001, following the United States invasion of Afghanistan."}], "Q157109": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Burgundian Age, those lands were also parts of the wider Valois-Burgundian State, which itself belonged, in terms of suzerainty, partly to the Kingdom of France and partly to the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Burgundian Age, those lands were also parts of the wider Valois-Burgundian State, which itself belonged, in terms of suzerainty, partly to the Kingdom of France and partly to the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q298892", "label": "Philip the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "The period began with Duke Philip the Bold taking office as count and lord of Antwerp, Artois, Flanders, Mechelen, and Rethel in 1384, and lasted until the death of Duchess Mary of Burgundy in 1482, after which the Valois-Burgundian State was dissolved, as Mary's titles and lands were inherited by her son Philip the Handsome, from the House of Habsburg, thus initiating creation of the Habsburg Net"}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The period began with Duke Philip the Bold taking office as count and lord of Antwerp, Artois, Flanders, Mechelen, and Rethel in 1384, and lasted until the death of Duchess Mary of Burgundy in 1482, after which the Valois-Burgundian State was dissolved, as Mary's titles and lands were inherited by her son Philip the Handsome, from the House of Habsburg, thus initiating creation of the Habsburg Net"}, {"id": "Q157098", "label": "Philip I of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The period began with Duke Philip the Bold taking office as count and lord of Antwerp, Artois, Flanders, Mechelen, and Rethel in 1384, and lasted until the death of Duchess Mary of Burgundy in 1482, after which the Valois-Burgundian State was dissolved, as Mary's titles and lands were inherited by her son Philip the Handsome, from the House of Habsburg, thus initiating creation of the Habsburg Net"}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The period began with Duke Philip the Bold taking office as count and lord of Antwerp, Artois, Flanders, Mechelen, and Rethel in 1384, and lasted until the death of Duchess Mary of Burgundy in 1482, after which the Valois-Burgundian State was dissolved, as Mary's titles and lands were inherited by her son Philip the Handsome, from the House of Habsburg, thus initiating creation of the Habsburg Net"}], "Q158835": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Liège or Principality of Liège was a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that was situated for the most part in present-day Belgium."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "lead", "says": "The bishops of Liège acquired their status as prince-bishops between 980 and 985 when Bishop Notker of Liège, who had been the bishop since 972, received secular control of the County of Huy from Emperor Otto II."}, {"id": "Q3456469", "label": "Republic of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The ecclesiastical state briefly became a republic (the Republic of Liège) from 1789 to 1791, before reverting to a prince-bishopric in 1791."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1815 the territories it had held became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and in 1830 they were within the part of that kingdom which split off to become Belgium."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality ruled by the bishops of Liège was never part of the Seventeen Provinces or the Spanish and Austrian Southern Netherlands, but from the 16th century onwards its politics were strongly influenced by the dukes of Burgundy and later the Habsburgs."}], "Q165763": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Waldeck (later the Principality of Waldeck and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q954891", "label": "Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont", "section": "lead", "says": "After the abolition of the monarchy in 1918, the renamed Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont became a component of the Weimar Republic until divided between Hannover and other Prussian provinces in 1929."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the abolition of the monarchy in 1918, the renamed Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont became a component of the Weimar Republic until divided between Hannover and other Prussian provinces in 1929."}, {"id": "Q284667", "label": "Electorate of Mainz", "section": "History - County of Waldeck", "says": "Initially, Waldeck was a fief of the Electorate of Mainz."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - County of Waldeck", "says": "After the death of Count Henry VI in 1397, the family split into two lines: the senior Landau line founded by Adolph III and the junior Waldeck line founded by Henry VII, which sometimes feuded with one another."}, {"id": "Q695322", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse", "section": "History - County of Waldeck", "says": "The two lines came under the sovereignty of the Landgraviate of Hesse in 1431 and 1438 respectively, due to financial difficulties and the final victory of the Landgraviate over Mainz in 1427, which led to the transfer of the County of Ziegenhain to Hesse."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "History - County of Waldeck", "says": "After the death of Henry VIII in 1486, the Waldeck line split once more, into the Waldeck-Wildungen and Waldeck-Eisenberg lines."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - County of Waldeck", "says": "In 1526 and 1529,  Philip IV of Waldeck-Wildungen and Philip III of Waldeck-Eisenberg converted their respective principalities to Lutheranism."}, {"id": "Q63770", "label": "Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg", "section": "History - County of Waldeck", "says": "The Lordship of Tonna in Thüringen, a fief of the Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg was inherited by Waldeck-Pyrmont in 1640, but sold to Duke Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1677."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck (1712–1848)", "says": "During the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783, Prince Frederick Carl Augustus provided a single battalion sized regiment to the British for the war in America in exchange for payment."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck (1712–1848)", "says": "The principality was caught up in the Napoleonic Wars and in 1807 it joined the Confederation of the Rhine, but not the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck (1712–1848)", "says": "The principality was caught up in the Napoleonic Wars and in 1807 it joined the Confederation of the Rhine, but not the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck (1712–1848)", "says": "The independence of the principality was confirmed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, and Waldeck and Pyrmont became a member of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q310650", "label": "Schaumburg-Lippe", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck (1712–1848)", "says": "In 1847, on Prussian initiative, the sovereignty of Hesse-Kassel over Waldeck (and Schaumburg-Lippe) was finally revoked by the Federal Convention of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont (1849–1918)", "says": "As a result, Waldeck-Pyrmont fought on the Prussian side in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and thus avoided annexation at the war's end – unlike the neighbouring Electorate of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q529605", "label": "Electorate of Hesse", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont (1849–1918)", "says": "As a result, Waldeck-Pyrmont fought on the Prussian side in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and thus avoided annexation at the war's end – unlike the neighbouring Electorate of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont (1919–1929)", "says": "On 13 November 1918, at the end of World War I, during the German Revolution that resulted in the fall of all the German monarchies, a representative of the revolutionary workers' and soldiers' council of Kassel came to Waldeck and declared that the monarchy was abolished."}, {"id": "Q262034", "label": "Greater Hesse", "section": "History - Developments since 1929", "says": "It was made part of Greater Hesse in 1945, which became the state of Hesse in the modern Federal Republic of Germany in 1946."}], "Q193748": [{"id": "Q230407", "label": "Kingdom of Israel", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Iron Age II period, two Israelite kingdoms emerged, covering much of Canaan: the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Iron Age II period, two Israelite kingdoms emerged, covering much of Canaan: the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Kingdom of Judah remained intact during this time, it became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Jewish revolts against the Babylonians led to the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE, under the rule of Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The exile ended with the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenid Empire c."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great issued a proclamation known as the Edict of Cyrus, which authorized and encouraged exiled Jews to return to Judah."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "Origins of ancient Israel", "says": "Additionally, the story's references to brickmaking, the mention of city of Ramesses (linked to Ramesses II) and the route taken by the Israelites align with the reality of the Late Bronze Age."}, {"id": "Q313232", "label": "Jeroboam II", "section": "Fall of the kingdom of Israel (8th century BCE)", "says": "During the long reign of Jeroboam II (788–747 BCE), Israel experienced renewed prosperity and reached a territorial high point."}, {"id": "Q625649", "label": "Aram-Damascus", "section": "Fall of the kingdom of Israel (8th century BCE)", "says": "According to the Bible, King Pekah of Israel, allied with Rezin of Aram-Damascus, invaded Judah in an attempt to replace King Ahaz with a ruler who would join a regional alliance against Assyria."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "Fall of the kingdom of Israel (8th century BCE)", "says": "In 722–720 BCE, the city fell to Shalmaneser or his successor Sargon II."}, {"id": "Q7185566", "label": "Philistia", "section": "Fall of Judah (609–587 BCE)", "says": "In 604 BCE, they conducted a campaign against Philistia, destroying all the Philistine cities and exiling or killing their inhabitants; within 150 years, the distinct Philistine identity ultimately disappeared."}, {"id": "Q319034", "label": "Jehoiakim", "section": "Fall of Judah (609–587 BCE)", "says": "The last decades of Judah were tumultuous: one king, Jehoiakim, rebelled against Babylon; he died and was succeeded by his young son Jeconiah, who soon surrendered to Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 597 BCE."}, {"id": "Q319049", "label": "Jeconiah", "section": "Fall of Judah (609–587 BCE)", "says": "The last decades of Judah were tumultuous: one king, Jehoiakim, rebelled against Babylon; he died and was succeeded by his young son Jeconiah, who soon surrendered to Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 597 BCE."}, {"id": "Q184273", "label": "Zedekiah", "section": "Fall of Judah (609–587 BCE)", "says": "But Zedekiah too eventually rebelled, encouraged by Egyptian promises."}], "Q20437507": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Media (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭, romanized: Māda; Ancient Greek: Μηδία, romanized: Mēdía; Akkadian: Mādāya) was a polity centered in Ecbatana that existed from the 7th century BCE until the mid-6th century BCE, and is believed to have dominated a significant portion of the Iranian plateau, preceding the powerful Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The frequent interference in the Zagros Mountains by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, located in Upper Mesopotamia, led to the unification of the Median tribes."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "By 612 BCE, the Medes, in alliance with Babylonia in Lower Mesopotamia, became strong enough to overthrow the declining Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Cyaxares (r."}, {"id": "Q271527", "label": "Astyages", "section": "lead", "says": "During his reign, Astyages (r."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In 550 BCE, the Median capital, Ecbatana, was conquered by the Persian leader Cyrus the Great, marking the beginning of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "lead", "says": "However, most historians increasingly view the Median Empire as having been made up by Herodotus and that the Medes were a loose confederacy instead, only uniting under one leader when external powers were attacking Media."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Assyrian campaigns in Media", "says": "The first mention of the Medes in Assyrian texts dates back to 834 BCE when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (r."}, {"id": "Q315465", "label": "Shamshi-Adad V", "section": "History - Assyrian campaigns in Media", "says": "In 815 BCE, Shamshi-Adad V (r."}, {"id": "Q313127", "label": "Adad-nirari III", "section": "History - Assyrian campaigns in Media", "says": "The Assyrians could not secure victories in the six campaigns (in 809, 800, 799, 793, 792, and 788 BCE) waged against the Medes by Adad-nirari III (r."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Assyrian campaigns in Media", "says": "In an account of this campaign, Tiglath-Pileser mentions \"the provinces of the mighty Medes\" and claims to have deported 6,500 people from northwest Iran to Syria and Phoenicia."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Assyrian campaigns in Media", "says": "Under Sargon II (r."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Scythian interregnum", "says": "In ancient times, the vast areas north of the Black and Caspian Seas were inhabited by the Scythians."}, {"id": "Q332557", "label": "Phraortes", "section": "History - Scythian interregnum", "says": "The dating of this event remains uncertain but is traditionally seen as occurring between the reigns of Phraortes and Cyaxares."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Fall of the Assyrian Empire", "says": "After the death of Ashurbanipal in 631 BCE, the Assyrian Empire entered a period of political instability."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Fall of the Assyrian Empire", "says": "After the death of Ashurbanipal in 631 BCE, the Assyrian Empire entered a period of political instability."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Existence of a Median Empire", "says": "While the Cimmerians and the Medes are postulated as responsible for the end of Urartu, the general consensus is that Urartu was destroyed by the Medes in the late 7th century BCE."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "History - Conquest by the Persians", "says": "That the confrontation is likely to have been longer than the concise chronicle entry conveys is indicated by an inscription from Sippar where the Babylonian king Nabonidus seems to refer to a conflict between Persians and Medes already in 553 BCE."}, {"id": "Q462684", "label": "Harpagus", "section": "History - Conquest by the Persians", "says": "Herodotus reports that the Median general Harpagus organized a conspiracy against Astyages, and during a battle, he defected with a large part of the troops to the side of Cyrus."}], "Q2090473": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khazars (/kəˈzɑːrz/) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who established a major commercial empire in the late 6th century CE spanning the south of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, and western Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "Astride a major artery of commerce between Eastern Europe and West Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading empires of the early medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and playing a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, West Asia, and Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q7054713", "label": "North Caucasian Huns", "section": "lead", "says": "Their native religion is thought to have been Tengrism, like that of the North Caucasian Huns and other Turkic peoples,  although their multiethnic population seems to have included pagans, Jews, Christians, and Muslims."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "History - Tribal origins and early history", "says": "Many Turkic groups, such as Oghuric speakers, including the Saragurs, Oğurs, Onogurs, and Bulgars, who earlier formed part of the Tiele (Tiělè) confederation, are attested quite early, having been driven west by the Sabirs, who in turn fled the Pannonian Avars, and began to flow into the Volga–Caspian–Pontic zone from as early as the 4th century and are recorded by Priscus to reside in the western"}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Tribal origins and early history", "says": "They appear to stem from Mongolia and South Siberia in the aftermath of the fall of the Hunnic-Xiōngnú nomadic polities."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Tribal origins and early history", "says": "A variegated tribal federation led by these Turks, probably comprising a complex assortment of Iranian peoples, proto-Mongols, Uralic speakers, and Paleosiberian peoples vanquished the Rouran Khaganate of the hegemonic Pannonian Avars in 552 who swept westwards, taking in their train other steppe nomads and peoples from Sogdia."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Rise of the Khazar state", "says": "An embryonic state of Khazaria began to form sometime after 630, when it emerged from the breakdown of the larger First Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - Rise of the Khazar state", "says": "An embryonic state of Khazaria began to form sometime after 630, when it emerged from the breakdown of the larger First Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Rise of the Khazar state", "says": "By 568, these Göktürks were probing for an alliance with Byzantium to attack the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2670239", "label": "Taspar Qaghan", "section": "History - Rise of the Khazar state", "says": "An internecine war broke out between the senior eastern Göktürks and the junior Western Turkic Khaganate some decades later, when on the death of Taspar Qaghan, a succession dispute led to a dynastic crisis between Taspar's chosen heir, the Apa Qaghan, and the ruler appointed by the tribal high council, Āshǐnà Shètú, the Ishbara Qaghan."}, {"id": "Q2670230", "label": "Ishbara Qaghan", "section": "History - Rise of the Khazar state", "says": "An internecine war broke out between the senior eastern Göktürks and the junior Western Turkic Khaganate some decades later, when on the death of Taspar Qaghan, a succession dispute led to a dynastic crisis between Taspar's chosen heir, the Apa Qaghan, and the ruler appointed by the tribal high council, Āshǐnà Shètú, the Ishbara Qaghan."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "History - Rise of the Khazar state", "says": "To the West, two new nomadic states arose in the meantime: Old Great Bulgaria under Kubrat, the Duōlù clan leader, and the Nǔshībì subconfederation, also comprising five tribes."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Rise of the Khazar state", "says": "With a resounding victory over the tribes in 657, engineered by General Su Dingfang, Chinese overlordship was imposed to their East after a final mop-up operation in 659, but the two confederations of Bulğars and Khazars fought for supremacy on the western steppeland, and with the ascendency of the latter, the former either succumbed to Khazar rule or, as under Asparukh of Bulgaria, Kubrat's son, "}, {"id": "Q200947", "label": "Ahmad ibn Fadlan", "section": "History - Royal diarchy with sacral Qağanate", "says": "Similarly, Ahmad ibn Fadlan wrote that there was a maximum limit on the number of years of a king's reign."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Ruling elite", "says": "The ruling stratum, like that of the later Činggisids within the Golden Horde, was a relatively small group that differed ethnically and linguistically from its subject peoples, meaning the Alano-As and Oğuric Turkic tribes, who were numerically superior within Khazaria."}, {"id": "Q287479", "label": "Istakhri", "section": "History - Demographics", "says": "Many Turkic nations had a similar (political, not racial) division between a \"white\" ruling warrior caste and a \"black\" class of commoners; the consensus among mainstream scholars is that Istakhri was confused by the names given to the two groups."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Economy", "says": "The Khazar slave trade constituted one of the two great furnishers of slaves to the Muslim market to slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate (the other being the Iranian Sâmânid amîrs), supplying it with captured Slavs and tribesmen from the Eurasian northlands."}, {"id": "Q2326099", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "Byzantium also sought alliances with the Göktürks against common enemies: in the early 7th century, one such alliance was brokered with the Western Tűrks against the Persian Sasanians in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "During the period leading up to and after the siege of Constantinople in 626, Heraclius sought help via emissaries, and eventually personally, from a Göktürk chieftain of the Western Turkic Khaganate, Tong Yabghu Qağan, in Tiflis, plying him with gifts and the promise of marriage to his daughter, Epiphania."}, {"id": "Q2312422", "label": "Third Perso-Turkic War", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "Tong Yabghu responded by sending a large force to ravage the Persian empire, marking the start of the Third Perso-Turkic War."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "In 695, the last Heraclian emperor, Justinian II, nicknamed \"the slit-nosed\" (ὁ ῥινότμητος) after he was mutilated and deposed, was exiled to Cherson in the Crimea, where a Khazar governor (tudun) presided."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "He escaped into Khazar territory in 704 or 705 and was given asylum by khagan Busir Glavan (Ἰβουζῆρος Γλιαβάνος), who gave him his sister in marriage, perhaps in response to an offer by Justinian, who may have thought a dynastic marriage would seal by kinship a powerful tribal support for his attempts to regain the throne."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "The Khazarian spouse thereupon changed her name to Theodora."}, {"id": "Q41637", "label": "Tiberios III", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "Busir was offered a bribe by the Byzantine usurper, Tiberius III, to kill Justinian."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Khazars and Byzantium", "says": "He fled to Bulgaria, whose Khan Tervel helped him re"}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Arab–Khazar wars", "says": "During the 7th and 8th centuries, the Khazars fought a series of wars against the Umayyad Caliphate and its Abbasid successor."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "History - Arab–Khazar wars", "says": "The Khazars launched raids in response into Caucasian Albania and Iranian Azerbaijan but were driven back by the Arabs under Hasan ibn al-Nu'man."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Arab–Khazar wars", "says": "The Khazars launched raids in response into Caucasian Albania and Iranian Azerbaijan but were driven back by the Arabs under Hasan ibn al-Nu'man."}, {"id": "Q314791", "label": "Yazid II", "section": "History - Arab–Khazar wars", "says": "Caliph Yazid II responded, sending 25,000 Arab troops north, swiftly driving the Khazars back across the Caucasus, recovering Derbent, and advancing on Balanjar."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Khazars and Hungarians", "says": "As a result, three Kabar tribes of the Khazars (probably the majority of ethnic Khazars) joined the Hungarians and moved through Levedia to what the Hungarians call the Etelköz, the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "History - Khazars and Hungarians", "says": "From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Lower Pannonian principality and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q1618896", "label": "Rus' Khaganate", "section": "History - Rise of the Rus' and the collapse of the Khazarian state", "says": "It is often argued that a Rus' Khaganate modelled on the Khazarian state had formed to the east and that the Varangian chieftain of the coalition appropriated the title of khagan as early as the 830s: the title survived to denote the princes of Kievan Rus', whose capital, Kiev, is often associated with a Khazarian foundation."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Rise of the Rus' and the collapse of the Khazarian state", "says": "Although Benjamin was victorious, his son Aaron II faced another invasion, this time led by the Alans, whose leader had converted to Christianity and entered into an alliance with Byzantium, which, under Leo VI the Wise, encouraged them to fight against the Khazars."}, {"id": "Q41618", "label": "Leo VI the Wise", "section": "History - Rise of the Rus' and the collapse of the Khazarian state", "says": "Although Benjamin was victorious, his son Aaron II faced another invasion, this time led by the Alans, whose leader had converted to Christianity and entered into an alliance with Byzantium, which, under Leo VI the Wise, encouraged them to fight against the Khazars."}, {"id": "Q294116", "label": "Al-Muqaddasi", "section": "History - Aftermath: impact, decline and dispersion", "says": "Al-Muqaddasi, writing ca.985, mentions Khazar beyond the Caspian sea as a district of \"woe and squalor\", with honey, many sheep and Jews."}, {"id": "Q316083", "label": "William of Rubruck", "section": "History - Aftermath: impact, decline and dispersion", "says": "The Franciscan missionary William of Rubruck likewise found only impoverished pastures in the lower Volga area where Ital once lay."}], "Q284506": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Nakhichevan ASSR was an autonomous republic within the Azerbaijan SSR, itself a republic within the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1990, it became the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic within the Republic of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - War and revolution", "says": "After the February Revolution of 1917, the region was placed under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR) in 1918."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "History - War and revolution", "says": "Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence."}, {"id": "Q2468597", "label": "Turkish Republic of Aras", "section": "History - War and revolution", "says": "In December 1918, with the support of Azerbaijan's Musavat Party, Jafargulu Khan Nakhichevanski declared the Republic of Aras in the Nakhichevan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by Wardrop."}, {"id": "Q1956360", "label": "Nariman Narimanov", "section": "History - Sovietization", "says": "This was fulfilled when Nariman Narimanov, leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan issued a declaration celebrating the \"victory of Soviet power in Armenia,\" proclaimed that both Nakhichevan and Zangezur should be awarded to the Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former DRA government:\n\nAs of today, the old frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan "}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Sovietization", "says": "Vladimir Lenin, although welcoming this act of \"great Soviet fraternity\" where \"boundaries had no meaning among the family of Soviet peoples,\" did not agree with the motion and instead called for the people of Nakhichevan to be consulted in a referendum."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "History - Soviet Union", "says": "It also served as an important strategic area during the Cold War, sharing borders with both Turkey (a NATO member state) and Iran (a close ally of the West until the Iranian Revolution of 1979)."}], "Q486918": [{"id": "Q63134381", "label": "Khwarazmian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the Khwarazmian Empire, consisting in large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuks and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao), and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the Khwarazmian Empire, consisting in large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuks and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao), and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century."}], "Q48742118": [{"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Italy was governed by the National Fascist Party from 1922 to 1943, with Benito Mussolini as prime minister transforming the country into a totalitarian dictatorship."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They also promoted imperialism, resulting in the expansion of the Italian Empire."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "In foreign policy, Mussolini ordered the pacification of Libya against rebels in the Italian colonies of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (eventually unified in Italian Libya), inflicted the bombing of Corfu, established a protectorate over Albania, and annexed the city of Fiume into Italy after a treaty with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In foreign policy, Mussolini ordered the pacification of Libya against rebels in the Italian colonies of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (eventually unified in Italian Libya), inflicted the bombing of Corfu, established a protectorate over Albania, and annexed the city of Fiume into Italy after a treaty with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The fourth phase (1935–1940) was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy: the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which was launched from Eritrea and Somaliland; confrontations with the League of Nations, leading to sanctions; growing economic autarky; the invasion of Albania; and the signing of the Pact of Steel."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The fourth phase (1935–1940) was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy: the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which was launched from Eritrea and Somaliland; confrontations with the League of Nations, leading to sanctions; growing economic autarky; the invasion of Albania; and the signing of the Pact of Steel."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The fifth phase (1940–1943) was World War II itself, ending in military defeat, while the sixth and final phase (1943–1945) was the rump Salò Government under German control."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the German-Italian defeat in Africa, the successes of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, and the subsequent Allied landings in Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III successfully overthrew and arrested Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the German-Italian defeat in Africa, the successes of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, and the subsequent Allied landings in Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III successfully overthrew and arrested Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the German-Italian defeat in Africa, the successes of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, and the subsequent Allied landings in Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III successfully overthrew and arrested Mussolini."}, {"id": "Q3118964", "label": "Italian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "This period also marked the beginning of the Italian Civil War, as Italian resistance groups and co-belligerent forces fought against German troops and RSI forces until 1945."}], "Q516160": [{"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from 16 November 1918 until 8 August 1919, apart from a 133-day interruption in the form of the Hungarian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was established in the wake of the dissolution of Austria-Hungary following World War I as a replacement for the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic was established in the wake of the dissolution of Austria-Hungary following World War I as a replacement for the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q16985296", "label": "Provisional Goverment of the Republic of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was in turn succeeded by the Hungarian Soviet Republic but re-established following its demise, and ultimately replaced by the Hungarian Republic."}, {"id": "Q16410", "label": "Hungarian People's Republic", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The Hungarian People's Republic was created by the Aster Revolution, which started in Budapest on 31 October 1918."}, {"id": "Q689527", "label": "Aster Revolution", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The Hungarian People's Republic was created by the Aster Revolution, which started in Budapest on 31 October 1918."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "That day, King Charles IV appointed the revolt's leader, Mihály Károlyi, as Hungarian prime minister."}, {"id": "Q346703", "label": "Mihály Károlyi", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "That day, King Charles IV appointed the revolt's leader, Mihály Károlyi, as Hungarian prime minister."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "This event ended 400 years of rule by the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The Hungarian self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The Károlyi government's measures failed to stem popular discontent, especially when the Entente powers began distributing slices of what many considered Hungary's traditional territory to the majority ethnic groups in Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and the First Czechoslovak Republic."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The Károlyi government's measures failed to stem popular discontent, especially when the Entente powers began distributing slices of what many considered Hungary's traditional territory to the majority ethnic groups in Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and the First Czechoslovak Republic."}, {"id": "Q140359", "label": "First Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The Károlyi government's measures failed to stem popular discontent, especially when the Entente powers began distributing slices of what many considered Hungary's traditional territory to the majority ethnic groups in Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and the First Czechoslovak Republic."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The new government and its supporters had pinned their hopes for maintaining Hungary's territorial integrity on the abandonment of Cisleithania and Germany, the securing of a separate peace, and exploiting Károlyi's close connections in the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "The new government and its supporters had pinned their hopes for maintaining Hungary's territorial integrity on the abandonment of Cisleithania and Germany, the securing of a separate peace, and exploiting Károlyi's close connections in the French Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q139980", "label": "Oszkár Jászi", "section": "History - Károlyi era", "says": "When Károlyi appointed Oszkár Jászi as the new Minister for National Minorities of Hungary, Jászi immediately offered democratic referendums about the disputed borders for minorities, however, the political leaders of those minorities refused the very idea of democratic referendums regarding disputed territories at the Paris peace conference."}], "Q538849": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, the Argeadae were the rulers of the tribe of the same name, (Argead Macedonians) who prevailed in early Emathia, later Lower Macedonia, with their capital at Aigai."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time of Philip II of Macedon, they had expanded their reign further, to include under the rule of Macedonia, now governed from Pella, all the Upper Macedonian states."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The family's most celebrated members were Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great, under whose leadership the kingdom of Macedonia gradually gained predominance throughout Greece, established the Hellenic League, defeated the Achaemenid Empire and expanded as far as Egypt and India."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The family's most celebrated members were Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great, under whose leadership the kingdom of Macedonia gradually gained predominance throughout Greece, established the Hellenic League, defeated the Achaemenid Empire and expanded as far as Egypt and India."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Origin", "says": "This is testified by Herodotus, in The Histories, where he mentions that three brothers of the lineage of Temenus, Gauanes, Aeropus and Perdiccas, fled from Argos to the Illyrians and then to Upper Macedonia, to a town called Lebaea, where they served the king."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "Origin", "says": "This is testified by Herodotus, in The Histories, where he mentions that three brothers of the lineage of Temenus, Gauanes, Aeropus and Perdiccas, fled from Argos to the Illyrians and then to Upper Macedonia, to a town called Lebaea, where they served the king."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Origin", "says": "Thucydides, in the History of the Peloponnesian War, the Argeads were originally Temenids from Argos, who descended from the highlands to Lower Macedonia, expelled the Pierians from Pieria and acquired in Paionia a narrow strip along the river Axios extending to Pella and the sea."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "Origin", "says": "Thucydides, in the History of the Peloponnesian War, the Argeads were originally Temenids from Argos, who descended from the highlands to Lower Macedonia, expelled the Pierians from Pieria and acquired in Paionia a narrow strip along the river Axios extending to Pella and the sea."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "These included:\n\nSix-year Macedonian interregnum (399–393 BCE), after the death of king Archelaus, between Orestes, Aeropus II, Amyntas II and Pausanias\nMacedonian war of succession (393–392 BCE), after the death of king Pausanias, between Amyntas III and Argaeus II\nMacedonian war of succession (369–368 BCE), after the death of king Amyntas III, between Ptolemy of Aloros and Alexander II of Macedo"}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "These included:\n\nSix-year Macedonian interregnum (399–393 BCE), after the death of king Archelaus, between Orestes, Aeropus II, Amyntas II and Pausanias\nMacedonian war of succession (393–392 BCE), after the death of king Pausanias, between Amyntas III and Argaeus II\nMacedonian war of succession (369–368 BCE), after the death of king Amyntas III, between Ptolemy of Aloros and Alexander II of Macedo"}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "These included:\n\nSix-year Macedonian interregnum (399–393 BCE), after the death of king Archelaus, between Orestes, Aeropus II, Amyntas II and Pausanias\nMacedonian war of succession (393–392 BCE), after the death of king Pausanias, between Amyntas III and Argaeus II\nMacedonian war of succession (369–368 BCE), after the death of king Amyntas III, between Ptolemy of Aloros and Alexander II of Macedo"}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "These included:\n\nSix-year Macedonian interregnum (399–393 BCE), after the death of king Archelaus, between Orestes, Aeropus II, Amyntas II and Pausanias\nMacedonian war of succession (393–392 BCE), after the death of king Pausanias, between Amyntas III and Argaeus II\nMacedonian war of succession (369–368 BCE), after the death of king Amyntas III, between Ptolemy of Aloros and Alexander II of Macedo"}, {"id": "Q2912306", "label": "Wars of the Diadochi", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "These included:\n\nSix-year Macedonian interregnum (399–393 BCE), after the death of king Archelaus, between Orestes, Aeropus II, Amyntas II and Pausanias\nMacedonian war of succession (393–392 BCE), after the death of king Pausanias, between Amyntas III and Argaeus II\nMacedonian war of succession (369–368 BCE), after the death of king Amyntas III, between Ptolemy of Aloros and Alexander II of Macedo"}], "Q548114": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Fiume gained autonomy for the first time in 1719, when it was proclaimed a free port of the Holy Roman Empire in a decree issued by the Emperor Charles VI."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1776, during the reign of Empress Maria Theresa, the city was transferred to the Kingdom of Hungary and in 1779 gained the status of corpus separatum within that kingdom."}, {"id": "Q154418", "label": "Josip Jelačić", "section": "lead", "says": "The city briefly lost its autonomy in 1848 after being occupied by Croatian ban (viceroy) Josip Jelačić but regained it in 1868, when it rejoined the Kingdom of Hungary, again as a corpus separatum."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 19th century, the city was populated mostly by Italians and as minorities by Croats and Hungarians and other ethnicities."}], "Q600524": [{"id": "Q1591030", "label": "Hausa Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 during the Fulani jihads after defeating the Hausa Kingdoms in the Fulani War."}, {"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The major power in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries had been the Bornu Empire."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The fall of the Songhai Empire in 1591 to Morocco also had freed much of the central Bilad as-Sudan, and a number of Hausa sultanates led by different Hausa aristocracies had grown to fill the void."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The most important of these scholars is Muhammad al-Maghili, who brought the Maliki jurisprudence to Nigeria"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Fulani Jihad", "says": "The jihad had created \"a new slaving frontier on the basis of rejuvenated Islam.\" By 1900, the Sokoto state had \"at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves\", second only to the United States (which had 4 million in 1860) in size among all modern slave societies."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "History - Expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate", "says": "It became one of the largest states in Africa, stretching from modern-day Burkina Faso to Cameroon and including most of northern Nigeria and southern Niger."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "History - Expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate", "says": "It became one of the largest states in Africa, stretching from modern-day Burkina Faso to Cameroon and including most of northern Nigeria and southern Niger."}, {"id": "Q4903979", "label": "Bida Emirate", "section": "History - Into the Nupe Kingdom", "says": "After the conquest, the Sokoto Caliphate established the Bida Emirate in the Nupe Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q849623", "label": "Oyo Empire", "section": "History - Into the Oyo Empire", "says": "The Oyo Empire, located in present-day southwestern Nigeria, was one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q635394", "label": "Massina Empire", "section": "History - Influence on other Fula Jihad states", "says": "In present-day Mali, the Massina Empire and the Toucouleur Empire were examples of states established through similar processes of Islamic reform and military expansion."}, {"id": "Q837973", "label": "Seku Amadu", "section": "History - Influence on other Fula Jihad states", "says": "This West African state was founded by Seku Amadu, also known as Sheikh Amadu Sheikh, who started a jihad movement among the Fulani people in the region."}, {"id": "Q536476", "label": "Empire Peul", "section": "History - Influence on other Fula Jihad states", "says": "The Toucouleur Empire, also known as the Tukulor Empire, was a significant West African state that emerged during the 19th century, in what is now Mali, Senegal, and Guinea."}, {"id": "Q3365040", "label": "Parfait-Louis Monteil", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "French explorer Parfait-Louis Monteil visited Sokoto in 1891 and noted that the Caliphate was at war with the Emir of Argungu, defeating Argungu the next year."}], "Q627449": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hotak Empire (Pashto: د هوتکيانو ټولواکمني; Persian: امپراتوری هوتکیان) also known as the Hotaki Empire was an Afghan dynasty founded by Ghilji Pashtuns that briefly ruled parts of Iran and Afghanistan during the 1720s."}, {"id": "Q558242", "label": "Mir Wais Hotak", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 1709 by Mirwais Hotak, who led a successful rebellion against the declining Persian Safavid empire in the region of Loy Kandahar (\"Greater Kandahar\") in what is now southern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q2888384", "label": "Battle of Damghan", "section": "lead", "says": "Ashraf also did not retain his throne for long, as the Iranian conqueror Nader-Qoli Beg (later Shah), under the resurgent Safavid banner, defeated him at the Battle of Damghan in 1729."}, {"id": "Q562502", "label": "Ashraf Hotaki", "section": "lead", "says": "Ashraf Hotak was banished to what is now southern Afghanistan, limiting Hotak rule to a vestige of their once large empire."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Hotak rule came to an end in 1738, when Nader Shah defeated Ashraf's successor Hussain Hotak after the lengthy siege of Kandahar."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History of the Hotak Empire - Decline of the Safavids", "says": "Immediately to the east was the powerful Sunni Mughal Empire, who occasionally fought wars with the powerful Safavids over the territory of southern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History of the Hotak Empire - Decline of the Safavids", "says": "The Khanate of Bukhara controlled the area to the north at the same time."}, {"id": "Q446965", "label": "Sultan Husayn", "section": "History of the Hotak Empire - Decline of the Safavids", "says": "On 29 July 1694, Shah Suleiman died and Sultan Husayn took the throne."}, {"id": "Q3296937", "label": "Battle of Gulnabad", "section": "History of the Hotak Empire - Invasion of Iran", "says": "After defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Gulnabad on 8 March 1722, he proceeded to besiege Isfahan."}], "Q6500483": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "During its existence, the Nguyễn empire expanded into modern-day Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos through a continuation of the centuries-long Nam tiến and Siamese–Vietnamese wars."}, {"id": "Q701337", "label": "Empire of Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "Backed by Imperial Japan, in 1945 the last Nguyễn emperor Bảo Đại abolished the protectorate treaty with France and proclaimed the Empire of Vietnam for a short time until 25 August 1945."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynastic rule began with Gia Long ascending the throne in 1802, after ending the previous Tây Sơn dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2572351", "label": "treaty of Saigon", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of unequal treaties followed; the occupied territory became the French colony of Cochinchina in the 1862 Treaty of Saigon, and the 1863 Treaty of Huế gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1887, Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, and the French Protectorate of Cambodia were grouped together to form French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nguyễn dynasty remained the formal emperors of Annam and Tonkin within Indochina until World War II."}, {"id": "Q1184365", "label": "Đinh Bộ Lĩnh", "section": "History - Origin of Nguyễn clan", "says": "The clan's affiliations with the ruling elites dated back to the tenth century when Nguyễn Bặc was appointed the first grand chancellor of the short-lived Đinh dynasty under emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh in 968."}, {"id": "Q2986223", "label": "Lê Thái Tông", "section": "History - Origin of Nguyễn clan", "says": "Another instance of their influences materializes through Nguyễn Thị Anh, the empress consort of emperor Lê Thái Tông; she served as the official regent of Đại Việt for her son, the child emperor Lê Nhân Tông between 1442 and 1453."}, {"id": "Q6506833", "label": "Lê Cung Hoàng", "section": "History - Lê dynasty's loyal vassal", "says": "He did this by deposing the Lê emperor, Lê Cung Hoàng, taking the throne for himself, effectively ending the once prosperous but declining later Lê dynasty."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Lê dynasty's loyal vassal", "says": "However the initial rebellion failed and the loyalist forces had to fled to the kingdom of Lan Xang, where king Photisarath allows them to establish an exiled loyalist government in Xam Neua (modern day Laos)."}, {"id": "Q888327", "label": "Photisarath", "section": "History - Lê dynasty's loyal vassal", "says": "However the initial rebellion failed and the loyalist forces had to fled to the kingdom of Lan Xang, where king Photisarath allows them to establish an exiled loyalist government in Xam Neua (modern day Laos)."}, {"id": "Q1186434", "label": "Muang Phuan", "section": "History - Lê dynasty's loyal vassal", "says": "The Lê loyalists under Lê Ninh, a descendant of the imperial family, escaped to Muang Phuan (today Laos)."}, {"id": "Q6802344", "label": "Lê Trang Tông", "section": "History - Nguyễn's dominion in the south", "says": "In 1539, the Lê dynasty was restored in opposition to the Mạc in Thăng Long, this occurred after the loyalist's capture of Thanh Hoá province, reinstalling the Lê emperor Lê Trang Tông on the throne."}, {"id": "Q6649443", "label": "Lê Anh Tông", "section": "History - Nguyễn's dominion in the south", "says": "In 1558, Lê Anh Tông, emperor of the newly restored Lê dynasty appointed Nguyễn Hoàng to the lordship of the Thuận Hóa, the territory which have been previously conquered during the 15th century from the Champa kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1851231", "label": "Pigneau de Behaine", "section": "History - Nguyễn Ánh escapes", "says": "With Tây Son search parties closing in, he kept on moving and eventually met the French missionary Pigneau de Behaine."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Nguyễn Ánh escapes", "says": "By retreating to the Thổ Chu Islands in the Gulf of Thailand, both escaped Tây Sơn capture."}, {"id": "Q2849240", "label": "Ang Eng", "section": "History - Nguyễn–Cambodian agreement", "says": "Ánh met with the Cambodian King Ang Eng, who granted him exile and offered support in his struggle with the Tây Sơn."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "History - Nguyễn–Siam alliance", "says": "King Rama I agreed to ally with the Nguyễn lord and intervene militarily in Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "History - French assistance", "says": "Before the request for Siamese military assistance, de Behaine was in Chanthaburi and Ánh asked him to come to Phú Quốc Island. Ánh asked him to contact King Louis XVI of France for assistance; de Behaine agreed to coordinate an alliance between France and Vietnam, and Ánh gave him a letter to present at the French court. Ánh's oldest son, Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh, was chosen to accompany de Behaine."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - French assistance", "says": "However, due to the French Revolution and the abolition of the French monarchy, the treaty was never executed."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Qing China–Lê alliance against Tây Sơn", "says": "The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing ordered Sun Shiyi to lead the military campaign into Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Overview", "says": "The emperor Gia Long was relatively friendly toward Western powers and Christianity."}, {"id": "Q333178", "label": "Jiaqing Emperor", "section": "History - Gia Long period", "says": "The Nguyen dynasty was founded as a tributary state of the Qing Empire, with Gia Long receiving an imperial pardon and recognition as the ruler of Vietnam from the Jiaqing Emperor for recognizing Chinese suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q1771050", "label": "Lê Thánh Tông", "section": "History - Gia Long period", "says": "The country was officially known as 'The (Great) Vietnamese state' (Vietnamese: Đại Việt Nam quốc),\nGia Long asserted that he was reviving the bureaucratic state that was built by emperor Lê Thánh Tông during the fifteenth-century golden age (1470–1497), as such he adopted a Confucian-bureaucratic government model, and sought unification with northern literati."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Gia Long period", "says": "Seeing the French influence in Vietnam with alarm, the British Empire sent two envoys to Gia Long in 1803 and 1804 to convince him to abandon his friendship with the French."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "History - Gia Long period", "says": "In 1811, a coup d'état broke out in the Kingdom of Cambodia, a Vietnamese tributary stat"}, {"id": "Q319669", "label": "Nangklao", "section": "History - Rise and expansion under Minh Mạng", "says": "The rebellion lasted for two years, gathering much support from Vietnamese Catholics, Khmers, Chinese merchants in Saigon, and even the Siamese ruler Rama III until it was crushed by the government forces in 1835."}, {"id": "Q560843", "label": "Anouvong", "section": "History - War with Siam and invasion of Cambodia", "says": "He backed the revolt of Laotian king Anouvong of Vientiane against the Siamese, and seized Xam Neua and Savannakhet in 1827."}, {"id": "Q963899", "label": "Ang Chan II", "section": "History - War with Siam and invasion of Cambodia", "says": "King Ang Chan II of Cambodia died in the next year and Ming Mang installed Chan's daughter Ang Mey as Commandery Princess of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - French conquest", "says": "In September 1858, Napoleon III orchestrated a Franco-Spanish army bombardment and invaded Đà Nẵng to protest against the executions of two Spanish Dominican missionaries."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "History - End of independence (1874–1885)", "says": "In Paris, Prime Minister Jules Ferry proposed a direct military campaign against Vietnam to revise the 1874 treaty."}, {"id": "Q1926906", "label": "Henri Rivière", "section": "History - End of independence (1874–1885)", "says": "In March, the French responded by sending a second expedition led by Henri Rivière to the north to deal with these various problems but had to avoid all international attention, particularly from China."}, {"id": "Q709550", "label": "Liu Yongfu", "section": "History - End of independence (1874–1885)", "says": "Backed by the Chinese army and prince Hoàng Kế Viêm, Liu Yongfu, and the Black Flags decided to attack Rivière."}, {"id": "Q5260210", "label": "Phan Dinh Phung", "section": "History - End of independence (1874–1885)", "says": "The senior Censorate official of the court Phan Đình Phùng denounced the three regents for their irregular handling of Tự Đức's succession."}, {"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "History - French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)", "says": "The 1885 Treaty of Tientsin, which reaffirmed the 1884 Tientsin Accord and ended the Sino-French War, confirmed Vietnam's status as French protectorates and severed Vietnam's tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty by requiring that all of Vietnam's foreign affairs be conducted through France."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)", "says": "The spelling used in the Vietnamese transliteration is in fact Portuguese-based, because the French relied on a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric, Francisco de Pina."}, {"id": "Q465277", "label": "Duy Tân", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "In May 1916, sixteen-year-old emperor Duy Tân escaped from his palace to participate in an uprising of Vietnamese troops."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The Russian Revolution greatly impacted 20th-century Vietnamese history."}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "During this time the Viet Minh, a communist resistance movement, developed under Ho Chi Minh from 1941, with allied support."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Empire of Vietnam (1945)", "says": "The Empire of Vietnam was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q769960", "label": "August Revolution", "section": "History - Empire of Vietnam (1945)", "says": "Following the surrender of Japan, Bảo Đại abdicated on 25 August 1945 after the Viet Minh launched the August Revolution."}], "Q659312": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ligurian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Ligure, Ligurian: Repubbrica Ligure, French: République ligure) or Republic of Liguria was a French client republic formed by Napoleon on 14 June 1797."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of the old Republic of Genoa, which covered most of the Ligurian region of Northwest Italy, and the small Imperial fiefs owned by the House of Savoy inside its territory."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was briefly occupied by Austrian forces in 1800, but Napoleon soon returned with an army and retook it."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In June 1805, the territory was annexed by the First French Empire."}], "Q69323": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of France (the remnant of the preceding absolutist Kingdom of France) was a short-lived constitutional monarchy that existed from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792, when it was succeeded by the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of France (the remnant of the preceding absolutist Kingdom of France) was a short-lived constitutional monarchy that existed from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792, when it was succeeded by the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 September 1791, the National Constituent Assembly forced King Louis XVI to accept the French Constitution of 1791, thus turning the absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Background", "says": "Leopold II, the Habsburg emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and brother of Marie Antoinette, the queen of France, in July sent out a diplomatic note asking for support of the other rulers of Europe to rally and demand the French royal family's freedom, and while the response of other powers was weak, it did cause the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia to engage in talks to settle their outstanding disput"}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Leopold II, the Habsburg emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and brother of Marie Antoinette, the queen of France, in July sent out a diplomatic note asking for support of the other rulers of Europe to rally and demand the French royal family's freedom, and while the response of other powers was weak, it did cause the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia to engage in talks to settle their outstanding disput"}, {"id": "Q47365", "label": "Marie Antoinette", "section": "Background", "says": "Leopold II, the Habsburg emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and brother of Marie Antoinette, the queen of France, in July sent out a diplomatic note asking for support of the other rulers of Europe to rally and demand the French royal family's freedom, and while the response of other powers was weak, it did cause the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia to engage in talks to settle their outstanding disput"}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "Background", "says": "Leopold II in late August then together with Frederick William II of Prussia released the Declaration of Pillnitz."}], "Q706018": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Hanover (German: Kurfürstentum Hannover or simply Kurhannover) was an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire located in northwestern Germany that arose from the Principality of Calenberg."}, {"id": "Q565812", "label": "Principality of Calenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Hanover (German: Kurfürstentum Hannover or simply Kurhannover) was an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire located in northwestern Germany that arose from the Principality of Calenberg."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg had been split in 1269 between different branches of the House of Welf."}, {"id": "Q57224", "label": "Sophia of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "The fortunes of the electorate were tied to those of Great Britain by the Act of Settlement 1701 and Act of Union 1707, which settled the succession to the British throne on Queen Anne's nearest Protestant relative, the Electress Sophia of Hanover, and her descendants."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Merged into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, it was re-established as the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814, and the personal union with the British crown lasted until 1837."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "Merged into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, it was re-established as the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814, and the personal union with the British crown lasted until 1837."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Link with Great Britain", "says": "George Louis died in 1727 and was succeeded by his son George II Augustus."}, {"id": "Q280312", "label": "Principality of Lüneburg", "section": "History - Link with Great Britain", "says": "In 1728, Emperor Charles VI officially enfeoffed George II (gave him land in exchange for a pledge of service), with the reverted fief of Saxe-Lauenburg, which had de facto been ruled in personal union with Hanover and with one of its preceding Principality of Lüneburg since 1689."}, {"id": "Q694594", "label": "Duchy of Bremen and Verden", "section": "History - Link with Great Britain", "says": "It took George II Augustus until 1733 to persuade Charles VI to enfeoff him also with the Duchy of Bremen and the Principality of Verden, colloquially called Duchies of Bremen-Verden."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "History - Seven Years' War", "says": "During the French and Indian War (1754–1763) in the North American colonies, Britain feared a French invasion of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Seven Years' War", "says": "George II formed an alliance with his Prussian cousin Frederick II combining the North American conflict with the Brandenburg-Prusso–Austrian Third Silesian, or Seven Years' War (1756–1763)."}, {"id": "Q378088", "label": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland", "section": "History - Seven Years' War", "says": "In the summer of 1757, the French invaded Hanover and defeated George II's son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, leading the Anglo-Hanoverian army, at the Battle of Hastenbeck and drove him and his army into remote Bremen-Verden, where in the former Zeven Convent he capitulated on 18 September (Convention of Kloster-Zeven)."}, {"id": "Q677959", "label": "Battle of Hastenbeck", "section": "History - Seven Years' War", "says": "In the summer of 1757, the French invaded Hanover and defeated George II's son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, leading the Anglo-Hanoverian army, at the Battle of Hastenbeck and drove him and his army into remote Bremen-Verden, where in the former Zeven Convent he capitulated on 18 September (Convention of Kloster-Zeven)."}, {"id": "Q830084", "label": "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "History - Seven Years' War", "says": "The following year, the British Army, supported by troops from Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, again expelled the occupants."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - French Revolutionary Wars", "says": "After the war ended, peace prevailed until the French Revolutionary Wars started."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - French Revolutionary Wars", "says": "The War of the First Coalition against France (1792–1797) with Great Britain, Hanover and other war allies forming the coalition, did not affect Hanoverian territory since the first French Republic was fighting on several fronts, even on its own territory."}, {"id": "Q685164", "label": "Treaty of Basel", "section": "History - French Revolutionary Wars", "says": "Prussia, however, ended for its part the war with France by the Treaty of Basel (1795), which stipulated that Prussia would ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all of the latter's territories north of the demarcation line of the River Main, including the British continental dominions of Hanover, Bremen-Verden, and Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "During the War of the Second Coalition against France (1799–1802), Napoléon Bonaparte urged Prussia to occupy the continental British dominions."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "In the autumn of 1805, at the beginning of the War of the Third Coalition against France (1805), the French occupying troops left Hanover in a campaign against Austria."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "After Prussia had turned against France in the War of the Fourth Coalition, it was defeated in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (11 November 1806), and France recaptured Hanover."}, {"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "Following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, the new Kingdom of Westphalia was founded, ruled by Napoléon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte, then including territories of the former Electorate of Hesse-Kassel, the ducal Brunswick-Lüneburgian principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and formerly Prussian territories."}], "Q71747": [{"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Brittany had mixed relationships with the neighbouring Duchy of Normandy, sometimes allying itself with Normandy, and at other times, such as the Breton–Norman War, entering into open conflict."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II of England invaded Brittany in the mid-12th century and became Count of Nantes in 1158 under a treaty with Duke Conan IV."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "The independent sovereign nature of the duchy began to come to an end upon the death of its duke, Francis II, in 1488."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy was inherited by his daughter, Anne, but King Charles VIII of France had her existing marriage annulled and then married her himself."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Her sons Francis III, Duke of Brittany and then Henry II of France would in any case have created a personal union on the death of their father."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the French Revolution, and as a result of the various republican forms of French government since 1792, the duchy was replaced by the French system of départements (or departments) which continues under the Fifth Republic of France."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Prior to the expansion of the Roman Empire into the region, Gallic tribes had occupied the Armorican peninsula, dividing it into five regions that then formed the basis for the Roman administration of the area, and which survived into the period of the Duchy."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Frankish Carolingian Empire conquered the region during the 8th century, starting around 748 taking the whole of Brittany by 799."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Background", "says": "In 831 Louis the Pious appointed Nominoe, the Count of Vannes,  ruler of the Bretons, imperial missus, at Ingelheim in 831."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of Louis in 840, Nominoe rose to challenge the new emperor, Charles the Bald, emboldened in part by new Viking raids on the empire."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles the Bald created the Marches of Neustria to defend Western Francia from the Bretons and the Vikings."}, {"id": "Q2888864", "label": "Battle of Jengland", "section": "Background", "says": "Erispoe won a victory at the Battle of Jengland and, under their Treaty of Angers in 851, Brittany's independence was secured."}, {"id": "Q771193", "label": "Kingdom of Brittany", "section": "History - 10th century", "says": "Alan's duchy was smaller than the previous Kingdom of Brittany, as, despite gaining Magues and Tiffauges in the south, the dukes no longer ruled over the regions of Cotentin, Avranchin, and Mayenne."}, {"id": "Q193658", "label": "Louis IV of France", "section": "History - 10th century", "says": "Alan paid homage to Louis IV of France for Brittany in 942."}, {"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "History - 11th century", "says": "William the Conqueror challenged the Breton dukes, and they formed an alliance with the French king."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "History - 11th century", "says": "The death of Geoffrey I, in 1008, allowed Richard II to intervene directly in Brittany during the minority of his nephew, Alan III, against rebellious counts who attempted to take advantage of the youthful duke."}, {"id": "Q101384", "label": "Henry I of England", "section": "History - 12th century", "says": "By 1113, Conan III married Maude, an illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England."}, {"id": "Q111490", "label": "Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou", "section": "History - 12th century", "says": "Empress Matilda's unpopular marriage with Geoffrey V of Anjou was forced upon her by her father Henry I."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - 12th century", "says": "Empress Matilda's unpopular marriage with Geoffrey V of Anjou was forced upon her by her father Henry I."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "Arthur's legal successor was Eleanor of Brittany, who was however imprisoned by John at Corfe Castle in Dorset; the request of Philip II for her release was neglected."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "Philip II of France was maneuvering to keep Brittany within his sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q314550", "label": "Geoffrey II", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "Eleanor was kept captive in England until her death in 1241, ending the line of Geoffrey II."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "In 1235, the stage was set for the next century's Breton War of Succession when Peter I dispossessed the heir of the Penthièvre Dynasty in order to give the countship of Penthièvre to his second child, Yolande."}, {"id": "Q242344", "label": "Beatrice of England", "section": "History - 13th century", "says": "John II married Beatrice of England and ruled until 1305."}, {"id": "Q544055", "label": "John IV, Duke of Brittany", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "John III's succession efforts were focused on his attempts to deny his half brother, John of Montfort from inheriting the Ducal Crown."}, {"id": "Q257621", "label": "Joan, Duchess of Brittany", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "John III's half-brother, John of Montfort, claimed the title of Duke, but his claim was rejected by the King of France who favored the competing claims of Joan of Penthièvre and her husband Charles of Blois, who also claimed the Ducal title."}, {"id": "Q288219", "label": "Joanna of Flanders", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "John's widowed Duchess Consort, Joanna of Flanders, acted as regent for her son John and continued the war in his name."}, {"id": "Q449008", "label": "John V, Duke of Brittany", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "John IV's successor, John V, Duke of Brittany, was kidnapped by the grandson of Joan of Penthièvre."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "John V was succeeded first by his son Francis I."}, {"id": "Q201143", "label": "Anne of Brittany", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The reign of Francis II was notable in many respects including two wars against Charles VIII of France, both of which were lost, the establishment of the Parlement of Rennes, and the death of all of his children save for his daughter Anne of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The wars with France eventually cost Ducal Brittany its independence, while the Parlement ensured a degree of autonomy that would continue through the reign of Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "That Francis II's sole heir was his daughter Anne assured an inheritance contest on his death that would pit the power of the House of Montfort against conflicting treaty obligations to the House of Penthièvre in Brittany, and the House of Valois in France, and would also be a test of the Breton tradition of semi-Salic law in which a daughter could be the principal inheritor."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Duchesse Anne of Brittany was initially betrothed to Edward, Prince of Wales, the son of Edward IV, but upon the king's death his son disappeared and the English throne passed to Richard III of England."}, {"id": "Q133028", "label": "Richard III of England", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Duchesse Anne of Brittany was initially betrothed to Edward, Prince of Wales, the son of Edward IV, but upon the king's death his son disappeared and the English throne passed to Richard III of England."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "Their failure to reassert their Ducal rights successfully hastened the merger of the Ducal crown into the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "Legally, however, the Duchy remained separate from France proper; the two titles were linked only by the marriage of the King and Queen and, in 1498 when Charles VIII died childless, the title Duke of Brittany remained with Anne, rather than passing to the heir of France, Louis XII."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "After Henry II, the title Duke of Brittany was not used for over 200 years."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "Louis XIV's actions with regard to the Ducal title also underscored the fact that the Spanish or cadet branch of the House of Bourbon had relinquished all French claims and inheritance rights as a condition of gaining the crown of Spain under the Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "Louis XIV's actions with regard to the Ducal title also underscored the fact that the Spanish or cadet branch of the House of Bourbon had relinquished all French claims and inheritance rights as a condition of gaining the crown of Spain under the Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "Shortly before the French Revolution the leaders of the Parlement of Rennes issued Remonstrances to Louis XVI, in part to remind the King of his duties as Duke and to preserve the privileges of the Breton people under the Treaty of Union."}, {"id": "Q682403", "label": "Treaty of Union", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "Shortly before the French Revolution the leaders of the Parlement of Rennes issued Remonstrances to Louis XVI, in part to remind the King of his duties as Duke and to preserve the privileges of the Breton people under the Treaty of Union."}], "Q756854": [{"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "Kosala (IPA: [koːɕɐlɐ], Sanskrit: कोशल, sometimes referred to as Uttara Kosala (lit. 'Northern Kosala') was one of the Mahajanapadas of ancient India."}, {"id": "Q9422", "label": "Mahavira", "section": "lead", "says": "The presence of the lineage of Ikshvaku—described as a raja in the Ṛgveda and an ancient hero in the Atharvaveda—to which Rama, Mahavira, and the Buddha are all thought to have belonged—characterized the Kosalan realm."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the collapse of the Maurya Empire and before the expansion of the Kushan Empire, Kosala was ruled by the Deva dynasty, the Datta dynasty, and the Mitra dynasty."}, {"id": "Q317765", "label": "Bimbisara", "section": "History - Pre-Mauryan", "says": "Mahakosala's daughter was the first wife of King Bimbisara of Magadha."}, {"id": "Q605199", "label": "Vajji", "section": "History - Pre-Mauryan", "says": "In actuality, Viḍūḍabha's invasion of Sakya might instead have had similar motivations to the Māgadhī king Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League because he was the son of a Vajjika princess and was therefore interested in the territory of his mother's homeland."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Under Mauryan rule", "says": "The Sohgaura copper plate inscription, probably issued during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya deals with a famine in Shravasti and the relief measures to be adopted by the officials."}, {"id": "Q119973", "label": "Pushyamitra Shunga", "section": "History - Under Mauryan rule", "says": "The Yuga Purana section of the Garga Samhita mentions about the Yavana (Indo-Greek) invasion and subsequent occupation of Saket during the reign of the last Maurya ruler Brihadratha or Pushyamitra Shunga."}], "Q767089": [{"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "lead", "says": "According to tradition, the founder of Salamis was Teucer, son of Telamon, king of the Greek island of Salamis, who could not return home after the Trojan War because he had failed to avenge his brother Ajax."}, {"id": "Q210443", "label": "Greek Dark Ages", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The copper ores of Cyprus made the island an essential node in the earliest trade networks, and Cyprus was a source of the orientalizing cultural traits of mainland Greece at the end of the Greek Dark Ages, hypothesized by Walter Burkert in 1992."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 708 BC, the city-kings of Cyprus paid homage to Sargon II of Assyria (Burkert)."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Resistance to Persian rule", "says": "In 450 BC, Salamis was the site of a simultaneous land and sea battle between the Delian League and Persian Empire during the Wars of the Delian League."}, {"id": "Q3562309", "label": "Wars of the Delian League", "section": "History - Resistance to Persian rule", "says": "In 450 BC, Salamis was the site of a simultaneous land and sea battle between the Delian League and Persian Empire during the Wars of the Delian League."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Resistance to Persian rule", "says": "The history of Salamis during the early Archaic and Classical periods is reflected in the narrations of the Greek historian Herodotus and the much later speeches of the Greek orator Isocrates."}, {"id": "Q221182", "label": "Isocrates", "section": "History - Resistance to Persian rule", "says": "The history of Salamis during the early Archaic and Classical periods is reflected in the narrations of the Greek historian Herodotus and the much later speeches of the Greek orator Isocrates."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "History - Resistance to Persian rule", "says": "Salamis was afterwards besieged and conquered by Artaxerxes III."}, {"id": "Q463301", "label": "Evagoras", "section": "History - Resistance to Persian rule", "says": "Under King Evagoras I (411–374 BC) Greek culture and art flourished in the city."}, {"id": "Q181585", "label": "Nicocreon", "section": "History - Resistance to Persian rule", "says": "A monument, which illustrates the end of the Classical period in Salamis, is the tumulus, which covered the cenotaph of Nicocreon, one of the last kings of Salamis, who died in 311 BC."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Alexander the Great and Ptolemaic kingdom", "says": "After Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Ptolemy I of Egypt ruled the island of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q59734", "label": "Demetrius I of Macedon", "section": "History - Alexander the Great and Ptolemaic kingdom", "says": "In 306 BC, Salamis was the site of a naval battle between the fleets of Demetrius I of Macedon and Ptolemy I of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q193506", "label": "Cato the Younger", "section": "History - Alexander the Great and Ptolemaic kingdom", "says": "In 58 BC, the Roman Republic annexed Cyprus; the Senate commissioned Cato the Younger to add Cyprus to the Republic's dominions."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "While a statue of Augustus originally belonged here, some columns and statues originally adorned the theatre and were only brought here after an earthquake in the 4th century."}, {"id": "Q9200", "label": "Paul the Apostle", "section": "History - Christianity", "says": "In what is known as the \"First Missionary Journey\", Paul the Apostle and the Cypriot-born Barnabas made Salamis their first destination, landing there after heading out from Antioch of Syria. here they proclaimed Christ in the Jewish synagogues before proceeding through the rest of the island (Acts 13:1-5)."}, {"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "History - Constantia", "says": "The town was rebuilt under the name Constantia by Constantius II (337–361) and became an Episcopal seat, the most famous occupant of which was Saint Epiphanius."}, {"id": "Q11696998", "label": "Epiphanius", "section": "History - Constantia", "says": "The town was rebuilt under the name Constantia by Constantius II (337–361) and became an Episcopal seat, the most famous occupant of which was Saint Epiphanius."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "History - Constantia", "says": "Salamis was finally abandoned during the Arab invasions of the 7th century after destructions by Mu'awiya I (661–680)."}], "Q828665": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ikhshidid dynasty (Arabic: الإخشيديون, romanized: al-Ikhshīdīyūn) was a dynasty of governors of Turkic Mamluk origin, who governed Egypt and parts of the Levant from 935 to 969 on behalf of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, a Turkic Mamluk soldier, was appointed governor by the Abbasid Caliph al-Radi."}, {"id": "Q4055153", "label": "Abu'l Qasim", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "In 944, the governorships of Egypt, Syria and Hijaz were awarded for 30 years to ibn Tughj's family, and these posts would pass to his son, Abu'l-Qasim."}, {"id": "Q138803", "label": "Qarmatians", "section": "History - Troubles, decline and conquest by Fatimids", "says": "This coincided with the famine of 963–968 while Berbers, Bedouins and Qarmatians all took advantage of the weakened state."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Troubles, decline and conquest by Fatimids", "says": "Ibn Killis, Kafur's vizier, was arrested following Kafur's death in 968 and following his release traveled to Fatimid Ifriqiya and provided vital information to them."}], "Q829356": [{"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "lead", "says": "Coming into being after the collapse of the Kingdom of Kush in the 4th century, it originally covered the Nile Valley from the 3rd cataract to somewhere south of Abu Hamed at Mograt Island."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The capital of Dongola was founded around 500 and soon after, in the mid-6th century, Makuria converted to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q1475713", "label": "Sennar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1560s the Ottomans occupied Lower Nubia, while the former Makurian territories south of the 3rd cataract, including Dongola, had been annexed by the Islamic Funj Sultanate by the early 16th century."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Early period (5th–8th century)", "says": "Already at the time of the foundation of Dongola contacts were maintained with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Early period (5th–8th century)", "says": "In the 530s, the Byzantines under Emperor Justinian mounted a policy of expansion."}, {"id": "Q204843", "label": "Theodora", "section": "History - Early period (5th–8th century)", "says": "The imperial court, however, was divided in two sects, believing in two different natures of Jesus Christ: Justinian belonged to the Chalcedonians, the official denomination of the empire, while his wife Theodora was a Miaphysite, who were the strongest in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q718607", "label": "John of Ephesus", "section": "History - Early period (5th–8th century)", "says": "John of Ephesus described how two competing missions were sent to Nubia, with the Miaphysite arriving first in, and converting, the northern kingdom of Nobatia in 543."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Zenith (9th–11th century)", "says": "Thus confronted with a demand for more than 5000 slaves, Zakharias III \"Augustus\", the new king, had his son Georgios I crowned king, probably to increase his prestige, and sent him to the caliph in Baghdad to negotiate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Zenith (9th–11th century)", "says": "In 834 al-Mu'tasim ordered that the Egyptian Arab Bedouins, who had been declining as a military force since the rise of the Abbasids, were not to receive any more payments."}], "Q836680": [{"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine and later of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "After being occupied and annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, it was incorporated into the Province of Hesse-Nassau."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duke of Luxembourg still uses \"Duke of Nassau\" as his secondary title, and \"Prince\" or \"Princess of Nassau\" is used as a title by other members of the grand ducal family."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "After the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797), Nassau-Dietz lost its possessions in Belgium and the Netherlands, while Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg lost all their territories west of the Rhine to France."}, {"id": "Q567459", "label": "Second Congress of Rastatt", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Nassaus participated in negotiations at the Second Congress of Rastatt (1797) and in Paris, in order to secure the territories of the Prince-Bishops of Mainz and Trier."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Orange-Nassau had already agreed separate terms with Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q20135", "label": "Grand Duchy of Hesse", "section": "History - The Nassau Domain dispute", "says": "To suppress any revolt following this decision, several hundred troops were called in from the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - Revolution of 1848", "says": "Like most of Europe, Nassau was engulfed in a revolutionary wave after the February Revolution in France in 1848."}, {"id": "Q154942", "label": "Battle of Königgrätz", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "The war was won at the Battle of Königgrätz on 3 July and the \"victory\" of Nassau over Prussia at the Battle of Zorn near Wiesbaden on 12 July 1866 did nothing to prevent the annexation of Nassau by Prussia."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "Before the conclusion of the Prague Peace on 23 August 1866 and two days before the creation of the North German Confederation, on 16 August 1866, the king announced to both houses of the Landtag of Prussia that Prussia would annex Hannover, Hesse-Kassel, the city of Frankfurt, and Nassau."}, {"id": "Q529605", "label": "Electorate of Hesse", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "In 1868, Nassau, along with Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse were united in the new Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau."}], "Q849164": [{"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred to as \"the Cape Province\" (Afrikaans: Kaapprovinsie) and colloquially as \"The Cape\" (Afrikaans: Die Kaap), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred to as \"the Cape Province\" (Afrikaans: Kaapprovinsie) and colloquially as \"The Cape\" (Afrikaans: Die Kaap), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "It encompassed the old Cape Colony, as well as Walvis Bay, and had Cape Town as its capital."}, {"id": "Q227976", "label": "John X", "section": "History - Cape Franchise", "says": "During the union negotiations, the Cape Prime Minister, John X."}, {"id": "Q5157575", "label": "Griqualand East", "section": "History - Partitioning under Apartheid", "says": "Griqualand East was transferred to Natal Province after Transkei was declared independent, since it was cut off from the rest of the province."}, {"id": "Q917867", "label": "Natal Province", "section": "History - Partitioning under Apartheid", "says": "Griqualand East was transferred to Natal Province after Transkei was declared independent, since it was cut off from the rest of the province."}], "Q849623": [{"id": "Q640010", "label": "Great Ardra", "section": "History - Imperial period (1608–1800)", "says": "One such polity was Great Ardra, whose people — on one occasion — sought Oyo's aid due to harsh treatment of its citizens by the Ardrasian King."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Final demise", "says": "The index of urbanization in 1950 was close to that of the United States, excluding Ilorin."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "History - Atlantic Slave Trade", "says": "Oyo also became a target of the Fulani Jihad of 1804, which established the Sokoto Caliphate and caused frequent clashes with Oyo."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - Atlantic Slave Trade", "says": "Many Oyo slaves were also liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy, as part of the Blockade of Africa, and repatriated to British Sierra Leone, where they formed the Creole (Krio) community alongside other liberated Africans."}, {"id": "Q183266", "label": "Samuel Johnson", "section": "History - Atlantic Slave Trade", "says": "Examples include Samuel Johnson, along with his father and brothers, as well as their distant cousin Samuel Ajayi Crowther."}], "Q858841": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Croatia (Modern Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska, Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo; Latin: Regnum Croatiæ), and since 1060 known as Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia (Latin: Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae), was a medieval kingdom in Southern Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia (without western Istria, some Dalmatian coastal cities, and the part of Dalmatia south of the Neretva River), as w"}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Its existence was characterized by various conflicts and periods of peace or alliance with the Bulgarians, Byzantines, Hungarians, and competition with Venice for control over the eastern Adriatic coast."}, {"id": "Q842361", "label": "Battle of Gvozd Mountain", "section": "lead", "says": "At that point the realm experienced a succession crisis and after a decade of conflicts for the throne and the aftermath of the Battle of Gvozd Mountain, the crown passed to the Árpád dynasty with the coronation of King Coloman of Hungary as \"King of Croatia and Dalmatia\" in Biograd in 1102, uniting the two kingdoms under one crown."}, {"id": "Q2576305", "label": "Duchy of Croatia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Slavs arrived in southeastern Europe in the early 7th century and established several states, including the Duchy of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "The duchy was rivaled by the neighbouring Republic of Venice, fought and allied with the First Bulgarian Empire, and went through periods of vassalage to the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The duchy was rivaled by the neighbouring Republic of Venice, fought and allied with the First Bulgarian Empire, and went through periods of vassalage to the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The duchy was rivaled by the neighbouring Republic of Venice, fought and allied with the First Bulgarian Empire, and went through periods of vassalage to the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The duchy was rivaled by the neighbouring Republic of Venice, fought and allied with the First Bulgarian Empire, and went through periods of vassalage to the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "Background", "says": "In 879, Pope John VIII recognized Duke Branimir as an independent ruler."}, {"id": "Q470713", "label": "Trpimir I of Croatia", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Tomislav, a descendant of Trpimir I, is considered one of the most prominent members of the Trpimirović dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Croatia soon came into conflict with the Bulgarian Empire under Simeon I (called Simeon the Great in Bulgaria), who was already in a war with the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Croatia soon came into conflict with the Bulgarian Empire under Simeon I (called Simeon the Great in Bulgaria), who was already in a war with the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q41646", "label": "Romanos I Lekapenos", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Tomislav made a pact with the Byzantine Empire, for which he may have been rewarded by the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos with some form of control over the coastal cities of the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia and with a share of the tribute collected from them."}, {"id": "Q1058383", "label": "Krešimir I of Croatia", "section": "History - 10th century", "says": "928–935) and Krešimir I (c."}, {"id": "Q589567", "label": "Michael Krešimir II of Croatia", "section": "History - 10th century", "says": "Pribina secured the throne to Michael Krešimir II (949–969), who restored order throughout most of the state."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "History - 10th century", "says": "Michael Krešimir's wife Helen built the Churches of Saint Mary and Saint Stephen in Solin that served as the tomb of Croatian rulers (see Church of Saint Stephen on Otok)."}, {"id": "Q370256", "label": "Stephen Držislav of Croatia", "section": "History - 10th century", "says": "Michael Krešimir II was succeeded by his son Stephen Držislav (969–997), who established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and their Theme of Dalmatia."}, {"id": "Q507725", "label": "Pietro II Orseolo", "section": "History - 11th century", "says": "As soon as Stjepan Držislav had died in 997, his three sons, Svetoslav (997–1000), Krešimir III (1000–1030), and Gojslav (1000–1020), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and allowing the Venetians under Pietro II Orseolo and the Bulgarians under Samuil to encroach on the Croatian possessions along the Adriatic."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - 11th century", "says": "Krešimir III tried to restore the Dalmatian cities and had some success until 1018, when he was defeated by Venice allied with the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - 11th century", "says": "The same year his kingdom briefly became a vassal of the Byzantine Empire until 1025 and the death of Basil II."}, {"id": "Q1311805", "label": "Travunia", "section": "History - 11th century", "says": "It included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania, and its influence extended over Zahumlje, Travunia, and Duklja."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "History - 11th century", "says": "The Roman Catholic Church reforms, which imposed a ban on the use of Slavonic liturgy and introduced Latin as obligatory, were confirmed by Pope Alexander II in 1063."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - Succession crisis", "says": "Stephen II (reigned 1089–1091) of the main Trpimirović line came to the throne at an old age."}, {"id": "Q741354", "label": "Petar Snačić", "section": "History - Succession crisis", "says": "In the midst of the war, Petar Snačić was elected king by Croatian feudal lords in 1093."}, {"id": "Q4273", "label": "Raymond of Aguilers", "section": "History - Succession crisis", "says": "The written experiences of Raymond of Aguilers, and later William of Tyre, of the First Crusaders, specifically the passage of the army of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse from \"Istria near Aquileia and at length reached Dalmatia\" a land which \"extends longitudinally between Hungary a"}, {"id": "Q311822", "label": "William of Tyre", "section": "History - Succession crisis", "says": "The written experiences of Raymond of Aguilers, and later William of Tyre, of the First Crusaders, specifically the passage of the army of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse from \"Istria near Aquileia and at length reached Dalmatia\" a land which \"extends longitudinally between Hungary a"}, {"id": "Q299612", "label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "section": "History - Succession crisis", "says": "The written experiences of Raymond of Aguilers, and later William of Tyre, of the First Crusaders, specifically the passage of the army of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse from \"Istria near Aquileia and at length reached Dalmatia\" a land which \"extends longitudinally between Hungary a"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "According to the research of the Library of Congress, Coloman crushed opposition after the death of Ladislaus I and won the crown of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1102, thus forging a link between the Croatian and Hungarian crowns that lasted until the end of World War I."}], "Q867778": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a satellite state of Vietnam, founded in Cambodia by the Vietnamese-backed Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, a group of Cambodian communists who were dissatisfied with the Khmer Rouge due to its oppressive rule and defected from it after the overthrow of Democratic Kampuchea, Pol Pot's government."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a satellite state of Vietnam, founded in Cambodia by the Vietnamese-backed Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, a group of Cambodian communists who were dissatisfied with the Khmer Rouge due to its oppressive rule and defected from it after the overthrow of Democratic Kampuchea, Pol Pot's government."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Brought about by an invasion from Vietnam, which routed the Khmer Rouge armies, it had Vietnam and the Soviet Union as its main allies."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The PRK failed to secure United Nations endorsement due to the diplomatic intervention of China, the United Kingdom, the United States and the ASEAN countries."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The PRK failed to secure United Nations endorsement due to the diplomatic intervention of China, the United Kingdom, the United States and the ASEAN countries."}, {"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian seat at the United Nations was held by the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, which was the Khmer Rouge in coalition with two non-communist guerrilla factions."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it retained most of its leadership and one-party structure while undergoing a transition and eventually giving way to the restoration of the Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q379197", "label": "Heng Samrin", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The KPRC served as the ruling body of the Heng Samrin regime until 27 June 1981, when a new Constitution required that it be replaced by a newly elected Council of Ministers."}, {"id": "Q57788", "label": "Hun Sen", "section": "History - Establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)", "says": "Heng Samrin was named head of state of the PRK, and other Khmer communists that had formed the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, like Chan Sy and Hun Sen, were prominent from the start."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "History - Establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)", "says": "The speaking of Mandarin and Teochew was severely restricted, in much the same manner as under Pol Pot."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Restoration of cultural and religious life", "says": "Certain films that did not fit with the pro-Soviet designs of the PRK, such as Hong Kong action cinema, were banned in Cambodia at that time."}, {"id": "Q842794", "label": "Socialist Republic of Romania", "section": "History - Reconstruction hampered", "says": "The little developmental help that was available came only from the Eastern Bloc nations; among these only the Socialist Republic of Romania would refuse assistance to the PRK."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Refugee situation", "says": "At one point, more than 500,000 Cambodians were living along the Thai-Cambodian border and more than 100,000 in holding centres inside Thailand."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Refugee situation", "says": "At the same time, the Reagan Administration gave new flexibility to the funds, permitting the NCR to purchase US-made weapons in Singapore and other regional markets."}, {"id": "Q160027", "label": "Son Sann", "section": "History - Refugee situation", "says": "These groups included Lon Nol-era soldiers —-coalesced in 1979–80 to form the Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF)— which pledged loyalty to former Prime Minister Son Sann, and Moulinaka (Mouvement pour la Libération Nationale du Kampuchea), loyal to Prince Norodom Sihanouk."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "History - Refugee situation", "says": "These groups included Lon Nol-era soldiers —-coalesced in 1979–80 to form the Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF)— which pledged loyalty to former Prime Minister Son Sann, and Moulinaka (Mouvement pour la Libération Nationale du Kampuchea), loyal to Prince Norodom Sihanouk."}, {"id": "Q2052417", "label": "Paris Agreements", "section": "History - Peace agreement", "says": "The haphazard efforts towards conciliation in Cambodia culminated in the Paris Agreements in 1991, in which United Nations-sponsored free and fair elections were scheduled for 1993."}], "Q909452": [{"id": "Q200188", "label": "Jimmu", "section": "Origins and name", "says": "The imperial house recognizes 126 monarchs, beginning with Emperor Jimmu (traditionally dated to 11 February 660 BC), and continuing up to the current emperor, Naruhito."}, {"id": "Q217096", "label": "Naruhito", "section": "Origins and name", "says": "The imperial house recognizes 126 monarchs, beginning with Emperor Jimmu (traditionally dated to 11 February 660 BC), and continuing up to the current emperor, Naruhito."}, {"id": "Q329792", "label": "Kinmei", "section": "Origins and name", "says": "Historically, verifiable emperors of Japan start from 539 CE with Emperor Kinmei, the 29th tennō."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "Origins and name", "says": "107 CE) was a king of Wa, the earliest Japanese monarch mentioned in Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han from 445 CE."}, {"id": "Q357235", "label": "Yūryaku", "section": "Origins and name", "says": "Further records mention the five kings of Wa, of which the last one Bu of Wa is generally considered to be Emperor Yūryaku (417/18 – 479 CE)."}], "Q958291": [{"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (Romanian: Principatele Unite ale Moldovei și Țării Românești), commonly called United Principalities or Wallachia and Moldavia, was the personal union of the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q389004", "label": "Principality of Wallachia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (Romanian: Principatele Unite ale Moldovei și Țării Românești), commonly called United Principalities or Wallachia and Moldavia, was the personal union of the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q294832", "label": "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", "section": "lead", "says": "24 January] 1859 when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the Domnitor (Ruling Prince) of both principalities."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Their separate autonomous vassalage in the Ottoman Empire continued with the unification of both principalities."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire finally recognized Romanian independence in the Treaty of San Stefano."}], "Q1062422": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The reforms, however, proved insufficient to stem the advance of the British Empire, which defeated the Burmese in all three Anglo-Burmese Wars over a six-decade span (1824–1885) and ended the millennium-old Burmese monarchy in 1885."}, {"id": "Q2248139", "label": "Anglo-Burmese Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The reforms, however, proved insufficient to stem the advance of the British Empire, which defeated the Burmese in all three Anglo-Burmese Wars over a six-decade span (1824–1885) and ended the millennium-old Burmese monarchy in 1885."}, {"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The dynasty was founded by a village chief, who later became known as Alaungpaya, in 1752 to challenge the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom which had just toppled the Taungoo dynasty."}, {"id": "Q3302610", "label": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The dynasty was founded by a village chief, who later became known as Alaungpaya, in 1752 to challenge the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom which had just toppled the Taungoo dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1395046", "label": "Hsinbyushin", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Alaungpaya's second son, Hsinbyushin, came to the throne after a short reign by his elder brother, Naungdawgyi (1760–1763)."}, {"id": "Q3178132", "label": "Naungdawgyi", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Alaungpaya's second son, Hsinbyushin, came to the throne after a short reign by his elder brother, Naungdawgyi (1760–1763)."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "History - Relations with Siam", "says": "With the Burmese preoccupied for another two decades by another impending invasion by the Chinese, Siam reunified by 1771, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776."}, {"id": "Q38422", "label": "Bagyidaw", "section": "History - Relations with Vietnam", "says": "The Burmese king Bagyidaw was very keen to conquer Siam and hoped Vietnam might be a useful ally."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Relations with Vietnam", "says": "Vietnam had then just annexed Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "History - Relations with Vietnam", "says": "The Vietnamese emperor was Minh Mạng, who had just taken the throne after the death of his father, Gia Long (the founder of the Nguyen dynasty)."}, {"id": "Q796571", "label": "Bodawpaya", "section": "History - Western expansion, First and Second Anglo-Burmese Wars", "says": "Bodawpaya acquired the western kingdoms of Arakan (1784), Manipur (1814), and Assam (1817), leading to a long, ill-defined border with British India."}, {"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - Western expansion, First and Second Anglo-Burmese Wars", "says": "The Konbaung court had set its sights on potentially conquering British Bengal by the outbreak of the First Anglo-Burmese War."}, {"id": "Q233500", "label": "Second Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - Western expansion, First and Second Anglo-Burmese Wars", "says": "In 1852, the Second Anglo-Burmese War broke out."}, {"id": "Q34743", "label": "Rudyard Kipling", "section": "History - Third Anglo-Burmese War and dethronement of the monarchy", "says": "He died before he could name a successor, and Thibaw, a lesser prince, was manoeuvred onto the throne by Hsinbyumashin, one of Mindon's queens, together with her daughter, Supayalat. (Rudyard Kipling mentions her as Thibaw's queen, and borrows her name, in his poem \"Mandalay\") The new King Thibaw proceeded, under Supayalat's direction, to massacre all likely contenders to the throne."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - Third Anglo-Burmese War and dethronement of the monarchy", "says": "The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885."}, {"id": "Q1209946", "label": "Third Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - Third Anglo-Burmese War and dethronement of the monarchy", "says": "The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Third Anglo-Burmese War and dethronement of the monarchy", "says": "The annexation was announced in the British parliament as a New Year gift to Queen Victoria on 1 January 1886."}], "Q1068408": [{"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "500 BCE) and had become \"something of a backwater\" by the Mahajanapada period in the 5th century BCE."}, {"id": "Q513097", "label": "Battle of the Ten Kings", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "900 BCE) as a result of the alliance and merger between the Bharata and Puru tribes, in the aftermath of the Battle of the Ten Kings."}], "Q1069959": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Imereti (Georgian: იმერეთის სამეფო, romanized: imeretis samepo) was a Georgian monarchy established in 1463 by a member of the house of Bagrationi when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "The realm was conquered by George V the Brilliant and once again united with the east Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "These threats pushed local Georgian rulers to seek closer ties with Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "In the presence of Russian ambassadors, Alexander III of Imereti swore an oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia."}, {"id": "Q7731", "label": "Alexei I of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the presence of Russian ambassadors, Alexander III of Imereti swore an oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia."}, {"id": "Q2568260", "label": "Archil II", "section": "lead", "says": "In this chaotic period, Archil II was enthroned and deposed several times."}, {"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "lead", "says": "Under pressure from Pavel Tsitsianov, in 1804 Solomon II of Imereti accepted Russian Imperial suzerainty, only to be deposed entirely in 1810."}, {"id": "Q2416424", "label": "Solomon II of Imereti", "section": "lead", "says": "Under pressure from Pavel Tsitsianov, in 1804 Solomon II of Imereti accepted Russian Imperial suzerainty, only to be deposed entirely in 1810."}], "Q15581": [{"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of its existence it was in personal union with the Kingdom of Aragon and other states, constituting together the composite monarchy known as the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of its existence it was in personal union with the Kingdom of Aragon and other states, constituting together the composite monarchy known as the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east."}, {"id": "Q1233672", "label": "County of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in the second half of the 12th century as a result of the territorial, legislative and institutional evolution of the County of Barcelona, ​​it ceased to exist as an independent political entity after the pro-Habsburg defeat of 1714 in the War of the Spanish Succession and the subsequent suppression of the Catalan institutional system by the Nueva Planta Decree of 1716."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in the second half of the 12th century as a result of the territorial, legislative and institutional evolution of the County of Barcelona, ​​it ceased to exist as an independent political entity after the pro-Habsburg defeat of 1714 in the War of the Spanish Succession and the subsequent suppression of the Catalan institutional system by the Nueva Planta Decree of 1716."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Visigoths ruled after the Western Roman Empire's collapse near the end of the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 795, Charlemagne created what came to be known by historiography and some Frankish chronicles as the Marca Hispanica, a buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, made up of locally administered separate counties which served as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q172383", "label": "Sylvester II", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The scholar and mathematician Gerbert d'Aurillac (future pope under the name of Sylvester II) studied in Vic and Ripoll and knowledge of mathematics and astronomy were introduced from Arabic."}, {"id": "Q509228", "label": "Borrell II, Count of Barcelona", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 988 Count Borrell II did not recognise the Frankish king Hugh Capet and his new dynasty, effectively taking Barcelona out of Frankish rule."}, {"id": "Q159575", "label": "Hugh Capet of France", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 988 Count Borrell II did not recognise the Frankish king Hugh Capet and his new dynasty, effectively taking Barcelona out of Frankish rule."}, {"id": "Q319439", "label": "Ramon Berenguer IV", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "In 1137 count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona received the donation of the neighboring Kingdom of Aragon from king Ramiro II of Aragon, and in 1150 married his daughter, queen Petronilla, establishing the dynastic union of the County of Barcelona and its dominions with the Kingdom of Aragon, resulting in a composite monarchy known as the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q316194", "label": "Ramiro II of Aragon", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "In 1137 count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona received the donation of the neighboring Kingdom of Aragon from king Ramiro II of Aragon, and in 1150 married his daughter, queen Petronilla, establishing the dynastic union of the County of Barcelona and its dominions with the Kingdom of Aragon, resulting in a composite monarchy known as the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q315058", "label": "Peter II of Aragon", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "His son, King Peter II of Aragon, faced the defense of the Occitan territories, acquired from the times of Ramon Berenguer I onwards, from the Albigensian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "His son, King Peter II of Aragon, faced the defense of the Occitan territories, acquired from the times of Ramon Berenguer I onwards, from the Albigensian Crusade."}, {"id": "Q1354080", "label": "Battle of Muret", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "The Battle of Muret (12 September 1213) and the unexpected defeat of King Peter and his vassals and allies, the counts of Toulouse, Comminges and Foix, against the French–Crusader armies, resulted in the fading of the strong human, cultural and economic ties existing between the ancient territories of Catalonia and the Languedoc."}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "In the Treaty of Corbeil, 1258, James I of Aragon, descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne and therefore heir of the House of Barcelona, relinquished his family rights and dominions in the Languedoc and recognized the Capetian king of France Louis IX as heir of the Carolingian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q816018", "label": "Bello of Carcassonne", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "In the Treaty of Corbeil, 1258, James I of Aragon, descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne and therefore heir of the House of Barcelona, relinquished his family rights and dominions in the Languedoc and recognized the Capetian king of France Louis IX as heir of the Carolingian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "History - Dynastic union", "says": "In the Treaty of Corbeil, 1258, James I of Aragon, descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne and therefore heir of the House of Barcelona, relinquished his family rights and dominions in the Languedoc and recognized the Capetian king of France Louis IX as heir of the Carolingian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "History - Institutionalization of the Principality and the 15th century", "says": "The reign of Peter III of Aragon (\"the Great\") included the conquest of Sicily and the successful defense against a French crusade; his son and successor Alfonso III (\"the Generous\") conquered Menorca; and Peter's second son James II conquered Sardinia; Catalonia was the center of the empire, expanding and organizing it, establishing institutional systems similar to its own."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "History - Institutionalization of the Principality and the 15th century", "says": "The Catalan Company, mercenaries led by Roger de Flor and formed by Almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, were hired by the Byzantine Empire to fight the Turks, defeating them in several battles."}, {"id": "Q436817", "label": "Roger de Flor", "section": "History - Institutionalization of the Principality and the 15th century", "says": "The Catalan Company, mercenaries led by Roger de Flor and formed by Almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, were hired by the Byzantine Empire to fight the Turks, defeating them in several battles."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "History - Institutionalization of the Principality and the 15th century", "says": "The Catalan Company, mercenaries led by Roger de Flor and formed by Almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, were hired by the Byzantine Empire to fight the Turks, defeating them in several battles."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Institutionalization of the Principality and the 15th century", "says": "The Catalan Company, mercenaries led by Roger de Flor and formed by Almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, were hired by the Byzantine Empire to fight the Turks, defeating them in several battles."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "History - Early modern Catalonia", "says": "The ascension to the throne of Aragon of Ferdinand II (1479), already married to Isabella I of Castile, put under a personal union two of the three major monarchies in the Iberian peninsula, while the Kingdom of Navarre was incorporated later following Ferdinand II's 1512 invasion of the Basque kingdom."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "History - Early modern Catalonia", "says": "The ascension to the throne of Aragon of Ferdinand II (1479), already married to Isabella I of Castile, put under a personal union two of the three major monarchies in the Iberian peninsula, while the Kingdom of Navarre was incorporated later following Ferdinand II's 1512 invasion of the Basque kingdom."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Early modern Catalonia", "says": "In 1492, the last remaining portion of Al-Andalus around Granada was conquered and the Spanish conquest of the Americas began."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Early modern Catalonia", "says": "Political power began to shift away from Aragon toward Castile and, subsequently, from Castile to the Spanish Empire, which engaged in frequent warfare in Europe striving for world domination."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Early modern Catalonia", "says": "Following the death of his paternal (House of Habsburg) grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, he was also elected Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1519."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Early modern Catalonia", "says": "The reign of Charles V was a relative harmonious period, during which Catalonia generally accepted the new structure of Spain, despite its own marginalization."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - After Nueva Planta", "says": "So late as in the 18th and 19th centuries, despite the military occupation, the high new taxes and the political economy of the House of Bourbon, the Catalonia under Spanish administration, now as a province, continued the process of proto-industrialization, relatively helped at the end of the century from the beginning of open commerce to America and protectionist policies enacted by the Spanish "}], "Q158445": [{"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire in 1871."}], "Q187525": [{"id": "Q199389", "label": "Principality of Iberia", "section": "lead", "says": "The early Georgian Bagratids gained the Principality of Iberia through dynastic marriage after succeeding the Chosroid dynasty at the end of the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia restored the Georgian monarchy; various native polities then united into the Kingdom of Georgia, which prospered from the 11th to the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q36760", "label": "David IV of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "This period of time, particularly the reigns of David IV the Builder (1089–1125) and of his great-granddaughter Tamar the Great (1184–1213) inaugurated the Georgian Golden Age in the history of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q195972", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli", "section": "lead", "says": "After fragmentation of the unified Kingdom of Georgia in the late 15th century, the branches of the Bagrationi dynasty ruled the three breakaway Georgian kingdoms, the Kingdom of Kartli, the Kingdom of Kakheti, and the Kingdom of Imereti, until Russian annexation in the early-19th century."}, {"id": "Q1209822", "label": "Kingdom of Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "After fragmentation of the unified Kingdom of Georgia in the late 15th century, the branches of the Bagrationi dynasty ruled the three breakaway Georgian kingdoms, the Kingdom of Kartli, the Kingdom of Kakheti, and the Kingdom of Imereti, until Russian annexation in the early-19th century."}, {"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "lead", "says": "After fragmentation of the unified Kingdom of Georgia in the late 15th century, the branches of the Bagrationi dynasty ruled the three breakaway Georgian kingdoms, the Kingdom of Kartli, the Kingdom of Kakheti, and the Kingdom of Imereti, until Russian annexation in the early-19th century."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "lead", "says": "While the 3rd article of the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk guaranteed continued sovereignty for the Bagrationi dynasty and their continued presence on the Georgian throne, the Russian Empire later broke the terms of the treaty and fully annexed the protectorate."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "While the 3rd article of the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk guaranteed continued sovereignty for the Bagrationi dynasty and their continued presence on the Georgian throne, the Russian Empire later broke the terms of the treaty and fully annexed the protectorate."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty persisted within the Russian Empire as an Imperial Russian noble family until the 1917 February Revolution."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Early dynasty", "says": "The Bagrationi family had grown in prominence by the time the Georgian monarchy (Caucasian Iberia) fell to the Sassanid Persian Empire in the 6th century, and the leading local princely families were exhausted by Arab attacks."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Early dynasty", "says": "The rise of the new dynasty was made possible by the extinction of the Guaramids and the near-extinction of the Chosroids, the two earlier dynasties of Iberia with whom the Bagratids extensively intermarried, and also by the Abbasid preoccupation with their own civil wars and conflict with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1363706", "label": "David III of Tao", "section": "History - Early dynasty", "says": "His descendant Bagrat III was able to consolidate his inheritance in Tao-Klarjeti and the Abkhazian Kingdom, due largely to the diplomacy and conquests of his energetic foster-father David III of Tao."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "In spite of repeated incidents of dynastic strife, the kingdom continued to prosper during the reigns of Demetrios I (1125–1156), George III (1156–1184), and especially, his daughter Tamar the Great (1184–1213)."}, {"id": "Q1362993", "label": "David Soslan", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "With the death of George III the main male line became extinct and the dynasty continued through the marriage of Queen Tamar with the Alan prince David Soslan, of reputed Bagratid descent."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "There was a brief period of reunion and revival under George V the Brilliant (1299–1302, 1314–1346), but the eight onslaughts of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur between 1386 and 1403 dealt a great blow to the Georgian kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "In 1744, Erekle II and his father Teimuraz II were granted the kingships of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by their overlord Nader Shah, as a reward for their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "In 1744, Erekle II and his father Teimuraz II were granted the kingships of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by their overlord Nader Shah, as a reward for their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II succeeded his father as ruler of Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "At about the same time, Karim Khan Zand had ascended the Iranian throne; Erekle II quickly tendered his de jure submission to the new Iranian ruler, however, de facto, he remained autonomous throughout the entire Zand period."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "The latter failed, however, to provide timely help when the Persian ruler Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar captured, sacked and ravaged Tbilisi in 1795 to compel severance of Georgian ties to Russia, as he sought to re-establish Persia's traditional suzerainty over the region."}, {"id": "Q668957", "label": "George XII of Georgia", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "After the death of Erekle in 1798, his son and successor, King George XII, renewed a request for protection from Emperor Paul I of Russia, and urged him to intervene in the bitter dynastic feud among the numerous sons and grandsons of the late Erekle."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "After the death of Erekle in 1798, his son and successor, King George XII, renewed a request for protection from Emperor Paul I of Russia, and urged him to intervene in the bitter dynastic feud among the numerous sons and grandsons of the late Erekle."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "History - Last monarchs", "says": "On September 12, 1801, Emperor Alexander I of Russia formally re-affirmed Paul’s determination, deposing the Bagrationi dynasty from the Georgian throne."}], "Q2252973": [{"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was founded after Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de' Medici as Duke of the Florentine Republic, thereby transforming the Republic of Florence into a hereditary monarchy."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was founded after Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de' Medici as Duke of the Florentine Republic, thereby transforming the Republic of Florence into a hereditary monarchy."}, {"id": "Q131945", "label": "Pius V", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1569, Pope Pius V declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1737."}, {"id": "Q1429256", "label": "War of the League of Cognac", "section": "Origins and constitution", "says": "During the War of the League of Cognac, the Florentines rebelled against the Medici, then represented by Ippolito de' Medici, and restored the freedom of their republic."}], "Q2444884": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Tibet (Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: Bod) was a de facto independent state in East Asia that lasted from the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until its annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951."}, {"id": "Q17500081", "label": "Ganden Phodrang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ganden Phodrang based in Central Tibet was a protectorate under Qing rule."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1949 the Nationalist government had lost its renewed civil war against the Chinese Communist Party."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Fall of the Qing dynasty (1911)", "says": "Tibet came under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China in 1720 after the Qing expelled the forces of the Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - Fall of the Qing dynasty (1911)", "says": "Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911–1912, Tibetan militia launched a surprise attack on the Qing garrison stationed in Tibet after the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Fall of the Qing dynasty (1911)", "says": "In early 1912, the Government of the Republic of China replaced the Qing dynasty as the government of China and the new republic asserted its sovereignty over all the territories of the previous dynasty, which included 22 Chinese provinces, Tibet, and Outer Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Fall of the Qing dynasty (1911)", "says": "In early 1912, the Government of the Republic of China replaced the Qing dynasty as the government of China and the new republic asserted its sovereignty over all the territories of the previous dynasty, which included 22 Chinese provinces, Tibet, and Outer Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q1370907", "label": "Empress Dowager Longyu", "section": "History - Fall of the Qing dynasty (1911)", "says": "This claim was provided for in the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor signed by the Empress Dowager Longyu on behalf of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor: \"... the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races, Manchu, Han, Mongol, Hui, and Tibetan into one great Republic of China\" (... 仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國)."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "History - Fall of the Qing dynasty (1911)", "says": "Following the establishment of the new Republic, China's provisional President, Yuan Shikai, sent a telegram to the 13th Dalai Lama, restoring his earlier titles."}, {"id": "Q633847", "label": "Simla Convention", "section": "History - Simla Convention (1914)", "says": "The Simla Convention was initialled by all three delegations, but was immediately rejected by Beijing because of dissatisfaction with the boundary between Outer and Inner Tibet."}, {"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "History - Simla Convention (1914)", "says": "The British Government initially rejected McMahon's bilateral accord as being incompatible with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - After the death of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1933", "says": "Kuzmin cited several sources indicating that the Tibetan government had not declared Tibet a part of China, despite an intimation of Chinese sovereignty made by the Kuomintang government."}, {"id": "Q25238", "label": "Thubten Gyatso", "section": "History - 1930s to 1949", "says": "Similar to his \npredecessor Thubten Gyatso who was approved by the Central Government of China in 1877 to be exempted from the lot-drawing process using Golden Urn to become the 13th Dalai Lama On 26 January 1940, the Regent Reting Rinpoche requested the Central Government of China to exempt Lhamo Dhondup from the lot-drawing process using the Golden Urn to become the 14th Dalai Lama, and the Chin"}, {"id": "Q649596", "label": "Ma Bufang", "section": "History - 1930s to 1949", "says": "After a ransom of 400,000 silver dragons had been paid by Lhasa to the Hui Muslim warlord Ma Bufang, who ruled Qinghai (Chinghai) from Xining, Ma Bufang released him to travel to Lhasa in 1939."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - 1930s to 1949", "says": "For example, the Associated Press on Feb 22, 1940 writes:\n\nLhasa, Tibet (Thursday) - (By Radio to Hong Kong) - [..] The Chinese government had worked for months to put the succession of Ling-ergh La-mu-tan-chu beyond the fortunes of the goldern urn from which the 14th Dalai Lama would normally be picked."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "History - 1930s to 1949", "says": "This given, he wirelessed warm thanks to Chiang Kai-shek and other Chinese governmental leaders."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "History - Annexation by the People's Republic of China", "says": "The Chinese Communist government, led by Chairman Mao Zedong, began reasserting Chinese presence shortly thereafter."}], "Q283627": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "It stemmed from the previous frontier structures, initially created for the defense of eastern Bavarian borders against the Avars, who were defeated and conquered during the reign of Charlemagne (d."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "They were defeated in the Battle of Lechfeld (955) and gradual German reconquest of the region began."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The margraviate protected the eastern borders of the Holy Roman Empire, towards neighbouring Hungary."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The first marches covering approximately the territory that would become Austria and Slovenia were the Avar March and the adjacent March of Carantania (the later March of Carinthia) in the south."}, {"id": "Q501754", "label": "Carantania", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The first marches covering approximately the territory that would become Austria and Slovenia were the Avar March and the adjacent March of Carantania (the later March of Carinthia) in the south."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When the Avars disappeared in the 820s, they were replaced largely by West Slavs, who settled here within the state of Great Moravia."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Upon the defeat of Margrave Luitpold of Bavaria at the 907 Battle of Pressburg, all East Frankish lands beyond the Enns river were lost."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "In 955, King Otto I of Germany had started the reconquest with his victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "In 976, during a general restructuring of Bavaria upon the insurrection of Duke Henry II the Wrangler, Otto's son and successor Emperor Otto II deposed Burchard and appointed the Babenberg count Leopold the Illustrious from the House of Babenberg margrave in turn for his support."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "In 976, during a general restructuring of Bavaria upon the insurrection of Duke Henry II the Wrangler, Otto's son and successor Emperor Otto II deposed Burchard and appointed the Babenberg count Leopold the Illustrious from the House of Babenberg margrave in turn for his support."}, {"id": "Q349086", "label": "Leopold III", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "Margravial Austria reached its greatest height under Leopold III, a great friend of the church and founder of abbeys."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "When his successor, the last margrave, Henry Jasomirgott, was deprived of Bavaria in 1156, Austria was elevated to a duchy independent from Bavaria by the Privilegium Minus of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q580447", "label": "Duchy of Styria", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "From 1192 the House of Babenberg also ruled over the neighbouring Duchy of Styria."}, {"id": "Q280338", "label": "Frederick II, Duke of Austria", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "The line became extinct with the death of Duke Frederick II of Austria at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River."}, {"id": "Q446410", "label": "Battle of the Leitha River", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "The line became extinct with the death of Duke Frederick II of Austria at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River."}, {"id": "Q150320", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "The heritage was finally asserted by the German king Rudolph of Habsburg against King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld."}, {"id": "Q700194", "label": "Battle on the Marchfeld", "section": "History - Margraviate", "says": "The heritage was finally asserted by the German king Rudolph of Habsburg against King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld."}], "Q309460": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Hainaut ( ay-NOH; French: Comté de Hainaut; Dutch: Graafschap Henegouwen; Latin: comitatus hanoniensis), sometimes spelled Hainault, was a territorial lordship within the medieval Holy Roman Empire that straddled the present-day border of Belgium and France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "For much of its existence the County of Hainaut was a French-speaking frontier territory of the Holy Roman Empire, bordering upon the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "Previously, from 843 the County formed part of the Frankish \"middle kingdom\" of Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after about 925 Lotharingia was definitively attached by King Henry the Fowler to his eastern Frankish realm that would become the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after about 925 Lotharingia was definitively attached by King Henry the Fowler to his eastern Frankish realm that would become the Kingdom of Germany."}], "Q319984": [{"id": "Q862404", "label": "Sultanate of Hobyo", "section": "lead", "says": "Following two treaties in 1889, Italy established a protectorate over northern Somali territories ruled by the Sultanate of Hobyo and the Majeerteen Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q2257830", "label": "Majeerteen Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Following two treaties in 1889, Italy established a protectorate over northern Somali territories ruled by the Sultanate of Hobyo and the Majeerteen Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "As a reward for the Italian participation in World War I on the Entente side, the UK ceded the territory of Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) to Italy in 1925."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "This would last until Italy's loss of the region in 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 July 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia united with the former British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 July 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia united with the former British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q8061928", "label": "Yusuf Ali Kenadid", "section": "History - Treaties of protection and trade (1888–1891)", "says": "In late 1888, Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid sent a treaty request to Italy to make the Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian protectorate."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Dervish wars", "says": "During World War I, the Dervishes, with minimal support from the Ottoman Empire, conducted raids into Italian-controlled territories, but were stopped by the garrisons of Bulo Burti and Tiyeglow."}, {"id": "Q1056880", "label": "Cesare Maria De Vecchi", "section": "History - Campaign of the sultanates", "says": "In 1924, Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi adopted a policy of disarmentation of the northern Somali sultanates."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Italian East Africa (1936–1941)", "says": "The then Prime Minister of Italy, Benito Mussolini, regarded Greater Somalia (La Grande Somalia) as the crown jewel in Italy's colonial empire on the continent."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - Italian East Africa (1936–1941)", "says": "He viewed himself less as an invader than as a liberator of the occupied Somali territories, including the Ogaden region, to which the Ethiopian Empire laid claim."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Italian East Africa (1936–1941)", "says": "On this basis, he justified his plan to invade Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q319156", "label": "Rodolfo Graziani", "section": "History - Italian East Africa (1936–1941)", "says": "The Italian General Rodolfo Graziani commanded the invasion forces in the south."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "History - Italian East Africa (1936–1941)", "says": "The new colony of the Italian Empire also included Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "History - Trust Territory of Somalia (1950–1960)", "says": "Numerous SYL officials who had gained positions of prominence during the era of British Military Administration were either demoted, removed from their positions or imprisoned by Italian officials."}, {"id": "Q470991", "label": "Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal", "section": "History - Independence (1960)", "says": "A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q157197", "label": "Aden Abdullah Osman Daar", "section": "History - Independence (1960)", "says": "A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "History - Independence (1960)", "says": "A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister."}], "Q321029": [{"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was a rump state that was created from the territory ruled by Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was a rump state that was created from the territory ruled by Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q312452", "label": "Philetaerus", "section": "lead", "says": "Philetaerus, one of Lysimachus' lieutenants, rebelled and seized the city of Pergamon and the surrounding regions; Lysimachus died soon after in 281 BC."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The new kingdom was initially in a vassal-like relationship of nominal fealty to the Seleucid Empire, but exercised considerable autonomy and soon became entirely independent."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "In 281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later."}, {"id": "Q47299", "label": "Battle of Corupedium", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "In 281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "In 281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later."}, {"id": "Q314341", "label": "Eumenes I", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "Philetaerus' nephew and adopted son, Eumenes I, succeeded him upon his death in 263 BC."}, {"id": "Q211488", "label": "Antiochus I Soter", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "He rebelled and defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter near the Lydian capital of Sardis in 261 BC."}, {"id": "Q110745", "label": "Attalus I", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Attalus I (r."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Early in his reign, he won a battlefield victory against the Galatians of Asia Minor (called Gauls by Pausanias) at the Battle of the Caecus River."}, {"id": "Q3373", "label": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Several years later, the \"War of the Brothers\" broke out in the Seleucid Empire between Seleucus II Callinicus and Antiochus Hierax."}, {"id": "Q3371", "label": "Seleucus III Ceraunus", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "He repulsed several attempts by Seleucus III Ceraunus, who had succeeded Seleucus II, to recover the lost territory."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Antiochus III the Great made Achaeus governor of the Seleucid territories north of the Taurus."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "The authority of the Pergamene state was hanging by a thread when Eumenes II (r."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "Eumenes II sought alliances with the Achaean League, rejected an offer of marriage and alliance with the Seleucids, and supported Rome in the Roman–Seleucid War of 192–188 BC."}, {"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "Eumenes II sought alliances with the Achaean League, rejected an offer of marriage and alliance with the Seleucids, and supported Rome in the Roman–Seleucid War of 192–188 BC."}, {"id": "Q1259381", "label": "Treaty of Apamea", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 188 BC, after the war's end by the Treaty of Apamea, the Romans seized the possessions of the defeated Antiochus III in Asia Minor and gave Mysia, Lydia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia to the kingdom of Pergamon and Caria, Lycia and Pisidia, in the southwestern corner of Asia Minor, to Rhodes, another Roman ally."}, {"id": "Q372361", "label": "Prusias I of Bithynia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamene would also fight the Galatian War, Prusias I of Bithynia (around 188–184 BC?), Pharnaces I of Pontus (around 183–179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)."}, {"id": "Q359215", "label": "Pharnaces I of Pontus", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamene would also fight the Galatian War, Prusias I of Bithynia (around 188–184 BC?), Pharnaces I of Pontus (around 183–179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamene would also fight the Galatian War, Prusias I of Bithynia (around 188–184 BC?), Pharnaces I of Pontus (around 183–179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "Eumenes II also successfully intervened in Seleucid politics, aiding Antiochus IV Epiphanes in his quest to take the throne from Heliodorus."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 190 BC he took part in the Battle of Magnesia, which was the final victory of the Romans in the war against the Seleucids."}, {"id": "Q722307", "label": "Gnaeus Manlius Vulso", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 189 BC he led the Pergamene troops which flanked the Roman army under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in the Galatian War."}, {"id": "Q2556352", "label": "Galatian War", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 189 BC he led the Pergamene troops which flanked the Roman army under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in the Galatian War."}, {"id": "Q359222", "label": "Prusias II of Bithynia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "After becoming king in his own right, he made war against Prusias II of Bithynia in 156–154 BC with the help of the Romans."}, {"id": "Q337108", "label": "Ariarathes V of Cappadocia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "He also made an alliance and received troops from Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, led by his son Demetrius."}, {"id": "Q297657", "label": "Alexander Balas", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 152 BC the two kings and Rome helped and funded Alexander Balas in his successful bid to start a civil war in the Seleucid Empire and to seize the Seleucid throne from Demetrius I Soter."}, {"id": "Q296304", "label": "Demetrius I Soter", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 152 BC the two kings and Rome helped and funded Alexander Balas in his successful bid to start a civil war in the Seleucid Empire and to seize the Seleucid throne from Demetrius I Soter."}, {"id": "Q309804", "label": "Attalus III", "section": "History - Final years (138–129 BC)", "says": "Not that much has survived in ancient sources of the reign of the last Attalid king, Attalus III; they tend to focus on his personal character rather than describe events during his reign."}, {"id": "Q350388", "label": "Eumenes III", "section": "History - Final years (138–129 BC)", "says": "Meanwhile, a man named Aristonicus, claiming to be the illegitimate son of Eumenes II, assumed the dynastic name of Eumenes III, attempted to overturn Attalus III's will, and apparently acquired authority at least in the core parts of the Pergamene empire."}], "Q325461": [{"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Thessalonica (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης, romanized: Vasílion tis Thessaloníkis) was a short-lived Crusader State established as a vassal of the Latin Empire following the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Thessalonica (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης, romanized: Vasílion tis Thessaloníkis) was a short-lived Crusader State established as a vassal of the Latin Empire following the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom faced continual pressure from neighboring powers and it collapsed after being conquered by the Despotate of Epirus in 1224."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the Sack of Constantinople to the crusaders in 1204, Boniface of Montferrat, the leader of the crusade, hoped to become the new emperor."}, {"id": "Q169329", "label": "Conrad of Montferrat", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Venetians, however, viewed him as ambitious, noted his ties to their rival Genoa, and were wary of his family's connections to the Byzantine court, his brother Conrad of Montferrat had married into the imperial dynasty."}, {"id": "Q255737", "label": "Maria Komnene", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Late 13th and 14th century sources suggest that Boniface based his claim to Thessalonica on the statement that his younger brother Renier had been granted Thessalonica on his marriage to Maria Komnene in 1180."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The boundaries of the actual Kingdom of Thessalonica seem to have extended only up to Domokos, Pharsalus, and Velestino: southern Thessaly, with the towns of Zetounion and Ravennika, was under governors appointed by the Latin Emperor, and the principalities of southern Greece were only Boniface's feudal vassals."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Emperor Henry of Flanders' expedition against the rebellious Lombard barons of Thessalonica in 1208–09, and ended the feudal dependency of the southern principalities—the Duchy of Athens, the Marquisate of Bodonitsa, the Lordship of Salona, and the Triarchy of Negroponte—on Thessalonica, replacing it with direct imperial suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q124298", "label": "Marquisate of Bodonitsa", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Emperor Henry of Flanders' expedition against the rebellious Lombard barons of Thessalonica in 1208–09, and ended the feudal dependency of the southern principalities—the Duchy of Athens, the Marquisate of Bodonitsa, the Lordship of Salona, and the Triarchy of Negroponte—on Thessalonica, replacing it with direct imperial suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q428634", "label": "Lordship of Negroponte", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Emperor Henry of Flanders' expedition against the rebellious Lombard barons of Thessalonica in 1208–09, and ended the feudal dependency of the southern principalities—the Duchy of Athens, the Marquisate of Bodonitsa, the Lordship of Salona, and the Triarchy of Negroponte—on Thessalonica, replacing it with direct imperial suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q294439", "label": "Kaloyan of Bulgaria", "section": "History - The Lombard Rebellion", "says": "Boniface's rule lasted less than two years before he was ambushed by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria and killed on September 4, 1207."}, {"id": "Q269235", "label": "Henry of Flanders", "section": "History - The Lombard Rebellion", "says": "These nobles, under the regent Oberto, began plotting to place William VI of Montferrat, Boniface's elder son, on the throne, and openly defied the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - War with Epirus and fall", "says": "Over the next nine years Theodore gradually conquered all of Thessalonica except the city itself, as the Latin Empire could spare no army to defend it while they were busy fighting the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea in Asia."}, {"id": "Q269573", "label": "Baldwin II of Constantinople", "section": "History - Titular claimants", "says": "The kingdom was claimed by titular kings of the house of Montferrat until 1284 and also by the dukes of Burgundy; Baldwin II of Constantinople had promised the title to Hugh IV should he regain the Latin Empire."}], "Q569107": [{"id": "Q129072", "label": "Persepolis", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located in the Zagros Mountains in southwestern Iran, approximately 46 kilometres (29 mi) north of Shiraz and 43 kilometres (27 mi) west of Persepolis in the Beyza/Ramjerd plain, in the province of Fars."}], "Q62519": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish Democratic Republic (Finnish: Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta or Suomen kansantasavalta, Swedish: Demokratiska Republiken Finland, Russian: Финляндская Демократическая Республика, romanized: Finlyandskaya Demokraticheskaya Respublika), also known as the Terijoki Government (Finnish: Terijoen hallitus), was a short-lived puppet state of the Soviet Union in occupied Finnish territory fr"}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish Democratic Republic was established by Joseph Stalin upon the outbreak of the Winter War and headed by Otto Wille Kuusinen to govern Finland after Soviet conquest."}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish Democratic Republic was established by Joseph Stalin upon the outbreak of the Winter War and headed by Otto Wille Kuusinen to govern Finland after Soviet conquest."}, {"id": "Q695285", "label": "Moscow Peace Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish Democratic Republic was dissolved and merged into the Karelo-Finnish SSR upon the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty."}], "Q62567": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Iceland (Icelandic: Konungsríkið Ísland; Danish: Kongeriget Island) was an associated state of Denmark (prior to its invasion by Nazi Germany) and kingdom under a personal union that was established by the Act of Union signed on 1 December 1918."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - World War II, British occupation and the establishment of the republic", "says": "On 10 May 1940, Operation Fork was launched by the United Kingdom when military forces sailed into Reykjavík Harbour and began an invasion of Iceland."}, {"id": "Q207206", "label": "Sveinn Björnsson", "section": "History - World War II, British occupation and the establishment of the republic", "says": "On 15 May 1941, the Althing adopted a law creating the position of regent for Sveinn Björnsson in order to represent the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - World War II, British occupation and the establishment of the republic", "says": "In July 1941, the Althingi adopted the American–Icelandic defence agreement, passing responsibility for Iceland's defence to the United States."}, {"id": "Q156617", "label": "Christian X of Denmark", "section": "History - World War II, British occupation and the establishment of the republic", "says": "King Christian X sent a message of congratulations to the Icelandic people."}], "Q702224": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Carinthia (Latin: Ducatus Carinthiae; German: Herzogtum Kärnten; Slovene: Vojvodina Koroška) was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was separated from the Duchy of Bavaria in 976, and was the first newly created Imperial State after the original German stem duchies."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Carinthia remained a State of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, though from 1335 it was ruled within the Austrian dominions of the Habsburg dynasty."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A constituent part of the Habsburg monarchy and of the Austrian Empire, it remained a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "A constituent part of the Habsburg monarchy and of the Austrian Empire, it remained a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until 1918."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Duke Henry's son Henry II \"the Quarreller\" from 974 onwards, revolted against his cousin Emperor Otto II, whereupon he was deposed as Duke of Bavaria in favour of Otto's nephew Duke Otto I of Swabia."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Duke Henry's son Henry II \"the Quarreller\" from 974 onwards, revolted against his cousin Emperor Otto II, whereupon he was deposed as Duke of Bavaria in favour of Otto's nephew Duke Otto I of Swabia."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Duke Henry's son Henry II \"the Quarreller\" from 974 onwards, revolted against his cousin Emperor Otto II, whereupon he was deposed as Duke of Bavaria in favour of Otto's nephew Duke Otto I of Swabia."}, {"id": "Q701920", "label": "March of Verona", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The realm of the Carinthian dukes initially comprised a vast territory including the marches of Styria (marchia Carantana), Carniola and Istria; they also ruled over the Italian March of Verona in the south."}, {"id": "Q3660954", "label": "War of the Three Henries", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Nevertheless, Henry the Younger was the first and also the last Luitpolding duke; as he chose to join the unsuccessful War of the Three Henries against Emperor Otto II, he lost Carinthia two years later and was succeeded by the Emperor's nephew Otto I, a scion of the Salian dynasty."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Eppensteins and Sponheims", "says": "Adalbero was removed from office in 1035 after he had fallen out of favour with the Salian Emperor Conrad II."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Eppensteins and Sponheims", "says": "The remainder of Carinthia passed from Duke Henry III to his godchild Henry from the House of Sponheim, who ruled as Henry IV, from 1122 to his early death the following year."}, {"id": "Q76956", "label": "Rudolph I of Germany", "section": "History - Eppensteins and Sponheims", "says": "In spite of being supported by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany, who defeated Ottokar II at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, Philip never gained actual power."}, {"id": "Q700194", "label": "Battle on the Marchfeld", "section": "History - Eppensteins and Sponheims", "says": "In spite of being supported by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany, who defeated Ottokar II at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, Philip never gained actual power."}, {"id": "Q561493", "label": "Treaty of Neuberg", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "The Habsburgs divided up their territories within the family twice, according to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg and again in 1564."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II attempted to create a more unitary Habsburg state, and in 1804 Carinthia was integrated into the newly established Austrian Empire under Francis II/I."}, {"id": "Q1117051", "label": "Kingdom of Illyria", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "According to the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn, the Upper Carinthian territories around Villach formed part of the short-lived Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces; Carinthia as a whole remained a part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Illyria until its dissolution in 1849."}, {"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "In 1867, the duchy became a crown land of Cisleithania, the western part of Austria-Hungary (see History of Austria)."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "History - World War I and Carinthian Plebiscite", "says": "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, however, was not satisfied with these parts of the former duchy and also occupied land north of the Karawanks mountain range, including the capital city of Klagenfurt."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - World War I and Carinthian Plebiscite", "says": "Most of the area awarded to Yugoslavia (cf."}], "Q714006": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ezo existed for five months before being annexed by the newly established Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ezo existed for five months before being annexed by the newly established Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu) in the Boshin War by the Meiji Restoration, a part of the former shōgun's navy, led by Admiral Enomoto Takeaki, retreated from the capital Edo (Tokyo) in October 1868, sailing north to continue the fight against the advancing Imperial army."}, {"id": "Q532959", "label": "Enomoto Takeaki", "section": "Background", "says": "After the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu) in the Boshin War by the Meiji Restoration, a part of the former shōgun's navy, led by Admiral Enomoto Takeaki, retreated from the capital Edo (Tokyo) in October 1868, sailing north to continue the fight against the advancing Imperial army."}, {"id": "Q1398227", "label": "Jules Brunet", "section": "Background", "says": "Along with Enomoto were many other former Tokugawa officers, including the Commander-in-Chief of the shogunate's army, Matsudaira Tarō, and French officers Jules Brunet and André Cazeneuve, former members of a military training mission to Japan, who had refused to leave the country after being recalled to France in late September."}, {"id": "Q716562", "label": "Battle of Hakodate", "section": "Defeat by Imperial forces and aftermath", "says": "The Imperial forces progressed swiftly, won the Battle of Hakodate, and surrounded the fortress at Goryōkaku."}, {"id": "Q714049", "label": "Kuroda Kiyotaka", "section": "Defeat by Imperial forces and aftermath", "says": "Enomoto surrendered on June 26, 1869, turning the Goryōkaku over to Satsuma staff officer Kuroda Kiyotaka on June 27, 1869."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Defeat by Imperial forces and aftermath", "says": "In February 1870 Brunet was recalled to service, and back as a captain fought in the Franco-Prussian War later that year."}], "Q726798": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tulunid State, also known as the Tulunid Emirate or the State of Banu Tulun, and popularly referred to as the Tulunids (Arabic: الطولونيون) was a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who ruled Egypt on behalf of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q374374", "label": "Ahmad ibn Tulun", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 9th century, internal conflict amongst the Abbasids made control of the outlying areas of the empire increasingly tenuous, and in 868 the Turkic officer Ahmad ibn Tulun was sent to Egypt."}, {"id": "Q220789", "label": "Al-Mutawakkil", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Mutawakkil, who harbored a deep animosity towards the Alid party, issued an order to the governor of Egypt, Ishaq ibn Yahya, commanding the expulsion of the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q281989", "label": "Al-Mu'tazz", "section": "History - Ahmad ibn Tulun's assumption of the Egyptian Diaspora", "says": "Al-Mu'tazz bestowed upon Baykbak the authority to oversee Egypt and its adjacent territories."}, {"id": "Q4561714", "label": "Ahmad ibn Muhammad", "section": "History - Ahmad ibn Tulun's assumption of the Egyptian Diaspora", "says": "Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wasiti accompanied Ahmad ibn Tulun on his journey to Egypt, entering the country on Wednesday, 23 Ramadan 254 AH (September 15, 868 CE)."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Opposition against Ibn Tulun", "says": "One such challenge arose when the commander Bugha al-Kabir, having fled Baghdad, took up residence in the region between Cyrenaica and Alexandria, proclaiming himself a rebel in 869 CE (255 AH)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Opposition against Ibn Tulun", "says": "In 870 CE (256 AH), a further insurrection was initiated by Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Sufi al-Alawi."}, {"id": "Q3246667", "label": "Abdul Hamid", "section": "History - Opposition against Ibn Tulun", "says": "Ahmad ibn Tulun dispatched another contingent under the command of Ibn Abi al-Mugheeth, who discovered that the insurgent had relocated to Upper Egypt to engage in combat with another individual who claimed to be Abdul Hamid ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Expansion into the Levant", "says": "The revolt led by Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani in Palestine and Jordan provided Ibn Tulun with an opportunity to intervene in Levantine affairs, especially after the Caliph al-Mu'tamid commissioned him to put down the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q759988", "label": "Zanj Rebellion", "section": "History - Unrest in the Levant against Tulunid rule", "says": "Ibn Tulun accelerated, cognizant that al-Muwaffaq, who was on the cusp of quelling the Zanj Rebellion, could leverage Lu'lu's defection against him."}, {"id": "Q291410", "label": "Al-Muwaffaq", "section": "History - Khumārawayh's rise to power", "says": "Al-Muwaffaq concurred, accorded the caliph the honor due him, and discharged him from incarceration."}], "Q754749": [{"id": "Q459201", "label": "Tefnakhte", "section": "History - Tefnakht I", "says": "Tefnakht I formed an alliance of the Delta kinglets, with whose support he attempted to conquer Upper Egypt; his campaign attracted the attention of the Nubian king, Piye, who recorded his conquest and subjection of Tefnakhte of Sais and his peers in a well-known inscription."}, {"id": "Q21694324", "label": "Shoshenq V", "section": "History - Tefnakht I", "says": "Tefnakht is always called the \"Great Chief of the West\" in Piye's Victory stela and in two stelas dating to the regnal years 36 and 38 of Shoshenq V."}, {"id": "Q455594", "label": "Necho I", "section": "History - Tefnakht I", "says": "Perdu published a recently discovered donation stela which came from a private collection; the document is dated to Year 2 of Necho I of Sais and is similar in style, epigraphy and text with the donation stela of Shepsesre."}, {"id": "Q888600", "label": "Tefnakht II", "section": "History - Tefnakht I", "says": "The later king Tefnakht II, if he existed, would have been a close predecessor of Necho I."}], "Q815524": [{"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Belgium controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the Belgian Congo (modern DR Congo) from 1908 to 1960, Ruanda-Urundi (modern Rwanda and Burundi) from 1922 to 1962, and the Lado Enclave (modern Central Equatoria province in South Sudan) from 1894 to 1910."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Belgium controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the Belgian Congo (modern DR Congo) from 1908 to 1960, Ruanda-Urundi (modern Rwanda and Burundi) from 1922 to 1962, and the Lado Enclave (modern Central Equatoria province in South Sudan) from 1894 to 1910."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Belgium controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the Belgian Congo (modern DR Congo) from 1908 to 1960, Ruanda-Urundi (modern Rwanda and Burundi) from 1922 to 1962, and the Lado Enclave (modern Central Equatoria province in South Sudan) from 1894 to 1910."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "It also had small concessions in Guatemala (1843–1854) and Belgian concession of Tianjin in China (1902–1931) and was a co-administrator of the Tangier International Zone in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q3497642", "label": "Tangier International Zone", "section": "lead", "says": "It also had small concessions in Guatemala (1843–1854) and Belgian concession of Tianjin in China (1902–1931) and was a co-administrator of the Tangier International Zone in Morocco."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony was founded in 1908 following the transfer of sovereignty from the Congo Free State, which was the personal property of Belgium's king, Leopold II."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony was founded in 1908 following the transfer of sovereignty from the Congo Free State, which was the personal property of Belgium's king, Leopold II."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Of Belgium's other colonies, the most significant was Ruanda-Urundi, a portion of German East Africa, which was given to Belgium as a League of Nations Mandate, when Germany lost all of its colonies at the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Of Belgium's other colonies, the most significant was Ruanda-Urundi, a portion of German East Africa, which was given to Belgium as a League of Nations Mandate, when Germany lost all of its colonies at the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q4162685", "label": "Rwandan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Rwandan Revolution, the mandate became the independent states of Burundi and Rwanda in 1962."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "Background in the early 19th century", "says": "Belgium, a constitutional monarchy, gained its independence in 1830 from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}], "Q836676": [{"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The islands were conquered from the Almohad Caliphate by James I of Aragon, and were integrated in the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The islands were conquered from the Almohad Caliphate by James I of Aragon, and were integrated in the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The islands were conquered from the Almohad Caliphate by James I of Aragon, and were integrated in the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter, the eldest, succeeded his father in the mainland as Peter III of Aragon or Peter the Great."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Peter, the eldest, succeeded his father in the mainland as Peter III of Aragon or Peter the Great."}, {"id": "Q336823", "label": "Peter IV of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, in 1344, the Kingdom of Mallorca was invaded by King Peter IV of Aragon and brought under the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Fall of Mallorca", "says": "However, during the War of the Spanish Succession the Crown of Aragon mostly backed the claims of the Archduke Charles and with his defeat the victorious Philip V of Spain abolished the kingdom via the Nueva Planta decrees in 1715."}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "History - Fall of Mallorca", "says": "However, during the War of the Spanish Succession the Crown of Aragon mostly backed the claims of the Archduke Charles and with his defeat the victorious Philip V of Spain abolished the kingdom via the Nueva Planta decrees in 1715."}], "Q83821": [{"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Bijapur had been a taraf (province) of the Bahmani Kingdom prior to its independence in 1490 and before the kingdom's political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the most powerful states on the Indian Subcontinent at its peak, second to the Mughal Empire which conquered it in 1686 under Aurangzeb."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the most powerful states on the Indian Subcontinent at its peak, second to the Mughal Empire which conquered it in 1686 under Aurangzeb."}, {"id": "Q961890", "label": "Yusuf Adil Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "After emigrating to the Bahmani Sultanate, Yusuf Adil Shah rose through the ranks to be appointed governor of the province of Bijapur."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultanate expanded southward, its first major conquest the Raichur Doab after defeating the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565."}, {"id": "Q1362188", "label": "Battle of Talikota", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultanate expanded southward, its first major conquest the Raichur Doab after defeating the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565."}, {"id": "Q19805959", "label": "Golconda Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of its history, Bijapur was bounded on the west by the Portuguese state of Goa, on the east by the Sultanate of Golconda, on the north by the Ahmednagar Sultanate and on the south by the Vijayanagara Empire and its succeeding Nayaka dynasties."}, {"id": "Q669317", "label": "Bidar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the allied victory against Vijayanagara at Talikota in 1565, the state expanded through its conquest of the neighbouring Bidar Sultanate in 1619."}, {"id": "Q5984420", "label": "Ibrahim Adil Shah I", "section": "lead", "says": "After modest earlier developments, Ibrahim Adil Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I remodelled Bijapur with a citadel, c"}, {"id": "Q3028975", "label": "Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III", "section": "History - Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)", "says": "Yusuf impressed the Bahmani sultan Muhammad Shah III, and he was appointed governor of Bijapur."}, {"id": "Q24950832", "label": "Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I", "section": "History - Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)", "says": "Yusuf took advantage of Bahmani decline to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur in 1490, pursuing the same goal Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I had that year."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)", "says": "A Portuguese Empire colonial expedition led by Afonso de Albuquerque exerted pressure on the major Adil Shahi port of Goa, conquering it in 1510; Yusuf retook the settlement two months later, but the Portuguese again conquered it in November of that year."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "History - Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)", "says": "A Portuguese Empire colonial expedition led by Afonso de Albuquerque exerted pressure on the major Adil Shahi port of Goa, conquering it in 1510; Yusuf retook the settlement two months later, but the Portuguese again conquered it in November of that year."}, {"id": "Q6084664", "label": "Ismail Adil Shah", "section": "History - Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)", "says": "Yusuf died in 1510, between these two clashes with the Portuguese, when his son Ismail Adil Shah was a boy."}, {"id": "Q4872151", "label": "Battle of Raichur", "section": "History - Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)", "says": "Ismail was defeated by Krishnadevaraya in the Battle of Raichur; initially successful, with an advantage in artillery (in its first major appearance in a South Asian battle), Ismail was routed by the Vijayanagara forces in a surprise counter-attack which scattered much of his forces."}, {"id": "Q197881", "label": "Adil Shah", "section": "History - Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)", "says": "Ismail was succeeded in 1534 by Mallu Adil Shah, whose reign was short-lived."}, {"id": "Q1854686", "label": "Malik Ambar", "section": "History - Peak and decline (1580–1686)", "says": "Ahmednagar fell to the Mughals in 1600, but Ibrahim continued to support the eventually-successful resistance of Malik Ambar."}, {"id": "Q818666", "label": "Berar Sultanate", "section": "History - Peak and decline (1580–1686)", "says": "This was preceded by an agreement between the rulers of Bijapur and the Ahmednagar Sultanate, who divided their spheres of influence; the Ahmednagar Sultanate could conquer the Berar Sultanate if the Adil Shahis could expand south into the decaying Vijayanagara Empire without hindrance from the Nizam Shahis."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Peak and decline (1580–1686)", "says": "Under Muhammad, the Sultanate of Bijapur reached its zenith."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Peak and decline (1580–1686)", "says": "The first Mughal invasion of the sultanate was in 1631 by Shah Jahan, who reached (and besieged) Bijapur but was ultimately unsuccessful."}], "Q970799": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya was the first Sultan of the Wattasid Dynasty."}], "Q1069609": [{"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in 1046 BC when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty and ended in 771 BC when Quanrong mercenaries hired by the rebel Marquis of Shen sacked the Zhou capital Fenghao (which consisted of the twin cities Fengjing and Haojing) and killed King You of Zhou."}, {"id": "Q1193397", "label": "King You of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in 1046 BC when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty and ended in 771 BC when Quanrong mercenaries hired by the rebel Marquis of Shen sacked the Zhou capital Fenghao (which consisted of the twin cities Fengjing and Haojing) and killed King You of Zhou."}, {"id": "Q1273506", "label": "Battle of Muye", "section": "lead", "says": "After exploiting the opportunity of the Shang dynasty's main forces being away on an expedition against the Dongyi, the earlier Zhou state under Ji Fa allied with other ancient Chinese states and rebelled against King Zhòu of Shang, defeating King Zhòu's hastily conscripted army of slaves and penal troops (who defected immediately) at the Battle of Muye."}, {"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "History - Civil war and expansion", "says": "According to the traditional histories, one of King Wu's brothers, the Duke of Zhou declared himself regent for King Wu's son, the future King Cheng."}, {"id": "Q9372", "label": "Sima Qian", "section": "History - Middle period", "says": "Western Zhou kings were customarily succeeded by their oldest sons, but Sima Qian states, without explanation, that King Yih was succeeded by his uncle, who became King Xiao, and that on Xiao's death \"the many lords restored\" King Yih's son, King Yi."}], "Q1071439": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "1540–1897), also known as the Kingdom of Madagascar or the Kingdom of Merina, was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 18th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q2638505", "label": "Franco-Hova Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "France invaded again in 1894 and conquered the kingdom, making it a French colony, in what became known as the Franco-Hova Wars."}, {"id": "Q525141", "label": "Radama I the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "For almost its entire existence, the kingdom of Madagascar was de facto governed by the Hovabe of the Tsimiamboholahy clan of Andafiavaratra, direct descendants of the last great Vazimba kings of Ialamanga (present-day Antananarivo), where they reigned for several centuries and whose military and economic power enabled Andrianampoinimerina and Radama I to conquer part of the island."}, {"id": "Q4759293", "label": "King Andrianjafy", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "It was from this context in 1787 that Prince Ramboasalama, nephew of King Andrianjafy of Ambohimanga (one of the four kingdoms of Imerina) expelled his uncle and took the throne under the name Andrianampoinimerina."}, {"id": "Q169794", "label": "Ranavalona I", "section": "History - Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "The 33-year reign of Queen Ranavalona I, the widow of Radama I, was characterised by a struggle to preserve the cultural isolation of Madagascar from modernity, especially as represented by the French and British."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "Under her reign, the Lambert Charter was publicly burned in January 1866, and the Merina Kingdom signed a trade agreement with the United States in 1867."}, {"id": "Q240168", "label": "Ranavalona II", "section": "History - Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "The next sovereign, Ranavalona II, converted the nation to Christianity and had all the sampy (ancestral royal talismans) burnt in a public display."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "The next sovereign, Ranavalona II, converted the nation to Christianity and had all the sampy (ancestral royal talismans) burnt in a public display."}, {"id": "Q233326", "label": "Ranavalona III", "section": "History - Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "The last Merina sovereign, Queen Ranavalona III, acceded the throne at age 22 and was exiled to Réunion Island and later French Algeria following French colonisation of the island in 1896."}, {"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "History - Kingdom of Madagascar", "says": "The last Merina sovereign, Queen Ranavalona III, acceded the throne at age 22 and was exiled to Réunion Island and later French Algeria following French colonisation of the island in 1896."}, {"id": "Q157904", "label": "Sultanate of Zanzibar", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "Meanwhile, in Europe, diplomats partitioning the African continent worked out an agreement whereby Britain, in order to obtain the Sultanate of Zanzibar, ceded its rights over Heligoland to the German Empire and renounced all claims to Madagascar in favor of France."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "Meanwhile, in Europe, diplomats partitioning the African continent worked out an agreement whereby Britain, in order to obtain the Sultanate of Zanzibar, ceded its rights over Heligoland to the German Empire and renounced all claims to Madagascar in favor of France."}], "Q11029653": [{"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nabataean Kingdom (Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢕𐢃𐢋𐢈‎, romanized: Nabāṭū), also named Nabatea () was a political state of the Nabataeans during classical antiquity."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nabatea controlled many of the trade routes in the region and remained an independent political entity from the mid-3rd century BC until it was annexed in AD 106 by the Roman Empire, which renamed it to Arabia Petraea."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Nabataeans", "says": "A people called the \"Nabaiti\", who were defeated by the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal, were associated by some with the Nabataeans because of the temptation to link their similar names."}, {"id": "Q2287491", "label": "Qedarite", "section": "History - Emergence", "says": "Up to that time, the Qedarites dominated the area and likely controlled the lucrative frankincense trade."}, {"id": "Q463301", "label": "Evagoras", "section": "History - Emergence", "says": "Aramaic ostraca finds indicate that the Achaemenid province Idumaea must have been established before 363 BC, after the failed revolt of Hakor of Egypt and Evagoras I of Salamis against the Persians."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Emergence", "says": "The first historical reference to the Nabataeans of significant length is by Greek historian Diodorus Siculus who lived around 30 BC."}, {"id": "Q435274", "label": "Hieronymus of Cardia", "section": "History - Emergence", "says": "Diodorus refers accounts made 300 years earlier by Hieronymus of Cardia, one of Alexander the Great's generals, who had a first-hand encounter with the Nabataeans."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Emergence", "says": "According to Diodorus, Antigonus sought to add \"the land of the Arabs who are called Nabataeans\" to his existing territories of Syria and Phoenicia."}, {"id": "Q319107", "label": "Alexander Jannaeus", "section": "History - Relationship with Hasmoneans", "says": "Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus besieged and occupied Gaza in 96 BC, murdering many of its inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q2620458", "label": "Obodas I", "section": "History - Relationship with Hasmoneans", "says": "Nabataean King Obodas I regained control of these areas after his forces defeated Jannaeus in the Battle of Gadara around 93 BC."}, {"id": "Q558770", "label": "Aretas III", "section": "History - Relationship with Hasmoneans", "says": "The kingdom seems to have reached its territorial zenith during the reign of Aretas III (87 to 62 BC)."}, {"id": "Q365148", "label": "Marcus Aemilius Scaurus", "section": "History - Relationship with Hasmoneans", "says": "In 62 BC, a Roman army under the command of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus besieged Petra."}, {"id": "Q10359001", "label": "Hasmonean Judea", "section": "History - Relationship with Hasmoneans", "says": "The Nabataean Kingdom was slowly surrounded by the expanding Roman Empire, which conquered Egypt and annexed Hasmonean Judea."}, {"id": "Q887060", "label": "Rabbel II Soter", "section": "History - Roman annexation", "says": "In 106 AD, during the reign of Roman emperor Trajan, the last king of the Nabataean kingdom Rabbel II Soter died, which may have prompted the official annexation of Nabatea to the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q877875", "label": "Palmyrene Empire", "section": "History - Roman annexation", "says": "The city of Palmyra, for a time the capital of the breakaway Palmyrene Empire, grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away from Petra."}], "Q1140152": [{"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Republic (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in January 1919."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to 21 of Ireland's 32 counties, and British state forces maintained a presence across much of the north-east, as well as Cork, Dublin and other major towns."}, {"id": "Q193689", "label": "Easter Rising", "section": "lead", "says": "Its origins date back to the Easter Rising of 1916, when Irish republicans seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1918 United Kingdom general election, the party won a clear majority of the constituencies in Ireland; in many seats Sinn Féin candidates did not face meaningful opposition."}, {"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, the Irish Volunteers, who came under the control of the Dáil and became known as the Irish Republican Army, fought against British state forces in the Irish War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of Independence ended with the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed on 6 December 1921 and narrowly approved by Dáil Éireann on 7 January 1922."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "A Provisional Government was set up under the terms of the treaty, but the Irish Republic nominally remained in existence until 6 December 1922, when 26 of the island's 32 counties became a self-governing British dominion called the Irish Free State."}, {"id": "Q31573", "label": "Southern Ireland", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Michael Collins was designated as Chairman of the Provisional Government, in theory answerable to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and appointed by the Lord Lieutenant."}, {"id": "Q342765", "label": "Arthur Griffith", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "In contrast, the Republic's Ministry continued with Arthur Griffith as President of the Republic following de Valera's resignation."}], "Q1183649": [{"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "They emerged after the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate and were ruled by various dynasties: Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda."}, {"id": "Q400998", "label": "Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse origins: the Nizam Shahi dynasty, the ruling family of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, was founded by Malik Hasan Bahri, a Marathi Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Bidar Sultanate by a Georgian slave; the Bijapur Sultanate by a foreigner who may have been a Geo"}, {"id": "Q818666", "label": "Berar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse origins: the Nizam Shahi dynasty, the ruling family of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, was founded by Malik Hasan Bahri, a Marathi Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Bidar Sultanate by a Georgian slave; the Bijapur Sultanate by a foreigner who may have been a Geo"}, {"id": "Q669317", "label": "Bidar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse origins: the Nizam Shahi dynasty, the ruling family of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, was founded by Malik Hasan Bahri, a Marathi Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Bidar Sultanate by a Georgian slave; the Bijapur Sultanate by a foreigner who may have been a Geo"}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse origins: the Nizam Shahi dynasty, the ruling family of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, was founded by Malik Hasan Bahri, a Marathi Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Bidar Sultanate by a Georgian slave; the Bijapur Sultanate by a foreigner who may have been a Geo"}, {"id": "Q19805959", "label": "Golconda Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse origins: the Nizam Shahi dynasty, the ruling family of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, was founded by Malik Hasan Bahri, a Marathi Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Bidar Sultanate by a Georgian slave; the Bijapur Sultanate by a foreigner who may have been a Geo"}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although generally rivals, the sultanates did ally with each other against the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, permanently weakening Vijayanagara in the Battle of Talikota."}, {"id": "Q1362188", "label": "Battle of Talikota", "section": "lead", "says": "Although generally rivals, the sultanates did ally with each other against the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, permanently weakening Vijayanagara in the Battle of Talikota."}], "Q1233672": [{"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Barcelona (Latin: Comitatus Barcinonensis, Catalan: Comtat de Barcelona) was a polity in northeastern Iberian Peninsula, originally located in the southern frontier region of the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 10th century, the counts of Barcelona progressively achieved independence from Frankish rule, becoming hereditary rulers in constant warfare with the Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba and its successor states."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1162, the County of Barcelona entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Thenceforward, the history of the county is subsumed within that of the Crown of Aragon, but the city of Barcelona remained preeminent within it."}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Within the Crown, the County of Barcelona and the other Catalan counties progressively merged into a polity known as the Principality of Catalonia, which assumed the institutional and territorial continuity of the County of Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "Origins", "says": "Its origins date back to the early 8th century, when Muslims took control of the northern territories of the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania and modern-day northeastern Spain and southern France."}, {"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "Origins", "says": "This resulted in the formation of an effective buffer zone between the Muslim Iberian peninsula and the Duchy of Aquitaine and Provence."}], "Q1255614": [{"id": "Q1397542", "label": "Gondophares", "section": "lead", "says": "At its zenith, Gondophares ruled an area which today covers parts of eastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan, most of Pakistan and parts of northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its zenith, Gondophares ruled an area which today covers parts of eastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan, most of Pakistan and parts of northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its zenith, Gondophares ruled an area which today covers parts of eastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan, most of Pakistan and parts of northwestern India."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was founded in 19/20 when the governor of Drangiana (Sakastan) Gondophares I declared independence from the Parthian Empire."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "He would later make expeditions to the east, conquer territory from the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks and thus transforming his kingdom into an empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They managed to retain control of Sakastan, until its conquest by the Sasanian Empire in c."}], "Q150058": [{"id": "Q2596305", "label": "Marthanda Varma", "section": "lead", "says": "King Marthanda Varma inherited the small feudal state of Venad in 1723, and built it into Travancore."}, {"id": "Q6427080", "label": "Kolathunadu", "section": "History - Formation and development of Travancore", "says": "In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur, and Parappanad in present-day Malappuram district."}, {"id": "Q5269245", "label": "Dharma Raja", "section": "History - Mysore invasion", "says": "Marthanda Varma's successor Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1758–1798), who was popularly known as Dharma Raja, shifted the capital in 1795 from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "History - Mysore invasion", "says": "During Dharma Raja's reign, Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of Mysore and the son of Hyder Ali, attacked Travancore in 1789 as a part of the Mysore invasion of Kerala."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "History - Mysore invasion", "says": "During Dharma Raja's reign, Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of Mysore and the son of Hyder Ali, attacked Travancore in 1789 as a part of the Mysore invasion of Kerala."}, {"id": "Q4850086", "label": "Balarama Varma", "section": "History - Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion", "says": "On Dharma Raja's death in 1798, Balarama Varma (1798–1810), the weakest ruler of the dynasty, took over at the age of sixteen."}, {"id": "Q2283372", "label": "Svati Tirunal", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th centuries", "says": "In response, King Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma initially imprisoned Vaikundar in the Singarathoppu jail, but later set him at liberty."}, {"id": "Q1001", "label": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "History - 19th and early 20th centuries", "says": "This act won him praise from across India, most notably from Mahatma Gandhi."}], "Q152420": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Guelders (Dutch: Gelre; French: Gueldre; German: Geldern) is a historical duchy, previously county, of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the Low Countries."}, {"id": "Q152295", "label": "Battle of Worringen", "section": "History - Wassenberg and Jülich dynasties (c.1096–1423)", "says": "In the 12th and 13th centuries, Guelders quickly expanded downstream along the sides of the Maas, Rhine, and IJssel rivers and even claimed the succession in the Duchy of Limburg, until it lost the 1288 Battle of Worringen against Berg and Brabant."}, {"id": "Q762943", "label": "County of Holland", "section": "History - Wassenberg and Jülich dynasties (c.1096–1423)", "says": "Guelders was often at war with its neighbours, not only with Brabant but also with the County of Holland and the Bishopric of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q5236", "label": "Edward II of England", "section": "History - Wassenberg and Jülich dynasties (c.1096–1423)", "says": "After the Wassenberg line became extinct in 1371 following the deaths of Reginald II's childless sons Edward II (on 24 August, from wounds suffered in the Battle of Baesweiler) and Reginald III (on 4 December), the ensuing Guelders War of Succession (1371 to 1379) saw William I of Jülich emerge victorious."}, {"id": "Q833210", "label": "Battle of Baesweiler", "section": "History - Wassenberg and Jülich dynasties (c.1096–1423)", "says": "After the Wassenberg line became extinct in 1371 following the deaths of Reginald II's childless sons Edward II (on 24 August, from wounds suffered in the Battle of Baesweiler) and Reginald III (on 4 December), the ensuing Guelders War of Succession (1371 to 1379) saw William I of Jülich emerge victorious."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Wassenberg and Jülich dynasties (c.1096–1423)", "says": "After the Wassenberg line became extinct in 1371 following the deaths of Reginald II's childless sons Edward II (on 24 August, from wounds suffered in the Battle of Baesweiler) and Reginald III (on 4 December), the ensuing Guelders War of Succession (1371 to 1379) saw William I of Jülich emerge victorious."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Egmond and Burgundian dynasties (1423–1477)", "says": "In 1423, Guelders passed to the House of Egmond, which gained recognition of its title from Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg but was unable to escape the political strife and internecine conflict that had so plagued the preceding House of Jülich-Hengebach, and more especially, the pressure brought to bear by the expansionist rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Egmond and Burgundian dynasties (1423–1477)", "says": "In 1423, Guelders passed to the House of Egmond, which gained recognition of its title from Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg but was unable to escape the political strife and internecine conflict that had so plagued the preceding House of Jülich-Hengebach, and more especially, the pressure brought to bear by the expansionist rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "History - Egmond and Burgundian dynasties (1423–1477)", "says": "In 1423, Guelders passed to the House of Egmond, which gained recognition of its title from Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg but was unable to escape the political strife and internecine conflict that had so plagued the preceding House of Jülich-Hengebach, and more especially, the pressure brought to bear by the expansionist rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - Egmond and Burgundian dynasties (1423–1477)", "says": "Adolf, who had enjoyed the support of Burgundian Duke Philip III (\"the Good\") and of the four major cities of Guelders during his rebellion, was unwilling to strike a compromise with his father when this was demanded by Philip's successor, Duke Charles the Bold."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Habsburg dynasty (1477–1549)", "says": "Subsequently, Guelders was ruled by Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, husband of Charles the Bold's daughter and heir, Mary."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Habsburg dynasty (1477–1549)", "says": "1492–1538), who was raised at the Burgundian court of Charles the Bold and fought for the House of Habsburg in battles against the armies of Charles VIII of France until being captured in the Battle of Béthune (1487) during the War of the Public Weal (also known as the Mad War)."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "History - Habsburg dynasty (1477–1549)", "says": "1492–1538), who was raised at the Burgundian court of Charles the Bold and fought for the House of Habsburg in battles against the armies of Charles VIII of France until being captured in the Battle of Béthune (1487) during the War of the Public Weal (also known as the Mad War)."}, {"id": "Q777345", "label": "Mad War", "section": "History - Habsburg dynasty (1477–1549)", "says": "1492–1538), who was raised at the Burgundian court of Charles the Bold and fought for the House of Habsburg in battles against the armies of Charles VIII of France until being captured in the Battle of Béthune (1487) during the War of the Public Weal (also known as the Mad War)."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Habsburg dynasty (1477–1549)", "says": "Charles, now backed by France, fought Maximilian's grandson Charles of Habsburg (who became Holy Roman Emperor, as Charles V, in 1519) in the Guelders Wars and expanded his realm further north, to incorporate what is now the Province of Overijssel."}, {"id": "Q572291", "label": "Guelders Wars", "section": "History - Habsburg dynasty (1477–1549)", "says": "Charles, now backed by France, fought Maximilian's grandson Charles of Habsburg (who became Holy Roman Emperor, as Charles V, in 1519) in the Guelders Wars and expanded his realm further north, to incorporate what is now the Province of Overijssel."}, {"id": "Q356952", "label": "Anne de Montmorency", "section": "History - Habsburg dynasty (1477–1549)", "says": "Following in the footsteps of Charles of Egmond, Duke William formed an alliance with France, an alliance dubiously cemented via his political marriage to French King Francis I's niece Jeanne d'Albret (who reportedly had to be whipped into submission to the marriage, and later bodily carried to the altar by the Constable of France, Anne de Montmorency)."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "Emperor Charles V united Guelders with the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, and Guelders thus lost its independence."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "When the Netherlands revolted against King Philip II of Spain in the Dutch Revolt, the three northern quarters of Gelderland joined the Union of Utrecht and became part of the United Provinces upon the 1581 Act of Abjuration, while only the Upper Quarter remained a part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "When the Netherlands revolted against King Philip II of Spain in the Dutch Revolt, the three northern quarters of Gelderland joined the Union of Utrecht and became part of the United Provinces upon the 1581 Act of Abjuration, while only the Upper Quarter remained a part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "When the Netherlands revolted against King Philip II of Spain in the Dutch Revolt, the three northern quarters of Gelderland joined the Union of Utrecht and became part of the United Provinces upon the 1581 Act of Abjuration, while only the Upper Quarter remained a part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "When the Netherlands revolted against King Philip II of Spain in the Dutch Revolt, the three northern quarters of Gelderland joined the Union of Utrecht and became part of the United Provinces upon the 1581 Act of Abjuration, while only the Upper Quarter remained a part of the Spanish Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "At the Treaty of Utrecht, ending the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, the Spanish Upper Quarter was again divided between Prussian Guelders (Geldern, Viersen, Horst, Venray), the United Provinces (Venlo, Montfort, Echt), Austria (this part continued as the duchy: Roermond, Niederkrüchten, Weert), and the Duchy of Jülich (Erkelenz)."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "At the Treaty of Utrecht, ending the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, the Spanish Upper Quarter was again divided between Prussian Guelders (Geldern, Viersen, Horst, Venray), the United Provinces (Venlo, Montfort, Echt), Austria (this part continued as the duchy: Roermond, Niederkrüchten, Weert), and the Duchy of Jülich (Erkelenz)."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - Part of the Seventeen Provinces", "says": "In 1795, Guelders was finally conquered and incorporated by the French First Republic and partitioned between the départements of Roer and Meuse-Inférieure."}], "Q161215": [{"id": "Q158445", "label": "Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, it was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire upon the unification in 1871."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, it was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire upon the unification in 1871."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, it was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire upon the unification in 1871."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, it was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire upon the unification in 1871."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–19 it was succeeded by the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz."}], "Q1639475": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It encompassed the eastern portion of the North Caucasus and emerged during the Russian Civil War and existed from 1918 to 1919."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The MRNC encompassed the former territories of Terek Oblast and Dagestan Oblast within the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The MRNC broke away from Russia after the October Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1994382", "label": "North Caucasian Emirate", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in September 1919, the North Caucasian Emirate was proclaimed as the successor of the Mountain Republic."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The February Revolution brought significant changes to the political structure of the North Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q1351979", "label": "Stavropol Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Red Army Invasion and Government in Exile", "says": "As early as January, the Bolsheviks established the Stavropol Soviet Republic, followed in mid-March by the Black Sea Soviet Republic and in April by the Kuban Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q1949159", "label": "Black Sea Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Red Army Invasion and Government in Exile", "says": "As early as January, the Bolsheviks established the Stavropol Soviet Republic, followed in mid-March by the Black Sea Soviet Republic and in April by the Kuban Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q2287085", "label": "Kuban Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Red Army Invasion and Government in Exile", "says": "As early as January, the Bolsheviks established the Stavropol Soviet Republic, followed in mid-March by the Black Sea Soviet Republic and in April by the Kuban Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Red Army Invasion and Government in Exile", "says": "Such a union was expected to make it easier to deliver aid from the Ottoman Empire to the mountaineers, given the geographic proximity of the South Caucasus, while also creating a stronger state."}, {"id": "Q2293827", "label": "Terek Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Red Army Invasion and Government in Exile", "says": "After the Bolsheviks expelled the Terek-Dagestani government from Pyatigorsk, they held a constituent session of the Terek Soviet Republic, later moving it to Vladikavkaz after capturing the city."}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "History - Ottoman Intervention and Re-establishment of the Republic", "says": "Most of its soldiers were North Caucasian émigrés who had fled to the Ottoman Empire after the Caucasian War."}, {"id": "Q605000", "label": "North Caucasian Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Ottoman Intervention and Re-establishment of the Republic", "says": "The Bolsheviks consolidated their rule in the North Caucasus in July 1918 by establishing the North Caucasian Soviet Republic in Ekaterinograd through the unification of the Soviet republics in the region, but the new republic proved short-lived."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - White Army Occupation and Dissolution", "says": "After the Ottoman withdrawal, the British Empire emerged as the dominant foreign power in the North Caucasus and initially pledged its support to the Mountain Republic."}, {"id": "Q328411", "label": "Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov", "section": "History - White Army Occupation and Dissolution", "says": "This prompted the Whites to revive the scorched-earth tactics employed by Aleksey Yermolov in the nineteenth century, particularly in the mountainous areas."}, {"id": "Q983512", "label": "Nikolay Gikalo", "section": "History - Subsequent Developments", "says": "The revolt also brought together Bolsheviks, initially led by Aslanbek Sheripov and, following his death, by Nikolai Gikalo, and Muslim clergy based in the mountains against the common enemy."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Subsequent Developments", "says": "Ottoman officers played a major role in the uprising, while Georgia and Azerbaijan also provided modest financial and military assistance."}], "Q175881": [{"id": "Q155734", "label": "Luis Alejandro Berthier", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 15 February 1798 after Louis-Alexandre Berthier, a general of the French Revolutionary Army, had occupied the city of Rome on 11 February."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by a Directory of five men and comprised territory conquered from the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q2293865", "label": "Tiberina Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Republic immediately incorporated two other former-papal revolutionary administrations, the Tiberina Republic and the Anconine Republic."}, {"id": "Q1463691", "label": "Anconine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Republic immediately incorporated two other former-papal revolutionary administrations, the Tiberina Republic and the Anconine Republic."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Papal States, under the temporal authority of the pope in Rome, was part of the First Coalition."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "Background", "says": "Bonaparte, skeptical over divided command for the invasion, sent two letters to the French Directory."}, {"id": "Q2004236", "label": "Treaty of Tolentino", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Tolentino, signed on 19 February, Pope Pius VI was forced to accept an ambassador of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q128019", "label": "Pius VI", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Tolentino, signed on 19 February, Pope Pius VI was forced to accept an ambassador of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Treaty of Tolentino, signed on 19 February, Pope Pius VI was forced to accept an ambassador of the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "Background", "says": "Duphot's death led to the departure of the French ambassador, Joseph Bonaparte, and his entourage."}], "Q189988": [{"id": "Q162708", "label": "Jean-Bedel Bokassa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Central African Empire (French: Empire centrafricain) was an African monarchical state that was established on 4 December 1976 when the then-President of the Central African Republic, Jean-Bédel Bokassa, declared himself Emperor of Central Africa."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire would fall less than three years later when French and Central African forces overthrew Bokassa and re-established the Central African Republic on 21 September 1979."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Proclamation", "says": "His regalia, lavish coronation ceremony, and regime were largely inspired by Napoleon, who had converted the French First Republic into the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - Proclamation", "says": "His regalia, lavish coronation ceremony, and regime were largely inspired by Napoleon, who had converted the French First Republic into the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - Proclamation", "says": "His regalia, lavish coronation ceremony, and regime were largely inspired by Napoleon, who had converted the French First Republic into the First French Empire."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "History - Proclamation", "says": "Bokassa was widely ridiculed for this act, with his egotistical extravagance compared with that of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin."}, {"id": "Q18214240", "label": "Operation Caban", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "The massive press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops in Operation Caban and subsequently Operation Barracuda restore former president David Dacko to power while Bokassa was away in Libya meeting with Muammar Gaddafi on 20 September 1979."}, {"id": "Q1580927", "label": "Operation Barracuda", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "The massive press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops in Operation Caban and subsequently Operation Barracuda restore former president David Dacko to power while Bokassa was away in Libya meeting with Muammar Gaddafi on 20 September 1979."}, {"id": "Q310860", "label": "David Dacko", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "The massive press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops in Operation Caban and subsequently Operation Barracuda restore former president David Dacko to power while Bokassa was away in Libya meeting with Muammar Gaddafi on 20 September 1979."}, {"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "The massive press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops in Operation Caban and subsequently Operation Barracuda restore former president David Dacko to power while Bokassa was away in Libya meeting with Muammar Gaddafi on 20 September 1979."}, {"id": "Q462077", "label": "Jacques Foccart", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "Bokassa's overthrow by the French government was called \"France's last colonial expedition\" by veteran French diplomat and regime change architect Jacques Foccart."}, {"id": "Q2038", "label": "François Mitterrand", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "François Mitterrand refused to have France intervene in this manner again."}, {"id": "Q310883", "label": "André Kolingba", "section": "History - Overthrow", "says": "David Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on 1 September 1981, by General André Kolingba."}], "Q200896": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Soviet Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika rád, Hungarian: Szlovák Tanácsköztársaság, Ukrainian: Словацька Радянська Республіка, romanized: Slovatska Radianska Respublika, lit. 'Slovak Republic of Councils') was a short-lived communist state in southeastern Slovakia in existence from 16 June 1919 to 7 July 1919."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Soviet Republic was created under the influence of the Hungarian Soviet Republic during the transitional wave of communist protests and revolutions after the October Revolution in 1917 and World War I."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Soviet Republic was created under the influence of the Hungarian Soviet Republic during the transitional wave of communist protests and revolutions after the October Revolution in 1917 and World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Soviet Republic was created under the influence of the Hungarian Soviet Republic during the transitional wave of communist protests and revolutions after the October Revolution in 1917 and World War I."}], "Q2017684": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of French North Africa with French Algeria and the Protectorate of Morocco, and more broadly of the French Empire."}, {"id": "Q356711", "label": "Agostino Depretis", "section": "Context", "says": "Cairoli, like Agostino Depretis before him, never considered to proceed to occupation, being generally hostile towards a militarist policy."}, {"id": "Q959708", "label": "Jules Ferry", "section": "Context", "says": "The motivations of this action were provided by Jules Ferry, who sustained that the Italians wouldn't have opposed it because some weeks before France had consented to a renewal of the Italo-French trade treaty."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Context", "says": "Italy was still paying debts contracted with France and it was primarily Italy that was politically isolated despite its tentatives towards the German Empire and Austria-Hungary (Ferry confirmed that it was Otto von Bismarck to invite Paris to act in Tunisia precising that, in case of action, Germany wouldn't have raised objections."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "Context", "says": "Italy was still paying debts contracted with France and it was primarily Italy that was politically isolated despite its tentatives towards the German Empire and Austria-Hungary (Ferry confirmed that it was Otto von Bismarck to invite Paris to act in Tunisia precising that, in case of action, Germany wouldn't have raised objections."}, {"id": "Q284294", "label": "Benedetto Cairoli", "section": "Context", "says": "However, such an inversion of the foreign policy of the last decade couldn't be led by the same men, and Benedetto Cairoli resigned from office on 29 May 1881, thus avoiding that the Camera would openly distrust him; since then he de facto disappeared from the political scene."}], "Q20737645": [{"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Timurid dynasty, self-designated as Gurkani, was the ruling dynasty of the Timurid Empire (1370–1507)."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "This was an honorific title used by the dynasty as the Timurids were in-laws of the line of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, as Timur had married Saray Mulk Khanum, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This was an honorific title used by the dynasty as the Timurids were in-laws of the line of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, as Timur had married Saray Mulk Khanum, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Timurid dynasty signaled the Timurid Renaissance, and they were strongly influenced by Persian culture and established two significant empires in history, the Timurid Empire (1370–1507) based in Persia and Central Asia, and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857) based in the Indian subcontinent."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, the Barlas settled in what is today southern Kazakhstan, from Shymkent to Taraz and Almaty, which then came to be known for a time as Moghulistan – \"Land of Mongols\" in Persian – and intermingled to a considerable degree with the local Turkic and Turkic-speaking population, so that at the time of Timur's reign the Barlas had become thoroughly Turkicized i"}], "Q2622868": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "With each of the two contemporary powers in the region—the Abbasids and Byzantines—too preoccupied to concentrate their forces on subjugating the region, and with the dissipation of several of the Armenian nakharar noble families, Ashot succeeded in asserting himself as the leading figure of a movement to dislodge the Arabs from Armenia."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine emperor Basil II (r."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The weakening of the Sasanian Empire during the 7th century led to the rise of another regional power, the Muslim Arabs."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Arabs under the Umayyad Caliphate had conquered vast swaths of territory in the Middle East and, turning north, began to periodically launch raids into Armenia territory in 640."}, {"id": "Q2137777", "label": "Battle of Bagrevand", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Abbasids marched into Armenia with an army of 30,000 men and decisively crushed the rebellion and its instigators at the Battle of Bagrevand on April 24, 775, leaving a void for the sole largely intact family, the Bagratunis, to fill."}, {"id": "Q4153", "label": "George Bournoutian", "section": "History - Rise of the Bagratids", "says": "As historian George Bournoutian observes, \"this fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of Bagratuni leadership under Ashot Msaker [the 'Meat-Eater']\"."}, {"id": "Q284721", "label": "Al-Mu'tamid", "section": "History - Establishment of the kingdom", "says": "In 884, the Caliph Al-Mu'tamid, reacting to the demands of Armenian princes and religious leaders and, more importantly, the security risks in allowing Armenia to fall under the Byzantine orbit, sent a crown to Ashot, recognizing him as king."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "History - Establishment of the kingdom", "says": "With his status of king, his authority also carried over to the neighboring states of Georgia, Caucasian Albania and several of the Arab emirates."}, {"id": "Q552447", "label": "Nicholas Mystikos", "section": "History - Resurgence under Ashot Yerkat", "says": "Support for Ashot also arrived from the west: the Byzantine empress Zoe had watched the Arab invasion of Armenia unfold with consternation and so she ordered the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos to write an official letter to the Armenian Catholicos to form a new alliance with Armenia."}, {"id": "Q2632670", "label": "John Kourkouas", "section": "History - Resurgence under Ashot Yerkat", "says": "Subuk recognized Ashot as the legitimate ruler of Armenia and awarded him with the title of Shahanshah, or \"king of kings.\"\nIronically, the Byzantines were distressed with Ashot's close relations with the Arabs and dispatched a new force under the Armenian Domestic of the Schools John Kourkouas to disrupt Ashot's position as king and to support the rebels fighting him."}, {"id": "Q41603", "label": "John I Tzimiskes", "section": "History - Armenia's Golden Age", "says": "When a Byzantine army led by the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes entered Taron in 973, purportedly to avenge the death of his Domestic killed at the hands of the Arabs in Mosul, Ashot mobilized an 80,000 man army to meet and force its withdrawal."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Decline and Byzantine encroachment", "says": "By the middle of the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire lay along the full length of the western border of Armenia."}], "Q28084": [{"id": "Q715210", "label": "Geumgwan Gaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Geumgwan Gaya, the ruling state of the confederacy, was conquered in 532 and the last holdout, Daegaya fell in 562."}], "Q28411": [{"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pannonian Avars or Carpathian Avars ( AV-arz) were a confederation of Eurasian nomads."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "lead", "says": "They were also known as the Obri (modern Russian: обры, Obry) in the chronicles of the Rus, the Abaroi or Varchonitai (Greek: Βαρχονῖται, romanized: Varchonitai), or Pseudo-Avars in Byzantine sources, and the Apar (Old Turkic: 𐰯𐰺) to the Göktürks."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Recent archaeogenetic studies indicate that the Pannonian Avars likely originated within the borders of present-day Mongolia, with primarily Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry, similar to the forebears of modern-day people from Mongolia and the Amur River region in Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pannonian Avars' core may have been descended from the remnants of the Rouran Khaganate, which were accompanied by other Eurasian steppe peoples."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Origins", "says": "A genetic study published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology in 2018 examined 62 individuals buried in the 8th and 9th centuries at an Avar-Slavic burial in Cífer‐Pác, Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "This marked their first contact with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "18: [...] the first thing the Avars did when they came near the Caucasus on their flight from Central Asia was to send an embassy to the aging emperor Justinian."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "After the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I bought them off, they pushed northwestwards into Germania."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "Seeking rich pastoral lands, the Avars initially demanded land south of the Danube in present-day Bulgaria, but the Byzantines refused, using their contacts with the Göktürks as a threat against Avar aggression."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "In 567 the Avars formed an alliance with the Lombards—enemies of the Gepids—and together they destroyed much of the Gepid kingdom."}, {"id": "Q45115", "label": "Bayan I", "section": "History - Early Avar period (580–670)", "says": "By about 580, the Avar Khagan Bayan I had established supremacy over most of the Slavic, Germanic and Bulgar tribes living in Pannonia and the Carpathian Basin."}, {"id": "Q1504536", "label": "Battles of Viminacium", "section": "History - Early Avar period (580–670)", "says": "After being defeated at the Battles of Viminacium in their homeland, some Avars defected to the Byzantines in 602, but Emperor Maurice decided not to return home as was customary."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Early Avar period (580–670)", "says": "While negotiating with Emperor Heraclius beneath the walls of Constantinople in 617, the Avars launched a surprise attack."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "Despite their father's advice, Kubrat's sons failed to maintain cohesion in Old Great Bulgaria which began to disintegrate."}, {"id": "Q116639", "label": "Nikephoros I of Constantinople", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "After the victory, Kouver (Chagan), together with the aforementioned people, crossed the aforementioned river Danube, came to our regions and occupied the Keramesion plain.\"\nAbout this time, Mark of Kalt records that in 677, the principality of Ungvar (Ung fortress) was established in the regions further north where Kotrag's group also fled following the chaos, and a third group of Onogur-Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "Under Mauros, a fourth group of folk eventually settled in the present-day region of North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "679–681), establishing the First Bulgarian Empire, stabilized by the victory at the battle of Ongal south of the eastern Carpathians."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "At that time, the border between Bavarians and Avars was the river Enns."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "A large Frankish army, led by Charlemagne, crossed from Bavaria into the Avarian territory beyond the Enns, and started to advance along the Danube in two columns, but found no resistance and soon reached the region of the Vienna Woods, near the Pannonian Plain."}, {"id": "Q299645", "label": "Pepin of Italy", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy captured a large, fortified encampment known as \"the Ring\", which contained much of the spoils from earlier Avar campaigns."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "By 796, the Avar chieftains had surrendered and became open to the acceptance of Christianity."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "In 804, Bulgaria conquered the southeastern Avar lands in Transylvania and southeastern Pannonia up to the Middle Danube, and many Avars became subjects of the Bulgarian Empire."}], "Q326029": [{"id": "Q830084", "label": "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established as the successor state of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established as the successor state of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by the Congress of Vienna in 1815."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of the 19th-century history of Germany, the duchy was part of the German Confederation, the North German Confederation and from 1871 the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of the 19th-century history of Germany, the duchy was part of the German Confederation, the North German Confederation and from 1871 the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the course of the 19th-century history of Germany, the duchy was part of the German Confederation, the North German Confederation and from 1871 the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was disestablished after the end of World War I, its territory incorporated into the Weimar Republic as the Free State of Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was disestablished after the end of World War I, its territory incorporated into the Weimar Republic as the Free State of Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "says": "The unifying element of all these territories was that they were ruled by male-line descendants of Duke Otto I (ruled 1235–1252)."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "History - Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "says": "After several early divisions, Brunswick-Lüneburg re-unified under Duke Magnus II (d."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - Formal sovereignty confirmed", "says": "The Wolfenbüttel principality had from 1807 to 1813 been held as part of the Kingdom of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Formal sovereignty confirmed", "says": "His grandson Ulric de Civry (brother of Frédéric de Civry) continued in full ducal regalia and claim maintaining these protests (against Prussia, Hanover, and even some parts of the Council of Vienna) until his assassination in 1935 at Geneva Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q130586", "label": "George IV of the United Kingdom", "section": "History - Charles II (1815–1830)", "says": "The underage Duke Charles, the eldest son of Duke Frederick William (who had been killed in action), was put under the guardianship of George IV, the Prince Regent of the United Kingdom and Hanover."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Charles II (1815–1830)", "says": "The underage Duke Charles, the eldest son of Duke Frederick William (who had been killed in action), was put under the guardianship of George IV, the Prince Regent of the United Kingdom and Hanover."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "History - William VIII (1830–1884)", "says": "While the Kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866, the Duchy of Brunswick remained sovereign and independent."}, {"id": "Q57428", "label": "Georg V of Hanover", "section": "History - William VIII (1830–1884)", "says": "As a result, Prussia was unwilling to let George V of Hanover or his son, Ernest Augustus, succeed to Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - William VIII (1830–1884)", "says": "As a result, Prussia was unwilling to let George V of Hanover or his son, Ernest Augustus, succeed to Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - House of Brunswick-Dannenberg", "says": "Last of the Brunswick line, following which the legal succession passed to the Hanoverian royal family, which had been dispossessed by Prussia following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}], "Q370173": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Egypt (Arabic: السلطنة المصرية, romanised: Al-Salṭana Al-Miṣrīyya) was a British protectorate in Egypt which existed from 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, to 1922, when it ceased to exist following the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence and the establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Egypt (Arabic: السلطنة المصرية, romanised: Al-Salṭana Al-Miṣrīyya) was a British protectorate in Egypt which existed from 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, to 1922, when it ceased to exist following the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence and the establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt."}], "Q422065": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Sulu (Tausug: Kasultanan sin Sūg; Central Sama: Kasultanan Sūg or Kasultanan Sūk; Malay: Kesultanan Suluk; Filipino: Kasultanan ng Sulu or Sultanato ng Sulu) was a Sunni Muslim Tausūg state that ruled the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Zamboanga City, and certain portions of Palawan in today's Philippines, alongside parts of present-day Sabah and North Kalimantan in north-east"}, {"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Another source stated the area included stretched from Kimanis Bay, which also overlaps with the boundaries of the Bruneian Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the arrival of western powers such as the Spanish, the British, the Dutch, French, Germans, and the Americans, the Sultan thalassocracy and its sovereign political powers were relinquished by 1915 through an agreement, known as the Carpenter Agreement, that was signed with the United States."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "lead", "says": "In Kakawin Nagarakretagama, the Sultanate of Sulu is referred to as Solot, one of the countries in the Tanjungnagara archipelago (Kalimantan-Philippines), which is one of the areas that is under the influence of the mandala area of the Majapahit kingdom in the archipelago."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "History - Maritime power", "says": "By the 18th century, Sulu pirates had become virtual masters of the Sulu seas and the surrounding areas, wreaking havoc and conducting raids to kidnap natives living in Spanish and Brunei North Borneo settlements for the slave trade."}, {"id": "Q3503548", "label": "Sultanate of Bulungan", "section": "History - Conquest of Northeastern Borneo", "says": "However, things began to complicate after the Tidungs made a political marriage with Bulungan, placing the Tidungs also under the Sultanate of Bulungan."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "History - Decline under Spanish and American control", "says": "This lasted until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "As a result of the language used in the treaty signed in 1878 to approve Sulu's cession of the eastern part of Sabah, a territorial dispute emerged between the Philippines and Malaysia, known as the North Borneo dispute."}], "Q463289": [{"id": "Q729481", "label": "Transpadane Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following year, it was merged with the Transpadane Republic (formerly the Duchy of Milan until 1796) to form the Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following year, it was merged with the Transpadane Republic (formerly the Duchy of Milan until 1796) to form the Cisalpine Republic."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the following year, it was merged with the Transpadane Republic (formerly the Duchy of Milan until 1796) to form the Cisalpine Republic."}], "Q556263": [{"id": "Q326029", "label": "Duchy of Brunswick", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg (German: Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg), commonly known as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg or Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an imperial principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the territory of present day Lower Saxony."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg (German: Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg), commonly known as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg or Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an imperial principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the territory of present day Lower Saxony."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1235, Otto I was enfeoffed with the newly founded Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg at the Court of Mainz."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick were created as successor states."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick were created as successor states."}, {"id": "Q280312", "label": "Principality of Lüneburg", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "says": "With sole rights to the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, he provided a conditional sub-lease of the Principality of Lüneburg to the princes of Calenberg with the conditions of payment to the Wolfenbüttel heirs (Chief of the House), together with the guarantee that only his descendants would inherit this senior principality of Wolfenbüttel."}, {"id": "Q830084", "label": "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - Principality of Calenberg (later Electorate of Hanover)", "says": "In 1432, the estates gained by the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel between the Deister and Leine split away as the Principality of Calenberg."}, {"id": "Q565812", "label": "Principality of Calenberg", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - Principality of Calenberg (later Electorate of Hanover)", "says": "In 1432, the estates gained by the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel between the Deister and Leine split away as the Principality of Calenberg."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - Principality of Calenberg (later Electorate of Hanover)", "says": "In 1692, Duke Ernest Augustus from the Calenberg Line, acquired the right to be a prince-elector as the Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - Principality of Calenberg (later Electorate of Hanover)", "says": "Colloquially, the Electorate was also known as the Electorate of Hanover or as Kurhannover."}, {"id": "Q119702", "label": "Anne of Great Britain", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - From Lüneburg to Hanover", "says": "In this event, George I succeeded his second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain—the last reigning member of the House of Stuart—and subsequently formed a personal union on August 1st, 1714 between the British crown and the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (electorate of Hanover), which would last until well after the end of the Napoleonic Wars more than a century later—including even through the disso"}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - From Lüneburg to Hanover", "says": "In this event, George I succeeded his second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain—the last reigning member of the House of Stuart—and subsequently formed a personal union on August 1st, 1714 between the British crown and the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (electorate of Hanover), which would last until well after the end of the Napoleonic Wars more than a century later—including even through the disso"}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - From Lüneburg to Hanover", "says": "In this event, George I succeeded his second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain—the last reigning member of the House of Stuart—and subsequently formed a personal union on August 1st, 1714 between the British crown and the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (electorate of Hanover), which would last until well after the end of the Napoleonic Wars more than a century later—including even through the disso"}, {"id": "Q130805", "label": "George I of Great Britain", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - History of the relationship to the British Crown", "says": "The first Hanoverian King of Great Britain, George I of Great Britain, was the reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and was finally made an official and recognized prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1708."}, {"id": "Q57224", "label": "Sophia of Hanover", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - History of the relationship to the British Crown", "says": "In 1700 and 1701, when the English Parliament had addressed the question of an orderly succession, with a particular religious bias toward a Protestant ruler, from the childless ruling Queen Anne (House of Stuart), it passed the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701 to Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James I."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - History of the relationship to the British Crown", "says": "Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History of the subordinate principalities - History of the relationship to the British Crown", "says": "George I was followed by his son George II and then his great-grandson George III, the latter retaining the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806."}], "Q638064": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the Republic of Azerbaijan that stretches between the western shores of the Caspian Sea and the Kura River, centered on the Shirvan Plain."}, {"id": "Q462697", "label": "Vladimir Minorsky", "section": "History - Etymology", "says": "Vladimir Minorsky believes that names such as Sharvān (Shirwān), Lāyzān and Baylaqān are Iranian names from the Iranian languages of the coast of the Caspian Sea."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras", "says": "In 1722, during the Russo-Persian War (1722–1723), the Khan of Quba, Husayn Ali, submitted to Peter the Great and was accepted as his dignitary."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras", "says": "It was only when Nader Shah defeated the Ottomans (1735) that the Russians ceded back the coastal land and the other areas in the North and South Caucasus as conquered in 1722–1723 from Safavid Iran conform the Treaties of Resht and Ganja, and the area became part of the Afsharid Empire, by which century long Iranian rule was restored."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "History - Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras", "says": "It was only when Nader Shah defeated the Ottomans (1735) that the Russians ceded back the coastal land and the other areas in the North and South Caucasus as conquered in 1722–1723 from Safavid Iran conform the Treaties of Resht and Ganja, and the area became part of the Afsharid Empire, by which century long Iranian rule was restored."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Qajar Iran to the Azerbaijan SSR", "says": "By the Treaty of Gulistan (12/24 October 1813) following the end of the 1804–1813 war, Persia was forced to cede its territories and regions comprising Darband, Quba, Shirwan and Baku, while giving up all claims on them as well."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "History - Qajar Iran to the Azerbaijan SSR", "says": "The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 officially ratified the forced ceding of these Iranian territories to Imperial Russia, while it would also mark the official end of millennia long intertwined Iranian hegemony, rule, and influence over the Caucasus region, including Shirvan."}], "Q650945": [{"id": "Q443108", "label": "Kim Ryholt", "section": "lead", "says": "Kim Ryholt and some historians think that the dynasty's capital was probably Avaris."}, {"id": "Q888824", "label": "Yaqub-Har", "section": "lead", "says": "On the other hand, another proposed list of contested vassals or rulers during the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are identified as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the foreign origins of the names of some of their rulers and princes, like Ipqu (West Semitic for \"grace\"), Yakbim (\"ia-ak-bi-im\", an Amorite name), Qareh (West Semitic for \"the bald one\"), or Yaqub-Har."}], "Q693980": [{"id": "Q2208978", "label": "Alamannia", "section": "lead", "says": "The name of the larger stem duchy was often used interchangeably with Alamannia during the High Middle Ages, until about the 11th century, when the form Swabia began to prevail."}, {"id": "Q157121", "label": "Conrad I of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "He had allied himself with his Hunfriding rival Burchard II and defeated King Conrad I of Germany in a battle at Wahlwies."}, {"id": "Q158246", "label": "Conradin", "section": "lead", "says": "The remaining duchy persisted until 1268, ending with the execution of the last Hohenstaufen duke Conradin."}, {"id": "Q314001", "label": "Rudolf II, Duke of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "Count Rudolf of Habsburg, elected King of the Romans in 1273, attempted to revive the Swabian ducal title, bestowing it on his youngest son, the later Duke Rudolf II of Austria, who passed it to his son John Parricida."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Alamannia", "says": "In 496 the Alamanni tribes were defeated by King Clovis I, incorporated into Francia, and governed by several duces who were dependent on the Frankish kings."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Alamannia", "says": "In the 7th century the people converted to Christianity, bishoprics were founded at Augsburg and Constance, and in the 8th century notable abbeys at Reichenau Island and Saint Gall."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - Alamannia", "says": "In the 7th century the people converted to Christianity, bishoprics were founded at Augsburg and Constance, and in the 8th century notable abbeys at Reichenau Island and Saint Gall."}, {"id": "Q91392", "label": "Pepin of Herstal", "section": "History - Alamannia", "says": "The Alamanni in the 7th century retained much of their former independence, Frankish rule being mostly nominal, but in 709, Pepin of Herstal conquered the territory and in 730 his son Charles Martel again reduced them to dependence."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Alamannia", "says": "The Alamanni in the 7th century retained much of their former independence, Frankish rule being mostly nominal, but in 709, Pepin of Herstal conquered the territory and in 730 his son Charles Martel again reduced them to dependence."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Alamannia", "says": "Charles' son Pepin the Short abolished the tribal duke and ruled Alamannia by counts palatine, or Kammerboten."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Alamannia", "says": "King Charlemagne married the Alamannian princess Hildegard in 771."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "History - Formation of a new duchy", "says": "It stretched south of Frankish Austrasia (the later Duchy of Franconia) along the Upper Rhine, Lake Constance, up the High Rhine, and down the Danube to the Lech tributary."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "History - Formation of a new duchy", "says": "The Lech, separating Alamannia from the Duchy of Bavaria in the east, did not form, either ethnologically or geographically, a very strong boundary, and there was a good deal of intercommunion between the two peoples."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Formation of a new duchy", "says": "By the 843 Treaty of Verdun, Alamannia fell to East Francia."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Formation of a new duchy", "says": "During the later and weaker years of the Carolingian Empire the counts became almost independent, and a struggle for supremacy took place between them and the Bishops of Constance."}, {"id": "Q442257", "label": "Rudolph II of Burgundy", "section": "History - Formation of a new duchy", "says": "Burchard secured his rule by defending the Thurgau region against the claims of King Rudolph II of Burgundy in the 919 Battle of Winterthur."}, {"id": "Q685798", "label": "Battle of Winterthur", "section": "History - Formation of a new duchy", "says": "Burchard secured his rule by defending the Thurgau region against the claims of King Rudolph II of Burgundy in the 919 Battle of Winterthur."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "History - Formation of a new duchy", "says": "Duke Burchard's rule subsequently was acknowledged as such by the newly elected king Henry the Fowler."}, {"id": "Q43915", "label": "Otto I the Great", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "When Hermann died in 948 Otto the Great gave the duchy to his own son Liudolf, who had married Hermann's daughter Ida; but he reduced the ducal privileges and appointed counts palatine to watch the royal interests."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "Ernest I held the duchy for his son until his own death in 1015, when Gisela undertook the government, and was married a second time, to Conrad, duke of Franconia, who was afterwards the German king Conrad II."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "In 1045 Henry, who had become German king as Henry III, granted Alamannia to Otto, grandson of the emperor Otto II and count palatine of the Rhine, and, in 1048, to Otto III, count of Schweinfurt."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Younger stem duchy", "says": "Rudolph, count of Rheinfelden, was the next duke, and in 1077 he was chosen German king in opposition to the emperor Henry IV, but found little support in Swabia, which was given by Henry to his faithful adherent, Frederick I, count of Hohenstaufen."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "History - Staufer period", "says": "Frederick granted Swabia to his son Henry, and, after his rebellion in 1235, to his son Conrad, whose son Conradin, setting out in 1266 to take possession of Sicily, pledged his Swabian inheritance to Ulrich II, count of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Post-ducal Swabia", "says": "In 1500 emperor Maximilian I divided the Holy Roman Empire into Imperial Circles."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Post-ducal Swabia", "says": "In 1500 emperor Maximilian I divided the Holy Roman Empire into Imperial Circles."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "History - Post-ducal Swabia", "says": "The Swabian Circle was largely coterminous with the stem duchy; however, it excluded Alsace (which was part of the Upper Rhenish Circle), those areas controlled by the Old Swiss Confederacy and Three Leagues (which were unencircled) and the Habsburgs' Further Austrian possessions (originally unencircled; part of the Austrian Circle from 1512)."}, {"id": "Q159631", "label": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "section": "History - Post-ducal Swabia", "says": "During the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the southeastern territories of the Swabian Circle fell to the Kingdom of Bavaria (Bavarian Swabia), while the rest were mostly divided between the Kingdom of Württemberg and the Grand Duchy of Baden, with only the Hohenzollern principalities (Sigmaringen and Hechingen) remaining separate."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "History - Post-ducal Swabia", "says": "During the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the southeastern territories of the Swabian Circle fell to the Kingdom of Bavaria (Bavarian Swabia), while the rest were mostly divided between the Kingdom of Württemberg and the Grand Duchy of Baden, with only the Hohenzollern principalities (Sigmaringen and Hechingen) remaining separate."}], "Q72785": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan State (Greek: Κρητική Πολιτεία, romanized: Kritiki Politeia; Ottoman Turkish: كرید دولتی, romanized: Girid Devleti) was an autonomous state governing the island of Crete from 1898 to 1913, under de jure suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire but with de facto independence secured by European Great Powers."}, {"id": "Q930925", "label": "Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1897, the Cretan Revolt led the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Greece, which led the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Russia to intervene on the grounds that the Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain control."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan State was the prelude to the island's final annexation to the Kingdom of Greece, which occurred de facto in 1908 and de jure in 1913 after the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cretan State was the prelude to the island's final annexation to the Kingdom of Greece, which occurred de facto in 1908 and de jure in 1913 after the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During and after the Greek War of Independence, the Christians of the island rebelled several times against external Ottoman rule, pursuing union with Greece, which became known as the \"Cretan Question\"."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Six Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, France, the German Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom) sent warships to Crete in February 1897, and their naval forces combined to form an \"International Squadron\" charged with intervening to bring fighting on Crete to a halt."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Six Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, France, the German Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom) sent warships to Crete in February 1897, and their naval forces combined to form an \"International Squadron\" charged with intervening to bring fighting on Crete to a halt."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Six Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, France, the German Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom) sent warships to Crete in February 1897, and their naval forces combined to form an \"International Squadron\" charged with intervening to bring fighting on Crete to a halt."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Although most of Crete came under the control of Cretan insurgents and Greek forces, the unprepared Greek Army was crushed by the Ottomans, who occupied Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Establishment of the Cretan State", "says": "Germany strongly opposed this idea and withdrew from Crete and the International Squadron in November 1897 and Austria-Hungary followed in March 1898, but the remaining four powers carried on with their plans."}, {"id": "Q170396", "label": "Prince George of Greece and Denmark", "section": "History - Establishment of the Cretan State", "says": "The autonomous Cretan State, under Ottoman suzerainty, garrisoned by an international military force, and with its high commissioner provided by Greece, was founded when Prince George of Greece and Denmark arrived to take office as the first high commissioner (Greek: Ὕπατος Ἁρμοστής, Hýpatos Harmostēs), effectively detaching Crete from the Ottoman Empire, on 21 December 1898 (9 December according "}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "History - Internal turmoil and the Theriso revolt", "says": "On 27 April 1899, an Executive Committee was created, in which a young, Athens-trained lawyer from Chania, Eleftherios Venizelos, participated as minister of justice."}, {"id": "Q332096", "label": "Alexandros Zaimis", "section": "History - Internal turmoil and the Theriso revolt", "says": "In the 1906 elections, the pro-Prince parties took 38,127 votes while pro-Venizelos parties took 33,279 votes, but in September 1906, Prince George was replaced by former Greek prime minister Alexandros Zaimis and left the island."}, {"id": "Q17142", "label": "George I of Greece", "section": "History - Union with Greece", "says": "The flag of the Cretan State was replaced by the Greek flag, all public servants took an oath to King George I of Greece, and the Greek constitution and laws were enacted on the island."}, {"id": "Q151494", "label": "Mehmed V", "section": "History - Union with Greece", "says": "The Great Powers tacitly recognized the fait accompli by the act of lowering their flags from the Souda fortress on 14 February 1913, and by the Treaty of London in May 1913, Sultan Mehmed V relinquished his formal rights to the island."}], "Q733897": [{"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "lead", "says": "1894–1595 BC, and comes after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period."}], "Q747314": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885 in Southern Africa by the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "It became independent as the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966, six years after the Bechuanaland Democratic Party was established, under the leadership of Seretse Khama."}, {"id": "Q219962", "label": "Seretse Khama", "section": "lead", "says": "It became independent as the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966, six years after the Bechuanaland Democratic Party was established, under the leadership of Seretse Khama."}], "Q762943": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from its inception until 1433."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1433 onward it was part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1433 onward it was part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795."}, {"id": "Q2603206", "label": "Batavian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1433 onward it was part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "Around 800, under Charlemagne, the Frankish Empire covered much of Europe."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "Because of the low volume of trade, the negative trade balance with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim states and the disappearance of currency, the economy was more or less reduced to barter."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "At the end of the reign of Emperor Louis the Pious, royal power had weakened by the flood of 838 and by infighting between the king's sons."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "After Louis died in 840, his son, Emperor Lothair I, who was king of Middle Francia, rewarded the Danish Viking brothers Rorik and Harald with Frisia in an attempt to resist Viking attacks."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "After Louis died in 840, his son, Emperor Lothair I, who was king of Middle Francia, rewarded the Danish Viking brothers Rorik and Harald with Frisia in an attempt to resist Viking attacks."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "When Lothair died in 855, the northern part of Middle Francia was awarded to his second son, Lothair II, and was called Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "When Lothair died in 855, the northern part of Middle Francia was awarded to his second son, Lothair II, and was called Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q708468", "label": "Treaty of Ribemont", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "The 880 Treaty of Ribemont added the Kingdom of Lotharingia (which included the Low Countries) to East Francia, which attempted to integrate it."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "The 880 Treaty of Ribemont added the Kingdom of Lotharingia (which included the Low Countries) to East Francia, which attempted to integrate it."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "History - Francia and Lotharingia", "says": "Although the stem duchies flocked to Duke Conrad I of Franconia, Lotharingia chose the Carolingian king of West Francia, Charles the Simple."}, {"id": "Q707767", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht", "section": "History - Imperial State", "says": "Until at least the second half of the 10th century, Holland's leadership valued secular principles, a contrast to the nearby Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q464081", "label": "Theophanu", "section": "History - Imperial State", "says": "In 985, King Otto III, at the request of his mother Theophanu, granted the ownership (proprium) of a number of lands to count Dirk II."}, {"id": "Q275425", "label": "Thietmar of Merseburg", "section": "History - Imperial State", "says": "According to Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king Henry II, who travelled with an army and a fleet from Utrecht to the Maas-estuary (probably Vlaardingen) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "History - Imperial State", "says": "According to Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king Henry II, who travelled with an army and a fleet from Utrecht to the Maas-estuary (probably Vlaardingen) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Imperial State", "says": "According to Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king Henry II, who travelled with an army and a fleet from Utrecht to the Maas-estuary (probably Vlaardingen) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count."}, {"id": "Q1758572", "label": "Hook and Cod Wars", "section": "History - Burgundians and Habsburgs", "says": "The Hook and Cod Wars were a series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "History - Burgundians and Habsburgs", "says": "Some of the main figures in this multi-generational conflict were William IV, Margaret, William V, William VI, Count of Holland and Hainaut, John and Philip the Good."}, {"id": "Q467007", "label": "Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut", "section": "History - Burgundians and Habsburgs", "says": "Perhaps the most well known, however, is Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Burgundians and Habsburgs", "says": "Charles turned over control to regents (his close relatives), and in practice rule was exercised by mostly French speaking Burgundians he controlled."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Revolt and the Dutch Republic", "says": "Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V and his successor Philip II felt it was their duty to defeat Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to the stability of the whole hierarchical political system."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Revolt and the Dutch Republic", "says": "Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V and his successor Philip II felt it was their duty to defeat Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to the stability of the whole hierarchical political system."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "History - Revolt and the Dutch Republic", "says": "After 1566 William the Silent, more or less by accident became the leader of a revolt that by severe mismanagement by Philip II and his governor the Duke of Alva turned into the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - Revolt and the Dutch Republic", "says": "After 1566 William the Silent, more or less by accident became the leader of a revolt that by severe mismanagement by Philip II and his governor the Duke of Alva turned into the Eighty Years' War."}], "Q838931": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Italy, also called Imperial Italy (Italian: Italia Imperiale; German: Reichsitalien), was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and the brief rule of Odoacer, Italy was ruled by the Ostrogoths and later the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and the brief rule of Odoacer, Italy was ruled by the Ostrogoths and later the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and the brief rule of Odoacer, Italy was ruled by the Ostrogoths and later the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "In 773, Charlemagne, the king of the Franks, crossed the Alps and invaded the Lombard kingdom, which encompassed all of Italy except the Duchy of Rome, the Republic of Venice and the Byzantine possessions in the south."}, {"id": "Q848383", "label": "Duchy of Rome", "section": "lead", "says": "In 773, Charlemagne, the king of the Franks, crossed the Alps and invaded the Lombard kingdom, which encompassed all of Italy except the Duchy of Rome, the Republic of Venice and the Byzantine possessions in the south."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In 773, Charlemagne, the king of the Franks, crossed the Alps and invaded the Lombard kingdom, which encompassed all of Italy except the Duchy of Rome, the Republic of Venice and the Byzantine possessions in the south."}, {"id": "Q267816", "label": "Duchy of Benevento", "section": "lead", "says": "The southern areas remained under Lombard control, as the Duchy of Benevento was changed into the independent Principality of Benevento."}, {"id": "Q781935", "label": "Principality of Benevento", "section": "lead", "says": "The southern areas remained under Lombard control, as the Duchy of Benevento was changed into the independent Principality of Benevento."}, {"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule Italy until the deposition of Charles the Fat in 887, after which they once briefly regained the throne in 894–896."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 951, King Otto I of Germany, already married to Queen Adelaide of Italy, invaded the kingdom and proclaimed himself king."}], "Q854415": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lombard invasion of Italy was opposed by the Byzantine Empire, which had control of the peninsula at the time of the invasion."}, {"id": "Q848383", "label": "Duchy of Rome", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled Exarchate of Ravenna and Duchy of Rome separated the northern Lombard duchies, collectively known as Langobardia Maior, from the two large southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento, which constituted Langobardia Minor."}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time Paul the Deacon was writing in the late 8th century, the Lombardic language, dress and hairstyles had all disappeared."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "Charlemagne, the king of the Franks, adopted the title \"King of the Lombards\", although he never managed to gain control of Benevento, the southernmost Lombard duchy."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A reduced Regnum Italiae, a heritage of the Lombards, continued to exist for centuries as one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly corresponding to the territory of the former Langobardia Maior."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Founding of the kingdom", "says": "In the 6th century Byzantine Emperor Justinian attempted to reassert imperial authority in the territories of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Founding of the kingdom", "says": "In the 6th century Byzantine Emperor Justinian attempted to reassert imperial authority in the territories of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Founding of the kingdom", "says": "Although an invasion attempt by the Franks, then allies of the Ostrogoths, late in the war was successfully repelled, a large migration by the Lombards, a Germanic people that had been previously allied with the Byzantine Empire, ensued."}, {"id": "Q192365", "label": "Cassiodorus", "section": "History - Cleph and the Rule of the Dukes", "says": "This unstable situation, which persisted over time, led to the final collapse of the Roman-Italic political-administrative structure, which was almost maintained up to the invasion, so that the same Roman-Italic aristocracy had retained responsibility for civil administration (as exemplified by the likes of Cassiodorus)."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History - Bavarian dynasty", "says": "Perctarit, as soon as he returned to Italy, had to make an act of submission to the usurper before he could escape to the Franks of Neustria, who attacked Grimoald in 663."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "History - Bavarian dynasty", "says": "The new king, hated by Neustria because he was allied with the Franks of Austrasia, repulsed them at Refrancore, near Asti."}, {"id": "Q267816", "label": "Duchy of Benevento", "section": "History - Bavarian dynasty", "says": "He entrusted the Duchy of Benevento to his son Romuald, and assured the loyalty of the duchies of Spoleto and Friuli, by appointing their dukes."}, {"id": "Q318237", "label": "Ansprand", "section": "History - Dynastic crisis", "says": "Ansprand and Rotarit reacted immediately and imprisoned Aripert, returning the throne to Liutpert."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Liutprand: the apogee of the reign", "says": "On two occasions, in Sardinia and in the region of Arles (where he had been called by his ally Charles Martel) he successfully fought Saracen pirates, enhancing his reputation as a Christian king."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Liutprand: the apogee of the reign", "says": "His alliance with the Franks, crowned by a symbolic adoption of the young Pepin the Short, and with the Avars, on the eastern borders, allowed him to keep his hand relatively free in the Italian theater, but he soon clashed with the Byzantines and with the Papacy."}, {"id": "Q103321", "label": "Gregory II", "section": "History - Liutprand: the apogee of the reign", "says": "Closer relations with the papacy therefore had to wait for the outbreak of tensions caused by the worsening of the Byzantine tax, and the expedition in 724 conducted by the Exarch of Ravenna against Pope Gregory II."}, {"id": "Q31755", "label": "Leo III the Syrian", "section": "History - Liutprand: the apogee of the reign", "says": "Later on he exploited the disputes between the pope and Constantinople over iconoclasm (after the decree of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian of 726) to take possession of many cities of the Exarchate and of the Pentapolis, posing as the protector of Catholics."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Liutprand: the apogee of the reign", "says": "This donation, known as the Donation of Sutri, provided the legal basis for attributing a temporal power to the papacy, which finally produced the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - Aistulf", "says": "With the occupation of the stronghold of Ceccano, he was putting further pressure on the territories controlled by Pope Stephen II, while in Langobardia Minor he was able to impose his power on Spoleto and, indirectly, on Benevento."}, {"id": "Q295157", "label": "Childeric III", "section": "History - Aistulf", "says": "Just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil, Pepin the Short, the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand's family, finally managed to overthrow the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul, deposing Childeric III and becoming king de jure as well as de facto."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - Aistulf", "says": "The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive, although negotiations were also underway between Aistulf and the pope (which soon failed), and an attempt was made to weaken Pepin by turning his brother Carloman against him."}, {"id": "Q297520", "label": "Desiderius", "section": "History - Fall of the kingdom", "says": "In 771, Desiderius managed to convince the new pope, Stephen III, to accept his protection."}], "Q866716": [{"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jalayirid Sultanate (Persian: جلایریان, romanized: Jalāyiriyān), also Ilka dynasty or Ilkanids, was a Mongol dynasty which ruled over modern-day Iraq and western Iran after the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 1330s."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jalayirids were finally eliminated by the Qara Qoyunlu in 1432."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jalayirids originated from the Jalayir tribe, which was a prominent Mongolian tribe hailing from the area of the River Onon in eastern Mongolia, but in the 14th century in West Asia they became \"largely Turkicized or at least Turkish-speaking\"."}, {"id": "Q335301", "label": "Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "During the disintegration years of the Ilkhanate after the death of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan in 1335, the family of emir Ilge (Īlgā) Noyan, known as Köke (Kukā, 'Blue') Ilge, descendants of the Jalayirid tribe, first emerged as the inheritors of the traditional governors of the southwestern lands of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q470322", "label": "Gaykhatu", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "Aq Buqa, who was promoted to mir-e mirān (commander-in-chief) by Gaykhatu, was later assassinated by Baydu's supporters in 1295."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Hasan Buzurg (1335–1356)", "says": "Hasan Buzurg then proceeded to Tabriz where he put Muhammad on the throne and married the granddaughter of Chupan and the wife of Abu Sa'id, Dilshad Khatun."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Hasan Buzurg (1335–1356)", "says": "For a short time in 1337–1338, Hasan Buzurg's authority was recognized in all parts of the Ilkhanate Empire except Khorasan, but after being expelled by Ḥasan-e Kucak and his brother Malek Ašraf in 1338–1339, he was forced to evacuate Azerbaijan and his power only held in Iraq."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Shaykh Uways period (1356–1374)", "says": "Shortly after Shaykh Uways Jalayir succeeded his father, the Chobanids (old rivals of the Jalayrids) were overrun by the forces of the Golden Horde under Jani Beg in 1356-57."}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "History - Shaykh Uways period (1356–1374)", "says": "Shortly after Shaykh Uways Jalayir succeeded his father, the Chobanids (old rivals of the Jalayrids) were overrun by the forces of the Golden Horde under Jani Beg in 1356-57."}, {"id": "Q644979", "label": "Blue Horde", "section": "History - Shaykh Uways period (1356–1374)", "says": "Shaykh Uways Jalayir, who at first had recognized the sovereignty of the Blue Horde, decided to take the former Chobanid lands for himself, even as a former amir of Malek Asraf’s named Akhichuq attempted to keep the region in Mongol hands."}, {"id": "Q1070476", "label": "Ahmad Jalayir", "section": "History - Romanticism", "says": "The Jalayirid Sultanate at the beginning of rule of Sultan Ahmad Jalayir experimented with some of the most significant evolutions in the literature of the period, moving from the monumental and epic character of the Shahmanahs towards more romantic and poetic illustrated manuscripts."}, {"id": "Q936616", "label": "Miran Shah", "section": "History - Loss of Tabriz (1386-1405) and Baghdad (1393) to the Timurids", "says": "The region from Azerbaijian to Darband was entrusted to Timur's son Miran Shah in 1392, with Tabriz as the capital."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "History - Loss of Baghdad to the Timurids (1401–1405)", "says": "Timur was campaigning in Syria, and Sultan Ahmad chose to abandon Baghdad beforehand, this time take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I."}, {"id": "Q698037", "label": "Nasir-ad-Din Faraj", "section": "History - Loss of Baghdad to the Timurids (1401–1405)", "says": "Not wanting to worsen relations with Amir Timur, Nasir-ad-Din Faraj agreed to capture Qara Yusuf and Sultan Ahmed Jalayir, and hand them over to Timur."}, {"id": "Q3147516", "label": "Ibrahim Sultan", "section": "History - Loss of Baghdad to the Qara Qoyunlu (1410)", "says": "In 1423, the penultimate ruler of the Jalayirid dynasty, Solṭān Moḥammad, son of Šāh Valad, was expelled from Shushtar by the Timurid Governor of Fars Ibrahim Sultan."}], "Q871091": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The term British Malaya (; Malay: Tanah Melayu British) loosely describes a set of states on the lower Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British hegemony or control between the late 18th and the mid-20th century."}, {"id": "Q1973084", "label": "Unfederated Malay States", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the term \"British India\", which excludes the Indian princely states, British Malaya is often used to refer to the Federated and the Unfederated Malay States, which were British protectorates with their own local rulers, as well as the Straits Settlements, which were under the sovereignty and direct rule of the British Crown, after a period of control by the East India Company."}, {"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the formation of the Malayan Union in 1946, the territories were not placed under a single unified administration, except during the immediate post-war period when a British military officer became the interim administrator of Malaya."}, {"id": "Q1400154", "label": "Federated Malay States", "section": "lead", "says": "Instead, British Malaya comprised the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States, which all held varying degrees of autonomy."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Empire of Japan overran British Malaya and occupied the colony as a single unit administered from Singapore."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the Empire of Japan overran British Malaya and occupied the colony as a single unit administered from Singapore."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Because the Malayan Union proved unpopular, it was dissolved in 1948 to make way for the Federation of Malaya."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, on 16 September 1963, the federation united with North Borneo (Sabah), Sarawak and Singapore to form the larger nation of Malaysia."}], "Q1044668": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Rose Island (Esperanto: Respubliko de la Insulo de la Rozoj; Italian: Repubblica dell'Isola delle Rose, both lit. 'Republic of the Island of the Roses') was a short-lived micronation on a man-made platform in the Adriatic Sea, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) off the coast of the region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, built by Italian engineer Giorgio Rosa, who made himself its president and decla"}], "Q1078602": [{"id": "Q3332217", "label": "Gorkha Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was formed out of the expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha monarch of the Shah dynasty who claimed to be of Thakuri origin from chaubisi."}, {"id": "Q574450", "label": "Prithvi Narayan Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was formed out of the expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha monarch of the Shah dynasty who claimed to be of Thakuri origin from chaubisi."}, {"id": "Q698065", "label": "Fuk'anggan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese and Tibetan forces under Fuk'anggan attacked Nepal but went for negotiations after failure at Nuwakot."}, {"id": "Q2714575", "label": "Rana Bahadur Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Chief Kaji (Mulkaji) Kirtiman Singh Basnyat, tried to protect king Girvan Yuddha Shah and keep former king, Rana Bahadur Shah away from Nepal."}, {"id": "Q4206839", "label": "Bhimsen Thapa", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1806 Bhandarkhal massacre instigated upon the death of Rana Bahadur Shah, set forth the rise of the authoritative Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa, who became the de facto ruler of Nepal from 1806 to 1837."}, {"id": "Q195378", "label": "Anglo-Nepalese War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the early nineteenth century, however, the expansion of the East India Company's rule in India led to the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), which resulted in Nepal's defeat."}, {"id": "Q2003866", "label": "Sugauli Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Treaty of Sugauli, the kingdom retained its internal independence, but in exchange for territorial concessions, marking the Mechi and Sharda rivers as the boundary of Nepalese territories."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "History - Battle of Nuwakot", "says": "Pande put up tactics to attack Nuwakot, a strategic fort of Malla king of Kathmandu, from multiple sides by surprise."}, {"id": "Q2637089", "label": "Nawab of Bengal", "section": "History - Annexation of Makwanpur and Hariharpur", "says": "Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal extended his help to kings of Kathmandu valley with his forces to attack the Gorkhali forces."}, {"id": "Q2482931", "label": "Pratap Singh Shah", "section": "History - Political conflicts", "says": "He confined Bahadur Shah and Dal Mardan Shah with the consent from newly reigning King Pratap Singh Shah who was considered to have no distinction of right and wrong."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Tibetan conflict", "says": "Tibet sought Chinese help and the Qianlong Emperor of the Chinese Qing Dynasty appointed Fuk'anggan commander-in-chief of the Tibetan campaign."}, {"id": "Q2714587", "label": "Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva", "section": "History - Thapa Regime", "says": "He took the title of Mukhtiyar succeeding Rana Bahadur as the chief authority and his niece Queen Tripurasundari as Queen Regent of junior King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - Anglo-Nepalese War", "says": "However, in 1860 the British returned the authority over some of Nepal's land in the Terai back to Nepal (known as Naya Muluk, new country) as an act of gratitude for Nepalese support to Britain during the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q11138461", "label": "Kot Massacre", "section": "History - Rana Regime", "says": "This came to be known as the Kot Massacre."}, {"id": "Q2355896", "label": "Jung Bahadur Rana", "section": "History - Third Nepalese Tibet War", "says": "Jung Bahadur Rana sent forces under his brothers Bam Bahadur Kunwar and Dhir Shamsher Rana to attack Tibet again to achieve complete victory."}, {"id": "Q220991", "label": "Girija Prasad Koirala", "section": "History - Democratic reform", "says": "Koirala, Ganesh Man Singh, Subarna Shamsher Rana, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Girija Prasad Koirala and many other patriotic-minded Nepalis who urged the military and popular political movement in Nepal to overthrow the autocratic Rana Regime."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - End of Panchayat system", "says": "The Government of Nepal tried to deal with the situation by depending on foreign aid from the US, UK, Australia and China."}, {"id": "Q2002975", "label": "Nepalese Civil War", "section": "History - Nepalese Civil War", "says": "In February 1996, one of the Maoist parties started a bid to replace the parliamentary monarchy with a people's new democratic republic, through a Maoist revolutionary strategy known as the people's war, which led to the Nepalese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q315500", "label": "Pushpa Kamal Dahal", "section": "History - Nepalese Civil War", "says": "Baburam Bhattarai and Pushpa Kamal Dahal (better known by his nom de guerre \"Prachanda\"), the insurgency began in five districts in Nepal: Rolpa, Rukum, Jajarkot, Gorkha, and Sindhuli."}], "Q1154406": [{"id": "Q826021", "label": "Kenmu Restoration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ashikaga shogunate was established when Ashikaga Takauji was appointed Shōgun after overthrowing the Kenmu Restoration shortly after it had overthrown the Kamakura shogunate in support of Emperor Go-Daigo."}, {"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ashikaga shogunate was established when Ashikaga Takauji was appointed Shōgun after overthrowing the Kenmu Restoration shortly after it had overthrown the Kamakura shogunate in support of Emperor Go-Daigo."}, {"id": "Q385676", "label": "Ōnin War", "section": "lead", "says": "This propelled the Ashikaga shogunate collapse, upon outbreak of the Ōnin War in 1467, beginning a state of constant civil war known as the Sengoku period, and was finally dissolved when Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki was overthrown by Oda Nobunaga in 1573."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "This propelled the Ashikaga shogunate collapse, upon outbreak of the Ōnin War in 1467, beginning a state of constant civil war known as the Sengoku period, and was finally dissolved when Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki was overthrown by Oda Nobunaga in 1573."}, {"id": "Q248381", "label": "Ashikaga Yoshimitsu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ashikaga shogunate's alternative name Muromachi and the Muromachi period are derived from the Muromachi district of Kyoto, where the third Shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, established his residence nicknamed the \"Flower Palace\" (花の御所, Hana no Gosho) on Muromachi Street in 1379."}, {"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "Background and early period", "says": "From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans, which had a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court."}], "Q1191125": [{"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Moghulistan, also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, was a Turco-Mongol, Muslim, breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tengri Tagh mountain range, on the border of Central Asia and East Asia."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "That area today includes parts of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and northwest Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the rulers enjoyed great wealth from trade with the Ming dynasty, it was beset by constant civil war and invasions by the Timurid Empire, which emerged from the western part of the erstwhile Chagatai Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The khanate was split into the Turpan Khanate based on the city of Turpan, and the Yarkent Khanate based on the city of Yarkent, until the Dzungar Khanate conquered the region by the early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The khanate was split into the Turpan Khanate based on the city of Turpan, and the Yarkent Khanate based on the city of Yarkent, until the Dzungar Khanate conquered the region by the early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q685545", "label": "Tarmashirin", "section": "History - Division of the Chagatai Khanate", "says": "These tribes resented the conversion of Tarmashirin to Islam and the move of the khan to the sedentary areas of Transoxiana."}, {"id": "Q487543", "label": "Chagatai Khan", "section": "History - Division of the Chagatai Khanate", "says": "In 1360 he took advantage of a breakdown of order in Transoxiana and his legitimacy as descendant of Chagatai Khan to invade the region and take control of it, thereby temporarily reuniting the two khanates."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "History - Moghulistan", "says": "The Moghuls had sent an unsuccessful supplication to the Hongwu Emperor of China pleading for help, as Tamerlane had also wanted to conquer China, while emphasizing that Transoxiana was the land belonging to their own Moghul forefathers, regarding the Timurids control over Transoxiana as illegitimate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Split of Moghulistan", "says": "When Esen Buqa died in 1462, the Dughlat amirs were divided over whether they should follow his son Dost Muhammad, who was then seventeen or his brother Yunus Khan."}, {"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "History - Split of Moghulistan", "says": "In 1503 he traveled west to assist his brother Mahmud Khan (1487–1508), the ruler of western Moghulistan in Tashkent, against the Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani."}, {"id": "Q9643578", "label": "Kara Del", "section": "History - Split of Moghulistan", "says": "Ahmad Alaq died soon after and was succeeded by his son Mansur Khan (1503–1545), who captured Hami from Kara Del, a Mongol dependency of Ming China, in 1513."}, {"id": "Q10921952", "label": "Kumul Khanate", "section": "History - Rule of the Khojas", "says": "Descendants of the Chagatayid house submitted to the Qing and ruled the Kumul Khanate (1696–1930) as vassals of China until 1930."}], "Q1247508": [{"id": "Q207499", "label": "Syagrius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Soissons is the name given by modern scholars to the fifth-century \"kingdom\" of Romans ruled by Syagrius, which was based in Soissons in what is now northern France."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "lead", "says": "In one of the only mentions of him, Syagrius was referred to as \"king of the Romans\" (Latin: rex Romanorum) by the 6th-century historian Gregory of Tours, and both he and the population he ruled are generally understood to have been Gallo-Roman."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 486, Syagrius lost the Battle of Soissons to the Frankish king Clovis I and the domain was thereafter under the control of the Franks."}, {"id": "Q110884", "label": "Alaric II", "section": "lead", "says": "Syagrius fled to Toulouse and the protection of Alaric II, the Visigothic king who ruled the Roman population in the southwest of Gaul."}, {"id": "Q336937", "label": "Aegidius", "section": "lead", "says": "Aegidius, the father of Syagrius mentioned by Gregory, had been a Gallo-Roman military commander who died in the autumn of 465."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "lead", "says": "He had been appointed to be magister militum in Gaul by either Avitus or Majorian in 456-457."}], "Q1436243": [{"id": "Q2479606", "label": "Ukrainian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Makhnovshchina (Ukrainian: Махновщина, romanized: Makhnovshchyna, IPA: [mɐxˈnɔu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]) was a mass movement to establish anarchist communism during the Ukrainian War of Independence of 1917–1921."}, {"id": "Q47900", "label": "Nestor Makhno", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after Nestor Makhno, the commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, its aim was to create a system of free soviets that would manage the transition towards a stateless and classless society."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Makhnovist movement first gained ground in the wake of the February Revolution, when it established a number of agricultural communes in Makhno's home town of Huliaipole."}, {"id": "Q2419855", "label": "Ukrainian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "After siding with the Bolsheviks during the Ukrainian–Soviet War, the Makhnovists were driven underground by the Austro-German invasion and waged guerrilla warfare against the Central Powers throughout 1918."}, {"id": "Q4087392", "label": "Battle of Perehonivka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Makhnovists were subsequently driven into a retreat to Kherson, where they reorganised their military and led a successful counteroffensive against the Whites at the Battle of Peregonovka."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "What became the territory of the Makhnovshchina was centered in the region of Zaporizhzhia, which had previously been inhabited by Cossacks before its conquest by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q371322", "label": "Mykhailo Hrushevskyi", "section": "History - Revolution (February 1917 – February 1918)", "says": "In the wake of the February Revolution, Ukrainian intellectuals around Mykhailo Hrushevsky established the Central Rada, which initially sought freedom of the press and education in the Ukrainian language, and eventually declared the autonomy of the Ukrainian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "History - Revolution (February 1917 – February 1918)", "says": "In the wake of the February Revolution, Ukrainian intellectuals around Mykhailo Hrushevsky established the Central Rada, which initially sought freedom of the press and education in the Ukrainian language, and eventually declared the autonomy of the Ukrainian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "History - Revolution (February 1917 – February 1918)", "says": "In August 1917, the Ukrainian Central Council and Russian Provisional Government reached an agreement on the position of the Russia–Ukraine border, which placed Katerynoslav within the territory of the Russian Republic, a decision which was rejected by the province's anarchist movement."}, {"id": "Q548471", "label": "Viktor Chernov", "section": "History - Revolution (February 1917 – February 1918)", "says": "Viktor Chernov, the Russian Minister of Agriculture, attempted to implement a comprehensive package of land reform in the province, but his efforts were blocked by the Provisional Government."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - War of independence (February–November 1918)", "says": "The Red Guards were unable to halt the imperial advance, which within a month forced the Bolsheviks to negotiate their own peace treaty with the Central Powers, ceding control of Ukraine to the German Empire and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - War of independence (February–November 1918)", "says": "The Red Guards were unable to halt the imperial advance, which within a month forced the Bolsheviks to negotiate their own peace treaty with the Central Powers, ceding control of Ukraine to the German Empire and Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q1508143", "label": "Ukrainian State", "section": "History - War of independence (February–November 1918)", "says": "Before the end of the month, the Ukrainian People's Republic was overthrown by the Central Powers and replaced with the Ukrainian State."}, {"id": "Q2994236", "label": "Nikifor Grigoriev", "section": "History - War of independence (February–November 1918)", "says": "Peasant bands under various self-appointed otamans now attacked the occupation forces and eventually came to dominate the countryside; some defected to the Directorate or the Bolsheviks, but the largest portion followed either socialist revolutionary Nykyfor Hryhoriv or the anarchist flag of Makhno."}, {"id": "Q4529259", "label": "Fedir Shchus", "section": "History - War of independence (February–November 1918)", "says": "On 30 September, insurgent detachments led by Nestor Makhno and Fedir Shchus linked up at Dibrivka and defeated the occupation forces in battle."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - War of independence (February–November 1918)", "says": "When the November Revolution brought World War I to an end, the occupation finally began to melt away."}, {"id": "Q532445", "label": "Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko", "section": "History - Free soviet power (November 1918 – June 1919)", "says": "The Ukrainian Soviet Army commander Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko reported that the Makhnovists had established a number of schools, hospitals and \"children's communes\", which had transformed Huliaipole into \"one of the most cultured centres of Novorossiya.\" The VRS also instituted adult educational programs and extended a number of civil liberties to the population, including freedom of speech, press"}, {"id": "Q7231", "label": "Rosa Luxemburg", "section": "History - Free soviet power (November 1918 – June 1919)", "says": "During this period, the peasants of the Makhnovshchina implemented a system of common ownership where \"land belongs to no one, and only those who work it may use it.\" The largest of the peasant communes was one named after the Polish communist Rosa Luxemburg, which, in May 1919, counted 285 members and 125 hectares of land."}, {"id": "Q4081541", "label": "Viktor Belash", "section": "History - Free soviet power (November 1918 – June 1919)", "says": "While in the Ukrainian Soviet capital of Kharkiv, the insurgent commander Viktor Bilash met with the Nabat and requested they begin producing anarchist propaganda for the Makhnovshchina, securing the passage of numerous Russian anarchist intellectuals to Ukraine, including Peter Arshinov and Aron Baron."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "History - Retreat to the west (June–October 1919)", "says": "By June 1919, the autonomy of the Makhnovshchina had been suppressed by the successive Red Terror and White Terror."}, {"id": "Q502064", "label": "Andrei Shkuro", "section": "History - Retreat to the west (June–October 1919)", "says": "It was at this time that the White movement broke through the Soviet lines in Donbas, with the Kuban Cossacks under Andrei Shkuro leading an attack against Huliaipole, capturing the town from the Makhnovists."}, {"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "History - Retreat to the west (June–October 1919)", "says": "In order for their wounded to be tended to, the Makhnovists formed a temporary alliance with the Directorate, before turning back around and leading an attack against the General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia."}, {"id": "Q2477108", "label": "Petro Hryhorenko", "section": "History - Red Terror (January–October 1920)", "says": "Petro Grigorenko would later state that \"there was no end of bloodshed\", drawing attention to reports of one massacre in the Makhnovist town of Novospasivka, where the Cheka had \"shot down one in every two able-bodied men\"."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Defeat (November 1920 – August 1921)", "says": "On 28 August 1921, Nestor Makhno's forces fled to Romania, leaving the country entirely under control of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."}], "Q1508143": [{"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian State (Ukrainian: Українська Держава, romanized: Ukrayinsʹka Derzhava) was the official name of Ukraine used between 29 April and 14 December 1918, following the deposition of the Central Rada of Ukrainian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q435090", "label": "Pavlo Skoropadsky", "section": "lead", "says": "For the entirety of its existence, the state was ruled autocratically by Pavlo Skoropadsky, the Hetman of all Ukraine, who took a sharp departure from the earlier democratic and socialist-leaning policies of the Central Rada, instead aligning his government with the interests of large landowners and industrialists."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Established against the backdrop of the Central Powers becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the Ukrainian government's inability to fulfil its obligations to provide large quantities of food and raw goods as per the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Ukrainian State was deeply politically, economically and militarily dependent upon the Central Powers, particularly Germany and Austria-Hungary, who ple"}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Skoropadsky's main backers, Germany and Austria, had been defeated by the Triple Entente, leaving the Ukrainian State at the mercy of neighbouring countries, particularly the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q2381337", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In response, the Bolshevik diplomats met with Soviet delegates to the Third Congress of Soviets from Kharkiv and Kryvyi Rih in Kharkiv (already controlled by Bolshevik forces) and proclaimed the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets, effectively creating a rival government to the Rada in Kyiv."}, {"id": "Q2419855", "label": "Ukrainian–Soviet War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "17 December] 1917, the Soviet Ukrainian government officially declared war upon the Rada, marking the formal beginning of the Ukrainian–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Austria-Hungary and especially the German Empire had expected huge shipments of grain, other foodstuffs and raw industrial materials from Ukraine to alleviate the shortages caused by the wartime blockade, but the Ukrainian government was unable to extract or transport these items."}, {"id": "Q1575096", "label": "Vsevolod Holubovych", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "This prompted the premier Vsevolod Holubovych to state in the Rada:\n\nWho is this Mr."}, {"id": "Q61023", "label": "Hermann von Eichhorn", "section": "History - Reactions", "says": "Opponents of the Skoropadsky regime committed acts of arson and sabotage and, in July 1918, assassinated Hermann von Eichhorn, the commander of German troops in Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "History - Reactions", "says": "He thus looked for support from conservative Russian elements in society and proposed joining a federation with Anton Denikin and the White movement."}, {"id": "Q212676", "label": "Symon Petliura", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "The officers were assembled into a \"Special Corps\" but proved unable to resist the Directory's forces led by Symon Petliura."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "He fled to Switzerland and then Germany under disguise."}], "Q155570": [{"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "It was raised to a grand duchy in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The grand duchy came to an end in the German Revolution of 1918–19 with the other monarchies of the German Empire."}], "Q1649871": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "This meaning became especially significant after the union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, when it began to be commonly used to denote the Polish part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish kings Ladislaus the Short and Casimir III the Great adopted this model from Bohemia and Hungary."}], "Q205718": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zirid dynasty (Arabic: الزيريون, romanized: az-zīriyyūn), also known as the Banu Ziri (Arabic: بنو زيري, romanized: banū zīrī), was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from what is now Algeria which ruled the central Maghreb from 972 to 1014 and Ifriqiya (eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Descendants of Ziri ibn Manad, a military leader of the Fatimid Caliphate and the eponymous founder of the dynasty, the Zirids were emirs who ruled in the name of the Fatimids."}, {"id": "Q1004719", "label": "Bologhine ibn Ziri", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Buluggin ibn Ziri the Zirids extended their control westwards and briefly occupied Fez and much of present-day Morocco after 980, but encountered resistance from the local Zenata Berbers who gave their allegiance to the Caliphate of Cordoba."}, {"id": "Q205708", "label": "Taifa of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "One member of the dynastic family, Zawi ibn Ziri, revolted and fled to al-Andalus, eventually founding the Taifa of Granada in 1013, after the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Sometime between 1041 and 1051 the Zirid ruler al-Mu'izz ibn Badis renounced the Fatimid Caliphs and recognized the Sunni Muslim Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q335488", "label": "Abu Yazid", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "He proved his worth as a key ally in 945, during the Kharijite rebellion of Abu Yazid, when he helped break Abu Yazid's siege of the Fatimid capital, Mahdia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "From 974 onward he entrusted the governance of Ifriqiya to Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, a secretary with whom he replaced the Fatimid-appointed secretary, Ziyadat Allah."}, {"id": "Q808139", "label": "Barghawata", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "He also led a successful expedition to Barghawata ter"}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "History - Buluggin's successors and the first divisions", "says": "After Buluggin's death, he was succeeded by his son Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (r."}, {"id": "Q3827580", "label": "Banu Khazrun", "section": "History - Buluggin's successors and the first divisions", "says": "After 1001 Tripolitania broke away under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a Maghrawa leader who founded the Banu Khazrun dynasty, which endured until 1147."}, {"id": "Q367718", "label": "George Maniakes", "section": "History - Apogee in Ifriqiya", "says": "Al-Akhal was besieged in Palermo and killed in 1038. 'Abdallah was subsequently forced to withdraw from the island, either due to the ever-divided Sicilians turning against him or due to another Byzantine invasion in 1038, led by George Maniakes."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Hilalian invasions and withdrawal to Mahdia", "says": "The Banu Sulaym settled first in Cyrenaica, but the Banu Hilal continued towards Ifriqiya."}, {"id": "Q3196227", "label": "Khurasanid dynasty", "section": "History - Hilalian invasions and withdrawal to Mahdia", "says": "He founded the local Banu Khurasan dynasty that governed the city thereafter, alternately recognizing the Hammadids or the Zirids as overlords depending on the circumstances."}, {"id": "Q982702", "label": "George of Antioch", "section": "History - End of Zirid rule", "says": "In Mahdia, the population was weakened by years of famine and the bulk of the Zirid army was away on another campaign when the Norman fleet, commanded by George of Antioch, arrived off the coast."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - End of Zirid rule", "says": "Al-Hasan fled to the citadel of al-Mu'allaqa near Carthage and stayed there for a several months."}], "Q2342822": [{"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following its independence from British rule, the new Dominion of Pakistan comprised two non-contiguous regions, with East and West Pakistan geographically separated from each other by India."}, {"id": "Q3246245", "label": "West Punjab", "section": "lead", "says": "The western wing of Pakistan comprised three governor's provinces (the North-West Frontier, West Punjab and Sind), one chief commissioner's province (Baluchistan) along with the Baluchistan States Union, several independent princely states (notably Bahawalpur, Chitral, Dir, Hunza, Khairpur and Swat), the Karachi Federal Capital Territory, and the autonomous tribal areas adjoining the North-West Fr"}, {"id": "Q2617017", "label": "Baluchistan States Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The western wing of Pakistan comprised three governor's provinces (the North-West Frontier, West Punjab and Sind), one chief commissioner's province (Baluchistan) along with the Baluchistan States Union, several independent princely states (notably Bahawalpur, Chitral, Dir, Hunza, Khairpur and Swat), the Karachi Federal Capital Territory, and the autonomous tribal areas adjoining the North-West Fr"}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "lead", "says": "The western wing of Pakistan comprised three governor's provinces (the North-West Frontier, West Punjab and Sind), one chief commissioner's province (Baluchistan) along with the Baluchistan States Union, several independent princely states (notably Bahawalpur, Chitral, Dir, Hunza, Khairpur and Swat), the Karachi Federal Capital Territory, and the autonomous tribal areas adjoining the North-West Fr"}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The eastern wing of the new country—known as East Pakistan—comprised the single province of East Bengal (which included the former Assamese district of Sylhet and the Chittagong Hill Tracts)."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "The eastern wing of the new country—known as East Pakistan—comprised the single province of East Bengal (which included the former Assamese district of Sylhet and the Chittagong Hill Tracts)."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "To aid in diminishing the differences between the two regions, the Pakistani government decided to reorganize the country into two distinct provinces under the One Unit policy announced by then Pakistani Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali on 22 November 1954."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1970, the President of Pakistan General Yahya Khan enacted a series of territorial, constitutional and military reforms."}, {"id": "Q295713", "label": "Liaquat Ali Khan", "section": "Political history - Parliamentary democracy", "says": "With the founding fathers remaining in West Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed the country's first prime minister, with Mohammad Ali Jinnah as Governor-General."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "Political history - Parliamentary democracy", "says": "With the founding fathers remaining in West Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed the country's first prime minister, with Mohammad Ali Jinnah as Governor-General."}, {"id": "Q469875", "label": "Muhammad Ali Bogra", "section": "Political history - Parliamentary democracy", "says": "Under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra on 22 November 1954, the four provinces and territories of western Pakistan were integrated into one unit to mirror the single province in the east."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Political history - Parliamentary democracy", "says": "West Pakistan sided with the United States and her NATO allies, whilst East Pakistan remained sympathetic to the Soviet Union and her Eastern Bloc."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Political history - Parliamentary democracy", "says": "West Pakistan sided with the United States and her NATO allies, whilst East Pakistan remained sympathetic to the Soviet Union and her Eastern Bloc."}, {"id": "Q190071", "label": "Ayub Khan", "section": "Political history - Military dictatorships", "says": "With the imposition of martial law led by then-Army Commander-in-Chief General Ayub Khan, the state capital was moved from Karachi to Army General Combatant Headquarters (The GHQ) at Rawalpindi in 1959, whilst the federal legislature was moved to Dacca."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "Political history - Dissolution in 1970", "says": "East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971."}], "Q2458532": [{"id": "Q196409", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade, and its territories were composed of present-day Estonia and Latvia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 2 February 1207, as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, and lost this status in 1215 when Pope Innocent III proclaimed it as directly subject to the Holy See."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 2 February 1207, as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, and lost this status in 1215 when Pope Innocent III proclaimed it as directly subject to the Holy See."}, {"id": "Q715613", "label": "William of Modena", "section": "lead", "says": "The papal legate William of Modena divided Terra Mariana into feudal principalities: the Duchy of Estonia (dominum directum to the king of Denmark); the Archbishopric of Riga; the Bishopric of Courland; the Bishopric of Dorpat; the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek; and territories under the military administration of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword."}, {"id": "Q16835712", "label": "Duchy of Estonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The papal legate William of Modena divided Terra Mariana into feudal principalities: the Duchy of Estonia (dominum directum to the king of Denmark); the Archbishopric of Riga; the Bishopric of Courland; the Bishopric of Dorpat; the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek; and territories under the military administration of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "lead", "says": "The papal legate William of Modena divided Terra Mariana into feudal principalities: the Duchy of Estonia (dominum directum to the king of Denmark); the Archbishopric of Riga; the Bishopric of Courland; the Bishopric of Dorpat; the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek; and territories under the military administration of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword."}, {"id": "Q853754", "label": "Battle of Saule", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1236 Battle of Saule, the surviving members of the Brothers merged in 1237 with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as the Livonian Order."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "lead", "says": "Following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the Teutonic Order and the State of the Teutonic Order fell into decline, but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence."}, {"id": "Q156020", "label": "State of the Teutonic Order", "section": "lead", "says": "Following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the Teutonic Order and the State of the Teutonic Order fell into decline, but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Its northern parts were ceded to the King of Sweden and formed into the Duchy of Estonia, its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – and thus eventually of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – as the Duchy of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "Its northern parts were ceded to the King of Sweden and formed into the Duchy of Estonia, its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – and thus eventually of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – as the Duchy of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia."}, {"id": "Q1352878", "label": "Duchy of Livonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its northern parts were ceded to the King of Sweden and formed into the Duchy of Estonia, its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – and thus eventually of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – as the Duchy of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia."}, {"id": "Q103437", "label": "Celestine III", "section": "History - Livonian Crusade", "says": "In 1193 Pope Celestine III called for a crusade against the pagans in Northern Europe."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Livonian Crusade", "says": "This crusade is often compared to the crusade of the Franks and Charlemagne."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "History - Livonian Crusade", "says": "At the start of the 13th century, German crusaders from Gotland and the northern Holy Roman Empire conquered the Livonian and Latgallian lands along the Daugava and Gauja rivers."}, {"id": "Q160182", "label": "Honorius III", "section": "History - Livonian Crusade", "says": "In 1218 Pope Honorius III gave Valdemar II of Denmark free rein to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia."}, {"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "History - Livonian Crusade", "says": "In 1218 Pope Honorius III gave Valdemar II of Denmark free rein to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia."}, {"id": "Q60952", "label": "Albert of Riga", "section": "History - Livonian Crusade", "says": "Additionally Albert of Riga, leader of the crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, paid a visit to the German King Philip of Swabia and asked permission to attack the Estonians from the North."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "History - Livonian Crusade", "says": "Additionally Albert of Riga, leader of the crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, paid a visit to the German King Philip of Swabia and asked permission to attack the Estonians from the North."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "The Teutonic Order fell into decline after Poland and Lithuania defeated it in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "The Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence, as it did not participate in the battle and suffered no casualties, having obtained a truce with Grand Duke Vytautas."}, {"id": "Q169612", "label": "Martin V", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "In 1418, Pope Martin V nominated Johannes Ambundii to the position of Archbishop of Riga."}, {"id": "Q1411508", "label": "Battle of Wilkomierz", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "On 1 September 1435 the Livonian Order's defeat in the Battle of Wiłkomierz, claiming the lives of the Master and several high-ranking knights, brought the order closer to its Livonian neighbours."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "The states of the Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War of 1558–1582."}, {"id": "Q154041", "label": "Frederick II of Denmark", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "In 1559, the Bishop of Ösel-Wiek and Courland Johannes V von Münchhausen (1542–1560) sold his lands to King Frederick II of Denmark for 30,000 thalers."}, {"id": "Q1267481", "label": "Treaty of Vilnius", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "The Livonian Order was dissolved by the Treaty of Vilnius in 1561."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "History - Livonian Confederation", "says": "The following year, the Livonian Diet decided to ask protection from Sigismund II Augustus."}], "Q258532": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "British America was part of the global British Empire, comprising colonies of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and its predecessor state, the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "British America was part of the global British Empire, comprising colonies of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and its predecessor state, the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "British America was part of the global British Empire, comprising colonies of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and its predecessor state, the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "English overseas possessions in the Americas were separate colonies primarily in North America and various Caribbean islands."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the American War of Independence (1775–1783), thirteen of its mainland North American colonies became the United States of America, with Britain retaining its northern mainland colonies in Canada, The Floridas, and islands in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1664, England took the New Netherland colony from the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1664, England took the New Netherland colony from the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1680s, Britain and France began frequent wars over colonies and trade, including their overlapping territorial claims in British America and New France, and relations with the Iroquois."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "lead", "says": "In Queen Anne's War (1702–1713), the British took Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay area from the French."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the French and Indian War (1754–1763)—the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War—the British won the eastern half of modern-day Canada and the eastern Mississippi valley from New France, and the Floridas from New Spain."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the French and Indian War (1754–1763)—the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War—the British won the eastern half of modern-day Canada and the eastern Mississippi valley from New France, and the Floridas from New Spain."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), thirteen of these British colonies rebelled against the Crown and formed the United States of America, an independent country of thirteen states."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1492, a Spanish expedition led by Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean, on an island whose identity is disputed."}, {"id": "Q186138", "label": "Bartholomew Columbus", "section": "Background", "says": "Christopher's brother, Bartholomew Columbus, founded the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola in 1496, the first European colony since the Norse's."}, {"id": "Q126195", "label": "Plymouth Colony", "section": "History - Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony", "says": "In 1620, a hundred European Pilgrims, men and women, sailed to New England, establishing the permanent Plymouth Colony in modern Massachusetts."}, {"id": "Q204989", "label": "Saint Kitts", "section": "History - West Indies", "says": "The English established their first permanent colonies on St Christopher Island (Saint Kitts) near the Caribbean, and Barbados, in the 1620s, expanding to other Leeward and Windward Islands, Jamaica, and the Bahamas over the following decades."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "History - West Indies", "says": "The English established their first permanent colonies on St Christopher Island (Saint Kitts) near the Caribbean, and Barbados, in the 1620s, expanding to other Leeward and Windward Islands, Jamaica, and the Bahamas over the following decades."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Enslaved Africans and indentured European servants", "says": "From the 16th to 19th centuries, in the Atlantic slave trade, European powers, the Dutch Republic, England, France, Portugal, and Spain, transported 10 to 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to perform forced labor in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q1207617", "label": "Pequot War", "section": "History - Pequot War", "says": "The Pequot War from 1636 to 1638 was between the Pequot people and English colonists with their Native American allies in New England."}, {"id": "Q81506", "label": "Charles I of England", "section": "History - Province of Carolina", "says": "In 1629, Charles I of England made a grant for the lands below the Colony of Virginia—later known as the Carolinas—but the area was not populated by the English for decades."}, {"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "History - Province of New York", "says": "In 1650, New Netherland seized the lands of the nearby Swedish colony, New Sweden."}, {"id": "Q161536", "label": "Peter Stuyvesant", "section": "History - Province of New York", "says": "The Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant wanted to resist the English, but he was not popular enough to be supported in that."}, {"id": "Q122553", "label": "Charles II of England", "section": "History - Province of Pennsylvania", "says": "In 1681, a charter signed by Charles II of England gave all unoccupied lands in the region of the former New Netherland colony to William Penn; the king was paying off a debt owed to Penn's father, Admiral William Penn."}, {"id": "Q656629", "label": "William Penn", "section": "History - Province of Pennsylvania", "says": "In 1681, a charter signed by Charles II of England gave all unoccupied lands in the region of the former New Netherland colony to William Penn; the king was paying off a debt owed to Penn's father, Admiral William Penn."}, {"id": "Q862257", "label": "King Philip's War", "section": "History - King Philip's War", "says": "King Philip's War, in New England from 1675 to 1676, was between some Native American tribes (the Narragansett, Nashaway, Nipmuc, Podunk, and Wampanoag peoples, as well as the Wabanaki Confederacy) and English colonists with their own native allies (the Mohawk, Mohegan, and Pequot)."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "History - King William's War", "says": "They fought—as members of either the House of Bourbon or Habsburg—over the future successor to Spanish king Charles II, who had no children yet."}, {"id": "Q1070342", "label": "King William's War", "section": "History - King William's War", "says": "Its North American theater, taking place simultaneously, was King William's War."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Queen Anne's War", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1714 was a worldwide conflict that centered around the successor to Charles II of Spain, who died in 1700 with no children."}, {"id": "Q36174", "label": "Charles II of Spain", "section": "History - Queen Anne's War", "says": "The War of the Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1714 was a worldwide conflict that centered around the successor to Charles II of Spain, who died in 1700 with no children."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Queen Anne's War", "says": "Philip V, grandson of French king Louis XIV, ascended to the Spanish throne, provoking their rivals, the English and Dutch."}, {"id": "Q1520241", "label": "Yamasee War", "section": "History - Yamasee War", "says": "The Yamasee War from 1715 to 1716 was between the British in southeastern South Carolina, and the Yamasee Native Americans with allies of other native tribes."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "History - War of Jenkins' Ear", "says": "The two empires fought in the War of Jenkins' Ear from 1739 to 1748, which was subsumed into the War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - War of Jenkins' Ear", "says": "The two empires fought in the War of Jenkins' Ear from 1739 to 1748, which was subsumed into the War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748."}, {"id": "Q104190", "label": "Robert Walpole", "section": "History - War of Jenkins' Ear", "says": "Members of Parliament who were in opposition to British prime minister Robert Walpole seized on the political popularity of declaring war on Spain."}, {"id": "Q527835", "label": "James Oglethorpe", "section": "History - War of Jenkins' Ear", "says": "In the following years, British General James Oglethorpe captured many Spanish forts in Florida, British colonists in Georgia allied with the Native Americans to defend the colony from the Spanish, and the British kept their control over the region."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "History - French and Indian War", "says": "In May 1754, British colonist George Washington assumed control of the Virginian militia, and garrisoned them at Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania, 60 kilometers (40 miles) north of Fort Duquesne, occupied by the French."}, {"id": "Q2449358", "label": "Battle of Fort Necessity", "section": "History - French and Indian War", "says": "On 3 June, the French attacked the British garrison at the Battle of Fort Necessity."}, {"id": "Q113412", "label": "Edward Braddock", "section": "History - French and Indian War", "says": "Virginia's government asked British king George II for aid; he was apprehensive, but ultimately sent a ground force under General Edward Braddock to help overthrow Fort Duquesne, and a naval force under Admiral Edward Braddock to patrol the Gulf of St."}, {"id": "Q34969", "label": "Benjamin Franklin", "section": "History - French and Indian War", "says": "Pennsylvania delegate Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union, a \"loose confederation\" of the colonies, headed by a president general that could levy certain taxes, to be paid to a central treasury."}, {"id": "Q2386936", "label": "Tacky's War", "section": "History - Tacky's Revolt", "says": "Historian Vincent Brown writes: \"[Tacky's Revolt] was part of four wars at once: it was an extension of wars on the African continent; it was a race war between black slaves and white slave holders; it was a struggle among black people over the terms of communal belonging, effective control of local territory, and establishment of their own political legacies; and it was, most immediately, one of "}, {"id": "Q179077", "label": "Pontiac's War", "section": "History - The Treaty of Paris (1763) and Pontiac's War", "says": "The Native Americans, predicting \"the English have a mind to cut them off the face of the earth\", rebelled in Pontiac's War from 1763 to 1765."}, {"id": "Q215687", "label": "Boston Massacre", "section": "History - American Revolution", "says": "This prompted the Boston Massacre, when the soldiers fired at the crowd; five people died in the shooting, which was useful for the Patriot cause."}, {"id": "Q19024", "label": "Boston Tea Party", "section": "History - American Revolution", "says": "The Sons of Liberty, a group of radical Patriot agitators, responded with the Boston Tea Party, disguising themselves as Mohawk to board British ships in the Boston Harbor, and dumping 92,000 pounds of tea into the water."}, {"id": "Q581935", "label": "Thomas Gage", "section": "History - American Revolution", "says": "The colony's elected council was replaced with one ran by the Crown, and British military governor General Thomas Gage was given vast powers."}, {"id": "Q778010", "label": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "section": "History - American Revolutionary War", "says": "The militia was warned of this, and they intercepted the British at the Battles of Lexington and Concord the next day, starting the war."}, {"id": "Q334029", "label": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "section": "History - American Revolutionary War", "says": "The Battle of Bunker Hill in Boston on 17 June ended in a British victory, but motivated Patriots."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - American Revolutionary War", "says": "On 4 July, the Continental Congress voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence, written mainly by Thomas Jefferson, declared the colonies as a country of thirteen unified states independent from Britain, named the \"United States of America\"."}, {"id": "Q846674", "label": "Battles of Saratoga", "section": "History - American Revolutionary War", "says": "In the Battles of Saratoga near Saratoga, New York in September and October, the Americans forced the surrender of a British army."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "History - American Revolutionary War", "says": "The Treaty of Paris was deliberated in 1783 between American statesmen Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay; and representatives of King George III."}, {"id": "Q310847", "label": "John Jay", "section": "History - American Revolutionary War", "says": "The Treaty of Paris was deliberated in 1783 between American statesmen Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay; and representatives of King George III."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History - American Revolutionary War", "says": "The Treaty of Paris was deliberated in 1783 between American statesmen Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay; and representatives of King George III."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Paris (1783)", "says": "After 1783, Britain ceded East and West Florida to the Kingdom of Spain, which in turn ceded them to the United States in 1821."}, {"id": "Q38610", "label": "Dominion of Newfoundland", "section": "History - After the Treaty of Paris (1783)", "says": "Most of the remaining colonies to the north (including the continental colonies and the archipelago of Bermuda, the nearest landfall from which was North Carolina, but the nearest other British territory from which became Nova Scotia) formed the Dominion of Canada in 1867, with the colony of Newfoundland (which had become the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1907, leaving Bermuda as the only remaining "}], "Q26472": [{"id": "Q571453", "label": "Former Shu", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "910-927), attacked Former Shu in 914 but suffered a heavy defeat."}, {"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 925, another mission led by the buxie Zheng Zhaochun secured a marriage alliance with Southern Han, whose ruler gave his daughter, the Zengcheng Princess, as wife."}, {"id": "Q1143126", "label": "Later Tang", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the Later Tang defeated Former Shu and returned thousands of captives to Great Changhe, another marriage alliance mission was sent to Later Tang in 927 which ended unsuccessfully."}, {"id": "Q526507", "label": "Later Shu", "section": "History - Relations with the Song dynasty", "says": "Dali congratulated the Song dynasty on the conquest of Later Shu in 965 and voluntarily established tribute relations in 982."}, {"id": "Q6140662", "label": "Gao Shengtai", "section": "History - Dazhong Kingdom (1094–1096)", "says": "In 1094, the former prime minister Gao Shengtai forced King Duan Zhengming to relinquish the throne to him and renamed the Dali Kingdom to \"Dazhong Kingdom\"."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Möngke Khan sent envoys requesting the surrender of Dali."}, {"id": "Q1069320", "label": "Ulanqatai", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The western column was led by Uriyangkhadai, who was the son of Subutai, and he was instructed to march from Lintao through Kham into Dali."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "After the Ming conquest of Yunnan, the members of the Duan clan were scattered in various distant areas of China by the Hongwu Emperor."}, {"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "History - Conquest of Yunnan by the Ming dynasty", "says": "The Duan clan, who helped the Yuan dynasty against a Red Turban Rebellion attack from Sichuan, also fought against the Ming army."}, {"id": "Q1187958", "label": "Lan Yu", "section": "History - Conquest of Yunnan by the Ming dynasty", "says": "In 1382 Lan Yu and Mu Ying's forces attacked and crushed Duan's realm after a fierce battle."}], "Q3271735": [{"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Burgundy, also known as the Kingdom of Arles, was a realm established in 933 by the unification of Lower Burgundy with the Upper Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q33242", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Burgundy, also known as the Kingdom of Arles, was a realm established in 933 by the unification of Lower Burgundy with the Upper Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q33235", "label": "Upper Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Burgundy, also known as the Kingdom of Arles, was a realm established in 933 by the unification of Lower Burgundy with the Upper Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As an independent kingdom, it was ruled by monarchs from the Elder House of Welf until 1032, when it was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, becoming one of the empire's three constituent realms, together with the Kingdom of Germany and the Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "As an independent kingdom, it was ruled by monarchs from the Elder House of Welf until 1032, when it was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, becoming one of the empire's three constituent realms, together with the Kingdom of Germany and the Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory stretched from the Mediterranean Sea in the south to the High Rhine in the north, and from the Western Alps in the east to the Rhône basin in the west, thus encompassing almost all of the historical Burgundian lands, and roughly corresponding to the present-day French regions of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and Franche-Comté, as well as the region of Romandy in western Swi"}], "Q511257": [{"id": "Q318000", "label": "Amyrtaeus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded after the overthrow of Amyrtaeus, the only Pharaoh of the 28th Dynasty, by Nefaarud I in 398 BC, and disestablished upon the overthrow of Nefaarud II in 380 BC."}], "Q517333": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "Chronicles of Kievan Rus' mention Polotsk being conquered by Vladimir the Great, and thereafter it became associated with Kievan Rus' and its ruling Rurikids."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Chronicles of Kievan Rus' mention Polotsk being conquered by Vladimir the Great, and thereafter it became associated with Kievan Rus' and its ruling Rurikids."}, {"id": "Q210398", "label": "Rurikids", "section": "lead", "says": "Chronicles of Kievan Rus' mention Polotsk being conquered by Vladimir the Great, and thereafter it became associated with Kievan Rus' and its ruling Rurikids."}, {"id": "Q48287", "label": "Krivich", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was supposedly established around the town of Polotsk (now in Belarus) by the tribal union of Krivichs."}, {"id": "Q2498541", "label": "Rogvolod", "section": "lead", "says": "In the second half of the 10th century, Polotsk was governed by its own dynasty; its first ruler mentioned in the chronicles was the semi-legendary Rogvolod (?–978), better known as the father of Rogneda."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 13th century, it was integrated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 862 Polotsk was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle as a town within the realm of Novgorod Rus', alongside Murom and Beloozero."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988 and took Anna Porphyrogeneta as his wife, he had to divorce all his previous wives, including Rogneda."}, {"id": "Q2498455", "label": "Bryachislav of Polotsk", "section": "History - Striving for independence", "says": "In 1001 Izyaslav was succeeded by his son, Bryachislav of Polotsk."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "History - Striving for independence", "says": "In 1020 Bryachislav sacked Novgorod but then lost it to his uncle, Yaroslav the Wise, and had to give up some of his other possessions."}, {"id": "Q1687929", "label": "Principality of Jersika", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Polotsk was splintered between various smaller fiefs – the Principality of Minsk, Principality of Vitebsk, Principality of Druck, Principality of Jersika, and Principality of Koknese."}, {"id": "Q2502248", "label": "Principality of Koknese", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Polotsk was splintered between various smaller fiefs – the Principality of Minsk, Principality of Vitebsk, Principality of Druck, Principality of Jersika, and Principality of Koknese."}, {"id": "Q1483495", "label": "Principality of Smolensk", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "For short periods, the neighbouring Principality of Smolensk also claimed control over some lands of the principality."}, {"id": "Q157605", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The fortress of Riga became the main military basis of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1209 German crusaders conquered the principalities of Jersika and Koknese in the southeast of today's Latvia, which had previously been under the control of Polotsk, forcing Polotsk to permit free travel to German merchants in 1212 and ending Livonian tributes."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Annals affirming the alliance and united military campaigns policy of Polotsk and Lithuania."}], "Q528546": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Hellenic Republic (Greek: Αʹ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) was the provisional Greek state during the Greek Revolution against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1822 until 1827, it was known as the Provisional Administration of Greece, and between 1827 and 1832, it was known as the Hellenic State.\n\"First Hellenic Republic\" is a historiographical term, which is used by academics and the Greek government to emphasize the constitutional and democratic nature of the revolutionary regime prior to the establishment of the independent Kingdom of Greece, and"}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "History - Provisional Administration of Greece", "says": "Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence."}, {"id": "Q3013827", "label": "Hellenic State", "section": "History - Hellenic State", "says": "In 1827, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the Hellenic State (Ἑλληνικὴ Πολιτεία) and selected Count Ioannis Kapodistrias as Governor of Greece."}, {"id": "Q220430", "label": "Ioannis Kapodistrias", "section": "History - Hellenic State", "says": "In 1827, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the Hellenic State (Ἑλληνικὴ Πολιτεία) and selected Count Ioannis Kapodistrias as Governor of Greece."}], "Q533558": [{"id": "Q533534", "label": "Cisleithania", "section": "lead", "says": "It was officially referred to as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, also simply known as the Triune Kingdom, and had claims on Kingdom of Dalmatia, which was administered separately by the Austrian Cisleithania."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "lead", "says": "One week later, on 29 October 1918, the Croatian State Sabor proclaimed an independent kingdom which entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs."}], "Q646035": [{"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, referred to simply as Kosovo, SAP Kosovo or SAPK, was one of the two autonomous provinces of the Socialist Republic of Serbia within Yugoslavia (the other being Vojvodina), between 1945 and 1990, when it was renamed Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, referred to simply as Kosovo, SAP Kosovo or SAPK, was one of the two autonomous provinces of the Socialist Republic of Serbia within Yugoslavia (the other being Vojvodina), between 1945 and 1990, when it was renamed Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1989, under the presidency of Slobodan Milošević, that level of autonomy was reduced."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the First Balkan War it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbia by the Treaty of London."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1918, the region of Kosovo, with the rest of Serbia, became part of newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929 renamed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1918, the region of Kosovo, with the rest of Serbia, became part of newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929 renamed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was attacked and occupied by Nazi Germany and its allies."}, {"id": "Q43067", "label": "Heinrich Himmler", "section": "Background", "says": "A reign of terror was enforced by Albanian nationalist organization Balli Kombëtar and by Skanderbeg SS  Division, created by Heinrich Himmler."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background", "says": "However, one piece of the former Kosovo Vilayet was given to the new Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (including the former capital Skopje), whilst another part had passed to Montenegro (mainly Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje and Rožaje), also a new entity."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "However, one piece of the former Kosovo Vilayet was given to the new Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (including the former capital Skopje), whilst another part had passed to Montenegro (mainly Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje and Rožaje), also a new entity."}], "Q76236": [{"id": "Q1604816", "label": "Lithuanian–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia (SSR LiB), alternatively referred to as the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and White Russia or simply Litbel or LitBel, was a Soviet republic that existed within the parts of the territories of modern Belarus and Lithuania for approximately five months during the Lithuanian–Soviet War and the Polish–Soviet War in 1919."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia (SSR LiB), alternatively referred to as the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and White Russia or simply Litbel or LitBel, was a Soviet republic that existed within the parts of the territories of modern Belarus and Lithuania for approximately five months during the Lithuanian–Soviet War and the Polish–Soviet War in 1919."}, {"id": "Q80211", "label": "Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Litbel republic was created in February 1919 formally through the merger of the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belorussia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the end of World War I in November 1918, Soviet Russia began a westward offensive following the retreating German Army."}, {"id": "Q318330", "label": "Adolph Joffe", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On 22 January 1919 Adolph Joffe arrived in Minsk, as the representative of the Moscow centre with a mission to bring order among the infighting Bolshevik leadership in Belorussia."}, {"id": "Q298384", "label": "Yakov Sverdlov", "section": "History - Minsk and Vilna congresses", "says": "The Central Executive Committee of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was represented at the congress by its chairman Yakov Sverdlov."}, {"id": "Q188271", "label": "Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas", "section": "History - Founding of the SSR LiB", "says": "Furthermore, the meeting founded the Council of People's Commissars of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia as the government cabinet for the new united Soviet republic, headed by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas."}, {"id": "Q2300296", "label": "Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Evacuation to Bobruisk", "says": "The union would consist of the RSFSR, SSR LiB, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic and the Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic – per the decree issued at the meeting the republics would have a unified military organization and command, and the National Councils of Economy and Transportation and People's Commissariats of Labour of the Soviet republics would be m"}, {"id": "Q1842362", "label": "Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Evacuation to Bobruisk", "says": "The union would consist of the RSFSR, SSR LiB, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic and the Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic – per the decree issued at the meeting the republics would have a unified military organization and command, and the National Councils of Economy and Transportation and People's Commissariats of Labour of the Soviet republics would be m"}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Evacuation to Bobruisk", "says": "On 13 July 1919, Joseph Stalin, who had arrived to supervise the Western Front, proposed dissolving the SSR LiB Defense Council and Council of People's Commissars."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "History - Final stages of the republic", "says": "The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was concluded on 12 July 1920."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "History - Final stages of the republic", "says": "The border between the Poland and the BSSR was eventually determined by the 1921 Peace of Riga, which left territories with significant Belorussian populations on the Polish side of the border."}], "Q816814": [{"id": "Q1483510", "label": "Principality of Wales", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn—the King of Wales from 1055 to 1063—was shattered by a Saxon invasion in 1063 just prior to the Norman invasion of Wales, but the House of Aberffraw restored by Gruffudd ap Cynan slowly recovered and Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd was able to proclaim the Principality of Wales at the Aberdyfi gathering of Welsh princes in 1216."}, {"id": "Q3405472", "label": "Treaty of Aberconwy", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1277, the Treaty of Aberconwy between Edward I of England and Llywelyn's grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd granted peace between the two but would also guarantee that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llywelyn's death, and so it represented the completion of the first stage of the conquest of Wales by Edward I."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1277, the Treaty of Aberconwy between Edward I of England and Llywelyn's grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd granted peace between the two but would also guarantee that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llywelyn's death, and so it represented the completion of the first stage of the conquest of Wales by Edward I."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History, background and familial descent", "says": "The establishment of Christianity in Wales also gave rise to a new era; the Romans founded towns with churches and installed governors."}, {"id": "Q317279", "label": "Owain Glyndŵr", "section": "History, background and familial descent", "says": "Noteworthy descendants from the Kingdom of Gwynedd include royalty such as Owain Glyndŵr, and the titular Prince of Wales, also the Salusbury family via Katheryn of Berain."}, {"id": "Q101978", "label": "House of Tudor", "section": "History, background and familial descent", "says": "The Tudors were ancestors and namesakes of the former English Royal House of Tudor; they were descended from the Welshman Maredudd ap Tudur, Ednyfed Fychan (whose family were seneschals to the Kings of Gwynedd) being his famous ancestor."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "History, background and familial descent", "says": "The Tudor dynasty became ancestors to the House of Stuart, and the Stuarts formed the Euro"}], "Q824489": [{"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Estado Novo, greatly inspired by conservative and autocratic ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, who was President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 until illness forced him out of office in 1968."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental nation under the doctrine of lusotropicalism, with Angola, Mozambique, and other Portuguese territories as extensions of Portugal itself, it being a supposed source of civilisation and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental nation under the doctrine of lusotropicalism, with Angola, Mozambique, and other Portuguese territories as extensions of Portugal itself, it being a supposed source of civilisation and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions."}, {"id": "Q310870", "label": "Marcelo Caetano", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Marcelo Caetano, who replaced an ageing Salazar as prime minister in 1968, the country continued to liberalise its economy and advance European integration."}, {"id": "Q1259200", "label": "Third Portuguese Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "When Portugal, under the Third Portuguese Republic, finally joined the EEC in 1986, most trade barriers with the rest of Western Europe had already been dismantled by the Estado Novo,"}, {"id": "Q158874", "label": "Carlos I of Portugal", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Carlos I of Portugal confirmed colonial treaties of the 19th century that stabilised the situation in Portuguese Africa."}, {"id": "Q16879646", "label": "Portuguese Africa", "section": "Prelude", "says": "King Carlos I of Portugal confirmed colonial treaties of the 19th century that stabilised the situation in Portuguese Africa."}, {"id": "Q798431", "label": "Republic of Dahomey", "section": "End of the regime", "says": "In 1961, the Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá's annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the start of a process that led to the final dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "End of the regime", "says": "In 1961, the Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá's annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the start of a process that led to the final dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q66710", "label": "Daman and Diu", "section": "End of the regime", "says": "Another forcible retreat from overseas territories occurred in December 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish the territories of Goa and Daman and Diu."}, {"id": "Q2002279", "label": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "End of the regime", "says": "The independence movements active in Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea were supported by both the United States and the Soviet Union, which both wanted to end all colonial empires and expand their own spheres of influence."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "End of the regime", "says": "The independence movements active in Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea were supported by both the United States and the Soviet Union, which both wanted to end all colonial empires and expand their own spheres of influence."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "End of the regime", "says": "The independence movements active in Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea were supported by both the United States and the Soviet Union, which both wanted to end all colonial empires and expand their own spheres of influence."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "End of the regime", "says": "The wars had the same effects in Portugal as the Vietnam War in the United States, or the Afghanistan War in the Soviet Union; they were unpopular and expensive lengthy wars which were isolating Portugal diplomatically, leading many to question the continuation of the war and, by extension, the government."}], "Q837187": [{"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "History - Hamdanid emirate of Jazirah and Aleppo", "says": "By 892–893, he was in possession of Mardin, after fighting the Kharijites of the Jazira."}, {"id": "Q646434", "label": "Marwanids", "section": "History - Hamdanid emirate of Jazirah and Aleppo", "says": "After this, their area of control in northern Iraq was divided between the Uqaylids and the Marwanids."}], "Q863279": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (maṇḍala) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand."}, {"id": "Q255931", "label": "Haripuñjaya", "section": "lead", "says": "After that, Sukhothai was subsequently incorporated into the domain of Haripuñjaya approximately a decade later."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1349, during the reign of Li Thai (Maha Thammaracha I), Sukhothai was invaded by the Ayutthaya Kingdom, a neighboring Thai polity."}, {"id": "Q1357404", "label": "Chiang Hung", "section": "History - Haripuñjaya rule, Tai settlement and the rise of a city-state", "says": "Before the rise of Sukhothai several Tai polities existed in the neighbouring northern highlands, among them Ngoenyang of the Northern Thai people (present-day Chiang Saen) and Chiang Hung of the Tai Lue people (present-day Jinghong, China)."}, {"id": "Q1332305", "label": "Lavo Kingdom", "section": "History - Haripuñjaya rule, Tai settlement and the rise of a city-state", "says": "That union is attributed to the northward expansion of the Lavo Kingdom into Yonok territory under Kalavarnadisharaja (r."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Early political landscape and Monic domination", "says": "Following the fall of Lavo to Tambralinga in 927, and of Rāmaññadesa (lit. 'the land of the Mon'; potentially the eastern Menam valley) to Angkor in 946,  the upper Menam valley, particularly the regions of Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai, and Thung Yang (also known as Phichai Chiang Mai พิชัยเชียงใหม่), was brought under the control of a Monic dynasty from Haripuñjaya led by Abhayakamini from the 950s "}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Expansion of early Siamese polities", "says": "His cousin, Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri, formally titled Sommedethia Pprappanom Tteleiseri Maahesa Vorauaarintti Raacha Boppitra, appears in the Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal in 1684 and in Du Royaume de Siam, which have him leave Yassouttora Nacoora Louang or Tasoo Nacora Louang, identified with Lavo, and take power at Sukhothai–Lacontai about 1156."}, {"id": "Q1185850", "label": "Chit Phumisak", "section": "History - Rise of Sukhothai and state formation", "says": "Chit Phumisak read the earlier move by Sri Naw Nam Thum as a first attempt that failed, the city holding out."}, {"id": "Q335273", "label": "Jayavarman VII", "section": "History - Readings of 1238", "says": "For the reign of Jayavarman VII, 1181 to 1218, Baker and Pasuk report that the Chao Phraya plain has yielded none of the temple-endowment inscriptions characteristic of Angkorian provinces, and that his hospital and fire-house foundations, 107 and 121 in all, extend no further west than Prachin Buri; they take the spread of Angkorian styles across the plain to indicate cultural influence rather th"}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "History - Region, population and culture", "says": "The style turned towards Tai Yuan Lan Na work early in the 14th century, and from the reign of Ram Khamhaeng came under steady Mon and Sinhalese influence through Theravada Buddhism."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Decline and tributary status", "says": "Lan Xang formed around the middle Mekong in the mid-14th century."}, {"id": "Q889077", "label": "Mahathammaracha I", "section": "History - Decline and tributary status", "says": "In 1347, he was succeeded by Li Thai (Maha Thammaracha I), the son of Loe Thai."}, {"id": "Q888861", "label": "Maha Thammaracha", "section": "History - Decline and tributary status", "says": "Li Thai took Sukhothai by force, attacking the city and breaking its gates, and the title Phra Maha Thammaracha that he adopted then spread beyond him."}, {"id": "Q889173", "label": "Trailokkanat", "section": "History - Annexation and further influence", "says": "In 1463 Borommatrailokkanat moved the royal residence to Song Khwae, presumably to be nearer the front."}], "Q867782": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Funan was a loose network of ancient Indianized states (mandalas) located in Mainland Southeast Asia, covering parts of present-day Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, that existed from the 1st to the 7th century CE."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "It appears in Chinese historical texts describing the kingdom, and the most extensive accounts are largely based on reports by two Chinese diplomats, Kang Tai and Zhu Ying, who represented the Eastern Wu dynasty and sojourned in Funan during the mid-3rd century CE."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the epigraphic and Chinese texts, it was founded by legendary monarchs Soma and Kaundinya who are held to be the first kings of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q7396", "label": "Emperor Mu of Jin", "section": "History - Chinese accounts", "says": "According to this source, Qiáochénrú was one of the successors of the king Tiānzhú Zhāntán (天竺旃檀, \"Candana from India\"), a ruler of Funan who in the year 357 CE sent tamed elephants as tribute to Emperor Mu of Jin (r."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Apex and decline of Funan", "says": "However, the shift in maritime trade to Sumatra, the rise in the Srivijaya trade empire, and the taking of trade routes all throughout Southeast Asia by China, leads to economic instability in the south, and forces politics and economy northward."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Disintegration", "says": "He also posited blood relations with the Visayans in the Philippines with the Vijaya of Sarawak which in turn cause them to be related to Funan people as well as the Srivijaya Empire."}, {"id": "Q379239", "label": "Jayavaraman II", "section": "History - Legacy", "says": "Cambodia was taken control of after a sojourn in Java by Jayavarman II."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Legacy", "says": "The \"Mountain Kings\" of Funan were claimed as the forebears of the Malacca Sultanate and Brunei Sultanate."}], "Q874954": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented the final rump state of the Eastern Roman Empire and the last territorial vestige of the Crimean Goths until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1475."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented the final rump state of the Eastern Roman Empire and the last territorial vestige of the Crimean Goths until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1475."}, {"id": "Q539183", "label": "Gedik Ahmed Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "It represented the final rump state of the Eastern Roman Empire and the last territorial vestige of the Crimean Goths until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1475."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was closely allied with the Empire of Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Origins and early history (until 14th century)", "says": "In the late 12th century, the Crimean peninsula had seceded from the Byzantine Empire, but soon after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, parts of it were included in the Trapezuntine Gazarian Perateia."}, {"id": "Q1750892", "label": "Siege of Constantinople", "section": "History - Origins and early history (until 14th century)", "says": "In the late 12th century, the Crimean peninsula had seceded from the Byzantine Empire, but soon after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, parts of it were included in the Trapezuntine Gazarian Perateia."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "History - Origins and early history (until 14th century)", "says": "The Principality of Gothia is first mentioned in the early 14th century, with the earliest date offered by the post-Byzantine historian Theodore Spandounes, who records the existence of a \"Prince of Gothia\" in the reign of Andronikos III Palaiologos (1328–1341)."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Origins and early history (until 14th century)", "says": "Further references occur over the 14th century, with several scholars identifying the \"Dmitry\", one of the three Golden Horde princes in the Battle of Blue Waters (c."}, {"id": "Q954356", "label": "Battle of Blue Waters", "section": "History - Origins and early history (until 14th century)", "says": "Further references occur over the 14th century, with several scholars identifying the \"Dmitry\", one of the three Golden Horde princes in the Battle of Blue Waters (c."}, {"id": "Q2386577", "label": "Alexander Vasiliev", "section": "History - Origins and early history (until 14th century)", "says": "The historian Alexander Vasiliev identifies the first prince as Demetrios, attested at the Battle of Blue Waters in c."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Peak (15th century)", "says": "After Tamerlane's death in 1404 Gothia grew to become one of the most significant powers of the Black Sea, profiting from a period of Genoese instability and the neglect of its Black Sea colonies, but also the rise of the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "History - Ottoman conquest (1475)", "says": "The prince sent a message on 20 June informing the Hungarian king that Theodoro had been captured by Alexander, brother-in-law of Stephen the Great; however, he also mentioned that Caffa had been captured by the Ottomans, while the khan of Crimea had allied with the sultan."}, {"id": "Q316083", "label": "William of Rubruck", "section": "Ethnic origins", "says": "The earliest major medieval testimony comes from the Flemish Franciscan explorer William of Rubruck, who stopped at Soldaia (Sudak) on May 21, 1253, while traveling to the Mongol capital of Karakorum."}], "Q940821": [{"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) was founded that same year as a vanguard party led by Derg chairman Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union ended support of the PDRE in 1990, and internal conflict brought on by the Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence saw the WPE's authority increasingly challenged by ethnic militias and anti-government groups."}, {"id": "Q257724", "label": "Ethiopian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union ended support of the PDRE in 1990, and internal conflict brought on by the Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence saw the WPE's authority increasingly challenged by ethnic militias and anti-government groups."}, {"id": "Q607257", "label": "Eritrean War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union ended support of the PDRE in 1990, and internal conflict brought on by the Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence saw the WPE's authority increasingly challenged by ethnic militias and anti-government groups."}], "Q1054184": [{"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khmer Republic (Khmer: សាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ, Sathearonaroat Khmae; French: République khmère) was a Cambodian state under the United States-backed military dictatorship of Marshal Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The main cause of the coup was Norodom Sihanouk's tolerance of North Vietnamese military activity within Cambodia's borders; communist North Vietnam and its Viet Cong had gained de facto control over vast areas of eastern Cambodia as a result."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The main cause of the coup was Norodom Sihanouk's tolerance of North Vietnamese military activity within Cambodia's borders; communist North Vietnam and its Viet Cong had gained de facto control over vast areas of eastern Cambodia as a result."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "After Chief of State Sihanouk was overthrown on 18 March 1970, the Kingdom of Cambodia became a republic on 9 October, officially removing Queen Sisowath Kossamak."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the removal of Sihanouk, the Kingdom of Cambodia and later the Khmer Republic had aligned themselves with South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) in the ongoing Vietnam War."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency itself was conducted by the CPNLAF, the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces: they belonged to the communist Khmer Rouge and were backed by both the North Vietnamese Army (PAVN) and the Viet Cong, who occupied parts of Cambodia as part of their ongoing war against South Vietnam and allies."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The insurgency itself was conducted by the CPNLAF, the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces: they belonged to the communist Khmer Rouge and were backed by both the North Vietnamese Army (PAVN) and the Viet Cong, who occupied parts of Cambodia as part of their ongoing war against South Vietnam and allies."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the large quantities of military and financial aid from the United States, the Khmer National Armed Forces (Forces armées nationales khmères, or FANK) were poorly trained and unable to defeat either the CPNLAF or the Vietnamese forces of the PAVN and the Viet Cong."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic eventually fell on 17 April 1975, when the Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh and briefly restored the Kingdom of Cambodia before renaming itself \"Democratic Kampuchea\""}, {"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic eventually fell on 17 April 1975, when the Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh and briefly restored the Kingdom of Cambodia before renaming itself \"Democratic Kampuchea\""}, {"id": "Q367210", "label": "Son Ngoc Thanh", "section": "Political history - Coup", "says": "Sihanouk himself claimed that the coup was the result of an alliance between his longstanding enemies, the exiled right-wing nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh, the politician Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak (depicted by Sihanouk as a disgruntled rival claimant to the Cambodian throne) and the CIA, who wished to install a more US-friendly regime."}, {"id": "Q2701376", "label": "Sisowath Sirik Matak", "section": "Political history - Coup", "says": "Sihanouk himself claimed that the coup was the result of an alliance between his longstanding enemies, the exiled right-wing nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh, the politician Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak (depicted by Sihanouk as a disgruntled rival claimant to the Cambodian throne) and the CIA, who wished to install a more US-friendly regime."}, {"id": "Q3028702", "label": "In Tam", "section": "Political history - Coup", "says": "A vote was taken in the National Assembly on 18 March under the direction of In Tam, in which Sihanouk was stripped of his power: Lon Nol assumed the powers of the Head of State on an emergency basis."}, {"id": "Q107957", "label": "Alexander Haig", "section": "Political history - Declaration of the Khmer Republic and the formation of the FANK", "says": "He later informed Alexander Haig that his country had been placed in serious danger as a result."}, {"id": "Q2501353", "label": "Lon Non", "section": "Political history - 1972: Removal of Sirik Matak", "says": "After Sirik Matak had sacked Keo An, a dissident academic, Lon Non organised a series of vocal student demonstrations against him calling for his removal."}, {"id": "Q953209", "label": "Cheng Heng", "section": "Political history - 1972: Removal of Sirik Matak", "says": "Lon Nol used the crisis to oust the Head of State, Cheng Heng, and took over the role himself, appointing the veteran anti-Sihanouk nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh as Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q4919313", "label": "Hang Thun Hak", "section": "Political history - 1972: Removal of Sirik Matak", "says": "Thanh – whose last political act was to ban Sirik Matak's newspaper – was then forced to resign, going back into South Vietnamese exile, and was replaced by the moderate leftist Hang Thun Hak."}, {"id": "Q696802", "label": "Paris Peace Accords", "section": "Political history - 1973: Ceasefire and the suspension of the National Assembly", "says": "The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 seemed to offer a temporary respite from the civil war; Lon Nol declared a unilateral ceasefire, despite the FANK's very weak position on the ground."}, {"id": "Q4923943", "label": "Sak Sutsakhan", "section": "Political history - End of the regime", "says": "On 01:30 p.m 17 April 1975, some parts of Oddar Meanchey were still under the control of the Republic, as Sak Sutsakhan wrote in his book."}], "Q1063498": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States of the Ionian Islands was a Greek state and amical protectorate of the United Kingdom between 1815 and 1864."}, {"id": "Q1077630", "label": "Septinsular Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The successor state of the Septinsular Republic, it covered the territory of the Ionian Islands, as well as the port of Parga on the Greek mainland."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ceded by the British to Greece as a gift to the newly enthroned King George I, apart from Parga, which had been sold to Ali Pasha of Ioannina in 1819."}], "Q131404661": [{"id": "Q732137", "label": "Essam Sirius", "section": "lead", "says": "Another coup in 1966 led to Salah Jadid becoming the country's de facto leader while Nureddin al-Atassi assumed the presidency."}, {"id": "Q192778", "label": "Rafiq Hariri", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in 2005 triggered the Cedar Revolution, which ultimately led the regime to withdraw from Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q184310", "label": "Cedar Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in 2005 triggered the Cedar Revolution, which ultimately led the regime to withdraw from Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "lead", "says": "Major protests against Ba'athist rule in 2011 during the Arab Spring led to the Syrian civil war, with opposition forces and, in the following years, Islamist groups such as the Islamic State and Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) further weakening the Assad regime's territorial control."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "Major protests against Ba'athist rule in 2011 during the Arab Spring led to the Syrian civil war, with opposition forces and, in the following years, Islamist groups such as the Islamic State and Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) further weakening the Assad regime's territorial control."}, {"id": "Q355416", "label": "Michel Aflaq", "section": "History - 1963 coup", "says": "The takeover was engineered by members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar."}, {"id": "Q146885", "label": "Second Syrian Republic", "section": "History - 1963 coup", "says": "Politicians of the Second Syrian Republic who had supported the separation of Syria from United Arab Republic (UAR) were purged and liquidated by the Ba'athists."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - 1966 coup", "says": "Outside the country, Jadid's Syria aligned itself with the Soviet bloc and pursued hardline policies towards Israel and \"reactionary\" Arab states (especially Saudi Arabia)."}, {"id": "Q34211", "label": "Yasser Arafat", "section": "History - 1966 coup", "says": "The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led by Yasser Arafat during the Black September (also known as the Jordan Civil War of 1970) hostilities with Jordan reflected this disagreement."}, {"id": "Q154288", "label": "Black September", "section": "History - 1966 coup", "says": "The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led by Yasser Arafat during the Black September (also known as the Jordan Civil War of 1970) hostilities with Jordan reflected this disagreement."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "History - Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)", "says": "On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt initiated the Yom Kippur War against Israel."}, {"id": "Q574543", "label": "Operation Orchard", "section": "History - Bashar al-Assad before the revolution (2000–2011)", "says": "On 6 September 2007, foreign jet fighters, suspected as Israeli, reportedly carried out Operation Orchard against a suspected nuclear reactor under construction by North Korean technicians."}, {"id": "Q39259", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan", "section": "History - Frozen conflict (2020–2024)", "says": "Following a year of normalization attempts, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan expressed his readiness in July 2023 to meet with Assad, but rejected the withdrawal of Turkish forces from northern Syria as a precondition."}], "Q1331421": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for 37 years."}, {"id": "Q2741754", "label": "Khizr Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The first ruler of the dynasty, Khizr Khan, initially a vassal of Timurid Empire at Multan, conquered Delhi in 1414."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The first ruler of the dynasty, Khizr Khan, initially a vassal of Timurid Empire at Multan, conquered Delhi in 1414."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor Mubarak Shah proclaimed himself sultan in 1421."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Background", "says": "The epithet 'sayyid' affixed to the name of dynasty came from their claimed descent from Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q553204", "label": "Shah Rukh", "section": "History - Khizr Khan", "says": "Khizr Khan did not take up the title of sultan, but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timurids as Rayat-i-Ala (vassal), initially that of Timur, and later his son Shah Rukh."}, {"id": "Q937879", "label": "Malwa Sultanate", "section": "History - Mubarak Shah", "says": "He defeated the advancing Hoshang Shah, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate, and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign."}, {"id": "Q11947898", "label": "Sayyid Alà-ad-Din Àlam-Xah", "section": "History - Alam Shah", "says": "Just before his death, Muhammad Shah recalled his son Alam Shah from Badaun, and nominated him as successor."}, {"id": "Q2747189", "label": "Bahlul Khan Lodi", "section": "History - Alam Shah", "says": "Ala-ud-Din voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478."}], "Q142913": [{"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "It is named after its progenitor, Muhammed Ali Pasha regarded as the founder of modern Egypt."}, {"id": "Q104392", "label": "Mohamed Naguib", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Farouk was forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son Ahmed Fuad, who became King Fuad II, while administration of the country passed to the Free Officers Movement under Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Farouk was forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son Ahmed Fuad, who became King Fuad II, while administration of the country passed to the Free Officers Movement under Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser."}], "Q146713": [{"id": "Q149724", "label": "Faisal II of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federation was formed on 14 February 1958, when King Faisal II of Iraq and his cousin, King Hussein of Jordan, sought to unite their two Hashemite kingdoms as a response to the formation of the United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria."}, {"id": "Q146906", "label": "Hussein I of Jordan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federation was formed on 14 February 1958, when King Faisal II of Iraq and his cousin, King Hussein of Jordan, sought to unite their two Hashemite kingdoms as a response to the formation of the United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federation was formed on 14 February 1958, when King Faisal II of Iraq and his cousin, King Hussein of Jordan, sought to unite their two Hashemite kingdoms as a response to the formation of the United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism were major movements in the Middle East after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1919–1925."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hashemite dynasty fashioned themselves as the true leaders of the Arab world, but were considered overly deferential to Western interests by other Arab nationalists, and had come to power with the assent and aid of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "Background", "says": "The Hashemites' most prominent rival for leadership in the 1950s was Gamal Abdel Nasser, the president of Egypt, the most populous Arab country."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "Background", "says": "The House of Saud ruled Saudi Arabia with Wahhabi religious fervor, and was also on poor relations with the Hashemites."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "The House of Saud ruled Saudi Arabia with Wahhabi religious fervor, and was also on poor relations with the Hashemites."}, {"id": "Q4783165", "label": "Arab Cold War", "section": "Background", "says": "The resulting struggle of how Arab nationalism intersected with it is sometimes called the Arab Cold War."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "Background", "says": "The liabilities included Jordanian King Abdullah's moderation on the Arab–Israeli conflict, the large number of Palestinians in Jordan, a lack of oil or other valuable resources in Jordan, and the unstable relationship between Abdullah and his nephew, the Iraqi regent 'Abd al-Ilah."}], "Q1649602": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "On March 4, 1791, it was admitted into the United States as the State of Vermont, with the constitution and laws of the independent state continuing in effect after admission."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Vermonters took part in the American Revolution on the side of the Revolution, but the Continental Congress did not recognize the independence of Vermont (then also known as the New Hampshire Grants) due to objections from New York, which had conflicting property claims."}, {"id": "Q183266", "label": "Samuel Johnson", "section": "lead", "says": "While the Continental Congress did not allow a seat for Vermont, Vermont engaged William Samuel Johnson, representing Connecticut, to promote its interests."}, {"id": "Q2079909", "label": "Province of Massachusetts Bay", "section": "Background", "says": "After 1724, the Province of Massachusetts Bay built Fort Dummer near Brattleboro, as well as three other forts along the northern portion of the Connecticut River to protect against raids by Native Americans farther south into Western Massachusetts."}, {"id": "Q681416", "label": "French and Indian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "After 1749, Benning Wentworth, the Royal Governor of New Hampshire, granted land to anyone in a land-granting scheme designed to enrich himself and his family.After 1763, settlement increased because of easing security concerns after the end of the French and Indian Wars."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "The Province of New York had made grants of land, often in areas overlapping similar grants made by the Province of New Hampshire; this issue had to be resolved by King George III in 1764, who granted the land to New York, but the area was popularly known as the New Hampshire Grants."}, {"id": "Q552007", "label": "Ethan Allen", "section": "Background", "says": "The \"Green Mountain Boys,\" led by Ethan Allen, was a militia force from Vermont that supported the New Hampshire claims and fought in Revolutionary War."}], "Q17557": [{"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "It militarily controlled an area north of San Francisco, in and around what is now Sonoma County in California."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Mexican officials had been concerned about a coming war with the United States and the growing influx of Americans into California."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Frémont, and added to the troubles of the recent outbreak of the Mexican–American War."}], "Q2340665": [{"id": "Q1142179", "label": "Orange River Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho, bordered with the Cape Colony, Natal Colony and Orange River Colony until 1910 and completely surrounded by South Africa from 1910."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho, bordered with the Cape Colony, Natal Colony and Orange River Colony until 1910 and completely surrounded by South Africa from 1910."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the Basotho (then known as Basuto) and their territory had been under British control starting in 1868 (and ruled by Cape Colony from 1871), the rule by Cape Colony was unpopular and unable to control the territory."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Basutoland was brought under direct authority of Queen Victoria, via the High Commissioner, and run by an Executive Council presided over by a series of British Resident Commissioners."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Basutoland gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966 and was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Between 1856 and 1868 the Basotho engaged in conflict with the Orange Free State."}, {"id": "Q469775", "label": "Moshoeshoe I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Their king, Moshoeshoe I, sought British protection."}, {"id": "Q1348785", "label": "Basuto Gun War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The rule of the Cape Colony then proved unpopular with the people, leading to the Basuto Gun War of 1880–1881."}, {"id": "Q3274751", "label": "Bambatha Rebellion", "section": "History - As a crown colony", "says": "During the Bambatha Rebellion in 1906 the Basotho remained perfectly quiet."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "History - Self government", "says": "From the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910 the South African government made numerous overtures to take over the High Commission Territories, which included Basutoland."}], "Q284667": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Mainz (German: Kurfürstentum Mainz [ˈkuːɐ̯ˌfʏʁstn̩tuːm ˈmaɪnts] or Kurmainz [kuːɐ̯ˈmaɪnts] ; Latin: Electoratus Moguntinus), previously known in English as Mentz and by its French name Mayence, was one of the most prestigious and influential states of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1794352", "label": "Electorate of Trier", "section": "lead", "says": "There were only two other ecclesiastical Prince-electors in the Empire: the Electorate of Cologne and the Electorate of Trier."}], "Q306696": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Austrian Littoral (German: Österreichisches Küstenland, Italian: Litorale austriaco, Croatian: Austrijsko primorje, Slovene: Avstrijsko primorje, Hungarian: Osztrák Tengermellék) was a crown land (Kronland) of the Austrian Empire, established in 1849."}, {"id": "Q692946", "label": "Gorizia and Gradisca", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of three regions: the Margraviate of Istria in the south, Gorizia and Gradisca in the north, and the Imperial Free City of Trieste in the middle."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The region has been contested frequently, with parts of it controlled at various times by the Republic of Venice, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Yugoslavia among others."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Italy annexed most of the area after World War I according to the Treaty of London and later the Treaty of Rapallo."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War II it was split, with Italy in the west and Yugoslavia in the east."}], "Q310293": [{"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "On joining West Germany in 1957, it became the smallest \"federal state\" (Bundesland), the Saarland, not counting the \"city states\" (Stadtstaaten) of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1920 to 1935, as a result of World War I, the region was under the control of the League of Nations as the Territory of the Saar Basin."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1935, Nazi Germany established its full sovereignty over the territory."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Geographically, the post–World War II protectorate corresponded to the current German state of Saarland (established after its incorporation into West Germany as a state on 1 January 1957)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Historically, it was a disputed territory of West Germany as it was always opposed by the Soviet Union, one of the countries occupying Germany and a member of the Allied Control Council (ACC)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Post–World War I", "says": "Under the Treaty of Versailles, the Saar was initially occupied by combat units from the United Kingdom and France."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Plebiscite", "says": "After political agitation and manoeuvring by Chancellor Adolf Hitler for the re-union of the Saarland with the German Reich (Rückgliederung des Saarlandes) it was reincorporated in 1935."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Post–World War II", "says": "Byrnes stated the US's motive in detaching the Saar from Germany as \"The United States does not feel that it can deny to France, which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years, its claim to the Saar territory\"."}, {"id": "Q2052417", "label": "Paris Agreements", "section": "History - Referendum and becoming a state of West Germany", "says": "In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but a referendum held on 23 October 1955 rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan."}, {"id": "Q2492", "label": "Konrad Adenauer", "section": "History - Referendum and becoming a state of West Germany", "says": "In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but a referendum held on 23 October 1955 rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan."}, {"id": "Q695398", "label": "Saar Treaty", "section": "History - Referendum and becoming a state of West Germany", "says": "On 27 October 1956 the Saar Treaty established that Saarland should be allowed to become a state of West Germany, as provided by article 23 of its Grundgesetz (constitution), and so Saarland did on 1 January 1957."}], "Q4843701": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q2347668", "label": "Libyan Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "When Idris was in Turkey for medical treatment, the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the constitution and established the Libyan Arab Republic, with the motto \"Unity, Freedom, Socialism\"."}, {"id": "Q316408", "label": "Abu Nidal", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, openly supported foreign groups like the African National Congress, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Polisario Front and Moro National Liberation Front as well as militants such as Charles Taylor, Foday Sankoh, Abu Nidal and leaders across Africa such as Idi Amin, Jean-Bédel Bokassa and Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q162708", "label": "Jean-Bedel Bokassa", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, openly supported foreign groups like the African National Congress, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Polisario Front and Moro National Liberation Front as well as militants such as Charles Taylor, Foday Sankoh, Abu Nidal and leaders across Africa such as Idi Amin, Jean-Bédel Bokassa and Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, openly supported foreign groups like the African National Congress, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Polisario Front and Moro National Liberation Front as well as militants such as Charles Taylor, Foday Sankoh, Abu Nidal and leaders across Africa such as Idi Amin, Jean-Bédel Bokassa and Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Middle East, he formed alliances with what the US then referred to as the \"Radical camp\", composed of Ba'athist Syria, Iran and South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "All of his actions led to a deterioration of Libya's foreign relations with several countries, mostly Western states and the Arab world, and culminated in the 1986 United States bombing of Libya as well as the support of Ba'athist Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Sudan towards Chad against Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q2038", "label": "François Mitterrand", "section": "lead", "says": "François Mitterrand called him an \"u"}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government", "says": "Inspiration for the unrest is attributed to the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, connecting it with the wider Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government", "says": "Eventually, the aircraft carriers USS Enterprise and Charles de Gaulle arrived off the coast and provided the enforcers with a rapid-response capability."}, {"id": "Q878102", "label": "Operation Odyssey Dawn", "section": "2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government", "says": "U.S. forces named their part of the enforcement action Operation Odyssey Dawn, meant to \"deny the Libyan regime from using force against its own people\" according to U.S."}], "Q523380": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Central Lithuania (Polish: Republika Litwy Środkowej, Lithuanian: Vidurio Lietuvos Respublika), commonly known as the Central Lithuania, and the Middle Lithuania (Polish: Litwa Środkowa, Lithuanian: Vidurinė Lietuva, Belarusian: Сярэдняя Літва, romanized: Siaredniaja Litva), was an unrecognized short-lived puppet state of Poland, that existed from 1920 to 1922."}, {"id": "Q458532", "label": "Lucjan Żeligowski", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded on 12 October 1920, after the successful Żeligowski Mutiny, during which the volunteer 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division under the command of general Lucjan Żeligowski seized the Vilnius Region – the capital region of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore, the Polish authorities decided that the region should belong to the newly-established Polish state, and attempted to implement this idea using military force, ignoring the Curzon Line and taking advantage of the fact that victorious Poles after the Battle of Warsaw were advancing to the East against the Bolsheviks in the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q1495944", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the renewal of Polish–Lithuanian War, where the so-called Żeligowski Mutiny, secretly ordered by Józef Piłsudski, was part of the military operation, fully supported and backed on the flanks by the Polish army, and consequently to the establishment of the so-called Republic of Central Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q885", "label": "Józef Piłsudski", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to the renewal of Polish–Lithuanian War, where the so-called Żeligowski Mutiny, secretly ordered by Józef Piłsudski, was part of the military operation, fully supported and backed on the flanks by the Polish army, and consequently to the establishment of the so-called Republic of Central Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Aftermath of World War I", "says": "The Lithuanians nonetheless believed that their historical claim to Vilnius (former capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) had precedence and refused to recognize any Polish claims to the city and the surrounding area."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Aftermath of World War I", "says": "One party, led by Roman Dmowski, saw modern Poland as an ethnic state, another, led by Józef Piłsudski, wished to rebuild the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "History - Aftermath of World War I", "says": "Stanisław Grabski, representative of Dmowski's faction, was in charge of the Treaty of Riga negotiations with the Soviet Union, in which they rejected the Soviet offer of territories needed for the Minsk canton (Dmowski preferred Poland that would be smaller, but with higher percentage of ethnic Poles)."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Aftermath of World War I", "says": "Stanisław Grabski, representative of Dmowski's faction, was in charge of the Treaty of Riga negotiations with the Soviet Union, in which they rejected the Soviet offer of territories needed for the Minsk canton (Dmowski preferred Poland that would be smaller, but with higher percentage of ethnic Poles)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian War", "says": "At the end of World War I, the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided between the Second Polish Republic, the short-lived unrecognized Belarusian People's Republic, and the Republic of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian War", "says": "At the end of World War I, the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided between the Second Polish Republic, the short-lived unrecognized Belarusian People's Republic, and the Republic of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q842199", "label": "Belarusian People's Republic", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian War", "says": "At the end of World War I, the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided between the Second Polish Republic, the short-lived unrecognized Belarusian People's Republic, and the Republic of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q956429", "label": "Suwałki Agreement", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian War", "says": "The Suwałki Agreement was to have taken effect at 12:00 on 10 October."}, {"id": "Q4116959", "label": "Żeligowski's Mutiny", "section": "History - Polish–Lithuanian War", "says": "On 8 October, General Lucjan Żeligowski and the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division numbering around 14,000 men, with local self-defense, launched the Żeligowski's Mutiny and engaged the Lithuanian 4th Infantry Regiment which promptly retreated."}, {"id": "Q161334", "label": "Memelland", "section": "History - Mediation", "says": "It was basically a modification of \"Hymans' plan\", with the difference that the Klaipėda Region (the area in East Prussia north of the Neman River) was to be incorporated into Lithuania."}], "Q766501": [{"id": "Q714792", "label": "Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1708, after the death of Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, the last heir of the Gonzaga family, the duchy was partitioned."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The domains were divided between the House of Savoy, that obtained the remaining half of Montferrat, and the House of Habsburg, that obtained the city of Mantua itself."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Mantua was invaded by Byzantines, Lombards and Franks."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the death of Matilde of Canossa, Mantua became a free commune and strenuously defended itself from the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th and 13th centuries."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Through a payment of 120,000 golden florins in 1433, Gianfrancesco was appointed marquis of Mantua by Emperor Sigismund, whose great-niece Barbara of Brandenburg he married."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1459 Pope Pius II held a diet in Mantua to proclaim a crusade against the Turks, which was known as the Council of Mantua."}, {"id": "Q5599", "label": "Peter Paul Rubens", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "In that time, the Gonzagas were patrons of the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens."}, {"id": "Q53068", "label": "Claudio Monteverdi", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "The duchy also played a key role in the development of opera; Claudio Monteverdi lived there from about 1590 to 1612, and his L'Orfeo (1607) and other works were first presented there."}, {"id": "Q81506", "label": "Charles I of England", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "However, in order to pay for their splendid court, the Gonzaga family sold some of its assets, in 1627 Vincenzo Gonzaga sold the family collection of Renaissance paintings, including works of Titian, Andrea Mantegna, Correggio and Raphael to Charles I of England."}, {"id": "Q1527665", "label": "War of the Mantuan Succession", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "The War of the Mantuan Succession broke out, and in 1630 an Imperial army of 36,000 Landsknecht mercenaries besieged Mantua, bringing the plague with them."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "Duke Ferdinand Charles, an inept ruler whose only aim was to hold parties and theatrical representations, allied with France in the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q319954", "label": "Leopold, Duke of Lorraine", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "Montferrat's territories were ceded to the Duke of Savoy, and the Emperor compensated Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, heir in female line of the Gonzaga, for the loss of Montferrat by ceding him the Duchy of Teschen."}, {"id": "Q671899", "label": "Duchy of Teschen", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "Montferrat's territories were ceded to the Duke of Savoy, and the Emperor compensated Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, heir in female line of the Gonzaga, for the loss of Montferrat by ceding him the Duchy of Teschen."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - The Duchy", "says": "Mantua was briefly united with the Duchy of Milan by an edict of Emperor Jose"}], "Q7703611": [{"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory originated in 507 as a constituent kingdom of Francia after the Salian Franks conquered Aquitaine following the Battle of Vouillé; its boundaries were ultimately a combination of the Roman provinces of Aquitania Prima and Secunda."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory originated in 507 as a constituent kingdom of Francia after the Salian Franks conquered Aquitaine following the Battle of Vouillé; its boundaries were ultimately a combination of the Roman provinces of Aquitania Prima and Secunda."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a duchy, it broke up after the conquest of the independent Aquitanian duchy of Waiofar, going on to become a sub-kingdom within the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was then absorbed by West Francia after the partition of Verdun in 843 and soon reappeared as a duchy under West Francia."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hundred Years' War finally saw the Kingdom of France gain full control over Aquitaine in 1453 with much of its territory directly incorporated into the French royal domain itself."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hundred Years' War finally saw the Kingdom of France gain full control over Aquitaine in 1453 with much of its territory directly incorporated into the French royal domain itself."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 507, as a result of the Battle of Vouillé."}, {"id": "Q312606", "label": "Childebert II", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the 6th and early 7th century, it was under direct rule of Frankish kings, divided between the realms of Childebert II and Guntram in the Treaty of Andelot of 587."}, {"id": "Q2005392", "label": "Treaty of Andelot", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the 6th and early 7th century, it was under direct rule of Frankish kings, divided between the realms of Childebert II and Guntram in the Treaty of Andelot of 587."}, {"id": "Q109860", "label": "Dagobert I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Under Chlothar II, Aquitaine was again an integral part of Francia, but after Chlothar's death in 629, his heir Dagobert I granted a subkingdom in southern Aquitaine to his younger brother Charibert II."}, {"id": "Q316881", "label": "Charibert II", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Under Chlothar II, Aquitaine was again an integral part of Francia, but after Chlothar's death in 629, his heir Dagobert I granted a subkingdom in southern Aquitaine to his younger brother Charibert II."}, {"id": "Q269536", "label": "Odo the Great", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The duchy of Aquitaine established itself as a quasi-independent realm within the Frankish empire during the second half of the 7th century, certainly by 700 under Odo the Great."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Odo succeeded Lupus in 700 and signed a peace treaty with Charles Martel."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Carolingian kingdom of Aquitaine", "says": "In order to avoid a new demonstration of Aquitain particularism, Charlemagne decided to organize the land within his kingdom."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History - Carolingian kingdom of Aquitaine", "says": "The Carolingian kingdom of Aquitaine subordinated to the Carolingian king or (later) emperor based in Francia (Austrasia, Neustria)."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Carolingian kingdom of Aquitaine", "says": "The emperor Louis I, however, opposed this arrangement and gave the kingdom to his youngest son Charles, afterwards the emperor Charles the Bald."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Carolingian kingdom of Aquitaine", "says": "The emperor Louis I, however, opposed this arrangement and gave the kingdom to his youngest son Charles, afterwards the emperor Charles the Bald."}, {"id": "Q182840", "label": "Louis the Stammerer", "section": "History - Carolingian kingdom of Aquitaine", "says": "On the death of the younger Charles in 866, his brother Louis the Stammerer succeeded to the kingdom, and when, in 877, Louis became king of the Franks, Aquitaine was fully absorbed into the Frankish crown."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "History - Angevin Empire", "says": "By marriage rather than conquest, their possessions passed into the \"Angevin Empire\" under the Plantagenet dynasty by 1153."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "History - Angevin Empire", "says": "His granddaughter, Eleanor of Aquitaine, succeeded to the duchy at the age of 15 as the eldest daughter and heir of William X (d."}, {"id": "Q165883", "label": "Louis VI of France", "section": "History - Angevin Empire", "says": "She married Louis, heir to the French throne, three months after her father's death due to the quick thinking of Louis's father, Louis VI of France, who did not want to leave a territory such as Aquitaine governed by a child of fifteen."}, {"id": "Q150872", "label": "Empress Matilda", "section": "History - Angevin Empire", "says": "On 18 May 1152, she married Henry, Duke of Normandy, the son of Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, and a claimant to the English throne."}, {"id": "Q101384", "label": "Henry I of England", "section": "History - Angevin Empire", "says": "On 18 May 1152, she married Henry, Duke of Normandy, the son of Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, and a claimant to the English throne."}, {"id": "Q170586", "label": "Philip VI of France", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine (essentially corresponding to Gascony) from Eleanor's descendant, Edward III of England."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine (essentially corresponding to Gascony) from Eleanor's descendant, Edward III of England."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "Edward in turn claimed the entire Kingdom of France as the only grandson of King Philip IV of France."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced his claim to the French crown but remained sovereign lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke)."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "In 1390, King Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle John of Gaunt as Duke of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "In 1390, King Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle John of Gaunt as Duke of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "In 1390, King Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle John of Gaunt as Duke of Aquitaine."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "That title passed on to John's descendants although they belonged to the crown because John of Gaunt's son, Henry IV, managed to successfully usurp the crown from Richard II, therefore 'inheriting' the title Lord of Aquitaine from his father, which was passed down to his descendants as they became Kings."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "His son, Henry V of England, ruled over Aquitaine as King of England and Lord of Aquitaine from 1413 to 1422."}, {"id": "Q815148", "label": "Siege of Harfleur", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "He invaded France and emerged victorious at the Siege of Harfleur and the Battle of Agincourt in 1415."}, {"id": "Q188495", "label": "Battle of Agincourt", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "He invaded France and emerged victorious at the Siege of Harfleur and the Battle of Agincourt in 1415."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "He succeeded in obtaining the French crown for his family by the Treaty of Troyes in 1420."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "Henry V died in 1422, and his son Henry VI inherited the French throne at the age of less than a year; his reign saw the gradual loss of English control of France."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "Henry V died in 1422, and his son Henry VI inherited the French throne at the age of less than a year; his reign saw the gradual loss of English control of France."}, {"id": "Q932613", "label": "Battle of Castillon", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "French victory was complete with the Battle of Castillon of 1453."}, {"id": "Q2165331", "label": "Treaty of Picquigny", "section": "History - Hundred Years' War", "says": "The Hundred Years' War was formally concluded with the Treaty of Picquigny of 1475."}], "Q826021": [{"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kenmu Restoration was an effort made by Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the ruling Kamakura Shogunate (de facto ruled by Hōjō clan) and restore the Imperial House to power in Japan, returning to civilian government after 148 years of de facto military government from Kamakura."}, {"id": "Q1432624", "label": "Genkō War", "section": "lead", "says": "Go-Daigo launched the Genkō War in 1331 against the Kamakura Shogunate but was defeated and forced to exile to the Oki Islands."}, {"id": "Q1328796", "label": "Nitta Yoshisada", "section": "lead", "says": "Go-Daigo launched a second uprising, and with the assistance of the defected Kamakura general Ashikaga Takauji and rebel leader Nitta Yoshisada, defeated the Kamakura Shogunate at the siege of Kamakura in 1333."}, {"id": "Q382234", "label": "Kusunoki Masashige", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1331 the shogunate exiled Go-Daigo but loyalist forces, including Kusunoki Masashige, rebelled and came to his support."}], "Q828443": [{"id": "Q1005", "label": "The Gambia", "section": "lead", "says": "Senegambia, officially the Senegambia Confederation or Confederation of Senegambia, was a loose confederation in the late 20th century between the West African countries of Senegal and its neighbour The Gambia, which is almost completely surrounded by Senegal."}, {"id": "Q312716", "label": "Dawda Kairaba Jawara", "section": "Background", "says": "This fear was realized during the 1981 coup attempt to oust President Dawda Jawara of the Gambia."}, {"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "Background", "says": "Specific threats came from Moussa Traoré's Mali, Ahmed Sékou Touré's Guinea, João Bernardo Vieira's Guinea-Bissau, and Muammar al-Gaddafi's Libya."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "Background", "says": "While the Senegalese government speculated about some dangers, in the late 1980s it had border skirmishes with Mauritania."}], "Q836169": [{"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initially in the sphere of influence of the Grand Principality of Moscow and then was dependent on the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initially in the sphere of influence of the Grand Principality of Moscow and then was dependent on the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q210359", "label": "Vasily II of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The khanate was established in the lands which Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow (r."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The lands were originally under the influence of Kievan Rus' and Volga Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The lands were originally under the influence of Kievan Rus' and Volga Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Later, the area was incorporated into Vladimir-Suzdal."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the Mongol invasions, the territory was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q186537", "label": "Khanate of Qazan", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Another version is that Qasim came into Russian service and was granted those lands to create a buffer state between Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan."}, {"id": "Q2039445", "label": "Oluğ Möxämmät", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "From 1486, the descendants of Ulugh Muhammad were replaced with representatives of the Giray dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2750629", "label": "Nur Devlet", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Nur Devlet, a Russian ally, made dynastic claims to the throne of Kasimov, which allowed the Russian government to exert pressure of the policies of the Crimean Khanate.\nŞahğäli (1515–1567) was three times crowned as Kazan khan with the aid of Muscovy."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "He never really reigned and was used for a short period by Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible as a figurehead ruler without any real power."}], "Q870517": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in present-day Bulgaria, southeastern Romania (Northern Dobruja), northern Greece and European Turkey, it was a tribal amalgam dominated by the Odrysians that was the first large political entity to develop in the eastern Balkans."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout much of its early history it remained an ally of Athens and even joined the Peloponnesian War on its side."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The three Odrysian kingdoms were eventually conquered by the rising kingdom of Macedon under Philip II in 340 BC."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "After that there is little conclusive evidence for the persistence of an Odrysian state, with the exception of a dubious Odrysian king fighting in the Third Macedonian War named Cotys."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Persian Thrace", "says": "In around 513 BC, an army of the mighty Persian dynasty of the Achaemenids crossed the Bosphorus, after already having subdued the Thracians of Bithynia thirty years earlier."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Persian Thrace", "says": "King Darius I's goal was a punitive expedition against the Scythians at the northern shores of the Black Sea."}, {"id": "Q1917012", "label": "Megabazus", "section": "History - Persian Thrace", "says": "More expeditions under the generals Megabazus and Mardonius as well as king Xerxes I followed, even though they only managed to secure the Aegean coast."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "History - Persian Thrace", "says": "More expeditions under the generals Megabazus and Mardonius as well as king Xerxes I followed, even though they only managed to secure the Aegean coast."}, {"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "History - Persian Thrace", "says": "More expeditions under the generals Megabazus and Mardonius as well as king Xerxes I followed, even though they only managed to secure the Aegean coast."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Persian Thrace", "says": "It seems most likely that the Achaemenids did not establish a satrapy (provincial administration) in Thrace, even though the historian Herodotus claimed that the subdued regions had to pay taxes."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "History - Expansion under Teres I", "says": "The first known Odrysian king was the expansionist Teres I, who is claimed by Thucydides to have been the first Odrysian king altogether."}, {"id": "Q321371", "label": "Bosporan Kingdom", "section": "History - Expansion under Teres I", "says": "Another important event may have happened further east, in the Bosporan Kingdom, when a Thracian named Spartokos seized power in around 438."}, {"id": "Q318426", "label": "Perdiccas II of Macedon", "section": "History - Sitalces and his alliance with Athens", "says": "The Athenians had already taken some interest in the Thracian interior before 431, but it was in said year when they concluded an alliance with Sitalces against Perdiccas II of Macedon in the west."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - The civil wars between Amadocus I and Seuthes II", "says": "The historian Diodorus Siculus even called both of them \"kings of the Thracians\", although this is most likely a misunderstanding: by 405 Seuthes II still considered Amadocus I as his suzerein."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "History - The civil wars between Amadocus I and Seuthes II", "says": "In 400 BC he hired Greek mercenaries under Xenophon to expand his dominion at the cost of Teres and other rebels, forcing them to reacknowledge the authority of Amadocus."}, {"id": "Q354403", "label": "Thrasybulus", "section": "History - The civil wars between Amadocus I and Seuthes II", "says": "In 389 the Athenian general Thrasybulus mediated between the two parties, resulting in Seuthes II, whom Xenophon called \"ruler of the coast region\", recognizing Amadocus' authority again."}, {"id": "Q354424", "label": "Iphicrates", "section": "History - The civil wars between Amadocus I and Seuthes II", "says": "This second war went badly, as he seemingly lost all of his domains before reconquering them thanks to a mercenary army led by Iphicrates."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - The three kingdoms", "says": "The death of Cotys, almost contemporary to the coronation of the talented Philip II of Macedon, marked the beginning of the kingdom's downfall."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "History - Conquest by Philip II", "says": "After asking the Persian king Artaxerxes III to cut the support of the Ionian towns for Cersebleptes, Philip finally felt confident enough to begin his most ambitious project so far: the c"}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "History - Rise of the Getic kingdom", "says": "The kingdom survived two wars with Lysimachus and the Celtic invasion in around 280, but eventually disintegrated a few decades later."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Macedonian Thrace", "says": "Such troops, generally called \"Thracians\" or \"Odrysians\", participated in the Macedonian conquest of Persia under Philip's successor Alexander the Great and were probably commanded by Odrysian noblemen."}, {"id": "Q237136", "label": "Berenice", "section": "History - Seuthes III and the Odrysian revival", "says": "It is possible that to guarantee the peace between the two opponents, Seuthes married a daughter of Lysimachus named Berenice."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Seuthes III and the Odrysian revival", "says": "Seuthes also only issued bronze coins, which were insufficient to challenge the Macedonia"}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "History - Fall of Seuthopolis", "says": "Coins minted in his name include overstruck coins of Cassander (died 297) and Lysimachus (died 281), implying that his coins were produced until the early years of the 3rd century BC."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "History - The Odrysians after 250 BC", "says": "Temporarily losing his Thracian holdings after the end of the Second Macedonian War in 197, he reconquered most of them a decade later, while again campaigning in the Thracian interior."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - The Odrysians after 250 BC", "says": "Perseus' most trusted ally in this war was the Thracian king Cotys, whom the historian Polybius calls an Odrysian."}, {"id": "Q554861", "label": "Dromichaetes", "section": "History - The Odrysians after 250 BC", "says": "However, his Odrysian background has been doubted, as the account of Polybius, the only remaining source (minus Livy, who relied on Polybius), called him an Odrysian only once, while also calling the Getic king Dromichaetes an Odrysian."}], "Q871792": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The vast majority of the territory of present-day Greece was at some point incorporated within the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The period of Ottoman rule in Greece, lasting from the mid-15th century until the successful Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821 and the First Hellenic Republic was proclaimed in 1822, is known in Greece as Turkocracy (Greek: Τουρκοκρατία, romanized: Tourkokratia, lit. 'Turkish rule')."}, {"id": "Q528546", "label": "First Hellenic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The period of Ottoman rule in Greece, lasting from the mid-15th century until the successful Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821 and the First Hellenic Republic was proclaimed in 1822, is known in Greece as Turkocracy (Greek: Τουρκοκρατία, romanized: Tourkokratia, lit. 'Turkish rule')."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The region of Thessaly \njoined Greece in 1878–1881 (they were briefly reoccupied by the Ottomans in 1897), while Macedonia (Western, Central and Eastern Macedonia) and Epirus joined Greece in 1912–1913, with the Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The region of Thessaly \njoined Greece in 1878–1881 (they were briefly reoccupied by the Ottomans in 1897), while Macedonia (Western, Central and Eastern Macedonia) and Epirus joined Greece in 1912–1913, with the Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The region of Thessaly \njoined Greece in 1878–1881 (they were briefly reoccupied by the Ottomans in 1897), while Macedonia (Western, Central and Eastern Macedonia) and Epirus joined Greece in 1912–1913, with the Balkan Wars."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The present-day Greek portion of Thrace was gained by Bulgaria during the Balkan Wars, but was ceded to Greece in 1919, after World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The present-day Greek portion of Thrace was gained by Bulgaria during the Balkan Wars, but was ceded to Greece in 1919, after World War I."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dodecanese Islands were ceded by Italy (which occupied the islands during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911–1912) to Greece in 1947, after World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dodecanese Islands were ceded by Italy (which occupied the islands during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911–1912) to Greece in 1947, after World War II."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "When Athens replaced Nafplio as the new capital of the independent Kingdom of Greece in 1834, it was a small town with a population of circa 7,000 inhabitants, compared to the populations of Patras (15,000) and Ottoman Thessaloniki (60,000) in the same year."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Roman Empire, which ruled most of the Greek-speaking world for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since the Fourth Crusade of 1204."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Roman Empire, which ruled most of the Greek-speaking world for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since the Fourth Crusade of 1204."}], "Q878319": [{"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is mistakenly considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 70 years, experiencing a cultural, economic, and political renaissance, especially during the reign of Despot Stefan Lazarević."}, {"id": "Q2273304", "label": "Moravian Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is mistakenly considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 70 years, experiencing a cultural, economic, and political renaissance, especially during the reign of Despot Stefan Lazarević."}, {"id": "Q336531", "label": "Stefan Lazarević", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is mistakenly considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 70 years, experiencing a cultural, economic, and political renaissance, especially during the reign of Despot Stefan Lazarević."}, {"id": "Q342130", "label": "Đurađ Branković", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Despot Đurađ Branković in 1456, the Despotate continued to exist for another three years before it finally fell under Ottoman rule in 1459."}, {"id": "Q904938", "label": "Battle of Đakovo", "section": "lead", "says": "The last titular Despot of Serbia was Pavle Bakić, who fell in the Battle of Gorjani in 1537."}, {"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović was killed in the Battle of Kosovo on June 28, 1389, his young son Stefan Lazarević succeeded him."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "A wise and diplomatic woman, she managed to allay the Ottoman threat by marrying her daughter, Olivera, to Sultan Bayezid I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the Battle of Kosovo, in 1390 or 1391, Serbia became a vassal Ottoman state, and Stefan Lazarević was obligated to support the Ottoman Empire in battle."}, {"id": "Q2237751", "label": "Battle of Rovine", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "He did so in the 1395 Battle of Rovine against the Wallachian prince Mircea I and the 1396 Battle of Nicopolis against the Hungarian king Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "He did so in the 1395 Battle of Rovine against the Wallachian prince Mircea I and the 1396 Battle of Nicopolis against the Hungarian king Sigismund."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "When Timur's army entered the Ottoman realm, Stefan Lazarević participated in the 1402 Battle of Ankara, in which the Ottomans were defeated and their leader, Bayezid, was captured."}, {"id": "Q37097", "label": "Manuel II Palaiologos", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Returning to Serbia, Stefan visited Constantinople where the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos granted him the title of despot."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In previous years, this title would mean that the despot would rule some vassal state; however, as the Byzantine Empire was too weak to assert such a rule, Stefan Lazarević adopted the title as monarchical."}, {"id": "Q3508524", "label": "Vuk Lazarević", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "While in Constantinople, Stefan argued with his brother Vuk Lazarević."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "However, Suleyman's brother Musa soon rebelled against Suleyman, and Stefan sided with Musa in the 1410 battle of Kosmidion."}, {"id": "Q4817327", "label": "Battle of Çamurlu", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "Together with Hungarian troops, they defeated Musa on 5 July 1413 at the Battle of Çamurlu, near the Vitosha mountain (modern Bulgaria) and Musa was killed on the battlefield."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "Together with Hungarian troops, they defeated Musa on 5 July 1413 at the Battle of Çamurlu, near the Vitosha mountain (modern Bulgaria) and Musa was killed on the battlefield."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "History - First reign", "says": "He was forced to give his other daughter Mara to Sultan Murad II."}, {"id": "Q666227", "label": "Isa-Beg Isaković", "section": "History - Temporary Ottoman occupation", "says": "The first Ottoman governor of Serbia was Ishak-Beg, who in 1443 was replaced by Isa-Beg Isaković."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Đurađ Branković restored", "says": "In Hungary, Đurađ Branković managed to talk Hungarian leaders into expelling the Ottomans, so a broad Christian coalition of Hungarians (under John Hunyadi), Serbs (under Despot Đurađ) and Romanians (under Vlad II Dracul) advanced into Serbia and Bulgaria in September 1443."}, {"id": "Q380330", "label": "Vlad II Dracul", "section": "History - Đurađ Branković restored", "says": "In Hungary, Đurađ Branković managed to talk Hungarian leaders into expelling the Ottomans, so a broad Christian coalition of Hungarians (under John Hunyadi), Serbs (under Despot Đurađ) and Romanians (under Vlad II Dracul) advanced into Serbia and Bulgaria in September 1443."}, {"id": "Q12809335", "label": "Peace of Szeged", "section": "History - Đurađ Branković restored", "says": "Serbia was fully restored by the Peace of Szeged on August 15, 1444."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Đurađ Branković restored", "says": "The difficulty Despot Đurađ had in maintaining balance between two strong powers can be illustrated by the fact that in 1447–1448 despot Đurađ provided funds to the Byzantines to repair the city walls of Constantinople, but being officially an Ottoman vassal, he had to send a thousand soldiers to help Sultan Mehmed II conquer Constantinople in May 1453."}, {"id": "Q849017", "label": "Stefan Branković", "section": "History - Lazar Branković", "says": "Lazar's brother, blind Stefan Branković, took his side and stayed with him."}, {"id": "Q518086", "label": "Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia", "section": "History - Stjepan Tomašević and fall of the Despotate", "says": "Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia lost two countries to the Ottomans: Serbia in 1459 and Bosnia in 1463."}], "Q903779": [{"id": "Q11876909", "label": "State of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was a pluricontinental monarchy formed by the elevation of the Portuguese colony named State of Brazil to the status of a kingdom and by the simultaneous union of that Kingdom of Brazil with the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of the Algarves, constituting a single state consisting of three kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The dissolution of the United Kingdom was accepted by Portugal and formalized de jure in 1825, when Portugal recognized the independent Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During its period of existence the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves did not correspond to the whole of the Portuguese Empire: rather, the United Kingdom was the transatlantic metropolis that controlled the Portuguese colonial empire, with its overseas possessions in Africa and Asia."}, {"id": "Q1822923", "label": "Liberal Revolution of 1820", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, attempts to compromise the autonomy and even the unity of Brazil, led to the breakdown of the union."}, {"id": "Q773874", "label": "Maria I of Portugal", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Portuguese Prince Regent (the future King John VI), with his incapacitated mother (Queen Maria I of Portugal) and the Royal Court, fled to the colony of Brazil in 1808."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "With the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, there were calls for the return of the Portuguese Monarch to Lisbon."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "History - Succession of John VI", "says": "After the dissolution of the United Kingdom, while Brazilian branches of the old Orders of chivalry were created, resulting in Brazilian and Portuguese Orders Saint James of the Sword, of Saint Benedict of Aviz, and of Christ (there was and is also a branch of the Order of Christ maintained by the Holy See: the Supreme Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ), paradoxically, the newer Orders (the recreated"}, {"id": "Q939", "label": "Pedro I of Brazil", "section": "History - Proclamation of Independence", "says": "Accordingly, in 1822, the Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, Prince Pedro, the son of John VI, declared the independence of Brazil, as a reaction against the attempts of the Cortes to terminate Brazilian home rule, and became Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, which spelled the end of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "History - Proclamation of Independence", "says": "The Prince then decided to return urgently to the city of São Paulo, where he and his entourage arrived in the night of 7 September."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Recognition of independence", "says": "Compared to the wars of independence waged by Spanish colonies during the decolonization of the Americas, the Brazilian Independence War did not result in significant bloodshed, although land and naval battles were fought."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Recognition of independence", "says": "Instead, from 1822 to 1825 the Portuguese Government engaged in heavy diplomatic efforts to avoid the recognition of Brazil's independence by the European Powers, invoking the principles of the Congress of Vienna and subsequent European alliances."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Recognition of independence", "says": "In 1824, in the wake of the adoption of the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil on 25 March that year, the United States of America became the first nation to recognize the independence of Brazil and the consequential disbandment of the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q221145", "label": "Maria II of Portugal", "section": "History - Aftermath: resolution of the dynastic entanglement", "says": "Princess Maria da Glória thus became Queen Maria II of Portugal."}], "Q917867": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of Natal (Afrikaans: Natalprovinsie), commonly called Natal, was a province of South Africa from May 1910 until May 1994."}], "Q926624": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVII, alternatively 27th Dynasty or Dynasty 27), also known as the First Egyptian Satrapy (Old Persian: 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹, romanized: Mudrāya), was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire between 525 and 404 BC."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Cambyses II, the King of Persia, after the Battle of Pelusium (525 BC) and the Achaemenid conquest of Egypt, and his subsequent crowning as Pharaoh of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q318000", "label": "Amyrtaeus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh."}, {"id": "Q978071", "label": "Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "A second period of Achaemenid rule in Egypt occurred under the Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt (343–332 BC)."}], "Q1044536": [{"id": "Q497777", "label": "First Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Restoration (Spanish: Restauración) or Bourbon Restoration (Spanish: Restauración borbónica) was the period in Spanish history between the First Spanish Republic and the Second Spanish Republic from 1874 to 1931."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Restoration (Spanish: Restauración) or Bourbon Restoration (Spanish: Restauración borbónica) was the period in Spanish history between the First Spanish Republic and the Second Spanish Republic from 1874 to 1931."}, {"id": "Q548543", "label": "Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 29 December 1874, after a pronunciamento by General Arsenio Martínez Campos in Valencia ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the Bourbon monarchy under King Alfonso XII, and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q32347", "label": "Alfonso XII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It began on 29 December 1874, after a pronunciamento by General Arsenio Martínez Campos in Valencia ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the Bourbon monarchy under King Alfonso XII, and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q192894", "label": "Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella", "section": "lead", "says": "During the interwar period, the Bourbon monarchy tied itself to the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, an event that succeeded by means of both a military coup d'état and the acquiescence of King Alfonso XIII."}, {"id": "Q18363", "label": "Alfonso XIII", "section": "lead", "says": "During the interwar period, the Bourbon monarchy tied itself to the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, an event that succeeded by means of both a military coup d'état and the acquiescence of King Alfonso XIII."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "It took the protracted political turmoil in the wake of economic depression, caused by the aftermath of the First World War, and the Spanish defeat at the Annual in Morocco for the restored monarchy to be swept away with Rivera's dictatorship, ending with the general being forced to resign in 1930 and the king's voluntary dethronement and exile to Fascist Italy in 1931."}, {"id": "Q562621", "label": "Dámaso Berenguer, 1st Count of Xauen", "section": "Final years (1930–1931)", "says": "Alfonso XIII attempted to gradually restore the previous system and bolster his prestige by enlisting General Dámaso Berenguer as Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q313785", "label": "Niceto Alcalá-Zamora", "section": "Final years (1930–1931)", "says": "A provisional government led by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora immediately established the Second Spanish Republic."}], "Q1045322": [{"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "In 704, the Tibetan Empire made the White Mywa tribes into tributaries, whilst subjugating the Black Mywa."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "By the end of 754, Geluofeng had established an alliance with the Tibetans against the Tang that would last until 794."}, {"id": "Q714113", "label": "Huang Chao", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The marriage alliance never came to fruition owing to the Huang Chao rebellion."}, {"id": "Q6830639", "label": "Dachanghe", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 902, the dynasty came to a bloody end when the chief minister (buxie), Zheng Maisi, murdered the royal family and usurped the throne, renaming it to Dachanghe (大長和, 902–928)."}, {"id": "Q26472", "label": "Dali Kingdom", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Finally Duan Siping seized power in 937 and established the Dali Kingdom."}], "Q1048918": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Suebi (Latin: Regnum Suevorum), also called the Kingdom of Galicia (Latin: Regnum Galicia) or Suebi Kingdom of Galicia (Latin: Galicia suevorum regnum), was a Germanic post-Roman kingdom that was one of the first to separate from the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "It maintained its independence until 585, when it was annexed by the Visigoths, and was turned into the sixth province of the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It maintained its independence until 585, when it was annexed by the Visigoths, and was turned into the sixth province of the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "It is speculated that these Suevi are the same group as the Quadi, who are mentioned in early writings as living north of the middle Danube, in what is now lower Austria and western Slovakia, and who played an important part in the Germanic Wars of the 2nd century, when, allied with the Marcomanni, they fought fiercely against the Romans under Marcus Aurelius."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "It is speculated that these Suevi are the same group as the Quadi, who are mentioned in early writings as living north of the middle Danube, in what is now lower Austria and western Slovakia, and who played an important part in the Germanic Wars of the 2nd century, when, allied with the Marcomanni, they fought fiercely against the Romans under Marcus Aurelius."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The argument for this theory, however, is based solely on the disappearance of the Quadi in the text and the emergence of the Suevi, which conflicts with the testimony of other contemporary authors, such as Orosius, who did indeed cite the Suevi among the peoples traversing the Rhine in 406, and side by side with Quadi, Marcomanni, Vandals and Sarmatians in another passage."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Other groups of Sueves are mentioned by Jordanes and other historians as residing by the Danube regions during the 5th and 6th centuries."}, {"id": "Q221465", "label": "Hydatius", "section": "History - Settlement and integration", "says": "Hydatius documents that the crossing into the Iberian Peninsula by the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi took place on either 28 September or 12 October 409."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Settlement and integration", "says": "The division of Gallaecia between the Suevi and the Hasding Vandals placed the Suevi in the west of the province, by the Atlantic Ocean shores, most probably in lands now between the cities of Porto in Portugal, in the south, and Pontevedra in Galicia, in the north."}, {"id": "Q52995", "label": "Gunderic", "section": "History - King Hermeric", "says": "In 419, after the departure of the Visigoths to their new lands in Aquitania, a conflict arose between the Vandals under Gunderic, and the Suevi, led by king Hermeric."}, {"id": "Q364200", "label": "Hermeric", "section": "History - King Hermeric", "says": "In 419, after the departure of the Visigoths to their new lands in Aquitania, a conflict arose between the Vandals under Gunderic, and the Suevi, led by king Hermeric."}, {"id": "Q2732545", "label": "Heremigarius", "section": "History - King Hermeric", "says": "In 429, as the Vandals were preparing their departure to Africa, a Swabian warlord named Heremigarius moved to Lusitania to plunder it, but was confronted by the new Vandal king Gaiseric."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "History - King Hermeric", "says": "In 429, as the Vandals were preparing their departure to Africa, a Swabian warlord named Heremigarius moved to Lusitania to plunder it, but was confronted by the new Vandal king Gaiseric."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - King Rechiar", "says": "Rechiar, a Catholic Christian, succeeded his father in 448, being the first Germanic king who professed Nicene Christianity as well as the first one to mint coins in his own name."}, {"id": "Q110892", "label": "Theodoric I", "section": "History - King Rechiar", "says": "The first one was his marriage to the daughter of the Gothic king Theodoric I in 448, so improving the relationship between the two peoples."}, {"id": "Q195443", "label": "Theodoric II", "section": "History - King Rechiar", "says": "The emperor Avitus finally responded to Rechiar's defiance in the autumn of 456, sending the Visigoth king Theodoric II over the Pyrenees and into Gallaecia, at the head of a large army of foederati which also included the Burgundian kings Gundioc and Hilperic."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "History - King Rechiar", "says": "Theodoric continued his war on the Suevi for three months, but in April 459 he returned to Gaul, alarmed by the political and military movements of the new emperor, Majorian, and of the magister militum Ricimer—a half-Sueve, maybe a kinsman of Rechiar—while his allies and the rest of the Goths sacked Astorga, Palencia and other places, on their"}, {"id": "Q2466231", "label": "Richimund", "section": "History - Competing kings", "says": "Meanwhile, the Sueves in the north chose another leader, Richimund, who plundered Gallaecia in 459 and 460."}, {"id": "Q887957", "label": "Remismund", "section": "History - King Remismund", "says": "In 464, Remismund, an ambassador who had travelled between Gallaecia and Gaul on several occasions, became King."}, {"id": "Q166876", "label": "Isidore of Seville", "section": "History - The Arian period", "says": "Little is known of the period between 470 and 550, beyond the testimony of Isidore of Seville, who in the 7th century wrote that many kings reign during this time, all of them Arians."}, {"id": "Q2212101", "label": "Theodemund", "section": "History - The Arian period", "says": "A medieval document named Divisio Wambae mentions one king named Theodemund, otherwise unknown."}, {"id": "Q2732741", "label": "Veremund", "section": "History - The Arian period", "says": "More trustworthy is a stone inscription found in Vairão Portugal, recording the foundation of a church by a Benedictine nun, in 535, under the rule of one Veremund who is addressed as the most serene king Veremund, although this inscription has also been attributed to king Bermudo II of León."}, {"id": "Q342520", "label": "Bermudo II of León", "section": "History - The Arian period", "says": "More trustworthy is a stone inscription found in Vairão Portugal, recording the foundation of a church by a Benedictine nun, in 535, under the rule of one Veremund who is addressed as the most serene king Veremund, although this inscription has also been attributed to king Bermudo II of León."}, {"id": "Q511273", "label": "Theodemar", "section": "History - Conversion to Catholic Orthodoxy", "says": "On the other hand, the Historia Suevorum of Isidore of Seville states that it was Theodemar who brought about the conversion of his people from Arianism with the help of the missionary Martin of Braga."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "History - Conversion to Catholic Orthodoxy", "says": "And finally, according to the Frankish historian Gregory of Tours, an otherwise unknown sovereign named Chararic, having heard of Martin of Tours, promised to accept the beliefs of the saint if only his son was cured of leprosy."}, {"id": "Q1063034", "label": "Chararic", "section": "History - Conversion to Catholic Orthodoxy", "says": "And finally, according to the Frankish historian Gregory of Tours, an otherwise unknown sovereign named Chararic, having heard of Martin of Tours, promised to accept the beliefs of the saint if only his son was cured of leprosy."}, {"id": "Q133704", "label": "Martin of Tours", "section": "History - Conversion to Catholic Orthodoxy", "says": "And finally, according to the Frankish historian Gregory of Tours, an otherwise unknown sovereign named Chararic, having heard of Martin of Tours, promised to accept the beliefs of the saint if only his son was cured of leprosy."}, {"id": "Q25596", "label": "Saint Martin", "section": "History - Conversion to Catholic Orthodoxy", "says": "Through the relics and intercession of Saint Martin the son was healed; Chararic and the entire royal household converted to the Nicene faith."}, {"id": "Q313065", "label": "Liuvigild", "section": "History - King Miro", "says": "During his time, the Suevic kingdom was challenged again by the Visigoths who, under their king Liuvigild, were reconstituting their kingdom, reduced and mostly ruled by foreigners since their defeat by the Franks in the Battle of Vouillé."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "History - King Miro", "says": "During his time, the Suevic kingdom was challenged again by the Visigoths who, under their king Liuvigild, were reconstituting their kingdom, reduced and mostly ruled by foreigners since their defeat by the Franks in the Battle of Vouillé."}, {"id": "Q243118", "label": "Chilperic I", "section": "History - King Miro", "says": "It was probably during this period that the Suevi also sent some ambassadors to the Frankish king Gontram, who were intercepted by Chilperic I near Poitiers, and imprisoned for a year, as recorded by Gregory of Tours."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - King Miro", "says": "Under siege, Hermenegild's rebellion became dependent on the support offered by the Eastern Roman Empire, which controlled much of the southern coastal regions of Hispania since Justinian I, and by the Sueves."}], "Q1057118": [{"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Chenla or Zhenla (simplified Chinese: 真腊; traditional Chinese: 真臘; pinyin: Zhēnlà; Wade–Giles: Chen-la; Khmer: ចេនឡា, romanized: Chénla, Khmer pronunciation: [ceːnlaː]) is the Chinese designation for the vassal of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late 6th to the early 9th century in Indochina."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The name was still used in the 13th century by the Chinese envoy Zhou Daguan, author of The Customs of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "By the late 8th century Water Chenla had become dependent on the thalassocratic Shailendra dynasty on Java and the Srivijaya city-state on Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q379239", "label": "Jayavaraman II", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Land Chenla maintained its integrity under Jayavarman II, who proclaimed the Khmer Empire in 802."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Land and Water Chenla", "says": "In the view of the historian Sujit Wongthes, Land Chenla is located in Isan (northeast Thailand), while Water Chenla is situated on the Tonlé Sap area in Cambodia."}], "Q1150706": [{"id": "Q3267658", "label": "Mahapadma Nanda", "section": "History - Annexation by Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)", "says": "Kalinga was believed to be briefly annexed by Nanda ruler Mahapadma Nanda between 345 and 340 BCE."}, {"id": "Q1391280", "label": "Kharavela", "section": "History - Annexation by Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)", "says": "Nandas control of Kalinga region is corroborated by the Hathigumpha inscription of the later king Kharavela (c."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Annexation by Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)", "says": "When Chandragupta Maurya rebelled against the Nandas, Kalingas broke away from the empire of Magadha in 322 BCE."}, {"id": "Q79655", "label": "Gajapati Empire", "section": "History - Gajapati Empire", "says": "This event marked the foundation of the Gajapati Empire that ruled over the regions of Utkala (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh)."}, {"id": "Q3765117", "label": "Eastern Chalukyas", "section": "History - Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Mukunda Deva", "says": "Mukunda Deva who traced his descent from the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi rebelled and killed the last two successors of the Bhoi dynasty and declared himself an independent ruler in 1559 on Northern Odisha coast over the Bhoi dynasty's territories but Sulaiman Khan Karrani formed a kingdom in the region of Bengal which proved a potential threat to Mukunda Deva."}], "Q1415128": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان جمهوریت, Dǝ Afġānistān Jumhūriyat; Dari: جمهوری افغانستان, Jumhūrī-yi Afğānistān), also known as the Republican State of Afghanistan, was the first republic in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q310247", "label": "Mohammed Daoud Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often called the Daoud Republic, as it was established in July 1973 by General Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan of the Barakzai dynasty (alongside senior Barakzai princes) who deposed his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, in a coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q152265", "label": "Mohammed Zahir Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often called the Daoud Republic, as it was established in July 1973 by General Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan of the Barakzai dynasty (alongside senior Barakzai princes) who deposed his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, in a coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Daoud Khan was known for his autocracy and attempts to modernize the country with help from both the Soviet Union and the United States, among others."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Daoud Khan was known for his autocracy and attempts to modernize the country with help from both the Soviet Union and the United States, among others."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1978, a military coup known as the Saur Revolution took place, instigated by the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, in which Daoud and his family were killed."}, {"id": "Q1138904", "label": "Kingdom of Afghanistan", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "This coup overthrew the Kingdom of Afghanistan and established the Republic of Afghanistan in its place, which was a single-party state."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Rise of communism", "says": "In March 1978, Daoud visited Islamabad and agreed to stop supporting rebel groups in Pakistan, as well as agreeing to expel Pakistani militants in the future."}, {"id": "Q63831", "label": "Hafizullah Amin", "section": "History - Rise of communism", "says": "According to Hafizullah Amin, who became Afghan head of state in 1979, the PDPA had started plotting the coup in 1976, two years before it materialized."}], "Q1448131": [{"id": "Q2657134", "label": "Kingdom of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Albania was in personal union with the  Kingdom of Italy (Fascist Italy) following the Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 and until the German occupation in September 1943."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Albania was in personal union with the  Kingdom of Italy (Fascist Italy) following the Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 and until the German occupation in September 1943."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The monarch was Italian King, Victor Emmanuel III, who was represented in Albania by Italian governors."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During this time, Albania ceased to exist as an independent country and became an autonomous part of the Italian Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Treaty of London during World War I, the Triple Entente had promised territories in Albania to Italy as a reward for fighting against the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "History - Pre-invasion: Italy's influence and aims in Albania", "says": "In June 1917, Italy proclaimed central and southern Albania as a protectorate of Italy while Northern Albania was allocated to the states of Serbia and Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q60699", "label": "Zog I of Albania", "section": "History - Invasion and the establishment of the puppet regime", "says": "On 9 April 1939 the Albanian king, Zog I fled to Greece."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Invasion and the establishment of the puppet regime", "says": "Although Albania had been under strong Italian influence since 1927, Italy's political leader, Benito Mussolini wanted direct control over the country to increase his and Italy's prestige, provide a response to Germany's annexation of Austria and occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to have firm control over Albania to station large forces of the Italian military for future operations involving Yugos"}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Invasion and the establishment of the puppet regime", "says": "Although Albania had been under strong Italian influence since 1927, Italy's political leader, Benito Mussolini wanted direct control over the country to increase his and Italy's prestige, provide a response to Germany's annexation of Austria and occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to have firm control over Albania to station large forces of the Italian military for future operations involving Yugos"}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Invasion and the establishment of the puppet regime", "says": "Although Albania had been under strong Italian influence since 1927, Italy's political leader, Benito Mussolini wanted direct control over the country to increase his and Italy's prestige, provide a response to Germany's annexation of Austria and occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to have firm control over Albania to station large forces of the Italian military for future operations involving Yugos"}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "History - Invasion and the establishment of the puppet regime", "says": "Albania became an Italian protectorate subordinated to Italian interests, along the lines of the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia."}, {"id": "Q463851", "label": "Shefqet Vërlaci", "section": "History - Invasion and the establishment of the puppet regime", "says": "While Victor Emmanuel ruled as king, Shefqet Vërlaci served as the prime minister."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Invasion and the establishment of the puppet regime", "says": "Albania was important culturally and historically to the nationalist aims of the Italian Fascists, as the territory of Albania had long been part of the Roman Empire, even prior to the annexat"}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Italy's pro-Albanian and anti-Serb policy against Yugoslavia", "says": "Italy also attempted to legitimize and win public support for its rule over Albania by supporting Albanian irredentism, directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Albania at war", "says": "All of Albania returned to Italian control, which was also extended to most of Greece, which was jointly occupied by Italy, Germany and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "History - Albania at war", "says": "After the fall of Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941, the Italian government began negotiations with Germany, Bulgaria, and the newly established client state, the Independent State of Croatia, on defining their borders."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - Albania at war", "says": "In April Mussolini called for the borders of Albania to be expanded – including annexing Montenegro into Albania that would have an autonomous government within Albania, and expanding Albania's border eastwards, though not as far as the Vardar river as some had proposed – citing that Ohrid should be left to the Slavic Macedonians, regardless of whether Vardar Macedonia would become an independent "}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Albania at war", "says": "In April Mussolini called for the borders of Albania to be expanded – including annexing Montenegro into Albania that would have an autonomous government within Albania, and expanding Albania's border eastwards, though not as far as the Vardar river as some had proposed – citing that Ohrid should be left to the Slavic Macedonians, regardless of whether Vardar Macedonia would become an independent "}], "Q146720": [{"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq (Arabic: الانتداب البريطاني على العراق, romanized: al-Intidāb al-Brīṭānī ʿalā l-ʿIrāq), was created in 1921 after the 1920 Iraqi Revolt against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia and was enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as mand"}, {"id": "Q616851", "label": "Iraqi revolt of 1920", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq (Arabic: الانتداب البريطاني على العراق, romanized: al-Intidāb al-Brīṭānī ʿalā l-ʿIrāq), was created in 1921 after the 1920 Iraqi Revolt against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia and was enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as mand"}, {"id": "Q541372", "label": "Anglo-Iraqi Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq (Arabic: الانتداب البريطاني على العراق, romanized: al-Intidāb al-Brīṭānī ʿalā l-ʿIrāq), was created in 1921 after the 1920 Iraqi Revolt against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia and was enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as mand"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq (Arabic: الانتداب البريطاني على العراق, romanized: al-Intidāb al-Brīṭānī ʿalā l-ʿIrāq), was created in 1921 after the 1920 Iraqi Revolt against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia and was enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as mand"}, {"id": "Q266452", "label": "Percy Cox", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil government of postwar Iraq was headed originally by High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox, and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson."}, {"id": "Q4795314", "label": "Arnold Wilson", "section": "lead", "says": "The civil government of postwar Iraq was headed originally by High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox, and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although often thought to have been invented by the British after the First World War, Iraq had long existed as a distinct region under the Ottoman Empire, encompassing the provinces of Mosul, Baghdad and Basra and officially referred to as the 'Iraq Region'."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Coronation of Faisal", "says": "Faisal traced his descent from the family of Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "History - Coronation of Faisal", "says": "The British believed that those credentials would satisfy traditional Arab standards of political legitimacy and thought that he would be accepted by the growing Iraqi nationalist movement because of his role in the 1916 Arab Revolt against the Turks, his achievements as a leader of the Iraq emancipation movement and his general leadership qualities."}], "Q151095": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a member state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Ascent", "says": "The Counts of Berg emerged in 1101 as a junior line of the dynasty of the Ezzonen, which traced its roots back to the 9th-century Kingdom of Lotharingia, and in the 11th century became the most powerful dynasty in the region of the lower Rhine."}, {"id": "Q152295", "label": "Battle of Worringen", "section": "History - Ascent", "says": "Count Adolf VIII of Berg fought on the winning side in the Battle of Worringen against Guelders in 1288."}, {"id": "Q704339", "label": "John III, Duke of Cleves", "section": "History - Problems of succession", "says": "In 1509, John III, Duke of Cleves, made a strategic marriage to Maria von Geldern, daughter of William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, who became heiress to her father's estates: Jülich, Berg and the County of Ravensberg, which under the Salic laws of the Holy Roman Empire caused the properties to pass to the husband of the female heir (women could not hold property except through a husband or a guardian"}, {"id": "Q573290", "label": "County of Ravensberg", "section": "History - Problems of succession", "says": "In 1509, John III, Duke of Cleves, made a strategic marriage to Maria von Geldern, daughter of William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, who became heiress to her father's estates: Jülich, Berg and the County of Ravensberg, which under the Salic laws of the Holy Roman Empire caused the properties to pass to the husband of the female heir (women could not hold property except through a husband or a guardian"}, {"id": "Q648046", "label": "United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "section": "History - Problems of succession", "says": "As a result of this union the dukes of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg controlled much of present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, with the exception of the clerical states of the Archbishop of Cologne and of the Bishop of Münster."}, {"id": "Q40746", "label": "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Problems of succession", "says": "This led to a lengthy dispute over succession to the various territories before the partition of 1614: the Count Palatine of Neuburg, who had converted to Catholicism, annexed Jülich and Berg; while Cleves and Mark fell to John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, who subsequently also became Duke of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q61214", "label": "Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg", "section": "History - Wittelsbach Rule", "says": "Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, became duke."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "History - Wittelsbach Rule", "says": "He was a member of the powerful House of Wittelsbach, which ruled Bavaria and the Electoral Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "History - Wittelsbach Rule", "says": "He was a member of the powerful House of Wittelsbach, which ruled Bavaria and the Electoral Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Wittelsbach Rule", "says": "During the Thirty Years' War, even though there were no significant battles around Berg, the territories still had to deal with the stresses of war."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "History - Wittelsbach Rule", "says": "As such, he moved his capital from Düsseldorf to Mannheim, where it remained until the Elector Palatine, Charles Theodore, inherited the Electorate of Bavaria in 1777."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "History - French revolution, Grand Duchy of Berg", "says": "In 1806, in the reorganization of the German lands occasioned by the end of the Holy Roman Empire, Berg became the Grand Duchy of Berg, under the rule of Napoleon's brother-in-law, Joachim Murat."}, {"id": "Q641138", "label": "Duchy of Cleves", "section": "History - French revolution, Grand Duchy of Berg", "says": "Murat's arms combined the red lion of Berg with the arms of the Duchy of Cleves."}, {"id": "Q73465", "label": "Napoleon Louis Bonaparte", "section": "History - French revolution, Grand Duchy of Berg", "says": "In 1809, one year after Murat's promotion from Grand Duke of Berg to King of Naples, Napoleon's young nephew, Prince Napoleon Louis Bonaparte (1804–1831, elder son of Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland) became the Grand Duke of Berg; French bureaucrats administered the territory in the name of the child."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "says": "In 1815, after the Congress of Vienna, Berg became part of a province of the Kingdom of Prussia: the Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg."}], "Q157013": [{"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "Its rulers belonged to the junior Swabian branch of the House of Hohenzollern."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The small sovereign state with the capital city of Sigmaringen was annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1850 following the abdication of its sovereign in the wake of the revolutions of 1848, then became part of the newly created Province of Hohenzollern."}], "Q168651": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (German: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel), spelled Hesse-Cassel during its entire existence, was a state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "lead", "says": "His eldest son William IV inherited the northern half of the Landgraviate and the capital of Kassel."}, {"id": "Q61207", "label": "Prince Friedrich of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the family who are known to have served Denmark-Norway include Prince Frederik of Hesse-Kassel, Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, and Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel."}, {"id": "Q284667", "label": "Electorate of Mainz", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1801, Hesse was forced to cede land to Revolutionary France, but in 1803 it was compensated with land around the former Electorate of Mainz and was elevated to the status of Electorate as the Electorate of Hesse, officially ending the Landgraviate."}, {"id": "Q529605", "label": "Electorate of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1801, Hesse was forced to cede land to Revolutionary France, but in 1803 it was compensated with land around the former Electorate of Mainz and was elevated to the status of Electorate as the Electorate of Hesse, officially ending the Landgraviate."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "When the Thirty Years' War began, he was on the Protestant side."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "William V allied himself with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and then France, losing most of Hesse-Kassel when Imperial troops invaded."}, {"id": "Q319376", "label": "Hanau-Münzenberg", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "He died in exile in 1637, leaving his widow Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg to act as regent for their eight-year-old son William VI."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "At the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Hesse-Kassel was further rewarded with most of the County of Schaumburg and the newly secularized Hersfeld Abbey."}, {"id": "Q52932", "label": "Frederick I of Sweden", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "Frederick I of Sweden, the next landgrave, became by marriage King of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "On Frederick I's death in 1751, he was succeeded by his brother William VIII, who fought as an ally of Kingdom of Great Britain during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "On Frederick I's death in 1751, he was succeeded by his brother William VIII, who fought as an ally of Kingdom of Great Britain during the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - 17th and 18th centuries", "says": "When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Frederick II leased Hessian troops to Great Britain for service in America."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "Hesse fought on the side of Coalition in the War of the First Coalition, against the First French Republic."}, {"id": "Q506216", "label": "William I, Elector of Hesse", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "Following the reorganization of the German states during the German mediatisation of 1803, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel gained land and was raised to the Electorate of Hesse and Landgrave William IX was elevated to Imperial Elector, taking the title William I, Elector of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "In 1806, William I was dispossessed by Napoleon Bonaparte for his support of the Kingdom of Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "In 1806, William I was dispossessed by Napoleon Bonaparte for his support of the Kingdom of Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "In 1806, William I was dispossessed by Napoleon Bonaparte for his support of the Kingdom of Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "Kassel was designated as the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia, where Napoleon appointed his brother Jérôme Bonaparte as king."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "Kassel was designated as the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia, where Napoleon appointed his brother Jérôme Bonaparte as king."}, {"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "Kassel was designated as the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia, where Napoleon appointed his brother Jérôme Bonaparte as king."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "At the Congress of Vienna, a number of Napoleonic electorates were elevated to kingdoms, and William tried to secure recognition as King of the Chatti."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - End of the landgraviate", "says": "The rulers of the Electorate of Hesse became the only Prince-Electors in the German Confederation, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor for them to elect."}], "Q1794352": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Trier (German: Kurfürstentum Trier or Kurtrier; French: Trèves) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the end of the 9th to the early 19th century."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "It was raised to archiepiscopal status during the reign of Charlemagne, whose will mentions the bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun as its suffragans."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 816 Louis the Pious confirmed to Archbishop Hetto the privileges of protection and immunity granted by his father."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "At the partition of the Carolingian Empire at Verdun in 843, Trier was given to Lothair; at the partition of Lotharingia at Mersen in 870, it became part of the East Frankish kingdom, which developed into the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "At the partition of the Carolingian Empire at Verdun in 843, Trier was given to Lothair; at the partition of Lotharingia at Mersen in 870, it became part of the East Frankish kingdom, which developed into the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "At the partition of the Carolingian Empire at Verdun in 843, Trier was given to Lothair; at the partition of Lotharingia at Mersen in 870, it became part of the East Frankish kingdom, which developed into the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 898, Archbishop Radbod received complete immunity from all taxes for the entire episcopal territory, granted by Zwentibold, who was the natural son of Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia, and who reigned briefly as King of Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "From the court of Charles the Simple, he obtained the final right of election of the Bishop of Trier by the chapter, free of Imperial interference."}, {"id": "Q316832", "label": "Philipp Christoph von Sötern", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "During the Thirty Years' War, Archbishop-Elector Philipp Christoph von Sötern supported France against the Habsburgs, leading to a rivalry between French and Spanish troops about the strategic cities and fortresses of the Electorate."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "Warfare returned to the Electorate in 1673 during the Franco-Dutch War, when the French Army occupied Trier and stayed until 1675."}, {"id": "Q673556", "label": "War of the Reunions", "section": "History - Early modern", "says": "In 1684, with the War of the Reunions, an era of French expansion began."}], "Q2010024": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "As a federal state, it was composed of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and the autonomous regions of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus', the latter being renamed Carpathian Ukraine on 30 December 1938."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where the First Republic was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where the First Republic was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Munich Agreement and the German government made clear to foreign diplomats that Czechoslovakia was now a German client state, the Czechoslovak government attempted to curry favour with Germany by banning the country's Communist Party, suspending all Jewish teachers in German educational institutes in Czechoslovakia, and enacted a law to allow the state to take over Jewish companies."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 November, by the First Vienna Award, the southern parts of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia were ceded to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q152750", "label": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was dissolved when Germany invaded it on 15 March 1939, and annexed the Czech region into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia."}, {"id": "Q156502", "label": "Emil Hácha", "section": "lead", "says": "On the same day as the German occupation, the President of Czechoslovakia, Emil Hácha, was appointed by the German government as the State President of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, a position he held throughout the war."}], "Q2365048": [{"id": "Q157727", "label": "Ifat Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Sabr ad-Din III on the Harar plateau in Adal after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabited low land portion east of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Including north of the Awash River towards Lake Abbe as well as the territory between Shewa and Zeila on the coast of Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q460342", "label": "Amda Seyon I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1332, Adal was invaded by the Ethiopian Emperor Amda Seyon I."}, {"id": "Q716024", "label": "Dawit I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In the late 14th century, the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit I collected a large army, branded the Muslims of the surrounding area \"enemies of the Lord\", and invaded Adal."}, {"id": "Q581685", "label": "Yeshaq I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "After much war, Adal's troops were defeated in 1403 or 1410 (under Emperor Dawit I or Emperor Yeshaq I, respectively)."}, {"id": "Q888016", "label": "Tewodros I", "section": "History - Rise of the Sultanate", "says": "The Emperor of Ethiopia Tewodros I was soon killed by the Adal Sultanate upon the return of Sa'ad ad-Din's heirs to the Horn of Africa."}, {"id": "Q332790", "label": "Leo Africanus", "section": "History - Rise of the Sultanate", "says": "Adal would thereafter govern all of the territory formerly ruled by the Ifat Sultanate, as well as the land further east all the way to Cape Guardafui, according to Leo Africanus."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Rise of the Sultanate", "says": "Later on in the campaign, the Adalites were struck by a catastrophe when Sultan Mansur and his brother Muhammad were captured in battle by the Solomonids."}, {"id": "Q733163", "label": "Baeda Maryam I", "section": "History - Decline of sultan's authority", "says": "Following the defeat and death of Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din at the Battle of Gomit, the next Sultan of Adal, Muhammad ibn Badlay, submitted to Emperor Baeda Maryam I and started paying annual tribute to the Ethiopian Empire with which he secure peace."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "History - Decline of sultan's authority", "says": "Emperor Na'od and Sultan Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din tried to remain at peace, but their efforts were nullified by the raids which Emir Mahfuz constantly made into Christian territory."}, {"id": "Q558437", "label": "Lebna Dengel", "section": "History - Decline of sultan's authority", "says": "Emperor Dawit II (Lebna Dengel) would soon succeed the throne, Mahfuz having recovered from his defeat renewed raids against the frontier provinces."}, {"id": "Q887847", "label": "Gelawdewos", "section": "History - Collapse of the sultanate", "says": "In 1559, urged on by his wife, Nur once again took the offensive and invaded the Ethiopian Empire, killing Ethiopian Emperor Gelawdewos in the Battle of Fatagar."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Collapse of the sultanate", "says": "Muhammad ibn Nasir was also defeated and killed at the Battle of Webi River, thus permanently ending Adal aggression towards Ethiopia."}], "Q325493": [{"id": "Q154816", "label": "Kingdom of the Iberians", "section": "lead", "says": "Through dynastic succession, it was united in 1008 with the Kingdom of the Iberians, forming the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Through dynastic succession, it was united in 1008 with the Kingdom of the Iberians, forming the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "The successful defense against the Arabs, and new territorial gains, gave the Abkhazian princes enough power to claim more autonomy from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q209793", "label": "Constantine III", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "In about 908 King Constantine III (c.894–923) had finally annexed a significant portion of Kartli, bringing his borders close to the Arab-controlled Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "George was also known as a promoter of Orthodox Christianity and a patron of Georgian Christian culture."}, {"id": "Q41836", "label": "Theodosios III", "section": "History - Establishment and consolidation", "says": "A bitter civil war and feudal revolts which began under Demetrius III (c.969–976) led the kingdom into complete anarchy under the unfortunate Theodosius III the Blind (c.975–978), a weak and inauspicious king."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "In 978, the Bagratid prince Bagrat, nephew (sister's son) of the heirless Theodosius, occupied the Abkhazian throne with the help of his adoptive father David III of Tao."}, {"id": "Q1363706", "label": "David III of Tao", "section": "History - Unification", "says": "In 978, the Bagratid prince Bagrat, nephew (sister's son) of the heirless Theodosius, occupied the Abkhazian throne with the help of his adoptive father David III of Tao."}], "Q449639": [{"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded sometime after the ancient Kingdom of Kush fell, around 350 AD, Alodia is first mentioned in historical records in 569."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last of the three Nubian kingdoms to convert to Christianity in 580, following Nobadia and Makuria."}, {"id": "Q55229963", "label": "Kingdom of Fazughli", "section": "lead", "says": "This likely marked the end of Alodia, although some Sudanese oral traditions claimed that it survived in the form of the Kingdom of Fazughli within the Ethiopian–Sudanese borderlands."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "It appeared again as Alwa on a list of Kushite towns by the Roman author Pliny the Elder (1st century AD), said to be located south of Meroë."}, {"id": "Q718607", "label": "John of Ephesus", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 569 the Kingdom of Alodia was mentioned for the first time, being described by John of Ephesus as a kingdom on th"}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Christianization and peak", "says": "Between 639 and 641, Muslim Arabs conquered Egypt from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "It has been suggested that Alodia was under attack by an African, possibly Nilotic, people called Damadim who originated from the border region of modern Sudan and South Sudan, along the Bahr el Ghazal River."}, {"id": "Q1475713", "label": "Sennar Sultanate", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The Funj Chronicle, a multi-authored history of the Funj Sultanate compiled in the 19th century, ascribes the destruction of Alodia to King Amara Dunqas; he was also allied with Abdallah Jammah."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Legacy", "says": "Recent excavations in western Ethiopia seem to confirm the theory of an Alodian migration."}], "Q49697": [{"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Liu Hui (刘辉) was a descendant of Liu Song royalty who fled north to the Xianbei Northern Wei in exile and married the Xianbei Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主), daughter of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei."}, {"id": "Q1327614", "label": "Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Liu Hui (刘辉) was a descendant of Liu Song royalty who fled north to the Xianbei Northern Wei in exile and married the Xianbei Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主), daughter of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei."}], "Q519718": [{"id": "Q23039102", "label": "First Toungoo Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, Toungoo \"exercised suzerainty from present-day Assam, Manipur to the Cambodian marches and from the borders of Arakan to Yunnan\" and was \"probably the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.\" The dynasty ruled in two periods: the First Toungoo Empire (1510–1599) and the Nyaungyan Restoration (1599–1752)."}, {"id": "Q981475", "label": "Tabinshwehti", "section": "lead", "says": "Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the territories of the Pagan Kingdom for the first time since 1287 and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time, in addition to including Manipur, Chinese Shan States, Siam and Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "lead", "says": "Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the territories of the Pagan Kingdom for the first time since 1287 and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time, in addition to including Manipur, Chinese Shan States, Siam and Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the territories of the Pagan Kingdom for the first time since 1287 and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time, in addition to including Manipur, Chinese Shan States, Siam and Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "lead", "says": "Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the territories of the Pagan Kingdom for the first time since 1287 and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time, in addition to including Manipur, Chinese Shan States, Siam and Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the territories of the Pagan Kingdom for the first time since 1287 and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time, in addition to including Manipur, Chinese Shan States, Siam and Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q3056673", "label": "Nyaungyan Min", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty quickly regrouped under the leadership of Nyaungyan Min and his son, Anaukpetlun, who succeeded in restoring a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Shan States and Lan Na by 1622."}, {"id": "Q488485", "label": "Anaukpetlun", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty quickly regrouped under the leadership of Nyaungyan Min and his son, Anaukpetlun, who succeeded in restoring a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Shan States and Lan Na by 1622."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty quickly regrouped under the leadership of Nyaungyan Min and his son, Anaukpetlun, who succeeded in restoring a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Shan States and Lan Na by 1622."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "lead", "says": "Starting from the 1720s, the kingdom was beset with raids by the Meitei people of the Chindwin River, and a rebellion in Chiang Mai."}, {"id": "Q3302610", "label": "Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1740, the Mon people in Lower Burma began a rebellion, founding the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q3182715", "label": "Nanda Bayin", "section": "History - Bayinnaung's Empire", "says": "His son Nanda Bayin and his successors were forced to quell rebellions in other parts of the kingdom, and the conquest of Arakan was never achieved."}], "Q530670": [{"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "Kingdom of Burgundy, named after the Germanic tribe of Burgundians, was a name given to various successive kingdoms centered in the historical region of Burgundy during the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The heartland of historical Burgundy correlates with the border area between France and Switzerland, and includes the major modern cities of Geneva and Lyon."}, {"id": "Q33242", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 9th century, it was divided into Upper and Lower Burgundy and Provence."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Later successors to this state included the Kingdom of Provence, the Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Later successors to this state included the Kingdom of Provence, the Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy."}], "Q558603": [{"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After being absorbed into the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE), Panchala regained its independence until it was annexed by the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE."}], "Q63158027": [{"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "lead", "says": "In the power struggle following the death of Karim Khan Zand in 1779, Agha Mohammad defeated all competitors from the preceding Zand and Afsharid dynasties, unifying Iran."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty lost much of its conquered territory to the Russian Empire in the first decades of the 19th century, comprising modern-day eastern Georgia, Russia (Dagestan), Azerbaijan, and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty lost much of its conquered territory to the Russian Empire in the first decades of the 19th century, comprising modern-day eastern Georgia, Russia (Dagestan), Azerbaijan, and Armenia."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Qajar Iran's early foreign policy also focused heavily on reclaiming Afghanistan, which led to the First and Second Herat War in the Herat Question."}, {"id": "Q2996241", "label": "British-Russian Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "They eventually partitioned Qajar Iran in the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention, carving out Russian and British influence zones and a neutral zone."}, {"id": "Q4818171", "label": "Persian Constitutional Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 20th century, the Persian Constitutional Revolution created an elected parliament or Majles, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar for Ahmad Shah Qajar, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an intervention led by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q355603", "label": "Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 20th century, the Persian Constitutional Revolution created an elected parliament or Majles, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar for Ahmad Shah Qajar, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an intervention led by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q317799", "label": "Ahmad Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 20th century, the Persian Constitutional Revolution created an elected parliament or Majles, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar for Ahmad Shah Qajar, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an intervention led by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the Persian campaign of World War I and the invasion by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the Persian campaign of World War I and the invasion by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q182921", "label": "Reza Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Four years after the 1921 Persian coup d'état, the military officer Reza Shah took power in 1925, thus establishing the Pahlavi dynasty, the last Iranian royal dynasty."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "According to the same late legend, the Qajar tribe's namesake ancestor was Qajar Noyan, said to be the son of a Mongol named Sartuq Noyan, who reportedly served as atabeg to the Ilkhanate ruler Arghun (r."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Like the other Oghuz tribes in Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia during the rule of the Aq Qoyunlu, the Qajars likely also converted to Shia Islam and adopted the teachings of the Safavid order."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "In 1779, following the death of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the leader of the Qajars, set out to reunify Iran."}, {"id": "Q1636212", "label": "Karabakh Khanate", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh Khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh Khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus", "says": "In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of the Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Erekle II (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "History - Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus", "says": "In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of the Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Erekle II (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "History - Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus", "says": "After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II assumed control over Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "History - Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus", "says": "In 1783, Erekle II placed his kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Georgievsk."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "History - Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus", "says": "Unlike Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, the then-ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire, both immediate bordering geopolitical rivals of Russia."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories", "says": "The Qajar army suffered a major military defeat in the war, and under the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, Iran was forced to cede most of its Caucasian territories comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q210198", "label": "Erivan Khanate", "section": "History - Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories", "says": "About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan Treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "History - Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories", "says": "It ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of Tabriz and the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the entire South Caucasus and Dagestan, as well as therefore the ceding of what is nowadays Armenia and the remaining part of Republic of Azerbaijan; the new border between neighboring Russia and Iran were set at the Aras Ri"}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories", "says": "Out of the greater part of the territory, six separate nations would be formed through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and three generally unrecognized republics Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia claimed by Georgia."}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "History - Migration of Caucasian Muslims", "says": "As The Cambridge History of Iran states; \"The steady encroachment of Russian troops along the frontier in the Caucasus, General Yermolov's brutal punitive expeditions and misgovernment, drove large numbers of Muslims, and even some Georgian Christians, into exile in Iran.\"\nIn 1864 until the early 20th century, another mass expulsion took place of Caucasian Muslims as a result of the Russian victor"}, {"id": "Q617772", "label": "Anglo-Persian War", "section": "History - Development and decline", "says": "Britain declared war on Iran in November 1856 (the Anglo-Persian War), but the Persian occupation of Herat itself represented a clear military and political victory for Naser al-Din Shah, temporarily restoring Iranian control over a region lost since the mid-1700s."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Development and decline", "says": "Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Iranian ties to the cities of Bukhara, Merv and Samarqand."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "History - Development and decline", "says": "Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Iranian ties to the cities of Bukhara, Merv and Samarqand."}, {"id": "Q2745313", "label": "Agha Petros", "section": "History - World War I and related events", "says": "Numerous clashes would take place there between the Russians, who were further aided by the Assyrians under Agha Petros as well as Armenian volunteer units and battalions, and the Ottomans on the other side."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - World War I and related events", "says": "However, with the advent of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent withdrawal of most of the Russian troops, the Ottomans gained the upper hand in Iran, occupying significant portions of the country until the end of the war."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "History - World War I and related events", "says": "The front in Iran would last up to the Armistice of Mudros in 1918."}], "Q686312": [{"id": "Q1051600", "label": "Duchy of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "The city and its territory were originally part of the larger Duchy of Naples, governed by a patrician, but it extracted itself from Byzantine vassalage and first elected a duke (or doge) in 958."}], "Q736839": [{"id": "Q737542", "label": "Genpei War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as shōgun."}, {"id": "Q1372308", "label": "Jōkyū War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281."}, {"id": "Q826021", "label": "Kenmu Restoration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333, re-establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offspring overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 (Nanboku-chō period)."}, {"id": "Q313942", "label": "Go-Daigo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333, re-establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offspring overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 (Nanboku-chō period)."}, {"id": "Q589811", "label": "Hōjō Tokimasa", "section": "History - The Hōjō Regency", "says": "Hōjō Tokimasa, the father of Yoritomo's widow, Hōjō Masako, and former guardian and protector of Yoritomo, claimed the title of regent (shikken) to Yoritomo's son Minamoto no Yoriie, eventually making that claim hereditary to the Hōjō clan."}, {"id": "Q1028811", "label": "Hōjō Yoshitoki", "section": "History - The Hōjō Regency", "says": "The problem was solved by choosing Kujo Yoritsune, a distant relation of the Minamoto, who would be the fourth shōgun and figurehead, while Hōjō Yoshitoki would take care of day-to-day business."}, {"id": "Q1328796", "label": "Nitta Yoshisada", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "At the same time another warlord loyal to the emperor, Nitta Yoshisada, attacked Kamakura and took it."}], "Q798431": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Dahomey (French: République du Dahomey; pronounced [daɔmɛ]), simply known as Dahomey (Fon: Danhomè), was established on 4 December 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community."}, {"id": "Q171203", "label": "Benin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1975, the country was renamed Benin after the Bight of Benin (which was in turn named after the Kingdom of Benin which had its seat of power in Benin City, modern-day Nigeria), since \"Benin\" was deemed politically neutral for all ethnic groups in the state, whereas \"Dahomey\" recalled the Fon-dominated Kingdom of Dahomey."}], "Q834486": [{"id": "Q49910", "label": "Colony of Aden", "section": "History - Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia", "says": "The Federation of six states was inaugurated in the British Colony of Aden on 11 February 1959, and the Federation and Britain signed a \"Treaty of Friendship and Protection,\" which detailed plans for British financial and military assistance."}, {"id": "Q203129", "label": "Duncan Sandys", "section": "History - Federation of South Arabia", "says": "On 23 July 1962, negotiations began in London between the British Minister of Colonies, Duncan Sandys, and the ministers of the Federation of South Arabia and the Colony of Aden."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "History - Federation of South Arabia", "says": "On 30 November 1967, the Federation was dissolved following independence, along with the Protectorate of South Arabia, and the formation of the People's Republic of Southern Yemen."}], "Q856843": [{"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Arab States (UAS, Arabic: اتحاد الدول العربية) was a short-lived confederation between the United Arab Republic and the Kingdom of Yemen from 1958 to 1961."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Arab States (UAS, Arabic: اتحاد الدول العربية) was a short-lived confederation between the United Arab Republic and the Kingdom of Yemen from 1958 to 1961."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "One reason for this decision was because North Yemen had felt threatened by its considerably larger and more powerful northern neighbor Saudi Arabia and saw the confederation as a source of security."}], "Q862532": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Origins and the House of Garen", "says": "Its origin lies in the Garen Kingdom that during the 13th century ruled parts of the Somali Region of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q861784", "label": "Sultanate of Mogadishu", "section": "History - Rise to prominence and dominance", "says": "Historically, the Sultanate of Mogadishu was confined by the Adal Sultanate in the north."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - Rise to prominence and dominance", "says": "Historically, the Sultanate of Mogadishu was confined by the Adal Sultanate in the north."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Rise to prominence and dominance", "says": "Described as one country by Ibn Battuta, a journey to Mogadishu from the town of Zeila took him eight weeks to complete."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Ajuran-Portuguese battles", "says": "The European Age of Discovery brought Europe's then superpower the Portuguese Empire to the coast of East Africa, which enjoyed a flourishing trade with foreign nations."}, {"id": "Q81116", "label": "Tristão da Cunha", "section": "History - Ajuran-Portuguese battles", "says": "Tristão da Cunha then set his eyes on Ajuran territory, where the Battle of Barawa was fought."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ajuran-Portuguese battles", "says": "The Ottoman Empire would rem"}, {"id": "Q2257830", "label": "Majeerteen Sultanate", "section": "History - Fall of Benadir and Southern Somalia", "says": "However, other principalities such as the Isaaq Sultanate, Warsangali Sultanate, Majeerteen Sultanate, and the Sultanate of Hobyo in a way ensured its continuity."}, {"id": "Q862404", "label": "Sultanate of Hobyo", "section": "History - Fall of Benadir and Southern Somalia", "says": "However, other principalities such as the Isaaq Sultanate, Warsangali Sultanate, Majeerteen Sultanate, and the Sultanate of Hobyo in a way ensured its continuity."}], "Q862701": [{"id": "Q206719", "label": "Mathieu Kérékou", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Republic was established on 30 November 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état led by Marxist and nationalist general Mathieu Kérékou in the Republic of Dahomey."}, {"id": "Q798431", "label": "Republic of Dahomey", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Republic was established on 30 November 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état led by Marxist and nationalist general Mathieu Kérékou in the Republic of Dahomey."}, {"id": "Q437248", "label": "Bob Denard", "section": "History - Attempted coup", "says": "In January 1977, an attempted coup, called Operation Shrimp, led by the mercenary Bob Denard and supported by France, Gabon, and Morocco failed and hardened the regime, which was officially moving toward the way of a government-political party."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Attempted coup", "says": "Benin received only modest support from other communist states, hosting several teams from cooperating Cuba, East Germany, the Soviet Union, and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Attempted coup", "says": "Benin received only modest support from other communist states, hosting several teams from cooperating Cuba, East Germany, the Soviet Union, and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Attempted coup", "says": "Benin received only modest support from other communist states, hosting several teams from cooperating Cuba, East Germany, the Soviet Union, and North Korea."}, {"id": "Q336218", "label": "Nicéphore Soglo", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "In the presidential election in March 1991, Prime Minister Nicéphore Soglo defeated Kérékou, winning 67.7% of the vote."}], "Q874357": [{"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Turkic Khaganate (Chinese: 西突厥; pinyin: Xī Tūjué) or Onoq Khaganate (Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰣:𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣, romanized: On oq budun, lit. 'Ten arrow people') was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, which formed as a result of the wars during the beginning of the 7th century (593–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate, which was founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan, split int"}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The khaganate's capitals were Navekat, the summer capital and Suyab, which was the principal capital, both situated in the Chui River valley in Kyrgyzstan, to the east of Bishkek."}, {"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the west, the breakup of the Western Turkic Khaganate led to the rise of the Turkic Khazar Khaganate (c."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - Western expansion (552–575)", "says": "The Göktürks and Mongols were the only two empires to rule both the eastern and central steppe."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Western expansion (552–575)", "says": "Their expansion west from modern-day Mongolia is poorly documented."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Western expansion (552–575)", "says": "At this time the Hephthalites held the Tarim Basin, Fergana, Sogdia, Bactria and Merv, with the Persians at approximately their present border."}, {"id": "Q207381", "label": "Khosrow I", "section": "History - Western expansion (552–575)", "says": "Khosrow I made peace with the Byzantines and turned on the Hephthalites."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Western expansion (552–575)", "says": "In 571 a border was drawn along the Oxus, the Persians expanding east to Afghanistan, and the Turks gaining the Sogdian merchant cities and their control of the Silk Road."}, {"id": "Q191610", "label": "Heshana Khan", "section": "History - Late period (575–630)", "says": "Heshana Qaghan (603–611) was driven out of Dzungaria and then defeated by Shikui Khagan (610–617), Tardu's grandson."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Tokhara Yabghus and Turk Shahis", "says": "Shikui Khagan's brother Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618–630) ruled from the Tarim basin to the Caspian Sea, and met Xuanzang."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "History - Tokhara Yabghus and Turk Shahis", "says": "He sent men to fight the Persians south of the Caucasus, and also sent his son Tardush Shad to fight in Afghanistan, where he established the Tokhara Yabghus, who themselves projected the Turk Shahis as far east as India."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "History - Tokhara Yabghus and Turk Shahis", "says": "The factions quarreled and the Nushibi and Emperor Taizong of Tang enthroned Irbis Seguy (642–651)."}, {"id": "Q1074375", "label": "Su Dingfang", "section": "History - Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (640–657)", "says": "Emperor Gaozong sent an army led by Su Dingfang to defeat the Western Turks in 657."}, {"id": "Q9738", "label": "Wu Zetian", "section": "History - Tang puppet rulers", "says": "Empress Wu Zetian sent Yuanqing and Böri westward in 685 to succeed their fathers as proxy rulers."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Tang puppet rulers", "says": "Turkic tribes resisted Yuanqing's rule and he was captured by the Tibetan Empire between 686-689."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Tang puppet rulers", "says": "Böri was able to bring the western tribes temporarily under his rule, but was defeated in 690 during an invasion by the Second Turkic Khaganate, and he too was forced to escape to the Tang along with 60,000 followers."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Ashina Duzhi's rebellion", "says": "He captured Kucha with the help of the Tibetans."}], "Q940123": [{"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty governed as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from its capital Tahert (present day Tagdemt) until the Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate defeated it."}, {"id": "Q37731", "label": "Uthman ibn Affan", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Rustamids were of Persian origin and descended from a mawla of Rashidun caliph Uthman ibn Affan, who may have been related to a Persian general killed at the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "They claimed descent from the Kings of Kings of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 757 (140 AH), a group of four Basra-educated missionaries including Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam proclaimed an Ibadi imamate in Tripolitania, starting an abortive state led by Abu al-Khattab Abdul-A'la ibn as-Samh which lasted until the Abbasid Caliphate dispatched Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i to suppress it in 761."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 757 (140 AH), a group of four Basra-educated missionaries including Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam proclaimed an Ibadi imamate in Tripolitania, starting an abortive state led by Abu al-Khattab Abdul-A'la ibn as-Samh which lasted until the Abbasid Caliphate dispatched Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i to suppress it in 761."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Ifriqiya was conquered by the Abbasids from Kharijite control and Abu al-Khattab ibn as-Samh was killed."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Initially, ibn Rustam received financial assistance from the Kharijites of Basra."}, {"id": "Q337126", "label": "Al-Bakri", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Al-Bakri mentions that after the establishment of Tahert, tribes within the area congregated around the vicinity of Tahert as the town was conceived of as a military base of the Imam and leader of the Ibadi tribes."}, {"id": "Q207600", "label": "Aghlabids", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In 812, Imam Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman supported the Huwara in their siege of Tripoli, which was held by the Aghlabids."}, {"id": "Q11903921", "label": "Abu al-Abbas Abdallah ibn Ibrahim", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Aghlabid Emir Abdallah ibn Ibrahim made peace with the Rustamids by ceding Tripolitania."}], "Q1139807": [{"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Galicia and also a part of the Kingdom of León, before being abolished as a result of rebellion."}, {"id": "Q303421", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Galicia and also a part of the Kingdom of León, before being abolished as a result of rebellion."}, {"id": "Q175276", "label": "Kingdom of Leon", "section": "lead", "says": "The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Galicia and also a part of the Kingdom of León, before being abolished as a result of rebellion."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and subsequently elevated by its count in the mid-12th century into an independent Kingdom of Portugal."}], "Q12150341": [{"id": "Q862648", "label": "Ismail Samani", "section": "lead", "says": "In 892, Ismail Samani, son of Ahmad, united the Samanids under his rule."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also under him that the Samanids became effectively independent of the Abbasids."}, {"id": "Q43459", "label": "Ferdowsi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samanids were patrons of the arts, leading to advancements in science and literature, and as a result attracted scholars such as Rudaki, Ferdowsi, and Avicenna."}, {"id": "Q8011", "label": "Avicenna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Samanids were patrons of the arts, leading to advancements in science and literature, and as a result attracted scholars such as Rudaki, Ferdowsi, and Avicenna."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They considered themselves to be descendants of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Samanid dynasty was descended from Saman Khuda, a dehqan of Iranian origin from the village of Saman in Balkh province, in present-day northern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q311283", "label": "Bahram Chobin", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In some sources, the Samanids claimed to be descended from the House of Mihran of Bahram Chobin."}, {"id": "Q135481", "label": "Lev Gumilev", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "According to Lev Gumilev, they were considered the ancestors of the Samanids."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In other words, both the artist and his patron may have understood their medallion as harking to the pre-Islamic kingly tradition of Balkh without realizing its direct connection to Nīzak or the Hephthalites.\" He adds that Samanid-era writings portray the Hephthalites negatively."}, {"id": "Q2639607", "label": "Muhammad of Khorasan", "section": "History - The Samanids in Herat (819–857)", "says": "The Tahirid governor of Khorasan, Muhammad ibn Tahir, subsequently appointed him as the commander of his army, and sent him on an expedition against the Saffarid ruler Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Final unification and height of power (892–907)", "says": "In 900, Ismail sent an army under Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi against Muhammad ibn Zayd, the Zaydi ruler of Tabaristan and Gorgan."}, {"id": "Q555219", "label": "Alp Tigin", "section": "History - Decline and fall (961–999)", "says": "In 962, one of the ghulams, Alp Tigin, commander of the army in Khorasan, seized Ghazna and established himself there."}, {"id": "Q32853", "label": "Sabuktigin", "section": "History - Decline and fall (961–999)", "says": "His successors, however, including Sabuktigin, continued to rule as Samanid \"governors\"."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "History - Decline and fall (961–999)", "says": "With the weakened Samanids facing rising challenges from the Karakhanids for control of Transoxiana, Sabuktigin later took control of all the provinces south of the Oxus and established the Ghaznavid Empire."}, {"id": "Q3239600", "label": "Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan", "section": "History - Decline and fall (961–999)", "says": "In 992, a Karakhanid, Harun Bughra Khan, grandson of the paramount tribal chief of the Karluk confederation Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, captured Bukhara, the Samanid capital."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Decline and fall (961–999)", "says": "The Samanid domains were split up between the Ghaznavids, who gained Khorasan, and the Karakhanids, who received Transoxiana; the Oxus River thus became the boundary between the two rival empires."}], "Q1400616": [{"id": "Q450558", "label": "Neferkare", "section": "End of the Old Kingdom and decline into chaos", "says": "Given that five Eighth Dynasty kings bore Pepi II's throne name Neferkare as part of their own names, they may have been descendants of 6th Dynasty, who were trying to hold on to some sort of power."}, {"id": "Q6198", "label": "Pepi II", "section": "End of the Old Kingdom and decline into chaos", "says": "His pyramid has been found at Saqqara near that of Pepi II and, like its predecessors, had the Pyramid Texts written on the walls."}], "Q146871": [{"id": "Q1319659", "label": "Muhammad bin Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin, and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a pact founding a socio-religious reform movement that propagated the Wahhabi religious doctrine under the political leadership of the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin, and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a pact founding a socio-religious reform movement that propagated the Wahhabi religious doctrine under the political leadership of the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin, and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a pact founding a socio-religious reform movement that propagated the Wahhabi religious doctrine under the political leadership of the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Early establishment", "says": "In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd."}, {"id": "Q3473086", "label": "Saud bin Abdulaziz", "section": "History - Early establishment", "says": "In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, Saud bin Abdulaziz, sent out forces to bring the region of Hejaz under his rule."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Early establishment", "says": "This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Decline of sovereignty", "says": "The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, by the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "History - Decline of sovereignty", "says": "This initiated the Ottoman–Saudi War, in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Decline of sovereignty", "says": "Before the unification of modern Saudi Arabia, several emirates and kingdoms were established in the region, eventually paving the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."}], "Q146885": [{"id": "Q131404661", "label": "Syrian Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic, which had become de facto independent from the French Mandate in April 1946."}, {"id": "Q26234937", "label": "First Syrian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic, which had become de facto independent from the French Mandate in April 1946."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was established under the Syrian Constitution of 1950, which was suspended from 1950 to 1954 during Adib Shishakli's rule and later became inoperative when Syria joined with the Republic of Egypt to form the United Arab Republic in 1958."}, {"id": "Q3087763", "label": "Republic of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was established under the Syrian Constitution of 1950, which was suspended from 1950 to 1954 during Adib Shishakli's rule and later became inoperative when Syria joined with the Republic of Egypt to form the United Arab Republic in 1958."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was established under the Syrian Constitution of 1950, which was suspended from 1950 to 1954 during Adib Shishakli's rule and later became inoperative when Syria joined with the Republic of Egypt to form the United Arab Republic in 1958."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "During the Suez Crisis of 1956, after the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops, martial law was declared in Syria."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Early years", "says": "In November 1956, Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union, providing a foothold for Communist influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria."}, {"id": "Q355416", "label": "Michel Aflaq", "section": "History - 1961–1963", "says": "The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar."}], "Q150061": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ararat was a self-proclaimed Kurdish state from 1927 to 1931."}], "Q1636212": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Karabakh Khanate (also spelled Qarabagh; Persian: خانات قره‌باغ, romanized: Khānāt-e Qarabāgh; Russian: Карабахское ханство, romanized: Karabakhskoye khanstvo) was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the historical region of Karabakh, now divided between modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q2493381", "label": "Panah Ali Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1747, the Javanshir chieftain Panah Ali Khan capitalized on the turmoil that erupted after the death of the Iranian shah (king) Nader Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1747, the Javanshir chieftain Panah Ali Khan capitalized on the turmoil that erupted after the death of the Iranian shah (king) Nader Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q197881", "label": "Adil Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year he declared his allegiance to Nader Shah's son and successor Adel Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1762, Panah Ali Khan acknowledged the authority of the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r."}, {"id": "Q2500172", "label": "Ibrahim Khalil Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter took Panah Ali Khan hostage to Shiraz and appointed his son Ibrahim Khalil Khan as the new khan."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Karim Khan's death in 1779, Ibrahim Khalil Khan strived to maintain his autonomy by allying himself with the Georgian king Heraclius II and making contact with the Russian Empire, even briefly submitting to the latter."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of his defiance, he was in 1797 ousted from Karabakh by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the new ruler of Iran."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "He established friendly relations with Agha Mohammad Khan's successor Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "By the early 16th century, Armenia had become a focal point of the constant wars between the Ottoman Empire (c."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "1299–1922) and Safavid Iran (1501–1736), which further reduced the Armenian population."}, {"id": "Q2561872", "label": "Iskandar Beg Munshi", "section": "Background", "says": "The Safavid-era historian Iskandar Beg Munshi (died c."}, {"id": "Q4131495", "label": "Haji Chalabi Khan", "section": "History - Panah Ali Khan", "says": "Panah Ali Khan soon fell into a conflict with Haji Chalabi Khan, the khan of the Shaki Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1703449", "label": "Shaki Khanate", "section": "History - Panah Ali Khan", "says": "Panah Ali Khan soon fell into a conflict with Haji Chalabi Khan, the khan of the Shaki Khanate."}, {"id": "Q243201", "label": "Gregory Potyomkin", "section": "History - Consolidation of power", "says": "Capitalizing on the turmoil in Iran, as well as the Ottomans inability to confront Russia, a group of Russians politicians, led by the military leader and statesman Grigory Potemkin, convinced the Russian empress Catherine II (r."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "History - Consolidation of power", "says": "1762–1796) to agree to a bilateral treaty (the Treaty of Georgievsk) with Heraclius in 1783."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Consolidation of power", "says": "1762–1796) to agree to a bilateral treaty (the Treaty of Georgievsk) with Heraclius in 1783."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - First conflict with Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "says": "Since the time of the first Safavid shah (king) Ismail I (r."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "History - Dispute over Karabakh between Iran and Russia", "says": "However, Catherine II's death on 17 November 1796 led to the withdrawal of the Russian forces under the orders of her son and successor Paul I (r."}, {"id": "Q1398598", "label": "Javad Khan", "section": "History - Dispute over Karabakh between Iran and Russia", "says": "Fath-Ali Shah was later convinced of Ibrahim Khalil Khan's lack of reliability by his unwillingness to help Javad Khan against the Russian siege of Ganja in 1804."}, {"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "History - Dispute over Karabakh between Iran and Russia", "says": "The Georgian nobleman Pavel Tsitsianov, who led the Russian campaign and led the siege of Ganja, soon forced Ibrahim Khalil Khan to yield and accept a Russian garrison in Shusha."}, {"id": "Q561465", "label": "Ivan Gudovich", "section": "History - Mehdi Qoli Khan", "says": "Kotliarevskii, the new commander of the Russian garrison in Shusha, was forbidden by the Russian commander Ivan Gudovich to meddle in the internal affairs of the khanate because of his high regard for Mehdi Qoli Khan."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Mehdi Qoli Khan", "says": "The Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813 ended with the Treaty of Gulistan, in which Iran agreed to cede the majority of their holdings in the eastern Caucasus to Russia, including Karabakh."}, {"id": "Q328411", "label": "Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov", "section": "History - Mehdi Qoli Khan", "says": "In 1822, Mehdi Qoli Khan fled to Iran as a result of the attempts by the Russian general Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov to abolish the khanates, which occurred afterwards."}], "Q167360": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Primeira República Portuguesa; officially: República Portuguesa, Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The sixteen years of the First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries, and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance."}, {"id": "Q356691", "label": "Sidónio Pais", "section": "Decline of the Republic", "says": "As had happened with the coup d'état of Sidónio Pais in 1917, the population of Lisbon did not try to protect the Republic, and the left parties themselves and their unions refused to resist the coup, allowing authority to pass into the hands of the army."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "Decline of the Republic", "says": "The Estado Novo would remain in power without interruptions until 1974, when it would be overthrown by the Carnation Revolution and the Third Portuguese Republic would be established and democracy established in the country."}, {"id": "Q1259200", "label": "Third Portuguese Republic", "section": "Decline of the Republic", "says": "The Estado Novo would remain in power without interruptions until 1974, when it would be overthrown by the Carnation Revolution and the Third Portuguese Republic would be established and democracy established in the country."}], "Q168352": [{"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "lead", "says": "Albert the Bear became Duke of Saxony in 1138 and, with the control of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1150, the first Margrave in the formerly Slavic settlement area."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Albert the Bear became Duke of Saxony in 1138 and, with the control of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1150, the first Margrave in the formerly Slavic settlement area."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1180, eastern parts of the Stem Duchy of Saxony passed to the Askanier Bernhard of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q686965", "label": "Anhalt-Bernburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Alexius Friedrich Christian of Anhalt-Bernburg was the first of the Anhalt princes to gain the title of Duke in April 1806."}, {"id": "Q264970", "label": "Anhalt-Köthen", "section": "lead", "says": "The ducal title was adopted in Anhalt-Köthen and Anhalt-Dessau in 1807."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "lead", "says": "The ducal title was adopted in Anhalt-Köthen and Anhalt-Dessau in 1807."}, {"id": "Q16550783", "label": "Duchy of Anhalt", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1863, only the Dessau line has existed, with Aribert of Anhalt abdicating in 1918 due to the November Revolution in the Duchy of Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Beginnings to 1212", "says": "He is mentioned in contemporary documents, such as a diploma issued by Emperor Conrad II on October 26, 1036, at the Pfalz Tilleda (comitatu Esiconis, translated as \"in the county of Esico\")."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - From 1212 to 1603", "says": "The division of 1212 marks the beginning of Anhalt's independent development, with Henry I as its first ruler."}, {"id": "Q67176", "label": "Henry I, Count of Anhalt", "section": "History - From 1212 to 1603", "says": "Henry I of Anhalt appeared as Count of Askanien (comes Aschariae) in a document issued on November 4, 1213."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - From 1212 to 1603", "says": "Henry II founded the Aschersleben line, Bernhard I the Bernburg line, and Siegfried I the Köthen line."}, {"id": "Q706152", "label": "Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst", "section": "History - From 1212 to 1603", "says": "The Askanier acquired the lordship of Zerbst in 1307 from the lords of Barby, which was last administered by Anhalt-Köthen; the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst was established in 1396."}, {"id": "Q69057", "label": "Christian I", "section": "History - Since 1603", "says": "Christian I ruled Anhalt-Bernburg with the town, office, and castle of Bernburg, Plötzkau, Hoym, Ballenstedt, Harzgerode, and Güntersberge."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Since 1603", "says": "Louis I established the Anhalt-Köthen branch and received the town, office, and castle of Köthen with Brambach, Wulfen, Nienburg, and the marks of Jeser, Baalberge, Warmsdorf with Kolbigh, and the Vorwerk Diebzig."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Since 1603", "says": "Emperor Francis II granted the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg the right to be called \"Duke\" in 1806."}, {"id": "Q1157118", "label": "Anhalt-Harzgerode", "section": "History - Since 1603", "says": "Less significant lines included Anhalt-Köthen-Pless (1755 to mid-19th century), Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg (1707–1812), and Anhalt-Harzgerode (1635–1709)."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Today", "says": "Eduard, Prince of Anhalt, is related to British King Charles III and had initial contact with the Windsors in 1947 when his mother was invited to Buckingham Palace in London."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Today", "says": "Familial ties exist through his great-uncle Aribert of Anhalt, who was married to a granddaughter of Queen Victoria."}], "Q16835712": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Estonia (Swedish: Hertigdömet Estland; Estonian: Eestimaa hertsogkond; German: Herzogtum Estland), also known as Swedish Estonia (Swedish: Svenska Estland), was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721 during the time that most or all of Estonia was under Swedish rule."}, {"id": "Q153286", "label": "Treaty of Nystad", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was eventually ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation during a plague outbreak in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was eventually ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation during a plague outbreak in the Great Northern War."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The dominion arose during the Livonian War, when the northern parts of present-day Estonia — Reval (Tallinn) and the counties of Harjumaa, Western Virumaa, Raplamaa and Järvamaa — submitted to the Swedish king in 1561, and Läänemaa in 1581."}], "Q176495": [{"id": "Q518101", "label": "First Republic of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federal State of Austria (German: Bundesstaat Österreich; colloquially known as the \"Ständestaat\") was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the conservative, nationalist, corporatist and Catholic Fatherland Front."}, {"id": "Q11734", "label": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ständestaat concept, derived from the notion of Stände (\"estates\" or \"corporations\"), was advocated by leading regime politicians such as Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg."}, {"id": "Q738635", "label": "Kurt Schuschnigg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ständestaat concept, derived from the notion of Stände (\"estates\" or \"corporations\"), was advocated by leading regime politicians such as Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg."}, {"id": "Q306535", "label": "Austrian State Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Austria would not become an independent country again until 1955, when the Austrian State Treaty ended the Allied occupation of Austria."}, {"id": "Q42323", "label": "Pius XI", "section": "History - Self-coup", "says": "During the Great Depression in the First Austrian Republic of the early 1930s, the CS on the basis of the Quadragesimo anno encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI in 1931 pursued the idea of overcoming the ongoing class struggle by the implementation of a corporative form of government modelled on Italian fascism and Portugal's Estado Novo."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "History - Self-coup", "says": "During the Great Depression in the First Austrian Republic of the early 1930s, the CS on the basis of the Quadragesimo anno encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI in 1931 pursued the idea of overcoming the ongoing class struggle by the implementation of a corporative form of government modelled on Italian fascism and Portugal's Estado Novo."}, {"id": "Q11726", "label": "Karl Renner", "section": "History - Self-coup", "says": "The CS politician Engelbert Dollfuss appointed Chancellor of Austria in 1932, on 4 March 1933 saw an opportunity in the resignation of Social Democrat Karl Renner as president of the Austrian Nationalrat, after irregularities occurred during a voting process."}, {"id": "Q84263", "label": "Wilhelm Miklas", "section": "History - Self-coup", "says": "His fellow CS party member, President Wilhelm Miklas did not take any action to restore democracy."}, {"id": "Q306123", "label": "Austrian Civil War", "section": "History - Self-coup", "says": "On 12 February 1934 the government's attempts to enforce the ban of the Schutzbund at the Hotel Schiff in Linz sparked the Austrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q78664", "label": "Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg", "section": "History - Self-coup", "says": "The revolt was suppressed with support by the Bundesheer and right-wing Heimwehr troops under Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg, and ended with the ban of the Social Democratic Party and the trade unions."}, {"id": "Q873152", "label": "July Putsch", "section": "History - Self-coup", "says": "Dollfuss continued to rule under what amounted to martial law until his assassination on 25 July 1934 during the Nazi July Putsch."}], "Q1779823": [{"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alash Autonomy, also known as Alash Orda, was an unrecognized Kazakh proto-state located in Central Asia and was part of the Russian Republic, and then Soviet Russia."}, {"id": "Q2872689", "label": "Turkestan Autonomy", "section": "lead", "says": "The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, the Turkestan Autonomy to the south, and China to the east."}], "Q1852345": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Trucial States, also known as the Trucial Coast, or the Trucial Sheikhdoms, or Trucial Oman, was a group of tribal confederations in southeastern Arabia south of the Persian Gulf whose leaders had signed protective treaties with the British Empire between 1820 and 1892."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "The following day, six of the sheikhdoms—Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah—formed the United Arab Emirates; the seventh, Ras Al Khaimah, joined on 10 February 1972."}], "Q187035": [{"id": "Q57594", "label": "William, Prince of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "It was headed by Wilhelm, Prince of Albania, and located in modern Albania in the Balkan region of Europe."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire owned the land until the First Balkan War (1912—1913), which ended in the Treaty of London that formed the principality."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottoman Empire owned the land until the First Balkan War (1912—1913), which ended in the Treaty of London that formed the principality."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Albania survived invasions during World War I (1914–1918) and subsequent disputes over Albanian independence during the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)."}, {"id": "Q1923781", "label": "Albanian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1925, the monarchy was abolished and the Albanian Republic (1925–1928), a parliamentary republic and dictatorship, was declared."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - Establishment and collapse", "says": "Outside of Albania Wilhelm was styled prince, but in Albania he was referred to as king so as not to seem inferior to the king of Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q730163", "label": "Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus", "section": "History - Establishment and collapse", "says": "In the spring of 1914, the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was proclaimed by ethnic Greeks in the territory and recognized by the Albanian government, though it proved short-lived as Albania collapsed with the onset of World War I."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Surrounded by insurgents in Durrës, Prince Wilhelm departed the country in September 1914, just six months after arriving, and subsequently joined the German army and served on the Eastern Front."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Italy occupied Vlorë, and Serbia and Montenegro occupied parts of northern Albania until a Central Powers offensive scattered the Serbian army, which was evacuated by the French to Thessaloniki."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Under the secret Treaty of London signed in April 1915, Triple Entente powers promised Italy that it would gain Vlorë and nearby lands and a protectorate over Albania in exchange for entering the war against Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Re-emergence", "says": "The country lacked a single recognized government, and Albanians feared, with justification, that Italy, Yugoslavia, and Greece would succeed in extinguishing Albania's independence and carve up the country."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Re-emergence", "says": "The deal was done behind the Albanians' backs and in the absence of a United States negotiator."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "History - Re-emergence", "says": "President Woodrow Wilson intervened to block the Paris agreement."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Mirdita Republic", "says": "The Republic of Mirdita was dissolved."}], "Q207044": [{"id": "Q3057537", "label": "Mardavij", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire rose to prominence during the leadership of Mardavij."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Reign of Qabus 970s–990s", "says": "He then established good relations with the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni who had taken control of Khorasan, but still acted as an independent sovereign."}, {"id": "Q288822", "label": "Abu Kalijar", "section": "History - Later rulers and decline 1000s–1090", "says": "From 1032 to 1040, the real power behind the throne was held by Abu Kalijar ibn Vayhan, a relative of Anushirvan."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Later rulers and decline 1000s–1090", "says": "In 1035, Abu Kalijar stopped paying tribute to the Ghaznavids, which led to the Ghaznavids invading Tabaristan and sacked the Ziyarid capital of Amol."}, {"id": "Q847519", "label": "Kai Kaus", "section": "History - Later rulers and decline 1000s–1090", "says": "Anushirvan died in 1059 and was succeeded by his cousin Keikavus, the celebrated author of the Qabus nama, a major work of Persian literature."}], "Q214069": [{"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "Unterwalden, translated from the Latin inter silvas (\"between the forests\"), is the old name of a forest-canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne, consisting of two valleys or Talschaften, now two separate Swiss cantons (or two half-cantons), Obwalden and Nidwalden."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Unterwalden, translated from the Latin inter silvas (\"between the forests\"), is the old name of a forest-canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne, consisting of two valleys or Talschaften, now two separate Swiss cantons (or two half-cantons), Obwalden and Nidwalden."}, {"id": "Q76956", "label": "Rudolph I of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1291, Rudolf I of Germany purchased the estates at Stans, Alpnach and Giswil."}], "Q2208280": [{"id": "Q1780216", "label": "Angolan War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Angolan War of Independence from Portugal which had begun 14 years prior in 1961 ended with the Alvor Agreement, which granted independence to Angola under a transitional government that initially included groups such as the FNLA and UNITA along with the MPLA."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Angolan War of Independence from Portugal which had begun 14 years prior in 1961 ended with the Alvor Agreement, which granted independence to Angola under a transitional government that initially included groups such as the FNLA and UNITA along with the MPLA."}, {"id": "Q449550", "label": "Alvor Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Angolan War of Independence from Portugal which had begun 14 years prior in 1961 ended with the Alvor Agreement, which granted independence to Angola under a transitional government that initially included groups such as the FNLA and UNITA along with the MPLA."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Disagreements between these factions resulted in civil war, which escalated following the MPLA's unilateral declaration of a people's republic in November; it competed with the rival Democratic People's Republic of Angola (UNITA), backed by South Africa and the United States, and received aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, to which it was aligned to in the Cold War until its dissolution in 1991."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Disagreements between these factions resulted in civil war, which escalated following the MPLA's unilateral declaration of a people's republic in November; it competed with the rival Democratic People's Republic of Angola (UNITA), backed by South Africa and the United States, and received aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, to which it was aligned to in the Cold War until its dissolution in 1991."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Disagreements between these factions resulted in civil war, which escalated following the MPLA's unilateral declaration of a people's republic in November; it competed with the rival Democratic People's Republic of Angola (UNITA), backed by South Africa and the United States, and received aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, to which it was aligned to in the Cold War until its dissolution in 1991."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "History - War of Independence, 1961–1975", "says": "The war lasted until the overthrow of Portugal's Estado Novo regime in 1974 through the Carnation Revolution."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "History - War of Independence, 1961–1975", "says": "The war lasted until the overthrow of Portugal's Estado Novo regime in 1974 through the Carnation Revolution."}, {"id": "Q181665", "label": "Agostinho Neto", "section": "History - Civil War, 1975–1991", "says": "On 11 November 1975, Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declared Angola's independence as the People's Republic of Angola a one-party Marxist-Leninist state."}, {"id": "Q2368688", "label": "Republic of Cabinda", "section": "History - Civil War, 1975–1991", "says": "FLEC declared the independence of the Republic of Cabinda."}, {"id": "Q1374575", "label": "Álvaro Holden Roberto", "section": "History - Civil War, 1975–1991", "says": "The FNLA and UNITA forged an alliance on 23 November 1975, proclaiming their own coalition government, the Democratic People's Republic of Angola, based in Huambo with FLNA's Holden Roberto and UNITA's Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents."}, {"id": "Q273051", "label": "Jonas Malheiro Savimbi", "section": "History - Civil War, 1975–1991", "says": "The FNLA and UNITA forged an alliance on 23 November 1975, proclaiming their own coalition government, the Democratic People's Republic of Angola, based in Huambo with FLNA's Holden Roberto and UNITA's Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents."}, {"id": "Q6140236", "label": "Nito Alves", "section": "History - Civil War, 1975–1991", "says": "Interior minister Nito Alves, and Chief of Staff José Jacinto Van-Dúnem, began planning a coup d'état against Neto, allegedly with Soviet backing."}], "Q271570": [{"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "Arrested on January 5, 1862 by the Chilean authorities, Antoine de Tounens was imprisoned and declared insane on September 2, 1862 by the court of Santiago and expelled to France on October 28, 1862."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "History - Attempts to return and fears of French intervention", "says": "Upon hearing that his presence in Araucanía had been revealed Orélie-Antoine de Tounens fled to Argentina, having however promised Quilapán to obtain arms."}], "Q373650": [{"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Sher Shah Suri."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the then-territories of Mughal Empire along the Indo-Gangetic Plain, from eastern Balochistan in the west of Indus River to modern-day Rakhine, Myanmar in the east."}], "Q376778": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Baltic Duchy (German: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum) was a short-lived client state of the German Empire during the final stages of World War I, proclaimed by political leaders of local Baltic Germans in regions of Courland, Livonia and Estonia, but never fully realized."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Baltic Duchy (German: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum) was a short-lived client state of the German Empire during the final stages of World War I, proclaimed by political leaders of local Baltic Germans in regions of Courland, Livonia and Estonia, but never fully realized."}, {"id": "Q7308003", "label": "Regency Council", "section": "lead", "says": "The newly proclaimed state was headed by the Regency Council, presided by baron Adolf Pilar von Pilchau."}], "Q402580": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, the kingdom had become a powerful state that exercised influence not only in Java, but also in Sumatra, Bali, southern Thailand, Indianised kingdoms of the Philippines, and the Khmer in Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, the kingdom had become a powerful state that exercised influence not only in Java, but also in Sumatra, Bali, southern Thailand, Indianised kingdoms of the Philippines, and the Khmer in Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q12491034", "label": "Kahuripan", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom of Kahuripan, led a member of the Ishana dynasty called Airlangga, gradually established itself as Mataram's leading successor state in East Java."}, {"id": "Q47179", "label": "Airlangga", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom of Kahuripan, led a member of the Ishana dynasty called Airlangga, gradually established itself as Mataram's leading successor state in East Java."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Formation and growth", "says": "He also battled the Malayu and Keling (against their king, Sang Srivijaya)."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - The great conqueror", "says": "Based on the Ligor inscription, Laguna copperplate inscription and Pucangan inscription, the influence and knowledge of the Medang kingdom reached as far as Bali, southern Thailand, the kingdoms in the Philippine islands, and the Khmer in Cambodia."}], "Q603771": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Crete (Arabic: إقريطش, romanized: Iqrīṭish or إقريطية, Iqrīṭiya; Greek: Κρήτη, romanized: Krētē) was an Arab Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the emirate recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate and maintained close ties with Tulunid Egypt, it was de facto independent."}, {"id": "Q41640", "label": "Michael II", "section": "History - Conquest of Crete", "says": "At some point in the second half of the reign of Byzantine Emperor Michael II (r."}, {"id": "Q313838", "label": "Thomas the Slav", "section": "History - Conquest of Crete", "says": "Byzantine sources however seem to contradict this, placing their landing soon after the suppression of the large revolt of Thomas the Slav (821–823)."}, {"id": "Q1995678", "label": "Warren Treadgold", "section": "History - Conquest of Crete", "says": "Historian Warren Treadgold estimates them at some 12,000 people, of whom about 3,000 would be fighting men."}, {"id": "Q60199", "label": "Theophilos", "section": "History - Pirate emirate", "says": "Michael II's successor Theophilos (r."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "History - Byzantine reconquest", "says": "As a result, Emperor Constantine VII (r."}, {"id": "Q41847", "label": "Romanos II", "section": "History - Byzantine reconquest", "says": "It would be carried out under his successor, Romanos II (r."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Byzantine reconquest", "says": "The island was converted into a Byzantine theme, and the remaining Muslims were converted to Christianity by missionaries like Nikon \"the Metanoeite\"."}], "Q612359": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created towards the end of World War I, while Lithuania was still under the military occupation of the German Imperial Army."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Germans presented various proposals to attach Lithuania to the German Empire, through personal union with the King of Prussia or some of the other ruling monarchs in the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q58010", "label": "Prince Wilhelm Karl, 2nd Duke of Urach", "section": "lead", "says": "Trying to act autonomously and avoid personal union with any of the ruling German monarchs, leaders of the Council decided on 4 June to offer the Lithuanian throne to the non-ruling German prince Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach, who accepted the offer."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "Background", "says": "After the last Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "After the last Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Germany conceived the geopolitical strategy of Mitteleuropa, a regional network of puppet states that would serve as a buffer zone."}], "Q62456": [{"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "The main polity to its north was the Northern Wei."}], "Q645719": [{"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen) originated from the marriage in 1736 of Francis III, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, and Maria Theresa of Austria, later successively Queen of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary, Queen of Germany, Queen of Croatia and Archduchess of Austria, etc."}, {"id": "Q2638011", "label": "House of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "Its members form the legitimate surviving line of both the House of Habsburg and the House of Lorraine, and they inherited their patrimonial possessions from the female line of the House of Habsburg and from the male line of the House of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built in the 1020s by Count Radbot of Klettgau in Aargau (now in Switzerland)."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "lead", "says": "His grandson, Otto II, was the first to take on the name of the fortress as his own, adding Graf von Habsburg (\"Count of Habsburg\") to his title."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "He moved the family's power base to the Duchy of Austria, which the Habsburgs ruled until 1918."}, {"id": "Q78515", "label": "Karl von Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg-Lorraine still exists today, and the head of the family is Karl von Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q48438", "label": "Saint George", "section": "lead", "says": "The current house orders are the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George and the Order of the Starry Cross."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "The emperor, however, waged the Second Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "The emperor, however, waged the Second Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "In 1867, Franz Joseph granted effective autonomy to the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austrian Empire under the terms of the Ausgleich; politically and militarily they were united, but in terms of internal policy and administration, they became separate entities."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "The title of the head of state became \"Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary\", although he was also referred to as \"Emperor of Austria-Hungary\"."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "In 1914, with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the First World War broke out between the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire) and the Entente Powers (the British Empire, France, Russia and others)."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "In 1914, with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the First World War broke out between the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire) and the Entente Powers (the British Empire, France, Russia and others)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "In 1914, with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the First World War broke out between the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire) and the Entente Powers (the British Empire, France, Russia and others)."}, {"id": "Q76343", "label": "Otto von Habsburg", "section": "History of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine - End of the dynasty's rule in Europe", "says": "In 1961, Otto von Habsburg, the late head of the house and formerly a member of the European Parliament, relinquished the monarchy and the succession rights of his descendants in exchange for an end to exile."}], "Q649262": [{"id": "Q752265", "label": "Seha River Land", "section": "lead", "says": "The chief Arzawan state, whose capital was at Apasa, is often referred to as Arzawa Minor or Arzawa Proper, while the other Arzawa lands included Mira, Hapalla, Wilusa, and the Seha River Land."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom had a tumultuous relationship with the Hittites, sometimes allied with them but other times opposing them, in particular in concert with Mycenaean Greece which corresponds to Ahhiyawa of the Hittite sources."}, {"id": "Q181264", "label": "Mycenaean Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom had a tumultuous relationship with the Hittites, sometimes allied with them but other times opposing them, in particular in concert with Mycenaean Greece which corresponds to Ahhiyawa of the Hittite sources."}, {"id": "Q299472", "label": "Hattusili I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Around 1650 BC, the Hittite old kingdom ruler Hattusili I raided Arzawan territory."}, {"id": "Q42606", "label": "Amenhotep III", "section": "History - Zenith", "says": "In response, the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III opened diplomatic relations with the Arzawan king Tarhundaradu, proposing a marriage alliance."}, {"id": "Q354903", "label": "Suppiluliuma I", "section": "History - Zenith", "says": "The territory they had seized was soon recaptured by the Hittite prince Šuppiluliuma I."}], "Q660393": [{"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, also known as Northern Lotharingia, and alternatively called Lower Lorraine or Northern Lorraine (in titles, also referred to as Lothier or Lottier), was a duchy of the medieval Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire, established upon the division of the Stem Duchy of Lotharingia in 959/965."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, also known as Northern Lotharingia, and alternatively called Lower Lorraine or Northern Lorraine (in titles, also referred to as Lothier or Lottier), was a duchy of the medieval Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire, established upon the division of the Stem Duchy of Lotharingia in 959/965."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed until the end of the 12th century, encompassing almost all of modern Netherlands (the region of Frisia was loosely associated with the duchy, but the dukes exercised no de facto control over the territory), Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of modern Germany and France."}], "Q697837": [{"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "lead", "says": "Mengjiang, also known as Mengkiang, officially the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government, was an autonomous zone of the Wang Jingwei regime in Inner Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Mengjiang, also known as Mengkiang, officially the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government, was an autonomous zone of the Wang Jingwei regime in Inner Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1939 as its own puppet state of the Empire of Japan, and from 1940 was placed under the sovereignty of the Wang Jingwei regime, which was itself a puppet government."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "It has also been called Mongukuo or Mengguguo (or Mengkukuo; Chinese: 蒙古國; in analogy to Manchukuo, another Japanese puppet state in Manchuria)."}, {"id": "Q715770", "label": "Demchugdongrub", "section": "lead", "says": "The capital was Kalgan, from where it was under the nominal rule of Mongol nobleman Demchugdongrub."}], "Q699923": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Illyrian Provinces were an autonomous province of France during the First French Empire that existed under Napoleonic Rule from 1809 to 1814."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The province encompassed large parts of modern-day Croatia and Slovenia, stretching over smaller areas of Italy, Montenegro, and Austria."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The province encompassed large parts of modern-day Croatia and Slovenia, stretching over smaller areas of Italy, Montenegro, and Austria."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The former served as a residential enclave and the latter as a military base to check the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q684324", "label": "War of the Fifth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the region with his Grande Armée after key wins during the War of the Fifth Coalition forced the Austrian Empire to cede parts of its territory."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the region with his Grande Armée after key wins during the War of the Fifth Coalition forced the Austrian Empire to cede parts of its territory."}, {"id": "Q312676", "label": "Auguste de Marmont", "section": "lead", "says": "Bonaparte installed four governors to oversee French bureaucracy, culture, and language, the most influential of which was Auguste de Marmont."}, {"id": "Q63475", "label": "Henri Gatien Bertrand", "section": "lead", "says": "Marmont was succeeded by Henri Gatien Bertrand (1811–12), Jean-Andoche Junot (1812–13), and Joseph Fouché (1813–14)."}, {"id": "Q353907", "label": "Jean-Andoche Junot", "section": "lead", "says": "Marmont was succeeded by Henri Gatien Bertrand (1811–12), Jean-Andoche Junot (1812–13), and Joseph Fouché (1813–14)."}, {"id": "Q216958", "label": "Joseph Fouché", "section": "lead", "says": "Marmont was succeeded by Henri Gatien Bertrand (1811–12), Jean-Andoche Junot (1812–13), and Joseph Fouché (1813–14)."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Napoleon, depleted from manpower, introduced military conscription, uniform taxation, abolished certain tax privileges, separated church and state and nationalized the judiciary."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The French were forced to withdraw the area after their defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition as the Austrian Empire recovered the area in 1813–1814."}], "Q704288": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Holstein (German: Herzogtum Holstein; Danish: Hertugdømmet Holsten) was the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Schleswig-Holstein."}, {"id": "Q153940", "label": "Christian I of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "It originated when King Christian I of Denmark had his County of Holstein-Rendsburg elevated to a duchy by Emperor  Frederick III in 1474."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the Danish House of Oldenburg ruled Holstein – jointly with the Duchy of Schleswig – for its entire existence."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy ceased to exist when the Kingdom of Prussia annexed it in 1866 after the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy ceased to exist when the Kingdom of Prussia annexed it in 1866 after the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q478059", "label": "Treaty of Ribe", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "He was backed by the local nobility, who supported the continued common administration of both lands and by the 1460 Treaty of Ribe proclaimed him as the new Count of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q154998", "label": "Christian III of Denmark", "section": "History - Partition", "says": "In 1544, the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were partitioned in three parts between Christian's grandson Christian III of Denmark and his two younger half-brothers (who had to renounce the Danish throne), as follows:\n\nThe royal part, held by Christian III and his successors (identical with the Kings of Denmark)."}, {"id": "Q883469", "label": "Holstein-Pinneberg", "section": "History - Partition", "says": "In 1640, the County of Holstein-Pinneberg, whose ruling house was extinct, was merged in the royal part of the Duchy of Holstein."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "In 1713, during the Great Northern War, the estates of the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp in Schleswig including Schloss Gottorf were conquered by royal Danish troops."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "In 1773, Charles Frederick's grandson, Emperor Paul I of Russia finally gave his Holstein lands to the Danish king, in his function as duke of Holstein, in exchange for the County of Oldenburg, and Holstein was reunited as a single state."}, {"id": "Q170390", "label": "County of Oldenburg", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "In 1773, Charles Frederick's grandson, Emperor Paul I of Russia finally gave his Holstein lands to the Danish king, in his function as duke of Holstein, in exchange for the County of Oldenburg, and Holstein was reunited as a single state."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "After the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Duchy of Holstein became a member of the German Confederation, resulting in several diplomatic and military conflicts about the so-called Schleswig-Holstein question."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "After the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Duchy of Holstein became a member of the German Confederation, resulting in several diplomatic and military conflicts about the so-called Schleswig-Holstein question."}, {"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "Denmark defended its rule over Holstein in the First Schleswig War of 1848–51 against the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "However, in the Second Schleswig War (1864) Prussian and Austrian troops conquered Schleswig."}, {"id": "Q151305", "label": "Christian IX of Denmark", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "Christian IX of Denmark had to renounce both Schleswig and Holstein in the Treaty of Vienna (1864) on October 30."}, {"id": "Q520149", "label": "Gastein Convention", "section": "History - Reunification", "says": "At first placed under joint rule in a condominium, Prussia and Austria then assumed administration of Schleswig and Holstein, respectively, under the Gastein Convention of August 14, 1865."}], "Q738264": [{"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Los Altos (Spanish: Estado de Los Altos), commonly known as Los Altos, was the 6th state of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1838 to 1840 and a short-lived independent republic from 1848 to 1849."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "Los Altos occupied eight departments in the west of present-day Guatemala as well as the Soconusco region in the Mexican state of Chiapas."}], "Q844250": [{"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "King Henry II of England arrived in Ireland with a large army in 1171."}, {"id": "Q717346", "label": "Treaty of Windsor", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1175 Treaty of Windsor acknowledged Henry as overlord of the conquered lands, and the High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, as overlord of the rest of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q1660081", "label": "Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1175 Treaty of Windsor acknowledged Henry as overlord of the conquered lands, and the High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, as overlord of the rest of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The rest of Ireland – later referred to as Gaelic Ireland – remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms or chiefdoms, who were often at war with the Anglo-Normans."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The English lordship then went into decline, brought on by a Scottish invasion in 1315–1318, a concurrent famine, and the Black Death of the 1340s."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The period ended with the creation of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Henry Plantagenet and Laudabiliter", "says": "King Henry II  and the Anglo-Normans in Ireland claimed that Pope Adrian IV had issued a papal bull, known as Laudabiliter, granting Henry the right to take control of the island to enforce reform of the Catholic Church in Ireland."}, {"id": "Q385362", "label": "Edward Bruce", "section": "History - Decline and Gaelic resurgence", "says": "The Lordship suffered invasion from Scotland by Edward Bruce in 1315–1318, which destroyed much of the economy and coincided with the great famine of 1315–1317."}, {"id": "Q4671762", "label": "Kingdom of Leinster", "section": "History - Decline and Gaelic resurgence", "says": "Some of the more notable clans who had cooperated with the English but became increasingly alienated until turning openly anti-English were the O'Connor Falys, the MacMurrough-Kavanagh dynasty (Kingdom of Leinster), the Byrnes and the O'Mores of Leix."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "History - Crown of Ireland Act 1542", "says": "Henry VIII changed his title because the Lordship of Ireland had been granted to the Norman monarchy by the Papacy; Henry had been excommunicated by the Catholic Church and worried that his title could be withdrawn by the Holy See."}, {"id": "Q82674", "label": "Mary I", "section": "History - Crown of Ireland Act 1542", "says": "Queen Mary I, one of Henry VIII's daughters, would take the English throne in 1553."}, {"id": "Q101430", "label": "Paul IV", "section": "History - Crown of Ireland Act 1542", "says": "Pope Paul IV would grant Philip II of Spain (Mary's husband) and Mary the title of King and Queen of Ireland in 1555, endorsing the position that the Tudors were indeed the rightful Irish monarchy."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Crown of Ireland Act 1542", "says": "This grant would not work as Paul IV had expected, as Mary died in 1558 and was succeeded as Queen of England and Ireland by her half-sister Elizabeth I, a Protestant."}], "Q875305": [{"id": "Q307069", "label": "Eastern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Towards the end of the Northern Wei dynasty there was significant internal dissension, resulting in a split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei dynasties under the rule of the same imperial house in 534–535 AD, which were soon replaced by the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou dynasties respectively."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Towards the end of the Northern Wei dynasty there was significant internal dissension, resulting in a split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei dynasties under the rule of the same imperial house in 534–535 AD, which were soon replaced by the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou dynasties respectively."}, {"id": "Q1143524", "label": "Northern Qi", "section": "lead", "says": "Towards the end of the Northern Wei dynasty there was significant internal dissension, resulting in a split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei dynasties under the rule of the same imperial house in 534–535 AD, which were soon replaced by the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou dynasties respectively."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "Towards the end of the Northern Wei dynasty there was significant internal dissension, resulting in a split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei dynasties under the rule of the same imperial house in 534–535 AD, which were soon replaced by the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou dynasties respectively."}], "Q1077630": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was established after a joint Russo-Ottoman fleet captured the islands and ended a two-year rule by the French Republic."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, it was the first time that Greeks had been granted self-government since the fall of the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century."}, {"id": "Q1063498", "label": "United States of the Ionian Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The British gradually took control of the islands from 1809 on, and following the Treaty of Paris, the islands were formally organised into the United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background: French rule and Russian conquest of the Ionian Islands", "says": "The Ionian Islands (Corfu, Paxoi, Zakynthos or Zante, Kefalonia, Lefkada, Ithaca, and Kythira or Cerigo) along with a handful of exclaves on the Epirote mainland, namely the coastal towns of Parga, Preveza, Vonitsa, and Butrinto, had been Venetian possessions for centuries, thereby becoming the only part of the Greek world to escape conquest by the Ottoman Empire, developing a distinct local cultu"}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background: French rule and Russian conquest of the Ionian Islands", "says": "This medieval social order was upset after the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797, when the islands came under French control."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "Background: French rule and Russian conquest of the Ionian Islands", "says": "Shortly after, in the Treaty of Campo Formio, the islands were annexed to the French Republic and organized into three departments."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Background: French rule and Russian conquest of the Ionian Islands", "says": "The Republican French were welcomed by the populace, and the radical ideas of the French Revolution were implemented with the abolition of the local nobility, the equality of the social and religious communities (Orthodox, Catholic, and Jewish) and the installation of democratic regimes and local self-government on the islands."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background: French rule and Russian conquest of the Ionian Islands", "says": "Following the French invasion of Egypt furthermore, the French presence in the Ionian Islands aroused the opposition of the Ottomans and the Russian Empire, allied with the British, as part of the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q26749", "label": "War of the Second Coalition", "section": "Background: French rule and Russian conquest of the Ionian Islands", "says": "Following the French invasion of Egypt furthermore, the French presence in the Ionian Islands aroused the opposition of the Ottomans and the Russian Empire, allied with the British, as part of the War of the Second Coalition."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "Russo-Turkish War and the end of the Republic", "says": "Under Mocenigo's tutelage, the Ionian Senate on 17 June 1807 declared the end of the Republic's neutrality towards France, effectively bringing the islands into the War of the Fourth Coalition on the side of Russia."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "Russo-Turkish War and the end of the Republic", "says": "This situation was exploited by Ali Pasha, whose ambition to occupy the Ionian Islands was well known and had received Napoleon's backing, as the Republic was now in the Russian orbit."}, {"id": "Q220430", "label": "Ioannis Kapodistrias", "section": "Russo-Turkish War and the end of the Republic", "says": "At the same time, a fortification programme was begun, and Ioannis Kapodistrias was named Commissioner Extraordinary to oversee it."}, {"id": "Q319678", "label": "Theodoros Kolokotronis", "section": "Russo-Turkish War and the end of the Republic", "says": "The defence of Lefkada soon attracted widespread support, and even klepht captains from the mainland rushed to join it, including Katsantonis, Kitsos Botsaris, Dimitrios Karaiskos, Georgios Varnakiotis, and most notably, Theodoros Kolokotronis."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "Russo-Turkish War and the end of the Republic", "says": "It was there that Kapodistrias first came into contact with some of the chief military leaders of the subsequent Greek War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q638642", "label": "Dmitry Senyavin", "section": "Russo-Turkish War and the end of the Republic", "says": "On 20 August, French troops landed on Corfu, followed three days later by General César Berthier, who received control of the islands from the Russian admiral Dmitry Senyavin."}], "Q10988528": [{"id": "Q986665", "label": "First East Turkestan Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often called the Second East Turkestan Republic to differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934) established exactly a decade earlier."}, {"id": "Q1256789", "label": "Ili Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The ETR emerged from the Ili Rebellion in November 1944 and was initially backed by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The ETR emerged from the Ili Rebellion in November 1944 and was initially backed by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Background", "says": "From 1934 to 1941 Xinjiang, a province of the Republic of China, was under the influence of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q466972", "label": "Sheng Shicai", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The local warlord Sheng Shicai was dependent on the Soviet Union for military support and trade."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941, the Soviet Union became a less attractive patron for Sheng than the Kuomintang."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941, the Soviet Union became a less attractive patron for Sheng than the Kuomintang."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941, the Soviet Union became a less attractive patron for Sheng than the Kuomintang."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941, the Soviet Union became a less attractive patron for Sheng than the Kuomintang."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Stalin refused to deal with Sheng and forwarded a confidential letter from Sheng to Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q2619710", "label": "Ehmetjan Qasim", "section": "History - Rebellion", "says": "The pro-Soviet Uyghur who later became leader of the revolt and the Second East Turkestan Republic, Ehmetjan Qasimi, was Soviet-educated and described as \"Stalin's man\" and as a \"communist-minded progressive\"."}], "Q1139762": [{"id": "Q1537016", "label": "Kanem Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Kanem was later recovered by mai Idris III Katagarmabe, scholars sometimes divide the Kanem–Bornu Empire into an earlier Kanem Empire and later Bornu Empire."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire nearly fell during the Fula jihads in the early 19th century, which saw the center of power in the region shift west to the Sokoto Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Origin and early history (c. 700–1000)", "says": "One scholar, Dierk Lange, has proposed that Kanem's establishment was connected to refugees from the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BCE, though this hypothesis has been criticised for lack of evidence and has found no acceptance among other researchers."}, {"id": "Q293689", "label": "al-Yaʿqubi", "section": "History - Origin and early history (c. 700–1000)", "says": "The earliest known written record of Kanem comes from the Arab geographer Al-Ya'qubi in 872."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam (c. 1000–1380)", "says": "Islam reached modern-day Chad already in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), when Arab raiders reached Fezzan and the Tibesti Mountains."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam (c. 1000–1380)", "says": "Later tradition credited the conversion of the Sayfawa dynasty to a scholar named Muhammad bin Mani, from whom many later Kanemi and Bornuan scholars and religious officials claimed descent."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "The most formidable enemy to arise in this period was the Songhai Empire in the west, which competed for influence over Hausaland and sometimes raided Bornuan territory."}, {"id": "Q6412613", "label": "Kingdom of Kano", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "In the west, Idris III failed to conquer the Kingdom of Kano but was recognised as the kingdom's suzerain and was paid tribute."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "In the 1570s, the threat posed by the Songhai Empire led mai Idris IV Alooma to seek an alliance with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1132786", "label": "Ouaddai Empire", "section": "History - Decline (1650–1807)", "says": "In around 1630, The Wadai Sultanate drove the Bilala out of Kanem, forcing the empire to militarily intervene in order to secure the eastern side of Lake Chad."}, {"id": "Q1502813", "label": "Sultanate of Agadez", "section": "History - Decline (1650–1807)", "says": "Bornu established new buffer states in the north and west to protect against the growing power of Kano and the Sultanate of Agadez."}], "Q1150680": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Montenegro (Serbian: Република Црна Гора / Republika Crna Gora) was a constituent federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and then Serbia and Montenegro between 1992 and 2006."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Montenegro (Serbian: Република Црна Гора / Republika Crna Gora) was a constituent federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and then Serbia and Montenegro between 1992 and 2006."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Montenegro (Serbian: Република Црна Гора / Republika Crna Gora) was a constituent federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and then Serbia and Montenegro between 1992 and 2006."}, {"id": "Q715893", "label": "Momir Bulatović", "section": "History - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "says": "Upon entry into the FRY, Montenegro was led by President Momir Bulatović, a former member of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia and an ally of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, whom Bulatović helped gain power during the Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution, in which he and Milošević gained power in their respective republics."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "says": "Upon entry into the FRY, Montenegro was led by President Momir Bulatović, a former member of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia and an ally of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, whom Bulatović helped gain power during the Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution, in which he and Milošević gained power in their respective republics."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "History - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "says": "Upon entry into the FRY, Montenegro was led by President Momir Bulatović, a former member of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia and an ally of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, whom Bulatović helped gain power during the Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution, in which he and Milošević gained power in their respective republics."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "says": "In the same year, the capital Titograd (named after former Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito) was renamed to its pre-communist name of Podgorica."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "says": "Montenegro's continued union with Serbia provided legitimacy to the continuation of a Yugoslav state, important to Serbia as the continuation of a Yugoslav state would allow the federation to lay claim to former Yugoslav territory in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia populated by Serbs."}, {"id": "Q200305", "label": "Milo Đukanović", "section": "History - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "says": "After Bulatović stepped down as Montenegrin president in 1998, the new president Milo Đukanović opposed Milošević (now Yugoslav President) and set Montenegro on a course to independence."}], "Q1361989": [{"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), retroactively known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic, was an unrecognized state established in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), retroactively known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic, was an unrecognized state established in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), retroactively known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic, was an unrecognized state established in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "lead", "says": "Emilio Aguinaldo was its inaugural president."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1898, Spain and the United States signed the 1898 Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish–American war."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "On February 4, fighting erupted in Manila between American and Filipino forces in what developed into the Philippine–American War."}, {"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia, although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the Mahajanapadas of ancient India, the Lanfang Republic, the Republic of Formosa, or the Republic of Ezo."}, {"id": "Q3233989", "label": "Lanfang Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia, although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the Mahajanapadas of ancient India, the Lanfang Republic, the Republic of Formosa, or the Republic of Ezo."}, {"id": "Q319881", "label": "Republic of Formosa", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia, although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the Mahajanapadas of ancient India, the Lanfang Republic, the Republic of Formosa, or the Republic of Ezo."}, {"id": "Q714006", "label": "Republic of Ezo", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia, although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the Mahajanapadas of ancient India, the Lanfang Republic, the Republic of Formosa, or the Republic of Ezo."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1897, Philippine forces led by Aguinaldo signed a ceasefire with the Spanish authorities and Aguinaldo and other leaders went into exile in Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out."}, {"id": "Q946237", "label": "Pedro Paterno", "section": "History - Inauguration", "says": "He was notified of his election by a commission named by the Congress and brought in a procession from the Malolos Cathedral, the seat of the presidency, to Barasoain Church, the seat of the Congress, where he swore his oath of office, administered by the President of the Congress, Pedro Paterno; the formula read by Aguinaldo, recorded in Tagalog, was: \"I swear in the\nname of God that I will faith"}, {"id": "Q22936401", "label": "Pangasinan", "section": "History - Philippine–American War", "says": "On October 12, an American offensive to the north forced the Philippine Republic to relocate its headquarters in November to Tarlac, and then to Bayambang, Pangasinan."}], "Q146328": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas; Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas) was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth (dependency) of the United States that existed from 1935 to 1946."}, {"id": "Q6042084", "label": "Insular Government of the Philippine Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established following the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "A period of exile took place during World War II from 1942 to 1945, when Japan occupied the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q35236", "label": "Herbert Hoover", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "When it reached him for a possible signature, President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the United States Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the law despite Hoover's objections."}, {"id": "Q319950", "label": "Sergio Osmeña", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party won the presidency and vice-presidency, respectively."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor, and later evacuated to Australia prior to heading for the mainland United States, where they set up a government-in-exile headquartered at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C."}, {"id": "Q2027229", "label": "Second Philippine Republic", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized the Second Philippine Republic, headed by President José P."}], "Q146761": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Formerly part of the Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was occupied by France at the end of the First World War and constituted part of the French Mandate of Syria."}, {"id": "Q146872", "label": "State of Aleppo", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Then it was attached to the State of Aleppo, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status."}, {"id": "Q146880", "label": "State of Syria", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Then it was attached to the State of Aleppo, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status."}, {"id": "Q5152", "label": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Marshal Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later known as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk), refused to accept the Sanjak of Alexandretta as part of the Mandate and, in a speech on 15 March 1923 in Adana, he described the Sanjak as \"A homeland where Turks lived for centuries and can't be a captive at the hands of enemy\"."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On behalf of the League of Nations, representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey prepared a constitution for the sanjak."}], "Q146862": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Saudi state (Arabic: الدَّوْلَةُ السُّعُودِيَّةُ الثَّانِيَةُ, romanized: ad-Dawla as-Suʿūdiyya ath-Thāniyya), officially known as the Emirate of Najd, was a state that existed between 1824 and 1891 in the Najd region of what is now Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "Severe internal conflicts within the House of Saud eventually led to the dynasty's downfall at the Battle of Mulayda in 1891, between the forces loyal to the last Saudi imam, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, and the Rashidi dynasty of Hail."}, {"id": "Q654722", "label": "Battle of Mulayda", "section": "lead", "says": "Severe internal conflicts within the House of Saud eventually led to the dynasty's downfall at the Battle of Mulayda in 1891, between the forces loyal to the last Saudi imam, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, and the Rashidi dynasty of Hail."}, {"id": "Q317421", "label": "Abdul Rahman bin Faisal", "section": "lead", "says": "Severe internal conflicts within the House of Saud eventually led to the dynasty's downfall at the Battle of Mulayda in 1891, between the forces loyal to the last Saudi imam, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, and the Rashidi dynasty of Hail."}], "Q158151": [{"id": "Q639100", "label": "Principality of Reuss-Gera", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of the duchy consisted of two non-contiguous territories separated by land belonging to the Principality of Reuss-Gera."}], "Q161334": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, the former Memel Territory is controlled by Lithuania as part of Klaipėda and Tauragė counties."}], "Q2088141": [{"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "After uniting Chechen and Avar tribes It emerged during the Caucasian War (1817–1864) as a resistance movement against the Russian Empire's expansion into the region."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia, aiming to secure its southern frontiers and stabilize communication routes to its newly acquired territories in the South Caucasus (modern-day Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), sought to annex the North Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q244742", "label": "Shamil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imamate became the primary force opposing this conquest, enduring decades of conflict before its eventual dissolution following the capture of its final leader, Imam Shamil, in 1859."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "Caucasian Albania, centered in southern Dagestan, existed as a vassal state under the Parthian and later Sasanian Empires for much of its history."}, {"id": "Q1849933", "label": "Sheikh Mansur", "section": "Background", "says": "Sheikh Mansur, an 18th-century leader, spearheaded this religious-political movement."}], "Q2162698": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Bohemia, also later referred to in English as the Czech Duchy, (Old Czech: Češské kniežěstvie) was a monarchy and a principality of the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bohemia separated from disintegrating Great Moravia after Duke Spytihněv swore fealty to the East Frankish king Arnulf in 895."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 973, the Diocese of Prague was founded through the joint efforts of Duke Boleslaus II and Emperor Otto I."}, {"id": "Q175833", "label": "Wenceslaus I of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "Later Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, killed by his younger brother Boleslaus in September 935, became the land's patron saint."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "While the lands were occupied by the Polish king Bolesław I and internal struggles shook the Přemyslid dynasty, Duke Vladivoj received Bohemia as a fief from the hands of the East Frankish king Henry II in 1002 and the duchy became an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia, when Duke Ottokar I ensured his elevation by the German king Philip of Swabia in 1198."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia, when Duke Ottokar I ensured his elevation by the German king Philip of Swabia in 1198."}, {"id": "Q437589", "label": "Svatopluk I", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "In 874, the Mojmir duke Svatopluk I reached an agreement with the East Frankish king Louis the German and confirmed his Bohemian dominion."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "In 874, the Mojmir duke Svatopluk I reached an agreement with the East Frankish king Louis the German and confirmed his Bohemian dominion."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "Great Moravia briefly regained control over the emerging Bohemian principality upon Bořivoj's death in 888/890 until, in 895, his son Spytihněv together with the Slavník prince Witizla swore allegiance to the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia in Regensburg."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "They were able to protect their realm from the Magyar forces which crushed an East Frankish army in the 907 Battle of Pressburg during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "Cut off from Byzantium by the Hungarian presence, the Bohemian principality existed as independent state though still in the shadow of East Francia; the dukes paid tribute to the Bavarian dukes in exchange for the confirmation of the peace treaty."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "Vratislaus' son Wenceslaus, who ruled from 921, was already accepted as head of the Bohemian tribal union; however, he had to cope with the enmity of his neighbour Duke Arnulf of Bavaria and his mighty ally, the Saxon king Henry I of Germany."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "As the king's ally, his Bohemian troops, together with those of the Kingdom of Germany, fought in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld  and after the defeat of the Magyars received the lands of"}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - Great Moravia", "says": "As the king's ally, his Bohemian troops, together with those of the Kingdom of Germany, fought in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld  and after the defeat of the Magyars received the lands of"}, {"id": "Q53436", "label": "Bolesław I the Brave", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "After Vladivoj died the next year, the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave invaded Bohemia and Moravia and ruled as Boleslaus IV."}, {"id": "Q355013", "label": "Bretislaus I", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia re-acquired the Moravian lands in 1019 or 1029, which thenceforth were usually ruled by a younger son of the Bohemian duke/king."}, {"id": "Q251752", "label": "Bretislaus II", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "For his successor Bretislaus II foreign policy was largely concerned with the Silesian conflict, when the Poles did not pay a fee for areas once resigned by Bretislaus I."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "In 1147, the Bohemian duke, Vladislaus II, accompanied the German king, Conrad III, on the Second Crusade, but halted his march at Constantinople."}], "Q2341105": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Great Horde (اولوغ اوردا, Uluğ Orda) was the rump state of the Golden Horde that existed from the mid-15th century to 1502."}, {"id": "Q25628", "label": "Great stand on the Ugra river", "section": "lead", "says": "According to later Russian tradition, the retreat of the forces of the Great Horde at the Great Stand on the Ugra River opposed by Ivan III of Russia marked the end of the \"Tatar yoke\" over Russia."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "According to later Russian tradition, the retreat of the forces of the Great Horde at the Great Stand on the Ugra River opposed by Ivan III of Russia marked the end of the \"Tatar yoke\" over Russia."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "Fall of the Great Horde (1502)", "says": "in 1502, the Crimean Khanate subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "Fall of the Great Horde (1502)", "says": "The Great Horde finally dissipated, remnants of the Great Horde were wiped out at the Battle of Samara River by the Moldavian-Crimean army, and Lithuania thus lost its ally against Moscow."}, {"id": "Q368887", "label": "Sheikh Ahmed", "section": "Fall of the Great Horde (1502)", "says": "After seeking refuge in Lithuania, Sheikh Ahmed, the last khan of the Horde, died in prison in Kaunas some time after 1504."}], "Q2376315": [{"id": "Q2248139", "label": "Anglo-Burmese Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "British colonial rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese Wars through the creation of Burma as a province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony separate from British colonial India, and finally independence."}, {"id": "Q233500", "label": "Second Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Some portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan and Tenasserim, were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War."}, {"id": "Q1209946", "label": "Third Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885, Upper Burma was annexed, and the following year, the province of Burma in British ruled India was created, becoming a major province (a lieutenant-governorship) in 1897."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "British rule was disrupted during the Japanese occupation of much of the country during World War II."}], "Q2415003": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Serbia (Serbian: Краљевина Србија / Kraljevina Srbija, or the Serbian Kingdom (Serbian: Српско краљевство / Srpsko kraljevstvo), also known as Kingdom of Serbs (Serbian: Краљевина Срба / Kraljevina Srba); Latin: Regnum Serbiæ; Greek: Βασίλειο της Σερβίας), also known by historical exonym Rascia (Serbian: Рашка / Raška), was a medieval Serbian kingdom in Southern Europe comprising mo"}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Serbia (Serbian: Краљевина Србија / Kraljevina Srbija, or the Serbian Kingdom (Serbian: Српско краљевство / Srpsko kraljevstvo), also known as Kingdom of Serbs (Serbian: Краљевина Срба / Kraljevina Srba); Latin: Regnum Serbiæ; Greek: Βασίλειο της Σερβίας), also known by historical exonym Rascia (Serbian: Рашка / Raška), was a medieval Serbian kingdom in Southern Europe comprising mo"}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Serbia (Serbian: Краљевина Србија / Kraljevina Srbija, or the Serbian Kingdom (Serbian: Српско краљевство / Srpsko kraljevstvo), also known as Kingdom of Serbs (Serbian: Краљевина Срба / Kraljevina Srba); Latin: Regnum Serbiæ; Greek: Βασίλειο της Σερβίας), also known by historical exonym Rascia (Serbian: Рашка / Raška), was a medieval Serbian kingdom in Southern Europe comprising mo"}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Serbia (Serbian: Краљевина Србија / Kraljevina Srbija, or the Serbian Kingdom (Serbian: Српско краљевство / Srpsko kraljevstvo), also known as Kingdom of Serbs (Serbian: Краљевина Срба / Kraljevina Srba); Latin: Regnum Serbiæ; Greek: Βασίλειο της Σερβίας), also known by historical exonym Rascia (Serbian: Рашка / Raška), was a medieval Serbian kingdom in Southern Europe comprising mo"}, {"id": "Q1311990", "label": "Grand Principality of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Principality of Serbia was elevated with the regal coronation of Stefan Nemanjić as king, after the reunification of Serbian lands."}, {"id": "Q138465", "label": "Saint Sava", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1219, the Serbian Orthodox Church was reorganized as an autocephalous archbishopric, headed by Saint Sava."}, {"id": "Q298612", "label": "Stefan Nemanja", "section": "Background", "says": "Realizing the importance of royal heritage, grand prince Stefan Nemanja (1166–1196), father of Stefan Nemanjić, granted his elder son Vukan Nemanjić rule in Duklja, with the title of king."}, {"id": "Q648277", "label": "Vukan Nemanjić of Serbia", "section": "Background", "says": "Realizing the importance of royal heritage, grand prince Stefan Nemanja (1166–1196), father of Stefan Nemanjić, granted his elder son Vukan Nemanjić rule in Duklja, with the title of king."}, {"id": "Q435907", "label": "Constantine Bodin", "section": "Background", "says": "By that time, the \"Old Kingdom\" of Duklja and its former rulers from the Vojislavljević dynasty (kings Mihajlo and Constantine Bodin) were regarded as royal predecessors to the Nemanjić dynasty, that branched from the previous Vukanović dynasty in Raška."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Between 1089 and 1091, the Byzantine Empire launched a campaign on Duklja."}, {"id": "Q1311805", "label": "Travunia", "section": "Background", "says": "Bodin's heirs were forced to recognize Byzantine overlordship, and now held only the small territories of Duklja and Travunia."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Reign of Radoslav, Vladislav, Uroš I and Dragutin", "says": "The ties with the Hungarians played a decisive role as Uroš I was succeeded by his son Dragutin, whose wife was a Hungarian princess."}, {"id": "Q290786", "label": "Stefan Dragutin", "section": "History - Reign of Radoslav, Vladislav, Uroš I and Dragutin", "says": "The Kingdom of Srem under the rule of Stefan Dragutin was actually Lower Srem, but some historical sources mention that Stefan Dragutin also ruled over Upper Srem and Slavonia."}, {"id": "Q314346", "label": "Stefan Uroš III", "section": "History - Reign of Milutin", "says": "He was succeeded on the throne by his son Stefan, later dubbed Stefan Dečanski."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Reign of Milutin", "says": "After getting into power, he started lengthy attacks on Byzantine Macedonia, winning significant territorial gains, including the city of Skopje, move that had important results."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "History - Reign of Milutin", "says": "In the South, Milutin obtained territorial gains in Macedonia and Northern Albania from Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q1400440", "label": "Battle of Velbazhd", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dečanski", "says": "King Stefan defeated the Bulgarians in Battle of Velbazhd in 1330."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "History - Reign of Stefan Dečanski", "says": "His son, Stefan Dušan took advantage of this alienation of Serb nobility, and lead a coup that deposed his f"}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Serbian Empire", "says": "These actions, which the Byzantines received with indignation, appear to have been supported by the Bulgarian Empire and tsar Ivan Alexander, as the Patriarch of Bulgaria Simeon had participated in both the creation of a Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and the imperial coronation of Stefan Uroš IV Dušan."}, {"id": "Q37084", "label": "John VI Kantakouzenos", "section": "History - Serbian Empire", "says": "One of the sides, John VI Kantakouzenos, appealed to Dušan for help, and was granted asylum in Serbia."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Serbian Empire", "says": "However, when the governor of Thessaly, who also controlled South Epirus, recognised Kantakouzenos as emperor, Dušan ceased its support and switched sides."}], "Q2454585": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Czechoslovak Republic, officially the Czechoslovak Republic, was a sovereign state from April 1945 to February 1948 following the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fall of Nazi Germany, the country was reformed by the Soviets and reassigned coterminous borders as its pre-war predecessor state, the First Czechoslovak Republic before the Nazis back in late 1938; it likewise restored the predecessor's international recognition."}, {"id": "Q140359", "label": "First Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fall of Nazi Germany, the country was reformed by the Soviets and reassigned coterminous borders as its pre-war predecessor state, the First Czechoslovak Republic before the Nazis back in late 1938; it likewise restored the predecessor's international recognition."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the rise of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence, and this circumstance dominated any plans or strategies for post-war reconstruction."}, {"id": "Q152274", "label": "Edvard Beneš", "section": "lead", "says": "Consequently, the political and economic organisation of Czechoslovakia became largely a matter of negotiations between Edvard Beneš and the Communist Party members exiled in Moscow."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "lead", "says": "As early as July 1947, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin intervened against Czechoslovak participation in the Marshall Plan, and Beneš's concept of a so-called \"bridge\" between East and West was negated, which meant that the alliance treaty with France was not implemented."}, {"id": "Q296054", "label": "Klement Gottwald", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1948, the Communists finally managed to provoke non-Communist parties into attempting to change the previous coalition government of Klement Gottwald and used the situation for a political coup."}, {"id": "Q853348", "label": "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the country's official name remaining the Czechoslovak Republic until 1960, when it was changed to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, events of February 1948 are considered the end of the Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - 1945", "says": "President Beneš flew from his exile in London to Košice in eastern Slovakia, which had been taken by the Red Army and which became the temporary capital."}, {"id": "Q168975", "label": "Zdeněk Fierlinger", "section": "History - 1945", "says": "In Košice the new National Front government was formed, based on discussions dating back to 1943, with Beneš remaining president, Zdeněk Fierlinger becoming prime minister with Klement Gottwald as deputy premier."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - 1945", "says": "Beneš was pressured by the Soviet Union to grant them the Carpathian Ruthenia territory as a sort of war reparation, and a treaty was signed on 29 June 1945 annexing it to the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "History - 1945", "says": "Czechs, bitterly disappointed by the West at the Munich Agreement, responded favourably to both the KSČ and the Soviet alliance."}, {"id": "Q315531", "label": "Jan Masaryk", "section": "History - 1946", "says": "Beneš continued as president of the republic, and Jan Masaryk, son of the revered founding father, continued as foreign minister."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - 1947", "says": "From June of that year, and especially after the outbreak of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine in November, Czechoslovakia began to sell arms to the Palestinian Jewish Haganah defense force."}], "Q2475921": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Empire supported Mongolian autonomy but did not support the full independence and territorial programme pursued by the Mongolian government."}, {"id": "Q2081446", "label": "Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1921, Bogd Khaan's monarchy was restored during the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, and it continued alongside the new revolutionary government until his death in 1924."}, {"id": "Q212056", "label": "Mongolian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed later that year."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Decline of Russian influence", "says": "The outbreak of the World War I in 1914 required Russia to redirect its energies to Europe."}, {"id": "Q188408", "label": "Chen Yi", "section": "Abolition of Mongolian autonomy", "says": "On 13 August 1919 Commissioner Chen Yi received a message from \"representatives of the four aimags\", requesting that China come to Mongolia's aid against Semyonov; it also expressed the desire of the Khalkha nobility to restore the previous Qing system."}, {"id": "Q702428", "label": "Hsu Shih-chang", "section": "Abolition of Mongolian autonomy", "says": "President Xu Shichang sent a conciliatory letter to the Bogd Khaan, pledging respect for Mongolian feelings and reverence for the Jebtsundamba Khututktu and the Buddhist faith."}, {"id": "Q2408784", "label": "Xu Shuzheng", "section": "Abolition of Mongolian autonomy", "says": "A few months earlier the Chinese government had appointed as new Northwest Frontier Commissioner Xu Shuzheng, an influential warlord and prominent member of the pro-Japanese Anhui clique in the Chinese National Assembly."}], "Q256187": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Solomonic dynasty was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries."}, {"id": "Q888003", "label": "Yekuno Amlak", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Yekuno Amlak, who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in 1270."}, {"id": "Q159888", "label": "Queen of Sheba", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the dynasty's founding, he was descended from the legendary king Menelik I, the son of the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba of the Davidic line."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Solomonic dynasty remained in power until 1974, when its last emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a coup d'état by the Derg."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Foundation and origin myth", "says": "The Solomonic dynasty is the name given by modern historians to the line of Ethiopian Orthodox Christian monarchs that ruled Ethiopia from the late 13th century to 1974."}, {"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "History - Foundation and origin myth", "says": "The dynasty later claimed that Yekuno Amlak was a direct male line descendant of the royal house of the Kingdom of Aksum."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Menelik II, and later his daughter Zewditu, would be the last Ethiopian monarchs who could claim uninterrupted direct male descent from Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba (both Lij Iyasu and Haile Selassie were in the female line, Lij Iyasu through his mother Shewarega Menelik, and Haile Selassie through his paternal grandmother, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie)."}, {"id": "Q379889", "label": "Iyasu V", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Menelik II, and later his daughter Zewditu, would be the last Ethiopian monarchs who could claim uninterrupted direct male descent from Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba (both Lij Iyasu and Haile Selassie were in the female line, Lij Iyasu through his mother Shewarega Menelik, and Haile Selassie through his paternal grandmother, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie)."}, {"id": "Q9068538", "label": "Ethiopian Revolution", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Members of the family in Ethiopia at the time of the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution were imprisoned; some were executed and others exiled."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The Empire expanded and contracted over the centuries, sometimes incorporating parts of modern-day Sudan and South Sudan, and coastal areas of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden."}, {"id": "Q460342", "label": "Amda Seyon I", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Southern and eastern regions were permanently incorporated during the last two centuries, some by Shewan kings and some by Emperors Menelik II and Haile Selassie; although much of the central and southern regions were previously incorporated into the empire under Amda Seyon I and Zara Yaqob, peripheral areas were lost after the invasion of Ahmad Ibrahim."}, {"id": "Q147677", "label": "Zara Yaqob", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Southern and eastern regions were permanently incorporated during the last two centuries, some by Shewan kings and some by Emperors Menelik II and Haile Selassie; although much of the central and southern regions were previously incorporated into the empire under Amda Seyon I and Zara Yaqob, peripheral areas were lost after the invasion of Ahmad Ibrahim."}, {"id": "Q738321", "label": "Susenyos", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The elder Gondarine Amhara line, starting with Susenyos I in 1606 (although often credited to his son Fasilides who established his capital at Gondar) ended its rule with the fall of the largely powerless Yohannes III in 1855 and the coming to power of Tewodros II, whose later claims of Solomonic descent were never widely accepted."}, {"id": "Q642265", "label": "Fasiladas", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The elder Gondarine Amhara line, starting with Susenyos I in 1606 (although often credited to his son Fasilides who established his capital at Gondar) ended its rule with the fall of the largely powerless Yohannes III in 1855 and the coming to power of Tewodros II, whose later claims of Solomonic descent were never widely accepted."}, {"id": "Q611063", "label": "Yohannes III", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The elder Gondarine Amhara line, starting with Susenyos I in 1606 (although often credited to his son Fasilides who established his capital at Gondar) ended its rule with the fall of the largely powerless Yohannes III in 1855 and the coming to power of Tewodros II, whose later claims of Solomonic descent were never widely accepted."}, {"id": "Q262589", "label": "Tewodros II", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The elder Gondarine Amhara line, starting with Susenyos I in 1606 (although often credited to his son Fasilides who established his capital at Gondar) ended its rule with the fall of the largely powerless Yohannes III in 1855 and the coming to power of Tewodros II, whose later claims of Solomonic descent were never widely accepted."}], "Q2571484": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the subsequent First Kashmir War between India and Pakistan, it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, Jammu and Kashmir was formed, when Kashmir was sold to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for 75 lakh rupees, on 16 March 1846."}, {"id": "Q12446053", "label": "Hari Singh I of Kashmir", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state."}], "Q265824": [{"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The term Second Republic is used to differentiate it from the First and Third republics."}, {"id": "Q189139", "label": "Ioannis Metaxas", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of the Republic eventually paved the way for Greece to become a totalitarian single-party state, when Ioannis Metaxas established the 4th of August Regime in 1936, lasting until the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "History - National Schism and the republican question", "says": "The decision whether or not to abolish the monarchy is one which divided Greek society, as even some Liberal Party supporters, including the Party's founder, Eleftherios Venizelos, spoke out in favour of retaining the monarchy as a safety net against instability."}, {"id": "Q449445", "label": "Nikolaos Plastiras", "section": "History - National Schism and the republican question", "says": "Under Venizelist officers like Nikolaos Plastiras and Stylianos Gonatas, King Constantine I was again forced to abdicate, and died in exile in 1923."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - First years", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed on 25 March 1924 by the Parliament; the chosen date was very significant as the Greek War of Independence is traditionally celebrated on 25 March."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - First years", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed on 25 March 1924 by the Parliament; the chosen date was very significant as the Greek War of Independence is traditionally celebrated on 25 March."}, {"id": "Q515693", "label": "Theodoros Pangalos", "section": "History - First years", "says": "While the Parliament was still debating the new constitution (see below), General Theodoros Pangalos organised a coup."}, {"id": "Q332096", "label": "Alexandros Zaimis", "section": "History - Later years and collapse", "says": "He was succeeded by Alexandros Zaimis, who served until the restoration of the monarchy in 1935."}, {"id": "Q167278", "label": "Georgios Kondylis", "section": "History - Later years and collapse", "says": "As the prospect of the return of the monarchy became more likely, Venizelist officers launched a coup in March 1935, which was suppressed by General Georgios Kondylis."}], "Q282475": [{"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 16th to 18th centuries, these two kingdoms were under Iranian suzerainty because of the spheres of influence created in the region by the Peace of Amasya and mutually agreed with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 16th to 18th centuries, these two kingdoms were under Iranian suzerainty because of the spheres of influence created in the region by the Peace of Amasya and mutually agreed with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "However, following the death of Nader Shah, local Georgian monarchs Heraclius II and Teimuraz II took advantage of the resulting chaos and obtained de facto independence."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "However, following the death of Nader Shah, local Georgian monarchs Heraclius II and Teimuraz II took advantage of the resulting chaos and obtained de facto independence."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "lead", "says": "Heraclius subsequently united the two smaller kingdoms into one."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "lead", "says": "To support the newly independent kingdom, in 1783 Heraclius signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russian Empire, by which he formally laid Kartli-Kakheti's investiture in the hands of the Russian monarch, and made the kingdom a Russian protectorate."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "To support the newly independent kingdom, in 1783 Heraclius signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russian Empire, by which he formally laid Kartli-Kakheti's investiture in the hands of the Russian monarch, and made the kingdom a Russian protectorate."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "However, by the 1790s Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar emerged as the newest threat and, after Heraclius II refused to scrap the treaty with Russia, he invaded the Georgian kingdom, capturing and sacking Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q561465", "label": "Ivan Gudovich", "section": "lead", "says": "To restore Russian prestige, Catherine II, on the advice of Ivan Gudovich, belatedly declared war on Persia."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "lead", "says": "The following years, which were marked by instability, culminated in 1801 with the official annexation of the kingdom by Paul I within the Russian Empire during the nominal ascension of Heraclius's son George XII to the Kartli-Kakhetian throne."}, {"id": "Q668957", "label": "George XII of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The following years, which were marked by instability, culminated in 1801 with the official annexation of the kingdom by Paul I within the Russian Empire during the nominal ascension of Heraclius's son George XII to the Kartli-Kakhetian throne."}], "Q315667": [{"id": "Q314076", "label": "Treaty of Leipzig", "section": "History - Division of Leipzig", "says": "According to the 1485 Treaty of Leipzig, the Wettin lands had been divided between Elector Ernest of Saxony and his younger brother Albert III, with the western lands in Thuringia together with the electoral dignity going to the Ernestine branch of the family."}, {"id": "Q682736", "label": "Ernest of Saxony", "section": "History - Division of Leipzig", "says": "According to the 1485 Treaty of Leipzig, the Wettin lands had been divided between Elector Ernest of Saxony and his younger brother Albert III, with the western lands in Thuringia together with the electoral dignity going to the Ernestine branch of the family."}, {"id": "Q506182", "label": "John Frederick I", "section": "History - Division of Leipzig", "says": "Ernest's grandson Elector John Frederick I of Saxony forfeited the electoral dignity in the 1547 Capitulation of Wittenberg, after he had joined the revolt of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League against the Habsburg emperor Charles V, was defeated, captured and banned."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Division of Leipzig", "says": "Ernest's grandson Elector John Frederick I of Saxony forfeited the electoral dignity in the 1547 Capitulation of Wittenberg, after he had joined the revolt of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League against the Habsburg emperor Charles V, was defeated, captured and banned."}, {"id": "Q703081", "label": "Peace of Passau", "section": "History - Division of Leipzig", "says": "Nevertheless, according to the 1552 Peace of Passau he was pardoned and allowed to retain his lands in Thuringia."}, {"id": "Q134309", "label": "Charles IX of France", "section": "History - Division of Erfurt", "says": "John Frederick II was succeeded by his younger brother John William at Weimar, who in a short time also fell out of favour with the emperor by his alliance with King Charles IX of France."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Division of Erfurt", "says": "Duke John William, chafing under the loss, died in 1573, succeeded by his son Frederick William I."}, {"id": "Q57195", "label": "Frederick V of the Palatinate", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, Duke Johann Ernst I supported the Protestant Bohemian estates under the \"Winter King\" Frederick V of the Palatinate, who were defeated at the 1620 Battle of White Mountain."}, {"id": "Q4373", "label": "Battle of White Mountain", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, Duke Johann Ernst I supported the Protestant Bohemian estates under the \"Winter King\" Frederick V of the Palatinate, who were defeated at the 1620 Battle of White Mountain."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "At first also an advocate of Protestant concerns, after the death of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden he chose to accord with the 1635 Peace of Prague that his Albertine cousins had negotiated with the emperor – against the opposition of his younger brother General Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who entered into the French service under Cardinal Richelieu."}, {"id": "Q61118", "label": "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "At first also an advocate of Protestant concerns, after the death of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden he chose to accord with the 1635 Peace of Prague that his Albertine cousins had negotiated with the emperor – against the opposition of his younger brother General Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who entered into the French service under Cardinal Richelieu."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "At first also an advocate of Protestant concerns, after the death of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden he chose to accord with the 1635 Peace of Prague that his Albertine cousins had negotiated with the emperor – against the opposition of his younger brother General Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who entered into the French service under Cardinal Richelieu."}, {"id": "Q616804", "label": "Saxe-Coburg", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "When in 1638 the Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg branch became extinct upon the death of Duke John Ernest, Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar inherited large parts of his estates."}, {"id": "Q700229", "label": "Saxe-Gotha", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "In 1640 however he had to involve his younger brothers Ernest I and Albert IV, thereby (re-)establishing the Duchies of Saxe-Gotha and the short-lived Saxe-Eisenach, which was again dissolved upon Duke Albert's death in 1644."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Another rearrangement of the Ernestine lands took place in 1672 after Duke Frederick William III of Saxe-Altenburg, descendant of Duke John Phillip, had died without heirs and his cousin Duke Johann Ernst II of Saxe-Weimar inherited parts of his duchy, which originally had been split off the Saxe-Weimar territory in 1602."}, {"id": "Q829700", "label": "Saxe-Jena", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "Johann Ernst II immediately divided the enlarged Saxe-Weimar lands between himself and his younger brothers John George I and Bernhard II, who received the Duchies of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Jena, which reverted to Saxe-Weimar upon the death of Bernhard's son Duke Johann Wilhelm in 1690."}, {"id": "Q696651", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "Upon the death of John George's descendant Wilhelm Heinrich in 1741, Duke Ernest Augustus I of Saxe-Weimar also inherited the Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "His son Ernest Augustus II, who succeeded him in 1748, died in 1758, whereafter Empress Maria Theresa appointed his young widow, Duchess Anna Amalia, regent of the country and guardian of her infant son, Charles Augustus."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "His son Ernest Augustus II, who succeeded him in 1748, died in 1758, whereafter Empress Maria Theresa appointed his young widow, Duchess Anna Amalia, regent of the country and guardian of her infant son, Charles Augustus."}, {"id": "Q22670", "label": "Friedrich Schiller", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "Both dedicated patrons of literature and art, Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading German scholars, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller and Johann Gottfried Herder, and made their residence in Weimar an important cultural center in an era referred to as Weimar Classicism."}, {"id": "Q155547", "label": "Johann Gottfried Herder", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "Both dedicated patrons of literature and art, Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading German scholars, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller and Johann Gottfried Herder, and made their residence in Weimar an important cultural center in an era referred to as Weimar Classicism."}, {"id": "Q15193", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "In 1804, Duke Charles Augustus entered into European politics by marrying his son and heir Charles Frederick to Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, sister of Emperor Alexander I of Russia."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "However, at the same time he joined Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition against the French Empire, and after the defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, was forced to accede to the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine in 1806."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - Weimar Classicism", "says": "However, at the same time he joined Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition against the French Empire, and after the defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, was forced to accede to the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine in 1806."}], "Q31573": [{"id": "Q174193", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Act of 1920, which became effective on 3 May 1921, was intended to create two self-governing territories within Ireland, each with its own parliament and governmental institutions, and both remaining within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."}, {"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Continuing unrest resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Provisional Government, which administered Southern Ireland from 16 January 1922 to 5 December 1922: effectively a transitional administration for the period between the ratifying of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the establishment of the Irish Free State."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "Continuing unrest resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Provisional Government, which administered Southern Ireland from 16 January 1922 to 5 December 1922: effectively a transitional administration for the period between the ratifying of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the establishment of the Irish Free State."}, {"id": "Q177235", "label": "Edward Carson, Baron Carson", "section": "Home Rule and Partition", "says": "One of those most opposed to this partition settlement was the leader of Irish unionism, Dublin-born Sir Edward Carson, who felt that it was wrong to divide Ireland in two, and felt this would badly affect the position of southern and western unionists."}], "Q317078": [{"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is traditionally considered to have gained its formal independence from the Novgorod Republic in 1348."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of the second half of the 14th century, Pskov was within the sphere of influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "However, from 1399, it recognized the suzerainty of the Grand Principality of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After the disintegration of Kievan Rus' in the 12th century, the city of Pskov and its dependent territory became part of the Novgorod Republic, but it continued to enjoy self-government under the supervision of a posadnik, or chief executive, that was appointed by Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to penetrate Pskov when Grand Duke Gediminas responded to the Pskovites' request to send a prince in 1323."}, {"id": "Q679083", "label": "Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Prince Aleksandr of Tver was granted sanctuary by the Pskovites in 1327 after he had fled Tver following an anti-Tatar uprising that was subsequently crushed by a punitive force dispatched by the khan of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Prince Aleksandr of Tver was granted sanctuary by the Pskovites in 1327 after he had fled Tver following an anti-Tatar uprising that was subsequently crushed by a punitive force dispatched by the khan of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q185316", "label": "Ivan I of Moscow", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "At the behest of Ivan I of Moscow, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church excommunicated Aleksandr as well as the people of Pskov."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Aleksandr then fled to Lithuania and, after a treaty was signed between Pskov and the head of the church, the ban was lifted."}, {"id": "Q314457", "label": "Magnus IV of Sweden", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In August 1348, Magnus IV of Sweden captured the key fortress of Orekhov located at the eastern end of the Neva."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "In 1341, the chronicle of Novgorod states that the Pskovites had \"betrayed themselves\" (predashasia) to Lithuania when they invited Grand Duke Algirdas to reign in the city."}, {"id": "Q297102", "label": "Simeon of Moscow", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Simeon of Moscow was also able to establish a dominant position in Novgorod, and as a result, he was able to eliminate Lithuania's influence in northwest Russia for the time being."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "In 1352, the Black Death reached Pskov and subsequently spread to the rest of Russia; the chronicles of Novgorod and Pskov say that hundreds died every day, but it also weakened the ascendancy of Moscow for some time."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "This changed after Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania signed the Treaty of Salynas with the Teutonic Knights in 1398, in which he promised to help them conquer Pskov, while the Teutons promised to help Lithuania conquer Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q668403", "label": "Treaty of Salynas", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "This changed after Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania signed the Treaty of Salynas with the Teutonic Knights in 1398, in which he promised to help them conquer Pskov, while the Teutons promised to help Lithuania conquer Novgorod."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "That same year, Vytautas sheltered Tokhtamysh in exchange for military assistance."}, {"id": "Q2477899", "label": "Temür Qutlugh", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Vyatautas was promised aid in conquering Moscow and he joined Tokhtamysh in his war against Temür Qutlugh, but they were decisively defeated at the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399."}, {"id": "Q597478", "label": "Battle of the Vorskla River", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Vyatautas was promised aid in conquering Moscow and he joined Tokhtamysh in his war against Temür Qutlugh, but they were decisively defeated at the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399."}, {"id": "Q272156", "label": "Vasily I of Moscow", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "After Prince Ivan Andreyevich left the city, Pskov sent emissaries to Grand Prince Vasily I of Moscow requesting a prince, and from then on, the prince of Pskov was a governor or viceroy (namestnik) under the overlordship of the grand prince."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The two sides stopped fighting as Vasily had to battle a Tatar invasion led by Edigu in 1408, while Vytautas joined the forces of Władysław II Jagiełło to inflict a devastating defeat on the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410."}, {"id": "Q33570", "label": "Battle of Grunwald", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The two sides stopped fighting as Vasily had to battle a Tatar invasion led by Edigu in 1408, while Vytautas joined the forces of Władysław II Jagiełło to inflict a devastating defeat on the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410."}, {"id": "Q53459", "label": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Finally, in 1449, Grand Prince Vasily II signed treaties with Casimir IV Jagiellon that delineated their spheres of influence, with Casimir recognizing Pskov and Novgorod as dependencies of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "The status of Pskov until the mid-15th century has been compared to that of the free cities of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q3736944", "label": "Battle of the Siritsa River", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "In 1501, the armies of Pskov and Moscow were defeated in the Battle of the Siritsa River by the Livonian Order, but the city withstood a subsequent siege."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "In the treaty, \"tsar\" Ivan III of Russia confirms an agreement in Novgorod by the representatives of the \"respected prince of Livland, Walter von Plettenburg\" on one side and Pskov on the other."}], "Q4083686": [{"id": "Q373650", "label": "Sur Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its decline began with an interregnum by the Sur Empire, followed by Mughal conquest and disintegration into petty kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "lead", "says": "Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, and the Maldives."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Background (13th and 14th centuries)", "says": "Bengal was gradually absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate during the 1200s."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "History - Background (13th and 14th centuries)", "says": "It began with Bakhtiyar's 1202–1204 conquest of Gauda during the reign of Muhammad of Ghor."}, {"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "History - Background (13th and 14th centuries)", "says": "After the assassination of Bakhtiar Khalji by his own officer Ali Mardan in 1206, Bengal was administered by various Maliks belonging to the Khalji tribe (except a brief interregnum by Ali Mardan himself) until Delhi Sultan Iltutmish sent forces under his son, Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud, to bring Bengal under the direct control of the Delhi Sultans."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "History - Background (13th and 14th centuries)", "says": "By 1338, the three administrative regions had separatist sultans, including Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah in Sonargaon, Alauddin Ali Shah in Gauda, and Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah in Satgaon."}, {"id": "Q7487786", "label": "Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah", "section": "History - Background (13th and 14th centuries)", "says": "By 1338, the three administrative regions had separatist sultans, including Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah in Sonargaon, Alauddin Ali Shah in Gauda, and Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah in Satgaon."}, {"id": "Q14475864", "label": "Sikandar Shah", "section": "History - Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)", "says": "His son and successor, Sikandar Shah, defeated Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq during the second Siege of Ekdala Fort in 1359."}, {"id": "Q6932430", "label": "Azam Shah", "section": "History - Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)", "says": "The third Sultan, Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, began expanding Bengal's influence abroad."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)", "says": "The Bengal Sultans pledged nominal allegiance to the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo."}, {"id": "Q702918", "label": "Ma Huan", "section": "History - Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)", "says": "In 1406, Ma Huan found Sonargaon as a large metropolis."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Rise of native Ganesha dynasty (15th century)", "says": "Sultan Mahmud Shah of Bengal shifted the capital from Pandua to Gaur in 1450."}, {"id": "Q10791211", "label": "Kingdom of Mrauk U", "section": "History - Rise of native Ganesha dynasty (15th century)", "says": "During the reign of Rukunuddin Barbak Shah, the Kingdom of Mrauk U conquered Chittagong."}, {"id": "Q4060542", "label": "Alauddin Husain Shah", "section": "History - Regional kingdom (15th and 16th centuries)", "says": "Alauddin Husain Shah founded the Hussain Shahi dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2035098", "label": "Jadunath Sarkar", "section": "History - Regional kingdom (15th and 16th centuries)", "says": "According to historian Jadunath Sarkar, a 1513 inscription from Sonargaon indicates that Hussain Shah annexed a part of the Twipra Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Decline (16th century)", "says": "The absorption of Bengal into the Mughal Empire was a gradual process."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "History - Decline (16th century)", "says": "The second Mughal ruler, Humayun, occupied the Bengal capital of Gaur during the invasion of Sher Shah Suri against both the Mughals and Bengal Sultans."}, {"id": "Q3297309", "label": "Battle of Tukaroi", "section": "History - Decline (16th century)", "says": "The Battle of Tukaroi in Orissa saw Mughal forces led by Akbar overwhelm the Bengal Sultanate's forces led by the last Sultan Daud Khan Karrani, resulting in the Treaty of Cuttack."}], "Q552328": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It developed into a prominent regional power along the northeastern frontier of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, situated between major neighbors like Urartu and a constellation of smaller buffer states, such as Zikirta and Musasir."}], "Q616992": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Italian governorate of Montenegro (Italian: Governatorato del Montenegro) existed from October 1941 to September 1943 as an occupied territory under military government of the Kingdom of Italy during World War II."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "Immediately prior to the creation of the KSCS in December 1918, the Kingdom of Montenegro was unified with the Kingdom of Serbia and ceased to exist as an independent state."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "Background", "says": "A period of agrarian reform  immediately after the First World War resulted in some transfer of population from mountainous areas of Montenegro to other areas of Yugoslavia, including the Macedonian and Kosovo regions."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background", "says": "After 1929, the Zeta Banovina (province) of Yugoslavia included all of modern-day Montenegro, as well as adjacent parts of modern-day Serbia, Kosovo, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "The 9th Army was also responsible for those parts of Kosovo and western Macedonia annexed to Albania."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Initial occupation", "says": "Italian flags were distributed and flown, photographs of Benito Mussolini and the King of Italy were displayed in public offices, and the Fascist Roman salute was made compulsory."}, {"id": "Q153909", "label": "Milovan Đilas", "section": "History - Dissatisfaction", "says": "In early July 1941, a senior Montenegrin member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the KPJ, Milovan Đilas, arrived in Montenegro from Belgrade to start the communist struggle against the occupying forces."}, {"id": "Q150642", "label": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "No member of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty was willing to accept the throne, so the National Assembly decided to establish a \"Regency\" under the nominal rule of Italian King Victor Emmanuel III."}, {"id": "Q606771", "label": "Pavle Đurišić", "section": "History - Uprising", "says": "Amidst the worst of the fighting during the successful attack he led on Berane, then-Captain Pavle Đurišić distinguished himself, and emerged as one of the main commanders of the uprising."}, {"id": "Q220105", "label": "Galeazzo Ciano", "section": "History - Uprising", "says": "The Italian Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano was shocked by the uprising, and was concerned about the ability of the Italian Army to suppress it."}, {"id": "Q1288790", "label": "Alessandro Pirzio Biroli", "section": "History - Uprising", "says": "The commander of the Italian 9th Army based in Albania, Generale d’Armata (General) Alessandro Pirzio Biroli, placed the commander of the XIV Corps, Generale d'Corpo Armata (Lieutenant General) Luigi Mentasti in command of all Italian forces in Montenegro, and gave him orders to crush the revolt."}, {"id": "Q701914", "label": "Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia", "section": "History - Chetnik commanders for Montenegro", "says": "In early November 1941, a split developed between the Chetniks and Partisans in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia."}, {"id": "Q1290092", "label": "Noel Malcolm", "section": "History - Chetnik commanders for Montenegro", "says": "Pavlowitch and Noel Malcolm believe that the document was a forgery made by Đurišić after he failed to reach Mihailović, who, because German forces in Serbia had mounted an operation targeting Mihailović's forces, had been driven out of Ravna Gora."}, {"id": "Q334062", "label": "Jozo Tomasevich", "section": "History - Chetnik commanders for Montenegro", "says": "Milazzo, Jozo Tomasevich and Sabrina P."}], "Q649202": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was directly annexed by the Papal States in 1631."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Republic of Florence in the west and the Papal States in the south."}, {"id": "Q187998", "label": "Cesare Borgia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the short rule by Cesare Borgia in 1502–03, the dukedom went to the della Rovere papal family, who held it until 1625, when Pope Urban VIII annexed it to the Papal States as Legazione del Ducato di Urbino (later Legazione di Urbino)."}, {"id": "Q131579", "label": "Urban VIII", "section": "lead", "says": "After the short rule by Cesare Borgia in 1502–03, the dukedom went to the della Rovere papal family, who held it until 1625, when Pope Urban VIII annexed it to the Papal States as Legazione del Ducato di Urbino (later Legazione di Urbino)."}], "Q682318": [{"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "Sweden, which had been present in Pomerania with a garrison at Stralsund since 1628, gained effective control of the Duchy of Pomerania with the Treaty of Stettin in 1630."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "At the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Treaty of Stettin in 1653, Sweden received Western Pomerania (German Vorpommern), with the islands of Rügen, Usedom, and Wolin, and a strip of Farther Pomerania (Hinterpommern)."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "These areas were ceded to Brandenburg-Prussia and were integrated into Brandenburgian Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1814, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, Swedish Pomerania was ceded to Denmark in exchange for Norway in the Treaty of Kiel, and in 1815, as a result of the Congress of Vienna, transferred to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1814, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, Swedish Pomerania was ceded to Denmark in exchange for Norway in the Treaty of Kiel, and in 1815, as a result of the Congress of Vienna, transferred to Prussia."}], "Q692015": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Belgian States (Dutch: Verenigde Nederlandse Staten or Verenigde Belgische Staten; French: États-Belgiques-Unis), also known as the United States of Belgium, was a short-lived confederal republic in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) established under the Brabant Revolution."}, {"id": "Q896479", "label": "Brabant Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Belgian States (Dutch: Verenigde Nederlandse Staten or Verenigde Belgische Staten; French: États-Belgiques-Unis), also known as the United States of Belgium, was a short-lived confederal republic in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) established under the Brabant Revolution."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Before that, it corresponded to the largest part of the Austrian Netherlands, that is to say, regions within the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Before that, it corresponded to the largest part of the Austrian Netherlands, that is to say, regions within the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the Edict on Idle Institutions (1780), contemplative religious orders, deemed useless, were dissolved and diocesan seminaries were abolished and replaced by general seminaries in Leuven and Luxembourg."}], "Q701337": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "On 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place; on August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria, and Japan's resistance to the Allies was quickly ended."}], "Q718763": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Seas Mandate was a League of Nations mandate given to the Empire of Japan by the League of Nations following World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Seas Mandate was a League of Nations mandate given to the Empire of Japan by the League of Nations following World War I."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II the United States captured the islands, and after the war the United Nations revoked the mandate and established in its place the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands which was governed by the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II the United States captured the islands, and after the war the United Nations revoked the mandate and established in its place the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands which was governed by the United States."}, {"id": "Q702", "label": "Federated States of Micronesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The islands are now part of Palau, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q709", "label": "Marshall Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The islands are now part of Palau, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands."}, {"id": "Q7678002", "label": "Takekoshi Yosaburō", "section": "Origin", "says": "Although the Japanese public's enthusiasm for southward expansion had abated by the turn of the century, a number of important intellectuals, businessmen, and military officials continued to advocate for it; among them were Admiral Satō Tetsutarō and Diet member Takekoshi Yosaburō."}, {"id": "Q696736", "label": "Karafuto Prefecture", "section": "Origin", "says": "The latter declared that the future of Japan \"lies not in the north, but in the south, not on the continent, but on the ocean\" and that its \"great task\" was to \"turn the Pacific into a Japanese lake.\"\nBy the outbreak of World War I the empire included Taiwan, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, the southern half of Sakhalin (Karafuto Prefecture), the Kuril Islands, and Port Arthur (Kwantung Leased Territor"}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 had been signed primarily to serve Britain's and Japan's common interest of opposing Russian expansion."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "Origin", "says": "Within hours of Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1914, Japan invoked the treaty and offered to declare war on the German Empire if it could take German territories in China and the South Pacific."}], "Q784974": [{"id": "Q3878846", "label": "Devabhuti", "section": "lead", "says": "Vasudeva was initially a minister of the Shunga Emperor Devabhuti, who then assassinated the former emperor and usurped the throne."}], "Q795427": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of Upper Canada (French: province du Haut-Canada) was one of the two Provinces of The Canadas established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain to govern the central portion of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the Province of Quebec since 1763."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Canada was the primary destination of Loyalist refugees and settlers from the United States after the American Revolution, who often were granted land to settle in Upper Canada."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Canada was the primary destination of Loyalist refugees and settlers from the United States after the American Revolution, who often were granted land to settle in Upper Canada."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The new province was characterized by its British way of life, including bicameral parliament and separate civil and criminal law, rather than mixed as in Lower Canada or elsewhere in the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q1121436", "label": "Province of Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Canada existed from its establishment on 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841, when it was united with adjacent Lower Canada to form the Province of Canada."}], "Q833118": [{"id": "Q318000", "label": "Amyrtaeus", "section": "lead", "says": "Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais, who carried on a rebellion in 465–463 BC with the Egyptian chief, Inarus (himself a grandson of Psamtik III), against the satrap Achaemenes of Achaemenid Egypt."}, {"id": "Q316278", "label": "Psamtik III", "section": "lead", "says": "Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais, who carried on a rebellion in 465–463 BC with the Egyptian chief, Inarus (himself a grandson of Psamtik III), against the satrap Achaemenes of Achaemenid Egypt."}], "Q890120": [{"id": "Q313424", "label": "Ian Douglas Smith", "section": "Background", "says": "The settlement also created an executive council composed of Ian Smith and three black individuals (Muzorewa, Sithole, and Chirau), and a ministerial council, while Smith retained his title as prime minister."}], "Q914898": [{"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "This largely Buddhist kingdom existed for over a thousand years until it was conquered by the Muslim Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1006, during the Islamization and Turkicization of Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Foundation legend and origins", "says": "These are found in the account given by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang and in Tibetan translations of Khotanese documents."}, {"id": "Q922190", "label": "Shanshan", "section": "History - Foundation legend and origins", "says": "Documents written in Prakrit dating to the 3rd century AD from neighbouring Shanshan show that the king of Khotan, Vij'ida-simha, was given the title hinajha (i.e. \"generalissimo\"), a distinctively Iranian-based word equivalent to the Sanskrit title senapati."}, {"id": "Q313061", "label": "Aurel Stein", "section": "History - Foundation legend and origins", "says": "He contended that the use of Khotanese in the 10th-century royal documents \"makes it likely that the ruler of Khotan was a speaker of Iranian.\" \nIn the 1900s, Aurel Stein discovered Prakrit documents written in Kharoṣṭhī in Niya, and together with the founding legend of Khotan,"}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "History - Arrival of the Saka", "says": "These records indicate that they originally inhabited the Ili and Chu River valleys of modern Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Arrival of the Saka", "says": "These records indicate that they originally inhabited the Ili and Chu River valleys of modern Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "History - Arrival of the Saka", "says": "According to the Sima Qian's Shiji, the Indo-European Yuezhi, originally from the area between Tängri Tagh (Tian Shan) and Dunhuang of Gansu, China, were assaulted and forced to flee from the Hexi Corridor of Gansu by the forces of the Xiongnu ruler Modu Chanyu in 177-176 BC."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "History - Arrival of the Saka", "says": "One suggestion is that the Saka became Hellenized in the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and they or an ethnically mixed Greco-Scythians either migrated to Yarkand and Khotan, or a bit earlier from Taxila in the Indo-Greek Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Arrival of the Saka", "says": "One suggestion is that the Saka became Hellenized in the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and they or an ethnically mixed Greco-Scythians either migrated to Yarkand and Khotan, or a bit earlier from Taxila in the Indo-Greek Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "In the 2nd century AD a Khotanese king helped the famous ruler Kanishka of the Kushan Empire (founded by the Yuezhi people) to conquer the key town of Saket in the Middle kingdoms of India:\n\nAfterwards king Vijaya Krīti, for whom a manifestation of the Ārya Mañjuśrī, the Arhat called Spyi-pri who was propagating the religion (dharma) in Kam-śeṅ [a district of Khotan] was acting as pious friend, th"}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "In the 2nd century AD a Khotanese king helped the famous ruler Kanishka of the Kushan Empire (founded by the Yuezhi people) to conquer the key town of Saket in the Middle kingdoms of India:\n\nAfterwards king Vijaya Krīti, for whom a manifestation of the Ārya Mañjuśrī, the Arhat called Spyi-pri who was propagating the religion (dharma) in Kam-śeṅ [a district of Khotan] was acting as pious friend, th"}, {"id": "Q7271", "label": "Emperor Ming of Han", "section": "History - Eastern Han period", "says": "Khotan at the time had relations with the Xiongnu, who during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han (57-75 AD) invaded Khotan and forced the Khotanese court to pay them large annual amounts of tribute in the form of silk and tapestries."}, {"id": "Q366132", "label": "Ban Chao", "section": "History - Eastern Han period", "says": "When the Han military officer Ban Chao went to Khotan, he was received by the King with minimal courtesy."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Eastern Han period", "says": "The Book of the Later Han, covering 6 to 189 AD, says:\n\nThe main centre of the kingdom of Yutian (Khotan) is the town of Xicheng (\"Western Town\", Yotkan)."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Tang dynasty", "says": "The Tibetans later defeated the Chinese and took control of the Four Garrisons."}, {"id": "Q253774", "label": "An Lushan Rebellion", "section": "History - Tang dynasty", "says": "The An Lushan Rebellion began in 755, and the Khotanese king sent some 5,000 troops to assist in the suppression efforts."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Tang dynasty", "says": "Khotan was taken by the Tibetan Empire in 792, who capitalized on the weakness of the Tang Dynasty and conquered much of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q3239600", "label": "Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan", "section": "History - Turco-Islamic conquest of Buddhist Khotan", "says": "The Islamic conquests of the Buddhist cities east of Kashgar began with the conversion of the Karakhanid Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan to Islam in 934."}], "Q940741": [{"id": "Q16410", "label": "Hungarian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was itself dissolved on 20 August 1949 and succeeded by the Soviet-backed Hungarian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed in the aftermath of the Soviet occupation of Hungary at the end of World War II in Europe and with the formal abolition of the Hungarian monarchy, whose throne had been vacant since 1918, in February 1946."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed in the aftermath of the Soviet occupation of Hungary at the end of World War II in Europe and with the formal abolition of the Hungarian monarchy, whose throne had been vacant since 1918, in February 1946."}, {"id": "Q207631", "label": "Mátyás Rákosi", "section": "lead", "says": "From that position the Communists were able to systematically eliminate their opponents segment by segment through political intrigue and fabricated conspiracy, a process that Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi called \"salami tactics\"."}, {"id": "Q155103", "label": "Siege of Budapest", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "The Siege of Budapest lasted almost two months and much of the city was destroyed."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "Neither the Western Allies nor the Soviet Union supported any changes to Hungary's pre-1938 borders, so the peace treaty signed by Hungary in 1947 declared that \"The decisions of the Vienna Award of 2 November 1938 are declared null and void\"."}, {"id": "Q219062", "label": "Zoltán Tildy", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "Zoltán Tildy became the provisional prime minister."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "The Soviet government would demand the return of all materials taken from the USSR, as well as reparations of 300 million USD in commodities to Moscow, 200 million to Czechoslovakia and 100 million to Romania."}, {"id": "Q176170", "label": "Ernő Gerő", "section": "History - Soviet control", "says": "The Hungarian Communist Party, now under the leadership of Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő, two veterans from the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, won 17% of the vote making them the largest opposition party."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Soviet control", "says": "The Hungarian Communist Party, now under the leadership of Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő, two veterans from the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, won 17% of the vote making them the largest opposition party."}, {"id": "Q186185", "label": "Kliment Voroshilov", "section": "History - Soviet control", "says": "The Soviet commander in Hungary, Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, refused to allow the Smallholders Party to form a government."}, {"id": "Q344780", "label": "László Rajk", "section": "History - Soviet control", "says": "László Rajk became minister of the interior and in this post established the security police (ÁVO)."}, {"id": "Q252414", "label": "Árpád Szakasits", "section": "History - Soviet control", "says": "In August, Tildy was forced out as president in favour of the formerly Social Democrat Árpád Szakasits."}, {"id": "Q680175", "label": "István Dobi", "section": "History - Soviet control", "says": "That December, Dinnyés was replaced as leader of the Smallholders and as prime minister by the Communist sympathist István Dobi."}], "Q1059707": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Lan Na or Lanna was a kingdom centered in present-day Northern Thailand which existed from the 13th to 18th centuries."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Lan Na grew out of Ngoenyang and by the 15th century was strong enough to fight the Ayutthaya Kingdom on equal terms."}, {"id": "Q1115291", "label": "Thonburi Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Burmese control ended with the retreat of that force, and Siam under Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom took Lan Na in 1776."}, {"id": "Q4202088", "label": "Phayao Kingdom", "section": "History - Early establishment", "says": "Mangrai, the 25th king of Ngoenyang (modern Chiang Saen) of the Lavachangkaraj dynasty, whose mother was a princess of a kingdom in Sipsongpanna (\"the twelve nations\"), centralized the mueangs of Ngoenyang into a unified kingdom or mandala and allied with the neighboring Phayao Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Early establishment", "says": "He founded Chiang Mai in 1296 and made it the capital."}, {"id": "Q1357404", "label": "Chiang Hung", "section": "History - Early establishment", "says": "Claimed territories of Mangrai's Lan Na include the modern northern Thai provinces (with the exception of Phrae, which was under the vassalage of Sukhothai, and Phayao and Nan), Kengtung, Mong Nai, and Chiang Hung (now Jinghong in Yunnan)."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Early establishment", "says": "Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit place Lan Na among three loose confederations of towns that formed in the interior between the end of the 13th century and the middle of the 14th, the others being Lan Xang on the middle Mekong and an unnamed group at the edge of the hills that Ayutthaya called the mueang nuea or Northern Cities."}, {"id": "Q889434", "label": "Kue Na", "section": "History - Disunity and prosperity", "says": "Theravada Buddhism prospered under Kue Na, who founded the stupa on Doi Suthep in 1386."}, {"id": "Q889700", "label": "Saenmueangma", "section": "History - Disunity and prosperity", "says": "Lan Na was at peace under Saenmueangma, whose name means that ten thousand cities come to pay tribute."}, {"id": "Q6581370", "label": "Samfangkaen", "section": "History - Disunity and prosperity", "says": "Lan Na faced invasions from the newly established Ming Dynasty in the reign of Samfangkaen."}, {"id": "Q586326", "label": "Tilokarat", "section": "History - Expansions under Tilokaraj", "says": "The Lan Na kingdom was strongest under Tilokaraj (1441–1487)."}, {"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "History - Expansions under Tilokaraj", "says": "Tilokaraj then expanded west to the Shan States of Laihka, Hsipaw, Mong Nai, and Yawnghwe."}, {"id": "Q1074685", "label": "Chiraprapha", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Ket's wife, Chiraprapha, then succeeded her husband as the queen regnant."}, {"id": "Q732557", "label": "Setthathirath", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1547, Prince Xaysettha returned to Lan Xang to claim the throne and ascended as Setthathirath."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "History - Burmese rule", "says": "The kingdom then fell into conflict with the expansionist Burmese king Bayinnaung over the Shan states."}, {"id": "Q515704", "label": "Naresuan", "section": "History - Burmese rule", "says": "In 1602, Nawrahta Minsaw became a vassal of King Naresuan of Siam."}, {"id": "Q1740556", "label": "Ong Kham", "section": "History - End of Burmese rule", "says": "Burmese rule at Chiang Mai lasted more than two hundred years, broken by periods under Ayutthaya and by periods of independence, and for more than thirty years of it the Lao king Ong Kham of Luang Prabang ruled there."}], "Q1069868": [{"id": "Q62456", "label": "Southern Qi", "section": "lead", "says": "It was preceded by the Southern Qi dynasty and succeeded by the Chen dynasty."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "The rump state of Western Liang existed until it was conquered in 587 AD by the Sui dynasty."}], "Q1117051": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Illyria was a titular crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1816 to 1849, the successor state of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces, which were reconquered by Austria in the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q699923", "label": "Illyrian Provinces", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Illyria was a titular crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1816 to 1849, the successor state of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces, which were reconquered by Austria in the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Illyria was a titular crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1816 to 1849, the successor state of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces, which were reconquered by Austria in the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q306696", "label": "Austrian Littoral", "section": "lead", "says": "Its administrative centre was in Ljubljana (officially German: Laibach)\nUpon the Revolutions of 1848, the kingdom was dissolved and split into the Austrian crown lands of Carniola, Carinthia, and the Austrian Littoral."}], "Q1122980": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Comtat Venaissin (French pronunciation: [kɔ̃ta vənɛsɛ̃]; Occitan: lo Comtat Venaicin; 'County of Venaissin'), often called the Comtat for short, was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791, in what is now the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southern France."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was a separate independent enclave within the Kingdom of France but not part of it, comprising the area around the city of Avignon (itself always a separate comtat) roughly between the Rhône, the Durance and Mont Ventoux, and a small exclave located to the north around the town of Valréas purchased by Pope John XXII."}, {"id": "Q165568", "label": "John XXII", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was a separate independent enclave within the Kingdom of France but not part of it, comprising the area around the city of Avignon (itself always a separate comtat) roughly between the Rhône, the Durance and Mont Ventoux, and a small exclave located to the north around the town of Valréas purchased by Pope John XXII."}, {"id": "Q2281221", "label": "Principality of Orange", "section": "lead", "says": "The Comtat also bordered (and mostly surrounded) the Principality of Orange."}], "Q1133431": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Artukoğulları) was established in 1102 as a Turkish principality of the Seljuk Empire."}, {"id": "Q1301749", "label": "Artuk Bey", "section": "lead", "says": "The Artuqid dynasty took its name from its founder, Artuk Bey, who was a member of Döger branch of the Oghuz Turks and ruled one of the Turkmen principalities of the Seljuk Empire."}], "Q1143164": [{"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Wei (), known in historiography as the Western Wei (Chinese: 西魏; pinyin: Xī Wèi), was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei."}], "Q116080": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Underground State was perceived by supporters as a legal continuation of the pre-war Republic of Poland (and its institutions) that waged an armed struggle against the country's occupying powers: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Underground State was perceived by supporters as a legal continuation of the pre-war Republic of Poland (and its institutions) that waged an armed struggle against the country's occupying powers: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q2983839", "label": "Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "SZP founder General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski received orders from Polish Commander-in-Chief Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły to organize and carry out the struggle in occupied Poland."}, {"id": "Q295688", "label": "Edward Rydz-Śmigły", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "SZP founder General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski received orders from Polish Commander-in-Chief Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły to organize and carry out the struggle in occupied Poland."}, {"id": "Q310594", "label": "Ignacy Mościcki", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "Following the Polish Constitution, President Ignacy Mościcki, interned in Romania after the Polish government evacuated itself from Poland on 17 September, resigned and appointed General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski as his successor; unpopular with the French government, Wieniawa-Długoszowski was replaced by Władysław Raczkiewicz on 29 September."}, {"id": "Q879093", "label": "Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "Following the Polish Constitution, President Ignacy Mościcki, interned in Romania after the Polish government evacuated itself from Poland on 17 September, resigned and appointed General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski as his successor; unpopular with the French government, Wieniawa-Długoszowski was replaced by Władysław Raczkiewicz on 29 September."}, {"id": "Q153132", "label": "Władysław Sikorski", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "General Władysław Sikorski, a long-term opponent of the Sanacja regime who resided in France and had the support of the French government, would become the Polish Commander-in-Chief (on 28 September) and Poland's Prime Minister (on 30 September)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "This government was quickly recognized by France and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2988903", "label": "Kazimierz Sosnkowski", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "Sikorski named General Kazimierz Sosnkowski the head of the ZWZ and Colonel Stefan Rowecki was"}, {"id": "Q683515", "label": "Stefan Rowecki", "section": "History - 1939–1940: Formation", "says": "Sikorski named General Kazimierz Sosnkowski the head of the ZWZ and Colonel Stefan Rowecki was"}, {"id": "Q569390", "label": "Leopold Okulicki", "section": "History - 1941–1943: Growth", "says": "ZWZ-AK commanders included Stefan Rowecki, Tadeusz Komorowski and Leopold Okulicki."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "History - 1941–1943: Growth", "says": "According to the plan, the country's Eastern borders, as delineated by the 1921 Treaty of Riga, would be kept while in the north and west compensation would be sought from German territories."}, {"id": "Q527012", "label": "Stanisław Mikołajczyk", "section": "History - 1944–1945: Decline and dissolution", "says": "The subsequent death (on 4 July) of the charismatic General Sikorski, succeeded by less influential Stanisław Mikołajczyk as the Prime Minister, and General Sosnkowski as the Commander-in-Chief, contributed to the decline."}], "Q12060881": [{"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinese Empire (traditional Chinese: 中華帝國; simplified Chinese: 中华帝国; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Dìguó), or the Empire of China, refers to the realm ruled by the Emperor of China during the era of Imperial China."}], "Q1477220": [{"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in October 1969, the Somali Democratic Republic emerged following a coup d'état led by Major General Siad Barre and the Somali military."}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "History - Coup d'etat", "says": "Abdirashid Shermarke, the 2nd president of Somalia, was assassinated outside the municipal headquarters of Las Anod in Northern Somalia on 15 October 1969."}, {"id": "Q66107", "label": "Henry Kissinger", "section": "History - Coup d'etat", "says": "Henry Kissinger, then United States National Security Advisor, concluded that the assassin acted independently."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Coup d'etat", "says": "Shermarke had been elected in 1964 with support from the Soviet Union and other communist states during his campaign."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "History - Coup d'etat", "says": "On 21 October 1969, at 3:00 a.m., Siad Barre, Jama Ali Korshel, Salaad Gabeyre Kediye, Mohamed Ainanshe Guled, and the military overthrew the parliamentary government of the existing Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q219918", "label": "Samora Moisés Machel", "section": "History - Operations and relations in Africa (Mozambique, Rhodesia, Zambia and Burundi)", "says": "Along with the Soviet Union and Cuba, Barre also sent martial reinforcements to assist the government of Samora Machel against Rhodesian and Portuguese forces."}, {"id": "Q318250", "label": "Ogaden War", "section": "History - Operations and relations in Africa (Mozambique, Rhodesia, Zambia and Burundi)", "says": "After fallout from the unsuccessful Ogaden War campaign, Mogadishu sought new allies and approached Pretoria for assistance."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Ogaden War", "says": "On 13 July 1977, the Ogaden War against Ethiopia erupted when Barre's government aimed to annex the predominantly Somali-inhabited Ogaden region into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "History - Ogaden War", "says": "Soviet military aid (second in magnitude only to the October 1973 gigantic resupplying of Syrian forces during the Yom Kippur War) and advisors flooded into Ethiopia along with around 15,000 Cuban combat troops."}, {"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "History - Ogaden War", "says": "Other communist countries offered assistance: the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen offered military assistance and North Korea helped train a \"People's Militia\"; East Germany likewise offered training, engineering and support troops."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Ogaden War", "says": "Other communist countries offered assistance: the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen offered military assistance and North Korea helped train a \"People's Militia\"; East Germany likewise offered training, engineering and support troops."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Ogaden War", "says": "Other communist countries offered assistance: the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen offered military assistance and North Korea helped train a \"People's Militia\"; East Germany likewise offered training, engineering and support troops."}, {"id": "Q215585", "label": "Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed", "section": "History - Coup attempt", "says": "The United States Central Intelligence Agency estimated that the coup, led by former Colonel Mohamed Osman Irro, alongside him Lieutenant Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed who both served in the Ogaden war, involved around 24 officers, 2,000 soldiers, and 65 tanks."}], "Q1649290": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Idel-Ural State was a short-lasting autonomy of Tatar peoples that claimed to unite the Tatars, Bashkirs, and Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War."}], "Q1751495": [{"id": "Q853348", "label": "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Socialist Republic (Slovak: Slovenská socialistická republika, SSR) was a republic within the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1969 to 1990, when the previously unitary Czechoslovak state changed into a federation."}, {"id": "Q1998866", "label": "Czech and Slovak Federal Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika, SR) was, from 1990 to 1992, a republic within the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, that is now the independent Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Slovak Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika, SR) was, from 1990 to 1992, a republic within the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, that is now the independent Slovakia."}], "Q1756546": [{"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The third Saudi state is the current Saudi state and successor to the two earlier states: the first and the second, founded by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman (also known as \"Ibn Saud\"), who managed to capture the city of Riyadh on January 13, 1902."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "A long series of conflicts and conquests ultimately led to the establishment of the modern and contemporary Saudi state, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q96028967", "label": "Emirate of Nejd and Hasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The third Saudi state was known at the beginning of its reign as \"the Emirate of Riyadh\" (1902–1913) and \"the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa\" (1913–1921)."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "Abdul Aziz conquered the Kingdom of Hejaz in 1925."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "It was a monarchy led by the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q5362837", "label": "Emirate of Jabal Shammar", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized Riyadh from the control of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, led by the House of Rashid, during the Battle of Riyadh."}, {"id": "Q2943187", "label": "Battle of Riyadh", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized Riyadh from the control of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, led by the House of Rashid, during the Battle of Riyadh."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Emirate of Nejd and Hasa", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized al-Hasa from the control of the Ottoman Empire garrison, during the Conquest of al-Hasa."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Sultanate of Nejd", "says": "This version of the third Saudi state was created when Abdulaziz ibn Saud, Emir of Riyadh, declared himself sultan over Nejd and its dependencies."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "At the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May 1927, Abdulaziz's realm was recognised by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and was addressed as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Soviet Union, followed by the United States of America in 1931."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Soviet Union, followed by the United States of America in 1931."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Soviet Union, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Soviet Union, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives."}], "Q1778994": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuban People's Republic or Kuban National Republic was an anti-Bolshevik state during the Russian Civil War, comprising the territory of the Kuban region in Russia."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It included the entire territory of the former Kuban Oblast of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "During its brief independence, it unsuccessfully sought union with the Ukrainian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuban People's Republic was de facto occupied by the forces of Anton Denikin on 6 November 1919, before being fully occupied and annexed by the Soviets in the spring of 1920."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The southern and eastern regions were made from the Caucasus Line Cossack Host, descendants of the Don Cossacks."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "However, during the reforms of Tsar Alexander II, the pacified Kuban Oblast was heavily invested in and extensive peasant migrants from Russian, Armenian and Ukrainian provinces migrated to cultivate the land."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "History - February Revolution", "says": "Following 1917's February Revolution in Petrograd, the Russian Provisional Government continued fighting in the increasingly unpopular First World War."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Independent Kuban National Republic", "says": "With the October Revolution, the people of the Kuban found themselves divided."}, {"id": "Q2287085", "label": "Kuban Soviet Republic", "section": "History - Independent Kuban National Republic", "says": "The numerous non-Cossack peasants were influenced by the Bolsheviks, proclaiming a Kuban Soviet Republic, which dispersed the council."}, {"id": "Q435090", "label": "Pavlo Skoropadsky", "section": "History - Russian Civil War", "says": "The final sparks came when the Rada first turned towards Ukraine to enter a federal union with Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, and after its downfall, entered into a similar union with the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whilst its foreign envoys in France proclaimed independence from Russia."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "History - Russian Civil War", "says": "The final sparks came when the Rada first turned towards Ukraine to enter a federal union with Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, and after its downfall, entered into a similar union with the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whilst its foreign envoys in France proclaimed independence from Russia."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Russian Civil War", "says": "The Kuban People's Republic was, however, de jure recognized by the Ukrainian People's Republic, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Democratic Republic of Georgia, and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Russian Civil War", "says": "The Kuban People's Republic was, however, de jure recognized by the Ukrainian People's Republic, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Democratic Republic of Georgia, and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Russian Civil War", "says": "The Kuban People's Republic was, however, de jure recognized by the Ukrainian People's Republic, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Democratic Republic of Georgia, and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q1639475", "label": "Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus", "section": "History - Russian Civil War", "says": "The Kuban People's Republic was, however, de jure recognized by the Ukrainian People's Republic, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Democratic Republic of Georgia, and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus."}], "Q1998866": [{"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Velvet Revolution in late 1989, Czechoslovakia was briefly renamed from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czech: Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika, Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika; ČSFR) that existed in Central Europe during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was peacefully dis"}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Velvet Revolution in late 1989, Czechoslovakia was briefly renamed from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czech: Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika, Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika; ČSFR) that existed in Central Europe during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was peacefully dis"}, {"id": "Q853348", "label": "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Velvet Revolution in late 1989, Czechoslovakia was briefly renamed from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czech: Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika, Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika; ČSFR) that existed in Central Europe during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was peacefully dis"}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Velvet Revolution in late 1989, Czechoslovakia was briefly renamed from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czech: Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika, Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika; ČSFR) that existed in Central Europe during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was peacefully dis"}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Velvet Revolution in late 1989, Czechoslovakia was briefly renamed from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czech: Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika, Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika; ČSFR) that existed in Central Europe during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was peacefully dis"}], "Q2002279": [{"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese Guinea (Portuguese: Guiné Portuguesa), called the Overseas Province of Guinea from 1951 until 1972 and then State of Guinea from 1972 until 1974, was a Portuguese overseas province in West Africa from 1588 until 10 September 1974, when it gained independence as Guinea-Bissau."}], "Q225890": [{"id": "Q1991742", "label": "Kingdom of Alba", "section": "lead", "says": "Strathclyde seems to have been annexed by the Goidelic-speaking Kingdom of Alba in the 11th century, becoming part of the emerging Kingdom of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "Strathclyde seems to have been annexed by the Goidelic-speaking Kingdom of Alba in the 11th century, becoming part of the emerging Kingdom of Scotland."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "Origins", "says": "Twice it was advanced to the line of the Antonine Wall, at about the time when Hadrian's Wall was built and again under Septimius Severus, and once further north, beyond the river Tay, during Agricola's campaigns, although, each time, it was soon withdrawn."}, {"id": "Q165479", "label": "Saint Patrick", "section": "History - Old North", "says": "The first is Coroticus or Ceretic Guletic (Welsh: Ceredig), known as the recipient of a letter from Saint Patrick, and stated by a 7th-century biographer to have been king of the Height of the Clyde, Dumbarton Rock, placing him in the second half of the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q887367", "label": "Rhydderch Hael", "section": "History - Old North", "says": "His descendant Rhydderch Hael is named in Adomnán's Life of Saint Columba."}, {"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "History - Old North", "says": "Rhydderch was a contemporary of Áedán mac Gabráin of Dál Riata and Urien of Rheged, to whom he is linked by various traditions and tales, and also of Æthelfrith of Bernicia."}, {"id": "Q2712138", "label": "Battle of Degsastan", "section": "History - Kingdom of Alt Clut", "says": "At the beginning of the 7th century, Áedán mac Gabráin may have been the most powerful king in northern Britain, and Dál Riata was at its height. Áedán's byname in later Welsh poetry, Aeddan Fradawg (Áedán the Treacherous) does not speak to a favourable reputation among the Britons of Alt Clut, and it may be that he seized control of Alt Clut. Áedán's dominance came to an end around 604, when his "}, {"id": "Q712949", "label": "Domnall Brecc", "section": "History - Kingdom of Alt Clut", "says": "In 642, the Annals of Ulster report that the Britons of Alt Clut led by Eugein son of Beli defeated the men of Dál Riata and killed Domnall Brecc, grandson of Áedán, at Strathcarron, and this victory is also recorded in an addition to Y Gododdin."}, {"id": "Q187114", "label": "Edward the Elder", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "In the late ninth century, the Vikings almost conquered England, apart from the southern kingdom of Wessex, but in the 910s the West Saxon king Edward the Elder and his sister Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, recovered England south of the Humber."}, {"id": "Q235250", "label": "Æthelflæd", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "According to the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, Æthelflæd formed an alliance with Strathclyde and Scotland against the Vikings, and, in the view of the historian Tim Clarkson, Strathclyde seems to have made substantial territorial gains at this time, some at the expense of the Norse Vikings."}, {"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "In 927 Edward's son Æthelstan conquered Viking-ruled Northumbri"}, {"id": "Q107299", "label": "Kingdom of Northumbria", "section": "History - End of Strathclyde", "says": "The Keswick area was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria in the 7th century, but Northumbria was destroyed by the Vikings in the late 9th."}], "Q2308237": [{"id": "Q2166619", "label": "Mong Mao", "section": "lead", "says": "Traditionally associated with the arrival of Sukaphaa, a Tai prince from Möng Mao (present-day Dehong, China), it began as a small Tai polity in the upper Brahmaputra valley based on wet-rice agriculture."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 17th century, the kingdom defeated multiple attempts by the Mughal Empire to expand into Northeast India."}, {"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "lead", "says": "British intervention led to the First Anglo-Burmese War, and control of the kingdom passed to the East India Company through the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826."}, {"id": "Q2639320", "label": "Treaty of Yandabo", "section": "lead", "says": "British intervention led to the First Anglo-Burmese War, and control of the kingdom passed to the East India Company through the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826."}, {"id": "Q4871290", "label": "Battle of Itakhuli", "section": "History - Koch relations", "says": "The Mughals attempted further ingress to the east in 1616 with the Battle of Samdhara  which marked the beginning of the Ahom–Mughal conflicts which lasted the till 1682 in the Battle of Itakhuli, when the Ahoms were able to push the Mughals back to the west of the Manas River permanently."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Mughal relations", "says": "In the political disorder following the illness of Shah Jahan in 1657 and the withdrawal of Shuja's forces from Bengal, Mughal Kamrup was exposed to simultaneous pressure from the Koches in the west and the Ahoms in the east."}, {"id": "Q509572", "label": "Cooch Behar", "section": "History - Mughal relations", "says": "Pran Narayan, the Koch ruler of Cooch Behar, proposed a partition of Mughal Kamrup and an alliance with the Ahoms, but Jayadhwaj Singha rejected the proposal."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Mughal relations", "says": "In 1662, Aurangzeb  to bring the lost tracts and to punish the rebel elements in that quarter, launched an invasion under his chief lieutenant Mir Jumla II."}, {"id": "Q4872317", "label": "Battle of Saraighat", "section": "History - Mughal relations", "says": "Unable to keep it, and in at the end of the Battle of Saraighat, the Ahoms not only fended off a major Mughal invasion but extended their boundaries west, up to the Manas River."}], "Q248786": [{"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bahri Mamluks (Arabic: المماليك البحرية, romanized: al-Mamalik al-Baḥariyya), sometimes referred to as the Bahri dynasty, were the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1250 to 1382, following the Ayyubid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q249934", "label": "Burji dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1382/1390, they were succeeded by a second Mamluk regime, the Burji Mamluks, who were largely of Circassian origin."}, {"id": "Q244356", "label": "Battle of Ain Jalut", "section": "History - Development", "says": "In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Development", "says": "In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "History - Development", "says": "In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France, who was later definitely defeated, captured in the Battle of Fariskur and ransomed."}, {"id": "Q1148862", "label": "Battle of Fariskur", "section": "History - Development", "says": "In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France, who was later definitely defeated, captured in the Battle of Fariskur and ransomed."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Tatars and Mongols", "says": "The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the Golden Horde who converted to Islam and established a peace pact with the Mongols in 1322."}, {"id": "Q293505", "label": "Al-Nasir Muhammad", "section": "History - Tatars and Mongols", "says": "Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad married a Mongol princess in 1319."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Meanwhile, in 1349 Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to Black Death, which is said to have killed many inhabitants."}], "Q2586782": [{"id": "Q9601", "label": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "lead", "says": "They were adherents of Zoroastrianism, as demonstrated by their beliefs that insects, snakes, worms, frogs, and other small animals had to be killed, a practice mentioned in the Avestan Vendidad."}], "Q269109": [{"id": "Q549817", "label": "Principality of Murom", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially a part of the Principality of Murom, it fully split off from the Principality of Chernigov by 1129 as Murom-Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q1322662", "label": "Principality of Chernigov", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially a part of the Principality of Murom, it fully split off from the Principality of Chernigov by 1129 as Murom-Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Around that time the duchy came under significant influence of Vladimir-Suzdal which was a factor in the fight of Ryazan to resume its sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In December 1237, the duchy became the first of all other former states of Kievan Rus' to suffer from the Mongol invasion."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1238, some of the armed forces of Ryazan withdrew to unite with the Vladimir-Suzdal army and meet with the forces of Batu Khan near Kolomna."}, {"id": "Q295186", "label": "Daniel of Moscow", "section": "History - Golden Horde period", "says": "In 1301 Prince Daniel of Moscow took Ryazan due to the boyars' betrayal and imprisoned Prince Konstantin Romanovich."}, {"id": "Q297295", "label": "Yury of Moscow", "section": "History - Golden Horde period", "says": "In 1305 Daniel's son Prince Yury of Moscow ordered his death."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Golden Horde period", "says": "The two next successors of Konstantin were killed by the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "History - Golden Horde period", "says": "In 1380, Oleg II did not take part in the Battle of Kulikovo, although he was an ally of Mamai."}, {"id": "Q49686", "label": "Vasili III of Moscow", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "In 1520, Grand Prince Vasili III of Russia captured and imprisoned in Moscow the last Grand Prince of Ryazan Ivan V because of his relations with the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray."}, {"id": "Q551841", "label": "Mehmed I Giray", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "In 1520, Grand Prince Vasili III of Russia captured and imprisoned in Moscow the last Grand Prince of Ryazan Ivan V because of his relations with the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "In 1521, Prince Ivan Ivanovich fled into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}], "Q2719360": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Luxembourg (French: Luxembourg; German: Luxemburg; Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, the ancestral homeland of the noble House of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Luxembourg (French: Luxembourg; German: Luxemburg; Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, the ancestral homeland of the noble House of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "They would be the heirs to the Přemyslid dynasty in the Kingdom of Bohemia, succeeding to the Kingdom of Hungary and contributing four Holy Roman Emperors until their own line of male heirs came to an end and the House of Habsburg received the territories that the two Houses had originally agreed upon in the Treaty of Brünn in 1364."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "They would be the heirs to the Přemyslid dynasty in the Kingdom of Bohemia, succeeding to the Kingdom of Hungary and contributing four Holy Roman Emperors until their own line of male heirs came to an end and the House of Habsburg received the territories that the two Houses had originally agreed upon in the Treaty of Brünn in 1364."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1443, the duchy passed to Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy of the French House of Valois, and, in 1477, by marriage to Archduke Maximilian I of Austria of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1443, the duchy passed to Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy of the French House of Valois, and, in 1477, by marriage to Archduke Maximilian I of Austria of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1443, the duchy passed to Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy of the French House of Valois, and, in 1477, by marriage to Archduke Maximilian I of Austria of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces of the former Burgundian Netherlands were formed into an integral union by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Seventeen Provinces of the former Burgundian Netherlands were formed into an integral union by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549."}], "Q28278": [{"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The KPG inherited the territory of the former Korean Empire."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean resistance movement actively supported the independence movement under the provisional government, and received economic and military support from the Kuomintang, the Soviet Union, and France, among others."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Korean resistance movement actively supported the independence movement under the provisional government, and received economic and military support from the Kuomintang, the Soviet Union, and France, among others."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1932, the KPG moved to a number of different cities and eventually settled in Chongqing until the end of World War II in 1945."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Its members returned to Korea, where they put together their own political organizations under the American military administration and competed for power in what would become South Korea."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 August 1948, Syngman Rhee, who had been the first president of the Provisional Government, became the first president of the Republic of Korea."}], "Q28579": [{"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located in the east-central part of the country consisting of the capital city Kathmandu, along with its headquarters at Hetauda."}], "Q3045696": [{"id": "Q17030701", "label": "Kingdom of Tlemcen", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by the privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Reis (also known as the Barbarossa brothers), the Regency succeeded the Kingdom of Tlemcen as a formidable base that waged maritime holy war (Jihad) on European Christian powers."}, {"id": "Q600093", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "As self-proclaimed ghazis gaining popular support and legitimacy from the religious leaders at the expense of hostile local emirs, the Barbarossa brothers and their successors carved a unique corsair state that drew revenue and political power from its naval warfare against Habsburg Spain."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 17th century, when the wars between Spain and the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of England and Dutch Republic ended, Barbary corsairs started capturing merchant ships and their crews and goods from these states."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 17th century, when the wars between Spain and the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of England and Dutch Republic ended, Barbary corsairs started capturing merchant ships and their crews and goods from these states."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Establishment (1512–1533)", "says": "Encouraged by the political disintegration of the Maghrebi Muslim states and fearing an alliance between the Moriscos (exiled Spanish Muslims) and the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate, the Spanish Empire captured several cities and established walled and garrisoned strongpoints called presidios in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Algerian expansion", "says": "The foreign policy of Algiers aligned completely with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Algerian expansion", "says": "Under Hasan Agha, Algiers repelled a naval attack led by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in October 1541."}, {"id": "Q3128171", "label": "Hasan Pasha", "section": "History - Algerian expansion", "says": "British historian Matthew Carr points out that Algiers was known in Christian Europe as \"the scourge of Christendom\", while he described it as \"a kind of 16th-century rogue state\".Hayreddin's son Hasan Pasha succeeded Hasan Agha in 1544."}, {"id": "Q2475368", "label": "Salah Reis", "section": "History - Algerian expansion", "says": "Hasan Pasha was recalled later that year by Sultan Suleiman, who sent a letter to the Saadian Sultan Mohammed al-Shaykh, deploring the war among Muslim neighbors and asking him to recognize Ottoman suzerainty and cooperate with the newly appointed Beylerbey Salah Reis, a distinguished former subordinate of Hayreddin Reis."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Algerian expansion", "says": "He sent an embassy to Morocco led by Imam Muhammad al-Kharrubi in 1552 to sign a peace treaty which would demarcate the borders between Ottoman Algeria and Saadian Morocco at the Moulouya river."}, {"id": "Q3141040", "label": "Murat Reis the Elder", "section": "History - Corsair autonomy", "says": "The most distinguished were the Albanian-born corsairs Qubtan Arnaut Mami and Qubtan Murat Reis the Elder, who headed the Algerian navy in 1574 and 1590 respectively."}, {"id": "Q8284", "label": "Ivan Dirkie de Veenboer", "section": "History - Corsair autonomy", "says": "In 1610 the taife was led by the Dutch corsairs, Sulayman Reis and his subordinate Murat Reis the Younger."}, {"id": "Q728324", "label": "Köprülü Mehmed Paşa", "section": "History - Agha regime", "says": "After initial threats from the Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, the Sublime Porte recognized the new government and ceased appointing triennial pashas."}, {"id": "Q154959", "label": "Hugo Grotius", "section": "History - Foreign relations and privateering in the 17th century", "says": "Ottoman records clearly distinguished between qursan (lit. 'Corsair') and harami (lit. 'Pirate'), and the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) noted that \"Algiers exercised the jus ad bellum of a sovereign power through its corsairs\"."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "History - Europe", "says": "After the Battle of Lepanto, the corsairs broke loose from the Sublime Porte and began to prey on ships from countries at peace with the Ottomans, whose peace with Habsburg Spain in 1580 did not concern their vassals, as both the Sovereign Order of Malta and the North African Regencies pursued hostilities."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "History - Appeased relations", "says": "In 1718 Dey Ali Chaouch had Austrian ships captured in clear contradiction to the Treaty of Passarowitz between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, and ignored an Ottoman-Austrian delegation's demand for compensation."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Appeased relations", "says": "Determined to remove the Spanish from Oran, Dey Mohammed Bektach took the opportunity afforded by the War of the Spanish Succession to send Mustapha Bouchelaghem Bey at the head of a contingent of janissaries and local volunteers to take the city."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "History - Appeased relations", "says": "A notable example occurred in 1777 when Louis XVI personally ordered French naval assistance to salvage a wrecked Algerian corsair ship near Perpignan, with its crew well-treated and returned safely."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Appeased relations", "says": "Later, Algiers became the second state, after the United States, to officially recognize the French First Republic on 20 May 1793—an event reported in prominent European newspapers, including Le Moniteur."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - Appeased relations", "says": "Later, Algiers became the second state, after the United States, to officially recognize the French First Republic on 20 May 1793—an event reported in prominent European newspapers, including Le Moniteur."}, {"id": "Q1651702", "label": "Alejandro O'Reilly", "section": "History - Mohammed ben-Osman's rule", "says": "In 1775 the Irish-born admiral of the Spanish Empire, Alejandro O'Reilly, led an expedition to subdue corsair activity in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q12183875", "label": "Sharifian Empire", "section": "History - Internal crisis", "says": "In 1804 the Alawi Sultanate incited a massive Sufi Darqawiyya revolt in the peripheries of the Regency, which was quelled with difficulty by the governor of Oran, Osman Bey."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - Barbary Wars", "says": "British tribute payments no longer insured U.S. shipping traffic in the Mediterranean after the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "History - Barbary Wars", "says": "The American president George Washington agreed to pay a ransom and annual tribute equal to $10 million over 12 years in accordance to a peace treaty with Algiers in 1795."}, {"id": "Q15053704", "label": "Coalition Wars", "section": "History - Barbary Wars", "says": "Internal financial problems led Algiers to re-engage in widespread piracy against American and European shipping in the early 19th century, taking full advantage of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q233505", "label": "Second Barbary War", "section": "History - Barbary Wars", "says": "However, Algiers was defeated in the Second Barbary War by the United States in 1815, when Commodore Stephen Decatur's squadron killed Algerian qubtan Reis Hamidou in the battle off Cape Gata on 17 June 1815, ending the Algerian threat to U.S. shipping in the Mediterranean."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Barbary Wars", "says": "The new European order that emerged from the Coalition Wars and the Congress of Vienna did not tolerate Algerian raids and viewed them as a \"barbaric relic of a previous age\"."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - French invasion", "says": "Algiers would even object to an Ottoman call to arms against France when Napoleon started his campaign in Egypt in 1798, but Sultan Selim III forced Algiers to declare war in 1799 before a peace treaty was signed between France and the Ottoman Empire and its regencies in 1802."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "History - French invasion", "says": "Algiers would even object to an Ottoman call to arms against France when Napoleon started his campaign in Egypt in 1798, but Sultan Selim III forced Algiers to declare war in 1799 before a peace treaty was signed between France and the Ottoman Empire and its regencies in 1802."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "History - French invasion", "says": "In 1827, Dey Hussein Pasha demanded that the restored Kingdom of France pay off a 30-year-old debt dating from the 1790s for providing supplies to the soldiers of Napoleon's campaign in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q1387563", "label": "Hussein Dey", "section": "History - French invasion", "says": "The response of French consul Pierre Deval displeased Hussein Dey, who hit him with a fly whisk and called him an \"infidel\"."}], "Q3627069": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Banate of Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian: Banovina Bosna / Бановина Босна), or Bosnian Banate (Bosanska banovina / Босанска бановина), was a medieval state located in what is today Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The greater part of its history was marked by a religiopolitical controversy revolving around the native Christian Bosnian Church condemned as heretical by the dominant Chalcedonian Christian churches, namely the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, with the Catholic Church being particularly antagonistic and persecuting its members through the Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q82686", "label": "Béla II of Hungary", "section": "History - Historical background", "says": "Béla II of Hungary in 1135 adopted the title of King of Rama (possibly referring to Bosnia), and appointed his second son Ladislaus II of Hungary as Duke of Bosnia (Boznensem ducatum)."}, {"id": "Q87044", "label": "Ladislaus II of Hungary", "section": "History - Historical background", "says": "Béla II of Hungary in 1135 adopted the title of King of Rama (possibly referring to Bosnia), and appointed his second son Ladislaus II of Hungary as Duke of Bosnia (Boznensem ducatum)."}, {"id": "Q172368", "label": "Battle of Sirmium", "section": "History - Early history and Kulin", "says": "War ended with the retreat of Hungarian army in Battle of Sirmium, near Belgrade in 1167."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "History - Early history and Kulin", "says": "Borić's involvement in the war indicates that Bosnia was part of the Hungarian kingdom at that time, as war Byzantine–Hungarian treaty regards Bosnia \"as part of Hungarian dominion taken by the Byzantines\", and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos used in honorific title of the \"dalmatikos, ougrikos, bosthnikos, krobatikos\", and panegyric of Michael Anchialos mentioned to \"let the Croat and the Bos"}, {"id": "Q298612", "label": "Stefan Nemanja", "section": "History - Early history and Kulin", "says": "In the time of emperor Manuel I Komnenos death (1180), Kulin managed to free it from Byzantine influence through the alliance to Hungarian king Béla III, and with help of Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja and his brother Miroslav of Hum, with whom he successfully waged a war in 1183 against the Byzantines."}, {"id": "Q648277", "label": "Vukan Nemanjić of Serbia", "section": "History - Heresy and Bilino Polje abjuration", "says": "In 1203, Serbian Grand Prince Vukan Nemanjić accused Kulin of heresy and lodged an official appeal to the pope."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "History - Heresy and Bilino Polje abjuration", "says": "Pope Gregory IX replaced the heretical Bosnian bishop in 1235 with John of Wildeshausen, then Master General of the Dominican Order and later declared a saint, and confirmed Duke Coloman as the new legitimate Ban of Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q20949098", "label": "Bosnian Crusade", "section": "History - Bosnian Crusade", "says": "The Bosnian Crusade led by bishop John and Coloman lasted for five full years."}, {"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "History - Bosnian Crusade", "says": "Ninoslav issued an edict to the Republic of Ragusa on 22 May 1240, stating that he placed it under his protection in case of an attack by Serbian king Stefan Vladislav."}, {"id": "Q73810", "label": "Stephen Uroš I of Serbia", "section": "History - Bosnian Crusade", "says": "In 1254 the Croatian Ban shortly conquered Zahumlje from the Serbian king Stefan Uroš I during Hungary's war against Serbia, but a subsequent peace agreement restored Zahumlje to Serbia."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - Restoration and Expansion", "says": "Stephen II was the Bosnian Ban from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, Vladislav Kotromanić in 1326–1353."}, {"id": "Q314346", "label": "Stefan Uroš III", "section": "History - Restoration and Expansion", "says": "In 1329, Ban Stephen II Kotromanić launched another military campaign into Serbia, assaulting Lord Vitomir of Trebinje and Konavle, but the main portion of his force was defeated by the Young King Dušan who commanded the forces of King Stefan Dečanski at Priboj."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Reign of Tvrtko", "says": "She immediately traveled to Hungary to obtain consent to Tvrtko's accession from King Louis I, his overlord."}, {"id": "Q5296194", "label": "Donji Kraji", "section": "History - Reign of Tvrtko", "says": "Although he constantly emphasized his subordinance to the King, Tvrtko started regarding the loyalty of the Donji Kraji noblemen to Louis as treachery against himself."}], "Q38610": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The commission's report, published in October 1933, recommended that Newfoundland give up self-government temporarily and allow the United Kingdom to administer it by an appointed commission."}, {"id": "Q85642", "label": "John Cabot", "section": "Political origins", "says": "Newfoundland was the oldest English colony in North America, being claimed by John Cabot for Henry VII, and again by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583."}, {"id": "Q447200", "label": "Humphrey Gilbert", "section": "Political origins", "says": "Newfoundland was the oldest English colony in North America, being claimed by John Cabot for Henry VII, and again by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583."}], "Q459188": [{"id": "Q311996", "label": "Magnus Barefoot", "section": "lead", "says": "An invasion by Magnus Barefoot in the 1090s resulted in a brief period of direct Norwegian rule over the kingdom, but soon the descendants of Godred Crovan re-asserted a further period of largely independent overlordship."}, {"id": "Q1781786", "label": "Somerled", "section": "lead", "says": "This came to an end with the rise of Somerled, on whose death in 1164 the kingdom was split in two."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "Just over a century later, the Isles were transferred from Norwegian overlordship to the Kingdom of Scotland, following the 1266 Treaty of Perth."}, {"id": "Q1456646", "label": "Treaty of Perth", "section": "lead", "says": "Just over a century later, the Isles were transferred from Norwegian overlordship to the Kingdom of Scotland, following the 1266 Treaty of Perth."}, {"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "Early history - Early Viking incursions in the Hebrides", "says": "Prior to the Viking incursions the southern Hebrides formed part of the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata (or Dalriada)."}, {"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "Early history - Early Viking incursions in the Hebrides", "says": "According to the Orkneyinga Saga, in about 872 Harald Fairhair became king of a united Norway and many of his opponents fled to the islands of Scotland including the Hebrides of the west coast, and the Northern Isles."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "Early history - House of Ímar", "says": "In 902 the Vikings were expelled from Dublin for up to a dozen years, and a year later Ímar, the \"grandson of Ímar\" was killed in battle with the forces of Constantine II in mainland Scotland."}, {"id": "Q259114", "label": "Olaf Cuaran", "section": "Early history - House of Ímar", "says": "However, Amlaíb Cuarán is the next King of the Isles on record."}, {"id": "Q868027", "label": "Battle of Clontarf", "section": "Early history - Earls of Orkney and kings of Dublin", "says": "On Ragnal's death Sigurd re-asserted control, which he held until his death at the Battle of Clontarf after which the islands may have been held by Hákon Eiríksson."}, {"id": "Q719528", "label": "Thorfinn the Mighty", "section": "Early history - Earls of Orkney and kings of Dublin", "says": "The next recorded ruler is Sigurd the Stout's son Thorfinn the Mighty, who took control circa 1035 until his own death some two decades later."}, {"id": "Q4671762", "label": "Kingdom of Leinster", "section": "Early history - Earls of Orkney and kings of Dublin", "says": "Murchad mac Diarmata from the Kingdom of Leinster is then recorded as having control of Mann and Dublin followed by his father Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, the High King of Ireland, who took possession of Mann and the Isles until his death in 1072."}, {"id": "Q203225", "label": "Battle of Stamford Bridge", "section": "Early history - Godred Crovan and Irish influence", "says": "He was a survivor of Harald Hardraade's defeat at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 and fled from there to Man."}, {"id": "Q1588852", "label": "Muirchertach Ua Briain", "section": "Early history - Godred Crovan and Irish influence", "says": "He was eventually ousted from Dublin by Muirchertach Ua Briain and fled to Islay, where he died in the plague of 1095."}, {"id": "Q1991742", "label": "Kingdom of Alba", "section": "Later history - A divided kingdom", "says": "In theory Somerled and his descendants' island territories were subject to Norway and his mainland ones to the Kingdom of Alba, whilst the Kings of Mann and the North Isles were vassals of the Kings of Norway."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "Later history - A divided kingdom", "says": "Diplomacy having failed to achieve much, in 1249 Alexander II took personal command of a large fleet that sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of Kerrera."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "Later history - A divided kingdom", "says": "Alexander became ill and died there, but the action was continued by his successor Alexander III."}], "Q484370": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Republic of Korea (Korean: 조선인민공화국) was a short-lived provisional government that was organized at the time of the surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Republic of Korea (Korean: 조선인민공화국) was a short-lived provisional government that was organized at the time of the surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 6 September 1945, as Korea was being divided into two occupation zones, with the Soviet Union occupying the north and the United States occupying the south."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 6 September 1945, as Korea was being divided into two occupation zones, with the Soviet Union occupying the north and the United States occupying the south."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, under the auspice of the Soviet military government, the Korean Worker's Party led by Kim Il Sung took over the People's Committee by incorporating them into the political structure of the emerging Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, and by exerting an ever-increasing direct influence on the agenda and structure of other smaller political parties (su"}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, under the auspice of the Soviet military government, the Korean Worker's Party led by Kim Il Sung took over the People's Committee by incorporating them into the political structure of the emerging Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, and by exerting an ever-increasing direct influence on the agenda and structure of other smaller political parties (su"}, {"id": "Q315574", "label": "Nobuyuki Abe", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Whilst the Soviet Union continued to fight the Empire of Japan in Chongjin, Endō Ryusaku, who served as the second-ranking member of the Japanese Government-General sought to secure the safe exit of the Japanese civilians at the request of Nobuyuki Abe."}, {"id": "Q496205", "label": "Lyuh Woon-hyung", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "He proposed to Song Jin-woo that he take over the security and administrative rights of Korea, but when this was rejected, he asked to meet Lyuh Woon-hyung in Seoul."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "History - Deployment", "says": "Later it was nominally nominate Syngman Rhee as PRK's leader, Kim Ku and Kim Kyu-sik were also invited to join the cabinet, but all of them refused."}, {"id": "Q215737", "label": "Kim Ku", "section": "History - Deployment", "says": "Later it was nominally nominate Syngman Rhee as PRK's leader, Kim Ku and Kim Kyu-sik were also invited to join the cabinet, but all of them refused."}, {"id": "Q214259", "label": "Kim Kyu-sik", "section": "History - Deployment", "says": "Later it was nominally nominate Syngman Rhee as PRK's leader, Kim Ku and Kim Kyu-sik were also invited to join the cabinet, but all of them refused."}, {"id": "Q28278", "label": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea", "section": "History - Deployment", "says": "This is because major independence movement groups, including the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, were far abroad."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Program", "says": "The program included: \"the confiscation without compensation of lands held by the Japanese and collaborators; free distribution of that land to the peasants; rent limits on the nonredistributed land; nationalization of such major industries as mining, transportation, banking, and communication; state supervision of small and mid-sized companies; ... guaranteed basic human rights and freedoms, incl"}], "Q5324": [{"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time of Mahendrapala, the extent of its territory rivalled that of the Gupta Empire stretching from the border of Sindh in the west to Bengal in the east and from the Himalayas in the north to areas past the Narmada in the south."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "lead", "says": "Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018."}, {"id": "Q3764262", "label": "Dantidurga", "section": "History - Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion", "says": "Vatsaraja successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler Dharmapala and Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj."}, {"id": "Q24897370", "label": "Chahamanas of Shakambhari", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Pratiharas to declare their independence, notably the Paramaras of Malwa, the Chandelas of Bundelkhand, the Kalachuris of Mahakoshal, the Tomaras of Haryana, and the Chahamanas of Shakambhari."}], "Q588672": [{"id": "Q286956", "label": "Nasir ibn Alnas", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, upon the arrival of the Arabic Banu Hilal tribes, the capital would be replaced by another city, newly built by Emir Al Nasir ibn Alnas, called Al-Nāsiriyyah (from Arabic: الناصرية) and later renamed to Bejaia; it was the official capital of the Emirate by 1090 during the rule of Al-Mansur."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, upon the arrival of the Arabic Banu Hilal tribes, the capital would be replaced by another city, newly built by Emir Al Nasir ibn Alnas, called Al-Nāsiriyyah (from Arabic: الناصرية) and later renamed to Bejaia; it was the official capital of the Emirate by 1090 during the rule of Al-Mansur."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter weakened with the rise of the prominent Normans in Sicily, who also confronted the Hammadids for the domination of Ifriqiya (now Tunisia)."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Hammadids faced another challenge on their western borders with the growing force of the Almohad Caliphate, and their emirate was finally annexed by the Almohads in 1152 after a brief clash with them."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Hammadids faced another challenge on their western borders with the growing force of the Almohad Caliphate, and their emirate was finally annexed by the Almohads in 1152 after a brief clash with them."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Al-Mu'izz subsequently also broke with the Fatimids and changed his allegiance to the Abbasids."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "Buluggin ibn Muhammad (r."}, {"id": "Q284750", "label": "Al-Nasir", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "Al-Nasir captured Constantine and Algiers, then established Hammadid influence far to the east in Sfax, where the local ruler acknowledged Hammadid suzerainty, as well as in Susa and Tripoli."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "An-Nasir corresponded with Pope Gregory VII and expanded commercial opportunities for Italian traders in Béjaïa."}, {"id": "Q8763", "label": "Fibonacci", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "Leonardo Fibonacci had also studied in Béjaïa; his father was appointed as collector of customs in Béjaïa and brought Leonardo with him."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Yahya repulsed Bedouin incursions and subdued uprisings by Berber clans, but during his reign the Genoese also raided Béjaïa (1136), and the Kingdom of Sicily occupied the settlement of Djidjelli and destroyed a pleasure palace that had been built there."}], "Q630882": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of New Granada was a centralist unitary republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil that existed from 1831 to 1858."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of New Granada was a centralist unitary republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil that existed from 1831 to 1858."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was created after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 through the secession of Ecuador and Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was created after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 through the secession of Ecuador and Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q1141215", "label": "Granadine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1858, the state was renamed into the Granadine Confederation."}], "Q642314": [{"id": "Q33235", "label": "Upper Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "It belonged to the wider historical region of Upper Burgundy, and bordered the Duchy of Burgundy to the west."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "It belonged to the wider historical region of Upper Burgundy, and bordered the Duchy of Burgundy to the west."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory had initially been part of the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy (888–933) and then the united Kingdom of Burgundy, later known as the Kingdom of Arles."}, {"id": "Q3271735", "label": "Kingdom of Arles", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory had initially been part of the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy (888–933) and then the united Kingdom of Burgundy, later known as the Kingdom of Arles."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a state of the Holy Roman Empire, the county was granted a high degree of autonomy."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1477, it was occupied by France, but already in 1493 the county was transferred to the House of Habsburg, which ruled it until it was finally conquered by France in 1674."}], "Q696242": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (RNG), commonly known as the Wang Jingwei regime, was a collaborationist government with the Empire of Japan that administered Japanese-occupied China during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (RNG), commonly known as the Wang Jingwei regime, was a collaborationist government with the Empire of Japan that administered Japanese-occupied China during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "In late 1938, Wang Jingwei, then second in the leadership of the Republic of China (ROC) after Chiang Kai-shek, departed the wartime capital Chongqing for Hanoi to call for a negotiated peace with Japan."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his expulsion from the Kuomintang and a failed assassination attempt ordered by Chiang, Wang established the RNG in occupied Nanjing in 1940, with a collaborationist Kuomintang as its ruling party."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "A deliberate carbon copy of the ROC government, the RNG claimed sovereignty over all of China except the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo, presenting itself as the legitimate Chinese government in opposition to Chiang's administration in Chongqing."}, {"id": "Q152195", "label": "Anti-Comintern Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "Its diplomatic recognition was limited to fellow signatories of the Anti-Comintern Pact."}, {"id": "Q697837", "label": "Mengjiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The former territory of the Provisional Government nevertheless retained semi-autonomous status as the North China Political Council, while the region of Mengjiang remained only nominally under RNG authority."}, {"id": "Q704276", "label": "Chen Gongbo", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Wang's death in November 1944, Chen Gongbo succeeded him as head of government."}, {"id": "Q3272511", "label": "Zhongshan Warship Incident", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "While Wang Jingwei was widely regarded as a favorite to inherit Sun Yat-sen's position as leader of the Nationalist Party, especially given his unique position as the drafter of Sun's political testament, he was rapidly overtaken by Chiang Kai-shek in the Canton Coup."}, {"id": "Q697372", "label": "Chang Fa-kwei", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "Wang's original plan was to base this government in the unoccupied southwest, relying on anti-Chiang warlords such as Long Yun and Zhang Fakui."}, {"id": "Q315594", "label": "Fumimaro Konoe", "section": "History - Efforts to expand Japanese recognition", "says": "Hoping to expand the treaty in such a way as to be useful, Wang formally traveled to Tokyo in June 1941 in order to meet with prime minister Fumimaro Konoe and his cabinet to discuss new terms and agreements."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Efforts to expand Japanese recognition", "says": "Unfortunately for Wang, his visit coincided with the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, a move which further emboldened officials in Tokyo to pursue total victory in China, rather than accept a peace deal."}, {"id": "Q160847", "label": "Hideki Tojo", "section": "History - Breakthrough, 1943", "says": "Yet by 1943, Japanese leaders including Hideki Tojo, recognizing that the tide of war was turning against them, sought new ways to reinforce the thinly stretched Japanese forces."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - War on opium", "says": "Negotiations by Chen Gongbo were successful in reaching an agreement to cut opium imports from Mongolia in half, as well as an official turnover of state-sponsored monopolies from Japan over to the Reorganized Nationalist Government."}], "Q704151": [{"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arsacid dynasty, called the Arshakuni (Armenian: Արշակունի, romanized: Arshakuni) in Armenian, ruled the Kingdom of Armenia (with some interruptions) from 12 to 428 AD."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty, a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years following the fall of the Artaxiad dynasty until 62, when Tiridates I, brother of Parthian King Vologases I, secured Arsacid rule in Armenia as a  client-king of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However, he did not succeed in establishing his line on the throne, and various princes of different Arsacid lineages ruled until the accession of Vologases II, who succeeded in establishing his own line on the Armenian throne, which ruled the kingdom until the Sasanian Empire abolished it in 428."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Two of the most notable events in Armenian history during the Arsacid period were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in the early 4th century; and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots c."}, {"id": "Q309953", "label": "Gregory the Illuminator", "section": "lead", "says": "Two of the most notable events in Armenian history during the Arsacid period were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in the early 4th century; and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots c."}, {"id": "Q104804", "label": "Mesrop Mashtots", "section": "lead", "says": "Two of the most notable events in Armenian history during the Arsacid period were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in the early 4th century; and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots c."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "Decline", "says": "During the reign of Tiran, the Sassanid king Shapur II invaded Armenia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Decline", "says": "During the following decades, Armenia was once again disputed territory between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire until a permanent settlement in 387, which remained in place until the Arab conquest of Armenia in 639."}], "Q737685": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 20th century, Chabad's center shifted from Eastern Europe to the United States due to state-sanctioned antisemitism in the Soviet Union and the upheavals of World War II and the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 20th century, Chabad's center shifted from Eastern Europe to the United States due to state-sanctioned antisemitism in the Soviet Union and the upheavals of World War II and the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 20th century, Chabad's center shifted from Eastern Europe to the United States due to state-sanctioned antisemitism in the Soviet Union and the upheavals of World War II and the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q381397", "label": "Menachem Mendel Schneerson", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of its seventh rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, from 1951 to 1994, the movement underwent rapid expansion, establishing a worldwide system of synagogues, educational institutions, social-service organizations, and outreach centers, which provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews, religious services, education, cultural programming, and humanitarian assistance."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "History - Oppression and resurgence in Russia", "says": "The Chief Rabbi of Russia, Berel Lazar, a Chabad emissary, maintains warm relations with Russian President Vladimir Putin."}], "Q777981": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of the Archipelago (Greek: Δουκάτο του Αρχιπελάγους, romanized: Doukáto tou Archipelágous, Italian: Ducato dell'arcipelago, Venetian: Ducato de l'arcipelago), also known as Duchy of Naxos or Duchy of the Aegean, was a maritime state created by Venetian interests in the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, centered on the islands of Naxos and Par"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1537, it became a tributary of the Ottoman Empire, and was annexed by the Ottomans in 1579; however, Christian rule survived in islands such as Sifnos (conquered by the Ottomans in 1617) and Tinos (conquered in 1715)."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background and establishment of the Duchy", "says": "After the collapse and partitioning of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, in which the Venetians played a major role, Venetian interests in the Aegean could be more thoroughly realized."}, {"id": "Q205688", "label": "Enrico Dandolo", "section": "Background and establishment of the Duchy", "says": "The Duchy of the Archipelago was created in 1207 by the Venetian nobleman Marco Sanudo, a participant in the Fourth Crusade and nephew of the former Doge Enrico Dandolo, who had led the Venetian fleet to Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q269235", "label": "Henry of Flanders", "section": "Background and establishment of the Duchy", "says": "This was an independent venture, without the consent of the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q161872", "label": "Selim II", "section": "Collapse and Ottoman conquest", "says": "Before the last Latin Christian duke, Giacomo IV Crispo, was deposed in 1566 by Ottoman Sultan Selim II, he was already paying the Sultan tribute."}, {"id": "Q2439735", "label": "Gaspar Graziani", "section": "Collapse and Ottoman conquest", "says": "Gaspar Graziani, a Dalmatian nobleman, was awarded the title of Duke of the Archipelago by the sultan in 1616, but the island was again under direct Ottoman rule at the end of 1617; he was the last to hold the title."}], "Q783489": [{"id": "Q1143126", "label": "Later Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q714164", "label": "Li Keyong", "section": "End of the dynasty", "says": "The Later Liang maintained a tense relationship with the Shatuo Turks, due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and Li Keyong, a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q706815", "label": "Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang", "section": "End of the dynasty", "says": "After Li Keyong's death, his son, Li Cunxu, continued to expand his State of Jin."}], "Q797527": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "British Togoland, officially Togoland under British Mandate and later officially the Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship, was a territory in West Africa under the administration of the United Kingdom, which subsequently entered a union with Ghana, part of which became its Volta Region."}, {"id": "Q797214", "label": "French Togoland", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was effectively formed in 1916 by the splitting of the German protectorate of Togoland into two territories, French Togoland and British Togoland, during the First World War."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "During the decolonization of Africa, a status plebiscite was organised in British Togoland in May 1956 to decide the future of the territory; 58% of the voters taking part voted to merge the territory with the neighbouring British Crown colony of the Gold Coast, which was heading towards independence, rather than remain a trusteeship and await developments in French Togoland."}, {"id": "Q5555325", "label": "Dominion of Ghana", "section": "lead", "says": "To achieve that, the Ghana Independence Act 1957 had the United Kingdom annex British Togoland to form part of Her Majesty's dominions comprising the Dominion of Ghana."}], "Q836937": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Jülich (German: Herzogtum Jülich; Dutch: Hertogdom Gulik; French: Duché de Juliers) comprised a state within the Holy Roman Empire from the 11th to the 18th centuries."}, {"id": "Q648046", "label": "United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "section": "lead", "says": "Later it became part of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg."}, {"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "History - County", "says": "William IV, who became count in 1219, significantly enlarged the territory and in 1234 granted Jülich town privileges."}, {"id": "Q545424", "label": "John the Victorious", "section": "History - County", "says": "William IV's son Walram (Count from 1278 to 1297) remained a fierce opponent of the Bishopric, supporting Duke John I of Brabant at the 1288 Battle of Worringen against Archbishop Siegfried II of Westerburg."}, {"id": "Q152295", "label": "Battle of Worringen", "section": "History - County", "says": "William IV's son Walram (Count from 1278 to 1297) remained a fierce opponent of the Bishopric, supporting Duke John I of Brabant at the 1288 Battle of Worringen against Archbishop Siegfried II of Westerburg."}, {"id": "Q108921", "label": "Siegfried II", "section": "History - County", "says": "William IV's son Walram (Count from 1278 to 1297) remained a fierce opponent of the Bishopric, supporting Duke John I of Brabant at the 1288 Battle of Worringen against Archbishop Siegfried II of Westerburg."}, {"id": "Q534990", "label": "Battle of Göllheim", "section": "History - County", "says": "Walram was succeeded by his younger brother Count Gerhard V who had sided with German king Adolf of Nassau against his rival Albert I of Habsburg.Gerhard managed to retain his territories after Adolf of Nassau lost the Battle of Göllheim in 1298, and in 1314 supported the coronation of Louis IV of Wittelsbach at the nearby City of Aachen, once more against the will of the Cologne bishop."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "In 1336 Count William received the title of margrave from Emperor Louis IV, and in 1356 Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg raised William V to the rank of duke."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "In 1336 Count William received the title of margrave from Emperor Louis IV, and in 1356 Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg raised William V to the rank of duke."}, {"id": "Q833210", "label": "Battle of Baesweiler", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "His son Duke William II, however, became entangled in a fierce feud with the Emperor's half-brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, Duke of Brabant, whom he defeated at the Battle of Baesweiler in 1371."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "William II settled the conflict with the Imperial House of Luxembourg and his son William III inherited both duchies, thereby becoming William I of Guelders and Jülich."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "William II settled the conflict with the Imperial House of Luxembourg and his son William III inherited both duchies, thereby becoming William I of Guelders and Jülich."}, {"id": "Q704339", "label": "John III, Duke of Cleves", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "In 1511 Duke John III of Cleves inherited Jülich and Berg through marriage with Maria of Jülich-Berg, the daughter of the last Duke, William IV."}, {"id": "Q573290", "label": "County of Ravensberg", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "She inherited her father's estates: Jülich and Berg with the County of Ravensberg."}, {"id": "Q568727", "label": "War of the Jülich Succession", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "When the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died without direct heirs in 1609, the War of the Jülich Succession broke out."}, {"id": "Q693496", "label": "Treaty of Xanten", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "It ended with the 1614 Treaty of Xanten, which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q675127", "label": "Palatinate-Neuburg", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "It ended with the 1614 Treaty of Xanten, which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "It ended with the 1614 Treaty of Xanten, which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q62594", "label": "Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "Jülich and Berg fell to Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg and after the last duke of Palatinate-Neuburg (also Elector of the Palatinate from 1685) Charles III Philip had died without issue in 1742, Count Charles Theodore of Palatinate-Sulzbach (after 1777 also Duke of Bavaria) inherited Jülich and Berg."}, {"id": "Q454436", "label": "Palatinate-Sulzbach", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "Jülich and Berg fell to Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg and after the last duke of Palatinate-Neuburg (also Elector of the Palatinate from 1685) Charles III Philip had died without issue in 1742, Count Charles Theodore of Palatinate-Sulzbach (after 1777 also Duke of Bavaria) inherited Jülich and Berg."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "History - Duchy", "says": "The Treaty of Lunéville in 1801 officially acknowledged the cession of Jülich to France."}], "Q837855": [{"id": "Q208442", "label": "Wade-Giles", "section": "lead", "says": "Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization,  was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, whose rulers held titles of Hou (侯), then Gong (公), before declaring themselves independent Kings (王)."}, {"id": "Q701488", "label": "Jiang Ziya", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "During the Zhou conquest of Shang, Jiang Ziya, a native of Ju County served as the chief minister to King Wu of Zhou, the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father."}, {"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "During the Zhou conquest of Shang, Jiang Ziya, a native of Ju County served as the chief minister to King Wu of Zhou, the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father."}, {"id": "Q1208109", "label": "King Yi of Zhou", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Transmitted documents from the Western Zhou period are scant, but it is known that King Yi of Zhou (r."}, {"id": "Q55247", "label": "Xuan", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "During the time of King Xuan of Zhou (r."}, {"id": "Q1193397", "label": "King You of Zhou", "section": "History - Spring and Autumn period", "says": "The succession crisis following the violent death of King You of Zhou led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court."}, {"id": "Q2313318", "label": "Battle of Chengpu", "section": "History - Spring and Autumn period", "says": "In 632 BCE, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu, only to be defeated by Jin itself at the Battle of An in 589."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Restored Qi (209 BC - 203 BC)", "says": "In 208 BC, Tian Dan led his army to help King Wei Jiu (魏咎) of Western Wei but was defeated by the Qin general Zhang Han."}, {"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "History - Restored Qi (209 BC - 203 BC)", "says": "Xiang Yu instead enfeoffed Tian Du (田都) as the King of Qi."}, {"id": "Q574498", "label": "Han Xin", "section": "History - Restored Qi (209 BC - 203 BC)", "says": "However, Liu Bang's general Han Xin made a sudden move to launch an attack on the unprepared Qi forces."}], "Q868245": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the United States government for the relocation of Native Americans who held original Indian title to their land as an independent nation."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the American Civil War (1861–1865), the policy of the U.S. government was one of assimilation."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase", "says": "The territory remained active until the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War, and the land was ceded to the United States."}, {"id": "Q4186402", "label": "Western Confederacy", "section": "History - Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase", "says": "They finally defeated the Indian Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, and imposed the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day Indiana, and the lands that include present-day Chicago and Detroit, to the United States federal government."}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "History - Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase", "says": "They finally defeated the Indian Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, and imposed the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day Indiana, and the lands that include present-day Chicago and Detroit, to the United States federal government."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "History - Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase", "says": "They finally defeated the Indian Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, and imposed the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day Indiana, and the lands that include present-day Chicago and Detroit, to the United States federal government."}, {"id": "Q5501836", "label": "French Louisiana", "section": "History - Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase", "says": "In 1803, the United States agreed to purchase France's claim to French Louisiana for a total of $15 million (less than 3 cents per acre)."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase", "says": "President Thomas Jefferson doubted the legality of the purchase."}, {"id": "Q91", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "History - Reductions of area", "says": "Seward, did not believe in the rights of Indians to continue their separate tribal governments, and vocally championed opening the area to white settlement while campaigning for Abraham Lincoln in 1860."}, {"id": "Q81931", "label": "Confederate States of America", "section": "History - Civil War and Reconstruction", "says": "Later the same year, the Confederate States of America signed a Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws."}, {"id": "Q288408", "label": "Stand Watie", "section": "History - Civil War and Reconstruction", "says": "Brigadier General Stand Watie, a Confederate commander of the Cherokee Nation, became the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil War, near the community of Doaksville on June 23, 1865."}, {"id": "Q14708404", "label": "Cherokee Nation", "section": "History - Civil War and Reconstruction", "says": "Brigadier General Stand Watie, a Confederate commander of the Cherokee Nation, became the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil War, near the community of Doaksville on June 23, 1865."}, {"id": "Q33866", "label": "Theodore Roosevelt", "section": "History - Oklahoma Territory, end of territories upon statehood", "says": "Theodore Roosevelt then proposed a compromise that would join Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form a single state."}], "Q899706": [{"id": "Q2145402", "label": "South Peru", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was a loose confederation made up of three states: North Peru, South Peru, and the Bolivian Republic."}, {"id": "Q25413868", "label": "Bolivian State", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was a loose confederation made up of three states: North Peru, South Peru, and the Bolivian Republic."}, {"id": "Q654766", "label": "North Peru", "section": "lead", "says": "North Peru and South Peru had emerged from the division of the Peruvian Republic due to the Peruvian Civil War of 1834 and the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War of 1835–36."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The geographical limits of the Confederation varied over time, with Bolivia occupying and incorporating certain disputed territories in northern Argentina in 1838."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "lead", "says": "It also possessed de facto autonomous indigenous territories, such as Iquicha, all under the supreme command of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who assumed the position of Supreme Protector in 1836, while he was president of Bolivia."}, {"id": "Q379638", "label": "Agustín Gamarra", "section": "lead", "says": "Although its institutional creation arose on 1 May 1837, with the Pact of Tacna, its de facto establishment dated from 28 October 1836, with the end of the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, and lasted until 25 August 1839, with its dissolution proclaimed by General Agustín Gamarra, the Peruvian restorationist president who declared war against the Confederation, supported by the United Restoration Army he"}, {"id": "Q1329", "label": "Manuel Bulnes", "section": "lead", "says": "Although its institutional creation arose on 1 May 1837, with the Pact of Tacna, its de facto establishment dated from 28 October 1836, with the end of the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, and lasted until 25 August 1839, with its dissolution proclaimed by General Agustín Gamarra, the Peruvian restorationist president who declared war against the Confederation, supported by the United Restoration Army he"}, {"id": "Q2890439", "label": "Battle of Yungay", "section": "lead", "says": "Argentina and Bolivia reached an agreement after their war over Tarija, and the Confederate Army was ultimately defeated by the United Restoration Army in the 1839 Battle of Yungay, which put an end to the War of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Argentina and Bolivia reached an agreement after their war over Tarija, and the Confederate Army was ultimately defeated by the United Restoration Army in the 1839 Battle of Yungay, which put an end to the War of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q736566", "label": "Jorge Basadre", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Jorge Basadre frames the confederation as part of a period of \"determination of the nationalities\" in western South America."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "History - Background", "says": "At the beginning of the 19th century, Simón Bolívar postulated the idea of creating a great nation, coinciding with Andrés de Santa Cruz, who thought of uniting Peru and Bolivia in a single country, the latter colloquially known as Upper Peru."}, {"id": "Q886535", "label": "Mariano Enrique Calvo Cuellar", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "There, together with the Bolivian plenipotentiaries Aguirre and Buitrago, and Bolivian Vice President Mariano Enrique Calvo, he agreed on the project that should be discussed and approved in Tacna."}, {"id": "Q1763351", "label": "Ramón Castilla", "section": "History - Political instability and wars", "says": "Among those enemies were powerful characters such as Agustín Gamarra and Ramón Castilla, who at the time were exiled in Chile."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "History - Political instability and wars", "says": "A territorial dispute between Argentina and Bolivia over the territory of Tarija escalated, as Bolivia occupied and annexed the territory and Juan Manuel de Rosas then declared war on the Confederation on 19 May 1837, accusing Santa Cruz of harboring supporters of the Unitarian Party."}, {"id": "Q156325", "label": "Juan Fernández Islands", "section": "History - Political instability and wars", "says": "The Confederate Navy captured the Juan Fernández Islands on 14 November."}, {"id": "Q1331", "label": "Manuel Blanco Encalada", "section": "History - Political instability and wars", "says": "On 17 November, after the Chileans were surrounded by Peruvian troops, the Treaty of Paucarpata was signed by Manuel Blanco Encalada under the guarantee of Great Britain, through which the occupation was undone six days later and the Peruvian ships captured by Chile were to be returned."}, {"id": "Q2392284", "label": "José de la Riva Agüero", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "North and South Peru) was under the de jure control of seven different presidents at one time: Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; José de la Riva Agüero, who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by Santa Cruz; Pío de Tristán, president of South Peru; Domingo Nieto, in the north; and Juan Francisc"}, {"id": "Q2397172", "label": "Pío de Tristán", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "North and South Peru) was under the de jure control of seven different presidents at one time: Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; José de la Riva Agüero, who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by Santa Cruz; Pío de Tristán, president of South Peru; Domingo Nieto, in the north; and Juan Francisc"}, {"id": "Q749401", "label": "Juan Francisco de Vidal", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "North and South Peru) was under the de jure control of seven different presidents at one time: Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; José de la Riva Agüero, who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by Santa Cruz; Pío de Tristán, president of South Peru; Domingo Nieto, in the north; and Juan Francisc"}], "Q949268": [{"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Nanda king Dhana Nanda was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Nanda king Dhana Nanda was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q281368", "label": "Quintus Curtius Rufus", "section": "Origins", "says": "Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus (1st century CE) adds that according to Porus, this barber became the former queen's paramour thanks to his attractive looks, treacherously assassinated the then king, usurped the supreme authority by pretending to act as a guardian for the then princess, and later killed the princess."}], "Q976099": [{"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the successor to British Malaya and was conceived to unify the Malay Peninsula under a single government to simplify administration."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Following opposition by the ethnic Malays, the union was reorganised as the Federation of Malaya in 1948."}], "Q1028835": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - League of Nations mandate", "says": "During World War I, it was occupied by British, French and Belgian troops, and a later League of Nations mandate to Great Britain and France by the League of Nations in 1922."}, {"id": "Q1028848", "label": "French Cameroons", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "As French Cameroon gained independence, British Cameroons was still under the administration of Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q298718", "label": "Ahmadou Ahidjo", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The driving force for the unification of east and south Cameroon was Ahmadou Ahidjo and the Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) as the French were not concerned because southern Cameroon did not align with the French community established."}], "Q1121436": [{"id": "Q1560445", "label": "Rebellions of 1837", "section": "lead", "says": "Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837–1838."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Act of Union 1840, passed on 23 July 1840 by the British Parliament and proclaimed by the Crown on 10 February 1841, merged the Colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada by abolishing their separate parliaments and replacing them with a single one with two houses, a Legislative Council as the upper chamber and the Legislative Assembly as the lower chamber."}, {"id": "Q348489", "label": "James Bruce", "section": "lead", "says": "Responsible government was not achieved until the second LaFontaine–Baldwin ministry in 1849, when Governor General James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, agreed that the cabinet would be formed by the largest party in the Legislative Assembly, making the premier the head of the government and reducing the governor general to a more symbolic role."}], "Q1147441": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of North Borneo was originally established by concessions of the Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu in 1877 and 1878 to a German-born representative of Austria-Hungary, businessman and diplomat, Gustav Overbeck."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "Overbeck had recently purchased a small tract of land on the western coast of Borneo in 1876 from American merchant Joseph William Torrey, who had promoted the territory in Hong Kong since 1866."}, {"id": "Q1156738", "label": "Madrid system", "section": "lead", "says": "A protocol known as the Madrid Protocol was signed in 1885 to recognise Spanish presence in the Philippine archipelago, in return establishing the definite border of Spanish influence beyond northern Borneo."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "As the population was too small to effectively serve the economy, coupled with British administration policy at the time restricting indigenous participation in the economy to maintain their traditional life and concentrate on their own economic endeavours, the British sponsored various migration schemes for Chinese workers from Hong Kong and China to work in the European plantations, Javanese and"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The start of World War II with the arrival of Japanese forces brought an end to protectorate administration, with the territory placed under a military administration and then designated as a Crown colony."}, {"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "North Borneo was founded in 1877–1878 through a series of land concessions in northern Borneo from the Sultanate of Brunei and Sulu to an Austrian-German businessman and diplomat, Gustav Overbeck."}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "William Clark Cowie played an important role as a close friend of the Sultanate of Sulu in helping Overbeck to buy additional land on the eastern coast of Borneo."}, {"id": "Q6420545", "label": "Crown colony of Labuan", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "The interest of the British was strengthened by their presence in the Crown Colony of Labuan since 1846."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "The Provisional Association then applied to Queen Victoria for a royal charter, which was granted on 1 November 1881."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "It was administered as part of the Empire of Japan, with the officers of the chartered company being allowed to continued administration under Japanese supervision."}, {"id": "Q541195", "label": "Anglo-Japanese Alliance", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "The arrival of the Japanese forces to Borneo and the fall of Anglo-Japanese Alliance had already been predicted by revelation through secret telegrams that Japanese ships docked regularly at Jesselton were engaged in espionage."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "Many of the British and Australian soldiers captured after the fall of Malaya and Singapore were brought to North Borneo and held as prisoners of wars (POWs) in Sandakan camp where they were then forced to march from Sandakan to Ranau."}], "Q1152126": [{"id": "Q740438", "label": "Alphonse Massamba-Débat", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Republic of the Congo was founded in December 1969 as the first Marxist-Leninist state in Africa, three months after the government of Alphonse Massamba-Débat was overthrown in the September 1968 coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q454025", "label": "Marien Ngouabi", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling Congolese Party of Labour (French: Parti congolais du travail, PCT) appointed Marien Ngouabi as president, who established the Congo as a one-party communist government aligned with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling Congolese Party of Labour (French: Parti congolais du travail, PCT) appointed Marien Ngouabi as president, who established the Congo as a one-party communist government aligned with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q740411", "label": "Joachim Yhombi-Opango", "section": "lead", "says": "Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and succeeded by Joachim Yhombi-Opango until he was overthrown in 1979."}, {"id": "Q57418", "label": "Denis Sassou-Nguesso", "section": "lead", "says": "Denis Sassou Nguesso succeeded Yhombi-Opango, confirmed the PCT's rule in the Congo with a new constitution, formed closer relations with France, and allowed greater foreign investment in the country."}], "Q1154556": [{"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Guo Wei (Emperor Taizu), it was preceded by the Later Han dynasty and succeeded by the Northern Song dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1141471", "label": "Northern Han", "section": "Fall of the Later Zhou", "says": "Soon thereafter, Zhao Kuangyin usurped the throne and declared himself emperor of the Great Song dynasty, a dynasty that would eventually reunite China, bringing all of the southern states into its control as well as the Northern Han by 979."}], "Q1252942": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Duklja (Serbian Cyrillic: Дукља; Greek: Διόκλεια, romanized: Diókleia; Latin: Dioclea) was a medieval South Slavic state which roughly encompassed the territories of modern-day southeastern Montenegro, from the Bay of Kotor in the west to the Bojana river in the east, and to the sources of the Zeta and Morača rivers in the north."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "First mentioned in 10th– and 11th-century Byzantine chronicles, it was a vassal of the Bulgarian Empire between 997 and 1018, and then of the Byzantine Empire until it became independent in 1040 under Stefan Vojislav (fl."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "First mentioned in 10th– and 11th-century Byzantine chronicles, it was a vassal of the Bulgarian Empire between 997 and 1018, and then of the Byzantine Empire until it became independent in 1040 under Stefan Vojislav (fl."}, {"id": "Q435907", "label": "Constantine Bodin", "section": "lead", "says": "1050–81), and his son, Constantine Bodin (r."}, {"id": "Q1311990", "label": "Grand Principality of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "Having incorporated the Serbian hinterland (known as Grand Principality of Serbia, and anachronistically as Raška) and installed vassal rulers there, this maritime principality emerged as the most powerful Serb polity, seen in the titles used by its rulers (\"Prince of Serbia\", \"of Serbs\")."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Duklja was then incorporated as a crown land of the Grand Principality of Serbia ruled by the Vukanović dynasty, subsequently known as Zeta, remaining so until the fall of the Serbian Empire in the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Decline", "says": "Uroš was aligned with the Hungarians, and was anti-Byzantine."}, {"id": "Q298612", "label": "Stefan Nemanja", "section": "Decline", "says": "By 1166, much of Duklja was occupied by Rascia, and in 1186, Stefan Nemanja annexed Duklja in its entirety after defeating the last Doclean prince – Mihailo."}], "Q1421888": [{"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "History - Concession systems and atrocities", "says": "Ubangi-Shari had a similar concession system as the Congo Free State and similar atrocities were also committed there."}, {"id": "Q47484", "label": "André Gide", "section": "History - Concession systems and atrocities", "says": "French author and Nobel laureate André Gide travelled to Ubangi-Shari and was told by inhabitants about atrocities including mutilations, dismemberments, executions, the burning of children, and villagers being forcibly bound to large beams and made to walk until dropping from exhaustion and thirst."}], "Q1423581": [{"id": "Q548114", "label": "Free State of Fiume", "section": "Demise", "says": "The approval of the Treaty of Rapallo on 12 November 1920, turned Fiume into an independent state, the Free State of Fiume."}, {"id": "Q955197", "label": "Enrico Caviglia", "section": "Demise", "says": "On 24 December 1920 the Royal Italian Army, led by General Enrico Caviglia, launched a full-scale attack against Fiume: after several hours of intense fighting, a truce was proclaimed for Christmas Day (25 December 1920); the battle subsequently resumed on 26 December."}, {"id": "Q156521", "label": "Andrea Doria", "section": "Demise", "says": "Since D'Annunzio's legionaries were refusing to surrender and were strongly resisting the attack using machine guns and grenades, the Italian dreadnoughts Andrea Doria and Duilio opened fire on Fiume and bombarded the city for three days."}], "Q156513": [{"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "31 October 1918, during the dissolution of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic claimed as its own the multi-ethnic territory of the Banat, in a bid to prevent its partition among competing nationalisms."}, {"id": "Q16985296", "label": "Provisional Goverment of the Republic of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The short-lived entity was recognized only by the neighboring Hungarian Republic, with which it sought a merger."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "In late November 1918, the entire region was occupied by the Kingdom of Serbia, which in December became the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, or colloquially Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In late November 1918, the entire region was occupied by the Kingdom of Serbia, which in December became the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, or colloquially Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The following January, the French intervened to prevent a clash between Yugoslavia and the Kingdom of Romania."}, {"id": "Q243652", "label": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Roth escaped arrest and fled to Arad, where he was said to be in contact with representatives of the Hungarian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The Banat issue was revisited during the final stage of World War I, with the collapse of Austro-Hungarian rule: the Aster Revolution toppled the Kingdom, and in mid November 1918 established a Hungarian Republic."}, {"id": "Q689527", "label": "Aster Revolution", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The Banat issue was revisited during the final stage of World War I, with the collapse of Austro-Hungarian rule: the Aster Revolution toppled the Kingdom, and in mid November 1918 established a Hungarian Republic."}, {"id": "Q3324855", "label": "Banat, Bačka and Baranja", "section": "History - Serbian incursion", "says": "Serbia regarded the Banat under its control as an acquired territory, part of a province called Banat, Bačka and Baranja."}, {"id": "Q2918286", "label": "Paul Prosper Henrys", "section": "History - Clampdown", "says": "On 3 December, after tensions between Romania and Yugoslavia had escalated and threatened to erupt into a regional war, 15,000 French troops answering to Generals Paul Prosper Henrys and Henri Berthelot occupied Timișoara."}], "Q157727": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in present-day Ethiopia around eastern Shewa in Ifat."}, {"id": "Q293505", "label": "Al-Nasir Muhammad", "section": "History - Conflict with Abyssinia", "says": "The conflict was precipitated by Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q460342", "label": "Amda Seyon I", "section": "History - Conflict with Abyssinia", "says": "The Ethiopian Emperor Amda Seyon I sent an envoy with a warning to the Mamluk ruler that if he did not stop the persecution of Christians in Egypt, he would retaliate against Muslims under his rule and would starve the peoples of Egypt by diverting the course of the Nile."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - After the era of Amda Seyon I", "says": "In the fourteenth century Haqq ad-Din II transferred Ifat's capital to the Harar plateau thus he is regarded  by some to be the true founder of the Adal Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "In 1376, Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din Abdul Muhammad, also called Sa'ad ad-Din II, succeeded his brother and came to power, who continued to attack the Abyssinian Christian army."}, {"id": "Q716024", "label": "Dawit I", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "In the early 15th century, the Ethiopian Emperor who was likely Dawit I collected a large army to respond."}, {"id": "Q293604", "label": "Al-Maqrizi", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Al-Maqrizi narrates:\n\nthe Amhara pursued Sa'd al-Din as far as the peninsula of Zeila, in the ocean, where he took refuge."}], "Q1785592": [{"id": "Q208261", "label": "Ionian Revolt", "section": "History of Kourion - Kingdom of Kourion", "says": "During the Ionian Revolt (499–493 BCE), Stasanor, king of Kourion, aligned himself with Onesilos, king of Salamis, the leader of a Cypriot alliance against the Persians."}, {"id": "Q929567", "label": "Stasanor", "section": "History of Kourion - Kingdom of Kourion", "says": "During the Ionian Revolt (499–493 BCE), Stasanor, king of Kourion, aligned himself with Onesilos, king of Salamis, the leader of a Cypriot alliance against the Persians."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History of Kourion - Kingdom of Kourion", "says": "King Pasikrates (Greek: Πασικράτης) of Kourion is recorded as having aided Alexander the Great in the siege of Tyre in 332 BCE."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History of Kourion - Roman history", "says": "It is thought that Kourion flourished and quality of life increased due to good trade with the rest of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History of Kourion - Roman history", "says": "14. § 2), Stephanus of Byzantium, Hierocles and Pliny the Elder."}], "Q197430": [{"id": "Q1195760", "label": "Battle of Changping", "section": "lead", "says": "Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of King Wuling, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin at the Battle of Changping."}, {"id": "Q33566", "label": "Sima Guang", "section": "Origins and ascendancy", "says": "Some historians, beginning with Sima Guang, take this recognition to mark the beginning of the Warring States period."}, {"id": "Q2065036", "label": "Battle of Guiling", "section": "Origins and ascendancy", "says": "The resulting Battle of Guiling was a major victory for Qi, reducing the threat to Zhao's southern border."}, {"id": "Q59223", "label": "Zhongshan", "section": "Origins and ascendancy", "says": "Zhao demonstrated its increased military prowess by conquering the state of Zhongshan in 295 BC after a protracted war and annexing territory from the neighbouring states of Wei, Yan, and Qin."}, {"id": "Q714415", "label": "Li Mu", "section": "Origins and ascendancy", "says": "Several brilliant military commanders of the period served Zhao contemporaneously, including Lian Po, Zhao She, and Li Mu."}, {"id": "Q708651", "label": "Wang Jian", "section": "Fall of Zhao", "says": "In 229 BC, invasions led by the Qin general Wang Jian were resisted by Li Mu and his subordinate officer Sima Shang (司馬尚) until 228 BC."}, {"id": "Q699882", "label": "Chen Sheng", "section": "Fall of Zhao", "says": "During the rebellions at the end of the Qin dynasty, a rebel named Wu Chen, who had previously been serving Chen Sheng and Wu Guang of Chu, proclaimed himself King of Zhao."}, {"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "Fall of Zhao", "says": "In 206 BC, the rebel lord Xiang Yu of Chu defeated the Qin dynasty and made himself and seventeen other lords kings."}, {"id": "Q574498", "label": "Han Xin", "section": "Fall of Zhao", "says": "In 205 BC, Chen Yu's subordinate in Dai, Xia Yue (夏說), was defeated by Liu Bang's generals Han Xin and Zhang Er."}], "Q2001966": [{"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "lead", "says": "This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated and replaced with Mir Jafar, who had the support of the East India Company; 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar; or 1773, when the Company abolished local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal and established a capi"}, {"id": "Q1998495", "label": "Siraj ud-Daulah", "section": "lead", "says": "This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated and replaced with Mir Jafar, who had the support of the East India Company; 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar; or 1773, when the Company abolished local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal and established a capi"}, {"id": "Q333994", "label": "Warren Hastings", "section": "lead", "says": "This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated and replaced with Mir Jafar, who had the support of the East India Company; 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar; or 1773, when the Company abolished local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal and established a capi"}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "The Company's rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Government of India Act 1858, the India Office of the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Company's rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Government of India Act 1858, the India Office of the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj."}], "Q2060657": [{"id": "Q49334", "label": "Raden Wijaya", "section": "Fall of Singhasari", "says": "Having learned of the fall of the Singhasari capital of Kutaraja due to Kediri's treachery, Raden Wijaya tried to defend Singhasari but failed."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "Fall of Singhasari", "says": "In this wilderness, Wijaya found many bitter Maja fruits, so it was called Majapahit (literally meaning “bitter Maja”), the future capital of the empire."}], "Q2208978": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Holy Roman Empire started to form under King Conrad I of East Francia (reigning 911 to 918), the territory of Alamannia became the Duchy of Swabia in 915."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Holy Roman Empire started to form under King Conrad I of East Francia (reigning 911 to 918), the territory of Alamannia became the Duchy of Swabia in 915."}, {"id": "Q693980", "label": "Duchy of Swabia", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Holy Roman Empire started to form under King Conrad I of East Francia (reigning 911 to 918), the territory of Alamannia became the Duchy of Swabia in 915."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory corresponds to what is still the area of Alemannic German in the modern period, French Alsace, German Baden and Swabia, German-speaking Switzerland and the Austrian Vorarlberg."}, {"id": "Q33235", "label": "Upper Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "In the area of present-day Switzerland, the Alemannic territory expanded during the High Middle Ages, with the Walser migration into the Alps, with the Zähringer and later the influence of Bern towards Upper Burgundy, and into Grisons as lower Raetia came under the rule of the Werdenberg counts."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Tribal kingdoms", "says": "Originally a loose confederation of unrelated tribes, the Alemanni underwent coalescence or ethnogenesis during the 3rd century, and were ruled by kings throughout the 4th and 5th centuries until 496, when they were defeated by Clovis I of the Franks at the Battle of Tolbiac."}, {"id": "Q264737", "label": "Battle of Tolbiac", "section": "History - Tribal kingdoms", "says": "Originally a loose confederation of unrelated tribes, the Alemanni underwent coalescence or ethnogenesis during the 3rd century, and were ruled by kings throughout the 4th and 5th centuries until 496, when they were defeated by Clovis I of the Franks at the Battle of Tolbiac."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Tribal kingdoms", "says": "The Alemanni during the Roman Empire period were divided into a number of cantons or goviae, each presided by a tribal king."}, {"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "History - Tribal kingdoms", "says": "350) supported Constantius II in the rebellion of Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q212876", "label": "Magnentius", "section": "History - Tribal kingdoms", "says": "350) supported Constantius II in the rebellion of Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q46720", "label": "Valentinian I", "section": "History - Tribal kingdoms", "says": "Macrian was deposed in an expedition ordered by Valentinian I in 370."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "After their defeat in 496, the Alemanni bucked the Frankish yoke and put themselves under the protection of Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths but after his death they were again subjugated by the Franks under Theudebert I in 536."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "After their defeat in 496, the Alemanni bucked the Frankish yoke and put themselves under the protection of Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths but after his death they were again subjugated by the Franks under Theudebert I in 536."}, {"id": "Q274597", "label": "Theudebert I", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "After their defeat in 496, the Alemanni bucked the Frankish yoke and put themselves under the protection of Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths but after his death they were again subjugated by the Franks under Theudebert I in 536."}, {"id": "Q95950649", "label": "Duchy of Alsace", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "The Duchy of Alsace was Alemannic, but it was ruled by a line of Frankish dukes and the region around the upper Danube and Neckar rivers was ruled by the Ahalolfing family and not by the ducal house which ruled central Alamannia around Lake Constance."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "Alamannia itself had a diocese only in the east, at Augsburg (early 7th century)."}, {"id": "Q109860", "label": "Dagobert I", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "After the death of Dagobert I in 638, Alamannia, like Bavaria, Aquitaine, and Brittany, broke its ties with its Frankish sovereigns and struggled for independence."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "In 743, Pepin the Short and Carloman waged a campai"}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - Merovingian duchy", "says": "In 743, Pepin the Short and Carloman waged a campai"}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "During the reign of Louis the Pious, there were tendencies to renewed independence in Alamannia, and the 830s were marked by bloody feuds between the Alamannic and Rhaetian nobility vying for dominion over the area."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "Following the Treaty of Verdun of 843, Alamannia became a province of East Francia, the kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "Following the Treaty of Verdun of 843, Alamannia became a province of East Francia, the kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q175211", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "Following the Treaty of Verdun of 843, Alamannia became a province of East Francia, the kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Kingdom of Germany."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "It was granted to Charles the Bald in 829, though it is not certain whether he was recognised as duke or king."}, {"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "It was certainly a kingdom, including Alsace and Rhaetia, when it was granted to Charles the Fat in the division of East Francia in 876."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "Burchard II, son of the late Burchard I and count in Raetia Curiensis, took the title of duke of Swabia, Duke acknowledged by the newly elected king Henry the Fowler in 919."}, {"id": "Q158246", "label": "Conradin", "section": "History - Carolingian rule", "says": "The duchy of Swabia was ruled by the Hohenstaufen during 1079–1268 and was disestablished with the execution of Conradin and its territory was poli"}], "Q2670751": [{"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Moravia (Czech: Markrabství moravské; German: Markgrafschaft Mähren) was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, existing from 1182 to 1918."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Moravia (Czech: Markrabství moravské; German: Markgrafschaft Mähren) was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, existing from 1182 to 1918."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Moravia (Czech: Markrabství moravské; German: Markgrafschaft Mähren) was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, existing from 1182 to 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Moravia (Czech: Markrabství moravské; German: Markgrafschaft Mähren) was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, existing from 1182 to 1918."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was variously a de facto independent state, and also subject to the Duchy, later the Kingdom of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It comprised the historical region called Moravia, which lies within the present-day Czech Republic."}], "Q28464": [{"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "lead", "says": "Westward from the Central region surrounding Kathmandu were the Western, Mid-Western and finally Far-Western regions."}], "Q3111454": [{"id": "Q1319152", "label": "Hồ Quý Ly", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1398, emperor Trần Thuận Tông was forced to cede the throne to his three-year-old son Thiếu Đế, who in turn was forced to abdicate in 1400 in favor of the minister Hồ Quý Ly."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasions", "says": "Kublai Khan was dissatisfied with the arrangement at the end of the first invasion and requested greater tributary payments, including taxes to the Mongols in both money and labor, \"incense, gold, silver, cinnabar, agarwood, sandalwood, ivory, tortoiseshell, pearls, rhinoceros horn, silk floss, and porcelain cups\", and direct oversight from a Mongol-appointed darughachi."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Peace and southward expansion", "says": "Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor to reign without facing attacks from the Mongol Empire."}], "Q377350": [{"id": "Q766543", "label": "Hispanic Monarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian Union, or the Hispanic Monarchy, describes the period from 1580 to 1640 in which the Monarchy of Spain under the Habsburg dynasty, then the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, brought in personal union also the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian Union, or the Hispanic Monarchy, describes the period from 1580 to 1640 in which the Monarchy of Spain under the Habsburg dynasty, then the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, brought in personal union also the Kingdom of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q3298746", "label": "War of the Portuguese Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The union began after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession, and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new king of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q1501724", "label": "Portuguese Restoration War", "section": "lead", "says": "The union began after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession, and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new king of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "The union began after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession, and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new king of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The union began after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession, and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new king of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "As a personal union, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Castile and the states of the Crown of Aragon remained independent states, sharing only a single monarch."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "As a personal union, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Castile and the states of the Crown of Aragon remained independent states, sharing only a single monarch."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The kings from the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg were the only element that connected the multiple kingdoms and territories, ruled by the six separate government councils of Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Italy, Flanders-Burgundy, and the Indies."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union led to Portugal's involvement in the Dutch Revolt against Spain."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch Republic in turn saw the union as a justification to start targeting Portuguese colonies and would weaken Portugal's overseas empire in the Orient."}, {"id": "Q296652", "label": "Sancho III of Navarre", "section": "Background", "says": "Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of León and Castile had both taken the title Imperator totius Hispaniae, meaning \"Emperor of All Hispania\"."}, {"id": "Q312767", "label": "Alfonso VII of Castile", "section": "Background", "says": "Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of León and Castile had both taken the title Imperator totius Hispaniae, meaning \"Emperor of All Hispania\"."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "Decline of the Union and revolt of Portugal", "says": "When Philip II of Portugal (and III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by Philip III (and IV of Spain), who had a different approach on Portuguese issues."}, {"id": "Q371833", "label": "Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares", "section": "Decline of the Union and revolt of Portugal", "says": "One of these was certainly the pressure from the center, especially from Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, towards uniformity and sharing the financial and military burden of Castile's wars in Europe."}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "Decline of the Union and revolt of Portugal", "says": "This revolution, while foreseeable, was most immediately sparked by a popular and institutional revolt in the Principality of Catalonia against the Crown."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Decline of the Union and revolt of Portugal", "says": "The moment was well chosen, as Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War in addition to the previously mentioned revolution in Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q2887948", "label": "Battle of the Lines of Elvas", "section": "Restoration War and the end of the Union", "says": "The most significant battles were the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles."}, {"id": "Q2887851", "label": "Battle of Ameixial", "section": "Restoration War and the end of the Union", "says": "The most significant battles were the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles."}, {"id": "Q2888264", "label": "Battle of Castelo Rodrigo", "section": "Restoration War and the end of the Union", "says": "The most significant battles were the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles."}, {"id": "Q2889383", "label": "Battle of Montes Claros", "section": "Restoration War and the end of the Union", "says": "The most significant battles were the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles."}, {"id": "Q4872670", "label": "Battle of Vilanova", "section": "Restoration War and the end of the Union", "says": "However, the Spaniards won the Battle of Vilanova (1658) and the Battle of the Berlengas (1666)."}, {"id": "Q2889392", "label": "Battle of Montijo", "section": "Restoration War and the end of the Union", "says": "The Battle of Montijo (1644) was indecisive, starting out with great Spanish success and ending with Portuguese success; the numbers of casualties were nearly equal."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Restoration War and the end of the Union", "says": "Louis XIV sent French troops to Lisbon, and on 17 June 1665 the German General Frederick Schomberg led about 20,000 Portuguese forces to victory at Montes Claros near Vila Viçosa with only 700 killed and 2,000 wounded."}], "Q389004": [{"id": "Q1076246", "label": "Battle of Posada", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1330, the state had consolidated following Basarab I's victory in the Battle of Posada against the Kingdom of Hungary, ushering in a period of relative independence."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1417, Wallachia was forced to accept the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire for the first time; this suzerainty lasted until the mid-19th century."}, {"id": "Q43715", "label": "Vlad the Impaler", "section": "lead", "says": "However in general Wallachia was able to preserve autonomy within the Empire as well as experience interruptions to Ottoman rule brought about by local rulers such as Vlad the Impaler and Michael the Brave and later external powers such as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q118755", "label": "Michael the Brave", "section": "lead", "says": "However in general Wallachia was able to preserve autonomy within the Empire as well as experience interruptions to Ottoman rule brought about by local rulers such as Vlad the Impaler and Michael the Brave and later external powers such as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "However in general Wallachia was able to preserve autonomy within the Empire as well as experience interruptions to Ottoman rule brought about by local rulers such as Vlad the Impaler and Michael the Brave and later external powers such as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "However in general Wallachia was able to preserve autonomy within the Empire as well as experience interruptions to Ottoman rule brought about by local rulers such as Vlad the Impaler and Michael the Brave and later external powers such as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1859, Wallachia united with Moldavia to form the United Principalities, which adopted the name Romania in 1866 and officially became the Kingdom of Romania in 1881."}, {"id": "Q10975458", "label": "Maramureș", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the resolution of the elected representatives of Romanians in 1918, Bukovina, Transylvania and parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș were allocated to the Kingdom of Romania, thereby forming the modern Romanian state."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "The area was subject to Romanization also during the Migration Period, when most of present-day Romania was also invaded by Goths and Sarmatians known as the Chernyakhov culture, followed by waves of other nomads."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "A short period of Roman rule in the area is attested under Emperor Constantine the Great, after he attacked the Goths (who had settled north of the Danube) in 332."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "From its establishment in 681 to approximately the Hungarians' conquest of Transylvania in the middle of the tenth century, the First Bulgarian Empire controlled the territory of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "With the decline and subsequent Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (from the second half of the tenth century up to 1018), Wallachia came under the control of the Pechenegs, Turkic peoples who extended their rule west through the tenth and 11th century, until they were defeated around 1091, when the Cumans of southern Ruthenia took control of the lands of Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "When the Latin empire was established in 1204, the territories in the northern borders of this Venetian creation were named \"Wallachia & Bulgaria\" or \"Second Bulgarian Empire\"."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Variant names include the Vlach–Bulgarian Empire and the Bulgarian–Wallachian Empire."}, {"id": "Q156147", "label": "Ladislaus IV of Hungary", "section": "History - Establishment of state", "says": "Litvoi refused to pay tribute to King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, and in 1277 war broke out with the Hungarians, where he died in battle before 1280."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Establishment of state", "says": "Litvoi refused to pay tribute to King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, and in 1277 war broke out with the Hungarians, where he died in battle before 1280."}, {"id": "Q324748", "label": "Basarab I of Wallachia", "section": "History - Establishment of state", "says": "Radu Negru is typically connected with Basarab I of Wallachia, who was first mentioned in a Hungarian charter in 1324, as a voivode who held lands south of the Carpathians and paid tribute to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q213061", "label": "Charles I of Hungary", "section": "History - Establishment of state", "says": "Basarab refused to grant Hungary the lands of Făgăraș, Almaș and Severin and pay tribute to Charles I of Hungary, who invaded Wallachia but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Posada, which led to the consolidation of the Wallachian state."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "History - Establishment of state", "says": "According to historian Ștefan Ștefănescu, Basarab extended his lands to the east, to briefly comprise lands as far as Chillia Nouǎ in the Bugeac - reportedly providing the origin of Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q2237751", "label": "Battle of Rovine", "section": "History - Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great", "says": "Mircea initially defeated the Ottomans in several battles, including the Battle of Rovine in 1394, driving them away from Dobruja and briefly extending his rule to the Danube Delta, Dobruja and Silistra (c."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "History - Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great", "says": "He swung between alliances with Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, and Jagiellon Poland (taking part in the Battle of Nicopolis), and accepted a peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1417, after Mehmed I took control of Turnu Măgurele and Giurgiu."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "History - Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great", "says": "In 1418–1420, Michael I defeated the Ottomans in Severin, only to be killed in battle by the counter-offensive; in 1422, the danger was averted for a short while when Dan II inflicted a defeat on Murad II with the help of Pippo Spano."}, {"id": "Q540415", "label": "Pippo Spano", "section": "History - Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great", "says": "In 1418–1420, Michael I defeated the Ottomans in Severin, only to be killed in battle by the counter-offensive; in 1422, the danger was averted for a short while when Dan II inflicted a defeat on Murad II with the help of Pippo Spano."}, {"id": "Q935658", "label": "Alexander I Aldea", "section": "History - Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great", "says": "Victorious in 1431 (the year when the boyar-backed Alexander I Aldea took the throne), boyars were dealt successive blows by Vlad II Dracul (1436–1442; 1443–1447), who nevertheless attempted to compromise between the Ottoman Sultan and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q380330", "label": "Vlad II Dracul", "section": "History - Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great", "says": "Victorious in 1431 (the year when the boyar-backed Alexander I Aldea took the throne), boyars were dealt successive blows by Vlad II Dracul (1436–1442; 1443–1447), who nevertheless attempted to compromise between the Ottoman Sultan and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great", "says": "Victorious in 1431 (the year when the boyar-backed Alexander I Aldea took the throne), boyars were dealt successive blows by Vlad II Dracul (1436–1442; 1443–1447), who nevertheless attempted to compromise between the Ottoman Sultan and the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q644114", "label": "Neagoe Basarab", "section": "History - Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel", "says": "After the latter proved to be hostile to the bans, the House of Basarab formally ended with the rise of Neagoe Basarab, a Craioveşti."}, {"id": "Q157092", "label": "Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia", "section": "History - Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel", "says": "It was also a period of increased influence for the Saxon merchants in Brașov and Sibiu, and of Wallachia's alliance with Louis II of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "History - Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel", "says": "His successor Mircea Ciobanul (1545–1554; 1558–1559), a prince without any claim to noble heritage, was imposed on the throne and consequently agreed to a decrease in autonomy (increasing taxes and carrying out an armed intervention in Transylvania – supporting the pro-Turkish John Zápolya)."}, {"id": "Q977393", "label": "Pătraşcu cel Bun", "section": "History - Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel", "says": "Conflicts between boyar families became stringent after the rule of Pătrașcu the Good, and boyar ascendancy over rulers was obvious under Petru the Younger (1559–1568; a reign dominated by Doamna Chiajna and marked by huge increases in taxes), Mihnea Turcitul, and Petru Cercel."}, {"id": "Q4942711", "label": "Chiajna of Moldavia", "section": "History - Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel", "says": "Conflicts between boyar families became stringent after the rule of Pătrașcu the Good, and boyar ascendancy over rulers was obvious under Petru the Younger (1559–1568; a reign dominated by Doamna Chiajna and marked by huge increases in taxes), Mihnea Turcitul, and Petru Cercel."}, {"id": "Q942690", "label": "Mihnea Turcitul", "section": "History - Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel", "says": "Conflicts between boyar families became stringent after the rule of Pătrașcu the Good, and boyar ascendancy over rulers was obvious under Petru the Younger (1559–1568; a reign dominated by Doamna Chiajna and marked by huge increases in taxes), Mihnea Turcitul, and Petru Cercel."}, {"id": "Q684905", "label": "Petru Cercel", "section": "History - Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel", "says": "Conflicts between boyar families became stringent after the rule of Pătrașcu the Good, and boyar ascendancy over rulers was obvious under Petru the Younger (1559–1568; a reign dominated by Doamna Chiajna and marked by huge increases in taxes), Mihnea Turcitul, and Petru Cercel."}, {"id": "Q159934", "label": "Murad III", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Initially profiting from Ottoman support, Michael the Brave ascended to the throne in 1593, and attacked the troops of Murad III north and south of the Danube in an alliance with Transylvania's Sigismund Báthory and Moldavia's Aron Vodă (see Battle of Călugăreni)."}, {"id": "Q368154", "label": "Sigismund Báthory", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Initially profiting from Ottoman support, Michael the Brave ascended to the throne in 1593, and attacked the troops of Murad III north and south of the Danube in an alliance with Transylvania's Sigismund Báthory and Moldavia's Aron Vodă (see Battle of Călugăreni)."}, {"id": "Q2540658", "label": "Battle of Călugăreni", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Initially profiting from Ottoman support, Michael the Brave ascended to the throne in 1593, and attacked the troops of Murad III north and south of the Danube in an alliance with Transylvania's Sigismund Báthory and Moldavia's Aron Vodă (see Battle of Călugăreni)."}, {"id": "Q52940", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "He soon placed himself under the suzerainty of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor, and, in 1599–1600, intervened in Transylvania against Poland's king Sigismund III Vasa, placing the region under his authority; his brief rule also extended to Moldavia later in the following year."}, {"id": "Q513394", "label": "Nicolae Bălcescu", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "The rule of Michael the Brave, with its break with Ottoman rule, tense relations with other European powers and the leadership of the three states, was considered in later periods as the precursor of a modern Romania, a thesis which was argued with noted intensity by Nicolae Bălcescu."}, {"id": "Q897720", "label": "Moldavian Magnate Wars", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Following Michael's downfall, Wallachia was occupied by the Polish–Moldavian army of Simion Movilă (see Moldavian Magnate Wars), who held the region until 1602, and was subject to Nogai attacks in the same year."}, {"id": "Q1334276", "label": "Radu Mihnea", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Furthermore, the growing importance of appointment to high office in front of land ownership brought about an influx of Greek and Levantine families, a process already resented by locals during the rules of Radu Mihnea in the early 17th century."}, {"id": "Q719546", "label": "Matei Basarab", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Matei Basarab, a boyar appointee, brought a long period of relative peace (1632–1654), with the noted exception of the 1653 Battle of Finta, fought between Wallachians and the troops of Moldavian prince Vasile Lupu—ending in disaster for the latter, who was replaced with Prince Matei's favourite, Gheorghe Ștefan, on the throne in Iași."}, {"id": "Q2576318", "label": "Battle of Finta", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Matei Basarab, a boyar appointee, brought a long period of relative peace (1632–1654), with the noted exception of the 1653 Battle of Finta, fought between Wallachians and the troops of Moldavian prince Vasile Lupu—ending in disaster for the latter, who was replaced with Prince Matei's favourite, Gheorghe Ștefan, on the throne in Iași."}, {"id": "Q220653", "label": "Vasile Lupu", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "Matei Basarab, a boyar appointee, brought a long period of relative peace (1632–1654), with the noted exception of the 1653 Battle of Finta, fought between Wallachians and the troops of Moldavian prince Vasile Lupu—ending in disaster for the latter, who was replaced with Prince Matei's favourite, Gheorghe Ștefan, on the throne in Iași."}, {"id": "Q195625", "label": "George II Rákóczi", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "A close alliance between Gheorghe Ștefan and Matei's successor Constantin Șerban was maintained by Transylvania's George II Rákóczi, but their designs for independence from Ottoman rule were crushed by the troops of Mehmed IV in 1658–1659."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "A close alliance between Gheorghe Ștefan and Matei's successor Constantin Șerban was maintained by Transylvania's George II Rákóczi, but their designs for independence from Ottoman rule were crushed by the troops of Mehmed IV in 1658–1659."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Wallachia became a target for Habsburg incursions during the last stages of the Great Turkish War around 1690, when the ruler Constantin Brâncoveanu secretly and unsuccessfully negotiated an anti-Ottoman coalition."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Brâncoveanu's reign (1688–1714), noted for its late Renaissance cultural achievements (see Brâncovenesc style), also coincided with the rise of Imperial Russia under Tsar Peter the Great—he was approached by the latter during the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1713, and lost his throne and life sometime after sultan Ahmed III caught news of the negotiations."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Brâncoveanu's reign (1688–1714), noted for its late Renaissance cultural achievements (see Brâncovenesc style), also coincided with the rise of Imperial Russia under Tsar Peter the Great—he was approached by the latter during the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1713, and lost his throne and life sometime after sultan Ahmed III caught news of the negotiations."}, {"id": "Q127422", "label": "Ștefan Cantacuzino", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Despite his denunciation of Brâncoveanu's policies, Ștefan Cantacuzino attached himself to Habsburg projects and opened the country to the armies of Prince Eugene of Savoy; he was himself deposed and executed in 1716."}, {"id": "Q152428", "label": "Eugene of Savoy", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Despite his denunciation of Brâncoveanu's policies, Ștefan Cantacuzino attached himself to Habsburg projects and opened the country to the armies of Prince Eugene of Savoy; he was himself deposed and executed in 1716."}, {"id": "Q927783", "label": "Nicholas Mavrocordatos", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Inaugurated by Nicholas Mavrocordatos in Moldavia after Dimitrie Cantemir, Phanariote rule was brought to Wallachia in 1715 by the very same ruler."}, {"id": "Q26799687", "label": "Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Mavrocordatos himself was deposed by a boyar rebellion, and arrested by Habsburg troops during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718, as the Ottomans had to concede Oltenia to Charles VI of Austria (the Treaty of Passarowitz)."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Mavrocordatos himself was deposed by a boyar rebellion, and arrested by Habsburg troops during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718, as the Ottomans had to concede Oltenia to Charles VI of Austria (the Treaty of Passarowitz)."}, {"id": "Q11821309", "label": "Treaty of Belgrade", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "The region, organized as the Banat of Craiova and subject to an enlightened absolutist rule that soon disenchanted local boyars, was returned to Wallachia in 1739 (the Treaty of Belgrade, upon the close of the Austro-Russian–Turkish War)."}, {"id": "Q1051934", "label": "Constantine Mavrocordatos", "section": "History - Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes", "says": "Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos, who oversaw the new change in borders, was also responsible for the effective abolition of serfdom in 1746 (which put a stop to the exodus of peasants into Transylvania); during this period, the ban of Oltenia moved his residence from Craiova to Bucharest, signalling, alongside Mavrocordatos' order to merge his personal treasury with that of the country, a move to"}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Early 19th century", "says": "The death of prince Alexander Soutzos in 1821, coinciding with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, established a boyar regency which attempted to block the arrival of Scarlat Callimachi to his throne in Bucharest."}, {"id": "Q2976924", "label": "Scarlat Callimachi", "section": "History - Early 19th century", "says": "The death of prince Alexander Soutzos in 1821, coinciding with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, established a boyar regency which attempted to block the arrival of Scarlat Callimachi to his throne in Bucharest."}, {"id": "Q359108", "label": "Tudor Vladimirescu", "section": "History - Early 19th century", "says": "The parallel uprising in Oltenia, carried out by the Pandur leader Tudor Vladimirescu, although aimed at overthrowing the ascendancy of Greeks, compromised with the Greek revolutionaries in the Filiki Eteria and allied itself with the regents, while seeking Russian support (see also: Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire)."}, {"id": "Q658120", "label": "Grigore IV Ghica", "section": "History - Early 19th century", "says": "These violent events, which had seen the majority of Phanariotes siding with Ypsilantis, made Sultan Mahmud II place the Principalities under its occupation (evicted by a request of several European powers), and sanction the end of Phanariote rules: in Wallachia, the first prince to be considered a local one after 1715 was Grigore IV Ghica."}, {"id": "Q1993653", "label": "Akkerman Convention", "section": "History - Early 19th century", "says": "Many of the provisions had been specified by the 1826 Akkerman Convention between Russia and the Ottomans, but it had never been fully implemented in the three-year interval."}], "Q42199": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Ansbach or Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach (German: Fürstentum Ansbach or Markgrafschaft Brandenburg-Ansbach) was a free imperial principality in the Holy Roman Empire centered on the Franconian city of Ansbach."}], "Q49910": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Aden Colony (Arabic: مُسْتْعَمَرَةْ عَدَنْ, romanised: Musta'marat 'Adan) was a crown colony of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1963 located in the southern part of modern-day Yemen."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Aden quickly became a major coaling station and transit hub for British shipping, and its significance to the British Empire grew throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony's surrounding hinterland, was governed separately as the Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q3299864", "label": "Aden Emergency", "section": "lead", "says": "By the early 1960s, widespread dissatisfaction with British rule led to the Aden Emergency, a violent uprising against colonial authorities."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1963, Aden Colony was reconstituted as the State of Aden within the newly created Federation of South Arabia in an attempt to grant limited self-governance, but the unrest continued."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Elizabeth II visit", "says": "On 27 April 1954, Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visited the colony as part of their first Commonwealth tour."}, {"id": "Q80976", "label": "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh", "section": "History - Elizabeth II visit", "says": "On 27 April 1954, Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visited the colony as part of their first Commonwealth tour."}, {"id": "Q128985", "label": "Harold Macmillan", "section": "History - Federation and the end of Aden colony", "says": "It was the hope of the government of Harold Macmillan that creating a federation that would be dominated by the traditional sultans would allow for indirect British control as he wrote in his diary that his government planned to use \"the Sultans to help us keep the colony and its essential defence facilities\"."}], "Q514423": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthenopean Republic (Italian: Repubblica Partenopea, French: République Parthénopéenne) or Neapolitan Republic (Italian: Repubblica Napoletana) was a short-lived sister republic in Southern Italy established during the French Revolutionary Wars following the defeat of the armies of Ferdinand IV."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic existed from 21 January to 13 June 1799, collapsing when the Sanfedists returned Ferdinand to power, after which he harshly subdued republican activities."}], "Q597494": [{"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Artaxiad dynasty (also Artashesian) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until their overthrow by the Romans in 12 AD."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Artaxiad king Tigranes the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "Origin", "says": "According to the Greek geographer Strabo (Geography, book 11, chapter 14), Artaxias and Zariadres were two generals (strategoi) of the Seleucid Empire who were granted control over the provinces of Greater Armenia and Sophene by the Seleucid ruler Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "Origin", "says": "According to the Greek geographer Strabo (Geography, book 11, chapter 14), Artaxias and Zariadres were two generals (strategoi) of the Seleucid Empire who were granted control over the provinces of Greater Armenia and Sophene by the Seleucid ruler Antiochus III the Great."}, {"id": "Q2993294", "label": "David Marshall Lang", "section": "Origin", "says": "According to David Marshall Lang, it was in 200 BC that Artaxias, incited by Antiochus, overthrew Orontes and took power in Greater Armenia."}, {"id": "Q365695", "label": "Moses of Chorene", "section": "Origin", "says": "Movses Khorenatsi, an Armenian historian writing in the 5th century AD or later, records a story about the conflict between King Orontes (Eruand) and Artaxias (Artashes), ending in Orontes' death and Artaxias' ascension of the Armenian throne."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "Origin", "says": "After the defeat of the Seleucids by the Romans at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, Artaxias and Zariadres made themselves autonomous kings."}, {"id": "Q1259381", "label": "Treaty of Apamea", "section": "Origin", "says": "They were recognized as such by the Roman Senate according to the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC."}, {"id": "Q1134707", "label": "Cyril Toumanoff", "section": "Origin", "says": "Cyril Toumanoff writes that Artaxias was \"to all appearances, a local dynast\" and that his claim to Orontid descent was aimed at legitimizing his rule, although he may have been matrilineally descended from the Orontids."}, {"id": "Q1764124", "label": "Third Mithridatic War", "section": "Decline", "says": "Tigranes had allied himself with Rome's great enemy Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, and during the Third Mithridatic War, in 69 BC, a Roman army led by Lucullus invaded the Armenian empire and routed Tigranes outside Tigranocerta and Artaxata."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "Decline", "says": "Tigranes had allied himself with Rome's great enemy Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, and during the Third Mithridatic War, in 69 BC, a Roman army led by Lucullus invaded the Armenian empire and routed Tigranes outside Tigranocerta and Artaxata."}, {"id": "Q205887", "label": "Battle of Carrhae", "section": "Decline", "says": "Tigranes' heir Artavasdes II maintained the alliance with Rome, giving helpful advice to the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus on his campaign against the Parthians – advice which went unheeded and led to Crassus' disastrous defeat at the Battle of Carrhae."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Decline", "says": "When Mark Antony became ruler of Rome's eastern provinces, he began to suspect the loyalty of Artavasdes, who had married his sister to the heir to the Parthian throne."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Decline", "says": "The kingdom broke down into a civil war between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian parties until it decisively became a Roman protectorate under the emperor Augustus."}], "Q623573": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also a part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy from 1527, following the Election in Cetin, and the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Croatia had large territorial losses in wars with the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "History and government - Habsburg rule", "says": "Some nobles dissented and supported John Zápolya, but the Habsburg option fully prevailed in 1540, when John Zápolya died."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History and government - Croatian-Ottoman Wars", "says": "Taking advantage of the growing conflict between King Sigismund II of Poland and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, Suleiman the Magnificent started his sixth raid of Hungary in 1565 with 100,000 troops."}, {"id": "Q467477", "label": "Nikola Šubić Zrinski", "section": "History and government - Croatian-Ottoman Wars", "says": "The small fort was defended by Count Nikola IV Zrinski and 2,300–3,000 men."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "History and government - Croatian-Ottoman Wars", "says": "The negative effects of feudalism escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia rebelled against their feudal lords over various injustices such as unreasonable taxation or abuse of women in the Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History and government - The Revived Croatia", "says": "By 1699, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Ottoman Hungary and Croatia, throughout the course of Great Turkish War, and Austria brought the territory back under central control."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History and government - The Enlightened Absolutism Period", "says": "Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48 and the Croatian Parliament signed their own Pragmatic Sanction of 1712."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History and government - The Enlightened Absolutism Period", "says": "Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48 and the Croatian Parliament signed their own Pragmatic Sanction of 1712."}, {"id": "Q699923", "label": "Illyrian Provinces", "section": "History and government - Napoleonic Wars", "says": "Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces, but won back to the Austrian crown by 1815."}, {"id": "Q154418", "label": "Josip Jelačić", "section": "History and government - 19th century", "says": "Springtime of Nations - 1848\nIn the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "History and government - 19th century", "says": "Springtime of Nations - 1848\nIn the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd."}, {"id": "Q1241936", "label": "Battle of Pákozd", "section": "History and government - 19th century", "says": "Springtime of Nations - 1848\nIn the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History and government - 19th century", "says": "Despite this contribution, Croatia was later subject to Baron Alexander von Bach's absolutism as well as Hungarian hegemony under Ban Levin Rauch when the Austrian Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867."}], "Q641138": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Cleves (German: Herzogtum Kleve; Dutch: Hertogdom Kleef) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged from the medieval Hettergau."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "lead", "says": "It was situated in the northern Rhineland on both sides of the Lower Rhine, around its capital Cleves and the towns of Wesel, Kalkar, Xanten, Emmerich, Rees and Duisburg bordering the lands of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster in the east and the Duchy of Brabant in the west."}], "Q697787": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Limburg or Limbourg was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q660393", "label": "Lower Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite being a younger son, Frederick had a successful career and also became duke of Lower Lotharingia in 1046."}, {"id": "Q64064", "label": "War of the Limburg Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "The extinction of the line of Frederick's grandson Henry in 1283 sparked the War of the Limburg Succession, whereafter Limburg was ruled by the dukes of Brabant in personal union, eventually being grouped together with the Brabantian \"Overmaas\" territories bordering it (including Dalhem, Valkenburg, and 's-Hertogenrade), to be one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "lead", "says": "The extinction of the line of Frederick's grandson Henry in 1283 sparked the War of the Limburg Succession, whereafter Limburg was ruled by the dukes of Brabant in personal union, eventually being grouped together with the Brabantian \"Overmaas\" territories bordering it (including Dalhem, Valkenburg, and 's-Hertogenrade), to be one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The extinction of the line of Frederick's grandson Henry in 1283 sparked the War of the Limburg Succession, whereafter Limburg was ruled by the dukes of Brabant in personal union, eventually being grouped together with the Brabantian \"Overmaas\" territories bordering it (including Dalhem, Valkenburg, and 's-Hertogenrade), to be one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike other parts of this province, the lands of the duchy stayed intact within the Southern Netherlands, under Habsburg control, after the divisions caused by the Eighty Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike other parts of this province, the lands of the duchy stayed intact within the Southern Netherlands, under Habsburg control, after the divisions caused by the Eighty Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q896479", "label": "Brabant Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "However finally, after the failed Brabant Revolution in 1789, the duchy's history was terminated with the occupation by French Revolutionary troops in 1793."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The easternmost lands were reunited within modern Belgium only after World War I."}], "Q715257": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "Unified Silla (Korean: 통일신라; Hanja: 統一新羅), Late Silla (후기신라; 後期新羅), or Greater Silla is the name often applied to the historical period of the Korean kingdom of Silla after its conquest of Goguryeo in 668 AD, which marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q10922917", "label": "Baekje–Tang War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 7th century, a Silla–Tang alliance conquered Baekje in the Baekje–Tang War."}, {"id": "Q703179", "label": "Goguryeo–Tang War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Goguryeo–Tang War and Silla–Tang War in the 7th century, Silla annexed the southern part of Goguryeo, unifying the central and southern regions of the Korean peninsula."}, {"id": "Q710709", "label": "Silla–Tang War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Goguryeo–Tang War and Silla–Tang War in the 7th century, Silla annexed the southern part of Goguryeo, unifying the central and southern regions of the Korean peninsula."}], "Q736936": [{"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "The first duke was Boqin, a son of the Duke of Zhou, who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou."}, {"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "The first duke was Boqin, a son of the Duke of Zhou, who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou."}, {"id": "Q388766", "label": "King Cheng of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "The first duke was Boqin, a son of the Duke of Zhou, who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou."}, {"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "lead", "says": "Lu was the home state of Confucius as well as Mozi, and, as such, has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history."}], "Q752431": [{"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "lead", "says": "New Hebrides, named after the Hebrides in Scotland by Captain James Cook in 1774, was the colonial name for the island group in the South Pacific Ocean that is now Vanuatu."}], "Q825902": [{"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the \"Republic of the Two Nations\", in 1569, which ended in 1795 with the Third Partition."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the \"Republic of the Two Nations\", in 1569, which ended in 1795 with the Third Partition."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the \"Republic of the Two Nations\", in 1569, which ended in 1795 with the Third Partition."}], "Q856361": [{"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shibanids or Shaybanids, more accurately known as the Abul-Khayrid-Shibanids, were a dynasty of Uzbek origin who ruled over the Khanate of Bukhara (from 1505 to 1598), the Khanate of Khwarezm (Khiva) (from 1511 to 1695), and the Khanate of Sibir (from 1563 until 1598)."}, {"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shibanids or Shaybanids, more accurately known as the Abul-Khayrid-Shibanids, were a dynasty of Uzbek origin who ruled over the Khanate of Bukhara (from 1505 to 1598), the Khanate of Khwarezm (Khiva) (from 1511 to 1695), and the Khanate of Sibir (from 1563 until 1598)."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Their territory included most of modern-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and parts of Russia (including West Siberia) in the 15-16th century (1428-1599)."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Shiban's brothers Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Öz Beg Khan."}, {"id": "Q380393", "label": "Orda Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Shiban's brothers Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Öz Beg Khan."}, {"id": "Q335097", "label": "Öz Beg Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Shiban's brothers Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Öz Beg Khan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height, the Khanate included parts of modern-day Afghanistan and other parts of Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q1149056", "label": "Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "As the lineages of Batu and Orda died out in the course of the great civil wars of the 14th century, the Shaybanids under Abu'l-Khayr Khan declared themselves the only legitimate successors to Jochi and put forward claims to the whole of his enormous ulus, which included parts of Siberia and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "As the lineages of Batu and Orda died out in the course of the great civil wars of the 14th century, the Shaybanids under Abu'l-Khayr Khan declared themselves the only legitimate successors to Jochi and put forward claims to the whole of his enormous ulus, which included parts of Siberia and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q2341105", "label": "Great Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Several decades of strife left the Tuqay-Timurids in control of the Great Horde and its successor states in Europe, namely the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crimea."}], "Q887803": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Brunei became a sovereign state around the 15th century, when it substantially expanded after the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese, extending throughout coastal areas of Borneo and the Philippines, before it declined in the 17th and 18th centuries."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Pre-sultanate history", "says": "A renegade group from the kingdom of Funan in Cambodia found themselves in Borneo after escaping the Khmer invasion, which is where Brunei's historical roots lie."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Pre-sultanate history", "says": "The history of the area was also affected by Srivijaya, from which rulers and their supporters fled to Brunei after Raja Sailendra conquered it."}, {"id": "Q3109927", "label": "Sultanate of Sambas", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Malay Sultanate of Sambas in West Kalimantan and the Sultanate of Sulu in the southern Philippines in particular developed dynastic relations with the royal house of Brunei."}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Malay Sultanate of Sambas in West Kalimantan and the Sultanate of Sulu in the southern Philippines in particular developed dynastic relations with the royal house of Brunei."}, {"id": "Q1660566", "label": "Sultanate of Banjar", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Sultanate of Banjar (present-day Banjarmasin), for example, was also under the influence of Demak in Java."}, {"id": "Q31800", "label": "Bolkiah of Brunei", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Brunei gained influence in Luzon after the marriage of Salalila to the daughter of Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei and Puteri Laila Menchanai of Sulu, creating a union between the royal houses of Maynila, Brunei and Sulu."}, {"id": "Q441276", "label": "James Brooke", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Brunei lost much of its territory due to the arrival of the western powers such as the Spanish in the Philippines, James Brooke in Sarawak, the British in Labuan and the Americans in North Borneo which was later given to the Germans and British."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Brunei lost much of its territory due to the arrival of the western powers such as the Spanish in the Philippines, James Brooke in Sarawak, the British in Labuan and the Americans in North Borneo which was later given to the Germans and British."}, {"id": "Q40101", "label": "Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin of Brunei", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1888, Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin appealed to the British to stop further encroachment."}], "Q8959": [{"id": "Q9341", "label": "Ligdan Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite this decentralization, a remarkable concord continued within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy, and intra-Chinggisid civil war remained unknown until the reign of Ligdan Khan (1604–1634), who saw much of his power weakened in his quarrels with the Mongol tribes and was defeated by the Later Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q8985", "label": "Jorightu Khan Yesüder", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynastic name \"Great Yuan\" was abandoned by the Jorightu Khan Yesüder in 1388, however certain Mongol leaders continued to evoke the name of Great Yuan on occasion up to the early 17th century."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Northern Yuan dynasty was the remnant of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) founded by Kublai Khan."}, {"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion erupted in the Huai River valley, which saw the rise of Zhu Yuanzhang, a Han peasant, who eventually established the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) in southern China."}, {"id": "Q8666", "label": "Toghon Temür", "section": "History - Retreat to Mongolian Steppe (1368–1388)", "says": "Toghon Temür (r."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Retreat to Mongolian Steppe (1368–1388)", "says": "1333–1370), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to Shangdu (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) from Dadu upon the approach of Ming forces."}, {"id": "Q623719", "label": "Naghachu", "section": "History - Retreat to Mongolian Steppe (1368–1388)", "says": "In 1375, Naghachu, a Mongol official of Biligtu Khan in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with the aim of restoring Mongol power in China proper."}, {"id": "Q8937", "label": "Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür", "section": "History - Retreat to Mongolian Steppe (1368–1388)", "says": "In 1387, the Ming defeated the Uriankhai Mongols, and in the following year they achieved decisive victory around the Buir Lake against Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür."}, {"id": "Q487543", "label": "Chagatai Khan", "section": "History - Oirat domination (1388–1478)", "says": "In the following year, one of Uskhal Khan's subjects, Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, founded his own small state called Kara Del in Hami."}, {"id": "Q9643578", "label": "Kara Del", "section": "History - Oirat domination (1388–1478)", "says": "In the following year, one of Uskhal Khan's subjects, Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, founded his own small state called Kara Del in Hami."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "History - Oirat domination (1388–1478)", "says": "The following century saw a succession of Genghisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "History - Oirat domination (1388–1478)", "says": "While the Oirats drew their khans from the descendants of Ariq Böke and other princes, Arugtai of the Asud supported the old Yuan khans of Kublaid descent."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - Oirat domination (1388–1478)", "says": "The Yongle Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q9236", "label": "Delbeg Khan", "section": "History - Oirat domination (1388–1478)", "says": "1417) enthroned an Ariq Bökid Delbeg Khan in 1412."}, {"id": "Q4332415", "label": "Four Oirats", "section": "History - Second reunification", "says": "Dayan Khan finally defeated the southwestern Mongols in 1510 with the assistance of his allies, Unebolad wang and the Four Oirats."}, {"id": "Q9335", "label": "Tümen Jasagtu Khan", "section": "History - Last reunification", "says": "Under Tümen Jasagtu Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q296367", "label": "Hong Taiji", "section": "History - Fall (1600–1635)", "says": "In 1632, Hong Taiji of the Jurchens and his Mongol allies defeated the Chahars and captured Ligdan's family."}], "Q904852": [{"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "China's two special administrative regions (SARs), Hong Kong and Macau, are governed under the \"one country, two systems\" principle."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The president is a ceremonial office and has no real power but represents China abroad, though since the 1990s, the presidency has always been held by the leader of the Chinese Communist Party."}], "Q941881": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, Indonesian: Nugini Belanda) was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, Indonesian: Nugini Belanda) was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch in the coming years stated at the UN that the indigenous population of Dutch New Guinea represented a separate ethnic group from the people of Indonesia and thus should not be absorbed into the Indonesian state."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962, agreeing to the Bunker Proposal on condition that a referendum to determine the final fate of the territory be conducted at a later date."}, {"id": "Q2112088", "label": "Linggadjati Agreement", "section": "Origin of the dispute over New Guinea", "says": "Minister of Colonies Jan Anne Jonkman defended the Linggadjati Agreement in Parliament in 1946 by stating that the government wished for New Guinea to remain under Dutch sovereignty, arguing it could be a settlement for Eurasians."}, {"id": "Q29050", "label": "Mohammad Hatta", "section": "Origin of the dispute over New Guinea", "says": "In order not to jeopardise the scheduled transfer of sovereignty, the Indonesian vice-president Mohammad Hatta offered to maintain Dutch sovereignty over New Guinea for one year and reopen the negotiations afterwards."}], "Q964024": [{"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "2 December] 1917 by the Sfatul Țării (National Council) of Bessarabia, elected in October–November 1917 following the February Revolution and the start of the disintegration of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "2 December] 1917 by the Sfatul Țării (National Council) of Bessarabia, elected in October–November 1917 following the February Revolution and the start of the disintegration of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "2 December] 1917 by the Sfatul Țării (National Council) of Bessarabia, elected in October–November 1917 following the February Revolution and the start of the disintegration of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed on 2/15 December 1917, as a result of the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "History - Summarized", "says": "On 27 March/9 April, Moldavia entered a conditioned union (essentially a federation) with the Kingdom of Romania, retaining its provincial autonomy as well as its legislative body (the Sfatul Țării)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Summarized", "says": "On 27 November/10 December, after the end of World War I, a secret meeting of Sfatul Țării members renounced all conditions and proclaimed the unconditional union of Bessarabia with Romania, effectively amounting to an annexation by the latter."}, {"id": "Q714286", "label": "Ion Inculeț", "section": "History - Detailed", "says": "The Peasants' Congress, which took place in October 1917, voted Mimi out and Ion Inculeț in as the new Commissar."}, {"id": "Q48211", "label": "Alexander Kerensky", "section": "History - Detailed", "says": "This move was planned by Alexander Kerensky, who sent Inculeț, an associate professor at the University of Petrograd, to Bessarabia to take hold of the situation."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Detailed", "says": "In the context of the October Revolution, the Russian Army on the Romanian Front disintegrated."}], "Q978071": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXXI, alternatively 31st Dynasty or Dynasty 31), also known as the Second Egyptian Satrapy, was effectively a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire between 343 BC to 332 BC."}, {"id": "Q192867", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Artaxerxes III, the King of Persia, after his reconquest of Egypt and subsequent crowning as Pharaoh of Egypt, and was disestablished upon the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Artaxerxes III, the King of Persia, after his reconquest of Egypt and subsequent crowning as Pharaoh of Egypt, and was disestablished upon the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "History - First Egyptian Campaign", "says": "In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt, which had revolted under his father, Artaxerxes II."}, {"id": "Q313126", "label": "Nectanebo II", "section": "History - First Egyptian Campaign", "says": "Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Second Egyptian Campaign", "says": "As a result, the Persians were able to rapidly defeat numerous towns across Lower Egypt and were advancing upon Memphis when Nectanebo decided to quit the country and flee southwards to Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "History - Second Egyptian Campaign", "says": "The Jews in Egypt were sent either to Babylon or to the south coast of the Caspian Sea, the same location where the Jews of Phoenicia had earlier been sent."}, {"id": "Q102865", "label": "Darius III", "section": "History - Satrapal rule in Egypt", "says": "Under Darius III (336–330 BC) there was Sabaces, who fought and died at Issus and was succeeded by Mazaces."}, {"id": "Q2320005", "label": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "section": "History - Satrapal rule in Egypt", "says": "At Alexander's death, Ptolemy was formally appointed satrap prior to his establishment of the Ptolemaic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Satrapal rule in Egypt", "says": "The Romans eventually replaced the Ptolemaic dynasty, maintaining Egypt as the personal property of Augustus and the subsequent emperors and ruling through local governors."}], "Q1029847": [{"id": "Q1392699", "label": "Battle of Blood River", "section": "lead", "says": "The Natalia Republic was a short-lived Boer republic founded in 1839 after a Voortrekker victory against the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River."}, {"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "After the British annexation of the Natalia Republic, most local Voortrekkers trekked northwest into Transorangia, later known as the Orange Free State, and the South African Republic."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the British annexation of the Natalia Republic, most local Voortrekkers trekked northwest into Transorangia, later known as the Orange Free State, and the South African Republic."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "History - European settlement and setbacks", "says": "On Christmas Day 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed past the region now known as Transkei and named the country Terra Natalis."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "History - European settlement and setbacks", "says": "Under chief Shaka, the clan became the Zulu Kingdom, and between 1818 and 1820 overran the area."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "History - European settlement and setbacks", "says": "The next Europeans to settle in the country were emigrant Boers from the Cape Colony, who came by land over the passes of the Drakensberg."}, {"id": "Q982129", "label": "Piet Retief", "section": "History - European settlement and setbacks", "says": "These Voortrekkers were led by Piet Retief."}, {"id": "Q440155", "label": "Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius", "section": "History - Battle of Blood River", "says": "In December 460 men set out under Boer general Andries Pretorius to take on the Zulus."}], "Q1057542": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Lepupalika o Hawaiʻi, pronounced [lepupəˈlikə o həˈvɐjʔi]) was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaiʻi between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended, and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an unincorporated and unorganized territory."}, {"id": "Q2593459", "label": "Provisional Government of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Lepupalika o Hawaiʻi, pronounced [lepupəˈlikə o həˈvɐjʔi]) was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaiʻi between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended, and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an unincorporated and unorganized territory."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Lepupalika o Hawaiʻi, pronounced [lepupəˈlikə o həˈvɐjʔi]) was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaiʻi between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended, and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an unincorporated and unorganized territory."}, {"id": "Q35171", "label": "Grover Cleveland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Committee of Public Safety intended for Hawaii to be annexed by the United States; however, President Grover Cleveland, a Democrat opposed to imperialism, refused."}, {"id": "Q163080", "label": "Kalākaua", "section": "lead", "says": "Dole was a former member of the Royal Legislature from Koloa, Kauai, and Justice of the Kingdom's Supreme Court, and he appointed Thurston—who had served as Minister of the Interior under King Kalākaua—to lead a lobbying effort in Washington, D.C., to secure Hawaii's annexation by the United States."}, {"id": "Q35041", "label": "William McKinley", "section": "lead", "says": "Hawaii was annexed under Republican President William McKinley on 12 August 1898, during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Hawaii was annexed under Republican President William McKinley on 12 August 1898, during the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q547795", "label": "Territory of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Hawaii was formally established as part of the U.S. on June 14, 1900."}], "Q1057551": [{"id": "Q922190", "label": "Shanshan", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was renamed Shanshan (鄯善) after its king was assassinated by an envoy of the Han dynasty in 77 BCE; however, the town at the northwestern corner of Lop Nur retained the name of Loulan."}, {"id": "Q197276", "label": "Zhang Qian", "section": "History - Early Han dynasty", "says": "In the same year, the Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described Loulan as a fortified city near the great salt lake or marsh known as Lop Nur."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "History - Early Han dynasty", "says": "During the late 2nd century BCE, Emperor Wu of Han (r."}, {"id": "Q366132", "label": "Ban Chao", "section": "History - Shanshan", "says": "In 73 CE, the Han army officer Ban Chao went with a small group of followers to Shanshan, which was also receiving a delegation from the Xiongnu at the same time."}, {"id": "Q7356", "label": "Emperor Wu of Jin", "section": "History - Shanshan", "says": "It was recorded that in 222 CE, Shanshan sent tribute to China, and that in 283, the son of the king was sent as a hostage to the Chinese court during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Shanshan", "says": "In 445 Shanshan submitted to the Northern Wei."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Shanshan", "says": "After the 5th century, however, the land was frequently invaded by nomadic states such as Tuyuhun, the Rouran Khaganate, and the Dingling and the area gradually was aban"}], "Q1072362": [{"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG, Vietnamese: Chính phủ Cách mạng Lâm thời Cộng hòa miền Nam Việt Nam, chữ Hán: 政府革命臨時共和面南越南), was formed on 8 June 1969, by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), as an armed rival government opposing the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) under President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu."}, {"id": "Q482456", "label": "Fall of Saigon", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the PRG formally replaced the Republic of Vietnam to become the nominal and representative government of South Vietnam under the official name Republic of South Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa miền Nam Việt Nam), assuming the properties, rights, and obligations of the former Republic of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q82542", "label": "Tet Offensive", "section": "History - 1969–1975", "says": "Following the military and political results of the 1968 Tet Offensive and related military offensives in the South by Saigon and the United States, in which the Vietcong suffered serious military losses, the PRG was envisioned as a political counter-force that could influence international public opinion in support of reunification and in opposition to the United States and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - 1969–1975", "says": "Following the military and political results of the 1968 Tet Offensive and related military offensives in the South by Saigon and the United States, in which the Vietcong suffered serious military losses, the PRG was envisioned as a political counter-force that could influence international public opinion in support of reunification and in opposition to the United States and South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - 1969–1975", "says": "Starting on 29 March to late April 1970, the US and South Vietnamese offensives forced the PRG to flee deeper into Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - 1969–1975", "says": "The PRG maintained diplomatic relations with many countries of the Non-Aligned Movement, such as Algeria and SFR Yugoslavia as well as with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - 1969–1975", "says": "The PRG maintained diplomatic relations with many countries of the Non-Aligned Movement, such as Algeria and SFR Yugoslavia as well as with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - 1969–1975", "says": "The PRG maintained diplomatic relations with many countries of the Non-Aligned Movement, such as Algeria and SFR Yugoslavia as well as with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "History - 1975–1976", "says": "However, both countries failed in joining the United Nations due to American vetoes on 11 August and 30 September 1975 as the USSR and China refused to allow South Korea to join the organization on 6 August."}], "Q11266977": [{"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "Home to the ancient Epirotes, the state was bordered by the Aetolian League to the south, Thessaly and Upper Macedonia to the east, and Illyrian tribes to the north."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Home to the ancient Epirotes, the state was bordered by the Aetolian League to the south, Thessaly and Upper Macedonia to the east, and Illyrian tribes to the north."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Home to the ancient Epirotes, the state was bordered by the Aetolian League to the south, Thessaly and Upper Macedonia to the east, and Illyrian tribes to the north."}, {"id": "Q827399", "label": "Molossians", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "These were the Chaonians of northwestern Epirus, the Molossians in the center, and the Thesprotians in the south."}, {"id": "Q223134", "label": "Olympias", "section": "History - Molossian expansion (370–330 BC)", "says": "The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of Macedon, in part against the common threat of Illyrian raids, and in 359 BC the Molossian princess Olympias, niece of Arybbas of Epirus, married King Philip II of Macedon (r."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - Molossian expansion (370–330 BC)", "says": "The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of Macedon, in part against the common threat of Illyrian raids, and in 359 BC the Molossian princess Olympias, niece of Arybbas of Epirus, married King Philip II of Macedon (r."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Molossian expansion (370–330 BC)", "says": "She was to become the mother of Alexander the Great and Cleopatra of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q230258", "label": "Cleopatra of Macedon", "section": "History - Molossian expansion (370–330 BC)", "says": "She was to become the mother of Alexander the Great and Cleopatra of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "History - Kingdom of Epirus (330–231 BC)", "says": "After Alexander's I death, Aeacides of Epirus, who succeeded him, espoused the cause of Olympias against Cassander, but was dethroned in 313 BC."}, {"id": "Q744611", "label": "Battle of Heraclea", "section": "History - Kingdom of Epirus (330–231 BC)", "says": "Due to its superior martial abilities, the Epirote army defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea (280 BC)."}, {"id": "Q75813", "label": "Macedonian Wars", "section": "History - Epirote League (231–167 BC)", "says": "The League remained neutral in the first two Macedonian Wars but split in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC), with the Molossians siding with the Macedonians and the Chaonians and Thesprotians siding with Rome."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "History - Epirote League (231–167 BC)", "says": "The League remained neutral in the first two Macedonian Wars but split in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC), with the Molossians siding with the Macedonians and the Chaonians and Thesprotians siding with Rome."}], "Q1142179": [{"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orange River Colony was the British colony created after Britain first occupied (1900) and then annexed (1902) the independent Orange Free State in the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Orange River Colony was the British colony created after Britain first occupied (1900) and then annexed (1902) the independent Orange Free State in the Second Boer War."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province."}, {"id": "Q1971200", "label": "Orange Free State Province", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province."}], "Q130802": [{"id": "Q12183911", "label": "Syrian Federation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alawite State (Arabic: دولة جبل العلويين, Dawlat Jabal al-‘Alawiyyīn; French: État des Alaouites), initially named the Territory of the Alawites (French: territoire des Alaouites)—after the locally-dominant Alawites—from its inception until its integration to the Syrian Federation in 1922, was a French mandate territory on the coast of present-day Syria after World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alawite State (Arabic: دولة جبل العلويين, Dawlat Jabal al-‘Alawiyyīn; French: État des Alaouites), initially named the Territory of the Alawites (French: territoire des Alaouites)—after the locally-dominant Alawites—from its inception until its integration to the Syrian Federation in 1922, was a French mandate territory on the coast of present-day Syria after World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - 1918–1920", "says": "The defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, with the Armistice of Mudros signed on 30 October 1918, brought on a scramble for control of the disintegrating empire's provinces."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "History - 1918–1920", "says": "The defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, with the Armistice of Mudros signed on 30 October 1918, brought on a scramble for control of the disintegrating empire's provinces."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "History - 1918–1920", "says": "As of 1918, France occupied Lebanon and Syria, which was under the leadership of the Emir Faisal I."}, {"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "History - 1918–1920", "says": "By 1920, a growing anti-French sentiment in the region led to the establishment of the Arab Kingdom of Syria under King Faisal I on 7 March 1920."}, {"id": "Q170357", "label": "Maxime Weygand", "section": "History - 1923–1924", "says": "In June 1923 the French administration, headed by General Maxime Weygand, allowed individual states to elect their own representative councils."}, {"id": "Q146880", "label": "State of Syria", "section": "History - 1925–27: Great Syrian Revolt", "says": "On 1 January 1925, the State of Syria was born from a French merger of the States of Damascus and Aleppo."}, {"id": "Q234738", "label": "Turkish War of Independence", "section": "History - 1925–27: Great Syrian Revolt", "says": "Perhaps inspired by the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1921), the Great Syrian Revolt began in the countryside of Jabal al-Druze."}, {"id": "Q1968718", "label": "Great Syrian Revolt", "section": "History - 1925–27: Great Syrian Revolt", "says": "Perhaps inspired by the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1921), the Great Syrian Revolt began in the countryside of Jabal al-Druze."}], "Q1322662": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Chernigov or Chernihiv was one of the largest and most powerful states within Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q1483430", "label": "Principality of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "For a time the principality was the second most powerful after the Principality of Kiev."}], "Q1352878": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Livonia, also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, was a semi-autonomous vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, from 1569, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Livonia, also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, was a semi-autonomous vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, from 1569, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in 1561 following the dissolution of the Livonian Confederation during the Livonian War, it comprised most of present-day northern Latvia and southern Estonia."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy existed until 1629, when most of its territory passed to the Swedish Empire after the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)."}, {"id": "Q1267481", "label": "Treaty of Vilnius", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was created under the terms of the Treaty of Vilnius (1561), by which the Livonian nobility accepted the suzerainty of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in return for guarantees of their traditional privileges."}, {"id": "Q33698", "label": "Livonian", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was created under the terms of the Treaty of Vilnius (1561), by which the Livonian nobility accepted the suzerainty of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in return for guarantees of their traditional privileges."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was created under the terms of the Treaty of Vilnius (1561), by which the Livonian nobility accepted the suzerainty of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in return for guarantees of their traditional privileges."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "Lutheranism remained the principal confession despite the Catholic faith of the ruling dynasty."}], "Q1483430": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was formed during the process of political fragmentation of the Kievan Rus' in the early 12th century."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed as a polity until the middle of the 14th century, when it was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q41514", "label": "Mstislav I of Kiev", "section": "History - Kievan Rus' period", "says": "Following the death of Mstislav I of Kiev in 1132, the semi-autonomous states were de facto independent and so led to the emergence of the Principality of Kiev as a separate state."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Kievan Rus' period", "says": "The emergence of the principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal and  Galicia-Volhynia resulted in the transition of the political and cultural centre of Rus' as well as the migration of citizens to cities like Vladimir and Halych."}, {"id": "Q174044", "label": "Alexander Nevsky", "section": "History - Golden Horde and Lithuanian periods", "says": "Following the invasion, it was now under the formal suzerainty of the Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, Alexander Nevsky, who in turn was a vassal to the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "History - Golden Horde and Lithuanian periods", "says": "After the Battle of Irpen in 1321, Kiev was the object of desire for the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, and it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1362."}], "Q15240466": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "British Cyprus (Greek: Βρετανική Κύπρος, romanised: Bretanikí Kípros; Turkish: Britanya Kıbrısı) was the island of Cyprus under the dominion of the British Empire, administered sequentially from 1878 to 1914 as a British protectorate, from 1914 to 1925 as an annexed military occupation zone, and from 1925 to 1960 as a Crown colony."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Cyprus was a territory of the Ottoman Empire, lastly as part of the Vilayet of the Archipelago, since it was conquered from the Republic of Venice in 1570–71."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Cyprus was a territory of the Ottoman Empire, lastly as part of the Vilayet of the Archipelago, since it was conquered from the Republic of Venice in 1570–71."}, {"id": "Q3555069", "label": "Cyprus Convention", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "A British protectorate under nominal Ottoman suzerainty was established over Cyprus by the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War, in exchange for British support of the Ottomans during the Congress of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q182515", "label": "Treaty of Sèvres", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "The Crown Colony of Cyprus was proclaimed a decade later, in 1925, after Britain's annexation of Cyprus was verified twice, firstly in the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which was never implemented, and then confirmed again in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "History - Proposed union with Greece", "says": "King Pávlos of the Hellenes declared that Cyprus desired union with the Kingdom of Greece in 1948."}, {"id": "Q16146587", "label": "Cyprus Emergency", "section": "History - Cyprus Emergency", "says": "The Cyprus Emergency was a military action that took place in Cyprus from 1955 to 1959."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The United Kingdom granted independence to Cyprus on 16 August 1960 and formed the Republic of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q153509", "label": "Makarios III", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Archbishop Makarios III, a charismatic religious and political leader, was elected as the first president of independent Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "In March 1961 at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, Cyprus became an independent republic in the Commonwealth of Nations, and Archbishop Makarios III became both a Commonwealth head of state and a Commonwealth head of government."}], "Q1574130": [{"id": "Q1195760", "label": "Battle of Changping", "section": "lead", "says": "A Qin invasion of Han's Shangdang Commandery in 260 BC and the region's subsequent surrender to Zhao resulted in the Battle of Changping, claimed to be the bloodiest battle of the Warring States period where up to 400,000 soldiers died."}, {"id": "Q2005185", "label": "Battle of Maling", "section": "History - Defeat", "says": "The contest between Wei and Qi over control of Han resulted in the Battle of Maling, which established Qi as the pre-eminent state in the east."}], "Q1591030": [{"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - 16th century onwards", "says": "By the 15th century, the Hausa kingdoms were trading centers which competed with Kanem-Bornu and the Mali Empire."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - 16th century onwards", "says": "He also commissioned Muhammad al-Maghili to write a treatise on Muslim governance."}, {"id": "Q332790", "label": "Leo Africanus", "section": "History - 16th century onwards", "says": "During this time period, Leo Africanus briefly mentions in his book Descrittione dell’Africa descriptions of the political and economic state of Hausaland during that time although it is unknown if he actually visited it; Hausaland seems to have been mostly of a tributary status by Songhai as in his description of Zamfara he comments that \"their king was slaughtered by the Askiya and themselves ma"}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "By 1808 the Hausa states were finally conquered by Usuman dan Fodio and incorporated into the Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Caliphate."}], "Q1618896": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "Still other scholars identify these early mentions of a Rus' political entity headed by a chacanus with the Kievan Rus' state commonly attested in later sources, whose princes such as Vladimir the Great  (r."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Still other scholars identify these early mentions of a Rus' political entity headed by a chacanus with the Kievan Rus' state commonly attested in later sources, whose princes such as Vladimir the Great  (r."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "lead", "says": "980–1015), Yaroslav the Wise (r."}, {"id": "Q469731", "label": "Sviatoslav II of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "1019–1054), and perhaps Sviatoslav II of Kiev (r."}, {"id": "Q2992005", "label": "Oleg I of Chernigov", "section": "lead", "says": "1073–1076) and Oleg I of Chernigov (r."}], "Q1656775": [{"id": "Q242436", "label": "Mindaugas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Lithuania was a sovereign state that existed from 17 July 1251 until the death of the first crowned king of Lithuania, Mindaugas, on 12 September 1263."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "lead", "says": "For instance, Gediminas titled himself King of Lithuania and Rus, and Duke of Semigalia."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "After the formal Christianization and especially after the creation of the personal union with Poland, the monarchs of Poland–Lithuania retained the separate titles of Grand Dukes of Lithuania and Kings of Poland (similarly to how the Emperors of Austria–Hungary had retained the separate titles of Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, to some extent)."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "lead", "says": "For diplomatic reasons, three further attempts were made to re-establish the Kingdom status – by Vytautas the Great in 1430, by Švitrigaila, who wanted to continue Vytautas' attempts at the coronation, and by the Council of Lithuania in 1918."}], "Q178085": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background", "says": "The name Crna Gora (Montenegro) was formally mentioned for the first time in 1296, in the charter of St."}, {"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "Background", "says": "After Tsar Dušan's death in 1355, the Serbian state Kingdom started to crumble and its holdings were divided among Prince (Knjaz) Lazar Hrebeljanović, the short-lived (1353–1391) Bosnian state of Tvrtko I Kotromanić, and a semi-independent chiefdom of Zeta under the House of Balšić, whose founder Balša I came to power in 1356."}], "Q1796223": [{"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "Collapse", "says": "At the start of the colonial era (1884), the Lunda heartland was divided between Portuguese Angola, King Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State and the British in North-Western Rhodesia, which became Angola, DR Congo and Zambia, respectively."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "Collapse", "says": "At the start of the colonial era (1884), the Lunda heartland was divided between Portuguese Angola, King Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State and the British in North-Western Rhodesia, which became Angola, DR Congo and Zambia, respectively."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "Collapse", "says": "At the start of the colonial era (1884), the Lunda heartland was divided between Portuguese Angola, King Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State and the British in North-Western Rhodesia, which became Angola, DR Congo and Zambia, respectively."}], "Q192262": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian: Autonomna Pokrajina Zapadna Bosna; APZB), was a small unrecognized proto-state that existed in the northwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1993 and 1995."}, {"id": "Q466040", "label": "Fikret Abdić", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed as a result of secessionist politics by Fikret Abdić against the central government of Alija Izetbegović during the Bosnian War, which led to the Intra-Bosnian Muslim War."}, {"id": "Q183848", "label": "Alija Izetbegović", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed as a result of secessionist politics by Fikret Abdić against the central government of Alija Izetbegović during the Bosnian War, which led to the Intra-Bosnian Muslim War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed as a result of secessionist politics by Fikret Abdić against the central government of Alija Izetbegović during the Bosnian War, which led to the Intra-Bosnian Muslim War."}], "Q195972": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged in the process of a tripartite division of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1478 and existed, with several brief intervals, until 1762 when Kartli and the neighbouring Georgian kingdom of Kakheti were merged through dynastic succession under the Kakhetian branch of the Bagrationi dynasty."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Through much of this period, the kingdom was a vassal of the successive dynasties of Iran, and to a much shorter period Ottoman Empire, but enjoyed intermittent periods of greater independence, especially after 1747."}, {"id": "Q2914978", "label": "George VIII of Georgia", "section": "History - Disintegration of the Kingdom of Georgia into warring states", "says": "Major disintegration of the Georgian kingdom dates from 1463 with the defeat of George VIII at the Battle of Chikhori by the rebellious nobleman Bagrat."}, {"id": "Q2403565", "label": "Battle of Chikhori", "section": "History - Disintegration of the Kingdom of Georgia into warring states", "says": "Major disintegration of the Georgian kingdom dates from 1463 with the defeat of George VIII at the Battle of Chikhori by the rebellious nobleman Bagrat."}, {"id": "Q2486531", "label": "Bagrat VI of Georgia", "section": "History - Disintegration of the Kingdom of Georgia into warring states", "says": "Sensing an opportunity, Bagrat VI crossed the borders of East Georgia (inner Kartli) and proclaimed himself King of all Georgia in 1466."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "History - Developments in western Georgia", "says": "Meanwhile, the new feudal overlord of Odishi - Liparit II Dadiani invited Constantine II to West Georgia for a second time."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "History - Developments in western Georgia", "says": "Uzun Hasan invaded Kartli and the king was forced to deal with the threat his incursion posed."}, {"id": "Q2467170", "label": "George II of Kakheti", "section": "History - Later developments", "says": "Soon after coming into power, George II of Kakheti launched an expedition against Kartli, intending to depose King David X and conquer his kingdom."}, {"id": "Q171112", "label": "Alexander II", "section": "History - Later developments", "says": "Peace did not survive long in the west either, as David X faced incursions from Alexander II of Imereti, who was somewhat less successful than his Kakhetian counterpart."}, {"id": "Q1209822", "label": "Kingdom of Kakheti", "section": "History - Later developments", "says": "In 1520, the Kingdom of Kakheti was restored with the support of local nobles by Levan of Kakheti, son and heir of George II."}, {"id": "Q925104", "label": "Levan of Kakheti", "section": "History - Later developments", "says": "In 1520, the Kingdom of Kakheti was restored with the support of local nobles by Levan of Kakheti, son and heir of George II."}, {"id": "Q2119319", "label": "Peace of Amasya", "section": "History - Later developments", "says": "The Peace of Amasya (1555) recognized Kartli, Kakheti, and eastern Samtskhe as Persian possessions, while everything to the west of it (i.e."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Seventeenth century: Georgian petty kingdoms under Persian and Ottoman vassalage", "says": "In 1747, the Shah of Persia, Nader Shah was assassinated."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "History - Seventeenth century: Georgian petty kingdoms under Persian and Ottoman vassalage", "says": "Capitalizing on this instability Teimuraz II and his son Heraclius II, who had been given the kingship of Kartli and Kakheti respectively by Nader Shah himself as a reward for their loyalty, declared their de facto independence from Persia."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "History - Extinction of Georgian quasi-independence and integration into the Russian Empire", "says": "Following the Treaty of Georgievsk (1783) and Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's brief re-occupation of eastern Georgia, the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1800."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Extinction of Georgian quasi-independence and integration into the Russian Empire", "says": "Following the Treaty of Georgievsk (1783) and Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's brief re-occupation of eastern Georgia, the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1800."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "History - Extinction of Georgian quasi-independence and integration into the Russian Empire", "says": "Russian control over Kartli-Kakheti was finalized with Qajar Iran by the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Extinction of Georgian quasi-independence and integration into the Russian Empire", "says": "Russian control over Kartli-Kakheti was finalized with Qajar Iran by the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813."}], "Q2027229": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Philippine Republic, officially the Republic of the Philippines and also known as the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a pro-Axis government established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation of the islands until its dissolution on August 17, 1945."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "Background", "says": "Former President Emilio Aguinaldo and General Artemio Ricarte raised the Philippine flag, the same one used during the Philippine–American War which featured an anthropomorphic sun, during the inauguration."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "Background", "says": "Former President Emilio Aguinaldo and General Artemio Ricarte raised the Philippine flag, the same one used during the Philippine–American War which featured an anthropomorphic sun, during the inauguration."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 23, 1944, at 10:00 in the morning, President Laurel proclaimed that a state of war existed between the Philippine Republic and both the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "On September 23, 1944, at 10:00 in the morning, President Laurel proclaimed that a state of war existed between the Philippine Republic and both the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "End of the Republic", "says": "Following the return of American-led Allied forces, the government of the Second Republic evacuated Manila to Baguio."}], "Q210198": [{"id": "Q63149558", "label": "Afsharid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Erivan Khanate (Persian: خانات ایروان, romanized: Khānāt-e Iravān), also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd, was a khanate (i.e., province) that was established in Afsharid Iran in the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It covered an area of roughly 19,500 km2, and corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, the Iğdır Province and the Kars Province's Kağızman district in present-day Turkey and the Sharur and Sadarak districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of present-day Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of Nader Shah in 1747, Iranian authority over the territories north of the Aras River was greatly weakened, and the Erivan Khanate became a tributary of King Heraclius II of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q379624", "label": "Heraclius II of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the death of Nader Shah in 1747, Iranian authority over the territories north of the Aras River was greatly weakened, and the Erivan Khanate became a tributary of King Heraclius II of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "lead", "says": "This arrangement persisted after Karim Khan Zand nominally restored Iranian authority in the South Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1794–95, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar campaigned to restore central authority in the region and received the submission of the khan of Erivan."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Iranian defeat in the last Russo-Iranian War, it was occupied by Russian troops in 1827 and then ceded to the Russian Empire in 1828 in accordance with the Treaty of Turkmenchay."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Iranian defeat in the last Russo-Iranian War, it was occupied by Russian troops in 1827 and then ceded to the Russian Empire in 1828 in accordance with the Treaty of Turkmenchay."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "History - Administration", "says": "The remaining fringes of historic Armenia under Iranian rule were part of the khanates of Karabakh and Ganja as well as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti."}, {"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "History - Afshar and Zand periods", "says": "1734–1737), at the time of Nader's coronation at the Mughan plain the khan of Erivan was Mohammad Qoli (a Muslim of Armenian origin), who had been appointed by Tahmasp II (r."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Afshar and Zand periods", "says": "The khan of Erivan appealed to Heraclius of Kakheti and his father King Teimuraz II, offering to become their tributary in exchange for their assistance."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "History - Afshar and Zand periods", "says": "The khan of Erivan appealed to Heraclius of Kakheti and his father King Teimuraz II, offering to become their tributary in exchange for their assistance."}, {"id": "Q3820837", "label": "Abdullah Khan", "section": "History - Afshar and Zand periods", "says": "Then, an appointee of Heraclius II named Abdullah Khan reigned from 1750 to 1752."}, {"id": "Q525997", "label": "Treaty of Georgievsk", "section": "History - Qajar period and cession to Russia", "says": "Like some of the other khans of the Caucasus, Mohammad Khan sought to make contact with Russia in the aftermath of the Treaty of Georgievsk."}, {"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "History - Qajar period and cession to Russia", "says": "In 1804, Russian general Pavel Tsitsianov attacked Erivan, but a \"superior\" Iranian army, under the command of crown prince Abbas Mirza, repelled the attack."}, {"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "History - Qajar period and cession to Russia", "says": "In 1804, Russian general Pavel Tsitsianov attacked Erivan, but a \"superior\" Iranian army, under the command of crown prince Abbas Mirza, repelled the attack."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "History - Qajar period and cession to Russia", "says": "In 1807, the central Iranian government of King Fath-Ali Shah Qajar appointed Hossein Khan Sardar as the new governor (khan) of Erivan, and made him the commander-in-chief (hence, sardar) of the Iranian forces to the north of the river Aras."}, {"id": "Q1840195", "label": "Hossein Khan Sardar", "section": "History - Qajar period and cession to Russia", "says": "In 1807, the central Iranian government of King Fath-Ali Shah Qajar appointed Hossein Khan Sardar as the new governor (khan) of Erivan, and made him the commander-in-chief (hence, sardar) of the Iranian forces to the north of the river Aras."}, {"id": "Q561465", "label": "Ivan Gudovich", "section": "History - Qajar period and cession to Russia", "says": "In 1808, the Russians, now led by general Ivan Gudovich, attacked the city once again; this attempt was repelled as well."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "History - Qajar period and cession to Russia", "says": "By the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), which ended the 1804–1813 war, Iran lost most of its Caucasian territories; Erivan and Tabriz were now the main headquarters of the Iranian efforts to regain the territories lost to Russia."}], "Q221357": [{"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch Brazil (Dutch: Nederlands-Brazilië; Portuguese: Brasil Holandês), also known as New Holland (Dutch: Nieuw-Holland), was a colony of the Dutch Republic in the northeastern portion of modern-day Brazil, controlled from 1630 to 1654 during Dutch colonization of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch Brazil (Dutch: Nederlands-Brazilië; Portuguese: Brasil Holandês), also known as New Holland (Dutch: Nieuw-Holland), was a colony of the Dutch Republic in the northeastern portion of modern-day Brazil, controlled from 1630 to 1654 during Dutch colonization of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "The governor, John Maurice of Nassau, invited artists and scientists to the colony to help promote Brazil and increase immigration."}, {"id": "Q3504102", "label": "Battle of Guararapes", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the tide turned against the Dutch when the Portuguese won a significant victory at the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 August 1661, New Holland was formally ceded to Portugal through the Treaty of The Hague."}], "Q2227570": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Württemberg (German: Herzogtum Württemberg) was a duchy located in the south-western part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "Württemberg resisted repeated French invasions in the 17th and 18th centuries, the duchy being directly in the path of French and Austrian armies who were engaged in the long rivalry between the House of Bourbon and the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Württemberg resisted repeated French invasions in the 17th and 18th centuries, the duchy being directly in the path of French and Austrian armies who were engaged in the long rivalry between the House of Bourbon and the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1803, Napoleon raised the duchy to be the Electorate of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q2172530", "label": "Electorate of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1803, Napoleon raised the duchy to be the Electorate of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "Later that year, on 6 August 1806, the last Emperor, Francis II, abolished (de facto) the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Despite having earlier been the count from 1480 to 1482, he proved to be administratively incompetent, and his attempt to begin a war against Bavaria prompted the Estates to request Maximilian I to call a diet in March 1498 to remove Eberhard II."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The one accomplishment of Eberhard II's reign was the establishment of the Hofkapelle for the performance of religious music, and this system of music patronage would remain uninterrupted until the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q165136", "label": "Swabian War", "section": "History - Duke Ulrich's first reign", "says": "While the regency would hear the wishes of the people through the Estates, they became opposed to the wishes of the local burghers during the very unpopular Swabian War, for which the Estates voted more soldiers and money."}, {"id": "Q60942", "label": "Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "History - Duke Ulrich's first reign", "says": "With the aid of Duke Albert IV of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Ulrich invaded the Electoral Palatinate with an army of 20,000 soldiers, obtaining Maulbronn Abbey, the County of Löwenstein-Wertheim and the districts of Weinsberg, Neuenstadt am Kocher, and Möckmühl from the Palatinate as well as Heidenheim an der Brenz and the abbeys of Königsbronn, Anhausen, and Herbrechtingen."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "History - Duke Ulrich's first reign", "says": "With the aid of Duke Albert IV of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Ulrich invaded the Electoral Palatinate with an army of 20,000 soldiers, obtaining Maulbronn Abbey, the County of Löwenstein-Wertheim and the districts of Weinsberg, Neuenstadt am Kocher, and Möckmühl from the Palatinate as well as Heidenheim an der Brenz and the abbeys of Königsbronn, Anhausen, and Herbrechtingen."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Habsburg occupation", "says": "Since the knights refused to pay and the Ehrbarkeit and lay citizenry had not the funds to pay, the League sold the duchy to the new Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, on 6 February 1520, for 220,000 florins, with the blessing of the Estates."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Habsburg occupation", "says": "Ferdinand first called a diet to state publicly his support of the Treaty of Tübingen, then appointed a new Statthalter, Maximilian van Zevenbergen from the Netherlands, and new Chancellor, Heinrich Winckelhofer."}], "Q2353443": [{"id": "Q448095", "label": "Mengu-Timur", "section": "lead", "says": "The story of the Girays begin with Öreng Timur, son of Togay Timur, receiving Crimea from Mengu-Timur."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Downfall", "says": "After the khanate's annexation by Imperial Russia in 1783, the last khan Şahin Giray remained nominally in power until 1787, when he took refuge in the Ottoman Empire, and was executed in Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q170707", "label": "Abdul Hamid I", "section": "After downfall", "says": "After the execution of Şahin Giray by Abdul Hamid I, his family lived in Burgazada, Istanbul."}], "Q2638011": [{"id": "Q155019", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Lorraine (German: Haus Lothringen) was a noble house that ruled over the Duchy of Lorraine (1047–1431, 1473–1737) within the Holy Roman Empire, and also held other feudal domains, such as the County of Vaudémont, the Duchy of Bar, the Duchy of Guise, and various minor possessions."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Lorraine (German: Haus Lothringen) was a noble house that ruled over the Duchy of Lorraine (1047–1431, 1473–1737) within the Holy Roman Empire, and also held other feudal domains, such as the County of Vaudémont, the Duchy of Bar, the Duchy of Guise, and various minor possessions."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Its cadet branch, the House of Guise, had a prominent position in political affairs of the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "By the marriage of duke Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "By the marriage of duke Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen)."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "By the marriage of duke Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen)."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "lead", "says": "Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and his grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman emperors from 1745 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and his grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman emperors from 1745 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806."}, {"id": "Q645719", "label": "House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918."}, {"id": "Q78515", "label": "Karl von Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Although its senior agnates are the dukes of Hohenberg, as of 2003, the house was headed by Karl von Habsburg (born 1961), grandson of the last emperor Charles I."}], "Q307066": [{"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "History - Spring and Autumn period", "says": "The period's name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BC, which tradition ascribed to Confucius as its author or editor."}, {"id": "Q561973", "label": "Duke Wen of Jin", "section": "History - Spring and Autumn period", "says": "King Xiang turned to Duke Wen of Jin for help, who killed Prince Dai and was rewarded with rule over Henei and Yangfan."}, {"id": "Q9372", "label": "Sima Qian", "section": "History - Warring States period", "says": "The usual Chinese convention since Sima Qian has, however, been to place the division at the gradual partition of Jin, one of the most powerful states, around 476 BC. (The years dividing the last and initial years are usually identical in the Julian calendar because the events themselves were originally dated using China's traditional lunisolar system."}], "Q313175": [{"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1203, King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered the area later composing Saxe-Lauenburg, but it reverted to Albert I, Duke of Saxony in 1227."}, {"id": "Q674931", "label": "Albert I, Duke of Saxony", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1203, King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered the area later composing Saxe-Lauenburg, but it reverted to Albert I, Duke of Saxony in 1227."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Louis received five of the seven votes, to wit John II, Archbishop-Elector Baldwin of Trier, the legitimate King-Elector John of Bohemia, Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg using his claim as the Saxon prince-elector, Archbishop-Elector Peter of Mainz, and Prince-Elector Waldemar of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q124950", "label": "Frederick the Fair", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Frederick the Fair received four of the seven votes in the same election, with the deposed King-Elector Henry of Bohemia illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop-Elector Henry II of Cologne, Louis's brother Prince-Elector Rudolph I of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg,  claiming the Saxon prince-electoral power."}, {"id": "Q275408", "label": "Henry of Bohemia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Frederick the Fair received four of the seven votes in the same election, with the deposed King-Elector Henry of Bohemia illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop-Elector Henry II of Cologne, Louis's brother Prince-Elector Rudolph I of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg,  claiming the Saxon prince-electoral power."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Frederick the Fair received four of the seven votes in the same election, with the deposed King-Elector Henry of Bohemia illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop-Elector Henry II of Cologne, Louis's brother Prince-Elector Rudolph I of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg,  claiming the Saxon prince-electoral power."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "However, only Louis the Bavarian finally asserted himself as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - After the Reformation", "says": "Magnus did not promote the spreading of Lutheranism in the rest of his duchy."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - After the Reformation", "says": "Francis II, an experienced military commander in imperial service, and Duke Adolphus of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp, then Lower Saxon Circle Colonel (Kreisobrist), helped Francis I to defeat Magnus."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "History - Disputed succession", "says": "With the 1689 death of Duke Julius Francis, a son of Julius Henry, the Lauenburg line of the House of Ascania became extinct in the male line."}, {"id": "Q280312", "label": "Principality of Lüneburg", "section": "History - Disputed succession", "says": "Their weak position was abused by Duke George William of the neighbouring Brunswick and Lunenburgian Principality of Lüneburg, who invaded Saxe-Lauenburg with his troops, thus inhibiting the ascension of the legal heiress to the throne, Duchess Anna Maria."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "History - Disputed succession", "says": "There were at least eight monarchies claiming the succession, resulting in a conflict involving further the neighbouring duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of Danish Holstein, as well as the five Ascanian-ruled Principalities of Anhalt, the Electorate of Saxony, which had succeeded the Saxe-Wittenbergian Ascanians in 1422, Sweden, and Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "British, Swedish and Russian Coalition forces would capture Saxe-Lauenburg in autumn 1805 at the beginning of the War of the Third Coalition against France (1805–06)."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "In December, the First French Empire (France's new form of government since 1804) ceded Saxe-Lauenburg, which it no longer held, to the Kingdom of Prussia, which captured it early in 1806."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "It remained under French occupation until 1 March 1810, when most of it was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, a French client state."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "On 1 January 1811, most of the former duchy (except for the Amt Neuhaus and the Marschvogtei, which remained with Westphalia) was annexed to the First French Empire becoming part of the Bouches-de-l'Elbe department."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "The Congress of Vienna established Saxe-Lauenburg as a member state of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "The Congress of Vienna established Saxe-Lauenburg as a member state of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "In 1814 the Kingdom of Hanover bartered Saxe-Lauenburg against Prussian East Frisia."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "On 7 June 1815, after 14 months under its rule, Prussia granted Saxe-Lauenburg to Sweden, receiving the former Swedish Pomerania in return, however, additionally paying 2.6 million Thaler to Denmark, in order to compensate Denmark for the loss of Norway."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "In 1815 Denmark gained the portion of Lauenburg north of the Elbe, now ruled in personal union by the Danish House of Oldenburg, from Sweden, which thus again compensated Danish claims to Swedish Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q155002", "label": "Frederick VI of Denmark", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "On 6 December 1815 Frederick VI of Denmark issued his Asseveration Act (Versicherungsacte) affirming the given laws, the constitution and the Ritter-und-Landschaft of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q685683", "label": "First Schleswig War", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "During the First Schleswig War (1848–1851), the Ritter-und-Landschaft prevented a Prussian conquest by requesting Hanoverian troops as peace-keeping occupational forces on behalf of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q94941", "label": "Frederick VII of Denmark", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "In 1851, King Frederick VII of Denmark was restored as Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q154981", "label": "Second Schleswig War", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "Prussian and Austrian forces invaded the duchy during the Second Schleswig War."}, {"id": "Q151305", "label": "Christian IX of Denmark", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "By the Treaty of Vienna (1864), King Christian IX of Denmark abdicated as duke and ceded the duchy to Prussia and Austria."}, {"id": "Q520149", "label": "Gastein Convention", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "After receiving a £300,000 financial compensation, Austria waived its claim to Saxe-Lauenburg by the Gastein Convention in August 1865."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "The Ritter-und-Landschaft then offered the ducal throne to William I of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "William appointed the then Minister President of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, as minister for Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Post-Napoleon", "says": "In 1866, Saxe-Lauenburg joined the North German Confederation."}], "Q3960459": [{"id": "Q1946645", "label": "Phuntsog Namgyal", "section": "History - Foundation of the monarchy", "says": "A fifth-generation descendant of Khye Bumsa, Phuntsog Namgyal, became the founder of Sikkim's monarchy in 1642, when he was consecrated as the first Chogyal, or priest-king, of Sikkim by the three venerated lamas at Yuksom."}, {"id": "Q5641773", "label": "Tensung Namgyal", "section": "History - Foundation of the monarchy", "says": "Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded in 1670 by his son, Tensung Namgyal, who moved the capital from Yuksom to Rabdentse (near modern Pelling)."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "History - Foundation of the monarchy", "says": "By the time of its foundation, Sikkim became a protectorate of Tibet (which at the time was part of The Khoshut Khanate until 1717 when it became part of the Dzungar Khanate and later to The Qing Dynasty in 1720.)"}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Foundation of the monarchy", "says": "By the time of its foundation, Sikkim became a protectorate of Tibet (which at the time was part of The Khoshut Khanate until 1717 when it became part of the Dzungar Khanate and later to The Qing Dynasty in 1720.)"}, {"id": "Q3332217", "label": "Gorkha Kingdom", "section": "History - Nepalo-Bhutanese domination", "says": "In the mid-18th century, Sikkim was invaded by both Nepal (the then Gorkha Kingdom) and Bhutan (then ruled by Gyalsey Tenzin Rabgye) and was under both the Gorkha and the Bhutanese rule for more than 40 years."}, {"id": "Q195378", "label": "Anglo-Nepalese War", "section": "History - Nepalo-Bhutanese domination", "says": "This prompted the British East India Company to attack Nepal in 1814, resulting in the Anglo-Nepalese War."}, {"id": "Q2003866", "label": "Sugauli Treaty", "section": "History - Nepalo-Bhutanese domination", "says": "The Sugauli Treaty between Britain and Nepal and the Treaty of Titalia between Sikkim and British India resulted in territorial concessions by Nepal, which ceded Sikkim to British India."}, {"id": "Q1767666", "label": "Thutob Namgyal", "section": "History - British and Indian protectorate", "says": "Thutob Namgyal, the 9th Chogyal of Sikkim, looked to the Dalai Lama for spiritual leadership and during his reign the Tibetan government started to regain political influence over Sikkim."}, {"id": "Q1149", "label": "Indira Gandhi", "section": "History - Accession to India", "says": "Subsequently, the newly formed parliament of Sikkim, led by Kazi Lhendup Dorjee, passed a resolution requesting that Sikkim become an Indian state, which was accepted by the Government of India under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - International reactions", "says": "The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of China in Taiwan both consistently depicted Sikkim as a sovereign state on their official maps since Indian independence and did not stop the practice in 1975."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - International reactions", "says": "The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of China in Taiwan both consistently depicted Sikkim as a sovereign state on their official maps since Indian independence and did not stop the practice in 1975."}], "Q400998": [{"id": "Q24950832", "label": "Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I in 1490."}, {"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "After serving as governor of Beed and other districts, Malik Ahmad declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate and established Ahmadnagar Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q4998758", "label": "Burhan Shah I", "section": "lead", "says": "After Malik Ahmad's death in 1510, his young son Burhan Nizam Shah I became ruler, converting to Nizari Isma'ili Shi'a Islam."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty played a major role in the Deccan region, including forming an alliance of Muslim sultanates that defeated the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565, where Sultan Hussain Nizam Shah I personally beheaded Rama Raya, the Vijayanagara regent."}, {"id": "Q1362188", "label": "Battle of Talikota", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty played a major role in the Deccan region, including forming an alliance of Muslim sultanates that defeated the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565, where Sultan Hussain Nizam Shah I personally beheaded Rama Raya, the Vijayanagara regent."}, {"id": "Q592872", "label": "Aliya Rama Raya", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty played a major role in the Deccan region, including forming an alliance of Muslim sultanates that defeated the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565, where Sultan Hussain Nizam Shah I personally beheaded Rama Raya, the Vijayanagara regent."}, {"id": "Q1854686", "label": "Malik Ambar", "section": "lead", "says": "Internal strife and assassinations marked later reigns, with regents like Chand Bibi and Malik Ambar defending the sultanate from Mughal attacks until Ahmadnagar was eventually conquered."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1636 Aurangzeb, then Mughal viceroy of the Deccan, annexed the sultanate to the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1636 Aurangzeb, then Mughal viceroy of the Deccan, annexed the sultanate to the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q3764168", "label": "Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali", "section": "History - Reigns of the successors of Malik Ahmad", "says": "In response, four of the five Deccan Muslim sultans—namely Hussain Nizam Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar in the center, and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of Golconda to the east—united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Rama Raya in late January 1565 at Talikota."}, {"id": "Q27890538", "label": "Murtaza Nizam Shah II", "section": "History - Malik Ambar and the demise of the sultanate", "says": "Malik Ambar and other Ahmadnagar officials defied the Mughals and declared Murtaza Nizam Shah II as sultan in 1600 at a new capital in Paranda."}, {"id": "Q6939725", "label": "Murtaza Shah III", "section": "History - Malik Ambar and the demise of the sultanate", "says": "But soon, Shahaji, a jagirdar and general of the sultanate at that time, with the assistance of Bijapur, placed an infant scion of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, Murtaza Nizam Shah III on the throne and he became the regent of the sultanate."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "History - Malik Ambar and the demise of the sultanate", "says": "In 1636, Aurangzeb, then Mughal viceroy of Deccan, finally defeated Shahaji and partitioned the sultanate between the Mughal Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur."}], "Q523435": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Serikat, lit. 'Republic of the United States of Indonesia'; Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Indonesië; abbreviated as RIS or RUSI, also known as Federal Republic of Indonesia) was a short-lived federal state to which the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies (except Netherlands New Guinea) on 27 December 194"}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Serikat, lit. 'Republic of the United States of Indonesia'; Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Indonesië; abbreviated as RIS or RUSI, also known as Federal Republic of Indonesia) was a short-lived federal state to which the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies (except Netherlands New Guinea) on 27 December 194"}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Serikat, lit. 'Republic of the United States of Indonesia'; Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Indonesië; abbreviated as RIS or RUSI, also known as Federal Republic of Indonesia) was a short-lived federal state to which the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies (except Netherlands New Guinea) on 27 December 194"}, {"id": "Q1383895", "label": "Hubertus van Mook", "section": "Background", "says": "Discussions between the British and the Dutch resulted in Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Hubertus van Mook proposing eventual self-determination for an Indonesian commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q2112088", "label": "Linggadjati Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "This was followed on 15 November by the Linggadjati Agreement, in which the Dutch recognised de facto republican control over Sumatra, Java and Madura, and the Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia in which it would be one state."}, {"id": "Q2625496", "label": "State of East Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch then organised the December 1946 Denpasar Conference, which led to the establishment of the State of East Indonesia, followed by a state in West Borneo in 1947."}, {"id": "Q769581", "label": "Renville Agreement", "section": "Background", "says": "The United Nations called for a ceasefire, and negotiations between the two sides led to the Renville Agreement of January 1948, with a ceasefire along the \"Van Mook Line\", which connected the most advanced Dutch positions."}, {"id": "Q7891770", "label": "Operation Kraai", "section": "Background", "says": "A second Dutch military action, Operation Kraai, aimed at destroying the Republic, was launched on 18 December 1948."}, {"id": "Q1192437", "label": "State of East Sumatra", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "From 3–5 May, a three-way conference between the State of East Indonesia, the State of East Sumatra and the Republic of Indonesia ended with a decision to merge the three entities into a single unitary state."}], "Q529605": [{"id": "Q168651", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Hesse (German: Kurfürstentum Hessen), also known as Hesse-Kassel or Kurhessen, was the title used for the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel after an 1803 reform where Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor elevated its ruler to the rank of Elector, thus giving him a vote in any future elections to the emperorship."}, {"id": "Q130834", "label": "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Hesse (German: Kurfürstentum Hessen), also known as Hesse-Kassel or Kurhessen, was the title used for the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel after an 1803 reform where Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor elevated its ruler to the rank of Elector, thus giving him a vote in any future elections to the emperorship."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, William I, Elector of Hesse, chose to retain the title of Elector, even though there was no longer an Emperor to elect."}, {"id": "Q506216", "label": "William I, Elector of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, William I, Elector of Hesse, chose to retain the title of Elector, even though there was no longer an Emperor to elect."}, {"id": "Q154596", "label": "Treaties of Tilsit", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1807, with the Treaties of Tilsit, the area was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, but in 1814, the Congress of Vienna restored the electorate."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1807, with the Treaties of Tilsit, the area was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, but in 1814, the Congress of Vienna restored the electorate."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1807, with the Treaties of Tilsit, the area was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, but in 1814, the Congress of Vienna restored the electorate."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was the only electorate within the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of several detached territories to the north of Frankfurt, which survived until the state was annexed by Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - The Reign of William I", "says": "Ascending the throne in 1785, he took part in the War of the First Coalition against French First Republic a few years later, but in 1795 the Peace of Basel was signed."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - The Reign of William I", "says": "Ascending the throne in 1785, he took part in the War of the First Coalition against French First Republic a few years later, but in 1795 the Peace of Basel was signed."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - The Reign of William I", "says": "In 1801 he lost his possessions on the left bank of the Rhine, but in 1803 he was compensated for these losses with some former French territory around Mainz, and at the same time he was raised to the dignity of Prince-elector (Kurfürst) William I, a title he retained even after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q151087", "label": "Jérôme Bonaparte", "section": "History - The Reign of William I", "says": "Hesse-Kassel was then incorporated to the Kingdom of Westphalia under the rule of Jérôme Bonaparte."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "History - The Reign of William I", "says": "After the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, the French were driven out of Hesse-Kassel, and on 21 November, the Elector returned in triumph to his capital, Kassel."}, {"id": "Q45662", "label": "Klemens von Metternich", "section": "History - The Reign of William I", "says": "The Estates (Parliament), indeed, were summoned in March 1815, but the attempt to devise a constitution broke down; their appeal to the Federal Assembly Bundesversammlung at Frankfurt to call the Elector to order in the matter of the debt and the domains came to nothing, owing to the intervention of Klemens von Metternich; and in May 1816 the Estates were dissolved."}, {"id": "Q18450904", "label": "Hesse-Hanau", "section": "History - The Revolution of 1830", "says": "The Elector now retired to Hesse-Hanau, appointed his son Frederick William as regent, and took no further part in public affairs."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - The Hessian Crisis", "says": "On 23 February 1850, Hassenpflug was again placed at the head of the administration and threw himself with renewed zeal into the struggle against the constitution and into opposition to the Kingdom of Prussia."}], "Q617078": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established when the country gained independence from Portugal in June 1975 and the Mozambican Liberation Front (\"FRELIMO\") established a socialist state led by President Samora Machel."}, {"id": "Q219918", "label": "Samora Moisés Machel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established when the country gained independence from Portugal in June 1975 and the Mozambican Liberation Front (\"FRELIMO\") established a socialist state led by President Samora Machel."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The state enjoyed close political and military ties with the Soviet Union, which was one of the first nations to provide diplomatic recognition and financial support to the fledgling FRELIMO government."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1977 to 1992, the country was devastated by a deadly civil war which pitted the armed forces against the anti-communist Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) insurgency, backed by neighbouring Rhodesia and South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1977 to 1992, the country was devastated by a deadly civil war which pitted the armed forces against the anti-communist Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) insurgency, backed by neighbouring Rhodesia and South Africa."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Republic of Mozambique enjoyed close relations with the People's Republic of Angola, Cuba, and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), all of which were socialist states at the time."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decline of Soviet and COMECON economic influence in the 1980s, the People's Republic of Mozambique sought rapprochement with the United States, the International Monetary Fund and West Germany after the death of Samora Machel and the beginning of economic reforms under Joaquim Chissano."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decline of Soviet and COMECON economic influence in the 1980s, the People's Republic of Mozambique sought rapprochement with the United States, the International Monetary Fund and West Germany after the death of Samora Machel and the beginning of economic reforms under Joaquim Chissano."}, {"id": "Q208355", "label": "Joaquim Chissano", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decline of Soviet and COMECON economic influence in the 1980s, the People's Republic of Mozambique sought rapprochement with the United States, the International Monetary Fund and West Germany after the death of Samora Machel and the beginning of economic reforms under Joaquim Chissano."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe) to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, and Tanzania to the north."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe) to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, and Tanzania to the north."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Background", "says": "FRELIMO had begun forming a guerrilla army to resist Portuguese rule by early 1963, with most of the insurgents being trained in Algeria and provided with arms by both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In response to the FRELIMO insurgency, the Portuguese resorted to a villagisation campaign modelled after the Strategic Hamlet Program implemented by the United States in the Vietnam War, sealing thousands of Mozambican civilians in fortified settlements in an attempt to isolate the insurgents from their popular bases of support."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Carnation Revolution of April 1974 toppled Portugal's right-wing government and ushered in a junta managed by the Armed Forces Movement (MFA)."}], "Q660702": [{"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Further Austria, Outer Austria or Anterior Austria (Latin: Austria anterior; German: Vorderösterreich, formerly die Vorlande (pl.)) was the collective name for the early (and later) possessions of the House of Habsburg in the former Swabian stem duchy of south-western Germany, including territories in the Alsace region west of the Rhine and in Vorarlberg."}], "Q669241": [{"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "The League of Lezhë is considered the first unified independent Albanian country in the Middle ages, with Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire until his death in 1468, and then Lekë III Dukagjini led the army and resisted the Ottomans until 1479 when the Ottomans captured Shkodra."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The League of Lezhë is considered the first unified independent Albanian country in the Middle ages, with Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire until his death in 1468, and then Lekë III Dukagjini led the army and resisted the Ottomans until 1479 when the Ottomans captured Shkodra."}, {"id": "Q60489", "label": "Albanian–Venetian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon after its creation, the pro-Venetian Balsha and Crnojevići left the league in the events that led to the Albanian–Venetian War (1447–48)."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "Although a civil war broke out between Bayezid I's sons in 1402–13, none of the Christian noblemen in the Balkans at the time seized the opportunity to repel the Ottomans; on the contrary, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Hungarians even helped the future Sultan Mehmed I seize power by participating as his allies in the final battle against his brother."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "Background", "says": "Although a civil war broke out between Bayezid I's sons in 1402–13, none of the Christian noblemen in the Balkans at the time seized the opportunity to repel the Ottomans; on the contrary, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Hungarians even helped the future Sultan Mehmed I seize power by participating as his allies in the final battle against his brother."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "Under pressure from the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, the Albanian Principalities began to vacillate."}], "Q693570": [{"id": "Q102605", "label": "Paul II", "section": "lead", "says": "Borso d'Este, already Duke of Modena and Reggio, and lord of Ferrara, was raised to Duke of Ferrara by Pope Paul II."}, {"id": "Q297520", "label": "Desiderius", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferrara appears first in a document of the Lombard king Desiderius of 753 AD, as a city forming part of the Exarchate of Ravenna."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "Background", "says": "Desiderius pledged a Lombard ducatus ferrariae (\"Duchy of Ferrara\") in 757 to Pope Stephen II."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferrara and its domains were formally part of the Papal States, while Modena and Reggio were part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferrara and its domains were formally part of the Papal States, while Modena and Reggio were part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q167561", "label": "Eugene IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Niccolò III (1393–1441) received several popes with great magnificence, especially Pope Eugene IV, who convened a council in Ferrara in 1438 (the council later moved to Florence)."}], "Q696640": [{"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Pomerania was established as a vassal state of Poland in 1121, which it remained until the fragmentation of Poland after the death of Polish ruler Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards the Dukes of Pomerania were independent, and later were vassals of the Duchy of Saxony from 1164 to 1181, of the Holy Roman Empire from 1181 to 1185, of Denmark from 1185 to 1227 and finally, from 1227 on, staying with the Holy Roman Empire (including periods of vassalage to the Margraves of Brandenburg)."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards the Dukes of Pomerania were independent, and later were vassals of the Duchy of Saxony from 1164 to 1181, of the Holy Roman Empire from 1181 to 1185, of Denmark from 1185 to 1227 and finally, from 1227 on, staying with the Holy Roman Empire (including periods of vassalage to the Margraves of Brandenburg)."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the last Griffin duke had died during the Thirty Years' War in 1637, the duchy was partitioned between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the last Griffin duke had died during the Thirty Years' War in 1637, the duchy was partitioned between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - House of Pomerania (Griffins)", "says": "The terms of surrender after the Polish conquest were that Wartislaw had to accept Polish sovereignty, convert his people to Christianity, and pay an annual tribute to the Polish duke."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "History - Poland", "says": "In 1135, Bolesław had accepted overlordship of Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III and in turn received his Pomeranian gains as well as the still undefeated Principality of Rügen as a fief."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "History - Westward expansion of Wartislaw I", "says": "The later Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III (then Saxon duke Lothair I of Supplinburg) in 1114 initiated massive campaigns against the local Lutici tribes resulting in their final defeat in 1228."}, {"id": "Q336684", "label": "Clement III", "section": "History - Conversion and the Pomeranian diocese", "says": "Otto then was titled apostolus gentis Pomeranorum, made a saint by pope Clement III in 1189, and was worshipped in Pomerania even after the Protestant Reformation."}, {"id": "Q683635", "label": "Wendish Crusade", "section": "History - Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Most notable for the further fate of Pomerania are the 1147 Wendish Crusade and the 1164 Battle of Verchen, the Pomeranian dukes became vassals of Henry the Lion, of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Most notable for the further fate of Pomerania are the 1147 Wendish Crusade and the 1164 Battle of Verchen, the Pomeranian dukes became vassals of Henry the Lion, of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q297194", "label": "Valdemar I of Denmark", "section": "History - Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Rugian princes became vassals of Valdemar I of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q359596", "label": "Canute VI of Denmark", "section": "History - Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "These campaigns were mounted by Valdemar's son and successor for the Danish throne, Canute VI of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "History - Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire", "says": "In the Duchy of Pomerania the Danish period lasted until Valdemar II of Denmark lost the Battle of Bornhöved on 22 July 1227."}, {"id": "Q350186", "label": "Christopher II of Denmark", "section": "Pomerania-Wolgast and -Stettin after the partition of 1295", "says": "Because of the earlier death of his son, he had no male heir, and Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast took over the principality according to the 1315 agreement with Christopher II of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q381082", "label": "Valdemar III of Denmark", "section": "Pomerania-Wolgast and -Stettin after the partition of 1295", "says": "Yet, in the meantime Christopher's throne had been challenged by Valdemar III of Denmark, and Christopher had granted Rugia to Mecklenburg for her aid against his opponent."}, {"id": "Q158677", "label": "Northern Seven Years' War", "section": "Further partitions in 1569", "says": "During the 1560s, Pomerania was caught between the Northern Seven Years' War for hegemony in the Baltic Sea and the struggle for hegemony in the Upper Saxon Circle of the Electorate of Saxony and Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "Further partitions in 1569", "says": "During the 1560s, Pomerania was caught between the Northern Seven Years' War for hegemony in the Baltic Sea and the struggle for hegemony in the Upper Saxon Circle of the Electorate of Saxony and Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Reunification under Bogislaw XIV and partition between Sweden and Brandenburg", "says": "In the course of the Thirty Years' War, the duchy was occupied first by Albrecht von Wallenstein's mercenary army after the Capitulation of Franzburg in 1627, and then by the Swedish Empire, which was appreciated and confirmed by Bogislaw in the Treaty of Stettin (1630)."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "Reunification under Bogislaw XIV and partition between Sweden and Brandenburg", "says": "Hither Pomerania stayed with the Swedish Empire and henceforth became known as Swedish Pomerania."}], "Q71234": [{"id": "Q152346", "label": "Pasquale Paoli", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed in July 1755 by Pasquale Paoli, who was seeking independence from the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed in July 1755 by Pasquale Paoli, who was seeking independence from the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The text included various Enlightenment principles, including female suffrage, later revoked by the Kingdom of France when the island was taken over in 1769."}], "Q736727": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Siena (Italian: Repubblica di Siena, Latin: Respublica Senensis) was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena and southern Tuscany, Central Italy."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "A combination of economic decline, sparked by the Black Death, and political instability led to its absorption by the rival Duchy of Florence during the Italian War of 1551–1559."}, {"id": "Q2252973", "label": "Duchy of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "A combination of economic decline, sparked by the Black Death, and political instability led to its absorption by the rival Duchy of Florence during the Italian War of 1551–1559."}, {"id": "Q2524228", "label": "Italian War of 1551–1559", "section": "lead", "says": "A combination of economic decline, sparked by the Black Death, and political instability led to its absorption by the rival Duchy of Florence during the Italian War of 1551–1559."}, {"id": "Q587095", "label": "Battle of Montaperti", "section": "History - The Battle of Montaperti", "says": "On 4 September 1260 the Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeated the Florentine Guelphs in the Battle of Montaperti."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1355, with the arrival of Charles IV of Luxembourg in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the Nove council and expelled any family associated with the Noveschi party."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1355, with the arrival of Charles IV of Luxembourg in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the Nove council and expelled any family associated with the Noveschi party."}, {"id": "Q357539", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Visconti", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "This form of government was short-lived, soon replaced by the Quindici (\"The Fifteen\") reformers in 1385, the Dieci (\"The Ten\", 1386–1387), Undici (\"The Eleven\", 1388–1398) and the Twelve Priors (1398–1399) who, in the end, gave the city's lordship to Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, in order to defend it from Florentine expansionism."}, {"id": "Q317593", "label": "Ladislaus of Naples", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Five years later, the House of Visconti was expelled in 1404, and a new government of Ten Priors was established, this time in alliance with Florence against King Ladislaus of Naples."}, {"id": "Q1564082", "label": "Johann Norbert Piccolomini", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "With the election of the Sienese Enea Silvio Piccolomini of the prominent Piccolomini noble family as Pope Pius II in 1458, the nobles who had been expelled due to association with the Noveschi party were allowed to return to the city."}, {"id": "Q101437", "label": "Pius II", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "With the election of the Sienese Enea Silvio Piccolomini of the prominent Piccolomini noble family as Pope Pius II in 1458, the nobles who had been expelled due to association with the Noveschi party were allowed to return to the city."}, {"id": "Q49237", "label": "Leo X", "section": "History - Petrucci era", "says": "After only 4 years of rule, Borghese was ousted by his cousin, cardinal Raffaello Petrucci, helped by Pope Leo X."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "With the end of the Petrucci era internal strife resumed, with the popular faction ousting the Noveschi party supported by Pope Clement VII: the latter sent an army, but was defeated at Camollia in 1526."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "Emperor Charles V took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a Spanish garrison in Siena."}, {"id": "Q1346257", "label": "Piero Strozzi", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "The Sienese government entrusted its defence to Piero Strozzi."}, {"id": "Q2628768", "label": "Battle of Marciano", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "When the latter was defeated at the Battle of Marciano in August 1554, any hope of relief was lost."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "The new Spanish King Philip II, owing huge sums to the House of Medici, ceded Siena's entire territory to the Duchy of Florence (apart from a series of coastal fortress annexed to the State of the Presidi), with which it was merged in 1569 to form the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "The new Spanish King Philip II, owing huge sums to the House of Medici, ceded Siena's entire territory to the Duchy of Florence (apart from a series of coastal fortress annexed to the State of the Presidi), with which it was merged in 1569 to form the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}], "Q877155": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "Political history from Tamil sources - Gajabahu-Chenguttuvan synchronism", "says": "According to the poem, a king named Gajabahu—identified with Gajabahu, a second-century ruler of Sri Lanka—was among those present at the Pattini temple consecration at Vanchi."}], "Q912052": [{"id": "Q698909", "label": "King Wen of Zhou", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Surviving sources trace the ruling house of Wei to the Zhou royalty: Gao, Duke of Bi (畢公高), was a son of King Wen of Zhou."}], "Q1048340": [{"id": "Q60699", "label": "Zog I of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established when the Albanian parliament declared the country a monarchy, and President Ahmet Bej Zogu was proclaimed Zog I."}, {"id": "Q1923781", "label": "Albanian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This transition marked the end of the Albanian Republic and the beginning of a constitutional monarchy."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom maintained close relations with Fascist Italy, which provided financial and military support."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The communist Party of Labor of Albania gained control of the country toward the end of World War II, establishing a communist regime and formally deposing Zog, who lived the remainder of his life in exile."}], "Q1069829": [{"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "It was among the shortest-lived of all Chinese regimes, lasting for slightly under four years before it was overthrown by a rebellion that resulted in the founding of the Later Zhou dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1141471", "label": "Northern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "Remnants of the Later Han then founded the Northern Han dynasty."}], "Q1115291": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thonburi Kingdom was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centred on the city of Thonburi, in Siam or present-day Thailand."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was founded by Taksin, who reunited Siam following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which saw the country separate into five warring regional states."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thonburi Kingdom oversaw the rapid reunification and reestablishment of Siam as a preeminient military power within mainland Southeast Asia, overseeing the country's expansion to its greatest territorial extent up to that point in its history, incorporating Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms (Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, Champasak), and Cambodia under the Siamese sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thonburi Kingdom oversaw the rapid reunification and reestablishment of Siam as a preeminient military power within mainland Southeast Asia, overseeing the country's expansion to its greatest territorial extent up to that point in its history, incorporating Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms (Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, Champasak), and Cambodia under the Siamese sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q1155700", "label": "Rattanakosin Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thonburi Kingdom lasted for only 14 years, ending in 1782 when Taksin was deposed by a major Thonburi military commander, Chao Phraya Chakri, who subsequently founded the Rattanakosin Kingdom, the fourth and present ruling kingdom of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "History - Invasion of Cambodia and Hà Tiên", "says": "King Taksin ordered Phraya Yommaraj Thongduang (later King Rama I) to bring the army of 10,000 men to invade Cambodia by land, while King Taksin himself with Phraya Phiphit Chen Lian (陳聯, called Trần Liên in Vietnamese sources) as the admiral invaded Hà Tiên with the fleet of 15,000 men."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Conquest of Lanna", "says": "After the Burmese conquest of Lanna (modern Northern Thailand) in 1763, Lanna including Chiang Mai returned to the Burmese rule."}, {"id": "Q1395046", "label": "Hsinbyushin", "section": "History - Conquest of Lanna", "says": "In 1772, King Hsinbyushin of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty realized that Siam had recovered and arose powerful under Thonburi regime."}, {"id": "Q4914464", "label": "Binnya Dala", "section": "History - Conquest of Lanna", "says": "In 1774, Binnya Sein, a nephew of Binnya Dala the last king of Hanthawaddy, led a failed Mon rebellion against Burma, resulting in the mass exodus of thousands of Mon people into Siam."}, {"id": "Q3237019", "label": "Sino-Burmese War", "section": "History - Conquest of Lanna", "says": "Hsinbyushin appointed Maha Thiha Thura, the renowned general from the Sino-Burmese War, to be the supreme commander of the new campaigns and assigned Nemyo Thihapate, the Burmese general who had previously conquered Ayutthaya in 1767, to be in charge of Burmese forces in Lanna."}, {"id": "Q3111338", "label": "Singu Min", "section": "History - Burmese invasions", "says": "Maha Thiha Thura was recalled, decided to abruptly abandon the campaign in Siam and quickly return to Burma in order to support his son-in-law Singu Min to the Burmese throne."}, {"id": "Q177142", "label": "Bunsan", "section": "History - Conquest of Laos", "says": "King Ong Boun of Vientiane had been a Burmese ally, as he instigated the Burmese to invade his rival Luang Phrabang two times in 1765 and 1771."}, {"id": "Q889302", "label": "Nanthesan", "section": "History - Conquest of Laos", "says": "King Ong Boun assigned his son Nanthasen to lead the defense of Vientiane."}, {"id": "Q560843", "label": "Anouvong", "section": "History - Conquest of Laos", "says": "Lao inhabitants of Vientiane, including members of royalty Nanthasen and the future king Anouvong, were deported to settle in Thonburi and various places in Central Siam."}], "Q1132786": [{"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wadai Sultanate or Wadai Empire (1635–1912) was an African sultanate located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad and the Central African Republic."}, {"id": "Q1474791", "label": "Sultanate of Darfur", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered the Sultanate of Darfur and the Sultanate of Baguirmi."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "Sabun's death was followed by a period of intense instability, seeing six sultans in the 1820s and early 1830s, and Darfur took advantage of a disputed political succession in 1838 to put its own candidate (Muhammad al-Sharif) in power in return for tribute."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "At Mecca, Sharif had met the founder of the Senussi Islamic brotherhood Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi, his movement being strong among the inhabitants of Cyrenaica (in present-day Libya)."}, {"id": "Q21590889", "label": "Dar al Kuti", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "This benefited Wadai greatly, and they expanded to control much of the Chad Basin, extending south to control Dar al Kuti."}, {"id": "Q3818737", "label": "Ali Dinar", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1898, Ali Dinar re-established the Darfur Sultanate at the same time as Sultan Yusuf's death, allowing him to interfere in the succession dispute."}, {"id": "Q9546", "label": "Al-Ghazali", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Al-Ghazali was assassinated and replaced by the Senussi's candidate, Muhammad Salih (Yusuf's son), known as \"Dud Murra\" (\"the lion of Murra\")."}], "Q1187978": [{"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transvaal Colony (Afrikaans pronunciation: [transˈfɑːl]) was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Second Boer War in 1902, when the South African Republic was dissolved, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transvaal Colony (Afrikaans pronunciation: [transˈfɑːl]) was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Second Boer War in 1902, when the South African Republic was dissolved, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transvaal Colony (Afrikaans pronunciation: [transˈfɑːl]) was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Second Boer War in 1902, when the South African Republic was dissolved, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910."}], "Q1209822": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged in the process of a tripartite division of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1466 and existed, with several brief intermissions, until 1762 when Kakheti and the neighboring Georgian kingdom of Kartli were merged through a dynastic succession under the Kakhetian branch of the Bagrationi dynasty."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Through much of this period, the kingdom was a vassal of the successive dynasties of Iran, and to a much shorter period Ottoman Empire, but enjoyed intermittent periods of greater independence, especially after 1747."}], "Q1232988": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Occupation of Massawa in 1885 and the subsequent expansion of territory would gradually engulf the region and in 1889 the Ethiopian Empire recognized the Italian possession in the Treaty of Wuchale."}, {"id": "Q2707120", "label": "Treaty of Wuchale", "section": "lead", "says": "Occupation of Massawa in 1885 and the subsequent expansion of territory would gradually engulf the region and in 1889 the Ethiopian Empire recognized the Italian possession in the Treaty of Wuchale."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "This would last until Italy's loss of the region in 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1952 it became an autonomous part of Ethiopia, until its independence in 1991."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Sapeto won over the Italian minister for foreign affairs, and King Victor Emmanuel II, to whom he explained his ideas."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "However, the area, — which had been long dominated by the Ottoman Empire and Egypt— was not settled by the Italians until 1880."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Most of the western coast of the Red Sea was then formally claimed by the Khedivate of Egypt (under the notional rule of the Ottoman Empire, who held the eastern coast) but the region was thrown into chaos by major Egyptian defeats in the Egyptian–Ethiopian War and by the success of the Mahdi's uprising in the Sudan."}, {"id": "Q5403659", "label": "Ethiopian–Egyptian War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Most of the western coast of the Red Sea was then formally claimed by the Khedivate of Egypt (under the notional rule of the Ottoman Empire, who held the eastern coast) but the region was thrown into chaos by major Egyptian defeats in the Egyptian–Ethiopian War and by the success of the Mahdi's uprising in the Sudan."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1884, the British Hewett Treaty promised the Bogos—the highlands of modern Eritrea—and free access to the Massawan coast to Emperor Yohannes IV in exchange for his help evacuating garrisons from the Sudan;"}, {"id": "Q733360", "label": "Oreste Baratieri", "section": "History - Formation of the colony", "says": "Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast including the town of Asmara."}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "History - Formation of the colony", "says": "Its first governor was General Baldassarre Orero, replaced a few months later by General Antonio Gandolfi, a trusted friend of Francesco Crispi."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - Formation of the colony", "says": "His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelik II (r."}, {"id": "Q605268", "label": "Antonio Starabba di Rudinì", "section": "History - Italian colonial development", "says": "The Italian authorities initially failed to properly exploit the territory due to the lack of resources and as a result, the prime minister, Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì attempted to sell Eritrea to Belgium on the grounds that Eritrea was too expensive to hold onto, but was overruled by king Umberto I who insisted that Eritrea must stay Italian."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "History - Italian colonial development", "says": "During the late twentieth century Assab would become Ethiopia's main port, but it was long overshadowed by nearby Djibouti, whose railway (completed to Dire Dawa in 1902) permitted it to quickly supplant traditional caravan-based routes to Assab and Zeila."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "History - Italian colonial development", "says": "Nicknamed Colonia Primogenita (\"First-born Colony\") in contrast to the newer and less-developed territories of Italian Somaliland and Libya, Eritrea boasted a larger native Italian settlement than the other lands."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "History - Fascist era", "says": "After il Duce declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Fascist era", "says": "This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\"."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "History - The end of the colony", "says": "With the peace treaty of 1947, the new Italian Republic officially accepted the end of the colony."}], "Q1277557": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, also known as Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (DF Yugoslavia or DFY), was a provisional state established during World War II de facto on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ)."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence it was governed by Marshal Josip Broz Tito as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav government-in-exile of King Peter II in London, partly due to pressure from the United Kingdom, de jure recognized the AVNOJ government with the Treaty of Vis, signed on 16 June 1944 between the prime minister of the government-in-exile, Ivan Šubašić, and Tito."}, {"id": "Q570629", "label": "Ivan Šubašić", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav government-in-exile of King Peter II in London, partly due to pressure from the United Kingdom, de jure recognized the AVNOJ government with the Treaty of Vis, signed on 16 June 1944 between the prime minister of the government-in-exile, Ivan Šubašić, and Tito."}], "Q140446": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zagwe dynasty (Ge'ez: መንግሥተ ዛጔ) was a medieval Agaw  monarchy that ruled the northern parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q888003", "label": "Yekuno Amlak", "section": "lead", "says": "It ruled large parts of the territory from approximately 1137 to 1270 AD, when the last Zagwe King Za-Ilmaknun was killed in battle by the forces of the Amhara King Yekuno Amlak."}, {"id": "Q471332", "label": "Gebre Mesqel Lalibela", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zagwe are most famous for their king Gebre Meskel Lalibela, who is credited with having ordered the construction of the rock-hewn monolithic churches of Lalibela."}], "Q14551680": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It originated as a state during the Holy Roman Empire, and was promoted to the status of principality in 1789."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Reformation, Lippe had converted to Lutheranism in 1538 and then to Calvinism in 1604."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "From the demise of the empire in 1806, the principality was independent, but it joined the North German Confederation in 1866 and became one of the States of the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From the demise of the empire in 1806, the principality was independent, but it joined the North German Confederation in 1866 and became one of the States of the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "History - County of Lippe", "says": "The founder of what would become the County of Lippe (1528–1789), then the Principality of Lippe (1789–1918) was Bernhard I, who received a grant of territory from Lothair III in 1123."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "History - County of Lippe", "says": "His territory was probably formed out of land he acquired on the destruction of the Duchy of Saxony following the demise of Henry the Lion in 1180."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - County of Lippe", "says": "His territory was probably formed out of land he acquired on the destruction of the Duchy of Saxony following the demise of Henry the Lion in 1180."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - Principality of Lippe", "says": "Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 Lippe joined Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine in 1807."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Principality of Lippe", "says": "After the Napoleonic Wars Lippe became a member of the German Confederation in 1815, then joined the North German Confederation in 1866 and the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q310650", "label": "Schaumburg-Lippe", "section": "History - Principality of Lippe", "says": "The regency initially passed to Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, in accordance with Woldemar's will."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - Principality of Lippe", "says": "The Schaumburg-Lippe claim was actively supported by Emperor Wilhelm II (whose sister was married to Prince Adolf)."}], "Q1469742": [{"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Rakryan Juru Pangambat", "says": "French historian, Claude Guillot proposed that this was a declaration of independence of the Sunda Kingdom, possibly from Srivijaya."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Golden age", "says": "The name Sunda appeared in Javanese source, the Pararaton, reported that in 1336, during the inauguration of his newly appointed position as Prime Minister, Gajah Mada declared the Palapa oath, which stated his foreign policy to unify the archipelago under Majapahit domination."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Tomé Pires in 1513 reported, there was a significant number of Muslims residing in the port of Cimanuk (today Indramayu), the easternmost port of Sunda Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The kingdom anxiously watched the growing influence of the expansive Islamic Sultanate of Demak that finally succeeded in destroying Daha, the remnant of the Hindu Majapahit court in 1527."}, {"id": "Q703704", "label": "João de Barros", "section": "History - Surawisesa and Sunda–Portuguese Treaty 1522", "says": "Two written sources describe the concluding of the treaty in detail, the original Portuguese document of 1522 with the text of the treaty and the signatories of the witnesses, and a report on that event by João de Barros in his book Da Ásia, printed after 1777/78."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Surawisesa and Sunda–Portuguese Treaty 1522", "says": "This Sunda ruler agreed to an arrangement of friendship with the King of Portugal and granted a fortress at the mouth of the Ciliwung River where the Portuguese could load as many peppers as they wished."}, {"id": "Q4201195", "label": "Sunan Gunungjati", "section": "History - The fall of Sunda Kalapa", "says": "Sunan Gunungjati of Cirebon later crowned his son, Hasanuddin, as the king of Banten under the auspices of the Sultan of Demak who, in turn, offered Hasanudin his sister's hand in marriage."}, {"id": "Q2077648", "label": "Sultanate of Cirebon", "section": "History - The fall of Sunda Kalapa", "says": "Banten was established as the capital of this new sultanate, held as a vassal under Sultanate of Cirebon."}, {"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "History - Last kings and the fall of Sunda kingdom", "says": "Thus the member of the Sunda dynasty established a surviving minor regional kingdom of Sumedang Larang where Sundanese aristocracy would survive for a few more centuries to come until conquered by Mataram Sultanate in the 17th century."}], "Q15535871": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uzbek Khanate, Abulkhair Khanate, or Shibanid Khanate, was a state formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde and the nomadic grounds of the Blue Horde of the Ulus of Jochi, united in the 15th century by Khan Abu-l-Khayr and located to the north of the Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q644979", "label": "Blue Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uzbek Khanate, Abulkhair Khanate, or Shibanid Khanate, was a state formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde and the nomadic grounds of the Blue Horde of the Ulus of Jochi, united in the 15th century by Khan Abu-l-Khayr and located to the north of the Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q484195", "label": "Timurid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uzbek Khanate, Abulkhair Khanate, or Shibanid Khanate, was a state formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde and the nomadic grounds of the Blue Horde of the Ulus of Jochi, united in the 15th century by Khan Abu-l-Khayr and located to the north of the Timurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "History - Before Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "says": "Starting with Shiban, brother of Batu Khan who was the ruler of the Golden Horde, the Shaybanids and their descendants held land and sway over many tribes granted to Shiban by Batu."}, {"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "History - Before Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "says": "Starting with Shiban, brother of Batu Khan who was the ruler of the Golden Horde, the Shaybanids and their descendants held land and sway over many tribes granted to Shiban by Batu."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "History - Before Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "says": "Central control in the Golden Horde eroded away quickly in the east and breakaway states like the Nogai Horde and the Khanate of Sibir appeared in the region."}, {"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "History - Before Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "says": "Central control in the Golden Horde eroded away quickly in the east and breakaway states like the Nogai Horde and the Khanate of Sibir appeared in the region."}, {"id": "Q2553863", "label": "White Horde", "section": "History - Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "says": "At this time the eastern part of the Golden Horde (White Horde) had become outside of complete control of the Golden Horde khans and pretenders, especially after the assassination of Barak Khan in 1427."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "says": "He was able to depose the reigning Khan of Sibir,  Hajji Muhammad, a former khan of the Golden Horde from 1419 to 1423, and took the entirety of the area under Shaybanid control."}, {"id": "Q553204", "label": "Shah Rukh", "section": "History - Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "says": "Prior to the death of Shah Rukh in 1448 Sighnaq and other cities in Turan such as Uzkend and Sozak were invaded and captured by the Uzbeks."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - The struggle for Eastern Desht-i Kipchak", "says": "Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-day Kazakhstan, led by Janibeg and Kerei Khan, the sons of the claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, founded the Kazakh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q3826541", "label": "Karai Khan", "section": "History - The struggle for Eastern Desht-i Kipchak", "says": "Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-day Kazakhstan, led by Janibeg and Kerei Khan, the sons of the claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, founded the Kazakh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "History - The struggle for Eastern Desht-i Kipchak", "says": "Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-day Kazakhstan, led by Janibeg and Kerei Khan, the sons of the claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, founded the Kazakh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1149056", "label": "Abu'l-Khayr Khan", "section": "History - Death of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and successors", "says": "Somewhere around 1468–1470, Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in battle against the Kazakhs along with several of his sons."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "History - Death of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and successors", "says": "Shaybani's main rivals were the Timurid Babur and the Persian Shah Ismail I."}, {"id": "Q577668", "label": "Khanate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Death of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and successors", "says": "Shortly after this in 1506, Shaybani captured Bukhara and the Uzbek Khanate became the Khanate of Bukhara."}, {"id": "Q553193", "label": "Muhammad Shaybani", "section": "History - Death of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and successors", "says": "Muhammad Shaybani was killed in the Battle of Marv by the Safavids ruled by Ismail I in 1510, and had his skull turned into a jeweled drinking goblet."}], "Q163268": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the states established after the fall of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In particular, Tver and Moscow received many displaced inhabitants of Vladimir, and experienced population growth during the early Golden Horde hegemony."}, {"id": "Q547839", "label": "Yaroslav of Tver", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "As the first khan of the Golden Horde, Batu, had done twice before in 1249 and 1252, his brother Berke Khan settled the dispute and with a jarlig (patent) confirmed Yaroslav of Tver as the next Vladimirian grand prince."}, {"id": "Q335097", "label": "Öz Beg Khan", "section": "History - Emergence and decline as a great power", "says": "In 1305 he became the grand prince of Vladimir as well; however, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde decided that Tver became too strong, and supported Moscow against Tver."}, {"id": "Q185316", "label": "Ivan I of Moscow", "section": "History - Emergence and decline as a great power", "says": "Tver never recovered, and Ivan I of Moscow was later granted the title of grand prince of Vladimir, in which Moscow became the preeminent Russian principality."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "During the Great Troubles (1359–1381), the Golden Horde descended into a war of succession which weakened it internally and externally, allowing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Algirdas (Olgerd) to score a major victory at the Battle of Blue Waters (1362/3)."}, {"id": "Q954356", "label": "Battle of Blue Waters", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "During the Great Troubles (1359–1381), the Golden Horde descended into a war of succession which weakened it internally and externally, allowing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Algirdas (Olgerd) to score a major victory at the Battle of Blue Waters (1362/3)."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "Thereafter, Tver sided with Lithuania against Moscow in the Lithuanian–Muscovite War of 1368–1372."}, {"id": "Q1188685", "label": "Mikhail II of Tver", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "In 1371, Mikhail II of Tver was the last prince of Tver ever appointed as the grand prince of Vladimir."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "When Algirdas sued for peace with Moscow and retreated in 1372, Tver swifted its allegiance to the powerful Mongol warlord Mamai."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "But the same year, a Muscovite-led expedition besieged Tver for four weeks, forcing Mikhail to sign a treaty recognising Dmitry Donskoy as his \"elder brother\" and the rightful grand prince of Vladimir, and to pledge military support in the case of a conflict."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "However, no troops of Tver were sent to reinforce Dmitry Donskoy's anti-Mamai coalition at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "The symbolic victory had little practical effect, as Tokhtamysh defeated and killed Mamai at the Battle of the Kalka River in 1381, causing Dmitry Donskoy to flee and leaving the Muscovites to their fate when Tokhamysh besieged and sacked Moscow in 1382."}, {"id": "Q570204", "label": "Battle of the Kalka River", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "The symbolic victory had little practical effect, as Tokhtamysh defeated and killed Mamai at the Battle of the Kalka River in 1381, causing Dmitry Donskoy to flee and leaving the Muscovites to their fate when Tokhamysh besieged and sacked Moscow in 1382."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "In the face of this violent repression, the princes of Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and others immediately submitted to Tokhtamysh."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "History - Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles", "says": "Thus, Moscow was still not able to command Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, the Novgorod Republic or Ryazan in the aftermath of Kulikovo and the sack of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q597478", "label": "Battle of the Vorskla River", "section": "History - Lithuanian vassalage", "says": "Initially pushed back in 1399 at the Battle of the Vorskla River when he sought to expand Lithuanian control over the Pskov and Novgorod republics, Vytautas (Vitovt) gained direct control over Smolensk (1404), indirect control over certain Novgorodian holdings (1408, 1428), an alliance with Boris of Tver (1427) and Ryazan (1430), and considerable influence over the Muscovite court as Vasily I's fa"}, {"id": "Q4288097", "label": "Muscovite Civil War", "section": "History - Lithuanian vassalage", "says": "When the Muscovite War of Succession (1425–1453) broke out, the principalities of Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Novgorod and Pskov were all still independent of Moscow, and usually in alliance with Lithuania against Moscow, which however did have more territory and resources than the other northeastern Rus' principalities by 1425."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Lithuanian vassalage", "says": "The passages from the pokhval'noe slovo (\"word of praise\") to Boris of Tver, attributed to the monk Foma, have led to scholars to conclude that Tver held similar aspirations as Moscow to become the heir of the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q170180": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in the 10th century, as a march (frontier province) of the Holy Roman Empire, encompassing regions of several Polabian Slavic tribes (Glomatians, Nisans and other Sorbs)."}, {"id": "Q693562", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1423, the Wettins acquired the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg, thus also becoming Prince-Electors of Saxony, but the process of gradual administrative integration of various Wettin domains was marked by further divisions (1464, 1485, 1547)."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Only after 1547, when the junior Albertine branch, which held the Margraviate of Meissen, also took over the Saxon Electoral office and core possessions from the elder Ernestine branch, did the process of territorial integration of all Albertine regions into the redefined Electorate of Saxony take place."}], "Q1811029": [{"id": "Q211855", "label": "Finnish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR), more commonly referred to as Red Finland, was a self-proclaimed socialist state in Finland during the Finnish Civil War from January to May 1918."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's Delegation had earlier used the name Republic of Finland (Suomen tasavalta), but Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin proposed adding \"Socialist Workers' Republic\" into the name during negotiations."}], "Q1865132": [{"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The protectorate evolved in the hinterland of the port of Aden and in the Hadhramaut after the conquest of Aden by the Bombay Presidency of British India in January 1839, and which continued until the 1960s."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers of the Aden Protectorate, as generally with the other British protectorates and protected states, retained a large degree of autonomy: their flags still flew over their government buildings, government was still performed by them or in their names, and their states maintained a distinct 'international personality' in terms of international law, in contrast to states possessed directly b"}, {"id": "Q49910", "label": "Colony of Aden", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers of the Aden Protectorate, as generally with the other British protectorates and protected states, retained a large degree of autonomy: their flags still flew over their government buildings, government was still performed by them or in their names, and their states maintained a distinct 'international personality' in terms of international law, in contrast to states possessed directly b"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Informal beginnings", "says": "From 1874, these protection arrangements existed with the tacit acceptance of the Ottoman Empire that maintained suzerainty of Yemen to the north, and the polities became known collectively as the \"Nine Tribes\" or the \"Nine Cantons.\""}, {"id": "Q1885093", "label": "Mahra Sultanate", "section": "History - Formal treaties of protection", "says": "Beginning with a formal treaty of protection with the Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra in 1886, the British began a slow formalisation of protection arrangements that included more than 30 major treaties of protection with the last signed only in 1954."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "History - Formal treaties of protection", "says": "These treaties, together with a number of other minor agreements, created the Aden Protectorate that extended well east of Aden to Hadhramaut and included all of the territory that would become South Yemen except for the immediate environs and port of the colonial capital, Aden."}, {"id": "Q1367119", "label": "Upper Yafa", "section": "History - Western Protectorate", "says": "55,000 km2) included:\n\nAlawi\nAqrabi\nAudhali\nBeihan\nDathina\nDhala\nQutaibi Dependence of Dhala\nFadhli\nHaushabi\nLahej\nLower Aulaqi\nLower Yafa\nShaib\nUpper Aulaqi Sheikhdom\nUpper Aulaqi Sultanate\nUpper Yafa Sultanate and the five Upper Yafa sheikhdoms of:\nAl-Busi\nAl-Dhubi\nHadrami\nMaflahi\nMawsata"}, {"id": "Q400961", "label": "Ahmad bin Yahya", "section": "History - Challenges to the status quo", "says": "British control was also challenged by King Ahmad bin Yahya of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen to the north who did not recognise British suzerainty in South Arabia and had ambitions of creating a unified Greater Yemen."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "History - Challenges to the status quo", "says": "British control was also challenged by King Ahmad bin Yahya of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen to the north who did not recognise British suzerainty in South Arabia and had ambitions of creating a unified Greater Yemen."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - Challenges to the status quo", "says": "The appeal of Yemen was limited initially in the protectorate but a growing intimacy between Yemen and the popular Arab nationalist president of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser and the formation of United Arab States increased its attraction."}, {"id": "Q856843", "label": "United Arab States", "section": "History - Challenges to the status quo", "says": "The appeal of Yemen was limited initially in the protectorate but a growing intimacy between Yemen and the popular Arab nationalist president of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser and the formation of United Arab States increased its attraction."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "History - Federation and the end of the Protectorate", "says": "Aden had been of interest to Britain as a link to British India and then, after the loss of most of Britain's colonies from 1945 and the disastrous Suez Crisis in 1956, as a valuable port for accessing crucial Middle Eastern oil."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "History - Federation and the end of the Protectorate", "says": "During the next three years, they were joined by nine others and, on 18 January 1963, Aden Colony was merged with the federation creating the new Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "History - Federation and the end of the Protectorate", "says": "At the same time, the (mostly eastern) states that had not joined the federation became the Protectorate of South Arabia, thus ending the existence of the Protectorate of Aden."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Aden Emergency", "says": "The British, French, and Israeli invasion forces that had invaded Egypt after Nasser's nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 had been forced to withdraw after intervention from both the United States and the USSR."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "History - Aden Emergency", "says": "Nasser had only limited success in spreading his pan-Arabist doctrines through the Arab world, with his 1958 attempt to unify Egypt and Syria as the United Arab Republic ending in failure only 3 years later."}, {"id": "Q128956", "label": "Harold Wilson", "section": "History - Aden Emergency", "says": "Nevertheless, deadly guerrilla attacks particularly by the NLF resumed soon against British forces, with the British leaving Aden by the end of November 1967, earlier than had been planned by British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and without an agreement for the succeeding governance."}], "Q1867844": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The March of Tuscany was a march of the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in northwestern central Italy, it bordered the Papal States to the south, the Ligurian Sea to the west and Lombardy to the north."}], "Q1926064": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Mountainous Armenia (Armenian: Լեռնահայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն, romanized: Leṙnahayastani Hanrapetut’yun), also known as simply Mountainous Armenia (Լեռնահայաստան, Leṙnahayastan), was an anti-Bolshevik Armenian state roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Republic of Azerbaij"}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Mountainous Armenia (Armenian: Լեռնահայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն, romanized: Leṙnahayastani Hanrapetut’yun), also known as simply Mountainous Armenia (Լեռնահայաստան, Leṙnahayastan), was an anti-Bolshevik Armenian state roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Republic of Azerbaij"}, {"id": "Q1650282", "label": "Garegin Nzhdeh", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by military commander and Armenian political thinker Garegin Nzhdeh and his allies with the support of local guerrilla forces, following the suppression of the February Uprising in April 1921."}, {"id": "Q5439864", "label": "February Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by military commander and Armenian political thinker Garegin Nzhdeh and his allies with the support of local guerrilla forces, following the suppression of the February Uprising in April 1921."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Soviet 11th Red Army's invasion of the First Republic of Armenia started on the 29 November 1920."}, {"id": "Q7879226", "label": "Drastamat Kanayan", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1921, Drastamat Kanayan sent a telegram to Nzhdeh, suggesting allowing the sovietisation of Syunik, through which they could gain the support of the Bolshevik government in solving the problems of the Armenian lands."}], "Q2022162": [{"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was a rump state that was created from the territory ruled by Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was a rump state that was created from the territory ruled by Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q312452", "label": "Philetaerus", "section": "lead", "says": "Philetaerus, one of Lysimachus' lieutenants, rebelled and seized the city of Pergamon and the surrounding regions; Lysimachus died soon after in 281 BC."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The new kingdom was initially in a vassal-like relationship of nominal fealty to the Seleucid Empire, but exercised considerable autonomy and soon became entirely independent."}, {"id": "Q184176", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "In 281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later."}, {"id": "Q47299", "label": "Battle of Corupedium", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "In 281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "In 281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later."}, {"id": "Q314341", "label": "Eumenes I", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "Philetaerus' nephew and adopted son, Eumenes I, succeeded him upon his death in 263 BC."}, {"id": "Q211488", "label": "Antiochus I Soter", "section": "History - From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)", "says": "He rebelled and defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter near the Lydian capital of Sardis in 261 BC."}, {"id": "Q110745", "label": "Attalus I", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Attalus I (r."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Early in his reign, he won a battlefield victory against the Galatians of Asia Minor (called Gauls by Pausanias) at the Battle of the Caecus River."}, {"id": "Q3373", "label": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Several years later, the \"War of the Brothers\" broke out in the Seleucid Empire between Seleucus II Callinicus and Antiochus Hierax."}, {"id": "Q3371", "label": "Seleucus III Ceraunus", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "He repulsed several attempts by Seleucus III Ceraunus, who had succeeded Seleucus II, to recover the lost territory."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)", "says": "Antiochus III the Great made Achaeus governor of the Seleucid territories north of the Taurus."}, {"id": "Q270678", "label": "Eumenes II", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "The authority of the Pergamene state was hanging by a thread when Eumenes II (r."}, {"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "Eumenes II sought alliances with the Achaean League, rejected an offer of marriage and alliance with the Seleucids, and supported Rome in the Roman–Seleucid War of 192–188 BC."}, {"id": "Q486831", "label": "Roman–Seleucid War", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "Eumenes II sought alliances with the Achaean League, rejected an offer of marriage and alliance with the Seleucids, and supported Rome in the Roman–Seleucid War of 192–188 BC."}, {"id": "Q1259381", "label": "Treaty of Apamea", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 188 BC, after the war's end by the Treaty of Apamea, the Romans seized the possessions of the defeated Antiochus III in Asia Minor and gave Mysia, Lydia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia to the kingdom of Pergamon and Caria, Lycia and Pisidia, in the southwestern corner of Asia Minor, to Rhodes, another Roman ally."}, {"id": "Q372361", "label": "Prusias I of Bithynia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamene would also fight the Galatian War, Prusias I of Bithynia (around 188–184 BC?), Pharnaces I of Pontus (around 183–179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)."}, {"id": "Q359215", "label": "Pharnaces I of Pontus", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamene would also fight the Galatian War, Prusias I of Bithynia (around 188–184 BC?), Pharnaces I of Pontus (around 183–179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamene would also fight the Galatian War, Prusias I of Bithynia (around 188–184 BC?), Pharnaces I of Pontus (around 183–179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "Eumenes II also successfully intervened in Seleucid politics, aiding Antiochus IV Epiphanes in his quest to take the throne from Heliodorus."}, {"id": "Q917811", "label": "Battle of Magnesia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 190 BC he took part in the Battle of Magnesia, which was the final victory of the Romans in the war against the Seleucids."}, {"id": "Q722307", "label": "Gnaeus Manlius Vulso", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 189 BC he led the Pergamene troops which flanked the Roman army under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in the Galatian War."}, {"id": "Q2556352", "label": "Galatian War", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 189 BC he led the Pergamene troops which flanked the Roman army under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in the Galatian War."}, {"id": "Q359222", "label": "Prusias II of Bithynia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "After becoming king in his own right, he made war against Prusias II of Bithynia in 156–154 BC with the help of the Romans."}, {"id": "Q337108", "label": "Ariarathes V of Cappadocia", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "He also made an alliance and received troops from Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, led by his son Demetrius."}, {"id": "Q297657", "label": "Alexander Balas", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 152 BC the two kings and Rome helped and funded Alexander Balas in his successful bid to start a civil war in the Seleucid Empire and to seize the Seleucid throne from Demetrius I Soter."}, {"id": "Q296304", "label": "Demetrius I Soter", "section": "History - Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)", "says": "In 152 BC the two kings and Rome helped and funded Alexander Balas in his successful bid to start a civil war in the Seleucid Empire and to seize the Seleucid throne from Demetrius I Soter."}, {"id": "Q309804", "label": "Attalus III", "section": "History - Final years (138–129 BC)", "says": "Not that much has survived in ancient sources of the reign of the last Attalid king, Attalus III; they tend to focus on his personal character rather than describe events during his reign."}, {"id": "Q350388", "label": "Eumenes III", "section": "History - Final years (138–129 BC)", "says": "Meanwhile, a man named Aristonicus, claiming to be the illegitimate son of Eumenes II, assumed the dynastic name of Eumenes III, attempted to overturn Attalus III's will, and apparently acquired authority at least in the core parts of the Pergamene empire."}], "Q2196956": [{"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "lead", "says": "A unified realm was initiated by warrior bands that had coalesced around Harald \"Shockhead\" Hálfdanarson—later known as King Harald Fairhair—in the 9th century."}, {"id": "Q847851", "label": "Norwegian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "At the peak of Norwegian expansion before the civil war (1130–1240), Sigurd I led the Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110)."}, {"id": "Q3431465", "label": "Siege of Sidon", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Siege of Sidon they fought alongside Baldwin I and Ordelafo Faliero, and the siege resulted in an expansion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q954541", "label": "Ordelafo Faliero", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Siege of Sidon they fought alongside Baldwin I and Ordelafo Faliero, and the siege resulted in an expansion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Siege of Sidon they fought alongside Baldwin I and Ordelafo Faliero, and the siege resulted in an expansion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q42838", "label": "Leif Erikson", "section": "lead", "says": "Leif Erikson, an Icelander of Norwegian origin and official hirdman of King Olaf I of Norway, explored America 500 years before Columbus."}, {"id": "Q213801", "label": "Olaf I of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Leif Erikson, an Icelander of Norwegian origin and official hirdman of King Olaf I of Norway, explored America 500 years before Columbus."}, {"id": "Q181896", "label": "Sweyn I of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Adam of Bremen wrote about the new lands in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (1076) when meeting Sweyn I of Denmark, but no other sources indicate that this knowledge went farther into Europe than Bremen, Germany."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "History - Expansion and unification", "says": "From the 600s Western Norwegian fish farmers began an exodus to the nearby islands in the North Sea, Orkney and Shetland, and then later to the Western Isles, like the Hebrides and the Isle of Man, and westward to the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland."}, {"id": "Q211661", "label": "Jämtland", "section": "History - Expansion and unification", "says": "By the 9th and 10th centuries, it is reasonable to assume that the population of Båhuslen, Jämtland and Herjedalen had no national affiliation to Norway, Svealand, or Götaland."}, {"id": "Q313005", "label": "Sigurd the Crusader", "section": "History - Civil War Era", "says": "In 1130, with the death of King Sigurd the Crusader, his possible half-brother, Harald Gillekrist, broke an agreement that he and Sigurd had made to pass the throne to Sigurd's only son, the bastard Magnus."}, {"id": "Q313015", "label": "Haakon VI of Norway", "section": "History - End of self-rule", "says": "In 1343 Magnus had to abdicate as King of Norway in favour of his younger son, Haakon VI of Norway."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - End of self-rule", "says": "The Black Death of 1349–1351 was a contributing factor to the decline of the Norwegian monarchy as the noble families and population in general were gravely affected."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "History - End of self-rule", "says": "After the death of Haakon VI of Norway in 1380, his son Olav IV of Norway succeeded to both the thrones of Norway and Denmark and also claimed the Kingdom of Sweden, holding its westernmost provinces already."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - End of self-rule", "says": "Only after his death at the age of 17 his mother Margaret managed to oust their rival, king Albert, from Sweden, and thus united the three Scandinavian kingdoms in personal union under one crown, in the Kalmar Union."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "History - End of self-rule", "says": "Only after his death at the age of 17 his mother Margaret managed to oust their rival, king Albert, from Sweden, and thus united the three Scandinavian kingdoms in personal union under one crown, in the Kalmar Union."}], "Q2273304": [{"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Moravian Serbia (Serbian: Моравска Србија, romanized: Moravska Srbija), the Principality of Moravian Serbia (Serbian: Кнежевина Моравска Србија, romanized: Kneževina Moravska Srbija) or the Realm of Prince Lazar was the largest and most powerful Serbian principality to emerge from the ruins of the Serbian Empire (1371)."}, {"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "lead", "says": "The independent principality in the region of Morava was established in 1371, and attained its largest extent in 1379 through the military and political activities of its first ruler, prince Lazar Hrebeljanović."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1402 it was raised to the Serbian Despotate, which would exist until 1459."}], "Q253094": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire, but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire, but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz, which ended the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of Ottoman Hungary."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz, which ended the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of Ottoman Hungary."}, {"id": "Q595545", "label": "Rákóczi’s War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "Two major Hungarian rebellions were the Rákóczi's War of Independence in the early 18th century and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and marked important shifts in the evolution of the polity."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "Two major Hungarian rebellions were the Rákóczi's War of Independence in the early 18th century and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and marked important shifts in the evolution of the polity."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom became a dual monarchy in 1867, known as Austria-Hungary."}], "Q2899771": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "From the second half of the 10th century, Christianity started to spread."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians (Magyars), around 895, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians (Magyars), around 895, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians (Magyars), around 895, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "History - Military achievements", "says": "The Hungarians succeeded in extending the de jure Bavarian-Hungarian border to the River Enns (until 955), after the Battle of Pressburg in 907, a western army did not attack Hungary for more than 100 years until 1030."}, {"id": "Q1121105", "label": "Gyula Kristó", "section": "History - Transition", "says": "According to Gyula Kristó the center was located between the Danube and Tisza rivers, but the archaeological findings imply a location in the region of the Upper Tisza."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "In 973 Géza I and all his household were baptised, and a formal peace concluded with the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I; however he remained essentially pagan even after his baptism: Géza had been educated by his father Taksony as a pagan prince."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "During Géza's reign, the nation conclusively renounced its nomadic way of life and within a few decades of the Battle of Lechfeld became a Christian kingdom."}], "Q3013827": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hellenic State (Greek: Ελληνική Πολιτεία, romanized: Elliniki Politeia, lit. 'Greek State') was an Axis puppet state established during the Axis occupation in World War II; being a collaborator of Italy from 1941 to 1943 and of Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hellenic State (Greek: Ελληνική Πολιτεία, romanized: Elliniki Politeia, lit. 'Greek State') was an Axis puppet state established during the Axis occupation in World War II; being a collaborator of Italy from 1941 to 1943 and of Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q471242", "label": "Georgios Tsolakoglou", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "After the fall of Greece, a puppet government with General Georgios Tsolakoglou as its prime minister was installed on April 30, 1941."}, {"id": "Q312046", "label": "Alexandros Papagos", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Tsolakoglou's main qualification for the position was that he surrendered to the Wehrmacht the week before, on April 20, against the express orders of his commanding officer Alexandros Papagos."}, {"id": "Q707189", "label": "Konstantinos Logothetopoulos", "section": "History - Government and politics", "says": "The regime was first led by Georgios Tsolakoglou, however he was sacked a year later and replaced by Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, who himself was sacked in 1943."}, {"id": "Q707184", "label": "Ioannis Rallis", "section": "History - Government and politics", "says": "The last prime minister of the Hellenic State was Ioannis Rallis, who led the collaborationist regime until its dissolution in 1944."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "History - Exile and trial", "says": "The government did not fulfil its promise to make major efforts to punish collaborators; this contributed to the escalation of political enmities in Greece, which in turn played a part in the outbreak of the Greek Civil War."}], "Q307069": [{"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Wei (), known in historiography as the Eastern Wei (simplified Chinese: 东魏; traditional Chinese: 東魏; pinyin: Dōng Wèi), was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei dynasty."}], "Q307697": [{"id": "Q17030701", "label": "Kingdom of Tlemcen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zayyanid dynasty or Ziyanids (Arabic: زيانيون, Ziyāniyyūn) or Abd al-Wadids (Arabic: بنو عبد الواد, Bānu ʿAbd āl-Wād) was a Berber Zenata dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Tlemcen, mainly in modern Algeria centered on the town of Tlemcen in northwest Algeria."}], "Q3108185": [{"id": "Q307393", "label": "Abdul Rahman Arif", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ba'ath Party, led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, came to power in Iraq through the bloodless 17 July 1968 Revolution, which overthrew president Abdul Rahman Arif and prime minister Tahir Yahya."}, {"id": "Q1799369", "label": "Tahir Yahya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ba'ath Party, led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, came to power in Iraq through the bloodless 17 July 1968 Revolution, which overthrew president Abdul Rahman Arif and prime minister Tahir Yahya."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "By the mid-1970s, Saddam Hussein became the country's de facto leader, despite al-Bakr's de jure presidency."}, {"id": "Q4116897", "label": "Second Kurdish–Iraqi War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was of great concern to the government as Kurdish rebels received extensive support from Iran, Israel, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was of great concern to the government as Kurdish rebels received extensive support from Iran, Israel, and the United States."}, {"id": "Q128245", "label": "Mohammad Reza I of Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes, Saddam met with Iranian monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and signed the 1975 Algiers Agreement, ceding territory to Iran in exchange for an end to Kurdish support."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "Alarmed by Iranian attempts to export the revolution in Iraq, Saddam adopted an aggressive stance against Iran and its new theocratic leader, Ruhollah Khomeini, after his rejections of Iraqi goodwill offers."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, triggering the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War that ended in a stalemate in 1988."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1989, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi petroleum, and failed negotiations resulted in the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, triggering the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q334871", "label": "Reza Pahlavi", "section": "History - Early years, Iran–Iraq War and aftermath (1979–1990)", "says": "The Shia protests were not quelled by these propaganda campaigns, and the establishment of an Islamic Republic in Iran after the abdication of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi influenced many Iraqi Shia Islamists to stand up against the Sunni-dominated government."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Gulf War, the 1990s, and the Iraq War (1990–2003)", "says": "Saudi Arabia, frightened by Saddam's military strength, then persuaded Kuwait to lower its oil output."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Gulf War, the 1990s, and the Iraq War (1990–2003)", "says": "However, when Kuwait lowered its oil output Venezuela increased its output."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Gulf War, the 1990s, and the Iraq War (1990–2003)", "says": "The invasion led to an international outcry; the United Nations, United States and the United Kingdom condemned the invasion and introduced sanctions against Iraq, and the Soviet Union and several Arab states also condemned the invasion."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Gulf War, the 1990s, and the Iraq War (1990–2003)", "says": "The invasion led to an international outcry; the United Nations, United States and the United Kingdom condemned the invasion and introduced sanctions against Iraq, and the Soviet Union and several Arab states also condemned the invasion."}], "Q4827705": [{"id": "Q1039325", "label": "Janapada", "section": "lead", "says": "Avanti was an ancient Indian Mahajanapada (Great Janapada), roughly corresponding to the present-day Malwa region."}, {"id": "Q9422", "label": "Mahavira", "section": "History - Pradyota dynasty", "says": "According to Jaina accounts Palaka ascended to the throne on the day of passing away of Mahavira."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "History - Avanti under Magadhan rule", "says": "During the Nanda Empire rule, Avanti became the Avantirāṭṭha or the western province of the empire, with its capital at Ujjayini."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Avanti under Magadhan rule", "says": "The Junagarh Rock inscription of Rudradaman I (150 CE) mentions Pushyagupta as the governor of the western province during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya."}, {"id": "Q315526", "label": "Bindusara", "section": "History - Avanti under Magadhan rule", "says": "During the reign of the next ruler Bindusara, prince Ashoka was the provincial governor."}, {"id": "Q119973", "label": "Pushyamitra Shunga", "section": "History - Avanti under Magadhan rule", "says": "After the fall of the Mauryas, at the time of Pushyamitra Shunga, his son Agnimitra was the Magadhan viceroy at Vidisha, but he ruled independent of Magadha for all practical purposes."}, {"id": "Q24395", "label": "Agnimitra", "section": "History - Avanti under Magadhan rule", "says": "After the fall of the Mauryas, at the time of Pushyamitra Shunga, his son Agnimitra was the Magadhan viceroy at Vidisha, but he ruled independent of Magadha for all practical purposes."}], "Q568523": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "In 543, it converted to Coptic Christianity."}], "Q617218": [{"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Hittites, then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Yamhadite king supported the Yaminite tribes and formed an alliance with other Syrian states including Urshu, Hassum and Carchemish, against the Mariote king who defeated his enemies, who was eventually killed by his own son Sumu-Yamam."}, {"id": "Q203969", "label": "Zimri–lim", "section": "History - Rivalry with the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia", "says": "Shamshi-Adad surrounded Yamhad by way of alliances with Charchemish, Hassum and Urshu to the north and by conquering Mari to the east, forcing Zimri-Lim the heir of Mari to flee."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - Rivalry with the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia", "says": "Yarim-Lim surrounded Shamshi-Adad by alliances with Hammurabi of Babylon and Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnunna, then in 1777 BC he advanced to the east conquering Tuttul and installing Zimri-Lim as governor of the city."}, {"id": "Q3147384", "label": "Ibal-pi-el II", "section": "History - Rivalry with the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia", "says": "Yarim-Lim surrounded Shamshi-Adad by alliances with Hammurabi of Babylon and Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnunna, then in 1777 BC he advanced to the east conquering Tuttul and installing Zimri-Lim as governor of the city."}, {"id": "Q254523", "label": "Shamshi-Adad I", "section": "History - Rivalry with the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia", "says": "The Syrian city-states were subdued through alliances or force; Mamma, Ebla and Ugarit became vassals of Yamhad, while Qatna remained independent but came to peace with Yamhad following the death of its ally, the late Shamshi-Adad I."}, {"id": "Q288650", "label": "Hammurabi I", "section": "History - Rivalry with the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia", "says": "Yarim-Lim I was succeeded by his son Hammurabi I who had a peaceful reign."}, {"id": "Q299472", "label": "Hattusili I", "section": "History - Decline and end", "says": "The rise of the Hittite kingdom in the north posed the biggest threat to Yamhad, although Yarim-Lim III and his successor Hammurabi III were able to withstand the aggressions of the Hittite king Hattusili I through alliances with the Hurrian principalities."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "History - Decline and end", "says": "Hattusili was succeeded by his grandson Mursili I, who conquered Halab c."}], "Q62454": [{"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Founding and expansion: Chen Baxian", "says": "Near the start of the dynasty, Chen's northern neighbors the Eastern and Western Wei were later replaced by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, with the north of the Yangtze river held by the Qi, and the southwest including Sichuan was held by the Zhou."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Founding and expansion: Chen Baxian", "says": "Near the start of the dynasty, Chen's northern neighbors the Eastern and Western Wei were later replaced by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, with the north of the Yangtze river held by the Qi, and the southwest including Sichuan was held by the Zhou."}, {"id": "Q1143524", "label": "Northern Qi", "section": "History - Founding and expansion: Chen Baxian", "says": "Near the start of the dynasty, Chen's northern neighbors the Eastern and Western Wei were later replaced by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, with the north of the Yangtze river held by the Qi, and the southwest including Sichuan was held by the Zhou."}, {"id": "Q736726", "label": "Wu", "section": "History - Vietnam: Defeating Lý Thiên Bảo", "says": "For this accomplishment, the Emperor Wu of Liang created Chen the Viscount of Xin'an and had an artisan draw a portrait of Chen."}, {"id": "Q890338", "label": "Hou Jing", "section": "History - Hou Jing", "says": "In summer 548, Hou Jing, formerly a general of Eastern Wei (a successor state of the Northern Wei), rebelled and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu of Liang and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage."}, {"id": "Q307069", "label": "Eastern Wei", "section": "History - Hou Jing", "says": "In summer 548, Hou Jing, formerly a general of Eastern Wei (a successor state of the Northern Wei), rebelled and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu of Liang and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Hou Jing", "says": "In summer 548, Hou Jing, formerly a general of Eastern Wei (a successor state of the Northern Wei), rebelled and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu of Liang and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage."}, {"id": "Q1285740", "label": "Emperor Xuan of Western Liang", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Before Wang could reach Jiangling, however, Western Wei had already captured Jiangling, killing Emperor Yuan and declaring his nephew Xiao Cha emperor instead (as Emperor Xuan)."}, {"id": "Q712338", "label": "Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙) the Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor."}, {"id": "Q718249", "label": "Gao Huan", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙) the Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor."}, {"id": "Q1059874", "label": "Xiao Yuanming", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙) the Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor."}, {"id": "Q697686", "label": "Chen Geng", "section": "History - Emperor Wen", "says": "In 559, Chen Baxian fell ill, and the throne was passed to his nephew Chen Geng or Emperor Wen of Chen."}, {"id": "Q712113", "label": "Emperor Wen of Chen", "section": "History - Emperor Wen", "says": "In 559, Chen Baxian fell ill, and the throne was passed to his nephew Chen Geng or Emperor Wen of Chen."}, {"id": "Q837905", "label": "Xiao Zhuang", "section": "History - Emperor Wen", "says": "He was initially successful, but by spring 560, Hou Tian defeated Wang, and both Wang and Xiao Zhuang fled to Northern Qi."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "History - Emperor Wen", "says": "Chen forces took about half of Xiao Zhuang's territory, while the other half went to the Northern Zhou-supported Western Liang."}, {"id": "Q450370", "label": "Yuan Shu", "section": "History - Emperor Chen Bozong", "says": "During his reign, important matters were also trusted to his uncle Chen Xu, as well as Kong, Dao Zhongju (到仲舉), Yuan Shu (袁樞), and Liu Shizhi (劉師知)."}, {"id": "Q718206", "label": "Chen Shubao", "section": "History - Emperor Xuan", "says": "Emperor Chen Xu married Liu Jingyan and had a son Chen Shubao."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Sui-Tang dynasties", "says": "The Sui was an important dynasty for subjugating the East Tujue, Tuyuhun, and Goguryeo to the north and east as well as starting the Grand Canal project, much of which was based in Chen dynasty territory."}, {"id": "Q7420", "label": "Emperor Gong of Sui", "section": "History - Sui-Tang dynasties", "says": "Li Yuan then murdered the last emperor Yang You of the Sui dynasty and founded the Tang dynasty."}], "Q669315": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwest Territory, also known as the Old Northwest and formally as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, was formed from part of the unorganized western territory of the United States after the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwest Territory, also known as the Old Northwest and formally as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, was formed from part of the unorganized western territory of the United States after the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q777763", "label": "Indiana Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "Reduced to present-day Ohio, and some additional lands north and east on July 4, 1800, it ceased to exist March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio, and the remainder attached to Indiana Territory."}, {"id": "Q2656995", "label": "Northwest Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Conflicts between settlers and Native American inhabitants of the Territory resulted in the Northwest Indian War culminating in General \"Mad\" Anthony Wayne's victory at Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794."}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "lead", "says": "Conflicts between settlers and Native American inhabitants of the Territory resulted in the Northwest Indian War culminating in General \"Mad\" Anthony Wayne's victory at Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent Treaty of Greenville in 1795 opened the way for settlement particularly in southern and western Ohio."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "History - New France", "says": "France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the Indian Reserve in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, after being defeated in the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "History - New France", "says": "France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the Indian Reserve in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, after being defeated in the French and Indian War."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History - British control", "says": "From the 1750s to the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812, the British had a long-standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state, a large Native American state that would cover most of the Old Northwest."}, {"id": "Q179077", "label": "Pontiac's War", "section": "History - British control", "says": "A new colony, named Charlotina, was proposed for establishment in the southern Great Lakes region before the events of Pontiac's War, after which the Crown issued the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited white colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains."}, {"id": "Q918990", "label": "George Rogers Clark", "section": "History - British control", "says": "In February 1779, George Rogers Clark, leading a force of Virginia militia, captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes from British commander Henry Hamilton."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - British control", "says": "Britain officially ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachians to the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the Treaty of Paris (1783), but the British continued to maintain a presence in the region as late as 1815, the end of the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "History - Cessions by the states", "says": "Several states (Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, and Connecticut) had competing claims on the territory: Virginia claimed all of the portion that was formerly Illinois Country and Ohio Country; Massachusetts claimed the portion that is now southern Michigan and Wisconsin; Connecticut claimed a narrow strip across the territory just south of the Great Lakes; New York claimed an elastic portion of"}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "History - Cessions by the states", "says": "The Mason–Dixon line was extended westward to a point five degrees of longitude (about 260 miles) from the Delaware River and the western boundary extended to run due north from the westernmost extent of the Mason–Dixon line to the 43rd parallel."}, {"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "History - Northwest Indian War", "says": "The area making up the Ohio Country had been contested for over a century, beginning with the 17th-century Beaver Wars."}, {"id": "Q4186402", "label": "Western Confederacy", "section": "History - Northwest Indian War", "says": "The Western Confederacy, or Western Indian Confederacy, was a loose confederacy of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region of the United States created following the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q1426614", "label": "Sullivan Expedition", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "Sporadic westward emigrant settlements had already resumed late in the Revolutionary War after the Iroquois Confederacy's power was broken and the tribes scattered by the 1779 Sullivan Expedition."}, {"id": "Q379346", "label": "Battle of Tippecanoe", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "It became true in Indiana after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811; by 1813 Battle of the Thames where Tecumseh was defeated and killed, the frontier had essentially moved to west of the Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q645288", "label": "Battle of the Thames", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "It became true in Indiana after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811; by 1813 Battle of the Thames where Tecumseh was defeated and killed, the frontier had essentially moved to west of the Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "It became true in Indiana after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811; by 1813 Battle of the Thames where Tecumseh was defeated and killed, the frontier had essentially moved to west of the Mississippi."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - Statehood for Ohio", "says": "In 1802, his opposition to plans for Ohio statehood led President Thomas Jefferson to remove him from office as territorial governor."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "History - Statehood for Ohio", "says": "This legislation was signed into law by President John Adams on May 7, 1800, and became effective on July 4."}, {"id": "Q1324198", "label": "Treaty of Ghent", "section": "History - Statehood for Ohio", "says": "Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the former Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814."}], "Q686971": [{"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356, the Margraviate of Moravia, the duchies of Silesia, and the two Lusatias, known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356, the Margraviate of Moravia, the duchies of Silesia, and the two Lusatias, known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history."}, {"id": "Q2670751", "label": "Margraviate of Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356, the Margraviate of Moravia, the duchies of Silesia, and the two Lusatias, known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The joint rule of Corona regni Bohemiae was legally established by decree of King Charles IV issued on 7 April 1348, on the foundation of the original Czech lands ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty until 1306."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A large part of Silesia was lost in the mid-18th century, but the rest of the Lands passed to the Austrian Empire and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "A large part of Silesia was lost in the mid-18th century, but the rest of the Lands passed to the Austrian Empire and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q140359", "label": "First Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "By the Czechoslovak declaration of independence in 1918, the remaining Czech lands became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "There were only some common state institutions of the Bohemian Crown that did not survive the centralization of the Habsburg monarchy under Queen Maria Theresa in the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "In the 10th and 11th century, the Duchy of Bohemia, together with Moravia (the Margraviate of Moravia from 1182 on), and Kłodzko Land were consolidated under the ruling Přemyslid dynasty."}, {"id": "Q312938", "label": "Ottokar I of Bohemia", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia gained the hereditary royal title to the Duchy of Bohemia in 1198, from the German (anti)−king Philip of Swabia, for his support."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia gained the hereditary royal title to the Duchy of Bohemia in 1198, from the German (anti)−king Philip of Swabia, for his support."}, {"id": "Q150320", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "The Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola and the Windic March in 1269 as well as the March of Friuli in 1272."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "The Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola and the Windic March in 1269 as well as the March of Friuli in 1272."}, {"id": "Q580447", "label": "Duchy of Styria", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "The Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola and the Windic March in 1269 as well as the March of Friuli in 1272."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "The Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola and the Windic March in 1269 as well as the March of Friuli in 1272."}, {"id": "Q76956", "label": "Rudolph I of Germany", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "His plans to turn Bohemia into the leading Imperial State were aborted by his Habsburg rival King Rudolph I of Germany, who seized his acquisitions and finally defeated him in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld."}, {"id": "Q700194", "label": "Battle on the Marchfeld", "section": "History - Přemyslids", "says": "His plans to turn Bohemia into the leading Imperial State were aborted by his Habsburg rival King Rudolph I of Germany, who seized his acquisitions and finally defeated him in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "In 1306, the House of Luxembourg began producing Bohemian kings upon the extinction of the Přemyslids."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "His suzerainty was acknowledged by the Polish king Casimir III the Great in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin."}, {"id": "Q1414325", "label": "Treaty of Trentschin", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "His suzerainty was acknowledged by the Polish king Casimir III the Great in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "The Luxembourg dynasty reached its high point, when Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1355."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "In 1367, he purchased Lower Lusatia from his stepson Margrave Otto V of Brandenburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q5177890", "label": "County of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "Beside their home County of Luxembourg itself, the dynasty held further non-contiguous Imperial fiefs in the Low Countries, such as: the Duchy of Brabant and Duchy of Limburg, acquired through marriage by Charles' younger half-brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg in 1355; as well as the Margraviate of Brandenburg, purchased in 1373."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "Beside their home County of Luxembourg itself, the dynasty held further non-contiguous Imperial fiefs in the Low Countries, such as: the Duchy of Brabant and Duchy of Limburg, acquired through marriage by Charles' younger half-brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg in 1355; as well as the Margraviate of Brandenburg, purchased in 1373."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "The duchies of Brabant, Limburg (in 1406), and even Luxembourg itself (in 1411) were ceded to the French House of Valois-Burgundy; while the Margraviate of Brandenburg passed to the House of Hohenzollern (in 1415)."}, {"id": "Q478301", "label": "Hussite Wars", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "Nevertheless, the joint rule of the Bohemian Lands outlived the Hussite Wars and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line upon the death of Emperor Sigismund in 1437."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Luxembourgers", "says": "Nevertheless, the joint rule of the Bohemian Lands outlived the Hussite Wars and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line upon the death of Emperor Sigismund in 1437."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - Jagiellons", "says": "Vladislas II of the Jagiellon dynasty, son of the Polish king Casimir IV, was designated king of Bohemia in 1471, while the crown lands of Moravia, Silesia, and the Lusatias were occupied by rivaling King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q183579", "label": "Ferdinand I of Austria", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "When Vladislas' only son Louis was killed at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, ending the Jagiellon dynasty rule in Bohemia, a convention of Bohemian nobles elected his brother-in-law, the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, as the new king of the Bohemian crown lands."}, {"id": "Q699964", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Together with the Archduchy of Austria \"hereditary lands\" and the Hungarian kingdom, they formed the Habsburg monarchy, which in the following centuries grew out of the Holy Roman Empire into a separate European power."}, {"id": "Q4373", "label": "Battle of White Mountain", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Attempts by the Bohemian Protestant Reformation estates to build up an autonomous confederation were dashed at the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, whereafter the administration was centralised at Vienna."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague, and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague, and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague, and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague, and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague, and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "From 1599 to 1711, the border between modern Czech Republic and Slovakia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "From 1599 to 1711, the border between modern Czech Republic and Slovakia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "From 1599 to 1711, the border between modern Czech Republic and Slovakia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania)."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, these became the historic regions usually referred to as the Czech lands forming the Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - Habsburgs", "says": "Austrian Silesia with the Hlučín Region is today known as Czech Silesia, with the exception of eastern Cieszyn Silesia which passed to the Second Polish Republic in 1920."}], "Q693551": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (German: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the landgraviate was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Hesse following the Empire's dissolution in 1806."}, {"id": "Q20135", "label": "Grand Duchy of Hesse", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the landgraviate was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Hesse following the Empire's dissolution in 1806."}, {"id": "Q68952", "label": "Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg", "section": "History - Hessian War", "says": "When, in 1604, the childless Landgrave Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg died at Marburg Castle, a succession dispute to his lands, along with the sectarian differences between Calvinist Hesse-Kassel and Lutheran Hesse-Darmstadt, led to a bitter, decades-long rivalry."}, {"id": "Q267331", "label": "Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "History - Hessian War", "says": "Because the University of Marburg had become Calvinist under the rule of Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel, his cousin Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt founded the Lutheran University of Giessen in 1607."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Hessian War", "says": "The inheritance conflict was continued in the broader context of the Thirty Years' War, in which Hesse-Kassel sided with the Protestant estates and Hesse-Darmstadt sided with the Habsburg emperor."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Hessian War", "says": "The conflict was finally settled on the eve of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, more than eighty years after the division of the estates."}, {"id": "Q657241", "label": "Duchy of Westphalia", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "Most notable was the acquisition of the Duchy of Westphalia, formerly owned by the Prince-Archbishop of Cologne, as well as territories from the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz and the Prince-Bishop of Worms."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "In 1806, upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the dispossession of his cousin, Elector William I of Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave Louis X joined the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine and took the title of Grand Duke of Hesse."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "In 1806, upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the dispossession of his cousin, Elector William I of Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave Louis X joined the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine and took the title of Grand Duke of Hesse."}], "Q7185566": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "For a time, Philistia also included Jaffa, which may have briefly changed hands with Israel before it was ultimately lost to the Neo-Assyrian Empire during Sennacherib's Levantine campaign."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 604 BC, Babylonian armies under Nebuchadnezzar II invaded Philistia, annexing it to the Neo-Babylonian Empire and destroying Ashkelon and Ekron in response to Philistine revolts."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 604 BC, Babylonian armies under Nebuchadnezzar II invaded Philistia, annexing it to the Neo-Babylonian Empire and destroying Ashkelon and Ekron in response to Philistine revolts."}, {"id": "Q7930888", "label": "Maccabean Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 2nd century BC, the Philistine confederation and its cities (Joppa, Jamina, and Azotus) reappear in biblical and Greek texts in the context of the Maccabean Revolt and the Hellenistic period."}], "Q740522": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Spania (Latin: Provincia Spaniae) was a province of the Eastern Roman Empire from 552 until 624 in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by the Emperor Justinian I in an effort to restore the western provinces of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "Background", "says": "Nevertheless, effective Roman rule was maintained over most areas until after the death of Emperor Majorian in 461."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "Background", "says": "The Visigoths, vassals of the Roman Empire who had settled in Aquitaine by imperial invitation (416), increasingly filled the vacuum left as the Vandals moved into North Africa."}, {"id": "Q110884", "label": "Alaric II", "section": "Background", "says": "A large-scale migration of the Visigoths into Iberia began in 494 under Alaric II, and it became the seat of their power after they lost most of their territory in Gaul to the Franks after the Battle of Vouillé in 507."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "Background", "says": "A large-scale migration of the Visigoths into Iberia began in 494 under Alaric II, and it became the seat of their power after they lost most of their territory in Gaul to the Franks after the Battle of Vouillé in 507."}, {"id": "Q366966", "label": "Witteric", "section": "Decline and Visigothic reconquest", "says": "Among later kings, Witteric campaigned frequently against Spania, though his generals were more successful than he."}, {"id": "Q334783", "label": "Gundemar", "section": "Decline and Visigothic reconquest", "says": "Gundemar moved the primatial see of Carthaginiensis from Byzantine Cartagena to Visigothic Toledo in 610 and campaigned against Spania in 611, but to no effect."}], "Q756895": [{"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "Demise", "says": "According to Jiyu and Petak inscriptions, during the end of the Majapahit era in the 15th century, there was a brief resurrection of Daha (Kediri) as the centre of political power, which was led by Girindrawardhana in 1478 after he managed to defeat Kertabhumi."}], "Q877670": [{"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muzaffarid dynasty (Arabic: آل مظفر; Persian: مظفریان) was a Muslim Khorosani Arab dynasty that came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "At their zenith, they ruled a kingdom comprising Iranian Azerbaijan, central Persia, and Persian Iraq."}, {"id": "Q553204", "label": "Shah Rukh", "section": "Muzaffarid decline", "says": "Attempting to reach Shiraz, he was captured by the forces of prince Shah Rukh and was decapitated."}], "Q901974": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free City of Danzig (French: Ville libre de Dantzig; German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk), sometimes referred to as the Republic of Danzig (French: République de Dantzig; German: Republik Danzig), was a semi-independent city-state established by Napoleon on 21 July 1807, during the time of the Napoleonic Wars following the capture of the city in the siege of Danzig in May."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free City of Danzig (French: Ville libre de Dantzig; German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk), sometimes referred to as the Republic of Danzig (French: République de Dantzig; German: Republik Danzig), was a semi-independent city-state established by Napoleon on 21 July 1807, during the time of the Napoleonic Wars following the capture of the city in the siege of Danzig in May."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815, Danzig was re-incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815, Danzig was re-incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia."}], "Q934644": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Serbia (Serbo-Croatian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija) was a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1992 and 2003 and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Serbia (Serbo-Croatian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija) was a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1992 and 2003 and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006."}, {"id": "Q37024", "label": "Serbia and Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Serbia (Serbo-Croatian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija) was a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1992 and 2003 and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the League of Communists of Yugoslavia collapsed in 1990, the Socialist Republic of Serbia led by Slobodan Milošević's Socialist Party (formerly the Communists) adopted a new constitution, declaring itself a constituent republic with democratic institutions within Yugoslavia, and the \"Socialist\" adjective was dropped from the official title."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republika Srpska's political leader Radovan Karadžić declared that he did not want it to be in a federation alongside Serbia in Yugoslavia, but that Srpska should be directly incorporated into Serbia."}, {"id": "Q190029", "label": "Kosovo War", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Serbia kept nominally out of the Yugoslav wars until 1998 when the Kosovo War broke out, the 1990s were marked by an economic crisis and hyperinflation, the Yugolav wars, a refugee crisis, and the authoritarian rule of Slobodan Milošević."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Serbia kept nominally out of the Yugoslav wars until 1998 when the Kosovo War broke out, the 1990s were marked by an economic crisis and hyperinflation, the Yugolav wars, a refugee crisis, and the authoritarian rule of Slobodan Milošević."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "After the opposition came to power in 2000, Serbia (viewed in the international community differently from Montenegro whose leadership was in good terms with the West since 1998) began its transition in reconciliation with western nations, a decade later than most other east European countries."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Federation", "says": "The politics of Serbia in the FRY continued to support Serbian interests in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia whose Serb populations wanted to remain in Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q715893", "label": "Momir Bulatović", "section": "History - Federation", "says": "In 1992, he and Montenegrin President Momir Bulatović formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q369612", "label": "Dobrica Ćosić", "section": "History - Federation", "says": "Many critics on the international stage saw Serbia as the dominant internal unit of the FRY, in which Serbian President Milošević seemed to have more influence on federal politics than the Yugoslav President (the first federal president, Dobrica Ćosić was forced to resign for opposing Milošević)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Federation", "says": "The Milosevic government did not have official territorial claims on the Republic of Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "History - Federation", "says": "During the Yugoslav Wars in Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina, Milošević supported Serb separatists who wished to secede from these newly created states."}, {"id": "Q331773", "label": "Milan Milutinović", "section": "History - Federation", "says": "Milan Milutinović took over as Serbian President from Milošević that year."}, {"id": "Q298063", "label": "Vojislav Šešelj", "section": "History - Federation", "says": "The wars and their aftermath saw the rise of Serbian ultranationalist parties, such as the Serbian Radical Party led by Vojislav Šešelj, who in his rhetoric, promoted the idea of Serbs continuing"}, {"id": "Q157131", "label": "Zoran Đinđić", "section": "History - Confederation", "says": "Zoran Đinđić who was seen as a major proponent of the state union was criticized by the former Yugoslav President Vojislav Koštunica."}, {"id": "Q33031", "label": "Vojislav Koštunica", "section": "History - Confederation", "says": "Zoran Đinđić who was seen as a major proponent of the state union was criticized by the former Yugoslav President Vojislav Koštunica."}, {"id": "Q1150680", "label": "Republic of Montenegro", "section": "History - Confederation", "says": "The Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro made a formal Declaration of Independence on Saturday 3 June."}], "Q1028848": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "During World War I, the German protectorate was occupied by British and French troops, and later mandated to each country by the League of Nations in 1922."}, {"id": "Q1028835", "label": "British Cameroons", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "The British mandate was known as British Cameroons and the French mandate as French Cameroon (French: Cameroun)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "Following World War II each of the mandate territories was made a United Nations Trust Territory."}, {"id": "Q69829", "label": "French Fourth Republic", "section": "History - Beginnings", "says": "An insurrection headed by Ruben Um Nyobé and the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) erupted in 1955, strongly repressed by the French Fourth Republic."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "In 1940, French Cameroon rallied to Free France."}, {"id": "Q271822", "label": "Pierre Messmer", "section": "History - Self rule in 1956 and continuation of the war", "says": "In 1957–58, Pierre Messmer, a Gaullist and head of the haut-commissaire of Cameroon (executive branch of the French government) started a decolonisation process which went further than the 1956 loi-Defferre (Defferre Act)."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "History - Self rule in 1956 and continuation of the war", "says": "At the same time, the Fourth Republic was stranded in the Algerian War (1954–62)."}, {"id": "Q298718", "label": "Ahmadou Ahidjo", "section": "History - Self rule in 1956 and continuation of the war", "says": "André Marie Bbida became prime minister in 1957, and Ahmadou Ahidjo vice-premier."}], "Q10295972": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huns likely entered Western Asia shortly before 370, from Central Asia: they first conquered the Goths and the Alans, pushing a number of tribes to seek refuge within the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They also launched invasions of both the Asian provinces of Rome and the Sasanian Empire in 375."}, {"id": "Q25475270", "label": "Treaty of Margus", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon Ruga's death in 435, his nephews Bleda and Attila became the new rulers of the Huns, and launched a successful raid into the Eastern Roman Empire before making peace and securing an annual tribute and trading raids under the Treaty of Margus."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "Hyun Jin Kim has argued that the three major Germanic tribes to emerge from the Hunnic empire, the Gepids, the Ostrogoths, and the Sciri, were all heavily Hunnicized, and may have had Hunnic rather than native rulers even after the end of Hunnic dominion in Europe."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It is possible that the Huns were directly or indirectly responsible for the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and they have been directly or indirectly linked to the dominance of Turkic tribes on the Eurasian steppe following the fourth century."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "Early history - First conquests", "says": "However, Peter Heather notes that in the absence of reliable data the climate change hypothesis is unprovable."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "Early history - First conquests", "says": "The Romans became aware of the Huns when the latter's invasion of the Pontic steppes forced thousands of Goths to move to the Lower Danube to seek refuge in the Roman Empire in 376, according to the contemporaneous Ammianus Marcellinus."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "Early history - First conquests", "says": "Writing much later, the historian Jordanes mentioned that the Huns also conquered \"the Alpidzuri, the Alcildzuri, Itimari, Tuncarsi, and Boisci\" in a battle by the Maeotian Swamp."}, {"id": "Q804620", "label": "Balamber", "section": "Early history - First conquests", "says": "Jordanes claimed that the Huns at this time were led by a king Balamber."}, {"id": "Q458008", "label": "Denis Sinor", "section": "Early history - First conquests", "says": "However, Maenchen-Helfen credits that Balamber was a historic king, and Denis Sinor suggests that \"Balamber was merely the leader of a tribe or an ad hoc group of warriors\"."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "Early history - First encounters with Rome", "says": "Once Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius I made peace with the Goths in 382, the historian Eunapius claims that he gave them land and cattle in order to form \"an unconquerable bulwark against the inroads of the Huns.\" After this, the Huns are recorded to have launched a raid into Scythia Minor in 384 or 385."}, {"id": "Q343018", "label": "Eunapius", "section": "Early history - First encounters with Rome", "says": "Once Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius I made peace with the Goths in 382, the historian Eunapius claims that he gave them land and cattle in order to form \"an unconquerable bulwark against the inroads of the Huns.\" After this, the Huns are recorded to have launched a raid into Scythia Minor in 384 or 385."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "Early history - First encounters with Rome", "says": "Soon afterwards, in 386, a group of Greuthungi under Odotheus fled the Huns into Thrace, followed by several attempts by the Sarmatians."}, {"id": "Q519483", "label": "Flavius Bauto", "section": "Early history - First encounters with Rome", "says": "In 384, the Roman-Frankish general Flavius Bauto employed Hunnic mercenaries to defeat the Juthungi tribe attacking from Rhaetia."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "Early history - First encounters with Rome", "says": "Pacatus Drepanius reports that the Huns then fought with Theodosius against the usurper Magnus Maximus in 388."}, {"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "Early history - First encounters with Rome", "says": "Pacatus Drepanius reports that the Huns then fought with Theodosius against the usurper Magnus Maximus in 388."}, {"id": "Q371999", "label": "Eutropios", "section": "Early history - First large scale attack on Rome and Persia", "says": "In 398 Eutropius finally succeeded in gathering an army and restoring order in the province."}, {"id": "Q452209", "label": "Radagaisus", "section": "Early history - Uldin", "says": "Also in 405, a group of Goths under Radagaisus invaded Italy, with Kim arguing that these Goths originated from Uldin's territory and that they were likely fleeing from some action of his."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "Early history - Uldin", "says": "Stilicho, the Roman magister militum responded by asking for Uldin's aid: Uldin's Huns then destroyed Radagaisus's army near Faesulae in modern Tuscany in 406."}, {"id": "Q250444", "label": "Charaton", "section": "Early history - 410s", "says": "In 412 or 413, the Roman statesman and writer Olympiodorus of Thebes was sent on an embassy to \"the first of the kings\" of the Huns, Charaton."}], "Q1061488": [{"id": "Q1141215", "label": "Granadine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States of Colombia (Spanish: Estados Unidos de Colombia) was the name adopted in 1863 by the Constitución de Rionegro for the Granadine Confederation, after years of civil war."}, {"id": "Q683532", "label": "Rafael Núñez", "section": "History - Abolition", "says": "After several years of intermittent civil wars, during 1886 the Colombian Conservative Party led by President Rafael Núñez proclaimed a new constitution of a unitary and centralist character that abolished the United States of Colombia and created the Republic of Colombia."}], "Q1143524": [{"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Gao Yang (Emperor Wenxuan), and was eventually conquered by the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou dynasty in 577 AD."}], "Q1148907": [{"id": "Q334830", "label": "Tshombé Moïse", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Katanga (French: État du Katanga; Swahili: Inchi Ya Katanga) was a breakaway state that proclaimed its independence from Congo-Léopoldville on 11 July 1960 under Moïse Tshombe, leader of the local Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT) political party."}, {"id": "Q217242", "label": "Katanga Province", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved in 1963 following an invasion by United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) forces, and reintegrated with the rest of the country as Katanga Province."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Katanga Gendarmerie, an army raised by the Tshombe government, was initially organised and trained by Belgium's military and consisted of Belgian soldiers as well as mercenaries from Northern Rhodesia and elsewhere."}], "Q1155700": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rattanakosin Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Siam after 1855, refers to the Siamese kingdom (in modern-day Thailand) between 1782 and 1932."}, {"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "lead", "says": "With the furthest extent reaching the Shan States, southern Yunnan, Laos, Cambodia, northern Si Rat Malai and Kawthoung."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "With the furthest extent reaching the Shan States, southern Yunnan, Laos, Cambodia, northern Si Rat Malai and Kawthoung."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was founded by Rama I of the Chakri dynasty."}, {"id": "Q796571", "label": "Bodawpaya", "section": "History - Burmese wars", "says": "In 1785, King Bodawpaya of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty sent massive armies to invade Siam in five directions during the Nine Armies' War."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Burmese wars", "says": "Lord Kawila was finally able to re-establish Chiang Mai as the centre of Lanna in 1797."}, {"id": "Q1357404", "label": "Chiang Hung", "section": "History - Burmese wars", "says": "Kawila of Chiang Mai sent forces to raid Keng Tung in 1802 and subjugated Mong Yawng, Mueang Luang Phukha, and Chiang Hung in 1805."}, {"id": "Q38325", "label": "Inthavong", "section": "History - Siamese–Vietnamese Wars", "says": "Lao Princes Nanthasen, Inthavong and Anouvong were taken as hostages to Bangkok."}, {"id": "Q560843", "label": "Anouvong", "section": "History - Siamese–Vietnamese Wars", "says": "Lao Princes Nanthasen, Inthavong and Anouvong were taken as hostages to Bangkok."}, {"id": "Q889302", "label": "Nanthesan", "section": "History - Siamese–Vietnamese Wars", "says": "In 1782, King Rama I installed Nanthasen as King of Vientiane."}, {"id": "Q2849240", "label": "Ang Eng", "section": "History - Siamese–Vietnamese Wars", "says": "Chaos and upheavals that ensued caused Yumreach Baen to take young King Ang Eng to Bangkok."}, {"id": "Q963899", "label": "Ang Chan II", "section": "History - Siamese–Vietnamese Wars", "says": "King Ang Eng of Cambodia died in 1796 and was succeeded by his son Ang Chan II who became pro-Vietnamese."}, {"id": "Q319669", "label": "Nangklao", "section": "History - Siamese–Vietnamese Wars", "says": "King Rama III sent Prince Sakdiphonlasep of the Front Palace to defeat Anouvong at Nong Bua Lamphu and Phraya Ratchasuphawadi (later Chaophraya Bodindecha) to capture Raxabut Nyô."}, {"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "History - Malay Peninsula and contacts with the West", "says": "The Malay states of Pattani, Kedah and Terengganu (including Kelantan, which was then part of Terengganu) came under Siamese suzerainty as tributary states."}, {"id": "Q40111", "label": "Ahmad Tajuddin of Brunei", "section": "History - Malay Peninsula and contacts with the West", "says": "Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin took refuge in British-held Penang."}, {"id": "Q1352013", "label": "John Crawfurd", "section": "History - Malay Peninsula and contacts with the West", "says": "In 1821, the Governor-General of British India, in the mission to establish trade contacts with Siam, sent John Crawfurd to Bangkok."}, {"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - Malay Peninsula and contacts with the West", "says": "Siam sent troops to aid the British in Tenasserim in the First Anglo-Burmese War."}, {"id": "Q1016779", "label": "Burney Treaty", "section": "History - Malay Peninsula and contacts with the West", "says": "The Anglo-Siamese Burney Treaty was signed in 1826, in which centuries-old royal Siamese monopoly over Western trades ended, this allowed the British to trade freely in Siam."}, {"id": "Q332508", "label": "John Bowring", "section": "History - Bowring Treaty and consequences", "says": "Sir John Bowring the Governor of Hong Kong, who was the representative of the British government in London (rather than East India Company), arrived at Bangkok in 1855."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Bowring Treaty and consequences", "says": "Sir John Bowring the Governor of Hong Kong, who was the representative of the British government in London (rather than East India Company), arrived at Bangkok in 1855."}, {"id": "Q745728", "label": "Bowring Treaty", "section": "History - Bowring Treaty and consequences", "says": "The Bowring Treaty was signed in April 1855, in which tariffs were reduced and standardized to three percent and the Phasi Pak Ruea (measurement duties) was abolished."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Bowring Treaty and consequences", "says": "The Bowring Treaty was followed by similar 'unequal treaties' with other Western nations including the United States (Townsend Harris, May 1856), France (Charles de Montigny, August 1856), Denmark (1858), Portugal (1858), the Netherlands (1860) and Prussia (Eulenberg, 1861), all of which Prince Wongsa Dhiraj Snid, Mongkut's younger half-brother, and Chaophraya Sri Suriwongse (called 'Kalahom' in W"}, {"id": "Q158861", "label": "Chulalongkorn", "section": "History - Regency of Sri Suriwongse", "says": "His 15-year-old son Chulalongkorn was confirmed to succeed the throne under the regency of Sri Suriwongse."}, {"id": "Q234244", "label": "Anna Leonowens", "section": "History - Regency of Sri Suriwongse", "says": "The young king Chulalongkorn, who had been educated by Anna Leonowens and who was then powerless under the sway of the Bunnag regent, spent his early reign learning and observing."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Regency of Sri Suriwongse", "says": "Chulalongkorn visited Singapore and Dutch Java in 1871 and British India in 1872 where he learned about Western colonial administrations, becoming the first Siamese monarch to travel aboard."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "History - Threats from western powers", "says": "After the defeat of the Taiping Rebellion in China in 1864, the remaining Chinese dissident forces entered Northern Vietnam in 1868, pillaging and occupying Tai princedoms of Sipsong Chuthai and Houaphanh that would normally send tributes to the Lao Kings of Luang Phrabang."}, {"id": "Q1186434", "label": "Muang Phuan", "section": "History - Threats from western powers", "says": "In 1875, the Yellow Flag Army attacked Muang Phuan, occupied the Plain of Jars and attacked Nongkhai."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Threats from western powers", "says": "However, colonial encroachment by the British Empire and French Indochina caused the territories and sovereignty to be clearly defined according to western style fixed borders."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - Threats from western powers", "says": "However, colonial encroachment by the British Empire and French Indochina caused the territories and sovereignty to be clearly defined according to western style fixed borders."}, {"id": "Q714406", "label": "Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns", "section": "History - Reforms of Chulalongkorn", "says": "Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns, the king's Belgian advisor, convinced the Siamese government that contravention of Siam's sovereignty"}, {"id": "Q161389", "label": "Vajiravudh", "section": "History - Liberalism and early movements towards constitution", "says": "Chulalongkorn then made his other son Vajiravudh, who had been staying at Ascot, Berkshire, the new Crown Prince."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - Liberalism and early movements towards constitution", "says": "The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 overthrew the Chinese imperial Qing dynasty and left Siam as one of the few functioning absolute monarchies in Asia."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Nationalism and World War I", "says": "Seow Hutseng (蕭佛成), head of Siamese branch of Kuomintang, edited Chinosayam Warasap (\"Sino–Siamese magazine\") publications to propagate republican revolutionary ideas among the Chinese in Siam, who had numbered to 8.3 million people."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Nationalism and World War I", "says": "Vajiravudh initially declared neutrality for Siam during early stages of World War I in 1914, even though the king was pro-Allies due to his British educational background."}, {"id": "Q313124", "label": "Prajadhipok", "section": "History - Rise of the middle class and financial crisis", "says": "Per Vajiravudh's 1924 succession law, the Siamese throne would go to Vajiravudh's 32-year-old younger brother Prince Prajadhipok of Sukhothai.Prajadhipok had just returned from his military education in France and the United Kingdom when he learned of his unexpected succession to the royal throne in 1925."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Rise of the middle class and financial crisis", "says": "Per Vajiravudh's 1924 succession law, the Siamese throne would go to Vajiravudh's 32-year-old younger brother Prince Prajadhipok of Sukhothai.Prajadhipok had just returned from his military education in France and the United Kingdom when he learned of his unexpected succession to the royal throne in 1925."}], "Q1196201": [{"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Conflict between the Tang and Tibetan empires", "says": "During the beginning of the Tang dynasty, the Tuyuhun Empire came to a gradual decline and was increasingly caught in the conflict between the Tang and the Tibetan Empire."}, {"id": "Q320122", "label": "Songtsän Gampo", "section": "History - Conflict between the Tang and Tibetan empires", "says": "The Tibetan Empire developed rapidly under the leadership of Songtsen Gampo, who united the Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyuhun Empire."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Conflict between the Tang and Tibetan empires", "says": "The Tibetan Empire developed rapidly under the leadership of Songtsen Gampo, who united the Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyuhun Empire."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "History - Conflict between the Tang and Tibetan empires", "says": "In 635–636 the Emperor Taizong of Tang defeated the Tibetan army; after this campaign, the Emperor Taizong agreed to provide a Tang princess to Songtsen Gampo."}, {"id": "Q708522", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Later Han", "section": "History - Disintegration", "says": "In 946, a Shatuo, Liu Zhiyuan, conspired to murder the highest Xianbei leader, Bai Chengfu, who was reportedly so wealthy that \"his horses had silver mangers\"."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Disintegration", "says": "With the looted wealth that included an abundance of property and thousands of fine horses, Liu established the Later Han (947–950)."}, {"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "History - Disintegration", "says": "The incident took away the central leadership and stripped the opportunity for the Xianbei to restore the Tuyuhun Kingdom, although later they were able to establish the Western Xia (1038–1227), which was destroyed by the Mongols."}], "Q1268307": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Dvaravati refers to a network of early historic polities in present-day central Thailand, conventionally dated from about the 6th to the 11th century; archaeological evidence places the beginnings of its culture several centuries earlier, in a phase usually called Proto-Dvaravati."}, {"id": "Q1332305", "label": "Lavo Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Some place the shift in the 10th or 11th centuries, with the decline of Si Thep; others take Lavapura for a separate polity, later the Lavo Kingdom, inside the Dvaravati sphere."}, {"id": "Q335273", "label": "Jayavarman VII", "section": "lead", "says": "Jean Boisselier held that the eastern centres such as Lavo were lost by the 10th or 11th century, while the western principalities lasted into the early 12th and came briefly under Jayavarman VII (r."}, {"id": "Q2166619", "label": "Mong Mao", "section": "History - Origin traditions and migration narratives", "says": "The migration story also shaped later reconstructions of Tai-speaking movement, which posit two routes, one from the northwest by way of the later Möng Mao and one from the northeast by way of Muang Then."}, {"id": "Q663757", "label": "George Cœdès", "section": "History - Origin traditions and migration narratives", "says": "George Cœdès identified Ayoja with Ayodhya or Siam; Francis H."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Rivalry among Dvaravati polities", "says": "Xuanzang likewise knew Lavo as Luó-wō-guó (罗涡国) by 629, while some sources place its foundation as early as 538."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Political developments in the Plateau", "says": "The Don Mueang Toei inscription further gives a genealogy of three kings of Sankhapura, Pravarasena, Kroñcabahu and Dharmasena, and Michel Lorrillard notes that no link has been established between them and the rulers of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q379239", "label": "Jayavaraman II", "section": "History - Dvaravati and Wen Dan", "says": "Jayavarman II (r."}, {"id": "Q501356", "label": "Suryavarman I", "section": "History - Dvaravati and Wen Dan", "says": "Lavapura of Lavo came under Angkorian influence from the 10th century and under Angkorian authority in 1005, under Suryavarman I (r."}, {"id": "Q9703", "label": "Emperor Gaozong of Tang", "section": "History - Si Thep dominance", "says": "Chinese records place a polity called Qian Zhi Fu (千支弗) at Si Thep in the eastern-central plain, which sent its first tribute to the Tang court about 656–661 under Emperor Gaozong of Tang."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "History - Si Thep dominance", "says": "The same passage names Duō Mó Cháng as its northern neighbour; Tatsuo Hoshino places this polity in the river country of present-day northern Thailand, later the Lan Na sphere, placing Qiān Zhī Fú at the northern edge of the upper Menam basin."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Economic change and regional shifts", "says": "Nakhon Pathom, identified with Mevilimbangam, prospered through maritime trade during the rise of Srivijaya despite limited political influence, while local traditions referred to the city as Śrīvijaya."}, {"id": "Q255931", "label": "Haripuñjaya", "section": "History - Economic change and regional shifts", "says": "The Northern Chronicle places the Sukhothai region under Haripuñjaya house in the 950s, while the Yonok Chronicle records an attack on Suphannaphum in the 930s, after which its two princes fled north into Haripuñjaya."}, {"id": "Q887132", "label": "Kyansittha", "section": "History - Lavo under Angkor and its reversal", "says": "She argues that identifying Rāmanya with the Mon is problematic: the earliest attested Mon form, rmeñ, appears only in an inscription of Kyansittha of Pagan dated 1102, while the Middle Mon rman was probably derived from Pali through Haripuñjaya; the ramañ in the pre-Angkorian Prasat Bassac inscription (K.71) is a slave's name."}, {"id": "Q45241", "label": "Anawrahta", "section": "History - Pagan expansion and final decline", "says": "The 1056 Gywan incursion has been taken to mark Anawrahta of the Pagan Kingdom extending his authority into the lower Menam basin."}, {"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "History - Pagan expansion and final decline", "says": "The 1056 Gywan incursion has been taken to mark Anawrahta of the Pagan Kingdom extending his authority into the lower Menam basin."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Pagan expansion and final decline", "says": "It had already been weakened by the wars between Haripuñjaya and Lavo in the early 10th century and was reportedly raided in the late 1020s or early 1030s during the Southeast Asian campaign of the Chola ruler Rajendra I."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Emergence of Siamese polities", "says": "The Ayutthaya Testimonies place Suryaraja at Kamphaeng Phet from 1156, while Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri, in Du Royaume de Siam and the Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal (1684), is said to have moved to the Nakhon Thai–Sukhothai region in 1155."}, {"id": "Q863279", "label": "Sukhothai Kingdom", "section": "History - Emergence of Siamese polities", "says": "The line associated with Suryaraja instead expanded northward and formed alliances with Tai chiefdoms, later associated with the political formation conventionally identified as the Sukhothai Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Tai–Xiān–Angkorian interactions across the Mekong and Menam basins", "says": "Comparable dynastic links may have extended southward: the Northern Chronicle relates that the Tai prince Jayasena, identified as Phichai Chiang Mai, married a princess of the southern Xiān ruling line and succeeded his father-in-law as ruler of Ayodhya."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "History - Formation of Ayodhya", "says": "The subsequent integration of these centres in the lower river valleys culminated in the traditional foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1351."}, {"id": "Q532364", "label": "Fa Ngum", "section": "History - Pre-Lan Xang political networks in the Korat Plateau", "says": "With the Dvaravati and Angkorian networks in decline, the Khorat Plateau became a frontier in the late 13th and early 14th centuries where three spheres overlapped: the declining authority of Angkor over its Mahidharapura- and Sakon Nakhon-linked networks, the expanding Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai and later Ayutthaya, and the Lao mueang of the middle Mekong, united by Fa Ngum as Lan Xang in 1353"}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Pre-Lan Xang political networks in the Korat Plateau", "says": "With the Dvaravati and Angkorian networks in decline, the Khorat Plateau became a frontier in the late 13th and early 14th centuries where three spheres overlapped: the declining authority of Angkor over its Mahidharapura- and Sakon Nakhon-linked networks, the expanding Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai and later Ayutthaya, and the Lao mueang of the middle Mekong, united by Fa Ngum as Lan Xang in 1353"}, {"id": "Q1185850", "label": "Chit Phumisak", "section": "History - Pre-Lan Xang political networks in the Korat Plateau", "says": "Manit Vallibhotama identified it with the moated site of Mueang Kao (Khorakhapura, also called Nakhon Raj)–Mueang Sema in modern Sung Noen, Nakhon Ratchasima, while Chit Phumisak later supported the identification through toponymic analysis."}], "Q1337828": [{"id": "Q36760", "label": "David IV of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Established by the Arabs during their rule of Georgian lands, the emirate was an important outpost of the Muslim rule in the Caucasus until recaptured by the Georgians under King David IV in 1122."}, {"id": "Q1367287", "label": "Ivane Javakhishvili", "section": "History - Capture of Jafar by Liparit Baghvashi and Ivane Abazasdze", "says": "Ivane Javakhishvili pointed out that after the capture of the fortress of Birtvisi, the king took pity on Emir and again confirmed him as the ruler of Tbilisi, According to Kopaliani, Bagrat came under the influence of Liparit and Ivane's opponent feudal lords, who saw the threat of strengthening Baghvashi in taking over the city, therefore he refused to capture Tbilisi."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Siege of Tbilisi (1038–1040)", "says": "Ivane Javakhishvili, based on the preserved information of Ibn al-Athir, connects this hasty decision of the king with the entry of the Seljuks into Armenia and Azerbaijan, while M."}], "Q1423680": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands (also known as the Gay Kingdom of the Coral Sea) was a putative micronation established as a symbolic political protest by a group of gay rights activists based in Australia."}], "Q149427": [{"id": "Q115105", "label": "Battle of Wogastisburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 631, Samo successfully led a defense of his tribal polity against the Frankish Kingdom during the three-day Battle of Wogastisburg."}], "Q1517772": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protectorate of South Arabia (Arabic: محمية الجنوب العربي), also known as the Eastern Aden Protectorate, consisted of various states located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula under treaties of protection with Britain."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The area of the former protectorate became part of South Yemen after the Aden Emergency  and is now part of the Republic of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q3299864", "label": "Aden Emergency", "section": "lead", "says": "The area of the former protectorate became part of South Yemen after the Aden Emergency  and is now part of the Republic of Yemen."}], "Q171348": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "This meaning became especially significant after the union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, when it began to be commonly used to denote the Polish part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polish kings Ladislaus the Short and Casimir III the Great adopted this model from Bohemia and Hungary."}], "Q175379": [{"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of China, also known in historiography as the Hongxian regime (Chinese: 洪憲帝制; pinyin: Hǒngxiàn dìzhì; Wade–Giles: Hung3-hsien4 ti4-ch’ih4) in certain contexts, was a short-lived attempt by Chinese president Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the monarchy in China, with himself as emperor."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Background", "says": "In response to Japan's \"Twenty-One Demands\", China signed the \"Treaty Concerning Southern Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia\" and the \"Treaty Concerning Shandong\" after more than three months of negotiations."}, {"id": "Q379836", "label": "Liang Chi-chao", "section": "Background", "says": "On July 6, Yuan Shikai appointed 10 people including Yang Du and Liang Qichao as members of the Constitution Drafting Committee to draft a new constitution again, which was expected to be completed in November of that year."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "On 3 August, Professor Frank Goodnow, an American constitutional consultant for Yuan Shikai (arranged by former president of Harvard University Charles Eliot), published \"The Republic and the Prince\", stating: \"...most The people's intelligence is not very noble...The change from autocracy to a republic is such a sudden move that it is difficult to expect good results...The issue of presidential s"}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "Prelude and formation", "says": "After Yuan Shikai was installed as the second Provisional Great President of the Republic of China established by Sun Yat-sen, he took various steps to consolidate his power and remove opposition leaders from office."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "Prelude and formation", "says": "After Yuan Shikai was installed as the second Provisional Great President of the Republic of China established by Sun Yat-sen, he took various steps to consolidate his power and remove opposition leaders from office."}], "Q1878022": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Controlled from the Southern Italian city of Bari, it was established in about 847 AD when the region was taken from the Byzantine Empire, but fell 24 years later, in 871, to the army of the Carolingian emperor Louis II."}], "Q1991742": [{"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Alba (Latin: Scotia; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) was the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Alba (Latin: Scotia; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) was the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter's death led indirectly to an invasion of Scotland by Edward I of England in 1296 and the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q3242848", "label": "First War of Scottish Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The latter's death led indirectly to an invasion of Scotland by Edward I of England in 1296 and the First War of Scottish Independence."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "This differs markedly from the period of the House of Stuart, beginning in 1371, in which the ruling classes of the kingdom mostly spoke Middle English, which later evolved into and came to be called Lowland Scots."}], "Q2360973": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Carniola (Slovene: Vojvodina Kranjska, German: Herzogtum Krain, Hungarian: Krajna) was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire, established under Habsburg rule on the territory of the former East Frankish March of Carniola in 1364."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A hereditary land of the Habsburg monarchy, it became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire in 1804 and part of the Kingdom of Illyria until 1849."}, {"id": "Q1117051", "label": "Kingdom of Illyria", "section": "lead", "says": "A hereditary land of the Habsburg monarchy, it became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire in 1804 and part of the Kingdom of Illyria until 1849."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "A separate crown land from 1849, it was incorporated into the Cisleithanian territories of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until the state's dissolution in 1918."}], "Q2453974": [{"id": "Q4533605", "label": "South Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Don Republic (Russian: Донская республика, romanized: Donskaya respublika), later known as the Almighty Don Host (Russian: Всевеликое войско Донское, romanized: Vsevelikoye voysko Donskoye), was an independent self-proclaimed anti-Bolshevik republic formed by the Armed Forces of South Russia on the territory of Don Cossacks against another self-proclaimed Don Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q1057292", "label": "Don Cossacks", "section": "lead", "says": "The Don Republic (Russian: Донская республика, romanized: Donskaya respublika), later known as the Almighty Don Host (Russian: Всевеликое войско Донское, romanized: Vsevelikoye voysko Donskoye), was an independent self-proclaimed anti-Bolshevik republic formed by the Armed Forces of South Russia on the territory of Don Cossacks against another self-proclaimed Don Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Don Republic existed during the Russian Civil War after the collapse of the Russian Empire from 1918 to 1920."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Don Republic existed during the Russian Civil War after the collapse of the Russian Empire from 1918 to 1920."}], "Q251660": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1945 by the United States occupation forces, after the previous states of Baden and Württemberg had been split up between the US and French occupation zones."}, {"id": "Q262733", "label": "Württemberg-Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1952, Württemberg-Baden merged with Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Baden into the present state of Baden-Württemberg."}], "Q2553863": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The White Horde (Kazakh: Ақ Орда, romanized: Aq Orda), or more appropriately, the left wing of the Jochid ulus, was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire formed around 1225, after the death of Jochi when his son, Orda, inherited his father's appanage by the Jaxartes."}, {"id": "Q644979", "label": "Blue Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the eastern constituent part of the Golden Horde (Jochid ulus) alongside the Blue Horde to the west."}], "Q3432153": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890."}, {"id": "Q4667507", "label": "Abi'l-Saj Devdad", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Toward the end of the tenth century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state."}], "Q402145": [{"id": "Q1903767", "label": "Pakubuwono II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the ruinous Chinese Rebellion of 1741, Susuhunan Pakubuwono II ceded sovereignty over the Pasisir to the VOC."}, {"id": "Q2122499", "label": "Surakarta Sunanate", "section": "lead", "says": "This preceded the Third Javanese War of Succession which ultimately resulted in the division of the realm into the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the Surakarta Sunanate, with the VOC acting as broker."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Java War (1825-1830), these states were demilitarized, diminished and integrated into the Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q76227", "label": "Hamengkubuwono IX", "section": "lead", "says": "Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII and Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX were one of the first monarchs of the Dutch East Indies to recognize the Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII and Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX were one of the first monarchs of the Dutch East Indies to recognize the Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q734867", "label": "Banten Sultanate", "section": "History - Batavia campaign and western conquests", "says": "However, the Banten Sultanate opposed Agung's claim, preferring to remain as a sovereign state."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Struggles for power", "says": "This action devastated the Javanese coastal economy and crippled the Javanese maritime prowess that had been nurtured since the Singhasari and Majapahit era."}], "Q4689103": [{"id": "Q30747910", "label": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Transitional Authority succeeded the original Islamic State of Afghanistan and preceded the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q43944", "label": "Hamid Karzai", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, a United Nations-sponsored conference of Afghan political figures in Bonn, Germany, led to the creation of the Afghan Interim Administration under the chairmanship of Hamid Karzai."}, {"id": "Q188667", "label": "Burhanuddin Rabbani", "section": "History - Electing a head of state", "says": "Initially, two candidates who had declared to run: former president of Afghanistan and Northern Alliance leader Burhanuddin Rabbani, and the American-backed chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration Hamid Karzai."}, {"id": "Q317556", "label": "Abdullah Abdullah", "section": "History - Electing a head of state", "says": "Karzai was also supported by Abdullah Abdullah and Mohammad Fahim, two important leaders of the Northern Alliance."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Electing a head of state", "says": "In view of the speculation aroused by the petition, United States and United Nations representatives pressed the former king to withdraw."}, {"id": "Q145193", "label": "Zalmay Khalilzad", "section": "History - Electing a head of state", "says": "The start of the Loya Jirga was delayed from 10 to 11 June because of \"logistical and preparatory problems.\" On June 10, the American representative Zalmay Khalilzad gave a press conference in which he declared that Zahir Shah was not a candidate."}, {"id": "Q283648", "label": "Ismail Khan", "section": "History - Cabinet of warlords", "says": "The powerful warlord Ismail Khan was not part of the administration, but he was represented by his son, Mir Wais Saddiq."}, {"id": "Q331702", "label": "Abdul Rashid Dostum", "section": "History - Cabinet of warlords", "says": "Another powerful warlord, the Uzbek Abdul Rashid Dostum, was also not part of the cabinet; however, there was one more Uzbek in the transitional administration than in the interim administration."}, {"id": "Q172388", "label": "Ashraf Ghani", "section": "History - Western-schooled intellectuals", "says": "The most remarkable person Karzai appointed was Ashraf Ghani, who worked at the World Bank, as Finance Minister."}, {"id": "Q167139", "label": "Haji Abdul Qadeer", "section": "History - The killing of Abdul Qadir", "says": "The Pashtun vice-president was Haji Abdul Qadeer, one of the few Northern Alliance commanders of Pashtun ethnic origin."}], "Q61427": [{"id": "Q2381337", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic or Donetsk–Kryvyi Rih Soviet Republic (Russian: Донецко-Криворожская советская республика, romanized: Donetsko-Krivorozhskaya sovyetskaya respublika; Ukrainian: Донецько-Криворізька Радянська Республіка, romanized: Donetsko-Kryvorizka Radianska Respublika) was a self-declared Soviet republic of the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets proclaimed on 12 Febru"}, {"id": "Q271492", "label": "Elena Stasova", "section": "lead", "says": "Some other Bolsheviks like Elena Stasova, however, sent a telegraph of best wishes."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 March 1918 a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 March 1918 a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 March 1918 a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 March 1918 a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic claimed the territories south of the neighbouring Ukrainian People's Republic, including the Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, and part of the Kherson Governorates."}], "Q62389": [{"id": "Q316039", "label": "Haakon IV of Norway", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "A combination of discontent with domestic hostilities and pressure from the King of Norway led the Icelandic chieftains to accept Norway's Haakon IV as king by the signing of the Gamli sáttmáli (\"Old Covenant\") in 1262."}], "Q639073": [{"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "South Kasai (French: Sud-Kasaï) was an unrecognised secessionist state within the Republic of the Congo (the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) which was semi-independent between 1960 and 1962."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "South Kasai (French: Sud-Kasaï) was an unrecognised secessionist state within the Republic of the Congo (the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) which was semi-independent between 1960 and 1962."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially proposed as only a province, South Kasai sought full autonomy in similar circumstances to the much larger neighbouring state of Katanga, to its south, during the political turmoil arising from the independence of the Belgian Congo known as the Congo Crisis."}, {"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially proposed as only a province, South Kasai sought full autonomy in similar circumstances to the much larger neighbouring state of Katanga, to its south, during the political turmoil arising from the independence of the Belgian Congo known as the Congo Crisis."}, {"id": "Q366947", "label": "Albert Kalonji", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Kasaian leader and main advocate, Albert Kalonji, who had represented a faction of the nationalist movement (the Mouvement National Congolais-Kalonji or MNC-K) before decolonisation, exploited ethnic tensions between his own ethnic group, the Baluba, and the Bena Lulua to create a Luba-focused state in the group's traditional heartland in the south-eastern parts of the Kasai region."}, {"id": "Q161672", "label": "Patrice Lumumba", "section": "lead", "says": "The violence in the suppression of Kasai provided much legitimacy to Joseph Kasa-Vubu's deposition of Patrice Lumumba from the office of prime minister in late 1960 and Lumumba's later arrest and assassination."}], "Q695322": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landgraviate of Hesse (German: Landgrafschaft Hessen) was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q696736": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Karafuto Prefecture (樺太庁, Karafuto-chō; Japanese pronunciation: [ka.ɾa.ɸɯ̥.to]) was established  by the Empire of Japan in 1907 to govern the southern part of Sakhalin."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "This territory became part of the Empire of Japan in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War, when the portion of Sakhalin south of 50°N was ceded by the  Russian Empire under the Treaty of Portsmouth."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This territory became part of the Empire of Japan in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War, when the portion of Sakhalin south of 50°N was ceded by the  Russian Empire under the Treaty of Portsmouth."}, {"id": "Q548067", "label": "Treaty of Portsmouth", "section": "lead", "says": "This territory became part of the Empire of Japan in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War, when the portion of Sakhalin south of 50°N was ceded by the  Russian Empire under the Treaty of Portsmouth."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Union annexed Karafuto Prefecture, although it continued to exist under Japanese law until Japan formally abolished it in June 1949."}, {"id": "Q696256", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact", "section": "History - Soviet Invasion", "says": "In August 1945, after repudiating the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, and according to the signed agreements of Yalta, in which Stalin pledged that the Soviet Union would enter the Pacific War three months after the defeat of Germany, the Soviet Union invaded Karafuto."}, {"id": "Q184425", "label": "Pacific War", "section": "History - Soviet Invasion", "says": "In August 1945, after repudiating the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, and according to the signed agreements of Yalta, in which Stalin pledged that the Soviet Union would enter the Pacific War three months after the defeat of Germany, the Soviet Union invaded Karafuto."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Post-War Status", "says": "Following an agreement between the United States and the USSR on December 19, 1946, repatriation of the Japanese population began."}, {"id": "Q1062468", "label": "Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956", "section": "History - Post-War Status", "says": "Following the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, most of this small population would be repatriated as well."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "History - Post-War Status", "says": "Repatriation being limited to Japanese residents and the subsequent Korean War prevented the repatriation of Karafuto’s Korean population."}], "Q704312": [{"id": "Q704300", "label": "Free City of Frankfurt", "section": "lead", "says": "It came into existence in 1810 through the combination of the former territories of the Archbishopric of Mainz along with the Free City of Frankfurt itself."}], "Q814959": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Beiyang government (Chinese: 北洋政府; pinyin: Běiyáng Zhèngfǔ; Wade–Giles: Pei-yang Chêng-fu) was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1928, based in Beijing."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dominated by Yuan Shikai and the other generals of his Beiyang Army, hence the name."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen relinquished the presidency of the Republic of China to Yuan, the most powerful Qing general, in order to secure a peaceful abdication of the Qing court."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Its legitimacy was challenged in 1917 by Sun Yat-sen's Constitutional Protection Movement and was later overthrown by Chiang Kai-shek, who defeated the Beiyang warlords during the Northern Expedition that unified China in 1928."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "Its legitimacy was challenged in 1917 by Sun Yat-sen's Constitutional Protection Movement and was later overthrown by Chiang Kai-shek, who defeated the Beiyang warlords during the Northern Expedition that unified China in 1928."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The origins of the Beiyang government lie in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, after which the defeated armies of the Qing dynasty instituted a series of military reforms known as the New Army reforms, headed by general Li Hongzhang."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The origins of the Beiyang government lie in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, after which the defeated armies of the Qing dynasty instituted a series of military reforms known as the New Army reforms, headed by general Li Hongzhang."}, {"id": "Q339291", "label": "Wuchang Uprising", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In October 1911, the Tongmenghui incited troops to revolt in the Wuchang Uprising."}, {"id": "Q532587", "label": "Song Jiaoren", "section": "History - Yuan Shikai and attempted imperial revival (1912–1916)", "says": "The KMT was created from the Tongmenghui and led by Song Jiaoren."}, {"id": "Q379836", "label": "Liang Chi-chao", "section": "History - Yuan Shikai and attempted imperial revival (1912–1916)", "says": "The Progressive Party was led by Liang Qichao."}, {"id": "Q699600", "label": "Zhang Xun", "section": "History - Yuan Shikai and attempted imperial revival (1912–1916)", "says": "The KMT's uprising, the Second Revolution was suppressed; Nanjing was captured by Beiyang forces led by General Zhang Xun in September."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Yuan Shikai and attempted imperial revival (1912–1916)", "says": "World War I reduced foreign pressure, but Japan's Twenty-One Demands of 1915 were accepted in modified form."}, {"id": "Q716136", "label": "Li Yuanhong", "section": "History - The Warlord Era (1916–1920)", "says": "Vice President Li Yuanhong succeeded Yuan as president."}, {"id": "Q706172", "label": "Duan Qirui", "section": "History - The Warlord Era (1916–1920)", "says": "Duan Qirui, acting premier since 1913 and who opposed Yuan's imperial restoration, became premier and brought the support of old Beiyang army officers."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - The Warlord Era (1916–1920)", "says": "Duan managed to strongarm parliament into breaking ties with the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q1041813", "label": "Manchu Restoration", "section": "History - The Warlord Era (1916–1920)", "says": "Duan led an army that quickly defeated the Manchu Restoration."}, {"id": "Q700576", "label": "Feng Guozhang", "section": "History - The Warlord Era (1916–1920)", "says": "Li resigned as president and was succeeded by Feng Guozhang."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - The Warlord Era (1916–1920)", "says": "He argued that his victory over the Manchu Restoration counted as a second Xinhai Revolution and set out to craft a new provisional senate which would draft the election rules for a new parliament; this senate cut the number of seats in the future parliament by nearly half."}, {"id": "Q840403", "label": "First Zhili–Fengtian War", "section": "History - Ascendancy of the Zhili clique (1920–1924)", "says": "On April 28, the First Zhili–Fengtian War began with Wu clashed with Zhang's army in Shanhaiguan and won a major victory forcing Zhang to retreat to Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q702428", "label": "Hsu Shih-chang", "section": "History - Ascendancy of the Zhili clique (1920–1924)", "says": "Despite having co-existed with Xu Shichang for two years after the fall of Duan, they declared his presidency illegal as he was elected by an illegal parliament."}, {"id": "Q714677", "label": "Chen Chiung Ming", "section": "History - Ascendancy of the Zhili clique (1920–1924)", "says": "Wu convinced Chen Jiongming to oust Sun from Guangzhou in return for recognition of his control over Guangdong."}, {"id": "Q697046", "label": "Wu Peifu", "section": "History - Ascendancy of the Zhili clique (1920–1924)", "says": "His cabinet appointments had to be approved by Wu Peifu."}, {"id": "Q699591", "label": "Cao Kun", "section": "History - Ascendancy of the Zhili clique (1920–1924)", "says": "Wu's growing power and prestige outshone his mentor and superior officer, Cao Kun, which strained relations between the two."}, {"id": "Q712780", "label": "Huang Fu", "section": "History - Provisional Executive Government (1924–1926)", "says": "On November 2, 1924, Huang Fu was made acting president after Feng Yuxiang's request."}, {"id": "Q2594871", "label": "Guo Songling", "section": "History - Provisional Executive Government (1924–1926)", "says": "A constitutional drafting commission was also held from August to December but its draft was never accepted as warfare broke out after Fengtian clique general Guo Songling defected to Feng Yuxiang's Guominjun in November, sparking the Anti-Fengtian War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Provisional Executive Government (1924–1926)", "says": "Guo was killed on December 24, 1925 and fighting went so badly against the Guominjun, Feng resigned and moved to the Soviet Union but was recalled by his officers in a few months."}, {"id": "Q835565", "label": "March 18 Massacre", "section": "History - Provisional Executive Government (1924–1926)", "says": "The 1926 March 18 Massacre of protesters in Beijing led to Duan's downfall."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Northern Expedition and military government (1926–1927)", "says": "In July 1926, the Kuomintang launched their Northern Expedition to reunify China and defeat the warlords."}, {"id": "Q700554", "label": "Sun Chuanfang", "section": "History - Northern Expedition and military government (1926–1927)", "says": "They rapidly defeated the armies of Beiyang-affiliated warlords Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang, sparking Zhang Zuolin to establish the National Pacification Army (NPA; also known as the Anguojun/Ankuochun) anti-Kuomintang warlord coalition in November 1926."}, {"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "History - Northern Expedition and military government (1926–1927)", "says": "They rapidly defeated the armies of Beiyang-affiliated warlords Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang, sparking Zhang Zuolin to establish the National Pacification Army (NPA; also known as the Anguojun/Ankuochun) anti-Kuomintang warlord coalition in November 1926."}, {"id": "Q197223", "label": "Zhang Jinghui", "section": "History - Northern Expedition and military government (1926–1927)", "says": "Pan Fu was made Prime Minister and Minister of Communications, Liu Changqing was made Minister of Agriculture and Labor, Yan Zebo was made Minister of Finance, Wang Yingtai was made Minister of Foreign Affairs, Liu Zhe was made Minister of Education, He Fenglin was made Minister of Military Affairs (including the navy), Shen Ruilin was made Minister of the Interior, Zhang Jinghui was made Minister"}, {"id": "Q208442", "label": "Wade-Giles", "section": "History - Demise (1928 and after)", "says": "They proposed a new principle of \"morality\" (Chinese: 民德; pinyin: míndé; Wade–Giles: min2-te2)."}, {"id": "Q365894", "label": "Feng Yuxiang", "section": "History - Demise (1928 and after)", "says": "Two of the clauses agreed upon were the total destruction of Feng Yuxiang and joint decision-making in diplomacy between both the Beijing and Nanjing governments."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - Demise (1928 and after)", "says": "Beijing was renamed Beiping until the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "History - Demise (1928 and after)", "says": "Zhang's son, Zhang Xueliang, took over the National Pacification Army and retained a government in exile led by Premier Pan Fu."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Demise (1928 and after)", "says": "The United States became the first major power to switch recognition to the Nationalist government in Nanjing on October 1."}], "Q842390": [{"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "lead", "says": "Captain James Cook observed and recorded his accounts of the Tuʻi Tonga kings during his visits to the Friendly Isles of Tonga."}, {"id": "Q23022146", "label": "Kingdom of Tonga", "section": "History - Samoan influence and the rise of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu", "says": "The Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty oversaw the importation and institution of many Samoan policies and titles and according to Tongan scholars, this \"Samoanized\" form of government and custom continues today in the modern Kingdom of Tonga."}, {"id": "Q42188", "label": "Abel Tasman", "section": "History - Samoan influence and the rise of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu", "says": "The first Europeans arrived in 1616, when the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire spotted Tongans in a canoe off the coast of Niuatoputapu, followed by Abel Tasman who passed by the islands on 20 January 1643."}], "Q986665": [{"id": "Q10988528", "label": "Second East Turkestan Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is often described as the First East Turkestan Republic to differentiate it from the Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1946) established exactly a decade later."}, {"id": "Q4247016", "label": "Kumul Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from the Kumul Rebellion following the abolition of the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate by Xinjiang Governor Jin Shuren."}, {"id": "Q10921952", "label": "Kumul Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from the Kumul Rebellion following the abolition of the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate by Xinjiang Governor Jin Shuren."}, {"id": "Q714731", "label": "Jin Shuren", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from the Kumul Rebellion following the abolition of the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate by Xinjiang Governor Jin Shuren."}, {"id": "Q714723", "label": "Yang Zengxin", "section": "Background", "says": "The ruler of Xinjiang, Governor Yang Zengxin, responded by closing down or interfering with the operations of several of the new schools."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The birth of the Soviet Union influenced the Uyghurs, increasing the popularity of nationalist independence movements and the spread of the communist message."}, {"id": "Q1332642", "label": "Pavel Rybalko", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "In the north, aid came to Sheng Shicai's forces on 24 January 1934, in the form of two Soviet brigades, the Altaiskaya and Tarbaghataiskaya, disguised as \"White Russian Cossack Altai Volunteer Army\" and led by Red Army General Pavel Rybalko in the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "The Japanese annexation of Manchuria and rumored support for Ma Zhongying's Hui forces were one cause for concern troubling Joseph Stalin, another was the prospect that rebellion in Xinjiang might spread to the Soviet Republics in Central Asia and offer a haven to Turkic Muslim Basmachi rebels."}, {"id": "Q466972", "label": "Sheng Shicai", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Newly appointed Soviet Consul-General in Ürümqi Garegin Apresov openly said to Sheng Shicai in May 1933: \"You can develop the province and improve living conditions of the people of different nationalities, develop their culture."}, {"id": "Q2661303", "label": "Ma Zhongying", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Zhang Peiyuan, a Han Chinese General, who commanded Han Chinese troops in Ili, conducted negotiations with Ma Zhongying and planned to join him on the attack on Ürümqi in January 1934."}], "Q1065073": [{"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was founded soon after King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang dynasty to establish the Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC."}, {"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "lead", "says": "Confucius is traditionally considered to have been a descendant of a Song nobleman who moved to the state of Lu."}, {"id": "Q470072", "label": "King Zhou of Shang", "section": "Origin", "says": "Di Xin was the younger brother of Zi Qi—who was said in legends to have ruled Gija Joseon in the 11th century BCE—and Zi Yan (子衍), later rulers of Zhou's vassal state Song, father of Wu Geng."}, {"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "Origin", "says": "However, after King Wu's death, Wu Geng fomented a rebellion with an alliance of eastern states, and was killed by the Duke of Zhou."}], "Q1142326": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "The official number 94 was assigned to this department, a number previously used for the Territoires du Sud territory in the Saharan part of French Algeria."}], "Q1235720": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Lucca (Italian: Repubblica di Lucca) was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Lucca in Tuscany, which lasted from 1160 to 1805."}, {"id": "Q1995553", "label": "Principality of Lucca and Piombino", "section": "lead", "says": "Later the state continued to exist but was, de facto, dependent upon Napoleonic France, and ceased officially its existence in 1805, when it was transformed into the Principality of Lucca and Piombino."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "A certain autonomy was granted by a 1084 diploma issued by Emperor Henry IV, while on his Italian campaign during the Investiture controversy with Pope Gregory VII."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "Background", "says": "A certain autonomy was granted by a 1084 diploma issued by Emperor Henry IV, while on his Italian campaign during the Investiture controversy with Pope Gregory VII."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "The end of the Republic", "says": "After the war of the First Coalition, which ended with the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Government of the Republic of Lucca decided to start negotiations with the newly formed Cisalpine Republic with the aim of maintaining its independence."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "The end of the Republic", "says": "After the war of the First Coalition, which ended with the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Government of the Republic of Lucca decided to start negotiations with the newly formed Cisalpine Republic with the aim of maintaining its independence."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "The end of the Republic", "says": "The jurist Luigi Matteucci, the father of the more famous Felice, was sent to Milan to negotiate with Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q772429", "label": "Antoine Christophe Saliceti", "section": "The end of the Republic", "says": "On 9 July 1800, the French occupied the city, installing a provisional government under the control of Antoine Christophe Saliceti."}, {"id": "Q537503", "label": "Principality of Piombino", "section": "The end of the Republic", "says": "In 1805, the governance of Lucca was taken over by Napoleon, who merged the State of Lucca with the Principality of Piombino to become the Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1809)."}], "Q12818551": [{"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthian Empire (), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD."}, {"id": "Q456935", "label": "Andragoras", "section": "lead", "says": "Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I, who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I, who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In modern historiography, the Arsacids are considered the first indigenous Iranian dynasty to come to power in the Iranian world after the Achaemenids, in contrast to the Seleucids who represented Hellenistic rule after Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Arsacid rulers were titled \"King of Kings\", claiming the inheritance of the Achaemenid Empire; indeed, they accepted many local kings as vassals, though the Achaemenids had centrally appointed, albeit largely autonomous, satraps."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest enemies of the Parthians were the Seleucids in the west and the Scythians in the north."}, {"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "However, as Parthia expanded westward, they came into conflict with the Kingdom of Armenia, and eventually the late Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q205887", "label": "Battle of Carrhae", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthians destroyed the army of Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, and in 40–39 BC, Parthian forces captured the whole of the Levant except Tyre from the Romans; Mark Antony led a Roman counterattack."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthians destroyed the army of Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, and in 40–39 BC, Parthian forces captured the whole of the Levant except Tyre from the Romans; Mark Antony led a Roman counterattack."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "A fictitious claim was later made from the 2nd-century BC onwards by the Parthians, which represented them as descendants of the Achaemenid king of kings, Artaxerxes II of Persia (r."}, {"id": "Q39602", "label": "Ptolemy III Euergetes", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "For a time, Arsaces I consolidated his position in Parthia and Hyrcania by taking advantage of the invasion of Seleucid territory in the west by Ptolemy III Euergetes (r."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "171–132 BC), whom Katouzian compares to Cyrus the Great (d."}, {"id": "Q363368", "label": "Diodotus II", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Relations between Parthia and Greco-Bactria deteriorated after the death of Diodotus II, when forces under Mithridates I captured two eparchies of the latter kingdom, then under Eucratides I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q381819", "label": "Eucratides I", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Relations between Parthia and Greco-Bactria deteriorated after the death of Diodotus II, when forces under Mithridates I captured two eparchies of the latter kingdom, then under Eucratides I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q878366", "label": "Timarchus", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Turning his sights on the Seleucid realm, Mithridates I invaded Media and occupied Ecbatana in 148 or 147 BC; the region had been destabilized by a recent Seleucid suppression of a rebellion there led by Timarchus."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "This victory was followed by the Parthian conquest of Babylonia in Mesopotamia, where Mithridates I had coins minted at Seleucia in 141 BC and held an official investiture ceremony."}, {"id": "Q1062946", "label": "Characene", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "While Mithridates I retired to Hyrcania, his forces subdued the kingdoms of Elymais and Characene and occupied Susa."}, {"id": "Q297651", "label": "Diodotus Tryphon", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "The Seleucids were unable to retaliate immediately as general Diodotus Tryphon led a rebellion at the capital Antioch in 142 BC."}, {"id": "Q309719", "label": "Demetrius II Nicator", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "However, by 140 BC Demetrius II Nicator was able to launch a counter-invasion against the Parthians in Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q294945", "label": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Antiochus VII Sidetes (r."}, {"id": "Q231682", "label": "Cleopatra Thea", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "138–129 BC), a brother of Demetrius, assumed the Seleucid throne and married the latter's wife Cleopatra Thea."}, {"id": "Q317020", "label": "Phraates II of Parthia", "section": "History - Expansion and consolidation", "says": "After defeating Diodotus Tryphon, Antiochus initiated a campaign in 130 BC to retake Mesopotamia, now under the rule of Phraates II (r. c."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "The Yuezhi Kushan Empire in northern India largely guaranteed the security of Parthia's eastern border."}, {"id": "Q310808", "label": "Antiochus X Eusebes", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "Despite this agreement, in 93 or 92 BC Parthia fought a war in Syria against the tribal leader Laodice and her Seleucid ally Antiochus X Eusebes (r."}, {"id": "Q312809", "label": "Demetrius III Eucaerus", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "When one of the last Seleucid monarchs, Demetrius III Eucaerus, attempted to besiege Beroea (modern Aleppo), Parthia sent military aid to the inhabitants and Demetrius was defeated."}, {"id": "Q313933", "label": "Orodes II of Parthia", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "It is only with the beginning of the reign of Orodes II in c."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "Following the outbreak of the Third Mithridatic War, Mithridates VI of Pontus (r."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "When the Roman commander Lucullus marched against the Armenian capital Tigranocerta in 69 BC, Mithridates VI and Tigranes II requested the aid of Phraates III (r. c."}, {"id": "Q310978", "label": "Phraates III of Parthia", "section": "History - Rome and Armenia", "says": "When the Roman commander Lucullus marched against the Armenian capital Tigranocerta in 69 BC, Mithridates VI and Tigranes II requested the aid of Phraates III (r. c."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Following the defeat and deaths of Antony and Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian consolidated his political power and in 27 BC was named Augustus by the Roman Senate, becoming the first Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q160387", "label": "Battle of Actium", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Following the defeat and deaths of Antony and Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian consolidated his political power and in 27 BC was named Augustus by the Roman Senate, becoming the first Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Following the defeat and deaths of Antony and Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian consolidated his political power and in 27 BC was named Augustus by the Roman Senate, becoming the first Roman emperor."}, {"id": "Q467466", "label": "Musa of Parthia", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "Along with the prince, Augustus also gave Phraates IV an Italian slave-girl, who later became Queen Musa of Parthia."}, {"id": "Q314793", "label": "Phraates V of Parthia", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "When Phraataces took the throne as Phraates V (r. c."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "2 BC – 4 AD), Musa ruled alongside him, and according to Josephus, married him."}, {"id": "Q345134", "label": "Artabanus II", "section": "History - Peace with Rome, court intrigue, and contact with Chinese generals", "says": "The Parthian nobility, angered by Vonones' sympathies for the Romans, backed a rival claimant, Artabanus II of Parthia (r. c."}, {"id": "Q2553009", "label": "Pharasmanes I of Iberia", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "After the Iberian king Pharasmanes I had his son Rhadamistus (r."}, {"id": "Q541979", "label": "Rhadamistus", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "After the Iberian king Pharasmanes I had his son Rhadamistus (r."}, {"id": "Q312446", "label": "Vologases I of Parthia", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "51–55 AD) invade Armenia to depose the Roman client king Mithridates, Vologases I of Parthia (r. c."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "However, not only did the Arsacid line continue through the Armenians, it also continued through the Georgian kings with the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, and for many centuries afterwards in Caucasian Albania through the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania."}, {"id": "Q313066", "label": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "In the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 AD, the commander Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo achieved some military successes against the Parthians while installing Tigranes VI of Armenia as a Roman client."}, {"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "History - Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "says": "To match Parthia's strength in missile troops and mounted warriors, the Romans at first used foreign allies (especially Nabataeans), but later established a permanent auxilia force to complement their heavy legionary infantry."}, {"id": "Q208463", "label": "Yazdegerd III", "section": "History - Native and external sources", "says": "Although the Parthian court maintained records, the Parthians had no formal study of history; the earliest universal history of Iran, the Khwaday-Namag, was not compiled until the reign of the last Sasanian ruler Yazdegerd III (r."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Native and external sources", "says": "For example, at the early Parthian capital of Mithradatkert/Nisa in Turkmenistan, large caches of pottery ostraca have been found yielding information on the sale and storage of items like wine."}], "Q1471995": [{"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in the wake of the Later Zhao dynasty's collapse in 351 AD, it completed the unification of northern China in 376 AD during the reign of Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao), being the only state out of the Sixteen Kingdoms to achieve this."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "The prefix \"Former\" is used to distinguish it from the Later Qin and Western Qin dynasties that were founded later."}, {"id": "Q1668970", "label": "Western Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "The prefix \"Former\" is used to distinguish it from the Later Qin and Western Qin dynasties that were founded later."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "lead", "says": "In 383 AD, the decisive defeat of the Former Qin by the Jin dynasty at the Battle of Fei River encouraged uprisings, splitting Former Qin territory into two noncontiguous pieces after the death of Fu Jiān."}, {"id": "Q1149230", "label": "Western Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "One remnant, at present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi was soon overwhelmed in 386 AD by the Xianbei under the Later Yan, Western Yan and the Dingling."}, {"id": "Q1149441", "label": "Shi Hu", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When Shi Hu seized power in 333, Pu Hong convinced him to resettle the various Di and Qiang tribes in Guanzhong to live around the capital region in Xiangguo."}, {"id": "Q1152755", "label": "Shi Zun", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Shi Hu's death in 349, Pu Hong was involved in instigating the Later Zhao princes' internecine struggle for the throne by supporting Shi Zun against Shi Shi."}, {"id": "Q1152762", "label": "Shi Shi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Shi Hu's death in 349, Pu Hong was involved in instigating the Later Zhao princes' internecine struggle for the throne by supporting Shi Zun against Shi Shi."}, {"id": "Q943392", "label": "Former Liang", "section": "History - Reign of Fu Jiàn and Fu Sheng", "says": "During his reign, he expanded his state by defeating remnants of the Later Zhao and wresting for control over the Longxi region with the Former Liang."}, {"id": "Q2496512", "label": "Huan Wen", "section": "History - Reign of Fu Jiàn and Fu Sheng", "says": "His most serious challenge was in 354, when the Eastern Jin dynasty commander, Huan Wen launched his first northern expedition against them."}, {"id": "Q1151680", "label": "Fú Shēng", "section": "History - Reign of Fu Jiàn and Fu Sheng", "says": "Not long after, Fu Jiàn died in 355 and was succeeded by his son Fu Sheng."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "History - Rise of Fu Jiān and unification of northern China", "says": "At the time, his main rivals were the Former Yan to the east, led by the Murong-Xianbei, and the Eastern Jin in the south."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Rise of Fu Jiān and unification of northern China", "says": "Former Qin also began receiving envoys from various states including Silla and Goguryeo."}, {"id": "Q1069762", "label": "Lü Guang", "section": "History - Rise of Fu Jiān and unification of northern China", "says": "In 382, he sent his Di general, Lü Guang on an expedition to the Western Regions while requesting that he bring him Kumārajīva, a monk from Kucha."}, {"id": "Q1069768", "label": "Murong Chui", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "In 384, as Former Qin was recovering from the recent defeat, the Xianbei general and previous prince of Former Yan, Murong Chui, rebelled in the northeast, founding the Later Yan dynasty with the aim of restoring his family's former state."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "In 384, as Former Qin was recovering from the recent defeat, the Xianbei general and previous prince of Former Yan, Murong Chui, rebelled in the northeast, founding the Later Yan dynasty with the aim of restoring his family's former state."}, {"id": "Q1149246", "label": "Murong Hong", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "Chui's rebellion encouraged his nephew, Murong Hong, to revolt around Chang'an, and their state was known as the Western Yan."}, {"id": "Q1147266", "label": "Yao Chang", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "Fu Jiān attempted to quell the uprisings, but soon, his Qiang general, Yao Chang also rebelled north of the Wei River, founding the Later Qin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "In 386, Lü Guang, returning from the Western Regions, seized Liang province and founded the Later Liang, while the Tuoba-Xianbei restored their state of Dai, which later became known as the Northern Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "In 386, Lü Guang, returning from the Western Regions, seized Liang province and founded the Later Liang, while the Tuoba-Xianbei restored their state of Dai, which later became known as the Northern Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1153333", "label": "Fu Pi", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "Fu Jiān's son, Fu Pi, declared himself emperor in 385 and sought to restore Former Qin's authority from Jinyang in Bing province, but suffered a devastating defeat to the Western Yan."}, {"id": "Q1076719", "label": "Fu Deng", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "At Nan'an Commandery (南安郡; southeast of present-day Longxi County, Gansu) in Guanzhong, a distant cousin of Fu Jiān, Fu Deng was acclaimed the new emperor after news of Fu Pi's death."}, {"id": "Q1149160", "label": "Yao Xing", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "He was soon captured and executed by Yao Chang's successor, Yao Xing."}, {"id": "Q1076723", "label": "Fu Chong", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "His son, Fu Chong, fled to Huangzhong (湟中, in modern Xining, Qinghai) and declared himself emperor, but not long after, Western Qin forces seized his remaining territory and killed him in battle, marking the formal end of the Former Qin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1137864", "label": "Huan Xuan", "section": "History - Disintegration and fall", "says": "Fu Hóng, a son of Fu Jiān, fled to the Eastern Jin, where he became a confidant of the usurper Huan Xuan before"}], "Q1501306": [{"id": "Q27957699", "label": "Vindhyashakti", "section": "lead", "says": "Little is known about Vindhyashakti (r."}, {"id": "Q27957453", "label": "Pravarasena I", "section": "lead", "says": "Territorial expansion began in the reign of his son Pravarasena I."}, {"id": "Q844536", "label": "Chandragupta II", "section": "lead", "says": "Gupta Emperor Chandragupta II married his daughter into the Vakataka royal family and, with their support, annexed Gujarat from the Saka Satraps in 4th century CE."}], "Q1537016": [{"id": "Q1139762", "label": "Kanem-Bornu Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad."}, {"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Kanem was later recovered by mai Idris III Katagarmabe, scholars sometimes divide the Kanem–Bornu Empire into an earlier Kanem Empire and later Bornu Empire."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire nearly fell during the Fula jihads in the early 19th century, which saw the center of power in the region shift west to the Sokoto Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Origin and early history (c. 700–1000)", "says": "One scholar, Dierk Lange, has proposed that Kanem's establishment was connected to refugees from the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BCE, though this hypothesis has been criticised for lack of evidence and has found no acceptance among other researchers."}, {"id": "Q293689", "label": "al-Yaʿqubi", "section": "History - Origin and early history (c. 700–1000)", "says": "The earliest known written record of Kanem comes from the Arab geographer Al-Ya'qubi in 872."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam (c. 1000–1380)", "says": "Islam reached modern-day Chad already in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), when Arab raiders reached Fezzan and the Tibesti Mountains."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam (c. 1000–1380)", "says": "Later tradition credited the conversion of the Sayfawa dynasty to a scholar named Muhammad bin Mani, from whom many later Kanemi and Bornuan scholars and religious officials claimed descent."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "The most formidable enemy to arise in this period was the Songhai Empire in the west, which competed for influence over Hausaland and sometimes raided Bornuan territory."}, {"id": "Q6412613", "label": "Kingdom of Kano", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "In the west, Idris III failed to conquer the Kingdom of Kano but was recognised as the kingdom's suzerain and was paid tribute."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "In the 1570s, the threat posed by the Songhai Empire led mai Idris IV Alooma to seek an alliance with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1132786", "label": "Ouaddai Empire", "section": "History - Decline (1650–1807)", "says": "In around 1630, The Wadai Sultanate drove the Bilala out of Kanem, forcing the empire to militarily intervene in order to secure the eastern side of Lake Chad."}, {"id": "Q1502813", "label": "Sultanate of Agadez", "section": "History - Decline (1650–1807)", "says": "Bornu established new buffer states in the north and west to protect against the growing power of Kano and the Sultanate of Agadez."}], "Q1574107": [{"id": "Q714159", "label": "Liu Yuan", "section": "lead", "says": "In Chinese historiography, it was given two conditional state titles: the Northern Han (北漢; Běi Hàn), for the state proclaimed in 304 by Liu Yuan; and the Former Zhao (前趙; Qián Zhào), for the state proclaimed in 319 by Liu Yao."}, {"id": "Q1149197", "label": "Liu Yao", "section": "lead", "says": "In Chinese historiography, it was given two conditional state titles: the Northern Han (北漢; Běi Hàn), for the state proclaimed in 304 by Liu Yuan; and the Former Zhao (前趙; Qián Zhào), for the state proclaimed in 319 by Liu Yao."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "lead", "says": "The reference to them as separate states can be misleading, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from \"Han\" to \"Zhao\" in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from when Liu Yuan founded it in 304; instead, he de-established his imperial lineage from the Han dynasty and claimed ancestry directly from Modu Chanyu."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "The reason the Han-Zhao is also referred to as \"Former Zhao\" in historiography is to distinguish it from the Later Zhao founded by Shi Le in 319 (which was also known officially as \"Zhao\")."}, {"id": "Q1196190", "label": "Shi Le", "section": "lead", "says": "The reason the Han-Zhao is also referred to as \"Former Zhao\" in historiography is to distinguish it from the Later Zhao founded by Shi Le in 319 (which was also known officially as \"Zhao\")."}, {"id": "Q1141471", "label": "Northern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "Since both the Former Zhao and Northern Han were ruled by the same family, Chinese scholars often conditionally combined them into a single Han-Zhao regime."}, {"id": "Q2481148", "label": "Disaster of Yongjia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Han was a driving force during the upheaval of the Five Barbarians, as they brought the Disaster of Yongjia and demise of the Western Jin dynasty by 317."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "History - Five Divisions", "says": "In 216, after the warlord, Cao Cao unified northern China, he had the exiled chanyu, Huchuquan detained as an honoured prisoner at Ye."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Five Divisions", "says": "No new chanyu was proclaimed after Huchuquan died, and the Five Divisions remained subservient to the Cao Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "History - Five Divisions", "says": "He was even considered for the post of commander of the Jin forces for the conquest of Eastern Wu but was later dismissed because of his ethnicity."}, {"id": "Q770951", "label": "War of the Eight Princes", "section": "History - Han (304–319)", "says": "Developments in the War of the Eight Princes finally favored the Five Divisions, as infighting between the Jin princes over control of Emperor Hui led to civil wars and widespread famines in northern China."}, {"id": "Q7210", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "section": "History - Han (304–319)", "says": "Later that year, Liu Yuan proclaimed himself the \"King of Han,\" the same first title used by Emperor Gaozu of Han."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "History - Han (304–319)", "says": "Liu Yuan honored the emperors of Western, Eastern and Shu Han, and in 308, he elevated himself to Emperor of Han."}, {"id": "Q714140", "label": "Liu He", "section": "History - Han (304–319)", "says": "Liu Yuan died in 310 and was succeeded by his son Liu He."}, {"id": "Q714176", "label": "Liu Cong", "section": "History - Han (304–319)", "says": "A week into his reign, He attempted to purge all his brothers before one of them, Liu Cong, retaliated and killed him."}, {"id": "Q59223", "label": "Zhongshan", "section": "History - Former Zhao (319–329)", "says": "He renamed the state to Zhao (since one of Liu Yao's previous title was Prince of Zhongshan, and Zhongshan was in the ancient state of Zhao), and honoured his ancestor, Modu Chanyu, but still saw his state as a continuation of Liu Yuan's Han."}, {"id": "Q943392", "label": "Former Liang", "section": "History - Former Zhao (319–329)", "says": "Liu Yao then defeated Chen An, a warlord in Longxi who nominally submitted to Former Zhao, before going on to force the Former Liang into submission and invading Chouchi by 323."}, {"id": "Q1199570", "label": "Liu Xi", "section": "History - Former Zhao (319–329)", "says": "He was then executed as his crown prince, Liu Xi, hastily succeeded him in Chang'an."}], "Q157734": [{"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (Arabic: سلطنة مسقط وعمان, romanized: Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman (Arabic: دولة مسقط وعمان, romanized: Dawlat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān) during the rule of Taimur bin Faisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day Sultanate of Oman and parts of present-day United Arab Emirates and Pakistan, in the second half "}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (Arabic: سلطنة مسقط وعمان, romanized: Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman (Arabic: دولة مسقط وعمان, romanized: Dawlat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān) during the rule of Taimur bin Faisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day Sultanate of Oman and parts of present-day United Arab Emirates and Pakistan, in the second half "}, {"id": "Q506193", "label": "Said bin Sultan Al Busaidi", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1856, upon the death of the last ruler of the Omani Empire, Said bin Sultan, the empire split into two separate political entities: the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman and the Sultanate of Zanzibar."}, {"id": "Q157904", "label": "Sultanate of Zanzibar", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1856, upon the death of the last ruler of the Omani Empire, Said bin Sultan, the empire split into two separate political entities: the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman and the Sultanate of Zanzibar."}, {"id": "Q879869", "label": "Said bin Taimur Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "The former continued to be led by the Al Busaid dynasty, but transitioned into a new form of government after the palace coup of 23 July 1970 in which the sultan Said bin Taimur was immediately deposed in favour of his son Qaboos bin Said."}, {"id": "Q57331", "label": "Qaboos bin Said Al Said", "section": "lead", "says": "The former continued to be led by the Al Busaid dynasty, but transitioned into a new form of government after the palace coup of 23 July 1970 in which the sultan Said bin Taimur was immediately deposed in favour of his son Qaboos bin Said."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Empire was keen to dominate southeast Arabia to curb the influence of other European powers and to weaken the Omani Empire in the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q22684779", "label": "Omani Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The British Empire was keen to dominate southeast Arabia to curb the influence of other European powers and to weaken the Omani Empire in the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sultanate of Muscat possessed a powerful naval force, which enabled the creation of a maritime empire dating from the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1650 through the 19th century, at times encompassing modern Oman, the United Arab Emirates, southern Balochistan, and Zanzibar and the adjacent coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "Background", "says": "The Sultanate of Muscat possessed a powerful naval force, which enabled the creation of a maritime empire dating from the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1650 through the 19th century, at times encompassing modern Oman, the United Arab Emirates, southern Balochistan, and Zanzibar and the adjacent coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q1852345", "label": "Trucial States", "section": "Consolidation and decline", "says": "In the early 1820s, the Sultanate lost most of its territories in the Persian Gulf, which became the Trucial States under British protection."}, {"id": "Q705143", "label": "Majid bin Said Al Busaidi", "section": "Consolidation and decline", "says": "His sixth son, Majid bin Said, became ruler of an independent Sultanate of Zanzibar on 19 October 1856."}, {"id": "Q2342282", "label": "Oman proper", "section": "Consolidation and decline", "says": "This historical split continued throughout much of the twentieth century with Sultan Taimur bin Faisal granting limited autonomy to the Imamate of Oman under the Ibadi clergy through the Treaty of Seeb in 1920."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "Consolidation and decline", "says": "However, the sultanate did gain some territory in 1967, when Britain returned the Khuriya Muriya Islands (originally granted as a gift from the sultan to Queen Victoria in 1854)."}], "Q169949": [{"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "Its members were rulers of the Emirate of Ha'il and the most formidable enemies of the House of Saud, rulers of the Emirate of Nejd."}, {"id": "Q2820938", "label": "Abdullah bin Rashid", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers of Ha'il were the sons of Abdullah bin Rashid, founder of the dynasty."}], "Q175358": [{"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Americas, Sweden founded the colony of New Sweden (1638–1655) along the Delaware River, and briefly controlled Esequibo (1732–1739) in South America and the Caribbean island of Tobago (1733)."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Americas, Sweden founded the colony of New Sweden (1638–1655) along the Delaware River, and briefly controlled Esequibo (1732–1739) in South America and the Caribbean island of Tobago (1733)."}, {"id": "Q52927", "label": "Charles XIV John of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The island of Guadeloupe was a personal possession of King Charles XIV John from 1813 to 1814."}, {"id": "Q769320", "label": "Swedish Gold Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "In West Africa, Sweden held several forts on the Swedish Gold Coast from 1650 to 1663."}], "Q1789596": [{"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Then, kings from the Capetian House of Anjou, who were also cognatic descendants of the Árpád kings, ruled the kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Louis II in 1526 during the Battle of Mohács and a brief period of dynastic dispute, both crowns passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg, and the realms became part of the Habsburg monarchy."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the research of the Library of Congress, Coloman crushed opposition after the death of Ladislaus I and won the crown of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1102, thus forging a link between the Croatian and Hungarian crowns that lasted until the end of World War I."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "Since those cities were important, Hungarians and Croats often fought with Venice and the Byzantines for the region."}, {"id": "Q954541", "label": "Ordelafo Faliero", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "King Stephen II, Coloman's successor, unsuccessfully tried to regain the lost cities in 1117, although the Doge of Venice Ordelafo Faliero was killed in a battle near Zadar."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "In 1124 Stephen II again attacked the Venetian holdings and regained Biograd, Split, Šibenik and Trogir, but Zadar and the islands remained under Venetian control."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "In 1167 a part of Croatia south of Krka River, as well as Bosnia, was conquered by the Byzantines and remained under their control until the death of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, when the Byzantine Empire relinquished the acquired lands."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "In 1167 a part of Croatia south of Krka River, as well as Bosnia, was conquered by the Byzantines and remained under their control until the death of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, when the Byzantine Empire relinquished the acquired lands."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "Soon Zadar rebelled against Venice and became a constant battleground until 1202 when, during the Fourth Crusade, the Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo and the Crusaders sacked Zadar (Zara), despite the fact that King Emeric pledged himself to join the Crusade."}, {"id": "Q205688", "label": "Enrico Dandolo", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "Soon Zadar rebelled against Venice and became a constant battleground until 1202 when, during the Fourth Crusade, the Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo and the Crusaders sacked Zadar (Zara), despite the fact that King Emeric pledged himself to join the Crusade."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "Venice demanded this as a compensation for their transport further east towards Constantinople, where they later founded the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "History - Struggle with Venice and Byzantium", "says": "Hostilities with Venice continued until 1216 during the reign of King Andrew II, who used the Venetian fleet to join the Fifth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51654", "label": "Second Crusade", "section": "History - Feudalisation and relations between nobles", "says": "During this period and as result of the Second Crusade (1145–1149), the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller gained considerable property and assets in Croatia."}, {"id": "Q705874", "label": "Battle of Mohi", "section": "History - Mongol invasion", "says": "In the Battle of Mohi on the Sajó River on 11 April 1241 the Mongols wiped out the Hungarian army."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasion", "says": "Batu Khan sent his cousin Kadan with an army of 10,000–20,000 to pursue King Béla, who fled to Croatia."}, {"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "History - Mongol invasion", "says": "Soon came the news of the death of Ögedei Khan in Karakorum."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Mongol invasion", "says": "One group returned east through Zeta, Serbia, and Bulgaria, all of which were looted as they passed through, while the second one plundered the area of Dubrovnik and burned the town of Kotor."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Dynastic struggles and the Šubić family", "says": "In 1290 King Ladislaus IV died, leaving no sons, and a war of succession broke out between Andrew III from the Árpád dynasty and Charles Martel of Anjou from the House of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q314331", "label": "Charles II of Naples", "section": "History - Dynastic struggles and the Šubić family", "says": "To retain Croatian support, father of Charles Martel, Charles II of Naples, awarded in the name of his son all lands from the Gvozd Mountain to the Neretva River hereditarily to Paul Šubić."}, {"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "History - Territorial changes in Dalmatia", "says": "King Louis I of Hungary signed an eight-year peace treaty with Venice in 1348."}, {"id": "Q2345536", "label": "Treaty of Zadar", "section": "History - Territorial changes in Dalmatia", "says": "As Louis at the same time fought successfully in northern Italy, Venice was forced to sign the Treaty of Zadar on 18 February 1358."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Anti-court movement", "says": "Following the death of Louis I in 1382 his wife Elizabeth of Bosnia acted as regent of the eleven-year-old Queen Mary."}, {"id": "Q311861", "label": "Charles III of Naples", "section": "History - Anti-court movement", "says": "Her accession was denied by some noblemen who considered that King Charles III of Naples was the lawful heir to the throne."}, {"id": "Q319605", "label": "Tvrtko I of Bosnia", "section": "History - Anti-court movement", "says": "He was accompanied by Tvrtko I of Bosnia, who was crowned as King of Bosnia in 1371."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Anti-court movement", "says": "The two brothers were joined by John of Palisna, who had been named Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in 1385 by Charles III."}, {"id": "Q317593", "label": "Ladislaus of Naples", "section": "History - Anti-court movement", "says": "The Horvat brothers rose up in open rebellion on behalf of the murdered king's son, Ladislaus of Naples."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Anti-court movement", "says": "In January 1387 Sigismund of Luxemburg, husband of Queen Mary, marched towards Novigrad to rescue the queens."}, {"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "History - Ottoman wars", "says": "Following the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, King Matthias Corvinus strengthened the defense system by establishing the Banate of Jajce and Banate of Srebrenik."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - Ottoman wars", "says": "Following the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, King Matthias Corvinus strengthened the defense system by establishing the Banate of Jajce and Banate of Srebrenik."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman wars", "says": "The Ottoman Empire quickly expanded to the southern areas, where they conquered large parts of Herzegovina in 1482 and Croatian strongholds in the Neretva valley."}, {"id": "Q508799", "label": "Petar Zrinski", "section": "History - Ottoman wars", "says": "First major Croatian victory over the Ottomans was achieved by Count Petar Zrinski in 1478 near Glina."}, {"id": "Q694379", "label": "Battle of Krbava Field", "section": "History - Ottoman wars", "says": "Croatian nobles gathered around 10,000 men and decided to face them in an open battle, although some insisted that an ambush would be a better option. on 9 September 1493 the Croatian army intercepted Ottoman forces near Udbina in Lika and suffered a huge defeat in the Battle of Krbava Field."}], "Q1923781": [{"id": "Q265824", "label": "Second Hellenic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This was done largely to increase Italy's influence in the Balkans, and to aid Italian and Albanian security in their territorial feuds with the Second Hellenic Republic and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes."}, {"id": "Q350061", "label": "Saint Naum", "section": "History - Italian penetration", "says": "On July 30, 1925, the two nations signed an agreement returning the Monastery of Saint Naum on Lake Ohrid, and other disputed borderlands, to the Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Italian penetration", "says": "On July 30, 1925, the two nations signed an agreement returning the Monastery of Saint Naum on Lake Ohrid, and other disputed borderlands, to the Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Italian penetration", "says": "Italian advocates of territorial expansion in Albania gained strength in October 1922 when Benito Mussolini took power in Rome."}], "Q2018662": [{"id": "Q14624218", "label": "Western Chalukya Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 10th century, north of Tungabhadra river, the Rashtrakutas were replaced by the emerging Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola Dynasty saw renewed power south of the Kaveri river."}], "Q2086556": [{"id": "Q3523666", "label": "Rudrama Devi", "section": "lead", "says": "Ganapati Deva was succeeded by Rudrama Devi (r."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "lead", "says": "Marco Polo, who visited India around 1289–1293, made note of Rudrama Devi's rule and nature in flattering terms."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1303, Alauddin Khalji, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Kakatiya territory which ended up as a disaster for the Turks."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1303, Alauddin Khalji, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Kakatiya territory which ended up as a disaster for the Turks."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1309 the Gujarati general, Malik Kafur, in an attempt to force Prataparudra into acceptance of a position subordinate to the sultanate at Delhi."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The succeeding Sultan Mubarak Shah responded by sending another of his Gujarati generals, Khusrau Khan, to Orugallu with a force that bristled with technology previously unknown in the area, including trebuchet-like machines."}], "Q2268597": [{"id": "Q156111", "label": "General Government", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Provinces of Central Italy (Italian: Province Unite del Centro Italia), also known as the Confederation of Central Italy or General Government of Central Italy, was a short-lived military government established in 1859 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations (Romagna), after the Second Italian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations (Romagna), after the Second Italian War of Independence."}], "Q2314907": [{"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Later Zhao was the second in territorial size to the Former Qin dynasty that once unified northern China under Fu Jian."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "In historiography, it is given the prefix of \"Later\" to distinguish it with the Han-Zhao or Former Zhao, which changed its name from \"Han\" to \"Zhao\" just before the Later Zhao was founded."}, {"id": "Q1196190", "label": "Shi Le", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Later Zhao was founded by former Han-Zhao general Shi Le, the capital was at Xiangguo, but in 335 Shi Hu moved the capital to Yecheng, where it would remain for the rest of the state's history (except for Shi Zhi's brief attempt to revive the state at Xiangguo)."}, {"id": "Q1149441", "label": "Shi Hu", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Later Zhao was founded by former Han-Zhao general Shi Le, the capital was at Xiangguo, but in 335 Shi Hu moved the capital to Yecheng, where it would remain for the rest of the state's history (except for Shi Zhi's brief attempt to revive the state at Xiangguo)."}, {"id": "Q943392", "label": "Former Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Han-Zhao in 329, the Later Zhao ruled a significant portion of northern China and vassalized the Former Liang and Dai; only the Former Yan in Liaoning remained fully out of their control."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "After defeating the Han-Zhao in 329, the Later Zhao ruled a significant portion of northern China and vassalized the Former Liang and Dai; only the Former Yan in Liaoning remained fully out of their control."}, {"id": "Q2481148", "label": "Disaster of Yongjia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 311, he massacred the 100,000 strong Jin imperial army in the Battle of Ningping, allowing Han forces to capture Luoyang in the Disaster of Yongjia."}, {"id": "Q1149197", "label": "Liu Yao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 318, he joined forces with the prince, Liu Yao, in quelling the coup of Jin Zhun, who massacred the emperor and imperial family in Pingyang."}, {"id": "Q1199590", "label": "Shi Hong", "section": "History - Reign of Shi Hu", "says": "In 333, Shi Le died and was succeeded by Shi Hong."}, {"id": "Q1152762", "label": "Shi Shi", "section": "History - Ran Min disturbance and fall", "says": "Shi Hu died not long after, and Shi Shi was immediately challenged upon his ascension."}, {"id": "Q1152755", "label": "Shi Zun", "section": "History - Ran Min disturbance and fall", "says": "His half-brother, Shi Zun conspired with the generals to depose him, and among these generals was Shi Hu's adopted Han Chinese grandson, Shi Min."}, {"id": "Q283828", "label": "Shi Jian", "section": "History - Ran Min disturbance and fall", "says": "He installed Shi Zun's half-brother, Shi Jian to the throne, but real power in Ye was held by himself and his ally, Li Nong."}, {"id": "Q1199583", "label": "Shi Zhi", "section": "History - Ran Min disturbance and fall", "says": "In the old capital, Xiangguo, another son of Shi Hu, Shi Zhi, began rallying a coalition to fight Shi Min."}, {"id": "Q836256", "label": "Ran Min", "section": "History - Ran Min disturbance and fall", "says": "Shi Min killed Shi Jian and declared himself Emperor of Wei in 350, changing his name to Ran Min."}], "Q2347909": [{"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "East Bengal (; Bengali: পূর্ব বাংলা/পূর্ববঙ্গ Purbô Bangla/Purbôbongo) was the easternmost and non-contiguous province of the Dominion of Pakistan, which covered the territory of modern-day Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "East Bengal (; Bengali: পূর্ব বাংলা/পূর্ববঙ্গ Purbô Bangla/Purbôbongo) was the easternmost and non-contiguous province of the Dominion of Pakistan, which covered the territory of modern-day Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "East Bengal existed from 1947 until 1956, when it was re-structured as East Pakistan under the One Unit Scheme by the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "East Bengal existed from 1947 until 1956, when it was re-structured as East Pakistan under the One Unit Scheme by the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956."}, {"id": "Q3960459", "label": "Kingdom of Sikkim", "section": "lead", "says": "It was situated near, but did not share a border with Nepal, Tibet, the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Kingdom of Sikkim."}, {"id": "Q280856", "label": "George VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, George VI and Elizabeth II; and three governors-general, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin and Ghulam Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, George VI and Elizabeth II; and three governors-general, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin and Ghulam Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q369988", "label": "Khawaja Nazimuddin", "section": "lead", "says": "The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, George VI and Elizabeth II; and three governors-general, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin and Ghulam Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, George VI and Elizabeth II; and three governors-general, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin and Ghulam Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - Mandates for partition", "says": "In May 1946, Rohingya Muslim leaders met with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and asked for a formal annexation of the Mayu region."}, {"id": "Q1392189", "label": "Nurul Amin", "section": "History - Amin ministry", "says": "The conservative Muslim League leader Nurul Amin succeeded Nazimuddin as chief minister."}, {"id": "Q295713", "label": "Liaquat Ali Khan", "section": "History - Amin ministry", "says": "According to some sources, Amin had strained relations with the federal government, including Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and Governor General Khawaja Nazimuddin."}, {"id": "Q2046354", "label": "Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy", "section": "History - Amin ministry", "says": "The new party was joined by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a former prime minister of British Bengal."}, {"id": "Q244206", "label": "Saud of Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Huq ministry", "says": "King Saud of Saudi Arabia sent a plane to bring Huq to a meeting with the monarch."}], "Q249428": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Berg (German: Großherzogtum Berg), also known as the Grand Duchy of Berg and Cleves, was a territorial grand duchy established in 1806 by Napoleon after his victory at the Battle of Austerlitz (1805) on territories between the French Empire at the Rhine river and the German Kingdom of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Berg (German: Großherzogtum Berg), also known as the Grand Duchy of Berg and Cleves, was a territorial grand duchy established in 1806 by Napoleon after his victory at the Battle of Austerlitz (1805) on territories between the French Empire at the Rhine river and the German Kingdom of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Berg (German: Großherzogtum Berg), also known as the Grand Duchy of Berg and Cleves, was a territorial grand duchy established in 1806 by Napoleon after his victory at the Battle of Austerlitz (1805) on territories between the French Empire at the Rhine river and the German Kingdom of Westphalia."}], "Q2607292": [{"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Chinese: 東突厥; pinyin: Dōng Tūjué or Dōng Tújué) was formed as a result of the destructive wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan) had splintered into two polities – one in the east, one in the west."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - Outline", "says": "In 552–555 the Göktürks replaced the Rouran Khaganate as the dominant power on the Mongolian Plateau, forming the First Turkic Khaganate (552–630)."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Outline", "says": "In 552–555 the Göktürks replaced the Rouran Khaganate as the dominant power on the Mongolian Plateau, forming the First Turkic Khaganate (552–630)."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Outline", "says": "Between 581 and 603 the Western Turkic Khaganate in Central Asia separated from the Eastern Khaganate in the Mongolian Plateau."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Before the Khaganate", "says": "In about 460 the Rouran moved them east to the Altai, which was an important source of metalwork for Siberia and Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q1909499", "label": "David Christian", "section": "History - Before the Khaganate", "says": "David Christian says that the first dated mention of \"Turk\" appears in Chinese annals in 542 when they made annual raids across the Yellow River when it froze over."}, {"id": "Q29001", "label": "Bumin Qaghan", "section": "History - Before the Khaganate", "says": "In 545 the future Bumin Qaghan was negotiating directly with the Western Wei (535–557) without regard to his Rouran overlords."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Before the Khaganate", "says": "In 545 the future Bumin Qaghan was negotiating directly with the Western Wei (535–557) without regard to his Rouran overlords."}, {"id": "Q2512659", "label": "Kara Issik Qaghan", "section": "History - Nominal unity (552–581)", "says": "Issik Qaghan (552–553) reigned briefly."}, {"id": "Q2586994", "label": "Muqan Qaghan", "section": "History - Nominal unity (552–581)", "says": "Muqan Qaghan (553–572) finished off the remaining Rouran (who resisted until 555), pushed the Kitans east and controlled the Yenisei Kyrgyz."}, {"id": "Q83142", "label": "Yenisei Kirghiz", "section": "History - Nominal unity (552–581)", "says": "Muqan Qaghan (553–572) finished off the remaining Rouran (who resisted until 555), pushed the Kitans east and controlled the Yenisei Kyrgyz."}, {"id": "Q2670239", "label": "Taspar Qaghan", "section": "History - Nominal unity (552–581)", "says": "He was followed by Taspar Qaghan (572–581)."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Nominal unity (552–581)", "says": "The Eastern Turks extracted a large amount of booty and tribute from the Western Wei (535–557) and Northern Zhou (557–581) dynasties, including 100,000 rolls of silk annually, which they tried to sell in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q2670230", "label": "Ishbara Qaghan", "section": "History - East-West split (581–603)", "says": "Anluo soon yielded to Issik's son Ishbara Qaghan (581–587)."}, {"id": "Q154915", "label": "Tulan Qaghan", "section": "History - East-West split (581–603)", "says": "Ishbara was followed east by his brother Bagha Qaghan (587–588) who was followed by Ishbara's son Tulan Qaghan (588–599)."}, {"id": "Q171232", "label": "Yami Qaghan", "section": "History - Independence (603–630)", "says": "The east went to Yami Qaghan (603–609) as a sort of Sui vassal."}, {"id": "Q171698", "label": "Shibi Khan", "section": "History - Independence (603–630)", "says": "As the Sui dynasty's power waned, some individuals agreed to become vassals of Shibi Qaghan (609–619) and adopted Turkic-style titles, as well as the Khaganate's wolf's-head banners."}, {"id": "Q7419", "label": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "section": "History - Independence (603–630)", "says": "He stopped paying tribute and briefly besieged Emperor Yang of Sui in Shanxi."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "History - Independence (603–630)", "says": "Emperor Taizong of Tang, who had just overthrown his father, chose to pay an enormous ransom."}, {"id": "Q1005372", "label": "Qilibi Khan", "section": "History - After the First Khaganate (630–683)", "says": "In 639, after Ashina Jiesheshuai attempted to assassinate Emperor Taizong, Taizong made them live between the Yellow River and Gobi under Qilibi Khan (639–643) as a buffer state between China and the Xueyantuo."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - After the First Khaganate (630–683)", "says": "Turkic power was restored by the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744), and then by the Uyghur Khaganate (744–840)."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "History - After the First Khaganate (630–683)", "says": "Turkic power was restored by the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744), and then by the Uyghur Khaganate (744–840)."}], "Q2670092": [{"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominion of Ceylon, officially Ceylon, was an independent country in the Commonwealth of Nations from 1948 to 1972,  that shared a monarch with other dominions of the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1972, the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, and its name was changed to Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Independence and growth", "says": "Military treaties with the United Kingdom preserved intact British air and sea bases in the country; British officers also continued to fill most of the upper ranks of the Ceylon Army."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Independence and growth", "says": "Later in 1948, when Ceylon applied for United Nations membership, the Soviet Union vetoed the application."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Reform", "says": "This caused disputes with the United States and the United Kingdom over compensation for seized assets."}, {"id": "Q205993", "label": "William Gopallawa", "section": "History - Reform", "says": "That same year, the country officially became a republic within the Commonwealth and was renamed Sri Lanka, with William Gopallawa serving as its first president."}], "Q278874": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Dessau was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and later a duchy of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Dessau was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and later a duchy of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the House of Ascania, it was created in 1396 following the partition of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, and finally merged into the re-united Duchy of Anhalt in 1863."}, {"id": "Q706152", "label": "Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the House of Ascania, it was created in 1396 following the partition of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, and finally merged into the re-united Duchy of Anhalt in 1863."}, {"id": "Q16550783", "label": "Duchy of Anhalt", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the House of Ascania, it was created in 1396 following the partition of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, and finally merged into the re-united Duchy of Anhalt in 1863."}], "Q281005": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Saxe-Hildburghausen (German: Sachsen-Hildburghausen) was an Ernestine duchy and Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire in the southern side of the present State of Thuringia in Germany."}], "Q313136": [{"id": "Q225890", "label": "Kingdom of Strathclyde", "section": "lead", "says": "The spelling Damnonia is sometimes encountered, but that spelling is also used for the land of the Damnonii, later part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, in present-day southern Scotland."}, {"id": "Q1429157", "label": "Battle of Deorham", "section": "History and rulers - Conflict with the Saxons", "says": "In 577 Ceawlin of Wessex's victory at the Battle of Deorham caused the Britons of Dumnonia to be cut off by land from their Welsh allies, but since sea travel was not difficult this may not have been a severe loss."}, {"id": "Q332123", "label": "Penda of Mercia", "section": "History and rulers - Conflict with the Saxons", "says": "According to the Flores Historiarum, attributed incorrectly to Matthew of Westminster, the Britons were still in possession of Exeter in 632, when it was bravely defended against Penda of Mercia until relieved by Cadwallon, who engaged and, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, defeated the Mercians with \"great slaughter to their troops\"."}, {"id": "Q188344", "label": "Geoffrey of Monmouth", "section": "History and rulers - Conflict with the Saxons", "says": "According to the Flores Historiarum, attributed incorrectly to Matthew of Westminster, the Britons were still in possession of Exeter in 632, when it was bravely defended against Penda of Mercia until relieved by Cadwallon, who engaged and, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, defeated the Mercians with \"great slaughter to their troops\"."}, {"id": "Q164499", "label": "Wulfhere of Mercia", "section": "History and rulers - Conflict with the Saxons", "says": "Though it appears from the context that this is a battle against Wulfhere of Mercia (which he may have lost), if Posentesburh is identified with Posbury, near Crediton, Devon, then some conflict with the Britons can be postulated."}, {"id": "Q160445", "label": "Saint Boniface", "section": "History and rulers - Conflict with the Saxons", "says": "In Willibald's Life of Saint Boniface the head of Examchester monastery, which can be identified with Exeter, Devon, has a Germanic name (Wulfhard) during the time Boniface studied there."}, {"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "History and rulers - Dumnonian continuity in Cornwall and Brittany", "says": "However, the Breton regions of Kernev/Cornouaille (Cornwall) and Domnonée (Devon) have well-established histories including entirely separate rulers from Dumnonia in Britain (see Duchy of Brittany)."}, {"id": "Q862619", "label": "Battle of Camlann", "section": "History and rulers - Dumnonian continuity in Cornwall and Brittany", "says": "Geoffrey of Monmouth claimed that Arthur's final Battle of Camlann was fought in Cornwall: tradition points to Slaughterbridge, near Camelford, which itself has been claimed, without foundation, to be the location of Camelot."}], "Q3486676": [{"id": "Q334732", "label": "Hong Xiuquan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Heavenly Kingdom, or Heavenly Dynasty, was led by Hong Xiuquan, a Hakka man from Guangzhou."}, {"id": "Q192408", "label": "Taiping Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The unsuccessful 14-year war the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom waged against the Qing is known as the Taiping Rebellion."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "lead", "says": "The self-proclaimed younger brother of Jesus Christ and convert to Protestant Christianity, Hong Xiuquan led an army that controlled a significant part of southern China during the middle of the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Qing military had recently suffered a disastrous defeat in the First Opium War, while the Chinese economy was severely impacted by a trade imbalance caused by the large-scale and illicit importation of opium."}, {"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "Background", "says": "He would also declare that he saw Confucius being punished by Hong's celestial father for leading the people astray."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "The Taiping faith, inspired by missionary Christianity, says one historian, \"developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion..."}, {"id": "Q1512810", "label": "Jintian Uprising", "section": "History - Early establishments", "says": "The Jintian Uprising began in 1850 in Guangxi."}, {"id": "Q189512", "label": "Zeng Guofan", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Imperial forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing government's re-conquest began in earnest."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Imperial forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing government's re-conquest began in earnest."}], "Q430309": [{"id": "Q1184365", "label": "Đinh Bộ Lĩnh", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial name, Đại Cồ Việt, was adopted in 968 by Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, following his successful campaigns that ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords and lasted until the beginning of the reign of Lý Thánh Tông (r."}, {"id": "Q1154466", "label": "12 Warlords Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The initial name, Đại Cồ Việt, was adopted in 968 by Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, following his successful campaigns that ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords and lasted until the beginning of the reign of Lý Thánh Tông (r."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "lead", "says": "1054–1072), the third emperor of the Lý dynasty. Đại Việt lasted until the reign of Gia Long (r."}, {"id": "Q7492", "label": "Emperor Xiaozong of Song", "section": "lead", "says": "Under rule of bilateral diplomacy with Imperial China, it was known as the Principality of Giao Chỉ (975–1164) and later the Kingdom of Annam (1164–1804) when Emperor Xiaozong of Song recognized Đại Việt's independence and upgraded its status from principality to kingdom.\nĐại Việt's history was divided into the rule of eight dynasties: Đinh (968–980), Early Lê (980–1009), Lý (1009–1226), Trần (122"}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 13th to the 18th century, Đại Việt's borders expanded to encompass territory that resembled modern-day Vietnam, which lies along the South China Sea from the Gulf of Tonkin to the Gulf of Thailand."}, {"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "In 930, the neighboring Southern Han state invaded Annam and removed the Khúc from power."}, {"id": "Q7217", "label": "Liu Gong", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "In 938, emperor Liu Gong of the Southern Han led an invasion fleet to Annam to assist Kiều Công Tiễn."}, {"id": "Q1317979", "label": "Lê Hoàn", "section": "History - Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054)", "says": "Queen Dương Vân Nga appointed her partner, general Lê Hoàn, chief of the state."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054)", "says": "987) mentioned that in that year, some Vietnamese merchants or envoys arrived in Cambodia through the Mekong."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Rise of Trần dynasty and Mongol invasions", "says": "In 1257, the Mongol Empire under Möngke Khan, who was waging a war to conquer the Song Empire, sent envoys to Trần Thái Tông and demanded the emperor of Đại Việt to present himself to the Mongol khan in Peking."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Rise of Trần dynasty and Mongol invasions", "says": "In 1257, the Mongol Empire under Möngke Khan, who was waging a war to conquer the Song Empire, sent envoys to Trần Thái Tông and demanded the emperor of Đại Việt to present himself to the Mongol khan in Peking."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Rise of Trần dynasty and Mongol invasions", "says": "In 1283, Yuan emperor Kublai Khan launched an invasion of Champa."}, {"id": "Q1319152", "label": "Hồ Quý Ly", "section": "History - Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)", "says": "Hồ Quý Ly (1336–1407), the minister of the Trần court who had desperately fought off the Cham invasions, now became the most powerful figure in the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Lam Sơn uprising", "says": "Lê Lợi shifted his main focus to the Tai people and the Laotian Lan Xang kingdom in the west, due to their betrayal and subsequent alliance with the Ming during his rebellion in the 1420s."}, {"id": "Q2986223", "label": "Lê Thái Tông", "section": "History - Rule of Lê Lợi", "says": "He chose the younger prince Lê Nguyên Long (Lê Thái Tông, r."}, {"id": "Q842465", "label": "Lê Nghi Dân", "section": "History - Rule of Lê Lợi", "says": "Later, he had four princes: the eldest son Lê Nghi Dân, the second Lê Khắc Xương, the third Lê Bang Cơ, and the youngest Lê Hạo."}, {"id": "Q1771050", "label": "Lê Thánh Tông", "section": "History - Rule of Lê Lợi", "says": "Two days after Nghi Dân's death, the youngest prince Lê Hạo was crowned and named Emperor Lê Thánh Tông the Overflowing Virtue (r."}, {"id": "Q1186434", "label": "Muang Phuan", "section": "History - Lê Thánh Tông's reforms and expansions", "says": "In response to disputes with Laos over Muang Phuan and the mistreatment of the Laotian envoy, Lê Thánh Tông led a strong army that invaded Laos in 1479, sacked Luang Phabang, occupied it for five years, and advanced as far as Upper Burma."}, {"id": "Q6506727", "label": "Le Chieu Tong", "section": "History - Decline and civil war", "says": "The Trịnh and Nguyễn clans briefly ceased hostilities, suppressed Trần Cảo, and installed the young prince Lê Chiêu Tông (r."}, {"id": "Q379775", "label": "Quang Trung", "section": "History - Tây Sơn wars and Nguyễn dynasty (1789–1804)", "says": "Nguyễn Nhạc established a monarchy in 1778 (Thái Đức), followed by his brother Nguyễn Huệ (Emperor Quang Trung, r."}], "Q4833446": [{"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Turkic Khaganate was a khaganate in Central and Eastern Asia founded by Ilterish of the Ashina clan of the Göktürks and lasted from 682 to 744."}, {"id": "Q2607292", "label": "Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was preceded by the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (552–630) and the early Tang dynasty period (630–682)."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was succeeded by its subject Toquz Oghuz confederation, which became the Uyghur Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q2384764", "label": "Tonyukuk", "section": "History - Rebellions", "says": "Tonyukuk and Bilge Qaghan blamed the failed uprising on the Turks for being disloyal and surrendering to the Tang."}, {"id": "Q381125", "label": "Bilge Qaghan", "section": "History - Rebellions", "says": "Tonyukuk and Bilge Qaghan blamed the failed uprising on the Turks for being disloyal and surrendering to the Tang."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Ilterish and Qapaghan", "says": "After the failures of the previous Turk leaders, a number of tribal leaders left for Ötüken in Mongolia, including Qutlugh (later Ilterish Qaghan), a grandson of Illig Qaghan."}, {"id": "Q387151", "label": "Ilterish Qaghan", "section": "History - Ilterish and Qapaghan", "says": "After the failures of the previous Turk leaders, a number of tribal leaders left for Ötüken in Mongolia, including Qutlugh (later Ilterish Qaghan), a grandson of Illig Qaghan."}, {"id": "Q1325694", "label": "Qapaghan Qaghan", "section": "History - Ilterish and Qapaghan", "says": "He died in 692 and was succeeded by his brother, Qapaghan Qaghan, who continued to expand the Second Turkic Khaganate to incorporate more tribes."}, {"id": "Q83142", "label": "Yenisei Kirghiz", "section": "History - Ilterish and Qapaghan", "says": "In 709–710 the Türk forces subjugated the Az and the Chik, crossed the Sayan Mountains, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Yenisei Kyrgyz."}, {"id": "Q9738", "label": "Wu Zetian", "section": "History - Raids on the Tang dynasty", "says": "Wu Zetian appointed a new general, Xue Na, who halted the raids from 698 to 712 by improving frontier defenses."}, {"id": "Q9717", "label": "Emperor Zhongzong of Tang", "section": "History - Raids on the Tang dynasty", "says": "In 709, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang re-established major garrisons at the cities of Western Shouxiang, Middle Shouxiang, and Eastern Shouxiang along the north of the Yellow River."}, {"id": "Q1445454", "label": "Kul Tigin", "section": "History - Crisis", "says": "After Qapaghan's death, the empire erupted in civil war between the lineages of Qapaghan led by Inel Qaghan and Ilterish led by Kul Tigin."}], "Q625380": [{"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "Not to be confused with Eastern Hungarians\n\nThe Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (Hungarian: keleti Magyar Királyság [ˈkɛlɛti ˈmɒɟɒr ˈkiraːjʃaːg]) is a modern term coined by some historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya, who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule the Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570."}, {"id": "Q313396", "label": "John Sigismund Zápolya", "section": "lead", "says": "Not to be confused with Eastern Hungarians\n\nThe Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (Hungarian: keleti Magyar Királyság [ˈkɛlɛti ˈmɒɟɒr ˈkiraːjʃaːg]) is a modern term coined by some historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya, who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule the Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Not to be confused with Eastern Hungarians\n\nThe Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (Hungarian: keleti Magyar Királyság [ˈkɛlɛti ˈmɒɟɒr ˈkiraːjʃaːg]) is a modern term coined by some historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya, who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule the Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zápolyas ruled over an eastern part of Hungary, and the Habsburg kings (Ferdinand and Maximilian) ruled the west."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habsburgs tried several times to unite all Hungary under their rule, but the Ottoman Empire prevented that by supporting the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q622844", "label": "Treaty of Nagyvárad", "section": "lead", "says": "A temporary territorial division was made in the Treaty of Nagyvárad in 1538."}, {"id": "Q836424", "label": "Treaty of Speyer", "section": "lead", "says": "The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom is considered the predecessor of the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), which was established by the Treaty of Speyer."}], "Q696651": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The state intermittently existed at three different times in the Thuringian region of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q315667", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "History - Ernestine duchies", "says": "According to the 1572 Division of Erfurt, he partitioned the lands among himself and his minor nephews, the sons of John Frederick II: He himself retained the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, while the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach passed to John Casimir and John Ernest, under the regency of their cousin Elector Augustus of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q640700", "label": "Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach", "section": "History - Ernestine duchies", "says": "According to the 1572 Division of Erfurt, he partitioned the lands among himself and his minor nephews, the sons of John Frederick II: He himself retained the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, while the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach passed to John Casimir and John Ernest, under the regency of their cousin Elector Augustus of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Ernestine duchies", "says": "According to the 1572 Division of Erfurt, he partitioned the lands among himself and his minor nephews, the sons of John Frederick II: He himself retained the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, while the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach passed to John Casimir and John Ernest, under the regency of their cousin Elector Augustus of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q616804", "label": "Saxe-Coburg", "section": "History - Duchies of Saxe-Eisenach", "says": "When in 1633 Duke John Casimir died without issue, the Wettin line in Saxe-Coburg died out, and John Ernest inherited it."}, {"id": "Q700229", "label": "Saxe-Gotha", "section": "History - Duchies of Saxe-Eisenach", "says": "In the course of the partition of the Saxe-Weimar lands among the sons of late Duke John II in 1640, the eldest brother William of Saxe-Weimar gave the re-established Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach to his younger brother Albert IV, while the youngest Ernest received the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "History - Duchies of Saxe-Eisenach", "says": "Saxe-Eisenach assumed its final shape in 1672, following the death of Frederick William III of Saxe-Altenburg and the partition of his lands."}, {"id": "Q155570", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", "section": "History - Duchies of Saxe-Eisenach", "says": "Duke Ernest Augustus I of Saxe-Weimar, Wilhelm's second cousin, inherited Saxe-Eisenach; he and his successors ruled Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach in personal union until 1809, when the duchies were formally merged into the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach."}], "Q700663": [{"id": "Q700229", "label": "Saxe-Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in 1699, the Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield line lasted until the reshuffle of the Ernestine territories that occurred following the extinction of the Saxe-Gotha line in 1825, in which the Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld line received Gotha, but lost Saalfeld to Saxe-Meiningen."}], "Q701914": [{"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia (German: Bereich des Militärbefehlshabers in Serbien) was a German-occupied region of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II, encompassing modern Serbia and adjacent areas."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia (German: Bereich des Militärbefehlshabers in Serbien) was a German-occupied region of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II, encompassing modern Serbia and adjacent areas."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory was established in April 1941 following the invasion of Yugoslavia by the German Wehrmacht with other Axis powers, and existed throughout the war in Yugoslavia until the German withdrawal in 1944."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "lead", "says": "German forces in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia committed war crimes in their suppression of Yugoslav Partisan activity and perpetrated the Final Solution in Serbia; the Germans were actively aided by Serbian collaborators."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Invasion and partition", "says": "Some Yugoslav territory was annexed by its Axis neighbors, Hungary, Bulgaria and Italy."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Invasion and partition", "says": "The Germans engineered and supported the creation of the puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), which roughly comprised most of the pre-war Banovina Croatia, along with the rest of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and some adjacent territory."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Invasion and partition", "says": "The Italians, Hungarians and Bulgarians occupied other parts of Yugoslavian territory."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "History - Invasion and partition", "says": "Germany did not annex any Yugoslav territory, but occupied northern parts of present-day Slovenia and stationed occupation troops in the northern half of the NDH."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Establishment of the military government of occupation", "says": "The exact boundaries of the occupied territory were fixed in a directive issued by Adolf Hitler on 12 April 1941, which also directed the creation of the military administration."}, {"id": "Q47906", "label": "Hermann Göring", "section": "History - Establishment of the military government of occupation", "says": "These included \"safeguarding the railroad lines between Belgrade and Salonika and the Danube shipping route, executing the economic orders issued [by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring], and establishing and maintaining peace and order\"."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "History - Preparations of the Communist Party", "says": "On 10 April, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) had appointed a military committee headed by its secretary-general, Josip Broz Tito."}, {"id": "Q156122", "label": "Draža Mihailović", "section": "History - Early activities of Draža Mihailović", "says": "In late April, Yugoslav Army Colonel Draža Mihailović and a group of about 80 soldiers, who had not followed the orders to surrender, crossed the Drina river into the occupied territory, having marched cross-country from the area of Doboj, in northern Bosnia, which was now part of the NDH."}, {"id": "Q905523", "label": "Dragiša Cvetković", "section": "History - Establishment of the Commissioner Government", "says": "Consideration was given to appointing former Yugoslav Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković, former Yugoslav Foreign Minister Aleksandar Cincar-Marković, former Yugoslav Minister of Internal Affairs Milan Aćimović, the president of the 'quasi-fascist' United Active Labour Organization (Serbian: Združena borbena organizacija rada, or Zbor) Dimitrije Ljotić, and the Belgrade police chief Dragomir Jovanov"}, {"id": "Q2609181", "label": "Milan Aćimović", "section": "History - Establishment of the Commissioner Government", "says": "Consideration was given to appointing former Yugoslav Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković, former Yugoslav Foreign Minister Aleksandar Cincar-Marković, former Yugoslav Minister of Internal Affairs Milan Aćimović, the president of the 'quasi-fascist' United Active Labour Organization (Serbian: Združena borbena organizacija rada, or Zbor) Dimitrije Ljotić, and the Belgrade police chief Dragomir Jovanov"}, {"id": "Q725863", "label": "Dimitrije Ljotić", "section": "History - Establishment of the Commissioner Government", "says": "Consideration was given to appointing former Yugoslav Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković, former Yugoslav Foreign Minister Aleksandar Cincar-Marković, former Yugoslav Minister of Internal Affairs Milan Aćimović, the president of the 'quasi-fascist' United Active Labour Organization (Serbian: Združena borbena organizacija rada, or Zbor) Dimitrije Ljotić, and the Belgrade police chief Dragomir Jovanov"}, {"id": "Q77592", "label": "Paul Bader", "section": "History - LXV Corps ZbV", "says": "In addition to the occupation troops directly commanded by Schröder, in June 1941 the Wehrmacht deployed the headquarters of the LXV Corps zbV to Belgrade to command four poorly-equipped occupation divisions, under the control of General der Artillerie Paul Bader."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - LXV Corps ZbV", "says": "The commanders at battalion and company level were generally veterans of World War I, and platoon commanders usually between 27 and 37 years old."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "History - Difficulties of the Aćimović administration", "says": "Refugees escaping persecution in the Independent State of Croatia, and others fleeing Bulgarian-annexed Macedonia, Kosovo and Hungarian-occupied Bačka and Baranja had begun to flood into the territory."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Resistance begins", "says": "In early July 1941, shortly after the launching of Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, armed resistance began against both the Germans and the Aćimović authorities."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Resistance begins", "says": "In early July 1941, shortly after the launching of Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, armed resistance began against both the Germans and the Aćimović authorities."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Resistance begins", "says": "This was a response to appeals from both Joseph Stalin and the Communist International for communist organisations across occupied Europe to draw German troops away from the Eastern Front, and followed a meeting of the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist Party in Belgrade on 4 July."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - Resistance begins", "says": "This was a response to appeals from both Joseph Stalin and the Communist International for communist organisations across occupied Europe to draw German troops away from the Eastern Front, and followed a meeting of the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist Party in Belgrade on 4 July."}, {"id": "Q215942", "label": "Edmund Veesenmayer", "section": "History - Formation of the Government of National Salvation", "says": "In response to a request from Benzler, the Foreign Office sent SS-Standartenführer Edmund Veesenmayer to provide assistance in establishing a new puppet government that would meet German requirements."}, {"id": "Q167443", "label": "Milan Nedić", "section": "History - Formation of the Government of National Salvation", "says": "Veesenmayer engaged in a series of consultations with German commanders and officials in Belgrade, interviewed a number of possible candidates to lead the new puppet government, then selected former Yugoslav Minister of the Army and Navy General Milan Nedić as the best available."}, {"id": "Q112462", "label": "Hermann Neubacher", "section": "History - 1943", "says": "Nedić during negotiations with Hitler and Hermann Neubacher was arming and organising Bosnian Chetnik bands with attempt to expand his influence into East Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q606771", "label": "Pavle Đurišić", "section": "History - 1943", "says": "One of Mihailović's closest personal friends and collaborators, Pavle Đurišić, simultaneously held a command for Nedić, and in 1943 tried to exterminate the Muslims and pro-Partisans of the Sandžak region."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "History - 1943", "says": "Nedić was received by Hitler and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop at Hitler's Wolf's Lair on 18 September 1943, where Nedić requested the annexation of East Bosnia, Montenegro, the Sanjak, Kosovo-Metohija and Srem but this was rejected."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - 1943", "says": "Nedić was received by Hitler and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop at Hitler's Wolf's Lair on 18 September 1943, where Nedić requested the annexation of East Bosnia, Montenegro, the Sanjak, Kosovo-Metohija and Srem but this was rejected."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "History - 1944", "says": "The first six months of 1944 were marked by heavy fighting in western and southern parts of the country, as the Yugoslav Partisans made several incursions across the Drina and Lim Rivers."}, {"id": "Q84450", "label": "Franz Böhme", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "In 1941, the administration's Military Commander, Franz Böhme, responded to guerrilla attacks on German forces by carrying out the German policy towards partisans that 100 people would be killed for each German killed and 50 people killed for each wounded German."}], "Q704300": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Frankfurt was a major city of the Holy Roman Empire, serving as the seat of imperial elections since 885 and as the site of imperial coronations from 1562 (previously held in the Free Imperial City of Aachen) until 1792."}, {"id": "Q569202", "label": "Principality of Aschaffenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1810 Dalberg merged Frankfurt with the Principality of Aschaffenburg, the County of Wetzlar, Fulda, and Hanau to form the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt."}, {"id": "Q704312", "label": "Grand Duchy of Frankfurt", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1810 Dalberg merged Frankfurt with the Principality of Aschaffenburg, the County of Wetzlar, Fulda, and Hanau to form the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleon and the collapse of the Confederation of the Rhine, Frankfurt was returned to its pre-Napoleonic constitution via the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and became a sovereign city-state and a member of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleon and the collapse of the Confederation of the Rhine, Frankfurt was returned to its pre-Napoleonic constitution via the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and became a sovereign city-state and a member of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of Napoleon and the collapse of the Confederation of the Rhine, Frankfurt was returned to its pre-Napoleonic constitution via the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and became a sovereign city-state and a member of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q57180", "label": "Frederick William IV of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was here that King Frederick William IV of Prussia refused the offer of the crown of \"Little Germany\", because it was offered to him by a popularly elected assembly composed of revolutionaries whom he opposed, and because he regarded the offer of the crown, only as the right of the ruling monarchs of the individual German states."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1866 the Kingdom of Prussia went to war with the Austrian Empire over Schleswig-Holstein, causing the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1866 the Kingdom of Prussia went to war with the Austrian Empire over Schleswig-Holstein, causing the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1866 the Kingdom of Prussia went to war with the Austrian Empire over Schleswig-Holstein, causing the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q20135", "label": "Grand Duchy of Hesse", "section": "History - Frankfurt as an important centre of transport and trade", "says": "However, they were not able to prevent their neighbouring state, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, from joining the customs union."}, {"id": "Q519690", "label": "Frankfurter Wachensturm", "section": "History - Black-red-gold", "says": "Made up mostly of students and Polish officers in exile, a group attempting to start a revolution in Germany, called Frankfurter Wachensturm because of attacks made on police stations (German Wachen), was betrayed on 3 April 1833 to the police and was brutally put down by the city's small army."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - The End of the Free City", "says": "The Prussian ambassador, Otto von Bismarck represented the interests of Prussia at the German Bundestag in Frankfurt from 1851 to 1859."}], "Q704358": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Burma (Burmese: ဗမာနိုင်ငံတော်, MLCTS: ba.ma nuingngamtau; Japanese: ビルマ國, Biruma-koku) was a Japanese puppet state established in 1943 during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early stages of World War II, the Empire of Japan invaded British Burma primarily to obtain raw materials (which included oil from fields around Yenangyaung, minerals and large surpluses of rice), and to close off the Burma Road, which was a primary link for aid and munitions to the Chinese Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek which had been fighting the Japanese for several years in t"}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early stages of World War II, the Empire of Japan invaded British Burma primarily to obtain raw materials (which included oil from fields around Yenangyaung, minerals and large surpluses of rice), and to close off the Burma Road, which was a primary link for aid and munitions to the Chinese Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek which had been fighting the Japanese for several years in t"}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "During the early stages of World War II, the Empire of Japan invaded British Burma primarily to obtain raw materials (which included oil from fields around Yenangyaung, minerals and large surpluses of rice), and to close off the Burma Road, which was a primary link for aid and munitions to the Chinese Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek which had been fighting the Japanese for several years in t"}, {"id": "Q713427", "label": "Ba Maw", "section": "Background", "says": "Ba Maw, a lawyer and political prisoner under the British."}], "Q706553": [{"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "History - The domain of the House of Savoy (1388–1860)", "says": "The first time in 1718, when Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia repurchased the upper Varo valley with Entraunes and Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes in exchange for municipality of Le Mas, and a second time with the Treaty of Turin of 24 March 1760, with which the Savoys ceded Gattières and the right bank of the Esterone river to France, in exchange for the areas of Guglielmi and La Penna, which passed to Sav"}, {"id": "Q175250", "label": "Vittorio Emanuele I of Sardinia", "section": "History - The domain of the House of Savoy (1388–1860)", "says": "On 23 April 1814 the county returned under the control of the King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia, while the Principality of Monaco passed from the French to the Sardinian protectorate."}, {"id": "Q3559284", "label": "Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune", "section": "History - The domain of the House of Savoy (1388–1860)", "says": "With the outbreak of national uprisings of 1848, the Monegasque towns of Menton and Roquebrune rebelled against their prince and became free cities administered by the House of Savoy, the Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "History - Annexation to France (1860)", "says": "After the Treaty of Turin was signed in 1860 between the Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia and Napoleon III as a consequence of the Plombières Agreement, the county was again and definitively ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy united with the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Annexation to France (1860)", "says": "After the Treaty of Turin was signed in 1860 between the Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia and Napoleon III as a consequence of the Plombières Agreement, the county was again and definitively ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy united with the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q978331", "label": "Plombières Agreement", "section": "History - Annexation to France (1860)", "says": "After the Treaty of Turin was signed in 1860 between the Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia and Napoleon III as a consequence of the Plombières Agreement, the county was again and definitively ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy united with the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q540978", "label": "Second Italian War of Independence", "section": "History - Annexation to France (1860)", "says": "After the Treaty of Turin was signed in 1860 between the Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia and Napoleon III as a consequence of the Plombières Agreement, the county was again and definitively ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy united with the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Annexation to France (1860)", "says": "Giuseppe Garibaldi, born in Nice, strongly opposed the cession to France, arguing that the ballot was rigged by the French."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Benito Mussolini considered the annexation of Nice to be one of his main targets."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The Italian occupation government was far less severe than that of Vichy France; thus, thousands of Jews took refuge there."}, {"id": "Q196502", "label": "Armistice of Cassibile", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "However, when the Italians signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies, German troops invaded the region on 8 September 1943, and initiated brutal raids."}, {"id": "Q84335", "label": "Alois Brunner", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Alois Brunner, the SS official for Jewish affairs, was placed at the head of units formed to search for Jews."}], "Q730163": [{"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (Greek: Αὐτόνομος Δημοκρατία τῆς Βορείου Ἠπείρου, romanized: Aftónomos Dimokratía tis Voreíou Ipeírou) was a short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars on 28 February 1914, by the local Greek population in southern Albania (Northern Epirotes)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The area, known as Northern Epirus to Greeks and with a substantial Greek population, was taken by the Greek Army from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War (1912–1913)."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The area, known as Northern Epirus to Greeks and with a substantial Greek population, was taken by the Greek Army from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War (1912–1913)."}, {"id": "Q735053", "label": "Georgios Christakis-Zografos", "section": "lead", "says": "This decision was rejected by the local Greeks, and as the Greek Army withdrew to the new border, an autonomous government was set up at Argyrokastron (modern Gjirokastër), under the leadership of Georgios Christakis-Zografos, a distinguished local Greek politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, and with tacit support from Greece."}, {"id": "Q3313588", "label": "Protocol of Corfu", "section": "lead", "says": "In May, the autonomy was confirmed by the Great Powers with the Protocol of Corfu."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek Army reoccupied the area in October 1914 following the outbreak of World War I."}, {"id": "Q205545", "label": "Eleftherios Venizelos", "section": "Background", "says": "Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos acceded to this in hopes of a favourable solution to Greece's other outstanding problem: the recognition of Greek sovereignty over the islands of the North Eastern Aegean."}], "Q748595": [{"id": "Q940785", "label": "Sabaeans", "section": "History - Kingdom", "says": "Qatabān was able to conquer Maʿīn, and soon embarked on a successful expansionist policy against Sabaʾ and captured territories until the Bāb al-Mandab from the Sabaeans."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Kingdom", "says": "The Greco-Roman author Pliny the Elder recorded that, at the time of the failed expedition of Aelius Gallus to South Arabia in 26 BCE, the Qatabānians were proficient warriors."}], "Q830084": [{"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel  (German: Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Various dynastic lines of the House of Welf ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Congress of Vienna, its successor state, the Duchy of Brunswick, was created in 1815."}, {"id": "Q326029", "label": "Duchy of Brunswick", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Congress of Vienna, its successor state, the Duchy of Brunswick, was created in 1815."}, {"id": "Q703249", "label": "Otto the Child", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After Otto the Child, grandchild of Henry the Lion, had been given the former allodial seat of his family (located in the area of present-day eastern Lower Saxony and northern Saxony-Anhalt) by Emperor  Frederick II on 21 August 1235 as an imperial enfeoffment under the name of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the duchy was divided in 1267–1269 by his sons."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After Otto the Child, grandchild of Henry the Lion, had been given the former allodial seat of his family (located in the area of present-day eastern Lower Saxony and northern Saxony-Anhalt) by Emperor  Frederick II on 21 August 1235 as an imperial enfeoffment under the name of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the duchy was divided in 1267–1269 by his sons."}, {"id": "Q565812", "label": "Principality of Calenberg", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In a similar way, in 1432 the estates between the Deister hills and the Leine river, that had been gained in the meantime from the Middle House of Brunswick, split away to form the Principality of Calenberg."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Early modern times", "says": "In 1635 Duke Augustus the Younger, from the collateral line of Lüneburg-Dannenberg, took over the reins of power in the principality and founded the New House of Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and transfer to the Duchy of Brunswick", "says": "In 1806 Duke Charles William Ferdinand was mortally wounded as a Prussian general in the Battle of Auerstedt."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - Napoleonic era and transfer to the Duchy of Brunswick", "says": "After a short interregnum Brunswick was occupied from 1807 to 1813 by the French and became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia."}], "Q87791": [{"id": "Q2038283", "label": "Battle of the Boarn", "section": "lead", "says": "This dominion was ruled by kings and emerged in the mid-7th century and probably ended with the Battle of the Boarn in 734 when the Frisians were defeated by the Frankish Empire."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "This dominion was ruled by kings and emerged in the mid-7th century and probably ended with the Battle of the Boarn in 734 when the Frisians were defeated by the Frankish Empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "While Aldgisl had welcomed Christianity into his realm, Redbad attempted to extirpate the religion and free the Frisians from subjugation to the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks."}, {"id": "Q91392", "label": "Pepin of Herstal", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "In 689, however, Redbad was defeated by Pepin of Herstal in the battle of Dorestad and compelled to cede Frisia Citerior (Nearer Frisia) to the Franks."}, {"id": "Q537046", "label": "Grimoald the Younger", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "In any case there was a Catholic Church mission to pagan Frisia with a monastery and episcopal see in Utrecht from 695, founded for Willibrord, and a marriage was arranged between Grimoald the Younger the oldest son of  Pepin, and Thiadsvind, the daughter of Redbad, in 711."}, {"id": "Q468187", "label": "Ragenfrid", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "He made a treaty with the Neustrasian mayor of the palace, Ragenfrid."}, {"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, Pepin's heir and widow respectively, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from Plectrude's Cologne prison and acclaimed mayor of the palace of Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, Pepin's heir and widow respectively, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from Plectrude's Cologne prison and acclaimed mayor of the palace of Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, Pepin's heir and widow respectively, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from Plectrude's Cologne prison and acclaimed mayor of the palace of Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q437737", "label": "Theudoald", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, Pepin's heir and widow respectively, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from Plectrude's Cologne prison and acclaimed mayor of the palace of Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q463984", "label": "Plectrude", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "Outside of Cologne, held by Plectrude, an ill-prepared Charles Martel was defeated by Redbad, and forced to flee to the mountains of the Eifel."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History of wars - Redbad", "says": "Outside of Cologne, held by Plectrude, an ill-prepared Charles Martel was defeated by Redbad, and forced to flee to the mountains of the Eifel."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History of wars - Poppo", "says": "In 752/753 Boniface wrote a letter to Pope Stephen II, in which it is said that Willibrord destroyed the Frisian pagan sanctuaries and temples."}], "Q889970": [{"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Scandinavian York (Jórvík) or Viking York (Old Norse: Jórvík) is a term used by historians for a region similar to current Yorkshire during the period of Scandinavian domination after the Viking invasion in 865 (interspersed with brief periods of Anglo-Saxon control) until it was annexed and integrated into England after the Norman Conquest in 1066; in particular, it is used to refer to York, the "}, {"id": "Q3281269", "label": "North Sea Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Scandinavian York (Jórvík) or Viking York (Old Norse: Jórvík) is a term used by historians for a region similar to current Yorkshire during the period of Scandinavian domination after the Viking invasion in 865 (interspersed with brief periods of Anglo-Saxon control) until it was annexed and integrated into England after the Norman Conquest in 1066; in particular, it is used to refer to York, the "}, {"id": "Q436994", "label": "Kingdom of Dublin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Jórvík was closely associated with the longer-lived Kingdom of Dublin throughout this period."}, {"id": "Q779168", "label": "Halfdan Ragnarsson", "section": "History - Viking invasion", "says": "The army, led by Ivar the Boneless and his brother Halfdan Ragnarsson, made its way north to Northumbria where the Anglo-Saxons were embroiled in a civil war."}, {"id": "Q271398", "label": "Ælla", "section": "History - Viking invasion", "says": "In 862 the ruler of Northumbria, Osberht, had been deposed by Ælla of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q940417", "label": "Symeon of Durham", "section": "History - Scandinavian rule 866–901", "says": "Symeon of Durham wrote:\n\nIn those days, the nation of the Northumbrians had violently expelled from the kingdom the rightful king of their nation, Osbryht by name, and had placed at the head of the kingdom a certain tyrant, named Alla."}, {"id": "Q154934", "label": "Ecgberht", "section": "History - Scandinavian rule 866–901", "says": "The Vikings appointed a compliant native prince, Ecgberht, as puppet ruler of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q852077", "label": "Burgred of Mercia", "section": "History - Scandinavian rule 866–901", "says": "The two exiles found refuge at the court of Burgred of Mercia."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "History - A West Saxon rules Northumbria", "says": "Following his father's death, in 871, his uncle Alfred the Great became king."}, {"id": "Q187114", "label": "Edward the Elder", "section": "History - A West Saxon rules Northumbria", "says": "When Alfred died in 899, Alfred's son Edward the Elder ascended the throne of Wessex."}, {"id": "Q105092", "label": "Kingdom of Mercia", "section": "History - Scandinavian rule restored 903–926", "says": "There is some numismatic evidence to support this as there are coins, from this time, minted at Lincoln, in the Kingdom of Mercia, as well those from York."}, {"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "History - Scandinavian rule restored 903–926", "says": "Edward was replaced by his son Æthelstan, and although the annals indicated that Sihtric was reluctant to submit to Edward, he submitted to Æthelstan at Tamworth in January 926."}, {"id": "Q345524", "label": "William of Malmesbury", "section": "History - West Saxon rule 927–939", "says": "A later account by William of Malmesbury tells a different story."}, {"id": "Q333748", "label": "Constantine II of Scotland", "section": "History - West Saxon rule 927–939", "says": "In his version, Gofraid goes to Scotland following Sihtric's death, to attend a meeting at Dacre with Æthelstan, Constantine II of Scotland, and Owen I of Strathclyde."}, {"id": "Q2246615", "label": "Battle of Brunanburh", "section": "History - West Saxon rule 927–939", "says": "The invaders were stopped and defeated by Æthelstan, and his allies, at the Battle of Brunanburh."}, {"id": "Q934558", "label": "Olaf III Guthfrithson", "section": "History - Restoration of Scandinavian rule 939–944", "says": "Although Æthelstan had integrated the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms into one unified England and suppressed opposition from the Vikings and their allies, when he died in 939, the Viking leader Olaf Guthfrithson (who had been defeated at Brunanburh) arrived from Dublin and took over Northumbria with minimal opposition."}, {"id": "Q259114", "label": "Olaf Cuaran", "section": "History - Restoration of Scandinavian rule 939–944", "says": "In 940, his cousin Olaf Cuaran joined him in York."}, {"id": "Q213791", "label": "Eric Bloodaxe", "section": "History - Scandinavian rule reestablished 947–954", "says": "Eric Bloodaxe capitalizing on the deteriorating political situation in York, established himself as king."}, {"id": "Q188684", "label": "Edmund II of England", "section": "History - The Earldom of York 954–1066", "says": "Meanwhile, in 1016 Æthelred died and was succeeded by his son, Edmund Ironside."}, {"id": "Q345420", "label": "Tostig Godwinson", "section": "History - The Earldom of York 954–1066", "says": "Edward's choice, Tostig Godwinson, was unpopular with locals."}, {"id": "Q159597", "label": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "History - Norman rule post 1066", "says": "Copsi had fought in Harald Hardrada's army with Tostig, against Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Stamford Bridge."}, {"id": "Q203225", "label": "Battle of Stamford Bridge", "section": "History - Norman rule post 1066", "says": "Copsi had fought in Harald Hardrada's army with Tostig, against Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Stamford Bridge."}, {"id": "Q215224", "label": "Edgar Ætheling", "section": "History - Norman rule post 1066", "says": "He was not long in power before he joined Edgar Ætheling in rebellion against William the Conqueror in 1068."}, {"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "History - Norman rule post 1066", "says": "He was not long in power before he joined Edgar Ætheling in rebellion against William the Conqueror in 1068."}, {"id": "Q1703402", "label": "Harrying of the North", "section": "History - Norman rule post 1066", "says": "During the winter of 1069, in an action known as the Harrying of the North, he laid waste to Yorkshire and eventually replaced its nobility with his own trusted men."}], "Q894030": [{"id": "Q1537016", "label": "Kanem Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Kanem was later recovered by mai Idris III Katagarmabe, scholars sometimes divide the Kanem–Bornu Empire into an earlier Kanem Empire and later Bornu Empire."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire nearly fell during the Fula jihads in the early 19th century, which saw the center of power in the region shift west to the Sokoto Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Origin and early history (c. 700–1000)", "says": "One scholar, Dierk Lange, has proposed that Kanem's establishment was connected to refugees from the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BCE, though this hypothesis has been criticised for lack of evidence and has found no acceptance among other researchers."}, {"id": "Q293689", "label": "al-Yaʿqubi", "section": "History - Origin and early history (c. 700–1000)", "says": "The earliest known written record of Kanem comes from the Arab geographer Al-Ya'qubi in 872."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam (c. 1000–1380)", "says": "Islam reached modern-day Chad already in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), when Arab raiders reached Fezzan and the Tibesti Mountains."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Conversion to Islam (c. 1000–1380)", "says": "Later tradition credited the conversion of the Sayfawa dynasty to a scholar named Muhammad bin Mani, from whom many later Kanemi and Bornuan scholars and religious officials claimed descent."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "The most formidable enemy to arise in this period was the Songhai Empire in the west, which competed for influence over Hausaland and sometimes raided Bornuan territory."}, {"id": "Q6412613", "label": "Kingdom of Kano", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "In the west, Idris III failed to conquer the Kingdom of Kano but was recognised as the kingdom's suzerain and was paid tribute."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Imperial apex (1472–1650)", "says": "In the 1570s, the threat posed by the Songhai Empire led mai Idris IV Alooma to seek an alliance with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1132786", "label": "Ouaddai Empire", "section": "History - Decline (1650–1807)", "says": "In around 1630, The Wadai Sultanate drove the Bilala out of Kanem, forcing the empire to militarily intervene in order to secure the eastern side of Lake Chad."}, {"id": "Q1502813", "label": "Sultanate of Agadez", "section": "History - Decline (1650–1807)", "says": "Bornu established new buffer states in the north and west to protect against the growing power of Kano and the Sultanate of Agadez."}], "Q950240": [{"id": "Q61336", "label": "Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Imperial Free City and the Hanseatic League", "says": "In 1420, Eric V attacked Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg and Lübeck gained Hamburg for a war alliance in support of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "Lübeck remained a Free Imperial City even after the German Mediatisation in 1803 and became a sovereign state at the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "During the War of the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon, troops under Bernadotte occupied neutral Lübeck after a battle against Blücher on 6 November 1806."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "During the War of the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon, troops under Bernadotte occupied neutral Lübeck after a battle against Blücher on 6 November 1806."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - Napoleonic era", "says": "Under the Continental System, trade suffered, and from 1811 to 1813, Lübeck was formally annexed as part of the First French Empire, department of Bouches-de-l'Elbe."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Reestablishment as sovereign state in 1813", "says": "The 1815 Congress of Vienna reconfirmed Lübeck's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Reestablishment as sovereign state in 1813", "says": "The 1815 Congress of Vienna reconfirmed Lübeck's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Reestablishment as sovereign state in 1813", "says": "Lübeck joined the North German Confederation in 1867."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Reestablishment as sovereign state in 1813", "says": "In 1871, Lübeck became an autonomous component state within the newly founded German Empire."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "History - Reestablishment as sovereign state in 1813", "says": "After the collapse of the empire following the First World War, Lübeck joined the Weimar Republic as a constituent state."}, {"id": "Q72441", "label": "Otto-Heinrich Drechsler", "section": "History - Reestablishment as sovereign state in 1813", "says": "Hildebrandt installed Otto-Heinrich Drechsler as the Bürgermeister, displacing the duly-elected Social Democrat, Paul Löwigt."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Incorporation into Schleswig-Holstein", "says": "To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Adolf Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck after it refused to allow him to campaign there in 1932), the 711-year-long statehood of Lübeck came to an end on 1 April 1937 and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Incorporation into Schleswig-Holstein", "says": "Lübeck was occupied by the British Army in the closing days of World War II."}], "Q1069905": [{"id": "Q712330", "label": "Li Xiong", "section": "lead", "says": "The name Cheng-Han collectively refers to the state of Cheng (成; Chéng) or Dacheng (大成; Dàchéng), founded by Li Xiong in 304 (or by Li Te in 303) and the state of Han (漢; Hàn) founded by Li Shou in 338."}, {"id": "Q712558", "label": "Li Shou", "section": "lead", "says": "The name Cheng-Han collectively refers to the state of Cheng (成; Chéng) or Dacheng (大成; Dàchéng), founded by Li Xiong in 304 (or by Li Te in 303) and the state of Han (漢; Hàn) founded by Li Shou in 338."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When the Han chancellor, Cao Cao conquered Hanzhong in 215, Li Hu (李虎) led his family to surrender and migrated to Lüeyang Commandery (略陽郡; in modern Tianshui, Gansu), where they mingled with the local Di tribes."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "History - Cheng (304–338)", "says": "Regardless, the Cheng was the first of the Sixteen Kingdoms to be founded, followed closely by the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty in the north."}, {"id": "Q712522", "label": "Li Ban", "section": "History - Cheng (304–338)", "says": "Intending to pass the throne to the line of his late elder brother, Li Dang, Li Xiong chose his nephew Li Ban to succeed him, a decision that angered his own sons."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "History - Han (338–347)", "says": "Instead, he imitated his rule after the Later Zhao dynasty in the north by imposing harsher laws, taxes and corvee labor on his citizens and building lavish palaces."}, {"id": "Q712772", "label": "Li Shi", "section": "History - Han (338–347)", "says": "Li Shou died in 343 and was succeeded by his son Li Shi."}, {"id": "Q2496512", "label": "Huan Wen", "section": "History - Han (338–347)", "says": "The tumulous situation in Han caught the attention of the Jin commander, Huan Wen, who was looking to elevate his own prestige."}], "Q1078062": [{"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Taranto (Latin: Principatum Tarentinum) was a  state in southern Italy, created in 1088 for Bohemond I, eldest son of Robert Guiscard, as part of the peace between him and his younger brother Roger Borsa after a dispute over the succession to the Duchy of Apulia."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "During its subsequent 377 years of history, it was sometimes a powerful and almost independent feudal fief of the Kingdom of Sicily (and later of Naples), sometimes only a title, often given to the heir to the crown or to the husband of a reigning queen."}, {"id": "Q437838", "label": "Ferdinand I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand I of Naples united the Principality of Taranto to the Kingdom of Naples at the death of his wife, Isabella of Clermont."}, {"id": "Q436753", "label": "Alfonso II of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality came to an end, but the kings of Naples continued giving the title of Prince of Taranto to their sons, firstly to the future Alfonso II of Naples, eldest son of Isabella."}], "Q1133400": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I."}, {"id": "Q183445", "label": "Justin I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Justinian dynasty, particularly the reign of Justinian I, the empire reached its greatest territorial extent since the fall of its Western counterpart, reincorporating North Africa, southern Illyria, southern Spain, and Italy into the empire."}], "Q1137312": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Decline in population", "says": "Population fell after World War I and as recorded at each census until its 1965 demise."}], "Q1150344": [{"id": "Q213893", "label": "Negeri Sembilan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height, the sultanate controlled territory in what is now modern-day Johor, Pahang, Terengganu, territories stretching from the rivers of Klang to the Linggi and Tanjung Tuan, situated respectively in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca (as an exclave), Singapore, Pulau Tinggi and other islands off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, the Karimun Islands, the islands of Bintan, Bulang, "}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Fall of Malacca and the rise of Johor", "says": "In 1511, Malacca fell to the Portuguese and Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca."}, {"id": "Q1061057", "label": "Aceh Sultanate", "section": "History - Triangular war", "says": "Around the same time, the Aceh Sultanate in northern Sumatra was beginning to gain substantial influence over the Strait of Malacca."}, {"id": "Q2988343", "label": "Portuguese Malacca", "section": "History - Triangular war", "says": "Johor later grew stronger and formed an alliance with the Dutch to attack Portuguese Malacca and conquered it on January 14, 1641, ending the triangular war."}, {"id": "Q224794", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824", "section": "History - Dutch Malacca", "says": "Malacca then became a territory under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and formally remained a Dutch possession until the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed."}, {"id": "Q1679856", "label": "Jambi Sultanate", "section": "History - Johor–Jambi wars", "says": "During the triangular war, the Jambi Sultanate emerged as a regional economic and political power in Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q11947898", "label": "Sayyid Alà-ad-Din Àlam-Xah", "section": "History - Bugis and Minangkabau influence", "says": "Throughout the latter reign of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah in the mid-18th century, real power was held by the Bugis."}, {"id": "Q130327", "label": "Thomas Stamford Raffles", "section": "History - Singapore and the British", "says": "In 1818, Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as governor of Bencoolen in western Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Singapore and the British", "says": "When Raffles' expedition arrived in Singapore on 29 January 1819 he discovered a small Malay settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River headed by Temenggong Abdul Rahman, son of Daeng Kechil."}, {"id": "Q3503553", "label": "Riau-Lingga Sultanate", "section": "History - Anglo-Dutch Treaty", "says": "Many historians contend that the treaty divided the spheres of influence between the Dutch and the English and split the Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the Riau-Lingga Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Anglo-Dutch Treaty", "says": "Nevertheless, the British successfully sidelined Dutch political influence by proclaiming Hussein as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore to acquire legal recognition in their sphere of influence in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Breakup of the state", "says": "This also marked the end of the original Johor-Riau Sultanate, that descended from the Malacca Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Breakup of the state", "says": "This division remains today with Pahang and Johor in Malaysia and what was the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in Indonesia."}], "Q1232887": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Savoy was a feudal state of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Burgundian Kingdom in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Savoy was a feudal state of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Burgundian Kingdom in the 11th century."}], "Q13590051": [{"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Burgundians, or First Kingdom of Burgundy, was one of the so called \"barbarian kingdoms\" of the late Western Roman Empire in the fifth and sixth centuries."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Burgundians, or First Kingdom of Burgundy, was one of the so called \"barbarian kingdoms\" of the late Western Roman Empire in the fifth and sixth centuries."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "It began in what is now western Switzerland and southeastern France, and was ruled by Burgundian kings who were successors of the older House of Gibichung, but also held office as Roman military officers."}, {"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "lead", "says": "In 451, the Burgundians helped the Roman-led allies defeat Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and in 455, they helped Roman-mandated forces led by Theodoric II, king of the Visigothic Kingdom, to defeat the Kingdom of the Suebi."}, {"id": "Q195443", "label": "Theodoric II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 451, the Burgundians helped the Roman-led allies defeat Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and in 455, they helped Roman-mandated forces led by Theodoric II, king of the Visigothic Kingdom, to defeat the Kingdom of the Suebi."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 451, the Burgundians helped the Roman-led allies defeat Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and in 455, they helped Roman-mandated forces led by Theodoric II, king of the Visigothic Kingdom, to defeat the Kingdom of the Suebi."}, {"id": "Q1048918", "label": "Kingdom of the Suebi", "section": "lead", "says": "In 451, the Burgundians helped the Roman-led allies defeat Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and in 455, they helped Roman-mandated forces led by Theodoric II, king of the Visigothic Kingdom, to defeat the Kingdom of the Suebi."}, {"id": "Q185476", "label": "Aëtius", "section": "lead", "says": "In about 436, Gundahar and many of the people he led were killed by the Roman military leader Flavius Aetius working with his Hun allies."}, {"id": "Q243118", "label": "Chilperic I", "section": "Background", "says": "The legal code made for the kingdom of the Burgundians by King Gundobad (died 516), mentions his royal predecessors (auctores) as not only his father (Gundioc) and paternal uncle (Chilperic I), but also Gibica, Gundomar, Gislahar, and Gundahar."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "Background", "says": "They were swept along by massive movements of armed Alans, Vandals and other peoples from the east, and conflicts within the Roman empire itself after the death of emperor Theodosius I in 395, when his two sons were still young."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Background", "says": "Once his younger son Honorius regained centralized Roman control of the Rhine region from the usurper Jovinus in 413, Gundahar's Burgundians were accepted as Roman foederati - non-Romans living within Roman as allies with military obligations."}, {"id": "Q46720", "label": "Valentinian I", "section": "Background", "says": "They became particularly important as Roman allies against their neighbours the Alemanni during the reign of Emperor Valentinian I in 364-375."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "Background", "says": "Roman historians Ammianus Marcellinus and Orosius both noted that their forces were large, and also that they believed themselves to be descendants of people who once defended Roman border fortifications near the Main which the Romans had since lost control of."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "Background", "says": "They were first named in surviving written records by Pliny the Elder in the first century, who only mentioned that within the Germanic peoples, the Burgundians were one of the Vandilic group"}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "History - Roman military settlement", "says": "After the accession of Julius Nepos in 474 King Gundobad could no longer claim to represent the western imperial court.,\nThe Lex Burgundionum law code, issued under Gundobad, nonetheless invokes earlier kings back to Gundahar, and beyond."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "History - Roman military settlement", "says": "Gregory of Tours reported that Gundioc (\"Gundevech\") was a descendant of the Tervingian Goth Athanaric."}, {"id": "Q312598", "label": "Athanaric", "section": "History - Roman military settlement", "says": "Gregory of Tours reported that Gundioc (\"Gundevech\") was a descendant of the Tervingian Goth Athanaric."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Battle of the Catalaunian Plains", "says": "The 451 Battle of the Catalaunian Plains was a decisive turning point for the Burgundians, comparable to its impact on the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q110892", "label": "Theodoric I", "section": "History - Battle of the Catalaunian Plains", "says": "Burgundians and other barbarian kingdoms from Gaul fought for Rome under Aetius, put Attila the Hun and his allies to flight, but the Visigothic king Theodoric I was killed during the battle, and Thorismund his son followed the advice of Aetius not to pursue."}, {"id": "Q302936", "label": "Sidonius Apollinaris", "section": "History - Battle of the Catalaunian Plains", "says": "Near contemporary Sidonius Apollinaris reported that Burgundians also fought on the Hun side, who may have lived east of the Rhine outside Roman control."}, {"id": "Q170026", "label": "Valentinian III", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "Attila died in 453, and Aetius in 454, as well as emperor Valentinian III who assassinated him."}, {"id": "Q191940", "label": "Petronius Maximus", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "Petronius Maximus was killed in 455 after less than three months in power, and soon afterwards Rome was sacked by the Vandals based in North Africa."}, {"id": "Q47180", "label": "Petronius", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "On 9 July 455 Theodoric II, the new king of the Visigoths, acclaimed the Gallo-Roman noble Avitus as the new emperor, who was at the Visigothic city of Toulouse at the time, sent by Petronius on an embassy to the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "However, in October 456 Avitus was overthrown as emperor by Majorian and Ricimer, who became the new emperor and magister militum."}, {"id": "Q689903", "label": "Marius Aventicensis", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "Soon after this in 456, Marius Aventicensis reported that the Burgundians \"occupied part of Gaul and divided the lands with the Gallic senators\"."}, {"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "In Burgundian fashion he shared power with three brothers: Godegisel at Geneva, Chilperic II at Vienne, Isère, and Godomar I at Valence, Drôme."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "In 500 Godegisel allied with the Frankish king Clovis I—who had married his niece Clotilde—and turned on Gundobad during a battle near Dijon."}, {"id": "Q232365", "label": "Clotilde", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "In 500 Godegisel allied with the Frankish king Clovis I—who had married his niece Clotilde—and turned on Gundobad during a battle near Dijon."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "After this civil war, Gundobad rebuilt relations with Clovis, united the kingdom under his sole rule, were allies of the Franks during their 507 Battle of Vouillé campaign against the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "The Burgundians emerged almost empty-handed, while the Franks and Ostrogoths made substantial gains."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Gundobad died in 516 and was succeeded by his son Sigismund, who had already ruled from Geneva since about 501."}, {"id": "Q886997", "label": "Godomar", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Sigismund was captured by the Franks and executed with his family; his brother Godomar II rallied the Burgundians and defeated the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce in 52"}, {"id": "Q966386", "label": "Battle of Vézeronce", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Sigismund was captured by the Franks and executed with his family; his brother Godomar II rallied the Burgundians and defeated the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce in 52"}], "Q1400154": [{"id": "Q213893", "label": "Negeri Sembilan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federated Malay States (FMS, Malay: Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu, Jawi: نݢري٢ ملايو برسکوتو) was a federation of four integrated protectorates in the Malay Peninsula comprising Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "In that year, these states joined with two of the former Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang, excluding Singapore) and the Unfederated Malay States to form the Malayan Union."}, {"id": "Q1973084", "label": "Unfederated Malay States", "section": "lead", "says": "In that year, these states joined with two of the former Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang, excluding Singapore) and the Unfederated Malay States to form the Malayan Union."}, {"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "lead", "says": "In that year, these states joined with two of the former Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang, excluding Singapore) and the Unfederated Malay States to form the Malayan Union."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "The union was short-lived and in 1948 was replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which gained independence in 1957."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "This federation later became Malaysia in 1963 following the inclusion of North Borneo (now Sabah), Sarawak and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "This federation later became Malaysia in 1963 following the inclusion of North Borneo (now Sabah), Sarawak and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the federation, along with the Unfederated Malay States and the Straits Settlements, was invaded and occupied by Japanese forces which culminated in the Fall of Singapore."}, {"id": "Q296754", "label": "Battle of Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the federation, along with the Unfederated Malay States and the Straits Settlements, was invaded and occupied by Japanese forces which culminated in the Fall of Singapore."}, {"id": "Q2649311", "label": "Sultan of Perak", "section": "Military history - World War I", "says": "As a contribution, the government and people of the Federated Malay States agreed to finance the commissioning of HMS Malaya; this was a motion proposed in the Federal Council by the Sultan of Perak in 1913 and supported by the Sultan of Selangor."}], "Q1414395": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of South Maluku (Indonesian: Republik Maluku Selatan), also known as the Republic of the South Moluccas (Dutch: Republiek der Zuid-Molukken), was an unrecognised Indonesian secessionist movement that claimed the islands of Ambon, Buru, and Seram, which currently make up most of the province of Maluku."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The borders of present-day Indonesia were formed through colonial expansion finalised in the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the occupation by the Japanese Empire during World War II ended in 1945, nationalist leaders on Java unilaterally declared Indonesian independence."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Original settlers", "says": "They were ancestors of the Aboriginal Australians, then the ancestors of the Papuans, and lastly the Austronesian settlers from the Philippines by way of Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "History - Disbanding the colonial army", "says": "During the Indonesian National Revolution, the Dutch had to disband the reinstated KNIL, and the native soldiers had the choice of either being demobilised or joining the army of the Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "History - Disbanding the colonial army", "says": "During the Indonesian National Revolution, the Dutch had to disband the reinstated KNIL, and the native soldiers had the choice of either being demobilised or joining the army of the Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "History - Invasion of Ambon", "says": "In 1 February, 1955, there were plans to proclaim the Maluku islands as part of the Islamic State of Indonesia (Darul Islam)."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "History - Demobilisation of the Moluccan soldiers to the Netherlands", "says": "Following the settlement of the West New Guinea dispute in 1963, after which the Netherlands ceded Netherlands New Guinea to Indonesia, Dutch relations with Indonesia improved, and the South Moluccan movement"}], "Q146740": [{"id": "Q319015", "label": "Yigal Allon", "section": "lead", "says": "A separate independent Druze state to be established in the Golan Heights was proposed by Israeli politician Yigal Allon in his Allon Plan."}], "Q146872": [{"id": "Q2572143", "label": "Henri Gouraud", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Aleppo (French: État d'Alep; Arabic: دولة حلب Dawlat Ḥalab) was one of the six states that were established by the French High Commissioner of the Levant, General Henri Gouraud, in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference and the collapse of King Faisal I's short-lived Arab monarchy in Syria."}, {"id": "Q146562", "label": "State of Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "The other states were the State of Damascus (1920), the Alawite State (1920), the State of Jabal Druze (1921), the Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921), as well as the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q130802", "label": "Alawite State", "section": "lead", "says": "The other states were the State of Damascus (1920), the Alawite State (1920), the State of Jabal Druze (1921), the Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921), as well as the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q146740", "label": "Jabal Druze", "section": "lead", "says": "The other states were the State of Damascus (1920), the Alawite State (1920), the State of Jabal Druze (1921), the Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921), as well as the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon."}], "Q1472004": [{"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "The prefix of \"Former\" is used in historiography to distinguish them from the other Yan states that came after them, such as Later Yan."}, {"id": "Q1071329", "label": "Murong Jun", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Murong Huang and his son Murong Jun claimed the Eastern Jin-created title \"Prince of Yan\", but subsequently, in 352, after seizing most of the former Later Zhao territory, Murong Jun would declare himself emperor, and after that point, the rulers of the Former Yan declared themselves \"emperors\"."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Murong Huang and his son Murong Jun claimed the Eastern Jin-created title \"Prince of Yan\", but subsequently, in 352, after seizing most of the former Later Zhao territory, Murong Jun would declare himself emperor, and after that point, the rulers of the Former Yan declared themselves \"emperors\"."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the Three Kingdoms period, when the Cao Wei commander, Sima Yi, campaigned against Gongsun Yuan in 237, the Murong offered their assistance and, after the campaign, they were allowed to move into northern Liaodong."}, {"id": "Q353698", "label": "Sima Yi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the Three Kingdoms period, when the Cao Wei commander, Sima Yi, campaigned against Gongsun Yuan in 237, the Murong offered their assistance and, after the campaign, they were allowed to move into northern Liaodong."}, {"id": "Q735405", "label": "Gongsun Yuan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the Three Kingdoms period, when the Cao Wei commander, Sima Yi, campaigned against Gongsun Yuan in 237, the Murong offered their assistance and, after the campaign, they were allowed to move into northern Liaodong."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Huang", "says": "Later that year, Former Yan invaded Goguryeo and sacked the capital Hwando, forcing their king Gogugwon into submission."}, {"id": "Q845531", "label": "Ran Wei", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Jun", "says": "Soon, the Former Yan went head-to-head with the Ran Wei state, which superseded the Later Zhao, and in 352, the Wei emperor, Ran Min was captured by Murong Jun's brother, Murong Ke at the Battle of Liantai."}, {"id": "Q836256", "label": "Ran Min", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Jun", "says": "Soon, the Former Yan went head-to-head with the Ran Wei state, which superseded the Later Zhao, and in 352, the Wei emperor, Ran Min was captured by Murong Jun's brother, Murong Ke at the Battle of Liantai."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Jun", "says": "The destruction of Ran Wei established Former Yan as a regional power on the North China Plain, competing with the Di-led Former Qin in the west and the Eastern Jin in the south."}, {"id": "Q1074804", "label": "Murong Wei", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Wei", "says": "Murong Jun's son, Murong Wei was still a child when he ascended the throne and was assigned multiple regents."}, {"id": "Q1069768", "label": "Murong Chui", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Wei", "says": "While Murong Ke was entrusted with real power, another brother of Murong Jun, Murong Chui, was viewed with extreme suspicion by the emperor's inner circle throughout Jun and Murong Wei's reigns."}, {"id": "Q2496512", "label": "Huan Wen", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Wei", "says": "In 369, the Eastern Jin commander, Huan Wen, launched an expedition to conquer the Former Yan."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Wei", "says": "In the wake of the Battle of Fei River in 383, the Yan was restored as the La"}], "Q1474791": [{"id": "Q4055153", "label": "Abu'l Qasim", "section": "History - Civil war among the sons of Bukr and conflict with Wadai", "says": "Lel was succeeded by his uncle, Abu'l-Qasim, who traditions portray as a capable ruler."}, {"id": "Q1475713", "label": "Sennar Sultanate", "section": "History - Tayrab's reign and the conquest of Kordofan", "says": "Over the previous centuries Kordofan had largely escaped control by any of the region's major states, however the Funj Sultanate centred in Sennar projected influence over eastern Kordofan via the Ghudiyat."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Succession crisis and the rise of Kurra", "says": "By the end of the 18th century, most of the population had syncretised Islam with their traditional beliefs. 'Abd al-Rahman planned for his son, Muhammad al-Fadl, to succeed him, with Kurra tasked with carrying out his wish; after the sultan's death, Kurra solicited support from the title-holders for the 14-year-old al-Fadl, however they faced opposition from sons of former sultans, who joined for"}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "In 1821, the Turco-Egyptians under Muhammad Ali, who planned to conquer the Sudan and compile a large slave army, conquered the Funj and the province of Kordofan from al-Fadl."}, {"id": "Q3818737", "label": "Ali Dinar", "section": "History - Mahdists, Ali Dinar, and colonisation", "says": "In 1898, when the Mahdists were conquered by the Anglo-Egyptians, sultan Ali Dinar managed to re-establish Darfur's self-rule."}], "Q149832": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived and self-proclaimed Kurdish state declared in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q154816": [{"id": "Q199389", "label": "Principality of Iberia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Iberians was a medieval Georgian monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty which emerged circa 888 AD, succeeding the Principality of Iberia, in historical region of Tao-Klarjeti, or upper Iberia in north-eastern Turkey as well parts of modern southwestern Georgia, that stretched from the Iberian gates in the south and to the Lesser Caucasus in the north."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The region played a crucial role in the unification of all Georgian lands and principalities into the Kingdom of Georgia in 1008."}, {"id": "Q359956", "label": "Vakhtang I of Iberia", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 813, the last Iberian prince Ashot I of the Bagrationi dynasty established himself in his patrimonial Duchy of Klarjeti, where he restored the castle of Artanuji, said to have been built by the king Vakhtang I of Iberia in the 5th century, and received the Byzantine protection."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Ashot allied himself with king Theodosius II of Abkhazia and met the emir on the Ksani, winning a victory and pushing the Kakhetians from central Iberia."}, {"id": "Q1337828", "label": "Emirate of Tbilisi", "section": "History - Division", "says": "Bagrat I allied himself with Caliph against Emirate of Tbilisi and Principality of Kakheti."}, {"id": "Q463419", "label": "Ashot I of Armenia", "section": "History - Dynastic strife", "says": "Anxious to counterbalance the Byzantine influence in the Caucasus, Ashot I of Armenia interfered in support of David I's son Adnarnase."}, {"id": "Q209793", "label": "Constantine III", "section": "History - Restoration of the Kingdom", "says": "The two men collaborated in defeating, in 904, the Abkhazian king Constantine III, their common relative, who competed with Adarnase for hegemony in Inner Iberia and with Smbat in Gogarene."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Restoration of the Kingdom", "says": "This move turned Adarnase against Smbat and the ensuing break and enmity weakened both monarchs: Adarnase was dispossessed by Constantine III in 904, while Smbat was defeated and tortured to death by Yusuf, a Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan in 914."}, {"id": "Q1363706", "label": "David III of Tao", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "While Bagrat retained Lower Tao and the royal title, his cousin David III of Tao controlled the remaining Tao domains and emerged as the most powerful Bagratid ruler of the period."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - Alliance with the Byzantine Empire and the Unification of Georgia", "says": "A just ruler and a friend of the church, David allied with the Byzantine Emperor Basil II to defeat the rebel Byzantine noble Bardas Skleros (c."}, {"id": "Q744590", "label": "Bardas Skleros", "section": "History - Alliance with the Byzantine Empire and the Unification of Georgia", "says": "A just ruler and a friend of the church, David allied with the Byzantine Emperor Basil II to defeat the rebel Byzantine noble Bardas Skleros (c."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Alliance with the Byzantine Empire and the Unification of Georgia", "says": "The only setback was the 987–989 unsuccessful conflict with the Byzantine Empire that forced David to agree to cede his dominion to Emperor Basil II on his death, whose domains later would be organized into the theme of Iberia."}], "Q1572529": [{"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally founded as a Mon-speaking kingdom named Ramaññadesa (Mon: ရးမည, Burmese: ရာမည ဒေသ) by King Wareru following the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom in 1287 as a nominal vassal state of the Sukhothai Kingdom and the Mongol Yuan dynasty, it became formally independent in 1330."}, {"id": "Q863279", "label": "Sukhothai Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally founded as a Mon-speaking kingdom named Ramaññadesa (Mon: ရးမည, Burmese: ရာမည ဒေသ) by King Wareru following the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom in 1287 as a nominal vassal state of the Sukhothai Kingdom and the Mongol Yuan dynasty, it became formally independent in 1330."}, {"id": "Q981475", "label": "Tabinshwehti", "section": "lead", "says": "In its early phase under the Mon Wareru dynasty, the kingdom functioned as a loose federation of three major regional power centres: the Irrawaddy Delta, Bago, and Mottama.In 1539, the kingdom was conquered by King Tabinshwehti of the Burmese Toungoo dynasty, who relocated his imperial capital to Pegu (Hanthawaddy)."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "lead", "says": "Following brief Mon rebellions after Tabinshwehti's death, King Bayinnaung re-established Hanthawaddy as the central royal seat of the First Toungoo Empire, bringing both Burmese and Mon elites into his administration."}, {"id": "Q23039102", "label": "First Toungoo Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following brief Mon rebellions after Tabinshwehti's death, King Bayinnaung re-established Hanthawaddy as the central royal seat of the First Toungoo Empire, bringing both Burmese and Mon elites into his administration."}], "Q157535": [{"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed for less than six months before it merged with Tanganyika to create the      \"United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar\", which would be renamed the United Republic of Tanzania in November of that year."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed for less than six months before it merged with Tanganyika to create the      \"United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar\", which would be renamed the United Republic of Tanzania in November of that year."}], "Q1658411": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raj of Sarawak, Kingdom of Sarawak, or State of Sarawak, was a kingdom founded in 1841 in northwestern Borneo and was in a treaty of protection with the United Kingdom from 1888."}, {"id": "Q441276", "label": "James Brooke", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed from a series of land concessions acquired by the Englishman James Brooke from the Sultan of Brunei."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Sarawak was recognised as a sovereign state by the United States in 1850, and by the United Kingdom in 1864."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "To promote economic growth, Charles Brooke encouraged the migration of Chinese workers from Qing China and British Singapore for agricultural work."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke, but World War II and the arrival of Imperial Japanese forces ultimately brought an end to the Raj, with the territory placed under British Military Administration upon the Japanese capitulation in 1945, and annexed by Britain as its last acquisition as a Crown Colony in 1946, contrary to the Atlantic Charter."}, {"id": "Q16953965", "label": "British Military Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke, but World War II and the arrival of Imperial Japanese forces ultimately brought an end to the Raj, with the territory placed under British Military Administration upon the Japanese capitulation in 1945, and annexed by Britain as its last acquisition as a Crown Colony in 1946, contrary to the Atlantic Charter."}, {"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "After having served in the First Anglo-Burmese War, where he was severely wounded in battle, Brooke returned to England in 1825 to recover from his injury."}, {"id": "Q130327", "label": "Thomas Stamford Raffles", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "Inspired by the adventure stories regarding the success of the East India Company (EIC) where his father had been serving, and especially by the efforts of Stamford Raffles to expand the company influence in the Asiatic Archipelago, he purchased a schooner named Royalist using the £30,000 left to him by his father."}, {"id": "Q40107", "label": "Omar Ali Saifuddin II of Brunei", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "By July 1839, he reached Singapore and came across some British sailors who had been shipwrecked and helped by Pengiran Raja Muda Hashim, the uncle of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II of Brunei."}, {"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "The Raja told Brooke that his presence in the area was to control a rebellion against the Sultanate of Brunei caused by the oppressive policies of Pengiran Indera Mahkota, a kinsman of the Sultan."}, {"id": "Q3109927", "label": "Sultanate of Sambas", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "It has also been alleged that the rebellion against Brunei was aided by the neighbouring Sultanate of Sambas and the government of the Dutch East Indies, who wanted to establish economic rig"}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Foundation and early years", "says": "It has also been alleged that the rebellion against Brunei was aided by the neighbouring Sultanate of Sambas and the government of the Dutch East Indies, who wanted to establish economic rig"}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "History - Relationship to Brunei", "says": "Badruddin accused Yusof of being involved in the slave trade due to his close relations with a notable pirate leader, Sharif Usman, in Marudu Bay and the Sultanate of Sulu."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Later years", "says": "Before the ongoing piracy suppression, a major battle with the Illanuns of the Moro pirates from the southern Philippines occurred in November 1862."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "After World War I, the Empire of Japan began to expand its range in Asia and the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "After World War I, the Empire of Japan began to expand its range in Asia and the Pacific."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "On 16 December 1941, a Japanese navy detachment on Sagiri arrived at Miri from Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "On 7 January 1942, Japanese troops in Sarawak crossed the border of Dutch Borneo and proceeded to neighbouring North Borneo."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "Lacking air protection, Sarawak and the rest of the island fell to the Japanese and Vyner took sanctuary in Australia."}], "Q1740533": [{"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "Background", "says": "The city of Baku, located in the South Caucasus, was originally part of the Shirvan province of Safavid Iran."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Mirza Muhammad Khan I, who also continued to work under Nader Shah in the military."}], "Q1771831": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kruševo Republic (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Крушевска Република; Aromanian: Republica di Crushuva) was a short-lived political entity proclaimed in Kruševo during the Ilinden Uprising against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Within North Macedonia, it is viewed as a historical predecessor to the present day state."}], "Q2006756": [{"id": "Q212068", "label": "Jean-Jacques Dessalines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Governor-General of Haiti, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, created the empire on 22 September 1804."}, {"id": "Q353464", "label": "Alejandro Petion", "section": "lead", "says": "Two members of his administration, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe, then assumed power, which led to a split in the country – with Pétion leading the southern Republic of Haiti and Christophe leading the northern State of Haiti (later Kingdom of Haiti)."}, {"id": "Q353458", "label": "Henri Christophe", "section": "lead", "says": "Two members of his administration, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe, then assumed power, which led to a split in the country – with Pétion leading the southern Republic of Haiti and Christophe leading the northern State of Haiti (later Kingdom of Haiti)."}, {"id": "Q2150951", "label": "State of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "Two members of his administration, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe, then assumed power, which led to a split in the country – with Pétion leading the southern Republic of Haiti and Christophe leading the northern State of Haiti (later Kingdom of Haiti)."}, {"id": "Q1472105", "label": "Kingdom of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "Two members of his administration, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe, then assumed power, which led to a split in the country – with Pétion leading the southern Republic of Haiti and Christophe leading the northern State of Haiti (later Kingdom of Haiti)."}, {"id": "Q560853", "label": "Faustin Soulouque", "section": "lead", "says": "Some 43 years later, President Faustin Soulouque established the Second Empire of Haiti, which lasted between 1849 and 1859."}, {"id": "Q2979717", "label": "Second Empire of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "Some 43 years later, President Faustin Soulouque established the Second Empire of Haiti, which lasted between 1849 and 1859."}], "Q2079909": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in New England which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States."}, {"id": "Q130812", "label": "Mary II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and was based on the merging of several earlier British colonies in New England."}, {"id": "Q126195", "label": "Plymouth Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The charter took effect on May 14, 1692, and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, the Territory of Sagadahock, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor."}], "Q2308885": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (Rusyn: Руска Народна Република Лемків, romanized: Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv, lit. 'Rusyn National Republic of Lemkos'), often known also as the Lemko-Rusyn Republic, just the Lemko Republic, or the Florynka Republic, was a short-lived state founded on 5 December 1918 in the aftermath of World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Being Russophile, its intent was unification with a democratic Russia and was opposed to a union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "A union with Russia proved impossible, so the Republic then attempted to join Subcarpathian Rus' as an autonomous province of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was headed by Jaroslav Kacmarcyk as President of the Central National Council."}, {"id": "Q1076469", "label": "Peace of Riga", "section": "lead", "says": "Its fate was sealed by the September 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain, which gave Galicia west of the San to Poland and by the Peace of Riga in March 1921 whereby the fait accompli was recognized by Moscow."}, {"id": "Q2510537", "label": "Komancza Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This state should not be confused with the Komancza Republic of eastern Lemko Region, another short-lived republic."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Fears of Polonization and ignorance concerning the treatments of Rusyns and Ukrainians within the borders of the Russian Empire made the Russian campaign particularly successful, and already in 1849 the Lemkos sent a delegation to Tsar Nicholas I led by Mykhailo Hrynda of Szlachtowa, which asked the Tsar for his \"protection\"."}, {"id": "Q371322", "label": "Mykhailo Hrushevskyi", "section": "Background", "says": "Mykhailo Hrushevsky stresses that there was no nationalism nor a strong identity present in the Rusyn circles, the cultural and religious differences made it impossible to identify with both the Polish and Ukrainian population, and yet despite a common desire for independence or autonomy, there were not any strong foundations for a Lemko nation."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "This temporarily weakened the pro-Russian ambitions of the Rusyns, but it returned as a consequence of Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War."}], "Q2346056": [{"id": "Q246863", "label": "Livonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "Russian tsar Ivan IV declared the establishment of the kingdom during the Livonian War of 1558–1583, but it never functioned properly as a polity."}], "Q2502270": [{"id": "Q1855372", "label": "Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani", "section": "lead", "says": "Currently, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani leads the house."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Origins and basic structure", "says": "The tribe moved from the Najdi town of Ushaiger, a settlement north-west of Riyadh, and settled at the Gebrin oasis in southern Najd (present-day Saudi Arabia) before they moved to Qatar."}, {"id": "Q3493526", "label": "Muhammad ibn Thani", "section": "History - Origins and basic structure", "says": "They settled in Doha in the 19th century under their leader Mohammed bin Thani."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "The Al Thanis first emerged as one of Qatar's influential and dominant clans in the 1850s, and accepted the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire to strengthen their position against rivals."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "They sought a stronger treaty with the British Empire, and eventually achieved it in 1916, greatly contributing to their political consolidation."}, {"id": "Q57360", "label": "Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani", "section": "History - Consolidation of power after Hamad's coup", "says": "It was only Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, once he came to power in a bloodless palace coup in 1995 after gaining support from senior Al Thanis and the United States, that finally managed to concentrate political power more narrowly within the royal family, to himself and an inner circle of trusted relatives."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Consolidation of power after Hamad's coup", "says": "It was only Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, once he came to power in a bloodless palace coup in 1995 after gaining support from senior Al Thanis and the United States, that finally managed to concentrate political power more narrowly within the royal family, to himself and an inner circle of trusted relatives."}], "Q2504040": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gagauz Republic (Gagauz: Gagauz Respublikası, [ɡɑɡɑˈus rɪsˈpublʲɪkəsə]; Romanian: Republica Găgăuzia, [reˈpublika ɡəɡəˈuzia]; Russian: Республика Гагаузия, romanized: Respublika Gagauziya, [rɪsˈpublʲɪkə ɡɐɡəˈuzɪjə]) was a self-proclaimed unrecognised political entity, first declared in 1989, that separated from Moldova in 1990 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union but later peacefully joi"}], "Q2576305": [{"id": "Q997263", "label": "White Croats", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Croatia (Modern Croatian: Kneževina Hrvatska; also Duchy of the Croats, Modern Croatian: Kneževina Hrvata; Latin: Ducatus Chroatorum; Greek: Χρωβατία) was a medieval state that was established by White Croats who migrated into the area of the former Roman province of Dalmatia c."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Croats settled in Dalmatia after defeating the Pannonian Avars, during the time of Byzantine emperor Heraclius I."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy was in the center of competition between the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire for rule over the area."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy was in the center of competition between the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire for rule over the area."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatia also waged battles with the Bulgarian Empire (founded c."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatia experienced periods of vassalage to the Franks or to the Byzantines and of de facto independence until 879, when Duke Branimir was recognized as an independent ruler by Pope John VIII."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Roman provinces and native populations in Southeastern Europe, including the province of Dalmatia and other parts of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum, were attacked and conquered by the Huns and Goths with the latter Ostrogoths forming Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553)."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Roman provinces and native populations in Southeastern Europe, including the province of Dalmatia and other parts of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum, were attacked and conquered by the Huns and Goths with the latter Ostrogoths forming Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553)."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Although the Byzantine Empire managed to reconquest the territory (albeit the Plague of Justinian and Late Antique Little Ice Age), since the mid-6th century followed even more devastating intrusions and migrations of the early Slavs."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Most of the Roman province by the 7th century were pressured by Avar Khaganate, a nomadic confederacy led by the Pannonian Avars who subjugated surrounding Slavic tribes."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Background", "says": "According to the De Administrando Imperio, the White Croats were either invited into province of Dalmatia by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Frankish vassalage", "says": "In 788 Charlemagne, after conquering Lombardy, turned further east and subjugated Istria."}, {"id": "Q2470109", "label": "Pax Nicephori", "section": "History - Frankish vassalage", "says": "The Franks also waged wars with the Byzantine Empire until a peace treaty, known as the Pax Nicephori, was signed in 812."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Between East and West", "says": "The Duchy of Croatia was located between two major powers of the Middle Ages: the Eastern Roman Empire in the East which controlled the Dalmatian cities and islands and aimed to extend their rule over the entire former Roman province of Dalmatia, and the Franks in the West seeking to control the northern and northwestern lands."}, {"id": "Q458419", "label": "Pietro Tradonico", "section": "History - Between East and West", "says": "Therefore, in 839 the Venetians under Doge Pietro Tradonico attacked the eastern coast of the Adriatic, including Croatia, but during the assault they signed peace with their ruler, princeps Mislav (Latin: principe Muisclavo), who ruled from Klis near Split."}, {"id": "Q3768443", "label": "John the Deacon", "section": "History - Between East and West", "says": "The Doge also attacked Narentine islands, but failed to defeat them and made peace with their leader, who is mentioned as count Drosaico by the chronicler John the Deacon."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "History - Between East and West", "says": "Piracy continued in the Adriatic, as well as hostility towards Venice, which is seen from the contract between Emperor Lothair I and Doge Tradonico, in which the Doge committed himself to defend the cities in Italy and Istria from Slavic attacks."}, {"id": "Q470713", "label": "Trpimir I of Croatia", "section": "History - Between East and West", "says": "Duke Mislav was succeeded around 845 by Trpimir I, who continued the formal legacy of being the vassal of the Frankish king Lothair I (840–855), although he managed to strengthen his personal rule in Croatia."}, {"id": "Q311057", "label": "Boris I of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Between East and West", "says": "Between 854 and 860, he successfully defended his land from the Bulgarian invasion under Knyaz Boris I of Bulgaria, somewhere in Northeastern Bosnia, concluding a peace treaty with Boris and exchanging gifts."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Independent realm", "says": "Pope John VIII complained to Domagoj about the obstinacy of Patriarch Ignatius who denied his jurisdiction over Bulgaria and appointed a new archbishop."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Independent realm", "says": "During his rule, in the late 9th century the Hungarians crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin."}], "Q261407": [{"id": "Q690821", "label": "Republic of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "South Baden (German: Südbaden; French: Bade-du-Sud), formed in December 1945 from the southern half of the former Republic of Baden, was a subdivision of the French occupation zone of post-World War II Germany."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was later renamed to Baden (French: Bade) and became a founding state of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany, today simply Germany) in 1949."}], "Q264970": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Köthen [ˈʔanhalt ˈkøːtn] was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Köthen [ˈʔanhalt ˈkøːtn] was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania."}, {"id": "Q706152", "label": "Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1396 when the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst was partitioned between Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1396 when the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst was partitioned between Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen."}, {"id": "Q1339", "label": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, Anhalt-Köthen is mostly remembered as a long-time residence of Johann Sebastian Bach, while he worked for Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen."}, {"id": "Q362618", "label": "Adolph I", "section": "History - First creation", "says": "He himself died in 1423 and was succeeded by his sons Adolph I and Waldemar V."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "History - First creation", "says": "Waldemar died in 1436 and Adolph entered a long-time quarrel with their cousin Prince George I of Anhalt-Dessau, finally in 1471, both concluded a succession contract whereby George took over the government of half the principality and became co-ruler as Lord of Köthen."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "History - First creation", "says": "Prince Wolfgang met with Martin Luther at the 1521 Diet of Augsburg and implemented the Protestant Reformation in his territories; the second Prince of the Holy Roman Empire to do so after the Saxon elector Frederick the Wise."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - First creation", "says": "Prince Wolfgang met with Martin Luther at the 1521 Diet of Augsburg and implemented the Protestant Reformation in his territories; the second Prince of the Holy Roman Empire to do so after the Saxon elector Frederick the Wise."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - First creation", "says": "He also became a leading member of the Protestant League of Torgau and the Schmalkaldic League against the policies of the Habsburg emperor Charles V."}, {"id": "Q703081", "label": "Peace of Passau", "section": "History - First creation", "says": "Temporarily banned, his possessions were restored in the 1552 Peace of Passau."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Second creation", "says": "In 1603, however, the five surviving brothers again divided their heritage, with Anhalt-Köthen recreated for Prince Louis I."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Second creation", "says": "When he died in 1650, his son and successor William Louis was still a minor with Prince Augustus of Anhalt-Plötzkau and, from 1653, his sons Leberecht and Emmanuel acting as regents."}, {"id": "Q151826", "label": "Frederick I of Prussia", "section": "History - Second creation", "says": "Also a minor at his father's death, his mother Gisela Agnes acted as regent, supervised by King Frederick I of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Second creation", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Augustus Christian, who received parts of the extinct Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1793 and was elevated to a duke (Herzog) by Napoleon in 1806."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Second creation", "says": "Anhalt-Köthen became a member of the German Confederation of the Rhine in 1807."}, {"id": "Q474263", "label": "Duchy of Pless", "section": "History - Anhalt-Köthen-Pless", "says": "In 1765, Frederick Erdmann, the youngest son of Prince Augustus Louis, had received the Silesian state country in the former Duchy of Pless from the hands of his maternal uncle, Count John Erdmann of Promnitz."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Anhalt-Köthen-Pless", "says": "His son, Frederick Ferdinand, inherited the princely title in 1797."}], "Q2657134": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Albania (Albanian: Mbretëria e Arbërisë, Latin: Regnum Albaniæ) was established by Charles of Anjou in the Albanian territories he conquered from the Byzantine Empire in 1271, with the help of the local Albanian nobility."}, {"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sicilian Vespers further weakened the position of Charles, and the Kingdom was soon reduced by the Byzantines to a small area around Durazzo."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1392, Karl Thopia's son surrendered the city to the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea in 1253, lord Golem of Kruja was initially allied with Epirus."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea in 1253, lord Golem of Kruja was initially allied with Epirus."}, {"id": "Q41640", "label": "Michael II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The same year Despot of Epirus Michael II signed a peace treaty with Nicaea acknowledging their authority over west Macedonia and Albania."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The same year Despot of Epirus Michael II signed a peace treaty with Nicaea acknowledging their authority over west Macedonia and Albania."}, {"id": "Q37082", "label": "Theodore II Laskaris", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The same privileges were confirmed later by his successor Theodore II Laskaris."}, {"id": "Q60125", "label": "George Akropolites", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the winter of 1256–57, George Akropolites tried to reinstall Byzantine authority in the area of Arbanon."}, {"id": "Q763428", "label": "Battle of Pelagonia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following the defeat of Michael II's and Manfred's forces in the Battle of Pelagonia, the new Nicaean forces continued their advance by capturing all of Manfred's domains in Albania, with the exception of Durrës."}, {"id": "Q283062", "label": "Battle of Benevento", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "After defeating Manfred's forces in the Battle of Benevento in 1266, the Treaty of Viterbo of 1267 was signed, with Charles of Anjou acquiring rights on Manfred's dominions in Albania, together with rights he gained in the Latin dominions in the Despotate of Epirus and in the Morea."}, {"id": "Q3536907", "label": "Treaty of Viterbo", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "After defeating Manfred's forces in the Battle of Benevento in 1266, the Treaty of Viterbo of 1267 was signed, with Charles of Anjou acquiring rights on Manfred's dominions in Albania, together with rights he gained in the Latin dominions in the Despotate of Epirus and in the Morea."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The treaty declared the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: Regnum Albanie) with the Kingdom of Sicily under King Charles of Anjou (Carolus I, dei gratia rex Siciliae et Albaniae)."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "This alarmed the Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, who began sending letters to local Albanian nobles, trying to convince them to stop their support for Charles of Anjou and to switch sides."}, {"id": "Q161740", "label": "Gregory X", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "Then, Michael VIII's hopes of stopping the advance of Charles were laid on the influence of Pope Gregory X."}, {"id": "Q889914", "label": "Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas", "section": "History - Angevin counteroffensive", "says": "The Byzantine presence in Butrint alarmed Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas the Despot of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q451156", "label": "William II of Villehardouin", "section": "History - Angevin counteroffensive", "says": "He contacted Charles of Anjou and his vassal William II of Villehardouin who was at that time the prince of Achaea."}, {"id": "Q208754", "label": "Nikephoros I", "section": "History - Angevin counteroffensive", "says": "Nikephoros I promised to make an oath of homage to Charles of Anjou in return for some land property in Achaia."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Angevin counteroffensive", "says": "He entered in alliance with the kings of Serbia and Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q3536735", "label": "Treaty of Orvieto", "section": "History - Treaty of Orvieto", "says": "He found an ally in Venice and in July 1281, the Treaty of Orvieto formalized this collaboration."}, {"id": "Q888405", "label": "Philip of Courtenay", "section": "History - Treaty of Orvieto", "says": "Its stated purpose was the dethronement of Michael VIII in favor of the titular Latin emperor Philip of Courtenay and the forcible establishment of the Union of the Churches, bringing the Greek Orthodox Church under the authority of the Pope."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - Treaty of Orvieto", "says": "Its principal motivation, however, was to re-establish the Latin Empire, under Angevin domination, and to restore Venetian commercial privileges in Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q532733", "label": "Giovanni Dandolo", "section": "History - Treaty of Orvieto", "says": "Philip, the Doge of Venice Giovanni Dandolo, and Charles himself or Charles' son, Charles, Prince of Salerno, were to personally accompany the expedition."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "History - Sicilian Vespers", "says": "Charles tried to suppress the uprising, but on 30 of August 1282, Peter III of Aragon landed in Sicily, it was clear that Charles had no more chances of attacking Byzantium."}, {"id": "Q314331", "label": "Charles II of Naples", "section": "History - Sicilian Vespers", "says": "His son Charles II of Naples was captured by the Aragonese army in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples and was still a prisoner when his father, Charles of Anjou, died on 7 January 1285."}, {"id": "Q4872926", "label": "Battle of the Gulf of Naples", "section": "History - Sicilian Vespers", "says": "His son Charles II of Naples was captured by the Aragonese army in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples and was still a prisoner when his father, Charles of Anjou, died on 7 January 1285."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "History - Loss of Durrës", "says": "However Durrës fell in Byzantine hands in 1288 and in the same year Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos renewed the privileges that his predecessor had granted to the Albanians in the Krujë region."}, {"id": "Q712759", "label": "Philip I, Prince of Taranto", "section": "History - Recapture of Durrës", "says": "In August 1294, Charles II passed his rights on Albania to his son Philip I, Prince of Taranto."}, {"id": "Q367226", "label": "Frederick III of Sicily", "section": "History - Recapture of Durrës", "says": "His plans of recovering old Angevin domains were paused for a while when in 1299 Philip of Taranto became a prisoner of Frederick III of Sicily in the Battle of Falconaria."}, {"id": "Q3932086", "label": "Kingdom of Trinacria", "section": "History - Recapture of Durrës", "says": "In an attempt to resolve the tensions between the house of Anjou and the Aragonese, the Kingdom of Albania and the lands in Achaea under Angevin dominion were offered in exchange for the Kingdom of Trinacria ruled by Frederick II."}, {"id": "Q576665", "label": "John of Gravina", "section": "History - Duchy of Durazzo", "says": "The rights of the Duchy of Durazzo (Durrës) and the Kingdom of Albania together were given to John of Gravina with a sum of 5,000 pounds of gold."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "History - Last decades", "says": "The pressure of the Serbian Kingdom on the Kingdom of Albania grew especially under the leadership of Stefan Dušan."}, {"id": "Q658100", "label": "Philip II, Prince of Taranto", "section": "History - Last decades", "says": "In 1348, Charles, Duke of Durazzo, was decapitated by his cousin Philip II, Prince of Taranto, who also inherited his rights on the Kingdom of Albania."}, {"id": "Q73810", "label": "Stephen Uroš I of Serbia", "section": "History - Last decades", "says": "In fact Stefan Uroš I was married to Helen of Anjou and Karl Topia was recognized as Count of Albania."}, {"id": "Q1048340", "label": "Albanian Kingdom", "section": "History - Last decades", "says": "In 1376 Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo who had gained the rights on the Albanian Kingdom from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city during the Durrës Expedition, but in 1383, Thopia took once again control of the city."}, {"id": "Q2603935", "label": "Battle of Savra", "section": "History - Last decades", "says": "Topia called for Ottoman help and Balša's forces were defeated in the Battle of Savra."}], "Q2981019": [{"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya or the Emirate of Armenia (Arabic: إمارة أرمينية, imārat armīniya), was a political and geographic designation given by the Muslim Arabs to the lands of Greater Armenia, Caucasian Iberia, and Caucasian Albania, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "History - Early period: the Arab conquest of Armenia", "says": "Although Arab sources imply that the country was henceforth effectively under Arab rule, modern historians generally consider the contemporary account attributed to the Armenian bishop Sebeos, partly corroborated by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, more reliable, and have proposed different reconstructions of the early Arab raids between 640 and 650, based on a critical reading o"}, {"id": "Q4897304", "label": "Muhammad ibn Marwan", "section": "History - Establishment of direct Muslim control", "says": "Beginning in 700, the Caliph's brother and governor of Arran, Muhammad ibn Marwan, subdued the country in a series of campaigns."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Abbasid period until 884", "says": "Per al-Ya'qubi, under the Abbasids (750–884) the province comprised only three parts: Armenia proper, Jurzan (Georgia), and Arran (including Sharwan and Bab al-Abwab, i.e. the Derbend pass)."}, {"id": "Q367330", "label": "Ibn Hawqal", "section": "History - Abbasid period until 884", "says": "Ibn Hawqal (fl."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Abbasid period until 884", "says": "Arminiya was bordered to the west by the thughurs (military zones) of Mesopotamia, Qaliqala and Syria, which were governed separately and defended the caliphate's frontier with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q5933860", "label": "Abbasid Revolution", "section": "History - Abbasid period until 884", "says": "With the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate after the Abbasid Revolution, a period of repression was inaugurated."}, {"id": "Q2137777", "label": "Battle of Bagrevand", "section": "History - Abbasid period until 884", "says": "The revolt was suppressed in the Battle of Bagrevand in April 775."}, {"id": "Q284721", "label": "Al-Mu'tamid", "section": "History - Abbasid period until 884", "says": "He received recognition by Caliph Al-Mu'tamid of the Abbasid dynasty in 885 and Byzantine Emperor Basil I of the Macedonian dynasty in 886."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "History - Abbasid period until 884", "says": "He received recognition by Caliph Al-Mu'tamid of the Abbasid dynasty in 885 and Byzantine Emperor Basil I of the Macedonian dynasty in 886."}], "Q3359147": [{"id": "Q605199", "label": "Vajji", "section": "lead", "says": "The population of Videha, the Vaidehas, were initially organised into a monarchy but later became a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), presently referred to as the Videha Republic, which was part of the larger Vajjika League."}], "Q428400": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ildegizids, Eldiguzids or Ildenizids, also known as Atabegs of Azerbaijan (اتابکان آذربایجان Atabakan-e Āzarbayjan), were an Atabegate that broke off from the Seljuk Empire, and a Sunni Muslim Turkic dynasty (started by Eldiguz of Kipchak origin), which controlled most of northwestern Persia, eastern Transcaucasia, including Arran, most of Iranian Azerbaijan, and Jibal."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ildegizids, Eldiguzids or Ildenizids, also known as Atabegs of Azerbaijan (اتابکان آذربایجان Atabakan-e Āzarbayjan), were an Atabegate that broke off from the Seljuk Empire, and a Sunni Muslim Turkic dynasty (started by Eldiguz of Kipchak origin), which controlled most of northwestern Persia, eastern Transcaucasia, including Arran, most of Iranian Azerbaijan, and Jibal."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "At the height of Eldiguzid power, their territory stretched from Isfahan in the south to the borders of Kingdom of Georgia and Shirvan in the north."}], "Q483421": [{"id": "Q42534", "label": "Indus Valley Civilization", "section": "lead", "says": "Its identification remains an open question, but most scholars associate it with the Indus Valley Civilisation."}], "Q49322": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Demak Sultanate (کسلطانن دمق) was a Javanese Muslim state located on Java's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day city of Demak."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "lead", "says": "A port fief to the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit kingdom thought to have been founded in the last quarter of the 15th century, it was influenced by Islam brought by Muslim traders from China, Gujarat, Arabia and also Islamic kingdoms in the region, such as Samudra Pasai, Malacca and Bani (Muslim) Champa."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "During the reign of Wikramawardhana of Majapahit, during the period from 1405 to 1433, a series of Ming armadas naval expeditions led by Zheng He, a Muslim Chinese admiral, arrived in Java."}, {"id": "Q6684511", "label": "Sunan Ampel", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "According to later Javanese tradition, Sunan Ampel ordered Raden Patah to establish an Islamic learning center in the Glagah Wangi village in coastal Central Java."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Raden Patah", "says": "The supremacy of Raden Patah was expressed by Tomé Pires in Suma Oriental: \"[S]hould de Albuquerque make peace with the Lord of Demak, all of Java will almost be forced to make peace with him..."}, {"id": "Q2091579", "label": "Akbar Shah II", "section": "History - Pati Unus", "says": "Pati Unus ruled under the regnal name Sultan Syah Alam Akbar II."}, {"id": "Q4201195", "label": "Sunan Gunungjati", "section": "History - Sultan Trenggana", "says": "1522–1546) was then crowned by Sunan Gunungjati (one of the Wali Songo) and became the third and greatest ruler of Demak."}, {"id": "Q2390716", "label": "Kingdom of Pajang", "section": "History - Arya Penangsang", "says": "Thus the Demak Sultanate ended with the foundation of the short-lived Kingdom of Pajang."}], "Q507796": [{"id": "Q2723071", "label": "Ahmed Shah I", "section": "lead", "says": "The next sultan, his grandson Ahmad Shah I, moved the capital to Ahmedabad in 1411."}, {"id": "Q2768005", "label": "Mahmud Begada", "section": "lead", "says": "The prosperity of the sultanate reached its zenith during the rule of Mahmud Begada."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1509, the Portuguese Empire wrested Diu from the Sultanate in the Battle of Diu."}, {"id": "Q1628477", "label": "Battle of Diu", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1509, the Portuguese Empire wrested Diu from the Sultanate in the Battle of Diu."}, {"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "In 1391, Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad bin Tughluq appointed Zafar Khan, the son of Wajih-ul-Mulk as governor of Gujarat and conferred him the title of Muzaffar Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q937879", "label": "Malwa Sultanate", "section": "History - Ahmad Shah I", "says": "During this rebellion Sultan Hushang Shah of Malwa Sultanate invaded Gujarat."}, {"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "History - Ahmad Shah I", "says": "Finally, Ahmad Shah annexed Thana and Mahim from Bahmani Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q11913591", "label": "Champaner", "section": "History - Successors of Ahmad Shah I", "says": "In 1449, he marched against Champaner, but the ruler of Champaner, Raja Kanak Das, with the help of Malwa Sultan Mahmud Khilji forced him to retreat."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Mahmud Begada", "says": "Fath Khan, on his accession, adopted the title Abu-al Fath Mahmud Shah, popularly known as Mahmud Begada."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "History - Muzaffar Shah II and his successors", "says": "In 1519, Rana Sanga of Chittor defeated a joint army of Malwa and Gujarat sultanates and took Mahmud Shah II of Malwa captive."}, {"id": "Q3277857", "label": "Nàssir-ad-Din Mahmud Xah Tughluq", "section": "History - Muzaffar Shah II and his successors", "says": "In 1519, Rana Sanga of Chittor defeated a joint army of Malwa and Gujarat sultanates and took Mahmud Shah II of Malwa captive."}, {"id": "Q1545942", "label": "Nawanagar State", "section": "History - Muzaffar Shah III", "says": "He fled and finally took asylum under Jam Sataji of Nawanagar State."}], "Q675127": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Palatinate-Neuburg (German: Herzogtum Pfalz-Neuburg) was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire, founded in 1505 by a branch of the House of Wittelsbach."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "Palatinate-Neuburg (German: Herzogtum Pfalz-Neuburg) was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire, founded in 1505 by a branch of the House of Wittelsbach."}], "Q686965": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Bernburg was a principality  of the Holy Roman Empire and a duchy of the German Confederation ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Bernburg in present-day Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Bernburg was a principality  of the Holy Roman Empire and a duchy of the German Confederation ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Bernburg in present-day Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Bernburg was a principality  of the Holy Roman Empire and a duchy of the German Confederation ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Bernburg in present-day Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged as a subdivision from the Principality of Anhalt from 1252 until 1468, when it fell to the Ascanian principality of Anhalt-Dessau."}, {"id": "Q16550783", "label": "Duchy of Anhalt", "section": "lead", "says": "Recreated in 1603, Anhalt-Bernburg finally merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt upon the extinction of the line in 1863."}], "Q734867": [{"id": "Q4201195", "label": "Sunan Gunungjati", "section": "lead", "says": "It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who had previously founded Cirebon."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "By the late 17th century, it was overshadowed by Batavia and was finally annexed to the Dutch East Indies in 1813."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, in Old Banten, the Great Mosque of Banten is an important destination for tourists and for pilgrims from across Indonesia and from overseas."}], "Q878510": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It shared district borders with Swat and Dir to the south, a provincial border with Gilgit-Baltistan to the east and the Durand Line as international border with Afghanistan to the north and west."}, {"id": "Q863", "label": "Tajikistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Afghanistan's narrow strip of Wakhan Corridor separated Chitral from Tajikistan in the north."}], "Q96028967": [{"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The third Saudi state is the current Saudi state and successor to the two earlier states: the first and the second, founded by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman (also known as \"Ibn Saud\"), who managed to capture the city of Riyadh on January 13, 1902."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "A long series of conflicts and conquests ultimately led to the establishment of the modern and contemporary Saudi state, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "Abdul Aziz conquered the Kingdom of Hejaz in 1925."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "He raised Nejd to a kingdom in 1927, and his dominions became known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and its annexes."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "It was a monarchy led by the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q5362837", "label": "Emirate of Jabal Shammar", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized Riyadh from the control of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, led by the House of Rashid, during the Battle of Riyadh."}, {"id": "Q2943187", "label": "Battle of Riyadh", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized Riyadh from the control of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, led by the House of Rashid, during the Battle of Riyadh."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Emirate of Nejd and Hasa", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized al-Hasa from the control of the Ottoman Empire garrison, during the Conquest of al-Hasa."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Sultanate of Nejd", "says": "This version of the third Saudi state was created when Abdulaziz ibn Saud, Emir of Riyadh, declared himself sultan over Nejd and its dependencies."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "At the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May 1927, Abdulaziz's realm was recognised by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and was addressed as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Soviet Union, followed by the United States of America in 1931."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Soviet Union, followed by the United States of America in 1931."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Soviet Union, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Soviet Union, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives."}], "Q1062546": [{"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1635, the lingering Northern Yuan dynasty under Ejei Khan formally submitted to the Later Jin."}, {"id": "Q296367", "label": "Hong Taiji", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year, Hong Taiji officially renamed the realm to \"Great Qing\", thus marking the start of the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1198163", "label": "Southern Ming dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Ming–Qing transition, the Qing conquered Li Zicheng's Shun dynasty and various Southern Ming claimants and loyalists, going on to rule an empire comprising all of China, stretching as far as Tibet, Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Taiwan until the 1911 Revolution established the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Ming–Qing transition, the Qing conquered Li Zicheng's Shun dynasty and various Southern Ming claimants and loyalists, going on to rule an empire comprising all of China, stretching as far as Tibet, Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Taiwan until the 1911 Revolution established the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "History - Rise of Jianzhou Jurchens", "says": "In order to attack and suppress the Northern Yuan dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor sent military commissions to gain control of the Jurchen tribes in Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q837920", "label": "Yang Hao", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Ming responded by dispatching expeditionary forces led by Military Commissioner Yang Hao along four routes to besiege Hetu Ala."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhaci access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q10069", "label": "Chongzhen Emperor", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor (who mistakenly thought Yuan had betrayed him), and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall."}, {"id": "Q310453", "label": "Shunzhi Emperor", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "His five-year-old son, Fulin, was installed as the Shunzhi Emperor, with Hong Taiji's half brother Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In 1644, Shun forces led by Li Zicheng captured the Ming capital, Beijing."}, {"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve Li's Shun forces."}, {"id": "Q4520158", "label": "Battle of Shanhai Pass", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Wu instead made an alliance with the Qing and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner armies led by Dorgon, who defeated Li and the rebels at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized the capital."}, {"id": "Q715573", "label": "Zhang Xianzhong", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Zhang Xianzhong and enfeoffed princes of the Ming imperial family remained in control of southern China as the Southern Ming, but the Qing dynasty took control of their territories by 1683."}], "Q1141215": [{"id": "Q630882", "label": "Republic of New Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Granadine Confederation (Spanish: Confederación Granadina) was a short-lived federal republic established in 1858 as a result of a constitutional change replacing the Republic of New Granada."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of the present-day nations of Colombia and Panama and parts of northwestern Brazil."}, {"id": "Q1061488", "label": "United States of Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, the Granadine Confederation was replaced by the United States of Colombia after another constitutional change in 1863."}, {"id": "Q390337", "label": "Pedro Alcántara Herrán", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In this sense, the government of Pedro Alcántara Herrán (1841–1845) and the first mandate of Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (1845–1849) stood out for their modernizing tone, which included among other measures the compilation of Granadine laws, the liberation of trade, the reduction of import and export customs duties, the formation of normal schools for the instruction of teachers, the promotion of t"}, {"id": "Q3135880", "label": "Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In this sense, the government of Pedro Alcántara Herrán (1841–1845) and the first mandate of Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (1845–1849) stood out for their modernizing tone, which included among other measures the compilation of Granadine laws, the liberation of trade, the reduction of import and export customs duties, the formation of normal schools for the instruction of teachers, the promotion of t"}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "History - Federal subjects", "says": "After the disestablishment of Gran Colombia, the centralized government of the Republic of New Granada which was ratified by the constitution of 1843, was soon challenged by the independentist feelings of the different regions; particularly the provinces of Azuero, Chiriquí, Panamá, and Veraguas, which were demanding autonomous status."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Federal subjects", "says": "Soon others followed, regionalism was too strong, and in order to prevent a division like the one Greater Colombia had, with Venezuela and Ecuador quitting the union, congress allowed the creation of other sovereign states:\n\nFederal State of Antioquia was created from Antioquia Province on June 11, 1856."}, {"id": "Q2838427", "label": "Mariano Ospina Rodríguez", "section": "History - Federal subjects", "says": "On July 12, 1861, after fighting the constitutional government of the president Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, the general Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera created the Sovereign State of Tolima, created out of the State of Cundinamarca."}, {"id": "Q3061101", "label": "Eustorgio Salgar", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "In retaliation, the government of Ospina Rodríguez endorsed insurrections against the liberal governments in some states, the first of these armed conflicts being in Santander, against the government of Eustorgio Salgar during 1859; the Confederacy Granadine declared war on the state of Santander, and sent its army to subdue Eustogio Salgar, who was captured along with other important figures, inc"}, {"id": "Q2886122", "label": "Bartolomé Calvo", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "In an unexpected act, Mosquera captured Bogotá on June 18, 1861, declared himself president of the provisional government, and arrested Ospina Rodríguez, his brother Pastor Ospina, and Bartolomé Calvo, the newly elected president of the confederacy."}], "Q1155101": [{"id": "Q28405", "label": "Gojoseon", "section": "lead", "says": "The state of Jin (Korean: 진; Hanja: 辰) was a confederacy of statelets which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula from the 4th to 2nd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean Kingdom of Old Chosŏn (Gojoseon) to the north."}], "Q1188459": [{"id": "Q487543", "label": "Chagatai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yarkent Khanate, also known as the Yarkand Khanate and the Kashghar Khanate, was a Sunni Muslim khanate ruled by the Turkified Mongol descendants of Chagatai Khan, son of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yarkent Khanate, also known as the Yarkand Khanate and the Kashghar Khanate, was a Sunni Muslim khanate ruled by the Turkified Mongol descendants of Chagatai Khan, son of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Sultan Said Khan in 1514 after he took Kashgar, Yarkent and Hotan from the Dughlat ruler Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat, establishing a new state out of the western territories of Moghulistan, the eastern continuation of the Chagatai Khanate."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Sultan Said Khan in 1514 after he took Kashgar, Yarkent and Hotan from the Dughlat ruler Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat, establishing a new state out of the western territories of Moghulistan, the eastern continuation of the Chagatai Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was eventually conquered by the Dzungar Khanate in 1705."}, {"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the first half of the 14th century the Chagatai Khanate had collapsed; on the western part of the collapsed Chagatai Khanate, the Empire of Timur emerged in 1370, and became the dominant power in the region until its conquest in 1508 by the Shaybanids."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Reign of Sultan Said Khan", "says": "Said Khan also had a close relationship with Babur, his cousin and founder of the Mughal Empire across the Himalayas and Karakoram Range from the Yarkent Khanate."}], "Q1269234": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Stellaland (Dutch: Republiek Stellaland) was a Boer republic located in an area of British Bechuanaland (now in South Africa's North West Province), west of the Transvaal."}, {"id": "Q2145397", "label": "Goshen", "section": "lead", "says": "After unification with the neighbouring State of Goshen, it became the United States of Stellaland (Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Stellaland) from 1883 until 1885, when it was abolished and annexed by the British."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "After unification with the neighbouring State of Goshen, it became the United States of Stellaland (Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Stellaland) from 1883 until 1885, when it was abolished and annexed by the British."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "During its short history, the small state became a focal point for conflict between the United Kingdom and the South African Republic, the two major players vying for control of the territory."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "During its short history, the small state became a focal point for conflict between the United Kingdom and the South African Republic, the two major players vying for control of the territory."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of claims and annexations, British fears of Boer expansionism led to its demise and, among other factors, set the stage for the Second Boer War."}], "Q1328546": [{"id": "Q197276", "label": "Zhang Qian", "section": "History - Chinese conquest under the Western Han Dynasty", "says": "Chinese official and diplomat Zhang Qian traveled the area westward to visit Central Asia, during the 2nd century BCE, but he did not mention Qiūcí in his report."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Kucha during the Eastern Han Dynasty", "says": "During the Later Han (25–220 CE), Kucha and the rest of the Tarim Basin became a focus of rivalry between the Xiongnu to the north and the Han Chinese to the east."}, {"id": "Q366132", "label": "Ban Chao", "section": "History - Kucha during the Eastern Han Dynasty", "says": "In the first century CE, Kucha resisted the Chinese and allied itself with the Xiongnu and the Yuezhi against the Chinese general Ban Chao."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Kucha during the Eastern Han Dynasty", "says": "Even the Kushan Empire of Kujula Kadphises sent an army to the Tarim Basin to support Kucha, but retreated after minor encounters."}, {"id": "Q560157", "label": "Kujula Kadphises", "section": "History - Kucha during the Eastern Han Dynasty", "says": "Even the Kushan Empire of Kujula Kadphises sent an army to the Tarim Basin to support Kucha, but retreated after minor encounters."}, {"id": "Q1267947", "label": "An Shigao", "section": "History - Kucha during the Eastern Han Dynasty", "says": "The Roman Maes Titianus visited the area in the 2nd century CE, as did numerous great Buddhist missionaries such as the Parthian An Shigao, the Yuezhis Lokaksema and Zhi Qian, or the Indian Zhú Shuòfú (竺朔佛)."}, {"id": "Q922190", "label": "Shanshan", "section": "History - 4th- and 5th-century Silk Road", "says": "The southern kingdoms of Shanshan and the Jushi Kingdom (now Turfan and Jiaohe) asked for Chinese assistance in countering Kucha and its neighbour Karashar."}, {"id": "Q129854572", "label": "Jushi Kingdom", "section": "History - 4th- and 5th-century Silk Road", "says": "The southern kingdoms of Shanshan and the Jushi Kingdom (now Turfan and Jiaohe) asked for Chinese assistance in countering Kucha and its neighbour Karashar."}, {"id": "Q1069762", "label": "Lü Guang", "section": "History - 4th- and 5th-century Silk Road", "says": "The Chinese general Lü Guang was sent with a military force by Emperor Fu Jian (357–385) of the Former Qin (351–394)."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - 4th- and 5th-century Silk Road", "says": "The Chinese general Lü Guang was sent with a military force by Emperor Fu Jian (357–385) of the Former Qin (351–394)."}, {"id": "Q1149114", "label": "Emperor Yuan of Liang", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "Kucha ambassadors are known to have visited the Chinese court of Emperor Yuan of Liang in his capital Jingzhou in 516–520 CE, at or around the same time as the Hepthalite embassies there."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited Kucha and in the 630s described Kucha at some length, and the following are excerpts from his descriptions of Kucha:\n\nThe soil is suitable for rice and grain... it produces grapes, pomegranates and numerous species of plums, pears, peaches, and almonds..."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - 7th to 13th centuries", "says": "During a few decades of domination by the Tibetan Empire, in the late 7th century, Kucha was usually at least semi-independent."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "History - 7th to 13th centuries", "says": "After the destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate by Kyrgyz forces in 840, Kucha became an important center of the Uyghur kingdom of Qocho."}, {"id": "Q353816", "label": "Francis Younghusband", "section": "History - Modern Kucha", "says": "Francis Younghusband, who passed through the oasis in 1887 on his journey from Beijing to India, described the district as \"probably\" having some 60,000 inhabitants."}], "Q1343485": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Kirjasalo (Finnish: Kirjasalon tasavalta), commonly referred to as the Republic of North Ingria (Pohjois-Inkerin tasavalta) was a short-lived unrecognized state from 9 July 1919 to 5/6 December 1920."}], "Q1407718": [{"id": "Q1461147", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1641", "section": "lead", "says": "Formed by Catholic aristocrats, landed gentry, clergy and military leaders after the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the Confederates controlled up to two-thirds of Ireland from their base in Kilkenny; hence it is sometimes called the Confederation of Kilkenny."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "They wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination within the Kingdom of Ireland and greater Irish self-governance; many also wanted to roll back the plantations of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q81506", "label": "Charles I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Most Confederates professed loyalty to Charles I of England in the belief they could reach a lasting settlement in return for helping defeat his opponents in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q2577772", "label": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "Most Confederates professed loyalty to Charles I of England in the belief they could reach a lasting settlement in return for helping defeat his opponents in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Confederate ambassadors were appointed and recognised in France, Spain and the Papal States, who supplied them with money and weapons."}, {"id": "Q522168", "label": "Battle of Benburb", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederates continued to fight the Parliamentarians in Ireland, and decisively defeated the Covenanter army in the Battle of Benburb."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1649, a large English Parliamentarian army, led by Oliver Cromwell, invaded Ireland."}], "Q14624218": [{"id": "Q3765117", "label": "Eastern Chalukyas", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty is called Western Chalukyas to differentiate from the contemporaneous Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, a separate dynasty."}, {"id": "Q856691", "label": "Rashtrakuta dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the rise of these Chalukyas, the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta controlled most of the Deccan Plateau and Central India for over two centuries."}, {"id": "Q2600532", "label": "Vikramaditya VI", "section": "lead", "says": "During the rule of Vikramaditya VI, in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Western Chalukyas convincingly contended with the Cholas and reached a peak, ruling territories that spread over most of the Deccan, between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south."}, {"id": "Q466581", "label": "Hoysala Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysala Empire, the Seuna dynasty, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Kalachuris of Kalyani, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century."}, {"id": "Q3870387", "label": "Narasimha I", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Hoysala Narasimha I defeated and killed Tailapa III but was unable to overcome the Kalachuris, who vied for control over the same region."}], "Q146880": [{"id": "Q146872", "label": "State of Aleppo", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Syria (French: État de Syrie, Arabic: دولة سوريا Dawlat Sūriyā) was a French Mandate state created by decree of 5 December 1924, with effect from 1 January 1925, from the union of the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q146562", "label": "State of Damascus", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Syria (French: État de Syrie, Arabic: دولة سوريا Dawlat Sūriyā) was a French Mandate state created by decree of 5 December 1924, with effect from 1 January 1925, from the union of the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q12183911", "label": "Syrian Federation", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the successor of the Syrian Federation (1922–1924) which had been created by providing a central assembly for the State of Aleppo, the State of Damascus and the Alawite State."}, {"id": "Q130802", "label": "Alawite State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the successor of the Syrian Federation (1922–1924) which had been created by providing a central assembly for the State of Aleppo, the State of Damascus and the Alawite State."}, {"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1920, an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria was established under King Faisal of the Hashemite family, who later became the King of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q994316", "label": "Battle of Maysalun", "section": "Background", "says": "However, his rule over Syria ended after only a few months, following the clash between his Syrian Arab forces and regular French forces at the Battle of Maysalun."}, {"id": "Q2572143", "label": "Henri Gouraud", "section": "History of Syria under the Mandate - Initial civil administration", "says": "Following the San Remo conference and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria at the Battle of Maysalun, the French general Henri Gouraud established civil administration in the territory."}, {"id": "Q146740", "label": "Jabal Druze", "section": "History of Syria under the Mandate - Syrian Federation (1922–24)", "says": "Jabal Druze and Greater Lebanon were not parts of this federation."}], "Q1479630": [{"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "Situated to the north of the more powerful Kingdom of Kongo, at its height in the 17th century Loango influence extended from Cape St Catherine in the north to almost the mouth of the Congo River."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Christianity in Loango", "says": "Virtually from the beginning of its independent existence, Loango had an engagement with Christianity."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - The Loango-Vili diaspora", "says": "However, efforts on the part of Portugal to prevent their commercial contacts failed, and Vili communities could be found all over Kongo and Ndongo-Matamba as well as neighboring regions between them."}], "Q1483510": [{"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England of 1277 to 1283, those parts of Wales retained under the direct control of the English crown, principally in the north and west of the country, were re-constituted as a new Principality of Wales and ruled either by the monarch or the monarch's heir though not formally incorporated into the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England of 1277 to 1283, those parts of Wales retained under the direct control of the English crown, principally in the north and west of the country, were re-constituted as a new Principality of Wales and ruled either by the monarch or the monarch's heir though not formally incorporated into the Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality was founded in 1267 by the Prince of Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who after conquering much of Wales in 1257 and proclaiming himself Prince of Wales in correspondence with Scottish barons, was acknowledged in this title by Henry III of England in the Treaty of Montgomery."}, {"id": "Q7837154", "label": "Treaty of Montgomery", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality was founded in 1267 by the Prince of Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who after conquering much of Wales in 1257 and proclaiming himself Prince of Wales in correspondence with Scottish barons, was acknowledged in this title by Henry III of England in the Treaty of Montgomery."}], "Q1500063": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Louisiana Territory, officially the Territory of Louisiana, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States spanning 828,000 mi2 (approx."}, {"id": "Q1518439", "label": "Territory of Orleans", "section": "Background", "says": "The Eighth Congress of the United States on March 26, 1804, passed legislation entitled \"An act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary government thereof,\" which established the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana as organized incorporated U.S. territories."}, {"id": "Q777763", "label": "Indiana Territory", "section": "Background", "says": "With regard to the District of Louisiana, this organic act, which went into effect on October 1, 1804, detailed the authority of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory to provide temporary civil jurisdiction over the expansive region."}], "Q1634940": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Heydar Qoli Khan after death of Nader Shah and was abolished following Treaty of Turkmenchay."}, {"id": "Q875512", "label": "Treaty of Turkmenchay", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Heydar Qoli Khan after death of Nader Shah and was abolished following Treaty of Turkmenchay."}], "Q1796232": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Seeds of independence", "says": "In 1518, Ngola Kiluanji of the Kingdom of Ndongo sent ambassadors to Portugal, requesting that Catholic priests visit his kingdom to learn more about Europeans."}, {"id": "Q383455", "label": "Afonso I of Kongo", "section": "History - Seeds of independence", "says": "Afonso I of Kongo took the missionaries to Kongo and left his priest in Ndongo."}, {"id": "Q981217", "label": "Jan Vansina", "section": "History - War of 1556", "says": "Ravenstein claimed that this mission was the result of a war between Kongo and Ndongo, in which Ndongo won and declared its independence, which was also claimed by historian Jan Vansina in 1966 and then others, but this appears to have been a misreading of the sources."}, {"id": "Q1243549", "label": "Paulo Dias de Novais", "section": "History - War of 1556", "says": "The second Portuguese mission arrived at the mouth of the Cuanza River in 1560, headed by Paulo Dias de Novais, grandson of the famous explorer Bartolomeu Dias, and including several Jesuit priests including Francisco de Gouveia."}, {"id": "Q130377", "label": "Bartolomeu Dias", "section": "History - War of 1556", "says": "The second Portuguese mission arrived at the mouth of the Cuanza River in 1560, headed by Paulo Dias de Novais, grandson of the famous explorer Bartolomeu Dias, and including several Jesuit priests including Francisco de Gouveia."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - War of 1556", "says": "The second Portuguese mission arrived at the mouth of the Cuanza River in 1560, headed by Paulo Dias de Novais, grandson of the famous explorer Bartolomeu Dias, and including several Jesuit priests including Francisco de Gouveia."}, {"id": "Q973988", "label": "Kingdom of Matamba", "section": "History - The rise of Queen Nzinga", "says": "Using this support, Nzinga moved northward and captured the Kingdom of Matamba, which became her base, even as she sent a detachment to reoccupy the Kindonga Islands, now sacred because her brother's remains were buried there."}, {"id": "Q4871476", "label": "Battle of Kombi", "section": "History - Ndongo under Filipe Hari a Ndongo's dynasty", "says": "When the Dutch invaded Brazil, Filipe served against them, forming the bulk of the forces that defended the rump colony at Masangano, though he suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Nzinga's army with its Dutch allies in 1647 at the Battle of Kombi."}], "Q190636": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Centro-Caspian Dictatorship, also known as the Central-Caspian Dictatorship (Russian: Диктатура Центрокаспия, romanized: Diktatura Tsentrokaspiya, Azerbaijani: Sentrokaspi Diktaturası), was a short-lived anti-Soviet administration proclaimed in the city of Baku during World War I."}, {"id": "Q930648", "label": "Lionel Dunsterville", "section": "lead", "says": "A small British force under General Lionel Dunsterville was sent to Baku and helped the mainly  Dashnak-Armenian forces to defend the capital during the Battle of Baku."}, {"id": "Q2568851", "label": "Battle of Baku", "section": "lead", "says": "A small British force under General Lionel Dunsterville was sent to Baku and helped the mainly  Dashnak-Armenian forces to defend the capital during the Battle of Baku."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, a British occupational force re-entered Baku."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, a British occupational force re-entered Baku."}], "Q1991540": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a proposed client state of the German Empire during World War I which did not come into existence."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a proposed client state of the German Empire during World War I which did not come into existence."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 8 March 1918 in Jelgava (German: Mitau), the capital city of the German-occupied Courland Governorate, by a council composed of political representatives of Baltic Germans, who offered the ducal crown to German emperor Wilhelm II, thus bypassing the old ducal House of Biron, that previously ruled over the historical Duchy of Courland and Semigallia until 1795."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the majority in the German Reichstag supported national self-determination for the peoples of Baltic lands (modern Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), the German High Command still favored the policy of including those lands into the German Empire by relying on the local Baltic German nobility."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 1795, the historical Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was annexed into the Russian Empire and organized as the Courland Governorate."}], "Q1994382": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Caucasian Emirate (Chechen: Къилбаседа-Кавказан Имарат, romanized: Q̇ilbaseda-Kavkazan Imarat) was an Islamic state that existed in the territory of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia during the Russian Civil War from September 1919 to March 1920."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, soldiers of the Russian White movement's Volunteer Army, under General Anton Denikin, began to clash with the peoples of the North Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q162543", "label": "Mehmed VI", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1919, Uzun-Hajji announced the creation of the North Caucasus Emirate as an independent monarchy under the protection of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI."}], "Q2014442": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Rio Grande (Spanish: República del Río Grande) was one of a series of political movements in what was then the Centralist Republic of Mexico, which sought to become independent from the authoritarian, unitary government of Antonio López de Santa Anna; the Republic of Texas and the second Republic of Yucatán were created by political movements that pursued the same goal."}, {"id": "Q5062192", "label": "Centralist Republic of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Rio Grande (Spanish: República del Río Grande) was one of a series of political movements in what was then the Centralist Republic of Mexico, which sought to become independent from the authoritarian, unitary government of Antonio López de Santa Anna; the Republic of Texas and the second Republic of Yucatán were created by political movements that pursued the same goal."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Rio Grande (Spanish: República del Río Grande) was one of a series of political movements in what was then the Centralist Republic of Mexico, which sought to become independent from the authoritarian, unitary government of Antonio López de Santa Anna; the Republic of Texas and the second Republic of Yucatán were created by political movements that pursued the same goal."}, {"id": "Q671658", "label": "Republic of Yucatán", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Rio Grande (Spanish: República del Río Grande) was one of a series of political movements in what was then the Centralist Republic of Mexico, which sought to become independent from the authoritarian, unitary government of Antonio López de Santa Anna; the Republic of Texas and the second Republic of Yucatán were created by political movements that pursued the same goal."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "Background", "says": "After a decade of strife, Mexico won its independence from the Kingdom of Spain in 1821."}], "Q2039087": [{"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 11th century onwards, the Chandelas faced raids by the northern Muslim dynasties, including the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Rise as a sovereign power", "says": "His son Vidyadhara killed theking of Kannauj (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the Ghaznavid invader Mahmud of Ghazni."}, {"id": "Q19663251", "label": "Jayasimha Siddharaja", "section": "History - Revival", "says": "Jayasimha Siddharaja, the Chaulukya king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "History - Final decline", "says": "While the early years of his reign were peaceful, around 1182–1183 CE, the Chahamana ruler Prithviraj Chauhan invaded the Chandela kingdom."}, {"id": "Q3319050", "label": "Mohammed Qacim Ferichta", "section": "History - Final decline", "says": "The 16th-century historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces."}], "Q205708": [{"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Granada (Arabic: طائفة غرناطة, Ta'ifat Gharnata)  or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain) in 1013 following the deposition of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II in 1009."}, {"id": "Q169640", "label": "Hisham II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Granada (Arabic: طائفة غرناطة, Ta'ifat Gharnata)  or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain) in 1013 following the deposition of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II in 1009."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "The Zirids were a Sanhaja Berber clan from the central Maghreb (present-day Algeria), who served the Fatimid Caliphate and created a dynasty that thereafter ruled parts of North Africa on their behalf."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Ziri ibn Manad, who was succeeded by his son Buluggin after 971, ruling from Kairouan in Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia)."}, {"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "976–1009) and de facto ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba at the time, Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur (also known as Almanzor), initially refused to allow Zawi's immigration to al-Andalus, believing his reputation as a troublemaker."}, {"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "History - Origins and establishment", "says": "976–1009) and de facto ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba at the time, Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur (also known as Almanzor), initially refused to allow Zawi's immigration to al-Andalus, believing his reputation as a troublemaker."}, {"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "History - Expansion and apogee", "says": "Granada's greatest rival was the Taifa of Seville, but at this early stage, the balance of power was in favour of the Zirids, who conducted several military campaigns to the west."}, {"id": "Q267484", "label": "Taifa of Málaga", "section": "History - Expansion and apogee", "says": "The Zirids formally recognized as caliphs the Hammudids, a dynasty descended from Sulayman al-Musta'in and the rulers of the Taifa of Málaga."}, {"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Both sides were aided by Castilian knights, with the Castilian contingent of Seville being led by Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, later known as El Cid."}], "Q2086608": [{"id": "Q844536", "label": "Chandragupta II", "section": "lead", "says": "After this, the Saka kingdom revived, but was ultimately defeated by Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After this, the Saka kingdom revived, but was ultimately defeated by Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "History - Kardamaka dynasty, family of Castana (1st–4th century)", "says": "A statue found in Mathura together with statues of the Kushan king Kanishka and Vima Taktu, and bearing the name \"Shastana\" is often attributed to Castana himself, and suggests Castana may have been a feudatory of the Kushans."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "History - Territory under Chastana", "says": "The territory of the Western Satraps at the time of Chastana is described extensively by the geographer Ptolemy in his \"Geographia\", where he qualifies them as \"Indo-Scythians\"."}, {"id": "Q9441", "label": "The Buddha", "section": "History - Rudrasimha II dynasty (c. 304–396 CE)", "says": "The Buddha images in Devnimori clearly show the influence of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, and have been described as examples of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Rudrasimha II dynasty (c. 304–396 CE)", "says": "The Buddha images in Devnimori clearly show the influence of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, and have been described as examples of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Sasanian expansion in the northwest", "says": "After a period of control of the areas as far as Gandhara by the Kushano-Sasanians, the Sasanian Empire further expanded into the northwest of the subcontinent, particularly in the regions of Gandhara and Punjab, from the time of Shapur II circa 350 CE."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "History - Sasanian expansion in the northwest", "says": "After a period of control of the areas as far as Gandhara by the Kushano-Sasanians, the Sasanian Empire further expanded into the northwest of the subcontinent, particularly in the regions of Gandhara and Punjab, from the time of Shapur II circa 350 CE."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "History - Central India conquered by Samudragupta (r. 336–380 CE)", "says": "At Eran, it seems that Sridharavarman's inscription is succeeded by a monument and an inscription by Gupta Empire Samudragupta (r.336-380 CE), established \"for the sake of augmenting his fame\", who may therefore have ousted Sridharavarman's Sakas in his campaigns to the West."}, {"id": "Q1275876", "label": "Skandagupta", "section": "History - Conquests of Chandragupta II (r. 380–415 CE)", "says": "The glorious Candragupta (II), (...) who proclaims in the world the good behaviour of the excellent people, namely, the dependents (of the king), and who has acquired banners of victory and fame in many battles\nThe Gupta ruler Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is known for a long inscription where he describes himself as \"the ruler of the earth\" on a large rock at Junagadh, in Gujarat, next to the older in"}, {"id": "Q470715", "label": "Kumaragupta I", "section": "History - Conquests of Chandragupta II (r. 380–415 CE)", "says": "Following these conquests, the silver coins of the Gupta kings Chandragupta II and his son Kumaragupta I adopted the Western Satrap design (itself derived from the Indo-Greeks) with bust of the ruler and pseudo-Greek inscription on the obverse, and a royal eagle (Garuda, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas) replacing the chaitya hill with star and crescent on the reverse."}, {"id": "Q21050766", "label": "Alchon Huns", "section": "History - Conquests of Chandragupta II (r. 380–415 CE)", "says": "Less than a century later, the Alchon Huns in turn invaded northern India, bringing an end to the Gupta Empire and the Classical period of India."}], "Q2294218": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burid dynasty (Arabic: الدولة البورية Romanized: ad-Dawlā al-Būriyā) or the Emirate of Damascus (Arabic: إمارة دمشق Romanized: Imarat Dimashq) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin which ruled over the Emirate of Damascus in the early 12th century, as subjects of the Seljuk Empire."}], "Q249934": [{"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burji Mamluks (Arabic: المماليك البرجية, romanized: al-Mamalik al-Burjiya) or Circassian Mamluks (Arabic: المماليك الشركس, romanized: al-Mamalik al-Sharkas), sometimes referred to as the Burji dynasty, were the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1382 until 1517."}, {"id": "Q248786", "label": "Bahri dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "As with the preceding Bahri Mamluks, the members of the Burji Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves (mamluks) and manumitted, with the most powerful among them taking the role of sultan in Cairo."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although militarily powerful, they were eventually unable to compete with the more modern army of the Ottoman Empire, leading to their eventual conquest in 1517 by the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "History - Establishment and early challenges", "says": "Faced with a common enemy, Timur, Barquq joined with Bayezid I and Toktamish in a combined resistance and executed Timur's peace envoys."}, {"id": "Q698037", "label": "Nasir-ad-Din Faraj", "section": "History - Establishment and early challenges", "says": "Syria was regained by Barquq's son, sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj, after Timur died in 1405, but Faraj continually faced rebellions from the emirs there and he was forced to abdicate in 1412."}, {"id": "Q213638", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "section": "History - Apogee and decline", "says": "In 1426, he invaded the Kingdom of Cyprus and forced its kings to become Mamluk vassals."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Apogee and decline", "says": "Sayf ad-Din Inal came to power in 1453 and had friendly relations with the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, who captured Constantinople later that year, causing great celebration in Egypt."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "History - Apogee and decline", "says": "After the death of Mehmed II in 1481, Sultan Qaitbay offended the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II by harboring his rebellious brother, Cem."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "History - Conquest by the Ottomans", "says": "By 1516, the Ottomans were free from other concerns — Sultan Selim I had just vanquished the Safavid Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 —and turned their full might against the Mamluks, who still ruled in Syria and Egypt, to complete the Ottoman conquest of the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q745110", "label": "Battle of Chaldiran", "section": "History - Conquest by the Ottomans", "says": "By 1516, the Ottomans were free from other concerns — Sultan Selim I had just vanquished the Safavid Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 —and turned their full might against the Mamluks, who still ruled in Syria and Egypt, to complete the Ottoman conquest of the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q971248", "label": "Battle of Marj Dabiq", "section": "History - Conquest by the Ottomans", "says": "Al-Ghuri led his army to confront Selim I's invasion of Syria in 1516, but he died in the Battle of Marj Dabiq and the Mamluk army was routed."}, {"id": "Q491507", "label": "Egypt eyalet", "section": "History - Conquest by the Ottomans", "says": "However, the mamluks continued to exist as a political and military class in Ottoman Egypt."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Conquest by the Ottomans", "says": "They were finally destroyed and exterminated by Muhammad Ali Pasha during his rise to power in Egypt in the early 19th century."}], "Q291639": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Mubarak the Great", "says": "Muhammad dealt with this by busying Mubarak with affairs outside the capital."}, {"id": "Q2183167", "label": "Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah", "section": "History - Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim", "says": "Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah ended the British protectorate status of Kuwait by signing a treaty with the British on 19 June 1961."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "History - Gulf War", "says": "During the Gulf War, the Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah and his government ran the exiled government from a hotel in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q217194", "label": "Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah", "section": "History - Gulf War", "says": "During the Gulf War, the Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah and his government ran the exiled government from a hotel in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Gulf War", "says": "During the Gulf War, the Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah and his government ran the exiled government from a hotel in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia."}], "Q3107156": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kilwa Sultanate was a sultanate, centered at Kilwa (an island off modern-day, Kilwa District in Lindi Region of Tanzania), whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "Throughout his long 'reign', Emir Muhammad fought an on-again and off-again battle with his nephew, Hassan ibn Suleiman (son of an earlier vizier)."}], "Q3281269": [{"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age."}, {"id": "Q134128", "label": "Cnut the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "His son Cnut the Great acquired England in 1016, Denmark in 1018 and Norway in 1028."}, {"id": "Q190091", "label": "Harthacanute", "section": "lead", "says": "He died in 1035 and his realm was again divided, but his successor in Denmark, Harthacnut, inherited England in 1040 and ruled it until his death in 1042."}], "Q338248": [{"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, also called Kingdom of Luang Prabang was formed in 1707 as a result of the split of the Kingdom of Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q1186434", "label": "Muang Phuan", "section": "lead", "says": "When the kingdom split, Muang Phuan became a tributary state of Luang Prabang."}, {"id": "Q962950", "label": "Oun Kham", "section": "lead", "says": "A particularly destructive attack during the Haw wars by the Chinese Black Flag Army in 1887 saw King Oun Kham request French protection."}, {"id": "Q1320058", "label": "French Protectorate of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "The French Protectorate of Laos was officially established, with the administrative capital moved from Luang Prabang to Vientiane."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In January 1896, France and the United Kingdom signed an accord recognizing the border between French Laos and British Burma."}, {"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "On 11 May 1947, the Kingdoms of Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champassak were reorganized into the Kingdom of Laos, with the King of Luang Prabang, Sisavang Vong, becoming King of Laos."}, {"id": "Q379794", "label": "Sisavang Vong", "section": "lead", "says": "On 11 May 1947, the Kingdoms of Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champassak were reorganized into the Kingdom of Laos, with the King of Luang Prabang, Sisavang Vong, becoming King of Laos."}], "Q538636": [{"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "History - Colonial and post-colonial periods", "says": "The kingdom was formally abolished in 1967 by the government of President Milton Obote, and since then, the kingdom has not been restored officially."}], "Q546282": [{"id": "Q254752", "label": "Helian Bobo", "section": "lead", "says": "Both the Tiefu and Xia were based in the Ordos Desert, and during the reign of Helian Bobo, they constructed their capital of Tongwan, a heavily fortified and state-of-the-art city that served as a frontier garrison until the Song dynasty."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe", "says": "In 196, Qubei assisted the warlord, Cao Cao in escorting Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang, and in 216, Cao Cao appointed him to supervise the Five Divisions of the Southern Xiongnu in modern-day Shanxi."}, {"id": "Q714176", "label": "Liu Cong", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe", "says": "His distant cousin, the Emperor of Han (Zhao), Liu Cong, acknowledged him as kin and gave him the title of Duke of Loufan."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe", "says": "The Tiefu were often defeated in battle, which forced them to vacillate between submitting to the Dai and becoming vassals to the dynasties of the Central and Guanzhong Plains (Han-Zhao, Later Zhao and Former Qin)."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - Tiefu tribe", "says": "The Tiefu were often defeated in battle, which forced them to vacillate between submitting to the Dai and becoming vassals to the dynasties of the Central and Guanzhong Plains (Han-Zhao, Later Zhao and Former Qin)."}, {"id": "Q1330290", "label": "Southern Liang", "section": "History - Reign of Helian Bobo", "says": "He also briefly fought with the Southern Liang after they rejected his offer for a marriage alliance, dealing them a debilitating defeat."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Reign of Helian Bobo", "says": "Despite his grudge against the Northern Wei, Bobo mainly concentrated his military efforts on the Later Qin."}, {"id": "Q2006864", "label": "Northern Yan", "section": "History - Reign of Helian Bobo", "says": "In 414, Helian Bobo entered into an alliance with the Northern Yan in Liaoning, and in 415, with the Northern Liang in Gansu."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "History - Reign of Helian Bobo", "says": "In 414, Helian Bobo entered into an alliance with the Northern Yan in Liaoning, and in 415, with the Northern Liang in Gansu."}, {"id": "Q10900417", "label": "Liu Yu", "section": "History - Reign of Helian Bobo", "says": "In 417, the Eastern Jin commander, Liu Yu, conquered Qin, but the situation back at the Jin capital forced him to return and leave behind his generals to defend the Guanzhong region."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Reign of Helian Bobo", "says": "Although the ancient capital, Chang’an, was under his control, he set up a Southern Administration there and kept Tongwancheng as his capital out of concern that the Northern Wei would invade the Ordos in his absence."}, {"id": "Q1668970", "label": "Western Qin", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "He conquered the weakened Western Qin, but on his way to invade Northern Liang, he was ambushed and captured by the Tuyuhun."}], "Q551067": [{"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the Northern dynasties of China's Northern and Southern dynasties period, it succeeded the Western Wei dynasty and was eventually overthrown by the Sui dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "History - State name", "says": "It further had the alternative name \"Later Zhou\" (後周), in contrast to the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou; however, because this causes confusion with the later Later Zhou established during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, this name is rarely used by later generations."}, {"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "History - State name", "says": "The state name of the Northern Zhou derived from the noble title \"Duke of Zhou\" held by its founder, Emperor Min of Northern Zhou, Yuwen Jue, before his accession."}, {"id": "Q1143524", "label": "Northern Qi", "section": "History - State name", "says": "At the same time, it carried the intention of opposing the Northern Qi and the Southern Dynasties, and of winning over the various Hu (non-Han) and Han peoples within its borders."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Northern Zhou's basis of power was established by Yuwen Tai, who was paramount general of Western Wei, following the split of Northern Wei into Western Wei and Eastern Wei in 535."}, {"id": "Q307069", "label": "Eastern Wei", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Northern Zhou's basis of power was established by Yuwen Tai, who was paramount general of Western Wei, following the split of Northern Wei into Western Wei and Eastern Wei in 535."}, {"id": "Q2665689", "label": "Emperor Gong of Western Wei", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "After Yuwen Tai's death in 556, Yuwen Tai's nephew Yuwen Hu forced Emperor Gong of Western Wei to yield the throne to Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue (Emperor Xiaomin), establishing Northern Zhou."}, {"id": "Q5521632", "label": "Gao Shaoyi", "section": "History - Transit to Sui", "says": "During this period, Yang Jian also had put to death Yuwen Xian, Prince of Bi—the eldest son of Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou, who held the offices of Grand Preceptor and Governor of Yongzhou—as well as the five sons of Yuwen Tai who were still living; and he established friendly relations with the Türks, whereupon the Türkic Tuobo Qaghan handed Gao Shaoyi over to the Northern Zhou."}], "Q584435": [{"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "lead", "says": "It covered approximately the area of the modern Thai provinces of Patani, Yala, Narathiwat and part of the Malaysian state of Kelantan."}, {"id": "Q2320075", "label": "Langkasuka", "section": "lead", "says": "The 2nd–15th century state of Langkasuka and the 6th–7th century state of Pan Pan may have been related."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Another Burmese-Siamese war (1563–1564) led by King Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat to surrender in 1564."}, {"id": "Q728777", "label": "Maha Chakkraphat", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Another Burmese-Siamese war (1563–1564) led by King Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat to surrender in 1564."}, {"id": "Q561295", "label": "Phetracha", "section": "History - Kelantanese rajas", "says": "When Phetracha took control of Ayutthaya in 1688, Patani refused to acknowledge his authority and rebelled."}, {"id": "Q779323", "label": "Ekkathat", "section": "History - Reassertion of Siamese power", "says": "In the 18th century, Ayutthaya under King Ekkathat faced another Burmese invasion."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "History - Reassertion of Siamese power", "says": "King Taksin defeated the Burmese and reunified the country, opening the way for the establishment of the Chakri dynasty by his successor, King Rama I."}, {"id": "Q1016779", "label": "Burney Treaty", "section": "History - Patani in the Bangkok period", "says": "Britain recognised the Siamese ownership of Patani in the Burney Treaty in 1826."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "Chronology of rulers - Inland dynasty (Sri Wangsa)", "says": "Raja Intera/Phaya Tu Nakpa/Sultan Ismail Shah/Mahmud Shah (d."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "Chronology of rulers - First Kelantanese dynasty", "says": "Raja Dewi (Queen) (1702–1711)\nRaja Bendang Badan (1716–1720 or ?–1715), he was afterwards raja of Kelantan, 1715–1733\nRaja Laksamana Dajang (1720–1721; Fatani gives no dates)\nRaja Alung Yunus (1728–1729 or 1718–1729)\nRaja Yunus (1729–1749)\nRaja Long Nuh (1749–1771)\nSultan Muhammad (1771–1785)\nTengku Lamidin (1785–1791)\nDatuk Pengkalan (1791–1808)"}], "Q618399": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo) or First Congolese Republic, formerly the Belgian Congo and now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was a state in Central Africa that gained independence in 1960 and continued until a 1965 coup d'état by General Joseph Mobutu."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo) or First Congolese Republic, formerly the Belgian Congo and now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was a state in Central Africa that gained independence in 1960 and continued until a 1965 coup d'état by General Joseph Mobutu."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo) or First Congolese Republic, formerly the Belgian Congo and now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was a state in Central Africa that gained independence in 1960 and continued until a 1965 coup d'état by General Joseph Mobutu."}, {"id": "Q161672", "label": "Patrice Lumumba", "section": "lead", "says": "The country had been a colony of Belgium since 1908 and was granted independence in 1960 as a result of pressure from the Congolese nationalist movement led by Patrice Lumumba."}, {"id": "Q1773926", "label": "Congo Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Almost immediately after independence, the country was plunged into the Congo Crisis, a series of civil wars and secessionist conflicts, notably with the break-away State of Katanga, which lasted until 1965."}, {"id": "Q1148907", "label": "State of Katanga", "section": "lead", "says": "Almost immediately after independence, the country was plunged into the Congo Crisis, a series of civil wars and secessionist conflicts, notably with the break-away State of Katanga, which lasted until 1965."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "lead", "says": "The democratic government of Lumumba was overthrown in an army coup led by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (later known as Mobutu Sese Seko) and Lumumba was killed by Katangan forces in 1961."}], "Q700264": [{"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Brandenburg was established in 1815 from the Kingdom of Prussia's core territory, comprising the bulk of the historic Margraviate of Brandenburg (excluding Altmark) and the Lower Lusatia region."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It became part of the German Empire in 1871 and was a province of the Free State of Prussia from 1918 until Prussia was dissolved in 1945 after World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It became part of the German Empire in 1871 and was a province of the Free State of Prussia from 1918 until Prussia was dissolved in 1945 after World War II."}, {"id": "Q150620", "label": "Henry I the Fowler", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "During the Migration Period, they were succeeded by the Polabian Slavs, whose fortress at Brandenburg an der Havel was conquered by the German king Henry the Fowler in 928/29."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "Henry subdued the Slavic tribes up to the Oder river and his son Otto I established the marca Geronis on their territory, with the government first conferred to the Saxon count Gero."}, {"id": "Q459325", "label": "Great Slav Rising", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "The Northern March was split off from the marca Geronis in 965, and large parts of it were lost in the Great Slav Rising of 983."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "The margravial title did not become hereditary until the time of Albert the Bear, another Saxon count from the noble House of Ascania, who established the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "The margravial title did not become hereditary until the time of Albert the Bear, another Saxon count from the noble House of Ascania, who established the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "His son Margrave Otto I achieved the dignity of an arch-chamberlain of the Holy Roman Empire in 1177."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "Emperor Charles IV, by the Golden Bull of 1356, confirmed the electoral dignity of the Brandenburg margraves and in 1373 assigned the electorate to his son Wenceslaus."}, {"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "In 1415 Brandenburg was acquired by Burgrave Frederick of Nuremberg, the first member of the Swabian House of Hohenzollern to rule the margraviate."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "Over the centuries, the Hohenzollerns gradually rose to one of the most important dynasties of the Empire, rivalling the ruling House of Habsburg of the Holy Roman Empire, a process that intensified with the Protestant Reformation and the inheritance of the Polish Duchy of Prussia in 1618."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "Over the centuries, the Hohenzollerns gradually rose to one of the most important dynasties of the Empire, rivalling the ruling House of Habsburg of the Holy Roman Empire, a process that intensified with the Protestant Reformation and the inheritance of the Polish Duchy of Prussia in 1618."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Pre-provincial period", "says": "The margraviate formed the core of the Brandenburg–Prussian state, and the \"Great Elector\" Frederick William I made various accessions to the territory, with the Treaty of Königsberg of 1656 marking a significant turn in its evolution."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Establishment of the province", "says": "The Margraviate remained a constituent part of Prussia until after the Napoleonic Wars and the 1815 Congress of Vienna, when the Kingdom's administration was divided into ten provinces."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Establishment of the province", "says": "The Margraviate remained a constituent part of Prussia until after the Napoleonic Wars and the 1815 Congress of Vienna, when the Kingdom's administration was divided into ten provinces."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "History - Establishment of the province", "says": "The Province of Brandenburg also encompassed the territory of Lower Lusatia (where Cottbus had been a Brandenburgian exclave since the 15th century) as well as the area around Belzig and Jüterbog, all annexed from the Kingdom of Saxony because it had allied with Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Establishment of the province", "says": "The Province of Brandenburg also encompassed the territory of Lower Lusatia (where Cottbus had been a Brandenburgian exclave since the 15th century) as well as the area around Belzig and Jüterbog, all annexed from the Kingdom of Saxony because it had allied with Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q76632", "label": "Theodor Fontane", "section": "History - Establishment of the province", "says": "Provincial life was portrayed in the novels of Theodor Fontane, especially in his 1862–89 descriptive work Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg (\"Ramblings through the Mark Brandenburg\")."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "After World War I, the Kingdom of Prussia was replaced by the Free State of Prussia as part of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "After World War I, the Kingdom of Prussia was replaced by the Free State of Prussia as part of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "After World War I, the Kingdom of Prussia was replaced by the Free State of Prussia as part of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "Brandenburg became a province of the Free State without any change in size, although as a result of Germany's territorial losses under the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, it had a 35 km (22 mi) long border with the Second Polish Republic."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "After Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Gauleiter Wilhelm Kube was appointed Oberpräsident of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q85375", "label": "Emil Stürtz", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "He was succeeded by Emil Stürtz in 1936."}, {"id": "Q154182", "label": "Battle of Berlin", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "In the late days of World War II, Brandenburg was the site of the bloody battles against the Soviet and Polish armies at the Seelow Heights, Halbe and finally the Battle of Berlin."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Free State of Prussia", "says": "It became part of East Germany when it was established in 1949."}], "Q770281": [{"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They arose following the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom in the 12th century BCE, and lasted until they were subdued by the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE."}], "Q770776": [{"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch Gold Coast or Dutch Guinea, officially Dutch possessions on the Coast of Guinea (Dutch: Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea), was a portion of contemporary Ghana known as the Gold Coast (Dutch: Goudkust), that from 1612 was gradually colonised by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) from the Dutch and Batavian Republics (present-day Kingdom of the Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 6 April 1872, the Dutch Gold Coast was, in accordance with the Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–71, ceded to the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - The Dutch settle on the Gold Coast", "says": "By 1471, they had reached the area that was to become known as the Gold Coast because it was an important source of gold."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "History - The Dutch settle on the Gold Coast", "says": "The Twelve Years' Truce between Portugal-Spain and the Dutch Republic, which lasted from 1609 to 1621, disrupted Dutch trade on the Gold Coast, as the Portuguese now had sufficient resources to protect their trade monopoly."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - The Dutch settle on the Gold Coast", "says": "The Twelve Years' Truce between Portugal-Spain and the Dutch Republic, which lasted from 1609 to 1621, disrupted Dutch trade on the Gold Coast, as the Portuguese now had sufficient resources to protect their trade monopoly."}, {"id": "Q2888493", "label": "Battle of Feyiase", "section": "History - Relationship with local peoples", "says": "After the Battle of Feyiase (1701), the Ashanti Empire replaced the Denkyira as the dominant power, and the Dutch began paying tribute to the Ashanti instead."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "History - Relationship with local peoples", "says": "After the Battle of Feyiase (1701), the Ashanti Empire replaced the Denkyira as the dominant power, and the Dutch began paying tribute to the Ashanti instead."}, {"id": "Q2079957", "label": "William I of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Disestablishment of the WIC and the abolition of slave trade", "says": "William I of the Netherlands took over this abolition when he issued a royal decree to that effect in June 1814 and signed the Anglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treaty in May 1818."}, {"id": "Q741772", "label": "Herman Willem Daendels", "section": "History - Disestablishment of the WIC and the abolition of slave trade", "says": "The abolition of slave trade was coupled with the arrival of Herman Willem Daendels as Governor-General."}, {"id": "Q2603206", "label": "Batavian Revolution", "section": "History - Disestablishment of the WIC and the abolition of slave trade", "says": "Daendels was a Patriot who played a major role in the Batavian Revolution, and subsequently became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies for the Batavian Republic in 1807."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Disestablishment of the WIC and the abolition of slave trade", "says": "Daendels was a Patriot who played a major role in the Batavian Revolution, and subsequently became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies for the Batavian Republic in 1807."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - Disestablishment of the WIC and the abolition of slave trade", "says": "Daendels was a Patriot who played a major role in the Batavian Revolution, and subsequently became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies for the Batavian Republic in 1807."}, {"id": "Q1395929", "label": "Fante Confederacy", "section": "History - Trade of forts with Britain and subsequent cession", "says": "Meanwhile, a Fante Confederacy was founded to drive the Dutch and their Ashanti allies out of Elmina."}], "Q846866": [{"id": "Q622876", "label": "Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the results of the referendum held in October 2004, Perm Oblast was merged with Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug to form Perm Krai."}, {"id": "Q132899", "label": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov Oblast in honor of Vyacheslav Molotov."}], "Q868942": [{"id": "Q3108185", "label": "Ba'athist Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Ba'athist Kuwait, officially the Republic of Kuwait, was a short-lived Ba'athist rival puppet state formed in the aftermath of the invasion of Kuwait by Ba'athist Iraq during the early stages of the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "Ba'athist Kuwait, officially the Republic of Kuwait, was a short-lived Ba'athist rival puppet state formed in the aftermath of the invasion of Kuwait by Ba'athist Iraq during the early stages of the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q710775", "label": "Alaa Hussein Ali aljabr", "section": "lead", "says": "During the invasion, the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council stated that it had sent troops into the State of Kuwait to assist an internal coup d'état initiated by \"Kuwaiti revolutionaries.\" A Provisional Government of Free Kuwait was set up on 4 August 1990 by the Iraqi authorities under the leadership of nine allegedly-Kuwaiti military officers (four colonels and five majors) led by Alaa Hussein"}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The new regime deposed the Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (who fled Kuwait and established a government in exile based in Saudi Arabia) and accused the House of Sabah of pursuing anti-popular, anti-democratic, pro-imperialist, and Zionist policies along with the \"embezzlement of national resources for the purpose of personal enrichment\"."}, {"id": "Q291639", "label": "House of Al Sabah", "section": "lead", "says": "The new regime deposed the Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (who fled Kuwait and established a government in exile based in Saudi Arabia) and accused the House of Sabah of pursuing anti-popular, anti-democratic, pro-imperialist, and Zionist policies along with the \"embezzlement of national resources for the purpose of personal enrichment\"."}], "Q972165": [{"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Historicity", "says": "373-357 BCE, i.e., only a short time before the Nanda dynasty which preceded Chandragupta Maurya."}, {"id": "Q3267658", "label": "Mahapadma Nanda", "section": "History - Historicity", "says": "Similarly, Keay — another proponent of the Short Chronology — states that there is great uncertainty about the royal succession for this period, probably because there was a period of \"court intrigues and murders,\" during which \"evidently the throne changed hands frequently, perhaps with more than one incumbent claiming to occupy it at the same time\" until Mahapadma Nanda was able to secure the th"}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "Decline", "says": "According to Puranas, Shaishunagas were followed by the Nanda Empire, which was founded by Mahanandin's son Mahapadma Nanda."}], "Q1089675": [{"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "At first serving under the Ilkhans, they took de facto control of the territory after the fall of the Ilkhanate."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chobanids ruled over Azerbaijan (where they were based), Arrān, parts of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and west central Persia, while the Jalayirids took control in Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q4825084", "label": "Suleiman Khan", "section": "Role during the fall of the Ilkhanate, and Hasan-i Kuchak", "says": "To keep Sati Beg in check, he forced her to marry his puppet Suleiman Khan."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Malek Ashraf and the Chobanid decline", "says": "When forces of the Golden Horde overran the Chobanid realm and captured Tabriz in 1357, few lamented the loss of power by the Chupanids."}], "Q1108659": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Benin (Igbo: Ripọblik du Benin; French: République du Bénin) was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in West Africa that existed for seven hours in 1967."}, {"id": "Q829875", "label": "Nigerian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established on 19 September 1967 during the Nigerian Civil War as a puppet state of Biafra, following its occupation of Nigeria's Mid-Western Region, and named after its capital, Benin City, with Albert Nwazu Okonkwo as its head of government."}], "Q1198163": [{"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "lead", "says": "Peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng who founded the short-lived Shun dynasty captured Beijing and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide."}, {"id": "Q10069", "label": "Chongzhen Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng who founded the short-lived Shun dynasty captured Beijing and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide."}, {"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ming general Wu Sangui then opened the gates of the Shanhai Pass in the eastern section of the Great Wall to the Qing banners, in hope of using them to annihilate the Shun forces."}, {"id": "Q1352743", "label": "Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu", "section": "lead", "says": "Ming loyalists fled to Nanjing, where they enthroned Zhu Yousong as the Hongguang Emperor, marking the start of the Southern Ming."}, {"id": "Q1326844", "label": "Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yongli Emperor was the last and also the longest reigning emperor of the dynasty (1646–1662) and managed to fight against the Qing forces alongside the peasant armies in southwestern China prior to his capture in Myanmar in 1662."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince of Ningjing, in the Kingdom of Tungning (based in present-day Tainan, Taiwan) claimed to be the rightful successor to the throne of Ming until 1683, although he lacked real political power."}, {"id": "Q152855", "label": "Kingdom of Tungning", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince of Ningjing, in the Kingdom of Tungning (based in present-day Tainan, Taiwan) claimed to be the rightful successor to the throne of Ming until 1683, although he lacked real political power."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "Background", "says": "The Muslim Ming loyalists were joined by Tibetans and Han Chinese in the revolt."}], "Q1277895": [{"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "lead", "says": "Türgesh and Göktürks were related through marriage."}, {"id": "Q4833446", "label": "Second Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Timeline - Foundation of the Turgesh Khaganate", "says": "However Saqal's younger brother Zhenu rebelled and sought military support from the Qapagan Khaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate in 708."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "Timeline - Timeline of Suluk", "says": "In 727 the Turgesh and the Tibetan Empire attacked Qiuci (Kucha)."}, {"id": "Q4872906", "label": "Battle of the Defile", "section": "Timeline - Timeline of Suluk", "says": "In 731 the Turgesh were defeated at the Battle of the Defile by the Arabs, who suffered enormous casualties."}, {"id": "Q18613312", "label": "Battle of Kharistan", "section": "Timeline - Timeline of Suluk", "says": "He entered Jowzjan, but was defeated by the Umayyad governor Asad at the Battle of Kharistan."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "Timeline - Kül-chor", "says": "The last Turgesh ruler declared himself a vassal of the recently established Uyghur Khaganate."}], "Q128026": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Utah was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 4, 1896, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Utah, the 45th state."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - Admission to the Union", "says": "Utah had remained a territory for much longer than the neighboring territories of Nevada and Colorado: Nevada had been admitted to the Union in 1864 in the midst of the ongoing American Civil War, only three years after its territorial formation, and Colorado had been admitted in 1876 during the American Centennial celebration year, fifteen years after first becoming a territory."}], "Q13107370": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "An important process during this period was the Christianization of the Serbs, completed by the establishment of Christianity as state-religion in the second half of the 9th century."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was annexed by the Byzantine Empire in c."}, {"id": "Q2550027", "label": "Unknown Archon", "section": "Background", "says": "The work mentions the first Serbian ruler, without a name (known conventionally as \"Unknown Archon\"), that led the White Serbs to southeastern Europe and received the protection of Emperor Heraclius (r."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "The work mentions the first Serbian ruler, without a name (known conventionally as \"Unknown Archon\"), that led the White Serbs to southeastern Europe and received the protection of Emperor Heraclius (r."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Višeslav, Radoslav and Prosigoj (circa 780–830)", "says": "The first of the dynasty known by name was Višeslav who began his rule around 780, being a contemporary of Charlemagne (fl."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Višeslav, Radoslav and Prosigoj (circa 780–830)", "says": "The First Bulgarian Empire, under Telerig, planned to colonize some of their lands with more Slavs from the neighbouring Berziti, as the earlier Bulgar expansion had caused massive Slav migrations and depopulation of Bulgaria — in 762, more than 200,000 people fled to Byzantine territory and were relocated to Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Višeslav, Radoslav and Prosigoj (circa 780–830)", "says": "The First Bulgarian Empire, under Telerig, planned to colonize some of their lands with more Slavs from the neighbouring Berziti, as the earlier Bulgar expansion had caused massive Slav migrations and depopulation of Bulgaria — in 762, more than 200,000 people fled to Byzantine territory and were relocated to Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "History - Višeslav, Radoslav and Prosigoj (circa 780–830)", "says": "The Bulgars were defeated in 774, after Constantine V learned of their planned raid."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Višeslav, Radoslav and Prosigoj (circa 780–830)", "says": "In 783, a large Slavic uprising took place in the Byzantine Empire, stretching from Macedonia to the Peloponnese, which was subsequently quelled by Byzantine patrikios Staurakios."}, {"id": "Q237587", "label": "Stauracius", "section": "History - Višeslav, Radoslav and Prosigoj (circa 780–830)", "says": "In 783, a large Slavic uprising took place in the Byzantine Empire, stretching from Macedonia to the Peloponnese, which was subsequently quelled by Byzantine patrikios Staurakios."}, {"id": "Q156108", "label": "Obotrites", "section": "History - Countering Bulgarian expansion (805–829)", "says": "In 805 Krum conquered the Braničevci, Timočani and Obotrites, to the east of Serbia, and banished their tribal chiefs and replaced them with administrators appointed by the central government."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Countering Bulgarian expansion (805–829)", "says": "The Timočani left the society (association, alliance) of the Bulgarian state, and sought, together with the Danubian Obotrites and Guduscani, protection from Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious (r."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Vlastimir, Mutimir and Prvoslav (830–892)", "says": "The Serbs were alarmed, and most likely consolidated due to the spreading of the Bulgarian Empire towards their borders by the Bulgarian conquest of neighbouring Slavs, and possibly sought to cut off the Bulgar expansion to the south (Macedonia)."}, {"id": "Q60199", "label": "Theophilos", "section": "History - Vlastimir, Mutimir and Prvoslav (830–892)", "says": "Emperor Theophilos (r."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "History - Vlastimir, Mutimir and Prvoslav (830–892)", "says": "According to Constantine VII, the Serbs and Bulgars had lived peacefully as neighbours until the Bulgar invasion in 839 (in the last years of Theophilos)."}, {"id": "Q1311805", "label": "Travunia", "section": "History - Vlastimir, Mutimir and Prvoslav (830–892)", "says": "The Belojević family was thus entitled to rule Travunia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - Časlav (933–943/960)", "says": "The dynasty continued to rule the maritime regions, and in the 990s, Jovan Vladimir rose as the most powerful Serbian prince, ruling over present-day Montenegro, eastern Herzegovina, and northern Albania."}, {"id": "Q270740", "label": "Samuel of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Časlav (933–943/960)", "says": "However, by 997, it was made subject to tsar Samuel of Bulgaria."}], "Q1323195": [{"id": "Q107994370", "label": "Southern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "Wu (吳), also referred to as Huainan (淮南), Hongnong (弘農), Southern Wu (南吳), or Yang Wu (楊吳), was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period."}, {"id": "Q1275305", "label": "Emperor Taizu of Later Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "All three rulers of Wu after 907 (when the Tang dynasty collapsed and Zhu Wen established the Later Liang dynasty) were Yang Xingmi's sons."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "All three rulers of Wu after 907 (when the Tang dynasty collapsed and Zhu Wen established the Later Liang dynasty) were Yang Xingmi's sons."}, {"id": "Q5195385", "label": "Yang Wo", "section": "lead", "says": "The first ruler Yang Wo was murdered by his ministers Xu Wen and Zhang Hao, and his two brothers after him were effectively puppets dominated by Xu Wen at first, and later Xu Wen's adopted son Xu Zhigao (Li Bian) who in 937 usurped power to establish the Southern Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q711844", "label": "Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "The first ruler Yang Wo was murdered by his ministers Xu Wen and Zhang Hao, and his two brothers after him were effectively puppets dominated by Xu Wen at first, and later Xu Wen's adopted son Xu Zhigao (Li Bian) who in 937 usurped power to establish the Southern Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1326742", "label": "Southern Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "The first ruler Yang Wo was murdered by his ministers Xu Wen and Zhang Hao, and his two brothers after him were effectively puppets dominated by Xu Wen at first, and later Xu Wen's adopted son Xu Zhigao (Li Bian) who in 937 usurped power to establish the Southern Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q6596990", "label": "Yang Pu", "section": "lead", "says": "Yang Pu, the last ruler, was the only one to claim the title of emperor; the other rulers were kings or princes."}], "Q1330149": [{"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya, Surasena was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (lit. 'great realms') in the 6th century BCE."}, {"id": "Q312548", "label": "Megasthenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The ancient Greek writers (e.g., Megasthenes) refer to the Sourasenoi and its cities, Methora and Cleisobra/Kleisobora ."}, {"id": "Q1039325", "label": "Janapada", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Sura-sena Janapada was occupied by Vrishnis and Andhakas, branches of the Yadu tribe."}], "Q1358851": [{"id": "Q320122", "label": "Songtsän Gampo", "section": "History - Conquest of Zhangzhung", "says": "There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhangzhung during the reign of Songtsen Gampo (605 or 617–649) or in the reign of Trisong Detsen (Wylie: Khri-srong-lde-btsan), (r."}], "Q1376303": [{"id": "Q605199", "label": "Vajji", "section": "lead", "says": "The population of Malla was divided into two branches, each organised into a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), presently referred to as the Malla Republics, which were part of the larger Vajjika League."}, {"id": "Q9441", "label": "The Buddha", "section": "History - Statehood", "says": "The Buddha arrived in Pāvā shortly after the Mallas there had inaugurated their new santhāgāra, which they had named Ubbhataka."}, {"id": "Q379242", "label": "Ajatasatru", "section": "Decline", "says": "The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of Ajatashatru, who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha."}], "Q139948": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate of Kalat, also known as the Brahui Confederacy, was a khanate that originated in the modern-day Kalat region of Pakistan, and was ruled by the Brahui Ahmadzai dynasty."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate of Kalat lost considerable area to Qajar Iran and the Emirate of Afghanistan in the early 19th century, and the city of Kalat was itself sacked by the British in 1839."}, {"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate of Kalat lost considerable area to Qajar Iran and the Emirate of Afghanistan in the early 19th century, and the city of Kalat was itself sacked by the British in 1839."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "He spent his life fighting the Afghans and Kalhoras of Sindh, and became an ally of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb."}, {"id": "Q3820837", "label": "Abdullah Khan", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Under Mir Abdullah Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "1734–1749), was given the region of Kacchi, then under Kalhoras, by Nader Shah as blood compensation of his father."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Since 1748, Kalat was a vassal state of Durrani Empire, and assisted in the campaigns of Ahmad Shah such as in the Durrani campaign to Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q12568000", "label": "Wali Khan", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Afghans were dispatched under vizier Shah Wali Khan to Kalat, but were defeated."}, {"id": "Q28669042", "label": "Principality of Qandahar", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Following the collapse of the Durranis, any trace of Afghan influence over Kalat ended after the death of Sher Dil Khan, the ruler of the Principality of Kandahar, in 1826."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "History - Accession", "says": "The princely state of Kalat acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan on 27 March 1948."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - Accession", "says": "The accession was accepted by the Governor General Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 31 March, making Kalat a part of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2617017", "label": "Baluchistan States Union", "section": "History - Accession", "says": "On 3 October 1952, the state of Kalat entered into the Baluchistan States Union with three neighbouring states, Kharan, Las Bela, and Makran, with Yar Khan of Kalat at the head of the Union with the title of Khan-e-Azam."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "History - Accession", "says": "The Khanate came to an end on 14 October 1955, when it was incorporated into West Pakistan."}], "Q14491604": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the Babi dynasty of Muslim Nawabs since 1654, it was one of the larger princely states in the region firstly within the Maratha Empire and later by British India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1947, following the partition of India, Junagadh became the subject of a political dispute when its ruler, Nawab Mahabat Khan III, acceded to Pakistan despite the state's predominantly Hindu population and its geographical contiguity with India."}], "Q147081": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "Zanzan Region is a defunct region of Ivory Coast."}], "Q15242873": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Civil Administration (SCA) was the official ruling authority of the northern half of Korea from 24 August 1945 to 9 September 1948, governing concurrently with the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea from 1946."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The SCA was the administrative structure that the Soviet Union used to govern what would become the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) following the division of Korea."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "After the banning of the People's Republic of Korea by the American occupational authorities in the south in late 1945, the Soviet authorities co-opted the PRK committees on 8 February 1946."}, {"id": "Q4516618", "label": "Ivan Chistyakov", "section": "lead", "says": "This setup was officially recommended by General Ivan Chistyakov and headed by General Andrei Romanenko in 1945 and by General Nikolai Lebedev in 1946, to install Kim Il Sung as the leader of a pro-Soviet regime from Moscow, when he followed his rise to power that transitioned him from the Red Army officer to the absolute dictator of North Korea, who would rule until his death in 1994, he was post"}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "lead", "says": "This setup was officially recommended by General Ivan Chistyakov and headed by General Andrei Romanenko in 1945 and by General Nikolai Lebedev in 1946, to install Kim Il Sung as the leader of a pro-Soviet regime from Moscow, when he followed his rise to power that transitioned him from the Red Army officer to the absolute dictator of North Korea, who would rule until his death in 1994, he was post"}], "Q17319155": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 10th century, Mewar emerged as an independent state, actively battling neighboring powers and confronting the expansion of Delhi Sultanate until the fall of its capital Chittorgarh in 1303 against the latter, leading to the annihilation of Guhila Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "lead", "says": "At its zenith under Rana Sanga, it controlled large parts of Northern India."}, {"id": "Q2722956", "label": "Pratap Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "Nonetheless, it continued to resist Mughal expansion, most notably under Maharana Pratap, later it became a tributary state with a significant degree of autonomy."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The decline of Mughal Empire saw sovereign leaders like Raj Singh and his successors led rebellions culminating in de facto independence for Mewar, notably Rathore Rebellion and Rajput-Mughal war (1708–1710)."}, {"id": "Q2890128", "label": "Second Battle of Tarain", "section": "History - Early History of Mewar", "says": "Guhila ruler Samantsingh established another branch of Guhilas in Vagad and also fought alongside the defeated Prithviraja III of Ajmer in Second Battle of Tarain against Muizzuddin Muhammad Ghuri."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "History - Early History of Mewar", "says": "Eventually, in 1303 Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khalji invaded Mewar, besieged Chittor."}, {"id": "Q2741754", "label": "Khizr Khan", "section": "History - Early Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Khizr Khan, one of Alauddin's sons, was forced to relocate, and Maldev Songara from the Chauhan clan took charge of Mewar, successfully repelling Hammir's assaults."}, {"id": "Q937879", "label": "Malwa Sultanate", "section": "History - Early Expansion and consolidation", "says": "He also quelled a rebellion in Idar alongside defeating Dilawar Khan of the Malwa Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q6207845", "label": "Kingdom of Marwar", "section": "History - Early Expansion and consolidation", "says": "Kshetra was succeeded by Lakha, who conquered Merwara and helped Rao Ranmal Rathore, one of the princesses of the neighbouring Kingdom of Marwar, to gain the throne, thus establishing Mewar's influence over Marwar."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "History - Udai Singh II", "says": "Early in his reign, Sher Shah Suri invaded Mewar after defeating Maldeo Rathore of Marwar at Sammel."}, {"id": "Q373650", "label": "Sur Empire", "section": "History - Udai Singh II", "says": "Udai Singh had just dealt with the civil war in Mewar and did not have the resources to fight the Sur Empire."}, {"id": "Q3635360", "label": "Battle of Haldighati", "section": "History - Maharana Pratap Singh", "says": "The big battle came in the form of the Battle of Haldighati with Akbar sending Man Singh against the forces of Mewar headed by Pratap."}, {"id": "Q3820837", "label": "Abdullah Khan", "section": "History - Amar Singh", "says": "In 1609, Mahabat Khan was replaced with Abdullah Khan who was able to defeat Mewar in several battles from 1609 to 1611."}, {"id": "Q1234662", "label": "Karan Singh, Crown Prince of Kashmir", "section": "History - Treaty with Mughals", "says": "Jahangir got marble statues of Amar and Karan Singh constructed in Deccan and installed in a garden in Agra."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Treaty with Mughals", "says": "Khurram was crowned the Mughal emperor as Shah Jahan."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Spoiled relations with Mughals", "says": "But eventually Shah Jahan ordered his son Aurangzeb and grandson Mahmud to invade Chittor and demolish the new wall in 1654."}, {"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "History - Rajput-Mughal war 1679–1707", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Jai Singh."}, {"id": "Q12449433", "label": "Amar Singh II", "section": "History - Rajput-Mughal war 1679–1707", "says": "Jai died in 1698 and his son Amar Singh II succeeded him in 1699."}, {"id": "Q544228", "label": "Bahadur Shah I", "section": "History - Triple alliance against the Mughals", "says": "After the war of succession, Bahadur Shah I tried to get hold of the states of Amber and Marwar."}, {"id": "Q7418099", "label": "Sangram Singh II", "section": "History - Triple alliance against the Mughals", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Sangram Singh II."}, {"id": "Q110933260", "label": "Battle of Bandanwara", "section": "History - Triple alliance against the Mughals", "says": "Sangram did not give the possession of these territories to Mewati which lead to the Battle of Bandanwara in 1711."}, {"id": "Q544182", "label": "Jahandar Shah", "section": "History - Triple alliance against the Mughals", "says": "Soon, a war of succession broke between the sons of Bahadur Shah and eventually the only surviving son, Jahandar Shah became Emperor but only for 8 months, and was defeated and killed by his cousin Farrukhsiyar with the help of the Sayyid Brothers."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "History - Triple alliance against the Mughals", "says": "Soon, a war of succession broke between the sons of Bahadur Shah and eventually the only surviving son, Jahandar Shah became Emperor but only for 8 months, and was defeated and killed by his cousin Farrukhsiyar with the help of the Sayyid Brothers."}, {"id": "Q16849298", "label": "Jagat Singh II", "section": "History - Resistance", "says": "Sangram II died in 1734 and was succeeded by his son Jagat Singh II."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "History - Subordinance", "says": "Peshwa Baji Rao I attempted to persuade Jagat to settle terms of Chauth, a tributary tax but such attempts failed."}, {"id": "Q12446060", "label": "Bhim Singh", "section": "History - Princely State to accession in India", "says": "By 1818, the armies of Holkar, Scindia, and Tonk had plundered Mewar, pauperising Bhim Singh."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Princely State to accession in India", "says": "After the Third Anglo-Maratha War and under the treaty, the British Government agreed to protect the territory of Mewar, in return for which Mewar acknowledged British supremacy and agreed to abstain from political associations with other states and to pay one-fourth of its revenues as tribute for 5 years, and three-eight in perpetuity."}, {"id": "Q1457519", "label": "Udaipur State", "section": "History - Princely State to accession in India", "says": "A constitution for Udaipur State was adopted on 23 May 1947."}], "Q17526620": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shirvanshahs (singular: Shirvanshah, from Persian شروانشاه, lit. 'king of Shirvan') were the rulers of Shirvan (in present-day Azerbaijan) from 861 to 1538."}, {"id": "Q4274660", "label": "Mazyadid dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The first ruling line were the Yazidids, an originally Arab and later Persianized dynasty of the Banu Shayban that emerged from the military and political elite of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The first ruling line were the Yazidids, an originally Arab and later Persianized dynasty of the Banu Shayban that emerged from the military and political elite of the Abbasid Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q168776", "label": "Ibrahim I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1382, the Shirvanshahs' throne was taken by Ibrahim I (r."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1500, the latter was defeated and killed by the forces of the Safavid leader Ismail I, who kept the Shirvanshahs as Safavid vassals."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "lead", "says": "This ended in 1538 when Shah Tahmasp I (r."}, {"id": "Q380004", "label": "Ibn Khordadbeh", "section": "Background", "says": "The early Muslim geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (died 913) mentions that the first Sasanian ruler, Ardashir I (r."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "Background", "says": "The early Muslim geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (died 913) mentions that the first Sasanian ruler, Ardashir I (r."}, {"id": "Q293528", "label": "Al-Baladhuri", "section": "Background", "says": "Al-Baladhuri also mentions that a Shirvanshah, together with the neighbouring Layzanshah, were encountered by the Arabs during their first incursion into the eastern Caucasus, and submitted to the Arab commander Salman ibn Rab'ia al-Bahili (died 650)."}, {"id": "Q462697", "label": "Vladimir Minorsky", "section": "Background", "says": "This book was comprehensively analyzed and translated by the Russian orientalist Vladimir Minorsky."}, {"id": "Q2634811", "label": "Shaykh Junayd", "section": "History - Second line (1382–1538)", "says": "Khalilullah I's men killed the Safavid leader Shaykh Junayd during a raid by the latter on Shirvan in 1460."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Second line (1382–1538)", "says": "Junayd's son, Shaykh Haydar, died a similar death; on 9 July 1488 he was killed during a battle near Darband by the combined forces of Farrukh Yassar and the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Ya'qub Beg (r."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "History - Second line (1382–1538)", "says": "Although the Safavids and Shirvanshahs had a hostile relationship, Ismail I allowed them to continue their rule in Shirvan, albeit as vassals of Safavid Iran."}], "Q2182946": [{"id": "Q1127302", "label": "Estonian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Estonian Workers' Commune (Estonian: Eesti Töörahva Kommuun, initially Eesti Töörahwa Kommuuna; Russian: Эстляндская трудовая коммуна Estlyandskaya trudovaya kommuna, ЭТК or ETK, also Estonian Labour Commune and Commune of the Working People of Estonia) was a government claiming the Bolshevik-occupied parts of Republic of Estonia as its territories during the Estonian War of Independence and t"}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Estonian Workers' Commune (Estonian: Eesti Töörahva Kommuun, initially Eesti Töörahwa Kommuuna; Russian: Эстляндская трудовая коммуна Estlyandskaya trudovaya kommuna, ЭТК or ETK, also Estonian Labour Commune and Commune of the Working People of Estonia) was a government claiming the Bolshevik-occupied parts of Republic of Estonia as its territories during the Estonian War of Independence and t"}], "Q2295939": [{"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the duchy went through different periods, from its early years with its distinctively Basque element to the merger in personal union with the Duchy of Aquitaine to the later period as a dependency of the Plantagenet kings of England."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles VII of France reconquered the territory as a final act of the Hundred Years' War and the northern part of the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1453."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles VII of France reconquered the territory as a final act of the Hundred Years' War and the northern part of the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1453."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Charles VII of France reconquered the territory as a final act of the Hundred Years' War and the northern part of the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1453."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "The corresponding portion within the Iberian Peninsula became the Kingdom of Navarre."}, {"id": "Q43107", "label": "Diocletian", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "In 293, Diocletian re-created the original province of Caesar's Aquitania under the name of Novempopulania or Aquitania Tertia."}, {"id": "Q243118", "label": "Chilperic I", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Chilperic I sent his duke Bladastes, who was stationed in Toulouse, to deal with the raids, but he was defeated."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Early Frankish period (602–660)", "says": "In 602, the Merovingians created a frontier duchy to their southwest during the tripartite wars between Franks, Visigoths, and Basques."}, {"id": "Q334783", "label": "Gundemar", "section": "History - Early Frankish period (602–660)", "says": "In the years 610 and 612 respectively, the Gothic kings Gundemar and Sisebut launched attacks against the Basques."}, {"id": "Q269536", "label": "Odo the Great", "section": "History - Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)", "says": "Hitherto the duke Odo the Great had been independent, refusing to recognise the authority of either the Merovingian king or his mayor of the palace."}, {"id": "Q2524627", "label": "Battle of the River Garonne", "section": "History - Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)", "says": "However, in 732 he was utterly routed at the Battle of the River Garonne near Bordeaux, after which Muslim troops under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi plundered the country and captured Bordeaux."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)", "says": "Only by Odo submitting to the authority of his Frankish archrival, the mayor Charles Martel, could the Christians of Western Europe achieve the military unity necessary to decisively defeat the Umayyad invaders, which they finally accomplished at the Battle of Tours."}, {"id": "Q173077", "label": "Battle of Tours", "section": "History - Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)", "says": "Only by Odo submitting to the authority of his Frankish archrival, the mayor Charles Martel, could the Christians of Western Europe achieve the military unity necessary to decisively defeat the Umayyad invaders, which they finally accomplished at the Battle of Tours."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)", "says": "After a campaign against the Umayyads in Septimania, the king Pepin the Short turned his attention to Aquitaine and Waifer, unleashing a devastating war on Aquitaine and Vasconia that was to have dire consequence"}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Carolingian duchy (769–864)", "says": "Beginning in 778, Charlemagne appointed counts (Bordeaux, Toulouse, Fezensac) on the bordering lands of Vasconia along the banks of the river Garonne, undermining the influence of the dukes of Vasconia."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Carolingian duchy (769–864)", "says": "The revolt in Pamplona crossed the Pyrenees north and in 816 Louis the Pious deposed the Basque Duke Seguin of Bordeaux for failing to suppress or sympathising with the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q296652", "label": "Sancho III of Navarre", "section": "History - Basque duchy of Gascony (864–1053)", "says": "The Gascon ducal family became tied to the rising Kingdom of Navarre by matrimonial alliances at the end of the 10th century, eventually bringing Gascony suzerain to King Sancho III of Navarre (\"the Great\") for a short period up to 1035."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "History - Within the Duchy of Aquitaine (1053–1453)", "says": "It thus became a part of the Angevin Empire in the 12th century."}], "Q2300296": [{"id": "Q543042", "label": "Latvian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (Latvian: Latvijas Sociālistiskā Padomju Republika, LSPR) was a short-lived socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing of Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik government in the Russian SFSR."}], "Q2616953": [{"id": "Q151364", "label": "Vidkun Quisling", "section": "lead", "says": "The Quisling regime or Quisling government was the collaborationist puppet government led by Vidkun Quisling in German-occupied Norway during the Second World War."}, {"id": "Q57874", "label": "Josef Terboven", "section": "lead", "says": "Actual executive power was retained by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen, headed by Josef Terboven."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Quisling's regime ceased to exist in 1945, with the end of World War II in Europe."}], "Q33061": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in the early 11th century as one of the many Taifa kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba around this time."}], "Q385084": [{"id": "Q210359", "label": "Vasily II of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "Vasily II of Moscow appointed a prince in 1451 to govern the region."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The use of the official name Great Perm ceased in 1708 when the Siberia Governorate was established as part of administrative reforms by Peter the Great."}, {"id": "Q297295", "label": "Yury of Moscow", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Komi territories \"along the Kama River\" in the south were first mentioned under the year 1324 in the chronicle of Novgorod when describing the last trip of Yury of Moscow to the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Komi territories \"along the Kama River\" in the south were first mentioned under the year 1324 in the chronicle of Novgorod when describing the last trip of Yury of Moscow to the Golden Horde."}], "Q3875016": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered to be a predecessor khanate of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taichiud (Cyrillic: Тайчууд) was one of the three core tribes in the Khamag Mongol confederation in Mongolia during the 12th century and whose people lived in the southern part of Siberia's modern-day Zabaykalsky Krai."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Temujin, the future Genghis Khan, was born into Yesugei's family as the first son in Delüün Boldog on the upper reaches of the Onon river in 1162."}], "Q484104": [{"id": "Q28278", "label": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The U.S. administration refused to recognize the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, despite the South Korean government considering it their predecessor since 1987."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Waves of refugees from North Korea (estimated at 400,000) and returnees from abroad caused further turmoil."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "Background", "says": "The short-lived People's Republic of Korea had been established in August, in consultation with Japanese authorities, and rapidly exerted control throughout the country."}, {"id": "Q215737", "label": "Kim Ku", "section": "Background", "says": "The U.S. administration also refused to recognize the members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, led by Kim Ku, who were obliged to enter the country as private citizens."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Key events", "says": "From 1910 to 1945, Korea was ruled by the Empire of Japan as a colony. “On August 11, 1945, as World War II drew to a close, two U.S."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Key events", "says": "From 1910 to 1945, Korea was ruled by the Empire of Japan as a colony. “On August 11, 1945, as World War II drew to a close, two U.S."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "History - Key events", "says": "Army planning officers in Washington chose an invisible line across Korea, the 38th Parallel, for dividing the former Japanese colony into Soviet and American [occupation] zones, north and south.” After the surrender of the Empire of Japan to the Allies, the division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of American and Soviet command over what is known today as South Korea and North Korea, re"}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "History - Key events", "says": "From 1945 to 1948 the overall responsibility of southern Korea was given to General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers due to the vague orders and lack of guidance from both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Department of State regarding Korea."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Key events", "says": "In December 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to administer the country under the U.S.–Soviet Joint Commission, as termed by the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers."}], "Q582781": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Independent Albania (Albanian: Shqipëria e Pavarur) was a parliamentary state declared in Vlorë (at the time part of Ottoman Empire) on 28 November 1912 during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Independent Albania (Albanian: Shqipëria e Pavarur) was a parliamentary state declared in Vlorë (at the time part of Ottoman Empire) on 28 November 1912 during the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The requests by the delegation for recognition based on the ethnic rights of Albanians were rejected and the Treaty of London was signed on 30 May 1913, partitioning a major part of the claimed lands between Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, leaving as independent territory only a central region, which was put under the protection of the Great Powers."}, {"id": "Q187035", "label": "Principality of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "The ambassadors of six Great Powers met again on 29 July 1913 and decided to constitute a new state, the Principality of Albania, as a constitutional monarchy."}, {"id": "Q366307", "label": "Fan S. Noli", "section": "History - First Balkan War", "says": "Albanian leaders, including Faik Konitza and Fan Noli, organized a large meeting on 7 October 1912 in Boston."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "History - First Balkan War", "says": "At the beginning of November 1912, Albanian leaders appealed to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary, explaining the difficult situation in their country because parts of the four vilayets were also claimed by the Balkan League who were present on the disputed lands."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - First Balkan War", "says": "At the beginning of November 1912, Albanian leaders appealed to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary, explaining the difficult situation in their country because parts of the four vilayets were also claimed by the Balkan League who were present on the disputed lands."}, {"id": "Q46932", "label": "Ismail Kemal", "section": "History - First Balkan War", "says": "Ismail Kemal, who had been an Albanian deputy in the Ottoman parliament, secured the support of Austria-Hungary for the autonomy of Albania within the Ottoman Empire, but not for its independence."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - After the declaration of independence", "says": "In December 1912, a delegation of Albania submitted a memorandum to the London Conference of 1913 insisting on the ethnic rights of Albanians and requested an international recognition of the independent Albania composed of Kosovo, western Macedonia including Skopje and Bitola and the whole territory of Epirus up to Arta."}, {"id": "Q1280502", "label": "Isa Boletini", "section": "History - After the declaration of independence", "says": "Isa Boletini and Ismail Kemal travelled to London in March 1913 to obtain Britain's support for their new country."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "History - After the declaration of independence", "says": "On March 6 Ioannina was captured by forces of the Kingdom of Greece."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "History - After the declaration of independence", "says": "On the other hand, Kingdom of Montenegro managed to capture Shkodër on 23 April 1913 after six months of siege."}, {"id": "Q1534814", "label": "Ohrid–Debar Uprising", "section": "History - After the London treaty", "says": "In September 1913 independent Albania secretly supported and helped Ohrid–Debar Uprising because Ismail Qemali thought that independent Albania was too weak to openly confront the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q372161", "label": "Bajram Curri", "section": "History - After the London treaty", "says": "Qemali ordered a simultaneous attack of the Albanian forces led by Isa Boletini and Bajram Curri to the region of Prizren."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - After the London treaty", "says": "Thousands were killed, and tens of thousands of local inhabitants fled for Bulgaria and Albania to save their lives."}, {"id": "Q1562357", "label": "Republic of Central Albania", "section": "History - After the London treaty", "says": "On 16 October 1913, Essad Pasha Toptani—who also had been an Albanian deputy in the Ottoman parliament—established the Republic of Central Albania with its administrative centre in Durrës."}], "Q599613": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Namur (Dutch: Namen) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire with its military and administrative capital at the town of Namur, at the merging of the Sambre and Meuse rivers in what is now French-speaking Belgium."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Like most of what is now Belgium, during the 15th century the County of Namur became part of the Burgundian Netherlands, which subsequently became a possession of the kings of Spain, and later of Austria."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Like its neighbours, the county ceased to exist during the French Revolution, when the entire region was conquered by the revolutionary French Republic."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Origins", "says": "In the year 832 a document by Emperor Louis the Pious indicates that at least part of the region could be referred to as the pagus of Namur, because it refers to Beez and Wépion, two places now within the city of Namur, as being in the countryside (pagus) of Namur (Latin: in pago Namurcensis)."}], "Q623151": [{"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Empire of Thessalonica is a historiographic term used by some modern scholars to refer to the short-lived Greek state centred on the city of Thessalonica between 1224 and 1246 (sensu stricto until 1242) and ruled by the Komnenodoukas dynasty of the Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of its establishment during the struggle for Constantinople, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of its establishment during the struggle for Constantinople, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of its establishment during the struggle for Constantinople, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of its establishment during the struggle for Constantinople, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of its establishment during the struggle for Constantinople, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204."}, {"id": "Q1459494", "label": "Battle of Klokotnitsa", "section": "lead", "says": "Thessalonica's ascendancy was brief, ending with the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa against Bulgaria in 1230, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas was captured."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Thessalonica's ascendancy was brief, ending with the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa against Bulgaria in 1230, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas was captured."}, {"id": "Q1225297", "label": "Manuel Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia and Thrace, while the original nucleus of the state, Epirus, broke free under Michael II Komnenos Doukas."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia and Thrace, while the original nucleus of the state, Epirus, broke free under Michael II Komnenos Doukas."}, {"id": "Q729407", "label": "Michael II Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia and Thrace, while the original nucleus of the state, Epirus, broke free under Michael II Komnenos Doukas."}, {"id": "Q2614074", "label": "John Komnenos Doukas", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodore recovered Thessalonica in 1237, installing his son John Komnenos Doukas, and after him Demetrios Angelos Doukas, as rulers of the city, while Manuel, with Nicaean support, seized Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Theodore recovered Thessalonica in 1237, installing his son John Komnenos Doukas, and after him Demetrios Angelos Doukas, as rulers of the city, while Manuel, with Nicaean support, seized Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople in April 1204, the Byzantine Empire dissolved and was divided between the Crusader leaders and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople in April 1204, the Byzantine Empire dissolved and was divided between the Crusader leaders and the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "Background", "says": "The Latin Empire was set up in Constantinople itself, while most of northern and eastern mainland Greece went to the Kingdom of Thessalonica under Boniface of Montferrat."}, {"id": "Q37086", "label": "Theodore I Laskaris", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, two major native Byzantine Greek states emerged to challenge the Latins and claim the Byzantine inheritance, the so-called Empire of Nicaea under Theodore I Laskaris in Asia Minor, and the so-called Despotate of Epirus in western Greece under Michael I Komnenos Doukas, while a third state, the so-called Empire of Trebizond, established a separate existence on the remote shores of"}, {"id": "Q441429", "label": "Michael I Komnenos Doukas", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, two major native Byzantine Greek states emerged to challenge the Latins and claim the Byzantine inheritance, the so-called Empire of Nicaea under Theodore I Laskaris in Asia Minor, and the so-called Despotate of Epirus in western Greece under Michael I Komnenos Doukas, while a third state, the so-called Empire of Trebizond, established a separate existence on the remote shores of"}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "Background", "says": "At the same time, two major native Byzantine Greek states emerged to challenge the Latins and claim the Byzantine inheritance, the so-called Empire of Nicaea under Theodore I Laskaris in Asia Minor, and the so-called Despotate of Epirus in western Greece under Michael I Komnenos Doukas, while a third state, the so-called Empire of Trebizond, established a separate existence on the remote shores of"}, {"id": "Q1283712", "label": "Demetrios Chomatenos", "section": "Rise and decline", "says": "With the support of the bishops of his domains, he was crowned emperor at Thessalonica by the Archbishop of Ohrid, Demetrios Chomatenos."}, {"id": "Q37072", "label": "John III Doukas Vatatzes", "section": "Rise and decline", "says": "Only the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes, and the Bulgarian emperor Ivan II Asen were strong enough to challenge him."}, {"id": "Q41640", "label": "Michael II", "section": "Rise and decline", "says": "In the end Manuel was forced to accept the fait accompli, and recognized Michael II as ruler of Epirus under his own suzerainty."}], "Q644979": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Blue Horde was a crucial component of the Mongol Empire established after Genghis Khan's demise in 1227."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Functioning as the eastern part of the split Golden Horde, it contrasted with the White Horde's western segment (see the Turkic cardinal system), adhering to the Mongolian and Turkic tradition of cardinal direction colors."}], "Q661340": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Salzburg (German: Herzogtum Salzburg) was a Cisleithanian crown land of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary from 1849 to 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Salzburg (German: Herzogtum Salzburg) was a Cisleithanian crown land of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary from 1849 to 1918."}, {"id": "Q701614", "label": "Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It is differentiated from its predecessor, the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, as it was mediatized in 1803 through the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss and remained henceforth under secular rule as the Electorate (Kurfürstentum) of Salzburg; in the following 43 years, it would undergo three more changes of rulership before becoming the crown land of Salzburg."}], "Q669317": [{"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "As one of the five Deccan sultanates, the sultanate's initial territory corresponded to that of one of the five provinces of the Bahmani Sultanate, and under the rule of Qasim Barid I in 1492 assumed de facto control of state affairs of the Bahmani Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q3631019", "label": "Ibrahim Adil Shah II", "section": "lead", "says": "He was eventually defeated in 1619 by Ibrahim Adil Shah II of the Sultanate of Bijapur, who annexed the territory of the Bidar Sultanate into his realm."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "He was eventually defeated in 1619 by Ibrahim Adil Shah II of the Sultanate of Bijapur, who annexed the territory of the Bidar Sultanate into his realm."}, {"id": "Q3028975", "label": "Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III", "section": "History - Qasim Barid and Amir Barid", "says": "He joined the service of the Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah III."}, {"id": "Q1362188", "label": "Battle of Talikota", "section": "History - Ali Barid Shah", "says": "Ali Barid joined the other Deccan sultans in the Battle of Talikota against the Vijayanagar Empire in January 1565."}, {"id": "Q1854686", "label": "Malik Ambar", "section": "History - Later rulers", "says": "In 1609, he was succeeded by the last ruler, Amir Barid III, who fought against the Mughals in 1616 under the leadership of Malik Ambar."}], "Q677490": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bavaria-Landshut (Middle High German: Baiern-Landshut) was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from 1353 to 1503."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established as a result of the division of the Duchy of Bavaria among the Wittelsbach dukes and was centered on the city of Landshut."}, {"id": "Q571775", "label": "Bavaria-Ingolstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy underwent several territorial changes during its existence, including the division of Bavaria in 1392 and the incorporation of Bavaria-Ingolstadt in 1447."}, {"id": "Q64254", "label": "George the Rich, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Bavaria-Landshut reached its greatest extent under Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and George, Duke of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "Following George's death without a male heir in 1503, the Landshut War of Succession resulted in the division of his territories among the other branches of the House of Wittelsbach."}], "Q701614": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg (Latin: Archiepiscopatus Salisburgensis; German: Fürsterzbistum Salzburg) was an ecclesiastical principality and state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q160445", "label": "Saint Boniface", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of the secular territories ruled by the archbishops of Salzburg, which were distinct from the larger Archdiocese of Salzburg, founded in 739 by Saint Boniface in the Bavarian stem duchy."}, {"id": "Q615681", "label": "Count Hieronymus von Colloredo", "section": "lead", "says": "The last prince-archbishop to exercise secular authority was Hieronymus von Colloredo, a patron of the Salzburg-born composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart."}, {"id": "Q254", "label": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "section": "lead", "says": "The last prince-archbishop to exercise secular authority was Hieronymus von Colloredo, a patron of the Salzburg-born composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart."}, {"id": "Q646390", "label": "Electorate of Salzburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised during the German Mediatisation and replaced by the Electorate of Salzburg."}], "Q701983": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (German: Herzogtum Pfalz-Zweibrücken; French: Duché de Palatinat-Deux-Ponts or Comté palatin de Deux-Ponts) was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire with full voting rights to the Reichstag."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1444, Stephen decided to divide his possessions between his sons, Frederick I and Louis I."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "During the reign of Louis I, who conducted four unsuccessful feuds against his cousin Frederick I, Elector Palatine, the districts of Lambsheim, Wachenheim and Waldböckelheim were lost to the Electoral Palatinate."}, {"id": "Q150966", "label": "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - 15th century", "says": "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, who was also in conflict with the Electoral Palatinate, appointed Louis I as his field marshal and recognized Palatine Zweibrücken as a duchy."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "During the Thirty Years' War, the duchy was occupied by imperial forces and Count Palatine John II of Zweibrücken had to flee to Metz."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "The 1697 Treaty of Ryswick returned the duchy to its rightful owner, who was a cousin-once-removed of Frederick Louis, Count Palatine Charles II of Kleeburg, who was also king of Sweden as Charles XI."}, {"id": "Q52934", "label": "Carl XII of Sweden", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "The personal union with Sweden lasted until the death of Charles XII of Sweden in 1718."}, {"id": "Q54022", "label": "Stanisław Leszczyński", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "Because of this, exiled Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński who had been named Count Palatine of Zweibrücken as a Prince exercising the head of state's authority on behalf of Charles XII in 1714 was forced to leave a year after his death in 1719."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "From 1725 to 1778, the counts palatine resided in Zweibrücken Castle; they then moved to Karlsberg Castle near Homburg, to emphasize their claim to inherit the Duchy of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "Members of the ruling family were buried in the castle church in Meisenheim and later in the Alexander Church in Zweibrücken (badly damaged in World War II)."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "In 1793 the French First Republic occupied the Left Bank of the Rhine, including the territory of Zweibrücken."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "The French annexation of this territory was recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor in a secret clause of the Treaty of Campo Formio signed on 17 October 1797."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "Christian IV Reign, Regiment Royal Deux-Ponts (Zweibrücken) French Expeditionary Regiments in the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "Palatine Zweibrücken formally ceased to exist by the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, which reaffirmed and recognised internationally the French acquisitions laid out in the Treaty of Campo Formio."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, some parts of the former County Palatine were returned to Maximilian Joseph, now King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, together with parts of the former Electorate and territories formerly owned by different families."}, {"id": "Q44319", "label": "Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, some parts of the former County Palatine were returned to Maximilian Joseph, now King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, together with parts of the former Electorate and territories formerly owned by different families."}], "Q733799": [{"id": "Q784963", "label": "Anglo-Saxon England", "section": "lead", "says": "Hwicce (Old English: [ˈʍittʃe]) was a kingdom in Anglo-Saxon England."}, {"id": "Q1429157", "label": "Battle of Deorham", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the kingdom was established in 577, after the Battle of Deorham."}], "Q762084": [{"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with Kaarta it was one of the most important successors of the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q1587244", "label": "Kong Empire", "section": "History - Bitonsi", "says": "His successful defeat of an invasion from the Kong Empire in 1725 cemented his position."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Bitonsi", "says": "In 1751 he also conquered Niani, making the Mansa of the rump-state Mali Empire a vassal."}, {"id": "Q837973", "label": "Seku Amadu", "section": "History - Jihad and fall", "says": "At the Battle of Noukouma in 1818, Bambara forces met and were defeated by Fula Muslim fighters rallied by the jihad of Cheikou Amadu (or Seku Amadu) of Massina."}, {"id": "Q635394", "label": "Massina Empire", "section": "History - Jihad and fall", "says": "Seku Amadu's forces decisively defeated the Bambara, taking Djenné and much of the territory around Mopti and forming into a Massina Empire."}], "Q791787": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Aussa was a kingdom that existed in the Afar Triangle in southern Eritrea, eastern Ethiopia and western Djibouti from the 18th to the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q977", "label": "Djibouti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Aussa was a kingdom that existed in the Afar Triangle in southern Eritrea, eastern Ethiopia and western Djibouti from the 18th to the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 19th century, the Danakil country managed to remain independent from the Khedivate of Egypt and autonomous within the later Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 19th century, the Danakil country managed to remain independent from the Khedivate of Egypt and autonomous within the later Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 1 April 1936, the Sultanate was invaded and occupied by the Italians during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - Imamate of Aussa", "says": "The Imamate of Aussa was carved out of the Adal Sultanate in 1577, when Muhammed Gasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa."}, {"id": "Q585460", "label": "Richard Pankhurst", "section": "History - Sultanate", "says": "According to Richard Pankhurst, these relatively long periods of rule by modern standards pointed to a certain degree of political stability within the state."}, {"id": "Q1232988", "label": "Italian Eritrea", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "According to Article 3, the Sultan had recognised the whole Danakil coast from Amphila Bay to Ras Doumeira as an Italian possession and had conceded the territories of Gambo Kona and Ablis as a part of Italian Eritrea."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "During the First Italo–Ethiopian War, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II stationed an army near Aussa to \"make sure the Sultan of Awsa would not honor his promise of full cooperation with Italy\"."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Second Italo-Abyssinian War", "says": "Upon a visit to Rome, Sultan Mohamed Yayyo met Benito Mussolini and declared a speech of his loyalty towards the Italian Empire in Palazzo Venezia."}, {"id": "Q926295", "label": "Italian Empire", "section": "History - Second Italo-Abyssinian War", "says": "Upon a visit to Rome, Sultan Mohamed Yayyo met Benito Mussolini and declared a speech of his loyalty towards the Italian Empire in Palazzo Venezia."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "History - Revival within modern Ethiopia", "says": "In 1964, Afar leaders went to Addis Ababa to present Haile Selassie with their proposal, but the effort came up empty-handed."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Revival within modern Ethiopia", "says": "In 1975, Sultan Alimirah Hanfare was exiled to Saudi Arabia, but returned after the fall of the Derg regime in 1991."}], "Q80211": [{"id": "Q188271", "label": "Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas", "section": "lead", "says": "It was declared on 16 December 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas."}, {"id": "Q68678", "label": "Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia", "section": "lead", "says": "It ceased to exist on 27 February 1919, when it was merged with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia to form the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel) that itself lost control over all of its claimed territories by August 1919."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "Background", "says": "Germany had lost World War I and signed the Compiègne Armistice on 11 November 1918."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "Dissolution and aftermath", "says": "However, that had little effect and Polish forces took Vilnius in April and Minsk in August 1919 during the Polish–Soviet War."}, {"id": "Q29321", "label": "Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty", "section": "Dissolution and aftermath", "says": "They did not transfer the city to the Lithuanian administration, as agreed in the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, signed just two days before."}, {"id": "Q2895", "label": "Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "Dissolution and aftermath", "says": "Instead, the Soviets planned a coup to overthrow the Lithuanian government and re-establish a Soviet republic as they did with the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "Dissolution and aftermath", "says": "During the interwar years, Lithuanian–Soviet relations were generally friendly, but, a few months after the outbreak of World War II, the Soviet Union decided to occupy the Baltic states, including Lithuania, in July 1940."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Dissolution and aftermath", "says": "During the interwar years, Lithuanian–Soviet relations were generally friendly, but, a few months after the outbreak of World War II, the Soviet Union decided to occupy the Baltic states, including Lithuania, in July 1940."}], "Q83536": [{"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (Italian: Regno Anglo-Corso; Corsican: Riame anglo-corsu or Riamu anglu-corsu), also known officially as the Kingdom of Corsica (Italian: Regno di Corsica; Corsican: Regnu di Corsica), was a client state of the Kingdom of Great Britain that existed on the island of Corsica from 1794 to 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (Italian: Regno Anglo-Corso; Corsican: Riame anglo-corsu or Riamu anglu-corsu), also known officially as the Kingdom of Corsica (Italian: Regno di Corsica; Corsican: Regnu di Corsica), was a client state of the Kingdom of Great Britain that existed on the island of Corsica from 1794 to 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q152346", "label": "Pasquale Paoli", "section": "Background", "says": "The Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli, who had been exiled under the monarchy, became something of an idol of liberty and democracy, and, in 1789, was invited to Paris by the National Constituent Assembly, where he was celebrated as a hero in front of the assembly."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "Background", "says": "However, Paoli eventually split from the revolutionary movement over the issue of the execution of King Louis XVI and threw in his lot with the royalist party."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "Background", "says": "He requested the protection of the British government, then at war with revolutionary France, and suggested the Kingdom of Ireland as a model for an autonomous kingdom under the British monarch."}], "Q878309": [{"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "lead", "says": "Domestically, while the Lý emperors were devout in their adherence to Buddhism, the influence of Confucianism from China was on the rise, with the opening of the Temple of Literature in 1070, built for the veneration of the Confucius and his disciples."}, {"id": "Q1187954", "label": "Le Long Dinh", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "The last emperor of the Anterior Lê dynasty, the unpopular Lê Long Đĩnh, died in 1009."}], "Q895180": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Bourbon-Anjou, generally known as the House of Bourbon (Spanish: Casa de Borbón), is the reigning house of the Kingdom of Spain."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This royal family has reigned in Spain from 1700 to the present, with interruptions during the French invasion (1808–1813), Sexenio Democrático (1868–1874), Second Republic (1931–1939) and dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939–1975)."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "This royal family has reigned in Spain from 1700 to the present, with interruptions during the French invasion (1808–1813), Sexenio Democrático (1868–1874), Second Republic (1931–1939) and dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939–1975)."}, {"id": "Q191045", "label": "Felipe VI of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "There have been eleven Spanish monarchs of the House of Bourbon-Anjou; the first was Felipe V and the current one, Felipe VI."}], "Q937879": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Dilawar Khan, who following Timur's invasion and the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1401, made Malwa an independent realm."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Battle of Gagron in 1519, much of the Sultanate came under the brief control of Maharana of Mewar Rana Sanga, and he appointed one of his vassals, Medini Rai, to rule over the Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1562, the Sultanate was conquered from its last ruler, Baz Bahadur, by the Mughal Empire under Akbar the Great, and it became a subah of the empire."}, {"id": "Q2723071", "label": "Ahmed Shah I", "section": "History - Khalji dynasty", "says": "His father, Malik Mughlith, himself a nephew of Dilawar, played a key role in restoring his maternal cousin Hushang Shah to the throne after it had been seized by Ahmad Shah I."}, {"id": "Q3277857", "label": "Nàssir-ad-Din Mahmud Xah Tughluq", "section": "History - Muzaffarid conquest", "says": "Since 1518, Mahmud Shah II became dependent on Bahadur Shah."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "History - Restored Khalji dynasty", "says": "But in 1542, Sher Shah Suri conquered the kingdom, defeating him and appointed Shuja'at Khan as the governor."}, {"id": "Q3389106", "label": "Pir Muhammad", "section": "History - Restored Khalji dynasty", "says": "Akbar soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q3029931", "label": "Sayyid Mubarak-Xah", "section": "History - Restored Khalji dynasty", "says": "Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur, but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers: Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh, Tufal Khan of Berar Sultanate and Baz Bahadur."}, {"id": "Q818666", "label": "Berar Sultanate", "section": "History - Restored Khalji dynasty", "says": "Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur, but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers: Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh, Tufal Khan of Berar Sultanate and Baz Bahadur."}, {"id": "Q3820837", "label": "Abdullah Khan", "section": "History - Restored Khalji dynasty", "says": "In 1562, Akbar sent another army, led by Abdullah Khan, an Uzbeg, which finally defeated Baz Bahadur."}], "Q950644": [{"id": "Q2010024", "label": "Second Czechoslovak Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine (Ukrainian: Карпа́тська Украї́на, romanized: Karpatska Ukraina, IPA: [kɐrˈpɑtsʲkɐ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]) was an autonomous region within the Second Czechoslovak Republic and short-lived state."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "20 years earlier, by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, the region, which had historically belonged to Hungary, had been detached from the Kingdom of Hungary and attached to newly created Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "20 years earlier, by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, the region, which had historically belonged to Hungary, had been detached from the Kingdom of Hungary and attached to newly created Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q126604", "label": "First Vienna Award", "section": "lead", "says": "On 2 November 1938 the First Vienna Award separated territories from Czechoslovakia, including southern Carpathian Rus', that were mostly Hungarian-populated and returned them to Hungary."}, {"id": "Q535894", "label": "Avhustyn Voloshyn", "section": "lead", "says": "After the breakup of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, Carpatho-Ukraine on 15 March 1939 proclaimed itself an independent republic, headed by President Avgustyn Voloshyn."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "However, Nazi Germany sided with Hungary against Ukrainian independence, and the short-lived state was invaded by the Kingdom of Hungary and Poland, crushing all local resistance by 18 March 1939."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Subcarpathia remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II in Europe, after which Transcarpathian Ukraine was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Subcarpathia remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II in Europe, after which Transcarpathian Ukraine was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q154255", "label": "Munich agreement", "section": "History - Political autonomy", "says": "Soon after the implementation of the Munich Agreement, signed on 30 September 1938, by which Czechoslovakia lost much of its border region to Nazi Germany, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of a Second Czechoslovak Republic, comprising three autonomous political entities, including an autonomous Slovakia and an autonomous Subcarpathian Rus' (in the Rusyn languag"}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - Political autonomy", "says": "Soon after the implementation of the Munich Agreement, signed on 30 September 1938, by which Czechoslovakia lost much of its border region to Nazi Germany, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of a Second Czechoslovak Republic, comprising three autonomous political entities, including an autonomous Slovakia and an autonomous Subcarpathian Rus' (in the Rusyn languag"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Political crisis", "says": "Poland had felt its southeastern Kresy threatened by the sich, while Hungary wished to regain Carpathian Rus, which Hungary had lost after World War I."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Political crisis", "says": "The Hungarian and Czechoslovak governments accepted the German-and-Italian-brokered First Vienna Award, of 2 November 1938 (France and the United Kingdom having declined to participate in the negotiations)."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Political crisis", "says": "A census in mid-December found 1,041,401 inhabitants in the reannexed territory, of whom 879,007 (84.4%) were Hungarians and 123,864 (11.9%) were Slovaks."}, {"id": "Q154346", "label": "Jozef Tiso", "section": "History - Proclamation of Independence", "says": "In the evening of 13 March, Slovak leader Jozef Tiso and Ďurčanský met Adolf Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q101886", "label": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "section": "History - Proclamation of Independence", "says": "In the evening of 13 March, Slovak leader Jozef Tiso and Ďurčanský met Adolf Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q57140", "label": "Walther von Brauchitsch", "section": "History - Proclamation of Independence", "says": "In the evening of 13 March, Slovak leader Jozef Tiso and Ďurčanský met Adolf Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q76361", "label": "Wilhelm Keitel", "section": "History - Proclamation of Independence", "says": "In the evening of 13 March, Slovak leader Jozef Tiso and Ďurčanský met Adolf Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin."}, {"id": "Q1060816", "label": "Stepan Klochurak", "section": "History - Proclamation of Independence", "says": "The First Constitutional Law of Carpatho-Ukraine of 15 March 1939 defined the new country as follows:\n\nCarpatho-Ukraine is an independent state\nThe name of the state is: Carpatho-Ukraine\nCarpatho-Ukraine is a republic, headed by a president elected by the Soim of Carpatho-Ukraine\nThe state language of Carpatho-Ukraine is the Ukrainian language\nThe colors of the national flag of the Carpatho-Ukrain"}, {"id": "Q673913", "label": "Ferenc Szombathelyi", "section": "History - Hungarian invasion", "says": "Responsible for preparation to the assault was appointed chief of Munkacs garrison Lajos Béldi who commanded 1st Mountain Brigade, while Lieutenant General Ferenc Szombathelyi (commander of the 8th Corps in Kassa) was placed in charge of the Carpathian Group as an expeditionary force."}, {"id": "Q2070956", "label": "Carpathian Sich", "section": "History - Hungarian invasion", "says": "The Carpatho-Ukrainian irregular troops, the Carpathian Sich, without additional support, were quickly routed."}, {"id": "Q28085", "label": "Adolf Eichmann", "section": "History - World War II and aftermath", "says": "Following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, Adolf Eichmann oversaw the deportation of almost the entire Hungarian Jewish population; few survived the Holocaust."}, {"id": "Q60270", "label": "Battle of the Dukla Pass", "section": "History - World War II and aftermath", "says": "At the conclusion of the Battle of the Dukla Pass on 28 October 1944, the Soviet Union had driven the Germans and Hungarians back and occupied Carpathian Ruthenia and the rest of western Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "History - World War II and aftermath", "says": "On 26 November this committee, led by Ivan Ivanovich Turyanitsa, a Rusyn who had deserted from the Czechoslovak army, proclaimed the \"will of Ukrainian people\" to separate from Czechoslovakia and to join the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."}], "Q960395": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Dvin and Ganja", "says": "In 951, Muhammad established himself at Dvin."}, {"id": "Q5228183", "label": "Kingdom of Vaspurakan", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Dvin and Ganja", "says": "Unable to hold Dvin against Musafirid incursion, he fled to the Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Dvin and Ganja", "says": "He later expanded into Transcaucasia as far north as Shamkir and as far east as Barda (present-day Azerbaijan)."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Dvin and Ganja", "says": "Following Fadl I's defeat, the entire region became chaotic, with the Byzantine Empire pressuring Armenian princes and the Seljuk Turks gaining influence over Arran after a resurgent attack by the Seljuks on Dvin."}, {"id": "Q462697", "label": "Vladimir Minorsky", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Dvin and Ganja", "says": "According to Vladimir Minorsky, this movement represented an uprising of the town notables against the senior bureaucratic caste."}, {"id": "Q36760", "label": "David IV of Georgia", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Ani", "says": "His rule was terminated by the resurgent King David IV of Georgia, whom Ani surrendered without a fight in 1124."}, {"id": "Q428400", "label": "Eldiguzids", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Ani", "says": "In reply to this, the sultan of Eldiguzids attacked Ganja several times, and in 1143 the town again fell to the sultan who appointed his own emir to rule it."}, {"id": "Q2031186", "label": "Saltukids", "section": "History - Shaddadids of Ani", "says": "While a Georgian army waited in ambush, he offered tribute to Saltukids, ruler of Erzerum and asked the latter to accept him as a vassal."}], "Q965174": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraq came under United States military occupation following the invasion of the country on 20 March 2003 by U.S.-led Coalition forces that marked the fall of the Ba'athist regime led by Saddam Hussein."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "lead", "says": "Iraq came under United States military occupation following the invasion of the country on 20 March 2003 by U.S.-led Coalition forces that marked the fall of the Ba'athist regime led by Saddam Hussein."}], "Q236": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, and Croatia to the west, and has a coastline along the Adriatic Sea to the southwest."}, {"id": "Q1311805", "label": "Travunia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Early Medieval period, three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and Rascia proper, the north."}, {"id": "Q178085", "label": "Principality of Zeta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After falling under Ottoman Empire rule, Montenegro gained semi-autonomy in 1696 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš, first as a theocracy and later as a secular principality."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, the kingdom became part of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "After World War I, the kingdom became part of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q154552", "label": "Illyro-Roman Wars", "section": "History - Antiquity", "says": "The Illyrian kingdom was conquered by the Roman Republic in the Illyro-Roman Wars and the region was incorporated into the province of Illyricum (later Dalmatia and Praevalitana)."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Arrival of the Slavs", "says": "Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Roman Empire in 1042."}, {"id": "Q435907", "label": "Constantine Bodin", "section": "History - Arrival of the Slavs", "says": "Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–1081), and his grandson Constantine Bodin (1081–1101)."}, {"id": "Q298612", "label": "Stefan Nemanja", "section": "History - Arrival of the Slavs", "says": "As the nobility fought for the throne, the kingdom was weakened, and by 1186, the territory of modern-day Montenegro became part of the state ruled by Stefan Nemanja and was a part of various state formations ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for the next two centuries."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "History - Arrival of the Slavs", "says": "After the Serbian Empire collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, the most powerful Zetan family, the Balšićs, became sovereigns of Zeta."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "History - Arrival of the Slavs", "says": "In 1421, Zeta was annexed to the Serbian Despotate, but after 1455, another noble family from Zeta, the Crnojevićs, became sovereign rulers of the country, making it the last free monarchy of the Balkans before it fell to the Ottomans in 1496, and got annexed to the sanjak of Shkodër."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "From 1392, numerous parts of the territory were controlled by Republic of Venice, including the city of Budva, in that time known as \"Budua\"."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Nevertheless, the Montenegrins were disgruntled with Ottoman rule, and in the 17th century, repeatedly rebelled, which culminated in the defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War at the end of that century."}, {"id": "Q3545065", "label": "Battle of Grahovac", "section": "History - Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro", "says": "In 1858, one of the major Montenegrin victories over the Ottomans occurred at the Battle of Grahovac."}, {"id": "Q401411", "label": "Ahmed Muhtar Pasha", "section": "History - Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro", "says": "In the Battle of Vučji Do Montenegrins inflicted a major defeat on the Ottoman Army under Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "History - Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro", "says": "Minor border skirmishes excepted, diplomacy ushered in about 30 years of peace between the two states until the deposition of Abdul Hamid II in 1909."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "History - Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro", "says": "In 1910, Montenegro became a kingdom, and as a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, a common border with Serbia was established, with Shkodër being awarded to Albania, though the current capital city of Montenegro, Podgorica, was on the old border of Albania and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q2451530", "label": "Battle of Mojkovac", "section": "History - Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro", "says": "In the Battle of Mojkovac fought in January 1916 between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegrins achieved a decisive victory even though they were outnumbered five to one, however this was not enough to prevent Montenegro's defeat, and the Austro-Hungarians accepted a military surrender on 25 January 1916."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro", "says": "In the Battle of Mojkovac fought in January 1916 between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegrins achieved a decisive victory even though they were outnumbered five to one, however this was not enough to prevent Montenegro's defeat, and the Austro-Hungarians accepted a military surrender on 25 January 1916."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "In 1922, Montenegro formally became the Oblast of Cetinje in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, with the addition of the coastal areas around Budva and Bay of Kotor."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "says": "In a further restructuring in 1929, it became a part of a larger Zeta Banate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that reached the Neretva River."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II and Socialist Yugoslavia", "says": "In April 1941, Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and other Axis allies attacked and occupied the Kingdom of Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q155198", "label": "Yugoslav Partisans", "section": "History - World War II and Socialist Yugoslavia", "says": "Most of them went on to join the Yugoslav Partisans, consisting of communists and those inclined towards active resistance; these included Arso Jovanović, Sava Kovačević, Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, Milovan Đilas, Peko Dapčević, Vlado Dapčević, Veljko Vlahović, and Blažo Jovanović."}, {"id": "Q127872674", "label": "Battle of Neretva", "section": "History - World War II and Socialist Yugoslavia", "says": "Most of them were moved to Mostar, where they fought in the Battle of Neretva against the Partisans, but were dealt a heavy defeat."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Montenegro within FR Yugoslavia", "says": "After the formal dissolution of the SFRY in 1992, Montenegro remained part of a smaller Federal Republic of Yugoslavia along with Serbia."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Montenegro within FR Yugoslavia", "says": "During the 1991–1995 Bosnian War and Croatian War, Montenegrin police and military forces, under orders of president Momir Bulatovic and Interior Minister Pavle Bulatovic joined Serbian troops in attacks on Dubrovnik, Croatia."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "History - Montenegro within FR Yugoslavia", "says": "In 1996, Milo Đukanović's government severed ties between Montenegro and its partner Serbia, which was led by Slobodan Milošević."}, {"id": "Q200305", "label": "Milo Đukanović", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Montenegro has been dominated since the breakup of Yugoslavia by Milo Đukanović (four-time prime minister and twice president), accused of having established an authoritarian and clientelist regime, while maintaining close relations with organized crime."}], "Q1246": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Albania to the southwest, Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, and North Macedonia to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Albania to the southwest, Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, and North Macedonia to the southeast."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was incorporated into the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC; later, in the 3rd century AD, it was transformed into a separate Roman province."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Control shifted between the Byzantines and the First Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments."}, {"id": "Q165725", "label": "Balkan Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), it was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia, and after World War II, it became an Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), it was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia, and after World War II, it became an Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), it was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia, and after World War II, it became an Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "The first archaeological expedition in Kosovo was organised by the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I in the Illyrian tumuli burial grounds of Nepërbishti within the district of Prizren."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "A wide area which consists of Kosovo, parts of Northern Macedonia and eastern Serbia was named Dardania after them in classical antiquity, reaching to the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone in the east."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "On the other hand, Dardania maintained its independence until the year 28 BC, when the Romans, under Augustus, annexed it into their Republic."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Ulpiana became especially important during the rule of Justinian I, after the Emperor rebuilt the city after it had been destroyed by an earthquake and renamed it to Justiniana Secunda."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "It is also known that the region was Christianised during Roman rule, though little is known regarding Christianity in the Balkans in the three first centuries AD."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In the next centuries, Kosovo was a frontier province of the Roman, and later Byzantine Empire, and as a result it changed hands frequently."}, {"id": "Q195805", "label": "Uprising of Georgi Voiteh", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1072, the leaders of the Bulgarian Uprising of Georgi Voiteh travelled from their centre in Skopje to Prizren and held a meeting in which they invited Mihailo Vojislavljević of Duklja to send them assistance."}, {"id": "Q435907", "label": "Constantine Bodin", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Mihailo sent his son, Constantine Bodin with 300 of his soldiers."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "In 1389, as the Ottoman Empire expanded northwards through the Balkans, Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad I met with a Christian coalition led by Moravian Serbia under Prince Lazar in the Battle of Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q2273304", "label": "Moravian Serbia", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "In 1389, as the Ottoman Empire expanded northwards through the Balkans, Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad I met with a Christian coalition led by Moravian Serbia under Prince Lazar in the Battle of Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "Following the Great Turkish War, a number of Serbs migrated northwards to Habsburg territories near the Danube and Sava rivers led by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević."}, {"id": "Q1280568", "label": "Arsenije III Čarnojević", "section": "History - Ottoman rule", "says": "Following the Great Turkish War, a number of Serbs migrated northwards to Habsburg territories near the Danube and Sava rivers led by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Rise of nationalism", "says": "However, this autonomy never materialised, and the revolt created serious weaknesses in the Ottoman ranks, luring Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece into declaring war on the Ottoman Empire and starting the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "History - Rise of nationalism", "says": "However, this autonomy never materialised, and the revolt created serious weaknesses in the Ottoman ranks, luring Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece into declaring war on the Ottoman Empire and starting the First Balkan War."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "History - Rise of nationalism", "says": "After the Ottomans' defeat in the First Balkan War, the 1913 Treaty of London was signed with Metohija ceded to the Kingdom of Montenegro and eastern Kosovo ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q53783", "label": "Enver Hoxha", "section": "History - Communist Yugoslavia", "says": "Harsh repressive measures were imposed on Kosovo Albanians due to suspicions that there were sympathisers of the Stalinist regime of Enver Hoxha of Albania."}, {"id": "Q164756", "label": "Aleksandar Ranković", "section": "History - Communist Yugoslavia", "says": "High-ranking Serbian communist official Aleksandar Ranković sought to secure the position of the Serbs in Kosovo and gave them dominance in Kosovo's nomenklatura."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "History - Kosovo War", "says": "In 1989, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, employing a mix of intimidation and political maneuvering, drastically reduced Kosovo's special autonomous status within Serbia and started cultural oppression of the ethnic Albanian population."}, {"id": "Q192138", "label": "Ibrahim Rugova", "section": "History - Kosovo War", "says": "In May 1992, Ibrahim Rugova was elected its president."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "History - Kosovo War", "says": "By the mid-1990s, the Kosovo Albanian population was growing restless, as the status of Kosovo was not resolved as part of the Dayton Agreement of November 1995, which ended the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Kosovo War", "says": "By the mid-1990s, the Kosovo Albanian population was growing restless, as the status of Kosovo was not resolved as part of the Dayton Agreement of November 1995, which ended the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q155649", "label": "Richard Holbrooke", "section": "History - Kosovo War", "says": "Events were to be monitored by Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) observers according to an agreement negotiated by Richard Holbrooke."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - United Nations administration", "says": "Resolution 1244 provided that Kosovo would have autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and affirmed the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia, which has been legally succeeded by the Republic of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "History - United Nations administration", "says": "Resolution 1244 provided that Kosovo would have autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and affirmed the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia, which has been legally succeeded by the Republic of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q29230", "label": "Martti Ahtisaari", "section": "History - United Nations administration", "says": "The UN-backed talks, led by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari, began in February 2006."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - United Nations administration", "says": "A draft resolution, backed by the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European members of the Security Council, was presented and rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - United Nations administration", "says": "A draft resolution, backed by the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European members of the Security Council, was presented and rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q193148", "label": "Fatmir Sejdiu", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "The creation of the assembly was condemned by Kosovo's President Fatmir Sejdiu, while UNMIK has said the assembly is not a serious issue because it will not have an operative role."}, {"id": "Q14605366", "label": "Brussels Agreement", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "Some rapprochement between the two governments took place on 19 April 2013 as both parties reached the Brussels Agreement, an agreement brokered by the EU that allowed the Serb minority in Kosovo to have its own police force and court of appeals."}], "Q958": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty in the 1800s and governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium from 1899 until Sudanese independence in 1956."}, {"id": "Q823730", "label": "First Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983."}, {"id": "Q111692884", "label": "Southern Sudan Autonomous Region", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983."}, {"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Sudanese Civil War broke out in 1983 and ended in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement."}, {"id": "Q1424647", "label": "Comprehensive Peace Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Sudanese Civil War broke out in 1983 and ended in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The majority of inhabitants adhere to Christianity or various traditional indigenous faiths, with a sizeable Muslim minority."}, {"id": "Q444994", "label": "Riek Machar", "section": "History - Sudanese Civil War (2013–2020)", "says": "In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar, as the president accused Machar and ten others of attempting a coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q57315", "label": "Salva Kiir Mayardit", "section": "History - Sudanese Civil War (2013–2020)", "says": "On 20 February 2020, Salva Kiir Mayardit and Riek Machar agreed to a peace deal; further, a national unity government on 22 February 2020, as Machar was sworn in as the First Vice-President of the country."}], "Q2621587": [{"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered to the west by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, which claims the territory also claimed by SSC-Khaatumo."}], "Q130340667": [{"id": "Q237", "label": "Vatican City", "section": "lead", "says": "If established, it would be smaller than the Vatican City and become the sovereign state with the smallest land area in the world, with a total land area of 11 hectares (27 acres)."}, {"id": "Q316901", "label": "Edi Rama", "section": "lead", "says": "Plans for the creation of the state have been discussed by Albanian prime minister Edi Rama and supported by the leader of the Bektashi Order, Baba Mondi, with the former stating that more details for the creation of the state will be revealed in the near future."}, {"id": "Q17539794", "label": "Edmond Brahimaj", "section": "lead", "says": "Plans for the creation of the state have been discussed by Albanian prime minister Edi Rama and supported by the leader of the Bektashi Order, Baba Mondi, with the former stating that more details for the creation of the state will be revealed in the near future."}], "Q15860072": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine and began occupying more of the country, starting the current phase of the war, the largest conflict in Europe since World War II."}, {"id": "Q15224558", "label": "Euromaidan", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 2014, the Euromaidan protests led to the Revolution of Dignity and the flight of Ukraine's pro-Russian president Viktor Yanukovych."}, {"id": "Q15733401", "label": "Revolution of Dignity", "section": "lead", "says": "In early 2014, the Euromaidan protests led to the Revolution of Dignity and the flight of Ukraine's pro-Russian president Viktor Yanukovych."}, {"id": "Q19249259", "label": "Minsk II", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 2015, Russia and Ukraine signed the Minsk II agreements, but they were never fully implemented in the following years."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "Russia's president Vladimir Putin voiced expansionist views and challenged Ukraine's right to exist."}, {"id": "Q548164", "label": "Vladislav Surkov", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaked e-mails and telephone calls later revealed that the Russian state had funded the separatists and had organised separatist protests, mainly through Kremlin advisers Vladislav Surkov and Sergey Glazyev."}, {"id": "Q1381768", "label": "Sergey Glazyev", "section": "Background", "says": "Leaked e-mails and telephone calls later revealed that the Russian state had funded the separatists and had organised separatist protests, mainly through Kremlin advisers Vladislav Surkov and Sergey Glazyev."}, {"id": "Q87159", "label": "Andreas Umland", "section": "History - Historiography", "says": "Some, including political scientist Andreas Umland, prefer 20 February – the day Russia supposedly issued orders to prepare for the invasion of Crimea, which is also the date engraved on the Russian Crimea campaign medal."}, {"id": "Q1257297", "label": "Serhii Plokhy", "section": "History - Historiography", "says": "Paul D'Anieri describes \"a limited war in 2014, and then [a] much less limited war in 2022.\" In contrast, Ukrainian-American historian Serhii Plokhy said in 2023 of the then-ongoing war that \"I decline the temptation to identify the date of February 24, 2022, as its beginning, no matter the shock and drama of the all-out Russian assault on Ukraine, for the simple reason that the war began eight ye"}, {"id": "Q15838823", "label": "Sergei Aksyonov", "section": "History - Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)", "says": "While the armed men occupied Crimea's parliament, it dismissed the Crimean government and installed a pro-Russian government under Sergey Aksyonov, whose party won only 4% of votes in the last election."}, {"id": "Q6702023", "label": "Luke Harding", "section": "History - Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)", "says": "Historian Andrew Wilson and journalist Luke Harding called this the \"Crimean coup.\" The parliament then announced a referendum on Crimea's status."}, {"id": "Q471730", "label": "Arsenii Yatseniuk", "section": "History - Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)", "says": "Ukraine's prime minister, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, said that Russian military intervention would be the beginning of war, and Ukraine's representative told the UN Security Council that Russia was committing \"an act of aggression against the state of Ukraine\"."}, {"id": "Q892623", "label": "Volodymyr Rybak", "section": "History - First months of the war", "says": "They kidnapped local councillor Volodymyr Rybak after he tried to re-raise the Ukrainian flag in Horlivka."}, {"id": "Q17001322", "label": "First Battle of Donetsk Airport", "section": "History - First months of the war", "says": "The First Battle of Donetsk Airport was the first between Ukrainian and separatist forces that involved large numb"}, {"id": "Q16474356", "label": "Igor Girkin", "section": "History - August 2014 Russian invasion", "says": "Igor Girkin ('Strelkov') urged direct Russian military intervention and said that the combat inexperience of his irregular forces, along with recruitment difficulties amongst the local population, had caused the setbacks."}, {"id": "Q17627724", "label": "Battle of Ilovaisk", "section": "History - August 2014 Russian invasion", "says": "According to Nikolai Mitrokhin's estimates, by mid-August 2014 during the Battle of Ilovaisk, between 20,000 and 25,000 troops were fighting in the Donbas on the separatist side, and only 40–45% were \"locals.\"\nRussia dispatched what it called a \"humanitarian convoy\" of trucks across the border on 22 August 2014."}, {"id": "Q18001626", "label": "Minsk Protocol", "section": "History - Minsk agreement and continued fighting", "says": "On 5 September 2014, the Minsk Protocol ceasefire agreement drew a line of demarcation between Ukraine and separatist-controlled portions of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts."}, {"id": "Q17488307", "label": "Aleksandr Zakharchenko", "section": "History - Minsk II agreement and battle of Debaltseve", "says": "Russian-backed rebel leader Alexander Zakharchenko had said his forces would not observe the ceasefire in Debaltseve, claiming it rightfully belonged to them."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "History - Static war", "says": "It began hours after newly elected US President Donald Trump spoke by telephone with the Russian President Putin."}, {"id": "Q3874799", "label": "Volodymyr Zelenskyy", "section": "History - Static war", "says": "In May 2019, newly elected Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy took office, promising to end the war in Donbas."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - Prelude to full-scale invasion", "says": "He incorrectly stated that Vladimir Lenin had created Ukraine by carving a separate Soviet Republic out of what Putin said was Russian land and that Nikita Khrushchev \"took Crimea away from Russia for some reason and gave it to Ukraine\" in 1954."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Prelude to full-scale invasion", "says": "He incorrectly stated that Vladimir Lenin had created Ukraine by carving a separate Soviet Republic out of what Putin said was Russian land and that Nikita Khrushchev \"took Crimea away from Russia for some reason and gave it to Ukraine\" in 1954."}, {"id": "Q57665", "label": "Jens Stoltenberg", "section": "History - Prelude to full-scale invasion", "says": "NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg replied that \"Russia has no say\" on whether Ukraine joins and that \"Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors.\" NATO offered to improve communication with Russia and discuss limits on missile placements and military exercises, as long as Russia withdrew troops from Ukraine's borders, but Russia did not withdraw."}, {"id": "Q4156031", "label": "Alexander Dvornikov", "section": "History - Full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)", "says": "On 8 April, Russia placed its forces in southern and eastern Ukraine under the command of General Aleksandr Dvornikov, and some units withdrawn from the north were redeployed to the Donbas."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "History - Full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)", "says": "The war caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis within Europe since the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s; the UN described it as the fastest-growing such crisis since World War II."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "History - Russian campaigns and Ukrainian Kursk offensive (2023–present)", "says": "In late October 2024, the US said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q57792", "label": "Mark Rutte", "section": "History - Russian campaigns and Ukrainian Kursk offensive (2023–present)", "says": "On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast, and the Pentagon reported an increased number of 10,000 North Korean soldiers sent to train in Russia and fight in the war."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "History - Russian campaigns and Ukrainian Kursk offensive (2023–present)", "says": "On 13 November, both the US and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had begun engaging in combat against Ukrainian forces in the Kursk region."}, {"id": "Q64737357", "label": "Oleksandr Syrskyi", "section": "History - Russian campaigns and Ukrainian Kursk offensive (2023–present)", "says": "In July 2026, Zelenskyy replaced Oleksandr Syrskyi with Mykhailo Drapatyi amidst a Ukrainian military leadership crisis and protests demanding the reinstatement of Mykhailo Fedorov as Minister of Defence and the removal of Syrskyi."}, {"id": "Q30961764", "label": "Mykhailo Drapatyi", "section": "History - Russian campaigns and Ukrainian Kursk offensive (2023–present)", "says": "In July 2026, Zelenskyy replaced Oleksandr Syrskyi with Mykhailo Drapatyi amidst a Ukrainian military leadership crisis and protests demanding the reinstatement of Mykhailo Fedorov as Minister of Defence and the removal of Syrskyi."}, {"id": "Q64495543", "label": "Mykhailo Fedorov", "section": "History - Russian campaigns and Ukrainian Kursk offensive (2023–present)", "says": "In July 2026, Zelenskyy replaced Oleksandr Syrskyi with Mykhailo Drapatyi amidst a Ukrainian military leadership crisis and protests demanding the reinstatement of Mykhailo Fedorov as Minister of Defence and the removal of Syrskyi."}], "Q131802": [{"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "lead", "says": "Skilled in mounted warfare, the Scythians displaced the Agathyrsi and the Cimmerians as the dominant power on the western Eurasian Steppe in the 8th century BC."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 6th century BC, they were expelled from West Asia by the Medes, and retreated back into the Pontic Steppe, and were later conquered by the Sarmatians in the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Proto-Scythian period", "says": "Like the nomads of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, the Scythians originated, along with the Early Sakas, in Central Asia and Siberia in the steppes corresponding to either present-day eastern Kazakhstan or the Altai-Sayan region."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - West Asia", "says": "They were taking advantage of the social disruption caused by the growth of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in West Asia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - West Asia", "says": "In West Asia, the Scythians settled eastern Transcaucasia and the northwest Iranian plateau, in today's Azerbaijan, which became their centre until c."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Initial activities in West Asia", "says": "Thus between 660 and 659 BC Esarhaddon's successor Ashurbanipal (r."}, {"id": "Q391038", "label": "Shamash-shum-ukin", "section": "History - Reign of Madyes", "says": "In 652 BC, Ashurbanipal's eldest brother Šamaš-šuma-ukin, the king of Babylon, rebelled against him. although Ashurbanipal was able to suppress the Babylonian rebellion by 648 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire was worn out by this crisis."}, {"id": "Q362680", "label": "Aššur-etil-ilāni", "section": "History - Decline in West Asia", "says": "The Neo-Assyrian Empire began unravelling after the death of Ashurbanipal because of civil wars under his successors Aššur-etil-ilāni (r."}, {"id": "Q318708", "label": "Sinsharishkun", "section": "History - Decline in West Asia", "says": "631 – 627 BC) and Sîn-šar-iškun (r."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Decline in West Asia", "says": "In 625 BC, the Median king Cyaxares invited the Scythian leaders to a feast, where he assassinated them all, thus overthrowing the Assyro-Scythian yoke."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Decline in West Asia", "says": "The raid reached as far south as Palestine, but did not affect the kingdom of Judah."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - Campaigns from the Pontic Steppe", "says": "Scythian arrowheads were found in today's Poland and Slovakia, such as at Witaszkowo, Wicina, Strzegom, Polanowice, and Smolenice-Molpír."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Foreign pressures", "says": "539 BC by the Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus II of the Persians, who were a West Asian Iranic people distantly related to the Scythians."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Persian invasion", "says": "In the late 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persian Empire started expanding into Europe, beginning with the Persian annexation of all of Thrace, after which the Achaemenid king of kings Darius I crossed the Istros river in 513 BC and attacked the Scythian kingdom with an army of 700,000 to 800,000 soldiers, possibly with the goal of annexing it."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Persian invasion", "says": "In the late 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persian Empire started expanding into Europe, beginning with the Persian annexation of all of Thrace, after which the Achaemenid king of kings Darius I crossed the Istros river in 513 BC and attacked the Scythian kingdom with an army of 700,000 to 800,000 soldiers, possibly with the goal of annexing it."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Persian invasion", "says": "The results of this campaign are unclear, with Darius I himself claiming that he had conquered the Sakā tayaiy paradraya (lit. 'the Saka who dwell beyond the (Black) Sea'), that is the Pontic Scythians, while the ancient Greek literary tradition, following the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, claimed that the Persian campaign had been defeated by the Scythians, due to which the Greeks starte"}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "History - Commercial activities", "says": "The outbreak of the Peloponnesian War in Greece proper in 431 BC further increased the importance of the Pontic Steppe in supplying grain to Greece."}, {"id": "Q321371", "label": "Bosporan Kingdom", "section": "History - Instabilities", "says": "These changes in the Bosporan Kingdom also led to cultural changes within it in the late 5th century BC, so that the Greek customs which had until then been normative there gave way to more Scythian ones."}, {"id": "Q317089", "label": "Aeschines", "section": "History - Golden Age", "says": "Dēmosthenēs himself had had a Scythian maternal grandmother, and his political opponents Dinarchus and Aeschines went so far as to launch racist attacks against Dēmosthenēs by referring to his Scythian ancestry to attempt discrediting him."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - The reign of Ateas", "says": "360s and 339 BC, the Scythians were ruled by their most famous king, Ateas, whose reign coincided with the growth of the kingdom of Macedonia under its king Philip II."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - The reign of Ateas", "says": "360s and 339 BC, the Scythians were ruled by their most famous king, Ateas, whose reign coincided with the growth of the kingdom of Macedonia under its king Philip II."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Decline and fall of Pontic Scythia", "says": "Although the experience of Philip II's military dealings with the Scythians led his son Alexander the Great to choose to avoid attacking them, his conquests harmed trade networks Pontic Olbia depended on."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - Late period", "says": "In the 1st century BC, both Little Scythias were destroyed and their territories annexed by the king Mithridates VI Eupator of the kingdom of Pontus despite the Scythians' alliance with their former enemies, the Roxolani, against him."}], "Q49101": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After issuing a joint ultimatum for a ceasefire, the United Kingdom and France joined the Israelis on 31 October, seeking to depose Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and regain control of the Suez Canal, which Nasser had nationalised earlier in the year."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "After issuing a joint ultimatum for a ceasefire, the United Kingdom and France joined the Israelis on 31 October, seeking to depose Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and regain control of the Suez Canal, which Nasser had nationalised earlier in the year."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after the invasion began, the three countries came under heavy political pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as from the United Nations, eventually prompting their withdrawal from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after the invasion began, the three countries came under heavy political pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as from the United Nations, eventually prompting their withdrawal from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q57410", "label": "Shimon Peres", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1956, Israeli director general of defense  Shimon Peres informed the French that Israel had decided upon war with Egypt in 1956."}], "Q127751": [{"id": "Q106151", "label": "House of Plantagenet", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict was fought between supporters of the House of York (whose emblem was a white rose) and the House of Lancaster (whose emblem, by 1485, was a red rose), two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wars of the Roses were rooted in English socio-economic troubles caused by the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) with France, as well as the quasi-military bastard feudalism resulting from the powerful duchies created by King Edward III (died 1377)."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wars of the Roses were rooted in English socio-economic troubles caused by the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) with France, as well as the quasi-military bastard feudalism resulting from the powerful duchies created by King Edward III (died 1377)."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The mental instability of the House of Lancaster's King Henry VI (first reign: 1422 to 1461) revived his cousin Richard, Duke of York's interest in a claim to the throne."}, {"id": "Q842796", "label": "First Battle of St Albans", "section": "lead", "says": "Warfare began in 1455 with York's capture of Henry at the First Battle of St Albans, upon which York was appointed Lord Protector by Parliament."}, {"id": "Q916295", "label": "Battle of Northampton", "section": "lead", "says": "Fighting resumed four years later when Yorkists led by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, captured Henry again, at the Battle of Northampton."}, {"id": "Q906912", "label": "Battle of Wakefield", "section": "lead", "says": "After attempting to seize the throne, York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, and his son Edward inherited his claim per the controversial Act of Accord."}, {"id": "Q233416", "label": "Second Battle of St Albans", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yorkists lost custody of Henry in 1461 after the Second Battle of St Albans, but defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton."}, {"id": "Q634629", "label": "Battle of Towton", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yorkists lost custody of Henry in 1461 after the Second Battle of St Albans, but defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yorkist Edward IV was formally crowned in June 1461."}, {"id": "Q229214", "label": "Elizabeth Woodville", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1464, Edward married Elizabeth Woodville against Warwick's advice, and reversed Warwick's policy of seeking closer ties with France."}, {"id": "Q1849818", "label": "Battle of Edgcote", "section": "lead", "says": "Warwick rebelled against Edward in 1469, leading to Edward's imprisonment after Warwick's supporters defeated a Yorkist army at the Battle of Edgcote."}, {"id": "Q231145", "label": "Margaret of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Within a year, Warwick launched an invasion of England alongside Henry VI's wife, Margaret of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q1428169", "label": "Battle of Barnet", "section": "lead", "says": "Edward mounted a counter-invasion with aid from Burgundy a few months later and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet."}, {"id": "Q193752", "label": "John of Gaunt", "section": "Causes", "says": "The House of York descended from Edmund of Langley, the fourth surviving son of Edward III and younger brother of John of Gaunt."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Causes", "says": "The name derives from Langley's primary title as Duke of York, which he acquired in 1385 during the reign of his nephew, Richard II."}, {"id": "Q134452", "label": "Charles VIII of France", "section": "Yorkist rule under Richard III and defeat (1483–1485)", "says": "Henry was warmly received at the court of Charles VIII of France, who supplied Henry with resources for his coming invasion."}, {"id": "Q229218", "label": "Anne Neville", "section": "Yorkist rule under Richard III and defeat (1483–1485)", "says": "On 16 March 1485, Richard's wife, Anne Neville, died."}, {"id": "Q207953", "label": "Elizabeth of York", "section": "Yorkist rule under Richard III and defeat (1483–1485)", "says": "Rumours quickly spread that she had been murdered to allow Richard to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York, rumours which alienated Richard's northern supporters."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "Yorkist rule under Richard III and defeat (1483–1485)", "says": "Overseas, Henry relied heavily on his mother Margaret of Beaufort to raise troops and support for him in England."}], "Q162858": [{"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "They started migrating westward around the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, coming to dominate the closely related Scythians by 200 BC."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1st century AD, the Sarmatians began encroaching upon the Roman Empire in alliance with Germanic tribes."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Hunnic invasions of the 4th century, many Sarmatians joined the Goths and other Germanic tribes, such as the Vandals, and settled in the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q321371", "label": "Bosporan Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sarmatians in the Bosporan Kingdom assimilated into Greek civilization, while others were absorbed by the proto-Circassian Maeotian people, the Alans, and the Goths."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - In the Pontic Steppe and Europe", "says": "During the end of the 4th century BC, the Scythians, the then dominant power in the Black Sea Steppe, were militarily defeated by the Macedonian kings Philip II of Macedon and Lysimachus in 339 and 313 BC respectively."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "History - In the Pontic Steppe and Europe", "says": "During the end of the 4th century BC, the Scythians, the then dominant power in the Black Sea Steppe, were militarily defeated by the Macedonian kings Philip II of Macedon and Lysimachus in 339 and 313 BC respectively."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - In the Pontic Steppe and Europe", "says": "At the same time, in Central Asia, following the Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire, the new Seleucid Empire started attacking the Sakā and Dahā nomads who lived to the north of its borders, who in turn put westward pressure on the Sarmatians."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - In the Pontic Steppe and Europe", "says": "At the same time, in Central Asia, following the Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire, the new Seleucid Empire started attacking the Sakā and Dahā nomads who lived to the north of its borders, who in turn put westward pressure on the Sarmatians."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "History - In the Pontic Steppe and Europe", "says": "The Roxolani, who might have been a mixed Scytho-Sarmatian tribe, followed the Iazyges and occupied the Black Sea steppes up to the Dnipro and raided the Crimean region during that century, at the end of which they were involved in a conflict with the generals of the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator in the Bosporan Chersonesus, while the Iazyges became his allies."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - In the Pontic Steppe and Europe", "says": "That the tribes formerly referred to by Herodotus as Scythians were now called Sarmatians by Hellenistic and Roman authors implies that the Sarmatian conquest did not involve a displacement of the Scythians from the Pontic Steppe, but rather that the Scythian tribes were absorbed by the Sarmatians."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "As part of the Hunnic state, the Alans participated in the Huns' defeat and conquest of the kingdom of the Ostrogoths on the Pontic Steppe."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Others migrated into Central and then Western Europe, from where some of them went to Britannia and Hispania, and some joined the Germanic Vandals into crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and creating the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa."}], "Q192730": [{"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Cimmerians were culturally Scythian, they were ethnically distinct from the Scythians proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related and who displaced and replaced the Cimmerians."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Other Iranic nomads, such as the Scythians, Sauromatians, Sarmatians, and Alans, would later follow."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex", "says": "The Cimmerians originated as a section of the first wave of the nomadic populations who originated in the parts of Central Asia corresponding to eastern Kazakhstan or the Altai-Sayan region, and who had, beginning in the 10th century BC and lasting until the 9th to 8th centuries BC, migrated westwards into the Pontic-Caspian Steppe regions, where they formed new tribal confederations which constit"}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - In West Asia", "says": "The Cimmerians entered West Asia by crossing the Caucasus Mountains through the Alagir, Darial, and Klukhor Passes, which was the same route that Sarmatian detachments would later take to invade the Arsacid Parthian Empire, after which Cimmerians eventually became active in the West Asian regions of Transcaucasia, the Iranian Plateau and Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Reasons for southwards nomad expansion", "says": "The involvement of the steppe nomads in West Asia happened in the context of the then growth of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which under its kings Sargon II and Sennacherib had expanded from its core region of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys to rule and dominate a large territory ranging from Que (Plain Cilicia) and the Central and Eastern Anatolian mountains in the north to the Syrian Desert in the "}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Reasons for southwards nomad expansion", "says": "The involvement of the steppe nomads in West Asia happened in the context of the then growth of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which under its kings Sargon II and Sennacherib had expanded from its core region of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys to rule and dominate a large territory ranging from Que (Plain Cilicia) and the Central and Eastern Anatolian mountains in the north to the Syrian Desert in the "}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Reasons for southwards nomad expansion", "says": "The involvement of the steppe nomads in West Asia happened in the context of the then growth of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which under its kings Sargon II and Sennacherib had expanded from its core region of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys to rule and dominate a large territory ranging from Que (Plain Cilicia) and the Central and Eastern Anatolian mountains in the north to the Syrian Desert in the "}, {"id": "Q380815", "label": "Argishti II", "section": "History - Death of Sargon II", "says": "The Cimmerians might however have possibly ended their hostilities with Urartu and acted as mercenaries in the Urartian army during this period, under the reign of Argišti II."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Scythian expansion into West Asia", "says": "Once they had finally crossed into West Asia, the Scythians settled in eastern Transcaucasia and the northwest Iranian plateau, between the middle course of the Cyrus and Araxes rivers before expanding into the regions corresponding to present-day Gəncə, Mingəçevir and the Muğan plain in the steppes of what is presently Azerbaijan, which became their centre operations until c."}, {"id": "Q171191", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "section": "History - Attacks against the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "650 BC) welcomed the Cimmerians and the Scythians as useful allies who could offer both protection and favourable new opportunities to his kingdom, which in turn allowed him to become an opponent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, with him subsequently remaining an enemy of Sennacherib and his successors Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal."}, {"id": "Q380881", "label": "Stephanus of Byzantium", "section": "History - Invasion of Phrygia", "says": "According to a tradition later recorded by Stephanus of Byzantium, the Cimmerians found several tens of thousands of medimnoi of wheat in the underground granaries of the Phrygian village of Syassos that they used as food for a long time."}, {"id": "Q460078", "label": "Rusa II", "section": "History - Activities in Anatolia", "says": "When Esarhaddon conquered the nearby state of Šubria in 673 BC, Rusa II supported him, attesting of a period of non-aggression between Urartu and Assyria under the reigns of Rusa II and Esarhaddon."}, {"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "History - Activities in Anatolia", "says": "At unknown dates, the western Cimmerians also invaded Bithynia and Paphlagonia."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "History - Activities in Anatolia", "says": "At unknown dates, the western Cimmerians also invaded Bithynia and Paphlagonia."}, {"id": "Q391038", "label": "Shamash-shum-ukin", "section": "History - Exhaustion of Assyria", "says": "Neo-Assyrian power experienced another significant blow in 652 BC, when Esarhaddon's eldest son, Šamaš-šuma-ukin, who had succeeded him as king of Babylon, rebelled against his younger brother Ashurbanipal: it took Ashurbanipal four years to fully suppress the Babylonian rebellion by 648 BC, and another year to destroy the power of Elam, who had supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin, and, although Ashurbanipa"}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Exhaustion of Assyria", "says": "Neo-Assyrian power experienced another significant blow in 652 BC, when Esarhaddon's eldest son, Šamaš-šuma-ukin, who had succeeded him as king of Babylon, rebelled against his younger brother Ashurbanipal: it took Ashurbanipal four years to fully suppress the Babylonian rebellion by 648 BC, and another year to destroy the power of Elam, who had supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin, and, although Ashurbanipa"}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Final defeat", "says": "This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes's Scythians, whom Strabo of Amasia credits with expelling the Treres from Asia Minor, and of the Lydians led by their king Alyattes, who was himself the son of Sadyattes as well as the grandson of Ardys and the great-grandson of Gyges, whom Herodotus of Halicarnassus and Polyaenus of Bithynia claim permanently defeat"}, {"id": "Q537755", "label": "Polyaenus", "section": "History - Final defeat", "says": "This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes's Scythians, whom Strabo of Amasia credits with expelling the Treres from Asia Minor, and of the Lydians led by their king Alyattes, who was himself the son of Sadyattes as well as the grandson of Ardys and the great-grandson of Gyges, whom Herodotus of Halicarnassus and Polyaenus of Bithynia claim permanently defeat"}], "Q856650": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, codenamed Project 17, began on 2 August 1990 and marked the beginning of the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q868942", "label": "Republic of Kuwait", "section": "lead", "says": "After initially establishing the \"Republic of Kuwait\" as a puppet state, Iraq annexed the entire country on 28 August 1990; northern Kuwait became the Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District and was merged into the existing Basra Governorate, while southern Kuwait was carved out as the all-new Kuwait Governorate."}, {"id": "Q82664", "label": "Iran–Iraq War", "section": "lead", "says": "One possible motive concerned Iraq's inability to repay the US$14 billion that it had borrowed from Kuwait during the Iran–Iraq War."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Background", "says": "Glaspie also indicated to Saddam Hussein that the United States did not intend \"to start an economic war against Iraq\"."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "Glaspie also indicated to Saddam Hussein that the United States did not intend \"to start an economic war against Iraq\"."}], "Q85754778": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 2014, the government of the People's Republic of China has committed a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities in Xinjiang which has often been characterized as persecution or as genocide."}, {"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2014, the administration of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping launched the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism, which involved surveillance and restrictions in Xinjiang."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in 2017, under Xinjiang Party secretary Chen Quanguo, the government incarcerated over an estimated one million Uyghurs without legal process in internment camps officially described as \"vocational education and training centers\", in the largest mass internment of an ethnic-religious minority group since World War II."}, {"id": "Q865344", "label": "Genocide Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "Those accusing China of genocide point to intentional acts they say violate Article II of the Genocide Convention, which prohibits \"acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part\", a \"racial or religious group\""}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "During this period, Uyghur independence organizations emerged with some support from the Soviet Union, with the East Turkestan People's Party being the largest in 1968."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping, the PRC pursued a new policy of cultural liberalization in Xinjiang and adopted a flexible language policy nationally."}], "Q32739": [{"id": "Q1580069", "label": "Volhynians", "section": "lead", "says": "To the west, the Drevlians' territories reached the Sluch River, where the Volhynians (related to the territory of Volhynia) and Buzhans (related to the name of Southern Bug) lived."}, {"id": "Q32799", "label": "Dregovichs", "section": "lead", "says": "To the north, the Drevlians' neighbors were the Dregoviches."}], "Q166001": [{"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "lead", "says": "The war was prompted by Swedish involvement in the Franco-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Provinces, under attack by France, sought support from Denmark–Norway."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of Scania was combined with a simultaneous Norwegian front called the Gyldenløve War, forcing the defending Swedes to fight a two-front war in addition to their entanglements in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q212234", "label": "Treaty of Roskilde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danish objective was to retrieve the Scanian lands that had been ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde, after the Northern Wars."}, {"id": "Q52935", "label": "Charles XI of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Danish offensive was initially a great success, Swedish counter-offensives led by the 19-year-old Charles XI of Sweden nullified much of the gain."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "Background", "says": "Roi soleil Louis XIV intended to weaken the anti-French alliance by engaging them on their eastern frontiers: he supported John Sobieski, candidate for the Polish throne, he also supported a contemporary revolt of nobles in Hungary, and aimed at binding the Brandenburgian army in a war with Sweden."}], "Q276172": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Few Jews from Muslim countries immigrated during the British Mandate for Palestine."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "lead", "says": "Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French- and Italian-controlled regions of North Africa, 15–20% lived in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% lived in the Kingdom of Egypt, and approximately 7% lived in the Aden Colony, Aden Protectorate and the Kingdom of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French- and Italian-controlled regions of North Africa, 15–20% lived in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% lived in the Kingdom of Egypt, and approximately 7% lived in the Aden Colony, Aden Protectorate and the Kingdom of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French- and Italian-controlled regions of North Africa, 15–20% lived in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% lived in the Kingdom of Egypt, and approximately 7% lived in the Aden Colony, Aden Protectorate and the Kingdom of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French- and Italian-controlled regions of North Africa, 15–20% lived in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% lived in the Kingdom of Egypt, and approximately 7% lived in the Aden Colony, Aden Protectorate and the Kingdom of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "The exodus from Egypt peaked in 1956, following the Suez Crisis; emigrations from other North African countries peaked in the 1960s."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "600,000 Jews from Arab and Muslim countries had relocated to Israel by 1972, while another 300,000 migrated to France, the United States and Canada."}], "Q571813": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "First mentioned in the historical record in 518, the Antes invaded the Byzantine Empire in the area of the Diocese of Thrace sometime between the years of 533 and 545."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pannonian Avars, the Bulgars and the Khazars attacked the Antes in the 7th century, causing disappearance of the Antes as a group and of the Penkovka culture phenomenon."}, {"id": "Q2997351", "label": "Omeljan Pritsak", "section": "Origin", "says": "Omeljan Pritsak, citing Max Vasmer, argues that because anta- means \"frontier, end\" in Sanskrit, *ant-ya could mean \"frontiersman\" or \"that which is at the end\"; and in Ossetian att'iya means \"the last, behind\"."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "Origin", "says": "Pliny the Elder mentions some Anti living near the shores of the Azov Sea, and inscriptions from the Kerch Peninsula dating to the 3rd century CE bear the word antas."}, {"id": "Q834947", "label": "Boris Rybakov", "section": "Origin", "says": "Fine Jr. maintain earlier proposals by Soviet-era scholars such as Boris Rybakov, that the Antes were originally a Sarmatian–Alan frontier tribe that become Slavicized but preserved their name."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "According to historians who argue for a connection between the Antes and the Sarmatians, the Antes were a subgroup of the Alans, who dominated the Black Sea and North Caucasus region during the Late Sarmatian Period."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Whatever the exact origins of the tribe, Jordanes and Procopius both appear to suggest that the Antes were Slavic by the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q1430131", "label": "Florin Curta", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Florin Curta further argues that Jordanes had no real ethnographic knowledge of \"Scythia,\" despite claims that he himself was a Goth and was born in Thrace."}, {"id": "Q741798", "label": "Germanus", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "Recorded by Procopius, the Antean raid appeared to coincide with the Vitalian' revolt, but was intercepted and defeated by the magister militum per Thraciam Germanus."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "With the death of Chilbudius, Justinian appears to have changed his policy against Slavic barbarians from offense to defense, exemplified by his grand program of refortifying garrisons along the Danube."}, {"id": "Q1257426", "label": "Sclaveni", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "In 537, Justinian recruited 1,600 mounted mercenaries of Sclaveni and Antes to aid the rescue of Belisarius in Italy against the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "In 537, Justinian recruited 1,600 mounted mercenaries of Sclaveni and Antes to aid the rescue of Belisarius in Italy against the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "In 537, Justinian recruited 1,600 mounted mercenaries of Sclaveni and Antes to aid the rescue of Belisarius in Italy against the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "This was part of a larger set of alliances, including the Lombards, lifting pressure off the lower Danube and enabling forces to be diverted to Italy."}, {"id": "Q118992", "label": "Menander", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "They were often involved in conflicts with the Avars, such as the war recorded by Menander the Guardsman (50, frg 5"}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Others have seen a remote connection between the demise of the Antes and the oppression of the Dulebes by the Avars mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, and/or the tradition recorded by Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times the Walitābā (which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians) were \"the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured\" and dominated "}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Others have seen a remote connection between the demise of the Antes and the oppression of the Dulebes by the Avars mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, and/or the tradition recorded by Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times the Walitābā (which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians) were \"the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured\" and dominated "}, {"id": "Q1580069", "label": "Volhynians", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Others have seen a remote connection between the demise of the Antes and the oppression of the Dulebes by the Avars mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, and/or the tradition recorded by Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times the Walitābā (which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians) were \"the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured\" and dominated "}], "Q714820": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Satsuma Rebellion, known more widely in Japanese as the Seinan War (Japanese: 西南戦争, Hepburn: Seinan Sensō; lit. 'Southwestern War'), was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government of the Empire of Japan, nine years into the Meiji era."}, {"id": "Q310462", "label": "Saigō Takamori", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion lasted from 29 January until 24 September 1877, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saigō Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded."}, {"id": "Q309184", "label": "Boshin War", "section": "Background", "says": "Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking."}, {"id": "Q297636", "label": "Yamagata Aritomo", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On his return to Kobe on 12 February, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and Itō Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saigō."}, {"id": "Q174971", "label": "Itō Hirobumi", "section": "Prelude", "says": "On his return to Kobe on 12 February, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and Itō Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saigō."}], "Q154552": [{"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the First Illyrian War, which lasted from 229 BC to 228 BC, Rome's concern was that the trade across the Adriatic Sea increased after the First Punic War at a time when Ardiaei power increased under queen Teuta."}, {"id": "Q1280982", "label": "Lucius Postumius Albinus", "section": "lead", "says": "Attacks on trading vessels of Rome's Italic allies by Illyrian pirates and the death of a Roman envoy named Coruncanius on Teuta's orders, prompted the Roman senate to dispatch a Roman army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus."}, {"id": "Q974502", "label": "Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus", "section": "lead", "says": "Attacks on trading vessels of Rome's Italic allies by Illyrian pirates and the death of a Roman envoy named Coruncanius on Teuta's orders, prompted the Roman senate to dispatch a Roman army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus."}, {"id": "Q738503", "label": "Demetrius of Pharos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Romans also set up Demetrius of Pharos as a power in Illyria to counterbalance the power of Teuta."}, {"id": "Q6271", "label": "Second Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "In 219 BC, the Roman Republic was at war with the Celts of Cisalpine Gaul, and the Second Punic War with Carthage was beginning."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "In 219 BC, the Roman Republic was at war with the Celts of Cisalpine Gaul, and the Second Punic War with Carthage was beginning."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "The forces of Rome routed the Illyrians and Demetrius fled to Macedon, where he became a trusted councillor at the court of Philip V of Macedon, and remained there until his death at Messene in 214 BC."}, {"id": "Q207363", "label": "Perseus of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "But in 169 BC he changed sides and allied himself with Perseus of Macedon."}], "Q768755": [{"id": "Q58202", "label": "July Monarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion originated in an attempt by republicans to reverse the establishment in 1830 of the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe, shortly after the deaths from cholera of Prime Minister Casimir Pierre Périer and General Jean Maximilien Lamarque, a former Army commander who became a member of the French parliament and was critical of the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q284683", "label": "Casimir Perier", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion originated in an attempt by republicans to reverse the establishment in 1830 of the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe, shortly after the deaths from cholera of Prime Minister Casimir Pierre Périer and General Jean Maximilien Lamarque, a former Army commander who became a member of the French parliament and was critical of the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q580516", "label": "Jean Maximilien Lamarque", "section": "lead", "says": "The rebellion originated in an attempt by republicans to reverse the establishment in 1830 of the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe, shortly after the deaths from cholera of Prime Minister Casimir Pierre Périer and General Jean Maximilien Lamarque, a former Army commander who became a member of the French parliament and was critical of the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q535", "label": "Victor Hugo", "section": "lead", "says": "The French author Victor Hugo memorialised the rebellion in his 1862 novel Les Misérables, and it figures prominently in the stage musical and films that are based on the book."}, {"id": "Q180736", "label": "Les Misérables", "section": "lead", "says": "The French author Victor Hugo memorialised the rebellion in his 1862 novel Les Misérables, and it figures prominently in the stage musical and films that are based on the book."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1830 July Revolution, the elected Chamber of Deputies had established a constitutional monarchy and replaced Charles X of the House of Bourbon with his more liberal cousin Louis-Philippe."}, {"id": "Q88851", "label": "Prince Henri, Count of Chambord", "section": "Background", "says": "However, over and above the easily provoked 'fury' or 'rage' of the Parisian population (at the differences between their poverty and the differences in income and opportunities of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy), Bonapartists for their part lamented the loss of Napoleon's empire, and the Legitimists supported the deposed Bourbon dynasty, seeking to empower the man they regarded as the true k"}], "Q640444": [{"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "lead", "says": "They are mentioned by the Bavarian Geographer (9th century), Emperor Constantine VII (956–959), the Khazar ruler Joseph (c."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "955), and in the Primary Chronicle (1113)."}], "Q65920364": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Iran–United States relations during the first Trump administration (2017–2021) were marked by a sharp policy shift from Obama's engagement-oriented approach."}, {"id": "Q892014", "label": "Qasem Soleimani", "section": "lead", "says": "On 3 January 2020, the U.S. assassinated Iranian General Qasem Soleimani in a drone strike, prompting Iranian missile attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and heightened fears of war."}], "Q1520835": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "The 12th-century Primary Chronicle recorded that the Vyatichi, Radimichs and Severians \"had the same customs\", all lived violent lifestyles, \"burned their dead and preserved the ashes in urns set upon posts beside the highways\", and they did not enter monogamous marriages but practiced polygamy, specifically polygyny, instead."}, {"id": "Q918815", "label": "Radimichs", "section": "lead", "says": "The 12th-century Primary Chronicle recorded that the Vyatichi, Radimichs and Severians \"had the same customs\", all lived violent lifestyles, \"burned their dead and preserved the ashes in urns set upon posts beside the highways\", and they did not enter monogamous marriages but practiced polygamy, specifically polygyny, instead."}, {"id": "Q640444", "label": "Severians", "section": "lead", "says": "The 12th-century Primary Chronicle recorded that the Vyatichi, Radimichs and Severians \"had the same customs\", all lived violent lifestyles, \"burned their dead and preserved the ashes in urns set upon posts beside the highways\", and they did not enter monogamous marriages but practiced polygamy, specifically polygyny, instead."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Saint Kuksha of the Kiev Caves was a missionary who converted many Vyatichi to Christianity, but was beheaded by their chiefs (probably in the late summer of 1115)."}], "Q1785737": [{"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Uliches or Ugliches (Romanian: Ulici or Uglici; Russian: Уличи or Угличи, Ulichi or Uglichi; Ukrainian: Уличі Угличі, Ulychi or Uhlychi) were a tribe of Early East Slavs who, between the eighth and the tenth centuries, inhabited (along with the Tivertsi) Bessarabia, and the territories along the Lower Dnieper, Bug River and the Black Sea littoral."}], "Q1257426": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, most South Slavic tribes accepted Byzantine or Frankish suzerainty, and came under their cultural influences and Chalcedonian Christianity."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "In the 530s, Emperor Justinian seems to have used divide and conquer policies, and the Sclaveni and Antes are mentioned as fighting each other."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "Sclaveni are mentioned in the context of the military policy on the Danube frontier of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "In 537, Justinian shipped 1,600 cavalry, made up of mostly Sclaveni and Antes, to Italy to rescue Belisarius."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "Sometime between 533–34 and 545 (probably before the 539–40 Hun or Bulgar-Hun invasion of the Byzantine Empire), there was a conflict between the Antes and Sclaveni in Eastern Europe."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "The Romans also recruited mounted mercenaries from both tribes to fight against the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q741798", "label": "Germanus", "section": "History - 6th century", "says": "In the summer of 550, the Sclaveni came close to Naissus, and were seen as a great threat, however, their intent of capturing Thessaloniki and the surroundings was thwarted by Germanus."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "In 615, during the reign of Heraclius (r."}, {"id": "Q997263", "label": "White Croats", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "Based on the De Administrando Imperio, it is also theorized that the migration of White Croats and Serbs could have been part of a second Slavic wave during Heraclius' reign."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "The First Bulgarian Empire was the first state that the empire recognised in the Balkans and the first time it legally surrendered claims to part of its Balkan dominions."}, {"id": "Q41605", "label": "Constantine IV", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "In 680 the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV (r."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "In 681, the Byzantines were compelled to sign a humiliating peace treaty, forcing them to acknowledge Bulgaria as an independent state, to cede the territories to the north of the Balkan Mountains and to pay an annual tribute."}, {"id": "Q2079726", "label": "Vasil Zlatarski", "section": "History - 7th century", "says": "Vasil Zlatarski asserts that they concluded a treaty, but most historians agree that they were subjugated."}, {"id": "Q41635", "label": "Konstantinos V", "section": "History - 8th century", "says": "Military campaigns in northern Greece in 758 under Constantine V (r."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - 8th century", "says": "In 783, a large Slavic uprising took place in the Byzantine Empire, stretching from Macedonia to the Peloponnese, which was subsequently quelled by Byzantine patrikios Staurakios (fl."}, {"id": "Q237587", "label": "Stauracius", "section": "History - 8th century", "says": "In 783, a large Slavic uprising took place in the Byzantine Empire, stretching from Macedonia to the Peloponnese, which was subsequently quelled by Byzantine patrikios Staurakios (fl."}, {"id": "Q206737", "label": "Irene of Athens", "section": "History - 8th century", "says": "In 799, Akameros, a Slavic archon, participated in the conspiracy against Empress Irene of Athens."}], "Q911056": [{"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "According to several toponyms of the tribal name, in the scholarship is also hypothesized that the branches of the tribe lived in southern parts of the Duchy of Bohemia and the Middle Danube between Lake Balaton and the Mur River (a tributary of the  Drava) in the Principality of Hungary, probably implying migrations from a single region."}, {"id": "Q2899771", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "According to several toponyms of the tribal name, in the scholarship is also hypothesized that the branches of the tribe lived in southern parts of the Duchy of Bohemia and the Middle Danube between Lake Balaton and the Mur River (a tributary of the  Drava) in the Principality of Hungary, probably implying migrations from a single region."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Possible migration and branches of the tribe", "says": "Some consider that because of the oppression mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, some of them resettled along the Upper Vltava River in today's Southern Czech Republic, while others were part of the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps near Lake Balaton and Drava River in Carantania and today's southwestern Hungary."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "History - Possible migration and branches of the tribe", "says": "Some consider that because of the oppression mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, some of them resettled along the Upper Vltava River in today's Southern Czech Republic, while others were part of the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps near Lake Balaton and Drava River in Carantania and today's southwestern Hungary."}, {"id": "Q501754", "label": "Carantania", "section": "History - Possible migration and branches of the tribe", "says": "Some consider that because of the oppression mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, some of them resettled along the Upper Vltava River in today's Southern Czech Republic, while others were part of the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps near Lake Balaton and Drava River in Carantania and today's southwestern Hungary."}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "History - Possible migration and branches of the tribe", "says": "In the West, in the mid-10th century, Al-Masudi mentioned them as Dūlāba and their \"king\" (ruler) as Wānjslāf (most probably Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia)."}, {"id": "Q196527", "label": "Saint Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia", "section": "History - Possible migration and branches of the tribe", "says": "In the West, in the mid-10th century, Al-Masudi mentioned them as Dūlāba and their \"king\" (ruler) as Wānjslāf (most probably Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia)."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - Possible migration and branches of the tribe", "says": "870); comitatus Dudleipa is mentioned in the \"Letter of King Arnulf of 891\" written during the time of Otto II (973–983), the county probably located in the territory of later Vas County; a locality called Dulieb in the Upper Drava region is mentioned in the Tyrolean act from 1060."}], "Q997263": [{"id": "Q1429276", "label": "Tivertsi", "section": "lead", "says": "They were an East Slavic tribe, but bordered both East Slavic groups (Dulebes and their related Buzhans and Volhynians, Tivertsi, and Ulichs) in Western Ukraine; and West Slavic tribes (Lendians and Vistulans) in southeastern Poland, controlling an important trade route from East to Central Europe."}, {"id": "Q1257426", "label": "Sclaveni", "section": "lead", "says": "Archaeologically, the Croats were mostly related to the Korchak and Luka-Raikovetska cultures identified with the Sclaveni (while their connection to the Antes and to the Penkovka culture remains a matter of dispute)."}, {"id": "Q68962", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pannonian Avars plundered the Roman provinces, before being conquered by the White Croats, where they then settled and soon started accepting Christianity during the time of Porga (fl. c."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pannonian Avars plundered the Roman provinces, before being conquered by the White Croats, where they then settled and soon started accepting Christianity during the time of Porga (fl. c."}, {"id": "Q2576305", "label": "Duchy of Croatia", "section": "lead", "says": "7th century), the first known archon of the Duchy of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "They were pressured and influenced by more centralized polities: Great Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Duchy of Poland, Kievan Rus' and the Principality of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q2162698", "label": "Duchy of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "They were pressured and influenced by more centralized polities: Great Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Duchy of Poland, Kievan Rus' and the Principality of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "They were pressured and influenced by more centralized polities: Great Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Duchy of Poland, Kievan Rus' and the Principality of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q2899771", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "They were pressured and influenced by more centralized polities: Great Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Duchy of Poland, Kievan Rus' and the Principality of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "Origin", "says": "Another more common theorization is related to the first Iranian tribes who lived on the shores of the Sea of Azov, Scythians, who arrived there c."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "Origin", "says": "Around the 6th century BCE, the Sarmatians began their migration westwards, gradually subordinating the Scythians by the 2nd-century BCE."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Origin", "says": "The early Croats' migration to Dalmatia, with Pannonian Avars in the 6th century or during the reign of Heraclius (610–641), some see as a possible continuation of the previous conflict and contacts between the Antes and Avars."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Origin", "says": "The activity of the Avars is argued to have resulted with assumed breaking of the tribal group into Carpathian (Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia in Western Ukraine), Western or White (the Upper Vistula river in Lesser Poland, Silesia, Prešov Region in Eastern Slovakia, and Northeastern Czech Republic), and Southern (in the Balkans)."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "Origin", "says": "The activity of the Avars is argued to have resulted with assumed breaking of the tribal group into Carpathian (Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia in Western Ukraine), Western or White (the Upper Vistula river in Lesser Poland, Silesia, Prešov Region in Eastern Slovakia, and Northeastern Czech Republic), and Southern (in the Balkans)."}, {"id": "Q320935", "label": "Nestor the Chronicler", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Nestor the Chronicler in his Primary Chronicle (12th century), which information and convoluted viewpoint were often compiled and influenced by use of various sources of different origin, mentions the White Croats, calling them Horvate Belii or Hrovate Belii, the name depending upon which manuscript of his is referred to: \"Over a long period the Slavs settled beside the Danube, where the Hungarian"}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Nestor the Chronicler in his Primary Chronicle (12th century), which information and convoluted viewpoint were often compiled and influenced by use of various sources of different origin, mentions the White Croats, calling them Horvate Belii or Hrovate Belii, the name depending upon which manuscript of his is referred to: \"Over a long period the Slavs settled beside the Danube, where the Hungarian"}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Legends", "says": "Near Kyiv there's a stream where previously existed large homonymous village Horvatka or Hrovatka (destroyed in the time of Joseph Stalin), which flows into Stuhna River."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "History - Legends", "says": "Lewicki argued that Anglo-Saxons, as in the case of Alfred the Great where called Croats Horithi, often distorted foreign Slavic names."}, {"id": "Q156108", "label": "Obotrites", "section": "History - Legends", "says": "The legendary Czech hermit from the 9th century, Svatý Ivan, is mentioned as the son of certain king Gestimul or Gostimysl, who according to the Czech chronicles descended from the Croats or Obotrites."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "According to United States Congress Joint Immigration Commission which ended in 1911, Polish immigrants to the United States born in around Kraków reportedly declared themselves as Bielochrovat (i.e."}], "Q918815": [{"id": "Q561626", "label": "Maciej Stryjkowski", "section": "Origin", "says": "Medieval Polish chroniclers - Jan Długosz, Maciej Stryjkowski and others, as well as historians of the 18th and 19th centuries unconditionally recognized the Polish origin of the Radimichi."}], "Q4783165": [{"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "lead", "says": "It is generally accepted that the beginning of the Arab Cold War is marked by the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which led to Gamal Abdel Nasser becoming the president of Egypt in 1956."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Thereafter, newly formed Arab republics, inspired by revolutionary secular nationalism and Nasser's Egypt, engaged in political rivalries with conservative traditionalist Arab monarchies, influenced by Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the ascension of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as leader of Iran, is widely seen as the end of this period of internal conflicts and rivalry."}, {"id": "Q38823", "label": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the ascension of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as leader of Iran, is widely seen as the end of this period of internal conflicts and rivalry."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "After Egypt's political victory in the 1956 Suez Crisis, known in the Arab world as the Tripartite Aggression, Nasser and his associated ideology quickly gained support in other Arab countries, from Iraq in the east to French-occupied Algeria in the west."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Arab countries under Western countries’ rule, such as Algeria and South Yemen, experienced nationalist uprisings aimed at independence."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "At the same time, Syria, which was already strongly Arab nationalist, formed a short-lived federal union with Egypt called the United Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q267584", "label": "Yemen Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict became a proxy war between Egypt and Saudi Arabia following the establishment of the Nasserist Yemen Arab Republic in 1962."}, {"id": "Q1852345", "label": "Trucial States", "section": "Background", "says": "Algeria, South Yemen, Oman and the Trucial States were either under French colonial rule or British occupation."}, {"id": "Q42013", "label": "Anwar Sadat", "section": "History - Islamic revival", "says": "After Nasser's death in 1970, his successor Anwar Sadat shifted the focus to religion and economic liberalization, away from Arab nationalism and socialism."}, {"id": "Q49100", "label": "Yom Kippur War", "section": "History - Islamic revival", "says": "Egypt's military slogan \"Land, Sea and Air\" was replaced by the Islamic phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (meaning God is great), in the perceived \"shattering\" defeat in the Yom Kippur War."}, {"id": "Q917460", "label": "Gilles Kepel", "section": "History - Islamic revival", "says": "Although the October 1973 war was launched by Egypt and Syria to recover land captured by Israel in 1967, according to French political scientist Gilles Kepel, the \"real victors\" of the war were the Arab \"oil-exporting countries\"."}, {"id": "Q244206", "label": "Saud of Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - US involvement", "says": "Eisenhower, viewed King Saud of Saudi Arabia as \"the only figure in the area with sufficient presence and potential assets to serve as a counterpoise to Nasser.\" An internal U.S."}, {"id": "Q1613920", "label": "Rashid Khalidi", "section": "History - US involvement", "says": "The President recalled, however, that Saud, after his visit here, had called on all Arabs to oppose Communism.According to Rashid Khalidi, as Arab nationalists surged during the Arab Cold War, the U.S. and its client conservative monarchies appeared to be losing ground."}, {"id": "Q6892571", "label": "Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud", "section": "History - US involvement", "says": "According to Mohammed bin Salman, the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi International propagation of the Salafi movement and Wahhabism campaign was \"rooted in the cold war, when allies asked Saudi Arabia to use its resources to prevent inroads in Muslim countries by the Soviet Union.\" According to some estimates, since the 1960s, the Saudis have funnelled over US$100 billion into funding s"}], "Q65070966": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic State is waging an ongoing insurgency against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The group have also caused incidents and attacks across the border in Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Haqqani network, al-Qaeda and others supported the Taliban, while IS was supported by the Mullah Dadullah Front and the pro-ISIS faction of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan."}], "Q1187198": [{"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ten Tragic Days (Spanish: La Decena Trágica)  is the name given to the multi-day coup d'état during the Mexican Revolution in Mexico City."}, {"id": "Q150688", "label": "Porfirio Díaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup instigated a second phase of the Mexican Revolution, after dictator Porfirio Díaz had been ousted and replaced in elections by Francisco I."}, {"id": "Q299168", "label": "Victoriano Huerta", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was carried out by general Victoriano Huerta and supporters of the old regime, with support from the United States, especially U.S. ambassador Henry Lane Wilson."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The coup was carried out by general Victoriano Huerta and supporters of the old regime, with support from the United States, especially U.S. ambassador Henry Lane Wilson."}, {"id": "Q2394953", "label": "Félix Díaz", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebels led by General Félix Díaz, nephew of ex-president Porfirio Díaz, and General Bernardo Reyes escaped from jail and rallied forces to overthrow President Francisco I."}, {"id": "Q2159676", "label": "Bernardo Reyes", "section": "lead", "says": "Rebels led by General Félix Díaz, nephew of ex-president Porfirio Díaz, and General Bernardo Reyes escaped from jail and rallied forces to overthrow President Francisco I."}], "Q815175": [{"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege was the focal point of the Italian Campaign of 1796-1797, lasting the vast majority of the campaign and being the hinge point that would determine which side would control Northern Italy."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The eventual surrender, together with the heavy losses incurred during four unsuccessful relief attempts, led to Napoleon invading Austria and convincing the Austrians to sue for peace in 1797."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege occurred during the War of the First Coalition, which is part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The siege occurred during the War of the First Coalition, which is part of the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q78691", "label": "Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser", "section": "lead", "says": "In late July, a new Austrian commander, Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, led an army to the relief of Joseph Canto d'Irles's garrison from the north."}, {"id": "Q608030", "label": "József Alvinczi", "section": "lead", "says": "A new commander, József Alvinczi, led the third relief of Mantua in November."}], "Q1580069": [{"id": "Q680472", "label": "Principality of Volhynia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Volhynians (Ukrainian: Волиняни, Volyniany, Polish: Wołynianie) were an East Slavic tribe of the Early Middle Ages and the Principality of Volhynia in 987–1199."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "Origins and heritage", "says": "Among many East Slavic Tribes, the Volhynians are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle and lived along the Bug river in the region of Volhynia, that covered present-day sections of eastern Poland, western Ukraine and southern Belarus."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Origins and heritage", "says": "Ukrainians today draw their ancestry from the Volhynian people and the Kievan Rus' at large."}, {"id": "Q168705", "label": "Al-Mas'udi", "section": "Origins and heritage", "says": "According to the tradition recorded by Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob, in ancient times the Walitābā and their king Mājik, which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians, were \"the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured\" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to \"dissent\" their \"original organization was destroyed\" and \"the people divided into fact"}], "Q1017293": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "They are mentioned as Buzhane in the Primary Chronicle."}, {"id": "Q1580069", "label": "Volhynians", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians believe that the Buzhans and the Volhynians used to be called the Dulebes."}], "Q2704441": [{"id": "Q1322", "label": "José Manuel Balmaceda", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chilean Civil War of 1891, or the Second Chilean Civil War or Revolution of 1891, was a civil war in Chile fought between forces supporting Congress and forces supporting the President, José Manuel Balmaceda, from 16 January 1891 to 18 September 1891."}, {"id": "Q1294", "label": "Ramón Barros Luco", "section": "Causes", "says": "As protest against the action of President Balmaceda, the vice-president of the Senate, Waldo Silva, and the president of the Chamber of deputies, Ramón Barros Luco, issued a proclamation appointing Captain Jorge Montt Commander of the Navy, and stating that the Navy could not recognize the authority of Balmaceda so long as he did not administer public affairs in accordance with the constitutional"}], "Q2625733": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "They are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, which explains that  the name \"polochans\" derived from the Polota River, Western Dvina's tributary."}, {"id": "Q48287", "label": "Krivich", "section": "lead", "says": "It further says that Krivichs were descendants of Polochans."}, {"id": "Q32799", "label": "Dregovichs", "section": "lead", "says": "The lands of the Polochans spanned towards the upper reaches of the Svislach on the south and along the left bank of the Biarezina River to the lands of the Dregovichs."}, {"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Polochan lands bordered with the following tribes: \n\nTo the southeast - Smolensk Krivichs\nTo the north and east - Izborsk Krivichs and Novgorod Slavs\nTo the west - Lithuanian tribes\nThe Polochan tribe was one of the tribes which would later form the Principality of Polotsk."}], "Q61126993": [{"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "Timeline - 2013", "says": "The relationship between the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Islamic Republic of Iran strengthened as a result of Hamas moving away from Iran due to differing positions in the Syrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Timeline - 2013", "says": "Abu Ahmad Fouad, a PFLP political bureau member said that the group might retaliate toward Israel if the United States bombs Syria."}, {"id": "Q1389167", "label": "Samir Kuntar", "section": "Timeline - 2015", "says": "On 19 December 2015, eight people, including Samir Kuntar and other Hezbollah commanders, were killed by an explosion on the outskirts of Damascus."}, {"id": "Q6899934", "label": "Amikam Norkin", "section": "Timeline - September 2018", "says": "On 20 September in Moscow, an Israeli delegation led by commander of the Israeli Air Force Amikam Norkin presented to Russia Air Force commands Israel's inquiry on the bombing of an Iranian-Hezbollah advanced weapons transfer site and the related loss of the IL-20."}, {"id": "Q20812953", "label": "Maria Zakharova", "section": "Timeline - January 2019", "says": "On 23 January, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said Israel must stop its \"arbitrary\" air incursions into Syria."}, {"id": "Q4866775", "label": "Bashar Jaafari", "section": "Timeline - January 2019", "says": "Syria's envoy to the UN Bashar Jaafari raised the prospect of retaliatory Syrian attacks on Tel Aviv airport."}, {"id": "Q43723", "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "section": "Timeline - January 2019", "says": "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said, \"Only in the last 36 hours did the air force strike targets in Syria and we have proven that we will stop the settlement of Iran in Syria.\""}, {"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "Timeline - July 2019", "says": "A stray Syrian S-200 missile fired in response to the Israeli strikes crashed and exploded on a mountain near Vouno in Northern Cyprus, located 20 km (12 miles) northeast of Nicosia, causing no injuries but starting a fire."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "Timeline - March 2020", "says": "Dabirian was responsible for operations against the Islamic State in Palmyra."}, {"id": "Q124001410", "label": "Razi Mousavi", "section": "Timeline - December", "says": "On 25 December, Sayyed Razi Mousavi, a brigadier general in the IRGC, was killed in an Israeli airstrike in Sayyida Zeinab."}], "Q3142923": [{"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Urartu–Assyria War was a conflict between the Kingdom of Urartu and the Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "lead", "says": "The war began around 714 BC, with the invasion of Urartu by the Assyrian King Sargon II."}, {"id": "Q380815", "label": "Argishti II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his death, however, Urartian Kings Argishti II and Rusa II launched many successful counterattacks, reclaiming Urartu's lost territory and gaining some from Assyria."}, {"id": "Q460078", "label": "Rusa II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following his death, however, Urartian Kings Argishti II and Rusa II launched many successful counterattacks, reclaiming Urartu's lost territory and gaining some from Assyria."}], "Q212439": [{"id": "Q2418795", "label": "Zaporizhian Sich", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory was located mostly in the region of Central Ukraine, as well as in parts of Belarus and southwestern Russia, and at different points it also incorporated the territories of Zaporozhian Sich to the south."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hetmanate was legally recognized in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Treaty of Zboriv, signed on August 18, 1649 by Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host) and Adam Kysil (representing Crown Forces), as a result of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q729936", "label": "Treaty of Zboriv", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hetmanate was legally recognized in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Treaty of Zboriv, signed on August 18, 1649 by Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host) and Adam Kysil (representing Crown Forces), as a result of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hetmanate was legally recognized in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Treaty of Zboriv, signed on August 18, 1649 by Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host) and Adam Kysil (representing Crown Forces), as a result of the Khmelnytsky Uprising."}, {"id": "Q2027489", "label": "Treaty of Pereyaslav", "section": "lead", "says": "Establishment of vassal relations with the Tsardom of Moscow in the Treaty of Pereiaslav of 1654 is considered a benchmark of the Cossack Hetmanate in Soviet, Ukrainian, and Russian historiography."}, {"id": "Q2625011", "label": "Yurii Khmelnytskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Pereiaslav Council in 1659 restricted the independence of the Hetmanate, and from the Russian side there were attempts to declare agreements reached with Yurii Khmelnytsky in 1659 as nothing more than the \"former Bohdan's agreements\" of 1654."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "lead", "says": "After a failed attempt to break the union with Russia by Ivan Mazepa in 1708, the whole area was included into the Kiev Governorate, and Cossack autonomy was severely restricted."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the position of Hetman in 1764, and from 1764 to 1781, the Cossack Hetmanate was incorporated as the Little Russia Governorate headed by Pyotr Rumyantsev, with the last remnants of the Hetmanate's administrative system abolished in 1781."}, {"id": "Q311240", "label": "Pyotr Rumyantsev", "section": "lead", "says": "Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the position of Hetman in 1764, and from 1764 to 1781, the Cossack Hetmanate was incorporated as the Little Russia Governorate headed by Pyotr Rumyantsev, with the last remnants of the Hetmanate's administrative system abolished in 1781."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Hetmanate emerged as a result of a major Cossack uprising in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which broke out in 1648 in Ukrainian lands under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky."}, {"id": "Q963002", "label": "Jeremi Wiśniowiecki", "section": "History - Khmelnytsky Uprising", "says": "The forces of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki reinforced the Zbarazh defenders while he took the lead of all Polish forces."}, {"id": "Q344132", "label": "İslâm III Giray", "section": "History - Khmelnytsky Uprising", "says": "Khmelnytsky, leaving part of his army with Ivan Cherniata near Zbarazh, moved together with İslâm III Giray to intercept the Polish reinforcements and block their way at a river crossing near Zboriv."}, {"id": "Q721168", "label": "Truce of Andrusovo", "section": "History - Formation of the Hetmanate", "says": "However, after the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, the \"simple language\" (Ukrainian: проста мова), or the commonly spoken vernacular language of Ukraine, began to be written down and widely used in official documents of the Cossack Hetmanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Pereyaslav Agreement", "says": "The unreliability of the alliance with the Crimean Khanate compelled Khmelnytsky to seek foreign assistance in the struggle against Warsaw."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "History - Pereyaslav Agreement", "says": "After the Crimean Tatars betrayed the Cossacks for the third time in 1653, Khmelnytsky realized he could no longer rely on Ottoman support against Poland, and he was forced to turn to Tsardom of Russia for help."}, {"id": "Q1973017", "label": "Pavlo Teteria", "section": "History - Pereyaslav Agreement", "says": "The treaty was concluded in April in Moscow by the Cossacks Samiilo Bohdanovych-Zarudny and Pavlo Teteria, and by Aleksey Trubetskoy, Vasilii Buturlin, and other boyars."}, {"id": "Q631991", "label": "Russo-Polish War", "section": "History - Pereyaslav Agreement", "says": "The treaty also led to the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Continuing war and diplomacy", "says": "In the spring of 1654, a joint Cossack–Muscovite army invaded the territory of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q2467168", "label": "Battle of Okhmativ", "section": "History - Continuing war and diplomacy", "says": "Khmelnytsky halted the enemy in 1655 at the Battle of Okhmativ."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "History - Continuing war and diplomacy", "says": "The military weakening of the Commonwealth was exploited by the Swedish Empire."}, {"id": "Q561414", "label": "Ivan Vyhovskyi", "section": "History - Rise of Ivan Vyhovsky", "says": "In response, Ivan Vyhovsky, the general scribe (Ukrainian: писар, romanized: pysar) of the Hetmanate and an adviser to Bohdan Khmelnytsky, was elected hetman in 1657 by the Starshyna council."}, {"id": "Q386038", "label": "Treaty of Hadiach", "section": "History - Attempts at reconciliation with the Commonwealth", "says": "The Treaty of Hadiach was signed based on the idea of transforming the Commonwealth into a union of Poland, Lithuania, and Cossack Rus’."}, {"id": "Q734876", "label": "Ivan Sirko", "section": "History - Vyhovsky's downfall", "says": "At the same time, Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Ivan Sirko independently launched a raid against Crimea, an ally of Vyhovsky."}, {"id": "Q373942", "label": "Petro Doroshenko", "section": "History - Partition of Ukraine", "says": "After the flight of Teteria, Petro Doroshenko was elected the new hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Partition of Ukraine", "says": "He suppressed pro-Muscovite opposition in his territory, resumed negotiations with the Ottoman Empire regarding protection, and, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, launched a war against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, hoping to “drive all Poles out of Ukraine into Poland”."}, {"id": "Q2165429", "label": "Treaty of Buchach", "section": "History - Partition of Ukraine", "says": "In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the period of 1672–1699 (see the Treaty of Buchach and the Treaty "}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "History - Partition of Ukraine", "says": "In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the period of 1672–1699 (see the Treaty of Buchach and the Treaty "}, {"id": "Q1960454", "label": "Demian Mnohohrishny", "section": "History - Partition of Ukraine", "says": "He defeated the Muscovite army and returned to Chyhyryn, leaving the defense of the Left Bank to the Chernihiv colonel Demian Mnohohrishny."}, {"id": "Q2360951", "label": "Ivan Samoilovych", "section": "History - Partition of Ukraine", "says": "At a new Cossack council held on Muscovite territory near Putyvl, surrounded by Muscovite troops, a new hetman was elected—General Chancellor Ivan Samoilovych, one of those who had denounced Mnohohrishny."}, {"id": "Q743814", "label": "Mykhailo Khanenko", "section": "History - Doroshenko's alliance with Ottomans", "says": "This move sharply reduced his popularity among the Ukrainians and commoners, giving rise to the emergence of two self-proclaimed right-bank hetmans, Petro Sukhovii and the pro-Polish Mykhailo Khanenko."}, {"id": "Q170514", "label": "Mehmed IV", "section": "History - Doroshenko's alliance with Ottomans", "says": "Direct armed support of the anti-Doroshenko forces by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forced Sultan Mehmed IV to intervene in the conflict."}, {"id": "Q200855", "label": "Battle of Vienna", "section": "History - Samoilovych's campaigns", "says": "After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1686, which also established the division of the Hetmanate between them."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "History - Samoilovych's campaigns", "says": "After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1686, which also established the division of the Hetmanate between them."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Alliance with Charles XII of Sweden", "says": "The Great Northern War, which broke out between Russia and Sweden in 1700, greatly damaged the Ukrainian economy by disrupting the trade with Poland."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Alliance with Charles XII of Sweden", "says": "Mazepa's alliance with Peter I caused heavy losses among Cossacks and increased Russian interference in the Hetmanate's internal affairs."}, {"id": "Q156026", "label": "Alexander Menshikov", "section": "History - Alliance with Charles XII of Sweden", "says": "Having learned about Mazepa's desertion, Peter declared him a traitor and ordered his general Alexander Menshikov to burn the hetman's capital in Baturyn."}, {"id": "Q1349123", "label": "Ivan Skoropadsky", "section": "History - Alliance with Charles XII of Sweden", "says": "On 17 November, after performing a mock execution of Mazepa's effigy, Peter officially appointed Starodub colonel Ivan Skoropadsky as hetman."}, {"id": "Q598570", "label": "Sloboda Ukraine", "section": "History - Battle of Poltava", "says": "Hostility to Mazepa's allies increased after the Swedish campaign in Sloboda Ukraine during early 1709, as a result of which numerous settlements were ruined."}, {"id": "Q966936", "label": "Pylyp Orlyk", "section": "History - Pylyp Orlyk's hetmanate in exile", "says": "In April 1710 Mazepa's general scribe Pylyp Orlyk was elected as his successor, serving as hetman in exile."}, {"id": "Q1206956", "label": "Devlet II Giray", "section": "History - Pylyp Orlyk's hetmanate in exile", "says": "Following the declaration of war against Peter I by the sultan, in January 1711 a treaty of alliance between Orlyk and khan Devlet II Giray was signed in Bakhchisaray."}, {"id": "Q159933", "label": "Dimitrie Cantemir", "section": "History - Pylyp Orlyk's hetmanate in exile", "says": "Soon thereafter, Peter I started a counteroffensive with the support of Moldovan ruler Dimitrie Cantemir, but in July the tsar's forces were encircled on the Prut river."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "History - Incorporation into the Russian Empire", "says": "After the Battle of Poltava, the Hetmanate's autonomy became nominal and the Governorate of Kyiv was established."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - First abolition of hetmanship", "says": "This step signified that from now on the Hetmanate would be viewed by the authorities as an integral part of the wider Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1971930", "label": "Pavlo Polubotok", "section": "History - First abolition of hetmanship", "says": "Following the death of hetman Ivan Skoropadsky in 1722, Cossack starshyna appointed Pavlo Polubotok as acting hetman for the period before the new election."}, {"id": "Q63362", "label": "Danylo Apostol", "section": "History - Attempts of reform", "says": "On 1 October 1727 70-year old Myrhorod Regiment colonel Danylo Apostol was elected as the new hetman."}], "Q2418795": [{"id": "Q212439", "label": "Cossack Hetmanate", "section": "lead", "says": "For the latter part of that period, it was an autonomous stratocratic state within the Cossack Hetmanate."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "In different periods the area came under the sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate (itself a vassal of the Ottoman Empire), the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy), and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In different periods the area came under the sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate (itself a vassal of the Ottoman Empire), the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy), and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In different periods the area came under the sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate (itself a vassal of the Ottoman Empire), the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy), and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In different periods the area came under the sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate (itself a vassal of the Ottoman Empire), the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy), and the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), Catherine the Great disbanded the Sich."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), Catherine the Great disbanded the Sich."}, {"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "They thus engaged in a long struggle for independence from surrounding powers, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (I Rzechpospolita), the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate, and the Tsardom of Russia, later the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q203808", "label": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky captured the Mykytyn Sich at Mykytyn Rih, near the current city of Nikopol, Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q641479", "label": "Khmelnytsky Uprising", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "From there the Khmelnytsky Uprising began against the I Rzechpospolita that led to the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764)."}, {"id": "Q525758", "label": "Treaty of Pereyaslav", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "After the Pereiaslav Agreement with the Tsar in 1654, the Zaporozhian Host was split into the Hetmanate, with its capital at Chyhyryn, and the more autonomous region of Zaporizhzhia, which continued to be centred on the Sich."}, {"id": "Q721168", "label": "Truce of Andrusovo", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "In 1667 the Truce of Andrusovo made the Sich a condominium ruled jointly by Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "In advance to the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the Chortomlyk Sich (sometimes referred to as the \"Old Sich\" (Stara Sich)) was destroyed and Baturyn, the capital of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, was razed."}, {"id": "Q165419", "label": "Ivan Mazepa", "section": "History - Struggle for independence", "says": "In advance to the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the Chortomlyk Sich (sometimes referred to as the \"Old Sich\" (Stara Sich)) was destroyed and Baturyn, the capital of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, was razed."}, {"id": "Q243201", "label": "Gregory Potyomkin", "section": "History - Destruction and aftermath", "says": "In May 1775, Russian General Peter Tekeli received orders to occupy and destroy the Zaporozhian Sich from Grigory Potemkin, who had been formally admitted into Cossackdom a few years earlier."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Destruction and aftermath", "says": "Some of the Cossack officer class, the starshyna, became hereditary Russian nobility and obtained huge lands despite their previous attempts to relocate the Sich to North America or Australia."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Destruction and aftermath", "says": "Others moved to Hungary to form a Sich there as a protectorate of the Austrian Empire."}], "Q1261908": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Pereyaslavl (Ukrainian: Переяславське князівство; Russian: Переяславское княжество) was a regional principality of Kievan Rus' from the end of 9th century until 1323, based in the city of Pereyaslavl (now Pereiaslav) on the river Trubizh."}], "Q3403551": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Galicia (Ukrainian: Галицьке князівство, romanized: Halytske kniazivstvo; Old East Slavic: Галицкоє кънѧжьство, romanized: Galickoje kǔnęžǐstvo), also known as the Principality of Halych or Principality of Halychian Rus', was a medieval East Slavic principality and one of the main regional states within the political framework of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by members of the senior line of the descendants of Yaroslav the Wise."}, {"id": "Q675847", "label": "Rostislav of Tmutarakan", "section": "lead", "says": "Halych, the capital, was first mentioned around 1124 as the seat of Ivan Vasylkovych, grandson of Rostislav of Tmutarakan."}, {"id": "Q371322", "label": "Mykhailo Hrushevskyi", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky, the domain of Halych was inherited by Rostyslav after the death of his father, Vladimir Yaroslavich."}, {"id": "Q332516", "label": "Iziaslav I of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was subsequently transferred to Yaropolk Iziaslavich, son of the Grand Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q997263", "label": "White Croats", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "The earliest recorded Slavic tribes inhabiting the territory of Red Rus' were the White Croats and the Dulebes."}, {"id": "Q320935", "label": "Nestor the Chronicler", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "According to Nestor the Chronicler, strongholds in the western part of Red Rus' were conquered by Vladimir the Great in 981."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "According to Nestor the Chronicler, strongholds in the western part of Red Rus' were conquered by Vladimir the Great in 981."}, {"id": "Q318434", "label": "Vsevolod I of Kiev", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "In 1084, with the support of Grand Prince Vsevolod I of Kiev, the three Rostyslavych brothers—sons of Rostislav Vladimirovich of Tmutarakan—settled in the region."}, {"id": "Q143099", "label": "Sviatopolk II of Kiev", "section": "History - Unification (1099–1152)", "says": "In 1099, at the Battle of Rozhne Field, the Galicians defeated the army of Grand Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev."}, {"id": "Q4189498", "label": "Zvenyhorod Principality", "section": "History - Unification (1099–1152)", "says": "After Berladnyk's defeat outside Halych, the Principality of Zvenyhorod was incorporated into the Galician lands."}, {"id": "Q269085", "label": "Iziaslav II of Kiev", "section": "History - Unification (1099–1152)", "says": "He consolidated princely authority, annexed several towns from the domain of the Grand Prince of Kiev, and succeeded in retaining them despite conflicts with both Iziaslav II of Kiev and Géza II of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q86940", "label": "Géza II of Hungary", "section": "History - Unification (1099–1152)", "says": "He consolidated princely authority, annexed several towns from the domain of the Grand Prince of Kiev, and succeeded in retaining them despite conflicts with both Iziaslav II of Kiev and Géza II of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "History - Contacts with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "During this period, Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos sought to involve the Rus' principalities in his diplomatic strategy against Hungary."}, {"id": "Q497904", "label": "Rostislav I of Kiev", "section": "History - Contacts with the Byzantine Empire", "says": "A subsequent mission to Kiev, then ruled by Prince Rostislav I of Kiev, produced a favourable treaty and the promise of auxiliary troops."}, {"id": "Q497773", "label": "Roman the Great", "section": "History - \"Freedom in princes\" (1187–1199)", "says": "After conflicts with him, they later turned to Roman the Great, prince of Volodymyr."}, {"id": "Q680472", "label": "Principality of Volhynia", "section": "History - Autocracy of Roman the Great and unification with Volhynia (1199–1205)", "says": "The Principality of Volhynia was united with Galicia, with Halych becoming the capital of the new Galicia–Volhynia principality."}, {"id": "Q348689", "label": "Vsevolod III the Big Nest", "section": "History - Autocracy of Roman the Great and unification with Volhynia (1199–1205)", "says": "Roman defeated the Igorevich brothers, rivals for the Galician throne, and established control over Kiev, installing his allies there with the consent of Vsevolod the Big Nest."}, {"id": "Q271104", "label": "Andrew II of Hungary", "section": "History - Autocracy of Roman the Great and unification with Volhynia (1199–1205)", "says": "Contemporary chronicles referred to him as \"Tsar and Autocrat of all Rus'.\"\nAfter Roman's death in 1205, his widow sought to preserve power in Galicia by appealing to King Andrew II of Hungary, who sent a Hungarian garrison to support her."}, {"id": "Q175138", "label": "Batu Khan", "section": "History - Daniel of Galicia and the Mongol invasion (1238–1264)", "says": "After visiting Batu Khan, he began paying tribute to the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Daniel of Galicia and the Mongol invasion (1238–1264)", "says": "After visiting Batu Khan, he began paying tribute to the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q2310836", "label": "Lubart", "section": "History - Last rise and decline (1269–1349)", "says": "Under subsequent rulers, the local nobility gradually regained influence, and from 1341 to 1349 power was effectively exercised by the nobleman Dmytro Dedko, while the Lithuanian prince Liubartas held nominal authority."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "History - Last rise and decline (1269–1349)", "says": "In 1349, following Dmytro's death, the Polish king Casimir III the Great marched on Lviv, acting in concert with both the Golden Horde and the Kingdom of Hungary."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Post-history", "says": "Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Galicia was annexed by the Austrian Empire and established as the administrative unit known as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with its center in Lviv."}, {"id": "Q2396442", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria", "section": "History - Post-history", "says": "Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Galicia was annexed by the Austrian Empire and established as the administrative unit known as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with its center in Lviv."}], "Q671362": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Turov, later called the Principality of Turov and Pinsk (Belarusian: Турава-Пінскае княства, romanized: Turava-Pinskaje kniastva; Russian: Турово-Пинское княжество, romanized: Turovo-Pinskoye knyazhestvo; Ukrainian: Турово-Пінське князівство, romanized: Turovo-Pins'ke knyazivstvo), also known as Turovian Rus', was a medieval principality of Kievan Rus' from the 10th century on "}, {"id": "Q239502", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, for a short period of time until the Mongol invasion, it enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy when it was annexed to the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 14th century, it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "History - Kiev Principality", "says": "During the time of Vladimir the Great (980 - 1015), the city of Turov and the immediate vicinity became part of Kievan Rus."}, {"id": "Q311575", "label": "Sviatopolk I of Kiev", "section": "History - Kiev Principality", "says": "Around 988, Vladimir appointed his eight-year-old son, Sviatopolk I of Kiev, to be knyaz of Turov."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "History - Izyaslavichi", "says": "In a series of three battles during 1016-1018, Yaroslav the Wise overthrew his older brother, Svyatopolk, and became Grand Prince of Kievan Rus."}, {"id": "Q1483495", "label": "Principality of Smolensk", "section": "History - Reinstatement", "says": "Along with the Principality of Smolensk, the army of Turau participated in the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223."}, {"id": "Q570204", "label": "Battle of the Kalka River", "section": "History - Reinstatement", "says": "Along with the Principality of Smolensk, the army of Turau participated in the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223."}, {"id": "Q244852", "label": "Gediminas", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "By that time Hleb Narymunt, the son of Gediminas, was already ruler of Pinsk, while Turov and Haradok were still ruled by Rurikids."}, {"id": "Q210398", "label": "Rurikids", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "By that time Hleb Narymunt, the son of Gediminas, was already ruler of Pinsk, while Turov and Haradok were still ruled by Rurikids."}], "Q209327": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kuba Kingdom flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries in the region bordered by the Sankuru, Lulua, and Kasai Rivers in the heart of the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "As the kingdom matured, it benefited from advanced techniques adopted from neighboring peoples as well as New World crops introduced from the Americas, such as maize, tobacco, cassava, and beans."}], "Q637238": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Baden (German: Kurfürstentum Baden) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803 to 1806."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1803, the Imperial diet bestowed the office of Prince-elector to Charles Frederick, but in 1806, Francis II dissolved the Empire."}], "Q648046": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire between 1521 and 1614, formed from the personal union of the duchies of Jülich, Cleves and Berg."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The name was resurrected after the Congress of Vienna for the province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg of the Kingdom of Prussia between 1815 and 1822."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The name was resurrected after the Congress of Vienna for the province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg of the Kingdom of Prussia between 1815 and 1822."}], "Q693562": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg (German: Herzogtum Sachsen-Wittenberg) was a medieval duchy of the Holy Roman Empire centered at Wittenberg, which emerged after the dissolution of the stem duchy of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ascanian dukes prevailed in obtaining the Saxon electoral dignity until their duchy was finally elevated to the Electorate of Saxony by the Golden Bull of 1356."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "1123), ancestor of the House of Ascania, had married Eilika, a daughter of Duke Magnus of Saxony from the House of Billung."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "As the Billung male line became extinct upon Magnus's death in 1106, Otto hoped to succeed him, however King Henry V of Germany enfeoffed Count Lothair of Supplinburg."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "Lothair was elected King of the Romans in 1125 and in 1134 he vested Otto's son Albert the Bear with the Saxon Northern March."}, {"id": "Q366696", "label": "Henry X", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "Upon his death in 1137, Albert once again strived for the Saxon duchy, which however fell to Lothair's son-in-law Henry the Proud from the Bavarian House of Welf."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "However, his rule was strongly contested by the local nobility and in 1142 Albert finally had to resign as duke in favour of Henry the Proud's son Henry the Lion."}, {"id": "Q683635", "label": "Wendish Crusade", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "Albert later took part in the Wendish Crusade of 1147 and in 1157 established the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "Albert later took part in the Wendish Crusade of 1147 and in 1157 established the Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "The third chance for the Ascanians came, when in 1180 ambitious Henry the Lion was deposed as Saxon Duke by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q657241", "label": "Duchy of Westphalia", "section": "History - Ascanian struggle for Saxony", "says": "Among the supporters, Archbishop Philip of Cologne received the largest share as the newly created Duchy of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q61258", "label": "Henry III", "section": "History - Anhalt, Wittenberg and Lauenburg", "says": "Upon the death of Margrave Henry III of Meissen in 1288, Duke Albert II applied at his father-in-law King Rudolph I for the enfeoffment of his son and heir Rudolph with the Saxon County palatine on the Unstrut river, which ensued a long lasting dispute with the eager clan of the House of Wettin."}, {"id": "Q108921", "label": "Siegfried II", "section": "History - Anhalt, Wittenberg and Lauenburg", "says": "After King Rudolph had died, Albert II with his nephews still minor, wielded the Saxon electoral vote, electing Adolph of Nassau, the brother-in-law of Archbishop Siegfried II of Cologne on 27 April 1292."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Anhalt, Wittenberg and Lauenburg", "says": "The bishop, together with King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, had succeeded in bringing Albert II in favour of electing Adolph (Albert II had signed an elector pact on 29 November 1291 that he would vote the same as Wenceslaus)."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "The definite partitioning of the Duchy of Saxony into Saxe-Lauenburg (German: Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg), jointly ruled by the brothers Albert III, Eric I and John II and Saxe-Wittenberg (German: Herzogtum Sachsen-Wittenberg), ruled by Albert II took place before 20 September 1296."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "Upon the assassination of his brother-in-law King Albert I in 1308, he voted for Count Henry of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "In 1314 both duchies participated in the double election of the German kings, Frederick III, the Fair from the House of Habsburg and his Wittelsbach cousin Louis IV, the Bavarian."}, {"id": "Q565434", "label": "Waldemar", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "Louis received five of the seven votes, to wit Archbishop-Elector Baldwin of Trier, the legitimate King John of Bohemia, Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, claiming the Saxon prince-electoral power, Archbishop Peter of Mainz, and Albert's Ascanian cousin Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q124950", "label": "Frederick the Fair", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "Frederick the Fair received in the same election four of the seven votes, with the deposed King Henry of Bohemia, illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop Henry II of Cologne, Louis' brother Count Rudolph I of the Palatinate, and Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, equally exercising the Saxon electoral dignity."}, {"id": "Q275408", "label": "Henry of Bohemia", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "Frederick the Fair received in the same election four of the seven votes, with the deposed King Henry of Bohemia, illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop Henry II of Cologne, Louis' brother Count Rudolph I of the Palatinate, and Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, equally exercising the Saxon electoral dignity."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "Frederick the Fair received in the same election four of the seven votes, with the deposed King Henry of Bohemia, illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop Henry II of Cologne, Louis' brother Count Rudolph I of the Palatinate, and Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, equally exercising the Saxon electoral dignity."}, {"id": "Q688081", "label": "Battle of Mühldorf", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "However, only Louis the Bavarian, co-elected with Saxe-Lauenburg's vote, finally asserted himself as emperor after the 1322 Battle of Mühldorf by the Treaty of Trausnitz on March 13, 1325."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "Rudolph I in turn allied with the rivaling House of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Duchy of Wittenberg", "says": "He supported Count Charles IV of Luxembourg as anti-king to Louis IV and on that account exclusively received the Saxon electoral dignity with the Golden Bull of 1356, thus slighting Saxe-Lauenburg."}], "Q700198": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Mark (German: Grafschaft Mark, French: Comté de La Marck colloquially known as Die Mark) was a county and state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle."}], "Q1034173": [{"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "They acknowledged Qing suzerainty and gained recognition from the Qianlong Emperor as the legitimate rulers of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q379775", "label": "Quang Trung", "section": "lead", "says": "But Quang Trung died relatively young at the age of 40 and his successor Cảnh Thịnh, aged 9, was unable to prevent civil conflict among the Tây Sơn court which allowed the last Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Ánh to retake the south of Vietnam, extinguish the Tây Sơn and establish the Nguyễn dynasty."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "While the Trịnh lords had enjoyed peace since the end of the war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn in 1672, the Nguyễn lords regularly campaigned against Cambodia and later the Kingdom of Siam."}, {"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "History - Overthrow of Lê dynasty and relationship with Qing dynasty", "says": "A few months later, realising that his hope of retaining power had gone, the Emperor Lê Chiêu Thống fled north to the Qing Empire of China, where he formally petitioned the Qianlong Emperor for aid."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "History - Overthrow of Lê dynasty and relationship with Qing dynasty", "says": "Anti-pirate activities were undertaken by a joint alliance between the Qing dynasty and Nguyễn lords Gia Long while Chinese pirates collaborated with the Tay Son."}, {"id": "Q1851231", "label": "Pigneau de Behaine", "section": "History - War with Nguyễn Ánh and fall", "says": "This paved the way for Nguyễn Ánh to capture the entire country within 10 years, with the help of French military adventurers enlisted by French bishop Pigneau de Behaine."}], "Q1062415": [{"id": "Q888712", "label": "Sourigna Vongsa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ [tɕàmpàːsák]) or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a Lao kingdom that emerged under King Nokasad, a grandson of King Sourigna Vongsa, the last king of Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ [tɕàmpàːsák]) or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a Lao kingdom that emerged under King Nokasad, a grandson of King Sourigna Vongsa, the last king of Lan Xang."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was sited on the eastern or Left Bank of the Mekong, south of the Right Bank principality of Khong Chiam where the Mun River joins; and east of where the Mekong makes a sharp bend to the west to return abruptly and flow southeasterly down to what is now Cambodia."}], "Q10800789": [{"id": "Q1771050", "label": "Lê Thánh Tông", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông and declined after his death in 1497."}, {"id": "Q9977", "label": "Xuande Emperor", "section": "History - Lam Sơn uprising (1418–1427)", "says": "The new Ming ruler, the Xuande Emperor, wished to end the war with Vietnam, but his advisors urged one more effort to subdue the rebellious province."}, {"id": "Q2986223", "label": "Lê Thái Tông", "section": "History - Lê Thái Tông (ruled 1433–1442)", "says": "Lê Thái Tông (黎太宗, ruled 1433–1442) was the official heir to Lê Lợi."}, {"id": "Q1186434", "label": "Muang Phuan", "section": "History - Lê Thái Tông (ruled 1433–1442)", "says": "On a stone monument that was carved in 1439 under Thái Tông's reign said \"Bồn-Man (Muang Phuan) barbarians were against our assimilation, they need to be exterminated to their roots, and with the Sơn-Man (Mường and Chứt) barbaric raiders, we need to eliminated all of them,...\"\nAccording to a Mạc–Trịnh version of Complete Annals of Đại Việt, the new Emperor had a weakness for women."}, {"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "History - Lê Thánh Tông (ruled 1460–1497)", "says": "He built temples to Confucius throughout the provinces of Đại Việt."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Hồng Đức's campaigns against Champa and Lan Xang (1471–1480)", "says": "The Kingdom of Champa was reduced to a small enclave near Panduranga (modern day Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm) and Kauthara (now Nha Trang) with many Chams fleeing to Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Hồng Đức's campaigns against Champa and Lan Xang (1471–1480)", "says": "From 1478 to 1480, Lê Thánh Tông led an expedition against the kingdoms of Lan Xang and Lanna in today Laos and Northern Thailand."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Hồng Đức's campaigns against Champa and Lan Xang (1471–1480)", "says": "From 1478 to 1480, Lê Thánh Tông led an expedition against the kingdoms of Lan Xang and Lanna in today Laos and Northern Thailand."}, {"id": "Q460302", "label": "Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo", "section": "History - Hồng Đức's campaigns against Champa and Lan Xang (1471–1480)", "says": "King of Lan Xang Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo sought refuge in Lanna."}, {"id": "Q842177", "label": "Lê Túc Tông", "section": "History - Decline of the Early period", "says": "He chose his third son, Lê Túc Tông (黎肅宗) to be his successor."}, {"id": "Q6506727", "label": "Le Chieu Tong", "section": "History - Crisis and revolts", "says": "At 14 years old, nephew of Lê Tương Dực, prince Lê Y, was enthroned as the new emperor Lê Chiêu Tông (ruled 1516–1522)."}, {"id": "Q6506833", "label": "Lê Cung Hoàng", "section": "History - Usurpation of Mạc Đăng Dung", "says": "Soon after Lê Chiêu Tông fled south with the Trịnh and the Nguyễn in 1522, Mạc Đăng Dung proclaimed the Emperor's younger brother, Lê Xuân, as the new Emperor under the name Lê Cung Hoàng."}, {"id": "Q10011", "label": "Jiajing Emperor of Ming", "section": "History - Southern and Northern Dynasties (1533–1597)", "says": "In 1536 and 1537, Nguyên Hòa sent two envoys to Beijing to ask the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming dynasty to send an army to fight against the Mạc to restore the Lê dynasty."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "History - Restored Lê (1597–1789)", "says": "In 1589, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent envoys to the Lê court in Thanh Hoá, asking the Vietnamese to join Japan's alliance against Ming China and Joseon Korea."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "History - Trịnh–Nguyễn contention", "says": "This border was very close to the Seventeenth parallel (in actuality the Bến Hải River located just to the south in Quảng Trị Province), which was imposed as the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam during the 1954–1975 Partition of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "History - Trịnh–Nguyễn contention", "says": "This border was very close to the Seventeenth parallel (in actuality the Bến Hải River located just to the south in Quảng Trị Province), which was imposed as the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam during the 1954–1975 Partition of Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China", "says": "The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Empire under the pretense of restoring Lê dynasty dispatched a large force of 200,000 soldiers, to invade Northern Vietnam, captured the capital Thăng Long."}, {"id": "Q175379", "label": "Empire of China", "section": "History - Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China", "says": "From this point on, Lê Chiêu Thống failed to receive support from the Qing Empire of China any more."}, {"id": "Q333178", "label": "Jiaqing Emperor", "section": "History - Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China", "says": "In 1802, when envoys of the Nguyễn dynasty visited China, Lê dynasty loyalists requested that the Jiaqing Emperor let them bring Lê Chiêu Thống's remains back to Vietnam and the emperor agreed."}], "Q1106857": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It gained independence from the United Kingdom  on 26 June 1960 and on 1 July 1960, together with the Trust Territory of Somaliland which gained independence from Italy and ended its UN trusteeship under Italian administration on the same day, they formed the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q7559152", "label": "Somali Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It gained independence from the United Kingdom  on 26 June 1960 and on 1 July 1960, together with the Trust Territory of Somaliland which gained independence from Italy and ended its UN trusteeship under Italian administration on the same day, they formed the Somali Republic."}], "Q1141632": [{"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Vientiane was formed in 1707 as a result of the split of the Kingdom of Lan Xang."}], "Q1194906": [{"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "Aśmaka or Assaka was a Mahajanapada in ancient India which existed between 700 BCE and 425 or 345 BCE according to the Buddhist texts and Puranas."}], "Q1330290": [{"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the ruling Tufa clan were of Xianbei ethnicity and distant relatives of the Tuoba imperial house of the Northern Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1074783", "label": "Tufa Rutan", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was briefly discontinued in 404 after Tufa Rutan surrendered to the Later Qin, but restored in 408."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was briefly discontinued in 404 after Tufa Rutan surrendered to the Later Qin, but restored in 408."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the Cao Wei period, they surrendered to the general, Deng Ai and were relocated to what later became known as Qin province."}, {"id": "Q550368", "label": "Deng Ai", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the Cao Wei period, they surrendered to the general, Deng Ai and were relocated to what later became known as Qin province."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Tufa returned to prominence during the Former Qin collapse that followed the Battle of Fei River."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Tufa returned to prominence during the Former Qin collapse that followed the Battle of Fei River."}, {"id": "Q943392", "label": "Former Liang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 386, their chieftain, Tufa Sifujian (禿髮思復鞬) allied with Zhang Dayu, who sought to restore the Former Liang, but Dayu was defeated and executed by the Later Liang."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 386, their chieftain, Tufa Sifujian (禿髮思復鞬) allied with Zhang Dayu, who sought to restore the Former Liang, but Dayu was defeated and executed by the Later Liang."}, {"id": "Q1069790", "label": "Tufa Wugu", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Sifujian died, his son, Tufa Wugu succeeded him."}, {"id": "Q1069762", "label": "Lü Guang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "He caught the attention of the Later Liang ruler, Lü Guang who granted him offices and the title of Duke of Guangwu."}, {"id": "Q1668970", "label": "Western Qin", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "After Later Liang suffered a heavy defeat to Western Qin in 397, Tufa Wugu proclaimed himself the Prince of Xiping and changed the era name, signifying a breakaway."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Soon, the Northern Liang was also established by Duan Ye at Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu), while a revolt broke out at the Later Liang capital, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) led by Guo Nun, throwing Later Liang into a state of civil war."}, {"id": "Q1131409", "label": "Duan Ye", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Soon, the Northern Liang was also established by Duan Ye at Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu), while a revolt broke out at the Later Liang capital, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) led by Guo Nun, throwing Later Liang into a state of civil war."}, {"id": "Q1074794", "label": "Tufa Lilugu", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "After Tufa Lilugu succeeded his brother, he shifted the capital to Xiping (西平郡; around present-day Xining, Qinghai) and claimed the title of Prince of Hexi."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "He also entered an alliance with the Western Liang to counter Northern Liang."}, {"id": "Q1074762", "label": "Qifu Chipan", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Tufa Rutan was initially treated with honor in Western Qin, but by the end of 414, he was poisoned to death by their ruler, Qifu Chipan."}], "Q1331184": [{"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "Vatsa or Vamsa (IPA: [ʋɐt̪sɐ], Pali and Ardhamagadhi: Vaccha, IPA: [ʋɐtːʃʰɐ], literally \"calf\") was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) of Uttarapatha of ancient India mentioned in the Aṅguttara Nikāya."}], "Q1530762": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Kandy (මහනුවර රාජධානිය​) was a Sinhalese monarchy on the island of Sri Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was absorbed into the British Empire as a protectorate following the Kandyan Convention of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the Uva Rebellion of 1817."}, {"id": "Q3538392", "label": "Kandyan Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was absorbed into the British Empire as a protectorate following the Kandyan Convention of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the Uva Rebellion of 1817."}, {"id": "Q5293787", "label": "Dona Catherina of Kandy", "section": "History - Under Sitawaka occupation (1582–1592)", "says": "The Kandyan king, Karalliyadde Kumara Bandara (also known as Jayavira III), fled north to the Jaffna Kingdom with his daughter, Kusumasana Devi (later known as Dona Catherina of Kandy), and her husband, Yamasinghe Bandara."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Under Sitawaka occupation (1582–1592)", "says": "Both eventually converted to Christianity under Portuguese influence, adopting the names Dona Catherina and Don Philipe respectively."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Consolidation (1592–1739)", "says": "Relations between the Dutch Republic and the Kandyans were initiated on 2 June 1602 when Dutch explorer Joris van Spilbergen arrived at Santhamuruthu on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q3529329", "label": "Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy", "section": "History - Consolidation (1592–1739)", "says": "Vimaladharmasuriya I died in 1604, and the throne passed to his cousin, Senarat."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Consolidation (1592–1739)", "says": "Further north, in 1619, Cankili II was deposed and the Jaffna Kingdom absorbed into the Portuguese Empire."}, {"id": "Q3454159", "label": "Rajasinghe II of Kandy", "section": "History - Consolidation (1592–1739)", "says": "The throne now passed to Senarat's son Rajasinha II, who led the Kandyans to a major victory over the Portuguese at Gannoruwa on 28 March 1638."}, {"id": "Q6416215", "label": "Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy", "section": "History - Internal strife under the Nayaks (1739–1815)", "says": "Though Sri Vijaya Rajasinha's reign (1739–1747) proved relatively peaceful, his successor Kirti Sri Rajasinha had to deal with two major rebellions."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "History - Dismantling of institutions (Post 1817)", "says": "Brownrigg also issued a Sri Lanka Gazette Notification that condemned anyone who participated in the Great Uprising with property confiscation, extradition to Mauritius, and even execution. (This Gazette Notification labelling the rebels as \"traitors\" was only revoked two centuries later, in 2017, with 81 leaders of the freedom struggle being formally declared as National Heroes.) Molligoda, howev"}], "Q1539360": [{"id": "Q1131409", "label": "Duan Ye", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Duan Ye of Han ethnicity was initially enthroned as the Northern Liang ruler with support from the Juqu clan, Duan was subsequently overthrown in 401 and Juqu Mengxun was proclaimed monarch."}, {"id": "Q1069797", "label": "Juqu Mengxun", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Duan Ye of Han ethnicity was initially enthroned as the Northern Liang ruler with support from the Juqu clan, Duan was subsequently overthrown in 401 and Juqu Mengxun was proclaimed monarch."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Juqu eventually submitted to the Han dynasty, and centuries later found themselves serving under the Di-led Later Liang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1668970", "label": "Western Qin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the Later Liang suffered a heavy defeat to the Western Qin in 397, two members of the Juqu, Juqu Luochou (沮渠羅仇) and Juqu Quzhou (沮渠麴粥) were blamed for the loss and executed."}, {"id": "Q712325", "label": "Li Gao", "section": "History - Reign of Duan Ye", "says": "However, in 400, the Administrator of Dunhuang, Li Gao rebelled in his commandery and established the Western Liang, taking over the westernmost region and attracting the local Han Chinese."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "History - Reign of Duan Ye", "says": "However, in 400, the Administrator of Dunhuang, Li Gao rebelled in his commandery and established the Western Liang, taking over the westernmost region and attracting the local Han Chinese."}, {"id": "Q1330290", "label": "Southern Liang", "section": "History - Reign of Juqu Mengxun", "says": "Initially, Mengxun allied with the Southern Liang to destroy Later Liang, achieving so in 403."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Reign of Juqu Mengxun", "says": "He then declared himself a vassal of the Later Qin and began clashing with Southern Liang and Western Liang."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Reign of Juqu Mengxun", "says": "However, in 431, both Western Qin and Xia fell, and Northern Liang was now in direct contact with the powerful Northern Wei dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1132566", "label": "Juqu Mujian", "section": "History - Reign of Juqu Mujian", "says": "Juqu Mengxun grew deathly ill in 433, and as he was dying, his officials considered his heir apparent, Juqu Puti (沮渠菩提) as being too young to lead and supported another son, Juqu Mujian to the throne."}, {"id": "Q1194963", "label": "Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei", "section": "History - Reign of Juqu Mujian", "says": "After succeeding his father, Mujian was compelled into entering a marriage alliance with Wei, sending his sister Princess Xingping to marry Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei while he married Taiwu's sister, Princess Wuwei, and Wei granted him the title of King of Hexi."}, {"id": "Q129854572", "label": "Jushi Kingdom", "section": "History - Northern Liang of Gaochang (442-460)", "says": "Anzhou destroyed the Jushi Kingdom in 450 and attempted to maintain friendly relations with the Rouran Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "History - Northern Liang of Gaochang (442-460)", "says": "Anzhou destroyed the Jushi Kingdom in 450 and attempted to maintain friendly relations with the Rouran Khaganate."}], "Q1757296": [{"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The site was captured by Turkey during the 1974 invasion and is currently controlled by Northern Cyprus."}], "Q184646": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Décapole (French pronunciation: [dekapɔl] ; German: Zehnstädtebund [ˈtseːnʃtɛːtəˌbʊnt], Dekapolis or Dekapole) was an alliance formed in 1354 by ten Imperial cities of the Holy Roman Empire in the Alsace region to maintain their rights."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1354 Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg ratified the treaty uniting the towns of Haguenau, Colmar, Wissembourg, Turckheim, Obernai, Kaysersberg, Rosheim, Munster, Sélestat and Mulhouse."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1354 Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg ratified the treaty uniting the towns of Haguenau, Colmar, Wissembourg, Turckheim, Obernai, Kaysersberg, Rosheim, Munster, Sélestat and Mulhouse."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1515, Mulhouse pulled out of the alliance in order to associate with the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance was strongly shaken by the Thirty Years' War which ravaged the region, allowing Louis XIV of France to annex southern Alsace according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance was strongly shaken by the Thirty Years' War which ravaged the region, allowing Louis XIV of France to annex southern Alsace according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance was strongly shaken by the Thirty Years' War which ravaged the region, allowing Louis XIV of France to annex southern Alsace according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Mulhouse remained an independent city and exclave of the Swiss Confederacy until in 1798 it was annexed to the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Landau together with the Palatinate was given to Bavaria after the 1815 Congress of Vienna."}], "Q2047076": [{"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate in the hands of the Kyrgyz in 840, they gained political prestige and, for a short period until the mid-10th century (c."}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - Bars Bek", "says": "However, this only temporarily dulled the most acute contradictions between the Göktürks and the Kyrgyz, who fought for dominance over Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q83142", "label": "Yenisei Kirghiz", "section": "History - Relations with Tang dynasty", "says": "The first embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang, in 632."}, {"id": "Q9701", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "section": "History - Relations with Tang dynasty", "says": "The first embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang, in 632."}, {"id": "Q706443", "label": "Li Guang", "section": "History - Relations with Tang dynasty", "says": "The Kyrgyz rulers claimed descent from the Han general Li Ling, grandson of the general Li Guang."}], "Q2078820": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "17 January] 1918 from parts of the Kherson and Bessarabia Governorates of the former Russian Empire."}], "Q2114397": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Yogyakarta, officially the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Javanese: ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀​ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡ​ꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, romanized: Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Javanese pronunciation: [ŋajogjɔkartɔ hadinɪŋrat]; Indonesian: Kesultanan Yogyakarta), is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Yogyakarta existed as a state since 1755 on the territory of modern Indonesia in the central part of Java Island."}], "Q2314869": [{"id": "Q943392", "label": "Former Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by the Lü family of the Di ethnicity and given the prefix of \"Later\" in historiography to distinguish it with the Former Liang dynasty before them and the three Liang states (Southern, Northern and Western) that emerged during their collapse."}, {"id": "Q1069762", "label": "Lü Guang", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's founder, Lü Guang initially took on lesser titles before declaring himself Heavenly King of Liang in 396, and so the state was only known as \"Liang\" (涼) from 396 to 403."}, {"id": "Q1330290", "label": "Southern Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Southern Liang and Northern Liang broke away in 397, their territory was gradually reduced to their capital region in central Gansu."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Southern Liang and Northern Liang broke away in 397, their territory was gradually reduced to their capital region in central Gansu."}, {"id": "Q7221", "label": "Emperor Wen of Han", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Lü Guang's family claimed descent from Lü Wenhe (呂文和), a Han Chinese from Pei Commandery who fled to Lüeyang Commandery (略陽郡; in modern Tianshui, Gansu) to escape persecution during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han (180–157 BC)."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Lü integrated into the Di people of Lüeyang as chieftains and later served the Di-led Former Qin dynasty when they first established in 351."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Background", "says": "It was around this time when he was made aware that the Former Qin was collapsing following their defeat to the Eastern Jin at the Battle of Fei River in 383."}, {"id": "Q1668970", "label": "Western Qin", "section": "History - Reign of Lü Guang", "says": "He then began a war with the Western Qin in Longxi in 391, eventually managing to briefly force them into submission in 395."}, {"id": "Q1131409", "label": "Duan Ye", "section": "History - Reign of Lü Guang", "says": "Most notably, the Tufa-Xianbei tribe rebelled at Lianchuan (廉川堡, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) and founded the Southern Liang, while at Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu), the Han Chinese administrator, Duan Ye, with the help of the Lushuihu Juqu family,established the Northern Liang."}, {"id": "Q1078559", "label": "Lü Shao", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In 400, Lü Guang declared himself retired emperor while his eldest son to his wife, Lü Shao succeeded him as Heavenly King."}, {"id": "Q1131418", "label": "Lü Zuan", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "However, shortly after Lü Guang died, the eldest among all of Lü Guang's son, Lü Zuan, launched a coup and forced Lü Shao to commit suicide."}, {"id": "Q1131646", "label": "Lü Long", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In 401, his cousin, Lü Chao had him assassinated and passed the throne to his own brother, Lü Long."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The situation in Later Liang soon became known to the Later Qin in the east, who then laid siege onto Guzang and forced Lü Long to submit as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q1074768", "label": "Yao Hong", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "He became a confidant to the prince, Yao Bi, who plotted to usurp the role of Crown Prince from his brother, Yao Hong."}], "Q2370784": [{"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded in Xi'an on 8 February 1644, the first day of the lunar year, by Li Zicheng, the leader of a large peasant rebellion, by proclaiming himself \"emperor\" (皇帝) instead of the title \"king\" (王) before founding the dynasty."}, {"id": "Q4520158", "label": "Battle of Shanhai Pass", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Beijing by the Shun forces in April 1644 marked the end of the Ming dynasty, but Li Zicheng failed to solidify his political and military control, and in late May 1644 he was defeated at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Ming general Wu Sangui (who had defected to the Qing dynasty), with Manchu prince Dorgon."}, {"id": "Q468701", "label": "Wu Sangui", "section": "lead", "says": "The capture of Beijing by the Shun forces in April 1644 marked the end of the Ming dynasty, but Li Zicheng failed to solidify his political and military control, and in late May 1644 he was defeated at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Ming general Wu Sangui (who had defected to the Qing dynasty), with Manchu prince Dorgon."}, {"id": "Q1198163", "label": "Southern Ming dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of the emperor, Shun remnants joined with the Southern Ming in Nanjing, while continuing to refer to Li as their \"deceased emperor\"."}], "Q248572": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Maguindanao (Maguindanaon: Kasultanan nu Magindanaw, Jawi: كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو; Filipino: Kasultanan ng Mangindánaw) was a Sunni Muslim sultanate that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, especially in modern-day Maguindanao provinces (Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte), Soccsksargen, Zamboanga Peninsula and Davao Region."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Chinese records", "says": "Wenduling was invaded by then Hindu-Buddhist Brunei (Pon-i), until it rebelled and successfully broke away after the Majapahit invasion of the latter."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Islamization and founding", "says": "Two brothers named Mamalu and Tabunaway lived peacefully in the Cotabato Valley on Mindanao and then Sharif Kabungsuwan from Johor in what is now modern day Malaysia, preached Islam in the area in the 16th century, Tabunaway converted, while Mamalu decided to hold fast to their ancestral animist beliefs."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Islamization and founding", "says": "Shariff Kabungsuwan preached Islam in the area, which was earlier Hindu-influenced from Srivijaya times, at the end of the 16th century and established himself as Sultan seated in Malabang."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - War with Spain", "says": "The Maguindanao sultanate also had a close alliance with the Ternate sultanate of the Moluccas region of Indonesia."}], "Q255931": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Haripuñjaya (Mon: ဟရိဘုဉ္ဇယ; Northern Thai: ᩉᩁᩥᨷᩩᨬᨩᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ; Thai: หริภุญชัย, RTGS: Hariphunchai), also spelled Haribhuñjaya, was an ancient Mon kingdom in what is now Northern Thailand, existing from the 7th or 8th to 13th century CE."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1292 the city was besieged and captured by Mangrai of the Tai kingdom of Lan Na."}, {"id": "Q1332305", "label": "Lavo Kingdom", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Hermit Sukatanata requested the Mon ruler of the Lavo Kingdom (present-day Lopburi) to send his daughter, Jamadevi, to become the first queen of the city."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The local legend has it that at the beginning of her reign Haripuñjaya's Jamadevi defeated the Lawa dynasty's Khun Luang Wilangka, the 13th king of Raming Nakhon (ระมิงค์นคร, present Chiang Mai)."}], "Q26996": [{"id": "Q26264", "label": "Chionites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kidarites belonged to a complex group of peoples known collectively in India as the Huna, and in Europe as the Chionites (from the Iranian names Xwn/Xyon), and may even be considered as identical to the Chionites."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "They are entirely different from the Hephthalites, who replaced them about a century later."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 360–370 CE, a Kidarite kingdom was established in Central Asian regions previously ruled by the Sasanian Empire, replacing the Kushano-Sasanians in Bactria."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Next, circa 390-410 CE, the Kidarites invaded northwestern India, where they replaced the remnants of the Kushan Empire in the area of Punjab."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "Origins", "says": "Chinese sources suggest that when the Uar (滑 Huá) were driven westward by the Later Zhao state, circa 320, from the area around Pingyang (平陽; modern Linfen, Shanxi), it put pressure on Xionite-affiliated peoples, such as the Kidarites, to migrate."}], "Q276951": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 1023 and lasted until 1091, in what is today southern Spain and Portugal."}], "Q3100718": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chinggisids were the descendants of Genghis Khan, also known as Chinggis Khan, and his first wife Börte."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty, which evolved from Genghis Khan's own Borjigin tribe, ruled the Mongol Empire and its successor states."}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"Chinggisid principle\"—that only descendants of Genghis Khan and Börte could be legitimate rulers of the Mongol or post-Mongol world—would be an important concept for centuries, until the fall of Kazakh Khanate, the last states ruled by Chinggisid monarchs, in 1847."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of the Mongol conquests, the Chinggisids became the rulers of most of Eurasia, even after the Mongol Empire split into successor states: the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of the Mongol conquests, the Chinggisids became the rulers of most of Eurasia, even after the Mongol Empire split into successor states: the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Because of the Mongol conquests, the Chinggisids became the rulers of most of Eurasia, even after the Mongol Empire split into successor states: the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty."}], "Q33235": [{"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Burgundy (Latin: Burgundia superior; French: Bourgogne supérieure) was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy, that existed from 888 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy, that lasted until 1032."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "During those periods, the region of Upper Burgundy was encompassing the entire Juran Burgundy (French: Bourgogne jurane), including the County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté)."}, {"id": "Q468902", "label": "Middle Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Upper Burgundy was established in 888 by the Welf king Rudolph I within the territory of former Middle Francia."}, {"id": "Q33242", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Under his son and successor, king Rudolph II, Upper Burgundy was reunited with Lower Burgundy in 933 to form the Kingdom of Burgundy, that existed until 1032."}, {"id": "Q835646", "label": "Treaty of Prüm", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "Upon the second partition by the Treaty of Prüm and Emperor Lothair's death in 855, his second son Lothair II subsumed his portion of Upper Burgundy into his Middle Frankish kingdom of Lotharingia, while his younger brother Charles received Cisjuran Burgundy and the Kingdom of Provence."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "Upon the second partition by the Treaty of Prüm and Emperor Lothair's death in 855, his second son Lothair II subsumed his portion of Upper Burgundy into his Middle Frankish kingdom of Lotharingia, while his younger brother Charles received Cisjuran Burgundy and the Kingdom of Provence."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "Upon the second partition by the Treaty of Prüm and Emperor Lothair's death in 855, his second son Lothair II subsumed his portion of Upper Burgundy into his Middle Frankish kingdom of Lotharingia, while his younger brother Charles received Cisjuran Burgundy and the Kingdom of Provence."}, {"id": "Q215204", "label": "Louis II of Italy", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "The Provence territory in the south passed to the eldest brother King Louis II of Italy."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "Hucbert, however, fell out of favour after Lothair II divorced Teutberga, was defeated at the Battle of Orbe in 864 and replaced by Count Conrad II of Auxerre from the Elder House of Welf (Rudolfings), who from 866 ruled Transjurania as a margrave."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "When Lothair II died without heirs in 869, his Lotharingian realm was divided into a West and East Frankish part between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "When Lothair II died without heirs in 869, his Lotharingian realm was divided into a West and East Frankish part between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "When Lothair II died without heirs in 869, his Lotharingian realm was divided into a West and East Frankish part between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Lotharingia", "says": "Upper Burgundy was to be politically close to East Francia."}, {"id": "Q150712", "label": "Charles the Fat", "section": "History - Kingdom of Upper Burgundy", "says": "Emperor Charles the Fat, son of Louis the German, by 884 had once again reunited all Carolingian territories, except for the Lower Burgundian Kingdom of Provence established by Boso of Vienne in 879."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Kingdom of Upper Burgundy", "says": "When Charles was deposed and died in 888, the Carolingian Empire disintegrated again."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "History - Kingdom of Upper Burgundy", "says": "At first, King Rudolph I tried to re-unite the Lotharingian realm of late Lothair II, but strong opposition by the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia forced him to focus on his territory of Transjurania and the western Franche-Comté estates."}, {"id": "Q685798", "label": "Battle of Winterthur", "section": "History - Kingdom of Upper Burgundy", "says": "However, he again lost the Swabian estates of Thurgau and Zürichgau when he was defeated by the forces of Duke Burchard II in the 919 Battle of Winterthur."}], "Q33242": [{"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Lower Burgundy (Latin: Burgundia inferior; French: Bourgogne inférieure) was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, that existed from 879 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q33235", "label": "Upper Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The borders of Lower Burgundy were the region of Upper Burgundy to the north, the Kingdom of Italy to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, Septimania to the southwest, and Aquitaine to the west."}], "Q3916279": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Macau's history under Portugal can be broadly divided into three distinct political periods."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Finally, in the aftermath of the 12-3 incident in 1966, the third was the transition period or post-colonial period, after the Carnation Revolution in 1974 until the handover in 1999."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Arrival of the Portuguese", "says": "In 1517, Fernão Pires de Andrade, the head of a Portuguese expedition to China, managed to negotiate with the Chinese authorities in Canton for the entry of the Portuguese ambassador Tomé Pires to Beijing and the establishment of a trading post in Tamão."}, {"id": "Q5452540", "label": "First Battle of Tamao", "section": "History - Arrival of the Portuguese", "says": "The Portuguese were then chased away from Cantonese waters in two successive battles, the 1521 Battle of Tunmen and the 1522 Battle of Sincouwaan, marking the end of the Tamão settlement."}, {"id": "Q1275321", "label": "Wang Bo", "section": "History - Founding of Macau", "says": "At the same time, the merchants Leonel de Sousa and Simão d'Almeida offered bribes to Wang Bo, the vice-commissioner for maritime defense."}, {"id": "Q83029", "label": "Gregory XIII", "section": "History - Catholic Church in early Portuguese Macau", "says": "Due to the great importance of Macau, Pope Gregory XIII created the Diocese of Macau on 23 January 1576."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Macau during the Iberian Union", "says": "In 1581, the residents of Macau learned of the accession of Philip II of Spain to the throne of Portugal, which took place in the year 1580."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - Attempted Dutch takeover", "says": "Having an important strategic position, Macau was attacked several times by the Dutch during the Eighty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "History - Attempted Dutch takeover", "says": "King Philip III of Spain, who was at war with the Dutch, put an embargo on Dutch trading ships in all his territories including Portugal, so these ships headed east, causing many problems for the Portuguese settled in this region."}, {"id": "Q1060796", "label": "John IV of Portugal", "section": "History - Title awarded by King John IV", "says": "Therefore, after the restoration of Portugal's independence and sovereignty in 1640, King John IV of Portugal rewarded this trust and loyalty in 1654, by granting Macau the title \"No other is more loyal\"."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Competition with European powers", "says": "These European powers, with large and powerful fleets of merchant and warships, attacked the great but weakened Portuguese Empire, occupying and/or looting its colonies and trading bases and intercepting many of its trade routes."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Loss of Malacca and end of trade with Japan and Manila", "says": "This event, combined with the prohibition of Christianity by the Japanese authorities in 1614, contributed to the fact that Portuguese trade in Japan was conducted with increasing difficulties."}, {"id": "Q12060881", "label": "Chinese Empire", "section": "History - Growing instability in China", "says": "The transition from the Chinese Ming dynasty to the Manchu Qing dynasty, which lasted several years, caused strong instability in the Chinese Empire and made the internal markets of China and all of Southeast Asia uncertain, fatally affecting the commercial activity of the residents of Macau."}, {"id": "Q773874", "label": "Maria I of Portugal", "section": "History - The balance of power between the Governor and the Loyal Senate", "says": "Already having suffered a significant decrease due to the increasing and abusive restrictions and impositions of the Chinese authorities, the internal reform carried out during the reign of Queen Maria I of Portugal restricted the powers and especially the autonomy of the Senate."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Peninsular War and Battle of the Bocca Tigris", "says": "During the Peninsular War (1807–1814), in September 1808 Macau was occupied by troops from the expeditionary force under the command of Rear Admiral William O'Brien Drury, commander-in-chief of the British Naval Forces in the seas of Asia, under the pretext of protection against the French threat."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "History - The rise of Hong Kong and the loss of Macau's economic importance", "says": "The prosperity and importance of the port of Macau was drastically reduced after the First Opium War in 1841, when Hong Kong became the most important Western port in China."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - The rise of Hong Kong and the loss of Macau's economic importance", "says": "The prosperity and importance of the port of Macau was drastically reduced after the First Opium War in 1841, when Hong Kong became the most important Western port in China."}, {"id": "Q221145", "label": "Maria II of Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese authority consolidated", "says": "This desire of Portugal was fulfilled on 20 September 1844, with the promulgation of a royal decree signed by Queen Maria II of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q59223", "label": "Zhongshan", "section": "History - The Passaleão", "says": "After the confrontation of Passaleão, the Tso-tang was transferred to Chinsan or Xiangshan (modern Zhongshan), a Chinese town neighboring Macau, with its power shaken."}, {"id": "Q700327", "label": "Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking", "section": "History - Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Commerce of 1887", "says": "This treaty, also called the \"Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking\", was signed by Sun Xuwen, the representative of China, and by Portuguese plenipotentiary minister Tomás de Sousa Rosa, who was assisted by Pedro Nolasco da Silva."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "In 1941, during World War II, the Portuguese were expelled and the islands occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army (no armed struggle or deaths were recorded, which constantly launched threats to the government of Macau."}, {"id": "Q4263317", "label": "Lisbon Protocol", "section": "History - 19th century on", "says": "On 26 March 1887, the Lisbon Protocol was signed, in which China recognised the \"perpetual occupation and government of Macao\" by Portugal who in turn, agreed never to surrender Macau to a third party without Chinese agreement."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - 19th century on", "says": "Although the Nationalist (Kuomintang) government in China vowed to abrogate the \"unequal treaties\", Macau's status remained unchanged."}, {"id": "Q16241869", "label": "Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration", "section": "History - Post-war Macau and Carnation Revolution", "says": "The 1987 Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration called Macau a \"Chinese territory under Portuguese administration\"."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Transfer of sovereignty", "says": "The transfer of full sovereignty to the People's Republic of China was performed in a ceremony on 20 December 1999, in the early hours of the morning, according to the Joint Declaration, after many years of negotiations and preparations."}], "Q404774": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, the Sultanate became part of the Aden Protectorate of the British Empire, though nominally the 'Abdali Sultan retained his status."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1839, the Sultanate became part of the Aden Protectorate of the British Empire, though nominally the 'Abdali Sultan retained his status."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aden Protectorate was briefly ruled again by the Ottomans during World War I, but regained by the British after the Ottoman defeat in World War I and absorbed into Federation of South Arabia in 1963."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aden Protectorate was briefly ruled again by the Ottomans during World War I, but regained by the British after the Ottoman defeat in World War I and absorbed into Federation of South Arabia in 1963."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The 'Abdali dynasty was officially abolished in 1967, with the proclamation of South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - Reinstalled British protectorate and Federation of South Arabia", "says": "The Sultan visited India in 1922 and England in 1924 when he was received by His Majesty King George V, together with his son Fadlil."}, {"id": "Q2119459", "label": "Democratic Republic of Yemen", "section": "History - South Yemen", "says": "The dynasty of the Sultanate of Lahej was abolished with the founding of the socialist state of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)."}], "Q4137588": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Bukovina (German: Herzogtum Bukowina or Herzogtum Buchenland; Romanian: Ducatul Bucovinei; Ukrainian: Герцогство Буковина, romanized: Hertsohstvo Bukovyna) was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire from 1849 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Bukovina (German: Herzogtum Bukowina or Herzogtum Buchenland; Romanian: Ducatul Bucovinei; Ukrainian: Герцогство Буковина, romanized: Hertsohstvo Bukovyna) was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire from 1849 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918."}, {"id": "Q2396442", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Habsburg monarchy had aimed at a land connection from the Principality of Transylvania to the newly acquired Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria."}, {"id": "Q123227", "label": "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "After the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was concluded in July 1774, the Austrians entered into negotiations with the Sublime Porte from October and could finally obtain a territory of Moldavia with an area of about 10,000 square kilometres (ca."}, {"id": "Q2641192", "label": "Grigore III Ghica", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "For opposing and protesting the annexation of the northwestern part of Moldavia, the Moldavian ruler Prince Grigore III Ghica was assassinated by the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q16693403", "label": "Bukovina District", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "Bukovina at first was a closed military district from 1775 until 1786, and then was incorporated as the largest district, the Bukovina District, of the Austrian constituent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "The Habsburg emperor Joseph II wished to affiliate the region with the provinces of the Austrian monarchy (though not with the Holy Roman Empire); he had the devastated lands colonised by Danube Swabians, later known as Bukovina Germans."}, {"id": "Q51056", "label": "Franz Joseph I of Austria", "section": "History - Austrian rule", "says": "In 1860 the Bukovina was again amalgamated with Galicia, but reinstated as a separate province once again according to the 1861 February Patent issued by Emperor Franz Joseph I."}, {"id": "Q207738", "label": "Aleksey Brusilov", "section": "History - First World War", "says": "In 1914–15 large parts of the Bukovina were occupied by the Russian 8th Army under General Aleksei Brusilov after the Austro-Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Galicia and could only be regained by the united forces of the Central Powers after the German-led Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive and the Russian Great Retreat."}, {"id": "Q659246", "label": "Battle of Galicia", "section": "History - First World War", "says": "In 1914–15 large parts of the Bukovina were occupied by the Russian 8th Army under General Aleksei Brusilov after the Austro-Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Galicia and could only be regained by the united forces of the Central Powers after the German-led Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive and the Russian Great Retreat."}, {"id": "Q670489", "label": "Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive", "section": "History - First World War", "says": "In 1914–15 large parts of the Bukovina were occupied by the Russian 8th Army under General Aleksei Brusilov after the Austro-Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Galicia and could only be regained by the united forces of the Central Powers after the German-led Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive and the Russian Great Retreat."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "History - First World War", "says": "Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate Bukovina into the so-called West Ukrainian People's Republic, they were not able to set up an administration."}], "Q428634": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Triarchy of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea (Venetian: Negroponte) after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Triarchy of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea (Venetian: Negroponte) after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Partitioned into three baronies (terzieri, \"thirds\") (Chalkis, Karystos and Oreos) run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The city of Chalkis or Negroponte (città de' Lombardi, \"city of the Lombards\") however was not under the latter's control, but served as overall capital of the island and joint residence of the Lombard rulers and their families."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In May, however, in an act of political balancing, Ravano also acknowledged his vassalage to the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q7968681", "label": "War of the Euboeote Succession", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "In 1255 however, the death of Carintana dalle Carceri, hexarch of Oreos, led to the so-called \"War of the Euboeote Succession\", which involved the Principality of Achaea and Venice."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "In 1255 however, the death of Carintana dalle Carceri, hexarch of Oreos, led to the so-called \"War of the Euboeote Succession\", which involved the Principality of Achaea and Venice."}, {"id": "Q1072987", "label": "Reniero Zeno", "section": "History - Succession disputes", "says": "Finally, in 1259, Doge Reniero Zeno negotiated a peace, followed by a treaty in 1262, which recognized William's suzerainty over the island."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "History - Byzantine interlude", "says": "By that time, however, the Empire of Nicaea had established itself as the foremost power in the area of the former Byzantine Empire, reconquering several territories from the Latins."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1317 however, Karystos fell to the Catalan Company of Don Alfonso Fadrique, royal vicar-general (governor) of the Duchy of Athens and illegitimate son of Frederick III of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1317 however, Karystos fell to the Catalan Company of Don Alfonso Fadrique, royal vicar-general (governor) of the Duchy of Athens and illegitimate son of Frederick III of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q367226", "label": "Frederick III of Sicily", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1317 however, Karystos fell to the Catalan Company of Don Alfonso Fadrique, royal vicar-general (governor) of the Duchy of Athens and illegitimate son of Frederick III of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Venice's rule lasted until 1470, when, during the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1463–1479, Sultan Mehmed II campaigned against Chalkis."}], "Q536476": [{"id": "Q762084", "label": "Bamana Empire", "section": "History - Segou and Massina", "says": "With his western flank secure, Tall turned towards the Bamana Empire."}, {"id": "Q2740187", "label": "Ahmadu Tall", "section": "History - Segou and Massina", "says": "He formally enthroned his son Ahmadu Tall as his successor and Amir al-Mu'minin during the campaign."}], "Q552033": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bavaria-Munich (Middle High German: Baiern-Münichen) was a duchy that was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1392 to 1505, ruled by the Wittelsbach dynasty."}, {"id": "Q677693", "label": "War of the Succession of Landshut", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created after the division of the Bavarian inheritance in 1392, and was re-unified at the end of the War of the Succession of Landshut after the defeat of George the Rich."}, {"id": "Q677490", "label": "Bavaria-Landshut", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed concurrently with Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Ingolstadt."}, {"id": "Q571775", "label": "Bavaria-Ingolstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed concurrently with Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Ingolstadt."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Political history - Bavarian dynastic conflicts", "says": "The Munich dukes won the confidence of Emperor Sigismund after William was appointed the protector of the Council of Basel."}], "Q671658": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Yucatán (Spanish: República de Yucatán) was a sovereign state during two periods of the nineteenth century."}, {"id": "Q5062192", "label": "Centralist Republic of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "The second Republic of Yucatán began in 1841, with its declaration of independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico."}], "Q680472": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Volhynia (Ukrainian: Волинське князівство) was a western Kievan Rus' principality founded by the Rurikid prince Vsevolod in 987 centered in the region of Volhynia, straddling the borders of modern-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland."}, {"id": "Q671362", "label": "Principality of Turov and Pinsk", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1069 to 1118, it belonged to the Izyaslavichi who primarily ruled from Turov (see Principality of Turov)."}], "Q697084": [{"id": "Q157812", "label": "Frederick III of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of Count Anthony Günther in 1667, the county of Oldenburg was inherited by King Frederick III of Denmark, a member of the Danish line of the House of Oldenburg."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "On the death of Count Anthony Günther in 1667, the county of Oldenburg was inherited by King Frederick III of Denmark, a member of the Danish line of the House of Oldenburg."}, {"id": "Q884161", "label": "The Treaty of Zarskoje Selo", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1773, the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo transferred the county to Frederick August I of the junior Holstein-Gottorp branch."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "lead", "says": "Duke Peter I assumed the title of Grand Duke of Oldenburg in 1823."}, {"id": "Q80976", "label": "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh", "section": "lead", "says": "The heir of a junior line of the Greek branch, through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, hold the thrones of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms after the passing of Queen Elizabeth II."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The heir of a junior line of the Greek branch, through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, hold the thrones of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms after the passing of Queen Elizabeth II."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "The heir of a junior line of the Greek branch, through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, hold the thrones of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms after the passing of Queen Elizabeth II."}], "Q697685": [{"id": "Q12817455", "label": "County of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Nassau-Weilburg, a branch of the House of Nassau, ruled a division of the County of Nassau, which was a state in what is now Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1344 to 1806."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Nassau-Weilburg, a branch of the House of Nassau, ruled a division of the County of Nassau, which was a state in what is now Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1344 to 1806."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 July 1806, upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the principalities of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg both joined the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Under pressure from Napoleon, both principalities merged to become the Duchy of Nassau on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Prince Frederick August of Nassau-Usingen and his younger cousin, Prince Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg."}, {"id": "Q836680", "label": "Duchy of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "Under pressure from Napoleon, both principalities merged to become the Duchy of Nassau on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Prince Frederick August of Nassau-Usingen and his younger cousin, Prince Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1890, they have reigned over the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg."}], "Q706152": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Zerbst was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania, with its residence at Zerbst in present-day Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Zerbst was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania, with its residence at Zerbst in present-day Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged as a subdivision of the Principality of Anhalt from 1252 until 1396, when it was divided into the principalities of Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen."}, {"id": "Q264970", "label": "Anhalt-Köthen", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged as a subdivision of the Principality of Anhalt from 1252 until 1396, when it was divided into the principalities of Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen."}, {"id": "Q686965", "label": "Anhalt-Bernburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Recreated in 1544, Anhalt-Zerbst finally was partitioned between Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, and Anhalt-Bernburg in 1796 upon the extinction of the line."}], "Q707767": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bishopric of Utrecht (Dutch: Sticht Utrecht; Latin: Episcopatus Ultraiectensis) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, in the present-day Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Diocese of Utrecht was established in 695 when Saint Willibrord was consecrated bishop of the Frisians at Rome by Pope Sergius I."}, {"id": "Q160445", "label": "Saint Boniface", "section": "History - Background", "says": "And while Saint Boniface is referred to in his hagiographies as the successor of Willibrord (and, in turn, Gregory of Utrecht is referred to as the successor to Willibrord and Boniface), this does not necessarily mean \"successor as bishop\", but rather that they succeeded each other as missionaries to the Frisians."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "In 1527, the Bishop sold his territories, and thus his secular authority, to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the principality became an integral part of the Habsburg dominions."}, {"id": "Q83159", "label": "Clement VII", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The chapters transferred their right of electing the bishop to Charles V and his government, a measure to which Pope Clement VII gave his consent, under political pressure after the Sack of Rome."}], "Q713397": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan to the south, and China's Lelang Commandery to the west."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, this territory consists of the provinces of South Hamgyŏng and Kangwon in North Korea, and Gangwon in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Today, this territory consists of the provinces of South Hamgyŏng and Kangwon in North Korea, and Gangwon in South Korea."}], "Q760893": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jolof Empire (Arabic: امبراطورية جولوف), also known as Great Jolof or the Wolof Empire, was a Wolof state in modern-day Senegal, that ruled portions of Mauritania and Gambia from the mid-14th century (or possibly earlier) until 1549."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Jolof was a vassal of the Mali Empire for much of its early history."}], "Q947533": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early phases, these ikki leagues opposed the rule of local shugo (governors) or daimyō (lords), but over time as their power consolidated and grew, they courted alliances with powerful figures in the waning Ashikaga shogunate until they were crushed by Oda Nobunaga in the 1580s."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The ikkō-ikki included organisations of sōhei \"monk warriors\", similar to the lay or semi-lay military orders of medieval Christianity."}, {"id": "Q385676", "label": "Ōnin War", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "At the conclusion of the Ōnin War, in 1477, \"many of the members of the numerous ikki\" occupied the monasteries and shrines, and \"would ring the warning bells day and night, hoping to terrify the rich citizens\", according to Sansom."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "History - Apex of power and downfall", "says": "Tokugawa Ieyasu worried that the ikkō-ikki of Mikawa Province would rise up and seize the province."}, {"id": "Q859756", "label": "Battle of Azukizaka", "section": "History - Apex of power and downfall", "says": "In 1564, his forces, with the help of Jōdo-shū forces, defeated the Mikawa-ikki in the Battle of Azukizaka."}, {"id": "Q859815", "label": "Ishiyama Hongan-ji War", "section": "History - Apex of power and downfall", "says": "Ishiyama Hongan-ji was besieged several times by the forces of Oda Nobunaga in the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War, as was the Sieges of Nagashima."}, {"id": "Q1073030", "label": "Sieges of Nagashima", "section": "History - Apex of power and downfall", "says": "Ishiyama Hongan-ji was besieged several times by the forces of Oda Nobunaga in the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War, as was the Sieges of Nagashima."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "History - Apex of power and downfall", "says": "In the 1580s, the last of the ikkō-ikki courted Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and fought alongside his forces against warrior monks and priests of other sects."}], "Q11024667": [{"id": "Q361684", "label": "Duke Adolf Friedrich II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (German: Herzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was a duchy in northern Germany created in 1701, when Frederick William and Adolphus Frederick II divided the Duchy of Mecklenburg between Schwerin and Strelitz."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the successors of the Nikloting House of Mecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin remained a state of the Holy Roman Empire along the Baltic Sea littoral between Holstein-Glückstadt and the Duchy of Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the successors of the Nikloting House of Mecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin remained a state of the Holy Roman Empire along the Baltic Sea littoral between Holstein-Glückstadt and the Duchy of Pomerania."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "Origins", "says": "The dynasty's progenitor, Niklot (1090–1160), was a chief of the Slavic Obotrite tribal federation, who fought against the advancing Saxons and was finally defeated in 1160 by Henry the Lion in the course of the Wendish Crusade."}, {"id": "Q683635", "label": "Wendish Crusade", "section": "Origins", "says": "The dynasty's progenitor, Niklot (1090–1160), was a chief of the Slavic Obotrite tribal federation, who fought against the advancing Saxons and was finally defeated in 1160 by Henry the Lion in the course of the Wendish Crusade."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "Origins", "says": "After various divisions of territory among Pribislav's descendants, Henry II of Mecklenburg (1266–1329) by 1312 had acquired the lordships of Stargard and Rostock, and bequeathed the reunified Mecklenburg lands – except for the County of Schwerin and Werle – to his sons, Albert II and John."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Origins", "says": "All possessions fell back to Duke Henry IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, who was then the sole ruler over all of Mecklenburg."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1520 Henry's grandsons, Henry V and Albert VII, again divided the duchy, creating the subdivision of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, which Duke Adolf Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin inherited in 1610."}, {"id": "Q552822", "label": "Mecklenburg-Güstrow", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1520 Henry's grandsons, Henry V and Albert VII, again divided the duchy, creating the subdivision of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, which Duke Adolf Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin inherited in 1610."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "Origins", "says": "Both were deposed in 1628 by Albrecht von Wallenstein, as they had supported Christian IV of Denmark in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "Origins", "says": "Both were deposed in 1628 by Albrecht von Wallenstein, as they had supported Christian IV of Denmark in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "Origins", "says": "Both were deposed in 1628 by Albrecht von Wallenstein, as they had supported Christian IV of Denmark in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Nevertheless, the Swedish Empire forced their restoration three years later."}], "Q1194765": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by three dynasties from their capitals in present-day Guwahati, North Guwahati and Tezpur, Kamarupa at its height covered the entire Brahmaputra Valley, parts of  North Bengal, Bhutan and northern part of Bangladesh, and at times portions of what is now West Bengal, Bihar and Sylhet."}, {"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "\"Kamarupa\" is not included in the list of sixteen Mahajanapadas from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE; nor does it find any mention in the Ashokan records (3rd century BCE)."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "The term \"Kamarupa\" first appears in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Boundaries", "says": "The traditional boundaries are drawn from the textual references two of which are contemporneous—Xuanzang (7th century), and Kalika Purana (10th century)—and a late medieval source Yogini Tantra (16th century) though none of these claims are backed by any inscriptional record."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Political history", "says": "Kamarupa, first mentioned on Samudragupta's Allahabad rock pillar as a frontier kingdom, began as a subordinate but sovereign ally of the Gupta Empire around present-day Guwahati in the 4th century:\nIt finds mention along with Davaka, a kingdom to the east of Kamarupa in the Kapili river valley in present-day Nagaon district, but which is never mentioned again as an independent political entity in"}, {"id": "Q12448145", "label": "Maukhari", "section": "History - Varman dynasty (c. 350 – c. 650)", "says": "Harshavardhana finally took control over the kingless Maukhari kingdom and moved his capital to Kanauj."}, {"id": "Q1144153", "label": "Kumar Bhaskara Varman", "section": "History - Mlechchha dynasty (c. 655 – c. 900 CE)", "says": "After the death of Bhaskaravarman without an heir and a subsequent period of civil and political turmoil, the kingdom passed into the hands of Salasthambha (r."}, {"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "History - Pala dynasty (c. 900 – c. 1100)", "says": "900–920), was elected as king by the ruling chieftains—similar to how Gopala I of the Pala Empire of Bengal had been elected."}], "Q1257607": [{"id": "Q5330471", "label": "Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) was a UN peacebuilding transitional administration in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, in the eastern parts of Croatia (multicultural Danube river region)."}, {"id": "Q321885", "label": "Erdut Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The transitional administration was envisaged and invited in the November 1995 Erdut Agreement between the Croatian Government and the representatives of the local Serb community in the region."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "While the region was covered under the UNCRO's sector east (sector led by Russian and Belgian forces), the whole UNCRO mission was brought into question by the Operation Storm escalation of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "UNTAES is only the third UN peacekeeping mission in history (after UNTEA in Western New Guinea and UNTAC in Cambodia) where the UN assumed direct and high executive powers in the territory of concern."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "After Operation Storm in mid-1995, the only remaining part of the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina was the area in eastern Croatia along the Danube river."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "Contrary to Krajina mainland, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia shared a long border with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (its constituent Republic of Serbia)."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "Contrary to Krajina mainland, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia shared a long border with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (its constituent Republic of Serbia)."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "This led the international community to believe that Croatian intervention in Eastern Slavonia case would trigger a military reaction from Yugoslavia and result in an escalation of hostilities."}, {"id": "Q1378244", "label": "Washington Agreement", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "At the same time, the military defeat of Krajina and signing of the Washington Agreement opened the space to resolve the armed conflict in Bosnia which the US Administration wanted to use for political benefits before the 1996 United States presidential election."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "At the same time, the military defeat of Krajina and signing of the Washington Agreement opened the space to resolve the armed conflict in Bosnia which the US Administration wanted to use for political benefits before the 1996 United States presidential election."}, {"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "There was lack of enthusiasm and belief that peaceful process would be successful among the involved parties and other states in the region, themselves recently involved in Yugoslav Wars."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "History - Pre-establishment events", "says": "The subsequent Dayton Agreement for peace in Bosnia ended the deadliest conflicts of the Yugoslav wars."}, {"id": "Q1287886", "label": "Strobe Talbott", "section": "History - Transitional Administration", "says": "Strobe Talbott was one of the policy makers who raised the issue of regulation of position of Serbs in Croatia, the most important issue in Croatia–United States relations at the time, while US Ambassador Peter Galbraith organized three meetings with the population of the region in the towns of Vukovar, Beli Manastir and Ilok where he informed local Serbs that they will, regardless of fact that th"}, {"id": "Q174438", "label": "Madeleine Albright", "section": "History - Transitional Administration", "says": "Madeleine Albright visited Vukovar in early 1996 to express her support to the process of reintegration where she was attacked with eggs and stones at local market."}], "Q12642600": [{"id": "Q299468", "label": "Ashur-uballit I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I c."}, {"id": "Q466990", "label": "Ashur-dan II", "section": "lead", "says": "1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC."}, {"id": "Q295194", "label": "Adad-nirari I", "section": "lead", "says": "This aspiration chiefly came into fruition through the efforts of the kings Adad-nirari I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q310142", "label": "Shalmaneser I", "section": "lead", "says": "1305–1274 BC), Shalmaneser I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "lead", "says": "1273–1244 BC) and Tukulti-Ninurta I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I marked the height of the Middle Assyrian Empire and included the subjugation of Babylonia and the foundation of a new capital city, Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta, though it was abandoned after his death."}, {"id": "Q374567", "label": "Ashur-dan I", "section": "lead", "says": "Even during its period of decline, Middle Assyrian kings continued to be assertive geopolitically; both Ashur-dan I (r. c."}, {"id": "Q521473", "label": "Ashur-resh-ishi I", "section": "lead", "says": "1178–1133 BC) and Ashur-resh-ishi I (r."}, {"id": "Q296295", "label": "Tiglath-Pileser I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Ashur-resh-ishi I's son and successor Tiglath-Pileser I (r."}, {"id": "Q362675", "label": "Ashur-bel-kala", "section": "lead", "says": "Though the reconquered and newly conquered lands were held on to for some time, the empire experienced a second and more catastrophic period of decline after the death of Tiglath-Pileser's son Ashur-bel-kala (r."}, {"id": "Q254523", "label": "Shamshi-Adad I", "section": "History - Formation and rise", "says": "Ashur-uballit was the first native Assyrian ruler to claim the royal title šar (\"king\"), and the first ruler of Assur to do so since the time of the Amorite conqueror Shamshi-Adad I in the 18th century BC."}, {"id": "Q354903", "label": "Suppiluliuma I", "section": "History - Formation and rise", "says": "Chiefly responsible for bringing an end to Mitanni dominance in northern Mesopotamia was the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, whose 14th century BC war with Mitanni over control of Syria effectively led to the beginning of the end of the Mitanni kingdom."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Reigns of Adad-nirari I and Shalmaneser I", "says": "Though the other powers of the Ancient Near East, such as Egypt, the Hittites and Babylonia, had at first been reluctant to view the new Assyrian kingdom as their equal, from the time of Adad-nirari I onwards, when Assyria grew to take the place of Mitanni, its status as one of the major kingdoms became undeniable."}, {"id": "Q722291", "label": "Nazi-Maruttash", "section": "History - Reigns of Adad-nirari I and Shalmaneser I", "says": "Adad-nirari's temporary occupations of Lubdi and Rapiqu were met with an attack by the Babylonian king Nazi-Maruttash, though Adad-nirari defeated him at the Battle of Kār Ištar c."}, {"id": "Q736190", "label": "Kashtiliash IV", "section": "History - Reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I", "says": "His first act in regard to his southern neighbor, Kashtiliash IV, was to escalate conflict through claiming \"traditionally Assyrian\" lands along the eastern Tigris."}, {"id": "Q372511", "label": "Ashur-nadin-apli", "section": "History - First period of decline", "says": "Later chroniclers blame the assassination on his son Ashur-nasir-apli, perhaps a misspelled version of the name of his successor Ashur-nadin-apli (r. c."}, {"id": "Q442921", "label": "Ashur-nirari III", "section": "History - First period of decline", "says": "Ashur-nadin-apli was after his short reign succeeded by two of his brothers, Ashur-nirari III (r. c."}, {"id": "Q442885", "label": "Enlil-kudurri-usur", "section": "History - First period of decline", "says": "1202–1197 BC) and Enlil-kudurri-usur (r. c."}, {"id": "Q379890", "label": "Ninurta-apal-Ekur", "section": "History - First period of decline", "says": "At some point during Enlil-kudurri-usur's reign, Ili-ipadda's son Ninurta-apal-Ekur traveled to Babylonia where he met with Adad-shuma-usur."}, {"id": "Q346642", "label": "Adad-shuma-usur", "section": "History - First period of decline", "says": "At some point during Enlil-kudurri-usur's reign, Ili-ipadda's son Ninurta-apal-Ekur traveled to Babylonia where he met with Adad-shuma-usur."}, {"id": "Q536201", "label": "Eriba-Adad II", "section": "History - Century of crisis", "says": "Ashur-bel-kala's son and successor Eriba-Adad II (r."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Century of crisis", "says": "In Palestine, the Philistines and Israelites carved out realms of their own, eventually coalescing into the Kingdom of Israel."}, {"id": "Q230407", "label": "Kingdom of Israel", "section": "History - Century of crisis", "says": "In Palestine, the Philistines and Israelites carved out realms of their own, eventually coalescing into the Kingdom of Israel."}, {"id": "Q352931", "label": "Ashurnasirpal I", "section": "History - Century of crisis", "says": "From the death of Ashurnasirpal I (r."}, {"id": "Q392650", "label": "Shalmaneser II", "section": "History - Century of crisis", "says": "Though kings from this time, such as Shalmaneser II (r."}, {"id": "Q447053", "label": "Ashur-rabi II", "section": "History - Century of crisis", "says": "1030–1019 BC) and Ashur-rabi II (r."}, {"id": "Q311573", "label": "Adad-nirari II", "section": "History - Beginning of the Assyrian reconquista", "says": "The campaigns of Ashur-dan paved the way of grander efforts to restore and expand Assyrian power, beginning in the reign of his son and successor Adad-nirari II (r."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Beginning of the Assyrian reconquista", "says": "911–891 BC), whose accession conventionally marks the beginning of the succeeding Neo-Assyrian Empire."}], "Q1311219": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jaffna Kingdom (Tamil: யாழ்ப்பாண அரசு, Sinhala: යාපනය රාජධානිය; 1215–1619 CE), also known as Kingdom of Aryachakravarti, was a historical kingdom of what today is northern Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "lead", "says": "Established as a powerful force in the north, northeast and west of the island, it eventually became a tribute-paying feudatory of the Pandyan Empire in modern South India in 1258, gaining independence when the last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was defeated and expelled in the early 14th century by Malik Kafur, the army general of the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Established as a powerful force in the north, northeast and west of the island, it eventually became a tribute-paying feudatory of the Pandyan Empire in modern South India in 1258, gaining independence when the last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was defeated and expelled in the early 14th century by Malik Kafur, the army general of the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q7134858", "label": "Parakramabahu VI", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the kingdom was overpowered by the rival Kotte kingdom around 1450 when it was invaded by Prince Sapumal under the orders of Parakramabahu VI."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "During this period (1247), a Malay chieftain from Tambralinga in modern Thailand named Chandrabhanu invaded the politically fragmented island."}, {"id": "Q1589163", "label": "Kingdom of Kotte", "section": "History - Aryacakravarti dynasty", "says": "However, it met with simultaneous confrontations with the Vijayanagar empire that ruled from Vijayanagara, southern India, and a rebounding Kingdom of Kotte from the south of Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q3529329", "label": "Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy", "section": "History - Client state", "says": "He helped the Kandyan kingdom under kings Vimaladharmasuriya I and Senarat during the period 1593–1635 with the intent of securing help from South India to resist the Portuguese."}], "Q1311805": [{"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After Nikola Altomanović, the holder of a large province during the fall of the Serbian Empire, was defeated in 1373, his estates were divided between Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović of Serbia, Đurađ I Balšić of Zeta, and Ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić of Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q310197", "label": "Lazar Hrebeljanović", "section": "lead", "says": "After Nikola Altomanović, the holder of a large province during the fall of the Serbian Empire, was defeated in 1373, his estates were divided between Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović of Serbia, Đurađ I Balšić of Zeta, and Ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić of Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "The Slavs invaded the Balkans during the reign of Justinian I (r."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "These small cities in the region (also Dyrrachium) did not stretch into the hinterlands, and had no military capacity, thus Basil I paid a tax of '72 gold coins' to the princes of Zahumlje and Travunia."}, {"id": "Q41608", "label": "Konstantinos VII", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Trebinje is first attested in DAI by Constantine VII (905–959), when describing the migration and geography of the Serbs in 7th century, but the population's 7th Century identity remains a matter of dispute as it rather indicates Serbian political and ethnic connection   during the time of Časlav in 10th Century."}], "Q1326742": [{"id": "Q6596990", "label": "Yang Pu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Southern Tang was founded by Li Bian in 937, when he overthrew emperor Yang Pu of Wu."}, {"id": "Q1192347", "label": "Chu", "section": "lead", "says": "His son Li Jing did not follow this foreign policy, conquering the Min and Ma Chu dynasties in 945 and 951 respectively."}, {"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Later Zhou dynasty invaded the Southern Tang domain in 956 and defeated them by 958."}, {"id": "Q1319646", "label": "Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "Li Jing was forced to become a vassal of the Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, cede all territory north of the Yangtze River, and relinquish his title of emperor."}, {"id": "Q7471", "label": "Emperor Taizu of Song", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Emperor Taizu of Song had defeated the Later Shu and the Southern Han, he ordered the conquest of the Southern Tang, which was completed in 975."}, {"id": "Q526507", "label": "Later Shu", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Emperor Taizu of Song had defeated the Later Shu and the Southern Han, he ordered the conquest of the Southern Tang, which was completed in 975."}, {"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Emperor Taizu of Song had defeated the Later Shu and the Southern Han, he ordered the conquest of the Southern Tang, which was completed in 975."}, {"id": "Q5195385", "label": "Yang Wo", "section": "Background", "says": "Yang Wo succeeded his father as the Prince of Wu."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "Background", "says": "In 907 the last Tang Emperor was evicted from power by Zhu Quanzhong, who declared the Later Liang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q842237", "label": "Yang Longyan", "section": "Background", "says": "In 921 Yang Longyan proclaimed his own reign title."}, {"id": "Q1143126", "label": "Later Tang", "section": "Background", "says": "This irrevocably ended diplomatic contact with the Later Tang."}, {"id": "Q1195669", "label": "Emperor Gongdi of Later Zhou", "section": "Decline", "says": "In February 960 Zhao Kuangyin deposed Guo Zongxun and established the Song dynasty as Emperor Taizu."}], "Q1329439": [{"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its founder Murong De (Emperor Xianwu) was a son of Murong Huang (Emperor Wenming) and brother of Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao) and Murong Chui (Emperor Chengwu), and therefore was an imperial prince of both the Former Yan and Later Yan dynasties."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its founder Murong De (Emperor Xianwu) was a son of Murong Huang (Emperor Wenming) and brother of Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao) and Murong Chui (Emperor Chengwu), and therefore was an imperial prince of both the Former Yan and Later Yan dynasties."}, {"id": "Q1069310", "label": "Murong De", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Murong De was the son of Murong Huang, the founder of the Former Yan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "He was an accomplished military general for the Former Yan, then the Di-led Former Qin after they conquered Yan in 370, and finally the Later Yan, a restoration of the Former Yan founded by his brother, Murong Chui."}, {"id": "Q1069768", "label": "Murong Chui", "section": "History - Background", "says": "He was an accomplished military general for the Former Yan, then the Di-led Former Qin after they conquered Yan in 370, and finally the Later Yan, a restoration of the Former Yan founded by his brother, Murong Chui."}, {"id": "Q1076801", "label": "Murong Bao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Under Later Yan, De was trusted by Chui as a key advisor in his administration, and after Chui's son, Murong Bao, ascended the throne in 396, he was made to overlook the southern empire from Ye."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Background", "says": "However, soon after Bao's succession, the Northern Wei launched a large-scale invasion of Later Yan."}, {"id": "Q59223", "label": "Zhongshan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Central Plains was quickly overran by Wei, and Murong Bao was forced to abandon his capital, Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei) and evacuate to Longcheng in Liaoning."}, {"id": "Q1131653", "label": "Murong Chao", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Chao", "says": "Murong De did not have any living sons prior to his death, the throne was passed on to his nephew, Murong Chao."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Chao", "says": "Chao had previously been a beggar in Later Qin and was almost immediately made heir when he arrived at Guanggu in 405."}, {"id": "Q1078592", "label": "Murong Zhong", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Chao", "says": "During his reign, Chao purged his uncle's retainers like Murong Zhong while elevating his own confidants, particularly Gongsun Wulou, to power, which brought the government into disarray."}, {"id": "Q10900417", "label": "Liu Yu", "section": "History - Reign of Murong Chao", "says": "This prompted an invasion of Southern Yan by the Jin general Liu Yu."}], "Q1420228": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Later in the 19th century, the region was divided between the British Empire and the US in 1846."}, {"id": "Q649599", "label": "Treaty of 1818", "section": "Background", "says": "The competing interests of the two foremost claimants were addressed in the Treaty of 1818, which sanctioned a \"joint occupation\", by British and Americans, of a vast \"Oregon Country\" (as the American side called it) that comprised the present-day U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming, and the portion of what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia sou"}], "Q146562": [{"id": "Q2572143", "label": "Henri Gouraud", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Damascus (French: État de Damas; Arabic: دولة دمشق Dawlat Dimashq) was one of the six states established by the French General Henri Gouraud in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference of 1920 and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria."}, {"id": "Q146872", "label": "State of Aleppo", "section": "lead", "says": "The other states were the State of Aleppo (1920), the State of Alawites (1920), the State of Jabal Druze (1921), the Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon."}, {"id": "Q146740", "label": "Jabal Druze", "section": "lead", "says": "The other states were the State of Aleppo (1920), the State of Alawites (1920), the State of Jabal Druze (1921), the Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon."}], "Q1483495": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Smolensk gradually came under Lithuanian influence and was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1404."}, {"id": "Q4130535", "label": "Vyacheslav Yaroslavich", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The descendants of Yaroslav I of Kiev governed the principality until 1125, starting with Vyacheslav Yaroslavich from 1054."}, {"id": "Q60928", "label": "Vladimir II Monomakh", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "For most of the last quarter of the 11th century and the first quarter of the 12th century, it was a possession of Vladimir II Monomakh."}, {"id": "Q242436", "label": "Mindaugas", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In the mid-13th century, the principality was repeatedly subjected to devastation by the troops of Lithuanian king Mindaugas."}, {"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "From the late 13th century, Smolensk was dependent on the Grand Principality of Vladimir."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Prince Fyodor Rostislavich acquired the Principality of Yaroslavl by marriage; his descendants constituted a sub-dynasty until Yaroslavl was acquired by the Grand Principality of Moscow in the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q335097", "label": "Öz Beg Khan", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1340, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde ordered the Russian princes on a campaign against Prince Ivan Aleksandrovich due to his inability to pay the tribute; however, Grand Prince Ivan I of Moscow may have avoided participation in this campaign."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1340, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde ordered the Russian princes on a campaign against Prince Ivan Aleksandrovich due to his inability to pay the tribute; however, Grand Prince Ivan I of Moscow may have avoided participation in this campaign."}, {"id": "Q185316", "label": "Ivan I of Moscow", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1340, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde ordered the Russian princes on a campaign against Prince Ivan Aleksandrovich due to his inability to pay the tribute; however, Grand Prince Ivan I of Moscow may have avoided participation in this campaign."}, {"id": "Q297102", "label": "Simeon of Moscow", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1352, Grand Prince Simeon of Moscow marched into Smolensk and was able to extend his authority there with the removal of the pro-Lithuanian prince, who was likely replaced with either the son or nephew of Dmitry Romanovich, the prince of Bryansk."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "As a result, Simeon was able to temporarily halt the eastward expansion of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q336754", "label": "Algirdas", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania captured Bryansk and Smolensk in 1356; however, his son-in-law, Grand Prince Ivan II of Moscow, did not provide military assistance, leading Vasily of Smolensk to turn to the khan of the Golden Horde instead."}, {"id": "Q210162", "label": "Ivan II of Moscow", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania captured Bryansk and Smolensk in 1356; however, his son-in-law, Grand Prince Ivan II of Moscow, did not provide military assistance, leading Vasily of Smolensk to turn to the khan of the Golden Horde instead."}, {"id": "Q1188685", "label": "Mikhail II of Tver", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Smolensk took part in the campaign against Moscow in 1368, but later fought alongside Moscow against Mikhail II of Tver in 1372–1374 and against the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Smolensk took part in the campaign against Moscow in 1368, but later fought alongside Moscow against Mikhail II of Tver in 1372–1374 and against the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q12790010", "label": "Battle of the Vikhra River", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1386, Prince Sviatoslav Ivanovich was killed at the Battle of the Vikhra River against the Lithuanians when he supported Andrei of Polotsk and his rebellion against his younger half-brother Jogaila."}, {"id": "Q2494481", "label": "Andrei of Polotsk", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1386, Prince Sviatoslav Ivanovich was killed at the Battle of the Vikhra River against the Lithuanians when he supported Andrei of Polotsk and his rebellion against his younger half-brother Jogaila."}, {"id": "Q992978", "label": "Skirgaila", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "However, Skirgaila, the leader of the Lithuanian forces in battle, wedded to Sviatoslav's niece, and granting permission to Yury of Smolensk was in command, to succeed his father."}, {"id": "Q218186", "label": "Vytautas", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "By the 1390s, the pro-Lithuanian party in the principality grew stronger, especially after Grand Duke Vytautas married a princess of Smolensk."}], "Q150056": [{"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "It originated in the early part of the 12th century and continued to rule until its accession to the Dominion of India in 1949."}, {"id": "Q174432", "label": "Pedro Álvares Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "King Unni Goda Varma warmly welcomed Pedro Álvares Cabral on 24 December 1500 and negotiated a treaty of alliance between Portugal and the Cochin kingdom, directed against the Zamorin of Calicut."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "King Unni Goda Varma warmly welcomed Pedro Álvares Cabral on 24 December 1500 and negotiated a treaty of alliance between Portugal and the Cochin kingdom, directed against the Zamorin of Calicut."}, {"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom of Travancore merged with the kingdom of Cochin to form the state of Travancore-Cochin in 1950."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Ming dynasty alliance (1411–1433)", "says": "For the fifth Ming treasure voyage, Admiral Zheng He was instructed to confer a seal upon Keyili of Cochin and designate a mountain in his kingdom as the Zhenguo Zhi Shan (鎮國之山, Mountain Which Protects the Country)."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - Ming dynasty alliance (1411–1433)", "says": "Zheng He delivered a stone tablet, inscribed with a proclamation composed by the Yongle Emperor himself, to Cochin."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "History - Portuguese alliance (1500–1663)", "says": "In 1502, a new expedition under the command of Vasco da Gama arrived at Cochin, and the friendship was renewed."}, {"id": "Q686754", "label": "Duarte Pacheco Pereira", "section": "History - Portuguese alliance (1500–1663)", "says": "However, the arrival of a small reinforcement Portuguese fleet and, some days later of Duarte Pacheco Pereira and the oncoming monsoons alarmed the Zamorin."}, {"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "History - Mysorean invasion (1766–1799)", "says": "Mysorian ruler Hyder Ali conquered Cochin."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - British alliance (1814–1947)", "says": "In 1814, according to the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the islands of Kochi, including Fort Kochi and its territory, were ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Banca."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - British alliance (1814–1947)", "says": "During the British Raj, the Princely State of Cochin was surrounded by British Malabar District to three sides (i.e., To north, west, and east), and by Travancore to the south."}], "Q1536645": [{"id": "Q244165", "label": "Republic of Artsakh", "section": "lead", "says": "Kashatagh Province (Armenian: Քաշաթաղի շրջան) was a province of the Republic of Artsakh."}], "Q1656908": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Asir, also known as the Idrisid Emirate, was a state that existed from 1907 until its annexation by Saudi Arabia in 1934."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Yemeni Red Sea coast of Tihamah in South Arabia, it was founded by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, the great-grandson of ibn Idris, the founder of the Idrisiyya, a Sufi tariqa of Sunni Islam, in rebellion against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in the Yemeni Red Sea coast of Tihamah in South Arabia, it was founded by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, the great-grandson of ibn Idris, the founder of the Idrisiyya, a Sufi tariqa of Sunni Islam, in rebellion against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate was gradually absorbed into the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd as a protectorate, and was formally annexed by its successor, Saudi Arabia, under the Treaty of Taif in 1934."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "History - Formation of the state", "says": "The Italo-Turkish War led to Italy assisting Asir with naval bombardment, arms, and ammunition, as the two states united against a common enemy."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Formation of the state", "says": "The outbreak of World War I led the Ottomans to seek a truce, which came into effect on 3 August 1914."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Following the outbreak of World War I, the British sought to recruit Arab allies, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, where the Ottoman-allied Kingdom of Yemen was considered a threat to the British Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "Following the outbreak of World War I, the British sought to recruit Arab allies, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, where the Ottoman-allied Kingdom of Yemen was considered a threat to the British Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "In 1915, the Idrisids had captured the oil-rich Farasan Islands archipelago from the Ottomans, which the British had recognized, as a part of another treaty signed in 1917, as \"part and parcel of the Idrisi's domain, in which his independence is assured.\"\nAfter the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the Arabian Peninsula became open for inter-Arab rivalry, and Britain was unabl"}, {"id": "Q471451", "label": "Ameen Fares Rihani", "section": "History - Regional Power Struggles and Territorial Divisions", "says": "Reports from the time show that Britain honored that pledge in the early postwar years, with Ameen Rihani stating \"the Idrisi... still gets guns and ammunition to fight the imam of San'a [Imam Yahya].\" The intermittent warfare between the Idrisi and Imamate continued in 1919-1923."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "History - Relations with the Sharifate of Mecca", "says": "Najd sat to the east, ruled by his rival Ibn Saud."}, {"id": "Q182914", "label": "Hasan ibn Ali", "section": "History - The Idrisi-Saudi Settlement", "says": "In 1911, when the Ottomans were in charge, they made Hasan ibn Ali ibn A'id, a descendant of A'id ibn Mari (who fought the Ottomans earlier), governor of Abha."}], "Q1761355": [{"id": "Q2287085", "label": "Kuban Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created by merging the Black Sea Soviet Republic and Kuban Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q605000", "label": "North Caucasian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, it was itself merged into the North Caucasian Soviet Republic."}], "Q1811372": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Alaska or Alaska Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from August 24, 1912, until Alaska was granted statehood on January 3, 1959."}], "Q1995553": [{"id": "Q151083", "label": "Elisa Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Lucca and Piombino was created in July 1805 by Napoleon I for his sister Elisa Bonaparte."}], "Q2006864": [{"id": "Q718184", "label": "Gao Yun", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians consider Gao Yun, a member of the Goguryeo royal family, to be the first Northern Yan monarch, while others consider Feng Ba of Han ethnicity to be the founder."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians consider Gao Yun, a member of the Goguryeo royal family, to be the first Northern Yan monarch, while others consider Feng Ba of Han ethnicity to be the founder."}, {"id": "Q1147737", "label": "Feng Ba", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians consider Gao Yun, a member of the Goguryeo royal family, to be the first Northern Yan monarch, while others consider Feng Ba of Han ethnicity to be the founder."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northern Yan inherited what was left of the preceding Later Yan regime, whose territory occupied western Liaoning and parts of northeastern Hebei."}, {"id": "Q1329439", "label": "Southern Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "In historiography, they are given the prefix of \"Northern\" to distinguish it with the contemporaneous Southern Yan, and unlike the Later Yan, their capital remained at Longcheng in the north throughout their existence."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When the Former Yan captured the Goguryeo capital, Hwando in 342, they also captured several members of the royal family and moved them to Qingshan (青山, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning), where Gao Yun was born and grew to become a minor general under the Later Yan."}, {"id": "Q1076801", "label": "Murong Bao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 397, Gao Yun helped the Yan emperor, Murong Bao quell the rebellion of his son, Murong Hui."}, {"id": "Q2481148", "label": "Disaster of Yongjia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Feng Ba was a Han Chinese whose family was originally from Changle Commandery before his grandfather, Feng He (馮和) moved to Shangdang during the Disaster of Yongjia."}, {"id": "Q1149230", "label": "Western Yan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Ba's father, Feng An (馮安) served as a military general under the Western Yan."}, {"id": "Q1071544", "label": "Murong Xi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 401, Murong Yun's adoptive uncle, Murong Xi came to power, and he was described in records as a cruel and arbitrary ruler."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Reign of Gao Yun and Feng Ba", "says": "However, conflict with the Northern Wei also began as the Yan Inspector of You Province, Murong Yi (慕容懿) defected to Wei."}, {"id": "Q1155389", "label": "Murong Yi", "section": "History - Reign of Gao Yun and Feng Ba", "says": "However, conflict with the Northern Wei also began as the Yan Inspector of You Province, Murong Yi (慕容懿) defected to Wei."}, {"id": "Q712522", "label": "Li Ban", "section": "History - Reign of Gao Yun and Feng Ba", "says": "Worried by his lack of reputation, Yun attempted to protect himself by empowering his favourites, but in 409, two of them, Li Ban (離班) and Tao Ren (桃仁) assassinated him."}], "Q2288441": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Realm or Kingdom of Candia or Duchy of Candia was the official name of Crete during the island's period as an overseas territory of the Republic of Venice, from the initial Venetian conquest in 1205–1212 to its fall to the Ottoman Empire during the Cretan War (1645–1669)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Realm or Kingdom of Candia or Duchy of Candia was the official name of Crete during the island's period as an overseas territory of the Republic of Venice, from the initial Venetian conquest in 1205–1212 to its fall to the Ottoman Empire during the Cretan War (1645–1669)."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The island of Crete had formed part of the Byzantine Empire until 1204, when the Fourth Crusade dissolved the empire and divided its territories amongst the crusader leaders (see Frankokratia)."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The island of Crete had formed part of the Byzantine Empire until 1204, when the Fourth Crusade dissolved the empire and divided its territories amongst the crusader leaders (see Frankokratia)."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first two centuries of Venetian rule, revolts by the native Orthodox Greek population against the Roman Catholic Venetians were frequent, often supported by the Empire of Nicaea."}, {"id": "Q301", "label": "El Greco", "section": "lead", "says": "As a consequence, an artistic and literary revival unparalleled elsewhere in the Greek world took place: the Cretan School of painting, which culminated in the works of El Greco, united Italian and Byzantine forms, and a widespread literature using the local idiom emerged, culminating with the early 17th-century romances Erotokritos and Erophile."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "History - Venetian conquest of Crete", "says": "1130) and confirmed as late as 1198 in a treaty with Emperor Alexios III Angelos."}, {"id": "Q37069", "label": "Alexios IV Angelos", "section": "History - Venetian conquest of Crete", "says": "Boniface had allegedly been promised the island by the Byzantine emperor Alexios IV Angelos, but as he had little use for it, he sold it in exchange for 1,000 silver marks, an annual portion of the island's revenues totalling 10,000 hyperpyra, and the promise of Venetian support for his acquisition of the Kingdom of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "History - Venetian conquest of Crete", "says": "Boniface had allegedly been promised the island by the Byzantine emperor Alexios IV Angelos, but as he had little use for it, he sold it in exchange for 1,000 silver marks, an annual portion of the island's revenues totalling 10,000 hyperpyra, and the promise of Venetian support for his acquisition of the Kingdom of Thessalonica."}, {"id": "Q6390682", "label": "Kenneth Setton", "section": "History - Age of the Cretan rebellions, 13th–14th centuries", "says": "In the words of the medievalist Kenneth Setton, it required \"an unceasing vigilance and a large investment in men and money to hold on to the island\"."}, {"id": "Q542844", "label": "Marco I Sanudo", "section": "History - First uprisings", "says": "The rebellion soon spread throughout the eastern part of Crete, capturing the forts of Sitia and Spinalonga, and was only suppressed through the intervention of Marco I Sanudo, the Duke of Naxos."}, {"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "History - Uprisings of the Chortatzes brothers", "says": "Following the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261, and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty, Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos endeavoured to recover Crete as well."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "History - Peace treaty and aftermath", "says": "The treaty left Kallergis as the virtual ruler of the Orthodox population of Crete; the contemporary chronicler Michael Louloudes, who fled to Crete when Ephesus fell to the Turks, calls him \"Lord of Crete\", and mentions him right after the Byzantine emperor, Andronikos II Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q759989", "label": "Revolt of Saint Titus", "section": "History - Revolt of Saint Titus, 1363–1364", "says": "This \"Revolt of Saint Titus\", as it became known, abolished the Venetian authorities in Candia and declared the island an independent state, the \"Republic of Saint Titus\", after the island's patron saint."}, {"id": "Q37070", "label": "John V Palaiologos", "section": "History - Rebellion of the Kallergis brothers, 1364–1367", "says": "The Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos also appears to have supported this uprising, sending the Metropolitan of Athens Anthimos to the island as proedros (ecclesiastical locum tenens) of Crete."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "History - Under the shadow of Ottoman invasion: Crete in the 15th–17th centuries", "says": "Crete had always been of particular importance among Venice's colonies, but its importance increased as the Ottomans started wresting away Venice's overseas possessions in a series of conflicts that began after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453."}, {"id": "Q37142", "label": "Konstantinos XI Palaiologos", "section": "History - Under the shadow of Ottoman invasion: Crete in the 15th–17th centuries", "says": "The first was the conspiracy of Sifis Vlastos in Rethymno, which even included a fake letter by the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos."}, {"id": "Q1154983", "label": "First Ottoman–Venetian War", "section": "History - Under the shadow of Ottoman invasion: Crete in the 15th–17th centuries", "says": "In 1471, during the First Ottoman–Venetian War, the Ottoman fleet plundered the eastern parts of the island around Siteia."}], "Q2500952": [{"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in 1365, the kingdom was the successor state to the petty kingdoms of Myinsaing, Pinya and Sagaing that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom in the late 13th century."}], "Q2627082": [{"id": "Q3374892", "label": "Mysore State", "section": "History - Expansion of the state", "says": "As a result of the States Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1956, the Kannada-speaking districts of Belgaum (except Chandgad taluka), Bijapur, Dharwar, and North Canara were transferred from Bombay State to Mysore State. \nbut the State of Bombay was significantly enlarged, expanding eastward to incorporate the Marathi-speaking Marathwada region of Hyderabad State, the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha regi"}, {"id": "Q1240096", "label": "Hyderabad State", "section": "History - Expansion of the state", "says": "As a result of the States Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1956, the Kannada-speaking districts of Belgaum (except Chandgad taluka), Bijapur, Dharwar, and North Canara were transferred from Bombay State to Mysore State. \nbut the State of Bombay was significantly enlarged, expanding eastward to incorporate the Marathi-speaking Marathwada region of Hyderabad State, the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha regi"}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "History - Expansion of the state", "says": "In 1956, the States Reorganisation Committee, against the will of Jawaharlal Nehru, recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat with Bombay as its capital, whereas in Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state."}], "Q2638486": [{"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1970 coup, the semi-official name of Cambodia was State of Cambodia, it became a transitional government under a military dictatorship of Prime Minister Lon Nol against the Khmer Rouge led by Saloth Sâr (\"Pol Pot\") and the North Vietnamese or simply the Việt Cộng under the legacy of Ho Chi Minh’s Indochinese communist doctrine."}, {"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1970 coup, the semi-official name of Cambodia was State of Cambodia, it became a transitional government under a military dictatorship of Prime Minister Lon Nol against the Khmer Rouge led by Saloth Sâr (\"Pol Pot\") and the North Vietnamese or simply the Việt Cộng under the legacy of Ho Chi Minh’s Indochinese communist doctrine."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1970 coup, the semi-official name of Cambodia was State of Cambodia, it became a transitional government under a military dictatorship of Prime Minister Lon Nol against the Khmer Rouge led by Saloth Sâr (\"Pol Pot\") and the North Vietnamese or simply the Việt Cộng under the legacy of Ho Chi Minh’s Indochinese communist doctrine."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "lead", "says": "On 9 November 1953, Cambodia achieved independence from France under Norodom Sihanouk but still faced resistance from Communist groups such as United Issarak Front."}, {"id": "Q8740", "label": "Vietnam War", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Vietnam War escalated, Cambodia sought to retain its neutrality but in 1965, North Vietnamese soldiers were allowed to set up bases and in 1969, the United States began a bombing campaign against North Vietnamese soldiers in Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Vietnam War escalated, Cambodia sought to retain its neutrality but in 1965, North Vietnamese soldiers were allowed to set up bases and in 1969, the United States began a bombing campaign against North Vietnamese soldiers in Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian monarchy was abolished in a coup on 9 October 1970, headed by Prime Minister Lon Nol, who established the Khmer Republic which lasted until the Fall of Phnom Penh to Angkar Padevat (\"The Revolutionary Organization\") when it came to power on 17 April 1975 as the beginning of Year Zero, starting with anti-urbanism."}, {"id": "Q85760415", "label": "Fall of Phnom Penh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cambodian monarchy was abolished in a coup on 9 October 1970, headed by Prime Minister Lon Nol, who established the Khmer Republic which lasted until the Fall of Phnom Penh to Angkar Padevat (\"The Revolutionary Organization\") when it came to power on 17 April 1975 as the beginning of Year Zero, starting with anti-urbanism."}], "Q3113481": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Transylvania, from 1765 the Grand Principality of Transylvania, was a realm of the Hungarian Crown ruled by the Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs of the Habsburg monarchy (later Austrian Empire) and mostly governed by Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Transylvania, from 1765 the Grand Principality of Transylvania, was a realm of the Hungarian Crown ruled by the Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs of the Habsburg monarchy (later Austrian Empire) and mostly governed by Hungarians."}, {"id": "Q595545", "label": "Rákóczi’s War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Ottomans were ousted from most of the territories of medieval Kingdom of Hungary, and after the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711), the Habsburg dynasty claimed the former territories of the Principality of Transylvania under the capacity of their title of \"King of Hungary\"."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the April Laws of 1848 (after the Transylvanian Diet's confirmation on 30 May and the king's approval on 10 June for Transylvania to become once again an integral part of Hungary)."}], "Q3274200": [{"id": "Q3332217", "label": "Gorkha Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shah dynasty, also known as the Shahs of Gorkha or the Royal House of Gorkha, was the ruling Chaubise Thakuri dynasty and the founder of the Gorkha Kingdom from 1559 to 1768 and later the unified Kingdom of Nepal from 25 September 1768 to 28 May 2008."}, {"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shah dynasty, also known as the Shahs of Gorkha or the Royal House of Gorkha, was the ruling Chaubise Thakuri dynasty and the founder of the Gorkha Kingdom from 1559 to 1768 and later the unified Kingdom of Nepal from 25 September 1768 to 28 May 2008."}, {"id": "Q3037", "label": "Kathmandu", "section": "Abolition of the Shah monarchy", "says": "Gyanendra vacated the palace in Kathmandu which later became a museum."}, {"id": "Q171195", "label": "Nagarjuna", "section": "Abolition of the Shah monarchy", "says": "The Nagarjuna palace lies in forested hills about eight kilometres (five miles) northwest of Kathmandu."}, {"id": "Q2002975", "label": "Nepalese Civil War", "section": "Post-Abolition Loyalism", "says": "The dynasty was conclusively deposed in 2008 due to the Nepalese royal massacre and the subsequent Nepalese Civil War."}], "Q3324486": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from the Eparchy of Cetinje, later known as the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, whose bishops defied the Ottoman Empire overlordship and transformed the parish of Cetinje into a de facto theocracy, ruling it as Metropolitans (Vladike, also known as prince-bishops)."}, {"id": "Q1281792", "label": "Ivan Crnojević", "section": "History - The period of elective vladikas", "says": "The islamized renegades, allowed to settle in the country at the time of Staniša's defeat, welcomed the Pasha's army with open arms, allowing him to seize the castle of Obod and destroy the precious printing-press, which Ivan Crnojević had established there a century earlier."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - The period of elective vladikas", "says": "During Pahomije's rule, Montenegrins fought in the War of Cyprus on behalf of Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Danilo", "says": "During the reign of Danilo two important changes occurred in the wider European context of Montenegro: the expansion of the Ottoman state was gradually reversed, and Montenegro found in the Russian Empire a powerful new patron to replace the declining Venice."}, {"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - Danilo", "says": "The replacement of Venice by Russia was especially significant, since it brought financial aid (after Danilo visited Peter the Great in 1715), modest territorial gain, and, in 1789, formal recognition by the Ottoman Porte of Montenegro's independence as a state under Petar I Petrović Njegoš."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Petar I", "says": "In 1806, as French Emperor Napoleon advanced toward the Bay of Kotor, Montenegro, aided by several Russian battalions and a fleet of Dmitry Senyavin, went to war against the invading French forces."}, {"id": "Q638642", "label": "Dmitry Senyavin", "section": "History - Petar I", "says": "In 1806, as French Emperor Napoleon advanced toward the Bay of Kotor, Montenegro, aided by several Russian battalions and a fleet of Dmitry Senyavin, went to war against the invading French forces."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Petar I", "says": "But at the Congress of Vienna, with Russian consent, the Bay was instead granted to Austria."}, {"id": "Q386496", "label": "Kingdom of Montenegro", "section": "History - Petar II", "says": "By historical and literary consensus, Petar II, commonly called \"Njegoš\", was the most impressive of the prince-bishops, having laid the foundation of the modern Montenegrin state and the subsequent Kingdom of Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q779011", "label": "Principality of Montenegro", "section": "History - Petar II", "says": "In 1852, Danilo proclaimed a secular Principality of Montenegro with himself as Prince and formally abolished ecclesiastical rule."}], "Q34762": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Bayreuth (German: Fürstentum Bayreuth) or Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (Markgraftum Brandenburg-Bayreuth) was an immediate territory of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a Franconian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Since Burgrave Frederick VI of Nuremberg was enfeoffed with the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1415/17, the Hohenzollern princes transferred the margravial title to their Franconian possessions, though the principality never had been a march."}, {"id": "Q187982", "label": "Alcibiades", "section": "History - Elder line", "says": "After in 1541 the ambitious Margrave Albert Alcibiades assumed the rule over Kulmbach-Bayreuth, he barged onto the battlegrounds of the Schmalkaldic War, several times switching sides between Emperor Charles V and the Lutheran princes of the Schmalkaldic League."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "History - Elder line", "says": "After in 1541 the ambitious Margrave Albert Alcibiades assumed the rule over Kulmbach-Bayreuth, he barged onto the battlegrounds of the Schmalkaldic War, several times switching sides between Emperor Charles V and the Lutheran princes of the Schmalkaldic League."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Elder line", "says": "After in 1541 the ambitious Margrave Albert Alcibiades assumed the rule over Kulmbach-Bayreuth, he barged onto the battlegrounds of the Schmalkaldic War, several times switching sides between Emperor Charles V and the Lutheran princes of the Schmalkaldic League."}, {"id": "Q233649", "label": "Second Margrave War", "section": "History - Elder line", "says": "In 1552 he sparked the Second Margrave War against Nuremberg and the neighbouring Prince-bishoprics of Würzburg and Bamberg."}, {"id": "Q153091", "label": "Duchy of Prussia", "section": "History - Elder line", "says": "Albert was succeeded by his cousin Margrave George Frederick in 1557, who from 1577 also ruled in the Duchy of Prussia as regent for his incapable Hohenzollern relative Duke Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q40647", "label": "Albert Frederick of Prussia", "section": "History - Elder line", "says": "Albert was succeeded by his cousin Margrave George Frederick in 1557, who from 1577 also ruled in the Duchy of Prussia as regent for his incapable Hohenzollern relative Duke Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q152229", "label": "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia", "section": "History - Younger line", "says": "On 2 December 1791, Charles Alexander signed a treaty with King Frederick William II of Prussia, whereby he ceded his principalities to the Prussian state against a lifelong annuity."}, {"id": "Q213645", "label": "Karl August von Hardenberg", "section": "History - Younger line", "says": "He married socialite Elizabeth Craven and retired to private life in England, while Bayreuth and Ansbach were governed by the Prussian minister Karl August von Hardenberg."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Younger line", "says": "At the 1808 Congress of Erfurt, the French emperor Napoleon offered it for sale to the newly established Kingdom of Bavaria; it changed owners in 1810 against a payment of 15 million francs."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "History - Younger line", "says": "At the 1808 Congress of Erfurt, the French emperor Napoleon offered it for sale to the newly established Kingdom of Bavaria; it changed owners in 1810 against a payment of 15 million francs."}], "Q370372": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Cyrenaica (Arabic: إمارة برقة) came into existence when Sayyid Idris unilaterally proclaimed Cyrenaica an independent Senussi emirate on 1 March 1949, backed by the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q31454", "label": "Kingdom of Libya", "section": "lead", "says": "The independence of the Kingdom of Libya was declared on 24 December 1951, and on 27 December, Emir Idris was enthroned as King Idris I."}], "Q376009": [{"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Limburg was also a member state of the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The German Confederation, as established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, was a loose association of 39 German states to coordinate the military and economies of the member countries."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Though not a part of the German Confederation at its founding, Limburg would join it in 1839 as a consequence of the Belgian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1830 several francophone, Catholic and liberal groups joined forces and proclaimed the independence of Belgium, whose territory prior to that had been part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In the subsequent peace settlement in 1839, the Dutch king ceded the western half of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg to the newly formed Belgian state."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Luxembourg, however, had been a member state of the German Confederation since the latter's creation and with the annexation of its western parts lost approximately 150,000 inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q3100682", "label": "Treaty of London", "section": "History - Dissolution and aftermath", "says": "To clarify the position of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Duchy of Limburg, which were possessions of the Dutch king but also member states of the Confederation, the Second Treaty of London in 1867 affirmed that Limburg was an \"integral part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands\", while Luxembourg was and had been an independent state in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands since "}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Dissolution and aftermath", "says": "To clarify the position of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Duchy of Limburg, which were possessions of the Dutch king but also member states of the Confederation, the Second Treaty of London in 1867 affirmed that Limburg was an \"integral part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands\", while Luxembourg was and had been an independent state in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands since "}], "Q4398229": [{"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian State, East Russia or just Russia was the White Army anti-Bolshevik Russian state proclaimed by the Act of the Ufa State Conference of September 23, 1918 (the Constitution of the Provisional All-Russian Government), \"On the formation of the all-Russian supreme power\" in the name of \"restoring state unity and independence of Russia\" affected by the revolutionary events of 1917, the Octo"}], "Q491559": [{"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "lead", "says": "Syngman Rhee was the first president of South Korea."}, {"id": "Q15242873", "label": "Soviet Civil Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Civil Administration in northern Korea refused, and North Korea was established separately, which ultimately led to the division."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soviet Civil Administration in northern Korea refused, and North Korea was established separately, which ultimately led to the division."}, {"id": "Q8663", "label": "Korean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The first republic claimed sovereignty over all of Korea but only controlled Korea south of the 38th parallel until the end of the Korean War in 1953, when the border was modified."}, {"id": "Q489416", "label": "April Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The April Revolution in April 1960 led to Rhee's resignation and the transition to the second Republic of Korea."}], "Q547795": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory (Hawaiian: Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi) was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory was admitted to the United States as the 50th US state, the State of Hawaii."}, {"id": "Q1057542", "label": "Republic of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the US annexation of the Republic of Hawaii, and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a US territory."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during World War II, when the islands were placed under martial law."}, {"id": "Q156418", "label": "Kingdom of Hawaiʻi", "section": "Background", "says": "After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in January 1893, the Provisional Government of Hawaii set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States."}, {"id": "Q2593459", "label": "Provisional Government of Hawaii", "section": "Background", "says": "After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in January 1893, the Provisional Government of Hawaii set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States."}, {"id": "Q35678", "label": "Benjamin Harrison", "section": "Background", "says": "Thurston, was sent to Washington, D.C. to negotiate an annexation treaty with US President Benjamin Harrison."}, {"id": "Q35171", "label": "Grover Cleveland", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the Senate did not act before March 4, 1893, when Harrison's term ended and Grover Cleveland took office."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Spanish–American War, Hawaii's strategic location relative to the Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan."}, {"id": "Q142988", "label": "Alfred Thayer Maan", "section": "Background", "says": "During the Spanish–American War, Hawaii's strategic location relative to the Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "Background", "says": "This and fears that the Empire of Japan would seize control of the islands provided momentum for the proponents of annexation."}], "Q571775": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bavaria-Ingolstadt (German: Bayern-Ingolstadt or Oberbayern-Ingolstadt) was a sub-duchy which was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1392 to 1447."}], "Q573290": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Ravensberg (German: Grafschaft Ravensberg) was a historical county of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q5790": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yadavas reached their peak under Simhana II, and flourished until the early 14th century, when it was annexed by the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate in 1308 CE."}, {"id": "Q1534153", "label": "Vallabhi", "section": "Origin", "says": "A family feudatory to the Yadavas migrated from Vallabhi (also in present-day Gujarat) to Khandesh."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "Political history - Decline", "says": "In 1307, Khalji sent an army commanded by Malik Kafur, accompanied by Khwaja Haji, to Devagiri."}], "Q633573": [{"id": "Q1263208", "label": "Urien Rheged", "section": "lead", "says": "In some sources, Rheged is intimately associated with the king Urien Rheged and his family."}], "Q635394": [{"id": "Q837973", "label": "Seku Amadu", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Seku Amadu in 1818 during the Fulani jihads after defeating the Bambara Empire and its allies at the Battle of Noukouma."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "Massina's expansion into the region between the Mali-Niger border and north-eastern Burkina Faso was more successful, and marked the southernmost limit of the empire, which it shared with the Sokoto empire."}, {"id": "Q536476", "label": "Empire Peul", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Omar Saidou Tall of the nascent Tukulor Empire had wished to ally Massina against the animist Segou empire, however Ahmadu III saw the conversion of the territory as Massina's responsibility, compounded by tensions between Omar's Tijaniyyah and Massina's Qadiriyya orders regarding which was best at spreading Islam."}], "Q657241": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Westphalia (German: Herzogtum Westfalen) was a historic territory in the Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 1102 to 1803."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Creation of the duchy (1102–1180)", "says": "In the fierce Investiture Controversy, Archbishop Frederick I of Cologne in 1102 had occupied and seized half of the territory held by the Westphalian counts of Arnsberg, supporters of Emperor Henry IV."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - Creation of the duchy (1102–1180)", "says": "After the rebellious Saxon duke Henry the Lion was defeated in 1180, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa presented the Archbishop of Cologne, Philip of Heinsberg with these territories and the southwest of the former Duchy of Saxony as the 'Duchy of Westphalia'."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Creation of the duchy (1102–1180)", "says": "After the rebellious Saxon duke Henry the Lion was defeated in 1180, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa presented the Archbishop of Cologne, Philip of Heinsberg with these territories and the southwest of the former Duchy of Saxony as the 'Duchy of Westphalia'."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "History - Creation of the duchy (1102–1180)", "says": "After the rebellious Saxon duke Henry the Lion was defeated in 1180, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa presented the Archbishop of Cologne, Philip of Heinsberg with these territories and the southwest of the former Duchy of Saxony as the 'Duchy of Westphalia'."}, {"id": "Q641138", "label": "Duchy of Cleves", "section": "History - Expansion (1180–1445)", "says": "Soest had become a part of the Duchy of Cleves."}, {"id": "Q70963", "label": "Gebhard Truchsess of Waldburg", "section": "History - Westphalia until the end of the Empire (1445–1806)", "says": "Eventually the Reformation was suppressed, but during the reign of Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg (1577–1583) the Reformation returned and he was forced to attend to Westphalia in 1582 where several knights and cities had adopted the new doctrine."}, {"id": "Q62051", "label": "Ernest of Bavaria", "section": "History - Westphalia until the end of the Empire (1445–1806)", "says": "The newly elected Archbishop Ernest of Bavaria (1583–1612) and his brother Ferdinand of Bavaria managed to regain the duchy for the archbishopric at the beginning of the Cologne War in 1583, and Protestantism survived only on the border region of Waldeck and Hesse."}, {"id": "Q63249", "label": "Ferdinand of Bavaria", "section": "History - Westphalia until the end of the Empire (1445–1806)", "says": "The newly elected Archbishop Ernest of Bavaria (1583–1612) and his brother Ferdinand of Bavaria managed to regain the duchy for the archbishopric at the beginning of the Cologne War in 1583, and Protestantism survived only on the border region of Waldeck and Hesse."}, {"id": "Q524189", "label": "Cologne War", "section": "History - Westphalia until the end of the Empire (1445–1806)", "says": "The newly elected Archbishop Ernest of Bavaria (1583–1612) and his brother Ferdinand of Bavaria managed to regain the duchy for the archbishopric at the beginning of the Cologne War in 1583, and Protestantism survived only on the border region of Waldeck and Hesse."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Westphalia until the end of the Empire (1445–1806)", "says": "Like most other territories of Germany, Westphalia suffered during the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - After the Empire (1806–1815)", "says": "In 1807 the Kingdom of Westphalia was created although it did not include the Duchy and had its capital in Hesse at Kassel."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - After the Empire (1806–1815)", "says": "In 1815 the Congress of Vienna awarded the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia in exchange for important lands west of the Rhine, and the Duchy was incorporated into the Province of Westphalia the same year."}], "Q660776": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Basel was a canton of Switzerland that was in existence between 1501 and 1833, when it was split into the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country."}, {"id": "Q214069", "label": "Unterwalden", "section": "Partition", "says": "After this conflict, the highest Swiss authority, the Tagsatzung, was petitioned on 17 August 1833 to separate the canton of Basel; nine days later, the partition into half-cantons, modelled after the precedent of Unterwalden and Appenzell, was effected."}, {"id": "Q688257", "label": "Appenzell", "section": "Partition", "says": "After this conflict, the highest Swiss authority, the Tagsatzung, was petitioned on 17 August 1833 to separate the canton of Basel; nine days later, the partition into half-cantons, modelled after the precedent of Unterwalden and Appenzell, was effected."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "Partition", "says": "From the country municipalities it allocated only Riehen, Bettingen and Kleinhüningen — which would otherwise have been an exclave of Basel-Country between Basel-City and the Grand Duchy of Baden — to the new half-canton of Basel-City."}], "Q671899": [{"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Teschen (German: Herzogtum Teschen), also Duchy of Cieszyn (Polish: Księstwo Cieszyńskie) or Duchy of Těšín (Czech: Těšínské knížectví), was one of the Duchies of Silesia centered on Cieszyn (Teschen) in Upper Silesia."}, {"id": "Q661980", "label": "Duchy of Opole", "section": "lead", "says": "It was split off the Silesian Duchy of Opole and Racibórz in 1281 during the feudal division of Poland and was ruled by Silesian dukes of the Piast dynasty from 1290 until the line became extinct with the death of Duchess Elizabeth Lucretia in 1653."}, {"id": "Q702327", "label": "Duchy of Oświęcim", "section": "lead", "says": "The ducal lands initially comprised former Lesser Polish territories east of the Biała River, which in about 1315 again split off as the Polish Duchy of Oświęcim, while the remaining duchy became a fiefdom of the Bohemian kings in 1327 and was incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in 1348."}, {"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "lead", "says": "The ducal lands initially comprised former Lesser Polish territories east of the Biała River, which in about 1315 again split off as the Polish Duchy of Oświęcim, while the remaining duchy became a fiefdom of the Bohemian kings in 1327 and was incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in 1348."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "While the bulk of Silesia was conquered by the Prussian king Frederick the Great in the Silesian Wars of 1740–1763, Teschen together with the duchies of Troppau (Opava), Krnov and Nysa remained with the Habsburg monarchy and merged into the Austrian Silesia crown land in 1849."}, {"id": "Q699849", "label": "Silesian Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "While the bulk of Silesia was conquered by the Prussian king Frederick the Great in the Silesian Wars of 1740–1763, Teschen together with the duchies of Troppau (Opava), Krnov and Nysa remained with the Habsburg monarchy and merged into the Austrian Silesia crown land in 1849."}, {"id": "Q84201", "label": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "The so-called \"commander line\" of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, a cadet branch descending from Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, held the title \"Duke of Teschen\" until 1918."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "Like most of his Silesian Piast relatives, Mieszko approached the kings of Bohemia; during the Polish internal struggles after the death of High Duke Leszek II, in 1291, he and his younger brother Duke Bolko I of Opole signed a support agreement with King Wenceslaus II."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "His adhered to the alliance with Bohemia even after in 1310 the House of Luxembourg assumed the throne in Prague."}, {"id": "Q155167", "label": "John of Bohemia", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "His brother Casimir I retained the western part and in 1327 swore homage to King John of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q1395320", "label": "Duchy of Siewierz", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "Local Piast rulers often possessed other lands outside the duchy itself, as the Duchy of Siewierz, half of Głogów and some parts of Bytom."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Habsburg rule", "says": "In 1722 Emperor Charles VI separated Teschen from the Bohemian Crown and granted the duchy to Duke Leopold of Lorraine, whose son Francis I was to marry Charles's daughter Maria Theresa."}, {"id": "Q15604942", "label": "Duchy of Montferrat", "section": "History - Habsburg rule", "says": "Leopold had unsuccessfully claimed his maternal grandmother's rights to the north Italian Duchy of Montferrat, which Charles had taken and given to the Dukes of Savoy in 1708 as part of their alliance pact."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Habsburg rule", "says": "Although most of Silesia had passed to Prussia, Teschen with Bielsko and the duchies of Krnov (Jägerndorf), Opava (Troppau) and southern part of episcopal Nysa (Neisse)  remained under Habsburg control and passed to the newly established Austrian Empire in 1804."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Habsburg rule", "says": "At the end of World War I both the crown land and the ducal title were disestablished with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Habsburg rule", "says": "At the end of World War I both the crown land and the ducal title were disestablished with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q78521", "label": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "section": "History - Habsburg rule", "says": "Archduke Frederick, appointed Austrian field marshal in 1914 but soon neutralized by Chief-of-Staff Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, found his vast possessions expropriated and retired to Magyaróvár in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "However, the preliminary convention failed to settle the border conflict between the newly established state of Czechoslovakia and the Second Polish Republic, which claimed further areas of the former Cieszyn duchy with a predominantly Polish-speaking population."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "However, the preliminary convention failed to settle the border conflict between the newly established state of Czechoslovakia and the Second Polish Republic, which claimed further areas of the former Cieszyn duchy with a predominantly Polish-speaking population."}, {"id": "Q1933729", "label": "Polish–Czechoslovak War", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The ongoing conflict escalated when Czechoslovak troops crossed the Olza on 23 January 1919, starting the Polish–Czechoslovak War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "After World War II the remaining German population was expelled."}], "Q688257": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "Appenzell (German pronunciation: [ˈapn̩ˌtsɛl] ) was a canton in the northeast of Switzerland, and entirely surrounded by the canton of St."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "Appenzell became independent of the Abbey of Saint Gall in 1403 and entered a league with the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1411, becoming a full member in 1513."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "In response to the loss of revenue from his estates, Kuno approached the Austrian House of Habsburg for help."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "History - Division of Appenzell", "says": "Starting in 1522, followers of Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli began to preach the Protestant Reformation in Appenzell."}, {"id": "Q123034", "label": "Huldrych Zwingli", "section": "History - Division of Appenzell", "says": "Starting in 1522, followers of Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli began to preach the Protestant Reformation in Appenzell."}, {"id": "Q233594", "label": "Second War of Kappel", "section": "History - Division of Appenzell", "says": "The Catholic victory in the Second War of Kappel in 1531 ended plans for a reformation of the entire Canton of Appenzell."}], "Q690821": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Baden (German: Republik Baden) was a German state during the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Baden (German: Republik Baden) was a German state during the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed as the successor to the Grand Duchy of Baden during the German revolution of 1918–1919 and formally dissolved in 1945."}, {"id": "Q253224", "label": "Armistice of Compiègne", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Armistice of 11 November 1918 put almost all of Baden in the demilitarized zone along the Rhine, where the presence of active military personnel and an armed police force were prohibited."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - German revolution", "says": "The revolution reached Berlin on 9 November, and Emperor Wilhelm II fled to Holland the next day."}, {"id": "Q4044", "label": "Offenburg", "section": "History - German revolution", "says": "The first councils in Baden were formed on 8 November in the garrison towns of Lahr and Offenburg."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - German revolution", "says": "Heinrich Klumpp, a sailor from Karlsruhe who had possible psychological problems and had spent a year in prison for embezzlement before being drafted to serve in World War I, attempted to enter the Karlsruhe Palace with a group of soldiers in order to talk to the Grand Duke."}, {"id": "Q76908", "label": "Prince Maximilian of Baden", "section": "History - German revolution", "says": "On 22 November he officially renounced the throne for himself and his cousin Prince Maximilian of Baden, who had been the German Empire's last chancellor (3 October to 9 November 1918) and would have succeeded Frederick."}, {"id": "Q76440", "label": "Kurt Eisner", "section": "History - 1919 communist insurrection", "says": "Kurt Eisner, the USPD minister-president of the People's State of Bavaria, was assassinated in Munich on 21 February 1919."}, {"id": "Q38251605", "label": "People's State of Bavaria", "section": "History - 1919 communist insurrection", "says": "Kurt Eisner, the USPD minister-president of the People's State of Bavaria, was assassinated in Munich on 21 February 1919."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "History - Nazi rule", "says": "In the 5 March 1933 election to the German Reichstag, held a little over a month after Adolf Hitler became the German chancellor, 45% of voters in Baden chose the Nazi Party, 25% the Centre, 13% the SPD and 10% the KPD."}, {"id": "Q71604", "label": "Robert Heinrich Wagner", "section": "History - Nazi rule", "says": "On 8 March 1933, Robert Heinrich Wagner was sent to Baden as Reichskommissar and took over the duties of the Ministry of the Interior, which included the police force."}, {"id": "Q251660", "label": "Württemberg-Baden", "section": "History - Post-war", "says": "The northern American-administered area became part of the state of Württemberg-Baden on 19 September 1945, while the southern half was placed under French administration and became the state of South Baden or simply \"Baden\"."}, {"id": "Q261407", "label": "South Baden", "section": "History - Post-war", "says": "The northern American-administered area became part of the state of Württemberg-Baden on 19 September 1945, while the southern half was placed under French administration and became the state of South Baden or simply \"Baden\"."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Post-war", "says": "Both of the new entities became constituent states of West Germany at its founding on 23 May 1949."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "History - Post-war", "says": "They later were reunited and merged with the state of Württemberg on 25 April 1952 to form the new state of Baden-Württemberg."}], "Q694594": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (German pronunciation: [ˈfɛɐ̯dən]; German: Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, which emerged and gained imperial immediacy in 1180."}, {"id": "Q701983", "label": "Palatinate-Zweibrücken", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1648, both prince-bishoprics were secularised, meaning that they were transformed into hereditary monarchies by constitution, and from then on both the Duchy of Bremen and the Duchy of Verden were always ruled in personal union, initially by the royal houses of Sweden, the House of Vasa and the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, and later by the House of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bremen-Verden's status as fiefs of imperial immediacy became void; as they had been in personal union with the neighbouring Kingdom of Hanover, they were incorporated into that state."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Transformation of prince-bishoprics into Bremen-Verden in 1648", "says": "The political entities of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden were transformed by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 into the Duchy of Bremen and the Principality of Verden, however, colloquially the Duchies of Bremen and Verden, without changing the territories' status of imperial immediacy and imperial estate."}, {"id": "Q52937", "label": "Christina of Sweden", "section": "History - Transformation of prince-bishoprics into Bremen-Verden in 1648", "says": "Emperor Ferdinand III at first enfeoffed the Queen regnant Christina of Sweden and her legal heirs with the duchies, as Sweden's reward from its participation in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Transformation of prince-bishoprics into Bremen-Verden in 1648", "says": "Emperor Ferdinand III at first enfeoffed the Queen regnant Christina of Sweden and her legal heirs with the duchies, as Sweden's reward from its participation in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "History - Transformation of prince-bishoprics into Bremen-Verden in 1648", "says": "Bremen-Verden provided Sweden a strategic advantage, because it would participate with them in recruiting and financing armies in two imperial circles already covering all of the northern and north-western parts of the Holy Roman Empire, with Swedish Pomerania, a member in the Upper Saxon Circle, covering the Empire's North East."}, {"id": "Q161059", "label": "Frederik IV of Denmark", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "In 1715, Frederick IV of Denmark, still fighting in the Great Northern War, gained a new ally in the anti-Swedish coalition, George I, King of Great Britain since 1714, and Elector of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "In 1715, Frederick IV of Denmark, still fighting in the Great Northern War, gained a new ally in the anti-Swedish coalition, George I, King of Great Britain since 1714, and Elector of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "In 1728, Emperor Charles VI enfeoffed George II Augustus, who in 1727 had succeeded his father George I Louis, with the reverted fief of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "By a redeployment of Hanoverian territories in 1731, Bremen-Verden was conveyed the administration of the neighboured Land of Hadeln at the Northern tip of Bremen-Verden, since 1180 an exclave, first of the younger Duchy of Saxony and from 1296 on of the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q313175", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "By a redeployment of Hanoverian territories in 1731, Bremen-Verden was conveyed the administration of the neighboured Land of Hadeln at the Northern tip of Bremen-Verden, since 1180 an exclave, first of the younger Duchy of Saxony and from 1296 on of the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg."}, {"id": "Q131981", "label": "George II of Great Britain", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "At both feoffments George II of Great Britain swore that he would respect the existing privileges and constitutions of the Estates in Bremen-Verden and in Hadeln, thus confirming 400-year-old traditions of Estate participation in their governments."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "Thus George II formed an alliance with his cousin Frederick II of Brandenburg-Prussia, combining the North American conflict with the Austro–Brandenburg-Prussian Third Silesian or Seven Years' War ("}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)", "says": "Thus George II formed an alliance with his cousin Frederick II of Brandenburg-Prussia, combining the North American conflict with the Austro–Brandenburg-Prussian Third Silesian or Seven Years' War ("}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "History - Napoleonic wars (1803–1813)", "says": "After Britain — without any ally — had declared war on France on 18 May 1803, French troops invaded the Electorate of Hanover on 26 May and installed — among others — two occupation companies in Bremen-Verden's capital Stade on 18 June."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "History - Napoleonic wars (1803–1813)", "says": "In the autumn of 1805, at the beginning of the War of the Third Coalition against France (1805–1806) the French occupational troops left Hanover in a campaign against the Archduchy of Austria (End of the First French Occupation of Hanover, 1803–1805)."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - Napoleonic wars (1803–1813)", "says": "In December, the First French Empire, since 1804 France's new form of government, ceded Hanover, which it didn't hold anymore, to Brandenburg-Prussia, which captured it early in 1806."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Napoleonic wars (1803–1813)", "says": "But when the Kingdom of Prussia, after it had turned against France, was defeated in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (11 November 1806), the Privy Council of Hanover returned from Lauenburg to Hanover City for a month, only to have to flee again from the Second French Occupation of Hanover (November 1806-January 1810), including Bremen-Verden."}], "Q701969": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Regensburg (German: Fürstentum Regensburg) was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire that was created in 1803."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, the principality became a member state of the Confederation of the Rhine until 1810."}], "Q705240": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It formerly ruled an immediate territory within the Holy Roman Empire, which was divided between several branches."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1825, the German Confederation recognized the right of all members of the house to be styled as Serene Highness (German: Durchlaucht), with the title of Fürst for the heads of its branches, and the title of prince/princess for the other members."}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty is related to the Staufers around the famous Emperor Barbarossa, and also to the British royal family through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria's half-sister Princess Feodora of Leiningen."}], "Q7075820": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British, French and Arab military administration over the Levantine provinces – which had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries – between 1918 and 1920, set up on 23 October 1918 following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and Arab Revolt of World War I."}, {"id": "Q727536", "label": "Sinai and Palestine Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British, French and Arab military administration over the Levantine provinces – which had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries – between 1918 and 1920, set up on 23 October 1918 following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and Arab Revolt of World War I."}, {"id": "Q239060", "label": "Arab Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British, French and Arab military administration over the Levantine provinces – which had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries – between 1918 and 1920, set up on 23 October 1918 following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and Arab Revolt of World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British, French and Arab military administration over the Levantine provinces – which had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries – between 1918 and 1920, set up on 23 October 1918 following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and Arab Revolt of World War I."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "The administration ended in OETA West and OETA South in 1920, following the assignment of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate for Palestine at the 19–26 April 1920 San Remo conference."}, {"id": "Q146600", "label": "Arab Kingdom of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "In OETA East, British administration ended following the withdrawal of British forces from the territory in November 1919, and the subsequent declaration of the Arab Kingdom of Syria over the same area."}, {"id": "Q3326429", "label": "mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon", "section": "History - Initiation", "says": "This was the first administrative definition of what was to become Mandatory Palestine;\nOETA West (originally OETA North, renamed two months later) consisting of the Ottoman Beirut Vilayet, the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, the Sanjak of Latakia, and a number of sub-districts; and\nOETA East consisting of the Ottoman Damascus Vilayet and the southern part of the Aleppo Vilayet."}], "Q769320": [{"id": "Q770776", "label": "Dutch Gold Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Swedish control for eleven years, it disappeared for good in April 1663 when it became part of the Dutch Gold Coast."}], "Q800236": [{"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "State of Bahawalpur was a state in the Punjab region of South Asia that existed as a sovereign polity from 1748 to 1833 and as a princely state, under subsidiary alliance with British India from 1833 to 1947 and later Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "When British rule ended in 1947 and British Raj was partitioned into India and Pakistan, Bahawalpur joined the Dominion of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Bahawalpur remained an autonomous entity until 14 October 1955, when it was merged with the province of West Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Independence of Pakistan", "says": "After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in Bahawalpur state."}], "Q818666": [{"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the Deccan sultanates, and was established in 1490 following the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate by Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk."}, {"id": "Q400998", "label": "Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was annexed by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in 1574 following an invasion."}], "Q835435": [{"id": "Q9738", "label": "Wu Zetian", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty consisted of the reign of one female emperor, Wu Zhao (Wu Zetian), who usurped the throne of her son, the Emperor Ruizong of Tang, in 690."}, {"id": "Q9722", "label": "Emperor Ruizong of Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty consisted of the reign of one female emperor, Wu Zhao (Wu Zetian), who usurped the throne of her son, the Emperor Ruizong of Tang, in 690."}, {"id": "Q9717", "label": "Emperor Zhongzong of Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty lasted until another one of Wu Zhao's sons, the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, was restored to the throne in the Shenlong Coup in 705, marking the restoration of the Tang dynasty."}], "Q913828": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Prekmurje (Hungarian: Vendvidéki Köztársaság, Mura Köztársaság; Slovene: Murska Republika, Republika Prekmurje; Prekmurje Slovene: Reszpublika Szlovenszka okroglina, Mörszka Reszpublika) was a short-lived unrecognized state in Prekmurje, an area traditionally known in Hungarian as Vendvidék  (\"Wendic March\")."}, {"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 6, 1919, Prekmurje was incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed \"Yugoslavia\" in 1929)."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "On June 6, 1919, Prekmurje was incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed \"Yugoslavia\" in 1929)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Origins", "says": "The Magyars settled the eastern part of this area in the early 10th century, and Prekmurje (along with Croatia and Slovakia) eventually became part of the Kingdom of Hungary."}], "Q979470": [{"id": "Q218272", "label": "French Algeria", "section": "Abolition", "says": "The Essonne department was created out of 198 communes in the south of the old Seine-et-Oise (32% of the area of Seine-et-Oise), and the official number 91 was assigned to this department, a number that had been previously used for the Alger department in French Algeria)."}], "Q994451": [{"id": "Q718238", "label": "Li Xin", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the Tang dynasty, Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu), traced his patrilineal ancestry to the Western Liang rulers and traced the ancestry of the Western Liang rulers to Li Guang, Li Xin, and Laozi in the paternal line."}, {"id": "Q712325", "label": "Li Gao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Western Liang's founder, Li Gao was from the Li clan of Longxi, a prominent Han Chinese family that claimed descent from figures such as Laozi, Li Xìn and Li Guang."}, {"id": "Q706443", "label": "Li Guang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Western Liang's founder, Li Gao was from the Li clan of Longxi, a prominent Han Chinese family that claimed descent from figures such as Laozi, Li Xìn and Li Guang."}, {"id": "Q943392", "label": "Former Liang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Under the Western Jin and Former Liang dynasties, his family members served as administrators in the Hexi Corridor."}, {"id": "Q1131409", "label": "Duan Ye", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 397, the Administrator of Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu), Duan Ye, with support of the Lushuihu Juqu tribe, broke away from the Later Liang and founded the Northern Liang."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 397, the Administrator of Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu), Duan Ye, with support of the Lushuihu Juqu tribe, broke away from the Later Liang and founded the Northern Liang."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 397, the Administrator of Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu), Duan Ye, with support of the Lushuihu Juqu tribe, broke away from the Later Liang and founded the Northern Liang."}, {"id": "Q1330290", "label": "Southern Liang", "section": "History - Reign of Li Gao", "says": "To apply more pressure on the Northern Liang, he moved his capital east to Jiuquan in 405 and allied with the Southern Liang."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Reign of Li Gao", "says": "He also nominally submitted to the Later Qin and sent tributes to Northern Wei."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Reign of Li Gao", "says": "He also nominally submitted to the Later Qin and sent tributes to Northern Wei."}, {"id": "Q708337", "label": "Li Xun", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "His brother, Li Xun succeeded him in Dunhuang and continued to hold out, but the city eventually fell and Li Xun committed suicide in 421, putting an end to Western Liang."}, {"id": "Q7071", "label": "Li Bai", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The famed Tang dynasty poets, Li Bai and Li Shangyin were also both believed to be descendants of Li Gao."}, {"id": "Q203782", "label": "Li Shangyin", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The famed Tang dynasty poets, Li Bai and Li Shangyin were also both believed to be descendants of Li Gao."}], "Q1051384": [{"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "lead", "says": "They are mentioned by Cassius Dio, who implies that they led the resistance against the conquest in AD 43."}, {"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "Before the Roman conquest", "says": "Koch conjectures that the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains and the modern name of Châlons-en-Champagne preserves the name of an original continental tribe of Catuvellauni, a name he derives from a compound of the ancient Celtic roots *katu- (\"battle\") and *wer-lo (\"better\"), thus meaning \"excelling in battle\", the same source as that of the later British and Breton personal name Cadwallon."}, {"id": "Q363623", "label": "Cassivellaunus", "section": "Before the Roman conquest", "says": "Cassivellaunus, who led the resistance to Julius Caesar's first expedition to Britain in 54 BC, is often taken to have belonged to the Catuvellauni."}, {"id": "Q188344", "label": "Geoffrey of Monmouth", "section": "Before the Roman conquest", "says": "Geoffrey of Monmouth says he was brought up at the court of Augustus and willingly paid tribute to Rome."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Before the Roman conquest", "says": "Geoffrey of Monmouth says he was brought up at the court of Augustus and willingly paid tribute to Rome."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Before the Roman conquest", "says": "Archaeology indicates increased trading and diplomatic links with the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q10133", "label": "Suetonius", "section": "Before the Roman conquest", "says": "Adminius, whose power-base appears from his coins to have been in Kent, was exiled by his father shortly before AD 40 according to Suetonius, prompting the emperor Caligula to mount his abortive invasion of Britain."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "Before the Roman conquest", "says": "Adminius, whose power-base appears from his coins to have been in Kent, was exiled by his father shortly before AD 40 according to Suetonius, prompting the emperor Caligula to mount his abortive invasion of Britain."}], "Q1077960": [{"id": "Q352544", "label": "Eannatum", "section": "lead", "says": "2750 BC—who is the earliest archaeologically attested king named on the Sumerian King List (SKL); moreover, by a later monarch, Eannatum of Lagash c."}, {"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "History - Akkadian period (c. 2350 – c. 2154 BC)", "says": "Events become a little clearer at the time of the Akkadian Empire (c."}, {"id": "Q199461", "label": "Sargon of Akkad", "section": "History - Akkadian period (c. 2350 – c. 2154 BC)", "says": "Sargon of Akkad boasted of defeating a \"Luh-ishan king of Elam, son of Hishiprashini\", and mentions plunder seized from Awan, among other places."}], "Q11696332": [{"id": "Q726798", "label": "Tulunids", "section": "lead", "says": "In 868, the Tulunids, ruled by Ahmad ibn Tulun, expanded Egypt's territory into the Levant."}, {"id": "Q374374", "label": "Ahmad ibn Tulun", "section": "lead", "says": "In 868, the Tulunids, ruled by Ahmad ibn Tulun, expanded Egypt's territory into the Levant."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After years of turmoil under Ahmad ibn Tulun's successor, many citizens defected back to the Abbasids and in 904 they would reclaim power from the Tulunids."}, {"id": "Q51659", "label": "Fifth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "This dynasty fought against the Crusader States during the Fifth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ayyubids were overthrown by their bodyguards, known as the Mamluks in 1252 and ruled until 1517, when Egypt became part of the Ottoman Empire under the Eyālet-i Mıṣr province."}], "Q1192936": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Early history and expansion", "says": "According to the \"Kanyaru cycle\", Ntare's royal clan and its associates were related to Rwanda's royal family, and had migrated from Rwanda to Burundi; in turn, this royal clan might have originally been Hima pastoralists from southern Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q125057", "label": "Richard Francis Burton", "section": "History - European contacts and German domination", "says": "The first European explorers to reach Burundi were Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke in 1858, followed by Henry Morton Stanley and David Livingstone in 1871."}, {"id": "Q171421", "label": "Henry Morton Stanley", "section": "History - European contacts and German domination", "says": "The first European explorers to reach Burundi were Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke in 1858, followed by Henry Morton Stanley and David Livingstone in 1871."}, {"id": "Q48373", "label": "David Livingstone", "section": "History - European contacts and German domination", "says": "The first European explorers to reach Burundi were Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke in 1858, followed by Henry Morton Stanley and David Livingstone in 1871."}, {"id": "Q431156", "label": "Mwezi IV Gisabo of Burundi", "section": "History - European contacts and German domination", "says": "Mwezi IV of Burundi was wary of the Europeans, resisting initial attempts by Christian missionaries to proselytize the population."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "History - European contacts and German domination", "says": "In 1890, Burundi was assigned to the German colonial empire as part of German East Africa, but was not effectively occupied or controlled by the colonial power."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "History - World War I and Belgian rule", "says": "From 1914, the Ruzizi River marked the frontline in the area; in September 1915, German forces crossed the border and attacked Luvungi in the neighbouring Belgian Congo."}, {"id": "Q12967", "label": "Leopold II of Belgium", "section": "History - World War I and Belgian rule", "says": "As a result of the atrocities committed in the Congo when it had been directly ruled by Leopold II of Belgium, the population of Burundi was generally fearful of the Belgians; though Force Publique troops did not assuage these fears, as they looted and harassed civilians, the Belgian takeover was mostly orderly and its new regime was initially \"no harder (nor any easier)\" than that of the Germans."}, {"id": "Q590743", "label": "Ruanda-Urundi", "section": "History - World War I and Belgian rule", "says": "In 1922, Burundi was officially assigned to the Belgian colonial empire (together with the neighbouring Kingdom of Rwanda) as part of Ruanda-Urundi, an international mandate by the League of Nations."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Independence movement and end of the monarchy", "says": "After World War II, an independence movement developed in Burundi, In 1946, the United Nations exerted pressure on Belgium to prepare Burundi's independence as well as introduce democratic reforms."}, {"id": "Q739990", "label": "Prince Louis Rwagasore of Burundi", "section": "History - Independence movement and end of the monarchy", "says": "The Burundian independence movement was led by Louis Rwagasore, a prince of the Bezi clan and leader of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA)."}], "Q1198071": [{"id": "Q1154556", "label": "Later Zhou dynasty", "section": "Fall of the Southern Han", "says": "The Five Dynasties ended in 960 when the Song dynasty was founded to replace the Later Zhou."}], "Q1235737": [{"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created by the Carolingians late in the 8th or early in the 9th century, but soon fell into the orbit of the Kingdom of Navarre, into which it was absorbed in 922."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "It would later form the core of the 11th century Kingdom of Aragon."}], "Q1472105": [{"id": "Q353458", "label": "Henri Christophe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Haiti, or Kingdom of Hayti (French: Royaume d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Wayòm an Ayiti), was the state established by Henri Christophe on 28 March 1811 when he proclaimed himself King Henri I after having previously ruled as president of the State of Haiti, in the northern part of the country."}, {"id": "Q2150951", "label": "State of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Haiti, or Kingdom of Hayti (French: Royaume d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Wayòm an Ayiti), was the state established by Henri Christophe on 28 March 1811 when he proclaimed himself King Henri I after having previously ruled as president of the State of Haiti, in the northern part of the country."}, {"id": "Q212068", "label": "Jean-Jacques Dessalines", "section": "lead", "says": "This was Haiti's second attempt at monarchical rule, as Jean-Jacques Dessalines had previously ruled over the First Empire of Haiti as Emperor Jacques I from 1804 until his assassination in 1806."}, {"id": "Q2006756", "label": "First Empire of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "This was Haiti's second attempt at monarchical rule, as Jean-Jacques Dessalines had previously ruled over the First Empire of Haiti as Emperor Jacques I from 1804 until his assassination in 1806."}, {"id": "Q353464", "label": "Alejandro Petion", "section": "lead", "says": "Parallel with the government of Christophe in the north, Alexandre Pétion, a free person of color, ruled over the south of the country as President of the Republic of Haiti until his death in 1818."}, {"id": "Q449421", "label": "Jean-Pierre Boyer", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by Jean-Pierre Boyer, who reunited the two parts of the nation after the deaths of Henri I and his son in 1820."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "From 1791 to 1804, the Haitian Revolution against the French colonists raged."}, {"id": "Q289738", "label": "Andre Rigaud", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1810, General André Rigaud returned from France and attempted to challenge Pétion's authority."}, {"id": "Q886447", "label": "Pierre Nord Alexis", "section": "History - Posterity", "says": "One such case was that of Pierre Nord Alexis, grandson of the former King Henri, who took power in 1902."}], "Q1518576": [{"id": "Q328499", "label": "Armistice of Mudros", "section": "lead", "says": "Born in the wake of the Armistice of Mudros that ended World War I in the Middle East, it existed from December 1, 1918 until April 19, 1919, when it was abolished by British High Commissioner Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Born in the wake of the Armistice of Mudros that ended World War I in the Middle East, it existed from December 1, 1918 until April 19, 1919, when it was abolished by British High Commissioner Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The terms of the Armistice of Mudros signed on 30 October 1918 by the Allies and the Ottomans required the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire to withdraw from all territory belonging to Russia in the Caucasus and to return to the west of the pre-war border with Russia."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "Background", "says": "Other than Azerbaijan, this amounted to most of the territory which the Ottoman army had evacuated."}], "Q162192": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Riograndense Republic, often called the Piratini Republic (Portuguese: República Rio-Grandense or República do Piratini), was a de facto state that seceded from the Empire of Brazil and roughly coincided with the present state of Rio Grande do Sul."}, {"id": "Q209297", "label": "Farroupilha Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed on 11 September 1836 by general Antônio de Sousa Neto as a direct consequence of the victory obtained by gaúcho oligarchic forces at the Battle of Seival (1836) during the Ragamuffin War (1835–1845)."}, {"id": "Q2413855", "label": "Juliana Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "November 1839, however, saw the war result in the defeat and disappearance of the Juliana Republic."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Confederation", "says": "As the war progressed with successive ragamuffin victories, the Riograndense Navy led by the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi and the gaucho David Canabarro advanced to the Province of Santa Catarina to attack the city of Laguna."}, {"id": "Q467976", "label": "Fructuoso Rivera", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "In 1844, Fructuoso Rivera proposed to broker peace between legalists and republicans."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "Caxias received instructions from the empire, which feared the advance of Juan Manuel de Rosas in the disputed territory, to propose honorable conditions to the rebels, such as an amnesty of officers and men, incorporating them into the Imperial Brazilian Army with their ranks preserved, allowing the Governor of the Province to be elected by the Provincial Assembly, and raising taxes on meat impor"}], "Q16550783": [{"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was once ruled by the House of Ascania, and is now part of the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "History - Dukes of Anhalt", "says": "During the 9th century, most of Anhalt was part of the Duchy of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "History - Dukes of Anhalt", "says": "In the 12th century, it came under the rule of Albert the Bear, margrave of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Dukes of Anhalt", "says": "Bernard died in 1212, and Anhalt, separated from Saxony, passed to his son Henry I, who in 1218 took the title of prince and was the real founder of the house of Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q686965", "label": "Anhalt-Bernburg", "section": "History - Princes of Anhalt", "says": "These divisions included:\n\nAnhalt-Bernburg 1252–1468, 1603–1863\nAnhalt-Dessau 1396–1561, 1603–1863\nAnhalt-Köthen 1396–1562, 1603–1853\nAnhalt-Plötzkau 1544–1553, 1603–1665\nAnhalt-Zerbst 1252–1396, 1544–1796"}, {"id": "Q278874", "label": "Anhalt-Dessau", "section": "History - Princes of Anhalt", "says": "These divisions included:\n\nAnhalt-Bernburg 1252–1468, 1603–1863\nAnhalt-Dessau 1396–1561, 1603–1863\nAnhalt-Köthen 1396–1562, 1603–1853\nAnhalt-Plötzkau 1544–1553, 1603–1665\nAnhalt-Zerbst 1252–1396, 1544–1796"}, {"id": "Q264970", "label": "Anhalt-Köthen", "section": "History - Princes of Anhalt", "says": "These divisions included:\n\nAnhalt-Bernburg 1252–1468, 1603–1863\nAnhalt-Dessau 1396–1561, 1603–1863\nAnhalt-Köthen 1396–1562, 1603–1853\nAnhalt-Plötzkau 1544–1553, 1603–1665\nAnhalt-Zerbst 1252–1396, 1544–1796"}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - 19th century duchies", "says": "In 1806, Napoleon elevated the remaining states of Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen to duchies (Anhalt-Plötzkau and Anhalt-Zerbst had ceased to exist in the meantime)."}, {"id": "Q326029", "label": "Duchy of Brunswick", "section": "History - 19th century duchies", "says": "The western or smaller portion (the so-called Upper Duchy or Ballenstedt) was also enclosed by the two latter districts and by the Duchy of Brunswick."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "History - 19th century duchies", "says": "In 1918, Anhalt became a state within the Weimar Republic (see Free State of Anhalt)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 19th century duchies", "says": "After World War II it was united with the Prussian parts of Saxony in order to form the new state of Saxony-Anhalt."}], "Q1668970": [{"id": "Q1071576", "label": "Qifu Gangui", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Qin was briefly discontinued in 400 AD after Qifu Gangui surrendered to the Later Qin before it was revived in 409 AD."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Qin was briefly discontinued in 400 AD after Qifu Gangui surrendered to the Later Qin before it was revived in 409 AD."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "They are given the prefix of \"Western\" in historiography to distinguish them with the Former Qin and Later Qin as they were situated to the west of the two states."}, {"id": "Q1069809", "label": "Qifu Guoren", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Sifan died in 376, his son, Qifu Guoren succeeded him."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Surely enough, Qin suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Fei River later that year, sending the state into a rapid decline."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "History - Early rule", "says": "He expanded his power by continuing to campaign against the tribes and receiving tributes from the Tuyuhun, but in 391, he first came into conflict with the Later Liang in the Hexi."}, {"id": "Q1076719", "label": "Fu Deng", "section": "History - Early rule", "says": "In 394, Former Qin was decisively defeated by the Later Qin, and their ruler, Fu Deng was captured in battle."}, {"id": "Q1076723", "label": "Fu Chong", "section": "History - Early rule", "says": "Although his son, Fu Chong succeeded him, Gangui took the opportunity to seize Former Qin's remaining territory."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Early rule", "says": "While he still kept the Grand Chanyu title and its auxiliary offices, he established a governmental structure that was similar to the Eastern Han and Cao Wei dynasties."}, {"id": "Q1330290", "label": "Southern Liang", "section": "History - Early rule", "says": "The threat dissipated after Western Qin repelled a Later Liang invasion in 397, leading to rebellions in Liang by the Tufa and Juqu tribes, who founded the Southern Liang and Northern Liang respectively."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "History - Early rule", "says": "The threat dissipated after Western Qin repelled a Later Liang invasion in 397, leading to rebellions in Liang by the Tufa and Juqu tribes, who founded the Southern Liang and Northern Liang respectively."}, {"id": "Q1074762", "label": "Qifu Chipan", "section": "History - Restoration and final defeat", "says": "Gangui's son, Qifu Chipan quickly defeated Gongfu and took the throne."}, {"id": "Q10900417", "label": "Liu Yu", "section": "History - Restoration and final defeat", "says": "When the Eastern Jin commander, Liu Yu conquered Later Qin in 417, Chipan submitted to Jin as a vassal."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "History - Restoration and final defeat", "says": "The situation worsened for Western Qin in 421 as the Northern Liang vanquished the Western Liang, freeing up their western frontiers and allowing them to focus on Qin."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Restoration and final defeat", "says": "Chipan allied himself with the Northern Wei and tried to get them to attack the Xia, but he continued to suffer losses to Xia and Liang, with his worst defeat coming in 426."}], "Q1709185": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Bonapartist Spain was a Napoleonic client state established in 1808 after Napoleon, who had stationed his Imperial Army in Spain under the pretense of a joint Franco–Spanish invasion of Portugal, forced the ruling Spanish Bourbons to abdicate, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne, which ignited a people's revolt by Spanish citizens and led to the Peninsular War, where "}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Bonapartist Spain was a Napoleonic client state established in 1808 after Napoleon, who had stationed his Imperial Army in Spain under the pretense of a joint Franco–Spanish invasion of Portugal, forced the ruling Spanish Bourbons to abdicate, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne, which ignited a people's revolt by Spanish citizens and led to the Peninsular War, where "}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "lead", "says": "Bonapartist Spain was a Napoleonic client state established in 1808 after Napoleon, who had stationed his Imperial Army in Spain under the pretense of a joint Franco–Spanish invasion of Portugal, forced the ruling Spanish Bourbons to abdicate, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne, which ignited a people's revolt by Spanish citizens and led to the Peninsular War, where "}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Large parts of the country came under the control of juntas, which remained loyal to Ferdinand VII and the old Bourbon kingdom, allying with the Coalition forces of Britain and Portugal to undermine the French occupation."}], "Q1730130": [{"id": "Q1149160", "label": "Yao Xing", "section": "lead", "says": "As the only Qiang-led state among the Sixteen Kingdoms, it was most known for its propagation of Buddhism under its second ruler, Yao Xing, who sponsored the Madhyamakin monk, Kumārajīva to translate Sanskrit Buddhist text into Chinese."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "Historiographers gave the state the prefix of \"Later\" to distinguish it with the Former Qin and Western Qin as it was founded during the Former Qin's collapse after the Battle of Fei River and went on to conquer the Former Qin's power base in the Guanzhong."}, {"id": "Q1668970", "label": "Western Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "Historiographers gave the state the prefix of \"Later\" to distinguish it with the Former Qin and Western Qin as it was founded during the Former Qin's collapse after the Battle of Fei River and went on to conquer the Former Qin's power base in the Guanzhong."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "lead", "says": "Historiographers gave the state the prefix of \"Later\" to distinguish it with the Former Qin and Western Qin as it was founded during the Former Qin's collapse after the Battle of Fei River and went on to conquer the Former Qin's power base in the Guanzhong."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Their chieftain, Yao Kehui (姚柯回), assisted Cao Wei during their conquest of Shu Han, and was later appointed Commander of the Western Qiang for his merits."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Their chieftain, Yao Kehui (姚柯回), assisted Cao Wei during their conquest of Shu Han, and was later appointed Commander of the Western Qiang for his merits."}, {"id": "Q2481148", "label": "Disaster of Yongjia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "His son, Yao Yizhong succeeded him, and during the Disaster of Yongjia that befell the Western Jin dynasty, he occupied Yumei (榆眉; east of present-day Qianyang County, Shaanxi) and welcomed refugees under his wing."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Yizhong later submitted to the Han-Zhao dynasty, and then the Later Zhao dynasty, where he associated himself with the commander, Shi Hu."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Yizhong later submitted to the Han-Zhao dynasty, and then the Later Zhao dynasty, where he associated himself with the commander, Shi Hu."}, {"id": "Q1149441", "label": "Shi Hu", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Yizhong later submitted to the Han-Zhao dynasty, and then the Later Zhao dynasty, where he associated himself with the commander, Shi Hu."}, {"id": "Q1152762", "label": "Shi Shi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Although Yizhong was one of Shi Hu's most trusted officials, he and many other military generals colluded to overthrow his successor, Shi Shi by supporting Shi Zun after his death in 349."}, {"id": "Q1152755", "label": "Shi Zun", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Although Yizhong was one of Shi Hu's most trusted officials, he and many other military generals colluded to overthrow his successor, Shi Shi by supporting Shi Zun after his death in 349."}, {"id": "Q1199583", "label": "Shi Zhi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Thus, Yizhong remained behind to aid the last emperor, Shi Zhi, in his war against Ran Min."}, {"id": "Q836256", "label": "Ran Min", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Thus, Yizhong remained behind to aid the last emperor, Shi Zhi, in his war against Ran Min."}, {"id": "Q1147266", "label": "Yao Chang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "However, in 357, he was killed in an ambush by Former Qin forces, prompting his brother, Yao Chang to surrender with their army."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the battle, two branches of the Murong-Xianbei rebelled, forming the Later Yan in northeastern China and the Western Yan near Former Qin's capital, Chang'an in 384."}, {"id": "Q1149230", "label": "Western Yan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the battle, two branches of the Murong-Xianbei rebelled, forming the Later Yan in northeastern China and the Western Yan near Former Qin's capital, Chang'an in 384."}, {"id": "Q1076719", "label": "Fu Deng", "section": "History - Reign of Yao Chang", "says": "A distant cousin of Fu Jian, Fu Deng, was acclaimed the new Emperor of (Former) Qin and waged war against Yao Chang."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "History - Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin", "says": "In 400, they conquered Western Qin, and in 401, they forced the Later Liang into submission after besieging their capital."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "History - Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin", "says": "Fearing Later Qin's presence, the other Hexi states, Southern Liang, Northern Liang and Western Liang, followed suit."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "History - Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin", "says": "Fearing Later Qin's presence, the other Hexi states, Southern Liang, Northern Liang and Western Liang, followed suit."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin", "says": "Despite success in the west, Yao Xing was dissuaded from expanding east after a heavy defeat to the Northern Wei at the Battle of Chaibi in 402."}, {"id": "Q10900417", "label": "Liu Yu", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Yao Xing ceded twelves commaderies around the Han river at the request of Jin's paramount authority, Liu Yu, in exchange for peace, while giving up his holdings in the Hexi to the Southern Liang."}, {"id": "Q1330290", "label": "Southern Liang", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Yao Xing ceded twelves commaderies around the Han river at the request of Jin's paramount authority, Liu Yu, in exchange for peace, while giving up his holdings in the Hexi to the Southern Liang."}, {"id": "Q1329439", "label": "Southern Yan", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "In 407, he received Southern Yan and Western Shu's submissions, but lost Chouchi's allegicance to Jin."}, {"id": "Q254752", "label": "Helian Bobo", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "Worst of all, however, was the rebellion of the Xiongnu general, Helian Bobo, in the Ordos."}, {"id": "Q23114", "label": "Lu Xun", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "He responded with an invasion of Jing province in conjunction with Western Shu and the Jin rebel, Lu Xun, but was defeated."}, {"id": "Q1074768", "label": "Yao Hong", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "He appointed his eldest son, Yao Hong as Crown Prince, but only after much hesitation."}], "Q1734616": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruling from their capital at Herat and central Khorasan in the Bamyan, they were at first subordinates of Sultan Abul-Fateh Ghiyāṣ-ud-din Muhammad bin Sām, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, to whom they were related, and then as vassal princes within the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruling from their capital at Herat and central Khorasan in the Bamyan, they were at first subordinates of Sultan Abul-Fateh Ghiyāṣ-ud-din Muhammad bin Sām, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, to whom they were related, and then as vassal princes within the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the fragmentation of the Ilkhanate in 1335, Mu'izz-uddin Husayn ibn Ghiyath-uddin worked to expand his principality."}], "Q1739282": [{"id": "Q191324", "label": "Middle Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The polity seems to have been one of a number of Nile Valley states during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 1500 BC, it was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt, but rebellions continued for centuries."}, {"id": "Q241790", "label": "Kingdom of Kush", "section": "lead", "says": "By the eleventh century BC, the more-Egyptianized Kingdom of Kush emerged, possibly from Kerma, and regained the region's independence from Egypt."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - Late Kerma and Egyptian conquest", "says": "Under Thutmose I of the New Kingdom, Egypt made several campaigns south, destroying Kerma."}, {"id": "Q737648", "label": "Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt", "section": "History of archaeological research - 21st century archaeology and biological anthropology", "says": "In 2003, archaeologist Charles Bonnet heading a team of Swiss archaeologists excavating near Kerma discovered a cache of monumental black granite statues of the Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt now exposed in the Kerma Museum."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History of archaeological research - 21st century archaeology and biological anthropology", "says": "The Kermans were also more distantly related to Dynastic Egyptians from Gizeh (323 BC – AD 330) and Predynastic Egyptian samples from Badari (4400–4000 BC), followed by the ancient Garamantes of Libya (900 BC – AD 500), who were found to be most closely related to Neolithic sub-Saharan African samples, and Roman period Egyptians, and secondary to modern Tunisians and Moroccans as well as early ost"}], "Q1760473": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Abkhazia emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th–16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the dissolution of the unified Georgian monarchy."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality retained a degree of autonomy under Ottoman and then Russian rule, but was eventually absorbed into the Russian Empire in 1864, following the Caucasian War."}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality retained a degree of autonomy under Ottoman and then Russian rule, but was eventually absorbed into the Russian Empire in 1864, following the Caucasian War."}, {"id": "Q2914978", "label": "George VIII of Georgia", "section": "Background", "says": "When the Georgian kingdom was embroiled in a bitter civil war in the 1450s, the Sharvashidzes joined a major rebellion against King George VIII of Georgia, which saw him defeated at the hands of the rebels at Chikhori in 1463."}, {"id": "Q2907860", "label": "Principality of Mingrelia", "section": "Background", "says": "The Abkhazian princes were the vassals of the Principality of Mingrelia under the dynasty of Dadiani(-Bediani), which, in turn, was subordinated to the Kingdom of Imereti."}, {"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "Background", "says": "The Abkhazian princes were the vassals of the Principality of Mingrelia under the dynasty of Dadiani(-Bediani), which, in turn, was subordinated to the Kingdom of Imereti."}], "Q1796196": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Algarve (Portuguese: Reino do Algarve, from the Arabic Gharb al-Andalus غَرْب الأنْدَلُس, \"Western al-'Andalus\") was a nominal kingdom within the Kingdom of Portugal, located in the southernmost region of continental Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Algarve (Portuguese: Reino do Algarve, from the Arabic Gharb al-Andalus غَرْب الأنْدَلُس, \"Western al-'Andalus\") was a nominal kingdom within the Kingdom of Portugal, located in the southernmost region of continental Portugal."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the name implying a degree of separateness from the rest of Portugal, it lacked any unique institutions, special privileges, or notable autonomy, and was politically very similar to other Portuguese provinces, with \"King of the Algarve\" being a simple honorific title, based on the Algarve's history as the last area of Portugal to be conquered from the Moors during the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q1058544", "label": "Sancho I of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The title King of Silves was first used by Sancho I of Portugal after the first conquest of the Algarvian city of Silves in 1189."}, {"id": "Q295850", "label": "Afonso III of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of his grandson, Afonso III of Portugal (1210–1279), the rest of the Algarve had finally been conquered, so \"King of Portugal and the Algarve\" then became a part of the titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "Ceuta, formerly part of the so-called \"African Algarve\", was ceded by Portugal to Spain in the 1668 Treaty of Lisbon, as the city had refused to side with the House of Braganza in the Acclamation War, and it remains part of the Kingdom of Spain to this day."}, {"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Ceuta, formerly part of the so-called \"African Algarve\", was ceded by Portugal to Spain in the 1668 Treaty of Lisbon, as the city had refused to side with the House of Braganza in the Acclamation War, and it remains part of the Kingdom of Spain to this day."}, {"id": "Q203996", "label": "Sancho II of Portugal", "section": "History - Reconquista", "says": "Portugal conquered and secured much of its southern borders during the reigns of King Sancho II of Portugal and King Afonso III of Portugal."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "History - First conquest", "says": "In 1189, King Sancho I of Portugal conquered Silves, one of the most prosperous cities in Al-Andalus, aligned at the time with the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - First conquest", "says": "Portuguese control over Silves would be short, with the Almohads conquering the city again in 1191 in a massive counter-attack led by Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb al-Manṣūr the Almohad Caliph in person."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - The conquest of the Algarve", "says": "With the decline of the Almohads, the southern taifa city-states united under a single Emir, Mūsā ‘ibn Muhammad ‘ibn Nassir ‘ibn Mahfūz, former governor of Niebla, and known among the Christians as Aben Mafom."}, {"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "History - The conquest of the Algarve", "says": "Ibn Mafūz, King of Niebla and Emir of the Algarve, trying to counter the achievements of the Portuguese in their territories, declared himself a vassal to Alfonso X of Castile (who thus titled himself the King of the Algarve)."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - The conquest of the Algarve", "says": "The Emir's vow of vassalage to Castile, however, did not stop the knights of the Order of Santiago, under the command of the Grand-Master Paio Peres Correia, from conquering most of the region city by city, between 1242 and 1249, including Silves."}, {"id": "Q201575", "label": "John I of Portugal", "section": "History - The Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa", "says": "John I of Portugal added to the title of \"King of Portugal and the Algarve\", the title \"Lord of Ceuta\", and his grandson Afonso V of Portugal, in turn, styled himself \"Lord of Ceuta and Álcacer-Ceguer in Africa\" (after 1458)."}, {"id": "Q299119", "label": "Afonso V of Portugal", "section": "History - The Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa", "says": "John I of Portugal added to the title of \"King of Portugal and the Algarve\", the title \"Lord of Ceuta\", and his grandson Afonso V of Portugal, in turn, styled himself \"Lord of Ceuta and Álcacer-Ceguer in Africa\" (after 1458)."}, {"id": "Q310790", "label": "Miguel I of Portugal", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "On November 26, 1836, Miguel I of Portugal, already defeated and living in exile, named Remexido Governor of the Kingdom of the Algarve and Acting Commander in Chief of all the Royalist Troops, Regular and Irregular Armies, and the Operations in the South."}], "Q1973084": [{"id": "Q1400154", "label": "Federated Malay States", "section": "lead", "says": "In contrast to the neighbouring Federated Malay States comprising Selangor, Perak, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan, the Unfederated Malay States did not share a unified administration or common institutions."}, {"id": "Q213893", "label": "Negeri Sembilan", "section": "lead", "says": "In contrast to the neighbouring Federated Malay States comprising Selangor, Perak, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan, the Unfederated Malay States did not share a unified administration or common institutions."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the conclusion of World War II, the British crown colony known as the Straits Settlements was formally de jure dissolved in 1946 (having been rendered de facto defunct with the Japanese occupation of Malaya and the Fall of Singapore in 1942)."}, {"id": "Q296754", "label": "Battle of Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the conclusion of World War II, the British crown colony known as the Straits Settlements was formally de jure dissolved in 1946 (having been rendered de facto defunct with the Japanese occupation of Malaya and the Fall of Singapore in 1942)."}, {"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Penang and Malacca were subsequently combined with both the Unfederated and Federated Malay States to form the Malayan Union."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Singapore was administratively separated and established as a standalone crown colony directly governed by the United Kingdom, independent of any Malayan political framework."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Singapore was administratively separated and established as a standalone crown colony directly governed by the United Kingdom, independent of any Malayan political framework."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "In response to widespread local opposition, the Malayan Union was restructured in 1948 into the Federation of Malaya, comprising eleven states."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federation of Malaya achieved full independence on 31 August 1957 and was later transformed into Malaysia on 16 September 1963 through the inclusion of Sarawak, Sabah and Singapore."}], "Q19805959": [{"id": "Q374521", "label": "Bahmani Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "After the decline of the Bahmani Sultanate, the Sultanate of Golconda was established in 1518 by Quli Qutb Shah, as one of the five Deccan sultanates."}, {"id": "Q3764651", "label": "Quli Qutb Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "After the decline of the Bahmani Sultanate, the Sultanate of Golconda was established in 1518 by Quli Qutb Shah, as one of the five Deccan sultanates."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1636, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan forced the Qutb Shahis to recognise Mughal suzerainty and pay periodic tributes."}, {"id": "Q2822075", "label": "Abul Hasan Qutb Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty came to an end in 1687, during the reign of its seventh sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb arrested and jailed Abul Hasan for the rest of his life in Daulatabad, incorporating Golconda into the Mughal empire."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty came to an end in 1687, during the reign of its seventh sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb arrested and jailed Abul Hasan for the rest of his life in Daulatabad, incorporating Golconda into the Mughal empire."}], "Q2037576": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of San Marco (Italian: Repubblica di San Marco) or the Venetian Republic (Venetian: Repùblega Vèneta) was an Italian revolutionary state which existed for 17 months in 1848–1849."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the Venetian Lagoon, it extended into most of Venetia, or the Terraferma territory of the former Republic of Venice, suppressed 51 years earlier in the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Based on the Venetian Lagoon, it extended into most of Venetia, or the Terraferma territory of the former Republic of Venice, suppressed 51 years earlier in the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After declaring independence from the Habsburg Austrian Empire, the republic later joined the Kingdom of Sardinia in an attempt, led by the latter, to unite northern Italy against foreign (mainly Austrian but also French) domination."}, {"id": "Q920894", "label": "First Italian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent First Italian War of Independence ended in the defeat of Sardinia, and Austrian forces reconquered the Republic of San Marco on 28 August 1849 following a long siege."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After existing as an independent maritime republic for  1,101 years and a leading naval power in the Mediterranean for most of that time, the Republic of Venice surrendered to Napoleon in 1797 and was ceded to the Habsburgs (as the Venetian Province) by the Treaty of Campo Formio a few months later."}, {"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After existing as an independent maritime republic for  1,101 years and a leading naval power in the Mediterranean for most of that time, the Republic of Venice surrendered to Napoleon in 1797 and was ceded to the Habsburgs (as the Venetian Province) by the Treaty of Campo Formio a few months later."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Background", "says": "This was confirmed by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, whereby Venice became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia within the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "This was confirmed by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, whereby Venice became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia within the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1163753", "label": "Daniele Manin", "section": "History - Insurrection and independence", "says": "Two days previously, Daniele Manin entered the Venetian Arsenal with \"a number of public-spirited Venetians\", in a direct challenge to Austrian rule."}, {"id": "Q181261", "label": "Carlo Alberto I of Sardinia", "section": "History - Maintaining independence", "says": "King Charles Albert of Sardinia had occupied Milan and other Austrian territories with his army."}, {"id": "Q19021", "label": "Vienna Uprising", "section": "History - Maintaining independence", "says": "But the Austrian government was distracted by the Vienna Uprising, the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and other Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas."}, {"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "History - Maintaining independence", "says": "But the Austrian government was distracted by the Vienna Uprising, the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and other Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "History - Return to Austrian control", "says": "To avoid an occupation of Piedmont, Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II, whose treaty with Austria required the complete removal of the Sardinian navy from Venetian waters."}], "Q2287085": [{"id": "Q1761355", "label": "Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was merged into the Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic on May 30, 1918, less than 2 months after it was formed."}, {"id": "Q1778994", "label": "Kuban People's Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "One of the first actions undertaken by the Congress was the election of a regional council, which designated the  Soviets as the sole legitimate authority of the Kuban People's Republic and banned the Kuban Rada."}], "Q2293827": [{"id": "Q605000", "label": "North Caucasian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After July 1918, it was part of the North Caucasian Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "lead", "says": "After internal struggles, it was conquered by the Volunteer Army led by Anton Denikin in early 1919."}], "Q2361927": [{"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1138 from the territories of the Kingdom of Poland, following its fragmentation, that was started by the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth."}], "Q2414171": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Brazilian Republic, also referred to as the Old Republic (Portuguese: República Velha, Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁeˈpublikɐ ˈvɛʎɐ]), officially the Republic of the United States of Brazil, was the Brazilian state in the period from 1889 to 1930."}, {"id": "Q200812", "label": "Deodoro da Fonseca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Old Republic began with a coup d'état led by Deodoro da Fonseca that deposed Emperor Pedro II in 1889, and ended with the Revolution of 1930 that installed Getúlio Vargas as a new president."}, {"id": "Q2634783", "label": "Revolution of 1930", "section": "lead", "says": "The Old Republic began with a coup d'état led by Deodoro da Fonseca that deposed Emperor Pedro II in 1889, and ended with the Revolution of 1930 that installed Getúlio Vargas as a new president."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Old Republic began with a coup d'état led by Deodoro da Fonseca that deposed Emperor Pedro II in 1889, and ended with the Revolution of 1930 that installed Getúlio Vargas as a new president."}, {"id": "Q238688", "label": "Floriano Peixoto", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Republic is divided into two historiographical periods: the Republic of the Sword (1889-1894), when it was a military dictatorship under Marshals Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto."}, {"id": "Q1298798", "label": "Revolt of the Lash", "section": "lead", "says": "The country was also marked by a series of rebellions and revolutions against the ruling oligarchies, including the Federalist Revolution, the Naval Revolts, the Canudos and Contestado Wars, the Revolt of the Lash, and the Tenentist movements—which encompassed events such as the Copacabana Fort revolt, São Paulo Revolt of 1924 and the Prestes column."}, {"id": "Q311225", "label": "Washington Luís", "section": "lead", "says": "Political and economic tensions intensified during the 1920s, which culminated into the Revolution of 1930, when the Liberal Alliance, a force of urban middle-class, reformist politicians, dissident oligarchs from outside São Paulo and military reformists composed mostly by junior officers (known as Tenentism), deposed ruling president Washington Luís (representative of the São Paulo oligarchies) "}, {"id": "Q58947", "label": "Paraguayan War", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Paraguayan War, the Brazilian military gained political influence."}], "Q2468597": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Aras (Azerbaijani: Araz Respublikası; also known as the Republic of Araks or the Araxi Republic) was a short-lived and unrecognized state in the South Caucasus, roughly corresponding to the modern Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Aras (Azerbaijani: Araz Respublikası; also known as the Republic of Araks or the Araxi Republic) was a short-lived and unrecognized state in the South Caucasus, roughly corresponding to the modern Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Named after the Aras River that formed its southern border, the republic was declared in December 1918 by Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski with support from the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic's ruling party, the Musavat Party, and the government of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q139670", "label": "First Republic of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The creation of the Republic of Aras was in response to a border proposal by the British, that would have assigned the area to the First Republic of Armenia."}], "Q2477776": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Origin", "says": "The bulk of these migrated to present-day Kazakhstan after the destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate (840)."}, {"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "Origin", "says": "The bulk of these migrated to present-day Kazakhstan after the destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate (840)."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In the middle of the 7th century, one of the future Kimek confederation's constituent tribes, the Yemaks, lived near the Irtysh, north of the Altai, as part of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and were possibly known to the Chinese as 鹽莫 Yánmò (< Middle Chinese *jiäm-mâk)."}, {"id": "Q83142", "label": "Yenisei Kirghiz", "section": "Historical background", "says": "Before the middle of the 8th century, the Kimaks bordered the Karluks and Tokuz-Oguzes on the south, and the Yenisei Kyrgyz on the east."}], "Q2597352": [{"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to its alliance with France during the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark was forced to sign the Treaty of Kiel in January 1814 ceding Norway to Sweden."}, {"id": "Q33773", "label": "Convention of Moss", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the resulting Convention of Moss preserved many of the independence movement's aspirations: Norway remained mostly autonomous in a personal union with Sweden, and retained its new constitution with slight modifications."}, {"id": "Q157781", "label": "Christian VIII of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Christian Frederick, forced to abdicate as king of Norway, would become king of Denmark as Christian VIII in 1839."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Prelude to war", "says": "On 26 June emissaries from Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the United Kingdom arrived in Vänersborg in Sweden to convince Christian Frederick to comply with the provisions of the treaty of Kiel."}], "Q3087763": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Egypt was a state created in 1953 under the rule of Mohammed Naguib following the Egyptian revolution of 1952 in which the Kingdom of Egypt's Muhammad Ali dynasty came to an end."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Egypt was a state created in 1953 under the rule of Mohammed Naguib following the Egyptian revolution of 1952 in which the Kingdom of Egypt's Muhammad Ali dynasty came to an end."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was superseded in 1958 with the creation of the United Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q29075570", "label": "All-Palestine Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory of the state comprised modern day Egypt as well as the Gaza Strip, governed by the All-Palestine Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory also included modern day Sudan and South Sudan until 1956 when the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Condominium was abolished, granting the Republic of the Sudan independence."}, {"id": "Q3486796", "label": "Republic of Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory also included modern day Sudan and South Sudan until 1956 when the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Condominium was abolished, granting the Republic of the Sudan independence."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Nasser presidency (1954–1958)", "says": "In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of Maoist China, and arms deal with the Eastern Bloc alienated the United States."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "History - Nasser presidency (1954–1958)", "says": "He nationalized the Suez Canal the same day of the speech; his hostile approach towards Israel and economic nationalism prompted the beginning of the Second Arab-Israeli War (Suez Crisis), in which Israel (with support from France and the United Kingdom) occupied the Sinai Peninsula and the Sues Canal."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Nasser presidency (1954–1958)", "says": "He nationalized the Suez Canal the same day of the speech; his hostile approach towards Israel and economic nationalism prompted the beginning of the Second Arab-Israeli War (Suez Crisis), in which Israel (with support from France and the United Kingdom) occupied the Sinai Peninsula and the Sues Canal."}, {"id": "Q856843", "label": "United Arab States", "section": "History - The formation of the United Arab Republic (1958)", "says": "Nasser agreed to establish a loose federal union with Yemen—the United Arab States—in place of total integration."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - The formation of the United Arab Republic (1958)", "says": "Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev."}], "Q3183526": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Bilad al-Sham was first organized into the four ajnad (military districts; singular jund) of Dimashq (Damascus), Hims (Homs), al-Urdunn (Jordan), and Filastin (Palestine), between 637 and 640 by Caliph Umar following the Muslim conquest."}, {"id": "Q181154", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "lead", "says": "The jund of Qinnasrin was created out of the northern part of Hims by caliphs Mu'awiya I (r."}, {"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "lead", "says": "661–680) or Yazid I (r."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasids and the Egypt-based Fatimid Caliphate continued to officially recognize the province and its ajnad until the Crusader invasions of the coastal regions in 1099."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abbasids and the Egypt-based Fatimid Caliphate continued to officially recognize the province and its ajnad until the Crusader invasions of the coastal regions in 1099."}, {"id": "Q680793", "label": "Fred Donner", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "The conquest unfolded in three main phases, according to the historian Fred Donner."}, {"id": "Q3299394", "label": "Sharhabeel ibn Hasana", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "In the first phase, Abu Bakr dispatched four armies from Medina in late 633 led by the commanders Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana, all veterans of the Ridda wars, and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, a leading companion of Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "In the first phase, Abu Bakr dispatched four armies from Medina in late 633 led by the commanders Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana, all veterans of the Ridda wars, and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, a leading companion of Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Muslim conquest", "says": "Heraclius responded by deploying successive imperial armies against the Muslims."}, {"id": "Q735876", "label": "Battle of Siffin", "section": "History - Governorship of Mu'awiya", "says": "The tribes and commanders of Syria backed Mu'awiya in his confrontation with Caliph Ali at the Battle of Siffin in 657, which ended in a stalemate and an agreement to arbitrate their dispute."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Umayyad period", "says": "Syria became the metropolitan province of the Umayyad Caliphate which Mu'awiya founded and whose capital was at Damascus."}, {"id": "Q1567527", "label": "Henri Lammens", "section": "History - Umayyad period", "says": "Syria's history under Umayyad rule was \"essentially the history of the Umayyad dynasty\", according to the historians Henri Lammens and Clifford Edmund Bosworth."}, {"id": "Q40315", "label": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "section": "History - Umayyad period", "says": "Syria's history under Umayyad rule was \"essentially the history of the Umayyad dynasty\", according to the historians Henri Lammens and Clifford Edmund Bosworth."}, {"id": "Q264210", "label": "Mu'awiya II", "section": "History - Umayyad period", "says": "The Meccan leader of the revolt, Ibn al-Zubayr, was recognized as caliph across much of the Muslim empire, while Yazid I's son and successor, Mu'awiya II, succumbed to the plague."}, {"id": "Q298577", "label": "Marwan I", "section": "History - Umayyad period", "says": "The Kalb and other loyalist tribes elected another Umayyad, Marwan I, as caliph and he moved to secure the dynasty's Syrian heartland."}, {"id": "Q726798", "label": "Tulunids", "section": "History - Post-Umayyad period", "says": "From 878 until 905, Syria came under the effective control of the Tulunids of Egypt, but direct Abbasid control was re-established soon thereafter."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Post-Umayyad period", "says": "In the 960s the Byzantine Empire under Nikephoros II Phokas conquered much of northern Syria, and Aleppo became a Byzantine tributary, while the southern provinces passed to the Fatimid Caliphate after its conquest of Egypt in 969."}, {"id": "Q41625", "label": "Nikephoros II Phokas", "section": "History - Post-Umayyad period", "says": "In the 960s the Byzantine Empire under Nikephoros II Phokas conquered much of northern Syria, and Aleppo became a Byzantine tributary, while the southern provinces passed to the Fatimid Caliphate after its conquest of Egypt in 969."}, {"id": "Q334502", "label": "Bar Kokhba revolt", "section": "Administrative history - Roman–Byzantine precursors", "says": "The Byzantine system, in turn,  had been based on that instituted by its Roman predecessor in the aftermath of the First Jewish Revolt in 70 CE and the Bar Kokhba Revolt in 135 CE."}, {"id": "Q1567823", "label": "Plague of Amwas", "section": "Administrative history - Beginnings of Islamic administration", "says": "Further reducing troop numbers in Jabiya was the Plague of Amwas in 639, which reduced the garrison there from 24,000 to 4,000."}], "Q3277580": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Their rule is an important period in the history of the Carnatic and Coromandel Coast regions, in which the Mughal Empire gave way to the rising influence of the Maratha India, and later the emergence of the British India."}], "Q3933247": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Noli (Italian: Repubblica di Noli; Ligurian: Repubbrica de Nöi) was an Italian maritime republic in Western Europe that was centred on the city of Noli, in Liguria, and existed from 1192 to 1797."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "To protect itself from possible attacks and invasions by Savona and Marquisate of Finale, Noli allied in 1202 with the Republic of Genoa in a sort of protectorate, in fact, documents of the time show that the relationship was equal and not one of submission."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "lead", "says": "The alliance allowed the Republic of Noli to have such growing importance that in 1239, a diocese was established there by Pope Gregory IX."}], "Q4210248": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During their independence, the Kalmyks both raided and allied with Russia in turn, engaging in numerous military expeditions against the Crimean Tatars, the Ottoman Empire, neighboring Muslim tribes, and the highlanders of the North Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khanate was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1771."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "History - Period of self-rule, 1630–1724", "says": "Upon arrival in the lower Volga region in 1630, the Oirats encamped on land that was once part of the Astrakhan Khanate, but was then claimed by the Tsarist government."}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "History - Period of self-rule, 1630–1724", "says": "The Oirats quickly consolidated their position by expelling the majority of the native inhabitants, the Nogai Horde."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - Period of self-rule, 1630–1724", "says": "Large groups of Nogais fled southeast to the northern Caucasian plain and west to the Black Sea steppe, lands claimed by the Crimean Khanate, itself a vassal or ally of Ottoman Turks."}, {"id": "Q743778", "label": "Ayuka Khan", "section": "History - Period of self-rule, 1630–1724", "says": "During the era of Ayuka Khan, the Oirats rose to political and military prominence as the Tsarist government sought the increased use of Oirat cavalry in support of its military campaigns against the Muslim powers in the south, such as Persia, the Ottoman Empire, the Nogays and the Kuban Tatars and Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "History - List of invasions, wars and raids", "says": "Bartold), and after a while some of the areas devastated the Bukhara Khanate (\"History of Uzbekistan\")."}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "History - List of invasions, wars and raids", "says": "1607: The Kalmyks have a major military clash with the Kazakh Khanate, but the Kazakh ruler Esim Sultan united a strong army to fend off the Kalmyks and capture their territory in West Kazakhstan Province."}, {"id": "Q2977282", "label": "Murad Giray", "section": "History - List of invasions, wars and raids", "says": "1678: repulsed the Kalmyks and Cossacks, then defeated the army of Crimean Khan Murad Giray."}, {"id": "Q152486", "label": "Battle of Poltava", "section": "History - List of invasions, wars and raids", "says": "1700: Kalmyks were actively involved in the Northern War, including the Battle of Poltava."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - List of invasions, wars and raids", "says": "1756–1761: The Kalmyks participate in the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - From Oirat to Kalmyk", "says": "In the early 17th century, a second great Oirat State emerged, called the Dzungar Khanate."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "History - From Oirat to Kalmyk", "says": "While the Dzungars (initially Choros, Dörbet and Khoit tribes) were establishing their empire in Western Inner Asia, the Khoshuts were establishing the Khoshut Khanate in Tibet, protecting the Gelugpa sect from its enemies, and the Torghuts formed the Kalmyk Khanate in the lower Volga region."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - From Oirat to Kalmyk", "says": "But the Oirats of China and Mongolia have regarded that name as a term of abuse (Haslund, 1935:214–215)."}], "Q466433": [{"id": "Q21050766", "label": "Alchon Huns", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Kalhana's third book mentions of a Gonanda dynasty (II), which ruled for about 590 years till the establishment of the Karkotas; on cross-vetting with coins and inscriptions, names of some of these rulers are found to correspond with the Alchon Huns, who ruled hundreds of years later."}, {"id": "Q4695333", "label": "Ahmad Hasan Dani", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Ahmad Hasan Dani follows her interpretation in one of his works."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Durlabhavardhana", "says": "Rajatarangini records no military activity during his reign; assuming Xuanzang to have visited Kashmir twice during his reign, Durlabhavardhana controlled vast swaths of territories including modern day Kashmir, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Lalitaditya", "says": "A world conqueror, Lalitaditya Muktapida (724/725−760/761) is credited by Kalhana with extensive conquests spanning major parts of India, Afghanistan and Central Asia; he is said to have even subdued Yashovarman, winning Kannauj."}, {"id": "Q11826", "label": "Al-Biruni", "section": "History - Lalitaditya", "says": "A century before, Al-Biruni noted the Kashmiris to celebrate an annual festival in commemoration of Lalitaditya, who \"defeated the Turks and ruled over the world\"."}, {"id": "Q7931393", "label": "Vinayaditya", "section": "History - Jayapida", "says": "He was also known by the name Vinayaditya."}, {"id": "Q509572", "label": "Cooch Behar", "section": "History - Jayapida", "says": "Jayapida married Kalyanadevi, daughter of King Jayanta of Cooch Behar, whilst away in a conquest."}], "Q5228183": [{"id": "Q208404", "label": "Kingdom of Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the Artsruni dynasty, it competed and cooperated with the Bagratuni-ruled Kingdom of Armenia for a little over a century until its last king ceded the kingdom to the Byzantine Empire in 1021."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the Artsruni dynasty, it competed and cooperated with the Bagratuni-ruled Kingdom of Armenia for a little over a century until its last king ceded the kingdom to the Byzantine Empire in 1021."}], "Q544630": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Maryland (also known variously as the Independent State of Maryland, Maryland-in-Africa, and Maryland in Liberia) was a country in West Africa that existed from 1834 to 1857, when it was merged into what is now Liberia."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "History - Settlement of Cape Palmas", "says": "Approximately 21 km (15 mi) along the coast to the east, the Cavalla River empties into the sea, marking the border between Liberia and the Ivory Coast."}], "Q564809": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Acre (Portuguese: República do Acre, Spanish: República del Acre) or the Independent State of Acre (Portuguese: Estado Independente do Acre, Spanish: Estado Independiente del Acre) was a secessionist republic that emerged in then Bolivia's Acre region between 1899 and 1903."}, {"id": "Q2606574", "label": "Acre War", "section": "lead", "says": "The region was eventually annexed by Brazil in 1903 following the Acre War and is now the State of Acre."}], "Q568638": [{"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1327, the remaining Duchy of Wrocław as well as most other duchies ruled by the Silesian Piasts passed under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bohemia as the Duchies of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1327, the remaining Duchy of Wrocław as well as most other duchies ruled by the Silesian Piasts passed under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bohemia as the Duchies of Silesia."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The acquisition was completed when King Casimir III the Great of Poland renounced his rights to Silesia in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin."}, {"id": "Q1414325", "label": "Treaty of Trentschin", "section": "lead", "says": "The acquisition was completed when King Casimir III the Great of Poland renounced his rights to Silesia in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin."}], "Q568712": [{"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "lead", "says": "It spanned from what is now southwestern Mali and upper Guinea, with its capital in Bissandugu; it expanded further south into Northern Sierra Leone and east into northern Ivory Coast before its downfall."}, {"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "It spanned from what is now southwestern Mali and upper Guinea, with its capital in Bissandugu; it expanded further south into Northern Sierra Leone and east into northern Ivory Coast before its downfall."}, {"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "History - Colonial conflict", "says": "In 1885 Toure sent men to Freetown in Sierra Leone to propose that the empire become a British protectorate."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Fall of Kankan and Bissandougou", "says": "This left Samory reliant on a longer route through the Gold Coast."}], "Q605292": [{"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "lead", "says": "His sons' assaults on the Byzantine frontier provinces in the Levant likely precipitated the Byzantines' establishment of an alliance with the Kinda to serve as tribal federates of the empire, alongside the Ghassanids, in 502."}, {"id": "Q943191", "label": "Lakhmids", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In this respect, the Kinda's relationship with Himyar are comparable to the Arab client kingdoms of the Sasanian and Byzantine empires, namely the Lakhmids of lower Mesopotamia and the Ghassanids of the Syrian steppe, respectively."}, {"id": "Q194226", "label": "Battle of Yarmouk", "section": "History - Relations with the Byzantines and Sasanians", "says": "The federate agreement between Byzantium and the Kinda and the Ghassanids was significant in that it established these powerful Arab confederations as Byzantine allies, a situation which largely persisted until the Byzantines' rout by Muslim Arab armies in the Battle of Yarmouk in 636."}, {"id": "Q244071", "label": "Kavad I", "section": "History - Relations with the Byzantines and Sasanians", "says": "Sometime during the reign of the Sasanian king Kavad I (r."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Relations with the Byzantines and Sasanians", "says": "After his brief rulership over al-Hira he went over to the Byzantines, who granted him a phylarchate in Palestine."}, {"id": "Q2744973", "label": "Basus War", "section": "History - Civil war between Salama and Shurahbil", "says": "The Taghlib and Bakr had been engaged in a long series of blood feuds known as the Basus War."}], "Q616804": [{"id": "Q314076", "label": "Treaty of Leipzig", "section": "History - Ernestine Line", "says": "By the Treaty of Leipzig in 1485, the Great Division of the Saxon States (Großen Sächsischen Landesteilung) between the Albertine and Ernestine lines, this Coburgish land, together with the greater part of the Landgraviate of Thuringia and the possessions in the Vogtland, was allotted to Ernest, Elector of Saxony, and thus to the Ernestine side of the House of Wettin."}, {"id": "Q682736", "label": "Ernest of Saxony", "section": "History - Ernestine Line", "says": "By the Treaty of Leipzig in 1485, the Great Division of the Saxon States (Großen Sächsischen Landesteilung) between the Albertine and Ernestine lines, this Coburgish land, together with the greater part of the Landgraviate of Thuringia and the possessions in the Vogtland, was allotted to Ernest, Elector of Saxony, and thus to the Ernestine side of the House of Wettin."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "History - Duke John Ernest", "says": "After losing the Schmalkaldic War in 1547, the Ernestines had their territorial possessions greatly reduced in Thuringia."}, {"id": "Q506182", "label": "John Frederick I", "section": "History - Duke John Ernest", "says": "When John Ernest died childless in 1553, the former Elector John Frederick I was now only the Duke of Saxony, just released from prison only to die in 1554."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Duke John Casimir", "says": "Only after the death of Elector Augustus of Saxony in 1586 were Duke John Casimir and his brother John Ernest able to take over the government of their Principality."}, {"id": "Q696651", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach", "section": "History - Duke John Casimir", "says": "In 1596, the Principality was cut in half to give John Ernest his own Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach and John Casimir remained in Coburg to reign alone."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "History - Inheritance", "says": "Duke Frederick William II died in 1669, followed three years later by his only son, Hereditary Prince Frederick William III, bringing the line of Saxe-Altenburg to extinction."}, {"id": "Q700229", "label": "Saxe-Gotha", "section": "History - Inheritance", "says": "Three quarters of the Altenburger area, including the Coburger Land, were secured, with the Gotha Division Treaty (Gothaer Teilungsvertrag) of 1672, for the new sovereign, Ernest I “the Pious”, of Saxe-Gotha, who died in 1675."}, {"id": "Q675201", "label": "Saxe-Römhild", "section": "History - Duke Albert", "says": "In 1753, it grew with the one-third of the Duchy of Saxe-Römhild, which had expired with the death of its only Duke, the childless Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Duke Francis Josias", "says": "In 1806, with the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy became fully and truly independent."}], "Q63149558": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty's founder, Nader Shah, was a successful military commander who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty in 1736, and proclaimed himself Shah."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During Nader Shah's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the time of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "At its height it ruled modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and other parts of Central Asia, as well as parts of Arabia, the Indian subcontinent, Iraq and Turkey."}, {"id": "Q139948", "label": "Khanate of Kalat", "section": "lead", "says": "After his death, most of his empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, and Khanate of Kalat, with Afsharid rule being confined to a small local state in Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afsharid dynasty was finally overthrown in 1796 by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who founded the Qajar Empire and reestablished Iranian suzerainty over the previously lost regions."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afshars had originally migrated from Turkestan to Azerbaijan (Iranian Azerbaijan) in the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q171349", "label": "Abbas the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 17th century, Abbas the Great moved many Afshars from Azerbaijan to Khorasan to defend the north-eastern borders of the state against the Uzbeks, after which the Afshars settled in those regions."}, {"id": "Q31494", "label": "Mahmud Hotaki", "section": "History - Foundation of the dynasty", "says": "His path to power began when the Ghilzai Mahmud Hotak overthrew the weakened and disintegrated Safavid shah Soltan Hoseyn in 1722."}, {"id": "Q446965", "label": "Sultan Husayn", "section": "History - Foundation of the dynasty", "says": "His path to power began when the Ghilzai Mahmud Hotak overthrew the weakened and disintegrated Safavid shah Soltan Hoseyn in 1722."}, {"id": "Q374516", "label": "Tahmasp II", "section": "History - Foundation of the dynasty", "says": "On the other side of the theatre, Nader joined forces with Soltan Hoseyn's son Tahmasp II and led the resistance against the Ghilzai Afghans, driving their leader Ashraf Khan out of the capital in 1729 and establishing Tahmasp on the throne."}, {"id": "Q1964224", "label": "Treaty of Rasht", "section": "History - Foundation of the dynasty", "says": "Nader subsequently made the Russians cede the taken territories taken in 1722–23 through the Treaty of Resht of 1732 and the Treaty of Ganja of 1735."}, {"id": "Q2888384", "label": "Battle of Damghan", "section": "History - Fall of the Hotak Empire", "says": "The new shah of the Ghilzai Afghans, Ashraf, decided to move against Nader but in September 1729, Nader defeated him at the Battle of Damghan and again decisively in November at Murchakhort, banishing the Afghans from Iranian soil forever."}, {"id": "Q1584764", "label": "Topal Osman Paşa", "section": "History - First Ottoman campaign and the regain of the Caucasus", "says": "Nader decided, as he continued the 1730–35 war, that he could win back the territory in Armenia and Georgia by seizing Ottoman Baghdad and then offering it in exchange for the lost provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman general Topal Osman Pasha near the city in 1733."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Nader becomes shah", "says": "In the same month of January 1736, Nader held a qoroltai (a grand meeting in the tradition of Genghis Khan and Timur) on the Mughan plain."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Nader becomes shah", "says": "Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on March 8, 1736, a date his astrologers had chosen as being especially propitious, in attendance of an \"exceptionally large assembly\" composed of the military, religious and nobility of the nation, as well as the Ottoman ambassador Ali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Invasion of the Mughal Empire", "says": "His thoughts now turned to the Mughal Empire based in Delhi."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - Invasion of the Mughal Empire", "says": "This once powerful Muslim state to the east was falling apart as the nobles became increasingly disobedient and the Hindu Maratha Empire made inroads on its territory from the south-west."}, {"id": "Q2736986", "label": "Battle of Karnal", "section": "History - Invasion of the Mughal Empire", "says": "Nader Shah crushed the Mughal army in less than three hours at the large Battle of Karnal on 13 February 1739."}, {"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "History - North Caucasus, Central Asia, Arabia, and the second Ottoman war", "says": "In 1740 he conquered Khanate of Khiva."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "History - Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids", "says": "Meanwhile, Nader's former treasurer, Ahmad Shah Abdali, had declared his independence by founding the Durrani Empire."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids", "says": "In the process, the eastern territories were lost and in the following decades became part of Afghanistan, the successor-state to the Durrani Empire."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "History - Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids", "says": "Erekle II and Teimuraz II, who, in 1744, had been made the kings of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by Nader himself for their loyal service, capitalized on the eruption of instability and declared de facto independence."}, {"id": "Q282475", "label": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "section": "History - Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids", "says": "Erekle II assumed control over Kartli after Teimuraz II's death, thus unifying the two as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler in three centuries to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia, and due to the frantic turn of events in mainland Iran he would be able to remain de facto autonomous through the Zand era."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids", "says": "Under the successive Qajar dynasty, Iran managed to restore Iranian suzerainty over the Georgian regions, until they would be irrevocably lost in the course of the 19th century, to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q8543350", "label": "Russo-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids", "says": "During the early Qajar era, these territories in Transcaucasia and Dagestan would all be fully reincorporated into Iran, but eventually permanently lost as well (alongside Georgia), in the course of the 19th century to Imperial Russia through the two Russo-Persian Wars."}], "Q65362": [{"id": "Q242352", "label": "Yugoslav Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (Serbo-Croatian: Srpska autonomna oblast Istočna Slavonija, Baranja i Zapadni Srem, Српска аутономна област Источна Славонија, Барања и Западни Срем) was a self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Oblast (SAO) in eastern Croatia, established during the Yugoslav Wars."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The entity was formed on June 25, 1991, the same day the Socialist Republic of Croatia decided to withdraw from Yugoslavia, following the Croatian independence referendum, 1991."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "In the first phase of the Croatian War of Independence, in 1992, the oblast joined the breakaway Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) as an exclave and the only part of the RSK directly bordering Serbia."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the western main portion of RSK in 1995 during the Operation Storm this exclave remained the only area in Croatia under the Serb rebel control."}, {"id": "Q321885", "label": "Erdut Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "Local authorities in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia were convinced to sign the 1995 Erdut Agreement which enabled the peaceful reintegration facilitated by the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium."}, {"id": "Q47139", "label": "Slobodan Milošević", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the villages around Vukovar, numerous protests were organized against the rise of nationalist Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) on the national level, following the politics of Slobodan Milošević in nearby Vojvodina and Serbia."}, {"id": "Q295043", "label": "Goran Hadžić", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "After the Pakrac clash of March 1991, SDS and SNV publicly encouraged a state of psychosis amongst the Serbs in the region, starting a refugee wave from Serb-inhabited villages, following public claims by Goran Hadžić about how their expulsion was imminent."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Social Democratic Party of Croatia, which as a successor SKH-SDP remained in power but distanced from the SDP headquarters in Zagreb, was at the time was critical of both the Serb Democratic Party and Croatian Democratic Union in their letters to the President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "History - Inclusion into the RSK", "says": "Up to August 1995, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia was de facto part of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, while de jure still part of Croatia, per United Nations Security Council Resolution 753."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "History - Inclusion into the RSK", "says": "It was nevertheless significantly more aligned with the policies of the FR Yugoslavia compared to western main portion od RSK alignment with Republika Srpska, particularly after FR Yugoslavia imposed sanctions on Republika Srpska in 1994."}], "Q676811": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "It gained independence from the Caliphate of Córdoba circa 1010 and became its own small kingdom, or Taifa, for most of the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q13534654", "label": "Taifa of Toledo", "section": "lead", "says": "It was absorbed by the Taifa of Toledo in 1065, which in turn fell to Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085."}, {"id": "Q235080", "label": "Alfonso VI of León and Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "It was absorbed by the Taifa of Toledo in 1065, which in turn fell to Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085."}, {"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1094 to 1099, the kingdom was ruled directly by the Castilian military commander known as El Cid, then by his wife Jimena after his death, until being annexed by the Almoravids in 1102."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1147 to 1172, it was under the control of Ibn Mardanish, after which it was annexed by the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was finally conquered by the Crown of Aragon in 1238."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - First Taifa period", "says": "Valencia was one of many cities in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain and Portugal) that became independent during the Fitna, a destructive civil war after 1008 that ended the Caliphate of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q334861", "label": "Almanzor", "section": "History - First Taifa period", "says": "In around 1021, the kingdom was taken over by 'Abd al-'Aziz, a grandson of the Amirid and former de facto ruler of the caliphate, Ibn Abi Amir al-Mansur (also known as Almanzor)."}, {"id": "Q296863", "label": "Ferdinand I of León and Castile", "section": "History - First Taifa period", "says": "Not long after his accession, Ferdinand I of León and Castile attacked Valencia and defeated an army of its defenders, nearly capturing the city. 'Abd al-Malik turned for aid to al-Ma'mun, the ruler of the Taifa of Toledo, but the latter took the opportunity to seize control of Valencia for himself in 1065."}, {"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "History - First Taifa period", "says": "Al-Ma'mun installed his own vizier, Abu Bakr ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, as governor of the city."}, {"id": "Q284427", "label": "Al-Qadir", "section": "History - Capture by El Cid", "says": "Al-Qadir was captured and executed."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Second Taifa period", "says": "In Valencia, the Almoravid governor at this time was 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Ghaniya (of the Banu Ghaniya family)."}, {"id": "Q33061", "label": "Taifa of Zaragoza", "section": "History - Second Taifa period", "says": "In January 1146, Ibn 'Iyad invited Sayf al-Dawla ibn Hud, son of the last Hudid ruler of the former Taifa of Zaragoza, to take command of Valencia and Murcia."}, {"id": "Q212052", "label": "James I of Aragon", "section": "History - Third Taifa period", "says": "The last Almohad governor of the city, Abu Zayd, was so vulnerable that in 1226 he signed a treaty with James I of Aragon to pay tribute."}, {"id": "Q2890815", "label": "Battle of the Puig", "section": "History - Third Taifa period", "says": "As the latter closed in, occupying nearby Puig in 1236, he made a desperate attempt to confront them at the Battle of the Puig (known as the Battle of Anisha in Arabic sources), where he was firmly defeated."}], "Q679114": [{"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 724 by the itinerant Saint Pirmin, who is said to have fled Visigothic Spain ahead of the Moorish invaders, with patronage that included Charles Martel, and, more locally, Count Berthold of the Ahalolfinger and the Alemannian duke Hnabi."}], "Q692946": [{"id": "Q306696", "label": "Austrian Littoral", "section": "lead", "says": "The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (German: Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca; Italian: Principesca Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca; Slovene: Poknežena grofija Goriška in Gradiščanska), historically sometimes shortened to and spelled \"Goritz\", was a crown land of the Habsburg dynasty within the Austrian Littoral on the Adriatic Sea, in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy an"}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (German: Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca; Italian: Principesca Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca; Slovene: Poknežena grofija Goriška in Gradiščanska), historically sometimes shortened to and spelled \"Goritz\", was a crown land of the Habsburg dynasty within the Austrian Littoral on the Adriatic Sea, in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy an"}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Province of the Habsburg Empire", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars, the territory of Gorizia and Gradisca became the battleground on several occasions."}, {"id": "Q699923", "label": "Illyrian Provinces", "section": "History - Province of the Habsburg Empire", "says": "The remaining territory of the county was left under Austrian rule until 1809, when it was incorporated into the Illyrian Provinces under direct domination of the French Empire."}, {"id": "Q1117051", "label": "Kingdom of Illyria", "section": "History - Province of the Habsburg Empire", "says": "However, in 1816 the county was combined with the Duchies of Carniola and Carinthia, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and the March of Istria and its associated islands (Cres, Krk, Lošinj and numerous smaller islands) to form a wider administrative unit named the Kingdom of Illyria, with the capital in Laibach."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Province of the Habsburg Empire", "says": "In 1861, the territory of the county gained autonomy as the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca; Principesca Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca; Poknežena grofija Goriška in Gradiščanska), a Cisleithanian crown land within Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q2360973", "label": "Duchy of Carniola", "section": "History - Border region of Italy", "says": "The new province included some areas of the former Austrian Duchy of Carniola that were assigned to Italy by the Peace Treaty (the districts of Idrija, Vipava, and Šturje)."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Border region of Italy", "says": "Most Slovene intellectuals and small business owners were forced to leave the region, many of them settled in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia or emig"}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - World War II and post-war division", "says": "In 1941, with the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, the situation became even worse."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - World War II and post-war division", "says": "After the Italian armistice in September 1943, Nazi Germany occupied the region, incorporating it into the Operational Zone Adriatic Coast, led by the Gauleiter Friedrich Rainer."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - World War II and post-war division", "says": "After the end of World War II in 1945, almost the entire region was liberated by the Yugoslav People's Army, but was forced to withdraw from its western part."}, {"id": "Q838261", "label": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - World War II and post-war division", "says": "For two years, Gorizia and Gradisca was a contested region between Italy and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, divided by the so-called Morgan Line."}, {"id": "Q391980", "label": "Free Territory of Trieste", "section": "History - World War II and post-war division", "says": "A small portion of the Karst region between Trieste and Duino was incorporated into the Zone A of the Allied-administered Free Territory of Trieste (which became part of Italy in 1954)."}], "Q698239": [{"id": "Q715257", "label": "Later Silla", "section": "lead", "says": "Later Paekche was a Korean dynastic kingdom founded by the disaffected Silla general Kyŏn Hwŏn in 900, whom led the local gentry and populace that were in large Paekche descent holding onto their collective consciousness until the twilight days of Later Silla."}, {"id": "Q494501", "label": "Kim Yushin", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the Samguk Sagi, Kyŏn Hwŏn stated, “Kim Yu-sin of Silla swept through from Hwangsan to Sabi and destroyed Baekje together with the Tang army; so how could I not now establish a capital in Wansan to avenge the long-standing wrath of King Uija?” Government offices were established in various parts of the country from this point on."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "Background", "says": "The confrontation with Taebong, the northern counterpart of the Later Three Kingdoms founded by Kung Ye and the Goguryeo refugees, would begin when both states confronted each other in the Ungju province (now South Chungcheong Province)."}], "Q704278": [{"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Misconceptions", "says": "According to the Book of the Later Han of ancient China, King Chun of the kingdom of Kija Chosŏn (second dynasty of Old Chosŏn allegedly founded by Jizi/Kija), having lost the throne to Wiman, fled to the state of Jin in southern Korea around 194–180 BCE."}, {"id": "Q28405", "label": "Gojoseon", "section": "History - Misconceptions", "says": "According to the Book of the Later Han of ancient China, King Chun of the kingdom of Kija Chosŏn (second dynasty of Old Chosŏn allegedly founded by Jizi/Kija), having lost the throne to Wiman, fled to the state of Jin in southern Korea around 194–180 BCE."}, {"id": "Q703340", "label": "Wiman Chosŏn", "section": "History - Misconceptions", "says": "The general consensus is that there were only two Chosŏn dynasties: the earliest native Old Chosŏn, and Wiman Chosŏn after Wiman (Weiman) fled to Korea, assimilated, and replaced the previous dynasty with his own until he was defeated by the Han dynasty and the Four Commanderies of Han were formed."}], "Q705598": [{"id": "Q157904", "label": "Sultanate of Zanzibar", "section": "History - Establishment of the Witu Sultanate", "says": "Founded in the 1810s and then becoming fully independent from nominal Pate rule in 1858 after several abortive moves to the mainland, the native sultanate of Wituland was a haven for slaves fleeing the Zanzibar slave trade and thus a target of attacks from the Sultanate of Zanzibar (ruled by a branch of the Omani dynasty, under British protectorate)."}, {"id": "Q862518", "label": "Geledi Sultanate", "section": "History - Witu Relations with the Geledi Sultanate", "says": "The Geledi Sultanate was a powerful Somali state based in the inter-riverine region in southern Somalia that held sway over the Jubba and Shabelle rivers."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "History - Witu Relations with the Geledi Sultanate", "says": "Later following their victory at Siyu over the militant Somalis and Omani sympathisers the Witu Sultan sent aid before Yusuf engaged and ultimately lost against the Omani aligned Bimaals in 1848 at the Battle of Adaddey Suleyman."}, {"id": "Q705537", "label": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty", "section": "History - British rule and the Witu expeditions", "says": "In accord with the 1890 Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, on 18 June 1890 a British protectorate was declared, and on 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounced its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain to become part of British East Africa."}], "Q746443": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "They held out against France (battle of Bosco Marengo), the Republic of Venice (battle of Caravaggio), and the Swiss (battle of Castione); the Republic was abolished by the condottiero Francesco Sforza, who made himself Duke of Milan."}, {"id": "Q42207", "label": "Caravaggio", "section": "lead", "says": "They held out against France (battle of Bosco Marengo), the Republic of Venice (battle of Caravaggio), and the Swiss (battle of Castione); the Republic was abolished by the condottiero Francesco Sforza, who made himself Duke of Milan."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The claimants to the throne of the Duchy of Milan were:\n\nKing Alfonso V of Aragon, to whom Filippo Maria had left the throne according to his will written a day before his death;\nDuke Charles of Orléans, nephew of Filippo Maria through his half-sister Valentina Visconti;\nDukes Albert and Sigismund of the House of Habsburg, cousins of Filippo Maria and great-grandsons of Bernabò Visconti;\nEmperor F"}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The claimants to the throne of the Duchy of Milan were:\n\nKing Alfonso V of Aragon, to whom Filippo Maria had left the throne according to his will written a day before his death;\nDuke Charles of Orléans, nephew of Filippo Maria through his half-sister Valentina Visconti;\nDukes Albert and Sigismund of the House of Habsburg, cousins of Filippo Maria and great-grandsons of Bernabò Visconti;\nEmperor F"}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The claimants to the throne of the Duchy of Milan were:\n\nKing Alfonso V of Aragon, to whom Filippo Maria had left the throne according to his will written a day before his death;\nDuke Charles of Orléans, nephew of Filippo Maria through his half-sister Valentina Visconti;\nDukes Albert and Sigismund of the House of Habsburg, cousins of Filippo Maria and great-grandsons of Bernabò Visconti;\nEmperor F"}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The claimants to the throne of the Duchy of Milan were:\n\nKing Alfonso V of Aragon, to whom Filippo Maria had left the throne according to his will written a day before his death;\nDuke Charles of Orléans, nephew of Filippo Maria through his half-sister Valentina Visconti;\nDukes Albert and Sigismund of the House of Habsburg, cousins of Filippo Maria and great-grandsons of Bernabò Visconti;\nEmperor F"}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The claimants to the throne of the Duchy of Milan were:\n\nKing Alfonso V of Aragon, to whom Filippo Maria had left the throne according to his will written a day before his death;\nDuke Charles of Orléans, nephew of Filippo Maria through his half-sister Valentina Visconti;\nDukes Albert and Sigismund of the House of Habsburg, cousins of Filippo Maria and great-grandsons of Bernabò Visconti;\nEmperor F"}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - End of the Republic", "says": "The Republic rejoiced, and the citizens were confident the war was over and their future was secured."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "The Lombards defeated the French at the Battle of Bosco Marengo in 1447  and the Venetians at the Battle of Caravaggio in 1448."}, {"id": "Q1399", "label": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Of the Republic, Niccolò Machiavelli remarked \n\nIn order to create a Republic in Milan it would be necessary to exterminate all the nobility. . . ."}], "Q7603765": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the new Constitution of Malta, approved in a referendum held in May of that year, Queen Elizabeth II became the Queen of Malta."}], "Q777763": [{"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indiana Territory, officially the Territory of Indiana, was created by an organic act that President John Adams signed into law on May 7, 1800, to form an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1800, to December 11, 1816, when the remaining southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Indiana."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indiana Territory, officially the Territory of Indiana, was created by an organic act that President John Adams signed into law on May 7, 1800, to form an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1800, to December 11, 1816, when the remaining southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Indiana."}, {"id": "Q1360064", "label": "Michigan Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory originally contained approximately 259,824 square miles (672,940 km2) of land, but its size was decreased when it was subdivided to create the Michigan Territory (1805) and the Illinois Territory (1809)."}, {"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Indiana Territory was the first new territory created from lands of the Northwest Territory, which had been organized under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787."}, {"id": "Q11869", "label": "William Henry Harrison", "section": "lead", "says": "William Henry Harrison, the territory's first governor, oversaw treaty negotiations with the Native inhabitants that ceded tribal lands to the U.S. government, opening large parts of the territory to further settlement."}, {"id": "Q325314", "label": "Tecumseh's War", "section": "lead", "says": "At the outbreak of Tecumseh's War, when the territory was on the front line of battle, Harrison led a military force in the opening hostilities at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and in the subsequent invasion of Canada during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q379346", "label": "Battle of Tippecanoe", "section": "lead", "says": "At the outbreak of Tecumseh's War, when the territory was on the front line of battle, Harrison led a military force in the opening hostilities at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and in the subsequent invasion of Canada during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "lead", "says": "At the outbreak of Tecumseh's War, when the territory was on the front line of battle, Harrison led a military force in the opening hostilities at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and in the subsequent invasion of Canada during the War of 1812."}, {"id": "Q885976", "label": "Thomas Posey", "section": "lead", "says": "After Harrison resigned as the territorial governor, Thomas Posey was appointed to the vacant governorship, but the opposition party, led by Congressman Jonathan Jennings, dominated territorial affairs in its final years and began pressing for statehood."}, {"id": "Q11813", "label": "James Madison", "section": "lead", "says": "On December 11, 1816, President James Madison signed the congressional act that formally admitted Indiana to the Union as the nineteenth state."}, {"id": "Q2656995", "label": "Northwest Indian War", "section": "History - Western expansion and conflict", "says": "Increasing tensions with the Native Americans who occupied the western lands erupted into the Northwest Indian War."}, {"id": "Q1355169", "label": "Little Turtle", "section": "History - Western expansion and conflict", "says": "In the early morning of November 3, 1791, nearly a 1,000 Miamis, Shawnees, Delawares, and other warriors under the leadership of Chief Little Turtle launched a surprise attack on the American camp near the Miami town of Kekionga, costing the Americans nearly nine hundred casualties and forcing the militia's retreat."}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "History - Western expansion and conflict", "says": "In August 1794, General \"Mad Anthony\" Wayne organized the Legion of the United States and defeated a Native American force at the Battle of Fallen Timbers."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "History - Western expansion and conflict", "says": "The Treaty of Greenville (1795) ended the Northwest Indian War and marked the beginning of a series of land cession treaties."}, {"id": "Q1700208", "label": "John Gibson", "section": "History - Territory formation", "says": "John Gibson, the territorial secretary, served as acting governor until Harrison's arrival at Vincennes."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - Territory formation", "says": "In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson granted Harrison"}, {"id": "Q1500063", "label": "Louisiana Territory", "section": "History - District of Louisiana", "says": "The Indiana Territory's temporary administration of the district of Louisiana lasted only nine months, until the Louisiana Territory was established, effective July 4, 1805, with its own territorial government."}, {"id": "Q879980", "label": "Black Hawk War", "section": "History - District of Louisiana", "says": "Resentments over this treaty later caused the native tribes to side with the British during the War of 1812 in raids along the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers, and lead to their involvement in the Black Hawk War in 1832."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "History - Tecumseh's War", "says": "A resistance movement against U.S. expansion that developed around two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (The Prophet), became known as Tecumseh's War."}, {"id": "Q254682", "label": "Tenskwatawa", "section": "History - Tecumseh's War", "says": "Tenskwatawa convinced members of native tribes that the Great Spirit would protect them from harm if they would rise up against the whites."}, {"id": "Q1324198", "label": "Treaty of Ghent", "section": "History - War of 1812", "says": "The Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the war and relieved American settlers from their fears of attack by the nearby British and their Indian allies."}], "Q777779": [{"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "The summary of the second campaign in the inscription reads:When he crushed Awsān, killed sixteen thousand [16000] of them, captured forty thousand [40000]; devastated *Wusr from Lagiʾatum to Ḥammān; burnt all the cities of *Anfum; put to the torch all the cities of Ḥabbān and of *Dhayb; 5 devastated their irrigated zones; laid waste to Ns¹m, the irrigated area of Rs²ʾy, and Girdān; crushed {Awsān"}], "Q808575": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Baroda State was a kingdom within the Maratha Empire, and later, a princely state of the British Indian Empire in present-day Gujarat."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by the Gaekwad dynasty from its formation in 1721 until its accession to the newly formed Dominion of India."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "With the city of Baroda as its capital, its relations with the British Raj authorities were managed by the Baroda Residency, with the State under British suzerainty."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "After the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805), the East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas."}], "Q848383": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "After the founding of the Papal States in 756, the Duchy of Rome ceased to be an administrative unit and \"dukes of Rome\", appointed by the popes rather than emperors, are only rarely attested."}, {"id": "Q5311378", "label": "Duchy of Perugia", "section": "History - Importance of Rome to Byzantine Italy", "says": "The strategic importance of the Duchy of the Pentapolis (Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Sinigaglia, Ancona) and the Duchy of Perugia lay in their ability to retain control of the districts between Ravenna and Rome, and with them communication over the Apennine Mountains."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Importance of Rome to Byzantine Italy", "says": "This was also recognized by the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q103321", "label": "Gregory II", "section": "History - Lombard attacks and increase in papal responsibility", "says": "However, Liutprand, softened by the entreaties of Pope Gregory II, restored Sutri \"as a gift to the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul\"."}, {"id": "Q103268", "label": "Gregory III", "section": "History - Lombard attacks and increase in papal responsibility", "says": "Pope Gregory III made a large payment to the duke to restore the castle to him."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Lombard attacks and increase in papal responsibility", "says": "He sent to Charles Martel, \"the powerful mayor of the palace\" of the Frankish monarchy and the commander of the Franks in the famous battle at Tours, undoubtedly with the consent of the Greek dux, and appealed to him to protect the tomb of the Apostle."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - Fall of the exarchate – Donation of Pepin", "says": "Rome, under Pope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with Aistulf, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf."}, {"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Fall of the exarchate – Donation of Pepin", "says": "Rome, under Pope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with Aistulf, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf."}, {"id": "Q973573", "label": "Donation of Pepin", "section": "History - Fall of the exarchate – Donation of Pepin", "says": "Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as some of the former Lombard possessions associated with the Exarchate of Ravenna to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin, marking the true beginning of the Papal States."}], "Q862478": [{"id": "Q1007", "label": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaabu (1537–1867), also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N'Gabu, was a federation of Mandinka kingdoms in the Senegambia region centered within modern northeastern Guinea-Bissau, large parts of today's Gambia, and extending into Koussanar, Koumpentoum, and the Casamance in Senegal."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It rose to prominence as an imperial military province of the Mali Empire."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "History - Pre-Imperial Roots and the Soce (Sose)", "says": "These groups, referred to in Serer oral traditions as the Soos (or Sose), are believed to have migrated southward from the Western Sahara and the Tagant Plateau in present-day Mauritania."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "After the middle of the 14th century, Mali saw a steep decline due to raids by the Mossi to their south, the growth of the new Songhai Empire in the north, and succession disputes."}], "Q889897": [{"id": "Q1444485", "label": "Empire of Kitara", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga after the dissolution of the Empire of Kitara."}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Thus by the mid-nineteenth century Bunyoro (also known as Unyoro at the time) was a far smaller state, though it was still very wealthy due to the income generated from controlling the lucrative trade routes over Lake Victoria and linking to the coast of the Indian Ocean."}, {"id": "Q1042", "label": "Seychelles", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to the Seychelles, and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to the Seychelles, and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "After the region remained loyal to Great Britain in World War I a new agreement was made in 1933 giving the region more autonomy."}, {"id": "Q210069", "label": "Milton Obote", "section": "History - Contemporary society", "says": "During the first regime of Milton Obote, the Kingdom of Bunyoro initially benefited from regaining the two \"lost counties\" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following a 1964 referendum."}, {"id": "Q48231", "label": "Idi Amin", "section": "History - Contemporary society", "says": "The kingdom, together with three others, Buganda, Busoga, Tooro, remained banned during the regime of dictator Idi Amin (1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985) and remained banned until 1993."}], "Q953432": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Couto Misto (Portuguese: Couto Misto [ˈkotu ˈmiʃtu]; Galician: Couto Mixto; Spanish: Coto Mixto) was an independent microstate on the border between Spain and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "lead", "says": "It comprised the villages of Santiago de Rubiás, Rubiás (now in the Spanish municipality of Calvos de Randín), and Meaus (now in the Spanish municipality of Baltar), all in the Salas Valley, Ourense, Galicia."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "Origins", "says": "Several historians have dated the origins of the Couto in the same period as the emergence of the Kingdom of Portugal, somewhere around the 12th century, which is supported by documents that date back to the early 14th century."}], "Q1141471": [{"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Liu Min (Emperor Shizu) as a continuation of the Later Han dynasty founded by his brother Liu Zhiyuan (Emperor Gaozu)."}], "Q1292987": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maravi Empire or Maravi Confederacy was a Chewa polity that controlled what is now central and southern Malawi, parts of Mozambique, and eastern Zambia, from at least the early 15th century to the mid-19th century."}, {"id": "Q981217", "label": "Jan Vansina", "section": "History - Pre-Maravi", "says": "Scholars such as Jan Vansina have characterised the Pre-Maravi as a state with Makewana as leader."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "History - Pre-Maravi", "says": "Engagement with the Indian Ocean trade likely began around the 13th century through the Lake Malawi–Lake Tanganyika corridor, with the main export being ivory."}], "Q1296908": [{"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "Kathiri, also known as the Kathiri sultanate (Arabic: السلطنة الكثيرية, romanized: al-Saltanah al-Kathīrīyah), and officially as the Kathiri State of Seiyun, was a sultanate in the Hadhramaut region of the southern Arabian Peninsula, in what is now part of Yemen and the Dhofar Governorate of Oman."}, {"id": "Q22684779", "label": "Omani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its history, the Kathiri state ruled a large area of Hadhramaut, but it lost much of its power in the 19th century in favor of its rival, the Qu'aiti, and lost its eastern regions to the Omani Empire and the Mahra Sultanate, eventually limiting the authority of the Kathiri state to northern Hadhramaut."}, {"id": "Q1885093", "label": "Mahra Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its history, the Kathiri state ruled a large area of Hadhramaut, but it lost much of its power in the 19th century in favor of its rival, the Qu'aiti, and lost its eastern regions to the Omani Empire and the Mahra Sultanate, eventually limiting the authority of the Kathiri state to northern Hadhramaut."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the mid-1950s, the Kathiri state was forced to join the British Protectorate of South Arabia, and remained in it until 1967, when the 14 October Revolution took place, expelling the colonizers and unifying the rest of the sultanates into one state, the People's Republic of South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In the mid-1950s, the Kathiri state was forced to join the British Protectorate of South Arabia, and remained in it until 1967, when the 14 October Revolution took place, expelling the colonizers and unifying the rest of the sultanates into one state, the People's Republic of South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "In the mid-1950s, the Kathiri state was forced to join the British Protectorate of South Arabia, and remained in it until 1967, when the 14 October Revolution took place, expelling the colonizers and unifying the rest of the sultanates into one state, the People's Republic of South Yemen."}], "Q1320058": [{"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "lead", "says": "The French protectorate of Laos (French: Protectorat français du Laos) was a French protectorate in Southeast Asia of what is today Laos between 1893 and 1953—with a brief interregnum as a Japanese-backed state in 1945—which constituted part of French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q338248", "label": "Kingdom of Luang Phrabang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established over the Siamese vassal, the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, following the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893."}, {"id": "Q1062415", "label": "Kingdom of Champasak", "section": "lead", "says": "It was integrated into French Indochina and in the following years further Siamese vassals, the Principality of Phuan and Kingdom of Champasak, were annexed into it in 1899 and 1904, respectively."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, the protectorate briefly proclaimed independence under Japanese occupation in 1945."}, {"id": "Q870055", "label": "Kingdom of Laos", "section": "lead", "says": "The protectorate was reestablished, but soon afterward the Kingdom of Laos was expanded to include all Laotian regions and granted self-government within the French Union."}, {"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "It formally became an associated state in 1949 and achieved full independence after the Franco-Lao Treaty in 1953, during the final stages of the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "lead", "says": "The final dissolution of French Indochina came with the 1954 Geneva Conference."}], "Q1322424": [{"id": "Q889374", "label": "Warsangali Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It has also been used as a designation for a Warsangali Sultanate that existed for centuries and continued to play an important role into the early twentieth century."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "History - Maakhir State of Somalia", "says": "Given the economic and military realities, Maakhir had to seek compromise with either of its two neighbors, Puntland and Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "In December 2012, a meeting was held in Cape Town, South Africa, by the Maakhir State diaspora, where participants discussed development in the Maakhir areas."}], "Q1372154": [{"id": "Q1184365", "label": "Đinh Bộ Lĩnh", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 968 when Đinh Bộ Lĩnh vanquished the upheavals of Twelve warlords and ended when the son of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, Đinh Toàn, ceded the throne to Lê Hoàn in 980."}, {"id": "Q1317979", "label": "Lê Hoàn", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 968 when Đinh Bộ Lĩnh vanquished the upheavals of Twelve warlords and ended when the son of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, Đinh Toàn, ceded the throne to Lê Hoàn in 980."}, {"id": "Q430309", "label": "Dai Viet", "section": "Family history - Ruling period", "says": "The Song responded by sending an embassy to Dai Viet and awarding the title \"King of Jiaozhi Prefecture\" to Bộ Lĩnh; that title was given to Vietnamese monarchs by the Song emperors until 1174."}], "Q145749": [{"id": "Q171203", "label": "Benin Empire", "section": "History - Zenith and fall", "says": "By the late 16th century, Nri influence extended well beyond the nuclear northern Igbo region to Igbo settlements on the west bank of the Niger and communities affected by the Benin Empire."}], "Q1472873": [{"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in 1522, it was a tributary to the Bornu Empire for much of its existence, and lasted until 1897."}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "Its capital was Massenya, north of the Chari River and close to the border to modern Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q2030595", "label": "Idris Alooma", "section": "History - Origin and apogee", "says": "Bornu, under the reign of Idris Alooma (1571-1602/3), embarked on conquering its smaller southern neighbours, and succeeded in absorbing Bagirmi."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Origin and apogee", "says": "Under Mbang Muhammad al-Amin (reigning from 1751 to 1785) Bagirmi regained their independence from Bornu after threatening attacks on their eastern frontier."}], "Q14905932": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Cuba (Spanish: República de Cuba), covering the historical period in Cuban history between 1902 and 1959, was an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de Pinos (after 1925) and several minor archipelagos."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The period began in 1902 following the end of its first U.S. military occupation years after Cuba declared independence in 1898 from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "This era included various changing governments and U.S. military occupations, and ended with the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution in 1959."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period, the United States exerted great influence on Cuban politics, notably through the Platt Amendment."}], "Q14957246": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Hunza (Persian: هنزه, Urdu: ہنزہ), also known as Kanjut (Persian: کانجوت; Burushaski: کنجوت), was a Burusho kingdom in the present-day Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 20th century, Hunza bordered the Ishkoman illaqa of Gilgit Agency to the west, the princely state of Nagar to the south, the Ladakh Wazarat of Jammu and Kashmir to the east, Xinjiang region of China to the northeast and Afghanistan to the northwest."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Relationship with China", "says": "The Kanjuti people maintained their relationship with China, recognizing Qing Qianlong Emperor as their suzerain from around 1760 or 1761."}, {"id": "Q353816", "label": "Francis Younghusband", "section": "History - Relationship with China", "says": "The British suspected Russian involvement \"with the Rulers of the petty States on the northern boundary of Kashmir\"; In 1888, the Russian explorer Bronislav Grombchevsky reached Hunza, and the following year the British captain Francis Younghusband visited Hunza to express British displeasure at Kanjuti raids in the Raskam."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Relationship with China", "says": "The Kuomintang Republic of China government engaged in secret negotiations with the Mir of Hunza over restoring the state's previous relationship wi"}, {"id": "Q3694970", "label": "Ranbir Singh I of Kashmir", "section": "History - Relationship with Jammu and Kashmir", "says": "In the times of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, the British mediated a tributary relation between Kashmir and the Mir of Hunza in 1869."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - Relationship with Jammu and Kashmir", "says": "They also received subsidiaries from the British colonial government, a position further complicated by the establishment of Gilgit Agency in 1889 when British Raj took the direct responsibility of supervising the petty states along the Russian border."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - Accession to Pakistan", "says": "On 3 November, 1947, the ruler, Mohammad Jamal Khan sent a telegram to Mohammad Ali Jinnah acceding his state to Pakistan."}], "Q1534482": [{"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "The prefix \"Later\" to distinguish them from the Former Yan before them and other Yan states from the period."}, {"id": "Q1069768", "label": "Murong Chui", "section": "lead", "says": "Historiographers also consider the Former Yan and Later Yan as separate states despite both being ruled by the same imperial family, and the Later Yan's founder, Murong Chui, had intended his state to be a restoration."}, {"id": "Q59223", "label": "Zhongshan", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the devastation inflicted on the old Yan capital, Ye, the city of Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei) became the first capital of the Later Yan."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "However, after the Northern Wei invasion in 396, they were reduced to Liaoning and parts of northeastern Hebei, where they made Longcheng their new capital."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "Their territory was further reduced during their war with Goguryeo as they lost the Liaodong Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q1071544", "label": "Murong Xi", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians consider Murong Xi the last ruler of Later Yan, while others consider it to be Gao Yun, an adopted member of the imperial family of Goguryeo ethnicity."}, {"id": "Q718184", "label": "Gao Yun", "section": "lead", "says": "Some historians consider Murong Xi the last ruler of Later Yan, while others consider it to be Gao Yun, an adopted member of the imperial family of Goguryeo ethnicity."}, {"id": "Q2496512", "label": "Huan Wen", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Murong Chui was the son of Murong Huang, the founder of the Xianbei Former Yan dynasty, and a key military general; in 369, he saved the state from ruin by defeating an Eastern Jin invasion led by Huan Wen at the Battle of Fangtou."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After defeating Huan Wen, the regent, his uncle Murong Ping became apprehensive of his newfound reputation and wanted to kill him, prompting Chui to flee to the Di-led Former Qin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Background", "says": "He fought for Qin in campaigns against the Eastern Jin and was one of the few officials who supported the ill-fated invasion of 383, which saw the Qin's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Fei River."}, {"id": "Q1153333", "label": "Fu Pi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "There, he cooperated with Fu Jian's son, Fu Pi, under mutual suspicion while secretly contacting the old Yan families and officials to join his movement."}, {"id": "Q1074804", "label": "Murong Wei", "section": "History - Restoring the Yan", "says": "Initially, Murong Chui only took the title of Prince of Yan, as the last Former Yan emperor, Murong Wei, was still alive at the Qin capital, Chang'an."}, {"id": "Q1149230", "label": "Western Yan", "section": "History - Restoring the Yan", "says": "Soon after Chui's rebellion, the Western Yan and Later Qin also broke away around Chang'an, constraining Fu Jian and preventing him from sending aid to the east."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Restoring the Yan", "says": "Soon after Chui's rebellion, the Western Yan and Later Qin also broke away around Chang'an, constraining Fu Jian and preventing him from sending aid to the east."}, {"id": "Q1078581", "label": "Murong Yong", "section": "History - Wars with Zhai Wei and Western Yan", "says": "Later that year, his cousin, Murong Yong of Western Yan occupied Shanxi and declared himself emperor."}, {"id": "Q1327602", "label": "Wei", "section": "History - Wars with Zhai Wei and Western Yan", "says": "The Dingling rebels under Zhai Liao founded the Zhai Wei state at Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan) in 388."}, {"id": "Q1076801", "label": "Murong Bao", "section": "History - Wars with Zhai Wei and Western Yan", "says": "At this point, Murong Chui was already at an advanced age, and so he began empowering his Crown Prince, Murong Bao."}, {"id": "Q1078573", "label": "Murong Sheng", "section": "History - Wars with Zhai Wei and Western Yan", "says": "This system was further developed during the reign of Murong Sheng, who established the Yan Ministry to manage the tribes, and then Murong Xi, who set up the Grand Chanyu Administration."}, {"id": "Q1069310", "label": "Murong De", "section": "History - War with Northern Wei", "says": "However, Zhongshan then fell to Wei, and Lin fled to Ye, where he convinced his uncle, Murong De to abandon the city for Huatai."}, {"id": "Q1329439", "label": "Southern Yan", "section": "History - War with Northern Wei", "says": "There, De declared himself the Prince of Yan in 398, founding the Southern Yan and splitting the state into two."}, {"id": "Q24378", "label": "Lan Han", "section": "History - Rule from Liaoning", "says": "In 398, Murong Bao was assassinated by his granduncle, Lan Han, who was then killed by Bao's son, Murong Sheng, shortly after."}, {"id": "Q2006864", "label": "Northern Yan", "section": "History - Rule from Liaoning", "says": "Depending on one's interpretation, he was either the last ruler of Later Yan or the first ruler of a separate regime known as the Northern Yan (hence, Later Yan ending with Murong Xi's death in 407)."}, {"id": "Q1147737", "label": "Feng Ba", "section": "History - Rule from Liaoning", "says": "His Han Chinese general, Feng Ba replaced him on the throne, thus ending the Later Yan and beginning the Northern Yan."}], "Q156506": [{"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic (Hungarian: Baranya-Bajai Szerb-Magyar Köztársaság, Serbian: Српско-мађарска република Барања-Баја / Srpsko-mađarska republika Baranja-Baja) was a small, short-lived and Soviet-oriented state, proclaimed in Pécs on 14 August 1921, on occupied Hungarian territory during the peacemaking aftermath of the first World War, tolerated and fostered by the newly "}], "Q1688526": [{"id": "Q558247", "label": "Yakub Beg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an Islamic monarchy ruled by Yakub Beg, a Kokandi who secured power in Kashgar (later made Yettishar's capital) through a series of military and political manoeuvres."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1873, the Ottoman Empire recognised Yettishar as a vassal state and Yakub Beg as its emir."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "The area had been conquered in 1759 from the Dzungar Khanate whose core population, the Oirats, subsequently became the targets of genocide."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "The modern term \"Uyghur\" was assigned to the Turki by the then newly created Soviet Union in 1921 at a conference in Tashkent."}, {"id": "Q230200", "label": "Zuo Zongtang", "section": "Downfall", "says": "In the late 1870s, the Qing decided to reconquer Xinjiang with Zuo Zongtang, previously a general in the Xiang Army, as commander-in-chief."}, {"id": "Q5295726", "label": "Dong Fuxiang", "section": "Downfall", "says": "In addition, General Dong Fuxiang had an army of both Han and Dungan people, and his army took the Kashgar and Khotan areas during the reconquest."}], "Q18211496": [{"id": "Q24897370", "label": "Chahamanas of Shakambhari", "section": "lead", "says": "His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the Chudasamas, the Paramaras and the Chahamanas of Shakambhari."}, {"id": "Q19663251", "label": "Jayasimha Siddharaja", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chaulukyas soon recovered, and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala in the 12th century."}, {"id": "Q5324", "label": "Gurjara-Pratihara", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the Gurjara-Pratihara and the Rashtrakuta empires."}, {"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "History - Imperial expansion", "says": "Someshvara’s sons Prithviraja III (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan) and Hariraja were also born in Gujarat."}], "Q1885093": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1886, the Sultanate came under the British-ruled Aden Protectorate and later under the Protectorate of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1886, the Sultanate came under the British-ruled Aden Protectorate and later under the Protectorate of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Sultanate of Shihr", "says": "Following the collapse of the Rasulid dynasty and the rise of the Tahirids, a number of former dignitaries from Aden came to Shihr as refugees, and told the reigning sultan, Muhammad bin Sa'd, that Aden was ripe for conquest."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "History - Sultanate of Shihr", "says": "Around 1480, the Mahri settled the island of Socotra and used it as a strategic base against their rivals in Hadhramaut."}, {"id": "Q81116", "label": "Tristão da Cunha", "section": "History - Arrival of the Portuguese", "says": "In 1507, a Portuguese fleet commanded by Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque landed on Socotra and, after a bloody battle, seized the main fortress at Suq."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "History - Arrival of the Portuguese", "says": "In 1507, a Portuguese fleet commanded by Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque landed on Socotra and, after a bloody battle, seized the main fortress at Suq."}], "Q1945565": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Zeeland (Dutch: Graafschap Zeeland) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries and it later became one of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Zeeland (Dutch: Graafschap Zeeland) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries and it later became one of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic."}], "Q1949159": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Black Sea Soviet Republic (March – 30 May 1918) was a republic of the Russian SFSR within the territory that corresponded to Black Sea Governorate in the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2287085", "label": "Kuban Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In May 1918 it was merged with Kuban Soviet Republic into the Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic."}], "Q199389": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The time of the principate was climacteric in the history of Georgia; the principality saw the final formation of the Georgian Christian Church, the first flourishing of a literary tradition in the native language, the rise of the Georgian Bagratid family, and the beginning of cultural and political unification of various feudal enclaves, which would be united to form the Kingdom of Georgia by the"}], "Q2029522": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Ternate (Jawi: کسلطانن ترناتي), previously known as the Kingdom of Gapi, is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - 16th century to the present", "says": "He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel."}], "Q2051582": [{"id": "Q29075570", "label": "All-Palestine Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "The All-Palestine Government (Arabic: حكومة عموم فلسطين, Ḥukūmat ‘Umūm Filasṭīn) was established on 22 September 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, to govern the Egyptian-controlled territory in Gaza, which Egypt had on the same day declared as the All-Palestine Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1959, the All-Palestine nominal area was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, coming under formal Egyptian military administration, who appointed Egyptian military administrators in Gaza."}], "Q2068091": [{"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Vistula Land, also known as Vistula Krai (Russian: Привислинский край, romanized: Privislinskiy kray; Polish: Kraj Nadwiślański), was the name applied to the lands of Congress Poland from 1867, following the defeats of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and January Uprising (1863–1864) as it was increasingly stripped of autonomy and incorporated into the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q462964", "label": "November Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Vistula Land, also known as Vistula Krai (Russian: Привислинский край, romanized: Privislinskiy kray; Polish: Kraj Nadwiślański), was the name applied to the lands of Congress Poland from 1867, following the defeats of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and January Uprising (1863–1864) as it was increasingly stripped of autonomy and incorporated into the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q473670", "label": "January Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Vistula Land, also known as Vistula Krai (Russian: Привислинский край, romanized: Privislinskiy kray; Polish: Kraj Nadwiślański), was the name applied to the lands of Congress Poland from 1867, following the defeats of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and January Uprising (1863–1864) as it was increasingly stripped of autonomy and incorporated into the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Vistula Land, also known as Vistula Krai (Russian: Привислинский край, romanized: Privislinskiy kray; Polish: Kraj Nadwiślański), was the name applied to the lands of Congress Poland from 1867, following the defeats of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and January Uprising (1863–1864) as it was increasingly stripped of autonomy and incorporated into the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the 1917 October Revolution, it was officially ceded to the Central Powers under the terms of the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The First World War initially expanded Russian control of Poland after the Imperial Russian Army scored a series of early victories against Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front and occupied Eastern Galicia."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The First World War initially expanded Russian control of Poland after the Imperial Russian Army scored a series of early victories against Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front and occupied Eastern Galicia."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "In the March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia (by then embroiled in a civil war), effectively ceded all Polish territories it had formerly possessed to the German Empire and Austria-Hungary."}], "Q2195101": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality emerged during the process of fragmentation of a unified Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its boundaries fluctuated in the course of permanent conflicts with neighboring Georgian rulers and the Ottoman Empire, and the principality enjoyed various degrees of autonomy until being annexed by Imperial Russia in 1829."}], "Q2247225": [{"id": "Q5519387", "label": "Galuh Kingdom", "section": "History - Kings after Purnawarman", "says": "During this period the grandson of Manikmaya, Wretikandayun, in 612 AD, established Galuh Kingdom, southeast of current Garut with its capital city located in Banjar Pataruman."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Kings after Purnawarman", "says": "While the second daughter of King Linggawarman, Princess Sobakancana, married Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, who later established the Srivijaya kingdom."}], "Q2308761": [{"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Northern Expedition, the government was able to defeat and overthrow the Beiyang government and become the legitimate government of China with its capital settled in Nanjing since 1927."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was elected to be China's provisional president and founded the Provisional Government of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was elected to be China's provisional president and founded the Provisional Government of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "lead", "says": "To preserve national unity, Sun ceded the presidency to military strongman Yuan Shikai, who established the Beiyang government."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of the Northern Expedition in 1928, they were nominally reunified under the Nationalist government in Nanjing, led by Chiang Kai-shek."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "These events eventually led to the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalist Party and the CCP."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Leftists within the KMT still allied to the CCP, led by Wang Jingwei, had established a rival Nationalist Government in Wuhan two months earlier, but soon joined Chiang in Nanjing in August 1927."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Nanjing decade and war with Japan", "says": "In the 1930s, the Nationalist government sought to adopt some aspects of Nazi Germany mode of governance."}, {"id": "Q699698", "label": "Yen Hsi-shan", "section": "History - Nanjing decade and war with Japan", "says": "30) Despite nominal reunification, the Chiang's Nationalist Government relied heavily on the support of warlords such as Ma Hushan, Yan Xishan, and Zhang Xueliang to exert control on the provinces."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "History - Nanjing decade and war with Japan", "says": "30) Despite nominal reunification, the Chiang's Nationalist Government relied heavily on the support of warlords such as Ma Hushan, Yan Xishan, and Zhang Xueliang to exert control on the provinces."}, {"id": "Q244941", "label": "Xi'an Incident", "section": "History - Nanjing decade and war with Japan", "says": "The loyalty of these figures was often highly suspect, and they frequently engaged in acts of open defiance, as in the Xi'an Incident of 1936, or even rebellion."}, {"id": "Q334918", "label": "Rudolph Rummel", "section": "History - Nanjing decade and war with Japan", "says": "While weakened by frequent massacres and purges—historian Rudolph Rummel estimated that 1,654,000 people were killed by the KMT in anti-Communist purges during this period—the Communists were able to survive and posed a major latent threat to the regime."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Post–World War II", "says": "From 1945 to 1947, under United States mediation, especially through the Marshall Mission, the Nationalists and Communists agreed to start a series of peace talks aiming at establishing a coalition government."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Post–World War II", "says": "The Constitution was seen as the third and final stage of Kuomintang reconstruction of China."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "History - Post–World War II", "says": "Chiang Kai-shek was also elected as the 1st President of the Republic of China under the constitution by the National Assembly in 1948, with Li Zongren being elected as vice-president."}], "Q2342282": [{"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "The Al Hajar Mountains separated the Imamate of Oman from Muscat and Oman."}], "Q2393278": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Cospaia (Italian: Repubblica di Cospaia, local dialect: Republica de' Cošpäja) was a small microstate in northern Umbria, now in Italy, that was independent from 1440 to 1826."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Republics, as a form of government, were most common in what is now Italy before the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1235720", "label": "Republic of Lucca", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "And some were non-maritime: the Republic of Lucca (also with oligarchic institutions), the Republic of Florence, the Republic of Siena, and the Republic of San Marino (still in existence in the 21st century)."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "And some were non-maritime: the Republic of Lucca (also with oligarchic institutions), the Republic of Florence, the Republic of Siena, and the Republic of San Marino (still in existence in the 21st century)."}, {"id": "Q736727", "label": "Republic of Siena", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "And some were non-maritime: the Republic of Lucca (also with oligarchic institutions), the Republic of Florence, the Republic of Siena, and the Republic of San Marino (still in existence in the 21st century)."}, {"id": "Q238", "label": "San Marino", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "And some were non-maritime: the Republic of Lucca (also with oligarchic institutions), the Republic of Florence, the Republic of Siena, and the Republic of San Marino (still in existence in the 21st century)."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The inhabitants of Cospaia did not, therefore, have tribute obligations with either the Papal States or the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the goods that passed through the territory were not subject to any tariffs."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The inhabitants of Cospaia did not, therefore, have tribute obligations with either the Papal States or the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the goods that passed through the territory were not subject to any tariffs."}], "Q2510537": [{"id": "Q2308885", "label": "Lemko Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Komańcza Republic, also known as the Eastern Lemko Republic, Vyslik Republic, Wisłok Republic and Lemko Republic, was a short-lived self-governing polity consisting of 33 Lemko villages centered on Komańcza in the eastern Lemko Region."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the contemporaneous Lemko Republic to its west (which sought unification with a restored, non-Bolshevik Russian Republic), the Komancza Republic planned to unite with the West Ukrainian People's Republic in an independent Ukrainian state."}, {"id": "Q457167", "label": "West Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Unlike the contemporaneous Lemko Republic to its west (which sought unification with a restored, non-Bolshevik Russian Republic), the Komancza Republic planned to unite with the West Ukrainian People's Republic in an independent Ukrainian state."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, this was suppressed by the Polish government as part of the Polish–Ukrainian War."}], "Q254219": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The Somoza family (Spanish: Familia Somoza) is a political family which ruled Nicaragua under a dictatorship over a period of 43 years, from 1936 to 1979."}, {"id": "Q312622", "label": "Anastasio Somoza García", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Anastasio Somoza García — who served as the President of Nicaragua for two terms between 1937–1947 and 1950–1956 — was succeeded by his two sons; the eldest, Luis Somoza Debayle from 1956 to 1963, and youngest, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, serving for two presidential terms between 1967–1972 and 1974–1979."}, {"id": "Q529610", "label": "Luis Somoza Debayle", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Anastasio Somoza García — who served as the President of Nicaragua for two terms between 1937–1947 and 1950–1956 — was succeeded by his two sons; the eldest, Luis Somoza Debayle from 1956 to 1963, and youngest, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, serving for two presidential terms between 1967–1972 and 1974–1979."}, {"id": "Q218443", "label": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Anastasio Somoza García — who served as the President of Nicaragua for two terms between 1937–1947 and 1950–1956 — was succeeded by his two sons; the eldest, Luis Somoza Debayle from 1956 to 1963, and youngest, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, serving for two presidential terms between 1967–1972 and 1974–1979."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The family received support from the government of the United States, and the leadership styles of each Somoza president was different from one another."}, {"id": "Q1463516", "label": "Nicaraguan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Ultimately, the Somoza family was overthrown by the socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) during the Nicaraguan Revolution of 1961–1990."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "When negotiations failed, the insurrection movement, with military support from the Soviet Union through Cuba, launched a successful offensive into the cities, with human rights violations committed by the National Guard resulting in the Somoza government's international, political and military isolation."}, {"id": "Q772871", "label": "Francisco Urcuyo", "section": "Downfall", "says": "Somoza handed over power to President of the Chamber of Deputies Francisco Urcuyo who would in turn transfer the government to the junta."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "Downfall", "says": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle lived in Paraguay until 17 September 1980 when he was assassinated by Argentine guerrillas."}], "Q2605410": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nahuas of the Aztec Empire called this region Michhuahcān from mich (\"fish\"), -huah (\"owner / possessor of\"), and -cān (\"place of\") and means \"place of fisher folk\"."}, {"id": "Q172613", "label": "Teotihuacan", "section": "History of the Iréchikwa - Early archaeological evidence", "says": "In the early Classic period, ballcourts and other artifacts demonstrate a Teotihuacan influence in the Michoacán region."}, {"id": "Q550491", "label": "Cristóbal de Olid", "section": "Spanish conquest of Purépecha Kingdom", "says": "In 1522 a Spanish force under the leadership of Cristóbal de Olid was sent into Purépecha territory and arrived at Tzintzuntzan within days."}], "Q28057": [{"id": "Q494532", "label": "Munmu of Silla", "section": "History - Historical and archaeological records", "says": "Some sources indicate that this took place during the reign of King Munmu of Silla in the late 7th century CE.[link removed]\nTamna briefly reclaimed its independence after the fall of Silla in 935."}, {"id": "Q14304", "label": "Taejong of Joseon", "section": "History - Historical and archaeological records", "says": "However, the kingdom maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejong of Joseon placed it under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end."}, {"id": "Q490792", "label": "Sambyeolcho Rebellion", "section": "History - Historical and archaeological records", "says": "One interesting event that took place during these later years of Tamna was the Sambyeolcho Rebellion, which came to a bloody end on Jeju Island in 1274."}], "Q2872689": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1860s and 70s, the Russian Empire conquered Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q101534", "label": "February Revolution", "section": "Background", "says": "After the February Revolution in 1917, the colonial order was ended by the Russian Provisional Government, which instituted a wave of reforms including the end of distinction of citizens based on class, religion, sex, or ethnicity."}, {"id": "Q139319", "label": "Russian Republic", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On November 27, the congress resolved that Turkestan was an autonomous territory within a Federal Russian Republic, held the right to self-determination, and could establish a constituent assembly."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Influence over Turkestan", "says": "The Turkestan government declared December 13, the birthday of Muhammad, a day of support for the government, during which money for the country would be collected."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Influence over Turkestan", "says": "This request was rebuked by People's Commissar for Nationalities Joseph Stalin, who stated \"The workers of Turkestan should not turn to Petersburg with their request that the Soviet Commissariat in Tashkent should be dissolved, but should disperse it by force, assuming they have the requisite power\"."}, {"id": "Q1779823", "label": "Alash Autonomy", "section": "History - Issues governing Turkestan", "says": "Talks were held with the Alash Autonomy to form a union, but the Alash Autonomy decided to hold off on any decision until the All-Russian Constituent Assembly."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Issues governing Turkestan", "says": "The government also attempted to receive assistance from the Emirate of Bukhara, but as the Emir of Bukhara was in conflict with Jadidists, and worried of an attack from the Taskhent Soviet, he refused to see the government's representatives."}], "Q3041595": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Iraq, retroactively known as First Iraqi Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العراقية الأولى) and also as, Iraqi Republic, Qasimist Iraq (1958–1963) and Nasserist Iraq (1963–1968), was the Iraqi state created in 1958 under the rule of President Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i and Prime Minister Abdul-Karim Qasim. ar-Ruba'i and Qasim first came to power through the 14 July Revolution in which the "}, {"id": "Q299732", "label": "Abd al-Karim Qasim", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Iraq, retroactively known as First Iraqi Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العراقية الأولى) and also as, Iraqi Republic, Qasimist Iraq (1958–1963) and Nasserist Iraq (1963–1968), was the Iraqi state created in 1958 under the rule of President Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i and Prime Minister Abdul-Karim Qasim. ar-Ruba'i and Qasim first came to power through the 14 July Revolution in which the "}, {"id": "Q146713", "label": "Arab Federation", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, the Kingdom and the Arab Federation were dissolved and the Iraqi republic established."}, {"id": "Q2578241", "label": "Ramadan Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Arab nationalists later took power and overthrew Qasim in the Ramadan Revolution in February 1963, and then Nasserists consolidated their power after another coup in November 1963."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History (1958–1968) - Political problems", "says": "During and after World War II, the UK reoccupied Iraq due to the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état in which four nationalist Iraqi generals, with German intelligence and military assistance, overthrew Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said and installed Rashid Ali as Prime Minister of Iraq."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History (1958–1968) - Regional rivalries", "says": "Pan-Arab and Arab Nationalist sentiment circulated in the Middle East and was proliferated by an anti-imperialist revolutionary, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q149805", "label": "Kingdom of Iraq", "section": "History (1958–1968) - Regional rivalries", "says": "During and after World War II, The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was home to a number of Arab nationalist sympathizers."}, {"id": "Q149724", "label": "Faisal II of Iraq", "section": "History (1958–1968) - 14 July Revolution", "says": "King Faisal II, the Regent and Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Said were all killed."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "History (1958–1968) - Mosul Uprising", "says": "Opposition to Qasim from Arab Nationalist forces within the army culminated in the 1959 Mosul Uprising, which was an attempted coup launched with support from the United Arab Republic."}, {"id": "Q307494", "label": "Abdul Salam Arif", "section": "History (1958–1968) - Nasserist coup", "says": "Following the coup, President Abdul Salam Arif formed a new cabinet, mostly made of technocrats and Nasserist army officers."}, {"id": "Q307393", "label": "Abdul Rahman Arif", "section": "History (1958–1968) - Second Ba'athist coup", "says": "Salam Arif died in a plane crash on 13 April 1966 and was replaced by his younger brother Abdul Rahman Arif."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History (1958–1968) - Second Ba'athist coup", "says": "A moderate, Rahman Arif formed a new cabinet led by Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz, which turned the Iraqi regime to the centre, halting nationalizations and improving relationships with the United States of America."}], "Q3327860": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The conversion to Christianity, beginning in the 5th century, accompanied the introduction of literature."}, {"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The King of England claimed sovereignty over this territory – the Lordship of Ireland – and the island as a whole."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1542, the Lordship of Ireland became the Kingdom of Ireland when Henry VIII of England was given the title of King of Ireland by the Parliame"}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1542, the Lordship of Ireland became the Kingdom of Ireland when Henry VIII of England was given the title of King of Ireland by the Parliame"}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Before 400", "says": "During this period, the Gaels traded with the Roman Empire and also raided and colonized Britain during the end of Roman rule in Britain."}, {"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "History - 400 to 800", "says": "The early medieval history of Ireland, often called Early Christian Ireland, spans the 5th to 8th centuries, from a gradual emergence out of the protohistoric period (Ogham inscriptions in Primitive Irish, negative mentions in Greco-Roman ethnography) to the beginning of the Viking Age."}, {"id": "Q165479", "label": "Saint Patrick", "section": "History - 400 to 800", "says": "Early medieval traditions credit Saint Patrick as being the first Primate of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "History - 400 to 800", "says": "The Gaelic Kingdom of Dál Riata is said to have been founded in the 5th century by the legendary king Fergus Mór mac Eirc or Fergus Mór in Argyll or \"the coast of the Gaels\" located in modern-day Scotland."}, {"id": "Q558767", "label": "Fergus Mór", "section": "History - 400 to 800", "says": "The Gaelic Kingdom of Dál Riata is said to have been founded in the 5th century by the legendary king Fergus Mór mac Eirc or Fergus Mór in Argyll or \"the coast of the Gaels\" located in modern-day Scotland."}, {"id": "Q1991742", "label": "Kingdom of Alba", "section": "History - 800 to 1169", "says": "Combining the territories of both kingdoms to form a new Gaelic over-kingdom in Northern Britain, the Kingdom of Alba, which comprises most of what is now modern-day Scotland."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "Pope Adrian IV, the only English pope, had already issued a Papal Bull in 1155 giving Henry II of England authority to invade Ireland as a means of curbing Irish refusal to recognize Roman law."}, {"id": "Q887822", "label": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "In 1166, after losing the protection of High King Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King Diarmait Mac Murchada of Leinster was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under King Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair."}, {"id": "Q4671762", "label": "Kingdom of Leinster", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "The leader of the Norman force, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, more commonly known as Strongbow, married Diarmait's daughter, Aoife, and was named tánaiste to the Kingdom of Leinster."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "This caused consternation to Henry II, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "Adrian's successor, Pope Alexander III, ratified the grant of Ireland to Henry in 1172."}, {"id": "Q717346", "label": "Treaty of Windsor", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "The 1175 Treaty of Windsor between Henry and Ruaidhrí maintained Ruaidhrí as High King of Ireland but codified Henry's control of Leinster, Meath and Waterford."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "History - Invasion", "says": "This kept the newly created title, the Lordship of Ireland and the Kingdom of England personally and legally separate."}, {"id": "Q385362", "label": "Edward Bruce", "section": "History - Gaelic resurgence", "says": "The invasion by Edward Bruce in 1315–18 at a time of great famine weakened the Norman economy."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Gaelic resurgence", "says": "The Black Death arrived in Ireland in 1348."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - Gaelic resurgence", "says": "England's attentions were diverted by the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) and then by the Wars of the Roses (1450–85)."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "History - Gaelic resurgence", "says": "England's attentions were diverted by the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) and then by the Wars of the Roses (1450–85)."}, {"id": "Q938504", "label": "Connachta", "section": "History - Gaelic kingdoms during the period", "says": "Connacht: The Connachta and ruling Ó Conchobhair dynasty, despite their setback during the Bruce wars, had regrouped and ensured that the title King of Connacht was not yet an empty one."}, {"id": "Q2030487", "label": "Airgíalla", "section": "History - Gaelic kingdoms during the period", "says": "Mag Uidir of Fear Manach would slightly later be able to build his lordship up to that of third most powerful in the province, at the expense of the Ó Raghallaigh of Iar Breifne and the MacMahons of Airgíalla."}, {"id": "Q491255", "label": "Siege of Kinsale", "section": "History - Tudor conquest and aftermath", "says": "The defeat of the Gaelic nobility at the Siege of Kinsale in 1601 and final suppression of the various rebellions in Ulster by 1608 marked the end of the conquest."}], "Q4121369": [{"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sharifate existed from about 967 to 1916, when it became the Kingdom of Hejaz."}], "Q48779892": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded after the Bourbon Ferdinand IV and III of Naples and Sicily sided with the Third Coalition against Napoleon, and was in return ousted from his kingdom by a French invasion."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "Joseph Bonaparte, elder brother of Napoleon, was installed in his stead: Joseph conferred the title \"Prince of Naples\" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren."}, {"id": "Q151173", "label": "Joachim Murat", "section": "lead", "says": "When Joseph became king of Spain in 1808, Napoleon appointed his brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat to take his place."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Murat was later deposed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after striking at Austria in the Neapolitan War, in which he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tolentino."}, {"id": "Q298864", "label": "Neapolitan War", "section": "lead", "says": "Murat was later deposed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after striking at Austria in the Neapolitan War, in which he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tolentino."}, {"id": "Q1359641", "label": "Battle of Tolentino", "section": "lead", "says": "Murat was later deposed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after striking at Austria in the Neapolitan War, in which he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tolentino."}, {"id": "Q242609", "label": "André Masséna", "section": "Background", "says": "He was first replaced by General André Masséna and then, by an imperial decree of 6 January 1806, by Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's older brother, who was promoted to general of division with the title of Lieutenant of the Emperor on this occasion."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon intended to prolong the effect of the Battle of Austerlitz to drive the Austrian and Russian troops out of Italy while seizing the Kingdom of Naples, the last possession of the House of Bourbon in the peninsula."}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "Background", "says": "Napoleon intended to prolong the effect of the Battle of Austerlitz to drive the Austrian and Russian troops out of Italy while seizing the Kingdom of Naples, the last possession of the House of Bourbon in the peninsula."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina fled to Sicily and made Palermo the new capital of their domain, now reduced to the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q251103", "label": "Jean Reynier", "section": "Background", "says": "British troops defended Calabria and even scored a victory at Maida on 4 July against the troops of General Jean Reynier."}], "Q4899891": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Beys remained faithful to the Sublime Porte, but reigned as monarchs after gradually gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q4955540": [{"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hindu Shahis, also referred to as the Kabul Shahis and Odi Shahis, were a dynasty that ruled Kabulistan, Gandhara and Punjab between 822 CE and 1026 CE, succeeding the Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hindu Shahis, also referred to as the Kabul Shahis and Odi Shahis, were a dynasty that ruled Kabulistan, Gandhara and Punjab between 822 CE and 1026 CE, succeeding the Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shahis continue to resist the Ghaznavids for over two decades but were unsuccessful, resulting in the fall of the dynasty in 1026 CE."}, {"id": "Q11826", "label": "Al-Biruni", "section": "Origins", "says": "Al-Biruni, an Iranian polyglot and the sole contemporary source on the dynasty, described the Hindu Shahis as Brahmans, while the 12th-century work Rajatarangini of the Kashmiri historian Kalhana suggests them to be Kshatriya."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "Origins", "says": "Elliot transliterated the character to \"Hahaj\" and Cunningham had it equated to the Janjua tribe/clan, who were held to be descendants of the Rouran Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q3319050", "label": "Mohammed Qacim Ferichta", "section": "Origins", "says": "In the 10th century, this region was occupied by the tribe of Gakhars, who formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta."}, {"id": "Q2014166", "label": "Oddiyana", "section": "Origins", "says": "In a 2002 publication, Abdur Rahman accepted folklore among current inhabitants of Hund about pre-Muslim kings of the region belonging to the Hodi tribe, and proposed an Odi origin for the Hindu Shahis belonging to Oddiyana, a region in Gandhara."}, {"id": "Q2588669", "label": "Toramana", "section": "History - Re-conquest of Kabul and invasion of Ghazna", "says": "The Tarikh-i Sistan records 'two Indian kings', reconstructed as Toramana (also known as Kamalavarman) and Asata (Āśtapāla) and described as governors and sons of Lalliya, who are stated to have taken advantage of Amr al-Layth's preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan and to have successfully invaded Ghazni in 900 CE, defeating the Saffarid governor named as Fardaghin, though the Tarikh does not"}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Kamaluka or Kamalavarman", "says": "However, based on the Mazar-i-Sharif inscription which mentions Sri Sahi Veka and has been dated to 959 CE by Ahmad Hasan Dani, Dani suggests him to be a distinct Hindu Shahi ruler, ruling concurrently with Bhimadeva in northern Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "History - Bhimadeva", "says": "His rise to power was concurrent with the growth of neighbouring Hindu kingdoms such as that of the Pala Empire."}, {"id": "Q555219", "label": "Alp Tigin", "section": "History - Victory over the Samanid Empire", "says": "962, Alp-Tegin, a rebel Turkish chief of the Samanid Empire, had annexed the regions of Zabulistan and Kabul with the aim of waging holy war against the Lawik dynasty and the Hindu Shahis."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "History - Victory over the Samanid Empire", "says": "962, Alp-Tegin, a rebel Turkish chief of the Samanid Empire, had annexed the regions of Zabulistan and Kabul with the aim of waging holy war against the Lawik dynasty and the Hindu Shahis."}, {"id": "Q32853", "label": "Sabuktigin", "section": "History - Resisting the Ghaznavids", "says": "Sabuktigin became the undisputed leader of the Ghazni region, as he would go on to overthrow Piri."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "History - Resisting the Ghaznavids", "says": "Kabul was lost forever and the foundation stone of the Ghaznavid Empire was cast."}, {"id": "Q4872019", "label": "Battle of Peshawar", "section": "History - Death", "says": "In what was the last battle of his life, Jayapala met with Mahmud in the Battle of Peshawar on 27 September 1001; one Shahi governor of the Bardari province named Adira Afghan is held to have switched sides and aided in the safe and quick passage of Mahmud's troops across Shahi provinces."}, {"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "History - Unsuccessful renaissance", "says": "Adab al-Harb—a manual of state-craft produced during the times of Iltutmish, which contains a host of unique information about the Ghaznavids—note that in 1040, one Sandbal, a grandson of the Kabul Shah, marched towards Lahore seeking to utilize the imprisonment of Masʽud I and resulting political instability to his favor."}], "Q530428": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1797, France defeated the Holy Roman Empire and all lands west of the Rhine were lost."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Philip Francis, like many other members of the Confederation of the Rhine became largely a French puppet, so following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, the Congress of Vienna opted to mediatize his realm and give it to Austria."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Philip Francis, like many other members of the Confederation of the Rhine became largely a French puppet, so following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, the Congress of Vienna opted to mediatize his realm and give it to Austria."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Philip Francis, like many other members of the Confederation of the Rhine became largely a French puppet, so following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, the Congress of Vienna opted to mediatize his realm and give it to Austria."}], "Q567986": [{"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - Roman Iron Age", "says": "Fortriu is first recorded by the Roman author Ammianus Marcellinus, who writing in c."}, {"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "History - Verturian hegemony", "says": "Irish annals record a \"flight\" or \"migration\" of Gaels \"before the son of Mailcon\" between 558 and 560, suggesting that by then Bridei's power may have been extending into the territory of Cenél Loairn in Dál Riata, at the opposite end of the Great Glen from Fortriu, and Adomnan records a slave girl from Dál Riata at Bridei's court at the time of Columba's visit."}, {"id": "Q961243", "label": "Battle of Dun Nechtain", "section": "History - Verturian hegemony", "says": "The status of Fortriu as a powerful over-kingdom can be seen from the reign of Bridei son of Beli, who was the first king to be explicitly described as \"King of Fortriu\" in contemporary chronicles, and whose victory over Ecgfrith of Northumbria at the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685 extended Fortriu's power southward, replacing Northumbrian rule north of the Forth."}], "Q568473": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgraviate of Nuremberg (German: Burggrafschaft Nürnberg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from the early 12th to the late 15th centuries."}], "Q605000": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "North Caucasian Soviet Republic (Russian: Се́веро-Кавка́зская Сове́тская Респу́блика, Severo-Kavkazskaya Sovetskaya Respublika; 7 July 1918 – 11 January 1919) was a territory in the North Caucasus established to consolidate Soviet power during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1761355", "label": "Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A republic of the Russian SFSR, it was created by merging the Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic, the Stavropol Soviet Republic, and the Terek Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q1351979", "label": "Stavropol Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A republic of the Russian SFSR, it was created by merging the Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic, the Stavropol Soviet Republic, and the Terek Soviet Republic."}, {"id": "Q2293827", "label": "Terek Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A republic of the Russian SFSR, it was created by merging the Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic, the Stavropol Soviet Republic, and the Terek Soviet Republic."}], "Q626937": [{"id": "Q28233", "label": "Korean Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Yi was the royal family of Joseon and later the imperial family of the Korean Empire, descended from the Joseon founder Yi Seong-gye."}, {"id": "Q495558", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, in which the Empire of Japan annexed the Korean Peninsula, some members of the Jeonju Yi clan were incorporated into the Imperial House of Japan and the Japanese peerage by the Japanese government."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, in which the Empire of Japan annexed the Korean Peninsula, some members of the Jeonju Yi clan were incorporated into the Imperial House of Japan and the Japanese peerage by the Japanese government."}, {"id": "Q909452", "label": "Imperial House of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, in which the Empire of Japan annexed the Korean Peninsula, some members of the Jeonju Yi clan were incorporated into the Imperial House of Japan and the Japanese peerage by the Japanese government."}, {"id": "Q884", "label": "South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Constitution succeeding to the Provisional Government, the descendants of the imperial family continue to be given preference and constitute a favored symbol in South Korea."}, {"id": "Q378483", "label": "Taejo of Joseon", "section": "History - Early era (15th century)", "says": "When Taejo of Joseon ascended to the throne in 1392, he continued to use the laws of Goryeo, and the noble titles he gave to his sons, nephews, and sons-in-law were all \"prince\" (군)."}, {"id": "Q14304", "label": "Taejong of Joseon", "section": "History - Early era (15th century)", "says": "As of 1412, Taejong of Joseon approved a new system for giving titles to the royalty: among the sons of a king, those who were born by the queen can acquire the title \"grand prince\" (대군), and the rest can be the \"prince\" (군); both princes are of senior first rank and their male descendants are as well insofar as their great-grandsons can retrieve official positions."}, {"id": "Q470084", "label": "Yeonsangun of Joseon", "section": "History - Early era (15th century)", "says": "If the above-mentioned females were stripped of titles due to various reasons, they would be referred to as a commoner; for instance, the eldest daughter of deposed Yeonsangun of Joseon was addressed as \"Ku Mun-gyeong's wife\" after 1506."}, {"id": "Q484006", "label": "Seongjong of Joseon", "section": "History - Middle era", "says": "In 1469, Seongjong of Joseon ascended to the throne as the adopted heir to his uncle, Yejong of Joseon."}, {"id": "Q488694", "label": "Yejong of Joseon", "section": "History - Middle era", "says": "In 1469, Seongjong of Joseon ascended to the throne as the adopted heir to his uncle, Yejong of Joseon."}, {"id": "Q484359", "label": "Seonjo of Joseon", "section": "History - Middle era", "says": "A similar event took place in 1568, when Seonjo of Joseon succeeded the throne as the adopted heir to his half-uncle, Myeongjong of Joseon."}, {"id": "Q483641", "label": "Myeongjong of Joseon", "section": "History - Middle era", "says": "A similar event took place in 1568, when Seonjo of Joseon succeeded the throne as the adopted heir to his half-uncle, Myeongjong of Joseon."}, {"id": "Q7479", "label": "Emperor Yingzong of Song", "section": "History - Middle era", "says": "This action had a precedent in 1066, when Emperor Yingzong of Song promoted his biological father (Zhao Yunrang) without posthumously elevating him to the status of emperor."}, {"id": "Q492990", "label": "Grandprince Jeongwon", "section": "History - Middle era", "says": "Following the precedent by Seonjo, three more royals were designated as Daewongun throughout the Joseon history: Prince Jeongwon (1623, but later promoted to \"King Wonjong\" as of 1634\"); Yi Kwang (Jeongye Daewongun, 1849); and Prince Heungseon (1864)."}, {"id": "Q484446", "label": "Hyojong of Joseon", "section": "History - Middle era", "says": "In 1650, Hyojong of Joseon, as requested by the prince regent Dorgon of the Qing dynasty, adopted a fourth cousin once removed as his daughter."}, {"id": "Q623391", "label": "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876", "section": "History - Gojong and Sunjong / Korean Empire (1863–1896, 1897–1910)", "says": "With this power, it forced Joseon to sign the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 after the Ganghwa Island incident."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - Gojong and Sunjong / Korean Empire (1863–1896, 1897–1910)", "says": "In the 19th century tensions mounted between China and Japan, culminating in the First Sino-Japanese War; much of this war was fought on the Korean Peninsula."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "History - Gojong and Sunjong / Korean Empire (1863–1896, 1897–1910)", "says": "The Chinese defeat in the 1894 war resulted in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which officially guaranteed Korea's independence from China."}, {"id": "Q257425", "label": "Gojong of the Korean Empire", "section": "History - Gojong and Sunjong / Korean Empire (1863–1896, 1897–1910)", "says": "King Gojong of Korea assumed the title of Emperor in order to assert Korea's independence; he gave himself the rank of the leaders of China and Japan."}, {"id": "Q704307", "label": "Miura Gorō", "section": "History - Gojong and Sunjong / Korean Empire (1863–1896, 1897–1910)", "says": "For example, the 1895 assassination of the queen consort, Queen Min, is believed to have been orchestrated by Japanese general Miura Gorō."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Gojong and Sunjong / Korean Empire (1863–1896, 1897–1910)", "says": "The queen had great influence on politics during the reign of her husband, and she tried to maintain the neutrality of the country by accepting the offers from the Russian Empire, allowing the latter to have greater influence."}, {"id": "Q464503", "label": "Empress Myeongseong", "section": "History - Gojong and Sunjong / Korean Empire (1863–1896, 1897–1910)", "says": "After the death of the queen, the emperor honored her by posthumously promoting her status to empress (Empress Myeongseong)."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "History - Post-liberation", "says": "After Korea's liberation in 1945, President Syngman Rhee, of the House of Yi, suppressed the imperial family, in order to prevent the restoration of the monarchy."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Post-liberation", "says": "Stripped of most of their wealth and authority, some mainline family members, such as Yi Haegyeong, fled to the United States and Latin America, known descendants reside in New Jersey and New York."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "History - Post-liberation", "says": "It was only in 1963 that a new president, Park Chung Hee, allowed some of the imperial family members, including Princess Deokhye, to return to Korea."}], "Q646434": [{"id": "Q2347035", "label": "Bardas Phokas the Younger", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "During the rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger in the Byzantine Empire, Bādh took advantage of the chaotic political situation to conquer the plain of Mush in Taron, an Armenian princedom annexed by the Byzantine Empire in 966."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "During the rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger in the Byzantine Empire, Bādh took advantage of the chaotic political situation to conquer the plain of Mush in Taron, an Armenian princedom annexed by the Byzantine Empire in 966."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - Abu Ali Al-Hasan ibn Marwān", "says": "In 992, after Badh's death and a series of Byzantine punitive raids around Lake Van, Emperor Basil II (r."}, {"id": "Q1363706", "label": "David III of Tao", "section": "History - Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id", "says": "When Basil learnt of the murder of the Georgian potentate David III of Tao, who had left his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire by testament, he stopped the campaign that he had begun in Syria to ensure the Arabian emirs' obedience and crossed the Euphrates."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Sharwin ibn Muhammad, usurper", "says": "In 1010, Mumahhid al-Dawla was assassinated by his ghulam, Sharwin ibn Muhammad, who assumed rulership."}, {"id": "Q380295", "label": "Bar Hebraeus", "section": "History - Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan", "says": "This event has been reported by the famous western Syriac author Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286)."}, {"id": "Q367718", "label": "George Maniakes", "section": "History - Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan", "says": "So Nasr al-Dawla annexed Edessa, but the city was retaken by the Byzantine general George Maniakes in 1031."}], "Q701920": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The March of Verona and Aquileia was a vast march (frontier district) of the Holy Roman Empire in the northeastern Italian region during the Middle Ages, centered on the cities of Verona and Aquileia."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "lead", "says": "Seized by King Otto I of Germany in 952, it was held by the Dukes of Bavaria; from 976 in personal union with the Duchy of Carinthia."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "lead", "says": "Seized by King Otto I of Germany in 952, it was held by the Dukes of Bavaria; from 976 in personal union with the Duchy of Carinthia."}], "Q716890": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Indore State was a kingdom within the Maratha Empire ruled by the Maratha Holkar dynasty."}], "Q771193": [{"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 383, Magnus Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Britain."}, {"id": "Q849967", "label": "Celtic Britons", "section": "History - Background", "says": "At the end of the Antiquity period, additional Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain (5th-7th centuries), settled in the same region."}, {"id": "Q16829979", "label": "Domnonée", "section": "History - Background", "says": "As a result of these settlements, Celtic culture was revived in Gallo-Roman Armorica and independent petty kingdoms arose in this region, namely Cornouaille, Domnonée and Broërec."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Imperial emissary", "says": "In order to bring Brittany into the Empire's sphere of influence, Louis the Pious appointed Nominoe, a noble Briton, head of the region."}, {"id": "Q2888101", "label": "Battle of Ballon", "section": "History - Battle of Ballon", "says": "Following the death of Louis the Pious and taking advantage of the Norman invasions destabilizing the Frankish Empire, Nominoe defeated Frankish troops at the Battle of Ballon (845)."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Battle of Ballon", "says": "The peace treaty that followed allowed Nominoe to increase his autonomy from Charles the Bald, a son of Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q2888864", "label": "Battle of Jengland", "section": "History - Battle of Jengland and the first Breton king", "says": "Erispoe, Nominoe's son and successor, intercepted Charles at the Battle of Jengland (851)."}, {"id": "Q193658", "label": "Louis IV of France", "section": "History - Fealty to the Franks", "says": "With his domain ruined by decades of occupation and war, Alan Twistedbeard was not in a position to restore the kingship of Brittany and paid tribute as duke of Brittany to king Louis IV of France in 942."}], "Q785035": [{"id": "Q258532", "label": "British America", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern Colonies in colonial-era British America."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1775 it was the last of the Thirteen Colonies to support the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q527835", "label": "James Oglethorpe", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony's corporate charter was granted to General James Oglethorpe on April 21, 1732, by George II, for whom the colony was named."}, {"id": "Q969183", "label": "James Harrington", "section": "lead", "says": "The English colony of Georgia was planned as a utopian society with an integrated physical, economic and social design influenced by the ideals of James Harrington."}], "Q83444": [{"id": "Q309903", "label": "Horace Walpole", "section": "Formation and downfall", "says": "He regained his freedom by declaring himself bankrupt, making over his kingdom of Corsica to his creditors, and subsisted on the charity of Horace Walpole and some other friends until his death in London in 1756."}], "Q867227": [{"id": "Q701895", "label": "Zhao Tuo", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "In 204 BCE, in Panyu (now Guangzhou), Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue."}], "Q917553": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's ruler, the Maharaja of Patiala, was entitled to a 17-gun salute and held precedence over all other princes in Punjab during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom's imperial troops also fought in World War I and World War II on behalf of the British Indian Empire."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom's imperial troops also fought in World War I and World War II on behalf of the British Indian Empire."}, {"id": "Q605321", "label": "Battle of Panipat", "section": "History - Family background", "says": "Bariam was awarded with a chaudhriyat grant by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1526 due to his actions in supporting the Mughal invader at the First Battle of Panipat."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "History - Family background", "says": "In 1696, Guru Gobind Singh is believed to have blessed the family, having issued a hukamnama edict on 2 August 1696 (2 Bhadon 1753 Bk.) addressed to Rama Chand and Tiloka Chand of the family urging them to visit the guru's c"}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Founding and territorial evolution", "says": "According to Giani Gian Singh's Twarikh Guru Khalsa, Ala Singh was bestowed the title of raja by emperor Muhammad Shah of the Mughal Empire in 1725 C.E. (1781 Bk.) at the Delhi Durbar to recognize Ala Singh's efforts toward fighting insurgents."}, {"id": "Q12568000", "label": "Wali Khan", "section": "History - Founding and territorial evolution", "says": "Mai Fatto, Ala Singh's wife, responded diplomatically to the situation and managed to arrange a meeting between Ala Singh and Ahmad Shah Abdali through negotiations with Shah Wali Khan, the wazir of Abdali."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - British suzerainty", "says": "In 1809, Patiala State entered into an alliance with the British Empire, whereby the state was given internal autonomy with certain restrictions, and the rulers of Patiala state recognised the British Empire as their suzerains."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - British suzerainty", "says": "According to one claim suggested by The Illustrated London News (April 1846 issue), Karam Singh was executed by the British via hanging for supporting the Sikh Empire during the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845–46."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - British suzerainty", "says": "According to one claim suggested by The Illustrated London News (April 1846 issue), Karam Singh was executed by the British via hanging for supporting the Sikh Empire during the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845–46."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - Independence and abolition", "says": "In 1947, Yadavindra Singh, the last Maharaja of Patiala, agreed to the accession of Patiala State into the independent Dominion of India."}], "Q924833": [{"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaarta, (Also known as Ka'arta or the Massassi State) was a Bambara kingdom that arose after the fall of the Songhai Empire in what is today the western half of Mali and lasted until its destruction by Umar Tall in the 1850s."}, {"id": "Q2740187", "label": "Ahmadu Tall", "section": "History - Fall to the Toucouleur", "says": "He rebelled against his older brother Ahmadu Tall in 1869, but was ultimately defeated and imprisoned in 1873."}], "Q956451": [{"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "History - Viking raids", "says": "Dyfed was subject to extensive raids during the Viking Age between the 8th and 11th centuries, causing social and political instability, and with the Vikings establishing settlements in southern Dyfed."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "History - Viking raids", "says": "By the latter part of the 9th century, the rulers of Dyfed had grown cautious of the influence of the sons of Rhodri the Great, and sought out an alliance and the patronage of Alfred the Great of England."}, {"id": "Q422205", "label": "Hywel Dda", "section": "History - Viking raids", "says": "Elen was married to Hywel Dda, ruler of neighbouring Seisyllwg and grandson of Rhodri the Great through his second son, Cadell ap Rhodri."}, {"id": "Q1483510", "label": "Principality of Wales", "section": "History - Norman invasion", "says": "The Princes of Deheubarth, and later Llywelyn the Great as the Prince of a virtual Principality of Wales from 1216, fought to recover the region until the Conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 settled the matter."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "History - Norman invasion", "says": "The Princes of Deheubarth, and later Llywelyn the Great as the Prince of a virtual Principality of Wales from 1216, fought to recover the region until the Conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 settled the matter."}], "Q98085401": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (pronounced  mah-POON-goob-weh) was an ancient state located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers in present day South Africa, south of Great Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (pronounced  mah-POON-goob-weh) was an ancient state located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers in present day South Africa, south of Great Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "lead", "says": "The site is located in the Mapungubwe National Park in South Africa, on the border with Zimbabwe and Botswana."}], "Q1033421": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hammudid dynasty (Arabic: بنو حمود, romanized: Banū Ḥammūd) was an Arab Muslim dynasty that briefly ruled the Caliphate of Córdoba and later the taifas of Málaga, Algeciras and Ceuta."}, {"id": "Q182914", "label": "Hasan ibn Ali", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Hammudid trace their descent from Idris ibn Abdallah, founder of the Idrisid dynasty and great-grandson of Hasan ibn Ali, maternal grandson of Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Hammudid trace their descent from Idris ibn Abdallah, founder of the Idrisid dynasty and great-grandson of Hasan ibn Ali, maternal grandson of Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q169640", "label": "Hisham II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During the Andalusian civil war, when caliph Sulayman captured Córdoba in 1013 from Hisham II, he rewarded the Berber chieftains who had supported him with land in southern Al-Andalus."}], "Q1062946": [{"id": "Q1641597", "label": "Hyspaosines", "section": "lead", "says": "Characene (Ancient Greek: Χαρακηνή), also known as Mesene (Μεσσήνη) or Meshan, was a kingdom founded by the Iranian Hyspaosines located at the head of the Persian Gulf mostly within modern day Iraq."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was frequently a vassal of the Parthian Empire."}], "Q10715354": [{"id": "Q332049", "label": "Manco Inca", "section": "lead", "says": "The Neo-Inca State, also known as the Neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba, was the Inca state established in 1537 at Vilcabamba by Manco Inca Yupanqui (the son of Inca emperor Huayna Capac)."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "lead", "says": "The Neo-Inca State, also known as the Neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba, was the Inca state established in 1537 at Vilcabamba by Manco Inca Yupanqui (the son of Inca emperor Huayna Capac)."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It is considered a rump state of the Inca Empire (1438–1533), which collapsed after the Spanish conquest in the mid-1530s."}, {"id": "Q213758", "label": "Pachacútec", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "The Vilcabamba region had been part of the Inca Empire since the reign of Pachacuti (1438–1471)."}, {"id": "Q381846", "label": "Túpac Huallpa", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "During the Spanish conquest of Peru, Túpac Huallpa was a puppet ruler crowned by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro."}, {"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "During the Spanish conquest of Peru, Túpac Huallpa was a puppet ruler crowned by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro."}, {"id": "Q207668", "label": "Diego de Almagro", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "After his death, Manco Inca Yupanqui joined Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in Cajamarca."}, {"id": "Q60040", "label": "Hernando de Soto", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "Manco Inca then joined Almagro and Hernando de Soto in pursuit of Quizquiz."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "When Pizarro left Cuzco with Almagro and Manco Inca, for Jauja in pursuit of Quizquiz, Francisco left his younger brothers Gonzalo Pizarro and Juan Pizarro as regidores, and a ninety-man garrison in the city."}, {"id": "Q719855", "label": "Hernando Pizarro", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "Hernando Pizarro released him to recover a golden statue of his father Huayna Capac."}, {"id": "Q2338569", "label": "Battle of Ollantaytambo", "section": "History - Inca retreat to Vilcabamba", "says": "Here Manco repelled attacks by the Spaniards in the Battle of Ollantaytambo."}, {"id": "Q467934", "label": "Sayri Túpac", "section": "History - Coexistence with Spain", "says": "Viceroy Pedro de la Gasca offered to provide Sayri Túpac with lands and houses in Cuzco if he would emerge from the isolated Vilcabamba."}, {"id": "Q381752", "label": "Titu Cusi Yupanqui", "section": "History - Coexistence with Spain", "says": "In 1560, Sayri Túpac died suddenly, and his half-brother Titu Cusi Yupanqui took control of Vilcabamba and the Inca resistance to the Spanish."}, {"id": "Q296269", "label": "Túpac Amaru", "section": "History - Coexistence with Spain", "says": "Túpac Amaru became the Inca ruler after Titu Cusi's sudden death in 1571."}], "Q10791211": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Based in the capital Mrauk U, near the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, the kingdom ruled over what is now Rakhine State, Myanmar, and the southern part of Chittagong Division, Bangladesh."}, {"id": "Q4083686", "label": "Sultanate of Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "Though it started out as a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate from 1429 to 1531, Mrauk-U went on to conquer Chittagong with the help of the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1666, it lost control of Chittagong after a war with the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q2500952", "label": "Ava Kingdom", "section": "History - Vassal state of Bengal Sultanate", "says": "During Narameikhla's 24-year exile, Arakan became an extensive battleground for the Ava Kingdom and the Pegu Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1108098", "label": "Razadarit", "section": "History - Vassal state of Bengal Sultanate", "says": "The power struggle ended with Razadarit coming out on top, capturing Taunggyet and installing his own governor, who was in power until 1423."}, {"id": "Q12568000", "label": "Wali Khan", "section": "History - Reign of Narameikhla", "says": "After 24 years of exile, Narameikhla regained control of the Arakanese throne in 1430 with military assistance from Bengali commanders Wali Khan and Sindhi Khan."}, {"id": "Q6862552", "label": "Min Khayi", "section": "History - Independence from Bengal", "says": "Narameikhla was succeeded by his brother, Min Khayi, who annexed Sandoway and Ramu in 1437."}, {"id": "Q4837069", "label": "Ba Saw Phyu", "section": "History - Independence from Bengal", "says": "Min Khayi's successor, Ba Saw Phyu occupied Chittagong with the help of the Portuguese, at the beginning of his reign."}, {"id": "Q6862522", "label": "Min Bin", "section": "History - Conquest of Chittagong", "says": "A Buddhist inscription from 1542 in Chittagong confirms that by the 1540s, Arakanese rule was firmly established under King Min Bin (1531–1553), who strengthened Chittagong as a key military and trade hub."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Conquest of Chittagong", "says": "1545) defeated the last independent Sultan of Bengal, Ghiyath ud-Din Mahmud Shah (1533–1538)."}, {"id": "Q981475", "label": "Tabinshwehti", "section": "History - Toungoo-Arakan Wars", "says": "In 1544, the armies of King Tabinshwehti of Burma invaded and took Sandoway, beginning the Toungoo–Mrauk-U War."}, {"id": "Q6862571", "label": "Min Phalaung", "section": "History - Raids on Bengal and Tripura", "says": "In 1584 AD, Arakan king Min Phalaung, invaded Tripura and advanced to Udaipur."}, {"id": "Q10330186", "label": "Min Razagyi", "section": "History - Raids on Bengal and Tripura", "says": "In January 1575, he sent a well-armed force led by then Crown Prince Thado Dhamma Raza (later Min Razagyi) to Tripura."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Mughal-Mrauk U Wars", "says": "In 1660, Prince Shah Shuja, the governor of Mughal Bengal and a claimant of the Peacock Throne, fled to Arakan with his family after being defeated by his brother Emperor Aurangzeb during the Battle of Khajwa."}, {"id": "Q4871417", "label": "Battle of Khajwa", "section": "History - Mughal-Mrauk U Wars", "says": "In 1660, Prince Shah Shuja, the governor of Mughal Bengal and a claimant of the Peacock Throne, fled to Arakan with his family after being defeated by his brother Emperor Aurangzeb during the Battle of Khajwa."}, {"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "History - Mughal-Mrauk U Wars", "says": "Aurangzeb appointed Shaista Khan as subahdar (governor) of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q796571", "label": "Bodawpaya", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "King Bodawpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty sought to consolidate Burma's western frontiers to preempt external threats."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "As many as 35,000 people of the region at that time fled to the neighbouring Chittagong region and Cox's Bazar areas of the British Bengal in 1799 to seek protection under the British Raj."}], "Q1147897": [{"id": "Q7196", "label": "Qin Er Shi", "section": "Downfall and end", "says": "It endured until 209 BCE (year 1 of Qin Er Shi), when Qin Er Shi deposed Lord Jiao, extinguishing Wey's line shortly before Qin's fall."}], "Q1187087": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Florida was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 30, 1822, until March 3, 1845, when it was admitted to the Union as the state of Florida."}, {"id": "Q351722", "label": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally the major portion of the Spanish territory of La Florida, and later the provinces of East Florida and West Florida, it was ceded to the United States as part of the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty."}, {"id": "Q185974", "label": "Juan Ponce de León", "section": "Background", "says": "The first European known to have encountered Florida was Juan Ponce de León, who claimed the land as a possession of Spain in 1513."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Background", "says": "Florida continued to remain a Spanish possession until the end of the Seven Years' War, when Spain ceded it to the Kingdom of Great Britain in exchange for the release of Havana."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "Background", "says": "Florida continued to remain a Spanish possession until the end of the Seven Years' War, when Spain ceded it to the Kingdom of Great Britain in exchange for the release of Havana."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "Background", "says": "However, as Thomas Jefferson once predicted, the U.S. could not keep its hands off Florida."}], "Q1193554": [{"id": "Q558271", "label": "Langdarma", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Kyide Nyimagon, a great-grandson of Langdarma, the last monarch of the Tibetan Empire, fled to Ngari (West Tibet) from the insecure conditions in Ü-Tsang in 910."}, {"id": "Q2431480", "label": "Tibetan Empire", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Kyide Nyimagon, a great-grandson of Langdarma, the last monarch of the Tibetan Empire, fled to Ngari (West Tibet) from the insecure conditions in Ü-Tsang in 910."}, {"id": "Q494354", "label": "Karakhanid Khanate", "section": "History - Successions", "says": "In 1037, Khor re's eldest grandson 'Od lde was killed in a conflict with the Kara-Khanid Khanate from Central Asia, who subsequently ravaged Ngari."}, {"id": "Q1638408", "label": "Rinpungpa", "section": "History - Successions", "says": "From 1499 the Guge king had to acknowledge the Rinpungpa rulers of Tsang."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Ladakhi invasions", "says": "Perhaps as evidence of the kingdom's openness, de Andrade's party was allowed to construct a chapel in Tsaparang and instruct the people about Catholic Christianity."}], "Q1241847": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Sardinia was an imperial province of the Byzantine Empire until the early 9th century, when the aggressive expansion and relentless piracy of the Arabs and Berbers of North Africa left the central authorities of the Empire unable to effectively defend or consistently govern the island."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "Origins", "says": "Under the ambitious Pope Gregory VII, then leading a papal reform, Sardinia was integrated into the wider Christendom."}], "Q1324889": [{"id": "Q302586", "label": "Matthew of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "Germiyan first appeared in the 12th-century chronicles of Matthew of Edessa and The Georgian Chronicles when they fought against the County of Edessa and the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q232806", "label": "County of Edessa", "section": "lead", "says": "Germiyan first appeared in the 12th-century chronicles of Matthew of Edessa and The Georgian Chronicles when they fought against the County of Edessa and the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Germiyan first appeared in the 12th-century chronicles of Matthew of Edessa and The Georgian Chronicles when they fought against the County of Edessa and the Kingdom of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "1300–40), Germiyan gained sovereignty with the demise of the Sultanate of Rum and forged war with the neighboring Ottomans and the Byzantine Empire, which continued during his successor Mehmed's rule (r."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "1300–40), Germiyan gained sovereignty with the demise of the Sultanate of Rum and forged war with the neighboring Ottomans and the Byzantine Empire, which continued during his successor Mehmed's rule (r."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "1361–1387) married his daughter Devletşah Hatun to the Ottoman prince and future sultan, Bayezid I (r."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "lead", "says": "1370–1405), who, after defeating Bayezid with the help of Yakub at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, restored Germiyan's former boundaries."}, {"id": "Q6809630", "label": "Mehmet II of Karaman", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1411, Kütahya fell to Mehmed II of Karaman (r."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "His rule was reinstated by the Ottoman sultan, Mehmed I (r."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "lead", "says": "1413–1421), upon the defeat of the Karamanids."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Yakub meddled with the internal conflicts within the Ottomans, the triumph of Murad II (r."}, {"id": "Q51719", "label": "Joscelin I, Count of Edessa", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Germiyan is first mentioned in the 1162 chronicle of the Armenian author Matthew of Edessa in regards to a battle near Azaz in 1119 under the Turkoman lord Ilghazi against the Crusader Joscelin I, Count of Edessa (r."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Matthew locates the Germiyan north of the Artuqids near Malatya, indicating their location wasn't \"immediately obvious\" to his audience."}, {"id": "Q467001", "label": "Kaykhusraw II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Kaykhusraw II faced a major defeat by the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which resulted in the vassalization of Rum, which was forced to pay a major annual tax."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Kaykhusraw II faced a major defeat by the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which resulted in the vassalization of Rum, which was forced to pay a major annual tax."}, {"id": "Q136344", "label": "Battle of Köse Dağ", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Kaykhusraw II faced a major defeat by the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which resulted in the vassalization of Rum, which was forced to pay a major annual tax."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Background", "says": "With the division of the Mongol Empire, Anatolia came under the influence of the Ilkhanate, which was founded by Hulegu Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q177320", "label": "Hulegu Khan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "With the division of the Mongol Empire, Anatolia came under the influence of the Ilkhanate, which was founded by Hulegu Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q61669", "label": "Ibn Bibi", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Thirteenth-century Iranian historian Ibn Bibi referred to Germiyan in his Selçukname as Atrak-e Kharazmiyan wa Germiyan (lit. 'Turks of Kharazm and Germiyan') and Turkan-e Germiyan (lit. 'Turks of Germiyan')."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In his Rihla, 14th-century Maghrebi traveler Ibn Battuta referred to Germiyan as Yazidi, claiming they are rebellious and descended from Yazid I, second Umayyad Caliph (r."}, {"id": "Q217442", "label": "Yazid I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In his Rihla, 14th-century Maghrebi traveler Ibn Battuta referred to Germiyan as Yazidi, claiming they are rebellious and descended from Yazid I, second Umayyad Caliph (r."}, {"id": "Q2281554", "label": "Claude Cahen", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In his book from 1968, modern historian Claude Cahen suggested a mixed Turkish and Kurdish origin for Germiyan."}, {"id": "Q370032", "label": "Mesud II", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "The Germiyan attempted to declare independence from the Sultanate of Rum when Mesud II became the sultan following the execution of his father, Kaykhusraw III, by the Mongols in 1283."}, {"id": "Q1378714", "label": "Kaykhusraw III", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "The Germiyan attempted to declare independence from the Sultanate of Rum when Mesud II became the sultan following the execution of his father, Kaykhusraw III, by the Mongols in 1283."}, {"id": "Q1378353", "label": "Kayqubad III", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "The conflict between the Germiyanids and the Seljuks went dormant upon Mesud II's death, and Yakub agreed to become a vassal of the new ruler, Kayqubad III."}, {"id": "Q372109", "label": "Nicephorus Gregoras", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "His domain included Denizli and Karahisar, according to Nicephorus Gregoras, and Tripolis on the Meander, according to George Pachymeres."}, {"id": "Q318365", "label": "Georgios Pachymeres", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "His domain included Denizli and Karahisar, according to Nicephorus Gregoras, and Tripolis on the Meander, according to George Pachymeres."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "Yakub eventually conquered the regions of Simav and Kula, which were later regained by the Catalan Company."}, {"id": "Q3111412", "label": "Timurtash", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "After having eliminated the Hamidid and Eshrefid begs in 1325, Timurtash, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, attempted to enact authority over the rulers of western Anatolia and seize the territory of Germiyan, Philadephila, Denizli, and Menteshe."}, {"id": "Q1400572", "label": "Menteşe", "section": "History - Yakub I (c. 1300 – c. 1340)", "says": "After having eliminated the Hamidid and Eshrefid begs in 1325, Timurtash, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, attempted to enact authority over the rulers of western Anatolia and seize the territory of Germiyan, Philadephila, Denizli, and Menteshe."}, {"id": "Q2410637", "label": "Beylik of Hamid", "section": "History - Mehmed (c. 1340 – 1361) and Suleiman (1361–1387)", "says": "However, when Husam al-Din Ilyas of Hamid took refuge at his court from Ala al-Din of Karaman, Suleiman Shah assisted the Hamidids in recovering their lands lost to the Karamanids."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "History - Mehmed (c. 1340 – 1361) and Suleiman (1361–1387)", "says": "Murad I accepted the offer, hoping to expand the Ottoman influence over Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q726261", "label": "Ottoman Interregnum", "section": "History - Yakub II (1387–1429)", "says": "During the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413), Yakub allied himself with the future Ottoman sultan Mehmed Chelebi (r."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Yakub II (1387–1429)", "says": "Mehmed II further laid siege to Bursa for 31 days in 1413 and set the city on fire, which prompted Mehmed Chelebi to quickly return to Anatolia after having defeated his brother, Musa Chelebi, in Rumelia."}], "Q13534654": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged after 1018 upon the fracturing of the Caliphate of Córdoba, when the Dhunnunids, already strong in the lands of Santaver, Cuenca, Huete and Uclés, seized control over the city of Toledo, the capital of the Middle March of Al-Andalus."}], "Q1360064": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Michigan was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from the remnant of Wayne County of the Northwest Territory that existed from June 30, 1805, until January 26, 1837, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Michigan."}, {"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Michigan was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from the remnant of Wayne County of the Northwest Territory that existed from June 30, 1805, until January 26, 1837, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Michigan."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History and government - Early government", "says": "Following the Quebec Act of 1774, Michigan was governed during the American Revolution as part of the Province of Quebec."}, {"id": "Q795427", "label": "Upper Canada", "section": "History and government - Early government", "says": "Starting in 1784, the British administered their Michigan holdings as part of the District of Hesse; in 1791 the Province of Quebec was split into Lower Canada (today's Province of Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario), and the districts of Upper Canada were renamed the next year, with the Hesse District designated as the Western District."}, {"id": "Q777763", "label": "Indiana Territory", "section": "History and government - Beginnings of American rule", "says": "In 1800, the western half of the Lower Peninsula and most of the Upper Peninsula were attached to the Indiana Territory when it was established as a separate government from the Northwest Territory."}, {"id": "Q11869", "label": "William Henry Harrison", "section": "History and government - Beginnings of American rule", "says": "One of the first acts taken that year by the Indiana government under William Henry Harrison was to reorganize Wayne County under Indiana law, adding territory from Knox and St."}, {"id": "Q881002", "label": "William Hull", "section": "History and government - Organization", "says": "The first territorial governor, William Hull, abolished Wayne County and established districts of his own making, which proved to be short-lived."}, {"id": "Q503119", "label": "Lewis Cass", "section": "History and government - Organization", "says": "Lewis Cass became governor in 1813 and promptly undid Hull's work and re-established a third incarnation of Wayne County that included all lands within Michigan Territory that had been ceded by Indians through the 1807 Treaty of Detroit."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History and government - Organization", "says": "During the War of 1812, following General Isaac Brock's capture of Detroit on August 16, 1812, the Michigan Territory was at least nominally a part of the Province of Upper Canada."}], "Q1400572": [{"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "Menteshe (Ottoman Turkish: منتشه, Turkish: Menteşe) was the first of the Turkish Anatolian beyliks (principality), the frontier principalities established by the Oghuz Turks after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum."}, {"id": "Q717112", "label": "Beylik of Aydın", "section": "lead", "says": "The city of Aydın (formerly Tralles) was controlled by this beylik for a time, during which it was called \"Güzelhisar\"; it later was transferred to the Aydinids in the north, who renamed the city for the founder of their dynasty."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "History - Independent Beylik", "says": "After 1332, Orhan Bey of Menteshe managed to extract tribute from Negroponte and various Venetian islands of the Aegean Sea."}, {"id": "Q4087407", "label": "Battle of Adramyttium", "section": "History - Independent Beylik", "says": "Menteshe's neighbor, the Aydin Beylik, was defeated in 1334 by a Holy League of Christian forces at the Battle of Adramyttion."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "History - Ottoman Rule", "says": "Menteşe Bey first submitted to Ottoman rule in 1390, during the reign of Bayezid I, \"the Thunderbolt\"."}], "Q150069": [{"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Suvadive Republic (Dhivehi: އެކުވެރި ސުވާދީބު ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ) was a short-lived breakaway state from the Sultanate of Maldives that existed between 1958 and 1963, consisting of the three southern atolls of the Maldive archipelago: Addu Atoll, Huvadhu Atoll, and Fuvahmulah."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Suvadive Republic inherited a Westminster system of governance cloned from the United Kingdom, along with other institutional structures."}, {"id": "Q558802", "label": "Ibrahim Nasir", "section": "Causes of secession", "says": "By the end of 1957, the Sultan had appointed Ibrahim Nasir as Prime Minister."}, {"id": "Q11344632", "label": "Sultanate of the Maldives", "section": "Causes of secession", "says": "According to Clarence Maloney in \"The Maldives: New Stresses in an Old Nation\", Afeef Didi stated that the Sultanate of the Maldives was principally only concerned with the welfare of Malé."}], "Q154853": [{"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "lead", "says": "It is usually (though not always) identified with the earlier Daiaeni (Dayaeni), attested in the Yonjalu inscription of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I's third year (1118 BC) and in later records by Shalmaneser III (845 BC)."}, {"id": "Q599590", "label": "Hayasa-Azzi", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "The region of Diauehi seems to have roughly corresponded to, or bordered, the previous Hayasa-Azzi territory."}], "Q15631010": [{"id": "Q11768", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Abydos Dynasty is hypothesized to have been a short-lived local dynasty ruling over parts of Middle and Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt."}, {"id": "Q19248", "label": "Senusret III", "section": "lead", "says": "It would have been based in or around Abydos and its royal necropolis might have been located at the foot of the Mountain of Anubis, a hill resembling a pyramid in the Abydene desert, close to a rock-cut tomb built for pharaoh Senusret III."}], "Q16000109": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herodian kingdom of Judea was a client state of the Roman Republic, later Roman Empire, ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great, who was appointed \"King of the Jews\" by the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q51672", "label": "Herod the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herodian kingdom of Judea was a client state of the Roman Republic, later Roman Empire, ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great, who was appointed \"King of the Jews\" by the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "After Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE, Quintus Labienus, a Roman republican general and ambassador to the Parthians, sided with Brutus and Cassius in the Liberators' civil war; after their defeat Labienus joined the Parthians and assisted them in invading Roman territories in 40 BCE."}, {"id": "Q551516", "label": "Quintus Labienus", "section": "Background", "says": "After Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE, Quintus Labienus, a Roman republican general and ambassador to the Parthians, sided with Brutus and Cassius in the Liberators' civil war; after their defeat Labienus joined the Parthians and assisted them in invading Roman territories in 40 BCE."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "Background", "says": "The Parthians split their army, and under Pacorus conquered the Levant from the Phoenician coast through the Land of Israel: \"Antigonus... roused the Parthians to invade Syria and Palestine, [and] the Jews eagerly rose in support of the scion of the Maccabean house, and drove out the hated Idumeans with their puppet Jewish king."}, {"id": "Q359684", "label": "Hyrcanus II", "section": "Background", "says": "When Phasael and Hyrcanus II set out on an embassy to the Parthians, the Parthians instead captured them."}, {"id": "Q51673", "label": "Mark Antony", "section": "Background", "says": "He had not disposed of Herod, who fled into exile and sought the support of Mark Antony."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Background", "says": "And when the senate was separated, Antony and Caesar [Augustus] went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "Dissolution: formation of the Tetrarchies", "says": "Herod Archelaus assumed the title of ethnarch and ruled Judea, Samaria and Idumea so badly that he was dismissed in 6 CE by the Roman emperor Augustus, who appointed Quirinius to exercise direct Roman rule after an appeal from Herod Archelaus' own population, thus was formed the Province of Judea."}, {"id": "Q1409", "label": "Caligula", "section": "Dissolution: formation of the Tetrarchies", "says": "Another, Herod Antipas, ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BCE to 39 CE, being then dismissed by Caligula, and Philip ruled as tetrarch of Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis and Paneas from 4 BCE to his death in 34 CE."}], "Q1642472": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Tondo is one of the oldest historically documented settlements in the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q318500", "label": "Miguel López de Legazpi", "section": "Timeline of historical events - Exclusion from the Battle of Manila (May 1570)", "says": "While Spanish colonizers first arrived in the Philippines in 1521, the Spanish only reached the Manila Bay area and its settlements in 1570, when Miguel López de Legazpi sent Martín de Goiti to investigate reports of a prosperous Moro settlement on the island of Luzon."}, {"id": "Q377799", "label": "Martin de Goiti", "section": "Timeline of historical events - Exclusion from the Battle of Manila (May 1570)", "says": "While Spanish colonizers first arrived in the Philippines in 1521, the Spanish only reached the Manila Bay area and its settlements in 1570, when Miguel López de Legazpi sent Martín de Goiti to investigate reports of a prosperous Moro settlement on the island of Luzon."}, {"id": "Q887940", "label": "Rajah Sulayman", "section": "Timeline of historical events - Exclusion from the Battle of Manila (May 1570)", "says": "Negotiations broke down, however, when another ruler, Rajah Sulayman, arrived and began treating the Spanish belligerently, saying that the Tagalog people would not surrender their freedoms as easily as the \"painted\" Visayans did."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Timeline of historical events - Battle of Bangkusay Channel (June 1571)", "says": "June 3, 1571, marked the last resistance by locals to the occupation and colonization by the Spanish Empire of Manila in the Battle of Bangkusay Channel."}, {"id": "Q31800", "label": "Bolkiah of Brunei", "section": "Timeline of historical events - Tondo Conspiracy (1587–1588)", "says": "Being a Moro, he was the son-in-law of Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei, whose first cousin was Martín Panga, the gobernadorcillo of Tondo."}], "Q1720882": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "During the British Raj, the state was part of the Cutch Agency and later the Western India States Agency within the Bombay Presidency."}], "Q1740536": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ganja Khanate (also spelled Ganjeh; Persian: خانات گنجه, romanized: Khānāt-e Ganjeh) was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Ganja and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of the Iranian shah (king) Nader Shah (r."}, {"id": "Q1993853", "label": "Teimuraz II of Kakheti", "section": "lead", "says": "1736–1747), Shahverdi Khan Ziyadoghlu captured Ganja with the aid of the Georgian kings Teimuraz II (r."}, {"id": "Q1636212", "label": "Karabakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "By paying tribute to either the Karabakh Khanate or Georgia, Shahverdi Khan tried to do everything possible to prevent the khanate from being attacked by his neighbors."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1762, he acknowledged the authority of the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r."}, {"id": "Q1398598", "label": "Javad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1795, Javad Khan submitted to the Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, whose authority was growing in Iran."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1795, Javad Khan submitted to the Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, whose authority was growing in Iran."}, {"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "Background", "says": "Ganja was a town in the South Caucasus, which had been a part of Iran since the reign of the Safavid king (shah) Ismail I (r."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1735, after having repelled the Ottoman Empire, the Iranian military commander Nader recognized Ughurlu Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar as the khan of Karabakh."}, {"id": "Q4208290", "label": "Kazikumukh Khanate", "section": "Background", "says": "In November 1738, Ughurlu Khan died in a battle against Surkhay Khan of the Gazikumukh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q2416269", "label": "Pavel Tsitsianov", "section": "History - Russian conquest", "says": "General Pavel Tsitsianov several times approached Javad khan, asking him to submit to Russian rule, but each time was refused."}], "Q1760404": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "The Uqaylid leader, Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab, then fought against Bādh, which eventually resulted in the death of the Kurdish rebel."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Uqaylids of Mosul", "says": "During his reign he acknowledged the supremacy of the Seljuk Empire, although he later came into conflict with them and was temporarily expelled from Mosul."}], "Q1768252": [{"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Luba Empire or Kingdom of Luba was a pre-colonial Central African state that arose in the marshy grasslands of the Upemba Depression in what is now southern Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "Decline", "says": "In 1889 it was split in two by a succession dispute, ending the unified state, and later joined the Congo Free State."}], "Q1852814": [{"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The whole of Western Thrace was captured by Bulgaria during the First Balkan War and awarded to the country by the Treaty of London."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The whole of Western Thrace was captured by Bulgaria during the First Balkan War and awarded to the country by the Treaty of London."}, {"id": "Q184183", "label": "Second Balkan War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Second Balkan War the Greek Army captured most of the area between Xanthi (İskeçe) and the Maritsa river south of Soufli without encountering resistance by the overstretched Bulgarian army which retreated to the southern slopes of the Rhodope mountains (several kilometers to the north of Xanthi and Komotini) while the Ottoman forces occupied the regions of Soufli (Sofulu), Didymoteicho "}], "Q1965597": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Anuradhapura (Sinhala: අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය, translit: Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya, named for its capital city, was the second established Sinhalese kingdom of ancient Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q3025383", "label": "Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura", "section": "lead", "says": "The society and the culture were revolutionized when the faith was introduced during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa."}, {"id": "Q3522815", "label": "Dhatusena", "section": "lead", "says": "Rulers such as Dutthagamani, Valagamba, and Dhatusena are noted for defeating South Indian invaders and unifying the country."}, {"id": "Q1284871", "label": "Dutugamunu", "section": "History - Early Anuradhapura period (377 BCE – 463 CE)", "says": "Valagamba I (89–77 BCE), also known as Vatthagamani Abhaya, restored the Dutugamunu dynasty."}, {"id": "Q6734027", "label": "Mahinda V of Anuradhapura", "section": "History - Invasions (463–691)", "says": "Mahinda V (982–1029 CE) was the last Sinhalese monarch of Anuradhapura."}, {"id": "Q2128757", "label": "Rajaraja I", "section": "History - Demise (691–1017)", "says": "Taking advantage of this internal strife, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded Sri Lanka in 993 AD and conquered the northern part of the country, forcing the then Sri Lankan ruler Mahinda V to flee to the south of the country to the south-eastern province of Rohana."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Demise (691–1017)", "says": "Taking advantage of this situation, Rajendra I, son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017."}, {"id": "Q6806806", "label": "Chola Empire", "section": "History - Demise (691–1017)", "says": "The whole of Anuradhapura including the south-eastern province of Rohana was incorporated into the Chola Empire."}], "Q2031186": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saltukids or Saltuqids (Modern Turkish: Saltuklu Beyliği) were a dynasty of the Seljuk Empire, founded after the Battle of Manzikert (1071) centred on Erzurum."}, {"id": "Q200193", "label": "Alp Arslan", "section": "lead", "says": "The beylik was founded by Emir Saltuk, one of the Turkmen commanders of the Great Seljuk Alp Arslan."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The center of the beylik, Erzurum, was briefly re-occupied by the Byzantine Empire between 1077 and 1079, and was besieged by the Georgian King Giorgi III in 1184."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "Origin", "says": "He would be ransomed by Sökmen of the Artuqids, who later married a daughter of Izz al-Din."}, {"id": "Q58982", "label": "Kilij Arslan II", "section": "Origin", "says": "He sent a daughter to marry Kilij Arslan II, but she was captured by the Danishmendid Yağıbasan and married off to his nephew."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Origin", "says": "At one point, the son of Muhammad b."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Origin", "says": "Saltuq II offered to convert to Christianity in order to marry the Georgian Queen Tamar."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "Origin", "says": "The last ruler of the Saltukids, Alaeddin Muhammed, was dethroned and imprisoned by the Sultan of Rum Süleymanshah II during Süleymanshah's Georgian rout in 1202, and the Saltukid beylik was subsequently annexed by the Sultanate of Rum."}], "Q21050766": [{"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alchon invasion of the Indian subcontinent eradicated the Kidarite Huns who had preceded them by about a century, and contributed to the fall of the Gupta Empire, in a sense bringing an end to Classical India."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "The invasion of India by the Huna peoples follows invasions of the subcontinent in the preceding centuries by the Yavana (Indo-Greeks), the Saka (Indo-Scythians), the Pahlava (Indo-Parthians), and the Kushana (Yuezhi)."}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alchon were preceded by the Kidarites and succeeded by the Hephthalites and Nezak Huns in Bactria and the Hindu Kush respectively."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alchon were preceded by the Kidarites and succeeded by the Hephthalites and Nezak Huns in Bactria and the Hindu Kush respectively."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "History - Invasion of Bactria (370 CE)", "says": "During the reign of Shapur II, the Sasanian Empire and the Kushano-Sasanians gradually lost the control of Bactria to these invaders from Central Asia, first the Kidarites from around 335 CE, then the Alchon Huns from around 370 CE, who would follow up with the invasion of India a century later, and lastly the Hephthalites from around 450 CE."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Invasion of Bactria (370 CE)", "says": "During the reign of Shapur II, the Sasanian Empire and the Kushano-Sasanians gradually lost the control of Bactria to these invaders from Central Asia, first the Kidarites from around 335 CE, then the Alchon Huns from around 370 CE, who would follow up with the invasion of India a century later, and lastly the Hephthalites from around 450 CE."}, {"id": "Q26264", "label": "Chionites", "section": "History - Invasion of Bactria (370 CE)", "says": "Early confrontations between the Sasanian Empire of Shapur II with the nomadic hordes from Central Asia called the \"Chionites\" were described by Ammianus Marcellinus: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, \"repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes\" of the Chionites and the Euseni (\"Euseni\" is usually amended to \"Cuseni\", meaning the Kus"}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - Invasion of Bactria (370 CE)", "says": "Early confrontations between the Sasanian Empire of Shapur II with the nomadic hordes from Central Asia called the \"Chionites\" were described by Ammianus Marcellinus: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, \"repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes\" of the Chionites and the Euseni (\"Euseni\" is usually amended to \"Cuseni\", meaning the Kus"}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Invasion of Kabulistan (c.385 CE)", "says": "Around 380-385 CE, the Alchons emerged in Kapisa, taking over Kabulistan from the Sassanian Persians, while at the same time the Kidarites (Red Huns) ruled in Gandhara."}, {"id": "Q310267", "label": "Shapur III", "section": "History - Coinage", "says": "Several types of these coins are known, usually minted in Bactria, using Sasanian coinage designs with busts imitating Sasanian kings Shapur II (r.309 to 379 CE) and Shapur III (r.383 to 388 CE), adding the Alchon Tamgha  and the name \"Alchono\" (αλχοννο) in Bactrian script (a slight adaptation of the Greek script which had been introduced in the region by the Greco-Bactrians in the 3rd century BCE"}, {"id": "Q299271", "label": "Bahram V", "section": "History - Gandhara (460 CE)", "says": "Khingila seems to have been a contemporary of the Sassanian ruler Bahram V."}, {"id": "Q43459", "label": "Ferdowsi", "section": "History - Gandhara (460 CE)", "says": "Khingila, under the name Shengil, was called \"King of India\" in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi."}, {"id": "Q310233", "label": "Peroz I", "section": "History - Gandhara (460 CE)", "says": "Alchon ruler Mehama (r.461-493) was elevated to the position of Governor for Sasanian Emperor Peroz I (r."}, {"id": "Q315929", "label": "Hormizd III", "section": "History - Gandhara (460 CE)", "says": "He allied with Peroz I in his victory over the Kidarites in 466 CE, and may also have helped him take the throne against his brother Hormizd III."}, {"id": "Q1275876", "label": "Skandagupta", "section": "History - Gandhara (460 CE)", "says": "The Alkhon Huns may simply have filled the power vacuum created by the decline of the Kidarites, following their defeat in India against the Gupta Empire of Skandagupta in 455 CE, and their subsequent defeat in 467 CE against the Sasanian Empire of Peroz I, with Hephthalite and Alchon aid under Mehama, which put an end to Kidarite rule in Transoxiana once and for all."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "History - Gandhara (460 CE)", "says": "It is thought that the Kanishka stupa, one of the most"}, {"id": "Q2588669", "label": "Toramana", "section": "History - First Hunnic War: Central India", "says": "In the First Hunnic War (496–515), the Alchon reached their maximum territorial extent, with King Toramana pushing deep into Indian territory, reaching Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in Central India, and ultimately contributing to the downfall of the Gupta Empire."}, {"id": "Q2573564", "label": "Mihirakula", "section": "History - First Hunnic War: Central India", "says": "Another seal, this time by Mihirakula, is reported from Kausambi."}, {"id": "Q5152922", "label": "Narasimhagupta", "section": "History - First Hunnic War: Central India", "says": "Alternatively, they may have been captured during the rule of his successor Narasimhagupta."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Second Hunnic War: to Malwa and retreat", "says": "In a part of the Sondani inscription Yasodharman thus praises himself for having defeated king Mihirakula:\n\nHe (Yasodharman) to whose two feet respect was paid, with complimentary presents of the flowers from the lock of hair on the top of (his) head, by even that (famous) king Mihirakula, whose forehead was pained through being bent low down by the strength of (his) arm in (the act of compelling)"}, {"id": "Q12448145", "label": "Maukhari", "section": "History - Victories of the Maukharis", "says": "Breaking up the proudly stepping array of mighty elephants, belonging to the Maukhari, which had thrown aloft in battle the troops of the Hûnas (in order to trample them to death), he became unconscious (and expired in the fight)."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "History - Retreat to Kabulistan and displacement of the Nezak Huns", "says": "Eventually, the Nezak-Alchons were replaced by the Turk Shahi dynasty around 665 CE."}], "Q2109946": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin, grandson of Balian."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The direct holdings of the principality centred around Tiberias, in Galilee proper, but with all its vassals, the lordship covered all Galilee (now Israel) and southern Phoenicia (today Lebanon)."}, {"id": "Q76721", "label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was established, at least in name, in 1099 when Tancred was given Tiberias, Haifa, and Bethsan by Godfrey of Bouillon."}, {"id": "Q1788485", "label": "Barons' Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was destroyed by Saladin in 1187, although the title was used by relatives and younger sons of the kings of Cyprus (the titular kings of Jerusalem) afterwards, and some of its former holdings were briefly reclaimed by a treaty made during the Barons' Crusade."}], "Q2119459": [{"id": "Q19686631", "label": "Yemeni Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Democratic Republic of Yemen (DRY; Arabic: جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية Jumhūriyyat al-Yaman ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah), was a short-lived state that fought against the Republic of Yemen in the 1994 Yemeni Civil War."}], "Q2132267": [{"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "Origin", "says": "Shahîd argued that the Rasulids preserved a genuine awareness of descent from the Ghassanids, were proud of it, and questioned why a Muslim dynasty would have invented descent from the Christian ruler Jabala ibn al-Ayham, who was primarily remembered in Islamic tradition for joining the Byzantine Empire against the Muslims."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origin", "says": "Shahîd argued that the Rasulids preserved a genuine awareness of descent from the Ghassanids, were proud of it, and questioned why a Muslim dynasty would have invented descent from the Christian ruler Jabala ibn al-Ayham, who was primarily remembered in Islamic tradition for joining the Byzantine Empire against the Muslims."}, {"id": "Q1175909", "label": "David Nicolle", "section": "Origin", "says": "David Nicolle suggests that the Rasulid family may originally have been Arab and subsequently became Turkified while retaining its Arab genealogy."}, {"id": "Q3511006", "label": "Mohamed Ahmed", "section": "Origin", "says": "Recent Arabic language-academic studies by Muhammad Maysar Muhammad Bahauddin and Mai Mohamed Adel Mohamed Ahmed also favour an Arab-Ghassanid origin, tracing them to Jabala ibn al-Ayham."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Origin", "says": "Smith, writing for the Encyclopedia of Islam, concludes that in all likelihood the Rasulid dynasty was originally of Oghuz Turkic origin and writes: \"The Rasulids take their name from a messenger under the Abbasids, Muhammad bin Harun, who was nicknamed \"Rasul\" (meaning \"messenger\")."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Origin", "says": "634–644) converted to Christianity and went to live in Byzantine territory."}], "Q2287491": [{"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Attested from the 9th century BCE, the Qedarites formed a powerful polity which expanded its territory throughout the 9th to 7th centuries BCE to cover a large area in northern Arabia stretching from Transjordan in the west to the western borders of Babylonia in the east, before later consolidating into a kingdom that stretched from the eastern limits of the Nile Delta in the west till Transjordan"}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Having engaged in both friendly ties and hostilities with the Mesopotamian powers such as the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires, the Qedarites eventually became integrated within the structure of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "lead", "says": "Closely associated with the Nabataeans, who may have eventually assimilated the Qedarites at the end of the Hellenistic period."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "Within Islamic tradition, some scholars claim that the Islamic prophet Muhammad was descended from Isma'il through Qaydar."}, {"id": "Q625649", "label": "Aram-Damascus", "section": "History - Neo-Assyrian period", "says": "The earliest known activities of the Qedarites date from between 850 and 800 BC, when their king Gindibuʾ allied with his powerful neighbours, the kings Hadadezer of Aram-Damascus and Ahab of Israel, against the rising Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Neo-Assyrian period", "says": "The earliest known activities of the Qedarites date from between 850 and 800 BC, when their king Gindibuʾ allied with his powerful neighbours, the kings Hadadezer of Aram-Damascus and Ahab of Israel, against the rising Neo-Assyrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q849474", "label": "Battle of Qarqar", "section": "History - Neo-Assyrian period", "says": "This meant that the rise of Assyrian power in the 9th century BCE put the desert and border routes where Gindibuʾ had economic interests under threat of Assyrian disruptions, fearing which Gindibuʾ led 1000 camelry troops at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BCE on the side of the alliance led by Aram-Damascus and Israel against Shalmaneser III of Assyria."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Neo-Assyrian period", "says": "This meant that the rise of Assyrian power in the 9th century BCE put the desert and border routes where Gindibuʾ had economic interests under threat of Assyrian disruptions, fearing which Gindibuʾ led 1000 camelry troops at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BCE on the side of the alliance led by Aram-Damascus and Israel against Shalmaneser III of Assyria."}, {"id": "Q297855", "label": "Cyaxares", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "After Ashurbanipal's death, the Babylonians led by Nabopolassar and the Medes led by Cyaxares rebelled against Assyrian rule again, this time culminating in their destruction of the Neo-Assyrian Empire over the course of 614 to 609 BC."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "This transitional period saw a resurgent Egypt trying to preserve the Neo-Assyrian Empire and establish its rule on the Levant only for the newly established Neo-Babylonian Empire to gain the upper hand and seize all of Syria and Palestine when Nabopolassar's son and successor Nebuchadnezzar II defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BCE."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "This transitional period saw a resurgent Egypt trying to preserve the Neo-Assyrian Empire and establish its rule on the Levant only for the newly established Neo-Babylonian Empire to gain the upper hand and seize all of Syria and Palestine when Nabopolassar's son and successor Nebuchadnezzar II defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BCE."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "This transitional period saw a resurgent Egypt trying to preserve the Neo-Assyrian Empire and establish its rule on the Levant only for the newly established Neo-Babylonian Empire to gain the upper hand and seize all of Syria and Palestine when Nabopolassar's son and successor Nebuchadnezzar II defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BCE."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "This transitional period saw a resurgent Egypt trying to preserve the Neo-Assyrian Empire and establish its rule on the Levant only for the newly established Neo-Babylonian Empire to gain the upper hand and seize all of Syria and Palestine when Nabopolassar's son and successor Nebuchadnezzar II defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BCE."}, {"id": "Q319034", "label": "Jehoiakim", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "From Judah, King Jehoiakim was initially an ally of the Egyptians until the Babylonian triumph of 605 BCE forced him to change his alignment and become a Babylonian vassal."}, {"id": "Q319049", "label": "Jeconiah", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "In 597 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II himself attacked Judah, captured its king, the son and successor of Jehoiakim, Jeconiah, and turned it into a Babylonian vassal."}, {"id": "Q184273", "label": "Zedekiah", "section": "History - Neo-Babylonian period", "says": "Following a domestic revolt in Babylon in 594 BCE, the new king of Judah, Zedekiah, organised"}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - Achaemenid period", "says": "When Cyrus the Great conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BCE, the Arab populations of the Syrian desert and of North Arabia, including the Qedarites, as well as the desert routes going into Mesopotamia from these regions, became part of his Persian Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - Achaemenid period", "says": "After the Qedarites provided Cyrus II's successor Cambyses II with water in the Sinai Desert during his preparations for conquering Egypt, the Achaemenid kings granted the Qedarite king a coastal emporium exempt from taxes ranging from Gaza to Ienysus, within the fifth satrapy inhabited by the Phoenicians which went from the eastern border of Cilicia till Gaza and continuing from Ienysos till Lake"}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - Achaemenid period", "says": "The various Arab populations of the Achaemenid Empire appear to not have rebelled during the period of political turmoil following the death of Cambyses II, and some of them appear to have even offered their services as camel-mounted warriors to the new king Darius I when he crossed the Tigris river to repress the revolt of Babylon; some of Arab camelry contingents"}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "By the time of the Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great, the Qedarites assisted the Persian garrison stationed at Gaza in resisting the Ancient Macedonians when they laid siege of the city in 332 BCE with the goal establishing control over the frankincense trade."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Once Alexander had captured Gaza, he proceeded to send 500 talents of frankincense and 100 talents of myrrh captured as booty to his teacher, Leonidas of Epirus, and the success of his campaign placed the western part of the Qedarite kingdom which laid on the southern Levantine coast until the eastern borders of Egypt under Macedonian authority, with Alexander III appointing Cleomenes of Naucratis"}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Once Alexander III had completed his conquest of the Persian Empire and returned to Babylon in 323 BCE, he started making preparations for a campaign in South Arabia, which he believed laid on the southern shores and islands of the Persian Gulf, and which were prosperous and produced cassia, myrrh, frankincense, cinnamon, and spikenard, but also because the Arabs were the only people of the world "}, {"id": "Q59734", "label": "Demetrius I of Macedon", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "After the failure of Athenaios's expedition, the Qedarites wrote a letter in Aramaic to Antigonus I, which was followed by a period of peace between him and Qedar until he sent his son, Demetrius I of Macedon, the same year on another military expedition against the Qedarites, who were able to successfully defend themselves, d"}, {"id": "Q319107", "label": "Alexander Jannaeus", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Following the rise and fall of Alexander Jannaeus, the invasion of Syria by Tigranes the Great, and the arrival of the Romans in West Asia, the Qedarites left their traditional centre at the Rock in the Negev and moved to the Rock in the territories formerly belonging to the Iron Age kingdom of Edom, where were already settled the Nabataeans, with whom the Qedarites had long enjoyed close relation"}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Following the rise and fall of Alexander Jannaeus, the invasion of Syria by Tigranes the Great, and the arrival of the Romans in West Asia, the Qedarites left their traditional centre at the Rock in the Negev and moved to the Rock in the territories formerly belonging to the Iron Age kingdom of Edom, where were already settled the Nabataeans, with whom the Qedarites had long enjoyed close relation"}, {"id": "Q363084", "label": "Gaius Octavius", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "During the war opposing the last Ptolemaic ruler, the queen Cleopatra VII, to the Roman dictator Gaius Octavius, the Qedarites supported Cleopatra VII, and, after her defeat in 30 BC, they burnt her fleet in the Red Sea."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Legacy", "says": "The practice of local empires using Arab nomads to guard their borders which started with the Assyrians integrating the Arabs of the Syrian Desert into the control system of their Syrian and Palestinian borders would continue throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages, with the later Byzantine Empire assigning the role of guarding their Syrian and North Arabian borders to the Ghassanid Arabs, up til"}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Legacy", "says": "The practice of local empires using Arab nomads to guard their borders which started with the Assyrians integrating the Arabs of the Syrian Desert into the control system of their Syrian and Palestinian borders would continue throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages, with the later Byzantine Empire assigning the role of guarding their Syrian and North Arabian borders to the Ghassanid Arabs, up til"}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "History - Mythological", "says": "The ancient Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, repeating local folk tales, claimed that the part of the Qedarite kingdom located between the Nile Delta and the Negev desert was inhabited by \"winged snakes\" which would migrate into Egypt proper during each spring, where they would be killed by ibis birds, due to which the Egyptians allegedly considered it a sacred bird."}], "Q2314963": [{"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In time, through warfare or peaceful assimilation, it began to grow into the Inca Empire (1438–1533)."}, {"id": "Q165968", "label": "Manco Capac", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "After staying there for many years, the group divided into two: the first were called Tampus, who would leave from another window called Sut'i t'uqu and eventually populate Ollantaytambo; and the second, who came out of the last window called Qhapaq t'uqu, which was the group under command of Manco Capac, consisting of 10 ayllus."}], "Q2320075": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The exact location of the kingdom is of some debate, but archaeological discoveries at Yarang near Pattani, Thailand suggest a probable location."}], "Q2381337": [{"id": "Q4373501", "label": "Mykola Porsh", "section": "History - Preparation of the All-Ukrainian congress of Soviets in Kyiv", "says": "17 November] 1917, talks took place between Sergei Bakinsky (real name – Ludwig Bernheim) representing the Kyiv Bolsheviks, Mykola Porsh representing the Central Council of Ukraine, and Joseph Stalin (real name – Iosib Dzhugashvili), the newly appointed (26 November [O.S."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Preparation of the All-Ukrainian congress of Soviets in Kyiv", "says": "17 November] 1917, talks took place between Sergei Bakinsky (real name – Ludwig Bernheim) representing the Kyiv Bolsheviks, Mykola Porsh representing the Central Council of Ukraine, and Joseph Stalin (real name – Iosib Dzhugashvili), the newly appointed (26 November [O.S."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "History - Preparation of the All-Ukrainian congress of Soviets in Kyiv", "says": "Stalin, at the behest of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, immediately recommended that action should be taken to assemble such a congress."}, {"id": "Q450008", "label": "Yevgenia Bosch", "section": "History - December events, the congress and Soviet ultimatum", "says": "Simultaneously Yevgenia Bosch managed to direct the 2nd Guard Corps of the 7th Army from the Romanian Front to Kyiv in support of another Bolshevik uprising."}, {"id": "Q435090", "label": "Pavlo Skoropadsky", "section": "History - December events, the congress and Soviet ultimatum", "says": "This uprising was preemptively put down with almost no bloodshed due to the efforts of Yuriy Kapkan, the Kyiv commandant, and Pavlo Skoropadsky, the General of the 1st Ukrainian Corps."}, {"id": "Q1394", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "section": "History - December events, the congress and Soviet ultimatum", "says": "4 December] 1917) the government of Soviet Russia sent an ultimatum to the Central Council signed by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky giving the Ukrainian side 48 hours to respond."}, {"id": "Q33391", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "section": "History - December events, the congress and Soviet ultimatum", "says": "4 December] 1917) the government of Soviet Russia sent an ultimatum to the Central Council signed by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky giving the Ukrainian side 48 hours to respond."}], "Q2412900": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Salé, also known as the Bou Regreg Republic and the Republic of the Two Banks, was a city-state maritime corsair republic based at Salé in Morocco during the 17th century, located at the mouth of the Bou Regreg river."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The Moriscos were the descendants of Muslims who were nominally converted to Christianity, and were subject to mass deportation during Philip III's reign, following the expulsion of the Moriscos decrees."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "History - Arrival of the Moriscos", "says": "The republic traces its origins back to the beginning of the 17th century, with the arrival of approximately 3,000 wealthy Moriscos from Hornachos in Extremadura, who anticipated the 1609 expulsion edicts ordered by Philip III of Spain."}, {"id": "Q544509", "label": "Jan Mourad Janszoon", "section": "History - Arrival of the Moriscos", "says": "In 1624, the Dutchman Jan Janszoon, also known as Murad Reis, became the \"Grand Admiral\" of the Corsair Republic of Salé."}, {"id": "Q2031919", "label": "Zidan al-Nasir", "section": "History - Arrival of the Moriscos", "says": "The Saadi Sultan Zidan Abu Maali acknowledged Janszoon's election by formally appointing him as his ceremonial governor."}, {"id": "Q766543", "label": "Hispanic Monarchy", "section": "History - Internal dissension and the failed delivery of the republic to Spain", "says": "It is in this context of internal confrontation that the initiative of the Hornacheros to hand over the republic to the Hispanic Monarchy of Philip IV must be placed."}], "Q2413855": [{"id": "Q217230", "label": "Empire of Brazil", "section": "lead", "says": "The Juliana Republic (Portuguese: República Juliana) or the Catarinense Republic (República Catarinense), fully and officially the Free and Independent Catarinense Republic (República Catarinense Livre e Independente), was a revolutionary state that existed between 29 July and 15 November 1839, in the province of Santa Catarina of the Empire of Brazil."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed in an extension of the Ragamuffin War started in the neighboring province of Rio Grande do Sul, where the Rio-Grandense Republic had already been created."}, {"id": "Q209297", "label": "Farroupilha Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic was proclaimed in an extension of the Ragamuffin War started in the neighboring province of Rio Grande do Sul, where the Rio-Grandense Republic had already been created."}, {"id": "Q162192", "label": "Riograndense Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the revolutionary Riograndense Republic, led by General David Canabarro and Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, with help from the local population, conquered the harbor city of Laguna on 22 July 1839, in a battle known as the Capture of Laguna."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "lead", "says": "Forces of the revolutionary Riograndense Republic, led by General David Canabarro and Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, with help from the local population, conquered the harbor city of Laguna on 22 July 1839, in a battle known as the Capture of Laguna."}], "Q250515": [{"id": "Q3765117", "label": "Eastern Chalukyas", "section": "lead", "says": "Their currency was called Ganga Fanams and was similar to that of the Cholas and Eastern Chalukyas of southern India."}, {"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "History - The Imperial Gangas", "says": "Anantavarman also went further east wrestling with the Pala Empire king Ramapala, He defeated the chief of Mandara, pillaged his capital Aramya, modern Arambagh (Hooghly District), and pursued him up to the bank of the Ganga, During these wars he seems to have received the co-operation of Vijayasena, a ruling chief in Radha."}], "Q2577303": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Before becoming a possession of the House of Savoy, the medieval Kingdom of Sardinia had been part of the Crown of Aragon and then of the burgeoning Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Before becoming a possession of the House of Savoy, the medieval Kingdom of Sardinia had been part of the Crown of Aragon and then of the burgeoning Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Treaty of The Hague (1720), the island of Sardinia and its title of kingdom were ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants to the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II."}, {"id": "Q706553", "label": "County of Nice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian peninsula, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with the peninsular states, which included, besides Savoy and Aosta, dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice, over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's def"}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early history of Savoy", "says": "This region, named Allobrigia and later \"Sapaudia\" in Latin, was integrated to the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early history of Savoy", "says": "In the 5th century, the region of Savoy was ceded by the Western Roman Empire to the Burgundians and became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Early history of Savoy", "says": "In the 5th century, the region of Savoy was ceded by the Western Roman Empire to the Burgundians and became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "History - Early history of Savoy", "says": "In the 5th century, the region of Savoy was ceded by the Western Roman Empire to the Burgundians and became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Early history of Savoy", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines, Lombards (6th century), and the Franks (773)."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Early history of Savoy", "says": "At the time, what is known today as Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "History - Early history of Savoy", "says": "The County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy in 1416, and Duke Emmanuel Philibert moved the seat to Turin in 1563."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily", "says": "The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily", "says": "By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily", "says": "By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "History - Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily", "says": "By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily", "says": "From 1720 to 1798, when Napoleon invaded Italy, the de facto government resided in Turin; Cagliari, which had been the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia since 1324, returned to be the de facto government during the Savoy exile from 1798 to 1814."}, {"id": "Q312670", "label": "Carlo Emanuele III of Sardinia", "section": "History - Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily", "says": "In 1767–1769, Charles Emmanuel III annexed the Maddalena archipelago in the Strait of Bonifacio from the Republic of Genoa and claimed it as part of Sardinia, which became a part of the Sardinian region since then."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily", "says": "In 1767–1769, Charles Emmanuel III annexed the Maddalena archipelago in the Strait of Bonifacio from the Republic of Genoa and claimed it as part of Sardinia, which became a part of the Sardinian region since then."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna", "says": "In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy crown joined the War of the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796), giving the French army free passage through Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna", "says": "In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy crown joined the War of the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796), giving the French army free passage through Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q175544", "label": "Carlo Emanuele IV of Sardinia", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna", "says": "On 6 December 1798 General Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna", "says": "In 1799, the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regained control."}, {"id": "Q175250", "label": "Vittorio Emanuele I of Sardinia", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna", "says": "In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by the conservative monarchs Victor Emmanuel I (1802–1821), Charles Felix (1821–1831), and Charles Albert (1831–1849), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which restored the reactionary Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q104541845", "label": "Battle of Trocadero", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna", "says": "In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by the conservative monarchs Victor Emmanuel I (1802–1821), Charles Felix (1821–1831), and Charles Albert (1831–1849), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which restored the reactionary Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna", "says": "In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by the conservative monarchs Victor Emmanuel I (1802–1821), Charles Felix (1821–1831), and Charles Albert (1831–1849), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which restored the reactionary Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne."}, {"id": "Q168691", "label": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy", "section": "History - Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification", "says": "After a short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on 23 March 1849 in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "History - Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification", "says": "In 1852, a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving Italian unification."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification", "says": "The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the Crimean War, allied with the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France, and fighting against Russia."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification", "says": "Napoleon III did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia had been conquered."}, {"id": "Q209857", "label": "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia", "section": "History - Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification", "says": "Napoleon III did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia had been conquered."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Garibaldi and the Thousand", "says": "In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "History - Garibaldi and the Thousand", "says": "The Thousand quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from Abruzzo and Naples on the peninsula to Messina and Palermo on Sicily."}], "Q2578028": [{"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In order to withstand the persecution of Shah Jahan and other Mughal emperors, several of the later Sikh Gurus established military forces and fought the Mughal Empire and Pahari Hill rajas in the 17th century and early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In order to withstand the persecution of Shah Jahan and other Mughal emperors, several of the later Sikh Gurus established military forces and fought the Mughal Empire and Pahari Hill rajas in the 17th century and early 18th century."}, {"id": "Q3630410", "label": "Veer Banda Bairagi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Banda Singh Bahadur continued Sikh resistance to the Mughal Empire until his defeat at the Battle of Gurdas Nangal."}, {"id": "Q19882266", "label": "Battle of Gurdas Nangal", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Banda Singh Bahadur continued Sikh resistance to the Mughal Empire until his defeat at the Battle of Gurdas Nangal."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "History - Formation of a Sikh confederation", "says": "Other opponents to the Sikhs at the time aside from the Mughals were heretical sects, such as the Gulab Rahis and Gangu Shahis, that continued to follow a lineage of personal gurus, which mainstream Sikhs had stopped practicing after the death of Guru Gobind Singh."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "History - Formation of a Sikh confederation", "says": "After the death of Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719, anti-Sikh persecution decreased in intensity and the Sikhs began congregating at Amritsar again periodically."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The Sukerchakias under Ranjit Singh would finally gain pre-eminence amongst all of its contemporary misls, leading to all of their annexations by the Sukerchakias and the eventual formation of a Sikh Empire in 1799."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The Sukerchakias under Ranjit Singh would finally gain pre-eminence amongst all of its contemporary misls, leading to all of their annexations by the Sukerchakias and the eventual formation of a Sikh Empire in 1799."}], "Q2579852": [{"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Disbandment of the Crimean National Republic", "says": "Following the 1917 October Revolution, the ethnic Tatar government proclaimed the Crimean People's Republic on 13 December 1917."}, {"id": "Q1419681", "label": "Crimean People's Republic", "section": "History - Disbandment of the Crimean National Republic", "says": "Following the 1917 October Revolution, the ethnic Tatar government proclaimed the Crimean People's Republic on 13 December 1917."}, {"id": "Q243610", "label": "Ukrainian People's Republic", "section": "History - Establishment of the Soviet Autonomous Republic", "says": "Areas of Taurida that lay north of Crimea were also claimed by the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Establishment of the Soviet Autonomous Republic", "says": "With the assistance of the German Empire, the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic was quickly overrun by forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic during the Crimean Offensive."}, {"id": "Q673265", "label": "Crimean Offensive", "section": "History - Establishment of the Soviet Autonomous Republic", "says": "With the assistance of the German Empire, the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic was quickly overrun by forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic during the Crimean Offensive."}, {"id": "Q2703679", "label": "Crimean Regional Government", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Following the invasion, a German-protected Crimean Regional Government was established under Maciej Sulkiewicz and, later, Solomon Krym."}], "Q2594661": [{"id": "Q45792", "label": "King Arthur", "section": "History - Early Gwent", "says": "It has been suggested that Meurig's son, Athrwys, may be the origin for King Arthur, although others consider this unlikely."}, {"id": "Q83224", "label": "Battle of Hastings", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "In 1065 the area was invaded by Earl Harold of Hereford, who attempted to establish a base at Portskewett, but it was razed to the ground by Caradog, and Harold - having by then been crowned King of England - was killed at the Battle of Hastings the following year."}, {"id": "Q356298", "label": "Orderic Vitalis", "section": "History - Destruction", "says": "King Maredudd of Deheubarth decided not to resist the Norman encroachment on Gwent and was rewarded with lands in England in 1070, at the same time as the chronicler Orderic Vitalis noted in his Historia Ecclesiastica that a Welsh king named \"Caducan\" (Cadwgan ap Meurig) suffered defeat in battle at the hands of William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Norman Lordships", "says": "Conflict with the Welsh continued intermittently, although the Welsh Lord of Caerleon, Morgan ab Owain, grandson of King Caradog ap Gruffudd, was recognized by Henry II c."}], "Q2604022": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Zhili, formerly romanized as Chih-li, Chihli, or Pe-tche-li, was a historical province of the Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 18th century, the borders of Zhili province were redrawn to encompass what is today Beijing, Tianjin, and the provinces of Hebei, western Liaoning, northern Henan, and the Inner Mongolia autonomous region."}], "Q276841": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Badajoz (from Arabic: طائفة بطليوس) was a medieval Islamic Moorish kingdom located in what is now parts of Portugal and Spain."}], "Q2863018": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Zakarid Armenia (Armenian: Զաքարեան Հայաստան, romanized: Zakaryan Hayastan) alternatively known as the Zakarid Period, describes a historical period in the Middle Ages during which the Armenian vassals of the Kingdom of Georgia were ruled by the Zakarid-Mkhargrzeli dynasty."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1236, they fell under the rule of the Mongol Empire as a vassal state with local autonomy."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of George V and Bagrat V, the Zakarid territories once again reverted to the Kingdom of Georgia."}], "Q2979717": [{"id": "Q560853", "label": "Faustin Soulouque", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by the then-President, former Lieutenant General and Supreme Commander of the Presidential Guards under President Riché, Faustin Soulouque, who, inspired by Napoleon, declared himself Emperor Faustin I on 26 August 1849 at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in Port-au-Prince."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by the then-President, former Lieutenant General and Supreme Commander of the Presidential Guards under President Riché, Faustin Soulouque, who, inspired by Napoleon, declared himself Emperor Faustin I on 26 August 1849 at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in Port-au-Prince."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Faustin's unsuccessful invasions (in part due to the diplomatic interference of the United States and Spain) in an attempt to reconquer the Dominican Republic (in 1849, 1850, 1855 and 1856), which had declared independence from Haiti in 1844, undermined his control over the country."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Faustin's unsuccessful invasions (in part due to the diplomatic interference of the United States and Spain) in an attempt to reconquer the Dominican Republic (in 1849, 1850, 1855 and 1856), which had declared independence from Haiti in 1844, undermined his control over the country."}], "Q298770": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout World War II, 950,000 Austrians fought for the German armed forces."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "Other Austrians participated in the Nazi administration, from Nazi death camp personnel to senior Nazi Party leaders including Adolf Hitler; the majority of the bureaucrats who implemented the Final Solution were Austrian."}, {"id": "Q127013", "label": "Final Solution", "section": "lead", "says": "Other Austrians participated in the Nazi administration, from Nazi death camp personnel to senior Nazi Party leaders including Adolf Hitler; the majority of the bureaucrats who implemented the Final Solution were Austrian."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Nazi Party was promptly banned, Austria did not have the same thorough process of denazification that was imposed on post-war West Germany (present day Germany)."}], "Q2991474": [{"id": "Q693980", "label": "Duchy of Swabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Württemberg was a historical territory with origins in the realm of the House of Württemberg, the heart of the old Duchy of Swabia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 12th century until 1495, it was a county within the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q302454": [{"id": "Q877619", "label": "French Consulate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Subalpine Republic (Italian: Repubblica Subalpina) was a short-lived republic that existed between 1800 and 1802 on the territory of Piedmont during its military rule by the French Consulate."}], "Q3332217": [{"id": "Q574450", "label": "Prithvi Narayan Shah", "section": "Origin and history", "says": "Dravya Shah's descendants eventually unified much of what is now Nepal under the leadership of Prithvi Narayan Shah, initiating the unification of Nepal in the 18th century."}], "Q4412594": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Uhtua, also Provisional Government of Karelia, officially called the Republic of East Karelia was an unrecognized state that existed from 1919 to 1920, formed out of five volosts in the Kemsky Uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Governorate."}, {"id": "Q62633", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Discussions about Karelia becoming its own state emerged in 1906, when on 3 August, the Union of White Karelians was created in Tampere, Grand Duchy of Finland."}, {"id": "Q1418016", "label": "Heimosodat", "section": "Prelude", "says": "Two years before the state was created, the Heimosodat began."}], "Q509572": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Cooch Behar, also known as Koch Bihar, was a princely state in India during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The western portion, Koch Bihar, formed a separate unit that came under direct challenge from the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of wars with the Bhutanese and Tibetans, the Northern threat was pushed back but not before a Bhutanese regent was installed in the royal court."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Early history: Mughal conflicts (1587–1680)", "says": "His successor Pran Narayan (1626–1665) ruled in peace until 1657, when a struggle for succession in the Mughal empire began between Aurangzeb and his brothers."}, {"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "History - Early history: Mughal conflicts (1587–1680)", "says": "Pran Narayan retreated to the mountains and waged a guerrilla war for three years, finally having to make a pact with the Mughal Nawab Shaista Khan in 1664."}, {"id": "Q333994", "label": "Warren Hastings", "section": "History - British East India Company acquires control", "says": "However, the Governor General Warren Hastings rejected the terms and insisted on an agreement by which the Maharaja would pay an annual tribute to the Company in exchange for protection: in effect an agreement to accept the supremacy of the British."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Third generation in the 20th century", "says": "He served in World War II, and was granted full ruling powers on 6 April 1936."}, {"id": "Q2627082", "label": "Bombay State", "section": "History - Third generation in the 20th century", "says": "He was born in 1918 in Poona, Bombay State."}], "Q569202": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Aschaffenburg (German: Fürstentum Aschaffenburg) was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1803 and, following the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, of the Confederation of the Rhine, which existed from 1806 to 1810."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Aschaffenburg (German: Fürstentum Aschaffenburg) was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1803 and, following the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, of the Confederation of the Rhine, which existed from 1806 to 1810."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1810 Napoleon granted Dalberg's Principality of Regensburg to the Kingdom of Bavaria and compensated him with Hanau and Fulda."}, {"id": "Q701969", "label": "Principality of Regensburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1810 Napoleon granted Dalberg's Principality of Regensburg to the Kingdom of Bavaria and compensated him with Hanau and Fulda."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1810 Napoleon granted Dalberg's Principality of Regensburg to the Kingdom of Bavaria and compensated him with Hanau and Fulda."}, {"id": "Q704312", "label": "Grand Duchy of Frankfurt", "section": "lead", "says": "Dalberg merged his remaining territories of Aschaffenburg, Frankfurt, Wetzlar, Hanau, and Fulda into the new Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, with the Principality of Aschaffenburg becoming a department of the new grand duchy."}], "Q569871": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free People's State of Württemberg (German: Freier Volksstaat Württemberg) was a state of the Weimar Republic (1918–1933) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free People's State of Württemberg (German: Freier Volksstaat Württemberg) was a state of the Weimar Republic (1918–1933) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)."}, {"id": "Q159631", "label": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed from the Kingdom of Württemberg during the German revolution of 1918–1919 which broke out in the final days of World War I and led to the fall of the German Empire and all of Germany's reigning monarchs, including King William II of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed from the Kingdom of Württemberg during the German revolution of 1918–1919 which broke out in the final days of World War I and led to the fall of the German Empire and all of Germany's reigning monarchs, including King William II of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed from the Kingdom of Württemberg during the German revolution of 1918–1919 which broke out in the final days of World War I and led to the fall of the German Empire and all of Germany's reigning monarchs, including King William II of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q352", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nazi Party became the strongest party in 1932 and took over control of the state after Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Background: German Empire", "says": "The Kingdom of Württemberg, created in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, became a member state of the German Empire when it was formed in 1871."}, {"id": "Q251660", "label": "Württemberg-Baden", "section": "Final years", "says": "In 1945/46, the military governments of the occupation zones established the states of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone and South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern in the French zone."}, {"id": "Q261407", "label": "South Baden", "section": "Final years", "says": "In 1945/46, the military governments of the occupation zones established the states of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone and South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern in the French zone."}, {"id": "Q262733", "label": "Württemberg-Hohenzollern", "section": "Final years", "says": "In 1945/46, the military governments of the occupation zones established the states of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone and South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern in the French zone."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "Final years", "says": "They became states of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) when it was founded on 23 May 1949."}], "Q571453": [{"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The country's name changed from \"Shu\" to \"Han\" (Chinese: 漢; pinyin: Hàn) in 917–918, which is not to be confused with another contemporaneous kingdom during the same Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Southern Han (traditional Chinese: 南漢; simplified Chinese: 南汉; pinyin: Nán Hàn), 917–971 CE."}], "Q581741": [{"id": "Q311415", "label": "Túpac Inca Yupanqui", "section": "lead", "says": "The culture arose about 900 CE, succeeding the Moche culture, and was later conquered by the Inca emperor Topa Inca Yupanqui around 1470, fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Chimor was the last kingdom that had any chance of stopping the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "lead", "says": "But the Inca conquest began in the 1470s by Topa Inca Yupanqui, defeating the emperor and descendant of Taycanamo, Minchançaman, and was nearly complete when Huayna Capac assumed the throne in 1493."}, {"id": "Q923516", "label": "Wari Empire", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "During the reign of the Wari Empire over Peru, the mature Chimú culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Mochica had existed centuries before."}], "Q6124144": [{"id": "Q24897370", "label": "Chahamanas of Shakambhari", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Rao Dulha Rai, possibly the last ruler of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty of Gwalior, who later migrated from Narwar to Dausa and established his kingdom there with the support of Chahamanas of Shakambhari with coalition of Gaur dynasty of Sheopur in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Raja Bharmal, the kingdom became a vassal of the Mughal Empire under Akbar."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "lead", "says": "Mirza Raja Jai Singh I served under Shah Jahan and became a distinguished general."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a princely state under the English East India Company after signing a treaty in 1818 that led to a subsidiary alliance with the latter, following the Third Anglo-Maratha War."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "Prithviraj joined the Rajput Confederacy of 1527 led by Rana Sanga against Babur and fought in the Battle of Khanwa in which they were defeated."}, {"id": "Q4166578", "label": "Battle of Khanwa", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "Prithviraj joined the Rajput Confederacy of 1527 led by Rana Sanga against Babur and fought in the Battle of Khanwa in which they were defeated."}, {"id": "Q12446060", "label": "Bhim Singh", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "According to conflicting sources, he either died fighting for or against Humayu's brother Hindal Mirza or was overthrown by his brother Bhim Singh."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "During his reign, Sher Shah Suri invaded Rajputana and established control over Mewar and Marwar."}, {"id": "Q3635360", "label": "Battle of Haldighati", "section": "History - Initial campaigns under Akbar", "says": "He was the part of negotiations with Mewar which failed, resulting in the Battle of Haldighati."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Campaigns in Kabul, Bihar, Orissa and Bengal", "says": "Soon after Hakim's death, the Yusufzai tribe of Afghanistan rebelled against the Mughals and launched attacks against Mughals stationed in the region."}, {"id": "Q1854686", "label": "Malik Ambar", "section": "History - After Akbar's death", "says": "Bhau Singh was sent on a campaign against Malik Ambar but failed because Ambar's army was much more efficient."}, {"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "History - After Akbar's death", "says": "He died in 1621 and had no heirs, so he was succeeded by Maha Singh's son Jai Singh."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Facilitation under Shah Jahan", "says": "Jai was first deputed to suppress a rebellion in Mahaban and then sent to fight Nazr Muhammad in Kabul."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "History - Facilitation under Shah Jahan", "says": "In 1631, he was part of the campaign against Bijapur Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Facilitation under Shah Jahan", "says": "After the command of the army was handed to Prince Aurangzeb in 1636, Jai Singh also won the fort of Nagpur and Devgarh in 1637."}, {"id": "Q5117540", "label": "Jaswant Singh of Marwar", "section": "History - The war of succession of Shah Jahan", "says": "Raja Jaswant Singh of Marwar was defeated by Prince Aurangzeb and Murad in 1658 and they marched towards Agra."}, {"id": "Q4087464", "label": "Battle of Samugarh", "section": "History - The war of succession of Shah Jahan", "says": "Jai Singh could not reach Agra in time and Dara Shikoh was defeated in the Battle of Samugarh."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "History - Struggle with Aurangzeb over Shivaji", "says": "In 1665, Jai Singh laid siege to Purandar fort and was able to get Shivaji to sign the Treaty of Purandar according to which Shivaji would surrender 23 forts, send his son Sambhaji to Mughal court and enter Mughal service."}, {"id": "Q4872317", "label": "Battle of Saraighat", "section": "History - Struggle with Aurangzeb over Shivaji", "says": "Ram Singh was eventually defeated in the Battle of Saraighat."}, {"id": "Q6932430", "label": "Azam Shah", "section": "History - The war of succession of Aurangzeb", "says": "Initially, Muhammad Azam Shah was able to capture the throne."}, {"id": "Q544228", "label": "Bahadur Shah I", "section": "History - The war of succession of Aurangzeb", "says": "Prince Muazzam crowned himself as Bahadur Shah I and he was hostile against Jai Singh."}, {"id": "Q12449433", "label": "Amar Singh II", "section": "History - The Rajput rebellion of 1708", "says": "Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar, Rana Amar Singh II of Mewar and Jai Singh II together left the Mughal camp in rebellion."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "History - Return to influence", "says": "In 1719, Farrukhsiyar was murdered by Sayyid brothers and Ajit Singh and was replaced by Rafi-ud-Darjat and Rafi-ud-Daulah in quick successions and eventually settled for Roshan Akhtar who became Emperor Muhammad Shah."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "History - Return to influence", "says": "In 1736, Jai Singh met Peshwa Baji Rao I at Bhambhola where he tried to convince him to sustain Muhammad Shah rule as a nominal head and take over the administration which appealed to the Peshwa but this was made unrealistic after Nader Shah's sack of Delhi in 1740."}, {"id": "Q16849298", "label": "Jagat Singh II", "section": "History - Civil War between Ishwari and Madho Singh", "says": "Madho Singh's cousin Rana Jagat Singh II immediately presented his support for Madho."}, {"id": "Q7881054", "label": "Umaid Singh I of Marwar", "section": "History - Civil War between Ishwari and Madho Singh", "says": "The Maharana invited Kota’s Rao Durjansal and Umaid Singh of Bundi against Ishwari Singh."}, {"id": "Q3275992", "label": "Mahadaji Scindia", "section": "History - Decline at hands of the Marathas", "says": "During this time, a senior noble of the Kachhwaha court, Pratap Singh Naruka supported the rival claim of Prithvi Singh's son Man Singh and also invited Mahadaji Shinde to attack Jaipur."}, {"id": "Q17495687", "label": "Man Singh of Marwar", "section": "History - Decline at hands of the Marathas", "says": "Jagat Singh had been chosen as the fiancé of Krishna Kumari, the princess of Mewar after Bhim Singh of Marwar died in 1803 but Bhim's successor Man Singh of Marwar insisted that he must be the husband of Krishna Kumari."}, {"id": "Q3630499", "label": "Yashwantrao Holkar", "section": "History - Decline at hands of the Marathas", "says": "From 1807 to 1813, Amir Khan, backed by Yashwantrao Holkar raided Jaipur and extracted lakhs of rupees in chauth."}, {"id": "Q155519", "label": "Mohan Singh", "section": "History - Initial treaty", "says": "A faction of nobles in the court tried to place Mohan Singh, the son of the chief of Narwar on the throne but the widow of Jagat Singh declared that she was pregnant with the heir which was later confirmed."}], "Q614072": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This long history of conflict between the Aztecs and the Tlaxcalteca played a role in the course of events during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire: the Tlaxcalteca—seizing the chance to strike back against their hated Aztec enemies—allied with the Spanish Empire, supplying a large contingent for the multi-ethnic, Spanish-led army that eventually destroyed the Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This long history of conflict between the Aztecs and the Tlaxcalteca played a role in the course of events during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire: the Tlaxcalteca—seizing the chance to strike back against their hated Aztec enemies—allied with the Spanish Empire, supplying a large contingent for the multi-ethnic, Spanish-led army that eventually destroyed the Empire."}], "Q622876": [{"id": "Q846866", "label": "Perm Oblast", "section": "lead", "says": "Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug was an autonomous okrug of the Russian SFSR and the Russian Federation, administered by Perm Oblast."}], "Q638522": [{"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory corresponded roughly to present-day Kurdistan province of Iran and its rulers were loyal to Qajar Iran."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Some Ardalan monarchs claimed descent from Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Some Ardalan monarchs claimed descent from Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Other tribal folklore traced their foundation to the early Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Ardalan emirate", "says": "By 1736, Nader Shah had overthrown the Safavid dynasty and started expanding the borders of Iran both to the east and west."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ardalan emirate", "says": "He fought numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire from the start of his reign until his death in June 1747."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "History - Ardalan emirate", "says": "Soon after Nader Shah's assassination, Karim Khan Zand became the new ruler of Iran."}], "Q6412669": [{"id": "Q943661", "label": "Muhammad VIII of Tunisia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its sole monarch was Muhammad VIII al-Amin (also known as Lamine Bey) who appointed the prime ministers Tahar Ben Ammar and Habib Bourguiba."}, {"id": "Q643348", "label": "Habib Bourguiba", "section": "lead", "says": "Its sole monarch was Muhammad VIII al-Amin (also known as Lamine Bey) who appointed the prime ministers Tahar Ben Ammar and Habib Bourguiba."}], "Q660384": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Mississippi was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that was created under an organic act passed by the Congress of the United States."}, {"id": "Q11806", "label": "John Adams", "section": "lead", "says": "It was approved and signed into law by President John Adams on April 7, 1798."}, {"id": "Q11815", "label": "James Monroe", "section": "lead", "says": "The eastern half was redesignated by Congress and then 5th President James Monroe as the new Alabama Territory for the next two years, sandwiched between the new state of Mississippi in the west, Georgia to the east, Tennessee on the north, and to the south with a narrow strip of land to the Mobile Bay and Gulf of Mexico coast and further to the southeast of the western panhandle of the Royal Span"}, {"id": "Q1187087", "label": "Florida Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The eastern half was redesignated by Congress and then 5th President James Monroe as the new Alabama Territory for the next two years, sandwiched between the new state of Mississippi in the west, Georgia to the east, Tennessee on the north, and to the south with a narrow strip of land to the Mobile Bay and Gulf of Mexico coast and further to the southeast of the western panhandle of the Royal Span"}], "Q6745731": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans overthrew the Mamluk regime in 1831 and gradually imposed their direct rule over Iraq, which would last until World War I, although the  Mamluks continued to be a dominant socio-political force in Iraq, as most of the administrative personnel of note in Baghdad were drawn from former Mamluk households, or comprised a cross-section of the notable class in Mamluk times."}, {"id": "Q199482", "label": "Ahmed III", "section": "Background", "says": "The reign of Sultan Ahmed III (1703–30) was marked by relative political stability in the capital and by extensive reforms—some of them influenced by European models—implemented during the Tulip Period by Grand Vizier İbrahim Pasha."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "As in the previous two centuries, Iraq continued to be a battleground between the rival Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire."}, {"id": "Q20395996", "label": "Al-Muntafiq", "section": "History - Sulayman Abu Layla  (1749–1762)", "says": "They managed to counter Al-Muntafiq threats in the south and brought Basra under their control."}, {"id": "Q334155", "label": "Sadiq Khan", "section": "History - Omar Pasha (1762–1776)", "says": "Another major menace to the Mamluk rule came from Iran whose resurgent ruler, Karim Khan, invaded Iraq and installed his brother Sadiq Khan in Basra in 1776 after a protracted and stubborn resistance offered by the Mamluk general Sulayman Aga."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Ali Al-kahiya  (1802–1807)", "says": "The aftermath of Sulayman the Great's death in 1802 was a power struggle between Ali Pasha the Kaymakam, Ahmad Agha leader of the Janissaries, and Selim agha, which was won by Ali Al-kahiya (Georgian: ალი ფაშა), who  started a campaign to discipline Kurdish tribes who paid a tribute through their animals, then put down a rebellion by the Yazidis in Sinjar, then rode to Tal Afar and arrested Muhamm"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Ali Al-kahiya  (1802–1807)", "says": "The aftermath of Sulayman the Great's death in 1802 was a power struggle between Ali Pasha the Kaymakam, Ahmad Agha leader of the Janissaries, and Selim agha, which was won by Ali Al-kahiya (Georgian: ალი ფაშა), who  started a campaign to discipline Kurdish tribes who paid a tribute through their animals, then put down a rebellion by the Yazidis in Sinjar, then rode to Tal Afar and arrested Muhamm"}], "Q684501": [{"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Głogów (Polish: Księstwo głogowskie, Czech: Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (German: Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, formed in course of the medieval fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies."}], "Q691981": [{"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchies of Silesia were the more than twenty divisions of the region of Silesia formed between the 12th and 14th centuries by the breakup of the Duchy of Silesia, then part of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1335, the duchies were ceded to the Kingdom of Bohemia under the Treaty of Trentschin."}, {"id": "Q1414325", "label": "Treaty of Trentschin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1335, the duchies were ceded to the Kingdom of Bohemia under the Treaty of Trentschin."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Thereafter until 1742, Silesia was one of the Bohemian crown lands and lay within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q671899", "label": "Duchy of Teschen", "section": "lead", "says": "Only the Duchy of Teschen, the Duchy of Troppau and the Duchy of Nysa remained under the control of the Bohemian crown and as such were known as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia until 1918."}, {"id": "Q566639", "label": "Duchy of Opava", "section": "lead", "says": "Only the Duchy of Teschen, the Duchy of Troppau and the Duchy of Nysa remained under the control of the Bohemian crown and as such were known as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia until 1918."}, {"id": "Q570702", "label": "Duchy of Nysa", "section": "lead", "says": "Only the Duchy of Teschen, the Duchy of Troppau and the Duchy of Nysa remained under the control of the Bohemian crown and as such were known as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia until 1918."}], "Q694494": [{"id": "Q702327", "label": "Duchy of Oświęcim", "section": "lead", "says": "It was split off the Duchy of Oświęcim, when after eleven years of joint rule the sons of Duke Casimir I in 1445 finally divided the lands among themselves, whereby his eldest son Wenceslaus received the territory around the town of Zator."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The fragmentation of the duchy continued after Wenceslaus' death in 1468, when in 1474 his sons Casimir II and Wenceslaus II as well as Jan V and Władysław again divided the Zator territory in two along the Skawa river."}, {"id": "Q53451", "label": "John I Albert", "section": "lead", "says": "As Jan himself had no heirs, he decided in the same year to sell the duchy to King John I Albert of Poland, under a guarantee that he would remain duke until his death."}, {"id": "Q54058", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "At the General sejm of 1564, King Sigismund II Augustus issued privileges of incorporation recognizing both Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator as part of the Polish Crown into the Silesian County of the Kraków Voivodeship, although the Polish kings retained both ducal titles and the name of the Duchy survived in the legal acts (it had however no special privileges)."}, {"id": "Q94449", "label": "Kraków Voivodeship", "section": "lead", "says": "At the General sejm of 1564, King Sigismund II Augustus issued privileges of incorporation recognizing both Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator as part of the Polish Crown into the Silesian County of the Kraków Voivodeship, although the Polish kings retained both ducal titles and the name of the Duchy survived in the legal acts (it had however no special privileges)."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "Though part of Austrian Galicia, Zator and Oświęcim from 1818 to 1866 belonged the German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Second Polish Republic was established in 1918, even the ducal title ceased to exist."}], "Q705044": [{"id": "Q15242873", "label": "Soviet Civil Administration", "section": "lead", "says": "It functioned alongside the Soviet Civil Administration, which served in an advisory role to the provisional government."}, {"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was proclaimed on July 10, 1948, effectively dissolving the provisional government."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "Kim Il Sung was appointed as premier on September 9."}], "Q775550": [{"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Adamawa Emirate (Fula: Laamorde Adamaawa, 𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤢𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤭 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤢; Arabic: إمارة آدماوة, romanized: ʾimārat·u ʾādamāwah; German: Adamaua; French: Adamaoua) is a traditional state located in Fombina, an area which now roughly corresponds to areas of Adamawa State and Taraba state in Nigeria, and previously also in the three northern regions of Cameroon (Far North, North, and Adamawa), including min"}, {"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of Adama's death his realm encompassed parts of modern Nigeria and much of north Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "His strong respect for the Sokoto Caliphate and its ideals also influenced his decision to resist."}], "Q838416": [{"id": "Q12967", "label": "Leopold II of Belgium", "section": "lead", "says": "The International Association of the Congo (French: Association internationale du Congo), also known as the International Congo Society, was an association founded on 17 November 1879 by Leopold II of Belgium to further his interests in the Congo."}, {"id": "Q76048", "label": "Congo Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Berlin Conference recognised the society as sovereign over the territories it controlled, and on August 1, 1885, i.e. four and half months after the closure of the Berlin Conference, King Leopold's Vice-Administrator General in the Congo announced that the society and the territories it occupied were henceforth called \"the Congo Free State\"."}], "Q943392": [{"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "However, at times the other Former Liang rulers also used the king title when imposed on them when they were forced to submit to their powerful neighbour states—initially the Former Zhao, then the Later Zhao, and finally the Former Qin."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "However, at times the other Former Liang rulers also used the king title when imposed on them when they were forced to submit to their powerful neighbour states—initially the Former Zhao, then the Later Zhao, and finally the Former Qin."}, {"id": "Q2314869", "label": "Later Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "Historiographers gave the state the prefix of \"Former\" to distinguish it from the Di-led Later Liang that came after them, along with the other Liang states of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern Liang, Northern Liang and Western Liang."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "Historiographers gave the state the prefix of \"Former\" to distinguish it from the Di-led Later Liang that came after them, along with the other Liang states of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern Liang, Northern Liang and Western Liang."}, {"id": "Q994451", "label": "Western Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "Historiographers gave the state the prefix of \"Former\" to distinguish it from the Di-led Later Liang that came after them, along with the other Liang states of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern Liang, Northern Liang and Western Liang."}, {"id": "Q1069905", "label": "Cheng Han", "section": "History - Reign of Zhang Jun", "says": "Zhang Jun also established ties with the Cheng-Han dynasty in southwestern China."}, {"id": "Q2496512", "label": "Huan Wen", "section": "History - Fall and aftermath", "says": "Later, he attempted to get the Jin commander, Huan Wen, to coordinate a campaign with him against Qin but was ignored."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Fall and aftermath", "says": "Zhang Tianxi served as a mid-level official under the Qin, but in the aftermath of the Battle of Fei River in 383, he managed to escape to the Eastern Jin."}, {"id": "Q1069762", "label": "Lü Guang", "section": "History - Fall and aftermath", "says": "His son, Zhang Dayu attempted to restore his family's state in 386, but was killed in 387 by Lü Guang, the founder of Later Liang."}], "Q973988": [{"id": "Q1796232", "label": "Kingdom of Ndongo", "section": "lead", "says": "Joined to the Kingdom of Ndongo by Queen Nzinga in 1631, the state had many male and female rulers."}, {"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonisation attempts, but was integrated into Portuguese Angola in the late nineteenth century."}, {"id": "Q383455", "label": "Afonso I of Kongo", "section": "Origins and early history", "says": "The first documentary mention of the Kingdom of Matamba is a reference to it giving tribute to the King of Kongo, then Afonso I of Kongo, in 1530."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Origins and early history", "says": "Though this ruler received the missionaries and perhaps allowed them to preach, there is no indication that the kingdom converted to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q1243549", "label": "Paulo Dias de Novais", "section": "Origins and early history", "says": "The arrival of the Portuguese colonists under Paulo Dias de Novais in Luanda in 1575 altered the political situation as the Portuguese immediately became involved in Ndongo's affairs, and war broke out between Ndongo and Portugal in 1579."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Origins and early history", "says": "The arrival of the Portuguese colonists under Paulo Dias de Novais in Luanda in 1575 altered the political situation as the Portuguese immediately became involved in Ndongo's affairs, and war broke out between Ndongo and Portugal in 1579."}], "Q10463": [{"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "In 1494, despite the presence of indigenous peoples in the Americas, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal decree with the Treaty of Tordesillas that unilaterally granted the Crown of Castile with full dominion over the majority of what is now regarded as South America."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "In 1494, despite the presence of indigenous peoples in the Americas, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal decree with the Treaty of Tordesillas that unilaterally granted the Crown of Castile with full dominion over the majority of what is now regarded as South America."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "In 1494, despite the presence of indigenous peoples in the Americas, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal decree with the Treaty of Tordesillas that unilaterally granted the Crown of Castile with full dominion over the majority of what is now regarded as South America."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "Resentment of the Company exploded in open revolt in 1749 headed by Canarian immigrant Juan Francisco de León."}, {"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "History - Legislation establishing the Captaincy General", "says": "The Royal Decree establishing the Captaincy General:\n\nThe King.—Inasmuch and keeping in mind what has been reported to me by the current Viceroy, Governor and Captain General of the New Kingdom of Granada and the governors of the Provinces of Guayana and Maracaibo on the inconveniences that are created in the indicated provinces, as well as those of Cumaná and Islands of Margarita and Trinidad, by"}, {"id": "Q21296156", "label": "Republic of Venezuela", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "After the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence in 1811, the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barinas, Margarita, and the newly separated ones of Barcelona, Trujillo, and Mérida established a Republic of Venezuela, which claimed the area of the Captaincy General."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "During this period, the province of Maracaibo elected a representative to the Cortes, José Domingo Rus, who served from March 3, 1812, to May 10, 1814, and continued to represent the province before the crown after Ferdinand VII abolished the Cortes."}, {"id": "Q1364163", "label": "Pablo Morillo", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "After an interruption due to the restoration of the Republic and attempts by Pablo Morillo to suspend the Audiencia, both the Audiencia and the Captaincy General continued to function until 1821."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Independence for Venezuela was consolidated in 1821 as part of Gran Colombia."}], "Q1068171": [{"id": "Q297588", "label": "Hattusili III", "section": "History - New Hittite capital", "says": "After Hattusili III deposed Mursili, the new king appointed Muwatalli's son Kurunta as king in Tarhuntassa."}, {"id": "Q752265", "label": "Seha River Land", "section": "History - Kurunta of Tarhuntassa", "says": "This treaty, unlike previous treaties involving Tarhuntassa, calls to witness the Hittites' vassal kings of Mira and the Seha River Land on the Aegean coast."}], "Q1109279": [{"id": "Q5062192", "label": "Centralist Republic of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended in 1835, when conservatives under Antonio López de Santa Anna transformed it into a unitary state, the Centralist Republic of Mexico."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "With the exception of the inaugural office holder, Guadalupe Victoria, every single administration during the First Republic was overthrown by military coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "He argued that the nation needed a strong centralized government to guard against Spanish attempts to reconquer her former colony, and that a federation rather suited a situation in which previously well established sovereign states were attempting to unite as had happened with the United States."}, {"id": "Q379975", "label": "Nicolás Bravo", "section": "History - Victoria administration", "says": "On 23 December 1827, the conservative Escoseses proclaimed the Plan of Montaño, demanding the expulsion of Joel Roberts Poinsett (United States Minister to Mexico), the end to secret societies, and the dismissal of the current cabinet, the latter measure due to the belief that the Yorkino dominated government was about to take decisive measures to suppress the Escoceses.The insurrection was ironic"}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "History - Victoria administration", "says": "They were won by the conservative candidate Gomez Pedraza, but supporters of the liberal candidate Vicente Guerrero refused to recognize the results and petitioned congress to nullify them."}, {"id": "Q354678", "label": "Anastasio Bustamante", "section": "History - Guerrero administration", "says": "Vice President Anastasio Bustamante and the opposition, under the pretext of opposing Guerrero's emergency powers, proclaimed a coup against the government, and Guerrero left the capital to oppose the insurgents, but Bustamante's movement triumphed and he was installed as president in February 1830, with congress subsequently declaring Guerrero to be unfit for office."}, {"id": "Q1075932", "label": "Manuel Gómez Pedraza", "section": "History - Bustamante administration", "says": "Manuel Gómez Pedraza was brought back to serve out the remaining three months of the term which he had initially won against Guerrero in 1828."}, {"id": "Q970690", "label": "Lorenzo de Zavala", "section": "History - Gómez Farías administration", "says": "Gómez Farías was overthrown and prominent liberal and federalist thinkers José María Luis Mora and Lorenzo de Zavala were exiled from the nation."}], "Q129799": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The khanate officially existed from 1801 to 1845, when the position of khan was abolished and the area was fully absorbed into the administration of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located in the western part of modern-day Kazakhstan."}], "Q1351979": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Stavropol Soviet Republic (Russian: Ставропольская Советская Республика, romanized: Stavropol’skaya Sovetskaya Respublika; 1 January 1918 –7 July 1918) was a short-lived republic on the territory of the former Stavropol Governorate of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q605000", "label": "North Caucasian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was merged into the North Caucasian Soviet Republic."}], "Q1358836": [{"id": "Q189139", "label": "Ioannis Metaxas", "section": "lead", "says": "The 4th of August Regime (Greek: Καθεστώς της 4ης Αυγούστου, romanized: Kathestós tis tetártis Avgoústou), commonly also known as the Metaxas regime (Καθεστώς Μεταξά, Kathestós Metaxá), was a dictatorial regime under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas that ruled the Kingdom of Greece from 1936 to 1941."}, {"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The 4th of August Regime (Greek: Καθεστώς της 4ης Αυγούστου, romanized: Kathestós tis tetártis Avgoústou), commonly also known as the Metaxas regime (Καθεστώς Μεταξά, Kathestós Metaxá), was a dictatorial regime under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas that ruled the Kingdom of Greece from 1936 to 1941."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "In its symbolism and rhetoric, the regime took inspiration from Fascist Italy, but it retained close links to Britain and the French Third Republic, rather than the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In its symbolism and rhetoric, the regime took inspiration from Fascist Italy, but it retained close links to Britain and the French Third Republic, rather than the Axis powers."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Greece was occupied following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 and the Greek government was forced to go into exile in the British-controlled Kingdom of Egypt, several prominent figures of the regime, notably the notorious security chief Konstantinos Maniadakis, survived in cabinet for several months until the King was forced to dismiss them in accordance with a compromise with"}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "Origins of the regime", "says": "Metaxas considered António Salazar's Estado Novo of Portugal his main inspiration and surrounded himself with elements from this and other dictatorial regimes of the time."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Origins of the regime", "says": "Metaxas considered António Salazar's Estado Novo of Portugal his main inspiration and surrounded himself with elements from this and other dictatorial regimes of the time."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origins of the regime", "says": "Like his contemporaries Hitler with Führer and Mussolini with Duce, Metaxas adopted the title of Archigos, Greek for \"leader\" or \"chieftain\", and claimed that his regime had to lay the foundations for the appearance of a glorious \"Third Hellenic Civilization\" combining the best of ancient Greece and the Greek Byzantine Empire of the Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "This caused heated discussions between the two, but the reality of 1930s Europe was that Greece's security depended less on Germany than on her traditional ally and protector, the United Kingdom, which was the Great Power dominating the Eastern Mediterranean Sea with her fleet."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "In addition, Italian leader Benito Mussolini's grandiose schemes to build a new Roman Empire in the Mediterranean directly clashed with Greek pretensions to control the Aegean Sea and the Dodecanese islands (then under Italian control) and to exert stronger influence in Albania."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "As tensions and threat of war increased in Europe just before World War II, the situation was almost exactly the same as the position before World War I, when Greece had strong pro-German affinities in government, but it depended on Great Britain for its security."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "As tensions and threat of war increased in Europe just before World War II, the situation was almost exactly the same as the position before World War I, when Greece had strong pro-German affinities in government, but it depended on Great Britain for its security."}, {"id": "Q223604", "label": "Greco-Italian War", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "Metaxas indeed attempted to maintain strict neutrality, but Italian expansionism eventually led to an Italian ultimatum and to the Greco-Italian War."}, {"id": "Q2888837", "label": "Battle of Greece", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "In the meantime, Germany entered the Battle of Greece through Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on April 6, 1941."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "In the meantime, Germany entered the Battle of Greece through Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on April 6, 1941."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "In the meantime, Germany entered the Battle of Greece through Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on April 6, 1941."}, {"id": "Q707214", "label": "Alexandros Koryzis", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "Metaxas' successor Prime Minister Alexandros Koryzis, committed suicide on April 18, 1941, when the Germans approached Athens."}, {"id": "Q153316", "label": "Battle of Crete", "section": "The end of the 4th of August regime", "says": "The King and the government escaped to Crete, where they stayed until the end of the Battle of Crete."}], "Q1376731": [{"id": "Q605199", "label": "Vajji", "section": "lead", "says": "The population of Licchavi, the Licchavikas, were organised into a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), presently referred to as the Licchavi Republic, which was the leading state of the larger Vajjika League."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "lead", "says": "Gupta Emperor, Samudragupta was the son of a Licchavi princess and referred to himself as a Licchavi-Dauhitra."}, {"id": "Q335247", "label": "Buddhaghosa", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Licchavikas also had their own origin myth which was recounted in Pali sources written by the 5th century CE commentator, Buddhaghosa."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Later periods", "says": "The Licchavikas survived as a distinct political and ethnic entity for centuries after their defeat by the Māgadhīs, and they became powerful again after the disintegration of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Later periods", "says": "The Licchavikas are mentioned for the last time during the early period of the Gupta Empire, when the Licchavika princess Kumāradevī married Chandragupta I, as attested on the legends of the coinage of their son Samudragupta, who called himself Licchavi-dauhitra (\"maternal grandson of the Licchavikas\") in his inscriptions."}, {"id": "Q849802", "label": "Chandragupta I", "section": "History - Later periods", "says": "The Licchavikas are mentioned for the last time during the early period of the Gupta Empire, when the Licchavika princess Kumāradevī married Chandragupta I, as attested on the legends of the coinage of their son Samudragupta, who called himself Licchavi-dauhitra (\"maternal grandson of the Licchavikas\") in his inscriptions."}], "Q1462877": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Kaffa existed from 1390 to 1897 in what is today Ethiopia, with its first capital at Bonga."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was overrun and conquered in 1897, and it was eventually annexed by the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q887763", "label": "Sarsa Dengel", "section": "History - Conversion to Christianity", "says": "During the 16th century, the Emperor of Abyssinia Sarsa Dengel convinced the kingdom to officially accept Christianity as its state religion."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Conversion to Christianity", "says": "During the 16th century, the Emperor of Abyssinia Sarsa Dengel convinced the kingdom to officially accept Christianity as its state religion."}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - Shewan invasion", "says": "During his visit to Kaffa in 1897, Alexander Bulatovich had the opportunity to study the culture of the inhabitants, describing them in his book With the Armies of Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, identifying a number of practices in common with the more familiar Amhara people."}], "Q1520008": [{"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Neopatras (Catalan: Ducat de Neopàtria; Sicilian: Ducatu di Neopatria; Greek: Δουκάτο Νέων Πατρών; Latin: Ducatus Neopatriae) was a principality in southern Thessaly, established in 1319."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Officially part of the Kingdom of Sicily, itself part of the Crown of Aragon, the duchy was governed in conjunction with the neighbouring Duchy of Athens, it enjoyed a large degree of self-government."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Officially part of the Kingdom of Sicily, itself part of the Crown of Aragon, the duchy was governed in conjunction with the neighbouring Duchy of Athens, it enjoyed a large degree of self-government."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "lead", "says": "Officially part of the Kingdom of Sicily, itself part of the Crown of Aragon, the duchy was governed in conjunction with the neighbouring Duchy of Athens, it enjoyed a large degree of self-government."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From the mid-14th century, the duchies entered a period of decline: most of the Thessalian possessions were lost to the Serbian Empire, internal dissensions arose, along with the menace of Turkish piracy in the Aegean and the onset of Ottoman expansion in the Balkans."}], "Q1533541": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "According to this manuscript, Muhammad, the Islamic prophet, called on Bana Turmi to support him against his enemy Haibura."}, {"id": "Q332790", "label": "Leo Africanus", "section": "History - Early history (12th century to 17th century)", "says": "By the 15th century, Gobir had \"many villages inhabited by shepherds and other herdsmen\", according to Leo Africanus."}, {"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "History - Fall (19th century)", "says": "Dan Fodio responded by assembling the nomadic Fulani clans into a jihadist army, beginning the Fulani War and eventually establishing the Sokoto Caliphate."}], "Q1546773": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "It comprised the southeastern part of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan and the eastern tip of north-western Iran."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the Persian defeat in the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, the khanate was dissolved and absorbed by the Russian Empire."}], "Q1557792": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gwalior State was a state within the Maratha Empire, and, later, a princely state of the British Raj located in Central India."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gwalior State was a state within the Maratha Empire, and, later, a princely state of the British Raj located in Central India."}, {"id": "Q5228002", "label": "Daulat Scindia", "section": "lead", "says": "It took its eventual name from the old town of Gwalior, which, although not its first capital, was an important place because of its strategic location and the strength of its fort; it became later its capital after Daulat Rao Sindhia built its palace in the village of Lashkar, near the fort."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "lead", "says": "The administration of Ujjain was assigned by Peshwa Bajirao I to his faithful commander Ranoji Shinde and his Sarsenapati was Yasaji Rambhaji (Rege)."}, {"id": "Q2985337", "label": "Treaty of Salbai", "section": "History - Mahadji Sindhia (1761–1794)", "says": "In 1782 the Treaty of Salbai was made with Sindhia, the chief stipulations being that he should withdraw to Ujjain, and the British north of the Yamuna, and that he should negotiate treaties with the other belligerents."}, {"id": "Q657861", "label": "Dholpur State", "section": "History - Mahadji Sindhia (1761–1794)", "says": "Between 1782 and December 1805 Dholpur State was annexed by Gwalior."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "History - Mahadji Sindhia (1761–1794)", "says": "He was originally from the Duchy of Savoy, a native of Chambéry, who had served under Lord Clare in the famous Irish Brigade at Fontenoy and elsewhere and who after many vicissitudes, including imprisonment by the Turks, reached India and for a time held a commission in the 6th Madras Infantry."}, {"id": "Q3630499", "label": "Yashwantrao Holkar", "section": "History - Daulatrao Sindhia (1794–1827)", "says": "At this time the death of the young Peshwa, Madhav Rao II (1795), and the troubles which it occasioned, the demise of Tukaji Holkar and the rise of the Yashwantrao Holkar, together with the intrigues of Nana Fadnavis, threw the country into confusion and enabled Sindhia to gain the ascendancy."}, {"id": "Q6569426", "label": "Nana Fadnavis", "section": "History - Daulatrao Sindhia (1794–1827)", "says": "At this time the death of the young Peshwa, Madhav Rao II (1795), and the troubles which it occasioned, the demise of Tukaji Holkar and the rise of the Yashwantrao Holkar, together with the intrigues of Nana Fadnavis, threw the country into confusion and enabled Sindhia to gain the ascendancy."}, {"id": "Q2518823", "label": "Treaty of Bassein", "section": "History - Daulatrao Sindhia (1794–1827)", "says": "Finally, on 31 December 1802, the Peshwa signed the Treaty of Bassein, by which the British were recognized as the paramount power in India."}, {"id": "Q150229", "label": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "History - Madhavrao II Sindhia (1886–1925)", "says": "In 1900 the Maharaja went to China during the Boxer Rebellion, at the same time presenting a hospital ship for the accommodation of the wounded."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Jiwajirao Sindhia (1925–1948)", "says": "The rulers of Indian princely states had the choice of acceding to either of the two dominions (India and Pakistan) created by the India Independence Act 1947 or remaining outside them."}], "Q1589163": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Kotte (Sinhala: කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය, romanized: Kōṭṭē Rajadhaniya, Tamil: கோட்டை அரசு), named after its capital, Kotte, was a Sinhalese kingdom that flourished in Sri Lanka during the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q7134858", "label": "Parakramabahu VI", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Parakramabahu VI with the help of the Ming, the Kingdom managed to conquer the Jaffna kingdom and the Vanni principalities, and bring the country under one flag."}, {"id": "Q3136850", "label": "Kingdom of Sitawaka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kotte Kingdom was largely dissolved during the Sinhalese-Portuguese War, as it faced attacks from rival Sinhalese kingdoms, the Kingdom of Sitawaka and Kingdom of Kandy."}, {"id": "Q1530762", "label": "Kingdom of Kandy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kotte Kingdom was largely dissolved during the Sinhalese-Portuguese War, as it faced attacks from rival Sinhalese kingdoms, the Kingdom of Sitawaka and Kingdom of Kandy."}, {"id": "Q1709007", "label": "Portuguese Ceylon", "section": "lead", "says": "Dom João Dharmapala handed it over to the Portuguese, thus leading to the formation of Portuguese Ceylon."}], "Q17030701": [{"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tlemcen Kingdom was established after the demise of the Almohad Caliphate in 1236, and later fell under Ottoman rule in 1554."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The capital of the kingdom was Tlemcen, which lay on the primary east–west route between Morocco and Ifriqiya."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Rise to power (13th century)", "says": "Ibn Zayyan was governor of Tlemcen under the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Rise to power (13th century)", "says": "According to Ibn Khaldun, \"he was the bravest, most dreaded and honourable man of the 'Abd-la-Wadid family."}, {"id": "Q335489", "label": "Abu Yaqub Yusuf I", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "The city of Tlemcen was several times attacked or besieged by the Marinids, and large parts of the kingdom were occupied by them for several decades in the fourteenth century.The Marinid Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr besieged Tlemcen from 1299 to 1307."}, {"id": "Q324785", "label": "Abu-Yahya Abu-Bakr", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "He besieged Béjaïa and sent an army into Tunisia that defeated the Hafsid king Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II, who fled to Constantine while the Zayyanids occupied Tunis in 1325."}, {"id": "Q336990", "label": "Abu Inan Faris", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "His son, Abu Inan Faris, who had been serving as governor of Tlemcen, returned to Fez and declared that he was"}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "History - Decline (late 14th to 16th centuries)", "says": "In the late 14th and the 15th centuries, the state was increasingly weak and became intermittently a vassal of Hafsid Tunisia, Marinid Morocco, or the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Decline (late 14th to 16th centuries)", "says": "Abu Malek installed Muhammad, a Marinid prince, as a Zayyanid vassal in Fez."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "History - Decline (late 14th to 16th centuries)", "says": "Tlemcen was captured in 1551 by the Ottomans of the Regency of Algiers, led by Hassan Pasha."}], "Q1709337": [{"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "The area was integrated subsequently into the dominions of the Almoravids, and then those of the Almohads and the Marīnids."}], "Q1740529": [{"id": "Q63149558", "label": "Afsharid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Derbent Khanate or Darband Khanate was a Caucasian khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "Qajar Iran's forced ceding and end of the khanate", "says": "According to the Treaty of Gulistan, signed on October 12, 1813, in the village of Gulistan (in Karabakh) Persia was forced to cede the Khanate of Derbent to Russia."}], "Q1740542": [{"id": "Q1740529", "label": "Derbent Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered the Caspian Sea to the east, Derbent Khanate to the north, Shaki Khanate to the west, and Baku and Shirvan Khanates to the south."}, {"id": "Q1703449", "label": "Shaki Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered the Caspian Sea to the east, Derbent Khanate to the north, Shaki Khanate to the west, and Baku and Shirvan Khanates to the south."}, {"id": "Q1636212", "label": "Karabakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1755 it captured Salyan from the Karabakh Khanate."}], "Q18129046": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As the Mughal Empire declined and decentralized, local governors in Oudh began asserting greater autonomy, and eventually Oudh matured into an independent polity governing the fertile lands of the Central and Lower Doab."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "At par existed a Maratha embassy, in the Oudh court, led by the Vakil of the Peshwa, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "As regional officials asserted their autonomy in Bengal and the Deccan as well as with the rise of the Maratha Empire, the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q400807", "label": "Ahmad Shah Bahadur", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Safdar Jang went as far as to control the ruler of Delhi, putting Ahmad Shah Bahadur on the Mughal throne with the cooperation of other Mughal nobility."}, {"id": "Q642993", "label": "Shuja-ud-Daula", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The next nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula, extended Oudh's control of the Mughal emperor."}, {"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "He was appointed vazir to Shah Alam II in 1762 and offered him asylum after his failed campaigns against the British in the Bengal War."}, {"id": "Q2355467", "label": "Battle of Buxar", "section": "History - Shuja-ud-Daula", "says": "British dominance was established at the Battle of Buxar of 1764, when the East India Company defeated the alliance between the nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula and the deposed nawab of Bengal Mir Kasim."}, {"id": "Q5453768", "label": "First Rohilla War", "section": "History - Shuja-ud-Daula", "says": "Shuja-ud-Daula bought the Mughal provinces of Kora and Allahabad in the Treaty of Benares (1773) with the British (who held de facto control over the area) for 50 lakh rupees, increased the cost of Company mercenaries, and military aid in the First Rohilla War to expand Oudh as a buffer state against Maratha interests."}, {"id": "Q333994", "label": "Warren Hastings", "section": "History - Shuja-ud-Daula", "says": "Done by Warren Hastings, this move was unpopular among the rest of Company leadership, but Hastings continued a harsh policy on Oudh, justifying the military aid as a bid to strengthen Oudh's status as a buffer state against the Marathas."}, {"id": "Q3454186", "label": "Rampur State", "section": "History - Shuja-ud-Daula", "says": "At the conclusion of the First Rohilla War in 1774, Oudh gained the entirety of Rohilkhand and the Middle Doab region, only leaving the independent Rampur State as a Rohilla enclave."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Later rulers", "says": "In light of the Napoleonic Wars and British demands for greater revenue from the company, in 1801, Saadat Ali Khan II ceded the entire Rohilkhand and Lower Doab as well as the sarkar of Gorakhpur under the pressure of Lord Wellesley to the British in lieu of the annual tribute."}, {"id": "Q717960", "label": "Begum Hazrat Mahal", "section": "History - Indian Rebellion of 1857", "says": "Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Begum Hazrat Mahal, the wife of Wajid Ali Shah proclaimed their son Birjis Qadr the Wali of Awadh and ruled as regent."}, {"id": "Q627881", "label": "Siege of Cawnpore", "section": "History - Indian Rebellion of 1857", "says": "At the time of the rebellion, the British lost control of the territory; they reestablished their rule over the next eighteen months, during which time there were massacres such as those that had occurred in the course of the Siege of Cawnpore."}], "Q18285930": [{"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The first iteration of a German Empire or German Realm (German: Deutsches Reich) was a proto-state which briefly attempted, but ultimately failed, to unify the German states within the German Confederation to create a German nation-state."}, {"id": "Q93427", "label": "Archduke John of Austria", "section": "lead", "says": "The parliament elected Archduke John of Austria as its provisional head of state with the title 'Imperial Regent'."}, {"id": "Q57180", "label": "Frederick William IV of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 March 1849, its constitution was implemented and the parliament elected the king of Prussia, Frederick William IV, to be the constitutional monarch of the empire with the title 'Emperor of the Germans'."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the German Bundestag and the states never called the provisional government illegal, and during its existence, the empire was officially recognised by several foreign countries, such as the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the German Bundestag and the states never called the provisional government illegal, and during its existence, the empire was officially recognised by several foreign countries, such as the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United States."}], "Q187461": [{"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "Background", "says": "From the earliest times, Hereti came under the rule of the Caucasian Albania."}, {"id": "Q1249785", "label": "Juansher", "section": "Background", "says": "After the death of the last Iberian princes John and Juansher, the Heretian lords extended their fiefdoms and, in 787, established an independent principality (samtavro) with the capital in Shaki."}], "Q1990528": [{"id": "Q3057537", "label": "Mardavij", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, some of the soldiers and generals of the Alavids joined the Samanids, among them Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, and the three sons of Buya (Ali, Hassan and Ahmad), founders of the Buyid dynasty."}], "Q2172530": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Württemberg was a short-lived state of the Holy Roman Empire on the right bank of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q2227570", "label": "Duchy of Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1803, the Imperial diet raised the Duchy of Württemberg to an Electorate, the highest form of a princedom in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the last Emperor, Francis II, abolished de facto the empire on 6 August 1806."}], "Q2264074": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Alba (Italian: Repubblica di Alba) was a revolutionary municipality proclaimed on 26 April 1796, in Alba, Piedmont, when the town was taken by the French army."}, {"id": "Q748110", "label": "Armistice of Cherasco", "section": "lead", "says": "The municipality had a very short life of only 2 days because, with the Armistice of Cherasco on 28 April 1796, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia was given back the civil control of all Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q312681", "label": "Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia", "section": "lead", "says": "The municipality had a very short life of only 2 days because, with the Armistice of Cherasco on 28 April 1796, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia was given back the civil control of all Piedmont."}], "Q233263": [{"id": "Q489416", "label": "April Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was founded months after the April Revolution mass protests against President Syngman Rhee, succeeding the First Republic and establishing a parliamentary government under President Yun Posun and Prime Minister Chang Myon."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was founded months after the April Revolution mass protests against President Syngman Rhee, succeeding the First Republic and establishing a parliamentary government under President Yun Posun and Prime Minister Chang Myon."}, {"id": "Q186500", "label": "Chang Myon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was founded months after the April Revolution mass protests against President Syngman Rhee, succeeding the First Republic and establishing a parliamentary government under President Yun Posun and Prime Minister Chang Myon."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "lead", "says": "After thirteen months it was overthrown by the South Korean Army in the May 16 coup led by Park Chung Hee."}, {"id": "Q487687", "label": "Third Republic of South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic was replaced by a provisional military government under the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, leading to the Third Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "They proceeded to broadcast a proclamation outlining the policy objectives of the coup, including anti-communism, strengthening of ties with the United States, the elimination of political corruption, the construction of an autonomous national economy which during that time was heavily depended on aid from the United States, Korean reunification, and the removal of the present generation of politi"}], "Q2457072": [{"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "Decline of ducal power", "says": "In 976, the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto II, and the pope were the recognised suzerains of Gaeta."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "Decline of ducal power", "says": "This son, John V, ruled under the disputed regency of his grandmother Emilia."}], "Q2528503": [{"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "Sarmatia was the name given by the Romans to the region which had formerly been known to the ancient Greeks as Scythia because it had been inhabited by the Scythians."}], "Q26234937": [{"id": "Q146880", "label": "State of Syria", "section": "lead", "says": "The First Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic, was formed in 1930 as a component of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, succeeding the State of Syria."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1940 to 1941, the Syrian Republic was under the control of Vichy France, and after the Allied invasion in 1941 gradually went on the path towards independence."}, {"id": "Q146885", "label": "Second Syrian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was succeeded by the Second Syrian Republic upon the adoption of a new constitution on 5 September 1950."}, {"id": "Q4312771", "label": "Ahmad Nami", "section": "Background", "says": "On 23 December 1925, Henri de Jouvenel was appointed as French High Commissioner for Syria, and on 28 April 1926, the High Commissioner appointed Ahmad Nami as Prime Minister and Head of State, who formed a government consisting of six ministers, three of whom were nationalists, and it was agreed with the French High Commissioner on the government's work agenda made known the ten points, the most "}, {"id": "Q1337578", "label": "Ibrahim Hananu", "section": "Background", "says": "The French High Commissioner began a series of discussions in Beirut with the main Syrian national leaders Hashim al-Atassi and Ibrahim Hananu on the future constitution, which failed to reach any agreement."}, {"id": "Q146740", "label": "Jabal Druze", "section": "Background", "says": "The High Commissioner decreed an amnesty before the elections, terming it a general amnesty but excluding charges related to the great revolution and key Syrian-Lebanese nationalist leaders such as Shukri al-Quwatli, Abdel Rahman Shahbandar, Fawzi Qawukji, Ihsan Jabri (Syria), Amin Rouhaiaha and Mohamed Shureiki (Alawi region), Sultan al-Atrash (Jabal Druze), as well as Shakib Arslan, and Shaib Wh"}, {"id": "Q1968718", "label": "Great Syrian Revolt", "section": "Background", "says": "Therefore, Great Syrian Revolt leaders were unable to participate in the elections."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - The first Syrian constitution", "says": "On 11 June 1932 the Syrian Chamber of Deputies elected Muhammad 'Ali Bay al-'Abid as president, the Syrian State was renamed the Republic of Syria in July 1932."}, {"id": "Q4671489", "label": "Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence", "section": "History - Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence and the Sandjak of Alexandretta", "says": "In 1936, the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence was signed, a treaty that would not be ratified by the French legislature."}, {"id": "Q146761", "label": "Hatay State", "section": "History - Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence and the Sandjak of Alexandretta", "says": "In September 1938, France separated the Syrian Sanjak of Alexandretta, despite its territory being guaranteed as part of Syria in the treaty, and transformed it into Hatay State, which joined Turkey in June 1939."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence and the Sandjak of Alexandretta", "says": "The emerging threat of Nazi Germany induced a fear of being outflanked by it if France relinquished its colonies in the Middle East."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence and the Sandjak of Alexandretta", "says": "Riots again broke out, Atassi resigned, and Syrian independence was deferred until after World War II."}, {"id": "Q152582", "label": "Free France", "section": "History - World War II and independence", "says": "On 27 September 1941, Free France proclaimed, by virtue of, and within the framework of the Mandate, the independence and sovereignty of the Syrian State."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - World War II and independence", "says": "Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924, and only after the conclusion between the French Government and the Syrian and Lebanese Governments of treaties duly ratified in accordance with the laws of the French Republi"}, {"id": "Q59471", "label": "Adib Shishakli", "section": "History - Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–1950)", "says": "On 14–15 August 1949, Colonel Sami al-Hinnawi led the second military coup, overthrowing al‑Za'im and restoring civilian politicians under the presidency of Hashem al-Atassi before he, in turn, was ousted later that year by Colonel Adib Shishakli in a third coup."}], "Q284964": [{"id": "Q698909", "label": "King Wen of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "1053 BC), a son of King Wen of Zhou and younger brother of King Wu of Zhou."}, {"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "1053 BC), a son of King Wen of Zhou and younger brother of King Wu of Zhou."}], "Q30573": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lokot Autonomy (Russian: Ло́котское самоуправле́ние, romanized: Lókotskoye samoupravléniye) or Lokot Republic (Russian: Ло́котская республика, romanized: Lókotskaya respublika, German: Republik Lokot) was an autonomous republic in the occupied territories of the Bryansk, Oryol and Kursk Oblasts of the Soviet Union formed by German troops, specifically Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army, during World W"}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lokot Autonomy (Russian: Ло́котское самоуправле́ние, romanized: Lókotskoye samoupravléniye) or Lokot Republic (Russian: Ло́котская республика, romanized: Lókotskaya respublika, German: Republik Lokot) was an autonomous republic in the occupied territories of the Bryansk, Oryol and Kursk Oblasts of the Soviet Union formed by German troops, specifically Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army, during World W"}, {"id": "Q466228", "label": "Bronislav Kaminski", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lokot Autonomy was ruled by a Russian civil administration led by Bronislav Kaminski and Konstantin Voskoboinik."}, {"id": "Q83055", "label": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "In October 1941, the Nazi German military advanced into the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q61401", "label": "Rudolf Schmidt", "section": "History - Militia", "says": "Soon after that, the commander of the 2nd Army Generaloberst Rudolf Schmidt appointed Kaminski as the mayor of the Korück 532 centered in the township of Lokot."}, {"id": "Q57141", "label": "Günther von Kluge", "section": "History - Militia", "says": "On 19 July 1942, after the Commander of the Army Group Centre, Field Marshal Günther von Kluge gave an official approval, the Lokot administration received some degree of autonomy and nominal self-rule under the supervision of Major von Veltheim and Colonel Rübsam."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Militia", "says": "Kaminski's speeches published in the region's newspapers emphasized that Nazi Germany and Russia \"are the same.\"\nThe schools (closed after the German invasion) reopened, and a radio station and some theater groups were established in Lokot, Dmitrovsk and Sevsk Newspapers published in the Lokot Autonomy were typical of all newspapers published on Nazi-occupied Russian territories, featuring article"}], "Q3233989": [{"id": "Q3109927", "label": "Sultanate of Sambas", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lanfang Republic (Chinese: 蘭芳共和國; pinyin: Lánfāng Gònghéguó, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Làn-fông Khiung-fò-koet), also known as Lanfang Company (Chinese: 蘭芳公司; pinyin: Lánfāng Gōngsī), was a Kongsi republic in Western Borneo in the territory of Sultanate of Sambas."}], "Q3249587": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Khairpur (also transliterated as Khayrpur) was a princely state of British India on the Indus River in northern Sindh locally known as the Uttrad Region, modern Pakistan, with its capital city at Khairpur."}], "Q337767": [{"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The city is notable for its identification with the archaeological site of Troy, and thus its potential connection to the legendary Trojan War."}], "Q372199": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Albania was a period in Albanian history within the Ottoman Empire, from the Ottoman conquest in the late 15th century to the Albanian declaration of Independence and official secession from the Ottoman Empire in 1912."}, {"id": "Q2603935", "label": "Battle of Savra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ottomans first entered Albania in 1385 upon the invitation of the Albanian noble Karl Thopia to suppress the forces of the noble Balša II during the Battle of Savra."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sanjak of Albania was established in 1420 or 1430 controlling mostly central Albania, while Ottoman rule became more consolidated in 1481, after the fall of Shkodra and League of Lezhe with the country (including  areas of today's Kosovo, Montenegro \nand Macedonia) being mostly free in the period of 1443–1481."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sanjak of Albania was established in 1420 or 1430 controlling mostly central Albania, while Ottoman rule became more consolidated in 1481, after the fall of Shkodra and League of Lezhe with the country (including  areas of today's Kosovo, Montenegro \nand Macedonia) being mostly free in the period of 1443–1481."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The term used in Ottoman sources for the country was Arnavudluk (Ottoman Turkish: آرناوودلق), including areas such as present-day Albania, Kosovo, western North Macedonia, southern Serbia, southern Montenegro and parts of northern Greece."}, {"id": "Q1396923", "label": "Jovan Kastriot", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1431, many Albanian princes including Gjergj Arianiti, Zenevisi family, Andrea Thopia and Gjon Kastrioti started a war against the Ottoman Empire which resulted in a defeat of Kastrioti, but victory in four battles for Arianiti and a victory for Thopia."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "These victories opened the way for the coming of Skanderbeg in 1443 in Krujë."}, {"id": "Q463876", "label": "Lekë Dukagjini", "section": "lead", "says": "Independence for most of the Albanian regions was maintained during 1443–1479, with the uprising under the lead of Skanderbeg, that together with other Albanian nobles such Gjergj Arianiti, Andrea Thopia and Lekë Dukagjini, achieved remarkable result of more than thirty victories against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q3301817", "label": "Gjergj Arianiti", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Gjirokastra became the county town of the Sanjak of Albania in 1420. and then Kruja was established as the center of Sanjak of Albania after Gjergj Arianiti defeated the Ottomans between 1431 and 1435."}, {"id": "Q131394", "label": "Murad II", "section": "History - Albanian resistance", "says": "In 1450, the Albanians routed Sultan Murad II himself."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Albanian resistance", "says": "Later, they repulsed attacks led by Sultan Mehmed II in 1466 and 1467."}, {"id": "Q60489", "label": "Albanian–Venetian War", "section": "History - Albanian resistance", "says": "Albanians also defeated Venice in 1449 in 3 battles in Albanian–Venetian War."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - 16th–17th centuries", "says": "Some of the most prominent Albanians during Ottoman rule were: George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, Ballaban Badera, Koca Davud Pasha, Hamza Kastrioti, Iljaz Hoxha, Dukaginzade Ahmed Pasha, Murat Reis the Elder, Arnaut Mami, Koca Sinan Pasha, Nezim Frakulla, Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, Ali Pasha, Sulejman Bargjini, Omer Vrioni, Patrona Halil, Haxhi Shehreti, Ali Pasha of Gucia, Ibrahim Pasha of Berat, Köprülü F"}, {"id": "Q1080711", "label": "Ottoman–Hungarian Wars", "section": "History - 16th–17th centuries", "says": "Albanians also played a crucial role during the Ottoman–Venetian Wars, Ottoman–Hungarian Wars and Ottoman–Habsburg wars before gaining Independence."}], "Q3765117": [{"id": "Q708370", "label": "Pulakeshi II", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Badami ruler Pulakeshin II (609–642 CE) conquered the Vengi region in eastern Deccan, after defeating the remnants of the Vishnukundina dynasty."}, {"id": "Q731884", "label": "Vishnuvardhana", "section": "Origin", "says": "He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana the governor of this newly acquired territory in 624 A.D."}, {"id": "Q7929259", "label": "Vijayaditya", "section": "Origin", "says": "Their descendant Vijayaditya was killed in a battle with Trilochana Pallava, during an expedition in Dakshinapatha (Deccan)."}], "Q391189": [{"id": "Q701449", "label": "Shi Lang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing dynasty sent an army led by General Shi Lang to defeat the Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning in 1683."}, {"id": "Q152855", "label": "Kingdom of Tungning", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qing dynasty sent an army led by General Shi Lang to defeat the Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning in 1683."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan with the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895, following the Qing dynasty's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "lead", "says": "Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan with the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895, following the Qing dynasty's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan with the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895, following the Qing dynasty's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q276656", "label": "Battle of Penghu", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "After the defeat of the Kingdom of Tungning at the Battle of Penghu in 1683, the 13-year ruler Zheng Keshuang surrendered to the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q84015", "label": "Zheng Keshuang", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "After the defeat of the Kingdom of Tungning at the Battle of Penghu in 1683, the 13-year ruler Zheng Keshuang surrendered to the Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "History - Annexation", "says": "The Kangxi Emperor celebrated the defeat of the Ming loyalist regime in Taiwan which had troubled the Qing for decades."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Expansion in reaction to crises (1875–1895)", "says": "Agencies for recruiting settlers were established on the coastal mainland and in Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q706183", "label": "Sino-French War", "section": "History - Expansion in reaction to crises (1875–1895)", "says": "The Sino-French War broke on in 1883 and the French occupied Keelung in northern Taiwan in 1884."}, {"id": "Q707594", "label": "Liu Mingchuan", "section": "History - Expansion in reaction to crises (1875–1895)", "says": "Efforts to settle in aboriginal territories were renewed under the governance of Liu Mingchuan, the Fujian governor and Taiwan defense commissioner."}, {"id": "Q698065", "label": "Fuk'anggan", "section": "History - Lin Shuangwen", "says": "In 1788, a fresh force of 10,000 Qing troops led by Fuk'anggan and Hailanqa were sent to Taiwan."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Lin Shuangwen", "says": "The Qianlong Emperor gave Zhuluo County its modern name Chiayi (lit. commendable righteousness) for resisting the rebels."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - Maurice Benyovszky", "says": "Slovakia born Maurice Benyovszky is possibly the first European to land on Taiwan's east coast, but it is uncertain whether the events surrounding his landing actually occurred."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Opium War", "says": "William Huttman wrote to Lord Palmerston pointing out \"China’s benign rule over Taiwan and the strategic and commercial importance of the island.\" He suggested that Taiwan could be occupied with only a warship and less than 1,500 troops, and the English would be able to spread Christianity among the natives as well as develop trade."}, {"id": "Q191282", "label": "First Opium War", "section": "History - Opium War", "says": "In 1841, during the First Opium War, the British tried to scale the heights around the harbor of Keelung three times but failed."}, {"id": "Q378517", "label": "Li Hongzhang", "section": "History - Japanese expedition", "says": "Chinese diplomat Li Hongzhang rejected the claim that the murder of Ryukyuans had anything to do with Japan once he learned of Japan's aspirations."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Japanese expedition", "says": "The Qing argued that like in many other countries, the administration of the government did not stretch to every part of a country, similar to the Indian territories in the United States or aboriginal territories in Australia and New Zealand, a view Le Gendre also took before his employment by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Japanese expedition", "says": "The Qing argued that like in many other countries, the administration of the government did not stretch to every part of a country, similar to the Indian territories in the United States or aboriginal territories in Australia and New Zealand, a view Le Gendre also took before his employment by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Japanese expedition", "says": "The Qing argued that like in many other countries, the administration of the government did not stretch to every part of a country, similar to the Indian territories in the United States or aboriginal territories in Australia and New Zealand, a view Le Gendre also took before his employment by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q16851850", "label": "Keelung Campaign", "section": "History - Sino-French War", "says": "During the Sino-French War, the French invaded Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign in 1884."}, {"id": "Q482156", "label": "Amédée Courbet", "section": "History - Sino-French War", "says": "On 1 October, Amédée Courbet landed with 2,250 French forces and defeated a smaller Chinese force, though equipped with Krupp guns, capturing Keelung."}, {"id": "Q319881", "label": "Republic of Formosa", "section": "History - End of Qing rule", "says": "The pro-Qing officials and elements of the local gentry declared an independent Republic of Formosa in 1895 and attempted to forestall Japanese annexation by appealing to Western intervention, especially France and Britain, but failed to win international recognition."}, {"id": "Q709550", "label": "Liu Yongfu", "section": "History - Resistance against Japanese annexation", "says": "In the south, a small Black Flag force led by Liu Yongfu delayed Japanese landings."}, {"id": "Q701499", "label": "Tang Jingsong", "section": "History - Resistance against Japanese annexation", "says": "Governor Tang Jingsong attempted to carry out anti-Japanese resistance efforts as the Republic of Formosa, however he still professed to be a Qing loyalist."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Resistance against Japanese annexation", "says": "The Republic, established on 25 May, disappeared 12 days later when its leaders left for the mainland."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Resistance against Japanese annexation", "says": "Luo Fuxing, a member of the Tongmenghui organization preceding the Kuomintang, was arrested and executed along with two hundred of his comrades in 1913."}], "Q4332415": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The Oirats were one of the forest peoples who lived in west of the Mongols of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "They submitted to Genghis in 1207 and played prominent roles in the history of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1409, the Yongle Emperor (r."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "Background", "says": "The Oirats began to challenge the Borjigin Emperors of the Northern Yuan in the reign of Elbeg Khan (c."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "Decline", "says": "Esen's son Amasanj moved west, pillaging the lands of Hami, Moghulistan and the Uzbegs."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "Decline", "says": "However, the Khalkhas and some princes of southwest Inner Mongolia repeatedly launched massive attacks on the Oirats and looted their properties in the Irtysh, Barkol and Altai from 1552 to 1628."}, {"id": "Q4210248", "label": "Kalmyk Khanate", "section": "Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate", "says": "They colonized the Volga Delta and occupied whole steppes north of the Caspian, establishing the Kalmyk Khanate."}, {"id": "Q491106", "label": "Khanate of Khiva", "section": "Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate", "says": "The Kalmyks plundered the Khanate of Khiva from 1603 to 1670."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate", "says": "The Kalmyk Khanate proved good allies to the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q1333775", "label": "Güshi Khan", "section": "Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate", "says": "The Khoshut Güshi Khan went to Qinghai (Koke Nuur) in 1636."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate", "says": "The Khoshut Khanate defeated the enemy of the Dalai Lama and Güshi Khan appointed his son ruler of Tibet."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate", "says": "But the majority of the Choros with the Dorbets and the Khoits settled in the region of the Black Irtysh, the Urungu, the Imil, and the Ili, forming the Dzungar Khanate."}], "Q5177890": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Luxembourg (French: Luxembourg; Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q469856", "label": "Siegfried of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "It arose from medieval Lucilinburhuc (\"Little Fortress\") Castle in the present-day City of Luxembourg, purchased by Siegfried, Count of the Ardennes in 963."}, {"id": "Q122293", "label": "House of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Luxembourg, a cadet branch of the Dukes of Limburg, became one of the most important political forces of the 14th century, contending with the House of Habsburg for supremacy in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Luxembourg, a cadet branch of the Dukes of Limburg, became one of the most important political forces of the 14th century, contending with the House of Habsburg for supremacy in the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q570740": [{"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Legnica (Polish: Księstwo Legnickie, Czech: Lehnické knížectví) or Duchy of Liegnitz (German: Herzogtum Liegnitz) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, formed during the fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies, ruled by a local line of the Piast dynasty between 1248 and 1675."}, {"id": "Q684501", "label": "Duchy of Głogów", "section": "History - Establishment within Poland", "says": "Furthermore, he came into conflict with his younger brother Konrad, who, originally predestined for an ecclesiastical career as Bishop of Passau, also demanded his distributive share and had to be paid off by Bolesław with the newly created Duchy of Głogów in 1251."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - Establishment within Poland", "says": "Nevertheless, Bolesław's son Henry V the Fat, who succeeded his father in 1278, was able to enlarge the duchy's territories by defeating his cousin Henry Probus, Duke of Wrocław, and, with support of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia succeeded him as duke in 1290."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Establishment within Poland", "says": "Nevertheless, Bolesław's son Henry V the Fat, who succeeded his father in 1278, was able to enlarge the duchy's territories by defeating his cousin Henry Probus, Duke of Wrocław, and, with support of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia succeeded him as duke in 1290."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - Establishment within Poland", "says": "In 1303 Bolesław III was betrothed to Wenceslaus' daughter Margaret and to no avail tried to follow the extinct Přemyslid dynasty on the Bohemian throne in 1306."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Establishment within Poland", "says": "He was not able to retain the united duchy and in 1311 Lower Silesia was split again, with Wrocław going to his younger brother Henry VI the Good."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Establishment within Poland", "says": "Even Bolesław's rule over Legnica was contested by his brother Władysław and in 1329 he had to pay homage to the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg to secure his reign."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "When in 1419 the Legnica branch of the Silesian Piasts became extinct with the death of Duke Wenceslaus II, the duchy was inherited by Duke Louis II of Brzeg."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "As Louis himself had no male heirs, Legnica was annexed as a ceased fief by the Bohemian king Sigismund in 1436."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "Eventually, in 1455 the duchy was inherited by Frederick I, the son of Louis' daughter Hedwig, who was officially enfeoffed by King Matthias Corvinus in 1469."}, {"id": "Q606974", "label": "Duchy of Brzeg", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "Frederick's son Frederick II, Duke from 1499, again inherited the Duchy of Brzeg in 1520."}, {"id": "Q686971", "label": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "This led to conflict when, after the death of the Bohemian King Louis II at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Lands of the Bohemian Crown including the Legnica fief were incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy of the Catholic king Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "This led to conflict when, after the death of the Bohemian King Louis II at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Lands of the Bohemian Crown including the Legnica fief were incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy of the Catholic king Ferdinand."}, {"id": "Q506527", "label": "Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "In turn, Duke Frederick II signed an inheritance pact with the Hohenzollern elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg, a cousin of his second wife Sophia."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "The struggles continued, though the duchy was officially guaranteed freedom of religion by the 1648 Peace of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q152727", "label": "Frederick William of Brandenburg", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "After the death of the last Piast duke, George William, in 1675, Legnica passed to the direct rule of the Habsburg emperor Leopold I, despite claims raised by Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg referring to the inheritance pact in 1537."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "For the Prussian king Frederick the Great, the old dispute was a pretext to justify his campaign during the First Silesian War: in 1742 most of Silesia including Legnica was occupied by the Prussian Army after Empress Maria Theresa's defeat in the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "For the Prussian king Frederick the Great, the old dispute was a pretext to justify his campaign during the First Silesian War: in 1742 most of Silesia including Legnica was occupied by the Prussian Army after Empress Maria Theresa's defeat in the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "For the Prussian king Frederick the Great, the old dispute was a pretext to justify his campaign during the First Silesian War: in 1742 most of Silesia including Legnica was occupied by the Prussian Army after Empress Maria Theresa's defeat in the War of the Austrian Succession."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "History - As a Bohemian fiefdom", "says": "Countess Auguste von Harrach became the Princess of Liegnitz after her marriage in 1824 to King Frederick William III of Prussi"}], "Q650370": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Baden-Durlach was an early modern territory of the Holy Roman Empire, in the upper Rhine valley, which existed from 1535 to 1771."}, {"id": "Q560771", "label": "Margraviate of Baden-Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "The other half of the territory became the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, located between the two halves of Baden-Durlach."}, {"id": "Q661764", "label": "Battle of Wimpfen", "section": "lead", "says": "Baden-Durlach occupied Baden-Baden from 1594 to 1622, but was driven out after being defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen, during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Baden-Durlach occupied Baden-Baden from 1594 to 1622, but was driven out after being defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen, during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)."}, {"id": "Q15053704", "label": "Coalition Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The reunified territory was caught up in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, emerging in 1806 as the Grand Duchy of Baden."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "The reunified territory was caught up in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, emerging in 1806 as the Grand Duchy of Baden."}], "Q703919": [{"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was founded by Ngô Quyền, who led the Vietnamese forces in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River against the Chinese Southern Han dynasty in 938."}], "Q727710": [{"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Tabalian campaign of Shalmaneser III", "says": "During this campaign, Shalmaneser III crossed the Anti-Taurus Mountains, invaded the lands of the Tabalian king Tuwattis I and destroyed the settlements in his kingdom, forcing the latter to flee to his capital of Artulu."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "Some time before 738 BC, Tuwattis II, along with the kings Warpalawas II of Tuwana and Ašḫiti of Atuna, offered tribute to Tiglath-pileser III; Tabal's tribute to the Neo-Assyrian Empire at this time consisted of horses, oxen and sheep."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Between Phrygia and Assyria", "says": "Shalmaneser V's successor, Sargon II (r."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - End", "says": "In 705 BCE, Sargon II campaigned against the Cimmerians in Tabal but he died in battle against one Gurdî of Kulummu, ending Neo-Assyrian direct rule there, with the Tabalian region consequently becoming independent again while also becoming destabilised and vulnerable to the attacks of the Cimmerians."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - End", "says": "And after Sargon II's son and successor, Sennacherib, had attacked Gurdî at Til-Garimmu but failed to capture him, the Neo-Assyrian Empire instead became limited to protecting its newly reduced borders running from Que to Melid to Ḫarran."}], "Q728803": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kohistan District (Urdu: کوہستان) was a district within the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan."}], "Q774783": [{"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (Dutch, old spelling: Souverein Vorstendom der Vereenigde Nederlanden) was a short-lived sovereign principality and the precursor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which it was reunited with the Southern Netherlands in 1815."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was proclaimed in 1813 when the victors of the Napoleonic Wars established a political reorganisation of Europe, which would eventually be defined by the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was proclaimed in 1813 when the victors of the Napoleonic Wars established a political reorganisation of Europe, which would eventually be defined by the Congress of Vienna."}], "Q797579": [{"id": "Q1557298", "label": "Soran Emirate", "section": "Origins", "says": "Information on the relations between Baban and the Soran Emirate up to 1596 exist in Sharafnama, which also mentioned that Pîr Budek Beg was the founder of the dynasty in the early 16th-century."}], "Q855044": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a tributary state within the Maratha Empire  during the 18th century (1737–1818), a princely state with rights to a 19-gun salute in a subsidiary alliance with British India from 1818 to 1947, and an independent state from 1947 to 1949."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was founded in 1707 by Dost Mohammad Khan, a Pashtun soldier in the Mughal army, who became a mercenary after the Emperor Aurangzeb's death and annexed several territories to his fiefdom."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1737, Marathas under the leadership of Peshwa Baji Rao I, defeated the forces of the Mughals and the Nawab of Bhopal in the Battle of Bhopal."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Following the victory of the Marathas, Bhopal came under the suzerainty of the Maratha Empire as a semi-autonomous state and remained so until the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The state became a British protectorate in 1818 after the Third Anglo-Maratha War and was ruled by the Orakzai descendants of Dost Mohammad Khan until 1949, when it was annexed by the Dominion of India after a popular revolt against the ruling dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1362209", "label": "First Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "In 1778, during the First Anglo-Maratha War, when the British General Thomas Goddard campaigned across India, Bhopal was one of the few states that reached out to the British."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - Early rulers", "says": "Bhopal remained a friend of British Government during the British Raj in India."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - Indian Rebellion of 1857", "says": "During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Bhopal state sided with the East India Company, as per the treaty of 1818."}, {"id": "Q181878", "label": "Rani Lakshmibai", "section": "History - Indian Rebellion of 1857", "says": "The rebels maintained contacts with Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Tatya Tope, the Nawab of Tonk, Nawab of Banda and others."}, {"id": "Q983579", "label": "Tatya Tope", "section": "History - Indian Rebellion of 1857", "says": "The rebels maintained contacts with Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Tatya Tope, the Nawab of Tonk, Nawab of Banda and others."}, {"id": "Q127369", "label": "Bahadur Shah Zafar", "section": "History - Indian Rebellion of 1857", "says": "They also acknowledged Bahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of India, and sent offerings to Delhi in form of horses and cash."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Shah Jahan Begum", "says": "Sikander Begum's successor Shah Jahan Begum (begum 1844–60, Sikandar Begum being regent; ruled 1868–1901) was quite passionate about architecture, like her Mughal namesake emperor Shah Jahan."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - After Indian independence", "says": "An active member of the independence movement, Hamidullah Khan was a delegate at the Round Table Conference from 1930 to 1932, an active member of the All-India Muslim League, and a close political ally of Muhammad Ali Jinnah."}, {"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "History - After Indian independence", "says": "Bhopal, along with Hyderabad and Travancore, became one of the Indian princely states which officially refused to join either the Dominion of India or the Dominion of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "History - After Indian independence", "says": "Bhopal, along with Hyderabad and Travancore, became one of the Indian princely states which officially refused to join either the Dominion of India or the Dominion of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q842931", "label": "East Pakistan", "section": "History - After Indian independence", "says": "As a Muslim ruler in Central India, Hamidullah Khan opposed the Partition of India, in part because he feared it would marginalise Muslims outside West or East Pakistan, and instead sought regional Muslim autonomy within India."}, {"id": "Q332157", "label": "Shankar Dayal Sharma", "section": "History - After Indian independence", "says": "Agitations against the Nawab broke out in December 1948, leading to the arrest of prominent leaders including Bhai Ratan Kumar Gupta and Shankar Dayal Sharma, the future president of India on 5 & 6 January 1949 respectively."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - After Indian independence", "says": "Sindhi refugees from Pakistan were accommodated in Bairagarh, a western suburb of Bhopal."}], "Q862404": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Hobyo (Somali: Saldanadda Hobyo, Arabic: سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia, was a 19th-century Somali Sultanate in present-day central and northeastern Somalia, and eastern Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q8061928", "label": "Yusuf Ali Kenadid", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established between the 1870s and 1884 by Yusuf Ali Kenadid."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1889, it became a protectorate of Italy and was eventually after the Campaign of the Sultanates, integrated into the colony of Italian Somaliland in 1927."}, {"id": "Q2257830", "label": "Majeerteen Sultanate", "section": "History - Rise of the Sultanate", "says": "Initially, Yusuf Ali Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "History - Italian invasion and Omar Samatars Rebellion", "says": "The rebellion soon spilled over the borders into the Benadir and Western Somaliland, and Omar grew increasingly powerful."}], "Q862518": [{"id": "Q862532", "label": "Ajuuraan state", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by the Geledi leader Ibrahim Adeer, who had defeated various vassals of the Ajuran Sultanate and elevated the Gobroon to wield significant political power."}, {"id": "Q506193", "label": "Said bin Sultan Al Busaidi", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Mahamud Ibrahim's consolidation, the dynasty reached its apex under Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, who successfully modernized the Geledi economy and eliminated regional threats with the Conquest of Bardera in 1843, and would go on to receive tribute from Said bin Sultan, the ruler of the Omani Empire."}, {"id": "Q22684779", "label": "Omani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Mahamud Ibrahim's consolidation, the dynasty reached its apex under Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, who successfully modernized the Geledi economy and eliminated regional threats with the Conquest of Bardera in 1843, and would go on to receive tribute from Said bin Sultan, the ruler of the Omani Empire."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultanate was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland in 1911."}, {"id": "Q3028531", "label": "Suleyman", "section": "History - The Bimaal", "says": "The first documented conflict between the Geledi and Bimaal Somali clans would be the Battle of Adaddey Suleyman."}], "Q1054910": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Piedmontese Republic (Italian: Repubblica Piemontese) was a revolutionary provisional government established in Turin between 1798 and 1799 on the territory of Piedmont during its military rule by the French First Republic."}, {"id": "Q219817", "label": "French Directory", "section": "History - Republic of Alba", "says": "However, Bonaparte ignored their pleas, and wrote to the French Directory that the Piedmontese people were not politically ready, and that 'you should not count on a revolution in Piedmont.' French military commanders at the time had no interest in this project of an Italian sister republic, and it already ended on 28 April 1796 with the Armistice of Cherasco, which gave most of Piedmont (occupyin"}, {"id": "Q748110", "label": "Armistice of Cherasco", "section": "History - Republic of Alba", "says": "However, Bonaparte ignored their pleas, and wrote to the French Directory that the Piedmontese people were not politically ready, and that 'you should not count on a revolution in Piedmont.' French military commanders at the time had no interest in this project of an Italian sister republic, and it already ended on 28 April 1796 with the Armistice of Cherasco, which gave most of Piedmont (occupyin"}, {"id": "Q2264074", "label": "Republic of Alba", "section": "History - Republic of Alba", "says": "The ultrashort-lived Republic of Alba would serve as the later Piedmontese Republic's predecessor."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Piedmontese revolt", "says": "When Napoleon conquered the neighbouring Republic of Genoa in June 1797 and turned it into the pro-French Ligurian Republic, democratic revolutionaries inside Piedmont began agitating for the overthrow of the Sardinian monarchy."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - Piedmontese revolt", "says": "When Napoleon conquered the neighbouring Republic of Genoa in June 1797 and turned it into the pro-French Ligurian Republic, democratic revolutionaries inside Piedmont began agitating for the overthrow of the Sardinian monarchy."}, {"id": "Q659312", "label": "Ligurian Republic", "section": "History - Piedmontese revolt", "says": "When Napoleon conquered the neighbouring Republic of Genoa in June 1797 and turned it into the pro-French Ligurian Republic, democratic revolutionaries inside Piedmont began agitating for the overthrow of the Sardinian monarchy."}, {"id": "Q128743", "label": "Barthélémy Catherine Joubert", "section": "History - French conquest", "says": "In early July 1798, France intervened in favour of its Ligurian sister republic, and conquered Piedmont in the course of the following months under the leadership of Barthélemy Catherine Joubert."}, {"id": "Q175544", "label": "Carlo Emanuele IV of Sardinia", "section": "History - French conquest", "says": "King Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy signed a document of abdication on 8 December 1798, which also ordered his former subjects to recognise French laws and his troops to obey the orders of the French high command."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Some Piedmontese Jacobins favoured the development of an independent Piedmontese Republic, others wanted to unite it with the Ligurian or Cisalpine Republic, and still others including Ranza argued that the inhabitants would be best off as citizens of the French Republic rather than as citizens of a French satellite state occupied by foreign troops."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In September 1798, British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger argued to grant Piedmont to Austria as a reward for its participation in the upcoming war, and to act as a barrier to French expansionism in Italy."}, {"id": "Q645719", "label": "House of Habsburg-Lorraine", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In November, Foreign Secretary William Grenville added to this that Austria would get all of Piedmont, the king of Sardinia would be compensated with Tuscany and the Papal Legations (Romagna), while the Grand Duke of Tuscany (from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) would be made ruler of the Netherlands instead."}, {"id": "Q15189", "label": "Paul I of Russia", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "However, Tsar Paul I of Russia preferred to restore Piedmont to Sardinia to check Vienna's purported territorial greed."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "By December 1798 and January 1799, the Russians and British agreed on several war aims, including the reduction of France to its pre-Revolution borders, and the restoration of the pope to the Papal States and king of Sardinia to Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q154232", "label": "Alexander Suvorov", "section": "History - Second Coalition occupation", "says": "During the Italian and Swiss expedition, the Austro–Russian troops commanded by Marshal Alexander Suvorov entered Piedmont in May 1799, and occupied Turin on 26 May 1799."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "History - Second Coalition occupation", "says": "Following instructions given to him by Paul I, without the knowledge or consent of Austria, 'Suvorov issued proclamations calling on the Piedmontese people and army to rise and serve under him (Suvorov) in the name for their king, Charles Emmanuel,' who was still on the island of Sardinia."}, {"id": "Q1088879", "label": "Battle of Trebbia", "section": "History - Second Coalition occupation", "says": "The Austro–Russian troops defeated the Franco-Polish forces under Macdonald and Dąbrowski in the Battle of Trebbia (17–20 June 1799), affirming their hold of Piedmont."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Second Coalition occupation", "says": "Thugut denounced Suvorov's declarations and subjected Suvorov to his control through the Hofkriegsrat instead of Suvorov being only responsible to Emperor Francis II personally."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Second Coalition occupation", "says": "The issue of what to do with Piedmont led to rising tensions inside the Second Coalition, and was one of the reasons for the fatal Austrian decision to order the army of Archduke Charles out of Switzerland and into the middle Rhine area in July 1799."}, {"id": "Q233426", "label": "Second Battle of Zurich", "section": "History - Second Coalition occupation", "says": "That move is commonly regarded by historians as '[triggering] a series of military and political disasters' which would lead to the decisive French victory in the Second Battle of Zurich, motivate Russia to withdraw from the Coalition, force Austria and then the other allies to sign separate piece treaties with France and thus lead to the de"}, {"id": "Q302454", "label": "Subalpine Republic", "section": "History - Subalpine Republic", "says": "Although the Piedmontese Republic was briefly reincorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia on paper, one year later, it was reestablished as the Subalpine Republic, after Napoleon took back all of northern Italy after the victorious Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800)."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "History - Subalpine Republic", "says": "Although the Piedmontese Republic was briefly reincorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia on paper, one year later, it was reestablished as the Subalpine Republic, after Napoleon took back all of northern Italy after the victorious Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800)."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "History - Subalpine Republic", "says": "The Subalpine Republic lasted until 11 September 1802, when it was divided between the French Republic and the Italian Republic."}, {"id": "Q175250", "label": "Vittorio Emanuele I of Sardinia", "section": "History - Subalpine Republic", "says": "Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated again in 1802 – this time freely – in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I, as he had no children to succeed him."}], "Q10921634": [{"id": "Q1333775", "label": "Güshi Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Based in modern Qinghai, it was founded by Güshi Khan in 1642 after defeating the opponents of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet."}, {"id": "Q17500081", "label": "Ganden Phodrang", "section": "lead", "says": "The 5th Dalai Lama established a civil administration known as Ganden Phodrang with the aid of Güshi Khan."}, {"id": "Q310453", "label": "Shunzhi Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "Güshi Khan accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Qing dynasty in 1654, when seal of authority and golden sheets were granted by the Shunzhi Emperor."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Oirats", "says": "Their leader, Quduqa Bäki, submitted to Genghis Khan in 1208 and his house intermarried with all four branches of the Genghisid line."}, {"id": "Q3100718", "label": "Genghisid", "section": "History - Oirats", "says": "Their leader, Quduqa Bäki, submitted to Genghis Khan in 1208 and his house intermarried with all four branches of the Genghisid line."}, {"id": "Q16871984", "label": "Toluid Civil War", "section": "History - Oirats", "says": "During the Toluid Civil War, the Four Oirat (Choros, Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoid) sided with Ariq Böke and therefore never accepted Kublaid rule."}, {"id": "Q470293", "label": "Ariq Böke", "section": "History - Oirats", "says": "During the Toluid Civil War, the Four Oirat (Choros, Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoid) sided with Ariq Böke and therefore never accepted Kublaid rule."}, {"id": "Q8985", "label": "Jorightu Khan Yesüder", "section": "History - Oirats", "says": "After the Yuan dynasty's collapse, the Oirats supported the Ariq Bökid Jorightu Khan Yesüder in seizing the Northern Yuan throne."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "History - Oirats", "says": "After the Yuan dynasty's collapse, the Oirats supported the Ariq Bökid Jorightu Khan Yesüder in seizing the Northern Yuan throne."}, {"id": "Q9263", "label": "Esen Taishi", "section": "History - Oirats", "says": "The Oirats held sway over the Northern Yuan khans until the death of Esen Taishi in 1455, after which they migrated west due to Khalkha Mongol aggression."}, {"id": "Q2042532", "label": "Donyo", "section": "History - Güshi (1642-1655)", "says": "In the winter of 1640-1641, Güshi crushed the king of Beri, Donyo Dorje, and then the ruler of Tsangpa, Karma Tenkyong, in 1642."}, {"id": "Q4340725", "label": "Ochirtu Khan", "section": "History - Ochirtu", "says": "Ochirtu Khan, a nephew of Güshi Khan, aided Sengge, the son and successor of Erdeni Batur in 1653 against his half brothers, resulting in Sengge's victory in 1661."}, {"id": "Q743749", "label": "Erdeni Batur", "section": "History - Ochirtu", "says": "Ochirtu Khan, a nephew of Güshi Khan, aided Sengge, the son and successor of Erdeni Batur in 1653 against his half brothers, resulting in Sengge's victory in 1661."}, {"id": "Q1395045", "label": "Galdan Boshugtu Khan", "section": "History - Ochirtu", "says": "Ochirtu aided Sengge's younger brother, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, in defeating Chechen and Zotov."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "History - Lhazang (1703-1717)", "says": "According to Peter Schwieger, Lhazang sought the support of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, who requested that he send the 6th Dalai Lama to Beijing."}], "Q10921952": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kumul Khanate was a semi-autonomous feudal Turco-Mongol khanate (equivalent to a banner in Mongolia) within the Qing dynasty and then the Republic of China until it was abolished by Xinjiang governor Jin Shuren in 1930."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kumul Khanate was a semi-autonomous feudal Turco-Mongol khanate (equivalent to a banner in Mongolia) within the Qing dynasty and then the Republic of China until it was abolished by Xinjiang governor Jin Shuren in 1930."}, {"id": "Q714731", "label": "Jin Shuren", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kumul Khanate was a semi-autonomous feudal Turco-Mongol khanate (equivalent to a banner in Mongolia) within the Qing dynasty and then the Republic of China until it was abolished by Xinjiang governor Jin Shuren in 1930."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The khans of Kumul were direct descendants of the khans of the Chagatai Khanate, and thus the last descendants of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The khans of Kumul were direct descendants of the khans of the Chagatai Khanate, and thus the last descendants of the Mongol Empire."}], "Q1099731": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Oghuz tribes occupied a vast territory in Kazakhstan along the Irgiz, Yaik, Emba, and Uil rivers, the Aral Sea area, the Syr Darya valley, the foothills of the Karatau Mountains in Tien-Shan, and the Chui River valley (see map)."}, {"id": "Q287479", "label": "Istakhri", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Despite the similarity in name, Golden contends that the Toquz Oghuz (Chinese: 九姓 Jĭu Xìng \"Nine Surnames\"), from whom emerged the Uyghurs, were not the same people as the Oghuz who founded the Oghuz Yabgu state in Transoxiana. because Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned \"the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Despite the similarity in name, Golden contends that the Toquz Oghuz (Chinese: 九姓 Jĭu Xìng \"Nine Surnames\"), from whom emerged the Uyghurs, were not the same people as the Oghuz who founded the Oghuz Yabgu state in Transoxiana. because Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned \"the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq"}, {"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Despite the similarity in name, Golden contends that the Toquz Oghuz (Chinese: 九姓 Jĭu Xìng \"Nine Surnames\"), from whom emerged the Uyghurs, were not the same people as the Oghuz who founded the Oghuz Yabgu state in Transoxiana. because Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned \"the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq"}, {"id": "Q185488", "label": "Volga Bulgaria", "section": "History - Political history", "says": "In 985 the alliance with Kievan Rus defeated Volga Bulgaria, which increased the political power of the Oghuz State."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Political history", "says": "In 1041 Shahmalik Yabgu conquered Khorezm from the Ghaznavids, but two years later he was captured by the Seljuk forces and executed."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "History - Political history", "says": "This migrating group became, in time, the Seljuk Empire."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "History - Political history", "says": "In 1025, a part of the Seljuks settled in the territory of the modern Turkmenistan, centered on the city of Nysa."}], "Q1209047": [{"id": "Q1319152", "label": "Hồ Quý Ly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hồ dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ, chữ Nôm: 茹胡; Vietnamese: triều Hồ, chữ Hán: 朝胡, Chinese characters: 胡朝), officially Đại Ngu (Vietnamese: Đại Ngu; chữ Hán:  大虞), was a short-lived Vietnamese dynasty consisting of the reigns of two monarchs, Hồ Quý Ly and his second son, Hồ Hán Thương."}], "Q1210368": [{"id": "Q715590", "label": "Tanggu Truce", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tanggu Truce was signed in Tanggu."}], "Q1307407": [{"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Tiwanaku was once thought to be an expansive military empire, based mostly on comparisons to the later Inca Empire."}], "Q1317579": [{"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Its monarchy was abolished after it was added to the Malayan Union but was restored and added to the Malayan Union's successor, the Federation of Malaya."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Its monarchy was abolished after it was added to the Malayan Union but was restored and added to the Malayan Union's successor, the Federation of Malaya."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It states that the nation was founded by the offspring of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Claims made by the Kedah Annals also directly contradict the fact that the Buddhist Srivijaya kingdom was in direct control of Kedah at the time Sultan Mudzafar Shah I allegedly converted the region to a sultanate."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - The king from Gombroon", "says": "According to the At-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah, written by Muhammad Hassan bin Dato' Kerani Muhammad Arshad in 1928, in around 630 CE, Maharaja Derbar Raja of Gombroon (now known as Bandar Abbas) in Persia was defeated in battle and escaped to Sri Lanka, and was later blown off course by a storm to the remote shores of Kuala Sungai Qilah, Kedah."}, {"id": "Q2320075", "label": "Langkasuka", "section": "History - The king from Gombroon", "says": "In 634 CE, a new kingdom was formed in Kedah consisting of Persian royalty and native Malay people of the Hindu faith; the capital was Langkasuka."}, {"id": "Q7636715", "label": "Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II", "section": "History - British colonisation of Penang and Seberang Perai", "says": "He achieved this by assuring Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II that his army would protect Kedah from any Siamese invasion."}, {"id": "Q40111", "label": "Ahmad Tajuddin of Brunei", "section": "History - Partition of Kedah and Siamese vassalage", "says": "Tengku Kudin, a nephew of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin, captured Alor Setar from the Siamese in 1831 but the town was retaken soon after."}], "Q1317991": [{"id": "Q1198163", "label": "Southern Ming dynasty", "section": "1592–1677: withdrawn to Cao Bằng and decline", "says": "After the fall of the Southern Ming, the Qing dynasty became the mediator in the Lê-Mạc conflict while receiving tribute from both sides."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "1592–1677: withdrawn to Cao Bằng and decline", "says": "The Kangxi Emperor attempted to negotiate peace between the two states."}, {"id": "Q112501", "label": "Revolt of the Three Feudatories", "section": "1592–1677: withdrawn to Cao Bằng and decline", "says": "In 1677, the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in southern China prompted the Qing to enlist the aid of the Lê, who accused the Mạc of joining the rebels."}, {"id": "Q60524388", "label": "Battle of Cao Binh", "section": "1592–1677: withdrawn to Cao Bằng and decline", "says": "The Kangxi Emperor and his advisors agreed to arrest Mạc Kính Vũ as he fled into Guangxi, China following the defeat at the Battle of Cao Binh (1677), leading to the demise of the Mạc dynasty."}], "Q1502813": [{"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Agadez Sultanate was later conquered by the Songhai Empire in 1500."}, {"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "This occurred amidst various developments in the region in the 15th century as the Bornu Empire underwent a wave of expansionism and Katsina came under the dynasty of Muhammad Korau."}, {"id": "Q1591030", "label": "Hausa Kingdoms", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Agadez served as a crucial trading centre in the trans-Saharan trade between the Hausa Kingdoms and North Africa."}], "Q15242416": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At the dynasty’s height under Akbar the Great in the 16th and early 17th centuries, the Mughal Empire was one of the largest empires in history and the richest in the world."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "Later commanding the world’s largest military under Emperor Aurangzeb, the Mughal dynasty was the dominant force in Asia."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughals trace their origins from the imperial branches of the Barlas and Borjigin clans which ruled the Mongol Empire and its successor states."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "1483) was a direct descendant of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (1336–1405) on his father's side, and of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan on his mother's side."}], "Q1587244": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kong Empire (1710–1898), also known as the Wattara Empire or Ouattara Empire for its founder Seku Watara, was a pre-colonial state centered in what is now northeastern Ivory Coast that also encompassed much of present-day Burkina Faso and parts of Mali and Ghana."}, {"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kong Empire (1710–1898), also known as the Wattara Empire or Ouattara Empire for its founder Seku Watara, was a pre-colonial state centered in what is now northeastern Ivory Coast that also encompassed much of present-day Burkina Faso and parts of Mali and Ghana."}, {"id": "Q469314", "label": "Samori Ture", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1898, Samori Ture attacked the city and burnt it down."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Starting in the 14th century Mandé merchants, known as the Dyula, migrated from the Mali Empire into the area founding the trading cities of Begho, Bouna, Bondoukou and Kong."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Over time the route passing from the Niger south to the goldfields and then to European trading posts on the Gold Coast became increasingly important."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "History - Consolidation and Division", "says": "In the middle of the 18th century conflict broke out between Kong and another growing power, the Ashanti Empire."}], "Q1703449": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shaki Khanate (also spelled Shakki; Persian: خانات شکی, romanized: Khānāt-e Shakkī) was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Shaki and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan."}], "Q1988079": [{"id": "Q1368792", "label": "Essequibo", "section": "lead", "says": "The colonies of Essequibo and Demerara were controlled by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), while Berbice and Surinam were controlled by the Society of Berbice and the Society of Suriname, respectively."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Napoleonic Wars in 1814, Britain gained control of the three colonies (Demerara, Berbice, and Essequibo) west of the Courantyne River, which became British Guiana and then modern Guyana."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "Under the Batavian Republic, much of Dutch Guiana was once again occupied by the British."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "After 1815, there were five Guianas, referred to by their dominant languages:\n\nSpanish Guayana (Venezuela)\nBritish Guiana (Guyana)\nDutch Guiana (Suriname)\nFrench Guiana\nPortuguese Guiana (Brazil)\nThe colony that remained was part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1975, when it became independent as the Republic of Suriname."}], "Q2043564": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After subjugation by the Russian Empire, the Shamkhalate's lands were split between the Empire's feudal domain with the same name extending from the river Sulak to the southern borders of Dagestan, between Kumyk possessions of the Russian Empire and other administrative units."}, {"id": "Q926447", "label": "Treaty of Gulistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Annexation of the Tarki Shamkhalate and other territories of Dagestan by Russia was concluded by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1580–1590s, the Shamkhalate was officially a part of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "History - Relations with Russia", "says": "The peaceful embassy of shamkhal brought Ivan the Terrible a number of rich gifts, one of which was extraordinary: an elephant, not seen up to that time in Moscow."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "History - Alliance with Iran", "says": "Sister of Chopan-shamkhal was married to shah Tahmasp I (1514–1576). \"First of all, in Persia at the time of the great festivities there were made on the right and left side of Shah's throne, the two seats on each side for the four noble defenders of the state against the four strongest powers, namely: for the khan of Kandahar, as a defender against India; for shamkhal, as a defender against Russi"}, {"id": "Q631210", "label": "Nogai Horde", "section": "History - Defeating Russians", "says": "At the end of the 1640s, Shamkhal Surkhay III invited a smaller part of Nogai Horde, headed by Choban-Murza Ishterek, who did not want to obey the tsarist governors, to live in Shamkhalate."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - 18th century, campaigns of Peter I and vassalage from Russia", "says": "Despite fierce resistance, described as such by Russian companions of Peter I, particularly from the Endirey and Utamysh principalities, Shamkhalat was defeated and on paper abolished."}, {"id": "Q382116", "label": "Caucasian War", "section": "History - 19th century, Caucasian War", "says": "During the Caucasian War, at least three uprisings broke out in Shamkhalate — in 1823, 1831 and 1843."}], "Q210542": [{"id": "Q310123", "label": "Jânio Quadros", "section": "lead", "says": "This period was marked by often tumultuous presidencies of Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Getúlio Vargas, Café Filho, Juscelino Kubitschek, Jânio Quadros and João Goulart."}, {"id": "Q34982", "label": "João Goulart", "section": "lead", "says": "This period was marked by often tumultuous presidencies of Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Getúlio Vargas, Café Filho, Juscelino Kubitschek, Jânio Quadros and João Goulart."}, {"id": "Q156844", "label": "Getúlio Vargas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1945, president Getúlio Vargas was deposed by a bloodless military coup, but his influence in Brazilian politics remained until the end of the Fourth Republic."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "End of the Estado Novo, 1945", "says": "As the Second World War ended with Brazil participating on the Allied side, then president Getúlio Vargas moved to liberalize his own influenced Estado Novo regime."}, {"id": "Q742047", "label": "Luís Carlos Prestes", "section": "End of the Estado Novo, 1945", "says": "Vargas decreed an amnesty to political prisoners, including the chief of the Communist Party, Luís Carlos Prestes."}, {"id": "Q296679", "label": "Eurico Gaspar Dutra", "section": "End of the Estado Novo, 1945", "says": "The Estado Novo ended when two of his most rightist supporters, the Minister of War Eurico Gaspar Dutra, and Army Chief-of-Staff Pedro Aurélio de Góis Monteiro  led a military coup on 29 October 1945."}, {"id": "Q316200", "label": "José Linhares", "section": "End of the Estado Novo, 1945", "says": "The president of the Supreme Federal Court, José Linhares, was inaugurated as president of Brazil."}], "Q2150951": [{"id": "Q2006756", "label": "First Empire of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created on 17 October 1806 following the assassination of Emperor Jacques I and the overthrow of the First Empire of Haiti."}, {"id": "Q353458", "label": "Henri Christophe", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern State of Haiti was ruled by Henri Christophe originally as Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government from 17 October 1806 until 17 February 1807 when he became President of the State of Haiti."}, {"id": "Q1472105", "label": "Kingdom of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "On 28 March 1811 President Henri was proclaimed King Henri I, thereby dissolving the State of Haiti and creating the Kingdom of Haiti."}, {"id": "Q353464", "label": "Alejandro Petion", "section": "lead", "says": "Parallel with the government of Christophe in the north, Alexandre Pétion, a free person of color, ruled over the south of the country as President of the Republic of Haiti until his death in 1818."}, {"id": "Q449421", "label": "Jean-Pierre Boyer", "section": "lead", "says": "He was succeeded by Jean-Pierre Boyer, who reunited the two parts of the nation after the deaths of Henri I and Henri I's son, Jacques-Victor Henry, in 1820."}], "Q22684779": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Omani Empire (Arabic: الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة) was a maritime empire, vying with Portugal and Britain for trade and influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "After rising as a regional power in the 18th century, the empire at its peak in the 19th century saw its influence or control extend across the Strait of Hormuz to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Cape Delgado in what is now Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "After rising as a regional power in the 18th century, the empire at its peak in the 19th century saw its influence or control extend across the Strait of Hormuz to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Cape Delgado in what is now Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q506193", "label": "Said bin Sultan Al Busaidi", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856 the empire was divided between his sons into two sultanates, an African section (Sultanate of Zanzibar) ruled by Majid bin Said and an Asian section (Sultanate of Muscat and Oman) ruled by Thuwaini bin Said."}, {"id": "Q157904", "label": "Sultanate of Zanzibar", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856 the empire was divided between his sons into two sultanates, an African section (Sultanate of Zanzibar) ruled by Majid bin Said and an Asian section (Sultanate of Muscat and Oman) ruled by Thuwaini bin Said."}, {"id": "Q705143", "label": "Majid bin Said Al Busaidi", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856 the empire was divided between his sons into two sultanates, an African section (Sultanate of Zanzibar) ruled by Majid bin Said and an Asian section (Sultanate of Muscat and Oman) ruled by Thuwaini bin Said."}, {"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856 the empire was divided between his sons into two sultanates, an African section (Sultanate of Zanzibar) ruled by Majid bin Said and an Asian section (Sultanate of Muscat and Oman) ruled by Thuwaini bin Said."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Becoming a regional power", "says": "Muscat, which is located in a strategic location on trade routes, came under the control of the Portuguese Empire between 1507 and 1650."}, {"id": "Q1752110", "label": "Yaruba dynasty", "section": "History - Ya'rubid Dynasty", "says": "The Ya'rubids (1624–1719) managed to construct a powerful and well-organized state after the Portuguese had disrupted Arabian maritime trade in the region."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Alliance with Great Britain", "says": "Sultan bin Ahmad assumed control of the government after the death of his nephew and strengthened the already powerful fleet by adding numerous gunships and sleek cargo vessels, he also needed a strong ally to help him regain control of Mombasa from the Mazrui clan, fight off the movement spreading from what is now Saudi Arabia and to keep the Qasimi tribes from the Persian city of Lengeh out of O"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Relations with the United States of America", "says": "On 21 September 1833, a historic treaty of friendship and trade was signed with the United States."}, {"id": "Q11820", "label": "Martin Van Buren", "section": "History - Relations with the United States of America", "says": "Al-Sultanah carried ivory, Persian rugs, spices, coffee and dates, as well as lavish gifts for President Martin Van Buren."}, {"id": "Q109463", "label": "Richard Mentor Johnson", "section": "History - Relations with the United States of America", "says": "Seward and Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson."}], "Q2410637": [{"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged as a consequence of the decline of the Sultanate of Rum and ruled in the regions around Eğirdir and Isparta in southwestern Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q373988", "label": "Beylik of Teke", "section": "lead", "says": "Felek al- Din's brother Yunus Bey founded the Beylik of Teke centered in Antalya and Korkuteli, neighboring the Hamidid dynasty to the south."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murad I, the rulers of Hamit were persuaded to sell Akşehir and Beyşehir."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hamidid beylik was annexed by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I in 1391."}], "Q2424187": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1888 it became a protectorate of the United Kingdom at its own request."}], "Q2456191": [{"id": "Q2578706", "label": "Kingdom of Ceredigion", "section": "lead", "says": "It is unclear when it emerged as a distinct unit, but according to later sources it consisted of the former Kingdom of Ceredigion plus the region known as Ystrad Tywi."}, {"id": "Q422205", "label": "Hywel Dda", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 10th century Seisyllwg became the centre of power for Hywel Dda, who came to rule most of Wales."}, {"id": "Q956451", "label": "Kingdom of Dyfed", "section": "lead", "says": "In 920 Hywel merged Seisyllwg with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the new kingdom of Deheubarth."}], "Q2626105": [{"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "95 BCE when the Artaxiad king Tigranes the Great conquered the territories as part of his empire."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Origin and early history", "says": "The Kingdom of Sophene was ruled by the Orontids, a dynasty of Iranian origin which ruled the Satrapy of Armenia under the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q188472", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "section": "History - Origin and early history", "says": "They were descended from Orontes I, a Bactrian nobleman who was the son-in-law of the Achaemenid King of Kings Artaxerxes II (r."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Origin and early history", "says": "The Orontids maintained their control over Armenia following the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, effectively ruling Armenia as kings."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Origin and early history", "says": "190 BCE), who was installed as its ruler by the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q3373", "label": "Seleucus II Callinicus", "section": "History - Origin and early history", "says": "Historian Margherita Facella identifies Arsames with the Armenian ruler who in 227 BCE allied with Antiochus Hierax, the younger brother and rival of Seleucus II Callinicus (r."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "History - Zariadres and his successors", "says": "According to several antique authors, the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (r."}], "Q27842": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Singapura (Malay: Kerajaan Singapura) was a Malay polity believed to have been founded as a Hindu–Buddhist kingdom during the early history of Singapore on the island of Temasek, lasting from 1299 until its decline and fall between 1396 and 1398."}, {"id": "Q3363540", "label": "Parameswara", "section": "lead", "says": "The historicity of this kingdom based on the account given in the Malay Annals is uncertain and many historians only consider its last ruler, the Muslim convert Parameswara (or Sri Iskandar Shah), to be a historically attested figure in his role as the first ruler of the Malacca Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The historicity of this kingdom based on the account given in the Malay Annals is uncertain and many historians only consider its last ruler, the Muslim convert Parameswara (or Sri Iskandar Shah), to be a historically attested figure in his role as the first ruler of the Malacca Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "lead", "says": "It was however claimed by two regional powers at that time, the Ayuthaya from the north and the Majapahit from the south."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Sang Nila Utama", "says": "According to the Malay Annals, a fleeing Palembang prince named Sang Nila Utama, who claimed to be a descendant of Alexander the Great (via his Islamic interpretation as Iskandar Zulkarnain), took refuge on Bintan Island for several years before he set sail and landed on Temasek in 1299."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Iskandar Shah (Parameswara)", "says": "In 1387, Paduka Sri Maharaja was succeeded by Iskandar Shah, commonly identified as the king Parameswara mentioned in the Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Question over the 1299 date", "says": "18) is the sole Sejarah Melayu manuscript to give any form of indication through its statement of the durations of reigns of every king from Sang Nila Utama to Sultan Mahmud Shah (r.1488–1511, 1513–1528) of Melaka, who reportedly abdicated in favour of his son, Sultan Ahmad, shortly before the city fell to the Portuguese conquest of 1511."}], "Q294652": [{"id": "Q7519", "label": "Ögedei Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Ögedei, sometimes called the Ögedeids, was an influential Mongol family and a cadet branch of the Borjigin clan from the 12th to 14th centuries: having been descended from Ögedei Khan (1186-1241) who was the third son and successor of Genghis Khan (1162-1227) that continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire far beyond the East Asian homeland of the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Ögedei, sometimes called the Ögedeids, was an influential Mongol family and a cadet branch of the Borjigin clan from the 12th to 14th centuries: having been descended from Ögedei Khan (1186-1241) who was the third son and successor of Genghis Khan (1162-1227) that continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire far beyond the East Asian homeland of the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Ögedei, sometimes called the Ögedeids, was an influential Mongol family and a cadet branch of the Borjigin clan from the 12th to 14th centuries: having been descended from Ögedei Khan (1186-1241) who was the third son and successor of Genghis Khan (1162-1227) that continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire far beyond the East Asian homeland of the Mongols."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Among the lines of Genghis Khan's sons — Ögedei, Jochi, Chagatai, and Tolui, the House of Ögedei tended to ally with the Chagataids (descendants of Chagatai) against the House of Jochi, while seeking control for themselves within the Chagatai Khanate at first."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ögedeids also allied with the Golden Horde against the Yuan founding emperor Kublai (son of Tolui), who was allied with his brother Hulagu, leader of the Ilkhanate in Persia."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ögedeids also allied with the Golden Horde against the Yuan founding emperor Kublai (son of Tolui), who was allied with his brother Hulagu, leader of the Ilkhanate in Persia."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "After that, members from this family often appeared as influential contenders or puppet rulers under powerful amirs and noyans in the Northern Yuan dynasty (rump state of the Yuan dynasty) and Transoxiana in the 14th and 15th centuries."}], "Q33058": [{"id": "Q81833", "label": "Alphonse the Battler", "section": "lead", "says": "The last of the Banu Hud, Imad al-Dawl Abd al-Malik (Abdelmalik) Al Hud, the last king of Zaragoza, forced to abandon his capital, allied himself with the Christian kingdom of Aragon under Alfonso the Battler,  who in 1118 reconquered the city for the Christians and made it the capital of Aragon."}], "Q3486796": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q311798", "label": "Gaafar Nimeiry", "section": "lead", "says": "This government was disestablished when a coup led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry founded the Democratic Republic of the Sudan in 1969."}], "Q3496573": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Zamboanga was a short-lived revolutionary government, founded by General Vicente Álvarez and the Zamboangueño Revolutionary Forces after the Spanish government in Zamboanga, Philippines officially surrendered and ceded Real Fuerte de Nuestra Señora La Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza in May 1899."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Zamboanga was a short-lived revolutionary government, founded by General Vicente Álvarez and the Zamboangueño Revolutionary Forces after the Spanish government in Zamboanga, Philippines officially surrendered and ceded Real Fuerte de Nuestra Señora La Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza in May 1899."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On May 28, 1899, Álvarez declared the territory's independence from the Spanish Empire, and became the republic's first and only genuinely elected president."}, {"id": "Q887716", "label": "Leonard Wood", "section": "History - Decline and aftermath of the Republic", "says": "The American colonial government thus designated Zamboanga as capital of the newly established Moro Province, which served as the provincial entity of Mindanao, with Brigadier General Leonard Wood as governor."}], "Q369587": [{"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Kakongo was a small kingdom located on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, in the modern-day Republic of the Congo and Cabinda Province, Angola."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "Kakongo was a vassal of the Kingdom of Kongo for a part of its history."}], "Q372426": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Nagar (Urdu: ریاست نگر, Riyasat Nagar) was a Burusho princely state located in the northern region of present-day Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan."}], "Q454436": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Palatinate-Sulzbach was the name of two separate states of the Holy Roman Empire located in modern Amberg-Sulzbach, Bavaria, Germany, ruled by a branch of the House of Wittelsbach."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "Palatinate-Sulzbach was the name of two separate states of the Holy Roman Empire located in modern Amberg-Sulzbach, Bavaria, Germany, ruled by a branch of the House of Wittelsbach."}], "Q487687": [{"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic was founded on the dissolution of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction that overthrew the Second Republic and established a military government in May 1961."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "lead", "says": "Park Chung Hee, the Chairman of the Supreme Council, was elected President of South Korea in the 1963 presidential election."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic prioritized South Korea's economic development, anti-communism, and strengthening ties with the United States and Japan."}, {"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Park declared a state of emergency in December 1971 and announced plans for Korean reunification in a joint communique with North Korea in July 1972."}, {"id": "Q623792", "label": "October Yushin", "section": "lead", "says": "Park launched the October Restoration in October 1972, declaring martial law, dissolving the National Assembly, and announced plans for a new constitution."}, {"id": "Q488521", "label": "Fourth Republic of South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic was dissolved on approval of the Yushin Constitution in the November 1972 constitutional referendum and replaced with the Fourth Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q233263", "label": "Second Republic of South Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In May 1961, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction overthrew the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 coup, led by Major General Park Chung Hee, in response to its inability to prevent political instability after the overthrow of the First Republic of Korea under President Syngman Rhee in the April Revolution."}, {"id": "Q491559", "label": "First Republic of South Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In May 1961, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction overthrew the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 coup, led by Major General Park Chung Hee, in response to its inability to prevent political instability after the overthrow of the First Republic of Korea under President Syngman Rhee in the April Revolution."}, {"id": "Q171684", "label": "Syngman Rhee", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In May 1961, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction overthrew the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 coup, led by Major General Park Chung Hee, in response to its inability to prevent political instability after the overthrow of the First Republic of Korea under President Syngman Rhee in the April Revolution."}, {"id": "Q489416", "label": "April Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In May 1961, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction overthrew the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 coup, led by Major General Park Chung Hee, in response to its inability to prevent political instability after the overthrow of the First Republic of Korea under President Syngman Rhee in the April Revolution."}, {"id": "Q192049", "label": "Yun Po-sun", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Park narrowly won the 1963 presidential election from former President Yun Po-sun, who was President during the May 16 coup."}, {"id": "Q45785", "label": "Kim Dae-jung", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Park ran in the May 1971 presidential election and defeated his New Democratic Party opponent Kim Dae-jung with 53.2% of the vote."}, {"id": "Q41117", "label": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In December 1971, Park declared a state of emergency \"based on the dangerous realities of the international situation.\" On 4 July 1972, Park and North Korean leader Kim Il Sung issued the July 4th South–North Joint Statement establishing the three principles of Korean unification as independence, peace, and nation-wide unity."}], "Q488521": [{"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Republic was founded on the approval of the Yushin Constitution in the 1972 constitutional referendum, codifying the de facto dictatorial powers held by President Park Chung Hee, and succeeding the Third Republic."}, {"id": "Q313350", "label": "Choi Kyu-hah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Republic entered a period of political instability under Park's successor, Choi Kyu-hah, and the escalating martial law declared after Park's death."}, {"id": "Q14362", "label": "Chun Doo-hwan", "section": "lead", "says": "Choi was unofficially overthrown by Chun Doo-hwan in the coup d'état of December Twelfth in December 1979, and began the armed suppression of the Gwangju Uprising against martial law."}, {"id": "Q174990", "label": "Gwangju Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Choi was unofficially overthrown by Chun Doo-hwan in the coup d'état of December Twelfth in December 1979, and began the armed suppression of the Gwangju Uprising against martial law."}, {"id": "Q482705", "label": "Fifth Republic of South Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fourth Republic was dissolved on the adoption of a new constitution in March 1981 and replaced with the Fifth Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q233263", "label": "Second Republic of South Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Park Chung Hee had served as the leader and de facto dictator of South Korea since July 1961, coming to power two months after leading the May 16 coup which overthrew the Second Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Park and his supporters established the Supreme Council of National Reconstruction, a provisional military junta government that prioritized the economic development of South Korea, but faced strong pressure from the United States to restore the civilian government."}, {"id": "Q192049", "label": "Yun Po-sun", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1963, Park abdicated from his military position to run as a civilian in the October 1963 presidential election, defeating former President Yun Po-sun, who resigned the previous year."}, {"id": "Q487687", "label": "Third Republic of South Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Third Republic of Korea was inaugurated two months later on December 17, the same day Park was formally inaugurated as president, and presented as a return to civilian government under the National Assembly."}, {"id": "Q45785", "label": "Kim Dae-jung", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Park won re-election in the 1967 presidential election, and the National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment that allowed him to serve a third term, which he narrowly won in the 1971 presidential election against Kim Dae-jung of the New Democratic Party."}, {"id": "Q623792", "label": "October Yushin", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "On 17 October 1972,  Park Chung Hee launched a self-coup known as the October Restoration, dissolving the National Assembly, suspending the 1963 constitution, declaring martial law across the country, and commissioning work on a brand new constitution."}, {"id": "Q1463", "label": "Ferdinand Marcos", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Park had drawn inspiration for his self-coup from Ferdinand Marcos, the President of the Philippines, who had orchestrated a similar coup a few weeks earlier."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Park had drawn inspiration for his self-coup from Ferdinand Marcos, the President of the Philippines, who had orchestrated a similar coup a few weeks earlier."}], "Q537503": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "A vassal of the Kingdom of Naples associated with the State of the Presidios and a territory of the Holy Roman Empire formed from the remnants of the Republic of Pisa, it existed from 1399 to 1805, when it was merged into the Principality of Lucca and Piombino."}, {"id": "Q1365493", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "section": "lead", "says": "A vassal of the Kingdom of Naples associated with the State of the Presidios and a territory of the Holy Roman Empire formed from the remnants of the Republic of Pisa, it existed from 1399 to 1805, when it was merged into the Principality of Lucca and Piombino."}, {"id": "Q1995553", "label": "Principality of Lucca and Piombino", "section": "lead", "says": "A vassal of the Kingdom of Naples associated with the State of the Presidios and a territory of the Holy Roman Empire formed from the remnants of the Republic of Pisa, it existed from 1399 to 1805, when it was merged into the Principality of Lucca and Piombino."}, {"id": "Q154849", "label": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1815 it was absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "History - Founding and early history of the Lordship of Piombino (1399–1445)", "says": "During the years of regency and afterwards, the politics of the Appiani family were oriented first towards an alliance (obtaining protection with a deed of pardon) with the Republic of Florence, then that of Siena, and finally again with Florence."}, {"id": "Q187998", "label": "Cesare Borgia", "section": "History - Warfare and contested rule (1501–1594)", "says": "Iacopo III was succeeded by his son Iacopo IV who, between 1501 and 1503, lost the lordship to the work of Cesare Borgia, who occupied Piombino."}, {"id": "Q108316", "label": "Alexander VI", "section": "History - Warfare and contested rule (1501–1594)", "says": "In 1502, Cesare's father Pope Alexander VI visited the city and the territory staying for some days."}, {"id": "Q1399", "label": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "section": "History - Warfare and contested rule (1501–1594)", "says": "With the death of Pope Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia was deprived of the power he obtained, and Piombino returned to Iacopo IV: the latter, advised by the Florentines, hosted Niccolò Machiavelli as an adviser, who invited Leonardo da Vinci to study the city defences."}, {"id": "Q762", "label": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "History - Warfare and contested rule (1501–1594)", "says": "With the death of Pope Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia was deprived of the power he obtained, and Piombino returned to Iacopo IV: the latter, advised by the Florentines, hosted Niccolò Machiavelli as an adviser, who invited Leonardo da Vinci to study the city defences."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "History - Warfare and contested rule (1501–1594)", "says": "On 29 May 1557, King Philip II of Spain signed a treaty in London with Iacopo VI being restored to the Lordship of Piombino as part of a bargain in which Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of the Florentine Republic, gave up his claims to Piombino, in exchange for Siena and Portoferraio."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "History - Elevation to Principality and fall of the Appiani (1594–1634)", "says": "In 1594, the Lordship of Piombino was raised to the status of principality by Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor  with Iacopo VII becoming the first Prince of Piombino."}, {"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1634, despite the protests of the Appiani cadet line, Piombino was assigned to Prince Niccolò Ludovisi, son-in-law of Isabella Appiani: these and his heirs, politically linked to Philip IV of Spain, paid little attention to the principality which, from 1646 to 1650, was even occupied by the French by order of Cardinal Mazarin."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1634, despite the protests of the Appiani cadet line, Piombino was assigned to Prince Niccolò Ludovisi, son-in-law of Isabella Appiani: these and his heirs, politically linked to Philip IV of Spain, paid little attention to the principality which, from 1646 to 1650, was even occupied by the French by order of Cardinal Mazarin."}, {"id": "Q273011", "label": "Battle of Marengo", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "After the Battle of Marengo and the defeat of the Kingdom of Naples, the Napoleonic troops annexed Piombino to France."}, {"id": "Q151083", "label": "Elisa Bonaparte", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "At the behest of Napoleon I, on 23 June 1805, the Principality of Lucca and Piombino was created, assigned to his sister Elisa Bonaparte and her husband Felice Pasquale Baciocchi."}], "Q560771": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate of Baden-Baden was an early modern southwest German territory within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q650370", "label": "Margraviate of Baden-Durlach", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1535 along with the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach as a result of the division of the Margraviate of Baden."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "While Protestantism took hold in Baden-Durlach, Baden-Baden was Catholic from the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) onwards."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Close alliance with Bavaria", "says": "He fought in Hungary against Suleiman the Magnificent and in France against the Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - Close alliance with Bavaria", "says": "He fought in Hungary against Suleiman the Magnificent and in France against the Huguenots."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Close alliance with Bavaria", "says": "He died in 1569, during the latter campaign, when his son, Philip II was only ten years old."}, {"id": "Q60907", "label": "Albert V, Duke of Bavaria", "section": "History - Close alliance with Bavaria", "says": "Philip II's legal guardian was Duke Albert V of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Upper Baden Occupation", "says": "He was the grandson of Bernhard III by his son Christopher II and had grown up in London, receiving his name from Queen Elizabeth I, who was his godmother."}, {"id": "Q150586", "label": "Emperor Rudolf II", "section": "History - Upper Baden Occupation", "says": "When Emperor Rudolf II decided to place Baden-Baden under administration, as a result of its high debts, he installed Margrave Ernest Frederick of Baden-Durlach over the core territory of Baden-Baden in November 1594."}, {"id": "Q441405", "label": "Ernst von Mansfeld", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "When the army of Ernst von Mansfeld approached the Upper Rhine in 1622, George Frederick sought to merge the Baden Army with Mansfeld's army."}, {"id": "Q661764", "label": "Battle of Wimpfen", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "However, the two commanders could not agree which of them should have supreme command, so George Frederick had to fight the forces of Tilly at the Battle of Wimpfen on his own."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "In 1632, the Swedes under King Gustavus Adolphus conquered the Upper Rhine, including Baden-Baden."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "In the Peace of Westphalia, the territorial situation in Baden was restored to how it had been in 1550."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - The era of the Turkish Louis", "says": "William's oldest son, Ferdinand Maximilian moved to Paris, where he married and had a son, whom he named after King Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q690481", "label": "Battle of Slankamen", "section": "History - The era of the Turkish Louis", "says": "After the Battle of Slankamen, his greatest triumph, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General and entered the Order of the Golden Fleece."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Absolutism and baroque Rastatt", "says": "In the of winter 1713–14, Prince Eugene and Marshall de Villars held the peace negotiations that brought an end to the War of the Spanish Succession at Schloss Rastatt, finally signing the Treaty of Rastatt in March 1714."}, {"id": "Q163236", "label": "Treaty of Rastatt", "section": "History - Absolutism and baroque Rastatt", "says": "In the of winter 1713–14, Prince Eugene and Marshall de Villars held the peace negotiations that brought an end to the War of the Spanish Succession at Schloss Rastatt, finally signing the Treaty of Rastatt in March 1714."}, {"id": "Q69886", "label": "Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn", "section": "History - Absolutism and baroque Rastatt", "says": "From 1715, Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn, later Prince-Bishop of Speyer, served as a personal advisor and she maintained an active correspondence with him."}, {"id": "Q131706", "label": "Maria Theresa of Austria", "section": "History - Reunification of Baden", "says": "Margrave Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach asked Prussia, England and Denmark to act as guarantors of the succession, while Augustus George asked Pope Clement XIII; Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim, Elector of Mainz; and Maria Theresa of Austria."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Reunification of Baden", "says": "The dispute, in which Augustus George's widow Maria Victoria was also involved, stretched beyond the borders of Germany and was only resolved by a compromise in 1789."}], "Q567719": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bavaria-Straubing denotes the widely scattered territorial inheritance in the Wittelsbach house of Bavaria that were governed by independent dukes of Bavaria-Straubing between 1353 and 1432; a map (illustration) of these marches and outliers of the Holy Roman Empire, demonstrates the fractionalisation of lands where primogeniture did not obtain."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1255 the Duchy of Bavaria had been divided into Upper and Lower Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q677490", "label": "Bavaria-Landshut", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1353, by the Treaty of Regensburg, Lower Bavaria was further partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing: William and Albert received a part of the Lower Bavarian inheritance, with a capital in Straubing and rights to Hainaut and Holland."}, {"id": "Q571775", "label": "Bavaria-Ingolstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "His possessions were partitioned between the Dukes of Bavaria-Munich, Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Ingolstadt in 1429 under arbitration of the emperor."}], "Q573072": [{"id": "Q691402", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged during the later stages of a major revolt against Spanish rule that had begun in July 1647, initially led by figures such as Masaniello and Giulio Genoino against the administration of King Philip IV of Spain and his viceroy, the Duke of Arcos."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The title \"Serenissima\" was likely adopted in conscious comparison to the Republic of Venice."}], "Q6207845": [{"id": "Q1147823", "label": "Gahadavala", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in Pali by Rao Siha, possibly a migrant Gahadavala noble, in 1243."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom remained independent until it was annexed by the Mughal Empire in 1581 after the death of Chandrasen Rathore."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "During the late 17th century it was under the strict control of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, but the ruling house of Rathore was allowed to remain semi-autonomous in their territory."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Rajput Nobles under Thakur Kushal Singh of Auwa led a rebellion against Maharaja Takht Singh and the British, however the rebellion was put to an end by the British armies under Colonel Holmes after a siege of the Thakur's fort in Auwa."}, {"id": "Q7678245", "label": "Takht Singh I of Marwar", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Rajput Nobles under Thakur Kushal Singh of Auwa led a rebellion against Maharaja Takht Singh and the British, however the rebellion was put to an end by the British armies under Colonel Holmes after a siege of the Thakur's fort in Auwa."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The armies of Jodhpur State fought in World War I for the British."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "They actively fought in Afghanistan and the Middle-east and scored a series of victories for the British empire."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Jaichand was later defeated by Muhammad of Ghor in the Battle of Chandawar."}, {"id": "Q4870708", "label": "Battle of Chandawar", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Jaichand was later defeated by Muhammad of Ghor in the Battle of Chandawar."}, {"id": "Q4166578", "label": "Battle of Khanwa", "section": "History - Maldeo Rathore", "says": "Seeing Rana Sanga's success, Ganga decided to align Marwar with Mewar and assisted Sanga in war against Sultan of Gujarat in 1517, and Battle of Bayana in 1527 and the Battle of Khanwa in 1527 against Babur."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "History - Maldeo Rathore", "says": "His son Maldeo Rathore participated in the battle and later escorted an unconscious Rana Sanga from the battleground after defeat."}, {"id": "Q2879342", "label": "Bahadur Shah of Gujarat", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "In 1531, when Bahadur Shah of Gujarat invaded Mewar, Maldeo assisted Rana Vikramaditya."}, {"id": "Q17319155", "label": "Kingdom of Mewar", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "He continued his father's policy towards the Kingdom of Mewar by helping its legitimate heir Udai Singh II in taking the throne back from the usurper Banvir."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "History - Humayun and Sher Shah Suri", "says": "In 1540, Maldeo helped Mughal Emperor Humayun against Sher Shah Suri by providing him 20,000 troops at Bhakkar."}, {"id": "Q3635360", "label": "Battle of Haldighati", "section": "History - Rao Chandrasen", "says": "While Chandrasen continued to defend his kingdom from the Mughal invasions, his neighbor Rana Pratap of Mewar fought a war with mughals in the Battle of Haldighati in 1576 which made a heavy loss to both the mewar and mughals."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - As a Mughal state", "says": "Gaj also helped Jahangir quell the rebellion led by his rebellious son Prince Khurram who would later become Shah Jahan."}, {"id": "Q1576797", "label": "Qasim Khan", "section": "History - War of succession of Shah Jahan", "says": "During this battle, the Mughal commander Qasim Khan betrayed Jaswant Singh and did not participate in the battle completely causing Rajput casualties."}, {"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "History - War of succession of Shah Jahan", "says": "In 1661, Aurangzeb ordered Jaswant to help his uncle Shaista Khan to fight against the Maratha leader Shivaji."}, {"id": "Q2737041", "label": "Sambhaji", "section": "History - Durgadas and Ajit Rathore's struggle against Aurangzeb", "says": "Later, to help Akbar, Durgadas took him to the court of Sambhaji."}, {"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "History - Durgadas and Ajit Rathore's struggle against Aurangzeb", "says": "Ajit was married to the niece of Maharana Jai Singh to eliminate any doubt in the mind of Aurangzeb that Ajit could be an imposter and not the real son of Jaswant Singh."}, {"id": "Q544228", "label": "Bahadur Shah I", "section": "History - Durgadas and Ajit Rathore's struggle against Aurangzeb", "says": "Ajit Singh captured large parts of Marwar while Prince Muazzam ascended to the Mughal throne as Bahadur Shah I."}, {"id": "Q544182", "label": "Jahandar Shah", "section": "History - The Rajput Rebellion", "says": "After the war, Ajit Singh built good relations with the new Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah who gave him higher privileges."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "History - The Rajput Rebellion", "says": "When Farrukhsiyar ascended to the Mughal Throne, he sent Sayyid Husain Ali Khan to invade Marwar in 1714 for not accepting the position of governor of Thatta in Sindh."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "History - Maratha Tributary State", "says": "Abhay also attacked and captured Baroda and Jambusar from Marathas in 1732 while they were distracted because of the strife between Baji Rao I and Trimbak Rao Dabhade."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - After Mughal decline", "says": "In 1739, Nader Shah invaded the Mughal empire and sacked Delhi."}, {"id": "Q1259218", "label": "Third Battle of Panipat", "section": "History - Succession crisis of Abhay Singh", "says": "Marwar remained neutral during the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 and Bijay was able to use the distracted Marathas to expel Ram Singh from the Jalore portion of Marwar and was able to gain full control."}, {"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "History - Succession crisis of Abhay Singh", "says": "Bijay Singh became the first Rathore ruler to mint his own currency with the permission of the Mughal ruler Shah Alam II in 1781."}, {"id": "Q12446060", "label": "Bhim Singh", "section": "History - Succession crisis of Abhay Singh", "says": "In 1793, Bijay Singh died and his eldest grandson Bhim Singh took over the throne."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Treaty of 1818", "says": "The British East India Company made the first contacts with the Rajputana in 1803 when it defeated the Marathas in the Second Anglo-Maratha War."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - Treaty of 1818", "says": "During the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the British defeated Amir Khan at the Pindari war in 1817 and gave the possession of Tonk to him and made him its Nawab."}, {"id": "Q3595694", "label": "Mudhoji II Bhonsle", "section": "History - Invasion of 1839", "says": "After being defeated at the Third Anglo-Maratha war, Mudhoji II Bhonsle asked for shelter in Marwar which was granted where he lived the rest of his life and died in 1840."}], "Q670892": [{"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Krnov (Latin: Ducatus Carnoviensis, Czech: Krnovské knížectví, Polish: Księstwo Karniowskie) or Duchy of Jägerndorf (German: Herzogtum Jägerndorf) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, which in 1377 emerged from the Duchy of Troppau (Opava), itself a fief of the Bohemian Crown."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Its capital was at Krnov in the present-day Czech Republic."}], "Q702327": [{"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Oświęcim (Silesian: Firštyntům Aušwic, Polish: Księstwo Oświęcimskie), or the Duchy of Auschwitz (German: Herzogtum Auschwitz), was one of the Duchies of Silesia in the lands of Lesser Poland (Małopolska), formed in the aftermath of the fragmentation of Poland, centered around Oświęcim."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Thanks to the annexation to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, the areas of the Duchy of Oświęcim were reunited with the Kraków Land of Lesser Poland."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Annexed by the Habsburg Empire in 1772 as a part of Galicia, the remaining ducal title ceased to exist in 1918 with the lands being reincorporated into the Second Polish Republic as a part of Kraków Voivodeship."}, {"id": "Q94449", "label": "Kraków Voivodeship", "section": "lead", "says": "Annexed by the Habsburg Empire in 1772 as a part of Galicia, the remaining ducal title ceased to exist in 1918 with the lands being reincorporated into the Second Polish Republic as a part of Kraków Voivodeship."}], "Q706691": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Mainz was the first democratic state in the current German territory and was centered in Mainz."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "A product of the French Revolutionary Wars, it lasted from March to July 1793."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Context", "says": "During the War of the First Coalition against France, the Prussian and Austrian troops that had invaded France retreated after the Battle of Valmy, allowing the French revolutionary army to counterattack."}, {"id": "Q4411", "label": "Battle of Valmy", "section": "Context", "says": "During the War of the First Coalition against France, the Prussian and Austrian troops that had invaded France retreated after the Battle of Valmy, allowing the French revolutionary army to counterattack."}, {"id": "Q87611", "label": "Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal", "section": "Context", "says": "The ruler of Mainz, Elector-Archbishop Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, had fled the city."}], "Q76821846": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Islamic state  was established by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the city of Medina in 622 CE/1 AH under the Constitution of Medina."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After Muhammad's death, his companions known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs (the Rashidun) founded the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) which began massive expansion and motivated subsequent Islamic states, such as the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After Muhammad's death, his companions known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs (the Rashidun) founded the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) which began massive expansion and motivated subsequent Islamic states, such as the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After Muhammad's death, his companions known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs (the Rashidun) founded the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) which began massive expansion and motivated subsequent Islamic states, such as the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "These inspirations urged him to proclaim a strict monotheistic faith, as the final expression of Biblical prophetism earlier codified in the sacred texts of Judaism and Christianity; to warn his compatriots of the impending Judgement Day; and to castigate social injustices of his city."}, {"id": "Q334847", "label": "Ibn Ishaq", "section": "History - Relationship with followers of Abrahamic religions", "says": "This was, according to Ibn Ishaq, influenced by the conversion to Islam of Sa'd ibn Mua'dh, one of the prominent leaders in Medina."}, {"id": "Q2002479", "label": "Sa'd ibn Mua'dh", "section": "History - Relationship with followers of Abrahamic religions", "says": "This was, according to Ibn Ishaq, influenced by the conversion to Islam of Sa'd ibn Mua'dh, one of the prominent leaders in Medina."}, {"id": "Q335430", "label": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "section": "History - Conflicts with the Quraish", "says": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb subsequently gathered an army of three thousand men and set out for an attack on Medina."}, {"id": "Q488278", "label": "Battle of Uhud", "section": "History - Conflicts with the Quraish", "says": "Thus, Muhammad led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud (where the Meccans had camped) and fought the Battle of Uhud on March 23."}, {"id": "Q3576558", "label": "Abu-Muhàmmad Abd-Al·lah ibn Abd-al-Wàhid", "section": "History - Conflicts with the Quraish", "says": "There was also hope that Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy leading a group of Muslims in Medina could be won over by diplomacy."}, {"id": "Q826083", "label": "Battle of the Trench", "section": "History - Siege of Medina", "says": "During the Battle of the Trench, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza who were located at the south of Medina were charged with treachery."}, {"id": "Q37731", "label": "Uthman ibn Affan", "section": "History - Truce of Hudaybiyya", "says": "While these continued, rumors spread that one of the Muslim negotiators, Uthman ibn Affan, had been killed by the Quraysh."}, {"id": "Q1647162", "label": "Treaty of Hudaybiyyah", "section": "History - Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions", "says": "In Ramadan 8 AH (around October 629), Muhammad left for Mecca with approximately 10,000 of his sahaba aiming to capture the city from the Quraysh following a violation of the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah by the Banu Bakr, who were allies of the Quraysh, after they attacked the Banū Khuzaʽah, allies of the Muslims."}, {"id": "Q2300090", "label": "Battle of Hunayn", "section": "History - Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions", "says": "Both tribes were subsequently defeated in the Battle of Hunayn."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions", "says": "Muhammad subsequently launched an expedition against the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid allies in the north in the Expedition of Tabuk."}, {"id": "Q2092033", "label": "Conquest of Mecca", "section": "History - Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions", "says": "Following the Conquest of Mecca and these events, Muhammad would perform the Farewell Pilgrimage and return to Medina, where he would fall ill for several days with a headache and weakness."}], "Q784851": [{"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (TFSC) was a state in Northern Cyprus, declared in 1975 and existed until 1983."}], "Q79655": [{"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Gajapatis were great patrons of art, architecture and literature which during their time flourished and witnessed tremendous growth, they ruled over a vast stretch of land and had continuous rivalry with the Vijayanagara Empire."}], "Q807068": [{"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in the 11th century, it was a vassal of the Jolof Empire before becoming independent in the mid-16th century."}, {"id": "Q862467", "label": "Kingdom of Sine", "section": "lead", "says": "It was directly south of the Kingdom of Cayor and north of the Kingdom of Sine."}], "Q854850": [{"id": "Q3634691", "label": "Maharaja Surajmal", "section": "lead", "says": "Suraj Mal played an important role in the development and expansion of the state."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During this time, the Jats were zamindars and cultivators causing trouble for the Mughal Empire alongside Gujars and Meos."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Background", "says": "According to Tarikh-i-Firishta, in 1026 AD, a band of Jats attacked Mahmud of Ghazni on his return from Gujarat but were nearly exterminated."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Gokula was a prominent Jat zamindar of Tilpat who led a rebellion against the Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb."}, {"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Chudamani was able to repel the Mughal forces of Aurangzeb and the forces of Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - British era", "says": "Maharaja Ranjit Singh agreed to help the Holkar and the two Maharajas fell back to the Bharatpur fort."}, {"id": "Q6161468", "label": "Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur", "section": "History - British era", "says": "Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur provided great support for the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and this aid was greatly acknowledged by the British."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - British era", "says": "Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur provided great support for the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and this aid was greatly acknowledged by the British."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - Post-independence", "says": "In August 1947, Bharatpur acceded to the newly independent Dominion of India."}], "Q907827": [{"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "On 10 November 1918, a Workers' and Soldier's Council deposed the Senate of Bremen which had governed the Free Hansa City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen) under the German Empire."}], "Q967246": [{"id": "Q3560710", "label": "Treaty of Simulambuco", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1885, the Ngoyo signed the Treaty of Simulambuco with Portugal, and became a protectorate of that nation."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1885, the Ngoyo signed the Treaty of Simulambuco with Portugal, and became a protectorate of that nation."}], "Q10359001": [{"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially, Judea remained semi-autonomous under the Seleucid Empire, but as Seleucid authority declined, the Hasmoneans gained full independence and expanded their territory into neighboring regions, including Perea, Samaria, Idumea, Galilee, and Iturea."}, {"id": "Q319043", "label": "John Hyrcanus", "section": "lead", "says": "Simon was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who at first accepted Seleucid suzerainty but soon asserted independence and expanded Jewish control into Samaria and Idumaea."}, {"id": "Q319107", "label": "Alexander Jannaeus", "section": "lead", "says": "Under his successor, Alexander Jannaeus, the Hasmonean kingdom reached its greatest territorial extent—Israel's largest since the biblical monarchy—but was torn by civil war."}, {"id": "Q266591", "label": "Salome Alexandra", "section": "lead", "says": "After his death, power passed to his wife, Salome Alexandra, whose reign brought stability and prosperity."}, {"id": "Q359684", "label": "Hyrcanus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Hyrcanus II was installed as a client ruler, though his authority was contested by his younger brother Aristobulus II."}, {"id": "Q359679", "label": "Aristobulus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Hyrcanus II was installed as a client ruler, though his authority was contested by his younger brother Aristobulus II."}, {"id": "Q313056", "label": "Herodian", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, Aristobulus's son, Mattathias Antigonus, briefly re-established Hasmonean independence as the dynasty's last monarch before the Romans installed the Herodian dynasty as rulers of Judea in 37 BCE."}, {"id": "Q48685", "label": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hasmonean kingdom was the first independent Jewish polity since the fall of the Kingdom of Judah in 587/6 BCE, and a rare example of indigenous rule in an age dominated by great empires."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Prelude: the Maccabean Revolt", "says": "In 332 BCE, Judea was conquered by Alexander the Great, and after his death it became a contested territory among the Hellenistic successor states."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Prelude: the Maccabean Revolt", "says": "Initially, the Seleucids treated the Jews favorably: Antiochus III the Great granted them autonomy and the right to live according to their ancestral laws."}, {"id": "Q3356", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "section": "History - Prelude: the Maccabean Revolt", "says": "The situation deteriorated under his successor, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who sold the high priesthood to the highest bidder, transformed Jerusalem into a Hellenized polis, and deepened divisions between pro-Hellenists and traditionalists loyal to the Torah."}, {"id": "Q111559", "label": "Judah Maccabee", "section": "History - Prelude: the Maccabean Revolt", "says": "After Mattathias's death, leadership passed to his son Judas Maccabeus."}, {"id": "Q298628", "label": "Antiochus V", "section": "History - Prelude: the Maccabean Revolt", "says": "Although the new Seleucid regime under Antiochus V revoked the religious decrees and again recognized the Jews as an ethnos, the Hasmonean struggle for independence continued."}, {"id": "Q334726", "label": "Zechariah", "section": "History - Prelude: the Maccabean Revolt", "says": "At Beth Zechariah, his brother Eleazar died heroically fighting war elephants."}, {"id": "Q1281077", "label": "Battle of Elasa", "section": "History - Prelude: the Maccabean Revolt", "says": "In 160 BCE, Judah was killed during the Battle of Elasa, where he fought the"}, {"id": "Q297657", "label": "Alexander Balas", "section": "History - Jonathan Apphus (160–143 BCE)", "says": "A decisive change came in 153 BCE when a civil war broke out in Syria between Demetrius I and the pretender Alexander Balas."}, {"id": "Q7185566", "label": "Philistia", "section": "History - Jonathan Apphus (160–143 BCE)", "says": "Balas granted him the city of Ekron and its territories, which now made Judea the ruler of the entire ancient region of Philistia."}, {"id": "Q359711", "label": "Simon Thassi", "section": "History - Simon Thassi (143–135 BCE)", "says": "His brother Simon Thassi immediately assumed leadership; He completed Jerusalem's fortifications, dispatched a Jewish garrison to Jaffa, expelled its Gentile inhabitants, and resettled Jews there."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Simon Thassi (143–135 BCE)", "says": "Josephus reports that Simon ordered the hill on which the Akra stood to be leveled so it would no longer overlook the Temple."}, {"id": "Q294945", "label": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "section": "History - Simon Thassi (143–135 BCE)", "says": "In 139 BCE Demetrius II was captured by the Parthians, and his brother Antiochus VII Sidetes became king."}, {"id": "Q317020", "label": "Phraates II of Parthia", "section": "History - John Hyrcanus (135–104 BCE)", "says": "Antiochus was killed in battle against the Parthian king Phraates II in about 129 BCE, after which his brother Demetrius II was released and restored to the Seleucid throne."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Judah Aristobolus (104–103 BCE)", "says": "In contrast, the Greek historian and geographer Strabo, writing in the age of Augustus, attributes this act to Alexander Jannaeus—a view supported by Jannaeus's coins, which are the first to bear the title \"king,\" while Judah's own coins refer to him only as high priest."}, {"id": "Q11029653", "label": "Nabataean kingdom", "section": "History - Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE)", "says": "He therefore turned to securing the country's key strategic points, many held by Hellenistic cities along its borders, as well as confronting neighboring powers with competing interests, especially the Nabataean Kingdom to the south."}, {"id": "Q40003", "label": "Cleopatra III of Egypt", "section": "History - Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE)", "says": "Jannaeus in turn sought help from Ptolemy's mother, Queen Cleopatra III of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q220594", "label": "Nabataeans", "section": "History - Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE)", "says": "Later, in 96 BCE conquered the southern coastal plain—including Rafah, Anthedon, and Gaza, then a major trade hub allied with the Nabataeans."}, {"id": "Q2620458", "label": "Obodas I", "section": "History - Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE)", "says": "His campaign against the Nabataean king Obodas I in the Transjordan ended in a major defeat, forcing him to retreat."}, {"id": "Q312809", "label": "Demetrius III Eucaerus", "section": "History - Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE)", "says": "This defeat triggered a violent civil war between Alexander Jannaeus and his Jewish opponents, who invited Demetrius III Eucaerus to intervene; he subsequently invaded Judea."}, {"id": "Q319075", "label": "Antipater the Idumaean", "section": "History - Civil war and Roman conquest (67–63 BCE)", "says": "Antipater the Idumaean warned Hyrcanus he was at risk, prompting him to flee to the Nabataean kingdom and return with Aretas III's army to besiege Aristobulus in Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Civil war and Roman conquest (67–63 BCE)", "says": "According to Josephus and Diodorus Siculus, a third delegation representing \"the Jewish nation\" also appeared, demanding the abolition of monarchy and the restoration of priestly rule."}, {"id": "Q315456", "label": "Aulus Gabinius", "section": "History - Roman client state (63–40 BCE)", "says": "Aulus Gabinius, the Roman governor of Syria, came to Hyrcanus's aid and defeated Alexander after he fortified himself at Alexandrium."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Roman client state (63–40 BCE)", "says": "In 49 BCE civil war broke out between Julius Caesar and Pompey."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "History - Roman client state (63–40 BCE)", "says": "After Pompey's death in 48 BCE, Antipater backed Caesar and, by securing Arab and Syrian support, persuading the Jews of the Onias district, and commanding in battle alongside Mithridates of Pergamum, helped the Roman forces take Egypt, earning notice for courage and strategy."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - Antigonus Mattathias (40–37 BCE) and the rise of Herod", "says": "In 40 BCE the Parthian Empire seized the Levant from the Romans."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Antigonus Mattathias (40–37 BCE) and the rise of Herod", "says": "Hyrcanus, who had been in Babylonia after Parthian captivity, was enticed back by Herod and later executed."}], "Q1052040": [{"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cayor Kingdom (Wolof: Kajoor; Arabic: كاجور) was from 1549 to 1886 the largest and most powerful kingdom that split off from the Jolof Empire in what is now Senegal."}, {"id": "Q862467", "label": "Kingdom of Sine", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cayor Kingdom was located in northern and central Senegal, southeast of Waalo, west of the kingdom of Jolof, and north of Baol and the Kingdom of Sine."}, {"id": "Q545751", "label": "Louis Faidherbe", "section": "History - Lat Jor and the French", "says": "The French governor Louis Faidherbe, based in Saint-Louis, encouraged the clerics to rebel again."}], "Q12459974": [{"id": "Q317765", "label": "Bimbisara", "section": "lead", "says": "Bimbisara is considered to be the founder of the dynasty."}], "Q1273603": [{"id": "Q433975", "label": "Mojmir I", "section": "lead", "says": "On one hand, it is named after the first known member, Mojmir I, but on the other hand the Latin form of the dynasty's name is first mentioned in a letter from the year 900."}], "Q1368792": [{"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Border disputes", "says": "At the Peace of Amiens (1802), the Netherlands received the Essequibo colony for a short time, from 1802 to 1803, but after that the British again occupied it during the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q10463", "label": "Captaincy General of Venezuela", "section": "History - Border disputes", "says": "But it also became involved in one of Latin America's most persistent border disputes because the new colony had the Essequibo river as its west border with the Spanish Captaincy General of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q21296156", "label": "Republic of Venezuela", "section": "History - Border disputes", "says": "As ordered by the British authorities, Schomburgk began British Guiana's western boundary with the new Republic of Venezuela at the mouths of the Orinoco River, although all the Venezuelan maps showed the Essequibo river as the east border of the country."}, {"id": "Q717", "label": "Venezuela", "section": "History - Border disputes", "says": "Venezuela did not accept the Schomburgk Line, which placed the entire Cuyuni River basin within the colony."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Border disputes", "says": "Venezuela finally broke diplomatic relations with Britain in 1887 and appealed to the United States for help."}, {"id": "Q35171", "label": "Grover Cleveland", "section": "History - Border disputes", "says": "The British prime minister Lord Salisbury at first rebuffed the United States government's suggestion of arbitration, but when President Grover Cleveland threatened to intervene according to the Monroe Doctrine, Britain agreed to let an international tribunal arbitrate the boundary in 1897."}], "Q1375154": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Benares State, earlier Benares Estate, was an estate, or hereditary jagir, comprising the family domains of the Maharaja of Benares successively under the Nawabs of Oudh, East India Company rule, and the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Princely State", "says": "The earliest rulers of the later princely state of Benares were originally Zamindars for the Awadh province of the Mughal Empire who later became an independent state."}], "Q1381495": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The princely state was divided into two parts during the British Raj, namely: the princely state of Garhwal and the Garhwal District of British India."}, {"id": "Q4870478", "label": "Battle of Bhangani", "section": "History - Medieval", "says": "The next important ruler was Fateh Shah, remained the King of Garhwal from 1684 to 1716, and is most known for taking part in the Battle of Bhangani on 18 September 1688, where combined forces of many Rajas of the Shivalik Hills (Pahari rajas) fought with 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh's army."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Medieval", "says": "During his reign, Sikh Guru and the ex-communicated eldest son of Har Rai, Ram Rai settled here, upon recommendations of Aurangzeb, which eventually led to the establishment of modern town of Dehradun."}, {"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "History - Medieval", "says": "In 1791 Gorkha forces of the Kingdom of Nepal, invaded Kumaon and took control of most of the hill country, expelling or subduing most of the rajas."}, {"id": "Q4206839", "label": "Bhimsen Thapa", "section": "History - Twelve-year Gorkha occupation (Gorkhyani)", "says": "The Mukhtiyar (prime minister) of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa imposed a general restriction on human trafficking in Garhwal, Sirmur and other areas in 1812 A.D."}, {"id": "Q195378", "label": "Anglo-Nepalese War", "section": "History - Defeat of the Gorkhas and split of Garhwal Kingdom", "says": "The occupation of the kingdom by the Gorkhas went unopposed from 1803 to 1814 until a series of encroachments by the Gorkhas on British territory led to the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814."}, {"id": "Q2003866", "label": "Sugauli Treaty", "section": "History - Defeat of the Gorkhas and split of Garhwal Kingdom", "says": "At the war's end on 21 April 1815, as a result of the Treaty of Sugauli, the British annexed half of the Kingdom of Garhwal (Pauri Garhwal) and converted the other half (Tehri Garhwal) into a subsidiary princely state."}], "Q1398212": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Valais Republic (French: République du Valais; German: Republik Wallis; Arpitan: Rèpublica du Valês) or Vallais was a sister republic of France that existed between 1802 and 1810 in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, during the Napoleonic Wars, in territory corresponding to the modern Swiss canton of Valais."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Valais Republic (French: République du Valais; German: Republik Wallis; Arpitan: Rèpublica du Valês) or Vallais was a sister republic of France that existed between 1802 and 1810 in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, during the Napoleonic Wars, in territory corresponding to the modern Swiss canton of Valais."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "By an imperial decree of 12 November 1810, Napoleon annexed to the French Empire the territory of the Republic of Valais, as a department under the name of Simplon."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "With the collapse of the Empire during the War of the Sixth Coalition, the department was occupied by Austrian troops in late December 1813."}], "Q1463691": [{"id": "Q206752", "label": "Treaty of Campo Formio", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the Treaty of Campo Formio stating that Ancona and the surrounding region had to be returned to the Papal States, the municipality proclaimed the decadence of papal rule, under French protection."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the Treaty of Campo Formio stating that Ancona and the surrounding region had to be returned to the Papal States, the municipality proclaimed the decadence of papal rule, under French protection."}, {"id": "Q128019", "label": "Pius VI", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent tension led to general conflict with Pope Pius VI and the French occupation of the whole of the Papal States."}], "Q149846": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos existed from 1185 to 1479 as part of the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q736758", "label": "Margaritus of Brindisi", "section": "lead", "says": "The title and the right to rule the Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos was originally given to Margaritus of Brindisi for his services to William II, King of Sicily, in 1185."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tocco used the county as a springboard for their acquisition of lands in the Greek mainland, and were successful in gaining control over the Despotate of Epirus in 1411."}], "Q1615411": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "While technically a vassal state of the Papal States, it enjoyed de facto independence under the rule of the House of Farnese until 1649, when it was subsumed back into the Papal States and administered by the House of Stampa di Ferentino."}, {"id": "Q133001", "label": "Paul III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created a duchy by Pope Paul III (1534–1549) in the bull Videlicet immeriti on 31 October 1537, with his son Pier Luigi Farnese and his firstborn male heirs as its dukes."}, {"id": "Q364023", "label": "Pier Luigi Farnese", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created a duchy by Pope Paul III (1534–1549) in the bull Videlicet immeriti on 31 October 1537, with his son Pier Luigi Farnese and his firstborn male heirs as its dukes."}, {"id": "Q180393", "label": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "section": "lead", "says": "The title of Duke of Castro has been held since the late 1860s by the claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, since the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was annexed to the newborn Kingdom of Italy."}], "Q16985296": [{"id": "Q516160", "label": "First Hungarian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian Republic (Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság) was a short-lived republic that existed between August 1919 and February 1920 in the central and western portions of the former First Hungarian Republic (controlling most of today's Hungary and parts of present-day Austria, Slovakia and Slovenia)."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian Republic (Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság) was a short-lived republic that existed between August 1919 and February 1920 in the central and western portions of the former First Hungarian Republic (controlling most of today's Hungary and parts of present-day Austria, Slovakia and Slovenia)."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian Republic (Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság) was a short-lived republic that existed between August 1919 and February 1920 in the central and western portions of the former First Hungarian Republic (controlling most of today's Hungary and parts of present-day Austria, Slovakia and Slovenia)."}, {"id": "Q252298", "label": "Hungarian–Romanian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was  established in the aftermath of the Hungarian–Romanian War by counter-revolutionary forces who sought to return to the status quo prior to 31 October 1918."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this period, the Allies of World War I severely pressured the Hungarians into retreating behind post-war demarcation lines as a provision to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which was the Allies' attempt to establish new nation states among the former kingdom's non-Hungarian citizens, the principal beneficiaries of which were the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and S"}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this period, the Allies of World War I severely pressured the Hungarians into retreating behind post-war demarcation lines as a provision to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which was the Allies' attempt to establish new nation states among the former kingdom's non-Hungarian citizens, the principal beneficiaries of which were the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and S"}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this period, the Allies of World War I severely pressured the Hungarians into retreating behind post-war demarcation lines as a provision to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which was the Allies' attempt to establish new nation states among the former kingdom's non-Hungarian citizens, the principal beneficiaries of which were the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and S"}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, the Republic was transformed back into the Kingdom of Hungary, which signed the Treaty of Trianon under protest."}], "Q17076645": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gauḍa kingdom was a kingdom during the Classical era in the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the Gauda region of Bengal (modern-day West Bengal and Bangladesh) in 4th century CE or possibly earlier."}], "Q1842362": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (Russian: Крымская Социалистическая Советская Республика or Крымская Советская Социалистическая Республика; Crimean Tatar: Qırım Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyeti) or the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Crimea was a state allied with Soviet Russia that existed in Crimea for several months in 1919 during the Russian Civil War."}], "Q1936158": [{"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "When the Qin dynasty fell in 206 BC, the Hegemon-King Xiang Yu did not make Zou Wuzhu and Zou Yao kings."}, {"id": "Q6596990", "label": "Yang Pu", "section": "History - Invasion of Nanyue, defeat by Han and resettlement", "says": "Han general Yang Pu wanted to attack Minyue for their betrayal; however, the emperor felt that their forces were already too exhausted for any further military action, so the army was disbanded."}], "Q1968654": [{"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saruhanids It was founded by the tribal chief Saruhan about 1300 and lasted for a first time until 1390, when Bayezid I overran the region and finally until 1412, when the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I killed Hızır, the last Saruhan ruler, and absorbed the Beylik into the Ottoman Empire as a province."}, {"id": "Q168769", "label": "Mehmed I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saruhanids It was founded by the tribal chief Saruhan about 1300 and lasted for a first time until 1390, when Bayezid I overran the region and finally until 1412, when the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I killed Hızır, the last Saruhan ruler, and absorbed the Beylik into the Ottoman Empire as a province."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Saruhanids It was founded by the tribal chief Saruhan about 1300 and lasted for a first time until 1390, when Bayezid I overran the region and finally until 1412, when the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I killed Hızır, the last Saruhan ruler, and absorbed the Beylik into the Ottoman Empire as a province."}], "Q206279": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "Waalo (Wolof: Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania."}, {"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "After this, Ndiaye took control of Jolof and founded the Jolof Empire."}, {"id": "Q1812976", "label": "Emirate of Trarza", "section": "History - A Regional Power", "says": "In another attempt to further strengthen their economic position in the Senegal valley, in 1724 the French allied with Maalixuri, the lord of Bethio, to pressure the Brak Yerim Mbyanik and the Emirate of Trarza into concessions."}], "Q2145397": [{"id": "Q1269234", "label": "Stellaland", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in Tswana territory west of the Transvaal, Goshen existed as an independent nation for a short period; from 1882 to 1883 as the State of Goshen and, after unification with neighbouring Stellaland, as the United States of Stellaland (Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Stellaland) from 1883 to 1885."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Located in Tswana territory west of the Transvaal, Goshen existed as an independent nation for a short period; from 1882 to 1883 as the State of Goshen and, after unification with neighbouring Stellaland, as the United States of Stellaland (Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Stellaland) from 1883 to 1885."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "During its history, Goshen, though small in size, became a focal point of conflict between the United Kingdom and the South African Republic, the two major players vying over the territory."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "During its history, Goshen, though small in size, became a focal point of conflict between the United Kingdom and the South African Republic, the two major players vying over the territory."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "lead", "says": "After a series of claims and annexations, British fears of Boer expansionism ultimately led to its demise and, among other factors, set the stage for the Second Boer War of 1899–1902."}], "Q2301372": [{"id": "Q201465", "label": "Al-Muqtadir", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1065, Emir Al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza besieged Barbastro, aided by 500 Sevillian knights."}, {"id": "Q2567609", "label": "Ermengol III, Count of Urgell", "section": "Background", "says": "The governor, Count Ermengol III of Urgel, was killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city fell, whereupon the Spanish and French garrison was put to the sword, thus bringing an end to Pope Alexander II's Crusade of Barbastro against the Moors of Spain."}, {"id": "Q1187521", "label": "Crusade of Barbastro", "section": "Background", "says": "The governor, Count Ermengol III of Urgel, was killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city fell, whereupon the Spanish and French garrison was put to the sword, thus bringing an end to Pope Alexander II's Crusade of Barbastro against the Moors of Spain."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "Background", "says": "Ferdinand fell dangerously ill and retired from the field."}], "Q2301908": [{"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "Their rule consolidated earlier southward expansion into Champa and pushed southwest into Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q6506833", "label": "Lê Cung Hoàng", "section": "History - Restoration of the Lê dynasty", "says": "In 1527, Mạc Đăng Dung overthrew the emperor Lê Cung Hoàng and established a new dynasty (Mạc dynasty)."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "History - Restoration of the Lê dynasty", "says": "After several unsuccessful revolts, they went into exile in Xam Neua (Kingdom of Lan Xang) and established a government-in-exile there to reorganize armed forces to fight the Mạc dynasty."}, {"id": "Q6802344", "label": "Lê Trang Tông", "section": "History - Trịnh seizes power over the Lê dynasty", "says": "However, the authority of Lê emperor was not fully restored as restored emperor Lê Trang Tông was installed as figurehead, while true authority lay in the hands of Nguyễn Kim."}, {"id": "Q6649443", "label": "Lê Anh Tông", "section": "History - Nguyễn Hoàng as governor of Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam province", "says": "In March 1568, Emperor Lê Anh Tông summoned Hoàng for a meeting at Tây Đô and met Trịnh Kiểm at his personal mansion."}, {"id": "Q6650024", "label": "Lê Kính Tông", "section": "History - Rising tensions", "says": "In 1600,  Lê Kính Tông ascended the throne."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "History - Rising tensions", "says": "When the war with the Trịnh ended, the Nguyễn were able to put more resources into suppressing the Champa kingdoms and conquest of lands which used to belong to the Khmer Empire."}, {"id": "Q210417", "label": "Gia Long", "section": "History - Rising tensions", "says": "It was said \"Hán di hữu hạn\" 漢夷有限 (\"the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders\") by Gia Long, unifying emperor of all Vietnam, when differentiating between Khmer and Vietnamese."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "History - Nguyễn-Tây Sơn war (1778–1802) and establishment of Nguyễn dynasty", "says": "The new king of Siam, Rama I had more urgent affairs to look after than helping Nguyễn Ánh retake Vietnam and so this campaign faltered."}], "Q24897370": [{"id": "Q2039087", "label": "Chandelas of Jejakabhukti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chahamanas fought several wars with neighbouring dynasties, including the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Tomaras of Delhi, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 11th century onward, they also faced invasions from Muslim powers, initially the Ghaznavids and later the Ghurids."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "lead", "says": "Chahamana power effectively ended in 1192 CE, when Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithviraja III (Prithviraj Chauhan) at the Second Battle of Tarain and subsequently executed him, installing his son Govindaraja IV as a Ghurid vassal."}, {"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "lead", "says": "Chahamana power effectively ended in 1192 CE, when Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithviraja III (Prithviraj Chauhan) at the Second Battle of Tarain and subsequently executed him, installing his son Govindaraja IV as a Ghurid vassal."}, {"id": "Q2890128", "label": "Second Battle of Tarain", "section": "lead", "says": "Chahamana power effectively ended in 1192 CE, when Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithviraja III (Prithviraj Chauhan) at the Second Battle of Tarain and subsequently executed him, installing his son Govindaraja IV as a Ghurid vassal."}], "Q2506068": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Azadistan (Persian: آزادستان, romanized: Âzâdestân, lit. 'The Land of Freedom'), was a short-lived state in Iranian Azerbaijan that lasted from early 1920 until September of that year."}, {"id": "Q2658388", "label": "Mohammad Khiabani", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Mohammad Khiabani, an Iranian patriot, who was a representative to the parliament, and a prominent dissident against the Soviet Union and British colonialism."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Mohammad Khiabani, an Iranian patriot, who was a representative to the parliament, and a prominent dissident against the Soviet Union and British colonialism."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Khiabani and his followers chose the name \"Azadistan\" as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name \"Azerbaijan\" to the government centered on Baku in Transcaucasia which was called Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and also to serve as a model of freedom and independence for the rest of Iran."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiabani re-established the Democrat Party of Tabriz after being banned for five years, and published the Tajaddod newspaper, the official organ of the party."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of World War I, in a protest to the 1919 Treaty between Persia and the United Kingdom, which exclusively transferred the rights of deciding about all military, financial, and customs affairs of Persia to the British, Khiabani disputed control of Tabriz with the central government of Vosough od-Dowleh in Tehran and, in 1920, Khiabani proclaimed Azerbaijan to be Azadistan, to provide a"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After the end of World War I, in a protest to the 1919 Treaty between Persia and the United Kingdom, which exclusively transferred the rights of deciding about all military, financial, and customs affairs of Persia to the British, Khiabani disputed control of Tabriz with the central government of Vosough od-Dowleh in Tehran and, in 1920, Khiabani proclaimed Azerbaijan to be Azadistan, to provide a"}, {"id": "Q957495", "label": "Mehdi Qoli Hedayat", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of prime minister Vosough od-Dowleh the new prime minister sent Mehdi Qoli Hedayat to Tabriz, giving him full authority, and he crushed and killed Khiabani in the late summer of 1920 and Azadistan was dissolved."}], "Q2625496": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of East Indonesia (Indonesian: Negara Indonesia Timur, old spelling: Negara Indonesia Timoer, Dutch: Oost-Indonesië) was a post–World War II state formed in the eastern half of Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of East Indonesia (Indonesian: Negara Indonesia Timur, old spelling: Negara Indonesia Timoer, Dutch: Oost-Indonesië) was a post–World War II state formed in the eastern half of Dutch East Indies."}, {"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in December 1946 by the Dutch, it was a puppet state formed during the Indonesian National Revolution that eventually became a part of the United States of Indonesia (USI) in 1949 at the end of the conflict and was dissolved in 1950 with the end of the USI."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Later that year, the Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia in the Linggadjati Agreement of 15 November."}, {"id": "Q2112088", "label": "Linggadjati Agreement", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Later that year, the Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia in the Linggadjati Agreement of 15 November."}, {"id": "Q4258815", "label": "Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Also at the conference, Balinese nobleman Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati was elected president."}, {"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Although opponents joked that \"NIT\" stood for negara ikoet toean or 'state which goes along with the master', i.e. the Dutch, nevertheless, it was recognized by the Republic of Indonesia as a state within the United States of Indonesia on 19 January 1948."}], "Q2631100": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Crema (Lombard: Republega Cremasca; Italian: Repubblica Cremasca) was a revolutionary municipality in Lombardy, which was created when the French Revolutionary Army entered Crema on 28 March 1797."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "It ruled the local affairs of the city and its environs, which previously were a Venetian exclave in the Duchy of Milan."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The municipality entered then into the Cisalpine Republic in July 1797."}], "Q280312": [{"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Lüneburg (later also referred to as Celle) was a territorial division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg within the Holy Roman Empire, immediately subordinate to the emperor."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Lüneburg (later also referred to as Celle) was a territorial division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg within the Holy Roman Empire, immediately subordinate to the emperor."}, {"id": "Q703249", "label": "Otto the Child", "section": "History - Emergence", "says": "The Principality of Lüneburg was created by the division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a state that had been formed in 1235 from the allodial lands of the Welfs in Saxony and given as an imperial fief to Otto the Child, a nephew of Henry the Lion."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - Emergence", "says": "The Principality of Lüneburg was created by the division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a state that had been formed in 1235 from the allodial lands of the Welfs in Saxony and given as an imperial fief to Otto the Child, a nephew of Henry the Lion."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Lüneburg War of Succession", "says": "Emperor Charles IV, however, considered it an imperial fiefdom, however, and granted the principality to Albert of Saxe-Wittenberg and his uncle Wenceslas, thus precipitating the Lüneburg War of Succession."}, {"id": "Q830084", "label": "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "History - Middle House of Lüneburg", "says": "The brothers William and Henry received the land between the Deister and the Leine, which was later to become the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, having acquired the Principality of Calenberg; and their uncle, Bernard, received the Principality of Lüneburg, thus becoming the progenitor of the Middle House of Lüneburg."}, {"id": "Q565812", "label": "Principality of Calenberg", "section": "History - Middle House of Lüneburg", "says": "The brothers William and Henry received the land between the Deister and the Leine, which was later to become the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, having acquired the Principality of Calenberg; and their uncle, Bernard, received the Principality of Lüneburg, thus becoming the progenitor of the Middle House of Lüneburg."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Ernest the Confessor and the Reformation", "says": "Soon after succeeding, he began to reform the church of Lüneburg to Lutheranism."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - Ernest the Confessor and the Reformation", "says": "In 1530, Ernest signed the Augsburg Confession, and brought back with him the Augsburg reformer Urbanus Rhegius, who was largely responsible for the implementation of the Reformation in Lüneburg over the succeeding decades."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - New House of Lüneburg", "says": "After his death in 1705, George of Hanover, who was both the benefactor of Georges William's 1658 renunciation in favour of his younger brother Ernest Augustus and the husband of George William's morganatic daughter Sophie Dorothea, inherited the state of Lüneburg, which was merged into the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and finally lost its independence."}], "Q2988343": [{"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was captured from the Malacca Sultanate as part of Portuguese attempts to gain control of trade in the region."}, {"id": "Q1226851", "label": "Diogo Lopes de Sequeira", "section": "History - The capture of Malacca", "says": "Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of the King of Portugal, Manuel I, who sent captain-major Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to make contact with Malacca and sign a trade agreement with its ruler."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - The capture of Malacca", "says": "Although he was initially well received by Sultan Mahmud Shah, trouble quickly ensued."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - The capture of Malacca", "says": "The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Muslims in the sultan's court."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "History - The capture of Malacca", "says": "In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of around 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships."}, {"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "History - A Portuguese port in a hostile region", "says": "He rallied the support from his ally the Sultanate of Demak in Java who, in 1511, agreed to send naval forces to assist."}, {"id": "Q1150344", "label": "Johor Sultanate", "section": "History - A Portuguese port in a hostile region", "says": "Mahmud's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and made a new capital in the south, creating the Johor Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q191231", "label": "Manuel I of Portugal", "section": "History - Chinese reaction", "says": "On 17 June 1517 a fleet of eight ships under the command of Fernão Peres de Andrade reached Guangzhou with an embassy from King Manuel I of Portugal, the ambassador Tomé Pires disembarked with pomp and circumstance and was well received by the Chinese authorities who came to see him with great ceremony."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Chinese reaction", "says": "On 17 June 1517 a fleet of eight ships under the command of Fernão Peres de Andrade reached Guangzhou with an embassy from King Manuel I of Portugal, the ambassador Tomé Pires disembarked with pomp and circumstance and was well received by the Chinese authorities who came to see him with great ceremony."}, {"id": "Q1061057", "label": "Aceh Sultanate", "section": "History - Chinese reaction", "says": "The Sultanate of Johor also improved relations with the Portuguese and fought alongside them against the Aceh Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q66710", "label": "Daman and Diu", "section": "History - Dutch conquest and the end of Portuguese Malacca", "says": "With these conquests, the last Portuguese colonies in Asia remained confined to Goa, Daman and Diu in Portuguese India, Portuguese Timor and Macau until the 20th century."}], "Q3028514": [{"id": "Q7324", "label": "James Cook", "section": "History - Beginning", "says": "Captain James Cook gave him the advantage in a number of battles with rival forces during his last stay in Tahiti, circa 1777."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Pomare II", "says": "There were mass conversions in hope of the supernatural protections that Christianity offered."}, {"id": "Q1035", "label": "Charles Darwin", "section": "History - Pōmare IV", "says": "She hosted numerous Britons, including Charles Darwin."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Return of the Pitcairn Islanders", "says": "Since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Pitcairn islanders had been discovered by and had friendly contact with the Royal Navy and British authorities."}, {"id": "Q157324", "label": "François Guizot", "section": "History - French Protectorate", "says": "The French statesman François Guizot, supported by King Louis-Philippe of France, had denounced annexation of the island, and the treaty was never ratified by France."}], "Q303598": [{"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrian colonial policy consisted of a small number of limited and generally short-lived efforts by the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and later Austria-Hungary to establish overseas commercial and colonial footholds."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Austrian colonial policy consisted of a small number of limited and generally short-lived efforts by the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and later Austria-Hungary to establish overseas commercial and colonial footholds."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "The colonial domains of the dual monarchy Austria-Hungary, from 1867 to 1918, are covered in Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Keeping Bosnia and Herzegovina under control was a major factor in the Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I, although the territory was administered as part of the monarchy rather than as an overseas colony."}], "Q3057629": [{"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Old Saxony was the homeland of the Saxons who fought the Frankish empire during the Early Middle Ages, until being conquered and converted into a Carolingian stem duchy in the 8th century, the Duchy of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "lead", "says": "By the time of the Carolingians, most of the North Sea coast between the Rhine and Elbe was inhabited not by the Saxons, but by the medieval Frisians, who were seen as distinct from the Saxons."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "These old Saxon regions should not be confused with the modern German state of Saxony, which is in eastern Germany, adjoining the northwest border of the Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Origin", "says": "As land became scarce, the Saxon population began to expand southward where it absorbed indigenous populations such as Cherusci, Chamavi and Chatti, and remaining portions of the Langobardi (Lombards) and Suebi."}], "Q3175929": [{"id": "Q55771417", "label": "Thierry Bianquis", "section": "History - Dominance of the Kilab in northern Syria", "says": "This, according to historian Thierry Bianquis, made the tribes \"susceptible to Qarmatian [sic] propaganda denouncing the wealth of the urban Sunni population\"."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Dominance of the Kilab in northern Syria", "says": "The dominance of the Kilab prevented Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid (r."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Dominance of the Kilab in northern Syria", "says": "In the months after, al-Ikhshid's forces were driven out of northern Syria by the Abbasids."}, {"id": "Q7404509", "label": "Salih ibn Mirdas", "section": "History - Rise of the Mirdasid emirate", "says": "Among the Kilabi chiefs jailed by Mansur was Salih ibn Mirdas, the founder of the Mirdasid dynasty, whose family was based in the area of Qinnasrin."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Rise of the Mirdasid emirate", "says": "The Egypt-based Fatimid Caliphate eventually gained authority over Aleppo, appointing Aziz al-Dawla as its governor there in 1017."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Rise of the Mirdasid emirate", "says": "In 1023, Salih inaugurated an unprecedented military alliance of the Kilab and the two other strongest Arab tribes in Syria, the Banu Kalb of the Damascus region and the Jarrahid-led Banu Tayy of Transjordan, whereby the three tribes agreed to support the other in taking over Aleppo, Damascus, and Palestine, respectively, from the Fatimids."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Reigns of Nasr and Thimal", "says": "Not long after their succession, they faced an offensive from the Byzantine Empire, which controlled Antioch and the Anatolia region north of their domains."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - Decline and fall", "says": "The Mirdasids maintained a level of influence in the region after the loss of Aleppo, and attempted to stem the advance of the First Crusade."}], "Q327179": [{"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Erfurt Union (German: Erfurter Union) was a short-lived union of German states under a federation, proposed by the Kingdom of Prussia at Erfurt, for which the Erfurt Union Parliament (Erfurter Unionsparlament), officially lasting from 20 March to 29 April 1850, was opened at the former Augustinian monastery in Erfurt."}, {"id": "Q708601", "label": "Punctation of Olmütz", "section": "lead", "says": "The union never came into effect, and was seriously undermined in the Punctation of Olmütz (29 November 1850; also called the Humiliation at Olmütz) under immense pressure from the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The union never came into effect, and was seriously undermined in the Punctation of Olmütz (29 November 1850; also called the Humiliation at Olmütz) under immense pressure from the Austrian Empire."}], "Q3315525": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "After a period in which the Balearic Islands were integrated into the Almoravid Empire, it ended up disintegrating, suffering the same fate as the Caliphate of Córdoba."}], "Q3456447": [{"id": "Q315953", "label": "Didier Ratsiraka", "section": "History - Establishment (1975)", "says": "Didier Ratsiraka was elected to a seven-year term as president in a national referendum on 21 December 1975, confirming the mandate for consensus and inaugurating Madagascar's Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "History - Establishment (1975)", "says": "Didier Ratsiraka was elected to a seven-year term as president in a national referendum on 21 December 1975, confirming the mandate for consensus and inaugurating Madagascar's Second Republic."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Early years (1975–1982)", "says": "Finally, the SRC ordered the closure of an earth satellite tracking station operated by the United States as part of its commitment to nonaligned foreign relations."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Decline and dissolution (1989–1992)", "says": "1989 marked a turning point due to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of one-party rule in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, similarly transforming electoral politics in Africa."}, {"id": "Q559672", "label": "Albert Zafy", "section": "History - Decline and dissolution (1989–1992)", "says": "Albert Zafy, the central leader of the opposition forces and a côtier of the Tsimihety ethnic group, played a critical role in this transition process and ultimately emerged as the first president of Madagascar's Third Republic."}], "Q39047075": [{"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turk Shahis were a dynasty of Western Turk, or mixed Turco-Hephthalite origin, that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa to Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries CE."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turk Shahis arose at a time when the Sasanian Empire had already been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turk Shahis arose at a time when the Sasanian Empire had already been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Turk Shahis then resisted for more than 250 years the eastward expansion of the Abbasid Caliphate, until they fell to the Persian Saffarids in the 9th century CE."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghaznavids then finally broke through into India after overpowering the declining succeeding Hindu Shahis and Gurjaras."}, {"id": "Q4955540", "label": "Hindu Shahis", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ghaznavids then finally broke through into India after overpowering the declining succeeding Hindu Shahis and Gurjaras."}, {"id": "Q11826", "label": "Al-Biruni", "section": "History - Establishment: Arab offensive and displacement of the Nezaks", "says": "Al-Biruni provides a rather legendary account of Barhategin's rise, extrapolating from multiple mythological motifs, and the precise circumstances surrounding the dawning of the Turk Shahis remain unclear."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Conflict with the Arabs", "says": "In 698 Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra of the Umayyad Caliphate lead an 'Army of Destruction' against the Zunbils, was defeated and was forced to offer a large tribute, give hostages including three of his sons and take an oath not to invade Zunbil again."}, {"id": "Q31755", "label": "Leo III the Syrian", "section": "History - Victory over the Arabs", "says": "He was apparently named in honor of \"Caesar\", the title of the then East Roman Emperor Leo III the Isaurian who had defeated their common enemy the Arabs during the Siege of Constantinople in 717 CE, and sent an embassy to China through Central Asia in 719 CE which probably met with the Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Victory over the Arabs", "says": "In Chinese sources \"Fromo Kesaro\" was aptly transcribed \"Fulin Jisuo\" (拂菻罽娑), \"Fulin\" (拂菻) being the standard Tang dynasty name for \"Byzantine Empire\" and Jisuo (罽娑) the phonetic transcription of \"Caesar\":\nFromo Kesaro appears to have successfully fought against the Arabs."}, {"id": "Q492415", "label": "Battle of Talas", "section": "History - Dissolution of the Tang protectorate", "says": "760 CE, following their strategic defeat at the Battle of Talas (751 CE) and the events of the An Lushan Rebellion, thus weakening the geopolitical position of the Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q253774", "label": "An Lushan Rebellion", "section": "History - Dissolution of the Tang protectorate", "says": "760 CE, following their strategic defeat at the Battle of Talas (751 CE) and the events of the An Lushan Rebellion, thus weakening the geopolitical position of the Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "History - Renewed conflict with the Arabs and decline", "says": "He therefore sent the throne to Al-Ma'mun in Merv, who then sent it to Al-Hasan ibn Sahl in Wasit, who in turn charged one of his lieutenants from Balkh, Naçîr ben Ibrahim, with accompanying it to Mecca."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Renewed conflict with the Arabs and decline", "says": "Al-Azraqi also made a very detailed description of the statue, which points to a crowned and bejewelled Buddha seated on a throne, a design otherwise well known and quite specific to this historical period for the region of Afghanistan and Kashmir."}], "Q4416710": [{"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed on 12 August 1991 and was subsequently included into the Republic of Serbian Krajina."}, {"id": "Q1374443", "label": "Operation Flash", "section": "lead", "says": "It was eliminated and reintegrated into Croatia in May 1995, during Operation Flash."}], "Q474421": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Fürstenberg was a county (German: Grafschaft), and later a principality (Fürstentum), of the Holy Roman Empire in Swabia, which was located in present-day southern Baden-Württemberg, Germany."}], "Q481492": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The objectives of the many different separatist groups ranged widely, from the foundation of an autonomous republic to some sort of change in the status of the Rhineland within the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The political temperature cooled after the French occupation of the Ruhr attracted increasingly strident criticism from Britain and the United States."}, {"id": "Q655092", "label": "Cisrhenian Republic", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The Cisrhenian Republic (1797–1802) and subsequent incorporation of the region into the French Empire lasted for less than a generation, but introduced to the occupied Rhineland many of the features of the modern state."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "Historical context", "says": "One objective of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 was to undo Napoléon's territorial changes, so the German Lower Rhine and Westphalia reverted to the Kingdom of Prussia (joined by the Middle Rhine and Cologne), the Palatinate region to Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Historical context", "says": "One objective of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 was to undo Napoléon's territorial changes, so the German Lower Rhine and Westphalia reverted to the Kingdom of Prussia (joined by the Middle Rhine and Cologne), the Palatinate region to Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q2492", "label": "Konrad Adenauer", "section": "Chronology - Dr Adenauer calls a meeting", "says": "On 1 February 1919, more than sixty of the Rhineland's civic leaders together with locally based Prussian National Assembly Members convened in Cologne at the invitation of the city's mayor, Konrad Adenauer of the Catholic Center Party."}], "Q482705": [{"id": "Q14362", "label": "Chun Doo-hwan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Republic was established in February 1981 by Chun Doo-hwan, a military colleague of long-time president and dictator Park Chung Hee, after the political instability and military rule in the fourth republic since the assassination of Park in October 1979."}, {"id": "Q14356", "label": "Park Chung-hee", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Republic was established in February 1981 by Chun Doo-hwan, a military colleague of long-time president and dictator Park Chung Hee, after the political instability and military rule in the fourth republic since the assassination of Park in October 1979."}, {"id": "Q174990", "label": "Gwangju Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Republic faced growing opposition from the democratization movement of the Gwangju Uprising, and the June Democracy Movement of 1987 resulted in the election of Roh Tae-woo in the December 1987 presidential election."}, {"id": "Q242651", "label": "Roh Tae-woo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fifth Republic faced growing opposition from the democratization movement of the Gwangju Uprising, and the June Democracy Movement of 1987 resulted in the election of Roh Tae-woo in the December 1987 presidential election."}, {"id": "Q233263", "label": "Second Republic of South Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Park originally came to power as Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Reconstruction two months after the May 16 coup (which he had led) overthrew the Second Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Supreme Council established a provisional military junta government that prioritized the economic development of South Korea, but faced strong pressure from the United States to restore civilian rule."}, {"id": "Q487687", "label": "Third Republic of South Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1963, Park abdicated from his military position to run as a civilian in the October 1963 presidential election, defeating the incumbent President Yun Posun and inaugurating the Third Republic of Korea two months later in December."}, {"id": "Q45785", "label": "Kim Dae-jung", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Park won re-election in the 1967 presidential election, and the National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment that allowed him to serve a third term, which he won in the 1971 presidential election against Kim Dae-jung."}, {"id": "Q623792", "label": "October Yushin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On 10 October 1972, Park launched a self-coup known as the October Restoration, dissolving the National Assembly, suspending the constitution, and declaring martial law across the country."}, {"id": "Q488521", "label": "Fourth Republic of South Korea", "section": "History - Background", "says": "On 21 November 1972, the Yushin Constitution was approved in the 1972 South Korean constitutional referendum with 92.3% of the vote and came into force, dissolving the Third Republic and establishing the Fourth Republic of Korea."}, {"id": "Q313350", "label": "Choi Kyu-hah", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Park's successor, Choi Kyu-hah, was an ineffective president whose authority was largely ignored by the political elite."}, {"id": "Q165210", "label": "Kim Young-sam", "section": "History - Democratization", "says": "In 1985, the New Korea and Democratic Party (NKDP) was founded as the successor of the New Democratic Party, including notable opposition leaders Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam, and campaigned on a focus on greater democratic rights."}], "Q5062192": [{"id": "Q1109279", "label": "First Mexican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Centralist Republic of Mexico (Spanish: República Centralista de México), or in the anglophone scholarship, the Central Republic, officially the Mexican Republic (Spanish: República Mexicana), was a unitary political regime established in Mexico on 23 October 1835, under a new constitution known as the Siete Leyes (lit. 'seven laws') after conservatives repealed the federalist Constitution of "}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "It would ultimately last until 1846, when the Constitution of 1824 was restored at the beginning of the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q354678", "label": "Anastasio Bustamante", "section": "lead", "says": "Two presidents would predominate throughout this era: Santa Anna and Anastasio Bustamante."}, {"id": "Q856168", "label": "Pastry War", "section": "lead", "says": "The period was marked by multiple secession attempts across Mexico, including the loss of Texas and Yucatan, and two international conflicts: the Pastry War, caused by French citizens' economic claims against the Mexican government, and the Mexican–American War, as a consequence of the annexation of Texas by the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The period was marked by multiple secession attempts across Mexico, including the loss of Texas and Yucatan, and two international conflicts: the Pastry War, caused by French citizens' economic claims against the Mexican government, and the Mexican–American War, as a consequence of the annexation of Texas by the United States."}, {"id": "Q7443295", "label": "Second Federal Republic of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "Instability in the government due to the beginning of the Mexican–American War, including a revolt by parts of the army, finally resulted in restoration of the Constitution of 1824 on 22 August 1846, beginning the Second Federal Republic of Mexico."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The First Mexican Empire fell in 1823, without having produced a constitution for the newly independent nation."}, {"id": "Q1208732", "label": "Miguel Barragán", "section": "History - Santa Anna's first period of rule", "says": "Santa Anna at this point retired to his estate of Manga de Clavo to rule from the background, as he had during the Gomez Farias administration and he was replaced by Miguel Barragán."}, {"id": "Q1208264", "label": "José Justo Corro", "section": "History - Santa Anna's first period of rule", "says": "Barragan died of typhus in February 1836 upon which he was replaced by José Justo Corro."}, {"id": "Q970690", "label": "Lorenzo de Zavala", "section": "History - Independence of Texas", "says": "Among the delegates voting for independence was the Mexican liberal statesman Lorenzo de Zavala, who had fled to Texas in the aftermath of the fall of the First Republic."}, {"id": "Q235344", "label": "Battle of the Alamo", "section": "History - Independence of Texas", "says": "The Battle of the Alamo ended with a Mexican victory on 6 March 1836."}, {"id": "Q216547", "label": "Sam Houston", "section": "History - Independence of Texas", "says": "Santa Anna, however, was routed and captured by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April."}, {"id": "Q841278", "label": "Battle of San Jacinto", "section": "History - Independence of Texas", "says": "Santa Anna, however, was routed and captured by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Pastry War", "says": "The United Kingdom, which also had interests in Mexico, had been feeling the effects of the French blockade,  and had anchored thirteen vessels in Veracruz as a show of force."}, {"id": "Q1135419", "label": "José de Urrea", "section": "History - Urrea federalist rebellion", "says": "In October 1838, another rebellion against the government broke out in the north of the country at Tampico, and soon placed itself under the command of General José de Urrea who intended to restore the federalist system."}, {"id": "Q1186940", "label": "Martín Perfecto de Cos", "section": "History - Urrea federalist rebellion", "says": "The revolt rapidly spread, and the rebels now succeeded in overthrowing the governors of Nuevo León and Coahuila and in March 1839 government reinforcements under General Martín Perfecto de Cos were routed."}, {"id": "Q638530", "label": "Texas Revolution", "section": "History - Independence of Yucatán", "says": "Bustamante would now go on to face the most serious separatist crisis the country had experienced since the Texas Revolution."}, {"id": "Q170588", "label": "Republic of Texas", "section": "History - Independence of Yucatán", "says": "Campeche was captured on 6 June, and now the entire peninsula was in the hands of the rebels, who proceeded to elect a legislature and form an alliance with the Republic of Texas."}, {"id": "Q543570", "label": "Juan Almonte", "section": "History - Siege of the National Palace", "says": "Juan Almonte, the minister of war had meanwhile escaped to organize a rescue."}, {"id": "Q684616", "label": "Francisco Javier Echeverría", "section": "History - Bustamante's overthrow", "says": "In September, Bustamante resigned the presidency once again to lead the troops personally and left the presidency to the finance minister Francisco Javier Echeverría."}, {"id": "Q379975", "label": "Nicolás Bravo", "section": "History - Santa Anna's second period of rule", "says": "Santa Anna began to scheme to dissolve the congress, and left Nicolás Bravo in charge of the presidency on 26 October 1842."}, {"id": "Q667722", "label": "Valentín Canalizo", "section": "History - Santa Anna's second period of rule", "says": "The nominal president in Mexico City at this time was Valentín Canalizo, though in practice he was a puppet ruler for Santa Anna."}, {"id": "Q373622", "label": "José Joaquín de Herrera", "section": "History - Santa Anna's second period of rule", "says": "Canalizo resigned and on 6 December 1844, congress was restored and José Joaquín de Herrera was installed as the new president with a new cabinet."}, {"id": "Q11896", "label": "Zachary Taylor", "section": "History - Paredes Administration", "says": "The United States had annexed Texas in December 1845 and troops led by Zachary Taylor had begun to patrol territory that Mexico still claimed."}, {"id": "Q7796515", "label": "Thornton Affair", "section": "History - Paredes Administration", "says": "Mexican troops clashed with American troops through the Thornton Affair on the Rio Grande on 25 April 1846 and the United States declared war in response on 12 May."}, {"id": "Q2736004", "label": "Battle of Palo Alto", "section": "History - Paredes Administration", "says": "Mexican forces were defeated at the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma."}, {"id": "Q2890818", "label": "Battle of Resaca de la Palma", "section": "History - Paredes Administration", "says": "Mexican forces were defeated at the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma."}, {"id": "Q1837971", "label": "José Mariano Salas", "section": "History - Restoration of the Federalist System", "says": "José Mariano Salas was made the provisional president, and on 22 August 1846 restored the Constitution of 1824, putting an end to Centralist Republic and inaugurating the era of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico."}], "Q527527": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, (German: Hochstift Lübeck; Fürstbistum Lübeck; Bistum Lübeck) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire until 1803."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally ruled by Roman-Catholic bishops, after 1586 it was ruled by lay administrators and bishops who were members of the Protestant Holstein-Gottorp line of the House of Oldenburg."}], "Q546266": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Champagne (Latin: Comitatus Campaniensis; Old French: Conté de Champaigne) was a medieval territory and feudal principality in the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It developed on the rich plains between Paris and the border of the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th century."}, {"id": "Q229189", "label": "Joan I of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1234 the count of Champagne was also the king of Navarre, and the marriage of Queen Joan I of Navarre with King Philip IV of France led to the county being absorbed into the royal domain of the kings of France in the 14th century."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1234 the count of Champagne was also the king of Navarre, and the marriage of Queen Joan I of Navarre with King Philip IV of France led to the county being absorbed into the royal domain of the kings of France in the 14th century."}], "Q552157": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nieuwe Republiek (\"New Republic\") was a small Boer republic which existed from 1884 to 1888 in present-day South Africa."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was recognised only by Germany and the South African Republic."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Its independence was proclaimed on 16 August 1884, with land donated by the Zulu Kingdom through a treaty."}], "Q561334": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg (German: Hochstift Bamberg) was an ecclesiastical State of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "It goes back to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bamberg established at the 1007 synod in Frankfurt, at the behest of King Henry II to further expand the spread of Christianity in the Franconian lands."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "It goes back to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bamberg established at the 1007 synod in Frankfurt, at the behest of King Henry II to further expand the spread of Christianity in the Franconian lands."}, {"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The bishops obtained the status of Imperial immediacy about 1245 and ruled their estates as Prince-bishops until they were subsumed to the Electorate of Bavaria in the course of the German Mediatisation in 1802."}, {"id": "Q77564", "label": "Willigis", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Eight archbishops and twenty-seven bishops were present, led by Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, as well as the Ottonian ruler Henry II, elected King of the Romans in 1002."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Bishop Henry I of Würzburg was willing to go along with parting with some of his territory, as the king promised to have Würzburg raised to an archbishopric and to give him an equivalent in Meiningen."}, {"id": "Q121130", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "section": "History - Imperial state", "says": "In the early 13th century, the Bamberg bishops interfered in the German throne dispute between the Welf and Hohenstaufen dynasties: Bishop Ekbert of Andechs, son of Duke Berthold of Merania, was faced with the suspicion of being involved in the murder of Philip of Swabia in 1208 and temporarily had to flee to the Hungarian court of his brother-in-law King Andrew II."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Imperial state", "says": "In 1390 Bishop Lamprecht, former chancellor of Emperor Charles V, also acquired the fortress of Giechburg."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "The 39th bishop, Georg Schenk von Limpurg had a procedure for the judgment of capital crimes (Halsgerichtsordnung) drawn up by Johann of Schwarzenberg in 1507, which later became a model for the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina agreed at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "Bishop Georg, though a confidant of Emperor Maximilian I, was inclined toward the Reformation movement of Martin Luther, which caused a violent social outbreak under his successor Weigand, ruling from 1522 to 1556."}, {"id": "Q9554", "label": "Martin Luther", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "Bishop Georg, though a confidant of Emperor Maximilian I, was inclined toward the Reformation movement of Martin Luther, which caused a violent social outbreak under his successor Weigand, ruling from 1522 to 1556."}, {"id": "Q233649", "label": "Second Margrave War", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "Morevover, the city suffered severely in the Second Margrave War (1552–54), when Albert Alcibiades' forces occupied large parts of the bishopric."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "Meanwhile, the Bamberg estates were devastated in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q61118", "label": "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "Bishop Johann Georg fled to his remote Carinthian estates in 1631 and his successor Franz von Hatzfeld was likewise expelled, when the Bamberg and Würzburg bishoprics was placed under the jurisdiction of Prince Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who obtained the title of a \"Duke of Franconia\" from the hands of the Swedish chancellor Axel Oxenstierna in 1633."}, {"id": "Q155127", "label": "Axel Oxenstierna", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "Bishop Johann Georg fled to his remote Carinthian estates in 1631 and his successor Franz von Hatzfeld was likewise expelled, when the Bamberg and Würzburg bishoprics was placed under the jurisdiction of Prince Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who obtained the title of a \"Duke of Franconia\" from the hands of the Swedish chancellor Axel Oxenstierna in 1633."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Protestant Reformation", "says": "Highly indebted by the burdens of the Seven Years' War, the prince-bishops had to sell the Carinthian estates to their Habsburg allies in 1759."}], "Q636389": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was a Latin Catholic archdiocese (969–1552) and Prince-Archbishopric (1180–1680) of the Holy Roman Empire centered on the city of Magdeburg on the Elbe River."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "Planned since 955 and established in 967, the archdiocese had de facto turned void since 1557, when the last papally confirmed prince-archbishop, the Lutheran Sigismund of Brandenburg came of age and ascended to the see."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Then the Brandenburg-Prussia the prince-archbishopric of  Magdeburg."}], "Q640700": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q654766": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of North Peru was one of the three constituent republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–1839."}, {"id": "Q899706", "label": "Peru–Bolivian Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of North Peru was one of the three constituent republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–1839."}, {"id": "Q2145402", "label": "South Peru", "section": "lead", "says": "North Peru was one of two states—the other being South Peru—that arose from the division of the Peruvian Republic due to the civil wars of 1834 and 1835 to 1836."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation came to an end three years later after continuous border wars with Argentina and Chile in the War of the Confederation, and after a chaotic civil conflict between north and south Peruvians."}, {"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation came to an end three years later after continuous border wars with Argentina and Chile in the War of the Confederation, and after a chaotic civil conflict between north and south Peruvians."}, {"id": "Q379638", "label": "Agustín Gamarra", "section": "lead", "says": "In August of 1839, Agustín Gamarra declared the Confederation dissolved; as a result, South Peru and North Peru reverted to being a unified Republic of Peru."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After political instability in Peru and a coup d'état in 1835, a civil war broke out between newly self-declared president Felipe Santiago Salaverry and constitutional president Luis José de Orbegoso, who allowed Bolivian president Andrés de Santa Cruz to send his troops through the Peruvian border."}, {"id": "Q1763351", "label": "Ramón Castilla", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "An important number of Peruvian politicians who opposed the Confederation, such as Agustín Gamarra and Ramón Castilla, fled to Chile where they received support, leading to the War of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q1332", "label": "Ramón Freire", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "After a trade war, the Congress of Chile approved the declaration of war on 26 December 1836, claiming that Santa Cruz's rule over Peru was illegitimate, and that his influence threatened the integrity of other South American nations, as seen by Orbegoso's support for an attempted invasion of Chile by Ramón Freire, specifically pointing out that it targeted then minister Diego Portales."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "Argentina followed suit after Juan Manuel de Rosas then declared war on the Confederation on 19 May 1837, after the escalation of a territorial conflict in its border, accusing Santa Cruz of harboring supporters of the Unitarian Party."}, {"id": "Q1329", "label": "Manuel Bulnes", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "The treaty was declared null and void by Chile, and a second expedition headed by Manuel Bulnes was organized, which left for Peru on 19 July 1838."}, {"id": "Q2397172", "label": "Pío de Tristán", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "North and South Peru) was under the de jure control of seven different presidents at one time, of which six claimed control over North Peru (with the exception of Pío de Tristán in South Peru): Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; José de la Riva Agüero, who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by "}, {"id": "Q2392284", "label": "José de la Riva Agüero", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "North and South Peru) was under the de jure control of seven different presidents at one time, of which six claimed control over North Peru (with the exception of Pío de Tristán in South Peru): Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; José de la Riva Agüero, who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by "}, {"id": "Q749401", "label": "Juan Francisco de Vidal", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "North and South Peru) was under the de jure control of seven different presidents at one time, of which six claimed control over North Peru (with the exception of Pío de Tristán in South Peru): Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; José de la Riva Agüero, who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by "}, {"id": "Q2890439", "label": "Battle of Yungay", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "He was defeated in the Battle of Yungay on 20 January 1839, and thus, the Confederation was dissolved, with Gamarra announcing its dissolution on 25 August."}], "Q6733051": [{"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahameghavahana dynasty (IAST: Mahā-Mēgha-Vāhana) 2nd or 1st century BC to early 4th century CE) was an ancient ruling dynasty of Kalinga after the decline of the Maurya Empire."}, {"id": "Q1391280", "label": "Kharavela", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Kharavela, the third king of Mahameghavahana dynasty, South Kosala became an integral part of the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "lead", "says": "Samudragupta during his Dakshinapatha expedition, defeated Mahendra of Dakshina Kosala who probably belonged to the Megha dynasty according to a speculation."}], "Q673837": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg (German: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Marburg) was a German landgraviate, and independent principality, within the Holy Roman Empire, that existed between 1458 and 1500, and between 1567 and 1604/1650."}, {"id": "Q68952", "label": "Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg", "section": "lead", "says": "When, in 1604 Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg died without male issue, he bequeathed equal shares of his territory to the landgraviates of Hesse-Kassel (Marburg) and Hesse-Darmstadt (Gießen, Nidda), yet under the condition that both territories should remain Lutheran."}, {"id": "Q551420", "label": "Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "lead", "says": "As the two lines argued over the details of the division,  Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel annexed the whole territory and introduced Calvinism."}, {"id": "Q693551", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "After a long dispute and armed conflict, Maurice — who had enemies at home as well — resigned in 1627 and left his part of the territory to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, in the Hessian War of 1645–48, which was a sub-conflict of the Thirty Years' War, the two lines, which were on different sides, again fought over the territory."}], "Q68678": [{"id": "Q76236", "label": "Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in Belarusian regions of the Western Oblast, and was later merged into the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia."}], "Q7440601": [{"id": "Q733897", "label": "Old Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty, which had broken free of the Old Babylonian Empire, was named for the province in the far south of Mesopotamia, a swampy region bereft of large settlements which gradually expanded southwards with the silting up of the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (the region known as mat Kaldi \"Chaldaea\" in the Iron Age)."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In later times, a Sealand province of the Neo-Babylonian Empire also existed."}], "Q7559152": [{"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida; Italian: Repubblica Somala; Arabic: الجمهورية الصومالية  aṣ-Ṣūmāl) was formed by the union of the Italian territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland)."}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida; Italian: Repubblica Somala; Arabic: الجمهورية الصومالية  aṣ-Ṣūmāl) was formed by the union of the Italian territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland)."}, {"id": "Q1106857", "label": "State of Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida; Italian: Repubblica Somala; Arabic: الجمهورية الصومالية  aṣ-Ṣūmāl) was formed by the union of the Italian territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland)."}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida; Italian: Repubblica Somala; Arabic: الجمهورية الصومالية  aṣ-Ṣūmāl) was formed by the union of the Italian territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland)."}, {"id": "Q470991", "label": "Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal", "section": "lead", "says": "A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate administrations, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly and Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q157197", "label": "Aden Abdullah Osman Daar", "section": "lead", "says": "A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate administrations, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly and Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic."}, {"id": "Q308215", "label": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke", "section": "lead", "says": "On 22 July 1960, Daar appointed Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q1477220", "label": "Somali Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The administration lasted until 1969, when the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in a bloodless coup and renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Early months of the union", "says": "Italy and the United Kingdom had left the two with separate administrative, legal, and education systems in which affairs were conducted according to different procedures and in different languages."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Greater Somalia", "says": "Preoccupation with Greater Somalia shaped the character of the country's newly formed institutions and led to the build-up of the Somali military and, ultimately, to the war with Ethiopia and fighting in the Northern Frontier District in Kenya."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Greater Somalia", "says": "In 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British \"returned\" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II in exchange "}, {"id": "Q244748", "label": "Menilek II", "section": "History - Greater Somalia", "says": "In 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British \"returned\" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II in exchange "}, {"id": "Q209828", "label": "Siad Barre", "section": "History - 1969 coup d'état", "says": "The coup was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army."}], "Q760741": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In the 18th century the region saw an influx of Muslim Fulɓe either from the Sultanate of Massina in the Inner Niger Delta or from the namesake Massina in the Aoukar region of modern-day Mauritania."}, {"id": "Q7678886", "label": "Talansan", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Alfa Ba was killed in 1725, however his son Ibrahim Sambegu took over and defeated the animists at the decisive battle of Talansan in 1727."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - Regional power", "says": "The first attempts at economically penetrating the interior were made by the British from Sierra Leone in 1794 in an effort to secure trading privileges."}, {"id": "Q469314", "label": "Samori Ture", "section": "History - Regional power", "says": "In 1879, the Almamy Ibrahima Sory Dara secured an alliance with Samori Ture, whose Wassoulou Empire was rising to the east and needed secure access to European arms traders on the coast."}, {"id": "Q545751", "label": "Louis Faidherbe", "section": "History - Bokar Biro and the French", "says": "Since the mid-1800s the French, and particularly governor Louis Faidherbe, had envisioned Futa Jallon as an integral part of France's imperial project in West Africa."}], "Q865584": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality would last up until 1415, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q290720", "label": "Robert, King of Naples", "section": "History - Reign of Tanusio Thopia", "says": "In an act of Robert, King of Naples in 15 April 1338, Tanusio was mentioned as Count of Mat (conte di Matia), which reconfirmed Thopia's relations to the Angevins from the time of Philip I."}, {"id": "Q207303", "label": "Stefan Dušan", "section": "History - Reign of Tanusio Thopia", "says": "During 1342–1343, Stefan Dušan had conquered almost all of Albania, except for Durrës which remained under Angevin-Albanian rule, despite heavy Serbian pressure, marking thus the end of Byzantine rule over Albania."}, {"id": "Q2347022", "label": "Nikephoros II Orsini", "section": "History - Reign of Karl Thopia", "says": "Karl took part in the Battle of Achelous against Nikephoros II Orsini, the Despot of Epirus, where he led the Albanian tribes against the despotate."}, {"id": "Q2331954", "label": "Despotate of Arta", "section": "History - Reign of Karl Thopia", "says": "Thus, Epirus was left without a ruler and the vacuum was filled by Gjin Bue Shpata and Pjetër Losha, who would establish the Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto and the Despotate of Arta south of the domains of the principality."}, {"id": "Q2657134", "label": "Kingdom of Albania", "section": "History - Reign of Karl Thopia", "says": "This was the last hold of the Angevins in Albania, thus putting an end to the medieval Kingdom of Albania."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "History - Reign of Karl Thopia", "says": "In 1385, the defeated Karl Thopia, appealed to Murad I for support against his rivals, the Balsha noble family of the Principality of Zeta."}, {"id": "Q178085", "label": "Principality of Zeta", "section": "History - Reign of Karl Thopia", "says": "In 1385, the defeated Karl Thopia, appealed to Murad I for support against his rivals, the Balsha noble family of the Principality of Zeta."}, {"id": "Q1349235", "label": "Marco Barbarigo", "section": "History - Later Decades", "says": "Helena was married to a Venetian nobleman, Marco Barbarigo, who resided in Krujë and was the de facto ruler of the possessions of Thopia."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "History - Later Decades", "says": "After the Battle of Ankara and subsequently the death of Bayezid I, many Albanian lords recognized Venetian suzerainty instead of Ottoman, such Koja Zaharia, Dhimitër Jonima and various members of the Dukagjin family."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "History - Later Decades", "says": "After the Battle of Ankara and subsequently the death of Bayezid I, many Albanian lords recognized Venetian suzerainty instead of Ottoman, such Koja Zaharia, Dhimitër Jonima and various members of the Dukagjin family."}], "Q8935": [{"id": "Q8934", "label": "Venezuelan War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The period of the First Republic began with the overthrow of the Spanish colonial authorities and the establishment of the Junta Suprema de Caracas on 19 April 1810, initiating the Venezuelan War of Independence, and ended with the surrender of the republican forces to the Spanish Captain Domingo de Monteverde."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "The Napoleonic Wars in Europe not only weakened Spain's imperial power, but also put Britain unofficially on the side of the independence movement."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "In May 1808, Napoleon asked for and received the abdication of Ferdinand VII and the confirmation of his father Charles IV's abdication a few months earlier."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "In May 1808, Napoleon asked for and received the abdication of Ferdinand VII and the confirmation of his father Charles IV's abdication a few months earlier."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "The focal point of the Spanish political resistance was the Supreme Central Junta, which formed itself to govern in the name of Ferdinand, and which managed to get the loyalty of the many provincial and municipal juntas that had formed throughout Spain in the wake of the French invasion."}, {"id": "Q1364346", "label": "Battle of Bailén", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "The first major defeat that Napoleonic France suffered was at the Battle of Bailén, in Andalusia.  (At this battle Pablo Morillo, future commander of the army that invaded New Granada and Venezuela; Emeterio Ureña, an anti-independence officer in Venezuela; and José de San Martín, the future Liberator of Argentina and Chile, fought side-by-side against the French General Pierre Dupont.) Despite th"}, {"id": "Q1364163", "label": "Pablo Morillo", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "The first major defeat that Napoleonic France suffered was at the Battle of Bailén, in Andalusia.  (At this battle Pablo Morillo, future commander of the army that invaded New Granada and Venezuela; Emeterio Ureña, an anti-independence officer in Venezuela; and José de San Martín, the future Liberator of Argentina and Chile, fought side-by-side against the French General Pierre Dupont.) Despite th"}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "The first major defeat that Napoleonic France suffered was at the Battle of Bailén, in Andalusia.  (At this battle Pablo Morillo, future commander of the army that invaded New Granada and Venezuela; Emeterio Ureña, an anti-independence officer in Venezuela; and José de San Martín, the future Liberator of Argentina and Chile, fought side-by-side against the French General Pierre Dupont.) Despite th"}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "History - Antecedents", "says": "The first major defeat that Napoleonic France suffered was at the Battle of Bailén, in Andalusia.  (At this battle Pablo Morillo, future commander of the army that invaded New Granada and Venezuela; Emeterio Ureña, an anti-independence officer in Venezuela; and José de San Martín, the future Liberator of Argentina and Chile, fought side-by-side against the French General Pierre Dupont.) Despite th"}, {"id": "Q311447", "label": "Francisco de Miranda", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Shortly after the juntas were set up, Venezuelan émigré Francisco de Miranda had returned to his homeland taking advantage of the rapidly changing political climate."}, {"id": "Q5848651", "label": "United States of Venezuela", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The Congress established a Confederation called the American Confederation of Venezuela in its Declaration of Independence, referred variously as States of Venezuela (in its opening sentence) and afterwards United States of Venezuela, and American Confederation of Venezuela in the Constitution, crafted mostly by lawyer Juan Germán Roscio, that it ratified on 21 December 1811."}], "Q921067": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It became independent as a taifa centered on the Moorish city of Murcia after the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (11th century)."}, {"id": "Q1164500", "label": "Kingdom of Murcia", "section": "lead", "says": "The taifa is apparently the one that existed the greatest number of separate time periods (five): from 1011 to 1014, from 1065 to 1078, in 1145, from 1147 to 1172 and finally from 1228 to 1266 when it was absorbed by Castile, becoming the Kingdom of Murcia, one of the constituent kingdoms of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The taifa is apparently the one that existed the greatest number of separate time periods (five): from 1011 to 1014, from 1065 to 1078, in 1145, from 1147 to 1172 and finally from 1228 to 1266 when it was absorbed by Castile, becoming the Kingdom of Murcia, one of the constituent kingdoms of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The traveller Muhammad al-Idrisi described it in the 12th century as populous and strongly fortified."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Establishment of the kingdom", "says": "In 1165, Ibn Mardanish was defeated in the Battle of Fahs al-Jullab by the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "History - Aragon then Castile", "says": "In 1296, Murcia and its region were transferred to the Crown of Aragon, but in 1304, in virtue of the Treaty of Torrellas, it was finally incorporated as part of the Crown of Castile."}], "Q965466": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1724, most of Shirvan was annexed to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1761, the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r."}, {"id": "Q16199328", "label": "Hajji Muhammad Ali Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "1751–1779) approved the request of the inhabitants of Old Shamakhi to overthrow Sardar Khan Qaraqlu and install their own applicant, Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan, as the governor of Shirvan."}], "Q986822": [{"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "They became the most powerful fighting force in the whole of Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Origins and the conquests of Changamire Dombo", "says": "Around 1683, Dombo's forces attacked the Portuguese forces of the Governor of Mozambique in Maungwe (in which the governor reportedly invested all of the Portuguese resources of the Zambezi Valley) and decisively defeated them."}], "Q1067513": [{"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Its members became de facto independent rulers following the breakup of the Ilkhanate until their defeat in 1357 against the Muzaffarids."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "Before the breakup of the Ilkhanate", "says": "The Ilkhan had given Sharaf al-Din Mahmud Shah control of the injü (or inji; the Mongol word for the royal estates)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Fall of the Injuids under Abu Ishaq", "says": "Jamal al-Din Abu Ishaq's goal was to conquer Kerman; he therefore undertook expeditions against the Muzaffarids, who were led by Mubariz al-Din Muhammad."}], "Q11317232": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1885 and 1947, it was one of the princely states in alliance with British Raj, after which it became a princely state of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1885 and 1947, it was one of the princely states in alliance with British Raj, after which it became a princely state of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "1857 – 1892), the kingdom extended from Asmar and Bashgal Valley (in present-day Kunar and Nuristan provinces of Afghanistan, respectively) to Punial in the Gilgit Valley."}, {"id": "Q487829", "label": "Chagatai Khanate", "section": "History - Alternative reconstruction by Wolfgang Holzwarth", "says": "According to Holzwarth, the Chagatai Khanate brought Islam to the region in the early 16th century, establishing sub-centers in Mastuj and Yasin."}, {"id": "Q15535871", "label": "Uzbek Khanate", "section": "History - Alternative reconstruction by Wolfgang Holzwarth", "says": "He has been mentioned in the Bahr al-Asrar, a 17th century court chronicle from the Uzbek Khanate of Balkh, as ruling Chitral in 1620."}, {"id": "Q2282006", "label": "Abdul Qadir Dagarwal", "section": "History - Early Kator rulers", "says": "He expanded the kingdom and inflicted final defeat over Rais under Shah Abdul Qadir bin Mahmud, forcing him to flee to Badakhshan."}, {"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "History - Wars of Succession", "says": "At about that time, Chitral came under the British sphere of influence following the Durand Line Agreement, which delineated the border between Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Indian Empire."}, {"id": "Q31649", "label": "Abdur Rahman Khan", "section": "History - Wars of Succession", "says": "Nizam ul-Mulk's possessions in Kafiristan and the Kunar Valley were recognised as Afghan territory and he was forced to cede them to Abdur Rahman Khan."}, {"id": "Q1259237", "label": "Third Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "History - Shuja ul-Mulk (1895–1936)", "says": "He supported the British during the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, during which four of his sons and the Chitral State Bodyguard served in several actions guarding the border against invasion."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "History - Mehtars after Shuja ul-Mulk (1936–1966)", "says": "His brother Mata ul-Mulk played an instrumental role in the siege and capture of Skardu on 14 August 1948, making Baltistan a part of Dominion of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q333981", "label": "Yahya Khan", "section": "History - Mehtars after Shuja ul-Mulk (1936–1966)", "says": "The states of Dir, Chitral and Swat were finally merged through the promulgation of the Dir, Chitral and Swat Administration Regulation of 1969 under General Yahya Khan."}], "Q1188046": [{"id": "Q360559", "label": "AHN ROK SAN", "section": "lead", "says": "Yan (Chinese: 燕; pinyin: Yān), also known as the Great Yan (Chinese: 大燕; pinyin: Dà Yān), was a dynastic state of China established in 756 by the former Tang general An Lushan, after he rebelled against Emperor Xuanzong of Tang in 755."}, {"id": "Q1328480", "label": "Shi Siming", "section": "lead", "says": "The state collapsed in 763 with the death of An Lushan's former subordinate Shi Chaoyi (son of Shi Siming), who was the last person to claim the title as emperor of Yan."}], "Q1192347": [{"id": "Q1071598", "label": "Ma Yin", "section": "Fall of Chu", "says": "After Ma Yin died the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1326742", "label": "Southern Tang", "section": "Fall of Chu", "says": "The Southern Tang, fresh from its conquest of the Min Kingdom, took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951."}], "Q12491027": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bali Kingdom (Balinese: ᭚ᬓᭂᬭᬚ᭡ᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ, romanized: Kĕrajaan Bali) was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "lead", "says": "9th century) to the Majapahit empire in the 13th to 15th centuries."}, {"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "lead", "says": "After the empire fell to its Muslim vassal the Demak Sultanate, a number of Hindu Majapahit courtiers, nobles, priests, and artisans found refuge on the island of Bali."}, {"id": "Q7289394", "label": "Ramesh Chandra Majumdar", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, Bali became what historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar describes as the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Since the mid-19th century, the colonial state of the Dutch East Indies began its involvement in Bali, as it launched its campaign against the Balinese minor kingdoms one by one."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Either way, despite some of these Balinese royal houses still surviving, these events ended a millennium of the native Balinese independent kingdoms, as the local government changed to Dutch colonial administration, and later to the provincial government of Bali within the Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q47179", "label": "Airlangga", "section": "History - Javanese ties", "says": "The royal Balinese couple was the parents of the famous king of Java, Airlangga (1001–late 1040s)."}, {"id": "Q2988343", "label": "Portuguese Malacca", "section": "History - Kingdom of Gelgel", "says": "The first European contact with Bali was made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sailed from Portuguese Malacca and reached northern coast of Bali."}, {"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "History - Kingdom of Gelgel", "says": "Mataram Sultanate itself, after the death of Sultan Agung, seems to preoccupied in their internal problems, and lost interest to continue their campaign and pursue hostilities against Blambangan and Gelgel."}, {"id": "Q558994", "label": "Cornelis de Houtman", "section": "History - Foreign intervention", "says": "In 1597, Dutch ships with Cornelis de Houtman arrived in Bali."}], "Q12817455": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Nassau was a German state within the Holy Roman Empire from the period of the formal recognition of the countly title in 1159 (though \"de facto\" sovereignty began in 1125) until the declaration of the Duchy of Nassau in 1806 with the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q836680", "label": "Duchy of Nassau", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Nassau was a German state within the Holy Roman Empire from the period of the formal recognition of the countly title in 1159 (though \"de facto\" sovereignty began in 1125) until the declaration of the Duchy of Nassau in 1806 with the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Nassau was a German state within the Holy Roman Empire from the period of the formal recognition of the countly title in 1159 (though \"de facto\" sovereignty began in 1125) until the declaration of the Duchy of Nassau in 1806 with the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the death of Count Otto I, his county was divided between his sons in 1303:\n\nCounty of Nassau-Dillenburg, fell to Nassau-Siegen in 1328\nCounty of Nassau-Hadamar (Elder), fell to Nassau-Dillenburg in 1394\nCounty of Nassau-Siegen, called Nassau-Dillenburg from 1328 on, again got divided from 1341 to 1561:\nCounty of Nassau-Beilstein (Elder)\nCounty of Nassau-Dillenburg (Elder)–1606)\nIn 1504, Hen"}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the death of Count Otto I, his county was divided between his sons in 1303:\n\nCounty of Nassau-Dillenburg, fell to Nassau-Siegen in 1328\nCounty of Nassau-Hadamar (Elder), fell to Nassau-Dillenburg in 1394\nCounty of Nassau-Siegen, called Nassau-Dillenburg from 1328 on, again got divided from 1341 to 1561:\nCounty of Nassau-Beilstein (Elder)\nCounty of Nassau-Dillenburg (Elder)–1606)\nIn 1504, Hen"}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the son of Henry III, René of Châlon died in 1544, Count William's eldest son William the Silent became Prince of Orange and Lord of Breda, Stadtholder in the Low Countries from 1559 on, leader in the Dutch Revolt for independence from the Spanish Empire and Pater Patriae of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the son of Henry III, René of Châlon died in 1544, Count William's eldest son William the Silent became Prince of Orange and Lord of Breda, Stadtholder in the Low Countries from 1559 on, leader in the Dutch Revolt for independence from the Spanish Empire and Pater Patriae of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the son of Henry III, René of Châlon died in 1544, Count William's eldest son William the Silent became Prince of Orange and Lord of Breda, Stadtholder in the Low Countries from 1559 on, leader in the Dutch Revolt for independence from the Spanish Empire and Pater Patriae of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q249428", "label": "Grand Duchy of Berg", "section": "Origins", "says": "County of Nassau-Hadamar (Younger), Principality in 1650, fell to Nassau-Diez in 1743\nCounty of Nassau-Siegen, (1607–23), again got divided from 1623 to 1734:\nCounty of Nassau-Siegen (Protestant), Principality in 1664, became extinct in 1734\nCounty of Nassau-Siegen (Catholic), Principality, fell to Nassau-Diez in 1743\nCounty of Nassau-Dillenburg, fell to Nassau-Beilstein in 1620\nCounty of Nassau-B"}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Origins", "says": "When they lost their Dutch possessions during the Napoleonic Wars, they were compensated with the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda."}, {"id": "Q3403552", "label": "Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda", "section": "Origins", "says": "When they lost their Dutch possessions during the Napoleonic Wars, they were compensated with the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "Origins", "says": "Though they lost their German possessions in 1806, the House of Orange-Nassau, through female succession, was the reigning house of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg until 1890 and is still the royal house of the Netherlands."}], "Q1470101": [{"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "lead", "says": "It came into existence when Stephen I, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was crowned king in 1000 or 1001."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity."}, {"id": "Q186123", "label": "Francis Fukuyama", "section": "lead", "says": "They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222, \"one of the first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch\" (Francis Fukuyama)."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "Background", "says": "Their raids were halted by the future Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, who defeated them at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "Background", "says": "Their raids were halted by the future Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, who defeated them at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955."}, {"id": "Q172383", "label": "Sylvester II", "section": "Background", "says": "He applied for a royal crown to Pope Sylvester II (r."}], "Q1518439": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory of Orleans or Orleans Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from October 1, 1804, until April 30, 1812, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Louisiana."}], "Q15221446": [{"id": "Q1319659", "label": "Muhammad bin Saud", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab who was from the Hanbali school of thought."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab who was from the Hanbali school of thought."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Hajj in the 16th and 17th centuries", "says": "At first, being appointed the kadi in the region was considered a low position, but as religion grew more important within the culture of the Ottoman Empire, the role of the kadis in the Mecca and Medina grew in prominence."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Rise of the Saudi state", "says": "The first Saudi state was established in 1744 in the area around Riyadh, rapidly expanded, and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Rise of the Saudi state", "says": "The first Saudi state was destroyed by 1818 by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q169949", "label": "Al Rashid", "section": "History - Rise of the Saudi state", "says": "Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "History - Rise of the Saudi state", "says": "In 1902, Ibn Saud seized control of Riyadh in Nejd, reestablishing the dominance of the Al Saud family in the region."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Rise of the Saudi state", "says": "In 1916, backed by British encouragement and support (as Britain was engaged in World War I against the Ottomans), the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, initiated a pan-Arab revolt against Ottoman rule, aiming to establish a unified Arab state."}, {"id": "Q128906", "label": "Hussein bin Ali", "section": "History - Rise of the Saudi state", "says": "In 1916, backed by British encouragement and support (as Britain was engaged in World War I against the Ottomans), the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, initiated a pan-Arab revolt against Ottoman rule, aiming to establish a unified Arab state."}], "Q1557298": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soran Emirate (Kurdish: میرنشینی سۆران) was a Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by the Ottoman Empire in 1514, and later revived by Emir Muhammad and centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1838."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Soran Emirate (Kurdish: میرنشینی سۆران) was a Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by the Ottoman Empire in 1514, and later revived by Emir Muhammad and centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1838."}], "Q1562357": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Central Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë së Mesme) was a short-lived unrecognised state established on 16 October 1913, with its administrative centre in Durrës, today in Albania."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "History - Essad Pasha Toptani", "says": "During the First Balkan War, he became famous for his resistance during the Siege of Scutari."}, {"id": "Q2149254", "label": "Siege of Scutari", "section": "History - Essad Pasha Toptani", "says": "During the First Balkan War, he became famous for his resistance during the Siege of Scutari."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Support from the Kingdom of Serbia", "says": "In exchange, Essad Pasha agreed to neutralize a large group of about 20,000 kachaks from Kosovo and Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q1280502", "label": "Isa Boletini", "section": "History - Support from the Kingdom of Serbia", "says": "They were led by Isa Boletini and supported by Ismail Qemali and his Provisional Government of Albania."}, {"id": "Q46932", "label": "Ismail Kemal", "section": "History - Support from the Kingdom of Serbia", "says": "They were led by Isa Boletini and supported by Ismail Qemali and his Provisional Government of Albania."}, {"id": "Q1989935", "label": "Provisional Government of Albania", "section": "History - Support from the Kingdom of Serbia", "says": "They were led by Isa Boletini and supported by Ismail Qemali and his Provisional Government of Albania."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Relations with the Ottoman Empire", "says": "Pro-Ottoman Muslim landowners and priests supported Essad Pasha Toptani, who remained loyal to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War and maintained close contacts with the government in Istanbul."}, {"id": "Q247611", "label": "Ahmet İzzet Furgaç", "section": "History - Relations with the Ottoman Empire", "says": "A plot by the Young Turk government and led by Bekir Fikri to restore Ottoman control over Albania through the instalment of an Ottoman-Albanian officer Ahmed Izzet Pasha as monarch was uncovered by the Serbs and reported to the ICC."}], "Q15824804": [{"id": "Q965", "label": "Burkina Faso", "section": "lead", "says": "1650–1898) was a pre-colonial West African state established in the southeastern portion of present-day Mali, as well as parts of northern Côte d'Ivoire and western Burkina Faso."}, {"id": "Q1587244", "label": "Kong Empire", "section": "Early history - Under Kong", "says": "In the 18th century, Kénédougou was a far-flung extension of the Kong Empire."}], "Q16761250": [{"id": "Q181533", "label": "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Republika Srpska (RS; Serbian Cyrillic: Република Српска, lit. 'Serbian Republic', pronounced [repǔblika sr̩̂pskaː] ) was an unrecognized geopolitical entity and a self-proclaimed quasi-state in Southeastern Europe under the control of the Army of Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It claimed to be a sovereign state, though this claim was only partially recognized by the Bosnian government (whose territory the RS was recognized as nominally being a part of) in the Geneva agreement, the United Nations, and FR Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "After 1995, the Republika Srpska was recognized as one of the two political entities composing Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "The borders of the post-1995 RS are, with a few negotiated modifications, based on the front lines and situation on the ground at the time of the signing of the Dayton Agreement on 14 December 1995."}, {"id": "Q1274468", "label": "Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The governing coalition of Bosnia and Herzegovina collapsed after the parliament of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo passed a 'memorandum on sovereignty' on 15 October 1991, that was opposed by Bosnian Serb members."}, {"id": "Q183848", "label": "Alija Izetbegović", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The Party of Democratic Action (SDA), led by Alija Izetbegović, was determined to pursue independence and was supported by Europe and the U.S."}, {"id": "Q123923", "label": "Radovan Karadžić", "section": "History - Bosnian War", "says": "On 12 May 1992, at a session of the Bosnian Serb assembly, Radovan Karadžić announced the six \"strategic objectives\" of the Serb people in Bosnia and Herzegovina:\n\nEstablish state borders separating the Serb people from the other two ethnic communities."}, {"id": "Q93167", "label": "Ratko Mladić", "section": "History - Bosnian War", "says": "At the same session, the Bosnian Serb assembly voted to create the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS; Vojska Republike Srpske), and appointed Ratko Mladić, the commander of the Second Military District of the Yugoslav federal army, as commander of the VRS Main Staff."}, {"id": "Q361189", "label": "Naser Orić", "section": "History - Controversy", "says": "Between May 1992 to January 1993, Bosniak forces under the leadership of Naser Orić attacked and destroyed scores of Serbian villages in the areas around Srebrenica."}], "Q1728782": [{"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Subjugation", "says": "Even after other misls lost their territories to Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire, the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates."}], "Q1791839": [{"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "History - Early Akwamu in European accounts", "says": "The earliest reference to Akwamu appears on a Dutch Map of the Gold Coast dated to 1629, which described the state as diefachtich volck, or “a predatory nation.” According to Ivor Wilks, the description referred to the strict control placed on merchants using routes that passed through their territory."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "History - Post-Empire", "says": "During the third and fourth Anglo-Ashanti wars, Akwamu initially offered support to the Asante Empire but later withdrew, reportedly due to a diplomatic agreement signed with the British government in 1867."}], "Q1806438": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Lasbela (Lasi: لسبیلہ was a Jamote princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India (later a princely state of Pakistan) which existed from 1742 until 1955."}], "Q1931074": [{"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sarbadars (from Persian: سربدار sarbadār, \"head on gallows\"; also known as Sarbedaran سربداران) were a mixture of religious dervishes and secular rulers that came to rule over part of western Khurasan in the midst of the disintegration of the Mongol Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century (established in 1337)."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "One of his subjects, 'Ala' al-Din Muhammad, had jurisdiction over the city of Sabzavar."}], "Q202775": [{"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "lead", "says": "Qu'aiti, officially the Qu'aiti State of Shihr and Mukalla, was a sultanate in the Hadhramaut region of South Arabia, in what is now Yemen."}], "Q2029317": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Establishment of the Princedom", "says": "By the Ilkhan request, David Ulu's army was dispatched to defend the fortifications of Siba against the Golden Horde in 1263."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "History - Establishment of the Princedom", "says": "At the time of Beka's rule, the Turks became more active the Southwest borders, from the Sultanate of Rum."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - Establishment of the Princedom", "says": "Beka was a supporter of maintaining Georgian political influence over the Empire of Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - Establishment of the Princedom", "says": "After the execution of Demetrius, future king George V was raised by his grandfather at his court."}, {"id": "Q714844", "label": "George V of Georgia", "section": "History - Establishment of the Princedom", "says": "In 1334 George V of Georgia reasserted royal authority over the virtually independent principality of Samtskhe, ruled by his cousin Qvarqvare I Jaqeli."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "After the devastating invasions by Timur and subsequent enfeeblement of the Kingdom of Georgia, it soon faced a new threat."}, {"id": "Q2920626", "label": "Battle of Chalagan", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "In response Constantine I engaged Turkomans at the Battle of Chalagan, in which he was defeated and executed."}, {"id": "Q374468", "label": "Uzun Hassan", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "With the decline of the Kara Koyunlu after Jahan Shah's defeat at the hands of Uzun Hasan in 1467, the Aq Qoyunlu became the major power in eastern Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Turkmen invasions", "says": "With the decline of the Kara Koyunlu after Jahan Shah's defeat at the hands of Uzun Hasan in 1467, the Aq Qoyunlu became the major power in eastern Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q2914978", "label": "George VIII of Georgia", "section": "History - Secession from Georgia", "says": "In 1465 he defeated Georgian King George VIII at the battle near Paravani lake and separated from Georgia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Secession from Georgia", "says": "The Aq Qoyunlu launched major attacks in 1466, 1476–1477 and 1485 and from 1479 the Ottoman Empire started to encroach on the territories."}, {"id": "Q634867", "label": "Alexander I of Kakheti", "section": "History - Secession from Georgia", "says": "Kaikhosro with King Alexander I of Kakheti and Constantine of Kartli agreed to assist first Safavid shah Ismail to destroy Aq Koyunlu rule in Persia."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "History - Secession from Georgia", "says": "He nominally obeyed Ottoman sultan Selim I and with his help Adjara came fully under Meskhetian rule."}], "Q2030015": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch intervention in the mid-19th century resulted in a 1862 contract with the Dutch East Indies, which helped to recognise Deli's formal independence from Aceh and Siak."}, {"id": "Q3503559", "label": "Sultanate of Serdang", "section": "History - Fragmentation of the royal family", "says": "Meanwhile, Tuanku Umar Johan Alamsyah Gelar Kejeruan Junjongan did not relax and got ready to establish the Sultanate of Serdang."}, {"id": "Q2988765", "label": "Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura", "section": "History - Fragmentation of the royal family", "says": "The unstable Internal conditions in Deli made the region a target of conquest for a number of neighbouring states that were competing for influences, such as the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura, the Sultanate of Johor, and th"}, {"id": "Q11947898", "label": "Sayyid Alà-ad-Din Àlam-Xah", "section": "History - Existence of the Sultanate of Deli", "says": "On 21 August 1862, Elisha Netscher and the group entered Kuala Sungai Deli and was greeted by Sultan Mahmud Al Rashid Perkasa Alam Shah."}], "Q2060937": [{"id": "Q230497", "label": "Tariq ibn Ziyad", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by the Berber dynasty of the Banu Razin tribe, which arrived in the peninsula after the conquest of Spain by Tariq ibn Ziyad."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "Downfall", "says": "In 1167, under the pressure from the ongoing wars between the Almoravids and the new invasions by the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Downfall", "says": "The Moorish Emir Muhammad ibn Mardanis ceded the Taifa of Albarracín to a vassal of Sancho VI of Navarre, a noble from Estella-Lizarra named Pedro Ruiz de Azagra."}, {"id": "Q318258", "label": "Sancho VI of Navarre", "section": "Downfall", "says": "The Moorish Emir Muhammad ibn Mardanis ceded the Taifa of Albarracín to a vassal of Sancho VI of Navarre, a noble from Estella-Lizarra named Pedro Ruiz de Azagra."}, {"id": "Q295268", "label": "Alfonso VIII of Castile", "section": "Downfall", "says": "The title was granted to d'Azagra due to his support of the Navarrese Crown against Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso I \"the Battler\" of Aragón."}, {"id": "Q299156", "label": "Alfonso II of Aragon", "section": "Downfall", "says": "In 1190, with the signing of the Borja Accords, between Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancho VI of Navarre, the two monarchs agreed to a defensive pact against Alfonso VIII of Castile which gave official legitimacy to the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín with respect to the two kingdoms."}], "Q2096678": [{"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The region is known in Western literature as Paphlagonia, a name applied to the same geographical area during the Roman period."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty and principality, founded by Şemseddin Yaman Candar Bey, were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed II in 1461."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty and principality, founded by Şemseddin Yaman Candar Bey, were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed II in 1461."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "History - Arms", "says": "The symbol gained popularity amongst the beyliks of Anatolia, with the Beylik of Karaman another state known to have adopted a variation of the seal on its flag."}], "Q2145402": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of South Peru (Spanish: República Sud-Peruana) was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–39."}, {"id": "Q899706", "label": "Peru–Bolivian Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of South Peru (Spanish: República Sud-Peruana) was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–39."}, {"id": "Q654766", "label": "North Peru", "section": "lead", "says": "South Peru was one of two states—the other being North Peru—that arose from the division of the Peruvian Republic due to the civil wars of 1834 and 1835 to 1836."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation came to an end three years later after continuous border wars with Argentina and Chile in the War of the Confederation, and after a chaotic civil conflict between north and south Peruvians."}, {"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation came to an end three years later after continuous border wars with Argentina and Chile in the War of the Confederation, and after a chaotic civil conflict between north and south Peruvians."}, {"id": "Q379638", "label": "Agustín Gamarra", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1839, Agustín Gamarra declared the Confederation dissolved; as a result, South Peru and North Peru reverted to being a unified Republic of Peru."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After political instability in Peru and a coup d'état in 1835, a civil war broke out between newly self-declared president Felipe Santiago Salaverry and constitutional president Luis José de Orbegoso, who allowed Bolivian president Andrés de Santa Cruz to send his troops through the Peruvian border."}, {"id": "Q1763351", "label": "Ramón Castilla", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "An important number of Peruvian politicians who opposed the Confederation, such as Agustín Gamarra and Ramón Castilla, fled to Chile where they received support, leading to the War of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q1332", "label": "Ramón Freire", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "After a trade war, the Congress of Chile approved the declaration of war on December 26, 1836, claiming that Santa Cruz's rule over Peru was illegitimate, and that his influence threatened the integrity of other South American nations, as seen by Orbegoso's support for an attempted invasion of Chile by Ramón Freire, specifically pointing out that it targeted then minister Diego Portales."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "Argentina followed suit after Juan Manuel de Rosas then declared war on the Confederation on May 19, 1837, after the escalation of a territorial conflict in its border, accusing Santa Cruz of harboring supporters of the Unitarian Party."}, {"id": "Q2332396", "label": "Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "South Peru was invaded from October to November under the nominal leadership of Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente as Supreme Chief of Peru., with the occupants being surrounded and forced to sign the a treaty, leaving the country shortly after."}, {"id": "Q1329", "label": "Manuel Bulnes", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "The treaty was declared null and void by Chile, and a second expedition headed by Manuel Bulnes was organized, which left for Peru on July 19, 1838."}, {"id": "Q2397172", "label": "Pío de Tristán", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "While Pío de Tristán continued to be president in South Peru and Santa Cruz continued to be the Supreme Protector, by September, they were two of other seven parallel presidents at one time: Gamara claimed to be the restorationist president, with his troops heading north; Orbegoso claimed the leadership of the secessionist North Peruvian state, now defeated; José de la Riva Agüero was appointed by"}, {"id": "Q2392284", "label": "José de la Riva Agüero", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "While Pío de Tristán continued to be president in South Peru and Santa Cruz continued to be the Supreme Protector, by September, they were two of other seven parallel presidents at one time: Gamara claimed to be the restorationist president, with his troops heading north; Orbegoso claimed the leadership of the secessionist North Peruvian state, now defeated; José de la Riva Agüero was appointed by"}, {"id": "Q749401", "label": "Juan Francisco de Vidal", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "While Pío de Tristán continued to be president in South Peru and Santa Cruz continued to be the Supreme Protector, by September, they were two of other seven parallel presidents at one time: Gamara claimed to be the restorationist president, with his troops heading north; Orbegoso claimed the leadership of the secessionist North Peruvian state, now defeated; José de la Riva Agüero was appointed by"}, {"id": "Q2890439", "label": "Battle of Yungay", "section": "History - Development and dissolution", "says": "He was defeated in the Battle of Yungay on January 20, 1839, and thus, the Confederation was dissolved, with Gamarra announcing its dissolution on August 25."}], "Q2152097": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The government suspended the constitution and ruled by decree until a factional conflict broke out, culminating in an invasion by the United States on 25 October 1983."}, {"id": "Q468234", "label": "Maurice Bishop", "section": "Background", "says": "Sir Eric Gairy's party retained the absolute majority in parliament, while Maurice Bishop became the leader of the opposition."}, {"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "End of the government", "says": "The governments of the countries of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States decided on October 22, under the leadership of Dominica and Saint Lucia, on the principle of military intervention."}, {"id": "Q760", "label": "Saint Lucia", "section": "End of the government", "says": "The governments of the countries of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States decided on October 22, under the leadership of Dominica and Saint Lucia, on the principle of military intervention."}, {"id": "Q9960", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "End of the government", "says": "The same day, Ronald Reagan was informed of the intervention project, which appeared to the American administration as an opportunity to roll back communism in the region."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "End of the government", "says": "Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was not informed until after the outbreak of the invasion."}, {"id": "Q757", "label": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "section": "End of the government", "says": "The troops responsible for the operation (the 7,300 American military personnel were supported by a small Caribbean expeditionary force, made up of troops from Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) took almost total control of the island in three days."}, {"id": "Q953795", "label": "Hudson Austin", "section": "End of the government", "says": "Hudson Austin and Bernard Coard were arrested."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "End of the government", "says": "During the invasion, fighting took place between American and Cuban troops: a small part of the Cuban soldiers present on the island put up strong resistance—24 of them were killed—the majority showed little combativeness and surrendered quickly, which Fidel Castro experienced very badly."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "End of the government", "says": "The United Kingdom, while refraining from officially condemning the American initiative, was showing its irritation at not having been kept informed of the intervention in a country of which Queen Elizabeth II was then the head of state."}], "Q2293865": [{"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "A month later, the government of all the Papal States was changed into a republic: the Roman Republic, which Perugia belonged to."}], "Q229780": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Zunbil, also written as Zhunbil, or Rutbils of Zabulistan, was a royal dynasty south of the Hindu Kush in present southern Afghanistan region."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zunbil dynasty was founded by Rutbil, the elder brother of the Turk Shahi ruler (either Barha Tegin or Tegin Shah), who ruled over the Hephthalite kingdom from his capital in Kabul."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Rashiduns", "says": "In 653-4 AD, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by general Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura of the Rashidun Caliphate, and they arrived to the shrine of Zoon in Zamindawar."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Umayyad Caliphate", "says": "Circa 665 AD, the Arabs under Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura, a general of the Umayyad Caliphate and caliphal governor of Sijistan, captured Kabul for the first time, critically weakening the Nezak Huns."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Establishment of the Zunbils (680 CE)", "says": "From 680 AD, Tegin Shah became the king of the Turk Shahis, and ruled the area from Kabulistan to Gandhara as well as Zabulistan."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Establishment of the Zunbils (680 CE)", "says": "Some believe that the Sunagir temple mentioned by the famous Chinese traveler Xuanzang in 640 AD pertains to this exact house of worship."}, {"id": "Q293460", "label": "Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf", "section": "History - Umayyad Caliphate offensives (698-700 CE)", "says": "About 700, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf appointed Ibn al-Ash'ath as commander of a huge Iraqi army, the so-called \"Peacock Army\", to subdue the troublesome principality of Zabulistan."}, {"id": "Q555214", "label": "Qutayba ibn Muslim", "section": "History - Umayyad Caliphate offensives (698-700 CE)", "says": "The Arabs regularly claimed nominal overlordship over the Zunbils, and in 711 Qutayba ibn Muslim managed to force them to pay tribute."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Abbasid Caliphate claim to overlordship (750 CE)", "says": "Arabic sources recount that, after the Abbasids came to power in 750, the Zunbils made submissions to the third Abbasid Caliph al-Mahdi (r."}, {"id": "Q61056", "label": "al-Maʾmun", "section": "History - End of the Turk Shahis (822 CE)", "says": "In 815 CE, the Abbasids led by caliph Al-Ma'mun defeated the Kabul branch of the Turk Shahis, in what was essentially a political retribution: hoping to take advantage of the Great Abbasid Civil War (811-819 AD), the Turk Shahi ruler, named \"Pati Dumi\" in Arab sources, had invaded parts of Khorasan."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "History - Saffarids Conquest (870 CE)", "says": "Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar started his eastern conquests in 870/871 CE, when he marched against the Kharijites of Herat, and defeated them."}, {"id": "Q4955540", "label": "Hindu Shahis", "section": "History - Saffarids Conquest (870 CE)", "says": "His army would then march to Ghazna, conquering the Zunbils, and further to Bamyan and Kabul, pushing the Hindu Shahis to the East, conquering these territories in the name of Islam by appointing Muslim governors."}], "Q2507497": [{"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "The regime was led by General Ion Antonescu in partnership with the Iron Guard, the Romanian fascist, ultra-nationalist, anti-communist and antisemitic organization."}, {"id": "Q442004", "label": "Horia Sima", "section": "lead", "says": "Horia Sima and many other Legionnaires took refuge in Nazi Germany, while others were imprisoned."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Horia Sima and many other Legionnaires took refuge in Nazi Germany, while others were imprisoned."}, {"id": "Q223414", "label": "Octavian Goga", "section": "Precursors", "says": "The Iron Guard first formed an alliance with the Romanian Government in early 1938, when the then-Prime Minister Octavian Goga concluded an agreement with the leader of the Iron Guard, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu on 8 February 1938 for limited cooperation."}, {"id": "Q318105", "label": "Corneliu Zelea Codreanu", "section": "Precursors", "says": "The Iron Guard first formed an alliance with the Romanian Government in early 1938, when the then-Prime Minister Octavian Goga concluded an agreement with the leader of the Iron Guard, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu on 8 February 1938 for limited cooperation."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "Precursors", "says": "The Iron Guard was brought into the Ion Gigurtu's cabinet, which took power on 4 July 1940, after the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina."}, {"id": "Q6272124", "label": "Nichifor Crainic", "section": "Precursors", "says": "An Iron Guard supporter and ideologue, Nichifor Crainic, became Minister of Propaganda."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "This unilateral German action, carried out without consulting Benito Mussolini, prompted the latter to launch an invasion of Greece."}, {"id": "Q223604", "label": "Greco-Italian War", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "The ensuing Greco-Italian War resulted in a military blunder, as the Greeks counter-attacked and occupied parts of Italian-ruled Albania for half a year."}, {"id": "Q153122", "label": "Tripartite Pact", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "Romania subsequently joined the Tripartite Pact and the Anti-Comintern Pact on 23 November and 25 November, respectively."}, {"id": "Q152195", "label": "Anti-Comintern Pact", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "Romania subsequently joined the Tripartite Pact and the Anti-Comintern Pact on 23 November and 25 November, respectively."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "The newly acquired property (lands and houses) would be used by the Romanian state to accommodate ethnic Romanian refugees from Bulgaria, displaced in the aftermath of the Treaty of Craiova."}, {"id": "Q2292449", "label": "Treaty of Craiova", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "The newly acquired property (lands and houses) would be used by the Romanian state to accommodate ethnic Romanian refugees from Bulgaria, displaced in the aftermath of the Treaty of Craiova."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "On 19 December, another trade agreement was signed between Romania and Yugoslavia, another member of the Balkan Pact."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Outside developments", "says": "Border skirmishes with the Soviet Union spanned across the duration of the National Legionary State."}], "Q2572901": [{"id": "Q7898321", "label": "Upinder Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "Historian Upinder Singh states that Shivaskandavarman rise in the 4th century, as evidenced by inscriptions, show Kalabhras were not in power at that time near rivers Penner and Vellar (close to Kaveri)."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "End of the dynasty", "says": "This is attested by the numerous inscriptions dated from the 6th century and thereafter, as well as the Chinese language memoirs of the Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang who visited the Tamil country about 640 CE along with other parts of South Asia."}], "Q2580032": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "In this period the city of Almería reached its historical splendour under powerful local emirs like Khayran, the first fully independent Emir of Almería and Cartagena, and Abu Yahyà Muhammad ibn Ma'n."}, {"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "It remained as an independent kingdom, although several campaigns of the Taifa of Seville diminished its territory in the north."}], "Q2618121": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Samos (Greek: Ηγεμονία της Σάμου, Igemonía tis Sámou; Ottoman Turkish: Sisam İmâreti; Turkish: Sisam Beyliği) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire from 1834 to 1912."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The island of Samos had participated in the Greek War of Independence since 1821 and had successfully resisted several Ottoman and Egyptian attempts to occupy it, but it was not included within the boundaries of the newly independent Greek state."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince was to be assisted in his function as chief executive by a Senate composed of 4 members."}, {"id": "Q545617", "label": "Themistoklis Sofoulis", "section": "lead", "says": "With the outbreak of the First Balkan War, Themistoklis Sofoulis landed on the island with a group of exiled Samians and swiftly took control: the Ottoman garrison withdrew to Anatolia, and on 24 November 1912, the island's parliament officially declared Enosis with Greece."}], "Q2661668": [{"id": "Q155915", "label": "Kastamonu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chobanids (Modern Turkish: Çobanoğulları, Çobanoğulları Beyliği) were the ruling dynasty of the Turkish Anatolian beylik (principality) that controlled the city and region of Kastamonu in the 13th century."}], "Q2665520": [{"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lordship of Prilep (Serbian: Господство Прилепа, romanized: Gospodstvo Prilepa), also known as the Realm of King Marko (Serbian: Област краља Марка, romanized: Oblast kralja Marka) or the Kingdom of Prilep (Serbian: Прилепско краљевство, romanized: Prilepsko kraljevstvo; Macedonian: Прилепско Кралство, romanized: Prilepsko Kralstvo; Bulgarian: Прилепско кралство, romanized: Prilepsko kralstvo;"}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lordship of Prilep (Serbian: Господство Прилепа, romanized: Gospodstvo Prilepa), also known as the Realm of King Marko (Serbian: Област краља Марка, romanized: Oblast kralja Marka) or the Kingdom of Prilep (Serbian: Прилепско краљевство, romanized: Prilepsko kraljevstvo; Macedonian: Прилепско Кралство, romanized: Prilepsko Kralstvo; Bulgarian: Прилепско кралство, romanized: Prilepsko kralstvo;"}, {"id": "Q380071", "label": "Vukašin Mrnjavčević", "section": "lead", "says": "Its central region of Pelagonia, with the city of Prilep, was held by lord Vukašin Mrnjavčević, who in 1365 became Serbian king and co-ruler of Serbian emperor Stefan Uroš V (1355–1371)."}, {"id": "Q279693", "label": "Stefan Uroš V of Serbia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its central region of Pelagonia, with the city of Prilep, was held by lord Vukašin Mrnjavčević, who in 1365 became Serbian king and co-ruler of Serbian emperor Stefan Uroš V (1355–1371)."}, {"id": "Q939570", "label": "Battle of Maritsa", "section": "lead", "says": "After king Vukašin died at the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, the realm was obtained by his son and designated successor (rex iunior) Marko Mrnjavčević, who took the title of Serbian king."}, {"id": "Q316462", "label": "Marko Mrnjavčević", "section": "lead", "says": "After king Vukašin died at the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, the realm was obtained by his son and designated successor (rex iunior) Marko Mrnjavčević, who took the title of Serbian king."}, {"id": "Q2237751", "label": "Battle of Rovine", "section": "lead", "says": "He ruled there until his death in the Battle of Rovine in 1395."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the same year, the Realm of late King Marko was conquered by the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2712121": [{"id": "Q944941", "label": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Republic of 1798, more commonly known as the Republic of Connacht, was a short-lived state proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Irish Republic of 1798, more commonly known as the Republic of Connacht, was a short-lived state proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q2751106": [{"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of its establishment, the main part of the duchy bordered on the territory of Swedish Pomerania in the north and of Brandenburg in the south; Ratzeburg bordered Saxe-Lauenburg and the Free City of Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q950240", "label": "History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck", "section": "lead", "says": "At the time of its establishment, the main part of the duchy bordered on the territory of Swedish Pomerania in the north and of Brandenburg in the south; Ratzeburg bordered Saxe-Lauenburg and the Free City of Lübeck."}], "Q2902588": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Damot was a medieval kingdom in what is now western Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q7636800", "label": "Sultanate of Showa", "section": "lead", "says": "Possibly formed in the 10th century, it was a powerful state by the 13th century that forced the Sultanate of Shewa to pay tributes."}, {"id": "Q888003", "label": "Yekuno Amlak", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muslim state Showa and the new Christian state under Yekuno Amlak formed an alliance to counter the influence of Damot in the region."}], "Q2988765": [{"id": "Q1150344", "label": "Johor Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Raja Kecil, who had close relations with the Johor Sultanate, after he failed to seize the Johor throne."}, {"id": "Q11214817", "label": "Qasim Abdul Jalil Syaifudin II", "section": "lead", "says": "After Indonesia's Independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the last sultan of Siak, Sultan Syarif Kasim II, ceded his kingdom to the Republic of Indonesia in 1946 and encouraged other sultans to do likewise."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "After Indonesia's Independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the last sultan of Siak, Sultan Syarif Kasim II, ceded his kingdom to the Republic of Indonesia in 1946 and encouraged other sultans to do likewise."}], "Q2989491": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Kharan (Urdu: ریاست خاران) was an autonomous princely state in British India covering what is part of the present-day province of Balochistan, in the southwest of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2617017", "label": "Baluchistan States Union", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 March 1948, Kharan acceded to Pakistan and on 3 October 1952 it joined the Baluchistan States Union."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was dissolved on 14 October 1955 when most regions of the western wing of Pakistan were merged to form the province of West Pakistan."}], "Q2994258": [{"id": "Q1982745", "label": "Spanish Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Regional Defence Council of Aragon was an administrative entity created by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in the context of the Spanish Revolution, during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Regional Defence Council of Aragon was an administrative entity created by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in the context of the Spanish Revolution, during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Council of Aragon was the first autonomous government of Aragon since 1707, becoming a government of its own within the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q335150", "label": "Hugh Thomas", "section": "History - An ephemeral life", "says": "Conservative historian Hugh Thomas argues that coal production in the Utrillas mines only reached one tenth of the pre-war figures."}, {"id": "Q1885246", "label": "Barcelona May Days", "section": "History - An ephemeral life", "says": "At the beginning of the summer of 1937, after the May Days, the confiscation of food trucks from the communities by the republican government's carabineros began."}, {"id": "Q433615", "label": "Indalecio Prieto", "section": "History - Disbandment", "says": "Finally on 4 August Indalecio Prieto, the National Defense Minister, ordered the Spanish Republican Army to intervene and the 11th Division, led by Enrique Líster was sent to Aragon, officially disbanding the Aragon Council (Consejo de Aragón) on 10 August."}, {"id": "Q460529", "label": "Enrique Líster", "section": "History - Disbandment", "says": "Finally on 4 August Indalecio Prieto, the National Defense Minister, ordered the Spanish Republican Army to intervene and the 11th Division, led by Enrique Líster was sent to Aragon, officially disbanding the Aragon Council (Consejo de Aragón) on 10 August."}], "Q3321385": [{"id": "Q458421", "label": "Tippu Tip", "section": "lead", "says": "The most important alliances were with Portuguese–Angolans in the Benguela area, with Tippu Tip in the north and with Nyamwezi and Swahili traders in the east, and indirectly with the Sultan of Zanzibar who controlled the east coast traders."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "Msiri was in fact a Nyamwezi (also known as 'Yeke' or 'Bayeke') from Tabora in Tanzania who got himself appointed as successor to a Wasanga chief west of the Luapula River by defeating the chief's Lunda enemies."}, {"id": "Q1768252", "label": "Kingdom of Baluba", "section": "lead", "says": "From its capital at Bunkeya, the Yeke Kingdom took over the western territory of Mwata Kazembe, stopped the southwards expansion of the Luba Empire and subjugated tribes in the southwest, on the trading route to Angola."}, {"id": "Q12967", "label": "Leopold II of Belgium", "section": "lead", "says": "When King Leopold II of Belgium was told that the Yeke Kingdom controlled east-west trade and was rich in copper and possibly gold, he sent expeditions to try to obtain a treaty for the kingdom to join his Congo Free State (CFS)."}, {"id": "Q19825", "label": "Cecil John Rhodes", "section": "lead", "says": "Cecil Rhodes also sent expeditions to sign up the kingdom to his British South Africa Company's chartered territories."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The 'scramble for Katanga' was won by Leopold's Stairs Expedition, which ended the kingdom by killing Msiri, and took over the territory for the CFS, but with its own administration until it was more closely incorporated into the Belgian Congo."}], "Q3326429": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Creation of the Mutasarrifate", "says": "On 5 September 1860, an international commission composed of France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and the Ottoman Empire met to investigate the causes of the events of 1860 and to recommend a new administrative and judicial system for Lebanon that would prevent the recurrence of such events."}, {"id": "Q15628981", "label": "Garabed Artin Pasha Davoudian", "section": "History - Daoud Pasha (1861–1868)", "says": "He is Garabet Artin Davoudian, better known as Daoud Pasha."}, {"id": "Q112117641", "label": "Rüstem Mariani Pasha", "section": "History - Rüstem Pasha (1873–1883)", "says": "After the death of Franco Nasri Pasha, Rüstem Mariani Pasha, who was the ambassador of the Ottoman Empire in Moscow, was appointed in his place, he was of Roman Catholic Florentine Italian roots, and a naturalized Ottoman citizen, and was known for his firmness and severity in applying the law, establishing justice, and fighting bribery."}, {"id": "Q24579046", "label": "Mouzaffar Pasha", "section": "History - Muzaffar Pasha (1902–1907)", "says": "Władysław Czajkowski, known as Muzaffar Basha, was a Roman Catholic Polish count who was appointed to succeed Naoum Pasha, despite his good start, he soon dismissed employees, imposed new taxes, and tampered with the rights of the council."}, {"id": "Q111716306", "label": "Ohannes Kouyoumdjian", "section": "History - Ohannes Pasha (1912–1915)", "says": "Ohannes Kouyoumdjian, a high ranking Ottoman Armenian Catholic official, was appointed governor of Mount Lebanon in 1912, and was an advisor in the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Mumtaz bey (1918)", "says": "Mumtaz Bey assumed the position of Mutasarrif on 31 July 1918, after Ismail Haqqi, however, as soon as he took over his duties, the Ottoman army began to retreat, defeated by the allied armies advancing from Egypt and Palestine."}], "Q3480281": [{"id": "Q388730", "label": "Mubarak Al-Sabah", "section": "lead", "says": "This agreement was made between Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British Government in India, primarily as a defensive measure against threats from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "This agreement was made between Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British Government in India, primarily as a defensive measure against threats from the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q56376885", "label": "Bani Khalid Emirate", "section": "History - Early settlement", "says": "The region originally came under the rule of the Bani Khalid Emirate in 1670 after the expulsion of the Ottomans from Eastern Arabia (Lahsa Eyalet) by Barrack bin Ghurayr, Emir of the Bani Khalid, who successfully besieged the Ottoman governor Umar Pasha who surrendered and gave up his rule as the fourth Ottoman governor of al-Hasa."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early settlement", "says": "The families of the Bani Utbah arrived in Kuwait sometime in the mid-to-late 1700s and settled after receiving permission from the Emir of Bani Khalid Sa'dun bin Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q26922", "label": "Sabah I bin Jaber", "section": "History - Early settlement", "says": "The head of each family in the village of Kuwait gathered and chose Sabah I bin Jaber as the Sheikh of Kuwait, a governor of sorts under the Emir of Al Hasa."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Economic growth", "says": "This allowed Kuwaiti vessels to venture all the way to the pearling banks of Sri Lanka and trade goods with India and East Africa."}, {"id": "Q369930", "label": "Midhat Pasha", "section": "History - Assassination of Muhammad Bin Sabah", "says": "Midhat Pasha, the governor of Iraq, demanded that Kuwait submit financially to Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q26926", "label": "Muhammad bin Sabah Al-Sabah", "section": "History - Assassination of Muhammad Bin Sabah", "says": "In May 1896, Sheikh Muhammad bin Sabah Al-Sabah was assassinated by his half-brother, Mubarak, who, in early 1897, was recognized, by the Ottoman sultan, as the qaimmaqam (provincial sub-governor) of Kuwait."}, {"id": "Q26919", "label": "Jaber II Al-Sabah", "section": "History - Mubarak the Great", "says": "In 1915, Mubarak the Great died and was succeeded by his son Jaber II Al-Sabah, who reigned for just over one year until his death in early 1917."}, {"id": "Q2364766", "label": "Salim I of Kuwait", "section": "History - Mubarak the Great", "says": "His brother Sheikh Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah succeeded him."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Collapse of economy", "says": "During World War I, the British Empire imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait because Kuwait's ruler (Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah) supported the Ottoman Empire, who was in the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Collapse of economy", "says": "During World War I, the British Empire imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait because Kuwait's ruler (Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah) supported the Ottoman Empire, who was in the Central Powers."}, {"id": "Q6449024", "label": "Kuwait–Nejd Border War", "section": "History - Collapse of economy", "says": "Following the Kuwait–Najd War of 1919–1920, Ibn Saud imposed a tight trade blockade against Kuwait from the years 1923 until 1937."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "History - Collapse of economy", "says": "Following the Kuwait–Najd War of 1919–1920, Ibn Saud imposed a tight trade blockade against Kuwait from the years 1923 until 1937."}, {"id": "Q94635", "label": "Uqair Protocol of 1922", "section": "History - Kuwait–Najd War (1919–1920)", "says": "The border of the Najd and Kuwait was finally established by the Uqair Protocol of 1922."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Battle of Jahra", "says": "The battle took place in Al Jahra, west of Kuwait City on October 10, 1920, between Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah ruler of Kuwait and Ikhwan followers of Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, king of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q266452", "label": "Percy Cox", "section": "History - The Uqair protocol", "says": "In response to the various Bedouin raids, the British High Commissioner in Baghdad, Sir Percy Cox, imposed the Uqair Protocol of 1922 which defined the boundaries between Iraq, Kuwait and Nejd."}, {"id": "Q212486", "label": "Faisal I of Iraq", "section": "History - The Uqair protocol", "says": "As this would make it difficult for Iraq to become a naval power (the territory did not include any deepwater harbours), the Iraqi King Faisal I (whom the British installed as king of Iraq) did not agree to the plan."}], "Q3490215": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Following World War II, it was re-established in New York and has since grown into one of the largest Hasidic dynasties in the world, comprising around 26,000 households and a population of nearly 300,000."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - Transylvania", "says": "In 1921, the northeastern regions of Hungary were ceded to Czechoslovakia and Romania, under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon."}, {"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "History - Transylvania", "says": "In 1921, the northeastern regions of Hungary were ceded to Czechoslovakia and Romania, under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Transylvania", "says": "Teitelbaum reached Switzerland on the night of 7–8 December 1944, and soon after immigrated to Manda"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - In America", "says": "A year after his daughter's death in Jerusalem, Teitelbaum chose to move to the United States, arriving in New York aboard the MS Vulcania on 26 September 1946."}], "Q4080196": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Bashkiria, also called Bashkurdistan, Lesser Bashkiria, or the Autonomy of Bashkortostan, was a short-lived autonomous state which existed from 1917 to 1919, during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Aligned with the Russian State, Bashkiria was attacked and later annexed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, leading to its 1919 collapse and succession by the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic."}], "Q444912": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The union of the two principalities was achieved when, under the auspices of the Treaty of Paris (1856), the ad hoc Divans of both countries, which were then under Ottoman Empire suzerainty, voted for Alexander Ioan Cuza as their prince."}, {"id": "Q958291", "label": "United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia", "section": "lead", "says": "This process achieved a de facto unification under the name of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia."}, {"id": "Q3778687", "label": "Romanian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "The region itself is defined by the result of that political act, followed by the Romanian War of Independence, the inclusion of Northern Dobruja and the transfer of the southern part of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire in 1878, the proclamation of the Kingdom of Romania in 1881, and the annexation of Southern Dobruja in 1913."}, {"id": "Q174994", "label": "Bessarabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The region itself is defined by the result of that political act, followed by the Romanian War of Independence, the inclusion of Northern Dobruja and the transfer of the southern part of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire in 1878, the proclamation of the Kingdom of Romania in 1881, and the annexation of Southern Dobruja in 1913."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The region itself is defined by the result of that political act, followed by the Romanian War of Independence, the inclusion of Northern Dobruja and the transfer of the southern part of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire in 1878, the proclamation of the Kingdom of Romania in 1881, and the annexation of Southern Dobruja in 1913."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The region itself is defined by the result of that political act, followed by the Romanian War of Independence, the inclusion of Northern Dobruja and the transfer of the southern part of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire in 1878, the proclamation of the Kingdom of Romania in 1881, and the annexation of Southern Dobruja in 1913."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The term came into use after World War I, when the Old Kingdom became Greater Romania, after including Transylvania, Banat, Bessarabia, and Bukovina."}], "Q4494730": [{"id": "Q3374892", "label": "Mysore State", "section": "lead", "says": "Its different regions were merged with Andhra State, Mysore State and Bombay State respectively."}, {"id": "Q2627082", "label": "Bombay State", "section": "lead", "says": "Its different regions were merged with Andhra State, Mysore State and Bombay State respectively."}], "Q4533605": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "South Russia or South of Russia (Russian: Юг Росси́и, romanized: Yug Rossii), also known as White South (Russian: Белый Юг, romanized: Bely Yug) was a short-lived military quasi-state that existed in Eastern Europe during the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920."}, {"id": "Q108314", "label": "Anton Denikin", "section": "lead", "says": "South Russia was an anti-Bolshevik military state under the Armed Forces of South Russia led by General Anton Denikin, and its borders were undefined, changing based on victories or defeats against the Red Army."}, {"id": "Q108260", "label": "Pyotr Wrangel", "section": "lead", "says": "Denikin resigned and delegated power to General Pyotr Wrangel, who established the new Government of South Russia in Sevastopol and the new Russian Army, commonly known as the Army of Wrangel in April."}, {"id": "Q3381753", "label": "Siege of Perekop", "section": "lead", "says": "The Whites were defeated at the Siege of Perekop in November 1920, losing the highly strategic Perekop Isthmus and leaving Crimea vulnerable to Red invasion."}, {"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "South Russia ceased to exist after the Red conquest of Crimea, and its territory was divided between Soviet Russia, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the territory controlled by the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine of Nestor Makhno."}, {"id": "Q47900", "label": "Nestor Makhno", "section": "lead", "says": "South Russia ceased to exist after the Red conquest of Crimea, and its territory was divided between Soviet Russia, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the territory controlled by the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine of Nestor Makhno."}], "Q491790": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kerman Seljuk Sultanate (Persian: سلجوقیان کرمان; Saljūqiyān-e Kerman) was a Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established in the parts of Kerman and Makran which had been conquered from the Buyid dynasty by the Seljuk Empire which was established by the Seljuk dynasty, which was of Oghuz Turkic origin."}], "Q542165": [{"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate of Dobruja or Principality of Karvuna (Bulgarian: Добруджанско деспотство or Карвунско княжество; Romanian: Despotatul Dobrogei or Țara Cărvunei) was a 14th-century quasi-independent Bulgarian polity in the region of modern Dobruja, that split off from the Second Bulgarian Empire under the influence of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate of Dobruja or Principality of Karvuna (Bulgarian: Добруджанско деспотство or Карвунско княжество; Romanian: Despotatul Dobrogei or Țara Cărvunei) was a 14th-century quasi-independent Bulgarian polity in the region of modern Dobruja, that split off from the Second Bulgarian Empire under the influence of the Byzantine Empire."}], "Q565812": [{"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Welf Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg established in 1432."}, {"id": "Q280312", "label": "Principality of Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Calenberg was ruled by the House of Hanover (from the Principality of Lüneburg) from 1635 onwards; the princes received the ninth electoral dignity of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Calenberg was ruled by the House of Hanover (from the Principality of Lüneburg) from 1635 onwards; the princes received the ninth electoral dignity of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "Their territory became the nucleus of the Electorate of Hanover, ruled in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1714 onwards."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "Their territory became the nucleus of the Electorate of Hanover, ruled in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1714 onwards."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "History - Origins and foundation of Calenberg Castle", "says": "Originally the territory belonged to the Duchy of Saxony but in 1180, after the imperial ban had been imposed on the Welf prince, Henry the Lion, he lost his ducal lands in Saxony and Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - Origins and foundation of Calenberg Castle", "says": "Originally the territory belonged to the Duchy of Saxony but in 1180, after the imperial ban had been imposed on the Welf prince, Henry the Lion, he lost his ducal lands in Saxony and Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q703249", "label": "Otto the Child", "section": "History - Origins and foundation of Calenberg Castle", "says": "However, in 1235, Henry's grandson, Otto the Child, was promoted to the rank of prince as a result of the reconciliation between the Houses of Hohenstaufen and Welf and was given the allodial estates of the family claimed by them in the area between Lüneburg and Brunswick as the new and independent Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg."}, {"id": "Q830084", "label": "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "History - Welf inheritance divisions", "says": "In a further Welf inheritance in 1432 - the ninth according to Gudrun Pischke - the area was divided again by the Welf dukes William the Victorious and Henry the Peaceful who had hitherto ruled jointly in the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel."}, {"id": "Q571653", "label": "Principality of Göttingen", "section": "History - Unification with Göttingen", "says": "Between 1442 and 1463 William succeeded in taking over the rule over the Brunswick Principality of Göttingen."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "History - Unification with Göttingen", "says": "After Frederick's death in 1495, however, William again divided his territories and left the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel to his elder son Henry V."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Under Eric I, Elisabeth and Eric II", "says": "Diplomatically, however, he was able to win a ruling from the Emperor Charles V that saw a large part of the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim added to his domain."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "In the Thirty Years' War the brother of Duke Frederick Ulrich, \"mad\" Christian, brought the war to the state."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "In 1635 Duke Augustus the Elder from the Middle House of Lüneburg received the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen."}], "Q566639": [{"id": "Q2670751", "label": "Margraviate of Moravia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Troppau  (German: Herzogtum Troppau) or Principality of Opava (Czech: Opavské knížectví; Polish: Księstwo Opawskie) was a historic territory split off from the Margraviate of Moravia before 1269 by King Ottokar II of Bohemia to provide for his natural son, Nicholas I."}, {"id": "Q150320", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Troppau  (German: Herzogtum Troppau) or Principality of Opava (Czech: Opavské knížectví; Polish: Księstwo Opawskie) was a historic territory split off from the Margraviate of Moravia before 1269 by King Ottokar II of Bohemia to provide for his natural son, Nicholas I."}, {"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Opava territory thus had not been part of the original Polish Duchy of Silesia in 1138, and was first ruled by an illegitimate offshoot of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty, not by the Silesian Piasts like many of the neighbouring Silesian duchies."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Its capital was Opava (Troppau) in the modern-day Czech Republic."}, {"id": "Q700117", "label": "Duchy of Racibórz", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1337 onwards, the Přemyslid dukes also ruled the adjacent former Piast Duchy of Racibórz, whereupon Opava became united with the Upper Silesian lands."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "In the final three centuries of its existence, the duchy was ruled by the House of Liechtenstein."}, {"id": "Q57454", "label": "Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved with the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, but the title of Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf still exists, belonging to a present-day monarch, Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein."}], "Q583057": [{"id": "Q3111412", "label": "Timurtash", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty's founder, Eretna, was an Ilkhanid officer of Uyghur origin, under Timurtash, who was appointed as the governor of Anatolia."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Ilkhanate emerged in West Asia under Hulagu Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "1256–1265) as part of the division of the Mongol Empire that started with Möngke Khan's reign (r."}, {"id": "Q223239", "label": "Abaqa Khan", "section": "History - Eretna (1335–1352)", "says": "Of Uyghur stock, Eretna was born to Jafar or Taiju Bakhshi, a trusted follower of the second Ilkhanid ruler Abaqa Khan (r."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Service under the Ilkhanate", "says": "Timurtash was replaced by Emir Muhammad from the Oirat tribe, who was the uncle of Abu Sa'id."}, {"id": "Q4825084", "label": "Suleiman Khan", "section": "History - Viceroy of Anatolia (1335–1343)", "says": "On the contrary, Eretna did very little to uphold Mamluk sovereignty, minting coins on behalf of the new Chobanid puppet Suleiman Khan in 1339."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "History - Viceroy of Anatolia (1335–1343)", "says": "Despite the loss of Darende, Eretna was able to gain control of Konya from the Karamanids as well as Sivas on an unknown date."}, {"id": "Q293505", "label": "Al-Nasir Muhammad", "section": "History - Independent reign (1343–1352)", "says": "The political vacuum in Mamluk Egypt, following the death of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad (1341; r."}, {"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "History - Independent reign (1343–1352)", "says": "The Dulkadirid ruler Qaraja's focus in pillaging the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and tensions with the Mamluk emirs also made an attack from the south unlikely."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Independent reign (1343–1352)", "says": "Eretna was a fluent Arabic-speaker according to Ibn Battuta and was considered a scholar among the scholars of his era."}, {"id": "Q96261", "label": "Murad I", "section": "History - Muhammad I (1352–1365)", "says": "In 1361, as a reprisal to a raid by Tatars of the Chavdar tribe, Ottoman ruler Murad I captured Ankara Castle from the Eretnids."}, {"id": "Q294139", "label": "Al-Kamil Shaban", "section": "History - Muhammad I (1352–1365)", "says": "Muhammad was defeated and had to request assistance from the Mamluk Sultan Al-Kamil Sha'ban."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Muhammad II Chelebi and usurpation by Kadi Burhan al-Din", "says": "According to Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Muhammad was killed by Kadi Burhan al-Din in 1390."}], "Q60770428": [{"id": "Q484370", "label": "People's Republic of Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the banning of the People's Republic of Korea by the United States military occupational forces in southern Korea in December 1945, the Soviet occupation forces then co-opted the remaining people's committees on 8 February 1946 in response for the need of the communists to have centralization of power in northern Korea, which was then an area divided into provincial people's committees."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the banning of the People's Republic of Korea by the United States military occupational forces in southern Korea in December 1945, the Soviet occupation forces then co-opted the remaining people's committees on 8 February 1946 in response for the need of the communists to have centralization of power in northern Korea, which was then an area divided into provincial people's committees."}], "Q6158424": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The colonial expansion of the Empire of Japan (sometimes known as the Japanese Empire) in the Western Pacific Ocean and East Asia began in 1895 with Japan's victory over the Chinese Qing dynasty in the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The colonial expansion of the Empire of Japan (sometimes known as the Japanese Empire) in the Western Pacific Ocean and East Asia began in 1895 with Japan's victory over the Chinese Qing dynasty in the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q159950", "label": "Russo-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent victories over the Russian Empire (Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905) and the German Empire (World War I) expanded Japanese rule."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequent victories over the Russian Empire (Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905) and the German Empire (World War I) expanded Japanese rule."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, resulting in the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo the following year; thereafter, Japan adopted a policy of founding and supporting puppet states in conquered regions."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "These conquered territories became the basis for what became known as the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere from 1940. (The Co-Prosperity Sphere expanded to include much of China, Indo-China, Malaya, the Philippines, the East Indies, Burma and New Guinea by 1942.)\nIncluding Mainland Japan, colonies, occupied territories, and puppet states, the Empire of Japan at its apex was one of the larges"}, {"id": "Q696736", "label": "Karafuto Prefecture", "section": "lead", "says": "The extent of Japanese governance was restricted to the core Japanese lands (Japanese: naichi) (excepting Karafuto Prefecture, which the Soviet Union occupied in 1945 and annexed as  South Sakhalin Oblast); the Nanpō and Ryūkyū Islands were returned to Japan by the United States in 1968 and 1972 respectively."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The extent of Japanese governance was restricted to the core Japanese lands (Japanese: naichi) (excepting Karafuto Prefecture, which the Soviet Union occupied in 1945 and annexed as  South Sakhalin Oblast); the Nanpō and Ryūkyū Islands were returned to Japan by the United States in 1968 and 1972 respectively."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The extent of Japanese governance was restricted to the core Japanese lands (Japanese: naichi) (excepting Karafuto Prefecture, which the Soviet Union occupied in 1945 and annexed as  South Sakhalin Oblast); the Nanpō and Ryūkyū Islands were returned to Japan by the United States in 1968 and 1972 respectively."}], "Q641116": [{"id": "Q2415901", "label": "allied-occupied Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Hanover (German: Land Hannover) was a short-lived state within the British Zone of Allied-occupied Germany."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed for 92 days in the course of the dissolution of the Free State of Prussia after World War II until the foundation of Lower Saxony in 1946."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "The state saw itself in the tradition of the former Kingdom of Hanover, annexed by Prussia in 1866, reflected in the Saxon Steed state emblem."}], "Q694858": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed from part of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau as a consequence of the occupation of the Rhineland following World War I."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "Surrounded by the two Allied bridgeheads, the Rhine to the south-west and no roads nor any railways towards the north-east, this small region was effectively cut off from the rest of Germany and subsequently separated from the administration of the Weimar Republic."}], "Q695448": [{"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed between 4 October and 10 November 1921, following the Treaty of Trianon and the departure of the rump Kingdom of Hungary's army and after the Sopron plebiscite was held in the area according to the Venice Protocol."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "History - After the Hungarian Soviet Republic", "says": "These soldiers were responsible for the torture and execution of left-wing figures and people in the Hungarian capital, Budapest, as well as the Central Hungarian countryside (known as the White Terror) in response to the actions of the Lenin Boys led by Tibor Szamuely (known as the Red Terror)."}, {"id": "Q117144", "label": "Miklós Horthy", "section": "History - After the Hungarian Soviet Republic", "says": "Soon, former admiral Miklós Horthy rose to the rank of Regent."}, {"id": "Q11726", "label": "Karl Renner", "section": "History - Burgenland after the Treaty of Trianon", "says": "The Hungarian government hoped that they would be able to change the treaty and settle the hand-over by referendum, but their proposals were rejected by Austrian Chancellor Karl Renner multiple times."}, {"id": "Q381868", "label": "Gyula Gömbös", "section": "History - West Hungarian Uprising", "says": "Horthy appointed Gyula Gömbös as a regional commander in Western Hungary, with the task of regulating the Rongyos Gárda."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "The Republic of Lajtabánság was not permanent, and divides slowly started to show."}], "Q715210": [{"id": "Q494501", "label": "Kim Yushin", "section": "Decline", "says": "General Kim Yu-sin of Silla (also of the Gimhae Kim clan) was a descendant of the last king of Gaya."}], "Q859966": [{"id": "Q7293666", "label": "Rao Bika", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the state, Rao Bika, was a younger son of Rao Jodha, the ruler and founder of the city of Jodhpur in Marwar."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The emergence of the Mughal Empire witnessed the Kingdom of Bikaner pledging fealty to Mughal emperors, which led to the Kingdom becoming a loyal constituent of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q9455", "label": "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel", "section": "lead", "says": "Acquiescing to the 1947 call of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to integrate the princely states into the new independent India, Bikaner's then ruler, Lt General Maharaja Sir Sadul Singh, advised by his dewan K."}], "Q862467": [{"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "History - Lamanic Era", "says": "Niokhobaye Diouf notes that, just before the Guelowar's arrival in Sine, there were three notable rulers using the Serer title laman:\n\nLam Sango, sometimes called Diarno Diouala (or Jarno Jouala), residing in Palmarin\nLam Diémé Fadial (or Lamaan Jame Faajaal), residing in Fadial (Faajaal in Serer)\nLam Wal Satim Ndok, residing in Ndok (east of current Sine)\nThe Wagadou were century maternal dynasty"}, {"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "History - Under the Jolof Empire", "says": "1360 as first Emperor of the Jolof Empire."}], "Q904346": [{"id": "Q20973653", "label": "Kingdom of Munster", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 1118 by Tadhg Mac Cárthaigh, King of Munster, when the Treaty of Glanmire formally divided the Kingdom of Munster into Desmond and Thomond (Tuadh-Mhumhain, \"North Munster\")."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The king of Desmond, Diarmaid Mac Cárthaigh submitted to Henry II of England, but the western half of Desmond lived on as a semi-independent Gaelic kingdom."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Nine Years' War of the 1590s, Desmond became part of the Kingdom of Ireland."}], "Q941887": [{"id": "Q846670", "label": "Danishmendid dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "While legendary lineages link the family to the Danishmendids, an 11–12th-century dynasty in central Anatolia, the earliest Karasid rulers the eponymous Karasi Bey and his father Kalam Shah are thought to have taken over the region around Balıkesir during the reign of Mesud II (r."}, {"id": "Q370032", "label": "Mesud II", "section": "lead", "says": "While legendary lineages link the family to the Danishmendids, an 11–12th-century dynasty in central Anatolia, the earliest Karasid rulers the eponymous Karasi Bey and his father Kalam Shah are thought to have taken over the region around Balıkesir during the reign of Mesud II (r."}, {"id": "Q975405", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "section": "lead", "says": "1284–97, 1303–8) of the Sultanate of Rum claiming independence."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1333, he met with Ibn Battuta, who wrote unfavorably about him."}, {"id": "Q2281554", "label": "Claude Cahen", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Claude Cahen held that the homonymy between the central Anatolian family and the dynasty in northwestern Anatolia may not be sufficient evidence for a connection."}, {"id": "Q40315", "label": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth described the theory connecting the dynasty to the Danishmendids as \"almost certainly legendary\"."}, {"id": "Q318365", "label": "Georgios Pachymeres", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "However, Cahen proposes that the state appeared much later as medieval writers Ramon Muntaner and George Pachymeres do not mention the Karasids."}, {"id": "Q372109", "label": "Nicephorus Gregoras", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Cahen disputes historian Mordtmann's connection of the Lamisai mentioned by Pachymeres and the Calames (Karasi's father Kalam) of Nicephorus Gregoras."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Following the Byzantine campaign in western Anatolia allied with Catalan Company and Alans between 1302 and 1308, Karasi expanded into Lesser Mysia and reached south bordering the Sarukhanids."}, {"id": "Q1968654", "label": "Beylik of Saruhan", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Following the Byzantine campaign in western Anatolia allied with Catalan Company and Alans between 1302 and 1308, Karasi expanded into Lesser Mysia and reached south bordering the Sarukhanids."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "In 1311, Karasi is also known to have provided support to the Sari Saltuk tribe led by Ece Halil who clashed with the Byzantine Empire in Thrace."}, {"id": "Q37084", "label": "John VI Kantakouzenos", "section": "History - Division", "says": "The Byzantine historian and Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (r."}, {"id": "Q722705", "label": "Aşıkpaşazade", "section": "History - Ottoman acquisition", "says": "Fifteenth-century Ottoman historian Aşıkpaşazade detailed the events leading to the Ottoman acquisition of the Karasid domains, providing a conflicting narrative."}], "Q1028095": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Khämbā state or Cambay state was a kingdom and later princely state in India during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Hub of Mercantile activity", "says": "Cambay was one of India's most active trade center since the 14th century (Source: Ibn Battuta)."}, {"id": "Q1150753", "label": "Duarte Barbosa", "section": "History - Hub of Mercantile activity", "says": "After 200 years, Duarte Barbosa described Cambay as an important commercial center with carpets, and other textile goods in Mughal established industries."}], "Q11057724": [{"id": "Q123027565", "label": "Kashmir Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shah Mir dynasty (or the House of Shah Mir) ruled the Kashmir Sultanate in the northern Indian subcontinent from 1339 to 1561."}, {"id": "Q3319050", "label": "Mohammed Qacim Ferichta", "section": "Origins", "says": "Older sources by contemporary Kashmiri historians, such as Jonaraja, state that Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata; Abu ’l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni translated into Persian at Akbar's o"}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Shihabu'd-Din", "says": "After a brief confrontation, a peace treaty concluded between the two with Delhi Sultanate ceding the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir to the Shah Miris."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "History - Shihabu'd-Din", "says": "Baltistan under the Maqpons and Ladakh under the Maryuls were, at that time, tributary states of Moghulistan and Tibet, respectively."}, {"id": "Q3080648", "label": "Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat", "section": "History - Interruption by Haidar Dughlat", "says": "In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir."}], "Q1149098": [{"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "The name \"Dai\" originated when Tuoba Yilu was appointed the Duke of Dai (代公) by the Western Jin dynasty in 310, as a reward for helping Liu Kun, the Governor of Bingzhou (并州), fight against the Han-Zhao dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "Dai was conquered in 376 by the Former Qin dynasty, and its descendants later established the Northern Wei dynasty in 386."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Dai was conquered in 376 by the Former Qin dynasty, and its descendants later established the Northern Wei dynasty in 386."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Background", "says": "At Shengle, Liwei submitted to the Cao Wei and later the Western Jin, and he began subjugating neighbouring tribes to expand his influence."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "History - Period of instability", "says": "As regent, Lady Qi submitted to the Later Zhao dynasty, whose people referred to Dai at the time as a \"queendom\" (女國)."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Period of instability", "says": "Heru began exercising power in 324 and moved the capital to Mount Dongmugen (東木根山; northwest of present-day Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia), but he soon died in 325 and was succeeded by his brother, Tuoba Hena."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "History - Reign of Tuoba Shiyiqian", "says": "He entered into a marriage alliance with the Former Yan, though relations were tense at times, leading to clashes between the two sides."}], "Q1164500": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "After roughly two decades as a protectorate of the Crown of Castile, the territory of the Taifa of Murcia became the Kingdom of Murcia (Spanish: Reino de Murcia, a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile) in the wake of its conquest by Aragon and ensuing return to Castile triggered by the 1264–1266 Mudéjar revolt."}, {"id": "Q921067", "label": "Taifa of Murcia", "section": "lead", "says": "After roughly two decades as a protectorate of the Crown of Castile, the territory of the Taifa of Murcia became the Kingdom of Murcia (Spanish: Reino de Murcia, a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile) in the wake of its conquest by Aragon and ensuing return to Castile triggered by the 1264–1266 Mudéjar revolt."}], "Q1186858": [{"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Tenguella's son, Koli, led further migrations, and redirected military efforts against the Jolof Empire, hastening its collapse."}, {"id": "Q1683696", "label": "Diarra", "section": "History - Tenguella (1464–1512)", "says": "Pushed by an expansionist Jolof Empire, in the 1450s he led an emigration eastwards, establishing a state known as Futa Kingi in the lands of the Kingdom of Diarra."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Tenguella (1464–1512)", "says": "By 1490 Tenguella's actions in the upper Gambia River basin were threatening the communication lines between the Mali Empire and their western provinces of Kaabu as well as the Bambuk gold fields."}, {"id": "Q2282006", "label": "Abdul Qadir Dagarwal", "section": "History - Religious conflict and end", "says": "He stepped down once the holy war was won and was replaced by Abdul Qadir ibn Hammadi, the first almamy of the Imamate of Futa Toro."}], "Q119695": [{"id": "Q44741", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "section": "lead", "says": "The Governorate of New Castile (Gobernación de Nueva Castilla, pronounced [ɡoβeɾnaˈθjon de ˈnweβa kasˈtiʎa]) was the gubernatorial region administered to Francisco Pizarro in 1529 by King Charles I of Spain, of which he was appointed governor via a capitulation."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The conquest of the Inca Empire in 1531–1533, performed by Pizarro and his brothers set the basis for the territorial boundaries of New Castile."}], "Q1204549": [{"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Xikang (formerly romanized as Sikang or Hsikang, lit. 'Kham-in-the-West' or 'Kham to the west [of Sichuan]') was a nominal province\nformed by the Republic of China in 1939 on the initiative of prominent Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui and retained by the early People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Xikang (formerly romanized as Sikang or Hsikang, lit. 'Kham-in-the-West' or 'Kham to the west [of Sichuan]') was a nominal province\nformed by the Republic of China in 1939 on the initiative of prominent Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui and retained by the early People's Republic of China."}], "Q123027565": [{"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Background (13th and 14th centuries)", "says": "A number of attempts had been made to conquer Kashmir, first by the Arabs in the 7th and 8th century, and then by the Turks in the 11th century, but it was not until the reigns of Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghor that Kashmir faced serious threat."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "History - Background (13th and 14th centuries)", "says": "A number of attempts had been made to conquer Kashmir, first by the Arabs in the 7th and 8th century, and then by the Turks in the 11th century, but it was not until the reigns of Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghor that Kashmir faced serious threat."}, {"id": "Q1191125", "label": "Moghulistan", "section": "History - Expansion (14th and 15th centuries)", "says": "Baltistan, under the Maqpons, and Ladakh, under the Maryuls, were at that time tributary states of Moghulistan and Tibet, respectively."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Expansion (14th and 15th centuries)", "says": "He then moved towards Ladakh, defeating the joint forces of Ladakhis and Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q14475864", "label": "Sikandar Shah", "section": "History - Expansion (14th and 15th centuries)", "says": "Qutbu'd-Din died in 1389, and Shingara succeeded him as Sultan Sikandar Shah."}, {"id": "Q1188459", "label": "Yarkent Khanate", "section": "History - Decline and Annexation (15th and 16th centuries)", "says": "Another attempt to annex Kashmir was carried out, this time by Sultan Said Khan of the Yarkent Khanate."}], "Q12448145": [{"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Xuanzang, the territory may have been lost to King Shashanka of the Gauda Kingdom, who declared independence circa 600CE."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "Origin", "says": "Pires hypothesized that the Maukharis ruled Magadha prior to the emergence of the Gupta Empire."}], "Q1297894": [{"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally the independent creation of a local dynasty, later absorbed into the Kingdom of Navarre and then into the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally the independent creation of a local dynasty, later absorbed into the Kingdom of Navarre and then into the Crown of Aragon."}], "Q1332305": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Dvaravati background", "says": "Mon-speaking populations had been established in what is now Thailand for centuries."}, {"id": "Q255931", "label": "Haripuñjaya", "section": "History - The Mon polity: 7th–9th c.", "says": "Stone inscriptions in ancient Mon script from northern and central Thailand indicate that the Lavo and Haripuñjaya mandalas were probably populated by the same group, the \"Mon\" or another Austroasiatic-speaking people."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "History - The Mon polity: 7th–9th c.", "says": "Theravada Buddhism remained prominent in Lavo, though Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism from the Khmer Empire were also influential."}, {"id": "Q501356", "label": "Suryavarman I", "section": "History - Tambralinga, Angkor and Pagan incursions: 10th–11th c.", "says": "After a nine-year civil war at Angkor, Tambralinga lost Lavo to Suryavarman I, whose troops destroyed Lavo and several polities of the upper Mun valley."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Tambralinga, Angkor and Pagan incursions: 10th–11th c.", "says": "His career is set out in the Khmer inscription K.1198, a stele of 116 lines dated 1014 and now in the National Museum of Cambodia, whose Sanskrit portion was published only in 20"}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "History - Ayodhya as capital: 1080s–1350", "says": "The Xiān (暹) of Chinese and Đại Việt texts between 1149 and the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1351 may be Ayodhya rather than Sukhothai, Suphannabhum or another of the early Siamese polities."}, {"id": "Q3284315", "label": "Samudra Pasai", "section": "History - Ayodhya as capital: 1080s–1350", "says": "Xiān is recorded as having attacked Champa,:line 148 Dān mǎ xī (單馬錫, taken to be Tumasik, or Singapore), Xī lǐ (昔里), Ma-li-yü-êrh (Melayu), and Samudera Pasai Sultanate on Sumatra before the formation of Ayutthaya Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q335273", "label": "Jayavarman VII", "section": "History - Ayodhya as capital: 1080s–1350", "says": "Angkor moved to recover its influence in 1181, when Jayavarman VII appointed his kinsman Narupatidnavarman to govern Lavapura."}, {"id": "Q613372", "label": "Ramesuan", "section": "History - Formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom: 1351", "says": "Borommarachathirat I then took Ayutthaya from Uthong's son Ramesuan in 1370, and Ramesuan retreated to Lavo."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom: 1351", "says": "The Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal of 1684 has Lavapuri, or Lopburi, abandoned around the 15th century."}], "Q13496558": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (German: Hochstift Brixen, Fürstbistum Brixen, Bistum Brixen) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the present-day northern Italian province of South Tyrol."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The tribes who pushed into the territory of the present Diocese of Brixen, during the great migratory movements, especially the Bavarians and Lombards, accepted Christianity at an early date; only the Slavs of the Puster Valley persisted in paganism until the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The tribes who pushed into the territory of the present Diocese of Brixen, during the great migratory movements, especially the Bavarians and Lombards, accepted Christianity at an early date; only the Slavs of the Puster Valley persisted in paganism until the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The tribes who pushed into the territory of the present Diocese of Brixen, during the great migratory movements, especially the Bavarians and Lombards, accepted Christianity at an early date; only the Slavs of the Puster Valley persisted in paganism until the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Urged by King Charlemagne, Pope Leo III assigned Säben as a suffragan diocese to the Archbishopric of Salzburg in 798."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "After King Louis the Child in 901 granted Säben the demesne of Prichsna, part of the estates held by his mother Ota, Bishop Rihpert (appointed 967) or Bishop Albuin I (967-1005) had the seat of the diocese transferred to Brixen."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The diocese received many grants from the Holy Roman Emperors: thus from Conrad II in 1027 the suzerainty in the Norital, from Henry IV in 1091 the Puster Valley."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The diocese received many grants from the Holy Roman Emperors: thus from Conrad II in 1027 the suzerainty in the Norital, from Henry IV in 1091 the Puster Valley."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Particularly notorious is the case of Altwin, during whose episcopate (1049-1091) the ill-famed synod of 1080 was held in Brixen, at which thirty bishops, partisans of the emperor, declared Pope Gregory VII deposed, and set up as antipope the Bishop of Ravenna, with the name of Clement III."}, {"id": "Q336684", "label": "Clement III", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Particularly notorious is the case of Altwin, during whose episcopate (1049-1091) the ill-famed synod of 1080 was held in Brixen, at which thirty bishops, partisans of the emperor, declared Pope Gregory VII deposed, and set up as antipope the Bishop of Ravenna, with the name of Clement III."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Likewise Duke Frederick IV of Habsburg, ruler of Tyrol and Further Austria, called \"of the Empty Pockets\", compelled the Bishops of Brixen to a"}], "Q1367119": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Yafa (Arabic: يافع العليا Yāfi‘ al-‘Ulyā), officially the State of Upper Yafa (Arabic: دولة يافع العليا Daulat Yāfiʿ al-ʿUlyā), was a military alliance in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Yafa (Arabic: يافع العليا Yāfi‘ al-‘Ulyā), officially the State of Upper Yafa (Arabic: دولة يافع العليا Daulat Yāfiʿ al-ʿUlyā), was a military alliance in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia."}], "Q1368026": [{"id": "Q701895", "label": "Zhao Tuo", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Qin dynasty's collapse in 206 BCE, Zhao Tuo, a Qin general serving as the magistrate of the conquered Lingnan region, proclaimed himself the king of the autonomous kingdom of Nanyue with the estuarial city of Panyu (present-day Guangzhou) as the capital, and later submitted as a vassal to the newly established Han dynasty in 180 BCE."}, {"id": "Q839161", "label": "Zhao Xing", "section": "Background", "says": "The Nanyue kingdom lasted for nearly a century until 112 BCE, when chancellor Lü Jia committed an regicidal coup in attempt to desinicize the kingdom, killing the fourth king Zhao Xing and his pro-Han mother Queen Dowager Jiu."}, {"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "Background", "says": "The region was also the base of the Kingdom of Southern Han (917–971) during the chaotic Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period between the fall of the Tang dynasty and the establishment of the Song dynasty."}], "Q1372138": [{"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Medieval", "says": "From 698 to 936, the Mohe-ruled kingdom of Balhae (Bohai) occupied northern Korea and parts of Northeast China and Primorsky Krai, consisting of the Nanai, the Udege, and the Evenks and descendants of the Tungus-speaking people and the people of the Goguryeo kingdom."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "History - Modern", "says": "The province was formed in 1945 after the capture of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo."}], "Q1396700": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Faridkot State was a self-governing princely state of Punjab ruled by Brar Jats outside British India during the British Raj period in the Indian sub-continent until Indian independence."}, {"id": "Q917553", "label": "Patiala State", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The state had poor relations with Patiala State and Lahore State, which led to it losing territory to those other states."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "The Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh occupied Faridkot State in 1807, whom was eager to conquer the Malwa states."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "The Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh occupied Faridkot State in 1807, whom was eager to conquer the Malwa states."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Due to the rise of Napoleon back in Europe, the British temporarily ceased their territorial advancements in India."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Control over Faridkot was restored to chief Gulab Singh on 3 April 1809 due to the signing of a treaty between the Lahore Darbar and the British East India Company."}, {"id": "Q929357", "label": "Nabha State", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "It was bounded on the west and northeast by the British district of Ferozepore, and on the south by Nabha State."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - Under Pahar Singh", "says": "During the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845 the chief, Raja Pahar Singh, was allied with the British, and was rewarded with an increase of territory."}, {"id": "Q910528", "label": "Battle of Mudki", "section": "History - Under Pahar Singh", "says": "Pahar Singh had provided the British valuable assistance during the Battle of Mudki."}, {"id": "Q116222", "label": "Battle of Ferozeshah", "section": "History - Under Pahar Singh", "says": "During the Battle of Ferozeshah, the British were accepting their defeat and stepped-back, but the Sikh forces under Lal Singh and Tej Singh had also done the same, leaving valuable weaponry behind such as cannons and other resources at the battleground."}, {"id": "Q5070876", "label": "Chand Kaur", "section": "History - Under Pahar Singh", "says": "Pahar Singh married Chand Kaur, who was the daughter of Samand Singh of Deena Wale."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Under Wazir Singh", "says": "These rewards were declared by Queen Victoria in a special assembly meeting on 21 April 1863."}, {"id": "Q1182405", "label": "Baba Deep Singh", "section": "History - Under Brij Indar Singh", "says": "Brij Indar Singh was married to the daughter of a rich man named Jeevan Singh, who came from a well-regarded and well-to-do Punjabi family that claimed a familial association with a famous Sikh martyr, Baba Deep Singh."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Under Brij Indar Singh", "says": "During World War I, he provided monetary assistance, supplies (such as high-quality horses and camels), and troops to the British cause on different occasions over a period of three years."}], "Q1489916": [{"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "lead", "says": "Isuwa (transcribed Išuwa and sometimes rendered Ishuwa, Issuwa), was a kingdom founded by the Hurrians, which came under Hittite sovereignty towards 1600 BC as a result of their struggle with the Hittites."}, {"id": "Q299472", "label": "Hattusili I", "section": "History - Hattusili I", "says": "The Hittite king Hattusili I (c."}, {"id": "Q354903", "label": "Suppiluliuma I", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "The Hittite king Suppiluliuma I records how in the time his father, Tudhaliya II (c."}, {"id": "Q296295", "label": "Tiglath-Pileser I", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "The encounter with the Assyrian king of Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 BC) resulted in Kammanu being forced to pay tribute to Assyria."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "Kammanu continued to prosper however until the Assyrian king Sargon II (722–705 BC) sacked the city in 712 BC."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "At the same time the Cimmerians and Scythians invaded Anatolia from the Caucasus to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "At the same time the Cimmerians and Scythians invaded Anatolia from the Caucasus to the northeast."}], "Q1541353": [{"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Sirmur State", "says": "Karm was succeeded by Mandhata Prakash, who aided Khalil-ullah, a general of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, in an invasion of Garhwal, and in return for this aid Kotaha was given to Sobhag Prakash, who had succeeded Mandhata."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Sirmur State", "says": "Further Mughal attacks on Garhwal were launched by Aurangzeb, and Sobhag would again join them, receiving yet more land in return."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "History - Sirmur State", "says": "In 1684, Mat Prakash succeeded Budh, and the next year he gave asylum to Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, and allowed him to fortify Paonta, near which the Guru would defeat a combined Hill State force under the Rajas Bhim Chand of Kahlur and Fateh Shah of Garhwal, at the Battle of Bhangani; however, in 1750, Kirat Prakash, after having defeated the Raja of Garhwal, captured Sikh territorie"}, {"id": "Q4870478", "label": "Battle of Bhangani", "section": "History - Sirmur State", "says": "In 1684, Mat Prakash succeeded Budh, and the next year he gave asylum to Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, and allowed him to fortify Paonta, near which the Guru would defeat a combined Hill State force under the Rajas Bhim Chand of Kahlur and Fateh Shah of Garhwal, at the Battle of Bhangani; however, in 1750, Kirat Prakash, after having defeated the Raja of Garhwal, captured Sikh territorie"}, {"id": "Q11924187", "label": "Ghulam Qadir", "section": "History - Sirmur State", "says": "Kirat also aided the Raja of Khalur against Ghulam Kadir, when the latter invaded Kahlur."}, {"id": "Q989092", "label": "First Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "History - Sirmur State", "says": "The Raja aided the British with a loan during the First Anglo-Afghan War, and joined the British in the First Anglo-Sikh War, with a Sirmur contingent seeing action at Hari-ke Pattan."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - Sirmur State", "says": "The Raja aided the British with a loan during the First Anglo-Afghan War, and joined the British in the First Anglo-Sikh War, with a Sirmur contingent seeing action at Hari-ke Pattan."}], "Q1548588": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Territory South of the River Ohio, commonly known as the Southwest Territory or the Old Southwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 26, 1790, until June 1, 1796, when Tennessee was admitted to the Union as its 16th state."}, {"id": "Q1557627", "label": "State of Franklin", "section": "lead", "says": "After decades of efforts by trans-Appalachian settlers to establish a separate political entity, including the Watauga Association and the State of Franklin, the Southwest Territory was established by the Southwest Ordinance, which organized lands ceded by North Carolina into a federal territory comprising most of present-day Tennessee."}, {"id": "Q23", "label": "George Washington", "section": "lead", "says": "Its only governor was William Blount, appointed by President George Washington, with Daniel Smith serving as secretary."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "Among those who served in the territorial government were John Sevier, James Robertson, Griffith Rutherford, James Winchester, Archibald Roane, John McNairy, Joseph McMinn, and Andrew Jackson, who would become president of the United States."}], "Q1627613": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ancona was a medieval commune and maritime republic on the Adriatic coast of modern-day Italy."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was notable for its economic development and maritime trade, particularly with the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Mediterranean, although somewhat confined by Venetian supremacy on the sea."}, {"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "lead", "says": "The state enjoyed excellent relations with the Kingdom of Hungary, was an ally of the Republic of Ragusa, and maintained good relations with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The state enjoyed excellent relations with the Kingdom of Hungary, was an ally of the Republic of Ragusa, and maintained good relations with the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "Included in the Papal States since 774, the city of Ancona came under the influence of the Holy Roman Empire around 1000, but gradually gained independence to become fully independent with the coming of the communes in the 11th century, under the high jurisdiction of the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Included in the Papal States since 774, the city of Ancona came under the influence of the Holy Roman Empire around 1000, but gradually gained independence to become fully independent with the coming of the communes in the 11th century, under the high jurisdiction of the Papal States."}], "Q1660566": [{"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Banjar (Banjar: كسلطانن بنجر, romanized: Kasultanan Banjar) was a nation-state of the Banjar in the form of an Islamic sultanate in Borneo which was founded in 1520 before Raden Samudera (Suriansyah), the king of Banjar, embraced Islam, after that in 1526 Raden Samudera embraced Islam with the help of the Demak Sultanate, after Raden Samudera converted to Islam, he Changed his nam"}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Banjar (Banjar: كسلطانن بنجر, romanized: Kasultanan Banjar) was a nation-state of the Banjar in the form of an Islamic sultanate in Borneo which was founded in 1520 before Raden Samudera (Suriansyah), the king of Banjar, embraced Islam, after that in 1526 Raden Samudera embraced Islam with the help of the Demak Sultanate, after Raden Samudera converted to Islam, he Changed his nam"}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "1734–1759) and his son-in-law, Muhammad of Banjar (r."}], "Q16673775": [{"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "History - Puppet state", "says": "On 13 March, the young King Norodom Sihanouk proclaimed an independent Kingdom of Kampuchea (while changing the official name of the country in French from Cambodge to Kampuchea) following a formal request by the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Puppet state", "says": "Shortly thereafter the Japanese government nominally ratified the independence of Cambodia and established a consulate in Phnom Penh."}, {"id": "Q367210", "label": "Son Ngoc Thanh", "section": "History - Puppet state", "says": "However, Son Ngoc Thanh, another of the men behind the Khmer-language newspaper Nagara Vatta who had fled to Japan following the 1942 anti-French demonstrations, had returned in April 1945 to serve as foreign minister."}], "Q1688151": [{"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomond (Classical Irish: Tuadhmhumhain; Modern Irish: Tuamhain), also known as the Kingdom of Limerick, was a kingdom of Gaelic Ireland, associated geographically with present-day County Clare as well as parts of County Limerick and County Tipperary, particularly around Nenagh and its hinterland."}, {"id": "Q20973653", "label": "Kingdom of Munster", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from the collapse of the Kingdom of Munster in the 12th century as competition between the Ó Briain and the Mac Cárthaigh led to the schism between Thomond (\"North Munster\") and Desmond (\"South Munster\")."}, {"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "It continued to exist outside of the Anglo-Norman-controlled Lordship of Ireland until the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q938504", "label": "Connachta", "section": "lead", "says": "It is generally held that the Déisi Muman pushed north-west starting from the 5th to the early 8th century, taking the area from the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne of the Connachta."}, {"id": "Q868027", "label": "Battle of Clontarf", "section": "lead", "says": "The person most famously associated with this is Brian Boru, High King of Ireland, best known for his feats at the Battle of Clontarf."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Normans and civil wars", "says": "Domhnall even acknowledged Henry II as Lord of Ireland at Cashel in 1171, but a mere two years later when Plantagenet tried to grant Thomond to Philip de Braose this situation was overturned."}, {"id": "Q2991012", "label": "Earl of Desmond", "section": "History - Unity and resurgence", "says": "The last successful attempt by a Norman to play divide and conquer within the Thomond kingship was the case of Maurice FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Unity and resurgence", "says": "The Norman Lordship was weakened by the Bruce Wars of 1315–1318, the Black Death of 1349–1350 (which disproportionally hit Norman controlled towns) and besides that English forces were more invested with the Hundred Years' War in France and their own internal conflict the Wars of the Roses to focus too much on Ireland."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - Unity and resurgence", "says": "The Norman Lordship was weakened by the Bruce Wars of 1315–1318, the Black Death of 1349–1350 (which disproportionally hit Norman controlled towns) and besides that English forces were more invested with the Hundred Years' War in France and their own internal conflict the Wars of the Roses to focus too much on Ireland."}, {"id": "Q127751", "label": "Wars of the Roses", "section": "History - Unity and resurgence", "says": "The Norman Lordship was weakened by the Bruce Wars of 1315–1318, the Black Death of 1349–1350 (which disproportionally hit Norman controlled towns) and besides that English forces were more invested with the Hundred Years' War in France and their own internal conflict the Wars of the Roses to focus too much on Ireland."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "History - Unity and resurgence", "says": "The friendship with the de Burghs of Galway was maintained by Brian and when Richard II was at Waterford in 1399, he paid nominal homage and was well received."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "History - Downfall of the realm", "says": "In 1534, a rumour had spread that his father, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, had been executed in England on the orders of king Henry VIII and that the same fate was planned for him and his uncles."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "History - Downfall of the realm", "says": "Under this impression, Thomas threw off his offices in the Kingdom of Ireland and rose up in rebellion."}], "Q170390": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Oldenburg (German: Grafschaft Oldenburg) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q155594", "label": "House of Oldenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling House of Oldenburg rose to European prominence in 1448, when Count Christian ascended the throne as king of Denmark and left Oldenburg to be governed by his brothers."}, {"id": "Q884161", "label": "The Treaty of Zarskoje Selo", "section": "lead", "says": "By the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo in 1773, Denmark transferred control of Oldenburg to Frederick August I of the Holstein-Gottorp line."}, {"id": "Q320348", "label": "Widukind", "section": "History - Origins and early expansion (1108-1448)", "says": "The genealogy of the counts of Oldenburg can be traced to the Saxon hero Widukind (opponent of Charlemagne), but their first historical representative was Huno of Rustringen (died 1088, founded the monastery of Rastede in 1059)."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Origins and early expansion (1108-1448)", "says": "The genealogy of the counts of Oldenburg can be traced to the Saxon hero Widukind (opponent of Charlemagne), but their first historical representative was Huno of Rustringen (died 1088, founded the monastery of Rastede in 1059)."}, {"id": "Q697084", "label": "Duchy of Oldenburg", "section": "History - Origins and early expansion (1108-1448)", "says": "The northern and western parts of what would become the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg were in the hands of independent, or semi-independent, Frisian princes, who were usually pagan, and the counts of Oldenburg seized much of these lands in a series of wars during the early part of the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "History - Personal Union with Denmark (1448-1460)", "says": "Owing to the Kalmar Union, he had also been King of Norway and Sweden."}, {"id": "Q310433", "label": "Karl Knutsson", "section": "History - Personal Union with Denmark (1448-1460)", "says": "When the Swedish Privy Council allowed Karl Knutsson to be crowned King of Sweden, the Danish Privy Council sought an alternative candidate."}, {"id": "Q478059", "label": "Treaty of Ribe", "section": "History - Independent County (1460-1667)", "says": "In return, Christian granted the nobles extensive privileges in the Treaty of Ribe."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "History - Independent County (1460-1667)", "says": "Early in the 16th century, Oldenburg was again enlarged at the expense of the Frisians."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Independent County (1460-1667)", "says": "However, he remained loyal to Charles V during the war of the League of Schmalkalden, and was able thus to increase his territories, obtaining Delmenhorst in 1547."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Independent County (1460-1667)", "says": "Through neutrality during the Thirty Years' War and by donating valuable horses to warlord Count of Tilly, Anton Günther protected his dominions from the devastation levied on nearly all other German states."}, {"id": "Q157812", "label": "Frederick III of Denmark", "section": "History - Danish Oldenburg (1667-1773)", "says": "Anton Günther, having no legitimate children to keep the main line of his House from going extinct, arranged an agreement with the prospective successors of the county, King Frederick III of Denmark and Duke Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp."}, {"id": "Q166001", "label": "Scanian War", "section": "History - Danish Oldenburg (1667-1773)", "says": "Von Aldenburg’s financial aid did little to accelerate recovery, which was further impeded by the Scanian War."}, {"id": "Q151616", "label": "Great Northern War", "section": "History - Danish Oldenburg (1667-1773)", "says": "Despite these measures, Oldenburg remained a strategic rather than economic asset for Denmark, serving as a military quarter during the Great Northern War and the Seven Years’ War at considerable cost to the population."}, {"id": "Q499799", "label": "Christmas flood of 1717", "section": "History - Danish Oldenburg (1667-1773)", "says": "The Christmas Flood of 1717 killed more than 4,000 people in Oldenburg and left large tracts of land uncultivable, while the New Year’s Flood of 1720 destroyed many of the emergency dykes erected in the aftermath."}, {"id": "Q154998", "label": "Christian III of Denmark", "section": "History - Independence and elevation to duchy (1773-1774)", "says": "Back in 1544, king Christian III of Denmark, from the House of Oldenburg, divided the rule over Schleswig and Holstein with his brothers Johann and Adolf."}, {"id": "Q527527", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck", "section": "History - Independence and elevation to duchy (1773-1774)", "says": "From Adolf’s branch came the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf, who also ruled the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Independence and elevation to duchy (1773-1774)", "says": "In 1725 he married Anna, daughter of Tsar Peter I."}], "Q18126222": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Janjira State was a princely state in India during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q16849282", "label": "Jafarabad State", "section": "lead", "says": "Jafarabad State (also spelled Jafrabad) was a dependency of the Nawab of Janjira State, and located 320 km to its north-northwest."}, {"id": "Q400998", "label": "Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "According to legend, Janjira was invaded in 1489 when the Ahmadnagar Sultanate sent its admiral Piram Khan (of Ethiopian descent) with orders to capture the Murud-Janjira from Ram Patil."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In the century that followed the rulers put themselves under the overlordship of the Sultanate of Bijapur."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "During the seventeenth and eighteenth century Janjira successfully resisted the repeated attacks of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Cooperation with the Ottomans", "says": "There's further record of Cooperation with the Ottoman Empire when the Ottoman fleet first arrived in Aceh prior to Ottoman expedition to Aceh has included 200 Malabar sailors from Janjira State to aid the region Batak and the Maritime Southeast Asia in 1539."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Cooperation with the Mughals", "says": "According to one record, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb supplied the Siddis of Janjira state with 2,000 men, provisions and ammunition along with two frigates and two large men-of-war."}], "Q1971200": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of the Orange Free State (Afrikaans: Provinsie Oranje-Vrystaat), commonly referred to as the Orange Free State (Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat), Free State (Afrikaans: Vrystaat) or by its abbreviation OFS, was one of the four provinces of South Africa from 1910 to 1994."}, {"id": "Q1142179", "label": "Orange River Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Its predecessor was the Orange River Colony which in 1902 had replaced the Orange Free State, a Boer republic."}], "Q1989935": [{"id": "Q46932", "label": "Ismail Kemal", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a paternal government, led by Ismail Qemali, until his resignation on 22 January 1914, followed by the International Control Commission until the proclamation of the Principality of Albania."}, {"id": "Q187035", "label": "Principality of Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a paternal government, led by Ismail Qemali, until his resignation on 22 January 1914, followed by the International Control Commission until the proclamation of the Principality of Albania."}], "Q2166619": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "According to the research of Jiang Yingliang, the lineage of the rulers of Möng Mao commenced in 1256, and this may have been when the polity emerged after the fall of Dali to the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "With the outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellions, there was little else the Yuan could do to subdue him, so he was appointed as the \"Pingmian Pacification Commissioner\", a title which recognized his control over new territories and further bolstered his prestige and legitimacy."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "History - Dao Ganmeng rebellion", "says": "Acknowledging their position, the Hongwu Emperor sent a letter to Si Lunfa in 1396 warning him of retaliation if further acts of aggression were committed."}], "Q2261321": [{"id": "Q335088", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ramadanid Emirate (Modern Turkish: Ramazanoğulları Beyliği) was a Turkish autonomous administration and a de facto independent emirate that existed from 1352 to 1608 in Cilicia, taking over the rule of the region from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The emirate was a protectorate of the Mamluk Sultanate until the end of the 14th century, then it was de facto independent for more than a century, and then, from 1517, a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q2368688": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Cabinda (Ibinda: Kilansi kia Kabinda; Portuguese: República de Cabinda) was an independent protectorate of Portugal that was taken over by Angola after Portugal declared Angola a free country."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Cabinda (Ibinda: Kilansi kia Kabinda; Portuguese: República de Cabinda) was an independent protectorate of Portugal that was taken over by Angola after Portugal declared Angola a free country."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The government of this (internationally unrecognized) entity operates in exile, with offices located in Paris, France, and Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q3560710", "label": "Treaty of Simulambuco", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo, which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa (Angola)."}, {"id": "Q449550", "label": "Alvor Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 January 1975 the Alvor Agreement was signed, laying the groundwork for official Angolan independence (to be instituted on 11 November 1975) and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola."}, {"id": "Q164535", "label": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "section": "History - Relations with Angola", "says": "Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko called for a referendum on the future of the Cabinda."}], "Q2377568": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "Zelaya was a department in Nicaragua."}, {"id": "Q1165546", "label": "Mosquitia", "section": "lead", "says": "The department was located along the Mosquito Coast bordering the Caribbean Sea and was named after former President of Nicaragua José Santos Zelaya, who conquered the region for Nicaragua from the Mosquito Coast, then a British protectorate and indigenous monarchy, in 1894."}, {"id": "Q560938", "label": "José Santos Zelayo", "section": "lead", "says": "The department was located along the Mosquito Coast bordering the Caribbean Sea and was named after former President of Nicaragua José Santos Zelaya, who conquered the region for Nicaragua from the Mosquito Coast, then a British protectorate and indigenous monarchy, in 1894."}], "Q2390604": [{"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It regained its independence from 1143 to 1145 when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}], "Q2526023": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown Colony of Jamaica and Dependencies was a Crown colony of the British Empire from 1655 to 1962."}, {"id": "Q44279", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "section": "History - English conquest", "says": "In late 1654, English leader Oliver Cromwell launched the Western Design armada against Spain's colonies in the Caribbean."}, {"id": "Q4871930", "label": "Battle of Ocho Rios", "section": "History - English conquest", "says": "Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the Battle of Ocho Rios in 1657 and the Battle of Rio Nuevo in 1658."}, {"id": "Q4872186", "label": "Battle of Rio Nuevo", "section": "History - English conquest", "says": "Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the Battle of Ocho Rios in 1657 and the Battle of Rio Nuevo in 1658."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - English conquest", "says": "For England, Jamaica was to be the 'dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire,' although in fact it was a possession of little economic value then."}, {"id": "Q215502", "label": "Henry Morgan", "section": "History - Jamaica's pirate economy", "says": "Under early English rule, Jamaica became a haven of privateers, buccaneers, and occasionally outright pirates: Christopher Myngs, Edward Mansvelt, and most famously, Henry Morgan."}, {"id": "Q380719", "label": "Cotton Mather", "section": "History - 1692 earthquake and the collapse of Port Royal", "says": "Members of the Jamaica Council declared: \"We are become by this an instance of God Almighty's severe judgement.\" This view of the disaster was not confined to Jamaica; in Boston, the Reverend Cotton Mather said in a letter to his uncle: \"Behold, an accident speaking to all our English America.\" After the earthquake, the town was partially rebuilt."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Jamaica's sugar boom", "says": "During the Seven Years' War of 1756–63, the British government sought to protect Jamaica from a possible French invasion."}, {"id": "Q7443413", "label": "Second Maroon War", "section": "History - Second Maroon War", "says": "In 1795, the Second Maroon War was instigated when two Maroons from Cudjoe's Town were flogged by a Black slave for allegedly stealing two pigs."}, {"id": "Q5453254", "label": "First Maroon War", "section": "History - Second Maroon War", "says": "This sparked an eight-month conflict, spurred by the fact that the Trelawny Maroons felt that they were being mistreated under the terms of Cudjoe's Treaty of 1739, which ended the First Maroon War."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - Second Maroon War", "says": "After a few years the Trelawny Maroons were again transported, this time by their request, to the fledgling British settlement of Sierra Leone in West Africa."}, {"id": "Q128902", "label": "William Pitt the Younger", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution", "says": "British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger directed a concerted and ultimately unsuccessful effort to capture the colony from France while it was occupied with the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution", "says": "British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger directed a concerted and ultimately unsuccessful effort to capture the colony from France while it was occupied with the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q207672", "label": "William Wilberforce", "section": "History - Haitian Revolution", "says": "Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who served the Secretary of State for War in the Pitt ministry, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists in Saint-Domingue which promised to restore the ancien regime, slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists- a move which drew fierce criticism from Briti"}, {"id": "Q4077534", "label": "Baptist War", "section": "History - The Baptist War", "says": "The Baptist War, as it was known, became the largest slave uprising in the British West Indies, lasting 10 days and mobilised as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's 300,000 slave population."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Economic decline", "says": "Unable to convert the ex-slaves into a sharecropping tenant class similar to the one established in the post-Civil War South of the United States, planters became increasingly dependent on wage labour and began recruiting workers abroad, primarily from India, China, and Sierra Leone."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Marcus Garvey", "says": "Garvey left the colony in 1935 to live in the United Kingdom, where he died heavily in debt five years later."}, {"id": "Q41178", "label": "Haile Selassie I", "section": "History - Rastafari movement", "says": "The Rastafari movement, an Abrahamic religion, was developed in Jamaica in the 1930s, following the coronation of Haile Selassie I as Emperor of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Rastafari movement", "says": "The Rastafari movement, an Abrahamic religion, was developed in Jamaica in the 1930s, following the coronation of Haile Selassie I as Emperor of Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - Rastafari movement", "says": "Haile Selassie I was crowned as Emperor in November 1930, a significant event in that the Ethiopian Empire was the only African country other than Liberia to be independent from colonialism, and Haile Selassie was the only African leader accepted among the kings and queens of Europe."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "History - Rastafari movement", "says": "Joseph Hibbert returned from Costa Rica in 1931 and started spreading his own conviction of the Emperor's divinity in Benoah district, Saint Andrew Parish, through his own ministry, called Ethiopian Coptic Faith; he too moved to Kingston the next year, to find Leonard Howell already teaching many of these same doctrines, having returned to Jamaica around the same time."}], "Q2547918": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40,000 km2 that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province."}, {"id": "Q849164", "label": "Cape Province", "section": "lead", "says": "Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40,000 km2 that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "It was inhabited by the Griqua people – a semi-nomadic, Afrikaans-speaking nation of mixed-race origin, who established several states outside the expanding frontier of the Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, Griqualand West was part of the Cape Province but continued to have its own \"provincial\" sports teams."}], "Q2559223": [{"id": "Q209065", "label": "Kingdom of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greek royal family (Greek: Βασιλική Οικογένεια της Ελλάδος) was the ruling family of the Kingdom of Greece from 1863 to 1924 and again from 1935 to 1973."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "The family had replaced the House of Wittelsbach that previously ruled Greece from 1832 to 1862."}, {"id": "Q17142", "label": "George I of Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "The first monarch was George I of Greece, the second son of King Christian IX of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q151305", "label": "Christian IX of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "The first monarch was George I of Greece, the second son of King Christian IX of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "lead", "says": "The current head of the family is former Crown Prince Pavlos, who assumed the role on 10 January 2023 upon the death of his father, former King Constantine II."}, {"id": "Q219256", "label": "Andreas Papandreou", "section": "Downfall", "says": "This agreement, condemned by the opposition, was annulled when Andreas Papandreou became prime minister in 1993."}], "Q2593459": [{"id": "Q156418", "label": "Kingdom of Hawaiʻi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government of Hawaii (abbr.: P.G.; Hawaiian: Aupuni Kūikawā o Hawaiʻi) was proclaimed after the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893, by the 13-member Committee of Safety under the leadership of its chairman Henry E."}, {"id": "Q1057542", "label": "Republic of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "It replaced the Kingdom of Hawaii after the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani as a provisional government until the Republic of Hawaii was established on July 4, 1894."}], "Q2603305": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea was a federation between the former Italian colony of Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire between 1952 and 1962."}, {"id": "Q332365", "label": "Ernest Bevin", "section": "History - The Bevin–Sforza Plan", "says": "When the Four Power Commission failed to reach agreement, the question of Eritrea's future passed to the United Nations General Assembly, where the Italian Foreign Minister Count Sforza negotiated a compromise with the British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin during the Assembly's third session, held in Paris in late 1948 and continued at Lake Success in early 1949."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - The Bevin–Sforza Plan", "says": "The resulting \"Bevin–Sforza Plan,\" submitted as a British resolution, proposed a UN trusteeship over Libya divided between British-administered Cyrenaica and Italian-administered Tripolitania, continued Italian trusteeship over Somaliland, and the partition of Eritrea, with the east united to Ethiopia and the west annexed to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan."}, {"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "History - The Bevin–Sforza Plan", "says": "The resulting \"Bevin–Sforza Plan,\" submitted as a British resolution, proposed a UN trusteeship over Libya divided between British-administered Cyrenaica and Italian-administered Tripolitania, continued Italian trusteeship over Somaliland, and the partition of Eritrea, with the east united to Ethiopia and the west annexed to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "History - The Bevin–Sforza Plan", "says": "The resulting \"Bevin–Sforza Plan,\" submitted as a British resolution, proposed a UN trusteeship over Libya divided between British-administered Cyrenaica and Italian-administered Tripolitania, continued Italian trusteeship over Somaliland, and the partition of Eritrea, with the east united to Ethiopia and the west annexed to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - United Nations Commission of Enquiry", "says": "In November 1949, the General Assembly's Fourth Session appointed a five-member Commission of Enquiry, composed of Burma, Guatemala, Norway, Pakistan and South Africa, to visit Eritrea and consult its inhabitants on the territory's future."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - United Nations Commission of Enquiry", "says": "In November 1949, the General Assembly's Fourth Session appointed a five-member Commission of Enquiry, composed of Burma, Guatemala, Norway, Pakistan and South Africa, to visit Eritrea and consult its inhabitants on the territory's future."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "History - United Nations Commission of Enquiry", "says": "Guatemala and Pakistan, in a minority report, recommended a ten-year United Nations trusteeship over Eritrea followed by independence."}], "Q267484": [{"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed during four distinct time periods: from 1026 to 1057, 1073 to 1090, 1145 to 1153, and 1229 to 1239, when the polity was finally conquered by the Emirate of Granada."}, {"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "History - First taifa", "says": "His rule, which lasted until his death in 1035, was characterized by struggle with the Abbadid dynasty kings of the Taifa of Seville."}, {"id": "Q2668584", "label": "Taifa of Carmona", "section": "History - First taifa", "says": "Yahya conquered the Taifa of Carmona, of strategic importance in the area; it was, however, soon recaptured by the Sevillans."}, {"id": "Q1183407", "label": "Taifa of Algeciras", "section": "History - First taifa", "says": "At his death in 1035, the kingdom was divided into two independent entities: the taifa of Málaga proper, under his brother Idris I al-Muta'ayyad, and the Taifa of Algeciras, under his nephew Muhammad ben al-Qasim."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - First taifa", "says": "At his death in 1035, the kingdom was divided into two independent entities: the taifa of Málaga proper, under his brother Idris I al-Muta'ayyad, and the Taifa of Algeciras, under his nephew Muhammad ben al-Qasim."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "History - Second taifa", "says": "His unpopular policies, however, as well as his alliance with the Christians, caused his fall by the hands of the Almohads and his suicide in 1153."}], "Q2723760": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Gallura began as a province of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "Origins", "says": "In a letter of Pope Gregory VII dated 1074, he refers to Constantine I of Gallura, probably a member of the Gherardeschi clan."}], "Q2741089": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greater Republic of Central America (Spanish: República Mayor de Centroamérica), later the United States of Central America (Spanish: Estados Unidos de Centroamérica), originally planned to be known as the Republic of Central America (Spanish: República de América Central), was a short-lived political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, lasting from 1896 to 1898."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greater Republic of Central America (Spanish: República Mayor de Centroamérica), later the United States of Central America (Spanish: Estados Unidos de Centroamérica), originally planned to be known as the Republic of Central America (Spanish: República de América Central), was a short-lived political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, lasting from 1896 to 1898."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greater Republic of Central America (Spanish: República Mayor de Centroamérica), later the United States of Central America (Spanish: Estados Unidos de Centroamérica), originally planned to be known as the Republic of Central America (Spanish: República de América Central), was a short-lived political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, lasting from 1896 to 1898."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an attempt to revive the failed Federal Republic of Central America that existed earlier in the century."}, {"id": "Q887447", "label": "Tomás Regalado", "section": "lead", "says": "The union was dissolved on 29 November 1898 after General Tomás Regalado seized power in El Salvador on 13 November 1898."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "lead", "says": "The union was dissolved on 29 November 1898 after General Tomás Regalado seized power in El Salvador on 13 November 1898."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "Guatemala and Costa Rica both considered joining the union, but neither of them did so."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "Guatemala and Costa Rica both considered joining the union, but neither of them did so."}, {"id": "Q712945", "label": "Manuel Barillas", "section": "Background", "says": "During the late 1880s, Guatemalan president General Manuel Barillas pushed the idea in Guatemala and neighboring El Salvador and Honduras to recreate a Central American union like the long dissolved Federal Republic of Central America."}, {"id": "Q887749", "label": "Francisco Menéndez Valdivieso", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 June 1890, however, Salvadoran president General Francisco Menéndez was assassinated and his successor, General Carlos Ezeta, pulled out of the treaty, effectively killing the union before it was even formed."}, {"id": "Q887723", "label": "Carlos Ezeta", "section": "Background", "says": "On 22 June 1890, however, Salvadoran president General Francisco Menéndez was assassinated and his successor, General Carlos Ezeta, pulled out of the treaty, effectively killing the union before it was even formed."}, {"id": "Q507922", "label": "Domingo Vásquez", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty did little to ease relations however as Honduras and Nicaragua went to war in 1893 when Honduran president Domingo Vásquez accused Nicaraguan president José Santos Zelaya of supporting Honduran refugees to lead a revolution."}, {"id": "Q560938", "label": "José Santos Zelayo", "section": "Background", "says": "The treaty did little to ease relations however as Honduras and Nicaragua went to war in 1893 when Honduran president Domingo Vásquez accused Nicaraguan president José Santos Zelaya of supporting Honduran refugees to lead a revolution."}, {"id": "Q433531", "label": "Policarpo Bonilla", "section": "Background", "says": "The war ended on 22 February 1894 with the overthrow of Vásquez and the Nicaraguans establishing Policarpo Bonilla as President."}, {"id": "Q887470", "label": "Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez", "section": "Background", "says": "General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez, one of the revolution's leaders, became President of El Salvador."}], "Q28109312": [{"id": "Q1194765", "label": "Kamarupa", "section": "lead", "says": "647 CE), whose empire covered much of north and north-western India, extending till Kamarupa in the east and Narmada River in the south."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "Etymology and origins", "says": "The writings of Xuanzang and an 8th century Buddhist text, the Arya-manjushri-mula-kalpa suggest that the dynasty belonged to the Vaishya caste."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Death of Prabhakara Vardhana", "says": "A lion to the Huna deer, a burning fever to the king of the Indus land, a troubler of sleep to the king of Gujarat, a billious plague to that scent elephant the lord of Gandhara, a looter to the lawlessness of the Latas an axe to the creeper of Malwa's glory."}, {"id": "Q1534153", "label": "Vallabhi", "section": "History - Death of Prabhakara Vardhana", "says": "There are different assessments of the exact extent of Harsha's empire, but he controlled major parts of northern India; his overlordship was accepted by the king of Vallabhi in the west and the Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman in the east; in the south, his empire extended up to the Narmada River."}, {"id": "Q1144153", "label": "Kumar Bhaskara Varman", "section": "History - Death of Prabhakara Vardhana", "says": "There are different assessments of the exact extent of Harsha's empire, but he controlled major parts of northern India; his overlordship was accepted by the king of Vallabhi in the west and the Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman in the east; in the south, his empire extended up to the Narmada River."}], "Q288200": [{"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Supreme Executive Power (Spanish: Supremo Poder Ejecutivo) was the provisional government of Mexico that governed between the fall of the First Mexican Empire in March 1823 and the election of the first Mexican president, Guadalupe Victoria, in October 1824."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Supreme Executive Power (Spanish: Supremo Poder Ejecutivo) was the provisional government of Mexico that governed between the fall of the First Mexican Empire in March 1823 and the election of the first Mexican president, Guadalupe Victoria, in October 1824."}, {"id": "Q379975", "label": "Nicolás Bravo", "section": "lead", "says": "After Emperor Agustín abdicated, the sovereignty of the nation passed over to Congress, which appointed a triumvirate, made up of Guadalupe Victoria, Pedro Celestino Negrete, and Nicolás Bravo, to serve as the executive, while a new constitution was being written."}, {"id": "Q1109279", "label": "First Mexican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The former faction triumphed, and the result was the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, and the Supreme Executive Power was replaced by the First Mexican Republic."}, {"id": "Q767450", "label": "Treaty of Córdoba", "section": "Background", "says": "Independent Mexico was originally a monarchy: \"constitutional and moderate\" according to the Treaty of Córdoba."}, {"id": "Q1606520", "label": "Plan of ayala", "section": "Background", "says": "The Plan of Iguala had provided for a Bourbon monarch to be placed on the Mexican throne, but when the offer was refused, a barracks revolt in the capital declared Agustín de Iturbide as emperor; congress, in search of stability and surrounded by Iturbide's military partisans, acquiesced."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "Background", "says": "The Plan of Iguala had provided for a Bourbon monarch to be placed on the Mexican throne, but when the offer was refused, a barracks revolt in the capital declared Agustín de Iturbide as emperor; congress, in search of stability and surrounded by Iturbide's military partisans, acquiesced."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "Background", "says": "Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata, and was later joined by Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo."}], "Q2919545": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Svaneti (Georgian: სვანეთის სამთავრო, romanized: svanetis samtavro) was a small principality (samtavro) in the Svaneti region of the Greater Caucasus mountains that emerged following the breakup of the Kingdom of Georgia in the late 15th century."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled successively by the houses of Gelovani and Dadeshkeliani, and was annexed to the Russian Empire in 1858."}], "Q2975232": [{"id": "Q27512936", "label": "Jules Gros", "section": "lead", "says": "The republic, initially presided over by the French intellectual Jules Gros, remained unrecognized."}], "Q3053276": [{"id": "Q200033", "label": "Michael VIII Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Palaiologos dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople by the usurper Michael VIII Palaiologos following its recapture from the Latin Empire, founded after the Fourth Crusade (1204), up to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q178897", "label": "Latin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Palaiologos dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople by the usurper Michael VIII Palaiologos following its recapture from the Latin Empire, founded after the Fourth Crusade (1204), up to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Palaiologos dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople by the usurper Michael VIII Palaiologos following its recapture from the Latin Empire, founded after the Fourth Crusade (1204), up to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q160077", "label": "Fall of Constantinople", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Palaiologos dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople by the usurper Michael VIII Palaiologos following its recapture from the Latin Empire, founded after the Fourth Crusade (1204), up to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Palaiologos dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople by the usurper Michael VIII Palaiologos following its recapture from the Latin Empire, founded after the Fourth Crusade (1204), up to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q136344", "label": "Battle of Köse Dağ", "section": "lead", "says": "Anatolia, which had formed the very heart of the shrinking empire, was systematically lost to numerous Turkic ghazis, whose raids evolved into conquering expeditions inspired by Islamic zeal, the prospect of economic gain, and the desire to seek refuge from the Mongols after the disastrous Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243."}, {"id": "Q420759", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Most commonly, these comprised the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Serbian Empire, the remnants of the Latin Empire and even the Knights Hospitaller."}, {"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Most commonly, these comprised the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Serbian Empire, the remnants of the Latin Empire and even the Knights Hospitaller."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The loss of land in the East to the Turks and in the West to the Bulgarians coincided with two disastrous civil wars, the Black Death, and the 1354 earthquake at Gallipoli which allowed the Turks to occupy the peninsula."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "The last remnants of the Byzantine Empire, the Despotate of the Morea and the Empire of Trebizond, fell shortly afterwards."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the west, the Latins were unable to expand into Anatolia; consolidating Thrace against Bulgaria was a challenge that kept the Latins occupied for the duration of the Latin Empire."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1261, the Empire of Nicaea was ruled by John IV Laskaris, a boy of 10 years."}, {"id": "Q37088", "label": "John IV Laskaris", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1261, the Empire of Nicaea was ruled by John IV Laskaris, a boy of 10 years."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "The rise and fall of Kantakouzenos, 1341–1357", "says": "The result was that Byzantium's power was undermined beyond all recovery — two hundred years ago Byzantium could rely on the people living in the lands of Anatolia, Greece, Macedonia and several large islands like Cyprus and Crete."}], "Q3112053": [{"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was \"absorbed\" by Srivijaya by 692, but had \"broken away\" by the end of the 12th century according to Zhao Rukuo."}, {"id": "Q698817", "label": "Zhao Rukuo", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was \"absorbed\" by Srivijaya by 692, but had \"broken away\" by the end of the 12th century according to Zhao Rukuo."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "One theory is that the kingdom was established around present-day Jambi on Sumatra, Indonesia, approximately 300 km north of Palembang."}, {"id": "Q2060657", "label": "Singhasari Kingdom", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "In 1275, Kertanegara, of the Singhasari Kingdom, took advantage of Melayu's decline and sent a military expedition to establish Javanese control over Melayu's realm in Sumatra."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Demise", "says": "One king who reigned in the Jambi region in 1376 received the title 'King of San-fo-ch'i' from China, even though the Javanese (Majapahit) had conquered this region."}, {"id": "Q3363540", "label": "Parameswara", "section": "History - Melayu's last prince Parameswara", "says": "The last prince of Srivijayan origin, Parameswara (thought to be the same person as Iskandar Shah in the Malay Annals), fled to Temasik to seek refuge before moving farther north, where he founded what would become the Malacca Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Melayu's last prince Parameswara", "says": "The last prince of Srivijayan origin, Parameswara (thought to be the same person as Iskandar Shah in the Malay Annals), fled to Temasik to seek refuge before moving farther north, where he founded what would become the Malacca Sultanate."}], "Q3136850": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sitawaka (Sinhala: සීතාවක) was a Sinhalese kingdom located in south-central Sri Lanka."}, {"id": "Q1589163", "label": "Kingdom of Kotte", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged from the division of the Kingdom of Kotte following the Spoiling of Vijayabahu in 1521."}, {"id": "Q3289754", "label": "Rajasinha I of Sitawaka", "section": "lead", "says": "Sitawaka disintegrated soon after the death of its last king Rajasinha I in 1593."}, {"id": "Q7929256", "label": "Vijayabahu VII of Kotte", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "Vijayabahu VII of Kotte  (1509–1521) was deposed in a palace coup known as the Spoiling of Vijayabahu in 1521 by his three sons who feared their succession to the throne was about to be overlooked in favour of Vijayabahu's fourth son, Devaraja."}, {"id": "Q5293787", "label": "Dona Catherina of Kandy", "section": "History - Rajasinha I", "says": "Karaliyadde Bandara, king of Kandy, fled to Trincomalee and subsequently died of smallpox; his young daughter, Kusumasana Devi, came under the protection of the Portuguese, who baptised her Dona Catherina and over the next decade claimed the throne of Kandy in her name."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Rajasinha I", "says": "Meanwhile, in Kotte, King Dharmapala formally ratified his 1580 donation to Philip II on 4 November 1583."}, {"id": "Q3454159", "label": "Rajasinghe II of Kandy", "section": "History - Successor states and legacy", "says": "The Portuguese remained the premier power in lowland Sri Lanka until the early 17th century, when they were finally expelled by Rajasinha II and his Dutch allies."}, {"id": "Q3529329", "label": "Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy", "section": "History - Successor states and legacy", "says": "A resurgent kingdom of Kandy under Vimaladharmasuriya I also sacked Sitawaka, and went on to become the major source of resistance to European power for the next two hundred years."}], "Q3355522": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily, and it came into being when Emperor Charles V granted the islands as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya to the Order, following the latter's loss of Rhodes in 1522."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily, and it came into being when Emperor Charles V granted the islands as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya to the Order, following the latter's loss of Rhodes in 1522."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Later in 1548 Charles V elevated the Order controlled town of Heitersheim of the Holy Roman Empire, to the status of a principality, granting the Order formal control of the fief."}, {"id": "Q104866537", "label": "Hospitaller Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "Hospitaller Tripoli was lost to the Ottoman Empire in 1551, but an Ottoman attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hospitaller Tripoli was lost to the Ottoman Empire in 1551, but an Ottoman attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "In the mid-17th century, the Order was the de jure proprietor over some islands in the Caribbean, making it the smallest state to colonize the Americas."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Order began to decline in the 1770s, and was severely weakened by the French Revolution in 1792."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1798, French forces under Napoleon invaded Malta and expelled the Order, resulting in the French occupation of Malta."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "lead", "says": "Malta was to be returned to the Order by the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, but the British remained in control and the islands formally became a British colony by the Treaty of Paris in 1814."}, {"id": "Q186320", "label": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Order's last formal territory, the Principality of Heitersheim, was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Baden just a few months before the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire on 12 June 1806."}], "Q3591895": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1797, with its territory being split between the constituent kingdoms of Burgundy (Savoy proper, Nice) and Italy (Piedmont and the rest)."}], "Q3623202": [{"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The District of Branković (Serbian: Земља Бранковића / Zemlja Brankovića) or Vuk's Land (Serbian: Вукова земља / Vukova zemlja) was one of the medieval Serbian states that emerged from the collapse of the Serbian Empire in 1371."}], "Q373988": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The beylik was established by a branch of the Hamidid dynasty in 1321 and lasted until 1423, when it was permanently annexed by the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q4311709": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Nagpur was a kingdom within the Maratha Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, it became a princely state of the British Empire in 1818, and was annexed to British India in 1853 becoming Nagpur Province."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, it became a princely state of the British Empire in 1818, and was annexed to British India in 1853 becoming Nagpur Province."}, {"id": "Q5228002", "label": "Daulat Scindia", "section": "History - Janoji, Madhoji I, and Raghoji II Bhonsle (1755–1816)", "says": "But in 1803 he united with Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior against the British."}, {"id": "Q3595694", "label": "Mudhoji II Bhonsle", "section": "History - Mudhoji II Bhonsle (1817–1818)", "says": "On the death of Raghoji II in 1816, his son Parsoji was supplanted by Mudhoji II Bhonsle, also known as Appa Sahib, son of Vyankoji, brother of Raghoji II, in 1817."}], "Q4919413": [{"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As reliable sources (for the 15th and 16th centuries, in particular) are very rare, a defensible and conclusive explanation that relates to concrete events that manifest the decline of the Khmer Empire, recognised unanimously by the scientific community, has so far not been produced."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The rivalry with the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the west resulted in several conflicts, incl"}], "Q4997536": [{"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Medieval era", "says": "He remained loyal to Shahjahan and Dara Shikoh during the rebellion of Aurangzeb despite many temptations and even threats from Aurangzeb."}, {"id": "Q4087464", "label": "Battle of Samugarh", "section": "History - Medieval era", "says": "Rao Chattar Sal died fighting as the head of his Hada Rajput troops in the Battle of Samugarh in 1658 along with his youngest son Bharat Singh."}, {"id": "Q544228", "label": "Bahadur Shah I", "section": "History - Medieval era", "says": "In 1707, Bahadur Shah I conferred the title of Maharao Raja upon Raja Budh Singh."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - British era", "says": "In 1804 Rao Raja Bishan Singh (1773–1821) gave valuable assistance to Colonel Monson in his disastrous retreat before Holkar, in revenge for which the Maratha Empire and Pindaris continually ravaged his state and forced the kingdom to pay tribute up to 1817."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - Accession to India", "says": "At the time of the partition of India in 1947, the British abandoned their suzerainty over the princely states, which were left to decide whether to remain independent or to accede to the newly independent Dominion of India or to Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Accession to India", "says": "At the time of the partition of India in 1947, the British abandoned their suzerainty over the princely states, which were left to decide whether to remain independent or to accede to the newly independent Dominion of India or to Pakistan."}], "Q5301066": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Ajaigarh State was a princely state in Bundelkhand, Central India, during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q1588594", "label": "Panna State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded around 1765 CE by Raja Guman Singh, a chieftain of the Bundela Rajput clan and a relative of the ruling family of Panna State."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History of Ajaigarh State - Reign of Sawai Maharaja Ranjor Singh", "says": "His loyalty to the British Crown during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 earned him the titles of K.C.I.E. (Knight Commander of the Indian Empire) and C.S.I. (Companion of the Star of India)."}], "Q541199": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The People's State of Reuss (German: Volksstaat Reuß) was a small, short-lived (1919–1920) central German state during the early years of the Weimar Republic."}], "Q552822": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Mecklenburg-Güstrow was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in Northern Germany, that existed on three occasions ruled by the House of Mecklenburg at Güstrow."}], "Q570522": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Salm-Salm (German: Fürstentum Salm-Salm; French: Principauté de Salm-Salm) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q596092": [{"id": "Q854468", "label": "Kingdom of Mutapa", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 16th century, the Mutapa Empire and the Kingdom of Butua centred on Khami had replaced Great Zimbabwe as the major powers in the region."}, {"id": "Q986881", "label": "Kingdom of Butua", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 16th century, the Mutapa Empire and the Kingdom of Butua centred on Khami had replaced Great Zimbabwe as the major powers in the region."}], "Q6042084": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (Spanish: Gobierno Insular de las Islas Filipinas) was an unincorporated territory of the United States that was established on April 11, 1899, upon ratification of the 1898 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q31351948", "label": "United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Insular Government was preceded by the Military Government of the Philippine Islands and was followed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q146328", "label": "Commonwealth of the Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Insular Government was preceded by the Military Government of the Philippine Islands and was followed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippines was acquired from Spain by the United States in 1898 following the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q12583", "label": "Spanish–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippines was acquired from Spain by the United States in 1898 following the Spanish–American War."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Resistance led to the Philippine–American War, in which the United States suppressed the nascent First Philippine Republic."}, {"id": "Q1361989", "label": "First Philippine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Resistance led to the Philippine–American War, in which the United States suppressed the nascent First Philippine Republic."}, {"id": "Q319950", "label": "Sergio Osmeña", "section": "History - Jones Law", "says": "Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence."}, {"id": "Q34296", "label": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "History - Jones Law", "says": "The election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson, who advocated a constitutional government in the Philippines as a step towards independence, in 1912 opened up the opportunity."}, {"id": "Q215669", "label": "Allies of the First World War", "section": "History - Jones Law", "says": "Filipino activists suspended the independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States and the Allies of World War I against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Jones Law", "says": "Filipino activists suspended the independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States and the Allies of World War I against the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q35236", "label": "Herbert Hoover", "section": "History - Road to commonwealth status", "says": "US President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933."}], "Q606974": [{"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Brzeg (Polish: Księstwo Brzeskie) or Duchy of Brieg (German: Herzogtum Brieg; Czech: Knížectví břežské) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, created in 1311 during the fragmentation of the Duchy of Legnica."}, {"id": "Q570740", "label": "Duchy of Legnica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Brzeg (Polish: Księstwo Brzeskie) or Duchy of Brieg (German: Herzogtum Brieg; Czech: Knížectví břežské) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, created in 1311 during the fragmentation of the Duchy of Legnica."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "History - Prussian inheritance claims", "says": "However, Brandenburg-Prussia also claimed the duchy, referring to the old inheritance treaty of 1537: in that year Duke Frederick II concluded a treaty with Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg, whereby the Hohenzollern dynasty would inherit the duchy upon the extinction of the Silesian Piasts."}, {"id": "Q506527", "label": "Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Prussian inheritance claims", "says": "However, Brandenburg-Prussia also claimed the duchy, referring to the old inheritance treaty of 1537: in that year Duke Frederick II concluded a treaty with Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg, whereby the Hohenzollern dynasty would inherit the duchy upon the extinction of the Silesian Piasts."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - Prussian inheritance claims", "says": "Several decades later King Frederick II of Prussia used the dispute as a pretext to justify his campaign during the First Silesian War in 1740 which finally ended by Prussian annexation of almost nine-tenths of whole Silesia."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "History - Prussian inheritance claims", "says": "Several decades later King Frederick II of Prussia used the dispute as a pretext to justify his campaign during the First Silesian War in 1740 which finally ended by Prussian annexation of almost nine-tenths of whole Silesia."}], "Q6392538": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Commonwealth realm of Kenya was a short-lived sovereign state between 12 December 1963 and 12 December 1964 whose head of state was Queen Elizabeth II."}], "Q6553448": [{"id": "Q832554", "label": "Argentine Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Buenos Aires (Spanish: Estado de Buenos Aires) was a secessionist republic resulting from the overthrow of the Argentine Confederation government in the Province of Buenos Aires on 11 September 1852."}, {"id": "Q832683", "label": "Battle of Pavón", "section": "lead", "says": "Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation after the former's victory at the Battle of Pavón in 1861."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "Background", "says": "Regionalism had long marked the relationship among the numerous provinces of what today is Argentina, and the wars of independence did not result in national unity."}, {"id": "Q188891", "label": "Bernardino Rivadavia", "section": "Background", "says": "Following a series of disorders and a short-lived Constitutional Republic led by Buenos Aires centralist Bernardino Rivadavia in 1826 and 1827, the Province of Buenos Aires would function as a semi-independent state amid an internecine civil war."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "Background", "says": "An understanding was entered into by Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas and other Federalist leaders out of need and a shared enmity toward the still vigorous Unitarian Party."}, {"id": "Q616931", "label": "Battle of Caseros", "section": "Background", "says": "The Argentine Confederation thus functioned, albeit amid ongoing conflicts, until the 1852 Battle of Caseros, when Rosas was deposed and exiled."}], "Q684430": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Rauracian Republic was a short-lived French occupation zone that included parts of modern Switzerland around the Jura mountains."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created from the northern portion of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Raurici were related to the Helvetii, whose name was later bestowed on another French client state, the Helvetic Republic."}], "Q697781": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, also Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy, sometimes known with its German name Stablo, was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Duchy of Bouillon and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, it was one of only three principalities of the Southern Netherlands that were never part of the Spanish Netherlands, later the Austrian Netherlands, which after 1500 were assigned to the Burgundian Circle while the principalities were assigned to the Lower Rhenish Imperial Circle."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Duchy of Bouillon and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, it was one of only three principalities of the Southern Netherlands that were never part of the Spanish Netherlands, later the Austrian Netherlands, which after 1500 were assigned to the Burgundian Circle while the principalities were assigned to the Lower Rhenish Imperial Circle."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Along with the Duchy of Bouillon and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, it was one of only three principalities of the Southern Netherlands that were never part of the Spanish Netherlands, later the Austrian Netherlands, which after 1500 were assigned to the Burgundian Circle while the principalities were assigned to the Lower Rhenish Imperial Circle."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congress of Vienna in 1815 assigned Stavelot to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and Malmedy became part of the Prussian district of Eupen-Malmedy."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congress of Vienna in 1815 assigned Stavelot to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and Malmedy became part of the Prussian district of Eupen-Malmedy."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Both are currently parts of the Kingdom of Belgium—since the 1830 Belgian Revolution and the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, respectively (Malmedy annexed to Belgium in 1925)."}, {"id": "Q316892", "label": "Sigebert III", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "A charter of Sigebert III, king of Austrasia entrusted Remaclus with the monasteries of both Stavelot and Malmedy, which was located a few kilometres eastwards in the Ardennes forest, \"a place of horror and solitary isolation which abounds with wild beasts\"."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "A charter of Sigebert III, king of Austrasia entrusted Remaclus with the monasteries of both Stavelot and Malmedy, which was located a few kilometres eastwards in the Ardennes forest, \"a place of horror and solitary isolation which abounds with wild beasts\"."}, {"id": "Q309909", "label": "Childeric II", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Malmedy is listed on earlier maps than Stavelot, and the commission appointed in 670 by Childeric II, in order to delimit the abbey territory, started from Malmedy (Latin: de Monasterio Malmunderio)."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Development and the High Middle Ages", "says": "Throughout the ninth century, the abbeys played an important cultural role in Lotharingia, particularly thanks to abbot Christian."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Development and the High Middle Ages", "says": "Around 875, the relics of St Quirinus were translated from Gasny to Malmedy Abbey after the intercession of Emperor Charles the Bald, partly to secure relics comparable to those of St."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Development and the High Middle Ages", "says": "With the decline of the Carolingian Empire, however, the abbeys suffered the same decay as elsewhere, leaving the principality in the custody of lay abbots—temporal guardians—from 844 to 938, including Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims, Adalard the Seneschal, and Reginar and Giselbert, dukes of Lorraine."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "History - Development and the High Middle Ages", "says": "On 13 April 862, Lothair II of Lotharingia, while dealing with the distribution of property ad hospital ejusdem coenobii, ordered that local tithes be paid to the hospital absque netligentia et tarditate, an order he confirmed on 10 June 873."}, {"id": "Q922057", "label": "Godfrid, Duke of Frisia", "section": "History - Development and the High Middle Ages", "says": "In December 881, Normans, including Godfrid, Duke of Frisia, invaded the area, burning both abbeys and causing the monks to flee with their treasures and relics."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Early Modern Age", "says": "The abbey church served as a monastic church and as a church of pilgrimage until the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q76722", "label": "Maximilian Henry of Bavaria", "section": "History - Early Modern Age", "says": "After the death of abbot Christopher of Manderscheid, there was a series of absent abbots, including Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (also bishop of Liège and of Hildesheim), who reformed the abbey in 1656."}, {"id": "Q315308", "label": "Nicolas Catinat", "section": "History - Early Modern Age", "says": "Despite the abbacy's neutrality and the protection of the prince-abbots, the territory was invaded at least 50 times by troops passing through, whose depredations had disastrous consequences for the population, including the 4 October 1689 razing of both Stavelot and Malmedy on the orders of Nicolas Catinat, general to Louis XIV of France, during the Nine Years' War."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Early Modern Age", "says": "Despite the abbacy's neutrality and the protection of the prince-abbots, the territory was invaded at least 50 times by troops passing through, whose depredations had disastrous consequences for the population, including the 4 October 1689 razing of both Stavelot and Malmedy on the orders of Nicolas Catinat, general to Louis XIV of France, during the Nine Years' War."}, {"id": "Q617333", "label": "Franco-Spanish War", "section": "History - Early Modern Age", "says": "Malmedy's 1601 city walls had previously been destroyed by French troops in 1658, during the 1635–59 Franco-Spanish War."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "History - Early Modern Age", "says": "The wars—and passage by troops of Brandenburg-Prussia, the Dutch Republic, France, and Liège—had cost the principality the sum of 2.75 million Reichsthaler."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - Abolition", "says": "During the French Revolutionary Wars, from 1793 to 1804, the abbey was abandoned by the monks and the principality extinguished."}], "Q736481": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Zakopane (or Commonwealth of Zakopane; Polish: Rzeczpospolita Zakopiańska) refers to an area in Galicia centered on the city of Zakopane that created its own parliament (\"National Organisation\") on October 13, 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "On October 30, the Organisation officially declared its independence from Austria-Hungary and, two days later, made itself a \"National Council\"."}], "Q761103": [{"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dendi (or Dandi, Dendiganda) was a former province of the Songhai Empire."}], "Q781705": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughan Soviet Republic was a short-lived pro-Bolshevik state that existed in present-day southeastern Azerbaijan from March to June 1919."}, {"id": "Q206411", "label": "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed in opposition to the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and was supported largely by the region’s ethnic Russian population."}, {"id": "Q2330940", "label": "Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in August 1918, the Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan, led by the former Imperial Russian Army colonel T."}], "Q889030": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a protectorate of the British East India Company from 1824, and a princely state of the British Raj in 1891."}], "Q105582386": [{"id": "Q34754", "label": "Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom spanned the territories of the Isaaq clan in modern-day Somaliland and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom spanned the territories of the Isaaq clan in modern-day Somaliland and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "By the 1300s the Isaaq clans united to defend their inhabited territories and resources during clan conflicts against migrating clans, and by the 1600s, after the fall of the Adal Sultanate, the Somali lands split into numerous clan states, among them the Isaaq."}], "Q1109008": [{"id": "Q1194765", "label": "Kamarupa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Varman dynasty (350–650) was the first historical dynasty of the Kamarupa kingdom."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Pushyavarman, a contemporary of Samudragupta."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The earlier Varmans were subordinates of the Gupta Empire, but as the power of the Guptas waned, Mahendravarman (470–494) performed two horse sacrifices and the status of Kamarupa as an independent state remained unimpaired."}, {"id": "Q1144153", "label": "Kumar Bhaskara Varman", "section": "Origin", "says": "The dynastic line from Pushyavarman first appear in the 7th century, in Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions issued by Bhaskaravarman and in the Harshacharita and not earlier in any inscription from his ancestors."}], "Q111696073": [{"id": "Q37643", "label": "Gulf War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan (Kurdish: میرنشینی ئیسلامیی کوردستان) was an unrecognized and independent Kurdish state located in the Halabja Governorate, established in the aftermath of the Gulf War."}, {"id": "Q1678616", "label": "Operation Viking Hammer", "section": "lead", "says": "It dissolved after Operation Viking Hammer in 2003."}, {"id": "Q1154912", "label": "Iraqi Kurdish Civil War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Later, the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War erupted between the KDP and PUK in May 1994."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Osman Abdulaziz presented the IMK as an alternative to the corruption of the KDP and PUK."}, {"id": "Q1317", "label": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Early during the 1991 Iraqi uprisings, IMK delegations visited Osama bin Laden and told him about the atrocities that Saddam Hussein was committing against Kurds."}, {"id": "Q1316", "label": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Early during the 1991 Iraqi uprisings, IMK delegations visited Osama bin Laden and told him about the atrocities that Saddam Hussein was committing against Kurds."}, {"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "History - Life under the Islamic Emirate", "says": "The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan had diplomatic relations with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Mullah Omar, and would send Kurds to Afghanistan to receive training from the Taliban or Al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q193968", "label": "Mohammed Omar", "section": "History - Life under the Islamic Emirate", "says": "The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan had diplomatic relations with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Mullah Omar, and would send Kurds to Afghanistan to receive training from the Taliban or Al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Life under the Islamic Emirate", "says": "The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan had diplomatic relations with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Mullah Omar, and would send Kurds to Afghanistan to receive training from the Taliban or Al-Qaeda."}, {"id": "Q192634", "label": "Bülent Ecevit", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "After launching the invasion of Iraq, the government of Bülent Ecevit denied the United States permission to enter Iraq from Turkish territory."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "After launching the invasion of Iraq, the government of Bülent Ecevit denied the United States permission to enter Iraq from Turkish territory."}, {"id": "Q149832", "label": "Kingdom of Kurdistan", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "The first time Iraq purchased aircraft, they bombed the Kingdom of Kurdistan and Sulaymaniyah."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "When Mauritania declared independence, they didn't even have a building to wave their flag upon, but still they declared independence.\" He also claimed that he no longer held resentment towards Kurdish government officials."}], "Q1147823": [{"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom completely ceased to exist when Jayachandra's successors were defeated by the Delhi Sultanate Mamluk dynasty 's ruler Iltutmish (r."}, {"id": "Q5324", "label": "Gurjara-Pratihara", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "The Gurjara-Pratihara empire had ceased to exist."}, {"id": "Q12844800", "label": "Ghaznavids", "section": "History - Consolidation", "says": "Diwan-i-Salman by the contemporary Muslim historian Salman states that Malhi was imprisoned by the Ghaznavids, and released only after the payment of a ransom."}, {"id": "Q1647182", "label": "Muhammad of Ghor", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Jayachandra, the last powerful king of the dynasty, faced a Ghurid invasion under Muhammad of Ghor and his slave commander Qutbuddin Aibak."}, {"id": "Q4870708", "label": "Battle of Chandawar", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "He was defeated and killed at the Battle of Chandawar in 1194."}, {"id": "Q558219", "label": "Prithviraj Chauhan", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "A legendary account in Prithviraj Raso states that Jayachandra allied with the Ghurids against Prithviraj Chauhan, who had eloped with his daughter Samyukta."}, {"id": "Q3319050", "label": "Mohammed Qacim Ferichta", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Firishta (16th century) was the earliest writer to claim that the Muslims captured Kannauj in the 1190s, but his account can be ignored as inaccurate because he flourished around four centuries later, in the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The 13th century chronicler Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani refers to a victory achieved by the Delhi Sultanate ruler Iltutmish (r."}, {"id": "Q1963593", "label": "Nagod State", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "A 1237 inscription issued during the reign of one Adakkamalla of Gahadavala family was found in Nagod State (present-day Satna district of Madhya Pradesh)."}, {"id": "Q668415", "label": "Orchha State", "section": "History - Claimed descendants", "says": "The records of the Bundela rulers of the Orchha State trace their ancestry to the solar dynasty through Hemkaran alias Pancham Singh, a Gahadavala (Gaharwar) chief of Varanasi."}], "Q11934705": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its rulers belonged to a Sarwani and Lodi Pashtun dynasty from Afghanistan, and its capital was in Malerkotla."}, {"id": "Q312967", "label": "Guru Gobind Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "During the partition of Punjab in 1947, the state was mostly spared from bloodshed from Sikh mobs owing to the role the former ruler of the polity played in attempting to safeguard the sons of Guru Gobind Singh."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Nawab of Maler Kotla signed the instrument of accession to join the Dominion of India on 20 August 1948."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "One started ruling the state and were given the title of Nawab when the Mughal Empire arose."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "After saving the life of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in a tiger attack, Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state."}, {"id": "Q5437404", "label": "Fateh Singh", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "The roots of communal harmony in the area date back to 1705, when Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, the 9- and 7-year-old sons of 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, were ordered to be bricked alive by the governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan."}, {"id": "Q30600900", "label": "Battle of Sirhind", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "The triump of the Sikhs after the Battle of Sirhind (1764) attracted the hostilities of the Malerkotla ruler Bhikhan Khan, whom was anxious about a similar fate for Malerkotla, as Malerkotla had assisted Zain Khan in the Vadda Ghalughara massacre."}, {"id": "Q233642", "label": "Second Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "From 1785 until the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805), the Cis-Sutlej states—including Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Faridkot, and Malerkotla—were under the suzerainty or political influence of the Scindia dynasty of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "From 1785 until the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805), the Cis-Sutlej states—including Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Faridkot, and Malerkotla—were under the suzerainty or political influence of the Scindia dynasty of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q83322", "label": "Guru Nanak", "section": "History - 18th century", "says": "In 1795, Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak, attacked Malerkotla, in part due to the issue of cow slaughter taking place in the city as well as other motivations influencing the expedition including the role of the nawab in the killing of a relative of Guru Gobind, as well as the contemporary nawab's ostensible role in the Vadda Ghallug"}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "In 1808, Ranjit Singh arrived at the town and demanded an extortionate tribute of one million rupees from the state."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Partition of India", "says": "The ruling family of Sheikh Sadruddin Sherwani migrated to Pakistan and lived mostly in Model Town, Lahore, Muzaffargarh, Khangarh."}], "Q1231403": [{"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1027 and existed until 1803, when it was secularised and absorbed into the County of Tyrol held by the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The area was part of the Lombard Kingdom and the Kingdom of Italy, until the 951 campaign of German king Otto I against King Berengar II of Italy."}, {"id": "Q701920", "label": "March of Verona", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 952 Berengar had to cede the March of Verona to Otto, who enfeoffed his younger brother Duke Henry I of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 952 Berengar had to cede the March of Verona to Otto, who enfeoffed his younger brother Duke Henry I of Bavaria."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "From 1004 Emperor Henry II the Saint and his successor Conrad II separated several smaller territories in the northeast of the Veronese march and granted them to the Trient diocese."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "From 1004 Emperor Henry II the Saint and his successor Conrad II separated several smaller territories in the northeast of the Veronese march and granted them to the Trient diocese."}, {"id": "Q13496558", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Brixen", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Originally a Bavarian fief, by 1027 the prince-bishopric was established by Conrad II, together with the similar Prince-Bishopric of Brixen."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The prince-bishops were true Holy Roman Empire princes, and enjoyed the right to take part to Imperial diets."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The supremacy of the prince-bishops of Trento and Brixen were however re-established by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1179 and again by his son Henry VI of Hohenstaufen."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "The supremacy of the prince-bishops of Trento and Brixen were however re-established by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1179 and again by his son Henry VI of Hohenstaufen."}, {"id": "Q347", "label": "Liechtenstein", "section": "History - 15th and 16th centuries", "says": "In 1419 the bishop George I of Liechtenstein (1390–1419) escaped the subjugation to Tyrol submitting directly to the emperor, but this did not prevent the bishops to lose further authority over the city and the countryside in the course of the 15th century, even though an attempt by the citizens to create a republic in 1407 was bloodily suppressed."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - 15th and 16th centuries", "says": "The peace of 1516 with the Republic of Venice, however, reduced the principality to a discontinuous enclave between large Habsburg possessions."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - 15th and 16th centuries", "says": "An adviser of emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and a friend of Erasmus of Rotterdam, he played an important role in the election of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg at Frankfurt in 1519, and in that of his brother Ferdinand I as King of Bohemia in 1526."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - 15th and 16th centuries", "says": "An adviser of emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and a friend of Erasmus of Rotterdam, he played an important role in the election of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg at Frankfurt in 1519, and in that of his brother Ferdinand I as King of Bohemia in 1526."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Modern Age", "says": "In the 17th century the principality suffered the economic consequences of the Thirty Years' War and the decline of Venetian trade."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "History - Modern Age", "says": "Emperor Leopold I of Habsburg assigned therefore the principality to his cousin Archduke Sigismund Francis, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - Modern Age", "says": "Relationships with the Austrian Empire were again settled in 1662."}], "Q124298": [{"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "The Margraviate or Marquisate of Bodonitsa (also Vodonitsa or Boudonitza; Greek: Μαρκιωνία/Μαρκιζᾶτον τῆς Βοδονίτσας) was a state of the Frankish Greece, located in present-day Mendenitsa, Phthiotis (180 km northwest of Athens), following the conquests of the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q332005", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The marquisate survived the fall of Thessalonica after the death of Boniface, but it was made subservient to the Principality of Achaea in 1248."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "lead", "says": "The marquisate further survived the coming of the Catalan Company in 1311, but it fell to two Venetian families in quick succession: Cornaro (till 1335) and the Zorzi."}], "Q1252744": [{"id": "Q917553", "label": "Patiala State", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "However, the ruler of Patiala State and influential members of the family led to Imloh and Bhadson being returned to Nabha's rule."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "A daughter of Gajpat Singh of Jind married Maha Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl and was the mother of Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "There was a family connection shared between Jind State and the Sukerchakia Misl, due to the fact that Gajpat's daughter, Raj Kaur, was the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh whom founded the Sikh Empire."}, {"id": "Q5437404", "label": "Fateh Singh", "section": "History - British era", "says": "After Bhag Singh died, he would be succeeded by Fateh Singh, who in-turn was followed by Sangat Singh."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - British era", "says": "Postage stamps prior to King George V consisted of Indian stamps over printed as \"Jhind State\", with the letter 'H' in the name."}, {"id": "Q20875", "label": "Edward VII", "section": "History - British era", "says": "On the George V stamps, the 'H' is omitted and is overprinted as \"Jind State\" (Reference actual stamps from the Victorian, Edward VII and George V eras)."}], "Q1259200": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic republic installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic republic installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano."}, {"id": "Q824489", "label": "Estado Novo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic republic installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano."}, {"id": "Q151394", "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic republic installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano."}, {"id": "Q310870", "label": "Marcelo Caetano", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic republic installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano."}, {"id": "Q609836", "label": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "Background", "says": "The government faced many internal and external problems, including the Portuguese Colonial War."}, {"id": "Q156781", "label": "Mário Soares", "section": "Background", "says": "The days after the revolution saw widespread celebration for the end of 48 years of dictatorship and soon exiled politicians like Álvaro Cunhal and Mário Soares returned to the country for the celebration of May Day, in what became a symbol of the country's regained freedom."}], "Q126416": [{"id": "Q1638408", "label": "Rinpungpa", "section": "lead", "says": "Its power receded after 1435 and was reduced to Ü (East Central Tibet) in the 16th century due to the rise of the ministerial family of the Rinpungpa."}, {"id": "Q17500081", "label": "Ganden Phodrang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was defeated by the rival Tsangpa dynasty in 1613 and 1620, and was formally superseded by the Ganden Phodrang regime founded by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642."}, {"id": "Q1333775", "label": "Güshi Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In that year, Güshi Khan of the Khoshut formally transferred the old possessions of Sakya, Rinpung and Phagmodrupa to the \"Great Fifth\"."}, {"id": "Q8666", "label": "Toghon Temür", "section": "History - The foundation of the Phagmodrupa", "says": "Mongol ruler Toghon Temür was beset by inner troubles, and so preferred to confirm the acquisitions of Changchub Gyaltsen, and conferred the titles darakache and tai situ (grand tutor) on him."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "History - The foundation of the Phagmodrupa", "says": "In 1372 the Hongwu Emperor conferred the title Guanding Guoshi on Changchub Gyaltsen's successor Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen (r."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Administrative renewal", "says": "The emperor clearly preferred to issue formal appointments of Tibetans as rulers rather than to try to send officials or military commanders."}, {"id": "Q2042532", "label": "Donyo", "section": "History - Renewed political fragmentation", "says": "In 1481 one of their line, Donyo Dorje, managed to have the king Kunga Lekpa (r."}], "Q12739306": [{"id": "Q184928", "label": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "section": "lead", "says": "The Comrat Republic (Gagauz: Κομράτ Ρεσπυβλικάσι, Komrat Respublikası; Romanian: Republica de la Comrat; Russian: Комратская республика, romanized: Komratskaya respublika) was an autonomous republic established in the village of Comrat, in the Bessarabia Governorate, during the Russian Revolution of 1905 in protest of the tsarist regime of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Comrat Republic (Gagauz: Κομράτ Ρεσπυβλικάσι, Komrat Respublikası; Romanian: Republica de la Comrat; Russian: Комратская республика, romanized: Komratskaya respublika) was an autonomous republic established in the village of Comrat, in the Bessarabia Governorate, during the Russian Revolution of 1905 in protest of the tsarist regime of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q20066410", "label": "Andrey Galatsan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created after a mutiny by Andrey Galatsan, a socialist revolutionary, with the support of the local Gagauz population."}], "Q13072974": [{"id": "Q315522", "label": "Ne Win", "section": "lead", "says": "The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was a socialist country from 1974 to 1988, under the leadership of Ne Win, among other leaders, and the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP)."}, {"id": "Q316384", "label": "U Nu", "section": "lead", "says": "Ne Win and his allies in the Tatmadaw – the country's armed forces – overthrew the government of Prime Minister U Nu in a coup d'état on 2 March 1962."}, {"id": "Q7233551", "label": "Union of Burma (1948–1962)", "section": "lead", "says": "A day later, the coup leaders established the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma as the country's governing body."}, {"id": "Q194161", "label": "Aung San", "section": "Background", "says": "Among them was the NUF leader Aung Than, older brother of Aung San."}, {"id": "Q3034878", "label": "Sao Shwe Thaik", "section": "Background", "says": "However, the situation in Burma did not remain stable for long due to petitions from the Shan federalist movement started by Sao Shwe Thaik, the first President of Burma from 1948 to 1952 and the Saopha of Nyaung Shwe."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Failure of the Burmese Way to Socialism", "says": "Instead, the government sponsored the travel of students, scientists and technicians to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, in order to receive training and to \"counter years of Western influence\" in the country."}], "Q13099593": [{"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sosso Empire, also written as Soso or Susu, or alternatively Kaniaga, was a kingdom of West Africa that originated as a vassal of the Ghana Empire before breaking away and conquering their former overlords."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire peaked under the reign of Soumaoro Kante, who was defeated by the rising Mali Empire of Sundiata Keita."}, {"id": "Q175772", "label": "Sunjata Keïta", "section": "lead", "says": "The empire peaked under the reign of Soumaoro Kante, who was defeated by the rising Mali Empire of Sundiata Keita."}, {"id": "Q1319855", "label": "Battle of Kirina", "section": "History - Height of Power", "says": "At the Battle of Kirina (c."}], "Q13389050": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Banganapalle was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb granted Banganapalle as an estate to Muhammed Beg Khan during the 17th century, and was passed down in the latter's family for three generations before Fazil Ali Khan II died without a male heir."}], "Q1353404": [{"id": "Q1396923", "label": "Jovan Kastriot", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by Pal Kastrioti who ruled it until 1407, after which his son, Gjon Kastrioti ruled until his death in 1437 and then ruled by the national hero of Albania, Skanderbeg."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by Pal Kastrioti who ruled it until 1407, after which his son, Gjon Kastrioti ruled until his death in 1437 and then ruled by the national hero of Albania, Skanderbeg."}], "Q1435466": [{"id": "Q208297", "label": "Irish War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "At the beginning of the Irish War of Independence, a general strike was organised by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council, as a protest against the British Army's declaration of a \"Special Military Area\" under the Defence of the Realm Act, which covered most of Limerick city and a part of the county."}], "Q1476723": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sachin State (Gujarati: સચીન રિયાસત; Urdu: سچن ریاست) was a princely state belonging to the Surat Agency, former Khandesh Agency, of the Bombay Presidency during the era of the British Raj."}], "Q1493843": [{"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Klein Vrystaat (Afrikaans for 'Little Free State') was a short-lived Boer republic in what is now South Africa (around the town of Piet Retief)."}, {"id": "Q982129", "label": "Piet Retief", "section": "lead", "says": "Klein Vrystaat (Afrikaans for 'Little Free State') was a short-lived Boer republic in what is now South Africa (around the town of Piet Retief)."}, {"id": "Q228911", "label": "Anglo-Zulu War", "section": "History - Miniature republic", "says": "The Swazi saw the Zulus' refusal to allow white farmers, traders and missionaries to penetrate their land, leading to Britain's defeat of the Zulus in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "History - Miniature republic", "says": "Mswati's son, Mbandzeni, granted large chunks of his territory in concessions to the new arrivals, emboldening the Boers to ignore his claims to most of the rest, and, by the time Swaziland became a protectorate of the South African Republic in 1894, there was precious little land left."}], "Q1515009": [{"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged in the 12th century following the 1138 testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth, which divided the previously unified Kingdom of Poland into several hereditary duchies, initiating a period of feudal fragmentation."}, {"id": "Q54017", "label": "Przemysł II", "section": "lead", "says": "The principalities were later reunited in 1279 under Przemysł II, forming a unified duchy that lasted until 1320, when it was reabsorbed into the restored Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "History - Mieszko III the Old", "says": "His dominion bordered the Duchy of Silesia to the south, the Seniorate Province to the east, and the Pomeranian territories to the north."}, {"id": "Q156041", "label": "Albert the Bear", "section": "History - Mieszko III the Old", "says": "To the west, Greater Poland extended to Lubusz Land, situated on the western frontier of Poland, where in 1157, the Ascanian count Albert the Bear established the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Mieszko III the Old", "says": "To the west, Greater Poland extended to Lubusz Land, situated on the western frontier of Poland, where in 1157, the Ascanian count Albert the Bear established the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg."}, {"id": "Q696640", "label": "Duchy of Pomerania", "section": "History - Mieszko III the Old", "says": "Mieszko fled to the Duchy of Pomerania, where he found refuge at the court of Bogislaw I, husband of his daughter Anastasia."}, {"id": "Q16570037", "label": "Duchy of Kalisz", "section": "History - Mieszko III the Old", "says": "Following Mieszko the Younger's death in 1193, Mieszko III reconciled with his eldest son Odon and granted him the Duchy of Kalisz."}, {"id": "Q53445", "label": "Henry I the Bearded", "section": "History - Władysław Spindleshanks and Władysław Odonic", "says": "Nevertheless, he eventually gained control of Kalisz, aided by Duke Henry I the Bearded of Silesia, and from 1216, also ruled the Greater Polish territories south of the Obra River, which had belonged to his father until he died in 1194."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Władysław Spindleshanks and Władysław Odonic", "says": "When Henry I was succeeded by his son Henry II the Pious in 1238, Odonic was reduced to controlling only the area around Ujście."}, {"id": "Q53446", "label": "Henry II the Pious", "section": "History - Władysław Spindleshanks and Władysław Odonic", "says": "When Henry I was succeeded by his son Henry II the Pious in 1238, Odonic was reduced to controlling only the area around Ujście."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Władysław Spindleshanks and Władysław Odonic", "says": "He died the following year, after which High Duke Henry II assumed control over all of Greater Poland, ruling until his death at the Battle of Legnica in 1241."}, {"id": "Q159512", "label": "Battle of Legnica", "section": "History - Władysław Spindleshanks and Władysław Odonic", "says": "He died the following year, after which High Duke Henry II assumed control over all of Greater Poland, ruling until his death at the Battle of Legnica in 1241."}, {"id": "Q2452949", "label": "Bolesław the Pious", "section": "History - Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious", "says": "The Greater Polish line of the Piasts was continued by the sons of Władysław Odonic, Przemysł I and his younger brother Bolesław the Pious."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Przemysł II", "says": "However, lacking strong support among the nobility of Lesser Poland and facing pressure from Bohemian interests, he soon relinquished his claim to the city, transferring it to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "History - Przemysł II", "says": "Przemysł II's succession was claimed by his Kuyavian cousin, Władysław I the Elbow-high, who faced rivalry from Henry III of Głogów, a Silesian Piast."}], "Q1541787": [{"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Pallars or Pallás (Catalan: Comtat de Pallars, IPA: [kumˈtad də pəˈʎas]; Latin: Comitatus Pallariensis) was a de facto independent petty state, nominally within the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia during the ninth and tenth centuries, perhaps one of the Catalan counties, originally part of the Marca Hispanica in the ninth century."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Pallars or Pallás (Catalan: Comtat de Pallars, IPA: [kumˈtad də pəˈʎas]; Latin: Comitatus Pallariensis) was a de facto independent petty state, nominally within the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia during the ninth and tenth centuries, perhaps one of the Catalan counties, originally part of the Marca Hispanica in the ninth century."}], "Q1651832": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "One of many Mon kingdoms that existed in modern-day Lower Burma and Thailand, the kingdom was essentially a city-state centered on the city of Thaton, which today is a small town in the Burmese Mon State."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "It traded directly with South India and Sri Lanka, and became a primary center of Theravada Buddhism in South-East Asia."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Thaton, like other Mon kingdoms, faced the gradual encroachment of the Khmer Empire."}], "Q16953965": [{"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "The British Military Administration of Libya was the control of the regions of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania of the former Italian Libya by the British from 1943 until Libyan independence in 1951."}], "Q1785349": [{"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "lead", "says": "Historically a part of the unified Hada Chauhan kingdom of Bundi, Kota emerged as an independent political entity in 1631 AD when Emperor Shah Jahan partitioned the territory to reward Rao Madho Singh for his military services to the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Historically a part of the unified Hada Chauhan kingdom of Bundi, Kota emerged as an independent political entity in 1631 AD when Emperor Shah Jahan partitioned the territory to reward Rao Madho Singh for his military services to the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "During British suzerainty, which began in 1817, it was a 17-gun salute state and played a pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857."}, {"id": "Q12446060", "label": "Bhim Singh", "section": "History - Kings of Kotah", "says": "1607 – 1624: Rao Hriday Narayan Singh\n1631 – 1648: Rao Madho Singh\n1648 – 1658: Rao Mukund Singh (Son: Jagat Singh)\n1658 – 1683: Rao Jagat Singh\n1683 – 1684: Rao Prem Singh\n1684 - 1696: Rao Kishor Singh I\n1696 – 1697 Rao Bishan Singh\n1697 – 1707: Rao Ram Singh I\n18 June 1707 – 19 June 1720: Maharao Bhim Singh\n19 June 1720 – October 1723: Maharao Arjun Singh\nOctober 1723 – 1 August 1756: Maharao Du"}, {"id": "Q1001", "label": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "History - Titular Maharaos", "says": "On the 13th day of his death, a kalash was reverentially flown on the banks of the Chambal river as a nation-wide expedition, in the presence of thousands of thousands of male women, the urns of Mahatma Gandhi were flown by aircraft by Kota Maharao Shri Bhim Singh Ji During this time, thousands of people were present at the Ghat besides the former Maharao Bhim Singh of Kota."}], "Q1796202": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Granada (; Spanish: Reino de Granada) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile from the conclusion of the Reconquista in 1492 until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Granada (; Spanish: Reino de Granada) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile from the conclusion of the Reconquista in 1492 until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833."}, {"id": "Q1552718", "label": "Granada War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Granada War ended 2 January 1492, the old Muslim-ruled Emirate of Granada became part of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Granada War ended 2 January 1492, the old Muslim-ruled Emirate of Granada became part of the Crown of Castile."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The difficulties of religious and ethnic integration of the Moriscos (former Muslims who had converted to Christianity) with the now-dominant Old Christians resulted in the unsuccessful, harshly repressed Morisco Revolt of 1568–1571."}], "Q18639759": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "Today the group controls scattered pockets of land in the area, as well as other minor strongholds or underground insurgent cells in other areas, notably Afghanistan, West Africa, the Sahara, Somalia, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Today the group controls scattered pockets of land in the area, as well as other minor strongholds or underground insurgent cells in other areas, notably Afghanistan, West Africa, the Sahara, Somalia, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In Afghanistan, IS mostly controls territory near the Pakistan border and has lost 87% of its territory since spring 2015."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "Background", "says": "Dabiq has acknowledged support in regions including East Turkestan, Indonesia and the Philippines, and claimed that IS would eventually establish wilayat in these areas after forming direct relationships with its supporters there."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "Background", "says": "Dabiq has acknowledged support in regions including East Turkestan, Indonesia and the Philippines, and claimed that IS would eventually establish wilayat in these areas after forming direct relationships with its supporters there."}], "Q18639863": [{"id": "Q213638", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The island of Cyprus was an overseas possession of the Venetians from 1489, when the independent Kingdom of Cyprus ended, until 1571, when the island was conquered by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The island of Cyprus was an overseas possession of the Venetians from 1489, when the independent Kingdom of Cyprus ended, until 1571, when the island was conquered by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q878977", "label": "James II of Cyprus", "section": "History - Acquisition", "says": "In 1468, James II of Cyprus of the House of Lusignan became King of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q149192", "label": "Catherine Cornaro", "section": "History - Acquisition", "says": "In 1468, he chose Catherine Cornaro (born in Venice from the noble Corner family) as his wife and Queen consort of Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Acquisition", "says": "This choice greatly pleased the Republic of Venice, as it could henceforth secure Venice's commercial rights and other privileges in Cyprus."}, {"id": "Q334140", "label": "Kara Mustafa Paşa", "section": "History - Contest with the Ottoman Empire", "says": "About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near Limassol on July 2, 1570, and besieged Nicosia."}, {"id": "Q1086625", "label": "Siege of Famagusta", "section": "History - Siege of Famagusta", "says": "However, Famagusta, strengthened by the governor of Cyprus, Astorre Baglioni, resisted with the Siege of Famagusta, mounting a strong defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571."}, {"id": "Q941366", "label": "Marco Antonio Bragadin", "section": "History - Siege of Famagusta", "says": "The Venetian defenders of Famagusta numbered about 8,500 men with 90 artillery pieces and were commanded by Marco Antonio Bragadin."}, {"id": "Q165425", "label": "Battle of Lepanto", "section": "History - Siege of Famagusta", "says": "From a military standpoint, the besieged garrison's perseverance required a massive effort by the Ottoman Turks, who were so heavily committed that they were unable to redeploy their forces in time when the Holy League assembled the fleet that would later be victorious against the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571)."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Siege of Famagusta", "says": "Theodore Mommsen wrote that this perseverance was the legacy of Bragadin and his Venetians to Christianity."}], "Q199383": [{"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern part of the kingdom, eventually known as Upper Ossory, survived intact under the hereditary lordship until the reign of King Henry VIII of England, when it was formally incorporated as a barony of the same name."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Origins and prehistory", "says": "Prior to the coming of Christianity to Ireland, the Osraige and their relatives the Corcu Loígde appear to have been the dominant political groups in Munster, before the rise of the Eóganachta marginalized them both."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Osraige in the Viking Age (795–1014)", "says": "There is circumstantial evidence which indicates that early in his reign, Cerball may have even sent emissaries to establish international diplomacy with the Carolingian Empire's western-third under Charles the Bald who was also dealing with Viking threats."}, {"id": "Q887822", "label": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "section": "History - Upper Ossory and Kilkenny (1192–1541)", "says": "After the initial Norman Invasion of Ireland, the famous and formidable William Marshal arrived in Osraige by 1192 and acquired claims to the land through his marriage to Isabel de Clare, daughter of Strongbow and Aoife Mac Murchada, daughter of Diarmait Mac Murchada."}, {"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "History - Upper Ossory and Kilkenny (1192–1541)", "says": "Upper Ossory was formally incorporated into the Henry VIII's Lordship of Ireland by the submission of Barnaby Fitzpatrick, 1st Baron Upper Ossory under the policy of surrender and regrant in 1537."}], "Q2297073": [{"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "Origins and extent", "says": "After the Byzantine Empire's conquest of Sardinia in 534 as part of the Vandalic War, the island became one of the provinces of the Exarchate of Africa and was governed by a magistrate, Iudex Provinciae, resident in Cagliari."}], "Q2331954": [{"id": "Q2347022", "label": "Nikephoros II Orsini", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate of Arta (Albanian: Despotati i Artës; Greek: Δεσποτάτο της Άρτας) was a despotate established by Albanian rulers during the 14th century, after the defeat of the local Despot of Epirus, Nikephoros II Orsini, by Albanian tribesmen in the Battle of Achelous in 1359."}, {"id": "Q878387", "label": "Carlo I Tocco", "section": "lead", "says": "The Despotate ceased to exist in 1416, when it passed to Carlo I Tocco."}, {"id": "Q187684", "label": "Despotate of Epirus", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "The Albanians won the battle under Karl Thopia and managed to create two new states in the southern territories of the Despotate of Epirus."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "Because a number of Albanian lords actively supported the successful Serbian campaign in Thessaly and Epirus, the Serbian self-proclaimed Emperor of Serbs and Greeks, Simeon Uroš, granted them specific regions and offered them the Byzantine title of despotes in order to secure their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q561940", "label": "Simeon Uroš", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "Because a number of Albanian lords actively supported the successful Serbian campaign in Thessaly and Epirus, the Serbian self-proclaimed Emperor of Serbs and Greeks, Simeon Uroš, granted them specific regions and offered them the Byzantine title of despotes in order to secure their loyalty."}, {"id": "Q538040", "label": "Juan Fernández de Heredia", "section": "History - Creation", "says": "On April 1378 the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, Juan Fernández de Heredia set about to take Arta but failed and was captured in battle by Gjin Bua Shpata."}], "Q2358315": [{"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Government of National Defense (French: Gouvernement de la Défense nationale) was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed after the proclamation of the Republic in Paris on 4 September, which in turn followed the surrender and capture of Emperor Napoleon III by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan."}, {"id": "Q441235", "label": "Louis Jules Trochu", "section": "lead", "says": "The government, headed by General Louis Jules Trochu, was under Prussian  siege in Paris."}, {"id": "Q5738", "label": "Adolphe Thiers", "section": "lead", "says": "Two weeks later, it was replaced by the new government of Adolphe Thiers, which soon passed a variety of financial laws in an attempt to pay reparations and thus oblige the Prussians to leave France, leading to the outbreak of revolutions in French cities, and the ultimate creation of the Paris Commune."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "lead", "says": "Two weeks later, it was replaced by the new government of Adolphe Thiers, which soon passed a variety of financial laws in an attempt to pay reparations and thus oblige the Prussians to leave France, leading to the outbreak of revolutions in French cities, and the ultimate creation of the Paris Commune."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Origins", "says": "At the disastrous battle of Sedan, Napoleon was captured by the Prussian Army, leaving France effectively without a government."}, {"id": "Q295090", "label": "Léon Gambetta", "section": "Origins", "says": "At the Hôtel de Ville, Léon Gambetta publicly declared the founding of the Government of National Defence on 4 September, and the government immediately assumed control of all affairs in France, intending to continue the war against Prussia."}, {"id": "Q475784", "label": "Joseph Vinoy", "section": "End of the government", "says": "The Government sacked General Trochu as Governor of Paris on 22 January (although he remained President of the Republic) and replaced him with the elderly General Joseph Vinoy."}, {"id": "Q923619", "label": "Jules Favre", "section": "End of the government", "says": "Jules Favre, though, held real control, and became the de facto leader of the government."}], "Q2364248": [{"id": "Q2746373", "label": "Ali ibn Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sulayhid dynasty (Arabic: بَنُو صُلَيْح, romanized: Banū Ṣulayḥ, lit. 'Children of Sulayh') was an Ismaili Shi'ite Arab dynasty established in 1047 by Ali ibn Muhammad al-Sulayhi that ruled most of historical Yemen at its peak."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The regime was confederate with the Cairo-based Fatimid Caliphate, and was a constant enemy of the Rassids - the Zaidi Shi'ite rulers of Yemen throughout its existence."}, {"id": "Q230385", "label": "Zurayids", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty ended with Arwa al-Sulayhi affiliating to the Taiyabi Ismaili sect, as opposed to the Hafizi Ismaili sect that the other Ismaili dynasties such as the Zurayids and the Hamdanids adhered to."}], "Q2436604": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Mértola (Arabic: طائفة مارتلة) was a medieval Islamic Moorish taifa that existed in what is now southeastern Portugal."}, {"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1044 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of the Taifa of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Its short-lived history ended in 1151, when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}], "Q2524715": [{"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1065 until 1091, the taifa was under the control of the Taifa of Seville, led by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid."}], "Q2602572": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Over time, they were under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, the Hephthalite Empire, the Göktürk Khaganate, the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate and the Samanid Empire."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Over time, they were under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, the Hephthalite Empire, the Göktürk Khaganate, the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate and the Samanid Empire."}, {"id": "Q12150341", "label": "Samanid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Over time, they were under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, the Hephthalite Empire, the Göktürk Khaganate, the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate and the Samanid Empire."}], "Q2623902": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Gaekwads (also spelled as Gaikwads, Gaekwars) (IAST: Gāyakavāḍa), was a Hindu Maratha dynasty of the former Maratha Empire founded by Chatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsle."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, during the British Raj its relations with the British were managed by the Baroda Residency."}], "Q2670895": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Alpuente (Arabic: طائفة ألبونت) was a medieval taifa kingdom, of Berber origin, that existed from around 1009 to 1106 created following the end of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the Iberian Peninsula in 1010."}], "Q2915139": [{"id": "Q319062", "label": "Baal Shem Tov", "section": "lead", "says": "Breslov (also Bratslav and Breslev) is a branch of Hasidic Judaism founded by Nachman of Breslov (1772–1810), a great-grandson of the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement weathered strong opposition from virtually all other Hasidic movements in Ukraine throughout the 19th century, yet, at the same time, experienced growth in numbers of followers from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Poland."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "By World War I, thousands of Breslov Hasidim lived in the region."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement was regenerated in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Israel by those who escaped the persecutions of Europe, with large numbers of Yemenite Jews and other Mizrahi Jews joining the sect."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The movement was regenerated in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Israel by those who escaped the persecutions of Europe, with large numbers of Yemenite Jews and other Mizrahi Jews joining the sect."}], "Q29654286": [{"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its history, it was ruled by three families in succession: the House of Ariarathes (331–96 BC), the House of Ariobarzanes (96–36 BC), and lastly that of Archelaus (36 BC–17 AD)."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Origins and history", "says": "When Alexander the Great invaded Cappadocia as part of his conquest of the Persian Empire, he appointed two temporary governors."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "Origins and history", "says": "When Alexander the Great invaded Cappadocia as part of his conquest of the Persian Empire, he appointed two temporary governors."}, {"id": "Q179670", "label": "Battle of Gaugamela", "section": "Origins and history", "says": "After the defense of Halicarnassus, the Cappadocians participated in the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE) against Alexander, and even after the battle, they \"rose up in his rear\"."}, {"id": "Q7380487", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "section": "Origins and history", "says": "The Ariarathid dynasty was abolished by the early course of the 1st century BC by the ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus, the infamous Mithridates VI (Eupator), this in an attempt to fully subdue the Cappadocian Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q176122", "label": "Marcus Antonius", "section": "Origins and history", "says": "After the civil war in Rome, the Romans started to interfere more directly in Cappadocian affairs; in 36 BC, Marcus Antonius appointed Archelaus, a local noble, to the Cappadocian throne."}], "Q2989469": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Makran (Urdu: ریاستِ مکران) was an autonomous princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British Indian Empire until 1947, before acceding as an autonomous princely state of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "History - Accession to Pakistan", "says": "On 21 March 1948, after the partition of India, the rulers of Makran, Kharan, and Las Bela all announced that they were ceding their states to the Dominion of Pakistan."}], "Q2991084": [{"id": "Q3040803", "label": "Duchy of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Anjou (UK: , US: ; French: [ɑ̃ʒu]; Latin: Andegavia) was a French county that was the predecessor to the Duchy of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "lead", "says": "Anjou was bordered by Brittany to the west, Maine to the north, Touraine to the east and Poitou to the south."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its 12th-century Count Geoffrey created the nucleus of what became the Angevin Empire."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1360, the county was raised into the Duchy of Anjou within the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Background", "says": "After the conquest by Julius Caesar, the area was organized around the Roman civitas of the Andecavi."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Frankish county", "says": "At the beginning of the reign of Charles the Bald in 843 AD, the integrity of Anjou was seriously menaced by a twofold danger: from Brittany to the west and from Normandy to the north."}, {"id": "Q150512", "label": "Otto II", "section": "History - The Fulks", "says": "Moreover, in the wars of King Lothaire against the Normans and against the emperor Otto II, he distinguished himself by feats of arms which the epic poets were quick to celebrate."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - The Plantagenets", "says": "From the outset, Geoffrey Plantagenet tried to profit by his marriage and, after the death of his father-in-law Henry I (1 December 1135), laid the foundation of the conquest of Normandy by a series of campaigns: about the end of 1135 or the beginning of 1136, he entered that country and rejoined his wife, the Empress Matilda, who had received the submission of Argentan, Domfront and Exmes."}, {"id": "Q150872", "label": "Empress Matilda", "section": "History - The Plantagenets", "says": "From the outset, Geoffrey Plantagenet tried to profit by his marriage and, after the death of his father-in-law Henry I (1 December 1135), laid the foundation of the conquest of Normandy by a series of campaigns: about the end of 1135 or the beginning of 1136, he entered that country and rejoined his wife, the Empress Matilda, who had received the submission of Argentan, Domfront and Exmes."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "History - County of Anjou (1259–1360)", "says": "Shortly afterwards the county was again separated from the crown, when in August 1246 King Louis IX gave it as an appanage to his brother Charles, Count of Provence, soon to become king of Naples and Sicily."}, {"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "History - County of Anjou (1259–1360)", "says": "Charles I of Anjou, engrossed with his other dominions, gave little thought to Anjou, nor did his son Charles II, the Lame, who succeeded him on 7 January 1285."}, {"id": "Q270438", "label": "Charles of Valois", "section": "History - County of Anjou (1259–1360)", "says": "On 16 August 1290, the latter married his daughter Margaret, Countess of Anjou to Charles of Valois, son of Philip III the Bold, giving her Anjou and Maine for dowry, in exchange for Charles of Valois's claims to the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia."}, {"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "History - County of Anjou (1259–1360)", "says": "On 16 August 1290, the latter married his daughter Margaret, Countess of Anjou to Charles of Valois, son of Philip III the Bold, giving her Anjou and Maine for dowry, in exchange for Charles of Valois's claims to the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia."}], "Q2991382": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Provence was a largely autonomous medieval state that eventually became incorporated into the Kingdom of France in 1481."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "For four centuries Provence was ruled by a series of counts that were vassals of the Carolingian Empire, Burgundy and finally the Holy Roman Empire, but in practice they were largely independent."}, {"id": "Q712202", "label": "Marcus Fulvius Flaccus", "section": "History - The Roman conquest in the 2nd century BCE", "says": "125/124 BCE: A coalition of Celto-Ligurian tribes (the Salyens), supported by the Vocontii, Allobroges, and Arverni, was defeated by Consul Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, who crossed the Alps."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "The Visigoths and Alans plundered many cities and reached as far as Orange and Avignon."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "The Burgundians settled in the region in 442 and chose Vienne, which retained its prestige as a great Roman city, as their capital."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 508, the Ostrogoths in turn seized Provence and established a duchy in the south of the Burgundian kingdom, dependent on their Italo-Dalmatian realm: the Duchy of Provence, which would later become Lower Provence or the County of Provence (the Burgundian part would become the Margraviate of Provence)."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Charles Martel fought against the patrician of Provence, Maurontus, an ally of the Moors of Gothia, and permanently brought Provence into the Frankish domain in 736."}, {"id": "Q609679", "label": "Maurontus", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Charles Martel fought against the patrician of Provence, Maurontus, an ally of the Moors of Gothia, and permanently brought Provence into the Frankish domain in 736."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 843, the Treaty of Verdun granted Provence to Lothair I."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 843, the Treaty of Verdun granted Provence to Lothair I."}, {"id": "Q333802", "label": "Charles of Provence", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "His son, Charles of Provence, made it the Kingdom of Provence-Viennois or Lower Burgundy, a short-lived entity (855–863)."}, {"id": "Q33242", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "His son, Charles of Provence, made it the Kingdom of Provence-Viennois or Lower Burgundy, a short-lived entity (855–863)."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Upon his death, Provence was incorporated into Italy and Viennois into the Lotharingia of Lothair II."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Upon his death, Provence was incorporated into Italy and Viennois into the Lotharingia of Lothair II."}, {"id": "Q160205", "label": "Treaty of Meerssen", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "After a period of unrest, Provence was once again included in the imperial domain by the Treaty of Meerssen, though briefly, as it returned, upon the death of Emperor Louis II in 875, to the King of West Francia, Charles the Bald, again for a short time."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "After a period of unrest, Provence was once again included in the imperial domain by the Treaty of Meerssen, though briefly, as it returned, upon the death of Emperor Louis II in 875, to the King of West Francia, Charles the Bald, again for a short time."}, {"id": "Q3271735", "label": "Kingdom of Arles", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "The new entity became the second Kingdom of Burgundy-Provence, also known as the Kingdom of Arles."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "History - The county of Provence within the Kingdom of Arles", "says": "The County of Provence was one of the great fiefs of the Rodolphian Kingdom of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q442257", "label": "Rudolph II of Burgundy", "section": "History - The county of Provence within the Kingdom of Arles", "says": "In 948, Conrad the Peaceful, with the support of Otto, King of Germany, reclaimed the territory south of Viennois to the Mediterranean Sea, which had been excluded from the 932 cession by Hugh of Arles to Rudolph II of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q310435", "label": "Louis the Blind", "section": "History - The county of Provence within the Kingdom of Arles", "says": "This choice of two counts from the same family in Arles and Avignon may stem from Hugh of Arles having, under the reign of Louis the Blind, unified the administration of the domain in Provence."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - The county of Provence within the Kingdom of Arles", "says": "In 972, following the kidnapping of Mayeul, Abbot of Cluny, William I, and Roubaud, with the help of Provençal lords and the Marquis of Turin, liberated Provence from the Saracens who had been pillaging the region from the Massif des Maures (above Saint"}, {"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "It was the latter who inherited the two counties of Provence and Forcalquier, passing them on to the first Capetian House of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Following the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which marked the end of the Albigensian Crusade, upon the death of Alphonse of Poitiers in 1271, the marquisate passed to King Philip III of France, who ceded it in 1274 to Pope Gregory X to become the Comtat Venaissin."}, {"id": "Q343969", "label": "Alphonse, Count of Poitiers", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Following the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which marked the end of the Albigensian Crusade, upon the death of Alphonse of Poitiers in 1271, the marquisate passed to King Philip III of France, who ceded it in 1274 to Pope Gregory X to become the Comtat Venaissin."}, {"id": "Q172203", "label": "Philip III of France", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Following the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which marked the end of the Albigensian Crusade, upon the death of Alphonse of Poitiers in 1271, the marquisate passed to King Philip III of France, who ceded it in 1274 to Pope Gregory X to become the Comtat Venaissin."}, {"id": "Q161740", "label": "Gregory X", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Following the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which marked the end of the Albigensian Crusade, upon the death of Alphonse of Poitiers in 1271, the marquisate passed to King Philip III of France, who ceded it in 1274 to Pope Gregory X to become the Comtat Venaissin."}, {"id": "Q1122980", "label": "Comtat Venaissin", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Following the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which marked the end of the Albigensian Crusade, upon the death of Alphonse of Poitiers in 1271, the marquisate passed to King Philip III of France, who ceded it in 1274 to Pope Gregory X to become the Comtat Venaissin."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In 1349, neighboring region of Dauphiné became a feudal possession of the French royal House of Valois, thus expanding French influence beyond the river Rhône."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In 1349, neighboring region of Dauphiné became a feudal possession of the French royal House of Valois, thus expanding French influence beyond the river Rhône."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In order to affirm imperial authority over the old Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles), the emperor Charles IV came to Provence in 1365, and was crowned as king of Burgundy in Arles."}, {"id": "Q451995", "label": "Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Since all of those regions were still considered as parts of the old Burgundian realm, within the Holy Roman Empire, the emperor appointed Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy as the imperial vicar of Burgundy (Arles)."}, {"id": "Q235381", "label": "Joanna I of Naples", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In 1380, queen Joanna I of Naples, who was also the ruling countess of Provence, adopted her distant cousin Louis I of Anjou, who was brother of the French king Charles V."}, {"id": "Q348961", "label": "Louis I of Anjou", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In 1380, queen Joanna I of Naples, who was also the ruling countess of Provence, adopted her distant cousin Louis I of Anjou, who was brother of the French king Charles V."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In 1380, queen Joanna I of Naples, who was also the ruling countess of Provence, adopted her distant cousin Louis I of Anjou, who was brother of the French king Charles V."}], "Q3167772": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (Sinhala: පොළොන්නරුව රාජධානිය, romanized: Polonnaruwa Rājādhaniya) was the Sinhalese kingdom that expanded across the island of Sri Lanka from 1070 until 1232."}, {"id": "Q6806806", "label": "Chola Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The tributaries of the Chola Empire such as Tondi and Pasi came under its and Vira Pandya military rule."}, {"id": "Q3610015", "label": "Parakramabahu I", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite the prosperity endured under kings such as Parakramabahu I, territorial and political instability would repeatedly occur, as the royal court was embroiled with factionalism chiefly between the Pandya and Kalinga bloodlines of the Polonnaruwa kings."}, {"id": "Q2128757", "label": "Rajaraja I", "section": "History - Chola conquest (993–1070)", "says": "In 1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Chola conquest (993–1070)", "says": "In 1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line."}, {"id": "Q6734027", "label": "Mahinda V of Anuradhapura", "section": "History - Chola conquest (993–1070)", "says": "As per the Sinhalese chronicle Mahavamsa, the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V (c."}, {"id": "Q7933646", "label": "Virarajendra Chola", "section": "History - Polonnaruwa period (1055–1232)", "says": "After the accession of Virarajendra Chola (1063–1069) to the Chola throne, the Cholas were increasingly on the defensive, not only in Sri Lanka, but also in peninsular India, where they were hard-pressed by the attacks of the Chalukyas from the Deccan."}], "Q3177715": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern Pagaruyung is a village in Tanjung Emas subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency, located near the town of Batusangkar, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q5269336", "label": "Dharmasraya", "section": "lead", "says": "Also included in Malayapura were the kingdom of Dharmasraya and several other kingdoms or conquests of Adityawarman."}, {"id": "Q2725993", "label": "Padri War", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 19th century, turmoil erupted during the Padri War due to factional disputes and the state steadily declined."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Adityawarman was initially sent to subdue important areas in Sumatra, and reigned as a vassal king (uparaja) of Majapahit."}, {"id": "Q576292", "label": "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Relations with the Dutch and the British", "says": "However, during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1781, the British managed to temporarily control Padang without a fight and netted the British 500,000 florins in goods and money."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagarsyah, on the other hand, wanted to be recognised as the Raja of Pagaruyung, but the Dutch East Indies government had limited his authority from the start and only appointed him as the Regent of Tanah Datar."}], "Q3246260": [{"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "lead", "says": "State of Swat (Urdu: رياستِ سوات) was a princely state that existed between 1849 and 1969 in the North-West Frontier Province."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1947 the Wali of Swat acceded to the newly independent state of Pakistan."}], "Q3304333": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Indian Stream or the Indian Stream Republic was an unrecognized republic in North America, along the section of the border that divides the current Canadian province of Quebec from the U.S. state of New Hampshire."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Described as \"Indian Stream Territory, so-called\" by the United States census-taker in 1830, the area was named after Indian Stream, a small watercourse."}, {"id": "Q729648", "label": "Metacomet", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "The area was first settled by Europeans under a land grant, from King Philip, an Abenaki man, named after Metacomet, who was also called King Philip."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History - Settlement", "says": "After the War of 1812, when both companies were in financial straits, they merged and reconciled all land claims."}, {"id": "Q11881", "label": "John Tyler", "section": "History - Annexation to New Hampshire", "says": "In October 1835, Blanchard led a small party to arrest John Tyler for an unpaid hardware-store debt."}], "Q3374892": [{"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "Mysore State, colloquially Old Mysore, was a political territory within the Dominion of India and the subsequent Republic of India from 1950 until 1956."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was formed by renaming the Kingdom of Mysore, with Bangalore replacing Mysore as the state's capital when Parliament passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956."}], "Q3454186": [{"id": "Q5453768", "label": "First Rohilla War", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Rohilla defeat in the First Rohilla War, the British would establish the state, and install Faizullah Khan as its first Nawab."}, {"id": "Q81893195", "label": "Kingdom of Rohilkhand", "section": "Origin", "says": "He was the son of Ali Mohammed Khan,  founder of the Kingdom of Rohilkhand— a Jat by origin who was adopted and converted by Sardar Daud Khan Barech."}], "Q3456469": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Liège (French: République liégeoise) was a short-lived revolutionary republic formed after the August 1789 revolution in the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège."}, {"id": "Q158835", "label": "Prince-Bishopric of Liège", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Liège (French: République liégeoise) was a short-lived revolutionary republic formed after the August 1789 revolution in the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège."}, {"id": "Q692015", "label": "United Belgian States", "section": "lead", "says": "It coexisted with the even more short-lived revolutionary state, the United Belgian States, created by the Brabant Revolution of 1789, to the north."}, {"id": "Q896479", "label": "Brabant Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It coexisted with the even more short-lived revolutionary state, the United Belgian States, created by the Brabant Revolution of 1789, to the north."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "End of the Republic", "says": "After restoring authority in the Austrian Netherlands, Leopold II intervened directly to reinstate the prince-bishopric."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "End of the Republic", "says": "During the War of the First Coalition (1792–1793), Liégeois exiles supported the French conquest of the Low Countries."}], "Q3755547": [{"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Odoacer, officially known as the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae), was a barbarian kingdom (476–493) that was founded with the deposition of the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, at the Battle of Ravenna in 476."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The creation of the kingdom traditionally marks the end of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer's kingdom lasted until the assassination of Odoacer by Theodoric the Great, after which he proclaimed himself king of Italy and began to reign over the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Odoacer's kingdom lasted until the assassination of Odoacer by Theodoric the Great, after which he proclaimed himself king of Italy and began to reign over the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Fall to the Ostrogoths", "says": "The kingdom was de jure part of the Roman Empire reunified under Zeno, since Odoacer swore allegiance to the emperor in exchange for the titles of patrician and ruler of the prefecture of Italy."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Fall to the Ostrogoths", "says": "The Ostrogoths penetrated Odoacer's defenses and reached Ravenna in 490."}], "Q4118614": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Tidore (Jawi: كسلطانن تدوري; Kesultanan Tidore sometimes Kerajaan Tidore) was a sultanate in Southeast Asia, centered on Tidore in the Maluku Islands (presently in North Maluku, Indonesia)."}, {"id": "Q2029522", "label": "Ternate Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Tidore was a rival of the Sultanate of Ternate for control of the spice trade and had an important historical role as binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Sultans tended to ally with either Spain or Portugal to maintain their political role but were finally drawn into the Dutch sphere of power in 1663."}], "Q4470663": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ukrainian national government (Ukrainian: Українське Державне Правління (УДП), romanized: Ukrainske Derzhavne Pravlinnia (UDP), lit. 'Ukrainian State Board') was a brief self-proclaimed Ukrainian government during the German invasion of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The government was declared by the proclamation of the Ukrainian state on 30 June 1941, which also pledged to work with Nazi Germany."}], "Q5440850": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "Elizabeth II remained head of state as the Queen of Nigeria, as well as other dominions and commonwealth realms."}, {"id": "Q181782", "label": "Nnamdi Azikiwe", "section": "lead", "says": "Three people held the office of governor-general during the whole existence of the Federation of Nigeria:\n\nSir John Stuart Macpherson 1954 – 15 June 1955\nSir James Wilson Robertson 15 June 1955 – 16 November 1960\nNnamdi Azikiwe 16 November 1960 – 1 October 1963\nSir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa held office as prime minister (and head of government)."}, {"id": "Q335684", "label": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa", "section": "lead", "says": "Three people held the office of governor-general during the whole existence of the Federation of Nigeria:\n\nSir John Stuart Macpherson 1954 – 15 June 1955\nSir James Wilson Robertson 15 June 1955 – 16 November 1960\nNnamdi Azikiwe 16 November 1960 – 1 October 1963\nSir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa held office as prime minister (and head of government)."}], "Q561204": [{"id": "Q570740", "label": "Duchy of Legnica", "section": "lead", "says": "Duchy of Jawor (Polish: Księstwo Jaworskie, German: Herzogtum Jauer, Czech: Javorské knížectví) was one of the duchies of Silesia and medieval Poland established in 1274 as a subdivision of the Duchy of Legnica."}], "Q568452": [{"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "lead", "says": "The periods of Restoration and Regeneration in Swiss history lasted from 1814 to 1847. \"Restoration\" is the period of 1814 to 1830, the restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte on the centralist Helvetic Republic from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the Act of Mediation of 1803. \"Regeneration\" is the period of 1830 to "}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The periods of Restoration and Regeneration in Swiss history lasted from 1814 to 1847. \"Restoration\" is the period of 1814 to 1830, the restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte on the centralist Helvetic Republic from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the Act of Mediation of 1803. \"Regeneration\" is the period of 1830 to "}], "Q570702": [{"id": "Q1395320", "label": "Duchy of Siewierz", "section": "lead", "says": "Alongside the Duchy of Siewierz, it was the only ecclesiastical duchy in the Silesian region, as it was ruled by a bishop of the Catholic Church."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Nowadays its territory is divided between Poland and the Czech Republic."}], "Q5866728": [{"id": "Q311798", "label": "Gaafar Nimeiry", "section": "lead", "says": "Gaafar Nimeiry ruled as president with the Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU)."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - The Southern Problem", "says": "Israel, for example, trained Anyanya recruits and shipped weapons via Ethiopia and Uganda to the rebels."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - The Southern Problem", "says": "Although the Soviet Union had concluded a US$100 million to US$150 million arms agreement with Sudan in August 1968, which included T-55 tanks, armored personnel carriers, and aircraft, the nation failed to deliver any equipment to Khartoum by May 1969."}, {"id": "Q1559200", "label": "Joseph Lagu", "section": "History - The Southern Problem", "says": "In 1971 Joseph Lagu, who had become the leader of southern forces opposed to Khartoum, proclaimed the creation of the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM)."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Political Developments", "says": "Although it cited Islam as Sudan's official religion, the constitution acknowledged Christianity as the faith of a large number of Sudanese citizens."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Unrest and coup", "says": "Nimeiri, who was on a visit to the United States, was unable to suppress the rapidly growing demonstrations against his regime."}], "Q589251": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Princely County of Montbéliard (French: Comté princier de Montbéliard; German: Grafschaft Mömpelgard), was a princely county of the Holy Roman Empire seated in the city of Montbéliard in the present-day Franche-Comté region of France."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1444 onwards it was held by the House of Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q333806", "label": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau", "section": "History - Integration into France", "says": "After the French forces under Jean Victor Marie Moreau had campaigned in Württemberg in the course of the War of the First Coalition in 1796, Duke Frederick II Eugene finally renounced all rights to Montbéliard."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "History - Integration into France", "says": "After the French forces under Jean Victor Marie Moreau had campaigned in Württemberg in the course of the War of the First Coalition in 1796, Duke Frederick II Eugene finally renounced all rights to Montbéliard."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Integration into France", "says": "In 1814, Haut-Rhin lost the territories which had been part of Mont-Terrible and returned them to Switzerland, with the exception of Montbéliard, which was transferred to the department of Doubs."}], "Q617219": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The English overseas possessions, sometimes referred to as the English Empire, comprised a variety of overseas territories and colonies that were conquered or otherwise acquired by the  Kingdom of England before 1707 when the Acts of Union joined England with the Kingdom of Scotland and created of the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "The English overseas possessions, sometimes referred to as the English Empire, comprised a variety of overseas territories and colonies that were conquered or otherwise acquired by the  Kingdom of England before 1707 when the Acts of Union joined England with the Kingdom of Scotland and created of the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "The English overseas possessions, sometimes referred to as the English Empire, comprised a variety of overseas territories and colonies that were conquered or otherwise acquired by the  Kingdom of England before 1707 when the Acts of Union joined England with the Kingdom of Scotland and created of the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Formerly Scots were excluded from English overseas possessions, but following 1707 they could participate in the expanding British Empire."}, {"id": "Q675493", "label": "Henry VII of England", "section": "lead", "says": "There were initial English voyages of exploration during the reign of Henry VII of England, and further settlement in Ireland."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Elizabeth I(1558-1603) there were unsuccessful attempts at North American colonization."}, {"id": "Q126195", "label": "Plymouth Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Not until the succession in 1603 of James VI of Scotland to the throne of England (ruling as James I) were permanent overseas settlements successfully established in North America, first at Jamestown, Virginia (1607), the West Indies, and the Plymouth Colony of religious dissenters in New England (1620)."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "All these were in areas already occupied by indigenous populations and claimed by the Spanish Empire, but not settled by it."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1664, New Netherland and New Sweden were taken from the Dutch, becoming New York, New Jersey, and parts of Delaware and Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1664, New Netherland and New Sweden were taken from the Dutch, becoming New York, New Jersey, and parts of Delaware and Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q176253", "label": "Catherine of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1661, the marriage of King Charles II to Catherine of Braganza brought him as part of her dowry new possessions which until then had been Portuguese, including Tangier in North Africa and Bombay in India."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Origins", "says": "The voyages of Christopher Columbus began in 1492, sailing west into the unknown with hopes of reaching Asia."}, {"id": "Q85642", "label": "John Cabot", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 1496, excited by the successes in overseas exploration of the Portuguese and the Spanish, King Henry VII of England commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to find a route from the Atlantic to the Spice Islands of Asia, subsequently known as the search for the North West Passage."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "Origins", "says": "He led another voyage to the Americas the following year, but nothing was heard of him or his ships again."}, {"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Continued Spanish explorations in the circum-Caribbean region resulted in the world-altering Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519-21) in which the expedition led by Hernán Cortés and supported by thousands of indigenous allies brought Central Mexico under Spanish control."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "Origins", "says": "Continued Spanish explorations in the circum-Caribbean region resulted in the world-altering Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519-21) in which the expedition led by Hernán Cortés and supported by thousands of indigenous allies brought Central Mexico under Spanish control."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Then the Spanish repeated the feat in the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire."}, {"id": "Q185510", "label": "Richard Hakluyt", "section": "Origins", "says": "Meanwhile, the influential writers Richard Hakluyt and John Dee were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own overseas empire."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "Origins", "says": "Spain was well established in the Americas, while Portugal had built up a network of trading posts and fortresses on the coasts of Africa, Brazil, and China,"}], "Q6420545": [{"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Crown Colony of Labuan was a British Crown colony on the island of Labuan – just off the northwestern shore of Borneo – established in 1848 after its acquisition from the Sultanate of Brunei in 1846."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Labuan was expected by the British to be a second Singapore, but it did not fulfill its promise especially after the failure of its coal production that did not become fruitful, causing investors to withdraw their money, leaving all machinery equipment and Chinese workers that had entered the colony previously."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "World War II brought the invasion of Japanese forces which abruptly ended British administration."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "lead", "says": "Subsequently, Labuan became the place where the Japanese commander in Borneo surrendered to the Allied forces, with the territory placed under a military administration before merging into the Crown Colony of North Borneo."}, {"id": "Q441276", "label": "James Brooke", "section": "History - Foundation and establishment", "says": "Since 1841, when James Brooke had successfully established a solid presence in northwestern Borneo with the establishment of the Raj of Sarawak and began to assist in the suppression of piracy along the island coast, he had persistently promoted the island of Labuan to the British government."}, {"id": "Q1658411", "label": "Raj of Sarawak", "section": "History - Foundation and establishment", "says": "Since 1841, when James Brooke had successfully established a solid presence in northwestern Borneo with the establishment of the Raj of Sarawak and began to assist in the suppression of piracy along the island coast, he had persistently promoted the island of Labuan to the British government."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Foundation and establishment", "says": "On 24 February 1845, Admiral Bethune with his HMS Driver and several other political commissions left Hong Kong to survey the island more."}, {"id": "Q40107", "label": "Omar Ali Saifuddin II of Brunei", "section": "History - Foundation and establishment", "says": "Brooke acquired the island for Britain through the Treaty of Labuan with the Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali Saifuddin II on 18 December 1846."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "Following the complete takeover of the rest of Borneo island, Labuan was ruled as part of the Empire of Japan and garrisoned by units of the Japanese 37th Army, which controlled northern Borneo."}, {"id": "Q127417", "label": "Douglas MacArthur", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "The liberation of the whole of Borneo began on 10 June 1945 when the Allied forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur and Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead landed at Labuan with a convoy of 100 ships."}, {"id": "Q4303510", "label": "Leslie Morshead", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "The liberation of the whole of Borneo began on 10 June 1945 when the Allied forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur and Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead landed at Labuan with a convoy of 100 ships."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "The landings were witnessed by MacArthur on board the USS Boise (CL-47) when he decided to proceed further south from the southern Philippines to Labuan."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - World War II and decline", "says": "The town of Victoria had been damaged by Allied bombings but was rebuilt after the war."}], "Q652275": [{"id": "Q269536", "label": "Odo the Great", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 731, the Moorish governor of Cerdanya allied himself with Odo the Great by marrying his daughter, at Odo's insistence, in order to secure his southern frontier from further Muslim expansion."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "Origins", "says": "Cerdanya was at this time predominantly Basque, and Odo had a pro-Basque policy in the face of Charles Martel and the Franks."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "Origins", "says": "Moorish rule was soon purely nominal; the Cerdanya was conquered by Charlemagne shortly after the surrender of Girona in 785."}, {"id": "Q1541642", "label": "County of Besalú", "section": "Origins", "says": "At this date, Cerdanya was united in government under one count with County of Besalú and Urgell; it was part of the Kingdom of Aquitaine after 817."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 842, the Emirate of Córdoba invaded Cerdanya in an attempt to regain the Pyrenees, but they were repulsed by Count Sunifred."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "Origins", "says": "In 835, Emperor Louis the Pious even forbade the church of the region to grant lands in beneficium, that is, as benefices or in feudal tenure."}, {"id": "Q182840", "label": "Louis the Stammerer", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the death of King Louis the Stammerer (879), Aquitaine and West Francia in general experienced a period of instability during which the outlying regions, such as Catalonia, became de facto independent of central royal authority."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "Origins", "says": "After the death of King Louis the Stammerer (879), Aquitaine and West Francia in general experienced a period of instability during which the outlying regions, such as Catalonia, became de facto independent of central royal authority."}, {"id": "Q3459605", "label": "Giselbert II of Roussillon", "section": "Feudalisation and decline", "says": "Briefly, William Raymond had to fight a war (successfully) with Giselbert II of Roussillon over the possession of the monastery of Cuixà, which Cerdanya had controlled throughout the 10th century, but in the main, the viscounts were the greatest military detriment to the counts of Cerdanya."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "Feudalisation and decline", "says": "William's successor, William Jordan, joined the First Crusade, and in his absence, the counts' authority was weakened still further."}], "Q655092": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cisrhenian Republic (German: Cisrhenanische Republik; French: République cisrhénane) was a proposed client state of France during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1797."}, {"id": "Q248033", "label": "Coup of 18 Fructidor", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Coup of 18 Fructidor in the same year led to a shift in policy, ultimately resulting in the direct annexation of the territory instead."}], "Q657946": [{"id": "Q1557792", "label": "Gwalior State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was considered the most important of the Maratha principalities with the others being Baroda State, Gwalior State and Indore State."}, {"id": "Q716890", "label": "Indore State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was considered the most important of the Maratha principalities with the others being Baroda State, Gwalior State and Indore State."}], "Q6737189": [{"id": "Q1534153", "label": "Vallabhi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Maitraka dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Valabhi in western India from approximately 475 to 776 from their capital at Vallabhi."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the decline of the Gupta Empire, Maitraka dynasty was founded by Senapati (general) Bhaṭārka, who was a military governor of Saurashtra under Gupta Empire, who had established himself as the independent around 475 CE."}], "Q6806806": [{"id": "Q3532146", "label": "Early Cholas", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "Vijayalaya, a descendant of the Early Cholas, reestablished resp. founded the Chola Empire in 848 CE."}, {"id": "Q7135564", "label": "Parantaka I", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "In 925, Aditya's son Parantaka I conquered Sri Lanka, which was then-known as Ilangai."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "In 925, Aditya's son Parantaka I conquered Sri Lanka, which was then-known as Ilangai."}, {"id": "Q4997590", "label": "Parantaka Chola II", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "The Cholas recovered their power during the reign of Parantaka II."}, {"id": "Q2128757", "label": "Rajaraja I", "section": "History - Imperial era", "says": "Under Rajaraja I and Rajendra I, the Chola Empire reach its Imperial state."}, {"id": "Q211483", "label": "Rajendra Chola I", "section": "History - Imperial era", "says": "Under Rajaraja I and Rajendra I, the Chola Empire reach its Imperial state."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "History - Imperial era", "says": "At its peak, the empire stretched from the northern parts of Sri Lanka northwards to the Godavari–Krishna river basin, up to the Konkan coast in Bhatkal, the entire Malabar Coast (the Chea country) in addition to Lakshadweep and the Maldives islands."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Imperial era", "says": "Rajendra I successfully invaded the Srivijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia, which led to the decline of the empire there."}, {"id": "Q6734027", "label": "Mahinda V of Anuradhapura", "section": "History - Imperial era", "says": "Rajendra also completed the conquest of the Rajarata kingdom of Sri Lanka and took the Sinhala king Mahinda V a prisoner; he also conquered Rattapadi—territories of the Rashtrakutas, Chalukya country, Talakkad, and Kolar, where Kolaramma temple still has his portrait statue—in Kannada country."}, {"id": "Q3765117", "label": "Eastern Chalukyas", "section": "History - Chola–Chalukya wars", "says": "The Old Chalukya dynasty had split into two sibling dynasties, the Western and Eastern Chalukyas."}, {"id": "Q2128678", "label": "Rajadhiraja Chola", "section": "History - Chola–Chalukya wars", "says": "In his eagerness to restore Chola hegemony over Vengi to its former absolute state, Rajadhiraja I (1042–1052) led an expedition into Vengi country in 1044–1045."}, {"id": "Q2119008", "label": "Kulothunga Chola I", "section": "History - Later Cholas", "says": "In 1070, Virarajendra Chola's son Athirajendra Chola was assassinated in a civil disturbance, and Kulothunga Chola I, the son of Ammanga Devi and Rajaraja Narendra, ascended the Chola throne, beginning the Later Chola dynasty."}, {"id": "Q7285611", "label": "Rajadhiraja Chola II", "section": "History - Later Cholas", "says": "The Later Chola dynasty was led by capable rulers such as Kulothunga I, his son Vikrama Chola, and other successors Rajaraja II, Rajadhiraja II, and Kulothunga III, who conquered Kalinga, Ilam, and Kataha."}, {"id": "Q335836", "label": "Kulothunga Chola III", "section": "History - Later Cholas", "says": "The Later Chola dynasty was led by capable rulers such as Kulothunga I, his son Vikrama Chola, and other successors Rajaraja II, Rajadhiraja II, and Kulothunga III, who conquered Kalinga, Ilam, and Kataha."}, {"id": "Q466581", "label": "Hoysala Empire", "section": "History - Later Cholas", "says": "Around 1118, the Cholas lost control of Vengi to the Western Chalukya and Gangavadi (southern Mysore) districts to the Hoysala Empire."}], "Q682001": [{"id": "Q661980", "label": "Duchy of Opole", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in Upper Silesia about 1281 during the division of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz among the sons of Duke Władysław Opolski."}, {"id": "Q700117", "label": "Duchy of Racibórz", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy's capital was Bytom, formerly part of Lesser Poland until in 1177 the Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just had attached it to the Silesian Duchy of Racibórz."}], "Q708865": [{"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Reformed Government of the Republic of China was a puppet state created by Japan that existed in eastern China from 1938 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q2308761", "label": "National Government of the Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The regime had little authority or popular support, nor did it receive international recognition even from Japan itself, lasting only two years before it was merged with the Provisional Government into the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "lead", "says": "The regime had little authority or popular support, nor did it receive international recognition even from Japan itself, lasting only two years before it was merged with the Provisional Government into the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei."}], "Q761370": [{"id": "Q617278", "label": "Anglo-Aro War", "section": "Decline", "says": "The invasion of Obegu (in Igboland) was the last major Aro offensive before the start of the Anglo-Aro War."}], "Q878717": [{"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "lead", "says": "The city is considered one of the two chief states of the Aramean-held territories in the Euphrates along with Carchemish."}], "Q8950": [{"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Segunda República de Venezuela) is the name used to refer to the reestablished Venezuelan Republic declared by Simón Bolívar on 7 August 1813."}, {"id": "Q8940", "label": "Admirable Campaign", "section": "lead", "says": "This declaration followed the defeat of Domingo Monteverde by Bolívar during the Admirable Campaign in the west and Santiago Mariño in his campaign in the east."}, {"id": "Q2256182", "label": "Santiago Mariño", "section": "lead", "says": "This declaration followed the defeat of Domingo Monteverde by Bolívar during the Admirable Campaign in the west and Santiago Mariño in his campaign in the east."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic came to an end in the following year, when Caracas was reoccupied by the Royalists on 16 July 1814, after a series of defeats at the hands of José Tomás Boves."}, {"id": "Q1372535", "label": "José Tomás Boves", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic came to an end in the following year, when Caracas was reoccupied by the Royalists on 16 July 1814, after a series of defeats at the hands of José Tomás Boves."}, {"id": "Q2249661", "label": "United Provinces of New Granada", "section": "Antecedents: Cartagena Manifesto", "says": "Soon after, he set sail for the United Provinces of New Granada, which had just recently declared its independence from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Antecedents: Cartagena Manifesto", "says": "Soon after, he set sail for the United Provinces of New Granada, which had just recently declared its independence from the Spanish Empire."}], "Q954585": [{"id": "Q13131807", "label": "Kingdom of Morgannwg", "section": "lead", "says": "To its south was the Kingdom of Morgannwg."}, {"id": "Q188344", "label": "Geoffrey of Monmouth", "section": "History - Unclear events", "says": "Geoffrey of Monmouth identifies Gruffydd (as Grifud map Nogoid - i.e."}, {"id": "Q45792", "label": "King Arthur", "section": "History - Unclear events", "says": "Gruffudd ap Nowy) as one of the princes present at the coronation of King Arthur."}, {"id": "Q470862", "label": "Rhodri Mawr", "section": "History - Dependency", "says": "According to Asser's contemporary account, Elisse also feared the malevolence of the kings of Seisyllwg and Gwynedd who had succeeded Rhodri Mawr; his vassalage to Alfred provided him with potential support against Seisyllwg."}, {"id": "Q187114", "label": "Edward the Elder", "section": "History - Dependency", "says": "According to an early 14th century writer, a king of Brycheiniog and Ferlix named Hwgan (Huganus in Latin), noting that Edward the Elder (king of Mercia) was preoccupied by the Great Heathen Army, attempted to conquer (or raid) Mercia."}, {"id": "Q235250", "label": "Æthelflæd", "section": "History - Dependency", "says": "He had not known Edward's sister, Æthelflæd (the daughter of King Alfred and widow of Earl Æthelred of Mercia), would be a force to be reckoned with; Æthelflæd successfully resisted his attempts, and, in the early summer of 916, pushed her advantage by invading Brycheiniog."}, {"id": "Q272212", "label": "Æthelred of Mercia", "section": "History - Dependency", "says": "He had not known Edward's sister, Æthelflæd (the daughter of King Alfred and widow of Earl Æthelred of Mercia), would be a force to be reckoned with; Æthelflæd successfully resisted his attempts, and, in the early summer of 916, pushed her advantage by invading Brycheiniog."}, {"id": "Q422205", "label": "Hywel Dda", "section": "History - Dependency", "says": "Tewdwr ap Elisse is reported to have witnessed a charter at the English royal court in 934, along with Hywel Dda."}, {"id": "Q357824", "label": "Gerald of Wales", "section": "History - Dependency", "says": "Gerald of Wales states that after Tewdwr's death, Brycheiniog was divided between the three sons of Tewdwr's brother, Griffri: Tewdos (or Tewdw"}], "Q965346": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tripolitanian Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية الطرابلسية, al-Jumhuriyat at-Trabulsiya), was a short-lived Arab republic that declared independence from Italian Tripolitania after World War I."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The Senussi were supported in that effort by Germany and the Ottoman Empire, as well as by various local tribes and chiefdoms."}, {"id": "Q1362112", "label": "Giuseppe Volpi", "section": "Dissolution and re-establishment", "says": "The next appointed governors, Luigi Mercatelli and Giuseppe Volpi, turned to the military power to subjugate the region."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "Dissolution and re-establishment", "says": "By early 1922, the Tripolitanians were desperate; met with Senussi delegate, and offered Idris, the leader of the Senussi and the Emir of Cyrenaica to be Emir of Tripolitania."}], "Q1028133": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autonomous Province of Korçë (Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Korçës), sometimes referred to as Republic of Korçë (French: République de Koritza), was an autonomous legal entity established in 27/10 December 1916, by the local French forces after the city of Korçë fell under their control during World War I, and which lasted until 1920."}, {"id": "Q53783", "label": "Enver Hoxha", "section": "lead", "says": "There was also a French school in Korçë and one of its many students, and later teachers, was Enver Hoxha, the future leader of communist Albania."}, {"id": "Q176522", "label": "Maurice Sarrail", "section": "Background", "says": "French troops in Korçë were under General Maurice Sarrail, and under direct command of Colonel Descoins."}], "Q1039325": [{"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "lead", "says": "With the rise of sixteen Mahajanapadas (\"great janapadas\"), most of the states were annexed by more powerful neighbours, although some remained independent."}], "Q11237141": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Kalingga (Javanese: Karajan Kalingga; Chinese: 訶陵; pinyin: Hēlíng; Middle Chinese: [hɑ.lɨŋ]) or She-po or She-bo (Chinese: 闍婆; pinyin: Shépó; Middle Chinese: [d͡ʑia.buɑ]) in Chinese sources, or Ho-ling in Arabic texts of the Umayyad Caliphate era; was a 6th-century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Kalingga (Javanese: Karajan Kalingga; Chinese: 訶陵; pinyin: Hēlíng; Middle Chinese: [hɑ.lɨŋ]) or She-po or She-bo (Chinese: 闍婆; pinyin: Shépó; Middle Chinese: [d͡ʑia.buɑ]) in Chinese sources, or Ho-ling in Arabic texts of the Umayyad Caliphate era; was a 6th-century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q2247225", "label": "Tarumanagara", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history."}], "Q1157054": [{"id": "Q62456", "label": "Southern Qi", "section": "lead", "says": "King Haji (하지; 荷知) sent an embassy to Namje (南齊, in Southern Qi) in 479."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "King Haji allied with Baekje and Silla to attack Goguryeo in 481."}], "Q11680900": [{"id": "Q314846", "label": "Emperor Kanmu", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the court being moved to Kyoto from Nagaoka by Emperor Kanmu (737–806), the struggles for power regarding the throne that had characterized the Nara period diminished."}], "Q1315339": [{"id": "Q313061", "label": "Aurel Stein", "section": "Origins", "says": "According to the 12th-century text Rajatarangini translated by Sir Marc Aurel Stein, the family of the chiefs of Lohara were from the Khaśa tribe."}], "Q13258120": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of West Florida (Spanish: República de Florida Occidental, French: République de Floride occidentale), officially the State of Florida, was a short-lived unrecognized republic in the western region of Spanish West Florida for just over 2+1⁄2 months during 1810."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1810, the United States occupied and annexed the Republic of West Florida."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - West Florida Revolt", "says": "The rebels unfurled the flag of the new republic, a single white star on a blue field made by Melissa Johnson, wife of Major Isaac Johnson, commander of the Feliciana cavalry engaged in the attack. (The \"Bonnie Blue Flag\" that was flown fifty years later at the start of the American Civil War resembles it.)\nAfter the successful attack, plans were made to take Mobile and Pensacola from the Spanish "}, {"id": "Q351722", "label": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "section": "History - U.S. occupation", "says": "Spain did not agree to relinquish its title to any of the West Florida territory occupied by the United States until 1819, upon the signing of the Adams–Onís Treaty."}], "Q1327602": [{"id": "Q1149230", "label": "Western Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "Its founder Zhai Liao had previously been vacillating between being a vassal of the Later Yan, Western Yan, and Eastern Jin dynasties, and in 388, after his last overture to reconcile with Later Yan's emperor Murong Chui was rejected, he founded his own dynasty, over the territory of modern central and eastern Henan."}, {"id": "Q1069768", "label": "Murong Chui", "section": "lead", "says": "Its founder Zhai Liao had previously been vacillating between being a vassal of the Later Yan, Western Yan, and Eastern Jin dynasties, and in 388, after his last overture to reconcile with Later Yan's emperor Murong Chui was rejected, he founded his own dynasty, over the territory of modern central and eastern Henan."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 392, Zhai Wei, then under Zhai Liao's son Zhai Zhao, was destroyed by Later Yan forces."}, {"id": "Q59223", "label": "Zhongshan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Their first recorded leader was Zhai Shu, who was living with his followers around Zhongshan and Changshan commanderies during the fall of Western Jin."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Zhai later became subjects of the Later Zhao dynasty, with their chieftain, Zhai Bin receiving the title of Prince of Gouting, and later submitted to the Former Yan."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Zhai later became subjects of the Later Zhao dynasty, with their chieftain, Zhai Bin receiving the title of Prince of Gouting, and later submitted to the Former Yan."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the Former Qin's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Fei River in 383, Zhai Bin rebelled and attacked Luoyang."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When his demands were rejected, he plotted to defect to Former Qin with the Dingling, but was discovered and executed."}, {"id": "Q1078581", "label": "Murong Yong", "section": "History - Reign of Zhai Zhao", "says": "The ruler of Western Yan, Murong Yong, initially appointed Zhai Zhao as a general and bestowed him the title of Prince of Chen."}], "Q1381504": [{"id": "Q4398229", "label": "Russian State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last Russian State enclave during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the last Russian State enclave during the Russian Civil War."}], "Q1395320": [{"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The area was initially part of Lesser Poland, but it was incorporated into Duchy of Silesia established after the death of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138 during the times of the fragmentation of Poland."}, {"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "The area was initially part of Lesser Poland, but it was incorporated into Duchy of Silesia established after the death of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138 during the times of the fragmentation of Poland."}, {"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1443, the Duchy of Siewierz became a Duchy of Lesser Poland under the control of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which made the Duchy rule by the bishops of Kraków, and here ended Siewierz's history with Silesia, as it became again part of Lesser Poland."}, {"id": "Q682001", "label": "Duchy of Bytom", "section": "lead", "says": "Siewierz was ruled by the Silesian Piasts as part of the Duchy of Bytom under Duke Casimir."}, {"id": "Q570702", "label": "Duchy of Nysa", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1443, after its acquisition by Archbishop Zbigniew Cardinal Oleśnicki for 6,000 silver groats, it was, alongside the Duchy of Nysa, the only ecclesiastical duchy in the region (ruled by a bishop of the Catholic Church)."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The union of the duchy with Lesser Poland was concluded when in 1790 the Great Sejm formally incorporated the Duchy as a Land of the Polish Crown into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "Temporarily recreated in 1807 by Napoleon as a gift for his marshal Jean Lannes within the Duchy of Warsaw, after the 1815 Congress of Vienna the lands became part of Congress Poland under Imperial Russian rule."}, {"id": "Q273032", "label": "Jean Lannes", "section": "lead", "says": "Temporarily recreated in 1807 by Napoleon as a gift for his marshal Jean Lannes within the Duchy of Warsaw, after the 1815 Congress of Vienna the lands became part of Congress Poland under Imperial Russian rule."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "lead", "says": "Temporarily recreated in 1807 by Napoleon as a gift for his marshal Jean Lannes within the Duchy of Warsaw, after the 1815 Congress of Vienna the lands became part of Congress Poland under Imperial Russian rule."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Temporarily recreated in 1807 by Napoleon as a gift for his marshal Jean Lannes within the Duchy of Warsaw, after the 1815 Congress of Vienna the lands became part of Congress Poland under Imperial Russian rule."}, {"id": "Q221457", "label": "Congress Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Temporarily recreated in 1807 by Napoleon as a gift for his marshal Jean Lannes within the Duchy of Warsaw, after the 1815 Congress of Vienna the lands became part of Congress Poland under Imperial Russian rule."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, Siewierz became part of the Second Polish Republic, from 1939 to 1945 it was occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1918, Siewierz became part of the Second Polish Republic, from 1939 to 1945 it was occupied by Nazi Germany."}], "Q1408641": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Gowa was one of the great kingdoms in the history of Indonesia and the most successful kingdom in the South Sulawesi region."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The epic poem the Nagarakretagama, in praise of King Rajasanagara of Majapahit, lists Makassar as one of the kingdom's tributaries in 1365."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "History - Dissolution of Sultanate", "says": "Following the Indonesian Independence from Netherlands in 1945, the sultanate dissolved and has since become part of the Republic of Indonesia and the former region becomes part of Gowa Regency."}], "Q14708404": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Cherokee Nation (Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, romanized: Tsalagihi Ayeli or ᏣᎳᎩᏰᎵ, Tsalagiyehli) is the largest of three federally recognized Cherokee tribes in the United States."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The tribe includes people descended from members of the Old Cherokee Nation who relocated, due to increasing pressure, from the Southeast to Indian Territory and Cherokee who were forced to relocate on the Trail of Tears."}, {"id": "Q8676", "label": "American Civil War", "section": "History - Reconstruction and the 1866 Treaty", "says": "After the American Civil War, the United States promised the Cherokee Nation \"a permanent homeland\" in an 1866 treaty."}, {"id": "Q9588", "label": "Richard Nixon", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "After the U.S. government under President Richard Nixon had adopted a self-determination policy, the nation was able to rebuild its government."}], "Q1541699": [{"id": "Q743562", "label": "Ermenguer", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 813, Empúries, with Peralada, became a separate county under Ermenguer."}, {"id": "Q1541813", "label": "County of Roussillon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 817, Empúries was merged with the County of Roussillon, a union which lasted until 989."}, {"id": "Q102371", "label": "Alaric I", "section": "lead", "says": "From 835 to 844, Sunyer I ruled Empúries and Peralada while Alaric I ruled Roussillon and Vallespir."}, {"id": "Q1388389", "label": "Gausfred I", "section": "lead", "says": "At the death of Gausfred I in 989, Roussillon and Empúries were separated."}, {"id": "Q3903970", "label": "Peter IV of Ribagorza", "section": "lead", "says": "The last count, Hugh VI, sold the county to Peter IV of Ribagorza in 1325 in exchange for the barony of Pego and the towns of Xaló and Laguar, all located within the Kingdom of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q142417", "label": "Kingdom of Valencia", "section": "lead", "says": "The last count, Hugh VI, sold the county to Peter IV of Ribagorza in 1325 in exchange for the barony of Pego and the towns of Xaló and Laguar, all located within the Kingdom of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "From that point on, Empúries was an apanage of the Crown of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q172383", "label": "Sylvester II", "section": "lead", "says": "In a letter of December 1002, Pope Sylvester II confirmed the county of Empúries and the \"county of Pedralbes\" as a part of the diocese of Girona."}], "Q1553143": [{"id": "Q157068", "label": "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma", "section": "History - Accession", "says": "On 3 June 1947, Lord Mountbatten announced that the British would transfer power to the representatives of the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan on 15 August 1947."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - Accession", "says": "On 3 June 1947, Lord Mountbatten announced that the British would transfer power to the representatives of the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan on 15 August 1947."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "History - Accession", "says": "On 3 June 1947, Lord Mountbatten announced that the British would transfer power to the representatives of the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan on 15 August 1947."}], "Q15604942": [{"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created out of what was left of the medieval March of Montferrat after the last Palaeologus heir had died (1533) and the margraviate had been briefly controlled by the Emperor Charles V (until 1536)."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "lead", "says": "After that brief interlude, it passed by marriage of the last heiress, Margaret of Montferrat, to the House of Gonzaga, already dukes of Mantua."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, the state of Montferrat had an area of 2750 km2, and consisted of two separate parts bordered by the Duchy of Savoy, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, the state of Montferrat had an area of 2750 km2, and consisted of two separate parts bordered by the Duchy of Savoy, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time, the state of Montferrat had an area of 2750 km2, and consisted of two separate parts bordered by the Duchy of Savoy, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Genoa."}, {"id": "Q1527665", "label": "War of the Mantuan Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "With the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631), a piece of the duchy passed to Savoy; the remainder passed to Savoy in 1708, as Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, gained possession of the principal Gonzaga territory, the Duchy of Mantua."}, {"id": "Q150494", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "lead", "says": "With the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631), a piece of the duchy passed to Savoy; the remainder passed to Savoy in 1708, as Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, gained possession of the principal Gonzaga territory, the Duchy of Mantua."}, {"id": "Q766501", "label": "Duchy of Mantua", "section": "lead", "says": "With the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631), a piece of the duchy passed to Savoy; the remainder passed to Savoy in 1708, as Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, gained possession of the principal Gonzaga territory, the Duchy of Mantua."}], "Q1582792": [{"id": "Q354903", "label": "Suppiluliuma I", "section": "lead", "says": "1330–1190 BC), in the Late Bronze Age, was one of the semi-autonomous vassal state kingdoms that emerged in western Anatolia  (Asia Minor) following the defeat and partition of the larger kingdom of Arzawa by the victorious Suppiluliuma I of the Hittite Empire."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Late Bronze", "says": "Soon after, Mašḫuiluwa was convicted of perjury, stirred up the land of Pitašša against the Hittites, and fled to the land of Maša."}], "Q1587991": [{"id": "Q1569078", "label": "Hyder Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1763 AD, with their defeat to Hyder Ali, they were absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1763 AD, with their defeat to Hyder Ali, they were absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore."}], "Q16056854": [{"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Royal power was restored under Charles I (1308–1342), a scion of the Capetian House of Anjou."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom reached the peak of its power under Louis the Great (1342–1382) who led military campaigns against Lithuania, southern Italy and other faraway territories."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The expansion of the Ottoman Empire reached the kingdom under Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437)."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "lead", "says": "The expansion of the Ottoman Empire reached the kingdom under Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437)."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The expansion of the Ottoman Empire reached the kingdom under Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437)."}, {"id": "Q242688", "label": "John Hunyadi", "section": "lead", "says": "In the next decades, a talented military commander, John Hunyadi, directed the fight against the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The first king of Hungary without dynastic ancestry was Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490), who led several successful military campaigns and also became the King of Bohemia and the Duke of Austria."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "The Kingdom of Hungary came into being when Stephen I, grand prince of the Hungarians, was crowned king in 1000 or 1001."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Background", "says": "He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity."}, {"id": "Q186123", "label": "Francis Fukuyama", "section": "Background", "says": "They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222, \"one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch\" (Francis Fukuyama)."}, {"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "History - Interregnum (1301–1323)", "says": "At the news of Andrew III's death, viceroy Šubić invited Charles I of Anjou, the late Charles Martel's son, to claim the throne, who hurried to Esztergom where he was crowned king."}, {"id": "Q703838", "label": "Wenceslaus II", "section": "History - Interregnum (1301–1323)", "says": "However, most secular lords opposed his rule and proposed the throne to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia's namesake son."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - Interregnum (1301–1323)", "says": "He won his first victory in the battle of Rozgony (present-day Rozhanovce, Slovakia) in 1312."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)", "says": "The new mines produced around 2,250 kilograms (4,960 lb) of gold and 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb) of silver annually, which made up more than 30 percent of the world's production up until the Spanish conquest of the Americas in the 1490s."}, {"id": "Q10975458", "label": "Maramureș", "section": "History - The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)", "says": "Following this, in 1343, the Romanian-led Voivodeship of Maramureș was established, which would exist until 1402."}, {"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "History - The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)", "says": "His brother, Louis I of Hungary accused the queen of his murder and led two campaigns against her in 1347 and 1350."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)", "says": "The first campaign against Naples was abandoned because of the arrival of the \"Black Death\"."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - New consolidation (1382–1437)", "says": "Louis I was succeeded in 1382 by his daughter, Mary."}, {"id": "Q311861", "label": "Charles III of Naples", "section": "History - New consolidation (1382–1437)", "says": "Taking advantage of the situation, a male member of the dynasty, Charles III of Naples claimed the throne for himself."}, {"id": "Q317593", "label": "Ladislaus of Naples", "section": "History - New consolidation (1382–1437)", "says": "Paul Horvat, Bishop of Zagreb initiated a new rebellion and declared his infant son, Ladislaus of Naples king."}, {"id": "Q53449", "label": "Jadwiga I of Poland", "section": "History - New consolidation (1382–1437)", "says": "When Queen Mary died childless in 1395, her sister, Queen Jadwiga of Poland claimed the throne for herself, but Sigismund's partisans defeated her troops."}, {"id": "Q336531", "label": "Stefan Lazarević", "section": "History - New consolidation (1382–1437)", "says": "In the meantime, Stefan Lazarević of Serbia accepted the Ottoman sultan's suzerainty, thus the Ottoman Empire's expansion reached the southern frontiers of Hungary in 1390."}, {"id": "Q165561", "label": "Boniface IX", "section": "History - New consolidation (1382–1437)", "says": "Since Pope Boniface IX supported his opponent, Sigismund prohibited both the proclamation of papal documents without a previous royal consent"}, {"id": "Q167401", "label": "Elizabeth of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490)", "says": "Although Albert's widow, Elizabeth of Luxembourg, gave birth to a posthumous son, Ladislaus V, most noblemen preferred a monarch capable to fight."}, {"id": "Q54053", "label": "Władysław III of Poland", "section": "History - Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490)", "says": "They offered the crown to Władysław III of Poland."}, {"id": "Q32832", "label": "Battle of Varna", "section": "History - Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490)", "says": "The Holy See organized a new crusade, but the Ottomans annihilated the Christian forces at the Battle of Varna in 1444, during which Władysław was killed."}, {"id": "Q366978", "label": "György Dózsa", "section": "History - Decline (1490–1526)", "says": "Rural discontent boiled over in 1514 when well-armed peasants preparing for a crusade against Turks rose up under György Dózsa, a borderguard captain, and attacked estates across Hungary."}, {"id": "Q832033", "label": "István Werbőczy", "section": "History - Decline (1490–1526)", "says": "The legal scholar István Werbőczy included the new laws in his Tripartitum of 1514, which made up the espirit of Hungary's legal corpus until the revolution of 1848."}, {"id": "Q32607", "label": "John Zápolya", "section": "History - Partitioning (1526–1541)", "says": "After Louis's death, the rival factions of Hungarian nobles simultaneously elected two kings, John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Partitioning (1526–1541)", "says": "After Louis's death, the rival factions of Hungarian nobles simultaneously elected two kings, John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Partitioning (1526–1541)", "says": "Ferdinand drew support from magnates in western Hungary who hoped he could convince his brother, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, to expel the Turks."}, {"id": "Q622844", "label": "Treaty of Nagyvárad", "section": "History - Partitioning (1526–1541)", "says": "In 1538 George Martinuzzi, Zápolya's adviser, arranged an agreement between the rivals, known as the Treaty of Nagyvárad, that would have made Ferdinand sole monarch upon the death of the then-childless Zápolya."}, {"id": "Q313396", "label": "John Sigismund Zápolya", "section": "History - Partitioning (1526–1541)", "says": "The agreement failed when, just before his death in 1540, Zápolya married and fathered a son, John Sigismund Zápolya."}], "Q16086793": [{"id": "Q368689", "label": "First Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Revolutionary Serbia, or Karađorđe's Serbia, was a proto-state established in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804, under the leadership of Karađorđe."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Revolutionary Serbia, or Karađorđe's Serbia, was a proto-state established in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804, under the leadership of Karađorđe."}, {"id": "Q315172", "label": "Karađorđe", "section": "lead", "says": "Revolutionary Serbia, or Karađorđe's Serbia, was a proto-state established in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804, under the leadership of Karađorđe."}, {"id": "Q243585", "label": "Second Serbian Uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the first uprising was crushed, it was followed by the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, which resulted in the creation of the Principality of Serbia, which gained semi-independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1817."}], "Q1613773": [{"id": "Q51672", "label": "Herod the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herodian tetrarchy was a regional division of a client state of Rome, formed following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE."}, {"id": "Q360787", "label": "Archelaus", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, his territories were transformed into a Roman province."}, {"id": "Q298636", "label": "Agrippa I", "section": "lead", "says": "The last notable Herodian ruler with some level of independence was King Herod Agrippa I."}, {"id": "Q313419", "label": "Agrippa II", "section": "lead", "says": "Later Herodians, Herod of Chalcis, Aristobulus of Chalcis and Agrippa II, reigned over territories outside of Judea with the title of king but as Roman clients."}], "Q16630263": [{"id": "Q733897", "label": "Old Babylonian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kassite dynasty, also known as the third Babylonian dynasty, was a line of kings of Kassite origin who ruled from the city of Babylon in the latter half of the second millennium BC, ruling the kingdom of Babylon between 1595 and 1155 BC, following the first Babylonian dynasty (Old Babylonian Empire; 1894-1595 BC)."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kassites (kaššû in Mesopotamian and possibly the Kossaioi of later Greek sources) were a people whose origins are unknown, although it has been suggested that they originated in the Zagros Mountains."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "Political history - Origins and conquest of Babylonia", "says": "In 1595 BC, Samsi-Ditana, king of Babylon, was defeated by Mursili I, king of the Hittites, who seized the statue of Marduk kept in the Esagila, the great temple of the city of Babylon, which he took with him."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "Political history - Origins and conquest of Babylonia", "says": "In 1595 BC, Samsi-Ditana, king of Babylon, was defeated by Mursili I, king of the Hittites, who seized the statue of Marduk kept in the Esagila, the great temple of the city of Babylon, which he took with him."}, {"id": "Q398605", "label": "Agum II", "section": "Political history - Origins and conquest of Babylonia", "says": "According to the Babylonian royal list, Agum II would have taken over Babylon after the city was sacked by the Hittites."}, {"id": "Q2388004", "label": "Ulamburiash", "section": "Political history - Origins and conquest of Babylonia", "says": "This dynasty had as its rival that of the Sea Country, located south of Babylon around the cities of Uruk, Ur and Larsa, which was defeated in the early 15th century BC by the Kassite sovereigns Ulamburiash and Agum III."}, {"id": "Q398609", "label": "Agum III", "section": "Political history - Origins and conquest of Babylonia", "says": "This dynasty had as its rival that of the Sea Country, located south of Babylon around the cities of Uruk, Ur and Larsa, which was defeated in the early 15th century BC by the Kassite sovereigns Ulamburiash and Agum III."}, {"id": "Q81794", "label": "Akhenaten", "section": "Political history - Diplomatic relations", "says": "1359-1333 BC) married one of his daughters to the pharaoh Akhenaten (3rd quarter of the 14th century BC) and another to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma II, while he himself espoused the daughter of the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I."}, {"id": "Q299468", "label": "Ashur-uballit I", "section": "Political history - Diplomatic relations", "says": "1359-1333 BC) married one of his daughters to the pharaoh Akhenaten (3rd quarter of the 14th century BC) and another to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma II, while he himself espoused the daughter of the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I."}, {"id": "Q707687", "label": "Burna-Buriash II", "section": "Political history - Conflicts with Assyria and Elam", "says": "Burna-Buriash II (r. ca."}, {"id": "Q521577", "label": "Kurigalzu II", "section": "Political history - Conflicts with Assyria and Elam", "says": "Ashur-uballit reacted to his grandson's murder and invaded Babylon to put his other grandson, Kurigalzu II (r."}, {"id": "Q374590", "label": "Enlil-nirari", "section": "Political history - Conflicts with Assyria and Elam", "says": "The latter kept his allegiance to his grandfather until he died, but provoked the next Assyrian king Enlil-nirari, which led to a series of conflicts that lasted for over a century and culminated in the confrontation between Kashtiliash IV (r."}, {"id": "Q736190", "label": "Kashtiliash IV", "section": "Political history - Conflicts with Assyria and Elam", "says": "The latter kept his allegiance to his grandfather until he died, but provoked the next Assyrian king Enlil-nirari, which led to a series of conflicts that lasted for over a century and culminated in the confrontation between Kashtiliash IV (r."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "Political history - Conflicts with Assyria and Elam", "says": "1232-1225 BC) of Babylon and Tukulti-Ninurta I (r. ca."}, {"id": "Q392729", "label": "Shutruk-Nahhunte", "section": "Political history - Conflicts with Assyria and Elam", "says": "Shortly after the end of these conflicts, the Elamite armies entered Mesopotamia, commanded by their king Shutruk-Nakhunte (r."}, {"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "Political history - Fall of the dynasty", "says": "Among the looted pieces were several statues and stelae, such as that of the victory of Naram-Sim of Akkad or the Code of Hammurabi, as well as other stelae from various eras, including kassite kudurrus."}], "Q1678784": [{"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Modern history (Princely state of Jaisalmer)", "says": "Maharawal Ranjit Singh and Bairi Sal Singh attempted to turn around the economic decline but the dramatic reduction in trade impoverished the kingdom."}], "Q1759249": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Real Audiencia of Quito (sometimes referred to as la Presidencia de Quito or el Reino de Quito) was an administrative unit in the Spanish Empire which had political, military, and religious jurisdiction over territories that today include Ecuador, parts of northern Peru, parts of southern Colombia and parts of northern Brazil."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Real Audiencia of Quito (sometimes referred to as la Presidencia de Quito or el Reino de Quito) was an administrative unit in the Spanish Empire which had political, military, and religious jurisdiction over territories that today include Ecuador, parts of northern Peru, parts of southern Colombia and parts of northern Brazil."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created by Royal Decree on 29 August 1563 by Philip II of Spain in the city of Guadalajara."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It ended in 1822 with the incorporation of the area into the Republic of Gran Colombia."}], "Q1897800": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Wahidi Balhaf (Arabic: واحدي بالحاف Wāḥidī Bālḥāf), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf in Hadhramaut (Arabic: سلطنة الواحدي  في بالحافSalṭanat al-Wāḥidī Bālḥāf AlḤaḍramiyah), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was previously part of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and then of its successor, the Federation of South Arabia when it was known simply as Wahidi."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and is now part of the Republic of Yemen."}], "Q2122499": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Surakarta Sunanate (Javanese: ꦟꦒꦫꦶꦑꦱꦸꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀, romanized: Nagari Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat; Indonesian: Kesunanan Surakarta) is a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of Surakarta, in the province of Central Java, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q1903767", "label": "Pakubuwono II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Surakarta Kraton was established in 1745 by Pakubuwono II."}, {"id": "Q2114397", "label": "Yogyakarta Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta Sultanate are together the successors of Mataram Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta Sultanate are together the successors of Mataram Sultanate."}], "Q2166417": [{"id": "Q536326", "label": "Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1045, Count Ramon Berenguer I of Barcelona forced the brothers to pay tribute (parias) in return for his not attacking them."}, {"id": "Q344802", "label": "Sancho Ramírez", "section": "lead", "says": "The ṭāʾifa of Lérida, as the northeasternmost of the states to come out of the division of 1081, bore the brunt of the conflict with Sancho Ramírez, king of Aragon, and his son, Peter, king of Sobrarbe, who steadily advanced down the valley of the Cinca."}, {"id": "Q367001", "label": "Ramon Berenguer III", "section": "lead", "says": "Under al-Mundhir and his son, Lérida paid tribute to Count Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Count Ermengol V of Urgell."}, {"id": "Q2862206", "label": "Ermengol V, Count of Urgell", "section": "lead", "says": "Under al-Mundhir and his son, Lérida paid tribute to Count Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Count Ermengol V of Urgell."}], "Q2249661": [{"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed from areas of the New Kingdom of Granada, roughly corresponding to the territory of modern-day Colombia."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed from areas of the New Kingdom of Granada, roughly corresponding to the territory of modern-day Colombia."}], "Q227007": [{"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "King Wu of Zhou granted Cao Xia (曹挾) control of the small state of Zhu as a vassal ruler under the State of Lu with the feudal title Viscount (子), but later holding the title Duke of Zhu (邾公)."}], "Q2485209": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Beihan or Bayhan (Arabic: بيحان Bayḥān), officially the Emirate of Beihan (Arabic: إمارة بيحان Imārat Bayḥān), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate and the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Beihan or Bayhan (Arabic: بيحان Bayḥān), officially the Emirate of Beihan (Arabic: إمارة بيحان Imārat Bayḥān), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate and the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and is now part of the Republic of Yemen."}], "Q2501055": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the battle of Malazgirt in 1071, the victorious Turkoman tribes led by ghazi warriors began to settle in territory formerly belonging to the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Great Seljuk Empire conquered the city of Bitlis the city was given to Mehmet as an iqta i.e., nonheritable property in 1085."}, {"id": "Q622184", "label": "Battle of Ager Sanguinis", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early years of his reign, Togan Arslan accepted the suzerainty of Artukids and together with Artukids, participated in a number of military operations against Crusaders, the most important being Battle of Ager Sanguinis in 1119 where Roger of Salerno lost his life."}, {"id": "Q550310", "label": "Roger of Salerno", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early years of his reign, Togan Arslan accepted the suzerainty of Artukids and together with Artukids, participated in a number of military operations against Crusaders, the most important being Battle of Ager Sanguinis in 1119 where Roger of Salerno lost his life."}], "Q2526751": [{"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "lead", "says": "At its greatest extent, the borders of Dál nAraidi roughly matched those of County Antrim, and they seemed to occupy the same area as the earlier Robogdii of Ptolemy's Geography, a region shared with Dál Riata."}], "Q262034": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Greater Hesse (German: Groß-Hessen) was the provisional name given for a section of German territory created by the United States military administration in at the end of World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Greater Hesse (German: Groß-Hessen) was the provisional name given for a section of German territory created by the United States military administration in at the end of World War II."}], "Q2625228": [{"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1815 to 1820 it tried to establish a confederal organization for the State that was emerging from the May Revolution in the war of independence against the Spanish Empire in part of what is now Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1815 to 1820 it tried to establish a confederal organization for the State that was emerging from the May Revolution in the war of independence against the Spanish Empire in part of what is now Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1815 to 1820 it tried to establish a confederal organization for the State that was emerging from the May Revolution in the war of independence against the Spanish Empire in part of what is now Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded and led by José Gervasio Artigas, it proclaimed independence from the Spanish Crown in 1815 and sent provincial delegates to the Congress of Tucumán with instructions regarding the nonnegotiable objective of declaring full independence for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and establishing a confederation of provinces, all of them on equal footing and the government of each being"}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded and led by José Gervasio Artigas, it proclaimed independence from the Spanish Crown in 1815 and sent provincial delegates to the Congress of Tucumán with instructions regarding the nonnegotiable objective of declaring full independence for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and establishing a confederation of provinces, all of them on equal footing and the government of each being"}, {"id": "Q2483428", "label": "Estanislao López", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1820, the federalist governors of Santa Fe and Entre Ríos provinces, Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez, defeated a diminished Directorial army, ending the centralized government of the United Provinces and establishing a federal agreement with Buenos Aires Province."}, {"id": "Q903779", "label": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "section": "lead", "says": "The league was dissolved after its constituent provinces rejoined the United Provinces, now under a federal provisional organisation, and after the invasion of the Banda Oriental by the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and the defeat of Artigas."}, {"id": "Q2889112", "label": "Battle of Las Piedras", "section": "History - José Gervasio Artigas", "says": "At the beginning of April he returned to his country with approximately 180 men provided by the Government of Buenos Aires; on April 11, he issued the Mercedes Proclamation, assumed control of the revolution and on May 18 defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Las Piedras."}, {"id": "Q315507", "label": "Manuel Belgrano", "section": "History - José Gervasio Artigas", "says": "In this Congress Artigas ratified the use of the flag created by Manuel Belgrano  (which would later become the flag of the Argentine Republic), but added a diagonal festoon in red, red being the sign of federalism in Argentina at that time."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "The constant growth of influence and prestige of the Federal League frightened Buenos Aires (due to its federalism) and Portugal (because of its republicanism), and in August, 1816 the latter invaded the Eastern Province with the intention of destroying the protector Artigas and his revolution."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Downfall", "says": "Artigas withdrew to Paraguay, where he settled as an exile until his death."}], "Q2668584": [{"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed for two distinct periods: first from 1013 to 1066 when it was conquered by the Taifa of Seville, and secondly from around 1143 to 1150 when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed for two distinct periods: first from 1013 to 1066 when it was conquered by the Taifa of Seville, and secondly from around 1143 to 1150 when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}], "Q27260": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Unar bin Babinah in 1351 after defeating Hamir (the last Soomra Emir) and declaring independence from the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "Origin", "says": "It is known from Ibn Battuta that in 1333 the Sammas were in rebellion, led by Jam Tamachi."}, {"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "Origin", "says": "The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat, under the protection of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the sultan of Delhi."}, {"id": "Q455442", "label": "Firuz Shah Tughlaq", "section": "Origin", "says": "The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender."}, {"id": "Q3389106", "label": "Pir Muhammad", "section": "History - Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar", "says": "About this time, Mirza Pir Muhammad one of Amir Timur’s grandsons came to Multan and conquered that town and Uch."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar", "says": "Mirzá Pír Muhammad soon went to Delhi, which place he took and where he was crowned as king."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Jam Nizamuddin II", "says": "His capital was at Thatta in modern Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q16849387", "label": "Jam Nizamuddin II", "section": "History - Jam Nizamuddin II", "says": "The Samma Sultanate reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age."}], "Q2841472": [{"id": "Q243590", "label": "Second Anglo-Sikh war", "section": "lead", "says": "Amb came under the British suzerainty after the Second Anglo-Sikh War, with Mir Jehandad Khan providing much assistance to the East India Company against the Sikhs."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Amb Nawabs also provided military services to the British Empire in the Second Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q233507", "label": "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Amb Nawabs also provided military services to the British Empire in the Second Anglo-Afghan War."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Muhammad Farid Khan, the Nawab of Amb, acceded to Pakistan after the independence in December 1947."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Amb continued to exist as a princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into the West Pakistan (now part of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Nawab Khan Tanoli", "says": "During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "History - Nawab Khan Tanoli", "says": "During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory."}, {"id": "Q3631373", "label": "Hari Singh Nalwa", "section": "History - Painda Khan Tanoli", "says": "Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship."}, {"id": "Q160554", "label": "Mohammad Ali Jinnah", "section": "History - Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli", "says": "Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli had good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan."}, {"id": "Q134068", "label": "Nawaz Sharif", "section": "History - Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli", "says": "He holds the record as the youngest parliamentarian ever elected to the Pakistan National Assembly, and then went on to be elected five times to the Pakistan National Assembly (from 1985 to 1997), a feat achieved by only seven other Pakistani parliamentarians, including the former Pakistani prime minister, Nawaz Sharif."}], "Q3446205": [{"id": "Q3066500", "label": "Thihathu", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by three brothers—Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu from Myinsaing— and was one of many small kingdoms that emerged following the collapse of the Pagan Empire in 1287."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - First Mongol invasions (1277–1287)", "says": "The beginning of the end of Pagan came in 1277 when the Mongol Empire first invaded northernmost Pagan territories (present-day Dehong and Baoshan prefectures, Yunnan)."}, {"id": "Q574724", "label": "Narathihapate", "section": "History - First Mongol invasions (1277–1287)", "says": "King Narathihapate fled to Lower Burma."}, {"id": "Q8468", "label": "Temür Khan", "section": "History - Takeover (1297)", "says": "On 20 March 1297, Emperor Temür Khan recognised Kyawswa as King of Burma, and conferred titles on the brothers as Kyawswa's subordinates."}, {"id": "Q950771", "label": "Saw Yun", "section": "History - Dry Zone power", "says": "In 1315, Thihathu's eldest biological son Saw Yun set up a rival base in Sagaing."}, {"id": "Q3446223", "label": "Sagaing Kingdom", "section": "History - Dry Zone power", "says": "By 1317, Saw Yun had survived two attacks by his father's forces, and the central Dry Zone was again divided: the Sagaing Kingdom in the north and the Pinya Kingdom in the south."}, {"id": "Q3446213", "label": "Pinya Kingdom", "section": "History - Dry Zone power", "says": "By 1317, Saw Yun had survived two attacks by his father's forces, and the central Dry Zone was again divided: the Sagaing Kingdom in the north and the Pinya Kingdom in the south."}], "Q3535839": [{"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sangama dynasty was a dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire founded in the 14th century by two brothers: Harihara I (also called Vira Harihara or Hakka Raya) and Bukka Raya I."}, {"id": "Q2726068", "label": "Harihara I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sangama dynasty was a dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire founded in the 14th century by two brothers: Harihara I (also called Vira Harihara or Hakka Raya) and Bukka Raya I."}], "Q3653113": [{"id": "Q2622868", "label": "Bagratid Armenia", "section": "lead", "says": "Kingdom of Syunik disappeared later than all other Armenian kingdoms in Greater Armenia (Kingdom of Vaspurakan, Kingdom of Vanand, Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget, Bagratid Armenia)."}], "Q378004": [{"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Forêts (French: [fɔ.ʁɛ]) was a department of the French First Republic, and later the First French Empire, in present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Forêts (French: [fɔ.ʁɛ]) was a department of the French First Republic, and later the First French Empire, in present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Forêts (French: [fɔ.ʁɛ]) was a department of the French First Republic, and later the First French Empire, in present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed on 24 October 1795, after the Austrian Netherlands had been annexed by France on 1 October."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "Before annexation, the territory was part of the Duchy of Luxembourg and small parts of the Duchy of Bouillon."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, most of Forêts became part of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (in a personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands); the part on the east side of the rivers Our and Sauer became part of the Prussian Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, which was succeeded by the Rhine Province in 1822."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, most of Forêts became part of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (in a personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands); the part on the east side of the rivers Our and Sauer became part of the Prussian Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, which was succeeded by the Rhine Province in 1822."}, {"id": "Q223933", "label": "Belgian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Luxembourg was partitioned following the Belgian Revolution, with the western part becoming the Belgian Province of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Prussia established the German Empire in 1871, the precursor to modern Germany."}], "Q3780537": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gaza Empire, also called the Gaza Kingdom (1824–1897) was an African empire established by Soshangane and was located in southeastern Africa in the area of southern Mozambique and southeastern Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gaza Empire, also called the Gaza Kingdom (1824–1897) was an African empire established by Soshangane and was located in southeastern Africa in the area of southern Mozambique and southeastern Zimbabwe."}], "Q3932084": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Tambapaṇṇī (Sinhala: තම්බපණ්ණිය රාජධානිය, romanized: Tambapaṇṇī Rājadhāniya) was the first Sinhalese kingdom in Sri Lanka."}], "Q4250299": [{"id": "Q23681", "label": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration (Turkish: Otonom Kıbrıs Türk Yönetimi) was the name of a de facto administration established by the Turkish Cypriots in present-day Northern Cyprus immediately after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974."}], "Q425405": [{"id": "Q36359", "label": "Hammurabi", "section": "History - The Hanaeans", "says": "An independent kingdom under the leadership of Mari, the kingdom fell to Babylon when Hammurabi destroyed Mari."}, {"id": "Q203969", "label": "Zimri–lim", "section": "History - The Hanaeans", "says": "Under Zimri-Lim of Mari, Hana was part of the Kingdom of Mari."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "History - 1st Kingdom of Hana", "says": "Mursili I of the Hittites marched from Hattusa through the Euphrates valley and Sacked Babylon around 1595 BC."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - 1st Kingdom of Hana", "says": "Mursili I of the Hittites marched from Hattusa through the Euphrates valley and Sacked Babylon around 1595 BC."}, {"id": "Q398605", "label": "Agum II", "section": "History - 1st Kingdom of Hana", "says": "In an anecdote, the Kassite ruler Agum II of Babylon brought back from Hana the Statue of Marduk."}], "Q4401247": [{"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 16th century, it was already an important trading center, with extensive political ties with the Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with traders from the Ming dynasty."}, {"id": "Q887940", "label": "Rajah Sulayman", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1570, Maynila was under the rule of two paramount rulers (the more senior Rajah Matanda and the younger Rajah Sulayman), who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers (\"datu\") under them."}, {"id": "Q377799", "label": "Martin de Goiti", "section": "lead", "says": "This was the political situation encountered by Martin de Goiti when he attacked Maynila in May of that year."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Prehistory - Tagalog migrations", "says": "The core elements of this Austronesian culture also persisted despite the introductions of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and, later, Christianity."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Establishment through defeat of Rajah Avirjirkaya by Rajah Ahmad of Brunei (c. 1258)", "says": "Henson's genealogical research (later brought up by Majul in 1973, and by Santiago in 1990) a settlement in the Maynila area already existed by the year 1258."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Maynila as Saludang/Selurong", "says": "In the 14th century, according to the epic eulogy poem Nagarakretagama, which was dedicated to Maharaja Hayam Wuruk of the Majapahit, a place called \"Saludang\", also called \"Seludong\" or \"Selurung\" was listed in Canto 14 alongside \"Sulot\"  and \"Kalka\" as its territories."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s)", "says": "During the early 16th century, Portuguese sailors in Malaysia referred to the Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay (\"Lusong\", Portuguese: Luçon) using the demonym Luções (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈsõjʃ], Spanish: Luzones)."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s)", "says": "Surviving primary documents referring to these Luções include the accounts of Fernão Mendes Pinto (1614); Tomé Pires (whose written documents were published in 1944); and the survivors of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, including expedition members Gines de Mafra and Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz and the Italian scholar Antonio Pigafetta who served as the expedition's primary scribe, and published hi"}, {"id": "Q310922", "label": "Antonio Pigafetta", "section": "History - Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s)", "says": "Surviving primary documents referring to these Luções include the accounts of Fernão Mendes Pinto (1614); Tomé Pires (whose written documents were published in 1944); and the survivors of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, including expedition members Gines de Mafra and Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz and the Italian scholar Antonio Pigafetta who served as the expedition's primary scribe, and published hi"}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s)", "says": "They traded with tribes from Borneo and Indonesia, and Filipino historians note that the language of the Luções was one of the 80 different languages spoken in Malacca."}], "Q4412467": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "NWFP), commonly known as Sarhad (lit. 'Frontier'), was a province of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955 and from 1970 to 2010; and prior, a province of British India from its establishment in 1901 to Pakistan's independence in 1947."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established from the north-western districts of British Punjab during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved to form a unified province of West Pakistan in 1955 upon promulgation of One Unit Scheme and was restored in 1970."}, {"id": "Q208270", "label": "Federally Administered Tribal Areas", "section": "lead", "says": "The province covered an area of 70,709 km2 (27,301 sq mi), including much of the current Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province but excluding the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the former princely states of Amb, Chitral, Dir, Phulra and Swat."}, {"id": "Q1138904", "label": "Kingdom of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Afghanistan lay to the northwest, with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas forming a buffer zone between the two."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "This region, along with the 'Frontier Tribal Areas', acted as a buffer zone with Afghanistan."}], "Q4498927": [{"id": "Q80226", "label": "Abbas Mirza", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality has its origins under the Ayyubid dynasty and was ultimately dissolved in 1799 by Abbas Mirza."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Origins and Under the Safavids", "says": "1320) had good relations with Ghazan of the Ilkhanate and supposedly saved the Ilkhanate from destruction."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "History - Origins and Under the Safavids", "says": "The leader of the Donboli tribe before the conquest of the region by the Aq Qoyunlu was Isa Beg."}, {"id": "Q298410", "label": "Tahmasp I", "section": "History - Origins and Under the Safavids", "says": "This event worsened the relations between the principality and Shah Tahmasp I who sent a force to subdue the Kurds and 400 Donboli members were massacred by the Qizilbash."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Origins and Under the Safavids", "says": "The tribe consequently fled to the Ottoman Empire where they united under Mansur Beg, nephew of Haji Beg."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Afsharids and Zands", "says": "When Khoy was captured by Nader Shah from the Ottomans in 1737, the Donboli tribe under Najaf Qoli Khan entered the service of the Shah and also accompanied him in his military campaigns to India, Georgia and Dagestan."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "History - Afsharids and Zands", "says": "Jones-Brydges adds that Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar wished to 'reduce Azerbaijan' and therefore gave his ally Hosayn Qoli Donboli the possession of Tabriz Khanate in 1791."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Decline and Fall", "says": "He was able to take over much of Azerbaijan and besieged Qazvin."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "History - Decline and Fall", "says": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar heard of the news in Dh'ul Qadah 1212 (April–May 1798) and made a farman to discourage the elites of Tabriz from supporting the alliance."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Decline and Fall", "says": "Later he switched alliances to the Russian Empire and was given Shaki Khanate in 1806."}, {"id": "Q1703449", "label": "Shaki Khanate", "section": "History - Decline and Fall", "says": "Later he switched alliances to the Russian Empire and was given Shaki Khanate in 1806."}, {"id": "Q48803703", "label": "Siege of Erivan", "section": "History - Decline and Fall", "says": "Jafar Qoli Khan had taken part in the Siege of Erivan in 1804 on the Russian side and received a dagger as a gift which he sought to erect in Khoy."}], "Q4765854": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms \"Siamese Shan States\" and \"Chinese Shan States\" were also used to refer to the Tai principalities in northern Thailand and southern Yunnan, which instead came under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Siam or Qing dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2308237", "label": "Ahom Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "These were part of the larger Tai migration that founded the Ahom Kingdom in 1229 and the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1253."}, {"id": "Q863279", "label": "Sukhothai Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "These were part of the larger Tai migration that founded the Ahom Kingdom in 1229 and the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1253."}, {"id": "Q2166619", "label": "Mong Mao", "section": "lead", "says": "Möng Mao ended the kingdoms of Sagaing and Pinya in 1364."}, {"id": "Q2500952", "label": "Ava Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The rulers of Möng Mao moved to Möng Yang, and in 1527 they led the Confederation of Shan States which captured the Ava Kingdom and ruled Upper Burma until 1555."}, {"id": "Q7233551", "label": "Union of Burma (1948–1962)", "section": "lead", "says": "When Burma gained independence in 1948, the Federated Shan States became Shan State while the southern portion became Kayah State within the Union of Burma with the right to secede from the Union."}, {"id": "Q888574", "label": "Pagan kingdom", "section": "History - Pagan dynasty period", "says": "The historical relevance of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma increased during the period of the Pagan Kingdom in the Shan Hills and Kachin Hills and accelerated after the fall of the Pagan Kingdom to the Yuan dynasty in 1287."}, {"id": "Q3524796", "label": "Thohanbwa", "section": "History - Confederation of Shan States", "says": "The Confederation finally defeated Ava in 1527, and placed Sawlon's eldest son Thohanbwa on the Ava throne."}, {"id": "Q13576027", "label": "Prome Kingdom", "section": "History - Confederation of Shan States", "says": "The enlarged Confederation extended its authority down to Prome (Pyay) in 1533 by defeating their erstwhile ally Prome Kingdom because Sawlon felt that Prome did not provide sufficient help in their war against Ava."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "History - Confederation of Shan States", "says": "Bayinnaung captured Ava in 1555 and conquered all of Shan States in a series of military campaigns from 1556 to 1557."}], "Q5088561": [{"id": "Q5324", "label": "Gurjara-Pratihara", "section": "History - Jayaśekhara", "says": "In the seventh century, not Chaulukyas but Gurjara-Pratihara and Pala kings flourished in Kanauj."}], "Q5675285": [{"id": "Q48373", "label": "David Livingstone", "section": "lead", "says": "Its position on trade routes in a well-watered, relatively fertile and well-populated area of forestry, fishery and agricultural resources drew expeditions by traders and explorers (such as Scottish missionary David Livingstone) who called it variously Kasembe, Cazembe and Casembe."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Portuguese expeditions", "says": "In addition to trading with the interior, the Portuguese hoped to establish a route through it connecting their territories of Angola in the west and Mozambique in the east."}, {"id": "Q5505", "label": "Lake Victoria", "section": "History - David Livingstone's visit", "says": "In 1867 the explorer and missionary David Livingstone embarked on his last expedition in Africa, one aim of which was to discover the southern extent of the Nile basin (i.e. resolving whether Lake Victoria truly was the source of the Nile or whether some other lake further south was the source)."}, {"id": "Q431731", "label": "Tanganyika", "section": "History - David Livingstone's visit", "says": "From 'Nyasaland' (Malawi) and past the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika, through country ravaged by the slave trade, he reached the northeastern shore of Lake Mweru."}, {"id": "Q673169", "label": "Lake Bangweulu", "section": "History - David Livingstone's visit", "says": "The next year he again visited Mwata, who was the first to tell him that the Chambeshi, Lake Bangweulu, the Luapula, Lake Mweru and the Luvua-Lualaba were all one system."}, {"id": "Q3321385", "label": "Yeke Kingdom", "section": "History - Arab and Swahili traders", "says": "With the help of the bayeke, Msiri rebelled against the chief of Garanganza and established the Yeke Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q217169", "label": "Rhodesia", "section": "History - Division between British and Belgian territories", "says": "After Msiri's death, the Luapula valley was divided in 1894 between Britain – the eastern shores of the Luapula and Lake Mweru became part of North-Eastern Rhodesia, administered by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) – and King Leopold II of Belgium's misnamed Congo Free State (CFS), or rather its agent, the Compagnie du Katanga, which took over the western shores."}, {"id": "Q304409", "label": "Leopold II", "section": "History - Division between British and Belgian territories", "says": "After Msiri's death, the Luapula valley was divided in 1894 between Britain – the eastern shores of the Luapula and Lake Mweru became part of North-Eastern Rhodesia, administered by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) – and King Leopold II of Belgium's misnamed Congo Free State (CFS), or rather its agent, the Compagnie du Katanga, which took over the western shores."}, {"id": "Q213510", "label": "Belgian Congo", "section": "History - Modernising the kingdom", "says": "The Belgian Congo copper-mining town of Elisabethville developed faster than the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt."}], "Q568471": [{"id": "Q684501", "label": "Duchy of Głogów", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1274 from the western part of the Duchy of Głogów and existed under Piast rule until 1304, then again from 1322 to 1394 and from 1413 to 1472."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "In 1309 Henry III of Głogów was followed by his eldest son Henry IV the Faithful, who in 1321 divided the duchy again between him and his younger brothers."}, {"id": "Q155167", "label": "John of Bohemia", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "In 1329 all sons of Henry III of Głogów became vassals of King John of Bohemia - with the exception of Przemko II who died suddenly two years later."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "When in 1393 Henry VI the Elder, grandson of Henry IV died without issue, the estates were again re-unified with Głogów until in 1412 Jan I, the eldest son of Duke Henry VIII the Sparrow became the sole ruler of the Żagań duchy."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "When in 1393 Henry VI the Elder, grandson of Henry IV died without issue, the estates were again re-unified with Głogów until in 1412 Jan I, the eldest son of Duke Henry VIII the Sparrow became the sole ruler of the Żagań duchy."}, {"id": "Q188634", "label": "Matthias Corvinus", "section": "History - Piast rule", "says": "After a fierce battle for the inheritance, in 1472 his son Jan II the Mad finally sold it to the Saxon duke Albert III the Bold with the consent of the Bohemian king Matthias Corvinus, thus ending the centuries-long Piast rule."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "The Albertine and Ernestine branches came to a rupture when in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546–47 Duke Maurice of Saxony fought against his cousin John Frederick I, who by the Capitulation of Wittenberg had to renounce his claims to Żagań."}, {"id": "Q317710", "label": "Maurice of Saxony", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "The Albertine and Ernestine branches came to a rupture when in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546–47 Duke Maurice of Saxony fought against his cousin John Frederick I, who by the Capitulation of Wittenberg had to renounce his claims to Żagań."}, {"id": "Q506182", "label": "John Frederick I", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "The Albertine and Ernestine branches came to a rupture when in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546–47 Duke Maurice of Saxony fought against his cousin John Frederick I, who by the Capitulation of Wittenberg had to renounce his claims to Żagań."}, {"id": "Q153545", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "As a Bohemian fief, Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg in 1627 allotted Żagań to Albrecht von Wallenstein, then Duke of Frýdlant, Imperial generalissimo in the Thirty Years' War, who hosted his astrologer Johannes Kepler here."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "As a Bohemian fief, Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg in 1627 allotted Żagań to Albrecht von Wallenstein, then Duke of Frýdlant, Imperial generalissimo in the Thirty Years' War, who hosted his astrologer Johannes Kepler here."}, {"id": "Q8963", "label": "Johannes Kepler", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "As a Bohemian fief, Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg in 1627 allotted Żagań to Albrecht von Wallenstein, then Duke of Frýdlant, Imperial generalissimo in the Thirty Years' War, who hosted his astrologer Johannes Kepler here."}, {"id": "Q33550", "label": "Frederick II of Prussia", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "King Frederick II of Prussia conquered Żagań in the course of the First Silesian War, after which by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau it fell to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q559181", "label": "First Silesian War", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "King Frederick II of Prussia conquered Żagań in the course of the First Silesian War, after which by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau it fell to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q700160", "label": "Treaty of Breslau", "section": "History - Wettin and Lobkowicz rule", "says": "King Frederick II of Prussia conquered Żagań in the course of the First Silesian War, after which by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau it fell to Prussia."}, {"id": "Q57180", "label": "Frederick William IV of Prussia", "section": "History - Prussia", "says": "Dorothea came to pass her retirement years at Żagań; a patent of King Frederick William IV of Prussia on 6 January 1845 invested her as Duchess of Sagan and Napoleon III recognized the title in France, in favor of her son Napoleon Louis."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Prussia", "says": "Dorothea came to pass her retirement years at Żagań; a patent of King Frederick William IV of Prussia on 6 January 1845 invested her as Duchess of Sagan and Napoleon III recognized the title in France, in favor of her son Napoleon Louis."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Prussia", "says": "The double title, both Prussian and French, served to render the duc de Sagan a neutral party in World War II: his Château de Valençay provided a safe haven for treasures of the Louvre during the German occupation of France."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "History - Prussia", "says": "With the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line in 1945 the Żagań territory became again part of Poland, with the exception of the strip of land on the western bank of the Neisse river, which became part of East Germany; today this territory belongs to the German municipality of Krauschwitz."}], "Q572222": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Horne (also Horn, Hoorn or Hoorne) is a small historic county of the Holy Roman Empire in the present-day Netherlands and Belgium."}], "Q6368814": [{"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - British era", "says": "The state under the rule of Maharaja Sir Ganesh Pal Dev along with the neighbouring states of Alwar, Bharatpur, and Dholpur acceded to the Dominion of India on 4 August 1947 to form Matsya Union."}], "Q6415938": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Dhala or Dhali` (Arabic: الضالع aḍ-Ḍāliʿ), Amiri (Arabic: الأميري al-Amīrī), or the Emirate of Dhala (Arabic: إمارة الضالع Imārat aḍ-Ḍāliʿ) was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Dhala or Dhali` (Arabic: الضالع aḍ-Ḍāliʿ), Amiri (Arabic: الأميري al-Amīrī), or the Emirate of Dhala (Arabic: إمارة الضالع Imārat aḍ-Ḍāliʿ) was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Emirs", "says": "Musa`id ibn al-Hasan al-`Amiri\n.... - Jan 1872            Shafa`ul ibn `Abd al-Hadi al-`Amiri\nApr 1872 - 1873            `Ali ibn Muqbil al-`Amiri (1st time)\n1873 -  Dec 1873           Muhammad ibn Musa`id al-`Amiri\nJan 1874 - Apr 1874        `Ali ibn Muqbil al-`Amiri (2nd time)\nApr 1874 - Mar 1878        `Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-`Amiri\nMar 1878 - 10 Sep 1886     `Ali ibn Muqbil al-`Amiri (2nd t"}], "Q650645": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Minden (German: Fürstbistum Minden; Bistum Minden; Hochstift Minden; Stift Minden) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was progressively secularized following the Protestant Reformation when it came under the rule of Protestant rulers, and by the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 given to Brandenburg as the Principality of Minden."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "In the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation was starting to take hold in the state, under the influence of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "Minden was occupied by Sweden in the Thirty Years' War, and secularized."}, {"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 gave it to the Margraviate of Brandenburg as the Principality of Minden (German: Fürstentum Minden)."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "After 1719 Minden was administered by Brandenburg-Prussia together with the adjacent County of Ravensberg as Minden-Ravensberg."}, {"id": "Q573290", "label": "County of Ravensberg", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "After 1719 Minden was administered by Brandenburg-Prussia together with the adjacent County of Ravensberg as Minden-Ravensberg."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "In 1807, it became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q168651", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "It was bordered by (clockwise from the north): an exclave of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), the Electorate of Hanover, the County of Schaumburg-Lippe, another exclave of Hesse-Kassel, the Principality of Lippe, the County of Ravensberg, and the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "It was bordered by (clockwise from the north): an exclave of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), the Electorate of Hanover, the County of Schaumburg-Lippe, another exclave of Hesse-Kassel, the Principality of Lippe, the County of Ravensberg, and the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück."}, {"id": "Q310650", "label": "Schaumburg-Lippe", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "It was bordered by (clockwise from the north): an exclave of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), the Electorate of Hanover, the County of Schaumburg-Lippe, another exclave of Hesse-Kassel, the Principality of Lippe, the County of Ravensberg, and the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück."}, {"id": "Q14551680", "label": "Principality of Lippe", "section": "History - Transition to a secular principality", "says": "It was bordered by (clockwise from the north): an exclave of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), the Electorate of Hanover, the County of Schaumburg-Lippe, another exclave of Hesse-Kassel, the Principality of Lippe, the County of Ravensberg, and the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück."}], "Q6680233": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although theoretically a vassal of the Byzantine Empire, the Zaccaria ruled the island as a practically independent domain from its capture in 1304 until the Greek-Byzantines recovered it, with the support of the local Greek population, in 1329."}, {"id": "Q6753657", "label": "Maona of Chios and Phocaea", "section": "lead", "says": "The island would return to Genoese control in 1346 under the Maona of Chios and Phocaea."}], "Q668415": [{"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Before company rule", "says": "Shah Jahan placed the former raja's brother on the throne in 1641."}], "Q727118": [{"id": "Q507796", "label": "Gujarat Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Muzaffarid dynasty, also called the Muzaffarids, and sometimes, the Ahmedabad dynasty or the Ahmad Shahis, ruled the Gujarat Sultanate in western India from 1391 to 1583."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the dynasty was Zafar Khan  (later Muzaffar Shah I) who was governor of Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q2723071", "label": "Ahmed Shah I", "section": "lead", "says": "His grandson, Ahmad Shah I established the capital at Ahmedabad."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty ruled for almost 200 years, until the conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal Empire in 1572."}], "Q729540": [{"id": "Q1638408", "label": "Rinpungpa", "section": "lead", "says": "The regime was founded by Karma Tseten, a low-born retainer of the prince of the Rinpungpa dynasty and governor of Samdrubtsé (also called Shigatse) in Tsang (West-Central Tibet) since 1548."}], "Q758709": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Audhali (Arabic: العوذلي al-‘Awdhalī or العواذل al-‘Awādhal), or the Audhali Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة العوذلي Salṭanat al-‘Awdhalī), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a founding member of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South in 1959 and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia, in 1963."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Sultans", "says": "c.1750 - 1780              Salih al-`Awdhali Ibn al-Awsaji\nc.1780 - 1820              Ja`bil ibn Salih al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji\nc.1820 - 1870              Ahmad ibn Salih al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji\n1870 - 1890                Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji\n1890 - 1900                Hamid ibn Ja`bil al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji\n1900 - 3 Sep 1928          al-Qasim ibn Hamid al-`Awdhali ib"}], "Q7735661": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1965 and 1970, the Gambia  was a monarchy that shared its head of state with the United Kingdom and other states headed by Queen Elizabeth II."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1965 and 1970, the Gambia  was a monarchy that shared its head of state with the United Kingdom and other states headed by Queen Elizabeth II."}, {"id": "Q1005", "label": "The Gambia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gambia was given independence from Britain in 1965 under the Gambia Independence Act 1964, which unified the British Crown Colony and Protectorate of the Gambia into an independent sovereign state."}, {"id": "Q312716", "label": "Dawda Kairaba Jawara", "section": "lead", "says": "Sir Dawda Jawara, the prime minister (and head of government) from 1965, became the first president of the Gambia."}], "Q7886026": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "During the French Revolutionary Wars, the revolutionary armies marched eastward, enveloping Switzerland in their battles against Austria."}, {"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1798, Switzerland was completely overrun by the French and was renamed the Helvetic Republic."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Congress of Vienna of 1815 fully re-established Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality."}, {"id": "Q248743", "label": "Züriputsch", "section": "lead", "says": "The Restoration, the time leading up to the Sonderbundskrieg, was marked with turmoil, and the rural population struggling against the yoke of the urban centres, for example in the Züriputsch of 1839."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "Fall of the Ancien Régime", "says": "During the last years of the Ancien Régime, the growing conflicts throughout the Confederation (aristocratic cities against peasant farmers, Protestant against Catholic, and canton against canton) had weakened and distracted the Diet."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Fall of the Ancien Régime", "says": "In Paris, the Helvetian Club, founded in 1790 by several exiled Vaudois and Fribourgers, was the centre from which the ideas of the French Revolution were spread in the western part of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q18817", "label": "War of the First Coalition", "section": "Fall of the Ancien Régime", "says": "However, following the French success in the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) against the aristocratic armies of Prussia and Austria, the time had come for direct action against the aristocratic Ancien Régime in Switzerland."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "Fall of the Ancien Régime", "says": "They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797."}, {"id": "Q116280", "label": "Frédéric-César de La Harpe", "section": "Fall of the Ancien Régime", "says": "On 9 December 1797, Frédéric-César de La Harpe, a member of the Helvetian Club from Vaud, asked France to invade Bern to protect Vaud."}], "Q823862": [{"id": "Q1047069", "label": "Kizzuwatna", "section": "History - Bronze Age", "says": "Adaniya later became part of the kingdom of Kizzuwatna, which was an independent state formed in the 15th century BC out of territories formerly subject to the Hittite Empire, and most of the region which would later become Ḫiyawa was part of Kizzuwatna during the Late Bronze Age."}, {"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "History - Bronze Age Collapse", "says": "The people of Adaniya or the Greeks who would later settle in Cilicia during the early Iron Age were likely identical with the Denyen (𓂧𓐰𓄿𓇋𓈖𓐰𓇋𓐱𓍢𓋔𓄿𓌙𓀀𓐱𓀭𓐰𓏥) who participated in the Sea Peoples' attack on Egypt during the reign of the pharaoh Ramesses III."}, {"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "History - Bronze Age Collapse", "says": "This name belonged to a Greek seer who, according to Greek legendary traditions, lived in the period of the Trojan War and along with Amphilochus migrated to Cilicia and founded several Greek settlements on the southern coasts of Anatolia in the Iron Age."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Kingdom of Ḫiyawa/Adanawa", "says": "In the 9th century BC, Assyria experienced a resurgence in the form of the fledgling Neo-Assyrian Empire, leading to the formation of various military coalitions by the many Neo-Hittite states in reaction to the campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (r."}, {"id": "Q193290", "label": "Ashurnasirpal II", "section": "History - Kingdom of Ḫiyawa/Adanawa", "says": "In the 9th century BC, Assyria experienced a resurgence in the form of the fledgling Neo-Assyrian Empire, leading to the formation of various military coalitions by the many Neo-Hittite states in reaction to the campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (r."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Kingdom of Ḫiyawa/Adanawa", "says": "The campaigns of Ashurnasirpal II's son and successor, Shalmaneser III (r."}, {"id": "Q11909456", "label": "Bit Agusi", "section": "History - Kingdom of Ḫiyawa/Adanawa", "says": "In addition to the coalition forces, the Arab tribe of Yasbuq and the country of Yahan from the Aramaean kingdom of Bit Agusi sent reinforcements to these allied forces."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Ḫiyawaean campaign of Shalmaneser III", "says": "Since the Ḫiyawaean region was less wealthy than the regions of Syria and Palestine from which Shalmaneser III had already obtained rich tribute, and these distant lands which were too far for him to impose any authority upon, the goal of Shalmaneser III's campaign in these regions which Neo-Assyrian armies had never previously invaded was likely to bolster his image as a warrior within his own em"}, {"id": "Q313127", "label": "Adad-nirari III", "section": "History - Late 9th century and early 8th century BC", "says": "Ḫiyawa, along with Pattin, Gurgum, Samʾal and Malizi, might have been among the eight states which had formed a coalition, headed by Attar-sumki I of Arpad, against which the Neo-Assyrian king Adad-nirari III (r."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "727 – 722 BC) and Sargon II (r."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "History - Imposition of Neo-Assyrian governorship", "says": "Another reason for Midas's appeasement of the Neo-Assyrian Empire might also have been an attempt by him to safeguard his kingdom against the Cimmerians, a nomadic Iranic people who had migrated into West Asia from the Eurasian Steppe, and who were starting to attack Phrygia."}, {"id": "Q207140", "label": "Sennacherib", "section": "History - Reconquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "In 696 BC, Sargon II's son and successor, Sennacherib (r."}, {"id": "Q160116", "label": "Alexander III", "section": "History - Reconquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "Sennacherib rebuilt Illubru and Tarsus to maintain Neo-Assyrian control of the Cilician Gates and resettled it, and erected a stela dedicated to the Assyrian national god Aššur at Illubru - which was still visible to Alexander III of Macedonia during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 333 BC - and a statue of himself at Tarsus."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Reconquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "Sennacherib rebuilt Illubru and Tarsus to maintain Neo-Assyrian control of the Cilician Gates and resettled it, and erected a stela dedicated to the Assyrian national god Aššur at Illubru - which was still visible to Alexander III of Macedonia during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 333 BC - and a statue of himself at Tarsus."}, {"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "History - Reconquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "Sennacherib rebuilt Illubru and Tarsus to maintain Neo-Assyrian control of the Cilician Gates and resettled it, and erected a stela dedicated to the Assyrian national god Aššur at Illubru - which was still visible to Alexander III of Macedonia during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 333 BC - and a statue of himself at Tarsus."}, {"id": "Q312425", "label": "Berossus", "section": "History - Reconquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire", "says": "According to records of the later Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus summarised by the Roman historian Eusebius of Caesarea, Ionian Greek pirates also participated in this rebellion, although Sennacherib appears to have failed at subduing them due to their greater mobility."}, {"id": "Q624887", "label": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Annexation by the Neo-Babylonian Empire", "says": "In the early 6th century BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which had succeeded the Neo-Assyrian Empire, campaigned several times into Ḫuwê, that is, into Ḫiyawa."}, {"id": "Q12591", "label": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "section": "History - Annexation by the Neo-Babylonian Empire", "says": "Although there is lacking evidence of Neo-Babylonian control over Ḫuwê, the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (r."}, {"id": "Q379716", "label": "Neriglissar", "section": "History - Annexation by the Neo-Babylonian Empire", "says": "Nebuchadnezzar II's son-in-law, the Neo-Babylonian king Neriglissar (r."}, {"id": "Q239414", "label": "Nabonidus", "section": "History - Annexation by the Neo-Babylonian Empire", "says": "The last Neo-Babylonian king, Nabonidus (r."}], "Q843394": [{"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Tagalog Republic (Filipino: Republikang Tagalog; Spanish: República Tagala)  is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Tagalog Republic (Filipino: Republikang Tagalog; Spanish: República Tagala)  is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War."}, {"id": "Q214456", "label": "Philippine–American War", "section": "lead", "says": "Tagalog Republic (Filipino: Republikang Tagalog; Spanish: República Tagala)  is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War."}], "Q861784": [{"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Origins and early history", "says": "When Ibn Battuta visited the sultanate in the 14th century, he identified the Sultan as being of Barbara origin, an ancient term used to describe the ancestors of the Somali people."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Mogadishu in the accounts of Marco Polo", "says": "In the 13th century, the Sultanate of Mogadishu through its trade with medieval China had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Mogadishu in the accounts of Marco Polo", "says": "Marco Polo, the renowned Venetian merchant, gave a highly detailed account of Mogadishu's society and the affair with Kublai Khan's envoys where they had imprisoned his envoys on the suspicion of spying.It is an Island towards the south, about a thousand miles from Socotra."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - Madagascar and Mogadishu", "says": "A well known hypothesis for the origin of the name of Madagascar is that the name is a corrupted transliteration of Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia and an important medieval port on the Indian Ocean."}, {"id": "Q941383", "label": "Jan Huyghen van Linschoten", "section": "History - Madagascar and Mogadishu", "says": "Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, a Dutch traveler who copied Portuguese works and maps, confirmed this event by saying \"Madagascar got its name from 'makdishu' (Mogadishu) whose \"shayk\" invaded it.\" \nThe legacy of this influence are the Antemoro people whose name derives from the word Temuru which has no grounds of being a Malagasy name."}, {"id": "Q581685", "label": "Yeshaq I", "section": "History - Madagascar and Mogadishu", "says": "A trace of this name was discovered by Enrico Cerulli in the Ethiopian epic song of Emperor Yeshaq I which mentions the Temur in connexion with the Somali."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Mogadishan influence in Sofala", "says": "Sofala is located on the Sofala Bank in Sofala Province of Mozambique."}, {"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "History - Mogadishan influence in Sofala", "says": "The Buzi River connected Sofala to the internal market town of Manica, and from there to the gold fields of Great Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "History - Mogadishan influence in Sofala", "says": "In the 1180s, Sultan Suleiman Hassan of Kilwa (in present-day Tanzania) seized control of Sofala, and brought Sofala into the Kilwa Sultanate and the Swahili cultural sphere."}, {"id": "Q3107156", "label": "Kilwa Sultanate", "section": "History - Mogadishan influence in Sofala", "says": "In the 1180s, Sultan Suleiman Hassan of Kilwa (in present-day Tanzania) seized control of Sofala, and brought Sofala into the Kilwa Sultanate and the Swahili cultural sphere."}, {"id": "Q862532", "label": "Ajuuraan state", "section": "History - Mogadishu's society and Golden Age", "says": "In the early 13th century, Mogadishu along with other coastal and interior Somali cities in southern Somalia and eastern Abyssinia came under the Ajuran Sultanate control and experienced another Golden Age."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "History - Mogadishu's society and Golden Age", "says": "Ibn Khaldun (1332 to 1406) noted in his book that Mogadishu was a massive metropolis."}, {"id": "Q826", "label": "Maldives", "section": "History - Mogadishu's society and Golden Age", "says": "This period gave birth to notable figures such as Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu who was described as the governor and island chief of the Maldives by Ibn Battuta After him is named the Abdul-Aziz Mosque in Mogadishu which has remained there for centuries."}], "Q868222": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Coimbra (Old Galician: Comtato de Coimbra) was a political entity consisting of the lands of Coimbra, Viseu, Lamego and Santa Maria da Feira, in modern Portugal."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Counts of the Christians of Coimbra", "says": "During the Visigothic Kingdom (from the 5th to the early 8th centuries, the County of Coimbra, with its seat in Coimbra (Emínio), was created by King Wittiza (c."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of Asturias", "says": "The County appears within the Kingdom of Asturias after the reconquest of the region, when the lands were granted to Hermenegildo Gutiérrez (878 – 920), who over the next four decades was largely responsible for the resettlement of the depopulated province."}, {"id": "Q342520", "label": "Bermudo II of León", "section": "History - Counts of Coimbra, first creation", "says": "Becoming count around 959, he was one of the most powerful noblemen in the western part of the kingdom until he rose in rebellion against King Bermudo II of León and was probably killed during the region's subjugation."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Counts of Coimbra, first creation", "says": "The degree to which his successors were alienated from their monarch can be seen by the fact that after the region's recapture in 987 by the Moors of Abu Amir Al-Mansur, Gonzalo's sons joined that general in his sack of Santiago de Compostela in 997."}, {"id": "Q296863", "label": "Ferdinand I of León and Castile", "section": "History - Counts of Coimbra, second creation", "says": "The city of Coimbra was permanently secured by the Christians in 1064 after it had been taken by the troops of King Ferdinand I of León, led by the Mozarab Sisnando Davides, who would be named its count."}, {"id": "Q1139807", "label": "County of Portugal", "section": "History - Incorporation into Portugal", "says": "The County of Coimbra ceased to be an independent political entity in 1096 when it was incorporated in the territory of the Second County of Portugal during the latter's restoration under Henry of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q319625", "label": "Henry of Burgundy", "section": "History - Incorporation into Portugal", "says": "The County of Coimbra ceased to be an independent political entity in 1096 when it was incorporated in the territory of the Second County of Portugal during the latter's restoration under Henry of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "History - Incorporation into Portugal", "says": "Subsequently it formed part of the newly-founded Kingdom of Portugal under Henry's son, Afonso I."}, {"id": "Q964618", "label": "Afonso I", "section": "History - Incorporation into Portugal", "says": "Subsequently it formed part of the newly-founded Kingdom of Portugal under Henry's son, Afonso I."}], "Q905131": [{"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Breifne or Bréifne (Irish: [ˈbʲɾʲeːfʲnʲə]), anglicized as Breffny, was a medieval overkingdom in Gaelic Ireland."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Bréifne was part of the province of Connacht until the reign of Queen Elizabeth I."}], "Q922190": [{"id": "Q197276", "label": "Zhang Qian", "section": "History - Han dynasty", "says": "In 126 BCE, the Chinese envoy, Zhang Qian described Loulan as a fortified city near Lop Nur."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Han dynasty", "says": "Because of its position on what became the main routes from China to the West, controlling both the Southern Route between Dunhuang and Khotan, and the main Silk Route from Dunhuang to Korla Kucha and Kashgar during the Former Han and Later Han; control of the kingdom was regularly contested between the Chinese and the Xiongnu."}, {"id": "Q366132", "label": "Ban Chao", "section": "History - Han dynasty", "says": "In 73 AD, the Han army officer Ban Chao went to Shanshan with a small group of followers, which was also receiving a delegation from the Xiongnu."}, {"id": "Q7356", "label": "Emperor Wu of Jin", "section": "History - Jin dynasty to early Tang", "says": "It was recorded that in 283 the son of the king was sent as a hostage to the Chinese court during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "History - Jin dynasty to early Tang", "says": "In the 5th century, the Northern Wei installed a Chinese king in Loulan and called the city the Shanshan Fort."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Jin dynasty to early Tang", "says": "The Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang passed through this region in 644 on his return from India to China, visited a town called Nafubo (納縛波, thought to be Charklik) of the Loulan country, and he also wrote of Qiemo: \"A fortress exists, but not a trace of man\"."}], "Q929357": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Nabha State, with its capital at Nabha, was one of the Phulkian princely states of Punjab during the British Raj in India."}, {"id": "Q1252744", "label": "Jind State", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "Sangrur was the headquarters of the state till it was captured by Jind State."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "The rulers of Nabha supported Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore during his expeditions in the cis-Sutlej region."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "During the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46), due to Raja Davinder Singh’s sympathy with the Sikh Empire, one-fourth of Nabha State's territory, including areas such as Rori pargana and others (such as the estates of Dehraru and Amloh), were confiscated by the British from Nabha."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "During the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46), due to Raja Davinder Singh’s sympathy with the Sikh Empire, one-fourth of Nabha State's territory, including areas such as Rori pargana and others (such as the estates of Dehraru and Amloh), were confiscated by the British from Nabha."}, {"id": "Q917553", "label": "Patiala State", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Some of the annexed territory from the state was given to Patiala State and Faridkot State, while the rest was placed under direct British administration in Punjab Province."}, {"id": "Q1396700", "label": "Faridkot State", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Some of the annexed territory from the state was given to Patiala State and Faridkot State, while the rest was placed under direct British administration in Punjab Province."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Nabha State under Raja Bharpur Singh was loyal to the British during the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and forwarded the British a loan of two and a half lakh rupees."}, {"id": "Q10240", "label": "Dadabhai Naoroji", "section": "History - Colonial period", "says": "Ripudaman had joined the Imperial Legislative Council while still the heir-apparent (tikka) and became influenced by nationalists such as Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji."}], "Q958764": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Karadagh Khanate (Persian: خانات قره‌داغ), was one of the Khanates of Azerbaijan established in the 18th century, with its capital at Ahar."}], "Q973433": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Dungarpur State was a kingdom and later princely state during the British Raj."}], "Q1000124": [{"id": "Q7427", "label": "Western Xia", "section": "lead", "says": "By the early 11th century both the Uyghurs and Guiyi Circuit were conquered by the Tangut people of the Western Xia dynasty."}], "Q1060520": [{"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "History - Mughal period", "says": "Chattar Singh, along with his younger brother Jai Singh who served as his wazir, resisted the expanding Mughal Empire, with Chamba being assisted by Basohli and Guler."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Mughal period", "says": "Chattar Singh, along with his younger brother Jai Singh who served as his wazir, resisted the expanding Mughal Empire, with Chamba being assisted by Basohli and Guler."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Mughal period", "says": "Aurangzeb ordered Chattar Singh to destroy the Hindu temples in his territory, which he refused to do and instead gilded them."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Nepali and Sikh subjugation", "says": "Between 1809 and 1846, Chamba was a tributary of the Sikh Empire and came under the Kangra Hills province of the Lahore Darbar."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - Nepali and Sikh subjugation", "says": "After the First Anglo-Sikh War, the British gained a large amount of land from the Sikh Empire through the Treaty of Lahore."}, {"id": "Q3305294", "label": "Treaty of Amritsar", "section": "History - Nepali and Sikh subjugation", "says": "Later in 1846, by the Treaty of Amritsar, the British sold Kashmir, Hazara, including Chamba to Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu for a payment of 75 lakh rupees."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "History - Nepali and Sikh subjugation", "says": "Later in 1846, by the Treaty of Amritsar, the British sold Kashmir, Hazara, including Chamba to Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu for a payment of 75 lakh rupees."}, {"id": "Q58275", "label": "Henry Montgomery Lawrence", "section": "History - Nepali and Sikh subjugation", "says": "However, this outcome was averted due to the timely intervention of Wazir Bhaga, who travelled to Lahore and presented Chamba's case to Sir Henry Lawrence. in 1847 With Lawrence's support, Chamba retained its autonomy, though Bhadrawah was ceded to the polity of Jammu and Kashmir."}, {"id": "Q1149", "label": "Indira Gandhi", "section": "History - Present", "says": "After the death of Lakshman Singh in 1971, his son Prem Singh was declared the new titular raja but the Central Indian government under Indira Gandhi did not recognize him, as they wished to do away with the influence of former royals."}], "Q111692884": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "Southern Sudan (Arabic: حكومة جنوب السودان Ḥukūmat Janūb as-Sūdān; Dinka: Lɔ̈k Bïkrotmac Paguot Thudän) was an autonomous region consisting of the ten southern states of Sudan between its formation in July 2005 and independence as the Republic of South Sudan in July 2011."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south; and the Central African Republic to the west."}, {"id": "Q974", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south; and the Central African Republic to the west."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south; and the Central African Republic to the west."}, {"id": "Q842380", "label": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The region's autonomous status was a condition of a peace agreement between the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) and the Government of Sudan represented by the National Congress Party ending the Second Sudanese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q823730", "label": "First Sudanese Civil War", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "The region was affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence – the Sudanese government fought the Anyanya rebel army from 1955 to 1972 in the First Sudanese Civil War and then SPLA/M in the Second Sudanese Civil War for almost twenty-one years after the founding of SPLA/M in 1983 – resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructural development, and major destruction and displacement."}, {"id": "Q167444", "label": "John Garang", "section": "History - Peace agreement and autonomy", "says": "John Garang, then leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement, feted the treaty, predicting, \"This peace agreement will change Sudan forever.\" The treaty provided for a referendum on South Sudanese independence to be held on 9 January 2011, six years after the original signing."}, {"id": "Q57315", "label": "Salva Kiir Mayardit", "section": "History - Peace agreement and autonomy", "says": "President Salva Kiir Mayardit and the SPLA disputed the results of the 2008 Sudanese census, which claimed Southern Sudan accounted for 21 percent of the population."}, {"id": "Q1424647", "label": "Comprehensive Peace Agreement", "section": "History - Referendum for independence (2011)", "says": "Southern Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011, a date set by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement."}], "Q1149230": [{"id": "Q1149246", "label": "Murong Hong", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Murong Hong in 384 in the aftermath of the Former Qin's defeat by the Eastern Jin in the Battle of Fei River, with the stated intent of permitting the Xianbei, whom the Former Qin's emperor Fu Jiān had relocated to Former Qin's capital region after destroying the Former Yan in 370."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Murong Hong in 384 in the aftermath of the Former Qin's defeat by the Eastern Jin in the Battle of Fei River, with the stated intent of permitting the Xianbei, whom the Former Qin's emperor Fu Jiān had relocated to Former Qin's capital region after destroying the Former Yan in 370."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Murong Hong in 384 in the aftermath of the Former Qin's defeat by the Eastern Jin in the Battle of Fei River, with the stated intent of permitting the Xianbei, whom the Former Qin's emperor Fu Jiān had relocated to Former Qin's capital region after destroying the Former Yan in 370."}, {"id": "Q1074804", "label": "Murong Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "It initially also was intended to rescue the last Former Yan emperor Murong Wei, until he was executed by Fu Jiān in 385."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "After eviscerating the Former Qin, the people of the state abandoned the Guanzhong region and headed east back toward their homeland, but eventually settled down in modern Shanxi."}, {"id": "Q1069768", "label": "Murong Chui", "section": "lead", "says": "It was destroyed in 394 as Later Yan's emperor Murong Chui wanted to reunite the people formerly of Yan and conquered it."}, {"id": "Q1074358", "label": "Murong Chong", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Murong Hong was made Administrator of Beidi while Murong Chong was appointed Administrator of Pingyang."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "With the Qin exposed, Murong Wei's uncle, Murong Chui restored the state as the Later Yan in Hebei in 384."}, {"id": "Q1730130", "label": "Later Qin", "section": "History - Siege of Chang'an", "says": "Fu Jian never returned to Chang'an, as he was captured and killed by the Later Qin."}, {"id": "Q1155379", "label": "Duan Sui", "section": "History - Siege of Chang'an", "says": "However, in 386, he was assassinated by one of his generals and replaced with Duan Sui."}, {"id": "Q1078581", "label": "Murong Yong", "section": "History - Exodus to the east", "says": "Duan Sui claimed the title of King of Yan, but he was suddenly killed by Murong Yong and Murong Heng (慕容恆), who acclaimed Murong Yi as the new king."}, {"id": "Q1155389", "label": "Murong Yi", "section": "History - Exodus to the east", "says": "Duan Sui claimed the title of King of Yan, but he was suddenly killed by Murong Yong and Murong Heng (慕容恆), who acclaimed Murong Yi as the new king."}, {"id": "Q1155384", "label": "Murong Yao", "section": "History - Exodus to the east", "says": "Under Yi, the Xianbei began their exodus to the east from Chang'an, during which the throne was passed from him to Murong Yao and to Murong Zhong in a span of a few months, as they were all assassinated in succession."}, {"id": "Q1078592", "label": "Murong Zhong", "section": "History - Exodus to the east", "says": "Under Yi, the Xianbei began their exodus to the east from Chang'an, during which the throne was passed from him to Murong Yao and to Murong Zhong in a span of a few months, as they were all assassinated in succession."}, {"id": "Q1153333", "label": "Fu Pi", "section": "History - Exodus to the east", "says": "At the time, Shanxi was controlled by Fu Jian's son, Fu Pi, who had declared himself emperor after his father's death."}, {"id": "Q1327602", "label": "Wei", "section": "History - Rule in Shanxi and fall", "says": "In 392, the Dingling-led Zhai Wei state requested reinforcements from Western Yan as they were under attack by Later Yan, but Yong failed to respond and allowed them to fall."}], "Q1157118": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Harzgerode was a small principality of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Harzgerode in present-day Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q168352", "label": "House of Ascania", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Harzgerode was a small principality of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Harzgerode in present-day Saxony-Anhalt."}, {"id": "Q686965", "label": "Anhalt-Bernburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1635 following the partition of Anhalt-Bernburg with Frederick, a younger son of Prince Christian I becoming the reigning prince."}, {"id": "Q69057", "label": "Christian I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1635 following the partition of Anhalt-Bernburg with Frederick, a younger son of Prince Christian I becoming the reigning prince."}], "Q117020": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free Imperial City of Nuremberg (German: Freie Reichsstadt Nürnberg) was a free imperial city – independent city-state – within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q568473", "label": "Burgraviate of Nuremberg", "section": "lead", "says": "After Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages and considerable territory from Bavaria in the Landshut War of Succession, it grew to become one of the largest and most important Imperial cities, the 'unofficial capital' of the Empire, particularly because numerous Imperial Diets (Reichstage) and courts met at Nuremberg Castle between 1211 an"}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Golden Bull of 1356, issued by Emperor Charles IV (reigned 1346–1378), named Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, making Nuremberg one of the three highest cities of the Empire."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Increased trade routes elsewhere and the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars in a period known as the German mediatisatio"}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "Increased trade routes elsewhere and the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars in a period known as the German mediatisatio"}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Increased trade routes elsewhere and the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars in a period known as the German mediatisatio"}], "Q12491034": [{"id": "Q47179", "label": "Airlangga", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was short-lived, only spanning the period between 1019 and 1045, and Airlangga was the only raja of the kingdom, which was built out of the rubble of the Kingdom of Mataram after the Srivijayan invasion."}, {"id": "Q13093931", "label": "Janggala", "section": "lead", "says": "Airlangga later in 1045 abdicated in favour of his two sons and divided the kingdom into Janggala and Panjalu (Kadiri)."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "Fall of Mataram", "says": "He launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya and unsuccessfully tried to capture Palembang."}], "Q1322181": [{"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan."}, {"id": "Q356118", "label": "Ōkubo Toshimichi", "section": "Abolition of the domains", "says": "In March 1869, the central government led by Ōkubo Toshimichi of Satsuma felt strong enough to effect further centralization."}, {"id": "Q174231", "label": "Emperor Meiji", "section": "End of the Meiji era", "says": "The Meiji period ended with the death of the Emperor Meiji in 1912 and the beginning of the Taishō era (1912–1926) as Crown Prince Yoshihito became the new emperor (Emperor Taishō)."}, {"id": "Q157052", "label": "Emperor Taishō", "section": "End of the Meiji era", "says": "The Meiji period ended with the death of the Emperor Meiji in 1912 and the beginning of the Taishō era (1912–1926) as Crown Prince Yoshihito became the new emperor (Emperor Taishō)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "End of the Meiji era", "says": "But, the \"Meiji regime\" lasted until the end of the World War II in 1945."}], "Q1356151": [{"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "Teng's ruling family was the Ji family, with the founder, Shu Xiu of Cuo (錯叔繡), being the 14th brother of King Wu of Zhou."}], "Q1357404": [{"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom, in its most powerful state in the 13th century, covered a large area before being subjugated by neighboring powers such as the Yuan dynasty, the Lan Na kingdom, and the Konbaung dynasty."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Burmese under Bayinnaung had already put the area under its control and Chiang Hung became a Burmese tributary."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Today, Nan hosts the largest Tai Lue community in Thailand."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Also King Kawila of Chiang Mai invaded Chiang Hung to get the people."}, {"id": "Q2422354", "label": "Pagan Min", "section": "History - Dynastic struggle", "says": "Sarawan returned and killed Mahakhanan, Mahakhanan's son, Prince Nokam, went to Ava to gain supports from Pagan Min."}, {"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "History - Dynastic struggle", "says": "The Siamese nobles then saw this as an opportunity to gain control over Shan States and Chiang Hung and planned to take Kengtung on the way to Chiang Hung."}, {"id": "Q12060881", "label": "Chinese Empire", "section": "History - Later history and legacy", "says": "After the Chinese Empire was overthrown, the kingdom status of Chiang Hung technically ended."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Later history and legacy", "says": "However, Republic of China continued to recognize local leaders as tusi."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Later history and legacy", "says": "The last chieftain of Jinghong, Dao Shixun, attended the foundation ceremony of the People's Republic of China in 1949, and later became president of the Yunnan Minzu Institute."}], "Q1471373": [{"id": "Q1005", "label": "The Gambia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer: Saluum or Saalum) was a Serer kingdom in present-day Senegal and parts of The Gambia."}, {"id": "Q862467", "label": "Kingdom of Sine", "section": "lead", "says": "Its history, geography and culture is intricately linked with the sister state, the Kingdom of Sine, and it is common to refer to them as the Sine-Saloum or the Serer Kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q760893", "label": "Jolof Empire", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "This was a period of profound destabilization and succession disputes in the Jolof Empire, which had extended its hegemony south to the Gambia River under Biram Njeme Eler (c.1465–c.1481)."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Clashes with Colonialism and Islam", "says": "In 1785 Saalum Sandene signed a trade treaty with the French, but the upheavals of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era ensured continued English dominance of the important Saloum-Saloum market."}, {"id": "Q545751", "label": "Louis Faidherbe", "section": "History - Clashes with Colonialism and Islam", "says": "Two years later, Governor Louis Faidherbe led an expedition up the Saloum River and imposed a new treaty on the Maad Saloum."}], "Q15890801": [{"id": "Q1169274", "label": "Battle of Cortenuova", "section": "Background", "says": "Already coming from an important family, della Torre gained greater popularity when in 1237 he gave refuge in his possessions in Valsassina to what remained of the Milanese army that had been defeated in the Battle of Cortenuova."}, {"id": "Q3776550", "label": "Gregorio di Montelongo", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the riots, on 26 May 1247 the Papal legate Gregorio di Montelongo conferred the position of Elder of the Credenza to Pagano's nephew, Martino della Torre, who reorganised the municipal powers."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "History - Napo della Torre", "says": "During this period there was an improvement in relations with the Kingdom of France, who stipulated better agreements with Milan regarding the wool trade."}, {"id": "Q165568", "label": "John XXII", "section": "History - Visconti rule", "says": "The Della Torre obtained papal support so much so that on 28 May 1317 the pope deemed Matteo's lordship illegitimate, but the Visconti power continued to increase with the appointment of Giovanni Visconti as archbishop of Milan, not accepted however by Pope John XXII who appointed Aicardo Antimiani of Novara."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Visconti rule", "says": "New commercial relations were established with the Republic of Venice and with the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q124950", "label": "Frederick the Fair", "section": "History - Galeazzo I Visconti", "says": "The government of Milan was entrusted to the Burgundian captain Giovanni di Chatillon, the vicar of Frederick the Fair who remained in Lombardy after the defeat of his lord."}, {"id": "Q57161", "label": "Louis IV of Bavaria", "section": "History - Galeazzo I Visconti", "says": "In 1327, with the death of his father, he remained the sole heir and in opposition to the pontiff, he bought the title of vicar of Milan from Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - War with the Marquis of Montferrat", "says": "1355 was the year in which the Marquis John II increased his power, in fact thanks to the protection service provided to Charles IV during his travel to the Italian peninsula to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, the Marquis obtained the imperial vicariate of Pavia on 3 June, sharing it with his cousin Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen."}, {"id": "Q658100", "label": "Philip II, Prince of Taranto", "section": "History - War with the Marquis of Montferrat", "says": "The territories of Mondovì, Morozzo, Cuneo and Cherasco taken from the Visconti were acquired in June 1356 by Philip II, Prince of Taranto, vicar in Piedmont of the queen of Naples, Joanna I."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "History - War with the Marquis of Montferrat", "says": "In the meantime Republic of Genoa rose up and restored the doge Simone Boccanegra."}, {"id": "Q1974438", "label": "Simone Boccanegra", "section": "History - War with the Marquis of Montferrat", "says": "In the meantime Republic of Genoa rose up and restored the doge Simone Boccanegra."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "History - War with the Marquis of Montferrat", "says": "Finally on 6 April 1358 in Milan the peace conference opened in which all the Italian states participated including the Republic of Venice and the County of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q357539", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Visconti", "section": "History - Consolidation of Visconti rule", "says": "With Giovanni Visconti, in the mid-14th century, the first great expansion of the family's possessions took place both with the victory over the Lords of Verona, the Scaligeri, and with the submission of Republic of Genoa and Bologna; thanks to these extensions, Gian Galeazzo Visconti managed to obtain in 1395 from the Holy Roman Emperor Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia the title of duke thus putting an e"}, {"id": "Q152148", "label": "Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia", "section": "History - Consolidation of Visconti rule", "says": "With Giovanni Visconti, in the mid-14th century, the first great expansion of the family's possessions took place both with the victory over the Lords of Verona, the Scaligeri, and with the submission of Republic of Genoa and Bologna; thanks to these extensions, Gian Galeazzo Visconti managed to obtain in 1395 from the Holy Roman Emperor Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia the title of duke thus putting an e"}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "History - Consolidation of Visconti rule", "says": "With Giovanni Visconti, in the mid-14th century, the first great expansion of the family's possessions took place both with the victory over the Lords of Verona, the Scaligeri, and with the submission of Republic of Genoa and Bologna; thanks to these extensions, Gian Galeazzo Visconti managed to obtain in 1395 from the Holy Roman Emperor Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia the title of duke thus putting an e"}], "Q16084290": [{"id": "Q808052", "label": "Bardylis", "section": "lead", "says": "The earliest known Illyrian king – Bardylis – emerged in southern Illyria around 400 BC, most likely centered in Dassaretis, a region along Lake Ohrid and east to the Prespa Lakes, located on the border between Macedon and Epirus."}, {"id": "Q827399", "label": "Molossians", "section": "lead", "says": "He united many southern Illyrian tribes under his realm and defeated the Macedonians and Molossians several times, expanding his dominion over Upper Macedonia and Lynkestis and subjugating Macedon for several decades until he was decisively defeated by Philip II of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "He united many southern Illyrian tribes under his realm and defeated the Macedonians and Molossians several times, expanding his dominion over Upper Macedonia and Lynkestis and subjugating Macedon for several decades until he was decisively defeated by Philip II of Macedon."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "lead", "says": "He united many southern Illyrian tribes under his realm and defeated the Macedonians and Molossians several times, expanding his dominion over Upper Macedonia and Lynkestis and subjugating Macedon for several decades until he was decisively defeated by Philip II of Macedon."}], "Q16958904": [{"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Morea, or Realm of the Morea (Italian: Regno di Morea; Venetian: Regno de Morea; Greek: Βασίλειον του Μορέως, romanized: Vasíleion tou Moréos), was the official name the Republic of Venice gave to the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece (more widely known as the Morea until the 19th century) after it was conquered from the Ottoman Empire during the Morean War of 1684–99."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Morea, or Realm of the Morea (Italian: Regno di Morea; Venetian: Regno de Morea; Greek: Βασίλειον του Μορέως, romanized: Vasíleion tou Moréos), was the official name the Republic of Venice gave to the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece (more widely known as the Morea until the 19th century) after it was conquered from the Ottoman Empire during the Morean War of 1684–99."}, {"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Morea, or Realm of the Morea (Italian: Regno di Morea; Venetian: Regno de Morea; Greek: Βασίλειον του Μορέως, romanized: Vasíleion tou Moréos), was the official name the Republic of Venice gave to the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece (more widely known as the Morea until the 19th century) after it was conquered from the Ottoman Empire during the Morean War of 1684–99."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "Background", "says": "Venice had a long history of interaction with the Morea, dating back to the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1203–1204), when the Republic acquired control of the coastal fortresses of Modon and Coron, Nauplia, and Argos."}, {"id": "Q1420791", "label": "Ottoman–Venetian Wars", "section": "Background", "says": "These it held even after the remainder of the peninsula was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1460, but they were lost in the first, second, and third Ottoman–Venetian Wars."}, {"id": "Q34481", "label": "Francesco Morosini", "section": "Background", "says": "Under the leadership of Francesco Morosini, who had led the defence of Candia, the capital of Crete, the Venetians took advantage of Ottoman weakness and rapidly seized the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) in 1684."}, {"id": "Q247067", "label": "Negroponte", "section": "Background", "says": "A subsequent Venetian campaign into eastern Continental Greece captured Athens but failed before the walls of Chalkis (Negroponte)."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "Background", "says": "Thereafter the conflict degenerated into a stalemate, with raids and counter-raids on both sides, until the Treaty of Karlowitz between the Ottomans and the Holy League, which in Greece left the Morea, Leucas, and the island of Aegina in Venetian hands."}], "Q18127928": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Mayurbhanj State (Odia: ମୟୂରଭଞ୍ଜ ରାଜ୍ୟ; colloquially Morbhanj) was one of the princely states of India during the British Raj."}], "Q1843786": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (originally Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym) was a German principality and state of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q19336869": [{"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created just after king Clovis I conquered Roman Gaul around AD 500."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Between the 8th and the 13th centuries, it was amongst the most powerful vassal counties within the Kingdom of France, after having succeeded in surrounding the Capetian dynasty's lands of France since Blois annexed the Champagne."}, {"id": "Q644635", "label": "Gaston, Duke of Orléans", "section": "lead", "says": "The county existed until its definitive attachment to the Kingdom's lands in 1660, when Gaston, Duke of Orléans and last count of Blois, died."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "The cheftain would have established an independent State, the Kingdom of Blois, within the Roman Empire itself, when Emperor Flavius Honorius was already weakened because of repetitive raids conducted by Barbarians."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "The cheftain would have established an independent State, the Kingdom of Blois, within the Roman Empire itself, when Emperor Flavius Honorius was already weakened because of repetitive raids conducted by Barbarians."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "This entity is not well known to historians, but it seems to have resisted the invasion of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse, but it did not resist to those by the Franks between 481 and 491."}, {"id": "Q28984", "label": "Clothar I", "section": "History - A county of the Frankish kingdom", "says": "When King Chlothar I died, the county was administratively attached to the Kingdom of Orleans then offered to his elder son Guntram until 592, whereas the neighboring cities of Chartres and Tours were gifted to the second son, Charibert I, yet King of Paris."}, {"id": "Q243453", "label": "Charibert I", "section": "History - A county of the Frankish kingdom", "says": "When King Chlothar I died, the county was administratively attached to the Kingdom of Orleans then offered to his elder son Guntram until 592, whereas the neighboring cities of Chartres and Tours were gifted to the second son, Charibert I, yet King of Paris."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - A county of the Frankish kingdom", "says": "They were by the way close to the Capetians since King Charlemagne married by 771 Hildegard, the Adrian's sister and daughter of Count Gerold of Anglachgau."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - A county of the Frankish kingdom", "says": "Hence, the title would have formally created in 832 when King Louis the Pious by making Adrian's second son, called William."}, {"id": "Q333356", "label": "Pepin I of Aquitaine", "section": "History - A county of the Frankish kingdom", "says": "Then, William gathered with King Pepin I of Aquitaine to help him retake its Kingdom, that King Louis gave to King Charles II."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History - A county of the Frankish kingdom", "says": "Because he did not have any child, the county would have been transmitted to his supposed nephew, Robert the Strong, who would later become Count of Orléans, Anjou, Auxerre and Nevers, but also Margrave of Neustria after 861."}, {"id": "Q159575", "label": "Hugh Capet of France", "section": "History - The Thibaldian county", "says": "However, he did not succeed in getting the agreement of the new Duke Hugh Capet, his direct lordship."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - The Thibaldian county", "says": "The counties of Blois and Champagne are united again until 1152, date on which Theobald IV bequeaths Champagne to his elder Henry I and Blois to his younger brother Theobald V."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - The Thibaldian county", "says": "When Count Guy II gave up his domain to Duke Louis I of Orléans, for lack of direct male descendants and in the middle of the Hundred Years' War, the county was limited to the area between the manors of Vendôme, Beaugency and Valençay."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - The Thibaldian county", "says": "When Count Guy II gave up his domain to Duke Louis I of Orléans, for lack of direct male descendants and in the middle of the Hundred Years' War, the county was limited to the area between the manors of Vendôme, Beaugency and Valençay."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "History - Incorporation to the Royal domain", "says": "At the end of April 1429, Joan of Arc stayed in the Blois Castle before liberating Orléans, then occupied by the English."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - Incorporation to the Royal domain", "says": "Although they were handed down as an apanage within the house of Valois, the counties of Blois and Orléans did not formally enter the Crown's domain until 1498 when Count Louis II of Orléans was crowned King of France as Louis XII, and naturally established his court in Blois that year."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Continuity", "says": "Later, another sovereign took the same type of decision by converting a hunting lodge into a sumptuous palace: King Louis XIV."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Continuity", "says": "In 1626, Duke Gaston of Anjou, third son of King Henry IV, married -not without regret- the rich duchess of Montpensier, Marie de Bourbon, imposed on him by Richelieu."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Continuity", "says": "Right after the French Revolution, the department of Loir-et-Cher was created in 1790, more or less following the last borders of the county, including the cantons of Vendôme and Romorantin."}], "Q1994569": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Silves (Arabic: طائفة شلب, Ṭā'ifa Šilb) was an Arab taifa kingdom that existed in what is now southern Portugal for two distinct periods: from 1027 to 1063, and again from 1145 to 1150, when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Silves (Arabic: طائفة شلب, Ṭā'ifa Šilb) was an Arab taifa kingdom that existed in what is now southern Portugal for two distinct periods: from 1027 to 1063, and again from 1145 to 1150, when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "During the so-called second taifa period, which followed the fall of the Almoravid dynasty, Silves was the seat of a second, ephemeral taifa, which lasted from 1145 to 1150, when it was conquered by the Almohads."}], "Q2030487": [{"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "History - Downfall of the Realm", "says": "The Kingdom of Airgíalla came to an end in 1585 when Rossa Boy MacMahon agreed to surrender and regrant his territories to the English Crown in Ireland, with his territory becoming County Monaghan in the Tudor Kingdom of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q225649", "label": "Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone", "section": "History - Downfall of the Realm", "says": "Initially, Rossa Boy made moves which suggested an alliance with Tír Eoghain, as he married the daughter of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone."}, {"id": "Q7207", "label": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "History - Downfall of the Realm", "says": "However, evidently hoping to be left alone to run affairs locally, while pledging allegiance to a distant monarch in Elizabeth I, the MacMahon met with John Perrot, then Lord Deputy of Ireland (according to some, a natural son of Tudor monarch Henry VIII) and agreed to join their Kingdom of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q38370", "label": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "History - Downfall of the Realm", "says": "However, evidently hoping to be left alone to run affairs locally, while pledging allegiance to a distant monarch in Elizabeth I, the MacMahon met with John Perrot, then Lord Deputy of Ireland (according to some, a natural son of Tudor monarch Henry VIII) and agreed to join their Kingdom of Ireland."}], "Q2042616": [{"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chalcidian League (Greek: Κοινόν τῶν Χαλκιδέων, Koinon tōn Chalkideōn, \"League of the Chalcidians\"), also referred to as the Olynthians or the Chalcidians in Thrace (Χαλκιδεῖς ἐπί Θρᾴκης, Chalkideis epi Thrakēs) to distinguish them from the Chalcidians in Euboea,  was a federal state that existed on the Halkidiki peninsula, on the shores of the northwest Aegean Sea, from around 430 BCE until O"}], "Q2077648": [{"id": "Q4201195", "label": "Sunan Gunungjati", "section": "lead", "says": "It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, as marked by his letter proclaiming Cirebon's independence from Pajajaran in 1482, although the settlement and the polity had been established earlier in 1445."}, {"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of the earliest Islamic states established in Java, along with the Sultanate of Demak."}, {"id": "Q1469742", "label": "Sunda Kingdom", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "The village of Muara Jati was in the coastal area around the port of Cirebon and was part of the Sunda Kingdom, as stated in the travel records of Prince Bujangga Manik, a Hindu Sundanese hermit who visited several Hindu sites in Java and Bali in the late 15th century or early 16th century."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Prince Cakrabuana (reign 1447–1479)", "says": "The early period of the Cirebon Sultanate was commonly identified as the Pakungwati period which refers to the Pakungwati Palace, a Javanese-style compound consisting of a series of pendopos (pavilions) enclosed within red brick walls and gates in the typical Majapahit style of architecture."}, {"id": "Q3284315", "label": "Samudra Pasai", "section": "History - Prince Cakrabuana (reign 1447–1479)", "says": "In 1470 Syarif Hidayatullah went abroad to study at Mecca, Baghdad, Champa, and Samudra Pasai."}, {"id": "Q6684511", "label": "Sunan Ampel", "section": "History - Prince Cakrabuana (reign 1447–1479)", "says": "He learned from Sunan Ampel in East Java, served in"}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Sunan Gunung Jati (1479–1568)", "says": "In the Suma Oriental, written in 1512–1515, Tomé Pires, a Portuguese explorer reported:\n\n First the king of Çumda (Sunda) with his great city of Dayo, the town and lands and port of Bantam, the port of Pomdam (Pontang), the port of Cheguide (Cigede), the port of Tamgaram (Tangerang), the port of Calapa (Kelapa), and the port of Chemano (Chi Manuk or Cimanuk), this is Sunda, because the river of Ch"}, {"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "History - Panembahan Ratu (1570–1649)", "says": "As the centre of Islamic learning in the region, Cirebon's influence penetrated inland and influenced the recently established Mataram Sultanate in southern Central Java."}, {"id": "Q1771129", "label": "Sultan Agung of Mataram", "section": "History - Panembahan Ratu (1570–1649)", "says": "Both fell under Mataram rule, and in 1628–29 Sultan Agung of Mataram launched the failed Siege of Batavia."}, {"id": "Q2270649", "label": "Amangkurat I of Mataram", "section": "History - Panembahan Girilaya (1649–1677)", "says": "Banten suspected Cirebon had grown closer to Mataram, since Amangkurat I of Mataram was Panembahan Adiningkusuma's father in-law."}, {"id": "Q2914017", "label": "Tirtayasa", "section": "History - Panembahan Girilaya (1649–1677)", "says": "Mataram, on the other hand, suspected that Cirebon was not sincerely cementing the alliance with their Central Javanese counterpart since Panembahan Adiningkusuma and Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa of Banten belonged to the same Sundanese Pajajaran lineage."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Second disintegration (1807)", "says": "Pangeran Raja Kanoman was supported by the Dutch East Indies by an issue of a besluit (official letter) from Governor General of Dutch East Indies appointing Pangeran Raja Kanoman as Sultan Carbon Kacirebonan in 1807."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "History - Republic of Indonesia era", "says": "After the war of independence and the establishment of Republic of Indonesia, each sultanate of Cirebon became part of the republic."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Republic of Indonesia era", "says": "After the fall of Suharto and the advent of the reformation era of democratic Indonesia, there was an aspiration to form a Cirebon province, a new province separated from West Java."}], "Q20973653": [{"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Munster (Irish: Ríocht Mhumhan) was a kingdom of Gaelic Ireland which existed in the south-west of the island from at least the 1st century BC until 1118."}, {"id": "Q938504", "label": "Connachta", "section": "lead", "says": "For a few centuries they were competitors for the High Kingship of Ireland, but ultimately lost out to the Connachta, descendants of Conn Cétchathach."}, {"id": "Q868027", "label": "Battle of Clontarf", "section": "lead", "says": "The exploits of their most famous member Brian Bóruma, who is known for the Battle of Clontarf established Dál gCais rule for the rest of the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q111471", "label": "Dál Riata", "section": "History - Rise of the Dáirine in Munster", "says": "His sons; Cairpre Músc (ancestor of the Múscraige and Corcu Duibne), Cairpre Baschaín (ancestor of the Corcu Baiscind) and Cairpre Riata (ancestor of the Dál Riata) founded kinship groups which would play a major role in Munster, while the latter moved north to Ulster and eventually established Alba (better known as Scotland) in Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Christianisation of the Realm", "says": "The religion of Christianity, which after the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD became the state religion of the Roman Empire and thus, much of Europe, came to Ireland in the 5th century, largely through Munster and Leinster."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Christianisation of the Realm", "says": "The religion of Christianity, which after the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD became the state religion of the Roman Empire and thus, much of Europe, came to Ireland in the 5th century, largely through Munster and Leinster."}, {"id": "Q314492", "label": "Ragnar Lodbrok", "section": "History - Viking raids and longphorts", "says": "In Munster itself, a group from among the Vikings; the Uí Ímair, claiming descent from and named for Ivar the Boneless, son of Ragnar Lodbrok; eventually emerged as Kings of small Norse-Gaelic kingdoms where they were Kings of Limerick and Kings of Waterford."}], "Q2114827": [{"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gau Westmark (English: Western March) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945."}], "Q2121839": [{"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was abolished in 1967 with the independence of the People's Republic of South Yemen."}], "Q2460755": [{"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "lead", "says": "Swedish pre-history ends around 800 AD, when the Viking Age begins and written sources are available."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "lead", "says": "The period 1050 to 1350—when the Black Death struck Europe—is considered the Older Middle Ages."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries was established in 1397 and lasted until King Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power during the Swedish War of Liberation, which concluded in 1523."}, {"id": "Q52947", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries was established in 1397 and lasted until King Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power during the Swedish War of Liberation, which concluded in 1523."}, {"id": "Q688308", "label": "Swedish War of Liberation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries was established in 1397 and lasted until King Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power during the Swedish War of Liberation, which concluded in 1523."}], "Q25080783": [{"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "lead", "says": "Moors and Romans in Mauretania came to operate independently from the Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the polity, Masuna, allied with the armies of the Eastern Roman Empire during their reconquest of Northern Africa in the Vandalic War."}, {"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the polity, Masuna, allied with the armies of the Eastern Roman Empire during their reconquest of Northern Africa in the Vandalic War."}, {"id": "Q56376888", "label": "Kingdom of the Aurès", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Eastern Roman victory over the Vandals, local leaders maintained their alliance with the Eastern Roman Empire, assisting it in wars against invading Berbers of other tribes and kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of the Aurès."}, {"id": "Q22948839", "label": "Kingdom of Altava", "section": "lead", "says": "The smaller Kingdom of Altava has been proposed as a continuation of Masuna's state."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Altava and surrounding kingdoms continued to rule over the Maghreb until the conquest of the region by the Umayyad Caliphate in the seventh and eighth centuries."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The fifth century saw the collapse and fall of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - The Eastern Roman Empire and the Vandals", "says": "Eastern Roman records referring to the Vandal Kingdom, which had occupied much of the old Roman province of Africa and coastal parts of Mauretania, often refer to it with regards to a trinity of peoples; Vandals, Alans and Moors, and though some Berbers had assisted the Vandals in their conquests in Africa, Berber expansionism for the most part, was focused against the Vandals and would lead to th"}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - The Eastern Roman Empire and the Vandals", "says": "When Belisarius and the Eastern Roman forces arrived in Northern Africa to invade and restore Roman rule over the region, local Berber rulers willingly submitted to Imperial rule, only demanding in return the symbols of their offices; a silver crown, a staff of silver gilt, a tunic and gilded boots."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - The Eastern Roman Empire and the Vandals", "says": "Solomon defeated them and returned to Carthage, though the Berbers later rose again and overran Byzacena."}, {"id": "Q31491", "label": "Tiberius II Constantine", "section": "History - Possible continuity", "says": "Thus, the new Eastern Roman emperor, Tiberius II Constantine, re-appointed Thomas as praetorian prefect of Africa, and the able general Gennadius was posted as magister militum with the clear aim of reducing Garmul's kingdom."}], "Q2634240": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located in the north-east of the island of Sumatra, in what is now Indonesia and covered what is now the Asahan Regency."}], "Q2668600": [{"id": "Q276951", "label": "Taifa of Seville", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1053 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of Taifa of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "It was finally conquered by the Crown of Castile."}], "Q2713047": [{"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "His grandson Gazi Çelebi, the last Bey of Pervane, transformed his realm into a serious regional naval power, conducting raids against Genoese possessions in the Black Sea and Crimea, as well as against the Empire of Trebizond."}], "Q29075570": [{"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The All-Palestine Protectorate (Arabic: محمية عموم فلسطين; 22 September 1948–1959), also known as All-Palestine or the Gaza Protectorate, was a short-lived client state with limited recognition, corresponding to the area of the modern Gaza Strip, established in the areas of former Mandatory Palestine captured by the Kingdom of Egypt during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War."}, {"id": "Q2051582", "label": "All-Palestine Government", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protectorate was declared on 22 September 1948 in Gaza City, and the All-Palestine Government was formed."}, {"id": "Q170468", "label": "United Arab Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into a military occupation area of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt did not offer the Gazan Palestinians citizenship."}], "Q303836": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Tarnobrzeg (Polish: Republika Tarnobrzeska, IPA: [rɛpuˈblika tarnɔˈbʐɛska]) was a short-lived political entity, proclaimed on 6 November 1918 in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg."}], "Q3048062": [{"id": "Q218023", "label": "Orange Free State", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1854, it became the Orange Free State, and is now the Free State province of South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1854, it became the Orange Free State, and is now the Free State province of South Africa."}], "Q316124": [{"id": "Q83969", "label": "House of Hohenzollern", "section": "lead", "says": "Its rulers belonged to the Swabian branch of the House of Hohenzollern."}], "Q3243592": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Dir was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj, located within the North-West Frontier Province."}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "lead", "says": "Dir was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj, located within the North-West Frontier Province."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the Partition of British India, Dir remained independent and unaligned until February 1948, when the Dominion of Pakistan accepted its accession."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The princely state ceased to exist as a distinct political entity in 1969, when it was fully incorporated into Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "By the 17th century a section of the Painda khel, coming from the Kohan village in the valley of Nihag (a Panjkora tributary), seized the trade routes with Chitral and Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - The ruling Nawabs", "says": "A second attempt in 1913 was successful, but for a very short time, as in 1914 Aurangzeb regained the rule over Dir."}], "Q3246245": [{"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "West Punjab was a province in the Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established from the western-half of British Punjab, following the independence of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q4412467", "label": "North‑West Frontier Province", "section": "lead", "says": "The province was composed of four divisions (Lahore, Sargodha, Multan and Rawalpindi) and was bordered by the state of Bahawalpur to the south-east, the province of Baluchistan to the south-west and Sind to the south, North-West Frontier Province to the north-west, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir to the north."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was dissolved and merged into West Pakistan upon creation of One Unit Scheme, in 1955."}], "Q3258086": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Loharu State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q107000", "label": "Mirza Ghalib", "section": "lead", "says": "The haveli of 'Nawab of Loharu', known as Mahal Sara, lies in Gali Qasim Jan in Ballimaran, where his son-in-law, noted poet Mirza Ghalib stayed for a few years, whose own Ghalib ki Haveli lies a few yard away."}, {"id": "Q196546", "label": "Syed Ahmed Khan", "section": "History - Notable members of the Loharu dynasty", "says": "Syed Ahmed Khan (1817 – 1898), educationist KCSI\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905–1977), President of India (1974–1977)\nIbrahim Ali Khan Pataudi (r."}, {"id": "Q317778", "label": "Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed", "section": "History - Notable members of the Loharu dynasty", "says": "Syed Ahmed Khan (1817 – 1898), educationist KCSI\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905–1977), President of India (1974–1977)\nIbrahim Ali Khan Pataudi (r."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Loharu descendants in Pakistan", "says": "Koreshi, Ambassador of Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q1252744", "label": "Jind State", "section": "History - Adjacent states and jagirs", "says": "Jind State, bordering south east\nPatiala State, bordering south\nJaglan Zail of Bidhwan, bordering north was directly administered by the British raj."}, {"id": "Q917553", "label": "Patiala State", "section": "History - Adjacent states and jagirs", "says": "Jind State, bordering south east\nPatiala State, bordering south\nJaglan Zail of Bidhwan, bordering north was directly administered by the British raj."}], "Q3456410": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Mulhouse (German: Stadtrepublik Mülhausen) was a Protestant associate of the Old Swiss Confederation in what is now eastern France."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Mulhouse had been a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire since 1275."}, {"id": "Q184646", "label": "Décapole", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1354 to 1515, Mulhouse was part of the Décapole, an association of ten free imperial cities in Alsace."}, {"id": "Q150995", "label": "Peace of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore, it was not annexed by the France in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, unlike the rest of the Sundgau."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "As a Swiss enclave in Alsace, it was a free and independent Calvinist republic, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, associated with the Swiss Confederation until, following a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798, it became part of France through the Treaty of Mulhouse, signed on 28 January 1798, during the Directory period of the French Revolution and following the declaration of war on Switzerlan"}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "As a Swiss enclave in Alsace, it was a free and independent Calvinist republic, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, associated with the Swiss Confederation until, following a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798, it became part of France through the Treaty of Mulhouse, signed on 28 January 1798, during the Directory period of the French Revolution and following the declaration of war on Switzerlan"}], "Q3530610": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Background and Maratha conquest (1674–1676)", "says": "The region was subsequently targeted during the 14th-century campaigns of Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "History - Background and Maratha conquest (1674–1676)", "says": "Regional Pandya authority was restored until the territory was incorporated into the Vijayanagara Empire in the late 14th-century."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "History - Background and Maratha conquest (1674–1676)", "says": "When Alagiri declared independence the following year, Vijayaraghava Nayaka's son appealed to Bijapur Sultanate for intervention."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "History - Early rulers and consolidation (1676–1736)", "says": "Toward the end of his reign, Venkoji allied with Chokkanatha Nayaka of Madurai to repulse an invasion by the Kingdom of Mysore."}, {"id": "Q6932941", "label": "Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah", "section": "History - Succession conflicts and Carnatic Wars (1736–1773)", "says": "During the Carnatic Wars, Pratapsingh allied with Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah, the Nawab of Arcot, and the British East India Company against the French forces."}], "Q3877418": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Ibelin was a crusader castle in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem at the town of Ibelin, later known as Yibna, and today southeast of the modern Israeli city of Yavne."}], "Q3921986": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Pontecorvo was a principality in Italy created by Napoleon after he became King of Italy in 1805."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of the Italian commune of Pontecorvo, an exclave of the Papal States from 1463 within the territory of the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the town was ceded back to the Papal States."}], "Q4147012": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Buryat-Mongolia was a buffer Buryat-Mongolian state,  during the Russian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q61292", "label": "Far Eastern Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The state de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the Far Eastern Republic, which divided Buryat-Mongolia in two: 4 aimags became part of the Far Eastern Republic, while the other 4 formed Buryat-Mongol autonomies of the RSFSR."}], "Q4207384": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Baja California and Sonora, simply known as the Republic of Sonora, was a short-lived, unrecognized federal republic ruled by filibuster William Walker in 1854."}, {"id": "Q196401", "label": "William Walker", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Baja California and Sonora, simply known as the Republic of Sonora, was a short-lived, unrecognized federal republic ruled by filibuster William Walker in 1854."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "lead", "says": "Walker's actions generated interest back in San Francisco, where bonds for the Republic of Sonora were sold, and its flag was even raised in places."}], "Q4208290": [{"id": "Q2638136", "label": "Kazikumukh Shamkhalate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642."}], "Q4274522": [{"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Tyrconnell (Irish: Tír Chonaill, meaning 'Land of Conall'), also spelled Tirconnell and Tirconaill, was a kingdom of Gaelic Ireland."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "It continued to exist until the 17th century when it was incorporated into the English-ruled Kingdom of Ireland following the Flight of the Earls."}, {"id": "Q2718416", "label": "Hugh Roe O'Donnell", "section": "History - Return of Hugh Roe", "says": "Tomás G. Ó Canann noted that, as Hugh Roe O'Donnell failed to secure the attendance of such a significant chunk of the Cenél Conaill, his inauguration was arguably illegitimate."}], "Q4393602": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the North Solomons was an unrecognised state that purported to exist for about six months in what is now the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea (PNG)."}, {"id": "Q691", "label": "Papua New Guinea", "section": "Context", "says": "Many Bougainville islanders have always regarded themselves as a separate entity in Papua New Guinea."}, {"id": "Q685", "label": "Solomon Islands", "section": "Context", "says": "The island is over 900 kilometres east of the mainland and, geographically, is nearer the Solomon Islands, forming part of the Solomon Islands archipelago."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "Context", "says": "Bougainville Copper was a subsidiary of Conzinc Rio Tinto of Australia, which in turn was controlled by the British company Rio Tinto Group."}], "Q467236": [{"id": "Q691981", "label": "Duchies of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Münsterberg (German: Herzogtum Münsterberg) or Duchy of Ziębice (Polish: Księstwo Ziębickie, Czech: Minstrberské knížectví) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, with a capital in Münsterberg (Ziębice)."}], "Q474263": [{"id": "Q568638", "label": "Duchy of Silesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Pless (or the Duchy of Pszczyna, German: Herzogtum Pleß, Polish: Księstwo Pszczyńskie) was a Duchy of Silesia, with its capital at Pless (present-day Pszczyna, Poland)."}, {"id": "Q32929", "label": "War of the Austrian Succession", "section": "History - Principality of Pless", "says": "In the War of the Austrian Succession most of Silesia was conquered by the Kingdom of Prussia; but the Dukes, and later Princes, of Pless would remain the rulers of the territory."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Principality of Pless", "says": "In the War of the Austrian Succession most of Silesia was conquered by the Kingdom of Prussia; but the Dukes, and later Princes, of Pless would remain the rulers of the territory."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "History - Principality of Pless", "says": "Since 1742 Pless was a state country within Brandenburg-Prussia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Principality of Pless", "says": "The Hochbergs, from Fürstenstein near Waldenburg (in Lower Silesia), were father, son and grandson: Hans Heinrich X, XI, and XV; they were among the wealthiest families in the Holy Roman Empire, in part because of the mines of Pless."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Principality of Pless", "says": "The Prince's power over his land, since 1807 constituted as alienable allodial property, and thus his influence on its tenants was very great; for example, when the Duke of Ratibor, who had represented the constituency of the districts of Pless and Rybnik in the North German parliament of the North German Confederation, ran in the first election to the Imperial German Reichstag in 1871, Hans Heinr"}, {"id": "Q115616", "label": "Eduard Müller", "section": "History - Principality of Pless", "says": "But the Prince's power was not absolute; the opposition candidate, the \"already semi-canonized\" Father Eduard Müller, a priest born in Quilitz near Glogau who was active as Catholic missionary in Protestant Berlin, won anyway."}, {"id": "Q83171", "label": "Alexander II of Russia", "section": "History - Principality of Pless", "says": "Alexander II of Russia gave the Hochbergs a herd"}], "Q5291089": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "Fiji, also known as the Dominion of Fiji, was an independent state from 1970 to 1987, a Commonwealth realm in which the British monarch, Elizabeth II, remained head of state as Queen of Fiji, represented by the Governor-General."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Decolonisation", "says": "By this time, however, the United Kingdom had apparently decided to divest itself of its colonial empire and pressed ahead with reforms."}, {"id": "Q2097052", "label": "Timoci Bavadra", "section": "History - Coups", "says": "Following the election of the ethnically Indian-dominated government of Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra (although he personally was an indigenous Fijian) on 13 April 1987, Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka carried out the first of two military coups on 14 May 1987."}, {"id": "Q981549", "label": "Sitiveni Rabuka", "section": "History - Coups", "says": "Following the election of the ethnically Indian-dominated government of Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra (although he personally was an indigenous Fijian) on 13 April 1987, Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka carried out the first of two military coups on 14 May 1987."}, {"id": "Q1398207", "label": "Penaia Ganilau", "section": "History - Coups", "says": "However, Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, in an effort to uphold Fiji's constitution, refused to swear in the new (self-appointed) government headed by Rabuka, and so Rabuka declared a republic on 6 October 1987."}], "Q5330471": [{"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "lead", "says": "The entity encompassed the same territory as the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, which was formed in 1991, and was an exclave that had been merged into the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "lead", "says": "When the latter entity was defeated at the end of the Croatian War of Independence in 1995, the territory of Eastern Slavonia remained in place for another three years in which it experienced significant changes ultimately leading to peaceful reintegration via the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES)."}, {"id": "Q321885", "label": "Erdut Agreement", "section": "lead", "says": "A diplomatic solution that avoided the conflict in Eastern Slavonia was reached on 12 November 1995 via the signing of the Erdut Agreement with significant support and facilitation from the international community (primarily the United States, the United Nations, and various European actors)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "A diplomatic solution that avoided the conflict in Eastern Slavonia was reached on 12 November 1995 via the signing of the Erdut Agreement with significant support and facilitation from the international community (primarily the United States, the United Nations, and various European actors)."}, {"id": "Q183703", "label": "Franjo Tuđman", "section": "lead", "says": "Croatian state officials were welcomed to the region by the UNTAES administration including at the time of the first visit by the President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman in late 1996 when the head of the UNTAES Jacques Paul Klein organized a meeting between Croat and Serb delegation at the UNTAES headquarters in Vukovar."}, {"id": "Q769377", "label": "Operation Storm", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "After Operation Storm in August 1995, by which the majority of the Republic of Serbian Krajina was restored to Croatian control, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia became a de facto self-governing territory."}, {"id": "Q1124", "label": "Bill Clinton", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "President Bill Clinton, within the framework of an initiative to end the war in Bosnia, said that:\n\n\"There must be a long-term plan for a sustainable solution to the situation in Eastern Slavonia ... based on Croatian sovereignty and the principles outlined in the Z-4 plan.\"\nCroatia in this period hesitated between a diplomatic or military solution, but due to strong pressure from the internationa"}, {"id": "Q190315", "label": "Dayton Agreement", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Erdut agreement was reached as part of negotiations at the Dayton Agreement conference."}, {"id": "Q1374443", "label": "Operation Flash", "section": "History - Local authorities until the end of reintegration", "says": "After Operation Flash, representatives of Republika Srpska and Republic of Serbian Krajina announced that they would implement unification of these two entities."}, {"id": "Q16761250", "label": "Republika Srpska", "section": "History - Local authorities until the end of reintegration", "says": "After Operation Flash, representatives of Republika Srpska and Republic of Serbian Krajina announced that they would implement unification of these two entities."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "History - Events after the completion of reintegration", "says": "In the former administrative centre and the largest town of Vukovar, the consulate general of the Republic of Serbia was opened in 1998."}], "Q534894": [{"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially ruled by the Silesian Piasts, it was acquired by the Münsterberg (Ziębice) dukes of the Podiebrad family from 1495 and was inherited by the House of Württemberg in 1649."}, {"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Conquered by Prussia in 1742, it was enfeoffed to the Welf dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1792 until its dissolution in 1884."}], "Q5436526": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Malik Ahmad Farooqui (Nadir Shah)", "says": "Some of its members escaped toward Delhi via Uch city (now in Pakistan) after conquest of Balkh in 1220 A.D by Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Malik Ahmad Farooqui (Nadir Shah)", "says": "Some of its members escaped toward Delhi via Uch city (now in Pakistan) after conquest of Balkh in 1220 A.D by Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Malik Ahmad Farooqui (Nadir Shah)", "says": "They were welcomed by Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi and were counted amongst the most respectable nobles in the courts of Ala-ud-Din Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughluq because of their blue blood ."}, {"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Malik Ahmad Farooqui (Nadir Shah)", "says": "They were welcomed by Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi and were counted amongst the most respectable nobles in the courts of Ala-ud-Din Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughluq because of their blue blood ."}, {"id": "Q2723071", "label": "Ahmed Shah I", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Sultan Nasir Khan Faroqi", "says": "In 1429, he married off his daughter to the Bahmani prince Ala-ud-Din (Ala-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II), son of Ahmad Shah I."}, {"id": "Q2768005", "label": "Mahmud Begada", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Miran Adil Khan III", "says": "But the Gujarat sultan Mahmud Begada opposed him and supported the claim of Adil Shah, the great-grandson of Mailk Iftikar Hasan, brother of Malik Nasir and reached Thalner."}, {"id": "Q197881", "label": "Adil Shah", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Miran Adil Khan III", "says": "But the Gujarat sultan Mahmud Begada opposed him and supported the claim of Adil Shah, the great-grandson of Mailk Iftikar Hasan, brother of Malik Nasir and reached Thalner."}, {"id": "Q24950832", "label": "Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Miran Adil Khan III", "says": "Soon, Ahmad Nizam Shah along with Alam Khan reached the border of Khandesh."}, {"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Miran Adil Khan III", "says": "In 1517, he accompanied Muzaffar Shah in his campaign against Rana Sanga of Chittaur and Medini Rai, a rebel minister of Malwa."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Miran Muhammad Shah Faroqi I", "says": "On request from Miran Muhammad and Ala-ud-Din Imad Shah, he sent the combined forces of Gujarat, Khandesh and Berar to attack Ahmadnagar in 1528."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Miran Mubarak Khan Faroqi II", "says": "The Gujarat army defeated him and took back Mahmud Shah."}, {"id": "Q400998", "label": "Ahmadnagar Sultanate", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Miran Muhammad Shah Faroqi  II", "says": "In 1574 CE, Murtaza Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar Sultanate annexed Berar sultanate."}, {"id": "Q2741754", "label": "Khizr Khan", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Khizar Qadir Khan (Bahadur Shah Faroqi )", "says": "Raja Ali Khan was succeeded by his son Qadir Khan (or Khizr Khan according to Ain-i-Akbari) who took the title of Bahadur Shah."}, {"id": "Q334752", "label": "Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak", "section": "History of Farooqui dynasty - Khizar Qadir Khan (Bahadur Shah Faroqi )", "says": "He sent Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan to lay siege to Asirgarh and appointed Abul Fazl as governor of Khandesh."}], "Q55229963": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Fazughli was a precolonial state in what is now southeastern Sudan and western Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q738321", "label": "Susenyos", "section": "History - Between Sennar and Ethiopia", "says": "A Portuguese source from 1607 states that it had \"much fine gold and good horses exchanging trade with the (Ethiopian) empire.\" Another one published in 1622 records that \"(...) it is certain fact, as everyone says and Emperor Seltan Cagued (Susenyos) has told me, that the finest gold in all his lands is from the kingdom of Fazcolo\"."}], "Q5555325": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first three years after independence, from 1957 to 1960, Ghana was a Commonwealth realm with a Westminster system of government and Elizabeth II, the British monarch, served as Queen of Ghana."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the country was sometimes referred to as the Dominion of Ghana during this period, it never held the formal status of Dominion within the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The country that became the independent state of Ghana was at the date of independence made up of four separate territories with different statuses in British law: the Gold Coast Colony (founded in 1821); Ashanti (a \"protectorate\" from 1896 and a \"colony\" from 1901); British Togoland (a UN Trust Territory, formerly a League of Nations Mandate); and the Northern Territories (a \"protectorate\")."}, {"id": "Q797527", "label": "British Togoland", "section": "lead", "says": "The country that became the independent state of Ghana was at the date of independence made up of four separate territories with different statuses in British law: the Gold Coast Colony (founded in 1821); Ashanti (a \"protectorate\" from 1896 and a \"colony\" from 1901); British Togoland (a UN Trust Territory, formerly a League of Nations Mandate); and the Northern Territories (a \"protectorate\")."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Within the legal regime established by the British Nationality Act 1948 (entry into force, 1 January 1949), and related legislation, all British colonies were deemed under United Kingdom law to be \"within the Crown's dominions\"."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ghana remained within the Commonwealth, though no longer \"within the Crown's dominions\"."}, {"id": "Q8620", "label": "Kwame Nkrumah", "section": "lead", "says": "During the period from 1957 to 1960, Kwame Nkrumah held office as prime minister (and head of government)."}, {"id": "Q326531", "label": "Charles Arden-Clarke", "section": "lead", "says": "The following governors-general held office: \n\nSir Charles Arden-Clarke (6 March – 24 June 1957)\nThe 5th Earl of Listowel (24 June 1957 – 1 July 1960)\nFollowing the creation of a republic by the 1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum, Nkrumah won the presidential election and became the first President of Ghana."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ghana never held the legal status of \"Dominion\" within the British Empire, a status given to self-governing colonies (given legislative independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931), including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa; as well as India and Pakistan from 15 August 1947, one month after their independence, and Ce"}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "Ghana never held the legal status of \"Dominion\" within the British Empire, a status given to self-governing colonies (given legislative independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931), including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa; as well as India and Pakistan from 15 August 1947, one month after their independence, and Ce"}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Ghana never held the legal status of \"Dominion\" within the British Empire, a status given to self-governing colonies (given legislative independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931), including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa; as well as India and Pakistan from 15 August 1947, one month after their independence, and Ce"}], "Q558596": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hadiya (also known as Adea, Hadia, or Hadya) was a medieval Muslim state in the southern part of its realm located south of Shewa and west of Sharkha regions of the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q585460", "label": "Richard Pankhurst", "section": "lead", "says": "Hadiya was described in the mid-fourteenth century by the Arab historian Shihab Al-Umari as measuring eight days' journey by nine, which Richard Pankhurst estimates was 160 by 180 kilometers."}], "Q575132": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Biak-na-Bato (Tagalog: Republika ng Biak-na-Bato) was the second revolutionary republican government led by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution that referred to itself as the Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Republika ng Pilipinas) and was seated in what is now Biak-na-Bato National Park."}, {"id": "Q188939", "label": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Biak-na-Bato (Tagalog: Republika ng Biak-na-Bato) was the second revolutionary republican government led by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution that referred to itself as the Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Republika ng Pilipinas) and was seated in what is now Biak-na-Bato National Park."}, {"id": "Q422082", "label": "Philippine Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Biak-na-Bato (Tagalog: Republika ng Biak-na-Bato) was the second revolutionary republican government led by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution that referred to itself as the Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Republika ng Pilipinas) and was seated in what is now Biak-na-Bato National Park."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The current designation was adopted by historians to avoid confusion with the name of the current Philippine government, which also refers to itself as the Republic of the Philippines, and with other past Philippine governments using the same designation."}, {"id": "Q608679", "label": "Fernando Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte", "section": "lead", "says": "It was disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera, which included provisions for the exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong."}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "lead", "says": "It was disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera, which included provisions for the exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong."}], "Q5848651": [{"id": "Q887139", "label": "Juan Crisóstomo Falcón", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States of Venezuela (Spanish: Estados Unidos de Venezuela) was the official name of Venezuela, which adopted in its 1864 constitution under the Juan Crisóstomo Falcón government."}, {"id": "Q21296156", "label": "Republic of Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "This remained the official name until 1953, when the constitution of that year renamed it the Republic of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1999 under newly elected president Hugo Chávez and his modification to the Constitution, Venezuela's official name became the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q39501433", "label": "State of Venezuela", "section": "History - Original name", "says": "From 1830 to 1857 the official name of the country was Spanish: Estado de Venezuela (\"State of Venezuela\")."}, {"id": "Q1479636", "label": "Federal War", "section": "History - Original name", "says": "After the Liberal Party (Partido Liberal) won power in the Federal War it called for a constitutional convention, to establish the constitution on federal principles."}], "Q600473": [{"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Book of the Later Han, in 57 CE, Emperor Guangwu of Han granted Nakoku an imperial seal, patterned after the Chinese jade seals, but made of gold: the king of Na gold seal."}, {"id": "Q7268", "label": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the Book of the Later Han, in 57 CE, Emperor Guangwu of Han granted Nakoku an imperial seal, patterned after the Chinese jade seals, but made of gold: the king of Na gold seal."}], "Q600562": [{"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "Unlike its successor, the Zulu Kingdom, the Mthethwa Paramountcy was a confederation."}, {"id": "Q27695", "label": "Shaka Zulu", "section": "Background", "says": "After Zulu chief Shaka kaSenzagakhona (better known as Shaka Zulu) became king, he forged a nearly homogeneous nation with a single king (nkosi)."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "Background", "says": "The chief entered into an alliance with the Tsonga to the north in the early 19th century and began trading Ivory and other things with the Portuguese in Mozambique."}], "Q6273074": [{"id": "Q845760", "label": "East Jersey", "section": "lead", "says": "West Jersey and East Jersey were two distinct parts of the Province of New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "Background", "says": "The Dutch West India Company had established one or two Delaware River settlements, but by the late 1620s, it had moved most of its inhabitants to the island of Manhattan."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "Background", "says": "This became the center of New Netherland."}, {"id": "Q322187", "label": "New Sweden", "section": "Background", "says": "The development of the colony of New Sweden in the lower Delaware Valley began in 1638."}], "Q649310": [{"id": "Q2590601", "label": "Rana Sanga", "section": "History - Rao Dynasty rule", "says": "On the question of the succession of the state of Idar, the Sultan of Gujarat, Muzaffar Shah, and  Rana Sanga of Mewar supported rival claimants."}, {"id": "Q808575", "label": "Baroda State", "section": "History - Marwar Dynasty takeover", "says": "In 1875, Idar state had a revenue of £60,000 and paid a tribute of £3,034 to the Gaekwads of Baroda State."}, {"id": "Q2627082", "label": "Bombay State", "section": "History - Marwar Dynasty takeover", "says": "In 1949, it was dissolved and split between Sabar Kantha district and Mehsana district, which were at that point in Bombay State."}, {"id": "Q7678245", "label": "Takht Singh I of Marwar", "section": "History - Rajas", "says": "1731-1751 Anand Singh ( -1753)\n1751-1791 Shiv Singh (1736–1791), His second son founded a separate branch of the dynasty, which ruled as Maharajas of Ahmednagar from 1792 until 1843, when Takht Singh, the last Maharaja, became Maharaja of Jodhpur and continued the Ahmednagar line from there."}, {"id": "Q5101028", "label": "Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba", "section": "History - Rajas", "says": "1791-1792 Bhawan Singh (1755–1792)\n1792-1833 Gambhir Singh (1781-12 August 1833)\n12 August 1833-26 December 1868 Jawan Singh, KCSI (1830-26 December 1868)\n26 December 1868-February 1901 Keshri Singh, KCSI (1864-February 1901)\nInterregnum from February–October 1901\nOctober-30 November 1901 Krishna Singh (October 1901-30 November 1901)."}, {"id": "Q1234662", "label": "Karan Singh, Crown Prince of Kashmir", "section": "History - Rajas of Ahmadnagar", "says": "1791 - 1798  Sangram Singh\n1798 - 1835  Karan Singh\n1835 - 1839  Pratap Singh\n1839 - 1841  ...."}], "Q6563843": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "After the death of the last Khwarezmaian ruler Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the destruction of the Nizari Ismaili state and the Abbasid Caliphate became the main Mongol objectives."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In 1238, the Nizari Imam and the Abbasid caliph sent a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Edward I of England to forge an alliance against the invading Mongols, but this was unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In 1238, the Nizari Imam and the Abbasid caliph sent a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Edward I of England to forge an alliance against the invading Mongols, but this was unsuccessful."}, {"id": "Q7521", "label": "Möngke Khan", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In the same year, Möngke Khan, the khagan of the Mongol Empire, ordered a massacre of all Nizari Ismailis of Persia."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "In the same year, Möngke Khan, the khagan of the Mongol Empire, ordered a massacre of all Nizari Ismailis of Persia."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Rukn al-Din Khurshah himself, who had traveled to Mongolia to meet Möngke Khan, was killed by his personal Mongol guard there."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "The Nizari Imam, known in the sources as Khudawand Muhammad, again managed to recapture the fort in the fourteenth century."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "History - Fall", "says": "Ismaili political activity in the region also seems to have continued under the leadership of Sultan Muhammad b."}], "Q6740997": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Malagasy Republic (Malagasy: Repoblika Malagasy, French: République malgache) was a state situated in Southeast Africa on the island of Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q3456447", "label": "Democratic Republic of Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 1958 as an autonomous republic within the newly created French Community, became fully independent in 1960, and existed until the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar in 1975."}], "Q7216494": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "From this time on, until 1104, the kingdom was an independent and separated state from the united Kingdom of Georgia."}], "Q7443295": [{"id": "Q5062192", "label": "Centralist Republic of Mexico", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Federal Republic of Mexico (Spanish: Segunda República Federal de México) refers to the period of Mexican history involving a second attempt to establish a federal government in Mexico after the fall of the unitary Centralist Republic of Mexico in 1846 at the start of the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Federal Republic of Mexico (Spanish: Segunda República Federal de México) refers to the period of Mexican history involving a second attempt to establish a federal government in Mexico after the fall of the unitary Centralist Republic of Mexico in 1846 at the start of the Mexican–American War."}, {"id": "Q371334", "label": "Second Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It would last up until the Second French intervention in Mexico led to the proclamation of the Second Mexican Empire in 1863."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in 1848 with Mexico being forced to cede half of its territory to the United States."}, {"id": "Q2091916", "label": "Reform War", "section": "lead", "says": "A new constitution implementing such measures was promulgated in 1857, upon which the Conservative Party opposition took up arms, inaugurating three years of what would come to be known as the Reform War."}, {"id": "Q182276", "label": "Benito Juárez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liberal government led by president Benito Juárez would emerge triumphant in 1860, but a financial crisis led the government to postpone its external debts, a measure that was used as a pretext by the Second French Empire to launch an invasion of Mexico with the aim of turning it into a client state led by Maximilian of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q71092", "label": "Second French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Liberal government led by president Benito Juárez would emerge triumphant in 1860, but a financial crisis led the government to postpone its external debts, a measure that was used as a pretext by the Second French Empire to launch an invasion of Mexico with the aim of turning it into a client state led by Maximilian of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q1061228", "label": "Battle of Puebla", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second French intervention in Mexico began in 1861, but was subsequently delayed by a year due to the French loss in the Battle of Puebla."}, {"id": "Q379975", "label": "Nicolás Bravo", "section": "History - Mexican American War", "says": "Nicolás Bravo was meanwhile chosen as his successor."}, {"id": "Q1837971", "label": "José Mariano Salas", "section": "History - Mexican American War", "says": "José Mariano Salas was made the provisional president, and on August 22, he restored the Constitution of 1824, putting an end to Centralist Republic of Mexico, and inaugurating the era of the Second Federalist Republic."}, {"id": "Q1808450", "label": "Battle of Buena Vista", "section": "History - American troops land at Veracruz", "says": "Meanwhile news arrived that Santa Anna had won the Battle of Buena Vista which took place on February 22 to February 23, 1847, and which in reality had been a draw."}, {"id": "Q354759", "label": "Winfield Scott", "section": "History - American troops land at Veracruz", "says": "Santa was heading back to Mexico City to arrange defenses against the forces of Winfield Scott who had just landed at Veracruz."}, {"id": "Q2208980", "label": "Pedro María de Anaya", "section": "History - American troops land at Veracruz", "says": "The insurrection ended, troops were sent back to their stations, and the presidency passed over to Santa Anna, but in turn Santa Anna passed the presidency over to Pedro María de Anaya, as he went to face the forces of Winfield Scott."}, {"id": "Q2888281", "label": "Battle of Cerro Gordo", "section": "History - American troops land at Veracruz", "says": "After the Battle of Cerro Gordo in which the Americans broke through the defenses on the way to Mexico City, congress gave the president extraordinary faculties, without giving him the authority to sign a peace treaty on his own, or to alienate any portion of national territory, and anyone who now attempted to negotiate with the Americans was declared a traitor."}, {"id": "Q561564", "label": "Manuel de la Peña y Peña", "section": "History - Battle for Mexico City", "says": "Per the instructions of Congress, Anaya's term ended on January 8, 1847, and the presidency passed to  Manuel de la Peña y Peña, who had already served a brief term during the war."}, {"id": "Q616109", "label": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "section": "History - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "says": "Negotiations were opened with the United States government, and after deliberating upon the matter, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was approved by congress."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Herrera presidency", "says": "The 1851 election was won by Mariano Arista, Herrera's Minister of War, and Herrera was the first Mexican president to complete a full term since the inaugural holder of the office, Guadalupe Victoria had passed power over to Vicente Guerrero in 1828."}, {"id": "Q315618", "label": "Vicente Guerrero", "section": "History - Herrera presidency", "says": "The 1851 election was won by Mariano Arista, Herrera's Minister of War, and Herrera was the first Mexican president to complete a full term since the inaugural holder of the office, Guadalupe Victoria had passed power over to Vicente Guerrero in 1828."}, {"id": "Q827212", "label": "Gadsden Purchase", "section": "History - Santa Anna's last dictatorship", "says": "The regime found new funds through the Gadsden Purchase, which nonetheless proved to be controversial for once again alienating national territory to the United States."}, {"id": "Q285658", "label": "First Mexican Empire", "section": "History - Santa Anna's last dictatorship", "says": "He revived the noble Order of Guadalupe that had briefly existed during the First Mexican Empire, but upon the first public exposition of its members wearing their ceremonial decorations, they became subject to public ridicule throughout the country and were referred to by the pejorative 'huehuenches.' Notwithstanding, Santa Anna himself began to go under the honorific His Most Serene Highness He "}, {"id": "Q460776", "label": "Juan Álvarez Hurtado", "section": "History - La Reforma", "says": "A little over a year of civil war followed, the Liberals being led by Juan Álvarez and Ignacio Comonfort and achieving success by October 1855. Álvarez assumed the interim presidency and convoked congress."}, {"id": "Q449399", "label": "Ignacio Comonfort", "section": "History - La Reforma", "says": "A little over a year of civil war followed, the Liberals being led by Juan Álvarez and Ignacio Comonfort and achieving success by October 1855. Álvarez assumed the interim presidency and convoked congress."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Second French intervention", "says": "A moratorium on foreign debt payments was passed in July, 1861 in order to meet Mexico's financial crisis, but  France, the United Kingdom, and Spain responded with the  Convention of London, agreeing to armed intervention in order to assure Mexico's debt payments."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Second French intervention", "says": "Napoleon III intended to overthrow the Mexican Republic and establish a monarchical client state."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Second French intervention", "says": "The idea for invading Mexico and establishing a monarchy had reached Napoleon through two monarchist Mexican expatriates named José Manuel Hidalgo y Esnaurrízar, and José María Gutiérrez de Estrada, and the idea coincided with French imperial aims."}], "Q766543": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hispanic Monarchy (Spanish: Monarquía Hispánica), also known as the Catholic Monarchy and historically referred to as the Monarchy of Spain, was the political entity encompassing the territories and dependencies of the Spanish Empire between 1479 and 1716."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monarchy included the Crown of Castile—with Granada, Navarre and the kingdoms of the Indies—and Aragon—with Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Malta and the State of the Presidi—, Portugal and its overseas territories between 1580 and 1640, the territories of the Burgundian Circle except between 1598–1621—Franche-Comté, the Netherlands, as well as Charolais—, the Duchy of Milan, the Marquisate of Final"}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monarchy included the Crown of Castile—with Granada, Navarre and the kingdoms of the Indies—and Aragon—with Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Malta and the State of the Presidi—, Portugal and its overseas territories between 1580 and 1640, the territories of the Burgundian Circle except between 1598–1621—Franche-Comté, the Netherlands, as well as Charolais—, the Duchy of Milan, the Marquisate of Final"}, {"id": "Q153529", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monarchy included the Crown of Castile—with Granada, Navarre and the kingdoms of the Indies—and Aragon—with Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Malta and the State of the Presidi—, Portugal and its overseas territories between 1580 and 1640, the territories of the Burgundian Circle except between 1598–1621—Franche-Comté, the Netherlands, as well as Charolais—, the Duchy of Milan, the Marquisate of Final"}, {"id": "Q2280660", "label": "Marquisate of Finale", "section": "lead", "says": "The Monarchy included the Crown of Castile—with Granada, Navarre and the kingdoms of the Indies—and Aragon—with Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Malta and the State of the Presidi—, Portugal and its overseas territories between 1580 and 1640, the territories of the Burgundian Circle except between 1598–1621—Franche-Comté, the Netherlands, as well as Charolais—, the Duchy of Milan, the Marquisate of Final"}], "Q8146595": [{"id": "Q153665", "label": "German South-West Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1887, it was merged into German South-West Africa."}], "Q816313": [{"id": "Q171348", "label": "Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "Belz (Yiddish: בעלזא) is a Hasidic dynasty founded in the town of Belz in Western Ukraine, near the Polish border, historically the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Aharon re-established the Hasidic community in Israel following World War II."}], "Q845531": [{"id": "Q836256", "label": "Ran Min", "section": "lead", "says": "Wei (Chinese: 魏; 350–352), known as Ran Wei (冉魏) in Chinese historiography, was a short-lived dynastic state of China established by Ran Min."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "In 350, Ran Wei usurped the throne of the Later Zhao dynasty in the city of Ye and declared himself Emperor of Wei."}, {"id": "Q1472004", "label": "Former Yan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 352, Ran Wei was conquered by the Former Yan dynasty shortly after the Battle of Liantai."}, {"id": "Q1196190", "label": "Shi Le", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Ran Min was the son of Ran Zhan, a Han Chinese who was living with the Qihuo army during the fall of Western Jin before his capture by the Jie warlord and future founder of the Later Zhao dynasty, Shi Le in 310."}, {"id": "Q1149441", "label": "Shi Hu", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Ran Zhan grew to impress Shi Le with his abilities, and as per the Shi clan's unusual practice of heavily adopting people into their families, he advised his distant cousin and adoptive brother, Shi Hu, to adopt Ran Zhan as his own son."}, {"id": "Q1152762", "label": "Shi Shi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Shi Hu's death in 349, Shi Min was among the many military generals who conspired to overthrow the new emperor, Shi Shi."}, {"id": "Q1152755", "label": "Shi Zun", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In return for supporting him, Shi Min was promised the role of Crown Prince by his uncle, Shi Zun."}, {"id": "Q283828", "label": "Shi Jian", "section": "History - Background", "says": "As Shi Zun attempted to kill him, Shi Min, with the help of the official Li Nong, led his troops to overthrow him and installed his uncle, Shi Jian as the new emperor as Ye."}, {"id": "Q1199583", "label": "Shi Zhi", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Many Zhao generals and governors refused to acknowledge Shi Min's authority, with some rallying around the prince, Shi Zhi at Xiangguo."}, {"id": "Q1071329", "label": "Murong Jun", "section": "History - War with Former Yan and fall", "says": "There, he insulted the Yan emperor Murong Jun, claiming that his people were \"barbarians and animals\" (夷狄禽獸之類), and he was subsequently executed."}], "Q845760": [{"id": "Q6273074", "label": "West Jersey", "section": "lead", "says": "The Province of East Jersey, along with the Province of West Jersey, between 1674 and 1702 in accordance with the Quintipartite Deed, were two distinct political divisions of the Province of New Jersey, which became the U.S. state of New Jersey."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 1664 and 1674, most settlement was from other parts of the Americas, especially New England, Long Island, and the West Indies."}], "Q849770": [{"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence, it remained a puppet state of the Western Wei, Northern Zhou and Sui dynasties."}, {"id": "Q736726", "label": "Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "The Western Liang's founding emperor, Xiao Cha (Emperor Xuan), was a grandson of the Liang dynasty founder Emperor Wu of Liang."}, {"id": "Q1285740", "label": "Emperor Xuan of Western Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 555 AD and 557 AD the two states claiming the political orthodoxy of the Liang dynasty existed simultaneously: Xiao Cha ruled from Jiangling, while Xiao Yuanming and Xiao Fangzhi ruled from Jiankang."}, {"id": "Q1059874", "label": "Xiao Yuanming", "section": "lead", "says": "Between 555 AD and 557 AD the two states claiming the political orthodoxy of the Liang dynasty existed simultaneously: Xiao Cha ruled from Jiangling, while Xiao Yuanming and Xiao Fangzhi ruled from Jiankang."}, {"id": "Q1149114", "label": "Emperor Yuan of Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "Before 555 AD, Emperor Yuan of Liang also ruled from Jiangling before he was captured and executed by Xiao Cha and his Western Wei backers."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "Before 555 AD, Emperor Yuan of Liang also ruled from Jiangling before he was captured and executed by Xiao Cha and his Western Wei backers."}, {"id": "Q837577", "label": "Xiao Xian", "section": "lead", "says": "From 617 to 621 AD, when the Sui dynasty collapsed, Xiao Cha's great-grandson Xiao Xian occupied the former Western Liang territory as well as others and proclaimed himself King of Liang, but his short-lived state is usually considered separate."}], "Q914031": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Tonk was a princely state in India under the supervision of the Rajputana Agency of the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q6124144", "label": "Jaipur State", "section": "lead", "says": "Tonk and the surrounding regions were captured from Jaipur State and rewarded to Amir Khan for his services."}], "Q986881": [{"id": "Q954", "label": "Zimbabwe", "section": "lead", "says": "1683) was a Kalanga (western Shona) kingdom located in what is now southwestern Zimbabwe."}, {"id": "Q986822", "label": "Rozwi Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Around 1683, the kingdom was conquered by Changamire Dombo, who founded the Rozwi Empire."}, {"id": "Q854468", "label": "Kingdom of Mutapa", "section": "History - Foundation and apogee", "says": "During the time of Great Zimbabwe's dominance over the region, various offshoots split from it to form various states, one such state being the Mutapa Empire."}, {"id": "Q963", "label": "Botswana", "section": "History - Rozvi conquest", "says": "Changamire founded the Rozvi Empire with its capital at Danamombe, and used Butua as his base for his military campaigns.Some of the original inhabitants of Butua (now called the Lilima, a Kalanga sub-group) migrated into north-eastern Botswana."}], "Q10748344": [{"id": "Q748780", "label": "First Indochina War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was a provisional government within the French Union, proclaimed on 23 May 1948 in Vietnam during the First Indochina War."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "lead", "says": "This state would be the State of Vietnam, predecessor of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)."}], "Q11876909": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Brazil (Portuguese: Estado do Brasil) or Government-General of Brazil was one of the states (an administrative division) of the Portuguese Empire in the Americas during the period of Colonial Brazil."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Brazil (Portuguese: Estado do Brasil) or Government-General of Brazil was one of the states (an administrative division) of the Portuguese Empire in the Americas during the period of Colonial Brazil."}, {"id": "Q216789", "label": "John III of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Established during the reign of John III of Portugal, the State of Brazil had as its first capital the city of Salvador, seat of the Government-General of Brazil, the body responsible for the political, military, fiscal, and judicial coordination of the territory."}, {"id": "Q502009", "label": "State of Maranhão", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its existence, the entity underwent successive administrative reorganizations, including temporary divisions into regional governments and the separation of northern areas, which gave rise to the State of Maranhão."}, {"id": "Q234081", "label": "Ancien Régime", "section": "lead", "says": "From a juridical-administrative point of view, the State of Brazil was not designated in royal documents as a \"colony\", but rather as a \"state\", \"domain\", or \"conquest\", terms characteristic of the administrative language of the Portuguese Empire in the Ancien Régime."}], "Q11909456": [{"id": "Q353497", "label": "Sarduri II", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "In 743 BC, during the Urartu-Assyria War, the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III laid siege to Arpad following the defeat of the Urartian army of Sarduri II at Samsat."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "A coalition of princes which had been allied to the city was also defeated, including the kings of Kummuh, Quwê, Carchemish and Gurgum."}], "Q1483403": [{"id": "Q463876", "label": "Lekë Dukagjini", "section": "lead", "says": "This event must have happened by 1387, because that year the brothers Pal and Lekë Dukagjini signed a trade agreement with the Republic of Ragusa and allowed free passage to the republic's merchants through their territories."}, {"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "lead", "says": "This event must have happened by 1387, because that year the brothers Pal and Lekë Dukagjini signed a trade agreement with the Republic of Ragusa and allowed free passage to the republic's merchants through their territories."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1398, Little Tanush (son of Pal I), surrendered to the Ottomans, but in 1402, after their defeat at Ankara and the capture of Sultan Bayezid I, he freed himself from them."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "As their vassals, Pal Dukagjini together with Nicholas and Lekë III Dukagjini (referred to simply as Lekë Dukagjini) took part in the League of Lezhë in 1444."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Skanderbeg, Lekë became the leader of the League of Lezhë, continuing the resistance against the Ottoman Empire until 1479 when the league was defeated."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "History - Reign of Little Tanush", "says": "However, after the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and the capture of sultan Bayezid I, Little Tanush freed himself together with the Dukagjini territory."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "History - Reign of Little Tanush", "says": "During the Second Scutari War, the Dukagjini were allies with the Serbian Despotate and Zeta, despite several Venetians attempts of bribery."}, {"id": "Q3301817", "label": "Gjergj Arianiti", "section": "History - Reign of Pall II", "says": "Nicholas participated in the Albanian revolt of 1432–1436, led by Gjergj Arianiti."}, {"id": "Q160614", "label": "Skanderbeg", "section": "History - Reign of Lekë III", "says": "The conflict began at the wedding of Mamica Kastrioti, the sister of Skanderbeg."}], "Q1509726": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "There are also well-established Ger communities in the United States and in Europe."}], "Q1540575": [{"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gozitan Nation, commonly known as Gozo, was an unrecognised state located on the island of Gozo between 1798 and 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars."}], "Q1588434": [{"id": "Q1362188", "label": "Battle of Talikota", "section": "History - Military campaigns and foreign relations", "says": "After the defeat of the Vijayanagara army at the Battle of Talikota (1565), the capital was re-established at Penukonda and later at Chandragiri under the Aravidu dynasty."}, {"id": "Q19805959", "label": "Golconda Sultanate", "section": "History - Raghunatha Nayaka (1600–1634)", "says": "Early in his reign, he provided military support to Emperor Venkata II to counter incursions by Sultanate of Golconda."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "History - Civil war and the Battle of Toppur", "says": "Ater the death of Emperor Venkata II in 1614, a succession dispute broke the Vijayanagara Empire."}], "Q1617495": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Jaén (Spanish: reino de Jaén) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile since 1246 and until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833."}], "Q1623936": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was situated on the periphery of the Gibe region of Ethiopia."}], "Q1629505": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Bamoun (also spelled Bamoum, Bamun, Bamoun, or Mum) was a state in central Africa, part of what is now northwest Cameroon."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Njoya the Great", "says": "The king, however, remained unconverted to Christianity."}], "Q1683106": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Jaora State was a 13 gun-salute princely state of the British Raj."}], "Q17166174": [{"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Late nineteenth century", "says": "Soon after the arrival of the IECA in 1880, a large majority of the Mbunda population was converted to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Disestablishment", "says": "Portugal declared war on the kingdom in 1914 in the Kolongongo War, where the Portuguese captured their king, Mwene Mbandu Lyonthzi Kapova."}], "Q1759078": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Jimma (Oromo: Mootummaa Jimmaa) was  an Oromo Muslim kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century."}, {"id": "Q1462877", "label": "Kingdom of Kaffa", "section": "lead", "says": "It shared its western border with Limmu-Ennarea, its eastern border with the Sidamo Kingdom of Janjero, and was separated from the Kingdom of Kaffa to the south by the Gojeb River."}], "Q176466": [{"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - Post-independence period", "says": "Upon India's independence in 1947, the maharaja of Rewa acceded unto the Dominion of India."}], "Q1796239": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Seville (Spanish: Reino de Sevilla) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile from 1248 until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833."}], "Q18450904": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hesse-Hanau (German: Hessen-Hanau) was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q319376", "label": "Hanau-Münzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged when the former county of Hanau-Münzenberg became a secundogeniture of Hesse-Kassel in 1760."}], "Q1949848": [{"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "The Angoche Sultanate was a sultanate centered on the islands of Angoche, present-day Northern Mozambique coastline."}, {"id": "Q3107156", "label": "Kilwa Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in the late 15th century by dissidents from the Kilwa Sultanate, the sultanate arose during the decline of the Kilwa and Sofala, serving as an alternative entrepôt outside of Portuguese control to the inland trade fairs in the Zambezi and Mashonaland."}, {"id": "Q337066", "label": "Francisco de Almeida", "section": "History - Early History and first rise", "says": "Based on the knowledge obtained from Covilham's visit, Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida occupied and fortified both of the ports between 1505 and 1507, while the northern coast was held through the alliance with the sultan of Malindi."}, {"id": "Q1150753", "label": "Duarte Barbosa", "section": "History - Early History and first rise", "says": "By the early 16th century Angoche and other settlements were described by Duarte Barbosa as vassals to the Kilwa Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Second rise and conquest", "says": "Its founder, António Alves da Silva, came from the province of Beira in Portugal in the early 19th century and established a trade in ivory and slaves, engaging a number of African soldiers or \"sipais\" from the Sena district."}], "Q2028318": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gurian Republic was an insurgent community that existed between 1902 and 1906 in the western Georgian region of Guria (known at the time as the Ozurget Uyezd) in the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The revolt gained further traction through the efforts of Georgian social democrats, despite some reservations within their party over supporting a peasant movement, and grew further during the 1905 Russian Revolution."}, {"id": "Q245160", "label": "Democratic Republic of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "Some of the Republic's leaders were executed, imprisoned or exiled, but others later played prominent roles in the 1918–1921 Democratic Republic of Georgia."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic also showed that peasants could be incorporated into the socialist movement, an idea previously downplayed by leading Marxists."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "By that time grain from the United States had become popular, and the prices for maize dropped considerably."}, {"id": "Q504419", "label": "Nikolay Chkheidze", "section": "History - Formation of the republic", "says": "Nikolay Chkheidze, a Georgian Menshevik active in Batumi at the time, said that social democrats \"cannot have a peasant movement under our banners.\" However two local Mensheviks, Noe Zhordania and Silibistro Jibladze, agreed to help."}, {"id": "Q379627", "label": "Noe Zhordania", "section": "History - Formation of the republic", "says": "Nikolay Chkheidze, a Georgian Menshevik active in Batumi at the time, said that social democrats \"cannot have a peasant movement under our banners.\" However two local Mensheviks, Noe Zhordania and Silibistro Jibladze, agreed to help."}], "Q2060041": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Melikşah, the sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire, died in 1092."}, {"id": "Q400360", "label": "Ahlatshahs", "section": "lead", "says": "However, İnal soon died and during the reign of İbrahim, the small principality had to accept the suzerainty of its more powerful neighbours; first the Seljuks of Syria, then the Great Seljuk Empire, then the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm (1105) and finally the Sökmenli (Ahlatshahs) (1109)."}], "Q2077765": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Santa Maria do Algarve (Arabic: شنتمرية الغرب, romanized: Shantamariyya al-Gharb) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom or emirate located in what is now southern Portugal, that existed from 1018 to 1051."}], "Q2121850": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "‘Aqrabi (Arabic: عقربي ‘Aqrabī), or the Aqrabi Sheikhdom (Arabic: مشيخة العقربي Mashyakhat al-‘Aqrabī), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "‘Aqrabi (Arabic: عقربي ‘Aqrabī), or the Aqrabi Sheikhdom (Arabic: مشيخة العقربي Mashyakhat al-‘Aqrabī), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was abolished in 1967 with the independence of the People's Republic of South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Sheikhs", "says": "1770 - 1833                al-Mahdi ibn `Ali al-`Aqrabi\n1833 - 1858                Haydara ibn al-Mahdi al-`Aqrabi\n1858 -  8 Mar 1905         `Abd Allah ibn Haydara al-`Aqrabi\n1905 - 9 Jun 1935                al-Fadl ibn `Abd Allah al-`Aqrabi\n9 Jun 1935 - 1957                Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-`Aqrabi\n1957 - 28 Aug 1967         Mahmud ibn Muhammad al-`Aqrabi"}], "Q2128715": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "It was part of the colonial Bhopal Agency of the Central India Agency during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q976913", "label": "Narsinghgarh State", "section": "lead", "says": "The neighbouring Narsinghgarh State was ruled by a cadet branch of this family, after being partitioned in 1681."}], "Q2183293": [{"id": "Q2361927", "label": "Duchy of Masovia", "section": "lead", "says": "During its history, the duchy was a constituent part of some other political entities, such as the Kingdom of Rus, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Duchy of Masovia."}], "Q2330940": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan was a short-lived anti-communist entity established in the Lankaran region (present-day Azerbaijan) in August 1918 amid the Mughan clashes."}, {"id": "Q781705", "label": "Mughan Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 May the Extraordinary Congress of the \"Councils of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies\" of Lankaran district proclaimed the Mughan Soviet Republic."}], "Q2337275": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "Rajarata (Sinhala: රජරට, romanized: rajaraṭa (IPA: [rad͡ʒəraʈə]); Tamil: ரஜரட, romanized: rajaraṭa; meaning \"King's country\") was one of three historical regions of the island of Sri Lanka for about 1,700 years from the 6th century BCE to the early 13th century CE."}, {"id": "Q3136869", "label": "Kingdom of Dambadeniya", "section": "Fall of Rajarata", "says": "During the rise of the Kingdom of Dambadeniya under the king Vijayabahu III (1220-1224 CE), Magha lost the control of Malaya Rata."}, {"id": "Q3181417", "label": "Malik Kafur", "section": "Fall of Rajarata", "says": "The last Pandyan ruler of Madurai, was defeated and expelled in 1323 by Malik Kafur, the army general of the Muslim empire Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "Fall of Rajarata", "says": "The last Pandyan ruler of Madurai, was defeated and expelled in 1323 by Malik Kafur, the army general of the Muslim empire Delhi Sultanate."}], "Q2342941": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Government of the Tahirid Sultanate", "says": "The first sultan az-Zafir Amir sent an army against the imam al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar in 1458, but it was defeated and the sultan's brother Muhammad bin Tahir was killed."}], "Q2442581": [{"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Loango-Angola is the name for the possessions of the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in contemporary Angola and the Republic of the Congo."}, {"id": "Q770776", "label": "Dutch Gold Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "Due to the distance between Luanda and Elmina, the capital of the Dutch Gold Coast, a separate administration for the southern districts of Africa was established at Luanda during the period of the Dutch occupation."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Dutch rule", "says": "In 1643, the Count of Sonho sent a mission to the Dutch Republic, headed by his cousin Dom Miguel de Castro."}, {"id": "Q221357", "label": "Dutch Brazil", "section": "History - Dutch rule", "says": "The mission travelled via Dutch Brazil, where they were received by John Maurice of Nassau, and arrived in Vlissingen on 19 June 1643."}, {"id": "Q164062", "label": "Maurice of Nassau", "section": "History - Dutch rule", "says": "The mission travelled via Dutch Brazil, where they were received by John Maurice of Nassau, and arrived in Vlissingen on 19 June 1643."}], "Q2564694": [{"id": "Q769782", "label": "Kingdom of Powys", "section": "lead", "says": "Northern Powys or Powys Fadog (Welsh for 'Madog's Powys'), was the northern portion of the Kingdom of Powys following that kingdom's dissolution in 1160."}, {"id": "Q2670639", "label": "Powys Wenwynwyn", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the division of Powys, their cousin branch, the princes of Powys Wenwynwyn, had their seat at Powis Castle."}], "Q2617017": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baluchistan States Union or Balochistan States Union (BSU) was an administrative division of Pakistan that existed between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955 in the southwestern part of West Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q2342822", "label": "West Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baluchistan States Union or Balochistan States Union (BSU) was an administrative division of Pakistan that existed between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955 in the southwestern part of West Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q157734", "label": "Muscat and Oman", "section": "lead", "says": "The Union did not include the enclave of Gwadar which was part of Muscat and Oman."}, {"id": "Q2006542", "label": "Dominion of Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The BSU was formed after the accession of four individual princely states to the new Dominion of Pakistan in 1948."}], "Q2620565": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1022 to 1094, the taifa encompassed the Lisbon region of what is now Portugal."}], "Q2623875": [{"id": "Q1319152", "label": "Hồ Quý Ly", "section": "History - First phase (1407–1409)", "says": "The Ming conquest of Đại Việt in 1406–1407 was undertaken with the stated aim of overthrowing Hồ Quý Ly and restoring the earlier Trần dynasty."}, {"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - First phase (1407–1409)", "says": "In response, the Yongle Emperor ordered Mu Sheng to suppress the rebellion, mobilizing approximately 40,000 troops from Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Sichuan."}], "Q2670639": [{"id": "Q2564694", "label": "Powys Fadog", "section": "lead", "says": "The realm was the southern portion of the former princely state of Powys which split following the death of Madog ap Maredudd and the killing of his heir Llywelyn in 1160: the northern portion (Maelor) went to Gruffydd Maelor and eventually became known as Powys Fadog; while the southern portion (Cyfeiliog) going to Owain Cyfeiliog and becoming known, eventually, as Powys Wenwynwyn after Prince Gw"}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "End of the Principality", "says": "Owain ap Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn (alias Owen de la Pole) allegedly surrendered the principality of Powys to Edward I at the Parliament held in Shrewsbury in 1283 (Dafydd ap Gruffudd, his rival in Powys Fadog was tried at the same Parliament, he was deposed for fighting on the wrong side and executed for treason against Edward)."}], "Q2750035": [{"id": "Q470072", "label": "King Zhou of Shang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a vassal of the Shang dynasty and its ruler was one of the Three Ducal Ministers appointed by Di Xin."}], "Q314925": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free State of Coburg (German: Freistaat Coburg) was a small, short-lived (1918–1920) central German state during the early years of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed following the dissolution of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha during the German revolution of 1918–1919."}, {"id": "Q700229", "label": "Saxe-Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "Duke Charles Edward abdicated, and Coburg separated from Saxe-Gotha due in large part to political differences with its more radical neighbor."}], "Q318987": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt (German: Hochstift Eichstätt, Fürstbistum Eichstätt, Bistum Eichstätt) was a small ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q3267672": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Entre Ríos was a short-lived republic in South America in the early nineteenth century."}, {"id": "Q252847", "label": "José Gervasio Artigas", "section": "History - Occupation of Corrientes and southern Misiones", "says": "While his lieutenants pursued José Gervasio Artigas throughout the territory of Misiones, Ramírez occupied the Corrientes on 19 September 1820."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Occupation of Misiones", "says": "Sití had evacuated part of the population of Asunción del Cambay toward the depopulated town of San José, in order to repopulate it and recover the yerba mate plantations, while at the same time maintaining communication with the Portuguese brigadier Francisco das Chagas Santos in São Borja."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Occupation of Misiones", "says": "The latter managed to defeat González Alderete at Paso de Higos the following day and crossed the Uruguay River into missionary territory occupied by Portugal since 1801."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Occupation of Misiones", "says": "Nicolás Aripí, who had been appointed by Sití to guard the towns of Candelaria, Santa Ana, Loreto, Corpus, and his camp at San Ignacio—all of which had been looted and burned by Paraguay in 1817—submitted to Ramírez, and Piris left him as commander of those towns and custodian of the natural yerba plantations, together with the cacique Juan Nicolás Cristaldo."}, {"id": "Q34063", "label": "José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia", "section": "History - Planned invasion of Paraguay", "says": "In his aim of recovering the Banda Oriental, which was occupied by the Portuguese, Ramírez sought to form an alliance with José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, who commanded a powerful army."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "History - Planned invasion of Paraguay", "says": "As Francia did not respond to his correspondence, Ramírez decided to invade Paraguay and incorporate it into the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, to recruit thirty thousand men as a preliminary step toward creating a large army to oppose the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q939859", "label": "1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre", "section": "History - Census and registration", "says": "The population of the towns in the departments of Entre Ríos was: Paraná (4,284), Concepción del Uruguay (1,223), Santa Rita de la Esquina (907), Gualeguaychú (755), Gualeguay (559), Nogoyá (538), Rosario del Tala (261), and La Matanza—now Victoria—(181)."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Census and registration", "says": "The population of the towns in the departments of Entre Ríos was: Paraná (4,284), Concepción del Uruguay (1,223), Santa Rita de la Esquina (907), Gualeguaychú (755), Gualeguay (559), Nogoyá (538), Rosario del Tala (261), and La Matanza—now Victoria—(181)."}], "Q3302610": [{"id": "Q470978", "label": "Alaungpaya", "section": "lead", "says": "A new dynasty called Konbaung led by King Alaungpaya rose in Upper Burma to challenge the southern forces, and went on to conquer all of Upper Burma by December 1753."}], "Q3324546": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sovereign Council of Asturias and León (Spanish: Consejo Soberano de Asturias y León, Asturian: Conseyu Soberanu d'Asturies y Llión), was an unrecognized state in northern Spain during the Spanish Civil War."}], "Q3393334": [{"id": "Q148540", "label": "Republic of Florence", "section": "lead", "says": "The Signoria of Florence (Italian for \"lordship\") was the government of the medieval and Renaissance Republic of Florence, between 1250 and 1532."}], "Q3459464": [{"id": "Q8479", "label": "Peter the Great", "section": "History - Rise of the Khanate", "says": "The Ottomans and Russians seized this opportunity to invade, with Peter the Great invading in the summer of 1722 and capturing Derbent."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Rise of the Khanate", "says": "However, the tribal groups of Azerbaijan resisted heavily."}, {"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "History - Rise of the Khanate", "says": "During the reign of the Afsharids, Nader Shah deported many of the Shaqaqi to Khorasan; however upon his assassination in June 1747, the Shaqaqi migrated back to Azerbaijan."}, {"id": "Q332583", "label": "Karim Khan zand", "section": "History - Reign of Ali Khan Shaqaqi", "says": "In the spring of 1762, Karim Khan Zand invaded Azerbaijan to force Fath-Ali Khan Afshar and his Urmia Khanate to submit."}, {"id": "Q4068922", "label": "Ardabil Khanate", "section": "History - Reign of Ali Khan Shaqaqi", "says": "Under Ali Khan's rule, the khanate had an alliance with the neighboring Ardabil Khanate and the Karabakh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q1636212", "label": "Karabakh Khanate", "section": "History - Reign of Ali Khan Shaqaqi", "says": "Under Ali Khan's rule, the khanate had an alliance with the neighboring Ardabil Khanate and the Karabakh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q324974", "label": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "section": "History - Reign of Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi", "says": "When Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar invaded Azerbaijan in early 1791, Sadiq retreated from Tabriz to defend Sarab, but he was defeated and the Iranian armies ravaged Sarab and the surrounding countryside."}, {"id": "Q175299", "label": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", "section": "History - Revolt against Iran", "says": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar married Sadeq Khan's daughter as his 13th wife."}], "Q3482103": [{"id": "Q958", "label": "South Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Shilluk Kingdom, dominated by the Shilluk people, was located along the left bank of the White Nile in what is now South Sudan and southern Sudan."}, {"id": "Q1475713", "label": "Sennar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "A Nilotic people, the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern Funj Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s."}], "Q3503368": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Suket State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}], "Q3503548": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Bulungan (Jawi: کسلطانن بولوڠن, Indonesian: Kesultanan Bulungan) was a former independent sultanate and later a special territory of Indonesia located in the then existing Bulungan Regency (at that time covering all the territory that now comprises the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia) in the east of the island of Borneo."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory spanned the eastern shores of North Kalimantan and Tawau, Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Incorporation into the Dutch East Indies", "says": "After a treaty providing the Dutch some control over the sultanate's internal affairs, Bulungan was finally incorporated into the colonial empire of the Dutch East Indies in June 1878 and the Dutch had a say in the appointment of a new sultan."}, {"id": "Q1147441", "label": "British North Borneo", "section": "History - Discovery of oil", "says": "On 17 February 1913, the Dutch and the British signed a border agreement, finalizing the boundary in North Borneo between the two jurisdictions, which was confirmed by a later treaty on 28 September 1915."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Incorporation into Indonesia", "says": "After the recognition of Indonesian independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1945, Bulungan was incorporated into an autonomous constitutional unit called the Federation of East Kalimantan as a self-governing entity still under the sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies on 4 February 1948 before joining Indonesia on 17 August 1949."}], "Q3591817": [{"id": "Q179825", "label": "Abdelkader El Djezairi", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Mascara, commonly known as the Emirate of Abdelkader, was a state founded by Emir Abdelkader with the allegiance of the people of Algeria to resist the French conquest of Algeria with its first capital at Mascara then Tagdemt after it was taken by France."}], "Q3607864": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Caucasian Albania (Middle Persian and Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭃𐭀𐭍, ardān, Armenian: Ałuank) was a kingdom in West Asia in the Caucasus region, which was under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire from 252 to 636."}], "Q3738649": [{"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The dual monarchy of England and France existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The dual monarchy of England and France existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France."}, {"id": "Q160337", "label": "Henry VI of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The dual monarchy of England and France existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France."}, {"id": "Q160349", "label": "Charles VI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "lead", "says": "It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "lead", "says": "It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It excluded King Charles's son, the Dauphin Charles, who by right of primogeniture was the heir to the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognised only by the English and Burgundians until 1435 as King Henry II of France."}, {"id": "Q151707", "label": "Henry V", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognised only by the English and Burgundians until 1435 as King Henry II of France."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognised only by the English and Burgundians until 1435 as King Henry II of France."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognised only by the English and Burgundians until 1435 as King Henry II of France."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dauphin was crowned as King Charles VII of France at Reims on 17 July 1429, largely through the martial efforts of Joan of Arc, who believed it was her mission to free France from the English and to have the Dauphin Charles crowned at Reims."}, {"id": "Q932613", "label": "Battle of Castillon", "section": "lead", "says": "The defection of this powerful French noble marked the decline of Henry's de facto reign over France The dual monarchy came to an end with the capture of Bordeaux by Charles VII's forces on 19 October 1453 following their final victory at the Battle of Castillon (17 July 1453), thus bringing the Hundred Years' War to a conclusion."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "Background", "says": "In the first phase Edward III won some extraordinary victories against the French, most notably at Crécy and Sluys."}, {"id": "Q184854", "label": "Edward, the Black Prince", "section": "Background", "says": "His son Edward, the Black Prince also captured the French king John II at the battle of Poitiers in 1356, and routed the French army."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "Background", "says": "In the Treaty of Brétigny the French king was ransomed for an amount equal to twice the French kingdom's Gross."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, the French granted Edward III an extended Aquitaine, thus restoring one of the main duchies of the previous Angevin Empire."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "Background", "says": "Charles V ascended to the throne, and in 1369 hostilities were reopened by the French declaring war, thus breaking the treaty."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "Background", "says": "His son, the Prince of Wales, predeceased him by a year, and so when Edward III died in 1377 it was his grandson Richard II who became king."}, {"id": "Q229901", "label": "Isabella of Valois", "section": "Background", "says": "There was another truce in 1396 when Richard II married Isabella of Valois, a daughter of King Charles VI of France, thus marking the end of the second phase."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "Background", "says": "Peace did not last long however, as, in 1399, Henry IV usurped Richard's throne while Richard was away in Ireland, thus provoking French hostility in 1403 which marked the beginning of the third phase of the war."}], "Q3775345": [{"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He founded a principality under the suzerainty of the Seljuk Empire that included Palu, Genç, Çemişgezek, and Eğin (modern Kemaliye).\nÇubuk sided with Muslim ibn Quraysh during a battle with Suleiman, the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan."}, {"id": "Q1133431", "label": "Artuqids", "section": "lead", "says": "After Mehmet's death in 1112 or 1113, the Beylik was incorporated into the realm of Artuqids."}], "Q38251605": [{"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established during the German revolution as an attempt at a socialist state to replace the Kingdom of Bavaria, which had been a constituent state of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established during the German revolution as an attempt at a socialist state to replace the Kingdom of Bavaria, which had been a constituent state of the German Empire."}, {"id": "Q76440", "label": "Kurt Eisner", "section": "lead", "says": "The government of the People's State, led by Kurt Eisner, promised a non-revolutionary transition to socialism."}, {"id": "Q58738", "label": "Bavarian Soviet Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "A new government under the moderate socialist Johannes Hoffmann lasted only a few weeks before it was forced to flee to Bamberg in northern Bavaria due to a communist-led coup which established the Bavarian Soviet Republic on 6 April 1919."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hoffmann government resumed power and enacted a republican constitution which made the Free State of Bavaria a member state of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q57266", "label": "Ernst Toller", "section": "Hoffmann government and end of the People's State", "says": "The government consisted of:\n\nOn the night of 6–7 April, communists and anarchists, energized by the news of a communist revolution in Hungary, declared a Bavarian Soviet Republic, with the playwright Ernst Toller as chief of state."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "Hoffmann government and end of the People's State", "says": "Over 600 people, many of them innocent civilians, were killed in the White Terror that followed."}], "Q4148098": [{"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded during the Viking Age by Viking raiders and settlers from Scandinavia (see Scandinavian Scotland)."}, {"id": "Q230791", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Norway until 1472, when it was absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland."}], "Q424856": [{"id": "Q1475713", "label": "Sennar Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "1504–1533/4) the region is known to have become part of the Funj Sultanate."}], "Q451519": [{"id": "Q68377", "label": "Philip II, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels", "section": "lead", "says": "Hesse-Rheinfels was created as a cadet line of Hesse for Philip II, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels (1541–1583), landgrave from 1567 until 1583, and as a cadet line of Hesse-Kassel for Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels (1623–1693), landgrave from 1627 until 1658."}, {"id": "Q70941", "label": "Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels", "section": "lead", "says": "Hesse-Rheinfels was created as a cadet line of Hesse for Philip II, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels (1541–1583), landgrave from 1567 until 1583, and as a cadet line of Hesse-Kassel for Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels (1623–1693), landgrave from 1627 until 1658."}], "Q4726858": [{"id": "Q12449448", "label": "Pratap Singh II", "section": "History - Ranas", "says": "1890)\n16 Aug 1890 – 14 Feb 1891  Interregnum\n14 Feb 1891 - 1911         Pratap Singh II                    (b."}, {"id": "Q5437404", "label": "Fateh Singh", "section": "History - Rajas", "says": "1911 - 1941                Pratap Singh II                    (s.a.) (from 3 Jun 1933, Sir Pratap Singh II)(personal style of Maharaja from 1941)\n1941 - 23 Oct 1941         Fateh Singh                        (b."}], "Q5157575": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was occupied by the British Empire and became a colony in 1874, shortly before the death of its founder and only leader, Adam Kok III."}, {"id": "Q370736", "label": "Cape Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "A short while later, the small territory was incorporated into the neighbouring Cape Colony."}, {"id": "Q729768", "label": "Zulu Kingdom", "section": "History - Background", "says": "During his reign, Faku initially welcomed many refugees who came over the territory's north-eastern border, fleeing from the incursions and raids by the army of Shaka (leader of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828)."}, {"id": "Q76821", "label": "George Grey", "section": "History - Arrival and settlement", "says": "According to the account of John Robinson, first Premier of Natal, the inhabitants of Philippolis were invited by Sir George Grey, administrator of the area on behalf of the United Kingdom, to settle in the aforementioned Nomansland, south of what had by then become the British colony of Natal."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Arrival and settlement", "says": "According to the account of John Robinson, first Premier of Natal, the inhabitants of Philippolis were invited by Sir George Grey, administrator of the area on behalf of the United Kingdom, to settle in the aforementioned Nomansland, south of what had by then become the British colony of Natal."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "History - Symbolism", "says": "The actual implied colours are unknown.The Griqua flag is a vertically flipped version of the \"Vierkleur\" used by Transvaal and the South African Republic."}], "Q5296194": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory was mostly laid within the boundaries of today's Bosanska Krajina in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q3627069", "label": "Banate of Bosnia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In the 2nd half of the 12th century, the Banate of Bosnia, governed by Ban Borić, a Hungarian vassal, was confined to the regions of central Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "By 1167, the Banate of Bosnia and parts of the Croatian Kingdom were captured by the Byzantine Empire, including the Croatian-Hungarian župas of Pliva, Luka, and Vrbanja, where the zemlja of Donji Kraji would later develop."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "With the death of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, the Byzantines lost the acquired lands."}, {"id": "Q314331", "label": "Charles II of Naples", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The title was mentioned in a charter from 1299, issued by King Charles II of Naples of the Capetian of Anjou family to the Hrvatinić and Šubić families, in which he named Hrvatin Stjepanić and his brothers as feudal owners of Donji Kraji."}, {"id": "Q103404", "label": "Paul I", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Hrvatin's sons sided with the Croatian nobles who revolted against Mladen II Šubić, who in 1312 also succeeded his father Paul I as the Ban of Bosnia since 1304."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Stephen II was the Bosnian Ban from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, Vladislav Kotromanić in 1326–1353."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - 14th century", "says": "Vukac Hrvatinić was granted župa Luka by a new Bosnian ban Tvrtko I in a charter issued in 11 August 1366 for his loyalty during battles he waged against Hungarian king Louis I."}, {"id": "Q317593", "label": "Ladislaus of Naples", "section": "History - Donji Kraji under Hrvoje Vukčić", "says": "Ladislaus of Naples in 1403 awarded him the title of Duke of Split, giving him the islands of Brač, Hvar and Korčula."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Donji Kraji under Hrvoje Vukčić", "says": "Hrvoje turned to the Ottomans and brought them to Bosnia resulting in the Battle of Doboj (1415) where Hungarians were defeated."}, {"id": "Q2980623", "label": "Kingdom of Bosnia", "section": "History - Donji Kraji under Hrvoje Vukčić", "says": "A major fortified castle of Jajce, which was built in the 14th century and initially was seat of Hrvoje Vukčić, now became one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Bosnia as Jajce too, in the aftermath of Hrvoje's death, has passed back to the royal domain."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Internal struggles and Ottoman incursions", "says": "The Ottoman Empire supported the local nobility, led by Tvrtko II."}, {"id": "Q1312266", "label": "Stjepan Vukčić Kosača", "section": "History - Internal struggles and Ottoman incursions", "says": "Petar Vojsalić actively supported Vladislav Hercegović in the fight against his father, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, and also sided with the Bosnian King during the civil war between Stjepan Vukčić and King Tomaš."}], "Q5519387": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Galuh Kingdom was a medieval Sundanese kingdom located in the eastern part of Tatar Sunda (now West Java province and Banyumasan region of Central Java province), present-day Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q2247225", "label": "Tarumanagara", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established as a breakaway kingdom of the Tarumanagara around the 669 AD."}, {"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "History - Second kingdom", "says": "In 1595, this Galuh kingdom, then ruled by Cipta Permana, was conquered by Mataram Sultanate."}], "Q55521": [{"id": "Q1372130", "label": "Shō Hashi", "section": "lead", "says": "Okinawa, previously controlled by a number of local chieftains or lords, loosely bound by a paramount chieftain or king of the entire island, split into these three more solidly defined kingdoms within a few years after 1314; the Sanzan period thus began, and would end roughly one hundred years later, when Chūzan's King Shō Hashi conquered Hokuzan in 1419 and Nanzan in 1429."}], "Q55523": [{"id": "Q1372130", "label": "Shō Hashi", "section": "lead", "says": "Okinawa, previously controlled by a number of local chieftains or lords, loosely bound by a paramount chieftain or king of the entire island, split into these three more solidly defined kingdoms within a few years after 1314; the Sanzan period thus began, and would end roughly one hundred years later, when Chūzan's King Shō Hashi conquered Hokuzan in 1416 and Nanzan in 1429."}, {"id": "Q28025", "label": "Ryukyu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After the unification of Ryukyu, Hokuzan became one of three nominal fu (府, lit. \"prefectures\") of the Ryukyu Kingdom without administrative function."}, {"id": "Q841364", "label": "Ayutthaya Kingdom", "section": "History - Sanzan period: \"King of Sanhoku\"", "says": "Nevertheless, the northern kingdom engaged in its share of trade with many of the other states in the region, including Java, Sumatra, and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam."}, {"id": "Q9957", "label": "Hongwu Emperor", "section": "History - Sanzan period: \"King of Sanhoku\"", "says": "Roughly twenty years later, in the 1390s, the kings of all three kingdoms died within a few years, and succession disputes erupted across the island; similar events occurred in Nanking at the same time, with the death of the Hongwu Emperor in 1398."}], "Q5782830": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "Muisca Confederations were loose confederations of different Muisca chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America."}], "Q6352367": [{"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kalhora dynasty (Sindhi: ڪلهوڙا خاندان, romanized: Kalhōṛā khāndān) was a Sindhi Muslim dynasty primally based in the region of Sindh in present-day Pakistan."}], "Q6412664": [{"id": "Q661663", "label": "Stephen Vladislav II of Syrmia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by the Serbian kings Stefan Dragutin (1282–1316) and his son Stefan Vladislav II (1316–1325)."}], "Q6424771": [{"id": "Q4060542", "label": "Alauddin Husain Shah", "section": "History - Historical background", "says": "Alauddin Husain Shah of Gaur removed Nilambar of the Khen dynasty in 1498, occupied Kamata  and placed his son Danyal Husayn in charge."}, {"id": "Q509572", "label": "Cooch Behar", "section": "History - Consolidation of power under Bisu", "says": "In some records Bisu moved his capital from Chikana to Hingulabas (near present-day Samuktala) and then finally to Kamatapur (now called Gosanimari) which is just a few miles southeast of the present-day Cooch Behar town—but since these movements were recorded much after the events the dates and rulers associated with these movements are not expected to be accurate and these movements represent th"}], "Q6468406": [{"id": "Q381375", "label": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kurdish Republic of Lachin (Kurdish: Komara kurdî ya Laçînê; Кoмара Кӧрдийа Лачине) was a short-lived unrecognized state declared by Kurdish nationalists on the territory of the former Kurdistan Uezd in 1992, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, and dissolved in the same year."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1923, the government of the Soviet Union had created an administrative unit known as Kurdistan Uezd, or \"Red Kurdistan\" within the Azerbaijan SSR."}, {"id": "Q809687", "label": "First Kurdish–Iraqi War", "section": "Background", "says": "Starting from 1961, when the First Iraqi–Kurdish War started, there were efforts by the deportees for the restoration of their rights, spearheaded by Mehmet Babayev; these proved to be futile."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Furthermore, it was proclaimed that the Caucasian Kurdistan Freedom Movement would exercise full authority until elected bodies were formed; and that nationwide elections would be scheduled for 19 July 1992; and that the new state would seek peaceful relations with Armenia, the nascent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Azerbaijan, and Iran."}], "Q6585262": [{"id": "Q191764", "label": "Communist Party of the Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (PGNUNSC) was an internationally unrecognised and ostensibly provisional government set up by the Khmer Rouge on July 11, 1994, in opposition to the established Kingdom of Cambodia."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (PGNUNSC) was an internationally unrecognised and ostensibly provisional government set up by the Khmer Rouge on July 11, 1994, in opposition to the established Kingdom of Cambodia."}], "Q7242857": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR), also commonly known as Soviet Transnistria or simply as Transnistria, was created on the eastern periphery of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) in 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within the Soviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR and possibly unite with R"}], "Q7245108": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Mount Lebanon (Arabic: إِمَارَة جَبَل لُبْنَان) was a part of Mount Lebanon that enjoyed variable degrees of partial autonomy under the stable suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire between the mid-16th and the early-19th century."}, {"id": "Q685712", "label": "Bashir Shihab II", "section": "lead", "says": "Deir el Qamar remained the seat until Bashir Shihab II ascended to the throne and moved its court to the Beiteddine palace."}, {"id": "Q3326429", "label": "mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon", "section": "lead", "says": "Such was the precariousness of their position that over the more than three centuries of the two dynasties (1516–1840) only two significantly strong leaders emerged, Fakhr al-Din II (1591–1635) and Bashir Shihab II (1788–1840).Although Lebanese nationalist historiographies tended to portray the Emirate as a sort of historical precursor of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate established in 1861, later "}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "History - Fakhr al-Din I (1516–1544)", "says": "Fakhr al-Din I (1516–1544), was supposedly awarded with the emirate of the Shuf after fighting on the side of Selim I at the Battle of Marj Dabiq."}, {"id": "Q971248", "label": "Battle of Marj Dabiq", "section": "History - Fakhr al-Din I (1516–1544)", "says": "Fakhr al-Din I (1516–1544), was supposedly awarded with the emirate of the Shuf after fighting on the side of Selim I at the Battle of Marj Dabiq."}, {"id": "Q4203073", "label": "Ottoman–Persian Wars", "section": "History - Fakhr-al-Din II (1591–1635)", "says": "In 1587, with the accession of Shah Abbas I, Safavid power began to revive, and the Ottoman–Persian Wars were soon resumed."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Shihab dynasty", "says": "By the middle years of the eighteenth century, the Shihabi amirs converted to Christianity, so did several Druze amirs and prominent Druze clans, like the originally Druze Abillama clan (a Druze family who was a close ally of the Shihabs) which also converted to Christianity and joined the Maronite Church."}, {"id": "Q2887920", "label": "Battle of Ain Darra", "section": "History - Haydar al-Shihab (1697–1732)", "says": "His rivals called in help from the Ottomans in 1711, but before the Ottoman expeditionary force could arrive, Haydar defeated his local rivals at the Battle of Ain Dara and seized the former Mann capital of Deir el Qamar."}, {"id": "Q199825", "label": "Osman III", "section": "History - Milhim al-Shihab (1732–1753)", "says": "In the 1750s, Milhim attempted to acquire a firman confirming his authority over the Shuf and that of his nephew Quasim over Byblios, but the attempt failed, as the political climate in Istanbul changed after the death of Sultan Osman III in 1757."}, {"id": "Q199484", "label": "Mustafa III", "section": "History - Yusuf al-Shihab (1770–1788)", "says": "But in the aftermath of the Mamluk withdrawal, Sultan Mustafa III appointed Cezzar Ahmed Pasha to the governorship of Sidon."}, {"id": "Q174772", "label": "Abdülmecid I", "section": "History - 1840–1860 Partition", "says": "Following continued animosity and fighting between the Maronites and the Druze, representatives of the European powers proposed to Sultan Abdülmecid I that the Lebanon be partitioned into Christian and Druze sections."}], "Q7251405": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Protectorate of San Martín (Spanish: Protectorado de San Martín), also known as the Protectorate of Peru (Spanish: Protectorado del Perú), was a provisional government created in 1821 in present-day Peru after its declaration of independence from the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed for one year and 17 days under the rule of José de San Martín."}, {"id": "Q315937", "label": "Túpac Amaru II", "section": "History - Juntas", "says": "Criollo leaders appealed to retired brigadier Mateo Pumacahua, curaca of Chinchero, who was instrumental in suppressing the rebellion of Túpac Amaru II decades earlier."}], "Q7308003": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Rada Regencyjna, or Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego) was a semi-independent and Provisional appointed authority in Poland during World War I."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary within historically Polish lands in September 1917 after the dissolution of the previous authority, the Provisional Council of State, due to the Oath crisis."}], "Q732931": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Bergamo (Italian: Repubblica Bergamasca) was an ephemeral revolutionary client republic, created on 13 March 1797 by the French army to rule the local administration of Bergamo and its province, during the dissolution of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Bergamo (Italian: Repubblica Bergamasca) was an ephemeral revolutionary client republic, created on 13 March 1797 by the French army to rule the local administration of Bergamo and its province, during the dissolution of the Republic of Venice."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic so became one of the constituent countries of the Cisalpine Republic, established on 29 June 1797."}], "Q7374312": [{"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Events led the Sikh Empire to recognise Jammu as a vassal state in 1820, and later the British added Kashmir to Jammu  with the Treaty of Amritsar in 1846."}, {"id": "Q3305294", "label": "Treaty of Amritsar", "section": "lead", "says": "Events led the Sikh Empire to recognise Jammu as a vassal state in 1820, and later the British added Kashmir to Jammu  with the Treaty of Amritsar in 1846."}, {"id": "Q12446041", "label": "Gulab Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the dynasty, Gulab Singh, was an influential noble in the court of the Sikh emperor Maharaja Ranjit Singh, while his brother Dhian Singh served as the prime minister of the Sikh Empire."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the dynasty, Gulab Singh, was an influential noble in the court of the Sikh emperor Maharaja Ranjit Singh, while his brother Dhian Singh served as the prime minister of the Sikh Empire."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore, 1846, the British East India Company acquired Kashmir from the Sikh Empire and transferred it to Gulab Singh, recognising him as an independent Maharaja."}, {"id": "Q12446053", "label": "Hari Singh I of Kashmir", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was Hari Singh, who contributed troops to the British war effort in World War II and served on Churchill's Imperial War Cabinet."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was Hari Singh, who contributed troops to the British war effort in World War II and served on Churchill's Imperial War Cabinet."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Pakistan contested the accession, giving rise to the enduring Kashmir conflict."}, {"id": "Q1234662", "label": "Karan Singh, Crown Prince of Kashmir", "section": "lead", "says": "With India's support, the popular leader of Jammu and Kashmir, Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, forced the Maharaja to abdicate in favour of his son, Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh, who subsequently accepted the position of a constitutional head of state (Sadr-i-Riyasat) and voluntarily gave up the title of Maharaja."}], "Q751372": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Muflihi, Muflahi (Arabic: مفلحي Muflaḥī), Muflihi or the Muflahi Sheikhdom (Arabic: مشيخة المفلحي Mashyakhat al-Muflaḥī), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Its last sheikh, Kassim Abdulrahaman Al-Muflihi, was deposed in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and the area is now part of the Republic of Yemen."}], "Q751868": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Landgraviate of Brabant (Modern Dutch: Landgraafschap Brabant, Modern French: Landgraviat de Brabant) was a small imperial fiefdom west of Brussels, consisting of the area between the Dender and Zenne rivers in the Low Countries, then part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "lead", "says": "Before 1085 the land had belonged to Hermann II, Count Palatine of Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon his death, Emperor Henry IV assigned it to Henry III, Count of Louvain and Brussels, granting him the Landgraviate of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q159856", "label": "Duchy of Brabant", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1183 the landgraviate of Brabant and the counties of Louvain and Brussels were formally merged and elevated together into the Duchy of Brabant, by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa; Henry I became the first duke of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1183 the landgraviate of Brabant and the counties of Louvain and Brussels were formally merged and elevated together into the Duchy of Brabant, by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa; Henry I became the first duke of Brabant."}, {"id": "Q15864", "label": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The area made up part of South Brabant from 1815 to 1830 as part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and part of the Belgian Province of Brabant from 1830 to 1996."}], "Q771332": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Strasburg (German: Fürstbistum Straßburg; Alsatian: Fìrschtbischofsìtz Strossburi(g)) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th century until 1803."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "lead", "says": "The annexations were recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697."}], "Q7877575": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "As a Commonwealth realm, the British monarch, Elizabeth II, remained head of state as Queen of Uganda until the link with the British monarchy was severed on 9 October 1963 and the Kabaka (King) of Buganda, Sir Edward Mutesa II, became the first President of Uganda."}], "Q7882199": [{"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundian State (French: État bourguignon [eta buʁɡiɲɔ̃]; Dutch: Bourgondische Rijk [burˈɣɔndisə ˈrɛik]) was a composite monarchy ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy from the late 14th to the late 15th centuries, and which ultimately comprised not only the Duchy and County of Burgundy but also the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q157109", "label": "Burgundian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundian State (French: État bourguignon [eta buʁɡiɲɔ̃]; Dutch: Bourgondische Rijk [burˈɣɔndisə ˈrɛik]) was a composite monarchy ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy from the late 14th to the late 15th centuries, and which ultimately comprised not only the Duchy and County of Burgundy but also the Burgundian Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dukes were members of the House of Valois-Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal House of Valois, and the complex of territories they ruled is sometimes referred to as Valois Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It nearly turned into a kingdom in its own right, but Charles the Bold's early death at the Battle of Nancy put an end to his Lotharingian dream and his legacy passed to the House of Habsburg through the marriage of his daughter Mary to Maximilian of Austria."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile Picardy and the Duchy of Burgundy were conquered by the King of France."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "With the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1555, the Burgundian Netherlands passed to the Spanish Empire of King Philip II."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1555, the Burgundian Netherlands passed to the Spanish Empire of King Philip II."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "With the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1555, the Burgundian Netherlands passed to the Spanish Empire of King Philip II."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Dutch Revolt, or the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), the northern provinces of the Low Countries gained their independence from Spanish rule and formed the Dutch Republic (now the Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Dutch Revolt, or the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), the northern provinces of the Low Countries gained their independence from Spanish rule and formed the Dutch Republic (now the Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Dutch Revolt, or the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), the northern provinces of the Low Countries gained their independence from Spanish rule and formed the Dutch Republic (now the Netherlands)."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The southern provinces remained under Spanish rule until the 18th century and became known as the Spanish Netherlands, or Southern Netherlands (corresponding roughly to present day Belgium, Luxembourg and northern Hauts-de-France)."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "The southern provinces remained under Spanish rule until the 18th century and became known as the Spanish Netherlands, or Southern Netherlands (corresponding roughly to present day Belgium, Luxembourg and northern Hauts-de-France)."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Capetian House of Burgundy became extinct when Duke Philip I died in 1361, before he was able to consummate the marriage with Margaret of Dampierre, heiress of Count Louis II of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q469648", "label": "Louis II, Count of Flanders", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Capetian House of Burgundy became extinct when Duke Philip I died in 1361, before he was able to consummate the marriage with Margaret of Dampierre, heiress of Count Louis II of Flanders."}, {"id": "Q169992", "label": "John II of France", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "On 28 December 1361 John II of France, the second Valois king, successfully claimed the duchy."}, {"id": "Q298892", "label": "Philip the Bold", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "He later decided to give it as a fief to his youngest son, known as Philip the Bold, who was officially recognized as Duke of Burgundy and First Peer of France on 2 June 1364."}, {"id": "Q129247", "label": "Edward III of England", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The same year, Edmund of Langley, son of Edward III of England, became engaged to Margaret of Flanders, daughter of the Count Louis II of Flanders and heiress to Flanders, Artois, Rethel, Nevers and the Free County of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q167782", "label": "Charles V of France", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "King Charles V of France could not let this marriage happen."}, {"id": "Q133046", "label": "Urban V", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Since Edmund and Margaret were cousins, they needed a papal dispensation to marry, which Pope Urban V refused them because of lobbying by Charles, who wanted to marry Margaret to his younger brother, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q1651134", "label": "Battle of Roosebeke", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The marriage took place on 19 June 1369 in Ghent, and from then Philip was closely associated to the reign of his father-in-law, helping him to crush the Flemish at the Battle of Roosebeke."}, {"id": "Q298901", "label": "John the Fearless", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "During the reigns of Philip the Bold and his son John the Fearless, loyalty to the king of France remained strong, and serving the kingdom was a significant duty."}, {"id": "Q346761", "label": "John, Duke of Berry", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "During the minority of his nephew, King Charles VI, Philip took part in the \"government of the uncles\": he was regent alongside his brothers Louis I, Duke of Anjou, and John, Duke of Berry, and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon."}, {"id": "Q337057", "label": "Louis I, Duke of Orléans", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "From then, the King was considered mad and the Duke of Burgundy effectively had power, although Louis I, Duke of Orléans, gained more and more power and Philip's influence diminished."}, {"id": "Q1021160", "label": "Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "It was the beginning of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "When Henry V of England resumed the war, John of Burgundy remained neutral and avoided the French defeat at Agincourt."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "He took Paris back in 1418 and had control over the King, but Charles, the Dauphin of France, an Armagnac partisan, escaped."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "Seeking revenge, the new 23-year-old duke of Burgundy, Philip, later known as Philip the Good, agreed to ally with the English."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "As regent, he made King Charles sign the Treaty of Troyes, which disinherited his son in favor of Henry V of England, who was to marry Catherine of Valois, uniting the Houses of France and England."}, {"id": "Q229192", "label": "Catherine of Valois", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "As regent, he made King Charles sign the Treaty of Troyes, which disinherited his son in favor of Henry V of England, who was to marry Catherine of Valois, uniting the Houses of France and England."}, {"id": "Q7226", "label": "Joan of Arc", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "However, Joan of Arc came and changed the course of the war, allowing Charles VII of France to be crowned in Reims on July 1429."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "However, Joan of Arc came and changed the course of the war, allowing Charles VII of France to be crowned in Reims on July 1429."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - From French vassals to rivals of the Valois Kings", "says": "Joan of Arc was later captured by the Burgundians and handed over"}, {"id": "Q599613", "label": "County of Namur", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "In 1421, he bought the County of Namur from the impoverished Marquis of Namur, inheriting it outright in 1429."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "Finally, in 1441 he bought from his aunt Elizabeth of Görlitz the Duchy of Luxembourg."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "Philip himself was a renowned prince within Christendom, especially for his repeated calls for a Crusade against the Ottoman Empire, such as during the Feast of the Pheasant."}, {"id": "Q7318593", "label": "Revolt of Ghent", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "Duke Philip had to suppress the Bruges Rebellion of 1436–1438, and then the Revolt of Ghent of 1449–1453."}, {"id": "Q151120", "label": "Charles the Bold", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "Three times the rebels were defeated, until Charles the Bold sacked and destroyed the town in 1468."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "History - Territorial expansion", "says": "At the end of Philip's long reign, under the influence of the House of Croÿ, the Duke got closer to King Louis XI of France, whom he hosted when he was opposed to his father."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - The dream of a revived Burgundian kingdom", "says": "Philip the Good nurtured the ambition to elevate the Burgundian State to the status of a sovereign kingdom within the framework of the Holy Roman Empire, which included a nominal Kingdom of Italy and a more substantial Kingdom of Bohemia, and in the past had also incorporated the ancient Kingdom of Burgundy that however had lost any materiality by the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q42585", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "section": "History - The dream of a revived Burgundian kingdom", "says": "Philip the Good nurtured the ambition to elevate the Burgundian State to the status of a sovereign kingdom within the framework of the Holy Roman Empire, which included a nominal Kingdom of Italy and a more substantial Kingdom of Bohemia, and in the past had also incorporated the ancient Kingdom of Burgundy that however had lost any materiality by the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "History - The dream of a revived Burgundian kingdom", "says": "Philip the Good nurtured the ambition to elevate the Burgundian State to the status of a sovereign kingdom within the framework of the Holy Roman Empire, which included a nominal Kingdom of Italy and a more substantial Kingdom of Bohemia, and in the past had also incorporated the ancient Kingdom of Burgundy that however had lost any materiality by the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - The dream of a revived Burgundian kingdom", "says": "An ambitious and ruthless character, he wished to rule over a territorially continuous and independent kingdom, reminiscent of the old Lotharingia, but also of the Kingdoms of Burgundy and of Gallia Belgica."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - The dream of a revived Burgundian kingdom", "says": "In the same time, he encouraged a resumption of the Hundred Years' War."}, {"id": "Q160341", "label": "Edward IV of England", "section": "History - The dream of a revived Burgundian kingdom", "says": "He supported King Edward IV of York, marrying his sister, and had him land in Calais in the summer of 1475."}, {"id": "Q2165331", "label": "Treaty of Picquigny", "section": "History - The dream of a revived Burgundian kingdom", "says": "Presenting himself without a whole army, he failed to convince Edward, who had to deal with the King of France, resulting in the Treaty of Picquigny."}, {"id": "Q700156", "label": "Treaty of Arras", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "The Treaty of Arras, signed on December 1482, planned to marry Mary and Maximilian's daughter, Margaret, to the Dauphin Charles, aged 12."}, {"id": "Q201143", "label": "Anne of Brittany", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "But the Dauphin, after having been crowned as Charles VIII, instead married Anne of Brittany, who was already married by proxy to Maximilian."}, {"id": "Q693070", "label": "Treaty of Senlis", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "By the Treaty of Senlis of 1493, the French king gave back Artois, Charolais and the County of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q14043328", "label": "treaty of Cambrai", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "Later, by the Treaty of Cambrai of 1529, King Francis I of France definitively gave up French sovereignty over Artois and Flanders; in return, Emperor Charles V gave up on his claim to the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q129857", "label": "Francis I of France", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "Later, by the Treaty of Cambrai of 1529, King Francis I of France definitively gave up French sovereignty over Artois and Flanders; in return, Emperor Charles V gave up on his claim to the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q572291", "label": "Guelders Wars", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "During the Guelders Wars, the following territories were added to the Burgundian states: Friesland, and Frisia, Utrecht, Overijssel, Groningen, the County of Zutphen, and the Duchy of Guelders."}, {"id": "Q152420", "label": "Duchy of Guelders", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "During the Guelders Wars, the following territories were added to the Burgundian states: Friesland, and Frisia, Utrecht, Overijssel, Groningen, the County of Zutphen, and the Duchy of Guelders."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "In 1549, Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction and organized the Burgundian Low Countries in Seventeen Provinces."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - The House of Burgundy-Habsburg", "says": "Following the War of the Spanish Succession, the Habsburg Netherlands passed to Austria and remained in Austrian hands until the Fre"}], "Q807069": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Baoni State was a Jagir and later princely state in India during the Maratha Confederacy and British Raj."}], "Q872644": [{"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 453, they successfully rebelled against the Huns along with other Germanic tribes at the Battle of Nedao, after which they settled in the counties of Waldviertel and Weinviertel which lie north of the Danube."}, {"id": "Q130601", "label": "Romulus Augustus", "section": "History - Kingdom", "says": "In 476, Felethus supported the Herulian and Scirian mercenaries of Odoacer, who overthrew the Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus and made himself King of Italy."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Kingdom", "says": "Their territory was subsequently settled by the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "History - Kingdom", "says": "Two years later, the Rugii joined the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great, who invaded Italy and defeated Odoacer in 493."}], "Q873634": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Thuringia (German: Land Thüringen, [lant ˈtyːʁɪŋən]) was a state of the Weimar Republic from 1920 to 1933, of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 and of East Germany from 1949 to 1952."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Thuringia (German: Land Thüringen, [lant ˈtyːʁɪŋən]) was a state of the Weimar Republic from 1920 to 1933, of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 and of East Germany from 1949 to 1952."}, {"id": "Q16957", "label": "German Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Thuringia (German: Land Thüringen, [lant ˈtyːʁɪŋən]) was a state of the Weimar Republic from 1920 to 1933, of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 and of East Germany from 1949 to 1952."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Thuringia formed in the aftermath of World War I and the German revolution of 1918–1919."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The eight small Thuringian states that had been part of the German Empire drove out their ruling royal houses and adopted republican constitutions in 1918–1919."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The majority of the territory that became the Weimar Republic in 1918 had been part of the highly fragmented Holy Roman Empire (800–1806)."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "Historical background", "says": "At the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars of 1803–1815, the Empire was made up of over 300 individual states."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The consolidations under Napoleon that set the stage for the post-war establishment of the 39-state German Confederation (1815–1866) largely bypassed the Thuringian region, as did the changes that brought about the North German Confederation (1866–1871) with its 22 member states, and the German Empire with 25."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The consolidations under Napoleon that set the stage for the post-war establishment of the 39-state German Confederation (1815–1866) largely bypassed the Thuringian region, as did the changes that brought about the North German Confederation (1866–1871) with its 22 member states, and the German Empire with 25."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The consolidations under Napoleon that set the stage for the post-war establishment of the 39-state German Confederation (1815–1866) largely bypassed the Thuringian region, as did the changes that brought about the North German Confederation (1866–1871) with its 22 member states, and the German Empire with 25."}, {"id": "Q314076", "label": "Treaty of Leipzig", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In the Treaty of Leipzig (1485), Albert and Ernest, the two sons of the Saxon Elector Frederick II, divided the territory belonging to the House of Wettin between themselves."}, {"id": "Q153015", "label": "Kingdom of Saxony", "section": "Historical background", "says": "The Albertine lands remained largely intact and eventually became the Kingdom of Saxony, while the territory Ernest received branched into numerous small duchies as inheritances were split over a period of many generations."}, {"id": "Q53444", "label": "Friedrich August I of Saxony", "section": "Historical background", "says": "After the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg line died out in 1825, the six extant Ernestine duchies were reorganized under an arbitration ruling by King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony."}], "Q892292": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Bone (also Boni, or Bone Saoraja) or Bone State was a sultanate in the south-west peninsula of what is now Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day Indonesia."}], "Q918204": [{"id": "Q2147037", "label": "Rewa Kantha Agency", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the largest State, and the only first-class State, of the Rewa Kantha Agency."}], "Q918500": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Bantva-Manavadar or Manavadar State was a princely state during the era of the British Raj in India."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The decision in 1947 of the ruling prince, Muhammad Mahabat Khan III, to accede Junagadh and Bantva Manavadar as princely states of Pakistan led to a crisis, as most of his subjects were Hindus."}], "Q922317": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Morvi State, also spelled as Morvee State or Morbi State, was a princely salute state in the historical Halar prant (district) of Kathiawar during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's last ruler signed the instrument of accession to the Dominion of India on 15 February 1948."}], "Q954891": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont (German: Freistaat Waldeck-Pyrmont; 1918–1921), later the Free State of Waldeck (Freistaat Waldeck; 1921–1929), was a constituent state of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q165763", "label": "Principality of Waldeck", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created from the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont during the German revolution of 1918–1919, which led to the abdications of Prince Friedrich and all of the other German monarchs."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont", "says": "The Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont, in existence since 1180, was a member state of the German Confederation (1815–1866), the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and the German Empire (1871–1918)."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont", "says": "The Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont, in existence since 1180, was a member state of the German Confederation (1815–1866), the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and the German Empire (1871–1918)."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont", "says": "The Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont, in existence since 1180, was a member state of the German Confederation (1815–1866), the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and the German Empire (1871–1918)."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont", "says": "Prince George Victor was forced to make a treaty of accession with the Kingdom of Prussia, and on 1 January 1868 it took over Waldeck and Pyrmont's administration, including its justice and education systems."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - German revolution", "says": "The German revolution, which broke out in late October 1918 as World War I drew to a close, reached Waldeck and Pyrmont in the first weeks of November."}], "Q1061582": [{"id": "Q772814", "label": "Caste War of Yucatán", "section": "lead", "says": "The town was historically the main center of what is now Quintana Roo, and it acted as the de facto capital for the Maya during the Caste War of Yucatán."}, {"id": "Q2362335", "label": "Martín de Ursúa", "section": "History - Before and during Spanish colonization", "says": "General Martín de Ursúa invaded and sacked Nojpetén, the Itzá island capital, on March 13, 1697."}, {"id": "Q1209676", "label": "Mexicans", "section": "History - Uprising", "says": "This uprising, called La Guerra de las Castas by the Mexicans, reached its high tide in 1848."}, {"id": "Q190388", "label": "John of the Cross", "section": "History - Independent Maya state", "says": "The State of the Cross was proclaimed in 1849 in Xocén, a south-eastern satellite of modern Valladolid, where the Proclamation of Juan de la Cruz (John of the Cross) was first read to the people."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "History - Independent Maya state", "says": "These lands included the eastern, central, and southern portions of the Yucatán peninsula, extending from Cape Catoche down towards what is now northwestern Belize and northeastern Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - The fall of the Maya free state", "says": "From the late 1850s through 1893, the United Kingdom recognized the Maya free state as a de facto independent nation, even sponsoring treaty negotiations between the Mexican Hispanic Yucateco state and the Maya Cruzoob state."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "History - The fall of the Maya free state", "says": "The Maya state had extensive trade relations with the British colony of British Honduras, and its military was substantially larger than the garrison and militia in the British colony."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - The fall of the Maya free state", "says": "Following General May's death, the remaining Maya officials initiated contact with the United States government through the archaeologist and American spy Sylvanus Morley."}], "Q1071493": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Chhatarpur was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}], "Q11681694": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Spanish Haiti (Spanish: República del Haití Español), also called the State of Santo Domingo (Estado de Santo Domingo) was a former unrecognized breakaway state that succeeded the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo after independence was declared on 1 December 1821 by José Núñez de Cáceres."}, {"id": "Q3963507", "label": "José Núñez de Cáceres", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Spanish Haiti (Spanish: República del Haití Español), also called the State of Santo Domingo (Estado de Santo Domingo) was a former unrecognized breakaway state that succeeded the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo after independence was declared on 1 December 1821 by José Núñez de Cáceres."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's constitution declared it as a state of Gran Colombia."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When the Haitian Revolution triumphed and independence was declared by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the eastern part of the island remained under French control until the criollos revolted and Santo Domingo was reconquered by Anglo-Dominican forces in 1809."}, {"id": "Q212068", "label": "Jean-Jacques Dessalines", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When the Haitian Revolution triumphed and independence was declared by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the eastern part of the island remained under French control until the criollos revolted and Santo Domingo was reconquered by Anglo-Dominican forces in 1809."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After Santo Domingo was restored to Spanish rule, however, the government could not afford to exercise its full powers on the colony, its resources severely depleted by both the Peninsular War and the various Spanish American wars of independence."}, {"id": "Q449421", "label": "Jean-Pierre Boyer", "section": "History - Preparations for independence (1820–1821)", "says": "In 1820, Haitian president Jean-Pierre Boyer decided to prepare for a rumored Spanish military incursion into Haiti, and sent Colonel Dezir Dalmassi to nearby towns such as San José de las Matas, San Juan de la Maguana, and Azua to convince locals to join a republic that would provide them with jobs, land, abolition of taxes in the exportation of livestock, in return of accepting the political uni"}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Preparations for independence (1820–1821)", "says": "In late 1821 and early 1822, Haiti sent emissaries to the central and northern parts of Spanish Haiti to promote its annexation, and the people began to raise the Haitian flag on public buildings and plazas, such as Hincha (present-day Hinche), but also in large cities like Puerto Plata (13 December 1821), Dajabón (15 December), Santiago (29 December) and La Vega (4 January 1822), whereas other fo"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Political reforms", "says": "Additionally, the United States refused to recognize Haiti diplomatically, viewing Haiti's anti-slavery ambitions a fundamental threat."}, {"id": "Q188122", "label": "Juan Pablo Duarte", "section": "History - Political reforms", "says": "It wasn't until 1844 that independence was once again proclaimed for the eastern side of Hispaniola by Juan Pablo Duarte y Díez, and the independent nation of the Dominican Republic was established."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "History - Political reforms", "says": "It wasn't until 1844 that independence was once again proclaimed for the eastern side of Hispaniola by Juan Pablo Duarte y Díez, and the independent nation of the Dominican Republic was established."}], "Q11927544": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Historically, the principality of Jhansi in Bundelkhand had been held by a tributary chief of the Peshwa, who ceded his rights in the Jhansi Province to the British after the defeat of the Maratha Empire."}, {"id": "Q129864", "label": "Indian Mutiny of 1857", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Jhansi was, however, reclaimed and ruled by Rani Laxmi Bai (also known as Manikarnika), one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, from August 1857 to June 1858."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Under Bundela Rajputs of Orchha/Panna", "says": "Maharaja Chhatrasal, the Bundela ruler of Panna was beset by incursions into the Bundela country by the Muslim governors of the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q2514706", "label": "Baji Rao I", "section": "History - Under Bundela Rajputs of Orchha/Panna", "says": "The Peshwa, Baji Rao I helped Maharaja Chattrasal and they jointly defeated the army of Muhammad Bangash."}, {"id": "Q4848887", "label": "Baji Rao II", "section": "History - 1804–1853", "says": "Later a treaty of 1818 between the Peshwa Baji Rao II and the British East India Company meant that legally also Peshwa no longer claimed his rights in Bundelkhand."}, {"id": "Q181878", "label": "Rani Lakshmibai", "section": "History - 1804–1853", "says": "Rani Lakshmibai, the widow of the Raja, petitioned the Governor General and then the British government that Damodar Rao's claim to the throne should be recognized, however, this petition was rejected."}, {"id": "Q983579", "label": "Tatya Tope", "section": "History - August 1857 to June 1858", "says": "The defenders sent appeals for help to Tatya Tope."}], "Q11938308": [{"id": "Q6172500", "label": "Jebel Akhdar War", "section": "lead", "says": "However, collateral branches continued to exercise local power in the interior as tamimahs of the Banu Riyam tribe and princes of Jebel Akhdar, until the Jebel Akhdar War in 1956."}, {"id": "Q3708094", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "During the 11th and 12th centuries Oman was controlled by the Seljuk Empire."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "Decline and fall", "says": "The Nabhani ruler Suleiman bin Mudhafar was removed by the Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail (1500–29)."}], "Q1207561": [{"id": "Q1604981", "label": "Ratlam State", "section": "lead", "says": "Lying between 21°57' and 23°15' north, and 74°37' and 75°37' east, Dhar State was bordered on the north by Ratlam State and Sailana State; east by parts of Gwalior and Indore States; on the south by Barwani State, and on the west by Jhabua State and portions of Gwalior State and Indore State."}, {"id": "Q1400780", "label": "Sailana State", "section": "lead", "says": "Lying between 21°57' and 23°15' north, and 74°37' and 75°37' east, Dhar State was bordered on the north by Ratlam State and Sailana State; east by parts of Gwalior and Indore States; on the south by Barwani State, and on the west by Jhabua State and portions of Gwalior State and Indore State."}, {"id": "Q809652", "label": "Barwani State", "section": "lead", "says": "Lying between 21°57' and 23°15' north, and 74°37' and 75°37' east, Dhar State was bordered on the north by Ratlam State and Sailana State; east by parts of Gwalior and Indore States; on the south by Barwani State, and on the west by Jhabua State and portions of Gwalior State and Indore State."}, {"id": "Q1688822", "label": "Jhabua State", "section": "lead", "says": "Lying between 21°57' and 23°15' north, and 74°37' and 75°37' east, Dhar State was bordered on the north by Ratlam State and Sailana State; east by parts of Gwalior and Indore States; on the south by Barwani State, and on the west by Jhabua State and portions of Gwalior State and Indore State."}, {"id": "Q1557792", "label": "Gwalior State", "section": "lead", "says": "Lying between 21°57' and 23°15' north, and 74°37' and 75°37' east, Dhar State was bordered on the north by Ratlam State and Sailana State; east by parts of Gwalior and Indore States; on the south by Barwani State, and on the west by Jhabua State and portions of Gwalior State and Indore State."}, {"id": "Q716890", "label": "Indore State", "section": "lead", "says": "Lying between 21°57' and 23°15' north, and 74°37' and 75°37' east, Dhar State was bordered on the north by Ratlam State and Sailana State; east by parts of Gwalior and Indore States; on the south by Barwani State, and on the west by Jhabua State and portions of Gwalior State and Indore State."}], "Q12183875": [{"id": "Q931982", "label": "Treaty of Fes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alawi Sultanate, officially known as the Sharifian Sultanate (Arabic: السلطنة الشريفة) and as the Sultanate of Morocco, was the state ruled by the Alawi dynasty over Morocco, from their rise to power in the 1660s to the 1912 Treaty of Fes that marked the start of the French protectorate in central Morocco as well as the Spanish protectorate in the north and south of the country."}, {"id": "Q1136188", "label": "Saadi dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty, which remains the ruling monarchy of Morocco today, originated from the Tafilalt region and rose to power following the collapse of the Saadi Sultanate in the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The dynasty claims descent to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandson Hasan, the son of Ali and Muhammad's daughter Fatima."}, {"id": "Q1552718", "label": "Granada War", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "One of this descendant's sons, Moulay Ali Cherif, undertook the pilgrimage to Mecca and participated in the Moroccan–Portuguese wars of the 16th century and was also invited by the Nasrids to fight against Castile in the Iberian Peninsula during the Granada War."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "History - Rise to power", "says": "His forays into Algeria provoked a response from the leaders of the Ottoman Regency of Algiers, who sent an army that chased him back to Sijilmasa."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Restoration of authority under Mohammed ibn Abdallah", "says": "Muhammad also signed a Treaty of Friendship with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country."}, {"id": "Q348998", "label": "Battle of Isly", "section": "History - European encroachment and reforms", "says": "The French, led by the marshall Bugeaud, pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the Battle of Isly, near Oujda, on August 14."}, {"id": "Q215112", "label": "Second Boer War", "section": "History - Crisis and installation of French and Spanish Protectorates", "says": "He was assisted in the training of his troops by Andrew Belton, a British officer and veteran of the Second Boer War."}], "Q12842865": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The khanate is known as one of the Khanates of Azerbaijan, located in historic Azerbaijan, which remained semi-independent for 81 years."}], "Q1322953": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sanwi is a traditional kingdom located in the south-east corner of the Republic of Ivory Coast in West Africa."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early 19th century, Sanwi was a vassal to the Asante Empire until this status was destroyed as a result of French colonial expansion in the region."}, {"id": "Q310586", "label": "Jesse Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "Jesse Jackson (no relation) was declared prince in August of that year when he was crowned Prince Nana by Amon N'Douffou V, and held the office until his death in 2026."}], "Q1389743": [{"id": "Q1009", "label": "Cameroon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kotoko kingdom was a monarchy in what is today northern Cameroon and Nigeria, and southwestern Chad."}, {"id": "Q1537016", "label": "Kanem Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kanem Empire brought northern Kotoko into its sphere of influence early on."}, {"id": "Q894030", "label": "Bornu Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "That same century, Kotoko itself was completely subsumed into the Bornu Empire, and Islam continued to spread."}], "Q1466831": [{"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "Both Strabo and Pliny the Elder mention the city in their writings."}], "Q1541779": [{"id": "Q1397550", "label": "Rampon, Count of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "On Borrell's death, Osona was granted to Rampon, Count of Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q1233672", "label": "County of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "It was considered to be part of the County of Barcelona throughout that period."}, {"id": "Q819030", "label": "Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1035, Osona was detached from Barcelona for another brief period when Berenguer Ramon I left it to his widow, G"}], "Q1555101": [{"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang dynasty in 1046 BCE, his uncle Guo Shu received grants of land at Yong."}], "Q1557627": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Franklin (also the Free Republic of Franklin, Lost State of Franklin, or the State of Frankland) was an unrecognized state located in present-day East Tennessee, in the United States."}], "Q1688822": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Jhabua State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}], "Q17342164": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Tripura State, also known as Hill Tipperah, was a princely state in India during the period of the British Raj and for some two years after the departure of the British."}], "Q1778868": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Gumma was a kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century."}], "Q1796198": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Córdoba (also Kingdom of Cordova; Spanish: Reino de Córdoba) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile since 1236 until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833."}], "Q18164260": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Radhanpur State was a kingdom and later princely state in India during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its rulers belonged to a family of Babi House, the state was once a polity within the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q4308234", "label": "Murtaza Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ruling Nawab of Radhanpur, Nawab Murtaza Khan, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 10 June 1948."}], "Q1951726": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Mudhol State was a princely state during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "Mudhol acceded to the Dominion of India on 8 March 1948, and is currently a part of Karnataka state."}], "Q19901436": [{"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Suriname was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1954 and 1975."}, {"id": "Q25227", "label": "Netherlands Antilles", "section": "lead", "says": "The country had full autonomy, except in areas of defence and foreign policy, and participated on a basis of equality with the Netherlands Antilles and the Netherlands itself in the Kingdom of the Netherlands."}, {"id": "Q941881", "label": "Netherlands New Guinea", "section": "History - Moving towards independence", "says": "This changed in the 1960s, especially after the Netherlands New Guinea crisis of 1962, and the riots in Curaçao in 1969."}, {"id": "Q333129", "label": "Johan Ferrier", "section": "History - Moving towards independence", "says": "On 25 November, Johan Ferrier, the former Governor, was sworn in as president, while in The Hague, Queen Juliana signed the treaty of sovereignty."}], "Q2022804": [{"id": "Q848", "label": "Arturo Alessandri", "section": "Background", "says": "In July 1925, the military junta led by Arturo Alessandri, created a project with the sole aim of constitutional reform."}, {"id": "Q879243", "label": "Juan Esteban Montero", "section": "Background", "says": "President Juan Esteban Montero had assumed office on November 15, 1931."}, {"id": "Q11970", "label": "Carlos Dávila", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 4, 1932, a group of young socialists under the leadership of Eugenio Matte; some air force personnel under colonel Marmaduke Grove; and some army personnel (followers of former president Carlos Ibáñez del Campo) under Carlos Dávila staged a coup d'état by taking over the Air Force base of El Bosque, in Santiago, demanding the resignation of President Montero."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Background", "says": "On June 4, 1932, a group of young socialists under the leadership of Eugenio Matte; some air force personnel under colonel Marmaduke Grove; and some army personnel (followers of former president Carlos Ibáñez del Campo) under Carlos Dávila staged a coup d'état by taking over the Air Force base of El Bosque, in Santiago, demanding the resignation of President Montero."}], "Q21296156": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Venezuela was a democratic bipartidist republic first established in 1953, and replaced in 1999 by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q459118", "label": "Marcos Pérez Jiménez", "section": "lead", "says": "These were free enough to produce results unacceptable to the government, leading them to be falsified and to one of the three leaders, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, assuming the Presidency."}, {"id": "Q878491", "label": "Wolfgang Larrazábal", "section": "lead", "says": "His government was brought to an end by the 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état, which saw the advent of democracy with a transitional government under Admiral Wolfgang Larrazábal in place until the December 1958 elections."}, {"id": "Q332081", "label": "Rómulo Betancourt", "section": "History - Betancourt administration (1959–1964)", "says": "The ensuing elections brought Acción Democrática, which had been the ruling party from 1945 to 1948, back to power under its leader Rómulo Betancourt."}, {"id": "Q11256", "label": "Fidel Castro", "section": "History - Betancourt administration (1959–1964)", "says": "Around the same time, the left-wingers excluded from the Punto Fijo Pact (Revolutionary Left Movement and Armed Forces of National Liberation) began an insurgency that was backed by the Communist Party of Cuba and its leader, Fidel Castro."}, {"id": "Q879003", "label": "Raúl Leoni", "section": "History - Leoni and first Caldera term (1964–1974)", "says": "In 1963, Raúl Leoni was elected to succeed Betancourt as president."}, {"id": "Q311323", "label": "Rafael Caldera", "section": "History - Leoni and first Caldera term (1964–1974)", "says": "Rafael Caldera won the next election."}, {"id": "Q295790", "label": "Carlos Andrés Pérez", "section": "History - First Carlos Andrés Pérez term (1974–1979)", "says": "Carlos Andrés Pérez took office in 1974, amid an oil crisis that had begun the previous year and had increased the global price of oil from $3 per barrel to nearly $12 per barrel."}, {"id": "Q455661", "label": "Luis Herrera Campins", "section": "History - Herrera Campins and Lusinchi administrations (1979–1989)", "says": "Luis Herrera Campins was elected to the presidency in 1979, with the country in deep debt and bound by International Monetary Fund demands."}, {"id": "Q727036", "label": "Jaime Lusinchi", "section": "History - Herrera Campins and Lusinchi administrations (1979–1989)", "says": "The subsequent government of Jaime Lusinchi did little to counter the crisis."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "History - Herrera Campins and Lusinchi administrations (1979–1989)", "says": "Corruption increased, and the Caldas Corvettes crisis in 1987, sparked by a sovereignty dispute in the Gulf of Venezuela, generated one of the biggest moments of tension between Venezuela and Colombia."}, {"id": "Q1035320", "label": "Caracazo", "section": "History - Second Carlos Andrés Pérez term (1989–1993)", "says": "Pérez was elected again in 1988 and, looking to solve the recession, adopted economic measures that set off major protests, the biggest of which was the Caracazo wave of 1989."}, {"id": "Q8440", "label": "Hugo Chávez", "section": "History - Second Carlos Andrés Pérez term (1989–1993)", "says": "In February and November 1992, Hugo Chávez led two coup d'état attempts, and in 1993, Congress ousted Pérez."}, {"id": "Q1064011", "label": "Octavio Lepage", "section": "History - Second Carlos Andrés Pérez term (1989–1993)", "says": "Octavio Lepage served as acting president for about two weeks, at which point the historian and parliamentarian Ramón José Velásquez took over the interim role."}, {"id": "Q143499", "label": "Ramón José Velásquez", "section": "History - Second Carlos Andrés Pérez term (1989–1993)", "says": "Octavio Lepage served as acting president for about two weeks, at which point the historian and parliamentarian Ramón José Velásquez took over the interim role."}], "Q21590889": [{"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Dar al Kuti ('Dar al-Kuri' in some sources) was an Islamic state in the center and northwest of the present Central African Republic which existed from around 1830 until 17 December 1912."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - The rule of Muhammad al-Sanusi (1890–1911)", "says": "In 1890, seeking a more compliant protégé, Rabih deposed Kobur and installed Kobur's nephew Muhammad al-Sanussi as sheikh of both Dar al-Kuti and Dar Runga,  Al-Sanussi, born around 1850 in Wadai, was a member of the Sanusiyya order."}, {"id": "Q285940", "label": "Émile Gentil", "section": "History - The rule of Muhammad al-Sanusi (1890–1911)", "says": "On 28 August 1897, Sanussi agreed to the establishment of a French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti through a treaty of trade and alliance signed by Mohammed el-Sanussi and Émile Gentil."}], "Q21662997": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herat State was a state in Afghanistan from 1793 to 1863, and one of the three main khanates that existed in 19th century Afghanistan (the others being the khanates of Kabul and Kandahar) after the breakup of the Durrani Empire."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Herat State was a state in Afghanistan from 1793 to 1863, and one of the three main khanates that existed in 19th century Afghanistan (the others being the khanates of Kabul and Kandahar) after the breakup of the Durrani Empire."}, {"id": "Q167283", "label": "Timur Shah Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1793, Timur Shah Durrani died and Mahmud Shah took control of Herat, making the town and the surrounding region independent."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1793, Timur Shah Durrani died and Mahmud Shah took control of Herat, making the town and the surrounding region independent."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "Herat was prosperous under his reign in spite of multiple invasions by Qajar Iran."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Second attempt at gaining Qandahar and exile (1797–98)", "says": "Following this victory, Zaman Shah had returned to Punjab, recapturing Lahore and also placed Ranjit Singh, as an attempt to divide the Sikhs as the nawab of Lahore, and Zaman had returned to Peshawar."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "History - Intervention in Sistan and Persian siege of Herat (1834–1838)", "says": "The city was then besieged but Dost Mohammad Khan intervened on the side of the Qandahar Sardars and forced Shuja to flee to Herat with only 50 cavalry."}, {"id": "Q558231", "label": "Mohammad Shah Qajar", "section": "History - Intervention in Sistan and Persian siege of Herat (1834–1838)", "says": "However, Mohammad Mirza had not forgotten his promise once he took the throne as Mohammad Shah Qajar in 1834."}, {"id": "Q7461322", "label": "Shah Nawaz Khan", "section": "History - Mohammadzai conquest of Herat (1862–1863)", "says": "Ahmad Khan ended up dying from grief on March 6, 1863, being succeeded by his son Shah Nawaz Khan."}, {"id": "Q1335260", "label": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "History - Mohammadzai conquest of Herat (1862–1863)", "says": "The city was conquered by the Emirate of Afghanistan, ending the Principality of Herat."}], "Q21808755": [{"id": "Q187697", "label": "François Duvalier", "section": "History - Jean-Claude Duvalier", "says": "François Duvalier died on 21 April 1971."}, {"id": "Q310775", "label": "Jean-Claude Duvalier", "section": "History - Jean-Claude Duvalier", "says": "Still a teenager when he ascended to public office, Jean-Claude Duvalier was said to be reckless and dissolute, raised in elite isolation and uninterested in politics."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Jean-Claude Duvalier", "says": "Foreign nations became more generous with economic assistance, and the United States restored its aid program to Haiti in 1971."}, {"id": "Q12199", "label": "HIV/AIDS", "section": "History - Jean-Claude Duvalier", "says": "The outbreak of HIV/AIDS devastated tourism in the early 1980s, and an epidemic of African swine fever devastated livestock and destroyed local farming."}], "Q2225895": [{"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Satara State was a Maratha rump state in India created after the fall of the Maratha Confederacy in 1818 following the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and annexed by the British in 1849 using the Doctrine of lapse."}], "Q2353476": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed during the Preobrazhenie Uprising in 1903 by rebels of the Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO), in the Adrianople vilayet of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q815731", "label": "Principality of Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The independence of the Principality of Bulgaria and subsequent separation of Thrace and Macedonia from its territory had ignited a irredentist movement, organised around the IMARO."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The independence of the Principality of Bulgaria and subsequent separation of Thrace and Macedonia from its territory had ignited a irredentist movement, organised around the IMARO."}, {"id": "Q1436243", "label": "Makhnovshchina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Strandzha Commune left a lasting legacy as the first distinctively modern attempt to establish libertarian communism, inspiring the consolidation of the Bulgarian anarchist movement and preceding the uprising of the Makhnovshchina in Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "East Thrace was first brought under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century, during which it crushed the Bulgarian Empire and subjugated it to Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "The reaction against the occupation of Bulgaria culminated in the 19th century with the Bulgarian National Awakening, as Bulgarians increasingly rose up against Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q622059", "label": "April Uprising of 1876", "section": "Background", "says": "The anarchist Hristo Botev even participated in the failed April Uprising of 1876, losing his life in the process."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the victory of the Russian Empire over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, the Treaty of San Stefano secured the establishment of the independent Principality of Bulgaria, although the revised Treaty of Berlin left it without many of its promised territories."}, {"id": "Q194113", "label": "Treaty of San Stefano", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the victory of the Russian Empire over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, the Treaty of San Stefano secured the establishment of the independent Principality of Bulgaria, although the revised Treaty of Berlin left it without many of its promised territories."}, {"id": "Q1771831", "label": "Kruševo Republic", "section": "History - Uprising", "says": "20 July] 1903, the Ilinden Uprising finally broke out in Macedonia, where the revolutionaries established the Kruševo Republic."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Uprising", "says": "The revolutionary army consisted of about 2,000 poorly equipped men, only 200 of whom were armed with quality Mannlicher rifles, while the rest had to make do with old rifles that had last been used half a century earlier in the Crimean War."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "History - Repression and aftermath", "says": "The number of victims in East Thrace was comparatively higher than Macedonia, as the autocratic Sultan Abdul Hamid II did not want to tolerate an uprising so close to Istanbul."}, {"id": "Q1145682", "label": "Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising", "section": "History - Repression and aftermath", "says": "Within two months, the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising had been suppressed, leaving thousands of victims throughout Macedonia and Thrace."}], "Q23731257": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Patria del Friuli (Latin: Patria Fori Iulii, Friulian: Patrie dal Friûl), also known as the Patriarchal State of Aquileia (Italian: Stato patriarcale di Aquileia), was the territory under the temporal (political) rule of the Patriarch of Aquileia, and one of the ecclesiastical states within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q836894", "label": "Patriarchate of Aquileia", "section": "lead", "says": "As in the case of other ecclesiastical states, its territory was not identical with jurisdictional borders of the Patriarchate of Aquileia."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1420, the Republic of Venice acquired and consequently annexed the territory, thus depriving the Patriarch of Aquileia of his temporal powers."}, {"id": "Q541090", "label": "Michele Steno", "section": "Fall of the Patriarchal State", "says": "From about 1400, Venice under the doge Michele Steno and his successor Tommaso Mocenigo began to enlarge its dogado by gradually occupying the Aquileian hinterlands."}, {"id": "Q654063", "label": "Tommaso Mocenigo", "section": "Fall of the Patriarchal State", "says": "From about 1400, Venice under the doge Michele Steno and his successor Tommaso Mocenigo began to enlarge its dogado by gradually occupying the Aquileian hinterlands."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "Fall of the Patriarchal State", "says": "Cividale received support from most of the Friulian communes, the Carraresi of Padua, king Sigismund of Germany, while Udine was backed by the Venetians."}, {"id": "Q3839155", "label": "Louis of Teck", "section": "Fall of the Patriarchal State", "says": "In the December of that year an Imperial army captured Udine, and in January 1412 Louis of Teck was enthroned as patriarch in the city's cathedral."}, {"id": "Q503874", "label": "Francesco Foscari", "section": "Fall of the Patriarchal State", "says": "In 1433, Venetian doge Francesco Foscari signed an agreement with emperor Sigismund, whereby the Empire ceded the Domini di Terraferma, stretching from the Adriatic Sea to the Alps, to the Republic, then officially as an Imperial fief."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "Fall of the Patriarchal State", "says": "The territory around Gorizia and Aquileia proper was retained by the Counts of Görz; the last Count Leonhard in 1500 bequeathed his lands to Archduke Maximilian I of Austria, who also annexed the city of Gradisca in 1511."}], "Q2390716": [{"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Adiwijaya or Jaka Tingkir, Lord of Boyolali, after a civil war and was a successor to Sultanate of Demak."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "lead", "says": "Adiwijaya claimed to be a descendant of Brawijaya V, the last king of the Majapahit empire, and Trenggana, the sultan of Demak."}, {"id": "Q402145", "label": "Mataram Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Prince Banawa then submitted his crown to Sutawijaya and thus ended the Kingdom of Pajang in 1586, when Sutawijaya founded the greatest Islamic kingdom in Java: Mataram Sultanate."}], "Q2501069": [{"id": "Q1324889", "label": "Beylik of Germiyan", "section": "lead", "says": "The beylik was founded c.1275 and absorbed by the neighbouring Germiyanids in 1341."}], "Q2624304": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Charkhari State was one of the Princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}], "Q2830724": [{"id": "Q136344", "label": "Battle of Köse Dağ", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 1242 Battle of Köse Dağ, the Seljuqs lost control of the city, and it became semi-autonomous."}], "Q31351948": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military Government of the Philippine Islands (Spanish: Gobierno militar de los Estados Unidos en las Islas Filipinas; Tagalog: Pamahalaang Militar ng Estados Unidos sa Kapuluang Pilipinas) was a military government in the Philippines established by the United States on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General Wesley Merritt acting as military governor."}, {"id": "Q889233", "label": "Wesley Merritt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Military Government of the Philippine Islands (Spanish: Gobierno militar de los Estados Unidos en las Islas Filipinas; Tagalog: Pamahalaang Militar ng Estados Unidos sa Kapuluang Pilipinas) was a military government in the Philippines established by the United States on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General Wesley Merritt acting as military governor."}, {"id": "Q1361989", "label": "First Philippine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After the appointment of a civil Governor-General upon the suppression of the First Philippine Republic, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were firmly put under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to an American-installed civil government."}, {"id": "Q2541061", "label": "Adna Chaffee", "section": "lead", "says": "Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor."}], "Q3350794": [{"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "lead", "says": "Pundravardhana or Pundra kingdom (Sanskrit: Puṇḍravardhana) was an ancient kingdom of Iron Age India located in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent with a territory that included parts of present-day Rajshahi and parts of Rangpur Division of Bangladesh, as well as the West Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India."}], "Q3379274": [{"id": "Q696651", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach", "section": "lead", "says": "Saxe-Marksuhl was reincorporated into Saxe-Eisenach on the accession of John George to the Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach upon his nephew's death in 1671."}], "Q3403552": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Nassau-Orange-Fulda (sometimes also named Fulda and Corvey) was a short-lived principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803 to 1806."}, {"id": "Q312215", "label": "William V, Prince of Orange", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created for William Frederick, the son and heir of William V, Prince of Orange, the ousted stadtholder of the abolished Dutch Republic after the Batavian Revolution of 1795."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created for William Frederick, the son and heir of William V, Prince of Orange, the ousted stadtholder of the abolished Dutch Republic after the Batavian Revolution of 1795."}, {"id": "Q2603206", "label": "Batavian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created for William Frederick, the son and heir of William V, Prince of Orange, the ousted stadtholder of the abolished Dutch Republic after the Batavian Revolution of 1795."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "In January 1795, stadtholder William V lost all his possessions in the Low Countries because of the rise of the Batavian Republic, a client state of the French Republic."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "Background", "says": "After this failure, his son convinced him to issue the Oranienstein Letters in December 1801, recognising the Batavian Republic, in order to receive compensation from Napoleon for the possessions he lost in 1795."}], "Q3446213": [{"id": "Q950771", "label": "Saw Yun", "section": "lead", "says": "The northern province of Sagaing led by Thihathu's eldest son Saw Yun successfully fought for autonomy in 1315−17, and formally seceded in 1325 after Thihathu's death."}, {"id": "Q2166619", "label": "Mong Mao", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1350s, Kyawswa II repaired Pinya's long-strained relationship with Sagaing, in order to face off against the northern Shan state of Maw (Möng Mao)."}, {"id": "Q3519413", "label": "Thadominbya", "section": "lead", "says": "But after the Maw troops sacked both Sagaing and Pinya in succession in 1364, Thihathu's great grandson Thado Minbya of Sagaing seized both devastated capitals in 1364, and founded the Ava kingdom in 1365."}, {"id": "Q3066500", "label": "Thihathu", "section": "History - Myinsaing regency", "says": "In 1297, the three former Pagan commanders—Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu—overthrew King Kyawswa of Pagan (r."}, {"id": "Q3056666", "label": "Kyawswa of Pagan", "section": "History - Myinsaing regency", "says": "In 1297, the three former Pagan commanders—Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu—overthrew King Kyawswa of Pagan (r."}, {"id": "Q3200887", "label": "Kyaswa of Sagaing", "section": "History - Age of disunity", "says": "Though Sithu made an alliance with King Kyaswa of Sagaing (r."}], "Q3446223": [{"id": "Q950771", "label": "Saw Yun", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally the northern province of Sagaing of the Pinya kingdom, it became de facto independent after Prince Saw Yun successfully fought for autonomy from his father King Thihathu in 1315–17."}, {"id": "Q3066500", "label": "Thihathu", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally the northern province of Sagaing of the Pinya kingdom, it became de facto independent after Prince Saw Yun successfully fought for autonomy from his father King Thihathu in 1315–17."}, {"id": "Q3519413", "label": "Thadominbya", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of the latest Maw raid, Saw Yun's grandson Prince Thado Minbya seized both devastated capitals in 1364, and founded the Ava kingdom in 1365."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Myinsaing regency", "says": "To the north of Sagaing lay the Province of Zhengmian of the Mongol Empire—present-day northern Burma and southwestern Yunnan, which the Mongols had wrested away from the Pagan Empire since the 1280s."}, {"id": "Q3056666", "label": "Kyawswa of Pagan", "section": "History - Pinya", "says": "So eager was Thihathu, a commoner, to be seen as a legitimate king of Pagan, he made his adopted stepson Uzana, biological son of King Kyawswa of Pagan and Queen Mi Saw U, his heir-apparent."}, {"id": "Q3482705", "label": "Shwetaungtet", "section": "History - Middle years", "says": "Though he was a commoner stepson of Thihathu, Tarabya ruled for the next nine years until his son Shwetaungtet (r."}, {"id": "Q45241", "label": "Anawrahta", "section": "History - Middle years", "says": "But the self-proclaimed king, styled as Anawrahta, could not eliminate Saw Yun's young children."}, {"id": "Q2166619", "label": "Mong Mao", "section": "History - War with Maw", "says": "One main reason for the truce may have been the northern Shan state of Maw (Mong Mao)."}, {"id": "Q3200893", "label": "Kyawswa II of Pinya", "section": "History - War with Maw", "says": "The agreed to an alliance through a marriage of state between Princess Shin Saw Gyi of Sagaing and King Kyawswa II of Pinya (r."}, {"id": "Q671695", "label": "Swasawke", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Saw Omma's brother and Thado Minbya's brother-in-law Swa Saw Ke (r."}], "Q3647860": [{"id": "Q377964", "label": "Wiracocha Inca", "section": "History - Conflict with the Lupaqas", "says": "During the reign of Viracocha Inca, ruler of the growing Cusco confederation, the Incas publicly gave their support to the two main Colla chiefs, but secretly made an alliance with the Lupaqa ruler, named Cari."}, {"id": "Q213758", "label": "Pachacútec", "section": "History - Inca conquest", "says": "Following the invasion of the Soras and Chankas, Pachacuti began his expansionist military campaign to the Collao, sending a group of soldiers under the command of Apo Conde Mayta towards the border with the Colla Kingdom, the powerful group that had as lord Chuchi Capac, also known as the Colla Capac."}, {"id": "Q311433", "label": "Huayna Capac", "section": "History - Inca era", "says": "During the reign of Huayna Capac, the participation of the Kolla peoples in the northern campaigns of the emperor contributed to integrating them in the Inca state."}, {"id": "Q28573", "label": "Inca Empire", "section": "History - Inca era", "says": "After the Collas were conquered by the Inca Empire, most pukara forts were abandoned."}], "Q4068922": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established by Badr Khan in 1736, who attended the coronation of Nader Shah in January 1736."}, {"id": "Q63158027", "label": "Qajar Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "It was disestablished in 1808 and converted to a province of Qajar Iran."}], "Q412980": [{"id": "Q5228002", "label": "Daulat Scindia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was ceded to the British by Daulat Rao Sindhia by a treaty on 25 June 1818."}], "Q4186402": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwestern Confederacy, or Northwestern Indian Confederacy, was a loose confederacy of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region of the United States created after the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Northwestern Confederacy, or Northwestern Indian Confederacy, was a loose confederacy of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region of the United States created after the American Revolutionary War."}, {"id": "Q669315", "label": "Northwest Territory", "section": "lead", "says": "The confederacy, which had its roots in pan-tribal movements dating to the 1740s, formed in an attempt to resist the expansion of the United States and the encroachment of American settlers into the Northwest Territory after Great Britain ceded the region to the U.S. in the 1783 Treaty of Paris."}, {"id": "Q2656995", "label": "Northwest Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "American expansion resulted in the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), in which the Confederacy won significant victories over the United States, but concluded with a U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers."}, {"id": "Q2237537", "label": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "section": "lead", "says": "American expansion resulted in the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), in which the Confederacy won significant victories over the United States, but concluded with a U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers."}, {"id": "Q254682", "label": "Tenskwatawa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederacy became fractured and agreed to peace with the United States, but the pan-tribal resistance was later rekindled by Tenskwatawa (known as the Prophet) and his brother, Tecumseh, resulting in the formation of Tecumseh's confederacy."}, {"id": "Q257808", "label": "Tecumseh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederacy became fractured and agreed to peace with the United States, but the pan-tribal resistance was later rekindled by Tenskwatawa (known as the Prophet) and his brother, Tecumseh, resulting in the formation of Tecumseh's confederacy."}, {"id": "Q767317", "label": "Treaty of Greenville", "section": "End of the confederacy", "says": "The following year, the Northwestern Confederacy negotiated the Treaty of Greenville with the United States."}], "Q4212235": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kangar union was a Turkic state in the territory of the entire modern Kazakhstan without Zhetysu."}], "Q4350658": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "From the 11th and up to the 13th century, Peremyshl was ruled mostly by local princes from collateral branches of the Riurikid dynasty (ruling house of the Kievan Rus'), but on several occasions it also came under influence of neighboring Polish or Hungarian rulers."}], "Q4401071": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Cebu, also called Sugbu, informally referred to as the Rajahnate of Cebu, was an Indianized mandala (polity) monarchy on the island of Cebu in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors."}, {"id": "Q1496", "label": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "History - Reign of Rajah Humabon", "says": "First contact with the Spanish also occurred during Humabon's reign, resulting in the death of Ferdinand Magellan."}, {"id": "Q310922", "label": "Antonio Pigafetta", "section": "History - Reign of Rajah Humabon", "says": "The phrase Kota Raya Kita was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta, to be a warning in the Old Malay language, from a merchant to the rajah and was cited to have meant: Have good care, O king, what you do, for these men are those who have conquered Calicut, Malacca, and all India the Greater."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Diplomacy with other Southeast Asian Kingdoms", "says": "When Ferdinand Magellan's expedition landed on the port-kingdom of Cebu; the expedition scribe noted that not long before, an embassy carried by a ship from Siam (Thailand) arrived at Cebu and paid tribute to Rajah Humabon."}, {"id": "Q2091449", "label": "Battle of Mactan", "section": "History - Battle of Mactan", "says": "The Battle of Mactan was fought on 27 April 1521 between forces of Rajah Humabon which included the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and Lapulapu, which resulted in the death of the former himself."}, {"id": "Q318500", "label": "Miguel López de Legazpi", "section": "History - Reign of Rajah Tupas and the Legazpi Expedition", "says": "The Hindu polity was dissolved during the reign of Rajah Tupas by the forces of conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi in the battle of Cebu during 1565."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "History - Relations with other kingdoms", "says": "The Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) of the nearby country of Malaysia, point to the similarly worded Keling as the immigrant people from India to Southeast Asia."}, {"id": "Q887940", "label": "Rajah Sulayman", "section": "History - Relations with other kingdoms", "says": "Maynila, which was under the influence of Brunei and would later become the city of Manila had an arrogant attitude against Cebuanos and Visayans as the rajah of Maynila who had an Islamic name, Rajah Sulayman, ridiculed the Visayans that came and assisted the Legazpi expedition (which also included the Cebuanos) as an easily conquerable people."}], "Q4401303": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Butuan, sometimes referred to as the Rajahnate of Butuan (Filipino: Kaharian ng Butuan; Butuanon: Gingharian hong Butuan; Cebuano: Gingharian sa Butuan; Chinese: 蒲端國; pinyin: Púduānguó), was a precolonial Bisaya Hindu polity (lungsod) centered around northeastern Mindanao island in present-day Butuan, Philippines."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Over its long history the lungsod had direct trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of China, Champa, Đại Việt, Pon-i (Brunei), Srivijaya, Majapahit, Kambuja, and even Persia as well as areas now comprised in Thailand."}], "Q457468": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Rietberg (German: Grafschaft Rietberg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present-day German state of North Rhine-Westphalia."}, {"id": "Q153943", "label": "Kingdom of Westphalia", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed as an independent territory from 1237 to 1807, when it was mediatised to the Kingdom of Westphalia."}], "Q4778463": [{"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tio Kingdom was a West Central African state in modern-day Republic of the Congo and DR Congo, belonging to the Tio people (Eastern Teke)."}, {"id": "Q796583", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded around the 14th century, it rivalled the Kingdom of Kongo for much of its early existence."}, {"id": "Q981217", "label": "Jan Vansina", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Jan Vansina wrote that the political system of squires/chiefs (ngántsii or mpfõ antsii) who governed domains (ntsii) likely evolved into kingship and statehood, and that the õkoo (king) was likely initially based on the northern plains."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Colonial and postcolonial periods", "says": "The Republic of Congo gained its independence in 1960."}], "Q55522": [{"id": "Q1372130", "label": "Shō Hashi", "section": "lead", "says": "Okinawa, previously controlled by a number of local chieftains or lords, loosely bound by a paramount chieftain or king of the entire island, split into these three more solidly defined kingdoms within a few years after 1314; the Sanzan period thus began, and would end roughly one hundred years later, when Chūzan's King Shō Hashi conquered Hokuzan in 1419 and Nanzan in 1429."}, {"id": "Q28025", "label": "Ryukyu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After the unification of Ryukyu, Nanzan became one of three nominal fu (府, lit. \"prefectures\") of Ryukyu Kingdom without administrative function."}], "Q557842": [{"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Boina (sometimes known as Iboina or in Sakalava as Boeny) was a traditional state situated in what is now Madagascar."}], "Q571653": [{"id": "Q556263", "label": "Brunswick-Lüneburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Göttingen (German: Fürstentum Göttingen) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire, with Göttingen as its capital."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Göttingen (German: Fürstentum Göttingen) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire, with Göttingen as its capital."}, {"id": "Q830084", "label": "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "section": "lead", "says": "It was split off  from the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1286 in the course of an estate division among members of the ruling House of Welf."}, {"id": "Q565812", "label": "Principality of Calenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1495 the Göttingen lands were incorporated as integral part of the newly established Brunswick Principality of Calenberg, with which they stayed united until the territory was merged into the Electorate of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q706018", "label": "Electorate of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1495 the Göttingen lands were incorporated as integral part of the newly established Brunswick Principality of Calenberg, with which they stayed united until the territory was merged into the Electorate of Hanover."}], "Q6509709": [{"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "Khanate of Khalkhal was one of the khanates of Azerbaijan (in Iran) which remained semi-independent for 62 years."}], "Q680530": [{"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Terebovlia (Ukrainian: Теребовлянське князівство) was a principality of Kievan Rus' established as an appanage around the year 1084 and given to Vasylko Rostyslavych."}], "Q7054713": [{"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "lead", "says": "In 682 Bishop Israel of Caucasian Albania led an unsuccessful delegation to convert Alp Iluetuer, the ruler of the Caucasian Huns, to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "In 682 Bishop Israel of Caucasian Albania led an unsuccessful delegation to convert Alp Iluetuer, the ruler of the Caucasian Huns, to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "It is likely that they became incorporated into the Khazar Khaganate."}], "Q7126720": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Palanpur State was a princely state of India during the British Raj."}], "Q7314427": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Baja California, also known in Spanish as the República de Baja California, was a proposed state from 1853 to 1854, after American private military leader William Walker failed to invade Sonora from Arizona."}, {"id": "Q196401", "label": "William Walker", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Baja California, also known in Spanish as the República de Baja California, was a proposed state from 1853 to 1854, after American private military leader William Walker failed to invade Sonora from Arizona."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Walker wanted to appropriate Sonora, and his claims had both the support of tycoons and government complacency in the United States."}, {"id": "Q4207384", "label": "Republic of Sonora", "section": "lead", "says": "In spite of being repulsed from Ensenada and suffering the mutiny of his US troops, Walker declared himself president of the Republic of Sonora, which also included Baja California, and, like his successor, was not there in fact or endorsement."}, {"id": "Q616109", "label": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "section": "lead", "says": "Brought to trial, the judge said he was guilty of violating the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed between Mexico and the United States after the US invasion of Mexico in 1847."}], "Q752265": [{"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Late Bronze Age", "says": "Masturi's ascent to the throne was supported by Mursili's successor Muwatalli II, and the kingdom appears to have remained loyal to the Hittites under his rule."}], "Q809955": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Bushahr, also spelt as 'Bashahr' and 'Bussahir' or 'Bushair' was a Rajput princely state in India during the British Raj."}], "Q810557": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Bastar state was a princely state in India during the British Raj."}], "Q85800761": [{"id": "Q1656908", "label": "Emirate of Asir", "section": "lead", "says": "It coexisted with the nearby Emirate of Asir."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Their small wars against the Ottoman Empire led to them being temporarily overtaken by the Ottomans, until they withdrew after losing the First World War."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate finally ended in 1919, and 'Asir itself was then annexed by Ibn Saud into the country of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate finally ended in 1919, and 'Asir itself was then annexed by Ibn Saud into the country of Saudi Arabia."}], "Q874567": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Hanau was a territory within the Holy Roman Empire, evolved out of the Lordship of Hanau in 1429."}, {"id": "Q319376", "label": "Hanau-Münzenberg", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1456 to 1642 and from 1685 to 1712 it was divided into the County of Hanau-Münzenberg and the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg."}, {"id": "Q168651", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel", "section": "lead", "says": "After both lines became extinct the County of Hanau-Münzenberg was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1736."}, {"id": "Q693551", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "lead", "says": "After both lines became extinct the County of Hanau-Münzenberg was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1736."}], "Q938504": [{"id": "Q2030487", "label": "Airgíalla", "section": "Origins", "says": "The dynasties of the Airgíalla, and through them the Uí Maine, while also counted as belonging to the Connachta by medieval genealogists, may not possibly be related, as some have assessed that they descend from other peoples later added to the genealogical scheme."}], "Q94449": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kraków Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Krakowskie, Latin: Palatinatus Cracoviensis) was a voivodeship (province) in the Kingdom of Poland from the 14th century to the partition of Poland in 1795 (see History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)."}], "Q10888424": [{"id": "Q7268", "label": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "section": "History - Formation of small states and the Civil War of Wa", "says": "In 57 CE, the chief of Nakoku of Wa, which is said to have been located in northern Kyushu (along the coast of Hakata Bay), received a gold seal from Emperor Guangwu of Han."}, {"id": "Q2658252", "label": "Yamato Kinship", "section": "History - Formation of small states and the Civil War of Wa", "says": "It is believed that this was the result of the consolidation of Japanese polities in northern Kyushu, and that the Yamato Kingship sent an envoy to the Eastern Han Dynasty as a representative of these groups."}, {"id": "Q7285", "label": "Emperor An of Han", "section": "History - Formation of small states and the Civil War of Wa", "says": "In the first year of the reign of Emperor An of Han, called the Yongchu era, which began in the year 107 CE, the Japanese king Suishō sent an envoy to the Eastern Han Dynasty and presented 160 people to the Emperor."}, {"id": "Q740373", "label": "Fan Ye", "section": "History - Formation of small states and the Civil War of Wa", "says": "The Hou Hanshu was compiled by the Chinese scholar and historian Fan Ye and others in the 5th century CE."}, {"id": "Q608727", "label": "Battle of Baekgang", "section": "History - From Wa to Japan", "says": "When Baekje was destroyed in 660, the Japanese attempted to revive it, and the Battle of Baekgang broke out in 663 between the Tang dynasty and Silla, but they were defeated and forced to withdraw completely from the Korean peninsula."}, {"id": "Q335181", "label": "Tenmu", "section": "History - From Wa to Japan", "says": "Emperor Tenmu, who won the Imjin War in 672, accelerated the construction of the Ritsuryo State, and in the process, he tried to prevent the Tang Dynasty from invading Japan by showing the Northern Tang Dynasty that Japan was a separate country from the Southern Tang Dynasty and Japan from the Southern Tang Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q576338", "label": "Japanese invasions of Korea", "section": "History - From Wa to Japan", "says": "Emperor Tenmu, who won the Imjin War in 672, accelerated the construction of the Ritsuryo State, and in the process, he tried to prevent the Tang Dynasty from invading Japan by showing the Northern Tang Dynasty that Japan was a separate country from the Southern Tang Dynasty and Japan from the Southern Tang Dynasty."}], "Q10955123": [{"id": "Q697837", "label": "Mengjiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Chahar Autonomous Government was an administratively autonomous component of Mengjiang from its creation in 1937 to its complete merger in 1939."}, {"id": "Q6148020", "label": "Operation Chahar", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Chahar in September 1937, which extended Japanese control to northern Shanxi region, more formal control of the area was established through the creation of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government, as well as the South Chahar Autonomous Government to the east of Shanxi."}, {"id": "Q11089317", "label": "North Shanxi Autonomous Government", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Chahar in September 1937, which extended Japanese control to northern Shanxi region, more formal control of the area was established through the creation of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government, as well as the South Chahar Autonomous Government to the east of Shanxi."}], "Q11089317": [{"id": "Q697837", "label": "Mengjiang", "section": "lead", "says": "The North Shanxi Autonomous Government (also known as the Jinbei Autonomous Government; Chinese: 晋北自治政府; pinyin: Jìnběi zìzhì zhèngfǔ; Wade–Giles: Chin4-pei3 tzu4-chih4 cheng4-fu3; Hepburn: Susumu kita jichi seifu) was an administratively autonomous component of Mengjiang from its creation in 1937 to its complete merger into Mengjiang in 1939."}, {"id": "Q6148020", "label": "Operation Chahar", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Chahar in September 1937, which extended Japanese control to northern Shanxi region, more formal control of the area was established through the creation of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government, as well as the South Chahar Autonomous Government to the east of Shanxi."}, {"id": "Q10955123", "label": "South Chahar Autonomous Government", "section": "lead", "says": "After Operation Chahar in September 1937, which extended Japanese control to northern Shanxi region, more formal control of the area was established through the creation of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government, as well as the South Chahar Autonomous Government to the east of Shanxi."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Marco Polo Bridge incident and Japan's descent into war with China, Japanese plans for their (hoped) victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War were prepared and began to be acted upon."}, {"id": "Q30623", "label": "Manchukuo", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1938, multiple smaller Japanese-aligned governments existed throughout China aside from the more-major puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang."}, {"id": "Q707917", "label": "East Hebei Autonomous Government", "section": "Background", "says": "Some of these then-newly created administratively autonomous Japanese puppet states included the East Hebei Autonomous Government, the Shanghai Great Way Government, the South Chahar Autonomous Government, and of course, the North Shanxi Autonomous Government."}], "Q11344632": [{"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "lead", "says": "Maldives was a Buddhist kingdom until its last monarch, King Dhovemi, converted to Islam in the year 1153; thereafter he also adopted the Muslim title and name of Sultan Muhammad al-Adil."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Following an abortive attempt at forming a republic in 1953, the emergence of a short-lived breakaway state, and the establishment of independence from the United Kingdom, the sultanate was abolished following a successful referendum in 1968, and the Maldives became a republic."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Introduction of Islam", "says": "The king thereupon adopted the Muslim title and name (in Arabic) of Sultan (besides the old Dhivehi title of Maha Radun or Ras Kilege or Rasgefānu) Muhammad al-Adil, initiating a series of six Islamic dynasties consisting of eighty-four sultans and sultanas that lasted until 1932 when the sultanate became elective."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Portuguese and Dutch hegemony", "says": "Thus, the Maldives were administered from Portuguese Goa for the next 15 years, during which Christianity was forcefully imposed on the locals with the threat of execution."}, {"id": "Q1841483", "label": "Dutch Ceylon", "section": "History - Portuguese and Dutch hegemony", "says": "In the mid-seventeenth century, the Dutch would govern the Maldives from their colony of Dutch Ceylon."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - British protection and dissolution", "says": "In 1796, the British Empire expelled the Dutch from Ceylon and included the Maldives as a British protected area."}, {"id": "Q150069", "label": "United Suvadive Republic", "section": "History - British protection and dissolution", "says": "In 1959, the three Southern atolls of the Maldives (Addu Atoll, Huvadhu Atoll, and Fuvahmulah) declared independence from the Sultanate of the Maldives and established the United Suvadive Republic."}], "Q11621245": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mongol United Autonomous Government was a Japanese puppet regime in Inner Mongolia from 1937 to 1939."}], "Q1192437": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of East Sumatra (Negara Sumatera Timur) was established by the Netherlands after the reoccupation of North Sumatra in July, 1947, during the first of the Dutch police actions against the fledgling Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1949, as part of a peace deal that concluded the Indonesian National Revolution, it joined the United States of Indonesia, of which the Republic was also a component state."}, {"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1949, as part of a peace deal that concluded the Indonesian National Revolution, it joined the United States of Indonesia, of which the Republic was also a component state."}], "Q11927430": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "As a princely state, it became a part of Bombay Presidency during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "Yeshwantrao Patangshah V assumed the title of Maharaja, shortly before he signed the instrument of accession to the Dominion of India in 1947."}], "Q12406729": [{"id": "Q973748", "label": "Fourth Geneva Convention", "section": "lead", "says": "The governance was based on the Fourth Geneva Convention, which provides guidelines for military rule in occupied areas."}, {"id": "Q309204", "label": "Camp David Accords", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "The creation of a civil administration for the West Bank and Gaza Strip was included within the Camp David Accords signed by Egypt and Israel in 1978."}], "Q12491026": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located on the eastern coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "According to this source, in 1282, Kublai Khan demanded that Haru submit to China's suzerainty, and Haru responded graciously by sending tribute to Yuan's court in 1295."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Marco Polo, however, did not mention Aru in his report as one of the eight kingdoms of Sumatra during his journey in 1292."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "According to Pararaton, Haru kingdom was mentioned among polities that Gajah Mada intended to unite under Majapahit suzerainty in his Palapa oath."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "According to Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai and the Malay Annals the Aru kingdom was Islamized by Nakhoda Ismail and Fakir Muhammad; they also converted Merah Silu, the first king of Samudera Pasai in the mid-13th century."}, {"id": "Q702918", "label": "Ma Huan", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "According to Yingya Shenglan (1416), a Chinese Ming dynasty report composed by Ma Huan about the Zheng He expedition, the king of Haru and his subjects had embraced Islam."}, {"id": "Q7333", "label": "Zheng He", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "According to Yingya Shenglan (1416), a Chinese Ming dynasty report composed by Ma Huan about the Zheng He expedition, the king of Haru and his subjects had embraced Islam."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "Numerous artifacts have been discovered at this site, including Islamic headstones, ceramics and pottery fragments from China, Thailand and Sri Lanka, and Arabic coins from the 13th and 14th century."}, {"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "Numerous artifacts have been discovered at this site, including Islamic headstones, ceramics and pottery fragments from China, Thailand and Sri Lanka, and Arabic coins from the 13th and 14th century."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "In the 15th century, the Malay Annals mentioned the Haru kingdom as one of a few influential kingdoms in the region, with its prestige rivaling those of Pasai and the Malacca Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q204397", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "According to Afonso de Albuquerque the rulers of the small kingdoms of northern Sumatra and the Sultans of Malacca used to have cannibals as executioners, reserved as a punishment for special crimes: \"There are in Malacca ... others are boiled, others are roasted and given to eat to peoples who are like savages and come from a country called Aru.\"\nThe Portuguese record Suma Oriental, written in th"}, {"id": "Q1150753", "label": "Duarte Barbosa", "section": "History - Growth", "says": "Duarte Barbosa (1480–1521) wrote in 1516 that the kingdom of Aru was ruled by cannibal adherents of paganism."}, {"id": "Q2988343", "label": "Portuguese Malacca", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Aru steadily grew weaker in the 16th century, caught in a regional rivalry between more powerful neighbours — Portuguese Malacca and the Sultanate of Aceh."}], "Q1269910": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Madawaska (French: République du Madawaska) was a putative republic in the northwest corner of Madawaska County, New Brunswick (also known as the \"New Brunswick Panhandle\") and adjacent areas of  Aroostook County in the US state of Maine and of Quebec."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - John Baker", "says": "At his event, Baker proclaimed the entire Madawaska Territory to be independent of all foreign jurisdiction and vowed not to acknowledge any other authority than the United States."}, {"id": "Q11816", "label": "John Quincy Adams", "section": "History - International attention", "says": "The Baker situation became an international incident, with President John Quincy Adams asking Secretary of State Henry Clay to investigate the matter."}, {"id": "Q319630", "label": "Henry Clay", "section": "History - International attention", "says": "The Baker situation became an international incident, with President John Quincy Adams asking Secretary of State Henry Clay to investigate the matter."}, {"id": "Q698312", "label": "Aroostook War", "section": "History - Aroostook War", "says": "After the undeclared Aroostook War (1838–39), the United States and the United Kingdom signed the Webster–Ashburton Treaty on August 9, 1842, finally settling the boundary question."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Aroostook War", "says": "After the undeclared Aroostook War (1838–39), the United States and the United Kingdom signed the Webster–Ashburton Treaty on August 9, 1842, finally settling the boundary question."}, {"id": "Q1191091", "label": "Webster–Ashburton Treaty", "section": "History - Aroostook War", "says": "After the undeclared Aroostook War (1838–39), the United States and the United Kingdom signed the Webster–Ashburton Treaty on August 9, 1842, finally settling the boundary question."}], "Q1319681": [{"id": "Q706815", "label": "Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "Its only ruler was Li Maozhen, who later submitted to Later Tang.  (After Li Maozhen's death in 924, his son Li Congyan would continue to govern Fengxiang until 926, when he was removed by the Later Tang's emperor Li Cunxu, although he would serve three later stints as governor of Fengxiang.)"}], "Q1332370": [{"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ellipi was an ancient kingdom located on the western side of the Zagros (modern Iran), between Babylonia at the west, Media at the north east, Mannae at the north and Elam at the south."}], "Q1395929": [{"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "It expanded through diplomacy, warfare, and trade alliances to incorporate multiple neighboring states in the Gold Coast."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "History - Ashanti invasion and the fall of the coastal coalition", "says": "By the late 18th century, tensions between the Ashanti Empire and the Fante Confederacy had escalated significantly."}], "Q1400780": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Sailana State was an 11 gun salute princely state in India, part of the Malwa Agency of Central India during the British Raj."}], "Q14920623": [{"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dominion of Sierra Leone was an independent sovereign state with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state between independence on 27 April 1961 and becoming the Republic of Sierra Leone on 19 April 1971."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Sierra Leone shared the Sovereign with other countries, including the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q879302", "label": "Milton Augustus Strieby Margai", "section": "History - An independent nation led by Sir Milton Margai", "says": "On 27 April 1961, Milton Margai led Sierra Leone to independence from the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q3780", "label": "Freetown", "section": "History - Albert Margai Administration", "says": "Sir Albert was sworn in as Sierra Leone's second prime minister the same day his brother died at a ceremony held at the Sierra Leone's parliament in Freetown."}, {"id": "Q515657", "label": "Siaka Stevens", "section": "History - Three military coups, 1967-1968", "says": "After the closely contested general election in March 1967, Sierra Leone Governor General Sir Henry Josiah Lightfoot Boston declared the new prime minister to be Siaka Stevens, an ethnic Limba, the candidate of the APC and the mayor of Freetown."}, {"id": "Q1175107", "label": "David Lansana", "section": "History - Three military coups, 1967-1968", "says": "The coup was led by Brigadier General David Lansana, an ethnic Mende and the commander of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q4757560", "label": "Andrew Juxon-Smith", "section": "History - Three military coups, 1967-1968", "says": "On 23 March 1967, however, a group of senior army officers led by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith, an ethnic Creole, in turn seized control of the government, arrested Lansana and suspended the constitution."}], "Q1493766": [{"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gao Empire was a Songhai-speaking Islamic kingdom that ruled the bend of the Niger River in Mali from approximately the 7th century CE until their fall to the Mali Empire in the late 14th century."}, {"id": "Q202687", "label": "Songhai Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ruled by the Za dynasty from the capital of Gao, the empire was an important predecessor of  the Songhai Empire."}, {"id": "Q367330", "label": "Ibn Hawqal", "section": "History - Founding and early history", "says": "903) mentions a caravan route from Egypt to ancient Ghana via Kawkaw. but Ibn Hawqal (writing c."}, {"id": "Q945436", "label": "Sonni Ali", "section": "History - Decline and aftermath", "says": "Archaeological evidence, however, shows that they likely took refuge downstream, as the architectural and epigraphic styles common in independent Gao up until the late 1200s continued to be used in Kukiya until the time of Sonni Ali (1464–1492)."}], "Q1535236": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Kalahandi State, also known as Karond State, was one of the princely states of India during the British Raj."}], "Q1541642": [{"id": "Q1233672", "label": "County of Barcelona", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout most of its history it was attached to one of the other more powerful counties, but it experienced a century of independence before it was finally and irrevocably annexed to the County of Barcelona."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "9th century: origins and development", "says": "In the Ordinatio Imperii of 817, Louis the Pious made it a part of Aquitaine and ruled it directly along with the other maritime counties of the Marca: Roussillon, Girona, Barcelona, and Empúries."}], "Q1604981": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Ratlam State was a 13 gun salute (15 local) princely state in India, part of the Malwa Agency of Central India during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "lead", "says": "The new emperor Aurangzeb annexed Ratlam and reduced the state to a great extent."}, {"id": "Q83672", "label": "Shah Jahan", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Dalpat Singhs son Maheshdas Rathore was given the jagir of Jalore by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his successful campaign against the Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Dalpat Singhs son Maheshdas Rathore was given the jagir of Jalore by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his successful campaign against the Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q6932430", "label": "Azam Shah", "section": "History - Division of Ratlam", "says": "Keshodas who was the second grandson of Ratan Singh had his men kill the Jaziya collectors due to which all land holdings of Ratlam were confiscated by the Mughals and transferred to Muhammad Azam Shah."}, {"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "History - Division of Ratlam", "says": "During this time Keshri Singhs elder son Man Singh was at Delhi while his younger son Jai Singh was at Ratlam."}, {"id": "Q1400780", "label": "Sailana State", "section": "History - Division of Ratlam", "says": "Man Singh succeeded as the next ruler of Ratlam while Jai Singh took over Pratap Singhs lands and became the first ruler of Sailana State."}], "Q1633698": [{"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Assyrian references primarily record the relations between the Assyrian Empire and Hubushkia towards the end of the ninth century."}], "Q1641428": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (Arabic: مشيخة العوالق العليا, romanized: Mashyakhat al-‘Awālaq al-‘Ulyā) was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (Arabic: مشيخة العوالق العليا, romanized: Mashyakhat al-‘Awālaq al-‘Ulyā) was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia."}], "Q1661321": [{"id": "Q1005", "label": "The Gambia", "section": "lead", "says": "Formally becoming part of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate in 1897, the Kingdom now forms the Upper Niumi and Lower Niumi districts of the North Bank Division in The Gambia."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Early European trade and settlement", "says": "Trade relations would be opened between Portugal and Niumi once decade later."}, {"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "History - Ceded Mile and Barra War", "says": "French forces from Goree as well as marines from Sierra Leone reinforced the British."}], "Q16685842": [{"id": "Q878868", "label": "Ali Soilih", "section": "lead", "says": "This period began on August 3, 1975, less than a month after Comoros gained independence from France, when Ali Soilih and Said Mohamed Jaffar, whose adherents were barely armed, hired French mercenary Bob Denard to overthrow Ahmed Abdallah."}, {"id": "Q3173401", "label": "Said Mohamed Jaffar", "section": "lead", "says": "This period began on August 3, 1975, less than a month after Comoros gained independence from France, when Ali Soilih and Said Mohamed Jaffar, whose adherents were barely armed, hired French mercenary Bob Denard to overthrow Ahmed Abdallah."}, {"id": "Q437248", "label": "Bob Denard", "section": "lead", "says": "This period began on August 3, 1975, less than a month after Comoros gained independence from France, when Ali Soilih and Said Mohamed Jaffar, whose adherents were barely armed, hired French mercenary Bob Denard to overthrow Ahmed Abdallah."}, {"id": "Q401076", "label": "Ahmed Abdallah", "section": "lead", "says": "This period began on August 3, 1975, less than a month after Comoros gained independence from France, when Ali Soilih and Said Mohamed Jaffar, whose adherents were barely armed, hired French mercenary Bob Denard to overthrow Ahmed Abdallah."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "History - Soilih's dictatorship", "says": "The Moissy was the Comorian answer to Mao Zedong's Red Guards, and its methods were similar to those that had been employed by their Chinese counterpart during the Cultural Revolution."}], "Q16829581": [{"id": "Q19663251", "label": "Jayasimha Siddharaja", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Sodhoji, who was appointed 'Mahamandaleshwara' (the great provincial Governor) by Jayasimha Siddharaja."}, {"id": "Q2723071", "label": "Ahmed Shah I", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "As mentioned in Mirat-i-Sikandri and Tabakát-i-Akbari rebelled 3 times against the Sultan of Gujarat, Ahmed Shah I."}, {"id": "Q2768005", "label": "Mahmud Begada", "section": "History - Kuva-no-Ker", "says": "Mahmud Begada accordingly marched towards Kuva (now Kankavati), the capital of Jhalas then."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - Colonial era", "says": "Under the British Raj, the colonial Eastern Kathiawar Agency was in charge of Dhrangadhra."}], "Q175934": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Pratapgarh State, also known as Partabgarh, was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}], "Q18164343": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Savantvadi State, also spelt Sawantwadi, ruled by the Sawant Bhonsale dynasty was one of the non-salute Maratha princely states during the British Raj."}], "Q21077045": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Upper Alsace (southern Alsace) was a landgraviate of the Holy Roman Empire centred on Ensisheim and Landser, north of the County of Ferrette (Pfirt)."}], "Q2264816": [{"id": "Q816814", "label": "Kingdom of Gwynedd", "section": "lead", "says": "It formed part of the eastern border of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in early medieval Wales."}], "Q2280660": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Marquisate of Finale was an Italian state of the Holy Roman Empire in what is now Liguria, part of the former medieval Aleramici March."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1598 the marquisate was sold by its last marquis, Sforza Andrea to Philip II of Spain and in 1713 it was finally ceded to the Republic of Genoa, where it remained so until 1797, when it was invaded by Napoleon, ceasing its existence."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1598 the marquisate was sold by its last marquis, Sforza Andrea to Philip II of Spain and in 1713 it was finally ceded to the Republic of Genoa, where it remained so until 1797, when it was invaded by Napoleon, ceasing its existence."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1598 the marquisate was sold by its last marquis, Sforza Andrea to Philip II of Spain and in 1713 it was finally ceded to the Republic of Genoa, where it remained so until 1797, when it was invaded by Napoleon, ceasing its existence."}], "Q2351359": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free Imperial City of Besançon was a self-governing free imperial city that was part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q642314", "label": "County of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The city was first separated from the governance of the County of Burgundy in 1034 as a prince-bishopric, an ecclesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "History - Gaining independence", "says": "The town fell into a number of disputes with its archbishop and sought the aid of a number of outside protectors, or captains, such as Philip the Good."}, {"id": "Q157073", "label": "Mary of Burgundy", "section": "History - Habsburg control", "says": "After the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1477, the city was in effect a Habsburg fief."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Habsburg control", "says": "Nevertheless, all coins bore the name of Charles V."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - Habsburg control", "says": "In 1575, following the death of Charles IX of France, Huguenots attempted to capture Besançon in order to make it a stronghold, which meant that the city had to accept a Spanish garrison for protection - an important decline in its independent status."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Habsburg control", "says": "In 1598, Philip II gave the province to his daughter on her marriage to an Austrian archduke."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Habsburg control", "says": "The city lost its status as a free city in 1651 as a reparation for other losses that the Spanish had suffered in the Thirty Years' War."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Disputes with France", "says": "In 1667, Louis XIV claimed Franche-Comté as a consequence of his marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain."}, {"id": "Q152549", "label": "Maria Theresa of Spain", "section": "History - Disputes with France", "says": "In 1667, Louis XIV claimed Franche-Comté as a consequence of his marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "History - Surrender to the French", "says": "The City was to finally lose its autonomy as a result of the Franco-Dutch War starting in 1672, where the Habsburgs took the side of the Dutch and so were to lose control of Franche-Comté and Besançon."}], "Q2534729": [{"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tournaisis was situated between two larger neighbours: the County of Flanders, and the County of Hainaut."}, {"id": "Q309460", "label": "County of Hainaut", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tournaisis was situated between two larger neighbours: the County of Flanders, and the County of Hainaut."}, {"id": "Q46370", "label": "West Francia", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory, like that of Flanders, but unlike neighbouring Hainaut, was part of early medieval West Francia, which evolved into France."}, {"id": "Q130969", "label": "Philip IV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It came under French rule during the reign of Philip IV of France, and remained under French control until it was conquered by Emperor Charles V in 1521."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "It came under French rule during the reign of Philip IV of France, and remained under French control until it was conquered by Emperor Charles V in 1521."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "lead", "says": "The Tournaisis was considered part of the Seventeen Provinces."}], "Q2620668": [{"id": "Q333676", "label": "Ordoño II of León", "section": "lead", "says": "In the year 918 Ordoño II of León and Sancho I of Pamplona invaded Viguera to clear out the Banu Qasi dynasty from the land."}, {"id": "Q344802", "label": "Sancho Ramírez", "section": "lead", "says": "Ramiro was succeeded in the throne by his son, Sancho Ramírez in 991."}], "Q2684394": [{"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed only from 1224 to 1226, when it fell to the Christian Kingdom of Castile."}], "Q2817348": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Bima (Malay: كسلطانن بيم, romanized: Kesultanan Bima), officially known as The Settlements and Lands of Mbojo (Bima: Rasa ro Dana Mbojo), alternatively the Kingdom of Bima (Malay: کرجاءن بيم, romanized: Kerajaan Bima), was a Muslim state in the eastern part of Sumbawa in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day regency of Bima."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Shipping and commerce grew rapidly, as attested by the Portuguese Tomé Pires (c."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Dutch overlordship", "says": "The Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies in 1941-42 and the Dutch administration on Sumbawa quickly broke down."}], "Q283330": [{"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an independent county until the establishment of the Batavian Republic in 1795."}], "Q2915711": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - First Rebbe of Bobov, Shlomo Halberstam (1847–1905)", "says": "While most of the early yeshivas (Talmudic academies) originated in Lithuania, the 19th century saw the opening of similar institutions in Poland."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Second Bobover Rebbe, Ben Zion Halberstam (1874 – 1941)", "says": "During World War II, the Bobov Hasidic movement was destroyed."}], "Q2980922": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Columbia District was a fur-trading district in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, in both the United States and British North America in the 19th century."}, {"id": "Q823433", "label": "Oregon Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oregon Treaty of June 1846, signed in Washington, D.C., by the United States and the United Kingdom, marked the effective end of the old Hudson's Bay Company's jurisdiction of the former western Columbia District / Department on the Pacific coast, although the HBC continued a mercantile commercial business until 2025."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Oregon Treaty of June 1846, signed in Washington, D.C., by the United States and the United Kingdom, marked the effective end of the old Hudson's Bay Company's jurisdiction of the former western Columbia District / Department on the Pacific coast, although the HBC continued a mercantile commercial business until 2025."}], "Q3040803": [{"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "lead", "says": "Anjou was bordered by Brittany to the west, Maine to the north, Touraine to the east and Poitou to the south."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1482, the duchy became part of the Kingdom of France and then remained a province of the Kingdom under the name of the Duchy of Anjou."}], "Q3324855": [{"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "In time, its initial territorial jurisdiction was reduced to Yugoslav parts of those regions, while eastern portions of Banat were ceded to the Kingdom of Romania (1919), and northern parts of Bačka and Baranya to the Kingdom of Hungary (1920)."}], "Q3446219": [{"id": "Q2498418", "label": "Sigurd Hring", "section": "lead", "says": "It is possible that this, as the name suggests, was the legendary heartland of the House of Sigurd Hring and Ivar the Wide-Fathoming."}, {"id": "Q206123", "label": "Harald Fairhair", "section": "History - Kings of Ringerike", "says": "One of the more significant historic people who have lived in Ringerike, was the king Halfdan the Black, father of Harald Fairhair, who united Norway into a single kingdom."}, {"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "History - Kings of Ringerike", "says": "In the early Viking Age before Harald Fairhair became the first king of Norway, Ringerike was a petty kingdom."}, {"id": "Q102323", "label": "Snorri Sturluson", "section": "History - Kings of Ringerike", "says": "In the Ynglinga saga, Snorri Sturluson writes that the clan was descended from Dag the Great whose daughter Dageid married the Swedish king Alaric and was the mother of Yngvi and Alf, both legendary Swedish kings of the House of Yngling."}, {"id": "Q213801", "label": "Olaf I of Norway", "section": "History - Kings of Ringerike", "says": "When King Olaf Tryggvason came to Ringerike to spread the novel Roman Catholic religion of the new feudal empire of Charlemagne, Sigurd Syr and his wife allowed themselves to be baptized."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Kings of Ringerike", "says": "Forced conversion to Christendom was a novelty, put into legal code by Charlemagne."}], "Q3456373": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Brescia (Italian: Repubblica bresciana) was a temporary French client republic in Italy."}, {"id": "Q213353", "label": "Cisalpine Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Established March 18, 1797, in the wake of the French occupation of Brescia and Bergamo, it became part of the Cisalpine Republic on November 20, 1797."}], "Q3511905": [{"id": "Q5440850", "label": "Federation of Nigeria", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The Federation of Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960 as a Commonwealth realm, with the British monarch, Elizabeth II, being retained as head of state with the title Queen of Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The Federation of Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960 as a Commonwealth realm, with the British monarch, Elizabeth II, being retained as head of state with the title Queen of Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "The Federation of Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960 as a Commonwealth realm, with the British monarch, Elizabeth II, being retained as head of state with the title Queen of Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q7785", "label": "Commonwealth of Nations", "section": "History - Foundation", "says": "A new constitution declaring the nation a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations was adopted in 1963."}, {"id": "Q401032", "label": "Ahmadu Bello", "section": "History - 1966 coup", "says": "Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa, was assassinated along with the premier of Northern Nigeria, strong-man Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto; Samuel Akintola, premier of the West; and Festus Okotie-Eboh, the finance minister."}, {"id": "Q379888", "label": "Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi", "section": "History - 1966 coup", "says": "Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi took control as the first Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria on January 16, 1966."}, {"id": "Q829875", "label": "Nigerian Civil War", "section": "History - Civil war and beyond: 1966–1979", "says": "The republic would be torn by the secession of Biafra and the ensuing Nigerian Civil War from 1966 to 1970."}, {"id": "Q6123742", "label": "Second Republic", "section": "History - Civil war and beyond: 1966–1979", "says": "Eventually, elections were held in 1979 leading the way to the Nigerian Second Republic."}], "Q3532158": [{"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "lead", "says": "Venadu later evolved into the modern state of Travancore in the 18th century CE, as feudal relations and medieval political authority were dismantled under Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), who is often credited as \"the Maker of Travancore\"."}, {"id": "Q2596305", "label": "Marthanda Varma", "section": "lead", "says": "Venadu later evolved into the modern state of Travancore in the 18th century CE, as feudal relations and medieval political authority were dismantled under Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), who is often credited as \"the Maker of Travancore\"."}], "Q3652371": [{"id": "Q325493", "label": "Kingdom of Abkhazia", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally a part of the Kingdom of Lazica, it became a predecessor of the Kingdom of Abkhazia."}], "Q3825579": [{"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "History - Partitioned Jaintia", "says": "Bancharu was succeeded by Kamadeva, a Sanskrit enthusiast who was close friends with Bhoja Varma Deva, a Sanskrit pandit from East Bengal."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - New dynasty", "says": "Sometime after 1676, the Raja of Jaintia attempted to rebel against the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "History - New dynasty", "says": "In response, the Mughals sent the general, Shaista Khan, the nobleman; Iradat Khan and Raja Tahawar Singh (also known as Kunwar Tahawurr Asad) of Kharagpur Raj in Bihar."}, {"id": "Q902", "label": "Bangladesh", "section": "History - Subjugation under Ahoms", "says": "Jaintiapur, currently in Bangladesh, was the capital."}, {"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - End", "says": "After the conclusion of the First Anglo-Burmese War, the British allowed the Jaintia king his rule north of the Surma River."}], "Q3892131": [{"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The free province had a provisional government and constitution until its annexation by Gran Colombia in 1822."}, {"id": "Q1759249", "label": "Real Audiencia de Quito", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spanish province of Guayaquil had been separated from the Viceroyalty of Peru and in those days it only depended legally on the court of the Real Audiencia de Quito."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Military geopolitics of independence and Protective Division of Quito", "says": "According to some historical studies, it can be deduced that the rulers of the already sovereign province of Guayaquil probably aspired to create an independent Republic in the territories of the Real Audiencia of Quito, to which the Province belonged, under the name of \"Republic of Quito\" and they aspired that their capital would be Santiago de Guayaquil."}, {"id": "Q8605", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "section": "History - Military geopolitics of independence and Protective Division of Quito", "says": "This was probably also foreseen by the members of the Junta, who had told both Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín that the Province would be added to any of the States that were to be organized after the chaos of the independence campaigns."}, {"id": "Q134160", "label": "José de San Martín", "section": "History - Military geopolitics of independence and Protective Division of Quito", "says": "This was probably also foreseen by the members of the Junta, who had told both Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín that the Province would be added to any of the States that were to be organized after the chaos of the independence campaigns."}, {"id": "Q189779", "label": "Antonio José de Sucre", "section": "History - Military geopolitics of independence and Protective Division of Quito", "says": "General Antonio José de Sucre arrived in Guayaquil with a Colombian support force of 700 armed and equipped men in August 1821 and fought alongside the people of Guayaquil against the Spanish who were still endangering the independence of the province Yaguachi (current province of Guayas)."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "History - The Battle of Pichincha", "says": "An excerpt from the Patriota de Guayaquil, the first Guayaquil newspaper and the main spokesperson for the Government of the Free Province, shows that the battle waged on the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, was not only the glory of Colombia and Peru, but that Guayaquil also deserves the credit for that victory that consolidated the total independence of Ecuador:\n\nThe Patriot of Guayaquil. of Sat"}, {"id": "Q981503", "label": "José Joaquín de Olmedo", "section": "History - Bolívar's coup d'état and forced annexation to Gran Colombia", "says": "General Bolívar, backed by a strong military contingent, staged a coup d'état, proclaiming himself Supreme Chief of the Province, and decreed the annexation to Gran Colombia, ignoring the government presided over by José Joaquín de Olmedo."}, {"id": "Q2497205", "label": "Pedro Gual", "section": "History - General Pedro Gual's plan on how to proceed with Guayaquil if it was not annexed to Gran Colombia", "says": "Faced with the refusal of the Guayaquil government to be annexed to Bolivarian Colombia, the Venezuelan Pedro Gual sent a letter to Bolívar—which did not reach him until after the annexation in July 1822—detailing a plan to put pressure on the city government and take over the region of what is now Manabí, whose annexation to the northern country he saw as the best outcome."}], "Q39501433": [{"id": "Q304900", "label": "José Antonio Páez", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Venezuela was the official name of Venezuela adopted by the constitution of 1830, during the government of José Antonio Páez."}, {"id": "Q21296156", "label": "Republic of Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "The name was maintained until 1856 when in the constitution promulgated in that year it changes the official name of the country to Republic of Venezuela."}, {"id": "Q5848651", "label": "United States of Venezuela", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Constitution of 1864, the United States of Venezuela was established."}, {"id": "Q970332", "label": "José Tadeo Monagas", "section": "History - Páez government", "says": "In July 1835 the Revolution of the Reforms led by José Tadeo Monagas outed Vargas, but he returned to power when Páez defeated the rebels."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "History - Páez government", "says": "Besides, Monagas had as much right as Páez to count among the \"liberators\" of Venezuela and he had the additional credential that, whereas Páez had turned his back on Bolivar's Gran Colombia, he, at least in principle, had manifested his allegiance to it until its disintegration was irremediable."}, {"id": "Q2497526", "label": "Carlos Soublette", "section": "History - Monagas government", "says": "Independence-war general Carlos Soublette, a Conservative, became president in 1837."}, {"id": "Q2080751", "label": "José Gregorio Monagas", "section": "History - Monagas government", "says": "His younger brother, José Gregorio Monagas, won election as President for the 1851–1855 term and also governed dictatorially."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Federal War and fate", "says": "José Antonio Páez was called backed from exile in the United States, and ruled as dictator from 1861 to 1863; but could no longer rule as a powerful caudillo and was forced to surrender to the leader of the federalists, Juan Crisóstomo Falcón."}, {"id": "Q887139", "label": "Juan Crisóstomo Falcón", "section": "History - Federal War and fate", "says": "José Antonio Páez was called backed from exile in the United States, and ruled as dictator from 1861 to 1863; but could no longer rule as a powerful caudillo and was forced to surrender to the leader of the federalists, Juan Crisóstomo Falcón."}, {"id": "Q459118", "label": "Marcos Pérez Jiménez", "section": "History - Federal War and fate", "says": "The result of the War of the Caudillos was that the official denomination of Venezuela was changed from \"republic\" to the \"United States of Venezuela\", a national name it had, as well as the motto \"God and Federation\", until Marcos Pérez Jiménez changed it back to \"republic\" in the mid-20th century."}], "Q4154364": [{"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "History - Apex", "says": "Damagaram had a mixed relationship with the other major regional power, the Sokoto Caliphate to the south."}], "Q42346198": [{"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalan Republic (Catalan: República Catalana, IPA: [rəˈpubːlikə kətəˈlanə]) was a state proclaimed in 1931 by Francesc Macià as the \"Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation\", in the context of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic."}, {"id": "Q7981", "label": "Lluís Companys", "section": "History - Proclamation", "says": "On 12 April 1931,  local elections gave a large and unexpected majority in Catalonia (including Barcelona) to the Republican Left of Catalonia (Catalan: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC), a party that had been founded three weeks earlier by the union of Macià's pro-independence Estat Català, the Catalan Republican Party, led by Lluís Companys, and the L'Opinió group."}], "Q4274660": [{"id": "Q856361", "label": "Shaybanids", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yazidids (Arabic: بنو يزيد, romanized: Bānū Yāzīd) or Mazyadids (after their ancestor Mazyad al-Shaybani) or Shaybanids (after Banu Shayban), were an Arab family that came to rule over the region of Shirvan (in Azerbaijan) in the mid 9th century."}, {"id": "Q227", "label": "Azerbaijan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yazidids (Arabic: بنو يزيد, romanized: Bānū Yāzīd) or Mazyadids (after their ancestor Mazyad al-Shaybani) or Shaybanids (after Banu Shayban), were an Arab family that came to rule over the region of Shirvan (in Azerbaijan) in the mid 9th century."}], "Q4318679": [{"id": "Q83546", "label": "Grand Principality of Vladimir", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1360 to 1363, Dmitry of Suzdal occupied the throne of the Grand Principality of Vladimir and was able to briefly break the line of Muscovite princes."}], "Q4453003": [{"id": "Q265", "label": "Uzbekistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Tashkent State, or simply Tashkent was an independent historical Uzbek monarchy in Central Asia, spanning over the areas that are nowadays the Tashkent Region of Uzbekistan as well as South Kazakhstan Region."}, {"id": "Q746558", "label": "Emirate of Bukhara", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the middle of the 18th century, a troubled period occurred in the history of Tashkent, when the city was at the crossroads of the interests of the Kalmyk Khanate, Kazakh Khanate, Kokand Khanate, and, to a lesser extent, Emirate of Bukhara."}], "Q4517333": [{"id": "Q2648375", "label": "Zhang Bangchang", "section": "lead", "says": "Chu, officially the Great Chu, was a short-lived Chinese dynasty in 1127 ruled by Zhang Bangchang (1081–1127), a puppet emperor enthroned with the support of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1326831", "label": "Jingkang Incident", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1127, the Jin dynasty had conquered northern China in the Jin–Song wars and captured the Northern Song capital of Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident, but they lacked the resources to administer the newly acquired territories."}, {"id": "Q7484", "label": "Emperor Zhezong of Song", "section": "lead", "says": "The support of Empress Dowager Yuanyou, who was dismissed as Empress by her former spouse Emperor Zhezong, was enlisted to bolster the legitimacy of the puppet government."}], "Q48981450": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gordian dynasty, sometimes known as the Gordianic dynasty, was short-lived, ruling the Roman Empire from 238 to 244 AD."}, {"id": "Q1782", "label": "Gordian I", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty achieved the throne in 238 AD, after Gordian I and his son Gordian II rose up against Emperor Maximinus Thrax and were proclaimed co-emperors by the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q1803", "label": "Gordian II", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty achieved the throne in 238 AD, after Gordian I and his son Gordian II rose up against Emperor Maximinus Thrax and were proclaimed co-emperors by the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q1777", "label": "Maximinus Thrax", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty achieved the throne in 238 AD, after Gordian I and his son Gordian II rose up against Emperor Maximinus Thrax and were proclaimed co-emperors by the Roman Senate."}, {"id": "Q1797", "label": "Pupienus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 238, Pupienus and Balbinus, who were not of the Gordian dynasty, were declared co-emperors but the Senate was forced to make Gordian III a third co-emperor in 238, due to the demands of the Roman people."}, {"id": "Q1805", "label": "Balbinus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 238, Pupienus and Balbinus, who were not of the Gordian dynasty, were declared co-emperors but the Senate was forced to make Gordian III a third co-emperor in 238, due to the demands of the Roman people."}, {"id": "Q1812", "label": "Gordian III", "section": "lead", "says": "In 238, Pupienus and Balbinus, who were not of the Gordian dynasty, were declared co-emperors but the Senate was forced to make Gordian III a third co-emperor in 238, due to the demands of the Roman people."}, {"id": "Q1817", "label": "Philip the Arab", "section": "lead", "says": "Gordian III ruled until AD 244 when he was either killed after his betrayal by Philip the Arab, or killed at the Battle of Misiche; with his death, the dynasty was ended and Philip the Arab became emperor."}, {"id": "Q1583991", "label": "Battle of Misiche", "section": "lead", "says": "Gordian III ruled until AD 244 when he was either killed after his betrayal by Philip the Arab, or killed at the Battle of Misiche; with his death, the dynasty was ended and Philip the Arab became emperor."}], "Q5154037": [{"id": "Q170386", "label": "Innocent II", "section": "History - The quest for autonomy and renovatio Senatus (1143)", "says": "After two years of conflict with Rome (1141-1143), neighbouring Tivoli had finally been subjected to the authority of Pope Innocent II (1130-1143), who nevertheless forbade the Romans to tear down its walls or to take reprisals against the Tiburtines."}, {"id": "Q456806", "label": "Arnold of Brescia", "section": "History - The quest for autonomy and renovatio Senatus (1143)", "says": "For this reason, between August and October 1143, the Roman citizens, encouraged by the reformist preacher Arnold of Brescia, rebelled against the then Pope, Lucius II and proceeded to renew the old Senate on the Capitoline Hill."}, {"id": "Q336684", "label": "Clement III", "section": "History - Papal recognition of the Commune", "says": "In 1188, the Commune of Rome reached an agreement with Pope Clement III (1187–1191) by which it returned to the pontiff some of the powers lost since 1143 (the right to mint coins, royalties, etc.) and also undertook to respect cardinals, clerics and visitors, to return the revenues and properties of the churches previously plundered, to perform military service to the pontiff and to swear allegia"}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "History - The election of the sole senator and the appearance of the medianus", "says": "Exceptionally, although notably noticeably, between 1198 and 1205 Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) appointed himself a medianus; a figure whose role was to elect a senator from among the Guelph and/or Ghibelline families who would remain loyal to the pontiff."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "History - The 1234 revolt in defense of communal autonomy", "says": "However, it is noted that it was led by Senator Luca Savelli, his collaborators Pietro Parenzo and Giovanni Cenci, and the merchant classes in response to the poor relations between the Commune and Pope Gregory IX."}, {"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "History - Popular phase (1252-1347)", "says": "However, from the election of Brancaleone degli Andalò as podestà (1252-1259) onwards, the Roman commune would experience a series of personalist mandates, such as those of Charles I of Anjou (1263-1266; 1268-1278; 1281-1284) or Robert I of Anjou (1313-1326; 1328-1336)."}, {"id": "Q131463", "label": "Clement V", "section": "History - Popular phase (1252-1347)", "says": "With the transfer of the papal seat to Avignon under Pope Clement V (1305-1314), Rome was plunged into power struggles between barons and populars until the arrival of the outsiders Giovanni da Ignano and Paganino della Torre, who served in 1305 as senator and captain of the people, respectively, with the aim of restoring order."}, {"id": "Q1067", "label": "Dante Alighieri", "section": "History - The Rome of Cola di Rienzo (1347-1354)", "says": "His great wit and eloquence, combined with the vast culture accumulated from reading Livy, Virgil, Dante Alighieri and Petrarch, soon earned him an important position among the magistrates of the city, whose government had been in the hands of the popular Stefano Colonna since 1338."}, {"id": "Q1401", "label": "Petrarch", "section": "History - The Rome of Cola di Rienzo (1347-1354)", "says": "His great wit and eloquence, combined with the vast culture accumulated from reading Livy, Virgil, Dante Alighieri and Petrarch, soon earned him an important position among the magistrates of the city, whose government had been in the hands of the popular Stefano Colonna since 1338."}, {"id": "Q170389", "label": "Benedict XII", "section": "History - The Rome of Cola di Rienzo (1347-1354)", "says": "On the occasion of the death of Pope Benedict XII (1334-1342), Rienzo took the lead in an embassy parallel to the official one, led by Stefano, with the aim of obtaining from the new pontiff, Pope Clement VI (1342-1352), the proclamation of the jubilee year."}, {"id": "Q170863", "label": "Clement VI", "section": "History - The Rome of Cola di Rienzo (1347-1354)", "says": "On the occasion of the death of Pope Benedict XII (1334-1342), Rienzo took the lead in an embassy parallel to the official one, led by Stefano, with the aim of obtaining from the new pontiff, Pope Clement VI (1342-1352), the proclamation of the jubilee year."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - The Rome of Cola di Rienzo (1347-1354)", "says": "John Lateran, Rienzo claimed for Rome the powers that belonged to it de jure, fascinated by the idea of restoring the greatness of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q169612", "label": "Martin V", "section": "History - Final period (late 14th century)", "says": "Forty years of instability followed, characterized at a local level by the conflict of power between the Commune and the Papacy, and at an international level by the great Western Schism between the Roman Popes and the Avignon antipopes, at the end of which Martin V of the Colonna family, the only Roman Pope of the fifteenth century, was elected Pope by mutual agreement between the parties ."}, {"id": "Q229190", "label": "Catherine of Siena", "section": "History - Final period (late 14th century)", "says": "His return and that of the Papal institution to Rome was strongly desired and obtained by Catherine of Siena."}], "Q51545918": [{"id": "Q887185", "label": "Pedro Santana", "section": "lead", "says": "Within its 17 years of existence, it had eight governments, three of which were led by Pedro Santana and two by Buenaventura Báez."}, {"id": "Q330837", "label": "Buenaventura Báez", "section": "lead", "says": "Within its 17 years of existence, it had eight governments, three of which were led by Pedro Santana and two by Buenaventura Báez."}, {"id": "Q188122", "label": "Juan Pablo Duarte", "section": "lead", "says": "The independence of the Dominican Republic was proclaimed on February 27, 1844, when a group of young patriots led by Juan Pablo Duarte and other prominent Dominican leaders rebelled against Haitian rule."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "After this, the Dominican Republic would have to fend off against external interests from Haiti, Spain, France, Great Britain, and the United States to maintain its sovereignty."}, {"id": "Q3530964", "label": "Tomás Bobadilla", "section": "History - Conflicts and political struggles", "says": "Through majority control, the presidency of the Central Government Board was in the hands of Tomás Bobadilla, and the Liberation Army was controlled by General Pedro Santana and his Seiban lancers."}, {"id": "Q3439047", "label": "War of Dominican Independence", "section": "History - Conflicts and political struggles", "says": "As the Dominican War of Independence raged on through the 1840s and 1850s, both politicians extended their influence over the entire nation."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Conflicts and political struggles", "says": "In 1857, the tobacco farmers and retail merchants of Cibao and Santiago, who had continued to grow economically without achieving greater influence in the government, rose up against the Báez government under the leadership of José Desiderio Valverde, accusing him of speculating against them with tobacco and hard currency."}, {"id": "Q887625", "label": "José Valverde", "section": "History - Conflicts and political struggles", "says": "In 1857, the tobacco farmers and retail merchants of Cibao and Santiago, who had continued to grow economically without achieving greater influence in the government, rose up against the Báez government under the leadership of José Desiderio Valverde, accusing him of speculating against them with tobacco and hard currency."}], "Q5269336": [{"id": "Q3112053", "label": "Melayu", "section": "lead", "says": "Dharmasraya or Dharmmāśraya was the capital of the 11th century Buddhist polity known as Melayu Kingdom, based on the Batanghari river system in modern-day West Sumatra and Jambi, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Dharmasraya or Dharmmāśraya was the capital of the 11th century Buddhist polity known as Melayu Kingdom, based on the Batanghari river system in modern-day West Sumatra and Jambi, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia."}], "Q531497": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was subordinate directly to Napoleon, the Emperor of the French, rather than being a part of the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "lead", "says": "It was subordinate directly to Napoleon, the Emperor of the French, rather than being a part of the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Having mainly been Prussian territory before the Napoleonic Wars, most of the lands were restored to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "Having mainly been Prussian territory before the Napoleonic Wars, most of the lands were restored to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna."}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "In the wake of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Treaty of Lunéville, the Holy Roman Empire underwent a process of substantial territorial reorganisation known as the German mediatization, under which Erfurt, since the 10th century a subject of the Electorate and Archbishopric of Mainz, was transferred to the Kingdom of Prussia, to compensate for territories Prussia lost to France on the Left "}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "In the wake of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Treaty of Lunéville, the Holy Roman Empire underwent a process of substantial territorial reorganisation known as the German mediatization, under which Erfurt, since the 10th century a subject of the Electorate and Archbishopric of Mainz, was transferred to the Kingdom of Prussia, to compensate for territories Prussia lost to France on the Left "}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "In the wake of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Treaty of Lunéville, the Holy Roman Empire underwent a process of substantial territorial reorganisation known as the German mediatization, under which Erfurt, since the 10th century a subject of the Electorate and Archbishopric of Mainz, was transferred to the Kingdom of Prussia, to compensate for territories Prussia lost to France on the Left "}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "In the wake of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Treaty of Lunéville, the Holy Roman Empire underwent a process of substantial territorial reorganisation known as the German mediatization, under which Erfurt, since the 10th century a subject of the Electorate and Archbishopric of Mainz, was transferred to the Kingdom of Prussia, to compensate for territories Prussia lost to France on the Left "}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "Fearing the rise in the power of Napoleon's First French Empire after their defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign, and Prussian troops massed in Saxony as a part of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "Fearing the rise in the power of Napoleon's First French Empire after their defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign, and Prussian troops massed in Saxony as a part of the War of the Fourth Coalition."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "Background and establishment", "says": "The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale, between the Grande Armée and the forces of Frederick William III of Prussia."}], "Q55599391": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sardinia was a feudal state in Southern Europe created in the early 14th century and a possession of the Crown of Aragon first and then of the Spanish Empire until 1708, then of the Habsburgs until 1717, and then of the Spanish Empire again until 1720."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sardinia was a feudal state in Southern Europe created in the early 14th century and a possession of the Crown of Aragon first and then of the Spanish Empire until 1708, then of the Habsburgs until 1717, and then of the Spanish Empire again until 1720."}, {"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was a part of the Crown of Aragon and initially consisted of the islands of Sardinia and a claim to the island of Corsica, sovereignty over both of which was claimed by the papacy, which granted them as a fief, the Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae (Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica), to King James II of Aragon in 1297."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1720, the island was ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants to the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II of Savoy."}], "Q56314483": [{"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyrgyz Khanate, also the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate or the Ormon Khanate, was a khanate of the Kyrgyz people established in the northern part of the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan that existed from 1841 to 1867."}, {"id": "Q696241", "label": "Khanate of Kokand", "section": "History - Pre-unification status", "says": "In the 19th century, the Kyrgyz were conquered by the Khanate of Kokand and was unified into one nation as their subject and was introduced with Islam."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "History - Pre-unification status", "says": "As external threats and unstable political situation in Central Asia grew due to various conflicts including the encroaching Russian Empire, which had been establishing outposts nearby."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Pre-unification status", "says": "Prior to the foundation of the Khanate, a popular figure among Northern Kyrgyz tribes had emerged, Ormon Niyazbek uulu, he hailed from one of the most influential clans of the Sarybagysh tribe, he was the great-great-grandson of Mamatkul Biy, a biy of the unified Kyrgyz tribe who struggled against the Dzungar Khanate in the 18th century, thus making him able to rose to prominence and become a trib"}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "History - Wars against Kokand and Kazakh", "says": "Around the year 1846, the Russian Empire was zealous at conquering Central Asia, in the territory of the Kazakh Khanate, a rebellion had occurred led by Kennesary Qasymov, the Kazakh khan."}, {"id": "Q840601", "label": "East Turkestan", "section": "History - Civil war in Issyk-Kul", "says": "The Bugu were then defeated in a battle  on the northern shore of Issyk-Kul lake, and were forced to retreat towards Qing dynasty territory, hoping to find assistance from Qing officials in East Turkestan region, as Borombay had previously been a Chinese subject."}], "Q5947557": [{"id": "Q171740", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Ceuta (Arabic: طائفة سبتة) was one of the taifa states formed after the breakup of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century."}], "Q6412684": [{"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of the Canary Islands (Spanish: Reino de las Islas Canarias) was a vassal state of the Crown of Castile located in North Africa, lasting from 1404 to 1450."}], "Q6416549": [{"id": "Q6124144", "label": "Jaipur State", "section": "lead", "says": "Bordered on the North and northwest by Jodhpur State in Marwar region; on the east by Jaipur State in Dhundhar; on the west and southeast by the Ajmer District then the British province of Ajmer-Merwara and on the extreme south by Shahpura State in Bhilwara."}, {"id": "Q412980", "label": "Ajmer-Merwara", "section": "lead", "says": "Bordered on the North and northwest by Jodhpur State in Marwar region; on the east by Jaipur State in Dhundhar; on the west and southeast by the Ajmer District then the British province of Ajmer-Merwara and on the extreme south by Shahpura State in Bhilwara."}, {"id": "Q2276431", "label": "Shahpura State", "section": "lead", "says": "Bordered on the North and northwest by Jodhpur State in Marwar region; on the east by Jaipur State in Dhundhar; on the west and southeast by the Ajmer District then the British province of Ajmer-Merwara and on the extreme south by Shahpura State in Bhilwara."}], "Q675363": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Geneva, largely corresponding to the later Genevois province, originated in the tenth century, in the Burgundian Kingdom of Arles (Arelat) which fell to the Holy Roman Empire in 1032."}], "Q809652": [{"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Ranas", "says": "1894)\n14 Dec 1894 – 21 Apr 1930  Ranjit Singh                       (b."}], "Q838580": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Southern Tagalog (Filipino: Timog Katagalugan), designated as Region IV, was an administrative region in the Philippines that comprised the current regions of Calabarzon and Mimaropa, the province of Aurora in Central Luzon, and most of the National Capital Region."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The region was and is still bordered by Manila Bay and the South China Sea to the west, Lamon Bay and the Bicol Region to the east, the Tayabas Bay, Sibuyan Sea, and Balabac Strait, where it shared a maritime border with Sabah, Malaysia, to the south, and Central Luzon to the north; it was bordered by Cagayan Valley to the north geographically."}, {"id": "Q123665", "label": "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo", "section": "History - Partitioning", "says": "103, dated May 17, 2002, by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo."}], "Q854917": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Bhavnagar State was a princely state with 13 Gun Salutes during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - The Bhavnagar Lancers", "says": "Nevertheless, during the First World War, the Bhavnagar Lancers were on active service in Egypt, Palestine and Mesopotamia, during which the unit gained a number of battle honors and some of its men received decorations for bravery in the field."}, {"id": "Q9455", "label": "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel", "section": "History - Merger with the Indian Union in 1948", "says": "In 1947, the Deputy Prime Minister of the newly independent Indian Union, Vallabhbhai Patel, undertook the process of unifying 565 princely states with the Union."}], "Q896856": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Prince-Bishopric of Constance (German: Hochstift Konstanz, Fürstbistum Konstanz, Bistum Konstanz) was a small ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-12th century until its secularisation in 1802–1803."}], "Q95950649": [{"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "It corresponded to the territory of Alsace and was carved out of southern Austrasia in the last decade of the reign of Dagobert I, probably to stabilise the southern reaches of Austrasia against Alemannia and Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q109860", "label": "Dagobert I", "section": "lead", "says": "It corresponded to the territory of Alsace and was carved out of southern Austrasia in the last decade of the reign of Dagobert I, probably to stabilise the southern reaches of Austrasia against Alemannia and Burgundy."}], "Q9643578": [{"id": "Q487543", "label": "Chagatai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century (c."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the \"Hami Guard\" (Chinese: 哈密衛); however, sometimes it was still under the influence of the Northern Yuan, and the ruler was called the Obedient King (Chinese: 忠順王) under the Jimi system."}], "Q976913": [{"id": "Q2128715", "label": "Rajgarh State", "section": "lead", "says": "The ruling family was a cadet branch of the royal family of Rajgarh State."}], "Q999381": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was an extralegal and unrecognized United States territory that existed in the Pike's Peak mining region from October 24, 1859, until it yielded to the new Territory of Colorado on June 6, 1861."}, {"id": "Q128026", "label": "Utah Territory", "section": "Origins", "says": "The boundaries of Arapahoe County were defined as: beginning at the northeast corner of New Mexico, running thence north to the south line of Nebraska and north line of Kansas; thence along said line to the east line of Utah Territory; thence along said line between Utah and Kansas territories, to where said line strikes New Mexico; thence along the line between said New Mexico and the territory o"}, {"id": "Q331377", "label": "Bleeding Kansas", "section": "Origins", "says": "The leaders of the Kansas Territory were preoccupied with the violent events of Bleeding Kansas, so little time or attention was available to attend to the needs of the far western portion of the territory."}, {"id": "Q12325", "label": "James Buchanan", "section": "Dissolution", "says": "President James Buchanan two days later on February 28, 1861."}], "Q1029062": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Martyazo (French: République de Martyazo) was a short-lived secessionist state proclaimed by Hutu rebels at Vyanda in Burundi's province of Makamba in early May 1972 during the Ikiza, a period of genocidal violence affecting Burundi."}], "Q1079109": [{"id": "Q3124592", "label": "William Forbes Skene", "section": "lead", "says": "William Forbes Skene suggested an identification with Kelso (formerly Calchow) in southern Scotland."}, {"id": "Q950483", "label": "John Morris", "section": "lead", "says": "John Morris placed it south of the realm of Urien of Rheged, \"between Trent and Thames\"."}, {"id": "Q179374", "label": "Robert Owen", "section": "lead", "says": "Robert Owen placed the kingdom among the Cotswolds."}], "Q1254667": [{"id": "Q583057", "label": "Eretnids", "section": "lead", "says": "1348–1362), rose to power as a vassal of the Eretnids through a purchase from his unknown predecessor sometime before 1348."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "lead", "says": "Ahi Ayna is known to have clashed with the neighboring Empire of Trebizond and other emirates."}, {"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1361, he advanced into the Kingdom of Georgia, capturing several fortresses."}, {"id": "Q555994", "label": "Aq Qoyunlu", "section": "lead", "says": "Often overpowered by his enemies, Mutahharten forged alliances with various groups but did not hesitate to turn against his former allies, such as the Aq Qoyunlu, when he saw fit."}, {"id": "Q128358", "label": "Bayezid I", "section": "lead", "says": "After Kadi Burhan al-Din's death, Mutahharten faced a new threat from the Ottoman state, when Bayezid I demanded he surrender Erzincan."}, {"id": "Q324470", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "section": "lead", "says": "His death signaled the nearing end for the Emirate of Erzincan, which would frequently change hands between the Aq Qoyunlu and their rival Qara Qoyunlu."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Mutahharten (1379–1403)", "says": "1370–1405), a Turco-Mongol warlord who attempted to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan, invaded west Iran and was planning his invasion of the Armenian highlands from his military camp in Karabakh."}], "Q1261339": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Jhalawar State was a 15-gun salute (later 13) Princely State in India during the British Raj."}], "Q1261743": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Samthar State was a 11 gun salute princely state in India during the British Raj."}], "Q12844379": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1801, the Kazakh Sultanate was annexed to Russian Empire together with the Sultanates of Borchaly, Shamshadil and Shoragel."}], "Q1291919": [{"id": "Q706815", "label": "Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "Yan, established by Liu Shouguang in 911, only lasted for two years before its destruction by Li Cunxu of the Former Jin dynasty."}], "Q1297084": [{"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free State of Saxe-Gotha (German: Freistaat Sachsen-Gotha) was a small, short-lived (1918–1920) central German state during the early years of the Weimar Republic."}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed following the dissolution of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha during the German revolution of 1918–1919."}, {"id": "Q616804", "label": "Saxe-Coburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Saxe-Coburg split away and formed a separate state due in part to the more radical nature of the revolution in Saxe-Gotha."}], "Q129854572": [{"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "In 450 AD the Northern Liang destroyed the state of Jushi (車師) and occupied its capital city of Jiaohe (Yarkhoto)."}], "Q13093931": [{"id": "Q47179", "label": "Airlangga", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Janggala is one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons in 1045."}, {"id": "Q12491034", "label": "Kahuripan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Kahuripan."}], "Q13576027": [{"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout the 1520s, Prome was an ally of the Confederation of Shan States, and together they raided Avan territory."}, {"id": "Q3119006", "label": "Forty Years' War", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The region was a frequent battlefield during the Forty Years' War (1385–1424) between Ava and Hanthawaddy."}, {"id": "Q3056656", "label": "Thihathu of Ava", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "For example, Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa, King Thihathu of Ava and King Narapati of Ava were once governor of Prome."}, {"id": "Q3336022", "label": "Narapati of Ava", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "For example, Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa, King Thihathu of Ava and King Narapati of Ava were once governor of Prome."}, {"id": "Q3315521", "label": "Minkhaung II", "section": "History - Independence from Ava (1482)", "says": "The new king Minkhaung II faced a multitude of rebellions–the most serious one by his younger brother, Gov."}, {"id": "Q3482707", "label": "Shwenankyawshin", "section": "History - Meddling into Upper Burma (1520s)", "says": "The king of Ava, Shwenankyawshin, who was Thado Minsaw's grandnephew, escaped."}, {"id": "Q3524796", "label": "Thohanbwa", "section": "History - The end (1526–1542)", "says": "On 25 March 1527, the Confederation forces captured Ava, and placed Sawlon's eldest son Thohanbwa on the Ava throne."}, {"id": "Q3514244", "label": "Takayutpi", "section": "History - The end (1526–1542)", "says": "Narapati was an ally of King Takayutpi of Hanthawaddy, and was married to Takayutpi's sister."}, {"id": "Q6862522", "label": "Min Bin", "section": "History - The end (1526–1542)", "says": "Narapati formed an alliance with the Mrauk U kingdom of Arakan by sending his sister and his queen (Takayutpi's sister) to King Min Bin of Mrauk U. (Takayutpi had died soon after the battle.) Narapati too died soon after and was succeeded by Minkhaung."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "History - The end (1526–1542)", "says": "Bayinnaung defeated both armies."}], "Q14552167": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Porbandar State was a princely state during the British Raj ruled by Jethwa dynasty."}], "Q14759030": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Between independence in 1968 and becoming a republic in 1992, Mauritius was an independent sovereign state that shared its head of state with the United Kingdom and other states headed by Elizabeth II."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "Between independence in 1968 and becoming a republic in 1992, Mauritius was an independent sovereign state that shared its head of state with the United Kingdom and other states headed by Elizabeth II."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Mauritius was proclaimed on 12 March 1992."}, {"id": "Q290061", "label": "Veerasamy Ringadoo", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the abolition of the monarchy, the last Governor General of Mauritius, Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo became the first President of Mauritius."}], "Q15238138": [{"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "The reign of Ferdinand VII lasted from 1808 to 1833, a period in Spain's contemporary history."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "lead", "says": "He ascended the throne on March 19, 1808, immediately after his father, Charles IV, abdicated after the Aranjuez uprising."}, {"id": "Q7726", "label": "Joseph Bonaparte", "section": "lead", "says": "After the final defeat of Joseph Bonaparte, who abandoned Madrid on May 27, 1813, Napoleon recognized Ferdinand VII as king of Spain through the Treaty of Valençay."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "After the final defeat of Joseph Bonaparte, who abandoned Madrid on May 27, 1813, Napoleon recognized Ferdinand VII as king of Spain through the Treaty of Valençay."}, {"id": "Q370922", "label": "Treaty of Valençay", "section": "lead", "says": "After the final defeat of Joseph Bonaparte, who abandoned Madrid on May 27, 1813, Napoleon recognized Ferdinand VII as king of Spain through the Treaty of Valençay."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand gained widespread support, including that of 69 deputies of the Cortes through the Manifesto of the Persians, presented to him on April 16 in Valencia."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "He declared himself an absolute monarch, deeming the Cortes of Cádiz illegal along with all their decrees, as well as the rebellious juntas established in the Americas."}], "Q1534153": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Vala State or Vallabhipura was a non-salute princely state in India during the British Raj until 1948."}], "Q1607154": [{"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ruler of the state acceded to the Dominion of India on 8 March 1948, becoming part of the Bombay State."}, {"id": "Q2627082", "label": "Bombay State", "section": "lead", "says": "The last ruler of the state acceded to the Dominion of India on 8 March 1948, becoming part of the Bombay State."}, {"id": "Q3374892", "label": "Mysore State", "section": "lead", "says": "Later in 1956, it transferred to Mysore State in what is now Karnataka."}], "Q17014713": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They were descended from Sukhra, a Parthian nobleman from the House of Karen, who was the de facto ruler of the Sasanian Empire from 484 to 493."}], "Q1798703": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Sonepur, also known as Sonpur State, was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}], "Q18127558": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Lunavada State, also known as Lunawada State, was a princely state in India during the time of the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q2147037", "label": "Rewa Kantha Agency", "section": "lead", "says": "Lunavada State had an area of 1,005 km² and fell under the Rewa Kantha Agency of the Bombay Presidency, later integrated into the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency."}, {"id": "Q5437404", "label": "Fateh Singh", "section": "History - Ranas", "says": "1786)\n1786                       Jagat Singh\n1786 - 1818                Partab Singh\n1818 - 1849                Fateh Singh                        (d."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Ranas", "says": "1929) (from 25 May 1889, Sir Wakhat Singh Dalil Singh)\n27 Apr 1929 – 15 Aug 1947  Virbhadra Singh Ranjit Singh       (b."}], "Q1812976": [{"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Trarza (arabic: إمارة ترارزة) was a pre-colonial state in what is today southwest Mauritania."}], "Q18331029": [{"id": "Q473716", "label": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hungarian State (Hungarian: Magyar Állam, archaically Magyar Álladalom) was a short-lived unrecognised state that existed for 4 months in the last phase of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49."}, {"id": "Q18712", "label": "György Klapka", "section": "End of the uprising and aftermath", "says": "The other army corps and all the fortresses followed suit, Fort Monostor in Komárom, staunchly defended by György Klapka, being the last to capitulate (on 27 September)."}, {"id": "Q702016", "label": "Lajos Batthyány", "section": "End of the uprising and aftermath", "says": "Lajos Batthyány and about 100 others were executed for their involvement in the uprising and martial law was proclaimed in Hungary."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "End of the uprising and aftermath", "says": "The Austrian Empire became more centralised, with one universal constitution."}], "Q2017661": [{"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The departments created on this date were the civil zone of the three provinces corresponding to the beyliks of the Regency of Algiers recently conquered."}], "Q2056970": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Patna State was a princely state in the Eastern States Agency of India during the British Raj."}], "Q2067314": [{"id": "Q2295939", "label": "Duchy of Gascony", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Bigorre was a small feudatory of the Duchy of Gascony in the 9th through 15th centuries."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was briefly in the hands of the Armagnacs and passed between English and French suzerainty during the Hundred Years' War before finally being recovered by the French."}], "Q2145348": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Graaff-Reinet (Afrikaans: [ˌχrɑːf.rəˈnɛt]) was from 1795 to 1796 a self-proclaimed Boer republic that existed in and around the city of Graaff-Reinet in present-day South Africa."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Graaff-Reinet (Afrikaans: [ˌχrɑːf.rəˈnɛt]) was from 1795 to 1796 a self-proclaimed Boer republic that existed in and around the city of Graaff-Reinet in present-day South Africa."}], "Q220167": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Lydenburg was founded in 1856 by the Voortrekkers under the leadership of Hendrik Potgieter."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "This union joined the South African Republic in 1860."}], "Q2276431": [{"id": "Q5228002", "label": "Daulat Scindia", "section": "lead", "says": "Shahpura, as part of Ajmer, came to be held as a direct grant under the British – the previous ruler of Ajmer, Maharaja  Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior, having ceded Ajmer to the East India Company on 25 June 1818 as a result of the Third Anglo-Maratha War."}, {"id": "Q617210", "label": "Third Anglo-Maratha War", "section": "lead", "says": "Shahpura, as part of Ajmer, came to be held as a direct grant under the British – the previous ruler of Ajmer, Maharaja  Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior, having ceded Ajmer to the East India Company on 25 June 1818 as a result of the Third Anglo-Maratha War."}, {"id": "Q12446060", "label": "Bhim Singh", "section": "History - Raja Dhiraj's", "says": "1774)\n29 May 1774 – 19 May 1796  Bhim Singh                         (b. c.1715 – d."}], "Q2290502": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Sitamau State was a princely state of the British Raj before 1947."}], "Q22948839": [{"id": "Q25080783", "label": "Mauro-Roman kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Altava was a successor state of the previous Mauro-Roman Kingdom which had controlled much of the ancient Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis."}, {"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "During the reign of Aksel, it extended from Volubilis in the west to the Aurès and later Kairaouan and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom continued to exist in the Maghreb until the conquest of the region by the Umayyad Caliphate in the seventh and eighth centuries."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Mauro-Roman Kingdom was established in the early fifth century after following partial Berber conquests of Roman Mauretania."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the Vandal conquest of Northern Africa and the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom, these cities became completely isolated and eventually fell into the control of the romanized berber people of the region."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "When the Eastern Roman Empire invaded the Vandals in their successful attempt at reconquering Northern Africa, the Mauro-Roman Kingdom under Masuna allied with them against the Vandals."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Altavan rump-state", "says": "During this period, Christianity became the predominant religion in the Altava kingdom, with syncretic influences from the traditional Berber religion."}, {"id": "Q423772", "label": "Uqba ibn Nafi", "section": "History - Altavan rump-state", "says": "Indeed, in 683 AD Uqba ibn Nafi was ambushed and killed in the Battle of Vescera near Biskra by Kusaila, who forced all Arabs to evacuate their just founded Kairouan and withdraw to Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q2237785", "label": "Battle of Vescera", "section": "History - Altavan rump-state", "says": "Indeed, in 683 AD Uqba ibn Nafi was ambushed and killed in the Battle of Vescera near Biskra by Kusaila, who forced all Arabs to evacuate their just founded Kairouan and withdraw to Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "History - Altavan rump-state", "says": "Indeed, in 683 AD Uqba ibn Nafi was ambushed and killed in the Battle of Vescera near Biskra by Kusaila, who forced all Arabs to evacuate their just founded Kairouan and withdraw to Cyrenaica."}], "Q2382674": [{"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 August, the United States of Indonesia ceased to exist as the last of the component states dissolved themselves into a unitary Republic of Indonesia encompassing the entire territory of the former Dutch East Indies except for West Papua."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "On 17 August, the United States of Indonesia ceased to exist as the last of the component states dissolved themselves into a unitary Republic of Indonesia encompassing the entire territory of the former Dutch East Indies except for West Papua."}], "Q2478615": [{"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in 1146, it existed until it was conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}], "Q24901388": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "End of the beylik", "says": "After the death of Kadı Burhanettin, Süleyman accepted the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q209387", "label": "Battle of Ankara", "section": "End of the beylik", "says": "Although the Ottomans were defeated in the Battle of Ankara and the beylik of Hacıemir experienced the second term of independence, it never gained its former glory."}], "Q25340956": [{"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "It was situated, broadly, around the upper and middle course of the Bosna river, between the valleys of the Drina river on the east and the Vrbas river on the west, which comprise a wider area of central and eastern modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - 7-9th century: Early formation of the land", "says": "The western Balkans had been reconquered from \"barbarians\" by Roman Emperor Justinian (r."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Ecclesiastical organization", "says": "In the 11-12th centuries the \"Latin rite Christianity was prevalent in the west, the north and in central Bosnia\", while the \"Orthodox faith was predominant in the eastern districts near Serbia and the River Drina\"."}, {"id": "Q1441731", "label": "Francis Dvornik", "section": "History - 9-11th century: Early political context", "says": "Francis Dvornik stated that \"most probable-and this is accepted by most historians of the period [1960s]\", initially formed as part of Croatia and later in the mid-10th century was ruled by Serbia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "History - 9-11th century: Early political context", "says": "In what is now eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro, semi-independent localities emerged under Serbian rule."}, {"id": "Q1342964", "label": "Petar of Serbia", "section": "History - 9-11th century: Early political context", "says": "In the late 9th or early 10th century Petar of Serbia pushed into Pagania, coming into conflict with Michael of Zahumlje."}, {"id": "Q589567", "label": "Michael Krešimir II of Croatia", "section": "History - 9-11th century: Early political context", "says": "940s/960s, it was possibly retaken by Michael Krešimir II of Croatia, or became politically independent."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - 9-11th century: Early political context", "says": "Bulgaria briefly subjugated Bosnia at the turn of the 10th century, after which followed period of Byzantine rule."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - 9-11th century: Early political context", "says": "In 1019 Byzantine Emperor Basil II forced the Serb and Croat rulers (including Bosnians) to acknowledge Byzantine sovereignty, though this had little impact over the governance of Bosnia until the end of 11th century, for periods of time being governed by Croats or Serbs to the East."}, {"id": "Q1290092", "label": "Noel Malcolm", "section": "History - 9-11th century: Early political context", "says": "Noel Malcolm considered that a later political link to Croatia will be observed \"by the Croatian title ban from the earliest times\", but its use before the mid-12th century in sources (CPD) is probably an anachronism."}, {"id": "Q1058383", "label": "Krešimir I of Croatia", "section": "History - Mythical rulers", "says": "Svetolik-Stjepan fled to Hungary because Bosnia was conquered by Croatian king Crescimirus (Krešimir I or Michael Krešimir II), and that Crescimirus's son Stjepan (Stephen Držislav) and his descendants ruled over \"White Croatia\" and Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q370256", "label": "Stephen Držislav of Croatia", "section": "History - Mythical rulers", "says": "Svetolik-Stjepan fled to Hungary because Bosnia was conquered by Croatian king Crescimirus (Krešimir I or Michael Krešimir II), and that Crescimirus's son Stjepan (Stephen Držislav) and his descendants ruled over \"White Croatia\" and Bosnia."}, {"id": "Q270740", "label": "Samuel of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Mythical rulers", "says": "Samuel of Bulgaria (997–1014) during his conquest of Croatia moved freely through Bosnia and Serbia (which probably captured as well), but is without further evidence."}, {"id": "Q3442989", "label": "Battle of Bar", "section": "History - Mythical rulers", "says": "Serbia) accepted Byzantine's gifts in silver and gold to assist Michael Anastasii against Stefan Vojislav at the Battle of Bar (1042)."}, {"id": "Q435907", "label": "Constantine Bodin", "section": "History - Mythical rulers", "says": "Constantine Bodin reportedly conquered Bosnia and appointed first cousin Stephen (fl."}, {"id": "Q82686", "label": "Béla II of Hungary", "section": "History - 12th century: Official semi-independent polity", "says": "Béla II of Hungary in 1135 adopted the title of King of Rama (possibly referring to Bosnia), and appointed his second son Ladislaus II of Hungary as Duke of Bosnia (Boznensem ducatum)."}, {"id": "Q87044", "label": "Ladislaus II of Hungary", "section": "History - 12th century: Official semi-independent polity", "says": "Béla II of Hungary in 1135 adopted the title of King of Rama (possibly referring to Bosnia), and appointed his second son Ladislaus II of Hungary as Duke of Bosnia (Boznensem ducatum)."}, {"id": "Q3627069", "label": "Banate of Bosnia", "section": "History - 12th century: Official semi-independent polity", "says": "With presumed Hungarian conquest and political influence, in the mid-12th century emerged Banate of Bosnia under its first ruler Ban Borić (fl."}, {"id": "Q172368", "label": "Battle of Sirmium", "section": "History - 12th century: Official semi-independent polity", "says": "After the Battle of Sirmium (1165–1167), the Byzantine–Hungarian treaty regards Bosnia \"as part of Hungarian dominion taken by the Byzantines\", and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos used in honorific title of the \"dalmatikos, ougrikos, bosthnikos, krobatikos\", and panegyric of Michael Anchialos mentioned to \"let the Croat and the Bosnian be enrolled in the tables of the Romans\"."}, {"id": "Q41610", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "section": "History - 12th century: Official semi-independent polity", "says": "After the Battle of Sirmium (1165–1167), the Byzantine–Hungarian treaty regards Bosnia \"as part of Hungarian dominion taken by the Byzantines\", and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos used in honorific title of the \"dalmatikos, ougrikos, bosthnikos, krobatikos\", and panegyric of Michael Anchialos mentioned to \"let the Croat and the Bosnian be enrolled in the tables of the Romans\"."}], "Q2548416": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Wankaner State was one of the princely states of India in the historical Halar region of Kathiawar during the period of the British Raj."}], "Q2639675": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Swellendam was founded in 1795 when dissatisfaction towards the Dutch East India Company caused the burghers of Swellendam to revolt, and on 17 June 1795 they declared themselves a republic."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The burghers of Swellendam started to call themselves \"national burghers\" – after the style of the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "However, the Republic was short-lived and was ended on 4 November 1795 when the Cape was occupied by the Kingdom of Great Britain."}], "Q28669042": [{"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Sher Dil Khan in August 1818 as a breakaway from the Durrani Empire, it was ruled by the Dil brothers, members of the Barakzai dynasty."}, {"id": "Q32027", "label": "Dost Mohammad Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In September 1856, the principality was conquered by the Kabul-based half-brother of the Kandahari Dil brothers, Dost Mohammad Khan."}], "Q2884562": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Baria State, also known as Bariya State, was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q2147037", "label": "Rewa Kantha Agency", "section": "lead", "says": "It was under the Rewa Kantha Agency of the Bombay Presidency and had its capital in Devgadh Baria town of present-day Dahod district in Gujarat state."}], "Q2958284": [{"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Menorca (Arabic: طائفة منورقة) was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom vassal to the Crown of Aragon, which existed from 1228 until 1287, when the latter conquered it."}], "Q3106846": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It continued to exist in some form up to the mid-20th century, when the self-governing entity was transformed into Wajo Regency in the newly independent Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Makassar War and Wajorese migrations (1660–1730)", "says": "By the second quarter of the 17th century, Gowa and Talloq had become the most politically and economically powerful polities in eastern Indonesia."}], "Q3192661": [{"id": "Q381830", "label": "Muhammad ibn Tughluq", "section": "History - Medieval invasions", "says": "Prithvi Chand II in 1333 defeated the army of Muhammad bin Tughluq which was not able to fight in the hills."}, {"id": "Q3634691", "label": "Maharaja Surajmal", "section": "History - Conflicts with the Mughals", "says": "Jahangir with the help of Suraj Mal of Nurpur , the Maharaja of neighbouring Nurpur kingdom, garrisoned with his troops."}, {"id": "Q4308234", "label": "Murtaza Khan", "section": "History - Conflicts with the Mughals", "says": "Under Jahangir, Murtaza Khan the governor of Punjab was directed to conquer Kangra, but he failed on account of the jealousy and opposition of the Rajput chiefs who were associated with him."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - State extinguished and annexed by Sikh empire", "says": "The Raja was defeated and left with no territory beyond the immediate vicinity of the fortress of Kangra, which he managed to retain with the help of a small force sent from the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - State extinguished and annexed by Sikh empire", "says": "The Raja was defeated and left with no territory beyond the immediate vicinity of the fortress of Kangra, which he managed to retain with the help of a small force sent from the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh."}, {"id": "Q582584", "label": "First Anglo-Sikh War", "section": "History - British era", "says": "As a result of the First Anglo-Sikh War (1846), the area between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers, including the hill states, were ceded by the Sikhs to the British East India Company."}, {"id": "Q1775277", "label": "Dominion of India", "section": "History - British era", "says": "The princely estate of Kangra-Lambagraon acceded unto the Dominion of India in 1947; the following year, it was merged with its sister states of the erstwhile Simla superintendency to create a province named Himachal Pradesh, administered by a Chief Commissioner."}], "Q320335": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Stolberg (German: Grafschaft Stolberg) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire located in the Harz mountain range in present-day Saxony-Anhalt, Germany."}, {"id": "Q708821", "label": "House of Schwarzburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The Stolberg lands, which were located mostly east of the Harz, included Stolberg, Hayn, the lower County of Hohnstein (1417), as well as Kelbra and Heringen (1413/17), the two latter territories being ruled alongside the House of Schwarzburg."}], "Q3241025": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Limbdi State was a princely state ruled by Jhala clan of Rajputs, which was entitled to a 9-gun salute during the British Raj under the Kathiawar Agency."}], "Q3246273": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Phulra or the State of Phulra  (ریاست پھلڑا) was a Muslim princely state in the days of British Raj and ruled by the Tanoli tribe, located in the region of the North West Frontier to the east of the nearby parent princely state of Amb (Tanawal)."}], "Q3446186": [{"id": "Q200582", "label": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1520 to 1527, the Kingdom of Koukou controlled Algiers and exerted influence over much of northern Algeria: it received allegiance from Cherchell and Annaba, maintained an alliance with the Zayyanids following its victory against Hayreddin Barbarossa at the Battle of Issers."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, the Kingdom of Koukou maintained cordial relations with Spain and was involved in the failed expedition of Charles V against Algiers in 1541."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Koukou, seat of the Zwawa tribal confederation, participated in expeditions of the Regency of Algiers—against the Kalaa (1559), at Oran (1562), Malta (1565), Tunis (1569), or Fez (1576)—and also provided mercenaries sought in Algiers, as well as abroad in Tunis or by the Saadians in Morocco, such as during the Battle of the Three Kings (1578)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Cultural and historical contexts", "says": "Historically, the Kingdom of Koukou is part of the history of the eastern part of the Maghreb (Tunisia, Constantinois, Algiers region) with, in the 16th century, the disappearance of the Hafsid dynasties and the establishment of the Regency of Algiers, then the Regency of Tunis, both under the tutelage of the Ottoman Empire; a secondary but significant phenomenon is the Spanish expansion on the Al"}, {"id": "Q470634", "label": "Oruç Reis", "section": "History - End of the Hafsid era and foundation", "says": "Aruj Barbarossa was bound by deep friendship to Ahmed Belkadi, with whom he conducted campaigns against places held by the Spanish: Belkadi and his Kabyle contingents attacked by land, and Aruj Barbarossa by sea."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "History - Conflict with the Regency of Algiers", "says": "Hayreddin, deprived of internal support (Kabyle tribes, reversal in 1518 at Tlemcen) and under Spanish pressure, decided to seek the support of Sultan Selim I."}], "Q42345047": [{"id": "Q15581", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalan Republic (Catalan: República Catalana, IPA: [rəˈpubːlikə kətəˈlanə]) was a short-lived independent state under French protection which began to be established after the autumn of 1640 by the Junta de Braços (assembly of Estates) of the Principality of Catalonia led by the President of the Generalitat, Pau Claris, during the Reapers' War (1640–1652), and being acknowledged by the same i"}, {"id": "Q1348955", "label": "Reapers' War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalan Republic (Catalan: República Catalana, IPA: [rəˈpubːlikə kətəˈlanə]) was a short-lived independent state under French protection which began to be established after the autumn of 1640 by the Junta de Braços (assembly of Estates) of the Principality of Catalonia led by the President of the Generalitat, Pau Claris, during the Reapers' War (1640–1652), and being acknowledged by the same i"}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 January 1641, due to the desperate military situation and French pressure, the Junta de Braços proclaimed Louis XIII as Count of Barcelona, beginning the process to put the Principality of Catalonia in a personal union with the Kingdom of France, culminated after December 1641."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "On 23 January 1641, due to the desperate military situation and French pressure, the Junta de Braços proclaimed Louis XIII as Count of Barcelona, beginning the process to put the Principality of Catalonia in a personal union with the Kingdom of France, culminated after December 1641."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Louis XIII was succeeded upon his death in 1643 by Louis XIV, who remained Count of Barcelona until 1652, when Catalonia was reincorporated into the Spanish Monarchy."}], "Q4333992": [{"id": "Q4412594", "label": "Republic of Uhtua", "section": "lead", "says": "In October 1920 the Olonets government merged with the Republic of Uhtua to form the Karelian United Government."}], "Q457309": [{"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "During the Council of Constance (1414–18), the German king Sigismund of Luxembourg stayed at the Petershausen and the abbot was even given the pontifical vestments from Antipope John XXIII."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "During the Council of Constance (1414–18), the German king Sigismund of Luxembourg stayed at the Petershausen and the abbot was even given the pontifical vestments from Antipope John XXIII."}, {"id": "Q23873", "label": "John XXIII", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "During the Council of Constance (1414–18), the German king Sigismund of Luxembourg stayed at the Petershausen and the abbot was even given the pontifical vestments from Antipope John XXIII."}, {"id": "Q150726", "label": "Maximilian I", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "The attempts of Prince-Bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg to annex Petershausen were blocked by Maximilian I."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "The abbey is freed after Constance, which had officially become Protestant in 1530, is conquered by the Spanish troops of Charles V during the Schmalkaldic War, forcibly re-Catholicized, stripped of its status as a free imperial city and absorbed into Further Austria."}, {"id": "Q168556", "label": "Schmalkaldic War", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "The abbey is freed after Constance, which had officially become Protestant in 1530, is conquered by the Spanish troops of Charles V during the Schmalkaldic War, forcibly re-Catholicized, stripped of its status as a free imperial city and absorbed into Further Austria."}, {"id": "Q660702", "label": "Further Austria", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "The abbey is freed after Constance, which had officially become Protestant in 1530, is conquered by the Spanish troops of Charles V during the Schmalkaldic War, forcibly re-Catholicized, stripped of its status as a free imperial city and absorbed into Further Austria."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Imperial Abbey", "says": "During the Thirty Years' War, the abbey was compelled to build fortification around the monastery and town at its own expenses."}], "Q4671762": [{"id": "Q3327860", "label": "Gaelic Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Leinster (Irish: Ríocht Laighean) was a kingdom of Gaelic Ireland which existed in the east of the island from the Irish Iron Age until the 17th century Early Modern Ireland."}, {"id": "Q938504", "label": "Connachta", "section": "lead", "says": "The Leinstermen had originally achieved hegemony in Ireland to the detriment of the Ulster-based Érainn, another group of Irish Gaels, but eventually lost out to their kinsmen the Connachta."}, {"id": "Q20973653", "label": "Kingdom of Munster", "section": "lead", "says": "This fall from power had lasting consequences in terms of territory for Leinster, as the Southern Uí Néill carved out the  Kingdom of Meath to the north, and control of Osraige to the west was lost to the Corcu Loígde, becoming part of the Kingdom of Munster."}, {"id": "Q436994", "label": "Kingdom of Dublin", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of these Gaelic-Viking battles, Murchad mac Diarmata, King of Leinster took control of the Kingdom of Dublin and the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles (what is now the Isle of Man and the Scottish Hebrides) for a brief period."}, {"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "In the longterm Leinster lost territories to the Normans, which became the Pale as the administrative centre of the Kingdom of England's Lordship of Ireland, as well as the Earldom of Kildare to the FitzGerald dynasty."}, {"id": "Q887822", "label": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "section": "History - Norman invasion and losses", "says": "The most famous king of this dynasty was Diarmait Mac Murchada, who ruled from 1126 to 1171."}, {"id": "Q1660081", "label": "Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair", "section": "History - Norman invasion and losses", "says": "In 1166, however, Diarmait was expelled from his kingdom by the High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Norman invasion and losses", "says": "Diarmait fled to England, where he sought the support of King Henry II, and in 1170, he returned to Ireland with a force of Norman knights."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "History - The Kavanaghs and resistance", "says": "The Kavanaghs were known for their fierce resistance to the Lordship of Ireland associated with the Kingdom of England, and they frequently clashed with the forces of the Pale in the late medieval period."}, {"id": "Q215530", "label": "Kingdom of Ireland", "section": "History - The Kavanaghs and resistance", "says": "In the 16th century, Leinster was incorporated into the English-controlled Province of Leinster as part of the Kingdom of Ireland, which included much of eastern Ireland."}], "Q4857117": [{"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally an independent state, it became a tributary of the Maratha Empire, and after suzerainty was transferred in 1802, a princely state under the British."}], "Q4899887": [{"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "However, during the First Crusade in 1098, his territory was recovered by the forces of the  Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "lead", "says": "However, during the First Crusade in 1098, his territory was recovered by the forces of the  Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos."}, {"id": "Q717112", "label": "Beylik of Aydın", "section": "lead", "says": "However, it wasn’t until the early 14th century that the region was completely overrun by the Turks and new Beyliks, such as the Aydinids, were established."}], "Q501684": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Gomma was a kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century."}], "Q5269129": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Dharampur State was a princely state in India during the time of the British Raj."}], "Q532048": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Sandur State was a Maratha princely state of India during the British Raj, part of the Madras States Agency."}], "Q549817": [{"id": "Q269109", "label": "Principality of Ryazan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Ryazan subsequently separated from it, and Murom was eventually incorporated into the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1392."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Ryazan subsequently separated from it, and Murom was eventually incorporated into the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1392."}, {"id": "Q1520835", "label": "Vyatichi", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Slavic elements, particularly the Vyatichi, began to penetrate the region during the early Kievan period."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The Primary Chronicle alleges that Murom came under the control of the Rus' in the 9th century."}, {"id": "Q14974", "label": "Vladimir the Great", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Gleb Vladimirovich, son of Vladimir the Great, ruled the appanage principality of Murom in the early 11th century."}, {"id": "Q188943", "label": "Yaroslav the Wise", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 1054, Yaroslav the Wise bequeathed the Principality of Chernigov to his second eldest surviving son, along with Murom and Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q1322662", "label": "Principality of Chernigov", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "In 1054, Yaroslav the Wise bequeathed the Principality of Chernigov to his second eldest surviving son, along with Murom and Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q348689", "label": "Vsevolod III the Big Nest", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Following death of Vsevolod the Big Nest in 1212, the Principality of Ryazan became independent and its ruler adopted the title of grand prince."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The Murom principality carried on independently in relation to the Vladimir grand principality; however, it was ravaged during the campaign of Andrey Aleksandrovich in 1283, after he was confirmed as grand prince by Tode Mongke of the Golden Horde and given a Tatar army."}, {"id": "Q210162", "label": "Ivan II of Moscow", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "However, the strengthening of Murom's position led Ivan II of Moscow to put forward Fyodor Glebovich as a contender to the throne of Murom in 1355."}, {"id": "Q735288", "label": "Jani Beg", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Both parties then visited the Horde; however, Jani Beg sided with Fyodor, who was given the patent to the throne."}, {"id": "Q615922", "label": "Battle of the Vozha River", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Murom participated in the Battle on Pyana River the same year; however, this defeat led to Murom's absence in the Battle of the Vozha River in 1378 and the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Murom participated in the Battle on Pyana River the same year; however, this defeat led to Murom's absence in the Battle of the Vozha River in 1378 and the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380."}, {"id": "Q272156", "label": "Vasily I of Moscow", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1392, Vasily I of Moscow obtained a patent from Tokhtamysh authorizing the annexation of the Murom principality, along with the principalities of Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets."}, {"id": "Q309585", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1392, Vasily I of Moscow obtained a patent from Tokhtamysh authorizing the annexation of the Murom principality, along with the principalities of Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets."}, {"id": "Q891", "label": "Nizhny Novgorod", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "In 1392, Vasily I of Moscow obtained a patent from Tokhtamysh authorizing the annexation of the Murom principality, along with the principalities of Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets."}], "Q56273996": [{"id": "Q3496783", "label": "Battle of Beth Horon", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Following the Battle of Beth Horon which saw the defeat of Gallus in 66 CE, an assembly of the people was called under the spiritual guidance of Simeon ben Gamliel, and thus the Judean provisional government was formed in Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q1419", "label": "Vespasian", "section": "History - Disbandment", "says": "When John of Gischala led the Zealots to believe that Ananus had contacted the Roman general Vespasian for assistance in retaking control of all Jerusalem, the Zealots, driven to desperation, asked the Idumeans for assistance in preventing the delivery of the city to the Romans."}], "Q56376885": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Bani Khalid Emirate (Arabic: إِمَارَةُ بَنِي خَالِدٍ) or the Emirate of Al Humaid from the Bani Khalid tribe was a state that arose in the eastern region of the Arabian Peninsula in 1669 after Emir Barrak ibn Ghurayr made his capital in Al-Mubarraz, then managed to defeat the Ottoman Empire represented by Lahsa Eyalet and drove them out of the region."}, {"id": "Q146871", "label": "First Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Emirate of Al Humaid ceased to exist in 1796 after the defeat of Barak bin Abdul Mohsen at the hands of the First Saudi State."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - First Khalidi Emirate", "says": "Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in Al-Mubarraz (in present-day eastern Saudi Arabia), where remnants of his castle stand today."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Fall to the Saudis", "says": "When the emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and expel him from his town."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Fall to the Saudis", "says": "The first attacks of the Al Saud occurred in 1763 which were led by Abdulaziz bin Muhammad."}], "Q6427080": [{"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "lead", "says": "The more famous Travancore royal family is a close cousin dynasty of the Kolathiris."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "lead", "says": "Ezhimala, their ancient capital, was one of the most important trading centres on the Malabar coast along with Quilon and Calicut, and found mention in the writings of Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo and Wang Ta-Yuan."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Ezhimala rulers", "says": "Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty)."}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "History - Rise of Kolathunadu (Cannanore)", "says": "The 14th century narrative of Ibn Battuta refers to the ruler of this region as residing at a city called Balia Patanam."}, {"id": "Q1150753", "label": "Duarte Barbosa", "section": "History - Rise of Kolathunadu (Cannanore)", "says": "In the 16th century, a Portuguese official Duarte Barbosa also mentions Balia Patanam (\"Balia Patam\" in European records) as the residence of the king of Cannanore."}, {"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "History - Rise of Kolathunadu (Cannanore)", "says": "The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla, had also been vassals to  the Kolathunadu kingdom of North Malabar, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire."}], "Q64685193": [{"id": "Q389688", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He resisted Alexander the Great's invasion, and continued to fight after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "lead", "says": "In 322 BC he was defeated and killed by Perdiccas, then the regent of Alexander's empire."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "With the aid of the king of Armenia in 301 BC, but ruled subordinate to the Seleucid Empire."}, {"id": "Q222930", "label": "Antiochus II Theos", "section": "lead", "says": "However, he remained on friendly terms with the Seleucids, and was awarded the title of \"king\" by Antiochus II Theos."}, {"id": "Q185126", "label": "Mithridates VI of Pontus", "section": "lead", "says": "He died in 96 BC, and was succeeded by Ariarathes IX, son of King Mithridates VI of Pontus."}], "Q657448": [{"id": "Q652275", "label": "County of Cerdanya", "section": "lead", "says": "Usually associated with the County of Cerdanya and the county of Razès, it was located to the west of Roussillon."}], "Q692711": [{"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Säntis was the name of a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, consisting of the territory of St."}, {"id": "Q688257", "label": "Appenzell", "section": "lead", "says": "Gallen, Appenzell, and Rheintal."}], "Q7245121": [{"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Initially a vassal of the Serbian Empire, it became an independent lordship after 1355, although de facto under Venetian influence, and remained as such until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1417."}], "Q739722": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Wahidi Bir Ali (Arabic: واحدي بير علي Wāḥidī Bīr ‘Alī), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Bir Ali   (Arabic: سلطنة واحدي بير علي Salṭanat al-Wāḥidī Bīr ‘Alī), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q1517772", "label": "Protectorate of South Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Wahidi Bir Ali (Arabic: واحدي بير علي Wāḥidī Bīr ‘Alī), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Bir Ali   (Arabic: سلطنة واحدي بير علي Salṭanat al-Wāḥidī Bīr ‘Alī), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Sultan, Alawi ibn Salih ibn Ahmad Al Wahidi, was deposed and the state was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen."}], "Q7603783": [{"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Muskogee was a proclaimed sovereign nation located in Florida, founded in 1799 and led by William Augustus Bowles, a Loyalist veteran of the American Revolutionary War who lived among the Muscogee, and envisioned uniting the Native Americans of the Southeast into a single nation that could resist the expansion of the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Muskogee was a proclaimed sovereign nation located in Florida, founded in 1799 and led by William Augustus Bowles, a Loyalist veteran of the American Revolutionary War who lived among the Muscogee, and envisioned uniting the Native Americans of the Southeast into a single nation that could resist the expansion of the United States."}], "Q7636800": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Shewa (also spelled Sultanate of Shoa), also known as the Makhzumi Sultanate, was a Muslim kingdom in present-day Ethiopia."}], "Q8050331": [{"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The word Yaudheya is a derivative of the word from yodha meaning warriors and according to Pāṇini, the suffix '-ya', was significant of warrior tribes, which is supported by their resistance to invading empires such as the Kushan Empire and the Indo-Scythians."}, {"id": "Q240123", "label": "Indo-Scythians", "section": "lead", "says": "The word Yaudheya is a derivative of the word from yodha meaning warriors and according to Pāṇini, the suffix '-ya', was significant of warrior tribes, which is supported by their resistance to invading empires such as the Kushan Empire and the Indo-Scythians."}, {"id": "Q2086608", "label": "Western Satraps", "section": "lead", "says": "Rudradaman I of the Western Satraps notes in his Junagadh rock inscription that the Yaudheyas were 'heroes among all Kshatriya' and 'were loath to surrender'."}, {"id": "Q1068408", "label": "Kuru Kingdom", "section": "History - Vedic era", "says": "The Kuru Kingdom which was the prominent power in the Vedic age fell in importance when compared to the other Mahajanapadas."}, {"id": "Q846025", "label": "Mahajanapada", "section": "History - Vedic era", "says": "The Kuru Kingdom which was the prominent power in the Vedic age fell in importance when compared to the other Mahajanapadas."}, {"id": "Q62943", "label": "Maurya empire", "section": "History - Mauryan Empire (4th BCE - 2nd BCE)", "says": "The Yaudheyas were incorporated into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya."}, {"id": "Q188541", "label": "Chandragupta Maurya", "section": "History - Mauryan Empire (4th BCE - 2nd BCE)", "says": "The Yaudheyas were incorporated into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya."}, {"id": "Q3110559", "label": "Pauravas", "section": "History - Mauryan Empire (4th BCE - 2nd BCE)", "says": "They also annexed the Pauravas."}, {"id": "Q9045", "label": "Chanakya", "section": "History - Mauryan Empire (4th BCE - 2nd BCE)", "says": "Chandragupta, under the tutelage of Chanakya, won over local kingdoms and republics in Punjab before conquering the Nanda Empire."}, {"id": "Q949268", "label": "Nanda Empire", "section": "History - Mauryan Empire (4th BCE - 2nd BCE)", "says": "Chandragupta, under the tutelage of Chanakya, won over local kingdoms and republics in Punjab before conquering the Nanda Empire."}, {"id": "Q215643", "label": "Indo-Greek Kingdoms", "section": "History - Conflict with Indo-Greek Kingdoms (c. 150 BCE - c. 100 BCE)", "says": "Following the decline of the Mauryan Empire, Western Punjab was overrun by the Indo-Greek Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q347878", "label": "Menander I", "section": "History - Conflict with Indo-Greek Kingdoms (c. 150 BCE - c. 100 BCE)", "says": "However, it was not until the reign of Menander I that the Eastern Punjab became contested."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "History - Kushan Empire (c.130 CE - c.180 CE)", "says": "Furthermore, Kanishka refers to commissioning statue of various local Iranian and Indian deities, including the deity Mahasena or Mahaseno (Kartikeya) which was the chief deity of the Yaudheyas and was often depicted in their coinage.\n\n (Line 4) In the year one it has been proclaimed unto India, unto the *whole of the realm of the *kshatriyas...\"\n (Lines 10-11) ...and he is called Maaseno... and h"}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Kushan Empire (c.130 CE - c.180 CE)", "says": "Yaudheyas would later be mentioned by the Gupta Empire during their expansion and conquest of the Kushan Empire, as mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscription."}, {"id": "Q1133363", "label": "Samudragupta", "section": "History - Gupta Empire", "says": "The Yaudheyas are mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, a ruler of the Gupta Empire."}, {"id": "Q7898321", "label": "Upinder Singh", "section": "History - Gupta Empire", "says": "Upinder Singh, a historian, notes that there is no specific mention of the Yaudheyas providing troops to Samudragupta, suggesting that their relationship with the empire was relatively loose."}], "Q85816686": [{"id": "Q1042069", "label": "Imam of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Qasimid State (Arabic: الدولة القاسمية), also known as the Imamate of Yemen, was a state in South Arabia which was ruled by the Imams of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q404774", "label": "Sultanate of Lahej", "section": "lead", "says": "The most notable of those states was the Sultanate of Lahej; most of those states (except Lahej) were submitted by the Ottomans and incorporated into the restored Ottoman province of Yemen Eyalet in 1849."}, {"id": "Q31066", "label": "Al-Mansur", "section": "History - Proclamation and expansion", "says": "Al-Mansur al-Qasim proclaimed the Imamate in September 1597."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Proclamation and expansion", "says": "When al-Mansur al-Qasim died in 1620, his son al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad succeeded him and reconfirmed the truce with the Ottomans."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "History - Decline and partition (18th-19th centuries)", "says": "The imam was able to regain them temporarily in 1818, but new intervention by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1833 again wrested the coast from the ruler in Sana'a."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Economy", "says": "The country established diplomatic relations with the Safavid dynasty of Persia, the Ottomans of Hejaz, the Mughal Empire in India and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Economy", "says": "The country established diplomatic relations with the Safavid dynasty of Persia, the Ottomans of Hejaz, the Mughal Empire in India and Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q642265", "label": "Fasiladas", "section": "History - Economy", "says": "The Fasilides of Ethiopia sent three diplomatic missions to Yemen, but the relations did not develop into a political alliance as Fasilides had hoped, due to the rise of powerful feudalists in the country."}], "Q883469": [{"id": "Q154998", "label": "Christian III of Denmark", "section": "Rise and fall of the county", "says": "Whereas in 1537 Christian III of Denmark introduced the Reformation in all his four realms, Denmark, Duchy of Holstein, Norway and Schleswig, Holstein-Pinneberg remained Catholic until 1559."}, {"id": "Q704288", "label": "Duchy of Holstein", "section": "Rise and fall of the county", "says": "After the Schaumburgs died out in 1640 (the other lines in Holstein had already died out by 1459) the County of Schaumburg was divided and the County of Holstein-Pinneberg was absorbed into what was now the Duchy of Holstein (formerly the County of Holstein-Rendsburg)."}], "Q10800791": [{"id": "Q1771050", "label": "Lê Thánh Tông", "section": "lead", "says": "This period marked the end of the Primal Lê dynasty which had flourished initially but largely declined after the death of emperor Lê Thánh Tông."}, {"id": "Q6506833", "label": "Lê Cung Hoàng", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result, high-ranking mandarin and general Mạc Đăng Dung deposed emperor Lê Cung Hoàng in 1527 and established the Mạc dynasty, ruling the whole territory of Đại Việt."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lê royalists escaped to the Kingdom of Lan Xang (today Laos)."}, {"id": "Q6802344", "label": "Lê Trang Tông", "section": "lead", "says": "After capturing the capital Đông Kinh, Nguyễn Kim made the son of the former emperor Lê Chiêu Tông, Lê Trang Tông emperor of Đại Việt."}], "Q109252949": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Mecklenburg was a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire, located in the region of Mecklenburg."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was formed in 1471, when duke Henry IV, had united the duchies of Mecklenburg-Stargard and Mecklenburg-Schwerin."}, {"id": "Q552822", "label": "Mecklenburg-Güstrow", "section": "lead", "says": "The state existed until 7 May 1520, when it was partitioned into the duchies of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Mecklenburg-Schwerin."}], "Q1108420": [{"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Like the Pala Empire of Bengal, the first ruler in this dynasty was elected, which probably explains the name of this dynasty \"Pala\"."}], "Q1144811": [{"id": "Q1194765", "label": "Kamarupa", "section": "lead", "says": "650 - 900) ruled Kamarupa from their capital at Harruppesvar in present-day Tezpur, Assam, after the fall of the Varman dynasty."}], "Q11723502": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was located on the border of the Tsardom of Russia and Qing China, by the Amur river."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - The Russian-Chinese conflict over Albazin", "says": "The Qing dynasty did little about Albazin because their forces were tied up in southern China and because they were concerned about possible Russian backing for their enemies in Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q17790", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "section": "History - The Russian-Chinese conflict over Albazin", "says": "With the southern problem nearly solved (Taiwan was conquered in 1683), in the spring of 1682 the Kangxi Emperor made a tour through Manchuria and began preparations to deal with the Amur problem."}], "Q117496752": [{"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "The first invasion was decisively repelled by Iga, but the second overwhelmed the Iga forces and Oda Nobunaga viciously destroyed the confederation."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "After Nobunaga's assassination in 1582, Iga and Kōka ninja entered the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu and his descendants into the Tokugawa shogunate."}, {"id": "Q382234", "label": "Kusunoki Masashige", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "The legendary general Kusunoki Masashige was said to have employed soldiers from Iga to infiltrate and reconnoiter Kyoto in the early 14th century."}, {"id": "Q3176384", "label": "Stephen Turnbull", "section": "History - Mid-16th century", "says": "However, according to the historian Stephen Turnbull, this account is full of errors, and accounts not derived from the Bansenshūkai do not mention ninja, let alone Tateoka Doshun, at all."}, {"id": "Q1142446", "label": "Azai Nagamasa", "section": "History - Mid-16th century", "says": "According to Turnbull, contrary to the account, Dodo in actuality was a retainer of the Rokkaku's enemies, the Azai clan, and when Yoshikata invaded Northern Omi Province in 1559, Dodo was ordered by Azai Nagamasa to hold Sawayama."}, {"id": "Q3431828", "label": "John Man", "section": "History - Mid-16th century", "says": "The historian and travel writer John Man, on the other hand, takes the account at face value and cites this as an example of the fame of the ninjas and of them offering their services for hire."}, {"id": "Q3274982", "label": "Siege of Kanegasaki", "section": "History - Conflict with Oda Nobunaga", "says": "The danger of harassment by this alliance made Nobunaga's control of southern Ōmi insecure, and in 1570 when Nobunaga retreated from the Siege of Kanegasaki back to Kyoto he was forced to go along the north-west shore of Lake Biwa rather than the more direct route through southern Ōmi."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "History - Conflict with Oda Nobunaga", "says": "On July 6, 1570, these alliance forces were moving down along the Yasugawa river when an army led by Shibata Katsuie and Sakuma Morimasa, generals for Nobunaga, intercepted them at the village of Ochikubo."}, {"id": "Q15436846", "label": "Tenshō Iga War", "section": "History - Tenshō Iga War", "says": "The Iga ikki was destroyed in 1581 by Oda Nobunaga in the conclusion of the Tenshō Iga War."}, {"id": "Q1156545", "label": "Mōri Motonari", "section": "History - Tenshō Iga War", "says": "The Kitabatake clan had recently commissioned a castle in the center of Iga, Maruyama, and with the Oda takeover, members of the Kitabatake family took refuge in Iga and sought aid from Mōri Motonari."}, {"id": "Q3044815", "label": "Oda Nobukatsu", "section": "History - Tenshō Iga War", "says": "In 1579 Oda Nobukatsu launched an invasion to take the unfinished castle in Maruyama and subjugate Iga."}], "Q1178974": [{"id": "Q715573", "label": "Zhang Xianzhong", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was established by the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong, by proclaiming himself king and later emperor of the Xi dynasty, similar to the contemporary Shun dynasty established by another rebellion leader Li Zicheng."}, {"id": "Q333567", "label": "Li Zicheng", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was established by the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong, by proclaiming himself king and later emperor of the Xi dynasty, similar to the contemporary Shun dynasty established by another rebellion leader Li Zicheng."}, {"id": "Q1198163", "label": "Southern Ming dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty ended in 1647 after the death of Zhang Xianzhong, and its territory fell to the forces of the Southern Ming and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty."}], "Q12229205": [{"id": "Q3818611", "label": "Usfurids", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty was ultimately displaced by the Usfurids, who seized control of Eastern Arabia in 1253."}, {"id": "Q138803", "label": "Qarmatians", "section": "lead", "says": "The emirate was established after the Uyunids took control from the Qarmatians."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Background and Establishment", "says": "The intervention of the Abbasids and the Fatimids in internal affairs led to the disintegration of the Qarmatian state."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Stability", "says": "Some suggest he was only the ruler of Qatif and Awal during his father's time and did not rule the entire country, which is supported by historian Abdulrahman Al-Mudairees's opinion on the succession of Muhammad ibn al-Fadl."}], "Q13131807": [{"id": "Q2253783", "label": "Kingdom of Glywysing", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a name for the Kingdom of Glywysing which came into use at the end of the tenth century and ended with conquest by the Normans around 1091."}], "Q133844233": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "The former members of the Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841) wanted to restore a Central American union to counter United States influence in the region and to commemorate the centenary of Central American independence in 1921."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The former members of the Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841) wanted to restore a Central American union to counter United States influence in the region and to commemorate the centenary of Central American independence in 1921."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "Delegations from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua drafted the Pact of Union of Central America in January 1921, and the pact was signed by the former four countries; Nicaragua refused to sign as it conflicted with the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty it had with the United States."}, {"id": "Q2983294", "label": "Bryan–Chamorro Treaty", "section": "lead", "says": "Delegations from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua drafted the Pact of Union of Central America in January 1921, and the pact was signed by the former four countries; Nicaragua refused to sign as it conflicted with the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty it had with the United States."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "Costa Rica rejected the pact in June 1921 and never joined the federation."}, {"id": "Q885550", "label": "José María Orellana", "section": "lead", "says": "In December 1921, General José María Orellana overthrew the Guatemalan government and the federation expelled Guatemala the following month."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "Beginning in the mid 16th, Central America was a colonial possession of the Spanish Empire."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "Background", "says": "The following intendancies were established: Ciudad Real (Chiapas), Comayagua (Honduras), León (Nicaragua), and San Salvador (El Salvador)."}, {"id": "Q2741089", "label": "Greater Republic of Central America", "section": "Background", "says": "These included the Confederation of Central America (1842), the Republic of Central America (1852–1854), the Republic of Central America (1889), and the Greater Republic of Central America (1895–1898)."}, {"id": "Q436815", "label": "Carlos Herrera y Luna", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "On 5 December 1921, the Guatemalan government of President Carlos Herrera was overthrown by the Armed Forces of Guatemala and the United Fruit Company."}], "Q1446192": [{"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kampili kingdom in some historical accounts is called the Basnaga kingdom, and it is the kingdom which inspired and ultimately led to the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire."}], "Q1461024": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Yamma, also spelled Yemma, was a small kingdom located in what is now Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q1759078", "label": "Kingdom of Jimma", "section": "lead", "says": "It lay in the angle formed by the Omo and the Jimma Gibe Rivers; to the west lay the Kingdom of Jimma and to the south the Kingdom of Garo."}, {"id": "Q1623936", "label": "Kingdom of Garo", "section": "lead", "says": "It lay in the angle formed by the Omo and the Jimma Gibe Rivers; to the west lay the Kingdom of Jimma and to the south the Kingdom of Garo."}], "Q14946371": [{"id": "Q15102440", "label": "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "section": "lead", "says": "South Serbia (Serbian: Јужна Србија / Južna Srbija) was a province (pokrajina) of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1919 and 1922."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "It included the modern territories of Sandžak (parts of Serbia and Montenegro), Kosovo and North Macedonia."}], "Q1536676": [{"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "lead", "says": "New Utrecht was established in 1652 by Dutch settlers in the Dutch colony of New Netherland, the last of the original six towns to be founded in Kings County."}, {"id": "Q161536", "label": "Peter Stuyvesant", "section": "History - Dutch settlement", "says": "In 1657, New Utrecht was granted status as a village, and in 1661 Governor Peter Stuyvesant provided New Utrecht its own charter."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - New Utrecht in Kings County", "says": "That year the British defeated France in the Seven Years' War and took over its territory in North America east of the Mississippi River."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - Revolutionary War", "says": "During the American Revolution, the British made New Utrecht their base of operations for the Battle of Long Island."}, {"id": "Q862751", "label": "Battle of Long Island", "section": "History - Revolutionary War", "says": "During the American Revolution, the British made New Utrecht their base of operations for the Battle of Long Island."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History - Revolutionary War", "says": "During the War of 1812, the US Army began construction of a fort on Hendrick's Reef, an island offshore the southern tip of what is now Bay Ridge."}], "Q16188096": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Larantuka was a historical monarchy in present-day East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "It was later purchased by Dutch East Indies from the Portuguese with the treaty of Lisbon in 1859."}, {"id": "Q2029522", "label": "Ternate Sultanate", "section": "History - Precolonial period", "says": "Influences from the powerful Ternate Sultanate were also believed to be present."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Portuguese vassal", "says": "Solor was described by Tomé Pires in his Suma Oriental, although some scholars believe he was referring to nearby larger Flores, mentioning the abundance of exported sulphur and foodstuffs."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Portuguese vassal", "says": "Theoretically they were subordinated to Portugal."}], "Q1644002": [{"id": "Q1008", "label": "Ivory Coast", "section": "lead", "says": "Gyaman (also spelled Gyaaman or Jamang, and later known as Jaman) was a precolonial Akan kingdom that was located  in parts of present-day Ghana and Ivory Coast."}, {"id": "Q722071", "label": "Ashanti Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its history was shaped by conflict with the Asante Empire and the eventual partition of its territory between the British Gold Coast and French West Africa in the late 19th century."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "Its history was shaped by conflict with the Asante Empire and the eventual partition of its territory between the British Gold Coast and French West Africa in the late 19th century."}], "Q1683756": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Jasdan State was a princely state in Saurashtra during the British Raj."}], "Q16849282": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Jafarabad, or Jafrabad State, was a tributary princely state in India during the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q18126222", "label": "Janjira State", "section": "lead", "says": "Jafrabad State was a dependency of the Nawab of Janjira State, located 320 km to the south-southeast on the Konkan coast."}], "Q16933165": [{"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1138 from the territories of the Kingdom of Poland, following its fragmentation, that was started by the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth."}], "Q1723023": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "The Tughlaq had attacked and taken control of Bihar and from the end of the Tughlaq Dynasty until the establishment of the Mughal Empire in 1526 there was anarchy and chaos in the region with various Rajput clans fighting for power."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "In 1684, Aurangzeb issued a firman that had the effect of differentiating Raj Darbhanga from other estates of the region."}, {"id": "Q2637089", "label": "Nawab of Bengal", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Raj Darbhanga from this point onwards was legally independent and no longer had to pay tribute to the Nawabs of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - British period", "says": "For a period of twenty years (1860–1880), Darbhanga Raj was placed under the Court of Wards by the British Raj."}], "Q17523945": [{"id": "Q172613", "label": "Teotihuacan", "section": "History - Before Tula", "says": "These narrations about the origin of the Toltecs have been disputed by archaeologists and historians like Manuel Gamio, Enrique Florescano and Laurette Séjourné; who had identified the Toltec city of Tollan with Teotihuacan, although this hypothesis has been criticized by many scholars, most notably historian Miguel León-Portilla."}, {"id": "Q257811", "label": "Chimalpopoca", "section": "History - Arrival at Tula and first rulers", "says": "Historians like Alfredo Chavero investigated the numerous proposed lists of Toltec rulers presented in the works of authors like  Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl and Juan de Torquemada, and in anonymous sources like the Codex Chimalpopoca."}, {"id": "Q379972", "label": "Bernardino de Sahagún", "section": "History - Reign of Quetzalcoatl", "says": "According to Bernardino de Sahagún, one day, Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl was visited by an elderly man (said to be Tezcatlipoca in disguise) who offered him a \"medicine\" that would make him younger."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "History - Collapse of Tula and Toltec diaspora", "says": "Because of this, many rulers of later kingdoms and empires would claim Toltec lineage as a way to legitimize their power, including the Aztec emperors, the Mixtec kings in Oaxaca, and the K'iche' and Kakchiquel rulers in Guatemala."}], "Q180235": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Wadhwan State was an offshoot of Jhalavad, later became 9-guns Salute princely state during the British Raj."}], "Q2212651": [{"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created in 1803 for Wild- and Rhinegrave Wilhelm Frederick Charles Augustus of Salm-Grumbach (1799-1865), member of an ancient German House of Salm, following the loss of Grumbach and other territories west of the Rhine to France."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The county was mediatised to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1813 and the Wild- and Rhinegrave was awarded a princely title within the Kingdom of Prussia three years later, on 22 November 1816 by Frederick William III of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q37134", "label": "Frederick William III of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The county was mediatised to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1813 and the Wild- and Rhinegrave was awarded a princely title within the Kingdom of Prussia three years later, on 22 November 1816 by Frederick William III of Prussia."}], "Q23022146": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Tonga was a protected state of the United Kingdom from 1900 to 1970, when its protectorate status was removed."}], "Q23039102": [{"id": "Q981475", "label": "Tabinshwehti", "section": "lead", "says": "The landlocked petty state began its rise in the 1530s under Tabinshwehti who went on to found the largest polity in Myanmar since the Pagan kingdom by 1550."}, {"id": "Q470984", "label": "Bayinnaung", "section": "lead", "says": "His more celebrated successor Bayinnaung then greatly expanded the empire, conquering much of mainland Southeast Asia by 1565."}, {"id": "Q853477", "label": "Lan Xang", "section": "lead", "says": "He spent the next decade keeping the empire intact, putting down rebellions in Siam, Lan Xang and the northernmost Shan states."}, {"id": "Q3182715", "label": "Nanda Bayin", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor Nanda Bayin never gained the full support of the vassal rulers, and presided over the empire's precipitous collapse in the next 18 years."}, {"id": "Q3119006", "label": "Forty Years' War", "section": "History - Principality of Toungoo", "says": "Toungoo's growth continued especially after the Forty Years' War (1385–1424) left Ava exhausted."}, {"id": "Q3524614", "label": "Thihathura of Ava", "section": "History - Start of Toungoo dynasty", "says": "In 1470, King Thihathura of Ava (r."}, {"id": "Q3315521", "label": "Minkhaung II", "section": "History - Start of Toungoo dynasty", "says": "A distant member of the Ava royalty, Sithu Kyawhtin remained loyal to Thihathura's successor Minkhaung II (r."}, {"id": "Q1396459", "label": "Mingyinyo", "section": "History - Start of Toungoo dynasty", "says": "The assassin was none other than his nephew Mingyi Nyo (r."}, {"id": "Q4765854", "label": "Shan States", "section": "History - Break from Ava", "says": "It was facing an existential threat in the ongoing war with the Confederation of Shan States, and would ultimately fall in 1527."}, {"id": "Q3524796", "label": "Thohanbwa", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "1532–39) at Prome; and Thohanbwa (r."}, {"id": "Q6862522", "label": "Min Bin", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "1530–50) at Toungoo, and Min Bin (r."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Over the next decade, a series of “breathtaking campaigns” reduced Manipur and the entire Tai-Shan world to tributary status: cis-Salween Shan states (1557), Lan Na (1558), Manipur (1560), Keng Tung (1562), the Chinese Shan States (1563), Siam (1564) and Lan Xang (1565)."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "No sooner than the Tai-Shan world finally became quiet, the king turned his attention to Portuguese Goa and the advancing Mughal Empire in the west."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Siam supported a Chiang Rai rebellion against Lan Na (Chiang Mai) in 1599."}, {"id": "Q515704", "label": "Naresuan", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Siam planned to invade Ava's vassal southern Shan states in 1605 before cancelling it because of the sudden death of its warrior king Naresuan (r."}], "Q2313140": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Bouillon was a short-lived French client republic, around the city of Bouillon in present-day Belgium, based on the Duchy of Bouillon, which had existed between France and the Austrian Netherlands since the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q700283", "label": "Austrian Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Bouillon was a short-lived French client republic, around the city of Bouillon in present-day Belgium, based on the Duchy of Bouillon, which had existed between France and the Austrian Netherlands since the 15th century."}, {"id": "Q58296", "label": "French First Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The claimed republic was short-lived, however, as the territory was annexed by the French First Republic on 26 October 1795."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the duchy was absorbed into the promoted Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, becoming a part of Belgium when that nation was founded in the 1830s."}, {"id": "Q2719360", "label": "Duchy of Luxembourg", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the duchy was absorbed into the promoted Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, becoming a part of Belgium when that nation was founded in the 1830s."}], "Q23366230": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Geneva (French: République de Genève) was an independent city-state in present-day Switzerland that emerged in the early 16th century following its break with both the Catholic Church, the political authority of the Bishop of Geneva, and the political influence of the House of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Geneva (French: République de Genève) was an independent city-state in present-day Switzerland that emerged in the early 16th century following its break with both the Catholic Church, the political authority of the Bishop of Geneva, and the political influence of the House of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q37577", "label": "John Calvin", "section": "lead", "says": "Strongly influenced by the Protestant Reformation, and particularly by the work of Guillaume Farel and later John Calvin, the city became a leading center of Calvinism and a refuge for Protestants from across Europe."}, {"id": "Q426025", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Politically, Geneva developed republican institutions modeled on some of the Swiss cities, asserting its sovereignty against the Duchy of Savoy and navigating a precarious position between powerful neighbors such as France and the Swiss cantons."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "The relations between the House of Savoy and Geneva’s civic authorities had been declining through the late fifteenth century but this came to the fore in 1513, when Charles III secured the papal appointment of his relative Jean de Savoie as bishop."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "Opposition to Savoyard influence coalesced in the faction of the Eidguenots, led by Besançon Hugues and Philibert Berthelier, who sought closer ties with the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "In 1525 they secured an alliance with Fribourg and Bern, aided by Bern’s shift away from Savoy following the Perpetual Peace (1516) with France."}, {"id": "Q132545", "label": "Henry II of France", "section": "History - Conflicts with Savoy", "says": "The son of Charles III, Emmanuel Philibert, defeated the army of King Henry II of France at the Battle of Saint-Quentin in 1557 and recovered the lands conquered by the French in 1535."}, {"id": "Q318091", "label": "Carlo Emanuele I, Duke of Savoy", "section": "History - Conflicts with Savoy", "says": "In effect, the threats to the city materialised with Emmanuel-Philibert's son, Charles Emmanuel I, who dreamt of conquering the city and began plotting against Protestants, employing mercenaries to intimidate those converted by Bernese preachers."}, {"id": "Q2300960", "label": "Treaty of Lyon", "section": "History - Conflicts with Savoy", "says": "In response, Geneva, supported by France and a contingent of 12,000 Swiss soldiers, intermittently occupied the Pays de Gex from 1589, but the city was finally forced to abandon it when France defeated Savoy and annexed the Pays de Gex for itself in the 1601 Treaty of Lyon."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "History - Conflicts with Savoy", "says": "This marked the point where most of Geneva's hinterland was divided between two strong states along the Rhone banks: the Kingdom of France on the right, and the Duchy of Savoy on the left."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Role of France", "says": "Playing now on the defensive, the Republic multiplied the number of population surveys to track poor Catholics and beggars, while it was forced to accept in 1679 by king Louis XIV the presence of a permanent representative who demanded to be allowed to celebrate the Catholic Mass in his home for his workers and neighbours, dealing a blow to the city's religious purity, particularly because the fir"}, {"id": "Q1936002", "label": "Great Plague of Marseille", "section": "History - Protestant Rome", "says": "Except for the periods of crises from the Great Plague of Marseille and the crash of the John Law monetary system in France, the century was prosperous until 1785, driven by the production and exports of luxury goods, most notably watches."}, {"id": "Q9068", "label": "Voltaire", "section": "History - Early political upheavel and 1782 revolution", "says": "With increased realisation of their weight, and supported by Voltaire, the natives joined forces with the faction of representatives to overthrow the councils in April 1782 and start a revolution that would facilitate the acquisition of bourgeois rights by the natives."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Revolutionary period", "says": "Nevertheless, a new political faction inspired by the French Revolution, known as the egaliseurs, was formed in 1790."}, {"id": "Q44197", "label": "Maximilien Robespierre", "section": "History - Revolutionary period", "says": "The fall of Maximilien Robespierre in Paris soon afterwards brought an end to the \"Genevan Terror\", and a second revolutionary tribunal sentenced five extremists to death."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Restoration and accession to the Swiss Confederation", "says": "The Napoleonic army left Geneva on 30 December 1813 under pressure from the Austrian general Ferdinand von Bubna und Littitz, and on the next day the return of the Republic (Restauration de la République) was proclaimed."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Restoration and accession to the Swiss Confederation", "says": "At the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15, Geneva was admitted as a canton to the Swiss Confederation ending its status as an independent republic."}], "Q25413868": [{"id": "Q899706", "label": "Peru–Bolivian Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bolivian Republic was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–1839."}, {"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation came to an end three years later after being defeated by Chile in the War of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q379638", "label": "Agustín Gamarra", "section": "lead", "says": "In August 1839, Agustín Gamarra declared the Confederation dissolved."}, {"id": "Q467959", "label": "Andrés de Santa Cruz", "section": "Background", "says": "Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz promoted an ambitious project to reunite these two territories on the basis of a confederacy."}, {"id": "Q654766", "label": "North Peru", "section": "Background", "says": "Santa Cruz assumed the Supreme Protectorship of the confederation and Orbegoso maintained only the presidency of the newly created Republic of North Peru."}], "Q28501433": [{"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free State of Costa Rica was the name acquired by Costa Rica after its split from the Federal Republic of Central America in 1838 and until the proclamation of the First Costa Rican Republic in 1847."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "Background", "says": "However, with the start of the civil war among Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, Costa Rica enacted the Aprilia Law, allowing itself to remain autonomous until constitutional order was restored."}], "Q2909657": [{"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the first centres of Hasidim to be set up in Lithuania, many Lithuanian Hasidic groups are its offshoots."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "After the murder of many of its followers by Nazi Germany in the Holocaust, the dynasty continued to exist with followers in Israel, the United States, Russia, England, Canada, and Ukraine."}], "Q3136869": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Dambadeniya was a medieval Sinhalese kingdom in what is present-day Sri Lanka."}], "Q319376": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Hanau-Münzenberg was a territory within the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q874567", "label": "County of Hanau", "section": "lead", "says": "It emerged when the County of Hanau was divided in 1458, the other part being the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "History - Second Reformation", "says": "With his marriage in 1596 to Katharina Belgica, third daughter of William the Silent, he gained a personal connection to one of the leading personalities of Calvinism in Europe."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Modernisation", "says": "This proved to be a first class asset in the following Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)."}, {"id": "Q52938", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "In November 1631, Swedish troops occupied Hanau and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the city."}, {"id": "Q284667", "label": "Electorate of Mainz", "section": "History - Thirty Years' War", "says": "As a reward for his changing sides, he gave him the district of Orb, the shares the Electorate of Mainz had held in the former County of Rieneck and the districts of Partenstein, Lohrhaupten, Bieber and Alzenau."}, {"id": "Q693551", "label": "Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt", "section": "History - Second reunion", "says": "Hanau-Münzenberg and Hanau-Lichtenberg fell to different heirs: Due to the treaty of succession of 1643 Hanau-Münzenberg was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, Hanau-Lichtenberg fell to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt because Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg, the only daughter of Johann Reinhard III, was married to the heir of Hesse-Darmstadt, reigning as landgrave Louis VII"}, {"id": "Q18450904", "label": "Hesse-Hanau", "section": "History - Secundogeniture within the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel", "says": "One measure he took was to make Hanau-Münzenberg a secundogeniture of Hesse-Cassel known as Hesse-Hanau, and transfer it immediately to his grandson, William IX."}, {"id": "Q131981", "label": "George II of Great Britain", "section": "History - Secundogeniture within the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel", "says": "William, still a minor when his grandfather died was put under the guardianship of his mother, Princess Mary of Great Britain, a daughter of King George II of Great Britain, excluding her Roman Catholic husband."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - Secundogeniture within the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel", "says": "Later on, a contingent of about 2,400 soldiers recruited in Hesse-Hanau served during the American Revolutionary War for King George III, an uncle to William IX."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History - Secundogeniture within the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel", "says": "Later on, a contingent of about 2,400 soldiers recruited in Hesse-Hanau served during the American Revolutionary War for King George III, an uncle to William IX."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "History - Principality of Hanau", "says": "The Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel was elevated an Electorate in 1803, William IX became William I, the county of Hesse-Hanau the Principality of Hanau."}, {"id": "Q704312", "label": "Grand Duchy of Frankfurt", "section": "History - Principality of Hanau", "says": "When the French occupied the lands of William I in 1806 the new principality was put under military rule until 1810 and then became part of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "History - Principality of Hanau", "says": "The title \"Prince of Hanau\" stayed within the titles of the Elector until 1866 when the Electorate of Hessen was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia."}], "Q322763": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Dagsburg with its capital Dagsburg (now Dabo in France) existed in Lorraine from 11th to 18th centuries when the area was still part of Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q3446243": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was for a long time a bastion of resistance to the Spanish Empire, then to the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was for a long time a bastion of resistance to the Spanish Empire, then to the Regency of Algiers."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History 1510-1830 - Early 16th-century: Founding", "says": "In 1510, as part of the Reconquista, the Spanish Empire seized Bejaïa, which was in the hands of dissident Hafsid emirs, and organized raids in the hinterland from this position."}, {"id": "Q7521762", "label": "Sinan Reis", "section": "History 1510-1830 - War with Algiers", "says": "Abdelaziz also repelled an expedition commanded by Sinan Reis and Ramdan Pasha near Wadi el Hammam, towards M'sila."}, {"id": "Q2475368", "label": "Salah Reis", "section": "History 1510-1830 - War with Algiers", "says": "The capture of Béjaïa by Salah Rais in 1555 confirmed Abdelaziz's fears about the power of the Regency of Algiers and he continued to strengthen his positions in the mountains."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "The fall of the Mokranis, 1830-1872", "says": "The reassuring official statements from the French government and from Napoleon III about the role of the Algerian feudal nobility were unconvincing and unsupported by deeds."}], "Q3503437": [{"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ming Xia, officially the Great Xia, was a short-lived rebel state in China during the Red Turban Rebellion, which occurred in the final phase of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2670742", "label": "Ming Yuzhen", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in Sichuan in 1362 by Ming Yuzhen, who had been ruling there since 1357 on behalf of the rebel state of Tianwan."}], "Q355857": [{"id": "Q206696", "label": "Helvetic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1848 constitution represented the first time, other than when the short-lived Helvetic Republic had been imposed, that the Swiss had a central government instead of being simply a collection of autonomous cantons bound by treaties."}], "Q3591854": [{"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (Spanish: Estado Libre e Independiente de Cundinamarca) was a rebel state in colonial Colombia."}, {"id": "Q1796202", "label": "Kingdom of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "It included parts of the former New Kingdom of Granada (part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada)."}], "Q4202348": [{"id": "Q8012995", "label": "Wang Yanzheng", "section": "lead", "says": "Yin's only emperor was Wang Yanzheng, a member of the ruling clan of the Min state."}, {"id": "Q1326742", "label": "Southern Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon after, the Min state was conquered by the Southern Tang dynasty."}], "Q4397920": [{"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Russian Eastern Okraina (Russian: Российская Восточная Окраина) was a local government that existed in the Russian Far East region in 1920 during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923."}], "Q4401176": [{"id": "Q208442", "label": "Wade-Giles", "section": "lead", "says": "Mait (also spelled Maidh, Ma'I, Mai, Ma-yi, or Mayi; Baybayin: ᜋᜁ; Hanunoo: ᜫᜡ; Hokkien Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mâ-i̍t; Mandarin Chinese: 麻逸; pinyin: máyì; Wade–Giles: ma2-i4), was a medieval sovereign state located in what is now the Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Mait (also spelled Maidh, Ma'I, Mai, Ma-yi, or Mayi; Baybayin: ᜋᜁ; Hanunoo: ᜫᜡ; Hokkien Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mâ-i̍t; Mandarin Chinese: 麻逸; pinyin: máyì; Wade–Giles: ma2-i4), was a medieval sovereign state located in what is now the Philippines."}], "Q4412473": [{"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Regional (Oblast) Government of Northwest Russia was a short-lived White counter-revolutionary government formed on 10 November 1918, after the October Revolution."}], "Q4931455": [{"id": "Q133356", "label": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Marchlewszczyzna (Ukrainian: Мархлевський польський національний район; Russian: Мархлевский польский национальный район) was a Polish National District in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic created as an experiment and as part of the Soviet korenizatsia campaign  in Zhytomyr Okruha to the west of Zhytomyr on 21 July 1925 by resolution of the Little Presidium of the All-Ukrainian Central Exec"}], "Q4969562": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The United Kingdom ceded Bencoolen to the Netherlands in 1824."}], "Q55633633": [{"id": "Q161141", "label": "Kapp Putsch", "section": "lead", "says": "An outbreak of violence at the time of the March 1920 Kapp Putsch led the national government to forcibly remove the Leipzig workers' council, the last one remaining in the state."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Saxony went on to become a constituent state within the Weimar Republic in November 1920."}], "Q56376888": [{"id": "Q25080783", "label": "Mauro-Roman kingdoms", "section": "lead", "says": "Much like the larger Mauro-Roman Kingdom, the Kingdom of the Aurès combined aspects of Roman and Berber culture in order to efficiently rule over a population composed of both Roman provincials and Berber tribespeople."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite this, Aurès would not recognize the suzerainty of the remaining Roman Empire in the East (often called the Byzantine Empire by modern historians) and King Iabdas unsuccessfully invaded the Praetorian prefecture of Africa, established after the Byzantines had defeated the Vandals."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite this, Aurès would not recognize the suzerainty of the remaining Roman Empire in the East (often called the Byzantine Empire by modern historians) and King Iabdas unsuccessfully invaded the Praetorian prefecture of Africa, established after the Byzantines had defeated the Vandals."}, {"id": "Q152127", "label": "Geiseric", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "According to the Eastern Roman historian Procopius, the Moors only began to truly expand and consolidate their power following the death of the powerful vandal king Gaiseric in 477 AD, after which they won many victories against the Vandal kingdom and established more or less full control over the former province of Mauretania."}, {"id": "Q309272", "label": "Mauretania", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "According to the Eastern Roman historian Procopius, the Moors only began to truly expand and consolidate their power following the death of the powerful vandal king Gaiseric in 477 AD, after which they won many victories against the Vandal kingdom and established more or less full control over the former province of Mauretania."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Having feared Gaiseric, the Moors under Vandal control revolted against his successor Huneric following his attempt to convert them to Arian Christianity and the harsh punishments incurred on those who did not convert."}, {"id": "Q311888", "label": "Thrasamund", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Under the rule of Huneric's successors Gunthamund and Thrasamund, the wars between the Berbers and the Vandals continued."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - Vandalic War and its aftermath", "says": "Byzantine records referring to the Vandal Kingdom, which had occupied much of the old Roman province of Africa and coastal parts of Mauretania, often refer to it with regards to a trinity of peoples; Vandals, Alans and Moors, and though some Berbers had assisted the Vandals in their conquests in Africa, Berber expansion was more often than not focused against the Vandals rather than with them, whi"}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "History - Vandalic War and its aftermath", "says": "Solomon would defeat them and return to Carthage, though the Berbers would again rise and overrun Byzacena."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Wars against the Arabs", "says": "The Altavan king Kusaila, the last Berber king to rule from Altava, died fighting against the Umayyad Caliphate."}], "Q58942549": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Lower Alsace (northern Alsace) was a landgraviate of the Holy Roman Empire held ex officio by the Bishop of Strasbourg."}, {"id": "Q21077045", "label": "Landgraviate of Upper Alsace", "section": "lead", "says": "Lower Alsace thus had closer political connections with the rest of Germany than did Upper Alsace."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "On 14 April 1646, the imperial ambassador Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff, during negotiations to end the Thirty Years' War, offered \"Upper and Lower Alsace and the Sundgau, under the title of Landgraviate of Alsace\" to the French."}, {"id": "Q184646", "label": "Décapole", "section": "lead", "says": "The Archduke Ferdinand Charles held the landgraviate of Upper Alsace, while a relative held the Landvogtei (bailiwick) of Hagenau with a protectorate over the Décapole (a league of ten imperial cities)."}], "Q5964522": [{"id": "Q214559", "label": "Ismail I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kar-Kiya dynasty helped Shah Ismail I to establish Safavid Iran and later became one of its vassal states."}, {"id": "Q18234383", "label": "Safavid Iran", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kar-Kiya dynasty helped Shah Ismail I to establish Safavid Iran and later became one of its vassal states."}], "Q616965": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão (Portuguese: Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão) was one of the states of the Portuguese Empire."}], "Q6669561": [{"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "Chen Han, officially the Great Han, was a short-lived rebel state that existed in China during the Red Turban Rebellion, in the final phase of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1336609", "label": "Chen Youliang", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in Jiangxi in 1360 by Chen Youliang, who had been ruling there since 1357 on behalf of the rebel state of Tianwan, which he overthrew in the same year."}, {"id": "Q703102", "label": "Chen Li", "section": "lead", "says": "The state of Han fell in 1364 when Chen Youliang's son and successor, Chen Li, surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang's forces."}], "Q7362066": [{"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "These territories were at first divided into various shifting provinces, including Africa Vetus, Crete and Cyrenaica (which included the island of Crete, etc."}], "Q81893195": [{"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Rohilkhand was a petty kingdom under nominal Mughal suzerainty, that rose under the declining Mughal Empire in 1721 and continued to exist until 1774 when it was defeated by Oudh."}, {"id": "Q18129046", "label": "Oudh State", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of Rohilkhand's borders were established by Ali Mohammed Khan and largely came into existence as a check to the power of Oudh State and in that capacity, Nawab Ali Mohammed was supported by the Wazir ul-Mulk, Qamarudin Khan."}, {"id": "Q5453768", "label": "First Rohilla War", "section": "lead", "says": "Most of the kingdom was annexed at the end of the First Rohilla War into Oudh, when the mismanagement of Hafiz Rehmat Khan along with the internal division of the Rohilla Confederation led to the weakening of central authority."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Rohilla Council", "says": "All of these men were granted districts to rule over as a trust until the majority of his Ali Muhammad children but these trusts were quickly usurped by most of these men upon the death of the Nawab."}, {"id": "Q3820837", "label": "Abdullah Khan", "section": "History - Rohilla Council", "says": "Ali Mohammad left six sons, Faizullah Khan and Abdullah Khan being elder sons."}, {"id": "Q46798", "label": "Ahmed Shahe Durrani", "section": "History - Rohilla States", "says": "Four of these states were created during the division of Rohilkhand at the request of the Afghan emperor, Ahmad Shah Durrani, for the sons of Nawab Ali Muhammad Khan:\n\nBadaun (Nawab Abdullah Khan)\nMoradabad (Nawab Saadullah Khan)\nRampur (Nawab Faizullah Khan)\nBareilly (Nawab Muhammad Yar Khan)\nMany Rohilla chiefs also became independent after 1748."}, {"id": "Q642993", "label": "Shuja-ud-Daula", "section": "History - First Rohilla War", "says": "Rohillas had sought assistance from the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula in 1772 to expel the Maratha Empire from Rohilkhand."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - First Rohilla War", "says": "Rohillas had sought assistance from the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula in 1772 to expel the Maratha Empire from Rohilkhand."}, {"id": "Q333994", "label": "Warren Hastings", "section": "History - First Rohilla War", "says": "He appealed to Warren Hastings for assistance, which was given in return for a sum of forty lakhs of rupees."}], "Q835619": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Escartons (Italian: Repubblica degli Escartons; French: République des Écartons) was a collection of mountain territories located around Mount Viso in the Briançonnais, with territory between Marseille and Turin."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "The charter was later confirmed by letters patent from all the kings of France from Charles V to Louis XVI – after the Treaty of Utrecht, this continued until 4 August 1789 for the parts of the Republic which remained French territory."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The charter was later confirmed by letters patent from all the kings of France from Charles V to Louis XVI – after the Treaty of Utrecht, this continued until 4 August 1789 for the parts of the Republic which remained French territory."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The charter was later confirmed by letters patent from all the kings of France from Charles V to Louis XVI – after the Treaty of Utrecht, this continued until 4 August 1789 for the parts of the Republic which remained French territory."}], "Q104866537": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Hospitaller rule over Tripoli ended in 1551 when the city was captured by the Ottoman Empire following a siege."}], "Q106200447": [{"id": "Q45670", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was ruled by the Kingdom of Portugal from 1471 to 1580, 1641 to 1661."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "The Sultan of Fez Abu Abd Allah al-Burtuqali Muhammad ibn Muhammad laid siege to Tangier in 1511."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "On April 4, 1512, the qaid of Chefchaouen Ali Ibn Rashid al-Alam (Barraxa in Portuguese) and the qaid of Tetouan Cid Almandri II (Almandarim in Portuguese) devastated the region and villages around Tangier with 800 horse, however they were engaged by 200 horse and 200 foot of the garrison of Tangier under the command of Duarte de Meneses and routed, the Portuguese having captured plentiful spoil.\""}, {"id": "Q334768", "label": "Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "King Sebastian entered Tangier on July 6, 1578, with a fleet of 50 warships and 900 transports bearing an army of over 15000 men, and while there was met by the former Sultan of Morocco Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi, who had appealed to Sebastian for help recovering his throne after having been deposed by his uncle Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi."}, {"id": "Q1121532", "label": "Battle of Alcácer Quibir", "section": "History - Later history", "says": "Sebastian then moved his army to Asilah, and from there marched out for the fatal Battle of Alcácer Quibir, where the Portuguese were routed but all three mon"}], "Q106390822": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Spanish Oran (Arabic: وهران الإسبانية; Spanish: Orán español) was a territory of the Spanish Empire as a result of the Conquest of Oran."}], "Q106391158": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in October 1918, Mahmud Barzanji sought to break away from the Ottomans and to create an autonomous Kurdish region under British supervision."}, {"id": "Q368858", "label": "Mustafa Barzani", "section": "History - May 1919 rebellion", "says": "Among the supporters of Sheikh Mahmud was also the 16-year-old Mustafa Barzani, who was to become the future leader of the Kurdish nationalist cause and a commander of the Peshmerga forces."}, {"id": "Q401165", "label": "Ahmed Barzani", "section": "History - May 1919 rebellion", "says": "Barzani and his men, following the orders of Barzani tribal Sheikh Ahmed Barzani, crossed the Piyaw Valley to join Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji."}], "Q10726489": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, several provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia corresponding to the modern-day state of Serbia were occupied by the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, several provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia corresponding to the modern-day state of Serbia were occupied by the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "lead", "says": "Other parts of modern Serbia that were not included in the Nazi German-administered territory were occupied and annexed by neighboring Axis countries: Syrmia was occupied and annexed by the Independent State of Croatia, Bačka was occupied and annexed by Hungary, southeastern Serbia was occupied and annexed by Bulgaria, and southwestern Serbia was occupied and annexed by Italy and included in the I"}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Other parts of modern Serbia that were not included in the Nazi German-administered territory were occupied and annexed by neighboring Axis countries: Syrmia was occupied and annexed by the Independent State of Croatia, Bačka was occupied and annexed by Hungary, southeastern Serbia was occupied and annexed by Bulgaria, and southwestern Serbia was occupied and annexed by Italy and included in the I"}], "Q11061992": [{"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Guangzhou government (Chinese: 廣州政府) of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國) was established by Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou after the defeat of the Constitutional Protection junta by the Beiyang government in The First Constitutional Protection Movement."}], "Q114415093": [{"id": "Q574", "label": "Timor-Leste", "section": "lead", "says": "The Democratic Republic of East Timor (Portuguese: República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Tetun: Repúblika Demokrátika de Timór-Lorosa'e), or simply East Timor or Timor-Leste (Portuguese: Timor-Leste, Tetun: Timór-Lorosa'e) was a state that was unilaterally proclaimed on the territory of present-day Timor-Leste on 28 November 1975 by Fretilin prior to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor nine days"}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its sovereignty was recognised by a small number of states, before it was invaded and subsequently annexed by Indonesia on 17 July 1976."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the mid-16th century and administered as Portuguese Timor."}, {"id": "Q193245", "label": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "History - Declaration of independence", "says": "After the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal, a decolonisation process was initiated which was to have led to the formation of an elected Constituent Assembly in 1976."}], "Q11546052": [{"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wuhan government (Chinese: 武漢政府) of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國),  was established by the left-wing of the Kuomintang in Wuhan following the capture of the city during the Northern Expedition."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "The Wuhan government (Chinese: 武漢政府) of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國),  was established by the left-wing of the Kuomintang in Wuhan following the capture of the city during the Northern Expedition."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "The government was eventually dissolved and reconciled with the Nanjing faction after the Kuomintang's purge of Chinese Communist Party members and the conclusion of the Nanjing–Wuhan split."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "In April 1927, after National Revolutionary Army (NRA) commander-in-chief Chiang Kai-shek purged communists and leftists in the Shanghai massacre, the Wuhan government split with Chiang in what is known as the \"Nanjing–Wuhan split\" (Chinese: 寧漢分裂)."}, {"id": "Q3272511", "label": "Zhongshan Warship Incident", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Despite Kuomintang founder Sun Yat-sen's policy of collaborating with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the First United Front, a discrepancy existed between the two parties' ultimate goals for the revolution, and there had been constant conflict between them, such as the March 1926 Canton Coup."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Joseph Stalin tried to persuade the small Communist Party to merge with the Kuomintang to bring about a bourgeois revolution before attempting to bring about a Soviet-style working class revolution."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "History - Formation of the Wuhan government", "says": "It was during this period that Mao Zedong prepared his Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan that severely criticized Party leadership."}, {"id": "Q22303", "label": "Wang Jingwei", "section": "History - Nanjing–Wuhan split", "says": "On 1 April 1927, Wang Jingwei returned to China, and arrived at Shanghai, which had been occupied by the National Revolutionary Army."}, {"id": "Q20297", "label": "Li Tsung-jen", "section": "History - Nanjing–Wuhan split", "says": "Chiang Kai-shek and Li Zongren met with him to urge him to end the collaborative relations with the CCP as the president of the Wuhan government, but Wang stated that he would \"pick up side with the workers and farmers\", and proposed to tolerate the communists for the time being."}, {"id": "Q698131", "label": "Tang Shengzhi", "section": "History - Nanjing–Wuhan split", "says": "Wuhan garrison commander Tang Shengzhi and foreign minister Eugene Chen rushed to quell the disorder and assuage the Japanese."}, {"id": "Q369681", "label": "Chen Duxiu", "section": "History - Nanjing–Wuhan split", "says": "Before this session, the following actions proposed by Chiang Kai-shek will be carried out to solve any emergency: \nFirst, inform communist leader Chen Duxiu to notify communists in KMT-controlled areas to halt their activities before the pending meeting."}, {"id": "Q176578", "label": "Mikhail Borodin", "section": "History - The \"May Instructions\"", "says": "On 1 June, Communist International (Comintern) representatives Mikhail Borodin and M."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - The \"May Instructions\"", "says": "He requested that the Soviet Union provide 15 million roubles in aid, but Moscow offered only 2 million."}, {"id": "Q365894", "label": "Feng Yuxiang", "section": "History - The \"May Instructions\"", "says": "In an effort to counter both the CCP and Chiang's Nanjing faction simultaneously, Wang sought the backing of Guominjun leader Feng Yuxiang, who controlled large parts of northern China."}, {"id": "Q197358", "label": "Zhang Zuolin", "section": "History - The \"May Instructions\"", "says": "Given that Wuhan military commander-in-chief Tang Shengzhi had been badly wounded in a battle with warlord Zhang Zuolin in Henan province, hampering Wuhan's ability to defend itself, and that Feng had taken that opportunity to seize control of Henan, Wang Jingwei had to do as he requested, lest Wuhan be subject to an attack by Feng's forces."}], "Q11602290": [{"id": "Q28025", "label": "Ryukyu Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Shō dynasty (第二尚氏王朝, daini Shō-shi ōchō) was the last dynasty of the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1469 to 1879, ruled by the Second Shō family (第二尚氏, daini Shō-shi) under the title of King of Chūzan."}], "Q11905286": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ambliara State, also spelt Ambaliyara was a princely state under Mahi Kantha Agency of the Bombay Presidency during the era of the British Raj in India."}], "Q12054859": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Before the war, Dvorcsák created a theory about so-called Slovjaks, allegedly an independent nation living in Eastern Slovakia."}], "Q12714608": [{"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Romania was under fascist rule from 1937 to 1938 and 1940 to 1944."}, {"id": "Q152030", "label": "Ion Antonescu", "section": "lead", "says": "These were the National Christian Party between December 1937 and February 1938; and the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu from 1940 to 1944."}], "Q13375062": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "Wahidi Azzan, officially the Wahidi Sultanate of Azzan, was one of four Wahidi sultanates in the area that eventually became the Aden Protectorate."}, {"id": "Q1897800", "label": "Wahidi Balhaf", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 1830 and existed until May 4, 1881, when it became a part of Wahidi Balhaf."}], "Q1401611": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Stolberg-Rossla (German: Grafschaft Stolberg-Roßla) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was owned and ruled by a branch of the House of Stolberg from 1341 until 1803, when the county became mediatised by the Electorate of Saxony."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Stolberg-Rossla was mediatised to Saxony in 1803, but passed to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815."}], "Q1449069": [{"id": "Q698909", "label": "King Wen of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "Its founder is unknown, although a possible founder was one of the sons of King Wen of Zhou."}], "Q15714699": [{"id": "Q43958", "label": "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lordship or Principality of Valencia was the state established by El Cid in the city of Valencia and its surroundings and which existed between the years 1094 and 1102."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Consolidation and expansion", "says": "The Almoravid pressure did not relent and in mid-September of that same year an army under the command of Muhammad ibn Tashfin, nephew of Emir Yusuf, reached Quart de Poblet, five kilometers from the capital, and besieged it, but was defeated after the Battle of Cuarte, which took place on October 21, 1094 between the towns of Mislata and Quart de Poblet, near the city."}, {"id": "Q444668", "label": "Peter I", "section": "History - Consolidation and expansion", "says": "In order to secure the northern routes of the new lordship, Rodrigo managed to ally himself with the new king of Aragon, Peter I, who had been enthroned shortly before the fall of Valencia during the siege of Huesca, and took the Castle of Serra and the Castle of Real, at that time called Alucad in 1095."}, {"id": "Q676811", "label": "Taifa of Valencia", "section": "History - Consolidation and expansion", "says": "At the end of that same year he took Almenara, thus closing the routes to the north of Valencia and in 1098 he finally conquered the imposing fortified city of Sagunto, thus consolidating his dominion over what had previously been the Taifa of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q367001", "label": "Ramon Berenguer III", "section": "History - Consolidation and expansion", "says": "Already established in Valencia, he also allied himself with Ramon Berenguer III with the aim of stopping the Almoravid advance."}, {"id": "Q235080", "label": "Alfonso VI of León and Castile", "section": "History - Dissolution", "says": "The Almoravids started a siege on the city and she managed to defend it with the help of Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona until May 1102, when Alfonso VI of León and Castile, considering the difficulties of defending Valencia, on 4 May 1102 ordered the evacuation of the city of Christians, subsequently setting it on fire."}], "Q15940658": [{"id": "Q953834", "label": "Gongsun Kang", "section": "lead", "says": "Its predecessor was an independent regime ruled by Gongsun Du and his son Gongsun Kang from 190 to 237."}, {"id": "Q320925", "label": "Shu Han", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it existed during the Three Kingdoms period, it is not counted as one of the eponymous three kingdoms: Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu."}, {"id": "Q274488", "label": "Eastern Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "Although it existed during the Three Kingdoms period, it is not counted as one of the eponymous three kingdoms: Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu."}, {"id": "Q360135", "label": "Kang Youwei", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, writers such as Kang Youwei consider it to be a \"fourth country\"."}], "Q17267634": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Vijaynagar State, known as Pol State before 1934 and also called Ghodadar for a short time, was a princely state under the Mahi Kantha Agency, Bombay Presidency in NE Gujarat during the British Raj."}], "Q18524206": [{"id": "Q1408641", "label": "Sultanate of Gowa", "section": "lead", "says": "The state stood in a close political relation to the Sultanate of Gowa."}], "Q195308": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sochinsky okrug was a district (okrug) of the Black Sea Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire."}], "Q1995029": [{"id": "Q2184", "label": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Kuban Black Sea Oblast (Russian: Куба́но-Черномо́рская о́бласть) was an administrative division (an oblast) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which existed in 1920–1924."}], "Q2011891": [{"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "The third Saudi state is the current Saudi state and successor to the two earlier states: the first and the second, founded by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman (also known as \"Ibn Saud\"), who managed to capture the city of Riyadh on January 13, 1902."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "A long series of conflicts and conquests ultimately led to the establishment of the modern and contemporary Saudi state, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q96028967", "label": "Emirate of Nejd and Hasa", "section": "lead", "says": "The third Saudi state was known at the beginning of its reign as \"the Emirate of Riyadh\" (1902–1913) and \"the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa\" (1913–1921)."}, {"id": "Q956357", "label": "Kingdom of Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "Abdul Aziz conquered the Kingdom of Hejaz in 1925."}, {"id": "Q1756546", "label": "Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz", "section": "lead", "says": "He raised Nejd to a kingdom in 1927, and his dominions became known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and its annexes."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "It was a monarchy led by the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q5362837", "label": "Emirate of Jabal Shammar", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized Riyadh from the control of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, led by the House of Rashid, during the Battle of Riyadh."}, {"id": "Q2943187", "label": "Battle of Riyadh", "section": "History - Emirate of Riyadh", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized Riyadh from the control of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, led by the House of Rashid, during the Battle of Riyadh."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Emirate of Nejd and Hasa", "says": "The state was formed after Saudi forces seized al-Hasa from the control of the Ottoman Empire garrison, during the Conquest of al-Hasa."}, {"id": "Q151500", "label": "Abdülaziz", "section": "History - Sultanate of Nejd", "says": "This version of the third Saudi state was created when Abdulaziz ibn Saud, Emir of Riyadh, declared himself sultan over Nejd and its dependencies."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "At the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May 1927, Abdulaziz's realm was recognised by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and was addressed as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Soviet Union, followed by the United States of America in 1931."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Soviet Union, followed by the United States of America in 1931."}, {"id": "Q70802", "label": "French Third Republic", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Soviet Union, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives."}, {"id": "Q124943", "label": "Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "History - Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd", "says": "By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Soviet Union, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives."}], "Q20395996": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Therefore, a minority of individual tribes within the confederation are Sunni - most notably the leading Al Sadun clan whom are centered in Iraq but have also settled in smaller portion in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait  (an example being Kuwaiti speaker of the National Assembly, Ahmed Al-Sadoun)."}], "Q21644691": [{"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "Töre (Kazakh: Төре, romanized: Töre, تورە) was a Kazakh dynasty and later a clan that is presumably the descendants of Genghis Khan."}, {"id": "Q1433867", "label": "Kazakh Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty constituted the upper class of the aristocratic elite that ruled in the Kazakh Khanate."}, {"id": "Q3826541", "label": "Karai Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Kazakh Khans from the Töre dynasty were Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan."}, {"id": "Q2658842", "label": "Janybek Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Kazakh Khans from the Töre dynasty were Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan."}], "Q2211274": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck was a small imperial county of the Holy Roman Empire."}], "Q2250546": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Tavira (Arabic: طائفة تاويرا) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom in what is now southern Portugal."}], "Q2264840": [{"id": "Q816814", "label": "Kingdom of Gwynedd", "section": "lead", "says": "Dunoding was an early sub-kingdom within the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north-west Wales which existed between the 5th and 10th centuries."}], "Q22936401": [{"id": "Q9965", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "section": "History - Ming records", "says": "Pangasinan as a place was first mentioned as early as 1406 when it was recorded to have responded to emissaries sent by China under the Yongle Emperor and had sent tribute missions from 1406–1411."}, {"id": "Q706515", "label": "Limahong", "section": "History - Limahong's conquests and early Spanish period", "says": "Limahong, a Chinese corsair and warlord, briefly invaded the polity after his failure in the Battle of Manila (1574)."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "History - Limahong's conquests and early Spanish period", "says": "Nevertheless, the Mexico-born Juan de Salcedo and his force of Tagalog, Visayan, and Latino soldiers assaulted and destroyed the pirate kingdom and then incorporated the Pangasinan people and their polity into the Spanish East Indies of the Spanish Empire."}], "Q2327139": [{"id": "Q921067", "label": "Taifa of Murcia", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from 1145 to 1151, when it was conquered by the Taifa of Murcia."}], "Q2382716": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "Southeast Borneo Federation (Indonesian: Federasi Kalimantan Tenggara) was an autonomous area formed in the southeastern part of Indonesian island of Borneo by the Netherlands in 1948 as part of an attempt to re-establish the colony of the Dutch East Indies during the Indonesian National Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1332160", "label": "Indonesian National Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Southeast Borneo Federation (Indonesian: Federasi Kalimantan Tenggara) was an autonomous area formed in the southeastern part of Indonesian island of Borneo by the Netherlands in 1948 as part of an attempt to re-establish the colony of the Dutch East Indies during the Indonesian National Revolution."}, {"id": "Q523435", "label": "United States of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Southeast Borneo became a constituent part of the United States of Indonesia in 1949."}], "Q25459957": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Banggai (Jawi: کرجاءن بڠݢاي; romanized: Kerajaan Banggai) was a petty kingdom in present-day Central Sulawesi, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q2029522", "label": "Ternate Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "For a significant part of its history, the kingdom was under the overlordship of the Sultanate of Ternate."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Ternate", "says": "The island of Banggai was named in a Chinese document dating from 1304 and the 14th century Negarakertagama as a Majapahit tributary."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Ternate", "says": "It was recorded that the king of Banggai sent his son to Ternate in 1564 to examine Christianity and Islam, eventually selecting the former."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Dutch East Indies and Indonesia", "says": "In 1907, Ternate ceded territories including Banggai to the Dutch East Indies, and the following year the king of Banggai signed a treaty with the Dutch putting the kingdom under Dutch control."}], "Q2643374": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taifa of Santarém (Arabic: طائفة شنترين) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom in what is now central Portugal."}], "Q3446273": [{"id": "Q17030701", "label": "Kingdom of Tlemcen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ifranid Emirate of Tlemcen or Ifranid Kingdom of Tlemcen, was a Kharijite state, founded by Berbers of the Banu Ifran in the eighth century, with its capital at Tlemcen in modern Algeria."}], "Q3456432": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Seven Tithings (German: Republik der Sieben Zenden, French: République des Sept-Dizains) was a state in what is now the Swiss canton of Valais during the early modern period, and an associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}, {"id": "Q435583", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Seven Tithings (German: Republik der Sieben Zenden, French: République des Sept-Dizains) was a state in what is now the Swiss canton of Valais during the early modern period, and an associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy."}], "Q3503559": [{"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 1723 and joined the Republic of Indonesia in 1946."}, {"id": "Q2030015", "label": "Sultanate of Deli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate separated from the Sultanate of Deli after a dispute over the royal throne in 1720."}], "Q3548251": [{"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The old province was situated in the north-east of the country, bordering Uganda to the north and Tanzania to the east."}], "Q3556993": [{"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Though nominally a vassal of the sovereign duke of Brittany, Léon was functionally independent of any external controls until the viscounts came under attack by King Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q743768", "label": "The Anarchy", "section": "lead", "says": "Count Harvey II, however, did participate on the side of Stephen of Blois in the nineteen years of civil war in England called The Anarchy."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II had ordered Duke Conan IV of Brittany to march against Léon."}, {"id": "Q338985", "label": "Conan IV, Duke of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry II had ordered Duke Conan IV of Brittany to march against Léon."}, {"id": "Q314550", "label": "Geoffrey II", "section": "lead", "says": "Conan IV's son-in-law and eventual successor, Henry II's son, Geoffrey II, went to war against Viscount Guihomar IV of Léon."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1235 the subvassals of Léon and Penthièvre brought a series of complaints, the Communes petitiones Britonum, against the duke, Peter of Dreux, to King Louis IX of France."}], "Q3572054": [{"id": "Q179293", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "section": "lead", "says": "Its location was a buffer wedged between the Kingdom of Aragón and the Kingdom of Castile."}, {"id": "Q2060937", "label": "Taifa of Albarracín", "section": "lead", "says": "The Señorío was created after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín belonging to the Berber line of Banu Razín."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1167, under the pressure from the ongoing wars between the Almoravid Dynasty and the new invasions of the Almohad Caliphate, the Moorish King Muhammad ibn Mardanis (nicknamed the Wolf King), ceded the Taifa of Albarracín to a vassal of Sancho VI of Navarre, a noble from Estella-Lizarra named Pedro Ruiz de Azagra."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1167, under the pressure from the ongoing wars between the Almoravid Dynasty and the new invasions of the Almohad Caliphate, the Moorish King Muhammad ibn Mardanis (nicknamed the Wolf King), ceded the Taifa of Albarracín to a vassal of Sancho VI of Navarre, a noble from Estella-Lizarra named Pedro Ruiz de Azagra."}, {"id": "Q318258", "label": "Sancho VI of Navarre", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1167, under the pressure from the ongoing wars between the Almoravid Dynasty and the new invasions of the Almohad Caliphate, the Moorish King Muhammad ibn Mardanis (nicknamed the Wolf King), ceded the Taifa of Albarracín to a vassal of Sancho VI of Navarre, a noble from Estella-Lizarra named Pedro Ruiz de Azagra."}, {"id": "Q295268", "label": "Alfonso VIII of Castile", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The title was granted to d'Azagra due to his support of the Navarrese Crown against Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragón (Alfonso the Battler)."}, {"id": "Q81833", "label": "Alphonse the Battler", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The title was granted to d'Azagra due to his support of the Navarrese Crown against Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragón (Alfonso the Battler)."}, {"id": "Q299156", "label": "Alfonso II of Aragon", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1190, with the signing of the Borja Accords, between Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancho VI of Navarre, the two monarchs agreed to a defensive pact against Alfonso VIII of Castile which gave official legitimacy to the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín with respect to the two kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "History - Conquest of the Taifa of Valencia", "says": "The House of Azagra remained out of favor with the Crown of Aragón until the Reconquista of Valencia, during which they collaborated with the Aragonese Crown."}, {"id": "Q676811", "label": "Taifa of Valencia", "section": "History - Conquest of the Taifa of Valencia", "says": "One of the major battles the Señorío contributed its forces to was the Siege of Burriana which resulted in a victory for Aragon over the Zayyan ibn Mardanish and the Taifa of Valencia."}, {"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "History - Downfall and integration into the Kingdom of Aragón", "says": "The House of Azagra remained dominant in the region for six generations thanks to the support received from the Kingdom of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "History - Downfall and integration into the Kingdom of Aragón", "says": "In 1281, with the signing of the Treaty of d'Ágreda by Peter III of Aragon and Alfonso X of Castile came to an agreement and Aragon was free to pursue territorial expansion in the region of Albarrazín and elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q47595", "label": "Alfonso X of Castile and Leon", "section": "History - Downfall and integration into the Kingdom of Aragón", "says": "In 1281, with the signing of the Treaty of d'Ágreda by Peter III of Aragon and Alfonso X of Castile came to an agreement and Aragon was free to pursue territorial expansion in the region of Albarrazín and elsewhere."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "History - Downfall and integration into the Kingdom of Aragón", "says": "Attempts to recover the lands by the contemporary lord, Juan Núñez I de Lara, who decided to pursue an alliance with the Kingdom of France, were defeated."}, {"id": "Q18501", "label": "Ferdinand", "section": "History - Downfall and integration into the Kingdom of Aragón", "says": "Peter III of Aragon, upon capturing the city, gave it as a gift to his illegitimate child with Inés Zapata, Ferdinand of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "History - Downfall and integration into the Kingdom of Aragón", "says": "In 1300, James II of Aragon incorporated the lands and city of Albarracín into his dominion as a titled city."}], "Q3815770": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1936 from parts of the conquered Ethiopian Empire following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War with its administrative capital being Addis Abeba."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1936 from parts of the conquered Ethiopian Empire following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War with its administrative capital being Addis Abeba."}], "Q3932080": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1700 to 1720, the Kingdom of Sardinia, as a part of the Spanish Empire, was disputed between two dynasties, the Habsburgs and the Bourbons."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "Imperial troops invaded Italy to seize them, and the War of the Spanish Succession began."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Charles believed he should also receive the Kingdom of Sicily, which had been in union with Naples since 1504, this was instead given to the House of Savoy."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1700–08)", "says": "In 1706, two brothers, the Conde de Cifuentes and the Conde de Montesanto, led a revolt in favour of the Habsburg claimant, the Emperor's son, the Archduke Charles of Austria (the future Charles VI, who was called \"Charles III\" of Spain), who was widely supported by the natives of Gallura."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1700–08)", "says": "A strong supporter of Philip V, Vicente Bacallar, who believed the Bourbon Louis XIV of France the ideal monarch, was governor of Gallura and Cagliari in the east of the island at the time."}, {"id": "Q1381694", "label": "John Leake", "section": "History - Bourbon rule (1700–08)", "says": "The first external action taken by supporters of \"Charles III\" involved a Royal Navy fleet of forty ships under John Leake landing Austrian troops at Terranova Pausania in 1708."}, {"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "History - Spanish re-conquest (1717–20)", "says": "In July 1717 Austria was in the midst of a military intervention in the Second Morean War, allied with Venice against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Spanish re-conquest (1717–20)", "says": "In July 1717 Austria was in the midst of a military intervention in the Second Morean War, allied with Venice against the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q129967", "label": "Clement XI", "section": "History - Spanish re-conquest (1717–20)", "says": "With the aid of the indulto—a tithe on church revenues—permitted by Pope Clement XI to aid against the Ottomans, the king of Spain and his prime minister, Giulio Alberoni, had prepared a fleet of six ships-of-the-line and eight galleys, with 8,000 soldiers, in the harbour of Barcelona to go east and assist the Austro-Venetian alliance."}, {"id": "Q539927", "label": "Giulio Alberoni", "section": "History - Spanish re-conquest (1717–20)", "says": "With the aid of the indulto—a tithe on church revenues—permitted by Pope Clement XI to aid against the Ottomans, the king of Spain and his prime minister, Giulio Alberoni, had prepared a fleet of six ships-of-the-line and eight galleys, with 8,000 soldiers, in the harbour of Barcelona to go east and assist the Austro-Venetian alliance."}, {"id": "Q209579", "label": "Victor Amadeus II of Savoy", "section": "History - Spanish re-conquest (1717–20)", "says": "In the Treaty of The Hague, the Emperor and Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia agreed to exchange Sicily and Sardinia."}], "Q3932086": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Trinacria or the Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of the Lighthouse, was established after Sicilian Vespers in 1282, when King Peter III of Aragon ascended the throne, and was consolidated after the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1302."}, {"id": "Q207327", "label": "Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Trinacria or the Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of the Lighthouse, was established after Sicilian Vespers in 1282, when King Peter III of Aragon ascended the throne, and was consolidated after the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1302."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Trinacria or the Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of the Lighthouse, was established after Sicilian Vespers in 1282, when King Peter III of Aragon ascended the throne, and was consolidated after the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1302."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Trinacria or the Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of the Lighthouse, was established after Sicilian Vespers in 1282, when King Peter III of Aragon ascended the throne, and was consolidated after the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1302."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1282, Sicily proper was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the House of Barcelona, and was then added permanently to the Crown of Aragon as a result of the Compromise of Caspe in 1412."}, {"id": "Q1541862", "label": "Compromise of Caspe", "section": "lead", "says": "Since 1282, Sicily proper was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the House of Barcelona, and was then added permanently to the Crown of Aragon as a result of the Compromise of Caspe in 1412."}, {"id": "Q312304", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The two resulting kingdoms were separated until 1442, when King Alfonso V of Aragon conquered the Kingdom of Naples and unified both Kingdoms."}], "Q502009": [{"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The State of Maranhão (Portuguese: Estado do Maranhão), called the State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará from 1654 onwards, was the northern of two seventeenth–eighteenth century administrative divisions of the colonial Portuguese Empire in South America."}], "Q51547013": [{"id": "Q147989", "label": "Joaquín Balaguer", "section": "lead", "says": "The Third Dominican Republic was a predecessor of the Dominican Republic and existed from 12 July 1924 with the departure of American troops after the end of the first American occupation, until 1 July 1966 when Joaquín Balaguer became President of the Dominican Republic."}], "Q5240570": [{"id": "Q2145402", "label": "South Peru", "section": "lead", "says": "Tarapacá was created in 1837 as a province of the Littoral, a department of South Peru."}, {"id": "Q899706", "label": "Peru–Bolivian Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The short-lived country became one of three constituent countries of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, which was dissolved in 1839 following the War of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "lead", "says": "The short-lived country became one of three constituent countries of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, which was dissolved in 1839 following the War of the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q152004", "label": "War of the Pacific", "section": "lead", "says": "The conflict, later known as the War of the Pacific, concluded with a Chilean military victory and the occupation of several areas of Peru and the Bolivian coast."}, {"id": "Q1475005", "label": "Treaty of Ancón", "section": "lead", "says": "Tarapacá had been occupied since 1879, starting with a landing operation on November 2, but was only formally ceded in 1883, with the signing of the Treaty of Ancón."}, {"id": "Q379638", "label": "Agustín Gamarra", "section": "History - History as a province", "says": "Following the War of the Confederation and the separation of Peruvian and Bolivian states, Peruvian president Agustín Gamarra invaded Bolivia seeking to annex to Lower Peru what once was Upper Peru."}, {"id": "Q734711", "label": "José Ballivián", "section": "History - History as a province", "says": "The invasion led to a full-scale war between both countries, which ended following Gamarra's defeat at the Battle of Ingavi in 1841 by General José Ballivián."}, {"id": "Q2332396", "label": "Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente", "section": "History - History as a province", "says": "The former was installed on January 3, 1876, and headed by Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente."}], "Q5311378": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Perugia was a duchy (Latin: ducatus) in the Italian part of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q848383", "label": "Duchy of Rome", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a band of territory connecting the Duchy of the Pentapolis to its northeast with the Duchy of Rome to its southwest, and separating the duchies of Tuscia (to its northwest) and Spoleto (to its southeast), both parts of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy."}, {"id": "Q103268", "label": "Gregory III", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas Noble, an American historian, has surmised that by 739–740, when Pope Gregory III was negotiating with Charles Martel, Duke of the Franks, for assistance against the Lombards, the Pope already envisaged an independent republic of his \"peculiar people\" (peculiarem populum), meaning the inhabitants of the duchies of Perugia and Rome who, so remote from either Ravenna or the Byzantine capital,"}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "Thomas Noble, an American historian, has surmised that by 739–740, when Pope Gregory III was negotiating with Charles Martel, Duke of the Franks, for assistance against the Lombards, the Pope already envisaged an independent republic of his \"peculiar people\" (peculiarem populum), meaning the inhabitants of the duchies of Perugia and Rome who, so remote from either Ravenna or the Byzantine capital,"}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the contemporary Lombard historian Paul the Deacon, this occurred before \"the Romans, swollen with their accustomed pride, assembled on every side under the leadership of Agatho, duke of the Perugians, and came to seize Bononia (Bologna), where Walcari, Peredeo, and Rotcari were then staying in camp, but the latter rushed upon the Romans, made a great slaughter of them and compelled t"}], "Q5326812": [{"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "lead", "says": "After the 7th century, Srivijaya gained Kedah as one of its vassals."}, {"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Kedah was then transferred to Britain under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 and remained under British Malaya until gaining independence as part of Malaysia in 1957."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Kedah was then transferred to Britain under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 and remained under British Malaya until gaining independence as part of Malaysia in 1957."}], "Q5363393": [{"id": "Q388766", "label": "King Cheng of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou enfeoffed Xu Wenshu at Xu (modern Xuchang, Henan)."}, {"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "History - Western Zhou Dynasty", "says": "In the early years of King Wu of Zhou, the capital of Xu was established at Zhangpan Ancient City, 20 kilometers east of modern Xuchang City."}], "Q55609338": [{"id": "Q32993", "label": "Chinese Communist Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The Democratic People's Republic, at first, was inspired by Maoism and the Chinese Communist Revolution, including an explicit mention of the construction of socialism in its program, but later moved towards anti-communist positions."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initially supported by the People's Republic of China and, later, by South Africa and the United States."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initially supported by the People's Republic of China and, later, by South Africa and the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "It was initially supported by the People's Republic of China and, later, by South Africa and the United States."}], "Q5605133": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Greer County was a county created by the Texas legislature on February 8, 1860, on land claimed by both the State of Texas and the Federal Government of the United States."}, {"id": "Q351722", "label": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "section": "Origin of the dispute", "says": "The dispute arose from a map submitted with the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819."}], "Q56885910": [{"id": "Q146871", "label": "First Saudi State", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the predecessor to the First Saudi State."}, {"id": "Q31711", "label": "House of Saud", "section": "lead", "says": "Over time, the dynasty divided into two branches, Muqrin and Watban, with the Muqrin branch eventually becoming the sole ruling house and the ancestral line of the House of Saud."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Then Nasser bin Muhammad bin Watban, then Muhammad bin Muqrin, then Ibrahim bin Watban, and Idris bin Watban, until the days of Musa bin Rabi’a bin Watban were in the year 1709; It was taken over by Saud I and he died in 1726 and after his death, the oldest man in the family, Zaid bin Markhan bin Watban, was succeeded and killed in 1726."}, {"id": "Q3473084", "label": "Saud I", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Then Nasser bin Muhammad bin Watban, then Muhammad bin Muqrin, then Ibrahim bin Watban, and Idris bin Watban, until the days of Musa bin Rabi’a bin Watban were in the year 1709; It was taken over by Saud I and he died in 1726 and after his death, the oldest man in the family, Zaid bin Markhan bin Watban, was succeeded and killed in 1726."}, {"id": "Q1319659", "label": "Muhammad bin Saud", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Muhammad bin Saud assumed the emirate of Diriyah, who later became the first  emir and imam of the first Saudi state."}], "Q5788450": [{"id": "Q371334", "label": "Second Mexican Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Restored Republic (Spanish: República Restaurada) was the era of Mexican history between 1867 and 1876, starting with the liberal triumph over the Second French Intervention in Mexico and the fall of the Second Mexican Empire and ending with Porfirio Díaz's ascension to the presidency."}, {"id": "Q150688", "label": "Porfirio Díaz", "section": "lead", "says": "Three men would dominate politics in this era: Benito Juárez, Porfirio Díaz, and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada."}, {"id": "Q316210", "label": "Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada", "section": "lead", "says": "Three men would dominate politics in this era: Benito Juárez, Porfirio Díaz, and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Fall of the Empire", "says": "Napoleon III officially decided upon abandoning the Second French Intervention in Mexico as early as January 1866."}, {"id": "Q449439", "label": "Miguel Miramón", "section": "History - Fall of the Empire", "says": "His leading Mexican generals Tomás Mejía and Miguel Miramón were placed on trial alongside him for treason."}, {"id": "Q1196814", "label": "José María Iglesias Inzárruga", "section": "History - Fall of the Empire", "says": "The capital returned to Republican rule shortly afterwards before the end of June, and President Juárez entered the city on the morning of July 15, accompanied by his ministers José María Iglesias and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada who would both go on to play notable roles during the era of the Restored Republic."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Plan of Tuxtepec", "says": "General Díaz meanwhile had crossed over to the United States from which he published a reformed version of the Plan of Tuxtepec."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "History - Triumph of Porfirio Díaz", "says": "In spite of revolting against Lerdo, in part to oppose his reelection, Díaz himself, with one exception in 1880, would proceed to be reelected repeatedly until his reign became a de facto dictatorship which would not end until the Mexican Revolution in 1911."}], "Q58399542": [{"id": "Q1723023", "label": "Raj Darbhanga", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the demise of the Oiniwars, emerged the dynasty of the Raj Darbhanga."}], "Q6412613": [{"id": "Q600524", "label": "Sokoto Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Following this, its dynasty was replaced with a Fulani one subordinate to the Sokoto Caliphate, and the polity continues to exist today as the Kano Emirate Council, a non-sovereign monarchy in Nigeria."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Introduction of Islam and Wangara influence", "says": "The Chronicle relates that it was during his reign that Wangarawa scholars and traders came to Kano from the Mali Empire, introducing Islam to Hausaland."}, {"id": "Q1139762", "label": "Kanem-Bornu Empire", "section": "History - Rise of Bornu influence and establishment of trade networks", "says": "During this period, the Kanem-Bornu Empire experienced decades of intense civil strife between the mais and the rebel Bulala."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "Fulani arrived bringing new scholarly works, and Kano's prosperity attracted many descendants of Muhammad and the influential Muslim cleric al-Maghili as the ruling class Islamised."}], "Q6753657": [{"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "Maona of Chios and Phocaea (Italian: Maona di Chio e di Focea; 1346–1566) was a maona formed to exact taxes for the Republic of Genoa from the island of Chios and port of Phocaea."}], "Q6830639": [{"id": "Q571453", "label": "Former Shu", "section": "lead", "says": "910–927), attacked Former Shu in 914 but suffered a heavy defeat."}, {"id": "Q1198071", "label": "Southern Han", "section": "lead", "says": "In 925, another mission led by the buxie Zheng Zhaochun secured a marriage alliance with Southern Han, whose ruler gave his daughter, the Zengcheng Princess, as wife."}, {"id": "Q1143126", "label": "Later Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Later Tang defeated Former Shu and returned thousands of captives to Great Changhe, another marriage alliance mission was sent to Later Tang in 927 which ended unsuccessfully."}], "Q7416493": [{"id": "Q584435", "label": "Patani Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was one of seven regions of Patani Kingdom, an autonomous tributary state of Siam, between 1810 and 1902."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's territory straddles the present-day Malaysia–Thailand border, covering Amphoe Raman in Yala province in Thailand, as well as Hulu Perak District and parts of Jeli and Upper Kelantan regions in Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q185944", "label": "Kelantan", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's territory straddles the present-day Malaysia–Thailand border, covering Amphoe Raman in Yala province in Thailand, as well as Hulu Perak District and parts of Jeli and Upper Kelantan regions in Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's territory straddles the present-day Malaysia–Thailand border, covering Amphoe Raman in Yala province in Thailand, as well as Hulu Perak District and parts of Jeli and Upper Kelantan regions in Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q1400154", "label": "Federated Malay States", "section": "History - Post-War recovery and growth", "says": "The border was adjusted in 1899, when the border was shifted north to Kerunai, thus transferring Gerik town to the Federated Malay States, which Perak had become part of four years prior."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Partition of the old kingdom, partial cession to the Federated Malay States", "says": "Wan Husain, as the Siamese plenipotentiary, announced the transfer of sovereignty from Siam to the United Kingdom."}], "Q781935": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Benevento was a principality in Italy created by Napoleon after he became King of Italy in 1805."}, {"id": "Q267816", "label": "Duchy of Benevento", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory mostly coincided with that of the Duchy of Benevento, a papal enclave within the Kingdom of Naples."}, {"id": "Q160499", "label": "Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality was created by Napoleon for his chief diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the town was ceded back to the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the town was ceded back to the Papal States."}], "Q874561": [{"id": "Q1028614", "label": "Eastern Liao", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by the House of Yelü and was the last regime that sought to revive the Liao dynasty in China (the Eastern Liao had by this time become a vassal of the Mongol Empire)."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by the House of Yelü and was the last regime that sought to revive the Liao dynasty in China (the Eastern Liao had by this time become a vassal of the Mongol Empire)."}], "Q929693": [{"id": "Q1425658", "label": "Battle of Chacabuco", "section": "lead", "says": "New Fatherland (Spanish: Patria Nueva) was a period in the history of Chile that began with the victory of Ejército de los Andes in the Battle of Chacabuco on 12 February 1817 and ended with the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins as Supreme Director in 1823."}, {"id": "Q28930", "label": "Bernardo O'Higgins", "section": "lead", "says": "New Fatherland (Spanish: Patria Nueva) was a period in the history of Chile that began with the victory of Ejército de los Andes in the Battle of Chacabuco on 12 February 1817 and ended with the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins as Supreme Director in 1823."}, {"id": "Q1332", "label": "Ramón Freire", "section": "End of the New Homeland", "says": "However, the last Spanish territory in Chile, the island of Chiloé, would be conquered and annexed to the new Republic of Chile, only in January 1826, when the Treaty of Tantauco was signed, during the government of Ramón Freire, successor of O'Higgins."}], "Q9391101": [{"id": "Q523380", "label": "Republic of Central Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The territory was formed in 1922 from territories of the Republic of Central Lithuania incorporated into Poland, and 3 counties from Nowogródek Voivodeship."}, {"id": "Q207272", "label": "Second Polish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1926, the territory was transformed into the Wilno Voivodeship, becoming the last voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic to be formed."}], "Q95408244": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Haiti (French: République d'Haïti, Haitian Creole: Repiblik Ayiti, Spanish: República de Haití) from 1820 to 1849 was effectively a continuation of the first Republic of Haiti that had been in control of the south of what is now Haiti since 1806."}, {"id": "Q1472105", "label": "Kingdom of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "This period of Haitian history commenced with the fall of the Kingdom of Haiti in the north and the reunification of Haiti in 1820 under Jean-Pierre Boyer."}, {"id": "Q449421", "label": "Jean-Pierre Boyer", "section": "lead", "says": "This period of Haitian history commenced with the fall of the Kingdom of Haiti in the north and the reunification of Haiti in 1820 under Jean-Pierre Boyer."}, {"id": "Q560853", "label": "Faustin Soulouque", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Republic of Haiti ended in 1849 when President Faustin Soulouque declared himself emperor, thus beginning the Second Empire of Haiti."}, {"id": "Q2979717", "label": "Second Empire of Haiti", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Republic of Haiti ended in 1849 when President Faustin Soulouque declared himself emperor, thus beginning the Second Empire of Haiti."}, {"id": "Q2006756", "label": "First Empire of Haiti", "section": "Background", "says": "After the assassination of the Emperor Dessalines in 1806, the First Empire of Haiti collapsed and was divided between two former generals of Dessalines."}, {"id": "Q353458", "label": "Henri Christophe", "section": "Background", "says": "Initially, Henri Christophe was elected president with limited powers."}, {"id": "Q353464", "label": "Alejandro Petion", "section": "Background", "says": "After Christophe attempted to exert greater power, he ran up against the newly-established Senate under Alexandre Pétion, who defended the capital of Port-au-Prince."}, {"id": "Q2150951", "label": "State of Haiti", "section": "Background", "says": "Christophe consolidated power in Cap-Haitien, in the north, and established the State of Haiti before declaring himself president-for-life in 1807."}, {"id": "Q3963507", "label": "José Núñez de Cáceres", "section": "History - Unification of Hispaniola", "says": "In the eastern part of Hispaniola, José Núñez de Cáceres declared the independence of the colony as the Republic of Spanish Haiti on 1 December 1821, and applied for admission to the Republic of Gran Colombia."}, {"id": "Q11681694", "label": "Republic of Spanish Haiti", "section": "History - Unification of Hispaniola", "says": "In the eastern part of Hispaniola, José Núñez de Cáceres declared the independence of the colony as the Republic of Spanish Haiti on 1 December 1821, and applied for admission to the Republic of Gran Colombia."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "History - Unification of Hispaniola", "says": "In the eastern part of Hispaniola, José Núñez de Cáceres declared the independence of the colony as the Republic of Spanish Haiti on 1 December 1821, and applied for admission to the Republic of Gran Colombia."}, {"id": "Q689128", "label": "Haitian Revolution", "section": "History - Rule of Boyer", "says": "In the two decades that followed the Haitian Revolution and the expulsion of the French colonial government in 1804, Haiti's independence had not been recognized by the world powers."}, {"id": "Q7758", "label": "Charles X of France", "section": "History - Rule of Boyer", "says": "In 1825, King Charles X of France decreed that his nation was to be compensated 150 million gold francs payable in five years in exchange for recognition of Haitian independence."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Rule of Boyer", "says": "Under threat of invasion, Boyer agreed and by 1826 Haiti was recognized by almost all world powers with the exception of the United States of America (which, influenced by insecure slave-owning white Southerners, wanted nothing to do with revolted slaves)."}, {"id": "Q605428", "label": "Charles Rivière-Hérard", "section": "History - Fall of Boyer", "says": "Boyer's authoritarian measures eventually lead to a loss of popular support and in 1842 an insurgency arose in Praslin, not far from Les Cayes, headed by General Charles Rivière-Hérard."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Return to Republic", "says": "Under the leadership of Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, and Matías Ramón Mella, the Dominicans expelled the Haitian forces from Santo Domingo and declared independence on 27 February 1844, this time as the newly-formed Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "History - Return to Republic", "says": "Under the leadership of Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, and Matías Ramón Mella, the Dominicans expelled the Haitian forces from Santo Domingo and declared independence on 27 February 1844, this time as the newly-formed Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q3439047", "label": "War of Dominican Independence", "section": "History - Return to Republic", "says": "This would trigger the start of the Dominican War of Independence."}], "Q960681": [{"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "It included most of today's Herzegovina, in Bosansko Primorje including Konavle, territories on the south of Dalmatia between Omiš and Neretva Delta (modern-day Croatia), in Boka Kotorska and south to Budva (modern-day Montenegro)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Bosnian annexation", "says": "This whole affair and the fact that loyal Bosnian lordship was in Hum and Branivojevićs destroyed altogether, along with the unrest on the east, prompted Dušan, to sell Ston and Pelješac (Stonski Rat) to Dubrovnik in 1333 and turned to the east to acquire territories in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "History - Sankovićs' prominence", "says": "Their seat was in Zaborani and in  Glavatičevo's hamlet Biskupi, where today the family necropolis with a stećci is still present and protected as a National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q700874", "label": "Battle of Bileća", "section": "History - Sankovićs' prominence", "says": "On 27 August 1388, Radić participated in the Battle of Bileća, when the Bosnian army led by the Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, defeated the Ottoman raiding party of up to 18,000 strong."}, {"id": "Q2790626", "label": "Vlatko Vuković", "section": "History - Sankovićs' prominence", "says": "On 27 August 1388, Radić participated in the Battle of Bileća, when the Bosnian army led by the Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, defeated the Ottoman raiding party of up to 18,000 strong."}, {"id": "Q1531115", "label": "Lala Şahin Paşa", "section": "History - Sankovićs' prominence", "says": "Celebrated Ottoman commander Lala Sahin Pasha (Turkish: Lala Şahin Paşa, 1330 – cca 1382) barely managed to save himself with the small band of his soldiers."}, {"id": "Q208169", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "section": "History - Sankovićs' prominence", "says": "In 1391–1392, Radič and his brother Beljak tried to sell their possessions in Konavle to the Republic of Ragusa."}, {"id": "Q138465", "label": "Saint Sava", "section": "History - Herceg-Stjepan Vukčić", "says": "This \"Saint Sava\" part of the title had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics were consider miracle-working by people of all faiths."}], "Q9713085": [{"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lordship of Gibelletto (also known as Gibello, Gibelet, or Jebail) was a Genoese fief within the County of Tripoli, one of the Crusader states in the Holy Land."}, {"id": "Q1609953", "label": "Lordship of Beirut", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory was coastal, in the southern part of the County of Tripoli, bordering to the south the Lordship of Beirut in the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Its territory was coastal, in the southern part of the County of Tripoli, bordering to the south the Lordship of Beirut in the Kingdom of Jerusalem."}, {"id": "Q174306", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "section": "lead", "says": "Throughout its history it was under the rule of the Genoese Embriaco family, first as administrators of the city in the name of the Republic of Genoa, and then as a hereditary fief, undertaking to pay an annual fee to Genoa and the church of San Lorenzo (Genoa's Cathedral)."}], "Q999297": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Maihar State was a princely state in India during the British Raj, located in what is today Madhya Pradesh, central India."}], "Q99930377": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Zoutpansberg was a Boer Republic in Northern South Africa from 1849 to 1864, when it incorporated into the South African Republic due to the Transvaal Civil War."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Zoutpansberg was a Boer Republic in Northern South Africa from 1849 to 1864, when it incorporated into the South African Republic due to the Transvaal Civil War."}, {"id": "Q550374", "label": "South African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Zoutpansberg was a Boer Republic in Northern South Africa from 1849 to 1864, when it incorporated into the South African Republic due to the Transvaal Civil War."}], "Q104866536": [{"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Tripoli, today the capital city of Libya, was a presidio of the Spanish Empire in North Africa between 1510 and 1530."}], "Q10872373": [{"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Army and Navy Generalissimo's Headquarters (Chinese: 陸海軍大元帥大本營) of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國) was established by Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou after the defeat of the Guangzhou government by the Beiyang government in The Second Constitutional Protection Movement."}], "Q110823783": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty, which hailed from the Garmsir region of present-day Afghanistan, was founded in 1204 by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Muslim Turko-Afghan general of the Ghurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q2698200", "label": "Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "The dynasty, which hailed from the Garmsir region of present-day Afghanistan, was founded in 1204 by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Muslim Turko-Afghan general of the Ghurid Empire."}, {"id": "Q7636714", "label": "Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Khaljis initially  \npledged allegiance to Sultan Muhammad of Ghor until his death in 1206, though their rule in Bengal was mostly independent."}, {"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "lead", "says": "Nasiruddin Mahmud, the son of Mamluk sultan Iltutmish of Delhi managed to conquer Bengal in 1227; although the Khaljis briefly reasserted their independence, they surrendered to the Mamluks in 1231, who replaced them with a series of regional governors."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "History - Origin and establishment", "says": "Its ancestors, the Khalaj, are said to have been initially a Turkic people or a Turkified people of possibly of Indo-Iranian origin who migrated together with their ancestors the Hunas and Hephthalites from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day Afghanistan as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "History - Origin and establishment", "says": "Its ancestors, the Khalaj, are said to have been initially a Turkic people or a Turkified people of possibly of Indo-Iranian origin who migrated together with their ancestors the Hunas and Hephthalites from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day Afghanistan as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist Turk Shahis."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Origin and establishment", "says": "Chaurasia, the Khaljis slowly inherited many Afghan habits and customs, and that they were treated as Afghans by the Turkic nobles of the Delhi Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Rule", "says": "Gathering his army in 1206, Bakhtiyar managed to also gain the support of the tribal chief Ali Mech, though this was not enough to gain victory over the Tibetans."}, {"id": "Q657968", "label": "Minhaj-i-Siraj", "section": "History - Rule", "says": "The Tabaqat-i Nasiri by Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani states that Bakhtiyar died of illness, although it also mentions that some narrators considered Ali Mardan Khalji to have assassinated bed-ridden Bakhtiyar."}], "Q11750526": [{"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Courland, Semigallia and Pilten was a short-lived client state of the First French Empire in the Baltics, mostly comprising Courland and Semigallia in modern-day Latvia."}], "Q11931118": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "During the British Raj period, Lakhtar State, in the present-day Indian state of Gujarat, was a non-salute princely state and was governed by members of a Jhala rajput dynasty."}], "Q11944481": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Raghogarh estate or Raghugarh and Khichiwarais a estate of the Gwalior Residency, under the Central India Agency of the British Raj."}], "Q11949691": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1849 the territory of Datarpur was added to Siba Jagir (1/3 part of land of Mian Devi Singh) and annexed by the British Raj as 'Dada-Siba'."}], "Q11955566": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "In 783, the Karenids, along with the Bavandids and the Zarmihrids revolted against the Abbasid Caliphate, the alliance was, however, defeated in 785, and thus the Zarmihrids disappeared from history afterwards."}], "Q12491396": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Buton was an indigenous sultanate in what is today Indonesia."}], "Q1457519": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Udaipur State was one of the princely states of India during the British Raj."}], "Q1468426": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "Ennarea, also known as E(n)narya or In(n)arya (Gonga: Hinnario), was a kingdom in the Gibe region in what is now western Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q581685", "label": "Yeshaq I", "section": "History - Rise and peak of power", "says": "By the reign of Yeshaq I (early 15th century) Ennarea is attested to have been a tributary of the empire, although it seems likely that it had been so already since the campaigns of emperor Amda Seyon 100 years earlier."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Decline, fall, and aftermath", "says": "It was probably this invasion that triggered the Ennarean wish to convert to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q887763", "label": "Sarsa Dengel", "section": "History - Decline, fall, and aftermath", "says": "In the same year, emperor Sarsa Dengel pushed south of the Nile, into Ennarea, to bring Christianity."}, {"id": "Q888011", "label": "Iyasu I", "section": "History - Decline, fall, and aftermath", "says": "In 1704, an expedition led by emperor Iyasu I reached the kingdom, where he was confronted with a civil war between two throne claimants."}], "Q1609953": [{"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lordship of Beirut was a feudal seigneury in the Kingdom of Jerusalem centered on the city of Beirut (in modern-day Lebanon)."}, {"id": "Q354389", "label": "Raymond III of Tripoli", "section": "lead", "says": "Count Raymond III of Tripoli held it in 1185-86, and in 1187, it was conquered by the Ayyubids."}, {"id": "Q272033", "label": "County of Tripoli", "section": "History - First kingdom", "says": "Nickerson, the lordship extended from the Nahr al-Kalb at the kingdom's border with the County of Tripoli to the Damour river and from the Lebanon Mountains to the sea."}, {"id": "Q232151", "label": "Melisende", "section": "History - Second kingdom", "says": "Around 1207 John acquired the Lordship of Arsuf through marriage with its lady, Melisende."}, {"id": "Q374385", "label": "Balian of Ibelin", "section": "History - Second kingdom", "says": "King Hugh I granted substantial property to the lord of Beirut, Balian of Ibelin, noting that this was in expansion of the lordship."}, {"id": "Q392815", "label": "Al-Ashraf Khalil", "section": "History - Second kingdom", "says": "The Franks permanently lost Beirut, as well as all the remaining land of the kingdom, to the Muslim ruler of Egypt, Al-Ashraf Khalil, in 1291."}], "Q16624774": [{"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Nicoya (from Nahuatl: Nekok Yaotl), also called Cacicazgo or Lordship of Nicoya, was an indigenous nation that comprised much of the territory of the current Guanacaste Province, in the North Pacific of Costa Rica."}], "Q16693403": [{"id": "Q2396442", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukovina District (German: Bukowiner Kreis or Kreis Bukowina), also known as the Chernivtsi District (German: Kreis Czernowitz), was an administrative division – a Kreis (lit. 'circle') – of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria within the Habsburg monarchy (from 1804 the Austrian Empire) in Bukovina, annexed from Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Bukovina District (German: Bukowiner Kreis or Kreis Bukowina), also known as the Chernivtsi District (German: Kreis Czernowitz), was an administrative division – a Kreis (lit. 'circle') – of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria within the Habsburg monarchy (from 1804 the Austrian Empire) in Bukovina, annexed from Moldavia."}, {"id": "Q4137588", "label": "Duchy of Bukovina", "section": "lead", "says": "On 13 March 1849, following the revolutions of 1848, Bukovina was detached from Galicia and Lodomeria, becoming the Duchy of Bukovina, a separate crown land of the Austrian Empire."}], "Q1678787": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "The last Raja died without issue and Jaitpur State was subsequently annexed by the British Raj."}], "Q16826607": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "On 15 August 1971, Bahrain declared independence and signed a new treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q208484", "label": "Lebanese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The country had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war."}], "Q17618911": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Malpur State (Gujarati: માલપુર; Hindi: मालपुर) was a small princely state belonging to the Mahi Kantha Agency of the Bombay Presidency during the era of the British Raj."}], "Q1806491": [{"id": "Q2632175", "label": "Dunmore's War", "section": "lead", "says": "To further complicate matters, this frontier land was also claimed by the Virginia Colony (particularly following Lord Dunmore's War) and a southern portion by Province of North Carolina."}, {"id": "Q316661", "label": "Daniel Boone", "section": "lead", "says": "The American pioneer and frontier explorer Daniel Boone was hired by Henderson to establish the Wilderness Road going through the Cumberland Gap and into southeastern Kentucky to facilitate settlement."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "Background", "says": "The Royal Proclamation of 1763 that ended the French and Indian War declared lands west of the Appalachians as \"Indian Territory\" forbidden to colonial settlement."}, {"id": "Q868245", "label": "Indian Territory", "section": "Background", "says": "The Royal Proclamation of 1763 that ended the French and Indian War declared lands west of the Appalachians as \"Indian Territory\" forbidden to colonial settlement."}, {"id": "Q246501", "label": "Treaty of Fort Stanwix", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the Haudenosaunee ceded their claims on lands south of the Ohio River to the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q68518", "label": "Iroquois", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the Haudenosaunee ceded their claims on lands south of the Ohio River to the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "In the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the Haudenosaunee ceded their claims on lands south of the Ohio River to the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q248519", "label": "Cornstalk", "section": "Background", "says": "The Shawnee lost this brief war and their chief Cornstalk ceded all their claims south of the Ohio River, including Kentucky."}], "Q19605411": [{"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "lead", "says": "Pethapur State was a small princely state belonging to the Mahi Kantha Agency of the Bombay Presidency during the era of the British Raj."}, {"id": "Q5101028", "label": "Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba", "section": "History - Rulers", "says": "Ade Singh\n.... – 1861                            Bhawan Singh\n1861 – 1879                            Himat Singh (son)\n1879 – 1896                            Gambhir Singh (son)\n1896 – 1948                            Shri Fateh Singh  (son) (has issue)"}, {"id": "Q5437404", "label": "Fateh Singh", "section": "History - Rulers", "says": "Ade Singh\n.... – 1861                            Bhawan Singh\n1861 – 1879                            Himat Singh (son)\n1879 – 1896                            Gambhir Singh (son)\n1896 – 1948                            Shri Fateh Singh  (son) (has issue)"}], "Q2037501": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Ploiești (Romanian: Republica de la Ploiești) was a revolt against the princely Romanian monarchy in the city of Ploiești, Romania, on 8 August, 1870."}, {"id": "Q294832", "label": "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", "section": "Background", "says": "Although many Liberals had contributed to the creation of the \"monstrous coalition\" (which had toppled Alexandru Ioan Cuza on February 22 (February 11 O.S.), 1866), the deep resentment of Carol's politics, added to the perception that he had remained a foreigner linked to Prussia, had initially led to republican projects advocated by both the most left-wing Liberal faction (the \"Reds\", led by C."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "Background", "says": "Although references to French republicanism itself had been moving out of focus after the replacement of the Second French Republic with the Empire, the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July fueled the Liberals' resentment of Prussia."}], "Q2072263": [{"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Act of Settlement in 1701, the English Parliament created the basis for the Protestant succession of the House of Hanover to the throne in the Kingdom of England, later the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q161885", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Act of Settlement in 1701, the English Parliament created the basis for the Protestant succession of the House of Hanover to the throne in the Kingdom of England, later the Kingdom of Great Britain."}, {"id": "Q119702", "label": "Anne of Great Britain", "section": "History - House of Hanover", "says": "After the death of Queen Anne of Great Britain, who had no descendants, the Elector of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Georg Ludwig, inherited the British royal crown in 1714 as the closest Protestant relative in accordance with the Act of Settlement."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - House of Hanover", "says": "Through this personal union, Georg Ludwig connected Great Britain with the German Electorate, which thus became one of the most powerful in the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - House of Hanover", "says": "The personal union only ended in 1837 with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne, since in the Kingdom of Hanover, the successor state to the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, only male descendants could inherit the throne according to the Salian law of succession."}, {"id": "Q164079", "label": "Kingdom of Hanover", "section": "History - House of Hanover", "says": "The personal union only ended in 1837 with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne, since in the Kingdom of Hanover, the successor state to the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, only male descendants could inherit the throne according to the Salian law of succession."}, {"id": "Q104190", "label": "Robert Walpole", "section": "History - House of Hanover", "says": "Lacking emotional ties to Hanover and never visiting the region, Robert Walpole prioritized British interests over Hanoverian ones and avoided close relationships with Hanoverian ministers."}, {"id": "Q127318", "label": "George III of Great Britain", "section": "History - George III", "says": "The relationship between George III and Hanover underwent significant changes, marked by the king's evident preference for his British identity and obligations over his Hanoverian connections."}, {"id": "Q130822", "label": "William IV", "section": "History - End of personal union", "says": "The death of William IV on 20 June 1837, without legitimate heirs, ended the Personal Union as the British crown passed to Queen Victoria while Hanover's crown went to  Ernest Augustus."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - End of personal union", "says": "The death of William IV on 20 June 1837, without legitimate heirs, ended the Personal Union as the British crown passed to Queen Victoria while Hanover's crown went to  Ernest Augustus."}, {"id": "Q20875", "label": "Edward VII", "section": "History - End of personal union", "says": "The subsequent birth of Edward VII solidified the separation, as the prospect of a unified British-Hanoverian crown diminished, leaving the Kingdom of Hanover to navigate its path increasingly detached from British influence."}], "Q2263351": [{"id": "Q1279933", "label": "King Nan of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "Western Zhou was attacked by Qin in 256 BC, just after King Nan of Zhou plotted with the states of Chu and Yan for a failed joint expedition against Qin."}], "Q2522604": [{"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from its founding in 1146 to 1150 when it was conquered by the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q2668600", "label": "Taifa of Niebla", "section": "lead", "says": "He also was the ruler of the Taifa of Niebla from 1145-1450."}], "Q30751596": [{"id": "Q15238138", "label": "Kingdom of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "During the enforcement of the Constitution of 1812, Mexico, like other kingdoms in the Indies, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Spain as a province, establishing the province of New Spain, which was composed of intendancies."}, {"id": "Q141791", "label": "Moctezuma II", "section": "History - Conquest of Mexico", "says": "At this point, the expedition was received by emissaries of Moctezuma II, the aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan."}, {"id": "Q13695", "label": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "History - Conquest of Mexico", "says": "At this point, the expedition was received by emissaries of Moctezuma II, the aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan."}, {"id": "Q7326", "label": "Hernán Cortés", "section": "History - Conquest of Mexico", "says": "The definitive incursion into the interior of the territory began on 10 February 1519, Hernán Cortés and his soldiers arrived in Cozumel and reached the coasts of Tabasco, where they fought the Chontales in Centla."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Conquest of Mexico", "says": "In that region, Cortés founded the Villa de Santa María de la Victoria."}, {"id": "Q315628", "label": "Cuitláhuac", "section": "History - Conquest of Mexico", "says": "Cuitláhuac defeated the invaders in on 30 June 1520."}, {"id": "Q217196", "label": "Crown of Castile", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The first Spanish kingdom in the territory was established in the year 1521 under the name Kingdom of New Spain, as a kingdom dependent on the Crown of Castile, since the initial funds for exploration came from Queen Isabella I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q45859", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The first Spanish kingdom in the territory was established in the year 1521 under the name Kingdom of New Spain, as a kingdom dependent on the Crown of Castile, since the initial funds for exploration came from Queen Isabella I of Castile."}, {"id": "Q133808", "label": "Agustín I of Mexico", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "On 24 February 1821, Agustín de Iturbide proclaimed the Plan for the Independence of Northern America, which contained a set of seventeen articles known as the Treaty of Córdoba to secure the independence of the continental part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain."}, {"id": "Q767450", "label": "Treaty of Córdoba", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "On 24 February 1821, Agustín de Iturbide proclaimed the Plan for the Independence of Northern America, which contained a set of seventeen articles known as the Treaty of Córdoba to secure the independence of the continental part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain."}, {"id": "Q186256", "label": "Ferdinand VII of Spain", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "The new country's government would be a monarchy, under the name Mexican Empire, whose crown would be offered to Ferdinand VII or another Spanish Infante, thus allowing the monarch to continue governing Mexican territory and restoring the power that the Spanish Constitution of 1812 had taken away from him in Spain."}], "Q3574793": [{"id": "Q997320", "label": "Ali Abu Hassun", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Tazeroualt (Tachelhit: Tageldit n Tazerwalt, Arabic: إمارة إيليغ) or Zaouia of Illigh, was a principality based on a Sufi brotherhood of Sous, in Morocco, founded by Ali Abu Hassun al-Simlali at the beginning of the 17th century."}], "Q3757657": [{"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1936 from parts of the conquered Ethiopian Empire following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War with the capital was Jimma."}, {"id": "Q94916", "label": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed in 1936 from parts of the conquered Ethiopian Empire following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War with the capital was Jimma."}, {"id": "Q3815770", "label": "Scioa Governorate", "section": "lead", "says": "In November 1938 some territory of Galla-Sidamo in the Scioa region was given to the neighboring Addis Abeba Governorate, enlarging it to the Scioa Governorate."}, {"id": "Q541455", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", "section": "lead", "says": "The area bordering the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the stronghold of the Ethiopian resistance against the Italians until 1939, when it was practically pacified."}], "Q4064872": [{"id": "Q1330149", "label": "Surasena", "section": "lead", "says": "It was then ruled by Yadavas after they fled from Mathura of Surasena kingdom, due to the attacks of Jarasandha, the king of Magadha."}], "Q4105363": [{"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1888–1890, when the British signed treaties of protection with the rulers of the area, incorporating it into the Aden Protectorate, there were four states, their rulers known to the British by different titles: the ruler of Biʾr ʿAlī was a sultan, that of Balḥāf a tribal chief and those of Ḥawra and ʿIrqa shaykhs."}], "Q4202331": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Siamese conquest", "says": "Since the Burmese conquest of Lanna in 1558, Lanna or modern Northern Thailand had been mostly under Burmese rule."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Siamese conquest", "says": "With the Burmese Toungoo dynasty weakened, Chiang Mai was able to exert independence from Burma in 1727 and the rest of Lanna followed but Lanna became fragmented into city-states, descending into anarchy."}, {"id": "Q310992", "label": "Phutthayotfa Chulalok", "section": "History - Burmese invasions", "says": "In 1782, the new King Rama I of Rattanakosin Kingdom appointed Kawila as Phraya Wachiraprakarn (พระยาวชิรปราการ) as nominal governor of Chiang Mai in efforts to restore Chiang Mai as a population center and forefront citadel against Burmese invasions."}, {"id": "Q1155700", "label": "Rattanakosin Kingdom", "section": "History - Burmese invasions", "says": "In 1782, the new King Rama I of Rattanakosin Kingdom appointed Kawila as Phraya Wachiraprakarn (พระยาวชิรปราการ) as nominal governor of Chiang Mai in efforts to restore Chiang Mai as a population center and forefront citadel against Burmese invasions."}, {"id": "Q796571", "label": "Bodawpaya", "section": "History - Burmese invasions", "says": "In 1785, during the Nine Armies' War, King Bodawpaya of Burma sent Burmese forces of 30,000 men from Burmese-held Chiang Saen to lay siege on Lampang."}, {"id": "Q560843", "label": "Anouvong", "section": "History - Burmese invasions", "says": "Kawila again held the city out until Prince Sura Singhanat, Prince Thepharirak and Prince Anouvong of Vientiane brought the allied forces to repel the Burmese."}, {"id": "Q29122", "label": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - Vassalage to Bangkok", "says": "The British gained first foothold in Burma in aftermath of First Anglo-Burmese War in 1826."}, {"id": "Q319669", "label": "Nangklao", "section": "History - Kengtung expeditions", "says": "King Rama III at Bangkok was determined to take Chiang Hung and ordered Mahawong to send Lanna forces of 7,500 men to capture Kengtung (Chiang Tung) in 1850 to pave way to Sipsongpanna."}, {"id": "Q1357404", "label": "Chiang Hung", "section": "History - Kengtung expeditions", "says": "King Rama III at Bangkok was determined to take Chiang Hung and ordered Mahawong to send Lanna forces of 7,500 men to capture Kengtung (Chiang Tung) in 1850 to pave way to Sipsongpanna."}, {"id": "Q233500", "label": "Second Anglo-Burmese War", "section": "History - Kengtung expeditions", "says": "High hope was at stake as Burma, the suzerain of Kengtung, had been embroiling in Second Anglo-Burmese War."}, {"id": "Q745728", "label": "Bowring Treaty", "section": "History - Arrival of modernity", "says": "In 1855, Siamese government in Bangkok concluded the Bowring Treaty that granted extraterritoriality to the British in Siam, meaning that legal cases concerning any British subjects in Siam would be under jurisdiction of British consular court at Bangkok rather than indigenous court and law."}, {"id": "Q158861", "label": "Chulalongkorn", "section": "History - Reform attempts", "says": "Government of India addressed these issues to young King Chulalongkorn on his state visit to British India in 1872."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Reform attempts", "says": "In 1881, there was rumor about adoption of Princess Dararasami, daughter of Inthawichayanon, by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, although this arrangement was not fo"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Reform attempts", "says": "In 1881, there was rumor about adoption of Princess Dararasami, daughter of Inthawichayanon, by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, although this arrangement was not fo"}], "Q4347782": [{"id": "Q190513", "label": "Siberian Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was an ally and eastern neighbor of the Khanate of Sibir."}], "Q4384185": [{"id": "Q1061289", "label": "King Wu of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was created for a son—known only as the \"Marquess of Han\" (韓侯)—of the King Wu of Zhou in the 11th century BC."}], "Q4781804": [{"id": "Q112980583", "label": "Gandhāra", "section": "lead", "says": "The Apracharajas or Apracarajas (Gandhārī: 𐨀𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨕𐨪𐨗), also known as Avacarajas (Gandhārī: 𐨀𐨬𐨕𐨪𐨗), were a local ruling dynasty of Gandhāra attested mainly in the 1st century BCE and 1st century CE."}, {"id": "Q2014166", "label": "Oddiyana", "section": "lead", "says": "Apracharajas were contemporaries of Oḍirājas in Oddiyana, with whom they probably had matrimonial relations."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Background", "says": "They are also suggested to have descended from Aśvakas, an ancient people from Gandhāra known to have fought against Alexander the Great."}], "Q48728496": [{"id": "Q1155700", "label": "Rattanakosin Kingdom", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom successfully invaded Kedah in 1821 with the Sultan of Kedah, Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II exiled to Penang and later Malacca."}, {"id": "Q296317", "label": "Tunku Abdul Rahman", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "He was a member of the political elite in the Kedah royal house and was a son of Tunku Abdul Rahman, the governor of Chenak district (today Sadao)."}, {"id": "Q40111", "label": "Ahmad Tajuddin of Brunei", "section": "History - The King of Kubang Pasu", "says": "Upon the return of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin from his exile in Malacca, he rewarded Tunku Anum with 24 districts from Jitra to Sendawa, which became the kingdom of Kubang Pasu."}], "Q4995025": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1873, he sent a group of his grandchildren and other Hasidim to settle in Ottoman Palestine; they set up their community in Tiberias."}], "Q5311360": [{"id": "Q11750543", "label": "Duchy of Kuyavia", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally part of the Duchy of Kuyavia, but was separated by Ziemomysł and Władysław I the Elbow-high, upon the death of Duke Casimir I in 1267."}, {"id": "Q54048", "label": "Władysław I the Elbow-high", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally part of the Duchy of Kuyavia, but was separated by Ziemomysł and Władysław I the Elbow-high, upon the death of Duke Casimir I in 1267."}], "Q5367111": [{"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was established right after Duke of Zhou allocated his fourth son Bo Ling to a piece of land in Gushi County, Henan."}], "Q5479650": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1878, the United Kingdom and France declared all of the New Hebrides to be neutral territory."}, {"id": "Q33788", "label": "New Caledonia", "section": "Background", "says": "The French were especially inconvenienced because French law only recognized marriages when contracted under a civil authority (the nearest one being in New Caledonia), whereas British law recognized marriages conducted by local clergy."}], "Q5560770": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalist zone, also known as the Francoist zone, is the term used in contemporary historiography to refer to the area of Spain controlled by the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1936, it was recognized as the legitimate representative of the Spanish State by supporting European countries, such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy—in communications with its government, the German ambassador also used the term White Spain to refer to the Nationalist zone."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1936, it was recognized as the legitimate representative of the Spanish State by supporting European countries, such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy—in communications with its government, the German ambassador also used the term White Spain to refer to the Nationalist zone."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "In February 1939, near the war's end, it was also recognized by the governments of France and the United Kingdom."}], "Q56089236": [{"id": "Q154667", "label": "Kingdom of Georgia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Western Georgia (Georgian: დასავლეთ საქართველოს სამეფო, romanized: dasavlet sakartvelos samepo) was a late medieval de facto independent fragmented part of the Kingdom of Georgia that emerged during the Mongol invasions of the realm, led by King David VI Narin in 1259 and later followed by his successors."}, {"id": "Q1069959", "label": "Kingdom of Imereti", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, the unified Georgian realm would de jure collapse in 1490, and western Georgia would secure an independent future under the name of Kingdom of Imereti, that would exist until 1810."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "History - Uprising against the Mongols and early years", "says": "From the 1220s onward, the Kingdom of Georgia faced repeated Mongol invasions led by Genghis Khan and, later, by his successors, the Ilkhanids."}, {"id": "Q178084", "label": "Ilkhanate", "section": "History - Uprising against the Mongols and early years", "says": "At the time, the Ilkhanate was preoccupied with its military campaigns in Syria against certain Crusader states and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q282428", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "History - Uprising against the Mongols and early years", "says": "At the time, the Ilkhanate was preoccupied with its military campaigns in Syria against certain Crusader states and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Uprising against the Mongols and early years", "says": "To the north, the kingdom controlled the duchies of Svaneti and Racha, thereby securing the Caucasus Mountains against the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q178913", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "section": "History - Uprising against the Mongols and early years", "says": "This geopolitical position enabled the new government in Kutaisi to maintain important commercial routes with the Western world, particularly through Genoese merchants based in Abkhazia and through the Greek Empire of Trebizond."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Civil war and first fall", "says": "As early as 1285, Kutaisi lost its influence over the Empire of Trebizond, which realigned its foreign policy toward the Byzantine Empire, despite a Georgian attempt to invade the empire and depose Emperor John II."}, {"id": "Q714844", "label": "George V of Georgia", "section": "History - Civil war and first fall", "says": "In 1330, George V of Georgia, then engaged in consolidating the Georgian kingdom after expelling the Mongols from his territories, took advantage of the chaos in Kutaisi."}, {"id": "Q46734", "label": "Constantine II", "section": "History - Second war of independence", "says": "Encountering little resistance, the new rebel seized numerous fortresses and had himself crowned as Constantine II, but failed to secure the support of the major feudal lords of the region."}, {"id": "Q2914978", "label": "George VIII of Georgia", "section": "History - Second war of independence", "says": "At the outbreak of the civil war between George VIII of Georgia and Demetrius III, the latter used the regional power of his father-in-law to take control of western Georgia, without formally seceding from Tbilisi, before his death in 1453."}], "Q60838139": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of Massa (Italian: Repubblica di Massa) was a small Italian state located in Central Italy that existed from 1225 to 1336."}, {"id": "Q736727", "label": "Republic of Siena", "section": "History - Economic rise of Massa and the league with the Republic of Siena", "says": "From 1241 the political balance of the city brought the Massetana Republic to a progressive approach to the Republic of Siena, sanctioned by an official alliance between the two."}, {"id": "Q1365493", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "section": "History - Massa War", "says": "Seeing his own territory surrounded by the Sienese who have become hostile, Massa decided to seek help from the Republic of Pisa, placing himself under his protection."}], "Q6106050": [{"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Floridas, also called Republic of Floridas, was a short-lived attempt, from June to December 1817, to establish an independent Florida (the plural \"Floridas\" refers to the separate provinces of East Florida and West Florida, then claimed by Spain and partially occupied by the United States)."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Republic of the Floridas, also called Republic of Floridas, was a short-lived attempt, from June to December 1817, to establish an independent Florida (the plural \"Floridas\" refers to the separate provinces of East Florida and West Florida, then claimed by Spain and partially occupied by the United States)."}, {"id": "Q11817", "label": "Andrew Jackson", "section": "lead", "says": "It was led by Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish military adventurer, and he was joined by French adventurer and soldier of fortune Louis-Michel Aury and by the Scot Richard Ambrister, whose execution by General Andrew Jackson shortly thereafter provoked an international incident."}, {"id": "Q152499", "label": "Peninsular War", "section": "Background", "says": "Aside from increasing pressure from the United States, Spain's empire was weakened, thanks to the Napoleonic war and, more particularly, the Peninsular War,  and increasingly losing control of its territories, including Florida."}], "Q6123742": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Second Dominican Republic was the predecessor of the Dominican Republic."}, {"id": "Q6293202", "label": "José María Cabral", "section": "lead", "says": "In the period of the Second Republic the political conflicts continued, now between the last government restored by Antonio Pimentel, who refused to rule from Santo Domingo, as it was commanded by the Congress, and José María Cabral who had to rule from Santo Domingo, answering to the lack of deputation of Pimentel."}, {"id": "Q330837", "label": "Buenaventura Báez", "section": "lead", "says": "The Red Party, the most powerful party, which ruled for six consecutive years, was led by Buenaventura Báez."}, {"id": "Q888631", "label": "Gregorio Luperón", "section": "History - Rise of Baecism, and Six Years' War: 1868–1874", "says": "In this period, the main parties were the blues of Gregorio Luperón, and the reds by Buenaventura Báez."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Rise of Baecism, and Six Years' War: 1868–1874", "says": "It was the annexation project of 1870 to the United States, and finally it strengthened its regime of terror with the clear objective of liquidating the opposition of the Blue Party."}, {"id": "Q437144", "label": "Fernando Arturo de Meriño", "section": "History - Rise of Baecism, and Six Years' War: 1868–1874", "says": "On July 23, 1880, there was a change of government, Fernando Arturo de Meriño became president with the full support of the blue party."}, {"id": "Q722921", "label": "Ulises Heureaux", "section": "History - Rise of Baecism, and Six Years' War: 1868–1874", "says": "After the Meriño government came the tyranny of Ulises Heureaux."}, {"id": "Q436482", "label": "Horacio Vásquez", "section": "History - Dictatorship of Ulises Heureaux", "says": "It was a group of Mocanos, at the head of which were Ramón Cáceres, Jacobo Lara and Horacio Vásquez, who prepared the conspiracy; and it was the first two who opened fire and killed Lilis."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "History - Beginning of Horacio Vázquez's caudillism", "says": "After the fall of Heureaux, regional caudillism was accentuated, although under the guise of two new national leaders: Juan Isidro Jiménes, a merchant from Montecristi who received the support of the old caciques, the hateros, the Catholic Church and the bourgeoisie of Santiago; and General Horacio Vásquez, who relied on the new leaders, the farmers of Cibao, the positivist intellectuals forged by"}, {"id": "Q887594", "label": "Ramón Cáceres", "section": "History - Beginning of Horacio Vázquez's caudillism", "says": "In the end, after a second provisional government of Horacio Vásquez (1902-03) and another of a coalition of Jimenistas and former Lilisists headed General Morales Languasco, a Jimenist who took power with the support of the Horacistas, he abandoned his leader to be isolated and marginalized from power by them, and to be finally replaced by the Horacista vice president, General Ramón Cáceres, in J"}], "Q6164350": [{"id": "Q3192661", "label": "Kangra-Lambagraon", "section": "History - Mughal period", "says": "During the reign of Raja Govind Chand (r. c.1550-1575), the Jaswan ruler acted as a guardian for the minor Bidhi Chand of Kangra State."}, {"id": "Q83572", "label": "Sikh Empire", "section": "History - Sikh Empire and British Raj", "says": "In 1815, the Sikh Empire annexed Jaswan State and Umed Singh was reduced to a jagir."}, {"id": "Q332620", "label": "Ranjit Singh", "section": "History - Sikh Empire and British Raj", "says": "This is because Maharaja Ranjit Singh ordered all his available forces to assemble at Sialkot."}, {"id": "Q243590", "label": "Second Anglo-Sikh war", "section": "History - Sikh Empire and British Raj", "says": "In 1848, he joined the Sikh in an unsuccessful revolt against the British during the Second Anglo-Sikh War."}, {"id": "Q12449444", "label": "Jai Singh", "section": "History - Sikh Empire and British Raj", "says": "Umed's son, Jai Singh, was also deported alongside his father and thus died in-exile as well."}, {"id": "Q3694970", "label": "Ranbir Singh I of Kashmir", "section": "History - Sikh Empire and British Raj", "says": "1852) was granted the title of raja due to his Katoch lineage and marriages to two of the daughters of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir."}], "Q6799844": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1619–20, Portuguese forces from the colony of Angola, founded in 1575, attacked Mbwila and forced its ruler to sign an act of vassalage, thus placing Mbwila in the intersection of three powers: Kongo, Ndongo, and Portugal."}, {"id": "Q2826232", "label": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "lead", "says": "They provided Luanda with letters revealing that António was preparing to block roads and instigate a revolt in Portuguese Angola."}], "Q6874824": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1460 the beylik of Bafra became a part of the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q7185044": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine dynasty (Portuguese: Dinastia Filipina), also known as the Third Dynasty of Portugal (Portuguese: Terceira Dinastia) is the name given to the House of Habsburg (Portuguese: Casa de Habsburgo, Casa da Áustria) in the context of its rule of Portugal between 1581 and 1640, during which Portugal was one of the many possessions of the Spanish Monarchy in what has been dubbed by historian"}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Philippine dynasty (Portuguese: Dinastia Filipina), also known as the Third Dynasty of Portugal (Portuguese: Terceira Dinastia) is the name given to the House of Habsburg (Portuguese: Casa de Habsburgo, Casa da Áustria) in the context of its rule of Portugal between 1581 and 1640, during which Portugal was one of the many possessions of the Spanish Monarchy in what has been dubbed by historian"}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "It consisted of three kings: Philip I (the dynasty's founder and namesake per Portuguese historiographical tradition), Philip II and Philip III."}, {"id": "Q853342", "label": "House of Braganza", "section": "lead", "says": "The history of Portugal from the 1580 succession crisis to the House of Braganza monarchs was a period of transition."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At its beginning, under the House of Aviz, the Portuguese Empire spice trade was near its height."}, {"id": "Q7328", "label": "Vasco da Gama", "section": "lead", "says": "It continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama reached the East Indies by sailing around Africa in 1497–1498."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "To a lesser extent, the diversion of wealth from Portugal by the Habsburg monarchy to help support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War also created strains within the union, although Portugal did benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade."}, {"id": "Q34464", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "section": "Decline of the Habsburg Empire and revolt of Portugal", "says": "When Philip II of Portugal (Philip III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by Philip III (and IV of Spain) who had a different approach on Portuguese issues."}], "Q7636792": [{"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "lead", "says": "With the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum in the year 960 CE, Beja clans invaded and established several kingdoms in present-day Eritrea, including Bazin."}], "Q7903544": [{"id": "Q1674550", "label": "Battle of the Cunene", "section": "lead", "says": "They caused one of the biggest defeats in Portuguese colonial history at the Battle of the Cunene in 1904."}], "Q918837": [{"id": "Q112524", "label": "Red Turban Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "Tianwan, contemporarily also known as Song, was a short-lived rebel state that existed in China during the Red Turban Rebellion, in the final phase of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1185018", "label": "Xu Shouhui", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established in 1351 by Zou Pusheng, Peng Yingyu, and Xu Shouhui, who were leaders of the southern branch of the Red Turbans."}, {"id": "Q1336609", "label": "Chen Youliang", "section": "lead", "says": "Xu Shouhui became the emperor of this new state, but in 1360 Xu and his officials were killed by the rebelling general Chen Youliang."}], "Q577867": [{"id": "Q53436", "label": "Bolesław I the Brave", "section": "Background", "says": "Following the Christianization of Poland in 966, and the emergence of the Duchy of Poland during the rule of Mieszko I, his eldest son Bolesław I the Brave inherited his father's dukedom and subsequently was crowned as king."}, {"id": "Q28468", "label": "Mieszko II", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "Following the death of Bolesław, his son Mieszko II Lambert inherited the crown and a vast territory after his father, which included Greater Poland (with Mazovia), Lesser Poland, Silesia, Pomerania, Lusatia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, and Upper Hungary."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "However, in 1031, he was forced to renounce the title and flee the country when a series of peasant uprisings broke out in what became known as the pagan reaction, and Yaroslav I the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kiev, invaded the country from the east while Mieszko II was in Lusatia fighting the Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II."}, {"id": "Q53440", "label": "Bolesław II the Generous", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1076, Bolesław II the Bold, with the support of Pope Gregory VII, regained the royal crown but was later excommunicated and banished from the kingdom in 1079 for murdering his opponent, Bishop Stanislaus of Szczepanów."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1076, Bolesław II the Bold, with the support of Pope Gregory VII, regained the royal crown but was later excommunicated and banished from the kingdom in 1079 for murdering his opponent, Bishop Stanislaus of Szczepanów."}, {"id": "Q351635", "label": "Stanislaus of Szczepanów", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 1076, Bolesław II the Bold, with the support of Pope Gregory VII, regained the royal crown but was later excommunicated and banished from the kingdom in 1079 for murdering his opponent, Bishop Stanislaus of Szczepanów."}, {"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "History - Feudal fragmentation", "says": "In 1102, Bolesław III Wrymouth became the ruler of Poland."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Feudal fragmentation", "says": "Unlike Władysław I, Bolesław III proved to be a capable leader who restored the full territorial integrity of Poland but ultimately was not able to obtain the royal crown due to continued opposition from the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q53445", "label": "Henry I the Bearded", "section": "History - Feudal fragmentation", "says": "Henry the Bearded undertook efforts to reunite the fragmented duchies through a combination of political maneuvering and conquest."}, {"id": "Q53446", "label": "Henry II the Pious", "section": "History - Feudal fragmentation", "says": "He also undertook efforts towards the coronation of his son, Henry II the Pious, and negotiated with other Polish dukes and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, to this end."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Feudal fragmentation", "says": "Henry II, continued his father's efforts, but the first Mongol invasion in 1241 and his death at the Battle of Legnica, abruptly halted the unification process."}, {"id": "Q159512", "label": "Battle of Legnica", "section": "History - Feudal fragmentation", "says": "Henry II, continued his father's efforts, but the first Mongol invasion in 1241 and his death at the Battle of Legnica, abruptly halted the unification process."}, {"id": "Q54017", "label": "Przemysł II", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "The next attempt to restore the monarchy and unify the Polish kingdom would occur in 1296, when Przemysł II was crowned as the King of Poland in Gniezno."}, {"id": "Q155581", "label": "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "After the killing of Przemysł II, next to take the title of king was Wenceslaus II of Bohemia from the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, who reigned until 1305."}, {"id": "Q53457", "label": "Casimir III the Great", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "Following a vacancy that lasted until 1320, the Kingdom of Poland was fully restored under Władysław I the Elbow-High, who was crowned at the Wawel cathedral in Kraków, and then subsequently strengthened by his son Casimir III the Great, who expanded into Red Ruthenia."}, {"id": "Q53998", "label": "Louis I of Hungary", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "Following the death of Casimir III, who died without an heir, Louis I of Hungary from the House of Anjou became king in 1370."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "When Louis I died in 1382, his daughter Jadwiga took over the throne as King of Poland."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "Her advisors negotiated with Jogaila of Lithuania, concerning a potential marriage to Jadwiga."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "Jogaila pledged to convert to Christianity and signed the Union of Krewo in 1385."}, {"id": "Q1121044", "label": "Union of Krewo", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "Jogaila pledged to convert to Christianity and signed the Union of Krewo in 1385."}, {"id": "Q54049", "label": "Władysław II Jagiełło", "section": "History - Reunified kingdom", "says": "After the conclusion of the union, Queen Jadwiga married Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned as King Władysław II Jagiełło on 4 March 1386, an event that marked the beginning of the Jagiellon dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "says": "After the childless death of Sigismund Augustus in 1572, the procedure of the \"free election\" took shape, in which every nobleman had the right to participate and the list of candidates was no longer limited to a single ruling family."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "says": "From the late 14th century, the Kingdom of Poland entered into close relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, appointing as co-ruler, through his marriage to Queen Jadwiga, the grand duke Władysław Jagiełło."}, {"id": "Q1055227", "label": "Union of Horodło", "section": "History - Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "says": "In 1413, the Union of Horodło was concluded, in which, alongside the monarchs, the lords of both polities also took part."}, {"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "History - Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "says": "The personal union, interrupted only occasionally, was transformed into a real union and the creation of a joint state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, referred to by contemporaries mostly as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q2460755", "label": "Kingdom of Sweden", "section": "History - Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "says": "During this period, the Commonwealth, and with it the Kingdom of Poland, entered into personal unions with the Kingdom of Sweden (1592–1599) and the Electorate of Saxony (1697–1763)."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "History - Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "says": "During this period, the Commonwealth, and with it the Kingdom of Poland, entered into personal unions with the Kingdom of Sweden (1592–1599) and the Electorate of Saxony (1697–1763)."}, {"id": "Q152115", "label": "Duchy of Warsaw", "section": "History - Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "says": "During the Napoleonic period, efforts to rebuild the Kingdom, supported by France, emerged, but in practice only the Duchy of Warsaw was"}], "Q223": [{"id": "Q756617", "label": "Kingdom of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "Greenland is an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark and is the largest of the kingdom's three constituent parts by land area, the others being Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands."}, {"id": "Q826471", "label": "Kaffeklubben Island", "section": "lead", "says": "Kaffeklubben Island off the northern coast is the world's northernmost undisputed point of land – Cape Morris Jesup on the main island was thought to be so until the 1960s."}, {"id": "Q172345", "label": "Erik the Red", "section": "History - Norse settlement", "says": "From 986, the west coast was settled by Icelanders and Norwegians, through a contingent of 14 boats led by Erik the Red."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "History - Norse settlement", "says": "The Kingdom of Norway entered a personal union with Denmark in 1380, and from 1397 was a part of the Kalmar Union."}, {"id": "Q191231", "label": "Manuel I of Portugal", "section": "History - European interest", "says": "In 1500, King Manuel I of Portugal sent Gaspar Corte-Real to Greenland in search of a Northwest Passage to Asia which, according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, was part of Portugal's sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q180897", "label": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "section": "History - European interest", "says": "In 1500, King Manuel I of Portugal sent Gaspar Corte-Real to Greenland in search of a Northwest Passage to Asia which, according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, was part of Portugal's sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - European interest", "says": "Upon the brothers' return to Portugal, the cartographic information supplied by Corte-Real was incorporated into a map of the world which was presented to Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, by Alberto Cantino in 1502."}, {"id": "Q153586", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "section": "History - European interest", "says": "In 1605–1607, King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway sent a series of expeditions to Greenland and Arctic waterways to locate the lost eastern Norse settlement and assert Danish-Norwegian sovereignty over Greenland."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "History - European interest", "says": "This expedition was part of the Dano-Norwegian colonization of the Americas."}, {"id": "Q156556", "label": "Treaty of Kiel", "section": "History - Treaty of Kiel to World War II (1814–1945)", "says": "When the union between the crowns of Denmark and Norway was dissolved in 1814, the Treaty of Kiel severed Norway's former colonies and left them under the control of the Danish monarch."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Treaty of Kiel to World War II (1814–1945)", "says": "Greenland's connection to Denmark was severed on 9 April 1940, early in World War II, after Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Treaty of Kiel to World War II (1814–1945)", "says": "Greenland's connection to Denmark was severed on 9 April 1940, early in World War II, after Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Treaty of Kiel to World War II (1814–1945)", "says": "On 8 April 1941, the United States occupied Greenland to defend it against a possible invasion by Germany."}, {"id": "Q60045", "label": "Albert Speer", "section": "History - Treaty of Kiel to World War II (1814–1945)", "says": "After the collapse of the Third Reich, Albert Speer briefly considered escaping in a small aeroplane to hide out in Greenland but changed his mind and decided to surrender to the United States Armed Forces."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "History - Greenland crisis", "says": "During the second presidency of Donald Trump, the United States has pursued a campaign to annex Greenland by various means."}, {"id": "Q5015", "label": "Mette Frederiksen", "section": "History - Greenland crisis", "says": "This followed a failed attempt by Trump to purchase Greenland during his first presidency, that was firmly turned down by Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen."}], "Q1055": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2516", "label": "Helmut Schmidt", "section": "lead", "says": "Former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were both born in Hamburg."}, {"id": "Q567", "label": "Angela Merkel", "section": "lead", "says": "Former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were both born in Hamburg."}, {"id": "Q61053", "label": "Olaf Scholz", "section": "lead", "says": "The former Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, was chancellor from December 2021 until May 20"}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Etymology", "says": "The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808."}, {"id": "Q28468", "label": "Mieszko II", "section": "History - Medieval Hamburg", "says": "In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of the Kingdom of Poland burned the city, and in 1201 and 1214 it was raided and occupied by Valdemar II of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "History - Medieval Hamburg", "says": "In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of the Kingdom of Poland burned the city, and in 1201 and 1214 it was raided and occupied by Valdemar II of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q42005", "label": "Black Death", "section": "History - Medieval Hamburg", "says": "The Black Death reached Hamburg in 1350, killing at least 60% of its population, and the city also suffered several major fires in the medieval period."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Medieval Hamburg", "says": "A major turning point came in 1189 when Frederick Barbarossa granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "History - Medieval Hamburg", "says": "On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III of England and Hamburg's merchants allowed them to establish a hanse in London — the first recorded use of the word for the League's trading guild."}, {"id": "Q75809", "label": "Lutheranism", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a \"New Town\" (Neustadt) whose street names are still based upon the grid system of roads he introduced."}, {"id": "Q71084", "label": "First French Empire", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815)."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The Congress of Vienna of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866)."}, {"id": "Q151624", "label": "German Confederation", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "The Congress of Vienna of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866)."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)."}, {"id": "Q41304", "label": "Weimar Republic", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "Hamburg was a Gau within the administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1934 until 1945."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Second World War", "says": "The bombing of Hamburg in World War II devastated much of the city and the harbour."}, {"id": "Q713750", "label": "West Germany", "section": "History - Post-war history", "says": "After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of West Germany in 1949."}], "Q11256": [{"id": "Q786", "label": "Dominican Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953."}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "lead", "says": "After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953."}, {"id": "Q11270", "label": "Fulgencio Batista", "section": "lead", "says": "After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953."}, {"id": "Q46809", "label": "Raúl Castro", "section": "lead", "says": "After a year's imprisonment, Castro travelled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, with his brother, Raúl Castro, and Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara."}, {"id": "Q11264", "label": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Returning to Cuba, Castro took a key role in the Cuban Revolution by leading the movement in a guerrilla war against Batista's forces from the Sierra Maestra."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States came to oppose Castro's government and unsuccessfully attempted to remove him by assassination, economic embargo, and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961."}, {"id": "Q191721", "label": "Bay of Pigs invasion", "section": "lead", "says": "The United States came to oppose Castro's government and unsuccessfully attempted to remove him by assassination, economic embargo, and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Countering these threats, Castro aligned with the Soviet Union and allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis—a defining incident of the Cold War—in 1962."}, {"id": "Q128160", "label": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "section": "lead", "says": "Countering these threats, Castro aligned with the Soviet Union and allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis—a defining incident of the Cold War—in 1962."}, {"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "Abroad, Castro supported anti-imperialist revolutionary groups, backing the establishment of Marxist governments in Chile, Nicaragua, and Grenada, as well as sending troops to aid allies in the Yom Kippur, Ogaden, and Angolan Civil wars."}, {"id": "Q108448", "label": "Santiago", "section": "Final years", "says": "A funeral procession travelled 900 kilometres (560 mi) along the island's central highway from Havana to Santiago de Cuba, tracing in reverse the route of the \"Freedom Caravan\" of January 1959."}], "Q3037": [{"id": "Q1078602", "label": "Kingdom of Nepal", "section": "lead", "says": "Kathmandu served as the royal capital of the Kingdom of Nepal and is home to numerous palaces, temples, and gardens that reflect its rich heritage."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Licchavi era", "says": "For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma."}, {"id": "Q2844526", "label": "Amshuverma", "section": "History - Licchavi era", "says": "For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma."}, {"id": "Q320122", "label": "Songtsän Gampo", "section": "History - Licchavi era", "says": "Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet."}, {"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "History - Malla era", "says": "Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by the Delhi Sultanate, fled north to the Kathmandu valley."}, {"id": "Q3332217", "label": "Gorkha Kingdom", "section": "History - Early Shah rule", "says": "The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768."}, {"id": "Q4206839", "label": "Bhimsen Thapa", "section": "History - Early Shah rule", "says": "Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu."}, {"id": "Q2355896", "label": "Jung Bahadur Rana", "section": "History - Rana rule", "says": "During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by Jung Bahadur Rana and his supporters."}, {"id": "Q3183124", "label": "Ram Chandra Poudel", "section": "History - Modern History (2000-Present)", "says": "Following the unrest, President Ram Chandra Poudel appointed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Sushila Karki as Nepal's first female prime minister, and parliament was dissolved with fresh elections scheduled for March 2026."}], "Q33788": [{"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "New Caledonia is a French territory consisting of a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 220 km (140 mi) southwest of Vanuatu and 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia."}, {"id": "Q133132", "label": "Paris Commune", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "The convicts included many Communards, arrested after the failed Paris Commune of 1871, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel."}, {"id": "Q216092", "label": "Louise Michel", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "The convicts included many Communards, arrested after the failed Paris Commune of 1871, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel."}, {"id": "Q752431", "label": "New Hebrides", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "To work the mines the French imported labourers from neighbouring islands and from the New Hebrides, and later from Japan, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "To work the mines the French imported labourers from neighbouring islands and from the New Hebrides, and later from Japan, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q185682", "label": "French Indochina", "section": "History - French colonisation", "says": "To work the mines the French imported labourers from neighbouring islands and from the New Hebrides, and later from Japan, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "By this time the Caldoches had been in contact with Charles de Gaulle who encouraged them to form a Free French committee and appointed Henri Sautot as governor."}, {"id": "Q836128", "label": "Battle of Bir Hakeim", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "There they were one of the four battalions who took part in the breakout after the Battle of Bir Hakeim in 1942."}, {"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The combined battalion formed part of the Gaulliste 1re Division Motorisée d'Infanterie/Division de Marche d'Infanterie, alongside three divisions from the French North African forces, in the French Expeditionary Corps during the Italian Campaign."}, {"id": "Q207165", "label": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "The fleet that turned back the Japanese Navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 was based at Noum"}, {"id": "Q3579995", "label": "Édouard Philippe", "section": "History - Nouméa Accord and independence referendums", "says": "Following the timeline set by the Nouméa Accord that stated a vote must take place by the end of 2018, the groundwork was laid for a referendum on full independence from France at a meeting chaired by the French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe on 2 November 2017, to be held by November 2018."}, {"id": "Q438465", "label": "Michel Barnier", "section": "History - Nouméa Accord and independence referendums", "says": "In October 2024, then-French Prime Minister Michel Barnier scrapped the bill, citing the need to restore calm and telling the National Assembly that \"avoiding further unrest\" was a priority."}], "Q23681": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "After gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1960, Cyprus was dominated by intercommunal violence between the island's Greek and Turkish populations."}, {"id": "Q552189", "label": "Nikos Sampson", "section": "History - 1974–1983", "says": "Pro-Enosis Nikos Sampson replaced President Makarios as the new president."}, {"id": "Q200436", "label": "Rauf Denktaş", "section": "History - 1974–1983", "says": "On 2 August 1975, in the negotiations in Vienna, a population exchange agreement was signed between community leaders Rauf Denktaş and Glafcos Clerides under the auspices of the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q317648", "label": "Glafcos Clerides", "section": "History - 1974–1983", "says": "On 2 August 1975, in the negotiations in Vienna, a population exchange agreement was signed between community leaders Rauf Denktaş and Glafcos Clerides under the auspices of the United Nations."}, {"id": "Q4250299", "label": "Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration", "section": "History - 1974–1983", "says": "The invasion led to the formation of the first sovereign administrative body of Northern Cyprus in August 1974, the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration."}, {"id": "Q200776", "label": "Tassos Papadopoulos", "section": "History - 1983–present", "says": "The proposed settlement was opposed by both the president of Cyprus, Tassos Papadopoulos, and Turkish Cypriot president Rauf Denktaş; in the referendum, while 65% of Turkish Cypriots accepted the proposal, 76% of Greek Cypriots rejected it."}, {"id": "Q19402598", "label": "Mustafa Akıncı", "section": "History - 1983–present", "says": "In October 2020, Ersin Tatar, the candidate of the National Unity Party (UBP), was elected as the 5th president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus after winning the presidential elections against incumbent president Mustafa Akıncı."}], "Q12567": [{"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "They voyaged as far as the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, Greenland, and Vinland (present-day Newfoundland in Canada, North America)."}, {"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "lead", "says": "In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the Viking Age, and the term \"Viking\" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vikings had a profound impact on the early medieval history of northern and Eastern Europe, including the political and social development of England (and the English language) and parts of France, and the establishment of Kievan Rus', the ancestor of the later states of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "The Normans were descendants of those Vikings who had been given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France, namely the Duchy of Normandy, in the 10th century."}, {"id": "Q159597", "label": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "Likewise, King Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, had Danish ancestors."}, {"id": "Q134128", "label": "Cnut the Great", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with Sweyn Forkbeard claiming the English throne in 1013 until 1014 and his son Cnut the Great being king of England between 1016 and 1035."}, {"id": "Q889970", "label": "Jorvik", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "Geographically, the Viking Age covered Scandinavian lands (modern Denmark, Norway and Sweden), as well as territories under North Germanic dominance, mainly the Danelaw, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria, parts of Mercia, and East Anglia."}, {"id": "Q107299", "label": "Kingdom of Northumbria", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "Geographically, the Viking Age covered Scandinavian lands (modern Denmark, Norway and Sweden), as well as territories under North Germanic dominance, mainly the Danelaw, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria, parts of Mercia, and East Anglia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Viking Age", "says": "As early as 839, when Swedish emissaries are first known to have visited Byzantium, Scandinavians served as mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q42838", "label": "Leif Erikson", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Vikings under Leif Erikson, heir to Erik the Red, reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada."}, {"id": "Q172345", "label": "Erik the Red", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Vikings under Leif Erikson, heir to Erik the Red, reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada."}, {"id": "Q3057629", "label": "Old Saxony", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "Early on, it was the Saxons who occupied Old Saxony, located in what is now Northern Germany."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Vikings witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by Charlemagne, in the thirty-year Saxon Wars of 772–804."}, {"id": "Q499909", "label": "Saxon Wars", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Vikings witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by Charlemagne, in the thirty-year Saxon Wars of 772–804."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q156108", "label": "Obotrites", "section": "History - Expansion", "says": "The southern coast of the Baltic Sea was ruled by the Obotrites, a federation of Slavic tribes loyal to the Carolingians and later the Frankish empire."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Motives", "says": "The ascendance of Christianity in Scandinavia led to serious conflict, dividing Norway for almost a century."}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "History - Assimilation into Christendom", "says": "In 1107, Sigurd I of Norway sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem; the kings of Denmark and Sweden participated actively in the Baltic Crusades of the 12th and 13th centuries."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Assimilation into Christendom", "says": "In 1107, Sigurd I of Norway sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem; the kings of Denmark and Sweden participated actively in the Baltic Crusades of the 12th and 13th centuries."}], "Q3780": [{"id": "Q1044", "label": "Sierra Leone", "section": "lead", "says": "Freetown (Krio: Fritɔun) is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - Freetown settlement and the Colony of Sierra Leone (1792–1808)", "says": "Some of these African Americans were ex-slaves who had escaped to the British forces who had been given their freedom and resettled there by the Crown after the American Revolution."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Freetown as a Crown Colony (1808–1961)", "says": "Missionaries taught locals about Protestant Christianity and evangelism."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Freetown as a Crown Colony (1808–1961)", "says": "The freed slaves were joined by West Indian and African soldiers, who had fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars and settled here afterwards."}, {"id": "Q795269", "label": "Sierra Leone Civil War", "section": "History - Civil war, 1990s to early 2000s", "says": "The city was the scene of fierce fighting in the late 1990s during the Sierra Leone Civil War."}, {"id": "Q336297", "label": "Ahmed Tejan Kabbah", "section": "History - Civil war, 1990s to early 2000s", "says": "It was captured by ECOWAS troops seeking to restore President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah in 1998."}], "Q7785": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Commonwealth of Nations, often referred to as the British Commonwealth or simply the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of its predecessor, the British Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created as the British Commonwealth of Nations through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931."}, {"id": "Q6670316", "label": "London Declaration", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1949, the London Declaration allowed India to remain in the association as a republic, with others following."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "The head of the Commonwealth is Charles III."}, {"id": "Q9682", "label": "Elizabeth II", "section": "lead", "says": "Although he became head upon the death of his mother, Elizabeth II, the position is not technically hereditary."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Conceptual origins", "says": "She declared: \"So, it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations.\" As long ago as 18 January 1884 Lord Rosebery, while visiting Adelaide, South Australia, had described the changing British Empire, as some of its colonies became more independent, as a \"Commonwealth of Nations\"."}, {"id": "Q214321", "label": "Jan Christiaan Smuts", "section": "History - Conceptual origins", "says": "A specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts in 1917 when he coined the term \"the British Commonwealth of Nations\" and envisioned the \"future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence\" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, attended by delegates from the Dominions as well as the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q541191", "label": "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "section": "History - Conceptual origins", "says": "The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, when the term British Commonwealth of Nations was substituted for British Empire in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State."}, {"id": "Q31747", "label": "Irish Free State", "section": "History - Conceptual origins", "says": "The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, when the term British Commonwealth of Nations was substituted for British Empire in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Adoption and formalisation", "says": "These aspects of the relationship were formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which applied to Canada, the Irish Free State and South Africa without the need for ratification, but Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect."}, {"id": "Q664", "label": "New Zealand", "section": "History - Adoption and formalisation", "says": "These aspects of the relationship were formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which applied to Canada, the Irish Free State and South Africa without the need for ratification, but Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect."}, {"id": "Q193619", "label": "Union of South Africa", "section": "History - Adoption and formalisation", "says": "Although the Union of South Africa was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect, two laws — the Status of the Union Act, 1934, and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act, 1934 — were passed by the Parliament of South Africa to confirm South Africa's status as a sovereign state, and to incorporate the Statute of Westminster into the law of S"}, {"id": "Q46395", "label": "British Overseas Territories", "section": "History - Decolonisation and self-governance", "says": "There remain the 14 mainly self-governing British Overseas Territories which retain some political association with the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - Decolonisation and self-governance", "says": "Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932), Transjordan (1946), Mandatory Palestine (part of which became the State of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), British Somaliland (which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1"}, {"id": "Q662653", "label": "British Somaliland", "section": "History - Decolonisation and self-governance", "says": "Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932), Transjordan (1946), Mandatory Palestine (part of which became the State of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), British Somaliland (which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1"}, {"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "History - Decolonisation and self-governance", "says": "Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932), Transjordan (1946), Mandatory Palestine (part of which became the State of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), British Somaliland (which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1"}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "History - Decolonisation and self-governance", "says": "Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932), Transjordan (1946), Mandatory Palestine (part of which became the State of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), British Somaliland (which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1"}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Decolonisation and self-governance", "says": "However, the British treasury was so weak that it could not operate independently of the United States."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Decolonisation and self-governance", "says": "In addition, the United Kingdom's cosmopolitan role in world affairs became increasingly limited, especially with the independence of India and Singapore."}, {"id": "Q280856", "label": "George VI", "section": "History - Commonwealth republics", "says": "Upon hearing this, King George VI told Menon: \"So, I've become 'as such'.\" Some other Commonwealth countries that have since become republics have chosen to leave, while others, such as Guyana, Mauritius and Dominica, have remained members."}, {"id": "Q1027", "label": "Mauritius", "section": "History - Commonwealth republics", "says": "Upon hearing this, King George VI told Menon: \"So, I've become 'as such'.\" Some other Commonwealth countries that have since become republics have chosen to leave, while others, such as Guyana, Mauritius and Dominica, have remained members."}, {"id": "Q784", "label": "Dominica", "section": "History - Commonwealth republics", "says": "Upon hearing this, King George VI told Menon: \"So, I've become 'as such'.\" Some other Commonwealth countries that have since become republics have chosen to leave, while others, such as Guyana, Mauritius and Dominica, have remained members."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "History - Commonwealth republics", "says": "India's inaugural prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared on 16 May 1949, shortly following the Declaration, during the Constituent Assembly Debates that:\n\nWe join the Commonwealth obviously because we think it is beneficial to us and to certain causes in the world that we wish to advance."}, {"id": "Q32", "label": "Luxembourg", "section": "History - Proposals to include Europe", "says": "At a time when Germany and France, together with Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, were planning what later became the European Union, and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth, new ideas were floated to prevent the United Kingdom from becoming isolated in economic affairs."}, {"id": "Q128995", "label": "Anthony Eden", "section": "History - Proposals to include Europe", "says": "In 1956 and 1957, the British government, under Prime Minister Anthony Eden, considered a \"Plan G\" to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q49101", "label": "Suez Crisis", "section": "History - Proposals to include Europe", "says": "At the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956, and in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions, French prime minister Guy Mollet proposed to British prime minister Anthony Eden that their two countries be joined in a \"union\"."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "History - Expansion and global engagement", "says": "The first member admitted without any constitutional link to the British Empire was Mozambique – a former Portuguese colony – in 1995 following its first democratic elections."}, {"id": "Q153963", "label": "German East Africa", "section": "History - Expansion and global engagement", "says": "It was a Belgian trust territory that had been a district of German East Africa until World War I."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Expansion and global engagement", "says": "It was a Belgian trust territory that had been a district of German East Africa until World War I."}, {"id": "Q22686", "label": "Donald Trump", "section": "History - Expansion and global engagement", "says": "Commonwealth linkages became the subject of renewed interest during the second term of United States president Donald Trump."}, {"id": "Q6383803", "label": "Keir Starmer", "section": "History - Expansion and global engagement", "says": "In 2025 during Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Australia, Canada, Cyprus and New Zealand aligned themselves with the pro-Ukraine \"coalition of the willing\" spearheaded by British prime minister Keir Starmer."}, {"id": "Q192533", "label": "Mark Carney", "section": "History - Expansion and global engagement", "says": "During the 2025 Liberal Party leadership contest in Canada, in light of aggressive actions taken by America, future prime minister Mark Carney expressed support for deepening relations with Britain, Australia and New Zealand."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Expansion and global engagement", "says": "Writing about America's shirking of global responsibility and the supposed ineffectiveness of the United Nations, Australian-British lawyer Geoffrey Robertson opined that \"Europe and the Commonwealth countries, plus Japan and Brazil and Indonesia, might together have more impact than the Security Council – if for example China moved to invade Taiwan.\" Amidst the Gaza war, Britain, Australia, Canad"}], "Q891": [{"id": "Q15756", "label": "Dmitry Pozharsky", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles and Lithuanians."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade centre of the Russian Empire."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again."}, {"id": "Q7747", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "section": "lead", "says": "In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant, which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation."}, {"id": "Q547869", "label": "Yuri II of Vladimir", "section": "History - Seat of medieval princes", "says": "The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by grand prince Yuri II of Vladimir in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers."}, {"id": "Q183249", "label": "Battle of the Sit River", "section": "History - Seat of medieval princes", "says": "After the death of Yuri II on 4 March 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "History - Seat of medieval princes", "says": "Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped devastation during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centres in Russian political life during the hegemony of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Seat of medieval princes", "says": "Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped devastation during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centres in Russian political life during the hegemony of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "History - Seat of medieval princes", "says": "The earliest extant manuscript of the Primary Chronicle – the Laurentian Codex – was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377."}, {"id": "Q170770", "label": "Grand Principality of Moscow", "section": "History - Fortress city", "says": "After the city's incorporation into the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily I of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q272156", "label": "Vasily I of Moscow", "section": "History - Fortress city", "says": "After the city's incorporation into the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily I of Moscow."}, {"id": "Q8768", "label": "Henry Ford", "section": "History - Commercial centre", "says": "Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther."}, {"id": "Q3055932", "label": "Walter Reuther", "section": "History - Commercial centre", "says": "Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Soviet era", "says": "There are four monuments to those executed in the city between 1918 and 1945: two mark sites where victims were killed and buried during the Russian Civil War, at the Pochainsky  and Gendarmes Ravines."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Soviet era", "says": "There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917."}, {"id": "Q12706", "label": "Maxim Gorky", "section": "History - Soviet era", "says": "The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov."}, {"id": "Q855", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "section": "History - Soviet era", "says": "When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Soviet era", "says": "During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany."}, {"id": "Q207631", "label": "Mátyás Rákosi", "section": "History - Soviet era", "says": "Mátyás Rákosi, the former Stalinist General Secretary of Hungary's communist party, died in exile there in 1971."}, {"id": "Q997", "label": "Andrei Sakharov", "section": "History - Soviet era", "says": "The physicist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners."}], "Q42418": [{"id": "Q427941", "label": "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban, officially known as the Islamic Movement of Taliban, also referring to itself by the name of the government it operates, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is the ruling government and religious organization of Afghanistan, as well as a militant organization with an ideology comprising elements of the Deobandi movement of Islamic fundamentalism and Pashtun nationalism."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban, officially known as the Islamic Movement of Taliban, also referring to itself by the name of the government it operates, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is the ruling government and religious organization of Afghanistan, as well as a militant organization with an ideology comprising elements of the Deobandi movement of Islamic fundamentalism and Pashtun nationalism."}, {"id": "Q193968", "label": "Mohammed Omar", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of Mullah Omar, the movement spread through most of Afghanistan, shifting power away from the Islamic State of Afghanistan, as well as other Mujahideen militants."}, {"id": "Q1415585", "label": "Islamic State of Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the leadership of Mullah Omar, the movement spread through most of Afghanistan, shifting power away from the Islamic State of Afghanistan, as well as other Mujahideen militants."}, {"id": "Q18639759", "label": "Islamic State", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban seized Kabul in 1996 and established the First Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan that was opposed by the Northern Alliance, which maintained international recognition as a continuation of the Islamic State."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Taliban held control of most of the country until the United States invasion of Afghanistan began in October 2001, which led to the collapse"}, {"id": "Q207728", "label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "section": "Background", "says": "In April 1992, after the fall of the Soviet-backed régime of Mohammad Najibullah, many Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement, the Peshawar Accord, which created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government for a transitional period."}, {"id": "Q138123", "label": "Abdul-Ali Mazari", "section": "Background", "says": "Iran assisted the Hezbe Wahdat forces of Abdul Ali Mazari."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "Background", "says": "Saudi Arabia supported the Ittihad-i Islami faction."}, {"id": "Q380474", "label": "Sibghatullah Mojaddedi", "section": "Background", "says": "Ceasefires, negotiated by representatives of the Islamic State's newly appointed Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud, President Sibghatullah Mojaddedi and later President Burhanuddin Rabbani (the interim government), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days."}, {"id": "Q188667", "label": "Burhanuddin Rabbani", "section": "Background", "says": "Ceasefires, negotiated by representatives of the Islamic State's newly appointed Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud, President Sibghatullah Mojaddedi and later President Burhanuddin Rabbani (the interim government), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days."}, {"id": "Q283648", "label": "Ismail Khan", "section": "Background", "says": "The city of Herat under the rule of Islamic State ally Ismail Khan also witnessed relative calm."}, {"id": "Q903527", "label": "Gul Agha Sherzai", "section": "Background", "says": "Meanwhile, southern Afghanistan was neither under the control of foreign-backed militias nor the government in Kabul, but was ruled by local leaders such as Gul Agha Sherzai and their militias."}, {"id": "Q172388", "label": "Ashraf Ghani", "section": "History - 2021 offensive and return to power", "says": "By mid-August 2021, the Taliban controlled every major city in Afghanistan; following the near seizure of the capital Kabul, the Taliban occupied the Presidential Palace after incumbent President Ashraf Ghani fled Afghanistan to the United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q878", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "section": "History - 2021 offensive and return to power", "says": "By mid-August 2021, the Taliban controlled every major city in Afghanistan; following the near seizure of the capital Kabul, the Taliban occupied the Presidential Palace after incumbent President Ashraf Ghani fled Afghanistan to the United Arab Emirates."}, {"id": "Q26689638", "label": "Ahmad Massoud", "section": "History - 2021 offensive and return to power", "says": "Remaining Afghan forces under the leadership of Amrullah Saleh, Ahmad Massoud, and Bismillah Khan Mohammadi retreated to Panjshir to continue resistance."}, {"id": "Q866594", "label": "Bismillah Khan Mohammadi", "section": "History - 2021 offensive and return to power", "says": "Remaining Afghan forces under the leadership of Amrullah Saleh, Ahmad Massoud, and Bismillah Khan Mohammadi retreated to Panjshir to continue resistance."}, {"id": "Q32993", "label": "Chinese Communist Revolution", "section": "History - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present)", "says": "As an ideological insurgent movement seeking to establish an Islamic state, its victory has been compared by commentators to the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949 and the Iranian Revolution of 1979, both of which reshaped their societies."}, {"id": "Q126065", "label": "Iranian Revolution", "section": "History - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present)", "says": "As an ideological insurgent movement seeking to establish an Islamic state, its victory has been compared by commentators to the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949 and the Iranian Revolution of 1979, both of which reshaped their societies."}, {"id": "Q8063518", "label": "Zabiullah Mujahid", "section": "History - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present)", "says": "Women continue to appear in public, and Taliban spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid stated that some women remain employed in government ministries."}], "Q43048": [{"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "History - Mycenaean period", "says": "In Greek legend, Rhodes was claimed to have participated in the Trojan War under the leadership of Tlepolemus."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Iron Age", "says": "Diodorus Siculus added that Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to Egypt."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral, although it remained a member of the League."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Classical period", "says": "Rhodes then became a part of the growing empire of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after he defeated the Persians."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Three — Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus — succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves."}, {"id": "Q317089", "label": "Aeschines", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes, who wrote about Jason and Medea in the Argonautica; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus; and the rhetorician Dionysius Thrax."}, {"id": "Q159905", "label": "Hipparchus", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes, who wrote about Jason and Medea in the Argonautica; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus; and the rhetorician Dionysius Thrax."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "The republic remained militarily active, fighting Crete in 155–153 BC, resisting Mithridates VI in 88 BC, and later providing naval forces to Julius Caesar during the Alexandrian War."}, {"id": "Q9377266", "label": "Alexandrian War", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "The republic remained militarily active, fighting Crete in 155–153 BC, resisting Mithridates VI in 88 BC, and later providing naval forces to Julius Caesar during the Alexandrian War."}, {"id": "Q9200", "label": "Paul the Apostle", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "By tradition, Paul the Apostle evangelized and helped establish an early Christian church on the island during the first century."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "In 395 with the division of the Roman Empire, the long Byzantine period began for Rhodes."}, {"id": "Q41836", "label": "Theodosios III", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "In 715 the Byzantine fleet dispatched against the Arabs launched a rebellion at Rhodes, which led to the installation of Theodosios III on the Byzantine throne."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "From the early 8th to the 12th centuries, Rhodes belonged to the Cibyrrhaeot Theme of the Byzantine Empire, and was a centre for shipbuilding and commerce."}, {"id": "Q41600", "label": "Alexios I Komnenos", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "Rhodes was recaptured by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos during the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "Rhodes was recaptured by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos during the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q3082374", "label": "Leo Gabalas", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "As Byzantine central power weakened under the Angeloi emperors (1185–1204), in the first half of the 13th century, Rhodes became the centre of an independent domain under Leo Gabalas and his brother John, until it was occupied by the Genoese in 1248–1250."}, {"id": "Q181254", "label": "Empire of Nicaea", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "The Genoese were evicted by the Empire of Nicaea, after which the island became a regular province of the Nicaean state (and after 1261 of the restored Byzantine Empire)."}, {"id": "Q34503", "label": "Mehmed II", "section": "History - Crusader period", "says": "The  walls had been strengthened by the Knights through hiring Italian engineers that used knowledge of ballistics to design defences against gunpowder attacks, and which withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt in 1444, and a siege by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1480."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Eventually, however, Rhodes fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in December 1522."}, {"id": "Q379765", "label": "Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Against this force the Knights, under Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, had about 7,000 men-at-arms, with an English, Spanish, French, and Italian contingent each defending separate areas and their fortifications."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "The siege lasted six months, at the end of which the surviving defeated Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to the Kingdom of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q57087", "label": "Adrian VI", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims seem to have regarded the conduct of Villiers de L'Isle-Adam as extremely valiant, and the Grand Master was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by Pope Adrian VI (see Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Rhodes was thereafter a possession of the Ottoman Empire (see Sanjak of Rhodes) for nearly four centuries."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "History - Italian period", "says": "In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Ottomans during the Italo-Turkish War."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Italian period", "says": "Although the treaty stipulated that the islands were to be returned to Turkey, the advent of World War I prevented this from happening."}, {"id": "Q708173", "label": "Dodecanese Campaign", "section": "History - WWII", "says": "In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign."}], "Q17427": [{"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in 1921, the CCP won the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang and proclaimed the establishment of the PRC under the chairmanship of Mao Zedong in October 1949."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in 1921, the CCP won the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang and proclaimed the establishment of the PRC under the chairmanship of Mao Zedong in October 1949."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded in 1921, the CCP won the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang and proclaimed the establishment of the PRC under the chairmanship of Mao Zedong in October 1949."}, {"id": "Q369681", "label": "Chen Duxiu", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1921, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao founded the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International."}, {"id": "Q378036", "label": "Li Dazhao", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1921, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao founded the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the CCP aligned with the Kuomintang (KMT) during its initial years, the rise of the KMT's right-wing under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek and subsequent massacres of tens of thousands of CCP members resulted in a split and a prolonged civil war between the CCP and KMT."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "Support for the CCP continued to grow throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "The CCP established the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, and the remnants of the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan shortly after."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Under Mao, the party completed its land reform program, launched a series of five-year plans, and eventually split with the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "Although Mao attempted to purge the party of elements deemed capitalist or reactionary during the Cultural Revolution, these policies were only briefly continued by the Gang of Four following his death before a less radical faction seized control."}, {"id": "Q16977", "label": "Deng Xiaoping", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping directed the CCP away from Maoist orthodoxy and towards reform and opening up."}, {"id": "Q42976", "label": "October Revolution", "section": "History - Founding and early history", "says": "The October Revolution and Marxist theory inspired the founding of the CCP."}, {"id": "Q279790", "label": "May Fourth Movement", "section": "History - Founding and early history", "says": "Some historical analysis views the May Fourth Movement as the beginning of the revolutionary struggle that led to the founding of the People's Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q32993", "label": "Chinese Communist Revolution", "section": "History - Founding and early history", "says": "The May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution."}, {"id": "Q22513", "label": "Zhu De", "section": "History - Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "A battalion led by General Zhu De was ordered to take the city of Nanchang on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the Nanchang uprising."}, {"id": "Q992318", "label": "Autumn Harvest Uprising", "section": "History - Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "Mao Zedong was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army, and led four regiments against Changsha in the Autumn Harvest Uprising, hoping to spark peasant uprisings across Hunan."}, {"id": "Q17410", "label": "Zhou Enlai", "section": "History - Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "By 1935, Mao had become a member of Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP and the party's informal military leader, with Zhou Enlai and Zhang Wentian, the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies."}, {"id": "Q700939", "label": "Zhang Wentian", "section": "History - Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "By 1935, Mao had become a member of Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP and the party's informal military leader, with Zhou Enlai and Zhang Wentian, the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies."}, {"id": "Q244941", "label": "Xi'an Incident", "section": "History - Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "The Xi'an Incident of December 1936 paused the conflict between the CCP and the KMT."}, {"id": "Q20148", "label": "Zhang Xueliang", "section": "History - Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War", "says": "Under pressure from Marshal Zhang Xueliang and the CCP, Chiang Kai-shek"}, {"id": "Q16988", "label": "Liu Shaoqi", "section": "History - Proclamation of the PRC and the Mao era", "says": "Stalin proposed a one-party constitution when Liu Shaoqi visited the Soviet Union in 1952."}, {"id": "Q2454958", "label": "Great Chinese Famine", "section": "History - Proclamation of the PRC and the Mao era", "says": "General mismanagement and exaggerations of harvests by CCP officials led to the Great Chinese Famine, which resulted in an estimated 15 to 45 million deaths, making it the largest famine in recorded history."}, {"id": "Q381823", "label": "Peng Dehuai", "section": "History - Proclamation of the PRC and the Mao era", "says": "Defense Minister Peng Dehuai, who criticized Mao for his role in causing the disaster, was purged for this in 1959."}, {"id": "Q35314", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "section": "History - Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution", "says": "During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which had gone through a period of \"de-Stalinization\" under Nikita Khrushchev."}, {"id": "Q700713", "label": "He Long", "section": "History - Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution", "says": "During the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and He Long were purged or exiled, and the Gang of Four, led by Mao's wife Jiang Qing, emerged to fill in the power vacuum left behind."}, {"id": "Q236017", "label": "Jiang Qing", "section": "History - Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution", "says": "During the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and He Long were purged or exiled, and the Gang of Four, led by Mao's wife Jiang Qing, emerged to fill in the power vacuum left behind."}, {"id": "Q41570", "label": "Hua Guofeng", "section": "History - Reform and opening up", "says": "Following Mao's death in 1976, CCP chairman Hua Guofeng removed the Gang of Four from power and began rehabilitating party leaders persecuted during the Cultural Revolution including Deng Xiaoping."}, {"id": "Q99850", "label": "Hu Yaobang", "section": "History - Reform and opening up", "says": "Deng, alongside Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang, spearheaded the reform and opening up policies, and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, opening China to the world's markets."}, {"id": "Q99829", "label": "Zhao Ziyang", "section": "History - Reform and opening up", "says": "Deng, alongside Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang, spearheaded the reform and opening up policies, and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, opening China to the world's markets."}, {"id": "Q16597", "label": "Jiang Zemin", "section": "History - Reform and opening up", "says": "CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as paramount leader in 1989 and continued most of his policies."}, {"id": "Q15031", "label": "Xi Jinping", "section": "History - Xi Jinping and the new era", "says": "Since taking power of the general secretary in 2012, Xi Jinping has initiated a wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign, while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades."}], "Q45813": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huns, especially under their King Attila, made frequent and devastating raids into the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "In 451, they invaded the Western Roman province of Gaul, where they fought a combined army of Romans and Visigoths at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, and in 452, they invaded Italy."}, {"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Attila in 453, the Huns ceased to be a major threat to Rome and lost much of their empire following the Battle of Nedao (c."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 18th century, French scholar Joseph de Guignes became the first to propose a link between the Huns and the Xiongnu people, who lived in Mongolia and northern China from the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Before Attila", "says": "At the same time, the Huns invaded the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q452209", "label": "Radagaisus", "section": "History - Before Attila", "says": "Uldin, the first Hun identified by name in contemporary sources, headed a group of Huns and Alans fighting against Radagaisus in defense of Italy."}, {"id": "Q185476", "label": "Aëtius", "section": "History - Before Attila", "says": "In 433 some parts of Pannonia were ceded to them by Flavius Aetius, the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Before Attila", "says": "In 433 some parts of Pannonia were ceded to them by Flavius Aetius, the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q25475270", "label": "Treaty of Margus", "section": "History - Under Attila", "says": "In 435 they forced the Eastern Roman Empire to sign the Treaty of Margus, giving the Huns trade rights and an annual tribute from the Romans."}, {"id": "Q160353", "label": "Theodosius II", "section": "History - Under Attila", "says": "The Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II gave in to Hun demands and in autumn 443 signed the Peace of Anatolius with the two Hun kings."}, {"id": "Q170026", "label": "Valentinian III", "section": "History - Under Attila", "says": "However, Honoria, sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III, sent Attila a ring and requested his help to escape her betrothal to a senator."}, {"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "History - Under Attila", "says": "Additionally, a dispute arose about the rightful heir to a king of the Salian Franks."}, {"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "History - Under Attila", "says": "A combined army of Roman and Visigoths then fought the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}, {"id": "Q43954", "label": "Leo I", "section": "History - Under Attila", "says": "Hoping to avoid the sack of Rome, Emperor Valentinian III sent three envoys, the high civilian officers Gennadius Avienus and Trigetius, as well as Pope Leo I, who met Attila at Mincio in the vicinity of Mantua, and obtained from him the promise that he would withdraw from Italy and negotiate peace with the emperor."}, {"id": "Q10295972", "label": "Hunnic Empire", "section": "History - After Attila", "says": "After Attila's death in 453, the Hunnic Empire faced an internal power struggle between its vassalized Germanic peoples and the Hunnic ruling body."}], "Q42193": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Goths were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Large numbers of Goths subsequently began to concentrate near the Roman border at the Lower Danube, seeking refuge within the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q102371", "label": "Alaric I", "section": "lead", "says": "One of these groups, initially led by their king Alaric I, sacked the city of Rome in 410, and were the precursors of the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "One of these groups, initially led by their king Alaric I, sacked the city of Rome in 410, and were the precursors of the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The successors of the Visigoths eventually established a Visigothic Kingdom in Spain at Toledo."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "Meanwhile, Goths under Hunnic rule gained their independence in the 5th century, most importantly the Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Under their king Theodoric the Great, these Goths established the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy at Ravenna."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Under their king Theodoric the Great, these Goths established the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy at Ravenna."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogothic Kingdom was destroyed by Byzantium (Eastern Roman Empire) in the 6th century, while the Visigothic Kingdom was largely conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate in the early 8th century, with a remnant in Asturias which would go on to initiate the Reconquista under Pelagius."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogothic Kingdom was destroyed by Byzantium (Eastern Roman Empire) in the 6th century, while the Visigothic Kingdom was largely conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate in the early 8th century, with a remnant in Asturias which would go on to initiate the Reconquista under Pelagius."}, {"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogothic Kingdom was destroyed by Byzantium (Eastern Roman Empire) in the 6th century, while the Visigothic Kingdom was largely conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate in the early 8th century, with a remnant in Asturias which would go on to initiate the Reconquista under Pelagius."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "A crucial source on Gothic history is the Getica of the 6th-century historian Jordanes, who may have been of Gothic descent."}, {"id": "Q192365", "label": "Cassiodorus", "section": "History - Prehistory", "says": "Jordanes claims to have based the Getica on an earlier lost work by Cassiodorus, but also cites material from fifteen other classical sources, including an otherwise unknown writer, Ablabius."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 77 AD, Pliny the Elder mentions the Gutones as one of the peoples of Germania."}, {"id": "Q2528503", "label": "Sarmatia", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In his Geography from around 150 AD, Ptolemy mentions the Gythones (or Gutones) as living east of the Vistula in Sarmatia, between the Veneti and the Fenni."}, {"id": "Q933963", "label": "Marcomannic Wars", "section": "History - Movement towards the Black Sea", "says": "As a result, other tribes were pushed towards the Roman Empire, contributing to the beginning of the Marcomannic Wars."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Movement towards the Black Sea", "says": "In the early 3rd century AD, western Scythia was inhabited by the agricultural Zarubintsy culture and the nomadic Sarmatians."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "History - Movement towards the Black Sea", "says": "Peter Heather considers the Filimer story to be at least partially derived from Gothic oral tradition."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - 3rd century raids on the Roman Empire", "says": "The first documentary references to the Goths in the 3rd century call them Scythians, as their base, known as Scythia, had historically been occupied by an unrelated people of that name."}, {"id": "Q500409", "label": "Roman–Persian Wars", "section": "History - 3rd century raids on the Roman Empire", "says": "From the 240s at the earliest, Goths were heavily recruited into the Roman Army to fight in the Roman–Persian Wars, notably participating in the Battle of Misiche in 244."}, {"id": "Q1583991", "label": "Battle of Misiche", "section": "History - 3rd century raids on the Roman Empire", "says": "From the 240s at the earliest, Goths were heavily recruited into the Roman Army to fight in the Roman–Persian Wars, notably participating in the Battle of Misiche in 244."}, {"id": "Q1421082", "label": "Battle of Abritus", "section": "History - 3rd century raids on the Roman Empire", "says": "Meanwhile, Gothic raids on the Roman Empire continued, In 250–51, the Gothic king Cniva captured the city of Philippopolis and inflicted a devastating defeat upon the Romans at the Battle of Abritus, killing the Roman Emperor Decius."}, {"id": "Q155063", "label": "Mardonius", "section": "History - Co-existence with the Roman Empire (300–375)", "says": "Mardonius, a Gothic eunuch, was the childhood tutor and later adviser of Roman emperor Julian, on whom he had an immense influence."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - Arrival of the Huns (about 375)", "says": "A source for this period is the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who wrote that Hunnic domination of the Gothic kingdoms in Scythia began in the 370s."}, {"id": "Q312598", "label": "Athanaric", "section": "History - Arrival of the Huns (about 375)", "says": "The Huns fell upon the Thervingi, and Athanaric sought refuge in the mountains (referred to as Caucaland in the sagas)."}, {"id": "Q159712", "label": "Fritigern", "section": "History - Arrival of the Huns (about 375)", "says": "Although the Huns successfully subdued many of the Goths who subsequently joined their ranks, Fritigern approached the Eastern Roman emperor Valens in 376 with a portion of his people and asked to be allowed to settle on the south bank of the Danube."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - The Gothic War of 376–382", "says": "With the rise of Theodosius I in 379, the Romans launched a renewed offensive to subdue Fritigern and his followers."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "History - The Gothic War of 376–382", "says": "Athanaric received a warm reception by Theodosius, praised the Roman Emperor in return, and was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the emperor following his death shortly after his arrival."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "History - Later division and spread of the Goths", "says": "In his biography of the West Saxon monarch Alfred the Great, the Welsh historian Asser states that Alfred's mother Osburh was of partial Goth ancestry through her father Oslac."}, {"id": "Q313058", "label": "Eugenius", "section": "History - Visigoths", "says": "The Goths suffered heavy losses while serving Theodosius in the civil war of 394 against Eugenius and Arbogast."}, {"id": "Q159369", "label": "Arcadius", "section": "History - Visigoths", "says": "Athens itself was spared by paying a large bribe, and the Eastern emperor Flavius Arcadius subsequently appointed Alaric magister militum (\"master of the soldiers\") in Illyricum in 397."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "History - Visigoths", "says": "In 401 and 402, Alaric made two attempts at invading Italy, but was defeated by Stilicho."}, {"id": "Q452209", "label": "Radagaisus", "section": "History - Visigoths", "says": "In 405–406, another Gothic leader, Radagaisus, also attempted to invade Italy, and was also defeated by Stilicho."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "History - Visigoths", "says": "In 408, the Western Roman emperor Flavius Honorius ordered the execution of Stilicho and his family, then incited the Roman population to massacre tens of thousands of wives and children of Goths serving in the Roman military."}, {"id": "Q237907", "label": "Galla Placidia", "section": "History - Visigoths", "says": "Alaric was succeeded by his brother-in–law Athaulf, husband of Honorius' sister Galla Placidia, who had been seized during Alaric's sack of Rome."}, {"id": "Q371999", "label": "Eutropios", "section": "History - Ostrogoths", "says": "Gainas, a Goth who along with Stilicho and Eutropius had deposed Rufinus in 395, was sent to suppress Tribigild's rebellion, but instead plotted to use the situation to seize power in the Eastern Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q297584", "label": "Theophanes the Confessor", "section": "History - Ostrogoths", "says": "While they were largely assimilated, their Gothic origin was still well–known: the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor calls them Gothograeci."}, {"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "History - Ostrogoths", "says": "The Ostrogoths fought together with the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451."}, {"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "History - Ostrogoths", "says": "Following the death of Attila and the defeat of the Huns at the Battle of Nedao in 454, the Ostrogoths broke away from Hunnic rule under their king Valamir."}, {"id": "Q13190", "label": "Battle of Bolia", "section": "History - Ostrogoths", "says": "Under his successor, Theodemir, they utterly defeated the Huns at the Bassianae in 468, and then defeated a coalition of Roman–supported Germanic tribes at the Battle of Bolia in 469, which gained them supremacy in Pannonia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Crimean Goths", "says": "They affiliated with the Eastern Orthodox Church through the Metropolitanate of Gothia, and were then closely associated with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1058572", "label": "Sviatoslav I of Kiev", "section": "History - Crimean Goths", "says": "As a response, the leaders of the Crimean Goths made an alliance with Sviatoslav I of Kiev, who subsequently waged war upon and utterly destroyed the Khazar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "History - Crimean Goths", "says": "As a response, the leaders of the Crimean Goths made an alliance with Sviatoslav I of Kiev, who subsequently waged war upon and utterly destroyed the Khazar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q874954", "label": "Principality of Theodoro", "section": "History - Crimean Goths", "says": "In the late Middle Ages the Crimean Goths were part of the Principality of Theodoro, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the late 15th century."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Crimean Goths", "says": "In the late Middle Ages the Crimean Goths were part of the Principality of Theodoro, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the late 15th century."}], "Q17161": [{"id": "Q201038", "label": "Roman Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The territorial extent of Etruscan civilization reached its maximum around 500 BC, shortly after the Roman Kingdom became the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning in the late 4th century BC, it succumbed to the expanding Rome during the Roman–Etruscan Wars; Etruscans were granted Roman citizenship in 90 BC, and by 27 BC the whole Etruscan territory was incorporated into the newly established Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q26204", "label": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus", "section": "Legend and history - Ethnonym and etymology", "says": "According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the Etruscans called themselves Rasenna (Greek Ῥασέννα), a stem from the Etruscan Rasna (𐌛𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀): \"the people\"."}, {"id": "Q504744", "label": "Hellanicus of Mytilene", "section": "Legend and history - Ancient sources", "says": "The logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos, derived the Tyrrhenians from a Pelasgian migration from Thessaly that colonized the region he called Tyrrhenia."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Legend and history - Ancient sources", "says": "The logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos, derived the Tyrrhenians from a Pelasgian migration from Thessaly that colonized the region he called Tyrrhenia."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Legend and history - Ancient sources", "says": "Herodotus also placed the origins of the Tyrrhenians in the East."}, {"id": "Q41683", "label": "Thucydides", "section": "Legend and history - Ancient sources", "says": "Thucydides and Strabo associated the Tyrrhenians with the Pelasgians of Lemnos, and Strabo had the Pelasgians of Lemnos and Imbros follow Tyrrhenus to Italy."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Legend and history - Ancient sources", "says": "In this literature \"Tyrrhenian\", like \"Pelasgian\", was a fluid label applied to various non-Greek peoples of the northern Aegean, such as a group near Creston in Macedonia mentioned by Herodotus and the mixed \"Pelasgian Tyrrhenian\" population of the Athos peninsula described by Thucydides; these notices reflect the vagueness of the ethnonyms rather than any documented migration of the Etruscans."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Legend and history - Expansion", "says": "This led the Etruscans to ally themselves with Carthage, whose interests also collided with the Greeks."}, {"id": "Q1892581", "label": "Battle of Cumae", "section": "Legend and history - Expansion", "says": "A few years later, in 474 BC, Syracuse's tyrant Hiero defeated the Etruscans at the Battle of Cumae."}, {"id": "Q334478", "label": "Demaratus", "section": "Legend and history - Possible founding of Rome", "says": "Later history relates that some Etruscans lived in the Vicus Tuscus, the \"Etruscan quarter\", and that there was an Etruscan line of kings (albeit ones descended from a Greek, Demaratus of Corinth) that succeeded kings of Latin and"}], "Q5406": [{"id": "Q354903", "label": "Suppiluliuma I", "section": "lead", "says": "Known in modern times as the Hittite Empire, it reached its peak during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, bordering the rival empires of the Hurri-Mitanni and Assyrians."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hittites were the most dominant powers of the Near East, coming into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and the Empire of Mitanni."}, {"id": "Q12642600", "label": "Middle Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hittites were the most dominant powers of the Near East, coming into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and the Empire of Mitanni."}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 12th century BC, during the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Hittites splintered into several small independent states, some of which survived until the 8th century BC before succumbing to the Neo-Assyrian Empire; lacking a unifying continuity, their descendants scattered and ultimately merged into the modern populations of the Levant and Mesopotamia."}, {"id": "Q41137", "label": "Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Early period", "says": "And during this kārum period, when the merchant colony of the Old Assyrian Empire was flourishing in the site, and before the conquest of Pithana, the following local kings reigned in Kaneš: Ḫurmili (prior to 1790 BC), Paḫanu (a short time in 1790 BC), Inar (c."}, {"id": "Q299472", "label": "Hattusili I", "section": "History - Old Kingdom", "says": "The founding of the Hittite Kingdom is attributed to either Labarna I or Hattusili I (the latter might also have had Labarna as a personal name), who conquered the area south and north of Hattusa."}, {"id": "Q222536", "label": "Mursili I", "section": "History - Old Kingdom", "says": "On Hattusili I's deathbed, he chose his grandson, Mursili I (or Murshilish I), as his heir."}, {"id": "Q733897", "label": "Old Babylonian Empire", "section": "History - Old Kingdom", "says": "In 1595 BC (middle chronology) or 1587 BC (low middle chronology), Mursili I conducted a great raid down the Euphrates River, bypassing Assyria and sacking Aleppo and Babylon, ejecting the Amorite rulers of the Old Babylonian Empire in the process."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Old Kingdom", "says": "Rather than incorporate Babylonia into Hittite domains, Mursili seems to have instead turned control of Babylonia over to his Kassite allies, who were to rule it for the next four centuries."}, {"id": "Q1047069", "label": "Kizzuwatna", "section": "History - New Kingdom", "says": "1400 BC), King Tudhaliya I, again allied with Kizzuwatna, then vanquished the Hurrian states of Aleppo and Mitanni, and expanded to the west at the expense of Arzawa (a Luwian state)."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - New Kingdom", "says": "Mitanni was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrians under his son-in-law, and he defeated Carchemish, another Amorite city-state."}, {"id": "Q243312", "label": "Kassites", "section": "History - New Kingdom", "says": "With his own sons placed over all of these new conquests and Babylonia still in the hands of the allied Kassites, this left Šuppiluliuma the supreme power broker in the known world, alongside Assyria and Egypt, and it was not long before Egypt was seeking an alliance by marriage of another of his sons with the widow of Tutankhamen."}, {"id": "Q299468", "label": "Ashur-uballit I", "section": "History - New Kingdom", "says": "However, the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC) once more began to grow in power with the ascension of Ashur-uballit I in 1365 BC."}, {"id": "Q295194", "label": "Adad-nirari I", "section": "History - New Kingdom", "says": "The lands of the Mitanni and Hurrians were duly appropriated by Assyria, enabling it to encroach on Hittite territory in eastern Asia Minor, and Adad-nirari I annexed Carchemish and northeast Syria from the control of the Hittites."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "History - Battle of Kadesh", "says": "Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the Cilician gates with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial, and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh Ramesses II."}, {"id": "Q203729", "label": "Battle of Kadesh", "section": "History - Battle of Kadesh", "says": "The outcome of the Battle of Kadesh is uncertain, though it seems that the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements prevented total Hittite victory."}, {"id": "Q310142", "label": "Shalmaneser I", "section": "History - Downfall and demise of the kingdom", "says": "The Assyrian king Shalmaneser I had seized the opportunity to vanquish Hurria and Mitanni, occupy their lands, and expand up to the head of the Euphrates, while Muwatalli was preoccupied with the Egyptians."}, {"id": "Q297588", "label": "Hattusili III", "section": "History - Downfall and demise of the kingdom", "says": "Muwatalli's son, Urhi-Teshub, took the throne and ruled as king for seven years as Mursili III before being ousted by his uncle, Hattusili III after a brief civil war."}, {"id": "Q299013", "label": "Tukulti-Ninurta I", "section": "History - Downfall and demise of the kingdom", "says": "Hattusili's son, Tudhaliya IV, was the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of the Hittite heartland to some degree at least, though he too lost much territory to them, and was heavily defeated by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria in the Battle of Nihriya."}, {"id": "Q906834", "label": "Battle of Nihriya", "section": "History - Downfall and demise of the kingdom", "says": "Hattusili's son, Tudhaliya IV, was the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of the Hittite heartland to some degree at least, though he too lost much territory to them, and was heavily defeated by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria in the Battle of Nihriya."}, {"id": "Q296295", "label": "Tiglath-Pileser I", "section": "History - Post-Hittite period", "says": "In that year, the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I was defeating the Mushki (Phrygians) who had been attempting to press into Assyrian colonies in southern Anatolia from the Anatolian highlands, and the Kaska people, the Hittites' old enemies from the northern hill-country between Hatti and the Black Sea, seem to have joined them soon after."}, {"id": "Q211928", "label": "Shalmaneser III", "section": "History - Post-Hittite period", "says": "Carchemish and Melid were made vassals of Assyria under Shalmaneser III (858–823 BC), and fully incorporated into Assyria during the reign of Sargon II (722–705 BC)."}, {"id": "Q208336", "label": "Sargon II", "section": "History - Post-Hittite period", "says": "Carchemish and Melid were made vassals of Assyria under Shalmaneser III (858–823 BC), and fully incorporated into Assyria during the reign of Sargon II (722–705 BC)."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Post-Hittite period", "says": "Known as Greek Tibarenoi (Ancient Greek: Τιβαρηνοί), Latin Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus, their language may have been Luwian, testified to by monuments written using Anatolian hieroglyphs."}], "Q133032": [{"id": "Q181902", "label": "Treaty of Trianon", "section": "lead", "says": "About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Chile, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina, and therefore constitute the Hungarian diaspora (Hungarian: szórványmagyarság)."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Chile, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina, and therefore constitute the Hungarian diaspora (Hungarian: szórványmagyarság)."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "2022 suggests that the conquering Hungarians have origins in three distinct regions on the Eurasian steppe: the Lake Baikal-Altai Mountains, spanning present-day northwestern Mongolia and southern Siberia, the Southern Urals-Western Siberia and the Black Sea-Northern Caucasus."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The study concludes that the Huns and related Avars likely originated in present-day Mongolia and were descendants of the Xiongnu, while the conquering Hungarians derived from an admixture of Ugrians, Sarmatians and Huns.\n\"Hungarian pre-history\", i.e. the history of the \"ancient Hungarians\" before their arrival in the Carpathian basin at the end of the 9th century, is thus a \"tenuous construct\", b"}, {"id": "Q2090473", "label": "Khazar Khaganate", "section": "History - 4th century to c. 830", "says": "Those around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "History - c. 830 to c. 895", "says": "From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, against Great Moravia, the Eastern Frankish Empire, the First Bulgarian Empire, and the Balaton principality."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - c. 830 to c. 895", "says": "From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, against Great Moravia, the Eastern Frankish Empire, the First Bulgarian Empire, and the Balaton principality."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "History - Entering the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895)", "says": "The downfall of the Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century did not mean the extinction of the Avar population, contemporary written sources report surviving Avar groups."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Entering the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895)", "says": "According to historian György Szabados and archeologist Miklós Béla Szőke, a group of Hungarians were already living in the Carpathian Basin at that time, so they could quickly intervene in the events of the Carolingian Empire."}, {"id": "Q697722", "label": "Battle of Pressburg", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a Bavarian army in the Battle of Pressburg and laid the territories of present-day Germany, France, and Italy open to Hungarian raids, which were fast and devastating."}, {"id": "Q157099", "label": "Louis the Child", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of Louis the Child, son of Arnulf of Carinthia and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of Charlemagne, near Augsburg in 910."}, {"id": "Q154936", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of Louis the Child, son of Arnulf of Carinthia and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of Charlemagne, near Augsburg in 910."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of Louis the Child, son of Arnulf of Carinthia and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of Charlemagne, near Augsburg in 910."}, {"id": "Q2749", "label": "Augsburg", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of Louis the Child, son of Arnulf of Carinthia and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of Charlemagne, near Augsburg in 910."}, {"id": "Q273069", "label": "Battle of Lechfeld", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "Hungarian expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, ending their raids against Western Europe, but raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "The Pope approved Hungarian settlement in the area when their leaders converted to Christianity, and Stephen I (Szent István, or Saint Stephen) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001."}, {"id": "Q161775", "label": "Saint Stephen", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "The Pope approved Hungarian settlement in the area when their leaders converted to Christianity, and Stephen I (Szent István, or Saint Stephen) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - After 900", "says": "The century between the arrival of the Hungarians from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian Peninsula (contemporary Spain and Portugal)."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "The Ottoman Empire had to recruit troops from conquered Christian people, most notably through the devşirme system, a special \"tribute in blood\", by which the Janissary corps was primarily staffed."}, {"id": "Q595545", "label": "Rákóczi’s War of Independence", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Between the Battle of Mohács in 1526 and the suppression of Rákóczi's War of Independence in 1711, the Hungarian and Catholic dominated population structure of the Late Medieval Kingdom of Hungary was broken up, in Transylvania the Romanians became majority and the Hungarians became a minority population, and in the more sheltered mountainous regions, the Romanian population steadily grew, benefit"}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "History - 19th century to present", "says": "For historical reasons (see Treaty of Trianon), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in Romania (in Transylvania), Slovakia, and Serbia (in Vojvodina)."}], "Q46395": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "These territories are remnants of the former British Empire, which remained under British sovereignty following decolonisation, albeit with varying constitutional statuses."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "lead", "says": "Britain is notably the only country to still have territories in every continent on earth, except the continent of Australia."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "All fourteen territories recognise the British monarch as head of state and oversight is primarily exercised by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), although they do not form part of the United Kingdom itself."}], "Q201190": [{"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "lead", "says": "Palestinians (Arabic: الفلسطينيون, romanized: al-Filasṭīniyyūn) are an Arab national group native to the region of Palestine, descended from those who have inhabited the area over the millennia."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1919, Palestinian Muslims and Christians constituted 90 percent of the population of Palestine, just before the third wave of Jewish immigration and the setting up of British Mandatory Palestine after World War I."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "Origins", "says": "Mass conversions to Christianity (and the subsequent Christianization of the Roman Empire), along with the emigration of pagans, Jews, and Samaritans, contributed to a Christian majority forming in Late Roman and Byzantine Palestine."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Origins", "says": "Mass conversions to Christianity (and the subsequent Christianization of the Roman Empire), along with the emigration of pagans, Jews, and Samaritans, contributed to a Christian majority forming in Late Roman and Byzantine Palestine."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Origins", "says": "In the 7th century, the Arab Rashiduns conquered the Levant; they were later succeeded by other Arab Muslim dynasties, including the Umayyads, Abbasids and the Fatimids."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "Origins", "says": "Some scholars suggest that by the arrival of the Crusaders, Palestine was already overwhelmingly Muslim, while others claim that it was only after the Crusades that the Christians lost their majority, and that the process of mass Islamization took place much later, perhaps during the Mamluk period."}], "Q31113": [{"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "The party was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 in Honolulu, Republic of Hawaii, as the Revive China Society."}, {"id": "Q1057542", "label": "Republic of Hawaii", "section": "lead", "says": "The party was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 in Honolulu, Republic of Hawaii, as the Revive China Society."}, {"id": "Q16574", "label": "Chiang Kai-shek", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1926 to 1928, the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek unified China in the Northern Expedition against regional warlords, leading to the fall of the Beiyang government."}, {"id": "Q1073476", "label": "Northern Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "From 1926 to 1928, the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek unified China in the Northern Expedition against regional warlords, leading to the fall of the Beiyang government."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the sole ruling party of China from 1928 to 1949 but gradually lost control while fighting the Empire of Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the CCP in the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q170314", "label": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the sole ruling party of China from 1928 to 1949 but gradually lost control while fighting the Empire of Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the CCP in the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "It was the sole ruling party of China from 1928 to 1949 but gradually lost control while fighting the Empire of Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the CCP in the Chinese Civil War."}, {"id": "Q525197", "label": "White Terror", "section": "lead", "says": "During this period (known as the White Terror), martial law was in effect and civil liberties were curtailed as part of its anti-communism efforts."}, {"id": "Q313598", "label": "Chiang Ching-kuo", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 1980s, party leader Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law and the ban on opposition parties."}, {"id": "Q315528", "label": "Lee Teng-hui", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor, Lee Teng-hui, continued democratic reforms and was reelected in 1996 in the first direct presidential election."}, {"id": "Q19216", "label": "Ma Ying-jeou", "section": "lead", "says": "The party reclaimed power with the landslide victory of Ma Ying-jeou in the 2008 presidential election, then lost the presidency and its legislative majority in the 2016 election, but regained a legislative plurality in the 2024 election."}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - Founding and Sun Yat-sen era", "says": "The group supported the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Founding and Sun Yat-sen era", "says": "The group supported the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912."}, {"id": "Q210329", "label": "Yuan Shikai", "section": "History - Founding and Sun Yat-sen era", "says": "However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the provisional presidency of the republic to Yuan Shikai, who arranged for the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor, on 12 February."}, {"id": "Q532587", "label": "Song Jiaoren", "section": "History - Founding and Sun Yat-sen era", "says": "The most influential member of the party was the third-ranking Song Jiaoren, who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy."}, {"id": "Q709979", "label": "Hu Han-min", "section": "History - Founding and Sun Yat-sen era", "says": "While exiled in Japan, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, and Chen Jiongming, refused to join him or support his efforts in inc"}, {"id": "Q714677", "label": "Chen Chiung Ming", "section": "History - Founding and Sun Yat-sen era", "says": "While exiled in Japan, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, and Chen Jiongming, refused to join him or support his efforts in inc"}, {"id": "Q8646", "label": "Hong Kong", "section": "History - Under Chiang Kai-shek in mainland China", "says": "Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from what he had learned in Hawaii and indirectly through Hong Kong and Japan under the Meiji Restoration, Chiang knew relatively little about the West."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Under Chiang Kai-shek in mainland China", "says": "In 1923, after the formation of the First United Front, Sun Yat-sen sent Chiang to spend three months in Moscow studying the political and military system of the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q269655", "label": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "section": "History - In Taiwan: 1945–present", "says": "In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the Penghu islands, became a Japanese colony via the Treaty of Shimonoseki following the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q178687", "label": "First Sino-Japanese War", "section": "History - In Taiwan: 1945–present", "says": "In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the Penghu islands, became a Japanese colony via the Treaty of Shimonoseki following the First Sino-Japanese War."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - In Taiwan: 1945–present", "says": "After Japan's defeat at the end of World War II in 1945, General Order No."}, {"id": "Q188408", "label": "Chen Yi", "section": "History - In Taiwan: 1945–present", "says": "On 25 October 1945, KMT general Chen Yi acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as Taiwan Retrocession Day."}, {"id": "Q699096", "label": "Battle of Guningtou", "section": "History - In Taiwan: 1945–present", "says": "The KMT fought the Battle of Guningtou on 25–27 October 1949 and stopped the PLA invasion."}], "Q52028": [{"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Chiang Mai is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second-largest city in Thailand by urban population."}, {"id": "Q1059707", "label": "Lanna", "section": "lead", "says": "Chiang Mai (meaning \"new city\" in Thai) was founded in 1296 as the new capital of Lan Na, succeeding the former capital, Chiang Rai."}], "Q23693": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Probably descended from the Thervingi who entered the Roman Empire in 376 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople (378), they were first united under Alaric I (395–410), whose forces alternately fought and allied with Rome before famously sacking the city in 410."}, {"id": "Q102371", "label": "Alaric I", "section": "lead", "says": "Probably descended from the Thervingi who entered the Roman Empire in 376 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople (378), they were first united under Alaric I (395–410), whose forces alternately fought and allied with Rome before famously sacking the city in 410."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "lead", "says": "Defeat by the Franks under Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé (507) ended Visigothic rule in Gaul, but the kingdom consolidated in Spain and Portugal, where it endured for two centuries."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "lead", "says": "Defeat by the Franks under Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé (507) ended Visigothic rule in Gaul, but the kingdom consolidated in Spain and Portugal, where it endured for two centuries."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Defeat by the Franks under Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé (507) ended Visigothic rule in Gaul, but the kingdom consolidated in Spain and Portugal, where it endured for two centuries."}, {"id": "Q313057", "label": "Reccared I", "section": "lead", "says": "Under King Reccared I, they converted from Arian Christianity to Nicene Christianity at the Third Council of Toledo (589), integrating with their Hispano-Roman subjects and strengthening royal legitimacy."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Under King Reccared I, they converted from Arian Christianity to Nicene Christianity at the Third Council of Toledo (589), integrating with their Hispano-Roman subjects and strengthening royal legitimacy."}, {"id": "Q504172", "label": "Battle of Guadalete", "section": "lead", "says": "In 711, the Visigothic kingdom collapsed after defeat by an Umayyad army at the Battle of Guadalete, where King Roderic was killed."}, {"id": "Q231392", "label": "Kingdom of Asturias", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Kingdom of Asturias soon emerged under Pelagius, marking the beginning of the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q14655", "label": "Pelagius", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Kingdom of Asturias soon emerged under Pelagius, marking the beginning of the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "In the north, the Kingdom of Asturias soon emerged under Pelagius, marking the beginning of the Reconquista."}, {"id": "Q1812", "label": "Gordian III", "section": "History - Contact with Rome", "says": "During the war with the Persians that year, Goths also appeared in the Roman armies of Gordian III."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "History - Contact with Rome", "says": "Throughout the reign of emperor Constantine the Great, the Visigoths continued to conduct raids on Roman territory south of the Danube River."}, {"id": "Q159712", "label": "Fritigern", "section": "History - War with Rome (376–382)", "says": "The Goths remained in Dacia until 376, when one of their leaders, Fritigern, appealed to the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - War with Rome (376–382)", "says": "Fourth-century Roman soldier and historian Ammianus Marcellinus ended his chronology of Roman history with this battle."}, {"id": "Q46696", "label": "Theodosius I", "section": "History - Reign of Alaric I", "says": "The new emperor, Theodosius I, made peace with the rebels, and this peace held essentially unbroken until Theodosius died in 395."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "History - Reign of Alaric I", "says": "The new emperor, Theodosius I, made peace with the rebels, and this peace held essentially unbroken until Theodosius died in 395."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "History - Reign of Alaric I", "says": "In that year, the Visigoths' most famous king, Alaric I, made a bid for the throne, but controversy and intrigue erupted between the East and West, as General Stilicho tried to maintain his position in the empire."}, {"id": "Q159369", "label": "Arcadius", "section": "History - Reign of Alaric I", "says": "Theodosius was succeeded by his sons: Arcadius in the east and Honorius in the west."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "History - Reign of Alaric I", "says": "Theodosius was succeeded by his sons: Arcadius in the east and Honorius in the west."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Reign of Alaric I", "says": "However, Rome, while still the official capital, was no longer the de facto seat of the government of the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Visigothic Kingdom", "says": "The Visigothic Kingdom was a Western European power in the 5th to 8th centuries, created first in Gaul, when the Romans lost their control of the western half of their empire and then in Hispania until 711."}, {"id": "Q185476", "label": "Aëtius", "section": "History - Visigothic Kingdom", "says": "That Visigothic settlement proved paramount to Europe's future as had it not been for the Visigothic warriors who fought side by side with the Roman troops under general Flavius Aetius, it is perhaps possible that Attila would have seized control of Gaul, rather than the Romans being able to retain dominance."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "History - Visigothic Kingdom", "says": "The Visigoths' second great king, Euric, unified the various quarreling factions among the Visigoths particularly in Hispania and in 475, after he subjugated the province, he concluded a peace treaty with the emperor Julius Nepos."}], "Q33698": [{"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Early literature", "says": "After WWII, books in Livonian were no longer published, as Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union."}], "Q101935": [{"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "By 1600, it declined to 7–8%, and was further reduced later in the century after the return of persecution under Louis XIV, who instituted the Dragonnades to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huguenots were concentrated in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "lead", "says": "A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "lead", "says": "The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret; her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king); and the princes of Condé."}, {"id": "Q312939", "label": "Peter Waldo", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The first known translation of the Bible into one of France's regional languages, Arpitan or Franco-Provençal, had been prepared by the pre-Protestant reformer Peter Waldo (c."}, {"id": "Q3297454", "label": "Massacre of Mérindol", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "They were suppressed by Francis I in 1545 in the Massacre of Mérindol."}, {"id": "Q37577", "label": "John Calvin", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "Jean Cauvin (John Calvin), another student at the University of Paris, also converted to Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Wars of religion", "says": "Following the accidental death of Henry II in 1559, his son succeeded as King Francis II along with his wife, the Queen Consort, also known as Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Wars of religion", "says": "Following the accidental death of Henry II in 1559, his son succeeded as King Francis II along with his wife, the Queen Consort, also known as Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q131412", "label": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "History - Wars of religion", "says": "Following the accidental death of Henry II in 1559, his son succeeded as King Francis II along with his wife, the Queen Consort, also known as Mary, Queen of Scots."}, {"id": "Q182135", "label": "House of Valois", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "The crown, occupied by the House of Valois, generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when politically expedient."}, {"id": "Q1086489", "label": "massacre of Vassy", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "The French Wars of Religion began with the Massacre of Vassy on 1 March 1562, when dozens (some sources say hundreds) of Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded."}, {"id": "Q182123", "label": "Irenaeus", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "It was in this year that some Huguenots destroyed the tomb and remains of Saint Irenaeus (d."}, {"id": "Q192371", "label": "Polycarp", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "202), an early Church father and bishop who was a disciple of Polycarp."}, {"id": "Q2350993", "label": "Michelade", "section": "History - Civil wars", "says": "The Michelade by Huguenots against Catholics was later on 29 September 1567."}, {"id": "Q737533", "label": "Louis XIII of France", "section": "History - Edict of Nantes", "says": "His successor Louis XIII, under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici, was more intolerant of Protestantism."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - Edict of Fontainebleau", "says": "It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom were intellectuals, doctors and business leaders whose skills were transferred to Britain as well as Holland, Switzerland, Prussia, South Africa and other places they fled to."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Edict of Fontainebleau", "says": "There were also some Calvinists in the Alsace region, which then belonged to the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q7732", "label": "Louis XVI of France", "section": "History - End of persecution", "says": "Persecution of Protestants diminished in France after 1724, finally ending with the Edict of Versailles, commonly called the Edict of Tolerance, signed by Louis XVI in 1787."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "History - Modern times", "says": "They hid them in secret places or helped them get out of Vichy France."}, {"id": "Q408", "label": "Australia", "section": "History - Modern times", "says": "Long integrated into Australian society, it is encouraged by the Huguenot Society of Australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage, aided by the Society's genealogical research services."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Modern times", "says": "In the United States, there are several Huguenot worship groups and societies."}], "Q42211": [{"id": "Q933963", "label": "Marcomannic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The Vandals were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned in passing by a small number of Roman writers in the first and second centuries, but became more prominent starting in the late second century during the tumultuous Marcomannic Wars of the Romans against many of the Germanic peoples north of the Danube, when Hasdingi-led Vandals took the side of the Romans, in exchange for terri"}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also under Hasdingi leadership that large numbers of Vandals later migrated and formed a powerful Vandal Kingdom that ruled Roman North Africa for several generations until it was conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire in 534."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was also under Hasdingi leadership that large numbers of Vandals later migrated and formed a powerful Vandal Kingdom that ruled Roman North Africa for several generations until it was conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire in 534."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "lead", "says": "Tribes categorized in the early period as Vandals included the Warini, Gutones, and Burgundians who all then lived near what is now Poland and Eastern Germany, but these tribes were not referred to as Vandals in later records."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The new Iberian kingdoms came under pressure from Romans and Visigoths, who invaded Iberia in 418, and almost wiped them out."}, {"id": "Q52995", "label": "Gunderic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Alans and Silingi Vandals voluntarily subjected themselves to the rule of Hasdingian leader Gunderic."}, {"id": "Q1136575", "label": "Vandalic War", "section": "lead", "says": "Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–534, in which the forces of Emperor Justinian I reconquered the province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–534, in which the forces of Emperor Justinian I reconquered the province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "Classical history - First and Second centuries", "says": "The earliest surviving written mention of the Vandals is by Pliny the Elder writing in about 70 AD, who used the term Vandili in a broad way to define one of the five major groupings of all Germanic peoples (Latin: Germani)."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "Classical history - First and Second centuries", "says": "The Hasdingi, who later led the Vandal invasion of Carthage, do not appear in written records until the late 2nd century and the time of the Marcomannic wars."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "Classical history - Third and Fourth centuries", "says": "In about 271 AD, the Roman Emperor Aurelian was obliged to protect the middle course of the Danube against Vandals."}, {"id": "Q46768", "label": "Maximian", "section": "Classical history - Third and Fourth centuries", "says": "During this same period, the 11th panegyric to Maximian, delivered in 291, reported two different conflicts outside the empire."}, {"id": "Q8413", "label": "Constantine the Great", "section": "Classical history - Third and Fourth centuries", "says": "According to Jordanes's Getica, the Hasdingi came into conflict with the Goths around the time of Constantine the Great, who reigned 306-337."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "Classical history - Early Fifth century migration", "says": "In the late 4th century and early 5th, the famous magister militum Stilicho (died 408), the chief minister of the Emperor Honorius, was described as being of Vandal descent."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "Classical history - Early Fifth century migration", "says": "In the late 4th century and early 5th, the famous magister militum Stilicho (died 408), the chief minister of the Emperor Honorius, was described as being of Vandal descent."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "Classical history - Early Fifth century migration", "says": "From this, historian Peter Heather concludes that at this time the Vandals were located in the region around the Middle and Upper Danube."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "Classical history - Early Fifth century migration", "says": "According to the Frigeridus fragment cited by Gregory of Tours, around 20,000 Vandals, including Godigisel himself, died in this Vandal–Frankish war, but then with the help of the Alans they managed to defeat the Franks, and on December 31, 405, the Vandals crossed the Rhine, probably while it was frozen, to invade Gaul, which they devastated terribly."}], "Q26397": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "Nitra (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈɲitra] ; also known by other alternative names) (Hungarian: Nyitra) is a city in southwestern Slovakia, situated at the foot of the Zobor Mountain in the Nitra River Valley about 90 km (56 mi) northeast of the country's capital, Bratislava."}, {"id": "Q193152", "label": "Great Moravia", "section": "History - 5th to 10th centuries", "says": "In 833, Pribina was ousted by the Moravian prince Mojmír I and both regions were united into the early medieval empire of Great Moravia."}, {"id": "Q521299", "label": "Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches", "section": "History - 14th to 19th centuries", "says": "Habsburg troops under Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches recaptured it on 2 May 1664 before the Battle of Léva."}, {"id": "Q74623", "label": "Great Turkish War", "section": "History - 14th to 19th centuries", "says": "The Turks returned at the start of the Great Turkish War and held the town until 1685."}, {"id": "Q313494", "label": "Gabriel Bethlen", "section": "History - 14th to 19th centuries", "says": "The town was also affected by anti-Habsburg uprisings, from Stephen Bocskay and Gabriel Bethlen uprisings in the 17th century to the Kuruc uprisings from 1703 to 1711, and the town burned down in 1708 as a result of fights."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 14th to 19th centuries", "says": "Before World War I, a distillery, an agricultural machinery factory, a brewery, a dairy, and other works were established."}, {"id": "Q33946", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "section": "History - 20th to 21st centuries", "says": "However, the town became a part of Czechoslovakia."}, {"id": "Q154401", "label": "Slovak Republic", "section": "History - 20th to 21st centuries", "says": "After the break-up of Czechoslovakia in 1939, Nitra became a part of the First Slovak Republic and once again a seat of Nitra county until 1945."}, {"id": "Q182817", "label": "Velvet Revolution", "section": "History - 20th to 21st centuries", "says": "After the Velvet Revolution of 1989 and dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Nitra became part of newly established Slovakia and became the seat of the Nitra Region in 1996."}, {"id": "Q154346", "label": "Jozef Tiso", "section": "History - 20th to 21st centuries", "says": "In 2008, the remains of Jozef Tiso—the controversial leader of the First Slovak Republic who collaborated with the Nazis and was executed in 1947 as a war criminal—were exhumed from a Bratislava cemetery and reburied in the canonical crypt of the Catholic Cathedral in Nitra."}], "Q130900": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "They had previously settled in the Middle Danube in the 5th century, near what is now Austria, Slovenia and Hungary."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "lead", "says": "Apart from a single mention in the Cosmographia of Julius Honorius, there are no contemporary accounts of the Lombards in the 3rd or 4th century."}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "lead", "says": "There are two other notable later adaptions, the Chronicon Gothanum and the more scholarly History of the Lombards by Paul the Deacon, written between 787 and 796 AD, which contain more information."}, {"id": "Q872644", "label": "Rugiland", "section": "lead", "says": "The details, however, differ until they enter \"Rugiland\" soon after Odoacer's defeat in 487/488 AD of the Rugii, who had a kingdom near what is now Vienna."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Alboin's victory over the Gepids, he led his people into northeastern Italy, which had become severely depopulated and devastated by the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Following Alboin's victory over the Gepids, he led his people into northeastern Italy, which had become severely depopulated and devastated by the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "Legendary origins", "says": "This appears to be an imitation of the 6th-century origin of the Goths written by Jordanes."}, {"id": "Q166876", "label": "Isidore of Seville", "section": "Legendary origins", "says": "The Vindilicus appears to come from a mistaken reading of the earlier collection of etymologies by Isidore of Seville, who says it was a river where the Vandals originated, in a sentence which comes immediately after a comment about the etymology of the name of the Langobards."}, {"id": "Q316098", "label": "Marcus Velleius Paterculus", "section": "History - First century: Lower Elbe", "says": "The first mention of the Lombards in a near contemporary record occurred between AD 9 and 16, by the Roman court historian Velleius Paterculus, who accompanied a Roman expedition as prefect of the cavalry."}, {"id": "Q68880", "label": "Arminius", "section": "History - First century: Lower Elbe", "says": "9 AD when Arminius and his allies won the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, the Lombards and Semnones were part of the kingdom of Marobod, the King of the Marcomanni, who was allied with Rome."}, {"id": "Q185223", "label": "Cassius Dio", "section": "History - Second century", "says": "Far to the south of the Lower Elbe, in 166 AD Cassius Dio reported that just before the Marcomannic Wars, 6,000 Lombards and Obii (sometimes thought to be Ubii) crossed the Danube and invaded Pannonia."}, {"id": "Q933963", "label": "Marcomannic Wars", "section": "History - Second century", "says": "Far to the south of the Lower Elbe, in 166 AD Cassius Dio reported that just before the Marcomannic Wars, 6,000 Lombards and Obii (sometimes thought to be Ubii) crossed the Danube and invaded Pannonia."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Middle Danube", "says": "Waccho was also an ally of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, and the Italian Gothic king Vitiges (reigned 536 to 540) was unable to buy him over as an ally."}, {"id": "Q183813", "label": "Justin II", "section": "History - Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy, 568–774", "says": "Longinus, the Exarch sent to Italy by Emperor Justin II, could only defend coastal cities that could be supplied by the powerful Byzantine fleet."}, {"id": "Q2829270", "label": "Duchy of Spoleto", "section": "History - Langobardia minor", "says": "Duchy of Spoleto and Duke of Spoleto\nDuchy of Benevento and List of dukes and princes of Benevento"}, {"id": "Q267816", "label": "Duchy of Benevento", "section": "History - Langobardia minor", "says": "Duchy of Spoleto and Duke of Spoleto\nDuchy of Benevento and List of dukes and princes of Benevento"}, {"id": "Q42827", "label": "Gregory I", "section": "History - Arian monarchy", "says": "The Catholic Theodelinda corresponded with Pope Gregory I and encouraged the conversion of the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q318237", "label": "Ansprand", "section": "History - Catholic monarchy", "says": "The Lombard reign began to recover only with Liutprand the Lombard (king from 712), son of Ansprand and successor of the brutal Aripert II."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Catholic monarchy", "says": "He also helped the Frankish marshal Charles Martel drive back the Arabs."}, {"id": "Q297520", "label": "Desiderius", "section": "History - Catholic monarchy", "says": "After the death of Aistulf, Ratchis attempted to become king of Lombardy, but he was deposed by Desiderius, duke of Tuscany, the last Lombard to rule as king."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Catholic monarchy", "says": "Desiderius surrendered in 774, and Charlemagne, in an utterly novel decision, took the title \"King of the Lombards\"."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "History - Catholic monarchy", "says": "Charlemagne took part of the Lombard territory to create the Papal States."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849", "says": "Charlemagne came down with an army, and his son Louis the Pious sent men, to force the Beneventan duke to submit, but his submission and promises were never kept and Arechis and his successors were de facto independent."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849", "says": "The Lombards of southern Italy were thereafter in the anomalous position of holding land claimed by two empires: the Carolingian Empire to the north and west and the Byzantine Empire to the east."}, {"id": "Q1051600", "label": "Duchy of Naples", "section": "History - Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849", "says": "Benevento meanwhile grew to its greatest extent yet when it imposed a tribute on the Duchy of Naples, which was tenuously loyal to Byzantium and even conquered the Neapolitan city of Amalfi in 838."}, {"id": "Q781935", "label": "Principality of Benevento", "section": "History - Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849", "says": "The treaty divided the kingdom into two states: the Principality of Benevento and the Principality of Salerno, with its capital at Salerno on the Tyrrhenian Sea."}, {"id": "Q1065299", "label": "Principality of Salerno", "section": "History - Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849", "says": "The treaty divided the kingdom into two states: the Principality of Benevento and the Principality of Salerno, with its capital at Salerno on the Tyrrhenian Sea."}, {"id": "Q41592", "label": "Basil I", "section": "History - Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–915", "says": "Saracen incursions proceeded northwards until Adelchis of Benevento sought the help of his suzerain, Louis II, who allied with the Byzantine emperor Basil I to expel the Arabs from Bari in 869."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "History - Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–915", "says": "After the death of Louis, Landulf II of Capua briefly flirted with a Saracen alliance, but Pope John VIII convinced him to break it off."}, {"id": "Q227976", "label": "John X", "section": "History - Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–915", "says": "Finally, towards 915, Pope John X managed to unite the Christian princes of southern Italy against the Saracen establishments on the Garigliano river."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Lombard principalities in the tenth century", "says": "Meanwhile, the prince Gisulf I of Salerno began using the title Langobardorum Gentis Princeps around mid-century, but the ideal of a united Lombard principality was realised only in December 977, when Gisulf died and his domains were inherited by Pandulf Ironhead, who temporarily held almost all Italy south of Rome and brought the Lombards into an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q41833", "label": "Basil II", "section": "History - Lombard principalities in the tenth century", "says": "The rulers of Benevento and Capua made several attempts on Byzantine Apulia at this time, but late in the century, the Byzantines, under the stiff rule of Basil II, gained ground on the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "History - Norman conquest, 1017–1078", "says": "The Salernitan principality experienced a golden age under Guaimar III and Guaimar IV, but under Gisulf II, the principality shrank to insignificance and fell in 1078 to Robert Guiscard, who had married Gisulf's sister Sichelgaita."}, {"id": "Q312613", "label": "Richard II", "section": "History - Norman conquest, 1017–1078", "says": "The Capuans revolted against Norman rule in 1091, expelling Richard's grandson Richard II and setting up one Lando IV."}, {"id": "Q233373", "label": "Battle of Capua", "section": "History - Norman conquest, 1017–1078", "says": "Capua was again put under Norman rule after the Siege of Capua of 1098 and the city quickly declined in importance under a series of ineffective Norman rulers."}], "Q191764": [{"id": "Q330988", "label": "Democratic Kampuchea", "section": "lead", "says": "Khmer Rouge is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and by extension to Democratic Kampuchea, which ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979."}, {"id": "Q160318", "label": "Norodom Sihanouk", "section": "lead", "says": "The name was coined in the 1960s by Norodom Sihanouk to describe his country's heterogeneous, communist-led dissidents, with whom he allied after the 1970 Cambodian coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q313400", "label": "Lon Nol", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Khmer Rouge originally fought against Sihanouk, it changed its position on the CCP's advice and began supporting him after he was overthrown in a 1970 coup d'état by Lon Nol, who established the pro-American Khmer Republic."}, {"id": "Q1054184", "label": "Khmer Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Khmer Rouge originally fought against Sihanouk, it changed its position on the CCP's advice and began supporting him after he was overthrown in a 1970 coup d'état by Lon Nol, who established the pro-American Khmer Republic."}, {"id": "Q817206", "label": "Cambodian Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "Despite a massive American bombing campaign (Operation Freedom Deal) against them, the Khmer Rouge won the Cambodian Civil War when they captured the Cambodian capital and overthrew the Khmer Republic in 1975."}, {"id": "Q968067", "label": "Son Sen", "section": "lead", "says": "Following their victory, the Khmer Rouge—who were led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan—immediately set about forcibly evacuating the country's major cities."}, {"id": "Q379203", "label": "Khieu Samphan", "section": "lead", "says": "Following their victory, the Khmer Rouge—who were led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan—immediately set about forcibly evacuating the country's major cities."}, {"id": "Q2454958", "label": "Great Chinese Famine", "section": "lead", "says": "Many deaths resulted from the regime's social engineering policies and the \"Moha Lout Plaoh\", an imitation of China's Great Leap Forward which had caused the Great Chinese Famine."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge was largely supported and funded by the CCP, receiving approval from CCP Chairman Mao Zedong; it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which was provided to the Khmer Rouge came from China."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The history of the communist movement in Cambodia can be divided into six phases, namely the emergence before World War II of the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP), whose members were almost exclusively Vietnamese; the 10-year struggle for independence from the French, when a separate Cambodian communist party, the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP), was established under Vietnamese au"}, {"id": "Q36014", "label": "Ho Chi Minh", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "In 1930, Ho Chi Minh founded the Communist Party of Vietnam by unifying three smaller communist movements that had emerged in northern, central and southern Vietnam during the late 1920s."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Viet Minh units occasionally made forays into Cambodian bases during their war against the French and in conjunction with the leftist government that ruled Thailand until 1947."}, {"id": "Q482407", "label": "Geneva Conference", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Chandler, the leftist Issarak groups aided by the Viet Minh occupied a sixth of Cambodia's territory by 1952, and on the eve of the Geneva Conference in 1954, they controlled as much as one half of the country."}, {"id": "Q39464", "label": "Pol Pot", "section": "History - Paris student group", "says": "Pol Pot, who rose to the leadership of the communist movement in the 1960s, attended a technical high school in the capital and then went to Paris in 1949 to study radio electronics (other sources say he attended a school for fax machines and also studied civil engineering)."}, {"id": "Q9061", "label": "Karl Marx", "section": "History - Paris student group", "says": "Described by one source as a \"determined, rather plodding organizer\", Pol Pot failed to obtain a degree, but according to Jesuit priest Father François Ponchaud he acquired a taste for the classics of French literature as well as an interest in the writings of Karl Marx."}, {"id": "Q379232", "label": "Ieng Sary", "section": "History - Paris student group", "says": "Another member of the Paris student group was Ieng Sary, a Chinese-Khmer from the Mekong Delta."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - KPRP's Second Congress", "says": "Yet the experience did not prevent Samphan from advocating cooperation with Sihanouk in order to promote a united front against United States activities in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q180573", "label": "South Vietnam", "section": "History - KPRP's Second Congress", "says": "Yet the experience did not prevent Samphan from advocating cooperation with Sihanouk in order to promote a united front against United States activities in South Vietnam."}, {"id": "Q379225", "label": "Nuon Chea", "section": "History - KPRP's Second Congress", "says": "His ally Nuon Chea, also known as Long Reth, became deputy general secretary, but Pol Pot and Ieng Sary were named to the Political Bureau to occupy the third and the fifth highest positions in the renamed party's hierarchy."}, {"id": "Q867778", "label": "People's Republic of Kampuchea", "section": "History - KPRP's Second Congress", "says": "The pro-Vietnamese regime of the People's Republic of Kampuchea implied in the 1980s that the September 1960 meeting was nothing more than the second congress of the KPRP."}, {"id": "Q172640", "label": "North Vietnam", "section": "History - Sihanouk and the GRUNK", "says": "In 1965, Pol Pot made a visit of several months to North Vietnam and China."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "History - Sihanouk and the GRUNK", "says": "From the 1950s on, Pol Pot had made frequent visits to the People's Republic of China, receiving political and military training—especially on the theory of dictatorship of the proletariat—from the personnel of the CCP."}, {"id": "Q47677", "label": "Chen Boda", "section": "History - Sihanouk and the GRUNK", "says": "From November 1965 to February 1966, Pol Pot received training from high-ranking CCP officials such as Chen Boda and Zhang Chunqiao, on topics such as the communist revolution in China, class conflicts, and Communist International."}, {"id": "Q197170", "label": "Zhang Chunqiao", "section": "History - Sihanouk and the GRUNK", "says": "From November 1965 to February 1966, Pol Pot received training from high-ranking CCP officials such as Chen Boda and Zhang Chunqiao, on topics such as the communist revolution in China, class conflicts, and Communist International."}, {"id": "Q544432", "label": "Kang Sheng", "section": "History - Sihanouk and the GRUNK", "says": "Pol Pot was particularly impressed by the lecture on political purge by Kang Sheng."}, {"id": "Q2895498", "label": "Ben Kiernan", "section": "History - Before 1975", "says": "According to Ben Kiernan, the Khmer Rouge \"would not have won power without U.S. economic and military destabilization of Cambodia. ..."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - 1975–1992", "says": "However, to counter the power of the Soviet Union and Vietnam, a group of countries—including China, the United States, Thailand, and some other Western nations—supported the Khmer Rouge–dominated Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea in retaining Cambodia's seat in the United Nations, which it held until 1993, after the Cold War had ended."}, {"id": "Q369942", "label": "Ta Mok", "section": "History - Leadership", "says": "The Party Centre, lacking much in the way of their own military resources, accomplished their seizure of power by forming an alliance with Southwestern Zone leader Ta Mok and Pok, head of the North Zone's troops."}, {"id": "Q379197", "label": "Heng Samrin", "section": "History - War with Vietnam", "says": "On 25 December 1978, the Vietnamese armed forces along with the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, an organization founded by Heng Samrin that included many dissatisfied former Khmer Rouge members, invaded Cambodia and captured Phnom Penh on 7 January 1979."}, {"id": "Q7416", "label": "Margaret Thatcher", "section": "History - Place in the United Nations", "says": "In 1988, Margaret Thatcher stated: \"So, you'll find that the more reasonable ones of the Khmer Rouge will have to play some part in the future government, but only a minority part."}, {"id": "Q2638486", "label": "Kingdom of Cambodia", "section": "History - Place in the United Nations", "says": "The Kingdom of Cambodia was supported by the United States, the Khmer Republic (that eventually took over after the removal of Prince Sihanouk) and South Vietnam."}], "Q101985": [{"id": "Q156108", "label": "Obotrites", "section": "lead", "says": "To their east were Obotrites and other Slavic-speaking peoples."}, {"id": "Q320348", "label": "Widukind", "section": "lead", "says": "The political history of these continental Saxons is unclear until the 8th century and the conflict between their semi-legendary hero Widukind and the Frankish emperor Charlemagne."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "The political history of these continental Saxons is unclear until the 8th century and the conflict between their semi-legendary hero Widukind and the Frankish emperor Charlemagne."}, {"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "Previous Frankish rulers of Austrasia, both Merovingian and Carolingian, fought numerous campaigns against Saxons, both in the west near the Lippe, Ems and Weser, and further east, near Thuringia and Bohemia, including the area which later medieval sources referred to as \"North Swabia\"."}, {"id": "Q499909", "label": "Saxon Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Charlemagne conquered all the Saxons after winning the long Saxon Wars (772–804 AD) and forced them to convert to Christianity, annexing Saxony into the Carolingian domain."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "Charlemagne conquered all the Saxons after winning the long Saxon Wars (772–804 AD) and forced them to convert to Christianity, annexing Saxony into the Carolingian domain."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Under the Carolingian Franks Saxony became a single Stem duchy, fitting it within the basic political structure of the later Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q164092", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "The early rulers of this Duchy of Saxony expanded their territories—and therefore those of the Holy Roman Empire—to the east, at the expense of Slavic-speaking Wends."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Long before any clear historical mention of Saxony as a state, the name \"Saxons\" was also used to refer to coastal raiders who attacked the Roman Empire from north of the Rhine, in a sense similar to the much later term Viking."}, {"id": "Q371999", "label": "Eutropios", "section": "History - Saxon raiders (3rd and 4th centuries)", "says": "Eutropius, a 4th-century Roman historian, claimed that Saxon and Frankish raiders had attacked the North Sea coast near Boulogne-sur-Mer in about 285, when Carausius was posted there to defend against them."}, {"id": "Q106416", "label": "Frisians", "section": "History - Saxon raiders (3rd and 4th centuries)", "says": "Some of the Panegyrici Latini were written soon after those events, but they instead mention Franks, Chamavi and Frisians, and not Saxons."}, {"id": "Q131195", "label": "Constantius Chlorus", "section": "History - Saxon raiders (3rd and 4th centuries)", "says": "The area was brought under Roman governance by Constantius Chlorus, who settled many of the conquered in underpopulated parts of Gaul."}, {"id": "Q302936", "label": "Sidonius Apollinaris", "section": "History - 5th century", "says": "In the late 5th century a dramatic description of Saxon raiding was written by Sidonius Apollinaris writing to a friend who was assigned to a coastal defensive post in Saintonge near Bordeaux."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - 5th century", "says": "Writing in the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century, Procopius describes only three large nations living in \"Brittia\", Angles, Frisians, and Britons, and he does not mention Saxons at all."}, {"id": "Q203636", "label": "Stilicho", "section": "History - 5th century", "says": "Early in the fifth century it is believed that the Roman general Stilicho campaigned in Britain and northern Gaul and reorganized the defences against the Saxons."}, {"id": "Q209793", "label": "Constantine III", "section": "History - 5th century", "says": "Procopius states that after the overthrow of Constantine III in 411, \"the Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from that time under tyrants.\"\nIn 441–442, Saxons are mentioned in the Chronica Gallica of 452 which says that the \"British provinces, which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes, are reduced to Saxon rule\"."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "History - 5th century", "says": "In what is now France, during the 460s, an apparent fragment of a chronicle preserved in the History of the Franks of Gregory of Tours, gives a confusing report about a number of battles involving one \"Adovacrius\", who led a group of Saxons based upon"}, {"id": "Q233461", "label": "Theuderic I", "section": "History - Merovingian period", "says": "In about 531 the Franks, led by the eldest son of Clovis I, Theuderic I conquered the still independent kingdom of Thuringia, which henceforth became a kingdom under Frankish overlordship."}, {"id": "Q274597", "label": "Theudebert I", "section": "History - Merovingian period", "says": "During the reign of Theuderic's son Theudebert I (534-548) Procopius described the region between the Rhine and Denmark being inhabited not by Saxons, but by a Warini kingdom."}, {"id": "Q309915", "label": "Theudebald", "section": "History - Merovingian period", "says": "In 555, after the death of Theudebert's son Theudebald, his grandfather Theuderic's younger half-brother Clothar I (also spelled Lothar) inherited rule over the Rhine regions."}, {"id": "Q28984", "label": "Clothar I", "section": "History - Merovingian period", "says": "In 555, after the death of Theudebert's son Theudebald, his grandfather Theuderic's younger half-brother Clothar I (also spelled Lothar) inherited rule over the Rhine regions."}, {"id": "Q212852", "label": "Childebert I", "section": "History - Merovingian period", "says": "In a possibly separate incident Gregory reports that Chlothar fought Saxons in 556 or 557 who had been stirred up by his own brother Childebert I to attack his territory, going as far as Deutz on the Rhine. (Springer argues against assuming that this was one incident, or involved one single group of Saxons, because Thuringia is quite far from Deutz.) Gregory of Tours (IV.14), pursuing an ethical t"}, {"id": "Q309946", "label": "Sigebert I", "section": "History - Merovingian period", "says": "Sigebert I, the son of Clothar I who ruled"}, {"id": "Q91392", "label": "Pepin of Herstal", "section": "History - The Saxons and the Arnulfings", "says": "The Ewalds apparently had the support of this local ruler, and also Pepin of Herstal who was the effective ruler of Frankish Austrasia at this time."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - The Saxons and the Arnulfings", "says": "Ammianus Marcellinus reported them to be living north of the Rhine in the 4th century."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - The Saxons and the Arnulfings", "says": "In 718, Charles Martel, the son of Pepin, invaded Saxony as far as the Weser."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History - Charlemagne's Saxon Wars", "says": "Charlemagne deported 10,000 Nordalbingian Saxons to Neustria and gave their largely vacant lands in Wagria (approximately modern Plön and Ostholstein districts) to the loyal king of the Abotrites."}, {"id": "Q51650", "label": "People's Crusade", "section": "History - Charlemagne's Saxon Wars", "says": "A couple hundred years after the Charlemagne's conversion wars, Christianized Saxons joined the People's Crusade, with some possibly traveling through the Rhineland and an attested Saxon-Bohemian regiment dispersed by the Kingdom of Hungary around 1096."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - The Duchy of Saxony", "says": "The dukes of Saxony became kings (Henry I, the Fowler, 919) and later the first emperors (Henry's son, Otto I, the Great) of Germany during the tenth century, but they lost this position in 1024."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - The Duchy of Saxony", "says": "The dukes of Saxony became kings (Henry I, the Fowler, 919) and later the first emperors (Henry's son, Otto I, the Great) of Germany during the tenth century, but they lost this position in 1024."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "History - The Duchy of Saxony", "says": "The duchy was divided in 1180 when Duke Henry the Lion refused to follow his cousin, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, into war in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - The Duchy of Saxony", "says": "The duchy was divided in 1180 when Duke Henry the Lion refused to follow his cousin, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, into war in Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q693562", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg", "section": "History - The Duchy of Saxony", "says": "The rulers of Meissen acquired control of the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg (only a remnant of the previous Duchy) in 1423; they eventually applied the name Saxony to the whole of their kingdom."}], "Q103122": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogoths (Latin: Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people who, in the 5th and 6th centuries, established one of the two major Gothic kingdoms within the Western Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogoths were associated with the earlier Greuthungi mentioned by Roman authors such as Ammianus Marcellinus, and later identified by the historian Jordanes with the realm of Ermanaric in the 4th century."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogoths were associated with the earlier Greuthungi mentioned by Roman authors such as Ammianus Marcellinus, and later identified by the historian Jordanes with the realm of Ermanaric in the 4th century."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "Ancient sources often referred to them simply as \"Goths,\" but modern scholarship distinguishes them as one of the two main branches of the Gothic peoples, alongside the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "They drew on large Gothic populations settled in the Balkans and rose to prominence under Theodoric the Great, who in 493 founded the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy after defeating Odoacer."}, {"id": "Q583038", "label": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "They drew on large Gothic populations settled in the Balkans and rose to prominence under Theodoric the Great, who in 493 founded the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy after defeating Odoacer."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 535, Emperor Justinian I launched the Gothic War (535–554), aiming to restore imperial authority in the West."}, {"id": "Q769358", "label": "Battle of Taginae", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ostrogoths, revitalized under Totila, temporarily regained much of Italy, but Totila was killed at the Battle of Taginae in 552."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "Survivors were absorbed into the Lombards, who established their own kingdom in Italy by 568."}, {"id": "Q78997", "label": "Herwig Wolfram", "section": "History - The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns", "says": "Historian Herwig Wolfram sees these as two names for one people as will be discussed below."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "History - The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns", "says": "Peter Heather, in contrast, has written that:\n\nOstrogoths in the sense of the group led by Theodoric to Italy stand at the end of complex processes of fragmentation and unification involving a variety of groups—mostly but not solely Gothic it seems—and the better, more contemporary, evidence argues against the implication derived from Jordanes that Ostrogoths are Greuthungi by another name."}, {"id": "Q46762", "label": "Claudius Gothicus", "section": "History - The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns", "says": "In the article for Emperor Claudius Gothicus (reigned 268–270), the following garbled list of \"Scythian\" peoples is given who had been conquered by the emperor when he earned his title \"Gothicus\": \"peuci trutungi austorgoti uirtingi sigy pedes celtae etiam eruli\"."}, {"id": "Q205947", "label": "Claudian", "section": "History - The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns", "says": "A poem by Claudian describes Ostrogoths who are mixed with Greuthungi and settled in Phrygia together as a disgruntled barbarian military force, who had once fought against Rome, but were now supposed to fight for it."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Hunnic invasions and the Amals", "says": "Many Greuthungi entered the Roman Empire in 376 with Saphrax and Alatheus, and many of these Goths probably subsequently joined Alaric, contributing to the formation of the Visigothic kingdom."}, {"id": "Q10295972", "label": "Hunnic Empire", "section": "History - 5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths", "says": "The recorded history of the Ostrogoths as a political entity thus begins with their independence from the remains of the Hunnic Empire following the death of Attila the Hun in 453."}, {"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "History - 5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths", "says": "Under Valimir they were among the peoples who were living in the Middle Danube region by this time, and whose freedom from domination by Attila's sons was confirmed by the Battle of Nedao in 454, which was led by the Gepids."}, {"id": "Q13190", "label": "Battle of Bolia", "section": "History - 5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths", "says": "They came into conflict with other Middle Danubian peoples including the Danubian Suebian kingdom of Hunimund, and the Sciri, who had arrived as part of the Hunnic empire, and this led to the death of Valimir, and eventual Gothic victory at the Battle of Bolia in 469, now under Theodemir."}, {"id": "Q452673", "label": "Amalaric", "section": "History - War with Byzantium (535–554)", "says": "Amalaric succeeded to the Visigothic kingdom in Iberia and Septimania."}, {"id": "Q110895", "label": "Athalaric", "section": "History - War with Byzantium (535–554)", "says": "Theodoric's grandson Athalaric took on the mantle as king of the Ostrogoths for the next five years."}, {"id": "Q371670", "label": "Amalasuntha", "section": "History - War with Byzantium (535–554)", "says": "Provence was added to the dominion of the new Ostrogothic king Athalaric and through his daughter Amalasuntha who was named regent."}, {"id": "Q312601", "label": "Theodahad", "section": "History - War with Byzantium (535–554)", "says": "Theodahad, cousin of Amalasuntha and nephew of Theodoric through his sister, took over and slew them; however, the usurping ushered in more bloodshed."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - War with Byzantium (535–554)", "says": "Atop this infighting, the Ostrogoths faced the doctrinal challenges incurred from their Arian Christianity, which both the aristocracy of Byzantium and the papacy strongly opposed—so much that it brought them together."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - War with Byzantium (535–554)", "says": "Nonetheless, Justinian always strove to restore as much of the Western Roman Empire as he could and certainly would not pass up the opportunity."}, {"id": "Q174943", "label": "Belisarius", "section": "History - War with Byzantium (535–554)", "says": "In 535, he commissioned Belisarius to attack the Ostrogoths following the success he had in North Africa against the Vandals."}], "Q151624": [{"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire, which dissolved in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire, which dissolved in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "It was created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire, which dissolved in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation dissolved after the victory of the Kingdom of Prussia over the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation dissolved after the victory of the Kingdom of Prussia over the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation dissolved after the victory of the Kingdom of Prussia over the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866."}, {"id": "Q46083", "label": "Franco-Prussian War", "section": "lead", "says": "A number of south German states remained independent until they joined the North German Confederation during the Franco-Prussian War."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the German victory, the Confederation was renamed and proclaimed as the German Empire in 1871."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The War of the Third Coalition lasted from about 1803 to 1806."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz by the French under Napoleon in December 1805, Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor on 6 August 1806, thus dissolving the Empire."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz by the French under Napoleon in December 1805, Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor on 6 August 1806, thus dissolving the Empire."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Following defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz by the French under Napoleon in December 1805, Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor on 6 August 1806, thus dissolving the Empire."}, {"id": "Q154741", "label": "Confederation of the Rhine", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Treaty of Pressburg Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine in July 1806, joining 16 of France's allies among the German states (including Bavaria and Württemberg)."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the aftermath of the Treaty of Pressburg Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine in July 1806, joining 16 of France's allies among the German states (including Bavaria and Württemberg)."}, {"id": "Q154426", "label": "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt of October 1806 in the War of the Fourth Coalition, various other German states, including Saxony and Westphalia, also joined the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q605977", "label": "War of the Fourth Coalition", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt of October 1806 in the War of the Fourth Coalition, various other German states, including Saxony and Westphalia, also joined the Confederation."}, {"id": "Q682318", "label": "Swedish Pomerania", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Only Austria, Prussia, Danish Holstein, Swedish Pomerania, and the French-occupied Principality of Erfurt stayed outside the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q531497", "label": "Principality of Erfurt", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Only Austria, Prussia, Danish Holstein, Swedish Pomerania, and the French-occupied Principality of Erfurt stayed outside the Confederation of the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q138107", "label": "War of the Sixth Coalition", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The War of the Sixth Coalition from 1812 to winter 1814 saw Napoleon's defeat and Germany's liberation."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "Historical context", "says": "The German Confederation had roughly the same boundaries as the Empire at the time of the French Revolution (less what is now Belgium)."}, {"id": "Q44039", "label": "Ludwig II of Bavaria", "section": "Dissolution of the Confederation", "says": "As the Franco-Prussian War drew to a close, King Ludwig II of Bavaria was persuaded to ask King Wilhelm to assume the crown of the new German Empire."}], "Q172613": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Teotihuacan is known today as the site of many of the most architecturally significant Mesoamerican pyramids built in the pre-Columbian Americas, namely the  Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon."}, {"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Aztec) city, and it predates the Aztec Empire by many centuries."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "History - Year 378: Conquest of Tikal", "says": "Linda Manzanilla wrote in 2015:\n\nIn 378 a group of Teotihuacanos organized a coup d'etat in Tikal, Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "History - Year 426: Conquest of Copán and Quiriguá", "says": "Copán is located in modern-day Honduras, as described by Copán Altar Q."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "The decline of Teotihuacan has been correlated to lengthy droughts related to the climate changes of 535–536, possibly caused by the eruption of the Ilopango volcano in El Salvador."}, {"id": "Q778550", "label": "Tezozomoc", "section": "History - Aztec period", "says": "But his reign was cut short when Tezozomoc, tlatoani of Azcapotzalco, invaded Huexotla and the neighboring Acolhua lands in 1418."}, {"id": "Q796651", "label": "Azcapotzalco", "section": "History - Aztec period", "says": "But his reign was cut short when Tezozomoc, tlatoani of Azcapotzalco, invaded Huexotla and the neighboring Acolhua lands in 1418."}], "Q68518": [{"id": "Q856216", "label": "Beaver Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "The acquisition of muskets through the fur trade led to a rapid expansion in Haudenosaunee strength during the Beaver Wars, during which time they dispersed or assimilated most neighboring tribes."}, {"id": "Q154697", "label": "French and Indian War", "section": "lead", "says": "By the 1700s, the Haudenosaunee increasingly aligned with the British under the Covenant Chain, backing the British during the French and Indian War and securing protection from westward colonial expansion through the Royal Proclamation of 1763."}, {"id": "Q1426614", "label": "Sullivan Expedition", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of American independence and the devastating Sullivan Expedition, many Haudenosaunee fled to British Canada, establishing the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve."}, {"id": "Q326028", "label": "Great Peace of Montreal", "section": "History - Seventeenth Century", "says": "Meanwhile, the Haudenosaunee were negotiating peace with the French; together they signed the Great Peace of Montreal that same year, with the participation of the leading Wyandot diplomat Kondiaronk."}, {"id": "Q869045", "label": "Queen Anne's War", "section": "History - Eighteenth Century", "says": "During Queen Anne's War (the North American part of the War of the Spanish Succession), they helped plan attacks against the French."}, {"id": "Q150701", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "section": "History - Eighteenth Century", "says": "During Queen Anne's War (the North American part of the War of the Spanish Succession), they helped plan attacks against the French."}, {"id": "Q246501", "label": "Treaty of Fort Stanwix", "section": "History - Eighteenth Century", "says": "Faced with confrontations, the Haudenosaunee agreed to adjust the line again in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)."}, {"id": "Q192769", "label": "American Revolution", "section": "History - Eighteenth Century", "says": "During the American Revolution, traditional League unity broke down in the face of requests for aid from the British Crown.."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Eighteenth Century", "says": "At the war's conclusion with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British ceded Haudenosaunee territory in New York to the United States without provisions for the Haudenosaunee."}, {"id": "Q26013", "label": "War of 1812", "section": "History - Eighteenth Century", "says": "Iroquoia was a land rush waiting to happen.\" By the War of 1812, the Haudenosaunee had lost control of much territory."}, {"id": "Q335163", "label": "Guy Carleton", "section": "History - Canadian Haudenosaunee", "says": "During the American Revolution, the Canadian Haudenosaunee declared their neutrality and refused to fight for the Crown, despite the offers of Sir Guy Carleton, the governor of Quebec."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - Canadian Haudenosaunee", "says": "On their way back to Canada, the Canadian Haudenosaunee river pilots and boatmen stopped in London, where they were personally thanked by Queen Victoria for their services."}, {"id": "Q233219", "label": "Second Battle of Ypres", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "A Mohawk from Brantford, William Forster Lickers, who enlisted in the CEF in September 1914, was captured at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915, where he was savagely beaten by his captors, as one German officer wanted to see if \"Indians could feel pain\"."}, {"id": "Q269412", "label": "George V", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "The Six Nations council at Brantford tended to see themselves as a sovereign nation allied to the Crown through the Covenant Chain going back to the 17th century, and thus allied to King George V personally, rather than under the authority of Canada."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - League of Nations", "says": "During World War I, an act attempted to conscript Six Nations men for military service."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - U.S. Indian termination policies", "says": "In the period between World War II and The Sixties, the U.S. government followed a policy of Indian Termination for its Native citizens."}], "Q181264": [{"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "lead", "says": "Other centers of power that emerged included Pylos, Tiryns, and Midea in the Peloponnese, Orchomenos, Thebes, and Athens in Central Greece, and Iolcos in Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Mycenaean settlements also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on the south-west coast of Asia Minor, and on Cyprus, while Mycenaean-influenced settlements appeared in the Levant and Italy."}, {"id": "Q210443", "label": "Greek Dark Ages", "section": "lead", "says": "Mycenaean Greece perished with the collapse of Bronze Age culture in the eastern Mediterranean, to be followed by the Greek Dark Ages, a recordless transitional period leading to Archaic Greece where significant shifts occurred from palace-centralized to decentralized forms of socio-economic organization (including the extensive use of iron)."}, {"id": "Q297588", "label": "Hattusili III", "section": "History - Involvement in Asia Minor", "says": "During the reign of the Hittite king Hattusili III (c."}, {"id": "Q47690", "label": "Babylonia", "section": "History - Involvement in Asia Minor", "says": "1267–1237 BC), the king of Ahhiyawa is recognized as a \"Great King\" and of equal status with the other contemporary great Bronze Age rulers: the kings of Egypt, Babylonia and Assyria."}, {"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "History - Involvement in Asia Minor", "says": "Scholars have speculated that the mythic tradition of the Trojan War could have a historical basis in the political turmoil of this era."}, {"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "History - Hypotheses for the collapse", "says": "They caused widespread destruction in Anatolia and the Levant and were finally defeated by Pharaoh Ramesses III in c."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Hypotheses for the collapse", "says": "Another theory considers the decline of the Mycenaean civilization as a manifestation of a common pattern for the decline of many ancient civilizations: the Minoan, the Harappan and the Western Roman Empire; the reason for the decline is migration due to overpopulation."}], "Q32579": [{"id": "Q42937", "label": "Trojan War", "section": "lead", "says": "According to Homer's Iliad, the Phrygians participated in the Trojan War as close allies of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans."}, {"id": "Q192730", "label": "Cimmerians", "section": "lead", "says": "This later Midas was, however, also the last independent king of Phrygia before Cimmerians sacked the Phrygian capital, Gordium, around 695 BC."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Phrygia then became subject to Lydia, and then successively to Persia, Alexander and his Hellenistic successors, the Seleucid Empire, Pergamon, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Phrygia then became subject to Lydia, and then successively to Persia, Alexander and his Hellenistic successors, the Seleucid Empire, Pergamon, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q26825", "label": "Herodotus", "section": "Origins", "says": "Ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing circa 440 BC), suggested that Armenians migrated from Phrygia, which at the time encompassed much of western and central Anatolia: \"the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists\" (7.73) (Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶν ἄποικοι.) According to Herotodus, the Phrygians had originated in the Balkans, in an area adjo"}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Origins", "says": "Ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing circa 440 BC), suggested that Armenians migrated from Phrygia, which at the time encompassed much of western and central Anatolia: \"the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists\" (7.73) (Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶν ἄποικοι.) According to Herotodus, the Phrygians had originated in the Balkans, in an area adjo"}, {"id": "Q10914393", "label": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "section": "History - Peak and destruction of the Phrygian kingdom", "says": "During the 8th century BC, the Phrygian kingdom with its capital at Gordium in the upper Sakarya River valley expanded into an empire dominating most of central and western Anatolia and bordering the larger and more powerful Neo-Assyrian Empire to its southeast and the kingdom of Urartu to the northeast."}, {"id": "Q8423", "label": "Cyrus the Great", "section": "History - As Persian province(s)", "says": "Some time in the 540s BC, Phrygia passed to the Achaemenid (Great Persian) Empire when Cyrus the Great conquered Lydia."}, {"id": "Q44387", "label": "Darius I", "section": "History - As Persian province(s)", "says": "After Darius the Great became Persian Emperor in 521 BC, he remade the ancient trade route into the Persian \"Royal Road\" and instituted administrative reforms that included setting up satrapies."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Under Alexander and his successors", "says": "The Macedonian Greek conqueror Alexander the Great passed through Gordium in 333 BC and severed the Gordian Knot in the temple of Sabazios (\"Zeus\")."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "History - Under Alexander and his successors", "says": "Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, the Battle of Ipsus took place in 301 BC."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Rome and Byzantium", "says": "The Turks had taken complete control in the 13th century, but the ancient name of Phrygia remained in use until the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453."}], "Q178054": [{"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "lead", "says": "They are generally regarded as part of the Sarmatians, and possibly related to the Massagetae."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time they had settled in the region north of the Black Sea and frequently raided the Parthian Empire and the South Caucasus provinces of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "At that time they had settled in the region north of the Black Sea and frequently raided the Parthian Empire and the South Caucasus provinces of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "lead", "says": "The Iberian Alans, soundly defeated by the Visigoths in 418 CE, subsequently surrendered their autonomy to the Hasdingi Vandals."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "lead", "says": "In 428 CE, the Vandals and Alans crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into North Africa, where they founded a kingdom which lasted until its conquest by Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 534 CE."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Early Alans", "says": "Regarding the Alan invasion of Parthia, the 1st century Jewish historian Josephus supplements this inscription."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Early Alans", "says": "7.4) how Alans (whom he calls a \"Scythian\" tribe) living near the Sea of Azov crossed the Iron Gates for plunder (72 CE) and defeated the armies of Pacorus, king of Media, and Tiridates, King of Armenia, two brothers of Vologeses I (for whom the above-mentioned inscription was made):\n\nNow there was a nation of the Alans, which we have formerly mentioned somewhere as being Scythians, and living aro"}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Link to Chinese chronicles", "says": "The Later Han dynasty Chinese chronicle, the Hou Hanshu, 88 (covering the period 25–220 and completed in the 5th century), mentioned a report that the Yancai nation (奄蔡 lit \"Vast Steppes\" or \"Extensive Grasslands\" < LHC *ʔɨamB-sɑC; a.k.a."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Migration to Gaul", "says": "As the Roman Empire continued to decline, the Alans split into various groups; some fought for the Romans while others joined the Huns, Visigoths or Ostrogoths."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "History - Migration to Gaul", "says": "Gregory of Tours mentions in his Liber historiae Francorum (\"Book of Frankish History\") that the Alan king Respendial saved the day for the Vandals in an armed encounter with the Franks at the crossing of the Rhine on 31 December 406."}, {"id": "Q191940", "label": "Petronius Maximus", "section": "History - Migration to Gaul", "says": "Under Beorgor (Beorgor rex Alanorum), they moved throughout Gaul, till the reign of Petronius Maximus, when they crossed the Alps in the winter of 464, into Liguria, but were there defeated, and Beorgor slain, by Ricimer, commander of the Emperor's forces."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Migration to Gaul", "says": "Under Goar, they allied with the Burgundians led by Gundaharius, with whom they installed the Emperor Jovinus as usurper."}, {"id": "Q1231684", "label": "Battle of Châlons", "section": "History - Migration to Gaul", "says": "Under Goar's successor Sangiban, the Alans of Orléans played a critical role in repelling the invasion of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Châlons."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Hispania and Africa", "says": "Following the fortunes of the Vandals and Suebi into the Iberian Peninsula (Hispania, comprising modern Portugal and Spain) in 409, the Alans led by Respendial settled in the provinces of Lusitania and Carthaginensis."}, {"id": "Q52995", "label": "Gunderic", "section": "History - Hispania and Africa", "says": "In 418 (or 426 according to some authors), the Alan king, Attaces, was killed in battle against the Visigoths, and this branch of the Alans subsequently appealed to the Asding Vandal king Gunderic to accept the Alan crown."}, {"id": "Q10416611", "label": "Vandal Kingdom", "section": "History - Hispania and Africa", "says": "Later the rulers of the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa styled themselves Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum (\"King of the Vandals and Alans\")."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Medieval Alania", "says": "Most Alans submitted to the Mongol Empire in 1239–1277."}, {"id": "Q210354", "label": "Battle of Kulikovo", "section": "History - Medieval Alania", "says": "They participated in Mongol invasions of Europe and the Song dynasty in Southern China, and the Battle of Kulikovo under Mamai of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Medieval Alania", "says": "They participated in Mongol invasions of Europe and the Song dynasty in Southern China, and the Battle of Kulikovo under Mamai of the Golden Horde."}, {"id": "Q316083", "label": "William of Rubruck", "section": "History - Medieval Alania", "says": "In 1253, the Franciscan friar William of Rubruck reported numerous Europeans in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q6101", "label": "Marco Polo", "section": "History - Medieval Alania", "says": "Marco Polo later reported their role in the Yuan dynasty in his book Il Milione."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Medieval Alania", "says": "John of Montecorvino, archbishop of Dadu (Khanbaliq), reportedly converted many Alans to Roman Catholic Christianity in addition to Armenians in China."}], "Q135364": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Olmec artworks are considered among the most striking of the pre-Columbian Americas."}], "Q185944": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Kelantan (Malay pronunciation: [kəˈlantan]; Kelantanese Malay: Klate; Kelantanese Malay pronunciation: [kläˈtɛ]) is a state in Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Kelantan is bordered by Narathiwat province of Thailand to the north, Terengganu to the south-east, Perak to the west and Pahang to the south."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Kelantan Sultanate", "says": "In 1499, Kelantan became a vassal state of the Malacca Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Kelantan Sultanate", "says": "Long Yunus was succeeded in 1795 by his son-in-law Tengku Muhammad by Sultan Mansur of Terengganu."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Unfederated Malay States", "says": "Under the terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, the Thais relinquished their claims over Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis to the British Empire, and Kelantan thus became one of the Unfederated Malay States with a British Adviser."}, {"id": "Q1973084", "label": "Unfederated Malay States", "section": "History - Unfederated Malay States", "says": "Under the terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, the Thais relinquished their claims over Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis to the British Empire, and Kelantan thus became one of the Unfederated Malay States with a British Adviser."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Japanese occupation", "says": "Kelantan reverted to Malaya upon the end of World War II in August 1945."}, {"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "History - Malayan Union and the Federation of Malaya", "says": "Kelantan became part of the Malayan Union in 1946 and then the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948, and together with other Malayan states attained independence on 31 August 1957."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "History - Malayan Union and the Federation of Malaya", "says": "Kelantan became part of the Malayan Union in 1946 and then the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948, and together with other Malayan states attained independence on 31 August 1957."}, {"id": "Q299574", "label": "Anwar Ibrahim", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "The PAS won a large victory in 1999 due in part to Malayan anger over the treatment of former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and other officials of the national government."}, {"id": "Q181383", "label": "Mahathir Mohamad", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "The PAS won a large victory in 1999 due in part to Malayan anger over the treatment of former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and other officials of the national government."}], "Q213893": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Negeri Sembilan (Malay pronunciation: [nəgəˈri səmbiˈlan], Negeri Sembilan Malay: Nogoghi Sombilan, Nismilan), historically spelled as Negri Sembilan and also known by the shorthand N9, is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The name is believed to derive from the nine (sembilan) villages or nagari in the Minangkabau language (now known as luak) settled by the Minangkabau (or Menangkabau), a people originally from West Sumatra (in present-day Indonesia)."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The state's mountain ranges belong to the Titiwangsa Mountains, a southern subrange of the Tenasserim Hills that span throughout southern Myanmar, southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with Mount Besar Hantu as the highest point."}, {"id": "Q3363540", "label": "Parameswara", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "According to the Malay Annals, Parameswara reportedly visited the settlement of Sening Ujong, which was located in what is now Seremban."}, {"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Minangkabaus from Sumatra settled in what is today Negeri Sembilan in the 15th century, under the protection of the Malacca Sultanate and later the Sultanate of Johor."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Seri Menanti Confederation, modern Negeri Sembilan and statehood", "says": "The formation of modern Negeri Sembilan began in 1889, when the Seri Menanti domain, under the rule of Tuanku Muhammad (son of Yamtuan Antah), combined with the domains of Tampin and Rembau, forming the Seri Menanti Confederation as a single political entity."}, {"id": "Q1400154", "label": "Federated Malay States", "section": "History - Seri Menanti Confederation, modern Negeri Sembilan and statehood", "says": "Martin Lister became the new state's first Resident, and Negeri Sembilan became part of the Federated Malay States the same year."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "It was occupied by the Japanese in World War II between 1942 and 1945, joined the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became a state of Malaysia in 1963."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "It was occupied by the Japanese in World War II between 1942 and 1945, joined the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became a state of Malaysia in 1963."}], "Q174994": [{"id": "Q10957559", "label": "Principality of Moldavia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the late 14th century, the newly established Principality of Moldavia encompassed what later became known as Bessarabia."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterward, this territory was directly or indirectly, partly or wholly controlled by several powers: the Ottoman Empire (as suzerain of Moldavia, with direct rule only in Budjak and Khotyn), the Russian Empire, Romania, and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterward, this territory was directly or indirectly, partly or wholly controlled by several powers: the Ottoman Empire (as suzerain of Moldavia, with direct rule only in Budjak and Khotyn), the Russian Empire, Romania, and the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The newly acquired territories were organised as the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire, adopting a name previously used for the southern plains between the Dniester and the Danube rivers."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Crimean War, in 1856, the southern areas of Bessarabia were returned to Moldavian rule; Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, when Romania, the result of Moldavia's union with Wallachia, was pressured into exchanging those territories for the Dobruja."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1917, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the area constituted itself as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, an autonomous republic part of a proposed federative Russian state."}, {"id": "Q964024", "label": "Moldavian Democratic Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1917, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the area constituted itself as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, an autonomous republic part of a proposed federative Russian state."}, {"id": "Q203493", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon after, the parliamentary assembly declared independence, and then union with the Kingdom of Romania."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, after securing the assent of Nazi Germany through the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union pressured Romania, under threat of war, into withdrawing from Bessarabia, allowing the Red Army to enter and the Soviet Union to annex the region."}, {"id": "Q130796", "label": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1940, after securing the assent of Nazi Germany through the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union pressured Romania, under threat of war, into withdrawing from Bessarabia, allowing the Red Army to enter and the Soviet Union to annex the region."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "In Antiquity the region was inhabited by Thracians, as well as for shorter periods by Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, and Celts, specifically by tribes such as the Costoboci, Carpi, Britogali, Tyragetae, and Bastarnae."}, {"id": "Q309869", "label": "Burebista", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "The first polity that is believed to have included the whole of Bessarabia was the Dacian polity of Burebista in the 1st century BC."}, {"id": "Q28928", "label": "Decebalus", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "After his death, the polity was divided into smaller pieces, and the central parts were unified in the Dacian kingdom of Decebalus in the 1st century AD."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Ancient times", "says": "The kingdom was defeated by the Roman Empire in 106."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Then, in 582, Onogur Bulgars settled in southeastern Bessarabia and northern Dobruja, from which they moved to Moesia Inferior (allegedly under pressure from the Khazars), and formed the nascent region of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "According to some opinions, the southern part of Bessarabia remained under the influence of the First Bulgarian Empire until the end of the 9th century."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Sehr al-Jedid (near Orhei), an important settlement of the Golden Horde, dates from this period."}, {"id": "Q218134", "label": "Stephen III of Moldavia", "section": "History - Principality of Moldavia", "says": "Stephen the Great ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours (mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles) while losing only two."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Principality of Moldavia", "says": "Stephen the Great ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours (mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles) while losing only two."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Principality of Moldavia", "says": "During this period, after each victory, he raised a monastery or a church close to the battlefield honoring Christianity."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Annexation by the Russian Empire", "says": "According to Vasile Stoica, emissary of the Romanian government to the United States, in 1834, Romanian was banned from schools and government facilities, despite 80% of the population speaking the language."}, {"id": "Q3778687", "label": "Romanian War of Independence", "section": "History - Southern Bessarabia returned to Moldavia", "says": "The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877–78, with the help of the Russian Empire as an ally."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "History - Unification with Romania", "says": "20 February] 1918, in a secret agreement signed along the Treaty of Buftea, the German Empire allowed Romania to annex Bessarabia in exchange for free passage of German troops toward Ukraine."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "On May 11, 1919, the Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as an autonomous part of Russian SFSR, but was abolished by the military forces of Poland and France in September 1919 (see Polish–Soviet War)."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "After the victory of Bolshevist Russia in the Russian Civil War, the Ukrainian SSR was created in 1922, and in 1924 the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established on a strip of Ukrainian land on the west bank of Dniester where Moldovans and Romanians accounted for less than a third and the relative majority of the population was Ukrainian. (See Demographics of the Moldavian Aut"}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - Historiography", "says": "During the Communist period, Romanian historians initially treated the reforms applied after World War I mainly from social class perspectives."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - World War II", "says": "After the Soviet takeover, many Bessarabians, who were accused of supporting the deposed Romanian administration, were executed or deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q44071", "label": "Yuri Andropov", "section": "History - Part of the Soviet Union", "says": "In December 1971, following an informative note from Ion Stănescu, the President of the Council of State Security of the Romanian Socialist Republic, to Yuri Andropov, the chief of KGB, three of the leaders of the National Patriotic Front, Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgar, Gheorghe Ghimpu and Valeriu Graur, as well as a fourth person, Alexandru Soltoianu, the leader of a similar clandestine movement in no"}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "History - Rise of independent Moldova", "says": "The Republic of Moldova became independent on August 27, 1991; it took over unchanged the boundaries of the Moldavian SSR."}], "Q180568": [{"id": "Q1526", "label": "Ramesses I", "section": "lead", "says": "It is named after the eleven pharaohs who took the name Ramesses, after Ramesses I, who founded the Nineteenth Dynasty, and his grandson Ramesses II, who was its longest-reigning monarch."}, {"id": "Q1523", "label": "Ramesses II", "section": "lead", "says": "It is named after the eleven pharaohs who took the name Ramesses, after Ramesses I, who founded the Nineteenth Dynasty, and his grandson Ramesses II, who was its longest-reigning monarch."}, {"id": "Q81794", "label": "Akhenaten", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "The Eighteenth Dynasty included some of Egypt's most famous kings, including Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun."}, {"id": "Q12154", "label": "Tutankhamun", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "The Eighteenth Dynasty included some of Egypt's most famous kings, including Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun."}, {"id": "Q7222", "label": "Ahmose I", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Ahmose I is viewed to be the founder of the eighteenth dynasty."}, {"id": "Q31526", "label": "Seqenenre Tao", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "He continued the campaigns of his father Seqenenre Tao and of Kamose against the Hyksos until he reunified the country once more."}, {"id": "Q157966", "label": "Amenhotep I", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Ahmose was followed by Amenhotep I, who campaigned in Nubia and was followed by Thutmose I."}, {"id": "Q157962", "label": "Thutmose I", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Ahmose was followed by Amenhotep I, who campaigned in Nubia and was followed by Thutmose I."}, {"id": "Q129234", "label": "Hatshepsut", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "Hatshepsut was one of the most powerful pharaohs of this dynasty."}, {"id": "Q158025", "label": "Thutmose II", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "She was the daughter of Thutmose I and the royal wife of Thutmose II."}, {"id": "Q282350", "label": "Land of Punt", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt."}, {"id": "Q42606", "label": "Amenhotep III", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "This resulted in a peak in Egypt's power and wealth during the reign of Amenhotep III."}, {"id": "Q283680", "label": "Carchemish", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "He continued north through the territory belonging to the still unconquered cities of Aleppo and Carchemish and quickly crossed the E"}, {"id": "Q157995", "label": "Horemheb", "section": "History - Height of power", "says": "The Nineteenth Dynasty was founded by the Vizier Ramesses I, whom the last ruler of the eighteenth dynasty, Pharaoh Horemheb, had chosen as his successor."}, {"id": "Q157918", "label": "Seti I", "section": "History - Height of power", "says": "His brief reign marked a transition period between the reign of Horemheb and the powerful pharaohs of this dynasty, in particular, his son Seti I and grandson Ramesses II, who would bring Egypt to new heights of imperial power."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Height of power", "says": "His campaigns against the Hittites culminated in the Battle of Kadesh, where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II."}, {"id": "Q203729", "label": "Battle of Kadesh", "section": "History - Height of power", "says": "His campaigns against the Hittites culminated in the Battle of Kadesh, where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II."}, {"id": "Q158043", "label": "Merneptah", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Merneptah and then by Merneptah's son Seti II."}, {"id": "Q8048", "label": "Seti II", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "He was succeeded by his son Merneptah and then by Merneptah's son Seti II."}, {"id": "Q158065", "label": "Amenmesse", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "Seti II's right to the throne seems to have been disputed by his half-brother Amenmesse, who may have temporarily ruled from Thebes."}, {"id": "Q312402", "label": "Setnakhte", "section": "History - Civil war", "says": "A period of anarchy at the end of Twosret's short reign saw the enthronement of Setnakhte, establishing the Twentieth Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1528", "label": "Ramesses III", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "The last \"great\" pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely considered to be Ramesses III, a Twentieth Dynasty pharaoh who reigned several decades after Ramesses II."}, {"id": "Q844639", "label": "Battle of Djahy", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "They invaders were subsequently defeated in the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta."}, {"id": "Q1036947", "label": "Battle of the Delta", "section": "History - Final years", "says": "They invaders were subsequently defeated in the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta."}, {"id": "Q313121", "label": "Ramesses XI", "section": "History - Decline into the Third Intermediate Period", "says": "The power of the last pharaoh of the dynasty, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt, and Smendes controlled Lower Egypt in the north, even before Rameses XI's death."}], "Q185063": [{"id": "Q561973", "label": "Duke Wen of Jin", "section": "History - Background and formation", "says": "Nearly 150 years later, though, it would become weak, as seen in the formula used by the King to invest Duke Wen of Jin as Lord Protector (Pa):\n\nOh, my Uncle!"}, {"id": "Q351345", "label": "Shang Yang", "section": "History - Shang Yang reforms Qin (358–338 BC)", "says": "Shang Yang worked for Prime Minister Gongshy Zuo."}, {"id": "Q553245", "label": "Duke Xiao of Qin", "section": "History - Shang Yang reforms Qin (358–338 BC)", "says": "Later, Duke Xiao of Qin began calling for talented men to serve him, which captured Shang Yang's attention, in hopes for money and status."}, {"id": "Q197321", "label": "Zhang Yi", "section": "History - Horizontal and vertical alliances (320–256 BC)", "says": "To counter this and continue expansion, Qin would force many of its surrounding states to join the \"Horizontal Alliances\" (liánhéng, 連橫) led by Zhang Yi."}, {"id": "Q1327607", "label": "King Zhuangxiang of Qin", "section": "History - Qin unites China (230–221 BC)", "says": "King Zhuangxiang of Qin ruled for only three years."}, {"id": "Q708651", "label": "Wang Jian", "section": "History - Conquest of Zhao and Yan", "says": "Wang Jian started in Shangdang Commandery and moved through the Taihang Mountains to attack Jingxing (modern-day Jingxing County)."}, {"id": "Q718238", "label": "Li Xin", "section": "History - Conquest of Zhao and Yan", "says": "Yang Duanhe, laid siege to Handan, and Li Xin attacked and took control of Taiyuan and the Yunzhong Commandery."}, {"id": "Q714415", "label": "Li Mu", "section": "History - Conquest of Zhao and Yan", "says": "Zhao generals Li Mu and Sima Shang fought fiercely against Qin, which hindered their progress."}, {"id": "Q7192", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "section": "History - Conquest of Zhao and Yan", "says": "The prince of Yan, Crown Prince Dan knew he could not defeat Qin, so he sought Jing Ke, an assassin, for help in kidnapping the Qin king, Qin Shi Huang, and persuade him to retreat his armies."}], "Q5760": [{"id": "Q129165", "label": "Xerxes I", "section": "lead", "says": "It sided with the Persians during the 480 BC invasion under Xerxes I."}, {"id": "Q190436", "label": "Epaminondas", "section": "lead", "says": "Theban forces under the command of Epaminondas defeated Spartans at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, giving rise to a short-lived Theban hegemony."}, {"id": "Q461599", "label": "Battle of Leuctra", "section": "lead", "says": "Theban forces under the command of Epaminondas defeated Spartans at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, giving rise to a short-lived Theban hegemony."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "In 338 BC, Macedon defeated an alliance of Thebes and Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea, and later Thebes was destroyed by Alexander the Great in 335 BC."}, {"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "History - Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian Wars", "says": "Though a contingent of 400 was sent to Thermopylae and remained there with Leonidas before being defeated alongside the Spartans, the governing aristocracy soon after joined King Xerxes I of Persia with great readiness and fought zealously on his behalf at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "History - Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian Wars", "says": "In the Peloponnesian War, the Thebans, embittered by the support that Athens gave to the smaller Boeotian towns, and especially to Plataea, which they vainly attempted to reduce in 431 BC, were firm allies of Sparta, which in turn helped them to besiege Plataea and allowed them to destroy the town after its capture in 427 BC."}, {"id": "Q1424844", "label": "Battle of Delium", "section": "History - Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian Wars", "says": "In 424 BC, at the head of the Boeotian levy, they inflicted a severe defeat on an invading force of Athenians at the Battle of Delium, and for the first time displayed the effects of that firm military organization that eventually raised them to predominant power in Greece."}, {"id": "Q2118879", "label": "Battle of Haliartus", "section": "History - War against Sparta", "says": "At the Battle of Haliartus (395 BC) and the Battle of Coronea (394 BC), they again proved their rising military capacity by standing their ground against the Spartans."}, {"id": "Q316059", "label": "Pelopidas", "section": "History - Theban hegemony", "says": "In the consequent wars with Sparta, the Theban army, trained and led by Epaminondas and Pelopidas, proved itself formidable (see also: Sacred Band of Thebes)."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "History - Theban hegemony", "says": "Similar expeditions were sent to Thessaly and Macedon to regulate the affairs of those regions."}, {"id": "Q1249270", "label": "Third Sacred War", "section": "History - Decline and destruction", "says": "In the Third Sacred War (356–346 BC) with its neighbor Phocis, Thebes lost its predominance in central Greece."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - Decline and destruction", "says": "By asking Philip II of Macedon to crush the Phocians, Thebes extended the former's power within dangerous proximity to its frontiers."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "History - Decline and destruction", "says": "According to Plutarch, a special Athenian embassy, led by Phocion, an opponent of the anti-Macedonian faction, was able to persuade Alexander to give up his demands for the exile of leaders of the anti-Macedonian party, and most particularly Demosthenes and not sell the people into slavery."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "Following Alexander the Great's death in 323 BC, Thebes was re-established in 315 BC by Cassander, one of the diadochi who was ruling in Greece."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The city recovered its autonomy from Demetrius in 287 BC, and became allied with Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, and the Aetolian League."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The city recovered its autonomy from Demetrius in 287 BC, and became allied with Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, and the Aetolian League."}, {"id": "Q6861027", "label": "Achaean War", "section": "History - Roman and Byzantine period", "says": "After the dissolution of the Boeotian League after the Achaean War of 146 BC, Thebes came under Roman rule."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman and Byzantine period", "says": "Thebes was assigned to the Eastern Roman Empire after the imperial division of 395."}, {"id": "Q42021", "label": "Justinian II", "section": "History - Roman and Byzantine period", "says": "In the late 7th century,  Justinian II created the Theme of Hellas with Thebes as the capital."}, {"id": "Q192264", "label": "Simeon I of Bulgaria", "section": "History - Roman and Byzantine period", "says": "During the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927, Thebes was sacked by Simeon I of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Roman and Byzantine period", "says": "In 1205, Thebes was conquered by the Latins of the Fourth Crusade."}, {"id": "Q1501196", "label": "Catalan Company", "section": "History - Latin period", "says": "After its conquest in 1311 the city was used as a capital by the short-lived state of the Catalan Company."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "The Ottomans renamed Thebes \"İstefe\" and managed it until the Greek War of Independence (1821, nominally to 1832) except for a Venetian interlude between 1687 and 1699."}], "Q213467": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Perlis (Kedah Malay: Peghelih) is a state of Malaysia on the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "Much of the state's highlands are part of the Nakawan Range, a subrange of the Tenasserim Hills system that spans through southern Myanmar, Southern Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia, with Mount Perlis as the highest point at 733 m."}], "Q189570": [{"id": "Q1417059", "label": "First Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kharijites (Arabic: الخوارج, romanized: al-Khawārij, singular Arabic: خارجي, romanized: khārijī) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661)."}, {"id": "Q735876", "label": "Battle of Siffin", "section": "lead", "says": "The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challenger, Mu'awiya, at the Battle of Siffin in 657."}, {"id": "Q2484843", "label": "Battle of Nahrawan", "section": "lead", "says": "Ali defeated the Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan in 658, but their insurrection continued."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After Mu'awiya established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, his governors kept the Kharijites in check."}, {"id": "Q3769089", "label": "Second Fitna", "section": "lead", "says": "The power vacuum caused by the Second Fitna (680–692) allowed for the resumption of the Kharijites' anti-government rebellion, and the Kharijite factions of the Azariqa and Najdat came to control large areas in Persia and Arabia."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Kharijite revolts continued into the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), the most militant Kharijite groups were gradually eliminated."}, {"id": "Q2617539", "label": "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "section": "Later history - Under Mu'awiya", "says": "Ziyad ibn Abihi and his son Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, who successively became governors of Iraq, dealt harshly with the Kharijites, and five Kharijite revolts, usually involving around 70 men, were suppressed."}, {"id": "Q20007932", "label": "Third Fitna", "section": "Later history - Moderate Kharijites and their fragmentation", "says": "In this scheme, the Kharijites of the Jazira region (north-western Iraq), including the ascetic Salih ibn Mussarih and the tribal leader Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani are associated with the Sufriyya, as well as the revolt of Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani during the Third Fitna (744–750)."}, {"id": "Q128371", "label": "Marwan II", "section": "Later history - Sufriyya", "says": "Dahhak captured Mosul, but was killed by the forces of the Caliph Marwan II in 746."}, {"id": "Q106925230", "label": "Abu Hamza", "section": "Later history - Ibadiyya", "says": "The Umayyads defeated and killed Abu Hamza and Ibn Yahya in 748 and the first Ibadi state collapsed."}], "Q68962": [{"id": "Q205466", "label": "Göktürks", "section": "lead", "says": "They were also known as the Obri (modern Russian: обры, Obry) in the chronicles of the Rus, the Abaroi or Varchonitai (Greek: Βαρχονῖται, romanized: Varchonitai), or Pseudo-Avars in Byzantine sources, and the Apar (Old Turkic: 𐰯𐰺) to the Göktürks."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "They established the Avar Khaganate, centred in the Carpathian Basin, from the late-6th to the early-9th centuries."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "Recent archaeogenetic studies indicate that the Pannonian Avars likely originated within the borders of present-day Mongolia, with primarily Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry, similar to the forebears of modern-day people from Mongolia and the Amur River region in Manchuria."}, {"id": "Q155361", "label": "Rouran Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Pannonian Avars' core may have been descended from the remnants of the Rouran Khaganate, which were accompanied by other Eurasian steppe peoples."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "Origins", "says": "A genetic study published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology in 2018 examined 62 individuals buried in the 8th and 9th centuries at an Avar-Slavic burial in Cífer‐Pác, Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "This marked their first contact with the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q1293376", "label": "Justinian", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "18: [...] the first thing the Avars did when they came near the Caucasus on their flight from Central Asia was to send an embassy to the aging emperor Justinian."}, {"id": "Q41866", "label": "Justinian I", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "After the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I bought them off, they pushed northwestwards into Germania."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "Seeking rich pastoral lands, the Avars initially demanded land south of the Danube in present-day Bulgaria, but the Byzantines refused, using their contacts with the Göktürks as a threat against Avar aggression."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Arrival in Europe", "says": "In 567 the Avars formed an alliance with the Lombards—enemies of the Gepids—and together they destroyed much of the Gepid kingdom."}, {"id": "Q45115", "label": "Bayan I", "section": "History - Early Avar period (580–670)", "says": "By about 580, the Avar Khagan Bayan I had established supremacy over most of the Slavic, Germanic and Bulgar tribes living in Pannonia and the Carpathian Basin."}, {"id": "Q1504536", "label": "Battles of Viminacium", "section": "History - Early Avar period (580–670)", "says": "After being defeated at the Battles of Viminacium in their homeland, some Avars defected to the Byzantines in 602, but Emperor Maurice decided not to return home as was customary."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "History - Early Avar period (580–670)", "says": "While negotiating with Emperor Heraclius beneath the walls of Constantinople in 617, the Avars launched a surprise attack."}, {"id": "Q191484", "label": "Old Great Bulgaria", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "Despite their father's advice, Kubrat's sons failed to maintain cohesion in Old Great Bulgaria which began to disintegrate."}, {"id": "Q116639", "label": "Nikephoros I of Constantinople", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "After the victory, Kouver (Chagan), together with the aforementioned people, crossed the aforementioned river Danube, came to our regions and occupied the Keramesion plain.\"\nAbout this time, Mark of Kalt records that in 677, the principality of Ungvar (Ung fortress) was established in the regions further north where Kotrag's group also fled following the chaos, and a third group of Onogur-Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "Under Mauros, a fourth group of folk eventually settled in the present-day region of North Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q203817", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Middle (670–720) and late (720–822) Avar periods", "says": "679–681), establishing the First Bulgarian Empire, stabilized by the victory at the battle of Ongal south of the eastern Carpathians."}, {"id": "Q13048507", "label": "Bavarians", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "At that time, the border between Bavarians and Avars was the river Enns."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "A large Frankish army, led by Charlemagne, crossed from Bavaria into the Avarian territory beyond the Enns, and started to advance along the Danube in two columns, but found no resistance and soon reached the region of the Vienna Woods, near the Pannonian Plain."}, {"id": "Q299645", "label": "Pepin of Italy", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy captured a large, fortified encampment known as \"the Ring\", which contained much of the spoils from earlier Avar campaigns."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "By 796, the Avar chieftains had surrendered and became open to the acceptance of Christianity."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "In 804, Bulgaria conquered the southeastern Avar lands in Transylvania and southeastern Pannonia up to the Middle Danube, and many Avars became subjects of the Bulgarian Empire."}], "Q150412": [{"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundians (Latin: Burgundiones or less commonly Burgundii) were a Germanic people of the Roman imperial era, who established the powerful Kingdom of the Burgundians within the Roman empire in what is now western Switzerland and south-eastern France."}, {"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "Burgundian rule of the kingdom ended when it was incorporated into the Frankish empire in 534, but they are the source of later names related to the nearby region now known as Burgundy, including medieval entities such as the Duchy of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q1358340", "label": "Peter Heather", "section": "lead", "says": "The Burgundians are one of the so-called \"disappearing and reappearing tribes\" listed by historian Peter Heather, appearing in early Roman records in one place, only to reappear much later in another place."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Vistula Burgundians", "says": "In the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder said there were five types of Germanic peoples (germanorum genera quinque) and the first of these he listed were the Vandili."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Vistula Burgundians", "says": "Furthermore, because the 6th-century origin story of the Goths written by Jordanes claims that the Goths and Gepids moved from Scandinavia, which he saw as a womb or workshop of barbarian nations, this \"Vandili\"-category reported by Pliny is also sometimes seen as evidence that the Vistula Burgundians must also have Scandinavian origins."}, {"id": "Q2528503", "label": "Sarmatia", "section": "History - Vistula Burgundians", "says": "Secondly, east of the Vistula in \"Sarmatia\", the Burgundians also seem to have been present as the Phrugundiones."}, {"id": "Q46768", "label": "Maximian", "section": "History - In east and west", "says": "In his Latin panegyric \"10\" of 289, Claudius Mamertinus subsequently mentioned the Burgundiones et Alemanni as allies who attacked Gaul with a large force in 287 AD, and were defeated by Maximian, when the large size of their force led to famine among the invaders."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "History - Neighbours of the Alemanni", "says": "In 359 contemporary historian Ammianus Marcellinus reported that the future emperor Julian the Apostate began a campaign at Mainz, where the Main enters the Rhine, and travelled through Alemanni lands until they reached border stones marking the edge of Burgundian territory."}, {"id": "Q46720", "label": "Valentinian I", "section": "History - Neighbours of the Alemanni", "says": "Orosius reported that the Burgundians, \"a new enemy with a new name, numbering, it is said, more than eighty thousand armed men\", settled on the banks of the Rhine (ripae Rheni fluminis insederunt), during the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I, who reigned 364-375."}, {"id": "Q209793", "label": "Constantine III", "section": "History - Kingdom west of the Rhine", "says": "Soon after, in 407, a rebel emperor Constantine III was proclaimed, and he set about establishing control in Gaul."}, {"id": "Q454652", "label": "Prosper of Aquitaine", "section": "History - Kingdom west of the Rhine", "says": "In 413, after the death of Jovinus, Prosper of Aquitaine reported that the emperor in Rome, Honorius, now back in control of Gaul, gave the Burgundians a part of it near the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q159798", "label": "Honorius", "section": "History - Kingdom west of the Rhine", "says": "In 413, after the death of Jovinus, Prosper of Aquitaine reported that the emperor in Rome, Honorius, now back in control of Gaul, gave the Burgundians a part of it near the Rhine."}, {"id": "Q103860", "label": "Julius Nepos", "section": "History - Burgundian settlement near Lake Geneva", "says": "After the accession of his opponent Julius Nepos in 474 King Gundobad could no longer claim to represent the western imperial court."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "History - Burgundian settlement near Lake Geneva", "says": "Gregory of Tours reported that Gundioc (\"Gundevech\") was a descendant of the Tervingian Goth Athanaric."}, {"id": "Q312598", "label": "Athanaric", "section": "History - Burgundian settlement near Lake Geneva", "says": "Gregory of Tours reported that Gundioc (\"Gundevech\") was a descendant of the Tervingian Goth Athanaric."}, {"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "Another clause in the Burgundian legal code voids all unresolved Burgundian legal cases before the \"Battle of the Mauriac Plains\" (also known as the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains) in 451."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "This battle was a decisive turning point for the Burgundians, as it was also for the Visigoths."}, {"id": "Q110892", "label": "Theodoric I", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "However, the Visigothic king Theodoric I was killed during the battle, and Thorismund his son followed the advice of Aetius not to pursue the Huns."}, {"id": "Q302936", "label": "Sidonius Apollinaris", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "Near contemporary Sidonius Apollinaris reported that other Burgundians also fought on the Hun side, and these may have been Burgundians living east of the Rhine outside Roman control."}, {"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "The Gepids were one of the most powerful peoples in Attila's alliance, and they had fought at the Catalaunian plains, but their home was far to the east in what is now Rumania, and in 454 they were fighting for their independence after the death of Attila in 453, playing an important role at the Battle of Nedao."}, {"id": "Q191940", "label": "Petronius Maximus", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "In 455, after the emperor Petronius Maximus was killed after less than three months in power, and Rome was sacked by the Vandals, the Visigothic king Theodoric II acclaimed the Gallo-Roman noble Avitus as emperor."}, {"id": "Q195443", "label": "Theodoric II", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "In 455, after the emperor Petronius Maximus was killed after less than three months in power, and Rome was sacked by the Vandals, the Visigothic king Theodoric II acclaimed the Gallo-Roman noble Avitus as emperor."}, {"id": "Q1048918", "label": "Kingdom of the Suebi", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "In 456 the Burgundian kings Gundioc and Chilperic joined Theoderic, king of the Visigoths, on a successful Roman-backed campaign against the Kingdom of the Suebi in Hispania."}, {"id": "Q191956", "label": "Majorian", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "In October 456 Avitus was overthrown as emperor by Majorian, who became the new emperor, and Ricimer, who became magister militum."}, {"id": "Q689903", "label": "Marius Aventicensis", "section": "History - Imperial politics", "says": "Soon after this in 456, Marius Aventicensis reported that the Burgundians \"occupied part of Gaul and divided the lands with the Gallic senators\"."}, {"id": "Q243118", "label": "Chilperic I", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "After the death of Chilperic I around 480, his nephew Gundobad became principal king, while sharing power in Burgundian fashion with his brothers Godegisel, Chilperic II, and Godomar I."}, {"id": "Q109240", "label": "Chilperic II", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "After the death of Chilperic I around 480, his nephew Gundobad became principal king, while sharing power in Burgundian fashion with his brothers Godegisel, Chilperic II, and Godomar I."}, {"id": "Q82339", "label": "Clovis I", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Civil war broke out in 500 when Godegisel allied with his brother-in-law Clovis I of the Franks, leading to Gundobad’s defeat at Dijon."}, {"id": "Q851504", "label": "Battle of Vouille", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Gundobad restored ties with Clovis and joined the Frankish war against the Visigoths in 507, although they probably did not fight at the Battle of Vouillé itself."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "The Burgundians emerged almost empty-handed, while the Franks and Ostrogoths made substantial gains."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Gundobad died in 516, leaving the throne to his Catholic son Sigismund, whose reign was marked by close cooperation with Avitus of Vienne, and the foundation of Agaune abbey in 515."}, {"id": "Q886997", "label": "Godomar", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Sigismund was captured and killed, but his brother Godomar II rallied and defeated the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce."}, {"id": "Q966386", "label": "Battle of Vézeronce", "section": "History - Independent kingdom", "says": "Sigismund was captured and killed, but his brother Godomar II rallied and defeated the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce."}, {"id": "Q318347", "label": "Sigismund of Burgundy", "section": "Medieval Scandinavian origins myth", "says": "The medieval hagiography of Sigismund of Burgundy (died 524), which was probably written in the 8th century, claimed that the Burgundians of southern France originated, before they lived in southern Germany, on the northern island called \"Scanadavia\" (sic)."}], "Q185047": [{"id": "Q4604", "label": "Confucius", "section": "lead", "says": "The period's name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 481 BCE, which tradition associates with Confucius (551–479 BCE)."}], "Q165198": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, it fell under British military and civil administration from 1943 until 1951, and finally in the Kingdom of Libya from 1951 until 1963."}, {"id": "Q31454", "label": "Kingdom of Libya", "section": "lead", "says": "During World War II, it fell under British military and civil administration from 1943 until 1951, and finally in the Kingdom of Libya from 1951 until 1963."}, {"id": "Q180568", "label": "Egyptian Empire", "section": "History - Egyptian period", "says": "Egyptian records mention that during the New Kingdom of Egypt (thirteenth century BC), the Libu and Meshwesh tribes of Cyrenaica made frequent incursions into Egypt."}, {"id": "Q237136", "label": "Berenice", "section": "History - Greek colonization", "says": "The eastern portion of the province, with no major population centers, was called Marmarica; the more important western portion was known as the Pentapolis, as it comprised five cities: Cyrene (near the modern village of Shahat) with its port of Apollonia (Marsa Susa), Arsinoe or Taucheira (Tocra), Euesperides or Berenice (near modern Benghazi), Balagrae (Bayda) and Barce (Marj) – of which the chi"}, {"id": "Q189506", "label": "Aristippus", "section": "History - Greek colonization", "says": "The Cyrenaics, a school of thinkers who expounded a doctrine of moral cheerfulness that defined happiness as the sum of human pleasures, were founded by Aristippus of Cyrene."}, {"id": "Q43182", "label": "Eratosthenes", "section": "History - Greek colonization", "says": "Other notable natives of Cyrene were the poet Callimachus and the mathematicians Theodorus and Eratosthenes."}, {"id": "Q182483", "label": "Cambyses II", "section": "History - Persian period", "says": "In 525 BC, after conquering Egypt, the Achaemenid (Persian) army of Cambyses II seized the Pentapolis, and established a satrapy (Achaemenid Persian province) over parts of the region for about the next two centuries."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The Persians were followed by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, who received tribute from the cities after taking Egypt."}, {"id": "Q168261", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The Pentapolis was formally annexed by Ptolemy I Soter, and through him passed to the diadoch dynasty of the Lagids, better known as the Ptolemaic dynasty."}, {"id": "Q878392", "label": "Magas of Cyrene", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "It briefly gained independence under Magas of Cyrene, stepson of Ptolemy I, but was reabsorbed into the Ptolemaic empire after his death."}, {"id": "Q886894", "label": "Ptolemy Apion", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "It was separated from the main kingdom by Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion, who, dying without heirs in 96 BC, bequeathed it to the Roman Republic."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "After the Empire's division, Cyrenaica became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), bordering Tripolitania."}, {"id": "Q302", "label": "Jesus Christ", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "According to the Synoptic Gospels, Simon of Cyrene carried the cross of Jesus Christ to the crucifixion."}, {"id": "Q31966", "label": "Mark the Evangelist", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "According to one tradition, Mark the Evangelist was born in the Pentapolis, and later returned after preaching with Paul the Apostle in Colosse (Col 4:10) and Rome (Phil 24; 2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q9200", "label": "Paul the Apostle", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "According to one tradition, Mark the Evangelist was born in the Pentapolis, and later returned after preaching with Paul the Apostle in Colosse (Col 4:10) and Rome (Phil 24; 2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to Alexandria."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "Alexandrian Church\nEarly Christianity spread to Pentapolis from Egypt; Synesius of Cyrene (370–414), bishop of Ptolemais, received his instruction at Alexandria in both the Catechetical School and the Mouseion, and he entertained a great deal of reverence and affection for Hypatia, the last pagan Neoplatonist, whose classes he had attended."}, {"id": "Q1387461", "label": "Theophilus", "section": "History - Christianization", "says": "Synesius was raised to the episcopate by Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, in 410."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "History - Arab and Ottoman rule", "says": "After the breakdown of the Umayyad Caliphate it was essentially annexed to Egypt, although still under the same name, first under the Fatimid caliphs."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Arab and Ottoman rule", "says": "The Ottoman Empire later claimed suzerainty of Cyrenaica based on the Mamluk claim of suzerainty through alliance with the tribes."}, {"id": "Q1529261", "label": "Tripolitania vilayet", "section": "History - Modern Age", "says": "The wali of Ottoman Tripolitania, however, looked after the military and judicial affairs."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "History - Italian colonial rule", "says": "The Italians occupied Cyrenaica during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911 and declared it an Italian protectorate on 15 October 1912."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Italian colonial rule", "says": "In late 1942, Allied forces liberated Cyrenaica from Axis occupation and the United Kingdom administered most of Libya through 1951, when the Kingdom of Libya was established and granted independence."}, {"id": "Q2298768", "label": "Khalifa Belqasim Haftar", "section": "History - Libyan civil war", "says": "Since 2017, all of eastern Libya has been controlled by the Libyan National Army, led by Marshal Khalifa Haftar, who has governed the region as a military dictator."}], "Q193292": [{"id": "Q909452", "label": "Imperial House of Japan", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family; most Emperors of the Heian era had mothers from the Fujiwara family."}, {"id": "Q357261", "label": "Takakura", "section": "History - Decline of the Fujiwara", "says": "He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne."}, {"id": "Q316658", "label": "Go-Toba", "section": "History - Decline of the Fujiwara", "says": "Takakura's other son succeeded as Emperor Go-Toba."}], "Q216786": [{"id": "Q867782", "label": "Kingdom of Funan", "section": "History - Sources of foreign cultural influence", "says": "In the 4th century CE, wars with the neighbouring Kingdom of Funan in Cambodia and the acquisition of Funanese territory led to the infusion of Indian culture into Cham society."}, {"id": "Q424", "label": "Cambodia", "section": "History - Sources of foreign cultural influence", "says": "In the 4th century CE, wars with the neighbouring Kingdom of Funan in Cambodia and the acquisition of Funanese territory led to the infusion of Indian culture into Cham society."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Sources of foreign cultural influence", "says": "Champa also had close trade and cultural relations with the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya and later with the Majapahit of the Malay Archipelago, its easternmost trade relations being with the kingdoms of Ma-i, Butuan, and Sulu in the modern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Sources of foreign cultural influence", "says": "Champa also had close trade and cultural relations with the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya and later with the Majapahit of the Malay Archipelago, its easternmost trade relations being with the kingdoms of Ma-i, Butuan, and Sulu in the modern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Sources of foreign cultural influence", "says": "Champa also had close trade and cultural relations with the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya and later with the Majapahit of the Malay Archipelago, its easternmost trade relations being with the kingdoms of Ma-i, Butuan, and Sulu in the modern Philippines."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Sources of foreign cultural influence", "says": "Evidence gathered from linguistic studies around Aceh confirms that a very strong Chamic cultural influence existed in Indonesia; this is indicated by the use of the Chamic language Acehnese as the main language in the coastal regions of Aceh."}, {"id": "Q430309", "label": "Dai Viet", "section": "History - Champa at its height", "says": "Unfortunately, a Vietnamese invasion in 982 led by king Le Hoan of Dai Viet, followed by Lưu Kế Tông (r."}, {"id": "Q422065", "label": "Sultanate of Sulu", "section": "History - Relations with the Khmer, Viet, and the Philippine islands c. 1000–1471", "says": "The History of Song notes that to the east of Champa through a two-day journey lay the country of Ma-i, speculated to be the Philippine island Mindoro; which Champa had trade relations with\nChampa and what would later be the Sultanate of Sulu in the Sulu archipelago of the southern Philippines, still Hindu at that time and known as Lupah Sug, traded with each other which resulted in merchant Chams"}, {"id": "Q7475", "label": "Emperor Zhenzong of Song", "section": "History - Relations with the Khmer, Viet, and the Philippine islands c. 1000–1471", "says": "However, the successive Rajah Sri Bata Shaja succeeded by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh, who shocked the Emperor Zhenzong by presenting a memorial engraved on a golden tablet, some white dragon (bailong 白龍) camphor, Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave at the eve of an important ceremonial state sacrifice."}, {"id": "Q201705", "label": "Khmer Empire", "section": "History - Relations with the Khmer, Viet, and the Philippine islands c. 1000–1471", "says": "The Khmer Empire conquered Northern Champa in 1145, but were quickly repulsed by king Jaya Harivarman I (r."}, {"id": "Q335273", "label": "Jayavarman VII", "section": "History - Relations with the Khmer, Viet, and the Philippine islands c. 1000–1471", "says": "Jayavarman VII of Angkor launched several counterattack campaigns in the 1190s (1190, 1192, 1194–1195, 1198–1203), conquering Champa and making it a dependency of the Khmer Empire for 30 years."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Relations with the Khmer, Viet, and the Philippine islands c. 1000–1471", "says": "Before the invasion, Kublai Khan ordered the establishment of a mobile secretariat (xingsheng) in Champa for the purpose of dominating the South China"}], "Q59223": [{"id": "Q8573", "label": "Sun Yat-sen", "section": "lead", "says": "It was originally named Xiangshan (香山, \"Fragrant Mountain\"; Cantonese: Heung-saan), but was renamed in 1925 in honor of Sun Yat-sen, who is known in China as \"Sun Zhongshan\"."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "Sun, a local of the area, was the founding father of the Republic of China who is also regarded positively by the People's Republic."}], "Q154741": [{"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon (like his later establishments like Westphalia and Warsaw) some months after he defeated the Austrians and the Russians at the Battle of Austerlitz."}, {"id": "Q134114", "label": "Battle of Austerlitz", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon (like his later establishments like Westphalia and Warsaw) some months after he defeated the Austrians and the Russians at the Battle of Austerlitz."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Its creation brought about the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire shortly afterward."}, {"id": "Q151005", "label": "Battle of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "The Confederation of the Rhine lasted for only seven years, from 1806 to 1813, dissolving after Napoleon's defeat in the Battle of Leipzig."}, {"id": "Q156447", "label": "Treaty of Lunéville", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Lunéville, which saw the annexation of the German territories of the left bank of the Rhine occupied by France, a new order of Central European states was established."}, {"id": "Q637238", "label": "Electorate of Baden", "section": "Background", "says": "Besides Prussia, the Electorate of Baden and the Electorate of Württemberg benefited the most from these changes."}, {"id": "Q2172530", "label": "Electorate of Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "Besides Prussia, the Electorate of Baden and the Electorate of Württemberg benefited the most from these changes."}, {"id": "Q130834", "label": "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Background", "says": "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor took the title of Emperor of Austria in 1804 to counter the loss of prestige."}, {"id": "Q249232", "label": "War of the Third Coalition", "section": "Background", "says": "When the War of the Third Coalition broke out in 1805, with Russia, Austria and Great Britain on the one side and France on the other, Bavaria, Baden and Wurttemberg allied with Napoleon."}, {"id": "Q159626", "label": "Württemberg", "section": "Background", "says": "He also worked toward establishing an alliance with Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg."}, {"id": "Q352462", "label": "Francis II", "section": "Background", "says": "Francis II had to assent to the elevation of both Bavaria and Württemberg to the rank of kingdom and Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt and Berg to that of grand duchy."}], "Q106416": [{"id": "Q131195", "label": "Constantius Chlorus", "section": "History - Roman era Frisii", "says": "The Latin panegyric to Constantius Chlorus describes defeated Frisii and Chamavi who had moved into the Rhine delta being settled in other parts of the Empire, and Roman inscriptions continue to show Frisian military units in Britain in the third century."}, {"id": "Q243118", "label": "Chilperic I", "section": "History - Reappearance of Frisians in early medieval sources", "says": "Around 580, Venantius Fortunatus names the Frisians as Fresonibus, with Frisonibus as a variant reading, in a poem for the Merovingian king Chilperic I: terror [es] extremis Fresonibus ... atque Suevis, \"you are a terror to the farthest Frisians ... and Suebi\"."}, {"id": "Q67841", "label": "Gregory of Tours", "section": "History - Reappearance of Frisians in early medieval sources", "says": "Gregory of Tours apparently records the same raid, referring to a \"Danish\" king with the similar name Chlochilaichus, but he does not mention Frisians."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - 7th/8th century Frisia", "says": "Radbod temporarily recovered power after Frankish setbacks, but after his death in 719 Charles Martel extended Frankish control over western Frisia."}, {"id": "Q160445", "label": "Saint Boniface", "section": "History - Carolingian and later medieval Frisia", "says": "These wars benefited attempts by Anglo-Irish missionaries (which had begun with Saint Boniface) to convert the Frisian populace to Christianity, in which Saint Willibrord largely succeeded."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Carolingian and later medieval Frisia", "says": "These wars benefited attempts by Anglo-Irish missionaries (which had begun with Saint Boniface) to convert the Frisian populace to Christianity, in which Saint Willibrord largely succeeded."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Carolingian and later medieval Frisia", "says": "Some time after the death of Charlemagne, the Frisian territories were in theory under the control of the Count of Holland, but in practice the Hollandic counts, starting with Count Arnulf in 993, were unable to assert themselves as the sovereign lords of Frisia."}, {"id": "Q330533", "label": "Seventeen Provinces", "section": "History - Early modern Frisia", "says": "In 1524, Frisia became part of the Seventeen Provinces and in 1568 joined the Dutch revolt against Philip II, king of Spain, heir of the Burgundian territories; Central Frisia has remained a part of the Netherlands ever since."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Early modern Frisia", "says": "In 1524, Frisia became part of the Seventeen Provinces and in 1568 joined the Dutch revolt against Philip II, king of Spain, heir of the Burgundian territories; Central Frisia has remained a part of the Netherlands ever since."}], "Q189178": [{"id": "Q314846", "label": "Emperor Kanmu", "section": "lead", "says": "Except for a five-year period (740–745), when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital, Nagaoka-kyō, in 784, before moving to Heian-kyō, modern Kyoto, a decade later in 794."}], "Q582779": [{"id": "Q83322", "label": "Guru Nanak", "section": "lead", "says": "Sikhs (Gurmukhi: ਸਿੱਖ, romanized: Sikkh, Punjabi pronunciation: [sɪkkʰ]) are followers of Sikhism, a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the teachings of Guru Nanak."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, recognise Sikhs as a designated religion on their censuses and, as of 2020, Sikhs are considered as a separate ethnic group in the United States."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, recognise Sikhs as a designated religion on their censuses and, as of 2020, Sikhs are considered as a separate ethnic group in the United States."}, {"id": "Q129286", "label": "British Raj", "section": "History - British rule in India", "says": "During the 1857 Indian mutiny, the Sikhs stayed loyal to the British, resulting in heavy recruitment from Punjab to the British Indian Army for the next 90 years of the British Raj in colonial India."}, {"id": "Q1728782", "label": "Kapurthala State", "section": "History - Partition and post-Partition", "says": "At the time of the Indian independence movement, the Sikh ruler of the Kapurthala State fought to oppose the partition of India and advocated for a united, secular country."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Partition and post-Partition", "says": "Sikh organisations, including the Chief Khalsa Dewan and Shiromani Akali Dal led by Master Tara Singh, condemned the Lahore Resolution and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution, with Akali Dal instead favouring an undivided Azad Punjab as an independent Sikh State or Khalistan, having passed the Sikh State Resolution in 1946."}, {"id": "Q3246245", "label": "West Punjab", "section": "History - Partition and post-Partition", "says": "This caused the religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from West Punjab to the east (modern India), mirroring a simultaneous religious migration of Punjabi Muslims from East Punjab to the west (modern Pakistan)."}, {"id": "Q1047", "label": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "section": "History - Partition and post-Partition", "says": "Attempted negotiations with Congress-led the agitation to be adjourned twice, though Jawaharlal Nehru continued to reject the demand."}], "Q204989": [{"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Slavery", "says": "The purchasing of enslaved Africans was outlawed in the British Empire by an Act of Parliament in 1807."}], "Q213649": [{"id": "Q3281269", "label": "North Sea Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighbouring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighbouring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor."}, {"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "Background", "says": "They also settled in the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Iceland, peripheral Scotland (Caithness, the Hebrides and the Northern Isles), Greenland, and Canada."}], "Q26847": [{"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "Original Chorography", "says": "Galatia's boundaries as understand in its heyday included Bithynia and Paphlagonia to the north, Pontus and Cappadocia to the east, Cilicia and Lycaonia to the south, and Phrygia to the west."}, {"id": "Q622032", "label": "Paphlagonia", "section": "Original Chorography", "says": "Galatia's boundaries as understand in its heyday included Bithynia and Paphlagonia to the north, Pontus and Cappadocia to the east, Cilicia and Lycaonia to the south, and Phrygia to the west."}], "Q309197": [{"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Many Breton families have also migrated to the Americas, predominantly to Canada (mostly Queb"}, {"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "History - Late Roman era", "says": "The ninth-century Historia Brittonum states that the emperor Magnus Maximus, who withdrew Roman forces from Britain, settled his troops in Armorica."}, {"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In the Early Middle Ages, Brittany was divided into three kingdoms—Domnonée, Cornouaille (Kernev), and Bro Waroc'h (Broërec)—which eventually were incorporated into the Duchy of Brittany."}, {"id": "Q16829979", "label": "Domnonée", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "The rulers of Domnonée, such as Conomor, sought to expand their territory, claiming overlordship over all Bretons, though there was constant tension between local lords."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "History - Breton participation in the Norman Conquest of England", "says": "The Scottish Clan Stewart and the royal House of Stuart have Breton origins."}, {"id": "Q2067294", "label": "Alan Rufus", "section": "History - Breton participation in the Norman Conquest of England", "says": "Alan Rufus, also known as Alan the Red, was both a cousin and knight in the retinue of William the Conqueror."}, {"id": "Q37594", "label": "William the Conqueror", "section": "History - Breton participation in the Norman Conquest of England", "says": "Alan Rufus, also known as Alan the Red, was both a cousin and knight in the retinue of William the Conqueror."}], "Q131621": [{"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Wittelsbach (German: Haus Wittelsbach) is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q22880", "label": "Electoral Palatinate", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Wittelsbach (German: Haus Wittelsbach) is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates, and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918."}, {"id": "Q81589", "label": "House of Windsor", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Windsor, the reigning royal house of the British monarchy, are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q57224", "label": "Sophia of Hanover", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Windsor, the reigning royal house of the British monarchy, are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover."}, {"id": "Q179840", "label": "House of Stuart", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Windsor, the reigning royal house of the British monarchy, are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover."}], "Q166919": [{"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Thessaly lies in northern central Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia to the north, Epirus to the west, Central Greece to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the east."}, {"id": "Q204636", "label": "Battle of Plataea", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "The following year, the Persians were decisively defeated at the Battle of Plataea and withdrew from all of their European possessions, including Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q76026", "label": "Greco-Persian Wars", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "In the 4th century BC, after the Greco-Persian Wars had long ended, Jason of Pherae transformed the region into a significant military power, recalling the glory of Early Archaic times."}, {"id": "Q456945", "label": "Jason of Pherae", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "In the 4th century BC, after the Greco-Persian Wars had long ended, Jason of Pherae transformed the region into a significant military power, recalling the glory of Early Archaic times."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "Shortly after, Philip II of Macedon was appointed Archon of Thessaly, and Thessaly was thereafter associated with the Macedonian Kingdom for the next two centuries."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "Thessalian cavalry played a crucial role in the victories of Alexander the Great at the battles of Issus and Gaugamela."}, {"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "Lysimachus, one of the Diadochi, originated from Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Ancient history", "says": "Thessaly later became part of the Roman Empire as part of the province of Macedonia; when that was broken up, the name resurfaced in two of its late Roman successor provinces: Thessalia Prima and Thessalia Secunda."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "In the 7th century the Avar-Slav alliance began to raid the Byzantine Empire, laying siege to Thessalonica and even the imperial capital Constantinople itself."}, {"id": "Q237587", "label": "Stauracius", "section": "History - Byzantine period", "says": "Following the campaigns of the Byzantine general Staurakios in 782–783, the Byzantine Empire recovered Thessaly, taking many Slavs as prisoners."}, {"id": "Q2067184", "label": "Bulgarian Empire", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "In 977 Byzantine Thessaly was raided by the Bulgarian Empire."}, {"id": "Q37065", "label": "Alexios III Angelos", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "In 1199–1201 another unsuccessful revolt was led by Manuel Kamytzes, son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, with the support of Dobromir Chrysos, the autonomous ruler of Prosek."}, {"id": "Q198014", "label": "Dobromir Chrysos", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "In 1199–1201 another unsuccessful revolt was led by Manuel Kamytzes, son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, with the support of Dobromir Chrysos, the autonomous ruler of Prosek."}, {"id": "Q51656", "label": "Fourth Crusade", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "Following the siege of Constantinople and the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204, Thessaly passed to Boniface of Montferrat's Kingdom of Thessalonica in the wider context of the Frankokratia."}, {"id": "Q325461", "label": "Kingdom of Thessalonica", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "Following the siege of Constantinople and the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204, Thessaly passed to Boniface of Montferrat's Kingdom of Thessalonica in the wider context of the Frankokratia."}, {"id": "Q441429", "label": "Michael I Komnenos Doukas", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "In 1212, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus, led his troops into Thessaly."}, {"id": "Q371668", "label": "Theodore Komnenos Doukas", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "Michael's work was completed by his half-brother and successor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who by 1220 completed the recovery of the entire region, and assigned pronoiai to aristocratic Greek families."}, {"id": "Q297340", "label": "Niketas Choniates", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "In the 12th century, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela records the existence of the district of \"Vlachia\" near Halmyros in eastern Thessaly, while the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates places \"Great Vlachia\" (Aromanian: Vlãhia Mari) near Meteora."}, {"id": "Q318365", "label": "Georgios Pachymeres", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "The term is also used by the 13th-century scholar George Pachymeres, and it appears as a distinct administrative unit in 1276, when the pinkernes Raoul Komnenos was its governor (kephale)."}, {"id": "Q163814", "label": "Komnenos", "section": "History - Late Medieval period", "says": "The term is also used by the 13th-century scholar George Pachymeres, and it appears as a distinct administrative unit in 1276, when the pinkernes Raoul Komnenos was its governor (kephale)."}, {"id": "Q2309409", "label": "Morean War", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Failed Greek uprisings occurred in 1600/1 and 1612, and during the Morean War (1684–1699) and the Orlov Revolt (1770)."}, {"id": "Q783310", "label": "Orlov Revolt", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Failed Greek uprisings occurred in 1600/1 and 1612, and during the Morean War (1684–1699) and the Orlov Revolt (1770)."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "In 1780, Ali Pasha of Ioannina took over control of Thessaly, and consolidated his rule after 1808, when he suppressed a local uprising."}, {"id": "Q319684", "label": "Rigas Velestinlis", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Rigas Feraios, the important Greek intellectual and forerunner of the Greek War of Independence was from the region."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "Rigas Feraios, the important Greek intellectual and forerunner of the Greek War of Independence was from the region."}, {"id": "Q3038917", "label": "Mahmud Dramali Pasha", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "When the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, Greek risings occurred in the Pelion and Olympus mountains as well as the western mountains around Fanari, but they were swiftly suppressed by the Ottoman armies under Mehmed Reshid Pasha and Mahmud Dramali Pasha."}, {"id": "Q254106", "label": "Crimean War", "section": "History - Ottoman period", "says": "After the establishment of the independent Kingdom of Greece, Greek nationalist agitation continued, with further revolts in 1841, in 1854 during the Crimean War, and again during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878."}, {"id": "Q657055", "label": "Greco-Turkish War of 1897", "section": "History - Modern", "says": "It was briefly captured by Ottomans during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897."}, {"id": "Q177918", "label": "First Balkan War", "section": "History - Modern", "says": "The remaining part of Thessaly held by the Ottomans was finally regained by the Greeks during the First Balkan War in 1912."}], "Q840601": [{"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "East Turkestan or East Turkistan (Uyghur: شەرقىي تۈركىستان, ULY: Sherqiy Türkistan, UKY: Шәрқий Туркистан) is a loosely defined geographical region in the northwestern part of the People's Republic of China, on the cross roads of East and Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q1688526", "label": "Yettishar", "section": "lead", "says": "Uyghurs also called the Tarim Basin \"Yettishar,\" which means \"Seven Cities,\" and even \"Sekkizshahr\", which means \"Eight Cities\" in Uyghur."}, {"id": "Q911440", "label": "Protectorate of the Western Regions", "section": "History - Pre-20th century", "says": "In 60 BC, the Han dynasty established the Protectorate of the Western Regions \"in charge of all the oasis-states of the Tarim Basin\" which they ruled in indirectly with small agricultural military colonies."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Pre-20th century", "says": "A Sogdian sale contract of a female slave from the period of the Gaochang kingdom under the rule of Qu clan from 639 AD mentioned the Sogdian word \"twrkstn\", which may have referred to the lands to the east and north of Syr Darya in the realm of the First Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q874357", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "section": "History - Pre-20th century", "says": "The Gökturks, known in ancient Chinese with pronunciation as Tutkyud as well as modern Chinese pronunciation as Tujue (Tu-chueh; Chinese: 突厥; pinyin: Tūjué; Wade–Giles: T'u1-chüeh2), united the Turkic peoples and created a large empire, which broke into various Khanates or Khaganates; the Western Turkic Khaganate inherited Xinjiang, but West Tujue became part of China's Tang dynasty until the nint"}, {"id": "Q190517", "label": "Xinhai Revolution", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "In 1912, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and created a Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "In 1912, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and created a Republic of China."}, {"id": "Q714723", "label": "Yang Zengxin", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "As Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor, fled from Xinjiang, one of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin (楊增新), took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "In 1921, the Soviet Union officially defined the Uyghurs as the sedentary Turkic peoples from Chinese Turkestan as part of their nation building policy in Central Asia."}, {"id": "Q714731", "label": "Jin Shuren", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Multiple insurgencies arose against Yang's successor Jin Shuren (金树仁) in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, usually led by Hui people. \"East Turkestan\" became a rallying cry for people who spoke Turki and believed in Islam to rebel against Chinese authorities."}, {"id": "Q466972", "label": "Sheng Shicai", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Chinese warlord Sheng Shicai (盛世才) quickly defeated the ETR and ruled Xinjiang for the decade after 1934 with close support from the Soviet Union."}, {"id": "Q31113", "label": "Kuomintang", "section": "History - Early 20th century", "says": "Eventually, the Soviet Union exploited the change in power from Sheng to Kuomintang officials to create the puppet Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1946) in present-day Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture to exploit its minerals, later justifying it as a national liberation movement against the \"reactionary\" Kuomintang regime."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "At the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, with Xinjiang divided between Kuomintang forces and ETR secessionists, the Communist leadership persuaded both governments to surrender and accept the succession of the People's Republic of China government and negotiated the establishment of Communist provincial governments in Yining (Ghulja) and Dihua."}, {"id": "Q5816", "label": "Mao Zedong", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "On October 1, 1955, Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong designated Xinjiang a \"Uyghur Autonomous Region\", creating a regionwide Uyghur identity which overtook Uyghurs' traditionally local and oasis-based identities."}, {"id": "Q8690", "label": "Cultural Revolution", "section": "History - Late 20th century", "says": "Concurrently, during the Cultural Revolution and the Revolution's campaigns against \"local nationalism\", the government had come to associate the term East Turkestan with Uyghur separatism and \"foreign hostile forces\" and forbade its usage."}], "Q204023": [{"id": "Q385676", "label": "Ōnin War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyōtoku incident (1454), Ōnin War (1467), or Meiō incident (1493) are generally chosen as the period's start date, but there are many competing historiographies for its end date, ranging from 1568, the date of Oda Nobunaga's march on Kyoto, to the suppression of the Shimabara Rebellion in 1638, deep into what was traditionally considered the Edo period."}, {"id": "Q696217", "label": "Shimabara Rebellion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kyōtoku incident (1454), Ōnin War (1467), or Meiō incident (1493) are generally chosen as the period's start date, but there are many competing historiographies for its end date, ranging from 1568, the date of Oda Nobunaga's march on Kyoto, to the suppression of the Shimabara Rebellion in 1638, deep into what was traditionally considered the Edo period."}, {"id": "Q311080", "label": "Uesugi Kenshin", "section": "lead", "says": "In turn, events sometimes allowed common samurai to rise to the rank of sengoku daimyo; these included Hōjō Sōun (the first to do so), and Uesugi Kenshin, a shugodai (deputy shugo) who attained power by weakening and eventually replacing his lord."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "The most spectacular example of a sengoku-era rise is often considered to be that of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who rose from a peasant background to successively become a samurai, sengoku daimyo, and kampaku (Imperial Regent)."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "Modern Japan recognizes Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu as the \"three great unifiers\" (三英傑) for their restoration of Japan's central government."}, {"id": "Q234188", "label": "Battle of Sekigahara", "section": "Timeline - Start and end dates", "says": "There are several events which could be considered the end of it: Nobunaga's entry to Kyoto (1568) or abolition of the Muromachi shogunate (1573) or entry into Azuchi Castle (1576), Hideyoshi's promulgation of the Sōbujirei  law prohibiting war (1587), the siege of Odawara (1590), the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603), the siege of Osaka (1615), or the"}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Timeline - Start and end dates", "says": "The old, well-known definition is that the Onin War initiated the Sengoku period in 1467; and that it ended in 1568, when Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto in support of Ashikaga Yoshiaki."}, {"id": "Q947533", "label": "Ikkō-ikki", "section": "Timeline - Creation of the puppet Ashikaga Shogunate by the Hosokawa clan", "says": "Harumoto seduced the Ikkō-shū into a Ikkō-ikki against Motonaga, which resulted in Motonaga's death in 1532."}, {"id": "Q1156545", "label": "Mōri Motonari", "section": "Timeline - Chūgoku region (Mōri Motonari)", "says": "Mōri Motonari was a sengoku daimyo who pacified the Chūgoku region and is famous for his parable of the \"Three Arrows\", which explains the importance of clan unity."}, {"id": "Q1010239", "label": "Battle of Arita-Nakaide", "section": "Timeline - Chūgoku region (Mōri Motonari)", "says": "In his first battle, the Battle of Arita-Nakaide in 1517, he defeated the overwhelming majority of the Aki-Takeda clan with a small force, which later became known as the \"Battle of Okehazama in the West\" as a battle in which a small force defeated a large army."}, {"id": "Q349422", "label": "Battle of Okehazama", "section": "Timeline - Chūgoku region (Mōri Motonari)", "says": "In his first battle, the Battle of Arita-Nakaide in 1517, he defeated the overwhelming majority of the Aki-Takeda clan with a small force, which later became known as the \"Battle of Okehazama in the West\" as a battle in which a small force defeated a large army."}, {"id": "Q943643", "label": "Hōjō Ujiyasu", "section": "Timeline - Hokuriku, Kantō, and Chūbu regions (Uesugi Kenshin)", "says": "In 1546, Hōjō Ujiyasu defeated Uesugi Tomosada at the siege of Kawagoe Castle, and the Later Hōjō clan established its power in the Kantō region."}, {"id": "Q276404", "label": "Takeda Shingen", "section": "Timeline - Hokuriku, Kantō, and Chūbu regions (Uesugi Kenshin)", "says": "He also invaded the territory of Takeda Shingen, who ruled Kai and Shinano Provinces from 1553 to 1573, and fought in the Battle of Kawanakajima five times between 1553 and 1564."}, {"id": "Q1054305", "label": "Imagawa Yoshimoto", "section": "Timeline - Hokuriku, Kantō, and Chūbu regions (Uesugi Kenshin)", "says": "When Imagawa Yoshimoto was killed by Oda Nobunaga's forces at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, the Alliance Kai-Sagami-Suruga formed in 1554 between Takeda Shingen in Kai, Hojo Ujiyasu in Sagami, and Imagawa Yoshimoto in Suruga was broken."}, {"id": "Q1045768", "label": "Battle of Tedorigawa", "section": "Timeline - Hokuriku, Kantō, and Chūbu regions (Uesugi Kenshin)", "says": "He then defeated Oda Nobunaga's forces at the Battle of Tedorigawa."}, {"id": "Q1322768", "label": "Asakura Yoshikage", "section": "Timeline - Oda Nobunaga", "says": "Nobunaga defeated Miyoshi Yoshitsugu in 1569, laid siege to Mount Hiei in 1571, defeated Asakura Yoshikage at the siege of Ichijōdani Castle in 1573, defeated Asai Nagamasa at the siege of Odani Castle in the same year, and expelled Ashikaga Yoshiaki from Kyoto in 1573, thus destroying the Ashikaga shogunate."}, {"id": "Q662482", "label": "Takeda Katsuyori", "section": "Timeline - Oda Nobunaga", "says": "He overpowered the Nagashima ikko ikki in 1574, defeated Takeda Katsuyori at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, and defeated Ishiyama Hongan-ji in the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War in 1580."}, {"id": "Q428369", "label": "Battle of Nagashino", "section": "Timeline - Oda Nobunaga", "says": "He overpowered the Nagashima ikko ikki in 1574, defeated Takeda Katsuyori at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, and defeated Ishiyama Hongan-ji in the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War in 1580."}, {"id": "Q859815", "label": "Ishiyama Hongan-ji War", "section": "Timeline - Oda Nobunaga", "says": "He overpowered the Nagashima ikko ikki in 1574, defeated Takeda Katsuyori at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, and defeated Ishiyama Hongan-ji in the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War in 1580."}, {"id": "Q313320", "label": "Akechi Mitsuhide", "section": "Timeline - Oda Nobunaga", "says": "However, he was betrayed by his vassal Akechi Mitsuhide, who drove him to suicide in the Honnō-ji Incident of 1582."}, {"id": "Q169598", "label": "Honnō-ji Incident", "section": "Timeline - Oda Nobunaga", "says": "However, he was betrayed by his vassal Akechi Mitsuhide, who drove him to suicide in the Honnō-ji Incident of 1582."}, {"id": "Q39040", "label": "Battle of Yamazaki", "section": "Timeline - Toyotomi (Hashiba) Hideyoshi", "says": "When he learned that his lord Nobunaga had been killed by Akechi Mitsuhide, he immediately made peace with the Mōri clan, who were in the midst of a battle, and turned his army back faster than anyone could have predicted, defeating Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki."}, {"id": "Q707587", "label": "Shibata Katsuie", "section": "Timeline - Toyotomi (Hashiba) Hideyoshi", "says": "In 1582, Hideyoshi defeated Shibata Katsuie and Oda Nobutaka, who had been enemies over Nobunaga's succession, at the Battle of Shizugatake, and in 1583 he began construction of Osaka Castle."}, {"id": "Q225562", "label": "Battle of Shizugatake", "section": "Timeline - Toyotomi (Hashiba) Hideyoshi", "says": "In 1582, Hideyoshi defeated Shibata Katsuie and Oda Nobutaka, who had been enemies over Nobunaga's succession, at the Battle of Shizugatake, and in 1583 he began construction of Osaka Castle."}, {"id": "Q1353633", "label": "Battle of Komaki and Nagakute", "section": "Timeline - Toyotomi (Hashiba) Hideyoshi", "says": "In 1584, he fought bitterly against the allied forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobuo at the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, but was able to make a truce with Nobuo by making peace with him."}, {"id": "Q1070082", "label": "Chōsokabe Motochika", "section": "Timeline - Toyotomi (Hashiba) Hideyoshi", "says": "In 1585, he defeated Chōsokabe Motochika in an Invasion of Shikoku and pacified Shikoku."}, {"id": "Q1196817", "label": "Maeda Toshiie", "section": "Timeline - Tōhoku region (Date Masamune)", "says": "Hideyoshi had his subordinate Maeda Toshiie question Masamune, who had arrived late to give the order to participate in the siege of Odawara, but after hearing Masamune's bold attitude, he decided to meet with him."}, {"id": "Q132711", "label": "Paul V", "section": "Timeline - Tōhoku region (Date Masamune)", "says": "In 1613, he sent Hasekura Tsunenaga as an ambassador to Europe, where he was granted an audience with the Pope Paul V."}], "Q210443": [{"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "1180–800 BC) was a period in Ancient Greece that was characterized by the collapse of Mycenaean civilization, where the palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were either destroyed, abandoned, or both."}], "Q201706": [{"id": "Q10295972", "label": "Hunnic Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In the fourth century, they were among the peoples incorporated into the Hunnic Empire, within which they formed an important part."}, {"id": "Q841211", "label": "Battle of Nedao", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of Attila, the Gepids under their leader Ardaric, led an alliance of other peoples who had been in the empire, and defeated the sons of Attila and their remaining allies at the Battle of Nedao in 454."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gepids and their allies subsequently founded kingdoms on the Middle Danube, bordering on the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gepids were defeated by the Lombards and Avars a century later in 567, when Constantinople gave no support to them."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "History - Legendary", "says": "Jordanes specified that the Gepids' ancestors traveled in the last of the three ships, for which their fellows mocked them as gepanta, or \"slow and stolid.\" The Goths and Gepids then settled along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea on an island at the mouth of the Vistula river, called \"Gepedoius\", or the Gepids' fruitful meadows, by Jordanes."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Legendary", "says": "He claims the Gepids moved to the south long after the Goths had already moved, and defeated the Burgundians and other races, provoking the Goths in the process."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Legendary", "says": "Fastida demanded land from Ostrogotha, King of the Visigoths, because the Gepids' territory was \"hemmed in by rugged mountains and dense forests\"."}, {"id": "Q46768", "label": "Maximian", "section": "History - Before the arrival of the Huns", "says": "In the 11th panegyric to emperor Maximian given in Trier in 291, which is also the first time the Tervingi and Taifali were mentioned, the passage described a battle outside the empire where the Gepids were on the side of the Vandals, attacked by Taifali and a \"part\" of the Goths."}, {"id": "Q89384", "label": "Walter Pohl", "section": "History - Before the arrival of the Huns", "says": "Walter Pohl only says that the battle must have happened between 248 and 291, and could have been inside or outside the curve of the Carpathians, though he feels it is obvious that it must be in the region of the formerly Roman province of Dacia in Transylvania."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Within the Hunnic Empire", "says": "Jordanes reported that Thorismund, King of the Ostrogoths, who was subjected to the Huns, \"won a great victory over\" the Gepids, but fell in the battle."}, {"id": "Q139808", "label": "Battle of the Maureaco Fields", "section": "History - Within the Hunnic Empire", "says": "A \"countless host\" under the command of Ardaric formed the right wing of the army of Attila the Hun in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451."}, {"id": "Q162858", "label": "Sarmatians", "section": "History - Kingdom of the Gepids", "says": "The Gepids joined a coalition formed by the Suebi, Sciri, Sarmatians and other peoples formed against the Ostrogoths who had settled in Pannonia."}, {"id": "Q13190", "label": "Battle of Bolia", "section": "History - Kingdom of the Gepids", "says": "However, the Ostrogoths routed the united forces of their enemies in the Battle of Bolia in 469."}, {"id": "Q105105", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "section": "History - Kingdom of the Gepids", "says": "Theodoric the Great dispatched one comes Pitzia to launch a campaign against the Gepids who either tried to capture Sirmium or wanted to get rid of Theodoric's suzerainty in 504."}, {"id": "Q313504", "label": "Theophylact Simocatta", "section": "History - Fall and last records", "says": "In 630, Theophylact Simocatta reported that the Byzantine Army entered the territory of the Avars and attacked a Gepid feast, capturing 30,000 Gepids (they met no Avars)."}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "History - Fall and last records", "says": "In the eighth century, Paul the Deacon lists Gepid, Bulgarian, Sarmatian, Pannonian, Suabian and Norican villages in Italy but we do not know if Paul means in his own day or is simply lifting the phrase from an older source."}], "Q232211": [{"id": "Q296439", "label": "Mentuhotep II", "section": "lead", "says": "The two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict, which would lead to the conquest of the north by the Theban kings and to the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler, Mentuhotep II, during the second part of the Eleventh Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q191324", "label": "Middle Kingdom of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "This event marked the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q6198", "label": "Pepi II", "section": "History - Events leading to the First Intermediate Period", "says": "One reason that is often quoted is the extremely long reign of Pepi II, the last major pharaoh of the 6th Dynasty."}, {"id": "Q313869", "label": "Intef II", "section": "History - Rise of the Theban kings", "says": "One of them, Intef II, begins the assault on the north, particularly at Abydos."}], "Q236036": [{"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "lead", "says": "Key functions of the USSR were highly centralized in Moscow until its final years, despite its nominal structure as a federation of republics; the light decentralization reforms  during the era of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) conducted by Mikhail Gorbachev as part of the Helsinki Accords are cited as one of the factors which led to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 as a re"}, {"id": "Q318161", "label": "Helsinki Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "Key functions of the USSR were highly centralized in Moscow until its final years, despite its nominal structure as a federation of republics; the light decentralization reforms  during the era of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) conducted by Mikhail Gorbachev as part of the Helsinki Accords are cited as one of the factors which led to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 as a re"}, {"id": "Q134949", "label": "Winter War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, a relic of the Soviet-Finnish War (the Winter War), became the only union republic to be deprived of its status in 1956."}], "Q4492881": [{"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "According to Pliny the Elder, in Roman times, the Frisians (or rather their close neighbours, the Chauci) lived on terps, man-made hills."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "In 1577 the province of Friesland became part of the nascent Dutch Republic, as its representatives signed the Union of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q216165", "label": "Union of Utrecht", "section": "History - Modern age", "says": "In 1577 the province of Friesland became part of the nascent Dutch Republic, as its representatives signed the Union of Utrecht."}], "Q849967": [{"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Roman Empire conquered most of Britain in the 1st century AD, creating the province of Britannia."}, {"id": "Q164566", "label": "Barry Cunliffe", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "More recently, John Koch and Barry Cunliffe have challenged that with their 'Celtic from the West' theory, which has the Celtic languages developing as a maritime lingua franca or language of trade in the Atlantic Bronze Age cultural zone, which included Britain, before it spread eastward."}, {"id": "Q886986", "label": "Kingdom of Lindsey", "section": "History - Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain", "says": "Linnuis (which stood astride modern Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire) was subsumed as early as 500 AD and became the English Kingdom of Lindsey."}, {"id": "Q21523635", "label": "Kingdom of Ce", "section": "History - Yr Hen Ogledd (the Old North)", "says": "The Kingdom of Ce, which encompassed modern Marr, Banff, Buchan, Fife, and much of Aberdeenshire, disappeared soon after 900."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "History - Wales, Dumnonia and Brittany", "says": "During the 19th century, many Welsh farmers migrated to Patagonia in Argentina, forming a community called Y Wladfa, which today consists of over 1,"}, {"id": "Q1051384", "label": "Catuvellauni", "section": "History - Eastern England", "says": "Eastern England was populated by Brythonic tribes such as the Iceni, Corieltauvi, and Catuvellauni."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Eastern England", "says": "This suggests that Britons were still living in the Fens by 11th century and most likely practiced their own style of Christianity, which was considered pagan by local Anglo-Saxons."}], "Q220594": [{"id": "Q11029653", "label": "Nabataean kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nabateans emerged as a distinct civilization and political entity between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC, with the Nabataean Kingdom centered around a loosely controlled trading network that brought considerable wealth and influence across the ancient world."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Described as fiercely independent by contemporary Greco-Roman accounts, the Nabataeans were annexed into the Roman Empire by Emperor Trajan in 106 AD."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "They converted to Christianity during the Byzantine period."}, {"id": "Q294923", "label": "Athenaeus", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The first mention of the Nabataeans dates from 312/311 BC, when they were attacked at Sela or perhaps at Petra without success by the Hellene-Greek Antigonus I's officer Athenaeus in the course of the Third War of the Diadochi; at that time Hieronymus of Cardia, a Seleucid officer, mentions the Nabataeans in a battle report."}, {"id": "Q435274", "label": "Hieronymus of Cardia", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "The first mention of the Nabataeans dates from 312/311 BC, when they were attacked at Sela or perhaps at Petra without success by the Hellene-Greek Antigonus I's officer Athenaeus in the course of the Third War of the Diadochi; at that time Hieronymus of Cardia, a Seleucid officer, mentions the Nabataeans in a battle report."}, {"id": "Q171241", "label": "Diodorus Siculus", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "About 50 BC Greek historian Diodorus Siculus cites Hieronymus in his report and adds the following: \"Just as the Seleucids had tried to subdue them, so the Romans made several attempts to get their hands on that lucrative trade.\"."}, {"id": "Q558770", "label": "Aretas III", "section": "History - Hellenistic period", "says": "They occupied Hauran, and in about 85 BC their king Aretas III became lord of Damascus and Coele-Syria."}, {"id": "Q1986139", "label": "Parthian Empire", "section": "History - The Abgarids and Osroene in Mesopotamia", "says": "It shifted between semi-autonomy and independence, then being a client state of the Parthian Empire and the Roman Empire, to being fully incorporated into the latter as a province in 214 AD."}, {"id": "Q319107", "label": "Alexander Jannaeus", "section": "History - Nabataean Kingdom", "says": "According to popular historian Paul Johnson, many Nabataeans were forcefully converted to Judaism by Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus."}, {"id": "Q2620458", "label": "Obodas I", "section": "History - Nabataean Kingdom", "says": "Obodas I knew that Alexander would attack, so was able to ambush Alexander's forces near Gaulane destroying the Judaean army in 90 BC."}, {"id": "Q365148", "label": "Marcus Aemilius Scaurus", "section": "History - Nabataean Kingdom", "says": "In 62 BC, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus accepted a bribe of 300 talents to lift the siege of Petra, partly because of the difficult terrain and the fact that he had run out of supplies."}, {"id": "Q359684", "label": "Hyrcanus II", "section": "History - Nabataean Kingdom", "says": "Hyrcanus II, who was a friend of King Aretas, was despatched by Scaurus to the king to buy peace."}, {"id": "Q51672", "label": "Herod the Great", "section": "History - Nabataean Kingdom", "says": "In 32 BC, during King Malichus I's reign, Herod the Great, with the support of Cleopatra, started a war against Nabataea."}, {"id": "Q635", "label": "Cleopatra", "section": "History - Nabataean Kingdom", "says": "In 32 BC, during King Malichus I's reign, Herod the Great, with the support of Cleopatra, started a war against Nabataea."}, {"id": "Q1430", "label": "Marcus Aurelius", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Ascribed to an auxiliary military unit drawn from the Roman-allied Thamud tribe, they describe the temple in which they were placed and recognize the authority of the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus."}, {"id": "Q1433", "label": "Lucius Verus", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Ascribed to an auxiliary military unit drawn from the Roman-allied Thamud tribe, they describe the temple in which they were placed and recognize the authority of the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus."}, {"id": "Q605292", "label": "Kindah Kingdom", "section": "History - Roman period", "says": "Their lands were divided between the new Qahtanite Arab tribal kingdoms of the Byzantine vassals, the Ghassanid Arabs, and the Himyarite vassals, the Kingdom of Kinda in North Arabia."}], "Q1209676": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "There are currently about 12 million Mexican nationals residing outside Mexico, with about 11.7 million living in the United States."}, {"id": "Q80702", "label": "Spanish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The modern nation of Mexico achieved independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, after a decade-long war for independence starting in 1810; this began the process of forging a national identity that fused the cultural traits of Indigenous pre-Columbian origin with those of Spanish and African ancestry."}, {"id": "Q214426", "label": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "This led to what has been termed \"a peculiar form of multi-ethnic nationalism\" which was more invigorated and developed after the Mexican Revolution when the Constitution of 1917 officially established Mexico as an indivisible pluricultural nation founded on its indigenous roots."}], "Q211661": [{"id": "Q850497", "label": "Second Treaty of Brömsebro", "section": "lead", "says": "Jämtland was conquered by Norway in 1178 and stayed Norwegian for over 450 years until it was ceded to Sweden in 1645 in the Treaty of Brömsebro."}, {"id": "Q208331", "label": "Olaf II of Norway", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Jämtland was Christianized in the middle of the 11th century when the Frösö Runestone appeared (the only one in the world that tells about the christening of a country), shortly after Olaf II of Norway died in the Battle of Stiklestad just west of Jämtland."}, {"id": "Q830878", "label": "Battle of Stiklestad", "section": "History - Medieval period", "says": "Jämtland was Christianized in the middle of the 11th century when the Frösö Runestone appeared (the only one in the world that tells about the christening of a country), shortly after Olaf II of Norway died in the Battle of Stiklestad just west of Jämtland."}, {"id": "Q62623", "label": "Kalmar Union", "section": "History - Turbulent times", "says": "Sweden's separation from the Kalmar Union transferred Jämtland from a central Scandinavian region into a border region between two aggressive states."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - Turbulent times", "says": "This eventually led to conflict, first in 1563 during the Nordic Seven Years' War (after which Jämtland was put under the diocese of Nidaros), then in 1611 during the Kalmar War."}, {"id": "Q631795", "label": "Kalmar War", "section": "History - Turbulent times", "says": "This eventually led to conflict, first in 1563 during the Nordic Seven Years' War (after which Jämtland was put under the diocese of Nidaros), then in 1611 during the Kalmar War."}, {"id": "Q52930", "label": "Gustav III of Sweden", "section": "History - Modern period", "says": "In order to end the free trade conducted by \"faring-men\" or \"faring-farmers\" (fælmännan or fælbönnran in dialect), Jämtland's first and only city, Östersund, was founded by Gustav III 1786, though plans had existed since the province was seceded."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Churches", "says": "After the conversion to Christianity several parishes (so called socknar, related to \"seek\") were established in Jämtland, these are now replaced by over 40 församlingar, meaning \"assemblage\"."}], "Q217177": [{"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "The taifas (from Arabic: طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if, meaning \"party, band, faction\") were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that emerged from the decline and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031."}, {"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The taifas (from Arabic: طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if, meaning \"party, band, faction\") were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that emerged from the decline and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The taifas were eventually incorporated by the Almoravid dynasty in the late 11th century and, on its collapse, many taifas re-appeared only to be incorporated by the Almohad Caliphate."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "lead", "says": "The fall of the Almohads resulted in a flourishing of the taifas, and this was the case despite constant warfare with Christian kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q238445", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "section": "lead", "says": "By the end of the 13th century, only one remained, the Emirate of Granada, the rest being incorporated into the Christian states of the north."}, {"id": "Q392538", "label": "Battle of Sagrajas", "section": "Decline", "says": "Warriors of the taifas took part in the Battle of Sagrajas, which resulted in the defeat of the Christians."}], "Q218272": [{"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "lead", "says": "French rule lasted from the beginning of the French conquest in 1830 until the end of the Algerian War which resulted in Algeria gaining independence on 5 July 1962."}, {"id": "Q3045696", "label": "Regency of Algiers", "section": "lead", "says": "The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers which toppled the Regency of Algiers, though Algeria was not fully conquered and pacified until 1903."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "lead", "says": "After a trip to Algiers in 1860, the French emperor Napoleon III became keen on establishing a client kingdom there which he would rule in a personal union, expanding freedoms for the indigenous population and limiting colonisation."}, {"id": "Q1471139", "label": "Evian Accords", "section": "lead", "says": "The war ended in 1962, with Algeria gaining independence following the Évian Accords in March 1962 and a self-determination referendum in July 1962."}, {"id": "Q2895498", "label": "Ben Kiernan", "section": "Background", "says": "For example, Ben Kiernan, an Australian expert on the Cambodian genocide, wrote in Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur on the French conquest of Algeria:\nBy 1875, the French conquest was complete."}], "Q32133": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessalian officer and successor of Alexander the Great who became king of Thrace in 306 BC, western Asia Minor in 301 BC and Macedon in 288 BC."}, {"id": "Q319124", "label": "Battle of Ipsus", "section": "lead", "says": "Afterwards, he joined a coalition against Antigonus, who was ultimately defeated and killed at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, he joined forces with Pyrrhus of Epirus to expel Antigonus's son Demetrius from Macedonia, before seizing Macedonia for himself."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, he joined forces with Pyrrhus of Epirus to expel Antigonus's son Demetrius from Macedonia, before seizing Macedonia for himself."}, {"id": "Q40234", "label": "Arsinoe II", "section": "lead", "says": "In 284 BC, urged by his third wife Arsinoe II, who sought to position her own son as successor, Lysimachus had his eldest son Agathocles executed on the charge of treason."}, {"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "lead", "says": "In 284 BC, urged by his third wife Arsinoe II, who sought to position her own son as successor, Lysimachus had his eldest son Agathocles executed on the charge of treason."}, {"id": "Q888435", "label": "Seleucus", "section": "lead", "says": "The deeply unpopular act prompted widespread rebellion, and Seleucus seized the opportunity and invaded Asia Minor."}, {"id": "Q47299", "label": "Battle of Corupedium", "section": "lead", "says": "In 281 BC, Lysimachus met Seleucus at the Battle of Corupedium, where he was defeated and killed."}], "Q152582": [{"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "Free France (French: France libre) was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by General Charles de Gaulle, Free France was established as a government-in-exile in London in June 1940 after the Fall of France to Nazi Germany."}, {"id": "Q5721", "label": "Philippe Pétain", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal Philippe Pétain negotiated an armistice and established a German client state known as Vichy France."}, {"id": "Q69808", "label": "Vichy France", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal Philippe Pétain negotiated an armistice and established a German client state known as Vichy France."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - Prelude", "says": "On 1 June, Charles de Gaulle was promoted to brigadier general, and on June 5th, Prime Minister Paul Reynaud appointed him Under Secretary of State for Defence, a junior post in the French cabinet."}, {"id": "Q161076", "label": "Paul Reynaud", "section": "History - Prelude", "says": "On 1 June, Charles de Gaulle was promoted to brigadier general, and on June 5th, Prime Minister Paul Reynaud appointed him Under Secretary of State for Defence, a junior post in the French cabinet."}, {"id": "Q2889367", "label": "Battle of Montcornet", "section": "History - Prelude", "says": "He was also a long-time advocate of the modern armoured warfare ideas applied by the Wehrmacht, and commanded the 4th Armoured Division at the Battle of Montcornet."}, {"id": "Q170357", "label": "Maxime Weygand", "section": "History - Prelude", "says": "The new French commander Maxime Weygand was 73 years old and like Pétain, an Anglophobe who viewed Dunkirk as another example of Britain's unreliability as an ally; de Gaulle later recounted he 'gave up hope' when the Germans renewed their attack on 8 June and demanded an immediate Armistice."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - De Gaulle rallies the Free French", "says": "Together with the British Empire, she can form a bloc that controls the seas and continue the struggle."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - De Gaulle rallies the Free French", "says": "She may, like England, draw upon the limitless industrial resources of the United States\"."}, {"id": "Q752431", "label": "New Hebrides", "section": "History - Beginnings of the Free French forces", "says": "Of France's far-flung empire, only the French domains of Saint Helena (on 23 June at the initiative of Georges Colin, honorary consul of the domains) and the Franco-British ruled New Hebrides condominium in the Pacific (on 20 July) answered de Gaulle's call to arms."}, {"id": "Q836128", "label": "Battle of Bir Hakeim", "section": "History - Composition", "says": "They would serve through the North African campaign (including the Battle of Bir Hakeim), the Italian Campaign and much of the Liberation of France."}, {"id": "Q162333", "label": "Italian Campaign", "section": "History - Composition", "says": "They would serve through the North African campaign (including the Battle of Bir Hakeim), the Italian Campaign and much of the Liberation of France."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "History - Composition", "says": "There were also escaped Spanish Republicans, veterans of the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q696835", "label": "Liberation of Paris", "section": "History - Composition", "says": "Both the 2e Division Blindée and 1er Division Blindée were made up of around 75% Europeans and 25% Mahgrebians, which is why the 2e Division Blindée was selected for the Liberation of Paris."}], "Q155594": [{"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The current kings of Norway and the United Kingdom are patrilineal descendants of the Glücksburg branch of this house."}, {"id": "Q165241", "label": "Haakon VIII of Norway", "section": "lead", "says": "Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg is the earliest known direct male-line ancestor of King Haakon VIII and King Charles III."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg is the earliest known direct male-line ancestor of King Haakon VIII and King Charles III."}, {"id": "Q1004037", "label": "Frederik X of Denmark", "section": "lead", "says": "King Frederik X is also part of the House of Oldenburg, cognatically."}], "Q244796": [{"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It allied with Antigonid Macedon at the Cleomenean War, Social War and First Macedonian War against the Aetolian League and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q245273", "label": "Aetolian League", "section": "lead", "says": "It allied with Antigonid Macedon at the Cleomenean War, Social War and First Macedonian War against the Aetolian League and Sparta."}, {"id": "Q366117", "label": "Philopoemen", "section": "lead", "says": "Its most successful leader was Philopoemen who forced Sparta to join the League."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The league allied with the Roman Republic during the Second Macedonian War and the Aetolian War."}, {"id": "Q2619223", "label": "Aetolian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The league allied with the Roman Republic during the Second Macedonian War and the Aetolian War."}, {"id": "Q6861027", "label": "Achaean War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Achaean War ended the League's political independence in 146 BC, but did not mark the end of the League itself."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "lead", "says": "Through the writings of the Achaean historian and statesman Polybius, this structure has had an influence on the constitution of the United States and other modern federal states."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Through the writings of the Achaean historian and statesman Polybius, this structure has had an influence on the constitution of the United States and other modern federal states."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Classical league", "says": "Although it was once widely claimed that Alexander the Great dissolved the Achaean League in 324 BC, the passage in Hypereides (Against Demosthenes 18) supposed to reference such a dissolution is now widely understood to be too ambiguous to support that interpretation."}, {"id": "Q28365", "label": "Lamian War", "section": "History - Classical league", "says": "The idea is further undermined by the continued political activity of Achaea and Arcadia during the Lamian War, when they refused to join the Greeks while Boeotia did support Antipater."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "History - Classical league", "says": "The idea is further undermined by the continued political activity of Achaea and Arcadia during the Lamian War, when they refused to join the Greeks while Boeotia did support Antipater."}, {"id": "Q332337", "label": "League of Corinth", "section": "History - Classical league", "says": "The league continued to exist into the early Hellenistic period and is attested in 302 BC, when the Achaeans were listed among the members of the League of Corinth revived by Demetrius Poliorcetes."}, {"id": "Q241386", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "section": "History - Hellenistic league", "says": "At this time, Central Greece and the Peloponnese were dominated by the Macedonian Kingdom of Antigonus II Gonatas who maintained garrisons at key strategic points such as Chalcis, Piraeus and Acrocorinth, the so-called \"fetters of Greece\"."}, {"id": "Q310811", "label": "Cleomenes III", "section": "History - Hellenistic league", "says": "However the league soon ran into difficulties with the revived Sparta of Cleomenes III."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "Pausanias states that the Romans initially abolished the federal councils but restored them \"not many years later\"."}], "Q614890": [{"id": "Q5324", "label": "Gurjara-Pratihara", "section": "lead", "says": "Originally known as Mahodaya in ancient Sanskrit literature dating back to the Ramayana era, and later known as Mahodaya under the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, in the later medieval era, it formed the core of the Kingdom of Kannauj and was ruled by multiple successive royal families or as part of greater imperial polities."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "It was also visited by the Chinese Buddhist travellers Faxian and Xuanzang in the fifth and seventh centuries CE, respectively."}, {"id": "Q11774", "label": "Gupta Empire", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, the Maukhari dynasty of Kannauj – who had served as vassal rulers under the Guptas - took advantage of the weakening of central authority, broke away and established control over large areas of northern India."}, {"id": "Q12448145", "label": "Maukhari", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "During the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, the Maukhari dynasty of Kannauj – who had served as vassal rulers under the Guptas - took advantage of the weakening of central authority, broke away and established control over large areas of northern India."}, {"id": "Q856691", "label": "Rashtrakuta dynasty", "section": "History - The Kannauj Triangle", "says": "The Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled Avanti (based at Ujjain), which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire, and the Pala Empire to the East."}, {"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "History - The Kannauj Triangle", "says": "The Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled Avanti (based at Ujjain), which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire, and the Pala Empire to the East."}, {"id": "Q1147823", "label": "Gahadavala", "section": "History - Medieval times", "says": "The city later came under the Gahadavala dynasty, and under the rule of Govindachandra, the city reached \"unprecedented glory\"."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Medieval times", "says": "In 1010 A.D., Mahmud of Ghazni saw Kannauj as a \"City which raised its head to skies which in strength and structure might justly boast to have no equals\"."}, {"id": "Q83680", "label": "Sher Shah Suri", "section": "History - Medieval times", "says": "Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Medieval times", "says": "Shah Jewna migrated to Shah Jeewna (a town named after him) now in Pakistan."}], "Q1122052": [{"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "lead", "says": "A different, more organized entity that was later known as the Golden Horde was also referred to as \"Comania\" by Armenian chronicler Hethum (Hayton) of Korykos. \"Cumania\" was also the source of names, or alternate names, for several smaller areas – some of them unconnected geographically to the area of the federation – in which Cumans and/or Kipchaks settled, such as the historic region of Kunság "}, {"id": "Q7331", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "section": "lead", "says": "Ibn Battuta said of Cumania, \"This wilderness is green and grassy with no trees, nor hills, high or low ... there is no means of travelling in this desert except in wagons.\" Battuta's contemporary, Hamdallah Mustawfi, elaborated, This is of the Sixth Clime, its plains bear excellent pasturage ... but there are here few houses or towns or villages."}], "Q151999": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It became a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1349, the Dauphiné was transferred from the last non-royal Dauphin (who had great debts and no direct heir) to the future king of France, Charles V, through the purchase of lands."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The terms of the transfer stipulated that the heir apparent of France would henceforth be called le Dauphin and included significant autonomy and tax exemption for the Dauphiné region, most of which it retained only until 1457, though it remained a province until the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "The region was conquered by the Romans before the Gallia conquest by Julius Caesar."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "After the end of the Western Roman Empire, the region suffered from invasions of Visigoths and Alans tribes."}, {"id": "Q23693", "label": "Visigoths", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "After the end of the Western Roman Empire, the region suffered from invasions of Visigoths and Alans tribes."}, {"id": "Q150412", "label": "Burgundians", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "The Burgundians settled in Vienne."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the region became part of the kingdom of Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q6673921", "label": "Lotharingia", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the region became part of the kingdom of Lotharingia."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "However, the King of France Charles the Bald soon claimed authority over this territory."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "History - Roman rule and the early Middle Ages", "says": "The governor of Vienne, Boson of Provence, proclaimed himself king of Burgundy and the region became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy, which remained independent until 1032, when it became part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q1232887", "label": "County of Savoy", "section": "History - Imperial fief (1040–1349)", "says": "Furthermore, the cities of Voiron and la Côte-Saint-André were parts of the County of Savoy, while the Dauphins had the Faucigny and territories in Italy."}, {"id": "Q167782", "label": "Charles V of France", "section": "History - French rule", "says": "A major condition was that the heir to the throne of France would be known as le Dauphin, which was the case from that time until the French Revolution; the first Dauphin de France was Philippe's grandson, the future Charles V of France."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - French rule", "says": "In order to affirm imperial authority over the old Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles), the emperor Charles IV crowned himself as king of Burgundy in Arles (1365)."}, {"id": "Q1134125", "label": "Treaty of Troyes", "section": "History - French rule", "says": "The nobility of the Dauphiné took part in the battle of Agincourt (1415), but the consequent Treaty of Troyes (1420) had wide political implications on all French interests, since the young dauphin Charles (future king Charles VII) was disinherited."}, {"id": "Q57124", "label": "Sigismund", "section": "History - French rule", "says": "Already in 1421, emperor Sigismund took action and appointed Louis II of Chalon-Arlay as the new imperial vicar of the Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles), in hope to restore some imperial authority over the region, including Dauphiné, and also Viennois and Provence, thus trying to suppress not only French interests, but also ambitions of powerful Burgundian duke Philip the Good."}, {"id": "Q239337", "label": "Philip III the Good", "section": "History - French rule", "says": "Already in 1421, emperor Sigismund took action and appointed Louis II of Chalon-Arlay as the new imperial vicar of the Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles), in hope to restore some imperial authority over the region, including Dauphiné, and also Viennois and Provence, thus trying to suppress not only French interests, but also ambitions of powerful Burgundian duke Philip the Good."}, {"id": "Q2281221", "label": "Principality of Orange", "section": "History - French rule", "says": "The Duke of Savoy and the Prince of Orange, with the help of the English and Burgundian authorities, planned to invade the Dauphiné, but at the battle of Anthon in 1430, the army of the Principality of Orange was defeated by the troops of the Dauphiné, preventing the invasion."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "History - French rule", "says": "Louis XI was the only Dauphin of France to administer his territory,"}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Time of troubles", "says": "During the Italian Wars (1494–1559), French troops were quartered in Dauphiné."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - Time of troubles", "says": "Charles VIII, Louis XII and Francis I stayed often in Grenoble, but the people of the province suffered the exactions of the soldiers."}, {"id": "Q673175", "label": "French Wars of Religion", "section": "History - Time of troubles", "says": "The province suffered from the French Wars of Religion (1562–98) between Catholics and Protestants at the end of the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "History - Administration of Lesdiguières (1591–1626)", "says": "The enactment of the Edict of Nantes (1598) restored some civil rights to the Huguenots and brought peace for a short time, but the wars resumed soon afterward."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - From Louis XIV to the French Revolution", "says": "The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685 caused the departure of 20,000 Protestants from Dauphiné, weakening the economy of the province."}, {"id": "Q315308", "label": "Nicolas Catinat", "section": "History - From Louis XIV to the French Revolution", "says": "But the Savoyard armies were defeated by the French Marshal Nicolas Catinat and Philis de La Charce leading a peasant army."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "History - From Louis XIV to the French Revolution", "says": "In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht changed the borders of Dauphiné."}, {"id": "Q200749", "label": "Day of the Tiles", "section": "History - From Louis XIV to the French Revolution", "says": "The turning point occurred in 1788 with the Day of the Tiles."}, {"id": "Q1340801", "label": "Jean Joseph Mounier", "section": "History - Revolutionary period and Empire", "says": "During the French Revolution, Dauphiné was highly represented in Paris by two illustrious notables from Grenoble, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave."}, {"id": "Q551481", "label": "Antoine Barnave", "section": "History - Revolutionary period and Empire", "says": "During the French Revolution, Dauphiné was highly represented in Paris by two illustrious notables from Grenoble, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Revolutionary period and Empire", "says": "In 1813, Dauphiné was under the threat of the Austrian army which had invaded Switzerland and Savoy."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Revolutionary period and Empire", "says": "During his return from the island of Elba in 1815, the Emperor Napoleon was welcomed by the people in the region."}, {"id": "Q7750", "label": "Louis XVIII of France", "section": "History - Revolutionary period and Empire", "says": "At Laffrey, he met the royalist 5th Infantry Regiment of Louis XVIII."}, {"id": "Q9439", "label": "Victoria", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "Moreover, several notable persons such as Queen Victoria came in the region with the success of thermal stations such as Uriage-les-Bains."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "World War I accelerated that trend."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In World War II, during the Italian invasion of France, the Chasseurs Alpins contained the Italian troops, preventing an invasion of the region."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The martyr village of Vassieux as well as Grenoble were made Compagnon de la Libération by General Charles de Gaulle, to underline their actions against the Nazis."}], "Q157605": [{"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "Pope Innocent III sanctioned the establishment in 1204 for the second time."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The membership of the crusading order comprised warrior monks  mostly from northern Germany, who fought Baltic and Finnic pagans in the area of modern-day Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania."}, {"id": "Q853754", "label": "Battle of Saule", "section": "lead", "says": "Following their defeat by the Samogitians and Semigallians in the Battle of Saule in 1236, the remnants of the order were disbanded by the Pope in 1237 when some of the surviving sword brethren were allowed to return to Germany and those who opted to stay in \"Terra Mariana\" (Livonia) were accepted into the local branch of the Teutonic Order."}, {"id": "Q60952", "label": "Albert of Riga", "section": "History - Battles", "says": "In 1211, several threats around Livonian prompted Albert of Riga to reinforce the defences."}, {"id": "Q157799", "label": "Valdemar II of Denmark", "section": "History - Indiscipline", "says": "Albert wanted to extend to the south of the river and did not have an interest in Estonia, previously promised to King Valdemar II of Denmark."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "History - Indiscipline", "says": "Pope Gregory IX asked the Brothers to defend Finland from the Novgorodian attacks in his letter of November 24, 1232."}, {"id": "Q3433771", "label": "Second Swedish Crusade", "section": "History - Indiscipline", "says": "However, no known information regarding the knights' possible activities in Finland has survived. (Sweden eventually conquered Finland following the Second Swedish Crusade in 1249.)"}], "Q467985": [{"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greater Yuezhi initially migrated northwest into the Ili Valley (on the modern borders of China and Kazakhstan), where they reportedly displaced elements of the Sakas."}, {"id": "Q488880", "label": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The Greater Yuezhi have consequently often been identified with peoples mentioned in classical European sources as having overrun the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, like the Tochari and Asii."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The subsequent Kushan Empire, at its peak in the 3rd century AD, stretched from Turfan in the Tarim Basin in the north to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain of India in the south."}, {"id": "Q1539360", "label": "Northern Liang", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lesser Yuezhi have been strongly linked to the Lushuihu people of northwestern China, who founded the Northern Liang (397–439 AD), and to a lesser extent the Jie people of Shanxi, who established the Later Zhao (319–351 AD), but these claims remain controversial."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lesser Yuezhi have been strongly linked to the Lushuihu people of northwestern China, who founded the Northern Liang (397–439 AD), and to a lesser extent the Jie people of Shanxi, who established the Later Zhao (319–351 AD), but these claims remain controversial."}], "Q319531": [{"id": "Q385676", "label": "Ōnin War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the outbreak of the Ōnin War in 1467, the power of the Ashikaga Shogunate effectively collapsed, marking the start of the chaotic Sengoku period."}, {"id": "Q171411", "label": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1568, Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th and ultimately final Ashikaga shōgun."}, {"id": "Q169598", "label": "Honnō-ji Incident", "section": "lead", "says": "Nobunaga was forced to commit suicide in the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582."}, {"id": "Q187550", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi completed Nobunaga's campaign of unification and enacted reforms to consolidate his rule, marking the end of the Sengoku period."}, {"id": "Q313641", "label": "Toyotomi Hideyori", "section": "lead", "says": "Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592, but their failure damaged his prestige, and his young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was challenged by Tokugawa Ieyasu after Hideyoshi's death in 1598."}, {"id": "Q171977", "label": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "section": "lead", "says": "Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592, but their failure damaged his prestige, and his young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was challenged by Tokugawa Ieyasu after Hideyoshi's death in 1598."}, {"id": "Q234188", "label": "Battle of Sekigahara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Azuchi–Momoyama period ended with the Tokugawa victory at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 – unofficially establishing the Tokugawa Shogunate and beginning the Edo period."}], "Q122293": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The House of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: D'Lëtzebuerger Haus; French: Maison de Luxembourg; German: Haus Luxemburg) or Luxembourg dynasty was a royal family of the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Middle Ages, whose members between 1308 and 1437 ruled as kings of Germany and Holy Roman emperors as well as kings of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia."}, {"id": "Q131621", "label": "House of Wittelsbach", "section": "lead", "says": "Their rule was twice interrupted by the rival House of Wittelsbach."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The family takes its name from its ancestral county of Luxembourg, which passed to the House of Habsburg in 1443 following the extinction of the dynasty's male line."}], "Q138803": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Early developments", "says": "Under the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE), various Shiite groups organised in secret opposition to their rule."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Early developments", "says": "Some claimed he had gone into hiding, but the proto-Isma'ili group accepted his death and therefore accordingly recognized Isma'il's eldest son, Muhammad ibn Isma'il (746–809), as Imam."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Early developments", "says": "The minority believed in his death and would eventually emerge in later times as the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the precursors to all modern groups."}, {"id": "Q759988", "label": "Zanj Rebellion", "section": "History - Qarmatian Revolution", "says": "It was under Abbasid control at the end of the ninth century, but the Zanj Rebellion in Basra disrupted the power of Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "History - Qarmatian society", "says": "This is evidenced by a coin known as Tawila, minted around 920 by one of the Qarmathian rulers, and which was still in circulation in Hasa early in the twentieth century.Some scholars have claimed that the society in which the Qarmatians lived could be described as proto-socialist or utopian socialist, a view that was also upheld by state ideologues in South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q3739583", "label": "Farhad Daftary", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "According to Farhad Daftary, the catalyst of the collapse of Qarmatian movement as a whole happened in the year 931, when Abu Tahir al-Janabi, the Qarmatian leader in Bahrain, handed over the reins of the state in Bahrain to Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani, a young Persian man who had been believed by the Qarmatians to be the Mahdi."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "By the mid-10th century, persecution forced the Qarmatians to leave what is now Egypt and Iraq and move to the city of Multan, now in Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q189271", "label": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "section": "History - Collapse", "says": "However, prejudice against the Qarmatians did not dwindle, as Mahmud of Ghazni led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud in 1005."}], "Q322187": [{"id": "Q215443", "label": "Swedish Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige) was a colony of the Swedish Empire between 1638 and 1655 along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in what is now Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q143762", "label": "Delaware River", "section": "lead", "says": "New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige) was a colony of the Swedish Empire between 1638 and 1655 along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in what is now Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Established during the Thirty Years' War when Sweden was a great power, New Sweden was part of the Swedish efforts to colonize the Americas."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "Established during the Thirty Years' War when Sweden was a great power, New Sweden was part of the Swedish efforts to colonize the Americas."}, {"id": "Q52937", "label": "Christina of Sweden", "section": "lead", "says": "Fort Christina, located in what is now Wilmington, Delaware, was the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley and was named after Christina, Queen of Sweden."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "New Sweden was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1655 and incorporated into the Dutch colony of New Netherland."}, {"id": "Q382593", "label": "New Netherland", "section": "lead", "says": "New Sweden was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1655 and incorporated into the Dutch colony of New Netherland."}, {"id": "Q161536", "label": "Peter Stuyvesant", "section": "History - Conquest of New Sweden", "says": "In November 1654, the directors of the Dutch West India Company ordered the Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, to \"drive\" the Swedes from the river."}, {"id": "Q916495", "label": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "section": "History - Conquest of New Sweden", "says": "This lasted until the English conquest of New Netherland in 1664 at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Dutch War."}, {"id": "Q244", "label": "Barbados", "section": "History - Conquest of New Sweden", "says": "Jacobsson was sold into indentured servitude in Barbados and the families that had supported him were fined for their participation in the revolt."}, {"id": "Q656629", "label": "William Penn", "section": "History - Hoarkill, New Amstel, and Upland", "says": "On August 24, 1682, the Duke of York transferred the western Delaware River region to William Penn, including Delaware, thus transferring Deale County and St."}], "Q1152": [{"id": "Q178953", "label": "Vercingetorix", "section": "History - Land of the Arverni", "says": "Vercingetorix became their king in 52 BC."}, {"id": "Q280868", "label": "Battle of Gergovia", "section": "History - Land of the Arverni", "says": "A shrine in Auvergne marks the Battle of Gergovia."}, {"id": "Q1048", "label": "Julius Caesar", "section": "History - Land of the Arverni", "says": "Initially, Vercingetorix and his troops overcame Julius Caesar and the Roman army at Gergovia in 52 BC."}, {"id": "Q343969", "label": "Alphonse, Count of Poitiers", "section": "History - Feudal Auvergne", "says": "In 1226, King Louis VIII's will bequeathed Auvergne as an appanage to his younger son, Alphonse, Count of Poitiers."}, {"id": "Q346761", "label": "John, Duke of Berry", "section": "History - Feudal Auvergne", "says": "In 1360 it was given as a duchy to John, Duke of Berry, who also bought the area of Carlades."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "History - Feudal Auvergne", "says": "The Dukes of Bourbon acquired the Dauphiné of Auvergne through marriage, but in the end all their territories were confiscated by Francis I (1527)."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Modern times", "says": "In 1665, Louis XIV temporarily set up an exceptional criminal court in Clermont and Le Puy-en-Velay, les grands jours d’Auvergne (The Great Days of Auvergne), in response to the complaints of the people, who were victims of violence and abuse by officials and noblemen of Auvergne."}], "Q339271": [{"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "The Danelaw (, Danish: Danelagen; Norwegian: Danelagen; Old English: Dena lagu) was the part of England between the late ninth century and the Norman Conquest under Anglo-Saxon rule in which Danish laws applied."}, {"id": "Q83476", "label": "Alfred the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Danelaw can describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between Alfred the Great, the king of Wessex, and Guthrum, the Danish warlord, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878, starting with the Treaty of Wedmore."}, {"id": "Q2305651", "label": "Battle of Edington", "section": "lead", "says": "Danelaw can describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between Alfred the Great, the king of Wessex, and Guthrum, the Danish warlord, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878, starting with the Treaty of Wedmore."}, {"id": "Q650381", "label": "Treaty of Wedmore", "section": "lead", "says": "Danelaw can describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between Alfred the Great, the king of Wessex, and Guthrum, the Danish warlord, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878, starting with the Treaty of Wedmore."}, {"id": "Q779168", "label": "Halfdan Ragnarsson", "section": "Background", "says": "The armies of various Danish leaders had collaborated to make one combined force under a leadership that included Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless, the sons of the legendary Viking leader Ragnar Lodbrok."}, {"id": "Q314492", "label": "Ragnar Lodbrok", "section": "Background", "says": "The armies of various Danish leaders had collaborated to make one combined force under a leadership that included Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless, the sons of the legendary Viking leader Ragnar Lodbrok."}, {"id": "Q880635", "label": "Osberht", "section": "Background", "says": "In 867 they captured Northumbria and its capital, York (\"Jórvík\"), defeating both the recently deposed King Osberht of Northumbria and the usurper Ælla of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q271398", "label": "Ælla", "section": "Background", "says": "In 867 they captured Northumbria and its capital, York (\"Jórvík\"), defeating both the recently deposed King Osberht of Northumbria and the usurper Ælla of Northumbria."}, {"id": "Q353849", "label": "Ecgberht I of Northumbria", "section": "Background", "says": "The Danes then placed an Englishman, Ecgberht I of Northumbria, on the throne of Northumbria as a puppet ruler."}, {"id": "Q852077", "label": "Burgred of Mercia", "section": "Background", "says": "King Burgred of Mercia negotiated peace with Ivar, with the Danes keeping Nottingham in exchange for leaving the rest of Mercia alone."}, {"id": "Q837998", "label": "Kingdom of East Anglia", "section": "Background", "says": "Under Ivar the Boneless, the Danes continued their invasion in 869 by defeating King Edmund of East Anglia at Hoxne and conquering the Kingdom of East Anglia."}, {"id": "Q2237365", "label": "Battle of Ashdown", "section": "Background", "says": "The Danes pursued, and on 7 January 871, Æthelred and Alfred defeated the Danes at the Battle of Ashdown."}], "Q504081": [{"id": "Q156505", "label": "Georgios Papadopoulos", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by Georgios Papadopoulos from 1967 to 1973, but an attempt to renew popular support in a 1973 referendum on the monarchy and gradual democratisation by Papadopoulos was ended by another coup by the hardliner Dimitrios Ioannidis."}, {"id": "Q460912", "label": "Dimitrios Ioannidis", "section": "lead", "says": "It was ruled by Georgios Papadopoulos from 1967 to 1973, but an attempt to renew popular support in a 1973 referendum on the monarchy and gradual democratisation by Papadopoulos was ended by another coup by the hardliner Dimitrios Ioannidis."}, {"id": "Q41", "label": "Greece", "section": "lead", "says": "Ioannidis ruled until it fell on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, leading to the Metapolitefsi (Greek: Μεταπολίτευση, lit. 'regime change') to democracy and the establishment of the Third Hellenic Republic."}, {"id": "Q188972", "label": "Greek Civil War", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1944, British prime minister Winston Churchill was determined to halt the Soviet encroachment in the Balkans, and ordered British forces to intervene in the Greek Civil War (see Dekemvriana) in the wake of the retreating German military."}, {"id": "Q1473722", "label": "Dekemvriana", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1944, British prime minister Winston Churchill was determined to halt the Soviet encroachment in the Balkans, and ordered British forces to intervene in the Greek Civil War (see Dekemvriana) in the wake of the retreating German military."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "Background", "says": "The United States stepped in to further help the Greek government against the communist forces in 1947."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "Background", "says": "Greece was a vital link in the NATO defence arc which extended from the eastern border of Pakistan to the northernmost point in Norway."}, {"id": "Q153509", "label": "Makarios III", "section": "Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion of Cyprus and fall of the junta", "says": "Sponsored by Ioannidis, on 15 July 1974 a coup d'état on the island of Cyprus overthrew Archbishop Makarios III, the Cypriot President."}, {"id": "Q365196", "label": "Phaedon Gizikis", "section": "Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion of Cyprus and fall of the junta", "says": "Junta-appointed President Phaedon Gizikis called a meeting of old-guard politicians, including Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Spiros Markezinis, Stephanos Stephanopoulos, Evangelos Averoff, and others."}, {"id": "Q708364", "label": "Panagiotis Kanellopoulos", "section": "Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion of Cyprus and fall of the junta", "says": "Although former prime minister Panagiotis Kanellopoulos was originally backed, on 23 July, Gizikis finally invited former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis, who had resided in Paris since 1963, to assume the role."}, {"id": "Q156806", "label": "Konstantinos Karamanlis", "section": "Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion of Cyprus and fall of the junta", "says": "Although former prime minister Panagiotis Kanellopoulos was originally backed, on 23 July, Gizikis finally invited former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis, who had resided in Paris since 1963, to assume the role."}], "Q155198": [{"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Partisans, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (often shortened as the National Liberation Army) was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers (chiefly Nazi Germany) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Partisans, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (often shortened as the National Liberation Army) was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers (chiefly Nazi Germany) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Yugoslav Partisans, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (often shortened as the National Liberation Army) was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers (chiefly Nazi Germany) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II."}, {"id": "Q9161", "label": "Josip Broz Tito", "section": "lead", "says": "Led by Josip Broz Tito, the Partisans were Europe's most effective anti-Axis resistance movement during World War II."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Partisans were organized on the initiative of Tito following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, and began an active guerrilla campaign against occupying forces after Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "On 6 April 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded from all sides by the Axis powers, primarily by German forces, but also including Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian formations."}, {"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "Germany occupied the northern part of Drava Banovina (roughly modern-day Slovenia), while maintaining direct military occupation of a rump Serbian territory with a puppet government."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "The Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established under German direction, which extended over much of the territory of today's Croatia and as well contained all the area of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Syrmia region of modern-day Serbia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "It also gained control over the newly created Italian governorate of Montenegro, and was granted the kingship in the Independent State of Croatia, though wielding little real power within it."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "It also gained control over the newly created Italian governorate of Montenegro, and was granted the kingship in the Independent State of Croatia, though wielding little real power within it."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "Bulgaria, meanwhile, annexed nearly all of Macedonia, and small areas of eastern Serbia and Kosovo."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "Background and origins", "says": "Bulgaria, meanwhile, annexed nearly all of Macedonia, and small areas of eastern Serbia and Kosovo."}], "Q861054": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xianbei (; simplified Chinese: 鲜卑; traditional Chinese: 鮮卑; pinyin: Xiānbēi) were an ancient nomadic people who inhabited parts of present-day northeastern China, Inner Mongolia, and the eastern Eurasian steppe."}, {"id": "Q985907", "label": "Tanshihuai", "section": "lead", "says": "The chieftain Tanshihuai unified the Xianbei in the mid-2nd century and waged war against the Han dynasty but the Xianbei splintered following his death in 181 AD."}, {"id": "Q770951", "label": "War of the Eight Princes", "section": "lead", "says": "As one of the \"Five Barbarians\", they fought as auxiliaries for the Western Jin dynasty during the War of the Eight Princes and the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians before declaring independence while the Jin were pushed out from northern China."}, {"id": "Q3817040", "label": "Wu Hu uprising", "section": "lead", "says": "As one of the \"Five Barbarians\", they fought as auxiliaries for the Western Jin dynasty during the War of the Eight Princes and the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians before declaring independence while the Jin were pushed out from northern China."}, {"id": "Q1471995", "label": "Former Qin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xianbei were at one point all subjected to the Di-led Former Qin dynasty before it fell apart not long after its defeat in the Battle of Fei River."}, {"id": "Q1333898", "label": "Battle of Fei River", "section": "lead", "says": "The Xianbei were at one point all subjected to the Di-led Former Qin dynasty before it fell apart not long after its defeat in the Battle of Fei River."}, {"id": "Q875305", "label": "Northern Wei", "section": "lead", "says": "In the wake of the Qin collapse, the Tuoba founded the Northern Wei dynasty and reunited northern China, ushering China into the Northern and Southern dynasties period."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "The first time the Xianbei people appeared in recorded history was in the Book of the Later Han, compiled in the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "When the Donghu \"Eastern Barbarians\" were defeated by the Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu around 208 BC, the Donghu splintered into the Xianbei and Wuhuan."}, {"id": "Q7268", "label": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "section": "History - Origin", "says": "In 54, Yuchouben and Mantou of the Xianbei paid tribute to Emperor Guangwu of Han."}, {"id": "Q204077", "label": "Cao Cao", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms", "says": "The fractured Xianbei tribes began to pay tribute and offer their vassalage to the Chinese court after the Han warlord Cao Cao destroyed the Wuhuan confederacy at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain in 207."}, {"id": "Q848062", "label": "Battle of White Wolf Mountain", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms", "says": "The fractured Xianbei tribes began to pay tribute and offer their vassalage to the Chinese court after the Han warlord Cao Cao destroyed the Wuhuan confederacy at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain in 207."}, {"id": "Q320930", "label": "Cao Wei", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms", "says": "Budugen went to the court of Cao Wei in 224 to ask for assistance against Kebineng, but he eventually betrayed them and allied with Kebineng in 233."}, {"id": "Q313333", "label": "Cao Pi", "section": "History - Three Kingdoms", "says": "In 220, he acknowledged Cao Pi as Emperor of Cao Wei, but soon turned on Wei for impeding his advances on another Xianbei chieftain, Suli."}, {"id": "Q1574107", "label": "Han Zhao", "section": "History - Sixteen Kingdoms", "says": "When the Xiongnu of Shanxi rebelled and founded the Han-Zhao dynasty in 304, the Tuoba lent their assistance to combat the rebels."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "History - Sixteen Kingdoms", "says": "The Murong settled in Liaodong and for the next generation assisted Cao Wei in their campaigns against Goguryeo."}, {"id": "Q2314907", "label": "Later Zhao", "section": "History - Tuoba", "says": "The woman dominated Tuoba affairs for years before Tuoba Shiyiqian, a son of the assassinated leader, returned from being a hostage of Later Zhao and proclaimed himself King of Dai in 338."}, {"id": "Q1149178", "label": "Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei", "section": "History - Northern Wei", "says": "After Tuoba Gui (Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei) came to power, he started settling the Xianbei tribes in fixed locations."}, {"id": "Q1534482", "label": "Later Yan", "section": "History - Northern Wei", "says": "The threat of the Dugu and a rival claimant to his early reign forced him to submit to the more powerful Murong state of Later Yan."}, {"id": "Q1194963", "label": "Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei", "section": "History - Northern Wei", "says": "By the reign of the third Northern Wei emperor, Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei (r."}, {"id": "Q2006864", "label": "Northern Yan", "section": "History - Northern Wei", "says": "The rise of Xianbei military power was based on cavalry, which benefited from the double stirrup that is first attested to in a Northern Yan tomb dated to 415, as well as the use of heavy armor."}, {"id": "Q718249", "label": "Gao Huan", "section": "History - Northern Wei", "says": "As the general Gao Huan put it, the Chinese \"bring you [the Xianbei] your supplies and clothing\", and the Xianbei \"fight for"}, {"id": "Q1327614", "label": "Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei", "section": "History - Empress Dowager Feng's sinicizing reforms", "says": "Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei (r."}, {"id": "Q551067", "label": "Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Empress Dowager Feng's sinicizing reforms", "says": "The ban on same surname marriages was expanded later on in the Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581) to include maternal surnames, effectively banning consanguineo"}, {"id": "Q62456", "label": "Southern Qi", "section": "History - Cultural reforms", "says": "From his new capital, Xiaowen contacted various poets and statesmen in the Southern Qi empire."}, {"id": "Q1143164", "label": "Western Wei", "section": "History - Administrative reforms", "says": "The impetus to imitate the Chinese antiquity continued after the end of Xiaowen's reign and reached its peak under the Western Wei (535–557) when the entire bureaucracy was reconfigured to fit the archaic nomenclature of The Rites of Zhou."}, {"id": "Q940037", "label": "Emperor Wu of Southern Qi", "section": "History - Military reforms", "says": "Two centuries after his family's flight south, Wang Su fled north to the Northern Wei in 494 after his family was killed by Emperor Wu of Southern Qi."}, {"id": "Q307069", "label": "Eastern Wei", "section": "History - Eastern and western regimes", "says": "This division of Northern Wei came to be known as the Eastern Wei (534–550) and Western Wei (535–556) regimes."}, {"id": "Q1143524", "label": "Northern Qi", "section": "History - Eastern and western regimes", "says": "In 550, Gao Huan's descendants usurped the Eastern Wei throne and founded Northern Qi (550–577) while Yuwen Tai's descendants usurped the Western Wei throne in 557 and founded the Northern Zhou (557–581)."}, {"id": "Q718181", "label": "Gao Wei", "section": "History - Fall of Northern Qi", "says": "After garrisoning the city with 10,000 men, the Zhou army withdrew to the fortress of Yubi while the Qi ruler, Gao Wei, led a large army from Taiyuan to lay siege to Pingyang."}, {"id": "Q835025", "label": "Xiao Baoyin", "section": "History - Han-Xianbei intermarriage", "says": "The Liu Song royal Liu Hui married Princess Lanling, Princess Huayang was married to Sima Fei, a descendant of Jin dynasty (266–420) royalty, Princess Jinan to Lu Daoqian, and Princess Nanyang to Xiao Baoyin, a member of Southern Qi royalty."}, {"id": "Q1327591", "label": "Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou", "section": "History - Han-Xianbei intermarriage", "says": "A genetic analysis of the remains of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou (r."}, {"id": "Q3268509", "label": "Empress Ashina", "section": "History - Han-Xianbei intermarriage", "says": "In comparison, the genetic analysis of Wu's wife, Empress Ashina, shows almost completely Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry with no Yellow River admixture."}, {"id": "Q468709", "label": "Yuan Zhen", "section": "History - Sui-Tang dynasties", "says": "659) and poet statesman Yuan Zhen (779–831)."}, {"id": "Q9041", "label": "James Watt", "section": "History - Sui-Tang dynasties", "says": "According to James Watt, due to the mixed nature of the Northern Zhou elites, individuals with the surname Li were not wholly Han but those with the surname Dugu (a Xianbei name) were not necessarily wholly Xianbei either."}, {"id": "Q7418", "label": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "section": "History - Sui-Tang dynasties", "says": "The first emperor of the Sui dynasty, Yang Jian (Emperor Wen of Sui), was a general of the last Xianbei dynasty in China, the Northern Zhou."}, {"id": "Q9700", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Tang", "section": "History - Sui-Tang dynasties", "says": "The first Tang emperor, Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu of Tang), was related to both the Sui and Northern Zhou royal houses."}, {"id": "Q7419", "label": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "section": "History - Sui-Tang dynasties", "says": "He was a cousin of Emperor Yang of Sui and his mother was the sister of three Northern Zhou emperors."}], "Q1309492": [{"id": "Q273253", "label": "Herennius Etruscus", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361), and Gratian (367–383)."}, {"id": "Q46837", "label": "Hostilian", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361), and Gratian (367–383)."}, {"id": "Q185844", "label": "Quintillus", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361), and Gratian (367–383)."}, {"id": "Q46780", "label": "Aurelian", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361), and Gratian (367–383)."}, {"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "History - Roman era", "says": "They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361), and Gratian (367–383)."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "During that time, Byzantine rule was challenged by Ostrogoths and Gepids."}, {"id": "Q7510408", "label": "Siege of Sirmium", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 567, Byzantine rule was fully restored, although it later collapsed during the Siege of Sirmium by Avars and Slavs in 582."}, {"id": "Q17720341", "label": "Constantine Diogenes", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "This collapsed and Sermon, who refused to capitulate was captured and killed by Constantine Diogenes."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 1071, Hungarians took over the region of Syrmia, but the Byzantine Empire reconquered the province after the victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Sirmium."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 1071, Hungarians took over the region of Syrmia, but the Byzantine Empire reconquered the province after the victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Sirmium."}, {"id": "Q172368", "label": "Battle of Sirmium", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 1071, Hungarians took over the region of Syrmia, but the Byzantine Empire reconquered the province after the victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Sirmium."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Pope Gregory IX wrote, \"[Margaretha] soror…regis Ungarie [acquired] terram…ulterior Sirmia\"."}, {"id": "Q290786", "label": "Stefan Dragutin", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "Between 1282 and 1316, Syrmia was ruled by Stefan Dragutin of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q336531", "label": "Stefan Lazarević", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In 1404, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor ceded part of Syrmia to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia."}, {"id": "Q878319", "label": "Serbian Despotate", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "From 1459, the Hungarian kings endorsed the House of Branković and later, the Berislavići Grabarski family as the titular heads of the Serbian Despotate of which Syrmia was a part."}, {"id": "Q192303", "label": "treaty of Karlowitz", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "In 1699, the Habsburg monarchy took western Syrmia from the Ottomans as part of the Treaty of Karlowitz."}, {"id": "Q211395", "label": "treaty of Passarowitz", "section": "History - Early modern period", "says": "Until the Treaty of Passarowitz at the end of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18, remainder of Syrmia was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "History - 19th century", "says": "In 1848, most of Syrmia was part of short-lived Serbian Vojvodina, a Serb autonomous region within the Austrian Empire."}, {"id": "Q718374", "label": "State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "On 29 October 1918, Syrmia became a part of the newly independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs."}, {"id": "Q191077", "label": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1929, after a new territorial division, Syrmia was divided between Danube Banovina and Drina Banovina, in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and in 1931, it was divided between Danube Banovina and Sava Banovina."}, {"id": "Q153128", "label": "Independent State of Croatia", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1941, Syrmia was occupied by the World War II Axis powers and its entire territory was ceded to the Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi puppet state."}, {"id": "Q117571", "label": "Porajmos", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "The fascist Ustashe regime systematically murdered Serbs (as part of the Genocide of the Serbs), Jews (The Holocaust), Roma (The Porajmos), and some political dissidents."}, {"id": "Q726025", "label": "Sava Šumanović", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "Among those killed was the prominent painter Sava Šumanović, who was arrested along with 150 residents of Šid."}, {"id": "Q934644", "label": "Republic of Serbia", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1945, with the creation of new borders, eastern Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Serbia, while western Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Croatia."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1991, Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, and the Croatian War of Independence ensued shortly thereafter."}, {"id": "Q68969", "label": "Croatian War of Independence", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "In 1991, Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, and the Croatian War of Independence ensued shortly thereafter."}, {"id": "Q211853", "label": "Republic of Serbian Krajina", "section": "History - 20th century", "says": "This region was one of the two Serbian autonomous regions that formed the self-declared and unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina."}], "Q943191": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Lakhmids functioned as a client state of the Sasanian Empire, playing a key role in defending Persia's western frontier."}, {"id": "Q733668", "label": "Ghassanids", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of this position, they frequently opposed the Ghassanids, a rival Arab polity allied with the Roman Empire, and participated in the Roman–Persian wars of late antiquity."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "As part of this position, they frequently opposed the Ghassanids, a rival Arab polity allied with the Roman Empire, and participated in the Roman–Persian wars of late antiquity."}, {"id": "Q212732", "label": "Khosrow II", "section": "lead", "says": "The kingdom was dissolved in 602 when the Sasanian ruler Khosrow II deposed and executed its last king, Al-Nu'man III, bringing the Lakhmid territories under direct Persian control."}, {"id": "Q6412538", "label": "Kingdom of Araba", "section": "History - History and relations with the Persians", "says": "The rise of the Lakhmids as Sasanian allies can be understood in the context of the collapse of the Kingdom of Hatra and the Palmyrene Empire at the hands of the Romans around the same time, which previously dominated and buffered the region separating the Roman and Persian empires."}, {"id": "Q877875", "label": "Palmyrene Empire", "section": "History - History and relations with the Persians", "says": "The rise of the Lakhmids as Sasanian allies can be understood in the context of the collapse of the Kingdom of Hatra and the Palmyrene Empire at the hands of the Romans around the same time, which previously dominated and buffered the region separating the Roman and Persian empires."}, {"id": "Q1265750", "label": "Battle of Callinicum", "section": "History - History and relations with the Persians", "says": "505–554) and defeated the Ghassanids at the famous Battle of Callinicum in 531 AD."}, {"id": "Q2888408", "label": "Battle of Dhi Qar", "section": "History - Fall of the Lakhmids and the Muslim conquests", "says": "In either account, however, the fall of the Lakhmids, the Arab client kingdom of the Sasanians, paves the way for the defeat of the Sasanians to the Arab tribal confederation Banu Bakr at the Battle of Dhi Qar, only a few years later."}, {"id": "Q2599625", "label": "Battle of Hira", "section": "History - Fall of the Lakhmids and the Muslim conquests", "says": "Some believed that the annexation of the Lakhmid Kingdom was one of the main factors behind the fall of the Sasanian Empire and the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Sasanians were defeated in the Battle of Hira by Khalid ibn al-Walid."}], "Q1475713": [{"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar or Blue Sultanate was an Islamic kingdom in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia."}, {"id": "Q7448746", "label": "Selman Reis", "section": "History - Ottoman threat and revolt of Ajib (16th–early 17th century)", "says": "In 1525, Ottoman admiral Selman Reis mentioned Amara Dunqas and his kingdom, calling it weak and easily conquerable."}, {"id": "Q207521", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "section": "History - Ottoman threat and revolt of Ajib (16th–early 17th century)", "says": "He also stated that Amara paid an annual tribute of 9,000 camels to the Ethiopian Empire."}, {"id": "Q2365048", "label": "Adal Sultanate", "section": "History - Ottoman threat and revolt of Ajib (16th–early 17th century)", "says": "Besides camels the Funj are known to have exported horses to Ethiopia, which were then used in war against the Adal Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q738321", "label": "Susenyos", "section": "History - Peak (17th century)", "says": "A rich present by Susenyos, which he perhaps sent in the belief that the successors of Abd al-Qadir II would honour the submission of the latter, was rudely answered with two lame horses and the first raids of Ethiopian posts."}, {"id": "Q3482103", "label": "Shilluk Kingdom", "section": "History - Peak (17th century)", "says": "After the alliance had run its cause, in 1650, Sultan Badi II occupied the northern half of the Shilluk Kingdom, however from the mid-17th century onwards the Shilluk began raiding the Funj and the Nuba Mountains."}, {"id": "Q735638", "label": "Iyasu II", "section": "History - Decline and Ottoman conquest (18th century–1821)", "says": "In 1741 and 1743 the young Ethiopian emperor Iyasu II conducted raids westwards, attempting to acquire quick military fame."}, {"id": "Q348489", "label": "James Bruce", "section": "History - Decline and Ottoman conquest (18th century–1821)", "says": "Traveller James Bruce noted that Iyasu II, plundered his way back to Ethiopia, allowing him to display his campaign as a success."}], "Q245273": [{"id": "Q244796", "label": "Achaean League", "section": "lead", "says": "The Aetolian League fought against Macedon and the Achaean League in the Social War (220-217 BC)."}, {"id": "Q75665", "label": "Second Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It allied with Rome in the First and Second Macedonian War, but then, it fought against the Romans in an alliance with the Seleucid empire in the Aetolian War."}, {"id": "Q2619223", "label": "Aetolian War", "section": "lead", "says": "It allied with Rome in the First and Second Macedonian War, but then, it fought against the Romans in an alliance with the Seleucid empire in the Aetolian War."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Aetolian tribes", "says": "Polybius doubted their Greek heritage."}, {"id": "Q33745", "label": "Peloponnesian War", "section": "History - Demosthenes' Aetolian campaign", "says": "During the Peloponnesian War, when the Athenians led by Demosthenes invaded Aetolia in 426 BC, they were forced to retreat by the Aetolians."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - Demosthenes' Aetolian campaign", "says": "In the course of the fourth century, the league offered passive support to more powerful states and was rewarded for it, receiving Aeolis from the Thebans in 367 BC and Naupactus from Philip II of Macedon in 338 BC."}, {"id": "Q190436", "label": "Epaminondas", "section": "History - Foundation of the League", "says": "One suggestion is that the league was founded by Epaminondas in 367 BC."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "History - Foundation of the League", "says": "After the death of Philip II in 336 BC, the Aetolians joined the Thebans in opposing Alexander the Great and the stress of their defeat caused the league to implode."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Foundation of the League", "says": "After the death of Philip II in 336 BC, the Aetolians joined the Thebans in opposing Alexander the Great and the stress of their defeat caused the league to implode."}, {"id": "Q204760", "label": "Antipater", "section": "History - Foundation of the League", "says": "The Aetolian League joined the Athenians in the Lamian war against Antipater which broke out after Alexander's death in 323 BC."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "History - Rise of the Aetolian League", "says": "Demetrius Poliorcetes launched a war in 289 BC, against their ally Pyrrhus of Epirus and attacked Aetolia but the Aetolians, not seeking battle, retreated to the nearby hills."}, {"id": "Q192931", "label": "Pausanias", "section": "History - Gallic invasion", "says": "According to Pausanias, only half the number who had set out for Aetolia returned."}, {"id": "Q738503", "label": "Demetrius of Pharos", "section": "History - War with Demetrios Aetolicus", "says": "In 229 BC, the Aetolians participated in a naval battle off the island of Paxos in a coalition with Korkyra and the Achaean League, and were defeated by a coalition of Illyrians and Acarnanians; as a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city, which was put under the command of Demetrius of Pharos."}, {"id": "Q313847", "label": "Demetrius II Aetolicus", "section": "History - War with Demetrios Aetolicus", "says": "Irwin Merker suggests that when Demetrius II Aetolicus and the Aetolian League were at war, Dropion of Paeonia was involved as an ally of the Aetolians."}, {"id": "Q3118998", "label": "War against Lyctus", "section": "History - Social and Lyttian Wars", "says": "In the Social War, 220-217 BC, and the Lyttian War the Aetolian League fought against the Achaean League and Antigonid Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Social and Lyttian Wars", "says": "In the Social War, 220-217 BC, and the Lyttian War the Aetolian League fought against the Achaean League and Antigonid Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q237248", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "section": "History - Social and Lyttian Wars", "says": "Philip V of Macedon invaded Aetolia and sacked the city of Thermon as a response to the Aetolians' invasion at the city of Dodona in Epirus, and Dion in Macedonia."}, {"id": "Q75626", "label": "First Macedonian War", "section": "History - Macedonian and Aetolian Wars", "says": "The league was the first Greek ally of the Roman Republic in the Greek mainland, siding with the Romans during the First Macedonian War, 214-205 BC, then allied to Philip V of Macedon at the Cretan War (205–200 BC) and then again sided with Romans helping them defeat Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC, during the Second Macedonian War."}, {"id": "Q3365", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "section": "History - Macedonian and Aetolian Wars", "says": "However, it grew increasingly hostile to Roman involvement in Greek affairs and only a few years later sided with Antiochus III the Great, the king of the Seleucid Empire, during the Roman-Seleucid War, also called Aetolian War."}, {"id": "Q93180", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "section": "History - Macedonian and Aetolian Wars", "says": "However, it grew increasingly hostile to Roman involvement in Greek affairs and only a few years later sided with Antiochus III the Great, the king of the Seleucid Empire, during the Roman-Seleucid War, also called Aetolian War."}, {"id": "Q349222", "label": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus", "section": "History - Macedonian and Aetolian Wars", "says": "Roman forces in Greece, under Titus Quinctius Flamininus, largely withdrew after proclaiming its freedom from Roman control or taxation in 195 BC."}], "Q311341": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Al-Ahsa Oasis (Arabic: الْأَحْسَاء, al-ʾAhsā), also known as al-Ḥasāʾ (الْحَسَا) or Hajar (هَجَر), is an oasis and historical region in eastern Saudi Arabia."}, {"id": "Q12490507", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic times", "says": "Eastern Arabia was conquered by the emerging Rashidun Caliphate during the 7th century."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "History - Islamic times", "says": "It was later inherited by the Umayyads and Abbasids."}, {"id": "Q3818611", "label": "Usfurids", "section": "History - Islamic times", "says": "Al-Ahsa subsequently fell under the rule of the Bahrani dynasty of the Usfurids, followed by their relatives, the Jabrids, who became one of the most formidable powers in the region, retaking the islands of Bahrain from the princes of Hormuz."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "History - Islamic times", "says": "In 1521, the Portuguese Empire conquered the Awal Islands (the islands that comprise present-day Bahrain) from the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Islamic times", "says": "In 1550, Al-Ahsa and nearby Qatif came under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire with Sultan Suleiman I."}, {"id": "Q56885910", "label": "Emirate of Diriyah", "section": "History - Islamic times", "says": "Al-Ahsa, along with Qatif, was incorporated into the Wahhabist Emirate of Diriyah in 1795 but returned to Ottoman control in 1818 with an invasion ordered by Muhammad Ali of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "History - Islamic times", "says": "Al-Ahsa, along with Qatif, was incorporated into the Wahhabist Emirate of Diriyah in 1795 but returned to Ottoman control in 1818 with an invasion ordered by Muhammad Ali of Egypt."}, {"id": "Q266452", "label": "Percy Cox", "section": "History - Saudi independence", "says": "On 2 December 1922, Percy Cox officially notified Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Ahmad Al-Sabah that Kuwait's borders had been modified."}, {"id": "Q151509", "label": "Ibn Saud", "section": "History - Saudi independence", "says": "Earlier that year, Major John More, the British representative in Kuwait, had met with Ibn Saud to settle the border issue between Kuwait and Najd."}, {"id": "Q94635", "label": "Uqair Protocol of 1922", "section": "History - Saudi independence", "says": "The result of the meeting was the Uqair Protocol of 1922, in which Britain recognized ibn Saud's sovereignty over territories claimed by the emir of Kuwait."}], "Q491507": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Egypt was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottomans in 1517."}, {"id": "Q297285", "label": "Ali Pasha", "section": "lead", "says": "After Anglo-Turkish forces expelled the French in 1801, Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt, seized power in 1805, and established a quasi-independent state."}, {"id": "Q182781", "label": "Muhammad Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, the Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914) remained a de jure Ottoman province until 5 November 1914, when the Sultanate of Egypt was declared a British protectorate in reaction to the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire joining the First World War on the side of the Central Powers (October–November 1914)."}, {"id": "Q370173", "label": "Sultanate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevertheless, the Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914) remained a de jure Ottoman province until 5 November 1914, when the Sultanate of Egypt was declared a British protectorate in reaction to the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire joining the First World War on the side of the Central Powers (October–November 1914)."}, {"id": "Q494660", "label": "Selim I", "section": "History - Early Ottoman period", "says": "After the conquest of Egypt in 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I left the country."}, {"id": "Q971248", "label": "Battle of Marj Dabiq", "section": "History - Early Ottoman period", "says": "However, the sultan soon discovered that Yunus Pasha had created an extortion and bribery syndicate, and gave the office to Hayır Bey, the former Mamluk governor of Aleppo, who had contributed to the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Marj Dabiq."}, {"id": "Q8474", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "section": "History - Early Ottoman period", "says": "The Mamluk emirs were to be retained in office as heads of 12 sanjaks, into which Egypt was divided; and under the next sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, two chambers were created, called the Greater Divan and Lesser Divan, in which both the army and the ecclesiastical authorities were represented, to aid the pasha by their deliberations."}, {"id": "Q334140", "label": "Kara Mustafa Paşa", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "In July 1623, an order came from the Porte dismissing Kara Mustafa Pasha, and appointing Çeşteci Ali Pasha governor in his place."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Object of invasion", "says": "The ostensible object of the French expedition to Egypt was to reinstate the authority of the Sublime Porte and suppress the Mamluks; in the proclamation, printed with the Arabic types brought from the Propaganda press and issued shortly after the taking of Alexandria, Bonaparte declared that he revered God, Muhammad, and the Qur'an far more than the Mamluks revered them, and argued that all men w"}, {"id": "Q332543", "label": "Battle of the Pyramids", "section": "History - Object of invasion", "says": "After the Battle of Embabeh (also commonly known as the Battle of the Pyramids), at which the forces of both Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey were dispersed, the populace readily plundered the houses of the beys."}, {"id": "Q715652", "label": "Murad Bey", "section": "History - Object of invasion", "says": "After the Battle of Embabeh (also commonly known as the Battle of the Pyramids), at which the forces of both Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey were dispersed, the populace readily plundered the houses of the beys."}, {"id": "Q2637668", "label": "Ibrahim Bey", "section": "History - Object of invasion", "says": "After the Battle of Embabeh (also commonly known as the Battle of the Pyramids), at which the forces of both Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey were dispersed, the populace readily plundered the houses of the beys."}, {"id": "Q319302", "label": "Jean Baptiste Kléber", "section": "History - Battle of the Nile", "says": "The prompt measures of Bonaparte, aided by the arrival from Alexandria of General Jean Baptiste Kléber, quickly suppressed this rising; but the stabling of French cavalry in the mosque of Azhar gave great and permanent offence."}, {"id": "Q1389040", "label": "Sidney Smith", "section": "History - Defeat of the Turkish army", "says": "In the last week of July, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Turkish army that had landed at Aboukir, aided by the British fleet commanded by Sir Sidney Smith."}, {"id": "Q278399", "label": "Ralph Abercromby", "section": "History - Defeat and retreat of the French", "says": "In the first weeks of March 1801, a British expeditionary force under Sir Ralph Abercromby effected a landing at Abu Qir, and proceeded to invest Alexandria, where they were attacked by Menou; the French were repulsed, but Abercromby was mortally wounded in the action."}, {"id": "Q767534", "label": "Augustin Daniel Belliard", "section": "History - Defeat and retreat of the French", "says": "On 30 May, Augustin Daniel Belliard, the French commander in Cairo, was assailed on two sides by British forces under General John Hely-Hutchinson and Ottoman troops under Yusuf Pasha; after negotiations, Belliard agreed to evacuate Cairo and to sail with his 13,734 remaining soldiers to France."}, {"id": "Q1583802", "label": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Paşa", "section": "History - Muhammad Ali's seizure of power", "says": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha was the first Ottoman governor of Egypt after the expulsion of the French."}, {"id": "Q199633", "label": "Selim III", "section": "History - Muhammad Ali's seizure of power", "says": "The pasha, and ultimately Sultan Selim III, repeatedly tried to either ensnare them or to beguile them into submission."}, {"id": "Q2453214", "label": "Jezzar Pasha", "section": "History - Muhammad Ali's seizure of power", "says": "Two Ottoman era Mamluks, Iwaz Bey's Mamluk Yusuf Bey al-Jazzar and Jazzar Pasha were known for massacring Bedouins and given the name \"butcher\" (al-Jazzar) for it."}, {"id": "Q182062", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "section": "History - Reforms (1808–1823)", "says": "Before the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, he had already expended much time and energy in organizing a fleet and in training, under the supervision of French instructor"}, {"id": "Q238440", "label": "Battle of Navarino", "section": "History - Greek campaign (1824–1828)", "says": "The history of the events that led up to the Battle of Navarino."}, {"id": "Q958853", "label": "Edward Codrington", "section": "History - Greek campaign (1824–1828)", "says": "The withdrawal of the Egyptians from the Morea was ultimately due to the action of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, who early in August 1828 appeared before Alexandria and induced the pasha to sign a convention undertaking to recall Ibrahim and his army."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - War with the Sultan (1831–1841)", "says": "It was not only the very existence of the Ottoman Empire that seemed to be at stake, but Egypt itself had become more than ever an object of attention, to British statesmen especially, and in the issue of the struggle were involved the interests of the British Empire in the two routes to India by the Isthmus of Suez and the valley of the Euphrates."}, {"id": "Q3123755", "label": "Reşid Mehmed Paşa", "section": "History - War with the Sultan (1831–1841)", "says": "Ibrahim, who once more commanded in his father's name, launched another brilliant campaign beginning with the storming of Acre on 27 May 1832, and culminating in the rout and capture of Reşid Mehmed Pasha at Konya on 22 December."}, {"id": "Q1339722", "label": "Convention of Kutahya", "section": "History - War with the Sultan (1831–1841)", "says": "As the result of endless discussions between the representatives of the powers, the Porte and the pasha, the Convention of Kütahya was signed on 14 May 1833, by which the sultan agreed to bestow on Muhammad Ali the pashaliks of Syria, Damascus, Aleppo and Itcheli, together with the district of Adana."}, {"id": "Q209169", "label": "Ferdinand de Lesseps", "section": "History - Muhammad Ali's successors", "says": "The pasha was much under French influence, and in 1854 was induced to grant to the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps a concession for the construction of the Suez Canal."}, {"id": "Q7721", "label": "Napoleon III", "section": "History - Khedivate", "says": "On his accession, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Sa'id, and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £3,800,000 to the company as compensation for their losses."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "History - Khedivate", "says": "These developments, together with the costly war against Yohannes IV of Ethiopia, left Egypt in deep\ndebt to the European powers."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Khedivate", "says": "These developments, together with the costly war against Yohannes IV of Ethiopia, left Egypt in deep\ndebt to the European powers."}, {"id": "Q134817", "label": "Abdul Hamid II", "section": "History - Khedivate", "says": "With the country becoming increasingly lawless, the British and French governments pressured the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to depose Isma'il Pasha, and this was done on 26 June 1879."}, {"id": "Q159378", "label": "Isma'il Pasha", "section": "History - Khedivate", "says": "With the country becoming increasingly lawless, the British and French governments pressured the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to depose Isma'il Pasha, and this was done on 26 June 1879."}, {"id": "Q365919", "label": "Ahmed ‘Urabi", "section": "History - Khedivate", "says": "Tewfik moved to Alexandria for fear of his own safety as army officers led by Ahmed Urabi began to take control of the government."}, {"id": "Q616939", "label": "Anglo-Egyptian War", "section": "History - Khedivate", "says": "A British naval Bombardment of Alexandria had little effect on the opposition which led to the Anglo-Egyptian War."}], "Q156108": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "For decades, they were allies of Charlemagne in his wars against the Germanic Saxons and the Slavic Veleti."}, {"id": "Q105378", "label": "Henry the Lion", "section": "lead", "says": "The Obotrite regnal style was abolished in 1167, when Pribislav was restored to power by Duke Henry the Lion, as Prince of Mecklenburg, thereby founding the Germanized House of Mecklenburg."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Obotritic confederation", "says": "As allies of the Carolingian kings and the empire of their Ottonian successors, the Obotrites fought from 808 to 1200 against the kings of Denmark, and on occasion the Franks, Northern Christian forces, and in later years, the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q683635", "label": "Wendish Crusade", "section": "History - Obotritic confederation", "says": "Under the leadership of Niklot, they resisted a Christian assault during the Wendish Crusade."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Obotritic confederation", "says": "German missionaries such as Vicelinus converted the Obotrites to Christianity."}, {"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Obotritic confederation", "says": "The ruling clan of the Obotrites kept its power throughout the Germanisation and ruled their country (except during a short interruption in Thirty Years' War) as House of Mecklenburg until the end of monarchies in Germany in November Revolution 1918."}], "Q267816": [{"id": "Q854415", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "Lombard dukes ruled Benevento from 571 to 774, when the Kingdom of the Lombards was conquered by the Kingdom of the Franks."}, {"id": "Q781935", "label": "Principality of Benevento", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the kingdom in 774, the duchy became the sole Lombard territory which continued to exist as a rump state, maintaining its de facto independence for nearly 300 years as the Principality of Benevento."}, {"id": "Q160424", "label": "Paul the Deacon", "section": "lead", "says": "Paul the Deacon referred to Benevento as the \"Samnite Duchy\" (Ducatum Samnitium) after the region of Samnium."}], "Q478805": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as Ancestral Pueblo peoples or the Basketmaker-Pueblo culture, were an ancient Native American culture of Pueblo peoples spanning the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado."}], "Q622032": [{"id": "Q373189", "label": "Bithynia", "section": "lead", "says": "Paflagonía; Turkish: Paflagonya) was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north-central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Under the Kingdom of Pontus", "says": "At a later period, Paphlagonia passed under the control of the Macedonian kings, and after the death of Alexander the Great, it was assigned, together with Cappadocia and Mysia, to Eumenes."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Roman and Byzantine empires", "says": "Pompey united the coastal districts of Paphlagonia, along with the greater part of Pontus, with the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus, but left the interior of the country under the native princes, until the dynasty became extinct and the whole country was incorporated into the Roman Empire."}], "Q646374": [{"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Initial marine voyages to India (16th century)", "says": "In 1604, a company was granted letters patent by King Henry IV, but the project failed."}, {"id": "Q26702", "label": "Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu", "section": "History - Initial marine voyages to India (16th century)", "says": "La Compagnie française des Indes orientales (French East India Company) was formed under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu (1642) and reconstructed under Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1664) when he sent an expedition to Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q188971", "label": "Jean-Baptiste Colbert", "section": "History - Initial marine voyages to India (16th century)", "says": "La Compagnie française des Indes orientales (French East India Company) was formed under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu (1642) and reconstructed under Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1664) when he sent an expedition to Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q1019", "label": "Madagascar", "section": "History - Initial marine voyages to India (16th century)", "says": "La Compagnie française des Indes orientales (French East India Company) was formed under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu (1642) and reconstructed under Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1664) when he sent an expedition to Madagascar."}, {"id": "Q7462487", "label": "Shaista Khan", "section": "History - French expansion in India (1669-1672)", "says": "Chandernagore (present-day Chandannagar) was established in 1692, with the permission of Nawab Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q164393", "label": "Treaty of Ryswick", "section": "History - Establishment of the colony at Pondichéry (1673)", "says": "The French regained the town in 1699 through the Treaty of Ryswick, signed on 20 September 1697."}, {"id": "Q560071", "label": "Joseph François Dupleix", "section": "History - Ambition of establishment of French territorial empire in India and defeat (1741–1754)", "says": "Soon after his arrival in 1741, the most famous governor of French India, Joseph François Dupleix, began to hold the ambition of a French territorial empire in India in spite of the pronounced uninterested attitude of his distant superiors and of the French government, which did not want to provoke the British."}, {"id": "Q162296", "label": "Robert Clive", "section": "History - Ambition of establishment of French territorial empire in India and defeat (1741–1754)", "says": "However, Robert Clive, a British officer, arrived in India in 1744, and dashed the hopes of Dupleix to create a French empire in India."}, {"id": "Q2637089", "label": "Nawab of Bengal", "section": "History - French vs British intrigues (1754–1871)", "says": "The French expanded their influence at the court of the Nawab of Bengal and increased their trading activity in Bengal."}, {"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "History - French vs British intrigues (1754–1871)", "says": "This led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757, where the British decisively defeated the Nawab and his French allies, resulting in the extension of British power over the entire province of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q658845", "label": "Battle of Wandiwash", "section": "History - French vs British intrigues (1754–1871)", "says": "David in Cuddalore District to the ground in 1758, but strategic mistakes by Lally led to the loss of the Hyderabad region, the Battle of Wandiwash and the siege of Pondicherry in 1760."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - French vs British intrigues (1754–1871)", "says": "In 1816, after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, the five establishments of Pondichéry, Chandernagore, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam and the lodges at Machilipatnam, Kozhikode and Surat were returned to France."}], "Q1517159": [{"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "lead", "says": "Hadhramaut (Arabic: حَضْرَمَوْت, romanized: Ḥaḍramawt ; Hadrami Arabic: حَضْرَمُوت, romanized: Ḥaḍramūt ) is a geographic region in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula which includes the Yemeni governorates of Hadhramaut, Shabwah and Mahrah, Dhofar in southwestern Oman, and Sharurah in the Najran Province of Saudi Arabia, and sometimes the Aden, Abyan and Lahij governorates of Yemen at a mo"}, {"id": "Q43182", "label": "Eratosthenes", "section": "History - Ancient", "says": "Eratosthenes called it a metropolis."}, {"id": "Q139377", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "section": "History - Ancient", "says": "From their inscriptions, the Hadhrami are known to have fortified Libna (now Qalat) against Himyar and to have fortified mwyt (Ḥiṣn al-Ghurāb حِصْن ٱلْغُرَاب) against the Kingdom of Aksum in the period following the death of Dhū Nuwās."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Islamic", "says": "630 after Islamic prophet Muhammad sent Wael bin Hajar as a da'i to the region."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "History - Sultanates and the British rule", "says": "The family of Al-Kaf had made their fortune in Singapore, and wished to spend some of their wealth improving living conditions at home."}, {"id": "Q202775", "label": "Qu'aiti Sultanate", "section": "History - Sultanates and the British rule", "says": "The Tamim, a subset of the larger Bani Dhanna tribe, occupied the land in between Tarim and Seiyoun and owed political allegiance to the Qu'aiti Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q1865132", "label": "Aden Protectorate", "section": "History - Sultanates and the British rule", "says": "The Qu'aiti sultans ruled the vast majority of Hadramaut, under a loose British protectorate, the Aden Protectorate, from 1882 to 1967, when the Hadhramaut was annexed by South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "History - Sultanates and the British rule", "says": "The Qu'aiti sultans ruled the vast majority of Hadramaut, under a loose British protectorate, the Aden Protectorate, from 1882 to 1967, when the Hadhramaut was annexed by South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q834486", "label": "Federation of South Arabia", "section": "History - Sultanates and the British rule", "says": "During the final years of the British colonial rule in South Arabia, Hadhramaut remained administratively distinct from the Federation of South Arabia."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Under the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen", "says": "Despite the state's diplomatic isolation from most of the Gulf Cooperation Council due to its alliance with the Soviet Union, the Hadhrami economy remained resilient due to the steady flow of remittances from workers living in the Gulf states."}], "Q149747": [{"id": "Q29237", "label": "Corduene", "section": "lead", "says": "The size of the kingdom varied over time; initially encompassing an area between the Zab Rivers, it eventually gained control of Nineveh and starting at least with the rule of Monobazos I (late 1st-century BCE), Gordyene became an Adiabenian dependency."}, {"id": "Q345134", "label": "Artabanus II", "section": "lead", "says": "It reached its zenith under Izates II, who was granted the district of Nisibis by the Parthian king Artabanus II (r."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "The first instance of a recorded Adiabenian ruler is in 69 BCE, when an unnamed king of Adiabene participated in the battle of Tigranocerta as an ally of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great (r."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthians were overthrown by the Sasanian Empire in 224, who by the time of Shapur I (r."}, {"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "lead", "says": "The Parthians were overthrown by the Sasanian Empire in 224, who by the time of Shapur I (r."}, {"id": "Q310311", "label": "Ardashir II", "section": "lead", "says": "Ardashir II is the last figure to be recorded as king of Adiabene, which implies that the kingdom was after his tenure in c."}, {"id": "Q83311", "label": "Persian Empire", "section": "History - Achaemenid Persian Empire", "says": "Under the Achaemenid Persian kings, Adiabene seems for a time to have been a vassal state of the Persian Empire."}, {"id": "Q651855", "label": "the Ten Thousand", "section": "History - Achaemenid Persian Empire", "says": "The Ten Thousand, an army of Greek mercenaries, retreated through Adiabene on their march to the Black Sea after the Battle of Cunaxa."}, {"id": "Q431205", "label": "Battle of Cunaxa", "section": "History - Achaemenid Persian Empire", "says": "The Ten Thousand, an army of Greek mercenaries, retreated through Adiabene on their march to the Black Sea after the Battle of Cunaxa."}, {"id": "Q134461", "label": "Josephus", "section": "History - Queen Helena's conversion to Judaism", "says": "According to Josephus, the queen converted to Judaism together with her son Monobaz II, under the influence of two Jews."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Queen Helena's conversion to Judaism", "says": "In late second century Christianity rapidly spread among Zoroastrians and those formerly professing Judaism."}, {"id": "Q1062946", "label": "Characene", "section": "History - Parthian Empire", "says": "Monobaz I is known to have been allied with king Abennerig of Characene, in whose court his son Izates II bar Monobaz lived for a time and whose daughter Symacho Izates married, as well as the rulers of other small kingdoms on the periphery of the Parthian sphere of influence."}, {"id": "Q1442", "label": "Septimius Severus", "section": "History - Roman intermezzo (117–118)", "says": "In the summer of 195 Septimius Severus was again warring in Mesopotamia, and in 196 three divisions of the Roman army fell upon Adiabene."}, {"id": "Q1446", "label": "Caracalla", "section": "History - Roman intermezzo (117–118)", "says": "According to Dio Cassius, Caracalla took Arbela in the year 216, and searched all the graves there, wishing to ascertain whether the Arsacid kings were buried there."}, {"id": "Q260437", "label": "Atropatene", "section": "History - Sasanian rule", "says": "Despite the overthrow of the Parthians by the Sasanians in 224 CE, the feudatory dynasties remained loyal to the Parthians, and resisted Sasanian advance into Adiabene and Atropatene."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Sasanian rule", "says": "After the Roman Empire gradually made Christianity its official religion during the fourth century, the inhabitants of Adiabene, who were primarily Assyrian Christians, sided with Christian Rome rather than the Zoroastrian Sasanians."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "History - Sasanian rule", "says": "The Byzantine Empire sent armies to the region during the Byzantine–Sasanian wars, but this did nothing to change the territorial boundaries."}], "Q732738": [{"id": "Q81212", "label": "Pepin the Short", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 748, Pepin the Short, then Mayor of the Palace and thus the most powerful man in Francia after the king, gave this duchy to his half-brother Grifo."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 790 Charlemagne in turn gave it to his younger son, Charles the Younger."}, {"id": "Q283107", "label": "Charles the Younger", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "In 790 Charlemagne in turn gave it to his younger son, Charles the Younger."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Charlemagne's grandson, the future Charles the Bald, and his son Louis the Stammerer inherited the title."}, {"id": "Q182840", "label": "Louis the Stammerer", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "Charlemagne's grandson, the future Charles the Bald, and his son Louis the Stammerer inherited the title."}, {"id": "Q106577", "label": "Neustria", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "He fought against Salomon, King of Brittany and in 866 participated in the battle of Brissarthe alongside Robert the Strong, the Frankish Margrave of Neustria."}, {"id": "Q273273", "label": "Rudolph of France", "section": "History - Early Middle Ages", "says": "King Rudolph of France is said to have given Maine to the Norse nobleman Rollo, Duke of Normandy, in 924."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "History - Angevin period (c. 1000–1063)", "says": "Bordering the county of Anjou to the south and the Duchy of Normandy to the north, Maine became a bone of contention between the rulers of these more powerful principalities."}, {"id": "Q220994", "label": "Robert Curthose", "section": "History - Norman Conquest and rule (1062–1070)", "says": "His sister Marguerite was engaged to William's eldest son, Robert Curthose and Herbert had taken refuge at William's court in 1056 when Geoffrey Martel, Duke of Anjou, invaded Le Mans."}, {"id": "Q18496", "label": "Margaret", "section": "History - Norman Conquest and rule (1062–1070)", "says": "Duke William of Normandy claimed the county on their behalf of Herbert's young sister Margaret, betrothed to his son Robert Curthose."}, {"id": "Q111490", "label": "Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou", "section": "History - Plantagenet period (1129–1204)", "says": "Fulk's son Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou inherited Maine."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "History - Plantagenet period (1129–1204)", "says": "When Geoffrey died in 1151, it passed to his son, King Henry II of England."}, {"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "History - Plantagenet period (1129–1204)", "says": "When Richard the Lionheart, ruler of England, Normandy, Aquitaine, Anjou, Brittany, Maine and Touraine, collectively known as the Angevin Empire, died in 1199, it sparked a war of succession that lasted until 1204."}, {"id": "Q538677", "label": "Angevin Empire", "section": "History - Plantagenet period (1129–1204)", "says": "When Richard the Lionheart, ruler of England, Normandy, Aquitaine, Anjou, Brittany, Maine and Touraine, collectively known as the Angevin Empire, died in 1199, it sparked a war of succession that lasted until 1204."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "History - Plantagenet period (1129–1204)", "says": "While John Lackland managed to become recognised as King of England, the Plantagenet holdings of Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine were invaded and conquered by King Philip II of France."}, {"id": "Q425617", "label": "Battle of Verneuil", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "After the Battle of Verneuil in 1424, the English occupied Maine, and John of Lancaster took the title of Duke."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "History - Late Middle Ages", "says": "In 1481, Charles IV, Duke of Anjou bequeathed his lands to Louis XI of France, thus returning the county to the crown."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - French Revolution", "says": "At the beginning, a part of the Maine population supported the French Revolution that took place in Paris."}], "Q1057292": [{"id": "Q34266", "label": "Russian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Don Cossacks have had a rich military tradition—they played an important part in the historical development of the Russian Empire and participated in most of its major wars."}, {"id": "Q79965", "label": "Golden Horde", "section": "Origins", "says": "He then thinks, that the Don Cossacks were originally formed largely by \"Meshchera Tatars\" under the Golden Horde, which he also connects to later Mishar Tatars."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "More than two thousand years ago the Scythians lived on the banks of the river Don."}, {"id": "Q151536", "label": "Novgorod Republic", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "After the fall of the Golden Horde in 1480, more colonists started to expand onto this land from the Novgorod Republic after the Battle of Shelon (1471), and from the neighboring Principality of Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q2536997", "label": "Battle of Shelon", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "After the fall of the Golden Horde in 1480, more colonists started to expand onto this land from the Novgorod Republic after the Battle of Shelon (1471), and from the neighboring Principality of Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q269109", "label": "Principality of Ryazan", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "After the fall of the Golden Horde in 1480, more colonists started to expand onto this land from the Novgorod Republic after the Battle of Shelon (1471), and from the neighboring Principality of Ryazan."}, {"id": "Q171185", "label": "Ivan III of Moscow", "section": "History - 15th–17th centuries", "says": "Cossacks of Ryazan are mentioned in 1444 as defenders of Pereslavl-Zalessky against the units of Golden Horde and in a letter of Ivan III of Russia from 1502."}, {"id": "Q7996", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "In the year 1552 Don Cossacks under the command of Ataman Susar Fedorov joined the Army of Ivan the Terrible during the Siege of Kazan in 1552."}, {"id": "Q2670327", "label": "Siege of Kazan", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "In the year 1552 Don Cossacks under the command of Ataman Susar Fedorov joined the Army of Ivan the Terrible during the Siege of Kazan in 1552."}, {"id": "Q210163", "label": "Astrakhan Khanate", "section": "History - 16th century", "says": "On 2 June 1556 the Cossack regiment of Ataman Lyapun Filimonov, together with the Army of Moscovits comprising strelets, conquered and annexed the Astrakhan Khanate."}, {"id": "Q160440", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "section": "History - 17th century", "says": "In the 17th century Cossacks waged war against the Ottomans and the Crimean Khanate."}, {"id": "Q963749", "label": "Matvey Ivanovich Platov", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "Under the command of Count Matvey Ivanovich Platov, the Don Cossacks fought in a number of battles against the Grande Armée."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - 18th–19th centuries", "says": "Napoleon is credited with declaring, \"Cossacks are the finest light troops among all that exist."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "History - World War I", "says": "On the eve of World War I, the Don Cossack Host comprised 17 regular regiments plus 6 detached sotnias (squadrons)."}, {"id": "Q8729", "label": "Russian Revolution", "section": "History - Bolshevik persecution", "says": "The Don Cossack Host was disbanded on Russian soil in 1918, after the Russian Revolution, but the Don Cossacks in the White Army and those who emigrated abroad, continued to preserve the traditions, musical and otherwise, of their host."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Bolshevik persecution", "says": "Many found employment as trick riders in various circuses throughout Europe and the United States."}, {"id": "Q79911", "label": "Russian Civil War", "section": "History - Bolshevik persecution", "says": "Admiral Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak, one of the leaders of the White movement during the Russian Civil War, was of Don Cossack descent."}, {"id": "Q165058", "label": "Holodomor", "section": "History - Bolshevik persecution", "says": "Others, such as Peter Holquist, estimate a figure of 10,000 deaths during this period, while a far greater number died during the engineered Soviet famines of 1932–33 and the Holodomor."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Don Cossacks in World War II", "says": "During World War II, the Don Cossacks mustered the largest single concentration of Cossacks within the German Army, the XVth SS Cossack Cavalry Corps, a great part of them former Soviet citizens."}, {"id": "Q4082219", "label": "Pavel Alexeyevich Belov", "section": "History - Don Cossacks in World War II", "says": "Whilst units under the command of General Pavel Belov, the 2nd Cavalry Corps of Don, Kuban and Stavropol Cossacks spearheaded the counter-attack onto the right flank of the 6th German Army, delaying its advance towards Moscow."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Don Cossacks in World War II", "says": "The high professionalism that the Cossacks under Dovator and Belov (both generals would later be granted the title Hero of the Soviet Union and their units raised to a Guards (elite) status) ensured that many new units would be formed."}, {"id": "Q285280", "label": "Transnistria War", "section": "History - Modern Don Cossacks", "says": "In 1992 they joined the separatist forces during the Transnistria War."}], "Q580447": [{"id": "Q215", "label": "Slovenia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Styria (German: Herzogtum Steiermark; Slovene: Vojvodina Štajerska; Latin: Ducatus Styriae) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918."}], "Q828047": [{"id": "Q210443", "label": "Greek Dark Ages", "section": "lead", "says": "The Archaic expansion differed from the Iron Age migrations of the Greek Dark Ages, in that it consisted of organised direction by oikistes away from the originating metropolis rather than the simplistic movement of tribes, which characterised the aforementioned earlier migrations."}], "Q939200": [{"id": "Q203829", "label": "Charles I of Naples", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Charles I of Anjou, the youngest son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q165284", "label": "Louis VIII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Charles I of Anjou, the youngest son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "Founded by Charles I of Anjou, the youngest son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "The War of the Sicilian Vespers later forced him out of the island of Sicily, leaving him with the southern half of the Italian Peninsula, known as the Kingdom of Naples."}], "Q1055713": [{"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "History - Post-Qin interregnum", "says": "Han Guang had sent General Zang Tu to assist Xiang Yu, the king of Chu, in his war against Qin."}, {"id": "Q7210", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "section": "History - Post-Qin interregnum", "says": "Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han) sent Fan Kuai and Zhou Bo to put down the rebellion, and they captured and executed Zang Tu."}], "Q1311990": [{"id": "Q435907", "label": "Constantine Bodin", "section": "lead", "says": "1082), appointed by King Constantine Bodin."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Through diplomatic ties with the Kingdom of Hungary, Vukan's successors managed to retain their self-governance, while also recognizing the supreme overlordship of the Byzantine Empire, up to 1180."}, {"id": "Q298612", "label": "Stefan Nemanja", "section": "lead", "says": "Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (r."}, {"id": "Q138465", "label": "Saint Sava", "section": "lead", "says": "His son, Grand Prince Stefan was crowned King of Serbia in 1217, while his younger son Saint Sava became the first Archbishop of Serbs, in 1219."}, {"id": "Q41852", "label": "Heraclius", "section": "Background", "says": "According to the De Administrando Imperio (DAI), the Serbs settled the Balkans under the protection of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "Background", "says": "In the mid-9th century, the hitherto peaceful neighbour of Bulgaria invaded but was defeated in war."}], "Q157710": [{"id": "Q700229", "label": "Saxe-Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "Established in 1681, by partition of the Ernestine Duchy of Saxe-Gotha among the seven sons of deceased Duke Ernest the Pious, the Saxe-Meiningen line of the House of Wettin lasted until the end of the German monarchies in 1918."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "History - House of Wettin", "says": "Thuringia was part of the Ernestine holdings of Kursachsen (the Electorate of Saxony)."}, {"id": "Q640700", "label": "Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach", "section": "History - House of Wettin", "says": "In 1572, the branches Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach and Saxe-Weimar were established there."}, {"id": "Q281005", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen", "section": "History - Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen", "says": "In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories that occurred following the extinction of the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg line upon the death of Duke Frederick IV in 1825, Duke Bernhard II of Saxe-Meiningen received the lands of the former Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen as well as the Saalfeld territory of the former Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld duchy."}, {"id": "Q700663", "label": "Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "section": "History - Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen", "says": "In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories that occurred following the extinction of the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg line upon the death of Duke Frederick IV in 1825, Duke Bernhard II of Saxe-Meiningen received the lands of the former Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen as well as the Saalfeld territory of the former Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld duchy."}, {"id": "Q153650", "label": "Austro-Prussian War", "section": "History - Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen", "says": "As Bernhard II had supported Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, the prime minister of victorious Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, enforced his abdication in favour of his son George II, after which Saxe-Meiningen was admitted to join the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q8442", "label": "Otto von Bismarck", "section": "History - Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen", "says": "As Bernhard II had supported Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, the prime minister of victorious Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, enforced his abdication in favour of his son George II, after which Saxe-Meiningen was admitted to join the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q150981", "label": "North German Confederation", "section": "History - Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen", "says": "As Bernhard II had supported Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, the prime minister of victorious Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, enforced his abdication in favour of his son George II, after which Saxe-Meiningen was admitted to join the North German Confederation."}, {"id": "Q2677", "label": "Wilhelm II", "section": "History - End of the Duchy", "says": "In the German Revolution after World War I, Duke Bernhard III, brother-in-law of Emperor Wilhelm II, was forced to abdicate and his brother Ernst on 11/12 November 1918 refused the succession."}], "Q598570": [{"id": "Q186096", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "section": "lead", "says": "It developed from Belgorod Razriad and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries on the southwestern frontier of the Tsardom of Russia."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Russia gained control over the territory as a result of conquests against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars in the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q1567698", "label": "Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Russia gained control over the territory as a result of conquests against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars in the 16th century."}, {"id": "Q36450", "label": "Catherine II of Russia", "section": "History - Russian Empire", "says": "The administration of Catherine the Great disbanded the regiments of Slobozhanshchina and abolished Cossack privileges by the decree of July 28, 1765."}], "Q784963": [{"id": "Q200485", "label": "Norman conquest of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Anglo-Saxon England or early medieval England covers the period from the end of the Roman Empire's rule in Roman Britain in the 5th century until the Norman Conquest in 1066."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 7th century the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were converted to Christianity by missionaries from Ireland and the continent."}, {"id": "Q170017", "label": "Æthelstan", "section": "lead", "says": "Opposing the Vikings from the south, the royal family of Wessex gradually became dominant, and in 927 King Æthelstan was the first king to rule a single united Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q179876", "label": "Kingdom of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Opposing the Vikings from the south, the royal family of Wessex gradually became dominant, and in 927 King Æthelstan was the first king to rule a single united Kingdom of England."}, {"id": "Q3281269", "label": "North Sea Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Wessex agreed to pay gafol  to the Danes, and in 1017 England became part of the North Sea Empire of King Cnut, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway."}, {"id": "Q190091", "label": "Harthacanute", "section": "lead", "says": "After Cnut's death in 1035, England was ruled first by his son Harthacnut, and then by his English half-brother Edward the Confessor."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "Precursors of the Anglo Saxon era before 400 AD", "says": "However, in reality the details of this transition remain uncertain, and there are indications that changes in the economic, cultural, and even linguistic situation, were changing already before 400 AD, while Britain was still within the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q212876", "label": "Magnentius", "section": "Precursors of the Anglo Saxon era before 400 AD", "says": "Among the earliest such mentions of Saxons, they were named as allies of the rebel emperors Carausius, who was based in Britain, and Magnentius."}, {"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "Precursors of the Anglo Saxon era before 400 AD", "says": "According to 4th-century historian Ammianus Marcellinus, in 367 the Romano-British defences were overrun by Scoti from Ireland, Picts from northern Scotland, together with Saxons in the so-called Great Conspiracy."}, {"id": "Q354997", "label": "Theodosius", "section": "Precursors of the Anglo Saxon era before 400 AD", "says": "In 368 imperial forces under the command of Count Theodosius defeated Saxons who were apparently based in Britain, and coordinating with the Scoti and Picts."}, {"id": "Q211396", "label": "Magnus Maximus", "section": "Precursors of the Anglo Saxon era before 400 AD", "says": "In 382 Magnus Maximus defeated another invasion by Picts and Scoti, but in the following year he led an army to Gaul for a bid to become emperor."}], "Q939852": [{"id": "Q46418", "label": "Constantius II", "section": "lead", "says": "They are only mentioned under this name in historical records relating to one period when they came into conflict with Roman forces led by Julian the Apostate around 358 AD, when he was ruling Gaul as Caesar under his cousin the emperor Constantius II."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Roman sources describing the events of 358 AD indicate that the Salians were a Frankish people who had entered the empire from across the Rhine some time earlier, and settled with Roman consent in Batavia, which is a large island in the Rhine delta, that lay on the northern boundary of the Roman Empire."}], "Q1165546": [{"id": "Q811", "label": "Nicaragua", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mosquito Coast (also known as Mosquitia or Mosquito Shore) is an area along the coast of eastern Nicaragua and southeastern Honduras."}, {"id": "Q783", "label": "Honduras", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mosquito Coast (also known as Mosquitia or Mosquito Shore) is an area along the coast of eastern Nicaragua and southeastern Honduras."}, {"id": "Q800", "label": "Costa Rica", "section": "History - Miskito Sambu", "says": "Miskito raiders reached as far north as the Yucatán, and as far south as Costa Rica."}, {"id": "Q57798", "label": "Edward I of England", "section": "History - British settlement", "says": "The Miskito king Edward I and the British concluded a formal Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in 1740."}, {"id": "Q54434", "label": "War of Jenkins' Ear", "section": "History - British settlement", "says": "Britain's primary motive and the most immediate result of the treaty was to secure an alliance between the Miskito and British for the War of Jenkins' Ear."}, {"id": "Q40949", "label": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "History - British evacuation", "says": "When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Spanish forces attempted to eliminate the British presence, seizing the settlement at Black River, and driving British settlers from the isle of Roatán."}, {"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "History - Government reorganization and Spanish settlement", "says": "The Mosquito Coast was initially annexed (or from the Spanish point of view, re-annexed) to the Captaincy General of Guatemala."}, {"id": "Q199821", "label": "Gran Colombia", "section": "History - Miskito revolt", "says": "While Spanish rule was never restored over the Mosquito Coast (instead, the British occupied the Archipelago itself in 1806 during the course of the war against Spain), the Royal Decree of 1803 became the reason for territorial disputes between the United Provinces of Central America and Gran Colombia after Latin American independence, and between Nicaragua and Colombia for the rest of the 19th ce"}, {"id": "Q739", "label": "Colombia", "section": "History - Miskito revolt", "says": "While Spanish rule was never restored over the Mosquito Coast (instead, the British occupied the Archipelago itself in 1806 during the course of the war against Spain), the Royal Decree of 1803 became the reason for territorial disputes between the United Provinces of Central America and Gran Colombia after Latin American independence, and between Nicaragua and Colombia for the rest of the 19th ce"}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Renewed British presence", "says": "Miskito Kings renewed their alliance with Great Britain, which in 1801 had merged with Ireland to form the United Kingdom, and Belize replaced Jamaica as the principal British connection to the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q190025", "label": "Federal Republic of Central America", "section": "History - Economic expansion", "says": "In 1837, Britain formally recognized the Mosquito Kingdom as an independent state, and took diplomatic measures to prevent the new nations that left the imploding Federal Republic of Central America in 1838–1841 from interfering with the kingdom."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Economic expansion", "says": "The expansion of the economy attracted and benefitted from the arrival of capital from the United States, and immigrants from the States, the West Indies, Europe, Syria and China."}, {"id": "Q6683", "label": "Mexican-American War", "section": "History - Second British protectorate and American opposition", "says": "With the Mexican–American War concluded, the new US delegate in Central America, E."}, {"id": "Q792", "label": "El Salvador", "section": "History - Second British protectorate and American opposition", "says": "Squier, tried to unite Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras against the British, who were now threatening to annex Tiger Island (El Tigre) in Honduras' Pacific coast."}, {"id": "Q444530", "label": "Clayton–Bulwer Treaty", "section": "History - Second British protectorate and American opposition", "says": "After British and American forces nearly clashed in El Tigre, both governments reprimanded the commanders of their forces there and concluded the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty on 18 April 1850."}, {"id": "Q17739", "label": "Prometheus", "section": "History - Second British protectorate and American opposition", "says": "On 21 November, the American steamer Prometheus was fired upon by a British warship for not paying port tariff"}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "History - Treaty of Managua", "says": "In 1881, Nicaragua and Britain agreed to subject the most disputed points of the 1860 treaty to the arbitration of the Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria-Hungary."}, {"id": "Q560938", "label": "José Santos Zelayo", "section": "History - Annexation to Nicaragua", "says": "After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 their territory formally became incorporated into that of the republic of Nicaragua by President José Santos Zelaya."}], "Q160892": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "They are first mentioned in written records starting in the fifth century, during a period when the Huns were the most influential force in Central Europe and the Western Roman Empire lost control of this region."}, {"id": "Q131548", "label": "Jordanes", "section": "Name origins", "says": "Another old proposal which has renewed support is that they may be the same as the Torcilingi (or Thorcilingi) who were a people (or tribe or dynasty) mentioned only by the 6th century author Jordanes, and authors who drew upon his works, when describing Odoacer."}], "Q2829270": [{"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "Owing to its position astride the Via Flaminia, Spoleto became strategically important in the struggle between the Lombards and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Owing to its position astride the Via Flaminia, Spoleto became strategically important in the struggle between the Lombards and the Byzantine Empire."}, {"id": "Q170174", "label": "Papal States", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 12th century onward the duchy was gradually absorbed into the Papal States, and by the reign of Pope Innocent III it had ceased to exist as an autonomous polity."}, {"id": "Q128076", "label": "Innocent III", "section": "lead", "says": "From the late 12th century onward the duchy was gradually absorbed into the Papal States, and by the reign of Pope Innocent III it had ceased to exist as an autonomous polity."}, {"id": "Q5311378", "label": "Duchy of Perugia", "section": "History - Lombard conquest", "says": "The conquest divided central Italy into two main spheres: the Tuscia Romanorum, corresponding to the Byzantine-held Duchy of Perugia, and the Tuscia Longobardorum, or Duchy of Spoleto."}, {"id": "Q42827", "label": "Gregory I", "section": "History - Lombard conquest", "says": "This autonomy is shown by the 592 agreement in which Ariulf concluded a separate truce with Pope Gregory I, apart from the Lombard king Agilulf."}, {"id": "Q251836", "label": "Liutprand, King of the Lombards", "section": "History - Conflict with Byzantium", "says": "He was then obliged by Liutprand, King of the Lombards to restore it, a measure of the loose central control of Lombard rule that Liutprand was occupied in tightening, at least as Paul interpreted events for his Frankish patrons."}, {"id": "Q103321", "label": "Gregory II", "section": "History - Dukedom of Transamund II", "says": "He marched toward Rome and, at the Ponte Salario, defeated a Byzantine army advancing against Pope Gregory II."}, {"id": "Q31755", "label": "Leo III the Syrian", "section": "History - Dukedom of Transamund II", "says": "The Romans, together with the Lombards of the Duchy of Spoleto, defended the pope against Leo III the Isaurian and his iconoclast officials."}, {"id": "Q132086", "label": "Leo III", "section": "History - Dukedom of Transamund II", "says": "However, Leo III sought an alliance with King Liutprand, who distrusted the dukes of Benevento and Spoleto, considering them insufficiently loyal and intending to replace them with his own relatives."}, {"id": "Q33923", "label": "Saint Peter", "section": "History - Dukedom of Transamund II", "says": "Enraged, Liutprand demanded his surrender; when the Romans refused, he laid siege to Rome, plundered the Basilica of Saint Peter, and occupied several cities, including Amelia and Orte, before returning to Pavia in August 739."}, {"id": "Q310962", "label": "Hilderic", "section": "History - Dukedom of Transamund II", "says": "Meanwhile, Hilderic had taken control of Spoleto."}, {"id": "Q211789", "label": "Stephen II", "section": "History - Campaigns of Desiderius", "says": "Together with Liutprand of Benevento, they submitted to Pope Stephen II under the protection of Pepin, defender of the Church."}, {"id": "Q297520", "label": "Desiderius", "section": "History - Campaigns of Desiderius", "says": "Desiderius, elected king with the support of the pope and Pepin, invaded the duchies of Benevento and Spoleto between 757 and 758, plundering and devastating them."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Campaigns of Desiderius", "says": "The pope then called upon Charlemagne for military support."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Carolingian conquest", "says": "In 776, two years after the fall of Pavia, Spoleto fell likewise to Charlemagne and his Carolingian Empire, and he assumed the title King of the Lombards."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - Widonids", "says": "In 877, acting against Charles II and allied with Alberic, count of Tusculum, Lambert seized Rome and imposed recognition of Carloman as imperial claimant."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - Widonids", "says": "After falling out of favor with Emperor Charles III, influenced by Popes John VIII and Martin II, he was banished from the empire, but later regained imperial favor and was pardoned in 885."}, {"id": "Q170504", "label": "John VIII", "section": "History - Widonids", "says": "After falling out of favor with Emperor Charles III, influenced by Popes John VIII and Martin II, he was banished from the empire, but later regained imperial favor and was pardoned in 885."}, {"id": "Q172933", "label": "John XII", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "His son Alberic II overthrew the senatrix in 932 though her son, his half-brother, was Pope John XII."}, {"id": "Q263164", "label": "Waldrada", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "In 922 the duchy was held by Boniface I, husband of Waldrada, sister of Emperor Hugh of Provence."}, {"id": "Q63175", "label": "Otto I", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "At that time, Emperor Otto I detached from the Duchy of Spoleto the lands called Sabina Langobardica and presented them to the Holy See."}, {"id": "Q1280122", "label": "Principality of Capua", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "In 967, Otto briefly united the Duchy of Spoleto with that of Principality of Capua and Benevento, which was then ruled by Pandulf Ironhead."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "Emperor Henry II transferred the remaining part of the Duchy of Spoleto to the Roman Church in exchange for other Church properties beyond the mountains."}, {"id": "Q704988", "label": "Godfrey IV, Duke of Lower Lorraine", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "In 1057 Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, held the duchy, followed by Godfrey the Hunchback, husband of Matilda of Tuscany, who appears in documents as duchess of Spoleto and Camerino."}, {"id": "Q464162", "label": "Matilda of Tuscany", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "In 1057 Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, held the duchy, followed by Godfrey the Hunchback, husband of Matilda of Tuscany, who appears in documents as duchess of Spoleto and Camerino."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "Emperor Henry IV frequently visited the Duchy of Spoleto and held assemblies there."}, {"id": "Q1054409", "label": "March of Ancona", "section": "History - 10th-century turmoil and territorial changes", "says": "The first of these was Guarnerius, marquis of the March of Ancona."}, {"id": "Q79789", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "section": "History - Destruction of Spoleto", "says": "In 1155 the city of Spoleto underwent a devastating destruction at the hands of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Integration into the Papal States", "says": "With the death of Henry VI, son of Frederick, the line of dukes came to an end."}, {"id": "Q160182", "label": "Honorius III", "section": "History - Integration into the Papal States", "says": "Frederick II, hostile to the Church and in conflict with Pope Honorius III, levied troops in the duchy in 1226, but the Spoletans refused to assist."}, {"id": "Q124831", "label": "Gregory IX", "section": "History - Integration into the Papal States", "says": "Gregory IX granted the administration of the March of Ancona and the Duchy of Spoleto for three years to Milo, bishop of Beauvais."}], "Q844750": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "History - Warfare and resistance", "says": "At the time of Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, when news arrived that the Aztecs were defeated by the Spaniards, King Cosijoeza ordered his people not to confront the Spaniards so they would avoid the same fate."}, {"id": "Q18465", "label": "Francisco", "section": "History - Warfare and resistance", "says": "On November 25, 1521, Francisco de Orozco arrived in Valley of Oaxaca, with both the Zapotecs and Mixtecs in the area soon submitting to the rule of Hernan Cortes."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Modern Period", "says": "Indigenous speakers from Oaxaca have also made their way to the United States in large numbers."}], "Q16243030": [{"id": "Q732137", "label": "Essam Sirius", "section": "lead", "says": "The 1966 coup d'état carried out by the radical left-wing faction of Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad ousted the Old Guard of Ba'ath leadership consisting of Aflaq and Bitar; and dissolved the National Command of the united Ba'ath Party."}, {"id": "Q355416", "label": "Michel Aflaq", "section": "History - Founding and early years: 1947–1963", "says": "The Ba'ath Party, and indirectly the Syrian Regional Branch, was established on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq (a Christian), Salah al-Din al-Bitar (a Sunni Muslim) and Zaki al-Arsuzi (an Alawite)."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - Founding and early years: 1947–1963", "says": "In 1955, the party decided to support Gamal Abdel Nasser and what they perceived as his pan-Arabist policies."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Coup of 1963", "says": "Ziyad al-Hariri controlled the sizable forces stationed at the Israeli Front, not far from Damascus, Muhammad as-Sufi commanded the key brigade stationes in Homs, and Ghassan Haddad, one of Hariri's independent partners, commanded the Desert Forces."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)", "says": "Soviet Union saw Syria as the lynchpin of its Middle-East strategy and signed the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation in 1980; directly committing itself to Syria's defense and incorporating the Syrian armed forces into Soviet standards."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "History - Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)", "says": "For his part, Hafez committed himself to socialist economic and foreign policies; and was one of the few autocrats to openly support the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q30487", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "section": "History - Bashar al-Assad (2000–2024)", "says": "At the beginning, Bashar al-Assad's rule was met with high expectations, with many foreign commentators believing he would introduce reforms reminiscent of the Chinese economic reforms or the perestroika of Mikhail Gorbachev."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - Bashar al-Assad (2000–2024)", "says": "Bashar al-Assad's rule was believed to be stable until the Arab Spring took place; the revolutions occurring in other parts of the Arab world acted as an inspiration for the Syrian opposition, leading to the 2011 Syrian revolution which escalated into a civil war."}], "Q1158126": [{"id": "Q57352", "label": "Hamad II of Bahrain", "section": "lead", "says": "The current head of the family is King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and proclaimed himself King of Bahrain in 2002, in fact becoming a constitutional monarch."}], "Q1334322": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "After Pippin the Short conquered Septimania, his successor Charlemagne imposed an administration where Frankish counts were established in key cities such as Toulouse."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Later in the 12th century, the county was affected by the Albigensian Crusade, and by 1229, the Treaty of Paris saw Toulouse formally submitted to the crown of France, ending its independence."}, {"id": "Q126936", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "section": "History - Formation of administration under the early Carolingians", "says": "The Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis fell to the Visigothic Kingdom in the 5th century."}, {"id": "Q1337854", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "section": "History - Formation of administration under the early Carolingians", "says": "Septimania, the Visigothic province roughly corresponding to the later county of Toulouse, fell briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba in the 750s before it was conquered into Francia by Pippin the Short in 759 following the Siege of Narbonne."}, {"id": "Q587908", "label": "Battle of Narbonne", "section": "History - Formation of administration under the early Carolingians", "says": "Septimania, the Visigothic province roughly corresponding to the later county of Toulouse, fell briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba in the 750s before it was conquered into Francia by Pippin the Short in 759 following the Siege of Narbonne."}, {"id": "Q191003", "label": "Carloman I", "section": "History - Formation of administration under the early Carolingians", "says": "Pippin died in 768 and was followed by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman I."}, {"id": "Q310440", "label": "Carloman", "section": "History - Formation of administration under the early Carolingians", "says": "In 771, Carloman died and Charlemagne was left as the only ruler of the Frankish realm."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "History - Formation of administration under the early Carolingians", "says": "Other such sub-kingdoms were created inside the wider Carolingian Empire in places such as Bavaria or Lombardy."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Toulouse under the sons of Charlemagne", "says": "In 814, Charlemagne died, and his only surviving son was Louis, king of Aquitaine, who became Emperor Louis the Pious."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Toulouse under the sons of Charlemagne", "says": "In 823, Charles the Bald was born from the second wife of Louis the Pious which caused a succession crisis among the ruling circle, this eventually led to the decentralization of the Frankish empire."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Toulouse under the sons of Charlemagne", "says": "Louis the German allied with his half-brother Charles the Bald and they jointly defeated Lothar."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Toulouse under the sons of Charlemagne", "says": "The empire would split under the Treaty of Verdun in 843."}, {"id": "Q182840", "label": "Louis the Stammerer", "section": "History - Counts of Toulouse gains power over the Carolingians", "says": "Charles the Bald died four months later, his so Louis the Stammerer did not choose any of his sons to become the new king of Aquitaine, thus in effect putting an end to the"}, {"id": "Q1152", "label": "Auvergne", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "They were challenged by the dynasty of the counts of Auvergne (ruling over the northeastern part of the former Aquitaine) who claimed the county of Toulouse as their own, and even temporarily ousted the counts of Toulouse from the city of Toulouse."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "The county of Toulouse took its definite shape, from Toulouse in the west to the Rhone River in the east, a unity that would survive until the French Revolution as the province of Languedoc."}, {"id": "Q159575", "label": "Hugh Capet of France", "section": "History - Independence", "says": "Eventually, on the death of the Carolingian king of France Louis V in 987, the Robertian faction succeeded in having its chief, Hugh Capet elected to the French throne."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "History - 10th century", "says": "In 924, the Magyars (ancestors of the Hungarians) launched an expedition toward the west and went as far as Toulouse, but they were defeated by Count Raymond III Pons of Toulouse."}, {"id": "Q133063", "label": "Gregory VII", "section": "History - 11th–12th century", "says": "Bishop Isarn, helped by Pope Gregory VII, tried to put everything back in order."}, {"id": "Q30578", "label": "Urban II", "section": "History - 11th–12th century", "says": "Supported by count Guilhem IV, Saint Raymond finally gained permission from Pope Urban II to dedicate the building in 1096."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - 11th–12th century", "says": "The end of the 11th century marked the departure of Count Raymond IV to the First Crusade."}, {"id": "Q161696", "label": "Catharism", "section": "History - Albigensian Crusade", "says": "Catharism is a doctrine professing the separation of the material and the spiritual existences, one of its possible inspiration may be Bogomilism of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q219", "label": "Bulgaria", "section": "History - Albigensian Crusade", "says": "Catharism is a doctrine professing the separation of the material and the spiritual existences, one of its possible inspiration may be Bogomilism of Bulgaria."}, {"id": "Q356564", "label": "Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse", "section": "History - Albigensian Crusade", "says": "Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, a Catholic, who was excommunicated for his dispute with the pope, later sympathised with the heretics because he saw the crusade take an unholy path with the extermination at Bézier."}, {"id": "Q343969", "label": "Alphonse, Count of Poitiers", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of France", "says": "The county's sole heiress Joan was engaged to Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, a younger brother of Louis IX of France."}, {"id": "Q346", "label": "Louis IX of France", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of France", "says": "The county's sole heiress Joan was engaged to Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, a younger brother of Louis IX of France."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "History - Within the Kingdom of France", "says": "The Hundred Years' War decimated Toulouse."}], "Q316860": [{"id": "Q939852", "label": "Salian Franks", "section": "lead", "says": "Their western counterparts were the Salii, or \"Salian Franks\", who took control of what is now northern France."}], "Q837326": [{"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Nitra (Slovak: Nitrianske kniežatstvo, Nitriansko, Nitrava, lit. 'Duchy of Nitra, Nitravia, Nitrava') also known as the Duchy of Nitra, was a West Slavic polity encompassing a group of settlements that developed in the 9th century around Nitra, in present-day Slovakia."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Background", "says": "Procopius wrote that an exiled Lombard prince named Hildigis mustered an army, \"taking with him not only those of the Lombards who had followed him, but also many of the Sclaveni\" in the 540s."}, {"id": "Q1257426", "label": "Sclaveni", "section": "Background", "says": "Procopius wrote that an exiled Lombard prince named Hildigis mustered an army, \"taking with him not only those of the Lombards who had followed him, but also many of the Sclaveni\" in the 540s."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "Thereafter, Slavic groups inhabiting areas around the core regions of the Avar Khaganate paid tribute to the Avars."}], "Q854062": [{"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "They possibly became subsumed into the later Hephthalites."}, {"id": "Q382816", "label": "Modu Chanyu", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Around 210–200 BC, prince Modu Chanyu, a former hostage of the Yuezhi and prince of the Xiongnu, who were also vassals of the Yuezhi, became leader of the Xiongnu and conquered the Mongolian Plain, subjugating several peoples."}, {"id": "Q5406", "label": "Hittites", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Wusun ancestor myth shares striking similarities with those of the Hittites, the Zhou Chinese, the Scythians, the Romans, the Goguryeo, Turks, Mongols and Dzungars."}, {"id": "Q131802", "label": "Scythians", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "The Wusun ancestor myth shares striking similarities with those of the Hittites, the Zhou Chinese, the Scythians, the Romans, the Goguryeo, Turks, Mongols and Dzungars."}, {"id": "Q458008", "label": "Denis Sinor", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "Based on the similarities between the ancestor myth of the Wusun and later Turkic peoples, Denis Sinor has suggested that the Wusun, Sogdians, or both could represent an Indo-Aryan influence, or even the origin of the royal Ashina Türks."}, {"id": "Q197276", "label": "Zhang Qian", "section": "History - Early history", "says": "According to Zhang Qian, the Yuezhi were defeated by the rising Xiongnu empire and fled westward, driving away the Sai (Scythians) from the Ili Valley in the Zhetysu and Dzungaria area."}, {"id": "Q560157", "label": "Kujula Kadphises", "section": "History - Migration to the Ili Valley", "says": "The Yuezhi then migrated to Sogdia and then Bactria, where they became unified under Kujula Kadphises and expanded into South Asia, founding the Kushan Empire, which at its peak under Kanishka stretched from Turpan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain and played an important role in the development of the Silk Road and the transmission of Buddhism to China."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "History - Migration to the Ili Valley", "says": "The Yuezhi then migrated to Sogdia and then Bactria, where they became unified under Kujula Kadphises and expanded into South Asia, founding the Kushan Empire, which at its peak under Kanishka stretched from Turpan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain and played an important role in the development of the Silk Road and the transmission of Buddhism to China."}, {"id": "Q312544", "label": "Kanishka", "section": "History - Migration to the Ili Valley", "says": "The Yuezhi then migrated to Sogdia and then Bactria, where they became unified under Kujula Kadphises and expanded into South Asia, founding the Kushan Empire, which at its peak under Kanishka stretched from Turpan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain and played an important role in the development of the Silk Road and the transmission of Buddhism to China."}, {"id": "Q232", "label": "Kazakhstan", "section": "History - Establishing relations with the Han", "says": "To their north-west the Wusun bordered Kangju, in modern Kazakhstan."}, {"id": "Q9372", "label": "Sima Qian", "section": "History - Establishing relations with the Han", "says": "According to Sima Qian in the Shiji:\n\nWusun as a nation, has its great Kunmi [monarch] presiding at Chigu City which is 8900 li [3700km] away from Chang'an (...) It land is bare and flat, rainy and chilly."}], "Q1207428": [{"id": "Q7268", "label": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "section": "lead", "says": "In 42 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han sent a punitive expedition force led by general Ma Yuan to crush the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q953191", "label": "Ma Yuan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 42 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han sent a punitive expedition force led by general Ma Yuan to crush the rebellion."}, {"id": "Q7225", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "section": "Historical background", "says": "In 112 BC, Emperor Wu of Han dispatched soldiers against Nanyue and the kingdom was annexed in 111 BC during the ensuing Han conquest of Nanyue."}], "Q29237": [{"id": "Q149747", "label": "Adiabene", "section": "lead", "says": "Gordyene was situated between the countries of Armenia, Adiabene, and Atropatene."}, {"id": "Q260437", "label": "Atropatene", "section": "lead", "says": "Gordyene was situated between the countries of Armenia, Adiabene, and Atropatene."}, {"id": "Q201303", "label": "Tigranes the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "It was vassalized by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC, who overthrew and killed its king."}, {"id": "Q246833", "label": "Peace of Nisibis", "section": "lead", "says": "With the Peace of Nisibis in 298, the Romans gained suzerainty over Gordyene and other territories located, from the Roman perspective, on the far side of the Tigris."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "In 363, the Romans officially ceded Gordyene (which they had apparently already lost by 359) to the Sasanian Empire."}, {"id": "Q129772", "label": "Xenophon", "section": "History - Karduchoi", "says": "Gordyene originated as the territory of Karduchoi (or Carduchii), a tribe first mentioned in the Anabasis of Xenophon, an eyewitness account of the retreat of the Greek mercenary army of the Ten Thousand to the Black Sea in 401 BC."}, {"id": "Q651855", "label": "the Ten Thousand", "section": "History - Karduchoi", "says": "Gordyene originated as the territory of Karduchoi (or Carduchii), a tribe first mentioned in the Anabasis of Xenophon, an eyewitness account of the retreat of the Greek mercenary army of the Ten Thousand to the Black Sea in 401 BC."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "History - Karduchoi", "says": "Gordyene is explicitly identified with the Karduchoi in the works of Strabo (died 24 AD) and Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 AD)."}, {"id": "Q41523", "label": "Plutarch", "section": "History - Karduchoi", "says": "According to Michał Marciak, it can only be inferred from the information given by Classical authors such as Xenophon and Plutarch (died after 119 AD) that the Karduchoi were of non-Armenian origin."}, {"id": "Q242819", "label": "Lucullus", "section": "History - Political history up to 363 AD", "says": "According to Plutarch's Life of Lucullus, the Gordyeni were one of the peoples whose cities Tigranes destroyed so that their inhabitants could populate his new capital of Tigranocerta."}, {"id": "Q310978", "label": "Phraates III of Parthia", "section": "History - Political history up to 363 AD", "says": "Lucullus' forces withdrew in the spring of 67 BC, after which Gordyene became the subject of a territorial dispute between Tigranes and the Parthian king Phraates III (r."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - 6th and 7th centuries", "says": "In 578, the Byzantine emperor Maurice defeated the Sassanid army led by Chosroes I, and conquered Corduene and incorporated it once again in the Roman Empire."}], "Q912382": [{"id": "Q2487", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "History - Early years (1621–1639)", "says": "Although the intention had been to create an alternative to the English and Dutch traders, the dire financial state of the company and the redirection of national resources towards the Thirty Years' War led the colony to abandon efforts to trade directly for themselves and, instead, to become neutral third-party carriers for goods in the Bay of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q62651", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "section": "History - Dutch influence (1640–1649)", "says": "1640 – Denmark–Norway attempt to sell Fort Danesborg to the Dutch for a second time."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Dutch influence (1640–1649)", "says": "1642 – Danish colony declares war on the Mughal Empire and commences raiding ships in the Bay of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - The Second Danish East India Company (1670–1732)", "says": "Christianity becomes associated with lower caste people and rejected by upper caste Hindus."}, {"id": "Q154993", "label": "Christian VI of Denmark", "section": "History - Trade stabilises under Danish Asiatic Company (1732–1772)", "says": "12 April 1732 – King Christian VI signs charter of new Asiatic Company with 40-year monopoly on Asian trade with India and China."}, {"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "History - The Golden Age of Danish India (1772–1808)", "says": "The expansion of the British East India Company in India, particularly after the Battle of Plassey in 1757."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and decline", "says": "During the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway practiced a policy of armed neutrality whilst carrying French and Dutch goods from the Dutch East Indies to Copenhagen."}, {"id": "Q3044986", "label": "English Wars", "section": "History - Napoleonic Wars and decline", "says": "This led to the English Wars during which Britain defeated the Danish-Norwegian fleet, cut off the Danish East India Company's India trade, and occupied Dansborg, Balasore and Frederiksnagore from 1801 to 1802, and again, from 1808 to 1815."}], "Q1051600": [{"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Naples (Latin: Ducatus Neapolitanus, Neapolitan: Ducato di Napule) began as a Byzantine province in Southern Europe that was constituted in the seventh century, in the lands roughly corresponding to the current province of Naples that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion of Italy in the sixth century."}], "Q1661685": [{"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom also known as the  Indo-Sasanian Kingdom was a polity established by the Sasanian Empire in Bactria during the 3rd and 4th centuries."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian Empire captured the provinces of Sogdia, Bactria and Gandhara from the declining Kushan Empire following a series of wars in 225 CE."}, {"id": "Q25979", "label": "Kushan Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sasanian Empire captured the provinces of Sogdia, Bactria and Gandhara from the declining Kushan Empire following a series of wars in 225 CE."}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "lead", "says": "This administration continued until 360–370, when the Kushano-Sasanians lost much of their domains to the invading Kidarites; the remainder was incorporated into the Sasanian Empire proper."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "Later, the Kidarites were in turn displaced by the Hephthalites."}, {"id": "Q299255", "label": "Bahram II", "section": "lead", "says": "A rebellion of Hormizd I Kushanshah (277–286 CE), who issued coins with the title Kushan-shahanshah (\"King of kings of the Kushans\"), seems to have occurred against contemporary emperor Bahram II (276–293 CE) of the Sasanian Empire, but failed."}], "Q2281221": [{"id": "Q1122980", "label": "Comtat Venaissin", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Orange (French: Principauté d'Orange; Occitan: Principat d'Oranja) was, from 1163 to 1713, a feudal state in Provence, in the south of modern-day France, on the east bank of the river Rhone, north of the city of Avignon, and surrounded by the independent papal state of Comtat Venaissin."}, {"id": "Q78454", "label": "William the Silent", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality became part of the scattered holdings of the House of Orange-Nassau from the time that William the Silent inherited the title of Prince of Orange from his cousin in 1544, until it was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q559400", "label": "Treaty of Utrecht", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality became part of the scattered holdings of the House of Orange-Nassau from the time that William the Silent inherited the title of Prince of Orange from his cousin in 1544, until it was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht."}, {"id": "Q530670", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "section": "History - Counts of Baux", "says": "The Baux counts of Orange became fully independent with the breakup of the Kingdom of Burgundy after 1033."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Counts of Baux", "says": "In 1163 Orange was raised to a principality, as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q155669", "label": "Charles IV", "section": "History - Orange University", "says": "In 1365, Orange University was founded by Charles IV when he was in Arles for his coronation as king of Arles."}, {"id": "Q151999", "label": "Dauphiné", "section": "History - Orange University", "says": "Three centuries later, after complex feudal developments described in the following chapters, the town and principality of Orange will become a part of the French royal province of Dauphiné."}, {"id": "Q164432", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "section": "History - House of Orange-Nassau", "says": "In 1568 the Eighty Years' War began with William as Stadtholder of Holland leading the bid for independence of the Netherlands from Spain."}, {"id": "Q166623", "label": "Johan van Oldenbarnevelt", "section": "History - House of Orange-Nassau", "says": "It was his son, Maurice of Nassau (Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with the help of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, who solidified the independence of the Dutch republic."}, {"id": "Q129987", "label": "William III of England", "section": "History - House of Orange-Nassau", "says": "William III of Orange, who ruled England as William III of England, was the last Prince of Orange to rule the principality."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "The principality was captured by the forces of Louis XIV under François Adhémar de Monteil, Comte de Grignan, in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War, and again in August 1682, but William did not concede his claim to rule."}, {"id": "Q646322", "label": "Franco-Dutch War", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "The principality was captured by the forces of Louis XIV under François Adhémar de Monteil, Comte de Grignan, in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War, and again in August 1682, but William did not concede his claim to rule."}, {"id": "Q151826", "label": "Frederick I of Prussia", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "In 1702, William III died childless and the right to the principality became a matter of dispute between Frederick I of Prussia and John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz, who both claimed the title 'Prince of Orange'."}, {"id": "Q62538", "label": "John William Friso, Prince of Orange", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "In 1702, William III died childless and the right to the principality became a matter of dispute between Frederick I of Prussia and John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz, who both claimed the title 'Prince of Orange'."}, {"id": "Q464674", "label": "François Louis, Prince of Conti", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "In 1702 also, Louis enfeoffed François Louis, Prince of Conti, a relative of the Châlon dynasty, with the Principality of Orange, so that there were three claimants to the title."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "Following the French Revolution of 1789, Orange was absorbed into the French département of Drôme in 1790, then Bouches-du-Rhône, then finally Vaucluse."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "In 1814, after the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch Republic was not revived but replaced into the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, under a King of the House of Orange-Nassau."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "In 1814, after the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch Republic was not revived but replaced into the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, under a King of the House of Orange-Nassau."}, {"id": "Q46362", "label": "Congress of Vienna", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "In 1815 the Congress of Vienna took care of a French sensitivity by stipulating that the Kingdom of the Netherlands would be ruled by the House of Oranje-Nassau – \"Oranje\", not \"Orange\" as had been the custom until then."}, {"id": "Q29999", "label": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "section": "History - Annexation by France", "says": "In 1815 the Congress of Vienna took care of a French sensitivity by stipulating that the Kingdom of the Netherlands would be ruled by the House of Oranje-Nassau – \"Oranje\", not \"Orange\" as had been the custom until then."}], "Q832554": [{"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Argentine Confederation (Spanish: Confederación Argentina) was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35."}, {"id": "Q311436", "label": "Juan Manuel de Rosas meow", "section": "lead", "says": "The governor of Buenos Aires Province (Juan Manuel de Rosas during most of the period) managed foreign relations during this time."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation engaged in conflicts with Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom, as well as other Argentine factions during the Argentine Civil Wars."}, {"id": "Q2697981", "label": "Argentine Civil Wars", "section": "lead", "says": "Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation engaged in conflicts with Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom, as well as other Argentine factions during the Argentine Civil Wars."}, {"id": "Q336247", "label": "Justo José de Urquiza", "section": "lead", "says": "Rosas was ousted from power in 1852 by Justo José de Urquiza, after the battle of Caseros."}, {"id": "Q6553448", "label": "State of Buenos Aires", "section": "lead", "says": "Buenos Aires resisted Urquiza and seceded from the Confederation in 1852, becoming the State of Buenos Aires; the province would return to Argentina in 1861."}, {"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "History - Background", "says": "1/3) of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a colony of Spain which also included present-day Bolivia, Uruguay, part of Chile and Peru and most of Paraguay."}, {"id": "Q838980", "label": "May Revolution", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The May Revolution in Buenos Aires began the Argentine War of Independence, which it won."}, {"id": "Q617409", "label": "Argentine War of Independence", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The May Revolution in Buenos Aires began the Argentine War of Independence, which it won."}, {"id": "Q738144", "label": "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The country was renamed the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata."}, {"id": "Q288251", "label": "Cisplatine War", "section": "History - Background", "says": "This began the Cisplatine War, which ended with the Treaty of Montevideo that made Uruguay a new state."}, {"id": "Q2562334", "label": "Manuel Dorrego", "section": "History - Coup, civil war, and unrest", "says": "In 1828, after Argentine forces returned to Buenos Aires from the war, federalist governor Manuel Dorrego was overthrown and executed by Juan Lavalle, of the Unitarian Party."}, {"id": "Q2528692", "label": "Juan Lavalle", "section": "History - Coup, civil war, and unrest", "says": "In 1828, after Argentine forces returned to Buenos Aires from the war, federalist governor Manuel Dorrego was overthrown and executed by Juan Lavalle, of the Unitarian Party."}, {"id": "Q2501677", "label": "José María Paz", "section": "History - Coup, civil war, and unrest", "says": "The latter began a campaign against all federals, supported by José María Paz in Córdoba, who deposed Juan Bautista Bustos and took similar measures."}, {"id": "Q2483428", "label": "Estanislao López", "section": "History - Coup, civil war, and unrest", "says": "He allied with Estanislao López, caudillo and ruler of Santa Fe Province, and they defeated Lavalle at the Battle of Márquez Bridge in April 1829."}, {"id": "Q2269490", "label": "Juan Ramón Balcarce", "section": "History - Coup, civil war, and unrest", "says": "A large number of gauchos and poor people instigated the Revolution of the Restorers, a demonstration at the gates of the legislature, praising Rosas and demanding the resignation of Governor Juan Ramón Balcarce, a former minister of Rosas."}, {"id": "Q2269478", "label": "Juan José Viamonte", "section": "History - Coup, civil war, and unrest", "says": "The legislature finally gave up the trial, and a month later ousted Balcarce and replaced him with Juan José Viamonte, a former supporter of unitarians."}, {"id": "Q899706", "label": "Peru–Bolivian Confederation", "section": "History - Rule of Rosas and war", "says": "First, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation in the north declared the War of the Confederation against Argentina and Chile."}, {"id": "Q601811", "label": "War of the Confederation", "section": "History - Rule of Rosas and war", "says": "First, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation in the north declared the War of the Confederation against Argentina and Chile."}, {"id": "Q467987", "label": "Manuel Oribe", "section": "History - Rule of Rosas and war", "says": "France invaded Martín García island and deposed the Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe, appointing instead the loyal Fructuoso Rivera, who declared war on Argentina in support of France."}, {"id": "Q467976", "label": "Fructuoso Rivera", "section": "History - Rule of Rosas and war", "says": "France invaded Martín García island and deposed the Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe, appointing instead the loyal Fructuoso Rivera, who declared war on Argentina in support of France."}, {"id": "Q2672972", "label": "Uruguayan Civil War", "section": "History - Rule of Rosas and war", "says": "Manuel Oribe claimed to be the rightful president of Uruguay, and waged the Uruguayan Civil War against Rivera."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Rule of Rosas and war", "says": "Giuseppe Garibaldi helped to secure the Uruguay river, aided by Italian soldiers."}, {"id": "Q314362", "label": "Bartolomé Mitre", "section": "History - Secession and return of Buenos Aires", "says": "The Confederation attacked Buenos Aires in 1856, led by Jerónimo Costa, who was defeated by Bartolomé Mitre."}, {"id": "Q254041", "label": "Domingo Faustino Sarmiento", "section": "History - Secession and return of Buenos Aires", "says": "The project was resisted by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, who began his conflicts with Mitre."}, {"id": "Q37677", "label": "Francisco Solano López", "section": "History - Secession and return of Buenos Aires", "says": "However, Urquiza just stayed outside, and sought the mediation of the Paraguayan Francisco Solano López."}], "Q827399": [{"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "The most famous Molossian ruler was Pyrrhus of Epirus, considered one of the greatest generals of antiquity."}, {"id": "Q76118", "label": "Third Macedonian War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Molossians sided with the Macedonians against Rome in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC) and were defeated."}, {"id": "Q223134", "label": "Olympias", "section": "History - Unified Epirus", "says": "The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of Macedon, in part against the common threat of Illyrian raids, and in 359 BC the Molossian princess Olympias, niece of Arybbas of Epirus, married King Philip II of Macedon (r."}, {"id": "Q130650", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "History - Unified Epirus", "says": "The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of Macedon, in part against the common threat of Illyrian raids, and in 359 BC the Molossian princess Olympias, niece of Arybbas of Epirus, married King Philip II of Macedon (r."}, {"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "History - Unified Epirus", "says": "She was to become the mother of Alexander the Great."}, {"id": "Q403377", "label": "Aeacides of Epirus", "section": "History - Unified Epirus", "says": "After Alexander's I death, Aeacides of Epirus, who succeeded him, espoused the cause of Olympias against Cassander, but was dethroned in 313 BC."}, {"id": "Q207183", "label": "Cassander", "section": "History - Unified Epirus", "says": "After Alexander's I death, Aeacides of Epirus, who succeeded him, espoused the cause of Olympias against Cassander, but was dethroned in 313 BC."}, {"id": "Q744611", "label": "Battle of Heraclea", "section": "History - Reign of Pyrrhus", "says": "Due to its superior martial abilities, the Epirote army defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea (280 BC)."}, {"id": "Q83958", "label": "Macedonia", "section": "History - Koinon of the Epirotes", "says": "Aetolian pressure must have played a part, and the alliance with Macedonia may have been unpopular; in addition, there were perhaps social tensions."}, {"id": "Q75813", "label": "Macedonian Wars", "section": "History - Conquest and enslavement by Rome", "says": "The League remained neutral in the first two Macedonian Wars."}, {"id": "Q252051", "label": "Howard Hayes Scullard", "section": "History - Conquest and enslavement by Rome", "says": "In past scholarship, the theory of Howard Hayes Scullard was the most recognized theory."}, {"id": "Q131169", "label": "Polybius", "section": "History - Conquest and enslavement by Rome", "says": "This interpretation is based on the negative assessment of Charops, already in ancient sources, as Polybius calls him \"the most savage and degenerate of all men\"."}], "Q12719": [{"id": "Q12723", "label": "Pallars Jussà", "section": "lead", "says": "The name means \"Upper Pallars\", distinguishing it from the more populous (and less mountainous) Pallars Jussà to its southwest."}], "Q2428714": [{"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sena dynasty, or the Senas, were a Hindu dynasty that succeeded the Pala Empire and ruled much of the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent from Bengal, during the early medieval period, through the 11th and 13th centuries."}, {"id": "Q14624218", "label": "Western Chalukya Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ballala Sena married Ramadevi a princess of the Western Chalukya Empire which indicates that the Sena rulers maintained close social contact with south India."}], "Q465960": [{"id": "Q733", "label": "Paraguay", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jesuit missions among the Guaraní were a type of settlement for the Guaraní people (\"Indians\" or \"Indios\") in an area straddling the borders of present-day Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, known locally as the triple frontier."}, {"id": "Q828", "label": "Americas", "section": "lead", "says": "The missions were established by the Jesuit Order of the Catholic Church early in the 17th century and ended in the late 18th century after the expulsion of the order from the Americas."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "lead", "says": "The objectives of the reductions were to impart Christianity and European culture."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "lead", "says": "As a result of the suppression of the Society of Jesus in several European countries, including Spain in 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the Guaraní missions, and the Americas more generally, by order of the Spanish king Charles III."}, {"id": "Q414", "label": "Argentina", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jesuit Río de la Plata reductions reached a maximum population of 141,182 in 1732 in 30 missions in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina."}, {"id": "Q2427419", "label": "Guaraní War", "section": "History - Reestablishment and success", "says": "What came to be known as the War of the Reductions, or the Guaraní War, ended when a larger combined force of 3,000 Spanish and Portuguese troops crushed the revolt in 1756, with Guaraní losses, both in the battle and subsequent massacres, of over 1,500."}, {"id": "Q36234", "label": "Charles III of Spain", "section": "History - Expulsion", "says": "In 1767, king Charles III of Spain (1759–88) expelled the Jesuits from the Spanish dominions in the Americas."}, {"id": "Q235648", "label": "Carlos Antonio López", "section": "History - Expulsion", "says": "A growing number of mestizos occupied what had formerly been mission lands. in 1848, Paraguayan president Carlos Antonio López declared that all Indians were citizens of Paraguay and distributed the last of the missions' communal lands."}], "Q713393": [{"id": "Q423", "label": "North Korea", "section": "lead", "says": "Dong-okjeo (Eastern Okjeo) occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyŏng provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo (Northern Okjeo) occupied the Duman River region."}, {"id": "Q28370", "label": "Goguryeo", "section": "lead", "says": "Dong-okjeo was often simply called Okjeo, while Buk-okjeo was also sometimes referred to as Chiguru (置溝婁, 치구루) or Guru (구루), the latter name being also applied to Goguryeo."}], "Q778266": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Artois (French: comté d'Artois, Dutch: graafschap Artesië, Picard: Comté d'Artoé) was a historic province of the  Kingdom of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Artois (French: comté d'Artois, Dutch: graafschap Artesië, Picard: Comté d'Artoé) was a historic province of the  Kingdom of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659."}, {"id": "Q157070", "label": "County of Flanders", "section": "lead", "says": "A  Carolingian feudal county in its own right from the late 8th century, Artois was annexed by the County of Flanders (898 onwards)."}, {"id": "Q186336", "label": "Dutch Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "Artois briefly joined in the Dutch Revolt in 1576, participating in the alliance of the Pacification of Ghent until it became a member of the Union of Arras in 1579."}, {"id": "Q700035", "label": "Pacification of Ghent", "section": "lead", "says": "Artois briefly joined in the Dutch Revolt in 1576, participating in the alliance of the Pacification of Ghent until it became a member of the Union of Arras in 1579."}, {"id": "Q700027", "label": "Union of Arras", "section": "lead", "says": "Artois briefly joined in the Dutch Revolt in 1576, participating in the alliance of the Pacification of Ghent until it became a member of the Union of Arras in 1579."}, {"id": "Q34417", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Union, Artois and  Hainaut (Dutch: Henegouwen) reached a separate agreement with Philip II of Spain."}, {"id": "Q622783", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "section": "lead", "says": "Artois remained part of the Spanish Netherlands until it was conquered by the French during the Thirty Years War of 1618–1648."}, {"id": "Q221670", "label": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "section": "lead", "says": "The annexation was acknowledged in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, and Artois became a French province."}], "Q808139": [{"id": "Q8575586", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "After allying with the Sufri rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate, they established an independent state (AD 744-1058) in the area of Tamesna on the Atlantic coast between Safi and Salé under the leadership of Tarif al-Matghari."}], "Q1065299": [{"id": "Q781935", "label": "Principality of Benevento", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Salerno (Latin: Principatus Salerni) was a medieval Southern European state, formed in 851 out of the Principality of Benevento after a decade-long civil war."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "History - Formation", "says": "In 847, Emperor Lothair I had Guy I of Spoleto and Sergius I of Naples mediate a division of the great Lombard principality."}, {"id": "Q71231", "label": "Charles the Bald", "section": "History - Dauferidi", "says": "He did reverse the alliance with the Saracens in favour of closer ties to the emperor, then Charles the Bald."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Zenith and decline", "says": "In 1038, he sought the arbitration of both emperors over matters concerning Pandulf, but only the Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II, responded, and Salerno became fully Western in allegiance."}, {"id": "Q203792", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "section": "History - Zenith and decline", "says": "He made useless war on Amalfi and on his Norman neighbours, finally on Robert Guiscard, the duke of Apulia, himself."}], "Q582948": [{"id": "Q223", "label": "Greenland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Norse settlement of North America, including Greenland, began in the late 10th century AD and lasted for about 500 years."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "In the present-day United States, there are no confirmed remains."}, {"id": "Q7322", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "lead", "says": "After European exploration of North America began following the Voyages of Christopher Columbus, it was debated whether the lands from the sagas (Helluland, Markland, and Vinland) corresponded to real places."}, {"id": "Q42838", "label": "Leif Erikson", "section": "Pseudohistory - Horsford's Norumbega", "says": "He published several books on the topic and had a range of memorials created in New England to his supposed Viking past, including the bronze Leif Erikson statue in Boston, Massachusetts."}], "Q83142": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "The heart of their homeland was the forested Tannu-Ola mountain range (known in ancient times as the Lao or Kogmen mountains), in modern-day Tuva, just north of Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q15146034", "label": "First Turkic Khaganate", "section": "Origins", "says": "This may indicate that the Kyrgyz were not originally a Turkic-speaking people, but underwent Turkification, at least partially, through intertribal marriages during the period of the First Turkic Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q813", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "section": "Origins", "says": "The R1a1 lineage, more specifically its subclade R1a1a1b2 (R1a-Z93), occurs at high frequencies among Turkic peoples currently living in the Yenisei River and Altai Mountains regions of Russia, as well as among the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan."}], "Q12723": [{"id": "Q12719", "label": "Pallars Sobirà", "section": "lead", "says": "The name is an archaism meaning \"Lower Pallars\"; to the northeast and into the mountains is Pallars Sobirà."}], "Q1431527": [{"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Boulogne was a county within the Kingdom of France during the 9th to 15th centuries, centred on the city of Boulogne-sur-Mer."}, {"id": "Q778266", "label": "County of Artois", "section": "lead", "says": "It was merged into the County of Artois by Philip II of France in 1212 and eventually annexed to the royal domain itself in 1477."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "It was merged into the County of Artois by Philip II of France in 1212 and eventually annexed to the royal domain itself in 1477."}], "Q1501196": [{"id": "Q436817", "label": "Roger de Flor", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalan Company or the Great Catalan Company (Catalan: Gran Companyia Catalana; Societas exercitus catalanorum, Societas cathalanorum, or Magna Societas Catalanorum) was a company of mercenaries led by Roger de Flor in the early 14th century and hired by Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos to combat the increasing power of the Anatolian beyliks."}, {"id": "Q37067", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "section": "lead", "says": "The Catalan Company or the Great Catalan Company (Catalan: Gran Companyia Catalana; Societas exercitus catalanorum, Societas cathalanorum, or Magna Societas Catalanorum) was a company of mercenaries led by Roger de Flor in the early 14th century and hired by Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos to combat the increasing power of the Anatolian beyliks."}, {"id": "Q2599340", "label": "War of the Sicilian Vespers", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, who had remained unemployed after the signing in 1302 of the Peace of Caltabellotta between the Crown of Aragon and the French dynasty of the Angevins."}, {"id": "Q661425", "label": "Peace of Caltabellotta", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, who had remained unemployed after the signing in 1302 of the Peace of Caltabellotta between the Crown of Aragon and the French dynasty of the Angevins."}, {"id": "Q204920", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "It was formed by almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, who had remained unemployed after the signing in 1302 of the Peace of Caltabellotta between the Crown of Aragon and the French dynasty of the Angevins."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "Origin", "says": "The military demands of the Reconquista stimulated the formation of the elite light infantry known as the almogavars on the Iberian peninsula during the 13th century."}, {"id": "Q312735", "label": "James II of Aragon", "section": "Origin", "says": "James II of Aragon and his brother Frederick III of Sicily saw the threat posed to civil order."}, {"id": "Q367226", "label": "Frederick III of Sicily", "section": "Origin", "says": "James II of Aragon and his brother Frederick III of Sicily saw the threat posed to civil order."}, {"id": "Q334714", "label": "Duchy of Athens", "section": "Internal confrontations and the end of the Company", "says": "In a short space of time, the Company not only assumed the control of the Duchy of Athens but extended its dominions to the city of Thebes and the region of Thessaly, converting the latter into the Duchy of Neopatras, where they established themselves as feudal lords."}, {"id": "Q166919", "label": "Thessaly", "section": "Internal confrontations and the end of the Company", "says": "In a short space of time, the Company not only assumed the control of the Duchy of Athens but extended its dominions to the city of Thebes and the region of Thessaly, converting the latter into the Duchy of Neopatras, where they established themselves as feudal lords."}, {"id": "Q1520008", "label": "Duchy of Neopatria", "section": "Internal confrontations and the end of the Company", "says": "In a short space of time, the Company not only assumed the control of the Duchy of Athens but extended its dominions to the city of Thebes and the region of Thessaly, converting the latter into the Duchy of Neopatras, where they established themselves as feudal lords."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Internal confrontations and the end of the Company", "says": "The descendants of the latter then controlled the duchies until 1456, when they were conquered by the Ottoman Empire."}], "Q1529261": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "It corresponded roughly to the northern parts of modern-day Libya in historic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica."}, {"id": "Q367350", "label": "Turgut Reis", "section": "History - Ottoman conquest", "says": "Christian rule lasted then until 1551, when Tripoli was besieged and conquered by famed Ottoman admirals Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis."}, {"id": "Q3825115", "label": "Ahmed Karamanli", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "In 1711, Ahmed Karamanli, an Ottoman cavalry officer and son of a Turkish officer and Libyan woman, seized power and founded the Karamanli dynasty, which would last 124 years."}, {"id": "Q2622048", "label": "Yusuf Karamanli", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "In May 1801, Pasha Yusuf Karamanli demanded from the United States an increase in the tribute ($83,000) which it had paid since 1796 for the protection of their commerce and enslavement of crews by barbary pirates when the Treaty of Tripoli was signed."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "In May 1801, Pasha Yusuf Karamanli demanded from the United States an increase in the tribute ($83,000) which it had paid since 1796 for the protection of their commerce and enslavement of crews by barbary pirates when the Treaty of Tripoli was signed."}, {"id": "Q1456685", "label": "Treaty of Tripoli", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "In May 1801, Pasha Yusuf Karamanli demanded from the United States an increase in the tribute ($83,000) which it had paid since 1796 for the protection of their commerce and enslavement of crews by barbary pirates when the Treaty of Tripoli was signed."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "The demand was refused by third American President Thomas Jefferson, an American naval force was sent and blockaded Tripoli, and the desultory First Barbary War dragged on from 1801 until 3 June 1805."}, {"id": "Q468293", "label": "First Barbary War", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "The demand was refused by third American President Thomas Jefferson, an American naval force was sent and blockaded Tripoli, and the desultory First Barbary War dragged on from 1801 until 3 June 1805."}, {"id": "Q233505", "label": "Second Barbary War", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "The Second Barbary War (1815, also known as the Algerian War) was the second of the two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Turks' North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States."}, {"id": "Q200790", "label": "Algerian War", "section": "History - Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars", "says": "The Second Barbary War (1815, also known as the Algerian War) was the second of the two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Turks' North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Reassertion of Ottoman authority", "says": "The indigenous Senusiyya (or Sanusi) Movement, led by Islamic cleric Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi, called on the countryside to resist Ottoman rule."}, {"id": "Q203824", "label": "Italo-Turkish War", "section": "History - Italo-Turkish War", "says": "The Italo-Turkish War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy from September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912."}], "Q1164281": [{"id": "Q391454", "label": "Agathocles", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mamertines (Latin: Mamertini, \"sons of Mars\", Greek: Μαμερτίνοι) were Greek mercenaries of Italic origin who had been hired from their home in Campania by Agathocles (361–289 BC), Tyrant of Syracuse and self-proclaimed King of Sicily."}, {"id": "Q2429397", "label": "Ancient Carthage", "section": "lead", "says": "After Syracuse lost the Seventh Sicilian War, the Greek city of Messina was ceded to Carthage in 307 BC."}, {"id": "Q6286", "label": "First Punic War", "section": "lead", "says": "They played a major role in the lead-up to the First Punic War."}, {"id": "Q172353", "label": "Pyrrhus", "section": "lead", "says": "In 280 BC, the Syracusans appealed to King Pyrrhus of Epirus for help against the Mamertines."}], "Q1275225": [{"id": "Q213649", "label": "Viking Age", "section": "lead", "says": "In Scandinavian prehistory, sometimes specifically Swedish prehistory, the Vendel Period, or Vendel Age (Swedish: Vendeltiden), appears between the Migration Period and the Viking Age (c."}, {"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "The late Germanic Iron Age begins with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Gothic kingdoms in Europe, later replaced by the Franks, the Lombards and the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "Background", "says": "The late Germanic Iron Age begins with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Gothic kingdoms in Europe, later replaced by the Franks, the Lombards and the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q28411", "label": "Avar Khaganate", "section": "Background", "says": "The late Germanic Iron Age begins with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Gothic kingdoms in Europe, later replaced by the Franks, the Lombards and the Avar Khaganate."}, {"id": "Q1285884", "label": "Eternal Peace", "section": "Background", "says": "Emperor Justinian's Eternal Peace (532) with the Shahanshah Khosrau I of Iran as well as the Byzantine reconquest of the Italian peninsula with the capitulation of the Goths south of the Po river (555), the completion of the Byzantine reconquest (562) may be seen in context of what has been described as the Vendel period."}], "Q26264": [{"id": "Q172198", "label": "Ammianus Marcellinus", "section": "lead", "says": "They were first mentioned by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus who was in Bactria during 356–357 AD; he described the Chionitæ as living with the Kushans."}, {"id": "Q26996", "label": "Kidarites", "section": "lead", "says": "The  Karmir Xyon were known in European sources as the Kermichiones or \"Red Huns\", and some scholars have identified them with the Kidarites and/or Alchon."}, {"id": "Q26576", "label": "Hephthalites", "section": "lead", "says": "The Spet Xyon or \"White Huns\" appear to have been known in India by the cognate Shweta-Huna (Sanskrit: श्वेतहूण, romanized: Śvēta-Hūṇa, lit. 'White Hūṇas'), and are often identified, controversially, with the Hephthalites."}, {"id": "Q213651", "label": "Gandhara", "section": "History - Kidarites", "says": "At the end of the 4th century AD, the Kidarites were pushed into Gandhara, after a new wave of invaders from the north, the Alchon, entered Bactria."}, {"id": "Q83891", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "section": "History - Clashes with the Sasanians", "says": "Early confrontations between the Sasanian Empire of Shapur II with the Xionites were described by Ammianus Marcellinus: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, \"repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes\" of the Xionites and the Euseni, a name often amended to Cuseni (meaning the Kushans)."}, {"id": "Q234860", "label": "Shapur II", "section": "History - Clashes with the Sasanians", "says": "Early confrontations between the Sasanian Empire of Shapur II with the Xionites were described by Ammianus Marcellinus: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, \"repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes\" of the Xionites and the Euseni, a name often amended to Cuseni (meaning the Kushans)."}, {"id": "Q35811", "label": "Zoroaster", "section": "History - Identity of the Karmir Xyon and White Xyon", "says": "9.30-31, 19.87) the Xiiaona were characterized as enemies of Vishtaspa, the patron of Zoroaster."}], "Q26385": [{"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "Pepin I of Vermandois, the earliest of its hereditary counts, was descended in direct male line from the emperor Charlemagne."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "lead", "says": "More famous was his grandson Herbert II (902–943), who considerably increased the territorial power of the house of Vermandois, and kept the lawful king of France, the unlucky Charles the Simple, prisoner for six years."}, {"id": "Q58907", "label": "Philip I of France", "section": "lead", "says": "He was lord of Saint-Simon through his wife, and the county was given to his sister Adela, whose first husband was Hugh the Great, the brother of King Philip I of France."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "lead", "says": "Hugh was one of the leaders of the First Crusade, and died in 1102 at Tarsus in Cilicia."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "lead", "says": "By the terms of a treaty concluded in 1186 with the king, Philip Augustus, the count of Flanders kept the county of Vermandois until his death, in 1191."}, {"id": "Q700156", "label": "Treaty of Arras", "section": "lead", "says": "By the Treaty of Arras (1435), the county of Vermandois was confirmed in possession of the House of Valois-Burgundy, and remained so until 1477, when the War of the Burgundian Succession broke out, and the county was repossessed by the French crown."}, {"id": "Q2209960", "label": "War of the Burgundian Succession", "section": "lead", "says": "By the Treaty of Arras (1435), the county of Vermandois was confirmed in possession of the House of Valois-Burgundy, and remained so until 1477, when the War of the Burgundian Succession broke out, and the county was repossessed by the French crown."}], "Q406684": [{"id": "Q192868", "label": "Nader Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "Following the assassination of Nader Shah (r."}], "Q688918": [{"id": "Q501303", "label": "Free City of Kraków", "section": "lead", "says": "The Grand Duchy of Kraków (German: Großherzogtum Krakau; Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie) was created after the incorporation of the Free City of Cracow into Austria on 16 November 1846."}], "Q836894": [{"id": "Q46750", "label": "Valerian", "section": "History - From bishopric to patriarchate", "says": "Valerian appeared as Metropolitan bishop of the churches in this territory; his synod of that year, held against the Arians, was attended by 32 (or 24) bishops."}, {"id": "Q43706", "label": "John Chrysostom", "section": "History - From bishopric to patriarchate", "says": "He promoted the work of Jerome and Rufinus and kept contact with Ambrose of Milan and John Chrysostom."}, {"id": "Q103122", "label": "Ostrogoths", "section": "History - From bishopric to patriarchate", "says": "As metropolitans of such an extensive territory, and representatives of Roman civilization among the Ostrogoths and Lombards, the archbishops of Aquileia sought and obtained from their barbarian masters the honorific title of patriarch, personal, however, as yet to each titular of the see."}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - From bishopric to patriarchate", "says": "As metropolitans of such an extensive territory, and representatives of Roman civilization among the Ostrogoths and Lombards, the archbishops of Aquileia sought and obtained from their barbarian masters the honorific title of patriarch, personal, however, as yet to each titular of the see."}, {"id": "Q103321", "label": "Gregory II", "section": "History - Split between old Aquileia and Grado", "says": "King Cunipert summoned the Synod of Pavia (698/699) whereby Old-Aquileia reconciled with Rome, and Pope Gregory II granted the pallium to Patriarch Serenus (715–730) of Aquileia in 723."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "History - Rivalry between old Aquileia and Grado", "says": "811) accepted the arbitration of Charlemagne, by which the Carinthian territory north of the Drave was relinquished to Arno of Salzburg."}, {"id": "Q182070", "label": "Maxentius", "section": "History - Rivalry between old Aquileia and Grado", "says": "After the death of Ursus, Maxentius solicited funds from Charlemagne's court to rebuild Aquileia."}, {"id": "Q152256", "label": "Conrad II", "section": "History - Rivalry between old Aquileia and Grado", "says": "Poppo, or Wolfgang (1019–1042), a familiar and minister of Emperor Conrad II, consecrated his own cathedral at Aquileia on 13 July 1031, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary."}, {"id": "Q702224", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "section": "History - Rivalry between old Aquileia and Grado", "says": "Poppo also managed to free the patriarch definitively from the Duchy of Carinthia and warred against Grado."}, {"id": "Q58559", "label": "Leo IX", "section": "History - Rivalry between old Aquileia and Grado", "says": "In 1063, however, Pope Leo IX declared Grado to have the supremacy, but Gotebald retained the support of Emperor Henry III."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Two powers of old Aquileia: ecclesiastical and temporal", "says": "In 1077, the patriarch Sieghard of Belstein received the ducal title of Friuli from German king Henry IV, an act traditionally regarded as the birth of the Patriarchal State of Aquileia, known in Italian as Patria del Friuli."}, {"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "History - Two powers of old Aquileia: ecclesiastical and temporal", "says": "Noblemen from the Patriarchal state were also protagonists in the Crusades."}, {"id": "Q150953", "label": "Henry VI", "section": "History - Two powers of old Aquileia: ecclesiastical and temporal", "says": "In 1186 Patriarch Godfrey crowned Frederick Barbarossa's son, Henry VI, in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan as King of Italy; in retaliation, Pope Urban III deposed him."}, {"id": "Q2591921", "label": "Wolfger von Erla", "section": "History - Two powers of old Aquileia: ecclesiastical and temporal", "says": "In the early 13th century, particularly under Wolfger von Erla (1204–1218) and Berthold (1218–1251), the Patriarchate had a flourishing industry and commerce, favoured by a good road network, as well as a notable cultural activity."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "History - Two powers of old Aquileia: ecclesiastical and temporal", "says": "However, late in the century, the Patriarchate had to face the increasing power of the Republic of Venice, as well as the inner strifes between its vassals, and also became entangled in the endless wars between Guelphs and Ghibellines."}, {"id": "Q150599", "label": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "History - Suppression of Grado and decline of old Aquileia", "says": "In 1623 provost of Aquileia Albert Pessler, on behalf of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, requested establishment of the Bishopric of Gorizia and removing the Austrian dioceses from jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia."}, {"id": "Q126711", "label": "Benedict XIV", "section": "History - Suppression of Grado and decline of old Aquileia", "says": "Finally, Benedict XIV was chosen as arbiter."}, {"id": "Q189366", "label": "John Brown", "section": "History - Titular see", "says": "As of 2014, the see is held by Charles John Brown, currently Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines, who was appointed to the see on 26 November 2011."}, {"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "History - Titular see", "says": "As of 2014, the see is held by Charles John Brown, currently Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines, who was appointed to the see on 26 November 2011."}], "Q886986": [{"id": "Q233573", "label": "Offa of Mercia", "section": "History - Kings of Lindsey", "says": "The Anglian collection of genealogies, which was created in the last years of the reign of Offa of Mercia, gives a pedigree for Aldfrið, presumed to have been ruler of Lindsey."}, {"id": "Q2308616", "label": "Frank Stenton", "section": "History - Kings of Lindsey", "says": "With regard to Aldfrið, Frank Stenton referred to the witness list for a charter which includes an \"Ealfrid rex\", and dated its writing to some time between the years 787 and 796."}], "Q1481436": [{"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 17th and 18th centuries Foix formed one of the thirty-three gouvernements, or military areas, of France and kept its provincial estates until the French Revolution."}, {"id": "Q200262", "label": "Kingdom of Navarre", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "Living on the borders of France, having constant interaction with the Kingdom of Navarre, and in frequent communication with England through Gascony and Aquitaine, they were in a position favorable to an assertion of independence, and acted more like the equals than the dependents of the kings of France."}, {"id": "Q51649", "label": "First Crusade", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "His grandson, Roger II, took part in the First Crusade in 1095 and was afterwards excommunicated by Pope Paschal II for seizing ecclesiastical property."}, {"id": "Q227967", "label": "Paschal II", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "His grandson, Roger II, took part in the First Crusade in 1095 and was afterwards excommunicated by Pope Paschal II for seizing ecclesiastical property."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "Roger-Bernard's only son, Raymond Roger, accompanied the French king, Philip Augustus, to Palestine in 1190 and distinguished himself at the capture of Acre."}, {"id": "Q219060", "label": "Palestine", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "Roger-Bernard's only son, Raymond Roger, accompanied the French king, Philip Augustus, to Palestine in 1190 and distinguished himself at the capture of Acre."}, {"id": "Q51657", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "He was afterwards engaged in the Albigensian Crusade defending the Cathars, and, on being accused of heresy, his lands were given to Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester."}, {"id": "Q180073", "label": "Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, Roger Bernard II the Great, who assisted Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, and the Albigenses in their resistance to the French kings, Louis VIII and Louis IX, was excommunicated on two occasions, and died in 1241."}, {"id": "Q61974", "label": "Louis IX", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "He was succeeded by his son, Roger Bernard II the Great, who assisted Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, and the Albigenses in their resistance to the French kings, Louis VIII and Louis IX, was excommunicated on two occasions, and died in 1241."}, {"id": "Q172203", "label": "Philip III of France", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "His son, Roger IV, died in 1265 and was succeeded by his son, Roger Bernard III who, more famous as a poet than as a warrior, was taken prisoner both by Philip III of France and by Peter III of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q312311", "label": "Peter III of Aragon", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "His son, Roger IV, died in 1265 and was succeeded by his son, Roger Bernard III who, more famous as a poet than as a warrior, was taken prisoner both by Philip III of France and by Peter III of Aragon."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "History - House of Foix", "says": "He married Marguerite, daughter and heiress of Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn, and he inherited Béarn and Nébouzan from his father-in-law in 1290, which led to the outbreak of a long feud between the Houses of Foix and Armagnac."}, {"id": "Q7126013", "label": "Jacquerie", "section": "History - House of Foix-Béarn", "says": "Returning to France around 1357, he delivered some noble ladies from the attacks of the adherents of the Jacquerie at Meaux, and was soon at war with the count of Armagnac."}, {"id": "Q32500", "label": "Charles V", "section": "History - House of Foix-Béarn", "says": "Early in 1380, the count was appointed governor of Languedoc, but when Charles VI succeeded Charles V as king later in the same year, this appointment was cancelled."}, {"id": "Q43082", "label": "Charles II of Navarre", "section": "History - House of Foix-Béarn", "says": "By Agnes, whom he divorced in 1373, he had an only son, Gaston, who is said to have been incited by his uncle, Charles II of Navarre, to poison his father, and who met his death in 1381."}, {"id": "Q43274", "label": "Charles III", "section": "History - House of Foix-Grailly", "says": "1382–1436), who succeeded to his father's lands and titles in 1412, had married Jeanne in 1402, daughter of Charles III, king of Navarre."}, {"id": "Q131581", "label": "Henry V of England", "section": "History - House of Foix-Grailly", "says": "Deserting the French cause, he then allied himself with Henry V of England."}, {"id": "Q372977", "label": "Gaston IV of Foix", "section": "History - House of Foix-Grailly", "says": "The next count was John's son, Gaston IV of Foix, who married Leonora (died 1479), a daughter of John, king of Aragon and Navarre."}, {"id": "Q8058", "label": "Louis XI of France", "section": "History - House of Foix-Grailly", "says": "In 1455 his father-in-law designated him as his successor in Navarre, and Louis XI of France gave him the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne, and made him his representative in Languedoc and Guyenne; but these marks of favor did not prevent him from joining a league against Louis in 1471."}, {"id": "Q133372", "label": "Charles VII of France", "section": "History - House of Foix-Grailly", "says": "His eldest son, Gaston, the husband of Madeleine, a daughter of Charles VII of France, died in 1470, and when Gaston IV died two years later, his lands descended to his grandson, Francis Phoebus (died 1483)."}, {"id": "Q363572", "label": "Francis Phoebus of Navarre", "section": "History - House of Foix-Grailly", "says": "His eldest son, Gaston, the husband of Madeleine, a daughter of Charles VII of France, died in 1470, and when Gaston IV died two years later, his lands descended to his grandson, Francis Phoebus (died 1483)."}, {"id": "Q58514", "label": "Louis XII of France", "section": "History - House of Foix-Grailly", "says": "A younger son of Count Gaston IV was John (died 1500), who received the viscounty of Narbonne from his father and married Marie, a sister of the French king Louis XII."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "History - Houses of Albret and the House of Bourbon", "says": "Henry III of Navarre became King Henry IV of France in 1589."}], "Q2272880": [{"id": "Q206789", "label": "Ghana Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "1456) was a state based in the Senegal River in modern-day  Senegal which was at its height in the 11th and 12th centuries, roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire."}, {"id": "Q392538", "label": "Battle of Sagrajas", "section": "History - Manna dynasty", "says": "4,000 black cavalrymen, of possible Takruri origin, were crucial to the Almoravid victory at the 1086 Battle of Sagrajas in Al-Andalus."}, {"id": "Q184536", "label": "Mali Empire", "section": "History - Vassalage and decline", "says": "Around 1286, the Mali Empire conquered Takrur and put it under a military dictatorship ruled by farba (governors), remembered locally as the Tonjon dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1683696", "label": "Diarra", "section": "History - Vassalage and decline", "says": "The region may also have been controlled by the Kingdom of Diarra."}], "Q2637089": [{"id": "Q162296", "label": "Robert Clive", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the siege of Calcutta in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by Robert Clive who defeated the last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757."}, {"id": "Q1998495", "label": "Siraj ud-Daulah", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the siege of Calcutta in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by Robert Clive who defeated the last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757."}, {"id": "Q203233", "label": "Battle of Plassey", "section": "lead", "says": "In the aftermath of the siege of Calcutta in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by Robert Clive who defeated the last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757."}, {"id": "Q642993", "label": "Shuja-ud-Daula", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India."}, {"id": "Q719449", "label": "Shah Alam II", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India."}, {"id": "Q2355467", "label": "Battle of Buxar", "section": "lead", "says": "The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the Anglo-Mysore War."}, {"id": "Q10088", "label": "Tipu Sultan", "section": "lead", "says": "The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the Anglo-Mysore War."}, {"id": "Q33296", "label": "Mughal Empire", "section": "History - Independent nawabs", "says": "The Bengal Subah was the wealthiest subah of the Mughal Empire."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Independent nawabs", "says": "Emperor Aurangzeb transferred Azim-us-Shan out of Bengal and into Bihar in 1703 as a result of the disputes."}, {"id": "Q559490", "label": "Farrukhsiyar", "section": "History - Independent nawabs", "says": "In 1717, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar recognized Khan as the hereditary Nawab Nazim."}, {"id": "Q83618", "label": "Maratha Empire", "section": "History - Maratha invasions of Bengal", "says": "The resurgent Maratha Empire launched raids against Bengal in the 18th century, which further added to the decline of the nawabs of Bengal."}, {"id": "Q2347909", "label": "East Bengal", "section": "History - Maratha invasions of Bengal", "says": "The Marathas committed many atrocities across Bengal causing many to flee from West Bengal to East Bengal."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "History - British influence and succession", "says": "He also feared invasions by the Durrani Empire from the north and Marathas from the west."}, {"id": "Q33143", "label": "Seven Years' War", "section": "History - British influence and succession", "says": "Britain and France were at the time pitted against each other in the Seven Years' War."}, {"id": "Q3332217", "label": "Gorkha Kingdom", "section": "History - British influence and succession", "says": "Mir Qasim also attacked the British-allied Gorkha Kingdom."}], "Q2742116": [{"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nationalist faction (Spanish: Bando nacional), also called the Rebel faction (Spanish: Bando sublevado) and Francoist faction (Spanish: Bando franquista), was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939."}, {"id": "Q178038", "label": "Second Spanish Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "It was composed of a variety of right-wing political groups that supported the Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azaña."}, {"id": "Q203708", "label": "Manuel Azaña", "section": "lead", "says": "It was composed of a variety of right-wing political groups that supported the Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azaña."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "lead", "says": "After the death of the faction's early leaders, General Francisco Franco, one of the members of the 1936 coup, headed the Nationalists throughout most of the war, and emerged as the dictator of Spain until his death in 1975."}, {"id": "Q41749", "label": "Joseph Goebbels", "section": "lead", "says": "The term Nationalists or Nationals (nacionales) was coined by Joseph Goebbels following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain Francisco Arranz requesting war materiel on 24 July 1936, in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany's help to the Spanish rebel military."}], "Q7135130": [{"id": "Q2039087", "label": "Chandelas of Jejakabhukti", "section": "lead", "says": "The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri, Chandelas of Jejakabhukti and other neighbouring kingdoms."}, {"id": "Q335362", "label": "Alauddin Khalji", "section": "lead", "says": "Mahalakadeva, the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the forces of Alauddin Khalji of Delhi in 1305, although epigraphic evidence suggests that the Paramara rule continued for a few years after his death."}, {"id": "Q5324", "label": "Gurjara-Pratihara", "section": "Origin", "says": "Another possibility is that the early Paramara rulers temporarily left their capital city of Dhara in Malwa for Gujarat because of a Gurjara-Pratihara invasion."}, {"id": "Q19663251", "label": "Jayasimha Siddharaja", "section": "Decline", "says": "Udayaditya's younger son Naravarman faced several defeats, losing to the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti and the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja."}, {"id": "Q336312", "label": "Iltutmish", "section": "Decline", "says": "The Sultan of Delhi Iltutmish captured Bhilsa during 1233-34 CE, but Devapala defeated the Sultanate's governor and regained control of Bhilsa."}], "Q13048507": [{"id": "Q256961", "label": "Electorate of Bavaria", "section": "lead", "says": "The group's dialect or language is known as Bavarian, native to Altbayern (\"Old Bavaria\"), roughly the territory of the historic Electorate of Bavaria in the 17th century."}, {"id": "Q213", "label": "Czech Republic", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "The name is Latinized from the ethnonym *Bajōwarjōz, meaning \"citizens of Bohemia\" from Proto-Germanic *Bajōhaimaz (Boiohaemum, Bohemia), meaning \"Boii home\", which was a term already mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania at the end of the 1st century AD, by which time parts of the Celtic Boii had already left the area, leaving it to be dominated by Suevic Germanic groups in close contact with the "}, {"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "They seem to have been closely related to the Lombards who were developing as a force to the east of them."}, {"id": "Q47261", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Duchy of Bavaria was a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, established in the 10th century, derived from an earlier duchy ruled by the Frankish Agilolfings during the 6th to 8th centuries."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Duchy of Bavaria was a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, established in the 10th century, derived from an earlier duchy ruled by the Frankish Agilolfings during the 6th to 8th centuries."}, {"id": "Q283627", "label": "Margraviate of Austria", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Margraviate of Austria was formed an eastern march to the Duchy of Bavaria in 976, and became a duchy in its own right, the Duchy of Austria, in 1156, in the 13th century falling under the dominion of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q3624335", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Margraviate of Austria was formed an eastern march to the Duchy of Bavaria in 976, and became a duchy in its own right, the Duchy of Austria, in 1156, in the 13th century falling under the dominion of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q65968", "label": "House of Habsburg", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "The Margraviate of Austria was formed an eastern march to the Duchy of Bavaria in 976, and became a duchy in its own right, the Duchy of Austria, in 1156, in the 13th century falling under the dominion of the House of Habsburg."}, {"id": "Q567719", "label": "Bavaria-Straubing", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Four Duchies (or \"partial duchies\", Teilherzogtümer) existed after the division of 1392: Lower Bavaria-Straubing, lower Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich."}, {"id": "Q571775", "label": "Bavaria-Ingolstadt", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Four Duchies (or \"partial duchies\", Teilherzogtümer) existed after the division of 1392: Lower Bavaria-Straubing, lower Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich."}, {"id": "Q552033", "label": "Bavaria-Munich", "section": "History - Holy Roman Empire", "says": "Four Duchies (or \"partial duchies\", Teilherzogtümer) existed after the division of 1392: Lower Bavaria-Straubing, lower Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich."}, {"id": "Q154195", "label": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "The Kingdom of Bavaria was established at the Peace of Pressburg (1805), in the wake of the French victory at Austerlitz."}, {"id": "Q44361", "label": "Ludwig I of Bavaria", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "Ludwig I of Bavaria changed his royal titles to Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and Count Palatinate of the Rhine."}], "Q1353951": [{"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "The colony quickly became a haven for Huguenots, and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567."}], "Q167134": [{"id": "Q229411", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 1394 by Khwajah-i-Jahan Malik Sarwar, a eunuch slave and former wazir of Sultan Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah, amidst the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate under ruling Tughlaq dynasty."}, {"id": "Q2681594", "label": "Mubarak Shah", "section": "Background", "says": "Malik Qaranfal became the next sultan with the title of Mubarak Shah."}, {"id": "Q4083686", "label": "Sultanate of Bengal", "section": "History - Ibrahim Shah", "says": "Under the aegis of a Muslim holy man named Nur Qutb Alam, he threatened the Sultanate of Bengal under Raja Ganesha."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Ibrahim Shah", "says": "But he did not treat Sultan Mahmud Shah well."}, {"id": "Q4060542", "label": "Alauddin Husain Shah", "section": "History - Hussain Shah", "says": "He fled to Kahalgaon in modern-day Bihar, where he was granted asylum by sultan Alauddin Husain Shah and spent his last days there."}], "Q1841483": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "Dutch Ceylon (Sinhala: ලන්දේසි ලංකාව; Tamil: ஒல்லாந்த இலங்கை) was a governorate established in present-day Sri Lanka by the Dutch East India Company."}, {"id": "Q1530762", "label": "Kingdom of Kandy", "section": "lead", "says": "Although the Dutch managed to capture most of the coastal areas in Sri Lanka, they were never able to control the Kingdom of Kandy located in the interior of the island."}, {"id": "Q3454159", "label": "Rajasinghe II of Kandy", "section": "History - The Portuguese", "says": "Kumarasinha was poisoned by Rajasinha before Senarat's death, which took place in 1635, and the youngest prince became the sole king as Rajasinha II. (1635–1687)."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - The Dutch and Portuguese", "says": "Portugal was at war with its ruler, the King of Spain."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - The Dutch and Portuguese", "says": "Slowly, the Dutch became the rulers of coastal and outer areas of Ceylon and Indonesia, and the Portuguese were left with smaller pieces of territory than those of the Dutch and the English."}, {"id": "Q377350", "label": "Iberian Union", "section": "History - Dutch–Portuguese War", "says": "From 1580 to 1640, the throne of Portugal was held by the Habsburg kings of Spain resulting in the biggest colonial empire until then (see Iberian Union)."}, {"id": "Q934238", "label": "Twelve Years' Truce", "section": "History - Dutch–Portuguese War", "says": "During the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–21) the Dutch made their navy a priority in order to devastate Spanish maritime trade — upon which much of Spain's economy depended — after the resumption of war."}, {"id": "Q377269", "label": "Dutch–Portuguese War", "section": "History - Dutch–Portuguese War", "says": "In the Dutch–Portuguese War that followed many erstwhile Portuguese possession fell into Dutch hands."}, {"id": "Q3504102", "label": "Battle of Guararapes", "section": "History - Dutch–Portuguese War", "says": "The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649."}, {"id": "Q221357", "label": "Dutch Brazil", "section": "History - Dutch–Portuguese War", "says": "Although Dutch Brazil was conquered, during the course of the 17th century the Dutch were able to occupy Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies, and to take over the trade with Japan at Nagasaki."}, {"id": "Q3916279", "label": "Portuguese Macau", "section": "History - Dutch–Portuguese War", "says": "Portugal's Asiatic territories were reduced to bases at Portuguese Macau,"}, {"id": "Q207318", "label": "French Revolutionary Wars", "section": "History - British takeover", "says": "In 1792, the French Revolutionary Wars broke out between Republican France and a coalition of European nations, which included the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - British takeover", "says": "In 1792, the French Revolutionary Wars broke out between Republican France and a coalition of European nations, which included the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "History - British takeover", "says": "The previous regime was replaced by the French-installed Batavian Republic, which served as a de facto French protectorate."}], "Q3497642": [{"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "Surrounded on the land side by the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, it was governed under a unique and complex system that involved several European nations, the United States (mainly after 1945), and the Sultan of Morocco, himself under a French protectorate."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "Background: early international governance in Tangier", "says": "By 1830, Denmark, France, Portugal, Sardinia, Spain, Sweden, Tuscany, the United Kingdom, and the United States all had consulates in Tangier."}, {"id": "Q1365493", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "section": "Background: early international governance in Tangier", "says": "Since the Moroccan legal regime applied Islamic law only to Muslims and Judaic law only to Jews, foreign representatives were kept under a derogatory legal status defined by successive bilateral agreements with the Makhzen, the oldest of which appears to have been concluded with the Republic of Pisa in 1358."}, {"id": "Q9089641", "label": "Treaty of Wad Ras", "section": "Background: early international governance in Tangier", "says": "Such bilateral arrangements, known as capitulations, were signed with France in 1767, the United Kingdom in 1856, and Spain in 1861 in the wake of the Treaty of Wad Ras."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "History - Paris Convention of 1923 and Protocol of 1928", "says": "The Paris Convention was proposed for ratification to the other powers that were party to the Algeciras Conference, except Germany, Austria and Hungary, disempowered by the peace treaties (respectively of Versailles, Saint-Germain and Trianon), and the Soviet Union, then estranged from the international system."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Paris Convention of 1923 and Protocol of 1928", "says": "It was ratified by Belgium (on 6 December 1924), Sweden, the Netherlands (on 5 October 1925), and eventually by Portugal (on 28 January 1926), putting an end to an awkward early period during which the Committee of Control practically could not reach a quorum."}, {"id": "Q48742118", "label": "Fascist Italy", "section": "History - Paris Convention of 1923 and Protocol of 1928", "says": "Fascist Italy had declined to ratify the Paris Convention as it insisted on equal status as a \"great Mediterranean power\" and was offended about not having been invited to the negotiation in Paris; the United States, meanwhile, preferred to keep their freedom of action."}, {"id": "Q782738", "label": "Rafael Sánchez Mazas", "section": "History - Spanish wartime occupation", "says": "Despite calls by the writer Rafael Sánchez Mazas and other Spanish nationalists to annex \"Tánger español\", the Francoist State publicly considered the occupation a temporary protection measure, occasionally presented as a way to shield Tangier against the risk of German or Italian invasion and thus safeguard Tangier's neutrality."}, {"id": "Q13474305", "label": "Francoist Spain", "section": "History - Postwar re-establishment", "says": "A quadripartite conference (France, Soviet Union, UK and United States) met in Paris in August 1945, with Francoist Spain excluded at Soviet insistence."}], "Q5311389": [{"id": "Q105098", "label": "Austrasia", "section": "lead", "says": "During the first half of the 6th century, Thuringia came under the supreme rule of Frankish kings, and was organized as an eastern frontier region of the Merovingian kingdom of Austrasia."}, {"id": "Q109860", "label": "Dagobert I", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established as a duchy about 631, by King Dagobert I, who appointed a local Thuringian noble Radulf as the first Duke of Thuringia."}, {"id": "Q31929", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was recreated within the Carolingian Empire, and then belonged to the East Frankish Realm."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Within the Holy Roman Empire, the territory was initially divided into several counties, held by various noble families, among whom the Ludovingians emerged as the most powerful."}, {"id": "Q156199", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "Further divisions and occasional conflicts within dynasties who held the landgravian domains also contributed to that process, particularly since Ludovingians died out in 1247, and the Thuringian Landgraviate passed to Wettins, who already held the neighboring March of Meissen, and later acquired the Electorate of Saxony (1423)."}, {"id": "Q682736", "label": "Ernest of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "When William III, Landgrave of Thuringia died in 1482, his domains and titles passed to his nephews, Prince-Elector Ernest of Saxony and Duke Albert III of Saxony, who concluded the Treaty of Leipzig (1485) and divided all Wettinian domains, including those in Thuringia, with both sides continuing to use the Thuringian landgravian title, that was kept in dyastic traditions of both Ernestine and Al"}, {"id": "Q560806", "label": "Albert III, Duke of Saxony", "section": "lead", "says": "When William III, Landgrave of Thuringia died in 1482, his domains and titles passed to his nephews, Prince-Elector Ernest of Saxony and Duke Albert III of Saxony, who concluded the Treaty of Leipzig (1485) and divided all Wettinian domains, including those in Thuringia, with both sides continuing to use the Thuringian landgravian title, that was kept in dyastic traditions of both Ernestine and Al"}, {"id": "Q314076", "label": "Treaty of Leipzig", "section": "lead", "says": "When William III, Landgrave of Thuringia died in 1482, his domains and titles passed to his nephews, Prince-Elector Ernest of Saxony and Duke Albert III of Saxony, who concluded the Treaty of Leipzig (1485) and divided all Wettinian domains, including those in Thuringia, with both sides continuing to use the Thuringian landgravian title, that was kept in dyastic traditions of both Ernestine and Al"}, {"id": "Q316892", "label": "Sigebert III", "section": "History - Duchy of Thuringia", "says": "However, according to the Chronicle of Fredegar, in 641/2 his victories \"turned his head\" (i.e., made him proud) and he rebelled against Dagobert's successor, King Sigebert III."}, {"id": "Q3301", "label": "Charles Martel", "section": "History - Duchy of Thuringia", "says": "A conflict with Charles Martel around 717–19 brought an end to autonomy."}, {"id": "Q43974", "label": "Louis the Pious", "section": "History - Duchy of Thuringia", "says": "In 839, upon the Worms partition of Carolingian realms, the Duchy of Thuringia with its marches was assigned by emperor Louis the Pious (d."}, {"id": "Q150735", "label": "Lothair I", "section": "History - Duchy of Thuringia", "says": "840) to his oldest son Lothair I, who later had to cede, under the Treaty of Verdun (843), all East Frankish territories, including Thuringia, to his younger brother Louis the German."}, {"id": "Q134840", "label": "Treaty of Verdun", "section": "History - Duchy of Thuringia", "says": "840) to his oldest son Lothair I, who later had to cede, under the Treaty of Verdun (843), all East Frankish territories, including Thuringia, to his younger brother Louis the German."}, {"id": "Q152463", "label": "Louis the German", "section": "History - Duchy of Thuringia", "says": "840) to his oldest son Lothair I, who later had to cede, under the Treaty of Verdun (843), all East Frankish territories, including Thuringia, to his younger brother Louis the German."}, {"id": "Q153080", "label": "East Francia", "section": "History - Landgraviate of Thuringia", "says": "A separate Thuringian stem duchy did not exist during the emergence of the German kingdom from East Francia in the 10th century."}, {"id": "Q168647", "label": "Henry II", "section": "History - Landgraviate of Thuringia", "says": "After his assassination 1002, Count William II of Weimar acted as Thuringian spokesman with King Henry II of Germany."}, {"id": "Q469643", "label": "Louis I", "section": "History - Landgraviate of Thuringia", "says": "Meanwhile, the Franconian aristocrat Louis the Springer (1042–1123) laid the foundations for the erection of Wartburg Castle, which became the residence of his descendants who, beginning with his son Louis I, served as Thuringian landgraves."}, {"id": "Q298945", "label": "Lothair II of Lotharingia", "section": "History - Landgraviate of Thuringia", "says": "A close ally of King Lothair II of Germany against the rising Hohenstaufen dynasty, he was appointed Landgrave of Thuringia in 1131."}, {"id": "Q271104", "label": "Andrew II of Hungary", "section": "History - Landgraviate of Thuringia", "says": "In the \"Golden Age\" under Hohenstaufen rule, Thuringia became a centre of Middle High German culture, epitomized by the legendary Sängerkrieg at the Wartburg, or the ministry of Saint Elizabeth, the daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary."}], "Q1476089": [{"id": "Q1072330", "label": "Treaty of Saint Clair-sur-Epte", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "Vexin was divided into two parts—the French Vexin in the east and the Norman Vexin in the west—under the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte on 11 July 911."}, {"id": "Q187519", "label": "Charles the Simple", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "King Charles the Simple ceded to the Norman leader Rollo the territory between the Epte in the north, the Avre in the south, and the sea, laying the groundwork for the future Duchy of Normandy, which included part of Vexin, while the remainder stayed under the French king's control."}, {"id": "Q842091", "label": "Duchy of Normandy", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "King Charles the Simple ceded to the Norman leader Rollo the territory between the Epte in the north, the Avre in the south, and the sea, laying the groundwork for the future Duchy of Normandy, which included part of Vexin, while the remainder stayed under the French king's control."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1031, Duke Robert I of Normandy aided King Henry I against a revolt led by the dowager queen, Constance of Arles, and was rewarded with the French Vexin between the Epte and Oise, including Pontoise."}, {"id": "Q58907", "label": "Philip I of France", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1082, King Philip I of France seized the opportunity to reclaim the French Vexin, previously granted by his father to the Duke of Normandy."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1193, King Philip II of France captured Gisors, gaining control of the entire Duchy of Normandy a decade later after the death of King Richard I of England, and stripped the last major Vexin feudal lord, the count of Meulan, who had backed the English king, of his lands."}, {"id": "Q42305", "label": "Richard I of England", "section": "History - Middle Ages", "says": "In 1193, King Philip II of France captured Gisors, gaining control of the entire Duchy of Normandy a decade later after the death of King Richard I of England, and stripped the last major Vexin feudal lord, the count of Meulan, who had backed the English king, of his lands."}, {"id": "Q936976", "label": "Henry IV of France", "section": "History - Renaissance", "says": "King Henry III, accompanied by Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, laid siege to Pontoise on 8 July 1589, after retaking Meulan."}, {"id": "Q60094", "label": "Henry IV", "section": "History - Renaissance", "says": "In 1594, Henry IV abjured Protestantism, prompting Pontoise to open its gates and restoring religious peace to Vexin."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "History - French Revolution and the 19th century", "says": "The French Revolution brought fewer upheavals to the Vexin than elsewhere, though the bourgeoisie grew wealthier by purchasing national property."}, {"id": "Q296", "label": "Claude Monet", "section": "History - French Revolution and the 19th century", "says": "Late in the century, landscape painters, followed by Impressionists, set up their easels in the Vexin countryside, especially along the Oise valley: Daubigny in Auvers-sur-Oise, then Pissarro in Pontoise and Éragny-sur-Epte, Claude Monet in Vétheuil, later joined by Cézanne and van Gogh in Auvers-sur-Oise, immortalizing the Vexin landscapes worldwide."}], "Q646390": [{"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Electorate of Salzburg (German: Kurfürstentum Salzburg or Kursalzburg) was an electoral principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from 1803 to 1805."}, {"id": "Q701614", "label": "Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established as the secular successor state to the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg following the German mediatisation of 1803 and was ruled by Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q309605", "label": "Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany", "section": "lead", "says": "It was established as the secular successor state to the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg following the German mediatisation of 1803 and was ruled by Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany."}, {"id": "Q131964", "label": "Austrian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Ferdinand III received the electoral title and ruled Salzburg until the territory was transferred to the Austrian Empire in 1805 following the Peace of Pressburg."}, {"id": "Q661340", "label": "Duchy of Salzburg", "section": "lead", "says": "The state was subsequently reorganized as the Duchy of Salzburg."}], "Q1929987": [{"id": "Q1529261", "label": "Tripolitania vilayet", "section": "lead", "says": "The Karamanli dynasty (also spelled Caramanli or Qaramanli) was an autonomous dynasty that ruled Ottoman Tripolitania from 1711 to 1835."}, {"id": "Q165198", "label": "Cyrenaica", "section": "lead", "says": "At its peak, the Karamanli dynasty's influence reached Cyrenaica and Fezzan, covering most of Libya."}, {"id": "Q3825115", "label": "Ahmed Karamanli", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the dynasty was Ahmed Karamanli, a descendant of the medieval Karamanids."}, {"id": "Q1469100", "label": "Beylik of Karaman", "section": "lead", "says": "The founder of the dynasty was Ahmed Karamanli, a descendant of the medieval Karamanids."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "The most well-known Karamanli ruler was Yusuf ibn Ali Karamanli who reigned from 1795 to 1832, who fought a war with the United States between 1801 and 1805."}, {"id": "Q2622048", "label": "Yusuf Karamanli", "section": "History - Tripolitanian civil war", "says": "The assassination of Hasan Bey in June 1790 by 'Ali's youngest son Yusuf Karamanli triggered a war of succession between Yusuf and Hamet Karamanli ('Ali's middle son, whom he appointed as bey after Hasan's death)."}, {"id": "Q11812", "label": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "History - Barbary Wars", "says": "In 1801, Yusuf demanded a tribute of $225,000 from United States President Thomas Jefferson."}, {"id": "Q2888407", "label": "Battle of Derna", "section": "History - Barbary Wars", "says": "After some initial military successes, most notably the capture of the USS Philadelphia, the pasha soon found himself threatened with invasion by American ground forces following the Battle of Derna and the reinstatement of his deposed brother, Hamet Karamanli, recruited by the American army officer William Eaton."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Trans-Saharan campaigns", "says": "In 1817, Muhammad al-Mukni, the Bey of Fezzan under Karamanli authority, obtained permission from Yusuf to assist Muhammad al-Kanimi, the de facto ruler of Kanem–Bornu, in the latter's war against the neighbouring kingdom of Baghirmi."}, {"id": "Q78994", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripolitania's economy began to crumble."}], "Q2347668": [{"id": "Q19878", "label": "Muammar Gaddafi", "section": "lead", "says": "Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état."}, {"id": "Q316408", "label": "Abu Nidal", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, openly supported foreign groups like the African National Congress, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Polisario Front and Moro National Liberation Front as well as militants such as Charles Taylor, Foday Sankoh, Abu Nidal and leaders across Africa such as Idi Amin, Jean-Bédel Bokassa and Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q162708", "label": "Jean-Bedel Bokassa", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, openly supported foreign groups like the African National Congress, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Polisario Front and Moro National Liberation Front as well as militants such as Charles Taylor, Foday Sankoh, Abu Nidal and leaders across Africa such as Idi Amin, Jean-Bédel Bokassa and Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q192512", "label": "Mengistu Haile Mariam", "section": "lead", "says": "During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, openly supported foreign groups like the African National Congress, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Polisario Front and Moro National Liberation Front as well as militants such as Charles Taylor, Foday Sankoh, Abu Nidal and leaders across Africa such as Idi Amin, Jean-Bédel Bokassa and Mengistu Haile Mariam."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "In the Middle East, he formed alliances with what the US then referred to as the \"Radical camp\", composed of Ba'athist Syria, Iran and South Yemen."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "lead", "says": "All of his actions led to a deterioration of Libya's foreign relations with several countries, mostly Western states and the Arab world, and culminated in the 1986 United States bombing of Libya as well as the support of Ba'athist Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Sudan towards Chad against Gaddafi."}, {"id": "Q4843701", "label": "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "section": "2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government", "says": "A renewed serious threat to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya came in February 2011, with the 2011 Libyan revolution."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government", "says": "Inspiration for the unrest is attributed to the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, connecting it with the wider Arab Spring."}, {"id": "Q2042", "label": "Charles de Gaulle", "section": "2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government", "says": "Eventually, the aircraft carriers USS Enterprise and Charles de Gaulle arrived off the coast and provided the enforcers with a rapid-response capability."}, {"id": "Q878102", "label": "Operation Odyssey Dawn", "section": "2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government", "says": "U.S. forces named their part of the enforcement action Operation Odyssey Dawn, meant to \"deny the Libyan regime from using force against its own people\" according to U.S."}], "Q248989": [{"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Poland's modern army was formed after Poland regained independence following World War I in 1918."}, {"id": "Q186284", "label": "Polish–Soviet War", "section": "History - 1918–1938", "says": "When Poland regained independence in 1918, it recreated its military which participated in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921, and in the two smaller conflicts ( Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–1919) and the Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920))."}, {"id": "Q842774", "label": "Polish–Ukrainian War", "section": "History - 1918–1938", "says": "When Poland regained independence in 1918, it recreated its military which participated in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921, and in the two smaller conflicts ( Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–1919) and the Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920))."}, {"id": "Q1495944", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian War", "section": "History - 1918–1938", "says": "When Poland regained independence in 1918, it recreated its military which participated in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921, and in the two smaller conflicts ( Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–1919) and the Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920))."}, {"id": "Q381859", "label": "Boris Savinkov", "section": "History - 1918–1938", "says": "Boris Savinkov was at the head of an army of 20,000 to 30,000 largely Russian POWs, and was accompanied by Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius."}, {"id": "Q189266", "label": "Eastern Front", "section": "History - 1939–1945", "says": "Two Polish armies, the First Army (Poland) and the Second Army fought with the Red Army on the Eastern Front, supported by some Polish Air Force elements."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - 1945–1989", "says": "In mid-1945, after the end of World War II, the Polish Army, as part of the overall armed forces, the People's Army of Poland, was divided into six (later seven) districts."}, {"id": "Q422493", "label": "Operation Vistula", "section": "History - 1945–1989", "says": "The culmination of the UPA suppression operation was the so-called 'Wisła Action' (Operation Vistula) which took place in 1947."}], "Q2662180": [{"id": "Q831218", "label": "Uyghur Khaganate", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by refugees fleeing the destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate after being driven out by the Yenisei Kirghiz."}, {"id": "Q83142", "label": "Yenisei Kirghiz", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by refugees fleeing the destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate after being driven out by the Yenisei Kirghiz."}], "Q590016": [{"id": "Q1152", "label": "Auvergne", "section": "lead", "says": "It is bounded on the north by Auvergne, on the south and southwest by Languedoc, on the east by Gévaudan and on the west by Quercy."}, {"id": "Q1334924", "label": "Treaty of Brétigny", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages Rouergue changed hands a number of times; its rulers included England (due to the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360), Armagnac and Languedoc."}, {"id": "Q676745", "label": "Armagnac", "section": "lead", "says": "During the Middle Ages Rouergue changed hands a number of times; its rulers included England (due to the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360), Armagnac and Languedoc."}], "Q606377": [{"id": "Q774", "label": "Guatemala", "section": "lead", "says": "They are one of the smallest Maya groups and have the lowest population; the few Itza descendants are settled in the town of San José, north of Lake Petén Itzá in the department of Petén, Guatemala, and are considered highly acculturated to mestizo society, with only 36 elderly people remaining as native speakers of the language."}], "Q1094394": [{"id": "Q8409", "label": "Alexander the Great", "section": "lead", "says": "Generally, colonies founded by the ancient Phoenicians, Carthage, Rome, Alexander the Great and his successors remained tied to their metropolis, though Greek colonies of the Archaic and Classical eras were sovereign and self-governing from their inception."}], "Q21000730": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan mujahideen or mujahidin were Islamist militant groups that fought against the Afghanistan government and the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent Afghan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q15180", "label": "Soviet Union", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan mujahideen or mujahidin were Islamist militant groups that fought against the Afghanistan government and the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent Afghan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q83085", "label": "Soviet-Afghan War", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan mujahideen or mujahidin were Islamist militant groups that fought against the Afghanistan government and the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent Afghan Civil War."}, {"id": "Q1341539", "label": "Saur Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The militants of the Afghan mujahideen were recruited and organized immediately after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, initially from the regular Afghan population and defectors from the Afghan military, with the aim of waging an armed struggle against both the communist government of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, which had taken power in the 1978 Saur Revolution, and "}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Afghan mujahideen were generally divided into two distinct alliances: the larger and more significant Sunni Islamic union collectively referred to as the \"Peshawar Seven\", based in Pakistan, and the smaller Shia Islamic union collectively referred to as the \"Octed Party\", based in Iran; as well as independent units that referred to themselves as \"mujahideen\"."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "The \"Peshawar Seven\" alliance received heavy assistance from the United States (Operation Cyclone), Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, as well as other countries and private international donors."}, {"id": "Q380474", "label": "Sibghatullah Mojaddedi", "section": "Origins and formation", "says": "Sibghatullah Mojaddedi, a leader of Islamic mysticism and a hazrat, was one of the original leaders of an organized anti-government armed group."}, {"id": "Q2013786", "label": "Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi", "section": "Origins and formation", "says": "Mawlawi Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi, a religious scholar and former member of parliament in the Kingdom, formed the Revolutionary Islamic Movement (Harakat-e-Inqilab-e-Islami); he was well known for assaulting prominent leftist Babrak Karmal inside the House of Representatives in 1966."}, {"id": "Q63827", "label": "Babrak Karmal", "section": "Origins and formation", "says": "Mawlawi Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi, a religious scholar and former member of parliament in the Kingdom, formed the Revolutionary Islamic Movement (Harakat-e-Inqilab-e-Islami); he was well known for assaulting prominent leftist Babrak Karmal inside the House of Representatives in 1966."}], "Q708821": [{"id": "Q47365", "label": "Marie Antoinette", "section": "lead", "says": "Upon the death of Prince Friedrich Günther in 1971, a claim to the headship of the house passed under Semi-Salic primogeniture to his elder sister, Princess Marie Antoinette of Schwarzburg who married Friedrich Magnus V, Count of Solms-Wildenfels."}], "Q1687929": [{"id": "Q12546", "label": "Crusades", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Jersika (Latin: Gerzika, terra Lettia; German: Gerzika, Zargrad; Russian: Герсикское княжество, Ерсикское княжество) was a medieval Latgalian principality in the east of modern-day Latvia, and one of the largest medieval states in Latvia before the Northern Crusades."}], "Q1716871": [{"id": "Q3040803", "label": "Duchy of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the house served as rulers of the Duchy of Anjou in the Kingdom of France, the County of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, and also as monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples, as well as lords of several other territories."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the house served as rulers of the Duchy of Anjou in the Kingdom of France, the County of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, and also as monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples, as well as lords of several other territories."}, {"id": "Q2991382", "label": "County of Provence", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the house served as rulers of the Duchy of Anjou in the Kingdom of France, the County of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, and also as monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples, as well as lords of several other territories."}, {"id": "Q12548", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Members of the house served as rulers of the Duchy of Anjou in the Kingdom of France, the County of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, and also as monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples, as well as lords of several other territories."}], "Q3125368": [{"id": "Q298678", "label": "Muhammad Ahmad ibn ʿAbdallah", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad (later Muhammad al-Mahdi) against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ruled Sudan since 1821."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad (later Muhammad al-Mahdi) against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ruled Sudan since 1821."}, {"id": "Q127861", "label": "Khedivate of Egypt", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad (later Muhammad al-Mahdi) against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ruled Sudan since 1821."}, {"id": "Q307678", "label": "Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mahdi did not live long after this victory, and his successor Abdallahi ibn Muhammad consolidated the new state, with administrative and judiciary systems based on their interpretation of Islamic law."}, {"id": "Q31944", "label": "Mahdist War", "section": "lead", "says": "Sudan's economy was destroyed during the Mahdist War and famine, war and disease reduced the population by more than half."}, {"id": "Q8680", "label": "British Empire", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1869, the Suez Canal opened and quickly became a key economic lifeline for the British Empire in India and the Far East."}, {"id": "Q310035", "label": "Charles George Gordon", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Meanwhile, Khedive Ismail appointed the Briton Charles George Gordon as governor-general of the Sudan."}, {"id": "Q1168043", "label": "Osman Digna", "section": "History - Muhammad Ahmad", "says": "Merchants and Arab tribes that had depended on the slave trade responded as well, along with the Hadendoa Beja, who were rallied to the Mahdi by an Ansar captain, Osman Digna."}, {"id": "Q87275", "label": "Rudolf Carl von Slatin", "section": "History - Advancing attacks", "says": "Baggara rebels under Rizeigat chief Madibo (Madibbu 'Ali) pledged themselves to the Mahdi and besieged Darfur's Governor-General Rudolf Carl von Slatin, an Austrian in the khedive's service, at Dara."}, {"id": "Q315659", "label": "Yohannes IV", "section": "History - Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "says": "For example, the Khalifa rejected an offer of an alliance against the Europeans by Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (1871–1889)."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "says": "For example, the Khalifa rejected an offer of an alliance against the Europeans by Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (1871–1889)."}, {"id": "Q1785947", "label": "Battle of Gallabat", "section": "History - Abdallahi ibn Muhammad", "says": "In March 1889, an Ethiopian force, commanded by the emperor, marched on Metemma; however, after Yohannes fell in the ensuing Battle of Gallabat, the Ethiopians withdrew."}, {"id": "Q1474791", "label": "Sultanate of Darfur", "section": "History - Holdouts and legacy", "says": "The reestablished Sultanate of Darfur consequently had to crush the Mahdist loyalists in a series of lengthy wars."}], "Q676745": [{"id": "Q2295939", "label": "Duchy of Gascony", "section": "lead", "says": "The County of Armagnac (US: , French: [aʁmaɲak] ; Gascon: Armanhac), situated between the Adour and Garonne rivers in the lower foothills of the Pyrenees, was a historic county of  the Duchy of Gascony, established in 601 in Aquitaine (now France)."}, {"id": "Q7738", "label": "Louis XV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1751, following the death of childless Charles de Lorraine, Comte d'Armagnac, the title of the county was absorbed into the Crown lands of France and the King, then Louis XV took the title of 'Count of Armagnac' (Comte d'Armagnac)."}], "Q7245120": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Upper Hungary (Hungarian: Felső-Magyarországi Fejedelemség; Slovak: Hornouhorské kniežatstvo; Turkish: Orta Macar) was a short-lived vassal state of the Ottoman Empire ruled by Emeric Thököly."}, {"id": "Q357151", "label": "Imre Thököly", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Upper Hungary (Hungarian: Felső-Magyarországi Fejedelemség; Slovak: Hornouhorské kniežatstvo; Turkish: Orta Macar) was a short-lived vassal state of the Ottoman Empire ruled by Emeric Thököly."}, {"id": "Q214", "label": "Slovakia", "section": "lead", "says": "It encompassed most of present-day Slovakia, part of present-day northeastern Hungary, and small parts of present-day western Ukraine and northern Romania."}, {"id": "Q133032", "label": "Hungarians", "section": "Background", "says": "After the Treaty of Vasvár was signed in 1664, loyalty felt by Hungarians towards the Habsburg dynasty was in decline."}], "Q977461": [{"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "He was one of Alexander the Great's generals, and appears to have enjoyed a high place in his confidence even before the death of Philip II, as he was one of those banished by that monarch (together with his brother Erigyius, Ptolemy, Nearchus, and others) for taking part in the intrigues of the young prince."}, {"id": "Q320132", "label": "Nearchus", "section": "lead", "says": "He was one of Alexander the Great's generals, and appears to have enjoyed a high place in his confidence even before the death of Philip II, as he was one of those banished by that monarch (together with his brother Erigyius, Ptolemy, Nearchus, and others) for taking part in the intrigues of the young prince."}, {"id": "Q41642", "label": "Phoenicia", "section": "lead", "says": "This he was still allowed to retain on the second partition at Triparadisus in 321 BC, but it was not long before the provinces of Phoenicia and Coele-Syria attracted the interest of his powerful neighbour Ptolemy."}, {"id": "Q202113", "label": "Perdiccas", "section": "lead", "says": "It is probable that Laomedon took part in the subsequent contest involving Alcetas, Attalus, and the other surviving partisans of Perdiccas against Antigonus, and shared in their final overthrow by Antigonus in 320 BC, but his individual fate is not mentioned."}], "Q106311455": [{"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Saint Sava (Serbo-Croatian: Vojvodstvo Svetog Save / Војводство Светог Саве) was a late medieval polity in southeastern Europe, that existed from 1448 up to 1482, when it was absorbed by the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q225", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "section": "lead", "says": "Their domains included southern parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, extending to southern parts of modern-day coastal Croatia, northwestern Montenegro and southwestern Serbia."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "Their domains included southern parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, extending to southern parts of modern-day coastal Croatia, northwestern Montenegro and southwestern Serbia."}, {"id": "Q1312266", "label": "Stjepan Vukčić Kosača", "section": "lead", "says": "Its founder, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača (duke since 1448), titled himself Herceg of Saint Sava, a title which would later give rise to the new name to the region: Herzegovina, and will be also used by the Ottomans as Hersek Sancağı (Sanjak of the Herzeg), designating the Sanjak of Herzegovina."}, {"id": "Q165983", "label": "Bayezid II", "section": "History - Fall of the Duchy", "says": "In attempt to gain support against Ottomans, duke Vlatko tried to strengthen his ties with the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Naples, thus provoking new sultan Bayezid II (1481–1512)."}], "Q1709007": [{"id": "Q854", "label": "Sri Lanka", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese Ceylon (Portuguese: Ceilão Português; Sinhala: පෘතුගීසි ලංකාව; Tamil: போர்த்துக்கேய இலங்கை) was the territory on Ceylon, modern-day Sri Lanka, controlled by the Portuguese Empire between 1597 and 1658."}, {"id": "Q200464", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Portuguese Ceylon (Portuguese: Ceilão Português; Sinhala: පෘතුගීසි ලංකාව; Tamil: போர்த்துக்கேய இலங்கை) was the territory on Ceylon, modern-day Sri Lanka, controlled by the Portuguese Empire between 1597 and 1658."}, {"id": "Q370824", "label": "Dharmapala of Kotte", "section": "lead", "says": "Direct Portuguese rule did not begin until after the death of Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir, and had bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch in 1580."}, {"id": "Q1589163", "label": "Kingdom of Kotte", "section": "lead", "says": "Direct Portuguese rule did not begin until after the death of Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir, and had bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch in 1580."}, {"id": "Q1530762", "label": "Kingdom of Kandy", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually, the Kingdom of Kandy sought help from the Dutch East India Company, with whom they initially entered into agreement."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Arrival and establishment of the Portuguese (1505–1543)", "says": "In 1505 King of Portugal instructed General Dom Francisco de Almeida to find the island of ''Seylan'' when he was appointed as the \"vice-rei\" (deputy king) of the East by the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q337066", "label": "Francisco de Almeida", "section": "History - Arrival and establishment of the Portuguese (1505–1543)", "says": "In 1505 King of Portugal instructed General Dom Francisco de Almeida to find the island of ''Seylan'' when he was appointed as the \"vice-rei\" (deputy king) of the East by the Portuguese."}, {"id": "Q2657862", "label": "Lourenço de Almeida", "section": "History - Arrival and establishment of the Portuguese (1505–1543)", "says": "When the Portuguese were trying to establish relations with Ceylon, Dom Lourenço de Almeida, son of Dom Francisco de Almeida, and others arrived by chance in 1505 AD."}], "Q2649311": [{"id": "Q46652", "label": "Malacca sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Malacca Sultanate fell to Portugal in 1511, Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Kampar, Sumatra, and died there in 1528."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Malacca Sultanate fell to Portugal in 1511, Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Kampar, Sumatra, and died there in 1528."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "lead", "says": "When the Malacca Sultanate fell to Portugal in 1511, Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Kampar, Sumatra, and died there in 1528."}], "Q2662372": [{"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Minsk was an appanage principality of the Principality of Polotsk and centered on the city of Minsk (today in Belarus)."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed from its founding in 1101 until it was nominally annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1242, and then fell under de facto annexation in 1326."}], "Q4807130": [{"id": "Q188553", "label": "Batavian Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "The Dutch Cape Colony (Dutch: Nederlandse Kaapkolonie), officially known as the Cape of Good Hope Waystation (Dutch: Tussenstation Kaap de Goede Hoop), was a colony of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Batavian Republic in Southern Africa."}, {"id": "Q1029", "label": "Mozambique", "section": "lead", "says": "As these farms were labour-intensive, Free Burghers imported slaves from Madagascar, Mozambique and Asia (mostly the Dutch East Indies and Dutch Ceylon), which rapidly increased the number of inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "As these farms were labour-intensive, Free Burghers imported slaves from Madagascar, Mozambique and Asia (mostly the Dutch East Indies and Dutch Ceylon), which rapidly increased the number of inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q1841483", "label": "Dutch Ceylon", "section": "lead", "says": "As these farms were labour-intensive, Free Burghers imported slaves from Madagascar, Mozambique and Asia (mostly the Dutch East Indies and Dutch Ceylon), which rapidly increased the number of inhabitants."}, {"id": "Q7742", "label": "Louis XIV of France", "section": "lead", "says": "After King Louis XIV of France issued the Edict of Fontainebleau in October 1685 (revoking the Edict of Nantes of 1598), thereby ending protection of the right of Huguenots in France to practise Protestant worship without persecution from the state, the Cape Colony attracted some Huguenot settlers, who eventually mixed with the general Dutch population."}, {"id": "Q101935", "label": "Huguenots", "section": "lead", "says": "After King Louis XIV of France issued the Edict of Fontainebleau in October 1685 (revoking the Edict of Nantes of 1598), thereby ending protection of the right of Huguenots in France to practise Protestant worship without persecution from the state, the Cape Colony attracted some Huguenot settlers, who eventually mixed with the general Dutch population."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "History - United East India Company", "says": "Traders of the United East India Company (VOC), under the command of Jan van Riebeeck, were the first people to establish a European colony in South Africa."}, {"id": "Q5043", "label": "Christianity", "section": "History - Khoi people of the Cape", "says": "The principles of Christianity were also introduced at the school resulting in the baptisms of many slaves and indigenous residents."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "In 1795, France occupied the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q1977699", "label": "Battle of Muizenberg", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored at Simon's Town and, following the defeat of the Dutch militia at the Battle of Muizenberg, took control of the territory."}, {"id": "Q112183", "label": "Treaty of Amiens", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "Improving relations between Britain and Napoleonic France, and its vassal state the Batavian Republic, led the British to hand the Cape Colony over to the Batavian Republic in 1803, under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens."}, {"id": "Q2786767", "label": "Battle of Blaauwberg", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "In 1806, the Cape, now nominally controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British after their victory in the Battle of Blaauwberg."}, {"id": "Q517", "label": "Napoleon", "section": "History - British conquest", "says": "The peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had broken after one year, while Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic (which he would replace with a monarchy later that year)."}], "Q489289": [{"id": "Q878952", "label": "Hugronaphor", "section": "lead", "says": "Ankhwennefer (Ancient Egyptian: ꜥnḫ-wnn-nfr \"May Onnophris live\"; Ancient Greek: Χαόννωφρις Khaónnōphris), also known as Ankhmakis/Ankhmakhis, Ankhonnophris, or Harmakhis, was the successor of Horwennefer, a rebel ruler who controlled much of Upper Egypt during the reigns of Ptolemies IV and V."}], "Q654380": [{"id": "Q39047075", "label": "Turk Shahi", "section": "lead", "says": "Kabul Shahi is a term used to denote two former non-Muslim dynasties based in Kabul:\n\nTurk Shahis (665–822 CE)\nHindu Shahis (822–1026 CE)"}, {"id": "Q4955540", "label": "Hindu Shahis", "section": "lead", "says": "Kabul Shahi is a term used to denote two former non-Muslim dynasties based in Kabul:\n\nTurk Shahis (665–822 CE)\nHindu Shahis (822–1026 CE)"}], "Q1042069": [{"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "The imams based their legitimacy on descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, mostly via al-Qasim ar-Rassi (d."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "It existed as a part of a number of different political systems/ruling dynasties between the ninth and sixteenth centuries, after which it became a part of the Ottoman Empire."}, {"id": "Q614141", "label": "Yufirids", "section": "History - Rivalries with other dynasties", "says": "Among the better known of these are the Yu'firids (847–997), the Najahids (1021–1158), the Sulayhids (1047–1138), the Zuray'ids (1080–1174), and the Hatimids (1098–1174)."}, {"id": "Q1411866", "label": "Najahids", "section": "History - Rivalries with other dynasties", "says": "Among the better known of these are the Yu'firids (847–997), the Najahids (1021–1158), the Sulayhids (1047–1138), the Zuray'ids (1080–1174), and the Hatimids (1098–1174)."}, {"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "History - Rivalries with other dynasties", "says": "It was during this period, when the Fatimid Caliphate was influential, that a portion of the population was converted to Isma'ilism."}, {"id": "Q199841", "label": "South Yemen", "section": "History - The Qasimid state", "says": "For a time, the imams ruled a comprehensive territory, including South Yemen and areas even further to the east."}, {"id": "Q580188", "label": "Kingdom of Yemen", "section": "History - The Qasimid state", "says": "The occupants were eventually driven out by 1918, by a Qasimid side-branch which inaugurated the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen."}, {"id": "Q400961", "label": "Ahmad bin Yahya", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "Yahya bin Muhammad Hamid ad-Din and his son Ahmad bin Yahya created a kingdom there, much as the kings of England and France had done centuries earlier."}, {"id": "Q851", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "Marked by the revolution that began it, this period witnessed a lengthy civil war between Yemeni republican forces, based in the cities and supported by Egypt, and the royalist supporters of the deposed imam, backed by Saudi Arabia and Jordan."}, {"id": "Q39524", "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "In 1965 Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser met with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia to consider a possible settlement to the civil war."}, {"id": "Q217167", "label": "King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud", "section": "History - Modern history", "says": "In 1965 Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser met with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia to consider a possible settlement to the civil war."}], "Q1064034": [{"id": "Q4461035", "label": "Akkadian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Gutian dynasty came to power in Mesopotamia near the end of the 3rd millennium BC, after the decline and fall of the Akkadian Empire."}, {"id": "Q723587", "label": "Third Dynasty of Ur", "section": "lead", "says": "2112 – 2094 BC), founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur."}], "Q1530838": [{"id": "Q167639", "label": "Vijayanagara Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded by Nagama Nayak's son Viswanatha Nayak around 1529 as a viceroyalty under the Vijayanagara Empire."}, {"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "History - Foundation (1529—1564)", "says": "During the late 1520s, regional unrest escalated when local commanders allied with Travancore and Nagama began to defy orders from the capital."}, {"id": "Q592872", "label": "Aliya Rama Raya", "section": "History - Consolidation and the Palayam system (1564–1601)", "says": "In 1544, Viswanatha supported imperial forces led by Rama Raya in subduing Travancore for unpaid tribute."}, {"id": "Q1362188", "label": "Battle of Talikota", "section": "History - Consolidation and the Palayam system (1564–1601)", "says": "In 1565, Krishanppa dispatched a military detachment to support the imperial army at the Battle of Talikota, but the contingent failed to arrive in time."}, {"id": "Q266923", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "section": "History - Expansion and Autonomy (1601–1623)", "says": "In 1620, an invasion of Dindigul by the Kingdom of Mysore was repulsed by Nayaka forces supported by local southern palayakkarars."}, {"id": "Q19805959", "label": "Golconda Sultanate", "section": "History - Reign of Tirumala Nayaka (1623–1659)", "says": "To counter Sriranga III, Tirumala invited the intervention of Golconda Sultanate, which besieged Vellore and forced Sriranga III to retreat."}, {"id": "Q83821", "label": "Bijapur Sultanate", "section": "History - Reign of Tirumala Nayaka (1623–1659)", "says": "Goldonda occupied Vellore around 1646, while the Bijapur Sultanate captured Gigee in 1649 before Madurai troops could intervene."}], "Q6093359": [{"id": "Q187336", "label": "Giuseppe Mazzini", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian nationalism is often thought to trace its origins to the Renaissance, but only arose as a political force in the 1830s under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian nationalism became strong again in World War I with Italian irredentist claims to territories held by Austria-Hungary, and during the era of Italian Fascism."}, {"id": "Q28513", "label": "Austria–Hungary", "section": "lead", "says": "Italian nationalism became strong again in World War I with Italian irredentist claims to territories held by Austria-Hungary, and during the era of Italian Fascism."}, {"id": "Q1401", "label": "Petrarch", "section": "History - Renaissance to 19th century", "says": "In 1344 Petrarch wrote the famous patriotic canzone “Italia mia” (Rime 128), in which he railed against the warring petty lords of Italy for having yielded the country up to barbarian German fury (ʻla tedesca rabbia’, line 35) and called for peace and unification."}, {"id": "Q273348", "label": "Italian Wars", "section": "History - Renaissance to 19th century", "says": "The status quo established at Lodi lasted until 1494, when French troops intruded into Italian affairs under Charles VIII, initiating the Italian Wars."}, {"id": "Q1399", "label": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "section": "History - Renaissance to 19th century", "says": "The Renaissance-era diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli, in his work The Prince (1532), appealing to Italian patriotism urged Italians \"to seize Italy and free her from the Barbarians\", by which he referred to the foreign powers occupying the Italian peninsula."}, {"id": "Q131719", "label": "The Prince", "section": "History - Renaissance to 19th century", "says": "The Renaissance-era diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli, in his work The Prince (1532), appealing to Italian patriotism urged Italians \"to seize Italy and free her from the Barbarians\", by which he referred to the foreign powers occupying the Italian peninsula."}, {"id": "Q80516", "label": "Julius II", "section": "History - Renaissance to 19th century", "says": "During the Italian Wars Pope Julius II (1503–1513) made every effort to forge Italian alliances to drive the enemy – in his time the French – out of the country."}, {"id": "Q378706", "label": "Vincenzo Gioberti", "section": "History - 1830s to 1848", "says": "Vincenzo Gioberti in 1843 in his book On the Civil and Moral Primacy of the Italians, advocated a federal state of Italy led by the Pope."}, {"id": "Q166092", "label": "Camillo Benso di Cavour", "section": "History - 1830s to 1848", "says": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, the future Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia and afterwards the Kingdom of Italy, worked as an editor for the nationalist Italian newspaper Il Risorgimento in the 1840s."}, {"id": "Q1042024", "label": "Carlo Cattaneo", "section": "History - 1830s to 1848", "says": "Prior to the revolutions of 1848, Carlo Cattaneo advocated an economic federation of Italy."}, {"id": "Q1163753", "label": "Daniele Manin", "section": "History - Revolutions of 1848 to Risorgimento (1859 to 1870)", "says": "Following the Revolutions of 1848 and the liberalization of press laws, the Italian nationalist organization, called the Italian National Society, was created in 1857 by Daniele Manin and Giorgio Pallevicino."}, {"id": "Q539", "label": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "section": "History - Revolutions of 1848 to Risorgimento (1859 to 1870)", "says": "The statesman Daniele Manin seems to have believed in Italian unification years before Camillo Benso of Cavour, who actually unified the country with Giuseppe Garibaldi through diplomatic and military actions."}, {"id": "Q332626", "label": "Francesco Crispi", "section": "History - Post-Risorgimento, World War I and aftermath (1870 to 1922)", "says": "In these years, one of the most prominent political figures was Francesco Crispi, whose actions as prime minister were characterised by a nationalism that often appeared as a form of obsession for the national unity and defence from hostile foreign countries."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "History - Post-Risorgimento, World War I and aftermath (1870 to 1922)", "says": "Italy managed to colonize the East African coast of Eritrea and Somalia, but failed to conquer Ethiopia with 15,000 Italians dying in the war and being forced to retreat."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Post-Risorgimento, World War I and aftermath (1870 to 1922)", "says": "Then, Italy waged war with the Ottoman Empire from 1911 to 1912 and gained Libya and the Dodecanese Islands from Turkey."}, {"id": "Q11031", "label": "Vilfredo Pareto", "section": "History - Post-Risorgimento, World War I and aftermath (1870 to 1922)", "says": "Tired of the internal conflicts in Italy, a movement of bourgeois intellectuals led by Gabriele d'Annunzio, Gaetano Mosca, and Vilfredo Pareto declared war on the parliamentary system, and their position gained respect among Italians."}, {"id": "Q2660567", "label": "Enrico Corradini", "section": "History - Post-Risorgimento, World War I and aftermath (1870 to 1922)", "says": "The Italian Nationalist Association (ANI) was founded in Florence in 1910 by the jingoist nationalist Enrico Corradini who emphasized the need for martial heroism, of total sacrifice of individualism and equality to one's nation, the need of discipline and obedience in society, the grandeur and power of ancient Rome, and the need for people to live dangerously."}, {"id": "Q23559", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "The seizure of power by the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and his development of a fascist totalitarian state in Italy involved appeal to Italian nationalism, seeking to expand Italian possessions via irredentist claims based on the legacy of the Roman and Venetian empires."}, {"id": "Q7318", "label": "Nazi Germany", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q29179", "label": "Francisco Franco", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q10859", "label": "Spanish Civil War", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "Third was Mussolini's promise to restore the pride and glory of the Roman Empire."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "To the south, the Fascists claimed Malta, which belonged to the United Kingdom, and Corfu, which belonged to Greece, to the north claimed Italian Switzerland, while to the west claimed Corsica, Nice and Savoy, which belonged to France."}, {"id": "Q39", "label": "Switzerland", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "To the south, the Fascists claimed Malta, which belonged to the United Kingdom, and Corfu, which belonged to Greece, to the north claimed Italian Switzerland, while to the west claimed Corsica, Nice and Savoy, which belonged to France."}, {"id": "Q36704", "label": "Yugoslavia", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "Mussolini sought to build closer relations with Germany and the United Kingdom while showing hostility towards France and Yugoslavia."}, {"id": "Q933745", "label": "Treaty of Osimo", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "After the Treaty of Paris (1947) and the Treaty of Osimo (1975), all territorial claims were abandoned by the Italian Republic (see Foreign relations of Italy)."}, {"id": "Q723118", "label": "Italian Republic", "section": "History - Fascism and World War II (1922 to 1945)", "says": "After the Treaty of Paris (1947) and the Treaty of Osimo (1975), all territorial claims were abandoned by the Italian Republic (see Foreign relations of Italy)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Post–World War II and current situation", "says": "After the fall of Fascism and following the birth of the Republic, the interest in Italian nationalism by scholars, politicians and the masses was relatively low, mainly because of its close relation with Fascism and consequently with bad memories of World War II."}, {"id": "Q11860", "label": "Silvio Berlusconi", "section": "History - Post–World War II and current situation", "says": "In 1995 the MSI developed in the Alleanza Nazionale and was in the Berlusconi governments of Italy: the party was part of all three House of Freedoms coalition governments led by Silvio Berlusconi."}, {"id": "Q1224", "label": "Carlo Azeglio Ciampi", "section": "History - Post–World War II and current situation", "says": "The President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi has often praised patriotism among Italians by mentioning in his speeches national events, including the Risorgimento or the Resistenza, and national symbols like the Flag of Italy and the National Anthem, although he seems to want to stress self-confidence rather than plain nationalism."}], "Q2070440": [{"id": "Q4712", "label": "Duchy of Burgundy", "section": "lead", "says": "The county has frequently been associated with the neighboring Duchy of Burgundy; it was included among the lands and titles held by Duke Henry I of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q367571", "label": "Henry I", "section": "lead", "says": "The county has frequently been associated with the neighboring Duchy of Burgundy; it was included among the lands and titles held by Duke Henry I of Burgundy."}, {"id": "Q298892", "label": "Philip the Bold", "section": "lead", "says": "Nevers came under the rule of the count of Flanders in the 14th century, and from there, into the possessions of Duke Philip the Bold of Burgundy, briefly reuniting the two lands."}, {"id": "Q318865", "label": "Philippus II", "section": "lead", "says": "Philip's younger son Philip II was granted the County of Nevers, passing later into the possession of a cadet branch of the dukes of Cleves."}, {"id": "Q969113", "label": "Louis Gonzaga", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1565 Louis Gonzaga became duke of Nivernais by marriage with Henriette of Cleves."}, {"id": "Q166056", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "section": "lead", "says": "His successor Charles II sold the duchy to Cardinal Mazarin."}, {"id": "Q6534", "label": "French Revolution", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy survived until the French Revolution, the last duke being Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini, who lost his title in the Revolution, but survived the Reign of Terror to die of natural causes in 1798."}], "Q2379418": [{"id": "Q2608489", "label": "Aztec Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Classic Veracruz culture is sometimes associated with the Totonacs, who were occupying this territory at the time of the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire."}], "Q2658979": [{"id": "Q1406298", "label": "Serbian Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "It was later, however, in the 2nd half of the 14th century that these principalities became stronger, especially with the fall of the Serbian Empire after 1355."}, {"id": "Q669241", "label": "League of Lezhë", "section": "lead", "says": "Some of these principalities were notably united in 1444 under the military alliance called League of Lezhë up to 1480 which defeated the Ottoman Empire in more than 28 battles."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Some of these principalities were notably united in 1444 under the military alliance called League of Lezhë up to 1480 which defeated the Ottoman Empire in more than 28 battles."}, {"id": "Q221", "label": "North Macedonia", "section": "lead", "says": "They covered modern day Albania, western and central Kosovo, Epirus, areas up to Corinth, western North Macedonia, southern Montenegro."}, {"id": "Q236", "label": "Montenegro", "section": "lead", "says": "They covered modern day Albania, western and central Kosovo, Epirus, areas up to Corinth, western North Macedonia, southern Montenegro."}], "Q3048747": [{"id": "Q112128", "label": "Husayn ibn Ali", "section": "lead", "says": "It was founded in 1771 by Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Ibni Alhabib Husein bin Ahmad Alkadrie, a descendant of Husayn ibn Ali, in the area of the mouth of the triple junction of the small Kapuas River and the porcupine river which included a small area ceded by the Sultan of Banten to the Dutch VOC."}, {"id": "Q1517159", "label": "Hadhramaut", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "The Pontianak Sultanate was founded in 1771 by explorers from Hadhramaut led by al-Sayyid Syarif Abdurrahman al-Kadrie, a son of a Hadramaut Arab cleric from the Mempawah Kingdom and descendant of Imam Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq, on Wednesday, 23 October 1771 (14 Rajab 1185 H) which was marked by clearing the forest at the junction of the Landak River, Kapuas Kecil River, and Kapuas Besar "}, {"id": "Q19746028", "label": "Mempawah Kingdom", "section": "History - Founding", "says": "The Pontianak Sultanate was founded in 1771 by explorers from Hadhramaut led by al-Sayyid Syarif Abdurrahman al-Kadrie, a son of a Hadramaut Arab cleric from the Mempawah Kingdom and descendant of Imam Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq, on Wednesday, 23 October 1771 (14 Rajab 1185 H) which was marked by clearing the forest at the junction of the Landak River, Kapuas Kecil River, and Kapuas Besar "}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Japanese occupation", "says": "On 28 June 1944, the Japanese killed Sultan Syarif Muhammad along with several family members and relatives of the sultanate, traditional leaders, scholars, and community leaders of Pontianak."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "History - After the proclamation of independence", "says": "After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, at the initiative of Sultan Hamid II, the Pontianak Sultanate and the Malay sultanates in West Kalimantan joined the Republic of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - After the proclamation of independence", "says": "Sultan Hamid II designed the national emblem of indonesia, Garuda Pancasila, and adopted it as the national emblem of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "History - After the proclamation of independence", "says": "On 28 October 1946, the Civil Government of the Dutch East Indies as the Council of West Borneo formed the Special Region of West Kalimantan and was granted the status of Special Region on 12 May 1947."}], "Q3402317": [{"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "There are a small number of Tümeds in Ömnögovi Aimag, Mongolia."}, {"id": "Q720", "label": "Genghis Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1207, Genghis Khan, after conquering the Khori-Tumed, decided to move some of these groups south and these people eventually settled in the southern parts of the Great Gobi Desert."}, {"id": "Q4332415", "label": "Four Oirats", "section": "lead", "says": "They raided the Ming dynasty and attacked the Four Oirats."}, {"id": "Q17427", "label": "Chinese Communist Party", "section": "lead", "says": "Ulanhu (1906–1988), a Tumed Mongol born near Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, who dominated the politics of the region until his death in 1989, and was the highest-ranking Mongol in the Chinese Communist Party."}], "Q5316729": [{"id": "Q46798", "label": "Ahmed Shahe Durrani", "section": "lead", "says": "The Durrani dynasty, also called the Sadozai dynasty, was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Durrani dynasty, also called the Sadozai dynasty, was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan."}, {"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "He united all Pashtun tribes and created the Durrani Empire. which at its peak included the modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, as well as some parts of northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir Valley."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "lead", "says": "He united all Pashtun tribes and created the Durrani Empire. which at its peak included the modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, as well as some parts of northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir Valley."}, {"id": "Q874", "label": "Turkmenistan", "section": "lead", "says": "He united all Pashtun tribes and created the Durrani Empire. which at its peak included the modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, as well as some parts of northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir Valley."}, {"id": "Q485547", "label": "Aurangzeb", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "The Mughal power in northern India had been declining since the reign of Aurangzeb, who died in 1707; In 1751–52, Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa."}, {"id": "Q7283047", "label": "Raghunathrao", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao."}, {"id": "Q1259218", "label": "Third Battle of Panipat", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "As far as losses are concerned, Afghans too suffered heavily in the Third Battle of Panipat."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Rise", "says": "The Durrani was the second largest Islamic empire in the world, behind the Ottoman Empire at that time."}], "Q5349053": [{"id": "Q182266", "label": "Xiang Yu", "section": "lead", "says": "The historiographical term \"Eighteen Kingdoms\" (Chinese: 十八國), also translated as \"Eighteen States\", refers to the eighteen fengjian states in China created by military leader Xiang Yu in 206 BCE, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty."}, {"id": "Q1151705", "label": "Chu–Han Contention", "section": "lead", "says": "The establishment and abolition of the Eighteen Kingdoms marked the beginning and end of a turbulent interregnum known as the Chu–Han Contention."}], "Q911440": [{"id": "Q7968690", "label": "War of the Heavenly Horses", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Prior to the establishment of the protectorate, there was a preceding post known as the \"Colonel [for the Assistance of Imperial] Envoys\" that was established a year after the War of the Heavenly Horses ended in 101 BC."}, {"id": "Q1069829", "label": "Later Han dynasty", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Lúntái 輪臺 (Minimal Old Chinese *run-də̂, Later Han luin-də), formerly transcribed Lúntóu 侖頭 (Minimal Old Chinese *run-dô, Later Han *luin-do), had been earlier destroyed by the Chinese general Lǐ Guǎnglì 李廣利 in 102 BCE."}, {"id": "Q7268", "label": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 45 CE, the eighteen states of the Western Regions requested the re-establishment of the protectorate to restore peace to the region, but Emperor Guangwu of Han refused."}, {"id": "Q7271", "label": "Emperor Ming of Han", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 74 CE, Emperor Ming of Han and his successor awarded the position of protector-general (now with administrative obligations as well) to general Chen Mu."}, {"id": "Q366132", "label": "Ban Chao", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "In 83 CE, the office of Chief Official of the Western Regions was established and awarded to Ban Chao."}], "Q207017": [{"id": "Q614141", "label": "Yufirids", "section": "Decline", "says": "The Yufirids again attacked in 989 and burnt Zabid."}], "Q2631829": [{"id": "Q12544", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "section": "Background", "says": "At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the Byzantine Empire went into dramatic decline."}, {"id": "Q37063", "label": "Andronikos III Palaiologos", "section": "Background", "says": "John Kantakouzenos, after the death of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos was the effective regent for the latter's infant son, John V."}, {"id": "Q454013", "label": "John V", "section": "Background", "says": "John Kantakouzenos, after the death of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos was the effective regent for the latter's infant son, John V."}, {"id": "Q11772", "label": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Background", "says": "In addition, contemporary Byzantine society was also divided on religious issues, between the mysticist Hesychasts or Palamites and the intellectuals or Barlaamites, who preferred to pursue the study of philosophy and cherished the inheritance of Ancient Greece."}], "Q3932090": [{"id": "Q188586", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Africa was an extension of the frontier zone of the Kingdom of Sicily in the former Roman province of Africa (Ifrīqiya in Arabic), corresponding to Tunisia and parts of Algeria and Libya today."}, {"id": "Q2573366", "label": "Wilhelm I. von Straßburg", "section": "lead", "says": "Early in the reign of William I, the Kingdom of Africa fell to the Almohad Caliphate (1158–1160)."}, {"id": "Q199688", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Early in the reign of William I, the Kingdom of Africa fell to the Almohad Caliphate (1158–1160)."}, {"id": "Q4948", "label": "Republic of Venice", "section": "Background", "says": "And according to the Erfurt chronicles, at the Diet of Merseburg in 1135, a delegation from the Republic of Venice complained to the Emperor Lothair III that Roger had seized Africa, \"one third of the world\", from the king of Gretia (Greece)."}, {"id": "Q77189", "label": "Lothair III", "section": "Background", "says": "And according to the Erfurt chronicles, at the Diet of Merseburg in 1135, a delegation from the Republic of Venice complained to the Emperor Lothair III that Roger had seized Africa, \"one third of the world\", from the king of Gretia (Greece)."}, {"id": "Q10406562", "label": "Almohads", "section": "Rise and fall of Norman rule in Africa", "says": "A final peace with the Almohads was not signed until 1180, when a Sicilian naval vessel intercepted a ship bearing the daughter of the caliph Yūsuf to Spain."}, {"id": "Q367387", "label": "William II of Sicily", "section": "Rise and fall of Norman rule in Africa", "says": "After the treaty, the Sicilians and Almohads exhibited a shared interest in stemming the expansion of Ayyubid Egypt, and William II of Sicily turned his attention (1180–82) to the piracy of the Banū Jānīyah who ruled the Balearics and were avowed enemies of the Almohads."}, {"id": "Q353193", "label": "Andrea Dandolo", "section": "Rise and fall of Norman rule in Africa", "says": "Andrea Dandolo referred to the legend of the sword, which was apparently well known in fourteenth-century Venice."}, {"id": "Q115", "label": "Ethiopia", "section": "Rise and fall of Norman rule in Africa", "says": "The anonymous poet refers to Roger II as \"ruler of Italy and Sicily, Africa, Greece and Syria\" and suggests that Persia, Ethiopia and Germany fear him."}], "Q4115680": [{"id": "Q42834", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than settlements in western Europe."}, {"id": "Q2277", "label": "Roman Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Many of these cities were survivors of earlier Etruscan, Umbrian and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire."}], "Q5588642": [{"id": "Q152378", "label": "Ismail Haniyeh", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hamas administration was first led by Ismail Haniyeh from June 2007 until February 2017; then by Yahya Sinwar until his killing in October 2024; then by Mohammed Sinwar until his assassination in May 2025; then by Izz al-Din al-Haddad until his assassination in May 2026; then by Mohammed Odeh until his assassination the same month."}, {"id": "Q22690797", "label": "Yahya Sinwar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hamas administration was first led by Ismail Haniyeh from June 2007 until February 2017; then by Yahya Sinwar until his killing in October 2024; then by Mohammed Sinwar until his assassination in May 2025; then by Izz al-Din al-Haddad until his assassination in May 2026; then by Mohammed Odeh until his assassination the same month."}, {"id": "Q6879176", "label": "Mohammed Sinwar", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hamas administration was first led by Ismail Haniyeh from June 2007 until February 2017; then by Yahya Sinwar until his killing in October 2024; then by Mohammed Sinwar until his assassination in May 2025; then by Izz al-Din al-Haddad until his assassination in May 2026; then by Mohammed Odeh until his assassination the same month."}, {"id": "Q127998", "label": "Mahmoud Abbas", "section": "lead", "says": "After the full takeover of the Gaza Strip by Hamas on 15 June 2007, PA president Mahmoud Abbas dismissed the Hamas-led government and appointed Salam Fayyad as prime minister."}, {"id": "Q30", "label": "United States", "section": "History - Prelude to division", "says": "Israel and the Quartet—comprising the United States, the European Union, Russia and the United Nations—demanded that the new Hamas government accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence; when Hamas refused, they cut off aid to the Palestinian Authority."}, {"id": "Q46930", "label": "Khaled Mashal", "section": "History - Prelude to division", "says": "The agreement was signed by Mahmoud Abbas on behalf of Fatah and Khaled Mashal on behalf of Hamas."}, {"id": "Q1231054", "label": "Battle of Gaza", "section": "History - Takeover by Hamas", "says": "However, many Fatah members fled the Gaza Strip to the West Bank, and Fatah gunmen stormed Hamas-led institutions in the West Bank after the Battle of Gaza."}, {"id": "Q970706", "label": "Saeb Erekat", "section": "History - Takeover by Hamas", "says": "Palestinian legislator Saeb Erekat said the PA officially has no control in the Gaza Strip."}, {"id": "Q65055", "label": "Ahmed Jabari", "section": "History - Internal and external conflicts", "says": "Reports in March 2010 suggested that Ahmed Jabari described the security situation in Gaza as deteriorating, and that Hamas was starting to lose control."}, {"id": "Q33761", "label": "Arab Spring", "section": "History - During the Arab Spring", "says": "Hamas praised the Arab Spring, but its offices in Damascus were directly affected by the Syrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q178810", "label": "Syrian Civil War", "section": "History - During the Arab Spring", "says": "Hamas praised the Arab Spring, but its offices in Damascus were directly affected by the Syrian Civil War."}, {"id": "Q201190", "label": "Palestinians", "section": "History - During the Arab Spring", "says": "Following the events of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, and the consequent election of an Islamist president in Egypt, Hamas relations with Egypt improved, and in 2012 Egypt eased the permit requirements for Palestinians from Gaza entering through the Rafah crossing."}, {"id": "Q723506", "label": "Yoav Gallant", "section": "History - Gaza war", "says": "According to media reports, defense minister Yoav Gallant opposed the idea of Israeli military government."}], "Q1050942": [{"id": "Q11680900", "label": "Imperial Court in Kyoto", "section": "lead", "says": "They succeeded the semi-independent Emishi families of the 11th century, who were gradually brought down by the Minamoto clan loyal to the Imperial Court in Kyoto."}, {"id": "Q1187411", "label": "Gosannen War", "section": "Origins", "says": "However, Kiyohira, with the aid of Minamoto no Yoshiie, became independent in 1087, after winning the Gosannen War, and they established themselves in Hiraizumi (in present-day Iwate Prefecture)."}], "Q2257830": [{"id": "Q319984", "label": "Italian Somaliland", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Campaign of the Sultanates, a nearly year war, it was eventually integrated into the colony of Italian Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Establishment", "says": "And much white salt and much white gum are found in this land; and the Captain Major gave orders for a large quantity to be taken on to be sent to Portugal, as they said it was good for caulking ships.It was a semi-nomadic Sultanate, which appeared to have a strong seafaring tradition along the coastal settlements."}, {"id": "Q862518", "label": "Geledi Sultanate", "section": "History - Haji Ali Majeerteens invasion of the Geledi", "says": "It is established that Ali had secret plans for himself to form a colony at the port of Mungiya, the point where Shabelle River was closest to the Indian Ocean and had obtained permission from Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim of the Geledi Sultanate to do so."}, {"id": "Q862404", "label": "Sultanate of Hobyo", "section": "History - War with Yusuf Ali Kenadid and the Sultanate of Hobyo", "says": "With their assistance he managed to break away from Majeerteenia, then overpower the local Habar Gidir in Mudug, and establish the separate Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878."}, {"id": "Q8061928", "label": "Yusuf Ali Kenadid", "section": "History - Majeerteen-Italian treaties", "says": "With the intermediation of Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid and after a conference of all notables of the sultanate in Bargal, in 7 April 1889 in Alula, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy, making his kingdom a protectorate known as Italian Somaliland."}, {"id": "Q1056880", "label": "Cesare Maria De Vecchi", "section": "History - Lead up to the Campaign of the Sultanates", "says": "With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change in Somalia, Italy had access to these areas under the successive protection treaties, but not direct rule."}], "Q2267508": [{"id": "Q6802344", "label": "Lê Trang Tông", "section": "Background", "says": "In 1539 the armies of Nguyễn Kim and Trịnh Kiểm returned to Đại Việt, captured Thanh Hóa province, followed by more southern province in later years and installed prince Lê Ninh as the emperor Lê Trang Tông."}], "Q3109927": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultanate of Sambas (Malay: كسلطانن سمبس, romanized: Kesultanan Sambas) was a traditional Malay state on the Western coast of the island of Borneo, in modern-day Indonesia."}], "Q547629": [{"id": "Q700663", "label": "Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Lichtenberg (German: Fürstentum Lichtenberg) on the Nahe River was an exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld from 1816 to 1826 and the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1826 to 1834, when it was sold to the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Lichtenberg (German: Fürstentum Lichtenberg) on the Nahe River was an exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld from 1816 to 1826 and the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1826 to 1834, when it was sold to the Kingdom of Prussia."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Lichtenberg (German: Fürstentum Lichtenberg) on the Nahe River was an exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld from 1816 to 1826 and the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1826 to 1834, when it was sold to the Kingdom of Prussia."}], "Q5949588": [{"id": "Q4083686", "label": "Sultanate of Bengal", "section": "lead", "says": "The Hussain Shahi dynasty (Middle Bengali: হোসেন শাহী খান্দান) was an Arab Sayyid royal family which ruled the late medieval Sultanate of Bengal from 1494 to 1538."}], "Q1679856": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Jambi Sultanate (Jawi: كسلطانن جمبي, romanized: Kesultanan Jambi), alternatively known as Djambi, was a sultanate that was centered in the modern-day province of Jambi in Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In the 7th century, there was an early reference to a Malay Kingdom based in Jambi, which was eventually absorbed into the Srivijaya empire as an independent trading community or a subject-region."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Dutch East India Company was also angered by Thailand trading with the Jambi Sultanate and the Jambi Sultanate sending pepper and flowers as tribute to Thailand. leading to tensions between Thailand the Dutch in 1663–1664 and 1680–1685."}, {"id": "Q652211", "label": "Zheng Zhilong", "section": "History - Background", "says": "Zheng Zhilong demanded the Dutch then release the 32 Chinese in 1636."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Era of prosperity", "says": "Jambi was part of Majapahit from the mid-14th century until it broke away in the early 16th century."}, {"id": "Q16873115", "label": "Abdul Hakkul Mubin of Brunei", "section": "History - Era of prosperity", "says": "The Jambi Sultanate was involved in the Brunei Civil War by selling gunpowder to Muhyiddin (the future sultan of Brunei), who would later defeat Abdul Hakkul Mubin in Pulau Cermin."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - Partition and Dutch annexation", "says": "Sultan Taha attempted, on multiple occasions, to seek the assistance of the Ottoman Empire (in 1857, 1902, and 1903), all of which became futile."}], "Q2621010": [{"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Vitebsk (Belarusian: Віцебскае княства) was a Ruthenian principality centered on the city of Vitebsk in modern Belarus, that existed from its founding in 1101 until it was nominally inherited into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1320."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "Vitebsk would later fall under the complete authority of Lithuania in 1508."}], "Q3503553": [{"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "The sultanate came into existence as a result of the partition of the Johor-Riau Sultanate that separated Johor on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore, from the Riau Archipelago."}, {"id": "Q6734479", "label": "Mahmud III", "section": "lead", "says": "This partition followed the succession dispute following the death of Mahmud III of Johor, when Abdul Rahman was crowned as the first Sultan of Riau-Lingga."}, {"id": "Q224794", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824", "section": "lead", "says": "The maritime kingdom was recognised by both the British and the Dutch following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Its historical territory is almost parallel to the present-day Riau Islands Province, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q1150344", "label": "Johor Sultanate", "section": "History - Background", "says": "After the fall of Malacca at the hands of the Portuguese, the axis of regional power was inherited by the Johor Sultanate."}, {"id": "Q3244637", "label": "Mahmud Shah", "section": "History - Succession crisis and Sultan Abdul Rahman", "says": "The only unquestionably royal wife and consort of Mahmud Shah was Engku Puteri Hamidah, whose only child had died an hour after birth."}, {"id": "Q6734486", "label": "Mahmud IV", "section": "History - Sultan Mahmud IV and the crisis of 1857", "says": "During the reign of Mahmud IV, increasing tensions developed with Dutch administrators."}, {"id": "Q12560", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "History - The rise of nationalism", "says": "Diplomatic missions were sent to the Ottoman Empire in 1883, 1895 and in 1905 to secure the liberation of the kingdom by Raja Ali Kelana, accompanied by a renowned Pattani-born Ulema, Syeikh Wan Ahmad Fatani."}, {"id": "Q188712", "label": "Empire of Japan", "section": "History - Aftermath", "says": "Diplomatic missions were sent to the Empire of Japan by Raja Khalid Hitam in 1911 and to the Ottoman Empire by Raja Ali Kelana in 1913 to call for the restoration of the sultanate."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "History - Restoration attempts and the Dewan Riow", "says": "When World War II broke out, the Dutch were beset with manpower issues within their territories in the East Indies\n."}], "Q5261548": [{"id": "Q1042069", "label": "Imam of Yemen", "section": "lead", "says": "The Imams of Yemen and later also the Kings of Yemen were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam."}, {"id": "Q9294", "label": "Ibn Khaldun", "section": "lead", "says": "The historian Ibn Khaldun (d."}], "Q17500081": [{"id": "Q1333775", "label": "Güshi Khan", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (Tibetan: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie: dGa' ldan pho brang, Lhasa dialect: [ˈkɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ ˈpʰóʈɑ̀ŋ]; Chinese: 甘丹頗章; pinyin: Gāndān Pōzhāng) was the Tibetan system of government established by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642, when the Oirat lord Güshi Khan who founded the Khoshut Khanate conferred all spiritual and political power in Tibet to him in a ceremony in Shigatse."}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (Tibetan: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie: dGa' ldan pho brang, Lhasa dialect: [ˈkɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ ˈpʰóʈɑ̀ŋ]; Chinese: 甘丹頗章; pinyin: Gāndān Pōzhāng) was the Tibetan system of government established by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642, when the Oirat lord Güshi Khan who founded the Khoshut Khanate conferred all spiritual and political power in Tibet to him in a ceremony in Shigatse."}, {"id": "Q179975", "label": "Chinese Civil War", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Chinese Civil War which led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the subsequent signing of the Sino-Tibetan Seventeen Point Agreement in 1951, the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China began, although the Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet and declared the revocation of the agreement following the 1959 Tibetan uprising."}, {"id": "Q148", "label": "People's Republic of China", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Chinese Civil War which led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the subsequent signing of the Sino-Tibetan Seventeen Point Agreement in 1951, the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China began, although the Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet and declared the revocation of the agreement following the 1959 Tibetan uprising."}, {"id": "Q711", "label": "Mongolia", "section": "History - Background", "says": "In 1577 he invited the leader of this order, Sonam Gyatso, to come to Mongolia and teach his people."}, {"id": "Q6808293", "label": "Dzungar–Qing War", "section": "History - Mongol protectorate", "says": "The Dzungar–Qing Wars (1687–1757) between the Dzungar Khanate and Qing China had a major impact for Tibet."}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "History - Mongol protectorate", "says": "The Dzungar–Qing Wars (1687–1757) between the Dzungar Khanate and Qing China had a major impact for Tibet."}, {"id": "Q881387", "label": "Lha-bzang Khan", "section": "History - Qing protectorate", "says": "In 1717, the last khan of the Khoshut Khanate, Lha-bzang Khan, was killed by the Mongol Dzungar Khanate forces invading Lhasa."}, {"id": "Q19133", "label": "Qianlong Emperor", "section": "History - Qing protectorate", "says": "After the riot, Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty sent an army to Tibet and reorganized the Tibetan government in 1751, including the Kashag which was further set by the Qing."}, {"id": "Q187985", "label": "Tibetan people", "section": "History - Qing protectorate", "says": "Tibetans requested Qing intervention, which resulted in the Sino-Nepalese War."}, {"id": "Q2270170", "label": "Sino-Nepalese War", "section": "History - Qing protectorate", "says": "Tibetans requested Qing intervention, which resulted in the Sino-Nepalese War."}, {"id": "Q13426199", "label": "Republic of China", "section": "History - Post-Qing era", "says": "It was considered by the Republic of China as a part of the new republic, which gave Tibet the status of an \"Area\"."}], "Q19569014": [{"id": "Q467627", "label": "Durrani Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "For most of their rule, they were subordinate or subject to the Durrani Empire and paid tribute to them."}], "Q1967380": [{"id": "Q192551", "label": "Primary Chronicle", "section": "lead", "says": "Its capital was Beloozero (now Belozersk), one of the five original towns mentioned in the Primary Chronicle."}, {"id": "Q188995", "label": "Dmitry Donskoy", "section": "lead", "says": "Dmitry Donskoy secured control over Beloozero and passed it to his descendants; it was formally annexed to Moscow by Ivan III."}], "Q2502248": [{"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Koknese (Russian: Кукейносское княжество; German: Fürstentum Kokenhusen; Latin: Terra Kukonois) was a small vassal state of the Principality of Polotsk on the right bank of the Daugava River in ancient Livonia (modern Latvia) during the Middle Ages."}], "Q2596884": [{"id": "Q517333", "label": "Principality of Polotsk", "section": "lead", "says": "The Principality of Drutsk (Belarusian: Княства Друцкае; obsolete spelling: Druck) was a small appanage of the Principality of Polotsk, centred in  the city of Drutsk."}, {"id": "Q2662372", "label": "Principality of Minsk", "section": "lead", "says": "Soon its territory was taken over by another appanage duchy of Polotsk, Principality of Minsk governed by Gleb Vseslavich."}, {"id": "Q1483430", "label": "Principality of Kiev", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1116, the Principality of Drutsk was taken over by the Grand Principality of Kiev governed by Volodymyr Monomakh, but by 1150s it was returned to Principality of Minsk."}, {"id": "Q2621010", "label": "Principality of Vitebsk", "section": "lead", "says": "Eventually Drutsk was entirely taken over by the Principality of Minsk in the second half of the 13th century and in early 14th century by another appanage duchy of Polotsk, Principality of Vitebsk."}, {"id": "Q37", "label": "Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "It is believed that Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, acquired the Principality by marriage to Maria of Vitebsk."}, {"id": "Q49683", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "section": "lead", "says": "The principality became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania where it existed as an autonomous principality until an administrative reform in 1565–1566, when it was included into the Orsha county of Vitebsk Voivodeship."}], "Q3503555": [{"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "It was proclaimed in 1659 by Susuhunan Abdurrahman, and dissolved by the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies on 7 October 1823."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Establishment and early records", "says": "According to the story of Kidung Pamacangah and Babad Arya Tabanan it was said that a figure from Kediri named Arya Damar who was a \"regent of Palembang\" joined Gajah Mada, ruler of Majapahit in conquering Bali in 1343."}, {"id": "Q2735555", "label": "Tomé Pires", "section": "History - Establishment and early records", "says": "Around 1513, Tomé Pires an adventurer from Portugal mentioned Palembang, a kingdom which is led by a patron who was appointed from Java and was then referred to as the Sultanate of Demak and participated in the invasion of Portuguese Controlled Melaka."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "History - Establishment and early records", "says": "Around 1513, Tomé Pires an adventurer from Portugal mentioned Palembang, a kingdom which is led by a patron who was appointed from Java and was then referred to as the Sultanate of Demak and participated in the invasion of Portuguese Controlled Melaka."}, {"id": "Q49322", "label": "Sultanate of Demak", "section": "History - Establishment and early records", "says": "Around 1513, Tomé Pires an adventurer from Portugal mentioned Palembang, a kingdom which is led by a patron who was appointed from Java and was then referred to as the Sultanate of Demak and participated in the invasion of Portuguese Controlled Melaka."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "History - Kraton Kuto Gawang", "says": "At the beginning of the 17th century, Palembang became one of the centers of Islam in Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q130327", "label": "Thomas Stamford Raffles", "section": "History - Conflicts Involved", "says": "There was an investigation carried out by Dutch officials to determine whether British official Thomas Stamford Raffles coordinated with Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II to conduct the operation."}], "Q2560470": [{"id": "Q172107", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Nalyvaiko Uprising (Polish: powstanie Nalewajki, Ukrainian: повстання Наливайка) was a Cossack rebellion against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, {"id": "Q1376494", "label": "Severyn Nalyvaiko", "section": "lead", "says": "Headed by Severyn Nalyvaiko, it lasted from 1594 to 1596."}, {"id": "Q1108445", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "section": "Background", "says": "The steppe borderland between Poland–Lithuania, Muscovy, various Tatar states (under influence from the Ottomans), and the Black Sea was mostly under control of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at least since the fall of Kievan Rus'."}, {"id": "Q123397", "label": "The Republic", "section": "Background", "says": "The Republic tried to strengthen control over those lands by creating the so-called Cossack registry, a small yet well-trained and well-equipped unit formed of local folk, tasked above all with policing and peace-keeping duties in the Kiev Voivodeship, and most importantly in the so-called Wild Fields."}, {"id": "Q2625139", "label": "Krzysztof Kosiński", "section": "Background", "says": "By 1593 the rebellion was quelled and Krzysztof Kosiński killed."}], "Q287996": [{"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "lead", "says": "It had a long history of its own, developing contemporaneously with the largest Hindu kingdom in Java, Majapahit (1293–1527)."}, {"id": "Q49334", "label": "Raden Wijaya", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The Majapahit kingdom was established in 1293 by Raden Wijaya with the help of the cunning and able Arya Wiraraja, the Regent of Madura."}, {"id": "Q1771129", "label": "Sultan Agung of Mataram", "section": "History - Decline", "says": "Other accounts asserted that the conquest of Blambangan by the forces of Sultan Agung of Mataram took place in 1639, which was also the end of Panarukan's independence."}], "Q2991012": [{"id": "Q1200808", "label": "Desmond Rebellions", "section": "lead", "says": "It was first awarded in 1329 to Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Baron Desmond, a Hiberno-Norman lord in Southwest Ireland, and it was held by his descendants until 1583 when they rose against the English crown in the Desmond Rebellions."}, {"id": "Q1688151", "label": "Kingdom of Thomond", "section": "lead", "says": "It bordered the Kingdom of Desmond, Kingdom of Thomond and the Earldom of Ormond"}], "Q3633213": [{"id": "Q191455", "label": "Shapur I", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic period", "says": "The region is first attested as a Sasanian province in the SKZ inscription of Shapur I (r."}, {"id": "Q177076", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic period", "says": "240–270) separately from Caucasian Albania, which indicates that it was its own political entity even if it was virtually subject to Albania."}, {"id": "Q380004", "label": "Ibn Khordadbeh", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic period", "says": "According to the medieval Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (d."}, {"id": "Q371319", "label": "Ardashir I", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic period", "says": "912), the ruler of Balasagan was among the leaders who was acknowledged with the title of king by the first Sasanian monarch Ardashir I (r."}, {"id": "Q310303", "label": "Yazdegerd II", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic period", "says": "During the reign of Yazdegerd II (r."}, {"id": "Q1280744", "label": "Vardan Mamikonian", "section": "History - Pre-Islamic period", "says": "438–457), the king of Balasagan, Heran, took part in the Sasanian efforts to crush the 450–451 Armenian rebellion of Vardan Mamikonian."}], "Q5306909": [{"id": "Q27", "label": "Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "Like its English counterpart, the term Éire is used for both the island of Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, the sovereign state that governs 85% of the island's landmass."}], "Q1054580": [{"id": "Q130900", "label": "Lombards", "section": "lead", "says": "After the occupation of the territories belonging to the Byzantines, the Lombards founded this flourishing duchy which, among other centres, also included Florence."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "The duchy after the end of the Lombard Kingdom", "says": "In 774, following the conquest of the Lombard kingdom, Charlemagne assumed the title of \"Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum atque patricius Romanorum\" (\"By the grace of God, king of the Franks and of the Lombards and Roman patrician\"), realizing a personal union of the two kingdoms."}], "Q230385": [{"id": "Q160307", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "The Zurayʿis were Hafizi Isma'ili Shi'a who followed the Fatimid Caliphate, which was based in Cairo."}], "Q5032034": [{"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Chandra dynasty was a Buddhist dynasty, originating from the South-east Bengal region of Indian subcontinent, which ruled the Samatata area of Bengal, as well as parts of Arakan Later it was a neighbour to the Pala Empire to the north."}], "Q2650109": [{"id": "Q470072", "label": "King Zhou of Shang", "section": "History - Origins", "says": "A powerful polity, Dapeng was eventually destroyed by the Shang under King Di Xin."}, {"id": "Q7797508", "label": "Rebellion of the Three Guards", "section": "History - Conflict with the Zhou dynasty and rise to power", "says": "Like the Dongyi states at Pugu and Yan, Xu participated in the Rebellion of the Three Guards against the Duke of Zhou, although it had no known direct relation to the three competing parties."}, {"id": "Q468747", "label": "Dan of Zhou", "section": "History - Conflict with the Zhou dynasty and rise to power", "says": "Like the Dongyi states at Pugu and Yan, Xu participated in the Rebellion of the Three Guards against the Duke of Zhou, although it had no known direct relation to the three competing parties."}, {"id": "Q55256", "label": "King Li of Zhou", "section": "History - Apogee", "says": "King Li of Zhou (857-842/28) led several campaigns against the states of the Huai River, such as Jiao and Yu."}], "Q2991374": [{"id": "Q71747", "label": "Duchy of Brittany", "section": "lead", "says": "The county was bounded on the north by the Duchy of Brittany, the counties of Anjou and Touraine, on the east by the County of La Marche and on the south by the County of Angoulême."}, {"id": "Q605051", "label": "Touraine", "section": "lead", "says": "The county was bounded on the north by the Duchy of Brittany, the counties of Anjou and Touraine, on the east by the County of La Marche and on the south by the County of Angoulême."}, {"id": "Q3044", "label": "Charlemagne", "section": "lead", "says": "Poitou was ruled by the count of Poitou, a continuous line of which can be traced back to an appointment of Charlemagne in 778."}, {"id": "Q178525", "label": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "After the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Louis VII of France in 1138, the Seneschal of Poitou was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the county."}, {"id": "Q134259", "label": "Louis VII of France", "section": "lead", "says": "After the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Louis VII of France in 1138, the Seneschal of Poitou was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the county."}, {"id": "Q34428", "label": "Philip II of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Poitou was conquered by King Philip II of France in 1205 after he declared it a confiscated fief of the crown."}, {"id": "Q160311", "label": "Henry III of England", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry III of England failed to retake it in the Saintonge War."}, {"id": "Q3445341", "label": "Saintonge War", "section": "lead", "says": "Henry III of England failed to retake it in the Saintonge War."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "One of the main battlegrounds of Hundred Years' War between the French and English in the 14th and 15th centuries, Poitou was finally merged with the French crown in 1416."}], "Q315010": [{"id": "Q155570", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thuringian states (German: Thüringische Staaten) refers to the following eight German federal states within the German Empire:\n\nThe Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, officially the Grand Duchy of Saxony (Großherzogtum Sachsen) from 1903\nThe duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen (Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg, Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, Herzogtum Sachsen-"}, {"id": "Q3462133", "label": "Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "section": "lead", "says": "The Thuringian states (German: Thüringische Staaten) refers to the following eight German federal states within the German Empire:\n\nThe Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, officially the Grand Duchy of Saxony (Großherzogtum Sachsen) from 1903\nThe duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen (Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg, Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, Herzogtum Sachsen-"}], "Q3446232": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "Tanjungpura Kingdom was an eighth century Malay kingdom located along the southwestern coast of Borneo facing the Java Sea, a region that today corresponds to the Ketapang Regency of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q49326", "label": "Majapahit", "section": "History - Hindu Period", "says": "At the time of King Brawijaya reigned in Majapahit, the crown prince of Majapahit, Prabu Jaya, was exiled by his brothers to Kandang Kerbau in Matan."}], "Q4401026": [{"id": "Q928", "label": "Philippines", "section": "lead", "says": "Namayan (Baybayin: Pre-Kudlit: ᜈᜋᜌ or ᜐᜉ (Sapa), Post-Kudlit: ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔), also called Sapa and sometimes Lamayan, was an independent polity on the banks of the Pasig River in the Philippines."}], "Q5636647": [{"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad."}, {"id": "Q249578", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the Ghaznavid Empire, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The region of Greater Sindh was first brought under Arab Islamic rule after the conquest of the Umayyad general Muhammad ibn Qasim in 711 CE, and formed the easternmost province of the Muslim Empire."}, {"id": "Q843", "label": "Pakistan", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The region corresponded to an area greater in area than the modern Pakistani province of Sindh, and included the Makran coast, central Balochistan, and southern Punjab, which in sum correspond to much of the territory of modern Pakistan."}, {"id": "Q42063", "label": "Xuanzang", "section": "History - Background", "says": "The accounts of Buddhists in Sindh was also noted by Xuanzang, who visited Sindh shortly before the Arab conquest, and by the Korean monk Hyecho, who travelled in Sindh shortly after the Arab conquest."}, {"id": "Q220789", "label": "Al-Mutawakkil", "section": "History - The Habbari Emirate", "says": "According to al-Ya'qubi, Umar's request to be formally appointed governor was granted in 854 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil."}], "Q712564": [{"id": "Q9700", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "In 620, he briefly submitted to Emperor Gaozu of Tang and was bestowed the imperial surname of Li, but in 621 he rebelled against Tang and reasserted independence."}], "Q16570037": [{"id": "Q1515009", "label": "Duchy of Greater Poland", "section": "lead", "says": "The duchy was established in 1177, following the partition of the Duchy of Greater Poland after a rebellion against Mieszko III."}, {"id": "Q54017", "label": "Przemysł II", "section": "lead", "says": "It existed in this form until 1279, when it was united with the duchies of Gniezno and Poznań under the rule of Przemysł II, forming a reconstituted Duchy of Greater Poland."}], "Q1884830": [{"id": "Q1411866", "label": "Najahids", "section": "History - Conquest of the Tihama", "says": "In 1136–1142 Ali bin Mahdi propagated his religious ideas in the Tihama lowland which at that time was ruled by the Najahids of Zabid."}, {"id": "Q230385", "label": "Zurayids", "section": "History - Mahdid rule", "says": "An advantageous peace was concluded with the Zurayids of Aden."}, {"id": "Q189570", "label": "Kharijites", "section": "History - Ayyubid conquest", "says": "One of the motives of the Ayyubids to invade Yemen was reportedly the stance of the Mahdids who were considered heretics and associated by outsiders with the Kharijites."}], "Q1947408": [{"id": "Q7703611", "label": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "section": "lead", "says": "Périgord was a fief of the Duchy of Aquitaine, consisting of the three subregions of Périgieux, Bergerac, and Sarlat."}, {"id": "Q12551", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "lead", "says": "Périgord was one of the main battlegrounds of Hundred Years' War between the French and English in the 14th and 15th centuries."}, {"id": "Q70972", "label": "Kingdom of France", "section": "lead", "says": "Périgord was eventually absorbed into the Kingdom of France in 1398."}], "Q5448100": [{"id": "Q622855", "label": "Ifriqiya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Fihrids (Arabic: الفهريون, romanized: al-Fihriyyūn), also known as Banū Fihr (Arabic: بنو فهر), were an Arab family and clan, prominent in Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus in the 8th century."}, {"id": "Q423772", "label": "Uqba ibn Nafi", "section": "lead", "says": "Probably the most illustrious of the Fihrids was Uqba ibn Nafi al-Fihri, the Arab Muslim conqueror of North Africa in 670-680s, and founder of al-Qayrawan."}, {"id": "Q759998", "label": "Berber (Amazigh) Revolt", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Berber Revolt of 740-41, the west fell into a period of anarchy and disorder."}, {"id": "Q12536", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "lead", "says": "But when the Abbasids rejected their offer of nominal vassalship and demanded full submission, the Fihrids broke with the Abbasids and declared independence."}], "Q11750543": [{"id": "Q53441", "label": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "section": "lead", "says": "The Duchy of Kuyavia was a district principality in Central Europe, created in the course of the 13th century in the region of modern-day Kuyavia after the inheritance of the Kingdom of Poland in 1138 into partial duchies through the will and testament of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth."}], "Q4202088": [{"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Phayao under Phaya Ngammueang", "says": "Professor Sarasawadi Oongsakul theorized that this alliance may be formed as a resistance against the expanding Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q52028", "label": "Chiang Mai", "section": "History - Phayao under Phaya Ngammueang", "says": "Mangrai would later invite the two to the founding ceremony of Chiang Mai in 1296, granting Ngammueang the Phaob Manirattana (jewel reliquary), a treasure of the Lao dynasty, as well as a new consort."}], "Q5551337": [{"id": "Q148499", "label": "Margraviate of Brandenburg", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1680s, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, then leading the broader realm of Brandenburg-Prussia, pursued limited imperial efforts in West Africa."}, {"id": "Q157367", "label": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "In the 1680s, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, then leading the broader realm of Brandenburg-Prussia, pursued limited imperial efforts in West Africa."}, {"id": "Q503623", "label": "Gold Coast Colony", "section": "lead", "says": "The Brandenburg African Company was chartered in 1682 and established two small settlements on the Gold Coast of what is today Ghana."}, {"id": "Q1025", "label": "Mauritania", "section": "lead", "says": "Five years later, a treaty with the king of Arguin in Mauritania established a protectorate over that island, and Brandenburg occupied an abandoned fort originally constructed there by Portugal."}, {"id": "Q45", "label": "Portugal", "section": "lead", "says": "Five years later, a treaty with the king of Arguin in Mauritania established a protectorate over that island, and Brandenburg occupied an abandoned fort originally constructed there by Portugal."}, {"id": "Q27306", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "section": "lead", "says": "Brandenburg — after 1701, the Kingdom of Prussia — pursued these colonial efforts until 1721, when Arguin was captured by the French and the Gold Coast settlements were sold to the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q170072", "label": "Dutch Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Brandenburg — after 1701, the Kingdom of Prussia — pursued these colonial efforts until 1721, when Arguin was captured by the French and the Gold Coast settlements were sold to the Dutch Republic."}, {"id": "Q43287", "label": "German Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Over a century and a half later, the unified German Empire had emerged as a major world power."}, {"id": "Q924", "label": "Tanzania", "section": "lead", "says": "The following year gunboats were dispatched to East Africa to contest the Sultan of Zanzibar's claims of sovereignty over the mainland in what is today Tanzania."}, {"id": "Q361", "label": "World War I", "section": "lead", "says": "They were invaded and largely occupied by the colonial forces of the Allied Powers during World War I, and in 1919 were transferred from German control by the League of Nations and divided between Belgium, France, Portugal, South Africa, and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q258", "label": "South Africa", "section": "lead", "says": "They were invaded and largely occupied by the colonial forces of the Allied Powers during World War I, and in 1919 were transferred from German control by the League of Nations and divided between Belgium, France, Portugal, South Africa, and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q145", "label": "United Kingdom", "section": "lead", "says": "They were invaded and largely occupied by the colonial forces of the Allied Powers during World War I, and in 1919 were transferred from German control by the League of Nations and divided between Belgium, France, Portugal, South Africa, and the United Kingdom."}, {"id": "Q929", "label": "Central African Republic", "section": "lead", "says": "Chad, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique, Angola, Somalia, Zambia, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo were also under the control of German Africa at various points during its existence."}, {"id": "Q971", "label": "Republic of the Congo", "section": "lead", "says": "Chad, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique, Angola, Somalia, Zambia, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo were also under the control of German Africa at various points during its existence."}], "Q19746028": [{"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Mempawah Kingdom (Malay: کرجاءن ممڤاوه, romanized: Kerajaan Mempawah) also known as the Mempawah Sultanate, was a Malay-Dayak kingdom located in a territory now known as the Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia."}, {"id": "Q7523", "label": "Kublai Khan", "section": "History - Dayak-Hindu period", "says": "Patih Gumantar and Gajah Mada are said to have traveled together to Muang Thai to resist the attack of Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "History - Dayak-Hindu period", "says": "Patih Gumantar and Gajah Mada are said to have traveled together to Muang Thai to resist the attack of Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire."}, {"id": "Q1150344", "label": "Johor Sultanate", "section": "History - Opu Daeng Menambun's reign and Islamic influence", "says": "Opu Daeng Menambun's brothers, who were in the Johor Sultanate at the time helping quell the upheaval there, immediately left for Matan."}, {"id": "Q9458", "label": "Muhammad", "section": "History - Opu Daeng Menambun's reign and Islamic influence", "says": "Opu Daeng Menambun decided to stay in the Matan Sultanate with his wife, and they had several children together named Putri Candramidi, Gusti Jamiril, Syarif Ahmad, Syarif Abubakar, Syarif Alwi, and Syarif Muhammad."}, {"id": "Q3048747", "label": "Pontianak Sultanate", "section": "History - Dutch intervention and colonization", "says": "Around 1794, the dispute between Mempawah and the Pontianak Sultanate grew worse because the Dutch succeeded in persuading Syarif Kasim Alkadrie to expand the Kadriyah Palace to the upper reaches of the river close to the borders of Mempawah."}, {"id": "Q2382674", "label": "State of the Republic of Indonesia", "section": "History - Present-day Mempawah", "says": "This also happened in West Kalimantan, with the formation of the Republic of Indonesia, all authority that had been delegated to the Special Region of West Kalimantan was returned to the Republic of Indonesia."}], "Q3532152": [{"id": "Q150058", "label": "Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor", "section": "lead", "says": "The early Pandyan kingdom extended between Travancore in the west, Vellaru river in the north and all the way to the ocean in the east and the south."}, {"id": "Q82778", "label": "Pliny the Elder", "section": "lead", "says": "The Early Pandyas had active maritime trade relationships with the west, a fact testified by western classical writers such as Pliny the Elder (1st century CE), Strabo, Ptolemy and the author of the Periplus."}, {"id": "Q1405", "label": "Augustus", "section": "Origin and sources", "says": "Many gold and silver coins of the Roman empire have been found around Madurai: these coins bear the names of emperors ranging from Augustus (27 BCE) to Alexander Severus (235 CE)."}], "Q3572492": [{"id": "Q199442", "label": "Kingdom of Aragon", "section": "lead", "says": "The Kingdom of Sobrarbe was the legendary predecessor to the Kingdom of Aragon and the modern region of Sobrarbe (from Latin super Arbem, on mount Arbe)."}, {"id": "Q79791", "label": "Reconquista", "section": "lead", "says": "According to the late medieval legend, the kingdom, with its capital at Aínsa, was a product of the Reconquista."}], "Q6201794": [{"id": "Q1143126", "label": "Later Tang", "section": "lead", "says": "Jin (晉; 883 (or 896 or 907)–923), also known as Hedong (河東) and Former Jin (前晉) in Chinese historiography, was a dynastic state of China and the predecessor of the Later Tang dynasty."}, {"id": "Q714164", "label": "Li Keyong", "section": "lead", "says": "Its princely rulers were the ethnic Shatuo warlords Li Keyong and Li Cunxu (Li Keyong's son)."}], "Q6398879": [{"id": "Q668412", "label": "Pala Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Chronologically, the dynasty emerged as a powerful kingdom of Bengal between the fall of Gauda Kingdom and the rise of the Pala Empire."}], "Q81133615": [{"id": "Q2991084", "label": "county of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}, {"id": "Q3040803", "label": "Duchy of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}, {"id": "Q55502", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}, {"id": "Q939200", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}, {"id": "Q1716871", "label": "House of Valois-Anjou", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}, {"id": "Q895180", "label": "Spanish House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}, {"id": "Q58389", "label": "House of Bourbon", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}, {"id": "Q170467", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "section": "lead", "says": "Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:\n\nCounty of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France\nAngevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou\nCounts and Dukes of Anjou\nHouse of Ingelger, a Frankish noble family who were counts of Anjou between the 10th and 12th centuries, their female-line descendants (through Ermengarde, Duchess of Burgundy) made up "}], "Q19872858": [{"id": "Q844250", "label": "Lordship of Ireland", "section": "lead", "says": "The Earldom of Ulster was an Anglo-Norman lordship in north-eastern Ireland during the Middle Ages, ruled by the Earls of Ulster and part of the Lordship of Ireland."}, {"id": "Q102140", "label": "Henry II of England", "section": "lead", "says": "In 1181 he was made earl palatine of Ulster by Henry II of England."}], "Q28336424": [{"id": "Q889", "label": "Afghanistan", "section": "lead", "says": "Kapisa, Kapiśa, Kapiśi, Kapesa or Kapissa may refer to:\n\nmodern Kapisa Province of Afghanistan\nthe 1st millennium Kingdom of Kapisa\nthe city of Kapisi (or Kapisa), located near modern Bagram\nHanuman, a Hindu deity, also known as Kapisa"}], "Q104815700": [{"id": "Q32133", "label": "Lysimachus", "section": "lead", "says": "480 BC – 30 BC)\nkingdom of Lysimachus (c."}], "Q107994370": [{"id": "Q1323195", "label": "Yang Wu", "section": "lead", "says": "Southern Wu may refer to\n\nSouthern branch of Wu Chinese languages\nYang Wu, a state in China"}], "Q122179269": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Sultan of Terengganu (Malay: Sultan Terengganu, Jawi: سلطان ترڠݢانو) is the title of the constitutional head of Terengganu state in Malaysia."}, {"id": "Q299530", "label": "Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu", "section": "lead", "says": "The current sultan, Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu, is the 18th sultan and 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia from 2006 to 2011."}], "Q140570478": [{"id": "Q833", "label": "Malaysia", "section": "lead", "says": "Malaysia is a modern concept, created in the second half of the 20th century."}, {"id": "Q334", "label": "Singapore", "section": "lead", "says": "Significant events in Malaysia's modern history include the formation of the federation, the separation of Singapore, the racial riots, Mahathir Mohamad's era of modernisation, and the nation's political upheavals of the late 20th and early 21st centuries."}, {"id": "Q234197", "label": "Srivijaya", "section": "lead", "says": "Hinduism and Buddhism from India and China dominated early regional history, reaching their peak from the 7th to the 13th centuries during the reign of the Sumatra-based Srivijaya civilisation."}, {"id": "Q887803", "label": "Bruneian Sultanate", "section": "lead", "says": "Islam made its initial presence in the Malay Peninsula as early as the 10th century, but it was during the 15th century that the religion firmly took root, at least among the court elites, leading to the rise of several sultanates, the most prominent being the Sultanate of Malacca and the Sultanate of Brunei."}, {"id": "Q224794", "label": "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (which became Indonesia), and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and Siam (which became Thailand)."}, {"id": "Q871091", "label": "British Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (which became Indonesia), and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and Siam (which became Thailand)."}, {"id": "Q188161", "label": "Dutch East Indies", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (which became Indonesia), and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and Siam (which became Thailand)."}, {"id": "Q252", "label": "Indonesia", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (which became Indonesia), and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and Siam (which became Thailand)."}, {"id": "Q869", "label": "Thailand", "section": "lead", "says": "The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (which became Indonesia), and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and Siam (which became Thailand)."}, {"id": "Q362", "label": "World War II", "section": "lead", "says": "The Japanese invasion during World War II ended British rule in Malaya."}, {"id": "Q976099", "label": "Malayan Union", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Japanese Empire was defeated by the Allies, the Malayan Union was established in 1946 and reorganized as the Federation of Malaya in 1948."}, {"id": "Q1479726", "label": "Federation of Malaya", "section": "lead", "says": "After the Japanese Empire was defeated by the Allies, the Malayan Union was established in 1946 and reorganized as the Federation of Malaya in 1948."}], "Q19927420": [{"id": "Q3875016", "label": "Khamag Mongol", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongol khanate or Mongolian khanate can refer to:\n\nKhanate of the Khamag Mongol (10th century–1206)\nMongol Empire (1206-1368)\nYuan dynasty\nGolden Horde\nChagatai Khanate\nIlkhanate\nNorthern Yuan (1368-1635)\nKara Del (c."}, {"id": "Q12557", "label": "Mongol Empire", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongol khanate or Mongolian khanate can refer to:\n\nKhanate of the Khamag Mongol (10th century–1206)\nMongol Empire (1206-1368)\nYuan dynasty\nGolden Horde\nChagatai Khanate\nIlkhanate\nNorthern Yuan (1368-1635)\nKara Del (c."}, {"id": "Q8959", "label": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongol khanate or Mongolian khanate can refer to:\n\nKhanate of the Khamag Mongol (10th century–1206)\nMongol Empire (1206-1368)\nYuan dynasty\nGolden Horde\nChagatai Khanate\nIlkhanate\nNorthern Yuan (1368-1635)\nKara Del (c."}, {"id": "Q9643578", "label": "Kara Del", "section": "lead", "says": "Mongol khanate or Mongolian khanate can refer to:\n\nKhanate of the Khamag Mongol (10th century–1206)\nMongol Empire (1206-1368)\nYuan dynasty\nGolden Horde\nChagatai Khanate\nIlkhanate\nNorthern Yuan (1368-1635)\nKara Del (c."}, {"id": "Q4210248", "label": "Kalmyk Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "1389–1513)\nKalmyk Khanate (1630-1771)\nDzungar Khanate (1634–1758)\nKhoshut Khanate (1642-1717)\nBogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911-1924)"}, {"id": "Q1923401", "label": "Dzungar Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "1389–1513)\nKalmyk Khanate (1630-1771)\nDzungar Khanate (1634–1758)\nKhoshut Khanate (1642-1717)\nBogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911-1924)"}, {"id": "Q10921634", "label": "Khoshut Khanate", "section": "lead", "says": "1389–1513)\nKalmyk Khanate (1630-1771)\nDzungar Khanate (1634–1758)\nKhoshut Khanate (1642-1717)\nBogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911-1924)"}, {"id": "Q2475921", "label": "Bogd Khanate of Mongolia", "section": "lead", "says": "1389–1513)\nKalmyk Khanate (1630-1771)\nDzungar Khanate (1634–1758)\nKhoshut Khanate (1642-1717)\nBogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911-1924)"}]}}